Abstract:
There is provided a positron-emitting radionuclide labelled peptide for non-invasive PET imaging of the Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator Receptor (uPAR) in humans. More specifically the invention relates to human uPAR PET imaging of any solid cancer disease for diagnosis, staging, treatment monitoring and especially as an imaging biomarker for predicting prognosis, progression and recurrence.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a positron-emitting radionuclide labelled peptide for non-invasive PET imaging of the Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator Receptor (uPAR) in humans. More specifically the invention relates to human uPAR PET imaging of any solid cancer disease for diagnosis, staging, treatment monitoring and especially as an imaging biomarker for predicting prognosis, progression and recurrence. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is over-expressed in a variety of human cancers′, including prostate cancer (PC), where uPAR expression in tumor biopsies and shed forms of uPAR in plasma have been found to be associated with advanced disease and poor prognosis 2-9 . Moreover, in patients with localized PC, high preoperative plasma uPAR levels have been shown to correlate with early progression 10 . Consistent with uPARs important role in cancer pathogenesis, through extracellular matrix degradation facilitating tumor invasion and metastasis, uPAR is considered an attractive target for both therapy 11-13  and imaging 14  and the ability to non-invasively quantify uPAR density in vivo is therefore crucial. 
         [0003]    Radiolabeling and in vivo evaluation of a small peptide radiolabeled with Cu-64 15  and Ga-68 16  have been described for PET imaging of uPAR in various human xenograft cancer models. Such tracers could specifically differentiate between tumors with high and low uPAR expression and furthermore established a clear correlation between tumor uptake of the uPAR PET probe and the expression of uPAR 15 . However,  18 F (t 1/2 =109.7 min; β+, 99%) is considered the ideal short-lived PET isotope for labeling of small molecules and peptides due to the high positron abundance, optimal half-life and short positron range. 
         [0004]    Recently, an elegant one step radiolabeling approach was developed for radiofluorination of both small peptides and proteins based on complex binding of (Al 18 F) 2+  using 1,4,7-triazacyclononane (NOTA) chelator 17-20 . In this method, the traditional critical azeotropic drying step for  18 F-fluoride is not necessary, and the labeling can be performed in water. A number of recently published studies have illustrated the potential of this new  18 F-labeling method, where successful labeling of ligands for PET imaging of angiogenesis 21, 22,  Bombesin 23 , EGFR 24  and hypoxia 25  have been demonstrated. 
         [0005]    Various radio-labelled peptide compositions have been developed or are under development for site-specific targeting of various antigens, receptors and transporters for PET imaging. The general principle involves attaching a selected positron emitting radionuclide to a peptide and/or protein having a high specificity for a particular antigen for visualize and quantify the expressing and/or activity level using PET imaging. This field of research has shown particular applicability for tumor diagnosis, staging and treatment monitoring. A particularly desirable tumor antigen is uPAR in many different solid tumors including but not limited to non-small cell lung carcinomas, brain tumors, prostate tumors, breast tumors, colorectal tumors, pancreatic tumors and ovarian tumors. 
         [0006]    DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetrakis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10 tetraazacyclo dodecane) and its derivatives constitute an important class of chelators for biomedical applications as they accommodate very stably a variety of di- and trivalent metal ions. An emerging area is the use of chelator conjugated bioactive peptides for labelling with radiometals in different fields of diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear oncology. NOTA and its derivatives constitute another important class of chelators for biomedical applications. 
         [0007]    uPAR PET imaging has been exploited in several human cancer xenograft models using a small linear DOTA-conjugated peptide, DOTA-AE105 radiolabeled with  64 Cu (Li et al, 2008, Persson et al, 2011) and  68 Ga (Persson et al, 2012) and using NODAGA (NODAGA-AE105) radiolabeled with  68 Ga (Persson et al, 2012). 
         [0008]    Malignant tumors are capable of degrading the surrounding extracellular matrix, resulting in local invasion or metastasis. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its cell surface receptor (uPAR) are central molecules for cell surface-associated plasminogen activation both in vitro and in vivo. High expression of uPA and uPAR in many types of human cancers correlate with malignant tumor growth and associate with a poor prognosis, possibly indicating a causal role for the uPA/uPAR system in cancer progression and metastasis. Studies by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization indicate that expression levels of the components from the uPA system are generally very low in normal tissues and benign lesions. It has also been reported that the uPA/uPAR system is involved in regulating cell-extracellular matrix interactions by acting as an adhesion receptor for vitronectin and by modulating integrin function. Based on these properties, the uPA/uPAR system is consequently considered an attractive target for cancer therapy. 
         [0009]    WO 01/25410 describes diagnostically or therapeutically labelled uPAR-targeting proteins and peptides. The peptide or protein comprises at least 38 amino acid residues, including residues 13-30 of the uPAR binding site of uPA. 
         [0010]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,277,818 describes uPAR-targeting cyclic peptide compounds that may be conjugated with a diagnostic label. The peptides are based on the amino acid residues 20-30 of uPA. 
         [0011]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,514,710 is also directed to cyclic peptides having affinity for uPAR. The peptides may carry a detectable label. The peptide comprises 11 amino acids joined by a linking unit. 
         [0012]    Ploug et al. in Biochemistry 2001, 40, 12457-12168 describes uPAR targeting peptides but not in the context of imaging, including amino acid sequences as described in the present document. Similar disclosure is provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,026,282. 
         [0013]    The efficient targeting of uPAR demands a selective high-affinity vector that is chemically robust and stable. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0014]    The present inventors have surprisingly found that [ 68 Ga]-, [ 64 Cu]- and [Al 18 ]-NOTA-AE105 have superior in vivo characteristics as a uPAR PET ligand, with high and specific tumor uptake, thus resulting in a high tumor-to-background ratio and thereby superior contrast as a PET ligand for uPAR expression tumors. The inventors have found that both [ 68 Ga]- and [ 64 Cu]-NOTA-AE105 was able to specifically detect uPAR expressing human-derived brain tumor lesions in a orthotropic human cancer mouse model. Moreover, [Al 18 ]-NOTA-AE105 was useful to detect uPAR positive human prostate cancer lesions after subcutaneously inoculation in mice. Overall, the radiolabeling of NOTA-AE105 with  68 Ga and  64 Cu, thus enable the visualization and quantification of uPAR using PET Imaging. This is a major improvement in PET Imaging. 
         [0015]    The present invention thus provides a positron-emitting radionuclide labelled peptide conjugate for use in the prediction/diagnosis of aggressiveness, prognosis, progression or recurrence by PET imaging of uPAR expressing, and in particular uPAR overexpressed tumors, said conjugate comprising a uPAR binding peptide coupled via a chelating agent or covalently to a radionuclide selected from 18F, 64Cu, 68Ga, 66Ga, 60Cu, 61Cu, 62Cu, 89Zr, 124I, 76Br, 86Y, and 94mTc, wherein the conjugate is administered in a diagnostically effective amount, such as a dose of 100-500 MBq followed by PET scan ½-24 h after the conjugate has been administered, and quantification through SUVmax and/or SUVmean. 
         [0016]    In a preferred embodiment the peptide is selected from the group consisting of: (D-Asp)-([beta]-cyclohexyl-L-alanine)-(Phe)-(D-Ser)-(D-Arg)-(Tyr)-(Leu)-(Trp)-(Ser), (Ser)-(Leu)-([beta]-cyclohexyl-L-alanine)-(Phe)-(D-Ser)-(Gln)-(Tyr)(Leu)-(Trp)-(Ser), (D-Glu)-([beta]-cyclohexyl-L-alanine)-(Phe)-(D-Ser)-(D-Tyr)-(Tyr)-(Leu)-(Trp)-(Ser), (Asp)-([beta]-cyclohexyl-L-alanine)-(Phe)-(D-Ser)-(D-Arg)-(Tyr)-(Leu)-(Trp)-(Ser), (Asp)-([beta]-cyclohexyl-L-alanine)-(Phe)-(Ser)-(D-Arg)-(Tyr)-Leu)-(Trp)-(Ser), (D-Asp)-([beta]-cyclohexyl-L-alanine)-(Phe)-(Ser)-(D-Arg)-(Tyr)-Leu)-(Trp)-(Ser), (D-Thr)-([beta]-cyclohexyl-L-alanine)-(Phe)-(D-Ser)-(D-Arg)-(Tyr)-(Leu)-(Trp)-(Ser), (D-Asp)-([beta]-cyclohexyl-L-alanine)-(Phe)-(D-Ser)-(D-Arg)-(Tyr)-(Leu)-([beta]-2-naphthyl-L-alanine)-(Ser), (Asp)-([beta]-cyclohexyl-L-alanine)-(Phe)-(D-Ser)-(Arg)-(Tyr)-(Leu)-(Trp)-(Ser), (Asp)-([beta]-cyclohexyl-L-alanine)-(Phe)-(D-Ser)-(D-Arg)-(Tyr)-(Leu)([beta]-1-naphthyl-L-alanine)-(Ser), (D-Glu)-([beta]-cyclohexyl-L-alanine)-(Phe)-(D-Ser)-(Tyr)-(Tyr)-(Leu)-(Trp)-(Ser), (Asp)-([beta]-cyclohexyl-L-alanine)-(Phe)-(D-Ser)-(D-Arg)-(Leu)-(Leu)-(Trp)-(D-His), (Asp)-([beta]-cyclohexyl-L-alanine)-(Phe)-(D-Ser)-(D-Arg)-([beta]-cyclohexyl-L-alanine)-(Leu)-(Trp)-(Ile), (Asp)-([beta]-cyclohexyl-L-alanine)-(Phe)-(D-Ser)-(D-Arg)-(Tyr)-(Leu)([beta]-1-naphthyl-L-alanine)-(D-His), (Asp)-([beta]-cyclohexyl-L-alanine)-(Phe)-(D-Ser)-(D-Arg)-(N-(2,3-dimethoxybenzyl)glycine)-(D-Phe)-(N-(3-indolylethyl)glycine)-(N-(2-methoxyethyl)glycine), (Asp)-([beta]-cyclohexyl-L-alanine)-(Phe)-(D-Ser)-(D-Arg)-(N-(2,3-dimethoxybenzyl)glycine)-(D-Phe)-(N-benzylglycine)-(N-(2[beta]thoxyethyl)glycine), (Asp)-([beta]-cyclohexyl-L-alanine)-(Phe)-(D-Ser)-(D-Arg)-(N-(2,3-dimethoxybenzyl)glycine)-(D-Phe)-(N-(methylnaphthalyl)glycine)-(N-(2-methoxyethyl)glycine), and (Asp)-([beta]-cyclohexyl-L-alanine)-(Phe)-(D-Ser)-(D-Arg)-(N-(2,3-dimethoxybenzyl)glycine)-(D-Phe)-(N-(2,3-dimethoxybenzyl)glycine)-(Ile). 
         [0017]    For all peptides mentioned, the C-terminal can be either with a carboxylic acid or an amide. 
         [0018]    Preferably the chelating agent is DOTA, NOTA, CB-TE2A or NODAGA, and preferably the peptide is (D-Asp)-([beta]-cyclohexyl-L-alanine)-(Phe)-(D-Ser)-(D-Arg)-(Tyr)-(Leu)-(Trp)-(Ser). 
         [0019]    Particularly preferred are the conjugates having the formulas: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0020]    The present inventors have surprisingly found that the conjugates of the present invention are particularly useful in predicting aggressiveness, prognosis, progression or recurrence by PET imaging of uPAR expressing tumors, in particular prostate, breast, pancreatic, lung, brain and colorectal cancer. 
         [0021]    The present invention also provides a method for predicting/diagnosing the aggressiveness, prognosis, progression or recurrence of uPAR overexpressed tumors, wherein the method comprises the steps of:
       administrating a conjugate of the present invention in a diagnostically effective amount, such as a dose of 100-500 MBq;   PET scanning ½-24 h after the conjugate has been administered.   quantifying through SUVmax and/or SUVmean the absorption/binding of the conjugate in the tumor.       
 
         [0025]    The steps carried out in accordance with the present invention can be summarized with the following flow diagram: 

 
         [0026]    The present conjugates for use in accordance with the present invention can discriminate between uPAR expression levels in the primary tumor and metastases. Also, the use of quantification e.g. SUVmean and especially SUVmax can predict prognosis, progression and recurrence. The positron-emitting radionuclide labelled peptides of the present invention specifically target uPAR-positive cancer cells and/or uPAR positive stroma cells surrounding the cancer such as neutrophils and macrophages, and in particular the most aggressive (metastatic) cells. Moreover, the peptides of the present invention can be used for non-invasive detection and quantification of the expression level of uPAR using PET imaging. No current methods measuring uPAR is capable of this non-invasively in humans. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0027]      FIG. 1  shows: A. In vitro competitive inhibition of the uPA:uPAR binding for AE105 and AE152 using surface Plasmon resonance. B. Radiolabeling method for  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105. 
           [0028]      FIG. 2  shows representative HPLC UV chromatograms of NOTA-AE105 (A), cold standard AIF-NOTA-AE105 (B) and radio chromatograms for the final product  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105 (C) and after 30 min in PBS (D). 
           [0029]      FIG. 3  shows: A. Representative PET images after 0.5 h, 1.0 h and 2.0 h p.i of 18F-AIF-NOTA-AE105 (top) and 18F-AIF-NOTA-AE105 with a blocking dose of AE152. White arrows indicate tumor. B. Quantitative ROI analysis with tumor uptake values (% ID/g). A significant higher tumor uptake was found at all three time points. Results are shown as % ID/g±SEM (n=4mice/group). **p&lt;0.01, ***p&lt;0.001 vs blocking group at same time point. 
           [0030]      FIG. 4  shows biodistribution results for  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105 (normal) and  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105+blocking dose of AE152 (Blocking) in nude mice bearing PC-3 tumors at 2.5 h p.i. Results are shown as % ID/g±SEM (n=4mice/group). *p&lt;0.05 vs blocking group. 
           [0031]      FIG. 5  shows uPAR expression level found using ELISA in PC-3 cells (A) and in resected PC-3 tumors (B). (C) A significant correlation between uPAR expression and tumor uptake was found in the four mice injected with  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105 (p&lt;0.05, r=0.93, n=4 tumors). 
           [0032]      FIG. 6  shows in vivo uPAR PET imaging with [ 64 Cu]NOTA-A.E105 in a orthotropic human glioblastoma mouse model 
           [0033]      FIG. 7  shows in vivo uPAR PET imaging with [ 68 Ga]NOTA-AE105 in a orthotropic human glioblastoma mouse model. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0034]    Surprisingly, a radiolabeled peptide of the present invention is very useful in the prediction of cancer metastasis of uPAR expressing tumors. 
         [0035]    The peptides selected for use in the conjugates of the present invention are typically radiolabeled by coupling a chelating agent to the peptide. The chelating agent is capable of binding a selected radionuclide thereto. The chelating agent and radionuclide is coupled to the peptide in a manner that does not interfere or adversely affect the binding properties or specificity of the peptide. The use of various chelating agents for radio labelling of peptides is well known in the art. The chelating agent is coupled to the peptide by standard methodology known in the field of the invention and may be added at any location on the peptide provided that the biological activity of the peptide is not adversely affected. Preferably, the chelating group is covalently coupled to the amino terminal amino acid of the peptide. The chelating group may advantageously be attached to the peptide during solid phase peptide synthesis or added by solution phase chemistry after the peptide has been obtained. Preferred chelating groups include DOTA, NOTA, NODAGA or CB-TE2A. 
         [0036]    Concerning the synthesis of the peptides used in the present invention reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 7,026,282. 
         [0037]    The peptide/chelate conjugates of the invention are labeled by reacting the conjugate with radionuclide, e.g. as a metal salt, preferably water soluble. The reaction is carried out by known methods in the art. 
         [0038]    The conjugates of the present invention are prepared to provide a radioactive dose of between about 100-500 MBq (in humans), preferably about 200-400 MBq, to the individual. As used herein, “a diagnostically effective amount” means an amount of the conjugate sufficient to permit its detection by PET. The conjugates may be administered intravenously in any conventional medium for intravenous injection. Imaging of the biological site may be effected within about 30-60 minutes post-injection, but may also take place several hours post-injection. Any conventional method of imaging for diagnostic purposes may be utilized. 
         [0039]    The following example focuses on the specific conjugate denoted  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105. Other conjugates within the scope of the claims herein will be apparent to one skilled in the art from consideration of the specification or practice of the invention as disclosed herein. 
       The Following Chemistry Applies to the Examples: 
     AE105 (Asp-Cha-Phe-Ser-Arg-Tyr-Leu-Trp-Ser-OH) (1) 
       [0040]    The peptide according to the above mentioned sequence was synthesized by standard solid-phase peptide chemistry 
       NOTA-AE105 (NOTA-Asp-Cha-Phe-Ser-Arg-Tyr-Leu-Trp-Ser-OH) 
       [0041]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0042]    The product is purified by RP-HPLC and analysed by RP-HPLC (retension time: 11.5 min, purity &gt;98%) and electrospray-MS (1510.8 m.u.). 
       Example 1 
       [0043]    The aim of the present study was to synthesize a NOTA-conjugated peptide and use the Al 18 F method for development for the first  18 F-labeled PET ligand for uPAR PET imaging and to perform a biological evaluation in human prostate cancer xenograft tumors. To achieve this, the present inventors synthesized high-affinity uPAR binding peptide denoted AE105 and conjugated NOTA in the N-terminal.  18 F-labeling was done according to a recently optimized protocol 28 . The final product ( 18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105) was finally evaluated in vivo using both microPET imaging in human prostate tumor bearing animals and after collection of organs for biodistribution study. 
       Chemical Reagents 
       [0044]    All chemicals obtained commercially were of analytical grade and used without further purification. No-carrier-added  18 F-fluoride was obtained from an in-house PETtrace cyclotron (GE Healthcare). Reverse-phase extraction C18 Sep-Pak cartridges were obtained from Waters (Milford, Mass., USA) and were pretreated with ethanol and water before use. The syringe filter and polyethersulfone membranes (pore size 0.22 μm, diameter 13 mm) were obtained from Nalge Nunc International (Rochester, N.Y., USA). The reverse-phase HPLC using a Vydac protein and peptide column (218TP510; 5 μm, 250×10 mm) was performed as previously described 21    
         [0045]    MicroPET scans were performed on a microPET R4 rodent model scanner (Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc., Knoxville, Tenn., USA). The scanner has a computer-controlled bed and 10.8-cm transaxial and 8-cm axial fields of view (FOVs). It has no septa and operates exclusively in the three-dimensional (3-D) list mode. Animals were placed near the center of the FOV of the scanner. 
       Peptide Synthesis, Conjugation and Radiolabeling 
       [0046]    NOTA-conjugated AE105 (NOTA-Asp-Cha-Phe-(D)Ser-(D)Arg-Tyr-Leu-Trp-Ser-COOH) was purchased from ABX GmbH. The purity was characterized using HPLC analysis and the mass was confirmed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) (Se Suppl.  FIG. 1A ). The radiolabeling of NOTA-AE105 with  18 F-AIF is shown in  FIG. 1  and was done according to a recently published protocol with minor modifications 26 . 
         [0047]    In brief, a QMA Sep-Pak Light cartridge (Waters, Milford, Ma, USA) was fixed with approximately 3 GBq of 18F-fluoride and then washed with 2.5 ml of metal free water. Na18F was then eluted from the cartridge with 1 ml saline, from which 100 μl fraction was taken. Then amounts of 50 μl 0.1M Na-Acetate buffer (pH=4), 3 μl 0.1M AlCl 3  and 100 μl of Na 18 F in 0.9% saline (300 MBq) were first reacted in a 1 ml centrifuge tube (sealed) at 100° C. for 15 min. The reaction mixture was cooled. 50 μl ethanol and 30 nmol NOTA-AE105 in 3 μl DMSO were added and the reaction mixture were heated to 95° C. for 5 min. The crude mixture was purified with a semi-preparative HPLC. The fractions containing  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105 were collected and combined in a sterile vial. The product was diluted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH=7.4) so any organic solvents were below 5% (v/v) and used for in vivo studies. 
       Cell Line and Animal Model 
       [0048]    Human prostate cancer cell line PC-3 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va., USA) and culture media DMEM was obtained from Invitrogen Co. (Carlsbad, Calif., USA). The cell line was cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum and 1% (v/v) penicillin/Streptomycin at 37° C. and 5% CO 2 . Xenografts of human PC-3 prostate cancer cells were established by injection of 200 μl cells (1×10 8  cells/ml) suspended in 100 μl Matrigel (BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif., USA), subcutaneously in the right flank of male nude mice obtained from Charles River Laboratory (Wilmington, Mass. USA), Tumors were allowed to grow to a size of 200-500 mg (3-4 weeks). 
       MicroPET Imaging 
       [0049]    Three min static PET scans were acquired 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 h post injection (p.i) of  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105 via tail-vein injection of 2-3 MBq (n=4). Similar, the blocking study was performed by injection of the ligand together with 100 μg of AE152 (uPAR antagonist) through the tail vein (n=4) and PET scanned at the same time points. During each three minutes PET scan, mice were anesthetized with isoflurane (5% induction and 2% maintenance in 100% O 2 ). Images were reconstructed using a two-dimensional ordered subsets expectation maximization (OSEM-2D) algorithm. No background correction was performed. All results were analyzed using Inveon software (Siemens Medical Solutions) and PET data was expressed as percent of injected dose per gram tissue (% ID/g) based on manual region-of-interest drawing on PET images and the use of a calibration constant. An assumption of a tissue density of 1 g/ml was used. No attenuation correction was performed. 
       Biodistribution Studies 
       [0050]    After the last PET scan, all PC-3 bearing mice were euthanized. Blood, tumor and major organs were collected (wet-weight) and the radioactivity was measured using a γ-counter from Perkin Elmer, Mass., USA (N=4 mice/group). 
         [0000]    uPAR ELISA 
         [0051]    uPAR ELISA on resected PC-3 tumors was done as described previously in detail 15 . All results were performed as duplicate measurements. 
       Statistical Analysis 
       [0052]    All quantitative data are expressed as mean±SEM (standard error of the mean) and means were compared using Student t-test. Correlation statistics was done using linear regression analysis. A P-value of 0.05 were considered statistically significant. 
         [0000]    uPAR Binding Affinity 
         [0053]    The uPAR binding affinity of AE105 and AE152 27  (used for blocking studies) was in this study found to be 14.1 nM and 2.9 nM, respectively ( FIG. 1A ). A high uPAR binding affinity for AE105 with different chelators conjugated in the N-terminal, including the NOTA analogue NODAGA, has been confirmed in our previously studies 15, 16 , thus confirming the ability to make modifications in the N-terminal of AE105 without losing affinity towards human uPAR 14, 27, 28 . 
       Radiochemistry 
       [0054]    The  18 F-labeling of NOTA-AE105 was synthesized based on a recently published procedure with some modification ( FIG. 1B ). During our labeling optimization, we found that 33% ethanol (v/v) was optimal using 30 nmol NOTA-AE105. We first formed the 18F-AIF complex in buffer at 100° C. for 15 min. Secondly was the NOTA-conjugated peptide added and incubated together with Ethanol at 95° C. for 5 min. By adding ethanol we were able to increase the overall yield to above 92.7% ( FIG. 2C ), whereas the yield without ethanol was only 30.4%, with otherwise same conditions. No further increase in the overall yield was observed using longer incubation time and/or different ethanol concentrations or using less than 30 nmol conjugated peptide. Two isomers were observed for  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105. 
         [0055]    In order to ensure the formation of the right product, a cold standard of the final product was synthesis (AIF-NOTA-AE105). The HPLC analysis of the precursor (NOTA-AE105,  FIG. 2A ) confirmed the purity of the NOTA-conjugated precursor (&gt;97%) and MALDI-MS confirmed the mass (1511.7 Da) (See suppl.  FIG. 1 ). The cold standard (AIF-NOTA-AE105,  FIG. 2B ), with the right mass confirmed by MALDI-MS (1573.6 Da) (See suppl.  FIG. 1B ), corresponded well in regards to retention time with the ‘hot’ product ( FIG. 2C ), thus confirming the formation of  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105 ( FIG. 2C ). No degradation of the final product was found after 30 min in PBS ( FIG. 2D ). The radioactive peaks were collected and diluted in PBS and used for in vivo studies. The specific activity in the final product was above 25 GBq/μmol. 
       In Vivo PET Imaging 
       [0056]      18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105 was injected i.v. in four mice bearing PC-3 tumors and PET scan were performed 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 h post injection (p.i). Tumor lesions were easily identified from the reconstructed PET images ( FIG. 3A ) and ROI analysis revealed a high tumor uptake, with 5.90±0.35% ID/g after 0.5 h, declining to 4.22±0.13% ID/g and 2.54±0.24% ID/g after 1.0 and 2.0 h, respectively ( FIG. 3B ). 
         [0057]    In order to ensure that the found tumor uptake did indeed reflect specific uPAR mediated uptake, four new PC-3 tumor bearing mice were then injected with a mixed solution containing  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105 and 100 μg of the high-affinitty uPAR binding peptide denoted AE152, in order to see if the tumor uptake could be inhibited. A significant lower amount of  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105 tumor uptake was found at all three time points investigate ( FIG. 3B ) and tumor lesions were not as easily identified in the PET images ( FIG. 3A ). At 1.0 h p.i a tumor uptake of 1.86±0.14% ID/g was found in the blocking group compared with 4.22±0.13% ID/g found in the group of mice receiving only  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105 (p&lt;0.001, 2.3 fold reduction). 
       Biodistribution 
       [0058]    After the last PET scan, each group of mice where euthanized and selected organs and tissues were collected to investigate the biodistribution profile 2.5 h p.i. ( FIG. 4 ). A significant higher tumor uptake in the group of mice receiving  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105 was found compared with blocking group (1.02±0.37% ID/g vs. 0.30±0.06% ID/g, p&lt;0.05), thus confirming the specificity of  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105 for human uPAR found in the PET study. Highest activity was found in the kidneys for both groups of mice, confirming the kidneys to be the primarily route of excretion. Beside kidneys, the bone, well known to accumulate fluoride, also had a relatively high uptake of 3.54±0.32% ID/g and 2.34±0.33% ID/g for normal and blocking group, respectively. 
         [0000]    uPAR Expression 
         [0059]    Both the PC-3 cells used for tumor inoculation and all PC-3 tumors at the end of the study (n=8) were finally analyzed for confirming expression of human uPAR ( FIG. 5 ). An expression in the cells of 6.53±1.6 ng/mg protein was found ( FIG. 5A ), whereas the expression level in the resected tumors was 302±129 pg/mg tumor tissue ( FIG. 5B ). A significant correlation between tumor uptake of  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105 and uPAR expression was found (p&lt;0.05, r=0.93) ( FIG. 5C ). 
       Data Interpretation 
       [0060]    The above experiments provide evidence for the applicability of an  18 F-labeled ligand for uPAR PET. The ligand was characterized in a human prostate cancer xenograft mouse model. Based on the obtained results, similar tumor uptake, specificity and tumor-to-background contrast were found compared to our previously published studies using  64 Cu- and  68 Ga-based ligands for PET 15,16 . Based on the superior physical characteristics of  18 F and the high tumor-to-background contrast found already after 1 h p.i, our new  18 F-based ligand must be considered the so far most promising uPAR PET candidate for translation into clinical use in order to non-invasively characterize invasive potential of e.g. prostate cancer. 
         [0061]      18 F-labeling of peptides using the AIF-approach has previously been described to be performed at 100° C. for 15 min, at pH=4 17-20 . This protocol was modified, since degradation of the NOTA-conjugated peptide was observed using these conditions. The present inventors therefore first produced the  18 F-AIF complex using the above mentioned conditions and next added the NOTA-conjugated peptide and lowered the temperature to 95° C., and within 5 min obtained a labeling yield of 92.7% and with no degradation of the peptide. Two isomers of  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105 were produced. Same observations have been reported by others for  18 F-AIF-NOTA-Octreotide 18  and all NOTA-conjugated IMP peptide analogues described 19 . The ratio of the two peaks were nearly constant for each labeling and both radioactive peaks were collected and used for further in vivo studies. This approach was recently also described by others 26    
         [0062]    Besides optimizing the temperature and time, the present inventors found that the addition of ethanol, to a final concentration of 33% (v/v), resulted in a significant higher labeling yield, compared with radiolabeling without ethanol (30.4% vs 92.7%), using the same amount of NOTA-conjugated peptide. Same observations have recently been described by others 26 . Here the effect of lowering the ionic strength was investigated usingboth acetonitrile, ethanol, dimethylforamide (DMF) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) at different concentrations. A labeling yield of 97% was reported using ethanol at a concentration of 80% (v/v). However, they used between 76-383 nmol NOTA-conjugated peptide, whereas in this study only used 30 nmol was used. The amount needed for optimal labeling yield therefore seems to be dependent on the peptide and on the amount of peptide used for labeling. 
         [0063]    The tumor uptake of  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105 was similarly compared with previously published results pertaining to  64 Cu-based ligands 15 . The tumor uptake 1 h p.i was 4.79±0.7% ID/g, 3.48±0.8% ID/g and 4.75±0.9% ID/g for  84 Cu-DOTA-AE105,  84 Cu-CB-TE2A-AE105,  84 Cu-CB-TE2A-PA-AE105 compared to 4.22±0.1% ID/g for  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105. However, all  64 Cu-based ligands were investigated using the human glioblastoma cell line U87MG, whereas in this study, the prostate cancer cell line PC-3 was used. Considering that the data show that the level of uPAR in the two tumor types is not similar, with PC-3 having around 300 pg uPAR/mg tumor tissue ( FIG. 5B ) and U87MG having approximately 1,700 pg/mg tumor tissue (unpublished), the tumor uptake of  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105 seems to be relatively higher per pg uPAR, However, a direct comparison between the two independent studies is difficult, considering the different cancer cell line used. However, the present inventors have previously shown a significant correlation between uPAR expression and tumor uptake across three tumor types 15 , which is confirmed in the present study using PC-3 xenografts ( FIG. 5C ), further validating the ability of  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105 to quantify uPAR expression using PET imaging. The uPAR specific binding of  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105 in the present study was confirmed by a 2.3-fold reduction in tumor uptake of  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105 1 h p.i. when co-administration of an uPAR antagonist (AE152) was performed for blocking study. 
         [0064]    The biodistribution study of  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105 confirmed the kidneys to be the primary route of excretion and the organ with highest level of activity ( FIG. 4 ). Same excretion profiles have been found for  88 Ga-DOTA/NODAGA-AE105 18 ,  177 Lu-DOTA-AE105 30 . Besides the kidneys and tumor, the bone also had a relatively high accumulation of activity. Bone uptake following injection of  18 F-based ligands is a well-described phenomenon and used clinically in NaF bone scans 31 . A bone uptake of 3.54% ID/g 2.5 h p.i was found, which is similar to the bone uptake following  18 F-FDG injection in mice, where 2.49% ID/g have been reported 1.5 h p.i. 17    
         [0065]    The development of the first  18 F-based ligand for uPAR PET provides of number of advantages compared to previously published  64 Cu-based uPAR PET ligands. 
         [0066]    Considering the optimal tumor-to-background contrast as early as 1 h p.i. as found in this study and in previously studies using  64 Cu, the relatively shorter half-life of  18 F (T 1/2 =1.83 h) compared with  64 Cu (T 1/2 =12.7 h) seems to be optimal consider the much lower radiation burden to future patients using  18 F-AIF-NOTA-AE105. Moreover, is the production of  18 F well established in a number of institutions worldwide, whereas the production of  64 Cu still is limited to relatively few places. 
       Example 2 
     [ 64 Cu]NOTA-AE105 (NOTA-Asp-Cha-Phe-Ser-Arg-Tyr-Leu-Trp-Ser-OH) 
       [0067]      64 CuCl 2  dissolved in 50 ul metal-free water was added to a solution containing 10 nmol NOTA-AE105 and 2.5 mg gentisic acid dissolved in 500 ul 0.1M NH 4 OAc buffer (pH 5.5) and left at room temperature for 10 minutes resulting in 375 MBq [ 64 Cu]NOTA-AE105 with a radiochemical purity above 99%. The radiochemical purity decreased to 94% after 48 hours storage. 
       Example 3 
     In Vivo uPAR PET Imaging with [ 64 Cu]NOTA-AE105 in a Orthotropic Human Glioblastoma Mouse Model 
       [0068]    A mouse was inoculated with human derived glioblastoma cells in the brain. 3 weeks later a small tumor was visible using microCT scan A microPET images was recorded 1 hr post i.v. injection of approximately 5 MBq [ 64 Cu]NOTA-AE105. Uptake in the tumor and background brain tissue was quantified. Moreover, was a control mouse (with no tumor inoculated) also PET scanned using the same procedure, to investigate the uptake in normal brain tissue with intact blood brain barrier. See  FIG. 6 . 
       Example 4 
     [ 68 Ga]NOTA-AE105 (NOTA-Asp-Cha-Phe-Ser-Arg-Tyr-Leu-Trp-Ser-OH) 
       [0069]    A 1 ml fraction of the eluate form a  68 Ge/68Ga generator for added to a solution containing 20 nmol NOTA-AE105 dissolved in 1000 ul 0.7M NaOAc buffer (pH 3.75) and heated to 60° C. for 10 minutes. The corresponding mixture could be purified on a C18 SepPak column resulting in 534MBq [ 68 Ga]NOTA-AE105 with a radiochemical purity above 98% 
       Example 5 
     In Vivo uPAR PET Imaging with [ 68 Ga]NOTA-AE105 in a Orthotropic Human Glioblastoma Mouse Model 
       [0070]    A mouse was inoculated with human derived glioblastoma cells in the brain. 3 weeks later a small tumor was visible using microCT scan A microPET images was recorded 1 hr post i.v. injection of approximately 5 MBq [ 68 Ga]NOTA-AE105. Uptake in the tumor and background brain tissue was quantified. Moreover, was a control mouse (with no tumor inoculated) also PET scanned using the same procedure, to investigate the uptake in normal brain tissue with intact blood brain barrier. See  FIG. 7 . 
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