Abstract:
The present invention provides a tendon divided into compartment enclosing therein pressurized gas. The invention also relates to a method for transporting a fluid containing tubular body or assembly of bodies above a sea/river bed floor and within a body of water. In addition the invention comprises a method of installing and removing an internal pressurized tendon or assembly of tendons in a vertical position in a body of water.

Description:
1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to the design of tension legs, i.e. tendons for Tension Leg Platforms (TLP) and method for transport and installation and removal/replacement of tendons and similar slender bodies in a body of water.  
         2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART  
         [0002]    There are two main types of tendons:  
           [0003]    Rods made of composite or fiber materials, and  
           [0004]    hollow circular pipes welded into sections where the design seeks to utilize the buoyancy as much as possible to reduce submerged weight of the tendon in order to lessen the size of the platform that carries the weight of the tendons.  
           [0005]    A major feature of the latter concept is that air at atmospheric pressure is present in the interior of the pipes in a tendon. Hence, when installed the tubular pipes/tendon are exposed to outer hydrostatic pressure that is an disadvantageous buckling-type loading calling for increasing the wall thickness to diameter ratio, i.e. increasing wall thickness and decreasing diameter. With increasing water depth the ratio increases and consequently the submerged weight of the tendon increases. The final consequence is that the platform&#39;s displacement must be increased that again causes larger loads on the tendons etc. This is even more pronounced for deep-water TLP tendons.  
           [0006]    In detail two concepts of these tendons are known:  
           [0007]    Stepped diameter tendon seeking to employ as large diameter as possible to resist the increasing hydrostatic pressure thus to achieve as much buoyancy as possible. In deeper waters it is not feasible to achieve a desirable or optimum design, namely neutrally or positively buoyant tendon. Further, this solution requires transition sections when the diameter is changed. Such transitions attract stresses causing material fatigue.  
           [0008]    Uniform diameter tendon eliminating the fatigue stresses on the penalty of small diameter thus large loads on the platform with the associated negative consequences. The maximum achievable diameter is limited to that needed at the lower end of the tendon.  
           [0009]    Two main transport and installation concepts are used for tendons made of hollow cylinders:  
           [0010]    Prefabricated sections of a tendon equipped with expensive and fatigue prone connectors, are transported on deck of a vessel to installation site where these sections are handed over to a crane vessel. The crane vessel upends and connects the sections into a vertically hanging string and adds sections until the entire tendon has been completed. This is an expensive solution due to expensive vessel and connectors.  
           [0011]    Tendon prefabricated in full length at a shore-based facility is launched into water while temporary buoyancy elements are being attached to the tendon in order to keep the tendon floating. Thereafter the tendon is towed in surface to the installation site where, by applying different more or less cumbersome methods, the tendon is upended by reduction or removal of the temporary buoyancy. Two major drawbacks are associated with such methods: (a) When towed in waves, the tendon is exposed to fatigue stresses; and (b) Large risk is associated with the use of external temporary elements, as experienced in practice. Another disadvantage is associated with these methods that is non-reversibility of some of operations. Upon negative experience from practical applications the industry is hesitant for further use of these methods.  
           [0012]    Other slender bodies such as bottom pipelines and flowline bundles have been towed to offshore sites for decades. In addition to the surface tow method mentioned above, the tow of such bodies has been carried out on bottom, elevated off bottom or at mid depth where the negatively buoyant body was suspended and tensioned by two tow vessels. Also these methods are associated with disadvantages. The former two can be used in special cases only when depth, bottom conditions and integration into a seabed system allow. The latter is characterized by demanding control, large loads involved and lack of facility to bring the body to surface in case of contingency or for planned operations such as connection with other sections or preparation for installation.  
         THE INVENTION  
         [0013]    In accordance with the present invention the tendon is designed and made, in traditional fashion, of hollow cylindrical sections such as pipes that are connected into a continuous string. However, the interior of the string is divided into one or several compartments. The optimum number of compartments depends on water depth at installation area, typically 6 to 10. Before installation of the tendon each of the compartments is pressurized by gas, e.g. nitrogen or dried air, to a pressure that is close or equal to ambient water pressure at the depth where the compartment will be found after completed installation. Hence, the undesirable external stresses generating buckling loads are eliminated or significantly reduced during the time when the tendon is in use. This opens for the possibility to increase diameter, thus increase the inherent buoyancy of the tendon without the need of larger wall thickness, as it would be required if the traditional design would be applied. Therefore, the designer can optimize the diameter in order build-in desirable buoyancy for transport, installation, operation and finally removal. At the same time pipes of standard dimensions can be used and material saving is achieved, typically 30% weight reduction compared to standard design of tendons for a deepwater platform (i.e. platform at more than 3.000 ft water depth).  
           [0014]    The tendon can be designed with uniform diameter over its entire length in order to eliminate locations exposed to fatigue stresses. In such a case the tendon upon completion of pressurization would have stepwise increasing net buoyancy when floating in surface because of decreasing weight of pressurized gas in the compartments, the bottom compartments being the heaviest thus least buoyant. Since the transport and installation method requires uniformly distributed net buoyancy the excessive buoyancy is counterweighted by ballast added.  
           [0015]    The tendon can also be designed with stepped diameter so that the above-explained need for ballast is eliminated. In such a case attention is paid to design of details of the transitions so that the fatigue loads are eliminated or significantly reduced.  
           [0016]    Some of the lower compartments can be flooded after installation connection to the platform. The weigth of flooded water represents reduction of upward tension loads (typically several hundred tons) on the anchor, and thus reduces the required size/weigth of the anchor.  
           [0017]    Identically with the state of the art installation technology also here the tendons are towed in horizontal position and at the installation site upended and connected to pre-installed anchor. The present inventive tow method is of general applicability and overcomes all major disadvantages of the existing methods briefly described above without introducing shortcomings of significance for time, costs or safety. The present method is characterized as follows:  
           [0018]    At initiation and termination of the tow or in contingent situation the towed slender body such as a flowline bundle, a pipeline section or a TLP tendon attains a safe and comfortable position floating in the surface.  
           [0019]    During tow the slender body is submerged to desirable depth to avoid fatigue loads from waves.  
           [0020]    Physical laws prevent, for all practical applications, possibility that the body towed in submerged position would collide with seabed in unpredicted or unexpected shallow water.  
           [0021]    The inventive installation method for tendons and similar structures is integrated with the present tow method in the sense that the tow vessels perform the upending and rough positioning as a natural continuation of the tow and without need for re-rigging or other interventions. When upended and positioned to target area close to the pre-installed anchor, the tendon is pulled to vertical or side entry bottom connector on the anchor by means of moderate forces generated in simple rigging.  
           [0022]    Another advantageous feature achieved by the invention is simple removal of the tendon, intact or with one accidentally flooded compartment. The inventive removal method for tendons is facilitated by the inherent properties of the tendon in accordance with the invention, namely:  
           [0023]    The compartmentation of the interior and pressurization of gas inside the compartments limit the amount of water that can leak into the interior.  
           [0024]    The pressurized gas inside the compartments enables to displace all or parts of the flooded water hence to ensure, in most practical instances, that the tendon can regain positive buoyancy that simplifies the retrieval and tow of the tendon.  
           [0025]    From the design of the tendon point of view the most important advantage achieved is reduced consumption of material hence lower price. This aggregated advantage is a result of the following:  
           [0026]    Reduced or eliminated loading from ambient water pressure.  
           [0027]    Facilitated use of pipe sections of standard dimensions and materials.  
           [0028]    Further, the design allows for greater water depth in which metallic tendons can effectively be used. Moreover, the inherent buoyancy of the tendon lessens the size of temporary buoyancy tanks required to keep tension in the tendon before installation of the platform is completed and tension can be generated by the platform itself. Finally, the design allows for flooding of dedicated compartments after installation of the platform with the aim of reducing loads on the anchors.  
           [0029]    From the transport of the tendon or any other similar object point of view the most important advantages achieved are as follows:  
           [0030]    Increased safety due to inherent fail-to-safe ability in the sense that in case of failure the object floats up to a stable position in surface and the object is prevented from collision with seabed in case of unidentified shallows.  
           [0031]    Reduced fatigue loading due to the fact that the object is transported submerged below wave zone.  
           [0032]    Eliminated possibility of unintentional collision with seabed during tow.  
           [0033]    Reduced transport cost resulting from eliminated or reduced need for temporary buoyancy elements or floats that are commonly used for achieving desired buoyancy for transport.  
           [0034]    From the installation of the tendon point of view, i.e. upending, positioning and connecting, the most important advantages are reduced price due to simple installation gear and applicability of inexpensive vessels, reversibility and easy control of all operations.  
           [0035]    From the removal/replacement point of view the most important advantages is the simplicity of transferring the negatively buoyant tendon from its vertical position to horizontal position in which it is floating in surface, i.e. positively buoyant and ready for tow to the receipt destination. This simplicity is achieved in most of the expected instances when removal of the tendon is required. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0036]    [0036]FIG. 1 shows a schematic drawing of a tendon.  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 2 shows a longitudinal section view of the tendon in FIG. 1 provided with ballast.  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 3 shows a tendon with stepped diameter.  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 4 shows the lower end compartments and the upper end compartment of the tendons in the previous figures.  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 5 shows a cross-section through tendon or other slender body and a front-view of an advantageous arrangement of the buoyancy tank that is partly fixed to the tendon.  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 6 shows the configuration for tow of a slender body such as pipeline, flowline bundle or TLP tendon in open sea.  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 7 shows five phases in upending of a tendon.  
         [0043]    FIGS.  8 - 11  show various phases during positioning and connection of a tendon to a preinstalled anchor.  
         [0044]    FIGS.  12 - 14  show another installation method.  
         [0045]    FIGS.  15 - 18  show steps associated with positioning and connecting a second tendon.  
         [0046]    [0046]FIGS. 19 and 20 show removal/retrieval of a tendon from an installed position.  
         [0047]    [0047]FIGS. 21 and 22 show a side view and a top view, respectively, of two connected tendon sections.  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 23 shows an arrangement of bulkheads with outfitting for pressure testing and for final pressurization.  
         [0049]    [0049]FIG. 24 shows an alternative arrangement of bulkheads with outfitting for final pressurization.  
         [0050]    [0050]FIGS. 25 and 26 show alternative arrangements for permanent solid ballast in the interior of the tendon.  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 27 shows a principle for temporary ballast where the ballast is water. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS  
       [0052]    [0052]FIG. 1 shows schematics of a tendon  1  with uniform diameter that is divided by inner bulkheads  3  into compartments  2 . The compartments  2  are pressurized by gas to nearly ambient pressure at the operation depth where the lower compartment  4  has the largest pressure and the upper compartment  5  has the lowest pressure, often equal to atmospheric pressure. Shading of different density indicates the pressure level in the individual compartments  2 ,  4  and  5 . Each of the inner bulkheads  3 , is outfitted for pressurization by gas or for both pressurization by liquid (for pressure testing) and for final pressurization by gas. In the former case the outfitting includes a valve and a backup valve on a pipe through the bulkhead as shown in FIG. 24.  
         [0053]    [0053]FIG. 24 shows an arrangement of a bulkhead  3  separating adjacent compartments  2  and with outfitting for final pressurization consisting of a pipe  56  with valves  57  and  58  (one of these as backup). Upon completion of pressurization the valves  57  and  59  are remotely triggered to close hence separate the two adjacent compartments.  
         [0054]    The valves  57 ,  58  are open at the beginning of pressurization, thus the injected gas through the lower end bulkhead  3  can fill the all compartments  2 ,  4 ,  5 . When the pressure inside has reached the required pressure in the upper compartment, the valves  57 ,  58  belonging to this compartment are shut (by remote control) thus no more gas can flow into this compartment. Upon reaching second pressure level the next compartment  2  is closed and so on until entire pressurization scheme has been completed. In case that the upper compartment  5  remains non-pressurized due to small ambient pressure, the associated inner bulkhead  3  is without any passthrough and valves.  
         [0055]    Since there is a significant pressure difference between the lower and upper compartments, different weight of gas is contained in the compartments  2 ,  4 ,  5 . In order to compensate for lower weight in all other compartments but the lower one or two, it is necessary to add ballast in order to obtain evenly distributed net buoyancy along the tendon  1  that is required for tow and upending. As the ballast is not needed in the operational phase, the ballast can be temporary. However, the ballast affects the performance of the tendon  1  in operational phase so insignificantly that it can also be permanent. Therefore the practicalities are decisive for using permanent or temporary ballast. The use of permanent ballast can be considered advantageous in the case when simple removal of the tendon  1  is a design consideration. In such a case the tendon  1  is at any time ready for removal.  
         [0056]    [0056]FIG. 2 shows section trough tendon  1  provided with permanent ballast in form of ballast elements  8  fixed in the interior of the tendon  1 . The ballast elements  8  can be of different design, materials and size as long as these will not affect performance of the tendon. An innovative solution is the use of discarded car tires that can be pulled inside, individually or bundled, so that they expand against the walls and produce sufficient friction to hold their own weight.  
         [0057]    [0057]FIG. 26 shows another example of solid inner ballast where in a section  58  of a tendon compartment the solid ballast is made of used tires  64 . As the dimension of the tires are larger than inner diameter of the tendon, these are deformed when deployed thus producing contact loads with the tendon and hence friction keeping the tires in position. In order to achieve more weight and or larger dimensions or larger contact loads two or more tires can be bundled together.  
         [0058]    [0058]FIG. 25 shows an example of solid inner ballast where in a section  58  of a tendon compartment the solid ballast is made of weight elements  59  and  60  that are forced towards the tendon wall  1  by wedges  61  and  62  to create friction that is sufficient to keep the arrangement in place. Bolt  63  is used to produce the required compression between the wedges and the wall.  
         [0059]    Temporary ballast can be fixed to the tendon from outside. A typical solution of this type is the use of one or more chains running along the tendon and fixed to the exterior at convenient intervals. Temporary ballast in the interior can be a fluid contained in inner pipes of appropriate diameter. In such a case the temporary ballast is displaced by gas when required (see FIG. 27).  
         [0060]    [0060]FIG. 27 shows a tendon  1  with temporary liquid ballast installed below water surface  65  in vertical position and connected to a seabed anchor  66 . The ballast liquid is contained in pipes  67  to  71  of diameter increasing from the second lowest compartment  74  to the uppermost compartment  75  so that the increasing weight of water compensates for lower weight of pressurized gas.  
         [0061]    [0061]FIG. 28 shows the tendon  1  being deballasted in order to achieve sufficient buoyancy  35  required for the time period before the tendon is connected to the platform. Often the deballasting can eliminate the use of the temporary buoyancy tank shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. The deballasting is achieved by supply of air through a hose  76  and inlet  72  into the ballast pipe  71  in the upper compartment  75 . The air displaces water from the ballast pipe through an outlet  73  in the second lowest compartment  74 . If required, e.g. for removal of the tendon, the tendon can be ballasted by venting of the air.  
         [0062]    [0062]FIG. 3 shows a tendon  9  with stepped diameter. In this arrangement each section  1  compartment  4 ,  10 ,  5  starting from the lower compartment  4  has outer diameter sized down so that the buoyancy reduction due smaller diameter is equal to the reduced weight of the pressured gas. In this manner the net buoyancy is constant along the entire tendon  9  and no ballast is required. Wall thickness of the pipe sections  10  is chosen so that the material cross section area is approximately equal for any part of the tendon  9 .  
         [0063]    [0063]FIG. 4 shows the lower end compartment  4  provided with temporary lower buoyancy tank  11  and upper end compartment  5  provided with temporary upper buoyancy tank  12 . These tanks  11 ,  12  add buoyancy to the heavy end connectors (indicated in the figure by the narrowed pipe sections) that are normally not self-buoyant. The upper buoyancy tank  12  may also have an additional buoyancy, counterweighted by ballast water during tow and installation, that is needed to tension the tendon in the intermediate phase between completed installation of the tendon and hook-up of the tendon to the platform. The additional buoyancy is recovered at appropriate time by displacing ballast water out of the tank  12  by gas. In order to achieve exact buoyancy for tow and installation, it is advantageous to divide the interior of the tank  12  into two compartments: (a) For buoyancy during tow; this compartment is closed which means that it must be designed for the actual pressure differential. (b) For buoyancy required for tensioning the tendon upon installation; this compartment may be open to the sea hence not necessary to design for resisting significant pressure differentials.  
         [0064]    [0064]FIG. 5 shows a cross-section through tendon  1  or other slender body and a front-view of an advantageous arrangement a buoyancy tank that is partly fixed to the tendon. Water surface  13  indicates position of the assembly when floating in surface during final fixing of the tank and during tow. In this arrangement the tank consists of two cylindrical elements  14  that are rigidly connected by means of a support structure  15  into a single body. The support structure  15  fits an ‘outer bulkhead’ or flange  16  on the tendon  1  that is designed to transfer all longitudinal loads from the tank to the tendon  1  or other slender body. For easy installation and retrieval of the tank  14  the connection to the tendon  1  can be made by means of clamps  17  that can comfortably be engaged/disengaged both in surface and subsea.  
         [0065]    [0065]FIG. 6 shows the configuration for tow of a slender body such as pipeline, flowline bundle or TLP tendon  1  in open sea according to the present invention. The tendon  1  or other slender body is submerged below water surface  13  and wave zone hence protected from waves and fatigue stresses and in emergency situations from collisions with crossing vessels. The net buoyancy of the tendon  1  or other slender body is overcome by weight of towing gear  18  and weight of trailing gear  19 . In sum the towing and trailing gear  18 ,  19  are heavier than the total net buoyancy of the tendon  1  so that when lowered into water they pull the tendon  1  below water and the tendon assumes a shape resembling an upended catenary. The system is by physical laws at any time in equilibrium and the excessive weight of the towing gear is transferred onto the towline. In order to prevent overstressing, it may be necessary to generate tension in the tendon  1  or other slender body when the gear  18 ,  19  are applied for submerging the tendon  1 . The tension is generated by the leading tug  20  and by the trailing tug  21 . The towing and trailing gears  18  and  19  are each composed of towing wire  22  and a heavy section  23  made of e.g. chain. For installation purposes it may be advantageous to add a clump weight  24  to the towing gear  18  that is connected to the lower end of the tendon  1 . The submergence depth of tendon  1  or other slender body is controlled by length of the towline  22  that is paid out and the tension generated by the vessels  20  and  21 . The design of the tendon  1  or other slender body seeks to keep the required tension at a practical limit of say  30  t. Should the bottom of the towing gear  18  or the clump weight  24  unintentionally come in contact with seabed  25 , the load onto the tendon  1  or other slender body would be reduced and the tendon  1  would assume a position higher in the water. It is impossible for the tendon  1  or other slender body to collide with the seabed, unless very uneven topography of seabed is encountered where height of outcrops exceeds to combined height of catenaries of the tow gear  18  and the tendon  1 . In case of contingent situation that could lead to loss of required minimal tension in the slender body, such as due to machine blackout or towline failure, auxiliary towline  26  operated by an independently driven winch (not shown) is activated to retrieve the towing and trailing gears  18 ,  19  and or to resume the towing force.  
         [0066]    [0066]FIG. 7 shows five phases in upending of a tendon  1  according to the present invention see also FIG. 6. Phase 1: Upon arrival to the upending site the trailing gear  19  is retrieved to deck of trailing vessel  21 . This leads to the tendon ascending to surface. The auxiliary towline  26  is reconnected to top of the tendon  1  in order to transmit tension into the tendon  1  during upending. Phases 2, 3 and 4: Leading tug  20  pays out towline that lowers the leading end of the tendon towards seabed. Leading tug  20  and trailing tug  21  keep the required tension in the tendon  1  that decreases with increasing depth to the lowered end of the tendon. Phase 5: The upended tendon  1  is in stable position above seabed where the net buoyancy is balanced by corresponding length and weight of towing gear  18  that is lifted off bottom. The remaining part of the towing gear is resting on the seabed  25  thus providing the tendon  1  with stability against horizontal loads.  
         [0067]    [0067]FIGS. 8, 9,  10  and  11  show positioning and connection of a tendon  1  to a pre-installed anchor  28 . FIG. 8 shows an upended tendon  1  being hauled from upending location to a target area near the anchor  28  or connection point. This is accomplished by the leading tug  20  that via towline  22  and section  23  on the tendon  1 . The tension in towline  22  has a vertical component that lifts a part of the heavy section  23  off bottom  25  and enables an easy dragging of the assembly along seabed  25  towards the target area.  
         [0068]    Next phase of the process of positioning and connecting is shown in FIG. 9 where the tendon  1  has been moved into the target area where a pre-rigged pull-in line  29  on the anchor  28  is connected to the tendon  1 . In this particular version of several optional manners to achieve the positioning and connecting the trailing tug  21  lowers a tugger line  27  that connects to the pull-in line  29  and carries out the pull.  
         [0069]    Next phase of the process of positioning and connecting is shown in FIG. 10 where the heavy section  23  has been lifted off the seabed  25  and tension in a connecting forerunner  31  is reduced to a minimum. This enables a remotely operated vehicle  32  to disconnect the tow gear heavy section  23  from the tendon  1 .  
         [0070]    Last phase of the process of positioning and connecting is shown in FIG. 11 where the tendon  1  is being pulled from the vessel  21  via the tugger line  27  towards the bottom connector on the anchor  28 .  
         [0071]    Another possible installation method is illustrated in FIGS. 12, 13 and  14 . This installation method allows a direct pull of the tendon from horizontally floating in surface to the bottom connection in one operation.  
         [0072]    [0072]FIG. 12 shows the initial position of tendon  1  with installed rigging for the operation. Upon arrival at the installation site the towing gears have been retrieved, pre-installed pull-in line  33  retrieved to surface and connected to lower end of tendon  1 , tugger line  30  from vessel  20  lowered down to anchor  28  and connected to end of the pull-in line  33  and finally the vessel  20  has tensioned the lines  33  and  30 .  
         [0073]    [0073]FIG. 13 shows next phase of the installation where vessel  21  has tensioned the tendon as required to avoid overstressing and vessel  20  is in progress of reeling the tugger line  30  thus pulling the tendon  1  towards the connector on the anchor  28 .  
         [0074]    [0074]FIG. 14 shows the an upended tendon  1  connected to anchor  28 , unloaded pull-in line  33  that is just before retrieval and unloaded auxiliary towline  26  just before retrieval to vessel  21 .  
         [0075]    The tow and installation methods enable to tow and installed more than one tendon in the same sequence of operations. Method and steps for tow, upending positioning and connecting of the first tendon in an approach involving multiple tendons are identical with those described above. Remain steps associated with positioning and connecting second tendon are explained in FIGS. 15 through 18.  
         [0076]    [0076]FIG. 15 shows bundle of tendons  34 ,  35  where tendon  34  has been connected to anchor  28 . It is seen that lower end of second tendon  35  in the bundle is staggered so that its lower end does not prevent connecting of the first tendon  34 . Tendons  34  and  35  are connected into the bundle in the lower part by spacers  36 . Spacers  37  connect remaining part on the bundle. Finally, a pull-in line  29  is pre-installed.  
         [0077]    [0077]FIG. 16 shows the situation when the lower spacers, in FIG. 16 denoted  36 , have been removed, e.g. by a remotely operated vehicle (not shown), and the pull-in line  29  connected to the second tendon  35 .  
         [0078]    [0078]FIG. 17 shows that tension in pull-in line  29  is applied and tendon  35 , in the lower section of the bundle, is parted from the first tendon  34  and that both tendons are gently bent (exaggerated in the figure).  
         [0079]    [0079]FIG. 18 shows situation when the remaining spacers (denoted  37  in FIG. 17) have been removed and the second tendon  35  is ready for pull down and making connection with the anchor.  
         [0080]    [0080]FIGS. 19 and 20 show removal/retrieval of a tendon  38  from installed position, in other words they show how the tendon is transferred from vertical position in which it is negatively buoyant and suspended from a vessel to a position suitable for tow to shore or elsewhere. The method shown in these figures is applicable for intact tendons and for accidentally flooded tendons where one compartment is flooded and a volume of gas is remaining in said compartment. The volume of remaining gas must be sufficient to displace so much of the flooded water so that the tendon can become positively buoyant. In seldom occasions when excessive volume of pressurized gas has escaped or when several compartments have been flooded the method for retrieval must be engineered for each case separately and upon the extent and location of the flooding have been identified. In such seldom occasions the retrieval method is a combination of the method illustrated in FIGS. 19 and 20 with conventional methods and the operation will resemble salvage.  
         [0081]    [0081]FIG. 19 shows the first stage of removal of tendon  38 . Before reaching the position illustrated in the figure  
         [0082]    the tendon  38  has been disconnected from the platform  39 ,  
         [0083]    a towline  22  from vessel  20  has been connected to the upper end of the tendon  38   
         [0084]    a flooding/draining hole has been drilled at suitable elevation above inner bulkhead (cfr. FIG. 1) through the wall of a selected compartment so that the amount water that can flow into the compartment makes the tendon negatively buoyant and required submerged weight can be achieved,  
         [0085]    the tendon  38  has been flooded by predicted amount of water into the selected compartment so that a target negative buoyancy and vertical stability (i.e. the center of buoyancy is over the center of gravity) have been reached,  
         [0086]    the tendon  38  has been disconnected from the anchor  28  and moved slowly a distance from the anchor  28 .  
         [0087]    [0087]FIG. 20 shows several stages of the transfer from vertical to floating in surface. The transfer progresses in time and corresponding situations are shown in the figure from the right to the left and are denoted as 1 to 5. The individual situations are explained as follows:  
         [0088]    Situation 1. The tendon  38  is being towed by the vessel  22  at a ‘small’ speed and the length of the towline  22  is increased. For the purpose of explanation by means of this illustration the increased length keeps the lower end of the tendon  38  at approximately the level/height above the seabed  25  it had in installed position and therefore the amount on flooded water has not been changed. This length control is however not a condition for successful operation. Due to hydrodynamic loads from the relative motion between water and tendon, the tendon  38  is inclined into an equilibrium position.  
         [0089]    Situations 2, 3, 4, and 5. In these situations the towing velocity has been increased so that the lower end of the tendon  38  is over the level it was during the flooding. Thus an overpressure builds up in the compartment and the flooded water is being displaced from the compartment. As the weight of flooded water is being reduced, the tendon  38  moves up with an accelerating effect for the displacement of flooded water. Eventually, the tendon  38  becomes positively buoyant and floats in surface ready for completion of the retrieval operation in a conventional manner.  
         [0090]    Under special conditions it may be advantageous to design and pre-fabricate the tendon in sections that are connected into a continuous string before tow to the installation site or before upending and installation. A such design allows for reduced length of fabrication facilities, increases maneuverability through narrows during tow through inshore waters, if relevant, or reduces requirements to the offshore tow if towed to installation site as individual sections for assembling at the offshore site. In particular, this design may be advantageous for spare or replacement tendons. In the former case the storage of prefabricated tendons in sections is less demanding and in the latter case the replacement tendon may be fabricated in short-length facilities, thus enabling fast mobilization of the fabrication facilities and fast fabrication. The design of each section of such tendon can be identical with that described above for the “one section” tendons.  
         [0091]    The connections between the sections may e.g. be as shown in FIGS. 21 and 22.  
         [0092]    [0092]FIG. 21 shows a side view of a lower tendon section  41  connected to an upper tendon section  42  by means of a connector  43 . From fabrication, assembly and operational points of view it is advantageous to design the connector  43  with freedom to move.  
         [0093]    [0093]FIG. 22 shows a top view of the connector  43  where a bolt  44  connects the sections  41 , 42  and allows rotation in one plane. As the tendon in operation always will be exposed to tension loads, there is no substantial wear in a such connection. Obviously the connector may be arranged with two mutually perpendicular rotational axes, allowing rotation in any plane, or a standard rigid connector that prevents all rotations.  
         [0094]    [0094]FIG. 23 shows an arrangement of bulkhead  45  separating adjacent compartments  2  with outfitting for pressure testing and for final pressurization consisting of parts  48  and  49 . Part  48  serves for venting of gas of the upper compartment  2  during flooding of the compartment for testing, inlet of air during dewatering of the compartment upon completed test and for supply of gas for final pressurization. Part  49  serves as inlet for liquid to be used in a hydrostatic pressure test of a completed compartment and as outlet for draining the liquid upon completion of the pressure test. Parts  48  and  49  are provided with temporary inlets/outlets  50  and  51  that are removed upon completed pressurization. Outer valves  52  and  53  are used for closing the compartment during testing. Inner valves  54  and  55  are triggered to close upon the pressurization. These remotely operated valves are used only once, i.e. to close. After removal of the temporary parts  51  and  52  the inlets through the wall can be sealed thus achieving a third barrier against accidental leak.