Abstract:
The present invention is directed to a driving method, in particular a three dimensional driving scheme for electrophoretic display devices. The method comprises applying a driving step in each of at least two electric fields to drive two types of pigment particles of different colors laterally and/or vertically for separately adjusting the grayscale and/or colors of the display. The present driving method has the advantage that the brightness and color intensity of the images may be separately tuned.

Description:
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/362,683, filed Jul. 8, 2010; the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to a driving method, in particular a three dimensional driving scheme for electrophoretic display devices. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     An electrophoretic display (EPD) is a non-emissive device based on the electrophoresis phenomenon influencing charged pigment particles dispersed in a dielectric solvent. An EPD typically comprises a pair of spaced-apart plate-like electrodes. At least one of the electrode plates, typically on the viewing side, is transparent. An electrophoretic fluid composed of a dielectric solvent with charged pigment particles dispersed therein is enclosed between the two electrode plates. 
     An electrophoretic fluid may have one type of charged pigment particles dispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture of a contrasting color. In this case, when a voltage difference is imposed between the two electrode plates, the pigment particles migrate by attraction to the plate of polarity opposite that of the pigment particles. Thus, the color showing at the transparent plate can be either the color of the solvent or the color of the pigment particles. Reversal of plate polarity will cause the particles to migrate back to the opposite plate, thereby reversing the color. 
     Alternatively, an electrophoretic fluid may have two types of pigment particles of contrasting colors and carrying opposite charges and the two types of pigment particles are dispersed in a clear solvent or solvent mixture. In this case, when a voltage difference is imposed between the two electrode plates, the two types of pigment particles would move to opposite ends (top or bottom) in a display cell. Thus one of the colors of the two types of pigment particles would be seen at the viewing side of the display cell. 
     Conventional methods for driving an electrophoretic display device involve changing positions of the charged particles in either the vertical (i.e., up/down) or horizontal (i.e., left/right) direction. As a result, the color intensity (i.e., saturation) and the brightness (i.e., reflectance) of the images displayed cannot be tuned separately, which allows very little freedom for a display engineer to perform color mapping of an electrophoretic display. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The first aspect of the present invention is directed to a driving method for an electrophoretic display, which method comprises applying a driving step in each of at least two electric fields to drive two types of pigment particles of different colors laterally and/or vertically for separately adjusting the grayscale and/or colors of the display. 
     In one embodiment, the two electric fields are in the X direction and the Z direction, respectively. In this embodiment, the driving steps may be carried out simultaneously or sequentially. Also in this embodiment, the method may further comprise applying one or more of refreshing, dithering or pre-charging step in any one or more of the electric fields. 
     In one embodiment, the method comprises applying a driving step in each of three electric fields. In this embodiment, the driving steps in the three electric fields may be carried out simultaneously or sequentially. Further in this embodiment, the method may comprise applying one or more of refreshing, dithering or pre-charging step in any one or more of the electric fields. 
     In one embodiment, the valueΔVx of the voltage potential differences applied in the X electric field integrated over a time period (Δtx) is less than 1 Vsec. In one embodiment, the valueΔVy of the voltage potential differences applied in the Y electric field integrated over a time period (Δty) is less than 1 Vsec. In one embodiment, the valueΔVz of the voltage potential differences applied in the Z electric field integrated over a time period (Δtz) is less than 1 Vsec. 
     A second aspect of the present invention is directed to an electrophoretic display, which comprises
         a) a first layer comprising a common electrode;   b) a second layer comprising at least two pixel electrodes;   c) a display cell layer comprising display cells filled with an electrophoretic fluid comprising at least two types of pigment particles of different colors dispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture; and   d) at least two electric fields between the common electrode and the pixel electrodes.       

     In one embodiment, the display comprises three electric fields in the X direction, the Y direction and the Z direction, respectively wherein the X and Y electric fields move the pigment particles laterally and the Z electric field moves the pigment particles vertically. 
     In one embodiment, there is at least one of the three electric fields which comprises a driving step. 
     In one embodiment, each of two out of the three electric fields comprises a driving step. In this embodiment, the driving steps may be carried out simultaneously or sequentially. Also in this embodiment, each of the three electric fields may further comprise one or more of refreshing, dithering or pre-charging step. 
     In one embodiment, each of the three electric fields comprises a driving step. In this embodiment, the driving steps may be carried out simultaneously or sequentially. Also in this embodiment, each of the three electric fields may further comprise one or more of refreshing, dithering or pre-charging step. 
     In one embodiment, the two types of pigment particles are of the black and white colors dispersed in a clear solvent or solvent mixture. In this embodiment, the solvent or solvent mixture may be colorless or colored. 
     In one embodiment, one type of pigment particles is white and the other type of pigment particles is red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow or a mixture thereof. In this embodiment, the two types of pigment particles may be dispersed in a black solvent or solvent mixture. 
     In one embodiment, the solvent or solvent mixture and the particles are of different colors. 
     In one embodiment, the two types of pigment particles have the same charge polarity or different charge polarities. In one embodiment, the two types of pigment particles have the same threshold or different thresholds. In one embodiment, the two types of pigment particles have the same degree of mobility or different degrees of mobility. 
     In one embodiment, the electrophoretic fluid further comprising a charge controlling agent, polymeric additives, liquid crystal additives, nano-particles, nano-wires or nano-tubes. 
     In one embodiment, the shape of the pixel electrodes is rectangular, zig-zag, hexagonal, square, circular or triangular 
     In one embodiment, the pixel electrodes have the same size or different sizes. 
     The present driving method has the advantage that the brightness (e.g., grayscale) and color intensity of the images may be separately tuned. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DISCUSSION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1   a  depicts a cross-section view of a display device. 
         FIGS. 1   b - 1   g  illustrate different configurations of pixel electrodes. 
         FIG. 2   a - 2   c  show how the electric fields are operated by the present driving method. 
         FIGS. 3   a - 3   d  illustrate how the color brightness of a display device may be adjusted by the present driving method. 
         FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b  illustrate how the color saturation of a display device may be adjusted by the present driving method. 
         FIGS. 5   a - 5   d  show sample driving waveforms. 
         FIGS. 6   a - 6   d  show examples of the present driving method. 
         FIGS. 7  shows an example of a process for driving an electrophoretic display. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 1   a  depicts a cross-section view of a display device. A display cell ( 100 ) is sandwiched between a first layer ( 101 ) and a second layer ( 102 ). The display cell ( 100 ) is surrounded by partition walls ( 107 ). The first layer comprises a common electrode ( 103 ). The second layer comprises at least two pixel electrodes ( 104   a  and  104   b ). 
     The display cell ( 100 ) is a micro-container filled with a display fluid ( 105 ). It is understood that, in the context of the present invention, the term “display cell” is intended to encompass any micro-containers (e.g., microcups, microcapsules, microchannels or conventional partition type display cells), regardless of their shapes or sizes, as long as they perform the intended functions. 
     The display fluid ( 105 ) may be an electrophoretic fluid comprising at least two types of movable species. In one embodiment, the fluid comprises two types of pigment particles ( 106   a  and  106   b ) of different colors. For example, the two types of charged pigment particles may be white and black. They may also be of red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow or a mixture thereof, as long as the colors of the two types of particles are visually distinguishable. The particles may be transparent or non-transparent. The particles may also absorb, scatter or reflect light. 
     The particles may or may not have a threshold potential. If they do, the threshold potentials for the different colored particles may be the same or different. The thresholds may be frequency-dependent or magnitude-dependent. 
     The temperature-dependent mobilities or temperature-dependent stabilities of the different colored particles may also be the same or different. 
     The particle size can range from 10 nm to 100 um, more preferably range from 100 nm to 10 um and most preferably range from 0.5 um to 3 um. 
     The polarities of the different colored particles may be different or the same. If they are the same, then the two types of particles may move at different speeds based on their different kinetic properties or mobilities. 
     In one embodiment, it is also possible for the zeta potential of some of the pigment particles to be modified. The charge level of the particles may range from highly charged to non-charged. A method of using polymer-coated surface to control the surface zeta potential of particles is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,690,749, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     The materials for the particles may be inorganic pigments, such as TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , ZnO, Al 2 O 3 , CI pigment or the like (e.g., manganese ferrite black spinel or copper chromite black spinel). They also can be organic pigment such as phthalocyanine blue, phthalocyanine green, diarylide yellow, diarylide AAOT yellow, and quinacridone, azo, rhodamine, perylene pigment series from Sun Chemical, Hansa yellow G particles from Kanto Chemical, and Carbon Lampblack from Fisher. 
     The different colored pigment particles are dispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture. In one embodiment, the pigment particles are preferably dispersed in a clear solvent or solvent mixture. 
     The solvent or solvent mixture may be colorless. The solvent may also be colored when a colorant is added to the solvent. The solvent medium may also absorb, scatter or reflect light. 
     The solvent or solvent mixture in which the pigment particles are dispersed may be polar or non-polar. It preferably has a low viscosity and a dielectric constant in the range of about 2 to about 30, preferably about 2 to about 15 for high particle mobility. Examples of suitable dielectric solvent include hydrocarbons such as isopar, decahydronaphthalene (DECALIN), 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, fatty oils, paraffin oil; silicon fluids; aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, phenylxylylethane, dodecylbenzene and alkylnaphthalene; halogenated solvents such as perfluorodecalin, perfluorotoluene, perfluoroxylene, dichlorobenzotrifluoride, 3,4,5-trichlorobenzotrifluoride, chloropentafluoro-benzene, dichlorononane, pentachlorobenzene; and perfluorinated solvents such as FC-43, FC-70 and FC-5060 from 3M Company, St. Paul Minn., low molecular weight halogen containing polymers such as poly(perfluoropropylene oxide) from TCI America, Portland, Oreg., poly(chlorotrifluoro-ethylene) such as Halocarbon Oils from Halocarbon Product Corp., River Edge, N.J., perfluoropolyalkylether such as Galden from Ausimont or Krytox Oils and Greases K-Fluid Series from DuPont, Del., polydimethylsiloxane based silicone oil from Dow-corning (DC-200). 
     It is also noted that the different colored particles may be dispersed in a gas medium, such as in dry-powder electrophoretic displays. In other words, the display fluid may also be in a gaseous state. 
     The display fluid, in addition to the pigment particles, may also comprise one or more additives, such as a charge control agent, polymeric additives, liquid crystal additives, nano-particles, nano-wires or nano-tubes. 
     The common electrode ( 103 ) is usually a transparent electrode layer (e.g., ITO), spreading over the entire top of the display device. It is also possible for the first layer ( 101 ) to comprise more than one common electrode. 
       FIG. 1   b  depicts a plane view from the side of the second layer ( 102 ). In the embodiment as shown, the pair of pixel electrodes ( 104   a  and  104   b ) together cover substantially the entire display fluid area ( 105 ), but they preferably do not cover any of the partition wall area ( 107 ). The two pixel electrodes may be of the same size or different sizes. 
     The gap between the two pixel electrodes is in the micron range. However the two pixel electrodes cannot be too close to each other as that may cause short circuit. It is also noted that in some of the drawings, the gaps between the pixel electrodes are exaggerated for clarity. 
     The pair of pixel electrodes in  FIG. 1   b  is shown to have a rectangular shape. However, the shapes and sizes of the pixel electrodes may vary, as long as they serve the desired functions. For example, the pixel electrodes may be rectangular, zig-zag, hexagonal, square, circular or triangular.  FIGS. 1   c - 1   g  provide a few examples of pixel electrodes of other shapes and sizes. 
     The pixel electrodes on the second layer ( 102 ) may be active matrix or passive matrix driving electrodes or other types of electrodes, as long as the electrodes serve the desired functions. 
     One of the unique features of the present driving method is that the method has at least two independent electric fields to drive the pigment particles laterally or vertically. The independent electric fields may simultaneously or sequentially change the charge levels of the particles, the relative positions between the particles and the relative positions between the particles and the boundaries of display cells. 
     In  FIG. 2   a , there are two independent electric fields, one in the X direction and the other in the Z direction. The X direction field (hereinafter “the X field”) allows the particles to move from one pixel electrode ( 22   a ) to the other pixel electrode ( 22   b ) or vice versa, in a lateral manner. The Z direction field (hereinafter “the Z field”) allows the particles to move in a vertical manner, between the common electrode ( 21 ) and the pixel electrodes ( 22   a  or  22   b ). Therefore the X field is generated by applying a voltage potential difference (ΔV x ) between the pixel electrodes ( 22   a  and  22   b ) and the Z field is generated by applying a voltage potential difference (ΔV z ) between the common electrode ( 21 ) and the pixel electrode ( 22   a ) and/or between the common electrode ( 21 ) and the pixel electrode ( 22   b ). 
     In the context of the present invention, when there are more than one voltage potential difference in the same direction, such multiple voltage potential differences are collectively referred to as an electric field in that direction. 
     Therefore, in  FIG. 2   a , there are two possible ΔV z  (one between the common electrode  21  and the pixel electrode  22   a  and another between the common electrode  21  and the pixel electrode  22   b ). The two voltage potential differences ΔV in the Z direction are collectively referred to as the Z electric field. 
     In  FIG. 2   b , there are three independent electric fields, one in the X direction, one in the Y direction and one in the Z direction. The X field allows the particles to move between pixel electrode ( 22   a ) and pixel electrode ( 22   b ) or between pixel electrode ( 22   c ) and pixel electrode ( 22   d ). Such electric field is generated by applying a voltage potential difference (ΔV x ) between the two pixel electrodes ( 22   a  and  22   b  or  22   c  and  22   d ). The Y direction field (hereinafter “the Y field”) allows the particles to move between the pixel electrode ( 22   a ) and pixel electrode ( 22   c ) or between pixel electrode ( 22   b ) and pixel electrode ( 22   d ). The Y field therefore is generated by applying a voltage potential difference (ΔV y ) between the two electrodes in each pair. The Z field allows the particles to move in a vertical manner, between the common electrode ( 21 ) and the pixel electrodes ( 22   a ,  22   b ,  22   c  or  22   d ), and therefore the Z field is generated by applying a voltage potential difference (ΔV z ) between the common electrode ( 21 ) and any one or more of the pixel electrodes ( 22   a - 22   d ). 
     In  FIG. 2   b , there are two voltage potential differences in the X direction (one between pixel electrode  22   a  and pixel electrode  22   b  and another between pixel electrode  22   c  and pixel electrode  22   d ). The two voltage potential differences are collectively referred to as an X electric field. 
     Similarly, the two voltage potential differences ΔV y  (one between pixel electrode  22   a  and pixel electrode  22   c  and another between pixel electrode  22   b  and pixel electrode  22   d ) are collectively referred to as a Y electric field. Furthermore, the four voltage potential differences ΔV z  are collectively referred to as the Z electric field. 
     In  FIG. 2   c , in addition to the three fields illustrated in  FIG. 2   b , there is one additional electric field between the second common electrode ( 23 ) and the pixel electrode ( 22   a - 22   d ), which may be expressed as a vector (ΔV xz ) combining the two independent electric fields (ΔV x +ΔV z ). 
     It is noted that the direction of an electric field is based on the direction of the voltage potential difference, which is not necessarily the exact direction of movement of the particles. Therefore, the term “lateral mixing” or “lateral movement”, according to the present invention, refers to the fact that the particles are driven by the “lateral field (in the X direction and/or the Y direction) to achieve the effect of “mixing” or “movement”. But actually, these particles may deviate from the exact X direction or Y direction, owing to the hydrodynamics. For example, the direction deviation may be caused by turbulence or particle to particle collisions. 
     As an example,  FIG. 1   e  shows that one pixel electrode may be applied a +V and the other pixel electrode may be applied a −V, thus an electric field is generated in the X direction and another electric field is generated in the Y direction. But the particles may move in various directions on or close to the plane of the pixel electrodes. 
     Therefore, as shown, the pixel electrodes in  FIGS. 1   d ,  1   e ,  1   f  and  1   g  may potentially generate three independent electric fields in the X, Y and Z directions and the operation of which would be similar to that presented in  FIG. 2   b  based on the configuration of  FIG. 1   c.    
     Utilizing a display fluid comprising black and white particles dispersed in a colored medium (e.g., red, green, blue, cyan, magenta or yellow) as an example, the steps of the present driving method are illustrated in  FIGS. 3 &amp; 4 . 
     In one of the steps (see  FIG. 3 ), an X field and/or a Y field are generated to move the two types of particles laterally so that they may be stacked as shown. In  FIG. 3   a , some of the white particles are on top of the black particles and in this case, the brightness is enhanced. In  FIG. 3   b , some of the black particles are on top of the white particles, which would cause the color to appear to be darker. The degree of compactness of the two types of the particles and how they are stacked depend on the voltage potential differences (ΔV x  and/or ΔV y ) applied in the two independent electric fields and also the time lengths in which the potential differences are applied. By applying different voltage potentials and different time lengths, the degree of mixing may be varied to render different gray levels. 
       FIGS. 3   c  and  3   d  illustrate an alternative scenario in which one type of the pigment particles is on top of the other type of the pigment particles. Ideally, the pigment particles are arranged in the manner as shown in  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b . However, in practice, the arrangement as shown in  FIGS. 3   c  and  3   d  is also likely. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a step involving the vertical driving of the current method. As shown when a voltage potential difference (ΔV z ) is applied, the two types of particles would move between the common electrode and the pixel electrodes. The end positions of the particles would depend on the voltage potential difference(s) applied and the time length(s) in which the voltage potential difference(s) is applied. The vertical driving would impact mostly on the color saturation (i.e., color intensity) when the particles are dispersed in a colored solvent or solvent mixture. By changing the positions of the particles vertically, the depth that external light may pass through the colored medium would change. As a result, the color saturation displayed may be adjusted. 
       FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b  show the same stack of particles in which more white particles are on top of the black particles. However because any external light would have to travel deeper into the colored medium to reach the stack of particles in  FIG. 4   b , the color displayed in  FIG. 4   b  would be more saturated than that in  FIG. 4   a.    
     In one embodiment of the present method, the two types of particles of different colors have the same polarity; but of different thresholds. In this case, the lateral mixing of the different colored particles may be achieved by applying a voltage which is higher than the threshold of one type of the particles but lower than the threshold of the other type of the particles. The applied voltage would cause the particles which have a lower threshold to move, leading to a desired grey level. 
     The vertical movement of the different colored particles may then be achieved by applying a voltage which is higher than the thresholds of both types of the particles. The applied voltage would then cause both types of particles to move in the same direction, preferably without changing their relative positions. To achieve the effect of this vertical driving step to maintain the relative positions between the particles having different thresholds, the charge, size, density, volume, hydrophilicity or shape of the particles which have a higher threshold may be modified to cause them to be more sensitive to the electric field. As a result, even the effective voltage (the applied voltage minus the threshold voltage) on the particles having a higher threshold is lower, those particles can still move as fast as the particles having a lower threshold. 
     In this scenario, the grey level achieved from the lateral mixing step would be maintained. However, the vertical depth of the stack of the particles would change as shown in  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b  and as a result, different degrees of color saturation would be observed. 
     In another embodiment, the two types of pigment particles may have different polarities and different degrees of mobility. In this case, a voltage may be applied to cause the lateral mixing of the particles. For vertical movement of the particles, because the particles have different degrees of mobility, the grey level may shift while a voltage is applied. However, the expected degree of shift may be compensated prior to the vertical movement step. For example, in order to achieve a desired color state with a lightness of 30 L* after the vertical movement step and if it is expected that during the vertical movement there would be a loss of 5 L* in lightness, then the targeted lightness after the lateral mixing should be 35 L*. In this case, the deviation of −5 L* during vertical movement has already been pre-added in the lateral mixing step. As a result, the desired lightness of 30 L* may be achieved at the end of the driving step. In addition, the deviations in other optical properties, such as hue or saturation, may also be compensated with the same concept. 
     The “driving step”, in the context of the present invention, is intended to refer to a step in which a voltage potential difference (e.g., in the form of a waveform) is applied to move the particles to their desired destinations. 
     Prior to or after the driving step, in the present driving method, there are optional “refreshing”, “dithering” or “pre-charging” step which may be applied. These steps are beneficial; but not always necessary. For example, the purpose of the refreshing step is to facilitate erasing the previous image and also to cause the particles to be randomly redistributed. The purpose of the “dithering” step is to mix and/or pack the particles to alter the optical properties of the particle mixture. The effective charge or mobility of the particles may be increased by a “pre-charging” step. 
       FIGS. 5   a - 5   d  show four sample waveforms each of which may be used for any of the “refreshing”, “dithering” or “pre-charging” step. The sample waveforms may also be used in a driving step under any of the independent electric fields. 
     In practice, for a particular electric field (X, Y or Z), there may be one or more of the following four steps, refreshing, pre-charging, dithering or actual driving. The steps may be carried out in any order. 
     It is noted that there may be no step carried out at all in a particular field. However there must be at least one driving step among the electric fields. For example, in  FIGS. 6   a ,  6   b  and  6   d , the driving step occurs only in the Z field and in  FIG. 6   c , the driving step occurs in all three fields. Of course, it is also possible for the driving step only occurring in the X or Y field or in any of the two fields. 
     In addition, in a particular field, a particular step (i.e., dithering, refreshing, pre-charging or driving) may be repeated using the same or a different waveform. 
       FIGS. 6   a - 6   d  show examples of the present driving method. While not clearly shown, the time axes (t x , t y  &amp; t z ) of the three fields in each of the figures are actually independent from each other. For example, in  FIG. 6   a , the refresh step in the X field, the pre-charging step in the Y field and the pre-charging step in the Z field do not have to occur at or about the same time point. They may occur simultaneously or sequentially. In fact, it is also possible for all of the steps in one field to be completed before the first step in another field starts. 
     In one embodiment, each of the independent electric fields is preferably charged neutralized. In other words, the value (ΔV) of the voltage potential differences applied in an independent electric field, integrated over a time period (Δt), is substantially 0 Vsec, preferably less than 1 Vsec. For example, in the X field, the value ΔV x  of the voltages potential differences applied (for the driving step and other optional steps if present) integrated over a time period (Δt x ) is substantially 0 Vsec, preferably less than 1 Vsec. This may also be applied to the Y and Z electric fields. 
     Accordingly, the following also apply: 
     The sum of (1) the value ΔV x  of the voltages potential differences applied integrated over a time period (Δt x ) and (2) the value ΔV y  of the voltages potential differences applied integrated over a time period (Δt y ) is substantially 0 Vsec, preferably less than 2 Vsec. 
     The sum of (1) the value ΔV y  of the voltages potential differences applied integrated over a time period (Δt y ) and (2) the value ΔV z  of the voltages potential differences applied integrated over a time period (Δt z ) is substantially 0 Vsec, preferably less than 2 Vsec. 
     The sum of (1) the value ΔV x  of the voltages potential differences applied integrated over a time period (Δt x ) and (2) the value ΔV z  of the voltages potential differences applied integrated over a time period (Δt z ) is substantially 0 Vsec, preferably less than 2 Vsec. 
     The sum of (1) the value ΔV x  of the voltages potential differences applied integrated over a time period (Δt x ), (2) the value ΔV y  of the voltages potential differences applied integrated over a time period (Δt y ) and (3) the value ΔV z  of the voltages potential differences applied integrated over a time period (Δt z ) is substantially 0 Vsec, preferably less than 3 Vsec. 
     The present driving method is also applicable to a multicolor display device, as the method may separately tune the brightness and saturation of the colors displayed by the display device. If the display fluid comprises two types of particles, white and red, dispersed in a black solvent, the driving step(s) in the X field and Y field may move one type of the particles above or below another type of the particles as shown in  FIGS. 3   a - 3   d . When more red particles are on the top of the white particles, a red color of higher intensity is displayed and while more white particles are on top of the red particles, a pale red color would appear. While in combination with the Z field driving as shown in  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b , the saturation of the colors may also be adjusted. For example, if a stack of red and white particles with more red particles on top of the white particles is moved upwards, the red color would not be as dark as if the same stack of particles with more red particles on top is moved downwards. 
     As stated, the particles may be of any colors in a display device. However it is preferred that one type of the particles is white. The solvent may also be of any colors. 
     The magnitude of the electric fields generated according to the present invention may range from about 0.01V/μm to about 100V/μm. The independent electric fields may have the same or different magnitudes. 
     The driving method of the present invention may be carried out under various conditions (e.g., 1% to 90% relative humidity and/or −50° C. to 150° C.). 
     The total driving time for the method may vary; but it is expected that the driving can be completed within about 1 millisecond to minutes. During driving, the relative vertical or lateral positions of the particles may change, which means that the individual particles may move in different directions and/or at different speeds. It is also possible for the individual particles to move at the same speed and/or in the same direction. 
     While the present invention has been described with reference to the specific embodiments thereof, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation, materials, compositions, processes, process step or steps, to the objective, spirit and scope of the present invention. All such modifications are intended to be within the scope of the claims appended hereto.