Abstract:
3-Butenanilides of the formula (1) ##STR1## are broad spectrum herbicides. Also disclosed are herbicidal compositions containing a compound of formula (1) as active ingredient, and herbicidal methods. Novel but-3-enoic acid intermediates useful in preparation of formula (1) compounds are also disclosed.

Description:
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention provides compounds of the formula (1) ##STR2## 
     Compounds of formula (1) are useful as herbicides. Compositions containing these compounds are also disclosed. 
     The invention also provides novel but-3-enoic acids of the formula (2) ##STR3## where R 1  is as defined in formula (1), which are useful in preparing compounds of formula (1). 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In the above formulae, (C 1  -C 3 ) alkyl represents a straight or branched chain alkyl chain having from one to three carbon atoms. 
     (C 1  -C 3 ) alkoxy represents a straight or branched alkoxy chain having from one to three carbon atoms. 
     (C 1  -C 3 ) haloalkoxy represents a (C 1  -C 3 ) alkoxy group bearing one or more F, Cl, or Br groups. 
     Substituted phenoxy represents a phenoxy group bearing one or more F, Cl, or Br groups. 
     While all of the compounds of formula (1) are useful herbicides, certain classes are preferred for reasons of greater efficacy or ease of synthesis, viz: 
     (a) compounds of formula (1) wherein R 1  is ##STR4## (b) compounds of class (a) wherein R 2  is Cl or Br, particularly Cl; (c) compounds of formula (1) wherein R 7  is 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, or 4-bromophenyl; 
     (d) compounds of formula (1) wherein R 7  is 3-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, or 3-bromophenyl; 
     (e) compounds of formula (1) wherein R 7  is 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,5-difluorophenyl, 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl, or 3-fluoro-4-chlorophenyl; and 
     (f) compounds of formula (1) wherein R 7  is 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 4-[(trifluoromethyl)thio]phenyl, or 4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]phenyl. 
     The most preferred compound is (E)-4-chloro-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide. 
     GENERAL PREPARATION METHODS 
     The compounds of formula (1) may generally be prepared by condensing a but-3-enoic acid derivative of formula (2) ##STR5## where R 1  is as defined above and L is a good leaving group, such as C 1  -C 4  alkoxy, halogen, imidazoyl, or ##STR6## with an aniline of the formula (3) 
     
         NH.sub.2 -R.sup.7                                          ( 3) 
    
     where R 7  is as defined above. The preferred leaving group L is Cl. This reaction can be carried out by combining the carboxylic acid derivative with about an equimolar quantity of the aniline in a mutual solvent, such as chloroform. When L is halogen, a base is advantageously used to act as an acid scavenger. Commonly used bases include pyridine, triethylamine, sodium carbonate, and related bases. 
     Preparation of the required but-3-enoic acid starting materials is described in detail in the following examples. 
     COMPOUNDS 1-49 
     The following compounds are prepared by the general procedure described above. The melting point of each compound is given. In addition, although the data has not been included, each compound was fully characterized by NMR, IR, mass spectra, and combustion analysis. 
     Detailed descriptions for preparation of compounds 7, 19, 32-38, 41-44, and 46-49 follow the tabular listing. Detailed descriptions for preparation of the but-3-enoic acid starting materials used in these syntheses are also given. 
     
         ______________________________________COM-POUNDNUM-BER    COMPOUND               M.P.______________________________________1      (E)-4-bromo-N-(4-cyanophenyl)-                         96-97° C.  2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide2      (E)-4-bromo-N-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-                         102° C.  2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide3      (E)-4-bromo-N-phenyl-2,2-di-                         104° C.  methyl-3-butenamide4      (E)-4-bromo-N-[4-(trifluoro-                         129-131° C.  methyl)phenyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-  butenamide5      (E)-4-bromo-N-[3-(trifluoro-                         73-75° C.  methyl)phenyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-  butenamide6      (E)-4-bromo-N-(3-chlorophenyl)-                         84-85° C.  2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide7      (E)-4-bromo-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-                         125-127° C.  2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide8      (E)-4-bromo-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-                         113-115° C.  2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide9      (E)-4-bromo-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-                         104-105° C.  2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide10     (E)-4-bromo-N-(4-methylphenyl)-                         93-94° C.  2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide11     (E)-4-bromo-N-(4-bromophenyl)-                         126-127° C.  2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide12     (E)-4-bromo-N-(4-fluorophenyl)-                         104-105° C.  2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide13     (E)-4-bromo-N-(4-iodophenyl)-                         128-130° C.  2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide14     (E)-4-bromo-N-(3,4-dibromophenyl)-                         100-101° C.  2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide15     (E)-N-(4-bromophenyl)-4-chloro-                         97-98° C.  2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide16     (E)-4-chloro-2,2-dimethyl-N-[4-                         119-122° C.  (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-buten-  amide17     (E)-4-chloro-2,2-dimethyl-N-(4-                         90-93° C.  phenoxyphenyl)-3-butenamide18     (E)-4-chloro-N-(4-chloro-3-fluoro-                         103-104° C.  phenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide19     (E)-4-chloro-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-                         110-111° C.  2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide20     (E)-4-chloro-2,2-dimethyl-N-[4-                         107-109° C.  [(trifluoromethyl)thio]phenyl]-3-  butenamide21     (E)-4-chloro-2,2-dimethyl-N-[4-                         91-  92° C.  [(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]phenyl]-  3-butenamide22     (E)-4-chloro-2,2-dimethyl-N-[4-                         140° C.  [(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]phenyl]-  3-butenamide23     (E)-4-chloro-N-(3,5-difluoro-                         70-71° C.  phenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide24     (E)-4-chloro-N-[4-(4-bromo-                         84-85° C.  phenoxy)phenyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-  butenamide25     (E)-N-[4-bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)-                         79-80° C.  phenyl]-4-chloro-2,2-dimethyl-3-  butenamide26     (E)-4-chloro-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-                         104° C.  2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide27     (E)-4-chloro-N-(3-chloro-4-                         100-101° C.  fluorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3-  butenamide28     (E)-4-chloro-N-[4-chloro-3-(tri-                         84-85° C.  fluoromethyl)phenyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-  butenamide29     (E)-4-chloro-2,2-dimethyl-N-[4-                         89-90° C.  (4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-3-butenamide30     N-(4-bromophenyl)-3-chloro-2,2-                         104-109° C.  dimethyl-3-butenamide31     (E)-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-                         100-102° C.  4-(phenylthio)-3-butenamide32     (E)-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,4-difluoro-                         100° C.  2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide33     (Z)-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,4-difluoro-                          99° C.  2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide34     (Z)-4-chloro-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-                         127-128° C.  2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide35     (E)-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-iodo-                         145-146° C.  2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide36     3-bromo-2,2-dimethyl-N-[3-(tri-                          69° C.  fluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-butenamide37     3-bromo-2,2-dimethyl-N-[3-[(tri-                         68-69° C.  fluoromethyl)thio]phenyl]-3-  butenamide38     3-bromo-N-(3-chlorophenyl)-2,2-di-                         70-72° C.  methyl-3-butenamide39     (Z)-4-chloro-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-                         85-87° C.  phenyl]-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide40     (Z)-4-chloro-N-(3-chlorophenyl)-                         127-129° C.  2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide41     (E)-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-                         105- 106° C.  4-(methylthio)-3-butenamide42     (E)-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-methoxy-                          93° C.  2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide43     N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3-                         75-76° C.  fluoro-3-butenamide44     (Z)-4-bromo-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-                         131-133° C.  dimethyl-3-fluoro-3-butenamide45     (Z)-4-bromo-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-                         120-122° C.  2,2-dimethyl-3-fluoro-3-butenamide46     (Z)-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-chloro-3-                         118-121° C.  fluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide47     4,4-dibromo-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-                         104° C.  2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide48     (E)-N-(4-bromophenyl)-4-fluoro-                         87-90° C.  2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide49     4,4-dichloro-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-                         131-134° C.  2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide______________________________________ 
    
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     (E)-4-Chloro-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoic acid 
     A five liter four neck round bottom flask equipped with thermometer, cold bath, mechanical stirrer and inlet tube for subsurface gas introduction was charged with 470 g of ethyl 2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoate (prepared according to the procedure of J. L. Hermann, G. R. Kiecgykowski, and R. H. Schessinger, Tetr. Lett., 2425 (1973)) and 2500 mL of chloroform. The solution was cooled to 0° C. and chlorine was bubbled into the solution at a rate that kept the internal temperature below 10° C. (3 hours total addition time). After removal of solvent, the residue (703 g) was taken up in 2500 mL of DMF and cooled to -5° C. Potassium t-butoxide (636 g) was added to the stirred solution at a rate such that the temperature remained below 0° C. (2.3 hours total addition time). After the addition was complete, the solution was stirred an additional 1 hour, then poured onto 3 L of ice and water and extracted into 2× 2 L of hexane. The combined hexane fraction was washed with 2×200 mL of saturated brine solution, dried over Na 2  SO 4  and stripped to give 422 g of (E)-ethyl-4-chloro-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoate an oil. This was then added over 1/2 hour to a stirred, cooled (-5° C.) solution of KOH (280 g) in methanol (1 L). Stirring was continued for 16 hours at ambient temperature, then the solution was poured into 3 L of ice water and extracted with 2×2 L of ether. The aqueous layer was then acidified to pH 2 using concentrated HCl, and extracted with 2×2 L of ether. The combined acid extracts were dried over Na 2  SO 4  and stripped of solvent to give 222 g of an oil. 
     The nonacidic extract (125 g) consisted primarily of the corresponding t-butyl ester; refluxing this ester with an equivalent volume of trifluoroacetic acid for 4 hours and subsequent concentration in vacuo resulted in the isolation of an additional 80 g of chlorovinyl acid. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     (E)-4-chloro-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide (Compound 19) 
     and 
     3-chloro-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide 
     4-chloro-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoic acid (38.5 g) was treated with 35 g of thionyl chloride with heating on a steam bath for 1 hour. After cooling and removal of volatiles in vacuo, the acid chloride was added dropwise to a cooled (5° C.) solution of p-chloroaniline (33.5 g) and pyridine (50 mL) in 150 mL of chloroform. After the solution was stirred an additional 1 hour at ambient temperature, it was poured onto ice and excess concentrated HCl. The organic layer was removed, washed with brine solution and concentrated to give after recrystallization from chloroform/hexane 43.8 g of the title compound (Compound 19) as a solid, m.p. 108° C. 
     The mother liquor from the above reaction (18 g) was chromatographed through silica gel to furnish 9 g of additional 4-chloro isomer along with 0.5 g of 3-chloro-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide, m.p. 84°-86° C. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     (E)-4-bromo-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoic acid 
     Bromine (256 g) was added dropwise over two hours to a stirred solution of ethyl 2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoate (284 g) in 3 L of hexane with cooling to maintain ambient temperature. Removal of solvent gave 481 g of the dibromide as an oil. This was taken up in 1200 mL of DMF and stirred at -10° to 0° C. while potassium t-butoxide (198 g) was added in portions over 45 minutes. Stirring was continued for one hour after addition was complete, then the solution was poured into ice water and extracted with 1.5 L of hexane. The combined organic layer was washed with 2×250 mL of a saturated brine solution, then dried and stripped of solvent to afford 257.4 g of a reddish oil. This oil then added dropwise to a 0° C. solution of potassium hydroxide (66 g) in 600 mL of methanol. The solution was stirred 16 hours, then poured onto ice water and extracted with 2× 1 L of ether. The aqueous layer was acidified with concentrated HCl, then extracted with 2×1 L of ether. The combined acid extract was washed with water, dried and stripped of solvent to give 142 g of (E)-4-bromo-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoic acid as a light red oil which solidified on standing, m.p. 30° C. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     4-Bromo-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide (Compound 7) 
     4-Bromo-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoic acid (29.8 g) was treated with 22 mL of thionyl chloride with heating on a steam bath for one hour. After cooling and removal of volatiles in vacuo, the acid chloride was added dropwise to a cooled (5° C.) solution of p-chloroaniline (33.5 g) in pyridine (50 mL). Stirring was continued at ambient temperature overnight, and the solution was then concentrated at reduced pressure. The residue was taken up in chloroform and washed with water and dilute hydrochoric acid. The solution was then dried, treated with activated charcoal, filtered and stripped of solvent to afford a solid. Recrystallization from chloroform/hexanes gave 33 g of the title compound (compound 7), m.p. 134°-135° C. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     (Z and E)-3,4-difluoro-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoic acids 
     Lithium diisopropyl amide (0.142 mole) was prepared by adding n-butyllithium (65 mL of 2.2M, 0.142 mole) to a stirred solution of diisopropyl amine (14.3 g, 0.142 mole) in 200 mL of dry tetrahydrofuran at -50° C. Ethyl isobutyrate (14.9 g, 0.129 mole) was then added dropwise to the stirred cold solution. The solution was stirred an additional 1 hour at -60° C., then hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA: 23.1 g, 0.129 mole) was added in one portion. 
     In a separate flask, 1,2-dibromo-1,1,2-trifluoroethane (34.4 g, 0.142 mol) was added dropwise to a stirred slurry of powdered zinc (16.9 g, 0.258 g at.) in 75 mL of absolute ethanol. The resulting gaseous 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene was bubbled through the anionic solution at -65° C. Upon completion of the addition, the mixture was allowed to warm slowly to -15° C. and was then poured into a solution of ice and concentrated HCl. The solution was extracted with 2×100 mL of ether and the organic fraction dried and evaporated at 0° C. to afford 18.7 g of an oil. Distillation at 10 mm Hg yielded a fraction (14.3 g) boiling at 20°-75° C., which contained some solvent as well as the desired esters. Fractional distillation at 10 mm Hg furnished 6 g of ethyl 3,4-difluoro-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoate as a colorless oil, bp. 38°-41° C., consisting of Z and E isomers in a 9:1 ratio. A solution of the (Z and E) esters (11 g) in 50 mL of ethanol was stirred at ambient temperature with 7.4 g of sodium hydroxide for 60 hours. The material was then diluted with 100 mL of water, extracted with ether and the aqueous layer acidified and again extracted with 2×100 mL of ether. The organic layer was dried and concentrated to afford 8.1 g of (Z and E) 3,4-difluoro-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoic acids, contaminated with a small amount of isobutyric acid and 3,3,4-trifluoro-dimethylbutyric acid. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     (E)-N-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3,4-difluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide (Compound 32) 
     and 
     (Z)-N-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3,4-difluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide (Compound 33) 
     The mixture of acids produced in Example 5 was treated with 7.9 ml of thionyl chloride with heating on a steam bath for 1/2 hour. Volatiles were removed at 0° C., and the crude acid chlorides were added dropwise to p-chloroaniline (6.8 g) in 50 ml of pyridine. The solution was allowed to stir at ambient temperature for 1.5 hours, then heated briefly on a steam bath. The solution was then allowed to cool, then poured into ice and water, extracted with 2×100 mL of ether and the organic layer washed with dilute HCl until the washings remained acidic. Drying and removal of solvent afforded an oil which was subjected to silica gel chromatography, using gradient elution from 25:75 ethyl acetate:petroleum ether to 100% ethyl acetate. From this were isolated (E)-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,4-difluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide (Compound 32) (4.7 g, m.p. 100° C.), (Z)-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,4-difluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide (0.68 g, m.p. 99° C.) (Compound 33) and p-chlorophenyl 3,4,4-trifluoro-2,2-dimethylbutyric acid anilide (0.03 g). 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     (Z)-4-chloro-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoic acid 
     and 
     4,4-dichloro-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoic acid 
     Butyllithium (80 mL of 2.3M) was added to 26 mL of diisopropylamine in 200 mL of ethyl ether at -5° C., and the solution was then cooled to -50° C. Ethyl isobutyrate (15 g) was added dropwise over 1/2 hour, followed by chloral (19.2 g), dropwise over 1/2 hour. The solution was stirred an additional 2 hours, then poured onto ice, extracted into ether, washed with 1N HCl until the washings remained acidic, then dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was distilled, collecting 20.3 g of ethyl 4,4,4-trichloro-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylbutanoate (b.p. 126°-127° C., 10 mm Hg). 
     The trichlorohydroxyester (20.3 g) was placed in a 500 mL flask with 150 mL of glacial acetic acid and 25.5 g of powdered zinc. The mixture was heated at reflux for 48 hours, then filtered, cooled, diluted with 250 mL of water and extracted with 2×200 mL of ether. The organic layer was washed repeatedly with 0.5N NaOH until the aqueous extracts remained alkaline. The organic layer was then dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated carefully in vacuo to furnish 10.8 g of an oil. Distillation furnished 6.3 g of a fraction boiling at 58°-85° C., which was predominantly ethyl (Z)-4-chloro-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenoate, but which also contained a small percentage of the (E) isomer. The pot residue (2.6 g) consisted of the 4-4-dichlorovinyl ester, which was used without further purification. 
     The (Z)-chloro ester (6.3 g) was treated with 6.4 g of potassium hydroxide in ethanol overnight. Acidification and extraction into ether followed by drying and concentration in vacuo furnished 5.4 g of (Z)-4-chloro-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoic acid. 
     The 4,4-dichlorovinyl ester (2.6 g) was treated with 2.1 g of potassium hydroxide in 25 mL of ethyl alcohol, at the reflux temperature overnight. The solution was cooled, extracted with ether and the aqueous layer acidified with 1N HCl. The product was then extracted into ether, washed with brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 1.89 g of 4,4-dichloro-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoic acid. 
     EXAMPLE 8 
     (Z)-4-chloro-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide (Compound 34) 
     One gram of (Z)-4-chloro-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoic acid was converted to the corresponding p-chloroanilide according to the procedure described in Example 1. Chromatography (silica gel, eluting with 25:75 ethyl acetate-hexanes) furnished 1.5 g of (Z)-4-chloro-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide; m.p. 127°-128° C. 
     EXAMPLE 9 
     (E)-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-iodo-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide (Compound 35) 
     p-Chlorophenyl isocyanate (21.08 g) and the morpholinoenamide of isobutyraldehyde (38.7 g) were stirred together in a 100 mL round bottom flask. After an initial exotherm, the solution was allowed to stir at ambient temperature overnight. The excess enamine was then removed in vacuo at 60° C., and the residue was taken up in ether and hexane added. The material was filtered to remove an unwanted urea side product, then the filtrate was washed with dilute HCl, and additional ether was added to redissolve some precipitated product. The organic layer was then dried and concentrated in vacuo to give a solid. Recrystallization furnished 21 g of N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropanamide, m.p. 99°-100° C. 
     To a stirred suspension of chromous chloride (3.3 g) in 75 mL of dry THF was added a solution of iodoform (3.5 g) and N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropanamide (1 g) in 25 mL of THF, dropwise over 10 minutes. The solution was allowed to stir an additional 1.5 hour, then poured into 100 g of ice water and extracted into ether. The organic phase was dried, filtered and evaporated, and the residue was filtered through a small silica gel column, eluting with ether, to remove chromium residues. The title product (0.55 g) was isolated as a solid, m.p. 145°-146° C. 
     EXAMPLE 10 
     3-Bromo-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoic acid 
     Ethyl 3,4-dibromo-2,2-dimethylbutanoate (6.3 g), prepared as described in Example 3 above, was treated with 3.6 g of potassium hydroxide in 50 mL of 4:1 methanol:water and stirred 16 hours at ambient temperature. The solution was diluted with 100 mL of water and extracted with ether. The organic layer was washed with a saturated brine solution, dried and concentrated in vacuo to give 1.7 g of methyl 3-bromo-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoate as an oil. 
     Methyl 3-bromo-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoate (7.4 g) was stirred in 1:1 methanol:water containing 3 g of sodium hydroxide at the reflux temperature for two hours, then the solution was cooled, acidified with 1N HCl and extracted with ether. The organic layer was dried and concentrated to furnish 5.5 g of 3-bromo-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoate acid as an oil. 
     EXAMPLES 11-13 
     3-Bromo-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoic acid was converted to the following 3-butenamides using the conditions described in Example 2: 
     11. 3-Bromo-2,2-dimethyl-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-butenamide (Compound 36), m.p. 69° C. 
     12. 3-Bromo-2,2-dimethyl-N-[3-[(trifluoromethyl)thio]phenyl]-3-butenamide (Compound 37), m.p. 68°-69° C. 
     13. 3-Bromo-N-(3-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide (Compound 38), m.p. 70°-72° C. 
     EXAMPLE 14 
     2,2-Dimethyl-4-methylthio-3-butenoic acid 
     A solution of methanethiol (8 g) in CCl 4  was stirred and treated dropwise at -25° C. with bromine (26.6 g). Ethyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-butenoate (23 g) was then added dropwise at that temperature over two hours. Following the addition, the solution was allowed to warm to room temperature, then concentrated in vacuo. NMR showed near complete conversion to the 4-bromo-3-methylthio ester (38 g). The residual oil was then heated one hour on a steam bath to effect conversion to the thermodynamically favored 3-bromo-4-methylthio ester. This material was then dissolved in 50 mL of DMF and treated with 26 g of DBU. The solution was heated briefly on a steam bath, then was allowed to cool and worked up by pouring into water, extracting with 2×200 mL of ether, drying and concentrating. The residual oil (24.75 g) was hydrolyzed by stirring overnight in a solution of 50 mL of ethanol, 15 mL of water and 7.8 g of sodium hydroxide. Acidification with 1N HCl and extraction into ether followed by drying and concentration furnished a solid which was recrystallized from ether/hexane to give 13.5 g of 2,2-dimethyl-4-methylthio-3-butenoic acid, m.p. 49°-51° C. 
     EXAMPLE 15 
     (E)-N-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-4-(methylthio)-3-butenamide (Compound 41) 
     A solution of 0.5 g of 2,2-dimethyl-4-methylthio-3-butenoic acid in 20 mL of ethyl acetate was treated with 0.6 g of carbonyldiimidazole, and the solution was heated for 10 minutes at reflux. After the solution had cooled, 0.65 g of p-chloroaniline was added and heating continued for 16 hours. The solution was then cooled, poured into water and extracted into ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with 50 mL of 1N HCl, dried over MgSO 4 , and concentrated. The residual solid was recrystallized from CHCl 3  /hexane to give 0.27 g of N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-4-(methylthio)-3-butenamide, m.p. 105°-106° C. 
     EXAMPLE 16 
     (E)-4-methoxy-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoic acid 
     A solution of 40 g of ethyl 4-chloro-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoate in 150 mL of anhydrous methanol was treated with 50 g of N-bromosuccinimide. Triethylamine (0.5 mL) was then added to initiate the reaction, which warmed to 40° to 50° C. After the reaction was complete, the solution was concentrated in vacuo, triturated with CCl 4  and filtered to remove succinimide. The filtrate was concentrated to yield 74 g of an oil. The oil was added to 120 mL of DMF and stirred at 5° C. while 60 g of potassium t-butoxide was added in portions over two hours. Following the addition, the solution was poured onto 300 g of ice, then extracted into ether, dried over MgSO 4 , concentrated in vacuo, and distilled to provide 39 g of (E) ethyl 4-methoxy-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoate as a colorless oil, b.p. 67°-74° C. (10 mm Hg). 
     A solution of 15 g of the ester in 40 mL of 3:1 ethanol/water was treated with 10 mL of 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide. The solution was allowed to stir 20 hours, then concentrated to 1/2 volume, extracted with ether, acidified to pH 1 with 1N HCl and re-extracted with 2×100 mL of ether. The organic layer was dried and concentrated in vacuo to yield 9 g of (E)-4-methoxy-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoic acid as a colorless oil which solidified on storage in a freezer. 
     EXAMPLE 17 
     N-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide (Compound 42) 
     A solution of 3 g of the acid in 15 mL of DMF was treated with 3.71 g of carbonyldiimidazole. After 45 minutes, p-chloroaniline (2.9 g) was added and the solution was heated on a steam bath overnight. After the solution had cooled, it was poured into 100 mL of water, extracted with ether, and the organic layer washed with 1N HCl, dried and concentrated to furnish a solid. Recrystallization from CHCl 3  /hexane gave 1.2 g of N-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide (Compound 42), m.p. 93° C. 
     EXAMPLE 18 
     3-Fluoro-2,2-dimethylbutenoic acid 
     Lithium diisopropyl amide (0.142 mole) was prepared by adding n-butyllithium (65 mL of 2.2M, 0.142 mole) to a stirred solution of diisopropyl amine (14.3 g, 0.142 mole) in 200 mL of dry tetrahydrofuran at -50° C. Ethyl isobutyrate (14.9 g, 0.129 mole) was then added dropwise to the stirred cold solution. The solution was stirred an additional 1 hour at -60° C., then hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA: 23.1 g, 0.129 mole) was added in one portion. 
     In a separate flask 1,2-dibromo-1,1-difluoroethane (32 g, 0.142 mole) was added dropwise to a stirred slurry of powdered zinc (16.9 g, 0.258 g at.) in 75 mL of absolute ethanol. The resulting gaseous 1,1-difluoroethylene was bubbled through the cold anionic solution. After the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature with stirring over the next two hours. The solution was then poured onto a solution containing 200 g of crushed ice and 25 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid, and the product was extracted into 2×200 ml of ether. The combined organic layer was then washed with 2×200 mL of water and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Concentration under vacuum at 0° C. yielded 19 g of a yellow oil. Distillation yielded 12.0 g of ethyl 3-fluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenoate as a clear colorless oil boiling at 30°-55° C. at 25 mm Hg. 
     Hydrolysis of the ester (1 g) with 1 g of potassium hydroxide in ethanol/water overnight furnished 0.65 g of the title acid. 
     EXAMPLE 19 
     N-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-fluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide (Compound 43) 
     3-Fluoro-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoic acid (1 g) was converted to 0.17 g of N-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-fluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide, m.p. 75°-76° C., according to the procedure described in Example 2. 
     EXAMPLE 20 
     (Z)-4-Bromo-3-fluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenoic acid 
     Ethyl 3-fluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenoate (14 g) and bromine (11 g) were dissolved in 50 mL of CCl 4 , and the solution heated at reflux for one hour. The solution was then cooled and concentrated in vacuo. The dibromo ester was taken up in 100 mL of dry THF and stirred at 0° C. while DBU (13 g) was added dropwise. Stirring was continued overnight, allowing the solution to warm to ambient temperature. The dark solution was then poured onto ice and excess 10N HCl, and the product was isolated by extraction into ether, washing with a saturated brine solution, drying and removal of the solvent. The bromovinyl ester (10.4 g) was then hydrolyzed by treatment with 7.3 g of potassium hydroxide in a solution of 10 mL of ethanol and 90 mL of water, at the reflux temperature for one hour. After the solution had cooled, it was diluted with 100 mL of water, acidified, extracted with ether (2×100 mL), and the combined organic layer washed with brine, dried and concentrated to yield 7.3 g of (Z) 4-bromo-3-fluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenoic acid as an oil. 
     EXAMPLE 21 
     (Z)-4-Bromo-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-fluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide (Compound 44) 
     4-Bromo-3-fluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenoic acid (1 g) was converted to the corresponding p-chloroanilide according to the procedure described in Example 2 to furnish 1.06 g of the title compound as a solid, m.p. 131°-133° C. 
     EXAMPLE 22 
     (Z)-4-Chloro-3-fluoro-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoic acid 
     Ethyl 3-fluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenoate (7.75 g) in 100 mL of CCl 4  was stirred and treated with gaseous chlorine (excess), resulting in a temperature increase to 50° C. The solution was allowed to stir at ambient temperature an additional 16 hours, then partitioned between ether and water. The organic layer was dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated to give 10.1 g of the dichloride as a clear yellow oil. This was taken up in 20 mL of DMF and added dropwise to a stirred, cooled (0° C.) suspension of potassium t-butoxide (8.3 g) in 100 mL of DMF. Stirring was continued overnight, allowing the solution to warm to ambient temperature. The dark solution was then poured onto ice and extracted twice with ether. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried and concentrated to yield 4.8 g of ethyl 4-chloro-3-fluoro-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoate as a red oil. Hydrolysis with 3 g of potassium hydroxide in ethanol/water as described in Example 4 yielded 3 g of (Z)-4-chloro-3-fluoro-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoic acid as an oil. 
     EXAMPLE 23 
     (Z)-N-(4-Bromophenyl)-4-fluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide (Compound 46) 
     4-Chloro-3-fluoro-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoic acid (1 g) was converted to the title compound (m.p. 118°-121° C.) using the procedure described in Example 2. Yield 0.62 g. 
     EXAMPLE 24 
     4,4-Dibromo-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide (Compound 47) 
     Using the procedure described by Corey and Fuchs, Tetrahedron Letters, p 3769, 1972, N-(chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopropanamide (1 g), which was prepared as described in Example 9, and carbon tetrabromide (3 g) were dissolved in 75 mL of dichloromethane, the solution was cooled, and triphenylphosphine (4.6 g) in 20 mL of dichloromethane was added dropwise over 30 minutes. After the solution was stirred one hour, an additional 1 g of triphenylphosphine was added. Ether (100 mL) was then added, and the solution was filtered through a silica gel column to remove triphenylphosphine oxide (eluting with ether). The filtrate fractions which contained the product were concentrated to give the title compound, a solid, m.p. 104° C. 
     EXAMPLE 25 
     4-Fluoro-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoic acid 
     Using the procedure for iodofluorination of olefins described by L. D. Hall and D. L. Jones in Can. J. Chem., Vol. 51 (1973), p 2902, ethyl 2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoate (2.5 g) and silver fluoride (6.7 g) were stirred vigorously in 50 mL of benzene cooled to 5° C. while iodine (4.7 g) in 80 mL of benzene was added dropwise. After addition was complete, 30 mL of acetonitrile was added and the solution was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirred overnight. The solution was then filtered and the filtrate washed with a saturated bicarbonate solution, then with a saturated sodium thiosulfate solution. Drying and concentration furnished 3.1 g of an oil, which was taken up immediately in 30 mL of DMF and treated portionwise with 1.3 g of potassium t-butoxide, with stirring at -5° C. After the addition was complete, the solution was allowed to warm to ambient temperature over 2 hours, then diluted with 100 mL of ether and washed with cold water. Drying and concentration furnished 1.25 g of (Z) Ethyl 4-fluoro-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoate as an oil. 
     The ester was hydrolyzed to the acid with 2 g of potassium hydroxide in 20 ml of ethanol and 10 mL of water, according to the procedure described above, to furnish 0.4 g of the title compound. 
     EXAMPLE 26 
     (E)-N-(4-bromophenyl)-4-fluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide (Compound 48) 
     The 4-Fluoro-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoic acid produced in Example 25 was converted to the title compound, (0.22 g after recrystallization from ether/petroleum ether, m.p. 87°-90° C.), by the procedure described in Example 2. 
     EXAMPLE 27 
     4,4-Dichloro-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide (Compound 49) 
     4,4-Dichloro-2,2-dimethylbut-3-enoic acid (0.45 g) was then converted to the corresponding p-chloroanilide according to the conditions described in Example 2, which after recrystallization gave 0.45 g of 4,4-Dichloro-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3-butenamide (m.p. 131°-134° C.) free of mono-chloro impurity. 
     The compounds of the present invention are useful both as preemergent and postemergent herbicides. Therefore, yet another embodiment of the invention is a method of controlling undesired plants which comprises applying the plants, or to the locus of the plants, a growth inhibiting amount of a compound of formula (1). 
     The compounds of the present invention display activity against a wide variety of weeds. Examples of typical weeds include, but are not limited to, the following: 
     Wild Oat (Avena fatua) 
     Catchweed Bedstraw (Galium aparine) 
     Scentless Mayweed (Matricaria incdora) 
     Ladysthumb (Polygonum persicaria) 
     Common Chickweed (Stellaria media) 
     Ivyleaf Speedwell (Veronica hederaefolia) 
     Blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides) 
     Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthenum spp.) 
     Common Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) 
     Sida (Sida spp.) 
     Bristly Starbur (Acanthospermum hispidum) 
     Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) 
     Smooth Pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) 
     Alexandergrass (Brachiaria plantaginea) 
     Tall Morningglory (Ipomoea purpurea) 
     Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) 
     Green Smartweed (Polygonum scabrum) 
     Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis) 
     Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) 
     Wild Buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus) 
     Brazil Calalilly (Richardia brasiliensis) 
     Natal Grass (Rhynchelytrum roseum) 
     Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) 
     Kapeweed (Cryptostemma calendula) 
     Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) 
     Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) 
     Wireweed (Polygonum aviculare) 
     Henbit (Laminum amplexicaule) 
     Wild Mustard (Brassica kaber) 
     Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) 
     Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) 
     Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) 
     Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) 
     Birdseye Speedwell (Veronica persica) 
     Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) 
     Wild Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) 
     Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) 
     Buttercup (Ranunculus spp.) 
     Field Speedwell (Veronica agrestis) 
     Field Violet (Viola arvensis) 
     Field Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense) 
     Wild Violet (Viola tricolor) 
     Shirley Poppy (Papaver rhoeas) 
     Field Poppy (Papaver dubium) 
     Foolsparsley (Aethusa cynapium) 
     Field Chickweed (Cerastium arvense) 
     Southern Sanbur (Cenchrus echinatus) 
     Large Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) 
     Cheat (Bromus secalinus) 
     Morningglory (Ipomea spp.) 
     Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) 
     Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) 
     Giant Foxtail (Setaria faberi) 
     Common Cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicum) 
     Spurred Anoda (Anoda cristata) 
     Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) 
     Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) 
     Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) 
     Large Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) 
     Prickly Sida (Sida spinosa) 
     Corn Gromwell (Lithospermum arvenase) 
     Yellow Foxtail (Setaria glauca) 
     Tansymustard (Descurainia pinnata) 
     Pepperweed (Lepidium spp.) 
     Bromegrass (Bromus spp.) 
     Garden Spurge (Euphorbia hirta) 
     Crowfootgrass (Dactyloctenium aegyptium) 
     Florida Beggarweed (Desmondium tortuosum) 
     Spotted Spurge (Euphorbia maculata) 
     Smallflower Morningglory (Jacquemontia tamnifolia) 
     Browntop Millet (Panicum ramosum) 
     Coast Fiddleneck (Amsinckia intermedia) 
     Wild Turnip (Brassica campestris) 
     Black Mustard (Brassica nigra) 
     Shepherdspurse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) 
     Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiforum) 
     London Rocket (Sisymbrium irio) 
     Redmaids Rockpurslane (Calandrinia caulescens) 
     Common Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) 
     Ivyleaf Morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea) 
     Fall Panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum) 
     Powell Amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) 
     Texas Panicum (Panicum texanum) 
     Hemp Sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) 
     Annual Sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) 
     Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) 
     Erect Knotweed (Polygonum erectum) 
     Venice Mallow (Hibiscus trionum) 
     Zinnia (Zinnia elegens) 
     Nightshade (Solanum spp.) 
     The term &#34;growth inhibiting amount&#34;, as defined herein, refers to an amount of a compound of the invention which either kills or stunts the growth of the weed species for which control is desired. This amount will generally be from about 0.05 to about 20.0 pounds or greater of a compound of the invention per acre (about 0.056 to about 22.4 kg/ha). The compounds are more preferably applied at rates of about 0.10 to about 8.0 lb/A (about 0.112 to about 8.96 kg/ha). The exact concentration of active ingredient required varies with the weed species to be controlled, type of formulation, soil type, climate conditions and the like. 
     The term &#34;undesired plants&#34;, as defined herein, refers to both weeds and weed seeds which are present at the location to be treated with a compound of the invention. These compounds can be applied to the soil to selectively control undesired plants by soil contact when  the weed seeds are germinating and emerging. They can also be used directly to kill emerged weeds by direct contact with the exposed portion of the weed. 
     The compounds of the present invention are preferably formulated with a suitable agriculturally-acceptable carrier for ease of application. Such compositions will contain from about 0.1 to about 95.0 percent by weight of the active ingredient, depending on the composition desired. Examples of typical herbicidal compositions contemplated as another aspect of the present invention include sprayable formulations, such as wettable powders, aqueous suspensions and emulsifiable concentrates; and solid compositions, such as dusts and granules. 
     The most convenient formulations are in the form of concentrated compositions to be applied by spraying as water dispersions or emulsions containing in the range from about 0.1 percent to about 10 percent of the active agent by weight. Water-dispersible or emulsifiable compositions may be either solids, usually known as wettable powders, or liquids, usually known as emulsifiable concentrates and aqueous suspensions. 
     A typical wettable powder comprises an intimate mixture of an active ingredient of the invention, an inert carrier, and one or more surfactants. The concentration of the active agent is usually from about 25 percent to about 90 percent by weight. The inert carrier is usually chosen from among the attapulgite clays, the montmorillonite clays, the diatomaceous earths, or the purified silicates. Effective surfactants, comprising from about 0.5 percent to about 10 percent by weight of the wettable powder, are chosen from among the sulfonated lignins, the condensed naphthalenesulfonates, and the alkyl sulfates. 
     A typical emulsifiable concentrate comprises from about 0.1 to about 6 pounds of a compound of the invention per gallon of liquid (about 0.0112 to about 0.672 kg/l), dissolved in a mixture of organic solvents and emulsifiers. The organic solvent is chosen with regard to its solvency and its cost. Useful solvents include the aromatics, especially the xylenes and the heavy aromatic naphthas. Hydrophilic cosolvents such as cyclohexanone and the glycol ethers such as 2-methoxyethanol may be included. Other organic solvents may also be used, including the terpenic solvents and kerosene. Suitable emulsifiers for emulsifiable concentrates are chosen from the alkylbenzenesulfonates, naphthalenesulfonates, and nonionic surfactants such as alkylphenol adducts of polyoxyethylene, and are used at similar percentages as for wettable powders. 
     An aqueous suspension, or flowable, is comprised of a finely ground suspension of the active ingredient dispersed in a water based system. This type of formulation is particularly useful for compounds with low water solubility. The concentration of active agent is usually from about 15 to 60 percent by weight. A typical aqueous suspension may comprise wetting and dispersing agents, antifreeze components, thickening or bulking agents, as well as water and the active ingredient. 
     Dust compositions containing a compound of the present invention usually contain from about 0.1 to about 10 percent by weight of the compound. Dusts are prepared by intimately mixing and finely grinding the active agent with an inert solid such as ground montmorillonite clay, attapulgite clay, talc, ground volcanic rock, kaolin clay, or other inert, relatively dense, inexpensive substances. 
     Solid, granular compositions are convenient for the application of compounds of this invention to the soil and will contain the active agent in an amount from about 0.1 to about 20 percent by weight. Granules comprise a compound of the invention dispersed on a granular inert carrier such as coarsely ground clay of from about 0.1 to about 3 mm particle size. The active ingredient is most conveniently applied to the clay by dissolving it in an inexpensive solvent, such as acetone, and applying the solution to the sized clay in an appropriate solids mixer. The solvent is then typically removed by evaporation prior to applying the granules to the application site. 
     When operating in accordance with the present invention, the present compounds or compositions thereof, may be applied to the site where herbicidal or algicidal control is desired by any convenient manner, e.g., by means of hand dusters or sprayers. Metering applicators can apply accurately measured quantities of granular compositions to the locus to be treated. Other applications can be carried out with power dusters, boom sprayers, high-pressure sprayers and spray dusters. In large scale operations, dusts or low-volume sprays can be applied aerially, for example from airplanes or helicopters, to the application site. When applying the formulations described above, it is important to apply the desired concentrations of active ingredient uniformly to the plants or locus to be treated. 
     The following examples provide illustrations of typical agriculturally-acceptable compositions comprehended by this invention. 
     
         ______________________________________                    Concentration                    WeightIngredient               Percent______________________________________Aqueous SuspensionCompound 7               12.2TERGITOL TMN-6 (nonionic surfactant)                    5.0ZEOSYL-200 (silica)      1.0POLYFON H (anionic lignosulfonate wetting                    0.5agent)2% xanthan solution (thickening agent)                    10.0ANTIFOAM AF-100 (silicon based antifoam                    0.2agent)tap water                71.0Emulsifiable ConcentrateCompound 11              13.0SPONTO 1003 (anionic/nonionic                    12.0surfactant blend)DMF                      6.0DOWANOL PM (propylene glycol                    12.0monomethyl ether)EXXON-200 (naphthalenic solvent)                    57.0Compound 15              13.0SPONTO 1003              12.0DMF                      6.0DOWANOL PM               12.0EXXON-200                57.0Compound 19              6.2TOXIMUL H/D blend (90/10)                    6.0(a nonionic/anionic surfactant blend)N-methylpyrrolidone      7.0EXXON-200                80.8Compound 19              12.37TOXIMUL H/D blend (90/10)                    5.00N-methylpyrrolidone      12.00EXXON-200                70.63Compound 26              12.5SPONTO 500T (an anionic/nonionic                    10.0surfactant blend)N-methylpyrrolidone      12.0EXXON-200                65.5______________________________________ 
    
     The herbicidal activity of representative compounds of the present invention is illustrated by the following experiments. 
     EXPERIMENT 1 
     The initial screen used to evaluate herbicidal efficacy, was conducted at a test compound concentration of 8 lb/A (9 kg/ha). In this test tomato, large crabgrass and pigweed seeds were planted by row in containers containing standard growing media. 
     The test compounds were formulated for application by dissolving the compound into a solvent prepared by combining TOXIMUL R and TOXIMUL S (proprietary blends of anionic and nonionic surfactants manufactured by Stepan Chemical Company, Northfield, Ill.) with a 9:1 (v/v) mixture of acetone:ethanol. The solvent/compound solution was diluted with deionized water and applied postemergence to some planted containers and preemergence to others using a compressed air sprayer at low pressure. Postemergence treatment was made 8 to 10 days after planting while preemergence treatment was made 1-2 days after planting. 
     Following treatment the containers were moved to the greenhouse and watered as necessary. Observations were made 10 to 13 days after treatment using untreated control plants as standards. The degree of herbicidal activity was determined by rating the treated plants on a scale of 1 to 5. On this scale &#34;1&#34; indicates no injury, &#34;2&#34; is slight injury, &#34;3&#34; is moderate injury, &#34;4&#34; is severe injury, and &#34;5&#34; indicates death to the plant or no seedling emergence. A &#34;0&#34; indicates that no reading was taken. Also, the various types of injury of each test species were coded as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________   A =  abscission of leaves   B =  burned   C =  chlorosis   D =  death   E =  epinasty   F =  formation effects   G =  dark green   I =  increased plant growth   N =  no germination   P =  purple pigmentation   R =  reduced germination   S =  stunting______________________________________ 
    
     Table I presents the herbicidal activity of typical compounds of the invention when evaluated in the screen described above. 
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________Herbicide Screen at 8 lb/A (9 kg/ha)Preemergence         PostemergenceCompound         Crab-   Pig-         Crab- Pig-Number  Tomato   grass   weed  Tomato grass weed______________________________________1       3BS      2S      0     1      1     12       1        1       1     1      1     13       4BS      4BS     4BS   5D     5D    5D4       4BS      3RS     5D    5D     5D    5D5       2SC      4SC     4BS   5D     4BS   5D6       4SB      4BS     4RS   5D     5D    5D7       1        1       1     1      1     119      4BS      4BS     4BS   5D     5D    5D20      5D       4BS     5D    5D     5D    5D21      5D       2S      5D    5D     3BS   4B22      5D       1       5D    5D     1     3B23      5D       4BS     5D    5D     5D    5D24      4RS      2RS     5D    0      1     025      4BS      4RS     5D    5D     5D    5D26      4BS      4BS     5D    5D     5D    5D27      5D       4BS     5D    5D     5D    5D28      0        0       0     5D     4BS   4B29      2B       1       2BS   5D     2BS   3B32      2C       2RS     4RS   1      1     1S33      2CS      3RS     4RS   5D     4BS   5D34      1        1       1     1      1     136      1        2S      1     1      1     137      1        3S      2S    1      1     138      1        3S      2RS   2SB    1     2S39      1        3FS     2FS   1      1     140      2RS      3FS     2FS   1      1     141      1        1       1     1      2FS   1   1        1       1     5D     2BS   2B42      1        3RS     2RS   5D     3BS   5D   1        1       1     1      1     144      2BS      2S      5D    5D     1     5D45      0        0       0     1      1     147      3SF      2S      4BS   5D     2BS   5D______________________________________ 
    
     EXPERIMENT 2 
     The herbicidal activity of some of the compounds of the present invention was further evaluated at various application rates in a multiple species greenhouse test. Several additional weed and crop species were utilized to determine the herbicidal activity and selectivity of the test compounds. Lower concentrations of the test compounds were obtained by serial dilution of the above described formulations with a mixture of the surfactant containing solvent and deionized water. The compounds were evaluated according to the general procedure outlined above. Table II presents the postemergence herbicidal tests results, while Table III presents preemergence test data, both applications being administered at 4 lbs/A (4.5 kg/ha) or less. 
     The species employed in these tests are coded as follows in Tables II and III: 
     
         ______________________________________      A =  corn      B =  cotton      C =  soybean      D =  wheat      E =  barley      F =  sugarbeet      G =  rice      H =  tomato      I =  lambsquarter      J =  crabgrass      K =  mustard      L =  pigweed      M =  foxtai1      N =  wild oat      O =  velvetleaf      P =  morningglory______________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________Postemergence Injury RatingsCompound RateNumber lb/A    A  B  C   D  E  F  G  H  I  J   K   L  M  N   O  P__________________________________________________________________________ 1    8.000                    1     1       1 4.000    3BS    2BS      5D    3BS 4BS 5D 4BS       4BS 2.000    2BS       4BS          3B  1  2B 3BS                       2B 4BS                             2BS                                2BS 2BS 4BS                                           3BS                                              1   1  0 1.000    1  3BS          2B  1  2B 3BS                       2B 3BS                             2BS                                2BS 3BS 3BS                                           2BS                                              1   1  3BS 0.500    1  2B 2B  1  2B 2BS                       1  2BS                             2BS                                1   2BS 2BS                                           2B 1   1  2B 2    4.000    3BS    2BS      1     3BS 4BS 5D 5D        5D 2.000    1  4BS          2B  1  1  4BS                       1  1  2BS                                3BS 3BS 4BS                                           2BS                                              1   2BS                                                     0 1.000    1  3BS          2B  1  1  3BS                       1  1  2BS                                2BS 2BS 3BS                                           2BS                                              1   1  5D 0.500    1  2BS          2B  1  1  2BS                       1  1  1  2BS 1   2BS                                           1  1   1  3BS 3    8.000                    5D    5D      5D 4.000    3BS    2BS      5D    4BS 5D  5D 5D        4BS 2.000    3BS       4BS          4BS 1  2B 4BS                       2B 5D 4BS                                5D  5D  5D 4BS                                              2BS 4BS                                                     3BS 1.000    1  4BS          3B  1  2B 4BS                       2B 5D 4BS                                4BS 4BS 5D 3BS                                              1   3BS                                                     3BS 0.500    1  3BS          3B  1  1  3BS                       1  3BS                             2BS                                3BS 3BS 4BS                                           3BS                                              1   2S 3BS 4    8.000                    5D    5D      5D 4.000    4BS    3BS      5D    5D  5D  5D 5D        4BS 2.000    2BS       4BS          5D  4BS                 4BS                    5D 3BS                          5D 5D 5D  5D  5D 5D 4BS 5D 5D 0.500    1  4BS          3BS 2BS                 2BS                    3BS                       2BS                          5D 4BS                                5D  5D  5D 4BS                                              3BS 4BS                                                     3BS 5    8.000                    5D    4BS     5D 4.000    2BS    2B       5D    3BS 5D  5D 2BS       3BS 2.000    1  3BS          2BS 1  1  3BS                       1  4BS                             3BS                                5D  4BS 5D 1  1   4BS                                                     3BS 1.000    1  2BS          2BS 1  1  2BS                       1  3BS                             2BS                                3BS 3BS 3BS                                           1  1   2BS                                                     2BS 0.500    1  1  1   1  1  2BS                       1  2BS                             1  1   2BS 2BS                                           1  1   2BS                                                     2BS 6    8.000                    5D    5D      5D 4.000    4BS    4BS      5D    5D  4BS 5D 5D        3BS 2.000    2BS       4BS          0   3BS                 3BS                    5D 2BS                          5D 5D 5D  5D  5D 5D 3BS 4BS                                                     4BS 1.000    2B 3BS          0   2BS                 2BS                    4BS                       2BS                          5D 5D 5D  5D  5D 5D 3BS 3BS                                                     4BS 0.500    2BS       3BS          0   2BS                 2BS                    4BS                       2B 4BS                             3BS                                4BS 4BS 5D 4BS                                              2BS 3BS                                                     3BS 7    4.000    4BS    4BS      5D    5D  4BS 5D 0         5D          3BS    4BS      5D    5D  5D  5D 5D        4BS 2.000    3BS       5D 5D  3BS                 3BS                    5D 0  5D 5D 5D  5D  5D 5D 4BS 5D 4BS 1.000    3BS       5D 4BS 2BS                 2BS                    5D 0  5D 5D 5D  5D  5D 5D 4BS 5D 3BS 0.500    2BS       4BS          2BS 1  2BS                    3BS                       0  5D 4BS                                5D  5D  5D 4BS                                              2BS 4BS                                                     3BS 8    4.000    2BS    3BS      5D    5D  5D  5D 0         4BS 2.000    4BS       5D 5D  4B 4BS                    5D 0  5D 4BS                                5D  5D  5D 5D 4BS 5D 4BS 1.000    3BS       5D 3BS 3BS                 3BS                    5D 0  5D 4BS                                5D  5D  5D 5D 4BS 0  4BS 0.500    2BS       3BS          2BCS              2BS                 2BS                    4BS                       0  3BS                             2BS                                5D  4BS 4BS                                           4BS                                              3BS 5D 3BS 9    4.000    3BS    2BS      3BS   4BS 4BS 5D 3BS       4BS 2.000    3BS       4BS          4BS 2S 2BS                    4BS                       3BS                          5D 3BS                                4BS 4BS 5D 5D 2B  3BS                                                     3BS 1.000    2S 3BS          3BS 1  2B 3BS                       2BS                          5D 3BS                                3BS 3BS 4BS                                           4BS                                              2B  2B 2B 0.500    2S 2BS          2BS 1  1  1  1  3BS                             1  2B  2BS 2BS                                           2BS                                              1   1  2B10    4.000    4BS    2BS      4BS   5D  5D  5D 5D        4BS 2.000    2BS       4BS          3BS 2BS                 2BS                    4BS                       3BS                          2BS                             4BS                                4BS 4BS 4BS                                           4BS                                              2BS 3BS                                                     1 1.000    1  3BS          2BS 1  1  3BS                       2BS                          2BS                             4BS                                3BS 3BS 4BS                                           3BS                                              1   3BS                                                     1 0.500    1  2S 2B  1  1  2BS                       1  2BS                             3BS                                3BS 3BS 4BS                                           3BS                                              1   1  111    4.000    4BS    3BS      5D    5D  5D  5D 5D        5D 2.000    3BS       5D 5D  4BS                 4BS                    5D 3BS                          5D 4BS                                5D  5D  5D 5D 4BS 4BS                                                     5D 1.000    3BS       5D 5D  3BS                 3BS                    4BS                       2BS                          5D 4BS                                4BS 5D  5D 5D 3BS 4BS                                                     5D 0.500    2BS       4BS          3BS 3BS                 2BS                    3BS                       2BS                          5D 4BS                                4BS 5D  5D 4BS                                              3BS 5D 4BS12    4.000    4BS    3BS      5D    5D  5D  5D 5D        5D 2.000    2BS       5D 4BS 2BS                 3BS                    5D 3BS                          4BS                             4BS                                5D  5D  5D 4BS                                              4BS 4BS                                                     4BS 1.000    2BS       4BS          3BS 2BS                 2BS                    4BS                       2BS                          4BS                             4BS                                4BS 5D  5D 4BS                                              3BS 3BS                                                     4BS 0.500    2BS       3BS          3BS 2BS                 2BS                    4BS                       2BS                          5D 3BS                                4BS 4BS 5D 3BS                                              2B  2BS                                                     3BS13    4.000    1      1        3BS   2BS 3BS 2BS                                           2BS       2BS14    4.000    3BS    3BS      5D    5D  5D  5D 4BS       5D 2.000    2BS       5D 3BS 3BS                 3BS                    5D 3BS                          5D 2BS                                5D  5D  5D 4BS                                              5D  4BS                                                     4BS 1.000    1  5D 3BS 2BS                 3BS                    5D 2BS                          5D 1  4BS 5D  2BS                                           4BS                                              3BS 4BS                                                     4BS 0.500    1  4BS          2B  2B 2BS                    4BS                       2B 5D 1  3BS 4BS 3BS                                           3BS                                              2BS 3BS                                                     4BS15    4.000    5D     5D       5D    5D  5D  5D 5D        5D          5D     5D       5D    5D  5D  5D 5D        5D 2.000    5D 5D 5D  4BS                 4BS                    5D 4BS                          5D 5D 5D  5D  5D 5D 5D  5D 5D 1.000    4BS       5D 4BS 3BS                 4BS                    5D 3BS                          5D 5D 4BS 5D  5D 5D 5D  5D 5D 0.500    2BS       5D 4BS 3BS                 3BS                    5D 3BS                          5D 4BS                                3BS 4BS 5D 5D 5D  4BS                                                     5D16    4.000    4BS    4BS      5D    5D  5D  5D 5D        5D 2.000    2BS       5D 3BS 3BS                 3BS                    5D 3BS                          5D 5D 5D  5D  5D 5D 5D  5S 4BS 1.000    2BS       5D 3BS 3BS                 3BS                    5D 3BS                          5D 4BS                                4BS 4BS 5D 5D 4BS 5D 3BS 0.500    1  4BS          3BS 1  2B 5D 2B 5D 3BS                                3BS 4BS 5D 5D 2BS 4BS                                                     2BS17    4.000    3BS    1        4BS   3BS 4BS 5D 5D        4BS 2.000    1  2BS          3BS 1  1  5D 1  4BS                             0  5D  3BS 5D 5D 1   5D 5D 1.000    1  4BS          3BS 1  1  5D 2B 2BS                             1  3BS 2BS 3BS                                           5D 1   3BS                                                     4BS 0.500    1  3BS          2B  1  1  5D 1  2BS                             0  2BS 2BS 0  2BS                                              1   2BS                                                     4BS18    4.000    5D     4BS      5D    5D  5D  5D 5D        5D 2.000    4BS       5D 5D  4BS                 4BS                    5D 4BS                          5D 5D 5D  5D  5D 5D 5D  5D 5D 1.000    3BS       5D 3BS 3BS                 3BS                    5D 3BS                          5D 5D 5D  5D  5D 5D 4BS 5D 4BS 0.500    2BS       5D 3BS 3BS                 3BS                    5D 3BS                          5D 5D 5D  5D  5D 5D 4BS 5D 4BS    2BS       5D 2BS 3BS                 3BS                    4BS                       3BS                          5D 5D 5D  4BS 5D 5D 3BS 5D 2BS 0.250    2BS       4BS          3BS 2BS                 2BS                    4BS                       3BS                          5D 4BS                                4BS 4BS 5D 5D 2BS 4BS                                                     1 0.125    2BS       3BS          2B  1  1  3BS                       2BS                          2BS                             4BS                                2BS 4BS 5D 4BS                                              1   3BS                                                     119    8.000                    5D    5D      5D 4.000    5D     4BS      5D    5D  5D  5D 5D        5D          5D     4BS      5D    5D  5D  5D 5D        5D 2.000    5D 5D 5D  4BS                 5D 5D 4BS                          5D 5D 5D  5D  5D 5D 5D  5D 5D 1.000    5D 5D 4BS 4BS                 5D 5D 3BS                          5D 5D 5D  5D  5D 5D 5D  5D 5D 0.500    2S 4BS          4BS 3BS                 3BS                    4BS                       3BS                          5D 5D 4BS 5D  5D 5D 4BS 4BS                                                     020    8.000                    5D    5D      5D 4.000    4BS    5D       5D    5D  5D  5D 5D        5D 2.000    3BS       5D 5D  4BS                 4BS                    5D 4BS                          5D 5D 4BS 5D  5D 5D 5D  5D 5D 1.000    3BS       5D 2BS 3BS                 4BS                    5D 3BS                          5D 5D 3BS 5D  5D 5D 5D  5D 5D 0.500    2B 3BS          2B  2BS                 2BS                    3BS                       2BS                          5D 4BS                                2BS 5D  4BS                                           4BS                                              3BS 5D 5D    2BS       5D 3BS 3BS                 3BS                    5D 3BS                          5D 5D 2BS 5D  5D 3BS                                              3BS 4BS                                                     3BS 0.250    2BS       4BS          2BS 2BS                 2BS                    3BS                       2BS                          3BS                             2BS                                1   4BS 4BS                                           3BS                                              2BS 4BS                                                     3BS 0.125    2BS       2BS          2B  2B 2B 3BS                       1  2BS                             1  1   3BS 3BS                                           1  1   3BS                                                     121    8.000                    5D    3BS     4BS 4.000    4BS    4BS      5D    2BS 5D  4BS                                           5D        5D 2.000    3BS       5D 4BS 4BS                 5D 3BS                       5D 5D 1  5D  4BS 5D 5D 5D  5D 1.000    3BS       4BS          3BS 3BS                 3BS                    5D 3BS                          5D 2BS                                1   5D  4BS                                           5D 3BS 5D 4BS 0.500    2BS       3BS          2BS 2BS                 2BS                    3BS                       2BS                          5D 2BS                                1   5D  2BS                                           5D 2BS 5D 3BS    3BS       4BS          3BS 3BS                 3BS                    3BS                       3BS                          5D 2BS                                1   4BS 2BS                                           3BS                                              2BS 4BS                                                     3BS 0.250    2BS       2BS          2BS 2BS                 2BS                    3BS                       2BS                          4BS                             2BS                                1   4BS 3BS                                           3BS                                              2BS 3BS                                                     3BS 0.125    2BS       1  2B  2B 2B 2BS                       1  2BS                             1  1   3BS 2BS                                           1  1   1  2B22    8.000                    5D    1       3BS 4.000    2B     2B       4BS   1   5D  4BS                                           3BS       3BS 2.000    2BS       4BS          2BS 2BS                 2BS                    4BS                       2BS                          4BS                             1  2BS 4BS 4BS                                           2BS                                              1   2BS                                                     2BS 1.000    2BS       4BS          2BS 1  1  4BS                       1  3BS                             1  1   4BS 4BS                                           2BS                                              1   2BS                                                     0 0.500    2  4BS          2B  1  1  3BS                       1  2BS                             1  1   3BS 3BS                                           3BS                                              1   1  2BS22    8.000                    5D    1       3BS 4.000    2B     2B       4BS   1   5D  4BS                                           3BS       3BS 2.000    2BS       4BS          2BS 2BS                 2BS                    4BS                       2BS                          4BS                             1  2BS 4BS 4BS                                           2BS                                              1   2BS                                                     2BS 1.000    2BS       4BS          2BS 1  1  4BS                       1  3BS                             1  1   4BS 4BS                                           2BS                                              1   2BS                                                     0 0.500    1  4BS          2B  1  1  3BS                       1  2BS                             1  1   3BS 3BS                                           3BS                                              1   1  2BS23    8.000                    5D    5D      5D 4.000    5D     4BS      5D    4BS 5D  5D 5D        5D 2.000    3BS       5D 3BS 3BS                 2BS                    4BS                       2BS                          5D 4BS                                2BS 5D  5D 4BS                                              3BS 4BS                                                     5D 1.000    2BS       4BS          2B  1  1  2BS                       2BS                          5D 3BS                                1   4BS 3BS                                           4BS                                              2BS 3BS                                                     3BS 0.500    1  4BS          2B  1  1  2BS                       2B 5D 2BS                                1   2BS 2BS                                           4BS                                              1   2BS                                                     2BS24    8.000                    0     1       0 4.000    2BS    2BS      4BS   3BS 5D  5D 4BS       3BS 2.000    2BS       5D 2BS 3BS                 3BS                    3BS                       2BS                          3BS                             1  1   4BS 2BS                                           4BS                                              3BS 3BS                                                     0 1.000    2BS       3BS          2B  2BS                 3BS                    3BS                       2BS                          4BS                             1  1   4BS 1  3BS                                              3BS 2BS                                                     0 0.500    1  2BS          1   1  1  1  1  2BS                             1  1   4BS 1  3BS                                              2B  2BS                                                     5D25    8.000                    5D    5D      5D 4.000    4BS    4BS      5D    5D  5D  5D 5D        5D 2.000    3BS       5D 3BS 3BS                 4BS                    0  3BS                          5D 5D 2BS 5D  5D 4BS                                              4BS 5D 4BS 1.000    2BS       4BS          2BS 2BS                 3BS                    0  3BS                          5D 3BS                                3BS 5D  4BS                                           4BS                                              3BS 4BS                                                     2BS 0.500    2BS       3BS          2B  2BS                 2BS                    3BS                       2BS                          4BS                             1  1   5D  3BS                                           3BS                                              2BS 4BS                                                     2BS26    8.000                    5D    5D      5D 4.000    5D     4BS      5D    5D  5D  5D 5D        5D 2.000    3BS       5D 4BS 4BS                 4BS                    5D 0  5D 5D 5D  5D  5D 5D 4BS 5D 5D 1.000    3BS       4BS          3BS 3BS                 3BS                    5D 0  5D 5D 4BS 5D  5D 5D 4BS 5D 4BS 0.500    2B 3BS          3B  2BS                 3BS                    5D 0  5D 5D 4BS 5D  4BS                                           5D 3BS 4BS                                                     3BS27    8.000                    5D    5D      5D 4.000    5D     5D       5D    5D  5D  5D 5D        5D 2.000    4BS       5D 5D  4BS                 4BS                    5D 3BS                          5D 5D 5D  5D  5D 5D 5D  5D 5D 1.000    3BS       5D 5D  3BS                 4BS                    5D 3BS                          5D 5D 4BS 5D  5D 5D 5D  5D 4BS 0.500    2BS       5D 4BS 3BS                 4BS                    5D 2BS                          5D 5D 3BS 5D  5D 5D 4BS 4BS                                                     4BS    3BS       5D 4BS 4BS                 4BS                    4BS                       4BS                          5D 4BS                                1   5D  4BS                                           5D 5D  5D 5D 0.250    2B 5D 3BS 3BS                 3BS                    2BS                       3BS                          5D 4BS                                1   4BS 4BS                                           4BS                                              3BS 3BS                                                     2BS 0.125    2B 5D 2BS 2BS                 2BS                    2BS                       2B 5D 1  1   2BS 1  3BS                                              2B  3BS                                                     128    8.000                    5D    4BS     4BS 4.000    4BS    4BS      5D    3BS 5D  5D 5D        4BS 2.000    2BS       5D 3BS 3BS                 3BS                    5D 3BS                          5D 5D 3BS 5D  4BS                                           4BS                                              3BS 5D 2B 1.000    2BS       4BS          2BS 2BS                 2BS                    4BS                       2BS                          4BS                             4BS                                1   4BS 2BS                                           3BS                                              2BS 4BS                                                     2B 0.500    1  2BS          1   1  1  3BS                       1  2BS                             4BS                                1   3BS 1  2BS                                              1   3BS                                                     2B29    8.000                    5D    2BS     3BS 4.000    2B     3BS      5D    4BS 4BS 2BS                                           5D        5D 2.000    3BS       4BS          2B  2BS                 2BS                    5D 2BS                          4BS                             2BS                                3BS 4BS 1  3BS                                              3BS 2BS                                                     4BS 1.000    2BS       3BS          1   1  1  5D 2B 2BS                             2BS                                2BS 4BS 1  3BS                                              3BS 1  4BS 0.500    2B 2BS          1   1  1  3BS                       1  2BS                             2BS                                1   3BS 1  2BS                                              2BS 1  030    4.000    3BS    2B       3BS   4BS 4BS 5D 4BS       3BS 2.000    2BS       3BS          2BS 1  2B 3BS                       1  4BS                             3BS                                4BS 4BS 4BS                                           3BS                                              1   3BS                                                     2BS 1.000    2B 2BS          2B  1  2B 3BS                       1  2BS                             1  2   3BS 2B 2BS                                              1   1  2BS 0.500    2B 2B 2B  1  1  2BS                       1  2B 1  1   2BS 1  1  1   1  131    4.000    1      1        2BS   1   2BS 3BS                                           2BS       132    8.000                    1     1   1 4.000    2BF    1        2BS   4BS 3BS 4BS                                           3BS       1 2.000    0  0  0   0  0  0  0  0  0  0   0   0  0  0   0  0 1.000    1  1  1   1  1  1  1  1  2BS                                2BS 2BS 3BS                                           1  1   1  1 0.500    1  1  1   1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1   2BS                                           1  1   1  133    8.000                    5D    4BS     5D 4.000    3BS    2BS      5D    5D  5D  4BS                                           4BS       2B 2.000    1  3BS          3BS 1  1  3BS                       1  3BS                             4BS                                4BS 4BS 4BS                                           4BS                                              1   3BS                                                     1 1.000    1  2BS          2B  1  1  3BS                       1  2BS                             3BS                                3BS 3BS 4BS                                           3BS                                              1   2S 1 0.500    1  1  1   1  1  2B 1  1  2BS                                2B  2BS 3BS                                           2B 1   1  134    4.000    3CBS   2B       3CBS  3CBS                                    3CBS                                        4BS                                           2CS       2BS35    4.000    2B     1        4BS   1   4BS 5D 2BS       2B 2.000    1  2B 1   1  1  3BS                       1  2BS                             2BS                                1   2BS 3BS                                           1  1   1  1 1.000    1  1  1   1  1  2BS                       1  2BS                             1  1   1   2BS                                           1  1   1  1 0.500    1  1  1   1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1   1  1  1   1  139    4.000    2B     1        2B    1   2BS 2FS                                           1         140    4.000    2BFS   2B       2B    1   3BS 2B 1         141    8.000                    5D    2BS     2BS 4.000    1      2BS      5D    2BS 4BS 4BS                                           4BS       3BS 2.000    2BS       2BS          2B  2B 1  4BS                       2BS                          2BS                             2BS                                3BS 3BS 3BS                                           3BS                                              1   1  1 1.000    1  2B 1   1  1  3BS                       1  2BS                             2BS                                2BS 2BS 2BS                                           2B 1   1  1 0.500    1  1  1   1  1  2BS                       1  1  2BS                                2BS 2BS 2BS                                           2B 1   1  142    8.000                    5D    3BS     5D 4.000    2B     1        3BS   2B  3SBF                                        3BS                                           2B        2B43    4.000    2BS    2B       2B    2BS 2BS 1  3BS       144    8.000                    5D    1       5D 4.000    4BS    3BS      5D    3BS 4BS 5D 5D        4BS 2.000    3BS       4BS          3BS 3BS                 3BS                    4BS                       3BS                          4BS                             0  4BS 4BS 0  4BS                                              4BS 4BS                                                     4BS 1.000    2BS       3BS          2BS 2B 2BS                    3BS                       2BS                          2BS                             0  3BS 3BS 0  3BS                                              3BS 3BS                                                     3BS 0.500    1  2B 2B  1  2B 3BS                       1  2BS                             0  2BS 3BS 0  2BS                                              2BS 2BS                                                     2BS45    8.000                    1     1       1 4.000    3BS    3BS      5D    2BS 3BS 3BS                                           5D        5D 2.000    2B 4BS          3BS 3BS                 3BS                    5D 3BS                          5D 0  0   4BS 0  4BS                                              4BS 4BS                                                     3BS 1.000    2B 4BS          2BS 2BS                 3BS                    2BS                       2BS                          4BS                             0  0   4BS 0  5D 3BS 4BS                                                     3BS 0.500    2B 4BS          2BS 2BS                 2BS                    2BS                       2BS                          3BS                             0  0   3BS 0  4BS                                              2BS 3BS                                                     3BS46    4.000    3BS    2B       5D    4BS 5D  5D 5D        0 2.000    2S 5D 2S  2BS                 3BS                    2BS                       3BS                          4BS                             4BS                                2BS 4BS 4BS                                           5D 3BS 4BS                                                     2BS 1.000    2S 3BS          1   2B 2B 1  3BS                          5D 3BS                                1   3BS 2BS                                           4BS                                              2BS 3BS                                                     1 0.500    1  2B 1   1  1  1  2BS                          5D 2BS                                1   3BS 1  2BS                                              1   1  147    8.000                    5D    2BS     5D 4.000    3BS    2B       4BS   4BS 3BS 5D 3BS       3BS 2.000    2BS       3BS          3BS 2B 2B 4BS                       2B 5D 5D 3BS 3BS 4BS                                           2BS                                              3BS 3BS                                                     4BS 1.000    2B 3BS          3BS 2B 2B 3BS                       2B 5D 4BS                                2B  3BS 4BS                                           2BS                                              3BS 3BS                                                     4BS 0.500    1  2BCS          2CB 1  2B 3BS                       1  4BS                             2BS                                1   2BS 2BS                                           2B 2BS 3BS                                                     3BCS48    4.000    5BS    5BS      5BS   2BS 5D  3BS                                           4BS       5D 2.000    2BS       5D 3BS 3BS                 3BS                    5D 0  4BS                             2BS                                2S  5D  2S 4BS                                              3BS 5D 3BS 1.000    2BS       3BS          2BS 2BS                 1  3BS                       0  3BS                             1  1   3BS 1  4BS                                              2BS 3BS                                                     2BS 0.500    1  2B 2B  1  1  3BS                       0  2BS                             1  1   2BS 1  3BS                                              2B  2S 149    4.000    2BS    2B       4BS   2BS 4BS 4BS                                           3BS       3BS 2.000    2BS       4BS          3BS 2B 2BS                    4BS                       2BS                          5D 5D 4BS 5D  5D 3BS                                              2BS 1  2BS 1.000    1  3BS          2B  1  2B 4BS                       2B 4BS                             4BS                                2BS 5D  4BS                                           3BS                                              2BS 1  2BS 0.500    1  2B 2B  1  2B 3BS                       1  3BS                             2BS                                2B  4BS 2BS                                           2B 2B  1  2BS__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________Preemergence Injury RatingsCompound RateNumber lb/A    A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H   I  J   K   L   M  N   O  P__________________________________________________________________________ 1    8.000                   3BS    2S      0 4.000    1     1        2BS    3FD 3BS 4BS 1         1 2    4.00     1     1        1      1   1   4BS 1         1 3    8.00                    4BS    4BS     4BS 4.000    2BS   2BS      5D     4BS 4BS 5D  4BS       5D 2.000    1  1  1  1  1  3BS                      1  1   3S 2S  4BS 5D  2BS                                               1   3BS                                                      1 1.000    1  1  1  1  1  3S 1  1   2S 1   3BS 5D  1  1   2S 1 0.500    1  1  1  1  1  2S 1  1   1  1   1   4BS 1  1   1  1 4    8.000                   4BS    3RS     5D 4.000    2BS   1        5D     5D  5D  5D  4BS       1 2.000    1  1  1  1  1  4BS                      2B 4BS 5D 4BS 5D  5D  2BS                                               2B  5D 1 1.000    1  1  1  1  1  3BS                      2BS                         2S  4BS                                3S  5D  5D  1  1   3BS                                                      1 0.500    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1  1   1   1   1  1   1  1 5    8.000                   2SC    4SC     4BS 4.000    1     1        3BS    3S  4BS 0   2S        2S 6    8.000                   4BS    4BS     4RS 4.000    2S    1        2S     5N  4RS 5D  5N        2S 2.000    1  1  1  1  1  5N 1  1   0  3RS 4BS 4RS 2RS                                               1   3RS                                                      1 1.000    1  1  1  1  1  4RS                      1  1   O  2RS 2BS 4RS 1  1   2RS                                                      1 0.500    1  1  1  1  1  3RS                      1  1   0  1   1   3RS 1  1   1  1 7    4.000    1     2S       5D     5D  5D  5D  5D        3BS          2S    2BS      5D     4BS 4BS 5D  5D        2S 2.000    1  1  1  2RS                2RS                   4RS                      0  5D  5D 4BS 2BS 5D  4BS                                               2BS 5D 1 1.000    1  1  1  1  2RS                   4  0  3BS 4RS                                4RS 2BS 5D  2S 1   0  1 0.500    1  1  1  1  2RS                   3RS                      0  2RS 4RS                                1   1   4RS 1  1   1  1 8    4.000    2S    1        4BS    4BS 4BS 5D  4BS       3RS 2.000    1  1  1  2RS                2RS                   4RS                      0  2S  4BS                                3RS 1   4RS 2S 1   1  2RS 1.000    1  1  1  1  1  3RS                      0  1   3RS                                3RS 1   3RS 1  1   1  1 0.500    1  1  1  1  1  2RS                      0  1   1  2S  1   2RS 1  1   1  1 9    4.000    1     1        1      2BS 3BS 0   3BS       110    4.000    1     1        1      3BS 2BS 0   3BS       011    4.000    2RS   2S       3BS    5D  4BS 5D  4BS       0 2.000    1  1  1  1  1  4RS                      1  5D  5D 5D  5D  5D  4BS                                               3BS 5D 1 1.000    1  1  1  1  1  5N 1  2BS 4BS                                4BS 5D  5D  1  1   4BS                                                      1 0.500    1  1  1  1  1  4RS                      1  1   2BS                                1   1   4BS 1  1   1  112    4.000    1     2RS      4BS    4BS 4BS 5D  5D        0 2.000    1  3BS          1  1  2B 4BS                      1  5D  4BS                                4BS 5D  4BS 2BS                                               5D  2BS 1.000    1  2BS          1  1  2B 4RS                      1  3BS 3BS                                3S  4BS 5D  2BS                                               2BS 4BS                                                      1 0.500    1  1  1  1  1  3BS                      1  2BS 2RS                                2S  3BS 4BS 1  1   3BS                                                      113    4.000    1     1        1      1   1   1   1         114    4.000    1     1        1      2RS 2BS 3RS 1         115    4.000    1     2B       5D     5D  5D  5D  5D        5D          2S    3BS      5D     4BS 5D  5D  5D        3BS 2.000    1  2B 1  1  1  5D 1  4BS 4RS                                4BS 4BS 5D  4BS                                               2BS 5D 1 1.000    1  1  1  1  1  5D 1  2RS 4RS                                3RS 3BS 5D  1  1   1  1 0.500    1  1  1  1  1  2RS                      1  1   3RS                                1   1   4RS 1  1   1  116    4.000    1     2B       5D     5D  5D  5D  5D        2B 2.000    1  3BS          1  1  1  5D 1  5D  4BS                                3RS 4BS 5D  3BS                                               3BS 3BS                                                      1 1.000    1  2B 1  1  1  5D 1  2S  3RS                                1   2BS 4BS 1  2B  2S 1 0.500    1  1  1  1  1  3BS                      1  1   2RS                                1   2BS 2S  1  1   1  117    4.000    1     1        1      3RS 4BS 5D  2RS       1 2.000    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1  1   1   1   1  1   1  1 1.000    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1  1   1   1   1  1   1  1 0.500    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1  1   1   1   1  1   1  118    4.000    3BS   3BS      5D     4BS 5D  5D  5D        4BS 2.000    2BS       1  1  1  1  5N 1  5D  5D 5D  5D  5D  4BS                                               3BS 5D 1 1.000    2BS       1  1  1  1  5N 1  5D  5D 4BS 4BS 5D  4BS                                               3BS 4BS                                                      1 0.500    2BS       1  1  1  1  1  1  4BS 4BS                                3BS 4BS 5D  2BS                                               3BS 2BS                                                      119    8.000                   4BS    4BS     4BS 4.000    2BS   3BS      5D     5D  5D  5D  5D        5D          2S    3BS      5D     5D  5D  5D  5D        3BS 2.000    1  1  1  1  2B 5D 1  4BS 5D 3BS 5D  5D  5D 3BS 5D 1 1.000    1  1  1  1  1  5D 1  3BS 5D 2S  4BS 5D  4BS                                               1   5D 1 0.500    1  1  1  1  1  4BS                      1  1   5D 1   4BS 5D  1  1   4BS                                                      120    8.000                   5D     4BS     5D 4.000    1     1        5D     4BS 5D  5D  5D        4BS 2.000    1  2B 1  1  1  4BS                      1  4BS 5D 3BS 3BS 5D  2BS                                               4BS 3BS                                                      1 1.000    1  1  1  1  1  2B 1  1   1  1   3BS 3BS 1  1   1  1 0.500    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1  1   1   1   1  1   1  121    8.000                   5D     2S      5D 4.000    1     1        5D     2S  4BS 5D  5D        5D 2.000    1  1  1  1  1  4BS                      1  4BS 5D 3BS 4BS 5D  2S 4BS 3BS                                                      1 1.000    1  1  1  1  1  2BS                      1  1   1  1   2BS 3BS 1  1   1  1 0.500    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1  1   1   1   1  1   1  122    8.000                   5D     1       5D 4.000    1     1        1      1   1   1   1         123    8.000                   5D     4BS     5D 4.000    3BS   2BS      5D     4BS 5D  5D  4BS       3BS 2.000    1  1  1  1  1  4BS                      1  5D  5D 3BS 4BS 5D  2BS                                               1   3BS                                                      1 1.000    1  1  1  1  1  3BS                      1  3BS 4BS                                1   3BS 5D  2S 1   1  1 0.500    1  1  1  1  1  2BS                      1  1   2BS                                1   2BS 4BS 1  1   1  124    8.000                   4RS    2RS     5D 4.000    1     1        1      1   4BS 4BS 1         1 2.000    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1  1   1   1   1  1   1  1 1.000    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1  1   1   1   1  1   1  1 0.500    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1  1   1   1   1  1   1  125    8.000                   4BS    4RS     5D 4.000    1     1        1      2S  3BS 5D  2S        1 2.000    1  1  1  1  1  2S 1  1   3BS                                1   4BS 4BS 1  1   1  1 1.000    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1  1   1   1   1  1   1  1 0.500    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1  1   1   1   1  1   1  126    8.000                   4BS    4BS     5D 4.000    2C    1        3RCS   4BS 3CBS                                        5D  5D        1 2.000    1  2C 1  1  1  2RS                      1  1   4BS                                4BS 5D  5D  3BS                                               2BS 5D 1 1.000    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   2BS                                1   3BS 1   1  1   4BS                                                      1 0.500    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1  1   1   1   1  1   1  127    8.000                   5D     4BS     5D 4.000    2B    2B       5D     4BS 5D  5D  5D        1 2.000    1  2B 1  1  1  5N 1  5D  5D 5D  5D  5D  4BS                                               2BS 4BS                                                      1 1.000    1  1  1  1  1  5N 1  1   4BS                                4BS 5D  5D  3BS                                               1   3BS                                                      1 0.500    1  1  1  1  1  3RS                      1  1   4BS                                1   4BS 4BS 1  1   1  1    2S 1  1  1  1  1  1  1   3BS                                1   3BS 3BS 1  1   1  1 0.250    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1  1   1   1   1  1   1  1 0.125    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1  1   1   1   1  1   1  128    8.000                   0      0       0 4.000    1     1        1      2RS 1   4BS 1         129    8.000                   2B     1       2BS 4.000    1     1        1      1   1   1   1         130    4.000    1     1        1      4BS 1   4BS 3BS       1 2.000    1  2S 1  1  1  3RS                      2S 1   4RS                                2RS RS  4RS 1  1   1  1 1.000    1  2S 1  1  1  2S 2S 1   2RS                                1   2RS 2S  1  1   1  1 0.500    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1  1   1   1   1  1   1  131    4.000    1     1        1      1   1   1   1         132    8.000                   2C     2RS     4RS 4.000    2S    2BS      2BS    1   3BS 4BS 2S        3S33    8.000                   2CS    3RS     4RS 4.000    2S    1        4BS    5D  4BS 5D  3BS       1 2.000    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   3BS                                1   1   1   1  1   1  1 1.000    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   2BS                                1   1   1   1  1   1  1 0.500    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1  1   1   1   1  1   1  134    4.000    1     1        1      1   1   1   1         135    4.000    1     1        1      1   1   1   1         139    4.000    1     1        1      1   1   1   1         140    4.000    1     1        1      1   1   1   1         141    8.000                   1      1       1 4.000    1     1        2BS    2BS 3BS 5D  1         1 2.000    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   2S 1   2S  2S  1  1   2S 1 1.000    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1  1   1   1   1  1   2S 1 0.500    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1  1   1   1   1  1   1  142    8.000                   1      3RS     2RS 4.000    1     1        3RS    4BS 4BS 0   1         1 2.000    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1  1   1   1   1  1   1  1 1.000    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1  1   1   1   1  1   1  1 0.500    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1  1   1   1   1  1   1  143    4.000    1     1        1      1   1   1   1         144    8.000                   2BS    2S      5D 4.000    1     1        2BS    4SF 1   5D  1         0 2.000    2S 1  1  1  1  3BS                      1  2S  2RS                                1   2CS 3RS 3RS                                               1   1  1 1.000    2S 1  1  1  1  2BS                      1  1   1  1   1   1   2RS                                               1   1  1 0.500    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1  1   1   1   1  1   1  145    8.000                   0      0       0 4.000    1     1        1      1   1   1   1         146    4.000    1     1        4BS    4RS 4BS 5D  5D        1 2.000    1  1  1  1  1  3RS                      1  1   3RS                                2RS 4BS 4BS 1  1   1  1 1.000    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   2RS                                1   2BS 2BS 1  1   1  1 0.500    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1   1  1   1   1   1  1   1  147    8.000                   3SF    2S      4BS 4.000    1     1        1      1   3RBS                                        4RS 2S        148    4.000    1     1        2S     2S  3BS 3RS 2RS       149    4.000    1     1        4BS    3RS 4BS 5D  2RS    1 2.000    1  1  1  1  1  4BS                      1  2BS 5D 1   3BS 4BS 1  1   2BS                                                      1 1.000    1  1  1  1  1  3BS                      1  2S  1  1   2BS 3BS 1  1   1  1__________________________________________________________________________