Abstract:
The present invention relates to a method of perfusion imaging comprising: performing a first magnetic resonance data acquisition (A) at a first sensitivity (b) value, performing a set of at least six second magnetic resonance data acquisitions (B 1 , B 2 , . . . B 6 ) with gradiant encodings in different directions at second sensitivity (b) values, determining a perfusion tensor based on the magnetic resonance data acquisitions, performing a perfusion tensor visualitation step.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to the field of magnetic resonance imaging, and more particularly to perfusion tensor imaging.  
       BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART  
       [0002]     Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging is a known prior art technique. In diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging the diffusion tensor is obtained from, the magnetic resonance measurement signal for a defined body region of interest. The diffusion tensor is then visualised by known imaging methods (U.S. Pat. No. 5,539,310; La Bilhan et al, Diffusion Tensor Imaging: Concepts and Applications, Journal of Medical Resonance Imaging 13:534-46 (2001); Lawrence F Frank, Anisotropy in High Angular Resolution Diffusion-Weighted MRI, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 45:935-939 (2001)). An overview of known diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance techniques is provided by Gray L. MacFall J. Overview of diffusion Imaging. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clin N Am 1998; 6:125-138.  
         [0003]     In addition in vivo intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) magnetic resonance imaging is a known technique (La Bilhan D et al, MR imaging of intravoxel inchoherent motions: application to diffusion and perfusion in neurological disorders. Radioloy 1986:161:401-407.) In particular, the interpretation of IVIM measurements with respect to classical perfusion has been discussed in the prior art (La Bilhan D et al., Separation of diffusion and perfusion in intravoxel incoherent motion MR Imaging. Radiology 1998:168:497-505; Henkelman R M. Does IVIM measure classical perfusion? Magn Reson Med 1990:16:470-475; Le Bilhan D, Turner R. The capillary network: a link between IVIM and classical perfusion. Magn Reson Med Med 1992:27:171-178). This imaging technique uses gradient encodings for random motion.  
         [0004]     Classical perfusion is a measure of the blood delivered to and used by a specified mass of tissue. It is often measured using spin labelling techniques in MRI. In contrast, IVIM measures quasi-random blood movement within a single imaging voxel and results in a bi-exponential signal attenuation in a standard pulsed gradient spin echo (PGSE) experiment (cf. R. J. Moore et al, in vivo intravoxel incoherent motion measurements in the human placenta using echo-planar imaging at 0.5 T, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 43; 295-302 (2000)).  
         [0005]     It is a common disadvantage of prior measurement techniques that only a scalar value for the perfusion is obtained even though perfusion usually is anisotropic. A scalar perfusion value therefore only gives a limited amount of information on the actual nature of the perfusion.  
         [0006]     Therefore the present invention aims to provide an improved imaging method which enables imaging and visualisation of the perfusion anisotropy as well as a corresponding computer program product and perfusion imaging apparatus.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007]     The present invention provides for a method of perfusion imaging which can be used for medical purposes such as abdominal imaging.  
         [0008]     The present invention is based on the discovery that an isotropic perfusion can be described by a tensor which is structurally equivalent to a diffusion tensor used for diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). In order to provide the data for determination of a perfusion tensor a magnetic resonance data acquisition is performed at a low b sensitivity value, preferably b=0, as well as at least six magnetic resonance data acquisitions with gradient encodings in different directions at b sensitivity values of for example below 50 [s/mm 2 ], preferably between 5 and 15.  
         [0009]     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention six slopes are determined from the 7 measurement points. The slope values form the basis for calculating the perfusion tensor, especially its eigenvectors. This is based on the discovery, that for lower b sensitivity values the signal decay is mostly due to perfusion and not diffusion effects. This is why diffusion can be neglected at low b sensitivity values in order to extract the information out of the decay signal which forms the basis for determining the shape of the perfusion tensor. At least, the sorting of the eigenvalues and the direction of the eigenvectors of the perfusion tensor does not depend much on the diffusion-related signal decay. This directional information derived from the perfusion tensor can be visualized. For this purpose software algorithms which are used in the prior art for diffusion visualization can be reused due to the same mathematics governing the visualization of diffusion and perfusion tensors.  
         [0010]     In accordance with a further preferred embodiment of the invention, two additional magnetic resonance data acquisitions are performed for higher b sensitivity values. For example one additional magnetic resonance data acquisition is performed for an intermediate b sensitivity value of around 200 and a further magnetic resonance data acquisition is performed at a high b sensitivity value of around 800.  
         [0011]     For such high b sensitivity values the decay signal is mostly governed by its diffusion signal component, see e.g. [Petra Mürtz, et al. Abdomen: Diffusion-weighted MR Imaging with Pulse-triggered Single-Shot Sequences, 258-264, Radiology July 2002]. Especially in the abdomen, the diffusion is isotropic, as demonstrated in the cited reference. Thus, the diffusion coefficient can be obtained from just two higher b-values measurements. For brain imaging it is preferred to perform at least six data acquisitions with gradient encodings for random motion in different directions as diffusion is anisotropic in this case.  
         [0012]     Mathematical analysis also provides the blood fraction value. This fraction is known to be isotropic for each measured signal, thus constraining the analysis. Based on the diffusion coefficient and the blood fraction value the diffusion component of the decay signal can be estimated. By subtracting the diffusion signal component from the measurement signal the perfusion signal component is obtained. The perfusion coefficient is obtained from the perfusion signal component by determining the signal slope of the perfusion signal component, thereto the b=0 and low b-value measurements are analyzed.  
         [0013]     In accordance with a further preferred embodiment of the invention only one additional magnetic resonance data acquisition is performed for a high b sensitivity value, leaving out the intermediary measurement. In this case one of the magnetic resonance data acquisitions which have been performed for the low b sensitivity values having the highest signal value is selected as a replacement for the intermediate measurement.  
         [0014]     It is to be noted that for the intermediate and high b data acquisitions no gradient encodings in different directions are necessary as diffusion is isotropic for such high b values.  
         [0015]     It is a particular advantage of the present invention that due to the limited number of data acquisitions, all of the required data acquisitions can be performed for a couple of slices through the body (typically 5-10) within a single breath hold, for example in less than 16 seconds. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0016]     In the following preferred embodiments of the invention will be described in greater detail by making reference to the drawings in which:  
         [0017]      FIG. 1  is illustrative of a logarithmic diagram showing magnetic resonance imaging signals which form the basis for perfusion tensor determination and imaging,  
         [0018]      FIG. 2  is illustrative of a flow chart for determining the perfusion tensor based on the signals shown in  FIG. 1 ,  
         [0019]      FIG. 3  is an enlarged view of the decay curves of  FIG. 1  and is illustrative of a further preferred embodiment of the invention.  
         [0020]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram of an imaging system. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0021]     The general idea of intra-voxel incoherent motion imaging (IVIM) is that the observed MR signal decay has a bi-exponential behaviour as function of the diffusion weighting factor b, i.e. 
 
 S/S   0   =A 1*exp(− b*P )+ A 2*exp(− b*D ),  (1) 
 
 where P is the perfusion constant (in mm 2 /sec, typically 0.05-0.08), and D the diffusion constant (in mm 2 /sec, typically 0.002). 
 
         [0022]     It can readily be appreciated that (for b=0) A 1 +A 2 =1. Thus, recognizing that the signal related to perfusion can be attributed to (randomly) flowing material in the voxel, A 1  has been designated to represent f, the fraction of flowing material (i.e. blood) in the voxel. Hence f denotes the blood fraction and A 2 =1−f, which in other words means that the non-flowing part of the signal contributes to the diffusion signal. The fraction f, being representative of the blood content, is an isotropic quantity for each voxel. This knowledge is used to constrain the data analysis in the rest of this section.  
         [0000]     This leads to 
 
 S/S   0   =f *exp(− bP )+(1 −f )*exp(− bD ).  (2) 
 
 The first term of equation 2 will be referred to as the perfusion signal component and the second term in equation 2 will be referred to as the diffusion signal component. The perfusion signal component is decaying much more rapidly than the diffusion signal component and thus primarily determines the slope of the signal for low b values. 
 
         [0023]     The perfusion is described by a perfusion tensor, which has the same structure as the diffusion tensor, i.e. the perfusion tensor is of second rank and symmetric.  
         [0024]     The perfusion tensor can be determined on the basis of the bi-exponential signal of equation 2, using the signal decays for low b values whereby the diffusion signal component is neglected. This is illustrated by means of  FIG. 1 .  
         [0000]      FIG. 1  shows signal decay curves  100 ,  102  and  104  as a function of b. Magnetic resonance image acquisition is performed for b=0 (point A) as well as for lower b-values (points B 1 , B 2 , . . . B 6 ). A good choice for the low b-value is around 10.  
         [0025]     As it can be seen from the signal decay curves of  FIG. 1  the curves are approximately linear for low b values.  
         [0026]     For the purpose of determining the perfusion tensor the magnetic resonance data acquisition for point A is performed without gradient encoding and for the points B 1 , B 2 , . . . B 6  at six different gradient directions, respectively. The slopes m 1 , m 2 , . . . m 6  of the signal decay curves for low b-values are determined as illustrated in  FIG. 1  by linear approximation.  
         [0027]     By means of the six slope values the perfusion tensor can be calculated by means of the same mathematics as used for diffusion tensor calculation (c.f. for example M. T. Vlaadringerbroek and J. A. den Boer. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1999, in particular section 7.7).  
         [0028]      FIG. 2  is illustrative of the corresponding flow chart. In step  200  a magnetic resonance data acquisition is performed for point A (c.f.  FIG. 1 ) with b=0 without gradient encoding. In step  202  magnetic resonance data acquisition is performed for B i  for a low b value with gradient encoding into a first direction. In step  204  the i is incremented and step  202  is performed again for the next gradient encoding direction. Step  202  is repeated at least 6 times for magnetic resonance data acquisitions into at least six different gradient encoding directions.  
         [0029]     In step  206  the slope values m i  are obtained from the measurements points A and B 1 , B 2 , . . . B 6  by linear approximation, i.e. from the slopes of the straight lines connecting A to B 1 , A to B 2  . . . A to B 6 . These slope values provide full mapping of the perfusion tensor and are input into the perfusion tensor calculation routine of step  208 .  
         [0030]     For increased precision the diffusion signal component of equation (2) is also taken into consideration for the perfusion tensor determination. One way of accomplishing this is illustrated by making reference to  FIG. 3 .  
         [0031]      FIG. 3  shows the signal decay curves  100  and  102  of  FIG. 1  for higher b-values. As apparent from  FIG. 3  the signal decay curves become approximately a straight line for higher b values.  
         [0032]     For determination of the diffusion coefficient D two magnetic resonance data acquisitions are performed for b values within the linear portion of the signal decay curves. For example this can be done for b=200 (point X) and for b=800 (point Y).  
         [0033]     The slope of the straight line between points X and Y is the diffusion coefficient D. The extrapolation of the straight line between X and Y to b=0 provides 1−f as illustrated in  FIG. 3 . This way the diffusion signal component of equation (2) is obtained. It is to be noted that the extrapolation by means of the straight line is performed for convenience of explanation; in a practical application it is preferred to perform the analysis of the bi-exponential decay using well known mathematical routines such as available from the LAPACK mathematical library.  
         [0034]     The perfusion signal component is analysed by subtracting the estimated diffusion signal component, i.e. S est =(1−f)*exp(−bD), from the measured value S. For the b=0 value of the curve this provides a value S 0 *f, denoted as S 0 ′. For any signal related to non-zero b-values, a value S′ is derived. A new curve can now be drawn to show ln(S 0 ′/S′). The slope of this curve provides P.  
         [0035]     In other words, by subtracting the estimated diffusion signal component, the perfusion signal component is isolated from the measured data values; as f is also known the perfusion coefficient P can be obtained this way.  
         [0036]     For example, this enables a pre-processing of the signal decay curves  100 ,  102 ,  104 , . . . of  FIG. 1  by subtracting the diffusion signal component before the determination of the slopes m i .  
         [0037]     Alternatively the perfusion coefficient P is calculated as explained above for every diffusion-sensitisation gradient direction. The resulting set of at least six perfusion coefficients is used to calculate the perfusion tensor map. Specifically, the perfusion tensor&#39;s eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and rotationally invariant quantities like the trace or the fractional anisotropy are derived and visualized. Also, voxels with substantially co-linear main eigenvectors can be connected (starting from a user defined seed position), and the connecting line can be displayed (tractography).  
         [0038]     In order to avoid the measurement for point X at the intermediate b value it is also possible to use the highest value of the B 1 , B 2 , . . . B 6  measurements for low b values as an approximation. In the example considered here the highest value is B (cf.  FIG. 1 ). In order to obtain an approximation for D and 1−f, a straight line between Y and B 1  can be used instead of a straight line between X and Y.  
         [0039]     One of the advantages of keeping the number of high b-value acquisitions at a minimum is that each acquisition prolongs the breath hold duration by typically 1 to 3 seconds. Completely avoiding higher b-value acquisitions enables the use of short echo times, because such high b-value acquisitions require much gradient area, thus having a relatively long echo time (typically 60-90 ms, whereas T 2  relaxation in the abdomen is only 100 ms). The long echo time relative to T 2  relaxation significantly lowers the SNR of the measurements. Using only small b values (&lt;50) significantly reduces the required gradient area, and thus enables lower echo times (typically 20-30 ms). This significantly improves the SNR.  
         [0040]      FIG. 4  shows a block diagram of perfusion imaging system  400 . Perfusion imaging system  400  has magnetic resonance data acquisition device  402  which provides magnetic resonance data to computer system  404 . For example, the magnetic resonance data acquisition is performed by means of a sequence of single-shot echo-planner MR imaging sequences.  
         [0041]     These sequences are determined by control program  406  which controls MR data acquisition device  402  accordingly. The acquired MR data is stored in storage  408 . Program  410  analyses the acquired MR data which are stored in storage  408  in accordance with the principles as explained above with reference to FIGS.  1  to  3 . This way a perfusion tensor is obtained which is stored in storage  412 . The perfusion tensors stored in storage  412  are processed by imaging program  414  which generates a perfusion tensor image which is stored in frame buffer  416  for display on display unit  418  connected to computer system  404 .  
       REFERENCE NUMERALS  
       [0000]    
       
           100  signal decay curve  
           102  signal decay curve  
           104  signal decay curve  
           400  performance imaging system  
           402  MR data acquisition device  
           404  computer system  
           406  control program  
           408  storage  
           410  program  
           412  storage  
           414  imaging program  
           416  frame buffer  
           418  display unit