Abstract:
The present invention is directed to a fatty amide (meth)acrylate monomer, methods of making the monomer, and latex polymers comprising the fatty amide (meth)acrylate monomer. The monomers are derived by reacting unsaturated vegetable oils with ethanolamine or substituted ethanolamine. The vegetable oil derivative is then reacted with either (meth)acryloyl chloride or (meth)acrylic acid to form a fatty amide (meth)acrylate monomer or the product of the reaction of hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate reacted with isophorone diisocyanate to form a urethane fatty amide (meth)acrylate monomer. The increased hydrophilicity of the fatty amide (meth)acrylate monomer facilitates the diffusion through the aqueous phase. The monomer synthesis is designed to be glycerol ester-free to increase long term stability for monomers and polymers.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/699,693, filed Jan. 30, 2007 now abandoned, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     The present invention is directed to vegetable oil derivatives. More particularly, the present invention is directed to functionalized vegetable oil derivative macromonomers that can be used in latexes and coatings. 
     A key problem encountered by coatings manufacturers is the development of coating formulations with low volatile organic compound (VOC) content. For instance, emulsion polymers are currently formulated with coalescing aids or plasticizers in order to form films at and below ambient conditions yet dry to films of sufficient glass transition temperature (T g ) to perform adequately at and above room temperature. However, the coalescing aids evaporate upon application and constitute VOCs. In general, the ability of emulsion polymers to form or coalesce into a smooth film is governed by the minimum film temperature (MFT) of the polymer in question. Low MFT polymers are required in order to exhibit coalescence, flow, and surface wetting properties. However, if the polymer remains soft and tacky, the coatings are not usable. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a technology in which coating formulations contain suitable ingredients to provide an initial low MFT, which, upon application, form non-tacky, durable, hard, and water resistant surfaces having a T g  significantly above their MFT. 
     Various coating compositions which cure under ambient conditions are known in the prior art. A few such examples involve curing by a chemical reaction such as epoxide-carboxylic acid reaction, isocyanate-moisture reaction, polyaziridine-carboxylic acid reaction, and activated methylene-unsaturated acrylic reaction. 
     Recently, a number of new latex or emulsion compositions derived from semi-drying and/or non-drying oils have been developed for use in coatings, adhesives and inks. Such compositions are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,001,913; 6,174,948; and 6,203,720 each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The inherent hydrophobicity of vegetable oil macromonomers (VOMMs) limits their ability to migrate through the aqueous phase during emulsion polymerization and results in less than random copolymerizability. The VOMMs are likely to remain in the monomer droplets unlike the smaller less hydrophobic comonomers that diffuse through the aqueous phase and randomly polymerize within particles. Eventually, the unpolymerized VOMM droplets coalesce and form a separate phase as they are incompatible with the water and latex particles. It would therefore be an advancement to develop VOMMs with more hydrophilicity to facilitate/promote VOMM diffusion through the aqueous phase. Moreover, long-term storage stability of monomers and polymers is decreased when monomers are synthesized with glycerol esters as esters are susceptible to hydrolysis. It would thus be an additional benefit to synthesize the monomers in the absence of glycerol ester groups to increase long term stability for monomers and polymers. 
     The search for additional compositions that can be used in latexes and coatings is continuing. Accordingly, it would be an advancement in the art to provide glycerol ester-free compositions made from renewable resources that are suitable for use in latexes and coatings. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to functionalized vegetable oil derivatives which are useful in latexes and coatings. In one embodiment, an ethylenically unsaturated vegetable oil is reacted with ethanolamine or substituted ethanolamines to form the hydroxy functional fatty amide. The modified vegetable oil is then reacted with (meth)acryloyl chloride, or the corresponding (meth)acrylic acid to form a fatty amide (meth)acrylate monomer. In another embodiment, the modified vegetable oil can be reacted with the product of the reaction of hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate reacted with isophorone diisocyanate to form a urethane fatty amide (meth)acrylate monomer. The functionalized vegetable oil derivatives can be formulated into latexes and other coating compositions. 
     The present invention provides vegetable oil derivatives that are more hydrophilic than vegetable oils and are designed specifically for efficient random emulsion copolymerization. Specifically, the present invention provides glycerol ester-free fatty amide (meth)acrylate monomers. 
     The present invention is directed to a fatty amide (meth)acrylate monomer of the formula: 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     wherein R═CH 3 , H or CH 2 CH 2 OH 
     R′ ═saturated or unsaturated straight chain alkyl group of a fatty acid of vegetable oil; 
     R″ ═CH 3  or H; and 
     U═CH 2 CH 2  or 
                                
The fatty acid is derived from vegetable oils such as linseed oil, soybean oil, coconut oil, safflower oil, and tung oil. Preferably, the fatty acid is oleic, linoleic, linolenic, caprylic, capric, lauric, palmitic, stearic or eleostearic acid. The present invention is also directed to a latex polymer comprising the polymerization product of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer suitable for forming a latex composition and the modified fatty amide monomer. The present invention also provides a method of making a modified fatty amide monomer comprising the reaction product of a vegetable oil and ethanolamine or substituted ethanolamine; and a (meth)acrylate selected from the group comprising: (meth)acryloyl chloride, (meth)acrylic acid, and the product of hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate reacted in equimolar proportion with isophorone diisocyanate.
 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention is directed to a series of vegetable oil macromonomers and their use in latexes and coatings. The invention is also directed to the method of producing these macromonomers. The monomers are derived by reacting unsaturated vegetable oils with ethanolamine or substituted ethanolamine. The vegetable oil derivative is then reacted with either (meth)acryloyl chloride or (meth)acrylic acid to form a fatty amide (meth)acrylate monomer or the product of the reaction of hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate reacted with isophorone diisocyanate to form a urethane fatty amide (meth)acrylate monomer. 
     In a preferred embodiment, a vegetable oil such as soybean oil, coconut oil, or linseed oil is reacted with ethanolamine (or substituted ethanolamine) followed by reaction with (meth)acryloyl chloride or (meth)acrylic acid to form the fatty amide (meth)acrylate monomer. Examples of substituted ethanolamines include N-methyl ethanolamine, N-oleoylethanolamine, N-ethylethanolamime, N-propylethanolamine, N-butylethanolamine, N-tert-butylethanolamine, N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)ethanolamine, N-(allyloxycarbonyl)ethanolamine, benzyl N-(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate, ethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-carbamate, and diethanolamine. The reaction mechanism is schematically shown in Reaction 1. 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Any vegetable oil can be used in the present invention. However, linseed oil, soybean oil and coconut oil are preferred. 
     Various compounds can be used to modify the fatty amide. Examples include but are not limited to (meth)acryloyl chloride and (meth)acrylic acid. 
     In another preferred embodiment, urethane fatty amide monomers are synthesized. First, hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate is reacted with isophorone diisocyanate. In a preferred embodiment, the hydroxyl (meth)acrylate is reacted in equimolar proportion with isophorone diisocyanate. In a separate reaction, a vegetable oil, for example, soybean oil, coconut oil, or linseed oil is reacted with ethanolamine (or substituted ethanolamine) to form the hydroxyl functional fatty amide. The products of the two reactions were reacted to form the urethane fatty amide (meth)acrylate monomer schematically shown in Reaction 2. 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The macromonomers of the present invention can be used to make latexes and coatings compositions. The monomers described in this patent application can be polymerized in a single or multi-stage emulsion polymerization process to include macroemulsion, miniemulsion, microemulsion and processing can be batch, semi-batch or continuous. Although it is possible to use this monomer in a staged emulsion polymerization, as disclosed in published U.S. Application 2003/0045609, the teachings of which are hereby incorporated by reference, it is not a requirement for efficient polymerization. A latex polymer can be formed from the polymerization product of the fatty amide (meth)acrylate monomer and an ethylenically unsaturated monomer suitable for forming a latex composition. Suitable ethylenically unsaturated monomers include vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, vinyl ester of a saturated tertiary branched carboxylic acid, acrylonitrile, acrylamide, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, glycidyl acrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, p-acetoxystyrene, and styrene. 
     The invention is further understood by reference to the following examples which describe the formation of various macromonomers as well as the formulation of latexes and coatings. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     SoyA-1 
     A three-neck, 1000 mL round bottom flask was purged with nitrogen once equipped with mechanical stirrer, thermometer, condenser and was charged with 500 g soybean oil. Nitrogen was bubbled through the oil overnight to deoxygenate the oil. The flask was placed in an oil bath at 80° C., and 50 g of a sodium methoxide methanol solution (25% in methanol) was added to the flask. The reaction mixture was equilibrated to 80° C., and 125.46 g of N-methyl ethanolamine was added to the flask. An exotherm of approximately 10° C. was noted. The reaction was maintained and the reaction progress was monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Complete conversion via FTIR was observed after 4 hours. The reactor was cooled to ambient conditions and diluted with 100 g of methylene chloride. The contents were washed three times with 500 mL of brine (5% sodium chloride). The aqueous phase was discarded and the organic phase was dried with magnesium sulfate. Methylene chloride was removed under reduced pressure, and the product (SoyA-1) was characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. 
     Example 2 
     SoyA-2 
     A three-neck, 1000 mL round bottom flask was purged with nitrogen once equipped with mechanical stirrer, thermometer, condenser and was charged with 500 g soybean oil. Nitrogen was bubbled into the mixture overnight to deoxygenate the oil. The flask was placed in an oil bath at 80° C., and 50 g of a sodium methoxide methanol solution (25% in methanol) was added to the flask. The reaction mixture was equilibrated to 80° C., and 186.05 g of ethanolamine was added to the flask. An exotherm of approximately 10° C. was noted. The reaction was maintained and the reaction progress was monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Complete conversion via FTIR was observed after 4 hours. The reactor was cooled to ambient conditions and diluted with 100 g of methylene chloride. The contents were washed three times with 500 mL of brine (5% sodium chloride). The aqueous phase was discarded and the organic phase was dried with magnesium sulfate. Methylene chloride was removed under reduced pressure, and the product (SoyA-2) was characterized by GPC, HPLC, and NMR spectroscopy. 
     Example 3 
     SoyAA-1 
     A three-neck, 1000 mL round bottom flask equipped with thermometer, mechanical stirrer, and addition funnel was charged with 250.00 g of SoyA-1, 100.00 mL of methylene chloride, and 74.94 g of triethylamine. The flask was placed in an ice bath and equilibrated to 0° C. 70.00 g of acryloyl chloride was charged to the addition funnel, and added dropwise into the flask over 4 hours. The flask was allowed to equilibrate to ambient conditions overnight. The contents were washed 5 times with 500 mL of brine (5% sodium chloride) to remove unreacted acryloyl chloride, triethylamine, and hydrochloric acid. The aqueous phase was discarded and the organic phase was dried with magnesium sulfate. Methylene chloride was removed under reduced pressure, and the product (SoyAA-1) was characterized by GPC, HPLC, and NMR spectroscopy. 
     Example 4 
     SoyAA-2 
     A three-neck, 1000 mL round bottom flask equipped with thermometer, mechanical stirrer, and addition funnel was charged with 250.00 g of SoyA-2, 100.00 mL of methylene chloride, and 78.19 g triethylamine. The flask was placed in an ice bath and equilibrated to 0° C. 70.00 g of acryloyl chloride was charged to the addition funnel, and added dropwise into the flask over 4 hours. The flask was allowed to equilibrate to ambient conditions overnight. The reactor contents were washed 5 times with 500 mL of brine (5% sodium chloride) to remove unreacted acryloyl chloride, triethylamine, and hydrochloric acid. The aqueous phase was discarded and the organic phase was dried with magnesium sulfate. Methylene chloride was removed under reduced pressure, and the product (SoyAA-2) was characterized by GPC, HPLC, and NMR spectroscopy. 
     Example 5 
     CocoA-1 
     A three-neck, 1000 mL round bottom flask was purged with nitrogen after being equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermometer, condenser and was charged with 500 g coconut oil. Nitrogen was bubbled through the oil overnight to deoxygenate the oil. The flask was placed in an oil bath at 80° C., and 50 g of a sodium methoxide methanol solution (25% in methanol) was added to the flask. The reaction mixture was equilibrated to 80° C., and 125.46 g of N-methyl ethanolamine was added to the flask. An exotherm was noted. The reaction was maintained at 80° C. and the reaction progress was monitored by FTIR. Complete conversion was observed after 4 hours. The reactor was then cooled to ambient conditions and 100 g of methylene chloride was added to the flask. The contents were washed three times with 500 mL of brine (5% sodium chloride). The aqueous phase was discarded and the organic phase was dried with magnesium sulfate. Methylene chloride was removed under reduced pressure, and the product (CocoA-1) was characterized by GPC, HPLC, and NMR spectroscopy. 
     Example 6 
     CocoAA-1 
     A three-neck, 1000 mL round bottom flask equipped with thermometer, mechanical stirrer, and addition funnel was charged with 401.62 g of CocoA-1, 100.00 mL of methylene chloride, and 120.40 g of triethylamine. The flask was placed in an ice bath and equilibrated to 0° C. 107.69 g of acryloyl chloride was charged to the addition funnel, and added dropwise into the flask over 4 hours. The flask was allowed to equilibrate to ambient conditions overnight. The contents were washed 5 times with 500 mL of brine (5% sodium chloride) to remove unreacted acryloyl chloride, triethylamine, and hydrochloric acid. The aqueous phase was discarded and the organic phase was dried with magnesium sulfate. Methylene chloride was removed under reduced pressure, and the product (CocoAA-1) was characterized by GPC, HPLC, and NMR spectroscopy. 
     Example 7 
     SoyUA-1 
     A three-neck, 500 mL round bottom flask equipped with thermometer, mechanical stirrer, and addition funnel was charged with 64.44 g isophorone diisocyanate and 0.02 g dibutyl tin dilaurate. 33.64 g hydroxylethyl acrylate was charged to the addition funnel and added dropwise to the flask over 4 hours. Next, the addition funnel was charged with 100.00 g SoyA-1, and added to the flask over 1 hour. The reaction progress was monitored by FTIR, and deemed complete when residual isocyanate could not be identified in the FTIR spectra. The product (SoyUA-1) was characterized by GPC, HPLC, and NMR spectroscopy. 
     Example 8 
     LinA-1 
     A three-neck, 1000 mL round bottom flask purged with nitrogen was equipped with mechanical stirrer, thermometer, condenser and was charged with 250 g coconut oil. Nitrogen was bubbled through the oil overnight to deoxygenate the oil. The flask was placed in an oil bath at 80° C., and 25 g of a sodium methoxide methanol solution (25% in methanol) was added to the flask. The reaction mixture was equilibrated to 80° C., and 63.78 g of N-methyl ethanolamine was added to the flask. An exotherm was noted. The reaction was maintained at 80° C. and the reaction progress was monitored by FTIR. Complete conversion was observed after 4 hours. The reactor was cooled to ambient conditions and 100 g of methylene chloride was added to the flask. The contents were washed three times with 500 mL of brine (5% sodium chloride). The aqueous phase was discarded and the organic phase was dried with magnesium sulfate. Methylene chloride was removed under reduced pressure, and the product (LinA-1) was characterized by GPC, HPLC, and NMR spectroscopy. 
     Example 9 
     LinAA-1 
     A three-neck, 500 mL round bottom flask equipped with thermometer, mechanical stirrer, and addition funnel was charged with 200.00 g of LinA-1, 100.00 mL of methylene chloride, and 60.00 g of triethylamine. The flask was placed in an ice bath and equilibrated to 0° C. 60.00 g of acryloyl chloride was charged to the addition funnel, and added dropwise into the flask over 2 hours. The flask was allowed to equilibrate to ambient conditions overnight. The contents were washed 5 times with 500 mL of brine (5% sodium chloride) to remove unreacted acryloyl chloride, triethylamine, and hydrochloric acid. The aqueous phase was discarded and the organic phase was dried with magnesium sulfate. Methylene chloride was removed under reduced pressure, and the product (LinAA-1) was characterized by GPC, HPLC, and NMR spectroscopy. 
     Example 10 
     SoyMA-1 
     A three-neck, 1000 mL round bottom flask equipped with thermometer, mechanical stirrer, and addition funnel was charged with 200.00 g of SoyA-1, 100.00 mL of methylene chloride, and 55.06 g of triethylamine. The flask was placed in an ice bath and equilibrated to 0° C. 49.25 g of methacryloyl chloride was charged to the addition funnel, and added dropwise into the flask over 2 hours. The flask was allowed to equilibrate to ambient conditions overnight. The reactor contents were washed 5 times with 500 mL of brine (5% sodium chloride) to remove unreacted acryloyl chloride, triethylamine, and hydrochloric acid. The aqueous phase was discarded and the organic phase was dried with magnesium sulfate. Methylene chloride was removed under reduced pressure, and the product (SoyMA-1) was characterized by GPC, HPLC, and NMR spectroscopy. 
     Example 11 
     SoyAA-1 Esterification Via Acrylic Acid 
     A 500 mL round bottom flask was charged with 100.0 g SoyA-1, 21.5 g acrylic acid, and 100.0 g toluene. The mixture was heated to 100° C. and 2.5 g methane sulfonic acid was added. The reaction was continued until no further water was released. The toluene was removed under reduced pressure to yield SoyAA-1 and characterized by GPC, HPLC, and NMR spectroscopy. 
     Example 12 
     LinUA-1 
     A three-neck, 1000 mL round bottom flask equipped with thermometer, mechanical stirrer, and addition funnel was charged with 111.11 g isophorone diisocyanate, 60.0 g hexane, 0.17 g phenothiazine (PTZ), 0.17 g methyl hydroquinone (MeHQ) and 0.02 g dibutyl tin dilaurate. 58.00 g hydroxylethyl acrylate was charged to the addition fiumnel and added dropwise to the flask over 2 hours. The temperature was raised to 65° C. and 168.78 g of LinA-1 was added to the flask through the addition funnel over 1 hour. The reaction progress was monitored by FTIR, and deemed complete when residual isocyanate could not be identified in the FTIR spectra. The hexane was removed under reduced pressure, and the product (LinUA-1) was characterized by GPC, HPLC, and NMR spectroscopy. 
     Example 13 
     Soy-TungA-1 
     A three-neck, 1000 mL round bottom flask was purged with nitrogen while equipped with mechanical stirrer, thermometer, condenser and was charged with 150.00 g of soybean oil and 150.00 g of tung oil. Nitrogen was bubbled through the oil overnight to deoxygenate the oil. The flask was placed in an oil bath at 80° C., and 24 g of a sodium methoxide methanol solution (25% in methanol) was added to the flask. The reaction mixture was equilibrated to 80° C., and 125.46 g of N-methyl ethanolamine was added to the flask. An exotherm of approximately 10° C. was noted. The reaction was maintained at 80° C. and the progress was monitored by FTIR. Complete conversion was observed after 4 hours. The reactor was then cooled to ambient conditions and 100 g of methylene chloride was added to the flask. The contents were washed three times with 500 mL of brine (5% sodium chloride). The aqueous phase was discarded and the organic phase was dried with magnesium sulfate. Methylene chloride was removed under reduced pressure, and the product (Soy-TungA-1) was characterized by GPC, HPLC, and NMR spectroscopy. 
     Example 14 
     Soy-TungAA-1 
     A three-neck, 500 mL round bottom flask equipped with thermometer, mechanical stirrer, and addition funnel was charged with 250.00 g of Soy-TungA-1, 100.00 mL of methylene chloride, and 74.94 g of triethylamine. The flask was placed in an ice bath and equilibrated to 0° C. 67.03 g of acryloyl chloride was charged to the addition funnel, and added dropwise into the flask over 2 hours. The flask was allowed to equilibrate to ambient conditions overnight. The reactor contents were washed 5 times with 500 mL of brine (5% sodium chloride) to remove unreacted acryloyl chloride, triethylamine, and hydrochloric acid. The aqueous phase was discarded and the organic phase was dried with magnesium sulfate. Methylene chloride was removed under reduced pressure, and the product (SoyTung AA-1) was characterized by GPC, HPLC, and NMR spectroscopy. 
     Example 15 
     Control Latex 
     A 1 L kettle was charged with 130.00 g of deionized (DI) water and 1.21 g of Rhodapex® CO-436, purged with nitrogen for 15 minutes, and stirred while heating to 70° C. The seed was prepared by preemulsifying a mixture of DI water (8.80 g), Rhodapex CO-436 (0.55 g), Igepal® CO-887 (0.20 g), butyl acrylate (8.20 g), methyl methacrylate (6.30 g), and methacrylic acid (0.10 g) at 1,800 rpm for 20 minutes, and was transferred to the kettle. Ammonium persulfate (2.80 g) was dissolved in 30.00 g of DI water and 3.3 mL of this solution was added to the kettle. Meanwhile, a monomer feed was prepared by preemulsifying a mixture of DI water (160.00 g), sodium bicarbonate (1.65 g), Rhodapex CO-436 (6.00 g), Igepal CO-887 (5.00 g), butyl acrylate (150.00 g), methyl methacrylate (170.00 g), and methacrylic acid (6.00 g) at 1,800 rpm for 20 minutes. The monomer feed was added to the kettle over 2 hours while the remaining initiator solution was added over a period of 2.25 hours. After complete addition, the reaction was allowed to continue at 70° C. for 4 hours. Two chaser solutions were prepared—one by dissolving t-butyl hydroperoxide (0.36 g) in 10.00 g of DI water and the other by dissolving sodium bisulfite (0.35 g) in 10.00 g of DI water. Both chaser solutions were fed to the kettle over a period of 1 hour, and the emulsion was allowed to cool to ambient temperature and discharged. 
     Example 16 
     SoyAA-1 Latex 
     A 1 L kettle was charged with 130.00 g of DI water and 1.21 g of Rhodapex CO-436, purged with nitrogen for 15 minutes, and stirred while heating to 70° C. The seed was prepared by preemulsifying a mixture of DI water (8.80 g), Rhodapex CO-436 (0.55 g), Igepal CO-887 (0.20 g), butyl acrylate (8.20 g), methyl methacrylate (6.30 g), and methacrylic acid (0.10 g) at 1,800 rpm for 20 minutes, and was transferred to the kettle. Ammonium persulfate (2.80 g) was dissolved in 30.00 g of DI water and 3.3 mL of this solution was added to the kettle. Meanwhile, a monomer feed was prepared by preemulsifying a mixture of DI water (160.00 g), sodium bicarbonate (1.65 g), Rhodapex CO-436 (6.00 g), Igepal CO-887 (5.00 g), butyl acrylate (85.00 g), methyl methacrylate (170.00 g), SoyAA-1 (65.00 g), and methacrylic acid (6.00 g) at 1,800 rpm for 20 minutes. The monomer feed was added to the kettle over 2 hours while the remaining initiator solution was added over a period of 2.25 hours. After complete addition, the reaction was allowed to continue at 70° C. for 4 hours. Two chaser solutions were prepared—one by dissolving t-butyl hydroperoxide (0.36 g) in 10.00 g of DI water and the other by dissolving sodium bisulfite (0.35 g) in 10.00 g of DI water. Both chaser solutions were fed to the kettle over a period of 1 hour, and the emulsion was allowed to cool to ambient temperature and discharged. 
     Example 17 
     Semi-Gloss Coatings 
     The latexes described in Examples 15 and 16 were formulated into semi-gloss coatings as per the formulation shown in Table 2. 
                                                 TABLE 2                   Semi-gloss Coating                Ingredient   Weight (g)                            Grind               Water   225.00           Natrosol Plus ® 330   2.00           Potassium carbonate   1.00           Tamol ® 731A   10.00           Triton ® CF-10   2.00           Kathon LX ® 1.5%   1.50           Ti-Pure ® 706   240.00           Polygloss ® 90   20.00           Attagel ® 50   4.00           Letdown           Water   60.00           Drewplus ® L-475   3.00           Drewthix ® 864   2.00           Aquaflow NHS ® 300   12.00           Latex   500.00                        
The coatings were evaluated for their performance properties and the results are listed in Table 3.
 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Coating Properties 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Property 
                 Control Coating 
                 SoyAA-1 Coating 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ICI viscosity, Poises 
                 0.51 
                 0.55 
               
               
                   
                 Stormer viscosity, KU 
                 109 
                 106 
               
               
                   
                 Scrub resistance 
                 362 
                 569 
               
               
                   
                 (1 week) 
               
               
                   
                 Adhesion (1 week) 
                 2B 
                 3.5B 
               
               
                   
                 Gloss (60°) 
                 27.3 
                 20.9 
               
               
                   
                 Wet adhesion (1 week) 
                 &gt;1200 
                 &gt;1200 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 18 
     SoyAA-1 Latex with Diacetone Acrylamide 
     A 500 mL kettle was charged with 110.00 g of DI water and 0.80 g of Rhodapex CO-436, purged with nitrogen for 15 minutes, and stirred while heating to 70° C. The seed was prepared by preemulsifying a mixture of DI water (6.00 g), Rhodapex CO-436 (0.37 g), Igepal CO-887 (0.13 g), butyl acrylate (5.50 g), methyl methacrylate (4.20 g), and methacrylic acid (0.07 g) at 1,800 rpm for 20 minutes, and was transferred to the kettle. Ammonium persulfate (2.80 g) was dissolved in 30.00 g of DI water and 3.3 mL of this solution was added to the kettle. Meanwhile, the monomer feed was prepared by preemulsifying a mixture of DI water (107.00 g), sodium bicarbonate (1.10 g), Rhodapex CO-436 (4.00 g), Igepal CO-887 (3.33 g), butyl acrylate (74.70 g), methyl methacrylate (82.70 g), styrene (20.00 g), methacrylic acid (4.00 g), diacetone acrylamide (3.08 g), and SoyAA-1 (36.00 g) at 1,800 rpm for 20 minutes. The monomer feed was added to the kettle over 2 hours while the remaining initiator solution was added over a period of 2.25 hours. After complete addition, the reaction was allowed to continue at 70° C. for 4 hours. Two chaser solutions were prepared—one by dissolving t-butyl hydroperoxide (0.36 g) in 10.00 g of DI water and the other by dissolving sodium bisulfite (0.35 g) in 10.00 g of DI water. Both chaser solutions were fed to the kettle over a period of 1 hour. The emulsion was allowed to cool to ambient temperature and the pH was adjusted to 9 by adding ammonia followed by adipic dihydrazide solution (4.6 g in 11.00 g of DI water). 
     Example 19 
     LinAA-1 Latex with Diacetone Acrylamide 
     A 500 mL kettle was charged with 110.00 g of DI water and 0.80 g of Rhodapex CO-436, purged with nitrogen for 15 minutes, and stirred while heating to 70° C. The seed was prepared by preemulsifying a mixture of DI water (6.00 g), Rhodapex CO-436 (0.37 g), Igepal CO-887 (0.13 g), butyl acrylate (5.50 g), methyl methacrylate (4.20 g), and methacrylic acid (0.07 g) at 1,800 rpm for 20 minutes, and was transferred to the kettle. Ammonium persulfate (2.80 g) was dissolved in 30.00 g of DI water and 3.3 mL of this solution was added to the kettle. Meanwhile, the monomer feed was prepared by preemulsifying a mixture of DI water (107.00 g), sodium bicarbonate (1.10 g), Rhodapex CO-436 (4.00 g), Igepal CO-887 (3.33 g), butyl acrylate (74.70 g), methyl methacrylate (82.70 g), styrene (20.00 g), methacrylic acid (4.00 g), diacetone acrylamide (3.08 g), and LinAA-1 (36.00 g) at 1,800 rpm for 20 minutes. The monomer feed was added to the kettle over 2 hours while the remaining initiator solution was added over a period of 2.25 hours. After complete addition, the reaction was allowed to continue at 70° C. for 4 hours. Two chaser solutions were prepared—one by dissolving t-butyl hydroperoxide (0.36 g) in 10.00 g of DI water and the other by dissolving sodium bisulfite (0.35 g) in 10.00 g of DI water. Both chaser solutions were fed to the kettle over a period of 1 hour. The emulsion was allowed to cool to ambient temperature and the pH was adjusted to 9 by adding ammonia followed by adipic dihydrazide solution (4.6 g in 11.00 g of DI water). 
     REFERENCES 
     
         
         Thames, Shelby F.; Smith, Oliver W.; Evans, James M.; Dutta, Sandipan; Chen, Lianzhou. (University of Southern Mississippi, USA). Functionalized vegetable oil derivatives used in latex and coating compositions and their preparation. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. (2005), 10 pp. CODEN: USXXCO US 2005203246 A1 20050915 Patent written in English. Application: US 2004-800410 20040312. Priority. CAN 143:307794 AN2005:1004384 CAPLUS 
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