Abstract:
Methods for Implementation of a Switching Function in a Microscale Device and for Fabrication of a Microscale Switch. According to one embodiment, a method is provided for implementing a switching function in a microscale device. The method can include providing a stationary electrode and a stationary contact formed on a substrate. Further, a movable microcomponent suspended above the substrate can be provided. A voltage can be applied between the between a movable electrode of the microcomponent and the stationary electrode to electrostatically couple the movable electrode with the stationary electrode, whereby the movable component is deflected toward the substrate and a movable contact moves into contact with the stationary contact to permit an electrical signal to pass through the movable and stationary contacts. A current can be applied through the first electrothermal component to produce heating for generating force for moving the microcomponent.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a divisional patent application from and which claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/291,125, filed Nov. 8, 2002, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/337,527, filed Nov. 9, 2001; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/337,528, filed Nov. 9, 2001; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/337,529, filed Nov. 9, 2001; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/338,055, filed Nov. 9, 2001; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/338,069, filed Nov. 9, 2001; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/338,072, filed Nov. 9, 2001, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Additionally, the disclosures of the following U.S. Patent Applications commonly assigned and simultaneously filed with U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/291,125, are all incorporated by reference herein in their entirety: U.S. Pat. No. 6,876,047 (application Ser. No. 10/290,779), filed Nov. 8, 2002; U.S. Pat. No. 6,746,891 (application Ser. No. 10/290,920), filed Nov. 8, 2002; U.S. Pat. No. 6,876,482 (application Ser. No. 10/291,107), filed Nov. 8, 2002; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,882,264 (application Ser. No. 10/290,807), filed Nov. 8, 2002. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention generally relates to micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) devices and methods. More particularly, the present invention relates to the design and fabrication of movable MEMS microscale structures. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     An electrostatic MEMS switch is a switch operated by an electrostatic charge and manufactured using MEMS techniques. A MEMS switch can control electrical, mechanical, or optical signal flow. MEMS switches have typical application to telecommunications, such as DSL switch matrices and cell phones, Automated Testing Equipment (ATE), and other systems that require low cost switches or low-cost, high-density arrays. 
     As can be appreciated by persons skilled in the art, many types of MEMS switches and related devices can be fabricated by either bulk or surface micromachining techniques. Bulk micromachining generally involves sculpting one or more sides of a substrate to form desired three-dimensional structures and devices in the same substrate material. The substrate is composed of a material that is readily available in bulk form, and thus ordinarily is silicon or glass. Wet and/or dry etching techniques are employed in association with etch masks and etch stops to form the microstructures. Etching is typically performed through the backside of the substrate. The etching technique can generally be either isotropic or anisotropic in nature. Isotropic etching is insensitive to the crystal orientation of the planes of the material being etched (e.g., the etching of silicon by using a nitric acid as the etchant). Anisotropic etchants, such as potassium hydroxide (KOH), tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH), and ethylenediamine pyrochatechol (EDP), selectively attack different crystallographic orientations at different rates, and thus can be used to define relatively accurate sidewalls in the etch pits being created. Etch masks and etch stops are used to prevent predetermined regions of the substrate from being etched. 
     On the other hand, surface micromachining generally involves forming three-dimensional structures by depositing a number of different thin films on the top of a silicon wafer, but without sculpting the wafer itself. The films usually serve as either structural or sacrificial layers. Structural layers are frequently composed of polysilicon, silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, or aluminum. Sacrificial layers are frequently composed of polysilicon, photoresist material, polyimide, metals or various kinds of oxides, such as PSG (phosphosilicate glass) and LTO (low-temperature oxide). Successive deposition, etching, and patterning procedures are carried out to arrive at the desired microstructure. In a typical surface micromachining process, a silicon substrate is coated with an isolation layer, and a sacrificial layer is deposited on the coated substrate. Windows are opened in the sacrificial layer, and a structural layer is then deposited and etched. The sacrificial layer is then selectively etched to form a free-standing, movable microstructure such as a beam or a cantilever out of the structural layer. The microstructure, or microcomponent, is ordinarily anchored to the silicon substrate, and can be designed to be movable in response to an input from an appropriate actuating mechanism. 
     Many current MEMS switch designs employ a cantilievered beam (or plate), or multiple-supported beam geometry for the switching structure. In the case of cantilevered beams, these MEMS switches include a movable, bimaterial beam comprising a structural layer of dielectric material and a layer of metal. Typically, the dielectric material is fixed at one end with respect to the substrate and provides structural support for the beam. The layer of metal is attached on the underside of the dielectric material and forms a movable electrode and a movable contact. The layer of metal can form part of the anchor. The movable beam is actuated in a direction toward the substrate by the application of a voltage difference across the electrode and another electrode attached to the surface of the substrate. The application of the voltage difference to the two electrodes creates an electrostatic field, which pulls the beam towards the substrate. The beam and substrate each have a contact which is separated by an air gap when no voltage is applied, wherein the switch is in the “open” position. When the voltage difference is applied, the beam is pulled to the substrate and the contacts make an electrical connection, wherein the switch is in the “closed” position. 
     One of the problems that faces current MEMS switches having a bimaterial beam is curling or other forms of static displacement or deformation of the beam. The static deformation can be caused by a stress mismatch or a stress gradient within the films. At some equilibrium temperature, the mismatch effects could be balanced to achieve a flat bimaterial structure, but this does not fix the temperature dependent effects. The mismatch could be balanced through specific processes (i.e., deposition rates, pressures, method, etc.), through material selection, and through geometrical parameters such as thickness. This bimaterial structure of metal and dielectric introduces a large variation in function over temperature, because the metal will typically have a higher thermal expansion rate than the dielectric. Because of the different states of static stress in the two materials, the switch can be deformed with a high degree of variability. Switch failure can result from deformation of the beam. Switch failure results when electrical contact is not established between the movable and stationary contacts due to static deformation or because of the deformation introduced as a function of temperature. A second mode of failure is observed when the movable contact and the stationary contact are prematurely closed, resulting in a “short”. Because of the deformation of the beam, the actuation voltage is increased or decreased depending on whether it is curved away from the substrate or towards the substrate, respectively. Because of this variability, the available voltage may not be adequate to achieve the desired contact force and, thus, contact resistance. 
     Many MEMS switches are designed with stiffer beams in order to avoid curling or deformation for improving switch reliability. These MEMS switches require higher actuation voltage in order to deflect the beam to a “closed” position. It is desirable to reduce the actuation voltage required to close MEMS switches for power conservation. A higher voltage is required to deflect the beam to a “closed” position than to maintain the beam in a “closed” position. Thus, in order to minimize the power required for operating the switch, it is desirable to use minimal power to reduce the power for actuating the beam and maintaining the beam in the “closed” position. 
     Typically, the beam of a MEMS switch is restored to an “open” position from a “closed” position by reducing the actuation voltage an amount sufficient for the resilient forces of the beam to deflect the beam back to the “open” position. The contacts of a MEMS switch frequently adhere to one another due metallurgical adhesion, cold welding, or hot welding forces. These forces are sometimes greater than the resilient forces of the beam, thus preventing the deflection of the beam to the “open” position. In such cases, switch failure results because the beam does not return to the “open” position. Therefore, it is desired to have a MEMS switch having a mechanism for generating a force to return the beam to an “open” position. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to one embodiment, a movable microcomponent suspended over a substrate is provided. The movable microcomponent can include a dielectric layer having at least one end fixed with respect to the substrate. The microcomponent can also include a movable electrode attached to the dielectric layer and separated from the substrate. Furthermore, the microcomponent can include an electrothermal component attached to the dielectric layer and operable to produce heat for deflecting the dielectric layer. 
     According to a second embodiment, a microscale switch for electrostatic and electrothermal actuation is provided. The switch can include a substrate and a stationary electrode and stationary contact formed on the substrate. The switch can also include a movable microcomponent suspended above the substrate. The microcomponent can include a dielectric layer including at least one end fixed with respect to the substrate. The microcomponent can also include a movable electrode spaced from the stationary electrode and a movable contact spaced from the stationary electrode. Furthermore, the microcomponent can include an electrothermal component attached to the dielectric layer and operable to produce heating for generating force for moving the dielectric layer. 
     According to a third embodiment, a method for implementing a switching function in a microscale device is provided. The method can include providing a stationary electrode and a stationary contact formed on a substrate. The method can further include providing a movable microcomponent suspended above the substrate. The microcomponent can include a dielectric layer including at least one end fixed with respect to the substrate. The microcomponent can also include a movable electrode spaced from the stationary electrode and a movable contact spaced from the stationary electrode. The movable contact can be positioned farther from the at least one end than the movable electrode. The microcomponent can include an electrothermal component attached to the dielectric layer. The method can include applying a voltage between the movable electrode and the stationary electrode to electrostatically couple the movable electrode with the stationary electrode, whereby the movable component is deflected toward the substrate and the movable contact moves into contact with the stationary contact to permit an electrical signal to pass through the movable and stationary contacts. Furthermore, the method can include applying a current through the first electrothermal component to produce heating for generating force for moving the microcomponent. 
     According to a fourth embodiment, a method for fabricating a microscale switch is provided. The method can include depositing a first conductive layer on a substrate and forming a stationary electrode and a stationary contact by removing a portion of the first conductive layer. The method can also include depositing a sacrificial layer on the stationary electrode, the stationary contact, and the substrate. Additionally, the method can include depositing a second conductive layer on the sacrificial layer and forming a movable electrode and a movable contact by removing a portion of the second conductive layer. The method can also include depositing a third conductive layer on the dielectric layer and removing a portion of the third conductive layer to form an electrothermal component. Furthermore, the method can include removing a sufficient amount of the sacrificial layer so as to define a first gap between the stationary electrode and the movable electrode, and to define a second gap between the stationary contact and the movable contact. 
     According to a fifth embodiment, a method for fabricating a microscale switch is provided. The method can include depositing a first conductive layer on a substrate and forming a stationary electrode and a stationary contact by removing a portion of the first conductive layer. The method can further include depositing a sacrificial layer on the stationary electrode, the stationary contact, and the substrate. Additionally, the method can include depositing a second conductive layer on the sacrificial layer and forming a movable electrode, a movable contact, and an electrothermal component by removing a portion of the second conductive layer. Furthermore, the method can include removing a sufficient amount of the sacrificial layer so as to define a first gap between the stationary electrode and the movable electrode, and to define a second gap between the stationary contact and the movable contact. 
     According to a sixth embodiment, a method for implementing a switching function in a microscale device having a movable microcomponent is provided. The method can include applying a voltage between a movable electrode and a stationary electrode of the microscale device for electrostatically coupling the movable electrode with the stationary electrode, whereby the movable microcomponent is deflected and a movable contact moves into contact with a stationary contact to permit an electrical signal to pass through the movable and stationary contacts. The method can also includes applying a current through a first electrothermal component of the microscale device to produce heating for generating force for moving the microcomponent. 
     Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a movable microcomponent for improving the yield, performance over temperature, actuation, and quality of MEMS switches. 
     An object having been stated hereinabove, and which is achieved in whole or in part by the described MEMS device having electrothermal actuation and release and method for fabricating described herein, other objects will become evident as the description proceeds when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings as best described hereinbelow. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Exemplary embodiments of the invention will now be explained with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a cross-sectional side view of a MEMS switch having electrothermal actuation and release in an “open” position; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a top plan view of a MEMS switch having electrothermal actuation and release; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a bottom plan view of a beam of a MEMS switch having electrothermal actuation and release; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a cross-sectional side view of a MEMS switch having electrothermal actuation and release in a “closed” position; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a cross-sectional front elevation view of the stationary electrode, structural layer, movable electrode, electrode interconnect, release electrothermal component, and actuation electrothermal component of a MEMS switch having electrothermal actuation and release; and 
         FIGS. 6A-K  illustrate fabrication steps of an embodiment of a method for fabricating a MEMS switch having electrothermal actuation and release. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     For purposes of the description herein, it is understood that when a component such as a layer or substrate is referred to as being “disposed on”, “attached to” or “formed on” another component, that component can be directly on the other component or, alternatively, intervening components (for example, one or more buffer or transition layers, interlayers, electrodes or contacts) can also be present. Furthermore, it is understood that the terms “disposed on”, “attached to” and “formed on” are used interchangeably to describe how a given component can be positioned or situated in relation to another component. Therefore, it will be understood that the terms “disposed on”, “attached to” and “formed on” do not introduce any limitations relating to particular methods of material transport, deposition, or fabrication. 
     Contacts, interconnects, conductive vias, electrothermal components and electrodes of various metals can be formed by sputtering, CVD, or evaporation. If gold, nickel or PERMALLOY™ (Ni x Fe y ) is employed as the metal element, an electroplating process can be carried out to transport the material to a desired surface. The chemical solutions used in the electroplating of various metals are generally known. Some metals, such as gold, might require an appropriate intermediate adhesion layer to prevent peeling. Examples of adhesion material often used include chromium, titanium, or an alloy such as titanium-tungsten (TiW). Some metal combinations can require a diffusion barrier to prevent a chromium adhesion layer from diffusing through gold. Examples of diffusion barriers between gold and chromium include platinum or nickel. 
     Conventional lithographic techniques can be employed in accordance with fabrication, such as micromachining, of the invention described herein. Accordingly, basic lithographic process steps such as photoresist application, optical exposure, and the use of developers are not described in detail herein. 
     Similarly, generally known etching processes can be suitably employed to selectively remove material or regions of material. An imaged photoresist layer is ordinarily used as a masking template. A pattern can be etched directly into the bulk of a substrate, or into a thin film or layer that is then used as a mask for subsequent etching steps. 
     The type of etching process employed in a particular fabrication step (e.g., wet, dry, isotropic, anisotropic, anisotropic-orientation dependent), the etch rate, and the type of etchant used will depend on the composition of material to be removed, the composition of any masking or etch-stop layer to be used, and the profile of the etched region to be formed. As examples, poly-etch (HF:HNO 3 :CH 3 COOH) can generally be used for isotropic wet etching. Hydroxides of alkali metals (e.g., KOH), simple ammonium hydroxide (NH 4 OH), quaternary (tetramethyl) ammonium hydroxide ((CH 3 ) 4 NOH, also known commercially as TMAH), and ethylenediamine mixed with pyrochatechol in water (EDP) can be used for anisotropic wet etching to fabricate V-shaped or tapered grooves, trenches or cavities. Silicon nitride can typically be used as the masking material against etching by KOH, and thus can used in conjunction with the selective etching of silicon. Silicon dioxide is slowly etched by KOH, and thus can be used as a masking layer if the etch time is short. While KOH will etch undoped silicon, heavily doped (p++) silicon can be used as an etch-stop against KOH as well as the other alkaline etchants and EDP. Silicon oxide and silicon nitride can be used as masks against TMAH and EDP. The preferred metal used to form contacts and interconnects in accordance with the invention is gold and its alloys. 
     It will be appreciated that electrochemical etching in hydroxide solution can be performed instead of timed wet etching. For example, if a p-type silicon wafer is used as a substrate, an etch-stop can be created by epitaxially growing an n-type silicon end layer to form a p-n junction diode. A voltage can be applied between the n-type layer and an electrode disposed in the solution to reverse-bias the p-n junction. As a result, the bulk p-type silicon is etched through a mask down to the p-n junction, stopping at the n-type layer. Furthermore, photovoltaic and galvanic etch-stop techniques are also suitable. 
     Dry etching techniques such as plasma-phase etching and reactive ion etching (RIE) can also be used to remove silicon and its oxides and nitrides, as well as various metals. Deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) can be used to anisotropically etch deep, vertical trenches in bulk layers. Silicon dioxide is typically used as an etch-stop against DRIE, and thus structures containing a buried silicon dioxide layer, such as silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers, can be used according to the methods of the invention as starting substrates for the fabrication of microstructures. 
     An alternative patterning process to etching is the lift-off process as known to those of skill in the art. In this case, the conventional photolithography techniques are used for the negative image of the desired pattern. This process is typically used to pattern metals, which are deposited as a continuous film or films when adhesion layers and diffusion barriers are needed. The metal is deposited on the regions where it is to be patterned and on top of the photoresist mask (negative image). The photoresist and metal on top are removed to leave behind the desired pattern of metal. 
     As used herein, the term “device” is interpreted to have a meaning interchangeable with the term “component.” As used herein, the term “conductive” is generally taken to encompass both conducting and semi-conducting materials. 
     Examples will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1-5 , different views of a MEMS switch, generally designated  100 , having electrothermal enhanced actuation and release are illustrated. Referring specifically to  FIG. 1 , a cross-sectional side view of MEMS switch, generally designated  100 , is illustrated in an “open” position. MEMS switch  100  includes a substrate  102 . Non-limiting examples of materials which substrate  102  can comprise silicon (in single-crystal, polycrystalline, or amorphous forms), silicon oxinitride, glass, quartz, sapphire, zinc oxide, alumina, silica, or one of the various Group III-V compounds in either binary, ternary or quaternary forms (e.g., GaAs, InP, GaN, AlN, AlGaN, InGaAs, and so on). If the composition of substrate  102  is chosen to be a conductive or semi-conductive material, a non-conductive, dielectric layer can be deposited on the top surface of substrate  102 , or at least on portions of the top surface where electrical contacts or conductive regions are desired. 
     Substrate  102  includes a first stationary contact  104 , a second stationary contact (not shown in this view due to its positioning behind first stationary contact  104 ), and a stationary electrode  106  formed on a surface thereof. First stationary contact  104 , the second stationary contact, and stationary electrode  106  can comprise a conductive material such as a metal. Specifically, first stationary contact  104 , the second stationary contact, and stationary electrode  106  can comprise different conductive materials such as gold-nickel alloy (AuNi 5 ) and aluminum or other suitable conductive materials known to those of skill in the art. The conductivity of stationary electrode  106  can be much lower than the conductivity of first stationary contact  104  and the second stationary contact. Preferably, first stationary contact  104  and the second stationary contact can comprise a very high conductive material such as copper. Preferably, first stationary contact  104  and the second stationary contact can have a width range of 7 μm to 100 μm and a length range of 15 μm to 75 μm. Stationary electrode  106  can have a wide range of dimensions depending on the required actuation voltages, contact resistance, and other functional parameters. 
     MEMS switch  100  further comprises a movable, trilayered beam, generally designated  108 , suspended over first stationary contact  104 , the second stationary contact, and stationary electrode  106 . Beam  108  is fixedly attached at one end to a mount  110 , which can be fixedly attached to substrate  102 . Beam  108  extends substantially parallel to the top surface of substrate  102  when MEMS switch  100  is in an “open” position. Beam  108  generally comprises a dielectric structural layer  112  disposed between two electrically conductive layers described in more detail below. Structural layer  112  can comprise a bendable material, preferably silicon oxide (SiO 2 , as it is sputtered, electroplated, spun-on, or otherwise deposited), to deflect towards substrate  102  for operating in a “closed” position. Structural layer  112  provides electrical isolation and desirable mechanical properties including resiliency properties. Alternatively, structural layer  112  can comprise silicon nitride (Si x N y ), silicon oxynitride, alumina or aluminum oxide (Al x O y ), polymers, CVD diamond, their alloys, or any other suitable resilient materials known to those of skill in the art. Beam  108  is designed to be resilient for generating a restorative force to return the beam to its natural position when beam  108  is deflected or bent. 
     In this embodiment, beam  108  further includes a top and bottom layer attached to a top side  114  and an underside  116 , respectively, thereof. The bottom layer comprises a movable electrode  118 , a release electrothermal component  120 , and a movable contact  122 . Movable electrode  118  is shown with broken lines in this view due to its position behind release electrothermal component  120 . The top layer comprises an electrode interconnect  124 , an actuation electrothermal component  126 , and a contact interconnect  128 . Electrode interconnect  124  is shown with broken lines in this view due to its position behind actuation electrothermal component  126 . As shown, movable contact  118  and contact interconnect  128  are positioned further away from mount  110  than movable electrode  118  and electrode interconnect  124 . Release electrothermal component  120  and actuation electrothermal component  126  extend substantially the length of beam  108 . Alternatively, release electrothermal component  120  and actuation electrothermal component  126  can extend from mount  110  to any other suitable location on beam  108 . 
     Movable electrode  118  is positioned over stationary electrode  106  and displaced from stationary electrode  106  such that application of a voltage difference across electrodes  106  and  118  creates an electrostatic field, which causes an attractive force between electrodes  106  and  118 . Upon application of the voltage difference across electrodes  106  and  118 , beam  108  bends in a direction towards substrate  102 . In this embodiment, actuation electrothermal component  126  is a closed electrical circuit including current paths and resistance path transitions, shown and described in more detail below. Alternatively, the resistance path transition can be realized by a change in thickness instead of the change in width that is portrayed. Alternatively, electrothermal components  120  and  126  can comprise material transitions rather than area transitions to accomplish the resistance path transitions. The material transitions are realized by patterning different materials on either side of the resistance path transition. For example, nickel (Ni) and gold (Au) can be patterned on the first and second side of the resistance path transition. Any suitable materials having differing thermal and mechanical properties known to those of skill in the art can be used to achieve resistance path transitions. The magnitude of the localized heating is determined by the difference in the geometric or material properties. The resistance path transitions provide local heating and local generation of force at a suitable location on the top side  114  of structural layer  112  for facilitating deflection of beam  108  towards substrate  102 . The combination of electrostatic and electrothermal forces deflect beam  108  towards substrate  102 . The operation of the actuation electrothermal component  126  and electrodes  106  and  118  is described in further detail below. 
     The applied voltage difference between electrodes  106  and  118  can be reduced with the addition of the force generated by electrothermal actuation of electrothermal component  126 . This voltage reduction is desirable for achieving switching voltages on the order of 5 volts. Further, with the addition of electrothermal actuation, structural layer  112  can be designed stiffer and still actuate at a lower applied voltage. The increased beam stiffness tends to lower the switching speed and increase the reliability of achieving release from a “closed” position. 
     Electrodes  106  and  118 , contacts  104  and  122 , release electrothermal component  120 , actuation electrothermal component  126 , and interconnects  124  and  128  can comprise similar materials, such as gold, whereby the manufacturing process is simplified by the minimization of the number of different materials required for fabrication. Additionally, electrodes  106  and  118 , contacts  104  and  122 , release electrothermal component  120 , actuation electrothermal component  126 , and interconnects  124  and  128  can comprise conductors (platinum, aluminum, palladium, copper, tungsten, nickel, and other materials known to those of skill in the art), conductive oxides (indium tin oxide), and low resistivity semiconductors (silicon, polysilicon, and other materials known to those of skill in the art). These components can include adhesion layers (Cr, Ti, TiW, etc.) disposed between the component and structural layer  112 . These components can comprise a conductive material and an adhesion layer that includes diffusion barriers for preventing diffusion of the adhesion layer through the electrode material, or diffusion through the conductive material into the structural material. These components can also comprise different materials for breakdown or arcing considerations, for “stiction” considerations during wet chemical processing, or because of fabrications process compatibility issues. Contacts  104  and  122  can comprise a material having good conductive properties and other desirable properties of suitable contacts known to those of skill in the art, such as low hardness and low wear. Preferably, electrodes  106  and  118  comprise a material having low resistivity, low hardness, low oxidation, low wear, and other desirable properties of suitable contacts known to those of skill in the art. Preferably, electrothermal components  120  and  126  comprise a material having high resistivity, high softening/melting point, and high current capacity. The preferred properties contribute to high localized heating for development of larger deflections and forces. The high softening/melting point and high current capacity increase the reliability of the device during electrothermal operation. In this embodiment, electrothermal components  120  and  126  comprise the same material. Alternatively, electrothermal components  120  and  126  can comprise different materials. 
     Movable contact  122  is positioned over first stationary contact  104  and the second stationary contact such that it contacts first stationary contact  104  and the second stationary contact when beam  108  is moved to the “closed” position, thus providing electrical communication between first stationary contact  104  and the second stationary contact through movable contact  122 . Movable contact  122  is displaced from first stationary contact  104  and the second stationary contact when MEMS switch  100  operates in the “open” position such that there is no electrical communication between first stationary contact  104  and the second stationary contact. Movable contact  122  can be dimensioned smaller than first stationary contact  104  and the second stationary contact to facilitate contact when process variability and alignment variability are taken into consideration. First stationary contact  104  and the second stationary contact need to be sized appropriately so that movable contact  122  always makes contact with first stationary contact  104  and the second stationary contact when in the “closed” position. A second consideration that determines the size of movable contact  122 , first stationary contact  104 , and the second stationary contact is the parasitic response of switch  100 . The parasitic actuation response is generated by electric fields produced by potential differences between movable electrodes  106  and  118 , or by charge (or potential) differences between first stationary electrode  106  and second stationary contact and beam  108  that produce electric fields and a force on movable contact  122 . The dimensions of movable contact  122  are related to the dimensions of movable electrode  118  to achieve a specific ratio of the parasitic actuation to the actuation voltage. 
     Electrode interconnect  124  and movable electrode  118  are attached to opposing sides of structural layer  112 . Preferably, movable electrode  118  and electrode interconnect  124  have substantially the same dimensions and are aligned with one another for achieving a manufacturable flatness that is maintained over temperature. In this embodiment, electrode interconnect  124  comprises a conductive material having the same coefficient of thermal expansion, elastic modulus, residual film stress, and other electrical/mechanical properties as movable electrode  118 . 
     Movable electrode  118  and electrode interconnect  124  are in electrical communication with one another by connection to a first interconnect via  130 . First interconnect via  130  is indicated by broken lines in this view due to its placement inside structural layer  112 . First interconnect via  130  comprises a conductive material formed through structural layer  112 . In this embodiment, first interconnect via  130  comprises the same conductive material as movable electrode  118  and electrode interconnect  124 . Alternatively, first interconnect via  130  can comprise any suitable conductive material known to those of skill in the art, such as low wear and low hardness. 
     Movable contact  122  and contact interconnect  128  are attached to and aligned on opposing sides of structural layer  112 . Contact interconnect  128  is dimensioned substantially the same as movable contact  122 . Alternatively, contact interconnect  128  can have different dimensions and extent than movable contact  122 . It is intended to maintain geometric equivalence by management of the mechanical form. Contact interconnect  128  and movable contact  122  are intended to share a geometrical and thermo-mechanical equivalence. This equivalence provides a beam, which can achieve a manufacturable flatness that is maintained over temperature and other environmental conditions, such as die attachment, package lid seal processes, or solder reflow process. In this embodiment, contact interconnect  128  comprises a conductive material, such as copper for example, having the same coefficient of thermal expansion, elastic modulus, residual film stress, and other desirable electrical/mechanical properties known to those of skill in the art as movable contact  122 . 
     Movable contact  122  and contact interconnect  128  are in electrical communication with one another by connection to a second interconnect via  132 . Second interconnect via  132  is indicated by broken lines due to its placement inside structural layer  112 . Second interconnect via  132  comprises a conductive material, such as copper for example, formed through structural layer  112  for electrically connecting movable contact  122  and contact interconnect  128 . In this embodiment, second interconnect via  132  can comprise the same conductive material as contact interconnect  128  and movable contact  122 . Alternatively, second interconnect via  132  can comprise a different conductive material as contact interconnect  128  and movable contact  122 . 
     MEMS switch  100  further includes a switch controller  134  connected to and operable to transmit control signals to a first current source  136 , a second current source  138 , and a voltage source  140  for controlling the electrostatic and electrothermal actuation of switch  100  by application of voltage and current. Switch controller  134  is also operable to transmit control signals to other switches in an array of switches. First current source  136 , second current source  138 , and voltage source  140  are operable to output voltage and current in response to receiving control signals from switch controller  134 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , a top view of MEMS switch  100  is illustrated. As shown, actuation electrothermal component  126  is connected at two ends  200  and  202  to the output of first current source  136 . In this embodiment, actuation electrothermal component  126  extends from ends  200  and  202  around electrode interconnect  124  for providing a conductive path along the length of beam  108  for current applied by first current source  136 . Alternatively, the conductive path can extend around both electrode interconnect  124  and contact interconnect  128 . Actuation electrothermal component  126  further includes resistance path transitions  204  and  206  at which the current paths change from a low resistance path to a high resistance path for providing local heating and local generation of force to aid actuation of beam  108 . The location of resistance path transitions  204  and  206  and the ratio of the transition can be optimized for maximal force without damaging the component due to electrical overstress. Resistive heating along the length of the actuation electrothermal component  126  will also provide the elongation that aids the actuation of beam  108 . Thermal isolation is provided between actuation electrothermal component  126  and electrode interconnect  124  by an air gap, generally designated  142 , between the components and structural layer  112  which serves as an insulator. 
     As shown, electrode interconnect  124  and contact interconnect  128  are generally rectangular in shape. The external corners of electrode interconnect  124  and contact interconnect  128  can be rounded to contain internal reentrant corners for reducing the intensification in the electric fields produced by the potential differences between conductors. In this embodiment, electrode interconnect  124  can be dimensioned the same as movable electrode  118 . Alternatively, electrode interconnect  124  can be any suitable non-rectangular shape that substantially matches the shape of movable electrode  118 . The shape of contact interconnect  128  substantially matches the shape of movable contact  122 . Interconnect vias  130  and  132  are rectangular and shown by broken lines due to their position behind electrode interconnect  124  and contact interconnect  128 , respectively. Alternatively, interconnect vias  130  and  132  can be any geometry suitable for vias including circular, elliptical, or rectangular with rounded corners. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , a bottom view of beam  108  of MEMS switch  100  is illustrated. Release electrothermal component  120  is connected at two ends  300  and  302  to the output of second current source  138 . In this embodiment, release electrothermal component  120  extends from ends  300  and  302  around movable contact  122  along the length of beam  108  for providing a conductive path for current applied by second current source  138 . Alternatively, the conductive path can extend around movable electrode  118  and movable contact  122 . Release electrothermal component  120  further includes resistance path transitions  304  and  306  at which the current paths change from a low resistance path to a high resistance path for providing local heating and local generation of force to aid release of beam  108  from a “closed” position, as described below. The location of resistance path transitions  304  and  306  and the ratio of the transition can be optimized for maximal force without damaging the component due to electrical overstress. Resistive heating along the length of the release electrothermal component  120  will also provide the elongation that aids the release of beam  108  from the “open” position. Thermal isolation is provided between release electrothermal component  120  and movable electrode  118  by air gap  142  between the components and structural layer  112  which serves as an insulator. 
     Upon the application of sufficient voltage and current by voltage source  140  and first current source  136 , respectively, beam  108  moves toward substrate  102  in a stable manner until beam  108  is close enough to substrate  102  for “pull-in” voltage, or “snap-in” voltage, to occur. After “pull-in” voltage occurs, beam  108  moves towards substrate  102  in an unstable manner until movable contact  122  touches first stationary contact  104  and the second stationary contact, thus establishing an electrical connection between first stationary contact  104  and the second stationary contact. Referring to  FIG. 4 , a cross-sectional side view of MEMS switch  100  in a “closed” position is illustrated. In the “closed” position, movable contact  122  is touching first stationary contact  104  and the second stationary contact, thus establishing an electrical connection between first stationary contact  104  and the second stationary contact. As described below, the components of MEMS switch  100  can be dimensioned such that movable electrode  118  and stationary electrode  106  do not contact in the “closed” position, thus preventing a short between components  106  and  118 . MEMS switch  100  can be maintained in position by applying only the potential voltage difference between movable electrode  118  and stationary electrode  106 . The application of current to actuation electrothermal component  126  is not required to maintain MEMS switch  100  in the “closed” position, thus reducing the power required for operating actuation electrothermal component  126 . Switch controller  134  is operable to receive feedback signals indicating a “closed” condition and turn off first current source  136  in response to receiving the signal. 
     MEMS switch  100  is returned to an “open” position by sufficiently reducing or removing the voltage difference applied across stationary electrode  106  and movable electrode  118 . This in turn reduces the attractive force between stationary electrode  106  and movable electrode  118  such that the resilient force of structural layer  112  restores structural layer  112  to an “open” position. If movable contact  118  adheres to stationary contact  104 , current can be briefly applied by second current source  138  to the release electrothermal component  120  to “break” the contact. After release from the contact, the resilient force of structural layer  112  can restore beam  108  to an “open” position. Switch controller  134  is operable to control voltage source  140  for reducing or removing the applied voltage and activating second current source  136  to apply current to release electrothermal component  120  for restoring beam  108  to the “open” position. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 1 , voltage source  140  can be directly connected to stationary electrode  106  and electrode interconnect  124 . Movable electrode  118  is electrically connected to voltage source  140  through first interconnect via  130  and electrode interconnect  124 . First interconnect via  130  provides an electrical connection between electrode interconnect  124  and movable electrode  118 . Therefore, upon the application of a voltage by voltage source  140 , a voltage difference is created between stationary electrode  106  and movable electrode  118 . This establishes electrostatic coupling between movable electrode  118  and stationary electrode  106  across air gap  142 . Alternatively, the gap between movable electrode  118  and stationary electrode  106  can be any suitable isolating fluid/gas as known to those of skill in the art, such as for example SF 6 , a high breakdown voltage and arc quenching gas. 
     Preferably, movable electrode  118  and electrode interconnect  124  are fabricated of the same material and dimensioned the same. Additionally, movable contact  122  and contact interconnect  128  are fabricated of the same material and dimensioned the same. First, it provides mechanical balance on both sides of structural layer  112 . The mechanical balance is provided because of the elastic symmetry, because the films are deposited in the same way to produce a symmetric stress field, and because the thermal expansion properties are symmetric. The elastic symmetry is preserved by using the same material and by using the same dimensions. The symmetric stress field is produced by depositing the same materials using the same process and thicknesses. The symmetric thermal expansion properties minimize any variation in the switch operation with respect to temperature because the same material is on either side of structural layer  112 . This means that any functional variation exhibited by MEMS switch  100  depends primarily on the process variation, which can be minimized by the appropriate optimization of the design in the process. Secondly, because movable contact  122  and contact interconnect  128  are fabricated of the same material and dimensioned the same, the current carrying capacity of contacts  122  and  128  is aided. It is preferable that beam  108  has the same type of metal, deposited by the same process, patterned in the same geometry, and deposited to the same thickness, but the use of different materials could be accommodated with the appropriate design and characterization. To address the issues of contact adhesion, cold welding, or hot welding, first stationary contact  104 , the second stationary contact, and movable contact  122  could be different materials or different alloys of the same materials. The material selection can minimize contact resistance and failures such as stiction. 
     In the “open” position, movable contact  118  is separated from first stationary contact  104  and second stationary contact by a gap distance a  144  as shown in  FIG. 1 . Movable electrode  118  is separated from stationary electrode  106  by a gap distance b  146 . In this embodiment, distance a  142  is less distance b  146 . If distance a  144  is less distance b  146 , the operation of MEMS switch  100  is more reliable because potential for shorting between stationary electrode  106  and movable electrode  118  is reduced. The length of beam  108  is indicated by a distance c  148 . The center of movable contact  122  is a distance d  150  from mount  110  and a distance e  152  from the end of beam  108  that is distal mount  110 . The edge of electrode interconnect  124  distal mount  110  is a distance f  154  from mount  110 . The edge of electrode interconnect  124  near mount  110  is a distance g  156  from mount  110 . In this embodiment, distance a  144  is nominally 1.5 microns; distance b  146  is preferably 2 microns; distance c  148  is preferably 155 microns; distance d  148  is preferably 135 microns; distance e  152  is preferably 20 microns; distance f  154  is preferably 105 microns; and distance g  156  is 10 microns. The distances a  144 , b  146 , c  148 , d  150 , e  152 , f  154 , and g  156  provide desirable functional performance, but other dimensions can be selected to optimize other functional characteristics, manufacturability, and reliability. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , a cross-sectional front view of stationary electrode  106 , structural layer  112 , movable electrode  118 , actuation electrothermal component  120 , electrode interconnect  124 , and release electrothermal component  126  of MEMS switch  100  is illustrated. The width of movable electrode  118  and electrode interconnect  124  is indicated by a distance a  500 . Preferably, movable electrode  118  and electrode interconnect  124  are equal in width. Alternatively, movable electrode  118  and electrode interconnect  124  can have different widths. The width of stationary electrode  106  is indicated by distance b  502 . The width of structural layer  112  is indicated by distance c  504 . The thickness of structural layer  112  is indicated by distance d  506 . The thickness of stationary electrode  106  is indicated by distance e  508 . The thickness of movable electrode  118  and release electrothermal component  120  is indicated by distance f  510 . The thickness of electrode interconnect  124  and actuation electrothermal component  126  is indicated by distance g  512 . The conductive paths of release electrothermal component  120  and actuation electrothermal component  126  are indicated by distance h  514  and  1516 . First stationary contact  104  and stationary electrode  106  can be dimensioned greater than movable electrode  118  and movable contact  122 , respectively, in order to facilitate shielding MEMS switch  100  from any parasitic voltages. In this embodiment, distance a  500  is preferably 75 microns; distance b  502  is preferably 125 microns; distance c  504  is preferably 105 microns; distance d  506  is preferably 2 microns; distance e  508  is preferably 0.5 microns; distance f  510  is preferably 0.5 microns; distance g  512  is preferably 0.5 microns; and distances h  514  and i  516  are preferably microns. The distances a  500 , b  502 , c  504 , d  506 , e  508 , f  510 , g  512 , h  514  and i  516  provide desirable functional performance, but other dimensions can be selected to optimize other functional characteristics, manufacturability, and reliability. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 6A-6K , an embodiment of a method for fabricating a MEMS switch having electrothermal actuation and release according to a surface micromachining process of the present invention will now be described. Referring specifically to  FIG. 6A , a substrate  600  is provided, which preferably comprises silicon. Because substrate  600  is a semi-conductive material, a first dielectric layer  602  is deposited on the top surface of substrate  600 . Alternatively, dielectric material can be deposited on portions of the top surface where electrical contacts or conductive regions are desired. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6B-6C , a process for producing a first stationary contact  604 , a second stationary contact (not shown due to its positioning behind first stationary contact  604 ), and a stationary electrode  606  is illustrated. Referring specifically to  FIG. 6B , a first conductive layer  608  is deposited on first dielectric layer  602 . First conductive layer  608  is patterned as described above. Referring to  FIG. 6C , first stationary contact  604 , the second stationary contact, and stationary electrode  606  are formed simultaneously in first conductive layer  608 . Alternatively, first stationary contact  604 , the second stationary contact, and stationary electrode  606  can be formed in separate processes. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6D , a sacrificial layer  610  is deposited to a uniform thickness such that its top surface is preferably planarized. Sacrificial layer  610  defines the gap between a beam structure, described in further detail below, and first stationary contact  604 , the second stationary contact, and stationary electrode  606 . Sacrificial layer  610  can be a metal, dielectric or any other suitable material known to those of skill in the art such that the removal chemistry is compatible with the other electrical and structural materials. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 6E-6F , a process for producing a movable contact  612 , a movable electrode  614 , and a release electrothermal component  616 , as described above, is illustrated. Referring specifically to  FIG. 6E , grooves  618 ,  620 , and  622  are etched in sacrificial layer  610  for forming movable contact  612 , movable electrode  614 , and release electrothermal component  616 , respectively. Groove  624  is formed in sacrificial layer  610  for forming a structure to attach the beam to substrate  600  and suspend the beam above first stationary contact  604 , the second stationary contact, and stationary electrode  606 . Referring now to  FIG. 6F , a conductive layer is deposited on sacrificial layer  610  until grooves  618 ,  620 , and  622  are filled. Next, the conductive layer is patterned as described above to form movable contact  612 , movable electrode  614 , and release electrothermal component  616 . 
     Referring  FIG. 6G , a structural layer  626  is deposited on movable contact  612 , movable electrode  614 , release electrothermal component  616 , sacrificial layer  610 , and first dielectric layer  602 . Structural layer  626  comprises oxide in this embodiment. 
     Referring to  6 H- 6 J, a process for simultaneously producing the following conductive microstructures: a contact interconnect  628 , an electrode interconnect  630 , an actuation electrothermal component  632 , and interconnect vias  634  and  636 . Referring specifically to  FIG. 6H , recesses  638  and  640  are etched into structural layer  626  for forming interconnect vias  634  and  636 , respectively. Recesses  638  and  640  are etched through structural layer  626  to movable contact  612  and movable electrode  614 , respectively. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 6I , a second conductive layer  642  is deposited on structural layer  626  and into recesses  638  and  640  as shown for forming an electrical connection from movable contact  612  and movable electrode  614  to the top surface of structural layer  626 . Next, second conductive layer  642  is patterned for forming contact interconnect  628 , electrode interconnect  630 , and actuation electrothermal component  632  as shown in  FIG. 6J . Interconnect vias  634  and  636  can be formed by another conductive layer that would precede the deposition of second conductive layer  642  described above. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6K , the final step in fabricating the MEMS switch is illustrated. In this step, sacrificial layer  610  is removed to form a trilayered beam, generally designated  644 . Sacrificial layer  610  can be removed by any suitable method known to those of skill in the art. 
     It may be desired to have a MEMS switch that takes advantage of either the enhanced actuation or enhanced release. In that case, an alternate MEMS switch having either one of an actuation electrothermal component or a release electrothermal component can be fabricated and operated without the other component. 
     It will be understood that various details of the invention may be changed without departing from the scope of the invention. Furthermore, the foregoing description is for the purpose of illustration only, and not for the purpose of limitation—the invention being defined by the claims.