Abstract:
A method for unsupervised transformation of denormalized data into RDF data includes summarizing an existing resource description framework (RDF) file wherein a data summary file is produced, wherein said RDF file includes a plurality of nodes, property labels, and literals and is represented as a directed graph, and said data summary file is a graph that includes a single instance of each node-property-literal triple in the RDF file; analyzing a plurality of denormalized records wherein a record summary is produced, wherein said record summary is represented as a directed graph with a root node corresponding to each record connected to a node for each field in the record; determining one or more transformation patterns that match elements of the record summary to elements of the data summary; and transforming the plurality of denormalized records into a new RDF file by executing one of the one or more transformation patterns.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Technical Field 
       [0001]    Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to methods of transforming denormalized data into RDF data. 
       Discussion of the Related Art 
       [0002]    Many sources provide data in a table-like, semi-structured, format, such as comma separated values, Excel, Lists and HTML tables, and Web Services outputs. These formats are denormalized and schemaless. Denormalized means the data has not been reduced to relational database fields and tables which minimize redundancies and dependencies, and schemaless means the data lacks a formal structure. Vast amounts of information are available on the Web in such formats 
         [0003]    The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a normalized format that represents data as a set of entities that may conform to a pre-defined vocabulary, i.e., a schema, and it is based upon the idea of making statements about resources in the form of subject-predicate-object expressions, known as triples. The subject denotes the resource, and the predicate denotes traits or aspects of the resource and expresses a relationship between the subject and the object. A collection of RDF statements can represent a labeled, directed multi-graph and is thus better suited to certain kinds of knowledge representation than the relational model. Many datasets are being published on the Web in RDF format, such as city and government data. However, enriching RDF datasets with data in other formats requires a transformation step. 
         [0004]    Transforming semi-structured data into a semantically enriched format, a process known as lifting, is challenging. There is no 1-1 mapping between rows of source data and semantic entities, as usually each row spans a number of corresponding entities in an RDF table. Current approaches rely on a-priori (predefined) transformations which can become obsolete in the context of dynamically changing linked data sources. Lifting the data into a semantic representation is a key challenge to be addressed. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0005]    According to an embodiment of the disclosure, there is provided a computer implemented method for unsupervised transformation of denormalized data into RDF data, including summarizing an existing resource description framework (RDF) file wherein a data summary file is produced, wherein said RDF file includes a plurality of nodes, property labels, and literals and is represented as a directed graph, and said data summary file is a graph that includes a single instance of each node-property-literal triple in the RDF file, analyzing a plurality of denormalized records wherein a record summary is produced, wherein said record summary is represented as a directed graph with a root node corresponding to each record connected to a node for each field in the record, determining one or more transformation patterns that match elements of the record summary to elements of the data summary, and transforming the plurality of denormalized records into a new RDF file by executing one of the one or more transformation patterns. 
         [0006]    According to a further embodiment of the disclosure, the method includes appending the new RDF file to the existing RDF file. 
         [0007]    According to a further embodiment of the disclosure, the method includes ranking the one or more transformation patterns based on which transformation pattern best matches elements of the record summary to elements of the data summary. 
         [0008]    According to a further embodiment of the disclosure, one of the one or more transformation patterns is a best transformation pattern, based on the rankings of the one or more transformation patterns. 
         [0009]    According to a further embodiment of the disclosure, the method includes monitoring changes to the existing RDF file, and updating the data summary file when a change occurs in the existing RDF file. 
         [0010]    According to a further embodiment of the disclosure, the method includes validating the one of the one or more transformation patterns by checking whether some selected transformation patterns are consistent with a domain knowledge of a user. 
         [0011]    According to another embodiment of the disclosure, there is provided a non-transitory program storage device readable by a computer, tangibly embodying a program of instructions executed by the computer to perform the method steps for unsupervised transformation of denormalized data into RDF data. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]      FIG. 1  is a schematic block diagram of an overview of an unsupervised method to discover transformation patterns which are adaptive to RDF data sources and denormalized data, according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  is a schematic block diagram of the components of an unsupervised method to discover transformation patterns which are adaptive to RDF data sources and denormalized data, according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  is a flow diagram of a preprocessing method, according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
           [0015]      FIG. 4  is a flow diagram of a method for pattern discovery, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
           [0016]      FIG. 5  is a flow diagram of a method for transformation, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
           [0017]      FIG. 6  depicts an exemplary existing RDF data source, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
           [0018]      FIG. 7  depicts an exemplary data summary, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
           [0019]      FIG. 8  depicts an exemplary set of denormalized records, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
           [0020]      FIG. 9  depicts an exemplary denormalized data summary, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
           [0021]      FIG. 10  depicts an exemplary best transformation pattern, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
           [0022]      FIG. 11  depicts an exemplary a set of new RDF Triples obtained from the set of denormalized records, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
           [0023]      FIG. 12  depicts an exemplary enriched RDF data source, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
           [0024]      FIG. 13  is a schematic of an exemplary cloud computing node that implements an embodiment of the disclosure. 
           [0025]      FIG. 14  shows an exemplary cloud computing environment according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
       [0026]    Exemplary embodiments of the disclosure as described herein generally include unsupervised method for discovering transformation patterns which are adaptive to RDF data sources and denormalized data. Accordingly, while the disclosure is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intent to limit the disclosure to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the disclosure is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the disclosure. In addition, it is understood in advance that although this disclosure includes a detailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or later developed. 
         [0027]    Current approaches for lifting data into a semantic representation include relation extraction, schema matching and mapping, ETL (Extract, Transform, and Load), and linked data integration. 
         [0028]    Relation extraction is a process that extracts structure from text using natural language processing methods. The text content of the documents needs to be adequately captured as a set of binary relations that form a directed graph. However, the supported inputs are limited to the text and not able to handle semi-structured data. In addition, relation extraction cannot extract structure if there is insufficient textual information, and cannot establish complex relationships among different entities. 
         [0029]    Schema matching is the process of identifying two objects that are semantically related while mapping refers to the transformations between the objects. However, schema matching requires the data to conform to a well-defined schema and results in alignments between schema. This is not applicable in a current context of highly dynamic data and schemas. In addition, automating schema matching, in the context of schema changes, is challenging because of the differing and often not explicated or documented semantics of the two schemas. In addition, schema matching assumes a fixed database schema for both the source and target, and changes are not well-addressed. For RDF datasets, decentralized and dynamic schemas, sometimes implicitly defined within the data, also makes it challenging to apply schema matching. 
         [0030]    Extract, transform and load (ETL) refers to a process in database usage and especially in data warehousing that involves (1) extracting data from outside sources; (2) transforming the data to fit operational needs, which can include quality levels; and (3) loading the data into the end target, such as a database, or more specifically, an operational data store, data mart or data warehouse. 
         [0031]    Linked data integration refers to methods for adopting previous data integration techniques, such as schema matching, in the context of RDF. Due to the top-down approach taken in most of these methods, it is not well-suited to the dynamic, schema-less RDF setting in which: (1) external link specifications (counterpart to schema matching are considered as an input; and (2) the dynamic changes in the overall RDF structure and vocabulary, especially schema, makes the link specifications obsolete. Linked data integration mainly focuses on establishing the links between different datasets using owl:sameAs relations, however, linked data integration requires intensive manual effort and expert knowledge, excepts for automatic link prediction, which only considers establishing some links between existing objects, and does not address the entire population of a directory service. 
         [0032]      FIG. 1  is a schematic block diagram of an overview of an unsupervised method to discover transformation patterns which are adaptive to RDF data sources and denormalized data, according to embodiments of the disclosure. An exemplary, non-limiting input is a table  10  of semi-structured city data of a plurality of road maintenance projects, in which each table record includes, inter alia, a project title, a road classification, a contractor name, the project asset type, the work description, the project status, and the name of the road itself. Note that the input data is represented as a table  10 , the input table may also be in the form of comma-separated values (CSVs). Table  10  is provided as input to method  11 , which yields table  12 , which is a list of enhanced RDF triples. A method according to embodiments of the disclosure does not require a mapping definition. In addition, the output table  12  can be combined with other city linked data  13 , and be provided as input in another iteration of transforming denormalized data into enhanced RDF data. In other embodiments, a method for transforming denormalized data into RDF triples can be trained to perform the transformation for data in a target domain from existing data in the target domain. 
         [0033]      FIG. 2  is a schematic block diagram of the components of an unsupervised method to discover transformation patterns which are adaptive to RDF data sources and denormalized data, according to embodiments of the disclosure. A method  20  according to an embodiment of the disclosure may begin by summarizing  24  RDF source data  29  to produce an indexed RDF data summary  25 . A method also analyzes  22  denormalized data  21  to produce a denormalized data summary  23 , and the denormalized data summary  23  is used with the indexed RDF data summary  25  to discover  26  patterns in the data. The patterns can be combined with the denormalized data  21  to be transformed into an enhanced set of RDF triples. These steps will be described in detail with reference to  FIGS. 3, 4, and 5 , below. 
         [0034]      FIG. 3  is a flow diagram of a preprocessing method, according to embodiments of the disclosure. A preprocessing method according to an embodiment starts by summarizing at step  32  an existing RDF data source  31 , represented as a (non-disjoint) set of nodes N, property labels P and literals L, to produce an indexed data summary  34  of data source  31  using existing data summarization techniques. In some embodiments, the data summary  34  can be indexed. A preprocessing method also monitors changes to RDF data source  31  at step  35 , and loops back to step  32  to update the data summary  34  to reflect any changes. 
         [0035]      FIG. 6  depicts an exemplary existing RDF data source  31 , and  FIG. 7  depicts an exemplary data summary  34 . Referring to  FIG. 6 , the graph portion shown on the right is an enlargement of a much vaster graph shown on the left. The graph portion includes a plurality of nodes that represent RDF subjects connected to other nodes that represent RDF objects by directed edges that represent RDF predicates. The direction of the arrow indicates that the value of the destination node pointed to by the arrow is associated with the value of the source node, with the relationship being denoted by the edge label. The leaf nodes are labeled with values, and the edges are labeled with the relationship connected to source node to the destination node. For example, node ID-1 is the root node of a graph that represents a person whose first name is Martin, last name is Stephenson, whose address is a node connected to a plurality of other nodes, each associated with a portion of the address, such as street number, street, country, zip code, and the country node is further connected to plurality of other nodes, respectively associated with the country name, the political union that the country is part of, and the ISO code. Similarly, node Rec-12943 is the root node of a graph that represents current European Union President Jean-Claude Juncker. Note that the graphs for nodes ID-1 and Rec-12943 are connected at the leaf node labeled “Europe”. 
         [0036]      FIG. 7  depicts an exemplary data summary  34  that summarizes the node type and relationships of  FIG. 6 , for an instance of a root node. Each relationship in  FIG. 6 , represented by a directed edge, appears once in  FIG. 7 , and the nodes appear as necessary as sources/destinations of the edges. 
         [0037]    An exemplary, non-limiting data summarization technique is that disclosed in Tran, et al., “Structure index for RDF data”, Workshop on Semantic Data Management (SemData@ VLDB), 2010, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
         [0038]      FIG. 4  is a flow diagram of a method for pattern discovery, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. A pattern discovery method begins at step  42  by analyzing a set of denormalized records  41  to obtain a denormalized data summary  43 . The set of denormalized records  41  can be analyzed by methods such as those disclosed in Tran, et al., “Structure index for RDF data”, Workshop on Semantic Data Management (SemData@ VLDB), 2010, incorporated by reference above. Next, transformation patterns that match the elements of the denormalized data summary  43  to the elements of the indexed data summary  34  can be determined at step  44  by exploring data summary  34  based on information in denormalized data summary  43  using existing graph exploration techniques. The transformation patterns are ranked at step  45  to discover the best possible pattern  46  for transformation. Criteria for ranking the transformation patterns include the size of the set of patterns, in which case the smallest set of patters that provides the best coverage of the denormalized records  41  would be selected as the best possible pattern  46 . 
         [0039]    Other criteria for selecting a best pattern include (1) the coverage of the denormalised data, i.e. max(number of columns from the denormalised data to be included in the transformation), (2) the coverage of the denormalised data and the number of patterns, i.e. max(number of columns from the denormalised data to be included in the transformation—a×number of patterns), where a is a predetermined weighting factor, (3) the coverage of the denormalised data, the number of patterns and the diameter of the resulting graph, i.e. max(number of columns from the denormalised data to be included in the transformation—a×number of patterns—b×graph diameter), where b is a predetermined weighting factor. 
         [0040]    An exemplary, non-limiting graph exploration technique is that disclosied in Tran, et al., “Top-k exploration of query candidates for efficient keyword search on graph-shaped (rdf) data”, IEEE 25 th  International Conf. on Data Engineering, 2009, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
         [0041]      FIG. 8  depicts an exemplary set of denormalized records  41 ,  FIG. 9  depicts an exemplary denormalized data summary  43 , and  FIG. 10  depicts an exemplary best transformation pattern  46 . 
         [0042]    The set of denormalized records  41  shown  FIG. 8  is represented by a table of records, with columns ID, F 1 , F 2 , F 3 , and F 3 . The ID column contains identifier for the data in its associated row. The F 1 , F 2 , F 3 , and F 3  columns respective include a family name, a personal name, a street name that is part of an address, and an ISO country code. Note that for clarity, not all components of an address are shown in the table of  FIG. 8 . The graph shown in  FIG. 9  illustrates the relationship between the ID field of each row, and the data in the F 1 , F 2 , F 3 , and F 4  fields. 
         [0043]    The table in  FIG. 10  represents the patterns in the data summary graph of  FIG. 7 . In  FIG. 10 , the left column includes RDF subjects, the middle column includes RDF predicates, and the right column includes RDF objects. For example, the subject ?x in the first row has an address ?y that includes a street ?z whose data type is string. The subject ?x in the first row also has a data type of string, and the address ?y includes a Zip ?a of data type integer. 
         [0044]      FIG. 5  is a flow diagram of a method for transformation, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. A transformation method may begin at step  51  by selecting and validating a transformation pattern of the best possible patterns  46 . A transformation pattern can be validated manually by checking whether some example results are consistent with the domain knowledge of a user. In some embodiments, step  51  can be omitted. Next, at step  52 , the set of denormalized records  41  can be transformed into a set of new RDF triples  53  by executing the best pattern  46 , and the new RDF triples can be transformed into a RDF graph, shown in  FIG. 12 . The RDF data source  31  can be enriched at step  54  by the new RDF graph to produce an enriched RDF data source  55 . According to embodiment, the RDF data source  31  can be enriched by appending the new RDF Triples  53  to the RDF data source  31 , or by adding the graphs of  FIG. 12  to the graph of  FIG. 6 , since all graphs are connected at the country node. 
         [0045]      FIG. 11  depicts an exemplary a set of new RDF Triples  53  obtained from the set of denormalized records  41 , shown in  FIG. 8 , by executing the best pattern  46 , shown in  FIG. 10 , and  FIG. 12  depicts an exemplary enriched RDF data source  55 . In the table of  FIG. 11 , the subject identifiers ?x have been replace with references to the first column label in  FIG. 8 , and object identifiers ?z have been replaced with references to column labels F 1  and F 3  in  FIG. 8 , and the rows have been ranked, with the rankings appearing on the right side of the table. 
         [0046]    By following the links in the set of new RDF Triples  53  of  FIG. 11 , the graph of  FIG. 12  can be constructed. For example, field value $ID in the first row of  FIG. 11  corresponds to a root node whose value would be obtained from the ID fields in  FIG. 8 , with a directed edge labeled “Address” pointing to node ?y. The second row of  FIG. 11  indicates that the root node has a string type value, and the third row indicates that there is a directed edge from the node ?y labeled street to another node, whose value is obtained from the F 3  field of the first row in  FIG. 8 . In addition, field value $ID in the first row of FIG. has another directed edge labeled “first name” pointing to a node whose value is obtained from the Fl field of the first row of  FIG. 8 . 
         [0047]    In  FIG. 12 , the numbers “ 1 ”, “ 2 ”, and “ 3 ” appearing next to the root nodes respectively refer to ID of the rows of the table of denormalized records  41  in  FIG. 8 . 
       System Implementations 
       [0048]    It is to be understood that embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented in various forms of hardware, software, firmware, special purpose processes, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, an embodiment of the present disclosure can be implemented in software as an application program tangible embodied on a computer readable program storage device. The application program can be uploaded to, and executed by, a machine comprising any suitable architecture. Furthermore, it is understood in advance that although this disclosure includes a detailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, embodiments of the present disclosure are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or later developed. An automatic troubleshooting system according to an embodiment of the disclosure is also suitable for a cloud implementation. 
         [0049]    Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g. networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may include at least five characteristics, at least three service models, and at least four deployment models. 
         [0050]    Characteristics are as follows: 
         [0051]    On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with the service&#39;s provider. 
         [0052]    Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs). 
         [0053]    Resource pooling: the provider&#39;s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter). 
         [0054]    Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time. 
         [0055]    Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service. 
         [0056]    Service Models are as follows: 
         [0057]    Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider&#39;s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings. 
         [0058]    Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations. 
         [0059]    Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls). 
         [0060]    Deployment Models are as follows: 
         [0061]    Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
         [0062]    Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
         [0063]    Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services. 
         [0064]    Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for loadbalancing between clouds). 
         [0065]    A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure comprising a network of interconnected nodes. 
         [0066]    Referring now to  FIG. 13 , a schematic of an example of a cloud computing node is shown. Cloud computing node  1300  is only one example of a suitable cloud computing node and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of embodiments of the disclosure described herein. Regardless, cloud computing node  1300  is capable of being implemented and/or performing any of the functionality set forth hereinabove. 
         [0067]    In cloud computing node  1300  there is a computer system/server  1312 , which is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with computer system/server  1312  include, but are not limited to, personal computer systems, server computer systems, thin clients, thick clients, handheld or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputer systems, mainframe computer systems, and distributed cloud computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like. 
         [0068]    Computer system/server  1312  may be described in the general context of computer system executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer system. Generally, program modules may include routines, programs, objects, components, logic, data structures, and so on that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Computer system/server  1312  may be practiced in distributed cloud computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed cloud computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer system storage media including memory storage devices. 
         [0069]    As shown in  FIG. 13 , computer system/server  1312  in cloud computing node  1310  is shown in the form of a general-purpose computing device. The components of computer system/server  1312  may include, but are not limited to, one or more processors or processing units  1316 , a system memory  1328 , and a bus  1318  that couples various system components including system memory  1328  to processor  1316 . 
         [0070]    Bus  1318  represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus. 
         [0071]    Computer system/server  1312  typically includes a variety of computer system readable media. Such media may be any available media that is accessible by computer system/server  1312 , and it includes both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media. 
         [0072]    System memory  1328  can include computer system readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM)  1330  and/or cache memory  1332 . Computer system/server  1312  may further include other removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storage media. By way of example only, storage system  1334  can be provided for reading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media (not shown and typically called a “hard drive”). Although not shown, a magnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable, non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”), and an optical disk drive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile optical disk such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical media can be provided. In such instances, each can be connected to bus  1318  by one or more data media interfaces. As will be further depicted and described below, memory  1328  may include at least one program product having a set (e.g., at least one) of program modules that are configured to carry out the functions of embodiments of the disclosure. 
         [0073]    Program/utility  1340 , having a set (at least one) of program modules  1342 , may be stored in memory  1328  by way of example, and not limitation, as well as an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data. Each of the operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data or some combination thereof, may include an implementation of a networking environment. Program modules  1342  generally carry out the functions and/or methodologies of embodiments of the disclosure as described herein. 
         [0074]    Computer system/server  1312  may also communicate with one or more external devices  1314  such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a display  1324 , etc.; one or more devices that enable a user to interact with computer system/server  1312 ; and/or any devices (e.g., network card, modem, etc.) that enable computer system/server  1312  to communicate with one or more other computing devices. Such communication can occur via Input/Output (I/O) interfaces  1322 . Still yet, computer system/server  1312  can communicate with one or more networks such as a local area network (LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a public network (e.g., the Internet) via network adapter  1320 . As depicted, network adapter  1320  communicates with the other components of computer system/server  1312  via bus  1318 . It should be understood that although not shown, other hardware and/or software components could be used in conjunction with computer system/server  1312 . Examples, include, but are not limited to: microcode, device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays, RAID systems, tape drives, and data archival storage systems, etc. 
         [0075]    Referring now to  FIG. 14 , illustrative cloud computing environment  1400  is depicted. As shown, cloud computing environment  1400  comprises one or more cloud computing nodes  1300  with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellular telephone  1454 A, desktop computer  1454 B, laptop computer  1454 C, and/or automobile computer system  1454 N may communicate. Nodes  1300  may communicate with one another. They may be grouped (not shown) physically or virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community, Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combination thereof. This allows cloud computing environment  1400  to offer infrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloud consumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computing device. It is understood that the types of computing devices  1454 A-N shown in  FIG. 13  are intended to be illustrative only and that computing nodes  1300  and cloud computing environment  1400  can communicate with any type of computerized device over any type of network and/or network addressable connection (e.g., using a web browser). 
         [0076]    While embodiments of the present disclosure has been described in detail with reference to exemplary embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications and substitutions can be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as set forth in the appended claims.