Abstract:
Disclosed are systems and methods for optimization and efficient processing of MERGE statements. MERGE allows performing a mix of inserts, updates, and deletes in a single statement, and introduces new challenges compared to legacy DML statements, where the kind of action to be performed is hard-coded and known at compile time. Such optimizations may include Halloween Protection detection for MERGE statements, optimized prevention of non-deterministic MERGE statements, in-place inserts for MERGE statements scanning the “Read Instance” of the target table, and optimized execution of MERGE statements seeking the “Read Instance” of the target table. Such optimizations may be fundamental in order to ensure proper performance and reliable processing times.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
   The MERGE statement is a data manipulation language (DML) statement that may be employed to update a target using data from a source. Each of the target and the source may be a table, for example. Rows in the target that match corresponding rows in the source can be deleted or updated as specified in the MERGE statement. Rows that do not exist in the target can be inserted. Thus, MERGE allows performing a mix of inserts, updates, and deletes in a single statement. 
   Such a statement introduces new challenges compared to legacy DML statements, where the kind of action to be performed is hard-coded and known at compile time. To effect a MERGE, it must first be determined whether or not a corresponding row exists in the target. If not, then the row from the source may be inserted into the target. If the row exists in the target, then it must be determined whether to update the target row, delete it, or leave it unchanged, based on the source. Sometimes, such queries are nondeterministic, such as where multiple rows in the source correspond to only a single row in the target. Also, the actions to be taken may depend on the order in which the rows are processed. 
   There is an ongoing desire for more efficient query processing of MERGE statements. 
   SUMMARY 
   Disclosed herein are a number of optimizations that provide more efficient processing of MERGE statements. Such optimizations may include: “Halloween Protection” detection for MERGE statements; optimized prevention of non-deterministic MERGE statements; in-place inserts for MERGE statements scanning a “Read Instance” of the target; and optimized execution of MERGE statements seeking the “Read Instance” of the target. Such optimizations may be fundamental in order to ensure proper performance and reliable processing times. 
   Halloween Protection Detection for MERGE Statements 
   DML Query Plans are typically divided in two parts—a “read” portion to provide the set of rows to be inserted/updated/deleted, and a “write” portion to apply the changes to the target. Depending on the shape of the query plan, the read and write portion could side-effect each other if not separated through a worktable. This separation is referred to as “Halloween Protection.” In the vast majority of cases, introducing this separation harms performance. Accordingly, to avoid data corruptions and incorrect results, it may be desirable to introduce Halloween Protection in the query plan only when strictly necessary. 
   A MERGE algorithm as described herein may be employed to detect when Halloween Protection is required, based on the syntax of the command and the actions being performed, the indexes present on the tables involved, and the shape of the query plan. Such an algorithm may ensure that Halloween Protection is introduced only when strictly required. 
   Optimized Prevention of Non-Deterministic MERGE Statements 
   A MERGE whose source table is not unique could attempt to modify the same row more than once. This is not permitted because it would likely cause the outcome of the statement to be non deterministic. 
   A MERGE algorithm as described herein may be employed to detect, at compile time, based on the syntax and actions being performed, and the indexes on the source and target tables, whether the statement could be such to modify the same row twice. When it is detected that the statement could possibly attempt to modify the same row twice, a runtime validation step may be added to the query plan to prevent nondeterministic behavior. The validation may be implemented in a way to minimize the effect on performance. 
   Statements Scanning the “Read Instance” Of the Target Table 
   When a MERGE query plan does not contain Halloween Protection, an optimization may be attempted to reuse rows and pages being read from the target instance being joined with the source to qualify the rows to insert. When the source and target are being scanned and joined with a merge join, and a match is not found on the target, the hole may be filled with an insert. The page containing the current outstanding row from the target scan will likely be the same where the row needs to be inserted, because the new row will be inserted right before the currently outstanding row in the leaf level of the B-Tree. If the operation can be done in place on the page, checking the outstanding page can save the B-Tree traversal required to insert the row. 
   Statements Seeking the “Read Instance” of the Target Table 
   An optimized application program interface (“API”) may be used to implement MERGE actions (insert, update, delete) with a single B-Tree traversal per affected row. In other words, when such an API is enabled, each action may be performed in the target table with one B-Tree traversal. This may provide an advantage over multi-statement implementations, which, at the very least, need two B-Tree traversals in the worst case scenario. For example, a batch could attempt to update an existing row (one traversal), and if the update did not touch any row then an insert will be made (another traversal). 
   An optimized API as disclosed herein may tend to improve OLTP-like workloads, for example. Such an API may be enabled by splitting the MERGE Query Execution iterator into two. The first iterator may attempt to insert a row in the target. If the row exists already, then it will be consumed by another MERGE iterator on top to perform an in-place update. In essence, an insertion may be attempted before proving whether the row exists already. For example, if a row already exists, then the already-existing row may be used instead of generating a spurious “unique key violation” error. The optimization may be enabled only when the target table has a unique index. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an example computing environment in which example embodiments and aspects may be implemented. 
       FIG. 2  is a flowchart of a method for “Halloween Protection” detection for MERGE statements. 
       FIG. 3  is a flowchart of a method for prevention of non-deterministic MERGE statements. 
       FIG. 4  is a flowchart of a method for in-place inserts for MERGE statements scanning a “Read Instance” of a target. 
       FIG. 5  is a flowchart of a method for execution of MERGE statements seeking a “Read Instance” of a target. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   Exemplary Computing Arrangement 
     FIG. 1  shows an exemplary computing environment in which example embodiments and aspects may be implemented. The computing system environment  100  is only one example of a suitable computing environment and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality. Neither should the computing environment  100  be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated in the exemplary operating environment  100 . 
   Numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations may be used. Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, embedded systems, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like. 
   Computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer may be used. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Distributed computing environments may be used where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network or other data transmission medium. In a distributed computing environment, program modules and other data may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices. 
   With reference to  FIG. 1 , an exemplary system includes a general purpose computing device in the form of a computer  110 . Components of computer  110  may include, but are not limited to, a processing unit  120 , a system memory  130 , and a system bus  121  that couples various system components including the system memory to the processing unit  120 . The processing unit  120  may represent multiple logical processing units such as those supported on a multi-threaded processor. The system bus  121  may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus (also known as Mezzanine bus). The system bus  121  may also be implemented as a point-to-point connection, switching fabric, or the like, among the communicating devices. 
   Computer  110  typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer  110  and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes both volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CDROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can accessed by computer  110 . Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer readable media. 
   The system memory  130  includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM)  131  and random access memory (RAM)  132 . A basic input/output system  133  (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer  110 , such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM  131 . RAM  132  typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit  120 . By way of example, and not limitation,  FIG. 1  illustrates operating system  134 , application programs  135 , other program modules  136 , and program data  137 . 
   The computer  110  may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,  FIG. 1  illustrates a hard disk drive  140  that reads from or writes to non-removable, nonvolatile magnetic media, a magnetic disk drive  151  that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile magnetic disk  152 , and an optical disk drive  155  that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile optical disk  156 , such as a CD ROM or other optical media. Other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media that can be used in the exemplary operating environment include, but are not limited to, magnetic tape cassettes, flash memory cards, digital versatile disks, digital video tape, solid state RAM, solid state ROM, and the like. The hard disk drive  141  is typically connected to the system bus  121  through a non-removable memory interface such as interface  140 , and magnetic disk drive  151  and optical disk drive  155  are typically connected to the system bus  121  by a removable memory interface, such as interface  150 . 
   The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated in  FIG. 1 , provide storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the computer  110 . In  FIG. 1 , for example, hard disk drive  141  is illustrated as storing operating system  144 , application programs  145 , other program modules  146 , and program data  147 . Note that these components can either be the same as or different from operating system  134 , application programs  135 , other program modules  136 , and program data  137 . Operating system  144 , application programs  145 , other program modules  146 , and program data  147  are given different numbers here to illustrate that, at a minimum, they are different copies. A user may enter commands and information into the computer  20  through input devices such as a keyboard  162  and pointing device  161 , commonly referred to as a mouse, trackball or touch pad. Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit  120  through a user input interface  160  that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interface and bus structures, such as a parallel port, game port or a universal serial bus (USB). A monitor  191  or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus  121  via an interface, such as a video interface  190 . In addition to the monitor, computers may also include other peripheral output devices such as speakers  197  and printer  196 , which may be connected through an output peripheral interface  195 . 
   The computer  110  may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer  180 . The remote computer  180  may be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer  110 , although only a memory storage device  181  has been illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The logical connections depicted in  FIG. 1  include a local area network (LAN)  171  and a wide area network (WAN)  173 , but may also include other networks. Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets and the Internet. 
   When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer  110  is connected to the LAN  171  through a network interface or adapter  170 . When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer  110  typically includes a modem  172  or other means for establishing communications over the WAN  173 , such as the Internet. The modem  172 , which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus  121  via the user input interface  160 , or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer  110 , or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation,  FIG. 1  illustrates remote application programs  185  as residing on memory device  181 . It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used. 
   Halloween Protection Detection for MERGE Statements 
     FIG. 2  is a flowchart of a method  200  for “Halloween Protection” detection for MERGE statements. Such a method may be based on the fact that the “read” portion of a MERGE query plan always contains a “join” between the source and the target to qualify the rows to insert, update, or delete. The instance of the target joined with the source may be referred to as the “Read Instance.” 
   A MERGE statement may be defined as “hole-filling” for a column in the target if: 1) the column is involved in the join predicate between the source and the target, 2) the MERGE statement contains a WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT clause, and 3) the clause assigns to the column the value to which it is being compared in the join predicate. In other words, the MERGE statement may be defined as “hole-filling” for a column if the INSERT clause exactly populates the value that was found missing in the WHEN NOT MATCHED clause. 
   If the key or partitioning columns of the index being scanned or sought of the “Read Instance” intersect with the columns being updated in the WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE clause of the MERGE statement, then Halloween Protection is required. Otherwise, the update could trigger a movement of the row in the B-Tree such to possibly make the statement process the row twice. MERGE statements are required to process (e.g., insert, update, or delete) the same target row at most once. 
   At  202 , a determination is made as to whether the target is a heap. As used herein, the term “heap” refers to a table that is not organized as an index, e.g., a table whose rows are stored in no specific order. If, at  202 , it is determined that the target is a heap, then, at  204 , it is determined whether the heap is being scanned as “Read Instance.” If, at  204 , it is determined that the heap is being scanned as Read Instance, then, at  206 , it is determined whether the MERGE statement contains a WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT clause. If, at  206 , it is determined that the MERGE statement contains a WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT clause, then, at  208 , it is determined that Halloween Protection is required, because heaps are unordered data structures and newly-inserted rows could be read by the scan. If this were to occur, then the newly-inserted rows could be immediately updated or deleted, generating erroneous results. 
   At  210 , a determination is made as to whether the source and target are joined with a merge join. If, at  210 , it is determined that the source and target are joined with a merge join, then, at  212 , a determination is made as to whether the MERGE statement is hole-filling for the target merge join keys. If, at  212 , it is determined that the MERGE statement is not hole-filling for the target merge join keys, then, at  208 , it is determined that Halloween Protection is required, because newly inserted rows could be introduced in arbitrary positions of the Read Instance index being scanned. 
   At  214 , a determination is made as to whether the source and target are joined with a nested loop join. If, at  214 , it is determined that the source and target are joined with a nested loop join, then, at  216 , a determination is made as to whether the MERGE statement is hole-filling for the keys of the Read Instance index being sought that are compared with the source join keys in the seek predicate. If, at  216 , it is determined that the MERGE statement is not hole-filling for the keys of the Read Instance index being sought, then, at  208 , it is determined that Halloween Protection is required, because newly inserted rows could be introduced in arbitrary positions of the “Read Instance” index being sought. 
   If it is determined that none of the above-described conditions is met, then, at  218 , it is determined that Halloween Protection is not required. 
   Optimized Prevention of Non-Deterministic MERGE Statements 
     FIG. 3  is a flowchart of a method  300  for prevention of non-deterministic MERGE statements. A MERGE statement containing either a WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE or a WHEN MATCHED THEN DELETE clause could attempt to update or delete the same row more than once if the source does not have a unique index on the join keys. Duplicate join keys from the source could lead to duplicate attempts to update or delete the same matching row in the target. If such a condition is detected during the compilation of the MERGE statement, the query plan will be augmented with appropriate operators that will raise errors preventing multiple attempts to update the same row, and discard duplicate attempts to delete the same row. 
   According to the method  300 , more than one of the same operation may not be allowed because it could be non-deterministic. At  302 , a determination is made as to whether the MERGE statement contains a WHEN MATCHED THEN DELETE clause. If, at  302 , it is determined that the MERGE statement contains a WHEN MATCHED THEN DELETE clause, then the query plan may be augmented by introducing an operator computing a “Ranking Window Function” before the changes are applied against the target. At  304 , the Ranking Window Function may maintain a counter partitioned by the target keys. The counter may be incremented, at  306 , whenever the action being attempted against the target is a DELETE. At  308 , a filter operator may then be added to the plan, to consume the data stream delivered by the Ranking Window Function computation, and to remove rows with a counter greater than one, i.e., to discard duplicate attempts to delete the same row. 
   At  310 , a determination is made as to whether the MERGE statement contains a WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE clause. If, at  310 , it is determined that the MERGE statement contains a WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE clause, the query plan may be further augmented with another Ranking Window Function operator. At  312 , the Ranking Window Function may maintain a counter partitioned by the target keys. The counter may be incremented, at  314 , whenever the action being attempted against the target is an UPDATE or a DELETE. If it is determined, at  316 , that the counter for a given row reaches two, then, at  318 , an error may be raised, because the statement is attempting to update or delete the same row. 
   In-Place Inserts for MERGE Statements Scanning a “Read Instance” of a Target 
     FIG. 4  is a flowchart of a method  400  for in-place inserts for MERGE statements scanning a “Read Instance” of a target. When a MERGE query plan does not contain Halloween Protection, an optimization may be attempted to reuse pages being read from the target instance being joined with the source to qualify the rows to insert. When the source and target are being scanned and joined with a merge join, and a match is not found on the target, the hole may be filled with an insert action. The page containing the current outstanding row from the target “Read Instance” index scan may be the same where the row needs to be inserted, because the new row will be inserted right before the currently outstanding row in the leaf level of the B-Tree. Checking the outstanding page can save the B-Tree traversal required to insert the row, if the operation can be done in place on the page. 
   According to the method  400 , a determination is made, at  402 , as to whether the query plan contains Halloween protection. If, at  402 , it is determined that the query plan does not contain Halloween protection, then, at  404 , it is determined whether the source and target are being scanned with a merge join. If, at  404 , it is determined that the source and target are being scanned with a merge join, then, at  406 , it is determined whether a match is found on the target. 
   If, at  406 , a match is not found on the target, then, at  408 , the Storage Engine API used to insert a row may be augmented with an optional parameter containing a page reference. At  410 , the augmented API may be invoked with a reference to the currently outstanding page of the target index scan. When such a page reference is present, the Storage Engine may determine, at  412 , whether the page is the one where the new row needs to be inserted. This check is very cheap, because it simply needs to compare the lowest and highest index key column values for the rows currently stored in the page. If the key of the new row to be inserted fits in between, then, at  414 , the insert can be performed directly inside the page, without B-Tree traversals being required. 
   Optimized Execution of MERGE Statements Seeking a “Read Instance” of a Target Table 
     FIG. 5  is a flowchart of a method  500  for execution of MERGE statements seeking a “Read Instance” of a target. This optimization applies to query plans where the join between the source and the target is implemented as a nested loop join that seeks an index of the “Read Instance” of the target. The optimization will guarantee that any kind of MERGE action (i.e., insert, update, or delete) requires only a single B-Tree traversal per affected row. In other words, when the optimization is enabled, each action will be performed in the target with one B-Tree traversal. 
   According to the method  500 , a determination is made, at  502 , as to whether a MERGE query plan is implemented as a nested loop. If, at  502 , it is determined that the MERGE query plan is implemented as a nested loop, then, at  504 , a determination is made as to whether the nested loop join seeks an index of the “Read Instance” of the target. If, at  504 , it is determined that the nested loop join seeks an index of the “Read Instance” of the target, then, at  506 , the MERGE Query Execution iterator may be split into two iterators. 
   At  508 , the first iterator may attempt to insert a row in the target. The Storage Engine API used to insert a row may be augmented with an optional parameter telling it that, instead of throwing a unique key violation when the row already exists in the target index, the already-existing row should be returned to the caller instead. So, if it is determined, at  510 , that the row already exists in the target, then, at  512 , the already-existing row may be returned to the caller. The caller can then pass the row to the Storage Engine API used to update or delete. Thus, the output of the first MERGE iterator may be consumed by a second MERGE iterator on top to perform an in-place update or delete, at  514 , according to the MERGE statement syntax. 
   Thus, an insertion maybe attempted before proving whether the row exists already, and, in that case, the already existing row may be used instead of generating a unique key violation error. Because of the algorithm employed, the optimization can only be enabled when the target table index being sought is unique.