Abstract:
Described herein are press fit optical vias to interconnect different levels of an electronic or electro-optical device, printed circuit board or connector. A device includes a device level having an optical component and another device level having another optical component. A press fit optical via interconnects the device level and the another device level. A press fit optical includes a barrel having a length for interconnecting between the device level and the another device level, an insertion point at an end of the barrel, and a lens at another end of the barrel. It includes an extraction collar between the lens the barrel, an insertion limit face between the extraction collar and the barrel, and a rotation key extending from the extraction collar and the insertion limit face. A plurality of swages are interposed on the barrel and the insertion limit face.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 61/692,922, filed Aug. 24, 2012, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
     This application is related to optical interconnects. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A printed circuit board (PCB) is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways etched from metallic sheets that are laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. Most PCBs are double-sided boards or multi-layer boards. These types of PCB boards use plated-through holes, called vias, to connect the conductive pathways on different layers of the PCB. 
     SUMMARY 
     Described herein are press fit optical vias to interconnect different levels of an electronic or electro-optical device, printed circuit board or connector. A device includes a device level having an optical component and another device level having another optical component. A press fit optical via interconnects the device level and the another device level. A press fit optical includes a barrel having a length for interconnecting between the device level and the another device level, an insertion point at an end of the barrel, and a lens at another end of the barrel. It includes an extraction collar between the lens the barrel, an insertion limit face between the extraction collar and the barrel, and a rotation key extending from the extraction collar and the insertion limit face. A plurality of swages are interposed on the barrel and the insertion limit face. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows an example applicability of optical vias; 
         FIGS. 2A ,  2 B and  2 C show an example press fit optical via; 
         FIG. 3  shows, at a relative scale, looking down a press fit optical via into a planar optical waveguide; 
         FIG. 4  shows an example use of press fit optical vias with application specific integrated circuits (ASICs); 
         FIG. 5  shows an example of how to form a press fit optical via; 
         FIG. 6  shows an example of a ganged press fit optical via; 
         FIG. 7  shows an example optical via for 1092.5 um; 
         FIG. 8  shows an example optical via for 695 um; 
         FIG. 9  shows an example optical via for 297.5 um; 
         FIGS. 10A ,  10 B,  10 C and  10 D shows an example diagram for an optical via; 
         FIGS. 11A ,  11 B,  11 C and  11 D shows an example diagram for an optical via; and 
         FIGS. 12A ,  12 B,  12 C and  12 D shows an example diagram for an optical via. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     It is to be understood that the figures and descriptions of embodiments of the optical vias for printed circuit boards (PCBs) have been simplified to illustrate elements that are relevant for a clear understanding, while eliminating, for the purpose of clarity, many other elements found in typical PCBs, typical interconnect technology, and in PCBs with embedded planar optical waveguides. Those of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that other elements and/or steps are desirable and/or required in implementing the optical vias for PCBs. However, because such elements and steps are well known in the art, and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the optical vias for PCBs, a discussion of such elements and steps is not provided herein. 
     The non-limiting embodiments described herein are with respect to the optical vias for PCBs. The embodiments and variations described herein, and/or shown in the drawings, are presented by way of example only and are not limiting as to the scope and spirit. The optical vias for PCBs may be used in a number of applications. 
     Current electrical PCB technology has reached or may have reached technology limitations with respect to the type of materials used for PCBs, the aspect ratios of plated PCB vias, plated through hole (PTH) vias standard hole sizes, PCB routing and spacing rules, electrical routing and spacing rules, ball grid array pitch, PCB layer limitations, and human insertion force limitations which impact backplane connector densities and upper limits of information signaling. 
     However, as electrical input/output performance and signaling densities near fundamental limitations as technology pushes beyond 28 GHz electrical signaling, why use optical interconnects. Optical waveguides have better transmission characteristics, further reach with lower loss at high frequencies, and therefore larger systems can be built. Optical channels can have higher routing densities in the 50-35 um optical trace width range, compared to pure electrical PCBs which are typically require 7-7-7 thou (100-100-100 m) trace widths design rules for effective 28 GHz electrical signaling. Electrical traces are differential, spacing design rules go up as speed increases further beyond 28 GHz. Electrical channels need vias to cross over each other. Optical channels can intersect with little effects, greatly reducing routing layers. Optical channels do not radiate electromagnetic interference (EMI), are not susceptible to noise, and crosstalk, so do not require associated additional ground planes at additional cost. Photons also travel a bit faster than electrons. 
     PCB technologies are starting to use embedded optical waveguides, optical device topside interconnects and optical device bottomside interconnects. However, issues exist. For example, although optical channels may be micromachined to 45 degree angles to accept a top focused optical interface, effectively completing the via, the micromachining process is very limited in terms of flexibility, difficult to clean, and would be prohibitively expensive in production in a large scale. In addition, it may be difficult to manufacture, difficult to test, not amenable to standard PCB fabrication or standard factory assembly techniques. Moreover, issues have arisen in application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) to waveguide optical connections. 
     Described herein are press fit optical vias which overcome at least the issues described herein. These press fit optical vias may be used for PCB to application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) connections, ASIC to PCB connections, ASIC to faceplane connections, PCB to backplane connections, backplane to PCB connections, and backplane to backplane connections. For purposes of illustration only,  FIG. 1  illustrates that optical press fit PCB-optical connections may be made at different levels. For example, press fit optical vias can be used as PCB optical vias ( 1 ), ASIC package penetrators ( 2 ), press fit optical faceplate connectors ( 3 ), press fit optical card edge connectors ( 4 ), press fit optical backplane connectors ( 5 ) and press fit optical backplane breakout connectors ( 6 ). In another example, press fit optical vias may be used in the integrated circuit (IC) package to allow direct, bottomside connection to high power edge emitting lasers. 
     The optical via is inspectable, re-workable and testable prior to ASIC attach. The optical via may be built as a single via, duplex via or ganged via assembly to work with standard fiber ribbon pitch emitters, detectors and test cables, which may be 10-12 lanes, for example. An optically clear, index matching lubricant, or even an optical cement, if necessary, makes for reduced optical loss and easier press fit insertions into thick PCBs. Mass optical press fit connectors using this via may be used instead of conventional electrical press fits. 
     In an illustrative embodiment, to intercept a planar optical waveguide buried in a PCB for vertical optical access, a precision unplated thru hole, (also known referred to as a via herein), is drilled, which effectively terminates the optical waveguide at the edge of the via. If multiple layers of optical waveguides are intercepted by the via, then this forms the foundation for an optical splitter or combiner. 
     In another illustrative embodiment, press fit optical vias can be used with mirrors to turn a corner. The mirror is press fit into the unplated via by any of several different methods including pick and place factory hardware, manual insertion or press fit anvil. The mirror is made from injection molded, optical quality plastic or glass suitable for the optical wavelengths required, which may be between 1500 and 850 nm, for example. The mirror may have the following characteristics, but is not limited to, a top-side (or bottom-side) collamination lens, limit flange for precision press fit depth, and alignment detail to ensure exact azimuth or insertion angle for mirror-optical via alignment. 
     In another illustrative embodiment, the mirror may not need to be plated if the optical budget can tolerate the available internal reflection. A more elaborate mirror may allow beamsplitting, (or combining), or polarization splitting, (or combining) within the optical via, for use in multiplexing the optical interfaces or working with multiple layers of PCB embedded optical waveguides. Allowing for some loss through the other side of the via in the splitter may allow for ASIC optical inspection and testing of the finished assembly. 
       FIGS. 2A ,  2 B and  2 C show a side view, a side perspective view and a top perspective view of an example press fit optical via  200 . The press fit optical via  200  can be matched for specific waveguide (WG) depths by sizing the length of a barrel  205  of the press fit optical via  200 . Each press fit optical via  200  can include, for example, a via swage detail  210  that preserves the via&#39;s critical insertion rotation angle. In particular, the via swage detail  210  secures the optical via  200  from rotating or pulling out during the production and useful life of the product. The via swage detail  210 , i.e., flanges, cut slightly into the PCB material. In another embodiment, if optical cement is used, then the via swage detail  210  are not needed, but the resulting via becomes un-reworkable. The press fit optical via  200  further includes an extraction collar  215  for reworking and/or refitting, an insertion limit face  220  for precision depth placement, and a pick-place rotation key  225  for precise alignment. An insertion point detail  230  can clear debris during the insertion operation. The press fit optical via  200  further includes a quarter wave optical thickness (QWOT) Magnesium Fluoride anti reflection coating (AR) convex lens  235  suitable for the operating wavelength and a mirror  240  which provides a total internal reflection face/surface for directing a beam to or from an optical component, for example, a laser, light emitting diode (LED), PIN, avalance photodiode (APD) detector, or optical waveguide. The AR coating prevents reflections and allows for higher speed optical interfaces. 
     The press fit optical via  200  can be prepared at a PCB provider during fabrication and can be designed for 8 thou holes (0.008″), on for example, a fiber ribbon pitch. As described herein below, the press fit optical via  200  can be made from precision molded Schott glass optics, which can tolerate PCB thermal solder cycles. The press fit optical via  200  may be pick-place/press-fit after solder stencil, but before solder device placement and reflow. 
     Functionally, a collimated beam  245  is directed onto the QWOT Magnesium Fluoride AR convex lens  235  and through the barrel  205  to reflect off of the mirror  240  to an optical device or component. Collimation reduces tolerance and contamination sensitivity for the press fit optical via  200 . 
       FIG. 3  shows, at a relative scale, a perspective view by looking down through a press fit optical via  300  into a planar optical waveguide  305 . The press fit optical via  300  includes a lens  310 , and a barrel  315  allowing for inter via wall PCB support  320  corresponding to a standard ribbon pitch, (which provides for minimum side wall distances allowed between holes). The looking down the press fit optical via  300  perspective view shows a waveguide spot  325  as viewed in a 45 degree mirror and an illustrative focused and collimated beam  330 . A press fit optical via  300  and waveguide  305  interface point  335  is also illustrated. 
       FIG. 4  shows an example use of press fit optical vias with ASICs. In this example, a PCB  400  has multiple layers that have surface waveguides  405  and buried waveguides  407 ,  408  and  409 . Conventional vias  410  may implemented in the PCB  400  to provide interconnects and soldering positions for solder balls  415  to connect to a ball grid array (BGA) package  420 . The BGA  420  is further connected to silicon carriers or substrates  425  using controlled-collapse-chip-connectors (C4)  430  and lasers  435  and  440  are in turn connected to the silicon carriers or substrates  425  via C4  445 . A cleanout via  450  may also be implemented to flush out reflow gasses and flux vapour deposits, which may cause the collimated beam to become unfocused or that impair the mirror function, if total internal reflection is used as the mirror method. 
     Press fit optical via  460  is positioned to receive a beam from laser  435  and direct the beam to another press fit optical via  462 , which in turn directs it to buried waveguide  407 . Another press fit optical via  470  directs a beam from buried waveguide  409  through press fit optical via  472  to a diode or laser  440 . As described herein, the press fit optical vias are cleanable, can be engineered for specified depths, mirrored to make turns, polarized, acts as beam splitters and other like functions. 
     As shown and described herein, these optical vias are very tiny, and are inserted into 8 thou drilled holes. No optical glue is needed to mount the press fit optical vias, although index matching fluid or lubricant may be used to ease the press fit. Holes can be inspected with bore scope microscope tool. Vias can be inserted on the same pitch as fiber ribbon and are designed to be production inserted with a placement tool with programmable pressure limit and theta control. 
     Installed links can be checked for optical performance prior to ASIC installation. Optical vias can be extracted with an extraction tool and broken vias can be pushed through the PCB. Optical via links can carry any lambda, or Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) combination, at any rates allowed for in the optical domain Signal Integrity (SI) In an embodiment, if an ASIC requires rework, the vias may need to be replaced as they interfere with most solder screen processes. 
     Described herein is how to drill the via to prepare for the press fit optical element(s) and inspect the results. The finished via hole should be as smooth as possible, to minimize losses at the optical via to waveguide interface. In an embodiment, the vias may be polished by mandril and grinding compound to minimize optical losses and reflections at the sidewall. In the optical via design, it is important that no copper pads from the conventional PCB barrel are present in the optical via stack to contribute scratches to the optical via sidewall. The finished holes can be inspected by a mirrored optical micro bore scope. In an embodiment, a custom inspection tool with preset depth flanges and location reticles may be used. In another embodiment, inspection through the lens after fitting may also be done with a backlit waveguide and visible light source. When an external optical fiber or optical fiber ribbon is used in the inspection, it will be possible to run Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) to confirm the link quality and insertion loss. 
       FIG. 5  shows an example of how to form a press fit optical via. Mold shapes are micromachined from metal rods. Any of a number of shapes is possible, including, but not limited to, complex shapes such as curved 45 degrees and aspherics to better adapt the via sidewall shape. Glass material is put into the mold, heated and formed using techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, these techniques keep air bubbles from forming in the glass. For example, a die  500  and an anvil  505  are shaped, glass is positioned and the combination is heated to form the optical via. In an embodiment, surfaces can be anti-reflective (AR) coated if necessary. In an embodiment, ×1 or ×12 ribbon ganged vias may be formed using this method. For example, a 12 element via with a preset escape angle may be built and inserted all at one pressing. The ganged design helps improve tolerances from lane to lane. In another embodiment, with dual shot optical mould techniques, the 45 degree angle can be silvered and a deeper protective via formed. For example, the via would be made in 3 steps, with 2 different mold anvils and two different shots. From the point of a conical via including the 45 degree angle in a higher temperature material, mirror the surface with metallization, and shoot the second optical part in glass without reflowing the first. The result is an optical via which may be fully pointed, and where the mirror surface is fully protected and not based on total internal reflection. Beam splitters and combiners can be made the same way with appropriate 45 degree angle coatings. 
       FIG. 6  shows an example of a ganged press fit optical via  600 . The ganged press fit optical via  600  may be made using the techniques described herein above but using a more complex mold. The resulting structure may be compatible with 1×12 fiber ribbon strips, for example. 
     Described herein are the materials that may be used for the press fit optical vias. In an embodiment, optical glass suitable for precision molding may be used for the optical vias. For example, Schott® N-PK52A optical glass may be used, which has a low transformation temperature (Tg) of 467 Celsius and an index of refraction of 1.4952 (nd), (after molding). This is well matched to Dow® Lightpath® materials. It also has an Abbe number of 81.3 (vd), which is a measure of the material&#39;s dispersion (variation of refractive index with wavelength) in relation to the refractive index. In another embodiment, high temperature optical plastics may be used. For example, Radel® Hi Temp optical plastic may be used. 
       FIG. 7  shows an example optical via  700  for 1092.5 um. As described herein, the optical via  700  includes a swage  705 , extraction collar  710 , insertion limit face  715 , pick-place rotation key  720 , mirror  725  and barrel  730 .  FIGS. 10A ,  10 B,  10 C and  10 D show a top view, a side view, another side view and an exploded view of the optical via  700  of  FIG. 7 . 
       FIG. 8  shows an example optical via  800  for 695 um. As described herein, the optical via  800  includes a swage  805 , extraction collar  810 , insertion limit face  815 , pick-place rotation key  820 , mirror  825  and barrel  830 .  FIGS. 11A ,  11 B,  11 C and  11 D show a top view, a side view, another side view and an exploded view of the optical via  800  of  FIG. 8 . 
       FIG. 9  shows an example optical via  900  for 297.5 um. As described herein, the optical via  900  includes a swage  905 , extraction collar  910 , insertion limit face  915 , pick-place rotation key  920 , mirror  925  and barrel  930 .  FIGS. 12A ,  12 B,  12 C and  12 D show a top view, a side view, another side view and an exploded view of the optical via  900  of  FIG. 9 . 
     Although features and elements are described above in particular combinations, each feature or element can be used alone without the other features and elements or in various combinations with or without other features and elements.