Abstract:
An optical cavity is combined with non-linear optical crystals and a laser source to generate light radiation at a frequency about 1.5 times the frequency of the initial laser source having a wavelength ⅔ that of the initial laser source. The optical cavity comprises mirrors with relatively high reflectivity for optical radiation at a frequency of F/2, superior transmission for radiation at a frequency of 3/2*F for extracting the final radiation and mirrors with relatively immediate or high reflectivity, or generally high transmission for radiation at frequency F. The effective optical length of the cavity is precisely tunable by acting on at least one of the mirrors that form the cavity. The optical cavity contains at least two non-linear optical crystals: at least one of which satisfies the phase-matching-quasi phase-matching-condition for non-linear conversion F 2*F/2, and at least one of which satisfies the phase-matching—or quasi phase-matching-condition for non-linear conversion F+F/2? 3/2*F. The length of the optical cavity, and its resonance modes, are actively stabilized such that the only process of frequency division is that by a factor of 2.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention concerns the field of laser sources and of the relative optical frequency conversion systems. More specifically, the invention refers to a method and a device for optical frequency multiplication by a factor 1.5.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     In applications for high precision spectroscopy and laser cooling of lithium atomic vapors, it is required the use of a laser source with the following ideal specifications: power of some hundreds of mW; continuous wave radiation (not pulsed), with low amplitude noise; frequency tunable by a number of GHz around the wavelength corresponding to the atomic resonance (671 nm); small spectral linewidth with respect to 6 MHz (6 MHz is the natural linewidth of the atomic transition); single transverse mode, possibly Gaussian, at least with M2 lower than 1.5, that ensures at least 50% coupling efficiency into a single transverse mode optical fiber; low cost; operation as simple as possible; stable and reliable efficiency at least for a few months of regular use; power dissipation not higher than a few kW.  
         [0003]     Among the various possibilities available from the state of the art, none of them fully satisfies the above mentioned requirements. Considering the semiconductor laser sources, laser diodes are known capable of working in a neighborhood of 671 nm, and of delivering a power up to 5-10 W. These high power diodes have an emission spectrum which is many THz wide, and their spatial beam profile is clearly multimode. In order to satisfy the criterion on the spectral linewidth and beam profile mode one has to turn to low power laser diodes (20 mW maximum power) stabilized on extended cavity in the Littrow, or Littman-Metcalf configuration. In these configurations the final available power is about 50% of the initial power from the diode laser, then in this specific case the final obtainable power amounts to no more than 10 mW. In general, it is possible to amplify low power radiation with good spectral properties by injection locking of slave laser diodes, or seeding semiconductor tapered amplifiers (“A high-power multiple-frequency narrow-linewidth laser source based on a semiconductor tapered amplifier”, G. Ferrari et al., Optics Letters 24, 151, (1999)). Nonetheless in the specific case of a laser diode used as slave amplifier it is possible to obtain no more than 20 mW, while semiconductor tapered amplifiers for a wavelength lower than 730 nm are not available on the market.  
         [0004]     Dye lasers theoretically represent a valid alternative in terms of use flexibility. By varying the type of dye used and the wavelength of the pumping laser it is possible to generate radiation with an emission wavelength from the infra-red to the ultra-violet. In the specific case of 671 nm radiation, it is possible to generate the radiation with systems on the market. For instance, it is available the dye laser Coherent 699, with rhodamine as dye. With this combination the pumping laser must have an emission wavelength between 500 and 550 nm, for which the most common choice is argon ion (Ar+) laser, or neodymium or ytterbium YAG laser with a frequency doubling stage (515 or 532 nm). However, in the case of the ion argon (Ar+) laser the efficiency is very small (about 0.1%) and to produce a power in the range of a few Watts one needs to dissipate many kW of energy. Furthermore, these lasers are not very reliable, they usually have a non negligible amplitude and pointing noise, and are quite expensive both at the purchase and in maintenance, requiring frequent realignments of the cavity. For these reasons they generally do not find industrial applicability. A possible alternative to the AR+ as pumping laser is the use of frequency doubled Nd:YAG or Yb:YAG lasers. These lasers are reliable (normally they require only the replacement of the pumping diode bars every 10000 working hours), and they are quite efficient (in order to produce 10 W of radiation the overall power consumption is typically 1 kW, considering also the Nd/Yb:YAG bar cooling system). The dye laser then fulfill the criteria on the output power, spectral purity, and spatial mode. Nonetheless, they also represent an expensive solution, and they do not fulfill the criterion on the simplicity of operation.  
         [0005]     Another possibility is represented by titanium-sapphire (Ti:Sa) laser. These have spectral characteristics and working conditions similar to those of the dye lasers for 671 nm, combined with a better simplicity of operation. However, the Ti:Sa gain curve is centered around 850 nm, and their application at 671 nm, (on the tail if the gain profile), is not efficient. Furthermore, the cost of a Ti:Sa laser is similar to that of a dye laser.  
         [0006]     Since there are no sources directly emitting at the required wavelength with acceptable costs and fully satisfactory ways of operation, it is possible to consider laser sources that rely on non-linear frequency conversion, like second harmonic generation (SHG), frequency sum, and OPO.  
         [0007]     Second Harmonic Generation is a conversion process that allows to double the frequency of radiation, by sending the fundamental radiation on a crystal that exhibits a non-linear polarizability and simultaneously satisfies the phase-matching conditions (or quasi-phase-matching if periodically poled crystals are used) between the fundamental and SHG generated radiation. Presently, non linear crystals well suited for Second Harmonic Generation towards the complete visible spectrum, the near UV, and the near IR, are available. In particular, crystals are available for generating 671 nm light from 1342 nm. The pump laser still has to deliver at least 1 W at 1342 nm, with the suitable characteristics in terms of spectral purity, frequency tunability and spatial mode quality. The semiconductor sources deliver up to few tens of mW power, while amplifiers (e.g. Raman fiber amplifiers) are not suitable for generating radiation with a linewidth lower than 1 GHz. A possible alternative is represented by neodymium vanadate lasers, but these are not available in continuous wave (CW) version, and they do not satisfy the criterion on the frequency tunability.  
         [0008]     Frequency sum corresponds to the process where two distinct photons with different frequency are summed in order to generate a single photon the frequency of which is the sum of the frequencies of the two base photons. For the application at 671 nm one possibility is to use a laser at one micron (like a laser diode stabilized on an extended cavity) amplified up to 5 W on a Yb fiber amplifier, and a 2 micron laser (again a laser diode amplified on a thulium fiber amplifier, up to 10 W available). Then a rather high power becomes available, but in order to have an efficient non-linear conversion, it is necessary to use an optical cavity doubly resonant with the 1 and 2 micron radiation. This does not represent a particular problem for the radiation at 1 micron, but for the radiation at 2 microns problems may rise due to the lack of detectors (to be used for optical alignment, and making the radiation resonant with one of the cavity modes) efficient at this wavelength. Furthermore, this solution requires that both lasers to be summed fulfill the requirements on spectral purity, power, spatial mode quality, thus implying the doubling of the laser source complexity.  
         [0009]     An OPO (optical parametric oscillator) is a device that, starting from a laser field at frequency f 1 , produces two fields at frequencies f 2  and f 3  such that f 2 +f 3 =f 1 . The OPO essentially consists of an optical cavity containing a non-linear crystal that satisfies the condition for the phase-matching, or quasi-phase-matching for the process f 1           f 2 +f 3 . The starting laser with frequency f 1  is called “pump”; if the frequency f 2  is higher than f 3 , then f 2  is called “signal” and f 3  “idler”. An OPO is called singly resonant when the optical cavity is resonant with one field (signal or idler), doubly resonant when the resonance is both with the signal and idler, and triply resonant when the pump is resonant too. The simplest method for generating 671 nm radiation with an OPO consists in starting from a pump with frequency higher than c/671 nm=446 THz, thus producing directly 671 nm. Assuming to start with a pump at 532 nm, then together with 671 nm, radiation at 2568 nm would be produced.  
         [0010]     This kind of OPO, from a realistic standpoint, would be singly resonant, then with an operation threshold on the pump power at around 2-3 W (“Continuous-wave singly-resonant optical parametric oscillator based on periodically poled LiNbO3”, Bosenberg et al., Optics Letters 21, 713 (1996)). The spectral characteristics of the radiation so generated depend greatly on the experimental conditions, nonetheless it is realistic to think of fulfilling some of the previously mentioned requirements, producing 100 mW of radiation at 671 nm with a 10 W pump at 532 nm. It is then clear that in any case one needs to employ a powerful 532 nm laser, with the consequent costs. Considering the power available from these systems, the intrinsic frequency instability (which depend on the stability of the cavity, the crystal, and the pumping laser), and the overall costs, even this solution in not satisfactory, all the requirements considered, at least for a real industrial applicability.  
         [0011]     Finally, a variant of the above described OPO is represented by the OPO combined to other non-linear processes like frequency sum or second harmonic generation. This approach aims at combining the flexibility in the wavelength generated by the OPO with processes of frequency duplication of the generated field, or frequency sum with the pump field (“Frequency up conversion by phase-matched sum-frequency generation in an optical parametric generator”, E. C. Cheung et al., Optics Letters 19, 1967 (1994)). Despite the advantage of generating a radiation of higher frequency, these systems present features similar to those of the standard OPOs. Therefore, also this solution can not be considered satisfactory for the application at 671 nm.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0012]     It is the object of the present invention to provide a method and device for generating laser radiation at wavelengths presently difficult to access, in particular but no exclusively close to the optical transition of atomic lithium (671 nm), at the same time fulfilling all the requirements previously mentioned.  
         [0013]     A specific object of the present invention is to provide a method and a device of the above mentioned type, capable of attaining such a high operative efficiency to permit the use of laser sources that are relatively inexpensive with respect to the power and the overall output spectral properties.  
         [0014]     According to the invention, these objects are achieved by the method and device for multiplying optical frequencies by a factor 1.5, the essential characteristics are defined respectively in the first and in the ninth of the appended claims.  
         [0015]     According to the invention, an optical cavity is combined with non-linear optical means and a laser source, in order to generate light radiation at a frequency 1.5 times the frequency F of the initial laser source, that is at a wavelength ⅔ the wavelength of the initial laser source. The optical cavity consists of mirrors with high reflectivity for optical radiation at frequency F/2, good transmission for radiation at frequency 3/2*F for extracting the final radiation and, according to the configuration of the device, mirrors with intermediate or high reflectivity, or high transmission for radiation at frequency F. The effective optical length of the cavity is precisely tunable by acting on at least one of the mirrors that form the cavity. The optical cavity contains at least two non-linear optical means: at least one satisfies the phase-matching condition for the non-linear conversion F         2*F/2, at least one satisfies the phase-matching condition for the non-linear conversion F+F/2          3/2*F. The length of the optical cavity, and its resonance modes, are actively stabilized such that the only process of frequency division is that by a factor 2.  
         [0016]     The non-linear crystal satisfies the condition for phase-matching type-I, type-II, or quasi-phase-matching, for the division by a factor 2 of the pump laser frequency. In the case of type-I or quasi-phase-matching, two photons having the same polarization, and thus identical, are generated. This process, known as such (see for instance “Continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator based on periodically poled KTiOPO4”, A. Garashi et al., Optics Letters 23, 1739 (1998)), is called degenerate frequency division.  
         [0017]     In the degenerate case the device is practically an OPO at least doubly resonant (identical signal and idler), which allows to reduce the threshold operation at a few tens of mW. The efficiency is then automatically double with respect to a common OPO, since for each transformed photon of the pump laser, two photons are generated at the final frequency, and not one signal and one idler. The gain is then double and also the threshold operation of the OPO is correspondingly reduced.  
         [0018]     When working at degeneracy, then, the efficiency of the OPO raises, with consequent increase of the generated power at F/2, and correspondingly the power depletion on the pump laser is stronger. In a degenerate OPO it is theoretically possible to convert up to 100% of the initial power of the pump into radiation at frequency F/2. According to the invention, the OPO is then operated at degeneracy on the basis of the signal derived from the variation of the working conditions in this configuration. The optical cavity, besides being resonant at frequency F/2, may be resonant also at the pump frequency F (triple resonant OPO). 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0019]     Further features and/or advantages of the method and device according to the present invention will be made clearer by the following description of one of their embodiments, given by way of a non-limiting example, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:  
         [0020]      FIG. 1  represents an exemplary diagram of the configuration of a first embodiment of the device according to the present invention;  
         [0021]      FIG. 2  represents an exemplary diagram of the configuration of a second embodiment of the device according to the present invention; and  
         [0022]      FIG. 3  represents an exemplary diagram of the configuration of a further embodiment, partially alternative to the embodiment in  FIG. 2 , of the device according to the present invention. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0023]     With reference to  FIG. 1 , according to the invention there is provided the use of a pump laser  1  which, assuming that the need is to produce output radiation at 671 nm wavelength, emits radiation at 1006.5 nm, corresponding to a frequency F of 297 THz. In this spectral region diode lasers are available suitable for delivering up to 100 mW, and optical fiber amplifiers delivering up to 5 W. Combining these two sources it is thus possible to obtain 5 W of radiation at 1006.5 nm with the required spectral characteristics.  
         [0024]     The actual optical frequency multiplying device comprises a ring optical cavity  2 , consisting of four mirrors  21 - 24  at high reflectivity for radiation at 2013 nm (or, more generally at a frequency F/2), and highly transparent at 1006.5 nm and 671 nm (that is, respectively, at frequencies F and 3/2*F). The high transparency for the radiation at frequency 3/2*F is the condition necessary to extract the desired radiation from the cavity. An analogous result can be obtained by inserting into the cavity a dichroic mirror, reflective for radiation at frequency 3/2*F, and transparent for the other wavelengths. The pumping radiation emitted by the source  1  hits a first mirror of the cavity  21  (pump incoupling mirror) after passing through beamshaping optics, of a type known per se, represented by the block  6 .  
         [0025]     At least one of the mirrors, the one indicated at  23  in the figure, is mounted on a piezoelectric transducer  23   a  ensuring a run of at least one wavelength at a frequency F/2, on a timescale sufficiently short to compensate for acoustic noise on the cavity. Two non-linear crystals  31 ,  32  are placed inside the cavity typically, but not necessarily, close to the point of maximum focalization of the cavity resonance mode.  
         [0026]     A first crystal  31  satisfies the condition for phase-matching, or quasi-phase-matching, for the process 1006.5         2*2013 nm, the second crystal  32  for the process 2013+1006.5         671 nm. All the facets of the crystals are anti-reflection coated at 1006.5 and 2013 nm. The output facet of crystal  32  is anti-reflection coated also at 671 nm. The non-linear crystals can be made of KTP (potassium titanyl phosphate) periodically poled (PPKTP), or LiNbO3 (LN) periodically poled (PPLN), or MgO:LiNbO3 (magnesium-oxide-doped LN), both single-crystal type and periodically poled. With these crystals it is possible to satisfy the conditions for quasi phase-matching for both the non-linear processes, and the transmission is good at all the three wavelengths involved in the frequency conversion process, with the further advantage that the polarizations for all the fields are automatically linear and parallel.  
         [0027]     The length of the optical cavity is actively stabilized by acting on the piezoelectric transducer  23   a  which holds the mirror  23 , such that the cavity works constantly at the degenerate condition. The degenerate working condition can be verified, for instance, by checking the transmission of the pump through the cavity. In fact, when the cavity is at degeneracy, the threshold of the OPO is lower and the pump depletion is higher. By introducing a small modulation on the position of mirror  23  controlled by the piezo transducer, and at the same by carrying out a phase measurement of the OPO pump transmission, it is possible to obtain a correction signal for the transducer so that the cavity length is kept constant. The locking signal of the cavity derived on its transmission signal (at 1006.5 nm in this specific case) is obtained from the radiation at the output through a dichroic mirror  4 , associated with a photo detector  5 . As an alternative, it is possible to check that the radiation generated at 671 nm or 2013 nm is single longitudinal mode.  
         [0028]     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , where components analogous to those in the previous embodiment are indicated at corresponding reference numerals, the optical cavity  102  can be configured such that the OPO is triply resonant. To this end, crystals  131 ,  132  identical to the previous embodiment are placed between mirrors  121 - 124  wherein mirror  121  is the incoupling mirror for the pump and, while being again highly reflective at 2013 nm, presents a reflectivity at 1006.5 nm chosen to maximize the impedance coupling of the pump beam in the coupling into the cavity. The other three mirrors are all highly reflective at 1006.5 and 2013 nm, and transparent at 671 nm.  
         [0029]     In order to stabilize the cavity in resonance with the pump, it is possible to use a locking scheme such as a Haensch-Couillaud one (B. Couillaud, and T. W. Haensch, Opt. Comm. Vol 35, 441 (1981)), or the scheme Pound-Drever-Hall (R. W. P. Drever et al., App. Phys B Vol 31, 97 (1983)). In case of the Haensch-Couillaud scheme, represented in the figure, the stabilization of the cavity at resonance on the pump at 1006.5 is obtained by acting on the piezo transducer  123   a  of the mirror  123 . The locking signal is obtained by analyzing the polarization of the pump beam reflected by the incoupling mirror  121 , through retardation waveplates  107  (lambda ½ and ¼ at 1006.5 nm, that is at the pump wavelength), a linear polarizer  108 , and a differential photo detector  105 . When the losses into the cavity depend on the polarization, the polarization of the radiation reflected by mirror  121  into the detector  105  depends on the frequency difference of the pump with respect to the resonance modes of the cavity. The system for polarization analysis can thus provide a signal suitable for keeping the cavity stably on resonance with the pump field.  
         [0030]     In order to have polarization dependent on the losses on the cavity, it is possible to insert into the cavity a polarizing element (like a plate at the Brewster angle). As an alternative, it is possible to exploit the losses induced by the non-linear crystals, which occur only for the polarization which satisfies the condition for the phase-matched conversion. This allows to reduce the number of optical elements into the cavity, and to eliminate the additional losses due to the polarizing element. Indeed it is unlikely that the polarizing element may work ideally for the pump without inducing losses for the radiation at 2013 nm.  
         [0031]     Stabilizing the cavity at resonance with the pump laser does not ensure that the degenerate condition for the OPO is established. For this reason, it is necessary to tune separately the phase accumulated by the field at 2013 nm in one roundtrip into the cavity. This can be done by acting on the temperature, on the alignment, or the length of crystals  131  or  132 , provided that it does not affect the overall conversion efficiency. Alternatively, it is possible to add into the cavity an optical element, represented and indicated at  126  in  FIG. 2 , which allows to change the phase of the field at 2013 nm with respect to that at 1006.5 nm. This optical element can be an electro-optic crystal to which a suitable voltage is applied, or an optical plate anti-reflection coated at the two resonant wavelengths which allows to change the relative optical path of the two fields by acting on the incidence angle, or the thickness.  
         [0032]     According to another way for changing the phase accumulated by the two resonant fields on a cavity roundtrip, as shown in the representation in  FIG. 3  (where the components analogous to those in the previously described figures are indicated at corresponding reference numerals), it is possible to use non-linear crystals  231  and  231  which, instead of being cut as usual with parallel input and output facets, form a dihedral angle between the input and output facets. By displacing at least one of the crystals orthogonally (transversally) with respect to the axis of the beams, as indicated by the arrows A, the crystal thickness at the position where the beams pass varies, and correspondingly varies the relative phase of the two fields on one cavity roundtrip.  
         [0033]     The dihedral between the input and output facets of the non-linear crystal generally causes a relative deviation of the pump beam F with respect to the generated beam at frequency F/2, possibly reducing the efficiency of the triply resonant cavity. In order to compensate for this angular separation introduced by the dihedral-shaped non-linear crystal, it is preferable that both the non-linear crystals are cut so as to form a dihedral between the input and the output facets, and that the crystals are arranged such that the angular separation introduced by a first crystal is compensated (or partially compensated) by the second crystal. One possibility is for instance to choose two non linear crystals  231  and  232  made out of the same material, wherein the facets facing each other, output and input facets respectively, are cut according to identical and coherently slanting dihedrals, as shown in  FIG. 3 .  
         [0034]     The transversal displacement of the crystals can be obtained through a conventional mechanical system for the rough movement, and piezoelectric transducers  231   a  and  232   a  for the fine movement. The phase of the fields at frequencies F and F/2 is actively stabilized by acting e.g. on the piezo actuators  231   a  and  232   a , introducing a modulation on the transverse position of at least one of the crystals, and carrying out a synchronous measurement of the pump radiation F coupled into the cavity, or synchronously measuring the radiation generated at frequency 3/2*F, or synchronously measuring the radiation generated at frequency F/2 via a suitable detector  205  by means of a dichroic mirror  204 .  
         [0035]     The method for the relative phase stabilization of the two resonant fields by means of a crystal cut according to a dihedral as described above, can be effective also with a possibly non-dihedral crystal that, instead of being only displaced transversally, is subject to a composite movement, combining a translation orthogonal to the optical axis and a rotation around an axis orthogonal to the optical axis. In fact, in this way too it is possible to obtain a variation of the optical path of the two fields through the crystal.  
         [0036]     In any case, the degenerate working condition is checked—as described above for the embodiment in  FIG. 1 —by monitoring the transmission of the pump through the cavity, or monitoring that the radiation generated at 671 nm, or 2013 nm, is single longitudinal mode.  
         [0037]     The relative phase variation between two mutually coherent optical fields, such as one field at frequency F and another at frequency F/2, or equivalently one field at frequency F and another at frequency 2*F, according to what described above, can be applied more generally in all the processes of non-linear optical radiation generation wherein the conversion efficiency depends also on the use of resonant cavities. A typical example is for instance the process of frequency tripling (2*F+F) or frequency quadrupling (2*2*F) of a continuous wave laser at frequency F.  
         [0038]     With continuous wave lasers the frequency doubling is carried out in a resonant cavity in order to keep the conversion efficiency at a high value. In case of frequency tripling one possibility would be represented by the insertion into the cavity of two cascaded non-linear crystals: a first one specific for the frequency doubling from the fundamental field F+F         2*F, and the second specific for the sum of the fundamental field with its second harmonic F+2*F         3*F. In case of frequency quadrupling it would be possible to insert into the cavity two cascaded non-linear crystals: a first one specific for the frequency doubling from the fundamental field F+F+         2*F, and the second specific for the frequency doubling of the second harmonic generated by the first crystal 2*F+2*F         4*F. In order to have an efficient overall process, it is needed that both the fundamental field (frequency P) and the second harmonic field (frequency 2*F) are intense. It is then advantageous to have both fields simultaneously resonant in the optical cavity.  
         [0039]     In case of frequency doubling with type-I crystals it is reasonably possible that the optical cavity containing the non-linear crystal is simultaneously resonant with the fundamental and the second harmonic field, but in general this may not occur. Furthermore, if in the same doubling cavity there is inserted a second crystal (for frequency doubling of the second harmonic, or sum of the fundamental and the second harmonic), the dispersion of the latter crystal in general will prevent the simultaneous resonance of the cavity with the fundamental and second harmonic fields. For this reason, frequency quadrupling of continuous wave radiation is carried out by cascading two frequency doublers, each consisting of a resonant cavity containing a specific non-linear crystal.  
         [0040]     Analogous considerations are applicable to the frequency tripling. If in the cavity for frequency doubling (F+F         2*F) there is added an element for controlling the relative phase between the fundamental and second harmonic fields, then it is possible to:  
         [0041]     introduce in the same cavity also a non-linear crystal specific for the frequency quadruplication or frequency tripling starting from the fields available in the cavity (2*F+2*F         4*F or F+2*F         3*F);  
         [0042]     choose the mirrors of the cavity such that the cavity is resonant both with the fundamental and the second harmonic field;  
         [0043]     stabilize the length of the cavity such that this is resonant with the fundamental radiation, or stabilize the pump laser such that it is resonant with one of the cavity modes;  
         [0044]     stabilize the relative phase between the two fields such that the cavity is simultaneously resonant with the fundamental and the second harmonic fields. This method then allows to produce a field of frequency three or four times the frequency of the initial field, by employing only one optical cavity, with a clear simplification of the equipment to be used for the purpose.  
         [0045]     Turning again to the considerations regarding the method and device for frequency multiplication by a factor 1.5, the triply resonant configuration has some advantages with respect to the doubly resonant one. The pumping threshold can be as low as 1 mW, then the overall efficiency will be higher. Furthermore, the pump intensity at the crystal level is higher, resulting in a higher non-linear conversion efficiency. Finally, locking the resonant cavity to the pumping laser allows to avoid the little amplitude modulation of the transmission of the pump through the cavity (which is necessary for the cavity stabilization in the doubly resonant configuration), reducing the overall amplitude noise.  
         [0046]     In order to improve the spectral characteristics of the produced radiation, it may be useful to add into the cavity a thin etalon—represented in the figures and indicated at 25, 125, 225 in the three embodiments respectively—which by acting only on the radiation at 2013 nm (through a well suited choice of the treatment of the surfaces, reflective at 2013 nm, and anti-reflection at 1006.5 nm in the triply resonant case) it ensures the OPO single mode operation even at high pump intensity.  
         [0047]     It is clear from the above that the method and device according to the invention allows to fully achieve all the initially stated objects. With the invention it is possible to generate laser radiation in spectral regions difficult to access, in particular but not exclusively around the wavelength 671 nm, satisfying all the following requirements: use of laser sources of simple operation with respect to their spectral properties; continuous wave radiation with small amplitude noise; frequency tunability over a number GHz; spectral width small with respect to 6 MHz; single transverse mode with M2 smaller than 1.5; stable and reliable output over at least few months of work; power dissipation in the range of 1 kW. The above with a device having a relatively elementary construction, simple operation, and hence a limited cost.  
         [0048]     Besides to the applications for generating laser radiation at wavelengths of difficult access, the invention finds an application also in metrology of optical frequency, since it allows to establish connections between different and distant regions of the optical spectrum in a phase coherent way. This can have direct applications in optical frequency measurements, and in the stabilization of the phase of optical frequency counters.  
         [0049]     Variations and/or modifications can be brought to the method and device for multiplying optical frequencies by a factor 1.5 according to the present invention, without for this reason departing from the protective scope of the invention itself.