Abstract:
In a lamp lighting ballast which generates a lamp lighting signal for a lamp, provided is a striation elimination circuit to increase the lumen output frequency for elimination of visual striations which may occur within the lamp. An even harmonic signal generator is configured to generate an even harmonic waveform, and an injection point is configured to receive the even harmonic signal into the lamp lighting system. The injection point is located at a location wherein the even harmonic signal alters the lamp lighting signal from a symmetric signal configuration to a high content even harmonic signal configuration prior to being received by the lamp.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
   The present application is directed to improving the visual appearance of gas discharge lamps, and more particularly, to the elimination of visual striations which may occur in gas discharge lamps. 
   Generally, a gas discharge lamp will have an elongated gas-filled tube having electrodes at each end. A voltage between the electrodes accelerates movement of electrons. This causes the electrons to collide with gas atoms producing positive ions and additional electrons forming a gas plasma of positive and negative charge carriers. Electrons continue to stream toward the lamp&#39;s anode electrode and the positive ions toward its cathode electrode sustaining an electric discharge in the tube and further heating the electrodes. The electric discharge causes an emission of radiation having a wavelength dependent on the particular fill gas and the electrical parameters of the discharge. 
   A fluorescent lamp is a gas discharge lamp in which the inner surface of the tube is coated with a fluorescent phosphor. The phosphor is excited by the ultraviolet radiation from the electric discharge and fluoresces, providing visible light. 
   During operation of a gas discharge lamp, such as a fluorescent lamp, a phenomenon known as striations can occur. Striations are zones of light intensity, appearing as dark bands. This phenomenon can give a lamp an undesirable strobing effect. An example of the striation phenomenon is shown in  FIG. 1 , which depicts a linear fluorescent lamp  10 . In one embodiment lamp  10  may employ Krypton (Kr) as a buffer gas to improve the efficacy of the lamp. In  FIG. 1 , lamp  10  has striation zones  12  which appear as the dark bands moving along the length of the lamp. 
   A variety of theories as to why striations occur have been set forth. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,001,386 to Sullivan, it is stated that striations are believed to occur as a result of high-frequency currents re-enforcing a standing wave of varying charge distribution between the lamp electrodes. 
   Sullivan attempts to solve the striation problem by injecting a dc component superimposed on top of a driving ac current. A disadvantage to this technique, is the requirement that existing typical high-frequency ballasts in the marketplace must be removed and replaced with a unique ballast capable of injecting the dc bias component. Also, adding the dc bias may damage the lamp, by moving mercury in the lamp to one end, creating an unbalanced light output. It is also suggested that increasing the crest factor in a lamp lighting system will eliminate the visual striations. However, increasing the crest factor may also increase the stress on a lamp, which will lead to a shorter lamp life. 
   Another alternative was proposed by Kachmarik et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,465,972 (&#39;972) which provides an amplitude modulation circuit placed in operative connection with the lamp input line. The amplitude modulation circuit is configured to periodically modulate amplitudes of the lamp input signal prior to the lamp input signal being received by the gas discharge lamp. Operation of the amplitude modulation circuit results in a periodic amplitude modulation of the lamp current to eliminate visual striations otherwise occurring in the lamp. 
   Yet a further attempt to eliminate striations is proposed in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/681,994 (U.S. Publication No. 2003-0015970A1) to Nerone. In this application a ballast is designed to convert an AC system power source to a DC voltage on a DC bus included within the ballast circuit. An inverter circuit is provided in the ballast circuit in operative connection with the DC bus to generate an asymmetric alternating current on a lamp input line. A gas discharge lamp is in operative connection to the lamp input line, configured to receive an asymmetric alternating current, thereby eliminating visual striations occurring in the lamp. 
   BRIEF SUMMARY 
   In a lamp lighting system which generates a lamp lighting signal to energize a lamp of the system, provided is a striation elimination circuit for elimination of visual striations which may occur within the lamp. An even harmonic signal generator is configured to generate an even harmonic waveform, and an injection point is configured to receive the even harmonic signal into the lamp lighting system. The injection point is located at a location wherein injection of the even harmonics signal alters the lamp lighting signal from a waveform with no or a low content of even harmonics signal to an even harmonic rich signal prior to being received by the lamp. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a typical fluorescent lamp having striation zones creating a strobing effect to an end user; 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a half-bridge current fed inverter ballast circuit incorporating the visual striation elimination circuit according to the present application. 
       FIG. 3  depicts a harmonics free lamp lighting signal generated by the ballast system, without striation control; 
       FIG. 4  sets forth a choke signal of a current fed inverter circuit such as in  FIG. 2 ; 
       FIG. 5  depicts the waveform of  FIG. 3  with portions of the choke waveform of  FIG. 4 ; 
       FIG. 6  shows the combination of the waveforms of  FIG. 3  with  FIG. 4  supplied to the lamp where the striation control signal and power are integrated; 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a lamp lighting system where the even harmonic signal is derived from the power factor correction portion of the lamp lighting system; 
       FIG. 8  provides another embodiment of a lamp lighting system where the even harmonic signal generator is separated from the lamp lighting circuit, where the even harmonic signal may be applied to the ballast generated lighting signal in a non-synchronized manner; 
       FIG. 9  depicts the even harmonic signal when it is not fully synchronized with the fundamental ballast lamp lighting signal. 
       FIG. 10  depicts the concept of the even harmonic generator of  FIG. 8  being a variable generator wherein the degree of non-synchronization between the even harmonic signal and the lamp lighting signal created by the ballast is variable; 
       FIG. 11  depicts a further embodiment of a lamp lighting system wherein a ballast lighting signal sensor is incorporated into the ballast circuit to sense the value of the lighting signal, and this sensed value is then used by the variable harmonic generator which alters the value of the even harmonic signal; and 
       FIGS. 12 and 13  show the value variability of the even harmonic generator of  FIG. 11 . 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   As depicted in  FIG. 1 , striation zones  12  cause an undesirable visual effect to an end user. In addressing this problem, it was considered the striations occur due to the repetitiveness of the input signal supplied to the lamps, which reinforce a standing wave of varying charge distribution between the lamp and electrodes. 
   Previous attempts to limit striations as described in the Background, commonly addressed striations which occurred during a dimming of a lamp. However, striations are now occurring when lamps are being operated at high or 100% output power and while at room temperature. A primary cause of striations occurring in these situations is due to the use of higher percentages of Krypton (Kr), which is employed as a buffer gas to improve the efficacy and usefulness of the lamps. For example, lamps may now have a content of approximately 40% to 70% or more of Krypton (Kr). 
   Therefore, the concepts of the present application are intended to address both striations which occur due to dimming, as well as when the lamp is not being dimmed. In addressing this matter, it has been determined that it is desirable to create a high even harmonics content with respect to the fundamental waveform, to increase the striation frequency above the range a human eye is able to detect the effect (striation). Typically, this frequency is greater than approximately 40 Hz. It is to be appreciated that, while the following description is beneficial for lamps having high Krypton content, it is also effective for lamps having other Krypton content percentages or other buffer gases, as well as for use with lamps which are being dimmed. 
   Turning to  FIG. 2 , illustrated is a particular circuit in which the concepts of the present application may be employed. It is to be appreciated, however, the concepts described herein are not intended to be limited only to such a circuit, and may be employed in other lamp lighting control circuits. That having been said,  FIG. 2  is a half-bridge current fed ballast  20  in which striation control is incorporated. The half-bridge current fed ballast  20  includes an upper switching configuration  22 , and a lower switching configuration  24 . These switching configurations include switches such as BJTs  26  and  28  respectively, driven by an upper BJT control network  30 , and a lower BJT control network  32 . Upper control network  30  includes zener diode  30   a , capacitor  30   b , diode  30   c , diac  30   d , diode  30   e , resistors  30   g ,  30   h  and diode  30   i . Lower control network  32  includes diode  32   a  transformer windings  32   b  and  32   c , resistors  32   f  and  32   g , and diode  32   h . For a more detailed discussion regarding operation of these components, reference may be made to commonly assigned U.S. Ser. No. 10/667,545 entitled Voltage Controlled Start-Up Circuit for Electronic Ballast, filed Sep. 22, 2003, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
   An output transformer system  34 , including base drive windings  34   a ,  34   b , primary winding  34   c  and secondary winding  34   d , provides output signals to lamp connectors  36 . Additional protection and control circuitry such as transit network  38  including transits  38   a ,  38   b  and  38   c  and a voltage input network including resistors  42   a ,  42   b  and  42   c  are further provided in the circuit. 
   The half-bridge circuit  20  shown in  FIG. 2  is designed as a current fed inverter ballast. A current fed transformer of the circuit comprised of windings  44 ,  46  and  48  is used to generate current for circuit operation. The present development employs a winding  50  coupled to the current fed transformer  44 ,  46 ,  48  to supply an even harmonics signal for the lamps. The even harmonics signal is injected into a secondary winding  34   d  of the output transformer  34  on the lamp side of the system, via coupled winding  50 . The even harmonic signal is derived from the fundamental waveform of the signals generated by the switching operation of half-bridge circuit  20 . 
   In one embodiment, it is noted the coupled winding signal can alternatively be injected into the primary side  34   c  of the output transformer  34 . Thus, depicted is a striation control circuit which employs an even harmonic signal that is, in this embodiment, derived from the current transformer windings (current fed chokes)  44 ,  46  and  48  that is subsequently injected into the circuit at a secondary winding (e.g., injection point)  50  via the described act of inductive coupling. The injected signal is free of a DC component and is rich in harmonics, and there is not a need for a conversion circuit. In addition, in this embodiment, the injected signal is synchronized with the fundamental waveform (i.e., lamp lighting signal) of the inverter ballast circuit. The injection winding  50  also provides circuit isolation. 
   Thus, while it is appreciated that  FIG. 2  shows the even harmonic signal injected on the secondary side ( 34   d ) of the output transformer  34  in  FIG. 2  (i.e., the lamp connector side  36 ), the present application is also effective if the injection of the signal is on the primary side ( 34   c ) of the output transformer. 
   As previously discussed,  FIG. 2  illustrates that the present concepts are suitable for current fed inverter ballasts, particularly for half-bridge ballast inverters. However, this is not intended to limit the present concepts to the circuit of  FIG. 2 , but rather the concepts may be used in other circuit control such as other current fed ballast circuits, including a push-pull current fed ballast inverter as well as voltage fed series resonant ballasts. The design is useful for high content Krypton mixture fluorescent lamps used in non-dimming or dimming applications. 
   Turning to  FIGS. 3-6 , the actions occurring by operation of circuit  20  of  FIG. 2  are set forth in greater detail. Initially, in a circuit such as circuit  20  of  FIG. 2  without the injected even harmonic signal and with switches  26  and  28  operating at approximately equal on and off times (i.e., a 50% duty cycle), a substantially sinusoidal lamp lighting signal  60 , having no offset (i.e., the positive signal portions  62  are equal to the negative signal portions  64  of the signal  60 ) is developed. Striations may occur in these situations where there is high Krypton content and/or dimming of a circuit occurs. With further attention to operation of the present concepts, the even harmonic portions of a choke signal (also called the even harmonic signal)  66 , generated by the current transformers  44 ,  46  and  48  is set forth in  FIG. 4 , and appears as something equivalent to a rectified AC output signal with signal portions  68   a ,  68   b  and  68   n  without a DC component. Choke signal  66  is injected (i.e., inductively coupled) at injection winding  50  to be part of the signal supplied to the lamps, as illustrated for example in  FIG. 5 . By adding the even harmonics signal  68   b  of choke signal  66  to the positive going signal portion  62  of signal  60  and adding signal portion  68   a  to the negative going portion  64  of signal  60 , an offset lamp input signal  70  such as shown in  FIG. 6  is generated. Offset lamp input signal  70  will have an increased positive portion  72  and a decreased negative portion  74  when compared to lamp lighting signal  60  of  FIG. 3 . Thus, where signal  60  of  FIG. 3  supplied only odd harmonics to a lamp, harmonics signal  70  of  FIG. 6  is designed with both even and odd harmonics. The input signal  70  of  FIG. 6  is therefore provided to lamps to eliminate the discussed visual striations. It is to be appreciated choke signal  66  is synchronized with the fundamental signal  60  as they each are generated from the same input source. Therefore, in this design, synchronization is automatic due to the injected even harmonic signal  66  being generated by components in the same circuit, as the components generating the lamp lighting signal  60 . 
   As described above, supplying the even harmonic signal generates an offset in the waveform of the lamp lighting signal being supplied to eliminate striations otherwise observed by the human eye. It will be appreciated that an odd harmonic signal would not be used as it would simply increase or decrease the lamp lighting signal in a equal amount, thereby not creating the desired offset. 
   Turning to  FIG. 7 , depicted are concepts of the present application employed in a lamp system  80 , having an AC input  82 , a power factor correction circuit  84 , along with a ballast inverter  86 , which supplies lamp  88 . In this design the even harmonics are generated in the power factor correction circuit  84  and are injected into the ballast inverter circuit  86  via input line  89 . In this design, the even harmonic signal supplied to the ballast inverter  86  results in a combination of an odd and even harmonics waveform of a lamp lighting signal (such as that shown in  FIG. 6 ) to be supplied to lamp  88 . 
   The previous concepts described in connection with the circuit of  FIG. 3 , are equally applicable to the circuit of  FIG. 7 . For example, the even harmonic signal can be synchronized to the output signal to the lamp  88  by synchronizing Power Factor Circuit,  84  and inverter circuit  86 . In this example, the ballast inverter may be the half-bridge inverter previously discussed, a push-pull inverter ballast or other lamp control circuit which is known in the art, including both other current fed as well as voltage fed control circuits. 
   Turning to  FIG. 8 , illustrated is a lamp lighting circuit  90  where ballast  92  receives power from power source  94  for application to lamp  96 . In this design, an even harmonic signal generator  98  is provided separately from the ballast  92  and power source  94  and is injected into the ballast generated signal at injection winding or point  100 . By this arrangement, and as shown in  FIG. 9 , the even harmonic signal  114  is not fully synchronized with the fundamental ballast lamp lighting signal  112 . In some situations this circuit may be used when it is desirable to alter the synchronization between the even harmonic signal  114  and the lamp lighting signal  112 . This may be accomplished by selecting a set time difference between the generation of the even harmonic  114  and the fundamental ballast lamp lighting signal  112 . Alternatively, in one embodiment, even harmonic generator  98  is a variable signal generator, wherein the variability is the timing of the generation of the even harmonic signal compared to the generation of the lamp lighting signal. For both situations, and as shown in  FIG. 9 , ballast lamp lighting signal  112  is the normally generated symmetric signal created when the switching network is at a 50% duty cycle. Then by use of even harmonic generator  98  of  FIG. 8 , an even harmonic signal  114  is generated which is not synchronized with the lamp lighting signal  112 . 
   Turning to  FIG. 10 , as can be seen in comparison of  FIG. 9 , the even harmonic signal  116  is generated at a time different from that of lamp lighting signal  112  of  FIG. 9 . Thus, as can be seen, the even harmonic generator  98  of  FIG. 8  can be considered variable in its generation of the even harmonic signal. By this design, a variable phase difference (i.e.,  118   a  of  FIG. 9 and 118   b  of  FIG. 10 ) may be provided between the ballast generated lamp lighting signal and the even harmonic signal. This variable feature permits selective control of the amount of offset created in the waveform of the lamp lighting signal. 
   Additionally, in another embodiment shown in  FIG. 11 , circuit  120  is designed to include a ballast output sensor  122  which senses the value of the signal being generated by ballast  92 . The output of sensor  122  is supplied to a variable harmonic generator  98 , which may automatically adjust the value of the even harmonic signal generated by the even harmonic signal generator  98 . It is to be appreciated the output sensor  122  may be any appropriate sensor which will sense a known output parameter of the lamp output signal of the ballast, such as but not limited to a voltage and/or current sensor. 
   Additionally, variable harmonic generator  98  may provide its variability by use of a control circuit  124 . For example, in one embodiment control circuit  124  is designed as a known signal delay circuit positioned on the primary side  34   c  or secondary side of ballast  20 . The amount of delay being dependant on the value of the ballast output signal. 
   In this embodiment, even harmonic generator  98  will increase (or decrease) the value of the even harmonic signal as the ballast output signal is decreased (or increased), whereby the value of the even harmonic signal is inversely proportional to the ballast lamp lighting signal. This operational concept is illustrated in  FIGS. 12 and 13 . For example, when the ballast supply signal is a 10n signal, the even harmonic signal  126  may be a 1n signal. Then as shown in  FIG. 13 , when the ballast supply signal  112  is sensed to have been lowered (i.e., dimmed) to 5n, the even harmonic signal is increased to 2n. 
   This arrangement is beneficial to increasing the life of the lamp, since when the lamp is operating at 100% (e.g., the ballast signal 10n is the non-dimming 100% ouput) and the formation of visual striations is less likely, a smaller even harmonic signal  126  may be applied, creating less stress (i.e. lower lamp current crest factor) on the lamp. However, when a dimming occurs (e.g., when the output signal from the ballast is at 5n, showing a dimming operation), the even harmonic signal  128  may be increased (i.e., increased to 2n), in order to eliminate striations which could otherwise occur due to dimming operations. Thus, by having this variable capability, when striations are not found to occur, less stress are put on the lamp, thereby increasing its life expectancy. 
   The present disclosure discusses the use of the fundamental waveform as the source of the even harmonic signal to be combined with the lamp lighting signal. Of course, there are other sources where the signal to be combined with the lamp lighting signal may be obtained, and it is to be understood it is possible to use a signal other than the even harmonics signal. Also, while the primary manner of combining the signals is described as inductive coupling, the signals can be combined by other well-known signal merging techniques. 
   The even harmonic generator of  FIG. 8  and the even harmonic generator of  FIG. 11  can be formed as a single unit, whereby the variability both in the timing of the generation of the signal (i.e.,  FIG. 8 ) and the value of the even harmonic signal (e.g.,  FIG. 11 ) are combined in a single even harmonic signal generator. The described signal generators can be formed using known technology and therefore do not need to be discussed in greater detail. 
   The described concepts may be employed in dimming and non-dimming situations and is not limited to a current fed circuit. Also, while a BJT switching mechanism was shown in  FIG. 2 , it is to be appreciated that a system may employ FET switches in the inverter ballast. As previously noted, the present concepts may be implemented in numerous forms. In the foregoing embodiment of  FIG. 2 , component designations and/or values for the circuit of  FIG. 3  would include: 
   
     
       
             
             
             
           
         
             
                 
                 
             
           
           
             
                 
               Transistor 26 
               BUL1102E 
             
             
                 
               Transistor 28 
               BUL1102E 
             
             
                 
               Zener Diode 30a 
                68 V 
             
             
                 
               Capacitor 30b 
               0.22 uf 
             
             
                 
               Diode 30c 
               UF4007 
             
             
                 
               Diac 30d 
                32 V 
             
             
                 
               Diode 30e 
               1N5817 
             
             
                 
               Resistor 30g 
               150Ω 
             
             
                 
               Resistor 30h 
               150Ω 
             
             
                 
               Diode 30i 
               UF4007 
             
             
                 
               Diode 32a 
               UF4007 
             
             
                 
               Resistor 32f 
               150Ω 
             
             
                 
               Resistor 32g 
               150Ω 
             
             
                 
               Diode 32h 
               UF4007 
             
             
                 
               Zener Diode 38a 
               300 V 
             
             
                 
               Zener Diode 38b 
               300 V 
             
             
                 
               Zener Diode 38c 
               300 V 
             
             
                 
               Capacitor 40 
               1.2 nf 
             
             
                 
               Windings 44 
               40 mh 
             
             
                 
               Windings 46 
               40 mh 
             
             
                 
               Windings 48 
               80 mh 
             
             
                 
               Windings 50 
                7 mh 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   Again, while the present application may be used in a variety of circuits and embodiments, one such use is for instant program start ballasts in a family of current fed electronic ballasts, for example in the 4′ T8 electronic design of General Electric. It is also shown in  FIG. 2 , that there is no use of an unbalanced BJT drive winding or impedance in the base drive for the BJT. 
   Although the present concepts are described primarily in connection with fluorescent lamps, the circuit herein described may be used to control any type of gas discharge lamp. 
   The concepts have been described with reference to the exemplary embodiments. Obviously, modifications and alterations will occur to others upon reading and understanding the preceding detailed description. It is intended that the described concepts be construed as including all such modifications and alterations.