Abstract:
An apparatus determines cooling characteristics of an operational cooling device used for transferring heat from an electronic device. The operational cooling device is thermally coupled to a heat pipe. The heat pipe has an exposed surface for selective application of heat thereon. Heat from a localized heat source is selectively applied to at least one region of the exposed surface. The heat source is preferably capable of being varied both positionally relative to the exposed surface and in heat intensity. A heat shield is preferably positioned around the exposed surface of the heat pipe to isolate the operational cooling device from the heat from the localized heat source. A temperature detector repeatedly measures a temperature distribution across the exposed surface while the cooling device is in a heat transfer mode. The temperature distribution is then used to thermally characterize the operational cooling device.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is divisional application and claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/048,620, filed on Mar. 8, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,651,260, which is divisional application and claims priority from prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/982,575, filed on Nov. 5, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,029,186, the entire disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates in general to characterizing cooling devices and cooling packages for electronic components and more particularly, to an apparatus and method of thermal characterization of a cooling device under non-uniform heat loads. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Microprocessor performance has improved significantly over the last decade. To effect this improvement in device performance, the density of circuitry has increased. More and more transistors are fabricated in smaller chip size. This has in turn, led to an exponential rise in package power densities, and this trend is expected to continue into the foreseeable future. Almost all the electrical energy consumed by the chip package is released into the surroundings as heat, which thus places an enormous burden on the cooling device and cooling package. 
     Existing cooling technologies typically utilize air or water to carry heat away from a chip. Heat sinks with heat pipes or vapor chambers are commonly used air-cooling devices, while cold plates, of mini and micro scales, are most predominant in water cooling. These devices are attached to the silicon chip via a thermal conductive interface. In many cooling packages, three components can be distinguished: i) the cooling device; ii) the thermal conductive interface between the cooling device and the chip; and iii) the chip or semiconductor device itself. Each of these is described further below. In the following, for discussion purposes, the cooling device is referred to as the heat sink which may comprise a fan, copper fins, a cold plate, mini-channels, mini-ducts, micro-channels, micro-ducts, and other similar structures. The cooling package includes the cooling device, the electronic device such as a semiconductor chip, and a thermal interface material between the chip and the cooling device. 
       FIGS. 1 and 2  show prior art air-cooled and liquid-cooled chip, respectively. Referring to  FIG. 1 , an air-cooled fin-type heat sink  102  is coupled to a silicon chip  104 . The heat sink  102  includes a plurality of cooling fins  106  that are made of a highly thermally conducting material such as copper or aluminum. The fin structure maximizes surface area and extracts the heat away from the chip, and transfers the heat to an ambient environment  108 . The heat sink  102  can also includes an internal heat pipe  110  having a wick structure and located between the cooling fins  106  and the chip  104  and a thermally conductive plate  112  located between the heat pipe  110  and the chip  104 . Finally, a thermally conductive interface  114 , such as grease, epoxy, or solder, couples the heat sink  102  to the chip  104  and allows heat to transfer from the chip  104  to the heat sink  102 . For reference purposes, the whole structure  100  is referred to as the cooling “package.” 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , a liquid-cooled heat sink  202  is shown coupled to a silicon chip  104 . The liquid-cooled heat sink  202  is a sealed environment that does not necessarily rely on the environment for heat dissipation, but instead provides a path for the circulation of liquid. The liquid is able to carry away a portion of the heat to a chiller or some other heat extractor (which could be the environment). The liquid cooled heat sink  202  is coupled to the chip  104  by a thermally conductive interface  114 . Similar to that shown in  FIG. 1 , the cold plate  202  of  FIG. 2  is the actual cooling device while the whole structure  200  is referred to as the cooling package. Cooling package  200  includes the interface  114  and the chip  104 . It should be noted that the cold plate  202  comprises mini-channels, micro-channels, mini-ducts and micro-ducts and other forms of macro/mini/micro cold plates. 
     In addition to a general rise in the power dissipation due to the above-mentioned increase in transistor density, microprocessors and other circuitry have been optimized for performance, which has resulted in high heat zones or areas on the device. These zones display much higher power densities and lead to ‘hot spots’ on the chip.  FIG. 3  is a prior art chip power map showing power distribution.  FIG. 4  depicts a prior art temperature distribution on the surface of the cooling device, resulting from the power map of  FIG. 3  when the device  104  is cooled as discussed with reference to prior art structures. The spatial non-uniformity of the chip&#39;s power distribution causes a corresponding non-uniformity in power and temperature on the surface of the cooling device that is in contact with the chip by means of the thermally conductive interface  114 . This phenomenon can adversely affect the thermal performance of the cooling device, which is typically designed to function and tested under a more spatially uniform heat load. 
     Heat pipes  110  or vapor chambers have an evaporator section (not shown) that uses known liquid phase change via evaporation or boiling of the resident liquid. This enables the extraction of large amounts of heat from the chip surface. Both evaporation and boiling rates, are significantly influenced by the magnitude of heat flux and heat flux distribution over the surface in contact with the liquid undergoing phase change. Specifically, degradation in cooling ability of the heat pipe  110  occurs at areas of high power density within the device. Thus, when employing a heat pipe or a vapor chamber to cool a microprocessor or an electronic device, if there is a large non-uniformity in the power density of the chip, the boiling and/or evaporation in the evaporator region over the chip and interface will also be non-uniform. The resultant cooling heat transfer coefficient is a dependent function on the local heat flux distribution on the evaporator surface. 
     To illustrate this principle,  FIG. 5  shows a prior art fully-operational silicon chip  104 . The chip  104  has three distinct power density areas: a low power density area  502 ; a moderate power density area  504 ; and a high power density  506 . Located directly above and coupled to the chip  104  is a heat pipe  110  containing a liquid  508 . Within the heat pipe  110  and directly above the moderate power density area  504  of the chip  104 , is an area  514  where the liquid  508  is boiling. At this point, the phase change is rapidly occurring and the cooling effect of the heat pipe  110  is at a maximum. At area  512 , directly above the low power density area  502  of the operating chip  104 , is an area of little phase change in the cooling liquid  508  (most commonly water), and, therefore, reduced cooling of the chip  104 . Finally, at area  516 , directly above the high power density area  506  of the chip  104 , an excess amount of vapor generation is occurring in the liquid  508 . The excess amount of vapor generation creates a blanket of vapor  518  that prevents the liquid  508  from contacting the plate  112  and efficiently dissipating the heat from the plate  112 , thereby causing the cooling coefficient of the cooling device  110  to drop off rapidly. 
       FIG. 6  a prior art graphic illustrates how the variation of a boiling or evaporation cooling coefficient is a function of input power density. Three points along the graph  612 ,  614 , and  616 , correspond to the same areas,  512 ,  514 , and  516 , in  FIG. 5 . In  FIG. 6 , it can be seen that the cooling coefficient increases with power density until it reaches an optimal value  614 , after which it reduces sharply 
     Thus, under these circumstances it is advantageous to understand and design for, the thermal behavior of the cooling device under non-uniform chip heat load. To enable this understanding and design, it is desirable to characterize and measure the performance of these cooling devices when they are subjected to this spatially non-uniform chip power. Also, the chip power density is dependent on the application, i.e. the nature of its activity. Thus, the same chip under different applications will possess a different power density. Therefore, it is also desirable to design for a flexible or dynamically changing power map. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Briefly, in accordance with the present invention, disclosed is a method and apparatus for application of a non-uniform heat load to a cooling device, as well as a measurement and characterization of the thermal performance of: (i) the cooling device only; (ii) the complete cooling device package (i.e. cooling device, thermally conductive interface and chip); and (iii) the thermal conductive interface only. The inventive method and apparatus do not require physical coupling of measurement equipment to the device under test and, therefore, provide many benefits over the use of resistance heaters for power applications, thermocouples, and IR thermal imaging for temperature measurement. The method and device disclosed herein will also allow for rapid variation of hot spot or high power density locations on the device under test. 
     In one embodiment, the present invention comprises an apparatus for thermally characterizing an operational cooling device for a processing device, wherein the apparatus comprises an operational cooling device, a localized heat source that is applied to at least one region on the cooling device, and a temperature detector for measuring a temperature distribution. 
     The cooling device is of the type commonly used to cool microprocessors in computing applications and is coupled to an electronic device for the purpose carrying away heat during operation of the electronic device. Exemplary embodiments of the cooling device are heat pipes, vapor chambers, cooling fins, or cold plates cooled by either a group of macro-channels, micro-channels, mini-channels, micro-ducts, mini-ducts and/or a fan assembly. The cooling device can also be other structures useful for cooling computer chips or other similar electronic devices. 
     Localized heat is applied to the cooling device through the use of a heat generator, which can be a laser, a focused lamp, a directed convective heat flow generator, a heat element, an electromagnetic radiator, or any other device capable of generating and transferring focused heat. In one embodiment, the heat generator is laser and a beam splitting optical element (Wollaston prism) is utilized to split a laser beam produced by the laser into two paths so that the cooling device receives two separate focused heating areas. The focused heat source can also be repositioned and applied to a plurality of locations on the device so that the effect of non-uniform heat in each area can be discerned. 
     In another embodiment of the present invention, a bias heat is also applied to the cooling device by a bias heat source. The bias heat source applies more or less uniform heat to a larger area of the cooling device and can be realized by a heat gun or any other similar device capable of applying uniform heat to an entire area. In other cases a very slightly focused UV-lamp or a diode laser array may be used. Adding the bias heat in conjunction with a focused heat source more closely simulates the heat characteristics of an electronic device than does a single focused heat source. In fact, in one embodiment, the bias heat is generated by coupling an electronic device, or “test chip” to the cooling device and operating the test chip in a uniform heat-generating manner. In the embodiment utilizing the test chip, the focused heat from the laser or others heat generators can be applied to locations on the test chip itself. 
     The temperature detector can be a photon detector that receives a thermal image of the area on the cooling device and uses the thermal image to determine the temperatures on the device. An example is an IR thermal imager or a fluorescence imager (where the fluorescence or phosphorescence lifetime of a molecule which was applied to the cooling device is temperature dependent), and/or a CCD camera, which detects the temperature dependent thermal reflectance of the device. 
     In yet another embodiment, the cooling device is coated with a blackbody coating to help absorb the laser beam and increase the emissivity of the cooling device, which improves the temperature measurements. In other embodiments, the test chip is coated with the blackbody coating. In still other embodiments, a layer of the blackbody coating is placed between the test chip and the cooling device in order to measure the thermally conductive interface between the chip and cooling device. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying figures where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views and which together with the detailed description below are incorporated in and form part of the specification, serve to further illustrate various embodiments and to explain various principles and advantages all in accordance with the present invention. 
         FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional diagram of a prior art heat sink coupled to an electronic device. 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional diagram of a second embodiment of a prior art heat sink coupled to an electronic device, specifically a liquid cooled cold plate. 
         FIG. 3  is a three-dimensional power distribution map of an operational prior art electronic device. 
         FIG. 4  is a three-dimensional temperature distribution map of an operational prior art cooling device attached to an operational electronic device. 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional diagram of a prior art operational heat pipe coupled to an electronic device. 
         FIG. 6  is a prior art graphical illustration of the cooling coefficient of an embodiment of a cooling device, namely an air cooled heat sink with a vapor chamber, compared to the power density of an electronic device. 
         FIG. 7  is a block diagram illustrating a prior art electronic device, under load and emanating heat. 
         FIG. 8  is an exemplary prior art graphical representation of a thermal distribution generated by the electronic device of  FIG. 7 . 
         FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional diagram of the operational prior art heat sink of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional diagram of an operational heat pipe encased in a cooling block and the application of a focused heat source to the heat pipe and the detection of thermal characteristics by a thermal detector, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 11  is a graphical illustration of a single laser beam being split into two laser beams by the use of a Wollaston prism, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 12  is a graphical illustration of temperature distributions caused by application of varying power levels of a heat source to a heat pipe, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 13  is a cross-sectional diagram of an operational heat pipe encased in a cooling block and the application of a focused heat source and a bias heat source to the heat pipe and the detection of thermal characteristics by a thermal detector, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 14  is a cross-sectional diagram of an operational heat pipe encased in a cooling block and the application of a heat source to a test chip coupled to the cooling block through a thermally conductive interface and the detection of thermal characteristics by a thermal detector, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 15  is a cross-sectional diagram of a heat sink coupled to an electronic device, with a thermally conductive interface, illustrating how to measure a temperature difference between the thermal interface material according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 16  is a block diagram of a system for measuring temperature and power distributions of a fully operating electronic device, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     It should be understood that these embodiments are only examples of the many advantageous uses of the innovative teachings herein. In general, statements made in the specification of the present application do not necessarily limit any of the various claimed inventions. Moreover, some statements may apply to some inventive features but not to others. In general, unless otherwise indicated, singular elements may be in the plural and vice versa with no loss of generality. In the drawings, like numerals refer to like parts through several views. 
     While the specification concludes with claims defining the features of the invention that are regarded as novel, it is believed that the invention will be better understood from a consideration of the following description in conjunction with the drawing figures, in which like reference numerals are carried forward. 
     Electronic Device 
       FIG. 7  shows a prior art electronic device  104  (previously shown in  FIG. 1 ), having a top surface  702  emanating heat. The particular device shown is an electronic device composed of passive (e.g. resistors, diodes, capacitors and inductors) and/or active components (e.g. gates and transistors). The electronic device includes memory devices, dedicated and general purpose microprocessors, micro-controllers and alike. These electronic devices are constructed over organic and inorganic circuits with internal communication paths using electric current and/or light and/or other electromagnetic waves. Heat emanations are shown as arrows  704 ,  706  and  708  rising from the device  104 . Note that heat  704 ,  706  and  708  originates from different locations on the top surface  702  of electronic device  104 . Typically, heat is a product of power dissipation within the device  104  under operating conditions, and therefore heat increases in proportion to power. 
     Distribution of Heat and Power 
       FIG. 8  is an exemplary prior art graphical representation of a temperature distribution generated by the device in  FIG. 7 .  FIG. 8  graphically shows the presence of non-uniform temperature distributions on the top surface  702  of the electronic device  104 . The top surface  702  of the electronic device  104  is divided into three different shaded areas  802 ,  804 , and  806 . Each shaded area  802 ,  804 , and  806  refers to a temperature interval. For example, shaded area  802  may refer to a temperature interval of about 75-90 degrees Centigrade, shaded area  804  may refer to a temperature interval of about 55-75 degrees Centigrade and shaded area  806  may refer to a temperature interval of about 30-55 degrees Centigrade. Thus, in relation to the other temperatures on the top surface  702  of the electronic device  104 , area  802  represents the highest concentration of heat dissipation, known as a “hot spot”. A challenge in the development and design of cooling devices is the removal of excessive heat and non-uniformities in heat and power loads. 
     Cooling Device 
     Described now is an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Referring to  FIG. 1 , an air-cooled fin-type heat sink assembly  102  is coupled to a silicon chip  104 . The heat sink assembly  102  includes a plurality of cooling fins  106  that are made of a thermally conductive material such as copper or aluminum. The fin structure maximizes surface area and extracts the heat away from the chip  104 , and rejects it to an ambient environment  108 . The heat sink assembly  102  can also include an internal heat pipe or vapor chamber structure  110  located between the cooling fins  106  and the chip  104  and a thermally conductive plate  112  located between the heat pipe  110  and the chip  104 . Finally, a thermally conductive interface  114 , such as grease, epoxy, solder, or liquid metal paste couples the heat sink  102  to the chip  104  and allows heat to transfer from the chip  104  to the heat sink  102 . 
     In other embodiments, the cooling device is a liquid-cooled heat sink  202 . The liquid-cooled heat sink  202  is a sealed environment that does not necessarily rely on the ambient environment for heat dissipation, but instead provides a path for the circulation of liquid over the chip  104 . The liquid is able to carry away a portion of the heat to a chiller or some other heat extractor. Liquid cooled heat sinks are also coupled to the chip by a thermally conductive interface  114 . The difference in temperature between the inlet and outlet of the cooled block can be used, in conjunction with the flow rate (volumetric or mass flow), to determine the power absorbed from the laser. 
     Heat Pipe 
     Referring now to  FIG. 9 , a prior art heat pipe  110  is shown. A heat pipe  110  is a device that can quickly and efficiently transfer heat from one point to another. A heat pipe  110 , or vapor chamber  900 , comprises a sealed chamber  902  surrounding a capillary wicking material  904 , a central cavity for vapor flow known as a vapor core  912 , and a working fluid  906  (commonly water). The sealed chamber  902  isolates the working fluid  906  from the outside environment. The sealed chamber  902  should, therefore, be leak-proof, maintain the pressure differential across its walls, and enable transfer of heat to take place from and into the working fluid  906 . 
     The primary purpose of the vapor core  912  is to transport vapor from an evaporator section  910  where it absorbs the latent heat of vaporization to a condenser region  908  where it releases this heat, thereby enabling heat transport from one part of the vapor chamber  900  to another. The prime purpose of the wicking material  904  is to generate capillary pressure to transport the working fluid  906  from the condenser section region  908  at either end of the heat pipe  110  to an evaporator section  910  located adjacent to a heat source  104  coupled to the heat pipe  110 . The wicking material  904  is porous and creates an evaporation-condensation cycle that transports heat and drives the condensate back to the evaporator section  910  by the capillaries in the wicking material  904 . 
     When heat is applied at one or more points along the outer surface of the sealed chamber  902 , the working fluid  906  evaporates or boils and enters a vapor state. During this process, the working fluid  906  picks up the latent heat of vaporization. In its gaseous form, the working fluid  906  has a higher pressure and is drawn to cooler locations via the vapor core  912  within the sealed chamber  902 , where it condenses. In this way, heat is transported from the input, or evaporator section  910 , to the output end, or ends, or condenser region  908 , of the heat pipe  110 . 
     Method and Apparatus for Characterization of Temperature of Cooling Device Under Highly Non-Uniform Heat Load 
     It will now be shown that for the first time characterization of the temperature removal capability of a fully operational cooling device under highly non-uniform heat load is possible. As will be apparent from the following discussion, an external heat source and device for measuring the resultant temperature, while the device is fully operational, allows the thermal characterization of the cooling device. 
       FIG. 10  is a cross sectional diagram depicting one embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 10  shows a cooling device  1002 , which includes a water-cooled cold block  1008  partially encapsulating a heat pipe  110 . Also shown in  FIG. 10  is a heat source  1004 , and a means for measuring temperature distribution  1006 . 
     Temperature Detector 
     Any kind of thermal detector can be used but a photon-detector is able to accurately and remotely measure a temperature distribution on a device. A photon-detector detects photons comprising the luminescence from the electronic device, which may be temperature dependent. In another scheme the optical reflectance may be used. In this case a broadband lamp (preferably an LED) would illuminate the surface  1010  and a CCD camera would measure the change in reflectance. The photons change optical reflectivity with temperature. Infrared detection using a camera  1006  will be shown and discussed throughout the remainder of this specification, however, it is important to note that other types of photon detection and photon detectors are within the true scope and spirit of the present invention. In order to enhance the IR temperature measurement a black body coating may be used. A typical coating may be black paint. In some cases it is necessary to apply this blackbody coating very thinly in order to ensure that the thermal measurements are not disturbed significantly. In other embodiments of the present invention, alternative temperature sensing techniques could be implemented, such as thermal reflectance and fluorescence imaging. 
     The function of the illustrative infrared camera  1006  is to capture thermal information of the cooling device  1002  during operation. More specifically, the infrared camera  1006  is able to capture thermal information of a surface  1010  of the heat pipe  110  as a function of position of a localized heat source  1004 . Thus, the infrared camera  1006  captures and records thermal information and position information for each temperature reading. This allows the generation of a thermal distribution profile of the surface  1010  of the heat pipe  110 . In  FIG. 10  the surface  1010  may be coated with a black body coating. For instance, the camera  1006  can identify the distribution of heat from a localized heat source applied to the surface  1010  of the heat pipe  110 . The distribution can vary depending on the power level of the heat source applied and the cooling characteristics of the cooling device  1002 . 
     Heat Source 
     Referring still to  FIG. 10 , a heat source  1004  is shown being applied to surface  1010  of heat pipe  110 . In one embodiment, the heat source  1004  is a focused laser beam. A standard beam analyzer can be used to characterize the intensity distribution of the “focused” laser beam. However, many other techniques and devices for applying a heating power to the device  1002  will work equally as well to realize the objects of the present invention including contact and not contact heating methods working by heat convection, heat conduction or heat radiation or a combination of all three. These heating methods include lasers, focus lamps, resistive heaters, directed convection flow and heat elements. A simple 5 W laser can easily realize 500 W/cm2 by only slightly focusing the laser beam on an 1 mm 2  area. If higher peak power densities are required, the beam can be focused tighter or a higher power laser will be used. 
     A blackbody coating can greatly enhance the absorption and control the absorption of the laser power on the surface  1010 . The absorption can be measured independently by monitoring, using a standard photo detector, the amount of reflected and incident light assuming that the transmitted light is very small (which is a very good assumption). 
     As explained above, a chip  104  may have one or more “hot spots” of a maximum temperature that a cooling device is expected to thermally reduce. So that it can be determined how the cooling device will handle hot spots of varying temperatures and locations, the focused heat source  1004  is applied to selected regions of the surface  1010  of the cooling device  1002  to mimic hot spots. The beam  1012  can be aimed at various locations on the surface  1010  to test a plurality of hot spot areas. 
     Because it is not uncommon for some chips to have more than one hot spot, it may be desirable to apply more than one focused heating laser beam to the surface at a given time.  FIG. 11  shows the heat source  1004  directing a laser beam  1012  into a Wollaston prism  1100 . Wollaston prisms are well known in the art and are able to receive a single input beam  1012  and produce two output beams  1102  and  1104 . Through the use of one or more Wollaston prisms, a single laser  1004  can produce multiple hot spots. It is important to realize that other beam splitting elements can be used as well and they are well-known by those of ordinary skill in the art. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 12 , illustrated are five measured temperature distributions of a state of the art heat pipe  110  with different laser powers of 1 Watt to 5 Watt, respectively, simulating a high power density region of an electronic device, are shown. The image size is 35 mm×35 mm and the initial laser spot  1202  shows a Gaussian distribution of 1.95 mm and 1.61 mm as 1/e2 full width. The laser spot  1202  is elongated because, as can be seen in  FIG. 10 , the laser beam  1012  is not hitting the surface  1010  of the heat pipe  110  at normal incidence. As can be seen in the series of 5 image depictions in  FIG. 12 , as the power increases, so too does the size of the hot spot maximum temperature region. However, the more efficient the cooling device, the smaller the hot spot will be at a given power. Knowing this characterization information for a particular cooling device allows for the most efficient and optimal design. 
     Although, so far, the present invention has been shown and described in conjunction with a cooled block cooling system, other embodiments will work equally as well. For instance, the cooling device can be replaced with a simple heatsink or heatsink/fan assembly. 
     Blackbody Coating 
     Under certain circumstances it may be preferred to coat the heat pipe surface  1010  with a thin blackbody coating. This coating helps to absorb the laser beam and increases the emissivity of the cooling device, which improves the temperature measurements. The coating is preferably as thin as possible so that it does not alter the thermal behavior of the cooling device. Several good blackbody coatings shown to be used advantageously is black paint, a Cr coating on a rough (rougher than the detected wavelength of the blackbody radiation) surface, or a carbon coating. The thickness should be less than 0.1 micron, which will be sufficient for boosting the emissivity and to absorb the laser light. 
     Bias Heat 
     In an embodiment shown in  FIG. 13 , in addition to the hot spot generated by the laser  1004 , a bias heat flux is applied to the surface  1010  of the heat pipe  110  using the heat from a directed hotgun  1302 . Instead of the hotgun  1302 , a high power UV lamp or a laser diode array may be used to provide the bias heat flux. Adding bias heat better simulates conditions found in actual use, as most electronic devices  104  do not provide a single hot spot, but rather provide a generally much higher than ambient temperature across the entire body of the electronic device  104 . In order to avoid stray heating of the water-cooled cold block  1308  by the hot gun  1302 , a shield  1304  is provided to block the hot air of the hotgun  1302  from the water-cooled cold block  1308 . 
     Referring again to  FIG. 13 , it can be seen that in one embodiment of the present invention, slots  1306  and  1308  are provided in the water-cooled cold block  1308  for the insertion of thermocouples (not shown). The slots  1306  and  1308  are on opposite ends of the water-cooled cold block  1308  so that the thermocouples can monitor the heat pipe boundary temperatures. In another embodiment, a difference in temperature of the liquid  906  between the inlet  1310  and the outlet  1312  is measured along with the flow rate (volumetric or mass flow rate) of the liquid  906  to determine the amount of power absorbed by the cooling device  1002 . An increase in temperature of the fluid  906  between the inlet and the outlet directly corresponds to power absorbed by the cooling device  1002 . In yet another embodiment, the wick temperature is measured to further characterize the cooling device  1002 . 
     Characterization of Temperature of Complete Cooling Package Under Non-Uniform Heat Load 
     As explained above, and now shown in  FIG. 14 , a test chip  104  can be physically coupled to the cooling device  1002 . Further, a thermally conductive interface can be used to measure the temperature of the complete cooling package. In this embodiment, the test chip  104  has a heater  1508  patterned on the circuitry side (facing towards the camera  1006  and not shown in this view) of the test chip  104 . Directed heat from the heating source  1004  is then applied onto the test chip  104 . The test chip  104  can provide bias heat if power is applied to the heater  1508 . The directed heat from the heat source  1004  creates a hot spot on the chip, which is then thermally transferred onto the heat pipe  110 . 
     Measuring the thermal distribution on the circuitry side of the test chip  104  (towards the camera  1006 ) allows a characterization of the complete cooling package including the test chip and the thermal interface (not shown). For instance, if the temperature at hot spot applied by the heat source  1004  becomes large in size, it can therefore be determined that the cooling device is unable to remove a sufficient amount of heat from the chip  104 . Alternatively, if the temperature of the hot spot remains relatively small, it is then known that the cooling device  1002  is capable of carrying away at least a portion of the heat being applied by the heat source  1004  and that, in actual use, a working electronic device with a similar hot spot will not damagingly heat adjacent areas on the working electronic device. 
     Characterization of Temperature Difference Across the Thermal Interface 
     Referring now to  FIG. 15 , another embodiment of the present invention is shown where a test chip  104  is coupled to a cooling device  1002 . In this embodiment, the test chip  104  is constructed of a transparent material, such as silicon. An oil interface  1502  is placed between the test chip  104  and the cooling device  1002  to facilitate an efficient thermal coupling between the two devices. In addition, a blackbody coating  1504  is provided between the oil interface  1502  and the cooling device  1002 , and a second blackbody coating  1506  partially covers the surface of the test chip  104  opposite the surface facing the cooling device  1002 . Different coatings, which are thin enough not to influence the thermal properties, can help to absorb a laser beam at different locations of the test chip  104  and control the temperature measurements using the IR camera  1006 . 
     The configuration shown in  FIG. 15  may provide for a characterization of the thermal interface material, such as the oil interface  1502 , in actual use. In one embodiment, the heater  1508  of the test chip  104  is used to heat the interface  1502 . By measuring the thermal distribution at the oil interface  1502  and at the second blackbody coating  1506 , the temperature difference across the thermal interface material and the test chip  104  can be inferred, and, in combination with the electrical power in the test heater we can derive the thermal resistance can be derived. In another embodiment, the interface surface between the test chip  104  and the oil interface  1502  is coated with a black body coating. In that case. the temperature difference just across the thermal interface can be measured. The general idea is that by applying the black body coating at different locations, individual elements of the cooling package can be measured separately. In addition, a laser beam  1012  and heat source  1004  applied to different parts of the cooling package can help to measure the thermal response under non-uniform heat load. 
     Computer System for Computing Thermal Measurements 
       FIG. 16  shows a system  1600  for measuring thermal characteristics of a cooling device in accordance with the present invention. The system  1600  includes a computer  1602  and a computer readable medium  1604  that holds instructions that the computer can execute in accordance with the present invention. The computer  1602  is connected to table  1606  that holds the cooling device  1002 . Located above the device  1002  is a heat source  1004  and a infrared camera  1006 . 
     By placing the computer readable medium  1604  into the computer  1602 , the computer  1602  can read instructions contained on the medium  1604  and control the system  1600  to measure the thermal characteristics of the cooling device  1002 . In one embodiment, the heat source  1004  and camera  1006  move in relation to the device  1002  in the X-Y direction. In a second embodiment the table  1606  moves the device  1002  in the X-Y directions in relation to the camera  1006  and heat source  1004 . In yet another embodiment, the camera  1006  and heat source  1004  are able to move independent of one another. The computer  1602  is able to control the movements in either embodiment. 
     The computer  1602  is able to communicate with the temperature detector  1006  and record the temperature values of the regions on the device  100 . The computer can then quickly process the information and solve equations for characterizing the cooling device. 
     While the preferred embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it will be clear that the invention is not so limited. Numerous modifications, changes, variations, substitutions and equivalents will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.