Abstract:
A method for low-cost arsenic removal from drinking water using chemically prepared bottom ash pre-treated with ferrous sulfate and then sodium hydroxide. Deposits on the surface of particles of bottom ash form of activated iron adsorbent with a high affinity for arsenic. In laboratory tests, a miniscule 5 grams of pre-treated bottom ash was sufficient to remove the arsenic from 2 liters of 2400 ppb (parts per billion) arsenic-laden water to a level below 50 ppb (the present United States Environmental Protection Agency limit). By increasing the amount of pre-treated bottom ash, even lower levels of post-treatment arsenic are expected. It is further expected that this invention supplies a very low-cost solution to arsenic poisoning for large population segments.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/550,688 filed Mar. 4, 2004 entitled “Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water Using Treated Bottom Ash” and U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/653,073 filed Feb. 14, 2005 entitled “Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water Using Treated Bottom Ash”, both of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERAL FUNDING 
     This invention was made with U.S. Government support under Contract Number DE-AC03-76SF00098 between the U.S. Department of Energy and The Regents of the University of California for the management and operation of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The U.S. Government has certain rights in this invention. 
    
    
     REFERENCE TO A COMPUTER PROGRAM 
     Not Applicable. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention generally relates to arsenic removal from drinking water, and more specifically relates to arsenic removal from drinking water using treated bottom ash. 
     2. Description of the Relevant Art 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,042,731, by Dagmar Bonnin, entitled “Method of Removing Arsenic Species from an Aqueous Medium Using Modified Zeolite Material”, incorporated herein by reference, discloses a method for treatment of arsenic-laden drinking water using zeolites. However, zeolites are expensive, and not economically viable for populations living in poverty. The patent also discloses the use of FeSO 4 — treated fly ash for removal, however, fly ash is an important, and hence expensive, industrial commodity used in a variety of chemical processes, e.g., in the manufacture of cement. The treatment of bottom ash is not disclosed in said patent, nor is pretreatment with ultraviolet light exposure to modify the aqueous Arsenic to a higher valence state As 3+  to As 5+  so as to increase adsorption of the specie. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention provides for a method for arsenic impurity removal from drinking water, the method comprising: a) collecting bottom ash; b) treating said bottom ash with FeSO 4  solution; and c) then treating said bottom ash with NaOH solution. The initial collected bottom ash may be first washed to remove impurities. Also, said bottom ash may have a further step of further washing the bottom ash after treatment with the NaOH solution. 
     The treated bottom ash above may further comprise the step of oxidizing said bottom ash. The oxidizing step may be performed by air drying, addition of hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ), bubbled air, sodium hypophosphite (NaH 2 PO 2 .H 2 O), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), or other similar oxidizing agent. Additionally, nonoxidizing agents such as FeSO 4  may provide a color center for absorption of ultraviolet light. Such absorbed photons provide energy for the surface oxidation of the coated bottom ash from an Fe(OH) 2  state to an Fe(OH) 3  state in the aqueous solution. These states are readily discernable by the yellowish to greenish patina of the Fe(OH) 2  compared to the rust colored state of Fe(OH) 3 . When the treated bottom ash is coated with the Fe(OH) 3 , it is ready to act as an adsorbent material for impurities in a water source, such as arsenic or possibly other heavy metals. 
     After said treated bottom ash has been prepared and oxidized, one may begin removing arsenic impurities from a quantity of water using said treated, dried bottom ash. The removing step is typically performed by adsorbing arsenic ions from a quantity of water in a form complexated with iron ions previously coated on the treated bottom ash surface. 
     The input quantity of water comprising aqueous arsenic ions may be enhanced by exposing said quantity of water to ultraviolet radiation sufficient to change said aqueous arsenic to a higher valence state, preferably in the presence of dissolved oxygen. The source of this oxygen is preferably from the atmosphere as in air drying, but can also be from bubbled air, or addition of hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ), or sodium hypophosphite (NaH 2 PO 2 .H 2 O). In this manner the valence level of arsenic may raised from As 3+  to As 5+ . It is thought that the As 5+  valence state is more easily adsorbed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention will be more fully understood by reference to the following drawings, which are for illustrative purposes only: 
         FIG. 1  is a flow chart of the pre-treatment and use steps of bottom ash for aqueous arsenic removal. 
         FIG. 2  is a chart of residual arsenic remaining after successive batches of 2400 parts per billion (ppb) arsenic-laden drinking water has been treated with the adsorbent treated bottom ash of this invention. 
         FIG. 3  is an electron micrograph of untreated bottom ash, showing a smooth bottom ash particle surface with a mixture of sizes from less than 1 μm to 10 μm diameter. 
         FIG. 4  is an electron micrograph of coated bottom ash, showing the Fe(OH) 3  coated bottom ash with a smooth to flaky surface appearance on particles of all sizes ranging from less than 1 μm to about 10 μm diameter, covering substantially all of the particulate surface. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Definitions 
     Bottom ash means the refuse left behind after partial or complete combustion of bituminous, anthracitic, or lignitic coal or wood, rice, rice husks, or other partially or completely combusted carbonaceous material. 
     Fly ash means “fine particulate, essentially noncombustible refuse, carried in a gas stream from a furnace”, as defined in the  McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, Fifth Edition , McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994. 
     Introduction 
     Arsenic poisoning is a painful, disfiguring, and permanent disease afflicting many millions of people world-wide. The invention described herein takes commonly available coal combustion byproduct ash, or bottom ash, pre-treats it with two relatively simple chemical process steps, and results with an adsorbent pre-treated bottom ash that is useful for removing arsenic and possibly other harmful heavy metals from drinking water. Since most of the bottom ash material occurs readily where people inhabit, treatment systems using this method have low transportation costs. Additionally, since processing costs are minimized, overall treatment costs are very low, and believed readily accessible to countries which have even very low per-capita income levels. 
     An example below details a laboratory procedure for preparation of the coated bottom ash. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Preparation of 5 Grams of Pre-treated Bottom Ash 
     Initially, 5 grams of dry bottom ash are placed in a holding container. 
     Approximately 30 ml of 0.6 Molar FeSO 4  is mixed with the bottom ash, and continuously stirred for an hour at near room temperature, e.g. 10-40 degrees C. Although this is the room temperature saturation concentration of the FeSO 4 , lower concentrations could be used for either lower bottom ash surface coverage, or lower quantities of bottom ash. It is possible that FeSO 4  concentrations could be usable from the range of 0.1 M or greater. 
     After stirring, the solid bottom ash particulate is allowed to settle to the bottom of the holding container for about 5 minutes. At this point, the surface liquid is removed, filtered, and the residue on the filter paper added to the dense mixture at the bottom of the holding container. 
     The holding container is then stirred with an aqueous solution of 9 ml of 0.5 N NaOH, and the contents mixed well for 5 minutes. It is thought that the NaOH processes the previous FeSO 4  into a complex ferrous state of Fe(OH) 2  according to the oxidation reduction chemical formula FeSO 4 +2NaOH→Fe(OH) 2 +Na 2 SO 4 , which forms an improved arsenic adsorbent. 
     Drain off the excess surface liquid after the solids are allowed to settle to the bottom of the holding container for about 5 minutes. At this point, the surface liquid is removed, leaving a dense processed mixture at the bottom of the holding container. 
     Spread the contents of the holding container on a filter paper, place in a Petri dish, and dry at room temperature in open air in a fume hood for a period of 36 hours. This serves the function of oxidizing the coated Fe(OH) 2  bottom ash to form a coated Fe(OH) 3  bottom ash. 
     Wash the dried material from the previous step three times using each time about 100 ml arsenic-free water to remove any non-adsorbed NaOH or Fe(OH) 2  solute. At the end of each wash, filter the supernatant, and add the residue on the filter paper back to the solids. At the end of the third wash, the solids are the prepared medium (adsorbent). 
     Use the adsorbent media in the following manner: add arsenic-laden water to the adsorbent, stir for a sufficient time to adsorb aqueous arsenic (typically about an hour), and then decant the liquid. 
     In laboratory test, the adsorbent medium was able to remove arsenic from 2000 ml of 2.4 ppm (parts per million, or alternatively 2400 parts per billion, ppb) arsenic laden water to bring the arsenic concentration to a level of 50 ppb or below, as described in  FIG. 2 . 
     Applied Use of the Pre-treated Bottom Ash for Arsenic Removal 
     In practice, an arsenic laden water source is mixed with the coated Fe(OH) 3  coated bottom ash sufficiently to reduce the arsenic levels to an acceptable level. Presently, for the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), that level is 50 ppb, however, it will be reduced to 10 ppb beginning January 2006. The World Health Organization (WHO) has already announced that it recommends the provisional value for acceptable arsenic concentration in drinking water be changed to a lower limit to below 10 ppb. 
     Improved adsorption performance may be obtained by pre-treating the arsenic laden water with ultraviolet light, so as to change the state of the aqueous arsenic from As 3+ →As 5+ . Normally, clear water allows ultraviolet light to pass through without absorption. However, with the addition of a color center source, such as FeSO 4 , ultraviolet light will be absorbed, energizing the ions to change the arsenic valence state. 
     It should be noted that atmospheric, freely flowing water, usually contains an abundance of As 5+  due to the oxygen present in the water. However, well-borne water fails to have an oxygen source, hence is predominated by As 3+  state. It is also believed that the state change to the pentavalent state can be achieved through oxidation additives such as bubbled air, potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ), sodium hypophosphite (NaH 2 PO 2 .H 2 O), or hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). Such additives may be dry or aqueous based. 
     As with both of the two water sources above, arsenic is removed though adsorption of the arsenic ions onto the pre-treated bottom ash. At some point, most receptor sites are occupied by arsenic ions, precluding reaching the maximum acceptable level. At this point, the pre-treated bottom ash is disposed, and replaced with new pre-treated bottom ash. 
     It has been found experimentally that large oversupplies of coated Fe(OH) 3  bottom ash (amounts sufficient to normally treat 25 times more of As 5+ ) have successfully removed water borne arsenic to acceptable levels of 10 ppb or lower, even without raising the arsenic valence state to As 5+ . Thus, it is possible to calculate whether it is more economical to use more media, or raise the arsenic valence level to the pentavalent state. 
     Refer now to  FIG. 1 , which shows the process flow for treatment of bottom ash to manufacture coated Fe(OH) 3  bottom ash. These steps follow those of Example 1 described above. 
     Refer now to  FIG. 2 . To give a sense of scale of the effectiveness of the coated Fe(OH) 3  bottom ash media, highly arsenic laden water having initial concentrations of 2400 ppb (or 240 times the proposed WHO limits) is sequentially input, and after mixing, tested for arsenic concentrations. Using only 5 g of coated Fe(OH) 3  bottom ash, the initial 2400 ppb water only exceeds the 10 ppb limit at a total treated volume of 1500 mL. It appears logical that a sequentially staged treatment system would bring the output arsenic levels to extremely low levels well below the proposed 10 ppb level. 
     Refer now to  FIG. 3 , which shows uncoated bottom ash in an electron micrograph. The bottom ash particles vary in size, and tend to have a smooth surface. 
     Refer now to  FIG. 4 , which shows Fe(OH) 3  coated bottom ash. The nature of the coating is such that it appears to have one or more layers, and substantially covers each particle, regardless of size. 
     It should be noted that all of the discussions before have mixed the Fe(OH) 3  coated bottom ash in the arsenic laden water for arsenic removal. Alternative implementations could include a filter bag, with the arsenic laden water dripped though, or a percolation bed that has the water to be filtered passing through the bed. Additionally, any of these systems could be mixed or matched to provide for staged recovery of arsenic. Perhaps the easiest method is to mix the Fe(OH) 3  coated bottom ash with the arsenic laden water for a period of time by simple air bubbling. After ceasing air bubbling, the arsenic laden Fe(OH) 3  coated bottom ash should simply settle to the bottom, allowing water without arsenic to be withdrawn from the top. 
     CONCLUSIONS 
     All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application were each specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. 
     The description given here, and best modes of operation of the invention, are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Many modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents may be employed without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.