Abstract:
Controlled amount of heat is injected into a stacked die using a light beam, and the propagated heat is measuring with LIT camera from the other side of the die. The thermal image obtained can be characterized so that it can be used to calibrate the phase shift from a given stack layer, or can be used to identify defects in the stacked die. The process can be repeated for each die in the stack to generate a reference for future testing. The thermal image can be investigated to detect faults, such as voids in vias, e.g., TSV.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/243,859, filed on Apr. 2, 2014, which is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/280,260, filed on Oct. 24, 2011 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,025,020), which claims priority benefit from U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/406,060, filed on Oct. 22, 2010, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    1. Field of Invention 
         [0003]    This invention is in the field of defect localization analysis of semiconductor devices and calibration apparatus and method for such defect localization. 
         [0004]    2. Related Art 
         [0005]    During design and verification stage of semiconductor devices, it is important to test for various defects or problematic areas of the chip design that may lead to defects. One class of defects are those causing localized heating of the chip. During the testing stage, it is important to identify such defects. One method for identifying localized heating defects is called Lock In Thermography (LIT). A current product available from the subject assignee, DCG Systems, Inc., of Fremont, Calif., uses this technique and is called ELITE™. The term LIT refers to a non destructive technique that detects very small heat variation across a sample, using a lock in amplifier. The system identifies and “localizes” i.e., provides the location coordinates of, defects causing localized heating inside the chip. 
         [0006]    Another kind of testing done during design verification is called Thermal Laser Stimulation (TLS or SLS for static laser stimulation). A current product available from the subject assignee using this technique is the MERIDIAN™ or TriVision™. The term TLS refers to using a laser (e.g., 1340 nm wavelength) to create local heating on the semiconductor IC to test the effect of heating on the IC&#39;s performance. In such a system, the IC is coupled electrically to a tester and is provided with electrical test signals. A laser source is used to cause local heating and the tester is used to study the electrical response of the IC to such heating. That is, the IC&#39;s response to an electrical test signal with and without the laser heating can be compared by examining the electrical output of the IC. In conventional TLS, a continuous wave laser is used to induce heat in the device under test. This technique is used to detect metal shorts inside the device. 
         [0007]    With the advancement in complex and stacked-die devices, it becomes increasingly difficult to test devices using traditional techniques. Also, a recent stacked die architecture employs a structure called Through-Silicon Via (TSV). Since TSV have high aspect ratio, it is difficult to evenly fill them with conductive material. However, improperly filled TSV may lead to device performance degradation or even malfunction. Accordingly, new and improved techniques and apparatus are needed to assist in testing such devices. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0008]    The following summary is included in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects and features of the disclosure. This summary is not an extensive overview of the invention and as such it is not intended to particularly identify key or critical elements of the invention or to delineate the scope of the invention. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of the invention in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented below. 
         [0009]    According to aspects of the invention, controlled amount of heat is injected into a stacked die using a light beam, and the propagated heat is measuring with a thermal sensor from the other side of the die. The thermal image obtained can be characterized so that it can be used to calibrate the phase shift from a given stack layer, or can be used to identify defects in the stacked die. The process can be repeated for each die in the stack to generate a reference for future testing. The thermal image can be investigated to detect faults, such as voids in vias, e.g., TSV. 
         [0010]    According to aspects of the invention, a system for analysis of a device under test (DUT) is provided, comprising: a test bench to support the DUT; a heat source position to deliver a prescribed amount of energy to a localized spot the DUT from one side thereof; a thermal imaging system positioned so as to image the other side of DUT; and, a controller activating said heat source to deliver the prescribed amount of energy and receiving output signal from said thermal imaging system. The heat source may comprise a light source, such as a laser light source. According to disclosed embodiments, the controller activates the light source at a lock-in frequency f1, and activates the thermal imaging system at a lock-in frequency f2. The lock-in frequency f2 may be at least four times higher than lock-in frequency f1. The thermal imaging system may comprise an infrared camera and the heat source may further comprise: a movable stage; an optical scanner coupled to the movable stage, the optical scanner receiving output of the light source and directing the output to a specified spot on the DUT; and, an objective lens focusing the output onto a the specified spot on the DUT. 
         [0011]    According to further aspects, a system for analysis of a device under test (DUT) is disclosed, comprising: a test bench to support the DUT; a lock-in laser light source operating at a lock-in frequency f1 and position to deliver a pulsed laser light beam onto the DUT from one side thereof; a lock-in thermal imaging system operating at a lock-in frequency f2 and positioned so as to image the other side of DUT; and, a controller activating the heat source at the lock-in frequency f1 and activating said thermal imaging system at the lock-in frequency f2. In disclosed embodiments, the controller outputs a lock-in frequency f1 trigger signal to the lock-in laser light source and outputs a lock-in frequency f2 trigger signal to the lock-in thermal imaging system, wherein the lock-in frequency f2 is at least four times larger than lock-in frequency f1. The lock-in laser light source may comprise: an excitation source receiving the lock-in frequency f1 trigger signal and generating pulsed laser light beam; a scan unit receiving and directing the pulsed laser light beam onto a defined location on the DUT; and, an objective lens focusing the pulsed laser light beam onto the defined location. The lock-in thermal imaging system may comprise an infrared camera. 
         [0012]    According to yet further aspects, a method for testing a device under test (DUT) is provided, comprising: situating the DUT onto a test bench; illuminating a defined spot on one side of the DUT; obtaining a thermal image of the other side of the DUT; and, analyzing the thermal image to thereby characterize the thermal propagation of heat within the DUT. Illuminating a defined spot may comprise delivering a series of laser light pulses at a frequency f1, and obtaining a thermal image may comprise obtaining a series of images at a frequency f2. The method may further comprise synchronizing frequencies f1 and f2, wherein frequency f2 is at least four times higher than frequency f1. The method may further comprise focusing the series of pulses into a predefined depth within the DUT. The defined spot may includes at least one through-silicon via (TSV), and the method may further comprise comparing the thermal image to a reference thermal image to thereby investigate faults in the TSV. The method may further comprise assembling a reference database of thermal propagation of heat within various layers of the DUT. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0013]    Other aspects and features of the invention would be apparent from the detailed description, which is made with reference to the following drawings. It should be appreciated that the detailed description and the drawings provides various non-limiting examples of various embodiments of the invention, which is defined by the appended claims. 
           [0014]    The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, exemplify various embodiments and, together with the description, serve to explain and illustrate principles of the invention. The drawings are intended to illustrate major features of the exemplary embodiments in a diagrammatic manner. The drawings are not intended to depict every feature of actual embodiments nor relative dimensions of the depicted elements and are, therefore, not drawn to scale. 
           [0015]      FIG. 1  illustrates an embodiment of the invention showing an arrangement for testing IC device. 
           [0016]      FIG. 2  shows the result of the experiment for an 8-die stack. 
           [0017]      FIG. 3  illustrates an embodiment for testing the DUT after the thermal propagation characteristics have been established. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0018]    Embodiments of this invention enable thermal defect analysis using a micrometer spot size heat source and create calibration methods for IC&#39;s and stacked dies analysis. According to embodiments of the invention, light source, such as laser, laser diode, etc., is used to generate local heating inside the die. The local heating is studied using, e.g., thermal emission image acquisition from the opposite side of the die. 
         [0019]    According to embodiments of the invention, the lock in thermal laser stimulation is combined along with the lock in thermal emission to study the IC design. One technique works from one side of the device and the other technique from the opposite side simultaneously and synchronously. 
         [0020]    According to one embodiment, laser pulses (e.g., 1340 nm wavelength or any wavelength above 1064 nm, which is the silicon bandgap) are directed at a given location of the IC at a given lock-in frequency, thereby causing localized heating inside the IC. The optical system, i.e., objective lenses etc., can be used to focus the beam at any depth inside the IC. The heat is detected from the opposite side by the thermal, e.g., infrared (IR), camera. The thermal camera is also operating in a lock-in mode. The camera operating frequency is at least 4 times higher compared to the laser lock-in frequency (in accordance with the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem). The fact that both systems work in lock-in mode enables much higher sensitivity. 
         [0021]    This technique can be used for the calibration process of the heat propagation through a stacked die and specifically the phase shift analysis. During traditional LIT testing, the excitation source is a power supply applying electrical signal to the IC. The localized heat is generated inside a stacked die because of a physical defect, and is detected at the IC&#39;s surface by the LIT system using a thermal sensor. The heat wave propagating through the various layers of the IC has a phase shift with respect to the power supply phase. The amount of phase shift will depend on the type of materials between the defect and the surface and the depth of the defect inside the IC. However, generally the correlation of the amount of phase shift to the type of material and defect depth is not known. Thus, in the prior art it is difficult to determine the depth of the defect within the IC. 
         [0022]    Embodiments of the inventive method utilize injecting controlled heat on the stacked die and measuring it&#39;s heat propagation with the thermal camera, so that it can be used to calibrate the phase shift from a given stack layer. This can be repeated for each die in the stack to generate a reference for future testing. This can also be done by physically removing each die one by one and performing the phase measurement for each one of them. 
         [0023]      FIG. 1  illustrates an embodiment of the invention showing an arrangement  100  for testing IC device under test, DUT  105 . The arrangement  100  includes a test bench  117  that supports the DUT  105 , an optical heat source  110  position to illuminate the DUT  105  from one side thereof, and a thermal imaging system  150  positioned so as to image the other side of DUT  105 . The optical heat source  110  utilizes a light source  112 , e.g., a laser, a laser diode, etc., to deliver a predetermined amount of energy into a selected location inside the DUT  105 . In the illustration of  FIG. 1 , the light source  112  delivers pulses of light to a scanner  116 , each pulse being of a set duration and intensity calculated to deliver the required amount of energy. The scanner  116  is operated to direct the light pulses to a selected location on the DUT  105 . That is, the scanner  116  is not operated in a scanning mode, i.e., it does not scan the DUT  105 , but is rather used in a static mode to direct the light pulses to a single selected location. The light pulses are focused onto the DUT  105  by the objective  118 . 
         [0024]    As the light pulses are being focus at a selected location on the DUT  105 , a hot spot is generated within the DUT  105 . The propagation of the hot spot towards the other surface of the DUT  105  is dependent on the material and thickness of the various layers between the hot spot location and the back surface of the DUT  105 . Once the heat propagates to the back surface, thermal emission  145  is imaged by thermal sensor, e.g., IR camera  118 . The IR camera  118  is operated in a lock-in mode, controlled by processor  152 . To improve accuracy, in this embodiment the lock-in frequency  140  of the camera  118  is set to at least four times the lock-in frequency  135  of the light source  112 . The thermal images are then analyzed so as to characterize the thermal propagation within the DUT  105 . This characterization can be used for localizing hot spots within the DUT  105 , which are caused by defects or faulty design of the DUT  105 . For example, electrical test signals can be applied to the DUT  105 , while performing thermal imaging of the surface of the DUT  105 . The electrical test signal would cause defects to generate hot spots, which can be imaged using the thermal imaging. The characterization can be used to determine the precise depth of the defect within the DUT  105 . 
         [0025]      FIG. 2  shows the result of an experiment for an 8-die stack. The curves of  FIG. 2  illustrate the calibrated phase vs. lock-in frequency for each of the layers. These curves can be used for LIT testing of devices having similar structures. 
         [0026]    According to another example, a system such as illustrated in  FIG. 1  can be used for the localization of defective TSVs (Through-Silicon Via). During fabrication, all TSV&#39;s on the device should be properly filled with conductive material in order to properly conduct the electrical signals. Any void in any TSV needs to be detected, as it will increase the resistance of the TSV, causing reduced performance or failure of the IC. Coincidentally, any void in a TSV will also slow down or prevent the propagation of the heat from a defect or from excitation source  112 . Therefore, according to an embodiment of the invention, the excitation source  112  is used to cause hot spot on one side of the die, to generate heat propagation to the other side, where a thermal emission camera is positioned to image the surface of the die. Heat propagation within a properly structured TSV, which can be set as a reference TSV, can be compared to heat propagation in a TSV under test. If heat propagation is slower or heat transfer is lower, i.e., thermal image is fainter, it would signify a defective TSV. 
         [0027]      FIG. 3  illustrates an embodiment for testing the DUT  300  after the thermal propagation characteristics have been established. DUT  300  is stimulated by electrical excitation signal  330  at frequency f0 generated by electrical excitation source  305 . In one example the excitation signal  330  is a square wave having amplitude voltage equal to the DUT&#39;s operational voltage, e.g., 1.2 V, and a lock-in frequency f0. The frequency f0 of the excitation signal is set and varied by frequency selector part  320 , of processor  315 . A sync signal  335  is output from the processor  315  and sent to the excitation source  305 . The simplest arrangement is to set the sync signal  335  at the same frequency f0, although it may be a different frequency, so long as provisions are made to enable excitation source  305  to generate the electrical excitation signal  330  at frequency f0. An IR camera  310  is used to snap IR images of selected area of the DUT  300 . The frame rate of camera  310  is usually but not exclusively set to be higher than the frequency f0. Here it is set to at least four times higher than frequency f0. This operation can also be handled by an automated testing equipment (ATE), i.e., the ATE sends the drive signal to the DUT and at the same time sends a trigger signal to the controller and the camera. 
         [0028]    With the setup of  FIG. 3 , the DUT  300  is repeatedly excited by excitation source  305 , while the frequency f0 of the excitation signal is varied according to the sync signal  335  provided by the frequency selector  320 . This enables a better and more accurate identification of a hot spot&#39;s location, especially its depth (i.e. z direction) within the electronic device. Additionally, the setup of  FIG. 3  does not output a single phase data point, but rather enables plotting the entire response curve on monitor  325 . Having the entire response curve enables further analysis, such as curve fitting to better understand the time-resolved heat dissipation within the DUT. Notably, as can be appreciated, unlike standard debug methods, such as OBIC, LVP, TREM, etc., which require de-capsulation of the device and thinning the backside of the chip, with the setup of  FIG. 3 , the test is done without having to de-capsulate the chip. 
         [0029]    For three-dimensional hot spot localization inside of stacked die integrated devices, e.g., a system-in-package, a second factor of influence has to be regarded. Thermal waves generated at the hot spot position have to propagate through different material layers, e.g., silicon, mould compound, die attach tape, etc., each having different thicknesses. As a consequence, depending on the axial hot spot position at different dies of the defective device, not only the distance to the device surface but also the thermal diffusion length is changing. Therefore, thermal waves generated at hot spots at lower dies inside of the stack have to pass additional material layers compared to thermal waves generated at hot spots which are close to the device surface. This behavior can be used for the determination of the hot spot depth by calculating the theoretical phase shift over a certain frequency range for different hot spot positions. On the other hand, using the system and method disclosed herein, one can generate a database of thermal propagation characteristics of different layers or different devices and use the database as a reference to decipher defect depth of a tested device. 
         [0030]    As can be understood from the above, disclosed embodiments enable the use of Lock-in Thermography for quantitative and non destructive 3D localization of hot spots i.e. generated by electrical structures or defects inside of electronic devices. The relationship between the applied lock-in frequency and the phase shift can be determined based on the characterization of thermal propagation in various tested devices and layers. This can be done for the case where a hot spot is buried under a single material layer of unknown thickness and for the case of a hot spot buried under an unknown number of dies inside of a stacked die device. The disclose method enables localization in all three dimensions of buried hot spots even under a thick layer of mould compound. 
         [0031]    Furthermore, different die layers of system in package architectures could be measured, showing significant phase shift differences, allowing the exact determination of the defective die through the package. Despite the non-homogeneous material stack of stacked dies with complex thermal properties, constructing a database of thermal propagation characterization can enable exact localization of defects in such complex devices. The method of acquiring and analyzing these results for hot spot depth calculation is enabled by disclosed embodiments. 
         [0032]    It should be understood that processes and techniques described herein are not inherently related to any particular apparatus and may be implemented by any suitable combination of components. Further, various types of general purpose devices may be used in accordance with the teachings described herein. It may also prove advantageous to construct specialized apparatus to perform the method steps described herein. 
         [0033]    The present invention has been described in relation to particular examples, which are intended in all respects to be illustrative rather than restrictive. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many different combinations of hardware, software, and firmware will be suitable for practicing the present invention. Moreover, other implementations of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.