Abstract:
Integrated circuit output buffers include first and second pull-down switches and a preferred pull-down control circuit which utilizes a preferred feedback technique to facilitate a reduction in simultaneous-switching noise during pull-down operations and also improve the impedance matching characteristics of the output buffers during DC conditions. The preferred feedback technique also limits the degree to which external noise can influence operation of the pull-down control circuit. First and second pull-up switches and a pull-up control circuit are also provided to improve simultaneous-switching noise and impedance matching characteristics during pull-up operations in a similar manner. The first and second pulldown switches are electrically connected in parallel between an output of the buffer and a first reference signal line (e.g., Vss) and the first and second pull-up switches are electrically connected in parallel between an output of the buffer and a second reference signal line (e.g., Vdd). The pull-down and pull-up switches may comprise NMOS and PMOS transistors, respectively.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to integrated circuit devices, and more particularly to integrated circuit output buffers. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Integrated circuits typically include buffer circuits therein for driving on-chip and off-chip loads. Dynamic output control (DOC) can also be provided by output buffers, such as those disclosed in application notes by Texas Instruments, Inc. (see, hftp://www.ti.com/sc/AVC). In particular, these output buffers having DOC circuitry may provide variable output impedance to reduce signal noise during output transitions. In these buffers, the DOC circuitry is stated as providing enough current to achieve high signaling speeds, while also having the ability to quickly switch the impedance level to reduce the undershoot and overshoot noise that is often found in high-speed logic. Such DOC circuitry may be used advantageously to eliminate the need for damping resistors which can limit noise only at the expense of increases in propagation delay. Notwithstanding such conventional output buffers with DOC circuitry, however, there still exists a need for output buffers which have excellent noise, propagation delay and impedance matching characteristics. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide improved integrated circuit output buffers. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide integrated circuit output buffers having low propagation delay. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to provide integrated circuit output buffers having improved simultaneous-switching noise characteristics. 
     It is yet another object of the present invention to provide integrated circuit output buffers having reduced supply line-to-output coupling and improved impedance matching characteristics during DC operation. 
     These and other objects, advantages and features of the present invention are provided by integrated circuit output buffers which comprise first and second pull-down switches and a pull-down control circuit which utilizes a preferred feedback technique to facilitate a reduction in simultaneous-switching noise during pull-down operations and also improve the impedance matching characteristics of the output buffers during DC conditions. The preferred feedback technique also limits the degree to which external noise can influence operation of the pull-down control circuit. First and second pull-up switches and a pull-up control circuit are also provided to improve simultaneous-switching noise and impedance matching characteristics during pull-up operations in a similar manner. 
     In particular, the first and second pull-down switches are electrically connected in parallel between an output of the buffer and a first reference signal line (e.g., Vss) and the first and second pull-up switches are electrically connected in parallel between output of the buffer and a second reference signal line (e.g., Vdd). The pull-down and pull-up switches may comprise NMOS and PMOS transistors, respectively. The pull-down control circuit also provides for enhanced noise and impedance matching characteristics by (i) closing the first and second pull-down switches during a first portion of a pull-down time interval, and then (ii) using a signal fed back directly from an input of the second pull-down switch to open the second pull-down switch while maintaining the first pull-down switch closed during a second portion of the pull-down time interval. Likewise, during pull-up, the pull-up control circuit closes the first and second pull-up switches during a first portion of a pull-up time interval and then uses a signal fed back directly from an input of the second pull-up switch to open the second pull-up switch while maintaining the first pull-up switch closed during a second portion of the pull-up time interval. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is an electrical schematic of an integrated circuit output buffer according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a timing diagram which illustrates the operation of the output buffer of FIG. 1. 
     FIG. 3 is an electrical schematic of a pull-down circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 4 is an electrical schematic of a pull-up circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout and signal lines and signals thereon may referred to by the same reference symbols. 
     Referring now to FIGS. 1-2, an integrated circuit output buffer 10 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention passes an input signal (DATA IN) as an output signal (DATA OUT) with low propagation delay when the buffer 10 is enabled (i.e., OUTPUT ENABLE=1). The preferred buffer 10 includes first and second pull-down switches which are electrically connected in parallel. As illustrated, the first and second pull-down switches may comprise NMOS pull-down transistors N1 and N2. These pull-down transistors each have first terminals (drain electrodes) which are electrically connected to an output signal line (DATA OUT) by a resistor R1. This resistor R1 provides electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection and may have a value of 10Ω, for example. The second terminals (i.e., source electrodes) of the pull-down transistors N1 and N2 are also electrically connected to a first reference signal line (e.g., Vss≦Gnd). A pull-down control circuit 12a is also provided to control the turn-on and turn-off of the pull-down transistors N1 and N2 in a preferred manner to reduce simultaneous-switching noise by reducing the degree of coupling between the output signal line (DATA OUT) and the first reference signal line Vss at the end of each pull-down transition. The preferred pull-down control circuit 12a can also be operated in a preferred manner to match the impedance of the pull-down path to the impedance of the load being driven by the output buffer. 
     To illustrate this preferred pull-down method, a quiescent DC condition can be initially established with the input signal line (DATA IN) set to a logic 1 level (while OUTPUT ENABLE=1). Once this condition has been established, the outputs of inverters INV1 and INV2, the outputs of the multi-input logic gates NOR1, NOR2 and NOR4 and the output of the first delay device (DELAY 1) will all be set to logic 0 levels and the output of the multi-input logic gate NOR3 will be set to a logic 1 level. Here, the multi-input logic gates NOR3 and NOR4 are configured as a first multi-input latch 14a. 
     If the input signal line (DATA IN) then transitions from 1→0, the pull-down control circuit 12a will initially turn on both of the NMOS pull-down transistors N1 and N2 during a first portion of a pull-down time interval by driving signal lines N1 and N2 from 0→1, as illustrated by FIG. 2. In particular, once the input signal line (DATA IN) initially transitions to a logic 0 level (with OUTPUT ENABLE=1), all the inputs to the multi-input logic gates NOR1 and NOR2 will be set to logic 0 levels and the outputs of the pull-down control circuit 12a (i.e., signal lines N1 and N2) will be set to logic 1 levels. This action by the pull-down control circuit 12a results in the formation of a low resistance pull-down path between the output signal line (DATA OUT) and the first reference signal line Vss. The value of this low resistance path during the first portion of the pull-down time interval is defined as the sum of the resistance of resistor R1 and the on-state resistance of the parallel combination of transistors N1 and N2 (which may have different respective on-state resistances). The value of resistor R1 and the widths of transistors N1 and N2 can also be chosen to obtain desired propagation delay characteristics during the first portion of the pull-down time interval (e.g., to obtain fast initial pull-down of the output signal line (DATA OUT)). 
     The preferred pull-down control circuit 12a also provides smooth monotonic pull-down of the output signal line (DATA OUT) and reduces simultaneous-switching noise by turning off transistor N2 during a second portion of the pull-down time interval by driving signal line N2 from 1→0, as illustrated by FIG. 2. This action by the pull-down control circuit 12a increases the effective resistance of the pull-down path between the output signal line (DATA OUT) and the first reference signal line Vss and thereby reduces the degree of electrical coupling between these signal lines during the latter portion of the pull-down time interval. The output signal line (DATA OUT) can therefore be made less susceptible to noise caused by &#34;ground bounce&#34; fluctuations on the first reference signal line Vss. In addition, the size of the NMOS pull-down transistor N1 can be independently optimized to obtain excellent impedance matching during DC conditions. 
     This advantageous function of the pull-down control circuit 12a is preferably achieved by feeding back signal line N2 directly as an input of the pull-down control circuit 12a. The 0→1 transition on this fed back input is then delayed using a first delay device DELAY 1 which provides a predetermined delay (e.g., ˜1-1.5 ns). As illustrated best by FIG. 2, if the delay provided by the first delay device DELAY 1 is of sufficient duration, the timing of the commencement of the second portion of the pull-down time interval (i.e., when signal line N2 starts to transition back from 1→0) can be made to occur after the output signal line (DATA OUT) has transitioned below a threshold logic 0 level for purposes of switching devices having inputs electrically connected to the output signal line (i.e., V DATA  OUT ≦V IL , where V IL  is defined as the maximum input voltage that will be unambiguously recognized as a logic 0 signal by a device being driven by the output signal line). 
     Based on this preferred aspect of the pull-down control circuit 12a, the initial 0→1 transition of signal line N2 during the first portion of the pull-down time interval will translate into a delayed 0→1 transition at an input of the first latch 14a. This 0→1 transition will then cause the output of the multi-input logic gate NOR3 to transition from 1→0 and the output of inverter INV2 to transition from 0→1. In response to these transitions, the output of the multi-input logic gate NOR2 will switch from 1→0 at the commencement of the second portion of the pull-down time interval, to turn-off NMOS pull-down transistor N2 and thereby increase the effective resistance of the pull-down path after the voltage on the output signal line (DATA OUT) has dropped below V IL . This increase in the resistance of the pull-down path lessens the degree to which ground bounce fluctuations will be represented as noise on the output signal line (DATA OUT). Notwithstanding this increase in resistance of the pull-down path during the second portion of the pull-down time interval, the use of direct feedback from the gate electrode of NMOS pull-down transistor N2 to the input of the first delay unit DELAY 1 facilitates smooth monotonic pull-down of the output signal line during the entire pull-down time interval. The use of the first latch 14a also precludes the fed back input from oscillating. 
     Referring again to FIG. 1, the preferred buffer 10 may also include first and second pull-up switches which are electrically connected in parallel. These first and second pull-up switches may comprise PMOS pull-up transistors P1 and P2, connected as illustrated. A pull-up control circuit 12b is also provided to control the turn-on and turn-off of the pull-up transistors P1 and P2 in a preferred manner to reduce simultaneous-switching noise by reducing the degree of coupling between the output signal line (DATA OUT) and the second reference signal line Vdd at the end of each pull-up transition. Preferred impedance matching characteristics may also be achieved. For example, a quiescent DC condition can be initially established with the input signal line (DATA IN) set to a logic 0 level (while OUTPUT ENABLE=1). Once this condition has been established, the outputs of inverter INV3, the outputs of the multi-input logic gates NAND2, NAND3 and NAND4 and the output of the second delay device (DELAY 2) will all be set to logic 1 levels and the output of the multi-input logic gate NAND1 will be set to a logic 0 level. Here, the multi-input logic gates NAND1 and NAND2 are configured as a second multi-input latch 14b. 
     If the input signal line (DATA IN) then transitions from 0→1, the pull-up control circuit 12b will initially turn on both of the PMOS pull-up transistors P1 and P2 during a first portion of a pull-up time interval by driving signal lines P1 and P2 from 1→0. Once the input signal line (DATA IN) initially transitions to a logic 1 level (with OUTPUT ENABLE=1), all the inputs to the multi-input logic gates NAND1 and NAND2 will be set to logic 1 levels and the outputs of the pull-up control circuit 12b (i.e., signal lines P1 and P2) will be set to logic 0 levels. This action by the pull-up control circuit 12b results in the formation of a low resistance pull-up path between the output signal line (DATA OUT) and the second reference signal line Vdd. The value of this low resistance path during the first portion of the pull-up time interval is equivalent to the on-state resistance of the parallel combination of PMOS transistors P1 and P2. Here, the on-state resistance of each of the PMOS transistors P1 and P2 may be chosen to obtain desired propagation delay characteristics during the first portion of the pull-up time interval (e.g., to obtain fast initial pull-up) and desired impedance matching characteristics at the completion of the pull-up time interval. 
     The preferred pull-up control circuit 12b also provides smooth monotonic pull-up of the output signal line (DATA OUT) and reduces simultaneous-switching noise by turning off PMOS pull-up transistor P2 during a second portion of the pull-up time interval by driving signal line P2 from 0→1. This action by the pull-up control circuit 12b increases the effective resistance of the pull-up path between the output signal line (DATA OUT) and the second reference signal line Vdd and thereby reduces the degree of electrical coupling between these signal lines during the latter portion of the pull-up time interval. The output signal line (DATA OUT) can therefore be made less susceptible to noise caused by &#34;supply/Vdd bounce&#34; fluctuations on the second reference signal line Vdd. 
     As illustrated by FIG. 1, this advantageous function of the pull-up control circuit 12b is preferably achieved by feeding back signal line P2 directly as an input of the pull-up control circuit 12b. The 1→0 transition on this fed back input is then delayed using a second delay device DELAY 2 which provides a predetermined delay (e.g., ˜1-1.5 ns). Like the above discussion provided with respect to FIG. 2, if the delay provided by the delay device DELAY 2 is of sufficient duration, the timing of the commencement of the second portion of the pull-up time interval (i.e., when signal line P2 starts to transition back from 0→1) can be made to occur after the output signal line (DATA OUT) has transitioned above a threshold logic 1 level for purposes of switching devices having inputs electrically connected to the output signal line (i.e., V DATA  OUT ≧V IH , where V IH  is defined as the minimum input voltage that will be unambiguously recognized as a logic 1 signal by a device being driven by the output signal line). 
     Based on this preferred aspect of the pull-up control circuit 12b, the initial 1→0 transition of signal line P2 during the first portion of the pull-up time interval will translate into a delayed 1→0 transition at an input of the second latch 14b. This 1→0 transition will then cause the output of the multi-input logic gate NAND1 to transition from 0→1 and the output of inverter INV3 to transition from 1→0. In response to these transitions, the output of multi-input logic gate NAND4 will switch from 0→1 at the commencement of the second portion of the pull-up time interval, to turn-off PMOS pull-up transistor P2 and increase the effective resistance of the pull-up path after the voltage on the output signal line (DATA OUT) has increased to a level above V IH . This increase in the resistance of the pull-up path lessens the degree to which supply/Vdd bounce fluctuations will be represented as noise on the output signal line (DATA OUT). Moreover, like the operation of the pull-down portion of the output buffer described with respect to FIG. 2, the use of direct feedback from the gate electrode of PMOS pull-up transistor P2 to the input of the second delay unit DELAY 2 facilitates smooth monotonic pull-up of the output signal line during the entire pull-up time interval. 
     Referring now to FIGS. 3-4, an integrated circuit output buffer according to another embodiment of the present invention includes a pull-down circuit 20a and a pull-up circuit 20b. As illustrated, the pull-down circuit 20a includes first and second pull-down switches which are electrically connected in parallel. These first and second pull-down switches may comprise NMOS pull-down transistors N3 and N4 which are electrically connected to an output signal line (DATA OUT) by a resistor R3. This resistor R3 provides electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection and may have a value of 10Ω, for example. A pull-down control circuit 22a is also provided to control the turn-on and turn-off of the pull-down transistors N3 and N4 in such a manner to inhibit simultaneous-switching noise by reducing the degree of coupling between the output signal line (DATA OUT), and the first reference signal line Vss at the end of each pull-down transition. In particular, the pull-down control circuit 22a receives as an input a signal fed back through resistor R2 (e.g., 200Ω) from the output signal line (DATA OUT) to control the turn-off of NMOS pull-down transistor en N4 during a second portion of a pull-down time interval. However, because a pull-down transition of the output signal line during the pull-down time interval may not be entirely monotonic because of the presence of parasitic package and wire bond inductance, for example, the use of direct feedback from the output signal line to an input of the pull-down control circuit 22a may not be preferred since this feedback signal will also be influenced by any external parasitic inductance. Nonetheless, the pull-down circuit 20a may be used to inhibit simultaneous-switching noise in output buffers. 
     Operation of the pull-down circuit 20a of FIG. 3 will now be described in detail. Here, a quiescent DC condition can be initially established with the input signal line (DATA IN) set to a logic 1 level (while OUTPUT ENABLE=1). Once this condition has been established, the outputs of inverters INV4 and INV5, the outputs of the multi-input logic gates NOR5 and NOR6 and the output of the third delay device (DELAY 3) will all be set to logic 0 levels. Here, inverter INV5 and the third delay device (DELAY 3) collectively form a first inverting delay device 24a. If the input signal line (DATA IN) then transitions from 1→0, the pull-down control circuit 22a will initially turn on both of the pull-down transistors N3 and N4 during a first portion of a pull-down time interval by driving signal lines N3 and N4 from 0→1. Once the input signal line (DATA IN) initially transitions to a logic 0 level, all the inputs to the multi-input logic gates NOR5 and NOR6 will be set to logic 0 levels and the outputs of the pull-down control circuit 22a will be set to logic 1 levels. This action by the pull-down control circuit 22a results in the formation of a low resistance pull-down path between the output signal line (DATA OUT) and the reference signal line Vss. Accordingly, turn-on of the pull-down transistors N3 and N4 during a first portion of the pull-down time interval will cause the output signal line to transition from 1→0. Then, at some point during the first portion of the pull-down time interval, the output of inverter INV5 will switch from 0→1. In response to this transition in the output of INV5, the output of the third delay unit DELAY 3 will transition from 0→1 and the output of multi-input logic gate NOR6 will transition from 1→0 to turn off NMOS pull-down transistor N4 at the commencement of the second portion of the pull-down time interval. However, after completion of the pull-down time interval, NMOS pull-down transistor N3 remains conductive. The on-state resistance of NMOS pull-down transistor N3 and the value of resistor R3 can therefore be chosen to provided excellent impedance matching characteristics during DC operation. 
     Referring now specifically to FIG. 4, the pull-up circuit 20b includes first and second pull-up switches which are electrically connected in parallel. These first and second pull-up switches may comprise PMOS pull-up transistors P3 and P4 and a pull-up control circuit 22b to control the turn-on and turn-off of the pull-up transistors P3 and P4 in a manner which inhibits simultaneous-switching noise by reducing the degree of coupling between the output signal line (DATA OUT) and the supply line Vdd at the end of each pull-up transition. As illustrated, the pull-up control circuit 22b receives as an input a signal fed back through resistor R4 (e.g., 200Ω) from the output signal line (DATA OUT) to control the turn-off of PMOS pull-up transistor P4 during a second portion of a pull-up time interval. However, as described above with respect to the pull-down circuit 20a of FIG. 3, a pull-up transition of the output signal line during the pull-up time interval may not be entirely monotonic because of the presence of parasitic package and wire bond inductance, for example. Thus, the use of direct feedback from the output signal line to an input of the pull-up control circuit 22b may not be preferred since this feedback signal may also be influenced by any external parasitic inductance. 
     Operation of the pull-up circuit of FIG. 4 will now be described in detail. In this circuit, a quiescent DC condition can be initially established with the input signal line (DATA IN) set to a logic 0 level (while OUTPUT ENABLE=1). Once this condition has been established, the output of inverter INV6, the outputs of the multi-input logic gates NAND5 and NAND6 and the output of the fourth delay device (DELAY 4) will all be set to logic 1 levels. Here, inverter INV6 and the fourth delay device (DELAY 4) collectively form a second inverting delay device 24b. If the input signal line (DATA IN) then transitions from 0→1, the pull-up control circuit 22b will initially turn on both of the pull-up transistors P3 and P4 during a first portion of a pull-up time interval by driving signal lines P3 and P4 from 1→0. Accordingly, once the input signal line (DATA IN) initially transitions to a logic 1 level, all the inputs to the multi-input logic gates NAND5 and NAND6 will be set to logic 1 levels and the outputs of the pull-up control circuit 22b will be set to logic 0 levels. This action by the pull-up control circuit 22b results in the formation of a low resistance pull-up path between the output signal line (DATA OUT) and the supply line Vdd. Accordingly, turn-on of the pull-up transistors P3 and P4 during a first portion of the pull-up time interval will cause the output signal line to transition from 0→1. Then, at some point during the first portion of the pull-up time interval, the output of inverter INV6 will switch from 1→0. In response to this transition in the output of INV6, the output of the fourth delay unit DELAY 4 will transition from 1→0 and the output of multi-input logic gate NAND6 will transition from 0→1 to turn off PMOS pull-up transistor P4 at the commencement of the second portion of the pull-up time interval. Pull-up during the second portion of the pull-up time interval is then provided by the PMOS pull-up transistor P3 which may have an on-state resistance designed to provided impedance matching. 
     In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed typical preferred embodiments of the invention and, although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation, the scope of the invention being set forth in the following claims.