Abstract:
The present invention relates generally to cables suitable for use in plenum applications. In particular, the present invention relates to coaxial cables suitable for use in plenum applications (which exhibit flame spread and smoke generation properties that comply with industry standards, e.g., UL 910 or NFPA 262) without compromising electrical performance. The cable has two or more layers of insulation where the inner layer is made of a material having a high melt flow index and the outer layer is made of a material having a low melt flow index.

Description:
This application claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/249,698 filed Oct. 8, 2009, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to cables suitable for use in plenum applications. In particular, the present invention relates to twisted pair communication cables and coaxial cables suitable for use in plenum applications (which exhibit flame spread and smoke generation properties that comply with industry standards, e.g., UL 910 or NFPA 262) without compromising electrical performance. The cable has two or more layers of insulation where the inner layer is made of a material having a high melt flow index and the outer layer is made of a material having a low melt flow index. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Buildings are usually designed with a space between a drop ceiling and a structural floor from which the ceiling is suspended to serve as a return air plenum for elements of heating and cooling systems as well as serving as a convenient location for the installation of communications cables and other equipment, such as power cables. Alternatively, the building can employ raised floors used for cable routing and plenum space. Communications cables generally include voice communications, data and other types of signals for use in telephone, computer, control, alarm, and related systems, and it is not uncommon for these plenums and the cables therein to be continuous throughout the length and width of each floor, which can introduce safety hazards, both to the cables and the buildings. 
     When a fire occurs in an area between a floor and a drop ceiling, it may be contained by walls and other building elements which enclose that area. However, if and when the fire reaches the plenum space, and especially if flammable material occupies the plenum, the fire can spread quickly throughout the entire floor of the building. The fire could travel along the length of cables which are installed in the plenum if the cables are not rated for plenum use, i.e., do not possess the requisite flame and smoke retardation characteristics. Also, smoke can be conveyed through the plenum to adjacent areas and to other floors with the possibility of smoke permeation throughout the entire building. 
     As the temperature in a non-plenum rated jacketed cable rises, charring of the jacket material begins. Afterwards, conductor insulation inside the jacket begins to decompose and char. If the charred jacket retains its integrity, it still functions to insulate the core; if not, however, it ruptures due either to expanding insulation char or to pressure of gases generated from the insulation, and as a consequence, exposes the virgin interior of the jacket and insulation to the flame and/or the elevated temperatures. The jacket and the insulation begin to pyrolize and emit more flammable gases. These gases ignite and, because of air drafts in the plenum, burn beyond the area of flame impingement, thereby propagating flame and generating smoke and toxic and corrosive gases. 
     Because of the possibility of flame spread and smoke evolution, as a general rule, the National Electrical Code (NEC) requires that power-limited cables in plenums be enclosed in metal conduits. However, the NEC permits certain exceptions to this requirement. For example, cables without metal conduits are permitted, provided that such cables are tested and approved by an independent testing agent, such as Underwriters Laboratories (UL), as having suitably low flame spread and smoke generating or producing characteristics. The flame spread and smoke production of cables are measured using the UL 910, also known as the “Steiner Tunnel,” standard test method or, more recently, the NFPA 262 flame test for fire and smoke retardation characteristics of electrical and optical fiber cables used in air handling spaces, i.e., plenums. 
     Communication systems in the present day environment are of vital importance, and, as technology continues to become more sophisticated, such systems are required to transmit signals substantially error free at higher and higher bit rates. More particularly, it has become necessary to transmit data signals over considerable distances at high bit rates, such as megabits or gigabits per second, and to have substantially error free transmission. Thus, desirably, the medium over which these signals are transmitted must be capable of handling not only low frequency and voice signals, for example, but higher frequency data and video signals. 
     The most common cable in data communication involves an electrical conductor that is surrounded by a single layer of insulation. Plenum applications typically require that the insulation used contain polymers, generally fluoropolymers. Low melt flow index (MFI) fluoropolymers more readily accommodate the flame and smoke performance when tested per UL 910. The low MFI polymers, however, typically have a higher electrical dissipation factor which can cause poor electrical performance typically at frequencies higher than 100 MHz. 
     Currently most plenum cables use a higher melt flow material as insulation. That configuration sacrifices the flame and smoke characteristics by using higher melt flow materials to obtain the desired electrical characteristics. Those insulations typically pass the UL910 test, but require the addition of polyvinylchloride (PVC) jacket sheaths or other costly components. For specific high-end 10G applications, the cable requires flame characteristics higher than what could be obtained by exterior PVC jacketing. 
     It is apparent from the foregoing discussion that there remains a need for a flame retardant, and low-smoke generating communication cable that does not sacrifice transmission properties for fire and smoke resistance. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a cable, suitable for plenum applications, which is flame resistant and low-smoke generating, without compromising electrical performance. 
     A further object of the invention is to provide an improved cable which is suitable for plenum applications and has a low dissipation factor for electrical performance at high frequencies. 
     Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawing. 
     The present invention provides flame retardant and low-smoke cables while retaining an excellent electrical dissipation factor for high electrical performance at high frequency. 
     In accordance with the present invention, the foregoing objectives are realized by providing a cable containing a conductor core that is covered by at least two layers of insulation material. The first (inner) layer of insulation contains a material having a high melt flow index; and the second (outer) layer of insulation contains a material having a low melt flow index. The outer layer of insulation provides flame resistance and low-smoke characteristics, while the inner layer provides excellent electrical characteristics, particularly low dissipation factor, and acts to contain the inner layer(s), when the cable is subject to heat and/or burning, to reduce dripping of the inner material, thus, mitigating smoke evolution. Wires containing the two layer insulation of the present invention are preferably used in communication cables, such as twisted pair communication cables or coaxial cables. 
     Methods of making the novel plenum cable are also provided. 
     The methods and cable of the present invention provide an optimization of materials to obtain both good electrical characteristics and improved flame and smoke characteristics. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a drawing showing a cable of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , the cable  8  of the present invention contains an electrical conductor  2  at the core of the cable. The electrical conductor is then surrounded by at least two layers of insulation: an inner insulation layer  4  and an outer insulation layer  6 . The inner insulation layer  4  is formed from a material having a high melt flow index (MFI); and the outer insulation layer  6  is formed from a material having a low MFI. 
     As used herein, “low MFI” is used to mean a MFI of less than about 15. Similarly, “high MFI” is used to mean a MFI of greater than about 20. The MFI of a material can be determined using the method given in ASTM D1238 (2010), which is incorporated herein by reference. MFI is the output rate (flow) in grams that occurs in 10 minutes through a standard die when a fixed pressure is applied to the melt. The specific temperature, pressure, die size, and other test conditionals are specified in ASTM D1238 (2010). As such, the higher a MFI, the more polymer flows under test conditions. Many factors affect a polymer&#39;s flow property, including, but not limited to, molecular weight distribution, the presence of co-monomers, the degree of chain branching, crystallinity, fillers, and additives. 
     The electrical conductor  2  is generally a smooth conducting material such as copper, tinned copper, aluminum or copper-clad steel. The preferred electrical conductor is copper. 
     The insulation is preferably made from a polymeric material having the prescribed MFI. In some cases, the same polymer can be used for the inner insulation layer  4  and the outer insulation layer  6  as long as the polymer can be adjusted to have the desired MFI. For example, a fluoropolymer with a MFI of less than about 15 can be used for the outer insulation layer  6 ; and a fluoropolymer with a MFI of greater than about 20 can be used for the inner insulation layer  4 . Methods for adjusting the MFI of a polymer are known in the art. For example, additives and fillers can be used to modify the MFI of a polymer. Other factors affecting MFI of a polymer is discussed above. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the inner insulation contains a material having a MFI of about 12-14; and the outer insulation contains a material having a MFI of about 24-32. Generally, the thickness of the layer is proportional to the desire affect. That is, the higher the thickness of the low MFI material, the better the burn and flame characteristics. The higher the thickness of the high MFI material, the lower the dissipation factor. Here, the lower dissipation factor eventually reaches a point of diminishing returns as related to thickness. Table 1 shows a non-limiting list of appropriate materials for the outer insulation layer. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MFI 
                 MFI 
               
               
                 Material 
                 Manufacturer 
                 P/N 
                 nominal 
                 range 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 ECTFE 
                 Solvay 
                 558 
                 18 
                 15-20 
               
               
                 ECTFE 
                 Solvay 
                 500LC 
                 18 
               
               
                 ECTFE 
                 Solvay 
                 513LC 
                 19 
               
               
                 ETFE 
                 Daikin 
                 EP-541 
                 6 
                 4-8 
               
               
                 ETFE 
                 Daikin 
                 EP-543 
                 7 
                   4-9.5 
               
               
                 ETFE 
                 Daikin 
                 EP-521 
                 12 
                  8-16 
               
               
                 ETFE 
                 Daikin 
                 EP-620 
                 14 
                  9-18 
               
               
                 ETFE 
                 Dupont 
                 280 
                 4 
               
               
                 ETFE 
                 Dupont 
                 2181 
                 6 
               
               
                 ETFE 
                 Dupont 
                 2183 
                 6 
               
               
                 ETFE 
                 Dupont 
                 2160 
                 7 
                  2-11 
               
               
                 ETFE 
                 Dupont 
                 2170 
                 7 
                  2-11 
               
               
                 ETFE 
                 Dupont 
                 200 
                 7 
               
               
                 ETFE 
                 Dupont 
                 750 
                 7 
               
               
                 ETFE 
                 Dupont 
                 2202 
                 7 
               
               
                 ETFE 
                 Dupont 
                 2185 
                 11 
               
               
                 ETFE 
                 Dupont 
                 2190 
                 11 
               
               
                 ETFE 
                 Dyneon 
                 6235 
                 10 
               
               
                 FEP 
                 Daikin 
                 NP-30 
                 3 
                   2-3.5 
               
               
                 FEP 
                 Daikin 
                 NP-130 
                 3 
               
               
                 FEP 
                 Daikin 
                 NP120 
                 6 
               
               
                 FEP 
                 Daikin 
                 NP-20 
                 7 
                 4.5-8.5 
               
               
                 FEP 
                 Daikin 
                 NP-12x 
                 18 
                 15.6-20   
               
               
                 FEP 
                 Dupont 
                 140 
                 3 
               
               
                 FEP 
                 Dupont 
                 CJ-95 
                 5 
               
               
                 FEP 
                 Dupont 
                 100 
                 7 
               
               
                 FEP 
                 Dupont 
                 CJ-99 
                 9 
               
               
                 FEP 
                 Dupont 
                 TE9811 
                 9 
               
               
                 FEP 
                 Dupont 
                 TE9810 
                 14 
               
               
                 FEP 
                 Dyneon 
                 6301 
                 1 
               
               
                 FEP 
                 Dyneon 
                 6303 
                 3 
               
               
                 FEP 
                 Dyneon 
                 6307 
                 7 
               
               
                 FEP 
                 Dyneon 
                 6309 
                 9 
               
               
                 MFA 
                 Solvay 
                 F1520 
                 3 
                 1-4 
               
               
                 MFA 
                 Solvay 
                 F1530 
                 6 
                 4-8 
               
               
                 PFA 
                 Daikin 
                 AP-210 
                 14 
                 10-17 
               
               
                 PFA 
                 Dupont 
                 350 
                 2 
               
               
                 PFA 
                 Dupont 
                 450 
                 2 
               
               
                 PFA 
                 Dupont 
                 TE-7224 
                 2 
                 1-3 
               
               
                 PFA 
                 Dupont 
                 940 
                 2 
                 1.7-3   
               
               
                 PFA 
                 Dupont 
                 445 
                 5 
               
               
                 PFA 
                 Dupont 
                 950 
                 5 
               
               
                 PFA 
                 Dupont 
                 345 
                 7 
                 4.1-8.9 
               
               
                 PFA 
                 Dupont 
                 440 
                 14 
                 12-15 
               
               
                 PFA 
                 Dupont 
                 340 
                 14 
               
               
                 PFA 
                 Solvay 
                 P420 
                 2 
                 1.5-3   
               
               
                 PFA 
                 Solvay 
                 P450 
                 14 
                 10-17 
               
               
                 PVDF 
                 Dyneon 
                 1012 
                 2 
               
               
                 PVDF 
                 Dyneon 
                 1010 
                 6 
               
               
                 PVDF 
                 Dyneon 
                 6010 
                 6 
               
               
                 PVDF 
                 Dyneon 
                 11010 
                 6 
               
               
                 PVDF 
                 Dyneon 
                 6012 
                 12 
               
               
                 PVDF 
                 Dyneon 
                 31008/0009 
                 15 
               
               
                 PVDF 
                 Dyneon 
                 31508/0009 
                 15 
               
               
                 PVDF 
                 Dyneon 
                 32008/0009 
                 15 
               
               
                 PVDF 
                 Dyneon 
                 32008/0010 
                 16 
               
               
                 PVDF 
                 Solvay 
                 460 
                 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ETFE = ethylene tetrafluoroethylene; 
               
               
                 FEP = fluoroelthylene propylene; 
               
               
                 MFA = copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and perfluoro-methyl vinyl ether (PFMVE); and 
               
               
                 PFA = copolymer of TFE and perfluoro-propyl vinyl ether; 
               
               
                 PVDF = polyvinylidene fluoride. 
               
               
                 Even though some of the materials listed in Table 1 have MFIs above 15, it may be possible to modify these materials to produce lower MFIs as required. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Table 2 shows a non-limiting list of appropriate materials for the inner insulation layer. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MFI 
                 MFI 
               
               
                   
                 Material 
                 Manufacturer 
                 P/N 
                 nominal 
                 range 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 ETFE 
                 Daikin 
                 EP-610 
                 30 
                 25-35 
               
               
                   
                 ETFE 
                 Dupont 
                 210 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 ETFE 
                 Dupont 
                 2195 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 ETFE 
                 Dupont 
                 207 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                 FEP 
                 Daikin 
                 NP101 
                 24 
                 21-27 
               
               
                   
                 FEP 
                 Dupont 
                 TE9475 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                 FEP 
                 Dupont 
                 TE9494 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                 FEP 
                 Dupont 
                 TE9495 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                 FEP 
                 Dyneon 
                 6322 
                 22 
               
               
                   
                 MFA 
                 Solvay 
                 1041 
                 25 
                 22-28 
               
               
                   
                 MFA 
                 Solvay 
                 F1850- 
                 25 
                 22-28 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 PFA 
                 Daikin 
                 AP-230 
                 20 
                 15-25 
               
               
                   
                 PFA 
                 Daikin 
                 AP-201 
                 24 
                 18-30 
               
               
                   
                 PVDF 
                 Dyneon 
                 1008 
                 24 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The insulation layers are preferably extruded over the conductor using methods known in the art. Those layers can be extruded using two separate extrusion steps, where the first extrusion surrounds the conductor with the inner insulation layer having a high MFI, and the second extrusion surrounds and encapsulates the inner insulation layer with the outer insulation layer having a low MFI. In a preferred embodiment, however, the two layers of insulation are extruded in a single extrusion step using methods well-known in the art. The conductor containing the two-layer insulation of the present invention can be used in twisted pair communication cables or in coaxial cables, which are known in the art. Twisted pair communication cables are disclosed, e.g. in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,643,018, 7,473,848, and 7,449,638, which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     In certain embodiments, either of the layers or both may foamed, e.g. to enhance the electrical properties. For example, foaming fluoro-polymer layer can lower the dielectric constant and the dissipation factor of the material. Additionally, the foamed layer can improve the overall volume of material which is burned in the UL 910 testing. Method for producing foamed insulation is know in the art and is disclosed, e.g. in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,638,709 and 4,352,701, which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     Although certain presently preferred embodiments of the invention have been specifically described herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains that variations and modifications of the various embodiments shown and described herein may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be limited only to the extent required by the appended claims and the applicable rules of law.