Abstract:
In accordance with embodiments, there are provided mechanisms and methods for creating an object within a system, utilizing a template. These mechanisms and methods for creating an object within a system, utilizing a template can enable increased efficiency, resource and time savings, more intuitive object creation, etc.

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/317,666, entitled “Base Platform Objects,” by Wong et al., filed Mar. 25, 2010 (Attorney Docket No. SFC1P093+/275PROV), the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     COPYRIGHT NOTICE 
       [0002]    A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    One or more implementations relate generally to object creation, and more particularly to creating objects utilizing a template. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0004]    The subject matter discussed in the background section should not be assumed to be prior art merely as a result of its mention in the background section. Similarly, a problem mentioned in the background section or associated with the subject matter of the background section should not be assumed to have been previously recognized in the prior art. The subject matter in the background section merely represents different approaches, which in and of themselves may also be inventions. 
         [0005]    Conventional systems (e.g., multi-tenant on-demand database systems, etc.) may utilize one or more objects to facilitate system usage by one or more tenants of the system. For example, the objects may be used to enable report generation within the system, data manipulation within the system, etc. Unfortunately, the creation of these objects has been associated with various limitations. 
         [0006]    Just by way of example, systems may utilize a significant amount of resources during the creation of objects within the system. For instance, each object within the system may need to be individually created and have its parameters manually established. Accordingly, it is desirable to optimize the creation of objects within a system. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0007]    In accordance with embodiments, there are provided mechanisms and methods for creating an object within a system, utilizing a template. These mechanisms and methods for creating an object within a system, utilizing a template can enable increased efficiency, resource and time savings, more intuitive object creation, etc. 
         [0008]    In an embodiment and by way of example, a method for creating an object within a system, utilizing a template is provided. In one embodiment, a request is received to create an object within a system. Additionally, the object is created within the system, utilizing a template. Further, the object is distributed to all tenants of the system. 
         [0009]    While one or more implementations and techniques are described with reference to an embodiment in which creating an object within a system, utilizing a template is implemented in a system having an application server providing a front end for an on-demand database system capable of supporting multiple tenants, the one or more implementations and techniques are not limited to multi-tenant databases nor deployment on application servers. Embodiments may be practiced using other database architectures, i.e., ORACLE®, DB2® by IBM and the like without departing from the scope of the embodiments claimed. 
         [0010]    Any of the above embodiments may be used alone or together with one another in any combination. The one or more implementations encompassed within this specification may also include embodiments that are only partially mentioned or alluded to or are not mentioned or alluded to at all in this brief summary or in the abstract. Although various embodiments may have been motivated by various deficiencies with the prior art, which may be discussed or alluded to in one or more places in the specification, the embodiments do not necessarily address any of these deficiencies. In other words, different embodiments may address different deficiencies that may be discussed in the specification. Some embodiments may only partially address some deficiencies or just one deficiency that may be discussed in the specification, and some embodiments may not address any of these deficiencies. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]    In the following drawings like reference numbers are used to refer to like elements. Although the following figures depict various examples, the one or more implementations are not limited to the examples depicted in the figures. 
           [0012]      FIG. 1  illustrates a method for creating an object within a system, utilizing a template, in accordance with one embodiment; 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  illustrates method for creating a plurality of platform entities, in accordance with another embodiment; 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  illustrates a block diagram of an example of an environment wherein an on-demand database system might be used; and 
           [0015]      FIG. 4  illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of elements of  FIG. 3  and various possible interconnections between these elements. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     General Overview 
       [0016]    Systems and methods are pr vided for creating an object within a system, utilizing a template. 
         [0017]    As used herein, the term multi-tenant database system refers to those systems in which various elements of hardware and software of the database system may be shared by one or more customers. For example, a given application server may simultaneously process requests for a great number of customers, and a given database table may store rows for a potentially much greater number of customers. 
         [0018]    Next, mechanisms and methods for creating an object within a system, utilizing a template will be described with reference to example embodiments. 
         [0019]      FIG. 1  illustrates a method  100  for creating an object within a system, utilizing a template, in accordance with one embodiment. As shown in operation  102 , a request is received to create an object within a system. In one embodiment, the request may be received at the system. In another embodiment, the system may include a client, a server, a multi-tenant on-demand database system, etc. In yet another embodiment, the request may be sent by a user of the system (e.g., a tenant of the system, etc.), a developer of the system, etc. In still another embodiment, the request may be sent utilizing an interface (e.g., a graphical user interface, etc.). 
         [0020]    Additionally, in one embodiment, the object may include any item associated with the data of a system. For example, the object may enable data management within the system, data manipulation within the system, data storage within the system, etc. In another embodiment, the object may include a standard object within the system. For example, the object may include an object accessible by all users (e.g., organizations, etc.) within the system. In another example, the standard object may have one or more standardized system platform behaviors. In yet another embodiment, the object may include an entity, a receipt, a quote, a line item, an address, etc. 
         [0021]    Further, it should be noted that, as described above, such multi-tenant on-demand database system may include any service that relies on a database system that is accessible over a network, in which various elements of hardware and software of the database system may be shared by one or more customers (e.g. tenants). For instance, a given application server may simultaneously process requests for a great number of customers, and a given database table may store rows for a potentially much greater number of customers. Various examples of such a multi-tenant on-demand database system will be set forth in the context of different embodiments that will be described during reference to subsequent figures. 
         [0022]    Further still, as shown in operation  104 , the object is created within the system, utilizing a template. In one embodiment, the template may include a standard template entity. For example, the template may include a standard template object with one or more low-level parameters, standard system fields, etc. In another embodiment, one or more standard system fields of the template may be predefined. In yet another embodiment, one or more platform features of the system may be supported by the template. 
         [0023]    Also, in one embodiment, the template may be created by an entity associated with the system. For example, the template may be created by a customer of the system, an administrator of the system, etc. In another embodiment, the template may be created utilizing an interface (e.g., a graphical user interface (GUI), etc.). In yet another embodiment, the object may be associated with a platform of the system. For example, the object may include a platform entity of the system, etc. 
         [0024]    In addition, in one embodiment, the template may be used as the basis for the object. In another embodiment, the object may inherit one or more characteristics from the template. For example, the object may inherit one or more of standard fields and standard features from the template. In another embodiment, the object may include an identifier. For example, the object may include a distinct key prefix. In another example, the key prefix may start with a digit. In yet another example, the key prefix may indicate a type of the object. 
         [0025]    Further, in one embodiment, the object may be stored in a database of the system once it is created. For example, the object may be stored within a single database table that stores all objects created within the system. In another embodiment, creating the object may include creating a subclass for the object. For example, a concrete subclass may be created for the object that may handle one or more of the loading of the object, the saving of the object, etc. In yet another embodiment, the object may include a plurality of fields. For example, a pool of standard fields may be implemented for the object. In another embodiment, one or more of the plurality of fields may be initialized (e.g., given a value, activated, deactivated, etc.) utilizing metadata. 
         [0026]    Further still, as shown in operation  106 , the object is distributed to all tenants of the system. In one embodiment, the tenants of the system may include the customers of the system, the clients of the system, the users of the system, etc. In another embodiment, distributing the object to all tenants of the system may include making the object available for use by all tenants of the system. For example, the system may include a multi-tenant on-demand database system, and the object may be made available to all tenants of the multi-tenant on-demand database system. In this way, the creation of the object may be simplified within the system environment. Additionally, the time taken to create objects within the system may be reduced. Further, standard and consistent behavior may be enforced across all objects at a core level of the system. 
         [0027]      FIG. 2  illustrates a method  200  for creating a plurality of platform entities, in accordance with another embodiment. As an option, the method  200  may be carried out in the context of the functionality of  FIG. 1 . Of course, however, the method  200  may be carried out in any desired environment. The aforementioned definitions may apply during the present description. 
         [0028]    As shown in operation  202 , a standard template entity is added to a system. In one embodiment, the standard template entity (e.g., a standard template object, etc.) may be added to an extensible markup language (XML) file (e.g., udd.xml, etc.) of the system. In another embodiment, one or more low-level system parameters may be specified within the standard template entity. For example, one or more standard fields may be defined for the standard template entity, such as a primary key, a RecordTypeId, a CurrencyIsoCode, audit fields, flex fields, etc. 
         [0029]    In yet another embodiment, the standard template entity may support one or more flex fields. For example, the standard template entity may support one or more flex fields of data type TEXT, MULTILINETEXT, STRINGPLUSCLOB, EMAIL, PHONE, FAX, URL, INTEGER, DOUBLE, PERCENT, CURRENCY, DYNAMICENUM, MULTIENUM, DATEONLY, DATETIME, ENTITYID, etc. 
         [0030]    Additionally, as shown in operation  204 , a plurality of platform entities is dynamically created utilizing the standard template entity. In one embodiment, each of the plurality of platform entities e.g., platform objects, etc.) may automatically inherit one or more of the standard fields defined for the standard template entity. In another embodiment, the plurality of platform entities may be created utilizing abuse platform object (BPO) framework. In yet another embodiment, each platform entity may be defined within an XML filed of the system using one or more new keywords. Table 1 illustrates an exemplary platform entity definition. Of course, it should be noted that the definition shown in Table 1 is net forth for illustrative purposes only, and thus should not be construed as limiting in any manner. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                  &lt;platformEntity name=“Bogus” keyPrefix=“0E3” 
               
               
                 owner=“someNewHire” orgAccess=“orgHasSomeNewPerm”&gt; 
               
               
                   &lt;flexField name=“Field1” slot=“0” columnType=“TEXT” 
               
               
                 maxLength=“255” dbValueRequired=“true”/&gt; 
               
               
                   &lt;flexField name=“Field2” slot=“1” columnType=“INTEGER”/&gt; 
               
               
                   &lt;flexField name=“Field3” slot=“2” columnType=“ENTITYID” 
               
               
                 domain=“Account” isMasterDetail=“true”/&gt; 
               
               
                  &lt;/platformEntity&gt; 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0031]    Further, in one embodiment, there may be some overlap with the existing attributes on &lt;entity&gt; and &lt;field&gt;. In this way, the new keywords may simplify parsing, and may also make documentation in udd.xsd easier. In another embodiment, a parser of the XML file may be enhanced to merge the standard template entity with the platform entity definitions to generate Java and plsql code in Entities.java, Bogusfields.java, gKeyPrefixes_h.sql, cUddMetadata.sql, etc., as if they are any other standard entities. This may allow programmatic references to the platform entities and flex fields in generic, generated, or hand-written Java/plsql code. Additionally, the parser of the XML file may be enhanced to generate one or more of EntityCommon and FieldCommon instances at appserver startup time. In other words, they may behave like any other standard entities at the udd level. 
         [0032]    Table 2 illustrates one or more possible relationships between the plurality of platform entities and other entities. Of course, it should be noted that the possible relationships shown in Table 2 are set forth for illustrative purposes only, and thus should not be construed as limiting in any manner. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 optional master-detail relationships: 
               
               
                 child platform entity as m/d child of (i.e. has flex m/d field to) a standard 
               
               
                 entity 
               
               
                 child platform entity as m/d child of opportunity and contact which is itself 
               
               
                 child of account 
               
               
                 child platform entity as m/d child of another parent platform entity 
               
               
                 child custom entity as m/d child of a top level platform entity 
               
               
                 child custom entity as m/d child of a child platform entity which has its 
               
               
                 own parent 
               
               
                 (note, platform entities may be like standard entities in that custom m/d 
               
               
                 fields may not be able to be created on them) 
               
               
                 optional lookup relationships: 
               
               
                 standard entity has standard lookup fk field to platform entity 
               
               
                 platform entity has flex lookup fk field to standard entity 
               
               
                 platform entity has flex lookup fk field to platform entity 
               
               
                 platform entity has custom lookup fk field to standard entity 
               
               
                 platform entity has custom lookup fk field to custom entity 
               
               
                 platform entity has custom lookup fk field to platform entity 
               
               
                 standard entity has custom lookup fk field to platform entity 
               
               
                 custom entity has custom lookup fk field to platform entity 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0033]    Additionally, in one embodiment, the platform entities may have master-detail relationships involving locking a parent before children when summaries are present, sharing of a child driven by sharing of parent, cascade delete and cascade undelete behaviors. In another embodiment, having a platform entity be a child of opportunity and then have its own custom child entity may indicate a multi-level master-detail chain from account-&gt;opportunity-&gt;platform-&gt;custom, and this is may not be the longest chain possible. In yet another embodiment, platform entities may not have secondary master-detail relationships. In still another embodiment, lookup relationships may involve cascade set-null on deletes, and subsequent restore on undeletes. 
         [0034]    Table 3 illustrates a list of exemplary platform features that the platform entities may support. Of course, it should be noted that the exemplary platform features shown in Table 3 are set forth for illustrative purposes only, and thus should not be construed as limiting in any manner. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 lock correctly 
               
               
                 load objects with flex and custom fields (bulk) 
               
               
                 save objects with flex and custom fields (bulk) 
               
               
                 soft delete (bulk) 
               
               
                 undelete (bulk) 
               
               
                 flex fields of data types listed above 
               
               
                 all types of custom fields (including LTA and foreign keys) 
               
               
                 cascade delete, cascade undelete on m/d (flex and custom) 
               
               
                 cascade set-null, restore on undelete on lookup (flex and custom) 
               
               
                 MLMD via master-detail flex fields 
               
               
                 physical delete 
               
               
                 storage counts 
               
               
                 customizable layout 
               
               
                 detail and edit pages 
               
               
                 actions, buttons 
               
               
                 tab, motif, shown in specific tabsets 
               
               
                 list filters 
               
               
                 related lists of, customizable in other objects 
               
               
                 overview page 
               
               
                 list layouts 
               
               
                 activity what (no last_activity) 
               
               
                 note, attachment, google doc 
               
               
                 entity history, choice of flex and custom fields to track history 
               
               
                 workflow 
               
               
                 approval 
               
               
                 formula fields 
               
               
                 validation formula 
               
               
                 api describe 
               
               
                 api access 
               
               
                 soql access 
               
               
                 apex trigger 
               
               
                 access from apex triggers of other objects 
               
               
                 metadata API access 
               
               
                 visual force access 
               
               
                 developers create standard RSFs of platform children fields into master 
               
               
                 customers create custom RSFs 
               
               
                 owner field, UI to change owner 
               
               
                 queue as owner 
               
               
                 division, child platform of division enabled object gets division from 
               
               
                 parent 
               
               
                 public and private sharing models, choices of, plsql access checks for 
               
               
                 sharing providers for platform entities, platform child entities, and 
               
               
                 custom child entities of platform entities 
               
               
                 CRUD, FLS 
               
               
                 record type, layout mapping for profiles 
               
               
                 standard picklists vs static picklist values for flex fields 
               
               
                 dependent picklists 
               
               
                 picklist rename and picklist replace on custom and flex picklist fields 
               
               
                 convert custom fields from text to picklist, picklist to text, picklist to 
               
               
                 checkbox, picklist to msp, msp to picklist, etc 
               
               
                 autonumber custom fields, initial population, pk-chunking 
               
               
                 search, ability to configure searchable fields, search LTA flex fields 
               
               
                 developers write standard reports 
               
               
                 customers write custom reports 
               
               
                 support in custom report types 
               
               
                 custom index for flex fields 
               
               
                 tags 
               
               
                 teams 
               
               
                 UI help 
               
               
                 weekly exports 
               
               
                 TI copy 
               
               
                 org migration 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0035]    Table 4 illustrates exemplary available options for the platform entities. Of course, it should be noted that the options shown in Table 4 are set forth for illustrative purposes only, and thus should not be construed as limiting in any manner. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Standard Fields of all types (other than auto-number) 
               
               
                   
                 Custom Fields of all types 
               
               
                   
                 Multi level master detail 
               
               
                   
                 Validation Formulas 
               
               
                   
                 Apex triggers and classes 
               
               
                   
                 VisualForce 
               
               
                   
                 Workflow Rules and Actions 
               
               
                   
                 Approval Processes 
               
               
                   
                 Standard Reports 
               
               
                   
                 Activities 
               
               
                   
                 Notes, Attachments, Google Docs 
               
               
                   
                 CRUD 
               
               
                   
                 Standard Summary Fields 
               
               
                   
                 Page Layouts (e.g., Detail page, edit page, printable view, etc.) 
               
               
                   
                 Derived Fields 
               
               
                   
                 Master-detail miscellaneous: 
               
               
                   
                 Remove Owner field for Child objects 
               
               
                   
                 Remove Division field if parent is not Division-enabled 
               
               
                   
                 Page Layouts misc. (related lists, embedding in VF) 
               
               
                   
                 Custom Buttons and Action Overrides 
               
               
                   
                 Name field misc. (increase length to &gt;80 chars; ability to change API 
               
               
                   
                 name and label; ability to make it read-only) 
               
               
                   
                 Settings to control individual fields properties (Editability, WF, etc.) 
               
               
                   
                 Field level security 
               
               
                   
                 Developer defined indexes 
               
               
                   
                 Searchability and Search Layouts 
               
               
                   
                 Address fields 
               
               
                   
                 Record Types 
               
               
                   
                 Name as auto number 
               
               
                   
                 Misc. new requirements for Quotes 
               
               
                   
                 Standard Field as Auto number 
               
               
                   
                 Setting to make CurrencyISOCode field non standard 
               
               
                   
                 Misc. new requirements for Discussions 
               
               
                   
                 Turning OFF Approval Rules and WFs for Discussions 
               
               
                   
                 Testing of Sharing 
               
               
                   
                 Testing of Infrastructure 
               
               
                   
                 Testing of Common features 
               
               
                   
                 Storage Count 
               
               
                   
                 Weekly Export 
               
               
                   
                 TI Copy 
               
               
                   
                 Org Migration 
               
               
                   
                 Physical Delete 
               
               
                   
                 DOT-ing support 
               
               
                   
                 Field history tracking 
               
               
                   
                 Testing of CRTs 
               
               
                   
                 BPO: Standard Junction Objects on BPOs 
               
               
                   
                 BPO: TLO - Basic Object 
               
               
                   
                 BPO: TLO -- Basic Object 
               
               
                   
                 BPO: Static Picklists 
               
               
                   
                 BPO: Record Types 
               
               
                   
                 BPO: Filtered Lookups 
               
               
                   
                 BPO: Inline editing 
               
               
                   
                 BPO: ACM Support (w/SFA) 
               
               
                   
                 BPO: Bulk Load hook for Quotes 
               
               
                   
                 BPO: Auto number reset within each parent 
               
               
                   
                 BPO: Standard Junction Objects on BPOs 
               
               
                   
                 Record Types 
               
               
                   
                 CJOs as BPOs 
               
               
                   
                 Top level objects as BPOs (owner related work, queues) 
               
               
                   
                 Sharing (for top-level object) 
               
               
                   
                 Customizable sharing model, private/public, manual shares 
               
               
                   
                 S2S 
               
               
                   
                 Mobile 
               
               
                   
                 Exposure in Portals and Sites 
               
               
                   
                 Divisions 
               
               
                   
                 Filtered lookups 
               
               
                   
                 Enhanced list views 
               
               
                   
                 Inline editing 
               
               
                   
                 Tags 
               
               
                   
                 Teams 
               
               
                   
                 ACM (advanced currency mgmt) 
               
               
                   
                 Static picklists 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0036]    Additionally, in one embodiment, the platform entities may be created utilizing metadata. For example, a developer in the system may create a platform entity my writing one or more lines in an XML file (e.g., udd.xml, etc.) that assign values to one or more fields within the platform entity, denote that one or more features of the platform entity are supported or not supported, etc. In this way, the metadata may define one or more aspects of the platform entity. In another embodiment, features such as search query, reporting, apex triggers, visualforce, etc, may be implemented in the framework of the standard template and may not have to be individually implemented for each of the platform entities. 
         [0037]    Further still, as shown in operation  206 , the platform entities are stored in a single database table of the system. In one embodiment, the single database table may include a plurality of columns that are allocated for one or more standard fields of the platform entities. In another embodiment, each platform entity may have a unique key prefix that identifies that entity within the database table. In yet another embodiment, metadata drafted by a developer to describe the platform entities may be interpreted at runtime (e.g., by an interpreter, etc.), and may get mapped to one or more portions of the single database table. 
         [0038]    In another embodiment, the plurality of platform entities may be created and stored in a manner similar to those of custom entities (e.g., custom objects, etc.). See, for example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/817,161, filed Apr. 2, 2004, which describes exemplary techniques for custom object creation. 
         [0039]    Additionally, in one embodiment, a new database table (e.g., core.standard_entity_data, etc.) may be created. In another embodiment, the database table may have an the columns in core.custom_entity_data, plus a predetermined amount of new columns (e.g., fifty columns called std0 through std49 for up to 50 flex fields, minus the columns last_activity and setup_owner, etc.). All platform entities defined using &lt;platformEntity&gt; may be stored in this table, despite having distinct key prefixes. If more flex fields are desired, the table may be redefed to add more. In another embodiment, flex and custom fields may be interleaved in order to maximize the chances that for any platform object, all relevant fields will belong to the first 255 columns in the table. This may minimize oracle row-chaining. In yet another embodiment, data may be stored in this table in a manner similar to custom fields being stored in varchar2(765) fields. 
         [0040]    Further, in one embodiment, the name field may be denormalized (e.g., into core.name_denorm and core.search_name_lookup, etc.). In another embodiment, flex foreign key fields may be denormalized into core.custom_foreign_key_value, and negative index_num values may be used to distinguish them from custom fields. In yet another embodiment, 1&#39;s complement. slot 0 may be represented by −1, slot 1 by −2, slot 2 by −3, etc. In still another embodiment, the same negative values may be used to identify the flex field in core.delete_event_foreign_key. This may be the same for long text flex fields, where data beyond the 255th character may be stored in a separate table. And this may be the same for custom indexes on flex fields. In another embodiment, all the denormalized tables may be maintained synchronously during each save/delete/undelete operation, etc. 
         [0041]    Further still, as shown in operation  208 , the plurality of platform entities are made available to a plurality of tenants of the system. For example, all tenants of a multi-tenant on-demand database system may be able to access the plurality of platform entities. In this way, standard object creation may need to be done only once by drafting the standard template entity (e.g., within the BPO infrastructure, etc.), and the creation of each platform entity may only necessitate the use of metadata to detail behavior within the BPO platform, thereby avoiding the need to write code for each platform entity. 
         [0042]    Also, in one embodiment, a concrete subclass of EntityObject may be created for platform objects, which may handle the regular loading and saving of all platform objects. It may call into one set of plsql methods to load or save objects, just like custom objects. However, additional feature functionality is desired, concrete subclasses may be created for individual platform objects, and existing java hooks may be overridden. For example, flex fields may be referred to using the generated java Uddld constants, and they may be manually updated in java. 
         [0043]    In another embodiment, when bulk inserting platform objects, plsql may insert all 50 flex field slots and 501 custom field slots together with all standard fields in one FORALL plsql insert statement. In yet another embodiment, just the standard fields may not be inserted, followed by an update to update the custom fields, to avoid oracle row chaining. And multiple variations of insert statements may be avoided for different number of custom fields. When bulk updating platform objects, the standard fields may be updated in one FORALL plsql update statement, then the custom fields may be updated in another FORALL plsql update statement. There may be a plurality of variations (20, 100, 300, 501) of update statements for different number of custom fields, and there are 2 variations for standard fields (15, 50). 
         [0044]    With the addition of platform objects and knowledge article abstract entities (and with the possibility of adding custom fields to the standard table of CampaignMember), multiple combinations may be available for having or not having key_prefix in the table, having or not having a separate custom field table, etc. Additionally, all plsql where we test if a key_prefix is custom may be examined, and may be replaced with cUddMetadata.has_custom_field_table( ) and the new cUddMetadata.is_key_prefix_in_table( ) where appropriate. This may provide for one code path using execute immediate for all tables despite the combinations. For example, see RowLock.sql. Several generic functions may be affected, such as picklist replace, autonumber population, pk-chunking, etc. 
         [0045]    In this way, standard objects that support standardized platform behaviors may be created in a simplified way. Developers may not need to write any plsql to achieve basic functionality such as loading into and saving from EntityObjects, having custom fields, standardized sharing checks, etc. Many platform behaviors such as workflow, standard summary fields, apex triggers, API and SOQL exposure, visual force support, etc. may involve also no or very minimum java code. 
       System Overview 
       [0046]      FIG. 3  illustrates a block diagram of an environment  310  wherein an on-demand database system might be used, Environment  310  may include user systems  312 , network  314 , system  316 , processor system  317 , application platform  318 , network interface  320 , tenant data storage  322 , system data storage  324 , program code  326 , and process space  328 . In other embodiments, environment  310  may not have all of the components listed and/or may have other elements instead of, or in addition to, those listed above. 
         [0047]    Environment  310  is an environment in which an on-demand database system exists. User system  312  may be any machine or system that is used by a user to access a database user system. For example, any of user systems  312  can be a handheld computing device, a mobile phone, a laptop computer, a work station, and/or a network of computing devices. As illustrated in  FIG. 3  (and in more detail in  FIG. 4 ) user systems  312  might interact via a network  314  with an on-demand database system, which is system  316 . 
         [0048]    An on-demand database system, such as system  316 , is a database system that is made available to outside users that do not need to necessarily be concerned with building and/or maintaining the database system, but instead may be available for their use when the users need the database system (e.g., on the demand of the users). Some on-demand database systems may store information from one or more tenants stored into tables of a common database image to form a multi-tenant database system (MTS). Accordingly, “on-demand database system  316 ” and “system  316 ” will be used interchangeably herein. A database image may include one or more database objects. A relational database management system (RDMS) or the equivalent may execute storage and retrieval of information against the database object(s). Application platform  318  may be a framework that allows the applications of system  316  to run, such as the hardware and/or software, e.g., the operating system. In an embodiment, on-demand database system  316  may include an application platform  318  that enables creation, managing and executing one or more applications developed by the provider of the on-demand database system, users accessing the on-demand database system via user systems  312 , or third party application developers accessing the on-demand database system via user systems  312 . 
         [0049]    The users of user systems  312  may differ in their respective capacities, and the capacity of a particular user system  312  might be entirely determined by permissions (permission levels) for the current user. For example, where a salesperson is using a particular user system  312  to interact with system  316 , that user system has the capacities allotted to that salesperson. However, while an administrator is using that user system to interact with system  316 , that user system has the capacities allotted to that administrator. In systems with a hierarchical role model, users at one permission level may have access to applications, data, and database information accessible by a lower permission level user, but may not have access to certain applications, database information, and data accessible by a user at a higher permission level. Thus, different users will have different capabilities with regard to accessing and modifying application and database information, depending on a user&#39;s security or permission level. 
         [0050]    Network  314  is any network or combination of networks of devices that communicate with one another. For example, network  314  can be any one or any combination of a LAN (local area network), WAN (wide area network), telephone network, wireless network, point-to-point network, star network, token ring network, hub network, or other appropriate configuration. As the most common type of computer network in current use is a TCP/IP (Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) network, such as the global internetwork of networks often referred to as the “Internet” with a capital “I,” that network will be used in many of the examples herein. However, it should be understood that the networks that the one or more implementations might use are not so limited, although TCP/IP is a frequently implemented protocol. 
         [0051]    User systems  312  might communicate with system  316  using TCP/IP and, at a higher network level, use other common Internet protocols to communicate, such as HTTP, FTP, AFS, WAP, etc. In an example where HTTP is used, user system  312  might include an HTTP client commonly referred to as a “browser” for sending and receiving HTTP messages to and from an HTTP server at system  316 . Such an HTTP server might be implemented as the sole network interface between system  316  and network  314 , but other techniques might be used as well or instead. In some implementations, the interface between system  316  and network  314  includes load sharing functionality, such as round-robin HTTP request distributors to balance loads and distribute incoming HTTP requests evenly over a plurality of servers. At least as for the users that are accessing that server, each of the plurality of servers has access to the MTS&#39; data; however, other alternative configurations may be used instead. 
         [0052]    In one embodiment, system  316 , shown in  FIG. 3 , implements a web-based customer relationship management (CRM) system. For example, in one embodiment, system  316  includes application servers configured to implement and execute CRM software applications as well as provide related data, code, forms, webpages and other information to and from user systems  312  and to store to, and retrieve from, a database system related data, objects, and Webpage content. With a multi-tenant system, data for multiple tenants may be stored in the same physical database object, however, tenant data typically is arranged so that data of one tenant is kept logically separate from that of other tenants so that one tenant does not have access to another tenant&#39;s data, unless such data is expressly shared. In certain embodiments, system  316  implements applications other than, or in addition to, a CRM application. For example, system  316  may provide tenant access to multiple hosted (standard and custom) applications, including a CRM application. User (or third party developer) applications, which may or may not include CRM, may be supported by the application platform  318 , which manages creation, storage of the applications into one or more database objects and executing of the applications in a virtual machine in the process space of the system  316 . 
         [0053]    One arrangement for elements of system  316  is shown in  FIG. 3 , including a network interface  320 , application platform  318 , tenant data storage  322  for tenant data  323 , system data storage  324  for system data  325  accessible to system  316  and possibly multiple tenants, program code  326  for implementing various functions of system  316 , and a process space  328  for executing MTS system processes and tenant-specific processes, such as running applications as part of an application hosting service. Additional processes that may execute on system  316  include database indexing processes. 
         [0054]    Several elements in the system shown in  FIG. 3  include conventional, well-known elements that are explained only briefly here. For example, each user system  312  could include a desktop personal computer, workstation, laptop, PDA, cell phone, or any wireless access protocol (WAP) enabled device or any other computing device capable of interfacing directly or indirectly to the Internet or other network connection. User system  312  typically runs an HTTP client, e.g., a browsing program, such as Microsoft&#39;s Internet Explorer browser, Netscape&#39;s Navigator browser, Opera&#39;s browser, or a WAP-enabled browser in the case of a cell phone, PDA or other wireless device, or the like, allowing a user (e.g., subscriber of the multi-tenant database system) of user system  312  to access, process and view information, pages and applications available to it from system  316  over network  314 . Each user system  312  also typically includes one or more user interface devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, trackball, touch pad, touch screen, pen or the like, for interacting with a graphical user interface (GUI) provided by the browser on a display (e.g., a monitor screen, LCD display, etc.) in conjunction with pages, forms, applications and other information provided by system  316  or other systems or servers. For example, the user interface device can be used to access data and applications hosted by system  316 , and to perform searches on stored data, and otherwise allow a user to interact with various GUI pages that may be presented to a user. As discussed above, embodiments are suitable for use with the Internet, which refers to a specific global internetwork of networks. However, it should be understood that other networks can be used instead of the Internet, such as an intranet, an extranet, a virtual private network (VPN), a non-TCP/IP based network, any LAN or WAN or the like. 
         [0055]    According to one embodiment, each user system  312  and all of its components are operator configurable using applications, such as a browser, including computer code run using a central processing unit such as an Intel Pentium® processor or the like. Similarly, system  316  (and additional instances of an MTS, where more than one is present) and all of their components might be operator configurable using application(s) including computer code to run using a central processing unit such as processor system  317 , which may include an Intel Pentium® processor or the like, and/or multiple processor units. A computer program product embodiment includes a machine-readable storage medium (media) having instructions stored thereon/in which can be used to program a computer to perform any of the processes of the embodiments described herein. Computer code for operating and configuring system  316  to intercommunicate and to process webpages, applications and other data and media content as described herein are preferably downloaded and stored on a hard disk, but the entire program code, or portions thereof, may also be stored in any other volatile or non-volatile memory medium or device as is well known, such as a ROM or RAM, or provided on any media capable of storing program code, such as any type of rotating media including floppy disks, optical discs, digital versatile disk (DVD), compact disk (CD), microdrive, and magneto-optical disks, and magnetic or optical cards, nanosystems (including molecular memory ICs), or any type of media or device suitable for storing instructions and/or data. Additionally, the entire program code, or portions thereof, may be transmitted and downloaded from a software source over a transmission medium, e.g., over the Internet, or from another server, as is well known, or transmitted over any other conventional network connection as is well known (e.g., extranet, VPN. LAN, etc.) using any communication medium and protocols (e.g., TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTPS, Ethernet, etc.) as are well known. It will also be appreciated that computer code for implementing embodiments can be implemented in any programming language that can be executed on a client system and/or server or server system such as, for example, C, C++, HTML, any other markup language. Java™, JavaScript, ActiveX, any other scripting language, such as VBScript, and many other programming languages as are well known may be used. (Java™ is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.). 
         [0056]    According to one embodiment, each system  316  is configured to provide webpages, forms, applications, data and media content to user (client) systems  312  to support the access by user systems  312  as tenants of system  316 . As such, system  316  provides security mechanisms to keep each tenant&#39;s data separate unless the data is shared. If more than one MTS is used, they may be located in close proximity to one another (e.g., in a server farm located in a single building or campus), or they may be distributed at locations remote from one another (e.g., one or more servers located in city A and one or more servers located in city B). As used herein, each MTS could include one or more logically and/or physically connected servers distributed locally or across one or more geographic locations. Additionally, the term “server” is meant to include a computer system, including processing hardware and process space(s), and an associated storage system and database application (e.g., OODBMS or RDBMS) as is well known in the art. It should also be understood that “server system” and “server” are often used interchangeably herein. Similarly, the database object described herein can be implemented as single databases, a distributed database, a collection of distributed databases, a database with redundant online or offline backups or other redundancies, etc., and might include a distributed database or storage network and associated processing intelligence. 
         [0057]      FIG. 4  also illustrates environment  310 . However, in  FIG. 4  elements of system  316  and various interconnections in an embodiment are further illustrated.  FIG. 4  shows that user system  312  may include processor system  312 A, memory system  312 B, input system  312 C, and output system  312 D.  FIG. 4  shows network  314  and system  316 .  FIG. 4  also shows that system  316  may include tenant data storage  322 , tenant data  323 , system data storage  324 , system data  325 . User Interface (UI)  430 , Application Program Interface (API)  432 , PL/SOQL  434 , save routines  436 , application setup mechanism  438 , applications servers  400   1 - 400   N , system process space  402 , tenant process spaces  404 , tenant management process space  410 , tenant storage area  412 , user storage  414 , and application metadata  416 . In other embodiments, environment  310  may not have the same elements as those listed above and/or may have other elements instead of, or in addition to, those listed above. 
         [0058]    User system  312 , network  314 , system  316 , tenant data storage  322 , and system data storage  324  were discussed above in  FIG. 3 . Regarding user system  312 , processor system  312 A may be any combination of one or more processors. Memory system  312 B may be any combination of one or more memory devices, short term, and/or long term memory. Input system  312 C may be any combination of input devices, such as one or more keyboards, mice, trackballs, scanners, cameras, and/or interfaces to networks. Output system  312 D may be any combination of output, devices, such as one or more monitors, printers, and/or interfaces to networks. As shown by  FIG. 4 , system  316  may include a network interface  320  (of  FIG. 3 ) implemented as a set of HTTP application servers  400 , an application platform  318 , tenant data storage  322 , and system data storage  324 . Also shown is system process space  402 , including individual tenant process spaces  404  and a tenant management process space  410 . Each application server  400  may be configured to tenant data storage  322  and the tenant data  323  therein, and system data storage  324  and the system data  325  therein to serve requests of user systems  312 . The tenant data  323  might be divided into individual tenant storage areas  412 , which can be either a physical arrangement and/or a logical arrangement of data. Within each tenant storage area  412 , user storage  414  and application metadata  416  might be similarly allocated for each user. For example, a copy of a user&#39;s most recently used (MRU) items might be stored to user storage  414 . Similarly, a copy of MRU items for an entire organization that is a tenant might be stored to tenant storage area  412 . A UI  430  provides a user interface and an API  432  provides an application programmer interface to system  316  resident processes to users and/or developers at user systems  312 . The tenant data and the system data may be stored in various databases, such as one or more Oracle™ databases. 
         [0059]    Application platform  318  includes an application setup mechanism  438  that supports application developers&#39; creation and management of applications, which may be saved as metadata into tenant data storage  322  by save routines  436  for execution by subscribers as one or more tenant process spaces  404  managed by tenant management process  410  for example. Invocations to such applications may be coded using PL/SOQL  434  that provides a programming language style interface extension to API  432 . A detailed description of some PL/SOQL language embodiments is discussed in commonly owned co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/828,192 entitled, PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR EXTENDING APIS TO EXECUTE IN CONJUNCTION WITH DATABASE APIS, by Craig Weissman, filed Oct. 4, 2006, which is incorporated in its entirety herein for all purposes. Invocations to applications may be detected by one or more system processes, which manages retrieving application metadata  416  for the subscriber making the invocation and executing the metadata as an application in a virtual machine. 
         [0060]    Each application server  400  may be communicably coupled to database systems, e.g., having access to system data  325  and tenant data  323 , via a different network connection. For example, one application server  400   1  might be coupled via the network  314  (e.g., the Internet), another application server  400   N-1  might be coupled via a direct network link, and another application server  400   N  might be coupled by yet a different network connection. Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) are typical protocols for communicating between application servers  400  and the database system. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that other transport protocols may be used to optimize the system depending on the network interconnect used. 
         [0061]    In certain embodiments, each application server  400  is configured to handle requests for any user associated with any organization that is a tenant. Because it is desirable to be able to add and remove application servers from the server pool at any time for any reason, there is preferably no server affinity for a user and/or organization to a specific application server  400 . In one embodiment, therefore, an interface system implementing a load balancing function (e.g., an F5 Big-IP load balancer) is communicably coupled between the application servers  400  and the user systems  312  to distribute requests to the application servers  400 . In one embodiment, the load balancer uses a least connections algorithm to route user requests to the application servers  400 . Other examples of load balancing algorithms, such as round robin and observed response time, also can be used. For example, in certain embodiments, three consecutive requests from the same user could hit three different application servers  400 , and three requests from different users could hit the same application server  400 . In this manner, system  316  is multi-tenant, wherein system  316  handles storage of, and access to, different objects, data and applications across disparate users and organizations. 
         [0062]    As an example of storage, one tenant might be a company that employs a sales force where each salesperson uses system  316  to manage their sales process. Thus, a user might maintain contact data, leads data, customer follow-up data, performance data, goals and progress data, etc., all applicable to that user&#39;s personal sales process (e.g., in tenant data storage  322 ). In an example of a MTS arrangement, since all of the data and the applications to access, view, modify, report, transmit, calculate, etc., can be maintained and accessed by a user system having nothing more than network access, the user can manage his or her sales efforts and cycles from any of many different user systems. For example, if a salesperson is visiting a customer and the customer has Internet access in their lobby, the salesperson can obtain critical updates as to that customer while waiting for the customer to arrive in the lobby. 
         [0063]    While each user&#39;s data might be separate from other users&#39; data regardless of the employers of each user, some data might be organization-wide data shared or accessible by a plurality of users or all of the users for a given organization that is a tenant. Thus, there might be some data structures managed by system  316  that are allocated at the tenant level while other data structures might be managed at the user level. Because an MTS might support multiple tenants including possible competitors, the MTS should have security protocols that keep data, applications, and application use separate. Also, because many tenants may opt for access to an MTS rather than maintain their own system, redundancy, up-time, and backup are additional functions that may be implemented in the MTS. In addition to user-specific data and tenant specific data, system  316  might also maintain system level data usable by multiple tenants or other data. Such system level data might include industry reports, news, postings, and the like that are sharable among tenants. 
         [0064]    In certain embodiments, user systems  312  (which may be client systems) communicate with application servers  400  to request and update system-level and tenant-level data from system  316  that may require sending one or more queries to tenant data storage  322  and/or system data storage  324 . System  316  (e.g., an application server  400  in system  316 ) automatically generates one or more SQL statements (e.g., one or more SQL queries) that are designed to access the desired information, System data storage  324  may generate query plans to access the requested data from the database. 
         [0065]    Each database can generally be viewed as a collection of objects, such as a set of logical tables, containing data fitted into predefined categories. A “table” is one representation of a data object, and may be used herein to simplify the conceptual description of objects and custom objects. It should be understood that “table” and “object” may be used interchangeably herein. Each table generally contains one or more data categories logically arranged as columns or fields in a viewable schema. Each row or record of a table contains an instance of data for each category defined by the fields. For example, a CRM database may include a table that describes a customer with fields for basic contact information such as name, address, phone number, fax number, etc. Another table might describe a purchase order, including fields for information such as customer, product, sale price, date, etc. In some multi-tenant database systems, standard entity tables might be provided for use by all tenants. For CRM database applications, such standard entities might include tables for Account, Contact, Lead, and Opportunity data, each containing pre-defined fields. It should be understood that the word “entity” may also be used interchangeably herein with “object” and “table”. 
         [0066]    In some multi-tenant database systems, tenants may be allowed to create and store custom objects, or they may be allowed to customize standard entities or objects, for example by creating custom fields for standard objects, including custom index fields. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/817,161, filed Apr. 2, 2004, entitled “Custom Entities and Fields in a Multi-Tenant Database System”, and which is hereby incorporated herein by reference, teaches systems and methods for creating custom objects as well as customizing standard objects in a multi-tenant database system. In certain embodiments, for example, all custom entity data rows are stored in a single multi-tenant physical table, which may contain multiple logical tables per organization. It is transparent to customers that their multiple “tables” are in fact stored in one large table or that their data may be stored in the same table as the data of other customers. 
         [0067]    While one or more implementations have been described by way of example and in terms of the specific embodiments, it is to be understood that one or more implementations are not limited to the disclosed embodiments. To the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements as would be apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements.