Abstract:
An electromagnetic touch-control screen structure, comprising: a display panel; a touch-control plate over the display panel; an electromagnetic induction plate over the touch-control plate; and a cover lens attached on the electromagnetic induction plate. The electromagnetic touch-control screen of the disclosure, by deploying reasonable structure and manufacturing technique, stacks an electromagnetic induction plate with a touch-control plate, a cover lens and a display panel. Compared with existing manufacturing techniques, it can reduce one time of lamination operation, and dramatically decrease the thickness and weight of the electromagnetic structure, so that it can meet the need of lightness and thinness, for touch-control display equipments, like cellphone.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefits of Taiwan Patent Application No. 102103927, filed on Feb. 1, 2013 in the Taiwan Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
       TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    This invention relates to the driving of a LED, especially to a holding current circuit of a LED driving apparatus and operating method thereof. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Please refer to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 1  illustrates a schematic diagram of a general tri-electrode switch (TRIAC) circuit.  FIG. 2  illustrates a schematic diagram of the tri-electrode switch circuit applied in a lighting circuit. As shown in  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , the tri-electrode switch TRIAC is a gate-controlled switch and it is also called “bidirectional triode thyristor” which is conductible under forward voltage or reverse voltage. When the tri-electrode switch circuit  1  is applied in a lighting product, the tri-electrode switch circuit  1  can adjust the lightness of the lighting product by changing the resistance of a variable resistor R 1 . When an AC voltage passes through the tri-electrode switch circuit  1 , the tri-electrode switch circuit  1  changes the resistance of the variable resistor R 1  to adjust a conduction angle of the AC voltage to correspondingly change the lightness of the lighting product. 
         [0004]    However, after the tri-electrode switch circuit  1  is disposed in current LED products as shown in  FIG. 2 , the operation of the tri-electrode switch circuit  1  will become unstable under a condition of low voltage and current, and an input voltage V IN  will also become unstable at low conduction angle voltage. Therefore, voltage waveforms VS 1  and VS 2  with different sizes will be generated as shown in  FIG. 3B . If the input voltage V IN  is zero at low conduction angle voltage, the LED apparatus  24  will even flicker. 
         [0005]    A common solution of the above-mentioned problem is to dispose a holding current circuit  20  in the lighting circuit  2 .  FIG. 4  illustrates an embodiment of a conventional holding current circuit  20 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , a resistor R H  is disposed between the input voltage V IN  and a regulator REG, and a gate of a transistor MOS is coupled between the resistor R H  and the regulator REG. Because the regulator REG will generate a voltage V F  and a voltage about V F  will be formed at a set resistor R SET , a current can be generated by adjusting the resistance of the set resistor R SET . This current can be applied in the lighting circuit to be a holding current to make the input voltage V IN  stable at low conduction angle voltage; therefore, voltage waveforms VS 1 ′ and VS 2 ′ with the same size will be generated as shown in  FIG. 3C . 
         [0006]    However, when the conventional holding current circuit  20  of  FIG. 4  is applied in the lighting circuit  2  having tri-electrode switch TRIAC, if the voltage becomes higher, more power will be consumed and serious problems of high power consumption and over-heat will occur. In addition, since the voltage and the current of the current source circuit  22  disposed under the LED apparatus  24  will become larger, the power consumption of the tri-electrode switch TRIAC will also become more (as shown in  FIG. 5B ) to cause a over-heat problem which is needed to be overcome. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0007]    Therefore, the invention provides a holding current circuit of a LED driving apparatus and operating method thereof to solve the above-mentioned problems occurred in the prior arts. 
         [0008]    An embodiment of the invention is a holding current circuit of a LED driving apparatus. In this embodiment, the holding current circuit includes an input terminal, a holding resistor, a transistor, a comparator, a regulator, a first resistor, and a second resistor. The input terminal receives an input voltage. The holding resistor is coupled to the input terminal. A holding current flows through the holding resistor. The transistor is coupled between the holding resistor and a ground terminal. The comparator includes a first input terminal, a second input terminal, and an output terminal. The output terminal is coupled to a gate of the transistor. The regulator is coupled between the ground terminal and the first input terminal of the comparator. The first resistor is coupled to a LED string. The second resistor is coupled between the first resistor and the ground terminal. The second input terminal of the comparator is coupled between the first resistor and second resistor. The comparator receives a first voltage and a second voltage through the first input terminal and the second input terminal respectively and judges whether the second voltage is larger than the first voltage. If the judged result of the comparator is yes, the comparator outputs a control signal to turn off the transistor to prevent the holding current from passing through the transistor. 
         [0009]    In an embodiment, the first voltage is a fixed voltage of the regulator and the second voltage is a divided voltage between the first resistor and the second resistor. 
         [0010]    In an embodiment, the holding current circuit further includes a third resistor, another transistor, and an operational amplifier. The third resistor is coupled to the ground terminal. The another transistor is coupled between the LED string and the third resistor. Two input terminals of the operational amplifier is coupled to a reference voltage and coupled between the another transistor and the third resistor respectively. An output terminal of the operational amplifier is coupled to a gate of the another transistor. 
         [0011]    Another embodiment of the invention is a method of operating a holding current circuit of a LED driving apparatus. In this embodiment, the holding current circuit includes an input terminal, a holding resistor, a transistor, a comparator, a regulator, a first resistor, and a second resistor. The holding resistor is coupled between the input terminal and the transistor. The transistor is coupled between the holding resistor and a ground terminal. The first resistor and the second resistor are coupled between a LED string and the ground terminal. The comparator is coupled to a gate of the transistor, the regulator, and coupled between the first resistor and the second resistor. The method includes steps of: (a) the comparator receiving a first voltage and a second voltage through the first input terminal and the second input terminal respectively and judging whether the second voltage is larger than the first voltage; and (b) if the judged result of the comparator is yes, the comparator outputting a control signal to turn off the transistor to prevent a holding current from passing through the transistor. 
         [0012]    Another embodiment of the invention is a method of operating a holding current circuit of a LED driving apparatus. In this embodiment, the holding current circuit includes an input terminal, a holding resistor, a transistor, a comparator, and a regulator. The holding resistor is coupled between the input terminal and the transistor. The transistor is coupled between the holding resistor and a ground terminal. The regulator is coupled between the ground terminal and the comparator. The comparator is coupled to a gate of the transistor and the regulator, the method includes steps of: (a) the comparator receiving a first voltage and a second voltage through the first input terminal and the second input terminal respectively and judging whether the second voltage is larger than the first voltage; and (b) if the judged result of the comparator is yes, the comparator outputting a control signal to turn off the transistor to prevent a holding current from passing through the transistor. 
         [0013]    Compared to the prior art, the holding current circuit of the LED driving apparatus and operating method thereof disclosed by the invention turn off the holding current circuit at high conduction angle voltage to achieve following effects of: (1) making the input voltage V IN  stable at low conduction angle voltage to prevent the flicker of the LED apparatus; (2) effectively overcoming serious problems of high power consumption and over-heat occurred in the prior arts. 
         [0014]    The advantage and spirit of the invention may be understood by the following detailed descriptions together with the appended drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0015]      FIG. 1  illustrates a schematic diagram of a general tri-electrode switch (TRIAC) circuit. 
           [0016]      FIG. 2  illustrates a schematic diagram of the tri-electrode switch circuit applied in a lighting circuit. 
           [0017]      FIG. 3A  illustrates a waveform diagram of the input voltage;  FIG. 3B  illustrates an unstable voltage waveform diagram caused by the tri-electrode switch circuit;  FIG. 3C  illustrates a stable voltage waveform diagram formed through a holding current circuit. 
           [0018]      FIG. 4  illustrates an embodiment of the conventional holding current circuit. 
           [0019]      FIG. 5A  illustrates a waveform diagram of the input voltage;  FIG. 5B  illustrates a schematic diagram of high power consumption caused by the conventional holding current circuit. 
           [0020]      FIG. 6  illustrates a schematic diagram of the holding current circuit of the LED driving apparatus in an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0021]      FIG. 7  illustrates a schematic diagram of reduced power consumption when the holding current circuit of the invention is applied. 
           [0022]      FIG. 8  illustrates a schematic diagram of the holding current circuit of the LED driving apparatus in another embodiment of the invention. 
           [0023]      FIG. 9  illustrates a flow chart of the method of operating a holding current circuit of a LED driving apparatus in another embodiment of the invention. 
           [0024]      FIG. 10  illustrates a flow chart of the method of operating a holding current circuit of a LED driving apparatus in another embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0025]    A preferred embodiment of the invention is a holding current circuit of a LED driving apparatus. In this embodiment, the LED driving apparatus having the holding current circuit is used to drive a LED to emit lights, but not limited to this. The LED driving apparatus having the holding current circuit includes a tri-electrode switch circuit. When an AC voltage passes through the tri-electrode switch circuit, the tri-electrode switch circuit changes the resistance of the variable resistor to adjust a conduction angle of the AC voltage to correspondingly change the lightness of the LED. 
         [0026]    Please refer to  FIG. 6 .  FIG. 6  illustrates a schematic diagram of the holding current circuit of the LED driving apparatus in this embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 6 , the holding current circuit  6  of the LED driving apparatus includes an input terminal IN, a holding resistor R H , a first transistor M 1 , a comparator COMP 1 , a regulator REG, a first resistor RA 1 , a second resistor RA 2 , a third resistor RA 3 , a second transistor M 2 , and an operational amplifier OP-AMP 2 . Wherein, a drain of the second transistor M 2  can be formed by a high-voltage MOS device and the regulator REG can be a fixed-voltage generator, but not limited to this. 
         [0027]    The input terminal IN receives an input voltage V IN . The holding resistor R H  is coupled to the input terminal IN. The holding current I H  flows through the holding resistor R H . The first transistor M 1  is coupled between the holding resistor R H  and a ground terminal. The comparator COMP 1  has a first input terminal +, a second input terminal −, and an output terminal K 1 . The output terminal K 1  of the comparator COMP 1  is coupled to a gate of the first transistor M 1 . The regulator REG is coupled between the ground terminal and the first input terminal + of the comparator COMP 1 . The first resistor RA 1  is coupled to the light-emitting diode string LED. The second resistor RA 2  is coupled between the first resistor RA 1  and the ground terminal. The second input terminal − of the comparator COMP 1  is coupled between the first resistor RA 1  and the second resistor RA 2 . 
         [0028]    The comparator COMP 1  receives a first voltage V 1  and a second voltage V 2  through the first input terminal—and the second input terminal − respectively, and judges whether the second voltage V 2  is larger than the first voltage V 1 . Wherein, the first voltage V 1  is a fixed voltage of the regulator REG; the second voltage V 2  is a divided voltage between the first resistor RA 1  and the second resistor RA 2 . If the judged result of the comparator COMP 1  is yes, namely the second voltage V 2  is larger than the first voltage V 1 , the output terminal K 1  of the comparator COMP 1  outputs a control signal Sc to the first transistor M 1  to turn off the first transistor M 1 , so that the holding current I H  fails to pass through the first transistor M 1 . 
         [0029]    The third resistor RA 3  is coupled to the ground terminal. The second transistor M 2  is coupled between the light-emitting diode string LED and the third resistor RA 3 . The first input terminal + of the operational amplifier OP-AMP 2  is coupled between the second transistor M 2  and the third resistor RA 3 . The second input terminal − of the operational amplifier OP-AMP 2  is coupled to a reference voltage V REF . The output terminal K of the operational amplifier OP-AMP 2  is coupled to the gate of the second transistor M 2 . The operational amplifier OP-AMP 2  receives a third voltage V 3  and the reference voltage V REF  through the first input terminal + and the second input terminal − respectively, and selectively turns off the second transistor M 2  according to a compared result of the third voltage V 3  and the reference voltage V REF  to control whether the LED current V REF  passing through the light-emitting diode string LED can pass through the second transistor M 2  or not. 
         [0030]    As shown in  FIG. 6 , the current source circuit CS includes the operational amplifier OP-AMP 2 , the second transistor M 2 , the third resistor RA 3 , and the reference voltage V REF . The main function of the current source circuit CS is to provide the stable LED current I LED  passing through the light-emitting diode string LED to the ground terminal, and use the stable LED current I EEE  to control the lightness of the light-emitting diode string LED. In the current source circuit CS, a negative feedback circuit includes the operational amplifier OP-AMP 2 , the second transistor M 2 , and the third resistor RA 3  and it uses the virtual short characteristic of the operational amplifier OP-AMP 2  to lock the third voltage V 3  (the voltage across the third resistor RA 3 ) at the reference voltage V REF . If the second transistor M 2  is operated at a saturation region, the LED current I LED  passing through the second transistor M 2  and the third resistor RA 3  is equal to the reference voltage V REF /the third resistor RA 3 ; therefore, the LED current I REF  can be adjusted by adjusting the reference voltage V REF  or the third resistor RA 3 . 
         [0031]    If the input voltage V IN  is not large enough to drive the V LED  across the light-emitting diode string LED, the light-emitting diode string LED will be not conducted; the voltage at the node KA will be pulled low to the ground voltage or reference voltage V REF  due to the sink capability of the current source circuit CS, and the divided voltage (the second voltage) V 2  at the node KA will be smaller than the reference fixed voltage (the first voltage V 1 ). Therefore, the first transistor M 1  will be continuously conducted and the holding current I H  can continuously flow through the holding resistor R H  and the first transistor M 1 . The physical meaning of this mechanism is that when the input voltage V IN  is too low and the light-emitting diode string current I LED  is too low or even zero, this mechanism will automatically supply the holding current I H  to support the normal operation of the TRIAC circuit. 
         [0032]    Above all, if the judged result of the comparator COMP 1  is that the divided voltage (the second voltage V 2 ) between the first resistor RA 1  and the second resistor RA 2  is larger than the fixed voltage (the first voltage V 1 ) of the regulator REG, the first transistor M 1  will be turned off and the holding current I H  will fail to pass through the first transistor M 1 . That is to say, if the conduction angle of the input voltage V IN  becomes larger, the LED driving apparatus will turn off the holding current circuit  6  to reduce unnecessary power consumption as shown in  FIG. 7 . After comparing  FIG. 7  with  FIG. 5B  of prior art, it can be found that the LED driving apparatus having the holding current circuit  6  can largely reduce unnecessary power consumption to save power and prevent over-heat. 
         [0033]    Another embodiment of the invention is also a holding current circuit of a LED driving apparatus. Please refer to  FIG. 8 .  FIG. 8  illustrates a schematic diagram of the holding current circuit of the LED driving apparatus in this embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 8 , the holding current circuit  8  of the LED driving apparatus includes an input terminal IN, a holding resistor R H , a first transistor M 1 , a comparator COMP 1 , a regulator REG, a resistor RA, a second transistor M 2 , and an operational amplifier OP-AMP 2 . 
         [0034]    The input terminal IN receives an input voltage V IN . The holding resistor R H  is coupled to the input terminal IN. The holding current I H  flows through the holding resistor R H . The first transistor M 1  is coupled between the holding resistor R H  and a ground terminal. The comparator COMP 1  has a first input terminal +, a second input terminal −, and an output terminal K 1 . The output terminal K 1  of the comparator COMP 1  is coupled to a gate of the first transistor M 1 . The regulator REG is coupled between the ground terminal and the first input terminal + of the comparator COMP 1 . 
         [0035]    The comparator COMP 1  receives a first voltage V 1  and a second voltage V 2  through the first input terminal + and the second input terminal − respectively, and judges whether the second voltage V 2  is larger than the first voltage V 1 . Wherein, the first voltage V 1  is a fixed voltage of the regulator REG; the second voltage V 2  is a set voltage V SET . If the judged result of the comparator COMP 1  is yes, namely the second voltage V 2  is larger than the first voltage V 1 , the output terminal K 1  of the comparator COMP 1  outputs a control signal Sc to the first transistor M 1  to turn off the first transistor M 1 , so that the holding current I H  fails to pass through the first transistor M 1 . 
         [0036]    The resistor RA is coupled to the ground terminal. The second transistor M 2  is coupled between the light-emitting diode string LED and the resistor RA. The first input terminal + of the operational amplifier OP-AMP 2  is coupled to the set voltage V SET . The second input terminal − of the operational amplifier OP-AMP 2  is coupled to a reference voltage V REF . The output terminal K 2  of the operational amplifier OP-AMP 2  is coupled to the gate of the second transistor M 2 . The operational amplifier OP-AMP 2  receives the set voltage V SET  and the reference voltage V REF  through the first input terminal + and the second input terminal − respectively, and selectively turns off the second transistor M 2  according to a compared result of the set voltage V SET  and the reference voltage V REF  to control whether the LED current I LED  passing through the light-emitting diode string LED can pass through the second transistor M 2  or not. 
         [0037]    As shown in  FIG. 8 , the current source circuit CS includes the operational amplifier OP-AMP 2 , the second transistor M 2 , the resistor RA, and the reference voltage V REF . 
         [0038]    The main function of the current source circuit CS is to provide the stable LED current I FED  passing through the light-emitting diode string LED to the ground terminal, and use the stable LED current I LED  to control the lightness of the light-emitting diode string LED. In the current source circuit CS, a negative feedback circuit includes the operational amplifier OP-AMP 2 , the second transistor M 2 , and the resistor RA and it uses the virtual short characteristic of the operational amplifier OP-AMP 2  to lock the third voltage V 3  (the voltage across the third resistor RA 3 ) at the reference voltage V REF . If the second transistor M 2  is operated at a saturation region, the LED current I LED  passing through the second transistor M 2  and the resistor RA is equal to the reference voltage V REF /the resistor RA; therefore, the LED current I LED  can be adjusted by adjusting the reference voltage V REF  or the resistor RA. 
         [0039]    If the input voltage V IN  is not large enough to drive the V LED  across the light-emitting diode string LED, the light-emitting diode string LED will be not conducted; the voltage at the node KA will be pulled low to the ground voltage or reference voltage V REF  due to the sink capability of the current source circuit CS, and the set voltage V sET  (the second voltage) V 2  will be smaller than the reference fixed voltage (the first voltage V 1 ). Therefore, the first transistor M 1  will be continuously conducted and the holding current I H  can continuously flow through the holding resistor R H  and the first transistor M 1 . The physical meaning of this mechanism is that when the input voltage V IN  is too low and the light-emitting diode string current I LED  is too low or even zero, this mechanism will automatically supply the holding current I H  to support the normal operation of the TRIAC circuit. 
         [0040]    Above all, if the judged result of the comparator COMP 1  is that the set voltage V SET  (the second voltage V 2 ) is larger than the fixed voltage (the first voltage V 1 ) of the regulator REG, the first transistor M 1  will be turned off and the holding current I H  will fail to pass through the first transistor M 1 . That is to say, if the conduction angle of the input voltage V IN  becomes larger, the LED driving apparatus will turn off the holding current circuit  8  to reduce unnecessary power consumption as shown in  FIG. 7 . After comparing  FIG. 7  with  FIG. 5B  of prior art, it can be found that the LED driving apparatus having the holding current circuit  8  can largely reduce unnecessary power consumption to save power and prevent over-heat. 
         [0041]    Another embodiment of the invention is a method of operating a holding current circuit of a LED driving apparatus. In this embodiment, the holding current circuit includes an input terminal, a holding resistor, a transistor, a comparator, a regulator, a first resistor, and a second resistor. The holding resistor is coupled between the input terminal and the transistor. The transistor is coupled between the holding resistor and a ground terminal. The first resistor and the second resistor are coupled between a LED string and the ground terminal. The comparator is coupled to a gate of the transistor, the regulator, and coupled between the first resistor and the second resistor. 
         [0042]    Please refer to  FIG. 9 .  FIG. 9  illustrates a flow chart of the method of operating the holding current circuit of the LED driving apparatus in this embodiment of the invention. As shown in  FIG. 9 , in step S 10 , the comparator receives a first voltage and a second voltage through the first input terminal and the second input terminal respectively. 
         [0043]    Wherein, the first voltage is a fixed voltage of the regulator and the second voltage is a divided voltage between the first resistor and the second resistor. In step S 12 , the comparator judges whether the second voltage is larger than the first voltage. If the judged result of the step S 12  is yes, the method performs step S 14  that the comparator outputs a control signal to turn off the transistor to prevent a holding current from passing through the transistor. 
         [0044]    Another embodiment of the invention is also a method of operating a holding current circuit of a LED driving apparatus. In this embodiment, the holding current circuit includes an input terminal, a holding resistor, a transistor, a comparator, and a regulator. The holding resistor is coupled between the input terminal and the transistor. The transistor is coupled between the holding resistor and a ground terminal. The regulator is coupled between the ground terminal and the comparator. The comparator is coupled to a gate of the transistor and the regulator. 
         [0045]    Please refer to  FIG. 10 .  FIG. 10  illustrates a flow chart of the method of operating the holding current circuit of the LED driving apparatus in this embodiment of the invention. As shown in  FIG. 10 , in step S 20 , the comparator receives a first voltage and a second voltage through the first input terminal and the second input terminal respectively. Wherein, the first voltage is a fixed voltage of the regulator and the second voltage is a set voltage. In step S 22 , the comparator judges whether the second voltage is larger than the first voltage. If the judged result of the step S 22  is yes, the method will perform step S 24  that the comparator outputs a control signal to turn off the transistor to prevent a holding current from passing through the transistor. 
         [0046]    Compared to the prior art, the holding current circuit of the LED driving apparatus and operating method thereof disclosed by the invention turn off the holding current circuit at high conduction angle voltage to achieve following effects of: (1) making the input voltage V IN  stable at low conduction angle voltage to prevent the flicker of the LED apparatus; (2) effectively overcoming serious problems of high power consumption and over-heat occurred in the prior arts. 
         [0047]    With the example and explanations above, the features and spirits of the invention will be hopefully well described. Those skilled in the art will readily observe that numerous modifications and alterations of the device may be made while retaining the teaching of the invention. Accordingly, the above disclosure should be construed as limited only by the metes and bounds of the appended claims.