Abstract:
A method and apparatus for generating a degraded character image at various levels of degradation automatically is presented in this invention. The method comprises rendering the character image on a scene plane; translating and rotating the scene plane according to various parameters; determining a projection region of the character image on an image plane according to various parameters; generating a pixel region mask; and generating a final degraded image by super-sampling. Thus various degraded character images are generated on various conditions of degradation. The generated synthetic characters can be used for performance evaluation and training data augmentation in optical character recognition (OCR).

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for generating a degraded character image automatically, more specifically to a degraded image generation method and apparatus based on perspective transformation and super-sampling. The generated degraded character images can be used for performance evaluation and training data augmentation in optical character recognition (OCR).  
       DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ARTS  
       [0002]     With the rapid popularization of digital imaging equipment, video character recognition becomes more and more important. Compared with traditional scanned document, characters in video document usually suffer from great degradation and meet trouble in recognition. An automatic video character image generating method will be very useful for video character recognition. The generated pattern can be used to evaluate how well an OCR engine performs under video degradation. Also, the synthetic video character image can be added to training data to build degraded OCR dictionary, so as to improve the recognition performance of real video characters.  
         [0003]     Many papers and patents were published regarding degraded pattern generation, such as:  
         [0004]     P. Sarkar, G. Nagy, J. Zhou, and D. Lopresti. Spatial sampling of printed patterns. IEEE PAMI, 20(3): 344-351, 1998  
         [0005]     E. H. Barney Smith, X. H. Qiu, Relating statistical image differences and degradation features. LNCS 2423: 1-12, 2002  
         [0006]     T. Kanungo, R. M. Haralick, I. Phillips. “Global and Local Document Degradation Models,” Proceedings of IAPR 2 nd  International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Tsukuba, Japan, 1993 pp. 730-734  
         [0007]     H. S. Baird, “Generation and use of defective images in image analysis”. U.S. Pat. No. 5,796,410.  
         [0008]     These methods can generate various types of degraded character patterns. However, Sarkar&#39;s method is only effective when the resolution of target image is far less than that of the source image. Kanungo&#39;s degradation model lacks a clearly physical background. Baird&#39;s invention only focuses on degradation caused by scanning process. None of these methods deals with pattern degradation caused by video imaging.  
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION  
       [0009]     It is an object of the present invention to solve the problems of pattern degradation caused by video imaging.  
         [0010]     In one aspect of the invention according to this object, a method for generating a character image at various levels of degradation is provided, which comprises the steps of: rendering a character image on a scene plane; translating and rotating the scene plane according to various parameters; determining a projection region of the character image on an image plane according to various parameters; generating a pixel region mask; and generating a final degraded image by super-sampling.  
         [0011]     In another aspect of the present invention, an apparatus for generating a degraded character image at various levels of degradation is provided, which comprises: a character image rendering means for rendering a character image on a scene plane; a scene plane manipulating means for translating and rotating the scene plane according to various parameters; a projection region determining means for determining a projection region of the character image on an image plane according to various parameters; a pixel region mask generating means for generating a pixel region mask; and a degraded image generating means for generating a final degraded image by super-sampling.  
         [0012]     Degraded character images can be generated on various conditions of degradation according to the method of the invention.  
         [0013]     The accordingly generated character images can be used in degraded image displaying or dictionary making. Dictionary made from degraded character images generated by the invention is very effective for real recognition of defective character. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0014]      FIG. 1  is a flowchart of the method performed by a degraded image generation apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention.  
         [0015]      FIG. 2  is an illustration view of the degraded image generation process according to an embodiment of the invention.  
         [0016]      FIG. 3  shows an example of an original character image.  
         [0017]      FIG. 4  shows an example of the result of character image rendering.  
         [0018]      FIG. 5  shows an example of the result of scene plane translation.  
         [0019]      FIG. 6  shows an example of the result of scene plane rotation.  
         [0020]      FIG. 7  shows an example of the projection region of the character image in the image plane.  
         [0021]      FIG. 8  shows an example of the pixel region mask in the scene plane.  
         [0022]      FIG. 9  is an example of the final generated degraded character image. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0023]     Preferred embodiments of the method and apparatus of the invention for generating a degraded character image automatically will be explained below, with reference to the accompanying drawings.  
         [0024]      FIG. 1  shows a flowchart of the method performed by a degraded image generation apparatus, which is a preferred embodiment of the invention.  
         [0025]     The input of the degraded image generation apparatus of the invention is an original character image  101 , usually in binary format. First, a character image rendering means  102  draws the original image on a 2D scene plane. Then a scene plane manipulating means  103  translates and rotates the scene plane. After that, a projection region determining means  104  determines a projection region of the character image on an image plane. Next, a pixel region mask generating means  105  generates a pixel region mask. Finally, a degraded image generating means  106  generates a degraded image by super-sampling and outputs the obtained degraded image as an output of the degraded image generation apparatus of this invention.  
         [0026]     The degraded image generation apparatus of the invention can be consisted of appropriately programmed processors and relevant memories. According to the invention, one skilled in the art can construct such a degraded image generation apparatus easily. Therefore, no further explanation on each part of the degraded image generation apparatus of the invention will be given in consideration of clarity.  
         [0027]     Two key issues addressed in the degraded image generation method and apparatus of the invention are how to determine the region of the generated image under different parameter settings, and how to determine the pixel value for every pixel in the generated character image.  
         [0028]     For the first issue, it is necessary to map the 4 corner points of the original character image onto image plane by perspective transformation. The quadrangle region formed by the 4 projected corner points is the region for the generated degraded image. The second issue exists because there is no one-to-one correspondence between pixel in the degraded character image and pixel in the original image, while every pixel in the degraded images actually corresponds to a quadrangle region in the scene plane. Thus the grayscale value for a pixel in the image plane should be determined by the average grayscale value of the quadrangle region in the scene plane.  
         [0029]     A preferred embodiment of the degraded image generation method and apparatus of the invention will be explained below in more detail, with reference to  FIG. 2  to  FIG. 9 . First, a character image rendering means  102  draws an original character image on a scene plane.  FIG. 2  shows an example of drawing the original image on a 2D scene plane. The scene plane is a 2D plane. In the example shown in  FIG. 2 , the scene plane is overlapped with the x-y plane. The origin of the scene plane, (0,0), coincides with the global coordinate origin (0,0,0). For simplicity, assuming that the view point, P 3 , is on z axis with pixel coordinate P 3 =(0,0,d). The character image rendering means  102  draws the original image on the scene plane. Since real video characters aren&#39;t always binary, the grayscale value of stroke pixel and background pixel can be adjusted to meet practical need. Therefore, the drawn image becomes a grayscale image. A typical original character image is shown in  FIG. 3 . The size of the character image is 640 by 640 pixel. An example of the rendering result is shown in  FIG. 4 . The grayscale value of background points in the image is adjusted to 196. The grayscale value of stroke points in the image is set to 0.  
         [0030]     Then, a scene plane manipulating means  103  transforms the scene plane. The transformation is composed of 2 steps: translation and rotation. The scene plane is first translated in x-y plane. Then the plane is rotated around the coordinate origin. The degree of translation is determined by the translation offset in x direction, t x , and the translation offset in y direction, t y . The degree of rotation is determined by the rotation angle, Ψ, around z axis, θ, around y axis, and φ, around x axis.  FIG. 5  shows an example of translation, wherein t x =400, t y =300.  FIG. 6  shows the result of rotation of  FIG. 5  with rotation angle Ψ=10 degree, θ=20 degree, φ=30 degree. Assuming that P 0  is a point in the initial scene plane, its scene coordinate is (x 0 ,y 0 ), and its pixel coordinate in the 3D space is (x 0 ,y 0 ,0). P 1  is the same point after scene plane transformation. The pixel coordinate of P 1  in the 3D space is (x 1 ,y 1 ,z 1 ). Assuming that the translation vector for the scene plane is t=[t x ,t y ,0] T , the rotation matrix for transforming x-y plane to scene plane is R x , R y  and R z  for axes x, y and z respectively. The relationship of P 0  and P 1  is:  
                     P   1     =         R   z     ⁢     R   y     ⁢     R   x     ⁢     P   0       +   t                       Wherein     ⁢           ⁢     P   1       =       [       x   1     ,     y   1     ,     z   1       ]     T       ,       P   0     =       [       x   0     ,     y   0     ,   0     ]     T       ,       R   x     =     [         1       0       0           0         cos   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ             -   sin     ⁢           ⁢   ϕ             0         sin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ           cos   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ           ]                         R   y     =     [           cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ         0         sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ             0       1       0               -   sin     ⁢           ⁢   θ         0         cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ           ]       ,       R   z     =     [           cos   ⁢           ⁢   ψ             -   sin     ⁢           ⁢   ψ         0             sin   ⁢           ⁢   ψ           cos   ⁢           ⁢   ψ         0           0       0       1         ]       ,     ⁢                         (   1   )             
 
 φ, θ, and Ψ are rotation angles around x, y, and z axes respectively. 
 
         [0031]     After the scene plane manipulating means  103  transforms the scene plane, a projection region determining means  104 , based on a fixed view point (for example, the center of a camera) and a fixed image plane (i.e., the plane where final degraded image is formed), determines the projection region of transformed character image onto the image plane.  
         [0032]     The image plane is a 2D plane that is perpendicular to z axis. Distance of P 3  to the image plane is the focal length f. All points in the image plane have the same value for z coordinate. Once the view point is determined, through perspective transformation, every point in the scene plane has a projection on the image plane. The projections (of all character image points in the scene plane) onto the image plane constitute a projection character image, which is regarded as the output of the method and apparatus of the invention.  
         [0033]     In particular, assuming that the 4 points TL, TR, BL, BR are the top-left, top-right, bottom-left, bottom-right point of the rendered character image after scene plane transformation. The pixel coordinate for the 4 projected points, TL′, TR′, BL′, BR′ in the image plane can be derived by Equations (4) and (5) below. These 4 points will form an irregular quadrangle, which is regarded as the character image projection region.  
         [0034]     Process of projecting a point in the scene plane onto the image plane will be explained in detail below.  
         [0035]     Assuming that P 2  is the projection point of P 1  onto the image plane. P 1 , P 2  and P 3  are co-linear. Using triangle similarity, we can get following equations: 
 
( x   3   −x   2 )/( x   3   −x   1 )=( z   3   −z   2 )/( z   3   −z   1 )   (2) 
 
( y   3   −y   2 )/( y   3   −y   1 )=( z   3   −z   2 )/( z   3   −z   1 )   (3) 
 
 There are 5 equations in (1)˜(3). Known variables are, x 3 =0, y 3 =0, z 3 =d, z 2 =d−f. Unknown variables are x 0 ,y 0 ,x 1 ,y 1 ,z 1 ,x 2 ,y 2 . Given the scene coordinates x 0 ,y 0 , we can derive the corresponding coordinates x 2 ,y 2  in the image plane, by solving (1)˜(3):  
               x   2     =       f   ⁡     (               t   x     ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ψ     -       t   y     ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ψ     +       t   y     ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ψ     -                   y   0     ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ψ     +       x   0     ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ψ     +       y   0     ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ψ             )         (     d   +       t   x     ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ     -       t   y     ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ     +       x   0     ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ     -       y   0     ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ       )               (   4   )                 y   2     =       f   ⁡     (               t   x     ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ψ     +       t   y     ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ψ     +       t   y     ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ψ     +                   y   0     ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ψ     +       x   0     ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ψ     +       y   0     ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ψ             )         (     d   +       t   x     ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ     -       t   y     ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ     +       x   0     ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ     -       y   0     ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ       )               (   5   )             
 
 Given x 2 ,y 2 , then x 0  and y 0  are obtained as follows:  
               x   0     =       -     t   x       -       (               x   2     ⁢   d   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ψ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ     +       x   2     ⁢   d   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ψsin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ     +                   y   2     ⁢   d   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ψ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ     -       y   2     ⁢   d   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ψ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ             )       (               -   f     ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ψ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ψ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ     -     f   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ψ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ψ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ     +                   x   2     ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ψ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ     +       x   2     ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ψsin   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ     +                   x   2     ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ψ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ     -       y   2     ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ψ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ     +                   y   2     ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ψ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ     -       y   2     ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ψ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ             )                 (   6   )                 y   0     =       -     t   y       +       (     d   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢     θ   ⁡     (         x   2     ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ψ     -       y   2     ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ψ       )         )       (               -   f     ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ψ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ψ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ     -     f   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ψ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ψ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ     +                   x   2     ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ψ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ     +       x   2     ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ψsin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ     +                   x   2     ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ψ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ     -       y   2     ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ψ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ     +                   y   2     ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ψ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ     -       y   2     ⁢   cos   ⁢           ⁢   ψ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   θ   ⁢           ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢   ϕ             )                 (   7   )             
 
         [0036]     Hence, the projection region determining means  104  determines the projection region of transformed character image onto the image plane.  FIG. 7  shows an example of the character image projection region in the image plane.  
         [0037]     After the projection region in the image plane is determined, a pixel region mask generating means  105  generates a pixel region mask. Usually, there is no pixel-to-pixel correspondence between pixel in the scene plane and pixel in the image plane. One pixel in the image plane corresponds to a quadrangle region in the scene plane. The grayscale value of the pixel in the image plane is determined by the average grayscale value of the quadrangle region in the scene plane. In the invention, assuming that, within the projection region in the image plane, every pixel is represented by a unit square. Assuming that the 4 corner points of the square are P TL , P TR , P BL , P BR , these 4 points are mapped into P TL ′, P TR ′, P BL ′, P BR ′ in the scene plane using Equations (6) and (7). Thus, the unit square in the image plane is then mapped into a quadrangle region constructed by P TL ′, P TR ′, P BL ′, P BR ′ in the scene plane. This region is called pixel region mask.  FIG. 8  shows all the pixel region masks in the scene plane from  FIG. 7 .  
         [0038]     Finally, a degraded image generating means  106  calculates the pixel value for a point in the character image projection region according to the average grayscale value in its corresponding pixel region mask.  
         [0039]     For each pixel in the character image projection region, the pixel region mask generating means  105  determines its corresponding region in the scene plane. The degraded image generating means  106  outputs the final degraded character image  107  by assigning the average grayscale value in the corresponding mask region as the grayscale value of the pixel in the image plane.  FIG. 9  shows the results of final generated degraded character image (amplified by 4 times).  
         [0040]     Hereby, the process of generating degraded character images is accomplished by the degraded image generation apparatus of the invention. It is obvious that the degraded image generation apparatus and method of the invention can generate degraded character images according to various conditions of degradation. Various conditions of degradation can be determined by, for example, degree of translation of the scene plane, degree of rotation around 3 axes, and positions of the scene plane and the image plane, and so on, thus degraded character images under various conditions of degradation can be obtained.  
         [0041]     Furthermore, the invention is described with respect to a preferred embodiment above. However, it is understandable that the invention is not limited to specific details mentioned above. Forms and details of the degraded image generation method and apparatus of the invention can be varied within the scope restricted by the claims.