Abstract:
An electrolytic reactor system for producing non-joule heat has a plurality of small cells arranged in an interconnected array, wherein each cell is characterized by having a relatively small cathode separated from a relatively large anode by a small gap, with the cells immersed in an electrolytic bath.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     U.S. Patent Office Disclosure Documents No. 437867 (filed May and stamped Jun. 12, 1998), entitled  MultiCell Reactors , documents the conception of the invention in the winter of 1997. Different configurations of the invention were documented in U.S. Patent Office Disclosure No. 454163 (filed February and stamped Apr. 15, 1999) entitled  Surface - Flux MultiCell Reactors . Since then embodiments of the invention have been demonstrated. Methods for constructing MultiCell is given in Disclosure Document No. 446749 (filed October and stamped Nov. 2, 1998), entitled  Metal - Film Patterns Produced by Ink - Jet and Metal - Reduction Processes.    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention generally relates to reactors, and more particularly to a thermo-electrochemical reactor where stored potential energy is activated by electrical charge. 
     BACKGROUND—PRIOR ART 
     Batteries and electrolytic cells are two different types of electrochemical reactors. Batteries combine chemicals and convert potential chemical energy to electricity. Whereas, electrolytic cells use electricity to produce metals (e.g., copper and sodium) and gases (e.g., hydrogen and chlorine). Neither batteries nor electrolytic cells have historically produced large quantities of heat. In general, heating results from the joule heating of the electrolyte. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     It is therefore the object of this invention to utilize a reactor of MultiCell type construction for the efficient production of non-joule heat. 
     It is yet another object of this design to reduce the overall resistances within the reactor to reduce nonproductive joule heating and increase fluxes so that more of the voltage drop around the surface of the cathode to encourage efficient heating. 
     It is yet another object of this design to encourage efficient heating by further increasing the voltage overpotential near the surface of the cathode via inducing a charged-particle boundary layer at the cathode. 
     It is yet another object of the invention to promote quick charging and production of non-joule heat by using a small cathode size and high fluxes. 
     It is yet another object of this invention to demonstrate that tungsten, nickel, platinum and other possible electrically conductive materials can work as cathode materials. 
     It is yet another object of this invention demonstrate that platinum and other possible electrically conductive materials can work as anode materials. 
     It is yet another object of this invention to supply hydride or hydrogen ion (H + ) forming electrolyte to complete the electrical circuit between the anode and cathode. 
     It is yet another object of this design to utilize a reactor of MultiCell type construction having a small cathode, large anode, small gap, and of arrangement to focus and channel fluxes, etc. that are capable of repetitive replication within a reactor for increased total power output. 
     It is yet another object of this invention to show that the anode and cathode patterns can be made by etching, plating, and other mechanical methods. 
     It is yet another object of this invention to show that the anode and cathode patterns can be made by a unique method of printing the patterns with an ink-jet printer apparatus. 
     It is yet another object of this invention to show that the anode and cathode patterns can be made by yet another unique method of using a metal-compound paint that reduces to the metal via application of heat. 
     It is yet another object of this invention to show that further metal can be plated on the patterns mentioned above by electroplating methods and selective plating can be accomplished by applying current only to parts of the pattern. 
     It is yet another object of this invention that the heat will be in the useful form of heated or boiling water-based electrolyte solution and steam. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention will frequently be referred to as a “reactor” hereafter to distinguish from traditional batteries and electrolytic cells and their designs. The present invention concentrates on cathode generated heat. The desired cathodic processes occur at the surface or in boundry layers at the cathod. In this disclosure, these are referred to as “desired cathodic”, “desired boundry layer” or “non-joule” heating processes or reactions. 
     The present invention discloses various embodiments that provide high electron (e − ) and hydrogen ion (H + ) fluxes and focus these fluxes around the cathode electrode. The high fluxes can quickly produce and maintain a high equilibrium concentration of hydrogen and hydride(s) near the surface of the cathode, which is considered to be important in the production of large quantities of useful heat that will be referred to as “efficient heating” hereafter. The high current (electron flux) and the high hydrogen-ion recombination rate near the surface substantially increase the voltage overpotential and can exponentially increase internal pressures near the surface of the cathode which also encourage efficient heating. The invention configurations presented concentrate fluxes by focusing fluxes through narrow bridgeways, forcing a collection of fluxes to pass through common channels, and/or passing the fluxes through thin layers of electrically conductive material at the surface. The high fluxes allow rapid heat production with essentially no charge-up time (seconds or less). 
     Desired conditions for efficient heating are considered to be (1) high electron flux, (2) high hydrogen-ion (proton) flux, and (3) high voltage overpotential around the electrode surface to produce high hydrogen recombination pressures that drive the reactions. The present invention does this while reducing less productive, joule-heating (resistance heating) losses in the cell. Joule-heating losses increase exponentially to the formula in Equation 1. 
     
       
           P   joule heating   =V   2   /R   (Equation 1) 
       
     
     Where: 
     P joule heating  is joule-heating losses 
     V is the overall voltage across the cell 
     The joule-heating losses are exponential and can easily overshadow desired heating processes in the reactor. However, and fortunately, if enough voltage (depending system internal resistances) is applied and the current (electron flux) is high enough, a gaseous or a charged-particle (plasma) boundary layer develops at the electrode&#39;s surface. Formation of the boundary layer is characterized by a blue glow at the electrode and a sharp increase in the overall resistance of the cell (e.g., amperage drops with increased voltage). This resistance via the charged-particle region directs more of the voltage drop around the surface of the cathode, which can increase more of the desired overpotential near the surface of the cathode. The present invention further takes advantage of the phenomena by reducing cell resistance and forcing voltage drop (with the desired fluxes) around the electrode surface, where it is desired. These combinations, in the case of the invention, appear to overcome the joule-heating losses and allows for more efficient heating. 
     Noting the above-described scenarios, a reactor&#39;s design should be designed for the lowest voltage possible and have most of the voltage drop near the surface of the cathode. This implies making significantly smaller cathodes and larger anodes than used in standard cells and moving the anodes and cathodes closer together. This increases the efficiency, but the total output may decrease because of the smaller cathode. However, putting multiple cells in parallel can offset this. Also, for economical reasons and even greater efficiency, the cells are designed as compact units for mass production much like a printed circuit board. 
     The present invention, also referred to as MultiCell hereafter, because the unique design of a “single” MultiCell (or a MultiCell unit) takes credit for efficiencies due, in part, to its small size but, again because its unique design, allows repetitive replication of the unit (much like a component on a circuit board or computer chip) to acquire the desired power output. MultiCells have been immersed in an electrolyte bath to produce boiling water. Demonstrations were performed with common electrolytes (e.g., K 2 CO 3 ) and ordinary water. The inventor has demonstrated MultiCells that produce more useful heat than equivalent applied electrical power. 
     This invention is directed to a reactor design and a unique way of electrolyzing and heating water containing a conductive salt in solution. The reactor requires a non-conductive housing to hold the solution and allow immersion of the reactor components. The reactor housing and solutions may house a single reactor unit (or referred to a MultiCell unit) or plurality of reactor units to increase total power of the reactor. Each unit consists of a cathode, which is small with little surface area, and its surface is small in comparison to the anode to increase current and proton (hydrogen ion, H + ) density at the cathode and reduce overall joule-heating losses in the reactor. Also, the high proton flux helps maintain a high-hydrogen or hydride concentration near the surface of the cathode. FIG. 1 shows a basic MultiCell configuration and its expected electrical current flow patterns. Also, a part of the unique design is a narrow gap between the cathode and anode. This narrow gap reduces losses due to joule heating and concentrates more of the voltage drop near the surface of the cathode where it is desired. Also, the general small size (surface area and thinness) of the unit reduces the paths and length of paths outside the region of the electrodes and concentrates the voltage drop and hydride production around and near the surface of the cathode where it is desired. Circles are shown in FIG. 1 because they produce the simplest design and produce the highest proton flux near the cathode surface. FIG. 2 shows how a plurality reactor units can and have been clustered together to increase power. Note how each reactor unit has its own cathode, but shares common anode area. This arrangement allows for better consolidation and easier construction. Also, notice that the anode is thinner along the outside perimeter of the cluster. This is done so each cathode receives equal voltage and current as demonstrated through experimentation. Included in FIG. 2 is a graph that shows the flux at the cathodes as a function of voltage and number of MultiCell units in a cluster. Notice that the flux is high even at 3 volts and appears to be rather uniformly spread between cathodes. 
     Two different constructions to deliver power to reactor&#39;s cathodes and anodes are shown in FIG.  3  and FIG.  4 . These designs lend themselves to circuit-board or computer-chip type construction. 
     The design has been applied to other geometries as well. These designs may not allow as high a flux over the entire cathode surface, but allow focusing of fluxes or the passing of fluxes through common bridgeways, and thus, producing hot spots. Also, this design can be easier to construct for experimental development purposes. FIG.  5  through FIG. 7 shows non-circular designs that tend to concentrate fluxes toward the connecting base of the electrode. (Note: this is where most of the test runs have failed due to erosion and is no surprise. Further development should overcome this problem.) Most of the experimental data and detailed description in this patent are of this type design. Notice that in FIG. 6 the fluxes are forced to funnel through pinch points and all the fluxes need to pass through a common region (disc) next to the cathode collector. Further experiments need to be done to determine if these hot spots are beneficial or a hindrance to the overall performance of the reactor. 
     During operation of the MultiCell, there is a blue glow or discharge around the cathode. This glow does not happen until 50 to 100 volts are applied. The exact voltage depends on configuration, electrolyte concentration etc. While increasing voltage from zero, the current continues to increase until the blue glow appears (FIG.  9 ). Then the current sharply drops indicating a sharp increase in resistance. The inventor proposes that the electron flux and voltage exert just enough counter-pressure to push the electrolyte solution away from the surface of the electrode when the blue glow starts. This forms a new surface/interface where the hydrogen ions (protons, H + ) and electrons (e − ) merge and interact (FIG.  10 ). Further increases in voltage result in further increases in the fluxes (current) that pass through the boundary layer. This is beneficial to efficient heating reactions because of increased particle density. More importantly, the inventor also proposes that extra flux is accompanied with extra voltage overpotential (and particularly hydrogen-recombination voltage overpotential) at the interface region. Only moderate increases in the voltage are needed to greatly increase pressures at the interface since the relationship of voltage overpotential to pressure is to the 4 th  power—according to Michio Enyo and Tafel theories which have been confirmed by experiment. 
     Even though the reactions happen near the electrode, more of the reactions do not actually happen in the surface of the electrode. This implies that the material makeup of the electrode and the electrolyte are less important. The solvent itself (water), at the said surface/interface (FIG.  10 ), supplies “hydride” and sites where the prescribed pressures form. In summary, the required interactions for potential energy conversion may be more conductive at the charged-particle boundary layer and its surface/interface than at the electrode because of the noticed greater voltage drop at the said boundary layer than the electrode. 
     This patent application is for the apparatus and methodology, not for any underlying theory. However, the invention and designs presented, herein, were conceived with the desired theory in mind. The theory is only presented to give credence to the concepts behind the invention designs described herein. Better theories may be developed that explain the efficient heating phenomena, but they do not change the results, designs, and claims documented within this Patent Application. The fact is that the MultiCell invention produces more heat than electrical power supplied and this heat comes from the conversion of some form of potential energy within the contents of the reactor housing when electrical current is applied. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     It is therefore the object of this invention to utilize a reactor of MultiCell type construction for the efficient production of non-joule heat. 
     It is yet another object of this design to reduce the overall resistances within the reactor to reduce nonproductive joule heating and increase fluxes so that more of the voltage drop around the surface of the cathode to encourage efficient heating. 
     It is yet another object of this design to encourage efficient heating by further increasing the voltage overpotential near the surface of the cathode via inducing a charged-particle boundary layer at the cathode. 
     It is yet another object of the invention to promote quick charging and production of non-joule heat by using a small cathode size and high fluxes. 
     It is yet another object of this invention to demonstrate that tungsten, nickel, platinum and other possible electrically conductive materials can work as cathode materials. 
     It is yet another object of this invention demonstrate that platinum and other possible electrically conductive materials can work as anode materials. 
     It is yet another object of this invention to supply hydride or hydrogen ion (H + ) forming electrolyte to complete the electrical circuit between the anode and cathode. 
     It is yet another object of this design to utilize a reactor of MultiCell type construction having a small cathode, large anode, small gap, and of arrangement to focus and channel fluxes, etc. that are capable of repetitive replication within a reactor for increased total power output. 
     It is yet another object of this invention to show that the anode and cathode patterns can be made by etching, plating, and other mechanical methods. 
     It is yet another object of this invention to show that the anode and cathode patterns can be made by a unique method of printing the patterns with an ink-jet printer apparatus. 
     It is yet another object of this invention to show that the anode and cathode patterns can be made by yet another unique method of using a metal-compound paint that reduces to the metal via application of heat. 
     It is yet another object of this invention to show that further metal can be plated on the patterns mentioned above by electroplating methods and selective plating can be accomplished by applying current only to parts of the pattern. 
     It is yet another object of this invention that the heat will be in the useful form of heated or boiling water-based electrolyte solution and steam. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS AND SCANNED IMAGES 
     FIG. 1 shows a plan view and a cross-sectional view of the electrodes in a basic reactor unit referred to as a MultiCell unit. This is a basic circular design. 
     FIG. 2 shows how a basic reactor unit (MultiCell unit) can be grouped together in clusters. Shown are 1, 2, 3, 7, and 19-cell clusters. Also, shown is an empirical graph showing the measured flux at the cathodes as a function of applied voltage and number of MultiCell units in a cluster. 
     FIG. 3 shows a plan view and a cross-sectional view of a construction of and interconnection of circular reactor units with cathodes connected from underneath. 
     FIG. 4 shows a plan view and a cross-sectional view of a construction of and interconnection of circular reactor units with a cathode valley used for the cathode(s). 
     FIG. 5 shows a plan view and a cross-sectional view of a construction of and interconnection of non-circular reactor units with electrode connections made on the surface. 
     FIG. 6 shows a plan view and cross-sectional view of a construction of and interconnection of non-circular reactor units with the cathode(s) consisting of a collection of discs in a row. Electrode connections are made on the surface. A scanned image of a non-circular configuration is also shown. 
     FIG. 7 shows a plan view and cross-sectional view of a construction and connection of a non-circular reactor unit with the electrodes constructed of metal wires. Most of the test-run data comes from this embodiment. 
     FIG. 8 shows the reactor with housing, power supply, and calorimetry used to perform test runs. 
     FIG. 9 shows a blue glow sketch. 
     FIG. 10 shows a charged-particle interface/surface sketch. 
     FIG. 11 shows a scanned image of palladium chloride ink-jet pattern on a substrate. 
     FIG. 12 shows a scanned image of reduced palladium back (metal) on a substrate. 
     FIG. 13 shows a scanned image of electroless nickel metal plated onto palladium black catalyst. 
     FIG. 14 shows a scanned image of palladium on a substrate. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Reactor Embodiments 
     Referring now to the drawings and particularly to FIG. 1, which shows the basic embodiment of the reactor unit (or also referred to herein as a MultiCell unit) of the invention. The heart of the MultiCell unit is a cathode. Numeral  1 . The cathode consists of an electrically conductive material that remains electrically conductive via its inertness to the cell&#39;s environment or processes or via formation of an electrically conductive hydride layer at the cathode&#39;s surface. Further discussion of cathode materials and configurations are presented later in a subsection entitled “Cathode Materials and Configurations.” The cathode is generally small in size, e.g., 0.1 to 0.5 cm in diameter or the area thereof (e.g., 0.008 to 0.8 cm 2 ). The anode  2  is larger than the cathode. Generally, an anode is several times larger to better reduce the overall cell resistance and force more of the voltage drop nearer to the cathode surface. The anodes need to electrically conductive material that can withstand the harsh oxidizing environment. Platinum is used is such environments. Because of platinum&#39;s high expense, anodes have historically been limited in size. Other less expensive materials (e.g., graphite, bismuth, tantalum, etc.) will be investigated. However, since the invention requires large surface area anodes, the anodes do not have to carry high fluxes like the cathode and can be made of relatively thin material or plated material. The gap  3 , between the cathode and anode, is narrow to help further reduce the overall cell resistance and force more of the voltage-drop nearer the surface of the cathode. The test runs were performed with a cathode area of approximately 0.16 cm 2  and an anode area of about 10 cm 2 . However, the design for the test runs was of a non-circular design shown in FIG.  7 . The substrate  4  is of nonconductive material and its purpose is to hold the cathodes in place. However, a substrate is not necessary if other means are used to position the electrodes (as is shown in FIG. 7) where the electrodes are held in place at the base and the electrode material is stiff enough to hold its shape during operation. Returning to FIG. 1, lines of flux  5  are shown emerging from the cathode, passing through the electrolyte  6 , and finally concentrating on the surface of the cathode in the center of the reactor unit. Optimizing a cell is discussed in a later section entitled, “Cell Optimization.” 
     The small unit size of the invention is designed to increase the efficiency of the reactor unit, but the output may be lower than desired. The invention is designed to increase the total reactor by grouping the reactor units together in units called clusters. FIGS. 2 a  and  2   b  show how a plurality of reactor units can and have been clustered together to increase power. Note how each reactor unit has its own cathode, but shares a common anode area. This arrangement allows for better consolidation and easier construction. Also, notice that the anode is thinner along the outside perimeter of the cluster. This is done so each cathode receives equal voltage and current as demonstrated through experimentation. 
     FIG.  3  and FIG. 4 show two methods of making the plurality of reactor units basically from plate stock or films. The small cathodes  7  appear as dots in the plan view of FIG.  3  and FIG.  4 . The gaps are shown around each dot and the anodes are shown as the remainder of the surface area. The cathode dot or plateau  7  in FIG. 3 is positioned on the substrate  9  and connected to the cathode collector  10  via an electrically conductive contactor  11 . The inventor has drilled small holes into the cathode dots and connected each with small-diameter wire. This was the method to obtain the empirical data presented in FIG.  2 . The cathode in FIG. 4 is actually the exposed portion of the cathode collector  10  and is called a cathode valley  14 . The positive (+) side of direct current (DC) power is applied to the anodes  8  via connection  13 . The negative side of the DC power is applied at to the cathode collector  10  via connection  12 . The whole assemblies shown in FIG.  3  and FIG. 4 are immersed in an electrolyte. Fluxes  15  are shown emerging from said anode  8  and concentrating at the surface of said cathode dot  7  or said cathode valley  14 . 
     FIG.  5  and FIG. 6 show non-circular designs. The components of these are similar to the circular designs, except cathode  16  in FIG. 5 is long and slender and cathode  24  in FIG. 6 is also long and slender, but is constructed of touching dots in a row. Notice that all fluxes must flow through the base of the cathode and particularly the last dots  25  of cathode  24 . The design of these MultiCell configurations helps simplify the interconnection of the anodes  17  and the cathodes  16  and  24  because they can be put on the same surface of the substrate  22 . The cathode collector is actually an extension of the cathode ( 16  or  24 ) material a nonconductive material placed over the said collector  23  and prevents its interaction with the electrolyte solution  6 . Electrical contacts are made at connection  20  for positive and connection  19  for negative. A probable flux pattern  26  across gap  18  is shown. 
     The basic patterns in FIGS. 1 through 6 can be etched, cut, or drilled into a plate of anode stock (e.g.,  8 ), cathode collector stock (e.g.,  10 ), and substrate material (e.g.,  9 ) and then connected together. Or, it can be done (as the inventor has developed) by placing a reduced metallic palladium catalyst on the surface in the desired pattern and then using electroless plating solutions to plate the desired metals (e.g.,  7 ,  8 ,  14 ,  16 ,  17 ,  23 , and  24 ) on the surface the surface of the substrate (e.g.,  9  and  10 ). This method has been used to plate layers of alternating dissimilar electrically conductive materials for the cathode (e.g., nickel and palladium) by the inventor. 
     The present inventions&#39; two distinct embodiments both provide high electron (e−) and hydrogen ion (H+) and/or Deuteron ion (D+) fluxes. A thin films planar embodiment as indicated in FIG.  1  through FIG.  6  and secondly, a plasma embodiment as described in FIG. 7 though FIG. 10 serve to focus these fluxes around the cathode electrode(s). In both embodiments, high fluxes can quickly produce and maintain a high equilibrium concentration of hydrogenand hydride(s) near the surface of the cathode, which is considered to be important in the production of large quantities of “efficient heating”. The high current (electron flux) and the high hdyrogen-ion recombination rate near the surface of both embodiments substantially increase the voltage overpotential which can exponentially increase internal pressures near the surface of the cathode, which also encourage efficient heating allowing rapid heat production with essentially no charge-up time (seconds or less). 
     The thin films planar embodiments presented concentrate fluxes by focusing fluxes through narrow bridgeways, forcing a collection of fluxes to pass through common channels, and/or passing the fluxes through thin layers of electrically conductive material at the surface. The plasma embodiment also produces high fluxes, however when the blue plasma glow appears, the electron flux and voltage exert just enough counter-pressure to push the electrolyte solution away from the surface of the electrode. This forms a new surface/interface where the hydrogen ions (protons, H+) and electrons (e−) merge and interact as in FIG.  10 . Further increases in voltage result in further increases in the fluxes (current) that pass through the boundary layer also encouraging efficient heating. 
     Cathode Materials and Configurations 
     The cathode materials used thus far in experiments have been copper, nickel, tungsten, palladium, and platinum. The ones documented in Testing and Experimental Results Section of this Patent Application nickel, tungsten, and platinum gave good results. However, almost any electrically conductive material, e.g., titanium, uranium, graphite, iridium, osmium, or bismuth may give better performance or longer durability and will be tried in later experimentation. Likewise, cathode material surface lattice, texture, structure and impurities will be investigated to see if efficiency can be increased. Also, the more expensive, but durable material could be plated onto less expense material. The best performers may be deposits of alternating thin layers of dissimilar electrically conductive materials, e.g., palladium and nickel. An alternate to the flat cathodes is to replace each cathode with a bead made from electrically conductive materials mentioned above. A bead with a center hole would be desired for mounting. The end of a wire may be effective and beneficial because it could be fed into the MultiCell as worn. Also, the Cathode Valley  14  shown in FIG. 4 could be filled with a porous media of to increase the amount of reactive material(s). 
     Cell Optimization 
     Electrolyte concentration needs to be optimized to obtain the correct balance. For example, if the electrolyte concentration is high (assumed to be helpful), the charged-particle boundary layer forms at higher voltage (which is assumed to be less productive) but higher amperage (which is assumed to be more productive). Likewise, the size of the cathode, ratio of anode to cathode, size of gap, cathode material and morphology need to be optimized to produce the most heating for input power. Likewise again, the amount of applied voltage, charged-particle boundary layer, current, and quality of the input power (e.g., steady DC, oscillating, pulsed, and reactance—amount of capacitance and inductance) need to be further investigated for further optimization. Further experiments need to be done to determine if these high-amperage/high flux regions (hot spots) are beneficial or a hindrance to the overall performance of the reactor. Similarly, the materials of construction and configuration need to be further studied to produce long-lasting cells. 
     DISCLOSEED METHODS OF PRODUCING MULTICELL ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE PATTERNS ON A NON-ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE SUBSTRATE 
     Patterns Produced by Ink-Jet and Metal-Reduction Processes 
     This patent also discloses developed and demonstrated methods to efficiently and accurately produce metal patterns on electrically non-conductive materials with the use of an ink-jet printer device. The technique first uses an ink-jet printer using special inks containing soluble palladium (or other catalyzing metal) compounds to produce the desired patterns or pictures on paper or other materials. Then reducing the palladium compounds to metallic palladium develops the printed pattern. Finally, electroless (e.g., nickel, cobalt, copper, gold, platinum, palladium) plating solutions are used to deposit metal films over the metallic palladium patterns. Even though the palladium metal (or other similar material) is in low concentration, it acts as a catalyst and provides the sites needed for the electroless metal process to begin. The deposited metal then acts as its own catalyst and continues the plating process. Other layers of different metals can then be deposited on the metal patterns using standard electrolytic and/or electroless metal depositing techniques. 
     Example Application 
     The inventor used palladium chloride spiked with hydrochloric acid (HCl) to increase the palladium chloride&#39;s solubility. The inventor produced a 5 wt % (weight percent) solution to use as the ink. The ink jet, ink cartridge has to be well cleaned and free of any debris because this debris will react with the palladium chloride and cause a reduction of the effective palladium chloride concentration or cause failure of the jets. Likewise, the palladium chloride can react with the metal parts of the ink jet and plate-out palladium and plugging of the jets. Plugging has been a frequent problem, but when the ink-jet works, it produces a well-defined pattern as shown in FIG. 11 in actual size. Palladium chloride is brownish yellow. Other compounds (inorganic or organic) could be used, but they should have color. The color shows how complete and well defined printed the pattern is. 
     The palladium chloride ink is allowed to dry. Then the palladium chloride is reduced to the metal with a reductant (e.g., solution of hydrazine (NH 2 NH 2 )). After the palladium chloride is reduced, the metal at the microscopic level appears black as seen in FIG. 12 showing a MultiCell pattern. Microscopic palladium metal is also known as palladium black. 
     Then the palladium-black pattern is placed in an electroless plating solution. The palladium black acts as a catalyst and causes metal to plate out. FIG. 13 is the same as FIG. 12 with nickel being plated over the palladium black. The thin bar with half-circles on either end is used to determine how thick the metals have plated onto the substrate. Measuring the resistance between the half-circles does this. For example, the thicker the film, the lower the resistance. After, a thin layer of metal is applied by electroless plating, other metals can be applied by electroplating. This method would allow the cathodes to be plated of different material by apply current to only the cathodes during the electroplating process or via versa. 
     Note: These techniques could be used to efficiency produce (1) printed circuits, (2) electrical circuits, (3) art, or (4) long lasting documents/pictures easily on the computer. Palladium, gold, and platinum are noble metals and are inert, and therefore, documents printed with these could last centuries provide the paper or paper-substitute media lasts that long. An example of a picture and text is shown in FIG.  14 . 
     Heat-reducing Metal-glaze Technique 
     There are manufactured glass and ceramic glazes that contain palladium; copper, silver, gold, and platinum, etc. compounds that can be applied like paint. Some even come in pens for the application of the paint. It is sometimes referred to as (1) “liquid” gold, platinum, etc. if intended for producing metal films on ceramics like materials or (2) “bright liquid” gold, platinum, etc., if intended for producing metal films on glass like materials. The inventor used Hanovia™, Engelhard™ brand. For example, Hanovia™, Bright Palladium #4334, is design specifically for plating on glass. When heated, the organic compounds in these paints reduce the metal compounds to elemental metals. Hand applying, silk-screening, or other methods can be used to apply the paints in the desired patterns to the substrate. Once the paint is dry, the piece is placed in a furnace/oven to reduce the paint to a metallic film. Appling a thinned solution of palladium paint can produce a catalyzed pattern like the above-cited technique prior to performing electroless plating. Bright Palladium #4334 works well as a catalyst diluted with toluene. 
     PROCESS CONTROL, TESTING AND CALIORIMETRY APPARATUS EMBODIMENTS 
     Reactor Design 
     A non-circular design was made with thicker materials as shown in FIG. 7, which is easier to construct for experimental purposes than some of the other described methods since is made from nominal 0.5-mm diameter wires. Notice that the MultiCell shown in FIG. 7 is essentially the same as one of the units in the MultiCell cluster shown inside Envelope A of FIG.  5 . Most of the experimental data comes from this type MultiCell design. The cathode  26  is around 1 cm in length, which is made by exposing an end of a nominal 0.5-mm diameter wire. Different metals (elements) where tried. See Table 2 for the metals tried. The rest of the wire is insulated by Teflon® PTFE tubing (0.022″ inside diameter, 0.010″ wall thickness, 300 volt rated, Cole-Palmer®, Catalog No. P-06417-21, Lot No. 254786, All Teflon® tubing same specifications)  29  to prevent interaction with the electrolyte bath. The other end of the wire is connected to the negative end of the power supply (not shown). The cathode wire  26  and its Teflon® PTFE tubing are placed inside a Pyrex® glass tube for extra support and rigidity. The anode  27  is also comprised of 0.508 mm diameter platinum wire (ISA Standard Grade Thermocouple wire Type R and S) that is looped around the cathode  26  three times in manner shown is FIG.  7 . The anode could be made of solid platinum plate or foil instead of three wires. The innermost loop leaves a 2-mm gap  28 . A more detailed spacing of the electrodes  26  and  27  is shown in a cross section view of mounting base  31  in FIG. 7. A counter-sunk hole  32  is drilled for the cathode wire  26  and its electrically insulating Teflon® PTFE  29 . The remaining holes  33  are drilled for mounting the anode loops. The anodes are connected to platinum leads wires  35  in a Nylon® nut, bolt, and washer fastener  34 . The anode lead wires  35  are also insulated by Teflon® PTFE tubing  29  and which are also encased in Pyrex® glass tubing  30  for extra support and rigidity like the cathode wire  26 . The three Pyrex® glass tubes  37  are mounted to a bracket (shown in FIG. 8) above the surface of the electrolyte  37 . The bracket allows adjustment of the three Pyrex® glass tubes  30  up and down. The bracket also allows the extension and retraction of the cathode wire  26  within its Teflon® PTFE tubing  29 . 
     Some of the runs were too hot and the cathode  26  melted and moved through the PTFE base  31  until it contacted the inner loop of the anode  27 . In this case, the cathode  26  was moved to the position marked  36  in the cross sectional view in FIG.  7 . This produced approximately a 3.5 mm gap. The cathode operated without melting the PTFE in this position. Further development and material selection should return the cathode to position  26 . 
     Testing Apparatus 
     The testing apparatus is shown in FIG.  8 . The MultiCell unit depicted in FIG. 7 is shown as Item  38  in FIG. 8 in the test apparatus. The container for electrolyte bath  45  and housing the MultiCell unit  38  is a Thermos® 10-ounce food jar (container). Model 7021A  44 . The inside wall  47  and the outside wall of the container are made of polypropylene. Between the walls is a silvered-glass Dewar bottle  46 . A thermistor  42  (Radio Shack® 10-kohm thermistor, Catalog No. 271-110A, 10 k ohms at 25° C., which is connected with thin 30-gauge Kynar® coated wrapping wire, Catalog No. 278-502) was attached to the underneath side of the inside said polypropylene wall  47  to ascertain the temperature of said wall and inner glass wall of said Dewar bottle  46 . The resistance (and thus, temperature) of said thermistor  42  is measured by ohmmeter  43  (Radio Shack, Digital Multimeter, Catalog No. 22-168A). Thermistor  40  (same type as  42  but the thermistor is encased in a polypropylene tube closed at one end and the other end of the tube and thermistor Kynar® lead wire are sealed in silicone RTV to protect the thermistor) and ohmmeter  41  (Radio Shack, Digital Multimeter, Catalog No. 22-168A) measure the temperature of the electrolyte bath  45 . Said thermistor  40  is held in place by Pyrex® glass tubing  39 . The Pyrex® glass tubing  39  itself is held in place by a plastic bracket  48  that rests atop the open said container  44 . The Pyrex® glass tubing  39  can be raised and lowered and set in place by set Nylon® screws  49 ; thus, said thermistor  40  and MultiCell  38  can be positioned to desired positions in the electrolyte bath  45 . 
     A power supply was constructed to supply essentially ripple-free DC power up to 1 kilowatt between 0 and 240 volts. The power supply consists of a variable transformer  56  (AEEC 1000 watt variable transformer, 0 to 240 V AC output, 120 V AC input, Jameco® Catalog Part No. 129007) with accurate adjustment between 0 and 240 volts. A 30-amp, full-wave, bridge rectifier  55  (600 volt, Jameco® Catalog Part No. 25591) converts the AC current to a pulsed-DC current. Ten 200-volt electrolytic, 560-microfarad (NRLM Series, Jameco® Catalog Part No. 155889) capacitors, totaling 5600 microfarads  54 , can be switched into the circuit, via switch  57 , to give an essentially ripple free current to the MultiCell  38 . Power (watts), voltage, (volts) and current (amps) delivered to said MultiCell are measured via a Clarke-Hess®, Model 256 meter (item  53 ), concurrently in the positions indicated  51 ,  50 , and  52  respectively. Accurately measuring input power is very important in determining the efficiency; therefore, a rather expensive Clarke-Hess Volt-Ampere-Wattmeter was purchased. The Clarke-Hess® meter measures true watts and is waveform independent. Further details of the meter are given in Table, but more complete details are available on the Internet at web site www.clarke-hess.com. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 EXHIBIT 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 MultiCell Run 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Date: 02/22/00 
               
               
                 Description Resistance Heater, Calibration Run 
               
             
          
           
               
                 a 
                 b 
                 c 
                 d 
                 e 
                 f 
                 g 
                 h 
                 i 
                 j 
                   
               
               
                 Time 
                 Time 
                 Voltage 
                 Current 
                 T bath 
                 T bath 
                 T Shell 
                 T Shell 
                 Power in 
                 Energy in 
               
               
                 Minutes 
                 Hours 
                 V 
                 A 
                 kohms 
                 ° C. 
                 kohms 
                 ° C. 
                 W, aver. 
                 kJ 
                 Comments 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 1.80 
                 77.34 
                 2.23 
                 69.99 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                   
               
               
                 1.00 
                 0.02 
                 82.70 
                 1.04 
                 1.92 
                 75.07 
                 2.31 
                 68.81 
                 86.01 
                 2.58 
               
               
                 2.00 
                 0.03 
                 82.70 
                 1.04 
                 1.67 
                 79.98 
                 2.29 
                 69.10 
                 86.01 
                 5.16 
               
               
                 3.00 
                 0.05 
                 82.50 
                 1.04 
                 1.55 
                 82.64 
                 2.26 
                 69.54 
                 85.80 
                 5.15 
                 Bubbles form 
               
               
                 4.00 
                 0.07 
                 82.40 
                 1.03 
                 1.48 
                 84.29 
                 2.24 
                 69.84 
                 84.87 
                 5.12 
               
               
                 5.00 
                 0.08 
                 82.50 
                 1.03 
                 1.37 
                 89.76 
                 2.19 
                 70.60 
                 84.98 
                 5.10 
               
               
                 6.00 
                 0.10 
                 82.50 
                 1.03 
                 1.27 
                 91.74 
                 2.06 
                 72.88 
                 84.98 
                 5.10 
               
               
                 7.00 
                 0.12 
                 82.40 
                 1.03 
                 1.18 
                 93.50 
                 1.92 
                 75.07 
                 84.87 
                 5.10 
               
               
                 8.00 
                 0.13 
                 82.60 
                 1.03 
                 1.14 
                 94.32 
                 1.81 
                 77.15 
                 85.08 
                 5.10 
               
               
                 9.00 
                 0.15 
                 82.70 
                 1.03 
                 1.08 
                 95.99 
                 1.58 
                 81.96 
                 85.18 
                 5.11 
               
               
                 10.00 
                 0.17 
                 82.90 
                 1.04 
                 1.05 
                 97.08 
                 1.38 
                 90.11 
                 86.22 
                 5.14 
               
               
                 11.00 
                 0.18 
                 82.80 
                 1.04 
                 1.01 
                 98.58 
                 1.17 
                 93.70 
                 86.11 
                 5.17 
                 Slow boil 
               
               
                 12.00 
                 0.20 
                 83.10 
                 1.04 
                 1.00 
                 98.96 
                 1.12 
                 94.74 
                 86.42 
                 5.18 
               
               
                 13.00 
                 0.22 
                 82.70 
                 1.04 
                 0.99 
                 99.35 
                 1.10 
                 95.28 
                 88.01 
                 5.17 
               
               
                 14.00 
                 0.23 
                 83.10 
                 1.04 
                 1.00 
                 98.96 
                 1.08 
                 95.99 
                 86.42 
                 5.17 
               
               
                 15.00 
                 0.25 
                 83.20 
                 1.04 
                 1.00 
                 98.96 
                 1.07 
                 96.35 
                 86.53 
                 5.19 
               
               
                 16.00 
                 0.27 
                 83.10 
                 1.04 
                 1.00 
                 98.96 
                 1.06 
                 96.71 
                 86.42 
                 5.19 
               
               
                 17.00 
                 0.28 
                 83.20 
                 1.04 
                 1.00 
                 98.96 
                 1.05 
                 97.08 
                 86.53 
                 5.19 
               
               
                 18.00 
                 0.30 
                 83.00 
                 1.04 
                 1.00 
                 98.96 
                 1.05 
                 97.08 
                 86.32 
                 5.19 
               
               
                 19.00 
                 0.32 
                 83.20 
                 1.04 
                 1.00 
                 98.96 
                 1.04 
                 97.45 
                 86.53 
                 5.19 
               
               
                 20.00 
                 0.33 
                 83.00 
                 1.04 
                 1.00 
                 98.96 
                 1.04 
                 97.45 
                 85.32 
                 5.19 
               
               
                 21.00 
                 0.35 
                 83.10 
                 1.04 
                 1.00 
                 98.96 
                 1.04 
                 97.45 
                 86.42 
                 5.18 
               
               
                 22.00 
                 0.37 
                 83.10 
                 1.04 
                 1.00 
                 98.96 
                 1.03 
                 97.82 
                 86.42 
                 5.19 
               
               
                 23.00 
                 0.38 
                 83.30 
                 1.04 
                 1.00 
                 98.96 
                 1.03 
                 97.82 
                 86.83 
                 5.19 
               
               
                 24.00 
                 0.40 
                 83.10 
                 1.04 
                 1.01 
                 98.58 
                 1.03 
                 97.82 
                 86.42 
                 5.19 
               
               
                 25.00 
                 0.42 
                 83.10 
                 1.04 
                 1.01 
                 98.58 
                 1.03 
                 97.82 
                 86.42 
                 5.19 
               
               
                 26.00 
                 0.43 
                 83.20 
                 1.04 
                 1.01 
                 98.58 
                 1.03 
                 97.82 
                 86.53 
                 5.19 
               
               
                 27.00 
                 0.45 
                 83.20 
                 1.04 
                 1.01 
                 98.58 
                 1.03 
                 97.82 
                 86.53 
                 5.19 
               
               
                 28.00 
                 0.47 
                 83.20 
                 1.04 
                 1.01 
                 98.58 
                 1.03 
                 97.82 
                 86.53 
                 5.19 
               
               
                 29.00 
                 0.48 
                 83.00 
                 1.04 
                 1.01 
                 98.58 
                 1.03 
                 97.82 
                 86.32 
                 5.19 
               
               
                 30.00 
                 0.50 
                 83.00 
                 1.04 
                 1.01 
                 98.58 
                 1.03 
                 97.82 
                 86.32 
                 5.18 
               
             
          
           
               
                 k 
                 Total Power/Energy In: 
                 84.63 
                 152.34 
                   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Mass 
                 C p  or 
                   
                 ΔT 
                 Power Out 
                 Energy Out 
               
               
                   
                 g 
                 h (evap) 
                 Units 
                 ° C. 
                 W, aver. 
                 kJ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Heat up 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 l 
                 Electrolyte-Starting 
                 250.00 
                 4.19 
                 J/g° C. 
                 21.24 
                   
                 22.22 
               
               
                 m 
                 Water added 
                 0.00 
                 4.19 
                 J/g° C. 
                 77.03 
                   
                 0.00 
               
               
                 n 
                 Plastic Dewar liner 
                 30.00 
                 2.10 
                 J/g° C. 
                 27.84 
                   
                 1.75 
               
               
                 o 
                 Glass, 1/2 Dewar vacuum liner 
                 89.00 
                 0.98 
                 J/g° C. 
                 27.84 
                   
                 2.43 
               
               
                 p 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 14.67 
                 26.40 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporation 
               
               
                   
                 Electrolyte beginning 
                 250.00 
               
               
                   
                 Water added 
                 0.00 
               
               
                   
                 Electrolite left 
                 198.82 
               
               
                 q 
                 Water evaporated 
                 51.18 
                 2260.44 
                 J/g 
                   
                 64.27 
                 115.69 
               
               
                   
                 Cell Heat Losses (Open-Top Cell) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 r 
                 Dewar walls 
                 T room  av., ° C. = 21.55 
                 P w  = 0.5 0 (0.03245ΔT-0.036) 
                 1.23 
                 2.22 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (emperically determined) 
               
               
                 s 
                 Radiant loss, top 
                 T b  av., ° C. = 95.53 
                 e = 2.04 × 10 −0  J/hr-cm 2 -°R 4 , 
                 2.38 
                 4.28 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 top dia. = 7 cm 
               
               
                 t 
                 Convection loss, top 
                 T b  av., ° C. = 95.36 
                 h = 3.37 J/hr-cm 2 -° C. 
                 2.77 
                 4.99 
               
               
                 u 
                   
                   
                   
                 6.39 
                 11.49 
               
               
                 v 
                 Electrolysis 
                 1.46 V × 0.519 
                 amp-hr = 0.76 watt-hr 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                   
                   
                 H 2  gas: 0.120 
                 cm 3 /s 
               
               
                 w 
                   
                   
                 Total Power/Energy Out: 
                 85.33 
                 153.59 
               
               
                 x 
                   
                   
                 Excess Heat: 
                 0.69 
                 1.25 
               
               
                 y 
                   
                   
                 Excess Energy/Power &amp; Efficiency: 
                 0.82% 
                 100.82% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Explanation of Rows and Columns in the MultiCell Run Spreadsheets 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Row or 
                   
               
               
                 Column 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Columns a through j are recorded data during the run 
               
             
          
           
               
                 a. and b. 
                 Time in minutes (or duration in hours since run started) when data was read. 
               
               
                 c. 
                 Voltage as read by voltage metering 50 FIG 8 in Clarke-Hess ® Meter 53. The voltage during the 
               
               
                   
                 runs is essentially held constant after initial startup of the run. 
               
               
                 d. 
                 Current shown in this column is calculated by dividing column i. by column c and is the “true” 
               
               
                   
                 current that is consumed and produces heat. The Clarke-Hess ® also calculates a RMS or reactance 
               
               
                   
                 current which is generally higher than the “true” current. This is because (1) the reactor, the power 
               
               
                   
                 supply, and the test equipment contain high capacitance and inductance that respond to the changing 
               
               
                   
                 resistance due to gas bubbling and boiling at the cathode and anode and (2) the way RMS is 
               
               
                   
                 calculated for a pulsing system due to the gas bubbling and boiling at the cathode and anode. In 
               
               
                   
                 either case, reactive current is not “true” current since it not heat producing nor is it consumed. 
               
               
                   
                 (Also see k.) 
               
               
                 e. and f. 
                 Temperature of electrolyte bath 45 as sensed by thermistor 40 and read in kohm by ohmmeter 41. 
               
               
                   
                 Column f is temperature represented by measured resistance. Calibrated to ice and boiling water. 
               
               
                 g. and 
                 Temperature of polypropylene liner 47 and inner of Dewar bottle 46 as sensed by thermistor 42 and 
               
               
                 h. 
                 read in kohm by ohmmeter 43. Column f is temperature represented by measured resistance. 
               
               
                   
                 Calibrated to ice and boiling water. 
               
               
                 k. 
                 Electrical power read by true wattage metering 51 in the Clarke-Hess ® Meter 53. Meter reads both 
               
               
                   
                 volts and amps to give true power in watts independent of waveform, etc. Meter integrates voltage 
               
               
                   
                 and amperage spikes up to seven times the average readings and then integrates and calculates these 
               
               
                   
                 into true power reading. The meter can integrate frequency, change, or harmonics from DC up to 
               
               
                   
                 several hundred kilohertz to internally calculated true power readings. The Clarke-Hess wattmeters 
               
               
                   
                 cover the frequency range from DC to over 1000 kHz. These instruments have wide voltage and 
               
               
                   
                 current ranges and are able to make precise measurements under difficult signal conditions. 
               
               
                   
                 Typically, most wattmeters (sometimes called “power analyzers”) have very poor performance at 
               
               
                   
                 high frequencies and/or low power factors. The Clarke-Hess wattmeters overcome these problems. 
               
               
                   
                 Customers of the Clarke-Hess wattmeters include NIST, I.B.M., General Electric, Philips, 
               
               
                   
                 Underwriter&#39;s Laboratories, the Canadian Standards Associated, Branson Ultrasonics and General 
               
               
                   
                 Motors as well as most of the computer, aircraft, telephone, power supply, electric locomotive, 
               
               
                   
                 transformer, ferrite, fluorescent lamp and lamp ballast, ultrasonics, and motor control companies 
               
               
                   
                 throughout the world. They also included companies that needed to measure the loss in iron core or 
               
               
                   
                 ferrite components, the loss in electronic lamp ballasts, the loss in capacitors, or the power in any 
               
               
                   
                 sort of distorted, low power factor, or broadband wave-shape. 
               
               
                 j. 
                 Energy inputted into the MultiCell calculated from average power (column j) for the minute ending. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 The following are definitions of Rows k through y 
               
             
          
           
               
                 k. 
                 The average power and total energy delivered to the MultiCell is calculated in this row. Total 
               
               
                   
                 energy is calculated first, which is a summation of column j. The power is the average delivered 
               
               
                   
                 during the run, which is calculated from the total energy and duration of run. 
               
               
                 l. 
                 This row calculates the amount of heat required to heat the electrolyte bath 45 from the starting bath 
               
               
                   
                 temperature to its final temperature as shown in column f. 
               
               
                 m. 
                 Some experiments have water added (at room temperature) to replace water evaporated as the run 
               
               
                   
                 progresses. This calculates the heat required to raise this water to final temperature. 
               
               
                 n. 
                 This calculates the heat required to raise the polypropylene liner 47 from its initial temperature to its 
               
               
                   
                 final temperature as shown in column h. 
               
               
                 o. 
                 This calculates the heat required to raise the inner glass wall of the Dewar bottle 46 from its initial 
               
               
                   
                 temperature to its final temperature as shown in column h. 
               
               
                 n. and 
                 The heat capacity and calculation of Rows o and p were empirically verified. A known amount of 
               
               
                 o. 
                 hot water was poured into a cool cell. Then the cell and water were allowed to come close to the 
               
               
                   
                 same temperature. After accounting for heat losses through the walls (Row r) the heat capacity for 
               
               
                   
                 the cell was determined to be 129 J/° C. which agrees with the sum of Rows n and o. 
               
               
                 p. 
                 This is the total amount of heat required to heat up the cell to final temperature. It is a summation 
               
               
                   
                 of Rows l, m, n, o. 
               
               
                 q. 
                 This row calculates the heat required to vaporize the water evaporated or boiled from the cell. The 
               
               
                   
                 amount of water vaporized is the amount of electrolyte bath started with when the power was turned 
               
               
                   
                 on - water added during run - the amount of water left in cell when the electrical power was turned 
               
               
                   
                 off. 
               
               
                 r. 
                 This calculates the heat lost through the walls of the container 44. This was empirically determined 
               
               
                   
                 by placing a heater in a closed cell until the interior temperature stabilized. This was repeated at 
               
               
                   
                 different wattages and then curve-fitted to the equation on the spreadsheet. Temperature of the room 
               
               
                   
                 is also measured by a thermistor and recorded here and used in calculations. 
               
               
                 s. 
                 This calculates radiant heat loss from the top of the container per the equation on the spreadsheet. 
               
               
                   
                 The radiant temperature shown is calculated in a separate column (not shown) which is weighted 
               
               
                   
                 differently than a standard average since radiant heat transfer is to the 4 th  power. The container has 
               
               
                   
                 an open top during entire run. The open top is 7 cm in diameter. 
               
               
                 t. 
                 This calculates convection heat loss from the top of the container per the equation on the 
               
               
                   
                 spreadsheet. The average temperature shown is calculated in a separate column (not shown). 
               
               
                 s. and t. 
                 The amount of heat loss through the open top of the cell, which is the sum of radiant loss (Row s) 
               
               
                   
                 and convection loss (Row t), was empirically determined. Molten wax and a heater were placed in 
               
               
                   
                 the cell and the temperature was allowed to stabilize. This was done at different wattages. There 
               
               
                   
                 was no evaporation term since the wax did not evaporate. The empirical results were similar to the 
               
               
                   
                 sum-calculated radiant (Row s) and convection (Row t) losses. 
               
               
                 u. 
                 Total losses through the cell which is the sum of Rows r, s, and t. 
               
               
                 v. 
                 Electrolysis losses. Electrolysis produces hydrogen. This hydrogen can be burned to produce heat. 
               
               
                   
                 Therefore, the heat that would be produced if the hydrogen were burned should be counted. It can 
               
               
                   
                 be shown that the amount of hydrogen produced is related to the amperage and the heat gained from 
               
               
                   
                 burning the hydrogen is related to 1.46 volts x the amp-hours of current consumed. The amp-hours 
               
               
                   
                 are calculated in a separate column not shown. In the case of the control run the heat is generated 
               
               
                   
                 from a resistance heater (in particular a submergible coffee/tea cup heater). 
               
               
                 w. 
                 The total power and energy produced is the sum of the heat required to heat up the cell (Row p) + 
               
               
                   
                 heat to vaporize the water lost from the cell (Row q) + the heat lost through the cell (Row u), and 
               
               
                   
                 the useful energy that can be acquired from the burning of the hydrogen (Row u). 
               
               
                 x. 
                 Excess heat is calculated by subtracting Row k from Row x. 
               
               
                 y. 
                 Percent excess heat is calculated by: (Row x/Row k) × 100%. Efficiency is calculated by: (Row 
               
               
                   
                 w/Row k) × 100%. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Digital multimeters (volt-amp-ohm) meters were checked against a bench-top multimeter sent away and checked against national standards. Calibration stickers of bench top meter were also up to data. 
     Experimental Results 
     Many successful test runs have been performed. Results for this Patent Application were from the latest runs with the MultiCell configuration shown in FIG. 7 using the same testing apparatus FIG. 8 used for control run described previously. The test runs produced a boiling-water (electrolyte) bath within a few minutes except Test Run 1 because of its short run time. Each run produced significantly more heat than the power that was delivered to the cell. The results of the test runs are summarized in Tables 2 and 3. The best performing run (Run 6) produced 40.14 watts of heat from 13.52 watts of electricity. This equates to an efficiency of 415%. A detailed spreadsheet is given for this test run in Exhibit 2. 
     The highest heat-producing run was Run 2. (Run 1 produced more watts but it shorted out early in the run.) A detailed spreadsheet for this run is shown in Exhibit 3. The MultiCell produced a large amount of power (108 watts, average) for its small size of approximately 1.8 cm 2  by 0.05 cm thick. The heat emitted at the cathode was an average of 680 watts/cm 2 . There were times it may have been over 1000 watts/cm 2 . The high heat and fluxes probably contributed to the shorter life seen with the more efficient runs. The most frequent cathode failures were when the cathode melted into two pieces at the base. The inventor has ideas on how to prevent this. 
     Test results show the Invention (MultiCell) to be a successful concept and design. The Invention showed very efficient heating at boiling-water temperatures. Production of the efficient heating appeared quickly after application of electrical power. It could not be determined if it was immediate because the high capacitance of the power supply acted as a short and the voltage could only be turned up over a span of about 60 seconds. The multiple test runs show repeatability of results for the MultiCell design using common electrolytes (e.g. K 2 CO 3 ) and normal water. Li 2 SO 4  was used in earlier runs with a different configuration than presented in this application. These runs produced more than parity but where less efficient than those presented in this patent application. Increased life of the cell, higher efficiency, and the construction of plurality/clustered cells will be the focus of future research. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 TEST RUN DESCRIPTION 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Run 
                 Electrolyte 
                 Cathode 
                 Con- 
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 Bath 45 FIG. 8 
                 Material 
                 figuration 
                 Comments 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 250 m    
                 Tungsten. 0.5 
                 FIG. 7 Position 
                 Vigorous boil- 
               
               
                   
                 0.5 M K 2 CO 3   
                 mm diameter 
                 32. 2 mm gap. 
                 ing. Blue glow. 
               
               
                   
                 (Pure, 
                 wire, 12 mm 
                   
                 Cathode melted 
               
               
                   
                 Goldstein&#39;s, 
                 long. (Alfa 
                   
                 the base from 
               
               
                   
                 San Francisco.) 
                 sar ®. 
                   
                 32 to 33 
               
               
                   
                   
                 99.95% pure. 
                   
                 FIG. 7. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Stock No 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10409. Lot No. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 F07J20). 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Measured 
               
               
                   
                   
                 closer to 0.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 mm diameter. 
               
               
                 2 
                 250 m     
                 Tungsten, 
                 FIG. 7 Position 
                 Blue glow. Pt 
               
               
                   
                 0.5 M K 2 CO 3   
                 0.5-mm 
                 36. 3.5 gap 
                 on cathode. 
               
               
                   
                 (Same Specs.) 
                 diameter, wire, 
                 offset. 
                 Cathode 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 mm long. 
                   
                 fragmented 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Specification 
                   
                 away. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 same above). 
               
               
                 3 
                 250 m     
                 Tungsten, 
                 FIG. 7 Position 
                 Blue glow. 
               
               
                   
                 0.5 M K 2 CO 3   
                 0.5 mm 
                 36. 3.5 gap 
                 Cathode 
               
               
                   
                 (Same Specs.) 
                 diameter. 10 
                 offset. 
                 fragmented 
               
               
                   
                   
                 mm long. 
                   
                 away. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Specification 
               
               
                   
                   
                 same above). 
               
               
                 4 
                 250 m     
                 Nickel, 0.5 mm 
                 FIG. 7 Position 
                 Blue glow. 
               
               
                   
                 0.5 M K 2 CO 3   
                 diameter wire, 
                 36. 3.5 gap 
                 Cathode melted 
               
               
                   
                 (Same Specs.) 
                 10 mm long. 
                 offset. 
                 in two, fell, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Alfa sar ®. 
                   
                 and melted into 
               
               
                   
                   
                 99.95% pure. 
                   
                 shell 47 FIG. 8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Stock No. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10250. Lot No. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 G06E09). 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Measured 
               
               
                   
                   
                 closer to 0.55 
               
               
                   
                   
                 mm diameter. 
               
               
                 5 
                 250 m     
                 Platinum, 0.508 
                 FIG. 7 Position 
                 Blue glow. 
               
               
                   
                 0.5 M K 2 CO 3   
                 mm diameter. 
                 36. 3.5 gap 
                 Less vigorous 
               
               
                   
                 (Same Specs.) 
                 10 mm long 
                 offset. 
                 boiling but 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (ISA Standard 
                   
                 frequent white 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Grade Thermo- 
                   
                 flashes. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 couple wire 
                   
                 Cathode in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Type R and S) 
                   
                 good condition 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 after run. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 TEST RUNS ENERGY BALANCE 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Power Losses, watts 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Run 
                 Duration 
                 Volts 
                 Power In 
                   
                 Evapor- 
                 Cell 
                 Electro- 
                 Power Out 
                 Efficiency 
               
               
                 No. 
                 Minutes 
                 average 
                 Watts 
                 Heat up 
                 ation 
                 losses 
                 lysis 
                 Watts 
                 % 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 2 
                 89 
                 90.75 
                 172.53 
                 Nm 
                 1.10 
                 2.15 
                 175.79 
                 193.70 
               
               
                 2 
                 17 
                 126 
                 28.84 
                 62.06 
                 40.02 
                 5.46 
                 0.33 
                 107.87 
                 374.06 
               
               
                 3 
                 26 
                 117 
                 26.44 
                 47.81 
                 32.30 
                 4.86 
                 0.33 
                 85.30 
                 322.57 
               
               
                 4 
                 18 
                 133 
                 32.82 
                 72.22 
                 27.08 
                 4.93 
                 0.36 
                 104.60 
                 318.68 
               
               
                 5 
                 60 
                 132 
                 13.52 
                 23.01 
                 27.76 
                 5.21 
                 0.15 
                 42.62 
                 415.30 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 nm = not measured  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 EXHIBIT 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Part A 
               
               
                 MultiCell Run 
               
               
                 (part a) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Date: 05/08/00 
               
               
                 Description: MultiCell - 0.4 to 0.5 mm dia × 10 mm platinum, 5 mm offset w/2 mm gap, 3-wire anode, 0.5 M K 2 CO 3   
               
             
          
           
               
                 a 
                 b 
                 c 
                 d 
                 e 
                 f 
                 g 
                 h 
                 i 
                 j 
                   
               
               
                 Time 
                 Time 
                 Voltage 
                 Current 
                 T bath 
                 T bath 
                 T Shell 
                 T Shell 
                 Power in 
                 Energy in 
               
               
                 Minutes 
                 Hours 
                 V 
                 A 
                 kohms 
                 ° C. 
                 kohms 
                 ° C. 
                 W, aver. 
                 kJ 
                 Comments 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 12.28 
                 19.60 
                 12.17 
                 19.83 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                   
               
               
                 1.00 
                 0.02 
                 132.00 
                 0.23 
                 7.60 
                 32.49 
                 12.04 
                 20.11 
                 30.00 
                 0.90 
                 Yellow glow. Then 
               
               
                 2.00 
                 0.03 
                 130.00 
                 0.08 
                 6.21 
                 38.18 
                 11.32 
                 21.73 
                 11.00 
                 1.23 
                 blue glow. 
               
               
                 3.00 
                 0.05 
                 132.00 
                 0.15 
                 5.16 
                 43.56 
                 11.44 
                 21.46 
                 20.00 
                 0.93 
                 Frequent bright 
               
               
                 4.00 
                 0.07 
                 132.00 
                 0.11 
                 4.38 
                 48.59 
                 10.86 
                 23.32 
                 15.00 
                 1.05 
                 white flashes. 
               
               
                 5.00 
                 0.08 
                 131.50 
                 0.15 
                 3.86 
                 52.31 
                 9.99 
                 25.03 
                 20.00 
                 1.05 
               
               
                 6.00 
                 0.10 
                 131.50 
                 0.15 
                 3.54 
                 54.97 
                 9.24 
                 27.14 
                 20.00 
                 1.20 
               
               
                 7.00 
                 0.12 
                 132.10 
                 0.11 
                 3.14 
                 58.77 
                 8.24 
                 30.24 
                 15.00 
                 1.05 
               
               
                 8.00 
                 0.13 
                 132.00 
                 0.09 
                 2.75 
                 63.05 
                 6.80 
                 35.59 
                 12.00 
                 0.81 
               
               
                 9.00 
                 0.15 
                 132.00 
                 0.09 
                 2.69 
                 63.76 
                 6.32 
                 37.68 
                 12.00 
                 0.72 
               
               
                 10.00 
                 0.17 
                 138.90 
                 0.06 
                 2.35 
                 68.23 
                 5.00 
                 44.48 
                 8.00 
                 0.60 
               
               
                 11.00 
                 0.18 
                 132.80 
                 0.05 
                 2.25 
                 69.69 
                 4.40 
                 48.32 
                 6.00 
                 0.42 
               
               
                 12.00 
                 0.20 
                 132.10 
                 0.04 
                 2.11 
                 71.86 
                 3.68 
                 53.78 
                 5.00 
                 0.33 
               
               
                 13.00 
                 0.22 
                 132.00 
                 0.03 
                 2.00 
                 73.68 
                 3.25 
                 57.68 
                 4.00 
                 0.27 
               
               
                 14.00 
                 0.23 
                 131.00 
                 0.11 
                 1.86 
                 76.19 
                 2.65 
                 64.25 
                 15.00 
                 0.57 
               
               
                 15.00 
                 0.25 
                 132.00 
                 0.04 
                 1.79 
                 77.54 
                 2.36 
                 68.09 
                 5.00 
                 0.60 
               
               
                 16.00 
                 0.27 
                 134.00 
                 0.07 
                 1.73 
                 78.74 
                 2.21 
                 70.29 
                 9.00 
                 0.42 
               
               
                 17.00 
                 0.28 
                 134.00 
                 0.04 
                 1.67 
                 79.98 
                 2.00 
                 73.68 
                 5.00 
                 0.42 
               
               
                 18.00 
                 0.30 
                 133.00 
                 0.03 
                 1.62 
                 81.06 
                 1.94 
                 74.72 
                 4.50 
                 0.29 
               
               
                 19.00 
                 0.32 
                 133.00 
                 0.07 
                 1.56 
                 82.41 
                 1.80 
                 77.34 
                 9.00 
                 0.41 
                 Cell calming down. 
               
               
                 20.00 
                 0.33 
                 133.20 
                 0.04 
                 1.54 
                 82.87 
                 1.77 
                 77.93 
                 5.00 
                 0.42 
                 Flashes less. 
               
               
                 21.00 
                 0.35 
                 133.60 
                 0.07 
                 1.52 
                 83.34 
                 1.73 
                 78.74 
                 10.00 
                 0.45 
                 Vac = 98.3 
               
               
                 22.00 
                 0.37 
                 132.20 
                 0.11 
                 1.51 
                 83.58 
                 1.68 
                 79.77 
                 14.00 
                 0.72 
               
               
                 23.00 
                 0.38 
                 132.50 
                 0.08 
                 1.50 
                 83.81 
                 1.65 
                 80.41 
                 11.00 
                 0.75 
               
               
                 24.00 
                 0.40 
                 132.80 
                 0.11 
                 1.48 
                 84.29 
                 1.61 
                 81.29 
                 14.00 
                 0.75 
               
               
                 25.00 
                 0.42 
                 132.00 
                 0.11 
                 1.46 
                 84.78 
                 1.59 
                 81.73 
                 14.00 
                 0.84 
               
               
                 26.00 
                 0.43 
                 131.40 
                 0.09 
                 1.47 
                 84.54 
                 1.56 
                 82.41 
                 12.00 
                 0.78 
               
               
                 27.00 
                 0.45 
                 131.80 
                 0.11 
                 1.45 
                 85.06 
                 1.54 
                 82.87 
                 14.00 
                 0.78 
               
               
                 28.00 
                 0.47 
                 131.20 
                 0.11 
                 1.44 
                 85.63 
                 1.53 
                 83.11 
                 15.00 
                 0.87 
               
               
                 29.00 
                 0.48 
                 131.60 
                 0.11 
                 1.44 
                 85.63 
                 1.52 
                 83.34 
                 14.00 
                 0.87 
               
               
                 30.00 
                 0.50 
                 132.80 
                 0.11 
                 1.43 
                 86.21 
                 1.50 
                 83.81 
                 14.00 
                 0.84 
               
               
                 31.00 
                 0.52 
                 131.60 
                 0.11 
                 1.42 
                 86.79 
                 1.49 
                 84.05 
                 14.00 
                 0.84 
               
               
                 32.00 
                 0.53 
                 131.20 
                 0.13 
                 1.42 
                 86.79 
                 1.49 
                 84.05 
                 17.00 
                 0.93 
               
               
                 33.00 
                 0.55 
                 131.40 
                 0.12 
                 1.42 
                 86.79 
                 1.48 
                 84.29 
                 16.00 
                 0.99 
               
               
                 34.00 
                 0.57 
                 132.00 
                 0.11 
                 1.42 
                 86.79 
                 1.47 
                 84.54 
                 15.00 
                 0.93 
               
               
                 35.00 
                 0.58 
                 132.10 
                 0.11 
                 1.41 
                 87.37 
                 1.47 
                 84.54 
                 15.00 
                 0.90 
               
               
                 36.00 
                 0.60 
                 132.30 
                 0.10 
                 1.41 
                 87.37 
                 1.46 
                 84.78 
                 13.00 
                 0.84 
               
               
                 37.00 
                 0.62 
                 131.50 
                 0.11 
                 1.41 
                 87.37 
                 1.46 
                 84.78 
                 15.00 
                 0.84 
               
               
                 38.00 
                 0.63 
                 131.50 
                 0.11 
                 1.40 
                 87.96 
                 1.45 
                 85.06 
                 15.00 
                 0.90 
               
               
                 39.00 
                 0.65 
                 131.70 
                 0.11 
                 1.41 
                 87.37 
                 1.45 
                 85.06 
                 15.00 
                 0.90 
               
               
                 40.00 
                 0.67 
                 131.50 
                 0.12 
                 1.41 
                 87.37 
                 1.45 
                 85.06 
                 16.00 
                 0.93 
               
               
                 41.00 
                 0.68 
                 131.40 
                 0.11 
                 1.40 
                 87.96 
                 1.45 
                 85.06 
                 15.00 
                 0.93 
               
               
                 42.00 
                 0.70 
                 131.30 
                 0.11 
                 1.40 
                 87.96 
                 1.45 
                 85.06 
                 15.00 
                 0.90 
               
               
                 43.00 
                 0.72 
                 132.20 
                 0.11 
                 1.39 
                 88.56 
                 1.44 
                 85.63 
                 15.00 
                 0.90 
               
               
                 44.00 
                 0.73 
                 131.60 
                 0.11 
                 1.39 
                 88.56 
                 1.44 
                 85.63 
                 15.00 
                 0.90 
               
               
                 45.00 
                 0.75 
                 131.40 
                 0.12 
                 1.39 
                 88.56 
                 1.43 
                 86.21 
                 16.00 
                 0.93 
               
               
                 46.00 
                 0.77 
                 131.60 
                 0.11 
                 1.39 
                 88.56 
                 1.43 
                 86.21 
                 15.00 
                 0.93 
               
               
                 47.00 
                 0.78 
                 131.50 
                 0.11 
                 1.39 
                 88.56 
                 1.43 
                 86.21 
                 15.00 
                 0.90 
               
               
                 48.00 
                 0.80 
                 131.50 
                 0.13 
                 1.41 
                 87.37 
                 1.43 
                 88.21 
                 17.00 
                 0.96 
               
               
                 49.00 
                 0.82 
                 131.20 
                 0.11 
                 1.39 
                 88.56 
                 1.43 
                 86.21 
                 15.00 
                 0.96 
               
               
                 50.00 
                 0.83 
                 132.40 
                 0.11 
                 1.38 
                 89.16 
                 1.43 
                 86.21 
                 14.00 
                 0.87 
               
               
                 51.00 
                 0.85 
                 131.40 
                 0.12 
                 1.38 
                 89.16 
                 1.43 
                 86.21 
                 16.00 
                 0.90 
               
               
                 52.00 
                 0.87 
                 131.90 
                 0.11 
                 1.38 
                 89.16 
                 1.43 
                 86.21 
                 15.00 
                 0.93 
               
               
                 53.00 
                 0.88 
                 130.80 
                 0.11 
                 1.38 
                 89.16 
                 1.42 
                 86.79 
                 15.00 
                 0.90 
               
               
                 54.00 
                 0.90 
                 131.20 
                 0.11 
                 1.38 
                 89.16 
                 1.42 
                 86.79 
                 15.00 
                 0.90 
               
               
                 55.00 
                 0.92 
                 131.20 
                 0.12 
                 1.38 
                 89.16 
                 1.42 
                 86.79 
                 16.00 
                 0.93 
               
               
                 56.00 
                 0.93 
                 130.90 
                 0.12 
                 1.38 
                 89.16 
                 1.42 
                 86.79 
                 16.00 
                 0.96 
               
               
                 57.00 
                 0.95 
                 130.80 
                 0.11 
                 1.38 
                 89.16 
                 1.42 
                 86.79 
                 15.00 
                 0.93 
               
               
                 58.00 
                 0.97 
                 131.20 
                 0.11 
                 1.38 
                 89.18 
                 1.42 
                 86.79 
                 15.00 
                 0.90 
               
               
                 59.00 
                 0.98 
                 130.90 
                 0.11 
                 1.38 
                 89.16 
                 1.42 
                 86.79 
                 15.00 
                 0.90 
                 Cathode remains in 
               
               
                 60.00 
                 1.00 
                 130.80 
                 0.11 
                 1.38 
                 89.16 
                 1.42 
                 86.79 
                 15.00 
                 0.90 
                 good shape. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 k 
                 Total Power/Energy In: 
                 13.52 
                 48.66 
                   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 EXHIBIT 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Part B 
               
               
                 MultiCell Run 
               
               
                 (part b) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Date: 05/08/00 
               
               
                 Description: MultiCell - 0.4 to 0.5 mm dia × 10 mm platinum, 5 mm offset w/2 mm gap, 3-wire anode, 0.5 M K 2 CO 3   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Mass 
                 C p  or 
                   
                 ΔT 
                 Power Out 
                 Energy Out 
               
               
                   
                 g 
                 h (evap) 
                 Units 
                 ° C. 
                 W, aver. 
                 kJ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Heat up 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 l 
                 Electrolyte-Starting 
                 250.00 
                 4.19 
                 J/g° C. 
                 69.56 
                   
                 72.79 
               
               
                 m 
                 Water added 
                 0.00 
                 4.19 
                 J/g° C. 
                 66.66 
                   
                 0.00 
               
               
                 n 
                 Plastic Dewar liner 
                 30.00 
                 2.10 
                 J/g° C. 
                 66.96 
                   
                 4.22 
               
               
                 o 
                 Glass, 1/2 Dewar vacuum liner 
                 89.00 
                 0.98 
                 J/g° C. 
                 66.96 
                   
                 5.84 
               
               
                 p 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 23.01 
                 82.85 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporation 
               
               
                   
                 Electrolyte beginning 
                 250.00 
               
               
                   
                 Water added 
                 0.00 
               
               
                   
                 Electrolite left 
                 205.79 
               
               
                 q 
                 Water evaporated 
                 44.21 
                 2260.44 
                 J/g 
                   
                 27.76 
                 99.93 
               
               
                   
                 Cell Heat Losses (Open-Top Cell) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 r 
                 Dewar walls 
                 T room  av., ° C. = 22.50 
                 P w  = 0.5 0 (0.03245ΔT-0.036) 
                 1.06 
                 3.83 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (emperically determined) 
               
               
                 s 
                 Radiant loss, top 
                 T b  av., ° C. = 80.64 
                 e = 2.04 × 10 −0  J/hr-cm 2 -R 4 , 
                 1.75 
                 6.29 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 top dia. = 7 cm 
               
               
                 t 
                 Convection loss, top 
                 T b  av., ° C. = 79.87 
                 h = 3.37 J/hr-cm 2 -° C. 
                 2.40 
                 8.64 
               
               
                 u 
                   
                   
                   
                 5.21 
                 18.76 
               
               
                 v 
                 Electrolysis 
                 1.46 V × 0.104 
                 amp-hr = 0.15 watt-hr 
                 0.15 
                 0.54 
               
               
                   
                   
                 H 2  gas: 0.012 
                 cm 3 /s 
               
               
                 w 
                   
                   
                 Total Power/Energy Out: 
                 56.14 
                 202.09 
               
               
                 x 
                   
                   
                 Excess Heat: 
                 42.62 
                 153.43 
               
               
                 y 
                   
                   
                 Excess Energy/Power &amp; Efficiency: 
                 315.30% 
                 415.30% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 EXHIBIT 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 MultiCell Run 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Date: 04/02/00 
               
               
                 Description: MultiCell - 0.5 mm dia × 15 mm Tungsten, 5 mm offset w/2 mm gap, 3-wire anode, 0.5 M K 2 CO 3   
               
             
          
           
               
                 a 
                 b 
                 c 
                 d 
                 e 
                 f 
                 g 
                 h 
                 i 
                 j 
                   
               
               
                 Time 
                 Time 
                 Voltage 
                 Current 
                 T bath 
                 T bath 
                 T Shell 
                 T Shell 
                 Power in 
                 Energy in 
               
               
                 Minutes 
                 Hours 
                 V 
                 A 
                 kohms 
                 ° C. 
                 kohms 
                 ° C. 
                 W, aver. 
                 kJ 
                 Comments 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 6.25 
                 37.99 
                 7.88 
                 31.48 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 Cathode reused - 
               
               
                 1.00 
                 0.02 
                 121.30 
                 1.43 
                 — 
                 47.99 
                 — 
                 40.57 
                 174.00 
                 5.22 
                 Previously shorted. 
               
               
                 2.00 
                 0.03 
                 131.00 
                 0.79 
                 3.22 
                 57.98 
                 4.21 
                 49.65 
                 104.00 
                 8.34 
                 Some damage. 
               
               
                 3.00 
                 0.05 
                 133.00 
                 0.47 
                 2.41 
                 67.39 
                 2.81 
                 62.35 
                 62.00 
                 4.98 
                 May have Pt on it. 
               
               
                 4.00 
                 0.07 
                 134.00 
                 0.15 
                 1.37 
                 89.76 
                 2.17 
                 70.91 
                 20.00 
                 2.46 
                 Cathode &amp; bath 
               
               
                 5.00 
                 0.08 
                 134.00 
                 0.10 
                 — 
                 86.09 
                 — 
                 73.93 
                 13.00 
                 0.99 
                 glow blue. 
               
               
                 6.00 
                 0.10 
                 134.00 
                 0.10 
                 1.56 
                 82.41 
                 1.82 
                 76.95 
                 13.00 
                 0.78 
               
               
                 7.00 
                 0.12 
                 134.00 
                 0.13 
                 1.48 
                 84.29 
                 1.70 
                 79.35 
                 17.00 
                 0.90 
               
               
                 8.00 
                 0.13 
                 135.00 
                 0.10 
                 1.34 
                 90.46 
                 1.50 
                 83.81 
                 14.00 
                 0.93 
               
               
                 9.00 
                 0.15 
                 135.00 
                 0.12 
                 1.35 
                 90.28 
                 1.54 
                 82.87 
                 16.00 
                 0.90 
               
               
                 10.00 
                 0.17 
                 135.00 
                 0.07 
                 1.32 
                 90.82 
                 1.46 
                 84.78 
                 10.00 
                 0.76 
               
               
                 11.00 
                 0.18 
                 135.00 
                 0.04 
                 1.31 
                 91.00 
                 1.42 
                 86.79 
                 6.00 
                 0.48 
               
               
                 12.00 
                 0.20 
                 135.00 
                 0.04 
                 1.31 
                 91.00 
                 1.40 
                 87.96 
                 5.00 
                 0.33 
               
               
                 13.00 
                 0.22 
                 135.00 
                 0.07 
                 1.31 
                 91.00 
                 1.38 
                 89.16 
                 10.00 
                 0.45 
               
               
                 14.00 
                 0.23 
                 135.20 
                 0.07 
                 1.32 
                 90.82 
                 1.38 
                 89.16 
                 10.00 
                 0.80 
               
               
                 15.00 
                 0.25 
                 135.20 
                 0.07 
                 1.33 
                 90.64 
                 1.39 
                 88.56 
                 9.50 
                 0.59 
               
               
                 16.00 
                 0.27 
                 135.00 
                 0.03 
                 1.34 
                 90.46 
                 1.40 
                 87.96 
                 4.50 
                 0.42 
               
               
                 17.00 
                 0.28 
                 135.00 
                 0.03 
                 1.34 
                 90.46 
                 1.41 
                 87.37 
                 4.50 
                 0.27 
                 Cathode gone. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 k 
                 Total Power/Energy In: 
                 28.84 
                 29.42 
                   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Mass 
                 C p  or 
                   
                 ΔT 
                 Power Out 
                 Energy Out 
               
               
                   
                 g 
                 h (evap) 
                 Units 
                 ° C. 
                 W, aver. 
                 kJ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Heat up 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 l 
                 Electrolyte-Starting 
                 250.00 
                 4.19 
                 J/g° C. 
                 52.46 
                   
                 54.90 
               
               
                 m 
                 Water added 
                 0.00 
                 4.19 
                 J/g° C. 
                 68.46 
                   
                 0.00 
               
               
                 n 
                 Plastic Dewar liner 
                 30.00 
                 2.10 
                 J/g° C. 
                 55.89 
                   
                 3.52 
               
               
                 o 
                 Glass, 1/2 Dewar vacuum liner 
                 89.00 
                 0.98 
                 J/g° C. 
                 55.89 
                   
                 4.87 
               
               
                 p 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 62.06 
                 63.30 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporation 
               
               
                   
                 Electrolyte beginning 
                 250.00 
               
               
                   
                 Water added 
                 0.00 
               
               
                   
                 Electrolite left 
                 231.94 
               
               
                 q 
                 Water evaporated 
                 18.06 
                 2260.44 
                 J/g 
                   
                 40.02 
                 40.82 
               
               
                   
                 Cell Heat Losses (Open-Top Cell) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 r 
                 Dewar walls 
                 T room  av., ° C. = 22.00 
                 P w  = 0.5 0 (0.03245ΔT-0.036) 
                 1.09 
                 1.11 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (emperically determined) 
               
               
                 s 
                 Radiant loss, top 
                 T b  av., ° C. = 84.34 
                 e = 2.04 × 10 −0  J/hr-cm 2 -R 4 , 
                 1.90 
                 1.94 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 top dia. = 7 cm 
               
               
                 t 
                 Convection loss, top 
                 T b  av., ° C. = 83.70 
                 h = 3.37 J/hr-cm 2 -° C. 
                 2.47 
                 2.51 
               
               
                 u 
                   
                   
                   
                 5.46 
                 5.57 
               
               
                 v 
                 Electrolysis 
                 1.46 V × 0.064 
                 amp-hr = 0.09 watt-hr 
                 0.33 
                 0.34 
               
               
                   
                   
                 H 2  gas: 0.026 
                 cm 3 /s 
               
               
                 w 
                   
                   
                 Total Power/Energy Out: 
                 107.87 
                 110.03 
               
               
                 x 
                   
                   
                 Excess Heat: 
                 79.03 
                 80.61 
               
               
                 y 
                   
                   
                 Excess Energy/Power &amp; Efficiency: 
                 274.06% 
                 374.06%