Abstract:
A product line of MRI systems includes a first MRI system including a first yoke and a plurality of magnet blocks forming a first central assembly disposed on the first yoke. The product line also includes a second MRI system including a second yoke, a plurality of magnet blocks forming a second central assembly disposed on the second yoke and shaped the same as the first central assembly, and a first set of magnet blocks mounted to the second yoke at a periphery of the second central assembly.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/320,037 filed Mar. 21, 2003. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention relates to magnetic resonance image (MRI) imaging, and, more particularly, to methods and apparatus for assembling magnetized permanent magnetic blocks used for an MRI magnetic field generator. 
   A high uniform magnetic field is useful for using magnetic resonance image (MRI) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) systems as a medical device or a chemical/biological device. At least some popular and low maintenance cost MRI systems currently available use a permanent magnet system that creates a middle range uniform field (0.2 to 0.5 Tesla) in a pre-determined space (imaging volume). A permanent magnet system usually uses multiple permanent magnet blocks such as NdFeB to form a single magnetic object and to achieve desire high uniform magnetic field in the imaging volume. 
   For a magnetic field generator for an MRI system that uses permanent magnets, the magnets used in such an apparatus are often formulated from a plurality of magnetized blocks. However, it is difficult to place un-magnetized material blocks on a yoke plate first and then magnetize each block. Therefore, in actual manufacturing, the blocks are fabricated and then magnetized. The magnetized blocks are then arranged on a yoke plate so that each of the magnet blocks has a same magnetic pole facing upward. A pole piece is then placed on the top of the magnetized blocks. 
   It is generally known that when a substance such as human tissue is subjected to a uniform magnetic field (polarizing field B0), the individual magnetic moments of the spins in the tissue attempt to align with this polarizing field, but precess about it in random order at their characteristic Larmor frequency. If the substance, or tissue, is subjected to a magnetic field (excitation field B 1 ) which is in the x-y plane and which is near the Larmor frequency, the net aligned moment, or “longitudinal magnetization”, MZ, may be rotated, or “tipped”, into the x-y plane to produce a net transverse magnetic moment Mt. A signal is emitted by the excited spins after the excitation signal B 1  is terminated and this signal may be received and processed to form an image. 
   When utilizing these signals to produce images, magnetic field gradients (Gx Gy and Gz) are employed. Typically, the region to be imaged is scanned by a sequence of measurement cycles in which these gradients vary according to the particular localization method being used. The resulting set of received NMR signals are digitized and processed to reconstruct the image using one of many well known reconstruction techniques. 
   MRI magnets typically require not only an intensive uniform magnetic field, typically less than 10 ppm within a 40-50 cm spherical volume, but also an accurate center magnetic field value, typically less than 0.5%. For a given design of the RF coil, the bandwidth is fixed. Thus the allowable range of the center magnetic field is also fixed. 
   One known configuration of the magnetic field generating device for MRI is the open geometry composed of yokes opposite to each other, connected by post(s), magnetic field generating elements, such as permanent magnets and/or superconducting/resistive coils, and other field shaping components, such as pole pieces. 
   The magnetic field of the magnet as manufactured, is often influenced by the deviation of material properties, the tolerance of manufacturing process and the environment. For Superconducting and resistive magnets, the center field can be easily adjusted by fine tuning the current. For permanent magnet, however, this is not that easy. Mechanisms typically are built into the magnet in order to adjust the magnet center field after the magnet is finished assembly. 
   BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   In one aspect, a product line of MRI systems is provided. The product line includes a first MRI system including a first yoke and a plurality of magnet blocks forming a first central assembly disposed on the first yoke. The product line also includes a second MRI system including a second yoke, a plurality of magnet blocks forming a second central assembly disposed on the second yoke and shaped the same as the first central assembly, and a first set of magnet blocks mounted to the second yoke at a periphery of the second central assembly. 
   In another aspect, a method of manufacturing MRI systems is provided. The method includes providing a plurality of magnet blocks forming a central assembly disposed on a yoke, measuring a center magnetic field, and adding additional magnet blocks to the yoke when the center magnetic field is not within a predetermined range. 
   In still another aspect, a method for altering a magnetic field is provided. The method includes measuring a center magnetic field of an MRI system to obtain a center magnetic field value and regulating a temperature of at least one component of the MRI system to change the center magnetic field to a value different the measured value. 
   In a further aspect, a method for altering a magnetic field is provided. The method includes measuring a center magnetic field of an MRI system to obtain a center magnetic field value and using a B0 controlled shimming to change the center magnetic field to a value different the measured value. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a block schematic diagram of an imaging system. 
       FIG. 2  is a block schematic diagram of an imaging system. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a central magnet assembly disposed on the yoke shown in FIG.  1 . 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a plurality of sets of magnetic blocks disposed illustrates a plurality of sets of magnetic blocks disposed at a periphery of the central assembly shown in FIG.  3 . 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   As used herein, an element or step recited in the singular and proceeded with the word “a” or “an” should be understood as not excluding plural said elements or steps, unless such exclusion is explicitly recited. Furthermore, references to “one embodiment” of the present invention are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features. 
     FIG. 1  is a block schematic diagram of an imaging system  10  such as an MRI system  10  including two plate yokes  12  and a plurality of columnar yokes  14  extending between plate yokes  12 . Alternatively, an MRI system  10  with a single C shaped yoke  16  may be used as shown in FIG.  2 . System  10  includes magnet blocks  18  secured to yoke surfaces, pole piece bases  20  and support rings  22  secured to magnets  18  and a pole piece  24  is secured to each pole piece base  20  and support ring  22 . A gap  25  is formed between pole pieces  24 . A body part to be imaged is inserted into gap  25 . 
   MRI system  10  also may contain electronics  26  and a display  28 . Electronics  26  may include a control system such as a computer, a transmitter, a receiver, an imager and/or a memory. 
     FIG. 3  illustrates a central assembly  30  including a plurality of magnetic blocks  18  disposed on yoke  12 . Central assembly  30  includes a periphery  31 . 
   In use, central assembly  30  is disposed on yoke  12 , and a measurement is taken of a center magnetic field. The measurement is compared to a desired value and if the measured value is different from the pre-determined desired value then the center magnetic field value is altered as herein described. In one embodiment, a temperature of at least one component of the finished assembly  10  is regulated such that the center magnetic field value is substantially equal to the desired value. In an exemplary embodiment, at least one heating element (not shown) is positioned to heat yoke  12 . In another embodiment, the center magnetic field value is changed to be closer to the desired value but is several percent away from the desired value falling within a range above and below the desired value. By heating at least one component of finished assembly  10 , the center magnetic field is alterable by about 1.5 percent stronger or weaker. Alternatively, the center magnetic field is changed using B0 controlled shimming. Using B0 controlled shimming, the center magnetic field is also alterable by about 1.5 percent stronger or weaker. 
   With this method, sufficient shimming of a magnet assembly such as central assembly  30  may be achieved without requiring mechanical variations to the magnet assembly after the magnet assembly has been assembled. The method, which may be carried out as a set of instructions of a computer program by one or more computers, analyzes the center magnetic field. A comparison is then made to the desired center magnet field strength, and active and/or passive shim elements may then be incorporated into the magnet assembly at different places to achieve the desired center magnetic field strength. The shimming or weighting factors are used to determine the amount of “shimming material” that is used at each place. 
   “Shimming material” varies according to the type of shim element. For example, for active shim elements, i.e. shim coils, the shimming material corresponds to the amount of current applied to the coils. By varying the amount of current applied to the coils, the amount contributed to the magnetic field can be varied. As a result, the shim coils can be independently controlled such that field contribution is precisely controlled. For passive shim elements, i.e. iron shims or permanent magnets, the shimming material corresponds to the amount of magnetic element that is added to the magnet assembly. 
   In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a computer readable storage medium having a computer program stored thereon to develop a shimming model for a magnet assembly of an MR imaging system, the computer program representing a set of instructions that when executed by a computer causes the computer to change the center magnetic field generated by an assembled magnet assembly. The set of instructions then causes the computer to determine an amount of shimming required at each of the places such that a desired center field strength is maintained. 
   In an exemplary embodiment utilizing B0 controlled shimming, upon construction of the magnet assembly, the magnet temperature is adjusted and allowed to stabilize. And after the magnet temperature has stabilized, the center field strength is measured. If the center field strength is within a pre-determined range, then a B0 controlled shimming process is not performed, but other downstream processes may be performed, and the magnet assembly is incorporated into an MR assembly. However, if the center field strength is outside the predetermined range, then a B0 controlled shimming process continues with the input of system and shim constraints into one or more computers programmed to determine shimming parameters. 
   The constraints input include the desired center field strength range and the measured center filed strength. Other inputs include magnet system geometry constraints as well as shimming constraints. The shimming constraints include the physical limitations on each type of potential shim and placement of the shims within the magnet. For example, for active shims, constraints may include the maximum or minimum acceptable current that may be applied to the shim coils or the maximum permanent magnetic material of proper polarity in each predetermined locations to control field contributions. In another example, mass constraints may be input for passive shims such as iron cores. As will be described in greater detail below, these constraints are utilized by a shimming algorithm to determine shim placement, type of shim, and amount of shim at any particular location. 
   One technique, which is carried out by one or more computers, begins with the reception of system and shim constraints input. From the system and shim constraints, an objective function is formulated. The objective function, which may take one of many forms, is defined to determine a minimum amount of shimming required throughout the magnet assembly such that the desired center field strength is achieved or, if applicable during a field maintenance procedure, is maintained. 
   From the constraints relative to the objective function, an ideal solution is determined. The ideal solution sets forth the amount of shimming required at a number of locations or target points within the magnet assembly. However, it is necessary to take into consideration that the amount of shimming identified at each location may not be precisely possible. For example, iron shims are fabricated with varying degrees of mass. As such, there may not be an iron shim having the exact particular shim value identified as “ideal”. Therefore, it is necessary to discretize the ideal solution at to address variations between the “ideal” shim values and the shim values that are available. From the discretizing process, shim locations and shim amounts are output. 
   As noted above, the shimming algorithm may utilize one of a number of objective functions designed to address field inhomogeneities and field strength simultaneously. For example, a Linear Programming (LP) approach or implementation may be used or a least squares method. In one LP approach, the objective function may be defined as:
 
Minimize  Obj=ΣVi ( Ii+−Ii −)+Σ Wj*Yj   (Eqn. 1).
 
   limited or subjected to the following constraints:
 
− I   max   ≦I   i   − ≦0  (Eqn. 2);
 
0≦ I   i   +   ≦I   max   (Eqn. 3);
 
 Y   L   ≦Yj≦Y   U   (Eqn. 4);
 
 B   L   ≦AX≦B   U   (Eqn. 5);
 
   Where Ii−, Ii+ are state variables for active abinis, such as resistive, superconducting or permanent magnet shims. For shimming coils, these are the amount of currents of appropriate sign required in the coil. For permanent magnet shims, these are the amounts of permanent magnet material of the appropriate polarity. Yj is the state variables for passive shims. These are the amount of passive shims placed at each location. V 1  is the weighting factors for the active shims. W j  is the weighting factors for the passive shims. A is a shim strength matrix of the active and passive at each shim location, either in terms of field contributions to each shimming points or in terms of spherical harmonics including the B0 contribution. X is a vector of all the state variables. B L  and B U  are the constraint lower and upper bound vectors, in terms of field (Gauss, Tesla) or harmonics (ppm). These are the actual constraints that define the desired center field strength. It should be noted that Eqn. 5 may be characterized as |AX-B target |≦ε where B target  is the target field or harmonics, and ε is the allowable tolerance vector. 
     FIG. 4  illustrates a plurality of sets of magnet blocks  18  mounted to yoke  12 . One set includes magnetic blocks  18  numbered  32 , another set includes magnetic blocks  18  numbered  34 , and another set includes magnetic blocks  18  numbered  36 . Still another set includes magnetic blocks  18  numbered  38 , while another set of magnetic blocks  18  includes blocks numbered  40  in FIG.  4 . In an exemplary embodiment, blocks  32  and  34  are half blocks in that they are approximately one-half the size of all other blocks  18 . 
   In use, central assembly  30  is disposed on yoke  12  and the center magnetic field is measured. In an exemplary embodiment, the center magnetic field is measured such as with a Tesla meter or Gauss meter. The measured value is compared against a desired value and a set of blocks is disposed on yoke  12  at a periphery of central assembly  30 . Accordingly, different MRI systems have substantially the same center magnetic field strength but with different configurations of magnetic blocks to account for manufacturing differences between various blocks  18 . Also, a single MRI can have different block configurations for a top yoke  50  and a bottom yoke  52  (Shown in  FIG. 1 ) to adjust the center magnetic field. Note that the use of half block and full block additions to central assembly  30  are typically made during an initial fabrication of MRI system  10 , while B0 shimming and magnetic block temperature regulation as explained above are typically employed in the field or in the factory after finishing magnet assembly to recalibrate the center magnetic field and field homogeneity, but the effects are cumulative and can be employed together in all permutations of combinations. Using half blocks  32  and  34 , the center magnetic field is alterable by about 1 percent stronger or weaker. Using three sets of blocks  36 ,  38 , and  40 , the center magnetic field is alterable by about 3.5 percent stronger or weaker. 
   The herein described methods and apparatus provide a novel approach to changing the center magnetic field. The herein described methods and apparatus also provide methods and apparatus useable during an assembly of an MRI system and after assembly. 
   Exemplary embodiments of methods and apparatus for changing the center magnetic field are described above in detail. The methods and apparatus are not limited to the specific embodiments described herein, but rather, components of each method and apparatus may be utilized independently and separately from other components described herein. In addition, each method and apparatus component can also be used in combination with other components described herein. 
   While the invention has been described in terms of various specific embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the claims.