Abstract:
An EMI feedthrough filter terminal assembly includes a capacitor having first and second sets of electrode plates, a first passageway having a first termination surface coupling the first set of electrode plates, a second passageway having a second termination surface coupling the second set of electrode plates, and a third termination surface exteriorly coupling the second set of electrode plates. A ferrule is adjacent to the capacitor and includes an oxide resistant biostable conductive pad, i.e., a noble metal pad, on a surface thereof coupled to the third termination surface. A conductive terminal pin extends through the first passageway in conductive relation with the first set of electrode plates. A conductive ground lead extends through the second passageway in conductive relation with the second set of electrode plates. An insulator is fixed to the ferrule for supporting the terminal pin in conductive isolation from the ferrule.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]    This application claims priority from Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/360,642, filed Feb. 28, 2002. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    This invention relates generally to feedthrough capacitor terminal pin subassemblies and related methods of construction, particularly of the type used in implantable medical devices such as cardiac pacemakers and the like, to decouple and shield undesirable electromagnetic interference (EMI) signals from the device. More specifically, this invention relates to an EMI feedthrough filter terminal assembly having a surface mounted, internally grounded hybrid capacitor.  
           [0003]    Moreover, this invention relates to a method of providing a conductive coating on the flanges of human implantable hermetic seals for reliable EMI filter attachment, and a method of electrical connection of the feedthrough capacitor to the feedthrough lead wires at the hermetic gold braze. This invention is particularly designed for use in cardiac pacemakers (bradycardia devices), cardioverter defibrillators (tachycardia), neuro-stimulators, internal drug pumps, cochlear implants and other medical implant applications. This invention is also applicable to a wide range of other EMI filter applications, such as military or space electronic modules, where it is desirable to preclude the entry of EMI into a hermetically sealed housing containing sensitive electronic circuitry.  
           [0004]    Feedthrough terminal pin assemblies are generally well known in the art for connecting electrical signals through the housing or case of an electronic instrument. For example, in implantable medical devices such as cardiac pacemakers, defibrillators or the like, the terminal pin assembly comprises one or more conductive terminal pins supported by an insulator structure for feedthrough passage from the exterior to the interior of the medical device. Many different insulator structures and related mounting methods are known in the art for use in medical devices wherein the insulator structure provides a hermetic seal to prevent entry of body fluids into the housing of the medical device. However, the feedthrough terminal pins are typically connected to one or more lead wires which effectively act as an antenna and thus tend to collect stray EMI signals for transmission into the interior of the medical device. In the prior art devices, the hermetic terminal pin subassembly has been combined in various ways with a ceramic feedthrough filter capacitor to decouple interference signals to the housing of the medical device.  
           [0005]    In a typical prior art unipolar construction (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,333,095), a round/discoidal (or rectangular) ceramic feedthrough filter capacitor is combined with a hermetic terminal pin assembly to suppress and decouple undesired interference or noise transmission along a terminal pin. FIGS.  1 - 6  illustrate an exemplary prior art feedthrough filter capacitor  100  and its associated hermetic terminal  102 . The feedthrough filter capacitor  100  comprises a unitized dielectric structure or ceramic-based monolith  104  having multiple capacitor-forming conductive electrode plates formed therein. These electrode plates include a plurality of spaced-apart layers of first or “active” electrode plates  106 , and a plurality of spaced-apart layers of second or “ground” electrode plates  108  in stacked relation alternating or interleaved with the layers of “active” electrode plates  106 . The active electrode plates  106  are conductively coupled to a surface metallization layer  110  lining a bore  112  extending axially through the feedthrough filter capacitor  100 . The ground electrode plates  108  include outer perimeter edges which are exposed at the outer periphery of the capacitor  100  where they are electrically connected in parallel by a suitable conductive surface such as a surface metallization layer  114 . The outer edges of the active electrode plates  106  terminate in spaced relation with the outer periphery of the capacitor body, whereby the active electrode plates are electrically isolated by the capacitor body  104  from the conductive layer  114  that is coupled to the ground electrode plates  108 . Similarly, the ground electrode plates  108  have inner edges which terminate in spaced relation with the terminal pin bore  112 , whereby the ground electrode plates are electrically isolated by the capacitor body  104  from a terminal pin  116  and the conductive layer  110  lining the bore  112 . The number of active and ground electrode plates  106  and  108 , together with the dielectric thickness or spacing therebetween, may vary in accordance with the desired capacitance value and voltage rating of the feedthrough filter capacitor  100 .  
           [0006]    The feedthrough filter capacitor  100  and terminal pin  116  is assembled to the hermetic terminal  102  as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. In the exemplary drawings, the hermetic terminal includes a ferrule  118  which comprises a generally ring-shaped structure formed from a suitable biocompatible conductive material, such as titanium or a titanium alloy, and is shaped to define a central aperture  120  and a ring-shaped, radially outwardly opening channel  122  for facilitated assembly with a test fixture (not shown) for hermetic seal testing, and also for facilitated assembly with the housing (also not shown) on an implantable medical device or the like. An insulating structure  124  is positioned within the central aperture  120  to prevent passage of fluid such as patient body fluids, through the feedthrough filter assembly during normal use implanted within the body of a patient. More specifically, the hermetic seal comprises an electrically insulating or dielectric structure  124  such as a gold-brazed alumina or fused glass type or ceramic-based insulator installed within the ferrule central aperture  120 . The insulating structure  124  is positioned relative to an adjacent axial side of the feedthrough filter capacitor  100  and cooperates therewith to define a short axial gap  126  therebetween. This axial gap  126  forms a portion of a leak detection vent and facilitates leak detection. The insulating structure  124  thus defines an inboard face presented in a direction axially toward the adjacent capacitor body  104  and an opposite outboard face presented in a direction axially away from the capacitor body. The insulating structure  124  desirably forms a fluid-tight seal about the inner diameter surface of the conductive ferrule  118 , and also forms a fluid-tight seal about the terminal pin  116  thereby forming a hermetic seal suitable for human implant. Such fluid impermeable seals are formed by inner and outer braze seals or the like  128  and  130 . The insulating structure  124  thus prevents fluid migration or leakage through the ferrule  118  along any of the structural interfaces between components mounted within the ferrule, while electrically isolating the terminal pin  116  from the ferrule  118 .  
           [0007]    The feedthrough filter capacitor  100  is mechanically and conductively attached to the conductive ferrule  118  by means of peripheral material  132  which conductively couple the outer metallization layer  114  to a surface of the ferrule  118  while maintaining an axial gap  126  between a facing surface of the capacitor body  104 , on the one hand, and surfaces of the insulating structure  124  and ferrule  118 , on the other. The axial gap  126  must be small to preclude leakage of EMI. The outside diameter connection between the capacitor  100  and the hermetic terminal ferrule  118  is accomplished typically using a high temperature conductive thermal-setting material such as a conductive polyimide. It will also be noted in FIG. 5 that the peripheral support material  132  is preferably discontinuous to reduce mechanical stress and also allow for passage of helium during hermetic seal testing of the complete assembly. In other words, there are substantial gaps between the supports  132  which allow for the passage of helium during a leak detection test.  
           [0008]    In operation, the coaxial capacitor  100  permits passage of relatively low frequency electrical signals along the terminal pin  116 , while shielding and decoupling/attenuating undesired interference signals of typically high frequency to the conductive housing. Feedthrough capacitors of this general type are available in unipolar (one), bipolar (two), tripolar (three), quadpolar (four), pentapolar (five), hexpolar (six) and additional lead configurations. The feedthrough capacitors (in both discoidal and rectangular configurations) of this general type are commonly employed in implantable cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators and the like, wherein the pacemaker housing is constructed from a biocompatible metal, such as titanium alloy which is electrically and mechanically coupled to the hermetic terminal pin assembly which in turn is electrically coupled to the feedthrough filter capacitor. As a result, the filter capacitor and terminal pin assembly prevents entrance of interference signals to the interior of the pacemaker housing, wherein such interference signals could otherwise adversely affect the desired cardiac pacing or defibrillation function.  
           [0009]    It is well known in the art that titanium has a tendency to form oxides, particularly at high temperature. Titanium oxide (or trioxide) is typical of the oxides that form on the surfaces of titanium. Titanium oxide is very rugged and very stable and in fact is often used as a pigment in paints due to its long-term stability. It is also an insulator or semiconductor.  
           [0010]    In the prior art, the attachment between the capacitor outside diameter metallization  114  and the titanium ferrule  118  is accomplished using a thermalsetting conductive adhesive  132 , such as a conductive polyimide. Ablestick Corporation manufactures such polyimide compounds. If the oxide layer  134  builds up sufficiently in thickness, this can form an insulative surface which can preclude the proper operation of the feedthrough capacitor  100  as an effective electromagnetic interference filter. It is essential that the capacitor ground electrode plates  108  have a very low resistance and low impedance connection at RF frequencies. This is essential so that it can perform as a proper high frequency bypass element (transmission line) which will short out undesirable electromagnetic interference such as that caused by cellular telephones and other emitters. If the oxide layer  134  is very thin, it creates only a few milliohms of extra resistance. However, recent measurements indicate that a thicker oxide layer can create resistance (measured at 10 MHz) ranging from 750 milliohms to over 30 ohms.  
           [0011]    In the past, this oxide layer  134  was very difficult to detect with conventional measuring instruments. Agilent Technologies has recently produced a new piece of equipment known as the E4991A Materials Analyzer. This materials analyzer has the capability to measure equivalent series resistance and other properties of capacitors at very high frequency.  
           [0012]    Some background in dielectric theory is required to understand the importance of this. FIG. 7 is the schematic representation for an ideal capacitor C, which does not actually exist. In this regard, all capacitors have varying degrees of undesirable resistance and inductance. This is explained in more detail in “A Capacitor&#39;s Inductance,” Capacitor and Resistor Technology Symposium (CARTS-Europe), Lisbon, Portugal, Oct. 19-22, 1999, the contents of which are incorporated herein.  
           [0013]    [0013]FIG. 8 is a simplified equivalent circuit model of the capacitor. For the purposes of these discussions, the IR can be ignored as it is in the millions of ohms and does not significantly contribute to the capacitor equivalent series resistance (ESR). IR also has negligible effect on capacitor high frequency performance. The inductance (ESL) can also be ignored because inductive reactance for monolithic ceramic capacitors is very low at low frequencies. Inductance for a feedthrough capacitor is very low and can be thought of as negligible at high frequencies. Accordingly, the capacitor ESR is the sum of the dielectric loss, the ohmic losses and any losses due to skin effect. However, at low frequency, skin effect is negligible.  
           [0014]    Therefore, a good low frequency model for capacitor ESR is as shown in FIG. 9. At low frequency, the capacitor ESR is simply the sum of the capacitor&#39;s ohmic and dielectric losses.  
           [0015]    [0015]FIG. 10 illustrates a normalized curve which shows the capacitor equivalent series resistance (ESR) on the Y axis versus frequency on the X axis. This curve has been highly compressed into a U shape so that all of the important points can be illustrated on one graph. However, one should imagine FIG. 10 stretched out along its X axis by many times to get the true picture. The important point here is the dielectric loss is also known as the dielectric loss tangent. The dielectric material that is used to build the monolithic ceramic capacitor is in itself capable of producing real loss (resistance) which varies with frequency. The dielectric resistance is very high at low frequency and drops to zero at high frequency. This effect can be thought of as oscillations in the crystal structure that produce heat or changes in electronic or electron spin orbits that also produce heat. No matter which dielectric model one uses, this dielectric loss can be very significant at low frequency. In the EMI filter capacitor that&#39;s typically used in cardiac pacemakers and implantable defibrillators, a capacitance value of around 4000 picofarads is typical. Typical values of dielectric loss would be around 4000 ohms at 1 kHz, around 6 to 12 ohms at 1 MHz, and only a few milliohms at 10 MHz. This clearly indicates that as one goes up in frequency the dielectric loss tends to disappear.  
           [0016]    Since the 1960s it has been a common practice in the capacitor industry to measure capacitance and dissipation factor at 1 kHz. The dissipation factor is usually defined as a percentage, for example, 2.5% maximum. What this means is that the dielectric loss resistance can be no more than 2.5% of the capacitive reactance at a certain frequency (usually 1 kHz). For example, if the capacitive reactance for a particular capacitor was 80,000 ohms at 1 kHz with a 2% dissipation factor this would equate to 1600 ohms of resistance at 1 kHz. FIG. 10 also illustrates that the dielectric loss essentially goes to zero at high frequency. For typical high dielectric constant monolithic ceramic capacitors, anything above 10-20 MHz will be sufficiently high in frequency so that the dielectric loss is no longer a factor in the capacitor ESR measurement. FIG. 10 also has superimposed on it another curve representing conductor ohmic loss which in a monolithic ceramic feedthrough capacitor is typically on the order of 0.25 ohms to 0.75 ohms. It should be pointed out that values of equivalent series resistance presented herein relate to only one illustrative example. In actual fact, the ESR of the capacitor varies with the capacitance value, the number of electrode plates, and the length and width of the electrode plates. Accordingly, a wide range of “normal” ESR readings can be obtained for many types of capacitors. For one particular capacitor a normal ESR reading might be 0.05 ohms and for another design as much as 10 ohms. The important thing is that the ESR reading and the lot population represent oxide free connections that are very homogenous and the readings are stable across the lot population.  
           [0017]    It is also possible to detect those parts in a manufacturing lot population that for one reason or another have an abnormally high resistance reading. This can be done at  1  MHz by very tightly controlling the maximum allowable ESR. This is being done in the presence of relatively high dielectric loss. However, by holding a very tight screening limit it is still possible to detect such out of population part. This measurement is, of course, easier to do at 10 MHz, but also quite practical at 1 MHz.  
           [0018]    The conductor ohmic losses come from all of the feedthrough capacitor conductor materials and connections. That would include the lead wire or circuit trace itself, the electrical connection between the lead wire and the capacitor metallization, which might be solder or a thermalsetting conductive adhesive, the interface between the capacitor metallization and the internal electrode plates, the connection from the capacitor ground metallization to a ferrule, and the bulk resistance of the electrode plates themselves. Conductor ohmic loss does not vary with frequency until skin effect comes into play. Skin effect is also shown on FIG. 10 and one can see that the resistance starts to climb at the higher frequencies. For physically small MLC chips and feedthrough capacitors, skin effect does not really play a role until one gets to very high frequencies, for example, above 200 MHz.  
           [0019]    [0019]FIG. 11 is a more detailed illustration of the dielectric loss shown by itself. At very low frequency the dielectric loss in ohms is quite high and as frequency increases, one can see that dielectric loss tends to go to zero. On this scale, the conductor ohmic losses, which are shown as metal loss, can hardly be detected (these are only a few milliohms in this case).  
           [0020]    As previously mentioned, titanium oxide (or niobium or tantalum oxides) can vary in resistance from a few milliohms all the way up to 10 or even 30 ohms. A recently discovered problem is that when one makes measurements at 1 kHz it is impossible to see the effects of these oxides because they are hidden by the dielectric loss tangent, which can be as high as 4000 ohms or more by itself. Trying to find a resistance that has increased from 0.25 ohms for a titanium surface that is free of oxide up to 2 ohms is literally impossible in the presence of 4000 ohms of dielectric loss. The reason for this is that the dielectric loss can vary slightly from part to part (typically plus or minus 20 percent). Therefore, when one is making measurements on a manufacturing lot of ceramic EMI feedthrough capacitors for medical implant applications, the part to part variation at 1 kHz can be as much as 100 ohms due to dielectric loss tangent variation alone. Therefore, it becomes quite impossible to detect the presence of this undesirable oxide layer on the titanium surface. However, the recently introduced Agilent equipment is capable of making dielectric equivalent series resistance measurements at 10 MHz and above. This is a high enough frequency to get rid of the dielectric loss so that one can see the ohmic loss by itself (without being hidden under the dielectric loss).  
           [0021]    [0021]FIG. 12 is a sweep from the Agilent E4991A RF Impedance—Materials Analyzer. Curve  136  illustrates the capacitor equivalent series resistance vs. frequency. The presence of these oxides can reduce EMI filter performance by as much as 20 dB. Stated another way, this could reduce EMI filtering effectiveness by a ratio of 10 to 1 or more. This is highly undesirable in an implantable medical device given the previous documented clinical interactions between cellular telephones and pacemakers. For example, it has been shown that cellular telephone interference can completely inhibit a pacemaker or cause it to go into asynchronous tracking or other undesirable behavior. This can be very dangerous even life threatening for a pacemaker-dependent patient. Further compounding this concern is the recent introduction throughout the marketplace of cellular telephone amplifiers.  
           [0022]    One example of this is in the off shore marine boating environment. Until recently maritime communications were primarily limited to the VHF radio. However, many boaters are now relying on cellular telephones for their communication. Accordingly, a number of companies have introduced cellular telephone amplifiers which boost cellular telephone output from 0.6 watts maximum to 3 watts. In addition, high gain marine antennas are being manufactured which can be anywhere from 4 to 8 feet long. These provide an additional 9 dB of gain in the extreme case. Passengers on these boats are being subjected to much higher field intensities than were previously contemplated by the FDA.  
           [0023]    Another area where cellular telephone amplifiers are becoming increasingly popular is for wireless Internet connections for lap top computers. It is now possible to buy small black box devices that plug into the wall and also plug into the cellular telephone. These devices then plug into the lap top computer. This boosts the cellular telephone output to 3 watts and also provides a high gain antenna all of which sit on a desk top right in front of the operator. There are also remote credit card scanning devices that operate under similar principles. In short, the public is increasingly being exposed to higher levels of electromagnetic fields.  
           [0024]    Accordingly, there is an urgent and present need for EMI filtered terminals for implantable medical devices that will not only maintain their present performance (by not degrading in the presence of oxides) but also increase in their performance. Co-bonded ferrite slabs are being contemplated in order to further increase filter performance in conjunction with the principles outlined here. This will allow future capacitor connections with very low ESR and very low potential for oxidation at attachment points. In addition, the additional ferrite slab will change it from a single element EMI filter to a double EMI filter (L filter). Accordingly, increased performance at cellular phone frequencies offered thereby providing complete immunity to the aforementioned new signal amplifiers. Returning to FIG. 12 one can see from the resistance curve  136  that at the far left hand side of the sweep ( 1 ) at 1 MHz, the resistance is approximately 6 ohms. This means that there is a significant, but small amount of dielectric loss tangents still present at 1 MHz (the dielectric loss tangent at 1 kHz is 1800 ohms). However, when one goes up to marker ( 2 ), which is at 10 MHz, we&#39;re at a point where the dielectric loss tangent has all but disappeared. At this point, we are primarily seeing the true ohmic losses of the device. The device measured in FIG. 12 has no titanium oxide build-up. Accordingly, at marker ( 2 ) we have a very low resistance measurement of 234.795 milliohms (0.234 ohms).  
           [0025]    [0025]FIG. 13 is the same as the sweep in FIG. 12 except this is taken from a part that has a substantial amount of undesirable titanium oxide build-up. Curve  136  illustrates that at marker ( 2 ) there is 23.2529 ohms of resistance present. FIG. 13 clearly illustrates that there is enough titanium oxide build-up to create 23.2529 ohms of series resistance at 10 MHz (a normal reading is 0.234 ohms for this particular capacitor). This is highly undesirable because it will preclude the proper operation of an EMI filter at this frequency and frequencies above.  
           [0026]    FIGS.  14 - 19  illustrate a prior art rectangular bipolar feedthrough capacitor (planar array)  200  mounted to the hermetic terminal  202  of a cardiac pacemaker in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 5,333,095. Functionally equivalent parts shown in this embodiment relative to the structure of FIGS.  1 - 6  will bear the same reference number, increased by  100 .  
           [0027]    As illustrated in FIGS.  14 - 19 , in a typical broadband or low pass EMI filter construction, a ceramic feedthrough filter capacitor,  200  is used in a feedthrough assembly to suppress and decouple undesired interference or noise transmission along one or more terminal pins  216 , and may comprise a capacitor having two sets of electrode plates  206  and  208  embedded in spaced relation within an insulative dielectric substrate or base  204 , formed typically as a ceramic monolithic structure. One set of the electrode plates  206  is electrically connected at an inner diameter cylindrical surface of the capacitor structure  200  to the conductive terminal pins  216  utilized to pass the desired electrical signal or signals (see FIG. 16). The other or second set of electrode plates  208  is coupled at an outer edge surface of the capacitor  200  to a rectangular ferrule  218  of conductive material (see FIG. 18). The number and dielectric thickness spacing of the electrode plate sets varies in accordance with the capacitance value and the voltage rating of the capacitor  200 .  
           [0028]    In operation, the coaxial capacitor  200  permits passage of relatively low frequency electrical signals along the terminal pins  216 , while shielding and decoupling/attenuating undesired interference signals of typically high frequency to the conductive housing. Feedthrough capacitors  200  of this general type are available in unipolar (one), bipolar (two), tripolar (three), quadpolar (four), pentapolar (five), hexpolar (6) and additional lead configurations. Feedthrough capacitors  200  (in both discoidal and rectangular configurations) of this general type are commonly employed in implantable cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators and the like, wherein the pacemaker housing is constructed from a biocompatible metal such as titanium alloy, which is electrically and mechanically coupled to the hermetic terminal pin assembly which is in turn electrically coupled to the coaxial feedthrough filter capacitor. As a result, the filter capacitor and terminal pin assembly prevents entrance of interference signals to the interior of the pacemaker housing, wherein such interference signals could otherwise adversely affect the desired cardiac pacing or defibrillation function.  
           [0029]    [0029]FIG. 15 illustrates an unfiltered hermetic terminal  202  typical of that used in medical implant applications. The ferrule  218  is typically made of titanium or other biocompatible material. An alumina insulator  224  or other insulative material such as glass or the like, is used to electrically isolate the leads  216  from the conductive ferrule while at the same time providing a hermetic seal against body fluids. In the case of an alumina insulator, the lead wires or leads  216  are installed into the insulating material  224  typically by gold brazing. A gold braze is also formed between the alumina  224  and the ferrule  218 . In some applications, this can also be done with sealing glass so that the gold brazes are not required. The reference numbers  228  and  230 , on the one hand, and  228 ′ and  230 ′, on the other (FIG. 19), show gold brazes in two alternate locations that are used to form the hermetic seal between the titanium ferrule  218  and the alumina insulator  224 .  
           [0030]    [0030]FIG. 18 illustrates the capacitor  200  mounted to the hermetic terminal  202  of FIG. 15. The attachment  232  between the capacitor ground metallization  214  and the titanium ferrule  218  is typically done with a conductive thermalsetting polymer, such as conductive polyimide or the like. It is also required that an electrical/mechanical connection be made between the capacitor inside diameter holes  212  and the four lead wires  216 . This is shown at  244  and can be accomplished with a thermalsetting conductive adhesive, solder, welding, brazing or the like.  
           [0031]    [0031]FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of the capacitor assembly of FIG. 18, which is typical of prior art capacitors shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,333,095 and related patents. In FIG. 19, one can see the undesirable oxide layer  234 . This oxide layer can actually coat all surfaces of the titanium ferrule (for simplicity, it is only shown on FIG. 19 in the area where the conductive polyimide attachment  232  is made to the capacitor ground termination  214 ). The thermalsetting conductive material  232  connects between the capacitor ground metallization  214  and the ferrule  218 . However, if there is an insulative titanium oxide layer  234  as shown, this can preclude the proper operation of the feedthrough capacitor  200  as previously mentioned.  
           [0032]    From the foregoing it is seen that titanium housings, casings and ferrules for hermetic seals are commonly used in the medical implant industry. Pacemakers, implantable defibrillators, cochlear implants and the like, all have ferrules or housings made of titanium. All of the aforementioned devices are also subject to electromagnetic interference (EMI) from emitters that are commonly found in the patient environment. These include cell phones, microwave ovens and the like. There are a number of prior art patents which describe EMI feedthrough filters which make the implantable devices immune to the effects of EMI.  
           [0033]    The presence of oxides of titanium can preclude the proper performance of monolithic ceramic EMI feedthrough filters. The titanium oxides that form during manufacturing processes or handling form a resistive layer, which shows up at high frequency. High frequency impedance analyzer plots of resistance vs frequency illustrate that this effect is particularly prominent above 10 MHz. There is a significant need, therefore, for a novel method of providing a conductive coating on the ferrules of human implantable hermetic seals for reliable EMI filter attachment. Further, there is a need for a novel method of electrical connection of feedthrough capacitor lead wire inside diameter termination directly to the gold termination or other similarly capable material of hermetic seals and corresponding lead wire(s). The present invention fulfills these needs and provides other related advantages.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0034]    The present invention resides in an EMI feedthrough filter terminal assembly. Broadly, the EMI feedthrough filter terminal assembly comprises a feedthrough filter capacitor, a conductive ferrule adjacent to the feedthrough filter capacitor, at least one conductive terminal pin and at least one conductive ground lead.  
           [0035]    More particularly, the feedthrough filter capacitor has first and second sets of electrode plates, a first passageway therethrough having a first termination surface conductively coupling the first set of electrode plates, a second passageway therethrough having a second termination surface conductively coupling the second set of electrode plates, and a third termination surface exteriorly conductively coupling the second set of electrode plates. The conductive ferrule includes an oxide resistant biostable conductive pad on a surface thereof which is conductively coupled to the third termination surface. The conductive terminal pin extends through the first passageway in conductive relation with the first set of electrode plates, and through the ferrule in non-conductive relation.  
           [0036]    The conductive ground lead extends through the second passageway in conductive relation with the second set of electrode plates.  
           [0037]    In illustrated embodiments, the ground lead may extend through the ferrule in conductive relation. Means are also provided for hermetically sealing passage of the terminal pin through the ferrule. Further, means are provided for hermetically sealing passage of the ground lead through the ferrule. Typically, an insulator is fixed to the ferrule for supporting the terminal pin in conductive isolation from the ferrule. The ground lead, the ferrule and the insulator comprise a pre-fabricated hermetic terminal pin sub-assembly.  
           [0038]    The hermetic seal between the insulator and the ferrule is comprised of an oxide resistant biostable material. The hermetic seal also forms the conductive pad on the surface of the ferrule. A conductive connector extends between the third termination surface and the conductive pad. The conductive pad comprises a noble metal taken from the group consisting of gold, platinum, and oxide resistant alloys thereof.  
           [0039]    The conductive connector is taken from the group consisting of conductive polyimide or solder.  
           [0040]    The third termination surface may comprise a plurality of third termination surfaces. In such case, the ferrule includes a corresponding plurality of conductive pads which are conductively coupled to the plurality of third termination surfaces. Moreover, the first passageway through the feedthrough filter capacitor may comprise a plurality of first passageways each having a distinct first termination surface conductively coupled to a distinct first set of electrode plates. In this case, the at least one terminal pin comprises a terminal pin extending through each of the plurality of first passageways.  
           [0041]    An insulative washer is disposed between the feedthrough filter capacitor and the conductive ferrule. The insulative washer comprises a thermal plastic polyimide supported tape, such as Ableloc.  
           [0042]    The terminal assembly shown herein is specifically constructed for medical implant applications. Such medical implant applications include cardiac pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators, cochlear implants, neuro-stimulators, internal drug pumps, bone growth stimulators, artificial organs, artificial hearts, hearing assist stimulators, artificial limbs, artificial eyes, muscle actuators, and deep brain stimulators for seizure control, pain management and gene therapy.  
           [0043]    Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following more detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0044]    The accompanying drawings illustrate the invention. In such drawings:  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 1 is a top and side perspective view of a typical unipolar ceramic discoidal feedthrough capacitor;  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional view taken generally along the line  2 - 2  of FIG. 1;  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 3 is a horizontal section taken along the line  3 - 3  of FIG. 2, illustrating the configuration of the ground electrode plates within the capacitor;  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 4 is a horizontal section taken generally along the line  4 - 4  of FIG. 2, illustrating the configuration of the active electrode plates within the capacitor;  
         [0049]    [0049]FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the capacitor of FIGS.  1 - 4 , mounted to a typical hermetic terminal;  
         [0050]    [0050]FIG. 6 is an enlarged sectional view taken generally along the line  6 - 6  of FIG. 5;  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of an ideal capacitor;  
         [0052]    [0052]FIG. 8 is a simplified equivalent circuit model for a real capacitor;  
         [0053]    [0053]FIG. 9 is a schematic illustrating a low frequency model for capacitor ESR;  
         [0054]    [0054]FIG. 10 is a graph illustrating normalized curves which show the capacitor equivalent series resistance (ESR) on the y axis, versus frequency on the x axis;  
         [0055]    [0055]FIG. 11 is a graph illustrating dielectric loss versus frequency;  
         [0056]    [0056]FIG. 12 is a graph illustrating capacitor equivalent series resistance versus frequency as illustrated in a sweep from an Agilent E4991A materials analyzer;  
         [0057]    [0057]FIG. 13 is a graph similar to that shown in FIG. 12, illustrating the resistance in a feedthrough filter capacitor assembly when a substantial amount of titanium oxide is present on the ferrule;  
         [0058]    [0058]FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a rectangular broadband or low pass EMI filter capacitor;  
         [0059]    [0059]FIG. 15 is a perspective view of a prior art unfiltered hermetic terminal typical of that used in medical applications;  
         [0060]    [0060]FIG. 16 is a horizontal section taken generally along the line  16 - 16  of FIG. 14, illustrating the configuration of active electrode plates within the capacitor;  
         [0061]    [0061]FIG. 17 is a horizontal section taken generally along the lines  17 - 17  of FIG. 14, illustrating the configuration of a set of ground electrode plates within the capacitor;  
         [0062]    [0062]FIG. 18 illustrates the capacitor of FIG. 14 mounted to the hermetic terminal of FIG. 15;  
         [0063]    [0063]FIG. 19 is an enlarged sectional view taken generally along the line  19 - 19  of FIG. 18;  
         [0064]    [0064]FIG. 20 is a hermetic terminal similar to that illustrated in FIG. 15, but modified in accordance with features of the present invention;  
         [0065]    [0065]FIG. 21 is a perspective view similar to FIG. 18, illustrating a rectangular feedthrough capacitor mounted to the hermetic terminal of FIG. 20;  
         [0066]    [0066]FIG. 22 is an enlarged sectional view taken generally along the line  22 - 22  of FIG. 21;  
         [0067]    [0067]FIG. 23 is a perspective view of a surface mount round quadpolar feedthrough capacitor embodying the present invention;  
         [0068]    [0068]FIG. 24 is an enlarged sectional view taken generally along the line  24 - 24  of FIG. 23;  
         [0069]    [0069]FIG. 25 is a chart illustrating the mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyimide supported tape adhesive;  
         [0070]    [0070]FIG. 26 is a sectional view similar to FIG. 24, illustrating a prior art feedthrough filter capacitor terminal typical of that shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,424,551;  
         [0071]    [0071]FIG. 27 is a sectional view similar to FIGS. 24 and 26, illustrating an alternative embodiment of a prior art feedthrough filter capacitor terminal;  
         [0072]    [0072]FIG. 28 is a sectional view similar to FIGS. 26 and 27, and further illustrating application of the present invention;  
         [0073]    [0073]FIG. 29 is an enlarged view of the area indicated by the number  29  in FIG. 28;  
         [0074]    [0074]FIG. 30 is an enlarged view of the area indicated by the number  30  in FIG. 28;  
         [0075]    [0075]FIG. 31 is a perspective view of an internally grounded bipolar rectangular feedthrough capacitor as illustrated and described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,905,627;  
         [0076]    [0076]FIG. 32 is a perspective view of a hermetic terminal suitable for use with the internally grounded feedthrough capacitor of FIG. 31;  
         [0077]    [0077]FIG. 33 is a sectional view through the capacitor of FIG. 31, illustrating the active electrode plates;  
         [0078]    [0078]FIG. 34 is a sectional view similar to FIG. 33, illustrating the configuration of the ground electrode plates;  
         [0079]    [0079]FIG. 35 is a perspective view of the internally grounded bipolar feedthrough capacitor of FIG. 31 mounted to the hermetic feedthrough terminal of FIG. 32;  
         [0080]    [0080]FIG. 36 is a cross-sectional view taken generally along the line  36 - 36  of FIG. 35;  
         [0081]    [0081]FIG. 37 is a perspective view of a hybrid capacitor which has the characteristics of a conventional surface-mounted feedthrough capacitor and an internally grounded capacitor;  
         [0082]    [0082]FIG. 38 is a horizontal section through the capacitor of FIG. 37, illustrating the configuration of the ground electrode plates therein;  
         [0083]    [0083]FIG. 39 is a horizontal section similar to FIG. 38, illustrating the configuration of the active electrode plates therein;  
         [0084]    [0084]FIG. 40 is a perspective view of an hermetic terminal designed for use in connection with the capacitor illustrated in FIGS.  37 - 39 , the terminal including a titanium ferrule;  
         [0085]    [0085]FIG. 41 is a top plan view of the capacitor of FIG. 37 mounted to the hermetic terminal of FIG. 40;  
         [0086]    [0086]FIG. 42 is a sectional view taken generally along line  42 - 42  of FIG. 41;  
         [0087]    [0087]FIG. 43 is a sectional view similar to FIG. 42, illustrating a hybrid capacitor which has a centered ground pin and which is also grounded at its right and left ends to gold bond pads;  
         [0088]    [0088]FIG. 44 is an enlarged, perspective and partially exploded view of one of the terminal pins shown in FIG. 43;  
         [0089]    [0089]FIG. 45 is a sectional view similar to FIG. 43, illustrating an internally grounded hex polar capacitor and related hermetic terminal embodying the present invention;  
         [0090]    [0090]FIG. 46 is an enlarged perspective view of a terminal pin utilized in the structure of FIG. 45;  
         [0091]    FIGS.  47 A-C are an enlarged fragmented and sectional views of the area indicated by the line  47  in FIG. 45, illustrating three different embodiments of attachment of the lead wire;  
         [0092]    [0092]FIG. 48 is a sectional view similar to FIGS. 43 and 45, illustrating an externally grounded quadpolar device; and  
         [0093]    [0093]FIG. 49 is an enlarged fragmented view of the area  49  shown on FIG. 48. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0094]    Titanium housings, casings and ferrules for hermetic seals are commonly used in the medical implant industry. Pacemakers, implantable defibrillators, cochlear implants and the like, all have ferrules or housings made of titanium or titanium-ceramic composite structures. All of the aforementioned devices are also subject to electromagnetic interference (EMI) from emitters that are commonly found in the patient environment. These include cell phones, microwave ovens and the like. There are a number of prior art patents which describe EMI feedthrough filters which make the implantable devices immune to the effects of EMI.  
         [0095]    The inventors have noted that the presence of oxides of titanium can preclude the proper performance of monolithic ceramic EMI feedthrough filters. The titanium oxides that form during manufacturing processes or handling form a resistive layer. High frequency impedance analyzer plots of resistance vs frequency illustrate this effect is particularly prominent above 10 MHz. The novel invention as described herein deposits an oxide resistant conductive coating on the surface of the titanium to provide a resistively stable area to which the ground electrode plates of the feedthrough capacitor can be reliably and consistently attached. Attachments between the capacitor ground electrode plates are typically performed in the prior art by a conductive termination layer which is a part of the feedthrough capacitor, wherein the termination layer connects the ground electrode plates in parallel. The termination material as described in the prior art provides a convenient electrical and solderable connection to the capacitor ground electrode plates. The active electrode plates are similarly terminated at their inside diameter (feedthrough holes).  
         [0096]    The primary role of the EMI filter capacitor is to appear as a very low impedance at RF frequencies. The presence of resistance due to a titanium oxide in the capacitor connection undesirably raises its overall impedance. Oxides of titanium are additionally problematic in that they are not stable with time and temperature (they can continue to build-up). These oxides can preclude the proper filtering function of the capacitor. For example, the presence of 23.25 ohm titanium oxide(s) resistance overwhelms the impedance of the feedthrough capacitor, which generally measures less than 600 milliohms at the HF frequency band. This means that the feedthrough capacitor is no longer an effective EMI filter.  
         [0097]    The reason that EMI filters are placed at the point of lead ingress in implantable medical devices such as cardiac pacemakers, implantable defibrillators and the like, is to be sure that the implanted electronic device will continue to operate properly in the presence of electromagnetic fields. A notorious example is the microwave oven. It wasn&#39;t that many years ago that a number of serious interactions were documented between microwave ovens and cardiac pacemakers and warning signs appeared in stores and other places that were using such devices. The titanium housing that encompasses modern implantable devices largely precludes problems from microwave ovens along with effective EMI filters. Another notable example is the cellular telephone (and other hand held wireless communication devices). Extensive testing by the FDA, by Mount Sinai Medical Center, by Oklahoma University, the Mayo Clinic and other institutions has documented serious interactions between cellular telephones and cardiac pacemakers and implantable defibrillators. In implantable defibrillators, inappropriate therapy delivery has been documented. This means that the defibrillator delivers a painfully high voltage shock where it is not necessary to cardiovert the heart. In this case the implantable defibrillator has confused electromagnetic interference with a chaotic ventricular rhythm. EMI filters that properly decouple these signals provide the degree of patient safety that is required. However, if the filter performance degrades in the presence of the oxides as mentioned, then the patient is clearly at risk. This means that the elimination of these oxides is essential to eliminate a serious public safety concern.  
         [0098]    The connection between the capacitor ground termination and the titanium ferrule is typically done using a thermalsetting conductive material such as a conductive polyimide material or the like. The reason for this is that titanium is not solderable. The use of conductive thermalsetting materials to make this connection is well known in the art.  
         [0099]    The novel conductive coating of the titanium ferrule of the hermetic seal as described herein is accomplished in one of a variety of ways:  
         [0100]    1. Deposition of gold braze material in selected areas of the flange that line up with the capacitor ground electrode terminations. Accordingly, electrical connection between capacitor termination and the gold braze material can still be accomplished as described in the prior art using the conductive polyimide. A novel feature of the invention is that said connection is now achievable with conventional soldering processes.  
         [0101]    2. Physical vapor deposition, e.g. sputtering of various materials such as gold or platinum, and various other conductively joinable materials onto the titanium surface.  
         [0102]    3. Selected electroplating of gold, platinum, or other materials on the titanium flange for the purposes of facilitating the capacitor ground electrode connection.  
         [0103]    4. Plasma arc deposition  
         [0104]    5. Ion beam  
         [0105]    6. Chemical vapor deposition  
         [0106]    7. Laser ablation  
         [0107]    8. Or any other deposition method that will achieve the end result described.  
         [0108]    It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the techniques described herein are also applicable to other hermetic seal ferrule materials like niobium, tantalum, and the like. The present invention is also applicable to a variety of other hermetic seal applications as used in oil well logging, aerospace, military and other applications.  
         [0109]    A related invention is also shown in the accompanying drawings. This is the unique capability of connecting directly between the lead wire and the gold braze. This is of great advantage for lead materials that form heavy oxide layers, are non-solderable, or both. For biomedical applications, this allows the use of titanium, niobium, tantalum and other lead materials which are much less expensive than the current platinum or platinum-iridium leads.  
         [0110]    In the following description, elements of the feedthrough filter capacitor assemblies described herein which are functionally equivalent to one another and to the feedthrough filter capacitor assemblies of FIGS.  1 - 6  and  14 - 19  described above, will retain common reference numbers, but increased in increments of  100 .  
         [0111]    [0111]FIG. 20 illustrates a hermetic terminal  302  which is similar to the hermetic terminal  202  of FIG. 15, but which has been modified in accordance with the present invention by extending a gold braze area  346  to create a rectangular pad as shown. The gold braze  346 , which runs around the alumina insulator  324 , is also run into two pockets that are convenient for capacitor mounting.  
         [0112]    [0112]FIG. 21 shows a quadpolar feedthrough capacitor  300  (which is identical to the capacitor  200  of FIG. 14) mounted to the hermetic terminal of FIG. 20. As one can see in FIG. 21, the conductive polyimide material  332  now connects between the capacitor metallization  314  and the gold braze area  346 . The gold braze forms a metallurgical bond with the titanium and precludes any possibility of an oxide forming. Gold is a noble metal that does not oxidize and remains very stable even at elevated temperatures. The novel construction methodology illustrated in FIG. 21 guarantees that the capacitor ohmic losses will remain very small at all frequencies.  
         [0113]    [0113]FIG. 22 is a cross-section of the capacitor shown in FIG. 21. One can see that the gold braze (or weld) areas  328  and  330  that form the hermetic seal between the alumina insulator  324  and the titanium ferrule  318  are desirably on the feedthrough capacitor side. This makes it easy to manufacture the gold bond pad area  346  for convenient attachment of the conductive thermalsetting material  332 . In other words, by having the gold braze hermetic seals on the same side as the gold bond pad area, these can be co-formed in one manufacturing operation in a gold braze vacuum furnace. Further, a unique thermalsetting material  348  is disposed between the capacitor  300  and the underlying hermetic terminal  302 . Another feature of the present invention is that in the prior art only conductive thermalsetting materials could be used to electrically connect the capacitor ground metallization  314  to the ferrule  318 . This is because titanium, niobium, tantalum and other biocompatible materials used for human implant ferrules are generally not solderable. With the present invention, it is now possible to replace the thermalsetting conductive adhesive with solder. Solder paste could also be used. This is because solder will properly wet and bond to the gold braze area  346 .  
         [0114]    Solder reflow operations tend to be more cost efficient (more automatable) as compared to dispensing of thermalsetting conductive adhesives. It should also be noted that the gold bond pad area  346  of FIG. 21 could be achieved using other methods. Gold brazing is one method that has already been described. However, sputter coatings of material surfaces such as gold, platinum or other conductive materials could be done. In addition, the gold bond pad area  346  could be done by electroplating of a suitable material that would form an electrical bond to the titanium and preclude oxide formation or by any other deposition method capable of achieving the desired result.  
         [0115]    Accordingly, it will be understood that a novel feature of the present invention is the capability of producing a hermetic seal using noble materials such as gold braze while at the same time forming a gold bond pad or landing area to which to connect the capacitor ground metallization. With specific reference to FIG. 22, the hermetic seal  330  forms a hermetic braze connection between the ferrule  302  and the alumina insulator  324 . This also, at the same time, forms the gold bond pad  346  for convenient connection of the conductive polyimide  332 . The conductive polyimide forms the electrical connection between the capacitor ground electrode plates through the capacitor metallization  314  which connects directly to the conductive polyimide  332  and to gold bond pad  346 .  
         [0116]    There are a number of advantages in having the hermetic connection  330  be co-formed with gold bond pad  346 . First of all there is a very significant manufacturing advantage to having this all done in one operation. A single gold pre-form can be used, which is formed to accommodate the area as shown. In addition, this can all be done in one batch of product put into the vacuum gold brazing furnace at one time. In a typical manufacturing operation of the hermetic terminal, batches of parts are placed into carbon/graphite holding/alignment fixtures called boats, the lead wires and alumina and gold pre-forms along with the ferrules are then all loaded into this special fixture. The operator then places these in a sealed chamber known as a vacuum brazing furnace. Then over a period of time, the temperature is raised sufficiently to re-flow the gold braze material. The gold makes a connection between sputtering, which was formerly placed on the alumina terminal  324  so that good wetting takes place, and a hermetic seal is formed. There is also a good wetting to the titanium such that a hermetic seal is formed there also. This can all be done in one continuous operation wherein the gold only wets to the titanium in the selected areas where the conductive polyimide  332  is to be placed. Accordingly, the structure as shown in  332  in FIG. 22 can all be formed in one manufacturing step with very little added cost. There is also an electrical advantage to doing it this way. By extending the gold bond pad over the greater area to include the hermetic seal portion of the gold braze, there is additional contact area of the gold to the titanium thereby further lowering the contact resistance related to the formation of oxides as previously mentioned herein. It has been demonstrated that the formation of these oxides can reduce the effectiveness of an EMI filter at high frequency. This is because the titanium oxide would increase the capacitor&#39;s equivalent series resistance thereby adding an undesirable resistance in series with the bypass capacitor.  
         [0117]    Speaking specifically to U.S. Pat. No. 5,867,361 (Wolf, et al) dated Feb. 2, 1999, FIG. 1 of the Wolf patent discloses a gold braze  40  for connection of the conductive polyimide  47  to the titanium ferrule. Wolf indicates that the insertion loss or high frequency performance of the EMI filter is improved by connection to this gold bond pad. FIG. 9 illustrates the attenuation in decibels with and without a gold bond pad  40 . In the Wolf patent, the hermetic seal is made between the alumina insulator using a gold braze shown in FIG. 1 as Item  15 . The gold braze  15  connects between the ferrule  93  and the alumina insulator  25 . There is also a hermetic and electrical connection made between the lead wire  29  and the alumina insulator through gold braze  90 . It is significant that the entire hermetic seal is formed in this lower region of FIG. 1. The attachment to the filter capacitor  50  is made using conductive polyimide  47  which is attached to the ferrule  93  by way of the gold brazed material  40 . In the Wolf patent, the gold braze material is an area completely separate and distinct from the gold braze material  15  which is used to form the hermetic seal. Accordingly, this is done in two operations or two steps involving two separate gold brazed pre-forms. There is no hermetic seal between the ceramic capacitor  50  and the ferrule  93 . In fact, any material used to make electrical connection between the ceramic capacitor and the ferrule is described as a conductive thermalsetting material, such as a silver filled polyimide or a solder or the like. None of these are suitable biocompatible sealing materials for human implant applications and they certainly do not make a hermetic seal (nor does solder since it is not considered a biocompatible material).  
         [0118]    It is a novel feature of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 22, that the hermetic seal and the gold bond pad is integrated into a single monolithic structure.  
         [0119]    [0119]FIG. 23 illustrates a surface mounted quadpolar feedthrough capacitor  400 . A gold braze bond pad area  446  has been added to facilitate the connection between the capacitor outside diameter metallization  414  and the titanium ferrule  418 . As mentioned before, this connection can be made as in the past with a thermalsetting conductive adhesive  432  or with solder or the like.  
         [0120]    [0120]FIG. 24 is a cross-section of the quadpolar feedthrough filter capacitor terminal of FIG. 23. The gold braze area  446  or optionally  446 ′ has been extended and widened so that the capacitor outside diameter electrical connection  432  will touch off between the capacitor outside diameter metallization  414  and the gold braze surfaces  446  or  446 ′. By having an electrically conductive metallurgical joint directly between the capacitor metallization and the gold braze, there is no chance for any titanium oxide build-up to affect the capacitor&#39;s performance.  
         [0121]    Another inventive concept illustrated in FIG. 24 is the electrical connection  444  between the lead wires  416  and the capacitor metallization  410  and gold braze  428 ,  428 ′. This has been made possible by use of a thermalsetting insulative material  448 .  
         [0122]    A unique design constraint affecting filtered hermetic terminals for implantable medical devices is that these devices are designed to be welded into the overall titanium housing of a pacemaker, implantable defibrillator or the like. Accordingly, the feedthrough capacitor assembly is subjected to a great deal of heat and thermal stress. Thus, the insulative material  448  has to withstand very high temperature. One such insulative material  448  is a unique thermal plastic polyimide supportive tape (coated with thermalsetting adhesive) manufactured by Ablestik Electronic Materials and Adhesives, (the mechanical properties of which are listed in FIG. 25.) This material, which is known as Ableloc 5500, is unique in that it has the high temperature characteristics of a polyimide and yet will not flow. In other words, it stays in place, which allows one to form the novel structure shown at  448 .  
         [0123]    It is very important that the bottom or the surface between the capacitor  400  and the alumina insulator  424  be sealed so that conductive materials or fluids cannot run between the capacitor pins and short it out. The Ableloc 5500 is ideal in that it forms a seal while remaining in place. This means that for the first time the present invention can guarantee that the capacitor inside diameter connection can be between the capacitor metallization  410  and the gold braze  428  or  428 ′, which opens up entirely new possibilities. For the first time niobium or tantalum pins can be utilized, without preparatory and secondary processing operations which are required because these materials are notoriously covered with oxide. No longer must there be a direct connection between the capacitor metallization  410  and the pin  416  itself. Instead, the gold braze  428  or  428 ′, which forms the hermetic seal, makes an oxide free metallurgical and very low resistance connection to the pin itself (in a one step operation). Accordingly, the electrical connection  444  between the pin  416  as shown in FIG. 24 is actually from the capacitor inside diameter metallization  410  directly to the gold braze  428 . The presence of oxides on the pin simply doesn&#39;t matter since a very low resistance electrical connection has already been formed. This electrical connection is also RF tight allowing the feedthrough capacitor to operate at very high frequency as a proper EMI filter.  
         [0124]    [0124]FIG. 26 represents a prior art feedthrough capacitor  500  typical of U.S. Pat. No. 4,424,551 and related patents. The bottom surface of the capacitor  500  has been flooded with a nonconductive epoxy  550 . As exemplified in U.S. Pat. No. 4,424,551, the insulative material  550  is cured so that the capacitor  500  is bonded into the case  518 . Subsequent to this, the entire surface above the capacitor  500  is flooded with conductive polyimide material  532 , which is then centrifuged into place. It is very important during the centrifuge operation that material not flow underneath the capacitor thereby forming a short between the ferrule and the capacitor inside diameter pin  516 . An optional insulative epoxy coating  552  could be added to cosmetically cover the surface of the capacitor  500  and offer it some degree of mechanical protection. As can be seen in this prior art assembly, there is no way for the conductive polyimide  544  at the inside diameter to reach the gold braze  528 . Also, it is not possible for the outside diameter conductive polyimide  532  to reach the gold braze  530 . This type of prior art assembly is sensitive to any type of titanium oxide build-up that may occur on the inside diameter of the titanium ferrule.  
         [0125]    [0125]FIG. 27 illustrates another prior art feedthrough capacitor  600  and related structure. This unit has a substantial oxide layer  634  on the inside of the titanium ferrule  618 . For simplicity, this oxide layer is only shown on the inside diameter of the ferrule  618  where the electrical connection to the capacitor ground metallization  614  is made (in actual practice, the oxide would to some degree coat all of the ferrule surfaces). Accordingly, there will be a high resistance between the conductive polyimide  632  and the titanium ferrule  618 . In this case the gold brazes  628  and  630  are shown on the opposite side away from the feedthrough capacitor  600 . Accordingly, there is no way in this structure for the feedthrough capacitor ground polyimide connection to have contact with the gold braze  630 . Thus, this prior art assembly is subject to EMI filter performance degradation if the oxide layer becomes too thick. Product life is another concern. Oxides can build up very slowly over time and lead to a latent type of design defect.  
         [0126]    [0126]FIG. 28 illustrates the novel technology of the present invention as applied to the basic structures illustrated in FIGS. 26 and 27. The unique Ableloc 5500 or equivalent high temperature thermal plastic polyimide supportive tape  748  allows the nonconductive insulating material to be held in place as shown (B staged epoxy washers could also be used, however, their temperature rating is not as high). This allows clear access for the conductive polyimide  744  or  732  to penetrate and contact the gold braze area  746 . In this case, it is important that the gold braze be on the capacitor side of the insulator  724 . The assembly shown in FIG. 28 no longer requires that the pin(s)  716  be restricted solely to platinum iridium or other non-oxidizing materials. This allows the use of much lower cost niobium or tantalum pins. The electrical connection can be between the capacitor inside diameter metallization  710  directly to the gold braze  728  itself. Accordingly, there is no need for an electrical connection between the capacitor inside diameter metallization  710  and the lead wire  716  at all. It can also be clearly seen in FIG. 28 that it would not matter if the inside diameter of the ferrule  718  was heavily oxidized. This is because there is an electrical connection directly from the capacitor outside diameter metallization  714  to the outside diameter gold braze  730 .  
         [0127]    [0127]FIG. 29 is a broken out enlarged view of the outside diameter connection of FIG. 28. As one can see, there is an oxide layer  734  which would tend to insulate the conductive polyimide or solder  732  from the titanium. However, because of the proper location of insulative material  748 , the conductive polyimide, solder or the like  732  can make direct contact between the capacitor metallization  714  and the gold braze area  730 . Sputtering  754  of metals on the alumina insulator  724  are required before the gold braze hermetic seal typically can be formed. This allows the gold braze material  730  to wet to the alumina insulator  724  and form a hermetic seal.  
         [0128]    [0128]FIG. 30 is an enlarged view of the electrical connection to the lead wire  716  of FIG. 28. It is assumed that a type of lead wire is used, such as tantalum or niobium, which would be heavily oxidized  734 . Not only are these oxides highly insulative, but they also do not form a solderable surface. However, a feature of the invention is that during hermetic seal construction, the oxides are absorbed by the metallurgical bond formed between the gold braze area  728  and the pin  716 . This is the same gold braze that forms the hermetic seal to the alumina insulator  724 . A sputtered layer  754  allows the gold to wet to the insulator  724 . As one can see, no direct connection between the capacitor metallization  710  and the lead wire  716  is required. Instead, the connection to the capacitor is accomplished by the thermalsetting conductive adhesive or solder  744  which connects from the capacitor metallization  710  directly to the gold braze  728 . Since the gold braze  728  has a metallurgical low resistance and low impedance connection to the pin, no further connection is required. In the case of a non-oxidizing pin material such as platinum, gold or platinum-iridium alloy, it is not necessary to form the structure as illustrated in FIG. 30. In other words, the insulative washer  748  could extend all the way across the inside diameter thereby blocking access to the gold braze.  
         [0129]    The most critical element in a medical implant feedthrough design (that must remain hermetic throughout it&#39;s device service life) is the metal/ceramic interface. Important are the nature of the bond itself and the sensitivity of the bond integrity to environmental conditions imposed as a result of the device fabrication process (like installation by laser welding by the pacemaker manufacturer) or as a part of environmental conditions developed while in service (body fluid is highly corrosive). For a braze-bonded feedthrough, the bond needs to deform in a ductile manner when environmental conditions create stresses (e.g., heating and cooling cycles that develop during device assembly welding). Typically, metallization and braze material combinations develop alloys that solidify as intermetallics. These intermetallics often show only modest ductility prior to failure. If material combinations are not judiciously selected and processes are not understood and controlled, significant dissolution can occur, and brittle fracture of the bond, or latent failures (static fatigue) result compromising hermetic integrity of the feedthrough.  
         [0130]    A unique challenge for formation of the novel bond pads of the present invention is that they are formed as an integral part of the hermetic seal joint. This requires a relatively large amount of gold braze material (or other noble metal) to be used. In prior art EMI filtered human implant hermetic seals, the volume of braze material is by design relatively small. In the present invention, with the larger volume of braze material that is required, higher stresses due to shrinkage and mismatches in the thermal coefficient of expansion (TCE) of the braze material become a major design challenge. The biggest concern is the added stress in tension or shear which is transmitted to the metallic layer on the alumina hermetic seal/insulator (this layer is what allows the braze material to wet to the alumina and form the hermetic seal and is preferably applied by sputtering or equivalent methods). Unfortunately, the TCE of the high alumina content ceramic insulator does not match the TCE of any of the noble metal braze materials. Accordingly, for formation of the novel integrated gold hermetic seal/bonding pad as described herein, a unique metallization is required to be used in combination with the present invention that has high malleability and very high adhesion strength to the alumina ceramic and will also wet well to the braze material. It is a feature of the present invention that the preferred metallization on high alumina ceramics for miniature medical implantable device hermetic terminals, is titanium/molybdenum. Titanium is the active layer, and molybdenum is the barrier layer controlling how much titanium can actually dissolve in the gold. For example, 2-4 microns of titanium can be sputtered followed by 2-4 microns of molybdenum. The thickness will be dependent on the design, the application, and the subsequent potential environmental exposures. In this example, the titanium layer provides the interaction with the glass phases and alumina particle matrix of the ceramic to create a hermetic bond. The molybdenum layer protects the titanium layer from excessive oxidation prior to brazing and acts as a barrier between the gold braze material and the titanium layer. Without the molybdenum barrier layer, an excessive length of exposure of the titanium layer to the molten gold would accelerate the inherent alloying process and eventually lead to de-wetting, then hermetic failure  
         [0131]    The titanium/molybdenum metallization in concert with gold braze, therefore, not only provides a sound hermetic bond, but also provides a sufficiently ductile materials feedthrough system to sustain secondary device assembly processes or environmental conditions that might develop stresses while the device is in service.  
         [0132]    Other metallization materials that can be used with gold braze materials include but are not limited to titanium, niobium, chromium, zirconium, or vanadium active materials with molybdenum, platinum, palladium, tantalum or tungsten barrier layers in various combinations. Sputtering is one metallization application method. Other methods that might be used include but are not limited to chemical vapor deposition, laser or other physical vapor deposition processes, vacuum evaporation, thick film application methods, plating, and so on.  
         [0133]    FIGS.  31 - 36  illustrate an internally grounded bipolar rectangular feedthrough capacitor  800  as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,905,627. The center hole is the grounded hole  858  which would connect to the capacitor internal electrode plates  808 . More specifically, the feedthrough filter capacitor  800  comprises a monolithic, ceramic internally grounded bipolar feedthrough filter capacitor having three passageways extending therethrough. The outer two passageways  856  are configured to receive therethrough respective conductive terminal pins  816 ′ and  816 ″, and the internal diameter of the first passageways  856  are metallized  810  to form a conductive link between the active electrode plates  806 . As is well understood in the art, the active electrode plates  806  are typically silk-screened onto ceramic plates forming the feedthrough filter capacitor  800 . These plates  806  are surrounded by an insulative ceramic material  804  that need not be metallized on its exterior surfaces.  
         [0134]    Similarly, ground electrode plates  808  are provided within the feedthrough filter capacitor  800 . The inner diameter of the central or second passageway  858  through the feedthrough filter capacitor  800  is also metallized  811  to conductively connect the ground electrode plates  808 , which comprise the ground plane of the feedthrough filter capacitor  800 . The second passageway  858  is configured to receive therethrough the ground lead  860  which, in this particular embodiment, comprises a ground pin.  
         [0135]    With reference to FIG. 32, the terminal pin subassembly comprises a plate-like conductive ferrule  818  having three apertures therethrough that correspond to the three passageways through the feedthrough filter capacitor  800 . The conductive terminal pins  816 ′ and  816 ″ are each supported through the outer apertures by means of an insulator  824  (which also may be hermetic), and the ground pin  860  is supported within the central aperture by a suitable conductor  830  such as gold brazing, solder, an electrically conductive thermalsetting material or welding/brazing.  
         [0136]    The feedthrough filter capacitor  800 , as shown, is placed adjacent to the non-body fluid side of the conductive ferrule  818  and a conductive attachment is effected between the metallized inner diameter of the first and second passageways  856  and  858  through the feedthrough filter capacitor  800  and the respective terminal pins  816  and ground lead  860 . Alternatively, the capacitor  800  could be placed adjacent to the body fluid side of the conductive ferrule  818  provided the capacitor comprises a design incorporating biocompatible materials. In FIG. 35, the conductive connections  844  between the terminal pins  816  and the ground lead  860 , with the feedthrough filter capacitor  800  may be effected by any suitable means such as a solder or an electrically conductive thermalsetting material or brazing. The result is the feedthrough filter capacitor assembly illustrated in FIGS. 35 and 36 which may then be subsequently laser welded into the titanium housing of an implantable medical device.  
         [0137]    [0137]FIG. 35 illustrates the internally grounded bipolar feedthrough capacitor  800  of FIG. 31 mounted to the hermetic feedthrough terminal  802  of FIG. 32. The ground lead  860  can be shortened so that it does not protrude through the capacitor  800  or it can be lengthened depending on whether or not a circuit attachment is required within the implantable medical or other electronic device. If the lead wires are solderable (platinum or gold), then the connection between the lead wires and the capacitor inside diameter metallization can be accomplished using solder, conductive adhesive or the like. A feature of the internally grounded feedthrough capacitor  800  is that no outside diameter (or perimeter in the case of FIG. 35) electrical connection or capacitor metallization is required.  
         [0138]    [0138]FIG. 36 is a cross-section of the capacitor assembly of FIG. 35. This illustrates several novel features of the present invention that are applicable to the internally grounded feedthrough capacitor, especially when lead wire materials that are subject to oxidation are used (such as niobium or tantalum). As one can see, the thermal plastic polyimide supportive tape  850  has been carefully punched, die-cut, or laser cut to align with the capacitor such that the capacitor feedthrough holes are open to the gold braze material  830  underneath. This allows a direct connection of the solder or conductive polyimide  844  to connect directly between the capacitor metallization  810 ,  811  and gold braze material  830 . Accordingly, this opens up a wide variety of lead materials for use, which could not be considered before due to their heavy oxidation or poor solderability properties. This also allows the use of a ground pin of alternate materials, like titanium. A titanium ground pin is desirable because it is very easy to weld a titanium pin into a titanium ferrule. In the past, it was not possible to solder directly to titanium, however, a feature of the present invention is the capability of connection to the gold braze area. It should be apparent that not all leads are required to be constructed of the same material. For example, the center (ground) lead  860  could be titanium and the two active pins  816 ′ and  816 ″ could be platinum. In this case, it would not be required that conductive material  844  adjacent the platinum pins  816 ′ and  816 ″ contact the gold braze  830 .  
         [0139]    [0139]FIG. 37 illustrates a novel hybrid capacitor  900  which has the characteristics of a conventional surface mounted feedthrough capacitor and an internally grounded capacitor. This capacitor  900  has a ground hole  958  in the center which connects to the internal ground electrode plates  908  and also has ground terminations  914  at either end. The reason for this is that this capacitor has a form factor which tends to increase its inductance and impedance. Accordingly, if one were to only make connection to the ground electrodes  908  shown in FIG. 38 at the center hole  958 , there would be too much inductance between this and the outer pins to perform effective EMI filtering. This hybrid design is best illustrated by the ground electrode plate pattern as shown in FIG. 38, wherein the ground electrode  908  is attached to the titanium ferrule  918  at both the right and left ends and also in the middle. This guarantees that the capacitor  900  will have very low impedance across its entire ground plane thereby ensuring that it will work properly as a high frequency EMI filter. FIG. 39 is an illustration of the active electrode plate pattern  906 .  
         [0140]    [0140]FIG. 40 illustrates the simplified hermetic terminal  902 . The centered ground pin  960  is welded or brazed  928  directly to the ferrule  918 . This forms a low resistance and low inductance ground connection to the pin  960 . The other pins  916  are shown in insulative relationship with the ferrule  918 . The novel gold bond pads of the present invention are shown as  946 . Restated, the ground pin  960  has been solidly brazed directly to the ferrule  918 . This provides a very low impedance RF ground between the center pin  960  and the overall electromagnetic shield. One can also see in FIG. 40 that the gold bond pads  946  have been added on either end to form a convenient surface for the electrical connection between the capacitor end terminations  914  and the ferrule  918 . It can also be seen that the other four pins  916  on both the right and left sides of the capacitor  900  are in electrically insulative relationship. This is done through the insulators  924  which can be glass or a gold brazed alumina seal.  
         [0141]    [0141]FIG. 41 is a top view of the capacitor of FIG. 37 mounted to titanium ferrule  918 . The novel gold braze ground pads  946  of the present invention have been added so that an oxide free electrical connection can be made between the capacitor-ground terminations  914  and the conductive ferrule  918 .  
         [0142]    [0142]FIG. 42 is a cross-sectional view of the capacitor  900  assembled to the hermetic terminal  902  of FIG. 40. As shown, the gold bond pads  946  are also part of a single monolithic structure forming the hermetic seal between the ferrule  918  and the insulator  924 , in the same manner and for the same reasons as discussed above in connection with FIG. 22. The connection between the capacitor ground metallization  914  (at its two ends) and the gold bond pads  946  is shown as material  932 , which can be solder, conductive thermalsetting material, or the like. The connection to the centered ground pin  960  is illustrated by material  944  which can also be solder, conductive thermalsefting material, or the like. As previously mentioned, in the present invention it is desirable to form insulative material  948  such that the electrical connecting material  944  adjacent to the ground pin  960  will directly contact the gold braze  928 . This is particularly important for ground pin lead materials that are not readily solderable or that form insulative oxide layers. The novel gold bond pad area  946  as previously mentioned could also be accomplished by sputtering, plating and the like.  
         [0143]    As illustrated in FIG. 42, for comparison purposes, the hermetic terminal  902  includes two distinctly different sets of lead wires  916 . To the left of the ground pin  960 , the lead wires  916  are shown as comprised of low cost niobium or tantalum pins on which heavy oxides typically form. When utilizing such low cost pins, the pads of oxide resistant conductive biostable material, noble metal, or the like,  946  are utilized to provide both a hermetic seal between the pins and the insulator  924 , and also to provide a reliable electrical connection between the interior termination surfaces  910  and the leads  916 , as discussed above in connection with FIGS.  24 ,  28 - 30  and  36 . In contrast, the lead wires  916  to the right of the ground pin  960  are all platinum. As a noble metal, platinum is not subject to oxidation. Accordingly, it is not necessary for the solder or conductive polyimide used to connect between the capacitor inside diameter metallization and the lead wire to also contact the gold braze material  928 . In other words, an oxide free electrical connection has already been made between the capacitor inside diameter metallization  910  and the lead wire  916 , therefore it is not necessary to modify this assembly to contact the gold braze. However, in accordance with the invention, the aforementioned polyimide supportive tape  948  or the like could be placed to allow direct contact from the ground pin  960  to the gold braze  930  thereby allowing the use of a ground lead wire such as titanium, niobium or tantalum.  
         [0144]    [0144]FIG. 43 shows a hybrid capacitor  1000  which has a centered ground pin  1060  and, because of its length and the desire to reduce inductance, is also grounded at its right and left ends using conductive polyimide  1032  to the gold bond pads  1046 . This is a hybrid in that it incorporates the features of both U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,333,905 and 5,095,627. FIG. 43 illustrates novel wire bond pads that overcome all of the obvious deficiencies of the aforementioned Wolf patent. The preferred location for the hermetic braze between the insulators  1024  and the hermetic terminal  1002  is at the pads  1046 . This takes the gold braze away from the body fluid both at each terminal pin and also at the hermetic seal joint to the ferrule. When a header block, which is commonly used in the industry is attached, silicone or other material is utilized which will fill the space between the lead all the way down to the gold braze. This effectively blocks the ready access of body fluids to the gold braze thereby preventing reverse electroplating involving material deposition to some other surface in the presence of a voltage bias. In other words, the location of the hermetic seal shown in FIG. 43 will overcome any problem with long term exposure to body fluid.  
         [0145]    [0145]FIGS. 43 and 44 further illustrate an extruded nail head lead  1016  of bio-compatible material such as a noble metal including platinum, platinum iridium, gold and the like. The nail head portion  1062  of the lead  1016  on the bottom or body fluid side could be extruded as one piece particularly with a malleable material welded in place, brazed in place, or adhesively secured in place to the lead  1016 . The capacitor  1000  is attached to the terminal  1002  using similar processes as described above, and the leads  1016  are attached at the time that the hermetic seal joint  1046  is formed. During capacitor attachment the leads  1016  are allowed to stick through the capacitor  1000  as shown. At this point there are a number of options for the assembly. One option would be to make a solder joint, braze, weld or a thermalsetting conductive adhesive joint  1099  between the capacitor inside diameter termination and the nail head terminal pin  1016 . One could then add a wire bond closed pad or cap  1064  and attach it by soldering, welding, thermal conductive adhesive brazing or the like  1098 . The wire bond pad  1064  does not need to be bio-compatible and could be made of a number of inexpensive materials including nickel, copper, steel and the like. For wire bond applications it is usually required that the wire bond pad  1064  be pure (soft) gold plated, but a number of other surface finishes can be applied as well. The wire bond pads/nail head assembly  1016 ,  1064  could also be formed from the group of metals including: tantalum, molybdenum, titanium, rhodium, titanium alloys, osmium, silver and silver alloys, vanadium, platinum, niobium, platinum alloys, stainless steel, tungsten, rhenium, zirconium, vanadium and ruthenium.  
         [0146]    [0146]FIG. 45 illustrates an internally grounded hex polar capacitor  1100  embodying the invention (refer to U.S. Pat. No. 5,905,627). In this particular device, the novel wire bond pads  1164  as previously described have been utilized. The nail head pin  1116  is of the same group of materials as previously described for FIG. 43. However, in this embodiment the hermetic seal  1146  has been moved to an alternate location and is now closer to exposure to body fluids. This is also acceptable to many customers but is not the preferred embodiment for maximum resistance to long term decomposition by metal migration.  
         [0147]    The wire bond pad  1164  on the inside of the implantable medical device has also been modified so it has an open hole. In this case this a ring structure which is slipped over the bio-compatible pin  1116  and then attached by soldering, welding, brazing, or thermalsefting conductive adhesive or the like. An advantage of this structure is it is a little bit easier to assemble and inspect. A disadvantage is that the area available for customer attachment of their lead wires by ultrasonic wire bonding, thermal sonic welding or direct welding has been reduced. In other words there is less flat surface area available for customer lead attach.  
         [0148]    Referring to FIG. 47A, a different embodiment of attachment of the lead wire  1160  is shown. In this case the lead wire  1160  extends through a toroidal ring  1164 ′ which may be constructed of various materials from the group of metals, and ceramics. One preferred embodiment would be the use of alumina ceramic which was metallized. This would allow one to form the electrical connection shown while at the same time allowing the lead wire  1160  to protrude through. In this case the very end of the lead wire  1160  could be the wire bond pad itself. There are a number of supplementary processes available after the extrusion of this lead wire to provide a flat and parallel surface. This has a number of advantages that will be obvious to one skilled in the art including the ability to readily inspect the joints.  
         [0149]    More particularly, the preferred metallized alumina toroidal ring  1164 ′ has been metallized on all surfaces so it is both solderable and conductive. Solder, thermalsetting conductive adhesive, welding or the like  1168  performs an electrical connection between the circular torroid  1164 ′ which in turn connects to the capacitor  1100  active electrode plates  1106 . In addition, material  1170 , which can be of the group of solder, thermalsetting conductive adhesives, welding, brazes or the like, forms the electrical connection between the lead wire  1160  to the torroidal structure  1164 ′ which then couples through the electrical connection  1168  via the capacitor metallization  1110  to the electrode plates. As shown the tip of the lead wire  1172  is flat to accept lead attachment by the customer by wire bonding, thermal sonic bonding, laser welding or the like. A supplementary nail head or enlarged area could be added to the tip  1172  to increase the surface area available for such customer lead attachment operations. One particular advantage of the structure shown in FIG. 47 is the ability to select a material that closely matches a thermal co-efficient expansion of the ceramic capacitor  1100 . Such materials include fosterite, zirconium, gold alloys, or materials such dumet.  
         [0150]    Capacitor  1100  has inside diameter metallization  1197  at each of the seven inside diameters to make electrical connection to the ground and active electrode plate sets. This metallization also appears on top of the capacitor as a circular mounting/bonding pad  1199 . In this case, there is no need to fill the space between the capacitor inside diameters and the noble metal lead wires with an electrical connection material.  
         [0151]    [0151]FIG. 47B shows that the lead wire and its electrical connection may be subflush or below the top of the ring pad  1164 . In this case, the ring pad forms the wire bond surface.  
         [0152]    As shown in FIG. 47C, the electrical connection is formed between pin  1116  and the capacitor top metallization  1199  using solder, braze, conductive adhesive or the like. Alternative connections using a variety of wire bond pad end caps are shown in FIGS. 47A, 47B, and  47 C.  
         [0153]    [0153]FIGS. 48 and 49 show an externally grounded quadpolar device. While a compatible nail head pin  1216  is utilized and in this case, the hermetic seal connection  1246  between the alumina ceramic  1224  and the nail head pin  1216  is in the preferred location. Drawing attention now to the wire bond end cap  1264 , a different attachment method is contemplated. This attachment method is desirable in that it completely eliminates the necessity for any contact materials or any solder or other materials to be placed between the lead wire  1216  and the inside diameter termination of the ceramic capacitor  1200 . In this case the capacitor  1200  inside diameter metallization  1210  is also formed as a circular structure on the top surfaces of the ceramic capacitor. This is commonly used in the connector industry and with planar arrays. Such structures are normally printed on the top surface of the ceramic capacitor by silk screening processes or the like. Accordingly, it is easy to form this on the top surface of the capacitor  1200 . This makes the attachment of the end cap  1264  very simple and easy to facilitate in a manufacturing operation. As best seen in FIG. 49, attachment of the wire bond cap  1264  is simply accomplished by making a solder joint, conductive thermalsetting adhesive joint, braze joint, weld joint or the like shown as  1266 . This makes a direct connection to the capacitor termination  1210 . Accordingly, there is no other connection to the capacitor inside diameter that is needed. At the same time that the joint  1266  is formed or at a different time, the electrical connection  1299  to the end cap  1264  is also made. As previously mentioned, this can be done thermalsetting conductive adhesives, solder, brazes, welds or the like.  
         [0154]    This is a major advantage over the aforementioned Wolf patent in that the inside diameter of the capacitor does not have any materials that mis-match it in its thermal co-efficient of expansion. Accordingly, the capacitor will be mechanically more rugged and more resistant to thermal shock such as those induced by the customer during installation by laser welding. The capacitor termination materials are preferably in this case formed from either plating or a fired on silver or a palladium-silver glass frit. These are put on as a thick film process sufficient so that it forms a mechanically rugged and electrically reliable attachment to the capacitor active electrode plates  1206 .  
         [0155]    Although several embodiments of the invention have been described in detail for purposes of illustration, various modifications of each may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be limited, except as by the appended claims.