Abstract:
The present invention relates to use of an organic matrix material for producing an organic semiconductor material, characterized in that the organic matrix material is comprised at least partly of a spirobifluorene compound, and the glass transition temperature of the organic matrix material is at least 120° C. and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the matrix material is at a maximum energy level of 5.4 eV; and also to an organic semiconductor material and electronic component.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to the use of an organic matrix material for producing an organic semiconductor material, and also to an organic semiconductor material comprising an organic matrix material and an organic dopant, and also to an electronic component.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     It is known that doping can alter organic semiconductors with regard to their electrical properties, in particular their electrical conductivity, as is also the case for inorganic semiconductors such as silicon semiconductors.  
         [0003]     In this case, generation of charge carriers in a matrix material increases the initially quite low conductivity and, depending on the type of the dopant used, achieves a change in the Fermi level of the semiconductor. Doping leads to an increase in the conductivity of the charge transport layer, which reduces resistance losses, and leads to an improved transition of the charge carriers between contacts and organic layer.  
         [0004]     For the doping of such organic semiconductors, strong electron acceptors such as tetracyanoquinonedimethane (TCNQ) or 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorotetracyano-1,4-benzoquinone-dimethane (F4-TCNQ) have become known; see M. Pfeiffer, A. Beyer, T. Fritz, K. Leo, Appl. Phys. Lett., 73 (22), 3202-3204 (1998) and J. Blochwitz, M. Pfeiffer, T. Fritz, K. Leo, Appl. Phys. Lett., 73 (6), 729-732 (1998). As a result of electron transfer processes in electron donor-like base materials (hole transport materials), these generate what are known as holes, the number and mobility of which more or less significantly alter the conductivity of the matrix material.  
         [0005]     Known matrix materials are, for example, starburst compounds such as 4,4′,4″-tris(diphenylamino)triphenylamine (TDATA), 4,4′,4″-tris(3-methylphenylphenylamino)-triphenylamine (m-MTDATA) and N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)benzidine (MeO-TPD).  
         [0006]     The chemical structure of the abovementioned known matrix materials is shown below.  
                                                                                     m-MTDATA                                                         TDATA                                                         MeO-TPD                  
 
         [0007]     However, these compounds are thermally unstable, i.e. they have a low glass transition temperature and tend to crystallization at low temperatures, which leads ultimately to unstable electronic components.  
         [0008]     The glass transition temperature is regarded as being the temperature at which motion of the molecules in the event of rapid cooling of the material from the melt is no longer possible for kinetic reasons, and thermodynamic parameters such as the heat capacity or the coefficient of expansion suddenly change from typical liquid values to typical solid values. The thermal stability of the matrix material is of significance especially for morphological reasons when organic semiconductor materials are used with such matrix materials, in order to prevent the formation of roughness at elevated operating temperatures in the customary layer structure of such semiconductor materials. Furthermore, the thermal stability is of significance, in order to restrict the diffusion of the dopant within the matrix material.  
         [0009]     The prior art also discloses thermally stable matrix materials such as 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-diphenylamino)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-TAD) which, however, owing to the position of the energy level of their highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs), cannot be doped.  
                         
 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0010]     It is an object of the invention to provide for use of an organic matrix material for producing an organic semiconductor material, the matrix material being thermally stable and dopable, in order to provide hole transport layers having high hole conductivity for use in organic semiconductor components. Furthermore, it should be possible to apply the organic matrix materials by vapour deposition in order to provide layers having a correspondingly high hole conductivity by coevaporation under reduced pressure with a strong organic electron acceptor.  
         [0011]     This object is achieved by the organic matrix material being comprised at least partly of a spirobifluorene compound of the formula (I)  
                         
 
         [0012]     where R is at least one substituent on a phenyl radical, but not all of R are simultaneously hydrogens,  
         [0013]     and/or of the formula (II)  
                         
 
         [0014]     where R is a substituent apart from hydrogen and R′ is a substituent,  
         [0015]     the glass transition temperature of the organic matrix material being at least 120° C. and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the matrix material lying at a maximum energy level of 5.4 eV. In formula (I), a phenyl radical may thus be provided with one or more substituents.  
         [0016]     It is preferred that each R and/or R′ in formula (I) and (II) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, NH 2 , N(CH 4 ) 2  and NPh 2 , where not all R in formula (I) are simultaneously hydrogens.  
         [0017]     It is particularly preferred that the spirobifluorene compound is selected from the group consisting of  
                         
 
         [0018]     It is likewise preferred that the glass transition temperature of the spirobifluorene compound lies between 120° C. and 250° C., and the highest occupied molecular orbital of the compound lies at an energy level between 4.5 eV and 5.4 eV, preferably between 4.8 eV and 5.2 eV.  
         [0019]     The object is also achieved by an organic semiconductor material comprising an organic matrix material and an organic dopant, the organic matrix material at least partly comprising one or more compounds which are used as matrix materials in accordance with the invention.  
         [0020]     It is likewise preferred that the dopant is 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane or a derivative thereof. However, further dopants having similar acceptor action and equal or larger molecular mass are possible; see, for example, DE10357044.6. It is particularly preferred that the molar doping ratio of dopant to matrix material is between 1:1 and 1:10 000.  
         [0021]     The object is further achieved by an electronic component in which an organic matrix material is used which is comprised at least partly of a spirobifluorene compound which is envisaged as a matrix material in accordance with the invention.  
         [0022]     Finally provided is the electronic component in the form of an organic light-emitting diode (OLED), a photovoltaic cell, an organic solar cell, an organic diode or an organic field-effect transistor.  
         [0023]     The invention is based on the surprising finding that use of the organic matrix material described for producing an organic semiconductor material affords thermally stable and doped hole transport layers for use in organic semiconductor components. The use of the matrix materials provides bole transport materials which can be applied by vapour deposition, so that they lead, by coevaporation under reduced pressure with a strong organic electronic acceptor, to layers having a high hole conductivity.  
         [0024]     When the organic matrix materials described are used, a stable, singly positively charged cationic state of the hole transport material is achieved.  
         [0025]     Further advantages and features of the present invention are evident from the detailed description of exemplary organic matrix materials which follows, and also the appended drawings, in which 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS  
       [0026]      FIG. 1  shows the dependence of the lateral current on the layer thickness for a transport layer of the organic matrix material spiro-TTB (doped with F4-TCNQ);  
         [0027]      FIG. 2  shows the dependence of the lateral current on the layer thickness for a transport layer of the organic matrix material spiro-iPr-TAD (doped with F4-TCNQ); and  
         [0028]      FIG. 3  shows the luminance voltage and power efficiency voltage characteristics of an organic light-emitting diode having doped transport layers and spiro-TFB (doped with F4 TCNQ) as a p-dopant. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS  
     EXAMPLES  
     A. Preparation of 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methylphenylamino)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-TTB)  
       [0029]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0030]     2,2′,7,7′-Tetrabromo-9,9′-spirobifluorene (10 g, 15.8 mmol), di-p-tolylamine (14.2 g, 72.1 mmol) and sodium tert-butoxide (9.6 g, 100 mmol) are stirred in 100 ml of anhydrous toluene under nitrogen at 60° C. for 1 h. Subsequently, tri-tert-butylphosphine. (200 mg, 1.0 mmol, 6.3% based on tetrabromospitobifluorene) and palladium(II) acetate (92 mg, 0.4 mmol, 2.6% based on tetrabromospirobifluorene) are added and the reaction mixture is heated to reflux under nitrogen. The progress of the reaction is monitored by thin-layer chromatography (eluent: 50% hexane in dicchloromethane). After 2.5 h, no reactant can any longer be detected in the TLC. The reaction mixture is cooled, admixed with a solution of 100 mg of KCN in 20 ml of water and stirred at 60° C. for another 1 h. After cooling to room temperature, the phases are separated, and the organic phase is dried over sodium sulphate and the solvent is removed. The crude product is recrystallized twice from dioxane and subsequently reprecipitated from a little dichloromethane in hexane and dried under reduced pressure.  
         [0031]     Yield: 15.0 g (13.8 mmol, 87% of theory) of slightly greenish powder.  
         [0032]      1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 +hydrazine hydrate): 7.40 (d, 1H, J=7.8), 7.00 (d, 4H, J=8.3), 6.88 (d, 4H, J=8.3), 6.85 (dd, 1H, J=8.3, J=2.0), 6.67 (d, 1H, J=2.0), 2.30 (s, 6H).  
         [0033]      13 C NMR (127.5 MHz, CDCl 3 +hydrazine hydrate): 149.8, 146.7, 145.3, 136.1, 131.5, 129.5, 124.0, 123.2, 119.9, 119.3, 65.3, 20.6.  
       B. Preparation of 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-pisupropylphenylamino)-9,9′-spirofluorene (spiro-iPr-TAD)  
     4-Isopropyliodobenzene  
       [0034]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0035]     4-Isopropylaniline (49.5 g, 366 mmol) is suspended in 200 ml of dist. water and admixed gradually under ice cooling with 200 ml of semiconcentrated sulphuric acid. Subsequently, a solution of sodium nitrite (25.5 g, 370 mmol) in 200 ml dist. water is added dropwise at such a rate that the temperature does not rise above 20° C. On completion of the dropwise addition, the mixture is stirred at 2° C. for another 20 min. The resulting clear reddish diazonium salt solution is now added through a filter to a solution of potassium iodide (135.0 g, 813 mmol) in 200 ml of dist. water. The reaction mixture is stirred at 80° C. for 1 h. In the course of this, the solution becomes black with vigorous gas evolution and an oily organic phase separates out. After cooling, the organic phase is removed and the aqueous phase is extracted four times more with 100 ml of ether. The combined organic phases are washed with dilute sodium hydroxide solution and dist. water, and dried over sodium sulphate. After the solvent has been removed, the crude product is distilled in a membrane-pump vacuum. The slightly reddish target product distils over at a temperature of 100-105° C. (15 mbar).  
         [0036]     Yield; 75.3 g (310 mmol, 83% of theory) of slightly reddish liquid.  
         [0037]      1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 7.60 (d, 2H, J=8.3), 6.98 (d, 2H, J=8.3), 2.85 (q, 1H, J=6.8, 1.22 (d, 6H, J=6.8).  
         [0038]      13 C NMR (127.5 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 148.4, 137.3, 128.6, 90.6, 33.7, 23.8.  
       N-Acetyl-4-isopropylaniline  
       [0039]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0040]     Acetic anhydride (26.0 g, 254 mmol) is slowly added dropwise to a solution of 4-isopropylaniline (17.2 g, 127 mmol) in 80 ml of chloroform. In the course of this, intense heating of the reaction mixture occurs. On completion of the dropwise addition, the mixture is stirred at room temperature for another 2 h. The reaction mixture is concentrated to dryness and the resulting, reddish-white solid is recrystallized from hexane.  
         [0041]     Yield: 21.1 g (120 mmol, 94% of theory) of white solid.  
         [0042]      1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.40 (d, 2H, J=8.3), 7.14 (d, 2H, J=8.3), 2.86 (q, 1H, J=6.8), 1.21 (d, 6H, J=6.8).  
         [0043]      13 C NMR (127.5 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 168.6, 144.9, 135.6, 126.7, 120.2, 33.5, 24.3, 23.9.  
         [0044]     Melting point: 107° C. (literature (Dyall, Aus. J. Chem. 17, 1964, 419): 104-105° C.).  
       N-Acetyl-N,N-di(4-isopropylphenyl)amine  
       [0045]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0046]     4-Isopropyliodobenzene (29.2 g, 118 mmol), N-acetyl-4-isopropylaniline (21.0 g, 118 mmol), copper powder (15.0 g, 237 mmol), potassium carbonate (65.4 g, 474 mmol) and 18-crown-6 (2.9 g, 12 mmol) are heated to reflux in 200 ml of 1,2-dichlorobenzene. The reaction is monitored by thin-layer chromatography (eluent: 10% THF in dichloromethane). After 48 h, the still-hot reaction mixture is filtered, the filter residue is washed thoroughly and the solvent is removed on a rotary evaporator. The crude product is chromatographed on silica gel using 10% THF in dichloromethane. The product fractions are concentrated to dryness, recrystallized from hexane and dried under reduced pressure.  
         [0047]     Yield: 14.31 g (48 mmol, 41% of theory) of slightly brovish solid.  
         [0048]      1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 7.21 (m, 8H), 2.90 (s (br.), 2H), 2.04 (s, 3H), 1.23 (s(br.), 12H).  
       N,N-Di-(4-isopropylphenyl)amine  
       [0049]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0050]     N-Acetyl-N,N-di(4-isopropylphenyl)amine (5.4 g, 18.4 mmol) are heated to reflux in 100 ml of 20% aqueous ethanol. The reaction is monitored by thin-layer chromatography. After 30 h, no reactant is any longer detectable in the TLC. The ethanolic solution is poured into dist. water, and the brownish precipitate is filtered off with suction, dissolved in dichloromethane and dried with sodium sulphate. The solution is concentrated and chromatographed through a short silica gel column with 50% dichloromethane in hexane. The product fractions are concentrated to dryness and the product is dried under reduced pressure.  
         [0051]     Yield: 4.0 g (16 mmol, 86% of theory) of slightly brownish solid.  
         [0052]      1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 7.12 (d, 4H, J=8.3), 6.99 (d, 4H, J=8.3), 5.55 (s(br.), 1H), 2.86 (q, 2H, J=6.8), 1.24 (d, 12H, J=6.8).  
         [0053]      13 C NMR (127.5 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 141.3, 127.1, 117.7, 33.4, 24.1.  
       2,2′,7,7′-Tetrakis(N,N-di-p-isopropylphenylamino)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-iPr-TAD)  
       [0054]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0055]     2,2′,7,7′-Tetrabromo-9,9′-spirobifluorene (1.7 g, 2.6 mmol), N,N-di-4-isopropylphenylamine (3.0 g, 12.0 mmol) and sodium tert-butoxide (1.6 g, 17 mmol) are stirred in 100 ml of anhydrous toluene under nitrogen at 60° C. for 1 h. Subsequently, tri-tert-butylphosphine (4.8 mg, 0.24 mmol, 9.2% based on tetrabromospirobifluorene) and palladium(II) acetate (27 mg, 0.12 mmol, 4.6% based on tetrabromospirobifluoreie) are added and the reaction mixture is heated to reflux under nitrogen. The progress of the reaction is monitored by thin-layer chromatography (eluent: 20% dichloromtethane in hexane). After 3.5 h, no reactants can any longer be detected in the TLC. The reaction mixture is cooled, admixed with a solution of 100 mg of KCN in 20 ml of water, and stirred at 60° C. for another 1 h. After cooling to room temperature, the phases are separated, and the organic phase is dried over sodium sulphate and the solvent is removed. The crude product is recrystallized twice from dioxane and subsequently dried under reduced pressure.  
         [0056]     Yield: 2.8 g (2.1 mmol, 81% of theory) of slightly yellowish, finely crystalline powder.  
         [0057]      1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 7.41 (d, 1H, J=8.3), 7.05 (d, 4H, J=8.3), 6.90 (m, 5H). 6.72 (s (br.) 1H), 2.85 (q, 2H, J=6.8), 1.24 (d, 12H, J=6.8).  
         [0058]      13 C NMR (127.5 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 150.7, 147.5, 146.3, 143.3, 137.2, 127.6, 125.3, 123.8, 120.8, 120.7, 66.2, 34.1, 24.8.  
         [0059]     Tg: 144° C., Tk: 166° C., Tm: 363° C.  
         [0060]     The two organic materials spiro-TTB and spiro-iPr-TAD were each doped with F4-TCNQ and tested in conductivity measurements. For these measurements, the doped layer was applied by coevaporation under reduced pressure over two approx. 5 mm-wide contacts (made of indium tin oxide, ITO) which, were applied to a glass substrate at a distance of 1 mm from one another. The contacts were connected externally to a current-voltage measuring instrument, which allowed the lateral current to be measured at a fixed applied voltage. From this lateral current, the conductivity of the layer is then calculated by a simple resistance relationship. The conductivity can be determined with the aid of the following equation: 
 
Conductivity=(lateral current*distance)/(width*layer thickness) 
 
         [0061]      FIGS. 1 and 2  each show the increase in the lateral current with the layer thickness for the two doped matrix materials. The conductivity of a 50 nm-thick layer of spiro-TTB doped with 2.5% F4-TCNQ is approx. 1.6 E-5 S/cm, while the conductivity of a 50 nm-thick layer of spiro-iPr-TAD doped with 5% F4-TCNQ is approx. 8 E-7 S/cm.  
         [0062]     One embodiment of an inventive electronic component in the form of an OLED with an organic matrix material, as is to be used in accordance with the invention, can be produced and comprises, in the case of normal design emitting through the substrate, the following layer arrangement: 
        1. carrier substrate: glass,     2. bottom electrode (anode A): ITO,     3. p-doped, hole-injecting and -transporting layer: spiro-TTB: F4TCNQ (2.5% molar doping concentration),     4. thin bole-side intermediate layer of a material whose band positions match the band positions of the layers surrounding them: spiro-TAD,     5. light-emitting layer (possibly doped with emitter dye): TCTA (4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine): Irppy 3 (fac-tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium),     6. thin electron-side intermediate layer of a material whose band positions match the band positions of the layers surrounding them: BPhen (4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline),     7. n-doped, electron-injecting and -transporting layer BPhen doped with caesium (approx. 1:1 molar concentration),     8. top electrode (cathode K): aluminum, and     9. encapsulation for exclusion of environmental influences: covering glass        
 
         [0072]     A thus produced organic light-emitting diode was examined with regard to the luminance voltage and current efficiency voltage characteristics, the results of which are shown in  FIG. 3 . Due to the doping of the organic hole transport layer, his exhibits a very steep current-voltage characteristics and thus a very steep luminance voltage characteristics (left-hand axis). The luminance of 100 cd/m 2  and 1000 cd/m 2  are attained at voltages of 2.75 V and 3.1 V. Owing to the ideal arrangement of the doped hole and electron transport layers and of the two intermediate layers, the current efficiencies of light generation are likewise very high and constant over a wide brightness range: 46 cd/A and 45 cd/A. Owing to the stable hole transport layer, this OLED can be operated stably at relatively high temperatures (up to above 100° C.) without a reduction in the optoelectronic properties.  
         [0073]     Features of the invention disclosed in the above description, in the claims and in the drawings may be essential either individually or in any combination for the realization of the invention in its different embodiments.