Abstract:
A repeatable patient-specific measurement technique. The process employs common anatomical reference points to guide the individual performing the measurements. The measurements taken are logged into a database using a standard format. A volume corresponding to the area measured is then calculated. The series of measurements can be accurately repeated during subsequent evaluations of the individual. Subsequent volume calculations are also made so that the volume of the measured region can be tracked over time. The volumetric information is then used to evaluate certain individual-specific criteria such as efficacy of weight management plan. Computer software will also present the data in a variety of numerical and graphical formats that are useful to the individual.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This is a continuation in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/390,491 which is currently pending and names the same inventor. 
     
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT  
       [0002]     Not Applicable.  
       MICROFICHE APPENDIX  
       [0003]     Not Applicable  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0004]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0005]     This invention relates to the field of health and wellness. More specifically, the invention comprises a method for accurately calculating the volumes of portions of an individual&#39;s body, and using the calculated volumes to visually track changes in body appearance over time using a computer generated representation of the individual&#39;s body volume.  
         [0006]     2. Description of the Related Art  
         [0007]     In assessing and monitoring the efficacy of weight and exercise programs, it is often helpful to know the volume of a portion or portions of the body. Many weight and exercise programs produce results that are not directly quantified as weight loss. For example, a diet of increased protein with weight training may lead to weight gain but an overall reduction in body volume. An individual may also lose body volume in a certain area but increase volume in another while experiencing a weight loss. Understanding and visualizing the dynamic changes in volume and correlating them to weight changes can assist an individual in understanding and maximizing the effectiveness of a particular weight and exercise program. More efficient and individual specific programs can be developed by understanding an individual&#39;s response to certain types of dietary and exercise programs.  
         [0008]     An individual commonly uses his or her body weight as a means to gauge overall health and wellness. Individuals also often use the measurement of weight change to evaluate the efficacy of certain dietary and exercise programs. Observations of weight alone do not accurately convey the entire state of an individual&#39;s results with regard to a specific dietary and exercise program, however.  
         [0009]     To properly document the progress of dietary and exercise programs it is often necessary to evaluate factors such as volumetric changes over time. It is very difficult to repeat one or two measurements taken of a particular location, since they may not be tied to a convenient anatomical reference. Thus, the traditional approaches may not be able to provide repeatable results even in terms of a qualitative change over time. If, as an example, an individual measures the diameter of his or her forearm between the wrist and the elbow, it may be difficult to accurately repeat the position of the measurement when the individual measures the forearm a week later. If a different diameter is then observed, the individual will not know whether it represents a change in weight or merely an artifact of the measurement process.  
         [0010]     Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a measurement and volume calculation technique that is easily repeatable and accurately estimates the volumes of various portions of an individual&#39;s body. It would also be desirable to have a tool that may be used to correlate the volumetric data of an individual to certain factors affecting the individual&#39;s exercise and health management program. It would also be desirable for this tool to provide a computer-generated representation of the individual&#39;s body volume to aid the individual in understanding and visualizing the dynamic changes in volume.  
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0011]     The present invention comprises a repeatable patient-specific measurement technique, along with a technique for analyzing and visualizing the data obtained. The inventive process employs common anatomical reference points to guide the individual performing the measurements. The measurements taken are logged into a database using a standard format. A volume corresponding to the area measured is then calculated. The series of measurements can be accurately repeated during subsequent evaluations of the same individual. Subsequent volume calculations are also made so that the volume of the measured region can be tracked over time. The volumetric information is then used to evaluate certain individual-specific criteria such as efficacy of weight loss and exercise programs and the relationship of body part and whole body volume to the overall analysis of the efficacy of those programs. The volumetric information is correlated to (1) the individual&#39;s specific exercise routines, (2) dietary consumption including food categories and calories consumed, (3) region of origin, (4) age, (5) sex, (6) ethnicity, (7) occupation, (8) Body Mass Index (BMI), (9) blood pressure, (10) body fat percentage, (11) resting heart rate, and (12) weight in order to evaluate the efficacy of dietary and exercise programs.  
         [0012]     The process is preferably performed using computer software to record the measurement techniques, calculate the volumes, calculate the BMI and present the data in a variety of numerical and graphical formats. The creation of volumetric self-image on the compacter allows for visual representation of the data over time. The individual can visually see changes in body volume in relationship to their specific dietary and exercise programs. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0013]      FIG. 1  is an isometric view, showing a truncated cone.  
         [0014]      FIG. 2  is an isometric view, showing an example of contoured geometry.  
         [0015]      FIG. 3  is an isometric view, showing an example of faceted geometry.  
         [0016]      FIG. 4  is a perspective view, showing the application of the present process.  
         [0017]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view, showing the application of the present process.  
         [0018]      FIG. 6  is a perspective view, showing the application of the present process.  
         [0019]      FIG. 6B  is a detailed perspective view, showing the application of the present process.  
         [0020]      FIG. 7  is an isometric view, showing faceted geometry corresponding to the measurements of a limb.  
         [0021]      FIG. 8  is a view of a measurement input form.  
         [0022]      FIG. 9  is a view of a typical measurement guide.  
         [0023]      FIG. 10  is a view of a sample data sheet.  
         [0024]      FIG. 11  is a view of a sample graphical presentation of the data.  
         [0025]      FIG. 12  is an isometric view, showing an atypical limb.  
         [0026]      FIG. 13  is an isometric view, showing faceted geometry corresponding to the measurements of the atypical limb.  
         [0027]      FIG. 14  is a data input display, showing measurement data input into a computer.  
         [0028]      FIG. 15  is a sample report showing a graphical three-dimensional representation of an individual generated by a computer.  
         [0029]      FIG. 16  is a sample report showing changes of the graphical three-dimensional representation of the user generated by a computer.  
         [0030]      FIG. 17  is a sample report showing changes of the graphical three-dimensional representation of the user generated by a computer. 
     
    
     REFERENCE NUMERALS IN THE DRAWINGS  
       [0031]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 10 
                 centerline 
                 12 
                 external start point 
               
               
                 14 
                 faceted volume 
                 16 
                 arm 
               
               
                 18 
                 ulna styloid process 
                 20 
                 axilla 
               
               
                 28 
                 atypical leg 
                 30 
                 computed volume 
               
               
                 32 
                 lower plane 
                 34 
                 upper plane 
               
               
                 36 
                 measurement input form 
                 38 
                 physiological reference 
               
               
                 40 
                 length input 
                 42 
                 circumference input 
               
               
                 44 
                 date/time entry 
                 46 
                 treatment input 
               
               
                 48 
                 notation input 
                 50 
                 measurement guide 
               
               
                 52 
                 sample data sheet 
                 54 
                 graphical data presentation 
               
               
                 60 
                 chord length 
                 62 
                 contoured object 
               
               
                 64 
                 reference model 
                 66 
                 health data 
               
               
                 68 
                 circumference data 
                 70 
                 computed volume data 
               
               
                 72 
                 three-dimensional representation 
                 74 
                 comparison data 
               
               
                 76 
                 three-dimensional representation 
                 78 
                 three-dimensional 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 representation 
               
               
                 80 
                 comparison data 
               
               
                 C1 
                 first circumference 
                 C2 
                 second circumference 
               
               
                 C3 
                 third circumference 
                 C4 
                 fourth circumference 
               
               
                 C5 
                 fifth circumference 
                 C6 
                 sixth circumference 
               
               
                 C7 
                 seventh circumference 
                 C8 
                 eighth circumference 
               
               
                 C9 
                 ninth circumference 
                 C10  
                 tenth circumference 
               
               
                 L1 
                 first length 
                 L2 
                 second length 
               
               
                 L3 
                 third length 
                 L4 
                 fourth length 
               
               
                 L5 
                 fifth length 
                 V1 
                 first volume 
               
               
                 V2 
                 second volume 
                 V3 
                 third volume 
               
               
                 V4 
                 fourth volume 
                 V5 
                 fifth volume 
               
               
                 V6 
                 sixth volume 
                 V7 
                 seventh volume 
               
               
                 V8 
                 eighth volume 
                 V9 
                 ninth volume 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0032]      FIG. 1  shows the basic geometrical element used in the present invention—a truncated right cone. This object is defined by lower plane  32 , having first circumference C 1 , and upper plane  34 , having second circumference C 2 . Upper plane  34  is offset from lower plane  32  a first length L 1  along central axis  10 . The radius corresponding to each circumference can be found using the following expression R=C/(2×Π) where “C” represents the circumference and “R” represents the corresponding radius.  
         [0033]     A radius R 1  corresponding to first circumference C 1  and a radius R 2  corresponding to second circumference C 2  are thereby computed. The volume of the truncated cone can then be determined using the expression: 
 
 V= 1/3 ×Π×L 1×( R 1 2   +R 2 2   +R 1× R 2) 
 
 Thus, by knowing the values for C 1 , C 2 , and L 1 , one can easily determine a value for computed volume  30 . These geometric principles are essential to the inventive process herein disclosed, for the simple truncated cone can be used to approximate many types of complex geometry. 
 
         [0034]      FIG. 2  depicts contoured object  62 , which has a complex curved shape. Like the truncated cone of  FIG. 1 , it has a central axis. In order to determine its volume, the user first selects an external start point. A circumference measurement—C 1 —is taken at this point. The user then moves along the object&#39;s surface, in a direction approximately perpendicular to the first circumference measurement taken, a distance L 1 . A second circumference measurement—C 2 —is then taken. This process continues with the user recording the values for L 1  through L 5  and for C 1  through C 6 . The software tracks variability in the step size as set forth in the patient-specific measurement technique (explained in more detail subsequently).  
         [0035]      FIG. 3  represents graphically the measurements taken from contoured object  62  in  FIG. 2 . The regions between the circumference measurements are linearly interpolated to form a stack of truncated cones, each one of which is similar to the one shown in  FIG. 1  (denoted as first volume V 1  through fifth volume V 5 ). The stack of truncated cones is referred to collectively as faceted volume  14 .  
         [0036]     Using the same mathematical principles disclosed with respect to the truncated cone of  FIG. 1 , the volume of volumes V 1  through V 7  can be calculated. These volumes are then added to find the total volume for faceted volume  14 .  
         [0037]     Those skilled in the art will know that the volume thus determined is only an approximation of the true volume of contoured object  62 . However, if the approach is properly applied, the error will be very small. Of equal significance, since the same technique will be applied during the patient&#39;s next visit, any error present will remain relatively constant. Thus, recorded changes will not be the result of variations in the measurement error.  
         [0038]     It is customary in the field of mathematical modeling to refer to the distance between each circumference measurement as a “step size.” The user taking the measurements can adjust the step size to increase accuracy. Obviously, a smaller step size produces greater accuracy. However, since the measurements are typically taken by hand, a small step size results in much more work. An experienced user can adjust the step size by using small steps in regions where the object&#39;s surface is rapidly changing, and larger step sizes in regions where the surface is not rapidly changing. Computer software can be used to track and “remember” a custom step size for a particular patient and body area.  
         [0039]     The application of the process to the human body will now be disclosed in detail.  FIG. 4  shows the larger structures of arm  16 . One key to the proper application of the inventive process is the selection of an anatomical reference point as the origin of the measurements taken. In the case of the human arm, one such reference point is ulna styloid process  18  (other features can be used as a reference on the arm). This feature is a knobby protrusion of the end of the ulna. It can be consistently identified by feeling around the patient&#39;s wrist.  
         [0040]     The process allows an individual to develop a measurement technique, which defines the anatomical references for the individual and assigns a centerline from which the step size will be initiated along the body part. The individual can deviate the centerline to follow the anatomical contours.  FIG. 6  shows centerline  10  as it is adjusted to follow the contours of arm  16 . The reader will observe that its course deviates significantly.  
         [0041]     In this particular example, the measurements will be taken up to the individual&#39;s axilla  20 . Returning to  FIG. 4 , the user begins by measuring first circumference C 1 . The user then moves up the arm a distance L 1  and measures a value for second circumference C 2 . The user repeats this process for circumferences C 3  through C 10 . The reader will note that the step size has been varied in the course of the measurements. This example represents measurements taken by an individual having experience using the measurement techniques described herein. The step size has been reduced in the vicinity of the elbow, where the surface geometry of the arm changes rapidly.  
         [0042]     Turning now to  FIG. 5 , the measurements taken have divided arm  16  into nine discrete volumes—volume V 1  through volume V 9 . The reader will recall that the prior examples used volumes having a central axis; i.e., volumes that were radially symmetric. The human arm is obviously not radially symmetric, nor does its centerline follow a straight path. In  FIGS. 4 through 6 , it is apparent that the planes defined by the circumference measurements are not parallel. This fact introduces error into the volume caluclations. It is therefore advisable to refine the process somewhat.  
         [0043]      FIG. 6  shows the deviations in centerline  10 . It graphically depicts a single circumference measurement being taken at the end of each linear segment of centerline  10 . The reader will observe that a circumference measurement is taken at the intersection of each linear segment of centerline  10 . The use of a single circumference measurement is non-optimal, since such a circumference is not generally perpendicular to both line segments it is adjacent to.  
         [0044]      FIG. 6B  shows a refinement intended to address this concern. The reader will again observe that centerline  10  is broken into a series of non-aligned linear segments (labeled as “L 3 , 4 ”, “L 4 , 5 ”, and so on). At each intersection point between two segments, it is preferable to take two circumference measurements. For example, at the joint between segment L 3 , 4  and segment L 4 , 5 , circumference measurements C 4 A and C 4 B are taken. C 4 A is perpendicular to L 3 , 4  and C 4 ,B is perpendicular to L 4 , 5 .  
         [0045]     This approach is easier to see graphically in the two circumference measurements indicated as C 6 A and C 6 B (since the centerline deviates its course more radically at that junction). C 6 A is perpendicular to L 5 , 6 , whereas C 6 B is perpendicular to L 6 , 7 . Using this approach, each truncated cone is defined by a linear segment of centerline and two circumference measurements, which are perpendicular to that linear segment. As an example, the volume corresponding to L 6 , 7  is calculated using the length L 6 , 7  and circumference measurements C 6 B and C 7 A. Thus, it is a true right cone. Error is thereby reduced and any error which is present is maintained more consistently over successive measurements.  FIG. 7  shows the results of this approach applied to the entire arm. The arm has been segmented into volumes V 1  through V 9 , with each volume comprising a true truncated right cone.  
         [0046]     One useful function of the process it to allow the individual to evaluate changes in the volume of a portions of the individual&#39;s body and total body volume over time. The individual may also correlate these volume changes to the individual&#39;s weight, BMI, calorie consumption, body fat percentage, resting heart rate, blood pressure and exercise program. Thus, the process contemplates that the measurements described will be repeated over two or more evaluations. Although this entire process can be carried out manually, the use of computer software is obviously advantageous in ensuring greater reliability and reproducibility of the data and the incorporation of other factors into data interpretation. In addition, the ability to graphically depict representations of the user&#39;s total body volume over time greatly enhances the individuals understanding of the relationship between body volume and the user&#39;s specific weight management and/or exercise programs.  FIG. 8  depicts a user assistance printout from a computer program intended to aid the individual in carrying out the process (measurement input form  36 ).  
         [0047]     The user selects a body area to evaluate, typically using choices from a pull-down menu. There is no restriction on the body area that can be selected. As examples, the software allows selection of both hands, feet, arms, legs, buttocks, torso, chest, neck, and head. The software displays an image of the selected limb specific to the sex of the patient.  
         [0048]     To correspond with the illustrations of  FIGS. 4 through 7 , the patient&#39;s right arm has been selected. The program then graphically depicts suggested anatomical references on physiological reference  38 . The user makes certain “picks” to inform the program of which reference points will be used. The user preferably also enters correlative data, such as date/time entry  44 , treatment input  46  (describing the history of treatment), and notation input  48  (allowing the addition of observational or other notes).  
         [0049]     The user then performs the measurement procedure described previously, entering the values observed as length inputs  40  and circumference inputs  42 . The use of the computer program allows the addition of helpful instructions, a graphical depiction of the progress of the measurements along physiological reference  38 , and error cross-checking to make sure that the recorded number of lengths and circumferences make sense. The error checking can also evaluate the numbers to detect possible mis-measurements (such as when one circumference is drastically shorter than its neighbors).  
         [0050]      FIG. 9  depicts another helpful display which can be generated by the computer program. If the user has selected a hand or foot to measure, this particular measurement guide  50  can be displayed. Custom intervals or step sizes are also tracked in this software feature. An unlimited number of intervals for all body areas can be tracked.  
         [0051]      FIG. 10  shows a display of sample data sheet  52 , which displays the data obtained by measuring a patient&#39;s arm. Such data sheets would be produced for a series of successive daily measurement sessions. Data sheets present the individualized measurement model created by the individual, circumference values at patient-specific points, sectional volumes, sectional percent change from previous sessions, sectional percent change from first session, conversion of sectional and total volumes to liters or gallons, total measured body area volumes and total measured body area volumes percent change from previous session and from first session. The sheet can also display graphical representations of the volumetric self-image, weight, BMI, daily calories consumed, daily exercise, blood pressure, percent body fat, heart rate and various graphical illustrations. Those skilled in the art will realize that these functions are merely exemplary. Many more could be added.  
         [0052]     While it is possible to evaluate volumetric changes using the sample data sheets  52 , it may aid understanding to present such data graphically. Again, the use of a computer program can provide this functionality.  FIG. 11  shows graphical data presentation  54 . This display presents an exemplary graphical “bar chart” showing volumetric changes of a particular individual over time. Those that are skilled in the art know that such a display could also be used to show changes in the individual&#39;s weight, BMI, blood pressure, percent body fat, resting heart rates, and daily calories consumed over time as well. Such a display allows the individual to easily evaluate the efficacy of a diet or exercise program. Such a display also helps the reader understand why the absolute accuracy of the volume calculation is not nearly as important as the repeatability of the measuring process and it relationship to changes in the weight and wellness factors.  
         [0053]     The absolute volume taken on a first evaluation of an individual is not particularly instructive, as variations in human anatomy produce a wide range of volumes for a particular body part. The individual is much more interested in observing changes in the volume over the course of time in relationship to the individual&#39;s overall body weight, blood pressure, resting heart rate, percent body fat, BMI, daily calories consumed and daily exercise program. Most importantly, the individual needs to be confident that the changes seen are real and not an artifact of the measurement process. The repeatability of the inventive process herein disclosed greatly reduces the risk of artifact.  
         [0054]     Further, the process can be employed to measure virtually any type of geometry, even where the patient&#39;s anatomy is atypical.  FIG. 12  shows a patient having atypical leg  28  (a below-the-knee amputation). The same general process is employed. External starting point  12  is placed at the lower extreme (as may, for example, be recommended by the computer program). A series of circumference measurements C 1  through C 6  are then taken. These are then used to create faceted volume  14  as shown in  FIG. 13 . Thus, the reader will appreciate that the inventive process disclosed can be used for virtually any portion of human physiology. The reader will also appreciate that the process can be used to determine the volume of the human body as a whole.  
         [0055]     The use of computer software allows the conversion of sectional and total volumes to liters or gallons, a comparison of section volume to total body volume, comparisons of total body weight, BMI, blood pressure, percent body fat, resting heart rate, daily calories consumed and relationship to daily exercise programs and numerous other mathematical operations. The software can even guide the individual to compare his or her data against similar populations of individuals based upon age, sex, occupation, geographic origin and the like. This type of analysis is valuable when evaluating the efficacy of a weight and health management program. Thus, the software can ask the individual to contribute data, which is needed for a populations study—even though the individual may not be directly aware of the study.  
         [0056]     These circumference and fixed distance measurements may also be used by a computer to generate and display the volume of the individual as a graphical three-dimensional representation of the individual&#39;s physical form. In the preferred embodiment, this is accomplished by applying the circumference measurements to a standardized three-dimensional mesh representation of a human figure. As such, the circumference measurements are used to “refine” the standardized three-dimensional mesh representation to resemble the unique appearance of the individual. Such a process may be used to generate reports exemplified in  FIGS. 15-17  as will be explained in greater detail subsequently.  
         [0057]     Turning now to  FIG. 14 , a data input display for inputting measurement data in the computer is illustrated. The current data input display appears as a graphical user interface on the user&#39;s computer. Health data  66  is first input into the computer. Health data  66  includes the date, the individual&#39;s blood pressure, body fat percentage, weight, height, average daily caloric intake, daily exercise time, and resting heart rate. BMI is calculated from the individual&#39;s height and weight. Circumference data  68  is then input into the appropriate fields. Reference model  64  may be provided on the data input display to assist the user in identifying where circumference measurements should be made. In the present example, the variable fixed distances between the circumferences are not directly input by the user. This is because the variable fixed distances are already associated with the location of the circumference measurements (the fixed distances may have been input at a previous measurement session, or the fixed distances may be estimated based on the inputted height and height-to-length ratio assumptions). If the circumference measurements are taken on or adjacent to readily identifiable reference points (such as illustrated on reference model  64 ), it is not necessary to measure or input the distance between circumference measurements for each measurement session. As the user inputs circumference data  68 , the computer computes sectional volumes for each portion of the body using the previously-described, truncated-cone computation method. The sectional volumes are displayed adjacent to circumference data  68  as shown.  
         [0058]     Once the data is input into the computer, the computer may be used to generate various helpful reports or displays. One report is illustrated in  FIG. 15 . This report is a typical format after a first session of measurements. The report shows computed volume data  70  which is computed using circumference data  68  and the inputted or assumed fixed distance data. The health data inputted into the computer in the input display of  FIG. 14  is also shown on the report. Most significantly, however, three-dimensional representation  72  is generated and displayed. Three-dimensional representation  72  is a graphical representation of the individual&#39;s physical form which takes into account the volume of portions of the individual&#39;s body. There are many ways that such a representation may be generated. In the preferred embodiment, a standardized three-dimensional mesh representation or model of a human figure is used as a starting point. Pre-assigned circumference measurements and variable fixed distances are attributed to the standardized model. The individual&#39;s unique measurements (circumference measurements and fixed distances) are then used to “refine” the model. For example, if the standardized model has a right bicep with a 15-inch circumference, and the individual has a measured right bicep of 17 inches, the bicep of the standardized model is “expanded” to resemble the individual&#39;s bicep. A similar transformation can be used to account for the distances between circumference measurements. For example, length of the standardized model&#39;s arms and legs may be lengthened or shortened as necessary to accurately portray the individual&#39;s unique physical form. A computer program capable of directing a computer to produce and display these image transformations and manipulations may be readily created by one skilled in the art.  
         [0059]      FIGS. 16 and 17  illustrate reports that may be generated during the course of the individual&#39;s exercise or diet program. These reports are created using circumference measurements that are taken and input into the computer in subsequent measurement sessions. As illustrated in  FIG. 16 , comparison data  74  is provided so that the user can easily appreciate the changes that have occurred since the first measurement session. Comparison data includes the individual&#39;s new total body volume, the percentage of body volume change since the first session, the total body weight, the percentage of weight change since the first session, and the total weight loss, changes in percent body fat, resting heart rate and blood pressure. The changes in volume for each portion of the body may also be displayed. The report also displays three-dimensional representation  72  which was generated in the first measurement session next to three-dimensional representation  76  which portrays the individual&#39;s current body volume. The reader will appreciate that when presented in this format, the changes in body shape and volume can be readily perceived. This type of feedback is particularly helpful to the individual in understanding the results that have been achieved using the dietary or exercise program.  
         [0060]      FIG. 17  is similar to  FIG. 16  and illustrates a report generated approximately two months after the first measurement session. Comparison data  80  again illustrates the individual&#39;s new total body volume, the percentage of body volume change since the first session, the total body weight, the percentage of weight change since the first session, the total weight loss, changes in percent body, resting heart rate and blood pressure. The report also displays three-dimensional representation  72  which was generated in the first measurement session next to three-dimensional representation  76  which portrays the individual&#39;s current body volume. The three-dimensional representations may be shown as a static image (such as is currently illustrated) or as a moving image. For example, the three dimensional representation may rotate slowly along the model&#39;s central axis. An animation may also be created and displayed showing the transformation of the individual&#39;s body over time as a series of discrete three-dimensional representations shown in succession. One that is skilled in the art would know how to generate these type of graphical illustrations.  
         [0061]     The preceding description contains significant detail regarding the novel aspects of the present invention. It is should not be construed, however, as limiting the scope of the invention but rather as providing illustrations of the preferred embodiments of the invention. As an example, the computer interface illustrations are but one type of many possible types well known to those skilled in the art. Thus, the scope of the invention should be fixed by the following claims, rather than by the examples given.