Abstract:
A bioadhesive strip includes material that is removable or dissolvable in the oral cavity and adheres to the mucosal tissue of a person&#39;s oral cavity, with preferred embodiments including a specially textured surface on at least the outer side of an adhesive strip that faces away from the mucosal tissue to which it is attached and that has anti-microbial characteristics, bioluminescent expressions, etc. and a surface topography that resists bioadhesion of undesired bacteria that are typically present in a human&#39;s mouth. Methods of using the bioadhesive strip include treating snoring, sore throat conditions, GERD, NAFLD, Alzheimer&#39;s Disease, cachexia and migraines.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/752,192 filed Jun. 26, 2015, which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/225,503 filed Mar. 26, 2014, (now issued U.S. Pat. No. 9,445,936, issued Sep. 20, 2016), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/367,052, filed Feb. 6, 2012 (now issued U.S. Pat. No. 8,701,671, issuing on Apr. 22, 2014), which claims priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/439,652, filed on Feb. 4, 2011 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/556,023, filed on Nov. 4, 2011. 
         [0002]    This application also is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/270,034, filed Sep. 20, 2016, which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/954,074, filed on Nov. 30, 2015 (now issued U.S. Pat. No. 9,457,077, issuing on Oct. 4, 2016), which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/574,517, filed on Dec. 18, 2014 (now issued U.S. Pat. No. 9,408,880, issuing on Aug. 9, 2016), which claims priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. Nos. 62/072,476, filed on Oct. 30, 2014; 62/053,926, filed on Sep. 23, 2014; 62/014,855, filed on Jun. 20, 2014; and 61/919,297, filed on Dec. 20, 2013. 
         [0003]    This application is also a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/228,454, filed Aug. 4, 2016. 
         [0004]    This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. Nos. 62/387,404, filed Dec. 24, 2015; 62/387,405, filed Dec. 24, 2015; 62/274,550, filed Jan. 5, 2016; and 62/275,341, filed Jan. 6, 2016. 
         [0005]    This application is also a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/611,458, filed Feb. 2, 2015, which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/502,097, filed Sep. 30, 2014 (now issued U.S. Pat. No. 9,010,340, issuing on Apr. 21, 2015), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14,307,651, filed on Jun. 18, 2014 (now issued U.S. Pat. No. 8,936,030, issuing Jan. 20, 2015), which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/079,054, filed Nov. 13, 2013 (now issued U.S. Pat. No. 8,757,173, issuing on Jun. 24, 2014), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/425,913. filed Mar. 21, 2012 (now issued U.S. Pat. No. 8,584,685, issuing on Nov. 19, 2013), and claims priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/467,767, filed Mar. 25, 2011. 
         [0006]    The entire disclosure of the prior applications are considered to be part of the disclosure of the accompanying application and are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    The present invention is directed to a method for the use of dissolvable strips of material that adhere to mucosal tissue of a person and that provide structural and functional attributes effective to treat disorders, including those whose origins are in the oral cavity. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    Snoring is a problem suffered by a large number of people. Snoring, upper airway resistance syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) are all breathing disorders related to narrowing of the upper airway during sleep. Individuals over age 65 experience such sleep difficulties, and the prevalence of sleep problems will therefore increase as the over-65 population increases. Each year, sleep disorders, sleep deprivation, and excessive daytime sleepiness add billions of dollars annually to the cost of health care and in lost productivity. When the muscles at the base of the tongue and the uvula (the small fleshy tissue hanging from the center of the back of the throat) relax and sag, the relaxed tissues may vibrate as air flows past the tissues during breathing, resulting in snoring. Snoring affects about half of men and 25 percent of women—most of whom are age 50 or older. 
         [0009]    Snoring is a common chronic medical problem that is associated with episodic partial upper airway obstruction during sleep. Snoring afflicts millions of people worldwide. Snoring can lead to chronic fatigue that follows sleep deprivation and is considered by many to be a serious medical problem. 
         [0010]    There is a long-felt but unsolved need for a simple, effective, inexpensive non-surgical method and device for treating snoring, especially one that does not rely upon uncomfortable mouth or tongue repositioners or the use of continuous positive airway pressure machines. 
         [0011]    The reversal of cancer cachexia and muscle wasting leads to prolonged survival, and with the ability to retain muscle mass and strength, it is believed that various forms of cancer treatment may be more effective, if only due to the fact that the cancer victim may be able to withstand the rigors of the various cancer treatments involved. There is presently, however, an absence of effective medical therapies to prevent or reverse skeletal muscle atrophy, and especially therapies that involve reliance on a modification of a patient&#39;s microbiome. Current treatment recommendations to address skeletal muscle atrophy (e.g. physical rehabilitation, nutritional optimization, and treatment of underlying disease) are often ineffective and/or unfeasible and at present, a pharmacologic therapy does not exist. Thus, a treatment for skeletal muscle atrophy associated with cancer represents a very large unmet medical need. There exists a long felt but unsolved need for a simple, relatively inexpensive, effective treatment of muscle atrophy associated with a host of different types of cancer. The present invention provides a solution to this long felt need via the provision of mucosal strips as described herein. 
         [0012]    Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease which significantly increases with age. Currently there is no cure for Alzheimer&#39;s disease and ultimately it results in death. AD is the most common form of dementia. There is currently no treatment for AD that can reverse or slow down the disease progression. AD represents a major health problem and an effective treatment of the disease would represent a major breakthrough. The present invention provides a method and system for reducing the likelihood that one will suffer from Alzheimer&#39;s disease and thus, preventing Alzheimer&#39;s disease in a manner that deals with the causative agents of the disease. The present invention is focused on steps that can be taken decades in advance of the symptoms of Alzheimer&#39;s disease first appearing. For the first time, the present invention provides a way for individuals to adopt positive behaviors, techniques and use compositions and products that can thwart the progression of Alzheimer&#39;s disease. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    In various embodiments, the present invention is directed to an improved method, system and product to provide desired palatal stiffening to achieve a reduction of snoring by reducing or substantially eliminating palatal flutter. In various embodiments, the present invention achieves desired stiffening of the soft palate to reduce palatal flutter through the use of mucosal strips that are positioned in a person&#39;s mouth before sleep. Unlike the prior art methods and devices that require permanent tissue changes, such as implantation of material, such as pillar system tubes, micro-particles, or the creation of scar tissue so as to affect the physical characteristics of the soft palate, the present invention is used only during times when snoring is an issue—e.g. mainly at night. Thus, during hours when a person is awake, there are no adverse tissue changes to the soft palate that would cause pain, affect breathing or talking or swallowing, which are issues that the prior art systems and methods present. Nor does the present method and system involve the embarrassing and uncomfortable use of jaw or tongue adjustment devices that are both uncomfortable and awkward in situations where a person is in bed with another person, such as a spouse who is also attempting to sleep. Instead, the use of the mucosal strip as set forth herein provides a relatively discrete way in which a person can avoid snoring by stiffening the soft palate tissue for a predetermined time period that is limited in duration, such that in many cases, the strip is dissolved by morning. Moreover, the person with a snoring problem can self adjust the amount of strips employed to address the vagrities of a particular person&#39;s soft palate area, need for stiffness, particular placement for comfort and effectiveness, etc. Unlike other devices that are a “one-size-fits-all” proposition, the ability to use more than one strip; to overlap strips, to reinsert strips during the night if snoring issues appear, etc. is made possible to adjust for particular situations and to address the severity of a particular person&#39;s snoring at any given particular moment. 
         [0014]    Another aspect of the present invention includes the ability to load or impregnate the mucosal strips with any number of active agents to achieve other desirable aspects, such as breath freshening; administration of particular vitamins, medicinal components, salving of mouth sores, short or long term medication through buccal and mucosal tissues, etc. As described in greater detail below, and in the incorporated references cited herein, the present invention, in various other embodiments, provides mucosal strips, especially adapted for use in the oral cavity, such that the oral microbiome is enhanced in a manner that provides treatments for cancer, cachexia, and Alzheimer&#39;s Disease. While much of the discussion below is directed to forms of strips that are adapted for use in a person&#39;s oral cavity to address the serous health issues related to snoring and sleep apnea, it should be understood by those of skill in the art that such strips, as modified and configured as described herein, can also address other serious health concerns, such as cancer, cachexia and AD. 
         [0015]    The dimensions, thickness, size, area surface texture, flexibility, adhesive characteristics, flavoring and taste, composition (e.g. in terms of medicine, vitamins, nutraceuticals, etc.) for a particular strip can be adjusted as one of skill in the art will appreciate. In one embodiment, and unlike most presently available breath strips (e.g. such as Listerine breath strips) the strips employed in the present invention are both thicker, so as to provide more structural integrity to soft palate tissues upon which such strips adhere, and also have more long term (from at least about 5 minutes to several hours), preferably for at least about 3 hours, more preferably at least about 5 hours and most preferably at least about 6 or more hours—roughly equating to the period of time of a person&#39;s sleep and/or length of snoring experience. Moreover, in preferred embodiments the mucosal strips are designed to adhere well with each other when placed on palate tissue so that layering of the strips can be accomplished so as to custom build a desired thickness of the strips over tissue to be covered. This permits a user to layer as many strips as deemed necessary to stiffen the soft palate tissue in a manner that is personally comfortable for such user while also being sufficient to address the particular snoring issue experienced by such user. The area of tissue to be covered can be addressed by either having the person provide strips side-by-side to cover the area; by having certain tissue areas provided with thicker ultimate strip depth than other areas (e.g. providing for the option of stiffening certain palate soft tissue more than directly adjacent tissue), and even providing strips having different characteristics in terms of a variety of factors, such as taste, composition, adherence or dissolvability characteristics, area, shape, thickness, flavor, duration of flexibility characteristics, etc. In some embodiments, films of desired thickness and having desired properties in terms of dissolving rate, flexibility, provision of stiffness over time, adhesion duration, ability to cause reversible contraction of soft palate tissue (e.g. to thus enhance the desired stiffening of targeted tissue that would otherwise vibrate during snoring), can be fashioned, by cutting, forming in a particular mold, etc. to cover a desired soft palate area. For example, the particular physical area of an individual&#39;s soft palate will vary in size, dimensions, degree of soft tissue available for undesired vibration during a snoring episode, etc. and so cutting films, strips, areas of pre-manufactured material to cover such areas is made possible by the present invention. In other words, while in some embodiments standard sized strips of material may be available such that a person can layer, place side-by-side, orient distinctly, etc. strips of appropriately selected strips, on other embodiments, custom strips or films having particular shapes, such as one that covers the particular area of that particular person&#39;s soft palate tissue region, is contemplated. As disclosed herein below, strips are referred alternatively to oral films, mucosal films, etc. 
         [0016]    Oral films having desired duration of adhesion and freedom from an adverse feeling in the oral cavity on use are selected that adhere to the particular regions of a person&#39;s soft palate, thereby stiffening the region and reducing or eliminating snoring. 
         [0017]    Preferably, a hydrophilic pressure-adhesive hydrogel is employed that has desirable characteristics. In one embodiment, a hydrophobic pressure-sensitive adhesive or bioadhesives is used to provide desired control of tack, adhesive and water sorption properties required for optimal application mucosal tissue. U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,233 to Kuroya, et al. is incorporated herein by this reference for suitable adhesives in this regard. U.S. Pat. No. 6,552,024 to Choi is likewise incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference, as is U.S. Pat. No. 7,906,140 to Bromley, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,803420 to Cleary et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 7,984,714 to Hausmann et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 7,276,246 to Zhang; U.S. Pat. No. 5,578,315 to Chien et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 7,470,397 to Meathrel et al., U.S. Pat. Publication No. 20110033542 to Myers, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 7,138,135 to Chen; U.S. Pat. No. 7,441,559 to Nelson. 
         [0018]    Suitable oral films may be formulated using polymers, plasticizers, flavors, colors and sweeteners. The oral films are manufactured using solvent casting method, rolling method, extrusion method and solid dispersion method. Oral films are preferably selected that are not fast dissolving film and that will therefore remain in the oral cavity for a longer time and retained at the site of application. Oral film strips have hit the mainstream in the last few years as a new way of freshening the breath. 
         [0019]    Polymers: The polymer may be water soluble, water insoluble, or a combination of one or more either water soluble or water insoluble polymers. The polymer may include cellulose or a cellulose derivative. Specific examples of useful water soluble polymers include, but are not limited to, pullulan, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium aginate, polyethylene glycol, xanthan gum, tragancanth gum, guar gum, acacia gum, arabic gum, polyacrylic acid, methylmethacrylate copolymer, carboxyvinyl copolymers, starch, and combinations thereof. 
         [0020]    Plasticizers: Plasticizers include glycerin, sorbitol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, triacetin, triethyl citrate (TEC), acetyl triethyl citrate (ATEC) and other citrate esters. plasticizer is added to improve flexibility of film. 
         [0021]    Flavoring agents: Flavoring agents, the essential oils or water soluble extracts of menthol, wintergreen, peppermint, sweet mint, spearmint, vanillin, cherry, chocolate, cinnamon, clove, lemon, orange etc. 
         [0022]    Sweetening agents: Sweetening agent such as sugar, dextrose, lactose, mannitol, sucrose, xylitol, malitol, acesulfame potassium, talin, glycyrrhizin, sucralose, aspartame, saccharin etc. 
         [0023]    Coloring agents: Coloring agents may include FD &amp; C coloring agents, natural coloring agents, and natural juice concentrates, pigments such as titanium oxide, silicon dioxide and zinc oxide. 
         [0024]    One (or a combination) of the following processes may be used to manufacture the oral films: solvent casting; Hot-melt extrusion; Solid dispersion extrusion; and Rolling. 
         [0025]    Solvent Casting: The oral film is preferably formulated using the solvent-casting method, whereby the water-soluble ingredients are dissolved to form a clear viscous solution. Entrapped air is removed by vacuum. The resulting solution is cast as a film and allowed to dry, which is then cut into pieces of the desired size. Water-soluble hydrocolloids used to prepare films include: hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), pullulan, sodium alginate, pectin and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). 
         [0026]    Hot melt extrusion (HME) is used to prepare granules, sustained-release tablets, transdermal and transmucosal drug delivery systems. Processing films by this technique, involves shaping a polymer into a film via the heating process rather than through the traditional solvent casting method. 
         [0027]    Solid dispersion extrusion: The term “solid dispersions” refers to the dispersion of one or more active ingredients in an inert carrier in a solid state in the presence of amorphous hydrophilic polymers and also using methods such as melt extrusion. 
         [0028]    Rolling method involves preparation of a film by preparation of a pre-mix, addition of an active and subsequent formation of a film. For example, a master batch which includes the film -forming polymer, polar solvent, and any other additives is added to the master batch feed tank and is controllably fed via a first metering pump and control valve to either or both of the first and second mixers. After blending for a sufficient time to provide a uniform matrix, a specific amount of the uniform matrix is then fed to the pan through the second metering pumps. The metering roller determines the thickness of the film and applies it to the application roller. The film is finally formed on the substrate and carried away via the support roller. The wet film is then dried using controlled bottom drying, desirably in the absence of external air currents or heat on the top (exposed) surface of the film. A disintegration test may be employed to determine the time at which a film breaks when brought into contact with water or saliva. The disintegration time is the time when a film starts to break or disintegrate. Thickness and mass play a role in determining the dissolvable film&#39;s physical properties. The “tensile strength” (psi) is the property of film that requires a load to cause load deformation failure of film. Tensile strength was evaluated according to ASTM International Test Method for Thin Plastic Sheeting (D 882-02). An electronic dynamometer AG/MCl (Acquati, I) may be used and tensile strength and elongation may be calculated to arrive at a suitable strip for the intended uses and applications as set forth herein. Tensile strength (N/mm 2 )=Breaking force (N)/Cross-sectional area of sample (mm 2 ). Percent elongation is measured when the film snaps as sufficient force applied so as to exceed the elastic limit. Elongation at break (%)=Increase in length at breaking point (mm)/Original length (mm)×100%. Thickness tests may be carried out using an electronic micrometer MI-1000 (Cheminstruments, USA). The thickness of the film sample may be measured using a micrometer (Digimatic Micrometer, Mitutoyo, Tokyo, Japan) at five locations (center and four corners), and the mean thickness calculated. Folding endurance is determined by repeatedly folding a small strip of film at the same place till it breaks. Film flexibility may be determined by adapting the ASTM bend mandrel test (D 4338-97) and a film may be bent over a mandrel and examined for cracks over the area of the bend in a strong light. 
         [0029]    Taste masking for oral film systems can be employed so that any offensive bitter or poor taste of is addressed. One method of taste-masking is encapsulation by a polymeric covering sufficient to mask the taste of the film. Orally disintegrating thin films based on a water-soluble polymer are selected so that the film does not disintegrate rapidly within seconds after contact with water or saliva, but rather, is retained on the mucosal membrane for a significant period of time, preferably several hours, so that the film remains in place during the sleep of the person employing the same. Films prepared using chitin or chitosan are suitable as an oral mucoadhesive and water-resisting adhesive. 
         [0030]    A suitable oral mucosa adhesive includes one that is at least moderately water-soluble, pliant polymer artificial dentifrice (AD) film that may be prepared from a hydroxypropyl cellulose-M (HPC-M) ethanol and polyethylene glycol. When applied to the wet surface of the mucosa, films of the present invention preferably show excellent adhesion and are able to cover oral mucosa long enough to last for a substantial period of time while the person is asleep. Such films provide mechanical stabilization of the tissue of the pharyngeal wall. 
         [0031]      FIG. 1  shows, in cross-section, a naso-pharyngeal area of an untreated patient.  FIG. 1  shows the nose N, mouth M and throat TH. The tongue T is shown in an oral cavity OC of the mouth. A hard palate HP (containing a bone B) separates the oral cavity OC from the nasal cavity NC. The nasal concha C (soft tissue which defines, in part, the nasal sinus—not shown) resides in the nasal cavity NC. 
         [0032]    The soft palate SP (a muscle activated soft tissue not supported by bone) depends in cantilevered manner at a leading end LE from the hard palate HP and terminates at a trailing end TE. Below the soft palate SP, the pharyngeal wall PW defines the throat passage TP. A nasal passage NP connects the nasal cavity NC to the pharyngeal wall PW. Below an epiglottis EP, the throat passage TP divides into a trachea TR for passing air to the lungs and an esophagus ES for passing food and drink to the stomach. 
         [0033]    The soft palate SP is operated by muscles (not separately shown and labeled) to lift the soft palate SP to urge the trailing edge TE against the rear area of the pharyngeal wall PW. This seals the nasal cavity NC from the oral cavity OC during swallowing. The epiglottis EP closes the trachea TR during swallowing and drinking and opens for breathing. 
         [0034]    For purposes of this disclosure, the nasal cavity NC, oral cavity OC and throat passage TP are collectively referred to as the naso-pharyngeal area of the patient with the area including the various body surfaces which cooperate to define the nasal cavity NC, oral cavity OC and throat passage TP. These body surfaces include outer surfaces of the nasal concha C, the upper and lower surfaces of the soft palate SP and outer surfaces of the pharyngeal wall PW. Outer surfaces means surfaces exposed to air. Both the upper and lower surfaces of the soft palate SP are outer surfaces. 
         [0035]    Snoring can result from vibration of any one of a number of surfaces or structures of the naso-pharyngeal area. Most commonly, snoring is attributable to vibration of the soft palate SP. However, vibratory action of the nasal concha C and the pharyngeal wall PW can also contribute to snoring sounds. It is not uncommon for vibratory action from more than one region of the naso-pharyngeal area to contribute to snoring sounds. Sleep apnea can result from partial or full collapse of the naso-pharyngeal wall during sleep. 
         [0036]    Incorporated in its entirety by this reference is patent publication No. 20070218114 to Duggan. In various embodiments, the present invention includes a soluble composition for the administration of an active ingredient to a site on the mucus membranes of the throat of a human or animal subject. 
         [0037]    In certain embodiments, a base material of a material having predetermined dissolving characteristics, formed as an inter-oral film (similar in various respects to available breath freshening strips) is selected to act as a stiffening substrate for a person&#39;s soft palate tissue. As the base material dissolves, under action of moisture in the mouth or on open skin or wound, the ability to retain desired tension of the underlying tissue is maintained for a period of time sufficient to reduce the incidence of snoring. In some embodiments, a controlled quantity of an active ingredient is released and is delivered to the soft tissue at the back of the throat it is able to have the desired effects. Such active ingredients may include those believed to also address snoring of an individual, and thus, the strips of the present invention also act (in addition to the structural support for damping or reducing undesired vibration of soft palate tissue) as delivery devices for such anti-snoring (or other medicinal purpose) materials, substances and compounds. 
         [0038]    Reference herein to a strip is to any soluble prolonged release presentation of the composition which is conformable and is adapted to lie in a subject&#39;s mouth without causing obstruction or interfering with breathing, talking or swallowing or the like, or to conform to the surface of a subject&#39;s open skin or wound. Preferably the strip comprises a flexible film or the like. In use, the strip, in certain embodiments, is adapted to be placed in a subject&#39;s mouth is intended to be placed at the back of the throat, near to the desired area of operation. Preferably the strip (or strips, whether layered, certain portions more dissolvable than others, etc.) are positioned on a person&#39;s soft palate. This can be achieved via a person&#39;s fingers or through the use of an applicator (otherwise described and illustrated.) The strip is particularly suited to delivery of ingredients having activity in relation to snoring or apnea, by delivery to the mucosa of the throat, in particular at the soft tissue in the pharyngeal region of the back of the throat, to keep the pharyngeal membranes moist and lubricated. The strip is conformed as a relatively thin planar structure to facilitate desired rates of inter-oral dissolution. For example, in certain embodiments, a single strip may be preferably no more than about 150 micron thick, more preferably in the range 100-400 micron thick, and in other embodiments may be over 500 microns in thickness. In other embodiments, however, the ability to layer strips on top of one another provides for the manufacture and availability of strips of more traditional thickness, such as those for example of the breath strips of Listerine, etc. The strip may be of any suitable shape, for example being square or rectangular for ease of storage, placement, distribution in packages, but is preferably generally planar and approximately 0.5 to 2 cm in length and breadth. Again, the particular shape and dimensions of a strip can be varied as required to address individual snoring issues, the degree of tissue stiffness of the soft palate required to address a particular snoring issue, etc. Thus, one aspect of the present invention is that a person may modify the number, placement, kind, type, shape, time of application, frequency of application, etc. to address particular situations, which may vary over time and under any given set of circumstances. No prior art method or device employed in the battle against snoring offers such a variety and flexibility of treatment options as do the various embodiments of the present invention. 
         [0039]    In certain embodiments, the strip is manufactured from a material which is dissolvable within the subject&#39;s mouth under the action of saliva and oral enzymes, or under the action of tissue fluids. In other embodiments, however, the strip is made so as not to dissolve and thus, is repeatedly applied to a person&#39;s soft palate at bedtime to alleviate snoring. A reusable device that adds the requisite structure to the particular soft palate tissue can have appropriate adhesive integral or added as needed to remain in a desired position. The customization of such a strip in terms of shape, size, characteristics regarding flavor, thickness, adhesive qualities etc. are within the present scope of the invention. 
         [0040]    In certain embodiments, the base material for the strip is any suitable soluble solid material, which term includes gel-like and other materials which are sufficiently solid to enable the strip to be conformed to its desired shape. In particular, a carrier or base material of the strip may comprise a soluble gel material, and is for example based upon on an organic gel, which could for example be a fish, animal, bovine or marine gelatin or vegetal gelatin-like product, a polysaccharide, a cellulosic material, pectin such as from fruits, or another suitable base. Other materials may be added to the base gel, for example to stabilize, add other effects flavor etc. The carrier or soluble base material may be inert, or may itself have an activity or other desired property, whether in relation to the primary purpose of the invention or otherwise. 
         [0041]    The no-snore strip of the present invention may further include one or more compositions, or alternatively, may solely be provided with materials meant and intended solely to provide desired structural support to reduce vibrational movement of soft palate tissues. Active agents may be used either impregnated in the strip material, added later (e.g. anti-snoring agents can be sprayed on such strips), layered in a fashion so that an adhesive strip is separate from an active layer strip; the provision of strips that can encompass or otherwise carry one or more active ingredient strips, liquids, etc. in a pouch (not shown) such that administration of various active ingredients can be achieved via attachment of an active ingredient container to the soft palate adhesive strip. Time release and slow release aspects of delivery can be achieved via suitable selection of permeable barriers employed to contain active ingredients and then the association of such barriers to soft palate adhesive strips. The layering of strip for separate and distinct purposes of structural tissue support versus for administering active ingredients is a entire segment of different embodiments of the present invention. 
         [0042]    Components that can be included in strips or associated with strips in the various ways described herein include agents that may include additional active ingredients, including a plurality of active ingredients having an activity in relation to a particular condition or the throat or throat disorder, oral conditions, or conditions of snoring and/or sleep apnea, open skin or wound healing or repair agents and/or active ingredients having other desired activity. 
         [0043]    Preferably in certain embodiments, active ingredients include at least one active ingredient with physical (moisturizing, lubricating, cooling etc.) or pharmacological (for example decongestant, anti-histamine, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic etc.) activity. For example, active ingredients might include ingredients having any desired physical or pharmacological activity on the mucous membranes of the throat, including without limitation decongestants, lubricants, antibacterial and antiseptic compositions, anti-histamines, anti-inflammatory compositions, analgesics, and other medicaments and non-medicaments. Additional ingredients may include breath-fresheners and deodorizers. Inactive ingredients may be added in suspension or solution for example to stabilize or preserve the soluble base, balance the pH of the base, bring the base to closer approximation to isotonic concentration etc. The composition may additionally include adjuvants and the like such as vitamins for example selected from Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) which enhance the active ingredient effect. The composition may include additional ingredients for formulation purposes, for example selected from sodium chloride which maintains favorable isotonicity. 
         [0044]    In still other embodiments, the use of additional ingredients may provide for chemical binding, and for example for the use of liposome technology, can be employed. In some embodiments of the invention a part or all of the active ingredients are encapsulated within encapsulation structures selected to provide the desired degree of adhesion to the mucous membranes of the throat, and adapted to release the active ingredients slowly over time in situ. These encapsulation structures may be distributed within the base material in the strip composition. In one embodiment, the encapsulation structures comprise multilamellar microparticles. The multilamellar microparticles are selected to exhibit good adhesion to the mucous membranes of the throat, and are small enough to be effectively distributed in the strip. The multiple layers may be structured to give slow release of the active ingredient over the desired time period, so that a single strip dose gives sustained activity over time, for example providing for measurable activity for a sustained period of four or more hours, and ideally of for example 6 to 12 hours, to give overnight effectiveness. 
         [0045]    Microparticles are preferably sized and shaped to form an effective distribution within the base material in the strip as a composition in accordance with the invention. The microparticles in particular comprise generally spherical particles or microspheres. Particle sizes in the range 0.1 to 50 .mu.m, and for example 1 to 20 .mu.m are likely to be preferred. Particle levels of 5-25% within the composition are preferred but depend on the particular tissue characteristics being addressed. For example, tissue stiffening materials can be employed that dissolve at different rates and that affect the amount and number of strips that may be required to address snoring issues over time. Microparticles may be are adapted to facilitate slow release of the active ingredients over time, and are preferably inherently able to show good adhesion to the mucous membranes of the throat. Active ingredients are thus stabilized in situ on the mucous membranes at the back of the throat, and then released steadily at the site where they are required. 
         [0046]    Using the present invention, it becomes possible to maintain reasonable levels of activity over the sort of time scale necessary to be effective overnight, and for example to assist in providing a relatively less disturbed night&#39;s sleep. Microparticles comprise multiple layered structures formulated with one or more of: surfactant layers (comprising any type of surfactant such as anionic, non-anionic, cationic, phospholipids and the like such as sucroesters and guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride), and hydrophobic or lipophilic materials such as aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, optionally halogenated, higher alcohols, ketones and the like, for example including Vitamins (A, E, D), carotenoides, polyphenols, vegetable oils, essential oils, phytosterols, lipophilic preservatives, menthol, linalool, eucalyptol, and the like; and polar layers including solvents or polar media such as water, glycerol, PEG, sorbitol, glycol, hydrophilic materials such as alcohols or ethoxylated alcohols, carboxylic acids or salt of a fatty acid, quaternary ammonium derivatives, sulphonates or sulphates and the like, vitamins (B, C), flavonoides, 18-beta glycyrrhetinic acid and derivatives, glycerol, active ingredients such as plant extract as hereinbefore defined; hydrophilic preservative; cellulose polymer, hyaluronic acid and derivatives, alpha-hydroxide acid, and the like. Also, possible inclusion are pectin; cellulose; sodium hyaluronate; guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride; polysorbate 60, and optionally additionally cellulose; xanthan gum; chitosan or quaternary ammonium. In one embodiment, such strip composition comprises: solvent 30-60%, Humectant 8-14%, Texturant 0-2%, Preservative 0-2%, and a Acidity regulator 0-1% (all by weight). Microparticles thus preferably comprise multi-lamellar structures of surfactant layers, which are able to encapsulate active ingredients to a very high degree for protection and controlled release—whether that be rapid release (e.g. for certain tissue stiffening components) or longer term release, such as breath freshing components). The strips are formulated to be adapted to enhance adhesion to human skin, and hence to fix the particles in position on the mucous membranes of the throat. Suitable compositions include 30 to 50% surfactant, 30 to 50% polar medium, and 10 to 60% active binding agent, comprising hydrophilic and hydrophobic agents as appropriate. 
         [0047]    Microparticles providing the controlled binding for slow release of physically active ingredients at the active site on the mucous membrane of the throat of the human, non-human mammal or other animal subject to provide an active effect, bind effectively to the membranes to stiffen the tissue and thus reduce or eliminate undesired snoring. Microparticles are advantageous to fix the active ingredients adsorbed within each shaped layer in position on the mucous membranes of the user, protect the active ingredients and slowly release them in situ, and might also assist in providing a desired lubricating effect. Active or inactive ingredients might be provided either encapsulated within the microparticles or separately in suspension or solution within the base for various purposes. 
         [0048]    Formulation of oral drug strips involves the application of both aesthetic and performance characteristics such as strip-forming polymers, plasticizers, active pharmaceutical ingredient, sweetening agents, saliva stimulating agent, flavoring agents, coloring agents, stabilizing and thickening agents. From the regulatory perspectives, all excipients used in the formulation of oral drug strips should be approved for use in oral pharmaceutical dosage forms. For example, films that incorporate a pharmaceutically active ingredient are disclosed in expired U.S. Pat. No. 4,136,145 to Fuchs, et al. These films may be formed into a sheet, dried and then cut into individual doses. The Fuchs disclosure alleges the fabrication of a uniform film, which includes the combination of water-soluble polymers, surfactants, flavors, sweeteners, plasticizers and drugs. These allegedly flexible films are disclosed as being useful for oral, topical or enteral use. Examples of specific uses disclosed by Fuchs include application of the films to mucosal membrane areas of the body, including the mouth, rectal, vaginal, nasal and ear areas. 
         [0049]    With respect to manufacturing of strips, one of skill in the art will appreciate the various methods and components involved to achieve desired qualitative and quantitative aspects. For example, if a dissolvable strip is intended to last over a several hour period, the changes in content of materials used in the manufacture, for example, of breath strips, can be adjusted to lengthen the time it takes to dissolve such strip. Flavor, binding and adhesion abilities, etc. are adjusted suitably to achieve desired results. Thus, while the present specification provides some detail as to how to make and use certain embodiments of the present invention, reliance on incorporation by reference is appropriate to encompass the myriad of ways in which a particular product is produced. All of such techniques, however, are well within the skill of one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the guidance and direction provided herein. 
         [0050]    Thin films are typically made using wet casting manufacturing process and may be, for example, up to a maximum of 10 mils thick, as above such thickness it being commonly understood that matrix like products become “sheets” when they exceed a thickness of 10 mils. Wet cast film manufacture and products are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,425,292 and 5,948,430, also incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference. Films may initially have a thickness of about 500 .mu.m to about 1,500 .mu.m, or about 20 mils to about 60 mils, and when dried have a thickness from about 3 .mu.m to about 250 .mu.m, or about 0.1 mils to about 10 mils. Desirably, the dried films will have a thickness of about 2 mils to about 8 mils, and more desirably, from about 3 mils to about 6 mils. The thickness of films may exceed 2.7 mils despite some adverse mouth feel. 
         [0051]    Thickness can relate to dissolution time especially if certain formulae are used. Wet cast monolayer film compositions for pharmaceutical and vitamin delivery are disclosed in Fuchs et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,136,162. Schmidt discloses bilayer film compositions for pharmaceutical and food uses in U.S. Pat. No. 4,849,246. and Leung U.S. Pat. No. 6,923,981, Fuisz et al. US 20080075825, 20090098192 to Fuisz, Slominski et al US 20060207721, Fankhauser et al, US 2007/0202057, Laskey U.S. Pat. No. 1,492,600, Repka et al U.S. Pat. No. 6,375,963, Schiraldi, U.S. Pat. No. 6,072,100, Yang et al. U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,357,891 and 7,425,292, and Pharmaceutical Extrusion Technology, edited by Issac Ghebre-Sellassie and Charles Martin (2007) also incorporated in their entireties by this reference. 
         [0052]    Preferably the strips of the present invention are made in a manner that do not dissolve in fewer than ten seconds, thus distinguishing the same from common breath strips widely available. The strips of the present invention may have a weight of from 30 to several hundred mg., preferably over 33 mg. Preferably, strips of the present invention have sufficiently high moisture content to impart the product with flexibility and to avoid becoming brittle, e.g. the strips should preferably avoid cracking when bent. 
         [0053]    In certain embodiments, the methods employed by MonoSol Rx with respect to a thin film drug delivery technology can be used, preferably providing a strip having a relatively thin film, which is similar in size, shape and thickness to a postage stamp. Preferably, the strips of the present invention, when containing active ingredients, have the ability to carry doses of prescription products up to 80 mg or exceeding 1000 mg, and even more preferably, over 200 mg. Suitable taste masking agents can be employed depending upon the active ingredients involved. 
         [0054]    Other embodiments of the present invention are directed to multiple film laminates that can have distinct adherence and qualitative features and components associated with separate layers, thus facilitating differences in manufacture, activity, structural characteristics, such a s flexibility, dissolution rate, etc. The strips of the present invention provide the requisite pliability and tensile strength necessary to securely adhere to a person&#39;s mucosal tissues for at least one hour, more preferably at least two hours, and even preferably a bioadhesive polymer is selected from the group consisting of polycarbophil, carbomer, one or more acrylic polymers, one or more polyacrylic acids, copolymers of these polymers, a water soluble salt of a co-polymer of methyl vinyl ether and maleic acid or anhydride, a combination thereof and their salts. 
         [0055]    In other embodiments, to achieve the desired thickness of strips for structural support purposes of the present invention, a so-called slab or sheet manufacturing technique is employed that uses a nonaqueous, extrudable composition comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer in an amount of more than 20 wt % of the whole composition, such composition comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer and one or more bioactive ingredients in a form that may be placed on the mucosa and having an average dissolution time of preferably more than 50 minutes, more preferably at least about 2 hours, and even more preferably at least about 5 hours. In some embodiments the strip is in a sheet and has a surface area of approximately 0.25-1.5 in. and a thickness of approximately 10-70 mil. 
         [0056]    A strip may be impregnated or coated with a dose of active ingredient and other components. Strips may be coated with other components as desired. Suitably strips are made up in bulk films which are subsequently cut to size and shape as hereinbefore defined. 
         [0057]    For purposes of written description and enablement of the various embodiments of the present invention, the following published applications and issued patents are incorporated herein by this reference in their entireties: U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,067,116 and 7,648,712 to Bess, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 7,632,525 to Dodds, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,502,574 to Stevens, et al.; 20050159637 to Nelson et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 7,845,356 to Paraschac et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 7,824,588 to Yang et al.; 20090098192 to Fuisz; U.S. Pat. No. 7,500,484 to Nelson; Fentanyl compound-containing edible patch to be applied to oral mucosa, to Furusawa et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 7,566,310 to Badr et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,190,053 to Meer et al.; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,748,951 and 6,467,485 to Schmidt. 
         [0058]    In still other embodiments, to avoid fears that adhesion will not suffice to attach a strip to a person&#39;s soft palate tissue, strips can also be afforded an attachment line, such as dental floss, so that the strip can be also anchored to one&#39;s teeth, tooth or around the tongue to ensure that the strip does not present a choking hazard if dethatched. Thus, in one embodiment, a loop or segment of dental floss anchored to teeth or around gum line or a tongue can prevent swallowing of the strip if it became detached. 
         [0059]    Preferably, strips of the present invention comprise a mixture of at least three types of film forming agents, such as maltodextrins, fillers (for example, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)) and hydrocolloids (for example, sodium aliginate), suitably adapted to adhere to oral surfaces of an oral cavity, and in particular the soft palate. While structural support for the soft palate is the principal direction of the present invention, as this reduces or eliminates snoring, other embodiments also comprise the use of such strips to deliver or release oral care agent(s). Such agents include anti-microbial agents and salivary stimulants to treat, for example, halitosis, dental plaque, gingivitis, xerostomia, dry mouth, like oral conditions or combinations thereof. Further, the oral care edible film can act as a breath freshener effective against malodor. In other embodiments, both a longer acting (if not entirely non-dissolvable strip) can be employed in association with one or more other strips having other desired characteristics. For example, a structural support strip can be used to reduce snoring while an additional strip can be associated with such structural strip to achieve breath freshening, delivery of a medicinal compound, etc.—with such second strip having entirely distinct dissolution characteristics. 
         [0060]    The oral cleansing and breath freshening effects of the edible film of the present invention can be achieved by entrapping the oral care agents within the oral cavity to provide extended efficacy. In this regard, the highly dissolvable edible film can act as a medium through which a pharmaceutically active oral agent can be administered via a mucous membrane of the oral cavity. 
         [0061]    Strips may further include a variety of other suitable ingredients, such as softeners, colorants, flavoring agents, emulsifiers, surface active agents, thickening agents, binding agents, sweeteners, fragrances, other like ingredients or combinations thereof. 
         [0062]    The strips may comprise a hydrocolloid of any suitable type, amount and number of hydrocolloids. In an embodiment, the hydrocolloid can constitute between about 10% to about 50% by dry weight of the edible film, preferably about 20% to about 30% by dry weight. The hydrocolloid can be derived from, for example, natural seaweeds, natural seed gum, natural plant exudates, natural fiber extracts, biosynthetic gums, gelatins, biosynthetic process starch or cellulosic materials, alginates, sodium alginate, calcium alginate, carrageenans, guar gum, locust gum, tara gum, gum arabic, ghatti gum, agar gum, xanthan gum, pectin, other like hydrocolloid source material or combinations thereof. 
         [0063]    The present invention also relates to a method for placing the anti-snore strip on the soft palate, as by an applicator having a handle and an extension that attaches reversibly to a strip and that can be positioned to deliver the strip to the soft palate without causing a gag reflex from the user. 
         [0064]    In certain embodiments of the present invention, the size and number of adhesive strips contacting the soft palate of a person can be varied. For example, while a larger size strip (e.g. an expanse of material that covers a particular area of soft palate tissue) can be greater than the dimensional area of a person&#39;s soft palate, thereby extending beyond the perimeter of the soft palate, it can also be of a smaller area and may extend therefore over only some, e.g. a central portion; half of the area of the soft palate—leaving the other side of the soft palate area uncovered by any strip, etc. Moreover, more than one strip can be employed to attach to the soft palate region, such as by providing two separate smaller strips on the soft palate with some space between, more preferably at least three or more individual strips within the soft palate region. The general objective of placing one or more strips in or about the soft palate region is intended to provide required structural support for the tissue in a manner that reduces the instances of vibration of such tissues in a way that results in snoring. So in certain embodiments, strips of various desired shapes and sizes can be employed to populate the area of one&#39;s soft palate to dampen vibrational movement caused by the passage of air through the region when asleep. In some individuals, the surface area of adhesive strips will be relatively minor as compared to others, who may require substantially all of the soft palate tissue area to be covered to achieve the objective of reduced snoring. Due to the possible discomfort caused by any adhesive strip being positioned for a lengthy period of time on one&#39;s throat, the goal would be to present a minimum area of strip that also accomplishes the desired reduction or elimination of snoring. Moreover, with the slight risk that a larger strip may become detached and cause undesired blockage of air flow, possible chocking, etc. there is a desire to reduce the amount of material being positioned in one&#39;s throat to address snoring problems. By administering the minimum number of strips, using strips of the smallest dimensions in terms of thickness, projection from the tissue into the airflow path, etc. such concerns are addressed. Thus, in one embodiment, the application of dots of adhesive strip material may be sufficient to address snoring issues, with such dots being of such a small size that both airflow restriction and chocking concerns are not significant. The use of such smaller sized strips also eliminate the need for some type of anchoring device or member, such as may be useful when larger strips are employed. In such larger area strip uses, dental floss-type anchors can be secured to the strip (where dental floss loops or extensions can be securely connected with or integral with such strips) and the other end of such dental floss can be secured to some other feature to prevent unintended swallowing or inhalation of the strip if the strip were to become loose from the soft palate tissue. Layering or over-lapping of smaller strips may also be useful to address such airflow and/or choking concerns while still addressing the overall objective of reducing vibrations of the tissue, e.g. stiffening the soft palate in a fashion that reduces the occurrence of snoring. 
         [0065]    In still other embodiments, other structural members can be associated with the adhesive strips. 
         [0066]    In still other embodiments of the invention, wafer-type structures can be employed to address the stiffening of soft palate tissue. These wafers, preferably having one side sticky so that it adheres well for a predetermined amount of time to a person&#39;s mucosal membrane, but with the other side not sticky, and more preferably lubricated (e.g. thorough the use of lubricants that are imbedded in the strips, such as via microencapsulated lubricants, etc.) to facilitate both comfort to the user, avoidance of undesired adherence of soft palate to other tissues, etc. 
         [0067]    Incorporated herein by this reference is 20110009834 to Asmussen with respect to various particular components that can be utilized to form strips. The strip-shaped forms can comprise a flexible material suitable for pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic use by humans and/or in animals, i.e. materials that do not have any unwanted side effects. Unwanted side effects would be toxic effects, the causing of irritations or the triggering of allergic reactions, for example. Suitable materials may be, for example, thermoplastic polymers, thermoset polymers, copolymer films, paper, waxes, textiles (nonwovens, knitted fabrics and woven fabrics), chalks, films, gels and wood composites, as well as combinations of the aforementioned materials. Specific polymers suitable as material for the strips may be selected from the group of polymers consisting of cellulose ethers, methyl acrylates, hydroxyalkyl celluloses such as hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose, polysulfones, polyvinyl pyrrolidones, crosslinked polyvinyl pyrrolidones, polyvinyl pyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymers, polyvinyl alcohols, polyacrylic acids, polyacrylate polymers, crosslinked polyacrylic acids, polyethylene oxides, polyethylene glycols, polyvinyl alkyl ether-maleic acid imide copolymers and carboxyvinyl polymers. Suitable polymers may also be selected from the group of polymers consisting of marine colloids, natural gums and polysaccharides. These polymers include, for example, sodium alginate, carrageenan, xanthan gum, gum acacia, gum arabic, guar gum, pullulan, agar, chitin, chitosan, pectin, karaya gum, zein, hordein, gliadin, carob meal, tragacanth and other polysaccharides, starches such as maltodextrins, amylose, amylopectin, maize starch, potato starch, rice starch, tapioca starch, pea starch, sweet potato starch, barley starch, wheat starch, waxy maize starch, modified starch, dextrins, levan, elsinan and gluten; and proteins such as collagen, whey protein, casein, milk protein, soya protein, gelatine, waxes and colophony, as well as synthetic waxes and bees wax. By combining two or more of the aforementioned polymers, the properties of the strip of material, such as mucoadhesiveness, flexibility, solubility behavior, swelling behavior and the like, can be adapted according to one&#39;s wishes and requirements. The strip of material, or the layers of the strip of material, comprise/comprises at least one polymer, which represents an essential component of the strip of material or of the layer(s). The polymer portion amounts to at least 5%-wt. and preferably not more than 90%-wt., preferably 10 to 70%-wt., more preferably 30 to 60%-wt., in each case relative to the strip of material or the layer, respectively. The strip of material, or individual layers of the strip of material, can furthermore contain excipients or additives in order to control the chemical or physical properties, such as flexibility, mucoadhesive properties, disintegratability, swellability and/or diffusion properties. To be taken into consideration as excipients or additives are, in particular, substances selected from the group consisting of antioxidants, emulsifiers, gelling agents, flavour enhancers, taste corrigents, flavors, sweeteners, stabilizers, pH regulators, acidifying agents, bulking agents, preservatives, colorings, thickening agents, plasticizers and humectants. Those skilled in the art will know suitable excipients and additives approved for pharmaceutical applications. 
         [0068]    In one embodiment, the strip has a surface adapted to promote tissue in-growth. The tissue in-growth promoting surface is desirably selected from a group of outer surfaces including a textured surface, a porous surface, a braided surface, a mesh surface, a fleece surface, and a coating for inducing bone or tissue in-growth. 
         [0069]    One aspect of the present invention is directed to re-shaping the soft palate in a manner that reduces snoring. Use of the strips of the present invention can achieve such a feat by building up the structural integrity of the soft palate in a fashion so that, after time and proper treatment regimens, the shape of the soft palate is reformed to open up the airway and reduce snoring noise. Thus, the present invention may be used to re-shape the soft palate for minimizing the likelihood of obstructive sleep apnea episodes associated with long, flat soft palates and/or L-shaped soft palates. In one embodiment, when a long, flat soft palate is causing OSA, an implant having a curved body may be implanted into the soft palate for increasing the curve of the soft palate. In another embodiment, when an L-shaped soft palate is causing OSA, an implant may be inserted for reducing the curve or angle of the soft palate. Thus, in one embodiment, a plurality of implants having varying radii may be provided, whereby an implant having a desired amount of curve may be utilized for increasing or reducing the curve of the soft palate (i.e. changing the shape of the soft palate). In one embodiment, a plurality of implants having varying sizes may be provided so as to enable medical personnel to select an implant having a desired size. In addition to affecting the soft palate, the strips of the present invention may further be used in supporting the uvula in a manner that provides more positive positioning of the uvula and enables the uvula to provide greater resistance to distal tongue movement, thus providing a balanced level of uvula support which provides tongue support when needed, but does not inhibit swallowing. The shape changing feature of the strips allows greater uvula support (and thereby tongue support) during times of rest, and less support during waking hours. 
         [0070]    In one embodiment, the strips can comprise collagen or other tissue growth enhancing material to further the stiffening of the soft palate to reduce the occurrence of vibration when a person is sleeping. Collagen allows for the tissue in growth (tissue engineering). The collagen can be in many types and forms, or in combinations thereof. For example, collagen can be Type I, II or III. Collagen can be native, denatured or cross linked. The various types and forms of collagen are described generally in Methods in Enzymol. (1982) 82:3-217, Pt. A, the contents of which is herein incorporated reference. For example, collagen can be produced from animal derived tissues such as bovine hides, human tissues such as cadaver skin or human cell cultures or through recombinant methods. 
         [0071]    In still other embodiments, the strips are positioned to overlap with the hard palate as well as the soft palate, thereby modifying the airflow of a person to reduce snoring. In such embodiments, only a portion of the soft palate is covered by such a strip as it may not be necessary to have the entire soft palate encompassed to achieve desired snoring reduction. 
         [0072]    In other embodiments, the strips may be used to plump up the soft palate tissue in a manner that makes such tissue more stiff or rigid to a degree that snoring is reduced due to the reduction in vibrations of such tissue once plumped. Use of various active agents in contact with and/or administered via the strips can achieve this plumping of the soft palate tissue. Slight irritation of the tissue may achieve the similarly desired stiffening of the tissue and thus, slightly irritating agents can likewise be utilized. Thus, in a teaching away from prior art references, use of slightly “toxic” substances may actually be beneficial to achieve the sought after reduction in tissue vibration of the soft palate. Such “toxic” substances may also or in addition be simply toxic to bacteria and other foreign agents. 
         [0073]    The strip surfaces themselves can be modified to achieve desired airflow characteristics. Thus, channels can be provided to guide airflow in a manner that reduces snoring noise. The surface of the strip can be similar to a foam layer such that an insulation layer is provided that adds support for tissue while also dampening undesired sound or vibrations during sleep. The height, temperature and construction of layers on a strip can be adjusted for particular problems encountered in the wide variety of personal snoring issues. The flexibility of the strip as a whole or in portions thereof can be modified to address comfort and support issues. Thus, certain portions of the strip may be more solid to dampen vibrations, while other portions may be more flexible to accommodate comfort concerns of a user. 
         [0074]    The present invention provides a non-surgical procedure to alleviate snoring and thus, is devoid of the pain, incisions, pre- and post operative requirements and complications, etc. of surgical procedures used to address snoring problems. The strips are applied in a temporary rather than permanent manner and thus avoid the complications one may have when micro-beads are implanted into tissue that may cause infections, adverse reactions, etc. Nor is the present invention one where mandible adjustment is required, although it can be used in association or in parallel with such other non-surgical devices to assist in achieving a reduction of snoring. The present invention envisions treatment for snoring only during the sleeping hours of an individual without having any appliance that would interfere with the cosmetic nature of one&#39;s appearance in bed. For example, a sexual partner in bed may find it objectionable to a person having to apply a mandibular adjustment device that may interfere with kissing, romantic encounters, etc. Obviously, air flow machines would similarly interfere with such intimate moments. In contrast, the present invention may enhance such occasions as no outward appliance would be viewable or encountered by a sexual partner. Moreover, with possible breath freshening components added to the strip, morning breath and bad breath issues would be addressed, while the reduction in snoring would itself lead to a happier bedtime experience for both the wearer and his/her partner. 
         [0075]    A buccal bioadhesive strip, especially one having no active drugs, when applied to the soft palate, stiffens the tissue to reduce vibration, and thus snoring sounds, of an individual. The strips preferably have a surface that is anti-microbial in nature, such that such strips assist in reducing the surface area in the mouth where noxious odors may arise due to the proliferation of foul smelling agents produced by bacteria that can survive in one&#39;s mouth. 
         [0076]    Thus, one aspect of the present invention is directed to the novel combination of a specifically surface structured bioadhesively attachable, and in a preferred embodiment, dissolvable, strip of material that persists in the mouth for at least one hour and preferably at least about 3 hours, so as to stiffen the tissue of the throat, specifically the soft palate, and thus reduce the occurrence of snoring. The ability to defeat the proliferation of bacteria in a person&#39;s mouth can significantly decrease the occurrence of so-called “morning breath”. 
         [0077]    In one embodiment, a buccal bioadhesive strip having no active drugs, that when applied to the soft palate, stiffens the tissue to reduce vibration, and thus snoring sounds, of an individual. The strips preferably have a surface that is anti-microbial in nature, such that such strips assist in reducing the surface area in the mouth where noxious odors may arise due to the proliferation of foul smelling agents produced by bacteria that can survive in one&#39;s mouth. 
         [0078]    Thus, one aspect of the present invention is directed to the novel combination of a specifically surface structured bioadhesively attachable and dissolvable strip of material that persists in the mouth for at least one hour and preferably at least about 3 hours, so as to stiffen the tissue of the throat, specifically the soft palate, and thus reduce the occurrence of snoring. The ability to defeat the proliferation of bacteria in a person&#39;s mouth can significantly decrease the occurrence of so-called “morning breath”. 
         [0079]    In various embodiments, the disclosure of various patent publications owned by Sharklet™ (mentioned herein) are incorporated herein by this reference (including U.S. Pat. No. 7,650,848, as well as U.S. Plant Publication No. 2013/0059113 to Halton et al. Thus, in certain embodiments, a mucosal adhesive strip has a coated surface for resisting bioadhesion (or in other aspects, enhancing bioadhesion—so as to further the stiffening characteristics of the anti-snoring strip) that includes at least one patterned polymer including coating layer having a plurality of features attached to or projected into a base surface. The features each have at least one microscale (&lt;1 mm) dimension and have at least one neighboring feature having a substantially different geometry. The patterned coating layer preferably provides an average roughness factor (R) of from 4 to 50. The coating layer resists or enhances bioadhesion as compared to the base surface. An article having a surface coating with topography for controlling bioadhesion comprises a base surface, at least one patterned polymer comprising coating layer including a plurality of spaced apart features attached to or projected into the base surface which provide at least a first feature spacing distance. The features each have at least one microscale dimension and at least one neighboring feature having a substantially different geometry. The coating layer provides an average roughness factor (R) of from 2 to 50, preferably being from 4 to 50. The coating layer resists or enhances bioadhesion as compared to the base surface 
         [0080]    Other aspects of the present invention are directed to a method of preparing an edible water-soluble film composition, said method comprising: a) preparing a master batch of film-forming components comprising a water-soluble polymer, a foam reducing flavoring agent selected from the group consisting of menthol, cherry menthol, cinnamon, spearmint, peppermint, orange flavor, natural raspberry, and combinations thereof, and a polar solvent, wherein said foam reducing flavoring agent is added before mixing said polymer with said solvent; b) mixing said film-forming components under vacuum; c) wet casting said film-forming components; and d) removing said polar solvent through a controlled drying process to form said edible water-soluble film; wherein said film is free of added defoaming agents. 
         [0081]    Historically films and the process of making drug delivery systems therefrom have suffered from a number of unfavorable characteristics that have not allowed them to be used in practice. Films that incorporate a pharmaceutically active ingredient are disclosed in expired U.S. Pat. No. 4,136,145 to Fuchs, et al. (“Fuchs”). These films may be formed into a sheet, dried and then cut into individual doses. The Fuchs disclosure alleges the fabrication of a uniform film, which includes the combination of water soluble polymers, surfactants, flavors, sweeteners, plastickers and drugs. These allegedly flexible films are disclosed as being useful for oral, topical or enteral use. Examples of specific uses disclosed by Fuchs include application of the films to mucosal membrane areas of the body, including the mouth, rectal, vaginal, nasal and ear areas. 
         [0082]    The formation of agglomerates randomly distributes the film components and any active present as well. In certain embodiments, certain portions of the film or strips employed are purposefully not uniform with respect to the dispersion and location of active ingredients. Thus, contrary to many prior art teachings, the provision of a uniform film is not particularly desired in several embodiments. In fact, films having better adhesive characteristics around the edges, e.g. where the hard palate is contacted, and less in the soft palate contacting region of the strip, are preferred for different embodiments. Like the differences in concentration and presence of active ingredients in any particular portion of a strip, so too are the physical characteristics of a strip not necessarily uniform in various embodiments. Thus, the flexibility and stiffness of certain regions of a strip may be adjusted to comport with desired objectives, such as avoidance of tissue irritation, the provision of adhesive to the strips, inclusion of different drugs, active agents, etc in various amounts, types and positions in the strip, including different time release agents that are released at different times during the strip&#39;s contact with a mucosal membrane. The problems of self-aggregation leading to non-uniformity of a film were addressed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,849,246 to Schmidt, incorporated herein by this reference. Schmidt specifically pointed out that the methods disclosed by Fuchs did not provide a uniform film and recognized that that the creation of a non-uniform film necessarily prevents accurate dosing, which as discussed above is especially important in the pharmaceutical area. Other U.S. Patents directly addressed the problems of particle self-aggregation and non-uniformity inherent in conventional film forming techniques. U.S. Pat. No. 5,629,003 to Horstmann et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,948,430 to Zerbe et al. incorporated herein by this reference, relate to additional ingredients, i.e. gel formers and polyhydric alcohols respectively, to increase the viscosity of the film prior to drying in an effort to reduce aggregation of the components in the film. 
         [0083]    Conventional drying methods generally include the use of forced hot air using a drying oven, drying tunnel, and the like. Such methods can be usefully employed in various embodiments of the present invention, and thus, in a teaching away from the prior art, such methods can be cost effectively employed to achieve desired strips having predetermined characteristics that do not relate to uniformity of dose, thickness, etc. This makes it far easier to manufacture devices for use and reduces the costs to the ultimate consumer. Because the films are often very thin, it can be a challenge to incorporate a high load of active ingredient while maintaining the film&#39;s uniformity. In various embodiments, this is not a concern, as it is for prior art inventions, as uniformity is not that imperative to achieve mere structural support for otherwise vibrating tissue of one&#39;s throat. 
         [0084]    Another factor affecting the uniformity of films is the prevention of air bubbles in the film. Anti-foaming and/or defoaming components may be used to aid in the removal of air, such as entrapped air, from the film-forming compositions. Such entrapped air may lead to non-uniform films These can be used in certain embodiments of the invention, but primarily to facilitate other objectives, such as reduction in waste, etc. One example of a conventional anti-foaming/defoaming component is simethicone. Simethicone reduces the surface tension of bubbles air located in the solution, such as foam bubbles, causing their collapse. An alcohol/water mixture is known to lower water density as well as lower the water&#39;s surface tension. So, any air bubbles trapped inside this mixture solution will also be dissipated. Simethicone acts as an anti-foaming/defoaming component by both lowering the surface energy of any air bubbles trapped inside the aqueous solution, as well as lowering the surface tension of the aqueous solution. Preferably, a foam reducing flavoring agent is employed that is present in amount of about 0.1% to about 20% by weight of the film. In another preferred embodiment, the foam reducing flavoring agent is present in amount of about 0.5% to about 15% by weight of the film and has a flavoring agent selected from the group consisting of menthol cherry menthol, cinnamon, spearmint, peppermint, orange flavor, natural raspberry and combinations thereof. 
         [0085]    In another preferred embodiment, the water-soluble polymer includes a polymer selected from the group consisting of a cellulosic material, polyethylene oxide, a polysaccharide, a gum, a protein, a starch, a glucan, and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the water-soluble polymer is selected from the group consisting of carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, polyethylene oxide, and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the water-soluble polymer is selected from the group consisting of gum arabic, xanthan gum, tragacanth, acacia, carageenan, guar gum, locust bean gum, pectin, alginates and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the water-soluble polymer is selected from the group consisting of polydextrose, dextrin, dextran and combinations thereof. 
         [0086]    The film can also include an active component. In one embodiment, the active component is selected from the group consisting of cosmetic agents, pharmaceutical agents, bioactive agents and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the active component is present in amounts of up to about 60% by weight of the film. 
         [0087]    The film can further include one or more agents selected from the group consisting of taste-masking agents, plasticizing agents, surfactants, emulsifying agents, thickening agents, binding agents, cooling agents, saliva-stimulating agents, sweetening agents, antimicrobial agents and combinations thereof. 
         [0088]    In another aspect of the invention, a method of preparing an adhesive strip is provided. The method includes: a) preparing a film-forming composition comprising a water-soluble polymer, a foam reducing flavoring agent, and a polar solvent; b) mixing said film-forming composition under vacuum; c) casting said film-forming composition; and d) removing said polar solvent through a controlled drying process. Either a foam reducing flavoring agent or a conventional foam reducing agent can be used, the later preferred as the cost is less and the avoidance of active ingredients in a structural strip of the present invention does not necessitate such steps of the prior art. 
         [0089]    Bioadhesion, in particular mucoadhesion, has been of interest for the development of controlled drug delivery systems to improve buccal and oral administration of drugs. The oral and nasal cavities, for example, form convenient and easily accessible sites for drug delivery. Carboxylated polymers, such as poly(acrylic acid) and crosslinked poly(acrylic acid), are known to be effective as mucoadhesives (hereinafter bioadhesive compositions). Various bioadhesive compositions comprising poly(acrylic acid) are described, e.g., in WO 98/22097; EP 410,696; U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,603; U.S. Pat. No. 4,915,948; U.S. Pat. No. 5,895,804 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,284,235, all of which are incorporated herein by this reference for particular embodiments of the invention. 
         [0090]    The use of bioadhesive compositions comprising carboxylated polymers has, however, been limited owing to problems associated with mucosal irritation. While attempts to reduce the degree of irritation have included blending these polymers with other materials, including polysaccharides, efforts to produce non-irritating bioadhesive matrices have resulted in compositions having decreased bioadhesion, which limits the amount of drug that can be incorporated into the composition. In certain embodiments of the present invention, however, because of the limited time periods where mucosal contact is encountered, the use of such previously discouraged bioadhesives is suitable for the present invention. This direction away from what the prior art teaches is part of the novel characteristics of the present invention. Having said this, in certain embodiments, use of a bioadhesive composition having increased bioadhesive properties, decreased irritation, and, in certain embodiments, the capacity for higher drug loading, is desirable. 
         [0091]    The term “bioadhesive delivery device” as used herein and in the appended claims means any solid substance, of any shape, which is intended to be adhered to a mucosal tissue of a subject. The term “buccal device” or “buccal delivery device” means a bioadhesive device which is intended to be inserted into the buccal cavity. The term “vaginal device” or “vaginal delivery device” means a bioadhesive device which is intended to be inserted into the vagina. All inventions are combinations of old elements. Only God works from nothing. Man must work with what already is. The task here, as it has always been, is to invent real tears, hard love, slow-spoken, ancient words, difficult as a child&#39;s first steps across a room. 
         [0092]    The term “bioadhesive, closed-cell foam film, sustained release, delivery device” as used herein and in the appended claims means a bioadhesive delivery device comprising a closed-cell foam film substance designed to provide a sustained, controlled release an active agent or combination of active agents to a subject. These bioadhesive delivery devices preferably include buccal delivery devices and vaginal delivery devices. 
         [0093]    The term “controlled release” as used herein and in the appended claims means that a predetermined dosage of an active agent or combination of active agents is administered to a subject over a period of time. 
         [0094]    The term “bioadhesive force” as used herein and in the appended claims is a quantitative value for tackiness (grams) which simulates the adhesion of the bioadhesive, closed-cell foam film, sustained release, delivery devices of the present invention upon contact with a moist mucosal tissue. The bioadhesive force preferably should be at least 10 grams, more preferably at least 15 grams, most preferably at least 20 grams. 
         [0095]    The term “tensile strength” as used herein and in the appended claims is expressed in pounds per square inch (psi) and is the property of a bioadhesive, closed-cell foam film, sustained release, delivery device of the present invention that requires a load to cause load deformation failure of said film. 
         [0096]    The term “thickness” as used herein and in the appended claims by measurements in mil (a mil=one thousandth of an inch) is determined when a bioadhesive, closed-cell foam film, sustained release, delivery device of the present invention is placed between two microscopic slides. 
         [0097]    The term “water content” as used herein and in the appended claims is the % residual water content per unit dose as measured to the Karl Fisher method and expressed as percent of the dry weight of a bioadhesive, closed-cell foam film, sustained release, delivery device of the present invention. Strips that may be used to provide desired characteristics can be obtained, for example, from: Monosol Rx, LLC (Portage, Ind.); or Lavipharm Laboratories Inc. (East Windsor, N.J.); and ARx. 
         [0098]    In certain embodiments, a mucosal adhesive strip has a coated surface for resisting bioadhesion (or in other aspects, enhancing bioadhesion—so as to further the stiffening characteristics of the anti-snoring strip), such strips including at least one patterned polymer including coating layer having a plurality of features attached to or projected into a base surface. The features each have at least one microscale (&lt;1 mm) dimension and have at least one neighboring feature having a substantially different geometry. The patterned coating layer preferably provides an average roughness factor (R) of from 4 to 50. Preferred embodiments include at least one coating layer that either resists or—alternatively—enhances bioadhesion as compared to the base surface. Thus, in one embodiment, a buccal bioadhesive strip has no active drugs and when applied to the soft palate, stiffens the tissue to reduce vibration, while its surface topography is effective in resisting bioadhesion. Such a strip comprises at least one coating layer that comprises a polymer, the coating layer having a pattern defined by a plurality of spaced apart features attached to or projected into a base surface, said plurality of features each having at least one microscale dimension and having at least one neighboring feature having a substantially different geometry, wherein an average spacing between adjacent ones of said features is between 0.5 and 5 .mu.m in at least a portion of the coating layer, the coating layer resisting bioadhesion as compared to said base surface. U.S. Pat. No. 7,143,709 is incorporated herein by this reference. 
         [0099]    A strip of the present invention in various embodiments comprises a surface having a topography for controlling bioadhesion comprises a base surface, at least one patterned polymer comprising coating layer including a plurality of spaced apart features attached to or projected into the base surface which provide at least a first feature spacing distance. In certain embodiments, such topography has features that each have at least one microscale dimension and at least one neighboring feature having a substantially different geometry. Preferably, the strips have a surface layer imported to them that provides an average roughness factor (R) of from 2 to 50, preferably being from 4 to 50, and most preferably has an R factor of about 30. 
         [0100]    In various embodiments, the present invention is distinguished from the prior art in one of several ways, including:
       certain embodiments entail the use of a specially textured surface, either one both or at least the outer side of an adhesive strip (the side facing away from the mucosal tissue to which it is attached) that has anti-microbial characteristics. In one such embodiment, the surface topography is such that it resists bioadhesion of undesired bacteria that are typically present in a human&#39;s mouth. Such a surface may comprise a layer or coating that comprises a pattern defined by a plurality of spaced apart features attached to or projected into a base surface, with a plurality of features each having at least one microscale dimension and having at least one neighboring feature having a substantially different geometry, and having an average spacing between adjacent ones of said features of between 0.5 and 5 .mu.m. Incorporated herein by this reference is U.S. Pat. No. 7,650,848 to address written description and enablement issues regarding the use of suitable textures and surfaces that may be employed. Thus, preferred embodiments include strips that have a surface upon which bacteria do not like to grow surfaces having a surface texture and/or pattern that faces away from the mucosal contacting side of the strip and that reduces the number of bacteria that would normally occupy such surface area of the mucosal membrane where the patch/strip no adhered thereto. creates a surface upon which bacteria do not like to grow. Exemplary surfaces that can be employed for such purpose include those in  FIG. 2 ( a - d )       
 
         [0102]    Certain embodiments of the patch have overall geometries particularly suited for the individual&#39;s mouth and are customizable therefore. As such, perforated tear lines such that smaller sizes can be fashioned easily. Other geometries of strips are such that they limit common “gag reflexes” of a person, while still achieving the objective of reducing the vibrational flutter of tissue that causes snoring. Strips are designed to also extend over not only most the soft palate region, but also over the hard palate, to farther reduce the incidence of gag reflexes being triggered;
       certain embodiments have toxic substances associated with the surface of the strips, thereby killing certain undesired bacteria in the mouth;   certain embodiments comprise bioluminescent strips to facilitate a user&#39;s ability to view (in a mirror) the correct placement of the strips in one&#39;s throat. Bioluminescence is a type of chemiluminescence and in certain embodiments, a catalytic protein increases the efficiency of chemiluminescent reaction such that a bioluminescent protein is determined by detecting the presence of luminescence. Bioluminescent compounds that may be employed in the present invention embodiments include luciferin, luciferase and aequorin. Other embodiments employ differences in visual appearance to determine whether a patch is placed properly; whether certain desired or undesired bacteria are present in the mouth, etc., and such effective means for determining the same include a film, coating or patch that includes one or more of the following characteristics: reflectance, retroreflectance, fluorescence, photoluminescent light transmission, color, tinting strength, and whiteness. In one particular embodiment, in addition to addressing snoring issues, certain embodiments may also assist in the detection of whether a person has a certain medical condition, such as strep throat. Thus, in one embodiment, the patch changes color, expresses bioluminescence, etc. if there is strep bacteria present in a predetermined amount. Incorporated herein by this reference for written description purposes is U.S. Pat. Publication No. 20110250626 to Williams, et al.   certain embodiments employ a non-fast drying adhesive to eliminate the discomfort sometimes associated with fast drying adhesives;   certain embodiments are devoid of paper, rice or hemp products;   certain embodiments have compounds residing thereon to facilitate the growth of desired bacteria, such as those deemed beneficial or at least not detrimental to a person&#39;s health, and in some circumstances, that build up in a manner that further promotes the reduction of vibration of the underlying tissue;   certain embodiments include the use of phase change materials such that when certain temperatures are encountered while in use, the phase change occurs, thus resulting in physical characteristics of the overall strip to be modified so as to, for example, increase the stiffness of the strip, reducing vibration of the underlying tissue, etc. Incorporated herein by this reference for the purpose of understanding the various characteristics and selection of appropriate phase change materials are the following: U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,666,502; and 7,579,078.   certain embodiments employ materials that cause the strip to stiffen when exposed to either vibration (such as that encountered during the snoring of an individual) or upon slight changes in temperature, such as caused by a person mouth snoring. In such a manner, when the strip experiences air flow that cools the materials, such as phase change material, it causes a stiffening of the strip, thus reducing the vibration of the underlying tissue to which the strip is adhered to;   certain embodiments include the provision of structural features that direct airflow in a manner that further reduces the occasion of throats tissue vibration. As such, for example, particular grooves, hollow structures and curved surfaces can be employed to address the particular air-flow patterns within a person&#39;s throat so as to reduce the occurrence of snoring.       
 
         [0111]    In one embodiment, heat reactive materials are included in the strip to effect a desired change or modification of stiffness of the strip under certain environmental conditions. For example, the strip is provided with a sufficient amount of heat change materials that when exposed to the increased air cooling effects caused by a person&#39;s snoring, act to stiffen the strip so as to add to the anti-vibrational characteristics of the strip when in contact with the soft palate of the individual snoring. When the passage of air over the soft palate is such that the temperature of the environment around the strip is warmer, the heat change materials react in a manner that lessens the rigidity of the overall strip. Various materials can be employed in various embodiments of the invention to achieve such desired results. For example, a suitable polymorph, such as polycaprolactone, a biodegradable polyester with a low melting point of around 60° C. (140° F.), can be used as one of several agents to achieve a desired flexibility of a strip. 
         [0112]    Similarly, Shape Memory Polymers (SMP) can be re-shaped when exposed to heat and will retain this new shape after cooling down. SMPs can retain two or sometimes three shapes, and the transition between those is induced by temperature. In addition to temperature change, the shape change of SMPs can also be triggered by an electric or magnetic field, light or solution. As well as polymers in general, SMPs also cover a wide property-range from stable to biodegradable, from soft to hard, and from elastic to rigid, depending on the structural units that constitute the SMP. SMPs include thermoplastic and thermoset (covalently cross-linked) polymeric materials. 
         [0113]    Heat-Shrink materials can also be used, such as those manufactured from a thermoplastic (such as nylon or polyolefin) which shrinks when exposed to heat. In certain embodiments, the material used contains many monomers that when heated, polymerize, increasing the density of the material as the monomers become bonded together and the volume of the material shrinks. Conversely, other heat shrink materials are expansion-based, where heating to just above the polymer&#39;s crystalline melting point permits the material to become less rigid and later cooling acts to relax. A mixture of such materials can be done to achieve desired overall characteristics of any particular strip for use for the present invention purposes. 
         [0114]    Suitable environmentally changeable strips can, in addition to reliance on heat variance to modify physical rigidity characteristics, also have their rigidity modified via the degree of moisture absorbed by the strip. For example, when snoring, the air drying aspects of the throat causes the strip to lose moisture, and thus, increase in rigidity, thus causing a consequential stiffening of the underlying tissue to which the strip is adhesively attached. When snoring ceases, the air flow is reduced, lessening the moisture loss from the strip, and causing the strip to regain flexibility and become less rigid. Preferably, the materials used have a curing temperature suitable for body heat transitions experienced during a snoring episode, and thus heat-curable polymer particles have a curing temperature of about 96 degrees F. Incorporated herein by this reference is U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 20060188813 to Shimada for various materials that can be employed for the same, albeit modified to attain the desired temperature curing abilities for the purposes set forth herein. Edible prolamine and other edible coatings are preferred as they are non-toxic because they are formed from a naturally-occurring, common food protein, and can thus be used as they do not contain organic solvents or require extreme pH&#39;s. 
         [0115]    In yet other embodiments, thin films are adapted for attachment to the mucosal membrane that also contain effective amounts of tomatidine or derivatives or analogs thereof. Tomatidine is a natural small molecule from tomato plants, and is believed to cause cell growth, especially in skeletal muscle tissue. Tomatidine is produced when alpha-tomatine, which is found in green tomatoes, is digested in the gut. Tomatidine is an inhibitor of muscle atrophy and thus has a use as a therapeutic agent for skeletal muscle atrophy. Tomatidine is a steroidal alkaloid and the aglycone of .alpha.-tomatine, an abundant glycoalkaloid in tomato plants that mediates plant defense against fungi, bacteria, viruses and predatory insects. When consumed by animals, .alpha.-tomatine is hydrolyzed by stomach acid and intestinal bacteria to tomatidine, which is absorbed by the gut. The mRNA expression signature of tomatidine negatively correlated to signatures of muscle, thus suggesting that tomatidine has an anti-atrophic (anabolic) effect in skeletal muscle. Properly administered, such as via the methods and systems set forth herein, tomatidine is an effective agent to treat muscle atrophy and to further increase strength and exercise capacity. 
         [0116]    In one embodiment, a person employing one of the mucosal adhesive thin film strips of the present invention that contains tomatidine is able to achieve the stimulation of skeletal muscle anabolism, leading to muscle hypertrophy, increased strength and improved exercise capacity. In still other embodiments, tomatidine provided in at least a 1 mg per strip, is believed to result in two major effects on body composition, namely, increased skeletal muscle and decreased fat. Tomatidine is believed to limit the progression of skeletal muscle atrophy during fasting and muscle disuse, and enhances the recovery from disuse skeletal muscle atrophy. Tomatidine and/or .alpha.-tomatine are also important components in various embodiments of the present invention directed to inclusion into so-called functional foods and nutraceuticals designed to maintain muscle mass and function in persons without muscle atrophy. In addition to having potential utility in its own right, tomatidine supports the concept that systems-based methods can be used to discover small molecules that improve skeletal muscle mass, function and metabolism. Such compounds could potentially have several beneficial uses for patients and society in general. 
         [0117]    Studies have shown that tomatidine fed mice had larger muscles, but their overall body weight did not change due to a corresponding loss of fat. Thus, another aspect of the present invention is directed to treating obesity, and is further enhanced by providing certain amounts of tomatidine as an effective compound in the treatment of obesity. Tomatidine is significantly more potent than ursolic acid in building muscle tissue and has a different mechanism of action. One application of the present invention is to provide a mucosal adhesive strip that contains tomatidine, as well as optionally other select agents (set forth herein) in a manner that is effective to preserve muscle mass and function during the aging process. Preferably, the compositions included in the strip contain tomatidine without any ursolic acid. 
         [0118]    In yet other embodiments, thin films are adapted for attachment to the mucosal membrane, in particular to the back region of a person&#39;s throat where bacteria reside, and in particular bacteria that cause disease and result in a person experiencing a sore throat, with such thin films having an effective amount of xylitol. It has been found that bacterial resistance is one of the main problems in controlling recurrent infections and the improper use of antibiotics has permitted many microorganisms to adapt and become resistant to treatment. A better way of controlling this phenomenon is through bypassing the bacteria&#39;s adaptive qualities altogether. The naturally occurring sugar Xylitol is a natural sweetener and has an anti-adherence property that is believed to interfere with many microorganisms ability to cling to cell tissues. As bacterial infection occurs when bacteria adheres to tissues in a manner that permits colonization and growth, the use of xylitol is believed to prevent this action and in the process, stave off bacterial infection. One problem with prior art administrations of xylitol has been to provide xylitol in effective concentrations, in the proper place (e.g. in contact with particular tissue), and for an extended period time so as to achieve its anti-bacterial abilities. Sprays and merely chewing gum containing xylitol have shown some benefits in terms of dental cavity prevention and in washing of nasal tissues. But the present invention is effective in isolating the particular tissue most at risk of bacterial infection—the back of one&#39;s throat—and focuses an effective concentration of xylitol on such tissue for an appropriate and effective period of time so as to reduce the number of undesired bacteria that would otherwise exist on the tissue of one&#39;s throat. Because the bacteria are not allowed to infect, antibiotics are not needed. 
         [0119]    While not bound by theory, it is believed that xylitol disperses and disrupts biofilms and thus, in addition to its anti-adherence property, xylitol is able to help in the treatment of diseases where bacteria and other microorganisms are the causative agents. It is further believed that xylitol is effective in dispersing yeast-born bacterial microorganisms and in controlling their growth. It is also speculated that xylitol is a glucose competitor that is able to inhibit glycolysis. or the metabolic process of glucose. 
         [0120]    Xylitol has been classified as a polyol or a sugar alcohol and is referred to as birch sugar, because it can be produced from birch. Xylitol occurs widely in nature, although the concentrations are low. Natural sources of xylitol include plums, strawberries, raspberries and rowan berries. Xylitol has the same relative sweetness as sucrose, and it has been used as a sugar substitute for dietary and medical purposes. Because of its five-carbon sugar alcohol structure, xylitol is unsuitable as a source of energy for most oral micro-organisms, such as  Streptococcus mutans . Yet, most  S. mutans  strains are, via the fructose phospho-transferase system, able to transport xylitol into the cell, where it is phosphorylated into xylitol-5-phosphate, which then has to be expelled from the cell. This metabolically futile xylitol cycle consumes energy stores of the cell and is thought to be responsible for the inhibition of the growth of  S. mutans  observed both in vitro and in vivo when exposed to xylitol. Because the bacteria are not killed, resistance is not as big a problem. Use of the strips of the present invention are suited for the treatment of appropriate infections and reduces the need for second and third generation antibiotics. In certain embodiments, the re-population of the mouth with a population of bacteria that are considered to be more healthy than infectious bacteria is one aspect of many embodiments of the present invention. Due to its crystalline structure, i.e., distinct single crystal, definitive form, and very dense nature, when added to a strip of the present invention, aqueous crystallized xylitol does not “dry” the strip out. Xylitol is a pentitol and is used not only as a sweetener but also as a platform chemical for the production of industrially important chemicals. Studies have shown that among sugar substitutes, xylitol is one of the most promising candidates for application in a wide range of products due to several favorable properties. These include anti-cariogenicity, suitability for use by diabetic patients, and good gastrointestinal tolerance, in addition to possibly preventing osteoporosis and ear infections. In spite of its advantages, the use of xylitol is currently limited and falls well short of another, cheaper sugar alternative, sorbitol in the billion dollar polyol market. Other than its use as a sweetener, xylitol is also an industrially important chemical, and the US Department of Energy (DOE) has named it among one of their top 12 platform chemicals from agricultural sources. 
         [0121]    Oral care researchers have established that frequent delivery of xylitol molecules in the mouth can reduce caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, halitosis and inner ear infections by suppressing the growth of certain bacteria. These bacteria thrive on certain carbohydrate molecules such as sucrose, glucose, fructose and other sugars but, when they ingest the xylitol molecules, they cease proliferating and cease to adhere to human tissues. Delivering xylitol molecules in the mouth also provides other benefits, such as remineralization of teeth and reduction of plaque and halitosis by stimulating saliva flow. For these reasons, chewing gum, lozenges, and lollipops have been developed that have high levels of xylitol. These products are sold to consumers with instructions to keep the gum or candy in their mouths over time, so long as xylitol is being released, but this is typically less than five minutes for chewing gum and less than 15 minutes for lozenges and lollipops. 
         [0122]    For release of xylitol in the mouth over time, the present invention provides for a strip that can be adhered to the mucosal membrane and preferably to a particular upper mouth portion of a person&#39;s mouth that contains the bacteria that causes bad breath, promotes diseases, etc. The strip, when it dissolves, releases xylitol or a similar polyol. And there is a need to slow the rate of dissolution to maintain therapeutic levels of xylitol or other polyol in the fluids of the oral cavity over longer periods of time and this is achieved by the strips of the present invention. 
         [0123]    Many causes lead to congestion and irritation of the exposed surfaces of the respiratory tract, especially the throat. Colds commonly cause the mucous membrane to become inflamed, sometimes leading to sinusitis. Many people with allergies suffer congestion which often leads to recurring and/or chronic inflammation of the mucous membranes and to sinus infections. Inflamed, congested mucous membranes can also give rise to snoring. The use of strips of the present invention, especially those formulated with a particular concentration of saline and with xylitol, are believed to significantly reduce and decrease snoring. Certain formulations of the strip, especially those that include particular saline concentrations, are believed to pull fluid from the mucosa and at the same time, flushes out germs, contaminants, and pollutants (pollen/dust/sand/soot/smoke, etc.) from the mucus membranes. 
         [0124]    For example, in particular embodiments, strips that are adapted to be adhered to the mucosal membrane include a preservative free hypertonic saline at 2.3% to and including 2.7% w/v (preferably 2.4% to and including 2.6% w/v) salt is effective. 
         [0125]    In one aspect, the invention is a strip having polyol molecules, particularly xylitol, with a reduced rate of dissolution in saliva and that preferably dissolves much more slowly than substantially pure (greater than or equal to 98%) xylitol. Preferably, strips do not substantially swell when exposed to water. Strips may be formed by melting the polyol and then cooling them until the polyol molecules crystallize or by pressing powders of polyol crystals into a strip. In certain embodiments, the dissolution time of the strip in a human mouth is, on average, more than 25 minutes more preferably, more than 1 hour, and most preferably, more than about 3 hours. To achieve slow release of polyol molecules, the strips may be formed with low water levels so that the polyol, preferably xylitol, particles do not dissolve readily or quickly. Thus, some embodiments include fine grains of xylitol with 2.5%-6% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) (by weight relative to the xylitol) incorporated into strips with insignificant amounts of water. 
         [0126]    The laryngeal/pharyngeal cavity is lined with a mucosa the essential component of which is the epithelium. The epithelium is the interface between the human body and ingested substances and forms a complex physicochemical barrier which, supplemented by the mucociliary apparatus, constitutes the first defense against pathogens. Mucus covers the epithelium and provides an additional protection for the mucosa, in which it forms a semi-permeable barrier that allows the exchange of nutrients, water and gases but keeps out pathogenic germs. Mucus is a viscoelastic gel of complex composition which is continuously secreted by intraepithelial cells and salivary glands. The main components of mucus are mucins, large and strongly charged glycoproteins which form the structural framework of the mucosal barrier by cross-linking. Strips of the present invention, in certain embodiments, are designed and adapted to adhere to the mucosal membranes (preferably buccal but also could be vaginal, rectal, etc.) to provide a slow release of effective amounts of polyols, and preferably xylitol, for a period of time in contact with such membranes for over about 1 hour, more preferably over about 3 hours and even over 5 or more hours. In one embodiment, the invention is directed to a thin film composition for administering an active ingredient comprising a film layer, wherein the film layer had an anti-bacterial agent consisting essentially of xylitol; wherein said thin film is adhesive to a mucosal membrane and is dissolvable over a period of no less than about 2 hours. Preferably the film strip weighs about 10 to 80 mg per strip and includes xylitol having a particle size of about 10 to 400 mesh. 
         [0127]    Still other embodiments include combinations of various herbal and sugar components, such as xylitol and tomatidine in a mucosal adhesive strip that achieves the combined functionality of those particular ingredients, e.g. reducing bacteria and facilitating muscle tissue health. To provide necessary and sufficient written disclosure and enablement of the various embodiments of the present invention, the following references are incorporated by reference in their entireties: U.S. Pat. No. 9,017,718 to Tan; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/228,454 to Kovarik; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,599,883; 8,383,201; 5,158,789; 20070218114 to Sorousch; 20040136923 to Davidson; U.S. Pat. No. 8,999,372 to Davidson; 20090196907 to Bunick; 20090196908 to Lee; 20030124178 to Haley; 20070293587 to Haley; 20100285098 to Haley; 2006-0204591 to Burrell; U.S. Pat. No. 7,087,249 to Burrell; U.S. Pat. No. 6,210,699 to Acharya; U.S. Pat. No. 8,865,211 to Tzannis; 20140199266 to Park; U.S. Pat. No. 6,599,883 to Romeo; PCT/US2008/080362 to Dussia; 2007-0218114 to Duggan; 2004-0136923 to Davidson; 20110142942 to Schobel; 20040120991 to Gardner et al.; Fuchs et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,136,162; 20040136923 to Davidson; U.S. Pat. No. 4,163,777 to Mita; U.S. Pat. No. 5,002,970 to Eby, III; 20040096569 to Barkalow et al.; 20060035008 to Virgallito et al.; 20030031737 to Rosenbloom; U.S. Pat. No. 6,919,373 to Lam et al.; 20050196358 to Georglades et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 3,832,460 to Kosti; 2002002057 to Battey et al.; 20040228804 to Jones, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,054,143 to Jones; U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,196 to Uhari; 20150150792 to Klingman; 20140333003 to Allen; 20140271867 to Myers; 20140356460 to Lutin; 20150038594 to Borges; U.S. Pat. No. 6,139,861 to Friedman. 
         [0128]    Another aspect of the certain embodiments of the present invention is directed to a thin film mucosal layered strip that includes several layers, and in one particular embodiment, at least four layers, with a first layer comprising an odor impervious material, a second layer that comprises at least one encapsulated solvent, a third layer having a solvent absorbent material, and a fourth layer comprising an adhesive, wherein the solvent is encapsulated in a frangible enclosure and is present in an amount of at least about 0.5 ml. The solvent can include various compositions and chemicals or natural compounds, but include breath freshening agents, lubricants, xylitol, medicines, crosslinking agents, etc. Certain embodiments of such a layered strip include a color change indicator, preferably as part of one of the second layer and the third layer. The strip may also include one or more odor reducing agents. 
         [0129]    As described herein, the manner in which a capsule can be fractured in order to release its solvent contents is variable and will be understood by those of skill in the art. Preferably, the capsule is constructed in a manner that it is sufficiently robust such that mere transport and packaging of the strips containing such capsules does not cause any leakage or breakage of such capsules. Instead, the design of capsules is such that they are frangible with a considerable amount of force being directly applied thereto once the strips are placed on a particular mucosal surface, such as on the soft palette of a human, such that the person&#39;s tongue, when pressing against such capsule, can cause it to fracture to release the contents of the capsule. In other embodiments, two or more different materials may be released (such as a xylitol containing solvent and a color change agent) and a divider may be employed that may comprise a membrane having one or more zones of weakness, such as a declivity or score line, such that when a hollow body comprising the encapsulated structure is manipulated, such as being bent, pressed, crushed, flexed, or compressed along a zone of weakness, an opening is created in the divider, permitting the contents of a first compartment and a second compartment to mix. Such a hollow body preferably has an opening at a first end, and a frangible seal that closes the opening to retain the contents housed in the hollow body. In one embodiment, the frangible seal comprises a thin membrane, for example, thin films of plastic or biodegradable material. In other embodiments, an absorbent material is also employed to retain the released solvent in a particular location for a desired period of time, which may include a semi-porous material, such as a sponge. When the frangible seal is broken, the contents of the hollow body are released into the absorbent material. The hollow interior of the solvent containing member may define a reservoir for containing a liquid composition, such as the solvent, color change material, etc. Preferably, a frangible seal is provided that is liquid-tight prior to use of the strip. The frangible seal is designed to preferably be weaker than the seal at one end, thus when the solvent containing capsule is manipulated, for example by squeezing, tongue manipulation, etc. it causes the frangible seal to be broken, permitting the solvent or other liquid material in the reservoir to flow out. A number and variety of desired substances may be employed in association with such an absorbent layer via employment of a frangible capsule that can contain such substance, especially in association with an adhesive portion of the strip so that the substance can be administered to the desired site. Thus, such frangible capsules of the strip can be used in association with a capsule containing a wound healing substance, or a pain killer, an allergesic, a medicine, a growth promoting material, a muscle treatment gel, deodorant, etc. such that the affected area can be covered and then at a desired time, the capsule can be broken to release the desired pre-packaged substance or combination of substances. In one particular embodiment, the use of a capsule is employed that can contain more than one substance separated by frangible structures such that a combination of substances can be delivered in a desired sequence and in a particular position on a surface, such as a person&#39;s mucosal membrane or skin, so that the purposeful combination of such substances can be achieved in an easy fashion. The strips of the present invention, by virtue of their encapsulated frangible structures, whether or not associated with absorbent materials and barriers find various uses that are accomplished in an easy, cost effective manner and enables one to carry the devices with them for use outside of medical clinics, etc. In certain embodiments, the breaking of one or more encapsulations that contain an anti-odor component, such as a breath freshener, a cyclodextrin component to mask or eliminate certain odors, can be used for various mucosal adhesive encapsulated structures. 
         [0130]    The present invention also finds application in the companion pet field and veterinary field. The strips of the present invention provide the ability to associate strips to the mucosal membranes of pets or to other regions of a pet&#39;s body to provide the ability to include various desired substances in encapsulated form such that the pet owner can achieve the fracture of a frangible encapsulation of desired material to treat the pet for particular purposes, such as to reduce bad dog breath, etc. In certain embodiments, the encapsulated, frangible enclosures may resemble in some respects so-called blister-packaging, with desired material within such “blisters” selected for the variety of uses described herein. 
         [0131]    In certain embodiments of the present invention, the use of thin films, especially mucosal adhesive thin films, as described, for example in co-pending application publication no. 2015/0174178 to Kovarik, et al. (which is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference), can be employed to administer some or all of the compositions as described in that application. For example, in performing a method for preventing the development of an autoimmune disease in a newborn, the step of prenatally administering to an expectant mother a composition may include the use of thin film constructs that adhere to mucosal membranes, such membranes including nasal, buccal, vaginal, etc. Indeed, in one particular embodiment, where administration of particular components is desired just prior to a baby being born, a mother can have certain thin films administered to her vaginal walls so that the baby, when it descends down the birth canal, will come into contact with such thin films and therefore make contact with certain desirable bacterial and helminthes components that are purposefully incorporated into the thin film constructs. In particular, such thin film constructs in certain embodiments include an effective amount of a bacterial formulation that comprises:  Prevotella; Lactobacillus johnsonii; Bacteroides fragilis, Lactobacillus ruminus , and at least one of  B. longum  by. Infantis isolate UCD272 or  B. longum  by. Infantis, AY151398; and an effective amount of an extract derived from a helminth selected from the group consisting of:  Capillaria hepatica, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus, Strongyloides stercoralis, Haemonchus contortus , and  Trichinella spiralis . Applying one or more strips (thin films) to the woman&#39;s birth canal prior to the birth of her baby may also be limited to just bacterial components, with separate strips (thin films) having helminthes derived components thereon. Indeed, in certain embodiments, the use of the described surface textures that are not conducive to bacterial attachment may be used when administering the helminthes components, so as to reduce the opportunity for undesired bacteria to reside on such strips. Similarly, strips can include desired amounts of xylitol with or without the bacterial or helminthes components as described herein when employing strips for the purpose of conveying immune protection for an unborn child. As one will appreciate, such thin films may also find application earlier in a pregnancy where the expectant mother may administer such strips to nasal, mouth, vaginal or other mucosal membranes so as to facilitate the immune responses desired to be conferred to the baby, with one objective being to have a baby born from the pregnancy of the expectant mother who is free from all of the following diseases: type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and a peanut allergy. Moreover, to the extent that the amounts of bacterial or helminthes components to be administered are not conducive to being included readily into a thin film construct in a conventional fashion, other embodiments of the present invention include the encapsulation of such desired components in strips as otherwise described in, for example, co-pending application Ser. No. 14/611,458 and issued U.S. Pat. No. 9,010,340 to Kovarik et. al, (incorporated herein by this reference in their entireties), such that rupturing of encapsulated packets that contain desired amounts and formulations of bacterial or helminthes compositions can be achieved to convey desired immunity at relevant times. 
         [0132]    Other embodiments of the present invention involve mucosally administering to a subject via the strips as described herein, an effective amount of a bacteria that has been modified to express one of tomatidine and p53, with the bacteria selected from the group consisting of  Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Veillonella, Fusobacterium, Porphromonas, Prevotella, Treponema, Nisseria, Haemophilis, Eubacteria, Lactobacterium, Capnocytophaga, Eikenella, Leptotrichia, Peptostreptococcus, Staphylococcus , and  Propionibacterium . Still other embodiments include the provision of  Streptomyces hygroscopicus  in a strip and in an amount effective to produce therapeutically effective amounts of rayamycin to the subject. It should be appreciated that a therapeutically effective amount is preferably an amount sufficient to elicit any of the listed effects of natural tomatidine and p53, for example, including, but not limited to, the power to treat cancer cachexia in a fashion demonstrated by result indicating the maintenance of muscle mass in the individual treated. In preferred embodiments, the mucosal administration is oral administration and the subject individual maintains or increases muscle mass. In most preferred embodiments, the bacterial composition has been modified via a CRISPR-Cas or Cfl1 system to express tomatidine, and in other embodiments, produces both tomatidine and p53 protein. Other embodiments include providing in a strip a bacterial composition that includes one of a  Chlamydia  species, or  Shigella flexneri, Mycoplasma  bacteria, and  H. pylori.    
         [0133]    Various other aspects of the present invention are directed to a method of reducing the likelihood of an inflammatory disease, and in particular Alzheimer&#39;s Disease (AD) developing in a subject, with such method including the provision of a particularly designed bioadhesive strip to a subject that has been diagnosed with periodontitis. 
         [0134]    Suitable strips are adapted for oral cavity application and have a first and second side, with the first side having a bioadhesive that is adapted to bind to a portion of an individual&#39;s oral cavity, and in particular either to dental surfaces or a mucosal membrane for an extended period of time, e.g. for at least 1 hour, more preferably more than 3 hours, and in some scenarios, for at least twelve hours or more, while inside a person&#39;s mouth. The second side preferably has a specially textured surface that has an anti-microbial characteristic derived from its surface topography, such topography resisting bioadhesion of undesired bacteria that are typically present in a human&#39;s mouth. Moreover, as spirochetes employ copper and manganese for growth, the strip is preferably devoid of manganese and copper. Conversely, because zinc is important to many beneficial oral bacteria, such strips preferably include zinc components therein. As described herein the use of a strip that has on its surface a pattern defined by a plurality of spaced apart features each having at least one microscale dimension and having at least one neighboring feature having a substantially different geometry, is useful in that such a micro-surface design thwarts the growth of bacteria on its surface. Use of such anti-bacterial textured surfaces is therefore important in the maintenance of desired oral bacterial populations and in the ability, especially without the use of antibiotics, to reduce the growth of undesired bacteria, especially those associated with periodontitis. Such strips can also or alternately include various mineral (e.g. zinc) and anti-biotic components, such a a variety of antibiotics that preferably target undesired bacteria believed to be involved in the progression of periodontitis. As the formation of biofilms is believed instrumental in the ability of certain bacteria to avoid antibiotic contact, e.g. spirochetes, the use of agents that assist in breaking down biofilms are important constituents of various embodiments of the present invention. Thus, as one of skill in the art will appreciate, a variety of anti-biofilm agents can be included in the oral strips as described herein, that may rely upon a variety of anti-adhesion-mediated mechanisms. For example, curcumin, enzymes, like DNase I, α-amylase and DspB, serrapeptase, etc can be employed. 
         [0135]    Certain preferred embodiments include administering to the oral cavity of a subject an effective amount of  Prevotella intermedia , even more preferably  Prevotella intermedia  modified using CRISPR-Cas or CRISPR-Cpfl to remove at least one virulence factor. It is believed that maintaining  Prevotella  bacteria in the oral microbiome, but having a strain that lacks particular virulence factors, such as those associated with biofilm formation, provides benefits in that the native ability of such bacteria to produce NO is preserved, thus facilitating the retention of positive attributes while deleting undesired characteristics of the bacteria. While  Prevotella  is one preferred species of bacteria that is believed useful in modifying in this regard, one of skill in the art will appreciate the various other bacteria that reside in a person&#39;s oral microbiome that can also be modified to generate and foster a microbiome that is more conducive to treatments with anti-biofilm formation, that permits the use of various antibiotics as described herein, and in establishing a better microbiome environment such that spirochetes growth and infection can be addressed. The use of the oral strips as described herein as both a way to administer anti-bacterial substances and anti-biofilm agents, may also be employed to deliver desired amounts of desired bacteria, such as modified Prevotella, thus ensuring that such modified bacteria are placed in a desired portion of one&#39;s oral cavity to achieve maximum effect. 
         [0136]    Methods of the present invention further include orally administering to the subgingival tooth area of the subject an effective amount of an antibiotic effective to kill spirochetes bacteria residing on the subgingival tooth area of the subject. Preferably the antibiotic comprises one of doxycycline and methotrexate. Moreover, such strips preferably include between 0.2 and 0.9% xylitol by weight. Also, such strips may further include an effective amount of paquinimod such that when applied to a tooth area of the subject, is effective to inhibit collagenase activity. In still other embodiments the strip comprises one of bioluminescent material, compounds that facilitate the growth of desired bacteria beneficial to a person&#39;s health, and/or at least about 200 mg. xylitol. One will appreciate that the strips can have various constructions and structures to facilitate functional aspects sought to be achieved. For example, certain embodiments employ strips having encapsulated materials that can elute from the strip at particular times or via the purposeful rupture of an encapsulated (e.g. frangible by pressure) structure so as to cause the release of an encapsulated material or composition. In some embodiments, a strip having encapsulated pockets may include one of  Prevotella , iron, NO, antibiotics, anti-biofilm agents and/or anti-inflammatory agents, etc. thus rendering it possible to apply a customized strip to a person&#39;s oral cavity to effectively address the particular situation. 
         [0137]    In particular embodiments of the present invention, an oral strip, preferably mucoadhesive in nature and preferably with xylitol therein, is employed to apply a locally acting collagenase inhibitor agent. Xylitol, for example, included with such strips, reduces bacteria growth. Other oral strip embodiments include the provision of active agents in addition to (or not) the antibacterial surface structures as described herein as illustrated in  FIGS. 2A-2D . After applying such strip to the oral cavity, it is able to release a preferred agent or drug slowly as it is dissolved, so that the drug concentration in saliva exists for an extended time and maintains the desired inhibitory concentration. 
         [0138]    The mucosal, e.g. oral, strips as described herein may include various agents, such as xylitol, antibiotics, beneficial bacteria, etc. that provides for the ongoing and low dose concentrations required for certain bacteria to thrive and others to not thrive. Moreover, inclusion of encapsulated pockets in such mucosal or oral strips provides a way to introduce preferred bacteria into the oral cavity. Thus, providing modified  Prevotella  bacteria (e.g. modified so as to reduce or hinder various virulence facts of a native  Prevotella ) is one way in which to encourage the growth of bacteria in a person&#39;s oral cavity in a manner that is believed to be beneficial in deterring the progression of AD. 
         [0139]    Such antibacterial structures as illustrated in the figures interfere with the formation of biofilms that would otherwise form in a person&#39;s oral cavity. By disrupting biofilm formation, one is able to hinder the progress of biofilms that are associated with the progression of periodontitis and in such a way, interfere with the progression of AD. The coating of dental surfaces—as well as the mucous membranes inside the oral cavity—using the anti-bacterial surfaces as described herein, and in particular those as described in one of the parent applications to the present case, may be employed to further reduce the number and type of undesired bacteria in the oral cavity. 
         [0140]    In particular embodiments, a mucosal, e.g. oral, strip is provided with an effective amount of an agent effective to non-systemically reduce numbers of undesired bacteria in an individual&#39;s oral cavity. In one embodiment, the agent comprises Azithromycin, which has been found to be effective against anaerobes and gram-negative bacilli. The provision of an oral strip enables such drug to be contacted directly with the sites of inflammation. Still other strips contain an effective amount of metronidazole, which targets obligate anaerobes. In preferred embodiments, ciprofloxacin and other similar drugs that target facultative anaerobes— Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium , enteric GNRs, etc. are not employed. The use of strips as described herein is a local delivery method to administer antibiotics and offers a novel approach to the management of periodontal “localized” infections. One of the primary advantages is that smaller doses of topical agents can be delivered inside the gingival pocket, avoiding the side effects of systemic antibacterial agents, while increasing the exposure of target microorganisms to higher concentrations and therefore more therapeutic levels of the medication. In still other embodiments, strips are impregnated with zinc salts as they are non-toxic and do not stain teeth compared with other metal salts. The zinc is believed to assist in the inhibition of growth of undesired bacteria in the oral cavity. Moreover, in other preferred embodiments, strips include explicitly exclude, e.g. are devoid of, either manganese or cooper, as it is known that spirochetes use the same, instead of iron. 
         [0141]    One aspect of the present invention is therefore directed to effective administration of an antibiotic that will effectively reduce the population of spirochetal microbes that are causative of Alzheimer&#39;s disease via the direct application of antibiotics via oral mucosal adhesive strips. Preferably such strips are applied in an environment where the pH of saliva is adjusted to be below 6.5, which is believed to be a level where spirochetal activity is often observed. Most spirochetes are free-living and anaerobic. The strips themselves may be adapted to reduce the pH of the oral cavity. While an acidic pH seems to favor certain bacteria, specifically most aerobic bacteria and alkaline pH levels seem to advance anaerobic bacteria growth, one aspect of the present invention is to provide a strip that is able to adjust the pH of an individual&#39;s oral cavity to address particular situations so as to favor the growth of certain bacteria over others. Acidosis (an acidic condition of the body) reduces available oxygen to the cells and can contribute to the increased presence of certain bacteria. Certain embodiments of the present invention are therefore directed to the purposeful infection of a person with spirochetes bacteria that have been treated with a CRISPR-Cas system to render them sensitive to antibiotics or to otherwise make them vulnerable in a fashion such that they are rendered far easier to control or kill. Preferably administration is via a composition formulated for application directly to a subject&#39;s gums and more preferably by the application of a mucosal adhesive strip preloaded with the antibiotic. 
         [0142]    In one embodiment, a mucoadhesive strip containing immunotherapeutic agents is employed to treat periodontitis, even more preferably a mucoadhesive strip impregnated with an agent of choice to target locally anaerobic bacteria at the site of infection. 
         [0143]    Certain embodiments are directed to a method of reducing the likelihood of an inflammatory disease developing in a subject by providing a bioadhesive strip to a subject that has been diagnosed with periodontitis, wherein such strip has a first and second side, the first side having a bioadhesive that is adapted to bind to a mucosal membrane for at least 1 hour while inside a person&#39;s mouth, the second side having a specially textured surface that has an anti-microbial characteristic derived from its surface topography, such topography resisting bioadhesion of undesired bacteria that are typically present in a human&#39;s mouth. Preferably, such strip is devoid of manganese and copper, and even more preferably has at least one of an antibiotic effective against spirochetes and an anti-biofilm agent. In certain embodiments, the first side has a bioadhesive that is adapted to bind to a mucosal membrane for at least 1 hour while inside a person&#39;s mouth, and such strip comprises between 0.2 and 0.9% xylitol by weight. Still other embodiments include a strip that includes at least about 200 mg. xylitol and an effective amount of pasquinaded to inhibit collagenase activity. Yet other embodiments include a strip provided with at least one of a plurality of agents effective to hinder the growth of spirochetes bacteria in a subject&#39;s oral cavity. In certain embodiments, an effective amount of  Prevotella intermedia  is provided to decrease the incidence of periodontitis and to reduce the progression of Alzheimer&#39;s disease. 
         [0144]    Incorporated herein by this reference in their entireties are the following U.S. patents and patent publication nos.: 2012/0142548 to Corsi et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,610, U.S. Pat. No. 6,569,474, U.S. 2002/0009520, U.S. 2003/0206995, U.S. 2007/0054008; and U.S. Pat. No. 8,349,313 to Smith; and U.S. Pat. No. 9,011.834 to McKenzie; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,687,841 and 4,720,486 to Spilburg, et al.; and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2007/0207955 to Tanihara. 
         [0145]    One will appreciate that this summary of the Invention is not intended to be all encompassing and that the scope of the invention nor its various embodiments, let alone the most important ones, are necessarily encompassed by the above description. One of skill in the art will appreciate that the entire disclosure, as well as the incorporated references, pictures, etc. will provide a basis for the scope of the present invention as it may be claimed now and in future applications. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0146]      FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a person&#39;s airway where a particular placement of a snore strip is shown associated with the soft palate. 
           [0147]      FIG. 2( a )-( d )  illustrate some exemplary surface architectural patterns according to the invention. 
           [0148]      FIG. 3  is a front perspective view of a person&#39;s open mouth, illustrating the placement of a snore strip on the surface of the soft palate. 
           [0149]      FIG. 4A  is an illustration of a person&#39;s mouth with a heart-shaped snore strip associated with the soft palate and a teeth anchor associated with such snore strip. 
           [0150]      FIG. 4B  is an illustration of a person&#39;s mouth with a rectangular shaped snore strip adhered to the soft palate with mucosal adhesive agents. 
           [0151]      FIG. 5  is an illustration of a person&#39;s open mouth with a snore strip place on the soft palate and a dental floss attachment anchor associated between the strip and the teeth. 
           [0152]      FIG. 6A  is an illustration of a person&#39;s open mouth where a first rectangular snore strip is over-laid by a 2nd circular snore strip. 
           [0153]      FIG. 6B  illustrates a snore strip having structural support elements associated therewith. 
           [0154]      FIG. 7  illustrates a snore strip having a cross-hatched support structure integral with the strip to provide desired damping of vibrational movement of the soft palate. 
           [0155]      FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view of a person&#39;s head where a snore strip is anchored by a tongue loop anchor. 
           [0156]      FIG. 9  illustrates a strip applicator for placing a snore strip properly on the soft palate. 
           [0157]      FIG. 10  is an illustration of a pre-made sheet of strips that can be dissociated with the sheet and individually applied to mucosal membranes. 
           [0158]      FIG. 11  is a side view of one embodiment of a strip having an outer layer, an adhesive layer, a layer with an encapsulated agent contained there between. 
           [0159]      FIG. 12  is a side view of one embodiment where the encapsulated agent is encapsulated into small beads. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0160]    Snoring is attributable to vibration of the soft palate SP. Vibratory action of the nasal concha C and the pharyngeal wall PW can also contribute to snoring sounds. It is not uncommon for vibratory action from more than one region of the naso-pharyngeal area to contribute to snoring sounds. Sleep apnea can result from partial or full collapse of the naso-pharyngeal wall during sleep. The present invention provides a non-surgical procedure to alleviate snoring and thus, is devoid of the pain, incisions, pre- and post-operative requirements and complications, etc. of surgical procedures used to address snoring problems. The strips  10  are applied in a temporary rather than permanent manner and thus avoid the complications one may have when micro-beads are implanted into tissue that may cause infections, adverse reactions, etc. No prior art method or device employed in the battle against snoring offers such a variety and flexibility of treatment options as do the various embodiments of the present invention. 
         [0161]      FIG. 1  shows, in cross-section, a naso-pharyngeal area of an untreated patient.  FIG. 1  shows the nose N, mouth M and throat TH. The tongue T is shown in an oral cavity OC of the mouth. A hard palate HP (containing a bone B) separates the oral cavity 
         [0162]    OC from the nasal cavity NC. The nasal concha C (soft tissue which defines, in part, the nasal sinus—not shown) resides in the nasal cavity NC. 
         [0163]    The soft palate SP (a muscle activated soft tissue not supported by bone) depends in cantilevered manner at a leading end LE from the hard palate HP and terminates at a trailing end TE. Below the soft palate SP, the pharyngeal wall PW defines the throat passage TP. A nasal passage NP connects the nasal cavity NC to the pharyngeal wall PW. Below an epiglottis EP, the throat passage TP divides into a trachea TR for passing air to the lungs and an esophagus ES for passing food and drink to the stomach. 
         [0164]    The soft palate SP is operated by muscles (not separately shown and labeled) to lift the soft palate SP to urge the trailing edge TE against the rear area of the pharyngeal wall PW. This seals the nasal cavity NC from the oral cavity OC during swallowing. The epiglottis EP closes the trachea TR during swallowing and drinking and opens for breathing. 
         [0165]    For purposes of this disclosure, the nasal cavity NC, oral cavity OC and throat passage TP are collectively referred to as the naso-pharyngeal area of the patient with the area including the various body surfaces which cooperate to define the nasal cavity NC, oral cavity OC and throat passage TP. These body surfaces include outer surfaces of the nasal concha C, the upper and lower surfaces of the soft palate SP and outer surfaces of the pharyngeal wall PW. Outer surfaces means surfaces exposed to air. Both the upper and lower surfaces of the soft palate SP are outer surfaces. 
         [0166]      FIGS. 2( a )-( d )  illustrate some exemplary architectural patterns that can be used with the invention.  FIG. 2( a )  shows a riblet pattern having features spaced about 2 μm apart;  FIG. 2( b )  shows a star/clover pattern,  FIG. 2( c )  a gradient pattern, while  FIG. 2( d )  shows a triangle/circle pattern. 
         [0167]      FIG. 3  is a front perspective view of a person&#39;s open mouth, illustrating the placement of a snore strip  10  on the surface of the soft palate  12  and the hard palate/soft palate junction  14 . The area of tissue to be covered can be addressed by either having the person provide strips  10  side-by-side to cover the area; by having certain tissue areas provided with thicker ultimate strip depth than other areas (e.g. providing for the option of stiffening certain palate soft tissue  12  more than directly adjacent tissue), and even providing strips  10  having different characteristics in terms of a variety of factors, such as taste, composition, adherence or dissolvability characteristics, area, shape, thickness, flavor, duration of flexibility characteristics, etc. Films may be selected of desired thickness and having desired properties in terms of dissolving rate, flexibility, provision of stiffness over time, adhesion duration, ability to cause reversible contraction of soft palate  12  tissue (e.g. to thus enhance the desired stiffening of targeted tissue that would otherwise vibrate during snoring), and can be fashioned, by cutting, forming in a particular mold, etc. to cover a desired soft palate  12  area. Custom strips  10  or films having particular shapes, such as one that covers the particular area of that particular person&#39;s soft palate  12  tissue region, is contemplated. 
         [0168]      FIG. 4A  is an illustration of a person&#39;s mouth and tongue  18  with a heart-shaped snore strip  10 A associated with the soft palate  12  and a teeth anchor  16  associated with such snore strip  10 A. 
         [0169]      FIG. 4B  is an illustration of a person&#39;s mouth and tongue  18  with a rectangular shaped snore strip  10  adhered to the soft palate  12  with mucosal adhesive agents. The strip  10  may be of any suitable shape, for example being square or rectangular for ease of storage, placement, distribution in packages, but is preferably generally planar and approximately 0.5 to 2 cm in length and breadth. Again, the particular shape and dimensions of a strip  10  can be varied as required to address individual snoring issues, the degree of tissue stiffness of the soft palate  12  required to address a particular snoring issue, etc. Thus one aspect of the present invention is that a person may modify the number, placement, kind, type, shape, time of application, frequency of application, etc. to address particular situations, which may vary over time and under any given set of circumstances. The customization of such a strip  10  in terms of shape, size, characteristics regarding flavor, thickness, adhesive qualities etc. are within the present scope of the invention. 
         [0170]      FIG. 5  is an illustration of a person&#39;s open mouth and tongue with a snore strip  10  placed on the soft palate  12  and a dental floss attachment anchor  16  associated between the strip  10  and the teeth. To avoid fears that adhesion will not suffice to attach a strip  10  to a person&#39;s soft palate  12  tissue, strips  10  can also be afforded an attachment line, such as dental floss, so that the strip can be also anchored to one&#39;s teeth, tooth or around the tongue  18  to ensure that the strip  10  does not present a choking hazard if detached. Thus, in one embodiment, a loop or segment of dental floss anchored to teeth or around gum line or a tongue  18  can prevent swallowing of the strip  10  if it becomes detached.  FIG. 5  further shows the hard palate/soft palate junction  14 . 
         [0171]      FIG. 6A  is an illustration of a person&#39;s open mouth and tongue  18  where a first rectangular snore strip  10  is over-laid by a 2nd circular snore strip  10 B. In one embodiment, the strips  10  employed provide more structural integrity to soft palate  12  tissues upon which such strips  10  adhere, and also have long term function (from at least about 5 minutes to several hours), preferably for at least about 3 hours, more preferably at least about 5 hours and most preferably at least about 6 or more hours—roughly equating to the period of time of a person&#39;s sleep and/or length of snoring experience. The mucosal strips  10  are designed to adhere well with each other when placed on palate tissue  12  so that layering of the strips  10  can be accomplished so as to custom build a desired thickness of the strips  10  over tissue to be covered. This permits a user to layer as many strips  10  as deemed necessary to stiffen the soft palate  12  tissue in a manner that is personally comfortable for such user while also being sufficient to address the particular snoring issue experienced by such user. 
         [0172]      FIG. 6B  illustrates a snore strip  10  positioned above a person&#39;s tongue  18  having structural support elements  10 C associated therewith. The no-snore strip  10  of the present invention may further include one or more compositions, or alternatively, may solely be provided with materials meant and intended solely to provide desired structural support to reduce vibrational movement of soft palate  12  tissues. Active agents may be used either impregnated in the strip  10  material, added later (e.g. anti-snoring agents can be sprayed on such strips  10 ), layered in a fashion so that an adhesive strip  10  is separate from an active layer strip  10 ; the provision of strips  10  that can encompass or otherwise carry one or more active ingredient strips  10 , liquids, etc. in a pouch (not shown) such that administration of various active ingredients can be achieved via attachment of an active ingredient container to the soft palate  12  adhesive strip  10 . Time release and slow release aspects of delivery can be achieved via suitable selection of permeable barriers employed to contain active ingredients and then the association of such barriers to soft palate  12  adhesive strips  10 . 
         [0173]      FIG. 7  illustrates a snore strip  10  having a cross-hatched support structure  10 D integral with the strip  10  to provide desired damping of vibrational movement of the soft palate  12 . In one embodiment, the strips  10  can comprise collagen or other tissue growth enhancing material to further the stiffening of the soft palate  12  so as to reduce the occurrence of vibration when a person is sleeping. In still other embodiments, the strips  10  are positioned to overlap with the hard palate junction  14  as well as the soft palate  12 , thereby modifying the airflow of a person to reduce snoring. 
         [0174]      FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view of a person&#39;s head where a snore strip  10  is anchored by a tongue loop anchor  22 . The general objective of placing one or more strips  10  in or about the soft palate  12  region is intended to provide required structural support for the tissue in a manner that reduces the instances of vibration of such tissues in a way that results in snoring. So in certain embodiments, strips  10  of various desired shapes and sizes can be employed to populate the area of one&#39;s soft palate  12  to dampen vibrational movement caused by the passage of air through the region when asleep. In some individuals, the surface area of adhesive strips  10  will be relatively minor as compared to others, who may require substantially all of the soft palate  12  tissue area to be covered to achieve the objective of reduced snoring. 
         [0175]      FIG. 9  illustrates a strip applicator  24  for placing a snore strip  10  properly on the soft palate  12 . Preferably the strip  10  (or strips, whether layered, certain portions more dissolvable than others, etc.) are positioned on a person&#39;s soft palate  12 . This can be achieved via a person&#39;s fingers or through the use of an applicator  24  (otherwise described and illustrated.) The strip  10  is particularly suited to delivery of ingredients having activity in relation to snoring or apnea, by delivery to the mucosa of the throat, in particular at the soft tissue  12  in the pharyngeal region of the back of the throat, to keep the pharyngeal membranes moist and lubricated. The strip  10  is conformed as a relatively thin planar structure to facilitate desired rates of inter-oral dissolution. For example, in certain embodiments, a single strip  10  may be preferably no more than about 150 micron thick, more preferably in the range 100-400 micron thick, and in other embodiments may be over 500 microns in thickness. In other embodiments, however, the ability to layer strips  10  on top of one another provides for the manufacture and availability of strips  10  of more traditional thickness, such as those for example of the breath strips of Listerine, etc. 
         [0176]    Reference herein to a strip  10  is to any soluble prolonged release presentation of the composition which is conformable and is adapted to lie in a subject&#39;s mouth without causing obstruction or interfering with breathing, talking or swallowing or the like, or to conform to the surface of a subjects open skin or wound. Preferably the strip  10  comprises a flexible film or the like. In use, the strip  10  to be placed in a subject&#39;s mouth is intended to be placed at the back of the throat. 
         [0177]    Components that can be included in strips  10  or associated with strips  10  in the various ways described herein include agents that may include additional active ingredients, including a plurality of active ingredients having an activity in relation to a particular condition or the throat or throat disorder, oral conditions, or conditions of snoring and/or sleep apnea, open skin or wound healing or repair agents and/or active ingredients having other desired activity. 
         [0178]    In still other embodiments, the use of additional ingredients may provide for chemical binding, and for example for the use of liposome technology, can be employed. In some embodiments of the invention a part or all of the active ingredients are encapsulated within encapsulation structures selected to provide the desired degree of adhesion to the mucous membranes of the throat, and adapted to release the active ingredients slowly over time in situ. These encapsulation structures may be distributed within the base material in the strip  10  composition. In one embodiment, the encapsulation structures comprise multilamellar microparticles. 
         [0179]    The strips  10  preferably have a surface that is anti-microbial in nature, such that such strips  10  assist in reducing the surface area in the mouth where noxious odors may arise due to the proliferation of foul smelling agents produced by bacteria that can survive in one&#39;s mouth. With possible breath freshening components added to the strip  10 , morning breath and bad breath issues would be addressed, while the reduction in snoring would itself lead to a happier bedtime experience for both the wearer and his/her partner. One aspect of the present invention is directed to the novel combination of a specifically surface structured bioadhesively attachable, and in a preferred embodiment, dissolvable, strip  10  of material that persists in the mouth for at least one hour and preferably at least about 3 hours, so as to stiffen the tissue of the throat, specifically the soft palate  12 , and thus reduce the occurrence of snoring. The ability to defeat the proliferation of bacteria in a person&#39;s mouth can significantly decrease the occurrence of so-called “morning breath”. 
         [0180]    Other embodiments employ differences in visual appearance to determine whether a strip  10  is placed properly; whether certain desired or undesired bacteria are present in the mouth, etc, and such effective means for determining the same include a film, coating or patch that includes one or more of the following characteristics: reflectance, retroreflectance, fluorescence, photoluminescent light transmission, color, tinting strength, and whiteness. In one particular embodiment, in addition to addressing snoring issues, certain embodiments may also assist in the detection of whether a person has a certain medical condition, such as strep throat. Thus, in one embodiment, the strip  10  changes color, expresses bioluminescence, etc. if there is strep bacteria present in a predetermined amount. 
         [0181]      FIG. 1-9  depict various embodiments of the present invention for use with a human, while it will be understood that use for animals, especially pets, is also included in various other embodiments. In certain preferred embodiments, a buccal bioadhesive strip having no active drugs is employed that when applied to the tissue of the soft palate, stiffens the tissue to reduce vibration. Certain embodiments include strips having at least one surface having a pattern defined by a plurality of spaced apart features each having at least one microscale dimension and having at least one neighboring feature having a substantially different geometry, wherein an average spacing between adjacent ones of said features is between 0.5 and 5 .mu.m in at least a portion of the at least one surface. Preferred strips have a first and second side, the first side having a bioadhesive that is adapted to bind to a mucosal membrane for at least 1 hour while inside a person&#39;s mouth. Preferably, the strip extends over a majority of the soft palate and includes at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of pullulan, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium alginate, polyethylene glycol, tragacanth gum, guar gum, acacia gum, arabic gum, polyacrylic acid, methylmethacrylate copolymer, carboxyvinyl polymer, amylose, high amylose starch, hydroxypropylated high amylose starch, dextrin, pectin, chitin, chitosan, levan, elsinan, collagen, gelatin, zein, gluten, soy protein isolate, whey protein isolate, casein and mixtures thereof. Other embodiments employ a strip further that includes a toxic substance effective to kill undesired bacteria in the mouth; or bioluminescent material; or a non-fast drying adhesive; a phase change material; and preferably such strips are devoid of paper, rice or hemp products. 
         [0182]    Certain strips comprise materials that cause the strip to stiffen when exposed to one of: 1) vibration of underlying tissue during the snoring of an individual; and 2) a change in temperature. Strips may include structural features that direct airflow in a manner that further reduces the occasion of throat tissue vibration, such features selected from the group consisting of grooves, hollow structures and curved, elevated surfaces. Preferably, strips are in the form of a film that has first and second sides and the first side has adhesive material associated therewith and the second side does not. Some strips have the second side including a lubricant. Others include at least one perforated tear line. Still others have compounds residing thereon to facilitate the growth of desired bacteria beneficial to a person&#39;s health; breath freshening components; and/or are non-dissolvable in a person&#39;s mouth. Preferably, however, strips are adapted to persist in a mouth of a user for at least 3 hours and are designed to reduce the proliferation of bacteria in a person&#39;s mouth, and are dissolvable in a person&#39;s mouth within a period of 3-6 hours. 
         [0183]    Still other embodiments are directed to a thin film mucosal layered strip that includes several layers, and in one particular embodiment, at least four layers, with a first layer comprising an odor impervious material, a second layer that comprises at least one encapsulated solvent, a third layer having a solvent absorbent material, and a fourth layer comprising an adhesive, wherein the solvent is encapsulated in a frangible enclosure and is present in an amount of at least about 0.5 ml. The solvent can include various compositions and chemicals or natural compounds, but include breath freshening agents, lubricants, xylitol, medicines, crosslinking agents, bacteria, helminth extracts, etc. Certain embodiments of such a layered strip include a color change indicator, preferably as part of one of the second layer and the third layer. The strip may also include one or more odor reducing agents. Capsules can be fractured in order to release its contents in various ways, including by tongue action once the strip is positioned in the mouth. Preferably, the capsule is constructed in a manner that it is sufficiently robust such that mere transport and packaging of the strips containing such capsules does not cause any leakage or breakage of such capsules. Instead, the design of capsules is such that they are frangible with a considerable amount of force being directly applied thereto once the strips are placed on a particular mucosal surface, such as on the soft palette of a human, such that the person&#39;s tongue, when pressing against such capsule, can cause it to fracture to release the contents of the capsule. In other embodiments, two or more different materials may be released (such as a xylitol containing solvent and a color change agent) and a divider may be employed that may comprise a membrane having one or more zones of weakness, such as a declivity or score line, such that when a hollow body comprising the encapsulated structure is manipulated, such as being bent, pressed, crushed, flexed, or compressed along a zone of weakness, an opening is created in the divider, permitting the contents of a first compartment and a second compartment to mix. Such a hollow body preferably has an opening at a first end, and a frangible seal that closes the opening to retain the contents housed in the hollow body. In one embodiment, the frangible seal comprises a thin membrane, for example, thin films of plastic or biodegradable material. In other embodiments, an absorbent material is also employed to retain the released solvent in a particular location for a desired period of time, which may include a semi-porous material, such as a sponge. When the frangible seal is broken, the contents of the hollow body are released into the absorbent material. The hollow interior of the solvent containing member may define a reservoir for containing a liquid composition, such as the solvent, color change material, bacterial composition, a helminth extract, etc. Preferably, a frangible seal is provided that is liquid-tight prior to use of the strip. The frangible seal is designed to preferably be weaker than the seal at one end, thus when the solvent containing capsule is manipulated, for example by squeezing, tongue manipulation, etc. it causes the frangible seal to be broken, permitting the solvent or other liquid material in the reservoir to flow out. A number and variety of desired substances may be employed in association with such an absorbent layer via employment of a frangible capsule that can contain such substance, especially in association with an adhesive portion of the strip so that the substance can be administered to the desired site. Thus, such frangible capsules of the strip can be used in association with a capsule containing a wound healing substance, or a pain killer, an allergesic, a medicine, a growth promoting material, a muscle treatment gel, deodorant, bacterial composition, a helminth extract, etc. such that the affected area can be covered and then at a desired time, the capsule can be broken to release the desired pre-packaged substance or combination of substances. In one particular embodiment, the use of a capsule is employed that can contain more than one substance separated by frangible structures such that a combination of substances can be delivered in a desired sequence and in a particular position on a surface, such as a person&#39;s mucosal membrane or skin, so that the purposeful combination of such substances can be achieved in an easy fashion. The strips of the present invention, by virtue of their encapsulated frangible structures, whether or not associated with absorbent materials and barriers, find various uses that are accomplished in an easy, cost effective manner and enables one to carry the devices with them for use outside of medical clinics, etc. In certain embodiments, the breaking of one or more encapsulations that contain an anti-odor component, such as a breath freshener, a cyclodextrin component to mask or eliminate certain odors, xylitol, etc. can be used for various mucosal adhesive encapsulated structures. 
         [0184]    The present invention also finds application in the companion pet field and veterinary field. The strips of the present invention provide the ability to associate strips to the mucosal membranes of pets or to other regions of a pet&#39;s body to provide the ability to include various desired substances in encapsulated form such that the pet owner can achieve the fracture of a frangible encapsulation of desired material to treat the pet for particular purposes, such as to reduce bad dog breath, etc. In certain embodiments, the encapsulated, frangible enclosures may resemble in some respects so-called blister-packaging, with desired material within such “blisters” selected for the variety of uses described herein. 
         [0185]      FIG. 10  is an illustration of a pre-made sheet  100  of strips  120  that can be disassociated with the sheet  100  and individually applied to a person&#39;s soft palate  12 . 
         [0186]      FIG. 11  is a side view of one embodiment of a pre-made sheet  100  of strips  120  (as depicted in  FIG. 10 ). 
         [0187]      FIG. 12  illustrates a pre-made sheet  100  of individual strips  120  that may be disassociated from the sheet  100 , and further illustrates encapsulated beads  110  associated with the individual strips  120 . 
         [0188]    Many people, estimated to be as much as 28% of the population, have difficulty swallowing tablets. Thus, the strips of the present invention are believed to offer a superior way in which to administer particular components to a person so as to achieve buccal absorption, direct contact with pathogenic bacteria in the mouth (or other mucosal surfaces). Strips and films of the present invention may be used to carry active ingredients such as drugs, pharmaceuticals, encapsulated packets of desired bacterial or helminthes extracts, and the like. Buccal drug delivery systems as set forth herein are believed to be one of the most promising technologies for the administration of various components and agents, especially those that have a beneficial impact on the oral (or mucosal) microbiome. The oral administration route is the most preferred route of administration for most of drugs not only due to high patient compliance but because degradation of certain drugs via the gastrointestinal tract is involved. Buccal drug delivery is therefore a way to achieve desired systemic delivery of agents, components and drugs in a manner that bypass the GI tract and that results in the increase of bioavailability as well as attractive alternative for non-invasive delivery of protein and peptide drug molecules. The mucosa has a rich blood supply and it is highly permeable, making the strips as described herein particularly suited to address the various disease and conditions described herein. Pharmaceutical scientists throughout the world may be afforded the option of employing the thin film strips of the present invention as they are more convenient to administer materials, they are largely self-administrable, and in both slow and fast dissolving dosage forms, provides a versatile platform for drug and agent, bacterial, helminthes, etc. delivery, whether it be done for systemic or local action. In certain embodiments, self micro-emulsifying mouth dissolving film formulations are be used to improve the oral bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs due to their efficiency of presenting the hydrophobic drug in solubilized form. 
         [0189]    In one aspect of various embodiments of the present invention, an oral drug delivery system is provided. The system comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable containment vehicle comprising a plurality of polymeric devices configured for release in a controlled manner, wherein the devices each comprise a degradable mucoadhesive layer comprising a mixture of an active agent, a polymeric material, and a mucoadhesive material, wherein the mucoadhesive layer is configured to retain mucoadhesive properties during degradation of the mucoadhesive layer. 
         [0190]    In various embodiments, the thin film described herein includes the potential to improve the onset of action, lower the dosing, and enhance the efficacy and safety profile of the active ingredient. All tablet dosage forms, softgels, and liquid formulations primarily enter the blood stream via the gastrointestinal tract, which subjects the drug to degradation from stomach acid, bile, digestive enzymes, and other effects including first-pass liver metabolism. As a result, such formulations often require higher doses and generally have a delayed onset of action. Conversely, in various embodiments, the thin film described herein can avoid these issues and yield quicker onsets of action at lower doses. 
         [0191]    In various aspects of the present invention, CRISPR is employed to modify aspects for both bacterial and helminthes gene expression such that undesired normally transcribed proteins are excised or precluded from being expressed, thus precluding the deleterious effects of such proteins. Thus, normally dangerous species of bacteria and helminthes (from a perspective of such bacteria or helminthes causing disease in a human) can be modified so that such undesired effects of bacterial and helminthes infection are disrupted or deleted or lessened in a fashion that still permits the beneficial aspects of bacterial and helminthes proteins to be maintained. The human gut is a rich habitat populated by numerous microorganisms, each having a CRISPR system. To comply with written description and enablement requirements, incorporated herein by the following references are the following patent publications: 20140349405 to Sontheimer; 20140377278 to Elinav; 20140045744 to Gordon; 20130259834 to Klaenhammer; 20130157876 to Lynch; 20120276143 to O&#39;Mahony; 20150064138 to Lu; 20090205083 to Gupta et al.; 20150132263 to Liu; and 20140068797 to Doudna; 20140255351 to Berstad et al.; 20150086581 to Li; PCT/US2014/036849 and WO 2013026000 to Bryan; 20150359739 to Bunick, et. al. 20150196590 to Sampson, et. al; 20160310407 to O&#39;Malley; and 20160051510 to Allen. 
         [0192]    The toxins of bacterial cell walls have been associated with health related issues. Gram-negative cell wall toxins associated with health concerns are endotoxins, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidogylcans, and fimbriae; and Gram-positive cell wall toxins associated with health concerns are lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycans. There are also many other bacterial toxins, such as enterotoxins and exotoxins. In the oral environment, LPS and LTA are drivers of a bacterial induced immune response mounted by the body in response to these toxins. It is believed that lysed bacteria liberate LPS that can initiate an inflammatory response and that growing bacteria secrete LPS at a level in proportion to their growth phase. Even a small fraction of the plaque left on teeth after brushing could seed an inflammatory cascade due to the release of LPS from the Gram negative bacteria present in the plaque. As described herein, various embodiments involve the use of a mucosal strip that adheres to portions of a person&#39;s teeth, gums or oral cavity such that effective amounts of agents are delivered thereto, whether it be to counter particular microbes, bacteria, etc. in the mouth, or to deliver agents that affect the bacterial populations of the oral microbiome, etc. 
         [0193]    While specific embodiments and applications of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the precise configuration and components disclosed herein. Various modifications, changes, and variations which will be apparent to those skilled in the art may be made in the arrangement, operation, and details of the methods and systems of the present invention disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including any such equivalent construction insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention.