Abstract:
Apparatus and method for collection of a target material from a liquid sample comprising target species that contain the target material. The apparatus comprises a fluid flow conduit in communication with a filter medium having a pore size adapted to retain target species thereon and pass, as filtrate, lysate containing the desired target material. A lysing agent conduit communicates with the fluid flow conduit and delivers lysing agent to the filter medium to lyse the target cells thereby releasing the desired intracellular target material. The lysing agent may be recirculated through the filter medium for a sufficient time to permit sufficient quantity of lysate to circulate through the system for lysate collection and subsequent assay.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a device and method for collecting and lysing microbiological species to release nucleic acids such as RNA and DNA. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Detection and control of microorganisms are important in many fields including health care, environmental regulation, bio-warfare, pathogen identification, food and drug testing and in a variety of industrial systems. In industry, presence of undesirable microorganisms decreases the efficiency of operating equipment and ultimately increases the cost of associated goods or services. Furthermore, since microorganisms multiply rapidly, the presence of microbial activity also causes health risks to the public. There is an increasing concern with pathogenic organisms infecting water and process and creating increased human, animal and environmental health risk. 
     In cooling towers, for example, water borne pathogenic microorganisms, such as  Legionella  sp. may be present. If not properly treated with preferred biocides, aerosolized particles containing the microorganisms can create extreme health concerns from inhalation of the aerosolized microorganisms leading to disease such as Pontiac fever or the sometimes fatal Legionnaire&#39;s disease caused by  Legionella pneumophila . Detection of this and other microorganisms is difficult, especially in the case of open recirculation water systems such as cooling towers because low concentration represent serious health risk and large water volumes must be concentrated into smaller sample volumes in order to perform the desired analytical test and obtain accurate and reproducible results. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In one aspect, the present invention provides an apparatus for collection of a target material such as a nucleic acid from a liquid sample comprising target species, such as cellular material or viruses, that contain the target material therein. A fluid flow conduit is provided and a filter medium is disposed in contact with the fluid flow conduit. The filter medium has a pore size adapted to retain the target species thereon and pass, as filtrate, lysate containing the target material. Initially, the passage of filtrate is stripped of the target species and would carry non-concentrated quantities of the target material. A lysing agent conduit communicates with the fluid flow conduit and is adapted to deliver lysing agent to the filter medium to lyse the target species thereby releasing the target material. 
     As used herein, the term “target species” can comprise microbiological organisms such as cellular material and viruses. The cellular material may, for example, be chosen from bacteria, algae, fungi, prokaryotes, etc. As is known, in the cellular organisms, the target material, nucleic acids, such as DNA or RNA, is located inside the cell. In a virus, the target material nucleic acid is located within a protein coat. “Lysing” is then a rupturing of the cell or protein coat to release the target nucleic acid. 
     Another exemplary embodiment pertains to a method for collecting a desired target material from a liquid sample comprising target species that contain the desired target material therein. The liquid sample is passed through a filter membrane having a pore size adapted to retain the target species thereon and to pass, as filtrate, lysate containing the target material. A lysing agent is brought into contact with the filter membrane and target cells retained thereon thereby rupturing the target cells or protein coat in the case of viral matter to release the target material, such as RNA or DNA. The desired target material passes as filtrate through the filter membrane and may then be collected for analysis. 
     The invention will be further described in conjunction with the appended drawing. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic cross-sectional view of an apparatus in accordance with the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Turning to  FIG. 1 , there is shown a disposable device  2  used to capture target species such as bacteria and subsequently lyse the bacteria to remove RNA. The device comprises a main flow conduit  4 . The main flow conduit includes an upstream inlet  12  and terminates at downstream outlet  14 . A discontinuous segment  6  is provided in the main flow conduit and this discontinuous segment has an upstream fitting  8  and a downstream fitting  10  adapted for snug reception of filter cartridge  16  therein. The fittings can be any one or more of conventional types such as threaded, ball detent, Y-T, hose barb and other fluid tight connectors. 
     The filter cartridge houses a filter medium  18  therein. As shown, the cartridge comprises a housing  20  preferably composed of a rigid plastic and having an inlet fitting  22  and an outlet fitting  24 . The fittings  22 ,  24  are adapted for snug reception into the upstream fitting  8  and downstream fitting  10  of the main flow conduit. In some cases, it may be desirable to provide a co-or insert molded cartridge wherein the filter is co-or insert molded in the housing. 
     A recirculation conduit  30  is provided preferably of rubber or similar flexible material. Preferably, the conduit is penetratable by a hypodermic needle or the like. The recirculation conduit  30  sealingly communicates with the main flow conduit  4  at upstream conduit port  32  and downstream conduit port  34 . A collection area or reservoir  36  may be provided in the recirculation conduit and is adapted for penetration by a hypodermic syringe or the like so that material may be extracted from the recirculation conduit thereat. Alternatively, a valve may be provided downstream of the filter to provide connection to an extraction tube. A pump  40  is provided in the recirculation conduit and is preferably of a bi-directional peristaltic pump type. Many varied types of pumps can be mentioned as exemplary. A non-direct contact pump is desirable as the recirculation loop may be disposed of after use. 
     As shown, a recirculation check valve  70  may be provided in the upstream portion of the recirculation conduit. A check valve  50  is also provided at inlet of the main flow conduit and another check valve  60  is provided at the outlet of the conduit  4  and is biased in the closed position via spring  62 . The valve  50  may be provided with a spring bias to prevent backflow in the event the recirculation loop was to expand due to any pressure developed to overcome the bias on check valve  60 . The position of the exit conduit  14  could be varied from that shown in the drawing to ensure a portion of filtrate, before lysing, is collected in the reservoir to provide a media to be pumped. This way a concentrated lysing agent could be added to the reservoir for injection into the system. 
     The filter medium  18  is provided with pore sizes chosen so that the desired target species containing the desired target material is captured as retentate thereon. However, after the target species is lysed or ruptured, the target material, such as RNA released from the cells or from a protein coating passes through the membrane as filtrate. 
     The filter medium  18  can be any of a variety filter membranes designed to retain the desired biological target species thereon. Non-limiting examples of the membrane material comprise nylon, stainless, cellulose ethers, and esters, PTFE, grass fiber, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, hydrophilic acrylic copolymer, polyether sulfone, and polycarbonate, etc. Pore sizes of these filters may be on the order of about 10 nm to about 5.0 um. One especially preferred membrane for use in collection of  Legionella pneumophila  cells is a glass fiber membrane available from Millipore having a pore size of about 2.7 um. 
     It should be mentioned that in another exemplary embodiment of the method, a prefiltering step may be provided wherein, prior to entry into the device  2 , the fluid sample may be passed through one or more pre-filters to remove inorganic and large biological components while passing the target species as filtrate. These membranes may, for example, be composed of the same type of materials set forth above for use as the filter medium  18 , but pore sizes should be larger, on the order of about 1 to 100 um, more preferably about 1 to 50 um. A tandem filter pair with an upstream filter pore size of about 20 um and a downstream filter pore size of about 11 um may be mentioned as exemplary. 
     In operation, approximately 500 ml of sample fluid containing target species that in turn, encapsulates the target material, enters through the inlet tube and is passed through the filter capsule. A vacuum or the like may be utilized to assist in drawing the fluid through the filter by applying the vacuum at the outlet port. In one exemplary embodiment, the filter medium is sized to retain  Legionella  bacteria cells yet allow passage of lysed RNA there through. 
     After the sample is passed through the device, a lysing agent is applied to the system and through the recirculation conduit  30  propelled by the driving action of pump  40 . The lysing agent may be admitted through the conduit inlet  12  or it may simply be injected into the recirculation conduit  30  via a syringe or the like. The pump may run in either direction or the pump can be used in combination with an additional check valve to prevent the initial sample from bypassing the filtration device. After a period of time, the lysing buffer or lysing solution from the recirculation conduit ruptures the target species material captured on the filter medium and the lysed cell RNA may then be removed from the device either by using a syringe drawing the fluid directly from the recirculation conduit such as for example at the collection area  36 , or, the fluid may be drawn out of the tube outlet. The RNA may then be analyzed by any of a variety of conventional assay techniques. The lysing agent may be applied in several ways. The lysing agent may be inserted through  12 , injected into the reservoir  36 , or inserted through an additional port added to the loop. If large volumes of lysing agent are applied, check valve  60  may open resulting in loss of target material unless the recirculation loop is evacuated first through a vacuum means as set forth above. 
     The check valve at the inlet prevents fluid from flowing out of the inlet during the recirculation cycling step and a spring biased check valve at the exit allows the outlet to seal unless slight pressure is applied to draw the fluid out. A spring relief on check valve  50  may also be desirable. Pump  40  is operated so that the pressure generated thereby is such that it does not overcome the outlet spring relief check valve. 
     As to the lysing agent that is employed, any one that has the effect of rupturing the cell membrane or proteinaceous coating of the virus may be used. Detergents are a non-limiting example of chemicals that are commonly used to disrupt a lipid double layer membrane to release cell contents and lyse membrane protein, and non-limiting examples of lysing chemicals are lithium dodecyl sulfate, CHAPS, Tween-20E, NP40, CTAB, PVPP, Triton X series detergents, sodium cholate, and sodium deoxycholate, guanidinium chloride, or caustic. Chaotropic agents like guanidiunium salts can also act as lysing agents in this system. The lysing efficiency of detergents and alternate lysing agents is dependent on the cell types and specific applications, but all tested materials show adequate lysing within the time requirements for this test method. Enzymes such as lysozymes, mutanolysin, Labiase, lysostaphin, lyticase, proteinase K, endolysin and achromopeptidases may be included as lysing reagents or additives to enhance lysing. Organic solvents, such as DMSO, DMF could be also included as lysing reagents or additives to enhance lysing. A variety of bioscience suppliers offer a wide collection of lysing buffers suitable for cell lysis application. Any physical methods such as shaking, heating cutting and homogenizing, etc., could be added in the process to enhance the lysing efficiency. At present a lysing solution comprising a dilute concentration of lithium lauryl sulfate, nonyl-phenol (40 moles ethoxylation) and DMSO may be mentioned as an exemplary lysing solution that is recirculated through the device. 
     As above noted, in other varying embodiments, the exit conduit can be positioned to allow air to escape from the reservoir and retain a portion of the fluid filtrate prior to lysing agent application. For example, the exit conduit could be positioned downstream from the filter along the right hand side of the apparatus as shown in the drawing, communicating with conduit  4  and extending angularly upwardly therefrom. Additionally, a separate valve means could be provided in communication with the fluid flow conduit, lysing agent conduit or reservoir to provide for extraction of the desired target material. 
     While I have shown and described herein certain embodiments of the invention, it is intended that there be covered as well any change or modification therein which may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.