Abstract:
A gyroscope includes a tuning fork, which includes a plurality of tines formed of a conductive material and a supporting portion; an upper glass substrate and a lower glass substrate which sandwich the tuning fork; drive electrodes which are provided on each of the upper and the lower glass substrates in such a manner that parts of the drive electrodes oppose the tines and the remaining parts protrude from the tines, the drive electrodes being capacitively coupled to the tines and driving the tines in a direction parallel to the substrates; and detection electrodes which are capacitively coupled to the tines, and which detect displacements of the tines in a direction perpendicular to the vibrating direction of the tines.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    The present invention relates to gyroscopes and input devices using the gyroscopes. More specifically, the present invention relates to a gyroscope in which displacements of the tines of a tuning fork, which occur when an angular velocity is applied, are detected by using variations in capacitances, and to an input device using the gyroscope.  
           [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art  
           [0004]    Conventionally, gyroscopes in which a tuning fork formed of a conductive material such as silicon, etc., is used are known. In these types of gyroscopes, the tines of the tuning fork are vibrated in one direction, and vibrations thereof in the direction perpendicular to this direction, which occur due to Coriolis force when an angular velocity about the central axis parallel to the longitudinal direction of the tines is input, are detected. The vibrations which occur due to Coriolis force correspond to the angular velocity applied. Thus, the gyroscopes may be used as angular velocity sensors, and may be used in, for example, coordinate input devices for personal computers.  
           [0005]    [0005]FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram showing a construction of a conventional gyroscope, which is disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 11-311520 which is assigned to the present assignee. As shown in FIG. 15, a gyroscope  100  includes a tuning fork  103  having three tines  101  and a supporting portion  102  which connects base ends of the tines  101 . The tuning fork  103  is formed of silicon which has electric conductivity. The supporting portion  102  is fixed on a substrate  104  formed of a glass, and drive electrodes  105   a ,  105   b ,  105   c , and  105   d , which are also formed of silicon, are disposed between and the tines  101  and outside the tines  101  at both ends. The drive electrodes  105   a  and  105   c  are electrically connected with each other, and the drive electrodes  105   b  and  105   d  are also electrically connected with each other. An alternating voltage having opposite phases is applied to the pair of drive electrodes  105   a  and  105   c  and to the pair of the drive electrodes  105   b  and  105   d . Accordingly, electrostatic attractions occur when the voltage is applied to the drive electrodes  105   a  to  105   d , and each of the tines  101  is vibrated in a direction parallel to the surface of the substrate  104 . This direction will be referred to as the lateral direction in the descriptions hereof.  
           [0006]    In the gyroscope  100 , when an angular velocity about an axis parallel to the longitudinal direction of the tines  101  is input while the tines  101  vibrate in the lateral direction, vibrations of the tines  101  in the direction perpendicular to the substrate  104  occur. This direction will be referred to as the thickness direction in the descriptions hereof. The vibrations of the tines  101  in the thickness direction are detected by detection electrodes  106 , which are disposed under the tines  101 . The detection electrodes  106  are formed on the substrate  104  as metal films of chromium, etc. When the tines  101  vibrate in the thickness direction, the gaps between the tines  101  and the detection electrodes  106  vary, so that electrostatic capacitances between the tines  101  and the detection electrodes  106  also vary. Therefore, by obtaining the variations of electrostatic capacitances in terms of electric signals, the input angular velocity may be determined.  
           [0007]    Generally, there are two types of such gyroscopes. In one type, which is referred to as a lateral direction driving type, the tines are driven in the lateral direction, and vibrations thereof in the thickness direction are used for the detection. In the other type, which is referred to as a thickness direction driving type, the tines are driven in the thickness direction and the vibrations thereof in the lateral direction are used for the detection. The gyroscope  100  shown in FIG. 15 is of the former type.  
           [0008]    In the gyroscopes having the above-described construction, the drive electrodes are disposed at both sides of each of the tines. Thus, gaps between the tines cannot be made sufficiently small. More specifically, when the width of the drive electrodes is x 1 , and the gap between the drive electrodes and the tines is x 2 , the gap G between the tines is calculated as G=x 1 +2x 2 . There are limits determined by silicon processes using typical technologies for manufacturing semiconductor devices regarding the amounts by which x 1  and x 2  can be reduced. Accordingly, there is also a limit to how much the gap G between the tines can be reduced.  
           [0009]    On the other hand, it is known that in three-tine type tuning forks, a “Q value”, which indicates a degree of resonance in devices such as tuning forks, may be increased by reducing the gap G between the tines. When the Q value is increased, efficiency at which electric energy input to the device is converted into vibration energy is improved. Thus, in the lateral direction driving type gyroscope, a large driving force can be obtained using a small driving voltage. Therefore, the driving voltage can be reduced.  
           [0010]    As described above, it is expected that various advantages can be obtained by reducing the gap between the tines; for example, the size of the device and the driving voltage can be reduced. In the conventional gyroscope, however, there is a limit to how much the gap between the tines can be reduced, and it has not been possible to achieve a reduction of the gap.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0011]    Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a low-cost, lateral direction driving type gyroscope in which the above-described various effect can be obtained, and an input unit using the gyroscope.  
           [0012]    In order to attain the above-described object, according to an aspect of the present invention, a gyroscope includes a tuning fork having vibrating beams; a pair of substrates which are disposed one at each side of the tuning fork, at least the surfaces thereof being insulative; drive electrodes which are provided on each of the substrates in such a manner that parts of the drive electrodes oppose the vibrating beams and the remaining parts of the drive electrodes protrude from the vibrating beams, the drive electrodes being capacitively coupled to the beams and driving the vibrating beams in a direction parallel to the substrates; and detection electrodes which are capacitively coupled to the vibrating beams, and which detect displacements of the vibrating beams in a direction perpendicular to the vibrating direction of the vibrating beams.  
           [0013]    The gyroscope of the present invention is assumed to be the lateral direction driving type. In addition, similar to the conventional type, the principle for driving the vibrating beams is based on an electrostatic attraction force. In the conventional gyroscope, vibrating beams (which corresponds to the above-described tines) of the tuning fork are driven by using attraction forces applied to the opposing surfaces of the vibrating beams and the drive electrodes. In contrast, in the gyroscope according to the present invention, the drive electrodes are disposed in such a manner that the parts thereof oppose the vibrating beams of the tuning fork and the remaining parts thereof protrude from the vibrating beams. Thus, when a voltage is applied between the vibrating beams and the drive electrodes, the vibrating beams are driven by forces applied in directions in which the opposing areas between the vibrating beams and the drive electrodes are increased.  
           [0014]    In order to describe this more specifically, with reference to FIG. 11, a case is considered in which a vibrating beam and a drive electrode have surfaces which are shifted relative to each other in the horizontal direction (in FIG. 11) and which include opposing parts  1  and  2 . When the size of the surfaces in the direction perpendicular to the shifting direction thereof is g and the distance between the surfaces is d, the electrostatic attraction force F applied in a direction in which the area of the opposing parts  1  and  2  is increased can be calculated as the following.  
             F= (1/2)·ε 0 ( g/d ) V   2   (1)  
           [0015]    wherein ε 0  is the dielectric constant in vacuum, and V is an applied voltage.  
           [0016]    Due to the force F calculated by equation (1), the vibrating beams vibrate in the direction parallel to the substrates on which the drive electrodes are provided (in the lateral direction). In the construction according to the present invention, the above-described size g can be increased in the longitudinal direction of the vibrating beams, so that a large driving force can be obtained. Conversely, the driving voltage for obtaining a predetermined driving force can be reduced. In the above-described construction, the drive electrodes are provided on each of the substrates disposed at both sides of the vibrating beams. When a voltage is applied between the vibrating beams and the drive electrodes, the vibrating beams receive not only the forces in the direction parallel to the substrates but also the forces in the direction perpendicular to the substrates. More specifically, with respect to FIG. 11, a force in the direction perpendicular to the opposing parts  1  and  2  (attraction force) will also occur in addition to a force in the direction parallel to the opposing parts  1  and  2  (in a direction in which the opposing area is increased). Thus, if the drive electrodes are provided at only one side of the vibrating cantilevers, the vibrating cantilever also vibrates in the direction perpendicular to the substrates (in the thickness direction).  
           [0017]    The principle for detection is the same as that in the conventional type, in which the vibrations of the vibrating beams of the tuning fork are detected by variations of the electrostatic capacitances. More specifically, the variations of electrostatic capacitances, which occur when the vibrating beams are vibrated in the thickness direction due to Coriolis force and distances between the vibrating beams and the detection electrodes vary, are detected. The Q value of the detected vibration (vibration in the thickness direction) may be controlled by controlling the distances between the vibrating beams and the detection electrodes. Accordingly, the Q value of the generated vibration may be sufficiently increased, and the Q value of the detected vibration may be reduced to an adequate value. As a result, by increasing the Q value of the generated vibration and by reducing the Q value of the detected vibration, a broad detection characteristic may be obtained. Thus, a device in which vibrations of large degree are generated and which has stable detection sensitivity may be realized.  
           [0018]    According to the gyroscope constructed as described above, when an angular velocity about an axis parallel to the longitudinal direction of the vibrating beams is input while they vibrate in the lateral direction, vibrations thereof in the thickness direction also occur due to Coriolis force. Since the vibrating beams and the detection electrodes are capacitively coupled, the electrostatic capacitances vary with the variations in the distances between the vibrating beams and the detection electrodes. Accordingly, the input angular velocity may be determined by detecting the variation of capacitances.  
           [0019]    As described above, in the gyroscope having the above-described construction in which the vibrating beams are sandwiched and supported by the substrates from both sides thereof, the drive electrodes may be provided on the substrates in such a manner that the parts thereof oppose the vibrating beams. Thus, it is not necessary to dispose the drive electrodes between the tines and outside the tines as in the conventional type. Therefore, the gap between the tines may be reduced to, for example, a limit determined by silicon processes, and the Q value may be sufficiently increased. As a result, the driving voltage may be reduced, and, of course, the size of the device may be reduced.  
           [0020]    Each of the substrates may be provided with a plurality of drive electrodes. In such a case, the drive electrodes are preferably disposed at both sides of central lines of the vibrating beams which are parallel to the longitudinal direction thereof.  
           [0021]    By disposing the drive electrodes at both sides of the central lines of the vibrating beams which are parallel the longitudinal direction thereof and by alternately applying voltage to the drive electrodes, a vibration mode which is more stable may be easily realized. In addition, in a case in which the vibrating beams are vibrated across the central lines thereof, the drive electrodes are preferably disposed at symmetrically about the central lines so that the amplitudes of both sides of the central line become the same. However, the drive electrodes are not necessarily disposed symmetrically, as long as vibrations symmetrical across the central lines are realized.  
           [0022]    In addition, the detection electrodes are provided on at least one of the pair of substrates. The vibrations of the vibrating beams in the direction perpendicular to the substrates may be detected in terms of variations of electrostatic capacitances between the vibrating beams and the detection electrodes. In addition, when the detection electrodes are provided on both of the substrates, the effect of noise may be reduced by performing the detection from both sides.  
           [0023]    In addition, according to another aspect of the present invention, a gyroscope includes a tuning fork having vibrating beams; at least one substrate which is disposed at at least one side of the tuning fork, and which is insulative at at least the surface thereof; drive electrodes which are disposed in such a manner that parts of the drive electrodes oppose the end surfaces of the vibrating beams in the longitudinal direction thereof and the remaining parts of the drive electrodes protrude from the end surfaces of the vibrating beams, the drive electrodes being capacitively coupled to the vibrating beams and driving the vibrating beams in a direction parallel to the substrate; and detection electrodes which are capacitively coupled to the vibrating beams, and which detect displacements of the vibrating beams in a direction perpendicular to the vibrating direction of the vibrating beams.  
           [0024]    In this gyroscope, instead of providing the drive electrodes on the substrates disposed at both sides of the vibrating beam, the drive electrodes are disposed in such a manner that parts of the drive electrodes oppose the end surfaces of the vibrating beams in the longitudinal direction thereof. Also in such a construction, when a voltage is applied between vibrating beams and the drive electrodes, the vibrating beams are vibrated in the lateral direction by electrostatic attraction forces applied in directions in which the opposing areas between the vibrating beams and the drive electrodes are increased. In addition, when the drive electrodes are disposed as described above, the vibrations of the vibrating beams in the direction perpendicular to the substrate does not occur while the vibrating beams are driven. Thus, the tuning fork is not necessarily provided with the substrates at both sides thereof as long as it is provided with the substrate at at least one side thereof.  
           [0025]    Also in this gyroscope, each of the substrates may be provided with a plurality of drive electrodes. In such a case, the drive electrodes are preferably disposed at both sides of central lines of the vibrating beams which are parallel to the longitudinal direction thereof. In addition, the detection electrodes may be provided on the substrate.  
           [0026]    In addition, according to another aspect of the present invention, an input device includes the gyroscope according to either one of the above-described aspects of the present invention. By using the gyroscope according to either one of the above-described aspects of the present invention, small devices such as coordinate input devices for personal computers may be realized. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0027]    [0027]FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a gyroscope according to a first embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 2 is a plan view of a gyroscope according to the first embodiment;  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 3 is a sectional view of FIG. 2 which is cut along line III-III;  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 4 is a sectional view of FIG. 2 which is cut along line IV-IV;  
         [0031]    [0031]FIGS. 5A to  5 D are sectional views showing a manufacturing process for the gyroscope according to the first embodiment;  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 6 is a sectional view showing a modification of the gyroscope according to the first embodiment;  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 7 is an exploded perspective view of a gyroscope according to a second embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 8 is a plan view of the gyroscope according to the second embodiment;  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 9 is a sectional view of FIG. 8 which is cut along line IX-IX;  
         [0036]    [0036]FIGS. 10A to  10 D are sectional views showing a manufacturing process for the gyroscope according to the second embodiment;  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 11 is an explanatory drawing for explaining principle for driving the gyroscope of the present invention;  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a pen-type mouse according to a third embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 13 is a plan view showing two gyroscopes used in the pen-type mouse according to the third embodiment;  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 14 is a front view of a display of a personal computer on which a movement of the pen-type mouse according to the third embodiment is displayed; and  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 15 is a perspective view of a conventional gyroscope. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
     First Embodiment  
       [0042]    A first embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to FIGS.  1  to  5 D.  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of an entire body of a gyroscope according to the first embodiment. FIG. 2 is a plan view of the gyroscope, showing a construction in which components are joined. FIG. 3 is a sectional view of FIG. 2 which is cut along line III-III, and FIG. 4 is a sectional view of FIG. 2 which is cut along line IV-IV. FIGS. 5A to  5 D are sectional views showing a manufacturing process for the gyroscope.  
         [0044]    With respect to reference numerals,  11  indicates a tuning fork,  12  indicates drive electrodes,  13  indicates detection electrodes,  14  indicates an upper glass substrate (base member),  15  indicates lower glass substrate (base member).  
         [0045]    In order to simplify the figures, some components are omitted in some of the figures.  
         [0046]    As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the gyroscope  10  of the first embodiment includes the tuning fork  11  having three tines (vibrating beams)  16  and a supporting portion  17  which connects the base ends of the three tines  16 . In addition, a frame portion  18  is provided around the tuning fork  11 . The tuning fork  11  and the frame portion  18  are integrally formed of a p-type silicon substrate having a width of approximately 200 μm. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the frame portion  18  is sandwiched and is fixed between the upper glass substrate  14  and the lower glass substrate  15 . In the two glass substrates  14  and  15 , concavities  14   a  and  15   a  having a depth of, for example, 10 μm, are formed at regions above and below the tuning fork  11 . Accordingly, the tines  16  of the tuning fork  11  are able to vibrate inside the gaps of approximately 10 μm provided between the upper glass substrate  14  and the tuning fork  11  and between the lower glass substrate  15  and the tuning fork  11 .  
         [0047]    As shown in FIGS.  1  to  4 , the bottom surface of the upper glass substrate  14  is provided with electrodes which are arranged at positions corresponding to the tines  16  in a manner parallel to the tines  16 . Three electrodes are provided for each of the tines  16 , and nine electrodes in total are provided. Of the three electrodes provided for each tine  16 , two electrodes are disposed at either side in such a manner that a part of the electrode opposes the top surface of the tine  16 , and the remaining part protrudes therefrom. These pairs of electrodes serve as drive electrodes  12 . The entire surface of the other electrode, which is disposed in the middle, opposes the tine  16 . This electrode serves as the detection electrode  13 . Similarly, on the top surface of the lower glass substrate  15 , two drive electrodes  12  and a detection electrode  13  are provided for each of the tines  16 . In addition, the pairs of drive electrodes  12 , which are provided on each of the glass substrate  14  and  15  and which correspond to each of the tines  16 , are disposed symmetrically about the central line of the tine  16  in the longitudinal direction thereof.  
         [0048]    The drive electrodes  12  and the detection electrodes  13  are constructed by forming, on the bottom surface of the upper glass substrate  14  and on the top surface of the lower glass substrate  15 , an aluminum or chromium film approximately 100 nm thick, or a film approximately 100 nm thick formed by laminating an approximately 70 nm thick platinum film on an approximately 30 nm thick titanium film (the combination of which will be referred to as platinum-titanium film in the following descriptions). Although not shown in the figure, the drive electrodes  12  and the detection electrodes  13  are provided with electric lines, terminals, etc., for applying and receiving a voltage.  
         [0049]    In addition, in practice, the bottom surface of the upper glass substrate  14  and the top surface of the lower glass substrate  15  are provided with equipotential patterns at regions in which the drive electrodes  12  and the detection electrode  13  are not formed. However, since the equipotential patterns are not related to the function of the gyroscope  10 , and are merely required in the manufacturing process thereof, they are not shown in the figure. The equipotential patterns are formed of the same material as the material with which the drive electrodes  12  and the detection electrode  13  are formed, for example, an aluminum film, a chromium film, a platinum-titanium film, etc.  
         [0050]    An example of a manufacturing process for the gyroscope  10 , which is constructed as described above, will be described with reference to FIGS. 5A to  5 D. FIGS. 5A to  5 D are sectional views which are cut at the same position as FIG. 3, which is the sectional view of FIG. 2 along line III-III.  
         [0051]    As shown in FIG. 5A, a glass substrate  20  is prepared, and a chromium film (not shown) is formed on the surface of the glass substrate  20  by sputtering, etc. Then, a resist pattern (not shown) is formed and the chromium film is etched by using the resist pattern as a mask. Then, the surface of the glass substrate  20  is etched using hydrofluoric acid, and by using the resist and the chromium film as a mask. Accordingly, a concavity  20   a , the depth of which is approximately 10 μm, is formed in the glass substrate  20  at the region corresponding to the tuning fork  11 . Then, the resist pattern and the chromium pattern are removed.  
         [0052]    Next, a metal film  21  approximately 100 nm thick, which is an aluminum film, a chromium film, a platinum-titanium film, etc., is formed on the entire surface of the substrate by sputtering, etc. Then, the drive electrodes  12 , the detection electrodes  13 , and the equipotential patterns  22  are formed by patterning the film, by using well-known photolithography techniques. Accordingly, the lower glass substrate  15  is completed. The upper glass substrate  14  is also prepared by similar processes.  
         [0053]    Next, as shown in FIG. 5B, a silicon substrate  23  is prepared, and the bottom surface of the silicon substrate  23  is bonded to the lower glass substrate  15  by an anode coupling method. At this time, only the region corresponding to the frame portion  18  is bonded. In the anode coupling method, a silicon substrate and a glass substrate are bonded to each other by applying a positive potential to the silicon substrate and by applying a negative potential to the glass substrate. However, the gap between the silicon substrate  23  and the surface of the lower glass substrate  15  is only 10 μm at the region corresponding to the tuning fork  11 . Thus, when the silicon substrate  23  is pulled and is bent due to the electrostatic force which is generated during the anode coupling process, and comes into contact with the lower glass substrate  15 , the region corresponding to the tuning fork  11  may also be bonded to the lower glass substrate  15 . In such a case, it is not possible to form the tuning fork  11  having tines which are able to vibrate. Accordingly, in order to prevent this generation of electrostatic force, the equipotential pattern  22  is used for equalizing the potentials of the lower glass substrate  15  and of the silicon substrate  23 .  
         [0054]    Next, as shown in FIG. 5C, a resist pattern  24  is formed on the silicon substrate  23 . The resist pattern  24 , when seen from the top, has the same shape as that shown in FIG. 2 including the tuning fork  11 , the frame portion  18 , etc., that is, the shape of the remaining part of the silicon. The silicon substrate  23  is etched through by a reactive ion etching method, by using the resist pattern  24  as a mask. Accordingly, the tuning fork  11  is formed in such a manner that the tuning fork  11  is held above the lower glass substrate  15 , and the frame portion  18  is also formed.  
         [0055]    Next, as shown in FIG. 5D, the upper surface of the silicon substrate  23  is bonded to the upper glass substrate  14  by the anode coupling method. In this process, the frame portion  18  in the silicon substrate  23  is bonded on the upper glass substrate  14 . Accordingly, the gyroscope  10  of the first embodiment is completed.  
         [0056]    When the gyroscope  10  of the first embodiment is used, an oscillator is connected to the drive electrodes  12  and capacitance detectors are connected to the detection electrodes  13 . In addition, the tuning fork  11  is grounded. Then, the oscillator applies a voltage of a frequency of several kHZ to the drive electrodes  12 . With reference to FIG. 4, when the drive electrodes  12   a ,  12   d ,  12   e ,  12   g ,  12   j , and  12   k  of the twelve drive electrodes  12  receive the voltage at the same time, electrostatic attraction forces are applied in directions in which the overlapping areas between drive electrodes  12   a  and  12   g  and tine  16   a , drive electrodes  12   d  and  12   j  and tine  16   b , and drive electrodes  12   e  and  12   k  and tine  16   c  are increased. Thus, the tines  16   a  and  16   c  move to the left in the figure, and the tine  16   b  moves to the right in the figure. Subsequently, when the drive electrodes  12   b ,  12   c ,  12   f ,  12   h ,  12   i , and  12   l  receive the voltage at the same time, the tines  16   a  and  16   c  move to the right, and the tine  16   b  moves to the left. Accordingly, the tines  16  of the tuning fork  11  are vibrated in the lateral direction, and the vibration mode of a three-tine type tuning fork is realized. Different from FIGS.  1  to  3 , reference numerals are individually attached to the drive electrodes in FIG. 4 in order to simplify the explanation.  
         [0057]    When the tines  16  receive an angular velocity about an axis parallel to the longitudinal direction thereof, vibration in the thickness direction occurs due to Coriolis force in accordance with the angular velocity applied. At this time, the upper and the lower surfaces of the tines  16  of the tuning fork  11  oppose the detection electrodes  13 , and the gaps between the upper and the lower surfaces of the tines  16  and the detection electrodes  13  vary due to the vibration of the tines  16 . Thus, variations of capacitances occur. Accordingly, the angular velocity can be determined by detecting the variations of capacitances.  
         [0058]    Accordingly, in the gyroscope  10  of the first embodiment, it is not necessary to provide detection electrodes between the tines as in the conventional type. Thus, the gaps between the tines can be reduced to a limit determined by silicon processes, for example, to approximately 10 μm, and the Q value can be increased. Since the Q value can be increased, the driving voltage of the device as an angular velocity sensor can be reduced. In addition, the size of the device can be reduced.  
         [0059]    In addition, in the gyroscope  10  of the first embodiment, the tuning fork  11  is sandwiched by the glass substrates  14  and  15 . Thus, the tuning fork  11  is protected by the glass substrates  14  and  15 , and the device can be handled easily. In addition, since the construction the device is such that dust cannot easily enter, disturbance is suppressed, and the accuracy of the sensor is improved. In addition, in the construction described above, vacuum sealing is easily performed. In such a case, the Q value can be increased even more.  
         [0060]    In addition, in the first embodiment, the pairs of drive electrodes  12 , which are provided on each of the glass substrates  14  and  15  and which correspond to each of the tines  16 , are disposed at symmetrically about the central line of the tine  16  in the longitudinal direction thereof. Accordingly, vibrations in which amplitudes of both sides of the central line are the same are easily generated.  
         [0061]    In contrast, each pair of the drive electrodes  12   b  and  12   c ,  12   d  and  12   e ,  12   h  and  12   i , and  12   j  and  12   k  shown in FIG. 4 may be integrally formed. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 6, a drive electrode  12   m , which is common to tines  16   a  and  16   b , and a drive electrode  12   n , which is common to the tines  16   b  and  16   c , may be provided on the bottom surface of the upper glass substrate  14 . Similarly, a drive electrode  12   p , which is common to tines  16   a  and  16   b , and a drive electrode  12   q , which is common to the tines  16   b  and  16   c , may be provided on the top surface of the lower glass substrate  14 . In FIG. 6, components which are the same as those shown in FIG. 4 are denoted by the same reference numerals.  
         [0062]    In the gyroscope  10  shown in FIG. 4, each pair of the drive electrodes  12   b  and  12   c ,  12   d  and  12   e ,  12   h  and  12   i , and  12   j  and  12   k  always receives the voltage (the driving voltage of the same phase) at the same time. Accordingly, also in the gyroscope  51  shown in FIG. 6, in which the drive electrodes  12   m ,  12   n ,  12   p , and  12   q  are formed by joining the above-described pairs, a vibration mode of the three-tine type tuning fork is realized without causing any operational problems. In this gyroscope  51 , the drive electrodes positioned across the central line of the tine, for example, the drive electrodes  12   a  and  12   m  and the drive electrodes  12   q  and  12   p , which are positioned across the central line of the tine  16   a , do not have shapes symmetrical to each other. However, construction of the device is made simpler.  
       Second Embodiment  
       [0063]    A second embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to FIGS.  7  to  10 .  
         [0064]    [0064]FIG. 7 is an exploded perspective view of an entire body of a gyroscope according to the second embodiment. FIG. 8 is a plan view of the gyroscope, showing a construction in which components are joined. FIG. 9 is a sectional view of FIG. 8 which is cut along line IX-IX, and FIGS. 10A to  10 D are sectional views showing a manufacturing process of the gyroscope.  
         [0065]    In the gyroscope of the first embodiment, the drive electrodes are disposed in a manner such that parts thereof oppose the upper and the bottom surfaces of the tines. In contrast, in the second embodiment, the drive electrodes oppose the end surfaces of the tines.  
         [0066]    As shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, similar to the gyroscope according to the first embodiment, a gyroscope  30  of the second embodiment includes a tuning fork  33  having three tines (vibrating beams)  31  and a supporting portion  32  which connects the base ends of the three tines  31 . In addition, two drive electrodes  34  are provided for each of the tines  31 , and six drive electrodes  34  in total are disposed in such a manner that the drive electrodes  34  oppose the end surfaces  31   a  of the tines  31  in the longitudinal direction thereof. As shown in FIG. 8, two drive electrodes  34 , which are provided for each tine  31 , are disposed symmetrically about the central line of the tine  31  in the longitudinal direction in such a manner that parts thereof protrude from the tine  31 . In addition a frame portion  35  is provided around the tuning fork  33 . The tuning fork  33  and the frame portion  35  are integrally formed of a conductive silicon substrate.  
         [0067]    As shown in FIGS. 7 and 9, the frame portion  35  is sandwiched and is fixed between an upper glass substrate (base member)  36  and a lower glass substrate (base member)  37 . In the inwardly facing surfaces of the glass substrates  36  and  37 , concavities  36   a  and  37   a  having a depth of, for example, 10 μm, are formed at regions above and below the tuning fork  33 . Accordingly, the tines  31  of the tuning fork  33  are able to vibrate inside the gaps of approximately 10 μm provided between the upper glass substrate  36  and the tuning fork  33  and between the lower glass substrate  37  and the tuning fork  33 . In addition, the above-described six drive electrodes  34  are fixed on the top surface of the lower glass substrate  37 .  
         [0068]    As shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, one detection electrode  38  is provided with respect to each tine  31  of the tuning fork  33 , and three detection electrodes  38  in total are provided. The detection electrodes  38  are formed of an aluminum film, a chromium film, a platinum/titanium film, etc. approximately 300 nm thick, and are provided on the bottom surface of the upper glass substrate  36  in such a manner that the detection electrodes  38  oppose the tines  31  as shown in FIG. 9. As shown in FIG. 8, the width of the detection electrodes  38  is less than the width of the tines  31 . Although not shown in the figures, the drive electrodes  34  and the detection electrodes  38  are provided with electric lines, terminals, etc., for applying or drawing out a voltage. In addition, equipotential patterns similar to the first embodiment are also provided.  
         [0069]    An example of a manufacturing process for the gyroscope  30  of the second embodiment will be described below. As shown in FIG. 10A, a glass substrate  20  is prepared, and a concavity  20   a  having a depth of approximately 10 μm is formed at the region corresponding to the tuning fork  33  by using a technique similar to that described in the first embodiment. In the second embodiment, however, the region corresponding to the drive electrodes  34  is not etched in order to bond a silicon substrate thereon. Then, a film constructed of an aluminum film, a chromium film, a platinum/titanium film, etc., having a thickness of approximately 300 nm is formed. Then, the equipotential patterns are formed by patterning the film, by using well-known photolithography techniques. Accordingly, the lower glass substrate  37  is completed. At the same time, the detection electrodes  38  are formed on a glass substrate which forms the upper glass substrate  36  by patterning an aluminum film, a chromium film, a platinum/titanium film, etc.  
         [0070]    Next, as shown in FIG. 10B, a silicon substrate  23  is prepared, and the bottom surface of the silicon substrate  23  is bonded to the lower glass substrate  37  by the anode coupling method. Accordingly, in the silicon substrate  23 , regions corresponding to the frame portion  35  and drive electrodes  34  are bonded to the lower glass substrate  37 .  
         [0071]    Next, as shown in FIG. 10C, a resist pattern  24  is formed on the silicon substrate  23 . The resist pattern  24 , when seen from the top, has the same shape as that shown in FIG. 8 including the tuning fork  33 , the frame portion  35 , the drive electrodes  34 , etc., that is, the shape of the remaining part of the silicon. The silicon substrate  32  is etched through by a reactive ion etching method, etc., by using the resist pattern  24  as a mask. Accordingly, the tuning fork  33 , the frame portion  35 , and the drive electrodes  34  are formed in a manner such that the tuning fork  33  floats above the lower glass substrate  37  and the frame portion  35  and the drive electrodes  34  are fixed thereon. Then, the resist pattern  24  is removed.  
         [0072]    Next, as shown in FIG. 10D, the upper surface of the silicon substrate  23  is bonded to the upper glass substrate  36 , which is individually prepared, by the anode coupling method. In this process, the frame portion  35  in the silicon substrate  23  is bonded on the upper glass substrate  36 . Accordingly, the gyroscope  30  of the second embodiment is completed.  
         [0073]    The method for using the gyroscope  30  of the second embodiment is almost the same as that in the first embodiment. The only difference is that the surfaces to which the electrostatic attraction forces are applied in the direction to increase the overlapping areas are the top and the bottom surfaces of the tines in the first embodiment but are the end surfaces  31   a  of the tines  31  in the second embodiment. For example, with reference to FIG. 8, when the drive electrodes  34   a ,  34   d , and  34   e  of the six drive electrodes  34  receive the voltage at the same time, electrostatic attraction forces are applied in directions in which the opposing areas between the drive electrodes  34   a ,  34   d , and  34   e  and end surfaces  31   a  of the tines  31  are increased. Thus, the tines  31   x  and  31   z  move downward in FIG. 8, and the tine  31   y  moves upward in FIG. 8. And when, in the next moment, the drive electrodes  34   b ,  34   c , and  34   f  receive the voltage at the same time, the tines  31   x  and  31   z  move upward in FIG. 8, and the tine  31   y  move downward in FIG. 8. Accordingly, the tines  31  of the tuning fork  33  are vibrated in the lateral direction, and the vibration mode of the three-tine type tuning fork is achieved.  
         [0074]    When the tines  31  receive an angular velocity about an axis parallel to the longitudinal direction thereof, a vibration in the thickness direction occurs due to Coriolis force in accordance with an amount of the input angular velocity. At this time, the upper surfaces of the tines  31  of the tuning fork  33  oppose the detection electrodes  38 , and the gaps between the upper surfaces of the tines  31  and the detection electrodes  38  vary due to the vibration of the tines  31 . Thus, variations of capacitances result. Accordingly, the angular velocity can be determined by detecting the variation of capacitances. In the second embodiment, the width of the detection electrodes  38  is less than the width of the tines  31 . If the width of the detection electrodes  38  is larger than the width of the tines  31 , the variations of the opposing areas between the tines  31  and the detection electrodes  38  occur while the tines  31  are vibrated in the lateral direction, thereby causing the variation of capacitances. Thus, the variation of capacitances caused by the vibrations in the thickness direction, which occur when an angular velocity is input, cannot be reliably detected.  
         [0075]    As described above, also in the gyroscope  30  of the second embodiment, it is not necessary to provide detection electrodes between the tines. Thus, the gaps between the tines can be reduced and the Q value can be increased. Accordingly, the advantages similar to those obtained by the first embodiment can also be obtained. For example, the driving voltage can be reduced, and the size of the device can be reduced. In addition, similar to the first embodiment, the device can be easily handled because the tuning fork  33  is sandwiched by the glass substrates  36  and  37 . In addition, the disturbances are suppressed and the accuracy of the sensor is improved. In addition, the Q value can be increased even more by creating a vacuum sealing.  
         [0076]    With respect to the gyroscope  30  constructed as described above, if the tuning fork  33  and the drive electrodes  34  are separately prepared and are fixed on a lower glass substrate, the positioning thereof in the manufacturing process requires large amount of time and high cost is incurred. However, in the manufacturing process of the gyroscope  30  according to the second embodiment, the tuning fork  33  and the drive electrodes  34  are formed by separating the silicon substrate  23  by etching process. Thus, the positioning process becomes unnecessary, and the gyroscope  30  can be manufactured with high processing accuracy.  
       Third Embodiment  
       [0077]    A third embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to FIGS.  12  to  14 .  
         [0078]    In the third embodiment, an input device using the gyroscope according to the first and the second embodiment will be described. The input device is a pen-type mouse, which is a coordinate-input device of personal computers.  
         [0079]    As shown in FIG. 12, a pen-type mouse  40  according to the third embodiment includes a housing  41  and two gyroscopes  42   a  and  42   b  which are contained in the housing  41 , and which are constructed as described in the first and the second embodiment. As shown in FIG. 13, the two gyroscopes  42   a  and  42   b  are disposed in such a manner that the gyroscopes  42   a  and  42   b , when seen from the top (when seen from the direction shown by arrow A in FIG. 12), perpendicularly cross each other. The pen-type mouse  40  also includes a driving and detection circuit  43  for driving the gyroscopes  42   a  and  42   b  and for detecting an angle of rotation. In addition, a battery  44  is contained in the housing  41 , and the housing  41  is provided with two switches  45   a  and  45   b , which correspond to switches of a typical mouse, and a switch  46 .  
         [0080]    When a user holds the pen-type mouse  40  and moves the tip end thereof, a cursor, etc., shown on a display of a personal computer moves in a direction corresponding to the direction in which the tip end is moved. More specifically, with reference to FIG. 12, when the tip end is moved in the X direction on a surface  47 , the gyroscope  42   b  detects the angle of rotation θ 1 , and when the tip end is moved in the Y direction on a surface  47 , the gyroscopes  42   a  detects the θ 2 . When the tip end is moved in a direction other than the X and Y directions, the angles of rotation θ 1  and θ 2  are detected in combination. The personal computer receives a signal corresponding to the angles of rotation θ 1  and θ 2  from the pen-type mouse  40 , and, as shown in FIG. 14, moves the cursor  49  on the display  48  a distance corresponding to the angles of rotation θ 1  and θ 2 . Accordingly, the pen-type mouse  40  is able to perform operations similar to that of a typical mouse using an optical encoder, etc.  
         [0081]    As described above, the gyroscopes  42   a  and  42   b  according to the first and the second embodiment of the present invention are driven with low driving voltage, and have high sensitivity. Thus, the gyroscopes  42   a  and  42   b  are suitable for small coordinate input devices such as the pen-type mouse  40  according to the third embodiment. In addition, the gyroscopes  42   a  and  42   b  may also be used in other common input devices such as navigation systems, head mount displays, etc., in which an angular velocity must be detected.  
         [0082]    The present invention is not limited in the above-described embodiments, and various modifications are possible within the scope of the present invention. For example, in the gyroscope according to the first and the second embodiments, the silicon substrate which forms the tuning fork is sandwiched by the two glass substrates from the upper and lower sides. However, when the anode coupling is performed in a vacuum chamber, the space in which the tuning fork is contained may be sealed under vacuum. In such a case, the Q value may be increased even more, and a device having high efficiency can be obtained.  
         [0083]    In the first embodiment, two glass substrates are necessary since the drive electrodes are provided above and below the tuning fork. In the second embodiment, however, instead of sandwiching the silicon substrate forming the tuning fork and the drive electrodes with two glass substrates, the upper glass substrate may be omitted by forming the detection electrodes only on the lower glass substrate. In such a case, the construction of the gyroscope may be made simpler. In addition, although the combination of silicon and glass is preferable in view of anode coupling, the glass substrates may be replaced by an arbitrary material which is coated with a glass by a fusion bonding processing. In addition, carbon may also be used in place of silicon as a material for the tuning fork. In addition, although the tuning forks of the three-tine type are described above, the number of tines is not limited to three. Furthermore, materials of the components, sizes, etc., are not limited to the above-described embodiments, and various modifications are possible in accordance with requirements.