Abstract:
A high-sensitivity and low-noise micromachined capacitive lateral accelerometer device having an input axis and a monolithic, three-axis accelerometer utilizing the device are provided. Th6 device includes at least one electrode having a side surface normal to the input axis. A relatively large proofmass has at least one side surface normal to the input axis and extends along a width of the proofmass. The proofmass is movable against acceleration relative to the at least one electrode due to inertial force along the input axis to obtain a capacitive variation between the at least one electrode and the proofmass. The side surfaces are spaced apart to define a narrow, high-aspect ratio sensing gap which extends along substantially the entire width of the proofmass. The proofmass forms a sense capacitor with the at least one electrode.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Serial No. 601440,567, filed Jan. 16, 2003. 
     
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT  
       [0002] This invention was at least partially made with Government support under Contract No. F 30602-98-2-0231, awarded by DARPA. The Government has certain rights in the invention. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0004]    This invention relates to micromachined capacitive lateral accelerometer devices and monolithic, three-axis accelerometers having such devices.  
           [0005]    2. Background Art  
           [0006]    The following references are referred to herein by their reference number:  
           [0007]    [1] Yazdi, N., F. Ayazi, and K. Najafi, “Micromachined Inertial Sensors,” PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, 1998. 86 (8 Aug 1998): p. 1640-1658.  
           [0008]    [2] Yazdi, N., “Micro-g Silicon Accelerometers with High Performance CMOS Interface Circuitry, in EECS,” 1999, The University of Michigan: Ann Arbor.  
           [0009]    [3] Analog-Devices, ADXL50, Monolithic Accelerometer with Signal Conditioning, Data Sheet. 1996.  
           [0010]    [4] Analog-Devices, ADXL105, High Accuracy +−1 g to +−5 g Single Axis iMEMS Accelerometer with Analog Input. 1999.  
           [0011]    [5] Lu, C., M. Lemkin, and B. E. Boser, “Monolithic Surface Micromachined Accelerometer with Digital Output,” IEEE J OURNAL OF  S OLID -S TATE  C IRCUITS , 1995, 30 (12 Dec 1995): p. 1367-1373.  
           [0012]    [6] Boser, B. E. and R. T. Howe, “Surface Micromachined Accelerometers,” IEEE J OURNAL OF  S OLID -S TATE  C IRCUITS , 1996. 31 (3 Mar. 1996): p. 366-375.  
           [0013]    [7] Cross-bow,. High Sensitivity Accelerometer, LF Series Data Sheet, 2001.  
           [0014]    [8] Luo, H., G. K. Fedder, and L. R. Carley, “1 mG Lateral CMOS-MEMS Accelerometer,” in 13TH IEEE I NTERNATIONAL  C ONFERENCE ON  M ICRO  E LECTRO  M ECHANICAL  S YSTEMS  (MEMS &#39;00). 2000. Miyazaki, Japan.  
           [0015]    [9] Wu, J. and L. R. Carley, “A Low-noise Low-offset Chopper-stabilized Capacitive Readout Amplifier for CMOS MEMS Accelerometers, ” in IEEE I NTERNATIONAL  S OLID  S TATE  C IRCUITS  C ONFERENCE  (ISSCC &#39;02). 2002. San Francisco, Calif.  
           [0016]    [10] Lemkin, M., et al., “A Low-noise Digital Accelerometer Using Integrated SOI-MEMS Technology,” in 10 TH  I NTERNATIONAL  C ONFERENCE  S OLID -S TATE  S ENSORS  AND A CTUATORS  (Transducers &#39;99) 1999. Sendai, Japan.  
           [0017]    [11] Ishihara, K., et al., “Inertial Sensor Technology Using DRIE and Wafer Bonding with Interconnecting Capability,” J OURNAL OF  M ICROELECTROMECHANICAL  S YSTEMS , 1999. 8(4 1999): p. 403-408.  
           [0018]    [12] Griffin, W., H. Richardson, and S. Yamanami, “A Study of Squeeze Film Damping,” ASME J OURNAL OF  B ASIC  E NGINEERING , 1966: p. 451-456.  
           [0019]    [13] Zhang, X. and W. C. Tang, “Viscous Air Damping in Laterally Driven Microresonators,” P ROCEEDINGS OF  T HE  IEEE M ICRO  E LECTRO  M ECHANICAL  S YSTEMS , 1994: p. 199-204.  
           [0020]    [14] Henrion, W., et al., “Wide Dynamic Range Direct Digital Accelerometer, ” in Solid-State Sensors and Actuators Workshop, 1990, Hilton Head Island, S.C., USA.  
           [0021]    [15] Yazdi, N. and K. Najafi, “All-Silicon Single-Wafer Micro-g Accelerometer with a Combined Surface and Bulk Micromachining Process,” J OURNAL OF  M ICROELECTROMECHANICAL  S YSTEMS , 2000. 9(4 Dec. 2000): p. 544-550.  
           [0022]    [16] Rudolf, F., et al., “Precision Accelerometers with ug Resolution,” S ENSORS AND  A CTUATORS , A: Physical, 1990, 21(1-3 2 Pt2 1990): p. 297-302.  
           [0023]    [17] Input output, Design Through to Production of a MEMS Digital Accelerometer for Seismic Acquisition, 2001.  
           [0024]    [18] Xiao, Z., et al., “Laterally Capacity Sensed Accelerometer Fabricated with the Anodic Bonding and the High Aspect Ratio Etching,” in 10th I NTERNATIONAL  C ONFERENCE  S OLID -S TATE  S ENSORS AND  A CTUATORS  (Transducers &#39;99), 1999, Sendai, Japan.  
           [0025]    [19] Chae, J., H. Kulah, and K. Najafi, “A Hybrid Silicon-On-Glass (SOG) Lateral Micro-Accelerometer with CMOS Readout Circuitry,” in 15th IEEE I NTERNATIONAL  C ONFERENCE ON  M ICRO  E LECTRO  M ECHANICAL  S YSTEMS  (MEMS &#39;02), 2002, Las Vegas, Nev.  
           [0026]    [20] Yazdi, N. and K. Najafi, “All-Silicon Single-Wafer Fabrication Technology for Precision Microaccelerometers,” in 9th I NTERNATIONAL  C ONFERENCE  S OLID -S TATE  S ENSORS AND  A CTUATORS  (Transducers &#39;97), 1997, Chicago, Ill.  
           [0027]    [21] Doscher, J., “ADXL105: A Lower Noise, Wider Bandwidth Accelerometer Rivals Performance of More Expensive Sensors,” 1999.  
           [0028]    [22] Honeywell, ASA7000, Micromachined Accelerometer, Data Sheet, 2001.  
           [0029]    [23] Motorola, MMA2201D, Surface Mount Micromachined Accelerometer, Data Sheet, 2000.  
           [0030]    [24] Roylance, L. M. and J. B. Angell, “Batch-Fabricated Silicon Accelerometer, ” IEEE T RANS  E LECTRON  D EVICES , 1979: p. 1911-1917.  
           [0031]    [25] Salian, A., et al., “A High-performance Hybrid CMOS Microaccelerometer,” in S OLID -S TATE  S ENSORS AND  A CTUATORS  W ORKSHOP , 2000, Hilton Head Island, S.C.  
           [0032]    [26] Roark, R. J. and W. C. Young, “Roark&#39;s Formulas for Stress and Strain,” 6th ed. 1989, New York: McGraw-Hill. xiv, 763.  
           [0033]    [27] Warren, K., “Navigation Grade Silicon Accelerometers with Sacrificially Etched SIMOX and BESOI Structure,” in S OLID -S TATE  S ENSORS AND  A CTUATORS  W ORKSHOP , 1994, Hilton Head Island, S.C.  
           [0034]    [28] Endevco, “Variable Capacitance Accelerometer, Model 7596, Data Sheet, 2000.  
           [0035]    [29] Chae, J., Kulah, H., and Najafi, K., “A Monolithic, 3-Axis Silicon Capacitive Accelerometer with Micro-g Resolution,” in 12th IEEE I NTERNATIONAL  C ONFERENCE  O N  S OLID -S TATE  S ENSORS , A CTUATORS AND  M ICROSYSTEMS  (Transducers &#39;03), Boston, Mass.  
           [0036]    The following U.S. Pat. Nos. are related to the present invention: 6,035,714; 6,167,757; 6,286,369; and 6,402,968.  
           [0037]    The present and potential future markets of microaccelerometers cover a wide range from automotive, biomedical, computer peripheral, and sport equipment applications which require low/medium sensitivity sensors with moderate noise floor to inertial navigation/guidance systems, seismometry, microgravity measurements which demand high sensitivity with very low noise floor. From among a number of sensing methods, the capacitive sensing technique has become the most attractive recently because it provides high sensitivity, low noise performance, good DC response, low temperature sensitivity, and low power dissipation [ 1 ,  2 ].  
           [0038]    [0038]FIG. 1 shows a conventional capacitive lateral microaccelerometer, generally indicated at  10 . A structural mass  11  (proofmass) having comb fingers  12  made of polysilicon is suspended over a silicon substrate  13  such that it is free to move in response to external acceleration. Electrodes  14  are anchored to the substrate  13 , and they also have comb fingers  15  (sense fingers) which form parallel plate capacitors with the fingers  12  of the proofmass  11 . When an external acceleration is applied to the accelerometer  10 , the proofmass  11  moves against the acceleration due to the inertial force while the electrodes  14  remain fixed, which results in capacitance variation between the fingers  12  of the proofmass  11 , and the sense fingers  15  on the two sides of the proofmass  11 . By measuring the differential capacitance between the capacitors on the two sides of the proofmass  11 , the external acceleration is determined.  
           [0039]    Most commercialized or developed lateral capacitance microaccelerometers utilize a cantilever-type electrode configuration for force feedback to achieve a higher dynamic range and higher sensitivity [ 3 - 5 ]. The feedback requires stiff electrodes to ensure stability of sensor operation. Thus, it is important for the electrodes to be stiff enough not to bend when the feedback is applied. However, the cantilever-type configuration does not provide adequate stiffness if the proofmass is heavy such that it requires a large force to move, which is the case for a high performance device.  
           [0040]    There is a need for a stiffer electrode configuration to overcome the drawback introduced above. Bridge-type electrode configurations as shown in FIG. 3 have been utilized by many Z-axis accelerometers since first Z-axis devices were developed in the early 1980&#39;s. It has not been implemented with lateral devices due to relatively small proofmass of the devices and inherent fabrication properties of planar semiconductor process technology. As proofmasses become larger in order to achieve high performance devices, however, a solution to solve the problem is required.  
           [0041]    High-sensitivity and low-noise characteristics are some of the most important factors to achieve high performance acceleration sensors because they determine signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In order to design a high-sensitivity, low-noise capacitive microaccelerometer, one may reduce the sensing gap and damping, and increase mass of a structure and sensing area [ 2 ]. A number of microaccelerometers have been reported since the early 1980&#39;s with many methods to improve the sensitivity and noise characteristics. Most of them are Z-axis sensors which are sensitive to the vertical direction of acceleration relative to a substrate because it is easier to fabricate a small sensing gap and large-area electrodes with a huge proofmass than in-plane (lateral) devices. There is a need for a large SNR for capacitive micromachined lateral accelerometers.  
           [0042]    Conventional surface micromachined lateral accelerometers utilize a thin polysilicon film as their mechanical structure, which is only about 2 μm thick, and define their sensing gap by using RIE technology [ 3 ,  4 ,  6 - 9 ]. Since the devices have a very small proofmass, they have suffered from Brownian noise, which is created by random motion of gas molecules, such that it is necessary to increase the mass of the structure in order to achieve high performance devices. Many approaches have been performed to increase the thickness of the structure, while maintaining a small sensing gap and large sense area.  
           [0043]    Recently, deep RIE technology has been introduced to provide high-aspect ratio etching profile such that it is combined with a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer or wafer bonding technology to increase the thickness of the structure [ 10 ,  11 ]. However, the ratio of the sensing gap and the height of sense electrodes of the lateral devices is still relatively small (20˜35) comparing with that of Z-axis devices (&gt;100) due to limitations of the deep RIE technology. With defining the sensing gap by RIE or deep RIE technology, it is not likely to attain the high-aspect ratio which provides high sensitivity required for high performance accelerometers.  
           [0044]    The damping in micromachined capacitive devices is viscous damping during the movement of a structure, which is categorized into either squeeze film damping or Couette-flow damping [ 12 , 13 ], as illustrated in FIGS. 2 a  and  2   b , respectively. Although the damping caused by the Couette-flow is much smaller than the squeeze film&#39;s, most micromachined capacitive devices are implemented with the squeeze film damping in order to have higher sensitivity. In order to reduce the damping, vacuum packaging or making holes on the parallel plates to let the fluid between two plates escape through the holes have been developed [ 14 , 15 ]. It is desirable to avoid vacuum packaging if possible, since it is not cost effective. Out-of-plane (Z-axis) devices have implemented the perforation technique to reduce damping significantly [ 15 ]. However, from a manufacturing point-of-view, it is not feasible to perforate the plates of in-plane (lateral) devices because the fabrication process of devices has inherent features of a semiconductor technology, so-called planar technology, which is basically to put down and pattern thin films on a substrate.  
           [0045]    The most effective way to reduce the squeeze film damping is to increase the sensing gap (d 0 ). On the other hand, increasing the sensing gap compromises sensitivity of devices.  
           [0046]    Another method to achieve a high-sensitivity, low-noise device is to have a large proofmass. It is very desirable to have a large proofmass for capacitive devices since both sensitivity and noise characteristics can be improved. To have a large proofmass, a few powerful methods have been developed: thick silicon of SOI wafer; a full wafer thickness of a silicon wafer; and wafer bonding technology [ 11 ,  15 - 17 ]. Several Z-axis microaccelerometers with large proofmass, at least 500 μm thick, have been developed. On the other hand, only a few lateral devices have been reported which have a large proofmass, which is at most 50 μm thick by implementing the thick silicon of an SOI wafer [ 10 ,  11 ,  18 ]. A lateral device which has 120 μm thick proofmass has been previously developed using the silicon-on-glass (SOG) structure [ 19 ]. However, there is a need for a thicker proofmass in order to achieve high-sensitivity and low-noise devices.  
           [0047]    Most commercialized or developed lateral capacitive microaccelerometers utilize force feedback to achieve a higher dynamic range and higher sensitivity [ 3 - 6 ,  8 ,  10 ,  17 ,  20 - 25 ]. Feedback force is applied between two sets of comb fingers, one set attached to the substrate and the other set attached to the proofmass. When a voltage is applied between these comb finger sets, electrostatic force is generated which tends to attract the proofmass toward the fixed fingers. Obviously, it is important that the sense fingers be stiff enough so as not to bend when this force is applied. Otherwise, the feedback force introduces non-stable operation [ 2 ].  
           [0048]    Many lateral devices which have been commercialized or developed using long and narrow comb fingers on a relatively small proofmass (few μ-gram weight, 2˜50 μm thickness). These long and narrow comb fingers cannot be used if the proofmass gets bigger—in the order of milligram weight with full wafer thick (˜500 μm) because the fingers are not stiff enough to resist bending in the direction of the applied force. Therefore, a new configuration of electrodes is needed to provide stable operation for a lateral microaccelerometer with high-sensitivity and low-noise floor.  
           [0049]    A Z-axis accelerometer has been used in a bridge-type electrode configuration made of either glass wafers or polysilicon [ 2 , 27 ]. Large stiffness can be attained when thickness of the electrodes to sense direction becomes large. The Z-axis device utilizes either full wafer thick electrodes or stiffeners in the electrode&#39;s design [ 15 ,  17 ,  27 ]. However, it is not feasible to apply those methods to lateral devices due to inherent characteristics of semiconductor planar fabrication techniques. Conventional cantilever-type accelerometers could improve the stiffness of electrodes by increasing the width of them (note that the width of electrodes is the sense direction in lateral devices). Increasing the width of the electrodes is effective in terms of obtaining large stiffness. On the other hand, it consumes overall device area since electrodes occupy most of the area for conventional devices with a comb finger scheme. Thus, it is not a very advantageous method to just simply increase the width of cantilever electrodes for overall performance improvement.  
           [0050]    High-sensitivity and low-noise characteristics are some of the most important factors to achieve high performance acceleration sensors because they determine signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The SNR indicates directly how small the resolution is that the sensors are able to detect. A number of microaccelerometers have been developed since the early 1980&#39;s and some of them are commercialized [ 3 ,  4 ,  7 ,  21 ,  22 ,  28 ].  
           [0051]    Most out-of-plane (Z-axis) microaccelerometers, sensitive to vertical direction of acceleration relative to a substrate, provide a few 10&#39;s micro-g resolution. On the other hand, in-plane (lateral) devices have a few 100&#39;s micro-g resolution because it has easier-to-implement fabrication technology in order to meet high performance requirements for Z-axis devices. Equation (1) below shows three main parameters determining high-sensitivity, low-noise accelerometers: sensing gap (d 0 ); damping (D); and mass of a structure (M):  
             Sensitivity   =         Δ                   C   static       a     =           ɛ   o        M     K          A     d   o   2                   (   1   )                               
 
           [0052]    (ε 0 : Permittivity, A: Sense area, K: Spring constant, d 0 : Sensing gap)  
       TNEA   =         4                   K   B        TD       M                           
 
           [0053]    (TNEA: Total Noise Equivalent Acceleration, K B : Boltzmann Constant, T: Temperature in kelvin, D: Damping, M: Mass of structure)  
           [0054]    Although many approaches have been developed in order to improve sensitivity and noise characteristics of lateral accelerometers to be comparable with those of Z-axis devices, high performance lateral devices still require better solutions.  
           [0055]    Commercialized or developed capacitive lateral microaccelerometers have used RIE technology to define their sensing gap since it is simple, low-cost and CMOS-fabrication-process compatible. As mentioned earlier, it is necessary to obtain a large sensing area and a small sensing gap for high-sensitivity. The first commercialized capacitive microaccelerometer was developed by Analog Devices, Inc. in 1993. The accelerometer has proofmass and electrodes which are made of 2 μm thick polysilicon from the CMOS process. Due to the small mass of its proofmass, the resolution (noise floor/sensitivity) of the sensor is in the range of mill-g/{square root}Hz which does not satisfy the requirements for high performance applications such as inertial navigation, guidance systems, microgravity measurements. Since the devices are fabricated based on surface micromachining technology, the thickness of the polysilicon is limited to ˜5 m with an ˜1.3 μm sensing gap, which provides an aspect ratio of only ˜4 between the sensing gap and height of the electrodes.  
           [0056]    Recently, deep RIE technology was introduced to be capable of developing high-aspect ratio structures. Some lateral microaccelerometers took advantage of the technology to obtain high-sensitivity and low-noise characteristics. Nevertheless, the ratio between the sensing gap and the height of electrodes is still small (20˜35) compared with the ratio of Z-axis devices (&gt;100).  
           [0057]    Damping is one of the major factors to determine noise floor in microstructure as shown in Equation 1. Most micromachined capacitive devices utilize either squeeze film or Couette-flow damping, as shown in FIGS. 2 a  and  2   b , respectively, as previously mentioned.  
           [0058]    Squeeze film damping occurs when two closely spaced plates move toward each other such that the gap distance (d 0 ) changes. When fluid between the plates is squeezed, the fluid moves toward less pressurized space where the squeezed fluid is able to release its pressure, which means fluid tends to move where it is easy to escape from the movement of the plates. Generally, damping is proportional to how difficult the fluid could escape when the two plates move. The gap distance between the two plates is, therefore, the main factor to determine the squeeze film damping. In addition, the squeeze damping is small when one side of the rectangular plates is much larger than the other because it is easy for the fluid to release its pressure by moving along a shorter path toward the larger side, as shown in FIGS. 7 a  and  7   b . In other words, to minimize the squeeze film damping while maintaining the gap distance (and capacitance formed by the two plates), the long rectangular plate design of FIG. 7 b  takes advantage of the characteristics of the damping to reduce noise floor.  
           [0059]    Couette-flow damping, as shown in FIG. 2 b , is generated by the motion of a fluid when two plates slide against each other without changing their gap. The main mechanism of the Couette-flow damping is the fluid being dragged by the two plates. Therefore, the gap distance is not a strong function of the damping. With microstructures, the damping caused by the Couette-flow is much smaller compared with the squeeze flow damping introduced above because typically the gap is very small, such as 1˜3 μm.  
           [0060]    In order to decrease damping, squeeze damping with a large gap or Couette-flow damping is desirable, which compromises the sensitivity of a capacitive device. Equation (2) shows the sensitivity of the device for two damping mechanisms:  
               Sensitivity   ∝           ɛ   o        A       d   o   2                     for                 squeeze                 damping       ,     
          Sensitivity   ∝             ɛ   o        w       d   o                     for                 Couette     -     flow                 damping                 (   2   )                               
 
           [0061]    As shown by Equation (2), the squeeze film damping configuration provides higher sensitivity since microstructures have a very small sensing gap (d 0 ). Thus, there is a need to compromise between sensitivity and damping which is a strong parameter to determine noise floor unless a better idea is introduced to avoid tradeoff.  
           [0062]    A few approaches to avoid the tradeoff have been presented such as, vacuum packaging and perforation of the moving plate. By vacuum packaging, air molecules between the two plates can be removed such that much less fluid motion is generated when the two plates move toward each other. The vacuum packaging is the ultimate method to reduce the damping although it is expensive. On the other hand, perforation of the moving plate would be a smart way to avoid squeeze film damping. A Z-axis device has implemented this technique, which provides more than 100 times reduction in the damping [ 20 ]. However, it is not feasible to perforate the plate of lateral devices because the fabrication procedure has inherent characteristics of a semiconductor planar technology, which is basically to deposit and pattern films on a flat substrate.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0063]    An object of the present invention is to provide a micromachined capacitive lateral accelerometer device having high-sensitivity and low-noise and a monolithic, three-axis accelerometer having such a device.  
           [0064]    Another object of the present invention is to provide a micromachined capacitive lateral accelerometer device which utilizes a combined surface and bulk micromachining technology to obtain a very large proofmass and a high-aspect ratio sensing gap to at least one electrode.  
           [0065]    Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a micromachined capacitive lateral accelerometer device having reduced damping while maintaining sensitivity.  
           [0066]    Yet still another object of the present invention is to provide a micromachined capacitive lateral accelerometer device having a large SNR.  
           [0067]    In carrying out the above objects and other objects of the present invention, a micromachined capacitive lateral accelerometer device having an input axis is provided. The device includes at least one electrode having a side surface normal to the input axis. A relatively large proofmass has at least one side surface normal to the input axis and extends along a width of the proofmass. The proofmass is movable against acceleration relative to the at least one electrode due to inertial force along the input axis to obtain a capacitive variation between the at least one electrode and the proofmass. The side surfaces are spaced apart to define a narrow, high-aspect ratio sensing gap which extends along substantially the entire width of the proofmass. The proofmass forms a sense capacitor with the at least one electrode.  
           [0068]    The device may be operable at atmospheric pressure.  
           [0069]    The proofmass may be formed from a single wafer having a predetermined thickness. The thickness of the proofmass may be substantially equal to the predetermined thickness.  
           [0070]    The thickness of the proofmass may be about 500 microns.  
           [0071]    The device may further include a support structure to fixedly support the at least one electrode at opposite ends thereof, and the at least one electrode may span the entire width of the proofmass.  
           [0072]    The device may comprise a plurality of electrodes. Each of the electrodes may have a side surface normal to the input axis, and the proofmass may have a plurality of side surfaces normal to the input axis which extend the width of the proofmass.  
           [0073]    The electrodes may include differential capacitive electrode pairs.  
           [0074]    A ratio of the sensing gap to a height of the at least one electrode may be relatively large to provide a high-sensitivity device.  
           [0075]    The ratio may be about 70 or greater.  
           [0076]    The sensing gap may be about 1 micron.  
           [0077]    The height of the at least one electrode may be greater than about 70 microns.  
           [0078]    The device may further include a support structure to fixedly support the at least one electrode at opposite ends thereof and movably support the proofmass.  
           [0079]    The support structure may include an outer peripheral support rim and high-aspect ratio support springs for suspending the proofmass from the support rim.  
           [0080]    The support springs may be polysilicon support springs.  
           [0081]    The sensing gap may be substantially uniform or non-uniform.  
           [0082]    The at least one electrode may be corrugated.  
           [0083]    The device may have top and bottom sides which are mirror images of each other.  
           [0084]    The at least one electrode may be made of polysilicon.  
           [0085]    The device may further include a second electrode and at least one stiffener interconnecting the first and second electrodes for stiffening the electrodes.  
           [0086]    The at least one electrode and a first side of the proofmass which forms the side surface of the proofmass may define elongated rectangular plates.  
           [0087]    The plates may be substantially parallel.  
           [0088]    The device may be formed from a single semiconductor wafer.  
           [0089]    The semiconductor wafer may be a silicon wafer.  
           [0090]    The at least one electrode may be surface micromachined.  
           [0091]    The proofmass may be bulk micromachined.  
           [0092]    The proofmass may be a boron-doped silicon proofmass.  
           [0093]    Further in carrying out the above objects and other objects of the present invention, a monolithic, three-axis accelerometer including three individual single-axis accelerometers is provided. At least one of the individual accelerometers is a micromachined capacitive lateral accelerometer device having an input axis. The device includes at least one electrode having a side surface normal to the input axis. A relatively large proofmass has at least one side surface normal to the input axis and extends along a width of the proofmass. The proofmass is movable against acceleration relative to the at least one electrode due to inertial force along the input axis to obtain a capacitive variation between the at least one electrode and the proofmass. The side surfaces are spaced apart to define a narrow, high-aspect ratio sensing gap which extends along substantially the entire width of the proofmass. The proofmass forms a sense capacitor with the at least one electrode.  
           [0094]    Two of the individual accelerometers may be in-plane accelerometers and one of the individual accelerometers may be an out-of-plane accelerometer.  
           [0095]    Each of the individual accelerometers may be a micromachined capacitive accelerometer device.  
           [0096]    Each of the individual accelerometers may have a full-wafer thick semiconductor proofmass.  
           [0097]    The three-axis accelerometer may further include a single substrate on which the three individual single-axis accelerometers are integrated.  
           [0098]    The three individual single-axis accelerometers may be formed from a single chip.  
           [0099]    The above objects and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention are readily apparent from the following detailed description of the best mode for carrying out the invention when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0100]    [0100]FIG. 1 is a perspective schematic view of a prior art lateral micromachined accelerometer;  
         [0101]    [0101]FIG. 2 a  is a side view of a pair of rectangular solids which illustrates squeeze film damping;  
         [0102]    [0102]FIG. 2 b  is a side view of a pair of rectangular solids which illustrate Couette-film damping;  
         [0103]    [0103]FIG. 3 is a perspective schematic view of a beam electrode anchored at its ends in a bridge configuration;  
         [0104]    [0104]FIG. 4 a  is a perspective schematic view of a micromachined lateral accelerometer device of a first embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0105]    [0105]FIG. 4 b  is a sectional view of the device taken along lines  4   b - 4   b  in FIG. 4 a;    
         [0106]    [0106]FIG. 5 a  is a view similar to the view of FIG. 4 a  of a second embodiment of the invention but now including stiffeners;  
         [0107]    [0107]FIG. 5 b  is a top sectional view of the electrode pairs with stiffeners of FIG. 5 a;    
         [0108]    [0108]FIGS. 6 a - 6   g  are side sectional views which illustrate a fabrication process sequence for making the device of the present invention;  
         [0109]    [0109]FIG. 7 a  is a perspective schematic view of a pair of square-shaped plates which illustrates fluid motion for squeeze film damping;  
         [0110]    [0110]FIG. 7 b  is a view similar to the view of FIG. 7 a  with rectangular-shaped plates;  
         [0111]    [0111]FIG. 8 is a perspective schematic view of a pair of spaced, corrugated electrodes which illustrates fluid motion; and  
         [0112]    [0112]FIG. 9 is a perspective schematic view of a monolithic, three-axis accelerometer of the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0113]    Briefly, what is disclosed herein is a micromachined in-plane (lateral) accelerometer which utilizes a combined surface and bulk micromachining technology. Several novel features are introduced which are incorporated with a sensor structure as well as approaches to achieve a high-sensitivity, low-noise micromachined accelerometer.  
         [0114]    A. In-plane Acceleration Sensor Structure  
         [0115]    a. A new sense and drive electrode configuration  
         [0116]    Proofmass itself forms one plate of the parallel-plate capacitor,  
         [0117]    Stiff electrodes using a bridge configuration for a stable operation,  
         [0118]    b. A novel combined surface and bulk micromachining technology to implement the new sensor structure and electrode configuration  
         [0119]    One side of the sense/drive electrode is protected whereas the other side of it is removed at the end of the fabrication using the combined technology,  
         [0120]    C. A three-axis single-chip accelerometer  
         [0121]    Using the combined technology, a monolithic, three-axis accelerometer was developed which demonstrated micro-g resolution for the first time,  
         [0122]    B. Approaches to Achieve a High-sensitivity, Low-noise Micromachined Lateral Accelerometer  
         [0123]    a. A high-aspect ratio of sensing gap and electrodes  
         [0124]    The combined technology enables high-aspect ratio sense gap and sense/drive electrodes, which are important to achieve high performance in-plane accelerometers,  
         [0125]    b. A new electrode structure to reduce damping in a lateral micromachined accelerometer  
         [0126]    Corrugated electrode configuration is proposed to reduce damping while maintaining sensitivity of the accelerometer,  
         [0127]    c. A method to obtain a full wafer thick structure for a lateral micromachined accelerometer  
         [0128]    A full wafer thick structure for an in-plane accelerometer is developed by the combined technology to achieve high performance.  
         [0129]    As mentioned above, the new accelerometer device utilizes a combined surface and bulk micromachining technology. Unlike conventional surface micromachined lateral devices, it has very large proofmass (a full wafer thick), high-aspect ratio sensing gap to electrodes which result in a high-sensitivity and low-noise accelerometer.  
         [0130]    Unlike the conventional micromachined lateral accelerometers which utilize cantilever-type electrode configuration, the new accelerometer preferably has a bridge-type configuration wherein its proofmass itself forms one plate of the parallel-plate capacitor and electrodes the other plate anchored at its ends. One side of the proofmass forms the sense capacitor with the sense/drive electrodes, while the other side of the proofmass is etched and does not form a capacitor with the electrodes. This is important in order to ensure that the sensitivity of the device is not compromised when the proofmass moves.  
         [0131]    Although it is proven that the proposed bridge-type electrode configuration provides much higher stiffness than conventional cantilever configuration, the cantilever configuration could also be used if the cantilever electrodes are properly stiffened.  
         [0132]    Using the new lateral accelerometers proposed herein, for the first time, a fully-integrated, single-chip, three-axis micro-g accelerometer is possible (i.e., see FIG. 9). All three accelerometers of FIG. 9 satisfy high-performance specifications for inertial navigation applications as described herein.  
         [0133]    The lateral accelerometer has a small sensing gap (˜1 μm) and tall electrodes (&gt;70 μm) by utilizing a combined surface and bulk micromachining technology. The high-aspect ratio of the sensing gap to the electrodes is  70 . The micromachined lateral accelerometer has a full wafer thick (˜500 μm) proofmass with the use of a combined surface and bulk micromachining technology.  
         [0134]    [0134]FIGS. 4 a  and  4   b  are schematic views of a first embodiment of the new micromachined accelerometer, generally indicated at  40 , shown with bridge-type sense/drive electrodes  41 . A proofmass  42  is suspended using polysilicon springs  43  and attached to a fixed support frame or rim  44 , and the sense/drive electrodes  41  span the entire width of the proofmass  42 . The new accelerometer device  40  does not use (but may use) cantilever-type electrodes configuration which is very common with conventional lateral accelerometers but uses the bridge-type electrodes  41 . Characteristics of the bridge-type electrode configuration and the benefits of it will be discussed later in detail. Conventional lateral accelerometers have comb fingers to form parallel-plate capacitors, which are sense capacitors, as previously described with reference to FIG. 1. Their proofmasses do not contribute as sense capacitors.  
         [0135]    Unlike the conventional micromachined lateral accelerometers, the proofmass  42  itself forms one plate of the parallel-plate capacitor, as best shown in FIG. 4 b . Bridge-type electrodes  41  run across the proofmass  42  to form the other plate of the capacitor. Thus, as the proofmass  42  gets bigger, the sense capacitances increase as well, which results in higher sensitivity as can be easily shown by Equation (1). One side of the proofmass  42  forms the sense capacitor with the sense/drive electrodes  41 , while the other side of the proofmass  42  is etched and does not form a capacitor with the electrodes  41  as shown in FIGS. 4 a  and  4   b . This is important in order to ensure that the sensitivity of the device  40  is not compromised when the proofmass  42  moves. In other words, one side of the proofmass  42  forms a sense capacitor with the sense/drive electrodes  41  with uniform, narrow, high-aspect ratio sensing gaps (C left , C right ) utilizing surface micromachining technology, while the other side of it gets etched by bulk micromachining. While it is not necessary for the accelerometer  40  to have mirror image on the bottom side, the mirror image structure on the bottom side helps symmetry of the sensor structure and enables the three-axis single-chip accelerometer of FIG. 9.  
         [0136]    In the bridge configuration of FIG. 4 a , stiffness (k, spring constant) is improved by a factor of  64  over the conventional cantilever beam configuration (conventional scheme of FIG. 1), while maintaining the same mechanical dimensions of a beam [ 26 ]. The length of the sense electrode  41  should be large in order to increase sensing area, which results in sensitivity improvement. Since the stiffness of a beam (electrode) is inversely proportional to the length of the sense electrode, a cantilever-type comb finger scheme cannot easily withstand bending in the face of the large force required if the proofmass  42  becomes heavy. Therefore, either a bridge configuration should be used, or the cantilever beams need to be redesigned to provide adequate stiffness.  
         [0137]    Long electrodes improve sensitivity of the device. The proposed bridge electrode configuration is much stiffer per unit length than cantilever-type electrodes. Therefore, the electrodes can be made long to provide large sense capacitance. The electrodes  41  are preferably made of polysilicon using a “trench refilled technique” in the lateral accelerometer  40 . Using this technique, 2 times thicker electrodes are made, which results in 8 times improvement in the stiffness. Also, the stiffness of either the bridge or the cantilever-type accelerometers can be increased by including cross-bar stiffeners  55  as illustrated in FIGS. 5 a  and  5   b . By using these stiffeners  55 , electrodes  51  are a few millimeters long, as needed in high-sensitivity devices can be implemented to provide a stable system operation. The accelerometer  50  of FIG. 5 a  is substantially identical to the accelerometer  40  of FIG. 4 a . The accelerometer  50  includes interconnected electrode pairs  51 , a proofmass  52 , support springs  53  and a supporting frame  54 .  
         [0138]    The new lateral microaccelerometer implemented with the bridge-type electrodes configuration is provided by the use of a novel combined surface and bulk micromachining technology. As described above, only one side of the bridge-type electrodes forms parallel plate capacitors and the other side of them should not. This is because net capacitance change which indicates the magnitude of external acceleration becomes zero. Furthermore, the residual capacitances formed by the other side reduce the sensitivity of the device significantly. Thus, it is important to only make narrow, uniform and high-aspect ratio capacitors on one side of the electrodes  41  and  51  with the proofmasses  42  or  52 , respectively.  
         [0139]    [0139]FIGS. 6 a - 6   g  show a fabrication process for the lateral microaccelerometer  40  with the combined technology. It starts in FIG. 6 a  with boron-doping a single crystal silicon substrate  60  at  61  on both sides thereof in order to define the proofmass  42  and the rim  44  of the device  40 .  
         [0140]    Next, trenches  62  are prepared for refilling with oxide, nitride, and polysilicon by deep RIE technology, as indicated in FIG. 6 b.    
         [0141]    As indicated in FIG. 6 c , the trenches  62  are completely refilled with a thin, uniform sacrificial film  62  (oxide), a dielectric layer (nitride), and polysilicon  63 . The polysilicon  63  will become the electrodes  41  (i.e., FIG. 6 g ) and the sacrificial oxide  62  will be etched to define the sensing gaps.  
         [0142]    After the trench filling, EDP etches one side of the electrodes  41  (i.e., FIG. 6 f ), while the other side is protected in order to avoid sensitivity degradation.  
         [0143]    In FIG. 6 g , the sacrificial layer  62  is etched to complete the high-aspect ratio electrodes  41  and sensing gaps. The oxide film  62  is a sacrificial, layer removed at the end of the fabrication in order to release the proofmass  42  from polysilicon electrodes  41  (i.e., FIG. 6 g ).  
         [0144]    When patterning the layers  62  and  63 , as indicated in FIG. 6 d , the proofmass  42  (i.e., substrate  60 ) forms parallel sense capacitors with both sides of the polysilicon electrodes  41 . Electroplating metal on the boron-doped portions  61  of the substrate  60  is shown in FIG. 6 e.    
         [0145]    Without removing one side of the capacitors, net capacitance change is zero as stated before. Deposition of these thin films  62  and  63  is through surface micromachining technology, which defines fine features very accurately without sacrificing area. However, due to finite film thickness, on the order of μm&#39;s, a heavy structure, which is essential for high-sensitivity and low-noise accelerometers, cannot be built unless a large area is consumed. Bulk micromachining enables the thick structure of the proofmass  42  to overcome the limitations caused by surface micromachining.  
         [0146]    Bulk micromachining is preferably performed using ethyl-diamine-pyrazine (EDP). The EDP is a wet etchant which etches silicon along crystallography, which has preferred crystal directionality for etching. The boron-doped silicon is not etched by the etchant such that the proofmass  42  and the rim  44  are protected. Using the directional etching, one side of the electrodes  41  is protected and the other side of them is etched away.  
       A Three-Axis Single-Chip Accelerometer  
       [0147]    One of the single axis accelerometers (i.e.,  40  or  50 ) provides acceleration information for only one axis. In order to fully describe acceleration signals of an arbitrary object, a three-axis accelerometer is required. Currently commercialized three-axis accelerometer systems are assemblies of three one-axis devices. They are not only bulky due to macro-scale assembly, but are also expensive because of adjustment of misalignment among axes after the assembly and customized packaging.  
         [0148]    Using two of the new lateral accelerometers (i.e.,  40  and/or  50 ) for the first time, a fully-integrated, single-chip, three-axis micro-g accelerometer  91  is possible, as indicated in FIG. 9. One Z-axis accelerometer  90 , generally of the type disclosed in the above-noted patents, and two lateral accelerometers  40  can be integrated on a chip to be the three-axis accelerometer  91 . With the all-silicon lateral accelerometer  40  introduced above, which satisfies both high-sensitivity and low-noise, a truly inertial-grade, low cost, three-axis, single-chip accelerometer  91  is provided. All three accelerometers  40 ,  40  and  90  have a full wafer thick proofmass, &gt;1.5 pF/g sensitivity, and sub-μg/{square root}Hz Brownian noise floor [ 29 ].  
         [0149]    The three-axis accelerometer  91  is fabricated monolithically on a single-chip. The fabrication process of the device  91  is identical to that of the lateral devices  40  and  50 . The lateral devices  40  and  50  are designed to be technically fully compatible with the Z-axis device  90 . The three-axis accelerometer  91  is, therefore, able to be built without any further investigation on the fabrication process.  
         [0150]    A preferred approach that has been developed is to use corrugated sense electrodes  80  (rectangular plates) of FIG. 8 rather than just plain flat electrodes. By doing so, one is able to reduce the squeeze film damping significantly while maintaining the sensitivity of a capacitive device. FIG. 8 shows a simple schematic of the proposed idea which describes fluid motion for the corrugated electrode configuration. When the plain, flat parallel plates move toward each other, the fluid between the plates escapes through the shortest path which is either top or bottom of the sense electrodes. When the electrodes are corrugated, however, the fluid between the electrodes  80 , separated by d 0 , moves not toward the top or bottom, but laterally (toward the long edge of each set of rectangular plates  80 ) first. Then, the fluid inside the conduits which are wider (k x d 0 ) than the ones beside them, escapes through the top or bottom because it would experience more difficulty laterally (toward the long edge of the wide conduits). This novel electrode configuration reduces squeeze film damping significantly without compromising sensitivity of capacitive devices.  
         [0151]    The proposed accelerometer has been fabricated successfully. A full wafer thick proofmass (˜500 μm), tall sense/drive electrode (˜70 μm), and narrow sensing gap (˜1 μm) are achieved, which presents the ratio of ˜70 that is comparable to that of Z-axis devices. The fabricated devices have been tested electrostatically. A pull-in voltage of ˜7 V is obtained, which indicates ˜4.36 pF/g sensitivity and it matches well with expected value.  
         [0152]    While embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it is not intended that these embodiments illustrate and describe all possible forms of the invention. Rather, the words used in the specification are words of description rather than limitation, and it is understood that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.