Abstract:
A dental restoration preferably comprises a light-transmissive coping and a porcelain layer. The light-transmissive coping can be formed using a metal fiber layer rather than a solid metal layer. The metal fiber layer preferably consists of a mixture of metal fibers and an opaque bonding material. The metal fiber layer can further be substantially encapsulated between other layers such that non-precious metals may be used without fear of allergic reactions in patients. A method of forming a dental restoration preferably comprises forming a light-transmissive coping and applying a porcelain shell to the coping.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     This invention relates generally to improved dental restorations and methods of producing improved copings for dental restorations. More specifically, this invention relates to a method for easily making copings for dental restorations having improved characteristics and lower cost. It also relates to dental copings having improved characteristics over conventional copings.  
         [0002]     Porcelain is the most widely used material for fabricating dental restorations because the color is similar to natural teeth. There are two primary conventional methods for making dental restorations using porcelain-PFM (porcelain fused to metal), which uses a metal coping, and PJC (porcelain jacket crown), which does not use a metal coping.  
         [0003]     PFM provides a strong and durable restoration. Unfortunately however, although the metal coping provides strength, it also blocks the transmission of light through the dental restoration and casts a visible shadow in the gum tissue of the patient. This visible discoloration of the gum tissue is aesthetically displeasing.  
         [0004]     PJC provides a more aethestically pleasing restoration because it lacks the metal coping and therefore transmits light well. Unfortunately, it is not as strong as PFM and is prone to breaking. While new materials have been developed that provide both strength and light transmission, they are expensive and require specialized equipment such as CAD-CAM, pressing, milling, and/or other complex machinery to process.  
         [0005]     Conventional methods also typically require skilled technicians to create the dental copings and restorations. A conventional process for forming a dental coping is known as the lost wax technique. The lost wax technique entails waxing, investing, casting, and metalwork. These steps require a skilled technician.  
         [0006]     It would be desirable to have an inexpensive, easy to use method for producing copings for strong, light-transmissive dental restorations.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007]     The principles of the present invention preferably combine advantages of the PFM and PJC manufacturing processes to provide strong, light-transmissive copings for dental restorations. The method is also preferably easy to use without the need for expensive, specialized equipment.  
         [0008]     According to a preferred embodiment, this can be accomplished, for instance, by using metal fibers rather than solid metal to create a light-transmissive metal coping. The metal fibers (e.g., metal filings, scrapings, or other small pieces of metal) can be implemented in a paste by mixing them with an opaque-like bonding material (e.g., opaque material). Using metal fibers provides strength without creating the impermeable light barrier created by a solid metal coping. Because light is permitted to pass through, the dental restoration having a coping formed using metal fibers is not as dark as conventional PFM restorations. Accordingly, a dental restoration having a coping formed according to a preferred method is stronger than those formed through the conventional PJC process and more aesthetically pleasing than those formed using the conventional PFM method.  
         [0009]     According to another aspect of the present invention, a method of making a coping for a dental restoration preferably includes forming a refractory die to duplicate a master die. The surface of the refractory die is then preferably sealed with porcelain material and baked. The die is preferably covered with an inner blocking material such as metal fiber oxide and baked again. Next, the die can be covered with a mixture of metal fiber and an opaque material (to a creamy consistency) and baked again. A layer of opaque material is then preferably applied over the metal fiber mixture to seal in the metal oxide of the fibers and baked. The entire surface is then preferably covered with a porcelain material and baked again. Porcelain material is then preferably applied again and baked to compensate for shrinkage. The refractory die material is preferably sandblasted out of the coping to leave a strong, aesthetically pleasing dental coping. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0010]      FIGS. 1-8  are schematic diagrams illustrating a process for making an improved dental coping according to an embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0011]      FIG. 9  is a schematic illustration of an improved dental coping, constructed according to the process of  FIGS. 1-8 ; and  
         [0012]      FIG. 10  is a schematic cutaway view of the improved dental coping of  FIG. 9 , showing a layered structure of the dental coping. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0013]     A preferred process of forming a dental coping  100  (see  FIG. 9 ) according to various principles of the present invention will now be described more fully with reference to  FIGS. 1-8 . Referring to  FIG. 1 , a process for making an improved dental coping preferably begins similar to a conventional method by duplicating a master die of a tooth to create a refractory die  15 . As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the surface of the refractory die  15  is then preferably covered with a porcelain material  16  using a brush or other applicator  18  and then baked in an oven.  
         [0014]     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , the die  15  is then preferably covered beginning a distance “d 1 ” (e.g., approximately 1 mm) above the margin with an opaque inner blocking material  18  (which can assist in sealing in metal fiber oxide) using an applicator  118  and then baked again. As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the die  15  is then preferably covered, beginning a distance “d 2 ” (e.g., approximately 1-2 mm) above the margin, with a mixture  20  of metal fibers and opaque material. The mixture  20  of metal fibers with opaque materials preferably has a creamy consistency. The choice of metals and the mixing ratio of fiber to opaque material can be determined based on a desired strength and opacity for a given patient.  
         [0015]     The metal fibers can, for example, be metal filings. The metal fiber can be any metal, and does not need to be a precious metal. Non-precious metals that form oxides may, in fact, be desirable because the oxides provide increased bonding with porcelain. The metal fibers can also be cross-cut or acid etched to create increased retention with each other and therefore stronger bonding. The metal fibers can also be baked at a high temperature to degas them and remove any contaminants. After application of the metal fiber/opaque mixture layer  20 , the die  15  is then preferably baked again.  
         [0016]     Referring to  FIG. 5 , another layer of opaque material  18 ′ is preferably applied to the die  15  over the area covered by the mixture  20  of metal fiber and opaque material to block the color of metal oxide from the metal fibers applied earlier. The die  15  is then preferably baked again.  
         [0017]     The entire surface of the die  15  is then preferably covered with porcelain material  16 ′, as shown in  FIG. 6 . The die  15  is then baked again. Referring to  FIG. 7 , porcelain material  16 ″ can be reapplied to compensate for shrinkage of the porcelain  16 ′ during the baking process. The die  15  can then be rebaked. This process can be repeated as necessary to obtain the appropriately-sized coping. Once the dental coping  100  has been formed to the desired size, the refractory die material  15  is preferably removed from the coping  100  (for example, through sandblasting using a sandblaster  120 ), as illustrated in  FIG. 8 . During formation of the dental coping  100 , the temperature of the baking processes can be reduced for each subsequent baking process.  
         [0018]      FIGS. 9 and 10  illustrate a dental coping  100  formed using the improved method of  FIGS. 1-8 . Referring to  FIGS. 9 and 10 , a dental coping  100  constructed according to various preferred principles of the present invention, preferably includes a plurality of layers, including, for instance, an opaque material layer  18 , a metal fiber layer  20 , another opaque layer  18 ′, and a porcelain layer  16 ′. An inner porcelain layer  16  can also be provided.  
         [0019]     A dental coping  100  constructed according to the principles of the present invention can provide several benefits over conventional copings. For instance, the above-described method can be implemented without the use of any specialized equipment. Furthermore, the process is simple and easy to perform and therefore does not require a skilled technician to implement. The resulting dental coping  100  therefore provides a strong, aesthetically-pleasing restoration that is relatively inexpensive.  
         [0020]     By incorporating metal fibers into the coping, the restoration is strong and durable. Also, by using metal fibers, coefficients of thermal expansion are less important because the metal fiber layer will be much more forgiving than a solid metal layer. It should also be noted that since the metal fibers are preferably encapsulated within other layers, there is no need to use expensive precious metal alloys (e.g., Au, Pt, Pd based alloys). High noble alloys have been used conventionally because some patients exhibit allergic reactions to other metals. By encapsulating the metal fibers, however, little or no metal is exposed to the patient and the resulting restoration can be made safe for use with all patients regardless of their particular sensitivities to metal or metal oxides. Base alloys are most preferable because they provide better bonding with the porcelain and result in a stronger coping.  
         [0021]     Furthermore, a dental restoration formed using a coping  100  according to the principles described above is aesthetically pleasing because the coping  100  is light-transmissive. By eliminating the solid metal coping of the conventional PFM method, the dark shadows created on a patient&#39;s gum line can be eliminated and the gums thereby retain a brighter, more natural looking appearance.  
         [0022]     Of course, various modifications to the above-described embodiments will also provide the beneficial features of the inventive principles disclosed herein. For instance, the fibers need not be metal fibers and can be any other material that provides strength and durability while permitting light to be transmitted through the resulting structure. In addition, a solid coping material can be used and still provide the aesthetic benefits if it is light-transmissive. Various alternative materials that can be used in fiber and/or non-fiber copings include, for instance, zirconia, quartz, aluminum oxide, ceramic, etc.  
         [0023]     Having described and illustrated the principles of the invention in a preferred embodiment and various alternative embodiments thereof, it should be apparent that the invention can be modified in arrangement and detail without departing from such principles. For instance, various steps of the process may be modified in arrangement, detail, and order, or may be omitted entirely, and still fall within the spirit and scope of this invention. We therefore claim all modifications and variations coming within the spirit and scope of the following claims.