Abstract:
Ultrasonic energy in the form of guided waves is launched into the wall of a fluid-filled container. The guided wave propagates around the circumference of the container from a transmitting transducer to a receiving transducer. Part of the guide wave energy leaks into the fluid in the form of bulk waves, reflects off the inner wall on the other side and enters back to the receiving transducer trailing the direct wave. Analysis of the received waves determines the presence of corrosion pitting and MIC nodules on the container inner wall, and fluid level. In addition, it determines whether foreign objects are inside the container. The guided waves are created with wideband transducers excited at certain frequencies that depend on the material and geometry of the part being measured. The leakage energy is maximized with a shaped tone burst pulse at the specified frequency. The energy and energy ratio of both the direct and leakage fields are measured and related to the container inner wall condition and the presence of any foreign objects in the fluid.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation part of and claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/613,704 Filed Jul. 11, 2000 now U.S Pat. No. 6,367,328 and a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/613,705, filed Jul. 11, 2000 now U.S. Pat No. 6,363,788, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference for all purposes. 
     This application is related to “NONINVASIVE DETECTION OF CORROSION, MIC, AND FOREIGN OBJECTS IN FLUID-FILLED PIPES USING LEAKY GUIDED ULTRASONIC WAVES” by Gorman et al., U.S. Ser. No. 60/143,366, filed Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. 1.71 (e), Applicants note that a portion of this Jul. 12, 1999 and to “NONINVASIVE DETECTION OF CORROSION, MIC, AND FOREIGN OBJECTS IN FLUID-FILLED PIPES USING LEAKY GUIDED ULTRASONIC WAVES” by Gorman et al., U.S. Ser. No. 60/203,661, filed May 12, 2000. This application is also related to “NONINVASVE DETECTION OF CORROSION, MIC, AND FOREIGN OBJECTS IN PIPES USING GUIDED ULTRASONIC WAVES” by Gorman and Ziola, U.S. Ser. No. 60/209,796, filed Jun. 5, 2000 and to “NONINVASIVE DETECTION OF CORROSION, MIC, AND FOREIGN OBJECTS IN PIPES USING GUIDED ULTRASONIC WAVES” by Gorman and Ziola, Ser. No. 09/613,705 filed Jul. 11, 2000. This application claims priority to each of these prior applications, pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §119(e), as well as any other applicable rule or statute. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to noninvasive testing of the internal conditions of fluid-filled containers such as pipes, cylinders, etc., and to novel ultrasound methods for testing these internal conditions. 
     COPYRIGHT NOTICE 
     Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. 1.71 (e), Applicants note that a portion of this disclosure contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Detecting inner wall corrosion in containers such as pipes, conduits, cylinders, tanks, pressure vessels, etc. has been a longstanding concern in many industries. For example, MIC (microbiologically influenced corrosion) in water systems is of particular concern. Microbes live in water everywhere and are difficult to kill. Corrosion pitting, slimy fluid and rusty nodules are often the products of MIC. Such corrosion and foreign objects cause wall thinning and reduction of flow area that are detrimental to the structural performance of pipes or other containers, and can sometimes lead to disastrous consequences. Chemical, petroleum, water utility, fire and power industries have been battling MIC and other forms of internal container (e.g., pipe) corrosion (e.g., in water and other fluid storage and/or conducting systems) for many years. 
     Many nondestructive or noninvasive methods have been applied, with varying degrees of success, to locating MIC and assessing its effects. X-ray and gamma ray radiographs provide images that can be used to gauge the presence of MIC, the amount of occlusion and wall thinning. However, drawbacks of these methods include slow inspection speed, high cost and safety/health concern issues. 
     Ultrasonic thickness gauging is used routinely to measure wall thickness in refinery piping and tanks. Compared to radiography, ultrasound is cheaper and doesn&#39;t emit harmful radiation. A single thickness gauge measurement is much faster than radiography, but it only covers a localized area the size of the transducer used in the measurement. Thus, to obtain the thickness information over a large area, the ultrasonic thickness gauge method may not be as fast as radiographic methods. More importantly, a wall thickness reading at a given point depends on good through-thickness echoes so that an accurate time can be measured. Rough corroded internal wall surface and porous MIC nodules make it difficult to get a valid reading. Often the wall thickness reading is greater than nominal. In some cases, no echoes are available because the ultrasonic energy is simply absorbed or scattered. The ultrasonic thickness gauge is not used to detect the existence of, e.g., slimy fluid either. 
     The present invention overcomes these and other limitations of the prior art by providing new methods, apparatus and integrated systems for measuring features of fluid filled containers (e.g., pipes, tanks, barrels, drums, cylinders, plates and other structures) and a variety of other features that will become apparent upon complete review of the following. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A “leaky guided wave ultrasound” (LGWU) method is provided for fast and reliable detection of features on the internal walls of containers (e.g., pipes, conduits, tanks, barrels, drums, cylinders, plates and other appropriate structures that will be apparent upon further review of the following), such as container wall irregularities, loss of wall material, pitting, corrosion, MIC, or the like, as well as for the detection of foreign objects, e.g., in fluid-filled containers. Material in the pipes, whether deliberate (e.g., container structural features) or unintended (e.g., ice or foreign objects) can also be detected. 
     The methods, devices and systems herein are generally applicable to structures and systems that can be configured to comprise one or more gas, solid or fluid. The methods, systems and devices herein are particularly well-suited to structures and systems comprising fluid filled containers. 
     In the methods of the invention, a transmitting transducer (e.g., placed circumferentially on the outside of the container) excites a guided wave, and part of its energy leaks into a material such as a fluid in a container. The leaking wave travels through the fluid or other material, reflects off the container inner wall and enters the receiving transducer. 
     The LGWU method measures both the direct field, and the leakage field inside the fluid generated by the guided ultrasonic waves. Since the leakage field interacts directly and, typically, only, with the fluid and inner container wall, the LGWU method is able to reliably detect corrosion, MIC and other features on container inner walls (e.g., the insides of pipes), as well as fluid level and composition, including foreign objects inside the fluid. 
     By calibrating against the measured direct field, the LGWU method is not sensitive to the container outside wall surface condition, such as the existence of paint, rust or dust. In addition, a single LGWU measurement covers a significant portion of the circumference of the container. Therefore, as few as two or three LGWU measurement locations can provide approximately 100% inspection coverage of an entire container circumference. Thus, the inspection speed is faster than any prior methods. The LGWU method can also be used to accurately detect fluid level (e.g., whether water, hydrocarbon or other fluid type) in the container, or the existence of ice in the container, e.g., due to frozen condensation water. 
     The present invention also provides devices, apparatus, integrated systems and kits for practicing the methods of the invention. For example, the invention provides an integrated system and/or device for detecting corrosion and MIC on the inner wall of fluid-filled containers such as pipes, foreign objects in the fluid, and/or fluid level using leaky guided wave ultrasound (LGWU). 
     The system/device includes components for performing the method above, such as a transmitting transducer and a receiving transducer or a single pulse-echo transducer configured for placement at circumferential or longitudinal positions of a fluid-filled container, a wave generator or pulser which produces a shaped tone burst pulse at a specified frequency or uses a resonant transducer excited by a spike or rectangular pulse to create the specified frequency and detection modules consisting of a receiving transducer or transducers connected to both digital and analog amplifiers and filters, analog to digital converters controlled by software or firmware and digital electronic storage media for the purpose of measuring both a direct field and a leakage field, software and/or firmware for analyzing the direct and leakage field signals, thereby providing an indication of existence of corrosion and MIC on the container inner wall, foreign objects inside the fluid and fluid level. 
     The guided wave can be excited at a selected frequency and angle to maximize the leakage field for selected container ODs and materials. Other suitable wave characteristics can also be selected or modulated in the methods and systems herein; e.g., the amplitude of a given phase point on the tone bursts can be modulated or selected. 
     The device, apparatus, kit or system can include a computer or computer readable medium having an instruction set for controlling the system e.g., for controlling the transmitting transducer the guided wave generator, or the like. The computer or computer readable medium (or multiple associated computers or computer media) can include other relevant instruction sets, e.g., for measuring the direct field and the leakage field, reporting the results of the measurement to a user, running a graphical display of the relevant results, or the like. Kits can include any of the apparatus or integrated systems elements plus containers for storing the apparatus or system elements, instructions in using the apparatus or integrated systems elements, e.g., to practice the methods herein, packaging, etc. 
     A presently preferred method/system is to use an arbitrary function generator (which, e.g., generates a pulse at a user-defined frequency) in combination with a wideband transducer, so that a range of frequencies can be excited and received. This approach typically uses computer software to control and shape the pulse and frequency along with wideband amplifiers and filters. The system device includes the geometrical configurations and various media that can be used to couple the transducers to the container, tank or structure. 
     Further objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from a consideration of the drawings and description. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic of the LGWU measurement system. 
     FIG. 2 panels A-C is a schematic of three different ways of implementing the LGWU transducer coupling system  3  and  4  in FIG.  1 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DISCUSSION OF THE INVENTION 
     List of Reference Numerals 
     The reference numerals below correspond to elements of the figures. 
       1 —fluid filled pipe or other container 
       3 —transmitting transducer coupling system 
       4 —receiving transducer coupling system 
       5 —arbitrary function generator 
       6 —RF amplifier 
       7 —RF receiver—gain circuitry 
       8 —RF receiver—filter circuitry 
       9 —2-channel A/D converter 
       10 —computer 
       11 —energy field detection/display module comprising LGWU elements 
       12 —wedge shoe 
       13 —water pump 
       14 —vacuum pump 
       15 —contact transducer 
       16 —water bucket 
       17 —rubber wheel 
       18 —immersion transducer 
       19 —Air-coupled transducer 
     INTRODUCTION: GUIDED WAVE ULTRASONIC TESTING 
     Guided ultrasonic waves can be used to overcome the speed limitation of a standard ultrasonic thickness gauge. The standard thickness gauge involves a standard “flashlight” beam pulse-echo ultrasonic testing (UT) at a point, with only one transducer being used as both the transmitter and receiver. 
     In contrast, a guided wave ultrasound (GWU) travels in the areal direction along the axis or circumference of the pipe or other container wall, rather than in the thickness direction. Typically, two transducers placed on the wall surface, several inches apart are used in GWU; one acts as the transmitter and the other as the receiver. 
     The physics of these different approaches is quite different, as might be expected. Standard UT involves bulk or free waves at wavelengths much smaller than the wall thickness, and the waves can be treated as small tight packets travelling inside the wall in the thickness direction. GWU wavelengths are on the order of the wall thickness or greater, and the wave packets occupy the whole wall thickness and travel in the areal direction along the wall. Thus, the GWU can propagate great distances along the wall area only slightly diminished, like light in optical fibers. Bulk waves propagate without dispersion, while GWU waves are dispersive. In GWU, different frequencies in the wave packet propagate at different velocities and pulses will change shape as they travel along. Finally, instead of the two wave modes as in standard UT, there are many modes in GWU. 
     The physics of guided waves was described by Lamb in 1917, and Mindlin in the 1950s &amp; 1960s, but little technology in industrial container testing resulted until the early 1990s. As advanced microprocessors made the difficult GWU computations possible, there was an increased interest in the industrial application of GWU. 
     Currently, there are at least two GWU applications in container testing. The first is the container thickness measurement where the received pulse travels directly from the transmitter to the receiver along the container wall a known distance at a known velocity. Since the spacing between the transmitter and receiver is much greater than the transducer size, the GWU thickness measurement is much faster than the ultrasonic thickness gauge measurement. Note that the GWU wall thickness is an integrated wall thickness over the line between the transmitter and receiver. The other GWU application is for crack detection, e.g., where a single transducer is used as both the transmitter and receiver to listen to the GWU echoes from cracks in the wall. In both cases, the GWU measurements rely on the GWU waves whose energy is distributed through the whole wall thickness. 
     Since the GWU wave energy is distributed through the entire wall thickness, the GWU method is sensitive to both the container inner and outer wall surface conditions. The sensitivity of the GWU measurement to the outer wall surface can be adjusted by varying the wave mode and frequency selected. Paint and dust have little effect on the measurement due to the large impedance and stiffness mismatch to the container material. 
     However, the sensitivity of conventional UT and GWU is limited. MIC nodules, slimy fluid and foreign objects in the container can go undetected since they may not affect the waves. 
     In the present invention, a “leaky guided wave ultrasound” (LGWU) system is utilized. In the system, a transmitting transducer excites a guided wave, and part of its energy leaks into fluid in a pipe or other container. The leaking wave travels through the fluid, reflects off the container inner wall and enters the receiving transducer. The LGWU method measures both the direct field, and the leakage field inside the fluid generated by the guided ultrasonic waves. Since the leakage field interacts directly with the fluid and inner container wall, the LGWU method is able to reliably detect corrosion, MIC and other features on the container inner wall, as well as fluid composition, including foreign objects inside the fluid. 
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     It will be understood that the methods and apparatus herein are used for examining, e.g., the inner walls and contents of any type of container (e.g., any fluid filled container). As used herein, the term “container” is intended broadly to apply to any structure that can be said to encompass a given volume, or even to define a portion of a given volume. Such structures include, without limitation, pipes and other conduits, whether partly or fully open or partly or fully closed, tanks, cylinders, plates, pressure vessels, etc. In general, when specifically referring to any of these (e.g., pipes) herein, it will be appreciated that similar methods, apparatus, devices systems, etc., can be applied to any similar structural form. 
     FIG. 1 shows a basic schematic of a leaky guided wave ultrasound (LGWU) system of the invention. One of skill will recognize a variety of features that may be substituted to achieve essentially similar results; however, for clarity, the following discussion focuses on this basic system. 
     The system, which interfaces, e.g., with fluid filled pipe or other container  1 , comprises transmitting transducer coupling system  3 , receiving transducer coupling system  4 , RF amplifier  6 , RF receiver gain  7  and filter  8  circuitry, computer  10  with plug-in arbitrary function generator  5 , 2-channel A/D converter  9 , and an energy field detection/display module  11 . The output of arbitrary function generator  5  is connected to the input of RF amplifier  6 . This output is optionally input into channel 1 of A/D) converter  9  to provide a reference signal. The RF amplifier  6  output is connected to transmitting transducer  3 . The receiving transducer is connected to the input of the RF receiver gain  7  and filter  8  circuitry. The output of the RF receiver is connected to the channel 2 input of A/ID converter  9 . Energy field detection/display module  11  controls the signal generation, acquisition and display functions. The energy field detection module optionally comprises an analog to digital converter, which converter converts direct or leakage field energy into digital format data. Arbitrary function generator  5  can, e.g., generate a pulse at a user defined frequency. Energy field detection/display module  11  can be e.g., a software module in computer  10 , or module  11  can be a separate device with software elements. 
     Software and/or hardware present in energy field detection/display module  11  (this module can include software, firmware, hardware, or a combination thereof, for data analysis and/or display, including analog and/or digital display formats) controls function generator  5  to generate a tone burst pulse with selectable frequency, amplitude, shape, cycles in the pulse and pulsing rate. As noted, the module can include stand alone software or hardware (e.g., dedicated microprocessor hardware), or, commonly, can simply include software present in computer  10 . The shaped tone burst pulse out of function generator  5  is sent to the channel 1 input of A/D converter  9  and displayed on the computer screen (depicted as the upper trace). The same pulse is also sent e.g., simultaneously, to the input of RF amplifier  6 . After amplification, the pulse is then sent to wideband transmitting transducer  3  to excite the guided wave in the container wall. Part of the excited guided wave leaks into the fluid in the form of a bulk wave (leakage field), while the other part continues its propagation along the circumference in the metal wall (direct field). The leakage wave travels inside the fluid, reflects off the inner wall and enters back to the wideband receiving transducer  4  trailing the direct wave. The received signal is then amplified and filtered by gain  7  and filter  8  circuitry of the RF receiver. 
     The conditioned signal is then sent to channel 2 input of A/D converter  9 , and displayed on the computer screen (depicted as the lower trace). Note that display/software for energy field detection/display module  11  can also define data acquisition parameters such as the A/D rate, total digitized time window, etc. Alternately, these parameters can be controlled separately, e.g., using a different module in computer  10 , or a second computer. 
     A user can create a calibration wave, using the software, for each container wall thickness, diameter, and material. This wave can be displayed, allowing the user to visually compare the calibration wave with the wave from the container being inspected. This is a helpful component of the system, providing accuracy and reliability when in use by trained personnel. It should be noted that this form of display is novel to the present system. 
     For pipes or other containers of different OD and wall thicknesses, a specific group of frequencies and transducer coupling systems is selected to maximize the excitation of the leakage field from the well-known leakage theory of guided waves. The frequency range for LGWU wave generation is between about 100 kHz to about 1.5 MHz, with sensor angles between about 45° and about 70° from the normal to the container surface. The amount of the leakage energy is determined, e.g., by the frequency of the ultrasound, properties of the coupling medium and the wall material and thickness. If corrosion exists on the wall inner surface, both the direct and leakage fields are reduced. If there is an obstruction in the container, the leakage energy is reduced due to blockage and scattering. This phenomenon can be used to detect inner wall container features such as corrosion and MIC nodules on the inner wall, or ice due to frozen condensation water (ice which is free in solution can be detected as well, as a foreign object in the fluid), as well as the presence of denser fluids such as slimy fluid (or less dense fluids, such as hydrocarbon-based fluids), the existence of foreign objects in the fluid (ice, dirt, debris, organic matter, rodents, etc.), as well as fluid level in the container. Data analysis/display software for energy field detection/display module  11  analyzes the direct field energy, the leakage field energy and the ratio of leakage/direct field energy, and then classifies the condition of the container (of course, separate software modules can be substituted in place of a single software module). 
     Generally, the software controls the transmission and reception of the ultrasonic pulse, performs specific analyses to evaluate and categorize the container condition, and displays both raw signals and analysis results in a user friendly format. To measure properly, the type of container is input into a database which can be added to as necessary or desired. This database includes, e.g., the material, schedule and diameter of the container, etc. 
     A feature of the software optionally provides calibration. For example, by selecting a “CAL” button on the screen, a standard waveform for a new container of that material, schedule and diameter is displayed just above that of the container being tested. This provides the operator with a useful visual comparison to supplement the analysis algorithms. This becomes particularly helpful when the container schedule changes unexpectedly, as it often does, e.g., in older systems that have undergone repairs. 
     The following provides a basic flowchart/outline of the operations performed by an exemplar software module: 
     1. Select pipe or other container parameters (schedule and diameter). 
     2. Select measurement, e.g., thickness or obstruction. 
     3. Select calibration waveform (this is optional) 
     4. Acquire data: pulse shape and frequency are downloaded from an internal database; the pulse is sent out of the pulser board in the computer. The pulse is amplified and excites the transmitting transducer. The pulse is detected by the receiving transducer, fed to receiver electronics, and then fed into an analog to digital converter and stored in digital electronic format in the computer. 
     5. Analyze data: received waveform(s) is/are compared with calibration signal(s) and direct waves are compared to energies of multiple leaky waves as well as the direct wave. 
     6. Raw data is displayed as received signal(s) and analysis result(s). 
     7. Stored calibration pulse waveform for good container(s) are displayed. 
     In general, the LGWU method can be used on pipes or other containers without much surface preparation. For each measurement, the direct and leakage fields cover a significant portion of the container circumference. Therefore, only two or three measurements in the circumferential direction are needed to completely inspect the container inner wall and the fluid inside. Thus, the method can be used to determine the amount of any flow restriction as well as the existence of any occlusion in the container. 
     To detect fluid level, one moves the transducers axially above or below the fluid level. If the transducers are below the fluid level, the system records the existence of the leakage field. If above the fluid level, the leakage field is absent. For each axial position, a single measurement is sufficient to detect the existence of fluid inside the container (although, of course, multiple measurements can also be made, if desired). 
     Water-coupled wideband transducers, dry-coupled wideband transducers, and an air-coupled wideband transducer are all examples of appropriate transducers for the present invention. FIG. 2 shows three different ways of implementing LGWU transducer coupling system  3  and  4  in FIG. 1, and many others will be apparent to one of skill, in light of complete review of this disclosure. For the water-coupled system shown in FIG. 2, panel A, contact transducer  15  is mounted on wedge shoe  12  with ultrasonic gel in between. A bottom surface of shoe  12  is machined to match the contour of the container outer surface. In addition, water holes are drilled into the bottom surface. Water tubes are used to connect the water holes to water pump  13  in water bucket/container  16 , and to vacuum pump  14  attached to the side of water bucket/container  16  above water line. Water pump  13  pumps water to the shoe bottom to provide coupling between the wedge shoe and container outer surface. Excess water is sucked up by vacuum pump  14  and flows back into water bucket  16 . For the dry-coupled system shown in FIG. 2, panel B, immersion transducer  18  is placed inside a fluid-filled rubber wheel  17  (it will be appreciated that materials such as polymers, plastics or the like can be substituted for the rubber on the rubber wheel). The wheel rotates while the transducer sits at a fixed angle towards the container. The fluid couples the ultrasound from the sensor to the rubber wheel. The rubber on the outside surface of the wheel deforms to the outside diameter of the container, and is coupled to the container using a small amount of ultrasonic couplant. 
     An air-coupled system like that in FIG. 2, panel C can also be used. Air-coupled transducer  19 , such as an electromagnetic transducer (EMAT), is placed at an appropriate distance above (or otherwise proximal to) the container. 
     The coupling system couples ultrasound out of the transmitting sensor and into the container to become guided waves propagating away from the system along the container wall. At the same time, it also couples the ultrasound traveling towards the receiving coupling system into the receiving transducer. 
     Accordingly, the leaky guided wave ultrasound (LGWU) system provides a fast and reliable device to detect inner wall container features such as corrosion, ice and MIC on the container inner wall, fluidic features such as fluid density and composition, ice, dirt and other foreign objects inside the fluid, and fluid level. These detection abilities are extremely useful in many industrial, commercial and even residential settings, i.e., essentially anywhere fluid filled containers are found. For example, without limitation, fire suppression systems, gas cylinders, water supply and removal (sewage) systems, refineries, water treatment facilities, petroleum supply stations and many others extensively utilize fluid filled containers. 
     As noted, while the above description contains many specific examples, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention, but rather as an exemplification of embodiments thereof. Many other variations are possible and will be apparent to one of skill upon review of this disclosure. For example, one can perform the fluid level detection using a more efficient configuration by placing the transducers axially rather than circumferentially. If the transducers are below the fluid level, the direct wave energy is the smallest due to maximum leakage. On the other hand, if the transducers are above the fluid level, the direct wave energy is the strongest due to the absence of leakage. Another example is to apply the same LGWU system to inspect fluid containers of non-circular shapes, such as cubes and cones (i.e., conic and cubic shapes, or any other regular or irregular shapes). 
     Other uses of the LGWU method include detection of objects or materials inside or behind other structures near or attached to a wall. For example, the trays inside a distillation column, vanes and partitions inside a tank, hat stiffeners in an aircraft wing filled with fuel, reinforcements and other attachments for walls of a fluid container, etc. The advantage of using the LGWU method in those applications is that one can determine whether something is attached to the wall anywhere on the circumference, without having to inspect the entire circumference point by point. This approach is much faster, more reliable and more versatile than standard UT point-by-point methods. 
     Variations of transducer coupling systems  3  and  4 , other than those specifically described above, can also be used. These include, but are not limited to, dry couplant, laser, electrostatic transducers, air scanners, rollers, touch and release fixtures, back reflected energy with a single transducer etc. Similarly, plug-in function generator  5  can comprise or be replaced by a stand-alone analog function generator, and computer  10  with plug-in A/D converter  9  can also be substituted, e.g., by a digital or analog oscilloscope. The system optionally includes an analog energy detector and analog or digital display. 
     The foregoing description of embodiments of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. The description is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. Such modifications and variations which may be apparent to a person skilled in the art are within the scope of this invention. All patent documents and publications cited above are incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes to the same extent as if each item were so individually denoted.