Abstract:
Disclosed is an image forming method for an electrophotographic photoreceptor, comprising: detecting a first streak in a first image; identifying the first streak location; shifting a charge device and marking a second image; identifying a second streak location; comparing the first streak location with the second streak location and determining a distance therebetween; on a first pass, charging a photoreceptor with the charge device; shifting the charge device from a first position to a second position along the photoreceptor corresponding to the distance; and, on a second pass, charging the photoreceptor with the charge device.

Description:
BACKGROUND  
       [0001]     The present device and method relates to forming images by the use of xerographic or electrophotographic processes, which are used in copying machines, printers, etc.  
         [0002]     Heretofore, in the method of image formation by the use of electrophotographic process, streaks can be caused by charge device failures. A common failure mode for charge devices creates streaks on prints due to local contaminants on the charge device. The streak defect is due to insufficient charging at the location of the contaminant on the charging element (wire, pin, etc.). If left alone these failures become more severe with additional usage. Various cleaning devices have been used in an attempt to prevent the build up of contaminants and to remove contaminant deposits from the charge device charging elements (wires, pins, etc.).  
         [0003]     The present disclosure proposes a device and method for recovery from a streak defect caused by charge device failures. The present disclosure provides a method of forming images, and an apparatus used therefor, whereby images with improved image quality and high durability can stably be obtained even during repeated image-forming operations without causing degradation in the image due to streaks caused by charge device failures.  
       CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0004]     The following applications, the disclosures of each being totally incorporated herein by reference are mentioned:  
         [0005]     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/631,651 (Attorney Docket No. 20031830-US-PSP), filed Nov. 30, 2004, entitled “TIGHTLY INTEGRATED PARALLEL PRINTING ARCHITECTURE MAKING USE OF COMBINED COLOR AND MONOCHROME ENGINES,” by David G. Anderson, et al.;  
         [0006]     U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/631,918 (Attorney Docket No. 20031867-US-PSP), filed Nov. 30, 2004, entitled “PRINTING SYSTEM WITH MULTIPLE OPERATIONS FOR FINAL APPEARANCE AND PERMANENCE,” by David G. Anderson et al.;  
         [0007]     U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/631,921 (Attorney Docket No. 20031867Q-US-PSP), filed Nov. 30, 2004, entitled “PRINTING SYSTEM WITH MULTIPLE OPERATIONS FOR FINAL APPEARANCE AND PERMANENCE,” by David G. Anderson et al.; U.S. application Ser. No. 10/761,522 (Attorney Docket A2423-US-NP), filed Jan. 21, 2004, entitled “HIGH RATE PRINT MERGING AND FINISHING SYSTEM FOR PARALLEL PRINTING,” by Barry P. Mandel, et al.;  
         [0008]     U.S. application Ser. No. 10/785,211 (Attorney Docket A3249P1-US-NP), filed Feb. 24, 2004, entitled “UNIVERSAL FLEXIBLE PLURAL PRINTER TO PLURAL FINISHER SHEET INTEGRATION SYSTEM,” by Robert M. Lofthus, et al.;  
         [0009]     U.S. application Ser. No. 10/881,619 (Attorney Docket A0723-US-NP), filed Jun. 30, 2004, entitled “FLEXIBLE PAPER PATH USING MULTIDIRECTIONAL PATH MODULES,” by Daniel G. Bobrow.;  
         [0010]     U.S. application Ser. No. 10/917,676 (Attorney Docket A3404-US-NP), filed Aug. 13, 2004, entitled “MULTIPLE OBJECT SOURCES CONTROLLED AND/OR SELECTED BASED ON A COMMON SENSOR,” by Robert M. Lofthus, et al.;  
         [0011]     U.S. application Ser. No. 10/917,768 (Attorney Docket 20040184-US-NP), filed Aug. 13, 2004, entitled “PARALLEL PRINTING ARCHITECTURE CONSISTING OF CONTAINERIZED IMAGE MARKING ENGINES AND MEDIA FEEDER MODULES,” by Robert M. Lofthus, et al.;  
         [0012]     U.S. application Ser. No. 10/924,106 (Attorney Docket A4050-US-NP), filed Aug. 23, 2004, entitled “PRINTING SYSTEM WITH HORIZONTAL HIGHWAY AND SINGLE PASS DUPLEX,” by Lofthus, et al.;  
         [0013]     U.S. application Ser. No. 10/924,113 (Attorney Docket A3190-US-NP), filed Aug. 23, 2004, entitled “PRINTING SYSTEM WITH INVERTER DISPOSED FOR MEDIA VELOCITY BUFFERING AND REGISTRATION,” by Joannes N. M. deJong, et al.;  
         [0014]     U.S. application Ser. No. 10/924,458 (Attorney Docket A3548-US-NP), filed Aug. 23, 2004, entitled “PRINT SEQUENCE SCHEDULING FOR RELIABILITY,” by Robert M. Lofthus, et al.;  
         [0015]     U.S. application Ser. No. 10/924,459 (Attorney Docket No. A3419-US-NP), filed Aug. 23, 2004, entitled “PARALLEL PRINTING ARCHITECTURE USING IMAGE MARKING ENGINE MODULES (as amended),” by Barry P. Mandel, et al;  
         [0016]     U.S. application Ser. No. 10/933,556 (Attorney Docket No. A3405-US-NP), filed Sep. 3, 2004, entitled “SUBSTRATE INVERTER SYSTEMS AND METHODS,” by Stan A. Spencer, et al.;  
         [0017]     U.S. application Ser. No. 10/953,953 (Attorney Docket No. A3546-US-NP), filed Sep. 29, 2004, entitled “CUSTOMIZED SET POINT CONTROL FOR OUTPUT STABILITY IN A TIPP ARCHITECTURE,” by Charles A. Radulski et al.;  
         [0018]     U.S. application Ser. No. 10/999,326 (Attorney Docket 20040314-US-NP), filed Nov. 30, 2004, entitled “SEMI-AUTOMATIC IMAGE QUALITY ADJUSTMENT FOR MULTIPLE MARKING ENGINE SYSTEMS,” by Robert E. Grace, et al.;  
         [0019]     U.S. application Ser. No. 10/999,450 (Attorney Docket No. 20040985-US-NP), filed Nov. 30, 2004, entitled “ADDRESSABLE FUSING FOR AN INTEGRATED PRINTING SYSTEM,” by Robert M. Lofthus, et al.;  
         [0020]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/000,158 (Attorney Docket No. 20040503-US-NP), filed Nov. 30, 2004, entitled “GLOSSING SYSTEM FOR USE IN A TIPP ARCHITECTURE,” by Bryan J. Roof; U.S. application Ser. No. 11/000,168 (Attorney Docket No. 20021985-US-NP), filed Nov. 30, 2004, entitled “ADDRESSABLE FUSING AND HEATING METHODS AND APPARATUS,” by David K. Biegelsen, et al.; U.S. application Ser. No. 11/000,258 (Attorney Docket No. 20040503Q-US-NP), filed Nov. 30, 2004, entitled “GLOSSING SYSTEM FOR USE INT A TIPP ARCHITECTURE,” by Bryan J. Roof; U.S. application Ser. No. 11/001,890 (Attorney Docket A2423-US-DIV), filed Dec. 2, 2004, entitled “HIGH RATE PRINT MERGING AND FINISHING SYSTEM FOR PARALLEL PRINTING,” by Robert M. Lofthus, et al.;  
         [0021]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/002,528 (Attorney Docket A2423-US-DIV1), filed Dec. 2, 2004, entitled “HIGH RATE PRINT MERGING AND FINISHING SYSTEM FOR PARALLEL PRINTING,” by Robert M. Lofthus, et al.;  
         [0022]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/051,817 (Attorney Docket 20040447-US-NP), filed Feb. 4, 2005, entitled “PRINTING SYSTEMS,” by Steven R. Moore, et al.;  
         [0023]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/069,020 (Attorney Docket 20040744-US-NP), filed Feb. 28, 2004, entitled “PRINTING SYSTEMS,” by Robert M. Lofthus, et al.;  
         [0024]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/070,681 (Attorney Docket 20031659-US-NP), filed Mar. 2, 2005, entitled “GRAY BALANCE FOR A PRINTING SYSTEM OF MULTIPLE MARKING ENGINES,” by R. Enrique Viturro, et al.;  
         [0025]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/081,473 (Attorney Docket 20040448-US-NP), filed Mar. 16, 2005, entitled “PRINTTING SYSTEM,” by Steven R. Moore;  
         [0026]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/084,280 (Attorney Docket 20040974-US-NP), filed Mar. 18, 2005, entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR MEASURING UNIFORMITY IN IMAGES,” by Howard Mizes;  
         [0027]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/089,854 (Attorney Docket 20040241-US-NP), filed Mar. 25, 2005, entitled “SHEET REGISTRATION WITHIN A MEDIA INTVERTER,” by Robert A. Clark et al.;  
         [0028]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/090,498 (Attorney Docket 20040619-US-NP), filed Mar. 25, 2005, entitled “INVERTER WITH RETURN/BYPASS PAPER PATH,” by Robert A. Clark;  
         [0029]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/090,502 (Attorney Docket 20031468-US-NP), filed Mar. 25, 2005, entitled IMAGE QUALITY CONTROL METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MULTIPLE MARKING ENGINE SYSTEMS,” by Michael C. Mongeon;  
         [0030]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/093,229 (Attorney Docket 20040677-US-NP), filed Mar. 29, 2005, entitled “PRINTING SYSTEM,” by Paul C. Julien;  
         [0031]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/095,872 (Attorney Docket 20040676-US-NP), filed Mar. 31, 2005, entitled “PRINTING SYSTEM,” by Paul C. Julien;  
         [0032]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/094,864 (Attorney Docket 20040971-US-NP), filed Mar. 31, 2005, entitled “PRINTING SYSTEM,” by Jeremy C. dejong, et al.;  
         [0033]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/095,378 (Attorney Docket 20040446-US-NP), filed Mar. 31, 2005, entitled “IMAGE ON PAPER REGISTRATION ALIGNMENT,” by Steven R. Moore, et al.;  
         [0034]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/094,998 (Attorney Docket 20031520-US-NP), filed Mar. 31, 2005, entitled “PARALLEL PRINTING ARCHITECTURE WITH PARALLEL HORIZONTAL PRINTING MODULES,” by Steven R. Moore, et al.;  
         [0035]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/102,899 (Attorney Docket 20041209-US-NP), filed Apr. 8, 2005, entitled “SYNCHRONIZATION IN A DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM,” by Lara S. Crawford, et al.;  
         [0036]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/102,910 (Attorney Docket 20041210-US-NP), filed Apr. 8, 2005, entitled “COORDINATION IN A DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM,” by Lara S. Crawford, et al.;  
         [0037]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/102,355 (Attorney Docket 20041213-US-NP), filed Apr. 8, 2005, entitled “COMMUNICATION IN A DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM,” by Markus P. J. Frornherz, et al.;  
         [0038]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/102,332 (Attorney Docket 20041214-US-NP), filed Apr. 8, 2005, entitled “ON-THE-FLY STATE SYNCHRONIZATION IN A DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM,” by Haitham A. Hindi;  
         [0039]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/109,558 (Attorney Docket 19971059-US-NP), filed Apr. 19, 2005, entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR REDUCING IMAGE REGISTRATION ERRORS,” by Michael R. Furst et al.;  
         [0040]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/109,566 (Attorney Docket 20032019-US-NP), filed Apr. 19, 2005, entitled “MEDIA TRANSPORT SYSTEM,” by Mandel et al.;  
         [0041]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/109,996 (Attorney Docket 20040704-US-NP), filed Apr. 20, 2005, entitled “PRINTING SYSTEMS,” by Michael C. Mongeon et al.;  
         [0042]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/115,766 (Attorney Docket 20040656-US-NP, Filed Apr. 27, 2005, entitled “IMAGE QUALITY ADJUSTMENT METHOD AND SYSTEM,” by Robert E. Grace;  
         [0043]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/122,420 (Attorney Docket 20041149-US-NP), filed May 5, 2005, entitled “PRINTING SYSTEM AND SCHEDULING METHOD,” by Austin L. Richards;  
         [0044]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/136,821 (Attorney Docket 20041238-US-NP), filed May 25, 2005, entitled “AUTOMATED PROMOTION OF MONOCHROME JOBS FOR HLC PRODUCTION PRINTERS,” by David C. Robinson;  
         [0045]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/136,959 (Attorney Docket 20040649-US-NP), filed May 25, 2005, entitled “PRINTING SYSTEMS”, by Kristine A. German et al.;  
         [0046]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/137,634 (Attorney Docket 20050281-US-NP), filed May 25, 2005, entitled “PRINTING SYSTEM”, by Robert M. Lofthus et al.;  
         [0047]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/137,251 (Attorney Docket 20050382-US-NP), filed May 25, 2005, entitled “SCHEDULING SYSTEM”, by Robert M. Lofthus et al.;  
         [0048]     U.S. C-I-P application Ser. No. 11/137,273 (Attorney Docket A3546-US-CIP), filed May 25, 2005, entitled “PRINTING SYSTEM”, by David G. Anderson et al.;  
         [0049]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/______ (Attorney Docket 200400621-US-NP), filed Jun. 2, 2005, entitled “INTER-SEPARATION DECORRELATOR”, by Edul N. Dalal et al.;  
         [0050]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/______ (Attorney Docket 20041296-US-NP), filed Jun. 7, 2005, entitled “LOW COST ADJUSTMENT METHOD FOR PRINTING SYSTEMS”, by Michael C. Mongeon;  
         [0051]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/______ (Attorney Docket 20040506-US-NP), filed Jun. 14, 2005, entitled “WARM-UP OF MULTIPLE INTEGRATED MARKING ENGINES”, by Bryan J. Roof et al.;  
         [0052]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/______ (Attorney Docket 20040573-US-NP), filed Jun. 20, 2005, entitled “PRINTING PLATFORM”, by Joseph A. Swift;  
         [0053]     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/______ (Attorney Docket 20041435-US-NP), filed Jun. 21, 2005, entitled “METHOD OF ORDERING JOB QUEUE OF MARKING SYSTEMS”, by Neil A. Frankel.  
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION  
       [0054]     In accordance with the present description, there is disclosed an image forming method for an electrophotographic photoreceptor, comprising: detecting a first streak in a first image; identifying the first streak location; shifting a charge device and marking a second image; identifying a second streak location; comparing the first streak location with the second streak location and determining a distance therebetween; on a first pass, charging a photoreceptor with the charge device; shifting the charge device from a first position to a second position along the photoreceptor corresponding to the distance; and, on a second pass, charging the photoreceptor with the charge device.  
         [0055]     In accordance with another aspect of the present description, a printing system is provided comprising: a charge device adapted for charging the surface of a photoreceptor; the photoreceptor includes a central axis therethrough; the charge device includes a length of travel for translating along another axis parallel to the central axis; the charge device includes a first end having a first shield; and, the charge device includes a second end having a second shield, the first shield opposed to the second shield wherein the first and second shields adapted to prevent arcing of the charge device with the photoreceptor.  
         [0056]     In accordance with yet a further aspect, a xerographic method is provided comprising: detecting a first streak in a first image; identifying the first streak location; selecting a first color charge device from a plurality of color charge devices; shifting the first color charge device associated with one photoreceptor and marking a second image; identifying a second streak location; comparing the first streak location with the second streak location and determining a distance therebetween; on a first pass, charging a photoreceptor with the plurality of color charge devices; shifting the first color charge device from a first position to a second position along the photoreceptor corresponding to the distance; and, on a second pass, charging the photoreceptor with the first color charge device. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS  
       [0057]      FIG. 1  is a structural schematic view displaying the mechanism of the photoreceptor according to the present disclosure; and,  
         [0058]      FIG. 2  is a flow chart explaining the method according to the present disclosure. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0059]     The present disclosure provides a method for recovery from a streak defect caused by charge device failures. The recovery is enabled by implementing two photoreceptor passes under the charge device. On the second pass the charge device is shifted in its inboard-outboard position so that the defective area aligns with an operating portion of the device. The print defect can be detected by a machine sensor and the charge device can be shifted automatically until the sensor no longer detects the defect. Alternatively, the user could detect the defect and be instructed by the machine or printer through a process to determine the amount of shift. This remedy is intended to provide the user with good print quality and continued up time, although at half speed, until a repair can be made to permanently correct the problem. The charge device shift capability can also be used in diagnostic procedures to identify the cause of the defect.  
         [0060]     The following process steps describe the operation and apparatus for implementing recovery from streak defects caused by localized charge device failures.  FIG. 1  shows a schematic structural drawing of a xerographic process  1 . In  FIG. 1 , numerical symbol  10  denotes a photoreceptor which rotates in the direction of the arrow  9 . It is to be appreciated that the photoreceptor can be either a drum type or a belt type photoreceptor. An electrification or charge device  11  confers uniform electric charge on the above-mentioned photoreceptor  10 . This charge device  11  may be a corona discharging and/or electrification device, a roller electrification device or a magnetic brush electrification device. An analogue image-exposure or a digital image exposure is denoted at  12 . By utilizing the image exposure  12 , an electrostatic latent image is formed on the surface of the photoreceptor  10 . This electrostatic latent image can be developed by either contact developing process or non-contact developing process, by using a developing unit  13  containing a developer, which may be either a one-component-type or a two-component-type developer, thus so as to form a toner image on the above-mentioned photoreceptor  10 . The toner image can be electrostatically transferred onto a transfer material p with a transfer device  14  (transfer device using corona discharger or a roller transfer device), separated with a separation electrode  15  and transported to a fixing or fusing unit  17  by a transport means  16 , thereby to fix the transferred toner image.  
         [0061]     After transfer of the toner image, the surface of the photoreceptor  10  can be subjected to discharge with a discharging device  18  and, then cleaned by contacting with a cleaning blade  19  in the counter direction to that of the above-mentioned photoreceptor  10 . Then, the surface of the photoreceptor can be discharged by a discharging lamp  20  so as to enter in the stand-by condition for preparing next image formation.  
         [0062]     The failure recovery process includes detecting streak failures on prints. Output print quality sensors  30  can be a full width array sensor or other sensing scheme including the user&#39;s visual observation. Once the location of the streak failures are noted, the failure location(s) can be retained in machine memory or the user can retain original defective prints. In order to recover from the streak defect, the charge device can be shifted in the inboard-outboard directions along an axis  32 . Axis  32  is parallel to and offset from a central axis  34  extending through photoreceptor  10 . It is to be appreciated that the dimension or amount of shift to the charge device will be at least as much as the width of the streak. Although the shift dimension is variable and responsive to the width of the streak to be corrected, the typical dimension of shift will be on the order of 4-12 mm.  
         [0063]     The charge device  11  can have a shield  38  on each end to prevent arcing when one of the ends of the charge device  1 , after shifting, is positioned over grounding elements (not illustrated) at opposing ends of the photoreceptor  10 .  
         [0064]     The location of streak failure after charge device shift is noted. The failure location can be retained in machine memory or customer can retain original defective prints. The original failure location can be compared to location after charge shift. If the location did not change by shift dimension, then the streak defect is due to a cause other than the charging device.  
         [0065]     If the charge device  11  is the cause of the failure, then the machine operates in two pass charging mode. A remedial shift dimension is determined. The magnitude of shift is determined by referring to original streak location from the sensor  30 . The shift will move the defect into a defect free region.  
         [0066]     The first pass of the charge device  11  provides for normal charging, in a first position, without imaging, development, or cleaning. Normal charging is provided in the original or starting position for the charge device  1 . The development is disabled including bias change, brush roll-back, cam housing away, etc. The transfer device  14  is also disabled. Additionally, cleaning is disabled including, for example, restricting action for blade cleaner  19 , possible bias change for ESB cleaner, and change to charge bias polarity.  
         [0067]     The second pass provides for normal charging in a second position, i.e. shifted device position. The charging can then be followed by normal imaging, developing, transferring, and cleaning. The resultant output print image can then be reviewed in order to verify that the defect has been eliminated. The verification can be by way of sensor  30  or user observation.  
         [0068]     The first pass charges the photoreceptor uniformly except in the local areas of charge device failure. In these areas the photoreceptor is uncharged or charged to a low level. In a discharge area development (DAD) system this will result in the development of streaks of toner across the print in the process direction. A charge area development (CAD) system will exhibit light streaks across the print. For the first charging pass all of the other xerographic elements must be disabled to the extent that they do not significantly modify the photoreceptor charge level or uniformity.  
         [0069]     The second charging pass returns to normal xerographic operation with the exception that the charge device is shifted. Most of the photoreceptor surface will be fully charged as the photoreceptor enters the charger for the second pass. Since the defects in the charger are no longer aligned to the low charge areas on the photoreceptor, the low charged areas are brought up to full charge on the second pass. Following the second charging pass the photoreceptor charge uniformity will be improved. It is to be appreciated that the charge device includes a charging width (not illustrated) and the photoreceptor includes a charging region (not illustrated). The charging width dimension is greater or larger than the charging region in order to enable photoreceptor charge uniformity over the entire charging region.  
         [0070]     In color xerographic systems the missing or additional color streak in the output print will indicate which color charger has failed. Similar to the above described method, a first color charge device can be selected from a plurality of color charge devices (i.e. four color charge devices) for shifting and charging along a photoreceptor. Likewise, each of the other color charge devices, from the plurality of charge devices, can charge the photoreceptor on a first pass and can then be shifted for subsequent charging on a second pass.  
         [0071]     The implementation of the aforementioned process can be automatic. The quality of the output prints can be continuously monitored with sensors  30 . When a streak defect is detected the cause of the defect is traced to the charge device  11  by shifting the device. A shift in the defect on the print by the amount that the charge device shifts indicates the charge device  11  is a fault. The machine logic can automatically determine a charge device shift amount that will result in elimination of streak defects with two pass charging. The machine timing is changed to disable elements not needed during the first pass and enable them again on the second charging pass. The machine advises the user that a defect has been detected and has been corrected by running the machine at half speed. The user can continue to run the machine in the normal manner with the exception of the decrease in productivity. The user is also advised to call for service so that a repair can be made to eliminate the streak defect and return the machine to full productivity.  
         [0072]     The above described process can alternatively be implemented without an output print quality sensor  30  or scanner. In this alternative process, the user manually (visually) performs the print quality function. The user can verify the charge device as the failure cause by comparing locations of the print defect before and after charge device shifting. The user can then vary the charge device shift until the defect is eliminated when running in two pass charging mode. The user can be assisted through the review steps by machine prompts.  
         [0073]     The capability of shifting the charge device, especially with the output quality sensor scanner  30 , provides an opportunity for self-diagnosis of faults by the machine. It also simplifies diagnostic procedures for the service of the xerographic machine. By running in a two pass charging mode, the user is provided with a machine that is ‘never’ down. The productivity is albeit reduced until the charging device failure can be permanently repaired. The two pass charging mode continues to allow high quality prints to be made.  
         [0074]     The above described process can enable half-speed never down operation in the event of, for example, coronode point defects and can improve reliability. The process is particularly adapted to correct low-charging regions. It is to be appreciated that the process can enable, for example, an integrated pair of printers to run at three quarter speed (75% of normal output), i.e. one printer at full speed and one printer at half speed.  
         [0075]     It will be appreciated that various of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be desirably combined into many other different systems or applications. Also that various presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art which are also intended to be encompassed by the following claims.