Abstract:
A method for fabricating a semiconductor device includes providing a semiconductor substrate comprising a patterned metal conductor layer. To provide UV blocking, an overlying separation layer is formed over the substrate, and a UV blocking layer of silicon enriched oxide is formed over the separation layer. The UV blocking layer has a silicon atomic concentration sufficient for ultraviolet blocking. A gap-filling, hydrogen-blocking layer may be formed over the semiconductor substrate, and any the UV blocking layer, to prevent hydrogen from passing therethrough.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO OTHER APPLICATIONS 
     This application relates to the following U.S. patent applications, each of which is assigned to the assignee of the present application: application Ser. No. 10/858,352, entitled Ultraviolet Blocking Layer, of inventors Chien Hung Lu and Chin Ta Su, filed on 1 Jun. 2004, issued on 2 Jan. 2007 as U.S. Pat. No. 7,157,331; application Ser. No. 11/116,719, entitled Ultraviolet Blocking Layer, of inventors Tuung Luoh, Ling-Wuu Yang, and Kuang-Chao Chen, filed on 28 Apr. 2005, published on 26 Jan. 2006 as U.S. 2006-0019500-A1; and application Ser. No. 11/352,169, entitled UV Blocking and Crack Protecting Passivation Layer, of inventors Chien Hung Lu and Chin Ta Su, filed on the same day as this application. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     Various embodiments relate in general to semiconductor devices and to processes for fabricating semiconductor devices. More particularly, various embodiments relate to semiconductors having a passivation layer including one or both of an ultraviolet radiation (UV) blocking layer and a compressively stressed, crack-preventing layer and also to processes for fabricating such semiconductor devices. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     As device geometry has continued to shrink, dimensional requirements of devices become more exacting while the aspect ratios of etching or gap filling rise. Plasma process technology is indispensable for ULSI fabrication that meets these demands. Examples of plasma process applications include plasma implantation, plasma sputtering, physical vapor deposition (PVD), dry etching, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), for example, plasma assisted CVD, plasma-enhancement CVD, and high-density plasma CVD. During plasma processing, photons are generated with wavelengths in and above the UV spectrum. 
     Passivation layers are typically deposited, using plasma processes, over the top of the wafer after the final patterned conductor layer has been made. The passivation layer is used to protect the device structures from mechanical damage, such as scratching, as well as chemical damage, such as from moisture and other contaminants. With some types of devices it is important that the passivation layer permit the passage of UV to the device; for example, some flash memory devices need a UV-erase process to erase the initial charge within the floating gate. However, with many other devices and structures it is necessary to prevent the passage of UV to the devices or structures, such as through the passivation layer. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/858,352 entitled Ultraviolet Blocking Layer discloses the use of a super silicon rich oxide layer as a UV blocking layer. The disclosure of this application as it relates to the theory, composition and process steps involved in the deposition of a UV blocking layer is incorporated by reference. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A first aspect of the invention is directed to a method for fabricating a semiconductor device having an ultraviolet (UV) blocking layer. A semiconductor substrate, comprising a patterned metal conductor layer, is provided. A separation layer is formed to overlie the semiconductor substrate and patterned metal conductor layer. A UV blocking layer of silicon enriched oxide is formed to overlying said separation layer. The UV blocking layer forming step is carried out so that the UV blocking layer has a silicon atomic concentration sufficient for ultraviolet blocking. According to some methods of the invention, the UV blocking layer forming step may be carried out so that the silicon atomic concentration is at least about 70% and preferably is at least about 85%. The UV blocking layer forming step may be carried out so that the UV blocking layer has an extinction coefficient of at least 1.3 for a range of wavelengths less than 400 nanometers. The UV blocking layer forming step may be carried out so that the UV blocking layer has a ratio of silicon concentration to oxygen concentration of at least about 10. The UV blocking layer forming step may be carried out so that the UV blocking layer blocks at least 70%, and preferably 90%, of radiation having a wavelength of 400 nm or less. A gap-filling, hydrogen-blocking layer may be formed over the UV blocking layer to prevent hydrogen from passing therethrough. A compressively stressed layer may be formed over the gap-filling, hydrogen-blocking layer to help prevent cracks therein. 
     A second aspect of the invention is directed to a method for fabricating a semiconductor device having a crack protecting, hydrogen-blocking passivation layer. A semiconductor substrate, comprising a patterned conductor layer, is provided. A passivation layer is formed overlying the semiconductor substrate and the patterned conductor layer. The passivation layer forming step comprises forming a gap-filling, hydrogen-blocking layer over the semiconductor substrate and patterned conductor layer, the gap-filling, hydrogen-blocking layer forming step being carried out so that the gap-filling, hydrogen-blocking layer is constructed to prevent hydrogen from passing therethrough. The passivation layer forming step also comprises forming a compressively stressed layer overlying the gap-filling, hydrogen-blocking layer to help prevent cracks in the passivation layer. According to some methods on the invention, the hydrogen-blocking layer forming step is carried out so that the gap-filling, hydrogen-blocking layer has a silicon atomic concentration of 40%-60%. The hydrogen-blocking layer forming step may be carried out so that the gap-filling, hydrogen-blocking layer has a refraction index (RI) of at least about 1.5 at a wavelength of 248 nm. 
     Various features and advantages of the invention will appear from the following description in which the preferred embodiments have been set forth in detail in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The drawing FIGURE is a simplified cross-sectional view of a portion of a semiconductor device made according to the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The following description of the invention will typically be with reference to specific structural embodiments and methods. It is to be understood that there is no intention to limit the invention to the specifically disclosed embodiments but that the invention may be practiced using other features, elements, methods and embodiments. 
     The use of a super silicon rich oxide layer as a UV protection layer to block UV may create a bridge issue when used with a patterned metal conductor layer. The high concentration of silicon in the UV protection layer can result in metal atoms, such as aluminum, diffusing from the metal conductor layer into the silicon rich UV protection layer creating a metal bridge defect. The present invention addresses this issue. Another issue with regard to passivation layers relates to cracking of the passivation layer. The present invention also addresses this passivation layer cracking issue. 
     Ultraviolet radiation includes electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths no longer than 400 nm. A subset of one or more wavelengths no longer than 400 nm is a range of wavelengths less than 400 nm. 
     The Beer-Lambert Law describes the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by a layer as follows:
 
 I=I 0 *e−αd  
 
     where: I 0  represents the initial intensity of the electromagnetic radiation prior to transiting the layer; I represents the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation once having transited the layer, d represents the layer thickness; and α represents the absorption coefficient. 
     The ratio (I/I 0 ) indicates the percentage of electromagnetic radiation that successfully transits the layer. 
     The absorption coefficient can also be expressed as follows:
 
α=(4π K )/λ
 
     where K represents the extinction coefficient and λ represents the wavelength. The extinction coefficient K is a dimensionless quantity. 
       FIG. 1  is a simplified cross-sectional view of a portion of a semiconductor device  10  made according to the invention. Device  10  includes a substrate  12  upon which a patterned metal conductor layer  14  has been deposited. Layer  14  includes conductors  16 ,  18  having a height  20  separated by spacing  22  to create a gap  24  between conductors  16 ,  18 . 
     The passivation layer for device  10  begins with a separation layer  26  deposited on substrate  12  and layer  14 . Separation layer  26  is preferably made of SiON. Next, a UV protection layer  28  is deposited on separation layer  26 . Layer  28  is a high Si content oxide layer, sometimes called silicon rich oxide or Super Si Rich Oxide (SSRO). Its silicon atomic concentration is at least 70% and preferably more than 85%. Layer  28  has an extinction coefficient (K) of at least about 1.3 for a range of wavelengths less than 400 nm; in one preferred embodiment layer  28  has an extinction coefficient (K) of approximately 1.7 at a wavelength of 248 nm. UV protection layer  28  has a ratio of silicon concentration to oxygen concentration sufficient for ultraviolet blocking; this ratio is preferably at least about 10. This Si-rich oxide layer  28  is used to prevent UV light damage to the semiconductor components of device  10  by virtue of its high extinction coefficient property. Therefore, the effectiveness of the SSRO liner (layer  28 ) to block UV can be defined by one or more of the following: (1) an Si atomic concentration of greater than 70% and preferably greater than 85%, (2) an extinction coefficient (K) of at least about 1.3 for a range of wavelengths less than 400 nm, and preferably at least 1.7 at 248 nm, and (3) a ratio of silicon concentration to oxygen concentration of at least about 10. The extinction coefficient technique is typically preferred to monitor the process. However, Si atomic concentration technique or the silicon to oxygen concentration ratio technique may be preferred to check product samples. 
     It has been found that because of the high concentration of Si in UV protection layer  28 , without the use of separation layer  26  metal atoms from patterned metal conductor layer  14 , such as Al atoms, will tend to diffuse into layer  28  creating a bridge defect. Separation layer  26  is therefore used to separate the SSRO layer  28  from patterned metal conductor layer  14 . Doing so helps to prevent diffusion of the metal atoms from patterned metal conductor layer  14  into UV protection layer  28  thus helping to eliminate the metal bridge issue. 
     Next, a gap-filling, hydrogen-blocking layer  30  is deposited on layer  28 . Layer  30  is a silicon rich oxide layer (sometimes called Si Rich Oxide or SRO). The Si atomic concentration of SRO layer  30  is typically much lower, such as about 30-50% lower, than the Si atomic concentration of SSRO layer  28 . In some embodiments the silicon atomic concentration of SRO layer  30  may be 40% to 60%. Because of its higher Si concentration, layer  30  blocks hydrogen better than general SiO2, general SiO2 typically having a silicon atomic concentration of about 35%. It is preferred that the aspect ratio, that is height  20  to spacing  22  of conductors  16 ,  18  be less than 3 to help ensure that layer  30  fills in gap  24 . 
     The refractive index RI (n=C 0 /C, where C 0  is the speed of light in free space, C is the speed of light in the medium) is often used to monitor oxide film for its ability to block hydrogen. The Si dangling bonds in Si-rich oxide films are what block hydrogen. The greater the amount of silicon in the oxide film, the higher the n-value (refractive index). Therefore, a higher n-value implies an oxide film with a higher silicon concentration, more Si dangling bonds and thus a greater ability to block hydrogen. SRO layer  30  may have a refraction index (RI) of at least about 1.5, and preferably at least about 1.6, when the wavelength is 248 nm. 
     Finally, a compressively stressed layer  32 , typically made of SiON, is deposited on layer  30 . The combination of layers  26 ,  28 ,  30  and  32  constitute, in this embodiment, a passivation layer  34 . The amount of the compressive stress within layer  32  can be adjusted in conventional manners by changing process conditions. The provision of appropriate compressive stresses in layer  32  helps to prevent cracking in passivation layer  34 . Further processing steps can be accomplished after deposition of layer  32 . For example, a photoresist may be deposited on layer  32  and then etched to expose, for example, wire bond pads. 
     SSRO layer  28  need not completely block all UV to successfully serve as a UV blocking layer. SSRO layer  28  needs to provide sufficient UV blocking to protect underlying features from UV damage in the particular manufacturing flow. However, it is expected that SSRO layer  28  should block at least about 70%, and preferably at least about 90%, of W. 
     Increases in the thickness of SSRO UV blocking layer  28  leads to greater UV blocking capability of layer  28 . While it may be theoretically possible to make UV blocking layer  28  with a silicon atomic concentration substantially less than 70%, such as 60%, such a blocking layer would need to be excessively thick, and thus prone to have poor gap-fill performance. 
     The following are exemplary process parameters for each of the layers. 
     Separation layer  26  (SiON): Plasma-enhancement chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) using (N2O, SiH4) at the following flow rates: N2:5000˜10000 sccm/SiH4: 100˜300 sccm/N2O:150˜500 scm, at the following RF power levels: 200˜500 W, in the following pressure range: 2˜5 torr, at the following temperature: &lt;400C, and for the following deposition time: &lt;5 s. Separation layer  26  has a thickness of 50 to 500 Å, with a preferred thickness of about 100 Å. 
     UV protection layer  28  (SSRO): High-density plasma chemical vapor deposition (HDP CVD) using (SiH4, O2) at the following flow rates: SiH4:50˜200 sccm/O2:20˜100 sccm, at the following temperature: &lt;400C. UV protection layer  28  has a thickness of 200 Å to 1000 Å with a preferred thickness of about 500 Å. PECVD using (SiH4, N2O) may be used instead of HDP CVD using (SiH4, O2). At least one of the following reactants: TEOS/O2, and TEOS/O3 may also be used for SSRO layer  28 . Other deposition techniques, such as semi-atmosphere chemical vapor deposition (SACVD), may be used. 
     Gap-filling, hydrogen-blocking layer  30  (SRO): HDP CVD using (SiH4,O2) at the following flow rates: SiH4: 50˜200 sccm/O2:50˜200 sccm, at the following power levels LF: 1000˜3000 W/HF: 1000˜3000 W, at the following temperature: &lt;400C. Gap-filling, hydrogen-blocking layer  30  has a thickness of about 4000 Å to 8000 Å; this thickness depends in large part upon height  20  of metal conductors  16 ,  18 . 
     Compressively stressed layer  32  (SiON): PECVD using (SiH4,N2, N2O or NH3) at the following flow rates: N2: 5000˜10000 sccm/SiH4: 100˜300 sccm/N2O: 150˜500 scm, at the following RF power levels: 200˜500 W, in the following pressure range: 2˜5 torr, at the following temperature: &lt;400C, and with the deposition time depending upon thickness. Compressively stressed layer  32  has a thickness of 4000 Å to 10000 Å, with a preferred thickness of about 7000 Å. 
     For UV protection layer  28  (SSRO), by tuning process parameters such as the ratio of the flow rates of the sources, other embodiments can be made which have a refractive index greater than about 1.5, and preferably greater than about 1.6, for a range of wavelengths less than 400 nanometers, an extinction coefficient at least about 1.3 for a range of wavelengths less than 400 nanometers, and preferably at least 1.7 at 248 nanometers. 
     Other modification and variation can be made to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the subject of the invention as defined in following claims. 
     Any and all patents, patent applications and printed publications referred to above are incorporated by reference.