Abstract:
A method for controlling etching during photolithography in the fabrication of an integrated circuit in connection with first and second features that are formed on the integrated circuit having a gap there between comprising depositing a layer of photoresist on the integrated circuit, selectively exposing portions of the photoresist through at least one photolithography mask having a pattern including means for alleviating line end shortening of the first and second lines adjacent the gap, and developing the photoresist after the selective exposing step.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention pertains to semiconductor fabrication. More particularly, the invention pertains to patterning of small features in integrated circuits. 
         [0002]    As the designs of semiconductor circuitry become smaller, problems with the limitations and tolerances of the optical systems used in photolithography become more prevalent, especially with regards to the etching of small features. 
         [0003]    For example, the problem of line end shortening (LES) is primarily the result of the limitations of the optics used in photolithography. Particularly, LES generally refers to the problem wherein a line of photoresist to be formed on a substrate ends up being shorter than what was intended by the design, e.g., shorter than the corresponding line on the mask. This is due largely to the fact that the amount of photoresist that is exposed through the mask to light generally will not exactly match that dictated by the mask due to diffraction of light around the edges between the opaque regions and the transparent regions of the mask and due to complex interactions between nearby features (commonly known as proximity effects). Aspects of line end shortening include corner rounding, wherein corners of the line become rounded, and overall line end shortening. 
         [0004]    The issue of line end shortening is particularly relevant to the fabrication of gates in SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) transistors. Specifically, the material (typically polysilicon) deposited on a semiconductor to form the gate electrode of a transistor in a SRAM is generally called a line. With reference to exemplary  FIG. 1 , which shows a small portion of a SRAM integrated circuit, typically, a plurality of lines  112   a ,  112   b ,  112   c  of different transistors are straight, coaxial with each other, and are separated from each other by small gaps  114   a ,  114   b . Furthermore, the lines  112  usually are perpendicularly intersected by other lines  116  (which, in this case, refer to shallow trench level isolation). The common area between  116  and  112  define the active area of a transistor. As SRAM transistors become smaller and more densely packed, the line tip to tip distances, i.e., the gaps  114 , between the coaxial lines  112 , become smaller. 
         [0005]    For any given transistor design, there is a minimum amount of overhang  118  that must be maintained in order to prevent leakage between the gate, source and drain of the transistor. Also, there must be a minimum gap  114  between the ends of the lines  112  between adjacent transistors in order to prevent leakage between the adjacent transistors. 
         [0006]    Accordingly, line end shortening is a particular problem with respect to the fabrication of SRAMs because it often is important to maintain a minimum overhang  118  and a minimum line end to line end spacing (hereinafter tip to tip gap)  114 , while simultaneously making the tip to tip gap as small as possible in order to pack the transistors as tightly together as possible. 
         [0007]    Several solutions have been proposed to address the line end shortening problem. In one such solution, the mask is designed with longer lines than desired based on the assumption that line end shortening will occur. However, as the tip to tip gap becomes smaller, this solution becomes less than optimal. Particularly, the lines on the mask can only be lengthened to a limited extent because the adjacent coaxial mask lines cannot meet as there would no longer be a gap between the line ends in the mask. 
         [0008]    Furthermore, the amount of line end shortening and corner rounding that can occur can only be determined within a certain tolerance, and thus this solution can only be taken so far. Furthermore, the features on the mask themselves (e.g., the lengths of the lines on the mask) can be produced only to certain tolerances. Further, due to the limitations of the optics, any error in the mask can generally be expected to be magnified up to about six fold, and sometimes even more, when transferred to the semiconductor through photolithography. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    A method for controlling patterning during photolithography in the fabrication of an integrated circuit in connection with first and second features that are formed on the integrated circuit having a gap here between comprising depositing a layer of photoresist on the integrated circuit, selectively exposing portions of the photoresist through at least one photolithography mask having a pattern including means for alleviating line end shortening of the first and second lines adjacent the gap, and developing the photoresist after the selective exposing step. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]      FIG. 1  is a diagram showing lines on a conventional semiconductor circuit in accordance with the prior art. 
           [0011]      FIG. 2A  is a diagram illustrating salient portions of the pattern of the first of a pair of photolithography masks used to pattern features in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0012]      FIG. 2B  is a diagram illustrating salient portions of the pattern of the second of the pair of photolithography masks used to pattern features in accordance with the first embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0013]      FIG. 2C  is a diagram illustrating the pattern of the masks of  FIGS. 2A and 2B  overlaid on each other. 
           [0014]      FIG. 2D  is a diagram illustrating the lines created in photoresist using the masks of  FIGS. 2A and 2B . 
           [0015]      FIG. 3A  is a diagram illustrating salient portions of the pattern of the first of a pair of photolithography masks used to pattern features in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0016]      FIG. 3B  is a diagram illustrating salient portions of the pattern of the second of the pair of photolithography masks used to pattern features in accordance with the second embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0017]      FIG. 3C  is a diagram illustrating the pattern of the masks of  FIGS. 3A and 3B  overlaid on each other. 
           [0018]      FIG. 3D  is a diagram illustrating the lines created in photoresist using the masks of  FIGS. 3A and 3B . 
           [0019]      FIG. 4A  is a diagram illustrating salient portions of the pattern of an exemplary photolithography mask used to pattern features in accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0020]      FIG. 4B  is a diagram illustrating the lines that would be created in photoresist using the mask of  FIG. 4A . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0021]    In accordance with an exemplary first embodiment of the present invention, the task of patterning the photoresist for creating lines is divided between two photolithography masks. 
         [0022]    For purposes of clarity, a brief discussion of the convention used in the drawings and the terminology used in the written specification is in order. With reference to  FIGS. 2A-2D  as an example,  FIG. 2A  illustrates a portion of a first mask,  FIG. 2B  illustrates a corresponding portion of a second mask,  FIG. 2C  illustrates the first and second mask portions overlaid on each other, and  FIG. 2D  illustrates the overall pattern of the lines on the semiconductor substrate at the completion of lithography (and etching) that results from the use of the two masks. 
         [0023]      FIG. 2A  shows the pattern of the first mask relevant to creating three coaxial adjacent lines ( 212   a ,  212   b ,  212   c  in  FIG. 2D ) with two tip to tip gaps ( 214   a ,  214   b  in  FIG. 2D ) there between. The dotted portion  213  in  FIG. 2A  represents the portion of the mask that corresponds to photoresist that will remain on the wafer after development. Thus, in turn, the dotted portion  213  corresponds to the portion of the underlying etchable material that will remain on the wafer after etch. Thus, for instance, if a negative photoresist is used, the dotted portion  213  in  FIG. 2A  would correspond to the transparent regions of the mask. On the other hand, if positive photoresist is the used, the dotted portion  213  in  FIG. 2A  would correspond to the opaque portions of the mask. 
         [0024]      FIG. 2B  illustrates the corresponding portion of the second mask.  FIG. 2B  illustrates the second mask in the reverse polarity as  FIG. 2A . That is, if negative photoresist is used, the dotted portions of  2 B correspond to opaque regions of the second mask (whereas, in  FIG. 2A , the dotted portions correspond to transparent regions of the first mask). On the other hand, if positive photoresist is used, the dotted portions in  FIG. 2B  correspond to the transparent regions of the mask (whereas the dotted portions in  FIG. 2A  correspond to the opaque regions of the first mask). For illustrative purposes, the Figures assume a positive resist. The first mask illustrated in  FIG. 2A  has positive polarity (i.e., structures correspond to opaque regions of the mask) and the second mask illustrated in  FIG. 2B ) is of negative polarity (i.e., structures correspond to transparent regions of the mask). The explanation holds true if one uses negative resist and change the polarity of the mask (negative polarity for mask  1  and positive polarity for mask  2 ). Thus, ignoring the issue of positive photoresist or negative photoresist for the moment, the dotted portions of  FIG. 2A  correspond to photoresist that will remain, whereas the dotted portions of the second mask shown in  FIG. 2B  correspond to portions of photoresist that will be removed. 
         [0025]    It should be understood that while these figures illustrate only three adjacent lines and the two gaps therebetween, the entire mask typically will include patterning for creating many such lines and gaps per row and many such rows of lines and gaps (as well as substantial amounts of other circuit components that could be created in the same layer as these lines). Furthermore, the invention will be described herein in connection with the creation of lines for SRAM, but this is merely exemplary as the techniques of the present invention for alleviating line end shortening can be applied to other circuit designs (for example, in reducing the pitch of particular features). 
         [0026]    Also note that for purposes of ease of reference, in this specification, the term “length” will be used to refer to measurements in the long dimension of the lines as illustrated by double headed arrow  244  in  FIG. 2B , while the term “width” will be used to refer to the dimension transverse thereto as illustrated by double headed arrow  246  in  FIG. 2B . 
         [0027]    Finally, we refer to primarily linear features as “lines” because that is the common terminology in the related trade. However, it should be understood that such lines are actually rectangles having a length and a width. In fact, it should be understood, that, in the broader context of the invention not limited to the particular example of lines described herein, the features or structures being created in or on the wafer are not even necessarily rectangular, but can be of any shape that has an end that might be subject to LES or similar issues. Features in semiconductors generally tend to be rectangular (i.e., comprised of one or more rectangular shapes), but this is not a requirement of semiconductor fabrication or of the present invention. 
         [0028]    On the other hand, the features of the masks for creating such lines will herein be referred to as rectangles or shapes since it will be necessary to refer to both their lengths and widths. 
         [0029]    Referring to  FIG. 2A , the first mask is patterned so as to have one long continuous rectangle  213  corresponding to the length of a plurality of coaxial lines  212   a ,  212   b ,  212   c  with gaps  214   a ,  214   b  therebetween (see  FIG. 2D ). The rectangle normally should be equal in length to the combined length of the all of the coaxial lines  212 , including the gaps  214  therebetween. If the invention is used with negative photoresist, this rectangle  213  would be a transparent island region of the mask. If the invention is used with positive photoresist, this rectangle  213  would be an opaque island region of the mask. The photoresist is then exposed, but is not yet developed. 
         [0030]    The second mask illustrated in  FIG. 2B  is then applied and includes patterning for creating the gaps  214   a ,  214   b  between the lines  212   a ,  212   b ,  212   c . Accordingly, the pattern of this mask comprises a plurality of rectangles  222   a ,  222   b  of the reverse polarity of rectangle  213  of  FIG. 2A  and of the length in direction  244  corresponding to the desired tip to tip line spacing (i.e., equal to the length in direction  244  of the gaps  214 ) and having a width in direction  246  greater than the width of the lines  212 . Generally, the length of the rectangles  222   a ,  222   b  in direction  244  should be equal to the gap length. However, more broadly, we use the term “corresponding to” rather than “equal to” because it also might be desirable to make the length slightly different, for instance, so as to compensate for any other process issues such as overlay tolerance/etch trims etc. . . . 
         [0031]    The photoresist is exposed again, this time through the second mask. The combined pattern of the two masks of  FIGS. 2A and 2B  overlaid on each other is shown in  FIG. 2C . 
         [0032]    After the photoresist has been exposed through both masks, the pattern in the photoresist created collectively by the two masks is then developed. (Note that the order in which the first and second masks are used to expose the photoresist is not critical.) The resist pattern remaining on the wafer after developing will be as shown in  FIG. 2D . This photoresist template is now used for etching the desired layer underneath. 
         [0033]    The use of two separate masks, the first to pattern the coaxial lines continuously without the tip to tip gaps therebetween and the second to create the gaps substantially reduces or eliminates line end shortening. Specifically, there are no corners in either of the masks corresponding to the corners at the line ends. Rather, there are only straight lines in either of the two masks corresponding to the line ends. Accordingly, corners or other discontinuities in the edges between the opaque and transparent regions of the mask that cause discontinuities leading to undesirable diffraction effects during photolithography are eliminated, thereby substantially reducing line end shortening and eliminating corner rounding. 
         [0034]    In accordance with a preferred implementation of the first embodiment of the invention, the second mask further includes sub-resolution assist features (SRAFs)  235   a , 235   b  to further minimize undesirable diffraction effects at the tips of the lines. As is well-known in the art of photolithography, SRAFs are features, such as rectangles, that are added to a mask pattern at a spacing  237  equivalent to the spacing for which the optics of the system have been optimized, but of a length  238  below the resolution of the system. Since the lengths of the SRAFs are below the resolution of the system, the SRAF will not be printed on the wafer. Nevertheless, the presence of SRAFs close to the tip to tip gaps  214  helps increase the process window at the edges of the rectangles  235  in the second mask. 
         [0035]    According to an embodiment of the invention, line end shortening no longer depends substantially on optical proximity/diffraction effects and, thus, photolithography (optical) related line end shortening is substantially eliminated. Furthermore, no extensive optical proximity correction is needed for the line ends. Even further, because the two masks are used immediately after each other on the same tool without wafer movement, tolerances (particularly the overlay tolerance) remain tight. For instance, the overlay tolerance of a typical 193 nm scanner is about 12 nm for mask overlay for the same layer, whereas interlayer overlay tolerances in connection with different masks used for different layers tend to run about twice that. 
         [0036]    As previously noted, the figures only illustrate the patterning for the lines. However, it should be understood that the first mask most likely will contain patterning for many other features. However, the second mask can contain only the rectangles for creating the tip to tip gaps (and SRAFs, if desired). Accordingly, the second mask can be an inexpensive chrome-on-glass (COG) mask, rather than the more typical, and much more expensive, phase shifting masks (PSMs) used for patterning circuits. Hence the second mask can be made inexpensively. 
         [0037]      FIGS. 3A-3D  help illustrate an exemplary second embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment also utilizes two separate masks for creating the lines, the pattern of the first mask being illustrated by  FIG. 3A , the pattern of the second mask being illustrated by  FIG. 3B , the pattern of both masks overlaid with each other being illustrated in  FIG. 3C , and the resulting pattern on the photoresist being illustrated in  FIG. 3D .  FIGS. 3A-3B  show the portions of the first and second masks, respectively, corresponding to the creation of two coaxial lines  312   a ,  312   b  and the gap  314  there between. In  FIGS. 3A and 3B , the dark portions of both the first mask and the second mask are of the same polarity, unlike the convention used in connection with  FIGS. 2A and 2B . In accordance with this embodiment, each individual mask includes patterning for creating every other line in a row of lines. Thus, for instance, in any given row of coaxial lines, the first mask includes patterning for creating the first, third, fifth, seventh, etc. lines, while the second mask includes the patterning for creating the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, etc. lines. Therefore, no one mask creates both of the line ends that define a single gap between two coaxial lines. Rather, the line end that forms one edge of every gap is patterned by the first mask and the line end that forms the other edge of that gap is formed by the second of mask. 
         [0038]    With reference to  FIG. 3A , the first mask includes a pattern rectangle  313   a  corresponding to line  312   a  in the photoresist. With reference to  FIG. 3B , the second mask includes a pattern rectangle  313   b  corresponding to line  312   b  in the photoresist. Collectively, the masks create the pattern  321  shown in  FIG. 3C , which creates a photoresist pattern  323  as shown in  FIG. 3D . 
         [0039]    Again, this solution has the advantage of minimizing undesirable diffraction effects at the tip to tip gaps. 
         [0040]    Furthermore, in a preferred implementation of this embodiment of the invention, SRAFs  322   a ,  322   b  are included in the patterns on both masks adjacent the rectangle ends on the masks. This particular embodiment of the invention provides plenty of area for the SRAFs to be placed on the masks. Particularly, each mask has approximately half of the features of the layer. Accordingly, there is substantial room for SRAFs adjacent the rectangle ends on each mask. 
         [0041]    In this embodiment, both masks may be phase shifting masks. 
         [0042]    With this embodiment, the inclusion of SRAFs permits a larger process window. Also, like the first embodiment described above, another advantage of this embodiment is that tolerances for tip to tip distance is a function of overlay scaling of the two masks only. Therefore, as noted above, tolerances are about 12 nm or smaller because both masks are used in the same machine without moving the wafer. 
         [0043]    The two mask concept of this embodiment can be generalized to any feature, not just tip to tip spacing. Particularly, this technique permits each mask to be manufactured to a resolution that is as low as one half the desired resolution of the circuit. This can provide a higher resolution in the creation of the features than can be achieved with a single mask. For instance, if 90 nm resolution is desired, it can be created with two masks, each mask having only 180 nm resolution. 
         [0044]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  help illustrate a third embodiment of the present invention. Particularly,  FIG. 4A  illustrates the pattern of a photolithography mask in accordance with this embodiment of the invention, while  FIG. 4B  illustrates the pattern developed in the photoresist layer from this mask. 
         [0045]    In accordance with this embodiment, a single mask is used to create all of the lines, including the gaps there between. The mask includes rectangles  413   a ,  413   b  (corresponding to adjacent coaxial lines  412   a ,  412   b  in the photoresist) with a gap  431  therebetween (corresponding to gap  414  in the photoresist). It further includes SRAFs  456   a ,  456   b  placed within the rectangles,  413   a ,  413   b . These SRAFs are adjacent to the ends of the rectangles in the mask  413   a ,  413   b , respectively, and have a length in the long dimension of the lines below the resolution of the optics of the photolithography system and a width equal to or less than the width of the rectangles  413  within which they are disposed. In this embodiment, they are at a spacing relative to each other and to the tip to tip gap  431  to optimize the optics for the particular photolithography system. The SRAFs  456   a  in the mask are of the type (transparent or opaque) opposite that of the rectangle within which they are disposed. The SRAFs  456   a  in rectangle  413   a  help correct for the diffraction around the end of rectangle  413   b  by counteracting the diffraction effects of the end edge  413   b− 1 of rectangle  413   b , while the SRAFs  456   b  in rectangle  413   b  help correct for the diffraction around the end of rectangle  413   a  by counteracting the diffraction effects of the end edge  413   a− 1 of rectangle  413   a.    
         [0046]    Having thus described a few particular embodiments of the invention, various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Such alterations, modifications and improvements as are made obvious by this disclosure are intended to be part of this description though not expressly stated herein, and are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description is by way of example only, and not limiting. The invention is limited only as defined in the following claims and equivalents thereto.