Abstract:
Compositions of a purine, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor and/or a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, and methods of using same, for controlling the growth of pest insects which salvage, store, or excrete their nitrogenous wastes via the purine metabolic pathway.

Description:
This is a division of application Ser. No. 08/457,705, filed Jun. 1, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,620,982, which is a division of application Ser. No. 08/291,072, filed Aug. 17, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,681, issued May 7, 1996. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention is directed to the regulation of the growth of pest insects which utilize the purine metabolic pathway to salvage, store, or excrete their nitrogenous wastes. It comprises bringing into contact with the pest insects, formulations containing growth-controlling amounts of compositions comprising purines, purine metabolic-enzyme inhibitors, and inhibitors of enzymes which regulate production of specific co-factors of this pathway. 
     2. Description of the Background Art 
     Despite the recent development and great promise of such advanced insect-controlling techniques as chemical sterilants, pheromones, and ecologically-based control strategies, the use of chemical insecticides still plays a predominant role. However, rising public awareness of environmental issues, more stringent government regulations, and increasing insect resistance to conventional modalities are driving the pest control industry to seek safer alternatives to these conventional chemical insecticides. 
     Others have attempted to identify and evaluate the efficacy of insect growth inhibitors. However, given the continuous need for increased selectivity and effectiveness of insect control agents, it became desirable to engage in rational formulation of control agents based on an understanding of key insect nutritional and metabolic pathways. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is widely acknowledged that the majority of insects are uricotelic in that they excrete their excess nitrogen as uric acid and uricolytic derivatives thereof (Cochran (1975), &#34;Excretion in Insects&#34; in Insect Biochemistry and Function pp. 171-281). The uric acid is synthesized, via the purine catabolic pathway shown in FIG. 1, and is either excreted to the outside, or, in some cases, stored by the insect as a metabolic reserve. 
     Cockroaches are a good model of the essential nature of storage-excretion of uric acid. For example, in German cockroaches, a slurry of uric acid is passed to the female during mating, as a paternal investment. The female, in turn, invests the developing eggs with a supply of uric acid that is used during embryogenesis (Mullins &amp; Keil (1980), Nature 283: 567-569). Interruption of this vital cycle appears highly detrimental to cockroach population growth, which depends heavily on these uric acid stores (Engebretson &amp; Mullins (1986), Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 83B: 93-97; Suiter et al. (1992), J. Econ. Entomol. 85(1): 117-122). In the cockroach fat body, de novo synthesis of uric acid takes place, largely through purine salvage, in the trophocytes and the uric acid is stored in specialized urocytes for recycling (Cochran (1985), Ann. Rev. Entomol. 30: 29-49). This is accomplished through uricolytic digestion of the stored urates by endosymbiont bacteria which are sequestered in bacteriocyte cells adjacent to the urocytes (Wren &amp; Cochran (1987), Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 88B: 1023-1026). In this part of the uric acid cycle, the endosymbiont bacteria use xanthine dehydrogenase to reduce the urates to xanthine, and disruption of any part of this system also inhibits population growth. 
     Another essential facet of insect physiology is the molt cycle, when the cuticular epithelial cells multiply and synthesize a new, larger exoskeleton just prior to ecdysis (Chapman (1982), The Insects Structure and Function. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; Hepburn (1985), &#34;The Integument&#34; in Fundamentals of Insect Physiology. Ed. M. S. Blum, pp. 139-183. New York: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.). At the same time, many of the internal tissues are growing, as in cockroaches where, for example, development of the internal and external reproductive organs progresses with each stage, culminating at the final molt to the sexually mature adult (Chapman (1982) The Insects Structure and Function, Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press). During this process, insects draw heavily on their metabolic reserves to achieve the rapid growth of cells which takes place. 
     The purine metabolic pathway is central to all of these processes, and, thus, to homeostasis of insects. As in any of the known biochemical pathways, the hydrolytic enzymes and their co-factors are essential to the functioning of the purine degradative pathway. This pathway also serves to salvage the free purine bases for re-use in nucleotide and nucleic acid biosynthesis (Lehninger (1970) Biochemistry: The Molecular Basis of Cell Structure and Function. 2nd Ed. pp. 740-742). 
     Two of the enzymes involved in this pathway are xanthine oxidase and dihydrofolate reductase (also known as tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase). Xanthine oxidase (E.C. 1.2.3.2), a molybdenum iron sulfur flavo-enzyme, functions late in the salvage pathway of purine catabolism from guanosine monophosphate and inosine monophosphate to xanthine, and finally, to uric acid. In this pathway, xanthine oxidase catalyzes both the conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine, and the conversion of xanthine to uric acid (Coughlan (1980) Molybdenum and Molybdenum-Containing Enzymes. New York: Pergamon Press). Functioning as xanthine dehydrogenase, the same enzyme reduces uric acid to xanthine in the uricolytic pathway of the endosymbiont bacteria in the cockroach fat body (Wren &amp; Cochran (1987), Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 88B: 1023-1026). Dihydrofolate reductase catalyzes the synthesis of tetrahydrofolate, which is an essential co-factor in the uric acid and purine synthesis pathways (Kucers &amp; Bennett (1979), &#34;Trimethoprim and Cotrimoxazole&#34; in The Use of Antibiotics. 3rd Ed. London: William Heinemann Medical Books, Ltd.). 
     An understanding of these insect systems, which rely on the recycling and excretion of their purines, led to the present invention, which provides novel compositions and methods for disrupting insect homeostasis and inhibiting insect population growth. Thus, in one embodiment, these compositions comprise (1) a purine such as guanine (2-amino-1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one); hypoxanthine (1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one); or xanthine (3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione), and mixtures thereof, and (2) a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, preferably one of the 6-unsubstituted pyrazolo 3,4-d!pyrimidine group, such as oxypurinol (4,6-dihydroxypyrazolo  3,4-d!pyrimidine); 4-mercapto-6-hydroxypyrazolo 3,4-d!pyrimidine; 4,6-dimercaptopyrazolo 3,4-d!pyrimidine, 4-amino-6-hydroxypyrazolo 3,4-d!pyrimidine; 4-hydroxy-6-mercapto 3,4-d!pyrimidine; or allopurinol (4-hydroxypyrazolo 3,4-d!pyrimidine), and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, these compositions comprise (1) a purine; (2) a xanthine oxidase inhibitor; and (3) a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor such as trimethoprim (2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-pyrimidine), methotrexate (N- 4-  (2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl!methylamino!benzoyl!-L-glutamic acid), or pyrimethamine (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-ethyl-2,4-pyrimidinediamine), and mixtures thereof. 
     While specific purines in combination with specific enzyme inhibitors are utilized to illustrate the present invention, it is understood that any of the purines and inhibitors of any of the enzymes of the pathway of FIG. 1 may be applied according to the present invention. 
     Furthermore, while the cockroach is utilized to illustrate the present invention, it is understood that the compositions and methods of the present invention may be applied to regulate the growth of any pest insect which utilizes the purine metabolic pathway to salvage, store, or excrete to the outside, its nitrogen wastes. 
     A further embodiment of the invention comprises an insect bait or attractant formulation containing an insect-growth-regulating effective amount of the compositions. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
     FIG. 1 shows the pathway for purine catabolism. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is predicated on the discovery that ingestion of formulations containing growth controlling amounts of certain novel compositions by pest insects, particularly cockroaches, disrupts homeostasis and inhibits population growth. 
     The compositions of the present invention may be the sole active ingredients of the formulation or they may be admixed with one or more additional active ingredients, such as other, conventional insecticides. 
     The compositions of the present invention may be formulated with a &#34;bait&#34; or &#34;attractant.&#34; For purposes of description of the present invention, these terms refer to any formulation to which pest insects are attracted and which they will ingest. Such compositions are well-known to those skilled in the art and it will be understood that any such material which is inert with respect to the compositions of the present invention may be employed in the practice of the invention. 
     In use, the formulations may be applied to the pest insects, to the locus of the pest insects, and/or to the habitat of the pest insects. 
     The following examples are included for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting, unless otherwise specified. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     General Procedure 
     German cockroaches (Blatella germanica L.) from the stock laboratory &#34;VPI&#34; strain were used to form experimental colonies of mixed life stages. Unless otherwise specified, each insect colony of 42 insects contained five each of newly post-emergent adult males and females, eight each of male and female nymphs at the fifth nymphal stage, and eight each of male and female nymphs at the third nymphal stage. Care was taken to select insects from the same stock colonies for each experimental block, and each colony was allowed to acclimatize for twenty-four (24) hours prior to treatment. 
     The colonies were housed in one-gallon glass battery jars fitted with fiber-board platforms, with clean tap-water offered continuously in cotton-stoppered glass vials. The jars were rimmed with a thin coating of petrolatum, and covered closely with three layers of cheesecloth held in place with strong elastic bands. These measures prevented escape of the test insects, as well as contamination by other insects. 
     Each test included &#34;control&#34; colonies, in which the food was untreated, and &#34;test&#34; colonies, in which the food was mixed with the compositions being tested to form percent concentrations by weight (w/w). Unless otherwise specified, the food was Agway Laboratory Rat Chow and was prepared by grinding the chow pellets to a fine powder and, for test colonies, incorporating the test compounds by grinding and mixing them with the chow, using a mortar and pestle. Food, either treated or untreated, was pre-weighed in stainless steel planchettes and offered with the planchettes placed in plastic cups, to avoid loss through spillage. During tests, the planchettes were weighed weekly and food replenished when necessary. 
     Replicate colonies were initiated on consecutive days, with all colonies housed in the stock laboratory under the same conditions of ambient temperature (25° C.), and humidity as during rearing. A control &#34;blank colony&#34;, which was identical to a control colony except that no insects were included, was monitored for loss or gain of moisture in the food due to changes in ambient humidity. Any such changes were factored into the calculations of food consumption. 
     A record was kept of all dead insects, which were counted and sexed weekly when the food was weighed. Dead insects were frozen and stored at -4° C. prior to being subjected to a whole-body uric acid assay. Unless otherwise specified, the total population of each colony was counted every three (3) weeks. When all of the insects, or all of the females, were dead or moribund, the colony was determined to be non-viable and the experiment was terminated. Remaining insects were killed by freezing and stored frozen, as above, to await assaying for uric acid. 
     The mean percent change (Δ%) in population number for each colony was calculated, with the initial number (42) representing 100%. Food consumption, in milligrams per individual cockroach (ICmg), was calculated for the first three (3) weeks of the experiment, prior to nymphs hatching. These measurements determined whether the test compositions were ingested, and whether such compositions were effective in inhibiting population growth. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Uric Acid Assay 
     Determination of the whole-body uric acid content of the dead cockroaches was conducted essentially according to a standard uricase assay (Cochran (1973) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A46: 409-419). Individual cockroaches, with wings and legs trimmed off, were dried for 24-48 hours at 60° C., weighed, and ground to a fine powder. Uric acid was extracted from the dry tissue with 0.6% aqueous lithium carbonate for three (3) hours at 60° C. with continuous shaking. The extracts were centrifuged to remove tissue debris. After mixing with uricase, the maximum absorption at 292 nm was determined spectrophotometrically, and uric acid concentration was calculated in μg uric acid/mg of dry tissue. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Assessment of Xanthine Food Compositions 
     In two experiments (3a) and (3b), the effects of adding 1% xanthine  Sigma Chemical Co.! to the basic cockroach diet of ground rat chow, were studied. The colonies in each experiment were set up as described in Example I, with the diets being either rat chow alone (RC), or rat chow+1% xanthine (RCX). Each experiment included three replicate colonies for each condition (n=3). 
     The populations were counted at 6 and 9 weeks (3a) or 10 and 12 weeks (3b), and the percent change in mean population numbers (Δ%) was calculated. Individual consumption (ICmg) of the diets for the first three weeks of treatment was calculated from the food-weight data. 
     The results are shown in Table 1. The addition of xanthine appeared neither to inhibit feeding nor to adversely affect population growth. In fact, xanthine appeared to enhance reproduction, as population numbers were higher in xanthine-treated colonies than in those fed rat chow alone. 
     
                                           TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________EXPERIMENT 3a        EXPERIMENT 3bICmg            ICmgTIME (±SEM)        Δ%(*)                (±SEM)                        Δ%(wk) RC  RCX RC  RCX RC  RCX RC  RCX__________________________________________________________________________3    55.8    55.3        58.0                    57.9(±0.9)    (±2.7)   (±0.4)                    (±0.8)6            +224%            +278%9            +707%            +921%10                           +1405%                            +1433%12                           +1774%                            +1869%__________________________________________________________________________ (*) + = increase Table 1: Mean individual consumption (ICmg) and percent change (Δ%) in mean population number over time (weeks), in colonies of German cockroaches administered offered food without (RC) or with 1% xanthine (RCX). n = 3 
    
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Assessment of Xanthine-Oxypurinol Compositions 
     Colonies of German cockroaches were prepared as described. The diets administered were rat chow alone (RC); rat chow with oxypurinol  Sigma Chemical Co.! (RC+OXY%); and rat chow with 1% xanthine (RCX) and with oxypurinol (+OXY%) at five concentrations (w/w). Individual consumption (ICmg), population growth control, and whole-body uric acid concentrations were determined. 
     Individual consumption (ICmg) in the first three weeks was calculated, and the results shown in Table 2a below. The addition of oxypurinol alone caused a decrease in food consumption over controls fed untreated food. The addition of xanthine to the diet caused the consumption of oxypurinol-treated food to increase by 35% at 0.1% oxypurinol concentration, and by 56% at the 1.0% oxypurinol concentration. 
     
                                           TABLE 2a__________________________________________________________________________XANTHINE 0%     XANTHINE 1%TIME     RC + OXY %           RC + OXY %(wk) RC  0.1       1.0 0.1 0.5 1.0  2.0 3.0__________________________________________________________________________3    53.7    36 32  48.5               58.3                   49.9 52.6                            45.6(*2.0)     (*1.4)               (*0.8)                   (*1.9)                        (*1.5)n = 9*    n = 1       n = 1           n = 6               n = 3                   n = 6                        n = 6                            n = 1__________________________________________________________________________ * = number of colonies Table 2a: Mean individual consumption (ICmg) of rat chow over three weeks with or without 1% xanthine, and with various concentrations (w/w) of oxypurinol (OXY %). 
    
     The percent change (Δ%) in mean colony population numbers at 5.5, 6, 7, 9, 10 and 12 weeks of treatment were determined as described, with the results shown in Table 2b below. The addition of oxypurinol alone to the diet did not inhibit population growth. The addition of xanthine plus oxypurinol inhibited population growth to the point of extinction. 
     
                                           TABLE 2b__________________________________________________________________________XANTHINE 0%        XANTHINE 1%TIME RC    RC + OXY %              RC + OXY %(wks)CONTROL      0.1 1.0 0.1 0.5                     1.0 2.0 3.0__________________________________________________________________________5.5  +690% +460%          +1060%n = 1 n = 1          n = 16    +126%         -31%                  -50%                      -5%                         -11%                             -55%n = 59    +812%         -92%                  -92%                     -64%                         -77%                             -88%n = 57    +719%         -64%   -75%                         -69%10   +1405%        -91%   -98%                         -98%12   +1774%        -94%   -100%                         -100%__________________________________________________________________________ Table 2b: Percent changes (+ or - Δ%) in mean population number, in colonies of German cockroaches offered food with or without 1% xanthine, and with various concentrations (w/w) of oxypurinol (OXY %), over time (weeks). Except where noted, n = 3. 
    
     Whole-body uric acid concentrations were calculated from standard uricase assays for cockroaches that died during weeks 5-9 of treatment. Samples from the VPI laboratory strain of German cockroaches also were assayed to show typical &#34;base-line&#34; levels of urates before treatment. 
     As shown in Table 2c below, females in the VPI strain typically exhibit a slightly higher uric acid level than males, regardless of stage. However, as shown in Tables 2d-2f below, after several weeks of feeding with xanthine and oxypurinol in the diet, there is a marked decline in whole-body urate concentration in all groups regardless of age or sex. 
     
                       TABLE 2c______________________________________                 AGE    URIC ACIDSTAGE    GENDER       (wks)  μg/mg ± SEM______________________________________adult    males        6-7    1.80    n = 9               ±0.12    females             2.41    n = 10              ±0.06nymph    males        5-6    2.34    n = 10              ±0.10    females             2.44    n = 10              ±0.22nymph    males        3-4    0.77    n = 10              ±0.10    females             1.51    n = 10              ±0.10p______________________________________ Table 2c: Mean, wholebody uric acid concentrations (μg/mg of 25 dry tissue weight, ±SEM), in different age and gender groups of the VPI laboratory strain of German cockroaches that are typical of those used in the feeding experiments. 
    
     
                       TABLE 2d______________________________________TIME               RCX + OXY %(wks)      RC      0.1        1.0   2.0______________________________________5          2.42    0.54       0.32  0.31      ±0.12              ±0.05   ±0.06                               ±0.05      n = 5   n = 25     n = 17                               n = 176          2.79    0.43       0.30  0.27      ±0.21              ±0.04   ±0.04                               ±0.03      n = 4   n = 32     n = 35                               n = 267          2.78    0.54       0.25  0.21      ±0.25              ±0.10   ±0.04                               ±0.04      n = 6   n = 8      n = 14                               n = 129          3.16    0.51       0.14  0.32      ±0.06           ±0.04                               ±0.10      n = 10  n = 1      n = 7 n = 3______________________________________ TABLE 2d: Mean wholebody uric acid concentrations (μg/mg dry tissue weight ±SEM) in male German cockroaches on food without (RC), or with 1% xanthine (RCX) and various percent concentrations (w/w) of oxypurinol (OXY %). 
    
     
                       TABLE 2e______________________________________TIME             RCX + OXY %(wks)     RC     0.1         1.0   2.0______________________________________5         2.63   0.31        0.31  0.28     ±0.14            ±0.13    ±0.04                              ±0.08     n = 3  n = 6       n = 8 n = 76         3.13   0.31        0.34  0.35     ±0.04            ±0.03    ±0.06                              ±0.06     n = 4  n = 27      n = 27                              n = 187         2.95   0.43        0.22  0.26     ±0.18            ±0.04    ±0.04                              ±0.06     n = 4  n = 24      n = 23                              n = 149         3.14   0.21        0.29  0.34            ±0.03    ±0.04                              ±0.05     n = 1  n = 21      n = 14                              n = 13______________________________________ Table 2e: Mean wholebody uric acid concentrations (μg/mg dry tissue weight ±SEM) in female German cockroaches on food without (RC) or with 1% xanthine (RCX) and various percent concentrations (w/w) of oxypurinol (OXY). 
    
     
                       TABLE 2f______________________________________TIME             RCX + OXY %(wks)    RC      0.1         1.0   2.0______________________________________5        1.95    0.53        0.32    ±0.36            ±0.04    ±0.18    n = 4   n = 3       n = 26        2.95                      0.08    ±0.09                  ±0.06    n = 5                     n = 27        3.14                      0.13    ±0.03                  ±0.08    n = 4                     n = 29        3.26                      0.14    n = 1                     n = 1______________________________________ Table 2f: Mean wholebody uric acid concentrations (μg/mg dry tissue weight ±SEM) in German cockroach nymphs offered food without (RC), or with 1% xanthine (RCX) and various percent concentrations (w/w) of oxypurinol (OXY). 
    
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Assessment of Xanthine-Oxypurinol Compositions Offered for Different Durations 
     Colonies were prepared as described. The food was treated with 1% xanthine and various concentrations of oxypurinol, and was offered for durations of either 24 hours, or 1, 2, or 3 weeks. At the end of the treatment time, the treated food was removed, and the insects were offered untreated rat chow for the remainder of the test time. 
     As shown in Table 3 below, the data indicates that a minimum dose of oxypurinol must be ingested over time to achieve population inhibition. For example, the 24-hour treatment affected population numbers when compared with the control, but did not control population numbers at any concentration of oxypurinol. Calculation revealed that the individual consumption of oxypurinol ingested during this time ranged from 6-104 μg. 
     
                       TABLE 3______________________________________Percent change (+ or -) in mean population numbers incolonies fed a diet of rat chow alone (RC), or rat chowcombined with 1% xanthine (RCX), and with variousconcentrations. (w/w) of oxypurinol (OXY %). Duration oftreatments was 24 hrs, or 1, 2, or 3 weeks, after which rat chowalone was offered. n = 3.TREATMENT    TIME              RCX + OXY %DURATION (wks)    RC       0.1    1.0   2.0______________________________________2.4 hours    6        +500%    +250%  +114% +109%1 week   6        +887%    +137%  -45%  -49%    9        +1157%   +320%  -63%  -57%    12       +1560%   +853%  -5%   -31%2 weeks  9        +591%    +36%   -65%  -90%    12       +750%    +213%  -66%  -94%    15       &gt;+750%   +561%  -45%  -96%3 weeks  6        +391%     -58%  -71%  -92%    9        +1050%    -71%  -92%  -97%    12       +1604%    -79%  -96%  -98%______________________________________ 
    
     Treatment with 0.1% oxypurinol for one or two weeks also resulted in lower population numbers when compared with controls, and delayed egg-hatch by 1-2 weeks, but the treated colonies were recovering when they were terminated at 12 weeks. However, three (3) weeks of treatment at 0.1% oxypurinol did cause a substantial reduction in population numbers in the weeks following treatment, with no recovery noted by 12 weeks, and with only one viable eggcase, which hatched six weeks later than normal. 
     Colonies treated for two (2) weeks with 2% oxypurinol, or for three (3) weeks with 1% or 2% oxypurinol did not recover, even when the &#34;recovery&#34; time was extended to fifteen (15) weeks. Mean individual consumption of oxypurinol was 734 μg, 579 μg, and 1,140 μg respectively. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     Assessment of Food Choice 
     Colonies were prepared as described, with three replicates of each condition. Planchettes containing either untreated food (RC) or food treated with xanthine+oxypurinol (RCX+0%) were offered together in each colony. Food weights for each planchette were calculated to determine how much of each was consumed. The treatments consisted of rat chow with 1% xanthine and oxypurinol at either 0.1%, 0.5% or 1.0% (w/w) concentration. The control colony was given two planchettes of untreated rat chow. 
     The results, as shown in Table 4 below, indicate that the insects consumed either the same quantity of treated and untreated food (at 0.5% oxypurinol), or ate more of the treated than the untreated food (at 0.1% and 2.0% oxypurinol). The range of oxypurinol ingested was calculated to be between 29 μg and 265 μg per individual over the first three weeks, and a high level of population-growth control was achieved, especially at 1.0% oxypurinol concentration. 
     
                                           TABLE 4__________________________________________________________________________Individual consumption (ICmg) and percent change inmean population numbers (Δ%) over time (wks), in colonies wheretreated (RCX ± 0%) and untreated (RC) food were offered togetheras a choice of diet. The amount of oxypurinol ingested overthe first three weeks is shown as μg/individual (IC μg OXY), andthe ratio of treated and untreated food consumed is given as apercent of the total amount eaten (% TOTAL).TIME     RC       RCX + 0% RCX + 0% RCX + 0%(wks)    TEST CONTROL          RC 0.1   RC 0.5   RC 1.0__________________________________________________________________________3   ICmg 58.9  23.1             29.4  25.7                      25.6  24.7                               26.5    ±SEM    ±1.7          ±3.1             ±0.3                   ±1.O                      ±1.3                            ±0.9                               ±2.O    IC μg    0     0  29.4  0  128   0  265    OXY    % TOTAL    100%  43%             57%   50%                      5O%   48%                               52%7   Δ%     +422%          -64%             -72%9   Δ%    +1378%          -71%             -80%  -94%12  Δ%    +2007%          -76%             -71%  -96%__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 7 
     Life Stage Effects of Xanthine-Oxypurinol Compositions 
     Colonies of German cockroaches were housed as reviously described, with the usually mixed stages separated into three different colonies. Colonies consisted of either newly-molted adults (five males and five females, 6-7 weeks old); large nymphs (eight males and eight females, 5-6 weeks old); or small nymphs (eight males and eight females, 3-4 eeks old). Colonies of older adults (five males and five females, 7-8 weeks old) also were tested. 
     Colonies were fed untreated rat chow (RC), or rat chow treated with 1% xanthine (RCX) plus various levels (w/w) of oxypurinol (OXY%). Individual consumption (ICmg) and percent change in mean population number (Δ%) were determined for each stage, and are shown in Tables 5a through 5d below, for adults, large nymphs, small nymphs, and older adults, respectively. 
     The data in these tables confirm that the primary impact of treatment with xanthine plus oxypurinol occurs as the cockroaches attempt to reproduce. The effect is probably caused by depletion of the insects&#39; metabolic reserves, including uric acid stores which cannot be replaced because of irreversible enzyme inhibition. However, very small nymphs gowhich hatch in a dying colony also are affected in that they are usually too weak to survive, and rarely reach their second instar. It is probable that they are not invested with the metabolic reserves that are normally passed to them prenatally. Their continued feeding on treated food also prevents the young nymphs from developing their own metabolic stores, especially stores of uric acid. 
     Adult males were observed to be the first to die. At mating, adult males utilize a large part of their reserves to pass urates as well as mature sperm to the females. Females who have just produced an egg-case, which necessitates a large investment of nutritional reserves, die shortly thereafter, usually with the non-viable egg-case protruding from the ovipositor. 
     Cochran observed that cyclic feeding occurs in adult females in relation to egg production (Cochran (1983) Entomol. Exp. Appl. 34: 51-57). In this oothecal cycle, the females feed vigorously while maturing the oocytes, and sparingly while carrying an egg-case. These phenomena would account for the high feeding rates and early mortality of the newly-emerged adults (Table 5a), as well as the low feeding rates of the older adults (Table 5d). These latter females were likely to already have matured the eggs that would fill oothecae soon after the colony was assembled, and thus were in the low feeding-rate part of their cycle. Their first nymphal hatch would account for the precipitous rise in population numbers in these colonies (Table 5d), followed by the gradual weakening of the colonies as the adults attempted to reproduce further and the newly-hatched nymphs died. 
     Nymphs followed the same pattern of mortality as the adults, and were most affected by the treated diet after molting to the adult stage, when they normally feed vigorously in preparation for maturing their first oocytes. The delay in the rate at which the population declined in the large nymph colony (Table 5b), and small nymph colony (Table 5c), is further evidence that the major impact occurs during reproduction. This would have happened between weeks 9-11 of the experiment for these age-groups. 
     The effective dosage range for oxypurinol with xanthine is very wide in these experiments, causing high mortality at 99.5 μg/individual measured over three weeks in the newly-molted adults (Table 5a), and slower control at higher individual consumption rates when the colonies were started as nymphs. However, it is clear that, although there is a different effect on the cockroaches depending on their age when treatment is started, they are all affected as they attempt to reproduce. 
     
                       TABLE 5a______________________________________Individual consumption (ICmg) and percent change inmean population number (Δ%) in colonies of newly-molted adultGerman cockroaches fed untreated rat chow (RC) or rat chowtreated with 1% xanthine (RCX) and various Concentrations (w/w)of oxypurinol (OXY %).COLONY STARTED AS ADULTS (n = 1)TIME                      RCX + OXY %wks   TEST       RC       0.1    1.0   2.0______________________________________3     ICmg       87.0     99.5   76.8  84.83     IC μg OXY            0        99.5   768   16966     Δ%   +1430%    -94%  -75%   -88%9     Δ%   +1310%   -100%  -90%  -100%12    Δ%   +1810%   -100%  -100% -100%______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 5b______________________________________Individual consumption (ICmg) and percent change inmean population number (66 %) in colonies of large Germancockroach nymphs (5-6 weeks old at the starting date) feduntreated rat chow (RC) or rat chow treated with 1% xanthine(RCX) and various concentrations (w/w) of oxypurinol (OXY %).COLONY STARTED AS LARGE NYMPHS (n = 1)TIME                      RCX + OXY %wks   TEST       RC       0.1    1.0   2.0______________________________________3     ICmg       82.8     76.9   65.3  79.33     IC μg OXY            0        76.9   653   15866     Δ%     -6%    -50%   -31%   -6%9     Δ%   +1613%   -69%   -81%   -63%12    Δ%   +1800%   -88%   -100% -100%______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 5c______________________________________Individual consumption (ICmg) and percent change inmean population number (Δ%) of small German cockroach nymphs(3-4 weeks old at the starting date) fed untreated rat chow(RC) or rat chow treated with 1% xanthine (RCX) and variousconcentrations (w/w) of oxypurinol (OXY %).COLONY STARTED AS SMALL RYMPHS (n = 1)TIME                      RCX + OXY %wks   TEST        RC      0.1    1.0    2.0______________________________________3     ICmg        54.9    53.9   52.4   40.43     Ic μg OXY             0       53.9   524    8086     Δ%     -50%   -31%   -19%   -81%9     Δ%    +719%   -69%   -81%   -88%12    Δ%    +775%   -88%   -100%11                                   -100%______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 5d______________________________________Mean individual consumption (ICmg) and percent changein mean population number (Δ%) in colonies of older Germancockroach adults (8-9 weeks old at the starting date) feduntreated rat chow (RC) or rat chow treated with 1% xanthine(RCX) and various concentrations (w/w) of oxypurinol (OXY%).COLONY STARTED AS OLDER ADULTS (n = 3)TIME                      RCX + OXY %wks   TEST       RC       0.1    1.0   2.0______________________________________3     ICmg       38.7     37.2   35.0  35.2 ±SEM             ±1.9                            ±0.6                                  ±1.83     ICpg OXY   0        37.2   350   7046     Δ%   +1150%   +557%  +403% +823%9     Δ%   +1030%   +33%   +40%  +197%12    Δ%   +1820%   -73%   -67%   -30%______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 8 
     Assessment of Compositions Containing Trimethoprim 
     Replicate colonies of German cockroaches were prepared as described. The diets administered were either rat chow alone (RC); rat chow with various concentrations of trimethoprim (RC+T%) (w/w), or rat chow with 1% xanthine (RCX) and various concentrations (w/w) of trimethoprim (T%). 
     As shown in Table 6a below, the addition of trimethoprim alone did not inhibit population growth, although there was some eventual weakening of the treated colonies. As shown in Table 6b below, however, the combination of xanthine and trimethoprim caused rapid inhibition of population growth. 
     Whole-body uric acid concentrations were calculated from standard uricase assays, as previously described. As shown in Table 6c below, uric acid metabolism was not affected by treatment with a combination of xanthine and trimethoprim. 
     During the first three-weeks, there was a mean Δ% of -82% of the populations in the treated colonies, with 65% of these still nymphs when they died. This represents 72% of the nymphs used for the experiment, and confirms that effects are most pronounced during nymphal molt. 
     
                       TABLE 6a______________________________________Mean individual consumption (ICmg) of rat chowwithout (RC) or with various concentrations (w/w) oftrimethoprim (RC + T%), qver time (weeks), shown in conjunctionwith percent change in mean population number (Δ%), in coloniesof German cockroaches where the starting number (42) = 100%.n = 5TIME                 RC + T%WKS   TEST      RC       0.5     1.0    2.0______________________________________3     ICmg      62       61      58     54 ±SEM   ±2.2  ±3.5 ±3.4                                   ±1.712    Δ%  +1398%   +1246%  +1013% +384%______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 6b______________________________________Mean individual consumption (ICmg), and percentchange in mean population number (Δ%), over time (weeks), incolonies of German cockroaches offered food without (RC), orwith (RCX) 1% zanthine and various concentrations (w/w) oftrimethoprim (T %), where the colony starting number (42) =100%.          RCX + T %TIME             RC      1.0     2.0   3.0wks   TEST       n = 6   n = 3   n = 12                                  n =  3______________________________________1     ICmg       17.3    12.0     8.8   5.8 ±SEM    ±2.4 ±0.9 ±0.7                                  ±0.1 Δ%   -1%     -4%     -28%  -41%3     ICmg       44.7    33.9    22.6  13.4 ±SEM    ±2.1 ±1.1 ±2.8                                  ±1.36     Δ%   -16%    -23%    -77%  -98%            +36%    -44%    -67%  -98%______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 6c______________________________________Mean whole-body uric acid concentrations (μg/mg drytissue weight ±SEM), in three groups of German cockroachesoffered untreated food (RC), or food treated with 1% xanthine(RCX) and 2% trimethoprim (w/w).WEEK       GROUP     RC      RCX + 2% T______________________________________3-4        males      2.04    2.61                ±0.12                        ±0.05                n = 19  n = 9      females    2.54    2.64                ±0.06                        ±0.03                n = 17  n = 3      nymphs     2.76    2.62                        ±0.12                n = 1   n = 9______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 9 
     Treatment of Resistant Cockroaches with Xanthine-Oxypurinol Compositions 
     Colonies of cockroaches were prepared as previously described, except that the insects were taken from laboratory stocks of two German cockroach strains that are known to be resistant to insecticides commonly used for cockroach control. The two strains were: (A) the Hawthorne strain, and (B) the Las Palms strain. Profiles of the resistance ratios exhibited by these two strains are shown in Table 7a below. 
     
                       TABLE 7a______________________________________Resistance ratio (RR) profiles for the Hawthorne andLas Palms resistant strains, where, on a continuum of risingresistance, RR &gt;2.0 indicates that resistance is developing,and RR ≧3.0 indicates that the gene frequency for resistancehas increased. RR is calculated as (Test strain LT.sub.50) ÷(Susceptible strain LT.sub.50), where LT.sub.50 is the time it takes forthe intoxicant to achieve 50% mortality in a treatedpopulationINSECTICIDE      HAWTHORNE   LAS PALMS______________________________________ORGANOPHOSPHATES RRDiazinon         2.0         &gt;75Chloropyrifos    10.8        &gt;50Acephate         2.0         1.2Malathion        5.5         &gt;50CARBAMATESPropoxur         1.7         &gt;60Bendiocarb       2.2         &gt;70PYRETHROIDSPyrethrins       &gt;140        &gt;140Allethrin        &gt;140        &gt;140Permethrin       0.5         3.2Phenothrin       0.6         &gt;120Fenvalerate      0.9         &gt;60Esfenvalerate    0.8         7.0Cyfluthrin       1.8         2.5Cypermethrin     1.6         &gt;80BIO-CHEMICALAvermectin       2.4         1.5______________________________________ 
    
     Individual consumption (ICmg) in the first three-weeks was calculated as previously described. As shown in Tables 7b and 7c below, ICmg for both strains was consistent across all concentrations of the food mixtures. The Hawthorne strain exhibited a maximum decrease in consumption of 22% for a diet containing 3% oxypurinol. This represents a dose of 1,260 μg of oxypurinol over the first three weeks. 
     
                       TABLE 7b______________________________________Mean individual consumption (ICmg), over time (wks)of rodent chow offered without (RC), or with 1% xanthine (RCX),and with various concentrations (w/w) of oxypurinol (OXY %), byGerman cockroaches of the Hawthorne and Las Palms resistantstrains.TIME    RCX + OXY %(wks)   RC        0.1     1.0     2.0   3.0______________________________________HAWTHORNE STRAIN3       53.6      47.1    48.0    47.1  42.0   (±3.5) (±0.6)                     (±1.3)                             (±0.5)                                   (±0.4)   n = 4     n = 3   n = 3   n = 3 n = 4LAS PALMS STRAIN3       45.2      39.5    40.0    40.0  40.3   (±1.3) (±1.0)                     (±0.4)                             (±2.3)                                   (±0.5)   n = 4.    n = 3.  n = 3   n = 3 n = 4______________________________________ 
    
     The effect of xanthine-oxypurinol combinations on population growth was determined as previously described. As shown in Tables 7c and.7d below, the combination controlled the population growth of both resistant strains. 
     
                       TABLE 7c______________________________________Percent changes (+ or -) in mean population number incolonies of German cockroaches of the Hawthorne resistantstrain, offered food without (RC) or with 1% xanthine (RCX),and with various concentrations (w/w) of oxypurinol (OXY %),over time (weeks). n = 3.TIME                RCX + OXY %wks     RC          0.1    1.0    2.0  3.0______________________________________6       +438%       -32%   -22%   +12% -21%9       +997%       -55%   -59%   -38% -67%12      +1,601%     -77%   -78%   -76%______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 7d______________________________________Percent changes (+ or -) in mean population number incolonies of German cockroaches of the Las Palms resistantstrain, offered food without (RC) or with 1% xanthine (RCX),and with various concentrations (w/w) of oxypurinol, over time(weeks). n = 3.TIME                RCX + OXY %wks     RC          0.1    1.0    2.0  3.0______________________________________6        +146%      +50%   +68%   +31% -25%9       +1,074%     -50%    -8%   -60% -70%12      +1,624%     -78%   -67%   -88% -95%______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 10 
     Treatment of Resistant Cockroaches with Xanthine-Trimethoprim Compositions 
     Colonies of cockroaches were prepared as described, using the Hawthorne and Las Palms resistant strains. 
     As shown in Table 8a below, for the Hawthorne strain, feeding was inhibited in relation to the control, in direct ratio to the concentration of trimethoprim in the diet. The maximum decrease of 62% occurred at 4.0% T concentration, which represents a dose of 639 μg of trimethoprim per individual over the first three weeks. Population growth of the Hawthorne strain was controlled at the higher concentrations. 
     
                                           TABLE 8a__________________________________________________________________________Mean individual consumption (ICmg), and percentchange (Δ%) in mean population numbers, in colonies of Germancockroaches of the Hawthdrne resistant strain offered foodwithout (RC), or with 1% xanthine (RCX), and variousconcentrations (w/w) of trimethoprim (T %) over time (weeks).TIME      RCX + T %(wks)    TEST  RC  0.5  1.0 2.0  3.0 4.0__________________________________________________________________________3   ICmg  42.5         37.6 37.1                  30.4 17.2                           15.9    (±SEM)     (±0.7)         (±2.1)              (±1.7)                  (±2.0)                       (±1.2)                           (±1.4)     n = 7         n = 3              n = 3                  n = 6                       n = 6                           n = 33   Δ%     -7% -2%  -6% -27% -7S%                           -79%     n = 7         n = 3              n = 3                  n = 6                       n = 4                           n = 36   Δ%     +368%        -70% -79%                           -89%     n = 4        n = 3                       n = 4                           n = 39   Δ%     +606%         +369%              +298%                  -17% -95%                           -94%     n = 7         n = 3              n = 3                  n = 6                       n = 4                           n = 312  Δ%     +913%        -51% -93%                           -97%     n = 3        n = 3                       n = 3                           n = 3__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     For the Las Palms strain, as shown in Table 8b below, an even decline in ICmg of treated food occurred in direct relation to the increase in concentration of trimethoprim. The maximum inhibition, compared with the control, was 38% at 6% T concentration which constitutes an ingested dose of 1,758 μg of trimethoprim per individual over three weeks. Population numbers were reduced by two-thirds at six weeks of treatment. 
     
                       TABLE 8b______________________________________Mean individual consumption (ICmg) and percent change(Δ%) in mean population number, in colonies of Germancockroaches of the Las Palins resistant strain offered foodwithout (RC), or without 1% xanthine (RCX), and with variousconcentrations (w/w) of trimethoprim (T%) over time (weeks).n = 3TIME                RCX + T%(wks)  TEST    RC       3.0   4.0   5.0   6.0______________________________________3      ICmg    47.0     43.0  41.3  37.0  29.3  (±SEM)          (±3.8)                   (±3.5)                         (±2.2)                               (±2.3)                                     (±1.8)3      Δ%           -12%     -24% -26%  -43%  -57%6      Δ%          +336%    +100% -37%  -37%  -67%______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 11 
     Treatment of Cockroaches with Xanthine-Oxypurinol-Trimethoprim Compositions 
     Colonies of German cockroaches of the VPI susceptible strain and colonies of the Hawthorne resistant strain were offered either untreated rat chow (RC), or rat chow treated (w/w) with 1% xanthine (RCX), combined with 2% oxypurinol (OXY) and 2% trimethoprim (T). Individual consumption and changes in colony populations results are shown in Tables 9a (VPI strain) and 9b (Hawthorne strain). In both, colonies were virtually extinct by six weeks of treatment, in spite of declines in ICmg of ≧50%. 
     
                       TABLE 9a______________________________________Mean individual consumption (ICmg) and percent change(Δ%) in mean population number in colonies of Germancockroaches of the VPI susceptible strain offered food without(RC) or with 1% xanthine (RCX) and with 2% oxypurinol (OXY)and 2% trimethoprim(T) (w/w), over time (weeks).TIME               RC      RCX + 2% OXY + 2% T(wks)   TEST       n = 1   n = 3______________________________________3       ICmg       71.3    34.9   (±SEM)          (+1.6)3       Δ%    -5%    -68%6       Δ%   +955%   -99%______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 9b______________________________________Mean individual consumption (ICmg), and percentchange (Δ%) in mean population number in colonies of Germancockroaches of the Hawthorne resistant strain offered foodwith (RC), or with 1% xanthine (RCX) and with 2% oxypurinol(OXY) and 2% trimethoprim (T) (w/w), over time (weeks).TIME               RC      RCX + 2% OXY + 2% T(wks)   TEST       n = 1   n = 3______________________________________3       ICmg       72      34.1   (±SEM)          (±0.6)3       Δ%   -2.4%   -16%6       Δ%   +1416%  -98%______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 12 
     Assessment of Purines with Oxypurinol or Trimethoprim 
     Colonies of cockroaches of the VPI susceptible strain were prepared as previously described. The diets offered were rat chow alone (RC), rat chow (w/w) with it xanthine and 3% trimethoprim (RCX+T), rat chow with it hypoxanthine and 3% trimethoprim (HX+T), rat chow with 1% guanine and 3% trimethoprim (G+T), and rat chow with 1% hypoxanthine and 1% oxypurinol (HX+OXY). Individual consumption (ICmg), and change in population numbers were calculated as before, with the results shown in Table 10, below. 
     The results, with hypoxanthine and guanine replacing the xanthine component of the diet mixtures, compared closely with those obtained with xanthine. This was the case with both trimethoprim and oxypurinol, with population growth being controlled to extinction of the colonies. Some feeding inhibition occurred in all of the trimethoprim mixtures. 
     
                       TABLE 10______________________________________Mean individual consumption (ICmg), and percentchange (Δ%) in mean population numbers, in colonies of Germancockroaches of the VPI susceptible strain offered food without(RC), or with 1% of a purine (w/w) and either 3% trimethoprim(T), or 1% oxypurinol (OXY), over time (weeks). Purines werexanthine (X), hypoxanthine (HX), or guanine (G).TIME          RC      RCX + T                        HX + T                              G + T HX + OXY(wks) TEST    n = 2   n = 2  n = 2 n = 2 n = 1______________________________________3     ICmg    54      26     25    29    42 (tSEM)  (±0) (±8.0)                        (±1.0)                              (±8.0)3     Δ%         -5.5    -68    -74   -71   -176     Δ%          +152   -99    -91   -94   -839     Δ%         +1426   -100   -100  -100  -100______________________________________