Abstract:
An apparatus for dispensing material through a refillable cartridge, comprising a container having a receptacle for receiving a refill cartridge, the container having a lid cooperating with the container to enclose the refill cartridge, the container further comprising an exit port and a channel for communicating material from the refill cartridge to the exit port, and a valve for controlling the flow of material out of the refill cartridge; and a reusable, refill cartridge sized to be received in the receptacle, the refill cartridge including compressed gas and material separated by a bi-conical thruster, the refill cartridge further comprising a first end having a material inlet and outlet manifold, and a second end having a compressed gas inlet. The system&#39;s performance can be improved by applying a surface treatment to the wetted surfaces of the system to change the physical properties at the fluid/vessel interface.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This is a continuation application based on U.S. Ser. No. 14/229,259, filed Mar. 28, 2014, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 13/222,604, filed Aug. 31, 2011, U.S. Pat. No. 8,684,238, issued Apr. 1, 2014, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 12/426,789, filed Apr. 20, 2009, U.S. Pat. No. 8,413,856, issued Apr. 9, 2013, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional application Ser. No. 61/124,913, filed Apr. 21, 2008, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the field of materials management, and more particularly to systems designed for containing, transferring, delivering and dispensing various materials. The material management system of the invention is configured to deliver contamination free streams from a vessel that can be emptied and refilled repeatedly, without intervening cleaning of the vessel or its components. 
     Prior known material management systems have encountered difficulty transferring from a containment vessel certain thick, viscous fluids, liquids and other types of materials that may resist pumping and that can be damaging to pumping apparatus. As used herein, a fluid is a substance that is capable of flowing and that changes its shape at a steady rate when acted upon by a force tending to change its shape. Certain materials, while normally not considered to be fluids, also can be made to flow under certain conditions, for example, soft solids and semi-solids. Vast quantities of fluids are used in transportation, manufacturing, farming, mining, and industry. Thick fluids, viscous fluids, semi-solid fluids, visco-elastic products, pastes, gels and other fluid materials that are not easy to dispense from fluid sources (for example, pressure vessels, open containers, supply lines, etc.) comprise a sizable portion of the fluids utilized. These fluids include thick and/or viscous chemicals and other such materials, for example, lubricating greases, adhesives, sealants and mastics. In the food processing industry, cheeses, creams, food pastes and the like must be moved from point to point without degrading the food&#39;s quality and freshness. In the manufacture and use of industrial chemicals and pharmaceutical products, hard to move fluids that are thick and/or viscous are commonly used. The ability to transport these materials from one place to another, for example, from a container to a manufacturing or processing site, and in a manner that protects the quality of the material, is of vital importance. 
     Delivering and dispensing thick and/or viscous materials presents a challenge because these materials resist flowing and are not easily dispensed or moved out of their containers. Prior known methods of delivering viscous fluids have concentrated on establishing and maintaining a fluid tight seal between pushing pistons or follower plates, and side walls of the containers of viscous materials. These devices, however, are highly susceptible to disruption if the sidewalls of the viscous material container become out-of-round or dented. Moreover, some systems require high precision in all its parts, and require relatively bulky and expensive equipment. Furthermore, most known systems for material transport of fluids require the use of an external pump with a container having a follower plate. Moreover, the pump and follower plate are connected or otherwise coupled so as to increase the expense and mechanical sophistication of such material transfer systems. 
     Heretofore known vessels and containers were basic moderate-high-pressure vessels having characteristics that were deficient in transferring difficult to move materials. For example, such vessels often were relatively heavy, mild steel, converted air receivers. Other such vessels were merely thin-walled, special steel alloy, converted propane tanks. Accordingly, the vessels were manufactured under DOT regulations, and therefore required relatively frequent re-certification. Such containers also were susceptible to internal rusting, and often were closed, and therefore difficult to clean. Furthermore, the containers were not bimodal (for liquids and/or thick fluids). In addition, past container internals consisted of only one internal subsystem, a follower device that had a single function, to prevent high-pressure gas bypassing. These follower devices were difficult to fabricate, relatively expensive, rust-prone and could not wipe the vessel walls, even if desired by the user. Many such systems contained heavy “ballast” that was not modifiable after fabrication and were easily canted (tipped) if container was placed on its side. 
     One disclosed reusable viscous material dispensing apparatus system includes a follower boat having a lower hull portion that is weighted with ballast. The diameter of the boat is smaller than the inner diameter of the cylinder, such that the boat floats in a cylinder filled with viscous materials, such as thick lubricating greases. In use of the system, the cylinder is filled with a viscous material through its ingress and egress opening. By applying compressed gas to the boat from above, the boat attempts to force the viscous material out of the container through a common ingress and egress opening, until the bottom of the boat seats on and blocks the opening. However, the disclosed container is configured as a vertical, closed, pressure vessel that may be difficult to clean. Moreover, the disclosed boat is a single-function (prevents gas bypass), heavy, difficult to manufacture apparatus. 
     Accordingly, there is a need for, and what was heretofore unavailable, a refillable material transfer system that can dispense a highly viscous fluid from a reusable vessel to a point of use. Similarly, there is a need for a material transfer system that will dispense only the required amount of material without waste, which is especially important to consumers. Because certain chemicals are sensitive to contamination of one form or another, there is a further need for a material transfer system that is sealed, protects product quality, allows sampling without opening the container to contamination and permits proper attribution of product quality problems to either the supplier or the user. Likewise, there is need for a refillable material transfer system that uses low cost components and provides a non-mechanical (no moving parts), non-pulsating solution for dispensing and transferring thick fluids and other such materials. The present invention satisfies these and other needs. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Briefly, and in general terms, the present invention is directed to a refillable aerosol cartridge system for dispensing various materials, including thick, viscous and other types of fluids that resist pumping and/or which might be damaging to pumping apparatus. The invention further provides a cartridge and dispenser adapted for delivery of contamination-free flow of fluid product, which can be emptied and refilled repeatedly without intervening cleaning of the cartridge. 
     The present invention is a reusable, refillable, and recyclable system useful in dispensing viscous material, such as fluids and liquids. The system includes a material containment vessel with an upper region incorporating a motive force, and a bottom region with a material ingress and egress opening. Alternatively, the material ingress and egress may be configured in a manifold or other structure positioned at the top of the vessel. A bi-conical or other shaped, level-instrumented force transfer device is located in the material containment area. The force transfer device can be weighted to an amount depending upon the application. The diameter and height of the tangential element of the force transfer device forms a cylindrical interface region. The diameter of this cylindrical interface region is smaller than the inner diameter of the material container forming an annulus that is matched to the viscous fluid or liquid and to the operating conditions of the system. 
     The force transfer device is an energy transducer when the material containment is filled with highly viscous materials, such as adhesives, sealants, mastics or lubricating greases. The force transfer device may serve as an integral part of a level indicator for both viscous fluids and lower viscosity liquids. The viscous material itself forms a seal between the interface region of the force transfer device and the inside wall of the fluid vessel. Vertical stabilizing elements may extend outward from the force transfer device. These stabilizing elements prevent the interface region from scraping viscous materials off the sidewalls of the fluid containment. In the use of the system, the vessel is filled with a material, such as a viscous fluid or a liquid through its ingress and egress opening. The filling operation raises the force transfer device and forms a viscous seal. By applying pressure to the force transfer device from above, the force transfer device forces the viscous material out of the vessel through the material ingress and egress opening, until the bottom of the force transfer device seats on and blocks the ingress and egress opening. In the present invention, energy in the form of high-pressure inert gas may be applied to the force transfer device. As also contemplated by the present invention, the energy may be derived from a combination of pneumatic, hydraulic, mechanical, electronic, or electro-mechanical means, wherein no sealing devices are used between the force transfer device and the vessel wall. 
     The present invention includes an apparatus for transferring material from a vessel including a crown, a tangential member attached to the crown, wherein the tangential member is configured with an outer surface substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis, and a thruster attached to the tangential member, wherein the thruster is configured with a portion for penetrating a material. The force transfer device may be configured such that thruster is cone shaped including a vertex directed away from the tangential member, the crown is cone shaped with a vertex directed away from the tangential member. 
     The system&#39;s wetted surfaces, i.e. the interior surfaces that come in contact with the viscous fluid, can be treated to improve the efficiency of the fluid transfer operation. That is, the movement of the fluid into and out of the system can be improved by selective application of treatments to the interior surfaces and/or the fluid itself. The interface between a moving fluid and a surface creates a boundary layer, which is more pronounced in highly viscous fluids than less viscous fluids. At the surface of the wall, the fluid will have a zero velocity and assume the wall temperature, whereas at some point spaced from the wall the fluid will assume the bulk fluid temperature and move at the bulk fluid velocity. In between these two conditions is the boundary layer, which affects the energy required to move the fluid. A viscous fluid will have a larger boundary layer and thus be more greatly affected by the characteristics of that boundary layer. In the present system, a cylindrical (or other shaped) vessel moving viscous fluid axially will be governed by the conditions at the wall of the vessel. 
     One condition that significantly affects the boundary layer, and thus the fluid flow, is the surface roughness of the wall. Roughness is a major factor in boundary layer analysis, where a rougher surface increases the boundary layer and requires more energy to move the same amount of fluid, whereas a smoother surface reduces the boundary layer and reduces the amount of energy required to move the fluid within the vessel. The present invention takes advantage of this phenomenon to adjust the surface roughness of the surface of the wall by treating the wall with a material selected to diminish surface roughness and create an interface between the viscous fluid and the wall surface. The material may be applied to any and all wetted surfaces within the vessel, including the force transfer device, so that fluid will move more efficiently through the system. Alternatively, the surface of the inner walls of the vessel (and the force transfer device) can be modified to manipulate the boundary layer that forms at the interface of the fluid and the surfaces. Polishing, abrading, pitting, and microfinishing are all modes by which the boundary layer within the vessel can be modified or controlled to improve the fluid transfer operation. 
     Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the features of the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a front plan view in partial cross-section of a first embodiment of the refillable material transfer system of the present invention having a bi-conical force transfer device. 
         FIG. 2  is a side plan view of the force transfer device of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a top plan view of the force transfer device of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 4  is a front plan view in partial cross-section of an alternative embodiment of the refillable material transfer system of the present invention having a bi-conical force transfer device including stabilizers fins. 
         FIG. 5  is a side plan view of the force transfer device of  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 6  is a top plan view of the force transfer device of  FIG. 5 . 
         FIG. 7  is a side plan view of the force transfer device of  FIG. 5 , further including an annulus management device. 
         FIG. 8  is a top plan view of the force transfer device of  FIG. 7 . 
         FIG. 9  is a side plan view in of an alternative embodiment of the refillable material transfer system of the present invention having a openable lid including a lift mechanism. 
         FIG. 10  is a side plan view in an alternative embodiment of the force transfer device of the present invention having upper stabilizers fins. 
         FIG. 11  is an exploded view of the components of the force transfer device of  FIG. 10 . 
         FIG. 12  is a side plan view in an alternative embodiment of the force transfer device of the present invention configured for use with a level indicating device. 
         FIG. 13  is a top plan view of the force transfer device of  FIG. 12 . 
         FIG. 14  is a bottom plan view of the force transfer device of  FIG. 12 . 
         FIG. 15  is a side plan view of the force transfer device of  FIG. 12 , further including an annulus management device. 
         FIG. 16  is a top plan view of the force transfer device of  FIG. 15 . 
         FIG. 17  is a side plan view of a level indicating device for use with the force transfer device of  FIG. 12 . 
         FIG. 18  is a side plan view of a position device subassembly for use with the force transfer device of  FIG. 12  and the level indicating device of  FIG. 17 . 
         FIG. 19  is an exploded, perspective view of a cartridge system using the present invention. 
         FIG. 20  is a cross-sectional view of the cartridge system of  FIG. 19 . 
         FIG. 21  is a cross-sectional view of the cartridge system dispensing product. 
         FIG. 22  is a cross-sectional view of the cartridge system being refilled. 
         FIG. 23  is an alternate embodiment of the cartridge system of  FIG. 21  having a boundary layer reducing treatment applied to wetted interior surfaces. 
         FIG. 24  is a magnified view of a tapered cone structure at the wall of the interior surfaces. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     As shown in the drawings for purposes of illustration, the present invention is directed to refillable material transfer systems for dispensing various materials, including thick, viscous and other types of fluids that resist pumping and/or which might be damaging to pumping apparatus. The system includes a material containment vessel with an upper region incorporating a motive force, and a bottom region with a material ingress and egress opening. A bi-conical or other shaped, level-instrumented force transfer device is located in the material containment area. The force transfer device can be weighted to an amount depending upon the application. The diameter and height of the tangential element of the force transfer device forms a cylindrical interface region. The diameter of this cylindrical interface region is smaller than the inner diameter of the material container forming an annulus that is matched to the viscous fluid or liquid and to the operating conditions of the system. 
     Turning now to the drawings, in which like reference numerals represent like or corresponding aspects of the drawings, and with particular reference to  FIG. 1 , the refillable material transfer system  10  includes a pressure vessel  20  and a force transfer device  60 , having a crown (upper portion)  68  and a thruster (lower portion)  71 . The pressure vessel includes a top portion (first end)  22 , a sidewall  24  and a bottom portion (second end)  26 . The pressure vessel may be in the form of a cylindrical container or other suitable shape for containing the material to be moved in and out of the pressure vessel. For example, the container may be a vertical or horizontal high-pressure vessel, a single pipe, a pipe cluster or a pipe-spool. Furthermore, the container need not necessarily be configured for or as a pressure vessel, wherein the material to be transferred in and out of the container may move with gravity or other energy or force applied to the transfer device. Suitable materials of construction for the material vessel and its components include metals (such as aluminum, copper, iron, nickel and titanium) and alloys (such as alloy 20, inconel, monel, steel and stainless steel). In addition, polymers, plastics, composites and other synthetic materials (such as fiber reinforced plastic, polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene—ABS, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride—CPVC and polyvinylidene fluoride—PVDF) may be used to construct the container and its components. Wherein the present invention contemplates horizontal, vertical and tilted vessels, the references to the drawings herein are generally to a vertical vessel; however, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that terms such as upper, lower, top and bottom may be easily translated to horizontal and tilted configurations of the refillable material transfer system. 
     The top  22  of the vessel  20  may be secured to the sidewall or may be an openable lid or otherwise removable from the sidewall portion  24  of the vessel. The top of the vessel may have a flat surface, a semi-ellipsoidal surface, or a hemispherical surface. The top may be configured as a lid that can be opened to facilitate the removal of the force transfer device  60 , changing of material service, maintenance of the systems internals and periodic cleaning. The lid of the vessel may include an access manifold  36  that extends outward from the top of the vessel and extends into the lid. The access manifold is preferably centrally positioned, for example, along the longitudinal axis of the vessel. The access manifold may include an overflow arm  32  or other device for allowing excess material to exit the container during a filling operation. The overflow arm may include a manually operated or pressure-release valve. The access manifold may further be configured to contain a stabilizer pipe or other rod to be disposed within the container along its longitudinal axis. An access flange  34  may be fitted at the outside end of the access pipe (external of the vessel) so as to constrain a stabilizer rod (pipe)  62  that may extend from the top of the vessel to proximate the bottom  26  of the vessel. The top of the container may be further configured with a valve and fitting  38  for introducing and/or releasing pressurized gas into/from the vessel. Gases such as air, nitrogen or other chemically derived gases (inert or active) may be employed to pressurize the vessel and provide an applied force to the crown  68 . In addition, the lid may be configured with a pressure release valve (not shown) or other device to relieve overpressure of gas within the container. The access flange may also be used for relief of the pressurized gas from the vessel. 
     The top  22  of the container  20  may be further configured with a retainer  61  for restraining the force transfer device  60  as it reaches the top of the container. The retainer serves at least two purposes: to prevent overflow during refilling operations, and to facilitate the removal of any of any materials retained on the upper surface of the conical crown  68 , especially semi-solid materials, by allowing them to be expelled during a fill cycle. The retainer may be formed to conform to the shape of the crown of the force transfer device. The retainer may be made from of the same or different metal, alloy or polymer as the material vessel, depending upon the construction of the vessel, force transfer device and material serviced. Additionally, the top of the container and sidewall portion of the container may be configured with flanges that fit tightly together so as to form a seal when the container is configured with an openable top. A first flange  27  could be secured to the top of the vessel, wherein a second flange  28  is secured to the sidewall of the vessel. Fastening mechanisms (not shown) may be used to secure the top flange and sidewall flange together when the container is in operation. 
     The sidewall  24  of the vessel  20  defines a gas space  30  within the vessel. Similarly, when the vessel is filled with material  42  a portion of the container includes a material space  40 . The vessel may further include a false bottom portion  50  that is defined by an arrestor  73  configured to match (conform to) the shape of the thruster  71  of the force transfer device. The vessel&#39;s bottom may have a flat surface, a semi-ellipsoidal surface, a hemispherical surface or other suitable shape for the duty of the vessel. The arrestor is configured to prevent gas bypassing and to assure low material retain when the vessel is empty. The arrestor may be further configured with an outlet channel  55  that transverses the bottom  26  of the vessel and is in fluid communication with a material manifold  45 . Preferably, the outlet channel is of sufficient length so as to prevent gas flow into the material manifold by sealing the exit with abundant material. In addition, the outlet channel may be of sufficient length to define a heat transfer area  54  such that heat transfer elements  52  may be interposed around the outlet channel and under the arrestor so as to heat or cool the material exiting the container. Alternatively, the outlet channel and material exit manifold may be positioned at the top of the container, wherein the arrestor, retainer and other components of the vessel are appropriately configured. 
     The outlet channel  55  of the arrestor  73  at the false bottom  50  of the material vessel  20  leads to a material manifold  45 . The material manifold may include a material inlet  48  and a material outlet  46  in a T-shape (tee). A flange  44  may be used to cap the bottom of the material manifold when formed in a T-shape. Alternatively, the material may enter and exit the manifold from the same port, wherein the manifold is formed in a L-shape. One or more valves (not shown) may be added to the material inlet and material outlet. Likewise, quick-release (cam and groove) couplings or other assemblies may be added to the material inlet and material outlet for connection to conventional devices for introducing (filling) and removing (emptying) material to/from the vessel. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 2 and 3 , the force transfer device  60  includes a crown (upper portion)  68 , a tangential member (middle portion)  69  and a thruster (lower portion)  71 . In one embodiment, the crown is configured with a conical or frustrum shape having a substantially triangular cross-section. The cone-shaped crown includes an access port (opening)  64  for access to a hollow interior of the force transfer device. The opening may be used to insert ballast or other weighted material into the thruster. A ballast plug (cap)  65  may be used to close the access port in the crown. One or more vents (gas ports)  66  may be drilled or otherwise formed in the crown and tangential member so as to allow gas to pressurize the internal space of the force transfer device. The force transfer device accepts the primary force and/or energy applied to the crown and transduces the applied force through the thruster, causing the material manifold  45  to be ubiquitously pressurized. When the transfer system  10  includes a stabilizing pipe or rod  62  or other central member, the crown also includes a hole or bore  75  at the vertex of the cone in which the stabilizing rod may be slidably disposed. Similarly, the thruster may be configured with an opening  77  at the vertex of the cone in which the stabilizing rod may be slidably disposed. 
     The thruster  71  may be formed in a conical or frustum shape having a substantially triangular cross-section and may be configured with a hollow interior. A tangential member  69  may be interposed between the conical crown  68  and the conical thruster. The tangential member may be configured as a disk or plate being circular or cylindrical in shape and rectangular in cross-section. The tangential member helps provide stability to the force transfer device such that the outer wall of the tangential member is configured to be positioned substantially parallel to the sidewall  24  of the vessel  20  and substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the crown and the longitudinal axis of the thruster. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , one embodiment of the force transfer device  60  resembles a child&#39;s top in cross-section, where both the crown  68  and thruster  71  are conical in shape, thereby forming a bi-conical force transfer device. In one embodiment, the crown is a hollow, upward-pointing cone, wherein the primary purpose is to prevent overfilling when the confined space of the vessel  20  is being filled with material  42 . Of secondary importance and during the refilling process, the crown displaces any materials that may have deposited on top of the force transfer device. The conical thruster transfers the force applied to device so as to penetrate and move the material through the vessel&#39;s material outlet  55  and into the material manifold  45 . The conical portion of the thruster is configured for penetrating the material in the vessel. Suitable materials of construction for the force transfer device and its components include metals (such as aluminum, copper, iron, nickel and titanium) and alloys (such as alloy 20, inconel, monel, steel and stainless steel). In addition, polymers, plastics, composites and other synthetic materials may be used to form the force transfer device, such materials include fiber reinforced plastic, polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). 
     Referring again to  FIG. 1 , one embodiment of the refillable material transfer system  10  is configured with the material vessel  20  in a vertical position, wherein the bottom  26  of the container is adjacent to the floor or ground and may stand on legs or other pedestals (not shown). Accordingly, the sidewall  24  of the vessel holds the top  22  of the container in place. The force transfer  60  device is configured to move up and down the container as the material enters and leaves the vessel. When a stabilizer rod or other device  62  is disposed within the container, the transfer device moves up and down the rod, which may be configured with a cap  63  at the end of the rod near the bottom of the vessel. Movement of the force transfer device is constrained at the top of the vessel by the retainer  61 , and is constrained at the bottom of the vessel by the arrestor  73 . In one aspect of the present invention, the tangential member  69  is configured with an outer diameter that is less than the internal diameter of the vessel. Accordingly, as the transfer element moves up and down the container, a portion of material  42  remains along the sidewall forming a gas seal  49  between the vessel sidewall and the tangential member. In such a vertical configuration of the transfer system, the outlet  55  is configured with a sufficient vertical length so that gas in the vessel will not move through the outlet into the bottom material manifold as material empties from the container and the transfer element approaches the arrestor. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , alternative embodiments of the refillable material transfer system  10  may be configured using a mode of force other than a high pressurized gas source. For example, a drive shaft  93  may be positioned within a manifold  86  configured within the top portion  22  of the material vessel (container)  20 . The drive shaft is configured to provide a driving force so as to move a force transfer device  90  from the top to the bottom  26  of the vessel. A first end portion  87  of the drive shaft extends outside of the manifold from the top of the vessel. A flange  84  positioned at an end of the manifold that extends outside of the top of the vessel provides an airtight seal around the exterior portion of the drive shaft. A second end  88  of the drive shaft is disposed within an opening  102  configured at a vertex of a conical crown  94  of the force transfer device. Accordingly, movement of the drive shaft from the top towards the bottom of the container drives the force transfer device towards the bottom of the container. Likewise, movement of the drive shaft from the bottom towards the top of the container moves the force transfer device towards the top of the container. 
     In operation, it is expected that when material  42  enters the material manifold  45  positioned adjacent the bottom  26  of the vessel  20 , then the force transfer device  90  rises towards the top  22  of the container. Alternatively, the drive shaft  93  may be configured to move the force transfer device to the top of the container adjacent a retainer  91  configured within the top portion or lid of the vessel. Further, a limit switch  92  may be configured in the retainer and electronically connected to the mode of force for the drive shaft so as to stop the force transfer device adjacent the retainer as the force transfer device approaches the top of the vessel. Similarly, a limit switch  101  may be positioned at or near the arrestor  99 . Thus, as the drive shaft moves the transfer device towards the bottom of the container, the limit switch serves to stop the mode of force on the drive shaft and to position the transfer device adjacent the arrestor allowing essentially all of the material to be removed from the container. Alternatively, the material manifold, switches, retainer, arrestor and other vessel components may be configured so that the material is introduced and removed from the top of the container. 
     A gas purge line and valve  89  may be configured into the top or lid  22  of the vessel  20  and through the retainer  91  to allow air or an inert gas to be fed into the vessel when material  42  is being removed from the vessel and to purge such gases when the vessel is being filled with material. In addition, a material overfill arm  82  may be included in the manifold  86  for purging excess material, air and other gases during the fill cycle. The gas inlet and valve may be used to allow gas or air to enter into the container as material is moved out of the container as the airspace  80  increases within the container and as the material space  40  reduces in the container. Alternatively, the excess material discharge line  82  may be configured so as to allow air to enter and exit the container as the transfer device pushes material out of the container or material entering into the container moves the transfer device towards the top of the container. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 5 and 6 , the bi-conical force transfer device  90  includes a crown (upper portion)  94 , a tangential member (middle portion)  95  and a thruster (lower portion)  97 . The crown and thruster are configured with a conical or frustum shape, having a substantially triangular cross-section with a truncated point or vertex. The annular tangential member has a substantially vertical outer surface, and is interposed between the crown and thruster. The crown, tangential member and thruster may be machined, die-cast or otherwise manufactured as a single unit, or may be manufactured as separate components and welded, bolted or otherwise permanently or removably fastened together to form the force transfer device. 
     The force transfer device  90  may be further configured with one or more stabilizers  96  positioned along the outer surface of the tangential member  95  of the transfer device. The stabilizers are thin blade-like members, and may be made of a similar material as the transfer device, for example, metals and their alloys, polymers, plastics, composites or other natural and synthetic materials. The plurality of stabilizers (for example, four stabilizers) may be affixed to the transfer device equidistant along the outer surface of the tangential member by welding, mechanical fasteners or other suitable devices and techniques. The top and bottom edges of the stabilizers may be rounded so as to limit scraping and other damage to the sidewall  24  of the material vessel  20 . One purpose of the stabilizers is to help prevent tipping of the force device as the tangential member moves along the sidewalls of the vessel. The stabilizers also allow a material space  49  adjacent the sidewall of the vessel so as to provide a gas seal between the force transfer device and the vessel&#39;s sidewall. In such a configuration, the refillable material transfer system  10  may be used in a vertical position, a horizontal position or disposed at an angle as required by the user. 
     Performance of the force transfer device  90  may be enhanced by the addition of a penetrating tip or protuberance  98 . As shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , the penetrating tip may be conical or frustum in shape, having the same or different intrinsic angle as the conical thruster portion  97  of the force transfer device (see  FIG. 11 ). The penetrating tip may be made of the same material or alternative materials as the other components of the force transfer device. Further, the configuration of the conical thruster tip need not be triangular in cross-section, but may be rounded, square or other suitable configuration so as to help displace the material as the force transfer device moves towards the portion of the container that contains the material outlet channel  55  and material outlet manifold  45 . The conical thruster may be configured at its bottom end (furthest from the crown  94  and tangential member  95 ) with a truncated portion  104  that is configured to receive the conical thruster tip. The wide end  106  of the conical thruster tip may be configured with a threaded flange or other device for securing to the truncated portion of the thruster. Alternatively, the conical thruster tip may be welded or otherwise permanently secured to the conical thruster. Empirical data supports the premise that the largest diameter of the thruster tip should be about the same as the diameter of the exit channel  55 . Both the conical portion of the thruster and the protuberance are configured for penetrating the material. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 7 and 8 , the force transfer device  90  may be further configured with an annulus management device  103  positioned adjacent and/or around the tangential member  95  of the force transfer device. For example, the annulus management device may include a circular, donut-shaped member that includes cutouts or notches (not shown) so as to fit tightly over the stabilizer fins  96 . Alternatively, cutouts or notches could be made in the stabilizer fins to accommodate the annulus management device. The annulus management device also may be configured to be retained within an annular notch within the tangential member of the force transfer device. The annulus management device may be removably or permanently attached to the force transfer device (see also  FIGS. 15, 16 ). The inner diameter of the annulus management device should be substantially the same as the outer diameter of the tangential member of the transfer device. The outer diameter of the annulus management device should be greater than the inner diameter of the material vessel  20  so as to be in close proximity to the sidewall  24  of the vessel. Thus, as the force transfer device moves along the sidewalls of the vessel, any accumulated material  49  ( FIG. 4 ) along the sidewall of the vessel is moved towards the bottom  26  of the vessel, through the outlet channel  55  and preferably out the material manifold  45 . Suitable materials for the annulus management device include materials similar to the force transfer device materials, as well as leathers, natural or synthetic rubbers and other elastomers such as Buna-N(nitrile), fluoroelastomers, neoprene and ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer (EPDM). 
     Referring now to  FIG. 9 , one embodiment of the refillable material transfer system  110  includes configuring the material vessel  120  in a vertical format. The material vessel includes a main body  150 , a top  122 , and one or more legs or extensions  170 . The main body of the material vessel is configured in a cylindrical format having a lower portion  152  to be connected to the legs  170  and an upper portion  154  to be connected to the top  122 . An upper annular flange  124  is connected to a lower portion  156  of the top. A lower annular flange  126  is connected to the upper portion  154  of the main body of the vessel. The annular flanges are essentially cylindrical in shape, having a donut-like configuration, being significantly larger in diameter than in thickness. Clamping screws  128  are secured to the bottom flange and are configured to reside within notches or slots  127  formed within the upper flange. The configuration of the top and bottom flanges and securing locks are such that when the securing locks are in place a fluid tight seal is maintained between the top and main body of the material vessel. Where the duty of the material vessel includes high pressure or other requirements for a fluid tight seal, an O-ring (not shown) may be interposed between the upper and lower flanges or a rubber or other polymeric coating may be applied to the upper and lower flanges so as to facilitate a fluid tight seal. Other mechanisms, such as latches, clamps, lifting lugs and davits may be used to secure the vessel&#39;s top to the vessel&#39;s main body. 
     The top portion  122  of the material vessel  120  may be hemispherical and circular in cross-section. Alternatively, the top of the pressure vessel may be configured flat, square or other suitable shape for the duty imposed on the vessel. Bores, cut outs or other access ports may be provided in the top of the container so as to facilitate positioning of a gas inlet end valve  180 , an overflow or pressure relief valve  190  and a gauge mechanism  160 . For ease of insertion and removal of a gauge  160  having a display  164 , a threaded coupling  162  may be placed within the center of the top portion of the container. Alternatively, the top coupling may be used to hold the stabilizer rod or pipe  62 , as shown in  FIG. 1 , or the drive shaft  93 , as shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     So as to facilitate removal of the top  122  from the container  120 , a lifting mechanism  130  may be configured adjacent the main body  150  of the material vessel. In one embodiment, as available from Rosedale Products of Ann Arbor, Mich., U.S.A., a hydraulic jack  132  is used to drive a piston or rod  134  to lift the annular flange  124  of the top portion of the vessel. An actuator mechanism  136  may be used to hydraulically, mechanically or electro-mechanically move the drive shaft  134  to position the top of the container. Furthermore, the lifting mechanism may be configured so as to lift and allow horizontal movement of the lid without complete disengagement from the lower flange  126 . For stabilizing purposes, a support flange  138  may be secured to the main body  150  of the material vessel and to the actuator mechanism  132  of the lift mechanism  130 . 
     The refillable material transfer system  110  may be further configured with a material inlet and outlet manifold  140  positioned below the main body  150  of the material vessel  120  and adjacent the bottom portion  152  of the vessel. For example, a pipe  144  may be connected to the bottom portion of the container and may include a T-shaped (tee) portion  146  that is closed on one end  146  and is connected to a discharge mechanism  148  on a second portion of the tee. The discharge portion of the material manifold may further include a ball valve and actuator mechanism  142 . A cam and groove coupler or other industry specific mechanism may be configured on the outlet of the material manifold for coupling to hoses and pipes for filling and emptying the container. For further protection of the material discharge manifold, a shield (not shown) of plastic, metal or other suitable material may be configured around the legs  170  or other extension supporting the material container  120 . Similarly, a protective shield (not shown) may be formed around the upper portion of the top  122  of the container so as to protect the display mechanism  160 , gas inlet  180  and pressure relief or material discharge device  190 . Cutouts in the protective mechanism surrounding the top may be provided for access to the display  164  and gas valve  180 . 
     The refillable material transfer system  110  may be configured to hold various quantities of material  42  and various pressures of high-pressure gas  31 . For example (see also  FIGS. 1 and 4 ), the top  122  and main body  150  of the vessel  120  may be sized and the retainer  61 ,  91  and arrestor  73 ,  99  configured so that the internal material space  40  accommodates, for example, fifty-five, one-hundred-and-fifty, three-hundred or six-hundred gallons (2.3 cubic meters) of fluid or other material. For an operation mode involving constant gas pressure, those skilled in the art can determine, without undue experimentation, the volume of the container required to accommodate the high-pressure gas. For an operation mode involving pre-charging the vessel with a specific amount of gas proceed as follows: 
     (a) determine the final pressure (P), in absolute terms required to dispense the material when empty; 
     (b) multiply this absolute pressure (P) by the flooded volume (V) of the container to obtain a value referred to herein as the PV constant; 
     (c) determine the value of the absolute pressure at pre-charging a full container; and 
     (d) divide the PV constant by the absolute pressure at pre-charging to determine the volume of the container required to accommodate the high-pressure gas. 
     When a bi-conical force transfer device  60 ,  90  is used in the material vessel  20 ,  120 , the outer diameter of the tangential member  69 ,  95  (largest diameter of the crown  68 ,  94  and thruster  71 ,  97 ) is configured somewhat smaller than the inner diameter of the sidewall  24  of the material vessel. Refillable material transfer systems can be scaled up and down for the intended services. The services can range from small hand held systems to large cargo truck or trailer mounted systems. It is contemplated that the present invention is applicable to very small (micro-, nano-sized) to very large material transfer systems that would move material quantities of less than a micro-liter and at least tens of thousands of liters of material. Those skilled in the art of containers can determine, without undue experimentation, the appropriate container geometries, materials, and other features. Similarly, those skilled in the art of material transfer can determine, without undue experimentation, the appropriate force transfer device geometries, materials and other features. If refillable material transfer systems would be charged with finite volumes of gas, and not connected to a gas supplies, then those skilled in the art of materials transfer can determine, without undue experimentation, the appropriate minimum gas pressures. Further, those skilled in the art of gas handling can determine, without undue experimentation, the appropriate initial gas pressures and gas volumes. The following are the dimensions of some examples of refillable material transfer systems: 
     Example No. 1 
     Automotive Body Sealant Dispenser 
     Dispensing volume: 1.9 gallons (432 cubic inches, 7.1 liters) 
     Container 
     Top: flat 
     Bottom: flat 
     Inside Diameter: 6.5 inches (16.5 cm) 
     Inside height: 14.5 inches (36.8 cm) 
     Flooded volume: 2.1 gallons (481 cubic inches, 7.9 liters) 
     Material: aluminum 
     Force Transfer Device 
     Top: flat 
     Bottom: 120 degree cone 
     Bottom protuberance: none 
     Tangential diameter: 6.25 inches (15.9 cm) 
     Tangential height: 1.0 inches (2.5 cm) 
     Material: aluminum 
     Example No. 2 
     Automotive Body Sound Deadening Dispenser 
     Dispensing volume: 21.7 gallons (5,013 cubic inches, 82.1 liters) 
     Container 
     Top: 2:1 semi-ellipsoidal 
     Bottom: 2:1 semi-ellipsoidal 
     Inside Diameter: 15.5 inches (39.4 cm) 
     Straight shell height: 32.1 inches (81.5 cm) 
     Flooded volume: 34.3 gallons (7,929 cubic inches, 129.9 liters) 
     Material: stainless steel 
     Force Transfer Device 
     Top: 2:1 semi-ellipsoidal 
     Bottom: 2:1 semi-ellipsoidal 
     Bottom protuberance: diameter of 3.0 inches (7.6 cm) and height of 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) 
     Tangential diameter: 14.0 inches (35.6 cm) 
     Tangential height: 5.0 inches (12.7 cm) 
     Material: stainless steel 
     Proximity of the tangential member  69 ,  95 ,  230 ,  232 ,  234 ,  236 ,  330 ,  332 ,  334 ,  346 ,  348  of the force transfer device  60 ,  90 ,  200  and  300  to the sidewall  24  of the material container  20 ,  120  is dependant, among other things, upon the nature of the material  42 . The proximity range from 0.2 to 1.0 inches (0.5 to 2.5 cm). Height of the tangential member  69 ,  95 ,  230 ,  232 ,  234 ,  236 ,  330 ,  332 ,  334 ,  346 ,  348  depends, among other things, upon the nature of the material and the size of the container  20 ,  120 . Heights range from zero to twelve inches (30.5 cm). The conical crown  68 ,  94  has a defining angle which depends upon, among other things, the character of the material. The angle can range from 90 to 180 degrees. The fulcrum of the thruster  71 ,  97 ,  210 ,  212 ,  214 ,  215  has a defining angle  215  that depends, among other things, upon the nature of the material that can range from 90 degrees to 180 degrees. The thruster tip  98 ,  220  has a defining angle  225  that depends, among other things, upon the nature of the material that can range from 30 degrees to less than 180 degrees. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 10 and 11 , the force transfer device  200  may be adapted for use with various fluids having different viscosities. The thruster portion  210  of the transfer device may be configured as conical or frustum shaped, hollow device. The plurality of tangential members  230  may be configured to be placed adjacent the thruster portion of the transfer device. For example, the tangential members  232 ,  234 ,  236  may be disk-like or cylindrical in shape having an aspect ratio where their height (thickness) is significantly less than their diameter. The tangential members may be stacked on top of each other and secured to the thruster portion using a securing rod  250  or other suitable mechanism. The securing rod may be removably attached to the plates using a top coupling  254 , and may be secured at its second (bottom) end  252  to the bottom portion  214  of the conical thruster  210 . In one embodiment, the securing rod is disposed in bores or holes  256  in the tangential members and within a pipe or conduit  258  in the thruster. 
     Penetration of the transfer device  200  into thick or viscous fluids may be aided by the addition of a penetration tip  220  attached to the lower portion  214  of the thruster  210 . As heretofore described, the thruster tip may be conical (triangular in cross-section), blunted, square or other suitable shape. The thruster tip may include an adaptor  222  for attaching the tip to the thruster by welding, threading mechanisms or for fixing the tip to the securing rod  250 . A port  264  in the conical thruster and lumens or holes  262  in the tangential members may be used to provide access to a hollow portion of the conical thruster for addition of ballast. A cap  260  may be placed on the outermost tangential member to cover the port for filling and removal of the ballast. When the force transfer device is used in a refillable material transfer system that is pressurized, holes or bores  280  may be drilled or otherwise formed into the tangential elements so as to allow pressurization of the material transfer device. 
     The force transfer device  200  may also include a stabilizer mechanism  240 . For example, three stabilizing fins  242 ,  244 ,  246  may be secured to the outermost tangential member  232  to prevent tipping and otherwise stabilize the thruster  210  of force transfer device as it moves within the material vessel  20 ,  120 . The stabilizer fins may be welded, bolted, screwed and permanently or removably fastened to the upper tangential member  232  of the force device by addition of one or more flanges  243 ,  245 ,  247 . The stabilizer fins are configured such that they extend outside of the perimeter of the tangential members so that the outermost portion of the stabilizers are adjacent the inner sidewall of the material vessel. Alternatively, stabilizer fins may be attached to one or more of the tangential members as shown in  FIGS. 4-6 . 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 12, 13 and 14 , the force transfer device  300  may be made in various configurations other than the bi-conical shape shown in  FIGS. 1-8 . For example, the thruster portion  310  of the transfer device and the crown portion  315  of the transfer device may be hemispherical or semi-elliptical in shape. Such hemispherical or elliptical shapes may be easier to manufacture through cold working, annealing, or casting. Similarly, injected molded processes for use of various alloys and metals may be implemented. 
     As shown in  FIG. 12 , the transfer device  300  may include a substantially tangential portion  330  so as to be parallel to the inner sidewalls of the material vessel. Accordingly, the thruster or lower portion  310  of the transfer device may include a tangential portion  332 , and the upper portion  315  of the transfer device may include a tangential portion  334 . The two halves of the transfer device may be joined at a weld  340  or other technique for permanently or removably fastening the two halves together may be employed. As heretofore described, vertical stabilizer fins  342 ,  344 ,  346 ,  348  may be spaced circumferentially around the tangential portion of the transfer device. Although four stabilizer fins are shown in the reference figures, two, three, six or more stabilizer fins may be employed as appropriate, depending on the diameter and other configurations of the vessel and transfer device. 
     When the force transfer device  300  is used in a gas-pressurized environment, the upper or top portion (crown)  315  of the transfer device may include one or more vents or holes  380  so as to allow the pressurized gas to enter the inside of the transfer device. In addition, an access port  360  for placing ballast into the transfer device may be provided on the upper surface of the transfer device crown. As heretofore described, the ballast access port may be configured to accept a plug or cap for removable insertion into the access port. The crown of the transfer device may also be configured with a coupling, flange or other member  350  for insertion of a stabilizer pipe  62  ( FIG. 1 ) or drive shaft  93  ( FIG. 4 ). For configurations of the force transfer device that accommodate a level indicating device ( FIGS. 17, 18 ), a pipe or other tube may be configured to extend from the crown coupling to proximate the bottom surface of the thruster portion  310 . As shown in  FIG. 12 , the thruster portion is also configured with a cylindrical protuberance or flange  320  that may be configured as a coupling to accept a retaining mechanism  322  that may be used to contain a position device subassembly  600  ( FIG. 18 ). The thruster coupling may also serve as a penetrating tip to facilitate penetrating the material and for movement of very viscous fluids through the exit channel  55  and material manifold  45 ,  140  of the vessel  20 ,  120 . Accordingly, the diameter of the thruster tip (protuberance  320 ) should be about the same as the diameter of the exit channel  55 . 
     To aid in insertion and removal of the material transfer device  300  from the internals of a material vessel, holes  352  or similar mechanism may be formed in the upper coupling  350  on the crown  315 . For example, as shown in  FIG. 13 , two holes  352  may be drilled in line across the coupling such that a chain or wire may be threaded through the holes to lift the force transfer device from the pressure vessel. As heretofore described, the transferred vessel may be made from any suitable metal, alloy, plastic or other polymer that would be compatible with the material to be used in the transfer system. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 15 and 16 , the hemispherical (semi-elliptical) transfer device  300  ( FIG. 11 ) may be configured with an annulus management device  400  to help remove material accumulated on the inner sidewalls of the material vessel. The annulus management device includes an annular member  410  formed of natural or synthetic rubber, elastomeric polymers or other suitable materials compatible with the material being transferred in and out of the container. The annulus management device may further include a horizontal flange or flanges  420  affixed to the annular member. The horizontal flange may include ports  452 ,  454 ,  456 ,  458  to accommodate stop cocks  442 ,  444 ,  446 ,  448  or other venting mechanisms so that gas or air trapped below the transfer device may be released as the transfer device moves from the top to the bottom (from the first end to the second end) of the material vessel. The horizontal flange may be secured to the annular member by bolts and nuts  470  or other suitable fastening means. Alternatively, the annular member may be glued or otherwise bonded to the flange or directly to the crown of the transfer device. A vertical portion of the flange may be welded or otherwise formed with the horizontal flange and may be attached to the transfer device by bolts and nuts  460  or other suitable fastening means. The annulus management device may be fixedly or removably secured to the force transfer device. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 17 , the refillable material transfer system may include a level indicating device  500 . Many types of level indicators may be incorporated into the material transfer system, such as contact and non-contact level devices, for example for example, container weight devices (scales), container gas pressure devices (pressure gages), linear and rotary encoding devices (tape gages), wave devices (laser, magnetostrictive, radio frequency, and ultrasonic), magnetically coupled devices (indicating rods and tapes), displacement devices (limit and proximity switches), material flow devices (flow totalizers), optical devices (fiberoptic, photoelectric, and visual), gas and material interface devices (buoyancy, capacitance, conductivity, differential pressure, and differential temperature) and nuclear devices (radioisotope). One suitable system for use with the force transfer devices described herein is available from GEMS Sensors, Inc. of Plainville, Conn., USA. Such a device includes a stem  520  that may be disposed within the adapter pipe or central lumen of the force transfer device (see  FIG. 12 ). The stem may include magnetic reed switches or other level indicators that are coupled to a microprocessor in a housing  560  that is visible from outside of the material vessel. A threaded coupling  540  or other securing device may be used to attach the level indicator system to the upper flange  350  of the force transfer device  300  shown in  FIG. 12 . The housing may include a programmable microprocessor (not shown) and other electronics such as a digital display  564  that may be configured for use with particular sizes of material vessels. The housing  560  of the system may be made of a polymer, composite, other synthetic material; or a more robust metal or alloy construction as available from Moore Industries International, Inc., of North Hills, Calif. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 18 , to actuate the magnetic sensors in the stem  520 , a position device subassembly  600  may be configured for positioning within the force transfer device  300  shown in  FIG. 11 . The subassembly includes an outer housing  620  to contain a magnetic position device (magnetic actuator)  640 , which may be cylindrical or egg-shaped. A threaded cap or other coupling  660  is configured on one side of the housing so as to be secured to an adapter  322  or other mechanism on the force transfer device. The housing cap includes a bore or lumen  680  so that the stem  520  may pass through the position device subassembly. Similarly, the position device is configured within a central lumen  690  so that the stem may be slidably disposed within the position device. Additionally, the position device subassembly may include a cleaning mechanism (not shown) to remove material deposits from the stem. In operation, as the material level increases in the vessel, the transfer device holding the position device subassembly (magnetic actuator) moves up the stem actuating the sensors contained within the stem. As the position device (magnetic actuator) approaches the highest point on the stem, then the display  564  on the device will be calibrated to read one-hundred percent or some other indication to show a full vessel. The level indicating device  500  may be calibrated to show material height, weight or volume as appropriate. Likewise, as the material is drained from the vessel, the transfer device approaches the bottom of the container causing the magnetic actuator to approach the lowest point on the stem and the level indicator will show a decrease in height, weight or volume of the material. 
       FIGS. 19-22  illustrate how the invention can be used to dispense a personal care product such as a hand cream, lotion, shampoo, moisturizer, or other fluid consumer products. A container  700  in the form of a canister or personal care dispenser has a cylindrical wall that defines a receptacle  720  sized to receive a refillable cartridge  730 . The container  700  may be cylindrical and include a threaded upper surface  740  that receives a screw on cap  750  to create an air-tight seal with the container  700 . The container includes a button or actuator  760  that is coupled to a flow control valve  770  that manages the flow of material through the refillable cartridge  730 . The container also includes a nozzle or outlet port  780  that is used to expel the product  795  from the container via a tubular channel  790 . 
     The refillable cartridge operates under the principles of the refillable material transfer system described above. The cartridge has a first end  735  with a gas inlet  745  for charging the refillable cartridge  730  with compressed gas, and a second end  755  with an outlet for discharging and refilling the material  795 . The cartridge  730  includes a bi-conical force transfer device  765  that is akin to the force transfer device  60  of  FIG. 1 . As shown in  FIG. 21 , the compressed gas places a force on the force transfer device  765  which in turn compresses the material  795 . When the button  760  is depressed, the valve  770  is opened which allows the compressed material  795  in the refillable cartridge to flow through the valve  770  and into the channel  790  where it can be dispensed through the outlet port  780 . Once the product is largely depleted from the refillable cartridge, as shown in  FIG. 22  the cartridge  730  is connected at the second end  755  to a pressurized supply source  800 , which fills the cartridge  730  with fresh product. The product entering the cartridge  730  forces the force transfer device  765  away from the second end  755 , recompressing the gas in the cartridge so that it may once again dispense the material. The cycle of dispensing and refilling the cartridge allows many uses of the same system without generating the normal waste that would come with purchasing a new bottle container of the product each time, saving money and the environment. 
       FIG. 23  illustrates an alternate embodiment of the cartridge system of  FIG. 21 , wherein a boundary layer reducing material  701  has been applied to selected wetted surfaces within the refillable cartridge  730 . It is to be understood that the drawing of the boundary layer reducing material  701  is not to scale, but rather has been greatly enlarged to illustrate the invention. The wetted surfaces on the interior of the material transfer system may include the side walls, the force transfer device  765 , and the outlet channel  790 . Other surfaces and elements that come into contact with the fluid  795  may also be considered a wetted surface. In a preferred embodiment, all wetted surfaces are coated with a material that reduces the boundary layer between the moving fluid and the stationary interior surfaces (as well as the force transfer device, collectively the “boundary layer interfaces”) of the refillable cartridge system. The present invention affects the boundary layers between the refillable cartridge system boundary layer interfaces and the fluid to improve the performance capabilities of the system. Because reducing the boundary layer impacts relatively large geometric surface areas between the cartridge system internal surfaces and the fluid, this invention significantly improves the overall efficiency and decreases the energy required to move the fluid into and out of the system. 
     Each internal surface of the cartridge may be treated or coated to create a new boundary layer between the surface wall and the bulk fluid. Treatment includes altering the surface roughness (i.e., the measure of the average perpendicular deviation of the surface from an ideal surface) of these surfaces. Where the surface roughness is decreased by sanding, polishing, or the like, the adhesion of the fluid to these surfaces is also reduced, lowering the friction to move the viscous fluid. That is, the cartridge&#39;s native internal surfaces may be polished to make them smoother, thereby decreasing the energy required to move the fluid across these surfaces and increasing the flow rate of the fluid into and out of the cartridge. Alternatively, an epoxy coating may be added to the native internal surfaces to make them smoother, reducing the average wall roughness that comes in contact with the bulk fluid and therefore reducing the boundary layer. Another way to reduce the boundary layer is to apply a silicone-based release agent to the internal surfaces. Release agents may be independently applied to the internal surfaces, or an epoxy coating impregnated with release agents may be applied to the native internal surfaces. 
     On the other hand, the surface roughness can be increased to augment the adhesion of the fluid to these surfaces. For example, the cartridge&#39;s internal surfaces may be sandblasted to make them rougher, increasing the energy required to move the fluid within the cartridge. This increases the boundary layer, which helps to hydraulically prime the system. Alternatively, a coating containing an abrasive may be added to the native internal surfaces to make them rougher, which also serves to aid in priming the system. A binder/tackifier may be added to the internal surfaces to increase the boundary layer of the fluid on these surfaces for hydraulically priming the system. Binders/tackifiers may be independently applied to the internal surfaces, or an epoxy coating impregnated with binders/tackifiers may be applied to the cartridge&#39;s native internal surfaces. 
     Another way to reduce the boundary layer on the wetted surfaces of the cartridge and its components is to profile (roughen, i.e., increase the surface roughness) the native or coated surfaces and apply a release agent to the surfaces, where the release agent may be present in the valleys of the surfaces, to improve the retention of the release agent with the surfaces. For example, a metal cartridge could be sandblasted and coated with vegetable oil, in the same way that an internal combustion engine&#39;s cylinders may be honed to retain lubricating oil in the valleys. Another way to reduce the boundary layer is to utilize the porosity of certain solid materials, where a release agent may be present in the pores of the solid material and on its surfaces and may be held in the pores by capillary action. The release agent is trapped in the pores to improve the retention of the release agent in the solid material and on its surfaces. The porous solid material may be the system&#39;s components (cartridge&#39;s inner wall, arrestor, force transfer device, outlet channel, etc.) and the porous solid material added to the system&#39;s components (coating, liner, cladding, etc.) For example, a metal cartridge could be lined with a self-lubricating oil-impregnated nylon sheet. 
     Examples of solid materials that are porous with a release agent in their pores and on their surfaces include a cast iron frying pan seasoned with cooking oil, Oilite® self-lubricating oil-impregnated bronze, and self-lubricating oil-impregnated nylon. Other examples can be found where materials that are porous incorporate release agents in their pores and on their surfaces to improve performance or wear characteristics of the objects. 
     The surfaces may also be altered to change the electrical, thermal, and wave resistivities of these surfaces. For example, a silicone-based electrically conductive grease may be added to the internal surfaces of the cartridge to decrease the energy required to transmit electrical energy to and from the fluid. Where heating or cooling the fluid inside the cartridge is necessary, a silicone-based thermal grease may be added to the cartridge&#39;s internal surfaces to decrease the energy required to transmit thermal energy to and from the fluid to better cool and heat the fluid. In acoustically manipulated materials or fluids, a glycerin/glycerine-based acoustic coupling medium may be added to the internal surfaces of the cartridge to decrease the energy required to transmit acoustic wave energy to and from the materials or fluids to better agitate the material. 
     A silicone-based dielectric grease may also be added to the internal surfaces to increase the energy required to transmit electrical energy to and from the fluid in the cartridge, to better isolate the fluid from being affected by static electricity or other charges. Alternatively, a thermal insulation material may be added to the internal surfaces to increase the energy required to transmit thermal energy to and from the fluid to better isolate the fluid from cooling and heating. In acoustically agitated materials, an acoustic viscoelastic polymeric material may be added to the internal surfaces to increase the energy required to transmit acoustic wave energy to and from the materials to better isolate the materials from agitation. 
     The internal surfaces of the refillable cartridge system can be supplemented with other materials to change the physical properties of these surfaces. For example, certain additives will decrease the egress and ingress of materials and fluids into and out of the cartridge. A barrier coating may be added to plastic internal surfaces to decrease the permeation of gases through the plastic surfaces, preventing or reducing air and gases from entering the cartridge which may consequently reduce the shelf life of the materials and fluids in the cartridge. 
     This invention improves the energy efficiency and other performance aspects of the refillable cartridge system in handling the materials and fluids. By attending to the boundary layers between the internal surfaces and the materials and fluids, this invention takes advantage of the relatively large geometric surface areas between them, and capitalizes on the exponential (square area) function and impact that this invention affects to the boundary layers in these areas. 
     To achieve the various objects above, selected materials are applied to the internal, wetted surfaces of the system to affect the boundary layer of the moving fluid. There are many types of coatings that can be used to affect the flow of the viscous fluids through the system, including non-stick cooking sprays, dielectric gels, silicone release agents, thermally-conductive greases, Teflon® (polytetrafluoroethylene) non-stick coatings, anti-slip coatings, electrically-conductive greases, release agent coatings, dielectric greases, gas barrier coatings, acoustic viscoelastic polymeric insulating materials, ultrasonic couplants, coatings with aerogel thermal insulation materials, liquid repellent coatings, silicone-impregnated (release agent) epoxy coatings, and tackifier products to name a few. This list is intended to be illustrative and not limiting. 
     Affecting more than one of the three individual elements of the boundary layers (the cartrodge&#39;s internal surfaces, the adjacent (“skin”) surfaces of the materials and fluids to be moved and stored within the cartridge, and any selected boundary layer affecting materials between these two surfaces) may impact the performance capabilities of the refillable cartridge system. For example, adding an epoxy coating impregnated with a silicon release agent both smooths the cartridge&#39;s internal surfaces and adds a slippery release agent. Although this invention emphasizes the impact of affecting the boundary layers (the internal surfaces, the adjacent (“skin”) surfaces of the materials and fluids, and any materials between these two surfaces) to improve the performance capabilities, this invention may also be applied in the gas space and vapor space of the system where gases and vapors may be present. 
     Where the interior walls of the cartridge  730  are smoothed to reduce the boundary layer, polishing and sandblasting are two option for effecting this change. For example, native metal internal surfaces with a rough “mill finish” (from the metal rolling mill) may be mechanically polished to be smoother with a “super-mirror finish.” Standards for smoothing are described in ASME B46.1, Surface Roughness, Waviness, and Lay (American Society of Mechanical Engineers Standard); ISO 4287 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)—Surface texture: Profile method—Terms, definitions and parameters of surface texture; and ISO 4288 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)—Surface texture: Profile method—Rules and procedures for the assessment of surface texture (International Organization for Standardization Standard). 
     To effect a reduced surface roughness, the initial surface finish may be “#1 mill finish” and “60 grit”, “ISO N9”, where Ra (roughness average)=6.3 μm (micrometers)=250 On (microinches). A polishing media of 500 grit (or finer) abrasive media is used to polish the native surface, and then a final surface finish of “#8 super-mirror finish” and “500 grit”, “ISO N3”, is achieved where Ra (roughness average)=0.10 μm (micrometers)=4 On (microinches). 
     In the case of sandblasting, the smooth native metal cartridge internal surfaces may be sandblasted “near-white” with abrasive media to be rougher, thereby meeting the requirements of the following standards: “Sa 2½”, ISO 8501-1 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products—Visual assessment of surface cleanliness—Part 1: Rust grades and preparation grades of uncoated steel substrates and of steel substrates after overall removal of previous coatings; and/or SSPC-SP 10/NACE No. 2 Near-White Blast Cleaning (The Society for Protective Coatings and National Association of Corrosion Engineers Joint Surface Preparation Standard). In particular, superhydrophobicity is obtained with a tapered cone  302  geometry but less so with a cylindrical pillar geometry (see  FIG. 24 ). 
     Another way to reduce the boundary layer is to formulate fluid repellent structures on wetted surfaces of the system. These structures may be hydrophobic, superhydrophobic, omniphobic, and superomniphobic. A discussion of superhydrophobicity can be found in an article by Antonio Checco et al. entitled “Robust Superhydrophobicity In Large-Area Nanostructured Surfaces Defined By Block-Copolymer Self Assembly,” Adv. Mater. 2013. To achieve the desired effect, block-copolymer-based thin film patterning is used to create large-area superhydrophoibic surfaces textured with feature sizes approaching 10 nanometers. Tuning the nanostructure shape and aspect ratio significantly influences the surface-wetting properties. 
     Yet another way to reduce the boundary layer is to apply a fluid repellent coating or film to the wetted surfaces of the system. These coatings may be hydrophobic, superhydrophobic, omniphobic, and superomniphobic. Examples of these coatings are Rust-Oleum® NeverWet™ superhydrophobic coating, http://www.rustoleum.com/product-catalog/consumer-brands/neverwet/neverwet-kit/, http://www.neverwet.com/, and Integrated Surface Technologies Repellix superhydrophobic ceramic coatings, http://www.insurftech.com/.) 
     While particular forms of the invention have been illustrated and described with regard to certain embodiments of material transfer systems, it will also be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention. More specifically, it should be clear that the present invention is not limited to any particular method of forming the disclosed devices. While certain aspects of the invention have been illustrated and described herein in terms of its use with fluids and other specific materials, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the refillable material transfer system and force transfer device can be used with many materials not specifically discussed herein. Further, particular sizes and dimensions, materials used, and the like have been described herein and are provided as examples only. Other modifications and improvements may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited, except as by the appended claims.