Abstract:
Provided herewith is an anti-brick/anti-static composition useful for treating film surfaces. The composition comprises (i) an anionic or cationic surfactant exhibiting anti-static properties, and (ii) a similar charged inorganic particle, e.g., a negatively charged silica or positively charged alumina coated silica, having an average particle size of less than 0.1 micron. Upon coating a film surface with the composition, good anti-static properties are realized without experiencing problems with bricking or blocking of the film. The composition is particularly useful in coating microfilm since it also provides the anti-brick/anti-static properties without deleteriously effecting the viewing capabilities of the film over a wide range of magnifications.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a composition of matter which provides anti-static and anti-brick properties when coated on a film surface. The present invention relates to film, and in particular microfilm, having coated thereon the anti-brick/anti-static composition. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     The application of antistatic agents to prevent static buildup on film products is known as a general concept. The use of various specific materials to prevent bricking or blocking of films is also known to the art. For example, some of the most useful antistatic agents for use on film materials are the quaternary ammonium salts of N,N dimethyl, N-(2-hydroxyethyl) stearamidopropylamine. In particular, stearamidopropyldimethylhydroxyethyl ammonium nitrate has been used to prevent static buildup on film materials. A commercial grade of this material, Catanac SN, is manufactured by the American Cyanamid Company. 
     One of the disadvantages in using antistatic agents of this type, however, is their tendency to promote bricking or blocking of film surfaces. This is particularly true for films coated with diazo or vesicular microfilm emulsions. 
     The bricking or blocking of films containing antistatic agents may be reduced or prevented by applying small quantities of a lubricant or particulate spacing material to the surface of the films. The literature contains many references to the use of particulate materials such as silica, talc, and the like for use in preventing bricking. 
     The particle size of effective anti-bricking agents, however, has caused a problem in becoming visible during the viewing of the film. This is particularly true in the viewing of microfilm products, which generally are used over a wide range of magnification as well. Because of this visibility requirement, most anti-bricking materials have been unsatisfactory for use on microfilm products. Moreover, as the particle size of the anti-bricking agent is reduced, in an attempt to reduce its visibility, it becomes less effective as an anti-bricking agent as it loses its capacity to act as a &#34;spacer&#34; particle to separate the film surfaces. 
     Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a novel anti-brick/anti-static composition which is truly effective with regard to both properties. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide an effective anti-brick/anti-static composition which exhibits good compatibility and stability. 
     Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an effective anti-brick/anti-static composition which does not result visibility problems upon viewing a film coated with the composition. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a film product, and in particular a microfilm product, having coated thereon such a novel anti-brick/anti-static composition. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to provide an effective anti-brick/anti-static composition which resists rub-off from a film surface during handling. 
     These and other objects, as well as the scope, nature and utilization of the invention, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description and the appended claims. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the foregoing objectives, provided herewith is an anti-brick/anti-static composition useful in the treatment of film surfaces. The composition comprises (i) an anionic or cationic surfactant exhibiting anti-static properties, and (ii) a similar inorganic particle having an average particle size of less than 0.1 micron. Among the preferred cationic surfactants are the quaternary ammonium salts, and in particular the quaternary ammonium salt of N,N dimethyl, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)stearamidopropylamine available under the trademark Catanac SN. Among the preferred anionic surfactants are the amine salts of lauryl sulfate, and in particular such an anionic surfactant available under the trademark Duponol G. An example of a preferred inorganic particle for use with a cationic surfactant is a positively charged alumina coated silica particle, such as that available from the Wesolite Company under the trademark Wesol P. An example of a preferred inorganic particle for use with an anionic surfactant is a negatively charged silica particle, such as that available from DuPont under the trademark Ludox HS-30. 
     Upon coating a film surface with the composition of the present invention, good anti-static properties are realized without experiencing a problem with bricking or blocking of the film. The composition is particularly useful in coating microfilm. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The first component of the composition of the subject invention is an anionic or cationic surfactant having anti-static properties. Such surfactants are well known in the industry. 
     Some of the most useful cationic antistatic agents for use in the present invention are the quaternary ammonium salts of N,N dimethyl, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)stearamidopropylamine. In particular, stearamidopropyldimethyl-hydroxyethyl ammonium nitrate is useful to prevent static buildup on film materials, a commercial grade of which is manufactured by the American Cyanamid Company under the trademark Catanac SN. 
     Examples of suitable anionic surfactants include the benzene sulfonates, metal salts of polymeric carboxylic acids, polystyrene sulfonates and sulfates of alcohols. Specific preferred examples of suitable anionic surfactants include a sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, such as that available from Alcolac, Inc. under the trademark Siponate DS-4; a sodium salt of a polyfunctional oligomer, such as that available from Uniroyal under the trademark Poly Wet ND-2; a sodium salt of a polymeric carboxylic acid, such as that available under the trademark Tamol SN from Rohm &amp; Haas; a polystyrene sulfonate, such as that available from National Starch under the trademark Versa TL-127; and, an amine salt of lauryl sulfate available from DuPont under the trademark Duponol G. Of the foregoing anionic surfactants, Duponol G is the most preferred due to its ability to produce an excellent, clear, spot-free coating. 
     The second component of the composition of the subject invention is that of an inorgaic particle having a charge the same as that of the surfactant of the composition, which inorganic particle has an average particle size of less than about 0.1 micron. It is the combination of the surfactant with the similarly charged inorganic particle having the average particle size of less than about 0.1 micron, which size has heretofore been believed to be too small for anti-blocking properties, that enables one to achieve the advantages of the present invention. Namely, good compatibility and stability between the two components, good dry film compatibility, and good anti-static properties without promoting bricking or blocking of the film, are all realized importantly without effecting the viewing capability of the film. The composition also exhibits excellent resistance to rub-off from a film surface during handling. Hence, the anti-brick properties will be maintained. 
     Of the various known inorganic materials suitable for use with a cationic surfactant in the formulation of the present invention, the most preferred is a positively charged alumina coated silica particle. In particular, the material is a positively charged alumina-silica sol containing 23% SiO 2  and 4% Al 2  O 3 , having an average particle size of 15 millimicrons, a particle size that past teachings would suggest is too small for achieving good performance as an anti-bricking agent. A commercial form of this material is available under the trademark Wesol P and is available from the Wesolite Company, Wilmington, Del. The positively charged alumina-silica sol is completely compatible with an aqueous solution of cationic surfactants such as the Catanac SN type of antistatic agent. 
     Another advantage of the present invention is the extremely low concentrations of the anti-bricking component in order to effect its excellent performance. For example, concentrations of less than 0.5 gram per square meter of anti-bricking component on the film surface are suitable. This has been found to be particularly true with the Wesol P alumina-silica sol, which was particularly surprising and unexpected in the light of its extremely small particle size (15 millimicrons). Because of such small particle size and the possibility of extremely low application loading to film surfaces, the alumina-silica sol is not visible over a wide range of microfilm reader magnifications, and is, therefore, extremely well suited for use as an anti-bricking agent for microfilm and other photographic materials, as are the anti-bricking agents of the present invention in general. In addition, the extremely low application of the alumina-silica sol to film surfaces provides strong bonding to the film surfaces (presumably by electrostatic or chemical forces), and eliminates or greatly reduces removal from the film surface by normal abrasion experienced during coating or customer use. 
     An example of the preparation of an anti-brick/antistatic formulation employing a cationic surfactant and positively charged inorganic particle is the following: 
     
         ______________________________________Ingredient     % By Weight                     % Solids______________________________________Water          99.499     --Catanac SN     0.169      0.0845Wesol P        0.332      0.0996          100.000    0.1841______________________________________ 
    
     Among the various known inorganic materials which are suitable for use with anionic surfactants in the formulation of a composition in accordance with the present invention, the most preferred are negatively charged silica particles. Examples of those most preferred are the silica particles of the Ludox class available from DuPont, e.g., 
     
         ______________________________________    Average Particle    Silica    Diam. - Nanometers                  pH    Wgt %______________________________________Ludox HS-30      12              9.8   30Ludox HS-40      12              9.7   40Ludox TM   22              9.0   50Ludox SM    7              9.9   30Ludox AM   12              8.9   30Ludox LS   12              8.4   30______________________________________ 
    
     with the silica available under the trademark Ludox HS-30 being most preferred. 
     The composition of the present invention is suitably applied to a film using any appropriate solvent system. It is most preferred, however, that an aqueous solution be employed for reasons of practicality and efficiency. The amount of surfactant, in weight percent, in the solution applied to the film generally ranges from about 0.01 to 0.5 weight percent, and more preferably from about 0.05 to about 0.4 weight percent. The amount of inorganic particle in the applied solution is generally in the range of from about 0.01 to about 0.5 weight percent, and more preferably from about 0.05 to about 0.4 weight percent. 
     The anti-brick/antistatic composition may be applied to film surfaces by a variety of conventional coating methods, e.g., roller application followed by air knife removal of excess coating. The application is then generally followed by removal of water by drying. 
     Film supports may comprise films such as polyester (polyethylene terephthalate), polystyrene cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, polyethylene or other conventional films. 
     While the anti-brick/antistatic compositions of the present invention find particular applicability in diazo and vesicular microfilm products, the composition may be applied to any opaque or transparent film or web surface where a combination of anti-brick and antistatic properties are required, and where invisibility of the anti-brick/antistatic film layer and good adhesion without use of a resin binder is required. 
     The following example is given as a specific illustration of the claimed invention. It should be understood, however, that the specific details set forth in the example are merely illustrative and in nowise limitative. All parts and percentages in the example and the remainder of the specification are by weight unless otherwise specified. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 
     A number of anionic surfactants having conductive properties were combined with an anionic silica dispersion (Ludox HS-30) and coated onto a polyester film base from an aqueous solution. 
     The formula used for each experiment was the following: 
     
         ______________________________________Component             Weight - Grams______________________________________Water                 99.499Conductive Anionic Surfactant                 0.098-0.398Ludox HS-30           0.332______________________________________ 
    
     In each case, the aqueous solution was coated onto an I.C.I. polyester base, 516 type, 5 mil thickness, using a #6 Mayer Rod. The coated films were then placed in an 80° C. oven for 2 minutes to dry. 
     Resistivity was then measured using a Model 1864 General Radio Megohmmeter connected to a 610 Electronic Probe. 
     The results obtained were as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________Anionic    Resistivity Readings -                      FilmSurfactant Ohms/Sq.        Appearance______________________________________Siponate DS-4      .sup. 1.9-3.5 × 10.sup.10                      SpottyTamol SN   2.5-4.5 × 10.sup.8                      Some fine circular                      spotsPoly Wet ND        5-6 × 10.sup.8                      SpottyVersa TL-127         3.5 × 10.sup.8                      SpottyDuponol G    3-7 × 10.sup.8                      Excellent clarity                      No spots______________________________________ 
    
     All of the above surfactants produced conductivity sufficient to dissipate static from the film. Duponol G produced an excellent, clear, spot-free coating. All films exhibited good anti-bricking characteristics. 
     
         ______________________________________Identification of Anionic Surfactants UsedName       Manufacturer                  Composition______________________________________Siponate DS-4      Alcolac, Inc.                  Sodium Dodecyl(23% Solids)           Benzene SulfonatePoly Wet ND-2      Uniroyal    Sodium Salt of Poly-(25% Solids)           functional OligomerTamol SN   Rohm &amp; Haas Sodium Salt of Polymeric                  Carboxylic AcidVersa TL-127      National Starch                  Polystyrene Sulfonate(30% Solids)Duponol G  du Pont     Amine Salt of(92%)                  Lauryl Sulfate______________________________________ 
    
     Although the invention has been described with preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that variations and modifications may be resorted to as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such variations and modifications are to be considered within the purview and the scope of the claims appended hereto.