Abstract:
The present invention relates to a method for synchronization of real-time signals between core network and air interface in a UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN). The synchronization of the signals is needed to make a feasible connection between user equipment and a core network. This is achieved by using the timing knowledge from the protocols that are to be synchronized, and recalculating synchronization parameters for both uplink and downlink transmission. By using frame numbers instead of time of arrivals of frames, the present invention gives better control of timing and avoids long delays, and handles the problems with time alignments.

Description:
This application is the US national phase of international application PCT/SE01/01326, filed in English on 12 Jun. 2001, which designated the US. The entire contents of this application is incorporated herein by reference. 
   TECHNICAL FIELD 
   The present technology relates in general to the field of radio telecommunications and more particularly to a method for synchronisation of real-time signals between core network and air interface in a UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN). 
   DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART 
   The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is currently in the process of standardising a new set of protocols for mobile telecommunications systems. The set of protocols is known collectively as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). 
   In  FIG. 1  a part of a UMTS network is illustrated schematically. The network includes a core network, which may be a network handling circuit switched voice calls using UMTS Mobile-services Switching Centres (UMSCs) or may be a data network (SGSNs). A subscriber or User Equipment UE is coupled to the core network via an access network referred to as a Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN). More particularly, the UMSCs are connected to Radio Network Controllers (RNCs) of the UTRAN over an interface referred to as the Iu interface. 
   As shown in  FIG. 2 , each RNC forms part of a Radio Network Subsystem which also comprises a set of Base Transceiver Stations referred to in UMTS terminology as Node B&#39;s. The interface between a RNC and a Node B is known as the Iub interface. Node B provides connection points for a UE to the UTRAN, and the interface between Node B and the UE is known as the Uu interface. The RNC which holds the connection for the UE at any given time is referred to as the Serving RNC (SRNC). 
   When a user plane connection establishment is required the responsible UMSC/SGSN instructs the UTRAN to establish a logical connection between the UMSC/SGSN and the UE. This logical connection is referred to as a Radio Access Bearer (RAB). The connection between the SRNC and the core network is referred to as the Iu bearer whilst the connection between the SRNC and the UE is referred to as the Radio Bearer. Both of these bearers represent further logical channels, with the SRNC performing a mapping between them. The bearers themselves are mapped onto appropriate traffic channels for transmission over the respective interfaces Iu and Uu. 
   The interface Uu, shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , is as mentioned above, the radio interface between UTRAN and the user equipment UE, for example a mobile phone. Timing over Uu is controlled by connection frame numbers CFN. 
   CFN is the frame counter used between user equipment and UTRAN. A CFN value is associated to each Transport Block Set (TBS) and it is passed together with it through the MAC-Layer1 Service Access Point (SAP). CFN provides a common frame reference to be used for ciphering and synchronised transport channel reconfiguration. 
   For the interface Uu, CFN is increased by 1 for each frame of 10 ms, and the range of CFN is from 0 to 255 for all channels except PCH, in which the range is from 0 to 4095. Either a RNC or a SRNC controls the CFN. The nodes RNC, SRNC also handle the downlink transmission and acts as a final point in uplink. 
   Transmission over Uu is allowed at certain specified intervals TTI (Transmission Time Interval) for the specific channel, concerning both uplink and downlink. Between the TTI and CFN is a relationship, for example if TTI is 20 ms, the CFN must be even each time the transmission starts. From this follows that every transmission over Uu consists of two CFN frames, for example M and M+1 as shown in  FIG. 3 . Next transmission over Uu will then be M+2 and M+3, i.e. two-by-two continuously until all data is sent. 
   The interface Iu, shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , handles the interconnection between the core network and one or more Radio Network Controllers in the UTRAN. 
   If Radio Access Bearers have been set up with certain parameters, time related parameters are used over Iu, otherwise sequential numbers are used. In the case that RAB&#39;s are set up with traffic class either conversational or streaming and support mode is used for the Iu user plane, time related frame numbers will be used. 
   The support modes are intended for those RAB&#39;s that do require particular features from the Iu user plane protocol in addition to transfer of user data. When support mode of the Iu user plane protocol is used, frame numbers are used over Iu. 
   Time related frame number means that the frame number is increased by 1 for each ITI (Iu Timing Interval), and the range of Iu frame numbers are from 0 to 15. 
   Within the standardisation discussions in 3GPP there is no specified connection between these numbers, Iu frame number and connection frame number CFN, since each protocol keeps track of its own timing. 
   SUMMARY OF THE TECHNOLOGY 
   A problem with the existing solutions today is that each protocol has its own timing. If using bad solutions this can cause long delays and problems with time alignment, and also cause shifting in timing between the core network and the UE. Furthermore the standardisation discussions do not cover solutions for synchronisation of these protocols, since that is considered to be implementation details that each manufacturer could implement their way and use as means for competition. 
   The object of the present technology is thus to alleviate the problems above by providing a feasible method to synchronise the above-mentioned protocols and keep a constant timing in-between them. 
   Using the timing knowledge from each of the related protocols, and recalculating synchronisation parameters for both uplink and downlink solves the above problem. 
   An important technical advantage is that a method is provided for synchronisation of two different protocols and by that keeping a constant timing between them. 
   Another advantage is that it gives a better control of timing, when using frame numbers instead of time of arrivals, and by that avoids long delays and handles time alignments. 
   The present technology also gives the advantage of avoiding ATM cell delay variation (jitters). 

   
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  illustrates parts of the UMTS architecture. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a more detailed part of an UMTS network. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a timing diagram for downlink transmission. 
   

   DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   Since the CFN and Iu frame number are not connected the present technology solves this by calculating a new CFN and Iu frame number using the known timing information within the Iu and Uu protocols. 
   These calculations are done separately on uplink and downlink. 
   When transmitting on uplink, there is a need to synchronise between the Uu interface that is originated from the user equipment UE and the Iu interface which connects to the core network. This synchronisation is done by using the connection frame number CFN from Uu and calculating a corresponding Iu frame number FN Iu . The Iu interface timing interval ITI is also used in these calculations. The following described embodiments are exemplified with an ITI of 20 ms, however ITI can take other values, depending on different circumstances. It also assumes a TTI value of 20 ms, however that value can change. 
   The new Iu frame number is given by dividing the Uu connection frame number CFN with ITI/10 ms and then modulating with 16 to get a frame number between 0 and 15 that matches the scope of FN Iu . The reason to divide with ITI/10 ms is that CFN is 10 ms oriented and ITI needs to be compensated for that. 
   This compensation can take different forms since the values for TTI and ITI can be different. The first case is when ITI is smaller than TTI, which implies that several Iu frames can be sent together at the same time over Uu. 
   The second case is the opposite, when ITI is larger than TTI, which implies that the Iu frame has to be divided up into smaller fragments to be able to be transmitted over Uu. 
   Consequently, these two cases have its opposites in uplink transmission. 
   In the third case where ITI equals TTI, the synchronisation is done according to the following described embodiments and formulas. 
   If needed, it can also come into question to change the latest time of arrival ToAwE to wait for several frames to arrive at Node B. 
   The synchronisation calculation for uplink transmission when ITI and TTI are equal can be described according to the following formula: 
   
     
       
         
           
             FN 
             
               I 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               u 
             
           
           = 
           
             
               ⌊ 
               
                 ( 
                 
                   CFN 
                   
                     
                       ITI 
                       / 
                       10 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     ms 
                   
                 
                 ) 
               
               ⌋ 
             
             ⁢ 
             mod 
             ⁢ 
             
                 
             
             ⁢ 
             16 
           
         
       
     
   
   When Transmitting in the Opposite Direction, downlink, there is a need to synchronise the Uu interface, which connects to the user equipment UE, with the Iu interface that connects UTRAN with the core network. This is done when all the data, sufficient to form a TTI over the Uu, has arrived initially from the core network. 
   The new connection frame number CFN pres  for Uu to be sent is given by adding the previous connection frame number CFN prev  with the difference between the two most recent frame numbers FN Iu,pres  and FN Iu,prev  for Iu, where the difference is first added to the number of wraps of timing there has been on the Iu interface and then multiplied with ITI/10 ms to get correct timing information. This sum is then modulated with 256 to get a frame number between 0 and 255 that matches the scope of Uu. 
   The difference between the Iu data is used to set the CFN according to the following formula: 
   
     
       
         
           
             CFN 
             pres 
           
           = 
           
             
               [ 
               
                 
                   CFN 
                   prev 
                 
                 + 
                 
                   ⌊ 
                   
                     
                       ITI 
                       
                         10 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         ms 
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           FN 
                           
                             
                               I 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               u 
                             
                             , 
                             pres 
                           
                         
                         - 
                         
                           FN 
                           
                             Iu 
                             , 
                             prev 
                           
                         
                         + 
                         
                           16 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             N 
                             16 
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   ⌋ 
                 
               
               ] 
             
             ⁢ 
             mod 
             ⁢ 
             
                 
             
             ⁢ 
             256 
           
         
       
     
   
   The CFN pres  is the CFN to be set to the frame that is next to be transmitted over Uu and the CFN prev  is the CFN for the most recently transmitted frame over Uu. The same applies for the frame numbers over Iu FN In,pres , FN Iu,prev . N 16  denotes the number of wraps of timing there has been on the Iu interface due to the fact that the frame numbers over Iu have wrapped around. 
   If there is no previous frame number FN Iu,prev  for Iu, i.e. the RNC is awaiting the first frame, there is needed a guard time GT 1  shown in  FIG. 3 . This guard time is needed to wait and collect the first frame before the latest time LAT for the frame from Iu is available for processing during Tproc,RNC in RNC before sending it to Node B. 
     FIG. 3  shows a timing diagram for downlink transmission, assuming a TTI of 20 ms and that M is even. The timing diagram shows how the initial determination for Iu frame number FN=N is mapped to the Uu connection frame number CFN=M in downlink. 
   The First frame M is sent over Iu, arrives within a certain time AT to be stamped as connection frame number CFN=M. This means that the frame must arrive within this time period AT to be valid for further processing. There is also a guard time GT 1  for the first frame, which determines the latest time LAT for the frame from Iu to be available. 
   After that follows a processing time Tproc,RNC within the RNC before the frame M can be sent to Node B over Iub. 
   At Node B there is also a limited time for the frame to arrive, to be in time for transmission over Uu to the user equipment UE. The earliest time of arrival ToAwS and the latest time of arrival ToAwE define this time. The Node B also has a processing time Tproc,NodeB before the frame can be sent. 
   Node B then transmits the frames over Uu to the user equipment UE. Since the length of CFN is 10 ms and the transmission timing interval TTI is 20 ms, each transmission will consist of two frames, for example M and M+1 the first time, and then M+2 and M+3 in next transmission. 
   The above-described embodiments assume that the transmission timing interval TTI is the same as the Iu interface timing interval ITI. This is however not always the case. For the first frame in downlink transmission this could be the case, since that frame number is only allowed certain values. Other cases in downlink transmission are that the Iu frame is divided up in several pieces, the case when ITI is larger than TTI, or you have to await several Iu frames before you can send on Uu, another case is when ITI is smaller than TTI. 
   When the above mentioned first case occurs, where ITI is smaller than TTI, the formula for the frame number FN Iu,f  of first frame on Iu in uplink synchronization can be described as the following: 
             FN     Iu   ,   f       =       ⌊     (       CFN   first         ITI   /   10     ⁢           ⁢   ms       )     ⌋     ⁢   mod   ⁢             ⁢             ⁢   16           
where CFN first  is CFN of first frame of all frames over Uu needed to form a frame over Iu in this case. After the first frame has been decided, the frame number FN I , can repeatedly be described with the following formula:
 FN Iu =(FN Iu   +k )mod 16 
where k is a number increased stepwise between 1 and (ITI/TTI)−1.
 
   The formula for downlink synchronization in the first case can be described as the following: 
             CFN     pres   ,   f       =       (       CFN     prev   ,   f       +     ⌊     (       ITI     10   ⁢   ms       ⁢     (       FN     Iu   ,   pres   ,   f       -     FN     Iu   ,   prev   ,   f       +     16   ⁢     N   16         )       )     ⌋       )     ⁢   mod   ⁢           ⁢   256           
where FN Iu,pres,f  is the first frame over Iu used to form this frame over Uu. Care must however be taken not to cause slips.
 
   Second case when ITI is larger than TTI and synchronization in uplink, the frame number can be described according to the following formula: 
             FN     Iu   ,   f       =       ⌊     (       CFN   first         ITI   /   10     ⁢   ms       )     ⌋     ⁢   mod   ⁢           ⁢   16           
where CFN first  is the CFN of the first frame of all needed frames to form a frame over Iu. In this case ITI/TTI frames over Uu are needed. However the frame number may be picked arbitrarily among the frames over Iu.
 
   For downlink synchronization in this the second case, the formula can be described as the following: 
             CFN     pres   ,   f       =       (       CFN     prev   ,   f       +     ⌊       ITI     10   ⁢   ms       ⁢     (       FN     Iu   ,   pres   ,   f       -     FN     Iu   ,   prev   ,   f       +     16   ⁢     N   16         )       ⌋       )     ⁢   mod   ⁢           ⁢   256           
where CFN pres,f  is first frame in downlink for the frames to be transmitted over Uu due to the arrival of the frame over Iu. CFN prev,f  is the first frame in the previous transmission interval. Repeatedly after that the frame number CFN pres  can be described as the following formula:
 
             CFN   pres     =       (       CFN     pres   ,   f       +     k   *     TTI     10   ⁢   ms           )     ⁢   mod   ⁢           ⁢   256           
where k is a number increased stepwise between 1 and (ITI/TTI).
 
   The technology is not intended to be limited only to the embodiments described in detail above. Changes and modifications may be made without departing from the technology; for example changes in the environment can cause changes to the above-described structure, and the need of tuning of the formulas. The technology covers all modifications within the scope of the following claims.