Abstract:
A robot capable of moving against gravity uses at least one vacuum cup assembly having means for applying a lubricant on the working surface so the cup may slide on the surface as the robot is maneuvered with the aid of powered wheels. The wheels and vacuum cup assemblies are coordinated to move on varied surfaces. The robot module may be equipped with various task-performing assemblies, and may be employed in caravans, trains, or separately in swarms. The vacuum cup assemblies include a pair of springs working against each other to provide stability and flexibility at the point of attachment to the body of the robot.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part of copending application Ser. No. 09/505,409 filed Feb. 16, 2000.  
     
    
     
       TECHNICAL FIELD  
         [0002]    This invention relates to remotely controlled devices. The remotely controlled devices are able to adhere to flat or curved surfaces, including significantly inclined and even backwardly leaning surfaces, and to maneuver on them to perform a variety of tasks. The invention includes the use of specially designed vacuum cups and a lubricant to facilitate sliding on the surface.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    Our invention is particularly designed to meet the needs of the shipbuilding industry, in that our robots are adept at climbing the sides of ships&#39; hulls to inspect, clean (including scraping and/or removing of barnacles and ocean scum), paint, and weld them and to perform any other function one may wish to perform on a ship&#39;s hull from a readily manipulable, adherent robot, even on a very steep or even backwardly slanted surface. While my invention is particularly good for performing such tasks on ships&#39; hulls, it may be used in any environment requiring such a remotely controlled device, whether or not the surface tends to curve backwardly and upwards. Various approaches have been proposed for accomplishing such tasks. See, for example, Perego&#39;s U.S. Pat. No. 3,973,711, describing a magnetic crawler for soldering.  
           [0004]    It has been known to make and use remotely controlled devices which adhere to a surface by vacuum. See, for example, Lisec&#39;s U.S. Pat. No. 4,667,555 disclosing such a device for cutting glass, the more versatile traveling device of Urakami described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,926,957, and Ochiai&#39;s U.S. Pat. No. 4,785,902, showing suction cups which can be slightly tilted to maneuver the device which carries them. The reader may also be interested in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,817,653, 5,293,887, and 4,828,059, also generally within the field.  
           [0005]    In U.S. Pat. No. 4,971,591, Raviv and Davidovitz propose a “vehicle with vacuum traction” which facilitates the sliding of a vacuum cup along a surface, while the vacuum is supporting a certain amount of weight, either by using a low surface friction material in the vacuum cup itself, particularly the rim portion, or by placing a flexible sheet of low surface friction material under the cup. One cannot rely on the low surface friction of such a material for long, however, under industrial use conditions.  
           [0006]    See also the device of Lange and Kerr described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,890,250. They use a “grabber/slider vacuum cup” in a cleaning system which sprays cleaning and rinsing liquids on the surface. Wolfe et al, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,429,009, coordinate the movement and activation of several vacuum cups to manipulate a robot on a surface.  
           [0007]    Such prior art machines and devices are generally not very effective on rough or slimy surfaces. The art is in need of a reliable, versatile robot capable of performing various tasks on inhospitable and steeply inclined surfaces.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0008]    We have designed a robotic vehicle for use on steep inclines and even upside down, which will maneuver and move easily over the surface, and is capable of performing all sorts of tasks. The vehicle preferably has at least one, but frequently a plurality of vacuum cups, preferably specially designed as described herein, including means for feeding lubricant to the surface, and particularly to the surface occupied by the vacuum cup(s). Unlike the Raviv et al patent discussed above, my system does not require vacuum cup materials having low coefficients of friction, or a sheet of low friction plastic interposed between the vehicle and the surface, and is not unduly subject to wear.  
           [0009]    Our invention includes one or more vacuum cups comprising a flexible, (preferably shallow bell-shaped) body, a port therein for a vacuum source, at least substantially annular ridge, preferably two or more concentric ridges, projecting downwardly therefrom for intimately contacting a base surface, and at least one port for introducing lubricant to the interface of at least one of the ridges and the base surface.  
           [0010]    Our invention also includes a remotely controlled vehicle including a chassis, at least one vacuum cup as described above, and means for attaching a task-performing device to the chassis. Movement is provided by independently powered wheels which may be mounted separately or in modules together with the vacuum cups. The chassis may be rigid or more or less articulated or hinged. If it is articulated or hinged, the points of articulation or hinging may be powered or not. As will be seen below, a boomerang shape is preferred.  
           [0011]    Our invention is useful not only for performing remote tasks on the hulls of ships, but also for inspecting, cleaning and painting, for example, domes, water towers, chemical plants and reactors, storage tanks including large petroleum product storage tanks, bridges and difficultly accessible surfaces on the inside and outside of buildings and other structures.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0012]    [0012]FIGS. 1 a,    1   b,  and  1   c  are side sectional views of our preferred vacuum cup assembly, showing the effect of the application of vacuum. FIGS. 1 d,    1   e,  and  1   f  are expanded views of portions of the vacuum cup as increasing vacuum is applied.  
         [0013]    [0013]FIGS. 2 a  and  2   b  are underneath and sectional views of a preferred form of our robot unit, showing placement of the vacuum cup assemblies and wheel modules.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 3 is a side view of our robot in motion on a ship&#39;s hull, performing the task of painting.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIGS. 4 a - 4   d  represent a sequence of positions of a preferred robot approaching a ship hull and beginning its ascent to a position for use.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIGS. 5 a  and  5   b  illustrate a vacuum cup assembly used in the invention.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIGS. 6 and 7 show caravans of robots for performing sequential functions on a work surface.  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 8 is a section of part of a preferred design of our invention, in which opposiing compressed springs assure that the vacuum cup assembly and the body of the robot maintain a stable relationship.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0019]    Referring first to FIGS. 1 a  and  1   d,  the vacuum cup assembly comprises a vacuum cup  1  made of a flexible, resilient material and a tubular central stem  2  in which is mounted a filter  3 . The outer end  4  of stem  2  is adapted to be attached to a vacuum supply. On the bottom of the vacuum cup  1  is a series of (preferably more than one, as shown) concentric ridges  5 ,  6 ,  7 ,  8 , and  9 . Near the outer edge of cup  1  is a port  10  for lubricant supply, adapted for attachment to a tube or the like for supplying liquid lubricant to the underside of the vacuum cup  1 . In the initial stage of application, lubricant is caused to flow, from a source not shown, through port  10  into space  11  defined by outermost ridge  9  and the edge  12  of the vacuum cup  1 .  
         [0020]    Vacuum may be applied before the beginning of lubricant flow (preferably gradually if it is before) or after the flow begins. Referring to FIGS. 1 b  and  1   e,  with the application of vacuum, the vacuum cup  1  begins to flatten and adhere to the surface. As lubricant continues to flow, it accumulates to a degree in space  11  and is drawn into the space between ridges  8  and  9 , passing under ridge  9 . With the full application of vacuum as depicted in FIGS. 1 c  and  1   f,  lubricant is present in all the spaces  30 .  31 ,  32 , and  33  between the ridges  5 ,  6 ,  7 ,  8 , and  9 . The vacuum cup assembly adheres tenaciously to the surface  13  but, because of the presence of the lubricant on surface  13 , between the ridges  5 - 9  and underneath them, the vacuum cup assembly can slide on surface  13  relatively easily. Filter  3  is not essential to the operation of the vacuum cup assembly but is preferred because the vacuum continually draws stray particles from the surface and the air, as well as some lubricant, into the vacuum system. Filter  3  will minimize down time caused by fouling of the vacuum system. In a different preferred configuration, we do not use a filter in the vacuum cup assembly, but pass the vacuum air through a device for removing lubricant from the air and recycling it; this may be done either in individual units for each vacuum cup assembly or, preferably, in a central area where the lubricant is collected.  
         [0021]    While a lubricant source near the edge of vacuum cup  1  is preferred, particularly after startup and the unit is proceeding more or less in a single direction, it is not essential that the lubricant contact the bottom surface of the vacuum cup  1  at an outermost point. Port  10  may be located at a point nearer the center of the vacuum cup  1 , as the flow of lubricant is to be coordinated with the application of vacuum and the variable directional movement of the robot as a whole, so that a dry portion of vacuum cup  1  will not unnecessarily be forced to move against the work surface. More than one lubricant outlet such as port  10  may be used. The coordination of vacuum, lubricant flow, and power and direction to the wheels (see the discussion with respect to FIGS. 2 a  and  2   b ) may be accomplished more or less automatically by appropriately written software or by manual input to the systems which operate each. Any appropriate software and/or control system capable of such coordination may be used. Preferably, the body of vacuum cup  1  is generally conical and shallow, more or less as depicted. As a major objective of our invention is to move the robot while the vacuum cup assembly or assemblies provide adherence to a work surface, it is important to understand the relationship of certain variables relating to the suction cups. For example, the sliding friction, F S , changes as a function of the reaction force due to the suction cup, R SC . The reaction force R SC  is the tendency of the suction cup to release itself, primarily due to its resilience, from the work surface, but it is also influenced by the weight of the robot, the strength of the vacuum, and the inner and outer areas of the suction cup. Generally the reaction force conforms to the following relationship:  
         Σ F   hor.   =R   SC   +N+p   v ( A   I )− p   a ( A   o )=0  
           R   SC   =p   a ( A   o )− N−p   v ( A   I )  
         [0022]    where R SC  is the reaction force due to the suction cup characteristics, p v  is the vacuum pressure applied to the suction cup, p a  is the atmospheric pressure acting on the outside of the suction cup, A o  is the outside area of the suction cup, A I  is the inside area of the suction cup, and N is the normal force acting or load applied to the suction cup, usually the vehicle weight. The main variable available for control of a single vacuum cup is the vacuum pressure applied, which generally will be maintained sufficient to overcome the forces tending to release the vacuum cup; however, this will not always be the case where there is more than one vacuum cup assembly, and the microprocessor should be programmed to manipulate the robot accordingly. The sliding friction, F S  varies with the number of concentric ridges actually in contact with the working surface under a given vacuum pressure, as well as the viscosity and lubricity of the lubricant, the frictional characteristics of the working surface and the composition (frictional characteristics) of the vacuum cup body. Sliding function F S  is used as a factor in determining the motive power delivered to the wheels.  
         [0023]    Referring now to FIG. 2 a,  robot body  14  is shown in its preferred boomerang shape, viewed from the underside. On the body  14  are vacuum cup assemblies  15  and wheel assemblies  16 . Utility socket  17 , located on the top surface of body  14 , is shown as a dotted line; utility socket  17  is for placement of various kinds of tools, welders, spray tubes or nozzles, dispensers, and the like. They may be in the form of extensible arms so their functions may be performed on portions of the underlying surface somewhat remote from the body  14 . Body  14  may also have linking sites  18  for linking the robot bodies together if desired. The boomerang shape is preferred because it enables us to place wheels and vacuum cups in trailing and spaced-apart relation to a lead module  19  of a vacuum cup assembly  15  and wheels  16 . Thus the basic configuration of the lead module  19  and the (at least two) trailing modules  20  and  21  in our preferred configuration is more or less triangular. Preferably the modules form the general shape of an equilateral triangle—that is, the three modules  19 ,  20 , and  21  are at the apexes of a triangle, so that as the lead module  19  ascends an inclined or backwardly leaning surface, steering is more controllable than it would be if the rear of the robot were not in contact with the work surface at spaced apart points. It will be appreciated that this stabilizing effect will be facilitated when the robot moves in any direction, and that the relative positions of the working parts—the wheels and vacuum cup assemblies—are significant. Any frame shape (boomerang, triangle, delta or other) for the robot body which accomplishes the desired spacing and achieves the desired stability will suffice. We intend to include in our invention any device for articulation of the body (a body of any shape), such as one or more hinges or motorized hinges which may divide the body into parts. The flexing of the hinges may be controlled remotely along with the other functions of the robot. Modules  19 ,  20 , and  21  may be turned independently in any direction; wheels  16  may also be turned independently in any direction.  
         [0024]    As seen in FIG. 2 b,  the under side of body  14  is shown in a preferred convex form, but may assume other shapes depending on the kinds of surfaces on which the robot will be used. Vacuum cup assembly  15   a  is seen to have articulating means  22  for application to a surface which does not conform to the convex curve of body  14 . Wheel assemblies  16  (not shown in FIG. 2 b ) can be extended also so the wheels  19  can reach and make contact on the surface.  
         [0025]    In FIG. 3, our robot is seen to be in motion, carrying out a painting task. The robot is on a hull surface  100 , traveling upwards. Two vacuum cup assemblies  101  are shown, fully applied—that is, a full vacuum is drawn on them through vacuum lines  102  which may lead to an optional manifold or chamber  103 . Vacuum pump  122  is shown to be mounted on the robot body, connected to chamber  103 , but chamber  103  may alternatively or in addition be connected by an air line to a remote vacuum source not shown. Lubricant is intermittently or continuously applied to the advancing sides of vacuum cup assemblies  101  by pump  106  through ducts  107  to form a film between the work surface and the vacuum cup, the ultimate lubricant source being a reservoir not shown connected to pump  106  through flexible tube  109 . As lubricant is fed through ducts  107 , it spreads underneath the vacuum cup assemblies  101 , enabling the vacuum cup assemblies  101  to slide freely on surface  100  when motive force is applied through wheels  110 . Wheels  110  are urged outward by springs  111  so they will contact surface  100  even if it is convex as the surface  100  may be. The outward urging of the wheels is in conflict with the action of the vacuum cups, but both are controlled appropriately by a microprocessor not shown. Driving force is applied to wheels  110  by motors  112 . Motors  112  can apply variable turning force to wheels  110  and also can turn the wheels  110  to reorient the robot&#39;s direction of movement. Each wheel may have its own controller, but a single controller may be used for all wheels on the robot. The controller may receive directions by flexible wire or by radio from a remote microprocesor. As the purpose of the illustrated excursion is to apply paint to a ship&#39;s hull (surface  100 ), a berth in the form of utility socket  114  is equipped with a paint reservoir and pump containing paint tube  116  leading to spray nozzle  117  for spraying paint behind the robot as it moves. The orientation of turret  115  can be controlled by a motor not shown in the utility socket  114 . The motor may in turn be controlled by its own controller, not shown, or a central controller located on the robot which may control all functions of the robot—that is, the orientation and powering of wheels  110 , variations in vacuum strength to each of the vacuum assemblies, the flow of lubricant to each of the vacuum assemblies, the vacuum source  104 , and paint pump  118 , as well as the position of turret  115 .  
         [0026]    It should be noted that while vacuum cup assemblies  101  adhere to surface  100  with a significant tenaciousness as a function of the applied vacuum, wheels  110  must apply traction to move the robot forward, and accordingly the springloaded downward force on wheels  101  is balanced so as not to overcome the vacuum applied in the vacuum cup assemblies  101 . This is made possible not only by the programmed microprocessor, but by the use of our lubricant, which permits excellent adhesion by vacuum while also facilitating the sliding of the vacuum cup assemblies on the lubricated surface  100 .  
         [0027]    Referring now to FIGS. 4 a - 4   d,  this series of figures is designed to show how my robot can approach a backwardly inclined surface such as a ship&#39;s hull and begin to ascend it to perform a task. In FIG. 4 a,  the robot  14  is moved from right to left, as depicted, by locomotion provided by wheels  40  contacting horizontal surface or floor  41 ; the wheels  40  are controlled to direct the robot in the leftward direction by an operator and microprocessor not shown, through radio signals received by antenna  42  and/or wires not shown. The signals are further processed on the robot by a receiver not shown and utilized to manipulate the wheels  40 —that is to both steer and power them. At the point illustrated in FIG. 4 a,  module  44  containing wheels and a vacuum cup assembly on the upper left of robot  14  has made contact with the ship&#39;s hull  43 . The microprocessor and/or one or more algorithms in a suitable form detects the resistance caused by ship&#39;s hull  43  and begins rotating the wheels in contact with ship&#39;s hull  43 , at the same time also activating the vacuum in the vacuum cup assembly including the step of feeding lubricant to it. The module  44  is able to articulate or tilt to accommodate the angle of ship&#39;s hull  43  or other surface. While the wheels in module  44  tend to propel robot  14  upward and backward, following the contour of ship&#39;s hull  43 , wheels  40  will cease to propel the robot  14  in a leftward direction, as this may tend to jam the robot  14  into the acute angle formed by ship&#39;s hull  43  and horizontal surface  41 . If the angle is significantly less than that shown, wheels  40  on horizontal surface  41  must be free to rotate in a backwards direction while robot  14  makes its initial upward move on the ship&#39;s hull  43 .  
         [0028]    At the position of FIG. 4 b,  robot  14  has become adhered to ship&#39;s hull  43  by at least two vacuum cup assemblies. The wheels on horizontal surface  41  may be reactivated to assist in pushing robot  14  leftward, if they had been inactivated. The robot  14  becomes oriented soon as shown in FIG. 4 c,  with vacuum cup assemblies and wheel sets  46  and  47  in contact with ship&#39;s hull  43 . The workings of these sets of wheels and vacuum assemblies will tend to lift the entire robot  14  from horizontal surface  41 ; however, wheel set  45  at the back corner of robot  14  should continue to push to the left in order to assure orientation of robot  14  on ship&#39;s hull  43 . This means that module  46  of wheels and a vacuum cup assembly (the uppermost set in contact with the ship&#39;s hull) should be released and wheel set and vacuum assembly module  47  (the other ones in contact with the ship&#39;s hull) should be directed to slide backwards (that is, in a downward direction on the ship&#39;s hull) as the lower end of the robot  14  proceeds leftward and orients robot  14  to an orientation permitting adherence of a maximum number of vacuum cup assemblies and wheel assemblies, as shown in FIG. 4 d.  This entire procedure may be assisted by a sensor for detecting contact with ship&#39;s hull  43 . After the position of FIG. 4 d  is attained, the robot will be ready for any of numerous tasks including ones requiring carrying significant weights of equipment.  
         [0029]    In FIGS. 5 a  and  5   b,  wheels  60  are seen to be driven by motor/gear assembly  61 , with a spring  62  between to urge the wheels toward the surface  63 . A module chassis  64  permits appropriate orientation and alignment of vacuum cup  65 , and the individual vacuum pump and motor  66 . FIG. 5 b  is a view from underneath. FIG. 6 illustrates the use of linkages  70 ,  71 ,  72 ,  73 ,  74 , and  75 , to connect three robot bodies  77 ,  78 , and  79  in a caravan or train so that sequential tasks may be performed. As seen, robot body  77  distributes cleaning fluid through spray nozzle  80  onto the work surface, the following robot body  78  employs a brush  81  to abrade the work surface having been spread with cleaning fluid, and the last robot body  79  sprays a rinse solution onto the work surface through nozzle  82  after the brush  81  has assisted the cleaning solution.  
         [0030]    Referring now to FIG. 8, vacuum cup  1  is attached to stem  2  which carries vacuum line  102  through to the vacuum cup  1 . Filter  3  is placed in the vacuum conduit as shown, but may be placed further up in the stem assembly. Lower housing  201  and upper housing  203  hold compressed springs  202  and  204 , which may work against each other to provide flexibility and stability to the position of the vacuum cup  1  to the robot body  14 . Stem  2  is able to move vertically through body  14 . In vacuum line  102  are shown a vacuum pump  122 , check valve  200 , and vacuum chamber  103 . Additional valves may be placed in vacuum line  102  between chamber  103  and stem  2 , or elsewhere. Filter  3  minimizes the fluid picked up in vacuum line  102  and guards against solid particles being sucked up into the mechanism. Vacuum chamber  103  prevents abrupt changes in the strength of the vacuum reaching the vacuum cup  1 , which could lead to loss of adhesion to the surface. As indicated above, the preferred construction has a plurality of vacuum cups  1 , and as each may be subject to different tensions, springs  202  and  204  are useful to stabilize the unit and inhibit counterproductive forces between vacuum assemblies. It will be understood that the level of body  14  with respect to the working surface may be slightly different from vacuum cup to vacuum cup.  
         [0031]    We may use any suitable liquid lubricant which may be fed through the vacuum cup as shown and illustrated, to spread on the work surface, for the vacuum cups to contact. Fatty acids, glycerols, triglycerols, graphite lubricant, vegetable and mineral oil, and petroleum oils may be used. Preferably the lubricant will be nonflammable and readily removed from the work surface by water.