Abstract:
The invention relates to an electronic control system for controlling a voltage across a load, in particular across a fan motor of a motor vehicle, as a function of a control signal, comprising: a setting transistor, a transistor, which activates the control channel of the setting transistor, as well as two resistors, which form a voltage divider via which the voltage across the load is fed to the emitter of the transistor, wherein the control system is designed, in the absence of the control signal, to block the control channels of all the transistors of the control system for limiting the current through all the resistors of the control system, such that, in the absence of the control signal, the control system has a quiescent current consumption in the off-state current range of the transistors.

Description:
The invention relates to an electronic control system for controlling a voltage across a load, in particular across a fan motor of a motor vehicle, as a function of a control signal. 
     In the case of such a control system, the voltage at the normally high-side load is intended to be controlled by a control signal supplied from outside. If no control signal is applied, the control system is intended to remain in what is called a quiescent, or low, state and consume as little current as possible. 
     A circuit diagram of such a control system  1 , in the form of a linear control circuit for a fan motor of a motor vehicle fan, is shown in  FIG. 1 . The control system  1  is connected to a vehicle battery as the voltage source V 2 , which delivers a supply voltage for supplying the control system  1 . A voltage Umot to be controlled is dropped across the load Rm, which in this particular case is formed by a fan motor. A power transistor (MOS-FET) is used as setting transistor M 1  for the control system  1 . At the control input of the setting transistor M 1  there is arranged a differential amplifier U 1 A, between the inputs of which a system deviation is present as the difference between the signals U+, U− at the inverting and non-inverting input respectively. 
     To simplify the description of the Figures in the text that follows, as far as the reference signs are concerned no distinction is made between the electronic components shown and the operands associated therewith. So, for example, the reference sign V 2  stands for a voltage source as a component and equally for the voltage V 2  generated by it. 
     In the case of the control system  1 , a voltage source V 1  delivers a desired value in the form of a control voltage V 1 . When V 1 =0 V, a first transistor Q 1  and a second transistor Q 2  of the control system  1  are blocked, i.e. the circuit arrangement as a whole is in a quiescent state and in particular also the differential amplifier U 1 A ceases to be supplied with a supply voltage. In this state, the current I 3  through the second transistor Q 2  is therefore in the negligibly small off-state current range. Only the current I 1  through a first and second resistor R 1 , R 2 , and the current I 2  though a third and fourth resistor R 3 , R 4  are still loading the battery, i.e. the voltage source V 2 , since the off-state current of the setting transistor M 1  is likewise negligibly small. If, as mentioned initially, a small quiescent current consumption is required, the four resistors R 1  to R 4  must be designed as high-impedance resistors, which renders the circuit function susceptible to leakage currents and may necessitate expensive coating of the printed circuit board. 
     If the desired value of the control voltage V 1  rises to such a high level that the first transistor Q 1  switches on, the operational amplifier U 1 A is supplied with voltage, and the circuit “awakes” from the quiescent state. The operational amplifier U 1 A adjusts its output voltage, and hence the gate-source voltage of the setting transistor M 1 , in such a way that the signal U+ at the non-inverting input becomes approximately the same as the signal U− at the inverting input. The arrangement can be described by the following equations; the influence of four further resistors R 5  to R 8  arranged in the circuit can be disregarded: 
                     U   +     =     U   -             (   1   )                 U   -     =       V   2     ·       R   3         R   3     +     R   4                   (   2   )                 U   +     =       V   1     +       I   2     ·     R   1                 (   3   )                 I   2     =       (       V   2     -     U   mot     -     V   1       )     ·     1       R   1     +     R   2                   (   4   )               
Inserting equation (4) in equation (3), the use of equation (1) and (2) and the substitution
 
                   R   1         R   1     +     R   2         =   a     ;         R   3         R   3     +     R   4         =   b           
results in:
 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     U 
                     + 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       V 
                       1 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             V 
                             2 
                           
                           - 
                           
                             U 
                             mot 
                           
                           - 
                           
                             V 
                             1 
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       · 
                       
                         1 
                         
                           
                             R 
                             1 
                           
                           + 
                           
                             R 
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   5 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       V 
                       2 
                     
                     · 
                     
                       
                         R 
                         3 
                       
                       
                         
                           R 
                           3 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           R 
                           4 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       V 
                       1 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             V 
                             2 
                           
                           - 
                           
                             U 
                             mot 
                           
                           - 
                           
                             V 
                             1 
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       · 
                       
                         
                           R 
                           1 
                         
                         
                           
                             R 
                             1 
                           
                           + 
                           
                             R 
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   6 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     bV 
                     2 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       V 
                       1 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       aV 
                       2 
                     
                     - 
                     
                       aU 
                       mot 
                     
                     - 
                     
                       aV 
                       1 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   7 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     An important requirement of a fan control unit of a motor vehicle is to smooth out on-board voltage fluctuations, i.e. the voltage Umot of the load Rm should be independent of the supply voltage V 2 . V 2  disappears in equation (7) and equation (6) only when a=b and R 1 /R 2 =R 3 /R 4  respectively. The response of the control system  1  upon occurrence of on-board voltage fluctuations dV 2  is thus dependent on the pairing tolerance of the voltage dividers R 1 /R 2  and R 3 /R 4 . It follows that: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     aU 
                     mot 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       V 
                       l 
                     
                     - 
                     
                       aV 
                       l 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   8 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     U 
                     mot 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       V 
                       1 
                     
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           1 
                           a 
                         
                         - 
                         1 
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   9 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     U 
                     mot 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         V 
                         1 
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 R 
                                 1 
                               
                               + 
                               
                                 R 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                             
                               R 
                               1 
                             
                           
                           - 
                           1 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         V 
                         1 
                       
                       · 
                       
                         
                           R 
                           2 
                         
                         
                           R 
                           1 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   10 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The correlation Umot=f(V 1 ), assuming ideal components and ideal pairing tolerance of R 1 /R 2 =R 3 /R 4 , is determined only by the resistance ratio of R 1 /R 2 . The voltage Umot across the load Rm is thus largely independent of the supply voltage V 2 ; the operational amplifier U 1 A smoothes out onboard voltage fluctuations. 
     If, for reasons of cost, it is desired to dispense with an encapsulation of the regulator electronics, then the use of high-impedance resistors is problematic. Condensation and the associated contaminations occurring in the vehicle on the circuit board surface lead to leakage currents, which affect the function of switching circuits designed with high impedance. The four resistors R 1  to R 4  cannot therefore be made with arbitrarily high impedance, so that the currents I 1  and I 2  respectively flowing through them put load on the battery in standby operation. This is particularly problematic because the number of electronic devices that are fed from a motor vehicle battery is always increasing. 
     The invention addresses the problem of providing an inexpensive control system that has an unusually low current consumption in the quiescent state. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     That problem is solved by a control system of the kind mentioned in the introduction, which comprises: a setting transistor, a transistor that activates the control channel of the setting transistor, as well as two resistors that form a voltage divider, via which the voltage across the load is fed to the emitter of the transistor, wherein the control system is designed, in the absence of the control signal, to block the control channels of (all) the transistors of the control system for limiting the current through (all) the resistors of the control system, such that, in the absence of the control signal, the control system has a quiescent current consumption in the off-state current range of the transistors. 
     With the control system according to the invention, the current consumption in the quiescent state compared with the control systems known from the prior art can be reduced, which results in a low current flow of typically less than 100 nA, i.e. a clear reduction compared with conventional circuits, in which the quiescent current consumption is typically approximately 100 μA or more. 
     This result is achieved in that the voltage supply of the resistors is effected via the transistors which are blocked in the absence of the control signal. The resistors of the control system may be arranged in the collector circuits or the emitter circuits of the transistors, such that, in the absence of the control signal, the resistors are no longer fed by the collector current and the emitter current, respectively. Moreover, when using e.g. a pulse-width modulated signal as a control signal, it is also possible to arrange the resistors in the control channels of the transistors, as, in the absence of the pulse-width modulated signal (corresponding to an open switch), the resistors in the control channel are also not fed with a current. In any case, in contrast to the control system shown in  FIG. 1 , in the control system according to the invention, no closed current path which loads the battery is present in the quiescent state. 
     In the case of an advantageous embodiment, the two resistors each amount to not more than 10 kΩ, preferably not more than 2 kΩ. By virtue of this comparatively low impedance design, it is possible to achieve a low susceptibility to leakage currents. 
     In the case of an advantageous embodiment, the control system is designed to generate a voltage across the load proportional to the control signal, the proportionality factor being dependent on the ratio of the two resistors. The proportionality factor can therefore be adjusted during the regulation using the ratio of the resistors. It shall be understood that in the case of control signals that are not voltage signals, the proportionality exists between a voltage derived from the control signal and the load voltage. 
     In a preferred embodiment the emitter-base voltage of a further transistor compensates for the influence of the emitter-base voltage of the transistor on the voltage across the load. In such a way, the voltage across the load is made independent from the emitter-base voltages of the transistor(s). 
     In the case of an especially advantageous development, the further transistor, together with the transistor, forms a base-coupled differential amplifier, the transistors of the differential amplifier preferably forming a double transistor. For the purposes of this application, a double transistor shall be understood to be a component in which the two transistors are of the same conductivity type and also parameter-matched, and are thermally coupled. In the case of a double transistor, the base-emitter voltages of the two transistors can be regarded as being of approximately equal magnitude, even if the transistors are subjected to fluctuations in temperature, so that the influence of the base-emitter voltage of the one transistor on the voltage dropping across the load can be compensated by the base-emitter voltage of the further transistor. 
     In the case of an advantageous embodiment, the control signal is a control voltage, and two additional transistors are provided, wherein the control voltage is fed to the control channel of the first additional transistor, and wherein the second additional transistor, together with the further transistor of the differential amplifier, is arranged in the collector circuit of the first additional transistor. In such an arrangement of the additional transistors, switching off the quiescent current can be implemented in an especially simple manner. 
     In the case of a preferred refinement, a first resistor in the emitter circuit of the first additional transistor and a second resistor in the collector circuit of the first additional transistor are arranged in series with the second additional transistor, the first and second resistors preferably being of the same size. If the two resistors in the above arrangement are selected to be of the same size, the influence of the base-emitter voltage of the first additional transistor on the voltage through the load can be exactly compensated by the base-emitter voltage of the second additional transistor. 
     In the case of an advantageous alternative embodiment, the control signal is a control current and two additional transistors are provided, which form a current mirror for transfer of the control current to the further transistor. The two additional transistors can be operated in common emitter circuit, the resistors arranged in the respective emitter circuits preferably being selected to be of the same size. The result of this is that the emitter currents become equal in magnitude, so that should the additional transistors likewise be in the form of double transistors, compliance with the condition of identical base-emitter voltages is especially good. 
     In the case of an especially preferred refinement, the two additional transistors form a double transistor. As described above, the influence of the base-emitter voltage of the first of the two additional transistors on the load voltage can in this case be compensated by means of the second additional transistor. 
     In another preferred embodiment, the control signal is a pulse width-modulated signal and the control system comprises a PWM/DC converter for converting the pulse width-modulated signal into a direct voltage. A pulse width-modulated signal is often used as a control signal, since in this case a variation in the earth potentials between the device that generates the control signal and the control system does not have an adverse effect on the regulation. 
     In the case of an especially advantageous refinement, the PWM/DC converter comprises a further transistor, which preferably forms a double transistor with the transistor, the emitter-base voltage of the further transistor exactly compensating for the influence of the emitter-base voltage of the transistor on the voltage across the load at exactly one pulse duty cycle. The pulse duty cycle of the pulse-width modulated, periodic signal is defined by the ratio between ON-time and total period of the signal. It shall be understood that the control system is preferably operated with exactly the pulse duty cycle at which the ideal compensation is effected. Normally, however, the pulse duty cycle will vary, this variation occurring preferably in a range around the ideal pulse duty cycle. 
     In the case of a further advantageous refinement, a base-emitter resistor is arranged parallel to the base-emitter path of the further transistor and a collector-base resistor is arranged parallel to the collector-base path of the further transistor, the exactly one pulse duty cycle being adjustable by way of the ratio of the resistors. Through the resistor ratio, the pulse duty cycle at which compensation occurs, may, depending on the design of the circuit, optionally be adjusted as desired over the entire range between zero and one possible for the pulse duty cycle. It is understood that the ideal pulse duty cycle can also be made adjustable if need be by replacing the two resistors with one adjustable resistor. 
     In the case of an advantageous embodiment, the control system furthermore comprises a subordinate circuit part, in particular a current limiter, which is arranged in the collector circuit of the transistor and which is fed by the collector current thereof. The voltage supply of the subordinate circuit part is effected in this case via the transistor, thus ensuring that in the quiescent state of the control system, the transistor likewise consumes no quiescent current. 
     In the case of an advantageous refinement, the subordinate circuit part is arranged parallel to the gate-source control path of the setting transistor in the form of a MOS-FET. In that case, the subordinate circuit part may serve as a current limiter, which ensures that the gate voltage of the setting transistor does not exceed a pre-settable maximum value. 
     The control system is especially preferably constructed from discrete components. Such a control system is robust and can therefore also be operated a high temperatures of up to 150° C. and be produced with comparatively few components. 
     Another aspect of the invention is embodied in a motor vehicle fan having a control system as described above, in which a fan motor constitutes the load. Such a vehicle fan consumes only a very low quiescent current in the quiescent state and can therefore contribute to non-discharge of the vehicle battery even when the vehicle is immobile for relatively long periods of time. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Exemplary embodiments of the control system according to the invention are illustrated in the schematic drawings, and are explained in the following description. In the drawings: 
         FIG. 1  is a circuit diagram of a control system with quiescent current switch-off function according to the prior art, 
         FIG. 2  is a circuit diagram of an embodiment of a control system according to the invention with a control voltage as the control signal, 
         FIGS. 3   a, b  are circuit diagrams of an embodiment of the control system according to the invention with a control current as the control signal, 
         FIGS. 4   a - d  are circuit diagrams of embodiments of the control system according to the invention with a pulse width-modulated signal as the control signal, and 
         FIG. 5  is a circuit diagram of the embodiment of  FIG. 2  with a current limiter as the additional subordinate circuit part. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 2  shows a control system  1   a , which, like the control system  1  shown in  FIG. 1 , is used to control a voltage Umot across a fan motor as the load Rm and which is integrated in a motor vehicle fan (not shown). The vehicle battery, which itself is not part of the control system  1 , provides a supply voltage V 2  for this. A MOS-FET as the setting transistor M 1  is used to adjust the current and hence the voltage Umot through the load Rm. The control channel (gate) of the setting transistor M 1  is activated by a transistor Q 4 . The voltage Umot across the load Rm is supplied to the emitter of the transistor Q 4  via a third and fourth resistor R 3 , R 4 , which form a voltage divider. The transistor Q 4  is base-coupled to a further transistor Q 3 , the base-collector path of which is bridged, and forms with this a differential amplifier. A control voltage V 1 , which is supplied to the base of a first additional transistor Q 1 , is used as the control signal, as in  FIG. 1 . A second additional transistor Q 2 , the base-collector path of which is likewise bridged, is arranged jointly with the further transistor Q 3  of the differential amplifier in the collector circuit of the first additional transistor Q 1 . 
     Furthermore, a first resistor R 1  in the emitter circuit of the first additional transistor Q 1  and a second resistor R 2  in the collector circuit of the first additional transistor Q 1  are arranged in series with the second additional transistor Q 2 . A fifth resistor R 5  is arranged parallel to the gate-source control path of the setting transistor M 1 . 
     As the control voltage V 1  disappears to become V 1 =0 V, the first further transistor Q 1  is blocked and the entire arrangement becomes currentless, i.e. is in a quiescent state. Even when all resistors R 1  to R 5  are of low-impedance dimensions, the current consumption of the entire control system  1  is in the negligibly small off-state current range of typically less than about 100 nA. If the control voltage V 1  increases to such a high level that the first transistor Q 1  becomes conductive, the circuit awakes from its quiescent state and can be described by the following equations (disregarding the base currents): 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     I 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         V 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         1 
                       
                       - 
                       
                         
                           U 
                           BE 
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             Q 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             1 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       R 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       1 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   11 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     U 
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         R 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         2 
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     I 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       1 
                       · 
                       R 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   12 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       U 
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           3 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         U 
                         EB 
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           Q 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           4 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                   == 
                   
                     
                       
                         U 
                         BE 
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           Q 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           2 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       U 
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           2 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         U 
                         EB 
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           Q 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           3 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   13 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     I 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     3 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       I 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       4 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       I 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       5 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   14 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     From equation (14) it follows that: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         U 
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             R 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             3 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       
                         R 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         3 
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         
                           Umot 
                           - 
                           
                             U 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 R 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 3 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           4 
                         
                       
                       + 
                       
                         Ugs 
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     Umot 
                     = 
                     
                       
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               
                                 R 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 4 
                               
                               
                                 R 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 3 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             1 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                         · 
                         
                           U 
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               3 
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       - 
                       
                         
                           
                             R 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             4 
                           
                           
                             R 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             5 
                           
                         
                         · 
                         Ugs 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   15 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     If thermally coupled transistors with paired properties (double transistors) are used for the further transistors Q 1  and Q 2  and for the transistors Q 3  and Q 4  of the differential amplifier, then as a good approximation: U BE (Q 1 )=U BE (Q 2 ) and U BE (Q 3 )=U BE (Q 4 ). By inserting equation (13) in equation (15) and by using equations (11) and (12) it follows that: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Umot 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               4 
                             
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               3 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           1 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       · 
                       
                         [ 
                         
                           
                             
                               U 
                               BE 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 Q 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 2 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             U 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 R 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 2 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                         ] 
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           4 
                         
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           5 
                         
                       
                       · 
                       Ugs 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   16 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   Umot 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               4 
                             
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               3 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           1 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       · 
                       
                         [ 
                         
                           
                             
                               U 
                               BE 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 Q 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 2 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             I 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               1 
                               · 
                               R 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             2 
                           
                         
                         ] 
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           4 
                         
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           5 
                         
                       
                       · 
                       Ugs 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   17 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   Umot 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               4 
                             
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               3 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           1 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       · 
                       
                         [ 
                         
                           
                             
                               U 
                               BE 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 Q 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 2 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     V 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     1 
                                   
                                   - 
                                   
                                     
                                       U 
                                       BE 
                                     
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         Q 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         1 
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 
                                   R 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   1 
                                 
                               
                               · 
                               R 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             2 
                           
                         
                         ] 
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           4 
                         
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           5 
                         
                       
                       · 
                       Ugs 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   18 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     According to the above equations, Umot is always independent of the supply voltage V 2 . Although in practice owing to the Early effect, which is disregarded in equations (1) to (4), there is nevertheless a very low dependency on the supply voltage V 2 , the role of this for fan control circuits is negligible. In particular, in contrast to the prior art, to generate a voltage Umot across the load Rm that is independent of the supply voltage V 2 , it is not necessary for two resistor ratios to assume a certain value, so that the above result is independent of resistor pairing tolerances. 
     The result found in equation (18) can be yet further simplified if the magnitudes of the first and second resistors R 1 , R 2  are selected to be the same (R 1 =R 2 ) and the equality of the base-emitter voltages of the further transistors Q 1  and Q 2  is taken into consideration: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Umot 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               
                                 R 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 4 
                               
                               
                                 R 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 3 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             1 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                         · 
                         V 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       1 
                     
                     - 
                     
                       
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           4 
                         
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           5 
                         
                       
                       · 
                       Ugs 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   19 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     If furthermore the fifth resistor R 5  is considerably larger than the fourth resistor R 4  (R 5 &gt;&gt;R 4 ), then the correlation between the voltage Umot across the load Rm and the control voltage V 1  is determined as a good approximation only by the ratio R 4 /R 3 : 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Umot 
                   ≈ 
                   
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               4 
                             
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               3 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           1 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       · 
                       V 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   20 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The control system shown in  FIG. 2  can thus generate a voltage Umot across the load Rm that is proportional to the control voltage V 1 , the proportionality factor being adjustable through the ratio of the third and fourth resistors R 3 , R 4 . 
     If a current Ie is selected as the control signal, then the use of a control system  2   a  as shown in  FIG. 3   a  is advantageous. The control system of  FIG. 3   a  differs from the control system  1   a  of  FIG. 2  essentially in that the second additional transistor Q 2  is no longer arranged in the collector circuit of the first additional transistor Q 1  but is base-coupled with this. Furthermore, a sixth resistor R 6  is arranged in the emitter circuit of the second additional transistor Q 2 . The two additional transistors Q 1 , Q 2  form a current mirror for transfer of the control current Ie to the further transistor Q 3 . 
     With a control current Ie=0 mA, the first additional transistor Q 1  is blocked and the entire arrangement is in the currentless quiescent state. Here, as in the case of the control system  1   a  of  FIG. 2 , the current consumption of the entire arrangement is in the negligibly small off-state current range, even if all resistors R 1  to R 6  are of low-impedance dimensions. 
     With a control current Ie&gt;0, the first additional transistor Q 1  becomes conductive, the circuit “awakens” from the quiescent state and can (disregarding the base currents) be described by the following equations: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     I 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           Ie 
                           · 
                           R 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         6 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         
                           U 
                           BE 
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             Q 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             2 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       - 
                       
                         
                           U 
                           BE 
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             Q 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             1 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       R 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       1 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   21 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     U 
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         R 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         2 
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     I 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       1 
                       · 
                       R 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   22 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       U 
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           3 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         U 
                         BE 
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           Q 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           4 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       U 
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           2 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         U 
                         EB 
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           Q 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           3 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   23 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     I 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     3 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       I 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       4 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       I 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       5 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   24 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Owing to the similarity between the circuit diagrams of the control system  1   a  of  FIG. 2  and the control system  2   a  of  FIG. 3   a , equation (15) is valid also in the present case: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Umot 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               4 
                             
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               3 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           1 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       · 
                       
                         U 
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             R 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             3 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           4 
                         
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           5 
                         
                       
                       · 
                       Ugs 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   15 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Let it also be assumed in the present case that double transistors with paired properties are used for the two additional transistors Q 1  and Q 2  and for the two transistors Q 3  and Q 4  of the differential amplifier, so that U BE (Q 1 )=U BE (Q 2 ) and U BE (Q 3 )=U BE (Q 4 ), and by inserting equation (23) in equation (15) and also by using equation (22) and (21) it follows that: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Umot 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               4 
                             
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               3 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           1 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       · 
                       
                         U 
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             R 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             2 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           4 
                         
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           5 
                         
                       
                       · 
                       Ugs 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   25 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   Umot 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               
                                 R 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 4 
                               
                               
                                 R 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 3 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             1 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                         · 
                         I 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         1 
                         · 
                         R 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       2 
                     
                     - 
                     
                       
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           4 
                         
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           5 
                         
                       
                       · 
                       Ugs 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   26 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     Umot 
                     = 
                     
                       
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               
                                 R 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 4 
                               
                               
                                 R 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 3 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             1 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                         · 
                         Ie 
                         · 
                         
                           
                             R 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               6 
                               · 
                               R 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             2 
                           
                           
                             R 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             1 
                           
                         
                       
                       - 
                       
                         
                           
                             R 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             4 
                           
                           
                             R 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             5 
                           
                         
                         · 
                         Ugs 
                       
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   27 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The condition U BE (Q 1 )=U BE (Q 2 ) is especially exactly observed for paired transistors when the emitter currents thereof are of the same magnitude. The resistor R 1  in the emitter circuit of the first additional transistor Q 1  is therefore preferably the same size as the resistor R 6  in the emitter circuit of the second additional transistor Q 2 , so that for the voltage Umot across the load Rm it follows that: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Umot 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               
                                 R 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 4 
                               
                               
                                 R 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 3 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             1 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                         · 
                         Ie 
                         · 
                         R 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       2 
                     
                     - 
                     
                       
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           4 
                         
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           5 
                         
                       
                       · 
                       Ugs 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   28 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     If, as described in connection with  FIG. 2 , the fifth resistor R 5  is selected to be considerably larger than the fourth resistor R 4  (R 5 &gt;&gt;R 4 ), then the correlation between the load voltage Umot and the control current Ie is determined as a good approximation only by the second to fourth resistor R 2 , R 3 , R 4 : 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Umot 
                   ≈ 
                   
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               4 
                             
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               3 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           1 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       · 
                       Ie 
                       · 
                       R 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   29 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In this case too, the voltage Umot across the load Rm is therefore proportional to the control signal, i.e. to the control current Ie. The proportionality factor can in this connection be adjusted by the ratio between the third and fourth resistor R 3 , R 4 . 
     A further control system  2   b  for the control current Ie as the control signal is shown in  FIG. 3   b . The control system  2   b  differs from the control system  2   a  of  FIG. 3   a  in that the control current is of opposite polarity. In that case, the two further transistors Q 1 , Q 2  and the first and sixth resistor R 1 , R 6  can be omitted. Also in this case, provided that the fifth resistor R 5  is selected to be considerably larger than the fourth resistor R 4  (R 5 &gt;&gt;R 4 ), the relation specified in equation (29) for the voltage Umot across the load Rm arises. If in the case of the two control systems  2   a ,  2   b  the second resistor R 2  is selected to be the same as the third resistor R 3 , the proportionality factor between voltage Umot and control current Ie is dependent only on the sum of the third and fourth resistors R 3 , R 4 . 
     If a pulse width-modulated switching signal is selected as the control signal, then the use of control systems  3   a  to  3   d  is advantageous, these systems being described in the following by means of  FIGS. 4   a  to  4   d.    
     In the case of the control system  3   a  shown in  FIG. 4   a , the switching signal S 1  is generated by a switch S 1 , which switches on and off periodically. The switch S 1  can be embodied, for example, by a transistor in an open collector circuit, which does not form part of the control system  3   a  but is normally connected by way of a line to the control system  3   a.    
     The control signal S 1  is formed by the ratio between ON and OFF times of the switch S 1 , with the definition: 
     Control signal level=pulse duty cycle (TV) where 
             TV   =         t   on         t   on     +     t   off         =       t   on     T             
An arrangement of a Zener diode D 1 , a second resistor R 2 , and also a low pass filter, comprising a resistor Rf and a capacitor Cf, forms a PWM/DC converter  4   a , which converts the control signal S 1  with pulse duty cycle TV into a direct voltage Uc across the capacitor Cf. If the resistor Rf of the low pass filter is selected to be considerably larger than the second resistor R 2  (Rf&gt;&gt;R 2 ) and if in addition the product of capacitor Cf and resistor Rf is selected to be considerably larger than the period T of the pulse width-modulated control signal S 1  (Cf*Rf&gt;&gt;T), then as a good approximation it is true that:
 
Uc≈TV·Uz
 
and for the voltage Umot across the load Rm (R 5 &gt;&gt;R 4 ) it follows from equation (15) that:
 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Umot 
                     ≈ 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               4 
                             
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               3 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           1 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       · 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             U 
                             C 
                           
                           - 
                           
                             
                               U 
                               EB 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 Q 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 4 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   and 
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   30 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   Umot 
                   ≈ 
                   
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           4 
                         
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           3 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       1 
                       · 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             TV 
                             · 
                             
                               U 
                               Z 
                             
                           
                           - 
                           
                             
                               U 
                               EB 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 Q 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 4 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   31 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The influence of the emitter-base voltage U EB (Q 4 ) of the transistor Q 4  on the load voltage Umot may, as shown in  FIG. 4   b  by means of a control system  3   b , be eliminated by use of a further transistor Q 3  in a PWM/DC converter  4   b  for a specific pulse duty cycle (where R 5 &gt;&gt;R 4 ): 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Umot 
                   ≈ 
                   
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             R 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             4 
                           
                           
                             R 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             3 
                           
                         
                         + 
                         1 
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     · 
                     
                       { 
                       
                         
                           TV 
                           · 
                           
                             [ 
                             
                               
                                 U 
                                 Z 
                               
                               + 
                               
                                 
                                   U 
                                   EB 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     Q 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     3 
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             ] 
                           
                         
                         - 
                         
                           
                             U 
                             EB 
                           
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               Q 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               4 
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       } 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   32 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In particular when a double transistor with paired parameters and with thermal coupling is used for the transistor Q 4  and the further transistor Q 3 , U EB (Q 3 )=E EB (Q 4 ) is true, and hence for TV=1: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Umot 
                   ≈ 
                   
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             R 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             4 
                           
                           
                             R 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             3 
                           
                         
                         + 
                         1 
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     · 
                     
                       U 
                       Z 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   33 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The control system  3   b  shown in  FIG. 4   b  therefore operates approximately exactly at large pulse duty cycles TV close to TV=1. Should an exact compensation of the influence of the base-emitter voltage U EB (Q 4 ) on the load voltage Umot be effected at an arbitrary pulse duty cycle, then it is advantageous to use a control system  3   c , as shown in  FIG. 4   c , which comprises a PWM/DC converter  4   c , in which case a base-emitter resistor RBE is arranged parallel to the base-emitter path of the further transistor Q 3  and a collector-base resistor RCB is arranged parallel to the collector-base path of the further transistor Q 3 . 
     With such a circuit arrangement, then for the load voltage Umot (with R 5 &gt;&gt;R 4 ) it follows that: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     U 
                     mot 
                   
                   ≈ 
                   
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             R 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             4 
                           
                           + 
                           1 
                         
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           3 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     · 
                     
                       { 
                       
                         { 
                         
                           
                             TV 
                             · 
                             
                               [ 
                               
                                 
                                   U 
                                   Z 
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       U 
                                       EB 
                                     
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         Q 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         3 
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                   · 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       
                                         
                                           R 
                                           CB 
                                         
                                         
                                           R 
                                           BE 
                                         
                                       
                                       + 
                                       1 
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ] 
                             
                           
                           - 
                           
                             
                               U 
                               EB 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 Q 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 4 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                         } 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   34 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     When using a double transistor, the emitter-base voltages of the two transistors Q 3 , Q 4  are of the same magnitude. If in this case 
                   R   CB       R   BE       +   1     =     1   TV           
is selected for the prefactor, then it follows that:
 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Umot 
                   ≈ 
                   
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             R 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             4 
                           
                           
                             R 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             3 
                           
                         
                         + 
                         1 
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     · 
                     
                       U 
                       Z 
                     
                     · 
                     TV 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   35 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     When matching the resistor ratio RCB/RBE to an arbitrarily selectable pulse duty cycle TV, the control system  3   c  therefore operates exactly, the control system still allowing good properties with high accuracy also in a range around this pulse duty cycle. Specifically, for example, a control system that is intended to achieve good results in a range of pulse duty cycles between TV=0.3 and 0.7 may be required. In that case, R CB =R BE  can be selected, so that the control system  3   c  operates exactly at a pulse duty cycle TV=0.5. The entire control system  3   c  inclusive of the PWM/DC converter  4   c  consists only of a double transistor (Q 3 , Q 4 ), the Zener diode D 1 , the capacitor Cf and a small number of resistors. 
     The basic concept of the control systems  3   a  to  3   c  consists in compensating for the influence of the transistor Q 4  by the further transistor Q 3 , which is part of the PWM/DC converter  4   a  to  4   c . If the further transistor Q 3  (on the basis of a classic differential amplifier stage) is regarded as part of the voltage regulator, then the PWM/DC converter is embedded in the voltage regulator; it is thus a matter of a voltage regulator with an integral PWM/DC converter. 
     In addition to the circuits shown by way of example in  FIGS. 4   a  to  4   c , further options exist for constructing a voltage regulator with an integral PWM/DC converter, of which one is shown in  FIG. 4   d  for a control system  3   d ; this system comprises a PWM/DC converter  4   d  in which the Zener diode D 1  is arranged parallel to the further transistor Q 3  and in which a sixth resistor R 6  is provided. The control system  3   d  shown in  FIG. 4   d  can be described by the following equations: 
                     I   ⁡     (     R   ⁢           ⁢   3     )       =       I   ⁡     (     R   ⁢           ⁢   4     )       +       I   C     ⁡     (     Q   ⁢           ⁢   4     )                 (   36   )                   U   ⁡     (     R   ⁢           ⁢   3     )         R   ⁢           ⁢   3       =         U   ⁡     (     R   ⁢           ⁢   4     )         R   ⁢           ⁢   4       +     Ugs     R   ⁢           ⁢   5                 (   37   )                   Uc   -       U   EB     ⁡     (     Q   ⁢           ⁢   4     )           R   ⁢           ⁢   3       =         Umot   -     U   ⁡     (     R   ⁢           ⁢   3     )           R   ⁢           ⁢   4       +     Ugs     R   ⁢           ⁢   5                 (   38   )                   Uc   -       U   EB     ⁡     (     Q   ⁢           ⁢   4     )           R   ⁢           ⁢   3       =         Umot   -   Uc   +       U   EB     ⁡     (     Q   ⁢           ⁢   4     )           R   ⁢           ⁢   4       +     Ugs     R   ⁢           ⁢   5                 (   39   )               
Solving the equation for the load voltage Umot gives:
 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Umot 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       Uc 
                       · 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               4 
                             
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               3 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           1 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       
                         
                           U 
                           EB 
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             Q 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             4 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       · 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               4 
                             
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               3 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           1 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       Ugs 
                       · 
                       
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           4 
                         
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           5 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   40 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Assuming in the following that the resistor Rf of the low pass filter is considerably larger than the sum of the base-emitter resistor RBE, the collector-base resistor RCB and the second resistor R 2  (Rf&gt;&gt;R 2 +RBE+RCB), then for the voltage Uy that drops across these three resistors it is true that: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Uy 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       U 
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           2 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         U 
                         CE 
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           Q 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           3 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   41 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   Uy 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       R 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         2 
                         · 
                         
                           
                             Uz 
                             - 
                             
                               
                                 U 
                                 CE 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   Q 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   3 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               6 
                             
                             + 
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               2 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         U 
                         CE 
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           Q 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           3 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   42 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   Uy 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           2 
                         
                         
                           
                             R 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             6 
                           
                           + 
                           
                             R 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                       · 
                       Uz 
                     
                     - 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               2 
                             
                             
                               
                                 R 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 6 
                               
                               + 
                               
                                 R 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                           
                           - 
                           1 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       · 
                       
                         
                           U 
                           CE 
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             Q 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             3 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   43 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   Uy 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           R 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           2 
                         
                         
                           
                             R 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             6 
                           
                           + 
                           
                             R 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                       · 
                       Uz 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           1 
                           - 
                           
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               2 
                             
                             
                               
                                 R 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 6 
                               
                               + 
                               
                                 R 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       · 
                       
                         
                           U 
                           EB 
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             Q 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             3 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       · 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             RCB 
                             RBE 
                           
                           + 
                           1 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   44 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     From the condition Rf&gt;&gt;R 2 +RBE+RCB, it furthermore follows that Uc≈TV*Uy. From this, taking into account equation (44), it follows for the load voltage Umot that: 
                   Umot   =         {       TV   ·     [           R   ⁢           ⁢   2         R   ⁢           ⁢   6     +     R   ⁢           ⁢   2         ·   Uz     +       (     1   -       R   ⁢           ⁢   2         R   ⁢           ⁢   6     +     R   ⁢           ⁢   2           )     ·       U   EB     ⁡     (     Q   ⁢           ⁢   3     )       ·     (       RCB   RBE     +   1     )         ]       -       U   EB     ⁡     (     Q   ⁢           ⁢   4     )         }     ·     (         R   ⁢           ⁢   4       R   ⁢           ⁢   3       +   1     )       -     Ugs   ·       R   ⁢           ⁢   4       R   ⁢           ⁢   5                   (   45   )               
This equation for the load voltage Umot becomes independent of the emitter-base voltage U EB (Q 4 ) of the transistor Q 4  when the following relation is satisfied:
 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     TV 
                     · 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         1 
                         - 
                         
                           
                             R 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             2 
                           
                           
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               6 
                             
                             + 
                             
                               R 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               2 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     · 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           RCB 
                           RBE 
                         
                         + 
                         1 
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   1 
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   46 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     If the resistors RCB, RBE, R 2 , R 6  of the PWM/DC converter  4   d  are selected in accordance with the above relation, then the influence of the emitter-base voltage UEB of the transistor Q 4  on the load voltage Umot is compensated, provided that a double transistor is used, i.e. provided that U EB (Q 3 )=U EB (Q 4 ). The control system  3   d  can in this case be of such dimensions that in the range around a certain pulse duty cycle TV, for example, around TV=0.5, there is a tolerable distribution of the load voltage Umot as a function of a distribution of the emitter-base voltages U EB (Q 3 ), U EB (Q 4 ) of the two transistors Q 3 , Q 4 . 
     With all the control systems  1   a ,  2 ,  3   a - d  shown in  FIGS. 2 to 5 , it is possible to provide additionally subordinate circuit parts, which are arranged in the collector circuit of the transistor Q 4  and are fed by the collector current thereof, so that a quiescent current switch-off is rendered possible also for the subordinate circuit part. It is a further especially advantageous feature of the above described control systems that these can be constructed with comparatively few discrete components and consequently can be produced especially inexpensively, and they remain functional over a wide temperature range up to +150° C. 
       FIG. 5  shows a control system  1   b  that corresponds to the control system  1   a  of  FIG. 1  and is supplemented by a current limiter as the subordinate circuit part  5 , which provides short-circuit protection and overload protection. The subordinate circuit part  5  is in this case arranged parallel to the gate-source control path of the setting transistor M 1  in the form of a MOS-FET. 
     The mode of operation of the current limiter is as follows: an operational amplifier U 1 A compares the voltage drop across an eighth resistor R 8  with the voltage drop across the fifth resistor R 5  (shunt resistor). In the event of a short circuit, the voltage drop across the fifth resistor R 5  increases above the voltage drop across the eighth resistor R 8 , the operational amplifier U 1 A reduces its output voltage and via a diode D 1  limits the gate voltage of the setting transistor M 1 . The arrangement is furthermore short-circuit-proof, since a Zener diode D 2  is used as reference value for the short-circuit current and at the same time limits the gate voltage across the setting transistor M 1 . The voltage divider between a seventh resistor R 7  and the eighth resistor R 8  in this case reduces the voltage drop across the Zener diode D 2  to a suitable value. 
     The above described control systems  1   a ,  1   b ,  2 ,  3   a  to  3   d  manage with a very small number of components and can be discretely embodied even without integrated components. Discrete circuits operate up to 150° C. ambient temperature, expensive integrated circuits only up to 125° C. Using the inventive circuit concept it is therefore possible, for example, to construct an inexpensive control system which is cooled by means of the cooling water of the combustion engine in the motor vehicle. The control systems are therefore suitable in particular for motor vehicle fans, in which a fan motor constitutes the load. 
     Furthermore, the above-described control systems have a quiescent current consumption that is clearly below the quiescent current consumption of the control systems known from the prior art. The resistors in the above-described solutions can also be of lower impedance dimensions and the circuits can therefore be made less susceptible to leakage currents. Thus, for example, the third and fourth resistors R 3 , R 4  can each amount to less than 10 kΩ, preferably less than 2 kΩ. The above solutions also employ a control system having comparatively low loop gain, which has a positive effect on the EMC performance and on expenditure for interference suppression measures. The response of the control properties of the described control systems in the event of fluctuations in the on-board or supply voltage V 2  is furthermore also largely independent of component tolerances.