Abstract:
A process is disclosed for producing an olefinic compound from a least one compound selected from hydrocarbons and halohydrocarbons containing at least two carbon atoms and at least two hydrogen atoms. The process involves (a) directing light from a light source through the wall of a reactor to interact with reactants comprising chlorine and said at least one compound in said reactor, thereby producing a saturated halogenated hydrocarbon having increased chlorine content by photochlorination, and (b) dehydrohalogenating said saturated halogenated hydrocarbon produced by the photochlorination in (a); and is characterized by the light directed through the reactor wall being directed through a poly(perhaloolefin) polymer.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     This invention relates to the field of dehydrohalogenating chlorine-containing compounds, and particularly to materials suitable for use in producing the chlorine-containing compounds used in dehydrohalogenation by a photochlorination process.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     Photochemical reactions use light as a source of energy to promote chemical processes. Ultraviolet (UV) and visible light are widely used in chemical synthesis both in laboratories and in commercial manufacturing. Well known photochemical reactions include photodimerization, photopolymerization, photohalogenation, photoisomerization and photodegradation. For example, cyclobutanetetracarboxylic dianhydride can be synthesized by photodimerization of maleic anhydride in a glass reactor using a mercury UV lamp (P. Boule et al., Tetrahedron Letters, Volume 11, pages 865 to 868, (1976)). Most of the vitamin D production in the United States is based on UV photolysis in a quartz vessel using light between 275 and 300 nm.  
         [0003]     In photochlorination, chlorine (Cl 2 ) reacts with a saturated or unsaturated starting material, in the presence of a ultraviolet light source. This process is widely used to form carbon-chlorine bonds under mild conditions (e.g., room temperature) compared to the elevated temperatures normally required for thermal chlorination (R. Roberts et al., Applications of Photochemistry, TECHNOMIC Publishing Co., Inc. 1984.). For example, E. Tschuikow-Roux, et al. (J. Phys. Chem., Volume 88, pages 1408 to 1414 (1984)) report photochlorination of chloroethane and Walling et al. (J. Amer. Chem. Soc., Volume 79, pages 4181 to 4187 (1957)) report photochlorination of certain substituted toluenes. U.S. Pat. No. 5,190,626 describes the use of photochlorination in removing unsaturated compounds such as vinylidine chloride from CCl 2 FCH 3  product. Chlorine-containing compounds such as CCl 2 FCH 3  may be readily converted to olefinic compounds (e.g., CClF═CH 2 ) by dehydrohalogenation.  
         [0004]     Typically in photochlorinations, light from a suitable source (e.g., an incandescent bulb or a UV lamp) is directed through a reactor wall to interact with the reactants therein. The portion of the reactor wall through which the light passes must have a suitable transmittance to allow light of a wavelength required for the photochlorination to enter the reactor. Typically, quartz or borosilicate glass like Pyrex™ glass have been employed as transparent materials. Quartz is expensive, but has a low cut-off wavelength at about 160 nm; Pyrex™ glass is less expensive, but has a relatively high cut-off wavelength at about 275 nm. Due to their reactivity, quartz and Pyrex are not appropriate materials of construction for chemical reactions involving base or HF. There is a need for additional materials which can be used for this purpose in photochemical reactions (e.g., photochlorinations).  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0005]     This invention provides a process for producing an olefinic compound from at least one compound selected from hydrocarbons and halohydrocarbons containing at least two carbon atoms and at least two hydrogen atoms. The process comprises (a) directing light from a light source through the wall of a reactor to interact with reactants comprising chlorine and said at least one compound in said reactor, thereby producing a saturated halogenated hydrocarbon having increased chlorine content by photochlorination, and (b) dehydrohalogenating said saturated halogenated hydrocarbon produced by the photochlorination in (a). In accordance with this invention, the process is characterized by the light directed through the reactor wall being directed through a poly(perhaloolefin) polymer. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0006]     In accordance with this invention poly(perhaloolefin) polymers are used as photochlorination reactor materials through which light is able to pass for the purpose of interacting with the reactants, thereby promoting the photochlorination reaction. Preferred poly(perhaloolefin) polymers include perfluorinated polymers. Of note are embodiments where the poly(perhaloolefin) polymer is PTFE (i.e., poly(tetrafluoroethylene)). Also of note are embodiments where the poly(perhaloolefin) polymer is FEP (i.e., a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene with hexafluoropropylene).  
         [0007]     Perfluoropolymers have excellent chemical resistance, low surface energy, low flammability, low moisture adsorption, excellent weatherability and high continuous use temperature. In addition, they are among the purest polymer materials and are widely used in the semiconductor industry. They are also excellent for UV-vis transmission. For instance, a film of PFA copolymer (copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether) having a thickness of 0.025 mm has transmission of 91-96% for visible light between 400 to 700 nm and transmission of 77-91% for UV light between 250 to 400 nm. Transmission of visible light through FEP is similar to PFA and UV light transmission of FEP is slightly better than PFA.  
         [0008]     A suitable photochlorination apparatus includes a reactor in which light having a suitable wavelength (e.g., from about 250 nm to about 400 nm) can irradiate the reaction components for a time sufficient to convert at least a portion of the starting materials to one or more compounds having a higher chlorine content. The reactor may be, for example, a tubular reactor fabricated from poly(perhaloolefin) polymer (e.g., either a coil or extended tube), or tank fabricated from poly(perhaloolefin) polymer, or a tube or tank fabricated from an opaque material which has a window fabricated from poly(perhaloolefin) polymer. Typically, the thickness of the poly(perhaloolefin) polymer is sufficient to permit transmittance of the light of sufficient intensity to promote the reaction (e.g., 0.02 mm to 1 mm). Where additional structural reinforcement is desired while maintaining the chemical resistance offered by the poly(perhaloolefin) polymer, a layer of reinforcing material fabricated from a highly transmitting material (e.g., quartz) or a mesh of transmitting or opaque material may be used outside of the poly(perhaloolefin) polymer layer.  
         [0009]     The apparatus also includes a light source. The light source may be any one of a number of arc or filament lamps known in the art. The light source is situated such that light having the desired wavelength may introduced into the reaction zone (e.g., a reactor wall or window fabricated from a poly(perhaloolefin) polymer and suitably transparent to light having a wavelength of from about 250 nm to about 400 nm).  
         [0010]     Ordinarily the apparatus also includes a chlorine (Cl 2 ) source and a source of the material to be chlorinated. The chlorine source may be, for example, a cylinder containing chlorine gas or liquid, or equipment that produces chlorine (e.g., an electrochemical cell) that is connected to the reactor. The source of the material to be chlorinated may be, for example, a cylinder or pump fed from a tank containing the material, or a chemical process that produces the material to be chlorinated.  
         [0011]     Increasing Chlorine Content  
         [0012]     In step (a) of the process of this invention the chlorine content of a halogenated hydrocarbon compound or a hydrocarbon compound is increased by reacting said compound with chlorine (Cl 2 ) in the presence of light.  
         [0013]     Halogenated hydrocarbon compounds suitable as starting materials for the chlorination process of this invention may be saturated or unsaturated. Saturated halogenated hydrocarbon compounds suitable for the chlorination processes of this invention include those of the general formula C n H a Br b Cl c F d , wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4, a is an integer from 1 to 9, b is an integer from 0 to 4, c is an integer from 0 to 9, d is an integer from 0 to 9, the sum of b, c and d is at least 1 and the sum of a, b, c, and d is equal to 2n+2. Saturated hydrocarbon compounds suitable for chlorination are those which have the formula C q H r  where q is an integer from 1 to 4 and r is 2q+2. Unsaturated halogenated hydrocarbon compounds suitable for the chlorination processes of this invention include those of the general formula C p H e Br f Cl g F h , wherein p is an integer from 2 to 4, e is an integer from 0 to 7, f is an integer from 0 to 2, g is an integer from 0 to 8, h is an integer from 0 to 8, the sum of f, g and h is at least 1 and the sum of e, f, g, and h is equal to 2p. Unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds suitable for chlorination are those which have the formula C i H j  where i is an integer from 2 to 4 and j is 21. The chlorine content of saturated compounds of the formula C n H a Br b Cl c F d  and C q H r  and/or unsaturated compounds of the formula C p H e Br f Cl g F h  and C i H j  may be increased by reacting said compounds with Cl 2  in the vapor phase in the presence of light. Such a process is referred to herein as a photochlorination reaction.  
         [0014]     The photochlorination of the present invention may be carried out in either the liquid or the vapor phase. For vapor phase photochlorination, initial contact of the starting materials with Cl 2  may be a continuous process in which one or more starting materials are vaporized (optionally in the presence of an inert carrier gas, such as nitrogen, argon, or helium) and contacted with chlorine vapor in a reaction zone. A suitable photochlorination reaction zone is one in which light having a wavelength of from about 300 nm to about 400 nm can irradiate the reaction components for a time sufficient to convert at least a portion of the starting materials to one or more compounds having a higher chlorine content. The source of light may be any one of a number of arc or filament lamps known in the art. Light having the desired wavelength may introduced into the reaction zone by a number of means. For example, the light may enter the reaction zone through a lamp well or window fabricated from a poly(perhaloolefin) polymer suitably transparent to light having a wavelength of from about 300 nm to about 400 nm. Likewise, the walls of the reaction zone may be fabricated from such a material so that at least a portion of the light used for the photochlorination can be transmitted through the walls.  
         [0015]     Alternatively, the process of the invention may be carried out in the liquid phase by feeding Cl 2  to a reactor containing the starting materials. Suitable liquid phase reactors include vessels fabricated from a poly(perhaloolefin) polymer in which an external lamp is directed toward the reactor and metal, glass-lined metal or fluoropolymer-lined metal reactors having one or more wells or windows fabricated from a poly(perhaloolefin) polymer for introducing light having a suitable wavelength. Preferably the reactor is provided with a condenser or other means of keeping the starting materials in the liquid state while permitting the hydrogen chloride (HCl) released during the chlorination to escape the reactor.  
         [0016]     In some embodiments it may be advantageous to conduct the photochlorination in the presence of a solvent capable dissolving one or more of the starting materials and/or chlorination products. Preferred solvents include those that do not have easily replaceable hydrogen substituents. Examples of solvents suitable for step (a) include carbon tetrachloride, 1,1-dichlorotetrafluoroethane, 1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane, 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane, benzene, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, fluorobenzene, and difluorobenzene.  
         [0017]     Suitable temperatures for the photochlorination of the starting materials of the formula are typically within the range of from about −20° C. to about 60° C. Preferred temperatures are typically within the range of from about 0° C. to about 40° C. In the liquid phase embodiment, it is convenient to control the reaction temperature so that starting material is primarily in the liquid phase; that is, at a temperature that is below the boiling point of the starting material(s) and product(s).  
         [0018]     The pressure in a liquid phase process is not critical so long as the liquid phase is maintained. Unless controlled by means of a suitable pressure-regulating device, the pressure of the system increases as hydrogen chloride is formed by replacement of hydrogen substituents in the starting material by chlorine substituents. In a continuous or semi-batch process it is possible to set the pressure of the reactor in such a way that the HCl produced in the reaction is vented from the reactor (optionally through a packed column or condenser). Typical reactor pressures are from about 14.7 psig (101.3 kPa) to about 50 psig (344.6 kPa).  
         [0019]     The amount of chlorine (Cl 2 ) fed to the reactor is based on whether the starting material(s) to be chlorinated is(are) saturated or unsaturated, and the number of hydrogens in C n H a Br b Cl c F d , C q H r , C p H e Br f Cl g F h , and C i H j  that are to be replaced by chlorine. One mole of Cl 2  is required to saturate a carbon-carbon double bond and a mole of Cl 2  is required for every hydrogen to be replaced by chlorine. A slight excess of chlorine over the stoichiometric amount may be necessary for practical reasons, but large excesses of chlorine will result in complete chlorination of the products. The ratio of Cl 2  to halogenated carbon compound is typically from about 1:1 to about 10:1.  
         [0020]     Specific examples of photochlorination reactions of saturated halogenated hydrocarbon compounds of the general formula C n H a Br b Cl c F d  and saturated hydrocarbon compounds of the general formula C q H r  which may be carried out in accordance with this invention include the conversion of C 2 H 6  to a mixture containing CH 2 ClCCl 3 , the conversion of CH 2 ClCF 3  to a mixture containing CHCl 2 CF 3 , the conversion of CCl 3 CH 2 CH 2 Cl, CCl 3 CH 2 CHCl 2 , CCl 3 CHClCH 2 Cl or CHCl 2 CCl 2 CH 2 Cl to a mixture containing CCl 3 CCl 2 CCl 3 , the conversion of CH 2 FCF 3  to a mixture containing CHClFCF 3  and CCl 2 FCF 3 , the conversion of CH 3 CHF 2  to CCl 3 CClF 2 , the conversion of CF 3 CHFCHF 2  to a mixture containing CF 3 CClFCHF 2  and CF 3 CHFCClF 2 , and the conversion of CF 3 CH 2 CHF 2  to CF 3 CH 2 CClF 2 .  
         [0021]     Specific examples of photochlorination reactions of unsaturated halogenated hydrocarbon compounds of the general formula C p H e Br f Cl g F h  and unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds of the general formula C i H j  which may be carried out in accordance with this invention include the conversion of C 2 H 4  to a mixture containing CH 2 ClCH 2 Cl, the conversion of C 2 Cl 4  to a mixture containing CCl 3 CCl 3 , the conversion of C 3 H 6  a mixture containing CCl 3 CCl 2 CCl 3 , and the conversion of CF 3 CCl═CCl 2  to a mixture containing CF 3 CCl 2 CCl 3 .  
         [0022]     Of note is a photochlorination process for producing a mixture containing 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (i.e., CH 2 ClCF 3  or HCFC-133a) by reaction of CH 3 CF 3  with Cl 2  in the vapor phase in the presence of light in accordance with this invention. Also of note is a catalytic process for producing a mixture containing 1,2,2-trichloro-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane (i.e., CClF 2 CCl 2 CF 3  or CFC-215aa) or 1,2-dichloro-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (i.e., CClF 2 CClFCF 3  or CFC-216ba) by the chlorination of a corresponding hexahalopropene of the formula C 3 Cl 6-x F x , wherein x equals 5 or 6.  
         [0023]     Contact times of from 0.1 to 60 seconds are typical; and contact times of from 1 to 30 seconds are often preferred.  
         [0024]     Mixtures of saturated hydrocarbon compounds and saturated halogenated hydrocarbon compounds and mixtures of unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds and unsaturated halogenated hydrocarbon compounds as well as mixtures comprising both saturated and unsaturated compounds may be chlorinated in accordance with the present invention. Specific examples of mixtures of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons that may be used include a mixture of CCl 2 ═CCl 2  and CCl 2 ═CClCCl 3 , a mixture of CHCl 2 CCl 2 CH 2 Cl and CCl 3 CHClCH 2 Cl, a mixture of CHCl 2 CH 2 CCl 3  and CCl 3 CHClCH 2 Cl, a mixture of CHCl 2 CHClCCl 3 , CCl 3 CH 2 CCl 3 , and CCl 3 CCl 2 CH 2 Cl, a mixture of CHF 2 CH 2 CF 3  and CHCl═CHCF 3 , and a mixture of CH 2 ═CH 2  and CH 2 ═CHCH 3 .  
         [0025]     Producing Olefins  
         [0026]     In step (b) of the process of this invention the saturated halogenated hydrocarbon produced in step (a) is dehydrohalogenated. Dehydrohalogenation reactions are well known in the art. They can be conducted both in either the vapor phase or liquid phase using a variety of catalysts. See for example, Milos Hudlicky, Chemistry of Organic Fluorine Compounds 2 nd  (Revised Edition), pages 489 to 495 and references cited therein (Ellis Harwood-Prentice Hall Publishers, 1992). Of note are vapor phase dehydrohalogenations in the presence of a catalyst. Suitable catalysts for dehydrohalogenation include carbon, metals (including elemental metals, metal oxides, metal halides, and/or other metal salts); alumina; fluorided alumina; aluminum fluoride; aluminum chlorofluoride; metals supported on alumina; metals supported on aluminum fluoride or chlorofluoride; magnesium fluoride supported on aluminum fluoride; metals supported on fluorided alumina; alumina supported on carbon; aluminum fluoride or chlorofluoride supported on carbon; fluorided alumina supported on carbon; metals supported on carbon; and mixtures of metals, aluminum fluoride or chlorofluoride, and graphite. Suitable metals for use on catalysts (optionally on alumina, aluminum fluoride, aluminum chlorofluoride, fluorided alumina, or carbon) include chromium, iron, and lanthanum. Preferably when used on a support, the total metal content of the catalyst will be from about 0:1 to 20 percent by weight; typically from about 0.1 to 10 percent by weight. Preferred catalysts for dehydrohalogenation include carbon, alumina, and fluorided alumina.  
         [0027]     Halogenated hydrocarbon compounds suitable for the dehydrohalogenation of this invention include saturated compounds of the general formula C m H w Br x Cl y F z ; wherein m is an integer from 2 to 4, w is an integer from 1 to 9, x is an integer from 0 to 4, y is an integer from 1 to 9, z is an integer from 0 to 8, and the sum of w, x, y, and z is equal to 2n+2. The compound photochlorinated to produce the compound subjected to dehydrohalogenation (e.g., a saturated compound of the formula C n H a Br b Cl c F d  or a saturated compound of the formula C q H r  as described above) should contain at least two carbon atoms and two hydrogen atoms (e.g., for said compounds of the formulas C n H a Br b Cl c F d  and C q H r  w, n, a and q should be at least 2). Of note are processes where the compound photochlorinated is a halogenated hydrocarbon that contains fluorine  
         [0028]     Of note is a process for producing 1,1-difluoroethylene (i.e., CF 2 ═CH 2  or vinylidene fluoride) by the photochlorination of 1,1-difluoroethane (i.e., CHF 2 CH 3  or HFC-152a) to produce 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (i.e., CClF 2 CH 3  or HCFC-142b); and the dehydrohalogenation of the HCFC-142b to produce 1,1-difluoroethylene. Also of note is a process for producing tetrafluoroethylene (i.e., CF 2 ═CF 2 ) by the photochlorination of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (i.e., CHF 2 CHF 2  or HFC-134) to produce 2-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (i.e., CClF 2 CHF 2  or HCFC-124a); and the dehydrohalogenation of the HCFC-124a to produce tetrafluoroethylene. Also of note is a process for producing hexafluoropropylene (CF 3 CF═CF 2 ) by the photochlorination of 1,2-dihydrohexafluoropropane (i.e., CF 3 CHFCHF 2  or HFC-236ea) to produce 1-chloro-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (i.e., CF 3 CHFCClF 2  or HCFC-226ea); and dehydrohalogenation of the HCFC-226ea to produce hexafluoropropylene.  
       EXAMPLES  
     General Procedure for Chlorination and Product Analysis  
       [0029]     Photochlorination was carried out using a 110 volt/275 watt sunlamp placed (unless otherwise specified) at a distance of 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) from the outside of the first turn of the inlet end of a coil of fluoropolymer tubing material through which the materials to be chlorinated were passed. Two fluoropolymer tubes were used in the examples below. One tube was fabricated from PTFE (18 inches (45.7 cm) long× 1/16″ (16 mm) OD×0.038″ (0.97 mm) ID) which was coiled to a diameter of 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) and contained suitable feed and exit ports. The other tube was fabricated from FEP (18 inches (45.7 cm)×0.125″ (3.2 mm) OD×0.085″ (2.2 mm) ID) which was coiled to a diameter of 3 inches (7.6 cm) and contained suitable feed and exit ports. The organic feed material and chlorine were fed to the tubing using standard flow-measuring devices. The gas mixture inside was exposed to light generated by the sunlamp. The experiments were conducted at ambient temperature (about 23° C.) and under about atmospheric pressure. Organic feed material entering the tubing and the product after photochlorination were analyzed on-line using a GC/MS. The results are reported in mole %.  
         [0030]     PTFE (poly(tetrafluoroethylene) is a linear homopolymer of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE). FEP is a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene. CFC-114 is CClF 2 CClF 2 . CFC-114a is CF 3 CCl 2 F. HCFC-132b is CClF 2 CH 2 Cl. HCFC-142 is CHF 2 CHCl 2 . CFC-216ba is CF 3 CClFCClF 2 . HCFC-226ba is CF 3 CClFCHF 2 . HCFC-235fa is CF 3 CH 2 CClF 2 . HFC-245fa is CF 3 CH 2 CHF 2 .  
       Example 1  
     Photochlorination of HFC-134a  
       [0031]     Feed gases consisting of HFC-134a at a flow rate of 5.0 sccm (8.3(10) −8  m 3 /sec) and chlorine gas at a flow rate of 2.5 sccm (4.2(10) −8  m 3 /sec) were introduced into the PTFE tubing. After exposure to light for one hour, the product was analyzed and found to contain 68.1 mole % of HFC 134a, 24.2 mole % of HCFC-124, 7.0 mole % of CFC-114a and 0.7 mole % of other unidentified compounds. The molar yield of CFC-114a compared to the total amount of CFC-114a and HCFC-124 was 22.4%.  
       Example 2  
     Photochlorination of HFC-134a  
       [0032]     Feed gases consisting of HFC-134a at a flow rate of 5.0 sccm (8.3(10) −8  m 3 /sec) and chlorine gas at a flow rate of 7.5 sccm (1.3(10) −7  m 3 /sec) were introduced into the PTFE tubing. After exposure to light for one hour, the product was analyzed and found to contain 61.4 mole % of HFC-134a, 27.5 mole % of HCFC-124, 10.7 mole % of CFC-114a and 0.4 mole % of other unidentified compounds. The molar yield of CFC-114a compared to the total amount of CFC-114a and HCFC-124 was 28.0%.  
       Example 3  
     Photochlorination of HFC-134a  
       [0033]     Feed gases consisting of HFC-134a at a flow rate of 5.0 sccm (8.3(10) −8  m 3 /sec) and chlorine gas at a flow rate of 2.5 sccm (4.2(10) −8  m 3 /sec) were introduced into the FEP tubing. After exposure to light for one hour, the product was analyzed and found to contain 53.0 mole % of HFC-134a, 30.0 mole % of HCFC-124, 16.2 mmole % of CFC-114a and 0.8 mole % of other unidentified compounds. The molar yield of CFC-114a compared to the total amount of CFC-114a and HCFC-124 was 35.0%.  
       Example 4  
     Photochlorination of HFC-134a  
       [0034]     In this experiment, the distance of the lamp from the coiled tube was 1.5 inches (3.8 cm). Feed gases consisting of HFC-134a at a flow rate of 5.0 sccm (8.3(10) −8  m 3 /sec) and chlorine gas at a flow rate of 2.5 sccm (4.2(10) −8  m 3 /sec) were introduced into the FEP tubing. After exposure to light for one hour, the product was analyzed and found to contain 56.5 mole % of HFC-134a, 29.0 mole % of HCFC-124, 14.0 mole % of HCFC 114a and 0.5 mole % of other unidentified compounds. The molar yield of HCFC 114a compared to the total amount of HCFC 114a and HCFC 124 was 32.6%.  
       Example 5  
     Photochlorination of HFC 134a  
       [0035]     In this experiment, the distance of the lamp from the coiled tube was 3.0 inches (7.6 cm). Feed gases consisting of HFC-134a at a flow rate of 5.0 sccm (8.3(10) −8  m 3 /sec) and chlorine gas at a flow rate of 2.5 sccm (4.2(10) −8  m 3 /sec) were introduced into the FEP tubing. After exposure to light for one hour, the product was analyzed and found to contain 63.8 mole % of HFC-134a, 26.0 mole % of HCFC-124, 9.5 mole % of CFC-114a and 0.7 mole % of other unidentified compounds. The molar yield of CFC-114a compared to the total amount of CFC-114a and HCFC-124 was 26.8%.  
       Example 6  
     Photochlorination of HFC-152a  
       [0036]     In this experiment, the distance of the lamp from the coiled tube was 0.5 inch (1.3 cm). Feed gases consisting of HFC-152a at a flow rate of 5.0 sccm (8.3(10) −8  m 3 /sec) and chlorine gas at a flow rate of 2.5 sccm (4.2(10) −8  m 3 /sec) were introduced into the FEP tubing. After exposure to light for one hour, the product was analyzed and found to contain 30.5 mole % of HFC-152a, 67.7 mole % of HCFC-142b, 1.0 mole % of HCFC-142, 0.2 mole % of HCFC-132b and 0.6 mole % of other unidentified compounds.  
       Example 7  
     Photochlorination of HFC-152a  
       [0037]     In this experiment, the distance of the lamp from the coiled tube was 3.0 inches (7.6 cm). Feed gases consisting of HFC-152a at a flow rate of 5.0 sccm (8.3(10) −8  m 3 /sec) and chlorine gas at a flow rate of 2.5 sccm (4.2(10) −8  m 3 /sec) were introduced into the FEP tubing. After exposure to light for one hour, the product was analyzed and found to contain 27.9 mole % of HFC-152a, 70.1 mole % of HCFC-142b, 0.9 mole % of HCFC-142, 0.2 mole % of HCFC-132b and 0.9 mole % of other unidentified compounds.  
       Example 8  
     Photochlorination of HFC-134  
       [0038]     Feed gases consisting of HFC-134 at a flow rate of 5.0 sccm (8.3(10) −8  m 3 /sec) and chlorine gas at a flow rate of 2.5 sccm (4.2(10) −8  m 3 /sec) were introduced into the PTFE tubing. After exposure to light for one hour, the product was analyzed and found to contain 43.4 mole % of HFC 134, 50.8 mole % of HCFC-124a, 5.3 mole % of CFC-114 and 0.5 mole % of other unidentified compounds. The molar yield of CFC-114 compared to the total amount of CFC-114 and HCFC-124a was 9.4%.  
       Example 9  
     Photochlorination of HFC 236ea  
       [0039]     Feed gases consisting of HFC-236ea at a flow rate of 5.0 sccm (8.3(10) −8  m 3 /sec) and chlorine gas at a flow rate of 2.5 sccm (4.2(10) −8  m 3 /sec) were introduced into the PTFE tubing. After exposure to light for one hour, the product was analyzed and found to contain 59.7 mole % of HFC-236ea, 5.6 mole % of HCFC-226ba, 33.6 mole % of HCFC-226ea, 0.7 mole % of CFC-216ba and 0.4 mole % of other unidentified compounds.  
       Example 10  
     Photochlorination of HFC 236ea  
       [0040]     Feed gases consisting of HFC-236ea at a flow rate of 5.0 sccm (8.3(10) −8  m 3 /sec) and chlorine gas at a flow rate of 7.5 sccm (1.3(10) −7  m 3 /sec) were introduced into the PTFE tubing. After exposure to light for one hour, the product was analyzed and found to contain 61.4 mole % of HFC-236ea, 5.5 mole % of HCFC-226ba, 31.9 mole % of HCFC-226ea, 0.7 mole % of CFC-216ba and 0.5 mole % of other unidentified compounds.  
       Example 11  
     Photochlorination of HFC-245fa  
       [0041]     HFC-245fa was analyzed prior to chlorination to have a purity of 99.8%. Feed gases consisting of HFC-245fa at a flow rate of 3.5 sccm (5.8(10) −8  m 3 /sec) and chlorine gas at a flow rate of 3.5 sccm (5.8(10) −8  m 3 /sec) were introduced into the PTFE tubing. After exposure to light for one hour, the product was analyzed and found to contain 65.8 mole % of HFC-245fa, 33.0 mole % of HCFC-235fa, and 1.2 mole % of other unidentified compounds.  
       Example 12  
     Photochlorination of HFC-245fa  
       [0042]     HFC-245fa was analyzed prior to chlorination to have a purity of 99.8%. Feed gases consisting of HFC-245fa at a flow rate of 5.0 sccm (8.3(10) −8  m 3 /sec) and chlorine gas at a flow rate of 2.5 sccm (4.2(10) −8  m 3 /sec) were introduced into the FEP tubing. After exposure to light for one hour, the product was analyzed and found to contain 18.6 mole % of HFC-245fa, 81.0 mole % of HCFC-235fa, and 0.4 mole % of other unidentified compounds.