Abstract:
Methods and a system for a natural language control interface are provided to enable a user to modify various properties of a document. The modifications comprise building sentences from modification words, and combining them together in one display. The modifications are displayed in real time for a user to observe as they are inputted. The order of the modifications is managed by the user and is configured to be changed, added and/or removed.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENTS AND APPLICATIONS 
     The following co-pending applications, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety is mentioned: 
     U.S. application Ser. No. 11/762,155 filed Jun. 13, 2007, entitled NATURAL LANGUAGE COLOR SLECTOR AND NAVIGATOR FOR SELECTING COLORS FORM A COLOR SET, by Florent Perronnin, Robert R. Buckley, and John C. Handley. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The exemplary embodiment relates to fields of image processing. It finds particular application in connection with the provision of a user interface for implementing image modifications within a document, and is described with particular reference thereto. However, a more general application can be appreciated with regards to image classification, image content analysis, image archiving, image database management and searching, and so forth. 
     Various color models exist for extracting and representing color within an image. A color model is an abstract mathematical model describing the way colors can be represented as tuples of numbers, typically as three or four values of color components (e.g., RGB and CMYK are color models). However, a color model with no associated mapping function to a color space is a more or less an arbitrary system without any universal understanding of color interpretation. 
     Providing a mapping function between a color model and a certain reference color space results in a definite “footprint” within the reference color space. This “footprint” is known as a gamut, which defines a new color space. For example, Adobe RGB and sRGB are two different absolute color spaces, both based on the RGB model. 
     However, color spaces can be defined without the use of a color model. These spaces, such as Pantone, are in effect a given set of names or numbers which are defined by the existence of a corresponding set of physical color swatches. 
     A wide range of colors can be created by the primary colors of pigment (cyan (C), magenta (M), yellow (Y), and black (K)). Those colors then define a specific color space. A 3-D space, for example, provides a unique position for every possible color that can be created by combining those three pigments. 
     However, other possible color spaces can exist as well. For instance, when colors are displayed on a computer monitor, they are usually defined in the RGB (red, green and blue) color space. This is another way of making nearly the same colors (limited by the reproduction medium, such as the phosphor (CRT) or filters and backlight (LCD)), where red, green and blue can be considered as the X, Y and Z axes. Another way of making the same colors is to use their Hue (X axis), Saturation (Y axis), and brightness Value (Z axis), which is known as the HSV color space. 
     Colors vary in several different ways, including hue (red vs. orange vs. blue), saturation, brightness, and gloss. Some color words are derived from the name of an object of that color, such as “orange” or “salmon”, while others are abstract, like “red”. 
     Every natural language that has words for colors is considered to have from two to twelve basic color terms. All other colors are usually considered by speakers of that language to be variants of these basic color terms. For example, English contains the eleven basic color terms “black,” “white,” “red,” “green,” “yellow,” “blue,” “brown,” “orange,” “pink,” “purple” and “gray,” which is reflected in the standard Crayola set. Italian and Russian have twelve, distinguishing blue and azure. Thus, different cultures have different terms for colors, and may also assign some color names to slightly different parts of the spectrum. For instance, the Chinese have a character for a color covering both blue and green, while blue and green traditionally are shades of that color character. South Korea, on the other hand, differentiates between blue and green with different characters. 
     Other properties within an image also exists other than color. For example, properties, such as the sharpness of an image, luminescence, blurriness, etc. can also be modified. 
     The need arises, therefore, for a natural language user interface (LUI) within image processing applications for image editing that can significantly bridge communication and cultural gaps among users and provide a simple and easy to use tool for creating desired changes. While the science of chromatics and the underlying terminology is understood by developers of LUIs, building a computer human interface with UI controls for creating, selecting, and modifying image data in applications for an everyday user presents a challenge. 
     INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE 
     The following references, the disclosures of which are incorporated in their entireties by reference, are mentioned: 
     U.S. Pub. No. 2008/0007749, published Jan. 10, 2008, entitled NATURAL LANGUAGE COLOR COMMUNICATION AND SYSTEM INTERFACE, by Geoffrey J. Woolfe, discloses a natural language control system with a dictionary of color terms from pre-existing dictionaries for adjusting colors in images. 
     U.S. Pub. No. 2009/0290794, published Nov. 26, 2009, entitled IMAGE VISUALITZATION THROUGH CONTENT-BASED INSETS, by Luca Marchesotti, discloses a method an system for forming an inset image, including identifying a region of interest in an original image. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION 
     Methods and apparatus of the present disclosure provide exemplary embodiment for a user interface system that modifies images within a document in real time for a user. The image presented as a representative image or as the actual image in a view of the interface and presents image modifications as they are made by the user in a text-based interface alongside. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, a document is received from an image input device. An image modification is presented in real time within the image being displayed while the image modification is received as input from a user. A text-based interface is presented in a second view. The text-based interface comprises categories presented therein that correspond to portions of a human readable sentence used to generate the image modification. 
     In another embodiment, more than one human readable sentence is displayed in a second view. The human readable sentences correspond respectively to more than one image modification generated. Upon receiving a specified ordering with a corresponding priority, the human readable sentences are sorted for display according to the specified ordering. Sentences sorted with a higher priority in the ordering generate image modifications first before other sentences, and thus, affect the image modification of subsequent sentences first. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a functional block diagram of a user interface system comprising a natural language color control system and a user interface according to embodiments herein; 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic representation of a user interface screen according to embodiments herein; 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic representation of a user interface screen according to embodiments herein; 
         FIG. 4  is a flowchart detailing an exemplary method for correlating a working color space with a natural language dictionary of color terms; 
         FIG. 5  is a flowchart detailing an exemplary embodiment of a natural language color modification method; 
         FIG. 6  is a flowchart detailing a general process for implementing a natural language command in a working color space; and 
         FIG. 7  is a flowchart detailing a method for a user interface system that generates image modifications within an image. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Aspects of the exemplary embodiment relate to a system and method for providing the ability to modify a document using natural language commands through a user interface. Natural language commands are particularly friendly for user interaction because the user identifies with the particular description in a familiar language. However, not all users may be familiar with the particular language. Therefore, human readable sentences identified by the user are provided in an interface that allows users to select portions of the sentences for creating complete sentences designating how a document are modified. 
     Various image modifications can be implemented within the user interfaces. For example, color modifications, object modifications, and/or picture modifications, such as blurriness, sharpness, etc. Consequently, the present disclosure is not limited to any specific type of modification, although the disclosure refers mainly to image modifications involving color as one example of the image modifications implemented within the system and methods herein. 
     Colors vary greatly in how they are designated. Thus, in one embodiment a user selects a color for an image modification to be implemented within the user&#39;s document. The colors are presented, for example, within an easy to use text-based interface under certain categories simply designed for eliciting a selection from a user for a specific color to be modified. For example, the categories may be titled with a question for eliciting a response from the user, and the colors may be selections presented as options for the user to select from among the categories. The selections may be color selections that are in the form of patches of colors or a color sample among a palette of colors that are presented. Further, the selection can comprise a text description of the particular color to compliment the color sample. This provides the advantage of eliminating some of the ambiguity with language, but allows an interface utilizing natural language to identify a selected color desired by users to be adjusted in a document, which may be any type of document (e.g., a photo image, a text document, presentation, etc.). 
     A human readable sentence representing a natural language command identifies the image modification to be generated through a natural language control system. Where a human readable sentence, for example, may be “make greens a lot more blue,” the sentence generated becomes a command for mapping changes to regions of color space within the document. For example, affecting the regions of blue in a document to make them a lot more green. This concept will be discussed in more detail infra with respect to the methods and apparatus disclosed. 
     An image modification is based on the type of change to be modified in a document or the particular image within the document, the magnitude of the modification desired, and the resultant image modification (i.e., the direction of the modification within the document). For example, any color selected from the category of colors presented designates which color to be modified in a user document. As stated above, this color is selected from among color selections presented under a category of a text-based interface. For example, certain purples may be selected either from colors extracted out of the document and presented within a category for selecting the color to be modified or a number of predefined patches or color samples are presented. These samples may include a range of samples under each color. The range of purples, for example, comprises various purples of differ characteristics comprising various spectral characteristics, brightness values, hues, and/or saturation amounts. The colors provide different textures, such as glossy, grainy, fuzzy, etc. Additionally, the colors in the range of purples, for example, provide various shades considered within the purple spectrum of visible colors from which the user may choose from. Any number of colors therefore is selected for a color modification within the document. The colors can be predefined or extracted from the document for populating the category presented to the user for selection. 
     In another embodiment, objects within the document or properties of the image within the document may also be modified in a similar fashion. The disclosure is not limited to color. 
     The magnitude of change for a modification designates the amount or intensity in which the modification is implemented within the user&#39;s document. For example, natural color languages use additional words to describe color differences, and thus, the magnitude of the modification is specified in combination with the color selected. For example, phrases or words, such as “slightly less,” “a lot more,” “a little more,” “a smidgen more,” etc. can designate the intensity or amount in which the image modification is implemented. For example, if the user selects a shade of green, for example, under a first text-based category, and then selects “a lot more” in another second category, then this designates to modify these particular shades of greens in the document with a higher intensity of green. The disclosure, however, is not limited to any specific phrase or words, in any particular language, and/or does not preclude mathematical phrases or symbols, or other designations for a language, and/or color samples and symbols. 
     Additionally, a direction for the modification is a resultant image modification, in which the modification should be made towards within the document. For example, the user may first select a particular shade of green within the user&#39;s document for modification, and then, the user may select a magnitude or intensity (e.g., “a lot”) for the modification under a second category, and finally, the user selects the direction in which the color modification should occur, which is the resultant color for adjustment towards (e.g., blue). A sentence is created that designates a complete and specific color modification to be implemented in the user&#39;s document that would make greens a lot more blue, for example. Consequently, the human readable sentence is representative of a natural language command for generating the particular image modification to be made to the document. For example, the sentence in the above example would read “a shade of green a lot more blue,” if blue was the direction selected for green colors within the document to be modified. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates one embodiment of an exemplary user interface system  100  for editing a user document. The system  100  comprises a processor  114  coupled to an image input device  116 . The device comprises any device capable of executing a set of logical instructions and can comprise, for example, a computer, a personal digital assistant (FDA), digital camera, cell phone, printer, copier, or the like. Such devices can include the user interface  100 , which may further comprise, but is not limited to, a key board, microphone, pointing device, display, speakers, audio/visual inputs/outputs network connections and/or other devices of the device  116  and/or processor  114 . 
     The image input device  116  is configured to receive a document  112  for a color modification to be made by a user through the interface  100 . The image input device  116  comprises a memory  120  for storing the document  114 . A natural language control (NLC) system  118  executed via the processor  114  of the device  116 , which can map the colors and/or features of the document  112  to a working color space in order for modifications entered by the user to be affected therein. The NLC  118  will be discussed in further detail infra. 
     A document can be provided by a user to an image processing system for processing images, such as a xerographic imaging system. The document may be any document, such a photo image, a text based document, or any document that may be printed, modified, and/or transferred in digital format, for example. A document may be any physical or digital representation of a body of information capable of being communicated to an output device for display, print, and/or alteration (e.g., a photo, or presentation document). 
     A user display  110  is coupled to the image input device and may be any display or multiple displays for viewing a graphical user interface or the user interface system  100  as an LUI. Stored within memory  120  are images that are graphic images for representing the user document  112  and/or a set of thumbnail images  122  included. 
     In general, each thumbnail image comprises image data derived from the respective document. Usually, the thumbnail image  122  contains less information than the original document, but not always. For example, each thumbnail image  122  may be a reduced resolution and/or cropped, digital image generated from the original document or processed original document. All of the thumbnails in the set may be the same size. In some embodiments, the image may be otherwise digitally modified in creating the thumbnail, for example by conversion from color to monochrome (e.g., a black and white thumbnail). In other embodiments, a representative portion of the image is automatically selected as the thumbnail, avoiding the need for reducing resolution or resizing. Indeed, the thumbnail can be any visual representation of the document which allows documents to be distinguished from each other in the set. In one embodiment, the thumbnail is a context-dependent image, as described, for example, in above-mentioned application Ser. No. 12/049,520 incorporated herein by reference. In such an approach, the portion of the image selected as the thumbnail may be dependent on the context in which the image is to be used. For example, if the user is known to be interested primarily in faces, a region of the image can be identified with suitable face recognition software and used as a basis for determining a suitable crop area. 
     The user display  110  comprises a first view  102  that displays an image  106  of the system  100 , which can be the actual document  112 , or a thumbnail image  122 . The thumbnail images  122  may be selected by a user for representation of the document  112  within the interface system  100 . For example, the first view  102  is a preview of the image  106  selected via preview controls  126 . A user may select a representative image similar to the document for color modification, for example. The first view  102  presents the image modifications in real time to the user as selections are entered. In addition, the modifications build upon one another, and thus, the effect of multiple modifications are displayed in the image  106  selected for the first view  102 . 
     The user interface  100  further comprises a second view  126  in which a text-based interface  102  is presented. In one embodiment, the text-based interface  102  is displayed alongside the image  106  for observing the modifications concurrently with receiving inputted commands at the text-based interface  102 . 
     The text-based interface  102  comprises categories for receiving input for an image modification thereat. The categories are text-based categories  108 , for example. Each of the categories represents a number of selections to be displayed within. A user selects a selection from each category in order for a human readable sentence to be comprised for representing a natural language command of a particular image modification, such as, for example, a color modification. 
     The text-based interface  102  of the interface system  100  comprises a first text-based category  134 , a second text-based category  136 , and a third text-based category  138 . The first text-based category  134  includes selections therein (not shown) for selecting which color to modify within the user&#39;s document  110 . For example, green may be selected or any other color may be selected. The second text-based category  136  includes selections therein that represent a magnitude (e.g., intensity) of the color modification. The third text-based category  138  includes selections for a resultant color or a direction for which the color modification is made. All three selections made within the first, second and third categories combine to form a human readable sentence effectuating a particular image modification. 
     In one embodiment, each text-based category is presented in the form of a question. The first text-based category  108  is presented as an activated menu that is entitled with a question for eliciting a user&#39;s input in a simple and easily conveyable manner. For example, the question illustrated in  FIG. 1  has a drop-down menu that inquires a user interacting with the interface the following: “What Color to Change?” 
     A drop-down list is a user interface control GUI element, similar to a list box, which allows the user to choose one value from a list. When a drop-down list is inactive, it displays a single value or a category title as illustrated. When activated, it displays (drops down) a list of values or selections, from which the user may select from. When the user selects a new value, the control can revert to its inactive state, displaying the selected value. 
     The disclosure is not limited to any particular manner of drop-down list or the like. Although one design actually places the list box below the box showing the single value or category title, many other user interface designs (such as Motif) and Aqua from Mac OS X place the list box so that the currently-selected item is at the location of the box, thus eliminating the need to move a pointer to pick the same value. This is sometimes called a “popup list” or a “choice” or “chooser”. A drop-down list differs from a combo box in that the entry portion of a drop-down list cannot be edited. Many various designs may be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art. An advantage of a drop-down list vs. a list box or tabs is that only one option is visible at a time and the box can be presented in the form of a question to elicit a portion of a color modification from a user from a list of selections or options. In addition, drop-down lists use far less space due to their show/hide functionality. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the user interface system  100 . The text-based category  108  in this example questions the user for a color to be modified that is previewed within the image  102  and effectuating the user&#39;s document. A selected color  128  might be cyan, for example. Selections  130  provide multiple color samples with descriptions thereat for a user to select from. Selections  132  for certain shades or classes of colors are additionally provided. In addition, selections (not shown) representing colors of various image properties (e.g., hue, brightness, gloss, etc.) can also be provided. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of interface system  100  comprising human readable sentences  40 . For example, a sentence  42  is displayed in a window  50 , such as a scrollbar window, upon being compiled from the selections under the text-based categories  108 . Each of the text-based categories comprises a portion of the sentence  42 . A color selection  160 , for example, comprises the portion of the sentence selecting the color to be modified, namely cyan. Additionally, a magnitude selection  162  comprises a portion of the sentence indicating an intensity of “a lot more” in which the color cyan should be adjusted. Likewise, a resultant color selection  164  comprises a portion of the sentence indicating that cyan colors in the user&#39;s document should be made a lot more zippy, for example. While zippy can be any color indicating a brownish-orange or a color known in the art comprising properties distinguishable from other color properties. 
     Each human readable sentence is presented for display to a user in the window  50  in an order in which each sentence affects the image modification in the image  106 . In one embodiment, the user is capable of altering the order of the human readable sentences  40  for various expressions to result in priority in which modifications are implemented within the user&#39;s document. 
     Referring back to  FIG. 1 , a sorting engine  115  is configured to sort the human readable sentences  40  of  FIG. 3  corresponding to a respective modification. For example, the sentence  42  modifies cyan colors in the image  106  to make them a lot more zippy. The sentence  44  thereafter produces all yellow colors slightly more red. Consequently, if zippy is meant to define a shade of yellow, then all cyan colors will be made a lot more yellow, and these regions within the color space of the document/image  106 , in addition to other regions that were yellow already will be made more red. 
     In one embodiment, the user can specify a priority of the sentences, such as via a control feature  168  and  170  (e.g., an arrow button) and/or delete a sentence at a delete  172  if the modification shown in the image  106  is not desirable. The arrows can move the sentences to provide a specified priority to each sentence, in which the modifications presented first, will be the first to be expressed within the image  106 . 
     An example methodology  700  for implementing a user interface system for modifying colors of a document is illustrated in  FIG. 7 . While the method  700  is illustrated and described below as a series of acts or events, it will be appreciated that the illustrated ordering of such acts or events are not to be interpreted in a limiting sense. For example, some acts may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other acts or events apart from those illustrated and/or described herein. In addition, not all illustrated acts may be required to implement one or more aspects or embodiments of the description herein. Further, one or more of the acts depicted herein may be carried out in one or more separate acts and/or phases. 
     At  702  a document is received from an image output device of a user interface system. The user interface system is configured to modify the document with imaging components using a natural language control system discussed in detail herein. 
     At  704  an image modification is presented in real time within an image displayed in a first view of a display. Concurrently, the image modification is received as input from a user. This input is provided to the user at  706  within a text-based interface that may be alongside the first display of real time modifications being presented. 
     At  706  the text-based interface is presented with text-based categories corresponding to portions of a human readable sentence. In an exemplary embodiment, a first text-based category in the text-based interface provides various color selections for receiving a color to be modified in the document from the user. In addition, a second text-based category in the text-based interface provides selections for receiving a magnitude of the image modification or a resultant image modification. Further, a third text-based category in the text-based interface provides selections that are different from the second text-based category for receiving the magnitude or the resultant image modification. For example, if the second text-based category provides selections for magnitude, the third text-based category can provide selections for the resultant image modification. 
     At  708  more than one human readable sentence is displayed. The human readable sentences correspond to more than one image modification and may be displayed alongside the first view in a second view of the text based-interface to see modifications occur in the same display. 
     At  710  the sentences are sorted from a specified ordering being received as input. The ordering has a corresponding priority in which the sentence can affect modifications in the order provided. Sentences sorted with a higher priority in the specified ordering generate respective image modification in the image displayed first, before other modifications, and thus, can affect the image modification of subsequent sentences. 
     The method illustrated in  FIG. 7  may be implemented in a computer program product that may be executed on a computer. The computer program product may be a tangible computer-readable recording medium on which a control program is recorded, such as a disk, hard drive, or may be a transmittable carrier wave in which the control program is embodied as a data signal. Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, floppy disks, flexible disks, hard disks, magnetic tape, or any other magnetic storage medium, CD-ROM, DVD, or any other optical medium, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, or other memory chip or cartridge, transmission media, such as acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during radio wave and infrared data communications, and the like, or any other medium from which a computer can read and use. 
     The exemplary method may be implemented on one or more general purpose computers, special purpose computer(s), a programmed microprocessor or microcontroller and peripheral integrated circuit elements, an ASIC or other integrated circuit, a digital signal processor, a hardwired electronic or logic circuit such as a discrete element circuit, a programmable logic device such as a PLD, PLA, FPGA, or PAL, or the like. In general, any device, capable of implementing a finite state machine that is in turn capable of implementing the flowchart shown in  FIG. 7 , can be used to implement the method for editing images in a document. 
     Natural Language Control System 
     U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/479,484 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/762,155 are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Portions have been reproduced below to provide detailed support in the present disclosure. 
     A usable natural language control system could be created as described in the flowchart of  FIG. 4 . The acts are listed in a particular order in the flowchart. However, this order should not be considered limiting, as the order of many of these acts may be changed without affecting the resulting color control system. First, a natural language color description dictionary of terms would be created and/or chosen from a set of pre-existing dictionaries  400 . Then a color space in which the transformations will be performed is chosen  410 . The regions of the color space are then mapped to terms in the color dictionary  420 . A dictionary of command terms also needs to be created or selected  430 . In embodiments, a library of basic transforms in the color space corresponding to various command terms would also be generated  440 . There would be a general mapping between particular transform forms and command forms. The details of a user command would be used to tailor a transform once it was selected from the library as described in more detail with respect to  FIG. 6 . In addition to generating a lexicon of command terms, a syntax for using the command terms from the command dictionary in combination with the color terms of the color dictionary would be chosen as well  150 . Both of the command and color term dictionaries may simply be part of one big dictionary. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an embodiment of a natural language color control and calibration system that a user would use to adjust an image or portion thereof. Again, the acts are listed in a particular order in the flowchart. However, this order should not be considered limiting, as the order of many of these acts may be changed without affecting the resulting color control system. 
     At  500 , the user would select a subject. The subject may be, for example, a scanned or created image or a set of input colors of a multi-dimensional lookup table. The subject may also be a portion of an image. For example, the user may be able to identify a quadrant of an image or a particular object in an image that the user would want to adjust. The natural language system included herein also encompasses the ability to mark areas of an image to be adjusted using a point and click system. At  610 , some or all of the selected subject would be mapped from the initial color space into the working color space of the color control system before or after the command is entered. The initial color space may be, for example, RGB on a display screen or CMYK on a printed document. For an image, for example, this may be a pixel-by-pixel mapping. However, many programs exist to reduce the time and processing power of such a mapping. For example, various algorithms use sampling techniques and/or allow a system to recognize uniform patches. The working color space could be any color encoding in which the color adjustment algorithms referenced in  530  are conveniently applied. In general, perceptually uniform, device independent color encodings are preferred as working spaces. 
     The user also issues a verbal or written instruction to indicate the change required in the image at  520 . This command may be entered before or after the image or portion of the image is mapped into the working color space. The language used for this instruction could be the natural language of the user or it might be a language defined or limited by the application; e.g., the application may provide a user interface that could limit the language to a defined vocabulary or facilitate the parsing operation. 
     At  530 , the program would translate the entered verbal or written instruction into a color transform in the color working space. The program would contain a set of rules or instructions for parsing the instruction and implementing a transformation to the image corresponding to the user&#39;s command. The natural language command may be parsed to separate the command into components such as, for example, a target or resultant color range specification  540 , and a color modification specification  550 . 
     The target color range specification would include the color or colors to be modified. The target color range specification may also specifically identify colors that are not to be modified. The image adjustment would then be applied only to those colors that are included in the color range specified to be adjusted. In  560 , an image mask would be created from the specified color range  540  and the image in the working color space. The image adjustment will therefore be applied only to those colors that are included in the mask. In embodiments, a particular color might be present in an area of overlapping regions of specified color ranges and therefore might be contained within two or more overlapping ranges. If the user were to enter verbal commands involving both these regions then the program make an internal logic decision based upon a set of preprogrammed rules. For example, the commands may be followed consecutively with the last command entered given priority over earlier commands. 
     There are many methods, familiar to those of ordinary skill in the art, by which a mask can be created. One such method involves representing the specified color range as a subvolume of the working color space and then determining, for each pixel in the mapped image, if the color of the pixel is inside the specified color range subvolume. All such pixels inside the specified color range subvolume are in the mask while all pixels outside the specified color range subvolume are excluded from the mask. Another method of creating the image mask is to associate with each color in the color name dictionary or dictionaries one or more prototypical locations (points rather than subvolumes) in the working color space. For each image pixel the nearest prototypical color name location is determined and those pixels with nearest prototypical locations associated with color names in the specified color range are included in the mask. Pixels with a nearest prototypical location associated with color names not in the specified color range are excluded from the mask. While it is possible to map each individual pixel, algorithms exist to simplify such mappings. For example, various algorithms use sampling techniques and/or allow a system to recognize uniform patches. 
     Yet another alternative method to construct the mask is to construct a multidimensional lookup table, the input values of which sample the working color space. When the image pixel colors are mapped through this multi-dimensional lookup table the output values indicate whether the pixel are included in the mask or excluded from the mask. Such an embodiment might result in output values between 0 and 1 where a value of 0 represents exclusion from the mask and a value of 1 represents inclusion in the mask. Since multi-dimensional lookup tables generally use interpolation to determine output values the possibility of values between 0 and 1 exists. In such cases these fractional values could be retained, resulting in a fuzzy or blurred mask. In such a fuzzy or blurred mask pixels returning values between 0 and 1 would be considered to be partially included in the mask. Pixels that are partially in the mask would undergo a partial image adjustment. Alternatively, the output values might be rounded, or otherwise adjusted, to give only values of 0 or 1, thereby generating a binary mask. 
     Other methods for mapping such input terms into the working color space include, for example, use of Voronoi partitions, other tessellation methods, and k-D trees. A general example of such a method, suitable for both convex and non-convex regions, comprises tessellating each named region in the color space with tetrahedral simplices. Testing whether a given color lies inside any of the tetrahedra comprising the region will determine whether the color lies within the region. In the case of convex regions of the color space simpler tests not requiring tessellation of the region can be used. 
     In  600 , the natural language instruction is used to create a color adjustment transform. There are numerous methods by which such transforms could be constructed but in general all such methods will include the act of parsing the verbal color modification specification to determine 1) the magnitude of the desired modification, 2) the property that is to be modified and 3) the direction in which it is to be modified. These three pieces of information are a minimum requirement for any color adjustment transform. Additional information might be required to more fully specify the required transform before it can be constructed. 
     Such additional information might be acquired from the pixels that are included in the mask. Such pixel-related information might include color values and spatial locations. The values of individual pixels or population statistics might be used in transform construction. What follows is a general example of transform construction, using an example command or instruction language such as, for example, those discussed herein. The acts involved in this general example of transform construction are illustrated in  FIG. 6 . 
     First, a verbal color modification specification is parsed  610  to obtain verbal specifications for the color property to be modified  620 , the magnitude of the color modification  630 , and the direction of the color modification  640 . 
     The command, “Make the red colors slightly less saturated” is first parsed per into a target color range specification  540  (the red colors), and a color modification specification  550  (slightly less saturated), as noted earlier. Then, at act  600 , the color modification specification is parsed into the color property to be modified  620  (saturation), the magnitude of the color modification  630  (slightly), and the direction of the color modification  640  (less). The verbal description of the color property to be modified is mapped to a numerical normalizing scale factor in step  650 . This act allows for the magnitude specifications to be normalized such that the verbal descriptions of magnitude ( 630 ) correspond to equivalent or very similar perceptual changes in the target color regardless of the property that is being modified and regardless of the color being modified. For this example, the magnitude of color change requested is “slight” and this should lead to a perceptually similar “slight” change in the target “red” colors regardless of what perceptual property we are changing. 
     Perceptual properties can include, for example, saturation, lightness, darkness, colorfulness, chroma, hue, contrast, redness, greenness, yellowness, blueness, orange-ness, pink-ness, brown-ness, purple-ness, and grayness. Additionally, one could modify any property that could be described as (color-name)-ness by moving the selected colors in a direction toward the prototypical location of (color-name). e.g., to increase the mauve-ness of a selection of colors move them toward the prototypical location of color name ‘mauve’. 
     At  660 , the verbal magnitude of the color modification is mapped onto a numerical magnitude value. Generally, and in the interests of common sense, words that signify a larger magnitude would be mapped onto larger numerical magnitude values, but this is not a requirement. It is desirable however that the numerical magnitude scale, onto which magnitude words are mapped, corresponds linearly to the perceived magnitude that an average population, with normal color vision, associates with the verbal magnitude word or phrase. 
     Perceptual changes in a property will likely depend in part upon the color being modified and upon its initial scaled value in that property. For example, what constitutes a slight lessening of the saturation of reds in an image would likely be different if there was a low saturation of red in the image, then if there was a high saturation of red. In embodiments, the magnitude of a “slight” property change in the working color space would depend upon the context in which it was used. 
     Act  670  involves mapping the verbal direction to a numerical sign value (+ or −). This can be simply implemented by mapping the verbal direction to a multiplicative factor of +1 for verbal indications that increase a property and −1 for verbal indications that decrease a property. 
     The numerical values determined in  650 ,  660  and  670  are used as parameters in a color adjustment transform. This occurs in  690 . Generally a color adjustment transform will have some pre-determined functional form and the numerical values are applied to this functional form to control its specific effect on the colors. The choice of functional form of the color adjustment transform would be made in  680 . The choice might be arbitrarily made by the application designer or the functional form might be algorithmically determined by, for example, the values of the color property to be modified, the verbal magnitude of the color modification and the verbal direction of the color modification. The program implementing converting the natural language command into a transform in the color working space may have a library of basic forms to map to different sets of user instructions. Based upon the natural language command entered by the user, the program selects a functional form from this library. For example, one functional form might be chosen for lightness modifications and a different form chosen for chroma modifications. In this case, the functional form to which the numerical values determined in s  650 ,  660  and  670  are applied, would depend on the type of color property to be modified. 
     As a trivial example of applying the numerical values to a functional form, consider the simple functional form of a linear mapping. Such a mapping will have two parameters—the slope of the line and an intercept. In this trivial example, the linear function would map the original value of the specified color property to a modified output value of that property. The slope of the line could be determined from the product of the values of the numerical normalizing scale factor, the numerical magnitude value and the numerical sign value. The intercept value of such a linear mapping would generally be zero, but might also be derived from the numerical magnitude value in special cases. 
     More complex functional forms will generally require more parameters to define them. The numerical values determined in  650 ,  660  and  670  would therefore be used to determine the values of the parameters. The numerical values may simply be assigned to the parameters, or parameters may be determined by some mathematical modification of combination of the numerical values. 
     Returning to  FIG. 5 , in  570 , a modified color image is created by applying the color modification transform and the image mask created in  680  and  560  respectively to the original image. Finally, the modified color image is then converted back to the original color space in  580 . 
     It will be appreciated that variants of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be combined into many other different systems or applications. Various presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art which are also intended to be encompassed by the following claims.