Abstract:
A recessed lighting enclosure comprises a housing having an open bottom, at least first and second side walls, a tapered roof, and an opening in the roof. The roof opening can optionally be covered with a flap, and is preferably overhung by an eve. The housing can be made of a cardboard or other foldable or readily cut panel, internally lined with fiberglass or other insulation. The insulation can advantageously extend below the bottom of the panel. Panels can be manufactured and shipped in a flattened shipping configuration. Assembly can use chemical, mechanical, or any other suitable mechanical connectors. Once installed, mats, bats, blown or any other type of insulation can be disposed about the housing.

Description:
[0001]    This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/396,428 filed on May 27, 2010, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/402,112 filed on Aug. 24, 2010, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The field of the invention is recessed lighting enclosures. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Weatherization and energy conservation have become a national priority and the proper insulation of attics is one of the best ways of improving heating and cooling efficiency and saving energy. Numerous non-interior ceiling (IC) recessed light fixtures are still in use today and replacing them with new insulation contact rated fixtures can be costly and impractical for many. Typically non-IC fixtures require up to 3″ clearance from insulation and air flow to avoid overheating and risk of fire. Thus, past and current solutions for insulating address the barrier requirements around the fixture, but fail to solve the problem of heat loss above the fixture. Worse still, with the barrier and the insulation in place around the fixture, the heat source creates a chimney effect which draws air from the area below and greatly reduces the overall insulation efficiency. 
         [0004]    The prior art includes U.S. Pat. No. 2,648,764 to Kirlin, U.S. Pat. No. 4,237,671 to Munson, U.S. Pat. No. 4,375,142 to McDonald, U.S. Pat. No. 4,400,766 to Munson, U.S. Pat. No. 4,754,377 to Wenman, U.S. Pat. No. 6,079,856 to Prestier, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,286,980 to Meyer. These and all other extrinsic materials discussed herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Where a definition or use of a term in an incorporated reference is inconsistent or contrary to the definition of that term provided herein, the definition of that term provided herein applies and the definition of that term in the reference does not apply. 
         [0005]    Enclosures utilizing traditional vents and/or louver openings, such as U.S. Pat. No. 6,286,980, address barrier functions, but fail to adequately address the balance between energy efficient insulation and dangerous entrapped heat buildup. Simply stated, insulation is a heat and cold trapping material and therefore a vent that is covered with insulation for the purpose of insulating is effectively blocked and creates a trapped heat buildup danger. To be functioning vents and avoid potentially hazardous heat levels, these openings are required to be uncovered rather than blocked. The trade off is a safer un-insulated energy wasting application or a potentially dangerous insulated one. 
         [0006]    Enclosures such as the use of clay flower pots placed over the light fixtures are also fraught with shortcomings and pose an extreme weight danger risk and the potential of clay pots falling through the ceiling, particularly in seismic areas. Pot shaped type covers constructed of mineral fiber or other fire resistant materials are lightweight, but also trap potentially dangerous levels of heat. 
         [0007]    Thus, there is still a need for a recessed lighting enclosure that limits heat loss and cold penetration through the ceiling, while allowing for managed air circulation to guard against hazardous levels of trapped heat buildup. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    The inventive subject matter provides apparatus, systems and methods in which a housing has an open bottom, at least first and second side walls, a tapered roof, and an opening in the roof. 
         [0009]    In one aspect of preferred embodiments, the bottom is completely open, although in less preferred embodiments the bottom can be only partially open. 
         [0010]    In another aspect of preferred embodiments, the housing is substantially rectangular, or even square in horizontal cross-section. Other shapes are contemplated, especially those with polygonal cross-sections, but a rectangular shape is currently thought to provide the greatest volume of air horizontally surrounding the lighting can. A square housing, for example, is thought to provide about 21% more air space horizontally about a lighting can than a corresponding cylindrically shaped housing. In most preferred embodiments, the edges of the housing are beveled. The sides can have air holes, although such side holes are thought to be less desirable. 
         [0011]    In yet other aspects of preferred embodiments, the roof is continuous with each of the side walls, and is folded to provide the eve(s) mentioned above. It is contemplated to have more than one roof opening, and more than one eve portions. The roof opening(s) can optionally be covered with a Mylar™ or other flap, or a mesh (not shown). Alternatively, the roof openings could be sufficiently small that they need no covering at all to prevent blown insulation from entering the housing through the openings. 
         [0012]    The housing can be made of any suitable material or materials, including insulation. In especially preferred embodiments, at least one of the walls has a cardboard or other paper-containing panel, which is internally lined with a sheet of insulation material. Such sheets can advantageously extend at least 0.4 inches (about 1 cm) farther down the first side than the panel, and can advantageously include a bottom cutout for wires to pass though the wall. 
         [0013]    From a method perspective, a ceiling can be insulated by: providing a housing having an insulated first side, an open bottom, and a tapered roof; placing the housing over the can such that the first side is at least 2.5 inches, and more preferably at least 3 inches, from the can; and ensuring that the roof has at least a first opening for egress of hot air. 
         [0014]    Preferred methods further include ensuring that the roof has an overhang over the first opening. During installation, all portions of the housing are preferably distanced at least 3″ from the can, a bottom portion of at least the first side wall is folded back, and where the ceiling can is disposed near a joist, the folded back bottom portion to the joist using a fastener. Tie strips are also contemplated for holding the housing in place. Where the ceiling can is powered by a wire from outside the housing, it is contemplated to run the wire through a passage in one of the side walls, preferably near the bottom of the side. 
         [0015]    One or more openings can be pre-punched, preformed or otherwise disposed in the roof, and in some embodiments it is contemplated that an installer would punch out one or more such openings. 
         [0016]    The housing is preferably manufactured and shipped in a flattened shipping configuration, which is assembled into a roofed box configuration at an end-user location. Assembly can use chemical, mechanical, or any other suitable mechanical connectors, as for example magnetic. Once installed, mats, bats, blown or any other type of insulation can be disposed about housing. 
         [0017]    In general, the inventive subject matter is contemplated to provide a much-needed improvement for insulating around and above potential fire hazard heat sources. Without wishing to be limited to any particular theory or mechanism of action, it is contemplated that embodiments claimed herein utilize compartmentalization and the principle of hot air rises and cold air falls, to better direct, restrict, manage, and control (hot/cold) airflow and desired temperature. Preferred embodiments are thought to restrict cold air penetration, while providing means for dangerous heat source elevated temperatures to diffuse and/or escape. In the roof, one or more converging diagonal panels are thought to reduce the upper internal area, thus reducing the external exposure area. 
         [0018]    Various objects, features, aspects and advantages of the inventive subject matter will become more apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments, along with the accompanying drawing figures in which like numerals represent like components. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         [0019]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an assembled housing. 
           [0020]      FIG. 2  is a perspective view of the housing of  FIG. 1 , depicted in a flattened shipping configuration. 
           [0021]      FIG. 3  is a perspective view of an alternative housing in which the roof has two vertical portions and two sloped portions. 
           [0022]      FIG. 4  is a plan view of an opened, unassembled cross section of the housing of  FIG. 3 . 
           [0023]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view of a partial assembly of the housing of  FIG. 3 . 
           [0024]      FIG. 6  is a vertical cross section of the housing of  FIG. 3 , with optional baffle, as installed about a can light fixture and its associated electrical box and wiring. 
           [0025]      FIG. 7  is a vertical cross section of the housing of  FIG. 3 , showing contemplated air flow. 
           [0026]      FIG. 8  is a perspective view of an alternative housing. 
           [0027]      FIG. 9A  is a cut-away cross sectional views of a roof panel of the housing of  FIG. 8 , showing a diagonal deflection integral “baffle’ opening. 
           [0028]      FIG. 9B  is a cut-away cross sectional view of the roof panel of  FIG. 9A , in which the baffle opening is pushed more horizontally, and thereby allows more hot air to escape. 
           [0029]      FIG. 9C  is a cut-away cross sectional view of the roof panel of  FIGS. 9A and 9B , but here showing an overlying flap. 
           [0030]      FIG. 10  is a plan view of a cutout sheet of material that forms the walls and roof of the housing of  FIG. 8 . 
           [0031]      FIG. 11  is a plan view of a large sheet of material that could be cut to produce multiple copies of the cutout sheet of  FIG. 10 . 
           [0032]      FIG. 12  is a plan view of a die cut sheet of material that forms a panel, which can be folded and fastened to a similar sheet to form the housing of  FIG. 13 . 
           [0033]      FIG. 13  is a perspective view of an assembled housing two panels of  FIG. 12 . 
           [0034]      FIG. 14  is perspective view of yet another alternative housing, showing positioning of a housed lighting with a space created by the housing and the ceiling. 
           [0035]      FIG. 15  is a side view of mating ratchet rivet parts. 
           [0036]      FIG. 16  is a side view of Christmas tree type fastener parts 
           [0037]      FIG. 17  is a side view of an arrow type fastener. 
           [0038]      FIGS. 18   a  and  18   b  show a side view of the beveled edge  320  of housing  300  in  FIG. 13 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0039]    The following discussion provides example embodiments of the inventive subject matter. Although each embodiment represents a single combination of inventive elements, the inventive subject matter is considered to include all possible combinations of the disclosed elements. Thus if one embodiment comprises elements A, B, and C, and a second embodiment comprises elements B and D, then the inventive subject matter is also considered to include other remaining combinations of A, B, C, or D, even if not explicitly disclosed. 
         [0040]      FIG. 1  shows an assembled housing  10  that provides an optional baffle to restrict and direct airflow, and a partially covered (enclosed) area with exposure to external air for the purpose of obtaining a controllable internal air temperature.  FIG. 2  shows the same enclosure in a shipping configuration. 
         [0041]    The housing of  FIGS. 1-2  includes four sides walls  11 , a roof comprising four sloped portions  12  and  13 , which are continuous with the four sides walls  11 , respectively, an opening  14  in roof portion  13 , and an overhang (or eve)  15 . Roof portion  13  and the overhang  15  cooperate to form the external exposure opening  16 . There is an optional pull protective cover  17  that is intended to protect the external exposure opening  16  from blown insulation penetration. Line  12 A is a maximum fill height caution marker. As used herein, the term “eve” refers to an overhang formed from, or extending directly from, a portion of a roof. 
         [0042]    The housing of  FIGS. 1-2  is substantially square in horizontal cross-section. Other shapes are contemplated, especially those with other polygonal cross-sections, but a rectangular shape is currently thought to provide the greatest volume of air horizontally surrounding the lighting can. In most preferred embodiments, the edges of the housing are beveled. Beveled housing edges are thought to increase strength of the housing, while only minimally reducing seal effectiveness. In addition, beveled corners allow the housing to fold into a relatively flat configuration with minimal compression and distorting of the insulation and housing materials and allows for the use of straight-cut internal panels, thus allowing for easier shipment. Furthermore, beveled edges reduce insulating and housing materials used, significantly lowering production costs and minimizing impact on the environment. The sides can have air holes (not shown), although such side holes are thought to be less desirable. 
         [0043]    Each of the housings described herein can be made of any suitable material or materials. Contemplated materials for the walls include aluminum and/or other sheet metal, fire resistant cardboard, foiled cardboard, foiled foam board, gypsum board, mineral fiber, wire frame structure and rigid fiberglass. Such walls can be made of a single material, such as wallboard or gypsum that provide adequate insulation. Alternatively or additionally, one or more of the walls can be constructed of a paper or other panel lined with one or more sheets or mats of fiberglass or other insulation material. Foiled rigid fiberglass may have advantages such as; fire resistance, insulating, strength, durability, partial flexibility, manufacturing labor savings and workability. Those features are considered particularly helpful during on-site fitment and installation around obstacles such as wires, fixture housing brackets and framing members. 
         [0044]    Thus, the housings of  FIGS. 1 ,  3 ,  4 ,  6 ,  7  and  8  should all be interpreted as including myriad possible options, including a first option that each of the walls and roof portions comprises a paper, wire or other skeleton to which fiberglass or other insulating mats are attached on an inwardly facing side, and a second option in which each of the walls and roof portions comprises fiberglass or other insulating mats that are sufficiently rigid to form the housing without relying on any supporting skeleton. 
         [0045]    Each of the housings described herein are also contemplated to have open bottoms. As used herein, the term “open bottom” means at least 70% open. Thus, a housing having a bottom sheet with a large central hole would still be considered to be an open bottom housing as long as the area of the hole is less than 30% of the area that could be occupied by the bottom sheet. Nevertheless, it is preferred that the bottom of the housings are completely open, i.e., there is substantially no extension of the side walls towards the center of the bottom of the housing. 
         [0046]      FIGS. 3 ,  5 ,  6 , and  7  show an alternate housing  100  in which two of the roof portions are vertical, and another two of the roof portions are sloped. Here there are four sides walls  101 , a roof comprising two sloped portions  102  and  103 , which are continuous with two of the side walls  101 , respectively, an opening  104  above roof portion  103 , and an overhang (or eve)  105 . Roof portion  103  and overhang  105  cooperate to form the external exposure opening  106 . 
         [0047]      FIG. 4  shows the same enclosure in an opened configuration, such as could be seen during manufacture. 
         [0048]      FIG. 5  shows the same enclosure in a partially assembled configuration. Roof side portions  102  and  103  have not yet been brought into juxtaposing contact. 
         [0049]      FIG. 6  shows the same enclosure with an optional baffle  103 A, and also depicts two joists  107 , the portion of a lighting can  108  that extends above the ceiling  110 , an electrical box  109 , and wiring  111 .  FIG. 6  further shows tie downs  150 , which should be viewed as being stapled or otherwise attached to the joists  107 . Similar tie downs can be added to any of the other housings contemplated herein. 
         [0050]      FIG. 7  is a vertical cross section of the housing of  FIG. 3 , showing contemplated air flows  120 ,  122 ,  124 , and  126 . 
         [0051]      FIG. 8  is a perspective view of an alternative housing  200 , once again having four walls  201 , and here having four sloped roof portions  202 , roof openings  211 , Mylar™ or other heat activated membrane cover  214 , and an optional cap/cover and retainer  210  capable of holding/retaining loose insulation, the top of which is depicted by line  212 . 
         [0052]    Components exposed to potentially cold air are insulated and can be sloped to prevent cold penetration. A sloping top directs heat/cold and greatly reduces the surface area (when properly covered with insulation) exposed to external temperature conditions.  FIG. 8  combines an inward sloping top and one or more vent openings  211 . Hot/cold can be further managed via the use of a heat-activated membrane cover (which in this case is flap  214 ), which covers the openings  211  until sufficient heat buildup causes lifting the flap, thus allowing heat to escape. 
         [0053]      FIGS. 9A ,  9 B, and  9 C illustrate venting through dimensional insulating material of roof portion  202 . It is contemplated that air flow can be managed and directed by opening size, orientation angle, quantity, etc. or any combination thereof. For example,  FIG. 9A  illustrates a diagonal opening  204  that functions as a baffle and provides more ‘restrictive’ venting management than  9 B or  9 C. Principle dynamics that hot air rises and cold air falls are used to manage, direct, and regulate the rate of heat/cold loss and gain. Control also can be achieved by use of at least one opening and/or baffle panel and the desired effect can be achieved by combination of materials, slope, opening size and configuration. For example, a flat baffle panel with a small air escape opening will entrap greater heat than a sloped baffle that allows heat to more freely travel upward and escape. Likewise, the final “air mixing” chamber can control heat/cold, by means as simple as reducing the opening size, or by sloping an ‘exit” panel to limit the escape of hot air and the penetration of cold. 
         [0054]      FIG. 9C  shows that hot air flow lifts (opens) the heat activated membrane cover  214  until temperature stabilizes. Level line  213  is shown for reference. 
         [0055]    Contemplated housings can be in a kit form of separate parts, “pre-hinged” parts that unfold for easy assembly, partially assembled components, fully assembled or any combination thereof. Final assembly can include the use of fasteners, tape or similar adhesives as well as connecting joinery and parts that secure the structure when assembled. Base and top can be integral parts or a combination of parts and materials. Guide lines and/or scored lines can be included as an aid for fitment; for example, when trimming for framing, wiring, and fixture of brackets. Square or rectangular configurations can provide greater internal air volume and thus a larger heat diffusion area; however, cylindrical configurations, hexagon and other shapes are acceptable, providing that clearance requirements from the heat source are met. Other embodiments can include collapsible frames covered with acceptable materials or assembled units, tapered to allow for nesting and reduce packing and shipping volume. 
         [0056]      FIG. 10  is a plan view of a panel  220  of material that forms the walls and roof of the housing of  FIG. 8 . Fold lines are depicted with numeral  215 . Sheet  220  could be cut (stamped) and scored to allow for desired folding and assembly. When constructed of rigid foil faced (duct use type) fiberglass material, score lines  215  would leave foil surface intact to act as a connecting “hinge”. External strapping, fasteners or the like can be employed to complete the assembly. Currently, panels of cardboard are preferred because they are inexpensive to manufacture, lightweight, provide sufficient durability and rigidity, and form a casing to which mats of fiberglass can be attached in a relatively easy manner, using fasteners as described below. Where cardboard or other flammable materials are used as or in the panels, it is preferred that the panels have casing a spontaneous open air combustion temperature between 350° F. and 500° F. (about 177° C. and 260° C.), inclusive, more preferably at least 400° F. (about 204° C.) and most preferably at least 450° F. (about 232° C.). 
         [0057]      FIG. 11  shows how a large sheet of material  230  could be cut to produce multiple copies of the panel  220  of  FIG. 10 . 
         [0058]    In  FIG. 12  is a die cut cardboard or other foldable sheet material forming a panel  301 , which can be folded and fastened to a similar panel  301  to configure housing  300  (See  FIG. 13 ). Panel  301  has fold lines  312   a , locating/fastening holes  312   b  for secure internal rigid fiberglass (or suitable material) to provide added support, fire resistance and insulation, a vent opening  312   c , which could be punched out by an installer, optional perforations  312   d  wherein material is removed and folded in a manner to secure an insulating panel over the vent opening, fastening holes  312   e , fastening slots  312   f , optional straps  312   g  for securing the installed housing  300  to joist or other objects (not shown), optional washers  312   h , an optional hole  312   i  for aiding removal of vent blocking material, useful when cover is removed after installation and/or surrounding with external insulation, and a hole  312   j  for attaching optional membrane cover (not shown). 
         [0059]    In  FIG. 13 , the assembled housing further includes a vent cover area  312 L created by folding/connecting panels  301 , a fiberglass (or comparable) material attached to the inside of panel  301 , with an extension portion  312   m  extending below the bottom edge of panel  301 , which allows for better fitment around whatever fixture (not shown) is used to position the lighting can (not shown), and a fold over panel  312   p  that can be fastened with arrow type clips (not shown) to create a tension resistant joint-seam capable of maintaining tight corner seams/connections and allowing internal panels to compress and better seal together without separating joint-seam. A tie down  350  is shown as being attached to a side wall of one of the panels  301 . 
         [0060]    Of especial interest here is that in this embodiment, the housing  300  has four walls with beveled edges  320 , two of which are shown in the figure. Also of interest is that the extension portion  312   m  has a cutout  312   q , which could be a hole, a tab, or simply a slot, through which a wire  312   r  could conveniently pass. Depending on the material(s) used in the walls, such holes, tabs or slots could be cut by an installer. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the fiberglass (or comparable) material attached to the inside of the panel  301  could terminate flush or even within the wall. 
         [0061]    In  FIG. 14 , yet another alternative housing  400 , having walls  401 , roof portions  402 , and baffle vents  413 . Inside the housing is the upper portion of a light can  490 , shown in dotted lines. The lighting can  490  preferably has a closest distance to any of the walls  401  of at least 2.5 inches (approx 6.4 cm), and more preferably at least 3 inches (approx. 7.6 cm), or some other distance that satisfies a local ordnance or rule. Unless the context dictates the contrary, all ranges set forth herein should be interpreted as being inclusive of their endpoints, and open-ended ranges should be interpreted to include commercially practical values. Similarly, all lists of values should be considered as inclusive of intermediate values unless the context indicates the contrary. 
         [0062]    Here again, without wishing to be limited to any particular theory or mechanism of action, it is contemplated that the housing  400  is an advancement over prior art housings at least partially because the converging diagonal upper portions of the roof direct heat up to at least one opening, and also reduce the potential exposure area towards the uppermost terminating intersection(s). 
         [0063]      FIG. 15  is a side view of mating ratchet rivet parts for attaching sheets of a fiberglass or other material to panels of a housing, as in  FIG. 13 . 
         [0064]      FIG. 16  is a side view of a Christmas tree type fastener and retaining nut for quick connection of panels of a housing to one another, as in  FIG. 13 . 
         [0065]      FIG. 17  is a side view of an arrow type fastener for attaching an optional membrane (flap) over a vent opening  214 , as in  FIG. 8 , and can also be used for securing tension flap  312   p , as in  FIG. 13 . 
         [0066]      FIGS. 18   a  and  18   b  show a side view of the beveled edge  320  of housing  300  in  FIG. 13 . Beveled edge  320  allows insulation layers  520  and  530  to fold into a relatively flat configuration ( FIG. 18   b ) with little distorting of the insulating layers and housing material. When housing  300  is in an open configuration ( FIG. 18   a ) insulation layers  520  and  530  meet at a joint  540  to form a sealed interior. One of skill in the art will appreciate that the length of beveled edge  320  and the thickness of insulation layers  520  and  530  can be varied to achieve different degrees of compression of the insulation layers at joint  540 . The beveled edge provides a gap, which allows for repositioning and fitment modification when installing the housing. The gap further eliminates the need to trim at least one internal panel edge and allows for a more uniform and secure seal to joist material to prevent unwanted airflow and migration of surrounding insulation into the internal housing area and potentially living space. 
         [0067]    It is contemplated that one could use different types of fasteners, box staples, or even glue or adhesive in place of any of the fasteners shown in  FIGS. 15-17 . Currently, however, the fasteners shown in  FIGS. 15-17  are preferred because they are thought to be cost-effective, provide good long-term stability, have a relatively high failure temperature, and are environmentally friendly once in position, Many glues and adhesives, for example, can fail at about 200° F. (about 93° C.), and may produce off-gasses. 
         [0068]    Additional safety devices/features protect against heat buildup. Housings can function without vent(s) covers, but in the event covers are employed and heat builds up to critical level, additional safety features could include one or more of the following: (1) A vent could be covered with a heat sensitive membrane that shrinks, (melts) at a predetermined temperature; (2) A desired material failure could be aided by including at least one focal point such as a hole that allows minimal passage of air, but would expand as heat reached critical levels and material shrinks; (3) A cover could be installed with low-temp failure adhesive and positioned to “fall” away from the roof opening. 
         [0069]    From an installation standpoint, it is contemplated that a housing contemplated herein could be easily installed to retrofit either IC (insulation contacting) or non-IC fixtures. Steps would include: (1) providing a housing having an insulated first side wall, an open bottom, and a tapered roof; (2) placing the housing over the can such that the first side wall is at least 3″ from the can; and (3) ensuring that the roof has at least a first opening for egress of hot air. In preferred embodiments, steps would also include one or more of the following: ensuring that the roof has an overhang over the first opening; ensuring that all portions of the housing are at least 3″ from the can; and folding back a bottom portion of the first side wall. Where the ceiling can is disposed near a joist, contemplated methods include attaching one or more of the folded back bottom portion, or a tie strip, to the joist using a fastener. Where the ceiling can is powered by a wire, and the first side wall defines a passage, contemplated methods include running the wire through the passage. 
         [0070]    It is further contemplated to distribute a blown type of insulation about the housing, or another other type of insulation such as blankets of fiberglass. 
         [0071]    Contemplated production methods include stamping or cutting out panels form cardboard or other suitable material, as for example in  FIGS. 4 ,  10 ,  11  and/or  12 , folding them into housings, as for example in  FIGS. 1 ,  3 ,  5 ,  6 ,  7 ,  8 ,  13  and/or  14 , and using fasteners as for example in  FIGS. 15 ,  16 , and/or  17 . It is especially contemplated to ship housings in a flattened shipping configuration, as for example in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0072]    It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those already described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein. The inventive subject matter, therefore, is not to be restricted except in the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, in interpreting both the specification and the claims, all terms should be interpreted in the broadest possible manner consistent with the context. In particular, the terms “comprises” and “comprising” should be interpreted as referring to elements, components, or steps in a non-exclusive manner, indicating that the referenced elements, components, or steps may be present, or utilized, or combined with other elements, components, or steps that are not expressly referenced. Where the specification claims refers to at least one of something selected from the group consisting of A, B, C . . . and N, the text should be interpreted as requiring only one element from the group, not A plus N, or B plus N, etc.