Abstract:
Control features for a wind turbine that control the turbine over a range of wind speeds and under triggering conditions with reduced noise, cost, and reliability issues associated with other such controls. Control is accomplished via control electronics, which adjust the torque produced by the electrical output generation device (e.g., alternator) within the wind turbine. During normal operation, torque is adjusted for optimum aerodynamic performance and maximum output of power. In winds above rated power, the control circuit regulates torque to lower aerodynamic performance, as necessary to maintain desired power level output. In triggering conditions, such as during simultaneous control circuit failure and loss of some portion of the electrical output generation device in extreme winds, wind turbine control is accomplished by increasing torque (e.g., via a separate controller) from the electrical output generation device via shorting of windings, so as to cause retardation of blade rotation.

Description:
[0001]    This application claims priority to applicant&#39;s copending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/760,407 titled “STALL CONTROLLER AND BACKUP FOR A WIND TURBINE” filed Jan. 20, 2006, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention relates generally to stall controlling features for a wind turbine that is capable of varying torque via an alternator to cause or induce aerodynamic stall in coupled wind turbine blades. In particular, the wind turbine controller of the present invention includes stall controlling features that enable generation of stall torque under both normal conditions and upon certain triggering conditions occurring, so that in the event of a failure in the windings of the alternator or connectors thereto, or to the controller, sufficient torque remains available in the alternator to control the wind turbine. 
         [0004]    2. Background of the Related Art 
         [0005]    It is known in the art to provide small scale wind turbines for commercial and residential use. Problems with these existing turbines include, but are not limited to, the need to control power, especially in low and high wind conditions, and to provide features to address regulatory and other requirements and needs for stopping or slowing turbine blade rotation under certain triggering conditions, such as in the event of high winds combined with control system failure and/or failure of at least some portion of alternator windings. 
         [0006]    To meet the need to control power output, it is known to provide stall control through the use of control electronics, which adjust the torque of the alternator in differing wind conditions. Such control electronics and operation is described further in applicant&#39;s U.S. Pat. No. 6,703,718 titled “WIND TURBINE CONTROLLER,” the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0007]    Prior art solutions to the problem of stopping turbine blade rotation in emergency conditions have included use of blade furling to reduce blade rotation speed in extreme winds and mechanical braking or other use of mechanical backup devices that operate in the event of control system failure and other emergency conditions. 
         [0008]    Problems with such prior art mechanical approaches to stopping or reducing blade rotation speed in such conditions have included increased noise (e.g., due to blade “fluttering” or excess noise when furling is used), and increased complexity and cost for such devices and systems. These devices increase complexity and decrease reliability. Among other things, there remains an unmet need in the art for systems, methods, and devices for operation in such triggering conditions, which meet regulatory and other needs and requirements, but which minimize noise and do not add significant complexity, loss of reliability, or cost to wind turbines. There is a further need for wind turbines that meet such triggering condition needs, and that also include features to allow efficient operation over a range of wind conditions. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    The control features for a wind turbine of the present invention permit control of the turbine in a full range of wind speeds, as well as to slow or stop turbine rotation in triggered conditions, including conditions in which multipole failures occur in the wind turbine&#39;s toque generation generator/alternator and electronic controls therefore, without the noise, cost, or reliability issues associated with furling, pitch regulation, or aeroelastic twist regulation, for example, of the prior art. These control features of the present invention are accomplished via control electronics, which adjust the torque produced by the alternator or other electrical output generation device having a plurality of windings. During normal wind conditions, torque is adjusted for optimum aerodynamic performance and/or maximum output of the wind turbine. In winds above a selected power, the control circuit regulates torque to lower aerodynamic performance, as necessary to maintain a desired power level. In triggered conditions, such as when one or more of control circuit failure, loss of some portion of the windings of the electrical output generation device, or the presence of extreme wind conditions, wind turbine control (e.g., slowing or stopping of the wind turbine blades) is accomplished by increasing torque from the electrical output generation device via a shorting or other increase in current based torque (e.g., pulse width modulation or PMW) of windings (collectively also hereinafter interchangeably referred to as “shorting”), so as to cause the electrical output generation device to function as a brake on or otherwise retard turbine blade rotation. In one embodiment, if the primary control has failed, a secondary control shorts or otherwise increases current in the alternator/generator so as to cause the blades to stall, thereby slowing or bringing the wind turbine to a stop. 
         [0010]    The triggering event sensing and/or control features of some embodiments of the present invention comprise separate circuitry from the normal operation of the sensing and/or control circuit for the wind turbine, so as to reduce or eliminate safety concerns associated with failure of the normal operation control circuit. Other embodiments incorporate such triggering event control features within the normal operation control circuitry. The triggering event control features may include a relay that is normally open or normally closed, for example, so long as, upon a triggering event occurring, the control features automatically operate for shorting at least one of the electrical output generation device windings. In embodiments using a relay that is normally open, for example, upon the emergency condition occurring, a signal relay is activated so as to provide power (e.g., from a charged capacitor) to close the relay, thereby shorting the windings. In embodiments using a relay that is normally closed, for example, upon the emergency condition occurring, a power supply to maintain an open condition of the relay is removed, thereby allowing the relay to return to its normally closed condition. 
         [0011]    The presence of the triggering event may be determined, for example, via devices and methods for monitoring the rotational speed of the turbine blades, output of the alternator, whether any of the windings of the electrical output generation device, or connectors thereto, are inoperable, and whether any of the normal wind turbine control electronics are malfunctioning. One or more operations of the control electronics or other features of the wind turbine of the present invention may be provided wirelessly. 
         [0012]    Additional advantages and novel features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will become more apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following or upon learning by practice of the invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0013]    In the drawings: 
           [0014]      FIG. 1  contains a representative diagram of backup elements for a back up control circuit of an exemplary wind turbine, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0015]      FIG. 2  shows a circuit diagram for an exemplary latching circuit for back up control for use in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; 
           [0016]      FIG. 3  shows a circuit diagram containing additional details relating to the exemplary latching circuit of  FIG. 2 ; 
           [0017]      FIGS. 4A-4D  show exemplary variations of six winding alternators usable with the present invention; 
           [0018]      FIG. 5  shows an exemplary wind turbine, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0019]      FIG. 6  is a block diagram of an exemplary inverter usable with embodiments of the present invention; 
           [0020]      FIG. 7  presents a schematic of various components of an exemplary wind turbine, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and 
           [0021]      FIG. 8  contains a representative diagram of various components of an exemplary wind turbine, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0022]    The wind turbine controller of the present invention, portions of an exemplary variation of which are shown in  FIG. 1 , includes an electrical output generation device  10 , such as an alternator or a generator, and associated circuitry that provides backup control and triggering event control features for the blades of the wind turbine. The device  10  may also include circuitry for normal operational control (not shown in  FIG. 1 ; see e.g.,  FIG. 6 ). The exemplary circuit includes an alternating to direct current (AC to DC) converter, such as a rectifying bridge, a DC to DC converter, and a DC to AC converter. In addition, as shown in  FIG. 1 , the controller includes triggering event control features, such as a winding shorting device  11 , (e.g., a latching relay), that provides shorting of the alternator windings to retard wind turbine motion upon triggering events occurring, such as emergencies. Such winding shorting device  11  may operate, for example, in the condition of extremely high winds after the primary circuit has failed. In one embodiment, the alternator  10  is designed such that its windings include at least two separably operable winding sections and such that, in the event of failure of one or more (but less than all) of the sections (e.g., due to creation of an open circuit in such windings, such as may result from a lightening strike or mechanical damage, or due to failure of a connector to a winding), and the occurrence of a triggering event, such as failure of the primary control circuit (see e.g.,  FIG. 6 ), a minimum number of unfailing sections of windings are able to generate sufficient torque to slow or halt wind turbine blade rotation, such that the turbine is rendered safe from runaway rotation or damage to its components, via shorting. 
         [0023]    In the particular example shown in  FIG. 1 , the triggering event control features constitute a separate printed circuit board (PCB) or other module from other electronics for maximum fail-safe isolation. 
         [0024]    In  FIG. 1 , the PCB contains a bridge rectifier  15  and a voltage-tripped relay  11 . This circuit enacts shutdown of the turbine in the event of a fault in the primary control circuit. In the embodiment of  FIG. 1 , a voltage based triggering device  16 , such as a 280V Zener diode, causes the relay  11  to activate at a predetermined voltage level. For example, in  FIG. 1 , the Zener diode causes a 12V coil  11   a  in the relay  11  to actuate at approximately 290V. This voltage corresponds to the output of a single winding of an alternator at approximately 380 revolutions per minute (RPM), in one exemplary turbine. Once the coil  11   a  is activated, the contacts  11   b  of the relay  11  provide shorting of the output of the turbine, creating more than sufficient torque under predetermined conditions (e.g., some number of windings, or connectors thereto, in open circuit condition) to bring the turbine to a stop or to slow its speed to a satisfactory (e.g., safe) level. Once activated, only a willing microprocessor and an approving user can unlatch the relay, for example. Another feature shown in  FIG. 1  is a 2.3 kHz filter, which prevents momentary voltage spikes from inadvertently activating the relay  11 . 
         [0025]    The safety relay system shown in  FIG. 1  also includes a signal relay  17  for driving the safety relay coils  11   a . A charged capacitor  18  is switched onto the relay coils  11   a , effectively isolating the relay&#39;s coils from the microprocessor of the turbine. This action may occur, for example, after the controller  19  determines the operational status of the primary circuit, such as that failure has occurred and/or other triggering event conditions for shutdown have been met. The use of a signal relay  17  and a capacitor  18  to supply activation power for the latching relay  11 , which are electrically isolated from other turbine circuit components, provides an added level safety in the event of primary circuit failure. 
         [0026]    The exemplary embodiment for triggering event control features shown in  FIG. 1  includes a normally open latching relay. Occurrence of a predetermined triggering event or events causes operation of a signal relay, which in turn allows voltage supplied from a capacitor to activate closing of the latching relay. A normally closed latching relay may also be used, as well as other devices, systems, and methods, so as to cause the shorting of the windings under appropriate conditions. 
         [0027]      FIG. 2  shows a circuit diagram for an exemplary latching circuit for use in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The circuit elements  200  shown in  FIG. 2  include shutdown components constituting a circuit path that is independent of any power generation circuitry associated with the output of an alternator or other power electrical output generating device (e.g., six phase winding device  201  of  FIG. 2 ) associated with the wind turbine of the present invention. Further, the circuit elements  200  shown in  FIG. 2  do not include or rely upon any complex controls, such as a computer chip or other processing elements or logic for operation. 
         [0028]    In  FIG. 2 , the outputs of each of the ends of the six phase winding device  201  are connected to a three phase bridge rectifier  202 . The positive output of the three phase bridge rectifier  202  is connected in series to a filter  203 , such as a capacitor, dielectric, and/or inductor, or other device to filter current or voltage spikes or other momentary high output of the rectifier  202 . The filter  203  is connected in series with a diode  204 , such as a zener diode. The diode  204 , in turn is connected in series to a latching relay  210 , which is normally open and cannot be electrically unlatched. The diode  204  is connected, for example, to a coil or other inductor within the relay  210 , and, as shown in  FIG. 2 , a single pole, double throw switch within the relay  210  is shown as not latched to either terminal. 
         [0029]    The latching relay  210 , once triggered, cannot be unlatched. Thus, for example, if the latching relay is triggered in a shutdown condition (e.g., the single pole, double throw switch latches to one of the terminals, such as due to the occurrence of a high voltage or high current event), the relay  210  will not become unlatched following the end of the triggering event (e.g., the ending of the high voltage or high current event). Thus, for example, return of the device to the manufacturer or other evaluating party must occur to address any damage to the wind turbine prior to continued operation of the wind turbine. The filter  203  and diode  204  operate to ensure that momentary current or voltage spikes or other momentary high output of the rectifier  202  that do not reflect failure conditions do not latch the relay  210  and thus inappropriately prevent operation of the wind turbine. 
         [0030]    A second relay  220 , which, for example, is normally closed, is designed and connected within the circuit  200 , such that normal input from the inverter  211  (e.g., +12 V shown in  FIG. 2 , reflecting a control or power signal from a computer or other processor or similar device for operating the wind turbine) will not allow the relay  220  to close under normal operating conditions, and the relay  220  will not open in the continued presence of input, or following restoration of input, from the inverter  211  following a shutdown condition occurring. 
         [0031]      FIG. 3  shows a circuit diagram of additional features for the exemplary latching circuit of  FIG. 2 , and the circuit  300  of  FIG. 3  is similar in operation to the circuit  200  of  FIG. 2 . In  FIG. 3 , the circuit element  305  represents a latching relay similar to the latching relay  210  of  FIG. 2 . Three relays  310 ,  311 , and  312  are connected to the outputs of each of the ends of power electrical output generating device  305  (e.g., the ends of each of the six phase windings of an alternator). The use of one of the three relays  310 ,  311 ,  312  for each of the pair of windings of the generating device  305  allows redundancy in shutdown control to be provided, regardless of type of failure (e.g., open or short) that may occur in any one (or more) of the windings of the generating device  301  or any one (or two) of the normally closed relays  310 ,  311 ,  312 . 
         [0032]      FIGS. 4A-4D  show variations of six winding alternators usable with the present invention.  FIG. 4A  presents an exemplary six winding alternator having six phases and seven connection points. In the alternator of  FIG. 4A , each of the six phases are out of phase from all others. In the alternator of  FIG. 4A , a number of connection points or windings could fail (e.g., the connection points or windings could become open circuit portions as a result of a catastrophic event, such as a lightning strike of the alternator), and yet the alternator could still be stopped using the winding shorting device to provide shorting for the remaining windings (e.g., two of the six windings remaining functional). 
         [0033]    The exemplary alternator of  FIG. 4B  also includes six windings, but in two pairs of three phase windings operating in parallel. Thus, in this exemplary alternator, only a three phase output is produced. Alternatively to separate center connection points C 2  and C 3  for this alternator, the center connection points C 2  and C 3  may also be connected, so as to effectively constitute only a single center connection point. As with the alternator of  FIG. 4A , in the embodiment of  FIG. 4B , a number of the windings, such as four, may fail, and yet the alternator may still be stopped using the winding shorting device to provide shorting for the remaining windings. 
         [0034]    Similarly to  FIG. 4B , the exemplary alternator of  FIG. 4C  includes six windings in three phases. In this variation, centerpoints of each winding leg separate the windings into six sections. As with the alternators of  FIGS. 4A and 4B , in the embodiment of  FIG. 4C , a number of the windings, such as four, may fail, and yet the alternator may still be stopped using the winding shorting device to provide shorting of the remaining windings. 
         [0035]      FIG. 4D  shows an exemplary alternator similar to that of  FIG. 4C , but including a center point connection, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0036]      FIG. 5  contains a cross-sectional view of various components of an exemplary wind turbine usable in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. As shown in  FIG. 5 , the wind turbine  520  generates power with an alternator  532 . The alternator  532  of some embodiments includes a magnet rotor  534  and a slotless stator  536 , as shown in  FIG. 5 . The stator  536 , for example, is comprised of steel or other suitable core material with copper windings and/or another suitable conductor material for windings, and is attached to the housing  522 . The rotor  534  rotates with rotation of the blades  524 . The rotor  534  generates a varying magnetic field, such as through rotation of permanent magnets or other magnetic field sources incorporated in or attached to the rotor  534 . The use of permanent magnets in these embodiments is especially useful in small-scale wind turbines, such as those used for battery charging and residential power. This approach also eliminates the need to add redundancy to a field excitation circuit, such as may be necessary with a wound electromagnet field. The stator  536  of the turbine  520  shown in  FIG. 5  is slotless and, when assembled, comprises a cylindrical shape made up of steel (or other suitable materials) laminations or segments, with a copper or other suitable conductor winding. When the magnetic fields of the rotor  534  are rotated relative to the windings of the stator  536 , a current is induced in the windings from the resulting change in flux as the magnetic fields associated with the rotor pass the stator winding loops. Although this variation of the present invention&#39;s stator has a slotless design, the invention can be used with other stator designs. Some common stator designs contain a number of windings, typically making up three inductor portions, for three-phase output. As is clear from this description, some aspects of the invention can function equally well with other types of generators, such as induction generators, instead of those using permanent magnet sources for the rotor magnetic fields. If an electromagnet field is used, for example, a backup circuit to energize the field may be needed. 
         [0037]    In the variation of the present invention shown in  FIG. 5 , an AC to DC converter, DC to DC converter, and a DC to AC converter and/or other components  540  are located at one end of and within the housing  522  and attached to the removable hatchcover  530  to maximize the cooling effects of air or other fluid flowing against or otherwise contacting the housing  522 , to minimize costs, and to shield the components from radiofrequency (RF) radiation, among other things. As the wind passes the housing  522 , heat generated from the hatchcover components  540  of the wind turbine  520  is drawn away. In some embodiments, the hatchcover  530  is formed from a highly heat-conductive material, such as aluminum, and the hatchcover components  540  are placed in direct contact with the hatchcover  530  to facilitate heat transfer. While the hatchcover components  540  of the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 5  are placed at the end of the housing  522  for maximum cooling benefit, the hatchcover components  540  may be placed at other locations within the housing  522  and still receive sufficient cooling. 
         [0038]    Attached to the hub  538  are the blades  524 . In the present invention, the blades  524  are of a tapered, twisted, and curved design to maximize efficiency and stall characteristics, and to minimize noise. Although one embodiment uses this design, the invention will work with other blade designs. 
         [0039]      FIG. 6  shows a representative diagram of exemplary output conversion features for use in a wind turbine according to the present invention. In  FIG. 6 , the wind turbine&#39;s alternator  642  generates AC output at a varying frequency and voltage. The AC output from the alternator  642  is passed through an AC to DC converter  643 , such as a rectifier, that includes one or more diodes. It should be noted that the exemplary AC to DC converter shown is a passive rectifier based on diodes, but other rectifiers or other circuits, such as bridges and active rectification, can be used with the present invention to perform similar functions. 
         [0040]    Some of the features shown in  FIG. 6  are similar to those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,703,718 to Calley, et al., titled “WIND TURBINE CONTROLLER,” the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. Also hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety are Applicant&#39;s copending U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/699,940 filed Jul. 15, 2005, of David Calley titled “WIND TURBINE,” and corresponding U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ titled “WIND TURBINE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE” filed even herewith. The output from the wind turbine of  FIG. 6  is passed through a DC to AC converter  670 , such as an inverter, to convert the output to AC at a selected voltage and frequency. The inverter can be of any appropriate design, one example of which is shown in  FIG. 6  as including four switch devices, such as junction transistors (e.g., NPN transistors). Other switch devices, such as field effect transistors (FETs), insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs), gate turn-off silicon controlled rectifiers (GTOs), other transistor circuits or other devices, or some combination thereof, may similarly be used. The switch devices are controlled appropriately to create an approximation of a sine wave output, at the appropriate voltage and frequency. 
         [0041]    In the exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 6 , the DC to AC converter can be a single-phase inverter for use with a single-phase electrical system, or a multiple-phase DC to AC converter for other electrical systems, such as 3-phase systems. The DC to AC converter may also include inductors or other devices to smooth the output from the converter. If the switch devices operate at sufficiently high speed, then the harmonic content of the resulting output may be low enough to allow omission of a filtering or other output smoothing device. 
         [0042]    The switch devices in the DC to AC converter  670  are controlled by a controller  654 . The controller  654  coordinates operation of the switches in the DC to AC converter  670  to produce AC output that is at the appropriate voltage and frequency for the AC line  658  or other output power receiving device or system to which the wind turbine is connected. Optionally, a voltage and frequency monitor  656  measures the voltage and frequency of the AC line  658  or other output power receiving device or system to which the wind turbine is connected, if applicable. 
         [0043]    When the wind turbine according to the present invention is first connected to the AC power line  658  or other output power receiving device or system, for example, the controller  654  first measures the voltage, frequency, and phase angle of the receiving device or system. The controller  654  uses the measurement to control the operation of the switch devices in the DC to AC converter  670 , such that the output of the wind turbine will be compatible with the AC power on the line  658  or other output power receiving device or system. A delay of up to several minutes may occur when the wind turbine of  FIG. 6  is initially operated (e.g., as required for conformity to applicable safety standards), as the controller  654  performs a reliable measurement of the voltage, frequency, and phase angle of the AC line  658  or other output power receiving device or system to which power is to be conducted. 
         [0044]      FIG. 7  presents a schematic diagram of various components of an exemplary wind turbine, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, exemplary operation of which will now be described. As shown in  FIG. 7 , a radio frequency communication link  700  with the turbine control system is provided. This link  700  allows the user, such as at a RF display unit  701 , to access information regarding turbine operation and output and to input information to control turbine operation. For example, the user may determine how much power is being output by the turbine and review prior output information (e.g., output over previous year or month). In one embodiment the RF link is used to transmit battery charge state information to a controller (e.g., located on or coupled to the up-tower RF board) so as to control alternator output to prevent battery charging upon full battery charging being completed. The RF link also may be used for other purposes, such as to uplink new programming (e.g., when updated software code for operation of a processor in the turbine is to be installed). 
         [0045]    With regard to control of turbine operation, the user may be limited in control functions so as to prevent operation outside requirements of law or standards. For example, if the output of the turbine is to an AC grid having input requirements and limitations (e.g., minimum deviation from a required voltage and frequency of input to the grid), the system will not allow output to be delivered outside of those requirements. To ensure such requirements are met, the default for the turbine in one embodiment assumes connection to a grid. Such limitations are inapplicable if no standards apply (e.g., if output is to a closed system having user defined limitations). 
         [0046]    Typical operations that a user may select include operational modes (e.g., slight power output reduction so as to reduce noise during nighttime operation) 
         [0047]      FIG. 8  shows an exemplary diagram of various components of the present invention, in schematic form. The armature of the alternator  800  is shown as having six windings  800   a , although other numbers of windings could also be used, and other circuit patterns, including, but not limited to the alternator windings circuitry shown in  FIG. 4D . Each of the windings has an inherent resistance and inductance associated with it. The output of the armature of  FIG. 8  is six phases of alternating current power. A rotational speed determiner  801 , such as an RPM sensor, measures the rotational speed of the alternator  800  and optionally provides that information to a control module  802 . This RPM information may be used, for example, to control power and/or RPM of the turbine. The RPM sensor may also simply observe the voltage or current produced by the winding(s) to provide the RPM signal (e.g., for display to the user). An AC/DC converter (in the AC/DC, DC/DC, and DC/AC converter electronics module  804 ) receives the alternating current from the armature and provides output, such as to an AC grid or to power applications. An alternator output determiner  803 , such as a sensor for measuring various electrical properties of output from the alternator (e.g., current and voltage), is also provided to transmit that information to the control module  802 . The control module  802  in turn provides information to the AC/DC, DC/DC, and DC/AC converter electronics module  804  to control operation of and output from the turbine. 
         [0048]    As further shown in  FIG. 8 , a device for shorting  806 , such as a latching relay, is also coupled to the AC/DC, DC/DC, and DC/AC converter electronics module  804  and to a shutdown control module  807 . In the event of activation of the device for shorting  806 , such as upon occurrence of certain predetermined triggering events (e.g., extreme high winds combined with main circuit failure), the device for shorting  806  implements a shorting across the windings  800   a  of the alternator  800 . The shorting of the alternator windings  800   a , in turn, creates torque via the alternator  800  sufficient to slow or stop wind turbine blade rotation. In an embodiment of the present invention, the torque produced by the shorting of the windings  800   a  is sufficiently high so that a significant portion of the windings  800   a  may fail (e.g., due to an open circuit in the windings or to one or more connectors for the windings), yet wind turbine blade rotation will still be slowed or stopped. In some embodiments, the shutdown circuit (comprising the device for shorting  806  and shutdown control module  807 ) constitutes a separate printed circuit board or other module from the other electronics of the wind turbine for maximum isolation (see, e.g.,  FIG. 1  and description relating thereto). 
         [0049]    In the device of  FIG. 8 , if a change in the current or voltage of a winding  800   a  is determined, this may signal a complete failure, partial failure or irregularity in the alternator  800 , for example. As a result of monitoring the connections, problems in any one of the windings  800   a  or primary circuit (e.g., AC/DC, DC/DC, and DC/AC converter electronics module  804 ) can be detected, and, for example, following a triggering event occurring, a signal can be transmitted to the device for shorting  806  to retard blade rotation. 
         [0050]    In the example turbine shown in  FIG. 8 , the seven connection points  800   b  for the alternator windings  800   a  are monitored. Upon determination of an irregularity in any one of the seven connections, the shutdown control module  807 , which is microprocessor-based, for example, disables the wind turbine by shorting the windings  800   a  of the alternator  800 . 
         [0051]    In one example of shorting the windings  800   a , the shutdown control module  807  causes a device for shorting  806 , such as a switch, a transistor, or the like to close a portion of the primary circuit (see, e.g.,  FIG. 1 ). The device for shorting  806  can be disposed after the AC to DC converter (e.g., in the circuit near the bridge rectifier  15 , as shown in  FIG. 1 ). The device for shorting  806  can also be disposed between the AC to DC converter and the alternator, for example. 
         [0052]    In one embodiment of the present invention, 60% or more of the torque in the alternator  800  can be lost (e.g., four of six windings  800   a  failing), with sufficient torque remaining that is generatable from shorting the remaining windings  800   a  to decrease or stop wind turbine blade rotation or otherwise effectively control RPM during a wind event of up to about 140 mph or more. 
         [0053]    As a result of the triggering event control features of the present invention, no additional mechanical parts are required for redundant control, such as those typically required to create variable pitch in other large (e.g., high power output between about 100 and 200 volts) wind turbines or furling or flutter for typical smaller (e.g., low power output between about 0-50 volts) wind turbines, for use in emergency conditions. Therefore, among other advantages, the cost, complexity, and required maintenance of the wind turbine of the present invention are not increased due to the inclusion of a separate redundant stopping mechanism. In addition, the triggering event control features of the present invention, unlike furling and aerolastic twisting of the prior art, produces no additional noise. 
         [0054]    While the present invention has been described in connection with preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that variations and modifications of the preferred embodiments described above may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from a consideration of the specification or from a practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and the described examples are considered exemplary only, with the true scope of the invention indicated by the following claims.