Abstract:
The detached cylinder head is placed on a table or other flat surface which has a recessed area within which is retained a deformable elastic bladder. Air, water or some other fluid is introduced into the bladder causing it to expand so that it conforms to the chambers within the cylinder head. The pressure of the expanded bladder within the chamber forces the valve upward against the valve seat. Once the valve is pressed upward against the valve seat, the valve can be disassembled by depressing the spring and removing the fastener, so that the spring can be removed, or the spring can be put in place and the valve reconnected.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/915,018, filed Jul. 16, 1992, and now abandoned, which is continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/855,098, filed Mar. 20, 1992 and now abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The overhaul of internal combustion engines is an expensive, difficult and time-consuming process. Virtually all internal combustion engines include valves which are operated against spring pressure, and there are at least two valves for each cylinder. Thus, in order to disassemble and reassemble the engine, and specifically the cylinder head, means must be provided to manipulate the valves so that the springs can be removed or attached. These springs are fairly stiff and require a considerable amount of force to be applied to the valve by way of a specialized clamp. This clamp spans a portion of the cylinder head so that it reaches both the valve face and the spring, simultaneously lifting the valve and compressing the spring. Since engines are configured in many different ways, valve locations can vary so that a clamp is required for each type of engine to be serviced, and different valves within a single engine introduce further variables and requirements due to the shape of the engine. This can result in considerable expense to a mechanic just to have one clamp for each valve arrangement. Further, if the mechanic only has one clamp for a particular valve arrangement, the valves must be disassembled/reassembled serially, making the procedure tedious and time consuming. Thus, duplicate tools may be required. The added tool and labor costs contribute to the time and expense involved in an engine overhaul. Also, the application of a tool directly to the valve face may damage or bend the valve. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,562,649 of Cerlo discloses a balloon at the end of a wand which can be inserted into the spark plug hole in the cylinder head. Inflation of the balloon presses the valve outward. While this procedure provides some time savings in that it doesn&#39;t require removal of the cylinder head from the block, it does require specialized tools which may be unreliable. Also, it is very rare that work is done on engine valves without removing the cylinder head, so the applications of Cerlo&#39;s method are limited. 
     The cost of automobiles has increased dramatically in recent years such that car owners tend to keep their cars longer. This will result in greater demand for engine overhauls. A time and cost saving apparatus and procedure for facilitating engine disassembly and assembly would be desirable to make such service easier and more affordable. It is to such an apparatus and method that the present invention is directed. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an advantage of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method which facilitate disassembly/reassembly of valves in a cylinder head which is applicable to all engine configurations without requiring specialized tools for each configuration. 
     It is another advantage of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method which allows simultaneous presentation of all valves for disassembly/reassembly. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the detached cylinder head is placed on a table or other flat surface which is covered with a layer of rubber or rubber-like material which can produce an airtight seal between the cylinder head and the flat surface. Downward pressure may be applied, as an option, by clamping or tying the cylinder head to the flat surface. Compressed air is introduced into the spark plug hole by inserting a connector adapted to provide an airtight seal with the spark plug hole of a gasoline engine or injector hole of a diesel engine. The uniform pressure of the compressed air on the valve face forces the valve upward against the valve seat, resulting in a pressured, airtight chamber. Once the valve is pressed upward against the valve seat, the valve can be disassembled by depressing the spring and removing the fastener, so that the spring can be removed, or the spring can be put in place and the valve reconnected. In this embodiment, the reassembled cylinder head can be tested to determine the quality of the seal between the valve and valve seat by closing a valve which allows compressed air to enter the chamber and measuring the pressure drop with time as indicated by a gauge in the air line. A single air line can be provided with the presentation (lifting) of valves for disassembly/reassembly being done serially, or multiple air lines can be provided which the appropriate fitting in each spark plug/injector hole to present all the valves at one time. 
     In some situations, for example, where the chamber is particularly large, the pressures used for the above procedure, typically 2 to 3 kg/cm 2 , may be insufficient to lift the valves within the chamber. In this case, the table top is fitted with a deformable elastic bladder or membrane. The bladder is filled with air, water, or some other fluid after the cylinder head is placed on the table so that the bladder expands to substantially fill the inner volume of the chamber, providing force to push the valves outward. The bladder pushes the valves with sufficient force to achieve the desired result, but does not damage the valves in any way. The bladder also acts as a shock absorber to absorb the force resulting from the use of a hand-held hammer to release the key-bolts around the tip of the valve. Finally, the bladder pushes and holds the valves in the proper position for reassembly. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Understanding of the present invention will be facilitated by consideration of the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the present invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals refer to like parts and in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of the apparatus of the present invention in use on an exemplary cylinder head; 
     FIGS. 2a and 2b are cut-away views of a chamber of a cylinder head illustrating, respectively, before and after introduction of compressed air into the chamber; 
     FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view of an alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention with a deformable bladder; and 
     FIG. 4 is a cut-away view of the cylinder head on the apparatus of FIG. 3. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     As illustrated in FIG. 1, cylinder head 2 is placed in sealing surface 4 after disassembly from the engine block. Sealing surface 4 is supported, either attached or unattached to flat surface 6 which may be a table bench or similar surface. Sealing surface 4 is a resilient, deformable material which is relatively non-porous, such as rubber or rubber-like material which can form a substantially airtight seal. Where the weight of the cylinder head is insufficient to hold the cylinder head against the sealing surface when compressed air is introduced, a clamping device may be provided in the form of a clamp, tie-down straps, elastic cords or similar functioning means. Connector 8 is attached to each air line 10 which is connected to a compressed gas source 12. Source 12 is preferably a cylinder of compressed air or non-volatile gas, but may also be a compressor. A pressure gauge 14 and a shut-off valve 16 are provided to control input air pressure and measure back-pressure. For serial operation, only a single line 10 and connector 8 combination is required. For greater efficiency of effort, multiple lines and connectors are provided, as illustrated, to present multiple valve stems 32 for disassembly or reassembly. 
     Connector 8 is inserted into the spark plug hole 24 (or injector hole) and held in place by either a snap-in or screw-in type fastener, or any other type of fastener which provides a substantially airtight seal and can withstand the increased pressures created within the chamber 26. 
     FIGS. 2a and 2b illustrate the operation of the inventive method. Prior to introduction of the compressed air into chamber 26, the springs 30 are expanded and the end of valve stem 32 is not readily accessible for removal of the spring 30. The valve head 34 may or may not be in contact with valve seat 36. Compressed air, typically at pressures of 2 to 3 kg/cm 2 , is introduced into chamber 26 driving the valve head 34 against valve seat 36 with a force proportional to the valve head area times the pressure. Compression of the spring 30 by a wrench 31 or similar tool does not force the valve into the chamber 26 due to the pressure in the chamber, allowing the spring 30 to move sufficiently independent of the valve to allow valve stem 32 to be more readily accessible for removal of the spring 30 and corresponding fastener (key bolt) 38. After key bolt 38 is removed, the pressure forces the valve head 34 against the valve seat 36 for reassembly, valve stem 32 is made more accessible for placement of the spring 30 and the fasteners 38 as a result of the outward pressure on the valve. 
     The uniform force on the valve head 34 provided by the air pressure avoids damaging or bending the valve, which can occur when a tool is directly in contact with the valve head. 
     After assembly, the air tightness between the coupled valve and the valve seat can be evaluated and adjusted by isolating the air flow with a shut-off valve 16 or tap. Gauge 14 is located between shut-off valve 16 and the chamber 26. Back-pressure from the chamber is monitored at pressure gauge 14 to determine a leak-back rate. Tables may be generated to provide a standard of equivalency between leak-back rate and seal quality, or the leak-back rate can be monitored and the valves adjusted so that all valves in the engine have the same leak-back rate to assure uniform response in each chamber without requiring a quantitative measurement. 
     The above-described embodiment provides sufficient force to lift the valves in most cases. However, for some engine configurations, the chamber volume is of such a size that excessive pressure must be applied to fill the chamber sufficiently to overcome the compressive force of the valve springs. 
     For situations in which the air pressure alone is insufficient, a deformable elastic bladder or membrane is fitted into the table. The bladder is inflated with air, water, or some other fluid after the cylinder head is placed on the table so that the bladder expands to fill the inner volume of the chamber, pushing the valve face outward. 
     As illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, the table 40 has a groove 42, or other recessed area, bisecting the top surface 44 of the table. The cylinder head 2 is positioned so that its chambers are aligned with groove 42. A bladder 46 is retained within groove 42, and a stem 48 extends from the table 40 to permit the desired fluid to be introduced. If water or some other liquid is used, bladder 46 can be part of a closed system in which a pump 52 forces the liquid through line 53 and stem 48 into the bladder 46, after which shut-off valve 54 is closed, and the fluid may be stored in a tank 50. Pump 52, while illustrated as a plunger-type hand pump, can be any other type of hand pump, an electromechanical pump or a compressed air or gas source. Liquids are much less compressible than gases and simply by filling the bladder 46, sufficient force is available to push valve 55 outward without requiring application of a great deal of pumping pressure. 
     If air or another gas is used, it can be supplied by a pump or compressed source to fill the bladder 46. After the valve work is completed, the gas can be vented by a secondary valve, or a three-way valve can be used for shut-off valve 54. 
     The bladder 46 is a durable and elastic material, such as, but not limited to, latex or rubber, and should be strong enough to resist punctures. Since the bladder 46 preferably lies completely within groove 42 it is less susceptible to pinching or damage which might occur while the cylinder head is being positioned on the working surface. Nonetheless, the bladder 46 must be able to press against edges and corners within the chamber without being damaged, while still being sufficiently deformable to fill the chamber so that it substantially conforms to its volume. The bladder 46 provides a uniform force against the valve face, sufficient to compress the spring, but without risk of damage that might occur with tools applied directly to the valve face. The bladder 46 also absorbs the force resulting from hitting the tip of the valve with a hammer to release the key-bolts. Finally, the bladder pushes and holds the valve in the correct position for reassembly. 
     The apparatus of the present invention involves readily available components which are universally adaptable to virtually all motor vehicle engines. The use of a resting surface on which the cylinder head is placed enhances the ease of the task when compared with the requirements under present practices of frequently manipulating the cylinder head to permit simultaneous access to the upper and lower portions of the cylinder head. The invention method permits disassembly, reassembly and, in one embodiment, testing using the same equipment without requiring movement of the cylinder head. This improves time efficiency, thus reducing labor costs. 
     It will be evident that there are additional embodiments which are not illustrated above but which are clearly within the scope and spirit of the present invention. The above description and drawings are therefore intended to be exemplary only and the scope of the invention is to be limited solely by the appended claims.