Abstract:
A semiconductor device comprises a field effect transistor and a passive capacitor, wherein the dielectric layer of the capacitor is comprised of a high-k material, whereas the gate insulation layer of the field effect transistor is formed of an ultra thin oxide layer or oxynitride layer so as to provide for superior carrier mobility at the interface between the gate insulation layer and the underlying channel region. Since carrier mobility in the capacitor is not of great importance, the high-k material allows the provision of high capacitance per unit area while featuring a thickness sufficient to effectively reduce leakage current.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    The present invention generally relates to the field of fabricating integrated circuits, and, more particularly, to the formation of semiconductor devices including field effect transistors, such as MOS transistors, and passive capacitors having a reduced leakage current.  
           [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art  
           [0004]    In modem integrated circuits, a huge number of individual circuit elements, such as field effect transistors in the form of CMOS, NMOS, PMOS elements, resistors, capacitors, and the like, are formed on a single chip area. Typically, feature sizes of these circuit elements are steadily decreasing with the introduction of every new circuit generation, to provide currently available integrated circuits with an improved degree of performance in terms of speed and power consumption. A reduction in size of transistor is an important aspect in steadily improving device performance of complex integrated circuits, such as CPUs, as the reduction in size commonly brings about an increased switching speed, thereby enhancing signal processing performance and also power consumption, since, due to the reduced switching time period, the transient currents upon switching a CMOS transistor element from logic low to logic high are significantly reduced. On the other hand, the reduction of feature sizes, such as the channel length of the transistor elements in the deep sub-micron regime, entails a plurality of issues that may partially offset the advantages obtained by the improved switching performance. For example, reducing the channel length of field effect transistors requires the reduction of the thickness of the gate insulation layer in order to maintain a sufficiently high capacitive coupling of the gate electrode to the channel region so as to appropriately control the formation of the conductive channel upon application of a control voltage to the gate electrode. For highly sophisticated devices, currently featuring a channel length of 0.18 μm or even less, typically comprising silicon dioxide for the superior and well known characteristics of the interface between the silicon dioxide and the underlying channel region, a thickness of the gate insulation layer is on the order of 2-5 nm or even less. For a gate dielectric of this order of magnitude, it turns out that, in total, the leakage current passing through the thin gate dielectric may become comparable to the transient currents, since the leakage currents exponentially rise as the gate dielectric thickness is linearly reduced.  
           [0005]    In addition to the large number of transistor elements, plural passive capacitors are typically formed in integrated circuits that are used for a plurality of purposes, such as for de-coupling purposes. Since these capacitors are usually formed in and on active semiconductor regions, acting as a first capacitor electrode, with a dielectric layer having characteristics in conformity with process requirements for the concurrently fabricated field effect transistors, and a second capacitor electrode formed of the gate electrode material, the problem of leakage current is significantly exacerbated owing to the large chip area occupied by these capacitor elements. Consequently, the capacitors significantly contribute to the total gate leakage consumption and, therefore, to the total power consumption of the integrated circuit. For applications requiring a minimum power consumption, such as portable battery-powered devices, the high amount of static power consumption may not be acceptable, and, therefore, usually a so-called dual gate oxide processing may be used to increase the thickness of the dielectric layer of the capacitors, thereby reducing the leakage current of these elements.  
           [0006]    With reference to FIGS. 1 a - 1   c , a typical prior art process flow for forming capacitors having a reduced leakage current will now be described. FIG. 1 a  schematically shows a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device  100  at an initial manufacturing stage. The semiconductor device  100  comprises a substrate  101 , for example a silicon substrate, including a first active semiconductor region  120  and a second active semiconductor region  130 , which are enclosed by respective isolation structures  102 . The second active region  130  and the corresponding isolation structure  102  are covered by a mask layer  103  that may be comprised of photoresist. The first active region  120  comprises a surface portion  104  having severe lattice damage caused by an ion implantation, as indicated by  105 .  
           [0007]    A typical process flow for forming the semiconductor device as depicted in FIG. 1 a  includes sophisticated photolithography and etch techniques for defining the isolation structures  102  followed by a further photolithography step to pattern the resist mask  103 . As these process techniques are well known in the art, a detailed description thereof is omitted. Subsequently, the ion implantation  105  is carried out with any appropriate ions, such as silicon, argon, xenon and the like, wherein a dose and energy is selected to create severe lattice damage in the portion  104 , thereby significantly changing the diffusion behavior of the portion  104  during an oxidation process that is to be carried out subsequently.  
           [0008]    [0008]FIG. 1 b  schematically shows the semiconductor structure  100  in an advanced manufacturing stage. A first dielectric layer  121 , substantially comprised of silicon dioxide, and having a first thickness  122 , is formed on the first active region  120 . A second dielectric layer  131  having a second thickness  132  and comprised of the same material as the first dielectric layer  121  is formed on the second active region  130 . The first and the second dielectric layers  121  and  131  are formed by conventional oxidation in a high temperature furnace process or by a rapid thermal oxidation process. Due to the severe lattice damage of the surface portion  104 , the oxygen diffusion in this surface portion  104  is significantly enhanced compared to silicon portions having a substantially intact crystallinity, such as in the second active region  130 . Consequently, oxide growth in and on the first active region  120  is increased compared to the growth rate of the second active region  130  so that the second thickness  132  differs from the first thickness  122  by approximately 0.2-1.0 nm for a thickness of the second dielectric layer  131  on the order of 1-5 nm.  
           [0009]    [0009]FIG. 1 c  schematically shows the semiconductor device  100  in a further advanced manufacturing stage, wherein a capacitor  140  is formed in and on the first active region  120 , and a field effect transistor  150  is formed in and on the second active region  130 . The transistor element  150  comprises a gate electrode  133  including, for example, highly doped polysilicon and a metal silicide portion  135 . Moreover, sidewall spacers  134  are formed adjacent to sidewalls of the gate electrode  133 . Source and drain regions  136 , each including a metal silicide portion  135 , are formed in the second active region  130 . The capacitor  140  comprises a conductive portion  123  comprised of the same material as the gate electrode  133  and is formed over the first dielectric layer  121 . The portion  123  represents one electrode of the capacitor  140 . The capacitor electrode  123  includes a metal silicide portion  125  and is enclosed by sidewall spacer elements  124 .  
           [0010]    A typical process flow for forming the transistor element  150  and the capacitor  140  may include the following steps. A polysilicon layer may be deposited over the device as shown in FIG. 1 b  and is patterned by well known photolithography and etching techniques to create the capacitor electrode  123  and the gate electrode  133 . Subsequently, the drain and  
           [0011]    In view of the above-identified problems, there is a need for improved semiconductor devices including transistor elements and passive capacitors, in which leakage current of the capacitors is improved without unduly adversely affecting device characteristics, such as capacitance per unit area, and process compatibility during manufacturing of the device and/or reliability.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0012]    Generally, the present invention is directed to a semiconductor device and a corresponding manufacturing method, wherein a passive capacitor includes a dielectric exhibiting a relatively high permittivity so that the capacitance per unit area may significantly be increased while a thickness of the dielectric may be selected appropriately to ensure a low desired leakage rate. At the same time, the gate insulation layer of field effect transistors may be formed in accordance with process requirements and with a material that ensures the required performance of the transistor device. The present invention is, therefore, based on the inventors&#39; concept that although presently the employment of high-k materials for gate dielectrics in field effect transistors has not been successfully implemented, as these materials cause significant transistor degradation owing to the reduced channel mobility caused by these high-k materials, they may nevertheless be implemented into the same chip area as a capacitor dielectric, since the capacitor performance is not substantially affected by the deteriorated carrier mobility at the interface between the high-k dielectric and the underlying active region.  
           [0013]    According to one illustrative embodiment of the present invention, a semiconductor device comprises a first active semiconductor region and a second active semiconductor region separated from each other by a dielectric isolation structure. A capacitor is formed in and over the first active semiconductor region with a first dielectric layer formed on the first active region, wherein the first dielectric layer has a first permittivity. Moreover, a field effect transistor is formed in and on the second active semiconductor region, wherein the field effect transistor includes a gate insulation layer comprising a material having a second permittivity that is less than the first permittivity.  
           [0014]    According to yet another illustrative embodiment of the present invention, a semiconductor device comprises a first capacitive element formed in and on a first semiconductor region and a second capacitive element formed in and on a second active region. The first and the second capacitive elements comprise, respectively, a first dielectric layer having a first thickness and a second dielectric layer having a second thickness, and a first conductive layer formed on the first dielectric layer and a second conductive layer formed on the second dielectric layer. Additionally, a capacitance per unit area of the first capacitive element is equal or higher than that of the second capacitive element, wherein the second thickness is less than the first thickness.  
           [0015]    According to still another illustrative embodiment of the present invention, a method of forming a semiconductor device comprises providing a substrate having formed thereon a first semiconductor region and a second semiconductor region separated by an isolation structure. Moreover, a first dielectric layer having a first permittivity and a first thickness is formed on the first semiconductor region. Additionally, a second dielectric layer having a second permittivity and a second thickness is formed on the second semiconductor region. Additionally, a conductive material is formed on the first and the second dielectric layers to create a first and a second capacitive element, wherein the first permittivity is higher than the second permittivity.  
           [0016]    In accordance with yet a further illustrative embodiment of the present invention, a method of fabricating a semiconductor device including a field effect transistor element and a passive capacitor comprises defining a first active region and a second active region by forming shallow trench isolations. Furthermore, a first dielectric layer is formed on the first semiconductor region as a capacitor dielectric and a second dielectric layer is formed on the second active region as a gate insulation layer of the field effect transistor element. Moreover, a permittivity of the first dielectric layer is higher than that of the second dielectric layer. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0017]    The invention may be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals identify like elements, and in which:  
         [0018]    [0018]FIGS. 1 a - 1   c  schematically show cross-sectional views of a semiconductor device including a passive capacitor and a transistor element that are fabricated in accordance with a typical prior art process flow; and  
         [0019]    [0019]FIGS. 2 a - 2   g  schematically show cross-sectional views of a semiconductor device including a low leakage capacitor having an increased capacitance per unit area, which is formed in accordance with one illustrative embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
       [0020]    While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the description herein of specific embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0021]    Illustrative embodiments of the invention are described below. In the interest of clarity, not all features of an actual implementation are described in this specification. It will of course be appreciated that in the development of any such actual embodiment, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers&#39; specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which will vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.  
         [0022]    The present invention will now be described with reference to the attached figures. Although the various regions and structures of a semiconductor device are depicted in the drawings as having very precise, sharp configurations and profiles, those skilled in the art recognize that, in reality, these regions and structures are not as precise as indicated in the drawings. Additionally, the relative sizes of the various features and doped regions depicted in the drawings may be exaggerated or reduced as compared to the size of those features or regions on fabricated devices. Nevertheless, the attached drawings are included to describe and explain illustrative examples of the present invention. The words and phrases used herein should be understood and interpreted to have a meaning consistent with the understanding of those words and phrases by those skilled in the relevant art. No special definition of a term or phrase, i.e., a definition that is different from the ordinary and customary meaning as understood by those skilled in the art, is intended to be implied by consistent usage of the term or phrase herein. To the extent that a term or phrase is intended to have a special meaning, i.e., a meaning other than that understood by skilled artisans, such a special definition will be expressly set forth in the specification in a definitional manner that directly and unequivocally provides the special definition for the term or phrase.  
         [0023]    With reference to FIGS. 2 a - 2   g , illustrative embodiments of the present invention will now be described in more detail. In FIG. 2 a , a semiconductor device  200  comprises a substrate  201 , which may be any appropriate substrate, such as a silicon substrate, a glass substrate, a sapphire substrate, an SOI (silicon on insulator) substrate and the like. Irrespective of the specific type used, the substrate  201  comprises a first semiconductor region  220  and a second semiconductor region  230  that are substantially isolated from each other by an isolation structure  202 , such as a shallow trench isolation as is usually used in highly sophisticated circuits. On top of the semiconductor device  200 , a first dielectric layer  221  is formed having a first thickness  222 . The first dielectric layer  221  may be formed of a material exhibiting a high permittivity represented by a high dielectric constant k. Materials that may be suitably employed in the first dielectric layer  221  include, without limiting the present invention to these materials, zirconium oxide and/or zirconium silicate and/or hafnium oxide and/or hafnium silicate. Compared to the commonly-employed silicon dioxide, possibly including a certain amount of nitrogen, the k value may be at least twice as high or even more for these materials. The exact value of the permittivity may depend on the deposition parameters so that the first thickness  222  is selected in conformity with deposition parameters so as to achieve the required final capacitive coupling of the capacitor to be formed in and over the first semiconductor region  220 . In addition, the first thickness  222  is selected to conform with the desired resistance against leakage current so that, commonly, an optimum value is determined to provide for a given dielectric material exhibiting a specified permittivity, a high capacitance per unit area while maintaining the leakage current beyond a specified threshold. In one illustrative embodiment, where zirconium oxide is selected as the material for the first dielectric layer  221 , the thickness  222  may range from approximately 3-15 nm.  
         [0024]    A typical process flow for forming the semiconductor device  200  as depicted in FIG. 2 a  may include well-known photolithography and etch techniques for forming the isolation structures  202  and well-known and well-established deposition methods for forming the first dielectric layer  221 . Accordingly, a detailed description of these process steps is omitted.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 2 b  schematically shows the semiconductor device  200  with a resist mask  203  formed over the first semiconductor region  220  and partially over the corresponding isolation structure  202 . The resist mask  203  is to cover both areas of the first semiconductor regions  220  and the isolation structures  202 , which will be used for forming a capacitive element, such as a de-coupling capacitor and the like. The formation of the resist mask  203  involves well known photolithography techniques, which for the sake of simplicity are not described in detail herein. Subsequently, the first dielectric layer  221  is patterned by subjecting the substrate  201  to a selective etch process, which may be performed as an isotropic or an anisotropic etch process.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 2 c  schematically shows the semiconductor device  200  after patterning the first dielectric layer  221  to form a capacitor dielectric  221   a  and after removing the photoresist mask  203 . Subsequently, the substrate  201  is cleaned to remove any residuals from the previous process steps, thereby preparing the second semiconductor region  230  to receive a dielectric layer that will serve as a gate insulation layer for a field effect transistor to be formed.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 2 d  schematically depicts the semiconductor device  200  with a second dielectric layer  231  having a thickness  232 , which is formed on the second semiconductor region  230 . The second dielectric layer  231  exhibits characteristics that comply with the specifications for a gate insulation layer of the highly sophisticated field effect transistor. For instance, the second dielectric layer  231  may be comprised of silicon dioxide or silicon oxynitride with the thickness  232  selected to ensure a sufficient capacitive coupling of a gate electrode to be formed to the underlying second semiconductor region  230 . For example, the second thickness  232  may be selected in the range of approximately 1-5 nm, depending on the design requirements for the field effect transistor to be formed.  
         [0028]    In one embodiment (not shown), a thin barrier layer may be formed on the capacitor dielectric  221   a  prior to the formation of the second dielectric layer  231 . For example, a thin silicon nitride layer may be deposited on the semiconductor device  200  and may then be selectively removed from the second semiconductor region  230  prior to the formation of the second dielectric layer  231 . In a further embodiment, a thin silicon nitride layer or any other appropriate barrier layer may be provided prior to the formation of the first dielectric layer  221  (FIG. 2 a ) so that, in combination with an additional barrier layer covering the surface portions of the capacitor dielectric  221   a , the high-k dielectric may be substantially completely enclosed by a thin barrier layer. Process techniques for precisely depositing silicon nitride, for example, are well established in the art and may be advantageously used for “wrapping” or covering the capacitor dielectric  221   a.    
         [0029]    Regarding the formation of the second dielectric layer  231 , any appropriate process may be employed, including advanced furnace processes, such as conventional oxidation or rapid thermal oxidation. For highly sophisticated semiconductor devices requiring ultra thin gate insulation layers on the order of 2-3 nm, alternative oxide and oxynitride deposition schemes may be employed for providing the required second thickness  232 . Advantageously, when the capacitor dielectric  221   a  is covered or substantially completely enclosed by a thin barrier layer, “cross contamination” between the first and the second semiconductor regions  220 ,  230  may be substantially avoided, irrespective of the process used for forming the second dielectric layer  231 .  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 2 e  schematically shows the semiconductor device  200  with a layer  205  of gate electrode material deposited over the substrate  201 . In one typical embodiment, the layer  205  may be substantially comprised of polysilicon. In other embodiments, any other suitable materials, such as metal silicide or a metal, may be used. Subsequently, the layer  205  is patterned by well-established photolithography and etching techniques so that the corresponding process steps will not be described herein.  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 2 f  shows the semiconductor device  200  after patterning the layer  205  to obtain a gate electrode  233  formed on the patterned second dielectric layer  231 , which is indicated as  231   a  and which will be referred to as the gate insulation layer. Over the capacitor dielectric  221   a  and partially on the respective isolation structures  202 , the layer  205  has been patterned into a capacitor electrode  223 . Subsequently, the conventional process flow for completing a field effect transistor may be carried out as is, for example, described with reference to FIG. 1 c.    
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 2 g  shows the resulting semiconductor device  200  after conventional spacer, implant and self-aligned suicide processing to obtain a transistor element  250  and a capacitor  240 . The transistor element  250  comprises metal silicide portions  235  formed in the upper portions of the gate electrode  233  and of drain and source regions  236 . Moreover, sidewall spacers  234  are formed adjacent to sidewalls of the gate electrode  233 . Similarly, the capacitor  240  comprises sidewall spacers  224  and a metal silicide portion  225 . It should be noted that contact portions, such as the metal silicide portions  235  located on the drain and source regions  236 , for the capacitor  240  are not depicted in the cross-sectional views of FIGS. 2 f  and  2   g , since these contact portions are located at a different position with respect to a direction perpendicular to the drawing plane of FIGS. 2 a - 2   g.    
         [0033]    As a result, the embodiments described above provide a semiconductor device including capacitive elements, such as the combination of the gate electrode  233 , the gate insulation layer  231   a  and the underlying active region  230 , and the capacitor  240  formed by the capacitor electrode  223 , the capacitor dielectric  221   a  and the underlying first semiconductor region  220 , wherein the capacitive elements both exhibit a required high capacitance per unit area. While the gate insulation layer  231   a  is optimized to provide for a high capacitive coupling of the gate electrode  233  to the second active region  230  for sufficient channel control without unduly affecting the carry mobility at the interface between the gate insulation layer  231   a  and the active region  230 , the capacitive coupling between the capacitor electrode  223  and the first semiconductor region  220  is optimized by introducing a high-k material, wherein the first thickness  222  is selected to provide for a required low leakage current. Consequently, capacitors of high capacitance with reduced leakage current may be provided in combination with highly sophisticated transistor elements requiring ultra thin gate insulation layers for sufficient carrier mobility on the same chip area, while reliability of the capacitor dielectric is ensured due to the omission of any destructive implantation steps, as for example required in the prior art processing, and due to the relatively large thickness  222 . Moreover, as is evident from FIGS. 2 a - 2   g , any appropriate technique may be used for forming the ultra thin gate insulation layer  231   a  so that sophisticated deposition and patterning processes may be employed instead of a high temperature oxidation. Moreover, since the capacitance per unit area of the capacitor  240  is significantly increased compared to prior art devices while, at the same time, leakage current is decreased and thus power consumption of the semiconductor device is decreased, the overall area of the chip required for providing a desired functionality may be reduced. Since less heat is created per unit area, integrated circuits including semiconductor devices in accordance with the present invention also significantly relax the issue of sufficient device cooling, thereby allowing the installation of less cool capacity, which also contributes to a significant reduction of power consumption, especially in portable devices.  
         [0034]    The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the invention may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. For example, the process steps set forth above may be performed in a different order. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the protection sought herein is as set forth in the claims below.