Abstract:
The present invention provides for a multi-stage water treatment system for a plurality of aqueous solutions generated in municipal and industrial processes, e.g., oil and gas field operations, poultry processing, meat processing, dairy processing, and mineral extraction among others. A sequence of different processing steps is carried out, based on the characterization of the composition of contaminants present in the water to be treated. The steps to be carried out include chemical reaction in a series of reactor tanks, sedimentation in slanted plates chamber, air flotation and disinfection, hydrocarbon recovery by a scraper located in a flotation cell. A series of conventional methods are selected to be applied in series for the removal of the contaminants. The process design of an integrated chemical reaction, sedimentation and oxidation system to be used in water treatment of aqueous effluents is presented which is suitable for municipal and industrial processes.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to systems and methods for treating process water resulting from industrial processes that contain heavy metals. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The presence of heavy metals in the process water stream poses a problem for the disposal of the waste streams for many industrial processes. 
         [0003]    In oil and gas processes, for example, these heavy metals come along with carbonates, chlorides, sulfates and other inorganic salts, bacteria and hydrocarbons. The presence of these metals requires substantially difficult treatment before the water is reused or even disposed. 
         [0004]    Similarly, the waste water coming from meat and dairy processing contains a variety of organic components which are a fertile medium for bacterial growth. 
         [0005]    Furthermore, industrial operations are usually carried out in one place and treatment facilities are located in a different place, requiring the waste stream to be transported from one place to the other. During transport, additional contaminants may be transferred to the waste stream and bacterial growth in the transportation lines is common. Therefore, a versatile method to better suit the treatment process is required in order to reduce the amount of contaminants present in the waste stream. 
         [0006]    Many types of industrial processes commonly result in process waste water containing multiple contaminants. The concentration and toxicity of the materials define the proper treatment options before final disposal. 
         [0007]    Several treatment methods have been used in municipal and industrial waste water processing are known, such as those described by Peters et al (1, 2). 
         [0008]    This background information is provided to reveal information believed by the applicant to be of possible relevance to the present invention. No admission is necessarily intended, nor should be construed, that any of the preceding information constitutes prior art against the present invention. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    The present invention presents an integrated system using chemical reaction and sedimentation to treat effluents from municipal and waste water industrial processes. 
         [0010]    A multipurpose device or process was designed to provide versatility in the treatment requirements for effluent water solutions. The methods used on each stage of the process have been used in water treatment for some time and commonly known in the art. 
         [0011]    By integrating several treatment processes into a compartmentalized system, the benefits of each treatment process is increased by the synergy between itself and the next process, allowing for a smaller footprint and better control of the clarified stream quality produced by the system. The proposed design includes the possibility of three chemical treatment species to be employed as applicable to the chemical analysis of the waste stream to be treated and a sedimentation chamber to allow the separation of the sludge formed by the chemical treatment and the agglomeration of particles in the stream, such that the agglomeration can be air-floated and scraped from the surface in an air flotation chamber. This allows recovery of potentially high value products, e.g., oil, from the oil and gas field operations, as well as clarification and recovery of the water. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]      FIG. 1  shows a process diagram for one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  is a top view of one embodiment of the optional portable construction of the invention. 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  is a side view of one embodiment of the optional portable construction of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0015]    The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Those of ordinary skill in the art realize that the following descriptions of the embodiments of the present invention are illustrative and are not intended to be limiting in any way. Other embodiments of the present invention will readily suggest themselves to such skilled persons having the benefit of this disclosure. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. 
         [0016]    Although the following detailed description contains many specifics for the purposes of illustration, anyone of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that many variations and alterations to the following details are within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the following embodiments of the invention are set forth without any loss of generality to, and without imposing limitations upon, the claimed invention. 
         [0017]    In this detailed description of the present invention, a person skilled in the art should note that directional terms, such as “above,” “below,” “upper,” “lower,” and other like terms are used for the convenience of the reader in reference to the drawings. Also, a person skilled in the art should notice this description may contain other terminology to convey position, orientation, and direction without departing from the principles of the present invention. 
         [0018]    Furthermore, in this detailed description, a person skilled in the art should note that quantitative qualifying terms such as “generally,” “substantially,” “mostly,” and other terms are used, in general, to mean that the referred to object, characteristic, or quality constitutes a majority of the subject of the reference. The meaning of any of these terms is dependent upon the context within which it is used, and the meaning may be expressly modified. 
         [0019]    Referring now to the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 1-3 , the invention is a waste water treatment apparatus and a method of use as now described in detail. 
         [0020]    The device is an integrated water and waste water treatment system comprising: three chemical reactors, a sedimentation 1  chamber, an air flotation device, a disinfection element, and oil separation design for the treatment of water and waste water systems.  1  This application may make reference to having a “sedimentation chamber” or ‘precipitation chamber’ or a ‘sedimentation/precipitation chamber’ but all three refer to the same chamber. 
         [0021]    Optional construction approaches to the apparatus includes making it portable, mixers in the chemical reactors, and a hydrocarbon recovery component in the flotation chamber. A holding tank for the treated (clarified) water is located after the air flotation tank, as well as a collection tank for the oil and sludge which floated with it. 
         [0022]    Since most waste process streams possess contaminants of different nature, the design provides three different reaction zones, where the appropriate chemical can be used to attack a specific type of contaminant. 
         [0023]    Each contaminant can be met by one or chemical treatments, elements, including caustic soda, acids, coagulants, fatty acid-amine soaps and polymers, among others, selected to provide the specific treatment for a particular contaminant. 
         [0024]    The chemical dosing is calculated and programmed into the dosing pumps based on the water analysis of the waste water to be treated. 
         [0025]    The size of the reactor is based on the flow requirements and the resident time needed for the chemical to carry out its job. The reactor sections are connected in series, so the outlet of the first reactor tank is connected to the inlet of the second one, and the outlet of the second reactor tank is connected to the inlet of the third one. This provides the flexibility of using different chemicals to treat the waste water based on the chemical analysis. 
         [0026]    After the reaction section, the semi-treated water stream enters a tank with inclined plates for the purpose of sedimentation of the solid suspended in the stream, and to facilitate the oil recovery by allowing the oil particles to aggregate. The inclined plates provide a settling surface where the larger particles are deaccelerated and aggregate to settle down to the bottom of the tank. Oil and less dense particles are collected floating on the top, while the settled particles are collected on the bottom, where they can be removed as sludge for proper disposal. 
         [0027]    This sedimentation tank is connected to an air flotation tank, where air can be used to aid the flotation of the oil particles which in turn can be scraped from the surface by a scraper. Air is injected in the lower part of the tank, or a different gas can be used if required. Chlorine or Ozone, for instance, can be used to disinfect the stream by killing bacteria present in the stream. The chemical analysis of the effluent stream will provide the appropriate gas to be used in this section. 
         [0028]    As is illustrated in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , the invention is most useful when portable. This preferred embodiment as shown is fitted into a mobile unit capable to be transported in the road meeting U.S. DOT transportation regulations. In the figure presented, the unit is fitted in a 50-ft. trailer, less than 7 ft. wide and 10 ft. tall, which may be easily transported in regular roads. Upon transportation to the site where the contaminated water source resides, it may be connected via an Inlet Port ( 1 ) located on the side of unit towards the back. 
         [0029]    The fluid is pumped to the Influent Tank ( 2 ) until it is full with liquid. Once the Influent Tank ( 2 ) is full, it starts feeding the subject aqueous stream to the First Reaction Tank ( 3 ) and the Chemical Dosing Pump ( 25 ) starts injecting the desired chemical species for the first treatment process from a Chemical Tank ( 28 ) located towards the front of the unit. 
         [0030]    The dosing flow-rate is controlled from the Control Panel ( 24 ) by the operator based on the chemical analysis of the subject aqueous stream to be treated. In a typical application setting, for most cases, the first chemical treatment used is sodium hydroxide to precipitate heavy metals. The precipitate is kept in suspension and the reaction is homogenized by having the tank well mixed by means of an Agitator ( 4 ). 
         [0031]    The mixture with suspended solids enters the Second Reactor ( 5 ) where a second chemical is injected by a Chemical Dosing Pump ( 26 ) from a Chemical Tank ( 29 ) located in the front section of the unit. 
         [0032]    As before, the chemical dosing flow-rate is controlled from the Control Panel ( 24 ) by the operator based on the chemical analysis of the problem aqueous mixture. 
         [0033]    In a typical operation, the second chemical could be a polymer to facilitate the precipitation or sequestering the precipitates. Also coagulants or flocculants may be used depending on the type of contaminant to be attacked. As before, the contents of this Second Reactor Tank ( 5 ) are kept well mixed; solids are suspended by means of an Agitator ( 6 ) housed on the top of the Tank ( 5 ). Most of the applications require the removal of anionic and cationic species, so in typical operations, the use of an anionic polymer in this reactor and a cationic polymer in the next reactor could be an option. 
         [0034]    The treated water exits the Second Reactor ( 5 ) to a Third Reactor Tank ( 7 ) located to the side of Second Reactor Tank ( 5 ). As before, the desired chemical is injected by a Dosing Pump ( 27 ) from a Chemical Tank ( 30 ) located towards the front of the unit. 
         [0035]    The appropriate dosing flow-rate is controlled from the Control Panel ( 24 ) by the operator based on the chemical analysis of the subject aqueous stream. The sequestered precipitate compounds generated by the chemical reaction are maintained in suspension by an Agitator ( 8 ) housed on the top of the Reactor Tank ( 7 ). The agitation provides better contact between the chemicals used and the contaminants allowing the reaction to take place more efficiently. 
         [0036]    The stream exits the third reactor tank to enter a slanted plate Precipitation Tank ( 9 ), where a series of inclined plates ( 10 ) allow the particles in suspension to be slowed down and precipitate to the bottom of the tank. The precipitates are collected on the bottom of the tank to remain there until removed as sludge from a Discharge Pipe ( 11 ) located at the bottom of the Tank ( 9 ). The semi-clarified water stream exits the Precipitation Tank ( 9 ) to a chamber where air or a gas is injected in, named as the Dissolution Chamber ( 12 ). 
         [0037]    This embodiment has a treatment capacity of 50 gallons/minute, which allows for the proper residence time in the different stages of the process. 
         [0038]    Air is pumped from the Air Pump ( 22 ) located at the front of the unit, to the Side Inlet ( 13 ) of the Dissolution Chamber ( 12 ), whereas the Air Pump ( 23 ) is connected via the Side Inlet ( 14 ) to a Secondary Air Dissolution Chamber ( 15 ). The air or gas flow-rate is controlled at the Control Panel ( 24 ) based on the amount of oil or light-density contaminants present in the stream. 
         [0039]    In some embodiments, air is replaced by ozone in order to disinfect the water stream. In other embodiments, chlorine is used to disinfect the stream. A wide array of gases may be used based on the desired treatment process selected. In the case of specialty gases, a cylinder has to be connected to the Air and Gas Pumps ( 22 ,  23 ) to be fed into the air dissolution cells. 
         [0040]    After air is dissolved into the water stream in the Air Dissolution Chamber ( 15 ), the stream enters Flotation Tank ( 16 ), where the lighter density particles, typically oil, float to the surface and a moving Scraper ( 17 ) sends them to a Collection Tank ( 18 ). The Oil Collection Tank ( 18 ) has a Discharge Pipe ( 19 ) where the oil can be either discharged to a tank, a trailer or pumped to its final destination. The clarified stream enters finally an Effluent Tank ( 20 ) which has an Outlet Pipe ( 21 ) to allow the clarified water to be either discharged to a tank or pumped to the final destination. The Effluent Tank ( 20 ) is located next to the Oil Collection Tank ( 18 ) as show in the diagram. Located next to these tanks is the Slag Tank ( 31 ) where a waste sludge is collected. A side view of the unit is presented in  FIG. 3 . 
         [0041]    The integrated chemical treatment and sedimentation system of the present invention can be used to treat aqueous waste streams from industrial processes, municipal water, waste water from oil field operations and many more. The versatility of the design allows for using several chemical treatment agents and the recovery of the sludge created, aiding the separation with a sedimentation chamber and an air flotation chamber, which in turn can be used with an alternative gas to provide further disinfection of the clarified water stream. The integrated design allows better efficiency based on the synergy of the different treatments and the flow pattern inside the compact unit. 
         [0042]    Economic advantages for using this integrated system include the reduced footprint required by combining several chemical treatments into the flow stream, facilitating the sedimentation of the solids produced and present in the original stream and the flotation of the less dense species, or the disinfection on site of the stream based on the chemical analysis of the original waste stream. The integrated design allows for the possibility of having the complete process in a compact unit which can be mobile to provide service to locations which do not the infrastructure to have a large treatment facility in place, or which require temporary treatment solutions. The design allows also the possibility of creating permanent, large scale treatment facilities for more demanding requirements. The versatility of the processing step options allows for the treatment of a large array of waste streams present in municipal or industrial settings, like oil and gas operations, meat processing plants, dairy plants, tanneries, plating plants, mining acid drainage operation, nuclear waste water, and several others. 
       EXAMPLE 
       [0043]    An application of this invention is presented using a waste effluent from oil fields located in South Texas. The analysis of the contaminants present in the water stream and the results after treatment are presented in Table 1. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Before 
                 Units 
                 After 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 PROPERTIES 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 pH 
                 8.1 
                 s.u. 
                 6-8 
               
               
                 Color 
                 15 
                 c.u. 
                 Non-Detectable 
               
               
                 Conductivity @ 25 C. 
                 52600 
                 mmhos/cm 
                 49800 
               
               
                 Solids, Total Dissolved 
                 43500 
                 mg/L 
                 41200 
               
               
                 TDS @ 180 C. 
               
               
                 Solids, Total Suspended 
                 81 
                 mg/L 
                 32 
               
               
                 TSS @ 105 C. 
               
               
                 Turbidity 
                 103 
                 NTU 
                 15 
               
               
                 Hardness as CaCO3 
                 5080 
                 mg/L 
                 760 
               
               
                 MAJOR IONS 
               
               
                 Chloride 
                 22600 
                 mg/L 
                 19200 
               
               
                 Sulfate 
                 132 
                 mg/L 
                 112 
               
               
                 Calcium 
                 1720 
                 mg/L 
                 258 
               
               
                 Magnesium 
                 189 
                 mg/L 
                 28 
               
               
                 Potassium 
                 120 
                 mg/L 
                 102 
               
               
                 Sodium 
                 11200 
                 mg/L 
                 9520 
               
               
                 METALS, TOTAL 
               
               
                 Barium 
                 11.0 
                 mg/L 
                 1.65 
               
               
                 Iron 
                 3.5 
                 mg/L 
                 .5 
               
               
                 Strontium 
                 288 
                 mg/L 
                 43 
               
               
                 TOTAL PETROLEUM 
               
               
                 HYDROCARBONS 
               
               
                 nC6 to nC12 
                 16 
                 mg/L 
                 2.4 
               
               
                 &gt;nC12 to nC28 
                 44 
                 mg/L 
                 6.6 
               
               
                 &gt;nC28 to nC35 
                 9 
                 mg/L 
                 1.35 
               
               
                 Total Hydrocarbons 
                 69 
                 mg/L 
                 10.35 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0044]    Based on the chemical analysis of the waste stream in this first example, the treatments were:
       a. For reactor number one, NaOH was selected in order to reduce the heavy metal load present.   b. For reactor number two, an anionic polymer was selected to reduce the ionic strength of the stream.   c. For reactor number three, a cationic polymer was selected to reduce the remaining ions in the stream.   d. Air was selected as flotation agent in order to recover the hydrocarbons present in the stream.   e. No disinfection was required.       
 
         [0050]    The results presented are from tests performed at a customer&#39;s site with a mobile unit. The flow-rate of waste water in the unit was 50 gpm. The invention was able to reduce the heavy metals content by 85%. A similar value was obtained for hydrocarbon recovery, while suspended solids were reduced by 60%. The water stream was clarified, with no significant coloration at the exit, achieving the main objective of the test requested by the customer. 
         [0051]    The following references were found to be instructive in this art by the inventors:
       a. Peters, R. W. and L. Shem, “Separation of Heavy Metals: Removal From Industrial Wastewaters and Contaminated Soil,” conf. 9303107-1, Symposium on Emerging Separation Technologies for Metals and Fuels, Palm Coast Fla., 113-18 (March 1993).   b. Peters, R. W., Y. Ku and D. Bhattacharyya, “Evaluation of Recent Treatment Techniques for Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Waste Waters”, AIChE Symposium Series, No. 243, Vol. 81, pp 165-203 (1985).   c. J. F. Wentworth and J.R. Hefler, “Process for the Treatment of Water”, U.S. Patent S/N 3082146A (1959).   d. G. Greiner, W. Grunbein, E. Albrecht, “Process for the Treatment of Water”, U.S. Patent S/N 4255257A (1981).   e. R. Wukasch and R. Goodenough, “Chemical Precipitation and Flocculation”, U.S. Patent S/N 3488717A (1967).   f. Y. Fujiwara, “Sedimentation basin”, Japan Patent JPH08238403A (1995).       
 
         [0058]    A legend of the components discussed in the application and shown on the drawings: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1 
                 Inlet pipe 
               
               
                 2 
                 Influent Tank 
               
               
                 3 
                 First Reactor Tank 
               
               
                 4 
                 First Reactor Tank Agitator 
               
               
                 5 
                 Second Reactor Tank 
               
               
                 6 
                 Second Reactor Tank Agitator 
               
               
                 7 
                 Third Reactor Tank 
               
               
                 8 
                 Third Reactor Tank Agitator 
               
               
                 9 
                 Slanted Plate Precipitation Tank 
               
               
                 10 
                 Slanted Plates 
               
               
                 11 
                 Precipitation Tank Discharge pipe 
               
               
                 12 
                 Air Dissolution Chamber 
               
               
                 13 
                 Air/Gas Inlet 
               
               
                 14 
                 Secondary Air/Gas Inlet 
               
               
                 15 
                 Secondary Air Dissolution Chamber 
               
               
                 16 
                 Flotation Chamber 
               
               
                 17 
                 Moving Scraper 
               
               
                 18 
                 Oil Collection Tank 
               
               
                 19 
                 Oil Discharge Pipe 
               
               
                 20 
                 Clarified water Tank 
               
               
                 21 
                 Clarified Water Discharge Pipe 
               
               
                 22 
                 Primary Air pump 
               
               
                 23 
                 Secondary Air pump 
               
               
                 24 
                 Control Panel 
               
               
                 25 
                 First Chemical Dosing Tank 
               
               
                 26 
                 Second Chemical Dosing Tank 
               
               
                 27 
                 Third Chemical Dosing Tank 
               
               
                 28 
                 First Chemical Dosing pump 
               
               
                 29 
                 Second Chemical Dosing pump 
               
               
                 30 
                 Third Chemical Dosing pump 
               
               
                 31 
                 Sludge Tank 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Terms: ‘Reactor’ refers to a chemical reaction tank.