Abstract:
A first aspect of the present invention is the isolation and characterization of invertebrate (i.e. insect and nematode) potassium channel genes. The present invention provides for the isolation of complementary DNA fragments from Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans which encode conserved amino acid sequence elements unique to the potassium channel gene family. A yeast expression technology is employed to clone cDNAs from Drosophila melanogaster and a hybridization approach is utilized to isolate additional cDNAs from Caenorhabditis elegans. Using the yeast expression technology, a single 2463 base pair cDNA fragment designated Dm ORF1 is isolated.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to the potassium channel gene family. More particularly, the present invention relates to the cloning and characterization of potassium channel genes from Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Synthetic organic insecticides are primarily nerve poisons acting on the cholinergic system (organophosphorus compounds and methylcarbamates), the voltage-gated sodium channel (pyrethroids and DDT), and the GABA-gated chloride channel (cyclodienes and other polychlorocycloalkanes). Potassium channels comprise a large and diverse group of integral membrane proteins that determine the level of excitability and repolarization properties of neurons and muscle fibers [B. Hille, Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes, Sinauer, Sunderland, Mass. (1984)]. The multiple essential functions encoded by the potassium channels make them excellent targets for new pesticides and animal and human therapeutics. Potassium channel diversity in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster results from an extended gene family coding for homologous proteins. Six genes encoding potassium channels have been cloned from Drosophila melanogaster which account for a large part of the diversity of potassium currents observed in insect nervous tissue [A. Wei, M. Covarrubias, A. Butler, K. Baker, M. Pak, L. Salkoff, Science 248, 599-603 (1990), N. S. Atkinson, G. A. Robertson, B. Ganetzky, Science 253,551-555, (1991), J. Warmke, R. Drysdale, B. Ganetzky, Science 252, 1560-1564 (1991), A. Bruggemann, L. A. Pardo, W. Stuhmer, O. Pongs, Nature 365, 445-448 (1993)]. Shaker and Sha1 encode voltage-gated potassium channels with rapid current activation and inactivating properties. Shab and Shaw encode delayed rectifier channels, with slow inactivating (Shab) and non-inactivating (Shaw) properties. S1o encodes a calcium-activated potassium channel and eag encodes a voltage-gated channel permeable to both potassium and calcium which is modulated by cyclic AMP. 
     Modulation of cardiac action potential by compounds that effect the behavior of potassium channels may be a useful treatment for serious heart conditions. In this regard, each of the potassium channels cloned from insects have corresponding versions in mammalian species, including, specifically, a delayed rectifier potassium channel homolog, RAK, cloned from rat cardiac tissue [M. Paulmichl, P. Nasmith, R. Hellmiss, K. Reed, W. A. Boyle, J. M. Nerbonne, E. G. Peralta, D. E. Clapham, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 88, 7892-7895 (1991)]. Thus, the RAK channel represents an important target of new drugs for the control of heart failure. The delayed rectifier potassium current in heart cells regulates the duration of the plateau of the cardiac action potential by countering the depolarizing, inward calcium current. Delayed rectifier potassium currents characteristically are activated upon depolarization from rest, display a sigmoidal or delayed onset, and have a nonlinear, or rectifying, current-voltage relation. Several types of delayed potassium conductances have been identified in cardiac cells based on measured single-channel conductances. Heart rate and contractility are regulated by second messenger modification of delayed rectifier potassium conductances, and species differences in the shape of the plateau may be influenced by the type and level of channel expression. 
     On the basis of predicted membrane spanning topology, potassium channels may be subdivided into two distinct classes: voltage-gated, calcium-activated, and cyclic nucleotide-gated potassium channels that are composed of six membrane spanning domains (S1-S6) and a single pore forming domain (H5), and inward rectifying potassium channels that pass through the membrane twice and also contain a single pore forming region [Y. Kubo, E. Reuveny, P. A. Slesinger, Y. N. Jan, L. Y. Jan Nature 364, 802-806 (1993); Y. Kubo, T. J. Baldwin, Y. N. Jan, L. Y. Jan Nature 362, 127-133 (1993)]. Here, we report the cloning and functional expression in yeast of a novel Drosophila melanogaster potassium channel. Further, we identify a Caenorhabditis elegans homolog that constitutes the second member of a new family of potassium channels exhibiting a topological configuration unique among the known classes of potassium channels. 
     The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is utilized as a model eukaryotic organism for the purpose of studying potassium transport mechanisms. Due to the ease with which one can manipulate the genetic constitution of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, researchers have developed a detailed understanding of many complex biological pathways, including potassium transport. In yeast, high affinity potassium uptake is performed by the product of the TRK1 gene [R. F. Gaber, C. A. Styles, G. R. Fink Mol. Cell. Biol. 8, 2848-2859 (1988)]. Mutant yeast strains lacking trk1 function are incapable of growing in medium lacking high concentrations of potassium. Since potassium transport mechanisms are present in organisms as divergent as yeast and man, one could predict that expression of heterologous potassium channels in mutant cells might replace trk1 function, and support growth on medium containing low potassium concentration. In this regard, plant potassium channels were shown to function in yeast and represent important targets for new herbicides [J. A. Anderson, S. S. Huprikar, L. V. Kochian, W. J. Lucas, R. F. Gaber, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 89, 3736-3740 (1992); H. Sentenac, N. Bonnaud, M. Minet, F. Lacroute, J.-M. Salmon, F. Gaynard, C. Grignon, Science 256, 663-665 (1992); D. P. Schachtman and J. I. Schroeder, Nature 370, 655-658]. Thus, we have employed this yeast expression system for cloning and expression of potassium channels from heterologous species, making it useful for discovery of new pesticides, and animal and human therapeutics. Discovery of such compounds will necessarily require screening assays of high specificity and throughput. For example, new pesticides directed at potassium channels require high selectivity for insect channels and low activity against non-insect species. Screening assays utilizing yeast strains genetically modified to accommodate functional expression of heterologous potassium channels offer significant advantages in this area. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A first aspect of the present invention is the isolation and characterization of invertebrate (i.e. insect and nematode) potassium channel genes. The present invention provides for the isolation of complementary DNA fragments from Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans which encode conserved amino acid sequence elements unique to the potassium channel gene family. A yeast expression technology is employed to clone cDNAs from Drosophila melanogaster and a hybridization approach is utilized to isolate additional cDNAs from Caenorhabditis elegans. 
     Using the yeast expression technology, a single 2463 base pair cDNA fragment designated Dm ORF1 is isolated by complementation of the potassium-dependent phenotype of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CY162 (trk1Δ) on medium containing low potassium concentration [J. A. Anderson, S. S. Huprikar, L. V. Kochian, W. J. Lucas, R. F. Gaber, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 89, 3736-3740 (1992)]. Dm ORF1 contains a single long open reading frame encoding a protein of 618 amino acids that exhibits substantial amino acid identity to the pore-forming regions of other potassium channels. The DmORF1 contains structural features that distinguish it from other classes of potassium channels, including four hydrophobic domains capable of forming transmembrane helices (M1-M4) and two putative pore forming H5 domains found between transmembrane helices M1 and M2, and M3 and M4. Each pore forming H5 domain contains the Y/F-G dipeptide motif required for potassium selectivity [L. Heginbotham, T. Abramson, R. MacKinnon, Science 258, 1152-1155, (1992)]. 
     A search of the GENBANK database for DNA and protein sequences similar to DmORF1 reveals several cloned potassium channel sequences including a putative protein coding DNA sequence, F22b7.7, reported in the Caenorhabditis elegans genome sequencing project [R. Wilson, R. Ainscough, K. Anderson, et al. Nature 368, 32-38 (1994)]. The DNA sequence contains a single long open reading frame sufficient to encode a protein of 336 amino acids (predicted MW 38.5 kDa) with substantial homology to known potassium channel sequences. 
     Using the hybridization approach, a cDNA sequence designated CeORF1 is isolated by probing a Caenorhabditis elegans cDNA library with oligonucleotides designed using F22b7.7 DNA sequences [T. N. Davis and J. Thorner Meth. Enzymol. 139, 246-262 (1987)]. CeORF1 contains a single long open reading frame encoding a protein that exhibits substantial amino acid identity to pore-forming regions of other potassium channels. CeORF1 contains structural features similar to DmORF1, including two putative pore forming H5 domains. Each pore forming H5 domain contains the Y/F-G dipeptide motif required for potassium selectivity [L. Heginbotham, T. Abramson, R. MacKinnon, Science 258, 1152-1155, (1992)]. These features form the basis of the designation of a new sub-family of potassium channels composed of DmORF1 and CeORF1. 
     A second aspect of the present invention is a transformed yeast cell containing a heterologous DNA sequence which codes for a rat cardiac delayed rectifier potassium channel, RAK, cloned into a suitable expression vector. RAK is capable of complementing the potassium-dependent phenotype of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CY162 on medium containing low potassium concentration. A third aspect of the present invention is a method of assaying compounds to determine effects on cell growth. Yeast cells of the kind described above are cultured in appropriate growth medium to cause expression of heterologous proteins, embedded in agar growth medium, and exposed to chemical compounds applied to the surface of the agar plates. Effects on the growth of embedded cells are found around compounds that have effects on the heterologous potassium channel. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Nucleotide bases are abbreviated herein as follows: 
     Ade; A-AdenineG-GuanineUra; U-Uracil 
     C-CytosineT-Thymine 
     Amino acid residues are abbreviated herein to either three letters or a single letter as follows: 
     Ala; A-AlanineLeu; L-Leucine 
     Arg; R-ArginineLys; K-Lysine 
     Asn; N-AsparagineMet; M-Methionine 
     Asp; D-Aspartic acidPhe; F-Phenylalanine 
     Cys; C-CysteinePro; P-Proline 
     Gln; Q-GlutamineSer; S-Serine 
     Glu; E-Glutamic acidThr; T-Threonine 
     Gly; G-GlycineTrp; W-Tryptophan 
     His; H-HistidineTyr; Y-Tyrosine 
     Ile; I-IsoleucineVal; V-Valine 
     The term &#34;mammalian&#34; as used herein refers to any mammalian species (e.g., human, mouse, rat, and monkey). 
     The term &#34;heterologous&#34; is used herein with respect to yeast, and hence refers to DNA sequences, proteins, and other materials originating from organisms other than yeast (e.g., mammalian, arian, amphibian, insect, plant), or combinations thereof not naturally found in yeast. 
     The terms &#34;upstream&#34; and &#34;downstream&#34; are used herein to refer to the direction of transcription and translation, with a sequence being transcribed or translated prior to another sequence being referred to as &#34;upstream&#34; of the latter. 
     Any potassium channels may be employed in practicing the present invention. Examples of such channels include, but are not limited to, voltage-gated channels, calcium activated channels, cyclic nucleotide gated channels, and inward rectifier channels. The term channel as used herein is intended to encompass subtypes of the named channels from any metazoa species, and mutants and homologs thereof, along with the DNA sequences encoding the same. Heterologous DNA sequences are expressed in a host by means of an expression vector. An expression vector is a replicable DNA construct in which a DNA sequence encoding the heterologous DNA sequence is operably linked to suitable control sequences capable of affecting the expression of a protein or protein subunit coded for by the heterologous DNA sequence in the intended host. Generally, control sequences include a transcriptional promoter, an optional operator sequence to control transcription, a sequence encoding suitable mRNA ribosomal binding sites, and (optionally) sequences which control the termination of transcription and translation. Vectors useful for practicing the present invention include plasmids, viruses (including bacteriophage), and integratable DNA fragments (i.e., fragments integratable into the host genome by genetic recombination). The vector may replicate and function independently of the host genome, as in the case of a plasmid, or may integrate into the genome itself, as in the case of an integratable DNA fragment. Suitable vectors will contain replicon and control sequences which are derived from species compatible with the intended expression host. For example, a promoter operable in a host cell is one which binds the RNA polymerase of that cell, and a ribosomal binding site operable in a host cell is one which binds the endogenous ribosomes of that cell. 
     DNA regions are operably associated when they are functionally related to each other. For example, a promoter is operably linked to a coding sequence if it controls the transcription of the sequence; a ribosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to permit translation. Generally, operably linked means contiguous and, in the case of leader sequences, contiguous and in reading phase. 
     Transformed host cells of the present invention are cells which have been transformed or transfected with the vectors constructed using recombinant DNA techniques and express the protein or protein subunit coded for by the heterologous DNA sequences. A variety of yeast cultures, and suitable expression vectors for transforming yeast cells, are known. See e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,745,057; U.S. Pat. No. 4,797,359; U.S. Pat. No. 4,615,974; U.S. Pat. No. 4,880,734; U.S. Pat. No. 4,711,844; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,865,989. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most commonly used among the yeasts, although a number of other yeast species are commonly available. See. e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,806,472 (Kluveromyces lactis and expression vectors therefore); 4,855,231 (Pichia pastoris and expression vectors therefore). A heterologous potassium channel may permit a yeast strain unable to grow in medium containing low potassium concentration to survive [CY162, for example, see J. A Anderson, S. S. Huprikar, L. V. Kochian, W. J. Lucas, R. F. Gaber, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 89, 3736-3740 (1992)]. Yeast vectors may contain an origin of replication from the endogenous 2 micron (2 m) yeast plasmid or an autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) which confer on the plasmid the ability to replicate at high copy number in the yeast cell, centromeric (CEN) sequences which limit the ability of the plasmid to replicate at only low copy number in the yeast cell, a promoter, DNA encoding the heterologous DNA sequences, sequences for poly-adenylation and transcription termination, and a selectable marker gene. An exemplary plasmid is YRp7, (Stinchcomb et al., (1979) Nature 282, 39; Kingsman et al., (1979) Gene 7, 141; Tschemper et al., (1980) Gene 10, 157]. This plasmid contains the TRP1 gene, which provides a selectable marker for a mutant strain of yeast lacking the ability to grow in the absence tryptophan, for example ATCC No. 44076. The presence of the trp1 lesion in the yeast host cell genome then provides an effective environment for detecting transformation by growth in the absence of tryptophan. 
     Suitable promoting sequences in yeast vectors include the promoters for metallothionein (YEp52), 3-phosphoglycerate kinase [pPGKH, Hitzeman et al., (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 2073] or other glycolytic enzymes [pYSK153, Hess et al., (1968) J. Adv. Enzyme Reg. 7, 149]; and Holland et al., (1978) Biochemistry 17, 4900], such as enolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, phospho-fructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, 3-phosphoglycerate mutase, pyruvate kinase, trioseposphate isomerase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and glucokinase. Suitable vectors and promoters for use in yeast expression are further described in R. Hitzeman et al., EPO Publn. No. 73,657. Other promoters, which have the additional advantage of transcription controlled by growth conditions, are the promoter regions for alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (pAD4M), isocytochrome C, acid phosphates, degradative enzymes associated with nitrogen metabolism, and the aforementioned metallothionein and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, as well as enzymes responsible for maltose and galactose (pYES2) utilization. Finally, in constructing suitable expression plasmids, the termination sequences associated with these genes may also be ligated into the expression vector 3&#39; of the heterologous coding sequences to provide polyadenylation and termination of the mRNA. A yeast expression system is described here wherein yeast cells bearing heterologous potassium channels for continued growth. As noted above, transformed host cells of the present invention express the proteins or proteins subunit coded for by the heterologous DNA sequences. When expressed, the potassium channel is located in the host cell membrane (i.e., physically positioned therein in proper orientation for both the stereoselective binding of ligands and passage of potassium ions). The following Examples are provided to further illustrate various aspects of the present invention. They are not to be construed as limiting the invention. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Recombinant Expression Library Screening 
     Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CY162 is described in Anderson, J. A. et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Adad. Sci. USA 89, 3736-3740]. Growth of bacterial strains and plasmid manipulations are performed by standard methods (Maniatis T., Molecular Cloning. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1982). Media conditions for growth of yeast, isolation of plasmid DNA from yeast, and DNA-mediated transformation of yeast strains are as described (Rose M. D., Methods in yeast genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1990). A multifunctional expression library constructed in pYES2 and containing cDNA made from 3rd instar male Drosophila melanogaster mRNA is used as described [S. J. Elledge, J. T. Mulligan, S. W. Ramer, M. Sportswood, R. W. Davis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 88, 1731-1735 (1991)]. A multifunctional expression library constructed in pYES2 and containing cDNA made from mRNA obtained from all life stages of Caenorhabditis elegans is custom-made by Invitrogen Corporation. 
     Isolation of Expression Plasmids Encoding Heterologous Potassium Channels 
     CY162 cells are transformed with plasmid DNA from each library to give 3×10 6  transformants from each library on SCD-ura (synthetic complete dextrose (2 %) medium containing all necessary nutritional supplements except uracil) containing 0.1M KCl agar medium. Transformants are replica-plated to SCG-ura (synthetic complete galactose (2%) medium containing all necessary nutritional supplements except uracil) agar medium. Colonies that grow on this selective agar medium are transferred to SCG-ura agar medium to obtain single colonies clones and while reassaying suppression of the potassium-dependent phenotype. Plasmid DNA is isolated from surviving colonies and used to transform CY162. Six individual transformant strains containing one plasmid, pDmORF1, that confers the potassium independent phenotype are cultured on SCD-ura and SCG-ura medium along with CY162 strains bearing pKAT1, which encodes a plant inward rectifier potassium channel that supports the growth of CY162 on selective medium. The plasmid bearing strains exhibit potassium-independent growth on both dextrose and galactose containing medium. Growth on dextrose is likely due to basal level of transcription leading to sufficient potassium channel expression to support growth. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     DNA Sequence Analysis of DmORF1 
     Plasmids that confer suppression of the potassium-dependent phenotype are subjected to automated DNA sequence analysis performed by high temperature cycle sequencing (Applied Biosystems). Geneworks DNA sequence analysis software (Intelligenetics) is used to align raw DNA sequence information and to identify open reading frames. The DNA sequence of the 2.4 kb insert in pDmORF1 is displayed in SEQ. ID NO.:1. The 5&#39; untranslated sequences of the cDNA contain long poly A and poly T tracts not likely to be found in protein coding regions. The first ATG proximal to the 5&#39; end is present in a consensus Drosophila melanogaster translational initiation site [D. R. Cavener Nucleic Acids Res., 15, 1353-1361 (1987)], consistent with the designation of this site as the translational start site. A single long open reading frame sufficient to encode a protein of 618 amino acids (predicted MW 68 kDa) is encoded in pDmORF1. A consensus polyadenylation site, AATCAA, occurs at position 2063-2068 in 3&#39; untranslated sequences. The DmORF1 contains structural features that distinguish it from other classes of potassium channels, including four hydrophobic domains capable of forming transmembrane helices (M1-M4) and two pore forming H5 domains found between transmembrane helices M1 and M2, and M3 and M4. Each pore forming H5 domain contains the Y/F-G dipeptide motif required for potassium selectivity [L. Heginbotham, T. Abramson, R. MacKinnon, Science 258, 1152-1155, (1992)]. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Identification of Caenorhabditis elegans Sequences Homologous to DmORF1 
     A search of the GENBANK database protein sequences similar to DmORF1 reveals significant matches with several known potassium channel sequences. The closest match is to a putative protein coding DNA sequence, F22b7.7, reported in the Caenorhabditis elegans genome sequencing project [R. Wilson, R. Ainscough, K. Anderson, et al., Nature 368, 32-38 (1994)]. The DNA sequence and predicted amino acid sequence assembled from putative exons recognized by a GENBANK exon identification algoritban is displayed in SEQ. ID. NOS:3 &amp; 4. The DNA sequence contains a single long open reading frame sufficient to encode a protein of 336 amino acids (predicted MW 38.5 kDa) with substantial homology to known potassium channel sequences. The F22b7.7 sequence contains structural features that distinguish it from other classes of potassium channels, including three of four hydrophobic domains capable of forming transmembrane helices (M1-M4) identified in DmORF1 and two pore forming H5 domains found between transmembrane helices a predicted M1 and M2, and M3 and M4. Each pore forming H5 domain contains the Y/F-G dipeptide motif required for potassium selectivity [L. Heginbotham, T. Abramson, R. MacKinnon, Science 258, 1152-1155, (1992)]. The lack of an amino terminal transmembrane domain homologous to DmORF1 M1 in the F22b7.7 sequence may be due to failure of the search algorithm to identify exon(s) encoding the amino terminus. Alternatively, an amino terminal coding sequence may be added by trans-splicing, which occurs frequently in Caenorhabditis elegans. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Cloning and DNA Sequence Analysis of CeRF1 
     Oligonucleotides corresponding to DNA sequences encoding the two pore forming domains of F22b7.7 were synthesized using an Applied Biosystems DNA synthesizer. 
     F22b7.7-H2-1 nucleotides 97-147 of Seq. ID No.:3: 5&#39;TCCATTTTCTTTGCCGTAACCGTCGTCACTACCATCGGATACGGTAATCCA. 
     F22b7.7-H2-2 nucleotides 490-540 of Seq. ID No.3 : 5&#39;TCATTCTACTGGTCCTTCATTACAATGACTACTGTCGGGTTTGGCGACTTG. 
     The oligos were labelled at their 5&#39; ends with  32  P using a 5&#39;-end labelling kit according to manufacturers instructions (New England Nuclear). The labelled oligos are pooled and used to screen 6×10 5  plaques from a λZAP-Caenorhabditis elegans cDNA library (obtained from Clontech) by published methods [T. N. Davis and J. Thorner Meth. Enzymol. 139, 246-262 (1987)]. Hybridization is at 42° C. for 16 hours. Positive clones are plaque-purified by twice repeating the hybridization screening process. Plasmid DNAs, excised from phage DNA according to manufacturers instructions, are subjected to automated DNA sequence analysis performed by high temperature cycle sequencing (Applied Biosystems). Geneworks DNA sequence analysis software (Intelligenetics) is used to align raw DNA sequence data and to identify open reading frames. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Functional Expression of a Rat Atrial Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channel in Yeast 
     CY162 transformants containing plasmids pKAT1, which encodes a plant inward rectifier potassium channel, pRATRAK, which encodes a rat atrial delayed rectifier potassium channel, pDmORF1, and control plasmid pYES are cultured on arginine-phosphate-dextrose agar medium lacking ura medium [A. Rodriguez-Navarro and J. Ramos, J. Bacteriol. 159, 940-945, (1984)] containing various KCl concentrations. Strains containing pKAT1, pRATRAK, and pDmORF1 all support the growth of CY162 on medium containing a low concentration of potassium, while pYES2 containing CY162 cells only grow on medium containing a high potassium concentration, indicating that heterologous potassium channels of several different types function to provide high affinity potassium uptake. 
     pRATRAK is constructed by modifying the protein-coding sequences of RATRAK to add 5&#39; HindIII and 3&#39; XbaI sites using PCR. In addition, four A residues are added to the sequences immediately 5&#39; proximal to the initiator ATG to provide a good yeast translational initiation site. The modified fragment is cloned into the HindIII and XbaI sites in the yeast expression vector pYES2 (Invitrogen), forming pRATRAK. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     Bioassay of Functional Expression of Heterologous Potassium Channels 
     Yeast strains dependent on heterologous potassium channels for growth should be sensitive to non-specific potassium channel blocking compounds. To test the potassium channel blocking properties of several compounds, a convenient agar plate bioassay is employed. Strains containing pKAT1, pRATRAK, pDmORF1, and pYES2 are plated in arginine-phosphate-dextrose agar medium lacking ura and containing various amounts of potassium chloride. Arginine-phosphate-dextrose medium is used to avoid interference from potassium and ammonium ions present in standard synthetic yeast culture medium. Sterile filter disks were placed on the surface of the agar and saturated with potassium channel blocking ions CsCl, BaCl 2 , and TEA. The growth of heterologous potassium channel containing strains is inhibited by in a channel dependent manner by potassium channel blocking ions. DmORF1-dependent growth is blocked by BaCl 2  but not by CsCl or TEA. KAT-dependent growth is blocked by BaCl 2 , CsCl and TEA. RATRAK-dependent growth is blocked by BaCl 2 , CsCl and TEA to a much greater extent than pKAT1, reflecting in part a slower growth rate of pRATRAK-containing cells. These observations confirm that these channels support the growth of the mutant yeast cells and demonstrate the efficacy of the yeast bioassay for screening for compounds that block potassium channel function. The control pYES-containing strain grows only around applied KCl and RbCl, a congener of KCl. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     Identification of Compounds That Alter Potassium Channel Activity 
     Yeast strains made capable of growing on medium containing low potassium concentration by expression of heterologous potassium channels are used to screen libraries of chemical compounds of diverse structure for those that interfere with channel function. CY162 cells containing pKAT1, pRATRAK, pDmORF1, pCeORF1, and pYES2-TRK1 (10 4  /ml) are plated in 200 ml of arginine-phosphate-dextrose agar medium lacking ura and containing 0.2 mM potassium chloride in 500 cm 2  plates. The CY162 cells bearing pYES2-TRK1 are included in the assay as a control to identify compounds that have non-specific effects on the yeast strain and are therefore not specifically active against the heterologous potassium channels. Samples of chemical compounds of diverse structure (2 ml of 10 mg/ml solution in DMSO) are applied to the surface of the hardened agar medium in a 24×24 array. The plates are incubated for 2 days at 30° C. during which time the applied compounds radially diffuse into the agar medium. The effects of applied compounds on strains bearing heterologous potassium channel genes are compared to the pYES2-TRK1 bearing strain. Compounds that cause a zone of growth inhibition around the point of application that is larger on plates containing cells bearing the heterologous potassium channels than that observed around the pYES2-TRK1 bearing strains are considered selective potassium channel blockers. Compounds that induce a zone of enhanced growth around the point of application that is larger on plates containing cells bearing the heterologous potassium channels than that observed around the pYES2-TRK1 bearing strains are considered selective potassium channel openers. 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________SEQUENCE LISTING(1) GENERAL INFORMATION:(iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 4(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 2441 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(ix) FEATURE:(A) NAME/KEY: CDS(B) LOCATION: 190..2043(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:ACGCGATCGCCGCGAGTGTATATTTTTTTTTTAGCTCAGTCTTCAGTGTTTCGCGATTCT60CTTTAAAAGAAAAAAAAAATAATAAGTCAAAACTACAAACCACACAGCGAAAGGCGAAAG120CAACGGTTCCTGCGAGTGTTTATTTTTTTTTTCAACAATTTTTGATCGTAGTGCGACAAT180CCGTCGAGCATGTCGCCGAATCGATGGATCCTGCTGCTCATCTTCTAC228MetSerProAsnArgTrpIleLeuLeuLeuIlePheTyr1510ATATCCTACCTGATGTTCGGGGCGGCAATCTATTACCATATTGAGCAC276IleSerTyrLeuMetPheGlyAlaAlaIleTyrTyrHisIleGluHis152025GGCGAGGAGAAGATATCGCGCGCCGAACAGCGCAAGGCGCAAATTGCA324GlyGluGluLysIleSerArgAlaGluGlnArgLysAlaGlnIleAla30354045ATCAACGAATATCTGCTGGAGGAGCTGGGCGACAAGAATACGACCACA372IleAsnGluTyrLeuLeuGluGluLeuGlyAspLysAsnThrThrThr505560CAGGATGAGATTCTTCAACGGATCTCGGATTACTGTGACAAACCGGTT420GlnAspGluIleLeuGlnArgIleSerAspTyrCysAspLysProVal657075ACATTGCCGCCGACATATGATGATACGCCCTACACGTGGACCTTCTAC468ThrLeuProProThrTyrAspAspThrProTyrThrTrpThrPheTyr808590CATGCCTTCTTCTTCGCCTTCACCGTTTGCTCCACGGTGGGATATGGG516HisAlaPhePhePheAlaPheThrValCysSerThrValGlyTyrGly95100105AATATATCGCCAACCACCTTCGCCGGACGGATGATCATGATCGCGTAT564AsnIleSerProThrThrPheAlaGlyArgMetIleMetIleAlaTyr110115120125TCGGTGATTGGCATCCCCGTCAATGGTATCCTCTTTGCCGGCCTCGGC612SerValIleGlyIleProValAsnGlyIleLeuPheAlaGlyLeuGly130135140GAATACTTTGGACGTACGTTTGAAGCGATCTACAGACGCTACAAAAAG660GluTyrPheGlyArgThrPheGluAlaIleTyrArgArgTyrLysLys145150155TACAAGATGTCCACGGATATGCACTATGTCCCGCCGCAGCTGGGATTG708TyrLysMetSerThrAspMetHisTyrValProProGlnLeuGlyLeu160165170ATCACCACGGTGGTGATTGCCCTGATTCCGGGAATAGCTCTCTTCCTG756IleThrThrValValIleAlaLeuIleProGlyIleAlaLeuPheLeu175180185GTGCTGCCCTGCGTGGGTGTTCACCTACTTCGAGAACTGGGCCTATCT804ValLeuProCysValGlyValHisLeuLeuArgGluLeuGlyLeuSer190195200205TCCATCTCGCTGTACTACAGCTATGTGACCACCACAACAATTGGATTC852SerIleSerLeuTyrTyrSerTyrValThrThrThrThrIleGlyPhe210215220GGTGACTATGTGCCCACATTTGGAGCCAACCAGCCCAAGGAGTTCGGC900GlyAspTyrValProThrPheGlyAlaAsnGlnProLysGluPheGly225230235GGCTGGTTCGTGGTCTATCAGATCTTTGTGATCGTGTGGTTCATCTTC948GlyTrpPheValValTyrGlnIlePheValIleValTrpPheIlePhe240245250TCGCTGGGATATCTTGTGATGATCATGACATTTATCACTCGGGGCCTC996SerLeuGlyTyrLeuValMetIleMetThrPheIleThrArgGlyLeu255260265CAGAGCAAGAAGCTGGCATACCTGGAGCAGCAGTTGTCCTCCAACCTG1044GlnSerLysLysLeuAlaTyrLeuGluGlnGlnLeuSerSerAsnLeu270275280285AAGGCCACACAGAATCGCATCTGGTCTGGCGTCACCAAGGATGTGGGC1092LysAlaThrGlnAsnArgIleTrpSerGlyValThrLysAspValGly290295300TACCTCCGGCGAATGCTCAACGAGCTGTACATCCTCAAAGTGAAGCCT1140TyrLeuArgArgMetLeuAsnGluLeuTyrIleLeuLysValLysPro305310315GTGTACACCGATGTAGATATCGCCTACACACTGCCACGTTCCAATTCG1188ValTyrThrAspValAspIleAlaTyrThrLeuProArgSerAsnSer320325330TGTCCGGATCTGAGCATGTACCGCGTGGAGCCGGCTCCCATTCCCAGC1236CysProAspLeuSerMetTyrArgValGluProAlaProIleProSer335340345CGGAAGAGGGCATTCTCCGTGTGCGCCGACATGGTTGGCGCCCAAAGG1284ArgLysArgAlaPheSerValCysAlaAspMetValGlyAlaGlnArg350355360365GAGGCGGGCATGGTACACGCCAATTCCGATACGGATCTAACCAAACTG1332GluAlaGlyMetValHisAlaAsnSerAspThrAspLeuThrLysLeu370375380GATCGCGAGAAGACATTCGAGACGGCGGAGGCGTACCACCAGACCACC1380AspArgGluLysThrPheGluThrAlaGluAlaTyrHisGlnThrThr385390395GATTTGCTGGCCAAGGTGGTCAACGCACTGGCCACGGTGAAGCCACCG1428AspLeuLeuAlaLysValValAsnAlaLeuAlaThrValLysProPro400405410CCGGCGGAACAGGAAGATGCGGCTCTCTATGGTGGCTATCATGGCTTC1476ProAlaGluGlnGluAspAlaAlaLeuTyrGlyGlyTyrHisGlyPhe415420425TCCGACTCCCAGATCCTGGCCAGCGAATGGTCGTTCTCGACGGTCAAC1524SerAspSerGlnIleLeuAlaSerGluTrpSerPheSerThrValAsn430435440445GAGTTCACATCACCGCGACGTCCAAGAGCACGTGCCTGCTCCGATTTC1572GluPheThrSerProArgArgProArgAlaArgAlaCysSerAspPhe450455460AATCTGGAGGCACCTCGCTGGCAGAGCGAGAGGCCACTGCGTTCGAGC1620AsnLeuGluAlaProArgTrpGlnSerGluArgProLeuArgSerSer465470475CACAACGAATGGACATGGAGCGGCGACAACCAGCAGATCCAGGAGGCA1668HisAsnGluTrpThrTrpSerGlyAspAsnGlnGlnIleGlnGluAla480485490TTCAACCAGCGCTACAAGGGACAGCAGCGTGCCAACGGAGCAGCCAAC1716PheAsnGlnArgTyrLysGlyGlnGlnArgAlaAsnGlyAlaAlaAsn495500505TCGACCATGGTCCATCTGGAGCCGGATGCTTTGGAGGAGCAGCTGAGA1764SerThrMetValHisLeuGluProAspAlaLeuGluGluGlnLeuArg510515520525AACAATCACCGGGTGCCGGTCGCGTCAAGAAGTTCTCCATGCCGGATG1812AsnAsnHisArgValProValAlaSerArgSerSerProCysArgMet530535540GTCTGCGACGTCTGTTTCCCTTCCAGAAGAAGCACCCCTCGCAGGATC1860ValCysAspValCysPheProSerArgArgSerThrProArgArgIle545550555TGGAGCGCAAGTTGTCCGTGGTCTCGGTACCCGAGGGTGTCATCTCGC1908TrpSerAlaSerCysProTrpSerArgTyrProArgValSerSerArg560565570AGGAAGCCAGATCCCCGCTGGACTACTACATCAACACGGTCACGGCGG1956ArgLysProAspProArgTrpThrThrThrSerThrArgSerArgArg575580585CCTCCAGTCAATCCTATTTGCGCAACGGACGCGGTCCGCCACCGCCCT2004ProProValAsnProIleCysAlaThrAspAlaValArgHisArgPro590595600605TCGAATCGAATGGCAGCTTGGCCAGCGGCGGCGGCGGGCTAACGAACAT2053SerAsnArgMetAlaAlaTrpProAlaAlaAlaAlaGly610615GGGCTTCCAGATGGAGGATGGAGCAACCCCGCCATCGGCATTGGGCGGTGGAGCCTATCA2113ACGCAAGGCGGCTGCTGGCAAGCGCCGACGCGAGAGCATCTACACCCAGAATCAAGCCCC2173ATCCGCTCGCCGGGGCAGCATGTATCCGCCGACCGCGCACGCCTTGGCCCAGATGCAGAT2233GCGACGCGGCAGCTTGGCAACCAGTGGCTCTGGATCGGCGGCCATGGCGGCAGTGGCCGC2293GCGTCGTGGCAGCCTCTTCCCAGCTACAGCATCGGCATCATCGCTGACCTCTGCTCCGCG2353CCGAAGCAGCATATTCTCGGTTACCTCCGAAAAGGATATGAATGTGCTGGAGCAGACGAC2413CATTGCGGATCTGATTCGTGCGCTCGAG2441(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 618 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:MetSerProAsnArgTrpIleLeuLeuLeuIlePheTyrIleSerTyr151015LeuMetPheGlyAlaAlaIleTyrTyrHisIleGluHisGlyGluGlu202530LysIleSerArgAlaGluGlnArgLysAlaGlnIleAlaIleAsnGlu354045TyrLeuLeuGluGluLeuGlyAspLysAsnThrThrThrGlnAspGlu505560IleLeuGlnArgIleSerAspTyrCysAspLysProValThrLeuPro65707580ProThrTyrAspAspThrProTyrThrTrpThrPheTyrHisAlaPhe859095PhePheAlaPheThrValCysSerThrValGlyTyrGlyAsnIleSer100105110ProThrThrPheAlaGlyArgMetIleMetIleAlaTyrSerValIle115120125GlyIleProValAsnGlyIleLeuPheAlaGlyLeuGlyGluTyrPhe130135140GlyArgThrPheGluAlaIleTyrArgArgTyrLysLysTyrLysMet145150155160SerThrAspMetHisTyrValProProGlnLeuGlyLeuIleThrThr165170175ValValIleAlaLeuIleProGlyIleAlaLeuPheLeuValLeuPro180185190CysValGlyValHisLeuLeuArgGluLeuGlyLeuSerSerIleSer195200205LeuTyrTyrSerTyrValThrThrThrThrIleGlyPheGlyAspTyr210215220ValProThrPheGlyAlaAsnGlnProLysGluPheGlyGlyTrpPhe225230235240ValValTyrGlnIlePheValIleValTrpPheIlePheSerLeuGly245250255TyrLeuValMetIleMetThrPheIleThrArgGlyLeuGlnSerLys260265270LysLeuAlaTyrLeuGluGlnGlnLeuSerSerAsnLeuLysAlaThr275280285GlnAsnArgIleTrpSerGlyValThrLysAspValGlyTyrLeuArg290295300ArgMetLeuAsnGluLeuTyrIleLeuLysValLysProValTyrThr305310315320AspValAspIleAlaTyrThrLeuProArgSerAsnSerCysProAsp325330335LeuSerMetTyrArgValGluProAlaProIleProSerArgLysArg340345350AlaPheSerValCysAlaAspMetValGlyAlaGlnArgGluAlaGly355360365MetValHisAlaAsnSerAspThrAspLeuThrLysLeuAspArgGlu370375380LysThrPheGluThrAlaGluAlaTyrHisGlnThrThrAspLeuLeu385390395400AlaLysValValAsnAlaLeuAlaThrValLysProProProAlaGlu405410415GlnGluAspAlaAlaLeuTyrGlyGlyTyrHisGlyPheSerAspSer420425430GlnIleLeuAlaSerGluTrpSerPheSerThrValAsnGluPheThr435440445SerProArgArgProArgAlaArgAlaCysSerAspPheAsnLeuGlu450455460AlaProArgTrpGlnSerGluArgProLeuArgSerSerHisAsnGlu465470475480TrpThrTrpSerGlyAspAsnGlnGlnIleGlnGluAlaPheAsnGln485490495ArgTyrLysGlyGlnGlnArgAlaAsnGlyAlaAlaAsnSerThrMet500505510ValHisLeuGluProAspAlaLeuGluGluGlnLeuArgAsnAsnHis515520525ArgValProValAlaSerArgSerSerProCysArgMetValCysAsp530535540ValCysPheProSerArgArgSerThrProArgArgIleTrpSerAla545550555560SerCysProTrpSerArgTyrProArgValSerSerArgArgLysPro565570575AspProArgTrpThrThrThrSerThrArgSerArgArgProProVal580585590AsnProIleCysAlaThrAspAlaValArgHisArgProSerAsnArg595600605MetAlaAlaTrpProAlaAlaAlaAlaGly610615(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 1011 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(ix) FEATURE:(A) NAME/KEY: CDS(B) LOCATION: 1..1008(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:ATGTCCGATCAGCTGTTTGTCGCATTTGAGAAGTATTTCTTGACGAGT48MetSerAspGlnLeuPheValAlaPheGluLysTyrPheLeuThrSer151015AACGAGGTCAAGAAGAATGCAGCAACGGAGACATGGACATTTTCATCG96AsnGluValLysLysAsnAlaAlaThrGluThrTrpThrPheSerSer202530TCCATTTTCTTTGCCGTAACCGTCGTCACTACCATCGGATACGGTAAT144SerIlePhePheAlaValThrValValThrThrIleGlyTyrGlyAsn354045CCAGTTCCAGTGACAAACATTGGACGGATATGGTGTATATTGTTCTCC192ProValProValThrAsnIleGlyArgIleTrpCysIleLeuPheSer505560TTGCTTGGAATACCTCTAACACTGGTTACCATCGCTGACTTGGCAGGT240LeuLeuGlyIleProLeuThrLeuValThrIleAlaAspLeuAlaGly65707580AAATTCCTATCTGAACATCTTGTTTGGTTGTATGGAAACTATTTGAAA288LysPheLeuSerGluHisLeuValTrpLeuTyrGlyAsnTyrLeuLys859095TTAAAATATCTCATATTGTCACGACATCGAAAAGAACGGAGAGAGCAC336LeuLysTyrLeuIleLeuSerArgHisArgLysGluArgArgGluHis100105110GTTTGTGAGCACTGTCACAGTCATGGAATGGGGCATGATATGAATATC384ValCysGluHisCysHisSerHisGlyMetGlyHisAspMetAsnIle115120125GAGGAGAAAAGAATTCCTGCATTCCTGGTATTAGCTATTCTGATAGTA432GluGluLysArgIleProAlaPheLeuValLeuAlaIleLeuIleVal130135140TATACAGCGTTTGGCGGTGTCCTAATGTCAAAATTAGAGCCGTGGTCT480TyrThrAlaPheGlyGlyValLeuMetSerLysLeuGluProTrpSer145150155160TTCTTCACTTCATTCTACTGGTCCTTCATTACAATGACTACTGTCGGG528PhePheThrSerPheTyrTrpSerPheIleThrMetThrThrValGly165170175TTTGGCGACTTGATGCCCAGAAGGGACGGATACATGTATATCATATTG576PheGlyAspLeuMetProArgArgAspGlyTyrMetTyrIleIleLeu180185190CTCTATATCATTTTAGGTAAATTTTCAATGAAAAAAAAACAAAAATTC624LeuTyrIleIleLeuGlyLysPheSerMetLysLysLysGlnLysPhe195200205AAAATATTTTTAGGTCTTGCAATAACTACAATGTGCATTGATTTGGTA672LysIlePheLeuGlyLeuAlaIleThrThrMetCysIleAspLeuVal210215220GGAGTACAGTATATTCGAAAGATTCATTATTTCGGAAGAAAAATTCAA720GlyValGlnTyrIleArgLysIleHisTyrPheGlyArgLysIleGln225230235240GACGCTAGATCTGCATTGGCGGTTGTAGGAGGAAAGGTAGTCCTTGTA768AspAlaArgSerAlaLeuAlaValValGlyGlyLysValValLeuVal245250255TCAGAACTCTACGCAAATTTAATGCAAAAGCGAGCTCGTAACATGTCC816SerGluLeuTyrAlaAsnLeuMetGlnLysArgAlaArgAsnMetSer260265270CGAGAAGCTTTTATAGTGGAGAATCTCTATGTTTCCAAACACATCATA864ArgGluAlaPheIleValGluAsnLeuTyrValSerLysHisIleIle275280285CCATTCATACCAACTGATATCCGATGTATTCGATATATTGATCAAACT912ProPheIleProThrAspIleArgCysIleArgTyrIleAspGlnThr290295300GCCGATGCTGCTACCATTTCCACGTCATCGTCTGCAATTGATATGCAA960AlaAspAlaAlaThrIleSerThrSerSerSerAlaIleAspMetGln305310315320AGTTGTAGATTTTGTCATTCAAGATATTCTCTCAATCGTGCATTCAAA1008SerCysArgPheCysHisSerArgTyrSerLeuAsnArgAlaPheLys325330335TAG1011(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 336 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:MetSerAspGlnLeuPheValAlaPheGluLysTyrPheLeuThrSer151015AsnGluValLysLysAsnAlaAlaThrGluThrTrpThrPheSerSer202530SerIlePhePheAlaValThrValValThrThrIleGlyTyrGlyAsn354045ProValProValThrAsnIleGlyArgIleTrpCysIleLeuPheSer505560LeuLeuGlyIleProLeuThrLeuValThrIleAlaAspLeuAlaGly65707580LysPheLeuSerGluHisLeuValTrpLeuTyrGlyAsnTyrLeuLys859095LeuLysTyrLeuIleLeuSerArgHisArgLysGluArgArgGluHis100105110ValCysGluHisCysHisSerHisGlyMetGlyHisAspMetAsnIle115120125GluGluLysArgIleProAlaPheLeuValLeuAlaIleLeuIleVal130135140TyrThrAlaPheGlyGlyValLeuMetSerLysLeuGluProTrpSer145150155160PhePheThrSerPheTyrTrpSerPheIleThrMetThrThrValGly165170175PheGlyAspLeuMetProArgArgAspGlyTyrMetTyrIleIleLeu180185190LeuTyrIleIleLeuGlyLysPheSerMetLysLysLysGlnLysPhe195200205LysIlePheLeuGlyLeuAlaIleThrThrMetCysIleAspLeuVal210215220GlyValGlnTyrIleArgLysIleHisTyrPheGlyArgLysIleGln225230235240AspAlaArgSerAlaLeuAlaValValGlyGlyLysValValLeuVal245250255SerGluLeuTyrAlaAsnLeuMetGlnLysArgAlaArgAsnMetSer260265270ArgGluAlaPheIleValGluAsnLeuTyrValSerLysHisIleIle275280285ProPheIleProThrAspIleArgCysIleArgTyrIleAspGlnThr290295300AlaAspAlaAlaThrIleSerThrSerSerSerAlaIleAspMetGln305310315320SerCysArgPheCysHisSerArgTyrSerLeuAsnArgAlaPheLys325330335__________________________________________________________________________