Abstract:
An improved method and apparatus for profiling surfaces is provided. The subject apparatus avoids the earlier used constructions of such apparatus in the normally used Fizeau interferometer form, and instead uses a retroreflector ( 200 ) located at the end of the optical path ( 128 ) of the beam reflecting off of the surface under test ( 150 ) in order to achieve alignment-free surface profiling. In addition, in a second embodiment, a second retroreflector ( 140 ′) is used to assure a more accurate result. While in yet another improvement, the retroreflector ( 200 ) is selectively moveable in relation to the optical path of the beam, to compensate and correct for a shearing effect resulting from the use of variously sized (thicknesses) flats under test.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    This invention relates to the field of optical assemblies, and more particularly, to interferometers for surface profiling, wherein the interferometer does not have to be manually aligned in order to achieve the profiling result.  
           [0002]    Interferometers are old in the art. Interferometers are widely used in making accurate measurements of radiation spectra, distance measuring, equipment calibration and surface topography mapping.  
           [0003]    Leading devices in the surface topography mapping field emanate from Zygo Corporation, of Middlefield, Conn. Some basic U.S. patents directed to this inventive area, and owned by Zygo, include U.S. Pat. No. 3,844,660, issued Oct. 29, 1974 to Hunter, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ALLIGNING AN INTERFEROMETER MIRROR and U.S. Pat. No. 5,671,050, issued Sep. 23, 1997 to de Groot, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PROFILING SURFACES USING DIFRACTIVE OPTICS  
           [0004]    The prior art surface topography measuring devices use a Fizeau interferometer structure. Such a structure is shown in FIG. 1 of this document. The Fizeau interferometer creates an interference pattern between light beams reflecting off of a reference flat and a flat under test, wherein the two flats are parallel planes having an air gap (wedge) there between. The parallelism between the two flats, insures that the path taken by the light beam emanating from the light source will be identical for both flats (i.e., the beams reflecting off of both flats will overlap). Therefore, in order to create an interference pattern on a detector also found in the path of the beam, a parallelism between the two flats is needed. Essentially, a Fizeau interferometer functions by sending a beam of light, preferably a monochromatic (laser) beam of light, through a collimating lens, so as to align the beam for perpendicular translation and reflection off of the reference flat and the flat under test. The beams coming back off of the two flats then retranslate through the collimating lens to a beamsplitter, which reflects part of the beams to the detector. It is at the detector where the fringes are observed.  
           [0005]    An interferometer surface topography apparatus directs the beams from the beamsplitter onto some type of conventional camera so as to produce an electronic image on a monitor for viewing of the surface topography of the tested flat.  
           [0006]    Use of a Fizeau interferometer in these types of instruments has two major setbacks: (1) a fringe pattern of interference does not automatically appear, requiring manual manipulation (usually of the test flat); and (2) the instrument needs to be mounted on a vibration-isolated platform. The alignment process is time consuming and at times tedious, while the vibration-isolated platform is extremely costly.  
           [0007]    Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide an alignment-free interferometer method and apparatus, which is not affected by vibration, in order to obtain surface typographies of flats under test.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0008]    In accordance with the invention, an improved method and apparatus for profiling surfaces is provided. The subject apparatus in addition to using a different construction then that of the normally used Fizeau interferometer, has the added inventive feature of the use of a retroreflector located at the end of the optical path of the beam reflecting off of the surface under test.  
           [0009]    Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide an improved method and apparatus for profiling surfaces.  
           [0010]    Still another object of the invention is to provide an improved method and apparatus for profiling surfaces not using a Fizeau interferometer structure.  
           [0011]    Yet another object of the invention is to provide an improved method and apparatus for profiling surfaces, incorporating the use of a retroreflector assembly at the end of the optical path of the beam of light reflecting from the test object.  
           [0012]    Other objects of the invention will in part be the obvious and will in part be apparent from the following description.  
           [0013]    The invention accordingly comprises assemblies and methods of operation possessing the features, properties, relation of components and steps which will be exemplified in the products and methods hereinafter described, and the scope of the invention will be indicated in the claims.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0014]    For a fuller understanding of the invention, reference is made to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 1 is a diagram showing how radiation is reflected in a prior art Fizeau interferometer;  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 2 shows a preferred embodiment of the layout of components of the present invention;  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 3 is a representation on a monitor showing images from a prior art surface profiling apparatus before alignment;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 4 shows a monitor showing fringes;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a retroreflector/beamsplitter combination; and  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 6 shows another preferred embodiment of the layout of components of the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0021]    Referring first to FIG. 1, a standard Fizeau interferometer is shown. Such a Fizeau interferometer consists of a light source  10 , a collimating lens  20 , a reference flat  30 , a surface under test  40 , a beamsplitter  50  and a detector (seen in FIG. 1 to be a person&#39;s eye)  60 . If light source  10  is a laser light source, then detector  60  should not be a person&#39;s eye, as such laser light might injure the person&#39;s eye.  
         [0022]    Essentially, a Fizeau interferometer as shown in FIG. 1 functions by sending a beam of light  15  (preferably a monochromatic laser beam of light), through collimating lens  20 . Collimating lens  20  aligns the multitude of rays making up beam  15  in a manner so that each ray is parallel to every other ray. Beam  15  then passes through reference flat  30  and then air gap (wedge)  25  to reflect off of flat under test  40 .  
         [0023]    Accordingly, beam  15  in part reflects back toward light source  10  from reference flat  30 , and reflects back toward light source  10  from flat under test  40 , so the two reflected wavefronts interfere with each other. The interfering wavefronts reflect off of beamsplitter  50  toward detector  60 , and at detector  60  fringes are observed.  
         [0024]    In order for a Fizeau interferometer to function, thereby creating fringes at a detector, reference flat  30  and flat under test  40  must be essentially parallel to each other and there preferably should be at least a small air gap  25  between these flats, to create the interference between the two wavefronts.  
         [0025]    In practice, when a Fizeau interferometer structure is used to obtain surface topography of surface under test  40 , the object containing surface  40  is placed into the Fizeau structure, and the object containing surface  40  is then manually manipulated (or the apparatus upon which the object has been placed, is manually manipulated), until fringes appear on the detector. Once fringes have appeared, it is important that surface  40  be maintained substantially perpendicular to the beam  15  and parallel to reference flat  30 , thereby resulting in the fringes, and so mounting of that object upon a vibration-isolated platform (not shown) is also important.  
         [0026]    Turning now to FIG. 2, an interferometer made in accordance with the subject invention is shown. The interferometer has a radiation source  100  which sends a single radiation beam  120  towards beamsplitter  130  which is situated at an angle to a fixed mirror  140  and is situated at some unknown angle to a movable mirror, or flat under test,  150 . [In fact, an additional advantage of the subject invention (over and above the advantages discussed below in this specification), is that the orientation between beamsplitter  130  and fixed mirror  140 , is essentially irrelevant to the accuracy of the results achieved from use of this assembly.] Radiation  120  is partially reflected toward fixed mirror  140  in the form of radiation beam  122 , and is partially translated through beamsplitter  130  towards movable mirror  150  as radiation beam  124 . Beam  122  is then reflected off of fixed mirror  140 , back towards beamsplitter  130 , where it is once again partially split, sending some radiation  125  back towards source  100 , and some radiation  126  toward detector  160 .  
         [0027]    Regarding beam  124 , however, once split by beamsplitter  130 , beam  124  is sent to reflect off of flat under test  150 . Since as seen in FIG. 2, flat under test  150  is not perpendicularly situated to incoming beam  124 ′, beam  124  reflects off of flat under test  150  as beam  128  toward retroreflector  200 . Beam  128  then is reflected back upon itself by retroreflector  200  to travel an identical, yet opposite path as that of beam  124 .  
         [0028]    Since a retroreflector functions to reflect an incident beam back towards the source of the incident beam, in a beam parallel to the incident beam, the orientation of flat under test  150  is of no concern, and a fringe effect will automatically appear at detector  160 . In short, the need to align flat under test  40  of the Fizeau interferometer of FIG. 1 with reference flat  30 , is done away with, as these two alignments are only needed so that the beams reflecting off of flat under test  40  in the Fizeau interferometer reflect in such a way as to cause an interference pattern with the beams reflecting off of reference flat  30  of the Fizeau interferometer. By use of retroreflector  200  in the subject invention, which retroreflector automatically and without the need for alignment, sends beam  128  back in a substantially identical parallel path to that traveled by beam  124 , the need for alignment is removed.  
         [0029]    Beam  124  then passes back through beamsplitter  130 , sending part of its beam back toward source  100  and part toward detector  160 . Detector  160  measures the interference between the two radiation beams emanating from the single radiation source. These beams have, through translation and reflection, traveled different optical path lengths, which creates the fringe effect which is visible and measurable to detector  160 .  
         [0030]    Turning back now and recapping some of the function and structure of the structure shown in FIGS.  2 , light source  100  is assumed to include a lens system that first widens the diameter of the emitted beam, and also collimates the beam, as collimating lens  20  did for the Fizeau interferometer of FIG. 1.  
         [0031]    Further, as seen in FIG. 2, a convergent lens  170  is shown. This lens reverses the collimation effect of the earlier lens which was part of light source  100 , so as to focus beam  126  for processing by detector  160 .  
         [0032]    It is also to be understood that a combination of beamsplitter  130  and reference flat  140  can be used, as best shown in FIG. 5, as element  300 . Such a structure was disclosed and discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,959,543, to Bleier et. al. in Fig. 8 of that patent. Structure  300  is essentially a retroreflector, but having a beamsplitter panel  310  as one of its panels. The reference flat of this structure is shown at  340 , while a third panel  320  is shown connecting panels  310  and  340  in the manner of a standard retroreflector construction. The only difference between structure  300  and a normal retroreflector is that beamsplitter panel  310  is not perpendicularly oriented to reference flat  340 , but is instead oriented at a  45  degree angle.  
         [0033]    Turning to FIGS. 3 and 4, FIG. 3 shows the non-fringe pattern resulting from an unaligned Fizeau interferometer, while FIG. 4 shows an example of a fringe pattern resulting from either an aligned Fizeau interferometer or automatically appearing when the interferometer of the subject invention is used. In both FIGS. 3 and 4, the images are shown on a viewing monitor. Ultimately to perform surface topography, the entire system would need to be hooked up to a computer having installed therein appropriate fringe interpreting topography software and capabilities.  
         [0034]    Finally, turning to FIG. 6, the essential assembly of FIG. 2 is repeated, except that substituted for fixed mirror  140  is retroreflector  140 ′. It is often the case that extremely accurate results are required to be achieved from the subject assembly, but it is also routinely known that such optical assemblies will normally, and inherently, have their own internal errors stemming solely from the optics of the assembly itself; i.e., asymmetrical wavefront errors. To resolve such inherent errors, the subject invention also anticipates the use of second retroreflector  140 ′.  
         [0035]    The purpose of substituting retroreflector  140 ′ for mirror  140  is to ensure that any one particular ray of radiation (each ray within the overall beams  120 ,  122 ,  124 ,  128  and  126 ), is superimposed upon itself as it travels through the assembly. For example, and referring to FIG. 6, it is seen that ray  1  is split by beamsplitter  130 , creating rays  1   a  and  1   b . While it appears that these rays travel along different optical paths, in fact, if one carefully follows either ray it is observed that rays  1   a  and  1   b  actually end up being the “same” ray. In this way, ray  1  is fully superimposed upon only itself, and thereby interferes with itself at detector  160 , allowing for no inverted imagery (as is normally the case when a flat mirror  140  is used). Accordingly, the optical path of every ray is not subject to internal optics errors, thereby creating a higher accuracy interferometer that is also alignment free, and a fringe pattern representative of the surface under test is best produced.  
         [0036]    Further, the invention anticipates that retroreflector  200  of FIGS.  2  or  6 , shall be moveable, so as to correct for differences in the thicknesses of different flats under test  150 . For example, a phenomenon called sheering occurs when part of the beam reflecting off of the flat under test does not hit the retroreflector so as to be in the clear aperture of the retroreflector (some of the beam hits the retroreflector, while part of the beam misses the retroreflector). This can occur when the thickness of sequentially tested flats under test are sufficiently different (i.e., the actual reflecting surface being tested for flatness for any one flat under test is axially displaced with respect to the other components of the assembly, based upon the thickness of that particular flat under test, as compared to the thickness of other flats under test).  
         [0037]    The way the invention meets and resolves this phenomenon is to allow retroreflector  200  to move relative to the optical (axial) path to compensate for these varying thicknesses in the flats under test.  
         [0038]    It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those made apparent from the proceeding description, are efficiently obtained, and, since certain changes may be made in the above constructions without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description as shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.  
         [0039]    It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described and all statements of the scope of the invention, which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall there between.