Abstract:
The evaporative casting of molten metals has been shown to produce castings having smooth surfaces without any sign of carbon deposits thereon by using a terpolymer polycarbonate prepared from cyclopentene oxide or cyclohexene oxide, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, or butylene oxide, and carbon dioxide in making patterns for the lost foam casting process.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to an improved process for making metal castings using a lost foam casting process. 
     Lost Foam Casting (Full Mold Casting) involves placing a plastic pattern of the desired cast part in sand and then pouring molten metal onto the plastic casting causing it to vaporize. The molten metal exactly reproduces the plastic pattern to provide the ultimate casting. Many patents have issued covering the Lost Foam Casting process. 
     It is known that polystyrene, the major polymer used in this application, produces surface defects when casting iron due to carbon residues left by the polymer. When casting low carbon steel the carbon formed from the polystyrene dissolves in the metal degrading the properties of the cast part. A number of patents describe variations in the Lost Foam Casting process that are meant to minimize the residues left by the polymer after the metal has been poured. Most of these variations involve changing the coating on the pattern or changing the flask in which the casting is made. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,448,235 and 4,482,000 describe a variable-permeability coating designed to avoid entrapment of polymer vapors in the casting. U.S. Pat. No. 3,572,421 describes a flask containing many air breathing holes to allow the escape of polymer degradation products to decrease the formation of carbon. Similarly, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,842,899, 3,861,447, and 4,612,968 describe the addition of vacuum to the casting flask to aid in the removal of the polymer residues. 
     The Dow Chemical Company has recently reported the development of a polymethyl methacrylate foam bead useful to replace polystyrene for the Lost Foam Casting process. (Moll and Johnson, &#34;Eliminate the Lustrous Carbon Defect with New Moldable Foam&#34;, Evaporative Foam Casting Technology II Conference, Nov. 12-13, 1986, Rosemont, Ill.). Although this polymer reduces residues left on the cast part, it carries with it other disadvantages. The higher glass transition temperature (130° C.) of the polymer causes longer molding cycles when preparing patterns. It uses a Freon blowing agent which has been shown to cause corrosion of molds. It also rapidly gives off a large volume of toxic gas when castings are made. It is very difficult to control the evolution of gas and often the molten metal is blown back out of the flask. 
     There is still a great need for a polymer that provides the advantages of polystyrene but produces no carbon defects. U.S. Pat. No. 4,633,929 addresses this need with a polyalkylene carbonate copolymer which decomposes cleanly to give no carbon defects. The synthesis of various polyalkylene carbonate copolymers is well known in the art (see Inoue, U.S. Pat. No. 3,900,424). It is also well established that polyalkylene carbonates readily undergo thermal decomposition with little or no carbon residue (Frechet, Macromolecules 19, 13-19 (1986); and Polymer J. 19, 31-49 (1987)). These facts were applied to Lost Foam Casting by U.S. Pat. No. 4,633,929. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,633,929 teaches to use polyethylene carbonate and polypropylene carbonate in patterns for a foam process. However, the glass transition temperatures of these two materials are 10° C. and 42° C., respectively, and the temperatures at which the sand is recycled in the Lost Foam Process is normally between 65° and 80° C. Further, the ceramic coating on the pattern is dried at 65°-80° C. When subjected to these temperatures a polymer with a Tg of less than 80° C. would tend to deform. 
     The known freeze-drying foaming method for making foam patterns gives polyalkylene carbonate with high density, nonuniform cell structure and poor surface quality. Complex patterns are difficult to make using this approach. Foam sheet can be made using this approach but cutting patterns from foam sheet is expensive and not favored by manufacturers using the Lost Foam Casting process. For utility, the polyalkylene carbonate should be in the form of small spherical beads which can be easily expanded and molded to provide a foam pattern with 0.9-1.3 pcf density. 
     Little prior art is available on preparation of foam from polycarbonate polymers. U.S. Pat. No. 4,587,272 shows foams prepared from aromatic polycarbonates using chemical blowing agents. However, there is no prior art for preparing low density polyalkylene carbonate foam patterns suitable for Lost Foam Casting. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     We have now developed a process for the preparation of polyalkylene carbonate terpolymer foam suitable for Lost Foam Casting applications. Pre-expanded beads prepared by this process can be used in conventional steam molding equipment to produce low density patterns. 
     Iron castings produced from patterns made from a terpolymer of cyclohexene oxide, propylene oxide, and carbon dioxide show no signs of lustrous carbon defects. The polycarbonate smoothly and controllably decomposes to a high boiling, cyclic carbonate monomer which diffuses through the ceramic coating of the pattern; thus there is no rapid, uncontrollable gas evolution as is observed with polymethyl methacrylate. 
     The polyalkylene carbonate terpolymer has a glass transition temperature (95°-105° C.) very close to polystyrene, and thus the cycle times for molding are very similar. Also, the polyalkylene carbonate terpolymers can be expanded using pentane and other hydrocarbons as blowing agents. Freons, which are known to corrode molds and have other environmental problems associated with them, can be used with our process but are not required. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The terpolymers useful in the present invention have the following general formula: ##STR1## Where R is a hydrogen, methyl or ethyl group, the ratio of x to y is between 1:9 and 2:1 with the preferred ratio being between 1:3 and 1:1, z is 3 or 4 and n is in the range of 50 to 400 with the preferred range being 150 to 200. The polymer contains enough random linkages of carbonates that it has only a single Tg in the range 80°-120° C. with the preferred range being 95 to l05oC. The number average molecular weight of the polycarbonates is in the range 15,000 to 100,000 with the preferred range being 30,000 to 50,000. 
     Other polyalkylene carbonate terpolymer structures useful in the invention are possible including: cyclohexene oxide/ethylene oxide, cyclohexene oxide/butylene oxide, cyclopentene oxide/propylene oxide, ethylene oxide or butylene oxide, cyclohexene oxide/cyclopentene oxide, and various tetrapolymer compositions. 
     Terpolymers with block structures, as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,665,136, can not be successfully used to produce foam patterns useful in Lost Foam Casting. Block structures such as those have multiple Tg&#39;s and are actually physical mixtures of several immiscible polymers. The requirement for this invention is a cyclohexene oxide/propylene oxide/carbon dioxide terpolymer which is a single Tg material with fairly random polymer backbone. 
     The preferred terpolymer is prepared by reacting a mixture of propylene oxide and cyclohexene oxide in a solvent such as methylene chloride or hexane under a pressure of 100 to 700 psig of carbon dioxide using a zinc carboxylate catalyst for up to 40 hours at 25 to ll0° C. in accordance with the polymerizations described in either Soga et al, Polymer J. 16, 407 (1981) or Inoue, Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun. 1, 775 (1980), both of which are hereby incorporated in their entirety herein. Thus, Soga et al teach copolymerization of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide by heating at 60° C. for 40 hours using zinc carboxylate catalysts supported on such materials as silicon dioxide, magnesium oxide and aluminum oxide. Inoue used catalysts prepared by the reaction of zinc oxide with aromatic dicarboxylic acids to polymerize propylene oxide in carbon dioxide at 35° C. for 40 hours. Other catalysts such as zinc dialkyls and aluminum porphyrins are also useful in the invention. 
     The terpolymer is isolated by filtering off the insoluble catalyst residues and precipitating the polymer from the solvent by the addition of a non-solvent such as methanol. The polymer is then dried in a vacuum oven at 70° C. 
     Preparation of low density, strong uniform patterns with good surface finish requires small spherical beads of polymer having a bead size between 100 and 1,000 microns in diameter. The beads, once formed, are impregnated with blowing agent by a process similar to that used for polystyrene as described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,983,692 issued to Koppers Company. The beads are suspended in an aqueous suspension containing finely divided calcium phosphate and an anionic surfactant. Any of a number of low boiling blowing agents such as butane, n-pentane, isopentane, hexane, carbon dioxide, and fluorinated hydrocarbons, such as Freon 11, Freon 113, Freon 114, Freon 22, or mixtures of these is then added, and the suspension is sealed and heated to 95°-135° C. for 2-6 hours. After impregnation the beads are acid washed and air dried to remove water. The blowing agent incorporation is determined by weighing a sample of dry beads before and after subjecting them to 130° C. for 2 hours. The weight loss under these conditions corresponds to the blowing agent level. Typically 5-15 weight percent of blowing agent can be incorporated into the beads. 
     The impregnated beads are then pre-expanded to about 1 to 4 pounds per cubic foot (pcf) by subjecting them to atmospheric steam. The lowest density beads are obtained using vacuum expansion as described by Immel (U.S. patent 3,577,360). Using these techniques 0.8 to 1.2 pcf beads are obtained. A typical expansion/cooling cycle requires 3 minutes. Following pre-expansion the beads are aged to allow for equilibration of gas pressure within the foam cells. 
     The expanded, aged beads are molded into the desired pattern using techniques similar to those described by Stastny in U.S. Pat. No. 2,787,809. The mold cavity is charged with pre-expanded, aged beads. Steam is then injected into the mold to cause the particles to fill voids and fuse to form a single pattern. The mold is then cooled until the pattern can be removed without distortion. 
     The molded patterns are attached, using a hot-melt adhesive, to runners and a down-sprue to allow the molten metal to travel from the top of the flask to the pattern. The pattern and runners are then coated with a refractory such as an aqueous silica suspension and allowed to dry. The coated pattern is then placed on a bed of loose sand in the casting flask and covered with loose, unbonded sand leaving only the top of the down-sprue exposed for metal pouring. The sand is then compacted around the pattern by vibration of the casting flask. 
     Molten grey iron at 1427° C. is then poured onto the down-sprue. The molten metal flows into the flask, vaporizing the polymer and forming the cast part. After the flask is allowed to cool for approximately ten minutes the sand and casting are dumped out of the flask. The casting is an exact replica of the polymer pattern with a smooth surface with no signs of carbon deposits. 
    
    
     The following examples are meant to illustrate, but not limit the invention. 
     EXAMPLE I 
     A 500 cc autoclave was charged with 45 g of cyclohexene oxide, 15 g of propylene oxide, and carbon dioxide and the mixture polymerized according to the method of Soga in an organic solvent. The polymer was precipitated with methanol. The polymer was then dried in a vacuum oven overnight at 70° C. 
     Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) indicated the product had a number average molecular weight of 35,000 and weight average molecular weight of 210,000. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy confirmed that the structure was polycarbonate containing alternating epoxide and carbon dioxide units. Less than 2 ether linkages were present. Propylene oxide and cyclohexene oxide were incorporated into the polymer at the same level as was present in the feed. The polymer had a single glass transition temperature of 110° C. and a single onset of decomposition of 260° C. A single decomposition temperature confirms that the polymer is a true terpolymer. A physical mixture of two copolymers of propylene oxide/carbon dioxide and cyclohexene oxide/carbon dioxide shows two distinct temperatures of decomposition. 
     The dried polymer was ground with a Wiley mill to form fine granular beads with a size range of 200 to 500 microns. These beads were then impregnated with n-pentane by placing 100 cc of distilled water, 2.0 g of tricalcium phosphate, 2.0 g of a 1% aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, and 1.5 g of a 10% aqueous solution of polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitan monolaurate together with 100 g of polymer beads and 8.0 g of n-pentane in an 8 oz citrate bottle. The bottle was capped and heated in an oil bath with agitation at 125° C. for 5 hours. The bottle was then cooled, opened and the polymer was separated from the aqueous layer. The beads were then washed with 100 cc of 0.1N HCl to remove residual phosphate salts. A 2g sample was left to air dry for three hours, weighed and heated for 2 hours at 130° C. to drive off the blowing agent. The final weight after heating was 1.86 g indicating the presence of 7 wt% of n-pentane in the impregnated beads. 
     The impregnated beads were then pre-expanded by subjecting them to atmospheric steam. They were then air dried overnight. The ultimate density obtained was 1.8 pcf. When the expansion was repeated under vacuum at 105° C. for 5 minutes followed by cooling under vacuum the ultimate density obtained was 1.0 pcf. 
     The 1.0 pcf beads were then injected into a 1&#34;×4&#34;×8&#34; plaque mold and heated to 100° C. with steam for 2 minutes. Following cooling for 2 minutes the pattern was ejected from the mold to provide a smooth surface, resilient pattern with good mechanical strength. 
     The pattern was then attached to a runner system and sprue with Styro Bond 52.3 Hot Melt Adhesive from Thiem Corporation. The runner and sprue system was also prepared using the terpolymer. An identical polystyrene pattern was also attached to the same sprue with a separate runner. The pattern was then coated with Styro Kote Refractory Coating (a silica based aqueous coating from Thiem Corp.) and allowed to dry overnight. The assembled pattern was then packed with loose sand into a casting flask and the sand was compacted using a General Kinematics Compaction Table. Molten grey iron at 1427° C. was then poured onto the sprue to fill the pattern and evaporate the polymers. After cooling for 10 minutes, the casting was dumped out of the flask. The casting produced using the polystyrene pattern showed obvious pitting and lustrous carbon on its surface. In contrast, the pattern produced using the polycarbonate terpolymer had a smooth defect-free surface. 
     EXAMPLE II 
     A 500 cc autoclave was charged with 35 g of cyclohexene oxide, 25 g of propylene oxide, and carbon dioxide and the mixture polymerized according to the method of Soga. The polymer was precipitated with methanol. The polymer was then dried in a vacuum oven overnight at 70° C. 
     GPC indicated the product had a number average molecular weight of 40,000 and a weight average molecular weight of 240,000. NMR confirmed that the structure was polycarbonate containing alternating epoxide and carbon dioxide units. Less than 2% ether linkages were present. Propylene oxide and cyclohexene oxide were incorporated into the polymer at the same level as was present in the feed. The polymer had a single glass transition temperature of 105° C. and a single onset of decomposition of 260° C. 
     Beads were prepared from the dried polymer by first dissolving it in propylene glycol/t-butyl ether at 115° C. with rapid stirring. The solution was slowly cooled to 80° C. at which time discrete particles precipitated from solution. The recovery of polymer was 90% and 85% were in the desired size range of 200 to 600 microns. These beads were then impregnated, expanded, and molded as described in Example I. Casting prepared from these molds showed the same advantages as described in Example I. 
     EXAMPLE III 
     A 500 cc autoclave was charged with 45 g of cyclohexene oxide, l5 g of propylene oxide, and carbon dioxide and the mixture polymerized by the method outlined in Inoue. The polymer was precipitated with methanol. The polymer was then dried in a vacuum oven overnight at 70° C. 
     GPC indicated the product had a number average molecular weight of 35,000 and weight average molecular weight of 210,000. NMR confirmed that the structure was a polycarbonate containing alternating epoxide and carbon dioxide units. Less than 2% ether linkages were present. Propylene oxide and cyclohexene oxide were incorporated into the polymer at the same level as was present in the feed. The polymer had a single Tg of 110° C. and a single onset of decomposition of 260° C. 
     Beads were prepared from the dried polymer by extruding through a 0.02&#34; die into water, followed by chopping to give 85% of the polymer in the size range of 300 to 500 microns. These beads were then impregnated, expanded, and molded as described in Example I. Casting prepared from these molds showed the same advantages as described in Example I. 
     EXAMPLES IV TO IX 
     Examples IV through IX illustrate that it is important to have a single Tg greater than 60° C. when attempting to prepare a polymer suitable for Lost Foam Casting. Polymers with multiple Tg&#39;s or with Tg&#39;s below 60° C. will not provide low density foam. 
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________                ExpandedExample  Tg, °C.                Density, (PCF)                            Notes______________________________________IV       110         1.0         1V        14          23          2VI       42          20          3VII      40, 120     18          4VIII     12, 120     28          5IX       38, 118     24          6______________________________________ Notes: 1. Terpolymer product prepared as described in Example I. 2. Copolymer of ethylene oxide and carbon dioxide as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,633,929. 3. Copolymer of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,633,929. 4. Semirandom terpolymer of 30 mole % propylene oxide, 20 mole % cyclohexene oxide and 50 mole % carbon dioxide. This composition contains long blocks of polypropylene carbonate and polycyclohexene carbonate that form immiscible phases which have dif ferent Tg&#39;s. 5. Block terpolymer of 20 mole % ethylene oxide, 30 mole % cyclohexene oxide and 50 mole % carbon dioxide as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,665,136. 6. Block copolymer of propylene oxide, cyclohexene oxide and carbon dioxide.