Abstract:
A method and apparatus for creating temperature differences in columns of gases, liquids or solids in a closed system under the influence of gravity is used to provide energy in the form of electricity or heat. A temperature differential element, optionally a solid, liquid or gas, is suspended vertically in a chamber inside an enclosure. The chamber optionally is either evacuated, filled with fibers, powder or small spheres, or otherwise arranged to minimize the effects of convection currents and radiation. Under the effect of gravity, the upper end of the temperature differential element becomes cooler than the lower end. A thermocouple can be used to generate electrical energy from the temperature difference between a vertical segment, for example the upper and lower ends, of the temperature differential element, or heat exchangers used to extract heat.

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application claims an invention which was disclosed in Provisional Application No. 60/353,307, filed Feb. 1, 2002, entitled “GRAVITY INDUCED TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE DEVICE”. The benefit under 35 USC §119(e) of the U.S. provisional application is hereby claimed, and the aforementioned application is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0003]    The present invention pertains to the field of energy production. More particularly, the invention pertains to a method and apparatus for creating temperature differences in columns of gases, liquids or solids in a closed system under the influence of gravity, and using the temperature differential to extract useful energy.  
           [0004]    2. Description of Related Art  
           [0005]    Of all processes that are permitted by the first law of thermodynamics, such as energy conversions, only certain types of processes actually occur in nature. It is the second law of thermodynamics that determines whether a process will or will not occur. Examples of such processes include, but are not limited to heat flow from a warmer to a cooler body, the spontaneous dissolution of salt in water, and the decrease in amplitude of the oscillations of a pendulum over time. These are examples of “irreversible” processes, or processes that occur naturally in one direction only, otherwise requiring the input of energy or work. In general, a process is irreversible if the system and its surroundings cannot return spontaneously to their initial states. Such processes can only be returned to their initial states by changing the surroundings, or doing external work.  
           [0006]    The second law of thermodynamics can be stated in numerous ways. The Kelvin-Planck form of the second law states that no heat engine operating in a cycle can absorb thermal energy from a reservoir and perform an equal amount of work. Alternatively, in the words of Rudolf Clausius, it is impossible to construct a cyclical machine that produces no other effect than to transfer heat continuously from one body to another body at a higher temperature. Although these statements may appear to be unrelated, they are in fact equivalent. In essence, the second law states that a device capable of converting thermal energy into other forms of energy at 100% efficiency cannot be constructed.  
           [0007]    A closed system in the field of thermodynamics is defined as an enclosed region of constant volume, wherein neither mass nor energy crosses the boundary. Inside the enclosed region, in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics:  
           [0008]    initial temperature differences will become smaller and temperatures will eventually equalize, meaning that the entropy will increase;  
           [0009]    heat will not flow from a cooler to a hotter object; and  
           [0010]    no process can take place where the entropy would decrease.  
           [0011]    In other words, the second law of thermodynamics states that, in a closed system, real processes occur in only one preferred direction. Thus, heat flows spontaneously from a warmer object to a cooler one, while the reverse reaction does not occur spontaneously, but rather requires the input of work or energy.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0012]    In accordance with the invention, it was found that it is possible within the right apparatus to create temperature differences in a closed system without introducing work and thereby to decrease the entropy. The temperature differences so produced can be used to perform work outside the closed system.  
           [0013]    The present invention is a method and apparatus for creating temperature differences in columns of gases, liquids or solids in a closed system under the influence of gravity. The temperature differences can be used to provide energy in the form of electricity or heat. The invention also pertains to apparatus for reducing temperature influences from outside the closed system.  
           [0014]    In an embodiment of the invention, a temperature differential element, optionally a solid, liquid or gas, is suspended vertically in a chamber inside an enclosure. The chamber optionally is either evacuated, filled with fibers, powder or small spheres, or otherwise arranged to minimize the effects of convection currents. Under the effect of gravity, the upper end of the temperature differential element becomes cooler than the lower end. A thermocouple can be used to generate electrical energy from the temperature difference between a vertical segment, for example the upper and lower ends, of the temperature differential element. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0015]    [0015]FIG. 1 shows an apparatus demonstrating the method of the invention.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of the invention, using a metal rod as the temperature differential element.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 3 shows still another embodiment of the invention, in which the chamber is in a vacuum instead of being gas-filled.  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of the invention, in which the chamber is divided by a number of horizontally arranged thin films.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 5 shows an optional apparatus for reducing the temperature influence from outside the closed system, according to an embodiment of the invention.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 6 shows another optional apparatus, wherein a Dewar glass is used for reducing the temperature influence from outside the closed system and heat exchangers extract energy, according to an embodiment of the invention.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 7 shows an arrangement of apparatus to reach higher temperature differences.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 8 is a section along the line  8 - 8  in FIG. 5. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0023]    The method of the invention comprises the step of exposing atoms or molecules to the effects of gravity in a closed system in a vertical arrangement.  
         [0024]    Due to the tendency of warm air to rise and of cold air to flow downwards, a room filled with air, either heated or cooled, typically has a higher temperature in the upper parts than in the lower parts. Typically, the temperature distribution over the height is on the order of about 1 degree C. per meter. One would therefore assume that, even when very well insulated from the surroundings, lead rod  1 , as shown in FIG. 2, would have a higher temperature at the top than at the bottom. However, to the contrary, once equilibrium is reached, lead rod  1  actually has a colder temperature at the top than at the bottom. The method of the present invention is based upon this unexpected observation.  
         [0025]    Referring to FIG. 1, when an elongated container  2  containing a gas (such as, e.g., air) is placed in a vertical position, the air molecules move randomly within the container in a movement called “Brownian Motion”. However, even a closed system is exposed to the effects of gravity. Therefore, any molecule moving in an upward direction will be slowed down, and any molecule moving downward will be accelerated by the force of gravity. This means that molecules in the upper part of the container will have, on average, a slower speed (i.e., less kinetic energy) than molecules in the lower part. The temperature of a number of molecules (e.g., a gas) is proportional to the average velocity or kinetic energy of the molecules. Therefore, the temperature in the upper part of the container is lower than the temperature in the lower part. By hitting the upper and lower wall, the molecules attain the temperatures of the walls, cooling the upper walls and heating the lower walls. Thus, energy is transported from the upper walls to the lower walls, thereby creating a lower temperature in the upper walls and a higher temperature in the lower walls. This temperature difference is used in the present invention to perform work inside or outside the closed system.  
         [0026]    In fluids, whether liquids or, in particular, gases, warmer molecules tend to rise and colder molecules tend to fall within the container, due to their different densities, which are proportional to their temperature. This fluid flow is called “convection”. The convection effect tends to negate the effect of energy transport from the top to the bottom due to gravity. In accordance with the invention, it is therefore helpful optionally to fill the container with, for example, a mass of very fine fibers  6 , such as, for example, glass wool (Fiberglas®), natural or plastic fibers (solid or hollow), powder, foam, or small solid or hollow spheres (e.g., made of plastic, metal, or glass), in order to reduce convection currents and radiation to a minimum. This might not be necessary when using highly viscous liquids like heavy oils, petroleum jelly or gelatin.  
         [0027]    When using a gas, it is helpful also optionally to reduce the pressure in container  2  to such a degree that the free path length of the molecules therein is greater than the inner dimensions of the container. Thus, the molecules fly from wall to wall, without hitting any other molecule. For example, if the pressure is reduced, e.g., to 0.00001 mbar, the free path for air at 20 degrees C. increases to 6 meters, and thus the molecules fly directly from one wall to the other in a container with a height of 1 meter.  
         [0028]    In another embodiment of the invention, container  2  containing a gas with a lower pressure, also called a rarified gas, is divided by a number of horizontally arranged thin films (such as, e.g., films comprising thin metal or plastic). Using, for example, ten evenly spaced apart films within the container, allows one to increase the pressure of the gas to 0.0001 mbar, thereby reducing the free path to 0.6 meters. The maximum vertical length of the free space is thus only 0.1 meters, and the molecules therein then fly directly from wall to wall. The higher pressure also has the advantage that the amount of energy transported from the upper to the lower wall increases in proportion with the pressure.  
         [0029]    The opposite, namely to increase the gas pressure can have a beneficial effect, as the amount of energy transferred from the top of the container to its bottom increases proportional to the gas pressure.  
         [0030]    The temperature difference between the top and the bottom can be calculated, as it is proportional to the difference of the potential energy of the molecules at the top and at the bottom, as follows:  
         [0031]    E=W×H where E is potential energy, W is weight, and H is vertical distance (i.e. height).  
         [0032]    This amount of energy equals the temperature increase of the mass in question:  
         [0033]    E=M×c(Gr)×ΔT, where c(Gr) is the specific heat c(for gases cv) divided by n where n is the number of freedom of degrees, ΔT is the temperature difference between the two ends of the column, and M is the mass of the molecules.  
         [0034]    Therefore: 
           W×H=M×c ( Gr )×Δ T  or 
         [0035]    [0035]         Δ                 T     =         W   M     ×       H                    c        (     G                 r     )                                    with                   W   M       =   g                                     Δ                 T     =       -   g     ×     H     c        (     G                 r     )                                   
         [0036]    (minus as gravity acts against direction of H)  
         [0037]    Using the above formula, one can calculate the temperature differences for various atoms and molecules. Table 1, below, gives the results for a height of one meter for various materials.  
                                                                                     TABLE 1                       Material   Aluminum   Lead   Water   Glass   Mercury   Xenon   Iodine Gas   Air                                Specific heat   900   130   4185   800   140   160   140   718       (m 2 /sec 2 , ° C.)       ΔT (° C.)   −0.009   −0.08   −0.04   −0.009   −0.06   −0.311   −0.355   −0.07                  
 
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 1 shows the simplest form of the invention. Enclosure  2 , preferably comprising aluminum with a thickness of about 2 cm, has an interior or central chamber  12 , which is filled with a gas or liquid. This massive aluminum enclosure helps to equalize the temperature of the inside surface of the enclosure as much as possible. The enclosure is insulated from its surroundings by an insulating material  3 , such as, for example, polystyrene foam in a thickness of about 50 cm. Preferably, chamber  12  is filled with a mass of very fine solid or hollow fibers  6 , such as, for example, glass wool (e.g., Fiberglas®), natural fibers, or other materials such as foam, powder, or small solid or hollow spheres (e.g., comprising plastic, glass or metal), in order to reduce convection currents and radiation effects to a minimum. The fibers are optionally used to help avoid convection currents in the enclosed gas or liquid, as this tends to decrease the creation of the temperature difference, upon which the present invention is based.  
         [0039]    Referring again to FIG. 1, thermocouple  4  measures the temperature difference between the top and the bottom (or some other vertical segment) of the thermal differential element (i.e., gas in this example). Wires  5  transfer the voltage output (V+/−) from thermocouple  4  to the outside of chamber  12 . For example, using a Type E thermocouple, in which one leg of the thermocouple is made from copper/nickel and the second leg is made from nickel/chromium, the system of the invention yields a voltage of about 70 mV per 100 degrees C. In order to increase the usefulness of this voltage, one optionally employs a large number of thermocouples arranged in sequence, such as in a thermopile, as shown schematically in FIGS. 2 and 3. Thus, using 100 thermocouples in sequence, the voltage in example 1 increases to 7V per 100 degrees C.  
         [0040]    As predicted by Table 1, one measures a temperature difference between the top and the bottom for the enclosure with a vertical height of 1 meter of about 0.01 to 0.3 degrees C. In this case, the temperature differential depends on the relative weights and weight distribution of the gas molecules, the glass wool, and the material of the enclosure. The choice of such materials is within the skill of one of ordinary skill in the art, based on the teachings herein, and determines the extent of the temperature difference obtained in the system of the present invention.  
         [0041]    Referring to FIG. 2, a lead rod  1  with a diameter of about 5 cm and a length of about 100 cm is arranged in a vertical position within enclosure  2 , thereby forming the temperature differential element of the invention. The enclosure of this example is built with a diameter of about 20 cm and a height of about 120 cm, and the space between rod  1  and enclosure  2  is filled with loose glass fibers  6 .  
         [0042]    Although the height of the chamber in this example is shown as being much larger than the width or depth, such a limitation is not required of the invention. The height of the container simply determines the maximum possible temperature differential, whereas the total mass of the temperature difference element determines the maximum possible energy transfer from the top to the bottom.  
         [0043]    The use of lead rod  1  in FIG. 2, as opposed to a gas or liquid as shown in FIG. 1, can be predicted from Table 1 to produce a larger temperature differential, due to the smaller specific heat of lead as compared to a typical gas.  
         [0044]    A further increase in the usefulness of the invention optionally is obtained by increasing the length of rod  1  and by combining a number of enclosures  2  in one installation.  
         [0045]    Alternatively, if the mass is a solid as shown in FIG. 3, the space inside enclosure  2  can be evacuated, and the inside surfaces  7  are optionally made highly reflective to radiation, in order to insulate rod  1  from the surrounding enclosure and thereby avoid heat transfer between them as much as possible.  
         [0046]    As shown in FIG. 3, the apparatus of the invention optionally is surrounded by a housing  8 , which preferably is kept at a relatively constant temperature (e.g., about +/−0.5 degrees C.) through a thermostatically controlled heating system  9 , which optionally is powered from outside the surrounding area by electrical connections  10 , liquid flow, or like means. Improved thermal insulation also is obtained optionally by evacuating the space or by dividing the space in two parts, as shown in FIG. 3, one being filled with insulation  3  and one being evacuated  11 .  
         [0047]    It is also within the scope of the invention to reduce the pressure in chamber  12  to, for example, 0.0001 mbar, using a rarified gas or gases with a free path greater than the inner dimensions of the container. Referring to FIG. 4, container  2  containing a gas with a lower pressure, also called a rarified gas, is divided by a number of horizontally arranged thin films  13  (such as, e.g., films comprising thin metal or plastic). Using, for example, ten evenly spaced apart films within the container, allows one to increase the pressure of the gas to 0.0001 mbar, thereby reducing the free path to 0.6 meters. The maximum vertical length of the free space is thus only 0.1 meters, and the molecules therein then fly directly from wall to wall. The higher pressure also has the advantage that the amount of energy transported from the upper to the lower wall increases in proportion with the pressure.  
         [0048]    It is further within the scope of the present invention optionally to expose the enclosure to any constant field, be it gravitational, electrical or electromagnetic. Any known solid, liquid or gaseous material optionally is used for creating these temperature differences, but those with a low specific heat and/or a high number of degrees of freedom are most advantageous.  
         [0049]    In order to use the method of the invention in accordance with the preferred embodiment, the surroundings of the apparatus of the invention preferably have a temperature as constant as possible. This generally is difficult to attain, as in any space or room, there is typically a temperature distribution over height of about 1 degree C. per meter. In order to alleviate this problem, in a further embodiment of the invention, an apparatus in accordance with FIGS. 5 and 8 optionally is used. Referring to FIGS. 5 and 8, an embodiment of the present invention comprises a drum-like enclosure  14  that has a horizontal axle  15 . The axle is held in bearings  16  supported by stand  17 . A motor  18  (or similar suitable means) is connected through chain drive  19  with axle  15 , and turns drum  14  around its horizontal axle at a rate of about 1-10 times per minute. Drum  14  preferably comprises a metal with a high heat conductivity, such as, for example, aluminum, and preferably is relatively thick, such as, for example, about 3 cm, such that drum  14  has a relatively small temperature difference within its body. The rotation of drum  14  tends to equalize the temperature difference of its surroundings, typically from about 1 degree C. per meter of height to a very small temperature difference, thereby increasing the efficiency of the apparatus.  
         [0050]    Drum  14  typically has a cover  20  (or similar suitable means) for allowing access to container  21 . Container  21 , in turn, has its own horizontal axle  22 , which is mounted inside axle  15  in such a way that it is able to remain stationary, while drum  14  rotates around it. Container  21  is held in a stationary vertical position via arm  23 , which optionally is fixed in its position through a removable bolt  24  (or similar suitable means) bolted to stand  25 . The apparatus in accordance with FIGS.  1 - 4  optionally is installed inside container  21 , through covers  20  and  26 . Due to the rotation of drum  14 , container  21  shows a temperature difference of only about 0.001 degrees C., as measured over a height of about 1 meter between the top and the bottom of container  21 . As a result, the temperature difference due to the effect of gravity inside container  2 , in accordance with FIGS.  1 - 4 , is much more pronounced, as the temperature differential is thus not negatively affected by a temperature differential within the room in which the apparatus of the invention is located. The axle on one side of container  21  is optionally hollow, such that any thermocouple wires coming from container  2  can be led to the outside thereof, to be connected to a voltmeter, generator, or similar suitable device.  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 6 shows the optional use of Dewar glasses  27  and  28 . Dewar glasses are two-walled glass containers, which are very well known in the prior art. The space between the two glass walls typically is evacuated to a pressure of about 0.001 mbar. This results in a very low heat conductivity between the two walls. Therefore Dewar glasses typically are used to store liquids that would normally exist in the gaseous state at ambient temperature. In accordance with the invention, the Dewar glasses form the elongated enclosure, and enclose the interior chamber  29 , which is extremely well insulated from the area outside the enclosed system. The Dewars can be placed in a housing  62 , preferably covered in insulation  63 , and the space  72  between the outer Dewar  27  and the housing  62  can be evacuated or filled with foam, solid or hollow fibers or small particles, such as, for example, solid or hollow spheres or sand.  
         [0052]    [0052]FIG. 6 shows the use of heat exchangers  60  and  61 , in place of the thermocouples shown in other figures. This is an alternative method of extracting energy from the mass, in the form of heat or cold, by passing a heat-exchange fluid through the exchanger. Heat exchanger  60  is the colder, heat exchanger  61  the warmer exchanger. The energy from exchanger  60  or  61  could be used directly to warm or cool something, or used to power a refrigerator, or provide heat to drive a heat-powered device such as a Stirling cycle engine. In this arrangement the temperature difference element would act like the pump in a heat pump, transferring energy from the heat exchanger  60  to the heat exchanger  61 .  
         [0053]    To use the temperature difference to create electrical energy or to use it through a heat exchanger producing a warm and/or cold liquid, it is advantageous to have a temperature difference as high as possible. To reach a higher temperature difference by increasing the height of the temperature differential element is often not possible due to space limitations. In accordance with the invention a number of elements can be combined in one housing  3  as shown in FIG. 7 for three elements. They are arranged in sequence to each other by connecting the cold top of element  31  with the warm bottom of element  32  and the warm top of this element with the bottom of element  33 . The connecting element  30  can be a metal rod with a high heat conductivity, e. g. made from copper or silver, or it can be a temperature differential element filled with a gas having a smaller temperature difference per meter of height than the elements  31 ,  32 , and  33 . Through this temperature difference between the bottom of element  31  and the top of element  33  is greater than the temperature difference of one element alone.  
         [0054]    Accordingly, it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention herein described are merely illustrative of the application of the principles of the invention. Reference herein to details of the illustrated embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the claims, which themselves recite those features regarded as essential to the invention.