Abstract:
An imaging device formed as a monolithic complementary metal oxide semiconductor integrated circuit in an industry standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor process, the integrated circuit including a focal plane array of pixel cells, each one of the cells including a photogate overlying the substrate for accumulating photo-generated charge in an underlying portion of the substrate, a readout circuit including at least an output field effect transistor formed in the substrate, and a charge coupled device section formed on the substrate adjacent the photogate having a sensing node connected to the output transistor and at least one charge coupled device stage for transferring charge from the underlying portion of the substrate to the sensing node.

Description:
ORIGIN OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001] The invention described herein was made in the performance of work under a NASA contract, and is subject to the provisions of Public Law 96-517 (35 USC 202) in which the Contractor has elected to retain title. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    1. Technical Field  
           [0003]    The invention is related to semiconductor imaging devices and in particular to a silicon imaging device which can be fabricated using a standard CMOS process.  
           [0004]    2. Background Art  
           [0005]    There are a number of types of semiconductor imagers, including charge coupled devices, photodiode arrays, charge injection devices and hybrid focal plane arrays. Charge coupled devices enjoy a number of advantages because they are an incumbent technology, they are capable of large formats and very small pixel size and they facilitate noiseless charge domain processing techniques (such as binning and time delay integration). However, charge coupled device imagers suffer from a number of disadvantages. For example, they exhibit destructive signal read-out and their signal fidelity decreases as the charge transfer efficiency raised to the power of the number of stages, so that they must have a nearly perfect charge transfer efficiency. They are particularly susceptible to radiation damage, they require good light shielding to avoid smear and they have high power dissipation for large arrays.  
           [0006]    In order to ameliorate the charge transfer inefficiency problem, charge coupled device (CCD) imagers are fabricated with a specialized CCD semiconductor fabrication process to maximize their charge transfer efficiency. The difficulty is that the standard CCD process is incompatible with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) processing, while the image signal processing electronics required for the imager are best fabricated in CMOS. Accordingly, it is impractical to integrate on-chip signal processing electronics in a CCD imager. Thus, the signal processing electronics is off-chip. Typically, each column of CCD pixels is transferred to a corresponding cell of a serial output register, whose output is amplified by a single on-chip amplifier (e.g., a source follower transistor) before being processed in off-chip signal processing electronics. As a result, the read-out frame rate is limited by the rate at which the on-chip amplifier can handle charge packets divided by the number of pixels in the imager.  
           [0007]    The other types of imager devices have problems as well. Photodiode arrays exhibit high noise due to so-called kTC noise which makes it impossible to reset a diode or capacitor node to the same initial voltage at the beginning of each integration period. Photodiode arrays also suffer from lag. Charge injection devices also suffer from high noise, but enjoy the advantage of non-destructive readout over charge coupled devices.  
           [0008]    Hybrid focal plane arrays exhibit less noise but are prohibitively expensive for many applications and have relatively small array sizes (e.g., 512-by-512 pixels).  
           [0009]    What is needed is an imager device which has the low kTC noise level of a CCD without suffering from the destructive readout tendencies of a CCD.  
         SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE  
         [0010]    The invention is embodied in an imaging device formed as a monolithic complementary metal oxide semiconductor integrated circuit in an industry standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor process, the integrated circuit including a focal plane array of pixel cells, each one of the cells including a photogate overlying the substrate for accumulating photo-generated charge in an underlying portion of the substrate, a readout circuit including at least an output field effect transistor formed in the substrate, and a charge coupled device section formed on the substrate adjacent the photogate having a sensing node connected to the output transistor and at least one charge coupled device stage for transferring charge from the underlying portion of the substrate to the sensing node.  
           [0011]    In a preferred embodiment, the sensing node of the charge coupled device stage includes a floating diffusion, and the charge coupled device stage includes a transfer gate overlying the substrate between the floating diffusion and the photogate. This preferred embodiment can further include apparatus for periodically resetting a potential of the sensing node to a predetermined potential, including a drain diffusion connected to a drain bias voltage and a reset gate between the floating diffusion and the drain diffusion, the reset gate connected to a reset control signal.  
           [0012]    Preferably, the output transistor is a field effect source follower transistor, the floating diffusion being connected to a gate of the source follower transistor. Preferably, the readout circuit further includes a double correlated sampling circuit having an input node connected to the output transistor. In the preferred implementation, the double correlated sampling circuit samples the floating diffusion immediately after it has been reset at one capacitor and then, later, at the end of the integration period at another capacitor. The difference between the two capacitors is the signal output. In accordance with a further refinement, this difference is corrected for fixed pattern noise by subtracting from it another difference sensed between the two capacitors while they are temporarily shorted. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0013]    [0013]FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating the architecture of an individual focal plane cell of the invention.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 2 is a plan view of an integrated circuit constituting a focal plane array of cells of the type illustrated in FIG. 1.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the cell of FIG. 1.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 4 is a graph of the surface potential in the the charge transfer section of the cell of FIG. 3 FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of the focal plane array of FIG. 2 including a micro-lens layer. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0017]    [0017]FIG. 1 is a simplied block diagram of one pixel cell  10  of a focal plane array of many such cells formed in an integrated circuit. Each cell  10  includes a photogate  12 , a charge transfer section  14  adjacent the photogate  12  and a readout circuit  16  adjacent the charge transfer section  14 . FIG. 2 shows a focal plane array of many cells  10  formed on a silicon substrate  20 . FIG. 3 is a simplified schematic diagram of a cell  10 . Referring to FIG. 3, the photogate  12  consists of a relative large photogate electrode  30  overlying the substrate  20 . The charge transfer section  14  consists of a transfer gate electrode  35  adjacent the photogate electrode  30 , a floating diffusion  40 , a reset electrode  45  and a drain diffusion  50 . The readout circuit  16  consists of a source follower field effect transistor (FET)  55 , a row select FET  60 , a load FET  65  and a correlated double sampling circuit  70 .  
         [0018]    Referring to the surface potential diagram of FIG. 4, the photogate electrode  30  is held by a photogate signal PG at a positive voltage to form a potential well  80  in the substrate  20  in which photo-generated charge is accumulated during an integration period. The transfer gate electrode  35  is initially held at a less positive voltage by a transfer gate signal TX to form a potential barrier  85  adjacent the potential well  80 . The floating diffusion  40  is connected to the gate of the source follower FET  55  whose drain is connected to a drain supply voltage VDD. The reset electrode  45  is initially held by a reset signal RST at a voltage corresponding to the voltage on the transfer gate  30  to form a potential barrier  90  thereunder. The drain supply voltage VDD connected to the drain diffusion  50  creates a constant potential well  95  underneath the drain diffusion  50 .  
         [0019]    During the integration period, electrons accumulate in the potential well  80  in proportion to photon flux incident on the substrate  20  beneath the photogate electrode  30 . At the end of the integration period, the surface potential beneath the floating diffusion  40  is quickly reset to a potential level  100  slightly above the potential well  95 . This is accomplished by the reset signal RST temporarily increasing to a higher positive voltage to temporarily remove the potential barrier  90  and provide a downward potential staircase from the transfer gate potential barrier  85  to the drain diffusion potential well  95 , as indicated in the drawing of FIG. 4. After the reset gate  45  is returned to its initial potential (restoring the potential barrier  90 ), the readout circuit  70  briefly samples the potential of the floating diffusion  40 , and then the cell  10  is ready to transfer the photo-generated charge from beneath the photogate electrode  30 . For this purpose, the photogate signal PG decreases to a less positive voltage to form a potential barrier  105  beneath the photogate electrode  30  and thereby provide a downward staircase surface potential from the photogate electrode  30  to the potential well  100  beneath the floating diffusion  40 . This transfers all of the charge from beneath the photogate electrode  30  to the floating diffusion  40 , changing the potential of the floating diffusion  40  from the level ( 100 ) at which it was previously reset to a new level  107  indicative of the amount of charge accumulated during the integration period. This new potential of the floating diffusion  40  is sensed at the source of the source follower FET  55 . However, before the readout circuit  70  samples the source of the source follower FET  55 , the photogate signal PG returns to its initial (more positive) voltage. The entire process is repeated for the next integration period.  
         [0020]    The readout circuit  70  consists of a signal sample and hold (S/H) circuit including an S/H FET  200  and a signal store capacitor  205  connected through the S/H FET  200  and through the row select FET  60  to the source of the source follower FET  55 . The other side of the capacitor  205  is connected to a source bias voltage VSS. The one side of the capacitor  205  is also connected to the gate of an output FET  210 . The drain of the output FET is a connected through a column select FET  220  to a signal sample output node VOUTS and through a load FET  215  to the drain voltage VDD. A signal called “signal sample and hold” (SHS) briefly turns on the S/H FET  200  after the charge accumulated beneath the photogate electrode  30  has been transferred to the floating diffusion  40 , so that the capacitor  205  stores the source voltage of the source follower FET  55  indicating the amount of charge previously accumulated beneath the photogate electrode  30 .  
         [0021]    The readout circuit  70  also consists of a reset sample and hold (S/H) circuit including an S/H FET  225  and a signal store capacitor  230  connected through the S/H FET  225  and through the row select FET  60  to the source of the source follower FET  55 . The other side of the capacitor  230  is connected to the source bias voltage VSS. The one side of the capacitor  230  is also connected to the gate of an output FET  240 . The drain of the output FET  240  is connected through a column select FET  245  to a reset sample output node VOUTR and through a load FET  235  to the drain voltage VDD. A signal called “reset sample and hold” (SHR) briefly turns on the S/H FET  225  immediately after the reset signal RST has caused the resetting of the potential of the floating diffusion  40 , so that the capacitor  230  stores the voltage at which the floating diffusion has been reset to.  
         [0022]    The readout circuit provides correlated double sampling of the potential of the floating diffusion, in that the charge integrated beneath the photogate  12  each integration period is obtained at the end of each integration period from the difference between the voltages at the output nodes VOUTS and VOUTR of the readout circuit  70 . This eliminates the effects of kTC noise because the difference between VOUTS and VOUTR is independent of any variation in the reset voltage RST, a significant advantage.  
         [0023]    Referring to FIG. 5, a transparent refractive microlens layer  110  may be deposited over the top of the focal plane array of FIG. 2. The microlens layer  110  consists of spherical portions  115  centered over each of the cells  10  and contoured so as to focus light toward the center of each photogate  12 . This has the advantage of using light that would otherwise fall outside of the optically active region of the photogate  12 . For example, at least some of the light ordinarily incident on either the charger transfer section  14  or the readout circuit  16  (FIG. 1) would be sensed in the photogate area with the addition of the microlens layer  110 .  
         [0024]    Preferably, the focal plane array corresponding to FIGS.  1 - 4  is implemented in CMOS silicon using an industry standard CMOS fabrication process. Preferably, each of the FETs is a MOSFET, the FETs  55 ,  60 ,  65 ,  200  and  225  being n-channel devices and the FETs  210 ,  220 ,  225 ,  230 .  240 ,  245  being p-channel devices. The n-channel MOSFETS and the CCD channel underlying the gate electrodes  30 ,  35 ,  45  and the diffusions  40  and  50  may be located in a p-well while the remaining (p-channel) devices are located outside of the p-well. The gate voltage VLP applied to the gates of the p-channel load FETs  215  and  235  is a constant voltage on the order of +2.5 volts. The gate voltage VLN applied to the n-channel load FET  65  is a constant voltage on the order of +1.5 volts.  
         [0025]    Since the charge transfer section  14  involves only a single CCD stage between the photogate  12  and the floating diffusion  40  in the specific embodiment of FIG. 3, there is no loss due to charge transfer inefficiency and therefore there is no need to fabricate the device with a special CCD process. As a result, the readout circuit  70  as well as the output circuitry of the FETs  55 ,  60  and  65  can be readily implemented as standard CMOS circuits, making them extremely inexpensive. However, any suitable charge coupled device architecture may be employed to implement the charge transfer section  14 , including a CCD having more than one stage. For example, two or three stages may be useful for buffering two or three integration periods.  
         [0026]    Other implementations of the concept of the invention may be readily constructed by the skilled worker in light of the foregoing disclosure. For example, the floating diffusion  40  may instead be a floating gate electrode. The signal and reset sample and hold circuits of the readout circuit  70  may be any suitable sample and hold circuits. Moreover, shielding of the type well-known in the art may be employed defining an aperture surrounding the photogate  12 . Also, the invention may be implemented as a buried channel device.  
         [0027]    Another feature of the invention which is useful for eliminating fixed pattern noise due to variations in FET threshold voltage across the substrate  20  is a shorting FET  116  across the sampling capacitors  205 ,  235 . After the accumulated charge has been measured as the potential difference between the two output nodes VOUTS and VOUTR, a shorting signal VM is temporarily applied to the gate of the shorting FET  116  and the VOUTS-to-VOUTR difference is measured again. This latter difference is a measure of the disparity between the threshold voltages of the output FETs  210 ,  240 , and may be referred to as the fixed pattern difference. The fixed pattern difference is subtracted from the difference between VOUTS and VOUTR measured at the end of the integration period, to remove fixed pattern noise.  
         [0028]    As previously mentioned herein, a floating gate may be employed instead of the floating diffusion  40 . Such a floating gate is indicated schematically in FIG. 3 by a simplified dashed line floating gate electrode  41 .  
         [0029]    Preferably, the invention is fabricated using an industry standard CMOS process, so that all of the dopant concentrations of the n-channel and p-channel devices and of the various diffusions are in accordance with such a process. In one implementation, the area of the L-shaped photogate  12  (i.e., the photogate electrode  30 ) was about 100 square microns; the transfer gate electrode  35  and the reset gate electrode were each about 1.5 microns by about 6 microns; the photogate signal PG was varied between about +5 volts (its more positive voltage) and about 0 volts (its less positive voltage; the transfer gate signal TX was about +2.5 volts; the reset signal RST was varied between about +5 volts (its more positive voltage) and about +2.5 volts (its less positive voltage); the drain diffusion  50  was held at about +5 volts.  
         [0030]    While the invention has been described in detail by specific reference to preferred embodiments, it is understood that variations and modifications may be made without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention.