Abstract:
This relates to the field of real-time detection of chemical contamination of water in harsh environmental conditions by using laser remote sensing apparatus for detection of oil or oil products. In-time detection and localization of oil pollution in seawater are the measures to minimize potential damages to the marine and coastal environment. A technical solution for remote detection and classification of chemical pollution in water, to optimize operational parameters, weight, size and power consumption of such device, to make possible continuous unattended operation of such device on board of a moving or stationary platform and to provide data processing and reporting the results through communication channels is described.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention relates to the field of real-time detection of chemical contamination of natural-, processed and run-off water in harsh environmental conditions by using laser remote sensing apparatus of original design. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    In-time detection, localization and optimal clean-up of oil pollution in seawater are all measures to minimize potential damage to the marine and coastal environment. Among other remote sensing techniques used for oil-in-water detection, the laser remote sensing systems (LIDAR) can be specified as advanced sensor for near-range detection, facilitating direct oil measurement and classification (S. Babichenko. Laser Remote Sensing of the European Marine Environment: LIF technology and Applications. In “Remote Sensing of the European Seas”, Vittorio Barale and Martin Gade (Editors), Springer, 2008, 189-204), [1]. 
         [0003]    LIF LIDAR is based on the detection and analysis of the spectra of Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) of water due to its illumination with laser radiation. Hyperspectral LIF (HLIF) LIDAR is characterised with its ability to detect and classify oil pollution in water. When the laser pulse hits the water, it is absorbed by the molecules of water and other substances. The molecules re-emit absorbed energy in a certain spectral ranges, and the spectrum of such induced emission is characteristic for the type of molecule. This re-emitted signal is detected by the receiving system of HLIF LIDAR, and its spectral properties are analyzed to obtain information on a composition of compounds in water (I. Sobolev, S. Babichenko, Analysis of the performances of hyperspectral lidar for water pollution diagnostics. EARSEL e-Proceedings, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2013, 113-123), [2]. 
         [0004]    The HLIF LIDAR installed on board of the travelling ship is able to provide underway continuous detection of oil in water with high (few meters) spatial resolution. The HLIF LIDAR installed on stationary platform, including off-shore platforms, is able to continuously monitor the controlled water areas. High sensitivity and high sampling rate (e.g. 10 measurements per second) provide effective tool for early in time detection of oil leaks, The sensitivity of HLIF LIDAR allows oil detection in concentration range from 1 ppm (part per million) up to oil film stage. In such installations the HLIF LIDAR is able to detect oil film on the water surface, oil emulsion and submerged oil in water column, also both in iced water (S. Babichenko, D. Beynon, and K. O&#39;Neill (2010), Submerged-oil tracking by airborne hyperspectral fluorescent lidar. SPIE Newsroom 10.1117/2,1201011.003273), [3]. 
         [0005]    Operational use of HLIF LIDAR should meet manifold of requirements. Firstly, for efficient use it should operate continuously and in unattended mode. Secondly, it should be applicable on the open decks of the ships or platforms with easy installation. Thirdly, it should handle harsh environmental conditions, namely high salinity, humidity and low temperature specifically for operation in the near-polar waters. 
         [0006]    The technical means to eliminate the influence of marine mist to the onboard equipment have been intensively developed in the last decades. In particular the patent document EP0074441, 1983, “Improved method for removing moisture particles”, [4] disclosed the improved method for removing moisture particles containing salt. The patent document US2008141636 “Moisture removal apparatus and method”, [5] disclosed the apparatus and method for moisture removal in marine airflow. The Invention “Moisture removal filter”, JP2012005991, 2012, [6] describes moisture removal filter capable to minimize the humidity in the airflow. The invention WO2013007982 [7] provides the technical solution for supplying a flow of dehumidified air to the interior of the cargo storage compartment. 
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
       [0007]    An object of the present invention is to provide a technical solution for remote detection and classification of chemical pollution in water especially at harsh environmental conditions, namely at high humidity and salinity, and at low ambient temperature. 
         [0008]    Another object is to optimize operational parameters, weight, size and power consumption of such device. 
         [0009]    Next object is to make possible continuous unattended operation of such device on board of a moving or stationary platform to reliably locate oil seeps and spills on water surface and in water body. 
         [0010]    Further object is to provide data processing and reporting the results through communication channels with limited availability. 
         [0011]    It is realized with the laser remote sensing spectrometer (LIDAR) of original design ( FIG. 1 ) comprising of: external housing  1  mounted on the platform with the ambient air intake  2  and outlet window  3  providing direct line of sight to the water surface; mist removal system  4  providing air flow drying and desalination; heater  5  with temperature sensor; internal housing  6  with modular LIDAR; laser emitter module  7  to sense the water and induce oil fluorescence; receiving module  8  including optical telescope and spectral detection block to detect the Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) spectrum of echo-signal; microcontroller module  9  to control LIDAR operation and form digitized data; internal outlet optical window  10 ; communication, data processing and storage module  11  for data analysis and reporting. 
         [0012]    The device has modular structure. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0013]      FIG. 1 : Block-scheme of the Device for remote oil detection in harsh marine environment:  1 —external housing;  2 —ambient air intake;  3 —outlet window with opening cap;  4 —mist removal system;  5 —heater with temperature sensor;  6 —internal housing;  7 —laser emitter module;  8 —control and receiving module;  9 —microcontroller module;  10 —internal optical window;  11 —storage and communication module. 
           [0014]      FIG. 2 : Block scheme of the Device for remote oil detection without ambient air intake:  5 —heater with temperature sensor;  6 —hermetical housing;  7 —laser emitter module;  8 -control and receiving module;  9 —LIDAR microcontroller module;  10 —optical window;  11 —storage and communication module;  12 —flushing module for cleaning liquid;  13 —cleaning liquid module;  14 —optical sensor for window contamination detection, 
           [0015]      FIG. 3 : The scheme of the receiving module;  15 —laser beam;  16 —return fluorescence flux;  17 —off-axis parabolic mirror;  18 —concave diffraction grating;  19 —multichannel optical detector;  20 —detector with discrete spectral channels. 
           [0016]      FIG. 4 : (a) General scheme of the laser emitter module:  21 —pulsed UV-laser;  22 —laser controller; (b) The scheme of the laser emitter module based on excimer laser:  23 —pulse energy sensor;  24 —laser gas filling block;  25 —gas pipelines. 
           [0017]      FIG. 5 : Examples of HLIF spectra. (a)—clean water  1  and ambient light reflection from clean water  2 ; (b)—iced water  3  and ambient light reflection from ice  4 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0018]    To provide device operation at harsh environmental conditions, namely high humidity and salinity, and low temperature, the following technical solutions are used. 
         [0019]    In the first embodiment ( FIG. 1 ) the LIDAR is designed inside the hermetical internal housing  6  filled with N 2  at overpressure. The internal housing is located inside the external one containing ambient air intake  2  and open outlet window  3  with closing cap. The inlet airflow is dried, desalinated and heated with the mist removal system  4 . The air flow is arranged with air pump at higher than atmosphere pressure thus providing the air circulation through the external housing  1  with air exhaust through the open outlet window  3 . In this way the optical window  9  is kept dry and clean. The laser beam and received fluorescence signal are directed through the internal optical window  10 . The heater  5  controlled by temperature sensor keeps the LIDAR in internal housing  6  at the preset temperature for effective operation. To keep the device operational, the airflow should run continuously with no stops. Then the LIDAR can operate completely unattended. The outlet window  3  is closed with the cap for LIDAR storage and transportation. 
         [0020]    The modern ships often have the system of technical airflow, already containing the mist removal, desalination and heating functions. If such airflow is available, the mist removal block  4  can be omitted, and the air intake  2  can be directly connected to such air flow. 
         [0021]    In another embodiment ( FIG. 2 ) the LIDAR is designed in a single hermetical housing  6  filled with N 2  at overpressure and containing heater with temperature sensor  5  inside such housing. Such design provides keeping the operational temperature of the LIDAR at the pre-set level, and protects the optical window  10  against frost. Such design will require periodical flush of cleaning liquid to eliminate possible salt residuals on the external surface of the optical window  10  or manual cleaning of the window. To do it the flush module  12  with external cleaning liquid volume  13  are used. The optical sensor  14  serves to detect the contamination of the external surface of the optical window  10 . 
         [0022]    The microcontroller module  9  is equipped with GPS receiver and has optional inputs for other sensors including but not limited to Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) for better geo-positioning, temperature, wind, salinity etc. The module  9  serves to control operation of the LIDAR according to pre-set operational cycle and transmit the measured spectral and accompanying data to the storage and communication module  11 . 
         [0023]    The optimization of operational parameters, weight and size of such device is achieved due to several technical solutions. The receiving module  8  of the LIDAR includes optical telescope and receiving detector with control electronics designed in a single housing. The laser beam  15  is directed along the optical axis of the receiving module  8  based on the off-axis parabolic mirror  17 . In one embodiment ( FIG. 3 a   ) such mirror  17  is combined with the concave diffraction grating  18  and linear multichannel detector  19  to record and digitize the LIF spectrum. In another embodiment ( FIG. 3 b   ) the fluorescence flux  16  is directed by the telescope mirror  17  to the detector  20  constituting the assembly of photo-detectors like an array or a matrix of spectral filters in front of every detector element. The design of the receiving module  8  and the optical schemes according to  FIG. 3  minimize the number of optical elements used in the LIDAR receiving module thus providing maximal optical transmission of the LIDAR at minimal dimensions and weight. 
         [0024]      FIG. 4  shows the block-scheme of the LIDAR emitter module  8 . The LIDAR emitter should operate in pulsed mode in UV spectral range to excite the fluorescence of oil effectively. 
         [0025]    When LIDAR is installed on the moving platform, its pulse repetition rate (PRR) and the speed of the platform define the distance between measured spots and therefore—the spatial resolution of pollution map. To provide reasonable fixed spatial resolution, the PRR rate of the laser should be proportional to the platform speed. The laser  21  operation is controlled by laser controller  22  connected with LIDAR controller  9  ( FIG. 4 a   ), The LIDAR controller  9  receives GPS coordinates and speed in real-time, calculates the necessary PRR for pre-set spatial resolution and gives the PRR value to the laser controller  22 . Then the lasing is provided with variable PRR depending on the speed of movement, and the spatial resolution remains equal to the pre-set value. 
         [0026]    The excimer laser (XeCI, 308 nm emission) is known as a highly efficient laser source for its emission wavelength. Such lasers require periodic renewing of the gas mixture. To provide continuous unattended operation of the HLIF LIDAR based on excimer laser, automation of such maintenance is necessary. For this purpose the emitter module  7  is equipped with a pulse energy sensor  23  and an integrated laser gas refilling system  24 . The energy of the laser pulse is measured at every laser shot by the sensor  23 . When the energy decreases below pre-set threshold due to the laser gas being depleted, the laser controller  22  gives the command to gas refilling system  23 , and the laser gas is renewed through the gas pipes  25 . 
         [0027]    To provide reliable detection of oil on water surface and in water column, the comprehensive LIF spectrum should be correctly recorded and analyzed. First, the recorded LIF spectrum must be recorded with reasonable spectral resolution (hyperspectral) to contain characteristic spectral features of oil and water. In harsh environmental conditions the LIDAR must operate in signal accumulation mode to get fixed Signal-to-Noise (SNR) ratio. It is known that generally the SNR is proportional to the square root of the number N of accumulated spectra: SNR -N 1/2 . The measuring cycle is controlled by microcontroller ( 9 ) as following. The cycle consists of lasing and recording the induced LIF spectrum, then recording the spectrum of ambient light with following subtraction of the ambient light spectrum from the LIF spectrum. The cycle is repeated until the SNR in accumulated LIF signal reaches the value exceeding the pre-set threshold. When performing the cycle, the LIF spectra recorded from ice pieces are filtered out and not used for accumulation. The possibility of distinguishing water and ice spectra is based on the spectral shape and intensity of ambient light reflected from water containing ice pieces. Indeed, the reflection from ice causes much higher spectral intensities comparing with water reflection ( FIG. 5 ), and LIDAR controller  9  is able to distinguish such spectral shapes. 
         [0028]      FIG. 5  shows examples of HLIF spectra: (a)—clean water  1  and ambient light reflection from clean water  2 ; (b)—iced water  3  and ambient light reflection from ice  4 . 
         [0029]    The module  11  has the storage capacity to save the HLIF raw data combined with GPS and other sensors data, and process the raw data to derive the information about oil pollution and other measured water quality parameters, and transmit the data to the information center through the communication channels, The module  11  should have enough storage capacity to keep the LIDAR data collected over the time interval calculated in a way to prevent data loss in case of limited availability of communication channels. 
       REFERENCES 
       [0030]    1. S. Babichenko. Laser Remote Sensing of the European Marine Environment: LIF technology and Applications. In “Remote Sensing of the European Seas”, Vittorio Barale and Martin Gade (Editors), Springer; 2008, 189-204, 
         [0031]    2. I. Sobolev, S. Babichenko. Analysis of the performances of hyperspectral lidar for water pollution diagnostics. EARSEL e-Proceedings, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2013, 113-123, 
         [0032]    3. S. Babichenko, D. Beynon, and K. O&#39;Neill (2010). Submerged-oil tracking by airborne hyperspectral fluorescent lidar. SPIE Newsroom 10.1117/2.1201011,003273. 
         [0033]    4. Boyd Balford Cary, Improved method for removing moisture particles, EP0074441, 1983 
         [0034]    5. SINGH AVNIT. Moisture removal apparatus and method, US2008141636, 2008. 
         [0035]    6. MOISTURE REMOVAL FILTER, JP201 2005991. 2012. 
         [0036]    7. BESSANT ALAN. VEHICLE-MOUNTED DEHUMIDIFIER WO2013007982, 2013.