Abstract:
A sample analyzer including a detection unit for irradiating a biological sample with light and obtaining optical information; a cell classification processor for classifying cells contained in the biological sample into cell groups based on the optical information; a scattered light information obtaining processor for obtaining scattered light information relating to a cell included in a predetermined cell group; a calculation processor for calculating a component value corresponding to an amount of component contained in cell included in the predetermined cell group based on the scattered light information; and an output device for outputting the component value calculated by the calculation means is disclosed. A computer program product is also disclosed.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to a sample analyzer and computer program product, and specifically relates to a sample analyzer and computer program product for analyzing biological samples based on optical information.  
       BACKGROUND  
       [0002]     Analysis of biological samples such as blood and urine is used in the differentiation diagnosis and treatment of disease. Accordingly, blood analyzers which analyze blood using a flow cytometer have been developed for automatic high-speed analysis of many biological samples (refer to U.S. Pat. No. 4,735,504, and No. 6,525,807).  
         [0003]     Many useful clinical laboratory test items for the differentiation and treatment of disease have been discovered in conjunction with medical advances in recent years. For example, the amount of hemoglobin contained in reticulocytes is used in the differentiation and treatment of anemia. The blood analyzers disclosed in the patent publications above are incapable of obtaining such information.  
         [0004]     Non-patent literature has disclosed that parameters (RBC-Y and RET-Y) obtained from histograms of forward scattered light of erythrocytes and reticulocytes are respectively equivalent to the amount of hemoglobin contained in the erythrocytes and reticulocytes (for example, C. Briggs, R. Rogers, B. Tompson, S. J. Machin: New Red Cell Parameters on the Sysmex XE-2100 as Potential Markers of functional Iron Deficiency;  Sysmex Journal International ; Vol. 11 No. 2:63-68).  
         [0005]     Although these parameters correlate with the amount of hemoglobin contained in erythrocytes and reticulocytes, the non-patent literature does not report an analyzer capable of obtaining the amount of hemoglobin contained in erythrocytes and reticulocytes based on these parameters and providing the analysis result to a user.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0006]     The scope of the present invention is defined solely by the appended claims, and is not affected to any degree by the statements within this summary.  
         [0007]     An object of the present invention is to increase the number of useful clinical laboratory test items which can be measured by an analyzer.  
         [0008]     A first aspect of the present invention is a sample analyzer that comprises a detection unit for irradiating a biological sample with light and obtaining optical information; a cell classification means for classifying cells contained in the biological sample into cell groups based on the optical information; a scattered light information obtaining means for obtaining scattered light information relating to a cell included in a predetermined cell group; a calculation means for calculating a component value corresponding to an amount of component contained in cell included in the predetermined cell group based on the scattered light information; and an output device for outputting the component value calculated by the calculation means.  
         [0009]     A second aspect of the present invention is a sample analyzer that comprises a detection unit for irradiating a blood sample with light and obtaining scattered light information and fluorescent light information; a cell classification means for classifying cells contained in the blood sample into a plurality of cell groups including a reticulocyte group based on the scattered light information and fluorescent light information obtained by the detection unit; a reticulocyte group scattered light information obtaining means for obtaining reticulocyte group scattered light information relating to a reticulocyte included in the reticulocyte group; a calculation means for calculating an amount of hemoglobin contained in the reticulocyte based on the reticulocyte group scattered light information; and a display for displaying the amount of hemoglobin calculated by the calculation means.  
         [0010]     A third aspect of the present invention is a computer program product for executing a method of analyzing a biological sample, the computer program product comprising computer program code for obtaining optical information from a biological sample irradiated with light; computer program code for classifying cells contained in the biological sample into a plurality of cell groups based on the optical information; computer program code for obtaining scattered light information relating to a cell included in a predetermined cell group; computer program code for calculating a component value corresponding to an amount of a component contained in a cell included in the predetermined cell group based on the scattered light information; and computer program code for outputting the calculated component value. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0011]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of the general structure of an embodiment of the sample analyzer of the present invention and peripheral devices;  
         [0012]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing the internal structures of a device body  1  and data processing terminal  2 ;  
         [0013]      FIG. 3  is a perspective view showing the structure of an optical detection unit  20 ;  
         [0014]      FIG. 4  is a flow chart showing the process of analyzing reticulocytes and mature red blood cells;  
         [0015]      FIG. 5  shows a scattergram  58  stored in the controller  26  on the main body side;  
         [0016]      FIG. 6  shows a scattergram  58  stored in the controller  26  on the main body side;  
         [0017]      FIG. 7  shows a scattergram  58  stored in the controller  26  on the main body side;  
         [0018]      FIG. 8  shows a scattergram  58  stored in the controller  26  on the main body side;  
         [0019]      FIG. 9  shows an analysis result screen  71  displayed on the display  16  on the terminal side;  
         [0020]      FIG. 10  shows an analysis result screen  71  displayed on the display  16  on the terminal side; and  
         [0021]      FIG. 11  shows a two-dimensional distribution diagram used for equation determination. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0022]     The preferred embodiments of the present invention are described hereinafter with reference to the drawings.  
         [0023]     The embodiments of the present invention are described below based on the drawings.  
         [0024]     An embodiment of the sample analyzer of the present invention is a hemocytometer for analyzing blood and calculating the number of white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), and platelets (PLT) and the like.  
         [0025]     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the sample analyzer  10  of the present embodiment includes a device body  1 , and data processing terminal  2  connected to the device body  1  through a communication cable (not shown in the drawing).  
         [0026]     The device body  1  is connected to a vacuum source  5  for supplying positive pressure and negative pressure to the device body  1  through a tube (not shown in the drawing). The device body  1  is connected to a sampler  6 , which automatically transports specimen containers so as to supply samples (blood) to the device body  1 . The device body  1  is connected through a tube to a reagent container not shown in the drawing, and suctions reagent from the reagent container using the negative pressure supplied from the vacuum source  5 .  
         [0027]     The device body  1  is provided with sample suction units  14   a  and  14   b  for suctioning blood, a display  11  on the body side which includes a liquid crystal display, and an input unit  12  on the body side which includes a keyboard.  
         [0028]     The sample suction unit  14   a  is used in manual mode to suction blood while the user holds the specimen container, and sample suction unit  14   b  is used in sampler mode using the sampler  6  to automatically transport sample containers and suction blood.  
         [0029]     The data processing terminal  2  includes a terminal body  15 , terminal side display  16  which includes a CRT display, and a terminal side input unit  18  which includes a keyboard and mouse not shown in the drawing.  
         [0030]     The data processing terminal  2  is connected, by respective communication cables (not shown in the drawings), to a page printer  3  for printing a list of analysis results, a color graphics printer  4  for printing particle distribution diagrams and scattergrams, and a data printer  7  for printing analysis results on form paper.  
         [0031]     As shown in  FIG. 2 , the device body  1  includes sample suction units  14   a  and  14   b , sample preparation unit  17 , detection section  19 , A/D conversion circuit  21 , body side controller  26 , body side display  11 , body side input unit  12 , and I/O interface  32   a.    
         [0032]     The sample preparation unit  17  performs processing such as dilution, hemolysis, and staining by mixing the blood suctioned by the sample suction units  14   a  and  14   b  and the reagent suction from a reagent container not shown in the drawing. The assay sample prepared by these processes is supplied to the detection section  19 . The detection section  19  includes an optical detection unit  20 , electrical detection unit  22 , and absorbance detection unit  24 .  
         [0033]     The electrical detection unit  22  includes a sensor using the RF/DC detection method, and a sensor using the sheath flow DC detection method. The sensor described as the ‘first measuring part’ in the specification of U.S. Pat. No. 6,525,807 may be used as the sensor using the sheath flow DC detection method.  
         [0034]     A detection unit including a transparent cell disposed medially to a light-emitting diode and a photoreceptor element may be used as the absorbance detection unit  24 . The absorbance detection unit  24  outputs an electric signal representing the transmission light intensity for a dilution fluid alone, and an electric signal representing the transmission light intensity of a hemoglobin assay sample to the A/D conversion circuit  21 . These electric signals are subjected to digital conversion in the A/D conversion circuit  21 , and are input to the body side controller  26 .  
         [0035]     The body side controller  26  is mainly a microcomputer which includes a CPU, ROM, RAM and the like. The body side controller  26  calculates the analysis result from data output from the detection section  19  and input through the A/D conversion circuit  21 . For example, the body side controller  26  calculates the hemoglobin (HGB) concentration from the difference between the transmission light intensity (absorbance) output from the absorbance detection unit  24  and input through the A/D conversion circuit  21 . Then, the body side controller  26  transmits the calculated analysis result through the I/O interface  32   a  to the data processing terminal  2 . The body side controller  26  stores the operational expressions, described later, which were used in the calculation of the analysis result.  
         [0036]     The body side controller  26  controls the operation of the sample suction units  14   a  and  14   b , sample preparation unit  17 , detection section  19  and the like. The body side controller  26  receives data input from the body side input unit  12 , and displays predetermined information on the body side display  11 . Examples of the information displayed on the body side display  11  include the main clinical laboratory test items of the analysis results, error information and the like.  
         [0037]     The terminal body  15  includes an I/O interface  32   b , and terminal side controller  34 . The I/O interfaces  32   a  and  32   b  are connected through a communication cable  33 .  
         [0038]     The terminal side controller  34  includes a CPU, ROM, RAM, and hard disk and the like. The terminal side controller  34  displays analysis results transmitted from the device body  1  through the I/O interface  32   b  on the terminal side display  16 , and prints the data on the various printers (refer to  FIG. 1 ).  
         [0039]     The terminal side controller  34  transmits the data input from the terminal side input unit  18  to the device body  1  through the I/O interface  32   b.    
         [0040]     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the optical detection unit  20  includes a nozzle  36 , laser diode  40 , collimator lens  42 , sheath flow cell  43 , condenser lens  44 , pinhole plate  45 , photodiode  46 , condenser lens  47 , dichroic mirror  48 , photomultiplier tube  49 , filter  50 , pinhole plate  51 , photomultiplier tube  52 , and amps  53  through  55 .  
         [0041]     The assay sample supplied from the sample preparation unit  17  (refer to  FIG. 2 ) flows from the nozzle  36  and through an orifice  38  of the sheath flow cell  43 .  
         [0042]     Light from the laser diode  40  irradiates the assay sample flowing through the orifice  38  of the sheath flow cell  43  through the collimator lens  42 . The light scattered in front of the assay sample flowing through the orifice  38  (forward scattered light) passes through the condenser lens  44  and pinhole plate  45  and enters the photodiode  46 .  
         [0043]     The light scattered laterally from the assay sample flowing through the orifice  38  (lateral scattered light) enters the photomultiplier tube  49  through the condenser lens  47  and dichroic mirror  48 .  
         [0044]     The fluorescent light emitted from the assay sample flowing through the orifice  38  (lateral fluorescent light) by the light emitted from the laser diode  40  enters the photomultiplier tube  52  through the condenser lens  47 , dichroic mirror  48 , filter  50 , and pinhole plate  51 .  
         [0045]     The photodiode  46  outputs an electrical signal which represents the intensity of the input forward scattered light (forward scattered light intensity). The photomultiplier tube  49  outputs an electrical signal representing the intensity of the input lateral scattered light (lateral scattered light intensity). The photomultiplier tube  52  outputs an electrical signal representing the intensity of the input lateral fluorescent light (lateral fluorescent light intensity).  
         [0046]     The electrical signals output from the photodiode  46 , photomultiplier tube  49 , and photomultiplier tube  52  are amplified by the amps  53 ,  54 ,  55 , respectively, and are input to the A/D conversion circuit  21 .  
         [0047]     The operation of the sample analyzer of the present embodiment is briefly described below with reference to  FIGS. 1 through 10 . When a user operates the body side input unit  12  or terminal side input unit  18  to issue instructions to start an analysis operation, the sample suction unit  14   a  or  14   b  performs a blood suctioning operation in accordance with the selected operating mode. Then, the sample preparation unit  17  prepares a predetermined assay sample, and the assay sample is supplied to each detection unit of the detection section  19 . The optical detection unit  20  respectively outputs electrical signals representing the forward scatter light intensity, lateral scattered light intensity, and fluorescent light intensity to the A/D conversion circuit  21 . The electrical detection unit  22  and absorbance detection unit  24  also output electrical signals obtained by detecting the assay sample to the A/D conversion circuit  21 . The A/D conversion circuit  21  digitally converts the electrical signals output from the detection section  19 , and outputs the data to the body side controller  26 . The body side controller  26  analyzes the data and obtains analysis results for the various clinical laboratory test items. Then, the body side controller  26  displays predetermined items from among the analysis results on the body side display  11 , and transmits all analysis results to the data processing terminal  2 . Then, the terminal side controller  34  of the data processing terminal  2  displays the received analysis results on the terminal side display  16 , and stores the analysis results.  
         [0048]     The processes of analyzing reticulocytes (RET) and mature erythrocytes using the optical detection unit  20  is described in greater detail below.  
         [0049]     When analyzing reticulocytes (RET) and mature erythrocytes, the sample preparation unit  17  dilutes the blood suctioned by the sample suction unit  14   a  or  14   b  approximately 200 times, and stains the diluted solution using a predetermined stain. Consequently, a prepared assay sample is supplied to the optical detection unit  20 . Then, the optical detection unit  20  irradiates the assay sample with light, and outputs electrical signals representing the forward scattered light intensity, lateral scattered light intensity, and lateral fluorescent light intensity, respectively, to the A/D conversion circuit  21 . The A/D conversion circuit  21  subjects the electrical signal output from the optical detection unit  20  to digital conversion, and outputs the data to the body side controller  26 . The body side controller  26  analyzes the reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes using the data representing the forward scattered light intensity and lateral fluorescent light intensity among the data output from the A/D conversion circuit  21 . The reagents described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,127 may be employed as the reagents in the preparation of the sample.  
         [0050]     The process of analyzing reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes performed by the body side controller  26  is described below using  FIG. 4 . This process is executed once with a predetermined timing for each measurement of a single sample.  
         [0051]     When the data representing the forward scattered light intensity, lateral scattered light intensity, and lateral fluorescent light intensity is transmitted from the optical detection unit  20  and input to the body side controller  26  through the A/D conversion circuit  21 , then, the body side controller  26  acquires data in a predetermined period and stores the data representing the forward scattered light intensity and lateral fluorescent light intensity.  
         [0052]     Then the body side controller  26  creates and stores a two dimensional diagram (scattergram) which has the forward scattered light intensity on the vertical axis and the lateral fluorescent light intensity on the horizontal axis based on the stored data representing the forward scattered light intensity and lateral fluorescent light intensity (step S 2 ). The scattergram  58  stored by the body side controller  26  is shown in  FIG. 5 .  
         [0053]     The scattergram  58  is created by extracting individual cells which pass through the orifice  38  based on the data representing the forward scattered light intensity and lateral fluorescent light intensity, determining the forward scattered light intensity and lateral fluorescent light intensity for each extracted cell, and plotting the forward scattered light intensity on the vertical axis and plotting the lateral fluorescent light intensity on the horizontal axis in a two-dimensional diagram for all cells.  
         [0054]     Next, the body side controller  26  classifies and stores the individually extracted cells in cell groups which include the mature erythrocyte group  60 , reticulocyte group  62 , fragmented erythrocyte group  62 , and platelet group  64 , as shown in  FIG. 6  (step S 3 ).  
         [0055]     The mature erythrocyte group  60 , reticulocyte group  62 , and platelet group  64  can be created, for example, using the methods described in the specifications of U.S. Pat. No. 5,006,986 and No. 5,117,357. Since mature erythrocytes do not contain RNA within the cell, the obtained lateral fluorescent light intensity is extremely low. Since reticulocytes contain RNA within the cell, a comparatively high lateral fluorescent light intensity is obtained. Using these criteria, these methods classify cells which emit a lateral fluorescent light intensity greater than a predetermined amount as reticulocytes. The scattered light intensity obtained by irradiating a cell with light reflects the size of the cell. Since a platelet is smaller than both a mature erythrocyte and a reticulocyte, platelets can be classified separately from mature erythrocytes and reticulocytes.  
         [0056]     The fragmented erythrocyte group  63  can be created using, for example, the method described in the specification of U.S. Patent Publication No. 2001-53551.  
         [0057]     The mature erythrocyte group  60 , reticulocyte group  62 , fragmented erythrocyte group  63 , and platelet group  64  may have a fixed range determined beforehand, or the ranges may be modified in accordance with the cell incidence condition on the scattergram.  
         [0058]     Next, the body side controller  26  creates and stores trisects the reticulocyte group  62  in accordance with the lateral fluorescent light intensity, and creates and stores an LFR range  66 , MFR range  68 , and HFR range  70  (step S 4 ).  
         [0059]     Since cells which have a high lateral fluorescent light intensity are cells which contain an abundance of RNA produce, it can be stated that reticulocytes which have a high lateral fluorescent light intensity are juvenile reticulocytes. That is, it can be said that reticulocytes in the HFR range  70  are younger than reticulocytes in the MFR range  68 , and reticulocytes in the MFR range  68  are younger than reticulocytes in the LFR range  66 .  
         [0060]     Next, the body side controller  26  calculates and stores the RET-Y and RBC-Y as scattered light information, as shown in  FIG. 8  (step S 5 ).  
         [0061]     RET-Y is the average value of the forward scattered light intensities of all cells (that is, reticulocytes) included in the reticulocyte group  62 .  
         [0062]     RBC-Y is the average value of the forward scattered light intensities of all cells (that is mature erythrocytes) included in the mature erythrocyte group  60 .  
         [0063]     Then, the body side controller  26  calculates and stores the IRF-Y and LFR-Y, as shown in  FIG. 8  (step S 6 ).  
         [0064]     The IRF-Y is the average value of the forward scattered light intensities of all cells (that is, juvenile reticulocytes) included in the MFR range  68  and HFR range  70 . The IRF-Y is a value which reflects the size and hemoglobin content of the juvenile reticulocytes. Accordingly, these values are useful for the differentiation and treatment of anemia.  
         [0065]     LFR-Y is the average value of the forward scattered light intensities of all cells (that is, reticulocytes approaching mature erythrocytes) included in the LFR range  66 . LFR-Y is a value which reflects the size and hemoglobin content of reticulocytes at the stage of differentiating to erythrocytes. Accordingly, these values are effective in the differentiation and treatment of anemia.  
         [0066]     Next, the body side controller  26  calculates and stores the number of cells (mature erythrocytes) RBD-O included in the mature erythrocyte group  60 , the number of cells (reticulocytes) RET# included in the reticulocyte group  62 , the percentage RET % of the number of cells (number of reticulocytes) included in the reticulocyte group  62  relative to the total number of erythrocytes (number of mature erythrocytes+number of reticulocytes+fragmented erythrocytes), the number of cells (platelets) RLT-O included in the platelet group  64 , the number of cells (fragmented erythrocytes) FRC# included in the fragmented erythrocyte group  63 , and the percentage FRC % of the number of cells (number of fragmented erythrocytes) included in the fragmented erythrocyte group  63  relative to the total number of erythrocytes (step S 7 ).  
         [0067]     Then, the body side controller  26  calculates and stores the RET-He and RBC-He as component value from the RET-Y and RBC-Y calculation results, respectively, stored in step S 5  (step S 8 ).  
         [0068]     RET-He is calculated using the following equation stored in the body side controller  26 . RET-He is equivalent to the amount of hemoglobin contained in the reticulocytes. 
 
 RET - He=A ×exp ( B×RET - Y )  Equation 1 
        (Where A=5.8439, and B=0.0098)        
 
         [0070]     RBC-He is calculated using the following equation stored in the body side controller  26 . RBC-He is equivalent to the amount of hemoglobin contained in mature erythrocytes, that is, MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin). 
 
 RBC - He=C ×exp ( D×RBC - Y )  Equation 2 
        Where C=5.8439, and D=0.0098)        
 
         [0072]     Then, the body side controller  26  calculates and stores the Delta-He from the RET-He and RBC-He calculation results stored in step S 8  (step S 9 ).  
         [0073]     Delta-He is calculated by subtracting RBC-He from RET-He.  
         [0074]     Then, the body side controller  26  transmits all data stored in steps S 1  through S 9  to the terminal side controller  34  of the data processing terminal  2  (step S 10 ).  
         [0075]     Next, Then, the body side controller  26  ends the reticulocyte and erythrocyte analysis control routine, and starts the analysis control for the other clinical laboratory test items.  
         [0076]     Equations 1 and 2 are determined by the following methods.  
         [0077]     Equation 2 is obtained by analyzing a plurality of samples beforehand to acquire the forward scattered light intensity of mature erythrocytes (RBC-Y) and MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin), and plotting the analysis results in a two-dimensional diagram, to determine the relationship between RBC-Y and MCH.  
         [0078]     The specific method of determining equation 2 is described below using  FIG. 11 .  
         [0079]     The vertical axis of the two-dimensional distribution shown in  FIG. 11  represents the magnitude of MCH, and the horizontal axis represents the magnitude of RBC-Y.  
         [0080]     First, approximately 500 specimens were analyzed using the optical detection unit  20  to obtain the RBC-Y. The number of RBC (hereinafter referred to as ‘RBC’) was then acquired for the same approximately 500 specimens using the electrical detection unit  22 , and subsequently the HGB concentration (hereinafter referred to as ‘HGB’) was acquired using the absorbance detection unit  24 .  
         [0081]     Then, the MCH was obtained from the acquired RBC and HGB using equation 3 shown below. 
 
 MCH =( HGB/RBC )×1000  Equation 3 
 
         [0082]     Then the analysis results were plotted for these approximately 500 samples, and a two-dimensional distribution diagram  160  was created.  
         [0083]     The curve  162  was determined based on the sample distribution in the two-dimensional distribution diagram  160 , and the equation representing the curve was calculated. This equation is equation 2 described above, and is used to calculate MCH from RBC-Y.  
         [0084]     Equation 1 is determined as described below.  
         [0085]     RBC-Y is the average value of the forward scattered light intensities of mature erythrocytes, and MCH is the amount of hemoglobin contained in the mature erythrocytes. Since RET-Y is the average value of the forward scattered light intensities of reticulocytes, if the same calculation is made as the calculation of RBC-He using equation 2, a value can be obtained which is equivalent to the amount of hemoglobin contained in reticulocytes. Therefore, an equation having the same form as equation 2 was used as equation 1 to calculate RET-He. Although MCH is essentially the amount of hemoglobin contained in red blood cells (including both mature erythrocytes and reticulocytes), it is reasonable to consider MCH as the amount of hemoglobin contained in mature erythrocytes since the number of mature erythrocytes contained in peripheral blood is much greater than the number of reticulocytes.  
         [0086]     Although equation 1 was determined by the method described above in the present embodiment, it is also possible to determine equation 1 by analyzing a plurality of specimens beforehand to acquire the forward scattered light intensity (RET-Y) of reticulocytes and the amount of hemoglobin contained in reticulocytes, plotting a two-dimensional distribution diagram based on the analysis results, and determining an equation which represents the relationship between the RBC-Y and amount of hemoglobin contained in reticulocytes from the distribution condition in the two-dimensional distribution diagram. The amount of hemoglobin contained in reticulocytes may be acquired, for example using a model ADVIA120 (Bayer Diagnostics, Inc.)  
         [0087]     The screens displayed on the terminal side display  16  after the body side controller  26  ends the analysis for all clinical laboratory test items is described below using  FIGS. 9 and 10 .  
         [0088]      FIGS. 9 and 10  show the analysis result screens displayed on the terminal side display  16  after the body side controller  26  has completed the analysis all clinical laboratory test items.  FIG. 9  shows the analysis result screen  71   a  displayed when the main screen is selected, and  FIG. 10  shows the analysis result screen  71   b  displayed when the research screen (RBC related) is selected.  
         [0089]     The analysis result screens  71   a  and  71   b  include an specimen information display unit  72  and an analysis result display unit  74 .  
         [0090]     The specimen information display unit  72  includes a specimen number display  102  for displaying the specimen number of the analyzed specimen (blood), a patient ID display  103  for displaying the identificaiton number of the patient from whom the analyzed specimen was collected, patient name display  104  for displaying the name of the patient, birth date display  105  for displaying the birth date of the patient, sex display  106  for displaying the sex of the patient, ward display  107  for displaying the ward to which the patient is admitted, attending physician display  108  for displaying the attending physician of the patient, comment display  109  for displaying optional comments, assay date display  110  for displaying the date the specimen was analyzed, and assay time display  111  for displaying the time at which the specimen was assayed.  
         [0091]     The analysis result display  74  includes a tag display  76 , and a screen corresponding to the selected tag is displayed below the tag display  76 .  
         [0092]     The tag display  76  includes a main tag  114  for displaying the main clinical laboratory test items, graph tag  116  for displaying all the obtained clinical laboratory test items, WBC tag  118  for displaying the clinical laboratory test items related to white blood cells, RBC tag  120  for displaying the clinical laboratory test items related to red blood cells, time series tag  122  for displaying the clinical laboratory test items of specimens collected from a patient in time series, Q-flag tag  124  for displays positive or negative, service tag  126  for displaying predetermined service data, HPC tag  128  for displaying the HPC number obtained by analyzing electrical signals output from the RF/DC detector included in the electrical detection unit  22 , research (WBC related) tag  130  for displaying research items related to white blood cells, and research (RBC related) tag  132  for displaying research items related to red blood cells.  
         [0093]     Since the main tag  114  is selected in the analysis result screen  71   a  shown in  FIG. 9 , a main screen  101  is displayed which shows the main clinical laboratory test items. The main screen  101  includes analysis data displays  78   a  and  78   b , and flag display  80 .  
         [0094]     The analysis data displays  78   a  and  78   b  include an item column  136 , data column  138 , unit column  140 , and normal range column  142 .  
         [0095]     Names of clinical laboratory test items are displayed in the item column  136 , analysis results for each clinical laboratory test item are displayed in the data column  138 , the units of the analysis results displayed in the data column  138  are shown in the unit column  140 , and the correlation of the analysis result of the analyzed specimen relative to the normal range are displayed in the normal range column  142  (NRBC# and NRBC % are excluded). That is, the normal range column  142  displays a lower limit bar  142   a  representing the lower limit of the normal range, an upper limit bar  142   b  representing the upper limit of the normal range, and an analysis result point  142   c  is positioned so as to make recognizable the correlation of the result with the normal range framed by the lower limit bar  142   a  and upper limit bar  142   b.    
         [0096]     Among the clinical laboratory test items displayed on the analysis data displays  78   a  and  78   b , WBC, RET %, RET#, IRF, LFR, MFR, HFR, RET-He, NRBC#, NRBC %, NEUT#, LYMPH#, MONO#, EO#, BASO#, NEUT %, LYMPH %, MONO %, EO %, and BASO % are calculated using the optical detection unit  20 . RBC, HCT, MCV, PLT, RDW-SD, RDW-CV, PDW, MPV, and P-LCR are calculated using the electrical detection unit  22 . HGB is calculated using the absorbance detection unit  24 , MCH and MCHC are calculated using the electrical detection unit  22  and absorbance detection unit  24 , and PLT is calculated using the optical detection unit  20  or electrical detection unit  22 .  
         [0097]     The flag display  80  includes WBC flag display  144  for displaying a flag (message indicating the analysis result is abnormal) related to WBC, RBC/RET flag display  146  for displaying flags relating to RBC and RET, and PLT flag display  148  for displaying flag related to PLT. In the screen shown in  FIG. 9 , flags are not displayed in these flag displays.  
         [0098]     RET-Y and RBC-Y are not displayed in the analysis result screen  71   a.    
         [0099]     Since the research (RBC related) tag  132  is selected in the analysis result screen  71   b  shown in  FIG. 10 , the research (RBC related) screen  151  is displayed as a screen including research items related to red blood cells.  
         [0100]     The research (RBC related) screen  151  includes analysis data displays  82   a ,  82   b ,  82   c , flag display  86 , and scattergram/particle distribution diagram display  88 .  
         [0101]     Names of clinical laboratory test items, analysis results for each clinical laboratory test item and analysis units are displayed in the analysis data displays  82   a ,  82   b ,  82   c . RBC, RBC-O, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW-SD, RDW-CV, PLT, PLT-I, PLT-O, PDW, MPV, P-LCR, PCT, RET#, RET %, IRF, LFR, MFR, HER, RET-He, RBC-He, D-He, RET-Y, RBC-Y, IRF-Y, RPI, FRC#, and FRC % are displayed on the analysis data displays  82   a ,  82   b , and  82   c.    
         [0102]     As previously mentioned, RBC-O is the number of cells included in the mature erythrocyte group  60 , and is an amount equivalent to the number of mature erythrocytes. The sample analyzer of the present embodiment calculates the number of erythrocytes RBC using the electrical detection unit  22 , and improves the reliability of analysis results by analyzing the same clinical laboratory test items by two measurement principles.  
         [0103]     RBC-He is the amount of hemoglobin contained in mature erythrocytes, that is, a value equivalent to MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin). The sample analyzer of the present embodiment calculates MCH using the electrical detection unit  22  and absorbance detection unit  24 , and improves reliability of analysis results by analyzing the same clinical laboratory test items by two measurement principles.  
         [0104]     PLT-I is the number of platelets calculated using the electrical detection unit  22 , and PLT-O is the number of cells contained in the platelet group  64 . Among PLT-I and PLT-O, reliability of analysis results is improved by the more reliable higher value as the platelet number PLT.  
         [0105]     D-He is the previously described Delta-He.  
         [0106]     Since RET-He is a value equivalent to the amount of hemoglobin contained in reticulocytes, the unit pg, which expresses weight, is appended. Consequently, a user can easily comprehend that RET-He is a value associated with an amount.  
         [0107]     Similarly, since RBC-He is a value equivalent to the amount of hemoglobin contained in mature erythrocytes, the unit pg, which expresses weight, is appended. Consequently, a user can easily comprehend that RBC-He is a value associated with an amount.  
         [0108]     RPI is a value calculated from the analysis results of RET % and HCT (in the present example, 0.75% and 42.4%), and can be used in evaluating the status of production of erythrocytes.  
         [0109]     The scattergram/particle distribution diagram display  88  includes scattergrams  90 ,  92 ,  94 ,  96 , and particle distribution diagrams  98  and  100 .  
         [0110]     The scattergram  90  is an enlargement of only the region in which the lateral fluorescent light intensity is low among the scattergrams for analyzing reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes; the forward scattered light intensity is plotted on the vertical axis, and the lateral fluorescent light intensity is plotted on the horizontal axis.  
         [0111]     The scattergram  92  includes the regions in which the lateral fluorescent light intensity is low and high in the aforesaid scattergram.  
         [0112]     The scattergram  94  is an enlargement of the vicinity of the platelet region in the aforesaid scattergram.  
         [0113]     The scattergram  96  is a scattergram created using different assay samples than those assay samples used for analyzing reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes in order to calculate NRBC# and NRBC %.  
         [0114]     The particle distribution diagram  98  shows the erythrocyte distribution created using the electrical detection unit  22 .  
         [0115]     The particle distribution diagram  100  shows the platelet distribution created using the electrical detection unit  22 .  
         [0116]     The previously mentioned RBC and PLT-I are analysis results obtained by analyzing these particle distribution diagrams.  
         [0117]     As shown in  FIGS. 9 and 10 , RET-He, which is a component value, is displayed on the analysis result screen  71   a  with the main clinical laboratory test items, but RET-Y, which is the average value of the forward scattered light intensities of reticulocytes, is not. However, both RET-He and RET-Y are displayed on the analysis result screen  71   b . Consequently, this arrangement is useful since the user can quickly know the analysis results of the main clinical laboratory test items using the analysis result screen  71   a , and also see the analysis results of detailed clinical laboratory test items related to erythrocytes using the analysis result screen  71   b . These screens can be easily switched using tags.  
         [0118]     The clinical significance of analyzing the amount of hemoglobin contained in reticulocytes is discussed below.  
         [0119]     Iron-deficiency anemia and anemia occurring as a complication in cases of chronic disease (anemia of chronic disorder: ACD) are representative examples of anemia. Although administration of an iron-containing preparation is very effective in treating iron-deficiency anemia, iron administration is sometimes ineffective in treating ACD.  
         [0120]     Accordingly, in treating anemia, iron-deficiency anemia and ACD must be differentiated. Managing the fluctuation in the amount of iron in the blood (ferrokinetics) is effective in making this differentiation. Clinical laboratory tests used in managing ferrokinetics include clinical laboratory tests of serum iron, serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and the like, however, these clinical laboratory tests are not sufficiently sensitive and are expensive.  
         [0121]     Since the amount of hemoglobin contained in reticulocytes reflects the iron content of the newly produced reticulocytes, analyzing this amount is effective in ferrokinetics management.  
         [0122]     If RET-He is output using the sample analyzer of the present embodiment, a value is obtained which is equivalent to the amount of hemoglobin contained in reticulocytes, ferrokinetics can be managed quickly and inexpensively, and types of anemia can be effectively differentiated.  
         [0123]     In recent years administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) has become widely used as a treatment for renal anemia. Renal anemia is a disease caused by low production and secretion of erythropoietin by the kidneys.  
         [0124]     Improvement often does not occur when treating renal anemia by administering rHuEPO. Most frequently the cause is a functional iron-deficient condition brought on by the administered rHuEPO. In such cases iron-containing preparations must be administered in addition to rHuEPO.  
         [0125]     Accordingly, it is important to manage ferrokinetics when treating renal anemia, and analyzing the amount of hemoglobin contained in reticulocytes is effective in this regard.  
         [0126]     In this case also, if RET-He is output using the sample analyzer of the present embodiment, a value is obtained which is equivalent to the amount of hemoglobin contained in reticulocytes, ferrokinetics can be managed quickly and inexpensively, and renal anemia can be effectively treated.  
         [0127]     The Delta-He calculated by the sample analyzer of the present embodiment may be used as an indicator for evaluating erythrocyte production status, and is effective in differentiating and treating anemia.  
         [0128]     The embodiment disclosed above has been described by way of examples in all aspects and is not to be considered as restrictive in any sense. The scope of the present invention is expressed by the scope of the claims and not by the description of the embodiment. The present invention may be variously modified insofar as such modification is within the scope and equivalences of the claims.  
         [0129]     For example, although LFR-Y which is calculated in step S 6  (refer to  FIG. 4 ) is not displayed on the terminal side display  16  in the sample analyzer of the above embodiment, the present invention is not limited to this arrangement inasmuch as LFR-Y also may be displayed on the body side display  11 .  
         [0130]     In the sample analyzer of the above embodiment, the body side controller  26  may calculate the ratio of RET-Y and RBC-Y, and display the ratio on the terminal side display  16 . The ratio of RET-Y and RBC-Y may be used as an indicator for evaluating the erythrocyte production status, and is effective in the differentiation and treatment of anemia.  
         [0131]     Although scattered light information is used to calculate values equivalent to contents of reticulocytes and erythrocytes, the present invention is not limited to this arrangement inasmuch as values which are equivalent to the content of other cells, such as lymphocytes and monocytes, also may be calculated and output.  
         [0132]     In the sample analyzer of the present embodiment, the body side controller  26  calculates the analysis results, and displays all analysis results on the terminal side display  16 , however, the present invention is not limited to this arrangement inasmuch as all analysis results also may be displayed on the body side display  11 , and the analysis results also may be calculated by the terminal side controller  34 .  
         [0133]     Although the average value of the forward scattered light intensities of reticulocytes and the average value of the forward scattered light intensities of mature erythrocytes are used as scattered light information in the sample analyzer of the above embodiment, the present invention is not limited to this arrangement inasmuch as the barycenter or mode value of the forward scattered light intensities of the reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes also may be used as scattered light information.  
         [0134]     Scattergrams are created from the forward scattered light intensity and lateral fluorescent light intensity in the sample analyzer of the above embodiment, however, the present invention is not limited to this arrangement inasmuch as scattergrams may be prepared from two types of scattered light intensity (for example, forward scattered light and lateral scattered light), and scattergrams also may be prepared from electrical information (for example, current value, voltage value, and resistance value and the like) and scattered light intensity.  
         [0135]     Although the sample analyzer of the above embodiment is provided with a device body  1  and a data processing terminal  2 , the present invention is not limited to this arrangement inasmuch as the present invention is also applicable to sample analyzers which incorporate the functionality of the data processing terminal  2  in the device body  1 .  
         [0136]     Although the present invention is applied to a hemocytometer in the above embodiment, the present invention is not limited to this arrangement inasmuch as the present invention is also applicable to other sample analyzers, such as urine analyzers which analyze cells contained in urine.  
         [0137]     Although the present invention is applied to a sample analyzer in the above embodiment, the present invention is not limited to this arrangement inasmuch as the present invention is also applicable to programs for controlling sample analyzers. Furthermore, the present invention is also applicable to computer readable recording media on which such programs are recorded.