Abstract:
According to an aspect of the invention a system for commissioning devices is provided, which system comprises: a first device and a second device; an RFID tag comprised in the first device; a host processor comprised in the first device; wherein the second device is arranged to generate an electromagnetic field; wherein the RFID tag is arranged to detect the electromagnetic field and to wake up the host processor upon detecting said electromagnetic field in order for the second device to communicate with the host processor. Furthermore, a corresponding method for commissioning devices is provided. Since the RFID tag comprised in the first device is arranged to wake up the host processor, an end-user does not have to switch on the first device manually. Therefore, the user interaction is simplified. Furthermore, there is no need for a separate power button on the first device. The latter reduces cost and simplifies the design of the first device.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention relates to a system for commissioning devices. The invention also relates to a method for commissioning devices. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Radio frequency identification technology (RFID) and, more specifically, near field communication technology (NFC), have proven to be of particular value for setting up Wi-Fi networks and for pairing Bluetooth devices. Furthermore, these technologies can be of high value in the field of smart buildings. For example, they can be used to simplify the commissioning of wireless devices in a smart building. 
         [0003]    In this context, the term “commissioning” is used to refer to operations that relate to the configuration of devices, such as establishing a network connection between devices, establishing a control relationship between devices and localizing devices in an environment. 
         [0004]    In a typical commissioning procedure two wireless devices are brought in close proximity of each other or in direct contact with each other. Subsequently, these devices establish a secure network connection and/or a control relationship between each other. Network parameters, including encryption keys, are exchanged over a very short distance which makes eavesdropping difficult. NFC technology, which typically requires distances of a few centimeters, provides a particular advantage in this respect. Another advantage of NFC technology is the so-called ease-of-install; NFC technology makes commissioning procedures easy and intuitive to perform and it reduces the error-proneness of these procedures. 
         [0005]    As a result, the Wi-Fi Alliance (http://www.wi-fi.org/) has standardized NFC as optional means for Wi-Fi Simple Configuration (WSC), formerly known as Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS). This has been described in the document “Wi-Fi Simple Configuration, Technical Specification”, version 2.0.0, December 2010 by the Wi-Fi Alliance. 
         [0006]    In accordance with this known commissioning procedure an RFID tag is physically attached to the housing of a first wireless device. The RFID tag contains contact data of the first wireless device, such as its Media Access Control (MAC) address. In order to integrate the first wireless device into a Wi-Fi network, a second wireless device is equipped with an RFID reader unit. The second wireless device is brought into close proximity of the first wireless device in order to enable the RFID reader unit to read out the contact data of the first wireless device from the RFID tag. Then, the second wireless device may use the contact data in so-called in-band communication over the Wi-Fi network in order to integrate the first wireless device in a secure manner into the network. 
         [0007]    In a similar way Bluetooth Easy Pairing enables establishing a secure Bluetooth connection between two devices, for example a phone and a headset. In this case not only a network connection is set up, but also a control relationship is established. For example, the audio stream from the phone may be routed to the headset and the headset may transmit commands back to the phone. 
         [0008]    Both the Wi-Fi and the Bluetooth examples are based on RFID technology, in particular NFC technology. Specific details of the NFC communication involved have been described in the document “Connection Handover, Technical Specification” by the NFC Forum, version 1.2, July 2010 (http://www.nfc-forum.org/). 
         [0009]    Another example of the use of RFID/NFC technology to establish a control relationship between devices is described in patent application WO 2010/032227 A1, filed by NXP Semiconductors and published on 25 Mar. 2010. 
         [0010]    WO 2010/032227 A1 discloses a method for controlling controllable devices, such as lamp units that are installed in a building, with a plurality of control interface units, such as light switches. Each control interface unit has a receptor, such as a light switch, for receiving user actuations. Addresses to be used for selective transmission of messages to controllable devices are established by enabling the control interface unit that should control a controllable device to read a tag on or in the controllable device. The control interface units each have their own tag reader capable of reading the tag when the tag is in proximity of the control interface unit. The controllable devices are brought into the proximity of a selected one of the control interface units before installation of the controllable device, in order to indicate that the controllable device has to be controlled by actuation of a receptor of the selected one of the control interface units. The tag of the controllable device is read from the selected one of the control interface units. Information from the tag is automatically used to establish destinations to be used for messages from the selected one of the control interface units in response to future detection of user actuation of the receptor of the selected one of the control interface units. Subsequently, the controllable device may be installed in the building at a location outside said proximity. 
         [0011]    Although these examples clearly show that RFID/NFC technology provides important advantages when it is used to commission wireless devices of the kind set forth, there are still a number of shortcomings which hinder large-scale deployment thereof. For example, a typical prior art procedure for connecting a Bluetooth headset with a Bluetooth-enabled mobile phone involves switching on the headset by pushing its power button and bringing it in close proximity of the phone. The procedure requires two end-user actions: (1) switching on the headset and (2) bringing the phone and the headset in close proximity of each other. It is essential that the headset is switched on before or while the phone is in close proximity of the headset; otherwise the procedure will fail. This procedure is not user-friendly and prone to errors. For instance, forgetting to switch on the headset before touching the phone is a mistake which is easily made. Therefore, a bad overall end-user experience may be the result. Furthermore, the headset needs to be equipped with a power button which increases its costs and limits the freedom to design it. It will be appreciated that the headset cannot stay powered all the time in view of the limited capacity of its battery, so it must be brought in a low-power or sleep mode when it is not in use. 
         [0012]    A similar problem occurs when securely setting up a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) comprising of wireless sensor nodes. Wireless sensor nodes are energy-frugal devices (having an average power consumption of less than 100 μW) that may extract the energy required for their operation from their environment. The extremely low average power consumption is achieved through duty cycling, i.e. the device wakes up, for example, every few minutes to perform some measurements and transmit a few tens of bytes and subsequently goes back to sleep. The total duration of the active period may be no more than a few milliseconds. 
         [0013]    Wireless sensor nodes are able to configure themselves automatically in a WSN, but this procedure is not secure. For example, in home automation systems it is not possible to distinguish between sensor nodes belonging to one&#39;s own house and the neighbor&#39;s house. One would like to configure a network comprising the sensor nodes in one&#39;s own house, but not those in the neighboring houses. Furthermore, privacy and security present a problem. For example, one doesn&#39;t want one&#39;s presence to be inferred from wireless sensor messages, and one doesn&#39;t want someone to hack one&#39;s home automation system. Finally, although (unsecure) network joining may take place automatically, automation is less trivial for other aspects of commissioning such as establishing control relationships between devices and localization of devices. 
         [0014]    Also in this case NFC-based “touching” enables easy and secure commissioning of a wireless sensor node. For example, an NFC-enabled installation device may be used to “touch” a sensor node which has an RFID tag attached to it in order to make it join the WSN in a secure manner, to establish a control relationship and/or to localize it. However, since the sensor node may only be in an active state once every few minutes it is necessary to explicitly force it to become active, for instance by pressing a button. Again, the button complicates the commissioning procedure and increases the cost of the sensor node. Furthermore, adding a button may be impractical in view of the small form factor of the sensor node. Also, the time span between a user pushing the button and subsequently bringing the installation device and the wireless sensor node in close proximity of each other (typically in the order of seconds) may already be too long considering the very limited energy resources of the wireless sensor node. 
         [0015]    Therefore, there exists a need to simplify the procedures for commissioning devices of the kind set forth. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0016]    It is an object of the invention to simplify the procedures for commissioning devices of the kind set forth. This is achieved by a system as defined in claim  1  and by a method as defined in claim  9 . 
         [0017]    According to an aspect of the invention a system for commissioning devices is provided, which system comprises: a first device and a second device; an RFID tag comprised in the first device; a host processor comprised in the first device; wherein the second device is arranged to generate an electromagnetic field; wherein the RFID tag is arranged to detect the electromagnetic field and to wake up the host processor upon detecting said electromagnetic field in order for the second device to communicate with the host processor. 
         [0018]    Since the RFID tag comprised in the first device is arranged to wake up the host processor, an end-user does not have to switch on the first device manually. Therefore, the user interaction is simplified. Furthermore, there is no need for a separate power button on the first device. The latter reduces cost and simplifies the design of the first device. 
         [0019]    According to another aspect of the invention, the second device is arranged to read out configuration data comprised in the RFID tag and to use said configuration data to commission the first device. 
         [0020]    According to a further aspect of the invention, the configuration data comprise contact data and the second device is arranged to use said contact data for establishing a network connection with the first device. 
         [0021]    According to a further aspect of the invention, the host processor comprises an interface unit and the second device is arranged to establish the network connection with the first device via the interface unit. 
         [0022]    According to a further aspect of the invention, the RFID tag comprises a tag controller which is arranged to send a wake-up signal to the host processor in order to wake up the host processor. 
         [0023]    According to a further aspect of the invention, the tag controller is further arranged to send the wake-up signal only if data are read from and/or written to the tag memory or if data are read from and/or written to predetermined areas of the tag memory. 
         [0024]    According to a further aspect of the invention, the first device is a Bluetooth headset and the second device is a Bluetooth-enabled mobile phone. An advantage of using the invention in combination with a known method of pairing Bluetooth devices, such as Bluetooth Easy Pairing, is that it is backward compatible. This means that a new headset can be manufactured without a power button and it still works seamlessly with any Bluetooth Easy Pairing enabled phone. 
         [0025]    According to a further aspect of the invention, the network is a wireless sensor network, the first device is a wireless sensor node and the second device is arranged to commission the wireless sensor node. 
         [0026]    According to an aspect of the invention, a method for commissioning a first device and a second device is provided, which method comprises that an RFID tag comprised in the first device wakes up a host processor comprised in the first device upon detecting an electromagnetic field generated by the second device, in order for the second device to communicate with the host processor. 
         [0027]    According to another aspect of the invention, the second device reads out configuration data comprised in the RFID tag and uses said configuration data to commission the first device. 
         [0028]    According to a further aspect of the invention, the configuration data comprise contact data and the second device uses said contact data for establishing a network connection with the first device. 
         [0029]    According to a further aspect of the invention, the contact data comprise a Media Access Control (MAC) address and a public key. 
         [0030]    According to a further aspect of the invention, the second device encrypts network parameters with the public key and subsequently sends the encrypted network parameters to the host processor utilizing the Media Access Control address, and the host processor receives the encrypted network parameters and subsequently decrypts the encrypted network parameters with a private key corresponding to the public key. 
         [0031]    According to a further aspect of the invention, the host processor uses the decrypted network parameters for establishing the network connection. 
         [0032]    According to a further aspect of the invention, subsequent to establishing the network connection, the first device sends a message to the second device for initiating a control relationship between the first device and the second device. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0033]    The invention will be described in more detail with reference to the appended drawings, in which: 
           [0034]      FIG. 1  shows a system diagram of an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0035]      FIG. 2  shows a system diagram of another embodiment of the invention; 
           [0036]      FIG. 3  shows a system diagram of a further embodiment of the invention; 
           [0037]      FIG. 4  shows a system diagram of a further embodiment of the invention; 
           [0038]      FIG. 5  shows a system diagram of a further embodiment of the invention; 
           [0039]      FIG. 6  shows a system diagram of a further embodiment of the invention; 
           [0040]      FIG. 7  shows a system diagram of a further embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0041]      FIG. 1  shows a system diagram of an embodiment of the invention. The system comprises a first device  100  and a second device  104 . The first device  100  comprises an RFID tag  102  and a host processor  116 . The second device  104  comprises an RFID reader unit (not shown) which is arranged to read out data from the RFID tag  102  provided that the first device  100  is within the range of an electromagnetic field generated by the reader unit of the second device  104 . The RFID tag  102  comprises a tag memory  106 , an RFID interface  108  and a tag controller  110 . The host processor  116  comprises a host memory  118 , a host controller  120  and an interface unit  122 . 
         [0042]    In operation, the second device  104  interacts, via its RFID reader unit, with the RFID tag  102  of the first device  100 . The second device  104  may for example read out data (such as a MAC address of the first device  100 ) from the tag memory  106 . Alternatively the second device  104  may write data into the tag memory  106 . When such an interaction takes place the RFID tag  102  activates and sends a wake-up signal  112  to wake up the host processor  116 . The RFID tag  102  may be a passive tag, which means that it has no built-in power source. In that case, the RFID reader unit of the second device  104  wirelessly supplies operating power to the RFID tag through magnetic induction. Optionally, the tag controller  110  may have a data connection  114  with the host controller  120 . 
         [0043]    In an exemplary embodiment of the invention the first device  100  is a Bluetooth headset. The Bluetooth headset comprises headset speakers (not shown) and the interface unit  122  of the host processor  116  is a Bluetooth radio. In this exemplary embodiment the second device  104  is a mobile phone which is also equipped with a Bluetooth radio (not shown). In operation, the mobile phone reads out data from the RFID tag of the headset in order to establish a connection with the headset. After this network connection between the headset and the mobile phone has been established, a control relationship may also be established between them. 
         [0044]    In another exemplary embodiment the first device  100  is a wireless sensor node and the interface unit  122  of the host processor  116  is an Ultra Low Power radio, for example an IEEE 802.15.4 radio. In this exemplary embodiment the second device is an NFC-enabled installation device which, again, may be a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) or a portable computer. In operation, the installation device commissions the wireless sensor node by integrating it into a wireless sensor network. 
         [0045]    The wake-up signal  112  is used to cause the host processor  116  of the first device  100  to move from an inactive state to an active state when the second device  104  interacts with the RFID tag  102  of the first device  100 . The inactive state may be a low-power mode, a sleep mode or any other mode in which the power usage is significantly lower than in the active state. 
         [0046]      FIG. 2  shows a system diagram of another embodiment of the invention. In particular, it shows an example of a wake-up signal  112  which is used to wake up the host processor  116 . In this example, the power supply of the host processor  116  is disabled in the inactive state and the wake-up signal  112  pulls a switch, for example a galvanic switch or a MOSFET switch, to connect a power source  200  to the host processor  116  such that the host processor  116  receives power and enters into the active state. In this way the power consumption in the inactive state is zero, but no data other than data in non-volatile memory of the host processor  116  can be retained and some start-up or boot time is required before the host processor  116  is fully operational. 
         [0047]      FIG. 3  shows a system diagram of a further embodiment of the invention. In this alternative embodiment, the host processor  116  is capable of one or more low-power modes. As an example, NXP Semiconductors&#39; product family LPC11xxL has a so-called Deep-Sleep and a Deep-Power-Down mode in which a current of 2 μA and 220 nA, respectively, is drawn from the power supply. The typical operating current in an active state is at least three orders of magnitude higher than that at a few mA. In this alternative embodiment the wake-up signal  112  is provided as a trigger signal on one of the pins, for example a PIO-pin or wake-up pin, of the host processor  116 . When the host processor  116  receives the trigger signal on one of these pins it will move from a low-power mode to the active state. The selected power mode determines which internal blocks of the host processor  116  are switched off and which remain operational. Furthermore, the selected power mode determines the extent to which data can be retained in the host memory  118 . 
         [0048]    The embodiment of  FIG. 3  is a refinement of the embodiment of  FIG. 2  in the sense that it enables that different internal blocks of the host processor  116  can be switched off independently or switched to a mode with less functionality and less power consumption, whereas the embodiment of  FIG. 2  merely enables to switch off the host processor  116  completely. In the embodiment of  FIG. 3  additional logic (not shown) is available to wake up the internal blocks in the correct order when the wake-up signal  112  is received. 
         [0049]      FIG. 4  shows a system diagram of a further embodiment of the invention. In particular, it shows how a wake-up signal can be generated for waking up the host processor  116 . 
         [0050]    In a typical RFID system an RFID reader unit provides power to a passive RFID tag through inductive coupling. Data communication between the RFID reader unit and the RFID tag is established through load modulation. Typically, a protocol for address resolution is provided for selecting a particular RFID tag for further interaction in case multiple RFID tags are present in the electromagnetic field generated by the RFID reader unit. Furthermore, a typical interaction involves reading and/or writing data from/to a memory unit comprised in the RFID tag. The RFID tag usually comprises a tag controller, for example a microcontroller, which is arranged to control these operations. 
         [0051]    According to an exemplary embodiment of the invention the tag controller  110  sends a wake-up signal  112  to the host processor  116  upon detecting an electromagnetic field generated by the second device  104 . The tag controller  110  is able to detect the presence of an electromagnetic field via the RFID interface  108 . Furthermore, the tag controller  110  also knows whether or not this presence is intentional, i.e. whether the RFID reader unit that generates the field has indeed selected the particular RFID tag for the communication. If the presence of a field is detected and the presence is intentional in the aforementioned meaning, then the tag controller  110  will send the wake-up signal  112  to the host processor  116 . 
         [0052]    Optionally, the tag controller  110  may be arranged to send the wake-up signal  112  only if data are read from and/or written to the tag memory  106 , or, more specifically, only if data are read from and/or written to predetermined areas of the tag memory  106 . 
         [0053]    Furthermore, the conditions that determine whether or not a wake-up signal  112  is generated may be reconfigurable. Re-configurability can be achieved as follows. The second device  104  may write configuration parameters into a dedicated area of the tag memory  106 . Alternatively, or additionally, re-configurability can be achieved by the host processor  116  writing configuration parameters into said dedicated area by means of the optional host connection  114 . The tag controller  110  will interpret the configuration parameters to decide whether or not to trigger the wake-up signal  112 . 
         [0054]    Typically, a prior-art RFID tag is implemented as a single Integrated Circuit (IC) with no leads being connected to it other than the RFID antenna coil. In order to have the tag controller  110  provide a wake-up signal  112  a new IC needs to be designed and fabricated. 
         [0055]    However, instead of designing and fabricating an RFID tag IC capable of generating and sending a wake-up signal, a prior-art RFID tag IC can be used which is extended with a dedicated wake-up circuit. This is illustrated in  FIG. 5 , which shows a system diagram of yet a further embodiment of the invention. In this case, a dedicated wake-up circuit or field detector  500  must be added next to the prior art IC. In its most simple form this wake-up circuit  500  has its own antenna coil. Clearly, this antenna coil must be mounted in very close proximity to the RFID tag&#39;s antenna. Only then both antennas will be powered simultaneously when the second device  104  is in close proximity to them. 
         [0056]    The skilled person will recognize that the wake-up signal  112  in this embodiment is only indicative of the presence of a field. It does not indicate whether a second device  104  actually interacts with the RFID tag  102 , i.e. it does not indicate whether this particular RFID tag  102  is selected for communication by the second device  104 . This means that the host processor  116  preferably will check whether an actual interaction has taken place with the RFID tag  102 , e.g. by verifying whether a particular memory location has been written to, before e.g. proceeding with a certain commissioning operation such as establishing a network connection and/or establishing a control relationship. 
         [0057]      FIG. 6  shows a system diagram of a further embodiment of the invention. In particular, it shows a refinement of the embodiment described with reference to  FIG. 5 . This embodiment also has a separate wake-up circuit  500 , but in this case the wake-up circuit  500  shares an antenna coil with the RFID tag  102 . This embodiment reduces cost and it makes sure that the RFID tag  102  and the wake-up circuit  500  both detect the same field. 
         [0058]      FIG. 7  shows a system diagram of a further embodiment of the invention. In particular, it shows a further refinement of the embodiment described with reference to  FIG. 6 , and it involves further circuitry, i.e. a tag selection detector  700 , capable of detecting whether the RFID tag  102  continues interacting for a longer period of time after an initial field is detected in its antenna coil. When an RFID reader creates a field multiple tags may respond. In a so-called anti-collision loop the reader will only select a single tag for further interactions. This selected tag will continue to (load) modulate the field, whereas the other tags will stop doing so. The tag selection detector  700  is arranged to detect whether such continued (load) modulation takes place in the antenna coil of the RFID tag  102  and only if this is the case it will send the wake-up signal  112  to the host processor  116 . 
         [0059]    The advantage of this further embodiment is that the host processor  116  will only be woken up if its RFID tag  102  is actually selected by the RFID reader unit and not just by the fact that a field is present in its coil. This avoids unnecessary wake-ups of the host processor  116  and therefore unnecessary power consumption by the host processor  116 . Furthermore, the host processor  116  does not have to check whether an actual interaction has taken place with the RFID tag (as in the embodiment described with reference to  FIG. 5 ). This means, for example, that it is not necessary for the RFID reader unit to write data to the RFID tag  102  only in order for the host processor  116  to know whether or not an actual interaction has taken place. Such additional writing of data is a drawback because it may break backward compatibility of a prior art commissioning procedure. 
         [0060]    An important aspect of commissioning devices is establishing a network connection. The RFID tag  102  may be used to exchange configuration data such as contact data which enable the second device  104  to integrate the first device  100  into an existing network, for example, or to establish a network connection between the first device  100  and itself. Furthermore, commissioning may, for example, involve establishing a control relationship between the first device  100  and the second device  104 . To this end, the RFID tag  102  may be used to exchange further configuration data. After waking up, the host processor  116  of the first device  100  will engage in out-of-band (i.e. RFID) communication and/or in-band (i.e. longer range like RF) communication with the second device  104 . 
         [0061]    An exemplary method of commissioning a first device  100  in accordance with the invention comprises the following steps. First, an end-user brings a second device  104  in close proximity of the (RFID tag  102  of the) first device  100  with the intent to integrate the first device  100  into a network administered by (or via) the second device  104 . Note that in accordance with the invention the first device  100  does not have to be powered for this. 
         [0062]    Second, the RFID reader unit of the second device  104  interacts with the first device  100  which results in two simultaneous actions: (1) the RFID tag  102  of the first device  100  raises the wake-up signal  112  according to the invention in order to wake up the host processor  116  of the first device  100 , and subsequently the host processor  116  powers up its interface unit  122  and starts listening for a message; (2) the RFID reader unit of the second device  104  reads out certain contact data from the RFID tag  102  of the first device  100 , for example a Media Access Control (MAC) address and a public key belonging to the first device  100 . Subsequently, the second device  104  obtains network parameters belonging to the network to be joined, e.g. as stored in its internal memory. For example, a network ID (e.g. SSID for Wi-Fi network) and a network key (e.g. WPA2-key for a Wi-Fi network). Then, the second device  104  encrypts those network parameters with the public key belonging to the first device  100  and subsequently sends a message with this encrypted data over a radio interface unit addressed to the interface unit  122  of the first device  100  by utilizing the MAC-address of the first device  100 . 
         [0063]    Third, the first device  100  receives the message sent by the second device  104  and decrypts it with the private key corresponding to the public key, i.e. the private key of the public/private key pair. Then, the first device  100  utilizes the network parameters (network ID and network key) to connect to the network. This may involve further interactions over the (in-band) network and as a result the first device  100  may obtain a (dynamically assigned) network address. 
         [0064]    Optionally, the first device  100  sends a message to the second device  104  in order to establish a control relationship with the second device  104 . The dynamically assigned network address of the first device  100  may be part of this message. For example, if the first device  100  is a Bluetooth headset and the second device  104  is a mobile phone, the control relationship may involve streaming audio data. Alternatively, if the first device  100  is a wireless sensor node which measures a light level and the second device  104  is an installation device, the second device  104  may use the dynamic network address of the first device  100  in a subsequent step to associate it with a third device, for example a smart lamp that will control its light level based upon the light level measured by the wireless sensor node. 
         [0065]    It must be emphasized that the implementation details are merely examples. The skilled person will appreciate that other network establishment protocols, other sets of network parameters, other mechanisms for secure in-band exchange of network keys, other networking technologies, and other types of devices may be used in a method according to the invention. 
         [0066]    The above-mentioned preferred embodiments illustrate rather than limit the invention, and the skilled person will be able to design many alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. In the claims, any reference sign placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim. The word “comprise(s)” or “comprising” does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those listed in a claim. The word “a” or “an” preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements. The invention may be implemented by means of hardware comprising several distinct elements and/or by means of a suitably programmed processor. In a device claim enumerating several means, several of these means may be embodied by one and the same item of hardware. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. 
       LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS 
       [0000]    
       
           100  first device 
           102  RFID tag 
           104  second device 
           106  tag memory 
           108  RFID interface 
           110  tag controller 
           112  wake-up signal 
           114  optional host connection 
           116  host processor 
           118  host memory 
           120  host controller 
           122  interface unit 
           200  power source 
           500  wake-up circuit 
           700  tag selection detector