Abstract:
Provided is a method for detecting respirable participles in a bulk material comprising particles. The method comprises: analyzing morphology of the particles; analyzing chemical composition of the particles; creating a profile of the particles, wherein each particle in the profile is characterized by its shape, size and chemical composition; selecting particles from the profile which match the size and chemical composition of a respirable particle; and calculating a percentage of the respirable particles in the bulk material.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of priority from US Provisional Patent Application 62/361,273 filed on Jul. 12, 2016, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    This invention provides methods for accurate and rapid detection of respirable particles in bulk materials. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Many compounds used by the building construction industry are bulk materials, including, but not limited to, gypsum, calcined gypsum, mica, cement, calcium carbonate and sand. These dry compounds comprise a population of particles of different sizes. 
         [0004]    Particles which are smaller than 20 microns are referred to respirable particles because these particles can be dispersed into the air. These particles can be then inhaled by workers, which should be avoided. Thus, there is a need to analyze a powder sample and provide an accurate estimate whether the sample comprises respirable particles and the percentage of such particles in the sample. 
         [0005]    The standard procedure for respirable silica requires the sample in analysis to be treated with acid to eliminate most of the sample matrix. The remaining material is examined for crystalline silica. The weight of crystalline silica is determined using X-ray Diffraction or FTIR. This number is reported as Total Crystalline Silica. The second step requires the sample to be dispersed in alcohol and transferred to a silver membrane and the mass of crystalline silica determined for the &lt;10 μ fraction. A determination is also provided for the &lt;5 μ fraction. 
         [0006]    The criteria in the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) have the fine fraction of silica classified as specific target organ toxicity in this case, the lung. Generic cut-off values for products containing a fine fraction of crystalline silica trigger a need for a method for the quantification of the fine fraction of crystalline silica in bulk materials. 
         [0007]    The European Union has promoted an analysis for silica in bulk materials which culminated in the publication of a new standard for measuring the amounts of respirable particles in bulk materials. The standard has two parts: 
         [0008]    1. Determination of Size-Weighted Potential Respirable Fraction (SWeRF); and 
         [0009]    2. Size-Weighted Potential Respirable Fraction of Crystalline Silica (SWeRF CS ) 
         [0010]    The method is to be used for comparing the potential health risks of bulk materials. The method does not predict how a material will disperse in air, but quantifies the respirable fraction. The particles that present a larger health risk are weighed more in the calculation. The advantage of the method is it provides an unambiguous characterization of the bulk material. The term “potential” is used to indicate that the standard does not analyze airborne particles. 
         [0011]    The standard describes a method using sedimentation and a calculation method based on particle size distribution (PSD). The calculation can only be used after the results are validated using the sedimentation data. The calculation method requires that the particles have the same density or in the case of mixture with different materials that they have the same PSD. A plot is made to compare the sedimentation PSD with the Stokes&#39; Law and the convention described in CSN EN 481 (European Standards EN 481 “Workplace atmospheres—size fraction definitions for measurement of airborne particles”). However, in this calculation method, the dynamic form factor is neglected where in the sedimentation method, the dynamic form factor is assumed to be equal in air and liquid. Thus, there remains a need for accurate and rapid detection of respirable particles in a bulk material. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0012]    At least some of these needs are addressed by the present methods which are based on analyzing particles for their morphology and chemical composition and creating a profile for a sample in which each particle is characterized by its morphology and chemical composition. 
         [0013]    This invention provides a method for detecting respirable participles in a bulk material comprising particles. The method comprises:
       analyzing morphology of the particles;   analyzing chemical composition of the particles;   creating a profile of the particles, wherein each particle in the profile is characterized by its shape, size and chemical composition;   selecting particles from the profile which match the size and chemical composition of a respirable particle; and   calculating a percentage of the respirable particles in the bulk material.       
 
         [0019]    In this method, the morphology and chemical composition of the particles can be analyzed by a computer-controlled scanning electron microscope interfaced with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM□EDS). The method may comprise a step of resuspending the particles of the bulk material, such as gypsum or calcium carbonate, in a medium (water or organic solvent), and filtering the suspension through a filter with a nominal pore size sufficiently small to retain the particles in the respirable size range. In the method, the particles can be retained on a filter. The morphology and chemical composition of the particles are analyzed by an automated SEM□EDS. Various bulk materials can be analyzed, including mixtures of inorganic compounds. 
         [0020]    The present method can be used to analyze respirable particles, such as for example silica (SiO 2 ), smaller than 20 microns. The present method can be also used to analyze respirable particles, such as for example silica (SiO 2 ), smaller than 10 microns. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0021]      FIG. 1  is a diagram of methods for respirable particle analysis. 
           [0022]      FIG. 2A  is a plot for a bulk material comprising a small respirable faction. 
           [0023]      FIG. 2B  are calculations in connection with the plot of  FIG. 2A . 
           [0024]      FIG. 3A  is a plot for bulk material which does not comprise detectable respirable silica. 
           [0025]      FIG. 3B  are calculations in connection with the plot of  FIG. 3A . 
           [0026]      FIG. 4A  is a plot of a bulk material comprising a respirable fraction. 
           [0027]      FIG. 4B  are calculations in connection with the plot of  FIG. 4A . 
           [0028]      FIG. 5  is a scan of gypsum spiked with 0.5% of quartz. 
           [0029]      FIG. 6  is a scan of gypsum spiked with 0.1% of quartz. 
           [0030]      FIG. 7  is a plot with three calibration points. 
           [0031]      FIG. 8  is a scan of selenite comprising quartz. 
           [0032]      FIG. 9  is a first plot of filler Microwhite 100. 
           [0033]      FIG. 10  is a first plot of filler Pulpro-20. 
           [0034]      FIG. 11  is a pot of filler #3. 
           [0035]      FIG. 12  is a second plot of filler Microwhite 100. 
           [0036]      FIG. 13  is a second plot of filler Pulpro-20. 
           [0037]      FIG. 14  is a plot of filler Snowhite 21. 
           [0038]      FIG. 15  is a plot of filler S-200. 
           [0039]      FIG. 16  is a plot of filler Marblehill. 
           [0040]      FIG. 17  is a plot of filler G260 RM 71778. 
           [0041]      FIG. 18  is an example of ESPRIT&#39;s Feature analysis workspace: a fraction of the filter area is imaged by SEM and converted to binary image, in which particles of interest (bright feature in the left frame) are identified for further EDS analysis (right frame). 
           [0042]      FIG. 19  is an example of automated particle analysis workspace: EDS composition analyses of particles marked in  FIG. 18  are in progress; note that results from particle sizing are tabulated below the field image. 
           [0043]      FIG. 20  is the particle analysis workspace: an example EDS X-ray spectrum acquired for one particle (most likely dolomite) identified in  FIG. 18 ; note that results from EDS are tabulated below the spectrum. 
           [0044]      FIG. 21  is a histogram of size (as AED) frequency of particles with Si relative intensity &gt;5% (cf. Table 4). 
           [0045]      FIG. 22  reports Si contents in particles (with relative intensity &gt;% 5) as a function of size. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0046]    Provided is a method for examining the respirable fraction in bulk materials. The method comprises the following two steps. In step one, a sample is analyzed for particle size distribution and density. This step determines the total proportion of respirable particles in the sample. In step two, the amount of crystalline silica (also known as silicon dioxide or quartz) in the sample is determined. Various matrices can be analyzed by this method, including gypsum, cement, mica, calcium carbonate, sand, etc. The method is illustrated in  FIG. 1  in comparison to other methods. 
         [0047]    Step one can be performed by using a Quantachrome Pycnometer for a density measurement, followed by an analysis with a particle size analyzer (such as for example, Horiba LA-950V2) and the SWeRF equation which is validated for individual matrices. In step two, the mass of silica in the respirable fraction can be estimated by using a scanning electron microscope which eliminates the need for X-Ray Diffraction Instrument. In further embodiments, a scanning electron microscope interfaced with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer can be used to analyze particles for their morphology, including shape and size, and also a chemical (elemental composition) of the particles. See  FIG. 1  in which the present method is compared to other methods. 
         [0048]    In the present method, a scanning electron microscope is used for crystalline identification and morphology. This analysis can be conducted with computer software which captures data for each particle individually, including the particle&#39;s shape, size and chemical composition. 
         [0049]    In one embodiment of the method, the SWeRF equations are evaluated using the CIC particle size analysis and RJ Lee Total Crystalline Silica. A typical graphic output for plotting the PSD for the SWeRF calculation is shown in  FIG. 2A . The plot indicates the DuPont Richmond FGD (trimodal PSD) has a small respirable fraction (1.6%). Using the SWeRF and SWeRF CS  equations as shown in the Table of  FIG. 2B , the RJ Lee and SWeRF CS  estimate are in agreement and report 0.01% respirable silica. 
         [0050]    As shown in  FIG. 3A  and the Table of  FIG. 3B , the Dayton Power Light FGD illustrates a scenario where the PSD and SWeRF equations indicate no respirable fraction (monomodal PSD) and therefore no respirable silica. The RJ Lee data is indicating total crystalline silica of 0.2% and &lt;10 μ respirable silica of 0.2%. 
         [0051]    As shown in  FIG. 4A  and the Table of  FIG. 4B , the Montreal Recycle material illustrates a scenario where the PSD (bimodal) and SWeRF equations indicate a small respirable fraction in contrast to the RJ Lee data indicating a respirable silica fraction of 1.3%. This is significantly higher than the 0.8% SWeRF estimate. This could require the sedimentation verification for SWeRF. 
         [0052]    Table 1 is a summary of several different types of raw materials and how the SWeRF estimates correlate with the RJ Lee respirable silica. 
         [0053]    As shown in Table 1, in some examples (Dayton Power FGD, Rodemacher Fly Ash) there are two outputs. This occurs when the SDS gives a range for the density. For example, the Rodemacher SDS provided a density range of 2200-2800 kg/m 3 . The calculation for SWeRF was performed twice (2200 and 2800 kg/m 3 ). 

 
         [0054]    The XRD experiment on gypsum spiked with 0.5% and 0.1% quartz shows excellent initial sensitivity, as shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 . Even though this only is three calibration points ( FIG. 7 ), a scan of selenite indicates the material is 0.056% quartz ( FIG. 8 ). 
         [0055]    Various carbonates which can be used as a filler were tested for SWeRF and SWeRFcs by the method described above. These values are provided in Table 2 below. See also  FIGS. 9-17  for supporting plots. 
         [0000]                                                TABLE 2                   Estimated Respirable Fractions                SWeRF =   SWeRFcs =                        2016-148 #1 80388-CP Filler   7.34   0.09       2016-148 #2 Marblewhite 310   8.30   0.030       2016-148 #3 70283-BP-U   7.02   0.052       2016-159 #1 62303-Microwhite 100 Sylacauga   9.63   0.12       2016-159 #2 66342-Pulpro-20   6.69   0.37       2016-159 #3 63305-Snowhite 21   8.73   0.33       2016-159 #4 70999 S-200   8.21   0.020       2016-159 #5 60208 Microwhite 100 Marblehill   9.07   0.027       2016-182 #1 G260 RM 71778   7.75   0.024                    
Table 3 lists the particle size distribution for the carbonates.
 
         [0000]                                                    TABLE 3                               SMI                                       Marble-               Imerys            Omya           white               CP-Filler           BP-LU   VOLUME   DENSITY   310   VOLUME   DENSITY       VOLUME   DENSITY       RUN   (cc)    (g/cc)   RUN   (cc)   (g/cc)   RUN   (cc)   (g/cc)               1   0.3353   2.9871   1   0.3569   2.8116   1   0.3603   2.7781       2   0.3332   3.0063   2   0.4005   2.5052   2   0.3588   2.7903       3   0.3366   2.9757   3   0.3612   2.7779   3   0.3603   2.7789       4   0.3354   2.9858   4   0.3621   2.7711   4   0.3639   2.7507       5   0.3392   2.9528   5   0.3642   2.7551   5   0.3667   2.7299       6   0.3384   2.9596   6   0.3646   2.7523   6   0.3689   2.7135       7   0.3397   2.9485   7   0.3659   2.7420   7   0.3707   2.7005       8   0.3391   2.9534   8   0.3257   3.0811   8   0.3727   0.6863       9   0.3413   2.9347   9   0.3703   2.7096   9   0.3745   2.6734       10   0.3405   2.9414   10   0.3700   2.7121   10   0.3722   2.6894       average   0.3379   2.9645   average   0.3641   2.7618   average   0.3669   2.7291       std. dev.   0.0026   0.0231   std. dev.   0.0181   0.1400   std. dev.   0.0058   0.0430               Imerys           Imerys                           Microwhite           Microwhite                           100-           100-           Huber               Sylacauga   VOLUME   DENSITY   Marblehill   VOLUME   DENSITY   G260   VOLUME   DENSITY       RUN   (cc)   (g/cc)   RUN   (cc)   (g/cc)   RUN   (cc)   (g/cc)               1   0.3666   2.7324   1   0.3694   2.7272   1   0.3683   2.7211       2   0.3670   2.7295   2   0.3711   2.7141   2   0.3689   2.7172       3   0.3700   2.7073   3   0.3741   2.6927   3   0.3691   2.7159       4   0.3702   2.7058   4   0.3768   2.6735   4   0.3699   2.7098       5   0.3705   2.7042   5   0.3789   2.6587   5   0.3688   2.7174       6   0.3731   2.6853   6   0.3804   2.6483   6   0.3714   2.6985       7   0.3731   2.6849   7   0.3822   2.6354   7   0.3682   2.7220       8   0.3742   2.6775   8   0.3815   2.6406   8   0.3709   2.7026       9   0.3729   2.6864   9   0.3820   2.6370   9   0.3675   2.7274       10   0.3744   2.6759   10   0.3789   2.6582   10   0.3683   2.7215       average   0.3712   2.6989   average   0.3775   2.6686   average   0.3691   2.7153       std. dev.   0.0028   0.0204   std. dev.   0.0046   0.0327   std. dev.   0.0012   0.0091                           Omya                           JaJack            Snowhite           Omya               S-200   VOLUME   DENSITY   21   VOLUME   DENSITY   Pulpro 20   VOLUME   DENSITY       RUN   (cc)   (g/cc)   RUN   (cc)   (g/cc)   RUN   (cc)   (g/cc)               1   0.3581   2.7958   1   0.3615   2.8165   1   0.3596   2.8497       2   0.3572   2.8031   2   0.3609   2.8212   2   0.3555   2.8826       3   0.3595   2.7851   3   0.3643   2.7949   3   0.3583   2.8598       4   0.3594   2.7854   4   0.3647   2.7913   4   0.3713   2.7598       5   0.3631   2.7573   5   0.3676   2.7693   5   0.3574   2.8677       6   0.3618   2.7672   6   0.3680   2.7663   6   0.3593   2.8518       7   0.3607   2.7758   7   0.3701   2.7512   7   0.3594   2.8513       8   0.3597   2.7831   8   0.3701   2.7508   8   0.3649   2.8083       9   0.3630   2.7583   9   0.3694   2.7562   9   0.3597   2.8487       10   0.3619   2.7668   10   0.3714   2.7415   10   0.3619   2.8320       average   0.3604   2.7778   average   0.3668   2.7759   average   0.3607   2.8412       std. dev.   0.0020   0.0154   std. dev.   0.0037   0.0284   std. dev.   0.0045   0.0348                      FIGS. 9-17  provide plots supporting the data in Table 3.
 
         [0056]    The data in Table 3 indicate that 5 carbonates out of all carbonates listed in Table 2 meet the new silica limit. A person of skill will also readily understand that the final contribution to the product of the respirable fraction depends on the formulation level. 
         [0057]    Further embodiments provide a method in which particles are analyzed individually to measure concentrations of respirable particles (such as for example, silica, silcate minerals, asbestos, and any other particles that may be hazardous to a human if inhaled) in a bulk material for safety assessment. 
         [0058]    In this method, a sample of bulk material is dispersed and resuspended in a suitable medium. The sample can be resuspended in water or in an organic solvent, including, but not limited to, isopropanol or ethanol. The choice of a medium depends on the water solubility for a particular material to be analyzed. For materials soluble in water, an organic solvent is used. 
         [0059]    A bulk material suspended in a medium can be subjected to filtration through a membrane filter with pore sizes suitable for retaining particles in the respirable size range. The respirable size range can be less than 20 μm in some applications, whereas in other applications, it can be less than 10 μm. This method can be performed with 0.4-μm pore-sized polycarbonate filter to ensure all particles in the respirable size range are captured. 
         [0060]    In one application of the present method, particles retained on the membrane filter by filtration are air-dried and coated with a thin layer of carbon before being subjected to analysis. 
         [0061]    In the present method, an analysis of respirable particles is conducted by a scanning electron microscope (abbreviated as SEM) interfaced with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (abbreviated as EDS). In this analysis, individual particles in a sample are analyzed for two different properties: 
         [0062]    a) morphological characteristics, including the particle&#39;s size and shape; and 
         [0063]    b) chemical (elemental) composition. 
         [0064]    One suitable instrumental setup for the present method includes a computer-controlled scanning electron microscope (SEM) interfaced with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). This technique can be used to obtain accurate morphological (size, shape, etc.) and (elemental) compositional characterizations of thousands of individual particles. 
         [0065]    Morphology filters can be used to select a subset of detected particles for further EDS compositional analyses—only particles in the respirable size range (e.g., &lt;10 μm) can be selected if needed. This allows an adequate sampling and counting of deposited particles on the filter in a time-efficient manner. 
         [0066]    Results of this analysis are shown in  FIGS. 18 □ 20 .  FIG. 18  depicts a fraction of the filter area imaged by SEM and converted to a binary image, in which particles of interest (bright feature in the left frame) are identified for further EDS analysis (right frame). 
         [0067]      FIG. 19  provides the EDS composition analysis of particles marked in  FIG. 18 . The results from particle sizing are tabulated below the field image in  FIG. 19 . 
         [0068]      FIG. 20  is an example of the EDS X-ray spectrum acquired for one particle (most likely dolomite) identified in  FIG. 18 . The results from the EDS analysis are tabulated below the spectrum in  FIG. 20 . 
         [0069]    In the present method, a large number of particles can be accurately analyzed for each particle&#39;s morphology and chemical composition. The present method creates a multi-dimensional raw dataset (or a profile) of the particles for the sample. In this method, each particle is characterized by its morphological parameters (such as shape and size) and chemical composition. 
         [0070]    In one application of the present method, a sample comprising 10% (by weight) respirable silica mixed in gypsum is analyzed for morphology and chemical composition of individual particles. A profile for this sample is shown in Table 4 below. As can be seen from Table 4, the raw dataset may include the following morphological characteristics of a particle: the area, aspect ratio, volume and diameter. In addition, the particle&#39;s chemical characteristics are represented by its elemental composition. This is particularly important for identifying different particle types (e.g., gypsum, quartz, calcium carbonate). In this example, each particle was analyzed for the presence of calcium (Ca), sulfur (S) and silicon (Si). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Selected output parameters from a computer-controlled  
               
               
                 SEM-EDS analysis, for a sample made with known  
               
               
                 quantities of gypsum and respirable silica mixed together. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Area 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Volume (μm 3 ) b   
                 Equivalent 
                 Relative Elemental 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Particle 
                 Area 
                 Aspect 
                   
                 Prolate 
                 Diameter 
                 X-ray Intensity c   
               
             
          
           
               
                 ID 
                 (μm 2 ) 
                 Ratio a   
                 Sphere 
                 Spheroid 
                 (μm) 
                 Ca % 
                 S % 
                 Si % 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 P4939 
                 2.60 
                 1.63 
                 9.93 
                 2.09 
                 1.82 
                 28.59 
                 25.13 
                 46.28 
               
               
                 P4940 
                 0.23 
                 1.74 
                 0.26 
                 0.05 
                 0.54 
                 5.51 
                 6.09 
                 88.40 
               
               
                 P4969 
                 1.33 
                 1.82 
                 3.64 
                 0.76 
                 1.30 
                 11.06 
                 11.18 
                 77.76 
               
               
                 P4973 
                 3.20 
                 1.56 
                 13.54 
                 2.72 
                 2.02 
                 24.57 
                 21.71 
                 53.72 
               
               
                 P4975 
                 2.01 
                 1.40 
                 6.71 
                 1.70 
                 1.60 
                 44.10 
                 43.48 
                 12.42 
               
               
                 P4979 
                 0.17 
                 1.52 
                 0.16 
                 0.03 
                 0.46 
                 37.26 
                 42.31 
                 20.43 
               
               
                 P4990 
                 0.15 
                 1.35 
                 0.13 
                 0.03 
                 0.43 
                 20.18 
                 17.71 
                 62.11 
               
               
                 P4998 
                 0.45 
                 1.17 
                 0.72 
                 0.19 
                 0.76 
                 44.35 
                 44.08 
                 11.57 
               
               
                 P5008 
                 0.30 
                 1.42 
                 0.40 
                 0.09 
                 0.62 
                 9.42 
                 7.65 
                 82.93 
               
               
                 P5011 
                 0.43 
                 1.86 
                 0.67 
                 0.14 
                 0.74 
                 15.32 
                 15.67 
                 69.02 
               
               
                 P5020 
                 1.11 
                 1.48 
                 2.77 
                 0.65 
                 1.19 
                 6.84 
                 5.40 
                 87.76 
               
               
                 P5024 
                 8.51 
                 1.41 
                 58.72 
                 11.18 
                 3.29 
                 11.26 
                 10.60 
                 78.14 
               
               
                 P5025 
                 0.18 
                 1.23 
                 0.18 
                 0.04 
                 0.48 
                 14.14 
                 14.23 
                 71.63 
               
               
                 P5031 
                 0.37 
                 1.85 
                 0.53 
                 0.10 
                 0.68 
                 18.05 
                 18.92 
                 63.03 
               
               
                 P5036 
                 0.36 
                 1.28 
                 0.50 
                 0.12 
                 0.67 
                 32.83 
                 30.99 
                 36.18 
               
               
                 P5043 
                 0.30 
                 1.84 
                 0.40 
                 0.08 
                 0.62 
                 13.98 
                 15.15 
                 70.87 
               
               
                 P5047 
                 0.14 
                 1.46 
                 0.12 
                 0.03 
                 0.42 
                 17.67 
                 16.55 
                 65.78 
               
               
                 P5058 
                 0.20 
                 1.68 
                 0.21 
                 0.05 
                 0.50 
                 42.49 
                 42.56 
                 14.95 
               
               
                 P5073 
                 0.16 
                 1.58 
                 0.15 
                 0.03 
                 0.45 
                 12.31 
                 10.66 
                 77.03 
               
               
                 P5076 
                 0.49 
                 1.75 
                 0.82 
                 0.15 
                 0.79 
                 9.93 
                 10.71 
                 79.36 
               
               
                 P5090 
                 10.24 
                 1.95 
                 77.40 
                 15.98 
                 3.61 
                 47.22 
                 41.82 
                 10.95 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Aspect ratio = length/width, dimensionless; a measure of sphericity of a particle-1 for spheres, &lt;1 for irregular particles. 
               
               
                   b Particle volumes estimated for two different shapes (later to be used for mass approximation with density values for different composition. 
               
               
                   c Only relevant elements are shown; due to the use of polycarbonate filter membrane for sample preparation, oxygen (O) was not included in semi-quantification, and gypsum was represented by the elemental presence of Ca and S. Silica was represented by Si. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0071]    The large amount of information obtained for morphology and chemical makeup of particles affords a plethora of ways in which the raw data can be analyzed. The following example ( FIG. 21 ) presents the frequency distribution of sizes (as area equivalent diameter, AED) of particles with values of Si X-ray relative intensity &gt;5%, for the same sample as in Table 4. Another way to present these data is to show the Si contents in particles as a function of particle size ( FIG. 22 ). 
         [0072]    The present method may also include a step of further characterizing and grouping particles according to a combination of particle characteristics listed (but not limited to) in Table 4. For example, normalized X-ray counts (net counts divided by particle size) can be used to differentiate crystalline and amorphous SiO 2 . 
         [0073]    Additional data analyses can be conducted with a specifically complied code program to selectively group particles according to their characteristics, including shape, size, chemical composition and any combinations of parameters from the raw dataset. 
         [0074]    The invention will be now described in more detail by the following non-limiting Examples. 
       Example 1 
       [0075]    A small amount of weighed bulk material was well-mixed and suspended in known volume (50-100 ml) of deionized water or isopropanol depending on the water solubility of the material. An aliquot (generally &lt;10 ml) was pressure filtered through 25-mm diameter, 0.4-μm pore-sized polycarbonate filter. Particles deposited on the membrane filter were air-dried and coated with a thin layer of carbon before being subject to instrument analysis. 
         [0076]    An automated, computer-controlled particle analysis was conducted by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) interfaced with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The automated particle analysis was used to provide morphological (size, shape, etc.) and (elemental) compositional characterizations of individual particles, results of which are shown in  FIGS. 18-20 . Morphology filters were used to select a subset of detected particles for further EDS compositional analyses. In this example, only particles in the respirable size range (&lt;10 μm) were selected. 
       Example 2 
       [0077]    A sample comprising 10% (mass concentration) respirable silica mixed in gypsum (micronizing mill was used to homogenize the mixture) was prepared. 8.4 mg of the mixture was suspended in 50 ml isopropanol; and 3 ml of the suspension was filtered through 25-mm diameter, 0.4-μm pore-sized polycarbonate filter, resulting in 0.504 mg of material retained on a deposition area of 3.14 cm 2 . 
         [0078]    The sample was analyzed as described in Example 1 and the particle analysis data was tabulated in Table 4 and were also presented in  FIGS. 21 and 22 . 
         [0079]    In this analysis, particles containing ≧10% Si (relative intensity) and ≦10 μm were included in the calculation as respirable silica, and density value of 2.65 g/cm 3  was used to estimate a particle mass, assuming a prolate spheroid particle shape. Knowing the fraction of the deposition area analyzed by SEM-EDS, the mass concentration of respirable silica determined by the analysis was 9.8%, which is consistent with that of the prepared sample mixture.