Abstract:
Solder balls, such as, low melt C4 solder balls undergo volume expansion during reflow. Where the solder balls are encapsulated, expansion pressure can cause damage to device integrity. A volume expansion region in the semiconductor chip substrate beneath each of the solder balls accommodates volume expansion. Air-cushioned diaphgrams, deformable materials and non-wettable surfaces may be used to permit return of the solder during cooling to its original site. A porous medium with voids sufficient to accommodate expansion may also be used.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0002]     The present invention relates to methods and structures for attaching a semiconductor chip or chip carrier to a substrate and, more particularly, to methods and structures for attaching a semiconductor chip or chip carrier to a substrate using solder ball technology.  
         [0003]     2. Background and Related Art  
         [0004]     In the fabrication of electronic devices as, for example, during ball attach or card attach, low melt C4 (controlled collapsed chip connection) solder balls on a chip carrier will reach their melting temperature and become liquid. Typically, for solder with a high tin content, the volume expansion associated with this phase change can range between 3 and 6%. If the C4 solder balls have been encapsulated prior to this volume change, as is typically the case, the volume expansion is constrained and the resulting pressure may result in the squeezing of this expanding volume of liquid into voids present in the surrounding underfill and its associated interfaces. This volume expansion of solder may also result in opening any weak interfaces, like underfill to chip passivation (for example polyimide) or underfill to solder mask interfaces. It is clear that the effect of such action could result in device failure.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0005]     In accordance with the present invention, structures are provided on the chip carrier to relieve pressure created by volume expanding solder upon heating and reflow. The structures are formed directly beneath the solder balls or bumps. The pressure relief structure may be in the form of microchannels or vias, an air cushioned diaphragm, or porous or compressible medium, like foam. The various structures act in a manner to accept or accommodate the expanding or excess volume of solder created during melting to thereby minimize or avoid the creation of pressure that may affect the region adjoining or surrounding the solder balls and the various material interfaces.  
         [0006]     Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide improved methods of making connections in electronic devices, to enhance overall reliability of the product.  
         [0007]     It is another object of the present invention to provide structures which act to accommodate expanding solder when it changed to the liquid phase.  
         [0008]     It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a method of attaching enclosed solder balls to connection pads by providing structures that accommodate expanding solder upon reflow.  
         [0009]     It is a further object of the present invention to provide structures that relieve internal pressures in an enclosed electronic packaging environment caused by the expansion of solder when going from the solid to liquid phase.  
         [0010]     It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide methods and structures that relieve pressure from solder reflow to thereby prevent damage to material interfaces in electronic devices.  
         [0011]     These foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of a preferred embodiment of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference members represent like parts of the invention. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING  
       [0012]      FIG. 1  shows a cross-section of a typical arrangement wherein a semiconductor chip is positioned for electrical connection to a substrate through an array of solder balls.  
         [0013]      FIG. 2A  shows an enlarged section of the arrangement shown in  FIG. 1  with one form of structure used to release pressure on reflow of solder balls.  
         [0014]      FIG. 2B  shows an enlarged section of the arrangement shown in  FIG. 1  with a further structure used to release pressure on reflow of solder balls.  
         [0015]      FIG. 3  shows another enlarged section of the arrangement shown in  FIG. 1  with an air-cushioned form of structure used to relieve pressure on reflow of solder balls.  
         [0016]      FIG. 4  shows yet another enlarged section of the arrangement shown in  FIG. 1  with another air-cushioned form of structure used to relieve pressure on reflow of solder balls.  
         [0017]      FIG. 5  shows still yet another enlarged section of the arrangement shown in  FIG. 1  with a compressible form of structure used to relieve pressure on reflow of solder balls.  
         [0018]      FIG. 6  shows a further enlarged section of the arrangement shown in  FIG. 1  with a further porous form of structure used to relieve pressure on reflow of solder balls. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0019]     With reference to  FIG. 1 , there is shown a conventional arrangement of semiconductor chip and substrate. Substrate  3  may be a PCB type of substrate or a ceramic substrate, for example. Substrate  3  may also be a single chip module or a multi chip module (MCM) which is, in turn, attached to a substrate, such as a PCB. Chip  1  is shown positioned on substrate  3  with C4 solder balls or bumps  5 , for example, positioned therebetween. Solder balls  5  may, in fact, not be ball shape but may be shaped like bumps or be, very generally, globular in shape.  FIG. 1  shows the balls  5  somewhat elongated in shape but slightly truncated at their ends by conductive pads  7  and  9 . Thus, the terms “solder balls” or “solder bumps” should not be taken to be limiting in shape but taken to be more as a mass of solder. In this regard, it is clear that connection is not necessarily limited to a C4-type or a flip chip solder connection but may, for example, be a BGA solder interconnect. Typically, solder balls  5  are first attached to conductive pads  7  on substrate  3 . Pads  7  may, for example, be copper pads. Chip  1  is then aligned so that its copper pads  9 , or other bump limiting metallurgy (BLM) structures, align with solder balls  5 .  
         [0020]     As further shown in  FIG. 1 , a layer of insulating material  11  surrounds and encapsulates solder balls  5 . Typically, the chip and substrate pads are aligned to solder balls  5  and then the arrangement heated to reflow the solder to make the connection. After connection is made, an underfill is then dispensed between chip and substrate to provide encapsulation of the solder connections and support therefor.  
         [0021]     Whatever technique is used to make connections and encapsulate same, it is clear that when encapsulated there is little room for expansion of the solder balls or connections on subsequent single or multiple reflow. Subsequent reflow may occur, for example, when there is subsequent attachment to a PCB, where substrate  3  is a single or MCM, or subsequent attachment to a card. It can also occur during preconditioning. This problem is particularly severe for low melt single alloy solders. Typically, the volume expansion associated with high tin content solders in going to the liquid phase is 3 to 6%. However, the problem may exist for any of a variety of solder alloys that exhibit high volume expansion (e.g. &gt;3%) on melting and that will encounter additional reflow (melt) temperatures during assembly or preconditioning of the package.  
         [0022]     With such volume expansion in an encapsulated environment, the phase change instantaneously produces pressure that may result in the squeezing of the excess volume into voids present in the surrounding underfill or spacer, or produce a hydraulic force acting on the semiconductor chip thus opening or delaminating any weak interfaces, such as, the underfill-polyimide and underfill-solder mask interfaces. In addition, solder bridging, solder migration to interfaces and solder depletion within joints may occur. In this regard, it should be understood that the problems caused by solder volume expansion on reflow also exist with second and subsequent levels of solder interconnects, such as, BGA solder joints that have been underfilled or encapsulated. Accordingly, the teachings of the present invention to solve such problems are equally applicable to second and subsequent levels of packaging. The teachings help in mitigating the above related problems and provides for improving reliability of the electronic product.  
         [0023]     In accordance with the present invention, several structural arrangements are provided to relieve pressure created by volume expansion of solder during reflow.  FIG. 2A  is enlarged partial section showing one of the solder balls of  FIG. 1  with such partial section showing one such structural arrangement for relieving pressure during reflow. Microchannel, cavity or via  13  is shown beneath solder ball  5  to accommodate expanding solder volume during reflow. Connection to other circuitry here is through top surface metallurgy connected to pad  7 . In this regard, each of the solder balls in the solder ball array is provided its own independent microchannel or via to facilitate expansion. These microchannels or vias may be, for example, laser drilled by laser ablation through pads  7  (forming hole  8 ) and into the substrate  3  prior to mounting solder balls and chip to the substrate.  
         [0024]     Representative dimensions for a 5% volume expansion of C4 solder balls might be A=140 μm, B=100 μm, C=45 μm and D=25 μm. Such dimensions would typically approximate the maximum volume of the microchannel that is needed to accommodate 5% volume expansion of solder. It should be understood, however, that, in general, the microchannel volume need not necessarily be large enough to accommodate the total volume expansion of the solder but rather the microchannel volume may be optimized to be large enough to sufficiently relieve pressure and limit stress build-up so that it is below the interfacial adhesion strength of the underfill. This, in turn, will depend on the type of underfill and passivation on the die and the choice of solder mask material on the laminate.  
         [0025]     Microchannel or via  13 , in  FIG. 2A , has a non-wettable surface  15  such that during reflow, the excess volume of solder would be forced into microchannel  13  thus relieving the pressure by accommodating the excess volume without affecting the adjoining regions. Then, during cooling the surface tension of the solder would force the solder back up onto copper pad  7  thus regaining its original ball-like shape. It should be understood that the Figures are not to scale and are only generally illustrative of the shapes and sizes and are merely used to facilitate a description and understanding of the invention.  
         [0026]      FIG. 2B  shows a pressure relief structure similar that shown in  FIG. 2A  but rather than employ a single microchannel or via, multiple microchannels are employed under each solder ball, such as shown at  14  and  16 . As in  FIG. 2A , holes in pad  7  may be laser ablated and then the microchannels or vias  14  and  16  either ablated or etched into substrate  3 . Similar to  FIG. 2A , the surfaces of microchannels or vias  14  and  16  may be non-wettable.  
         [0027]     Employment of multiple microchannels or vias, as shown in  FIG. 2B , would be particularly useful for BGA solder joints, such as, those employed in MCM-L (multi chip module-laminate) and CSP (chip size package) applications that have large contact surface areas. By using multiple microchannels, the microchannel depths may be reduced to achieve the same total volume. Shorter microchannel depths have the advantage of shorter return paths for solder upon solidification. A particularly advantageous shape for the microchannels would be conical, as shown in  FIG. 2B , with E&gt;D for each hole. Although two microchannels or vias  14  and  16  are shown in  FIG. 2B , it is clear that more than two holes could be employed. Typically, anywhere from 2 to 6 somewhat evenly spaced holes through pad  7  would work well although the number will be somewhat dependent upon the area of the pad surface. It should also be noted, that the single hole  13  in  FIG. 2A  could also be conical in shape with the larger opening running through pads  7 , similar to  FIG. 2B .  
         [0028]      FIG. 3  shows another structural arrangement for accommodating solder volume expansion during reflow. In  FIG. 3 , via or cavity  17  is plated with a layer  19  of conductive material, such as, copper. The plated via  17 , shown in contact with pad  7 , is used to make connection to other circuitry. Electrical connection can also be made directly to pad  7  from the surface. In this structural arrangement, pad  7  also acts as an air-cushioned diaphragm which functions to accommodate expanding volume of solder into via  17  during reflow. In this regard, pad  7  is sufficiently thin and elastic so as to flex without rupture in response to the expanding volume of solder during reflow and, then, upon cooling return to its original state, as shown.  
         [0029]      FIG. 4  shows a further air-cushioned diaphragm arrangement for accommodating excess volume of solder during reflow. In this arrangement, a flexible insulating layer  21 , such as polyimide, is used as a diaphragm over cavity  23 . A hole or via  25  formed in pad  7  exposes solder ball  5  to layer  21 . During reflow of solder ball  5 , excess volume of solder acts to depress layer  21  downwardly into cavity  23  to accommodate the expanding volume. During cooling, the volume expanded into the cavity via layer  21  is contracted and the air-cushioned diaphragm returns to its original state, as shown.  
         [0030]      FIG. 5  shows yet another structural arrangement for accommodating solder volume expansion during reflow. In  FIG. 5 , a somewhat porous, deformable layer  27  is exposed to solder ball  5  by way of a hole or aperture  29 . Layer  27  has a top surface that is closed and continuous (non-permeable to solder) and compliant. Upon application of heat to reflow solder ball  5 , excess solder caused by volume expansion during the liquid phase is forced downwardly through hole  29  causing deformable layer  27  to compress to relieve the resultant pressure. The liquid solder on reflow does not enter into the pores or voids of layer  27  since its top surface is non-permeable. Since compression is local to each cell, each cell is closed off from the others. In addition to having the top surface of layer  27  non-permeable, a thin, flexible, non-permeable membrane may also be formed on its surface. Upon cooling, the liquid solder is drawn back up through hole  29  onto pad  7  to its original position, as shown. This is a result of both surface tension and pressure from the deformable layer. Typical materials that may be used for layer  27  are RO2800 Rogers material with a non-permeable membrane, like polyimide, adhered to the top surface such that it acts as a closed-cell -material. Cellular silicone can also be converted to a closed-cell structure through adhesion of polyimide to its surface. Thicknesses for layer  27  may range from 75 μm to 100 μm.  
         [0031]      FIG. 6  shows yet a further structural arrangement for accommodating solder volume expansion during reflow. In  FIG. 6 , a porous, rigid layer  31  is employed, in contrast to the deformable layer  27  in  FIG. 5 . In the structural arrangement of  FIG. 6 , when solder ball  5  is subjected to heat to reflow the solder, the volume expansion of the solder in the liquid phase is accommodated by being absorbed into the pores or voids of layer  31 . In this regard, the surface of layer  31  is open, i.e., the voids are accessible at the surface portion of the layer exposed to hole  29 . Thus, the voids in regard to layer  31  act as pressure relief reservoirs. Layer  31  may be made, for example, of porous ceramic material with non-wettable voids. Again, upon cooling the liquid solder is drawn up through hole  29  to reform on pad  7 , as shown.  
         [0032]     To ensure that the porous area under solder ball  5  is isolated from the porous areas under adjacent solder balls, isolation trench or region  33  may be formed. Isolation region  33  may be made by forming a trench in rigid layer  31  around the region beneath solder ball  5 . The trench may then be backfilled with an isolating material, such as, polyimide or an oxide. The trench may be etched or laser profiled through layer  31  to substrate  3 . Isolation region  33  prevents unwanted migration of the solder, absorbed during reflow, from interacting with the solder absorbed during reflow of an adjacent site. Rigid layer  31  may be made of a conventional ceramic material fabricated to exhibit voids. Layer  31  may be 75 μm to 100 μm thick.  
         [0033]     Rather than form isolation region  33  in the porous rigid layer  31 , the substrate, itself, may be used to form an isolation region. This may be achieved by masking a region of substrate  3  around the site of the solder ball that is to act as the isolation region, and then etching back the substrate inside the region. Thereafter the etched region is backfilled with the porous, rigid material.  
         [0034]     It will be understood from the foregoing description that various modifications and changes may be made in the preferred embodiment of the present invention without departing from its true spirit. It is intended that this description is for purposes of illustration only and should not be construed in a limiting sense. The scope of this invention should be limited only by the language of the following claims.