Abstract:
Apparatus and method for providing high dielectric constant decoupling capacitors for semiconductor structures. The high dielectric constant decoupling capacitor can be fabricated by depositing high dielectric constant material between adjacent conductors on the same level, between conductors in successive levels, or both, to thereby provide very large capacitance value without any area or reliability penalty.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    This invention relates to semiconductor capacitors and more particularly to a system and method for forming high dielectric constant decoupling capacitors for semiconductor structures.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    Materials having a high dielectric constant are particularly well suited for use in decoupling capacitors. High dielectric constant materials include ferroelectrics, relaxors, paraelectrics, perovskites, pyrochlores, layered perovskites or any material with a dielectric constant which is greater than or equal to 20. Examples of such materials include Ta 2 O 5 , BaTiO 3 , SrTiO 3 , BaStTiO 3  (BST or BSTO), PbZrTiO 3  (PZT), PbZrO 3 , PbLaTiO 3  (PLT), and SrBiTiO 3  (SBT).  
           [0003]    Ferroelectric decoupling capacitors utilize the ferroelectric effect, which is the tendency of small electrically asymmetric elements, called dipoles, to spontaneously polarize, or align in parallel, within certain crystals when under the influence of an externally applied electric field. The elements remain polarized after the electric field is removed. However, when a reverse electric field is applied, the reverse electric field causes spontaneous polarization (i.e., alignment of the dipoles) in the opposite direction. Thus, ferroelectric materials have two stable polarization states, and can be utilized in bistable capacitors having two distinct polarization voltage thresholds. Since no external electric field or current is required for the ferroelectric material to remain polarized in either state, a capacitor can be fabricated which can store charges without requiring power to retain the stored charges.  
           [0004]    Ferroelectric (FE) films that are used as storage elements have relative dielectric constants which are a few orders of magnitude higher than that of silicon dioxide (e.g., 1000-1500 versus 3.8-7.0 for typical DRAM capacitors). Thus a thicker film can be used to provide high capacitance. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) has been most commonly used and studied. A ferroelectric capacitor using lead zirconate titanate (PZT) film can store a large charge, e.g., 10 uC/cm2, compared to an equivalent sized SiO2 capacitor that may store only 0.1 uC/cm2. Ferroelectric films such as PZT remain ferroelectric from −80 to +350° C., which is a range well beyond the operating temperature of existing silicon devices. Also, the processing requirements for a PZT ferroelectric capacitor are compatible with conventional semiconductor wafer processing techniques and semiconductor packaging processing techniques.  
           [0005]    The earliest ferroelectric thin film was made of potassium nitrate and lead zirconate titanate (PZT). The storage capacitor was constructed from two metal electrodes thin FE film inserted between the metallization layers. High dielectric constant materials, such as Ta 2 O 5 , have been used in the packages as discrete devices for decoupling purposes. FIG. 1 shows a typical hysteresis I-V switching loop for the PZT film and operating characteristics. For positive voltages greater than the coercive voltage (Vc) applied to the ferroelectric capacitor, the film is polarized in the positive direction to a saturation value of Ps. The coercive voltage (Vc) is defined as the value where polarization reverses and the curve crosses the X-axis. On removal of the applied voltage, the polarization relaxes to a value Pr called the remnant polarization. On the application of negative voltage to the ferroelectric film, the resulting polarization is in the negative direction, reaching a saturation value of −Ps and a remnant (or relaxed) polarization of −Pr.  
           [0006]    For a ferroelectric capacitor, once the capacitor is charged during the initial operation or the burn-in process with a voltage higher than Vr, the capacitor will remain at a capacitance value near the maximum capacitance even when the power supply is removed. To change the direction of this polarization, a negative voltage greater than −Vr has to be applied to reverse the polarization. Thus, the decoupling effect of the capacitor can be maintained even when no power is being supplied to the device. This can effectively negate any transient noise which would otherwise be encountered during the onset of the power supply.  
           [0007]    As described in the prior art, (see: e.g., “Preparation and properties of sol-gel derived PZT thin films for decoupling capacitor application”, Schwartz, R. W. Dimes, D. Lockwood, S. J. Torres, V. M., Integrated Ferroelectrics v.4 no.2 March 1994, pp.165-174; and “Electrical properties of sol-gel PZT thin films for decoupling capacitor applications”, Schwartz, Robert W. Dimos, D. Lockwood, S. J. Torres, V. M., Ferroelectric Thin Films III Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings v.310, 1993. pp.59-64), ferroelectric material capacitors have been used in packaging where noise has been a more serious problem. However, as the more recent chip technology pushes into higher speed, denser interconnects, and larger chip area, the noise in the power supply lines due to circuit switching becomes a common problem for the chip applications. It is proposed that, by adding decoupling capacitors on the chip, located in close proximity to the circuit, one can effectively reduce the power supply noise. In order to limit the surge of noise to a desired level, the value of the decoupling capacitance is typically 5 times that of the line loading capacitance.  
           [0008]    Two alternative prior art on-chip capacitors are illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2B. FIG. 2A illustrates a planar capacitor which uses the gate dielectric  201  between the gate electrode  202 , which is connected to the voltage source and acts as the plate node, and the source and drain regions  203  and  204  in n-type substrate  205  over a p-type well, wherein the source and drain regions are connected to ground as the ground node. FIG. 2B illustrates an alternative on-chip capacitor which uses the DRAM deep trench dielectric for storing charges. The transfer gate  212  connected to the voltage source serves as the plate node with trench material  222 , while the n+ region surrounding the trench is the ground node, with the trench dielectric  211  storing the charges between the two. While prior art on-chip capacitors have been fabricated, the former embodiment of FIG. 2A relies on the gate dielectric which is generally an oxide having a relatively low dielectric constant, and is therefore, not a terribly effective capacitor. The latter embodiment of FIG. 2B also relies on the existing dielectric material with its low dielectric constant and is more costly in terms of substrate real estate and processing complexity.  
           [0009]    What is desired, and what is an object of the present invention, therefore, is to provide a compact size, high capacitance value, reliable decoupling capacitor using ferroelectric material, which capacitor can be integrated into the silicon interconnect process for semiconductor packaging and for on-chip applications with minimum added cost.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0010]    The foregoing and other objects of the invention are realized by the present invention which provides ferroelectric decoupling capacitors on the semiconductor chip and on semiconductor chip packaging. The ferroelectric decoupling capacitor can be fabricated between adjacent lines on the same level, between lines of successive levels, or both, thereby providing large capacitance value without any penalty in terms of area or reliability. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0011]    The invention will now be described in greater detail with specific reference to the appended drawings wherein:  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 1 shows a typical hysteresis I-V switching loop for a PZT ferroelectric film and operating characteristics therefor;  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 2A shows a first alternative prior art implementation of a planar on-chip capacitor;  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 2B shows a second alternative prior art implementations of a deep trench on-chip capacitor;  
         [0015]    [0015]FIGS. 3A through 3C provide schematic views of lateral decoupling capacitor in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0016]    [0016]FIGS. 4A through 4G provide side cutaway views of a process flow for fabricating the structure of FIG. 3C;  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 5 provides a side perspective view of an alternative vertical embodiment of a decoupling capacitor in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 6 provides a top view of a semiconductor structure in accordance with the present invention, which includes lateral decoupling capacitors both between adjacent interconnect lines on a level and vertical decoupling capacitors between interconnect levels;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIGS. 7A through 7F provide illustration of a process flow for fabricating the on-chip decoupling capacitor of FIG. 3A; and  
         [0020]    [0020]FIGS. 8A through 8K provide illustration of a process flow for fabricating the on-chip decoupling capacitor of FIG. 5. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0021]    In accordance with the present invention, a high dielectric constant material, which is process-compatible with the semiconductor chip processing, is provided between adjacent metal lines and/or adjacent metal layers on the chip itself. In yet another embodiment, the high dielectric constant material is provided between metal lines and/or between metal layers in a semiconductor packaging structure. The high dielectric constant material is chosen from the group consisting of ferroelectrics, relaxors, paraelectrics, perovskites, pyrochlores, layered perovskites or any material with a dielectric constant which is greater than or equal to 10. Examples of such materials include Ta 2 O 5 , BaTiO 3 , SrTiO 3 , BaStTiO 3  (BST or BSTO), PbZrTiO 3  (PZT), PbZrO 3 , PbLaTiO 3  (PLT), and SrBiTiO 3  (SBT). In addition, any other dielectric material having a dielectric constant which is 2-3 times higher than that of conventional oxide, and which is process-compatible with the semiconductor chip processing (e.g., silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, TiO 2  HfO 2 , etc.), can be used. Hereinafter, all eligible materials will be generically referred to as “high-k” materials.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 3A provides a schematic side perspective view of a lateral high-k decoupling capacitor in accordance with the present invention. Metal lines  303  and  305  are disposed on the insulating substrate  301  in insulating dielectric  302  (e.g., silicon dioxide, phosphosilicate glass, borophosphosilicate glass, polymer, polyimide, diamond, diamond-like material, and the like). The conductive material for the metal lines may be a conventional metal or metal alloy such as Cu, Al, Mo, TiN or W, but is more advantageously a noble metal such as PT, Pd, Ir, Au, Rh, an alloy of a noble metal, a metal whose oxide is conducting, such as Ru or Mo, or another electrically conducting oxide. The conductive material will hereinafter be generically referred to as “metal”. Between the metal lines  303  and  305  is deposited the high-k material  309 . The high-k material is selected from the materials listed above. Depending upon the choice of materials used, including the line metal and the high-k material, it may be advantageous to provide an electrically conductive diffusion barrier  307  before depositing the high-k material  309  between the lines  303  and  305 . Suitable materials for the electrically conductive diffusion barrier include RuO 2 , IrO 2 , Re 2 O 3 , TaN, TaSiN, TiN or similar materials.  
         [0023]    It is to be noted that the “lateral” embodiment of the present invention can implemented in a variety of configurations wherein the high-k material is disposed between metal components which are in the same plane and are co-extensive along that plane. As shown in FIG. 3B, the metal line  313  is co-extensive with metal line  315  along distance δ and along the width of metal line  313 . The diffusion barrier  317  is disposed along the co-extensive edges, with high-k material  319  deposited therebetween.  
         [0024]    In the FIG. 3C implementation, an outer metal component  323  surrounds the first diffusion barrier  327 , high-k material  329 , second diffusion barrier  326  and inner metal component  325 .  
         [0025]    [0025]FIGS. 4A through 4G illustrate side cutaway views of the processing steps for fabricating the structure illustrated in FIG. 3C. On substrate  401  is formed an inner metal stud  425  by blanket deposition followed by patterning by etching with a photoresist mask; Next, as shown in FIG. 4B, a thin layer  426  of an electrically conductive diffusion barrier material is deposited and patterned to remain along the sidewalls of the metal stud  425 . The high-k material  429  is deposited along the sides of the structure, adjacent to the diffusion barrier material  426 , as shown in FIG. 4C. A second electrically conductive diffusion barrier layer  427  is provided along the sides of the structure abutting the high-k material  429 , as shown in FIG. 4D. Next, the outer conductor  423  is blanket deposited over the structure and the substrate  401 , as depicted in FIG. 4E, followed by etching back to remove the metal  423  from the top of the structure and from the substrate. A blanket oxide or other insulating dielectric material  402  is blanket deposited over the structure, as shown in FIG. 4F, followed by polishing back to expose the top surfaces of the cylindrical conductor structure of FIG. 4G.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 5 provides a side perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a high-k decoupling capacitor in accordance with the present invention wherein the high-k material is vertically disposed between metal lines on the semiconductor substrate. The materials which are suitable for the lateral embodiment would necessarily be appropriate for the vertical embodiment and will not be repeated herein. The vertical capacitor is formed of metal line  505 , metal line  515  and high-k material  519 . The metal line  505  is formed in dielectric layer  502  on substrate  501 . A diffusion barrier layer  527  is disposed between the metal line  505  and the high-k material  519 . In addition, a diffusion barrier layer  527  is needed to isolate the high-k material from the underlying metal  505 . Further, a conducting metal liner  517  is disposed in layer  512  to ensure adhesion of the metal stud  515 . Metal stud  515  is formed in dielectric layer  512  and provides an interconnection between the underlying metal line  503  and the upper metal wire  533 . Another diffusion barrier layer  537  is disposed and patterned on the surface of the structure prior to depositing metal lines  533  and  535 . The resulting structure, therefore, includes both vertical and lateral capacitors.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 6 provides a top view of a semiconductor structure in accordance with the present invention, which includes lateral high-k decoupling capacitors both between adjacent interconnect lines on a level and vertical decoupling capacitors between interconnect levels. As depicted therein, two lower level metal lines,  603  (e.g., Vdd or supply voltage) and  605  (e.g., Gnd or ground) are formed with a narrow (e.g., 0.1 to 2 micron) gap therebetween. The high-k material  609  is formed in the gap between the two lines, whereby Vdd has a high-k decoupling capacitor with one node connected to Vdd and the other to ground. For such a capacitor, at least a portion of the power bus itself serves as the node plate of the decoupling capacitor. Similarly, the pair of power-ground lines  623  and  625  on the upper level will also have a high-k decoupling capacitor  629  formed between the two lines. In addition, high-k capacitors (not shown) can be formed between the lower level Vdd line  603  and the upper level Gnd line  623  and between the upper level Vdd line  625  and the lower level Gnd line  605 . Where interconnection between wiring levels is shown, at contact  613  between lower level Vdd line  603  and upper level Vdd line  625  and ground-to-ground at contact  615 , the interlayer high-k material (not shown,  519  of FIG. 5) provides the capacitance between the successive level metal lines.  
         [0028]    Usually, metal lines are patterned with a width d 1  and an interline space which is greater than the minimum design ground rule d 2  (e.g., generally, 0.5 to 10 microns). In order to effectively use the high-k decoupling capacitor between the lines, it is desirable to have the metal lines closely packed, at a spacing shown as d 3  (e.g., in the range of 0.1 to 2 microns). The narrower the space, the higher the capacitance. Similarly, at the next level, the lines are closely spaced. While it is not necessary that the same spacing be applied in successive layers, the same narrow spacing can be advantageously used for providing the interlevel capacitors.  
         [0029]    [0029]FIGS. 7A through 7F provide illustration of a process flow for fabricating the high-k decoupling capacitor of FIG. 4. FIG. 7A shows a first substrate  701  having metal lines  703  and  705  disposed in openings formed in dielectric  702 . The steps for fabricating the metal lines are not part of the present invention and can be done in accordance with the prior art (for example, Damascene processing with a chem-mech polish planarization step). After the metal lines with adjacent dielectric layer have been formed, a photoresist  704  is applied and patterned to serve as the mask for removal of the dielectric material  702  between the metal lines  703  and  705  as shown in FIG. 7B. Removal of the dielectric material can be done with a selective etching process such as CF 4  plasma etch, preferably with an etch ratio of dielectric-to-metal etching of more than 10:1. Once the dielectric material  702  has been removed from between the metal lines, an optional electrically conductive diffusion barrier  707  is deposited, as shown in FIG. 7C, using a conventional process such as sputtering.  
         [0030]    As shown in FIG. 7D, a conformal layer of high-k material is deposited over the dielectric material  702 , the metal lines  703  and  705  and the electrically conductive diffusion barrier  707 . The high-k material may be deposited using rf magnetron sputtering or a similar suitable process, often followed by an annealing process. Thereafter, the high-k material is etched, using a chem-mech polish, to remove the high-k material  709  from the surface of the dielectric material  702  and the metal lines  703  and  705  to yield the structure shown in FIG. 7E. Excess barrier material  707  can be chemically etched mechanically polished from the surface of the metal lines  703  and  705  and from the dielectric material  702 , to yield the structure shown in FIG. 7F. A lateral planar capacitor is thus formed which comprises a left electrode formed by the first metal wiring  703 , a right electrode formed by the second metal wiring  705  and a high-k dielectric  709  in between.  
         [0031]    [0031]FIGS. 8A through 8F provide illustration of a process flow for fabricating the high-k decoupling capacitor of FIG. 5. As with the processing set forth above, the process comprises first forming metal lines  803  and  805  in dielectric layer  802  of FIG. 8A using conventional methods. After the metal lines with adjacent dielectric layer have been formed, a photoresist  804  is applied and patterned to serve as the mask for removal of the dielectric material  802  between the metal lines  803  and  805  to yield the structure shown in FIG. 8B. Once the dielectric material  802  has been removed from between the metal lines, an electrically conductive diffusion barrier  807  is deposited, as shown in FIG. 8C, using a conventional process such as sputtering. In FIG. 8D a conformal layer of high-k material is deposited over the dielectric material  802 , the metal lines  803  and  805  and the electrically conductive diffusion material  807 . Thereafter, the high-k material is etched, using a chem-mech polish to remove the high-k material  809  from the surface of the dielectric material  802  and the metal lines  803  and  805  to yield the structure shown in FIG. 8E. Excess barrier material  807  can be mechanically etched from the surface of the metal lines  803  and  805  and from the dielectric material  802 , to yield the structure shown in FIG. 8F.  
         [0032]    To process further, a higher level of interconnect with a similar high-k material capacitor is formed. The process comprises first forming metal contact  815  with conductive adhesion liner  817  in second dielectric layer  812  as shown in FIG. 8G. The metal contact  815  can be formed by Damascene processing such as is used to form metal wires. The second dielectric layer is patterned, for example by depositing a photoresist and etching an opening in the dielectric using a selective etch, as was described with reference to layer  802  above. Once the opening in the dielectric layer  812  has been defined, an electrically conductive diffusion material  827  is deposited on the top of the structure as shown in FIG. 8H. High-k material  819  is conformally deposited over the electrically conductive diffusion barrier layer  827  as shown in FIG. 8I. Thereafter, the high-k material is polished back to the electrically conductive diffusion barrier, as shown in FIG. 8J, followed by etching of the electrically conductive diffusion barrier layer  827 . Another diffusion barrier metal  837  is deposited, followed by formation of a top metal wire  833  by metal etching using a photoresist as a mask to first etch the metal and then remove the exposed diffusion barrier layer  837 . The resulting cross-sectional view is shown in FIG. 8K. The high-k material  819  is sandwiched between two metal lines  805  and  833 , thereby forming the vertical decoupling capacitor.  
         [0033]    While the inclusion of either a vertical or a lateral decoupling capacitor on the chip will enhance performance, the optimal advantages can be realized by the physical structure shown in FIG. 5 which consists of the both types of decoupling capacitors. The capacitor between the adjacent power and ground lines can provide larger capacitance, but requires more processing steps to fabricate than does the interlevel capacitor. The capacitors between two levels of interconnects in the vertical direction can be easily fabricated and do not require that the power lines be placed next to each other.  
         [0034]    The invention has been described with reference to several specific embodiments. One having skill in the relevant art will recognize that modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.