Abstract:
A persistent-mode High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) shim coil is provided having at least one rectangular shaped thin sheet of HTS, wherein the thin sheet of HTS contains a first long portion, a second long portion parallel to first long portion, a first end, and a second end parallel to the first end. The rectangular shaped thin sheet of high-temperature superconductor has a hollow center and forms a continuous loop. In addition, the first end and the second end are folded toward each other forming two rings, and the thin sheet of high-temperature superconductor has a radial build that is less than 5 millimeters (mm) and able to withstand very strong magnetic field ranges of greater than approximately 12 Tesla (T) within a center-portion of a superconducting magnet of a superconducting magnet assembly.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to co-pending U.S. Provisional application entitled, “PERSISTENT-MODE HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTING SHIM COILS TO ENHANCE SPATIAL MAGNETIC FIELD HOMOGENEITY FOR SUPERCONDUCTING NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR) MAGNETS AND SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) MAGNETS,” having Ser. No. 61/550,983, filed Oct. 25, 2011, which is entirely incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention is generally related to superconducting magnets, and more particularly is related to enhancing spatial magnetic field homogeneity for superconducting magnets through use of shim coils. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Providing optimal imaging when using superconducting magnets requires a very uniform magnetic field. Unfortunately, presently it is near impossible to provide a perfectly uniform magnetic field so as to provide a homogeneous field over a sample volume. In fact, one of the key design and operational issues for superconducting magnets is the magnet&#39;s spatial field homogeneity. As an example, for a high-resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) superconducting magnet, its field must be uniform with errors limited to ˜0.01 ppm over, typically, a spherical volume of diameter of 10 mm, within which a sample is placed. In addition, for a whole-body Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) magnet, this spherical volume of diameter can be 20-30 cm. 
         [0004]    Field shimming is an essential process used in, for example, superconducting NMR and superconducting MRI magnets, to create a spatially homogeneous field over the sample volume. Present field shimming generally relies on fields generated by two types of coils, superconducting and copper, and by ferromagnetic (steel) material. A superconducting NMR magnet is generally equipped with its own set of superconducting shim coils, currently wound with Niobium-Titanium (NbTi), which is a low-temperature superconductor (LTS). Due to their field limitations (&lt;12 Tesla (T) even at 1.8 Kelvin (K)) and radial build typically of 15-30 mm, NbTi shims are located in an annular space outside of magnetic assemblies, specifically, radially furthest away from a magnet center where the sample is placed. 
         [0005]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary prior art NMR magnet assembly  2 . As shown by  FIG. 1 , the assembly  2  contains a superconducting NMR magnet  10 , corrective coils  20 , and conventional exterior superconducting shims  30 . As previously mentioned, the conventional exterior superconducting shims are typically NbTi shims. A sample, to be imaged by the assembly  2 , is placed within a bore  50 , where the bore  50  is located within the NMR magnet  10 . The location within the NMR magnet  10  is typically referred to as a premium high-field region  60  of the superconducting magnet. The sample is located within a detection region  40  of the assembly  2 , which is typically a 10-mm Diameter Spherical Volume (DSV) established for the sample. 
         [0006]    Conventional NbTi shim sets  30  are placed outside of the main magnet, because: 1) an annular space within the main magnet has always been considered better utilized to generate the main field, rather than to improve the efficiency of a shim set; and 2) NbTi shim sets cannot generally be operated in a higher-field region of the main magnet, which is located closer to the center, within the premium high-field region of the superconducting magnet. 
         [0007]    Unfortunately, there are inherent technical disadvantages for a shim placed outside of the main magnet and the correction coils. At a great distance the shim must work much harder (i.e., more ampere turns) to generate a required shimming field. One prominent source of field errors is a screening-current field (SCF), also referred to as a diamagnetic field, generated by each coil in a superconductor magnet assembly. The diamagnetic fields generated by the coils create diamagnetic walls that are proportional to the superconductor size and critical current density. The shim field is not only attenuated, but also distorted when it penetrates through these diamagnetic walls to reach the center of the superconducting magnet. In addition, the field attenuation is asymmetric in the axial (z) direction. 
         [0008]    Therefore, there is a need to provide a more spatially homogeneous field over a sample volume in the superconducting magnet. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    Embodiments of the present invention provide persistent-mode high-temperature superconducting shim coils for enhancing spatial magnetic field homogeneity for superconducting magnets, as well as a superconducting magnet assembly having at least one HTS shim coil therein. Briefly described, in architecture, one embodiment of the present invention, among others, can be implemented as follows. A persistent-mode High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) shim coil is provided having at least one rectangular shaped thin sheet of HTS, wherein the thin sheet of HTS contains a first long portion, a second long portion parallel to first long portion, a first end, and a second end parallel to the first end. The rectangular shaped thin sheet of high-temperature superconductor has a hollow center and forms a continuous loop. In addition, the first end and the second end are folded toward each other forming two rings, and the thin sheet of high-temperature superconductor has a radial build that is less than 5 millimeters (mm) and able to withstand very strong magnetic field ranges of greater than approximately 12 Tesla (T) within a center-portion of a superconducting magnet of a superconducting magnet assembly. 
         [0010]    A superconducting magnet assembly is also provided having at least one persistent-mode HTS shim coil therein. The assembly contains at least one superconducting magnet for providing very strong magnetic field ranges of greater than approximately 12 Tesla (T) within a center-portion of the superconducting magnet, at least one corrective coil, and the persistent-mode HTS shim coil being located within a center-portion of the superconducting magnet. The persistent-mode HTS shim coil has at least one rectangular shaped thin sheet of HTS, wherein the thin sheet of HTS contains a first long portion, a second long portion parallel to first long portion, a first end, and a second end parallel to the first end. The rectangular shaped thin sheet of high-temperature superconductor has a hollow center and forms a continuous loop. In addition, the first end and the second end are folded toward each other forming two rings, and the thin sheet of high-temperature superconductor has a radial build that is less than 5 millimeters (mm) and able to withstand very strong magnetic field ranges of greater than approximately 12 Tesla (T) within a center-portion of the superconducting magnet of the superconducting magnet assembly. 
         [0011]    Other systems, methods, features, and advantages of the present invention will be or become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following drawings and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features, and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the present invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]    Many aspects of the invention can be better understood with reference to the following drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of the present invention. Moreover, in the drawings, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the several views. 
           [0013]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary prior art NMR magnet assembly. 
           [0014]      FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a rectangular loop, which is a key component used to create the HTS shim coil. 
           [0015]      FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram illustrating the rectangular loop (Z 1  shim) of  FIG. 2  after folded to bring the two ends of the rectangular loop together, approximating a Z 1  shim coil of two rings. 
           [0016]      FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram illustrating current directions in a rectangular loop when the ends of the rectangular loop are overlapping. 
           [0017]      FIG. 5  illustrates a second way of folding the rectangular loop of  FIG. 2  including folding to align the two ends side-by-side, so that the two vertical loop ends are aligned next to each other in the azimuthal direction. 
           [0018]      FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram illustrating a basic configuration used to energize a Z 1  shim coil so as to make it superconducting. 
           [0019]      FIG. 7  is a schematic diagram illustrating the resulting superconducting Z 1  shim coil and associated fields, after using the configuration of  FIG. 6 . 
           [0020]      FIG. 8  is a schematic diagram illustrating a basic configuration for constructing Z 2  and higher even HTS shim coils in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0021]      FIG. 9  is a schematic diagram illustrating charging of a Z 2  shim coil composed of two loops, such as in  FIG. 8 . 
           [0022]      FIG. 10  is a schematic diagram illustrating configuration of an X HTS shim coil in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0023]      FIG. 11  is a schematic diagram illustrating an NMR magnet assembly in accordance with the present invention, which contains HTS shim coils of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0024]    The present invention provides persistent-mode high-temperature superconducting shim coils for enhancing spatial magnetic field homogeneity for superconducting magnets, as well as providing superconducting magnet assemblies containing such superconducting shim coils. The introduced superconducting shim coils have high-field capability and a slim radial build. High-temperature superconductor (HTS) shim coils of the present invention are particularly suitable to high-field LTS/HTS NMR magnets. The high-field capability and slim radial build enable the present HTS shims coils to be placed within a premium high-field region of a superconducting magnet assembly previously reserved only for the winding of the main magnet. Because a typical critical temperature of HTS is above liquid nitrogen temperatures (65-77 K), the HTS shim coils may be used in a superconducting magnet that operates above liquid helium temperatures (below 4.5 K). This is unlike conventional NbTi shim coils, which operate only in liquid helium temperatures. 
         [0025]    The following detailed description provides the example of the superconducting magnets being NMR or MRI magnets, however, one having ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that other superconducting magnets may be supplemented. The present invention is not limited to NMR and MRI magnet assemblies. 
         [0026]    The persistent-mode HTS shim coil of the present invention (referred to hereinafter as, “the HTS shim”) may be a Z 1  HTS shim coil and higher odd numbers (e.g., Z 3 , Z 5 , Z 7 ), a Z 2  HTS shim coil and higher even numbers (e.g., Z 4 , Z 6 , Z 8 ), an X HTS shim coil, or an HTS shim coil of a different configuration. Referring first to a simplest Z 1  HTS shim coil, the HTS shim coil begins as a rectangular loop cut from a high-temperature superconductor. As an example, the rectangular loop may be cut from an HTS sheet having a layer of a rare earth metal combined with Barium Copper Oxide (BCO). One specific example is an Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBCO) coated roll-assisted-biaxially-textured-substrates (RABiTS) tape. Specifically, rectangular loops are cut from a wide YBCO coated superconductor. An example of such a YBCO coated superconductor may be one currently manufactured by American Superconductor Corporation (AMSC) of Devens, Mass. Such a YBCO coated superconductor uses RABiTS substrate and deposits YBCO layer thereon. It should be noted that the present HTS shim coil may instead be made of Gadolinium or any other rare earth metal that when combined with other materials become a high-temperature superconductor having the characteristics described in the present description. 
         [0027]    It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to a persistent-mode HTS shim coil made of YBCO. Instead, the HTS shim coil may be constructed from a thin sheet of a different high-temperature superconductor and being able to withstand very strong fields within the premium high-field region of a superconducting magnet assembly. 
         [0028]      FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a rectangular loop  100  used to create the HTS shim coil. As illustrated, the rectangular loop  100  is a continuous loop. For exemplary purposes, the tape is coated with a YBCO film that may be ˜1 μm thick and the tape may be 80 μm thick overall. It should be noted the radial build of the present HTS shim coil is less than 5 mm, and preferred to be ˜1 mm or less. In addition, the present HTS shim coil is capable of operating in a magnetic field range that is above approximately 12 Tesla (T). Further, the HTS shim coil can operate in a temperature range of greater than 10 Kelvin (K). 
         [0029]    Being a rectangular loop  100 , the beginning structure of the HTS shim coil contains a first long portion  82 , a second long portion  84  parallel to first long portion  82 , a first end  86 , and a second end  88  parallel to the first end. Odd number shims (Z 1 , Z 3 , . . . ) are basically “anti-Helmholtz” coils, while even number shims (Z 2 , Z 4 , . . . ) are Helmholtz coils. For a Z 1  shim having two rings, each of diameter  2   a , the distance between the rings is √3a, or √3 multiplied by the radius of the ring. For exemplary purposes,  FIG. 2  shows that the rectangular loop is 46 mm high in the z direction and 2Πa+w long in the azimuthal (A) direction. It should be noted that to generate a greater gradient (Z 1 ) field, it is generally necessary to use multiple turns in each ring. 
         [0030]    It should be noted that in a Z 1  shim coil, or for that matter in any shim coil, there are other unwanted higher or lower order fields. Therefore, a Z 1  shim coil generates not only a Z 1  field, which is desirable, but also Z 3 , Z 5 , Z 7  . . . fields, which are all undesirable. In the case of a Z 1  shim, if the distance between two loops is the square root of 3 times the radius of the loop, then “theoretically” there is no Z 3  field, however there is a large Z 5  field. Therefore, except for a 2-loop Z 1  shim coil, several loops may be required to maximize the particular shim field (Z 1  field for a Z 1  shim) and minimize other fields. 
         [0031]      FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram illustrating the rectangular loop  100  (Z 1  shim coil) of  FIG. 2  after folding so as to bring the two ends  86 ,  88  of the rectangular loop together, approximating a Z 1  shim coil of two rings. It should be noted that the two ends  86 ,  88  may be folded in one of two ways. A first way of folding includes overlapping, as illustrated by  FIG. 3 .  FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram illustrating current directions in the loop when the ends of the rectangular loop are overlapping. 
         [0032]    A second way of folding the rectangular loop includes folding to align the two ends  86 ,  88  side-by-side, so that the two vertical loop ends are aligned next to each other in the azimuthal direction, an example of which is illustrated by the schematic diagram of  FIG. 5 . In either the overlapping or side-by-side arrangement, it is noted that the ±z directed current vectors are nearly cancelled. 
         [0033]    For the Z 1  shim coil to be placed in the premium high-field region of the superconducting magnet, the Z 1  shim coil needs to be superconducting.  FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram illustrating a basic configuration used to energize the Z 1  shim coil  100  so as to make it superconducting. As shown by  FIG. 6 , a pair of current leads  102   a ,  102   b , each of, for example, 4-mm wide AMSC YBCO tape, are soldered. The shaded areas in  FIG. 6  are soldered joints  104   a ,  104   b . A persistent-current switch (PCS)  106 , needed by the HTS shim coil  100  for persistent-mode operation, is connected to the Z 1  shim coil  100 . With the heated part of the loop resistive (heater ON), the Z 1  shim coil  100  may be charged, I ch . When the heater  106  is turned OFF, the entire loop becomes superconducting, establishing a persistent-mode current, I l , of the same amplitude, but in the opposite direction in the “top” and “bottom” coils, creating a Z 1  field. The result is a persistent-mode shim coil field.  FIG. 6  shows both charging and persistent-current modes. It should be noted that, in a multiple-loop HTS shim coil, with each loop having its own PCS, the PCS heater powers are adjusted to match the persistent-mode currents of all the loops. 
         [0034]      FIG. 7  is a schematic diagram illustrating the resulting superconducting Z 1  shim coil  100  and associated fields. Specifically, due to cancellation of current in the overlapping or side-by-side aligned ends, the resulting superconducting shim coil  100  contains a top portion  110   a  having current traversing in one direction, and a bottom portion  110   b  having current traversing in an opposite direction from the top portion  110   a . The resulting magnetic field is illustrated as z. 
         [0035]    It should be noted that while  FIG. 2  illustrates use of a single rectangle to build the present HTS shim coil, in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the invention, two or more rectangles may instead be used to build a larger diameter HTS shim coil. It should also be noted that a 2-ring configuration is the simplest form of the Z 1  HTS shim coil. Generally, each ring of a Z 1  HTS shim contains many turns, extending axially (turns/layer) and radially (layers). 
         [0036]    The single-loop HTS shim coil of  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4  is applicable only to Z 1 , Z 3 , . . . shim coils. A modified HTS shim coil is required for Z 2 , Z 4 , . . . shim coils, as described hereinafter, and as illustrated by  FIG. 8 .  FIG. 8  is a schematic diagram illustrating a basic configuration for constructing Z 2  and higher even HTS shim coils in accordance with the present invention. The HTS shim coil configuration of  FIG. 8  contains two identical loops  202   a ,  202   b , where the loops  202   a ,  202   b  are energized in opposite directions, the bottom loop  202   b  being flipped in the z axis.  FIG. 9  is a schematic diagram illustrating a charging circuit for charging of a Z 2  shim composed of two loops, such as the Z 2  shim of  FIG. 8 . Components of the charging circuit for charging of the Z 2  shim share similarity with the charging circuit of the Z 1  shim in  FIG. 6  and therefore are not described in detail herein since one having ordinary skill in the art would understand implementation based upon the charging circuit of  FIG. 8 . It should be noted that  FIG. 9  illustrates how the two loops may be energized using one current source. One having ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that herein, more than one current source may be used where a single current source is illustrated. 
         [0037]    Dimensions t w  (tape width), w t  (width of a top horizontal leg of the top loop  202   a ), w s  (side leg width), w b  (bottom leg width), and γ (the gap size between the bottom of the top loop  202   a  and the top of the bottom loop  202   b ), are adjustable parameters. This arrangement results in two Z 2  shims, Z 2 O (outer shim) and Z 2 I (inner): Z 2 O shim of two outer legs each of width w t  and Z 2 I shim of two inner legs each of width w b . 
         [0038]    For exemplary purposes, the following considers two arrangements, although the present invention is not limited to these arrangements, specifically, γ=0 and 34 mm, each with the following dimensions: t w =46 mm; w s =w b =4 mm; w t =25 mm; and a=38 mm. These two shims are merely examples out of the many possibilities with the five variables (w s , w t , w b , γ, and t w ) to design optimal shims. It should be noted that if the current polarity of the bottom loop  202   b  is reversed, the result is odd HTS shims. 
         [0039]    One significance of the present HTS shim, as previously mentioned, is the ability to operate in the field ranges of &gt;˜12 T and the temperature range of &gt;10K, both of which are beyond prior art shims, such as, NbTi shims. In addition, the present HTS shim contains radial builds that are thinner than those of prior art shim coils, namely &lt;5 mm as opposed to the prior art &gt;15 mm. Further the combination of the present HTS shim features enables the present HTS shim to be placed inside the magnet assembly, within the premium high-field region of the superconducting magnet assembly, thereby being closer to the sample volume and immune to detrimental diamagnetic wall effects. The present HTS shim also can operate liquid-helium (LHe) free, and more significantly at above LHe temperatures. 
         [0040]    As previously mentioned, the persistent-mode HTS shim of the present invention may also be an X HTS shim coil.  FIG. 10  is a schematic diagram illustrating configuration of an X HTS shim coil  250  in accordance with the present invention. To construct the X shim coil  250  wide YBCO tape may be cut into each of four illustrated square loops  250   a ,  250   b ,  250   c ,  250   d . The four loops can be connected in series, and energized simultaneously. It should be noted that the X shim of  FIG. 10  requires four heated sections for the entire 4-series connected loops to be energized. 
         [0041]      FIG. 11  is a schematic diagram illustrating an NMR magnet assembly  300  in accordance with the present invention, which contains HTS shim coils of the present invention. As shown by  FIG. 11 , the assembly  300  contains a superconducting NMR magnet  10 , corrective coils  20 , and conventional prior art exterior shims  30 . As previously mentioned, the conventional exterior superconducting shims are typically NbTi shims. The sample, to be imaged by the assembly  300 , is placed within the bore  50 , where the bore  50  is located within the NMR magnet  10 . 
         [0042]    As previously mentioned, the location within the NMR magnet  10  is typically referred to as a premium high-field region  60  of the superconducting magnet. The persistent-mode HTS shim  100  of the present invention is placed within the premium high-field region  60 . The sample is then located within the detection region  40  of the assembly  300 , which is located within the persistent-mode HTS shim  100 , which is, in turn, located within the superconducting NMR magnet  10 . 
         [0043]    It should be noted that the present assembly  300  may have more or fewer components. As an example, additional or fewer corrective coils  20  may be located within the assembly  300 . In addition, no corrective coils  20  may be used within the assembly. Further additional or fewer conventional prior art exterior shims  30  may be located within the assembly, or no such shims  30  may be used. Still further, additional superconducting magnets may be located within the assembly  300 . 
         [0044]    It should be emphasized that the above-described embodiments of the present invention are merely possible examples of implementations, merely set forth for a clear understanding of the principles of the invention. Many variations and modifications may be made to the above-described embodiments of the invention without departing substantially from the spirit and principles of the invention. All such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of this disclosure and the present invention and protected by the following claims.