Abstract:
The present disclosure relates generally to systems, devices and methods for disinfection of space and equipment. In particular, the present disclosure relates to systems, devices and methods, such as rolling enclosures, which use light sources, such as ultraviolet (UV) light, and more specifically UV-C light, to disinfect larger scale equipment or spaces. Systems and methods of the present disclosure are particularly useful in medical facilities for treating medical equipment or spaces, where the prevalence of pathogens requires frequent disinfecting.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/340,553, filed May 24, 2016; U.S. Provisional Application 62/340,554, filed May 24, 2016 and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/398,840, filed Sep. 23, 2016, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD 
       [0002]    The present disclosure relates generally to systems, devices and methods for disinfection of space and equipment. In particular, the present disclosure relates to enclosures which use energy sources, such as ultraviolet (UV) light, and more specifically UV-C light, to disinfect larger scale equipment. Systems and methods of the present disclosure are particularly useful in medical facilities for treating medical equipment, where the prevalence of pathogens requires frequent disinfecting. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    The use of ultraviolet (UV) light to disinfect equipment and spaces to reduce the transmission of pathogens between individuals is known. For example, UV light is used to disinfect medical equipment and/or rooms within a hospital to reduce the risk of infection for an already unhealthy patient population. 
         [0004]    UV disinfection stations for disinfecting publicly-used equipment are described by Taylor et al. in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,791,044 and 8,536,541, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. The stationary units described in these patents are particularly useful for disinfecting mobile equipment, such as shopping carts, wheelchairs, gurneys, etc. Such enclosures, however, are somewhat limited in the range of automation and design features that could improve mobility, accessibility, usage, safety, tracking, productivity and efficiency, among other features. Similarly, UV room disinfection units provide an effective supplemental disinfection means, and have the potential of being an effective primary means of reducing pathogen burden on equipment and/or within spaces. 
         [0005]    It has been shown that intensity, proximity and line of sight are critical to the ability of UV light emitted from a disinfection system to effectively eliminate pathogens on equipment and/or within spaces. Commercially available “whole room” UV-C disinfection units, however, are limited in their effectiveness because the units are stationary. To overcome this limitation and effectively reduce pathogen burden throughout the “target area,” existing units must be moved manually throughout the room, or multiple units used simultaneously. This limitation can potentially require multiple disinfection cycles and prolong the disinfection process. These units are therefore similarly hampered in the range of available automation and design features that could improve mobility, accessibility, usage, safety, tracking, productivity and efficiency, among other features. 
         [0006]    A variety of advantageous medical outcomes may therefore be realized by the systems and/or methods of the present disclosure, which emit UV light with the combined benefits of intensity, proximity and line of sight to efficiently contact and effectively disinfect equipment and/or spaces. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0007]    In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to systems and methods for disinfecting that provide and offer added functionality and design capability, to improve upon disinfecting capabilities, mobility, access, safety, efficiency and productivity, tracking, etc. 
         [0008]    In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to portable disinfection systems that are more efficacious for use in addressing stationary or cumbersomely large equipment. Such systems may be enclosed systems with light sources on the interior directing light inward, or may be open systems with light sources on the exterior directing light outward. Light sources, such as arrays of UV-C tubes or LEDs, on the interior or exterior of such mobile units, in various arrangements and configurations, are described more fully herein. 
         [0009]    In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to robotic units that are capable of moving through a “target area” or enclosure autonomously by using, e.g., preset waypoints, a roaming mode based on preset sensors in the “target area” or by using integrated sensors on the unit, or by combining one or more of these means, as described more fully herein. The ability to autonomously move through a “target area” places the ultraviolet rays closer to the target pathogens, the proximity and intensity of which may lend to a more effective kill rate of pathogens and may likewise eliminate the need for the unit to be manually placed in other positions by the operator or the need for multiple units, potentially reducing the treatment procedure time. 
         [0010]    In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a disinfection system comprising a chamber that includes a first side wall, a second side wall and a back wall defining an interior. An inner surface of each of the first side wall, second side wall and back wall may include at least one reflective unit. At least one energy source may be housed within each reflective unit. A plurality of rolling elements may be disposed about a bottom portion of the chamber. The first and second side walls may extend substantially perpendicular from opposite sides of the back wall. Each reflective unit may face into the interior of the chamber. Each reflective unit may define a substantially concave shape. Each energy source may be housed within each reflective unit such that energy emitted from the energy source is directed into the interior of the chamber. Each energy source may include an ultraviolet light source. Each ultraviolet light source may be configured to emit ultraviolet energy at an intensity of at least 100 μW/cm 2 at 1 meter. At least a portion of an inner surface of the back wall may include a reflective surface. One or more of the first side wall, second side wall and back wall may include at least one removable panel. The chamber may be configured to receive a piece of equipment within the interior of the chamber. The disinfection system may further include a top wall attached to a top portion of the first side wall, second side wall and back wall. The disinfection system may further include a front wall to close an opening of the chamber. The front wall may include a window comprising a material that allows visibility into the chamber while substantially blocking energy emitted from the energy sources from exiting the chamber. At least a portion of an inner surface of the front wall may include at least one reflective unit or reflective surface. The front wall may be connected to the first side wall or second side wall by at least one hinge. The front wall may include first and second portions, wherein the first portion of the front wall is connected to the first side wall by at least one hinge, and the second portion of the front wall is connected to the second side wall by at least one hinge. The front wall may include a roll-up door. The front wall of the disinfection system may comprise a curtain configured to close an opening of the chamber. At least a portion of an inner surface of the curtain may include a reflective surface. The disinfection system may further include a drawstring and pulley configured to move the curtain between an open and closed configuration. The disinfection system may further include a bottom wall attached to a bottom portion of the first side wall, second side wall and back wall. A portion of the bottom wall may include a ramped surface. A portion of the bottom wall may decline toward the back wall. The bottom wall may include at least one stopper. The at least one stopper may be slidably disposed within at least one track disposed within the bottom wall. The at least one stopper may be attached to a handle. An inner surface of the bottom wall may include at least one reflective unit. The at least one reflective unit may be elevated above the inner surface of the bottom wall. The bottom wall may further include first and second treads, with an upper surface of each tread being substantially even with an upper surface of the elevated at least one reflective unit. The disinfection system may further include a ramp, wherein a first edge of the ramp is flush with the upper surface of the first and second treads, and a second edge of the ramp is flush with an outer surface of the bottom wall. Each of the plurality of rolling elements may be configured to move between a first position and a second position. The rolling elements may extend beyond the bottom portion of the chamber when in the first position, and may not extend beyond the bottom portion of the chamber when in the second position. Each of the rolling elements may include a piston assembly configured to move each rolling element between the first and second positions. The piston assembly may include a piston, a control rod and a housing of the rolling elements. A first end of the piston may be fluidly connected to a gas source, a second end of the piston may be attached to a first end of the control rod, and a second end of the control rod may be attached to the housing. Each rolling element may move from the second position to the first position by introducing gas from the gas source into the piston, and each rolling element may move from the first position to the second position by returning the introduced gas from the piston to the gas source or venting the introduced gas to atmosphere. The gas source may include a compressed gas source. The disinfection system may include a control panel on an outer surface of the chamber, such as the first side wall, second side wall, top wall, back wall or front wall. The control panel may be configured to electrically communicate with one or more sensors on or within the chamber. The one or more sensors may include a motion sensor configured to detect motion around the chamber. The one or more sensors may include a motion sensor configured to detect motion within the chamber. The one or more sensors may be configured to determine if the front wall is open. The one or more sensors may be configured to determine if a vertical plane parallel with the front wall is broken. The one or more sensors may include an electronic sensor configured to detect and/or differentiate pathogens on or within the chamber. The electronic sensor may be configured to determine the approximate quantity of pathogens on or within the chamber. The one or more sensors may include a UV light sensor configured to (i) output information that is representative of the intensity of UV light emitted within the chamber and/or (ii) detect UV light emitted from the chamber. The one or more sensors may include a camera to monitor and/or record the chamber during a disinfection procedure. The control panel may include an indicator of a status of the chamber. The status of the chamber may include a clock indicating the time remaining on a disinfection procedure. The control panel may be configured to electrically communicate with a reserve power source. The control panel may include a user interface, and the disinfection system may further comprise a central processing unit and non-transitory computer readable storage medium, with computer executable code embodied therein which, when executed by the central processing unit, causes the disinfection system to perform one or more administrative functions or operational functions based on user input and/or feedback from the one or more sensors. The one or more operational functions may include adjusting the intensity of the energy source from one or more of the reflective units. 
         [0011]    In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a disinfection system comprising a base, a first stack of reflective units rotatably attached to a top surface of the base and a first array of energy sources housed within the first stack of reflective units. The first stack of reflective units may be rotatably attached to the top surface of the base by a center shaft that extends from the top surface of the base through a center portion of the first stack of reflective units. The first stack of reflective units may include a first reflective unit, a second reflective unit, a third reflective unit and a fourth reflective unit. The units of the first stack may be arranged symmetrically about the center shaft. The first array of energy sources may include a first energy source, a second energy source, a third energy source and a fourth energy source. The disinfection system may further include a second stack of reflective units and a second array of energy sources housed within the second stack of reflective units. The second stack of reflective units may include a fifth reflective unit, a sixth reflective unit, a seventh reflective unit and an eighth reflective unit. The units of the second stack may be arranged symmetrically about the center shaft. The second array of energy sources may include a fifth energy source, a sixth energy source, a seventh energy source and an eighth energy source. The second stack of reflective units may be disposed on top of or alongside the first stack of reflective units. Each of the first, second, third and fourth reflective units may rotate around their respective first, second, third or fourth energy sources within the first stack of reflective units. Each of the first, second, third and fourth reflective units may rotate with their respective first, second, third or fourth energy sources within the first stack of reflective units. The first, second, third and fourth reflective units may be rotatable such that when rotated a respective reflective surface of each reflective unit faces away from the center shaft or toward the center shaft. Each of the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth reflective units may rotate around their respective fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth energy sources within the second stack of reflective units. Each of the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth reflective units may rotate with their respective fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth energy sources within the second stack of reflective units. The fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth reflective units may be rotatable such that when rotated a respective reflective surface of each reflective unit faces away from the center shaft or toward the center shaft. The disinfection system may further include a pivot point driver extending through an inner portion of the center shaft, wherein respective first, second, third and fourth arms may extend from a top portion of the pivot point driver to a pivot point on each of the first, second, third and fourth reflective units. The same or another pivot point driver may have additional arms that extend from the pivot point driver to a pivot point on each of the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth reflective units. Each of the reflective units of the first and second stacks may define a substantially concave shape. The first and second arrays of energy sources may include an ultraviolet light source. Each ultraviolet light source may be configured to emit ultraviolet energy at an intensity of at least 100 μW/cm 2  at 1 meter. The disinfection system may further include a plurality of rolling elements attached to a bottom surface of the base. The base may be a robotic base configured to be programmed with disinfecting parameters and contours or waypoints of a space, whereby the robotic base may automatically move about and disinfect the space according to the parameters and one or both of the contours and waypoints of the space. 
         [0012]    In yet another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a disinfection system comprising a robotic chamber comprising a first side wall, a second side wall and a back wall. A surface of each of the first side wall, second side wall and back wall may include at least one reflective unit. At least one energy source may be housed within each reflective unit. A plurality of rolling elements may be disposed along a bottom surface of the chamber. The rolling elements may be configured to move between a first position extending beyond the bottom surface of the chamber, and a second position where the rolling elements do not extend beyond the bottom surface of the chamber. The robotic base may include a user interface, central processing unit and non-transitory computer readable storage medium, with computer executable code embodied therein which, when executed by the central processing unit, causes the robotic base to move between points of disinfection, control one or more disinfection operations of the system, monitor one or more sensors of the system or adjust the intensity of the energy source of one or more of the reflective units, based on input from the user interface or based on feedback received from the one or more sensors. The disinfection system may further include a front wall, wherein a surface of the front wall may include at least one reflective unit or reflective surface. The disinfection system my further include a top wall and a bottom wall, wherein a surface of each of the top wall and bottom wall may include at least one reflective unit. The surface of each of the first side wall, second side wall, front wall, back wall, top wall and bottom wall, including the at least one reflective unit or reflective surface, may face into the interior of the chamber. The surface of each of the first side wall, second side wall, front wall and back wall including the at least one reflective unit or reflective surface, may face outward from the chamber. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0013]    Non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure are described by way of example with reference to the accompanying figures, which are schematic and not intended to be drawn to scale. In the figures, each identical or nearly identical component illustrated is typically represented by a single numeral. For purposes of clarity, not every component is labeled in every figure, nor is every component of each embodiment shown where illustration is not necessary to allow those of ordinary skill in the art to understand the disclosure. In the figures: 
           [0014]      FIGS. 1A-1I  provide perspective views of a disinfection system, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. 
           [0015]      FIGS. 2A-2F  provide perspective views of a disinfection system, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. 
           [0016]      FIGS. 3A-3B  provide perspective views of a disinfection system, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. 
           [0017]      FIGS. 4A-4E  provide perspective views of a disinfection system, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. 
           [0018]      FIG. 5  provides a perspective view of a disinfection system, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. 
           [0019]      FIG. 6  depicts exemplary operational steps involved in using a disinfection system, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. 
           [0020]      FIG. 7  depicts exemplary administrative functions involved in using a disinfection system, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0021]    The present disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments described herein. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting beyond the scope of the appended claims. Unless otherwise defined, all technical terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the disclosure belongs. 
         [0022]    Although embodiments of the present disclosure are described with specific reference to systems and methods for disinfecting medical equipment (e.g., gurneys, wheelchairs, IV poles, dialysis machines, etc.) or medical enclosures (e.g., hospital rooms, surgery suites, diagnostic laboratories, etc.), it should be appreciated that such systems and methods may be used to disinfect a variety of items used or contacted by the public (e.g., shopping carts, shopping baskets, strollers, railings, door knobs, etc.) and a variety of enclosures (e.g., kitchens, public or private bathrooms, cafeterias, airplanes, buses, etc.). 
         [0023]    As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” or “includes” and/or “including” when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, regions, steps elements and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, components and/or groups thereof. 
         [0024]    As used herein, the term “equipment,” refers to any portable or moveable item contacted, carried and/or moved outside the strict control and/or view of the items&#39; owner(s), and may include, for example, all of the examples provided above, among other examples. 
         [0025]    As used herein, the term “reflective unit” refers to a collection of reflective sections. Such units, when taken in various grouping, together reflect a certain percentage of light at a given range of frequency of light, e.g., at least 60% of light having a frequency between 100 nm to 290 nm. 
         [0026]    As used herein, the term “disinfect” and “sanitize,” or grammatical equivalents thereof, indicate the expectation that pathogen (e.g., bacteria, viruses, etc.) count will be substantially reduced or eliminated on irradiated equipment. The dose of UV light required to kill pathogens corresponds to the UV light intensity as a function of time. Dose response levels are unique to each microorganism. Additionally, different wavelengths of UV light have different inactivation rates depending on the microorganism. However, for most microorganisms the peak inactivation wavelength is, e.g., at or about 260 nanometers (nm). 
         [0027]    Unless the context dictates the contrary, all ranges set forth herein should be interpreted as being inclusive of their endpoints and open-ended ranges should be interpreted to include only commercially practical values. Similarly, all lists of values should be considered as inclusive of intermediate values unless the context indicates the contrary. 
         [0028]    In various embodiments, the present disclosure relates to systems and methods which emit energy, including, e.g., UV light, with the combined benefits of intensity, proximity and line of sight to disinfect equipment and/or spaces. Referring to  FIGS. 1A-1I , in one embodiment, a disinfection system  100  of the present disclosure may include a chamber  115  comprising a first side wall  110  (e.g., left wall), a second side wall  112  (e.g., right wall), a bottom wall  116  (e.g., floor), a front wall  117  (e.g., front door), a back wall  118  (e.g., back door) and a top wall  114  (e.g., ceiling). An inner surface  110   a  of the first side wall  110  may include at least one reflective unit  120   a,  an inner surface  112   a  of the second side wall  112  may include at least one reflective unit  120   b,  an inner surface  114   a  of the top wall  114  may include at least one reflective unit  120   c  and an inner surface  116   a  of the bottom wall  116  may include at least one reflective unit  120   d . Similarly, at least a portion of an inner surface  117   a  of the front wall  117  may include a reflective surface and at least a portion of an inner surface  118   a  of the back wall  118  may include a reflective surface. At least one energy source  122   a - d  may be removably or permanently disposed within (e.g., partially surrounded by) each of the at least one reflective units  120   a - d  such that energy emitted from each energy source is directed into the chamber and/or a piece of equipment disposed therein. For example, an energy source  122   a  may be disposed within each reflective unit  120   a  of the first side wall  110 , an energy source  122   b  may be disposed within each reflective unit  120   b  of the second side wall  112 , an energy source  122   c  may be disposed within each reflective unit  120   c  of the top wall  114  and an energy source  122   d  may be disposed within each reflective unit  120   d  of the bottom wall  116 . A plurality of rolling elements  132   a - c  (e.g., wheels, casters, sleds, etc.) may be disposed along an outer surface  116   b  of the bottom wall  116  of the chamber  115 . For example, a first rolling element  132   a  may be disposed below a front-left corner of the chamber  115 , a second rolling element  132   b  may be disposed below a front-right corner of the chamber  115  and a third rolling element may be disposed below the back wall  118  of the chamber  115 . 
         [0029]    In various embodiments, each of the reflective units  120   a - d  may be oriented or positioned on the respective inner surface  110   a,    112   a,    114   a    116   a  of the first side wall  110 , second side wall  112 , top wall  114  and bottom wall  116  such that a reflective surface of each reflective unit faces (e.g., is directed towards) the chamber  115 . In addition, each reflective unit  120   a - d  may be independently adjustable such that the direction or angle of the reflective unit may be adjusted, e.g., manually or automatically. Each reflective unit  120   a - d  may define or include a substantially concave shape such that energy emitted from each of the respective energy sources  112   a - d  is directed or focused into the chamber  115 . By way of non-limiting example, each reflective unit  120   a - d  may include a back section, and at least three reflective sections, each of which may be disposed off normal with respect to the back section. This configuration of reflective sections may allow energy emitted from the energy sources to be directed in every direction into the chamber  115 , rather than only up and down or left and right. In this manner, disinfecting energy may be directed onto multiple surfaces of a piece of equipment housed within the chamber with the proper intensity, proximity and line of sight to provide disinfecting consistency and optimal coverage with energy, requiring fewer energy sources and/or shorter exposure to the energy source (e.g., increased efficiency). In various embodiments, each of the reflective units  120   a - d  (including the reflective surfaces) may comprise one or more commercially suitable materials, including, for example, mirrors, powder-coated and other metal sheets, and Pebbletone™ and Hammertone™ finishes. 
         [0030]    In various embodiments, each of the energy sources  122   a - d  may be configured to emit ultraviolet (UV) light. For example, each energy source may include mercury vapor bulbs or tubes, xenon gas bulbs or tubes, light emitting diodes (LED), light emitting nanoparticles, or any other energy source configured to emit ultraviolet (UV) light at a wavelength of approximately 320-400 nm (e.g., UV-A), approximately 290-320 nm (e.g., UV-B) and/or approximately 200-280 nm (e.g., UV-C). Each energy source  122   a - d  may include dual UV emitting bulbs, although the number of bulbs may be varied. Although the UV emitting bulbs are depicted as elongate bulbs, other suitable UV emitting sources may include, by way of non-limiting example, a 36 Watt bulb that emits UV light at a wavelength of approximately 254 nm. Although any of the UV-A, UV-B, or UV-C wavelengths of energy may provide sufficient disinfection of equipment within the chamber, in one embodiment an energy source configured to emit at least 30 watts of UV energy, at least 75% of which is UV-C energy, may provide an optimal disinfection intensity. In addition, or alternatively, the UV energy emitting source may include a light emitting diode (LED) and/or light emitting nanoparticles deposited or grown on a flexible metallic surface, as such components and processes for producing such components are known in the art. 
         [0031]    In one embodiment, the reflective units  120   a,    120   b,    120   d,  and respective energy sources  122   a,    122   b,    122   d  disposed therein, may be arranged in substantially parallel rows along the respective inner surfaces  110   a,    112   a,    116   a,  of the first side wall  110 , second side wall  112  and bottom wall  116  of the chamber  115 , and the reflective units  120   c  and respective energy sources  122   c  disposed therein, may be arranged in substantially parallel rows along the inner surface  114   a  of the top wall  114  perpendicular to the reflective units  120   a,    120   b,    120   d.  However, the present disclosure is in no way limited to this arrangement of reflective units and/or energy sources, and may include reflective units and energy sources disposed in any suitable location, orientation, configuration, size and/or number such that equipment within the chamber  115  is exposed to energy with an intensity, proximity (e.g., at least 100 μW/cm 2 at 1 meter) and line of sight to facilitate efficient disinfection. 
         [0032]    In one embodiment, the front wall  117  may be electronically or manually operated and may be sized and dimensioned to effectively cover an opening to the chamber  115 . The front wall  117  may further include a window  119  to allow a user to monitor equipment being disinfected within the chamber and/or ensure proper functioning of each energy source  122   a - d  throughout a disinfection procedure. The window  119  may include a suitable UV reflecting, blocking or absorbing material (e.g., UV protective coating, layer, or polarized material) to block, filter or otherwise prevent UV energy from exiting the chamber, thereby negating the associated risks from exposure to UV energy. In one embodiment, the front wall  117  may include a flexible sheet of material (e.g., metal, cloth, fabric, plastic, etc.) configured to move from a closed configuration in which the flexible sheet of material covers an opening to the chamber, and an open configuration in which the flexible sheet of material is rolled around a cylinder disposed within a front portion of the top wall  114 . Alternatively, the front wall  117  may be attached to the chamber  115  by at least one hinge (not shown), or other suitable pivoting connecting element, such that the front wall may pivot between an open and closed configuration. Alternatively, the front wall  117  may include a split (e.g., French door) configuration, in which a first portion of the front wall  117  is connected to the first side wall  110  by at least one hinge (not shown) and a second portion of the front wall  117  is connected to the second side wall  110  by at least one hinge (not shown), such that the first and second portions may individually pivot between an open and closed configuration. At least a portion of an inner surface of the front wall  117  may include a reflective surface to redirect energy emitted from the energy sources  122   a - d  into the chamber  115 . Additionally, or alternatively, at least a portion of an inner surface of the front wall  1178  may include at least one reflective unit with at least one energy source housed therein. Regardless of the specific configuration, the front wall  117  may be configured to prevent children, animals and others from entering the chamber while the energy sources are activated. With the front wall  117  open, one or more pieces of equipment may be introduced into the chamber  115 . All commercially viable sizes are contemplated for the chamber  115 . By way of non-limiting example, a chamber dimensioned to receive a standard sized wheel chair may include an inner length of approximately 48 inches, an inner height of approximately 48 inches and an inner width of approximately 36 inches. In various embodiments, the size and dimensions of the opening and interior portion of the chamber may vary depending on the equipment to be disinfected, such as hospital gurneys, medical equipment consoles, IV poles, etc. 
         [0033]    In one embodiment, the back wall  118  may provide an alternate access point or opening to the interior of the chamber  115 . For example, a user may open the back wall  118  to repair or inspect the chamber, help introduce equipment into or remove equipment from the chamber  115  and/or remove dislodged components of the equipment that may be preventing the equipment from being introduced into or removed from the chamber  115 . 
         [0034]    In various embodiments, rolling elements may be employed with a chamber. For example, in one embodiment, rolling elements  132   a - c  may be configured to move between a first position in which the rolling elements extend beyond (e.g., below) the outer surface  116   b  of the bottom wall  116  (e.g.,  FIGS. 1E-1G ), and a second position in which the rolling elements do not extend beyond the outer surface  116   b  of the bottom wall  116  (e.g.,  FIGS. 1A-1D and 1H-1I ). With the rolling elements  132   a - c  in the first position (e.g., deployed or exposed), the chamber  115  may be manually or robotically moved (e.g., rolled). With the rolling elements  132   a - c  in the second position (e.g., retracted into a recess formed within the bottom wall  116 ), the bottom surface  116   d  of the bottom wall  116  may be placed in contact with the floor underneath the chamber  115 , thereby minimizing movement of the disinfection system  100  during storage and/or use. In various embodiments, the three-rolling element configuration depicted in  FIGS. 1A-1I  may allow the disinfection system  100  to turn or spin within a tight radius for maneuvering, e.g., through the hallways and/or rooms of a hospital. However, the present disclosure is in no way limited to the configuration of rolling elements depicted herein, and may include any number of rolling elements arranged in various locations along the bottom surface  116   b  of the bottom wall  116 . 
         [0035]    In one embodiment, a rolling element of the present disclosure may be attached to a piston  133  configured to move the rolling element between the first and second positions. For example, a first end  133   a  of the piston  133  may be fluidly connected to a compressed gas source  134  by a length of hydraulic tubing  137 , and a second end  133   b  of the piston  133  may be attached to a first end  135   a  of a control rod  135 , and a second end  135   b  of the control rod  135  may be attached to a housing of the rolling element. Each rolling element  132   a - c  may simultaneously move from the second position to the first position by introducing (e.g., flowing) gas from the compressed gas source  134  into the piston  133  such that the control rod  135  is forced downward (e.g., away from the outer surface  116   b  of the bottom wall  116 , thereby simultaneously placing each rolling element  132   a - c  in contact with the floor to elevate or raise the disinfection system  100  such that the outer surface  116   b  of the bottom wall  116  no longer contacts the floor. Similarly, each rolling element  132   a - c  may simultaneously move from the first position to the second position by returning (e.g., flowing) introduced gas from the piston  133  to the compressed gas source  134  such that the control rod  135  is drawn upward (e.g., toward the outer surface  116   b  of the bottom wall  116 , thereby retracting each rolling element  132   a - c  into a recess formed within the bottom wall  116  to lower the disinfection system  100  such that the outer surface  116   b  of the bottom wall  116  contacts the floor. Alternatively, each rolling element  132   a - c  may move from the first to second position by venting introduced gas from within the piston  133  into the atmosphere. The rolling elements may also be configured to be controlled, and raised and lowered, independent of each other, as desired. The gas source may come from a house source, such as gas supplied by a hospital to the room, or may be a dedicated source housed on the chamber, for example, the compressed gas source as shown in  FIG. 1D , which may be periodically replenished or replaced. 
         [0036]    Referring to  FIG. 1H , in one embodiment, a portion of the bottom wall  116  may include a ramped surface  116   c  that declines at an angle toward the front wall  117  such that equipment may be rolled into or out of the chamber  115 . The ramped surface  116  may include a variety of different lengths and/or pitches, e.g., a long ramp with a shallow gradient to accommodate the rolling of heavy equipment. Another portion of the bottom wall  116  may include a ramped surface  140   a  that declines at an angle toward the back wall  118 , and a ramped surface  140   b  that declines toward the front wall  117  such the equipment (e.g., equipment on wheels, etc.) does not roll out of the chamber  115  or contact the back wall. This may be beneficial, for example, to retain equipment within the chamber until the front wall  117  is closed, or to prevent the equipment from rolling out of the chamber as the front wall  117  is opened following a disinfection procedure. 
         [0037]    In various embodiments, the reflective unit  120   c  and energy source  122   c  may be elevated above the inner surface  116   a  of the bottom wall  116 . This may present a problem when introducing certain equipment into the chamber  115 , including, e.g., electric wheelchairs that do include the requisite clearance to pass over the reflective unit  120   c.  Accordingly, in one embodiment, a chamber  115  of the present disclosure may include first and second treads  142 ,  143  disposed on opposite sides of the reflective unit  120   c  and energy source  122   c.  The first and second treads  142 ,  143  may include a sufficient thickness or height such that an upper surface  142   a,    143   a  of each tread may be even or flush with an upper edge of the reflective unit  120   c.  In one embodiment, the chamber  115  may include a ramp  144  with comprising a first edge  144   a  that is flush or even with the upper surfaces  142   a,    143   a  of the first and second treads  142 ,  143  and a second edge  144   b  that is flush or even with an outer surface  116   b  of the bottom wall  116 . The ramp  144  may include a variety of different lengths and/or pitches, e.g., a long ramp with a shallow gradient to accommodate the rolling of heavy equipment. In addition, ramp  144  may include a pivot connection to allow the ramp to be rotated into the chamber  115  during storage, movement and/or activation of the disinfection system  100 . In one embodiment, a first stopper  146   a  may be attached to the first tread  142  and a second stopper  146   b  may be attached to the second tread  143 . The first and second stoppers  146   a,    146   b  may be configured to maintain proper position of a piece of equipment within the chamber  115  and/or prevent the equipment from advancing too far into the chamber  115 . For example, the first and second stoppers  146   a ,  146   b  may provide a contact point for equipment with wheels, such that the equipment is prevented from contacting the back wall  118 , thereby limiting the likelihood of damage to the equipment and/or back wall  118  while also maintaining the equipment in a proper position for optimal disinfection. In one embodiment, the first and second stoppers  146   a,    146   b  may be disposed within a groove or track formed within each of the first and second treads  142 ,  143  such that a position of the first and second stopper  146   a,    146   b  along the respective first and second treads  142 ,  143  may be adjusted to accommodate equipment of various sizes and/or multiple pieces of equipment. In one embodiment, the first and second stoppers  146   a,    146   b  may be attached by a handle  148  such that the position of the first and second stoppers  146   a,    146   b  may be adjusted simultaneously. In various embodiments, the first and second stoppers  146   a,    146   b  may be moved or repositioned along the respective first and second treads  142 ,  143  either manually or using automated controls. In addition, or alternatively, the bottom wall  116  and/or first and second treads  142 ,  143  may include a conveyor system configured to automatically feed equipment into and out of the chamber  115 . For example, a conveyor system may include a conveyor, belts, tracks and/or a combination thereof. Alternatively, the equipment may be manually or automatically pushed into the chamber using, e.g., a cart mover. 
         [0038]    In one embodiment, the first side wall  110  may include at least one removable panel  111 , and the second side wall  112  wall may include at least one removable panel  113  to allow the reflective units  120   a,    120   b  and energy sources  122   a,    112   b  to be inspected, repaired or replaced ( FIG. 1C ). Other of the walls of a chamber may include at least one removable panel to allow reflective units attached to panel to be inspected, repaired or replaced. 
         [0039]    Referring to  FIGS. 2A-2F , in one embodiment, a disinfection system  200  of the present disclosure may include a chamber  215  comprising a first side wall  210  (e.g., left wall), a second side wall  212  (e.g., right wall) and a back wall  214  (e.g., rear wall). The first and second side walls  210 ,  212  may extend substantially perpendicular to the back wall  214  to define a chamber  215  with a U-shaped cross-section. The present disclosure is not limited to a chamber with a U-shaped cross-section ( FIG. 2D ), but may include a variety of shapes and/or dimensions. For example, the first and second side walls  210 ,  212  may extend from the back wall at an angle greater than 90 degrees (e.g., 100 degrees or more, 110 degrees or more, 120 degrees or more, etc.), to define a chamber  215  with an opening that is larger than a width of the back wall  214  (not shown). An inner surface  210   a  of the first side wall  210  may include at least one reflective unit  220   a,  an inner surface  212   a  of the second side wall  212  may include at least one reflective unit  220   b  and an inner surface  214   a  of the back wall  214  may include at least one reflective unit  220   c.  At least one energy source  222   a - c  may be removably or permanently disposed within (e.g., partially surrounded by) each of the at least one reflective units  220   a - c  such that energy emitted from each energy source is redirected into the disinfection chamber and/or a piece of equipment disposed therein. For example, an energy source  222   a  may be disposed within each reflective unit  220   a  of the first side wall  210 , an energy source  222   b  may be disposed within each reflective unit  220   b  of the second side wall  212 , an energy source  222   c  may be disposed within each reflective unit  220   c  of the back wall  214 . In one embodiment, each of the first side wall  110 , second side wall  212  and back wall  214  may include at least one removable panel (not shown) to allow the respective reflective units  220   a,    220   b,    220   c  and energy sources  222   a,    222 b,  22 cto be inspected, repaired or replaced. A plurality of rolling elements  232   a - d  (e.g., wheels, casters, sleds, etc.) may be disposed along a bottom portion of the first side wall  210 , second side wall  212  and/or back side wall  214 . For example, a first rolling element  232   a  may be disposed below a front portion of the first side wall  210 , a second rolling element  232   b  may be disposed below a junction of the first side wall  210  and back wall  214 , a third rolling element  232   c  may be disposed below a junction of the second side wall  212  and back wall  214  and a fourth rolling element  232   d  may be disposed below a front portion of the second side wall  212 . As another example, three-walled chambers may be fitted with three rolling elements such as described above to allow for steering and increased maneuverability in tight spaces. 
         [0040]    In various embodiments, each of the reflective units  220   a - c  may be oriented or positioned on the respective inner surface  210   a,    212   a,    214   a  of the first side wall  210 , second side wall  212  and back wall  214  such that a reflective surface of each reflective unit faces (e.g., is directed towards) the chamber  215 . In addition, each reflective unit  220   a - c  may be independently adjustable such that the direction or angle of the reflective unit may be adjusted, e.g., manually or automatically. Each reflective unit  220   a - c  may define or include a substantially concave shape such that energy emitted from each of the respective energy sources  222   a - c  is directed or focused into the chamber  215 . By way of non-limiting example, each reflective unit  220   a - c  may include a back section, and at least three reflective sections, each of which may be disposed off normal with respect to the back section. This configuration of reflective sections may allow energy emitted from the energy sources to be directed in every direction into the chamber  215  rather than only up and down or left and right. In this manner, disinfecting energy may be directed onto multiple surfaces of a piece of equipment housed within the chamber with the proper intensity, proximity and line of sight to provide disinfecting consistency, requiring fewer energy sources and/or shorter exposure to the energy source (e.g., increased efficiency). In various embodiments, each of the reflective units  220   a - c  (including the reflective surfaces) may comprise one or more commercially suitable materials, including, for example, mirrors, powder-coated and other metal sheets, and Pebbletone™ and Hammertone™ finishes. 
         [0041]    In various embodiments, each of the energy sources  222   a - c  may be configured to emit ultraviolet (UV) light. For example, each energy source may include mercury vapor bulbs or tubes, xenon gas bulbs or tubes, light emitting diodes (LED), light emitting nanoparticles, or any other energy source configured to emit ultraviolet (UV) light at a wavelength of approximately 320-400 nm (e.g., UV-A), approximately 290-320 nm (e.g., UV-B) and/or approximately 200-280 nm (e.g., UV-C). Each energy source  222   a - c  may include dual UV emitting bulbs, although the number of bulbs may be varied. Although the UV emitting bulbs are depicted as elongate bulbs, other suitable UV emitting sources may include, by way of non-limiting example, a 36 Watt bulb that emits UV light at a wavelength of approximately 254 nm. Although any of the UV-A, UV-B, or UV-C wavelengths of energy may provide sufficient disinfection of equipment within the chamber, in one embodiment an energy source configured to emit at least 30 watts of UV energy, at least 75% of which is UV-C energy, may provide an optimal disinfection intensity. In addition, or alternatively, the UV energy emitting source may include a light emitting diode (LED) and/or light emitting nanoparticles deposited or grown on a flexible metallic surface ( FIG. 2C ), as such components and processes for producing such components are known in the art. 
         [0042]    In one embodiment, the reflective units  220   a,    220   b,    220   c,  and respective energy sources  222   a,    222   b,    222   c  disposed therein, may be arranged in substantially parallel rows along the respective inner surfaces  210   a,    212   a,    214   a,  of the first side wall  210 , second side wall  212  and back wall  214  of the chamber  215 . However, the present disclosure is in no way limited to this arrangement of reflective units and/or energy sources, and may include reflective units and energy sources disposed in any suitable location, orientation, configuration, size and/or number such that equipment within the chamber  215  is exposed to energy with adequate intensity, proximity (e.g., at least 100 μW/cm 2  at 1 meter) and line of sight to facilitate efficient disinfection. 
         [0043]    In one embodiment, the chamber  215  may further include a curtain  216  as a front wall configured to move between an open configuration and a closed configuration ( FIG. 2E ) to seal or close an opening of the chamber  215 . For example, the chamber  215  may include a pully  218  and drawstring  217  configured to manually or automatically move the curtain  216  between the open and closed configurations. The curtain  216  may include a flexible sheet of material (e.g., metal, cloth, fabric, plastic, etc.) sized and dimensioned to effectively cover the opening to the chamber  215 . The curtain  216  may also include a sufficient length to contact the floor when in the closed configuration to prevent energy emitted from the energy sources  222   a - c  from exiting the chamber  215  during a disinfection procedure. At least a portion of an inner surface  216   a  of the curtain  216  may include a reflective surface to redirect energy emitted from the energy sources  222   a - c  into the chamber  215 . 
         [0044]    In one embodiment, the chamber  215  may further include a front wall  219  (e.g., door) configured to manually or automatically move between an open configuration and a closed configuration to seal or close an opening of the chamber  215 . For example, the front wall  219  may be attached to the chamber  215  by at least one hinge (not shown), or other suitable pivoting connection element, such that the front wall may pivot between an open and closed configuration ( FIG. 3A ). Alternatively, the front wall  219  may include a first portion  219   b  connected to the first side wall  210  by at least one hinge (not shown) and a second portion  219   c  connected to the second side wall  210  by at least one hinge (not shown), such that the first and second portions  219   b,    219   c  may individually pivot between an open and closed configuration ( FIG. 3B ). At least a portion of an inner surface  219   a  of the front wall  219  may include a reflective surface to redirect energy emitted from the energy sources  222   a - c  into the chamber  215 . Additionally, or alternatively, at least a portion of an inner surface  219   a  of the front wall  219  may include at least one reflective unit with at least one energy source housed therein. The front wall  219  may further include a window (not shown) to allow a user to monitor equipment being disinfected within the chamber and/or ensure proper functioning of each energy source  222   a - c  throughout a disinfection procedure. The window may include a suitable UV reflecting, blocking or absorbing material (e.g., UV protective coating, layer, or polarized material) to block, filter or otherwise prevent UV energy from exiting the chamber, thereby negating the associated risks from exposure to UV energy. Regardless of the specific configuration, the front wall  219  may be configured to prevent children, animals and others from entering the chamber while the energy sources are activated. 
         [0045]    In one embodiment, the chamber  215  may further include a top wall (e.g., ceiling, not shown) attached to a top portion of the first side wall  210 , second side wall  212  and back wall  214 . At least a portion of an inner surface of the top wall may include a reflective surface to redirect energy emitted from the energy sources  222   a - c  into the chamber  215 . Alternatively, an inner surface of the top wall may include at least one reflective unit and least one energy source removably or permanently disposed within therein (as discussed above) such that energy emitted from each energy source is redirected into the chamber  215  and/or a piece of equipment disposed therein. 
         [0046]    One or more pieces of equipment  270  may be introduced into the chamber  215  for a disinfection procedure ( FIG. 2F ). For example, a piece of equipment may be manually placed within the chamber (e.g., the IV pole shown in  FIG. 2F ). Alternatively, the chamber  215  may be manually or automatically advanced (e.g., rolled) around a piece of stationary equipment. With the piece of equipment positioned within the chamber, the front wall  219  or curtain  216  may be closed to seal or close the chamber and the disinfection procedure initiated. All commercially viable sizes are contemplated for the chamber  115 . By way of non-limiting example, a chamber dimensioned to receive a standard sized intravenous pole may include an inner length of approximately 30 inches, an inner height of approximately 60 inches and an inner width of approximately 30 inches. In various embodiments, the size and dimensions of the opening and interior portion of the chamber may vary depending on the equipment to be disinfected. 
         [0047]    In one embodiment, the rolling elements  232   a - d  may be configured to move between a first position in which the rolling elements extend beyond (e.g., below) the bottom portion of the first side wall  210 , second side wall  212  and back wall  214 , and a second position in which the rolling elements do not extend beyond the bottom portion of the first side wall  210 , second side wall  212  and back wall  214 . For example, the rolling elements may be attached to a piston and compressed gas source, as discussed above. With the rolling elements  232   a - d  in the first position (e.g., deployed or exposed), the disinfection system  200  may be manually or robotically moved (e.g., rolled). With the rolling elements  232   a - d  in the second position (e.g., retracted into a recess formed within the bottom portion of the first side wall, second side wall and back wall), the bottom portion of the first side wall  210 , second side wall  212  and back wall  214  may be placed in contact with the floor underneath the disinfection system  200 , thereby preventing energy from exiting the chamber and negating the associated risks from exposure to, e.g., UV energy. In various embodiments, the four-rolling element configuration depicted in  FIGS. 2A-2C, 2E and 2F  may allow the disinfection chamber to maneuver within and through the hallways and/or rooms of a hospital. However, the present disclosure is in no way limited to the configuration of rolling elements depicted herein, and may include any number of rolling elements arranged in various locations along the bottom portion of the first side wall  210 , second side wall  212  and/or back wall  214 . 
         [0048]    In one embodiment, a disinfection system  100 ,  200  of the present disclosure may include a control panel  150 ,  250  on an outer surface of the first side wall, second side wall, front wall or back wall. The control panel  150 ,  250  may be configured to receive and process user input to control and/or monitor at least one function of the disinfection system  100 ,  200 . 
         [0049]    In various embodiments, the control panel  150 ,  250  may be configured to electrically communicate with one or more sensors on or within the chamber  115 ,  215 . The one or more sensors may include a motion sensor configured to detect unintended motion in the vicinity of and/or within the chamber  115 ,  215 . The one or more sensors may be configured to determine if the front wall of the chamber  115 ,  215  is closed, open or partially open (e.g., ajar). The one or more sensors may be configured to determine if a plane of the front wall is broken by, e.g., a piece of equipment within the chamber  115 ,  215 . For example, the sensor may include a “laser curtain” that emits a beam of visible or invisible light across an opening of the chamber  115 ,  215  to detect an object that is impeding or blocking the opening. The control panel  150 ,  250  may be configured to alter a status of the disinfection system  100 ,  200  when any of the one or more sensors detect unintended motion, an open or partially open front wall and/or an impediment to an opening of the chamber. For example, the control panel  150 ,  25  may provide an audio alert (e.g., alarm), visual alert (e.g., flashing or blinking light) or electronic alert (e.g., message sent to a mobile device) to indicate the status of the chamber  115 ,  215  to a user of the disinfection system  100 ,  200 . In addition, or alternatively, the control panel  150 ,  250  may automatically deactivate the disinfection system  100 ,  200  to stop the disinfection procedure if a user does not respond to the audio, visual or electronic alert within a predetermined time. 
         [0050]    In various embodiments, the one or more sensors may include an electronic sensor, e.g., an electronic “nose”, configured to detect, differentiate and/or quantify pathogens on or within the chamber  115 ,  215 . 
         [0051]    In various embodiments, the one or more sensors may include a UV light sensor configured to monitor the intensity or wavelength of UV energy within the chamber  115 ,  215 . In addition, or alternatively, the UV light sensor may be configured to detect UV energy emitted (e.g., escaping or leaking) from the chamber  115 ,  215  (e.g., through a partially open front wall, etc.). 
         [0052]    In various embodiments, the one or more sensors may include a camera to monitor and/or record the chamber  115 ,  215  during a disinfection procedure. 
         [0053]    In various embodiments, the one or more sensors may include an include a radio frequency identification (RFID) sensor configured to identify a specific user of the disinfection system  100 ,  200 . For example, the RFID sensor may recognize a RFID “badge” to allow access of specific personnel to the disinfection system  100 ,  200 . In addition, or alternatively, the RFID sensor may recognize and RFID “tag” to identify and log a particular piece of equipment undergoing a disinfection procedure. 
         [0054]    In various embodiments, the control panel  150 ,  250  may be configured to indicate a status of the disinfection system  100 ,  200 . For example, the control panel  150 ,  250  may include a countdown clock indicating the time remaining on a disinfection procedure. The control panel  150 ,  250  may also include a real-time indicator of the intensity or wavelength of UV energy within the chamber  115 ,  215 . The control panel may also include an indicator that regularly scheduled or emergency maintenance of the disinfection system  100 ,  200  is required. 
         [0055]    In various embodiments, the control panel  150 ,  250  may include a power button with “on” and “off” settings to assist in preventing unauthorized use by cutting power to the chamber  115 ,  215  unless the power switch is in the “on” position. 
         [0056]    In various embodiments, the control panel  150 ,  250  may be configured to electrically communicate with a reserve power source or battery to recharge the disinfection system  100 ,  200  in the event of power loss. The reserve power source may be integrated within the disinfection system  100 ,  200  or a component of a separate base station. 
         [0057]    In various embodiments, the control panel  150 ,  250  may include an automated user interface, comprising on-board or remote control or access to the disinfection system  100 ,  200 , a central processing unit (CPU), and non-transitory computer readable storage medium with computer executable code, which when executed by the CPU allows: processing and memory functionality to read, record, store, analyze, monitor, track, and control activity and safety features of the disinfection system  100 ,  200 ; user selected and automatic controls based on programmable settings and/or feedback from any of the sensors described herein; and internet network capability for access, monitoring and/or control of the disinfection system  100 ,  200  using, e.g., a tablet, phone, computer or application, among other administrative functions or operational functions of a system that may be automated, pre-set or pre-programmed. 
         [0058]    Referring now to  FIG. 6 , a flow diagram of the basic operational steps involved in disinfecting a piece of equipment within a disinfection system (with reference as an example to systems  100 ,  200 ), according to embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. At step  1 , the disinfection system  100 ,  200  may be activated using an access badge or entering an authorization number into the control panel  150 ,  250 . At step  2 , the equipment to be disinfected may be identified by scanning an identification tag on the equipment or entering an identification number into the control panel  150 ,  250 . In step  3 , the equipment to be disinfected may be placed within the chamber  115 ,  215  and the front wall or curtain closed. In step  4 , the disinfection procedure may be initiated by pressing an “on” or “activation” button on the control panel  150 ,  250 . The control panel  150 ,  250  may indicate the status of the disinfection procedure in real-time. In step  5 A, once the disinfection procedure has ended, the front wall or curtain may be opened and the equipment removed from the disinfection chamber  115 ,  125 . The front wall or curtain may then be closed and the disinfection system  100 ,  200  returned to a deactivate state by pressing an “off” or “logout” button on the control panel  150 ,  250 . Alternatively, in step  5 B, once the disinfection procedure has ended, the front wall or curtain may be opened and the equipment removed from the disinfection chamber  115 ,  215  and a second piece of equipment may then be loaded into the disinfection chamber  115 ,  215  and steps  1 - 4  repeated to perform another disinfection procedure. 
         [0059]    Referring to  FIG. 7 , a flow diagram of the basic administrative functions available on a control panel (with reference as an example to control panel  150 ,  250  of a disinfection system  100 ,  200 ), according to embodiments of the present disclosure is provided. At step  1 , a user may select a variety of options from an access menu. A non-limiting example of such options may include “Machine Metrics,” “Reports,” “Troubleshooting,” “User Management,” “Set Clock/Date,” “Settings,” and “Home.” At step  2 , a user may be added to the disinfection system  100 ,  200  by pressing the “User Management” button. Relevant information about the new user may then be entered into the “User Management” screen, including, for example, the user&#39;s name, login number or RFID badge number. At step  3 , a technician may review or monitor the status of the disinfection system  100 ,  200  by pressing the “Machine Metrics” button. The “Machine Metrics” screen may display the number of hours of use of each UV light source, the total number of disinfection procedures performed by the disinfection system  100 ,  200 , the total number of hours of disinfection time performed by the disinfection system  100 ,  200  and the total number of door cycles (e.g., opening and closing) of the disinfection system  100 ,  200 . At step  4 , a user may download a report from the disinfection system  100 ,  200  by pressing the “Report” button and saving the selected information to a storage medium. At step  5 , a technician may troubleshoot the disinfection system  100 ,  200  by pressing the “Troubleshoot” button and then reviewing the operational status of any of the sensors, UV lights, reflective units, doors, curtain or rolling elements discussed above. At step  5 , a user may press the “Set Clock/Date” button and enter the appropriate year, month, week, day, hour, minute and second. At step  7 , a technician may press the “Settings” button to set or change the parameters of a disinfection procedure. For example, the technician may enter a disinfection time of between 28-60 seconds. The technician may also increase or decreases the pass/fail threshold value of each UV sensor on or within the disinfection system  100 ,  200 . The technician may also increase or decrease the intensity threshold of each UV light. 
         [0060]    Referring to  FIGS. 4A-4E , in one embodiment, a disinfection system  300  of the present disclosure may include a base  310  (e.g., platform, etc.) and a first stack of reflective units  320  rotatably attached (e.g., 360 degrees of rotation) to a top surface  310   a  of the base  310 . A first array of energy sources  322  may be housed within the first stack of reflective units  320 . A plurality of rolling elements  332   a - 332   d  (e.g., wheels, casters, sleds, etc.) may be attached to a bottom surface  310   c  of the base  310 . In one embodiment, the first stack of reflective units  320  may be rotatably attached to the top surface  310   a  of the base  310  by a center shaft  312  that extends from the top surface  310   a  of the base  310  through a center portion of the first stack of reflective units  320 . Alternatively, the top surface  310   a  of the base  310  may include a ball-bearing assembly, or other suitable rotating platform (not shown), configured to allow the first stack of reflective units  320  to rotate or pivot thereabout. The first stack of reflective units  320  may include a first reflective unit  320   a,  a second reflective unit  320   b,  a third reflective unit  320   c  and a fourth reflective unit  320   d.  In one embodiment, the first, second, third and fourth reflective units  320   a - d  may be arranged symmetrically around the center shaft  312 , and include a substantially square cross-section ( FIG. 4B ). The first array of energy sources  322  may include a first energy source  322   a  removably or permanently disposed within the first reflective unit  320   a , a second energy source  322   b  removably or permanently disposed within the second reflective unit  320   b,  a third energy source  322   c  removably or permanently disposed within the third reflective unit  320   c  and a fourth energy source  322   d  removably or permanently disposed within the fourth reflective unit  320   d.  In various embodiments, each of the first, second, third and fourth reflective units  320   a - d  may be oriented such that energy emitted from each respective first, second, third and fourth energy source  322   a - d  is directed outward from the first stack of reflective units  320 , e.g., into a room or enclosure within which the disinfection system  300  is positioned. 
         [0061]    In one embodiment, each of the first, second, third and fourth reflective units  320   a - d  may be configured to rotate within the first stack of reflective units. For example, the first second, third and fourth reflective units  320   a - d  may be configured to rotate from a first position in which each reflective unit is disposed behind the respective first, second, third and fourth energy source  322   a - d  ( FIG. 4B ), to a second position in which each reflective unit is disposed in front of the respective first, second, third and fourth energy source  322   a - d  ( FIG. 4D ). In the first position, each of the first, second, third and fourth reflective units  320   a - d  may be configured to direct energy emitted from each of the first, second, third and fourth energy sources  322   a - d  away from the disinfection system  300 , as discussed above. In the second position, each of the first, second, third and fourth reflective units  320   a - d  may be configured to block or shield energy emitted from each of the first, second, third and fourth energy sources  322   a - d  from exiting the first stack of reflective units  320 . In addition, in the second position, each of the first, second, third and fourth reflective units  320   a - d  may be configured to protect each of the first, second, third and fourth energy sources  322   a - d  from damage, e.g., during movement and/or storage of the disinfection system  300 . In one embodiment, the first, second, third and fourth reflective units  320   a - d  may rotate around the respective first, second, third and fourth energy source  322   a - d  (e.g., energy sources  322   a - d  remain stationary). In another embodiment, the first, second third and fourth reflective units  320   a - d  and the respective first, second, third and fourth energy sources ( 322   a - d ) may rotate together. 
         [0062]    In one embodiment, the disinfection system  300  may further include a pivot point driver  324  extending through an inner portion of the center shaft  312 . A top portion of the pivot point driver  324  may include first control arm  327   a  configured to contact an outer surface of the first reflective unit  320   a  at a first pivot point, a second control arm  327   b  configured to contact an outer surface of the second reflective unit  320   b  at a second pivot point, a third control arm  327   c  configured to contact an outer surface of the third reflective unit  320   c  at a third pivot point and a fourth control arm  327   d  configured to contact an outer surface of the fourth reflective unit  320   d  at a fourth pivot point. Each of the first, second, third and fourth reflective units  320   a - d  may be configured to individually rotate (e.g., between 180-360 degrees) about the respective first, second, third and fourth control arms  327   a - d  at the respective first, second, third or fourth pivot points. The rotation may be uniform, stepped or variable speed, and may be accomplished by various manual or automatic or motorized means, or the like. 
         [0063]    In one embodiment, the disinfection system  300  may include a second array of energy sources  323  housed within a second stack of reflective units  321 . The second stack of reflective units  321  may include a fifth reflective unit  321   a,  a sixth reflective unit  321   b,  a seventh reflective unit  321   c  and an eighth reflective unit  321   d.  The second array of energy sources  323  may include a fifth energy source  323   a  removably or permanently disposed within the fifth reflective unit  321   a,  a sixth energy source  323   b  removably or permanently disposed within the sixth reflective unit  321   b,  a seventh energy source  323   c  removably or permanently disposed within the seventh reflective unit  321   c  and an eighth energy source  323   d  removably or permanently disposed within the eighth reflective unit  321   d.  In various embodiments, each of the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth reflective units  321   a - c  may be oriented such that energy emitted from each respective fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth energy source  323   a - d  is directed outward from the second stack of reflective units  321 , e.g., into a room or enclosure within which the system  300  is positioned. 
         [0064]    In one embodiment, each of the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth reflective units  321   a - d  may be configured to rotate within the second stack of reflective units  321 . For example, the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth reflective units  321   a - d  may be configured to rotate from a first position in which each reflective unit is disposed behind the respective fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth energy source  323   a - d  ( FIG. 4B ), to a second position in which each reflective unit is disposed in front of the respective fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth energy source  323   a - d  ( FIG. 4D ). In the first position, each of the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth reflective units  321   a - d  may be configured to direct energy emitted from each of the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth energy sources  323   a - d  away from the disinfection system  300 , as discussed above. In the second position, each of the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth reflective units  321   a - d  may be configured to block or shield energy emitted from each of the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth energy sources  323   a - d  from exiting the second stack of reflective units  321 . In addition, in the second position, each of the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth reflective units  321   a - d  may be configured to protect each of the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth energy sources  323   a - d  from damage, e.g., during movement and/or storage of the disinfection system  300 . In one embodiment, the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth reflective units  321   a - d  may rotate around the respective fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth energy source  323   a - d  (e.g., energy sources  323   a - d  remain stationary). In another embodiment, the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth reflective units  321   a - d  and the respective fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth energy sources ( 323   a - d ) may rotate together. 
         [0065]    In one embodiment, the second stack of reflective units  321  may be disposed on top of the first stack of reflective units  320  such that the center shaft  312  extends from the top surface  310   a  of the base  310  through a center portion of the first and second stacks of reflective units  320 ,  321 . The fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth reflective units  321   a - d  may be arranged symmetrically around the center shaft  312  and include a substantially square cross-section ( FIG. 4B ). In one embodiment, the first and second stacks of reflective units  320 ,  321  may rotate about the center shaft  312  in the same direction (e.g., the first and second stacks of reflective units both rotate clockwise, or the first and second stacks of reflective units both rotate counterclockwise). In another embodiment, the first and second stacks of reflective units  320 ,  321  may rotate in opposite directions about the center shaft  312  ((e.g., the first stack of reflective units rotates clockwise and the second stack of reflective units rotates counterclockwise). Alternatively, the first stack of reflective units  320  may be disposed alongside the second stack of reflective units  321 , e.g., in a side-by-side configuration (not shown). A speed of rotation of the stacks may be selected and controlled to provide a particular application and/or intensity level of UV light with respect to an object or area being treated. For example, in various applications, given a certain proximity of the stacks to the object or space, a rotation of 1-4 revolutions per minute would be suitable Like the first stack, the rotation of the second stack may be uniform, stepped or variable speed, and may be accomplished by various manual or automatic or motorized means, or the like. 
         [0066]    A speed of rotation of the stacks may be selected and controlled to provide a particular application and/or intensity level of UV light with respect to an object or area being treated. For example, in various applications, given a certain proximity of the stacks to the object or area, a rotation of 1-4 revolutions per minute would be suitable. The speeds of rotation of the first stack relative to the second stack may be the same or different. 
         [0067]    In various embodiments, each of the reflective units  320   a - d , and  321   a - d  may be independently adjustable within the respective first or second stack of reflective units  320 ,  321  such that the direction or angle of the reflective unit may be adjusted, e.g., manually or automatically. In one embodiment, each of the reflective units  320   a - d  and  321   a - d  may define or include a substantially concave shape such that energy emitted from each of the respective energy source  322   a - d  and  323   a - d  is directed or focused away from the disinfection system  300 . By way of non-limiting example, each of the reflective units  320   a - d  and  321   a - d  may include a back section, and at least three reflective sections, each of which may be disposed off normal with respect to the back section. This configuration of reflective sections may allow energy emitted from the energy sources to be directed in every direction into an enclosure rather than only up and down or left and right. In this manner, disinfecting energy may be directed onto multiple surfaces (e.g., equipment, desks, walls, floor ceiling, doors, door knobs, handles, railings, etc.) within an enclosure in which the disinfection system  300  is positioned. In various embodiments, each of the reflective units  320   a - d  and  321   a - d  (including the reflective surfaces) may comprise one or more commercially suitable materials, including, for example, mirrors, powder-coated and other metal sheets, and Pebbletone™ and Hammertone™ finishes. 
         [0068]    In various embodiments, each of energy sources  322   a - d  and  323   a - d  may be configured to emit ultraviolet (UV) light. For example, each energy source may include mercury vapor bulbs or tubes, xenon gas bulbs or tubes, light emitting diodes (LED), light emitting nanoparticles, or any other energy source configured to emit ultraviolet (UV) light at a wavelength of approximately 320-400 nm (e.g., UV-A), approximately 290-320 nm (e.g., UV-B) and/or approximately 200-280 nm (e.g., UV-C). Each of the energy sources  322   a - d  and  323   a - d  may include dual UV emitting bulbs, although the number of bulbs may be varied. Although the UV emitting bulbs are depicted as elongate bulbs, other suitable UV emitting sources may include, by way of non-limiting example, a 36 Watt bulb that emits UV light at a wavelength of approximately 254 nm. 
         [0069]    Although any of the UV-A, UV-B, or UV-C wavelengths of energy may provide sufficient disinfection of equipment within the chamber, in one embodiment an energy source configured to emit at least 30 watts of UV energy, at least 75% of which is UV-C energy, may provide an optimal disinfection intensity. In addition, or alternatively, the UV energy emitting source may include a light emitting diode (LED) and/or light emitting nanoparticles deposited or grown on a flexible metallic surface, as such components and processes for producing such components are known in the art. 
         [0070]    The present disclosure is in no way limited to the number and/or arrangement of stacks of reflective units and/or energy sources (such as depicted in  FIG. 4A ), and may include reflective units and energy sources disposed in any suitable location, orientation, configuration, size and/or number (such as on top of the base  310 , including, for example the first and second stacks of reflective units arranged in tandem ( FIG. 4E )). Referring to  FIG. 5 , in one embodiment, any or all of the energy sources  322   a - d  and/or  323   a - d  may be disposed within the respective reflective unit  320   a - d  and/or  321   a - d  at an angle to preferentially direct energy towards the floor and/or ceiling of an enclosure to disinfects otherwise hidden or obscured objects or surfaces within the enclosure. Such orientation may be applied with the reflective units of any of the various embodiments discussed above. 
         [0071]    In one embodiment, the base  310  may be robotic and configured to move autonomously to a series of pre-determined, mapped, acquired or learned waypoints to perform separate and sequential disinfection procedures within an enclosure. For example, the robotic base may move to a first waypoint within an enclosure and activate the first and/or second arrays of energy sources  322 ,  323  for a sufficient amount of time (e.g., five minutes) to disinfect a first region of the enclosure. The robotic base may then move to a second waypoint and re-activate the first and/or second arrays of energy sources  322 ,  323  to disinfect a second region of the enclosure, and then move to a third waypoint and re-activate the first and/or second arrays of energy sources  322 ,  323  to disinfect a third region of the enclosure. Alternatively, the first and/or second energy sources  322 ,  323  may remain activated as the robotic base moves between waypoints to further disinfect the enclosure. The first and/or second stacks of reflective units  320 ,  321  may rotate about the robotic base  310  at any or all of these waypoints (or while moving between waypoints) to emit energy with the proper intensity, proximity and line of sight to disinfect equipment and/or surfaces within the enclosure. In addition, or alternatively, one or more of the reflective units  320   a - 320   d  and/or  321   a - 321   d,  may tilt or rotate within the respective first or second stack of reflective units  320 ,  321  to emit energy at various angles to disinfect otherwise obscured surfaces that might harbor pathogens. 
         [0072]    Although the disinfecting system  300  of the present disclosure generally includes a robotic base with first and/or second stacks of reflective units and arrays of energy sources rotatably disposed thereon, in various embodiments the base may be non-robotic, e.g., requiring a user to manually roll the base to the desired position within an enclosure to perform a disinfection procedure. In addition, or alternatively, the base may be robotic and the first and/or second stacks of reflective units and arrays of energy sources may be non-rotatably disposed thereon. 
         [0073]    In one embodiment, a disinfection system  300  of the present disclosure may include a control panel  350  on an outer surface of the base  310 . The control panel  350  may be configured to receive and process user input to control and/or monitor at least one function of the disinfection system  300 . The control  350  may be configured to electrically communicate with one or more sensors on or within the base  310  and/or first or second stacks of reflective units  320 ,  321 . 
         [0074]    In various embodiments, the one or more sensors may include a motion sensor. The motion sensor may be configured to detect unintended motion in the vicinity of the disinfection system  300 . In various embodiments, the one or more sensors may be configured to determine if a person that might be harmed by UV light is present within the enclosure before or during a disinfection procedure. The one or more sensors may be configured to detect stationary objects within the enclosure such that the disinfection system  300  is able to robotically navigate around such objects. The control panel  350  may be configured to alter a status of the disinfection procedure when the one or more sensor detects such unintended motion within the enclosure. For example, the control panel  350  may provide an audio alert (e.g., alarm), visual alert (e.g., flashing or blinking light) or electronic alert (e.g., message sent to a mobile device) to indicate the presence of the disinfection system  300  to the user within the enclosure. In addition, or alternatively, the control panel  350  may automatically deactivate the disinfection system  300  to stop the disinfection procedure if a user does not respond to the audio, visual or electronic alert within a predetermined time. 
         [0075]    In various embodiments, the one or more sensors may include an electronic sensor, e.g., an electronic “nose”, configured to detect, differentiate and/or quantify pathogens on or within the enclosure. 
         [0076]    In various embodiments, the one or more sensors may include a UV light sensor configured to monitor the intensity or wavelength of UV energy emitted from the disinfection system  300 . 
         [0077]    In various embodiments, the one or more sensors may include a camera to monitor and/or record the disinfection system  300  and/or enclosure during a disinfection procedure. 
         [0078]    In various embodiments, the one or more sensors may include an include a radio frequency identification (RFID) sensor configured to identify a specific user of the disinfection system  300 . For example, An RFID sensor may be included on either or both of the interior or exterior of the disinfection system  300 . For example, an authorized user, with proper badge access, may swipe the RFID sensor and be permitted access to the control panel display in order to activate the system. An RFID sensor may also be included on the disinfection system  300 , e.g., to identify a badge associated with a particular enclosure that is subject to repeated disinfecting cycles. Reading the badge on a specific enclosure (e.g., a door to the enclosure) may allow for identification and logging of the enclosure, and may be associated with a pre-programmed activation cycle specific to the enclosure and/or equipment inside the enclosure. The RFID sensor may also act as a failsafe, protecting against activation unless the RFID sensor picks up the presence of a badge identifying the specific enclosure and indicating that a disinfection protocol is scheduled to be performed. 
         [0079]    In various embodiments, the control panel  350  may be configured to provide an indicator or a status of the disinfection system  300 . For example, the control panel  350  may include a countdown clock indicating the time remaining on a disinfection procedure. The countdown clock may be wirelessly transmitted to a user outside of the enclosure to monitor the status of a disinfection procedure. The control panel  350  may also wirelessly transmit a real-time indicator of the intensity or wavelength of UV emitted from the disinfection system  300 . The control panel  350  may also include an indicator that regularly scheduled or emergency maintenance of the disinfection system  300  is required. 
         [0080]    In various embodiments, the control panel  350  may include a power button with “on” and “off” settings to assist in preventing unauthorized use by cutting power to the disinfection system  300  unless the power switch is in the “on” position. 
         [0081]    In various embodiments, the control panel  350  may be configured to electrically communicate with a reserve power source or battery to recharge the disinfection system  300  in the event of power loss. The reserve power source may be integrated within the disinfection system  300  or a component of a separate base station. 
         [0082]    In various embodiments, the control panel  350  may be include an automated user interface, comprising on-board or remote control or access to the disinfection system  300 , a CPU, and non-transitory computer readable storage medium with computer executable code, which when executed by the CPU allows: processing and memory functionality to read, record, store, analyze, monitor, track, and control activity and safety features of the disinfection system  300 ; user selected and automatic controls based on programmable settings and/or feedback from any of the sensors described herein; and internet network capability for access, monitoring and/or control of the disinfection system  300  using, e.g., a tablet, phone, computer or application, among other administrative functions or operational functions of a system that may be automated, pre-set or pre-programmed. Any of the sensor and/or robotic functions described above may be computer automated, e.g., without user input or after certain user input is provided, and may be programmed into the CPU as executable instructions carried out automatically with respect to activation, set-up, maintenance, movement and/or monitoring of the disinfection system  300 . In addition, any of the operational steps described above (e.g.,  FIGS. 6-7 ) may be similarly computer automated, including functions related to rotation, direction and/or orientation of the reflective units or energy sources on the optionally robotic base. For example, programmable rotation may be a function of UV light intensity levels determined by one or more sensors, such that rotation speeds up or slows down based on a proximity of the disinfection system  300  to a specific piece of equipment within an enclosure and/or the time spent performing a disinfection procedure at a given waypoint. 
         [0083]    All of the systems and/or methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the devices and methods of this disclosure have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it may be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations can be applied to the devices and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the disclosure. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims.