Abstract:
A fuel cell ( 10 ) device includes a plurality of channels ( 32, 34 ) that have at least one unrestricted inlet ( 33 ), a conduit for directing a flow having a distribution pattern ( 84 ) to the unrestricted inlet ( 33 ) and an opening ( 40 ) between the conduit ( 50 ) and the opening ( 40 ) for receiving the flow distribution pattern ( 84 ), the opening having such dimension (L, W) in which the distribution pattern tends to normalize within the opening so that flow to each of the unrestricted inlet ( 33 ) tends to normalize across said opening.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to U.S. International Application No. PCT/US2010/03433, filed May 11, 2010. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This invention generally relates to fuel cells and, more particularly, to flow fields for fuel cells. 
       DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART 
       [0003]    Fuel cells are widely known and used for generating electricity in a variety of applications. A typical fuel cell utilizes reactant gases, such as hydrogen, and oxygen from air to generate an electrical current. Typically, the fuel cell includes adjacent flow fields that receive fuel, oxidant, and coolant. The fuel and oxidant flow fields distribute the reactant gases through adjacent gas distribution layers to a respective anode catalyst layer or a cathode catalyst layer adjacent an electrolyte layer to generate the electrical current. The electrolyte layer can be any layer that effectively transports ions, but does not conduct electrons. Some example fuel-cell electrolytes include: alkaline solutions (e.g., KOH), proton-exchange membranes (PEM), phosphoric acid, and solid oxides. 
         [0004]    One type of flow field includes entrance channels that are interdigitated with exit channels. The entrance channels may have either fully or partially open inlets and fully or partially closed outlets and the exit channels have fully or partially closed inlets and fully or partially open outlets. The fully or partially closed outlets of the entrance channels force a reactant gas entering the entrance channels to flow through the gas distribution layer into an adjacent exit channel. 
         [0005]    A typical flow field includes parallel channels that have fully open inlets and fully open outlets. A reactant gas entering though the channel diffuses through the gas distribution layer toward the catalyst. The open channels allow relatively unrestricted reactant gas flow and thereby produce a relatively low reactant gas pressure drop. Poor distribution of reactant gases amongst the inlet channels can lead to poor performance. The inlet manifolds, which communicate with all of the cells in a stack, must be designed to ensure that all cells receive substantially the same flow. Within each cell, there may be an inlet region located between the manifolds and the flow channels. Current is typically allowed to pass through this inlet region, but this region may also be inactive. In both cases, the inlet region is designed to ensure that all channels in each cell receive substantially the same flow. It is also possible to homogenize flow over the active area by designing each of the channels with different cross-sectional areas. 
         [0006]    Some flow fields have manifolds and inlets that direct reactant to the fuel cell channels in a uniform manner. Other flow fields have channels with variable depth and/or area to normalize flow within a fuel cell field. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0007]    This invention addresses a need for improved uniformity of flow among channels in a fuel cell field. 
         [0008]    One exemplary device for use in a fuel cell includes a plurality of channels that have at least one entry way, a conduit for directing a flow having a distribution pattern to the entryways and an opening between the conduit and the entry ways for receiving the flow distribution pattern, the opening having such dimension in which the distribution pattern tends to become uniform within the opening so that flow to each of the entry ways tends to be equal. 
         [0009]    One exemplary method for equalizing reactant flowing through a fuel cell field includes directing a flow having a distribution pattern through a conduit to a portion of a fuel cell field having a plurality of entry ways for receiving the flow and, receiving the flow in an opening between the conduit and the entry ways in which the distribution pattern tends to become uniform within the gap so that flow to each of the openings tends to become uniform. 
         [0010]    The above examples are not intended to be limiting. Additional examples are described below. The various features and advantages of this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description. The drawings that accompany the detailed description can be briefly described as follows. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]    The various features and advantages of the disclosed examples will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description. The drawings that accompany the detailed description can be briefly described as follows. 
           [0012]      FIG. 1  illustrates an example fuel cell in cross section. 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  illustrates an example flow field plate. 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  illustrates a flow distribution portion of the flow field plate. 
           [0015]      FIG. 4  compares predicted distributions of flow between the channels for different sizes of the flow distribution region. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0016]      FIG. 1  illustrates a partially exploded view of selected portions of an example fuel cell  10  for generating an electric current in a known electrochemical reaction between reactant gases, for example. It is to be understood that the disclosed arrangement of the fuel cell  10  is only an example and that the concepts disclosed herein may be applied to other fuel cell arrangements. 
         [0017]    The example fuel cell  10  includes one or more fuel cell units  12  that may be stacked in a known manner to provide the assembly of the fuel cell  10 . Each of the fuel cell units  12  includes an electrode assembly  14  and flow field plates  16   a  and  16   b  for delivering reactant gases (e.g., air and hydrogen) to the electrode assembly  14 . The flow field plate  16   a  may be regarded as an air plate for delivering air and the flow field plate  16   b  may be regarded as a fuel plate for delivering hydrogen. The flow field plate  16   a,  flow field plate  16   b,  or both may also circulate coolant in coolant channels that are isolated from the gas channels by the plate material on the “opposite” sides of plates for maintaining a desired operating temperature of the fuel cell  10  and hydrating the reactant gases indirectly by maintaining the electrode assembly  14  in a desired temperature range. 
         [0018]    The electrode assembly  14  includes an electrolyte  18  between a cathode catalyst  20   a  and an anode catalyst  20   b.  Gas diffusion layers  22  may be used between the respective flow field plates  16   a  and  16   b  and the electrode assembly  14  to facilitate distribution of the reactant gases. 
         [0019]    The flow field plates  16   a  and  16   b  may be substantially similar. Thus, the disclosed examples made with reference to the flow field plate  16   a  may also apply to the flow field plate  16   b.  In other examples, the flow field plate  16   b  may be different or include some of the same features as the flow field plate  16   a.    
         [0020]    The flow field plate  16   a  includes a non-porous plate body  30 . Non-porous refers to the body being solid and free of pores that are known in porous plates for holding or transporting liquid water or other fluids. Thus, the non-porous plate body  30  is a barrier to fluids. 
         [0021]    The non-porous plate body  30  includes reactant gas channels  32  and coolant channels  34 . The reactant gas channels  32  are located on a side of the flow field plate  16   a  that faces in the direction of the electrode assembly  14  in the fuel cell unit  12  and the coolant channels  34  are located on the opposite side of the flow field plate  16   a.    
         [0022]    The flow field plate  16   a  may be stamped or otherwise formed into the desired shape. In this regard, positive features on one side of the flow field plate  16   a  are negative features on the other side, and vice versa. Stamping allows the flow field plate  16   a  to be made at a relatively low cost with a reduced need for machining operations, for example. The flow field plate  16   a  may be formed from steel, such as stainless steel, or other suitable alloy or material and may be coated with corrosion resistant material. 
         [0023]      FIG. 2  illustrates one side of the flow field plate  16   a.  It is to be understood that the other side is the negative of the visible side. The channels  32  (positive side) and  34  (negative side) include inlets  42  (which while shown as restricted in the figure these channels may also have no restrictions) for receiving a fluid (reactant gas or coolant) and outlets  44  for discharging the fluid. Optionally, the reactant gas channels  32  may include obstructions  45  in some of the channel inlets  42  and channel outlets  44 . The obstructions  45  may completely block the given channel inlets  42  and channel outlets  44  such that the reactant gas channels  32  are interdigitated. Alternatively, the obstructions  45  may partially block the given channel inlets  42  and channel outlets  44  such that the reactant gas channels  32  are partially interdigitated. Channels that are not blocked have a fully open inlet  33 . Obstructions  45  can also be located at any point along the flow path, from inlet to outlet of the flow channels. 
         [0024]    The flow field plate  16   a  extends between a first terminal end  36  and a second terminal end  38  of the non-porous plate body  30  and includes gap regions  86  for improving flow distribution (one shown). The term flow field as used in this disclosure may include any or all of the channels  32  and  34  for delivering the air, fuel, and coolant and any other area between the channels  32  and  34  and manifolds for transporting the air, fuel, or coolant. The reactant gas channels  32  may be regarded as a portion of the flow field for the reactant gas (e.g., air in the case of flow field plate  16   a  and fuel in the case of flow field plate  16   b ) and the coolant channels  34  may be regarded as a portion of the flow field for coolant. 
         [0025]    The flow fields  40  may each include a first flow distribution portion  50  and a second flow distribution portion  52 . The flow fields of the reactant gases cover active areas and may also include not active seal regions that are side by side with the electrode assembly  14 , for delivering the reactant gases to the electrode assembly  14  for the electrochemical reaction. Thus, the first flow distribution portion  50  and the second flow distribution portion  52  are also side by side with a portion of the electrode assembly  14 . In the illustrated example, the first flow distribution portion  50  diverges from the first terminal end  36  to the channel inlets  42 , and the second first flow distribution portion  52  converges from the channel outlets  44  to the second terminal end  38 . 
         [0026]    The flow field plate  16   a  includes another first flow distribution portion  50  and another second flow distribution portion  52  (as the negative) on the back side of the flow field plate  16   a  for distributing the coolant to and from the coolant channels  34 . 
         [0027]    In the illustrated example, the flow field plate  16   a  has an irregular octagonal shape to achieve the divergent and convergent shape. However, the shape is not limited to octagonal, and in other examples the flow field plate  16   a  may have a different polygonal shape or a non-polygonal shape, such as elliptical, to achieve the divergent and convergent shape. 
         [0028]    The first flow distribution portion  50  and the second flow distribution portion  52  may each include a straight end wall  54  and two straight side walls  56  that non-perpendicularly extend from the straight end wall  54 . The angle between the side walls  56  and the end wall  54  provides the respective diverging or converging shape. The angles shown may be varied, depending on a desired degree of divergence or convergence. 
         [0029]    The diverging and converging shapes of the respective first flow distribution portion  50  and second flow distribution portion  52  facilitate distribution of a fluid to the portion of the flow field with channels. For instance, the flow of a fluid delivered into the first flow distribution portion  50  follows along the side walls  56  to the outer channels near the edges of the flow field plate  16   a.  If the side walls  56  were perpendicular to the straight end wall  54 , the fluid would not flow smoothly near the corner and flow into the outer channels would be inhibited. By sloping the side walls  56  relative to the end wall  54  to create a divergent shape, the first flow distribution portion  50  more uniformly distributes the fluid to the channels Likewise, the second flow distribution portion  52  converges and thereby funnels the fluid flowing from the channels to facilitate collection of the fluid. 
         [0030]    The fuel cell  10  also includes manifolds  60 ,  62 ,  64 ,  66 ,  68 , and  70  to deliver and collect reactant gas and coolant to and from the flow fields  40 . The manifolds  60  and  64  are located near the side walls  56  of the first flow distribution portion  50 , and the manifold  62  is located near the end wall  54 . The manifolds  66  and  70  are located near the side walls  56  of the second flow distribution portion  52 , and the manifold  68  is located near the end wall  54 . 
         [0031]    The individual manifolds  60 ,  62 ,  64 ,  66 ,  68 , and  70  may be used as inlets for delivering the fuel, air, or coolant to a given flow field  40  or as outlets for collecting the fuel, air, or coolant from the given flow field  40  to facilitate fluid distribution or achieve other fuel cell objectives. 
         [0032]    Referring also to  FIG. 3 , the first flow distribution portion  50 , the second flow distribution portion  52 , or both may include a flow guide  78  that establishes a desired flow distribution between a given manifold  60 ,  62 ,  64 ,  66 ,  68 , and  70  and the channels. For example, the flow guide  78  may include protrusions  80  within the first flow distribution portion  50  and/or second flow distribution portion  52 . The shape of the protrusions  80 , arrangement of the protrusions  80 , or both may contribute to establishing the desired flow distribution by limiting flow to or from selected reactant gas channels  32  and promoting flow to or from other of the reactant gas channels  32 . Given this description, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize particular shapes and arrangements to suit their particular needs. 
         [0033]    The protrusions  80  may have a non-equiaxed cross-sectional shape though other shapes may be contemplated. In the given example, the configuration of the protrusions  80  in the first flow distribution portion  50  are arranged to diverge the inlet flow across the flow field so the flow distribution is uniform as it reaches the gap region  86 , and the configuration of the protrusions  80  in the second flow distribution portion  52  converge the flow towards the manifold  68 . The protrusions  80  are generally arranged in rows, but other arrangements are contemplated. In this example, the protrusions  80  have an oval cross-section. In other examples, the protrusions  80  may have other non-equiaxed or equiaxed cross-sectional shapes. 
         [0034]    While the protrusions  80  in the first flow distribution portion  50  are intended to distribute the flow to the reactant channels  32  equally, the flow exiting the first flow distribution portion  50  tends to form an unequal flow pattern as indicated by illustrative bar line  84  in gap region  86 . The bar line  84  is illustrative because protrusions  80  may have other shapes, manifold  62  may have other shapes and because the second flow distribution portion  52  may also have different shapes and differently shaped protrusions  80 . 
         [0035]    The gap  86  has a length L and a width W. The gap  86  allows the flow, shown by arrows  88  to enter into the channels  32  with a more uniform flow distribution. The lower resistance across the width W of the opening tends to equalize flow along the length L of the gap. Reactant flow along the channels remains homogenized due to mixing into and out of the channels  32 , in the flow field and through the overlaid gas diffusion layer  22 . This flow pattern also improves the uniformity of flow along the length of the flow channels  32 . 
         [0036]    Referring now to  FIG. 4 , the graph is shown in which oxidant flow is analyzed through channels depending on the width of the gap  86 . Each left bar  90  shows the flow in each channel without an opening or gap  86 . The flow in each middle bar  92  shows the flow in each channel with a 5 mm gap. The flow in each right bar  94  shows the flow in each channel with a 25 mm gap. The x-axis  96  shows the channel number from mid-plane of the flow field to edge. The y-axis  98  shows the relative flow passing through each channel. Because each channel is assumed to be 1 mm wide, each rib is assumed to be 0.7 mm wide and there are 60 channels edge to edge, the width of the fuel cell  10  is about 102 mm. One can see that as the gap widens from 0 to 25 mm the flow in the channels tends to equalize in that the flow in the channel  1 , which is at the mid-plane, drops from about 1.3 to 1.2 and the flow in channel  30 , which is close to the edge  100 , rises from about 0.5 to about 0.63. Not surprisingly channel  16  tends to stay at approximately the average flow and the flows in the channels at the ends and the midplane tend to increase and diminish as the gap gets larger. Improved flow uniformity occurs when a ratio of length to width of the gap is as large as 20:1. A more preferred uniformity results from ratios of 4:1 and lower. 
         [0037]    If the flow is not uniform, flow through the channels is not equal and the fuel cell cannot operate at optimum efficiency. With reactant flow maldistribution, the fuel cell may also require more parasitic power to move the reactant flow through the channels and decrease the efficiency of the fuel cell. The fuel cell may also suffer early failure if some channels do not get enough moisture entrained in reactant gases and therefore cause the membrane to dry and fail. 
         [0038]    Although a combination of features is shown in the illustrated examples, not all of them need to be combined to realize the benefits of various embodiments of this invention. In other words, a system designed according to an embodiment of this invention will not necessarily include all of the features shown in any one of the Figures or all of the portions schematically shown in the Figures. Moreover, selected features of one example embodiment may be combined with selected features of other example embodiments. 
         [0039]    The preceding description is exemplary rather than limiting in nature. Variations and modifications to the disclosed examples may become apparent to those skilled in the art that do not necessarily depart from the essence of this invention. The scope of legal protection given to this invention can only be determined by studying the following claims.