Abstract:
A code-division multiplexing (CDM) system utilized in multi-channel (MC) front-end integrated circuits to significantly reduce the power consumption of such systems. The CDM system extends data compression advantages to uncorrelated and weakly correlated MC signals through the introduction of a new Multi-Channel Signal Binning and Multiplexing (MCSBM) method and architecture. The method achieves significant reductions in power consumption in comparison to a conventional time-division multiplexing quantizer, while adding only a modest amount of overhead and complexity. Systems and methods permit architects to fabricate MC integrated circuits with ultra low power consumption and small chip area. Another embodiment relates to the system&#39;s compressor organizing samples of the input signal in such a way that the downstream analog-to-digital converter quantizes the higher variance samples with a higher resolution compared to the resolution it uses to quantize other samples with lower variance.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The subject application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/694,998, filed Jan. 27, 2010, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/148,325. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention relates generally to multi-channel systems, and more particularly to code-division multiplexed multi-channel systems. 
         [0004]    2. Background Information 
         [0005]    A multitude of applications require a front-end integrated circuit to manage multiple signals measured from different inputs. Examples of such multi-channel systems include: microelectrode arrays in neural recording, multi-antenna wireless communications, microarrays and lab-on-chips, X-ray detectors, electronic noses and gas sensor arrays, biosensor arrays, tactile sensors, ultrasound, cantilever arrays, multi-electrode electrocardiogram (ECG), and more. Even a generic architecture where multiple sensor outputs are processed by a single integrated circuit in industrial and medical applications falls under the category of a multi-channel system. Moreover, the emerging trend of miniature sensor arrays, which micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology has enabled, is fueling the growing importance of low power, small form factor multi-channel integrated circuits. 
         [0006]    A challenge of a multi-channel integrated circuit involves managing multiple input channels (which in some applications may range up to hundreds or even thousands of channels), while at the same time achieving reasonable amounts of power consumption and hardware size and complexity. In its most generic form, the multi-channel integrated circuit takes on the conventional architecture of  FIG. 1 , where multiple analog signal processing chains are dedicated to each input. However, several drawbacks accompany the brute-force replicated chain method: an increase in power consumption and chip area proportional to the number of inputs, an increase in I/O and control signals, coupling between multiple chains, difficulty in routing and distributing clock and global signals, and (non)systematic mismatches between the chains. Particularly, a critical bottleneck in multi-channel systems is the analog-to-digital converter (ADC), which, depending on the application, can easily dominate the overall power and area, especially when high resolutions and fast sampling speeds are needed. Consequently, not only does the conventional architecture increase design and debugging time, but in applications where ultra low power consumption and small chip area are the foremost goals, the architecture is prohibitively challenging 
         [0007]    One alternative is to time-division multiplex (TDM) multiple input signals to a single shared path of an amplifier and analog-to-digital converter (ADC) as shown in  FIG. 2 . Another alternative is code-division multiplexing (CDM). 
       SUMMARY 
       [0008]    The embodiments provided herein are directed to code-division multiplexing multi-channel systems. The use of CDM in multi-channel front-end integrated circuits has significant power reduction advantages over that of TDM, especially in that of the ADC during the coding transform on correlated multi-channel signals. CDM&#39;s data compression advantages are further extended to uncorrelated and weakly correlated MC signals through a Multi-Channel Signal Binning and Multiplexing (MCSBM) method and architecture. The proposed method achieves significant reductions in power consumption in comparison to a TDM quantizer, while adding only a modest amount of overhead and complexity. In addition, an adaptive multi-channel CDM architecture is presented, where the built-in address code of each input signal is utilized to reduce overhead of the system. These CDM multi-channel architectures are described herein. 
         [0009]    In one embodiment, a CDM multi-channel system receives multiple input signals and multiplies each input signal with a unique code to distinguish the input signal from the other input signals, and subsequently sums them together. If the code set is an orthogonal code set, such as a Hadamard transform, fast Fourier transform (FFT), discrete cosine transform (DCT), Karhunen-Loeve transform (KL), or the like, the code-multiplied, summed output is data compressed when the multi-channel input signals are correlated. The multiple input signals may originate from the same source, or from multiple antennas, multiple sensors, multiple channels, or the like. The code-modulated signals are then sent through a single path of shared blocks, which could provide amplification, filtering, pre-processing, or similar functions. The signals are then quantized by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). After shared processing and/or shared transmission, the individual signals are recovered using a bank of matched filters. Each matched filter (MF) contains a code corresponding to one of the unique codes for recovering the corresponding signal from the combined signal. The recovered signals may then be inputted to additional processors for further processing. 
         [0010]    In another embodiment a Multi-Channel Signal Binning and Multiplexing (MCSBM) method and architecture allow uncorrelated or weakly correlated signals to be Hadamard multiplexed and compressed. The method sorts the MC input signals into bins of similar amplitude. Each bin is then individually Hadamard multiplexed, compressed, and quantized, similar to the approach discussed in the first embodiment. 
         [0011]    Another variation of the CDM multi-channel system is an adaptive multi-channel system, where in some applications certain input signals are inactive during a specified time interval. In this embodiment, only the active signals need to be processed to reduce the amount of output data and overhead. By using code-division multiplexing, an inherent address code of each input is already built into the code-modulation process, thereby obviating a need to put an additional address code on top of the input signal&#39;s measured value. 
         [0012]    The previously mentioned embodiments can also be extended to a single-channel system. This is realized by transforming a single input signal into multiple input signals. The single input signal is sampled over time to collect N number of samples. Each of these samples then constitutes multiple signals which can be multiplexed, compressed, and quantized, similar to the approach discussed in each of the previous embodiments. 
         [0013]    In yet another embodiment, the CDM architecture comprises a compressor, an ADC, and a decompressor, wherein the compressor function organizes samples of the input signal in such a way that the samples with higher variance are quantized by the ADC at higher resolution compared to the resolution at which the ADC quantizes the samples with lower variance. This embodiment can also be extended to a multi-channel system. 
         [0014]    The systems, methods, features and advantages of the invention will be or will become apparent to one with ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims. It is also intended that the invention is not limited to require the details of the example embodiments. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0015]    The details of the invention, including fabrication, structure and operation, may be gleaned in part by study of the accompanying figures, in which like reference numerals refer to like segments. 
           [0016]      FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of a conventional multi-channel system with multiple analog signal processing chains. 
           [0017]      FIG. 2  shows a block diagram of a conventional time-division multiplexing multi-channel system. 
           [0018]      FIG. 3  shows a block diagram of a multi-channel code-division multiplexed system according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0019]      FIG. 4  shows the Multi-Channel Signal Binning and Multiplexing (MCSBM) method according to another embodiment of the invention. 
           [0020]      FIG. 5  shows the Multi-Channel Signal Binning and Multiplexing (MCSBM) architecture, using a single adaptive analog-to-digital converter, according to another embodiment of the invention. 
           [0021]      FIG. 6  shows the Multi-Channel Signal Binning and Multiplexing (MCSBM) architecture, using a multiple adaptive or non-adaptive analog-to-digital converters, according to another embodiment of the invention. 
           [0022]      FIG. 7  shows the adaptive multi-channel code-division multiplexed system according to another embodiment of the invention. 
           [0023]      FIG. 8  shows the single-channel conversion to a multi-channel system according to another embodiment of the invention. 
           [0024]      FIG. 9  shows the compression-decompression analog-to-digital converter system block diagram according to another embodiment of the invention. 
           [0025]      FIG. 10  shows the compressor function in the compression-decompression analog-to-digital converter system. 
           [0026]      FIG. 11  shows the decompressor function in the compression-decompression analog-to-digital converter system. 
           [0027]      FIG. 12  shows the compression-decompression analog-to-digital converter system used in a multi-channel system. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0028]      FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of a conventional multi-channel system with multiple analog signal processing chains. One chain is dedicated to each input channel. The first input channel S 1  is transmitted through an amplifier or buffer  1   a . Thereafter it is sequentially passed through a low-pass filter  1   b , then another amplifier or buffer  1   c , and analog-to-digital converter (ADC)  1   d . The input channel is finally transmitted to the digital signal processor  3 . This configuration is repeated for each input channel, from the first input channel S 1  through the N-th input channel S N , the latter passing through its own amplifier or buffer  2   a , low-pass filter  2   b , second amplifier or buffer  2   c , and ADC  2   d  before reaching the digital signal processor  3 . 
         [0029]      FIG. 2  shows a block diagram of a conventional time-division multiplexed multi-channel system for processing a plurality of input signals. The first input channel S 1  is transmitted through an amplifier or buffer  11   a . Thereafter it is passed through a low-pass filter  11   b  before it arrives at a sample-and-hold block  11   c . This configuration is repeated for each input channel, from the first input channel S 1  through the N-th input channel S N , the latter passing through its own amplifier or buffer  12   a , low-pass filter  12   b , and sample-and-hold block  12   c . The multiplexer  13   a  then multiplexes the samples of all N input signals onto a single stream at a certain sampling frequency, resulting in a vector x TDM , which is output to the amplifier  13   b . The multiplexed stream is then quantized by the ADC  13   c , yielding y TDM . The quantized signal is then transmitted to the demultiplexer  13   d , which synchronously resamples y TDM  to recover the individual signals, y 1  through y N . Subsequently those signals are sent to the digital signal processor  13   e.    
         [0030]      FIG. 3  shows a block diagram of a code-modulated path-sharing multi-signal system for processing a plurality of input signals according to one embodiment. The signals S 1  through S N  inputted into the system may originate from the same source, or from multiple antennas, multiple sensors, multiple channels or the like. The system comprises a plurality of amplifiers or buffers  21   a ,  22   a , low-pass filters  21   b ,  22   b , sample-and-hold blocks  21   c ,  22   c , and code modulators  21   d ,  22   d , wherein each code modulator receives one of the signals and modulates the corresponding signal with a unique code C 1  to C N . The unique codes assigned to the code modulators can be either orthogonal (e.g., Hadamard) or non-orthogonal codes, of binary or M-ary complexity. 
         [0031]    The multi-signal system further comprises a signal summer  23   a  that combines the N code-modulated signals from the code modulators into a combined signal x CDM . As a result, the signals are multiplexed into the combined signal, within which each signal is distinguishable from the other signals by its unique code and can be recovered from the combined signal using the corresponding code. So as to not overload the full scale of a downstream ADC  23   b , the combined signal can be scaled down by the scalar N −0.5 . 
         [0032]    The combined signal x CDM  is sent through shared hardware and/or shared transmission medium. The shared hardware may include an amplifier, filter, or processors. The shared medium may include air, water, an optical fiber, a human body, a conductor such as a coaxial cable, wires or other shared conductive path. To transmit the combined signal across the shared medium, the system may include components for converting the combined signal into a form that can be transmitted across the shared medium. For example, when the shared medium is air, the system may include an RF antenna and associated hardware at each end of the shared medium. 
         [0033]    The multi-signal system of  FIG. 3  further comprises a plurality of matched filters that receive the combined signal at the other end of the shared hardware and/or shared medium. Each MF contains a code corresponding to one of the unique codes for recovering the corresponding signal from the combined signal. If a unique code had been an orthogonal matrix, then the inverse of that code matrix would be used as the corresponding code to recover that input signal. The first MF  21   e  contains the code corresponding to the unique code C 1  used by the code modulator  21   d  to code-modulate input signal S 1 . Likewise, the N-th MF  22   e  contains the code corresponding to the unique code C N  used by the code modulator  22   d  to code-modulate input signal S N . Each recovered signal corresponds to one of the input signals, y 1  to S 1 , y 2  to S 2 , and y N  to S N . The recovered signals are then input into the digital signal processor  23   c  for further processing. 
         [0034]    By multiplying the multi-channel input signal vector x with an N×N Hadamard matrix H, the signals are essentially decomposed into N transform coefficients associated with the row vectors of H. The Hadamard transformed output is x CDM , an N×1 vector which represents the single stream CDM signal. Viewed this way, the Hadamard transform is synonymous with the Fourier transform, where the magnitudes of the frequencies within a signal vector are binned by its transform coefficients. 
         [0035]    For correlated MC signals, the first few low frequency transform coefficients typically have the greatest power. Because the elements of x CDM  have unequal powers and degrees of importance, the possibility of quantizing different elements with varying levels of resolution can lead to power savings for the ADC, since only the higher power elements needed to be quantized finely, and that of low power can be quantized coarsely (i.e. fewer number of bits needs be allocated to quantizing certain elements). As such, Hadamard transforms provide the opportunity to compress redundant information among the signals, resulting in lowered data rates and quantization resolutions. 
         [0036]    Also, while the use of a non-orthogonal code matrix can cause distortion to the multiplexed inputs, the use of a carefully selected code matrix can minimize the distortion. The use of an M×N code matrix (where M&lt;N) in CDM can still maintain acceptable distortion while requiring lower operating rates of the shared blocks, ultimately reducing the power consumption of those blocks. 
         [0037]    The multi-signal system can be used for any application that requires processing and/or transmitting multiple signals. For example, the system may be used to process multiple signals using shared hardware instead of separate signal chains. This greatly reduces the size, power consumption, and complexity of the system, especially in applications using a large number of signals. This also reduces complexity by eliminating the coupling between components in multiple signal chains. Moreover, the shared signal path of the combined signal alleviates the problem of complex signal distribution and routing in multi-signal architectures. 
         [0038]      FIG. 4  shows the Multi-Channel Signal Binning and Multiplexing (MCSBM) method according to one embodiment. The MCSBM method further improves the data compression characteristics of Hadamard multiplexing. It extends compression advantages onto even weakly correlated or uncorrelated MC signals, while further enhancing the compression properties of highly correlated signals. The method sorts the multi-channel input signals into mutually exclusive bins of similar amplitude. Each bin is then individually Hadamard multiplexed, compressed, and quantized, similar to the approach discussed for  FIG. 3 . 
         [0039]    The following are notations and assumptions for the MCSBM method of  FIG. 4 , which depicts the case when the multi-channel input signal vector is x=[x 1  x 2  . . . x N ] signals, wherein the            k  denotes the k th  bin containing C k  number of sorted signals, for k=1, 2, . . . , K; wherein           denotes the single bin containing U number of uncorrelated or unsorted signals; x e     k    denotes the vector of signals in            k , and x u   denotes the vector of signals in          . Every bin is mutually exclusive with each other, meaning that a signal in a bin cannot occupy any other bin simultaneously. V th  represents the threshold voltage used to determine that amount of correlation between signals of a bin. Furthermore, C k  and U are subject to the constraint 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             N 
             = 
             
               U 
               + 
               
                 
                   ∑ 
                   
                     k 
                     = 
                     1 
                   
                   K 
                 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 
                   C 
                   k 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0040]    The MCSBM architecture using a single adaptive ADC is shown in  FIG. 5 . After the input sample and holds  31   a ,  32   a , the difference comparison network  33  compares the difference between input signals, |x n −x n+m |, as reflected by step 2 of the method of  FIG. 4 . The difference comparison network  33  can be realized with switched capacitor circuits. Moreover, by building in switched capacitor operation into the comparators, the subtraction and thresholding procedure of step 2 of the method can be realized with minimum added overhead. 
         [0041]    As part of step 2 of the MCSBM method of  FIG. 4 , the differences are then sent to 1-bit comparators  31   b ,  32   b , which each decides whether |x n −x n+3 |&lt;V th . Once the decision has been made, knowledge of which signals fall into which bin,            1 ,            2 , . . . ,            K  or          , are recorded in the digital signal processor  35 . A priori knowledge of the MC input signals can be used to store quantizer settings in look up tables (LUT) in the digital signal processor  35 , which accordingly provides quantizer control signals  36  to different elements of the Hadamard multiplexed outputs. The control signals  36  may be digital, to be determined by the information on the multi-channel input signal amplitude differences. 
         [0042]    Note that as V th , normalized as a fraction of the full scale of the ADC  39 , increases, the average bin size for            k (C k ) also increases. Conversely the average bin size for          (U) decreases as V th  increases. The trends of the average U versus V th  is independent of N. In addition, the average number of bins for            k (K) decreases as V th  decreases. Furthermore, the variance among the signals in a bin also decreases as V th  decreases. The average variances determine how much variable gain is needed for different Hadamard multiplexed output elements to amplify them to the full scale of the ADC. 
         [0043]    Based on the above information, digital control signals  36  select the appropriate setting in the Hadamard selector-and-multiplexer  34 , and each bin is Hadamard multiplexed together accordingly. This is reflected by step 3 of the method of  FIG. 4 . The multiplexing step also includes multiplying the           bin that contains U number of uncorrelated or unsorted signals. 
         [0044]    The knowledge of which signals are contained in which bins also controls the full scale variable gain amplifier  38  and/or the speed and resolution settings of the ADC  39  via control signals  36 . As reflected by step 4 of the method, each of the bins is quantized by one or more ADCs that have been set to operate at optimal resolutions determined by the information. Elements with lower variance may be quantized at lower resolutions, and thus fewer bits needs be allocated to those elements. Conversely elements with higher variance should be quantized at higher resolutions, and thus more bits should be allocated to those elements. 
         [0045]    The digitized signals are output via  37  from the ADC  39  are then matched filtered as per step 5, and subsequently reorganized in step 6 into its original signal vector x based on which signals were allocated into which bins. The reorganized signals may then be sent to the digital signal processor  35  for further processing. 
         [0046]    The MCSBM architecture enables significant amounts of power savings compared to a conventional TDM quantizer. Power savings for a targeted signal to quantization noise ratio (SNQR) degradation increases as correlation increases. At high correlations, power savings can be attained at no degradation in SNQR. Furthermore, the power savings afforded by MCSBM will increase as the number of channels increases. 
         [0047]    Although the method of  FIG. 4  employs Hadamard codes, non-Hadamard orthogonal codes, non-orthogonal codes, binary codes, or M-ary codes may also be used. 
         [0048]      FIG. 6  shows the MCSBM architecture using multiple adaptive or fixed ADCs. Its operation is very similar to that of  FIG. 5 , except the CDM multi-channel input signals are quantized using multiple ADCs  31   d ,  32   d . The ADCs  31   d ,  32   d  are either adaptive in its resolution and/or bandwidth, or fixed in its resolution and/or bandwidth. This architecture relaxes the speed requirements of the quantization process. By breaking down Hadamard multiplexing into sub-ADCs  31   d ,  32   d , data compression advantages are still retained since the sub-ADCs  31   d ,  32   d  are operating at resolutions optimized for the transform coefficients to be quantized. Each of the multiple ADCs  31   d ,  32   d  may have its own variable gain amplifier  31   c ,  32   c  to adjust to the incoming signal to the ADC&#39;s full scale. 
         [0049]      FIG. 7  shows an adaptive multi-channel CDM system. This variation of the CDM multi-channel system is an adaptive multi-channel system, where in some applications certain input signals are inactive during a specified time interval. In this embodiment, only the active signals need to be processed to reduce the amount of output data and overhead. By using code-division multiplexing, an inherent address code of each input is already built into the code-modulation process, thereby obviating a need to put an additional address code on top of the input signal&#39;s measured value. 
         [0050]    The signals S 1  through S N  inputted into the system may originate from the same source, or from multiple antennas, multiple sensors, multiple channels or the like. The system comprises a plurality of amplifiers or buffers  41   a ,  42   a , low-pass filters  41   b ,  42   b , sample-and-hold blocks  41   c ,  42   c , and code modulators  41   d ,  42   d , wherein each code modulator receives one of the signals and modulates the corresponding signal with a unique code C 1  to C N . 
         [0051]    When an input signal S 1  is inactive, or when it is not desired to know the signal&#39;s value, its corresponding code modulator  41   d  is shut down. The remaining active or desired input signals such as S N  are code-division multiplexed by its respective code modulator  42   d , subsequently summed with other code-division multiplexed signals at the summer  43   a , and thereafter transmitted through a single path of shared blocks or medium. So as to not overload the full scale of the downstream adaptive ADC  43   b , the combined signal x CDM  can be first scaled down by the scalar N −0.5 . The combined signal x CDM  is then quantized by the adaptive ADC  43   b , where its speed and resolution are adaptively adjusted based on the number and locations of the active input signals. In the digital domain, a plurality of matched filters  41   e ,  42   e  receive the quantized combined signal y CDM  at the other end of the shared hardware and/or shared medium. Each MF contains a code corresponding to one of the unique codes for recovering the corresponding signal from the combined signal. For instance, MF  42   e  contains a code corresponding to the unique code C N  used by code modulator  42   d , which can recover the signal y N  from the combined signal y CDM . Each recovered signal corresponds to one of the input signals. The recovered signals may be inputted thereafter into additional signal processors  43   c  for further processing. 
         [0052]      FIG. 8  shows a single-channel conversion to a multi-channel system. This method may be applied to any of the aforementioned architectures of  FIGS. 3 ,  5 ,  6  and  7 . The single input channel S 1  is sampled and held sequentially by a sample-and-hold block  50 . A first delay block or cell  52   a  will delay the multiplexing process of its sample by N−1 clock cycles, the second by N−2 clock cycles, and so forth. The N-th delay block or cell  51   a  need not perform any delay. In other words, the first and last delay cells will differ by N−1 clock cycles. This allows a group of sampled signals to be code-division multiplexed  51   b ,  52   b  and summed together at  53   a , thereby attaining similar advantages of  FIGS. 3 ,  5 ,  6  and  7  upon quantization at ADC  53   b  and recovery at matched filters  51   c ,  52   c . The recovered signals may be inputted thereafter into a digital signal processor  53   c  for further processing. 
         [0053]      FIG. 9  shows a block diagram of a compression-decompression system surrounding an ADC  62  according to another embodiment. The analog signal(s)  60  inputted into the system may originate from multiple antennas, multiple sensors, multiple channels or the like, or from the same source. The analog input signal  60  is directed through a signal compressor  61 , the ADC  62 , and a signal decompressor  63 . 
         [0054]      FIG. 10  shows a block diagram of the compressor  61 . The compressor  61  plays the role of organizing or reshaping the sampled signals such that output samples of the compressor with higher variance  61   b  are subsequently quantized by the ADC  62  of  FIG. 9  at a higher resolution compared to those output samples  61   c  with lower variance, which are quantized at a lower resolution. The compressor signal organization at  61   a  can be performed in a variety of ways, including rearranging samples based on their amplitude information, the frequency information, or some other information such as that attained after a linear transformation. This then enables the ADC  62  of  FIG. 9  to operate with lower total resolution overall when using compression compared to that without using compression. After the compressed signal is digitized, the signal must be decompressed so that it will closely resemble the original uncompressed signal with minimal signal-to-noise ratio loss. 
         [0055]      FIG. 11  shows a block diagram of the decompressor  63 . The decompressor  63  performs the inverse or opposite function of the compressor  61  in order to get the original signal back. The decompressor&#39;s signal re-organization at  63   a  can be performed in a variety of ways, including rearranging samples  63   b ,  63   c  based on their amplitude information, the frequency information, or some other information such as that attained after a linear transformation. The reorganization section  63   a  may comprise summers or subtracting operations for reconstructing the original signal from the samples  63   b ,  63   c . A reconstructed signal  64  is then output from the decompressor  63 . 
         [0056]      FIG. 12  shows how the compression-decompression analog-to-digital converting system can be applied to a multi-channel system. In one embodiment, multi-channel system application is accomplished by employing multiple compressors  71   a ,  72   a , analog-to-digital converters  71   b ,  72   b , and decompressors  71   c ,  72   c  (i.e., a compressor-ADC-decompressor chain for receiving and quantizing each input channel  71 ,  72  in the multi-channel system). 
         [0057]    While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific examples thereof have been shown in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not to be limited to the particular forms or methods disclosed, but to the contrary, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.