Abstract:
This invention relates to azeotropic compositions of 1,2-dichloro-1-fluoroethane or of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane with certain alcohols, ethers, or ketones.

Description:
This Application is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 391,663 filed Aug. 27, 1973, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,936,387 issued Feb. 3, 1976 which was a continuation-in-part of Application Ser. No. 223,779 filed Feb. 4, 1972, now abandoned. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to azeotropic compositions of chlorofluorohydrocarbons with alcohols, ethers, or ketones. In a further aspect, the invention relates to new solvent compositions. In another aspect, the invention relates to methods of removing excess solder flux from circuit boards. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Azeotropic mixtures are liquid mixtures of two or more substances which mixtures behave like single substances in that the vapor produced by partial evaporation of the azeotropic liquid has the same composition as does the liquid. Azeotropic compositions exhibit either a maximum or minimum boiling point as compared with that of other but non-azeotropic mixtures of the same substances or components. 
     Chlorofluorohydrocarbons have found usage for a variety of purposes. For some solvent purposes, however, the chlorofluorohydrocarbons in themselves have not exhibited adequate abilities. Particularly deficient have been the chlorofluorohydrocarbons in dissolving excess solder flux from printed circuits. Printed circuits are formed from a soft metal on a solid nonconducting surface such as a reinforced phenolic resin. During the manufacturing processes, the solid surface or support is coated with the soft metal. The particular desired portion or configuration of metal is coated with an acid-impervious protective coating, and the excess unprotected metal is removed by an acid etching process. 
     The protective coating subsequently must be removed since solder joints must ultimately be made onto the printed circuit. After the impervious coating is removed, the circuits are coated with a rosin flux to permit the joints to be soldered, and after soldering the rosin flux itself must be removed. For removal of such coatings and fluxes, highly efficient uniform composition solvents are desirable. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of this invention to provide novel azeotropic compositions. 
     It is a further purpose of this invention to provide new compositions of matter useful for dissolving solder flux. 
     Other aspects, objects, and the several advantages of my invention will be readily apparant to one skilled in the art to which the invention most nearly pertains from the reading of my description and consideration of my appended claims. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     I have discovered useful azeotropes of 1,2-dichloro-1-fluoroethane with each of the tetrahydrofuran, methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol; and of 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane with each of tetrahydrofuran, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, ethanol, and isopropanol. 
     An azeotrope may be defined as a constant boiling mixture which distills without change in composition. Yet, at a differing pressure, the composition indeed may vary, at least slightly, with the change in distillation pressure, which also changes, at least slightly, the distillation temperature. An azeotrope of A and B may represent a unique type of relationship with a variable composition. 
     Thus, it should be possible to fingerprint the azeotrope, which may appear under varying guises depending upon the conditions chosen, by any of several criteria: The composition may be defined as an azeotrope of A and B, since the very term azeotrope is at once definitive and limitative, requiring that A and B indeed form this unique composition of matter which is a constant boiling admixture. Or, the composition may be defined as a particular azeotrope of a weight percent relationship or mole percent relationship of A:B, but recognizing that such values point out only one such relationship, whereas a series of relationships of A:B may exist for the azeotrope, varied by influence of temperature and pressure. Or, recognizing that broadly speaking an azeotrope of A:B actually represents a series of relationships, the azeotropic series represented by A:B may in effect be fingerprinted or characterized by defining the composition as an azeotrope further characterized by a particular boiling point at a given pressure, thus giving identifying characterisitcs without unduly limiting the scope of the invention. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The following data are presented in order to assist in disclosing and describing my invention, and, therefore, are not intended to be limitative of the reasonable scope thereof. 
     The azeotropes of my invention were prepared by distilling mixtures of the chlorofluorohydrocarbon and the other component until the overhead temperature reached a constant value and the composition of the distillate remained unchanged as verified by GLC analysis, thereby establishing the existence of a minimum boiling azeotrope in each case. 
     The azeotropes were tested so solvents for solder flux on printed circuits. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE I 
     Azeotropic compositions were prepared and characterized by the properties tabulated below: 
     
                                           TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________                     Composition                     of AzeotropeAzeotrope.sup.(a)      Chlorofluoro-  Chlorofluoro-B. P.(Pressure)      hydrocarbon              Alcohol                     hydrocarbon/Alcohol__________________________________________________________________________56° C(742 mm)      141.sup.(b)              Methanol                     (73.5/26.5 wt. %                     (64.4/35.6 area %)65° C(749 mm)      141     Ethanol                     81.2/18.8 wt. %68° C(740 mm)      141     Isopropanol                     81.3/16.6.sup.(d) wt. %52° C(741 mm)      132.sup.(c)              Methanol                     90.4/9.6 wt. %56-57° C(748 mm)      132     Ethanol                     94.9-95/5-5.1 wt. %47° C(744 mm)      132     Isopropanol                     98.7/1.3 wt. %__________________________________________________________________________ .sup.(a) B. P. is the boiling point for the azeotropic composition at substantially atmospheric in each case. The pressure showing was the atmospheric barometric pressure taken from daily laboratory readings. .sup.(b) 141 represents 1,2-dichloro-1-fluoroethane .sup.(c) 132 represents 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane .sup.(d) Remaining 2.1 weight per cent not identified. 
    
     The azeotropes were tested as solvents for removal of solder flux from commercial circuit boards, with results as shown below, along with comparative runs: 
     
                       TABLE II______________________________________                      Wt. % of FluxRuns  Solvent Systems      Dissolved______________________________________1     141/methanol         97.02     141/ethanol          91.53     141/isopropanol      95.74     132/methanol         98.75     132/ethanol          94.06     132/isopropanol      98.07     113.sup.(e)          28.48     1,1,1-trichloroethane                      82.69     113/ethanol azeotrope                      66.510    113/ethanol/acetone azeotropic                      57.011    113/isopropanol azeotrope                      69.512    141                  51.313    132                  74.2______________________________________ .sup.(e) 113 represents 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane. 
    
     The data in Table II show that the novel azeotropic compositions of this invention were more effective than several commercially available solvents or of 141 or 132 alone in removing solder flux from printed circuit boards. 
     EXAMPLE II 
     Azeotropic compositions were prepared and characterized by the properties tabulated below: 
     
                       TABLE III______________________________________                          Approximate                          Weight Per Cent                          Composition                          of AzeotropeAzeotrope   Chlorofluoro-      Chlorofluoro-B. P. (Pressure)           hydrocarbon                      Ether hydrocarbon/Ether______________________________________74° C (739 mm)  141        THF.sup.(f)                             61.8/38.270° C (739 mm)  132        THF    45.9/54.1______________________________________ .sup.(f) THF represents tetrahydrofuran. 
    
     The azeotropes were tested as solvents for removal of solder flux from commercial circuit boards, with results as shown below, along with comparative runs with other similar materials. 
     
                       TABLE IV______________________________________Runs  Solvent Systems  Wt. % of Flux Dissolved______________________________________14    141/THF          10015    132/THF          10016    1,1,1-Trichloroethane                  82.617    113/ethanol azeotrope                  66.518    141              51.319    132              74.2______________________________________ 
    
     The data in Table IV above show that the novel azeotropic compositions of this invention were more effective in removing solder flux from printed circuit boards than several commercially available solvents or 141 or 132 alone. 
     EXAMPLE III 
     Azeotropic compositions were prepared and characterized by the properties tabulated below: 
     
                                           TABLE V__________________________________________________________________________                     Approximate Wt. %                     Composition                     of AzeotropeAzeotrope    Chlorofluoro-                Chlorofluoro-B.P. (Pressure)        hydrocarbon                Ketone                     hydrocarbon/Ketone__________________________________________________________________________80° C(atmospheric)        141     MEK.sup.(g)                      54.1/45.980° C(743 mm)        132     MEK   39.8/60.266° C(736 mm)        132     Acetone                      72.3/27.7__________________________________________________________________________ .sup.(g) MEK represents methyl ethyl ketone. 
    
     The azeotropes were tested as solvents for removal of excess solder flux from commercial circuit boards, with the results as shown below, along with comparative runs with other materials. 
     
                       TABLE VI______________________________________Runs  Solvent Systems    Wt. % of Flux Dissolved______________________________________20    141/MEK            10021    132/MEK            9822    1,1,1-Trichloroethane                    82.623    113/ethanol azeotrope                    66.524    113/ethanol/acetone azeotrope                    57.025    141                51.326    132                74.2______________________________________ 
    
     The data in Table VII above show that the novel azeotropic compositions of this invention were more effective in removing solder flux from printed circuit boards than several commercially available solvents or 141 or 132 alone. 
     EXAMPLE IV 
     Flash point data were obtained for azeotropic compositions of my discovery: 
     
                       TABLE VII______________________________________                          Flush Point of                          alcohol, etherRun               Azeotrope    or ketone.sup.(i)No.  Azeotrope    Flush Point, ° F.sup.(h)                          Component Alone______________________________________27   141/methanol   46° F                          51° F28   141/ethanol    75° F.sup.(j)                          56° F29   141/isopropanol               --         53° F30   132/methanol   16° F                          51° F31   132/ethanol    75° F.sup.(k)                          56° F32   132/isopropanol               75° F .sup.(1)                          53° F33   141/THF        40° F                           6° F34   132/THF        36° F                           6° F35   141/MEK        --         23° F36   132/MEK        42° F                          23° F37   132/Acetone    45° F                          15° F______________________________________ .sup.(h) Flash point determination in accordance with ASTM Method D-56. .sup.(i) Flash point data obtained from Shell Chemical Co. Brochure IC-71-18. .sup.(j) Burned at 75° F, not self-extinguishing. .sup.(k) Did not burn at 75° F; supported combustion of vapors and air, but was self-extinguishing. .sup.(1) Did not burn at 75° F; did not support combustion but was self-extinguishing. 
    
     Data on two azeotropes were not obtained as indicated by the dashes above. The flash point data in general show that the inventive azeotropes are less hazardous in most cases than the alcohol, ether, or ketone non-chlorofluorohydrocarbon component alone. The azeotropes in most cases have higher flash points than does the second component alone. 
     It will be understood that the description given hereinabove of the use of azeotropic compositions of my invention in cleaning or dissolving solder flux is given for illustrative purposes only, that the invention itself is not restricted to such specific embodiments, and that other techniques may be employed. These unique azeotropic compositions will have applications as solvents for greases, oils, waxes, aerosol propellants, and the like; and in cleaning electric motors, compressors, photographic film, oxygen storage tanks, lithographic plates, typewriters, precision instruments, gauges, sound tape, cloth, clothing, and the like. It will be readily apparent that the novel azeotropic compositions can be used for a variety of purposes as indicated by my general description and suggestions.