Abstract:
The vortex tube when properly used within a Rankine cycle can produce phenomenal results. This invention functionally describes the preferred vortex tube used to produce superheated vapor from a compressed heated liquid without summoning the additional heat required for latent-heat to effect vaporization. The vortex tube provides superheated vapor to a turbine for generating electricity burning 50% less fossil fuel, also releasing 50% less carbon emissions to the environment. The vortex tube extends the efficient Rankine Cycle temperature range well below 150° F. with the proper refrigerant choice. The physical size and function of the hearing equipment is reduced. The invention delivers new thermal efficiencies for both the Rankine Cycle and the Organic Rankine Cycle.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION DATA 
       [0001]    This application this application is a Continuation Application of Utility patent application Ser. No. 14/827,329 filed on Aug. 16, 2015, and priority is claimed for this earlier filing under 35 U.S.C. §120, which is related to Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/038,788 filed on Aug. 18, 2014, and priority is claimed for this earlier filing under 35 U.S.C. §119(e). This Provisional Patent Application and prior Utility Patent Application are incorporated by reference into this Continuation Patent Application. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The United States relies on coal, natural gas, oil, hydroelectric and nuclear power for about 95% of its electricity. The world derives about 97% of its energy from the fossil fuels—coal, natural gas and oil. A reliable prediction estimates that about 80% of the world&#39;s energy will still come from fossil fuels in 2045. Burning fossil fuels produces carbon emissions, which escape to the atmosphere and trap the sun&#39;s heat, therefore, warming the atmosphere. Barring irreversible regulations, the world&#39;s energy will continue to come from fossil fuels for the foreseeable future. Therefore, the burning of fossil fuels is where the major breakthrough innovations need to happen that will truly disrupt and recreate the power industry. 
         [0003]    The theory goes, that as the world&#39;s governments attempt to slow global warming by moving away from using fossil fuels by the end of this century, urgent and concrete action is needed to address climate change. The leaders of seven wealthy democracies (G7) have agreed to decarbonize the global economy—that is, to eliminate most carbon dioxide emissions from burning oil, gas or coal. Government regulations will drive this effort to force a reduction in burning fossil fuels that produce carbon dioxide. 
         [0004]    The G7 leaders agreed to press for a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by 2050 of 40% to 70% of the base year 2010 global emission levels for greenhouse gases and promised to transform the energy sectors in their respective countries to produce fewer carbon emissions. The EPA Final Rules require the nation&#39;s power plants to cut emissions 32% from the base year 2005 global emission levels by 2030. 
         [0005]    Most societies will not follow a low-energy, low-development path, regardless of whether they work or not to protect the environment. If the world&#39;s 9 billion human beings are offered a chance at genuine fossil fuel driven development resulting in a better life style, fossil fuels will be burned without regard for the environment or fellow mankind. 
         [0006]    Decarbonization is open to interpretations that include the use of some fossil fuels. If the amount of fossil fuel burned in 2010 to generate a unit of electrical power is reduced to produce the same unit of electrical power today, this would demonstrate decarbonization. The major breakthrough innovations must start with the process of burning of fossil fuels and improving the basic Rankine Cycle to change the way fossil fuels are converted to electrical power. This invention investigates and offers an improvement in the basic Rankine Cycle process. This invention can substantially reduce the carbon emissions of a central power plant by more than 50% for the next decades. 
         [0007]    The Rankine Cycle can be altered to increase its efficiency and functionality. Efficiency increases are achieved by extending the lower temperature heat source range and reducing the amount of heat required to produce a dry vapor. These changes result in reducing the amount of pollutants released to the atmosphere—an environmental benefit. One alteration to investigate is adding a vortex tube to the Rankine Cycle. This change would allow a lower initial temperature cycle input to be reset to a higher temperature state than the lower source temperature input, and provide this higher temperature state stream into the turbine inlet. With a higher-temperature state stream input that draws on the Rankine Cycle&#39;s innate ability to be more efficient at higher temperatures, the turbine is then enabled to produce electrical power more efficiently. It can produce dry vapor directly from a heated compressed liquid, not passing through the common phase change. The phase change, commonly called “flashing,” is defined as changing a liquid to a dry vapor. Note the liquid does not start to change phase until its bubble point has been reached. “Flashing” a liquid is defined as a process that causes a phase change when heat is added to a liquid, starting from the liquid bubble point and continuing until a completely dry vapor is created. The amount of heat to effect this phase change, at constant temperature and pressure, is called “Latent Heat.” The present invention provides a process to directly produce a dry vapor that obviates heat to effect the phase change. In essence, “Latent Heat” is not needed to generate dry vapor. 
         [0008]    Using the vortex tube coupled with other design changes will alter the Rankine Cycle to increase its functionality. The conventional Rankine Cycle demands a robust heat exchanger designed to handle liquids and supercritical vapors. The altered Rankine Cycle requires a simpler construction; i.e. water/refrigerant heater that handles only hot liquid refrigerant/water, and a conventional vortex tube. This reduces the scale significantly. 
         [0009]    German Published, Non-Prosecuted Patent Application DE 38 36 461 A1, Low temperature steam generator, discloses a low temperature steam generator having a vertical cylindrical casing which is subdivided into an upper chamber and a lower chamber through the use of a horizontal partition. A hot liquid flows into the upper chamber to form a rotational flow. The liquid flows through an orifice in the partition into the lower chamber and at the same time is accelerated. As a result of the acceleration, the pressure in the liquid decreases, and steam is generated, which is discharged vertically upward from the upper chamber. The liquid leaves the chamber out of the lower chamber. 
         [0010]    The German Published, Non-Prosecuted Patent Application DE 38 36 461 A1 teaches the generated steam is not present as hot dry steam. The flow from a pressurized boiling water reactor core is 546.8° F. (286° C.) at 1,015 psia (70 bar) which is saturated wet steam. This Application must add a step to preheat the flow to superheated steam before being fed to a steam turbine. My invention uses an input of pressurized non-boiling liquid water and does not require the extra heat needed to produce superheated steam as the German Application teaches. My invention produces superheated steam directly from one of the two vortex tube outlets. 
         [0011]    German patent 151 464, Converting saturated steam into superheated steam, discloses an apparatus for converting saturated steam into superheated steam. In that apparatus, steam is set in a rotational flow with the aid of a screw disposed in a casing. Condensate is generated, which flows downward off the inside surface onto the screw threads as the result of gravity. The screw has a hollow cylinder inside it, into which the steam can enter through slits the steam flow vertically upward in the hollow cylinder and leaves the apparatus as superheated steam through a slide. 
         [0012]    German patent 151 464 teaches the advantage of superheating steam can be seen in the fact that the effect is achieved on the basis of physical changes of state of the steam without external energy sources. My invention uses pressurized non-boiling liquid water and does not require the extra heat needed to produce steam as the German patent 151 464 teaches. 
         [0013]    German patent 151 464 teaches the apparatus for converting saturated steam into superheated steam has a screw thread disposed in the annular space between the casing and concentrically placed hollow cylinder. This screw thread initiates a rotational liquid flow as the result of gravity. My invention initiates a rotational flow by pressurized liquid flow entering tangentially into a hollow cylinder approximately 90° to the axis of rotation. A high rotational velocity is developed that is not dependent on gravity as the German patent 151 464 teaches. 
         [0014]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,996,350, Method and apparatus for the superheating of steam, discloses a method for the superheating of steam, which comprises at least partially converting a pressure energy of steam into a rotational flow about an axis of rotation and into an axial flow superposed on the rotational flow and flowing in direction of the axis of rotation; increasing a rotational velocity of the steam in the direction of the axis of rotation by reducing a flow cross-section while generating condensate and residual steam; separating the condensate from the residual steam upstream of the reduction of the flow cross-section and subsequently discharging the condensate essentially radially outward; and further conveying the residual steam in the direction of the axis of rotation while reducing the rotational velocity of the residual steam and superheating and converting the residual steam into hot steam. 
         [0015]    The U.S. Pat. No. 5,996,350 teaches the advantage of superheating steam can be seen in the fact that the effect is achieved on the basis of physical changes of state of the steam without external energy sources. Also, the patent claims, the same effect can be achieved using boiling water in place of steam. My invention uses pressurized non-boiling liquid water and does not require the extra heat needed to produce steam or boiling water as the U.S. Pat. No. 5,996,350 teaches. 
         [0016]    The U.S. Pat. No. 5,996,350 teaches the condensate is centrifuged off from the residual steam fraction which is not condensed out, as a result of the rotational flow and is subsequently discharged radially outward. My invention precipitates out condensate inwardly, not centrifuges off radially outward; my invention also disposes the condensate inwardly, not radially outward as the U.S. Pat. No. 5,996,350 teaches. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0017]    The present invention is generally directed to various systems and methods for producing electrical or mechanical power using a heatless “flashing” process that instantly creates a completely dry vapor from a compressed liquid refrigerant, bypassing the addition of “Latent Heat” to effect the vexing phase change of a liquid starting from the liquid bubble point and continuing until a completely dry vapor is created. The process 
         [0018]    1) instantly resets the initial fluid state to a more desirable higher-temperature vapor stream state that flows directly into the turbine to generate power, and 
         [0019]    2) also creates a large flow rate of a waste return compressed cool liquid stream that, upon its exit, mixes with the superheated exhaust stream (vapor) returning from the turbine. Its attributes of a large flow rate and the cooler temperature (lower than the vapor) result in a mixture which is much cooler than the exhaust stream, thus resulting in an excellent environmental bonus: less heat is now released into the environment. 
         [0020]    Note that the compressed liquid flow stream is a liquid ready for pumping to a higher pressure, as in  FIGS. 9 and 10 , with minimum power input. In various illustrative examples, the devices employed in practicing this present invention include a changed rudimentary Rankine Cycle,  FIG. 5 , consisting of: a liquid feed pump, boiler or vaporizing heat exchanger, conventional counter-flow vortex tube, a turbine, and a condenser, all configured to produce electrical, mechanical or motive power, without adding “Latent Heat” to “flash” the compressed liquid refrigerant in the vaporizing heat exchanger or without adding “Latent Heat” to “flash” water in a boiler. One of the subject matters of this invention is: how to create dry vapor (technically a supercritical vapor) directly from a compressed liquid (technically a subcooled liquid), using the least amount of heat. 
         [0021]    An objective of this invention is to produce electrical power using the heatless “flashing” process that instantly creates a completely dry vapor from a compressed liquid refrigerant and it obviates “Latent Heat.” For a conventional Organic Rankine Cycle power generating set, sufficient amounts of transferable heat are fed into the vaporizing heat exchanger to “flash” the refrigerant passing through the vaporizing heat exchanger to produce dry refrigerant vapor. The conventional process of “flashing” a liquid,  FIG. 1 , involves changing the liquid starting from the Step 1) liquid bubble point, Step 2) to a slow boil, Step 3) to a robust boil, Step 4) to a wet vapor, and finally Step 5) to a dry vapor which demands copious amounts of transferable heat. Waste heat, solar heat, geothermal energy, or fuel combustion all provide the transferable heat for the five conventional “flashing” process steps. This invention&#39;s heatless “flashing” process for refrigerants,  FIG. 2 , provides the desired dry vapor instantly avoiding three conventional steps of flashing:
       bringing the liquid Step 2) to a slow boil; Step 3) to a robust boil; and Step 4) to a wet vapor, as well as the heat required for these steps;   adding the Step 6) of increasing the temperature of the dry vapor (a step not normally added in the conventional flashing process). The conventional vaporizing heat exchanger that produces the desired dry refrigerant vapor is replaced with the combination of a thermostat controlled refrigerant heater and a vortex tube; note the change between  FIG. 5  and  FIG. 6 . For the vortex tube to separate the compressed liquid high and low liquid energy levels, the liquid state at pressure and temperature to be separated must be compressible. All refrigerants generally are known to be highly compressible. Compressibility is defined as the property of a material that measures its susceptibility to decrease in volume when an increase in pressure is experienced.       
 
         [0024]    This specification teaches the steps of the invention&#39;s heatless “flashing” process,  FIG. 2 , is a schematic design depicting the Hardgrave process for vaporizing a heated compressed liquid refrigerant stream is: 1) pump the subcooled liquid refrigerant stream to a desired pressure; 2) provide the compressed liquid (technically a subcooled liquid) stream into a heat exchanger; 3) impart heat to the compressed liquid stream to raise the temperature, but not vaporize the liquid stream, until stream temperature is near the liquid bubble point temperature for the desired pressure; 4) provide this hot compressed liquid stream to a conventional counter-flow vortex tube to separate the hot compressed liquid stream into a cool compressed liquid stream and the desired dry refrigerant vapor stream, without the addition of heat. The dry refrigerant vapor stream is provided at a higher temperature than the liquid bubble point temperature; 5) provide the dry refrigerant vapor stream to drive a turbine. 
         [0025]    Conventional Organic Rankine Cycle power generating installations usually convert less than 50% of their heat into electricity, with most of the waste heat being released through the condenser. “Latent Heat” accounts for over 50% of the heat required to create completely dry vapor. The major portion of the 50% loss of heat converting to electricity is due to supplying “Latent Heat.” Therefore,  FIG. 2 , this invention is a process for “flashing” a refrigerant that eliminates the need for “Latent Heat” to produce completely dry steam. 
         [0026]    This 50% loss of heat converting into electricity is true even though a well known pre-heating economizer is deployed between the feed pump and the thermostat controlled refrigerant heater. The turbine receives this super heated dry refrigerant vapor, causing it to expand or increase its volume as the vapor&#39;s pressure is lowered along its torturous path through the turbine, prying the turbine blades apart to accommodate its new volume causing the turbine to rotate before exiting as exhaust. It is this rotation that is used to rotate an electrical generator to produce electrical power. 
         [0027]    Design  FIG. 5 : The heat source is 58,700 lbm/hr (120 gpm) of 170° F. hot water delivering 31.253 Btu/lbm input to 46,460 lbm/hr of refrigerant R245fa to obtain a heated compressed liquid initial state of 166.44° F./300 psia. This initial state is provided to a vortex tube that resets the initial state condition to 264.2° F./100 psia dry vapor at 30% diminished flow rate of 46,460 lbm/hr that is expanded by the turbine. The turbine inlet state condition is 264.2° F./100 psia dry vapor and the outlet state condition is 185.71° F./18.573 psia dry vapor at a diminished flow rate of 13,938 lbm/hr. The calculated power output is 66.32 kWe. The calculated power output is rerated by a 75% turbine efficiency and 91% generator efficiency, less the feed pump of 8.4 kWe resulting in a net output of 36.866 kWe. The waste heat loss during cooling water condensing is 45.375 Btu/lbm or 2.1 M Btu/hr. The avoided “Latent Heat” is 67.446 Btu/lbm used conventionally to develop dry vapor. 
         [0028]    Design  FIG. 6 : The addition of the economizer between the feed pump and the thermostat controlled refrigerant heater reduces the heat input and the waste heat loss. The input is reduced from 31.2529 Btu/lbm to 23.331 Btu/lbm at 46,460 lbm/hr of R245fa. The waste heat is also reduced to 37.5217 Btu/lbm or 1.75 M Btu/hr. The avoided “Latent Heat” is 67.446 Btu/lbm. 
         [0029]    Design  FIG. 7 : The heat source is 58,700 lbm/hr (120 gpm) of 170° F. hot water delivering 31.253 Btu/lbm input to 46,460 lbm/hr of refrigerant R245fa to obtain a heated compressed liquid initial state of 166.44° F./300 psia. This initial state is provided to the first vortex tube that resets the initial state condition to 264.2° F./100 psia dry vapor at 30% diminished flow rate of 46,460 lbm/hr that is expanded by the turbine. The first turbine inlet state condition is 264.2° F./100 psia dry vapor and the outlet state condition is 185.71° F./18.573 psia dry vapor at a diminished flow rate of 13,938 lbm/hr. The calculated power output of the first turbine is 66.32 kWe. The initial state provided to the second vortex tube resets the initial state condition to 125.6° F./100 psia dry vapor at 30% diminished flow rate of 32,522 lbm/hr that is expanded by the turbine. The second turbine inlet state condition is 125.6° F./100 psia dry vapor and the outlet state condition is 198.22° F./18.573 psia dry vapor at a diminished flow rate of 9,756.6 lbm/hr. The calculated power output of the second turbine is 16.17 kWe for a total calculated power output of 82.49 kWe. The total calculated power output is rerated by a 75% turbine efficiency and 91% generator efficiency, less the single feed pump of 8.4 kWe resulting in a net output of 47.9 kWe. The waste heat loss during cooling water condensing is 58.7 Btu/lbm or 2.73 M Btu/hr. The avoided “Latent Heat” is 67.446 Btu/lbm used conventionally to develop dry vapor. 
         [0030]    Design  FIG. 8 : The addition of the economizer between the feed pump and the thermostat controlled refrigerant heater reduces the heat input and the waste heat loss. The input is reduced from 31.2529 Btu/lbm to 17.16 Btu/lbm at 46,460 lbm/hr of R245fa. The waste heat was also reduced to 44.72 Btu/lbm or 2.08 M Btu/hr. The avoided “Latent Heat” is 67.446 Btu/lbm. This design yields the most power output, 47.9 kWe, for the least environmental impact of 2.08 M Btu/hr, at 43.376 kBtu/hr per kWe.
       Hot water supply flow rate 120 gpm [7.6 l/s] at different Inlet Temperatures   This table displays gross power output for five different designs   Water cooled condensing system   Cooling water inlet conditions: 70° F. [21° C.]/220 gpm [13.9 l/s]       
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Inlet 
                 Cal Power 
                 Net Power 
                 Input 
                 Heat (h) into 
               
               
                 FIGS. 
                 Temp (° F.) 
                 (kWe) 
                 (kWe) 
                 Heat (h) 
                 Environment 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 5 
                 170 
                 66.325 
                 36.860 
                 31.253 
                 45.375 
               
               
                 6 
                 170 
                 66.325 
                 36.860 
                 23.331 
                 37.522 
               
               
                 7 
                 170 
                 82.496 
                 47.897 
                 31.253 
                 58.700 
               
               
                 8 
                 170 
                 82.496 
                 47.897 
                 17.160 
                 44.725 
               
               
                 9 
                 170 
                 112.752 
                 64.080 
                 44.674 
                 64.552 
               
               
                 5 
                 150 
                 63.998 
                 35.272 
                 24.269 
                 39.427 
               
               
                 6 
                 150 
                 63.998 
                 35.272 
                 17.827 
                 32.977 
               
               
                 7 
                 150 
                 79.655 
                 45.958 
                 24.269 
                 46.092 
               
               
                 8 
                 150 
                 79.655 
                 45.958 
                 10.316 
                 41.782 
               
               
                 9 
                 150 
                 108.797 
                 61.495 
                 37.210 
                 58.984 
               
               
                 5 
                 120 
                 60.162 
                 32.654 
                 14.323 
                 30.427 
               
               
                 6 
                 120 
                 60.162 
                 32.654 
                 10.010 
                 26.131 
               
               
                 7 
                 120 
                 75.561 
                 43.164 
                 14.323 
                 52.349 
               
               
                 8 
                 120 
                 75.561 
                 43.164 
                 3.488 
                 43.322 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0035]    In a conventional Rankine Cycle power plant, fuel is fed into a boiler,  FIG. 3 , for combustion to produce sufficient amounts of transferable heat to “flash” or vaporize the water passing through the boiler to dry steam. The amount of heat to effect this phase change, at constant pressure, is called “Latent Heat.” This “Latent Heat” accounts for over 50% of the heat required to create completely dry steam. The major portion of the 50% loss of the fuel energy is due to supplying “Latent Heat.” Therefore,  FIG. 4 , this invention is a process for “flashing” water that eliminates the need for “Latent Heat” to produce completely dry steam—resulting in a great savings in fuel. 
         [0036]    This invention&#39;s heatless “flashing” process used by the changed Organic Rankine Cycle for refrigerants should be the same for use by a conventional Rankine Cycle power plant using water with one exception; the designer must assure that water is in a compressible inlet and separation state when transferred to the vortex tube for process separation. 
       Properties of Water 
       [0037]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0038]    Water is known to be incompressible at atmospheric temperature and pressure as indicated by the boxed value in the table. But the initial state of water as a compressed (Subcooled) liquid within chosen conditions of temperature and pressure becomes slightly compressible as indicated by bolded values in the table. The bolded compression factors are of the same magnitude as those of the refrigerant R245fa for inlet conditions to the vortex tube. Note the compression factor increases as the condition state approaches the saturated vapor state. The actual separation occurs at a medium pressure (approximately 500 to 1,000 psia, note the italicized pressure values) amid a phase change for water (for example: 470.5° F./ 517 psia and 509.37° F./740 psia) from the liquid bubble point to a completely dry steam. As seen in the table, the compression factor is much higher and tends to aid the separation. Heating water to create steam takes an enormous amount of energy in the form of heat, and fuel to supply that heat. 
       Counterflow Vortex Tube 
       [0039]    To avoid any misunderstanding about what is used when calling for a vortex tube, a description of how this preferred vortex tube works is included. Also, the description of how the preferred vortex tube works is included to make its use certain in the applications of this invention. 
         [0040]    The process of producing hot dry steam from pressurized hot liquid water within a Counterflow Vortex Tube: 
       Inlet Chamber 
       [0041]    Pressurized hot liquid water is fed through at least one tangential nozzle approximately perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the chamber&#39;s rotational flow. This induces a spin as it enters tangentially into a cylindrical internal counterbore cut within the inlet chamber. The pressure gradient through the nozzle(s) creates a change of state of the hot liquid and sets in motion the expansion of the hot water and the acceleration of the flow entering the inlet chamber. In order to convert as high a fraction of the entering pressure energy as possible into kinetic energy, the vortex tube inlet is advantageously constructed as a simple nozzle such as a de Laval Nozzle. A de Laval Nozzle is a tube that is pinched in the middle making a carefully balanced, asymmetric hourglass-shape used to accelerate the hot liquid water through the pinched area, expanding of the stream through the diverging nozzle outlet, continuing to accelerate the straight line forward velocity entering the inlet chamber. 
         [0042]    As a result of this straight line acceleration, both the hot liquid water temperature and pressure decrease, causing a generation of wet steam, changing the state of the hot stream to a liquid plus a wet steam. The duel phase stream is mechanically forced to follow the inside counterbore diameter of the inlet chamber converting the hot water flow pressure energy into rotational flow energy about an axis of rotation; it spins creating a swirling flow being pushed forward by the incoming hot liquid water fed through at least one tangential nozzle into the inlet chamber. This duel phase fluid partially converts its pressure energy into; a) forced rotational flow accelerating about an axis of rotation and into; b) forward axial flow superposed on the rotational flow. The rotational flow always accelerates because the straight line flow velocity from the nozzle is being forced to change direction to follow the inside diameter of the inlet chamber, forming an arch of angular acceleration. The pressure energy of the duel phase fluid flow is converted into rotational flow kinetic energy while within the inlet chamber. Some of the nozzle(s) hot liquid water fraction converts to wet steam because of the wet steam&#39;s rotational (angular) acceleration and expansion, where both the pressure and the temperature decrease within the inlet chamber. The liquid fraction becomes colder and the steam fraction becomes hotter and dryer. 
         [0043]    A velocity has both speed and direction. To analyze the fluid velocity within the vortex tube, the two components present are to be investigated:
       1) Straight line velocity—Speed plus forward direction   2) Rotating velocity—Speed plus changing direction forming an arc path (Note: the rotating velocity is always accelerating because the direction is continually changing to form an arc path.) When these two velocities combine, the result is the true flow velocity that follows a helical path, e.g., similar to a coiled spring.       
 
         [0046]    The pressurized hot liquid water entering the vortex tube causes a pressure gradient, from inlet to outlet, that pushes the swirling flow forward. The diminishing pressure gradient causes the swirling flow to expand along its forward movement path. The expanding hot liquid exiting the nozzle experiences a drop in the fluid temperature and pressure, as well as straight line forward velocity acceleration. A change in the stream&#39;s state and the forced rotation sets in motion an efficient energy conversion. 
         [0047]    The pressure gradient pushes the duel phase fluid&#39;s steam fraction out of the inlet chamber. However, the tube inlet constitutes a barrier for the duel phase fluid to overcome in order to leave the inlet chamber. The rotational flow&#39;s angular momentum must be maintained as this rotational flow enters the tube. Due to the narrowing of the tube flow cross-section, the rotational velocity of the rotational flow increases as a consequence of the principle of conservation of angular momentum: the closer the steam approaches the axis of rotation, the higher its circumferential velocity becomes and the more pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy. Conversely, kinetic energy can be converted back into pressure again by leading the steam further away from the axis of rotation. 
         [0048]    Once a swirling rotational flow develops, the change in temperature as well as the high-speed fluid flow of revolution makes it impossible for all water droplets to be carried along with this accelerating rotating flow. The separation occurs due to the difference in the angular momentum of the liquid water and the wet steam. As a result of the decrease in temperature and rotating flow acceleration, both wet steam and liquid water fractions are present. Therefore, at this new state, liquid water as well as condensate will drop out of the rotating flow within the inlet chamber because the angular momentum of a liquid is less than that of steam. 
         [0049]    As the swirling rotational flow moves forward in the cylindrical internal counterbore within the inlet chamber, liquid condensate drops out of the wet steam due to the lower temperature which is then present emitting condensation heat, leaving its condensation heat which is absorbed by the wet steam while forming condensate. A vacuum prevails in the central region of the rotational flow encompassing the orifice outlet of the inlet chamber which attracts the slower rotating condensate and any liquid fraction. All of the liquid condensate is blasted from inside of the inlet chamber internal counterbore by the rotational flow&#39;s high velocity and accumulates in the central vacuum region of the rotational flow near the inlet chamber orifice outlet. The liquid leaves the inlet chamber by being swept away by a swirling counterflow exiting the vortex tube orifice outlet (cold) leaving condensation heat that is absorbed by the generated wet steam. Since the residual steam can now no longer transfer this previously absorbed condensation heat to the condensate which has been separated, the residual steam is heated and is present as hot steam. The temperature of the heated generated steam essentially becomes higher and a more complete conversion of pressure energy into kinetic energy. A result is lower moisture content of the heated steam or drying the wet steam. 
         [0050]    During condensation, the condensate emits condensation heat. Condensation heat has to be released in order to create a liquid condensate. Rotating angular momentum is lost from the liquid condensate fraction and the lost energy shows up as heat in the swirling outer edge steam fraction. The condensation heat can&#39;t be transferred back to the liquid from whence it came because the liquid isn&#39;t present. Wet steam absorbs the heat and becomes dryer hot steam. The heated steam expands from the heat as well as the diminishing pressure gradient, causes the rotating velocity to accelerate even faster. As the heated swirling steam moves forward to its outer edges inside the cylindrical counterbore within the inlet chamber, it displaces the slower cooler liquid enabling a migration of the cooler liquid and steam to the cooler low pressure center of the swirl. With its new found heat, the outer swirl becomes faster; then the outer edges of the swirling steam expands even more, becoming hotter and dryer. Thus, the outer edge steam becomes hot, and the low pressure center of the swirl becomes cool. 
         [0051]    The separation of liquid and steam within the inlet chamber:
       1) the straight line hot fluid from at least one nozzle expands,   2) the straight line hot fluid from at least one nozzle accelerates,   3) the rotating fluid temperature and pressure both drop,   4) the rotating fluid velocity accelerates following the inlet chamber internal counterbore,   5) condensate forms and drops out of the accelerating rotating fluid, emitting condensation heat,   6) the liquid water as well as condensate are swept away by a swirling counterflow center vortex,   7) the rotating wet steam absorbs the heat left behind,   8) the rotating steam becomes heated,   9) the rotating heated steam&#39;s increased rotational velocity allows a reduced spin diameter,   10) the rotating heated steam is pushed forward from the inlet chamber into the smaller tube inside diameter.       
 
         [0062]    In a well functioning inlet chamber, all liquid is left in the inlet chamber while the rotating heated steam is pushed forward into the tube. Wet steam is prevented from entering the tube until the steam temperature is great enough to enable a smaller diameter higher rotational velocity to continue its rotational flow inside the tube, while maintaining angular momentum. The swirling heated steam cloud is pushed by the diminishing pressure gradient into the reduced tube flow cross-section all the while generating additional condensate and wet steam as it moves forward. The swirling heated steam cloud enters the tube passing through a narrow annulus ring area formed between the swirling counterflow center vortex and the smaller tube inside diameter. The condensate is striped from the center of the swirling heated steam cloud by the swirling counterflow center vortex leaving only steam entering the tube. 
       Tube 
       [0063]    Some vortex tubes do not have an inlet chamber as described and the pressurized hot liquid water is fed tangentially through the tube wall approximately perpendicularly to the axis of rotation of the tube&#39;s rotational flow. The separation of energy would start at this point in the process. 
         [0064]    Continuing, the swirling heated steam cloud enters the tube passing through a narrow annulus ring area formed between the swirling counterflow center vortex and the tube inside diameter. The steam will not be enabled to enter the tube, for a given angular momentum, until the temperature is great enough to allow a higher rotational velocity steam, a dryer steam, to continue at near the same angular momentum within the tube. An increase in the rotational velocity is farther achieved and maintained by the reduction of the flow cross-section. The area oriented perpendicularly to the axis of rotation is designated as the flow cross-section. The steam continues to expand creating a swirling heated steam cloud as it exits the inlet chamber into the smaller flow cross-section tube. After the liquid in the inlet chamber has been discharged, a portion of the swirling heated steam cloud pressure energy is converted into angular kinetic energy. 
         [0065]    The diminishing pressure gradient pushes the swirling steam flow axially forward inside the tube as a swirling steam cloud expands, accelerates, then cools. The diminishing pressure gradient and dropping temperature triggers the swirling steam flow to expand along its forward movement path. Liquid water condenses from the swirling steam, emitting condensation heat, leaving its heat absorbed within the surrounding swirling steam. The heated expanding swirling steam fraction migrates outward separating from the non-heated swirling wet steam fraction as a result of the absorbed condensation heat enabling a higher (rotational flow) angular acceleration to be attainable by the higher temperature steam. The conservation of angular momentum is at play here, balancing the increased momentum of the heated swirling steam with the decreased momentum of the condensate. It is angular momentum that separates the swirling condensate from the swirling heated steam. 
         [0066]    Rotating angular momentum is lost from the liquid condensate fraction and the lost energy shows up as heat in the swirling outer edge steam fraction. The condensation heat can&#39;t be transferred back to the liquid from whence it came because the liquid isn&#39;t present. The steam absorbs the heat and becomes dryer hot steam. The heated steam expands from the heat as well as the dropping pressure gradient, causes the rotating velocity to accelerate even faster. 
         [0067]    Separating the condensate from the wet steam and subsequently displacing the condensate essentially forward within the tube by the diminishing pressure gradient creates three strata or layers, all rotational layer velocities generally moving forward in the same direction: 1) outer edge hot steam layer, 2) mid wet steam layer, and 3) inner condensate layer. The outer edge hot steam angular velocity is higher than the inner condensate angular velocity and the mid wet steam layer angular velocity value is between the two. The mid wet steam layer forward velocity is higher than the inner condensates angular velocity and the outer edge hot steam forward velocity. The close relative proximity of the three layers is imperative for the tube to function as intended; therefore, a small tube is needed, not a tube inside diameter as large as the counterbore. 
         [0068]    The heated steam moving outward is enabled to achieve the higher rotational velocities. The higher rotational steam flow velocity is accelerated generating a swirling steam cloud which continues to expand moving axially forward within the tube resulting in both the pressure and the temperature of the swirling cloud to be further reduced, and even more liquid condensate drops out of the swirling steam cloud within the tube. The entry of the steam into the tube assists a buildup of rotational flow and the conversion of pressure energy into kinetic energy. The condensate from the swirling steam is subsequently displaced inward towards the central region vacuum of the swirl. The condensation heat has to be released in order to create a liquid. 
         [0069]    The principle of the conservation of rotating momentum is prominent in the function of a vortex tube: the rotational speed of the swirling steam fraction is to increase because of its absorbed heat; whereas, the rotational speed of the liquid condensate fraction decreases to keep the gain/loss balance in momentum. The rotating condensate fraction momentum has to be lower because of its loss of heat. This causes a liquid migration that can&#39;t go anywhere but inside the low-pressure center of the swirling steam (temporarily). The separation of the hot from cold is how the separation of energy is accomplished. 
         [0070]    The separation of energy process within the tube:
       1) the rotating steam temperature and pressure both drop,   2) the rotating steam expands by reducing the pressure and absorbing the condensation heat,   3) the rotating steam velocity accelerates about a rotational axis,   4) a condensate forms and drops-out, because of conservation of angular momentum, emitting condensation heat,   5) condensate is discharged along with the swirling center counterflow exiting the vortex tube,   6) the rotating steam absorbs the condensation heat left behind, and   7) the rotating heated steam is dryer and superheated as it migrates outward,   1) the rotating steam expands.       
 
         [0079]    The process repeats. 
         [0080]    The tube length enables a substantial amount of the rotating steam entering the tube to absorb condensation heat and be transformed into superheated steam; allowing the steam cloud to expand the full length of the tube increasing the time the steam has to expand. The amount of residual moisture becomes incrementally lower as the rotational velocity of the rotational flow becomes higher. The temperature of the heated generated steam essentially becomes higher the more complete the conversion is of pressure energy into kinetic energy and the moisture content becomes lower within the rotating steam. The suggested length is between 6 to 7 feet in length for this application. 
         [0081]    A fraction of the swirling steam cloud moving forward axially to the hot end of the vortex tube deflects reversing the forward flow, folding back and disappearing into its low pressure center, forming a rotating counterflow axial component of the velocity moving backward from the hot end of the vortex tube to the cold end. As the swirling steam reaches the tube end, the cooler rotating center meets the blunt end of the tube. A valve downstream of the blunt end at the hot end of the tube allows some of the hot dry steam to escape. Only the superheated outer edge of the swirling steam can exit. What does not escape, heads axially back down the tube as a cold counterflow vortex inside the low-pressure center of the outer hot swirling steam creating a counterflow core that rotates slower in unison as a solid in the opposite direction of the hot swirling steam. This counterflow vortex loses heat sweeping up the liquid condensates encountered along its way back and exhausts through the vortex tube cold end orifice as a cooler fluid (almost all liquid) ready to pump. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0082]      FIG. 1  is a process map of a conventional liquid refrigerant flashing process. 
           [0083]      FIG. 2  is a process map of a heatless liquid refrigerant flashing process. 
           [0084]      FIG. 3  is a process map of a conventional steam power plant water flashing process. 
           [0085]      FIG. 4  is a process map of a steam power plant heatless water flashing process. 
           [0086]      FIG. 5  is a schematic design of rudimentary Rankine Cycle with vortex tube. 
           [0087]      FIG. 6  is a schematic design Rankine Cycle with vortex tube and economizer. 
           [0088]      FIG. 7  is a schematic design Rankine Cycle with two vortex tubes and two turbines. 
           [0089]      FIG. 8  is a schematic design Rankine Cycle with two vortex tubes and two turbines and economizer. 
           [0090]      FIG. 9  is a schematic design Rankine Cycle with two feed pumps, two vortex tubes, and two liquid heaters. 
           [0091]      FIG. 10  is a schematic design Rankine Cycle with two feed pumps, two vortex tubes, two liquid heaters, and economizer 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0092]    The present invention is directed to a process for creating a supercritical vapor from a subcooled liquid without adding the “latent-heat” to effect the vaporization of the subcooled liquid. At its beginning state, subcooled liquid is pumped into the vaporizing heat exchanger to add heat. The process flow control ensures the pressurized subcooled liquid remains a subcooled liquid as heat is continually added. The heat transferred to raise the temperature of the subcooled liquid produces a hot subcooled liquid near the saturated liquid inlet temperature. With respect to these conditions, the vortex tube separation process of a subcooled liquid assures the production of two outflows: 1) a supercritical vapor stream and 2) a subcooled liquid stream. The supercritical vapor stream continues routing with the process, and the subcooled liquid stream, while returning to its beginning state for further cycling, retains a residual energy as well as a value for cooling. 
         [0093]    The present invention shown in  FIG. 2  is a schematic map depicting the Hardgrave process for vaporizing a subcooled liquid refrigerant stream:
       1) pump the subcooled liquid refrigerant stream to the desired pressure;   2) provide the pressurized subcooled liquid stream into a heat exchanger;   3) transfer heat from an external heat source to the pressurized subcooled liquid stream passing through the heat exchanger raising the stream temperature, but not vaporizing the liquid stream, until the stream temperature is near the saturated liquid inlet temperature for the desired pressure;   4) feed this hot pressurized subcooled liquid stream into a conventional counter-flow vortex tube to separate the hot pressurized subcooled liquid stream into two outflows:
           a) a cool subcooled liquid stream and   b) the desired supercritical refrigerant vapor stream, without the addition of “Latent Heat.”   
               
 
         [0100]    The supercritical refrigerant vapor stream created by the vortex tube has developed a higher temperature state than the saturated liquid inlet temperature;
       5) provide the supercritical refrigerant vapor stream to convert the heat energy into a work, electrical or motive force.       
 
         [0102]    The supercritical vapor exhaust stream and the cool subcooled liquid stream are mixed resulting in a cool mixture stream returning to their original state for further cycling. 
         [0103]    The invention shown is the rudimentary Rankine Cycle with vortex tube  120 .  FIG. 5  is the basic schematic design for a heatless flashing process used to produce electrical power. It is the starting point for all of the five following schematic designs. 
         [0104]    The present invention shown in  FIG. 5 , is a schematic design depicting the Hardgrave process for vaporizing the subcooled liquid refrigerant stream  112  to produce electricity:
       use feed pump  100  to pump the subcooled liquid refrigerant stream  101  to the desired pressure;   flow the pressurized subcooled liquid stream  102  into a heat exchanger  110 ;   transfer heat from an external heat source to the subcooled liquid stream  102  to raise its temperature, but not vaporize the subcooled liquid stream  102 , until stream  102  temperature is near the saturated liquid inlet temperature for the desired pressure; feed this hot subcooled liquid stream  112  into the inlet of a conventional counter-flow vortex tube  120  to separate the hot subcooled liquid stream  112  into two outflows: a cool subcooled liquid stream  122 ; and the desired supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  123 , without the addition of “Latent Heat.” The supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  123  is provided at a higher temperature than the saturated liquid inlet temperature and the supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  123  is used to drive a turbine  130  to produce electricity or convert the heat energy into a work, electrical or motive force.       
 
         [0108]    The subcooled liquid stream  122  retains a residual energy and value for cooling while returning to its state of beginning for further cycling. The cool subcooled liquid stream  122  is fed into a Joule-Thomson device  160  emerging with lower temperature and pressure as feed stream  162 . The temperature and pressure of stream  123  is lowered when it emerges from the turbine  130  as supercritical vapor feed stream  132  which is mixed with the cool subcooled liquid feed stream  162 , yielding a cool mixed stream  172  that is fed into a condenser  170 . Emerging as the condensed subcooled liquid refrigerant stream  101  that is transmitted from the condenser  170  at a lower temperature, and is fed into pump  100 , the place of beginning, completing the cycle. 
         [0109]    This invention shown is the same as the rudimentary Rankine Cycle with vortex tube  220 ,  FIG. 5 , with the addition of an economizing heat exchanger  285 .  FIG. 6 , is a schematic design depicting the Hardgrave process for vaporizing the subcooled liquid refrigerant stream  212  to produce electricity: use feed pump  200  to pump the subcooled liquid refrigerant stream  201  to a desired pressure; feed the pressurized subcooled liquid stream  202  into an economizing heat exchanger  285  to be pre-heated; and flow the pre-heated pressurized subcooled liquid stream  282  into the heat exchanger  210 . The pre-heating process reduces the amount of heat transferred from an external heat source thereby improving the heat efficiency. 
         [0110]    Continuing the process, transfer heat from an external heat source to the pre-heated pressurized subcooled liquid stream  282  raising the stream  282  temperature, but not to the state of vaporizing the liquid stream  242 , but only until the liquid stream  242  temperature is near the saturated liquid inlet temperature for the desired pressure; feed this hot pressurized subcooled liquid stream  212  into the inlet of a conventional counter-flow vortex tube  220  to separate the hot pressurized subcooled liquid stream  212  into two outflows: a cool subcooled liquid stream  222 ; and the desired supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  223 , without the addition of “Latent Heat.” 
         [0111]    The supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  223  is provided at a higher temperature than the saturated liquid inlet temperature and the supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  223  is used to drive the turbine  230  to produce electricity or convert the heat energy into a work, electrical or motive force. 
         [0112]    The cool subcooled liquid stream  222  is fed into a Joule-Thomson device  260 , emerging with lower temperature and pressure as feed stream  262 . The temperature and pressure of stream  223  is lowered when it emerges from the turbine  230  as supercritical vapor feed stream  232 . 
         [0113]    Feed stream  232  is transmitted from the turbine  230  as a supercritical vapor into the economizing heat exchanger  285  to provide the heat for pre-heating the pressurized subcooled liquid stream  202 . The temperature of supercritical vapor feed stream  232  is lowered when it emerges from the economizing heat exchanger  285  as feed stream  284 . 
         [0114]    Feed stream  284  is mixed with feed stream  262 , resulting in a cooler mixed stream  272  that is fed into a condenser  270 . The condensed subcooled liquid refrigerant stream  201  is transmitted from the condenser  270  at a lower temperature, and is fed into pump  200 , the place of beginning, completing the cycle. 
         [0115]    The invention shown is the same as the rudimentary Rankine Cycle with vortex tube  320 ,  FIG. 5 , with an alteration of the cool subcooled liquid return stream&#39;s  322  use rather than just returning to its state of beginning for further cycling. This invention is designed to use its residual energy before the return of the subcooled liquid stream  322  by adding a second vortex tube  330  and turbine  350 . 
         [0116]      FIG. 7 , is a schematic design depicting the Hardgrave process for vaporizing the supercritical liquid refrigerant stream  312  to produce electricity: use feed pump  300  to pump the subcooled liquid refrigerant stream  301  to the desired pressure; provide the pressurized subcooled liquid stream  302  into a heat exchanger  310 ; transfer heat from an external heat source to the pressurized subcooled liquid stream  302  to raise its temperature, but not vaporize the liquid stream  302 , until stream  302  temperature is near the saturated liquid inlet temperature for the desired pressure; feed this hot pressurized subcooled liquid stream  312  into the inlet of a first conventional counter-flow vortex tube  320  to separate the hot pressurized subcooled liquid stream  312  into two outflows: a first cool subcooled liquid stream  322 ; and the desired first supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  323 , without the addition of “Latent Heat.” 
         [0117]    The first supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  323  is provided at a higher temperature by the vortex tube  320  than the saturated liquid inlet temperature for the desired pressure;
       provide the first supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  323  to drive a turbine  340  to produce electricity or convert the heat energy into a work, electrical or motive force.       
 
         [0119]    Feed the first cool subcooled liquid stream  322  into the inlet of a second conventional counter-flow vortex tube  330  to separate the first cool subcooled liquid stream  322  into a second cool subcooled liquid stream  332 ; and the second supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  333 , without the addition of “Latent Heat.” 
         [0120]    The electric power output of second turbine  350  can also be increased minutely if the pressure of the first cool subcooled liquid stream  322  is increased by a second liquid feed pump  390  (not shown) prior to being fed into a second conventional counter-flow vortex tube  330 . 
         [0121]    The second supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  333  is provided at a higher temperature than the saturated liquid inlet temperature for its chosen pressure, provide the second supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  333  to drive a turbine  350  to produce electricity or convert the heat energy into a work, electrical or motive force. 
         [0122]    The second cool subcooled liquid stream  332  is fed into a Joule-Thomson device  360  emerging with lower temperature and pressure as feed stream  362 . The temperature and pressure of stream  323  is lowered when it emerges from the turbine  340  in feed stream  342 . The temperature and pressure of stream  333  is lowered when it emerges from the turbine  350  in feed stream  352 . Feed streams  352  and feed stream  362  are mixed forming feed stream  373 , which is mixed with feed stream  342 , the combined stream  372  is transmitted into the a condenser  370 . The condensed subcooled liquid refrigerant stream  301  is transmitted from the condenser  370  at a lower temperature, and is fed into pump  300 , the place of beginning, completing the cycle. 
         [0123]    The invention shown as  FIG. 8 , is the same as the rudimentary Rankine Cycle with vortex tube  420 ,  FIG. 9 , with the addition of an economizing heat exchanger  485  and an alteration of the cool subcooled liquid return stream  422 . 
         [0124]    There are two positions for the addition of an economizing heat exchanger  485 . The position chosen is between the feed pump  400  and the heat exchanger  410  to pre-heat the pressurized subcooled liquid stream  402  before being introduced into the heat exchanger  410 . This position for the pre-heating process reduces the amount of heat transferred from an external heat source, thereby improving the heat efficiency. 
         [0125]    The alternate position for the addition of an economizing heat exchanger  485  is between the first conventional counter-flow vortex tube  420  and the second conventional counter-flow vortex tube  430  to pre-heat the first cool subcooled liquid stream  422  before being introduced into the inlet of the second conventional counter-flow vortex tube  430 . This position for the pre-heating process increases the power output of the second turbine  450  not chosen. 
         [0126]    The altered use of the cool subcooled liquid return stream  422  is to produce power, by adding a second vortex tube  430  and a second turbine  450 , from the cool subcooled liquid return stream  422  residual energy, rather than just returning to its state of beginning for further cycling, as shown in this invention. 
         [0127]      FIG. 8 , is a schematic design depicting the Hardgrave process for vaporizing a pressurized subcooled liquid refrigerant stream  412  to produce electricity: use feed pump  400  to pump the subcooled liquid refrigerant stream  401  to a desired pressure; provide the pressurized subcooled liquid stream  402  into an economizing heat exchanger  485  to be pre-heated and provide a pre-heated pressurized subcooled liquid stream  482  into a heat exchanger  410 ; transfer heat from an external heat source into the pressurized subcooled liquid stream  482  to raise the temperature, but not vaporize the liquid stream  482 , until stream  482  temperature is near the saturated liquid inlet temperature for the desired pressure; provide this hot pressurized subcooled liquid stream  412  into the inlet of a first conventional counter-flow vortex tube  420  to separate the hot pressurized subcooled liquid stream  412  into two outflows: a first cool subcooled liquid stream  422 ; and the desired first supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  423 , without the addition of “Latent Heat.” The first supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  423  is provided at a higher temperature than the saturated liquid inlet temperature for the desired pressure and the first supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  423  is used to drive a turbine  440  to produce electricity or convert the heat energy into a work, electrical or motive force. 
         [0128]    Feed the first cool subcooled liquid stream  422  into the inlet of a second conventional counter-flow vortex tube  430  to separate the first cool subcooled liquid stream  422  into two outflows: a second cool subcooled liquid stream  432 ; and the second supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  433 , without the addition of “Latent Heat.” The second supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  433  is provided at a higher temperature than the saturated liquid inlet temperature for its chosen pressure; provide the second supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  433  to drive a turbine  450  to produce electricity or convert the heat energy into a work, electrical or motive force. 
         [0129]    The second cool subcooled liquid stream  432  is fed into a Joule-Thomson device  460  emerging with lower temperature and pressure as feed stream  462 . The temperature and pressure of stream  423  is lowered when it emerges from the turbine  440  in feed stream  442 , The temperature and pressure of stream  433  is lowered when it emerges from the turbine  450  in feed stream  452  which is mixed with feed stream  442 . 
         [0130]    The combined stream  483  is transmitted from the turbines  440  and  450  as a supercritical vapor into the economizing heat exchanger  485  to provide the heat for pre-heating the pressurized subcooled liquid stream  402 . The temperature of feed stream  483  is lowered when it emerges from the economizing heat exchanger  485  as feed stream  484 . 
         [0131]    Feed stream  484  is combined with feed stream  462 , the combined stream  472  is fed into a condenser  470 . The condensed subcooled liquid refrigerant stream  401  is transmitted from the condenser  470  at a lower temperature, and is fed into pump  400 , the place of beginning, completing the cycle. 
         [0132]    The invention shown as  FIG. 9 , is the same as the rudimentary Rankine Cycle with vortex tube  520 , as shown by  FIG. 5 , with the altered use of the cool subcooled liquid return stream  522 . The altered use of the cool subcooled liquid return stream  522  residual energy is to produce power rather than just returning to its state of beginning for further cycling. 
         [0133]    By adding a second vortex tube  530 , and a second turbine  550 , as shown in  FIG. 3 , there is a modest increase in power output. If a second feed pump  590  is added, only a minute increase in power is seen. Only after a second heat exchanger  580  is added, a significant increase in power is noted. 
         [0134]      FIG. 9  is a schematic design depicting the Hardgrave process for vaporizing a pressurized subcooled liquid refrigerant stream  512  to produce electricity: use feed pump  500  to pump the subcooled liquid refrigerant stream  501  to a desired pressure; provide the pressurized subcooled liquid stream  502  into a heat exchanger  510 ; transfer heat from an external heat source into the pressurized subcooled liquid stream  502  to raise the stream temperature, but not vaporize the liquid stream  502 , until stream  502  temperature is near the saturated liquid inlet temperature for the desired pressure; provide this hot pressurized subcooled liquid stream  512  into the inlet of a first conventional counter-flow vortex tube  520  to separate the hot compressed liquid stream  512  into two outflows: a first cool subcooled liquid stream  522 ; and the desired first supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  523 , without the addition of “Latent Heat.” The first supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  523  is provided at a higher temperature than the saturated liquid inlet temperature for the desired pressure and the first supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  523  is used to drive a turbine  540  to produce electricity or convert the heat energy into a work, electrical or motive force. Feed the first cool subcooled liquid stream  522  into second feed pump  590  to pump the subcooled liquid refrigerant stream  522  to a desired pressure; provide the pressurized subcooled liquid stream  592  into a second heat exchanger  580 ; re-heat the subcooled liquid stream  592  to raise the stream temperature, but not vaporize the liquid stream  592 , until stream  592  temperature is near the saturated liquid inlet temperature for the desired pressure; provide this hot pressurized subcooled liquid stream  582  into the inlet of a second conventional counter-flow vortex tube  530  to separate the hot subcooled liquid stream  582  into two outflows: a second cool subcooled liquid stream  532 ; and the desired second supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  533 , without the addition of “Latent Heat.” The second supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  533  is provided at a higher temperature than the saturated liquid inlet temperature for the desired pressure, and the second supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  533  is used to drive a turbine  550  to produce electricity or convert the heat energy into a work, electrical or motive force. 
         [0135]    The second cool subcooled liquid stream  532  is fed into a Joule-Thomson device  560  emerging with lower temperature and pressure as feed stream  562 . The temperature and pressure of stream  523  is lowered when it emerges from the turbine  540  in feed stream  542 . The temperature and pressure of stream  533  is lowered when it emerges from the turbine  550  in feed stream  552 . Feed streams  552  and feed stream  562  are mixed forming feed stream  573 , which is mixed with feed stream  542 , the combined stream  572  is transmitted into the condenser  570 . The condensed subcooled liquid refrigerant stream  501  is transmitted from the condenser  570  at a lower temperature, and is fed into inlet of pump  500 , the place of beginning, completing the cycle. 
         [0136]    The invention shown as  FIG. 10 , is the same as the rudimentary Rankine Cycle with vortex tube  620 , as shown by  FIG. 5 , with the addition of an economizing heat exchanger  685  and an alteration of the cool subcooled liquid return stream  622 . 
         [0137]    There are two positions for the addition of an economizing heat exchanger  685 . The position chosen is between the feed pump  600  and the heat exchanger  610  to pre-heat the pressurized subcooled liquid stream  602  before being introduced into the heat exchanger  610 . This position for the pre-heating process reduces the amount of heat transferred from an external heat source, thereby improving the heat efficiency. 
         [0138]    The alternate position for the addition of an economizing heat exchanger  485  is between the second feed pump  690  and the second conventional counter-flow vortex tube  630  replacing the second heat exchanger  680  to pre-heat the first cool subcooled liquid stream  622  before being introduced into the second conventional counter-flow vortex tube  630 . This position for the pre-heating process increases the power output of the second turbine  650  without additional heat from an external heat source. 
         [0139]    The altered use of the cool subcooled liquid return stream  622  is to produce power by adding a second vortex tube  630  and a turbine  650 , from the cool subcooled liquid return stream  622  residual energy, rather than just returning to its state of beginning for further cycling, as shown in this invention. 
         [0140]    By adding a second vortex tube  630 , and a second turbine  650 , as shown in  FIG. 3 , there is a modest increase in power output. If a second feed pump  690  is added, only a minute increase in power is seen. Only after a second heat exchanger  680  is added, a significant increase in power is noted. 
         [0141]      FIG. 10 , is a schematic design depicting the Hardgrave process for vaporizing a pressurized subcooled liquid refrigerant stream  612  to produce electricity: use feed pump  600  to pump the subcooled liquid refrigerant stream  601  to a desired pressure; provide the pressurized subcooled liquid stream  602  into an economizing heat exchanger  685  to be pre-heated; and provide a pre-heated pressurized compressed liquid stream  682  into a heat exchanger  610 . Transfer heat from an external heat source into the subcooled liquid stream  682  to raise the temperature, but not vaporize the liquid stream  682 , until stream  682  temperature is near the saturated liquid inlet temperature for the desired pressure. 
         [0142]    Provide this hot pressurized subcooled liquid stream  612  into the inlet of a first conventional counter-flow vortex tube  620  to separate the hot subcooled liquid stream  612  into two outflows: a first cool subcooled liquid stream  622 ; and the desired first supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  623 , without the addition of “Latent Heat.” The first supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  623  is provided at a higher temperature than the saturated liquid inlet temperature for the desired pressure. Provide the first supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  623  to drive a turbine  640  to produce electricity or convert the heat energy into a work, electrical or motive force. Feed the first cool subcooled liquid stream  622  into a second feed pump  690  to pump the subcooled liquid refrigerant stream  622  to a desired pressure. Provide the pressurized subcooled liquid stream  692  into a second heat exchanger  680 , re-heat the subcooled liquid stream  692  to raise the temperature, but not vaporize the liquid stream  692 , until stream  692  temperature is near the saturated liquid inlet temperature for the desired pressure. 
         [0143]    Provide this hot pressurized subcooled liquid stream  686  into the inlet of a second conventional counter-flow vortex tube  630  to separate the hot subcooled liquid stream  686  into two outflows: a second cool subcooled liquid stream  632 ; and the desired second supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  633 , without the addition of “Latent Heat.” The second supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  633  is provided at a higher temperature than the saturated liquid inlet temperature for the desired pressure and the second supercritical refrigerant vapor stream  633  is used to drive a turbine  650  to produce electricity or convert the heat energy into a work, electrical or motive force. 
         [0144]    The second cool subcooled liquid stream  632  is fed into a Joule-Thomson device  660  emerging with lower temperature and pressure as feed stream  662 . The temperature and pressure of stream  623  is lowered when it emerges from the turbine  640  in feed stream  642 . The temperature and pressure of stream  633  is lowered when it emerges from the turbine  650  in feed stream  652  which is mixed with feed stream  642 . 
         [0145]    The combined stream  683  is transmitted from the turbines  640  and  650  as a supercritical vapor into the economizing heat exchanger  685  to provide the heat for pre-heating the pressurized subcooled liquid stream  602 . The temperature of feed stream  683  is lowered when it emerges from the economizing heat exchanger  685  as feed stream  684 . 
         [0146]    Feed stream  684  is combined with feed stream  662 , the combined stream  672  is fed into a condenser  670 . The condensed subcooled liquid refrigerant stream  601  is transmitted from the condenser  670  at a lower temperature, and is fed into pump  600 , the place of beginning, completing the cycle. 
         [0147]    The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the invention may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. For example, the process steps set forth above may be performed in a different order. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the protection sought herein is as set forth in the claims below.