Abstract:
A high speed ship configuration for achieving a plane state efficiently, with threshold power available in fully loaded cargo ship. The system may include a boost phase assist structure to assist in the achievement of a plane state. The boost assist may be external or internal to the ship. The boost assist may provide power and/or lift assist. In one embodiment, the configuration includes a retractable lateral wing structure disposed toward the stern of the vessel and containing auxiliary power providing thrust for the vessel. The wing structure is deployed during an initial boost phase acceleration and may be stowed in the vessel once the vessel achieves full plane operation. In one embodiment, the boost power structure may include propeller drive, paddle drive, or waterjet drive. The boost power structure may provide buoyancy and/or hydrodynamic trim to assist in achieving plane state operation.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a nonprovisional of U.S. provisional application 61/586,106 titled “High Speed Ship” filed Jan. 12, 2012 by Kennamer, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention pertains generally to the field of high speed ocean going ships, more particularly to ship configurations for achieving a planing state. 
     BACKGROUND 
     There is an increasing need for surface ships that can transit oceans with greater speed, i.e. in the range of forty to fifty knots, and with high stability because of the commercial requirements for rapid and safe ocean transits of perishable cargoes, high cost capital goods, military strategic sealift cargoes, cargoes whose dimensions and density cannot be accepted for air freight, and other time sensitive freight, particularly in light of the increasing worldwide acceptance of “just-in-time” inventory and stocking practices. Today&#39;s container ships are tending towards greater size, for reduced cargo ton-mile costs, carrying up to 25,000 tons of containerized cargo at a time. This necessitates their visiting a number of ports on both sides of an ocean crossing to load and unload cargo. This is time-consuming and means that the largest ships can only undertake a relatively small number of ocean crossings per year, thus limiting the available financial turnover on their considerable investment cost. 
     Numerous approaches have been proposed for achieving high speed ocean crossing. These include using smaller ships, semi-planing hulls, catamarans, multi-hulls, hydrofoils, surface effect vessels. In association with high speed vessels, highly efficient loading and unloading systems have been proposed to increase the number of trips achievable in an annual time period. 
     One such vessel is a monohull fast ship as proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,581,508, by Giles, which is incorporated herein by reference. The monohull design is said to be a semi planing hull designed for carrying on the order of 10,000 tons at transoceanic transit speeds of up to 37 to 50 knots. Other designs include a surface effect vessels that incorporate rigid catamaran-like side hulls and bow and stern seals to create a plenum pressurized by air. The result is a craft which is 80 percent supported by pressurized air and 20 percent supported by buoyancy. When the plenum is pressurized (on-cushion), the wetted surface of the side hulls is reduced, reducing drag and allowing high speeds. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Briefly, the present disclosure pertains to a high speed ship configuration for achieving a plane state efficiently, with threshold power available in fully loaded cargo ship. The system may include a boost phase assist structure and/or a load shift mechanism to assist in the achievement of a plane state. The boost assist may be external or internal to the ship. The boost assist may provide power and/or lift assist. In one embodiment, the configuration includes a retractable lateral wing structure disposed toward the stern of the vessel and containing auxiliary power providing thrust. The wing structure is deployed during an initial boost phase acceleration and may be stowed in the vessel once the vessel achieves full plane operation. In one embodiment, the boost power structure may include propeller drive, paddle drive, or waterjet drive. The boost power structure may provide buoyancy and/or hydrodynamic trim to assist in achieving plane state operation. 
     The disclosure may be particularly applicable to a vessel having insufficient cruise power from the cruise power source to achieve plane from a fixed configuration of trim and/or weight distribution. 
     One embodiment comprises a system for assisting a vessel in achieving plane state operation, comprising: 
     a launch rail system configured for supporting said vessel in height and pitch attitude corresponding to a plane state while said vessel has a velocity less than required for plane state operation, said launch rail configured to allow said vessel to accelerate to full plane state velocity while being supported by said launch rail. 
     In a further embodiment the system includes a power assist. 
     In a further embodiment a starting end of the launch rail is elevated to impart kinetic energy into the vessel as the vessel travels down the launch rail. 
     In an alternative embodiment, the system may comprise a boost power structure configured to be deployed and retracted, deployable extending from a side of the vessel, longitudinally between amidships and the stern of the vessel; the boost power structure comprising at least one engine operatively coupled to at least one thrust producing device; 
     The disclosure also pertains to a method for assisting a vessel to achieve a plane state, comprising: deploying a boost power source coupled to a boost thrust mechanism for a speed less than a minimum planing speed, said boost thrust mechanism separate from a main thrust mechanism; and retracting the boost thrust mechanism for a cruise speed greater than the minimum planing speed. 
     In one embodiment, the system comprises a method for achieving a plane state comprising the steps: 
     the ship is initially established at rest; 
     a variable trim is set to achieve a relatively higher pitch angle when underway; 
     a load is shifted aft to further increase the pitch angle; 
     in a power boost embodiment, the retractable power boost is deployed; 
     power is applied to accelerate the ship; 
     upon achieving a first speed at a high pitch angle, the load is shifted to a forward position and the trim is adjusted to achieve a lower pitch angle and bring the ship into a plane operational state; 
     in a further optional step, upon achieving a second speed, the load is shifted further forward and the trim is adjusted to achieve a further lower pitch angle; additional load and trim adjustments may be applied to incrementally transition from the pitch up (plowing) configuration to the plane configuration; 
     upon achieving a full plane state, power is reduced, the load is shifted to a neutral position, and the trim is set for best plane speed for the load and power setting. At this point, if deployed, a retractable power boost system may be retracted and stowed aboard the ship; 
     the ship maintains cruise speed in a plane state. 
     In a further embodiment, the boost power may be rotatable to provide a variable thrust angle and the rotation may progressively be varied as the plane state is progressively achieved. 
     The present disclosure, may be applied to vessels of any size from small runabouts and bass boats to ocean going freighters. Of particular interest is the heavy load freight industry. It may be possible in light of the present invention to consider planing type hulls and plane state operation at larger freight sizes than previously thought feasible, for example 10,000 tons, 100,000 tons and larger. The system may be considered for vessels of any size. 
     These and further benefits and features of the present invention are herein described in detail with reference to exemplary embodiments in accordance with the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       The present invention is described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Additionally, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears. 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram of an exemplary launch assist device in accordance with the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary launch rail configured parallel to the water surface. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an alternative exemplary launch rail configured with a slope to provide additional initial acceleration to the vessel. 
         FIG. 4A  illustrates an exemplary top view of a vessel having a boost power system carried by the vessel. 
         FIG. 4B  illustrates a side view of the vessel of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 5A  illustrates a cross section of the exemplary vessel of  FIGS. 4A and 4B . 
         FIG. 5B  illustrates the cross section of  FIG. 5A  with the wing structures folded completely and stowed inside the hull. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a close-up top view of the boost power structure of  FIG. 4   a.    
         FIG. 7  illustrates an exemplary engine module in accordance with the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates an alternate engine module. 
         FIG. 9A - FIG. 9C  illustrate various operational states of the vessel of  FIG. 4A . 
         FIG. 10A - FIG. 10C  illustrate various alternatives for the vessel of  FIG. 4A . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The disclosure pertains to a high speed ocean going cargo class ship and method of achieving the high speed. The high speed is envisioned as being higher than the traditional view of high speed being 20 to 40 knots. 100 knots and higher is envisioned. The system is applicable to a wide range of ship sizes and should scale to include the largest cargo class ships. 
     The ship may have a planing hull in one or more hulls, and may possibly include pontoons as part of the hull structure. A planing hull is employed as the primary operative hull structure at the top speed of the vessel. Additional auxiliary hull structures, such as pontoons or side hulls or surface effect structures may also be employed for further improved efficiency. Friction reducing coatings and polymers may be deployed for additional speed. 
     In accordance with one embodiment, it is observed that a vessel in a plane state glides across the water with relative ease. As the ship slows down and sinks lower into the water, it generates a larger wake and encounters more drag. The pitch of the vessel may change, typically pointing the nose higher against the horizon. Finally the vessel sinks to buoyant equilibrium and travels entirely in slip stream mode. Similarly, a vessel starting out initially travels in slip stream mode relying on the buoyancy of the ship to establish the water line. As the vessel accelerates, the bow becomes elevated and the vessel ploughs through the water, often with the stern lower in the water than the stationary water line. In this pitch up configuration, a tremendous amount of power is required that is dissipated as a function of the high drag inefficient configuration of the vessel. As additional power is provided, the vessel is able to ride up on top of the water and achieve a plane state. The bow drops to the horizon, the vessel levels off, and accelerates. Drag is significantly reduced. The vessel now rides substantially on top of the water, depending on hydrodynamic lift rather than buoyancy to establish the relative water line. Thus, for many planing hulls, more power is required to achieve a planing state than is required to maintain the planing state. For the purposes of this disclosure, a vessel in a planing state receives at least 50% of its support from hydrodynamic and/or aerodynamic lift. The remainder being supplied by buoyancy. 
     In accordance with one embodiment, a vessel may be equipped with a boost phase auxiliary power and/or lift system that is used to accomplish the transition from slip stream to planing and then the boost power system is removed/stowed for the cruise phase while the vessel is in the planing state. 
     In accordance with another embodiment, the planing system may provide lift, with or without providing additional power. 
     The embodiments will now be further explained with reference to the drawings.  FIG. 1  is a diagram of an exemplary launch assist device in accordance with the present invention. Referring to  FIG. 1 , the launch assist device comprises a pair of launch rails, one on each side of the vessel. The vessel is configured to run on the launch rails over the water elevated above the buoyancy level of the vessel. Rolling wheels are provided on the vessel to run on the rail. The vessel accelerates while elevated by the launch rail. The rail should have sufficient length so that the vessel achieves full plane velocity by the end of the launch rail. The objective is to achieve equilibrium plane state at the end of the launch rail and then transition smoothly to plane state travel free of the rail. In one embodiment, the vessel may provide all of the power for acceleration and the rail only provides lift. In another embodiment, the rail may include additional power to accelerate the vessel. In a third embodiment, the rail may start at substantial elevation and utilize gravity to assist in accelerating the vessel. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a vessel  102  is shown at the starting end of a launch rail  104 . The vessel and launch rail are in a harbor  106  protected by jetties  110  from the ocean  108 . The launch rail  104  supports the vessel in a plane elevation, or higher so that the vessel  102  may accelerate to plane velocity without the drag associated with deep draft configurations. The vessel may be coupled to the water sufficiently to allow the propeller or other propulsion system to operate to accelerate the vessel. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary launch rail configured parallel to the water surface.  FIG. 2  shows the vessel  102  at the starting end of the launch rail. The launch rail may be coupled to the ship above the water to prevent drag from the coupling mechanisms. The vessel may run on the rail using rolling wheels similar to railroad wheels, but scaled appropriately and supplied in sufficient numbers for the vessel size. In one embodiment, the wheels may be attached to the ship and remain with the ship during cruise. In an alternative embodiment, the wheels may be affixed to the rail or affixed to a carriage assembly that separates from the ship for cruise and stays behind a the port.  FIG. 2  shows the vessel,  102 , the launch rail  104 , the relative sea level water level  202  the sea bed  204  and supports  206  for the launch rail. The ship is initially supported at plane height and pitch attitude. As the vessel accelerates, the vessel gradually supports itself on the water. At the end of the launch rail, the vessel is up to full plane velocity and fully supporting itself. The vessel then continues to complete the cruise at plane velocity. 
     In a further embodiment the launch rail or carriage may include additional power to help accelerate the vessel. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates an alternative exemplary launch rail configured with a slope to provide additional initial acceleration to the vessel. The launch rail  104  is elevated, for example 200 ft, (60 meters) at the starting end. The vessel then rolls down the rail to pick up initial velocity. The vessel then arrives at the water at plane velocity and plane height. 
     One issue with the launch rail approach is that if the vessel is required to slow down or stop in mid ocean, the vessel could not, on its own, resume plane state travel. The ship does not carry enough power to transition to plane state. The trip would have to be completed at slow speed or a floating launch rail system would have to be delivered to the vessel. Alternatively, boost power may be carried by the vessel. 
       FIG. 4A  illustrates an exemplary top view of a vessel having a boost power system carried by the vessel.  FIG. 4A  illustrates an exemplary vessel  406  having a conventional main power system (not shown) for plane state cruise and an additional boost power system  402  to provide power to achieve transition to the plane state. The boost power system  402  is configured to be stowed during cruise to minimize aerodynamic and/or hydrodynamic drag. The exemplary system of  FIG. 4A  shows the boost power system configured as a foldable wing structure  402  that may be extended during the boost phase and retracted during cruise. (The boost power structure  402  may alternatively be referred to as a wing or wing shaped structure in this disclosure, although the boost power structure need not necessarily take the form of a wing shape.) The wing structure may be stowed inside the aerodynamically designed hull superstructure to minimize aerodynamic drag during cruise. 
     The wing shaped boost power structure comprises multiple foldable sections, foldable in the manner of an accordion when stowed and extended as a flat wing shape structure when in use. The wing shaped power structure comprises a plurality of compact light weight engines, each with a propulsion device to deliver thrust during the transition phase. Various thrust mechanisms may be employed including conventional propellers, jets, and paddle wheels. A unique under water paddle tread design is proposed later in this disclosure. 
     The boost power structure is preferably deployed toward the stern of the vessel as shown. During the boost phase, the stern may sink substantially, and thus, the boost structure may be designed to operate under water. Air for the engines may be ducted from the vessel to accommodate the underwater operation. 
       FIG. 4B  illustrates a side view of the vessel of  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 4B  shows the vessel  406  having a planing type hull  408 . The hull form shown uses side hulls similar to a surface effect vessel; however any type of planing hull or top of the water hull may be used with the present system. The side view shows the wing shaped power structure  402  and a hatch  404  for stowing the wing shaped structure  402  inside the hull during cruise. 
       FIG. 5A  illustrates a cross section of the exemplary vessel of  FIGS. 4A and 4B . The left side of the cross section shows the wing structure  402  with supporting truss structure  502  in the extended operating configuration. The right side shows the wing structure  402  folding to be stowed. The wing structure may comprise any number of sections. Four are illustrated in  FIG. 5 a   . The wing structure folds in accordion like manner to be stowed inside the hull. 
       FIG. 5B  illustrates the cross section of  FIG. 5A  with the wing structures  402  folded completely and stowed inside the hull. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a close-up top view of the boost power structure of  FIG. 4 a   .  FIG. 6  shows the wing shaped structure  402  containing a plurality of engine modules  612 . The wing shaped structure comprises five segments,  602 - 610  that can fold in an accordion like manner for stowage in the hull as previously explained with respect to  FIGS. 5A and 5B . Each segment houses a number of engine modules. Each engine module may include a mechanism for producing thrust, such as a propeller, paddle structure, water jet or other structure. Referring to  FIG. 6 , the wing structure  402  is shown to have five segments  602 - 610 . Any number of segments may be used, five are shown for illustration convenience. The outermost segment  602  at the top of the page is shown to have sixty engine modules arranged in a six by ten rectangular pattern. The upper right engine module  612  is referenced for discussion purposes. Any engine may be selected. Reference  612  refers only to one engine module of the six by ten pattern, not the whole pattern. The second segment  604  has seventy engine modules arranged five by fourteen. The third segment  606  has eighty engine modules arranged five by sixteen. The fourth segment  608  shows ninety five engines arranged five by nineteen. The fifth segment  610  has one hundred and five engines arranged five by twenty one. The number and arrangement of engine modules is a function of the power needed and the available size of the engines. Small light engines, preferably having light blocks, such as aluminum, may be used. A thin profile allows the engines to be fit within a thin wing shaped structure for minimum drag. 
     In one embodiment, the foldable boost power structure  402  may provide flotation for the engines to reduce the weight of the rear of the ship and may be set at an angle or variable and controllable angle to further provide trim for the ship. The foldable structure may provide additional lift through buoyancy to aid in initial boost phase trim for the ship. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an exemplary engine module in accordance with one variation of the present invention. The engine module  612  comprises an engine  702 , a transmission,  704  and a propeller  706 . 
       FIG. 8  illustrates an alternate engine module  612 . The engine module comprises an engine  702  and a linear paddle track surrounding the engine. The paddle track comprises two wheels  804 , one of which is driven by the engine. The track operates similar to a bulldozer track in the manner of coupling to the engine and running through the oval course. The track includes paddles  802  that are hinge coupled to the track. The paddles  802  extend perpendicular to the track on the bottom side providing thrust when coupled to the water. Direction of motion is shown by the arrow  806 . The paddles are forced to lay flat on the upper side for the return path so as not to couple to the water on the upper side of the engine, which is the upper side of the boost power structure. During initial boost, the boost power structure may be submerged in the water, with the top and bottom covered with water. Thus, the top side paddles need to be decoupled from the water. Guides on the sides of the paddles or other mechanisms known in the art may be used to force the paddles to the paths and orientations as shown. 
       FIG. 9A - FIG. 9C  illustrate various operational states of the vessel of  FIG. 4A .  FIG. 9A  illustrates an attempt to achieve plane state without deploying the boost power. The vessel  406  is under full power, the bow is lifted as it plows into the water  410 , but the stern sinks deeply into the water creating considerable drag and preventing the vessel from achieving plane state operation. 
       FIG. 9B  illustrates the operation with the boost power structure deployed. The boost power structure  402  provides additional power to overcome the low speed drag. In addition, the buoyancy of the power structure and extra lift due to hydrodynamic lift of the wing shape structure  402  cooperate to lift the stern and level the vessel  406 . 
       FIG. 9C  illustrates the vessel at plane state. The vessel  406  is level and the boost power structure  402  may now be retracted and stowed in the hull. The hull may be closed with a cover  404  to provide maximum streamlined aerodynamic form to maximize the speed and efficiency of the plane state cruise configuration. 
     Referring further to  FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C , in one embodiment, the invention comprises a method for achieving a plane state comprising the steps: 
     the ship is initially established at rest; (prior to  FIG. 9A ) 
     a variable trim  402  is set to achieve a relatively higher pitch angle when underway; 
     a load  902  is shifted aft to further increase the pitch angle; 
     in a power boost embodiment, the retractable power boost  402  ( 402  contains both variable trim and power boost) is deployed; 
     power is applied to accelerate the ship; ( FIG. 9A ) 
     upon achieving a first speed at a high pitch angle ( FIG. 9A ), the load  902  is shifted to a forward position ( FIG. 9B ) and the trim  402  is adjusted to achieve a lower pitch angle ( FIG. 9B ) and bring the ship into a plane operational state; 
     in a further optional step, upon achieving a second speed, the load is shifted further forward and the trim is adjusted to achieve a further lower pitch angle; additional load and trim adjustments may be applied to incrementally transition from the pitch up (plowing) configuration to the plane configuration; 
     upon achieving a full plane state ( FIG. 9C ), power is reduced, the load is shifted to a neutral position, and the trim is set for best plane speed for the load and power setting. At this point, if deployed, a retractable power boost system may be retracted and stowed aboard the ship; 
     the ship maintains cruise speed in a plane state. 
       FIG. 10A - FIG. 10C  illustrate various alternatives for the vessel of  FIG. 4A .  FIG. 10A - FIG. 10C  show the boost power structure  402  capable of rotating about an axis parallel to the pitch axis of the vessel. Further, a more conventional and simplified planing hull  408  is shown. A leading wave  1002  is shown that is created by the hull pushing through the water at slow speed and high angle of attack. The leading wave diminishes as the vessel achieves a planing state. 
     Referring to  FIG. 10A , the vessel is moving through the water at a slow speed using only the cruise engine. The vessel is at a high angle of attack and creates a large leading wave as it ploughs through the water and pushes the water in front of the vessel. The boost system is deployed. Optionally, the load shift may also operate as previously described. The boost system is shown to be pivotable/rotatable around an axis parallel to the vessel pitch axis. The boost system may be configured to provide lift and thrust to lift and rotate the vessel around a fulcrum or rotation point associated with the leading wave, where the hull first contacts the water. 
     Referring to  FIG. 10B , as the vessel begins to achieve plane, the boost structure is rotated and the leading wave diminishes in size. 
     Referring to  FIG. 10C , when the vessel achieves plane state, the boost structure may be stowed and the leading wave is essentially eliminated. Alternatively, the boost structure may be disengaged and configure for minimum drag. The vessel then operates on cruise power alone. 
     CONCLUSION 
     The present disclosure pertains to a vessel and method of operating a vessel to achieve an efficient plane state operational configuration not achievable directly with only the operational power of the cruise engine. The plane state is achieved with one or more boost power systems to first achieve plane state and then revert to only the cruise engine for maintaining the cruise state. Alternatively or in combination with the boost power, a temporary load shift may be performed to assist in achieving plane state. The use of a separate boost power allows the cruise engine to be designed and operated at maximum efficiency at the cruise speed. An engine designed for higher power and then throttled back for cruise would likely not operate at maximum efficiency for cruise. 
     While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.