Abstract:
The present invention relates to compounds of formula I 
                                 
wherein
   X—Y, R 1 , and n are as defined herein and to their pharmaceutically active salts. Compounds of formula I have a good affinity to the trace amine associated receptors (TAARs), especially for TAAR1 and are useful for the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), stress-related disorders, psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, neurological diseases such as Parkinson&#39;s disease, neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease, epilepsy, migraine, hypertension, substance abuse and metabolic disorders such as eating disorders, diabetes, diabetic complications, obesity, dyslipidemia, disorders of energy consumption and assimilation, disorders and malfunction of body temperature homeostasis, disorders of sleep and circadian rhythm, and cardiovascular disorders.

Description:
PRIORITY TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This application claims the benefit of European Patent Application No. 07111558.8, filed Jul. 2, 2007, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The classical biogenic amines (serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, histamine) play important roles as neurotransmitters in the central and peripheral nervous system [1]. Their synthesis and storage, as well as their degradation and reuptake after release are tightly regulated. An imbalance in the levels of biogenic amines is known to be responsible for the altered brain function under many pathological conditions [2-5]. A second class of endogenous amine compounds, the so-called trace amines (TAs) significantly overlap with the classical biogenic amines regarding structure, metabolism and subcellular localization. The TAs include p-tyramine, β-phenylethylamine, tryptamine and octopamine, and they are present in the mammalian nervous system at generally lower levels than classical biogenic amines [6]. 
     Their dysregulation has been linked to various psychiatric diseases like schizophrenia and depression [7] and for other conditions like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, migraine headache, Parkinson&#39;s disease, substance abuse and eating disorders [8,9]. For a long time, TA-specific receptors had only been hypothesized based on anatomically discrete high-affinity TA binding sites in the CNS of humans and other mammals [10,11]. Accordingly, the pharmacological effects of TAs were believed to be mediated through the well known machinery of classical biogenic amines, by either triggering their release, inhibiting their reuptake or by “cross reacting” with their receptor systems [9,12,13]. This view changed significantly with the recent identification of several members of a novel family of GPCRs, the trace amine associated receptors (TAARs) [7,14]. There are 9 TAAR genes in human (including 3 pseudogenes) and 16 genes in mouse (including 1 pseudogene). The TAAR genes do not contain introns (with one exception, TAAR2 contains 1 intron) and are located next to each other on the same chromosomal segment. The phylogenetic relationship of the receptor genes, in agreement with an in-depth GPCR pharmacophore similarity comparison and pharmacological data suggest that these receptors form three distinct subfamilies [7,14]. TAAR1 is in the first subclass of four genes (TAAR1-4) highly conserved between human and rodents. TAs activate TAAR1 via Gαs. Dysregulation of TAs was shown to contribute to the aetiology of various diseases like depression, psychosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, substance abuse, Parkinson&#39;s disease, migraine headache, eating disorders, metabolic disorders and therefore TAAR1 ligands have a high potential for the treatment of these diseases. 
     Therefore, there is a broad interest to increase the knowledge about trace amine associated receptors. 
     REFERENCES USED 
     
         
         1 Deutch, A. Y. and Roth, R. H. (1999) Neurotransmitters. In  Fundamental Neuroscience  (2 nd  edn) (Zigmond, M. J., Bloom, F. E., Landis, S. C., Roberts, J. L, and Squire, L. R., eds.), pp. 193-234, Academic Press; 
         2 Wong, M. L. and Licinio, J. (2001) Research and treatment approaches to depression.  Nat. Rev. Neurosci.  2, 343-351; 
         3 Carlsson, A. et al. (2001) Interactions between monoamines, glutamate, and GABA in schizophrenia: new evidence.  Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol.  41, 237-260; 
         4 Tuite, P. and Riss, J. (2003) Recent developments in the pharmacological treatment of Parkinson&#39;s disease.  Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs  12, 1335-1352, 
         5 Castellanos, F. X. and Tannock, R. (2002) Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes.  Nat. Rev. Neurosci.  3, 617-628; 
         6 Usdin, Earl; Sandler, Merton; Editors.  Psychopharmacology Series, Vol.  1 : Trace Amines and the Brain . [Proceedings of a Study Group at the 14 th Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology , San Juan, Puerto Rico] (1976); 
         7 Lindemann, L. and Hoener, M. (2005) A renaissance in trace amines inspired by a novel GPCR family.  Trends in Pharmacol. Sci.  26, 274-281; 
         8 Branchek, T. A. and Blackburn, T. P. (2003) Trace amine receptors as targets for novel therapeutics: legend, myth and fact.  Curr. Opin. Pharmacol.  3, 90-97; 
         9 Premont, R. T. et al. (2001) Following the trace of elusive amines.  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.  98, 9474-9475; 
         10 Mousseau, D. D. and Butterworth, R. F. (1995) A high-affinity [3H] tryptamine binding site in human brain.  Prog. Brain Res.  106, 285-291; 
         11 McCormack, J. K. et al. (1986) Autoradiographic localization of tryptamine binding sites in the rat and dog central nervous system.  J. Neurosci.  6, 94-101; 
         12 Dyck, L. E. (1989) Release of some endogenous trace amines from rat striatal slices in the presence and absence of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor.  Life Sci.  44, 1149-1156; 
         13 Parker, E. M. and Cubeddu, L. X. (1988) Comparative effects of amphetamine, phenylethylamine and related drugs on dopamine efflux, dopamine uptake and mazindol binding.  J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.  245, 199-210; 
         14 Lindemann, L. et al. (2005) Trace amine associated receptors form structurally and functionally distinct subfamilies of novel G protein-coupled receptors.  Genomics  85, 372-385. 
       
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides compounds of formula I 
                                
wherein
     X—Y is —N(R 2 )—CH(R 3 )—, CH(R 3 )—N(R 2 )—, —NH—NH—, —O—CHR 3 —, —CHR 3 —O—, —S—CHR 3 , —CHR 3 —S— or —CHR 3 —CHR 3 —,   R 1  is hydrogen,
       halogen,   lower alkyl,   lower alkoxy,   —(CH 2 ) o -phenyl optionally substituted by lower alkoxy,   —(CH 2 ) o —C(O)-phenyl optionally substituted by lower alkoxy,   —(CH 2 ) o —O-phenyl optionally substituted by lower alkoxy,   —(CH 2 ) o —O-phenyl,   CF 3 ,   cycloalkyl,   NO 2 ,   amino or   hydroxy;   
       R 2  is hydrogen,
       lower alkyl,   phenyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or   benzyl;   
       R 3  and R 3′  are each independently
       hydrogen,   lower alkyl or   benzyl;   
       Ar is phenyl,
       naphthyl,   benzofuranyl or   benzo[1,3]dioxolyl;   
       n is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and   o is 0, 1, 2, 3
 
and their pharmaceutically active salts, with the exception of the following compounds:
   (4-chloro-phenyl)-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-amine (CAS 67083-84-5);   (3-chloro-phenyl)-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-amine (CAS 745732-75-6); (4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-ethyl-phenyl-amine (CAS 37411-36-2);   3-[(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-p-tolyl-amino]-phenol (CAS 50-60-2);   benzyl-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-phenyl-amine (CAS 91-75-8);   2-(4-benzyl-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 213400-55-6);   2-(4-phenethyl-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 109814-01-9);   2-(2,3,6-trimethyl-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 68959-93-3);   2-(2,6-dichloro-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 21244-83-7);   2-(2-chloro-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (65248-69-3);   2-(biphenyl-2-yloxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 193070-40-5);   2-(2,3-dichloro-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 68959-95-5);   2-(biphenyl-4-yloxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 858222-61-4);   2-(2-methoxy-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 762188-54-5);   2-(naphthalen-2-yloxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 107774-80-1);   2-(4-chloro-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 103038-98-8);   2-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 72422-05-0);   2-(2,4-dichloro-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 68959-96-6);   2-[1-(2-benzyloxy-phenoxy)-2-phenyl-ethyl]-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 150016-78-7);   2-(2-cyclopropyl-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 40600-13-3);   2-[1-(2,6-dichloro-phenoxy)-ethyl]-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 31036-80-3);   2-(3-chloro-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 103040-25-1);   2-phenoxymethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 65248-68-2);   2-phenethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 26038-62-0);   N-(3-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)-N′-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-hydrazine (CAS 46425-56-3);   benzyl-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-amine (CAS 6182-2-1);   2-(3,4-dichloro-phenylsulfanylmethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 113698-37-6);   2-(2,4-dichloro-benzylsulfanyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 938156-72-0);   2-(3-chloro-4-propoxy-benzylsulfanyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 63549-90-6);   2-(3-nitro-4-propoxy-benzylsulfanyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 325983-20-8);   2-benzylsulfanyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 5455-64-1);   2-(2-chloro-6-fluoro-benzylsulfanyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 913689-07-3);   2-(3-chloro-4-ethoxy-benzylsulfanyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 325983-19-5);   2-(2,6-dichloro-benzylsulfanyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 64204-41-7); and   2-(3,4-dichloro-benzylsulfanyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole (CAS 86366-97-4).   
     The specific compounds excluded from the scope of new compounds of formula I are described for example in the below mentioned references or are enclosed in public chemical libraries. 
     The invention includes all racemic mixtures, all their corresponding enantiomers and/or optical isomers. 
     In addition, all tautomeric forms of compounds of formula I are also encompassed by the present invention. 
     The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions containing a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically active salt thereof. The invention further provides methods for the manufacture of the compounds and compositions of the invention. 
     Compounds of formula I have a good affinity to the trace amine associated receptors (TAARs), especially for TAAR1. 
     The compounds are useful for the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), stress-related disorders, psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, neurological diseases such as Parkinson&#39;s disease, neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease, epilepsy, migraine, hypertension, substance abuse and metabolic disorders such as eating disorders, diabetes, diabetic complications, obesity, dyslipidemia, disorders of energy consumption and assimilation, disorders and malfunction of body temperature homeostasis, disorders of sleep and circadian rhythm, and cardiovascular disorders. 
     The preferred indications using the compounds of the present invention are depression, psychosis, Parkinson&#39;s disease, anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The following definitions of general terms used in the present description apply irrespective of whether the terms in question appear alone or in combination. It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an,” and “the” include plural forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. 
     As used herein, the term “lower alkyl” denotes a saturated straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbon group containing from 1 to 7 carbon atoms, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, 2-butyl, t-butyl and the like. Preferred alkyl groups are groups with 1-4 carbon atoms. 
     As used herein, the term “lower alkoxy” denotes a group having a lower alkyl residue as defined above that is attached via an oxygen atom. 
     The term “halogen” denotes chlorine, iodine, fluorine and bromine. 
     The term “cycloalkyl” denotes a saturated carboxylic ring containing from 3 to 6 carbon atoms. 
     “Pharmaceutically acceptable,” such as pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, etc., means pharmacologically acceptable and substantially non-toxic to the subject to which the particular compound is administered. 
     The term “pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts” embraces salts with inorganic and organic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, methane-sulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid and the like. 
     “Therapeutically effective amount” means an amount that is effective to prevent, alleviate or ameliorate symptoms of disease or prolong the survival of the subject being treated. 
     Preferred compounds of formula I are those, wherein Ar is phenyl. 
     Especially preferred are compounds from this group, wherein X—Y is —N(R 2 )—CH(R 3 )—, for example the following compounds
     (4-chloro-phenyl)-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-amine,   (3-chloro-phenyl)-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-amine,   (4-bromo-3-chloro-phenyl)-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-amine,   (4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenyl)-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-amine,   (3-chloro-phenyl)-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-methyl-amine,   (3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-methyl-amine,   (4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-[4-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-phenyl]-amine and   (4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-methyl-amine.   

     Further preferred are compounds, wherein X—Y is —O—CHR 3 —, such as
     2-(2-chloro-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole,   2-(2,3-dichloro-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole,   2-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole,   2-[1-(2,6-dichloro-phenoxy)-ethyl]-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole,   3-{4-[1-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethoxy]-phenyl}-1-(4-isopropoxy-phenyl)-propan-1-one,   2-[4-(4-isopropoxy-phenoxymethyl)-phenoxymethyl]-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole,   2-(3-benzyl-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole,   2-[4-(3-phenyl-propyl)-phenoxymethyl]-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole,   2-(2-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole,   2-(2,3-difluoro-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole,   4-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethoxy)-2,3-dimethyl-phenol and   2-(3,4-dichloro-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole.   

     Preferred are further compounds, wherein X—Y is —NH—NH—, for example
     N-(3-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)-N′-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-hydrazine and   N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-N′-(3,4-dimethyl-phenyl)-hydrazine.   

     A further preferred group for Ar is phenyl are compounds, wherein X—Y is —S—CHR 3 —, for example
     2-(2,3-dichloro-phenylsulfanylmethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole.   

     Preferred compounds of formula I are further those, wherein Ar is benzofuranyl and X—Y is —N(R 2 )—CHR 3 — or —O—CHR 3 , for example
     (4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-(4-methyl-benzofuran-5-yl)-amine and   2-(benzofuran-6-yloxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole.   

     The present compounds of formula I and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be prepared by methods known in the art, for example, by processes described below, which process comprises 
     a) reacting an ester of formula 
                                
with an in sito prepared product from ethylenediamine with trimethylaluminium to give a compound of formula
 
                                
wherein the substituents are as defined above, or
 
b) reacting a nitrile derivative of formula
 
                                
with ethylendiamine in the presence of thioacetamide to give a compound of formula
 
                                
wherein the substituents are as defined above, or
 
c) reacting an ester derivative of formula
 
                                
with an in sito prepared product from ethylenediamine with trimethylaluminium to give a compound of formula
 
                                
wherein the substituents are as defined above, or
 
d) reacting an ester derivative of formula
 
                                
with an in sito prepared product from ethylenediamine with trimethylaluminium to give a compound of formula
 
                                
wherein the substituents are as defined above, or
 
e) reacting an ester derivative of formula
 
                                
with an in sito prepared product from ethylenediamine with trimethylaluminium to give a compound of formula
 
                                
wherein the substituents are as defined above, or
 
f) reacting a compound of formula
 
                                
with a compound of formula
 
                                
to give a compound of formula
 
                                
wherein the substituents are as defined above, or
 
g) reacting a compound of formula
 
                                
with a compound of formula
 
                                
to give a compound of formula
 
                                
wherein the substituents are as defined above, or
 
h) reacting a compound of formula
 
                                
with a compound of formula
 
                                
to give a compound of formula
 
                                
wherein the substituents are as defined above, and
 
     if desired, converting the compounds obtained into pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts. 
     The compounds of formula I can be prepared in accordance with the process variants a) to h) as described above and with the following schemes 1-7. The starting materials are either commercially available, are otherwise known in the chemical literature, or can be prepared in accordance with methods well known in the art. 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Compounds of formula I in which —X—Y— is —N(R 2 )—CH(R 3 )— can be prepared by the route shown in Scheme 1. In the first step an aniline derivative of formula (4) is reacted with an alpha-bromo-ester compound of formula (5) in the presence of a base such as sodium carbonate. The reaction is carried out in an alcoholic solvent such as ethanol, at elevated temperature, preferably at around 100° C. in a closed vessel under microwave irradiation. Alternative reagents to accomplish this transformation have been reported in reference [1]. The resulting product, an ester derivative of formula (2), is then reacted with a reagent which is first prepared in situ by treating ethylenediamine with trimethylaluminium at a temperature between 0° C. and room temperature in an inert organic solvent such as toluene, following a procedure reported in references [1] &amp; [2]. The reaction between ester (2) and the aluminium-diakylamine reagent is performed in an inert solvent such as toluene at an elevated temperature such as the reflux temperature of the solvent.
     [1] Moormann, A. E. et al.  J. Med. Chem.  1990, 33, 614-626.   [2] Hlasta, D. J. et al.  J. Med. Chem.  1987, 30, 1555-1562.   

     Alternatively, compounds of formula I in which —X—Y— is —N(R 2 )—CH(R 3 )— can be prepared by using the procedures described in reference [3], in which the aniline derivative of formula (4) is first reacted with a corresponding chloroacetonitrile to afford a nitrile derivative of formula (3) which is subsequently reacted with ethylenediamine in the presence of thioacetamide to afford the compounds of formula Ia.
     [3] Dash, P.; Kudav, D. P.; Parihar J. A.  J. Heterocyclic Chem.  2006, 43, 401-404.   

     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Compounds of formula I in which —X—Y— is —O—CH(R 3 )— can be prepared by the route shown in Scheme 2. In the first step a phenol derivative of formula (6) is reacted with an alpha-bromo-ester compound of formula (5) in the presence of a base such as cesium carbonate. The reaction is carried out in a polar organic solvent such as acteonitrile, preferably at room temperature. Alternative reagents to accomplish this transformation have been reported in reference [1]. The resulting product, an ester derivative of formula (7), is then reacted with a reagent which is first prepared in situ by treating ethylenediamine with trimethylaluminium at a temperature between 0° C. and room temperature in an inert organic solvent such as toluene, following a procedure reported in references [1]-[4]. The reaction between ester (7) and the aluminium-diakylamine reagent is performed in an inert solvent such as toluene at an elevated temperature such as the reflux temperature of the solvent.
     [1] Moormann, A. E. et al.  J. Med. Chem.  1990, 33, 614-626.   [2] Hlasta, D. J. et al.  J. Med. Chem.  1987, 30, 1555-1562.   [4] Gentili, F. et al.  J. Med. Chem.  2004, 47, 6160-6173.   

     Alternatively, compounds of formula I in which —X—Y— is —O—CH(R 3 )— can be prepared by methods described in the following reference [5].
     [5] Dias, N. et al.  Eur. J. Med. Chem.  2005, 40, 1206-1213.   

     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Compounds of formula I in which —X—Y— is —S—CH(R 3 )— can be prepared by the route shown in Scheme 3. In the first step a thiophenol derivative of formula (8) is reacted with an alpha-bromo-ester compound of formula (5) in the presence of a base such as triethylamine. The reaction is carried out in an inert organic solvent such as dichloromethane, preferably at a temperature between 0° C. and room temperature. Alternative reagents to accomplish this transformation have been reported in reference [1]. The resulting product, an ester derivative of formula (9), is then reacted with a reagent which is first prepared in situ by treating ethylenediamine with trimethylaluminium at a temperature between 0° C. and room temperature in an inert organic solvent such as toluene, following a procedure reported in references [1] &amp; [2]. The reaction between ester (9) and the aluminium-diakylamine reagent is performed in an inert solvent such as toluene at an elevated temperature such as the reflux temperature of the solvent.
     [1] Moormann, A. E. et al.  J. Med. Chem.  1990, 33, 614-626.   [2] Hlasta, D. J. et al.  J. Med. Chem.  1987, 30, 1555-1562.   

     Alternatively, compounds of formula I in which —X—Y— is —S—CH(R 3 )— can be prepared by methods described in the following reference [6].
     [6] Pigini, M. et al.  Eur. J. Med. Chem.  1987, 22, 273-276.   

     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Compounds of formula I in which —X—Y— is —CH(R 3′ )—CH(R 3 )— can be prepared by the route shown in Scheme 4. In the first step an aryl halide derivative of formula (10), preferably an aryl bromide or an aryl iodide, is reacted in a Heck-type reaction with an α,β-unsaturated ester compound of formula (11) in the presence of a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 , a ligand such as triphenylphospine and a base such as triethylamine, according to the procedure described in reference [1]. The reaction is carried out at elevated temperature, preferably at 100° C. The resulting product, an alkene of formula (12) is then hydrogenated using a catalytic amount of palladium on charcoal in the presence of a catalytic amount of zinc bromide according to the procedure of reference [7]. The resulting product, an ester derivative of formula (13), is then reacted with a reagent which is first prepared in situ by treating ethylenediamine with trimethylaluminium at a temperature between 0° C. and room temperature in an inert organic solvent such as toluene, following a procedure reported in references [1], [2] &amp; [8]. The reaction between ester (13) and the aluminium-diakylamine reagent is performed in an inert solvent such as toluene at an elevated temperature such as the reflux temperature of the solvent.
     [1] Moormann, A. E. et al.  J. Med. Chem.  1990, 33, 614-626.   [2] Hlasta, D. J. et al.  J. Med. Chem.  1987, 30, 1555-1562.   [7] Wu, G. et al.  Synthesis  2003, 1657-1660.   [8] Gentili, F. et al.  J. Med. Chem.  2003, 46, 2169-2176.   

     Alternatively, compounds of formula I in which —CH(R 3′ )—CH(R 3 )— can be prepared by methods described in the following references [9]-[11].
     [9] Fujioka, H. et al.  Tetrahedron Lett.  2005, 46, 2197-2199.   [10] Ishihara, M.; Togo, H.  Synlett.  2006, 227-230.   [11] Melloni, P. et al.  Eur. J. Med. Chem.  2005, 40, 1206-1213.   

     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Compounds of formula I in which —X—Y— is —NH—NH— can be prepared by the route shown in Scheme 5. An aryl hydrazine of formula (14) is reacted with 2-methylsulfanyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole hydrochloride according to the procedure described in reference [6]. The reaction is carried out in an inert solvent such as xylene at elevated temperature, preferably at between 100-120° C.
     [12] Stahle, H. et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,480,630   [13] Behner, O.; Stendel, W.; Andrews, P. DE3133887   

     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Compounds of formula I in which —X—Y— is —CHR 3 —N(R 2 )— can be prepared by the route shown in Scheme 6. An aryl amine of formula (16) is reacted with 2-methylsulfanyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole hydrochloride according to the procedure described in reference [14]. The reaction is carried out in an alcoholic solvent such as methanol at elevated temperature, preferably at the reflux temperature of the solvent, optionally in the presence of a catalytic amount of a base such as sodium methoxide.
     [14] Pinza, M.; LiBassi, G.; Broccali, G.; Pifferi, G.  Heterocycles  1976, 4, 1699-1706.   

     Alternative compounds of formula I can be prepared by methods described in the following references [15]-[16].
     [15] Kornicka, A.; Saczewski, F.; Gdaniec, M.  Heterocycles  2006, 68, 687-699.   [16] Kosasayama, A. et al.  Chem. Pharm. Bull.  1979, 27, 831-840.   

     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Compounds of formula I in which —X—Y— is —CHR 3 —S— can be prepared by the route shown in Scheme 7. An arylbromide of formula (17) is reacted with imidazolidine-2-thione according to the procedures described in references [17] &amp; [18]. The reaction is carried out in an alcoholic solvent such as ethanol at elevated temperature, preferably at the reflux temperature of the solvent. The product of formula Ig is obtained as the hydrobromide salt.
     [17] Lloyd, D.; Millar, R. W.  Tetrahedron  1980, 36, 2675-2679.   [18] Chem, J-W.; Rong, J-G.  Tetrahedron Lett.  1991, 32, 2935-2938.
 
Isolation and Purification of the Compounds
   

     Isolation and purification of the compounds and intermediates described herein can be effected, if desired, by any suitable separation or purification procedure such as, for example, filtration, extraction, crystallization, column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, thick-layer chromatography, preparative low or high-pressure liquid chromatography or a combination of these procedures. Specific illustrations of suitable separation and isolation procedures can be had by reference to the preparations and examples herein below. However, other equivalent separation or isolation procedures could, of course, also be used. Racemic mixtures of chiral compounds of formula I can be separated using chiral HPLC. 
     Salts of Compounds of Formula I 
     The compounds of formula I are basic and can be converted to a corresponding acid addition salt. The conversion is accomplished by treatment with at least a stoichiometric amount of an appropriate acid, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, and organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid and the like. Typically, the free base is dissolved in an inert organic solvent such as diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform, ethanol or methanol and the like, and the acid added in a similar solvent. The temperature is maintained between 0° C. and 50° C. The resulting salt precipitates spontaneously or can be brought out of solution with a less polar solvent. 
     The acid addition salts of the basic compounds of formula I can be converted to the corresponding free bases by treatment with at least a stoichiometric equivalent of a suitable base such as sodium or potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, ammonia, and the like. 
     The compounds of formula I and their pharmaceutically usable addition salts possess valuable pharmacological properties. Specifically, it has been found that the compounds of the present invention have a good affinity to the trace amine associated receptors (TAARs), especially TAAR1. 
     The compounds were investigated in accordance with the test given hereinafter. 
     Materials and Methods 
     Construction of TAAR Expression Plasmids and Stably Transfected Cell Lines 
     For the construction of expression plasmids the coding sequences of human, rat and mouse TAAR 1 were amplified from genomic DNA essentially as described by Lindemann et al. [14]. The Expand High Fidelity PCR System (Roche Diagnostics) was used with 1.5 mM Mg 2+  and purified PCR products were cloned into pCR2.1-TOPO cloning vector (Invitrogen) following the instructions of the manufacturer. PCR products were subcloned into the pIRESneo2 vector (BD Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.), and expression vectors were sequence verified before introduction in cell lines. 
     HEK293 cells (ATCC # CRL-1573) were cultured essentially as described Lindemann et al. (2005). For the generation of stably transfected cell lines HEK293 cells were transfected with the pIRESneo2 expression plasmids containing the TAAR coding sequences (described above) with Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) according to the instructions of the manufacturer, and 24 hrs post transfection the culture medium was supplemented with 1 mg/ml G418 (Sigma, Buchs, Switzerland). After a culture period of about 10 d clones were isolated, expanded and tested for responsiveness to trace amines (all compounds purchased from Sigma) with the cAMP Biotrak Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) System (Amersham) following the non-acetylation EIA procedure provided by the manufacturer. Monoclonal cell lines which displayed a stable EC 50  for a culture period of 15 passages were used for all subsequent studies. 
     Membrane Preparation and Radioligand Binding 
     Cells at confluence were rinsed with ice-cold phosphate buffered saline without Ca 2+  and Mg 2+  containing 10 mM EDTA and pelleted by centrifugation at 1000 rpm for 5 min at 4° C. The pellet was then washed twice with ice-cold phosphate buffered saline and cell pellet was frozen immediately by immersion in liquid nitrogen and stored until use at −80° C. Cell pellet was then suspended in 20 ml HEPES-NaOH (20 mM), pH 7.4 containing 10 mM EDTA, and homogenized with a Polytron (PT 3000, Kinematica) at 10,000 rpm for 10 s. The homogenate was centrifuged at 48,000×g for 30 min at 4° C. and the pellet resuspended in 20 ml HEPES-NaOH (20 mM), pH 7.4 containing 0.1 mM EDTA (buffer A), and homogenized with a Polytron at 10,000 rpm for 10 s. The homogenate was then centrifuged at 48,000×g for 30 min at 4° C. and the pellet resuspended in 20 ml buffer A, and homogenized with a Polytron at 10,000 rpm for 10 s. Protein concentration was determined by the method of Pierce (Rockford, Ill.). The homogenate was then centrifuged at 48,000×g for 10 min at 4° C., resuspended in HEPES-NaOH (20 mM), pH 7.0 including MgCl 2  (10 mM) and CaCl 2  g protein per ml and (2 mM) (buffer B) at 200 homogenized with a Polytron at 10,000 rpm for 10 s. 
     Binding assay was performed at 4° C. in a final volume of 1 ml, and with an incubation time of 30 min. The radioligand [ 3 H]-rac-2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl)-2-imidazoline was used at a concentration equal to the calculated K d  value of 60 nM to give a bound at around 0.1% of the total added radioligand concentration, and a specific binding which represented approximately 70-80% of the total binding. Non-specific binding was defined as the amount of [ 3 H]-rac-2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl)-2-imidazoline bound in the presence of the appropriate unlabelled ligand (10 μM). Competing ligands were tested in a wide range of concentrations (10 pM-30 μM). The final dimethylsulphoxide concentration in the assay was 2%, and it did not affect radioligand binding. Each experiment was performed in duplicate. All incubations were terminated by rapid filtration through UniFilter-96 plates (Packard Instrument Company) and glass filter GF/C, pre-soaked for at least 2 h in polyethylenimine 0.3%, and using a Filtermate 96 Cell Harvester (Packard Instrument Company). The tubes and filters were then washed 3 times with 1 ml aliquots of cold buffer B. Filters were not dried and soaked in Ultima gold (45 μl/well, Packard Instrument Company) and bound radioactivity was counted by a TopCount Microplate Scintillation Counter (Packard Instrument Company). 
     The preferred compounds show a K i  value (μM) in mouse on TAAR1&lt;0.1. Representative compounds are shown in the table below. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ki (μM) 
               
               
                   
                 Example 
                 mouse 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 K1  
                 0.023 
               
               
                   
                 K2  
                 0.007 
               
               
                   
                 K10 
                 0.064 
               
               
                   
                 K12 
                 0.0063 
               
               
                   
                 K17 
                 0.0913 
               
               
                   
                 K20 
                 0.0325 
               
               
                   
                 K21 
                 0.0262 
               
               
                   
                 K25 
                 0.0057 
               
               
                   
                  1 
                 0.0022 
               
               
                   
                  2 
                 0.0011 
               
               
                   
                  3 
                 0.0084 
               
               
                   
                  4 
                 0.0059 
               
               
                   
                  7 
                 0.0028 
               
               
                   
                  8 
                 0.0443 
               
               
                   
                  9 
                 0.0432 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 0.0158 
               
               
                   
                 13 
                 0.025 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 0.0054 
               
               
                   
                 15 
                 0.0441 
               
               
                   
                 17 
                 0.0372 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 0.0016 
               
               
                   
                 21 
                 0.0341 
               
               
                   
                 24 
                 0.093 
               
               
                   
                 27 
                 0.0329 
               
               
                   
                 31 
                 0.0075 
               
               
                   
                 35 
                 0.044 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds of the invention, for example, compounds of formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Such pharmaceutical compositions can be in the form of tablets, coated tablets, dragees, hard and soft gelatin capsules, solutions, emulsions or suspensions. The pharmaceutical compositions also can be in the form of suppositories or injectable solutions. 
     The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention, in addition to one or more compounds of the invention, contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include pharmaceutically inert, inorganic or organic carriers. Lactose, corn starch or derivatives thereof, talc, stearic acids or its salts and the like can be used, for example, as such carriers for tablets, coated tablets, dragees and hard gelatine capsules. Suitable carriers for soft gelatine capsules are, for example, vegetable oils, waxes, fats, semi-solid and liquid polyols and the like. Depending on the nature of the active substance no carriers are however usually required in the case of soft gelatine capsules. Suitable carriers for the production of solutions and syrups are, for example, water, polyols, glycerol, vegetable oil and the like. Suitable carriers for suppositories are, for example, natural or hardened oils, waxes, fats, semi-liquid or liquid polyols and the like. 
     The pharmaceutical compositions can, moreover, contain preservatives, solubilizers, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, sweeteners, colorants, flavorants, salts for varying the osmotic pressure, buffers, masking agents or antioxidants. They can also contain still other therapeutically valuable substances. 
     The present invention also provides a process for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions. Such process comprises bringing the compound of formula I and/or pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof and, fir desired, one or more other therapeutically valuable substances into a galenical administration form together with one or more therapeutically inert carriers. 
     The most preferred indications in accordance with the present invention are those, which include disorders of the central nervous system, for example the treatment or prevention of schizophrenia, depression, cognitive impairment and Alzheimer&#39;s disease. 
     The dosage at which compounds of the invention can be administered can vary within wide limits and will, of course, have to be adjusted to the individual requirements in each particular case. In the case of oral administration the dosage for adults can vary from about 0.01 mg to about 1000 mg per day of a compound of general formula I or of the corresponding amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The daily dosage can be administered as single dose or in divided doses and, in addition, the upper limit can also be exceeded when this is found to be indicated. 
                                                                                             Tablet Formulation           (Wet Granulation)           mg/tablet            Item   Ingredients   5 mg   25 mg   100 mg   500 mg                    1.   Compound of formula I   5   25   100   500       2.   Lactose Anhydrous DTG   125   105   30   150       3.   Sta-Rx 1500   6   6   6   30       4.   Microcrystalline Cellulose   30   30   30   150       5.   Magnesium Stearate   1   1   1   1           Total   167   167   167   831                    
Manufacturing Procedure
     1. Mix items 1, 2, 3 and 4 and granulate with purified water.   2. Dry the granules at 50° C.   3. Pass the granules through suitable milling equipment.   4. Add item 5 and mix for three minutes; compress on a suitable press.   
                                                                                             Capsule Formulation           mg/capsule            Item   Ingredients   5 mg   25 mg   100 mg   500 mg                    1.   Compound of formula I   5   25   100   500        2.   Hydrous Lactose   159   123   148   —       3.   Corn Starch   25   35   40   70       4.   Talc   10   15   10   25       5.   Magnesium Stearate   1   2   2    5           Total   200   200   300   600                     
Manufacturing Procedure
     1. Mix items 1, 2 and 3 in a suitable mixer for 30 minutes.   2. Add items 4 and 5 and mix for 3 minutes.   3. Fill into a suitable capsule.   
     EXPERIMENTAL PART 
     Known Compounds 
     Example K1 
     (4-Chloro-phenyl)-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-amine 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K2 
     (3-Chloro-phenyl)-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-amine 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K3 
     (4,5-Dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-ethyl-phenyl-amine 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K4 
     3-[(4,5-Dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-p-tolyl-amino]-phenol 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K5 
     Benzyl-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-phenyl-amine 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K6 
     2-(4-Benzyl-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K7 
     2-(4-Phenethyl-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K8 
     2-(2,3,6-Trimethyl-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K9 
     2-(2,6-Dichloro-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K10 
     2-(2-Chloro-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K11 
     2-(Biphenyl-2-yloxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K12 
     2-(2,3-Dichloro-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K13 
     2-(Biphenyl-4-yloxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K14 
     2-(2-Methoxy-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K15 
     2-(Naphthalen-2-yloxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K16 
     2-(4-Chloro-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K17 
     2-(3-Trifluoromethyl-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K18 
     2-(2,4-Dichloro-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K19 
     2-[1-(2-Benzyloxy-phenoxy)-2-phenyl-ethyl]-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K20 
     2-(2-Cyclopropyl-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K21 
     2-[1-(2,6-Dichloro-phenoxy)-ethyl]-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K22 
     2-(3-Chloro-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K23 
     2-Phenoxymethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K24 
     2-Phenethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K25 
     N-(3-Chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)-N′-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-hydrazine 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K26 
     Benzyl-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-amine 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K27 
     2-(3,4-Dichloro-phenylsulfanylmethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K28 
     2-(2,4-Dichloro-benzylsulfanyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K29 
     2-(3-Chloro-4-propoxy-benzylsulfanyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K30 
     2-(3-Nitro-4-propoxy-benzylsulfanyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K31 
     2-Benzylsulfanyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K32 
     2-(2-Chloro-6-fluoro-benzylsulfanyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K33 
     2-(3-Chloro-4-ethoxy-benzylsulfanyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K34 
     2-(2,6-Dichloro-benzylsulfanyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example K35 
     2-(3,4-Dichloro-benzylsulfanyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Novel Compounds 
     Example 1 
     (4-Bromo-3-chloro-phenyl)-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-amine 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     a) (4-Bromo-3-chloro-phenylamino)-acetic acid ethyl ester 
     To a solution of 4-bromo-3-chloro-aniline (0.64 g, 3.10 mmol) in ethanol (7 ml) were added sodium carbonate (0.49 g, 4.65 mmol) and ethyl bromoacetate (0.38 ml, 3.41 mmol). The resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 10 min and was then heated at 100° C. for 30 min under microwave irradiation. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature, diluted with ether, and filtered. The filtrate was washed with 1 M aqueous hydrochloric acid, the phases separated, and the aqueous phase extracted with ether. The combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO2: heptane/ethyl acetate=gradient 100:0-70:30) to yield a brown oil (0.56 g, 62%); MS (ISP): 296.1, 294.1, 292.1 ([M+H] + .). 
     b) (4-Bromo-3-chloro-phenyl)-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-amine 
     To dry toluene (4 ml) under an inert atmosphere at 0° C. was added a toluene solution of trimethylaluminium (1.90 ml, 3.79 mmol, 2 M solution). A solution of ethylenediamine (0.25 ml, 3.79 mmol) in toluene (1.5 ml) was then added dropwise and the reaction mixture was then allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 100 min at this temperature before being re-cooled to 0° C. To this mixture was added dropwise a solution of (4-bromo-3-chloro-phenylamino)-acetic acid ethyl ester (0.56 g, 1.90 mmol) in toluene (3 ml). The reaction mixture was then heated at 95° C. for 45 min and then cooled first to room temperature and finally to 0° C. The mixture was quenched by dropwise addition of methanol (1 ml) and when all gas evolution had ceased the mixture was diluted with water and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO2: dichloromethane/methanol=gradient 100:0-98:2) to yield a yellow gum; MS (ISP): 292.1, 290.0, 288.1 ([M+H] + .). 
     Example 2 
     (4-Chloro-3-fluoro-phenyl)-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-amine 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 230.4, 228.1 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 1 using 4-chloro-3-fluoro-aniline instead of 4-bromo-3-chloro-aniline. 
     Example 3 
     (3-Chloro-phenyl)-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-methyl-amine 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     a) [(3-Chloro-phenyl)-methyl-amino]-acetic acid ethyl ester 
     To a solution of 3-chloro-N-methylaniline (0.50 g, 3.35 mmol) in ethanol (7 ml) were added sodium carbonate (0.53 g, 5.03 mmol) and ethyl bromoacetate (0.42 ml, 3.69 mmol). The resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour and was then heated at 100° C. for 15 min under microwave irradiation. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature, diluted with ether, and filtered. The filtrate was washed with 1 M aqueous hydrochloric acid, the phases separated, and the aqueous phase extracted with ether. The combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO2: heptane/ethyl acetate=gradient 100:0-70:30) to yield a brown oil (0.49 g, 64%); MS (ISP): 230.3, 228.1 ([M+H] + .). 
     b) (3-Chloro-phenyl)-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-methyl-amine 
     To dry toluene (4 ml) under an inert atmosphere at 0° C. was added a toluene solution of trimethylaluminium (2.13 ml, 4.26 mmol, 2 M solution). A solution of ethylenediamine (0.29 ml, 4.26 mmol) in toluene (1.5 ml) was then added dropwise and the reaction mixture was then allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 100 min at this temperature before being re-cooled to 0° C. To this mixture was added dropwise a solution of [(3-chloro-phenyl)-methyl-amino]-acetic acid ethyl ester (0.49 g, 2.13 mmol) in toluene (3 ml). The reaction mixture was then heated at reflux for 2.5 h and then cooled first to room temperature and finally to 0° C. The mixture was quenched by dropwise addition of methanol (1 ml) and when all gas evolution had ceased the mixture was diluted with water and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was triturated in ether to yield a white solid (0.14 g, 29%) which was collected by filtration; MS (ISP): 226.2, 224.1 ([M+H] + .). 
     Example 4 
     (3,4-Dichloro-phenyl)-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-methyl-amine 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 262.0, 260.0, 258.0 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 3 using 3,4-dichloro-N-methylaniline instead of 3-chloro-N-methylaniline. 
     Example 5 
     (4,5-Dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-isopropyl-phenyl-amine 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 218.0 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 3 using N-isopropylaniline instead of 3-chloro-N-methylaniline. 
     Example 6 
     (4,5-Dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-isopropyl-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-amine 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 247.9 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 3 using isopropyl-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-amine instead of 3-chloro-N-methylaniline. 
     Example 7 
     (4,5-Dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-(4-methyl-benzofuran-5-yl)-amine 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 230.4 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 1 using 4-methyl-benzofuran-5-ylamine instead of 4-bromo-3-chloro-aniline. 
     Example 8 
     (4,5-Dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-[4-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-phenyl]-amine 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 296.4 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 1 using 4-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-phenylamine instead of 4-bromo-3-chloro-aniline. 
     Example 9 
     (4,5-Dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-methyl-amine 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 220.1 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 3 using (2-methoxy-phenyl)-methyl-amine instead of 3-chloro-N-methylaniline. 
     Example 10 
     2-(4-Chloro-3-fluoro-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     a) (4-Chloro-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester 
     To a solution of 4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenol (0.50 g, 3.34 mmol) in acetonitrile (8 ml) were added caesium carbonate (1.31 g, 4.01 mmol) and ethyl bromoacetate (0.40 ml, 3.51 mmol). The resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour and was then poured onto ice/aq. ammonium chloride solution (50 ml) and the resulting mixture was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO2: heptane/ethyl acetate=gradient 100:0-70:30) to yield a colourless oil (0.81 g, 100%);  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): 7.30 (1H, d), 6.73 (1H, dd), 6.66 (1H, dd), 4.59 (2H, s), 4.28 (2H, q), 1.30 (3H, t). 
     b) 2-(4-Chloro-3-fluoro-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     To dry toluene (4 ml) under an inert atmosphere at 0° C. was added a toluene solution of trimethylaluminium (3.44 ml, 6.88 mmol, 2 M solution). A solution of ethylenediamine (0.46 ml, 6.88 mmol) in toluene (1.5 ml) was then added dropwise and the reaction mixture was then allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 1 h at this temperature before being re-cooled to 0° C. To this mixture was added dropwise a solution of (4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester (0.80 g, 3.44 mmol) in toluene (3 ml). The reaction mixture was then heated at 95° C. for 45 min and then cooled first to room temperature and finally to 0° C. The mixture was quenched by dropwise addition of methanol (1 ml) and when all gas evolution had ceased the mixture was diluted with water and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was triturated in ether to yield a white solid (0.73 g, 92%) which was collected by filtration; MS (ISP): 231.2, 229.3 ([M+H] + .). 
     Example 11 
     2-(4-Bromo-3-chloro-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 293.1, 291.0, 289.0 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 10 using 3-chloro-4-bromo-phenol instead of 4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenol. 
     Example 12 
     3-{4-[1-(4,5-Dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-ethoxy]-phenyl}-1-(4-isopropoxy-phenyl)-propan-1-one 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 381.4 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 10 using 3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-1-(4-isopropoxy-phenyl)-propan-1-one instead of 4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenol and 2-bromo-propionic acid ethyl ester instead of ethyl bromoacetate. 
     Example 13 
     2-[4-(4-Isopropoxy-phenoxymethyl)-phenoxymethyl]-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 341.3 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 10 using 4-(4-isopropoxy-phenoxymethyl)-phenol instead of 4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenol. 
     Example 14 
     2-(3-Benzyl-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 267.4 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 10 using 3-benzyl-phenol instead of 4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenol. 
     Example 15 
     2-[4-(3-Phenyl-propyl)-phenoxymethyl]-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 295.3 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 10 using 4-(3-phenyl-propyl)-phenol instead of 4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenol. 
     Example 16 
     6-Bromo-3-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethoxy)-2-methyl-phenylamine 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 286.1, 284.3 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 10 using 3-amino-4-bromo-2-methyl-phenol instead of 4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenol. 
     Example 17 
     2-(Benzofuran-6-yloxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 217.3 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 10 using benzofuran-6-ol instead of 4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenol. 
     Example 18 
     2-(4-Bromo-2,6-dimethyl-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 285.1, 283.2 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 10 using 4-bromo-2,6-dimethyl-phenol instead of 4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenol. 
     Example 19 
     2-(2,3-Dimethoxy-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 237.1 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 10 using 2,3-dimethoxy-phenol instead of 4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenol. 
     Example 20 
     2-(2-Chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 280.1, 278.1 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 10 using 2-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenol instead of 4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenol. 
     Example 21 
     2-(2,3-Difluoro-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 213.3 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 10 using 2,3-difluoro-phenol instead of 4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenol. 
     Example 22 
     2-(2,3,5-Trimethyl-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 219.3 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 10 using 2,3,5-trimethyl-phenol instead of 4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenol. 
     Example 23 
     2-(2,6-Diethyl-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 233.3 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 10 using 2,6-diethyl-phenol instead of 4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenol. 
     Example 24 
     4-(4,5-Dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethoxy)-2,3-dimethyl-phenol 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 221.2 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 10 using 2,3-dimethyl-benzene-1,4-diol instead of 4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenol. 
     Example 25 
     2-[2-(2,2,2-Trifluoro-ethoxy)-phenoxymethyl]-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 275.3 ([M+H]-+) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 10 using 2-(2,2,2-trifluoro-ethoxy)-phenol instead of 4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenol. 
     Example 26 
     2-[[2-(Phenoxymethyl)phenoxy]methyl]-2-imidazoline 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 283.3 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 10 using 2-phenoxymethyl-phenol instead of 4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenol. 
     Example 27 
     2-(3,4-Dichloro-phenoxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 249.3, 247.3, 245.2 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 10 using 3,4-dichloro-phenol instead of 4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenol. 
     Example 28 
     4-(4,5-Dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethoxy)-phenol 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 193.2 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 10 using benzene-1,4-diol instead of 4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenol. 
     Example 29 
     2-(3,5-Dichloro-phenylsulfanylmethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     a) (3,5-Dichloro-phenylsulfanyl)-acetic acid ethyl ester 
     To a solution of 3,5-dichloro-thiophenol (0.50 g, 2.71 mmol) in dichloromethane (8 ml) at 0° C. were added triethylamine (0.49 ml, 3.55 mmol) and a solution of ethyl bromoacetate (0.33 ml, 2.93 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 ml). The resulting solution was stirred at 0° C. for 20 min and then at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then washed sequentially with water and with 1 N aq hydrochloric acid. The organic phase was dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to yield a light yellow oil (0.72 g, 100%);  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): 7.26 (2H, d), 7.20 (1H, t), 4.21 (2H, q), 3.65 (2H, s), 1.26 (3H, t). 
     b) 2-(3,5-Dichloro-phenylsulfanylmethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     To dry toluene (4 ml) under an inert atmosphere at 0° C. was added a toluene solution of trimethylaluminium (2.70 ml, 5.39 mmol, 2 M solution). A solution of ethylenediamine (0.36 ml, 5.39 mmol) in toluene (1.5 ml) was then added dropwise and the reaction mixture was then allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 1 h at this temperature before being re-cooled to 0° C. To this mixture was added dropwise a solution of (3,5-dichloro-phenylsulfanyl)-acetic acid ethyl ester (0.72 g, 2.70 mmol) in toluene (3 ml). The reaction mixture was then heated at 95° C. for 45 min and then cooled first to room temperature and finally to 0° C. The mixture was quenched by dropwise addition of methanol (1 ml) and when all gas evolution had ceased the mixture was diluted with water and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was triturated in ether to yield a white solid (0.21 g, 30%) which was collected by filtration; MS (ISP): 265.0, 263.1, 261.1 ([M+H] + .). 
     Example 30 
     2-(3-Chloro-4-fluoro-phenylsulfanylmethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 247.2, 245.2 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 29 using 3-chloro-4-fluoro-thiophenol instead of 3,5-dichloro-thiophenol. 
     Example 31 
     2-(2,3-Dichloro-phenylsulfanylmethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 265.1, 263.1, 261.1 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 29 using 2,3-dichloro-thiophenol instead of 3,5-dichloro-thiophenol. 
     Example 32 
     2-(2-Methoxy-phenylsulfanylmethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 222.0 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 29 using 2-methoxy-thiophenol instead of 3,5-dichloro-thiophenol. 
     Example 33 
     2-[2-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-ethyl]-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     a) (E)-3-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-acrylic acid ethyl ester 
     To a solution of 1-chloro-4-iodobenezene (0.50 g, 2.08 mmol) in triethylamine (0.93 ml, 6.64 mmol) were added ethyl acrylate (0.36 ml, 3.32 mmol), palladium(II) acetate (5 mg, 0.02 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (11 mg, 0.04 mmol). The mixture was heated in a sealed tube at 100° C. for 1 h and then cooled to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate, and washed sequentially with 1 N aq. hydrochloric acid and water. The organic phase was dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO2: heptane/ethyl acetate=gradient 100:0-70:30) to yield a colourless oil (0.37 g, 85%);  1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): 7.63 (1H, d), 7.45 (1H, d), 7.36 (1H, d), 6.41 (1H, s), 4.27 (2H, q), 1.34 (3H, t). 
     b) 3-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-propionic acid ethyl ester 
     To a solution of (E)-3-(4-chloro-phenyl)-acrylic acid ethyl ester (0.37 g, 1.73 mmol) in ethyl acetate (10 ml) were added palladium on activated charcoal (18 mg) and zinc bromide (80 mg, 0.35 mmol). The reaction vessel was then pressurized with hydrogen gas to a pressure of 1 atmosphere and the mixture was stirred for 18 h. The catalyst was then removed by filtration, washing with ethyl acetate, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to yield a colourless oil which was used for the next step without further purification; MS (ISP): 214.2, 212.1 ([M+H] + .). 
     c) 2-[2-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-ethyl]-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 
     To dry toluene (4 ml) under an inert atmosphere at 0° C. was added a toluene solution of trimethylaluminium (2.45 ml, 4.89 mmol, 2 M solution). A solution of ethylenediamine (0.30 ml, 4.89 mmol) in toluene (1.5 ml) was then added dropwise and the reaction mixture was then allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 1 h at this temperature before being re-cooled to 0° C. To this mixture was added dropwise a solution of 3-(4-chloro-phenyl)-propionic acid ethyl ester (0.52 g, 2.45 mmol) in toluene (3 ml). The reaction mixture was then heated at 95° C. for 45 min and then cooled first to room temperature and finally to 0° C. The mixture was quenched by dropwise addition of methanol (1 ml) and when all gas evolution had ceased the mixture was diluted with water and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was triturated in ether to yield a white solid (0.26 g, 50%) which was collected by filtration; MS (ISP): 211.0, 209.2 ([M+H] + .). 
     Example 34 
     N-(3-Chloro-4-methyl-phenyl)-N′-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-hydrazine 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     A mixture of 2-methylthio-2-imidazoline hydroiodide (1.83 g, 12 mmol) and 3-chloro-4-methyl-phenylhydrazine (1.87 g, 12 mmol) in xylene (10 ml) was heated to 120° C. overnight. After cooling down to room temperature the precipitate is filtered off and re-crystallised from ethanol, white solid, 0.41 g, MS (ISP): 227.3, 225.3 ([M+H] + .). 
     Example 35 
     N-(4,5-Dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-N′-(3,4-dimethyl-phenyl)-hydrazine 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 205.3 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 34 using 3,4-dimethylphenylhydrazine instead of 3-chloro-4-methyl-phenylhydrazine. 
     Example 36 
     (3,4-Dichloro-benzyl)-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-amine hydroiodide 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     To a solution of 3,4-dichlorobenzylamine (0.352 g, 2.0 mmol) in methanol (5 ml) was added 2-methylthio-2-imidazoline hydroiodide (0.488 g, 2.0 mmol) and the mixture was heated to reflux for 4 h. The solvent was partly removed by evaporation (to approx. 1 ml) and ether (5 ml) was added. After stirring for 15 min the precipitating white solid was removed by filtration and washed with ether. It was obtained 130 mg (18%) of a white solid; MS (ISP): 244.1; 246.0 ([M+H] + .). 
     Example 37 
     (4-Chloro-3-fluoro-benzyl)-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-amine hydroiodide 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 228.1, 230.1 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 36 using 4-chloro-3-fluoro-benzylamine instead of 3,4-dichloro-benzylamine. 
     Example 38 
     (4,5-Dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-(4-fluoro-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-amine hydroiodide 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 244.1 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 36 using C-(4-fluoro-naphthalen-1-yl)-methyl amine instead of 3,4-dichloro-benzylamine. 
     Example 39 
     Benzo[1,3] dioxol-5-ylmethyl-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-amine hydroiodide 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 220.1 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 36 using C-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-methylamine instead of 3,4-dichloro-benzylamine. 
     Example 40 
     2-(4-Chloro-2-fluoro-benzylsulfanyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole hydrobromide 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     A mixture of 4-chloro-2-fluorobenzylbromide (0.223 g, 1.0 mmol) and N,N′-ethylene thiourea (0.102 g, 1.0 mmol) in acetonitrile (4.5 ml) was heated for 10 min to 110° C. by microwave irradiation. After cooling down to room temperature a solid precipitated that was removed by filtration and washed with ether. It was obtained 260 mg (80%) of a white solid; MS (ISP): 245.0; 247.0 ([M+H] + .). 
     Example 41 
     2-(3-Chloro-4-fluoro-benzylsulfanyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole hydrobromide 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 245.0, 247.1 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 40 using 3-chloro-4-fluoro-benzyl bromide instead of 4-chloro-2-fluoro-benzyl bromide. 
     Example 42 
     2-(2-Methyl-benzylsulfanyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole hydrobromide 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 207.1 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 40 using 2-methyl-benzyl bromide instead of 4-chloro-2-fluoro-benzyl bromide. 
     Example 43 
     6-tert-Butyl-3-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylsulfanylmethyl)-2,4-dimethyl-phenol 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The title compound, MS (ISP): 293.4 ([M+H] + .) was obtained in comparable yield analogous to the procedure described for Example 40 using 3-bromomethyl-6-tert-butyl-2,4-dimethyl-phenol instead of 4-chloro-2-fluoro-benzyl bromide.