Abstract:
Knowledge of the frequency hopping patterns in use by co-located frequency hopping radio systems is useful in reducing the likelihood of collisions between potentially interfering systems. Detection of the frequency hopping pattern is accomplished by determining the time interval between transmissions at a plurality of frequencies by the interfering system and by correlating the time interval to a frequency hopping pattern used by the interferer. The system type of the potentially interfering system can be determined by timing the interval between successive transmissions at a single frequency and correlating this interval or hop pattern duration to a system identifier. Many frequency hopping radio systems can carry out these methods without additional hardware.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a frequency hopping radio system and, more particularly, to a method for avoiding interference by co-located frequency hopping radio systems. 
     Spread spectrum is a communication technique originally developed to reduce eavesdropping and jamming of military radio communications. This resistance to eavesdropping and interference, both intentional and incidental, makes spread spectrum desirable for civilian uses, particularly when the communication channel is potentially crowded by a number of transmitters. One spread spectrum technique is frequency hopping where the transmission frequency is repeatedly changed during a transmission. Frequency hopping systems transmit over a substantial number of frequencies that are arranged into a relatively large number of frequency sequences or hopping patterns. For example, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations in the United States (47 C.F.R. §15.247) require frequency hopping systems operating in the 2400-2483.5 MHZ band to use at least 75 different frequencies or channels with an average time of occupancy at any frequency (hop duration) not greater than 0.4 second within a 30 second period. Similar regulations constrain frequency hopping systems operating in other frequency bands and in other countries and geographical areas. The sequence of transmission frequencies used by a frequency hopping system is “pseudo random” in that it appears random to receivers other than an intended receiver which has knowledge of the hopping pattern and uses that knowledge to properly tune to each frequency used in the transmission. It is this property that produces the eavesdropping and interference resistance characteristics of a frequency hopping system. 
     Communications in the 2.4 GHz band (also known as the Instrument, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band) is of particular interest because this frequency band has been designated for use by unlicenced, low power transmitters. A number of short range, frequency hopping, wireless communications systems have been designed that utilize the ISM band. One such communication system is known as the “HomeRF™” system. The HomeRF system is intended to allow personal computers, computer peripherals, cordless telephones, and almost all other consumer electronic devices to be designed to communicate and interact with each other over a HomeRF network. The HomeRF system will carry both voice and data communications within a typical residence and will connect to the public telephone system and the Internet for longer distance communication. The HomeRF system contemplates localization or design of particular systems to conform to local telecommunication regulations. For example, in the U.S. the HomeRF system hops 50 times per second on 75 channels with 1 MHZ separation between channels. The HomeRF system utilizes 75 hopping patterns each incorporating a unique sequence of the 75 transmission frequencies. Another wireless communication system for local area use is the Bluetooth system. Like the Home RF system, the Bluetooth system is intended to provide wireless networking of virtually all digital electronic devices. The Bluetooth system utilizes 79 different transmission frequencies and hops as many as 1600 hops per second. 
     While frequency hopping reduces the likelihood of interference by co-located systems, collisions between co-located radio systems and other emitters (such as microwave ovens) are inevitable. The HomeRF and Bluetooth systems are designed to tolerate collisions. Both systems incorporate error detection and provide for retransmission of corrupted data. With error detection and retransmission, the primary effect of interference is a reduction in data throughput. The magnitude of the throughput reduction is proportional to the total utilization of the communication channel and the relative hopping speeds of the interfering systems. Collisions between a co-located Bluetooth system and a HomeRF system can reduce the data throughput of the HomeRF system by as much as 20%. 
     The HomeRF and Bluetooth systems and other similar systems operating in the ISM band are generally incompatible and do not have the capability to detect or actively avoid collisions with other co-located systems. A wireless communication system could be designed to detect and decode the transmissions of potentially interfering systems. The information obtained could be used to determine the hopping pattern in use by the interfering system. Knowledge of the hopping pattern would permit the other co-located system to avoid transmitting on a particular frequency at a time when the interferer is using that frequency. However, incorporating in each communication system the capability to receive and decode transmissions of a number of other potentially interfering systems for the purpose of collision avoidance would be prohibitively complex and expensive. 
     What is desired therefore, is a resource efficient method for a wireless communication system to identify potentially interfering frequency hopping radio systems and to determine the hopping pattern in use by a potentially interfering system. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention overcomes the aforementioned drawbacks of the prior art by providing a method for detecting a frequency hopping pattern of a radio transmitter comprising the steps of timing an interval between detection of a signal at a predetermined frequency and detection of a signal at another predetermined frequency, and correlating that interval to a frequency hopping pattern. The frequency hopping pattern in use by a HomeRF or similar system can be identified from the time interval between the system&#39;s transmission at different frequencies. Two time intervals separating transmission at three different frequencies are required to uniquely identify a hopping pattern from among the 75 hopping patterns used by the HomeRF system. 
     In addition, a method is disclosed for identifying a frequency hopping radio system comprising the steps of timing an interval between a first and a second transmission at a predetermined frequency, and correlating the interval to an identifier for the radio system. The hop sequence duration comprises the product of the duration of a hop and the number hops in a hopping pattern or sequence and is likely to be unique for each system. Timing the interval between successive transmissions at a particular frequency determines the hop sequence duration which can correlated to one of several system identifiers. 
     Using the methods of the invention, a system can be identified and its hop pattern determined without having knowledge of the contents of the transmissions of potentially interfering systems. Many wireless communication systems have the capability of performing these methods without additional hardware. 
    
    
     The foregoing and other objectives, features and advantages of the invention will be more readily understood upon consideration of the following detailed description of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a frequency hopping communication system. 
     FIG. 2 is a diagram of the arrangement of the transmission time of a superframe of a HomeRF system. 
     FIG. 3 is a diagram of an exemplary probing by the method of the present invention of a system operating with an exemplary hopping pattern. 
     FIG. 4 is an exemplary table illustrating correlation of a HomeRF system&#39;s HopPattern variable and the intervals between transmissions at three probe frequencies. 
     FIG. 5 is a diagram of steps in a method of detecting a frequency hopping pattern of a spread spectrum transmission. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring to FIG. 1, an exemplary frequency hopping (FH) wireless communication system  10  comprises a transmitter  11  (indicated by a bracket), a communication channel  12 , and a receiver  14  (indicated by a bracket). The transmitter  11  comprises a channel encoder  16  to encode the input information sequence  18 , a modulator  20  to use the encoded information to modulate an emitted signal, and a “pseudo random” pattern generator  22 . The receiver  14  comprises a demodulator  24 , a channel decoder  26  to decode the output data  28 , and a pseudo random pattern generator  30  identical to the generator  22  of the transmitter  11 . The pattern generators  22  and  30  produce a “pseudo random” sequence of transmission frequencies or a hopping pattern. While transmitting, the system will periodically shift transmission frequencies according to the hopping pattern. A receiver  14  that is part of the system  10  uses the hopping pattern to tune to the proper frequencies as the transmitter  11  sequences through the hopping pattern. However, other receivers that are not part of the system  10  see the sequence of frequencies of the hopping pattern as random because the hopping pattern contains a substantial number of frequencies and the frequency sequence is only one of many sequences that the transmitter  11  can generate. One such frequency hopping communication system is the HomeRF™ system defined by the SHARED WIRELESS ACCESS PROTOCOL (CORDLESS ACCESS) SPECIFICATION (SWAP-CA), revision 1.2, The HomeRF Technical Committee, Oct. 1, 1999, incorporated by reference herein. 
     Referring to FIG. 2, the transmission time of a HomeRF system is divided into a succession of superframes  40 . Each superframe  40  is transmitted at a single frequency or slot in the transmission. At the end of a superframe  40 , the system switches to the next frequency in the hopping pattern for transmission of the next superframe  40 . Referring to FIG. 3, the HomeRF system utilizes 75 channels or transmission frequencies  60  separated from each other by 1 MHZ. In FIG. 3, each channel or slot  60  in the exemplary hopping pattern  62  is designated by a frequency index (F 0 , F 14 , etc.). The HomeRF system uses 75 unique channel sequences or hopping patterns  62  containing one occurrence of each of the 75 channels  60 . The system transmits on each channel  60  for 20 milliseconds. The total duration of each hop pattern  62  is 1.5 seconds (the duration of the transmission at each frequency or hop multiplied by the number of hops in the hop pattern). 
     At the initiation of a HomeRF communication network, the system controller (known as the control point or CP) randomly selects a HopPattern variable between 0 and 74. A base hopping sequence (b(I)) correlated to the HopPattern variable is determined from a table in the SHARED WIRELESS ACCESS PROTOCOL (CORDLESS ACCESS) SPECIFICATION (SWAP-CA). The sequence of frequencies or hopping pattern  62  is generated by the pattern generator  22  or  30  according to the following equation: 
     
       
           Fx ( I )=( b ( I )+HopPattern) mod 75 
       
     
     where: 
     Fx(I) is the channel at time interval I 
     b(I) is the Base Hopping sequence from the SHARED WIRELESS ACCESS PROTOCOL (SWAP-CA) specification 
     I is the HopIndex which is incremented by 1 for each hop HopPattern is a randomly selected variable in the range 0 . . . 74. 
     To participate in a network, a HomeRF device must obtain the network identification (NWID) which includes the HopPattern variable in use by the system. With knowledge of the HopPattern variable the pattern generator  22  or  30  of a device participating in the network can generate the appropriate hopping pattern  62  for communication with the network. 
     Referring again to FIG. 2, each HomeRF superframe  40  comprises time periods for hopping  41 , transmission of a beacon  42 , isochronous (contention-free) data transmission  44 , isochronous data retransmission  46 , and asynchronous (contention) data transmission  48 . The isochronous data transmission is a time division multiple access communication and is normally used for voice communication. Data is normally transmitted asynchronously. The HomeRF system is a time duplex system and each superframe  40  comprises download  50  and upload periods  52  for isochronous data. Likewise, asynchronous data can be uploaded and downloaded during the contention period  48 . The isochronous  46  and asynchronous data  48  sections of any superframe  40  may be empty if there is no data of that type to be transmitted. The beacon  42  is a periodically transmitted signal used to maintain synchronization of the system. The beacon  42  is transmitted with every superframe  40  even if the superframe  40  contains no data. 
     The present inventor came to the realization that a HomeRF system or a similar system and the hopping pattern in use by system can be identified from the time interval between transmissions at predetermined frequencies without the need to join the network for the purpose of obtaining the network identification and decoding the hopping pattern identification data. To identify the hopping pattern in use by a potential interferer, a system need only monitor the interferer&#39;s transmissions and time the intervals between transmissions at a limited number of frequencies. Most wireless communication systems have this capability without additional hardware. 
     Referring to FIGS. 3 and 5, to determine the hopping pattern of a potentially interfering HomeRF system, a device will tune its receiver to a first, predetermined probe frequency (PF 1 )  64  and monitor the frequency (F 41 )  502  until the beacon  42  in a superframe  40  or another periodically occurring signal is detected  504 . When a signal at the first probe frequency (PF 1 )  64  is detected  504  a timer is started  506  and the receiver is tuned to a second predetermined probe frequency (PF 2 )  510 . Timing can be initiated when the received signal strength (RSSI) at the probe frequency reaches a threshold level. Likewise, timing could be based on detection of a threshold value of a data characteristic of the signal other than signal strength such as the occurrence of a frequency sequence. When a signal at the second probe frequency  66  is detected  512 , the first time interval (T 1 )  68  is noted  514  and timing of a second interval (T 2 )  72  is initiated  516 . The receiver  14  is tuned to a third, predetermined probe frequency (PF 3 )  70  and monitors that frequency  518  until the signal of the interferer is detected at that frequency  520 . When a signal is detected  520  at the third probe frequency (PF 3 )  70 , the second time interval (T 2 )  72  is noted  522 . The time intervals (T 1 )  68  and (T 2 )  72  are specified in numbers of hops in FIG. 3 . 
     Referring to FIG. 4, the time intervals (T 1 )  68  and (T 2 )  72  obtained by probing are used to access a table  80  correlating the first (T 1 )  68  and second (T 2 )  72  time interval values with the HopPattern variable  82  that establishes the hop pattern in use by a HomeRF system  524 . For the example illustrated in FIG. 3, where T 1  equals 25 hops and T 2  equals 49 hops, the HopPattern  82  identified in the table  80  is HopPattern “0.” Three probe frequencies (two time intervals) are required to uniquely identify the 75 hopping patterns of the HomeRF system. A two frequency probe (one time interval) will uniquely identify 37 of the hopping patterns and may be sufficient to identify the hopping patterns of other systems. On the other hand, the frequency pair (PF 1  and PF 2 ) that yields the greatest number of unique time intervals (T 1 ) can determined from the equation: 
     
       
           PF   1 = n   
       
     
     
       
           PF   2 =( PF   1 +25) mod 75 
       
     
     for n=0 . . . 74 
     The three frequency set (PF 1 , PF 2 , PF 3 ) may include these optimum probe frequencies, but this is not necessary. It is sufficient that a set of three probe frequencies be chosen such that a unique relationship exists between the hopping pattern and the pair of time intervals (T 1 , T 2 ). The set of probe frequencies to produce this relationship can be chosen by trial and error. 
     The hop pattern of a potentially interfering system can be determined with the method of the present invention even if a transmission at a probe frequency is missed. If a transmission at a probe frequency is missed, the probing system can continue to monitor the probe frequency until the potentially interfering system transmits at that frequency. Since a transmission was missed at the normal time slot in the hopping pattern, the measured time interval would exceed the range of interval values (T 1  or T 2 )  68  or  72  in the table  80 . However, the remainder produced when the measured time interval is divided by the number of slots in the hop pattern constitutes a time interval modulus that is within the range of time interval values  68  or  72  in the table  80 . The time interval modulus may be compared to the interval values in the table  80  for the purpose of identifying a hop pattern  82 . For example, a modulo  75  operation can be used with a Home RF system to bring the measured time interval into the range of the interval values  68  or  72  in the table  80 . With the HopPattern  82  determined and the phase of the sequence known from the frequency probing, future use of the spectrum by the HomeRF system can be predicted and interfering transmissions can be avoided. 
     The type of interfering system can be identified by probing a single frequency for successive transmissions at that frequency. The time interval between successive transmissions at one frequency identifies the hop pattern duration  61  which is likely to be unique to a particular type of system. The interfering system can be identified by comparing the measured hop pattern duration  61  to values in table correlating the durations of hop patterns to identifiers for various systems. This method can be used to pre-screen potential interferers to determine if the interfering system is a HomeRF system or another type of system before attempting to identify the hopping pattern in use. Likewise, this method can be used to detect multiple interfering systems of the same type. 
     All the references cited herein are incorporated by reference. 
     The terms and expressions that have been employed in the foregoing specification are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention, in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, it being recognized that the scope of the invention is defined and limited only by the claims that follow.