Abstract:
Fuzzy logic rules are applied to a method for indirectly measuring a physical signal to be monitored which would be difficult to directly measure. The measuring method comprises the steps of obtaining a derived physical signal from the physical signal to be monitored and measuring a value of the derived physical signal and its variations over time at suitably selected check points. A first set of fuzzy logic rules are applied to ascertain the presence or absence of an index signal adapted to mark at least first, second and third operational zones of the derived physical signal. Only the second operational zone is characterized by the presence of the index signal. First and second significant values of the physical signal to be monitored are measured as start and end values, respectively, of the second operational zone. An apparatus for indirectly measuring a physical signal is also disclosed.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to measuring devices and, more particularly, to a fuzzy logic method for an indirect measure of a physical signal to be monitored, and a corresponding measuring device. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The use of measuring apparatus incorporating microprocessors is gaining increased acceptance, with their fields of application enjoying enormous expansion. This extensive recourse to microprocessors in measuring apparatus is to be ascribed to their low cost and highly versatile features. There are, however, situations in which the skill of the operator taking the readings--especially facing &#34;vague&#34; decisions that the operator is expected to make--is still regarded as an irreplaceable contribution. 
     Medical applications show several examples where such vague decisions are to be made which restrict the usability of fully automated measuring apparatus. Specifically, the measuring of arterial blood pressure and heart beat frequency will be considered in the following description by way of example. As is well known, the measuring of arterial blood pressure is aimed at checking a patient&#39;s maximum or systolic pressure and minimum or diastolic pressure. Also known is that the heart beat frequency is usually expressed as beats per minute in the medical field. 
     For measuring arterial blood pressure, there are basically two measuring methods available: a direct or invasive type of measurement, and an indirect or non-invasive type of measurement. The invasive direct method involves the insertion of special catheters which are connected, usually via an electromechanical transducer, to a processor adapted to digitize and display the blood pressure reading taken by the transducer. This measurement is fairly traumatic and relatively problematical. Due to its invasive character, this measuring method is very seldom applied, and only to specific selected cases and at specially equipped intensive care centers. It should be emphasized, however, that this direct method does provide pressure readings which more accurately portray the real situation. 
     The non-invasive indirect method, also referred to as &#34;palpation&#34;, is more widely adopted and is applied using a manual sphygmomanometer. In this method, the physician or operator directly feels (using a stethoscope to intensify his own auditory perception) the pulsating brachial artery at the elbow pit after applying an inflatable armband around a portion of the patient&#39;s arm. In some cases, the measurement can be made at the wrist on the radial artery by suitably repositioning the inflatable armband. 
     The blood pressure measuring begins with air being pumped into the inflatable armband to a pressure exceeding the systolic pressure by a safe margin. In this condition, the pulsation is subdued. The situation corresponds to having the vessel choked by the compressive force of the inflated armband. The measuring operation is then continued by gradually deflating the armband. This gradual deflation enables the operator to recognize certain characteristic sounds, referred to as Korotkoff&#39;s sounds, produced by the intermittent flow of blood through the now released vessel. Korotkoff&#39;s sounds gradually attain a maximum, to then fade out as the pressure from the inflated armband approaches the diastolic pressure value. Whereupon the blood through the vessel will cease to flow at an intermittent rate. The pressure readings are displayed directly on a special type of pressure gauge, usually carried on the inflatable armband itself. 
     The detection of incipient Korotkoff&#39;s sounds provides a first significant value, namely the value of the systolic pressure. The detection of their peak value provides a second significant value called the diastolic pressure value. The measurement of the first value, which is the maximum pressure value, is made with the manual sphygmomanometer and is quite accurate and reliable. However, the sound detection performed with manual sphygmomanometers is heavily dependent on the skill and experience of the operator in charge of making the measurement, and deeply affected by ambient noise. Electronic apparatus are also available commercially for measuring these particular physical signals. These apparatus are generally known as &#34;electronic sphygmomanometers&#34; and are effective in automating some of the steps of the non-invasive measuring method performed by manual sphygmomanometers. 
     An electronic sphygmomanometer basically comprises an inflatable armband which can be inflated and deflated around a patient&#39;s arm, an inflation pump, and an apparatus for measuring the physical signals of medical interest, such as those mentioned above. This apparatus incorporates a display screen for displaying the readings taken of the physical signals to be monitored. With an electronic sphygmomanometer, the inflatable armband is usually deflated automatically, and inflated manually by the operator using an ordinary pump. It is only with some of these apparatus that the armband deflation is also controlled automatically by the apparatus. 
     An example of an electronic sphygmomanometer is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,156,158, issued to Shirasaki on Oct. 20, 1992. This patent discloses a device as described above, which employs in particular, a fuzzy logic control unit capable of processing cardiovascular information by comparison to stored standard information using a plurality of membership functions. Shirasaki&#39;s electronic sphygmomanometer can speed up the step of becoming aware of such cardio- vascular information from the pressure of the sphygmomanometer inflatable armband. 
     Another prior non-invasive measuring method is the ultrasonic method, wherein an ultrasound generating/detecting apparatus is used. This ultrasonic apparatus can evaluate local movements of artery walls being measured. The blood flow is in fact related to variations in frequency of the ultrasonic reflections from the artery walls by the well-known Doppler effect. The ultrasonic measuring method has, however, a disadvantage in that it provides readings which overestimate the pressure, especially the systolic pressure value. Accordingly, this method is seldom used. 
     Automated medical equipment of this type is generally regarded as fundamentally unreliable. It is for this reason that the use of automatic measuring instruments is circumscribed in the medical field. Such apparatus are rejected by physician and hospitals on the grounds of their alleged unreliability. Physicians prefer to use well known manual sphygmomanometers, especially the mercury types, to feel more sure of their results. 
     In addition, manual sphygmomanometers allow details of the measurement to be assessed which represent important aspects to the evaluation of the reading correctness. However, a series of precautions must be taken with a fully manual apparatus, such as a manual sphygmomanometer, before a correct measurement can be made. This measurement, moreover, requires deep concentration and great care on the part of the operator who is performing the measuring operations manually. 
     In the indirect measuring method using a manual sphygmomanometer, the procedure outlined herein below is to be followed exactly. With the patient in a horizontal position, the inflatable armband inflating step is commenced with the armband being suitably placed around a portion of the patient&#39;s limb to be used in the measurement. An ordinary pump is associated with the armband. The inflating step should not be carried out at an excessively fast rate, and should not produce too high a compressive force so as not to inflict painful sensations on the patient which would result in disturbed pressure readings. In particular, it is found that an optimum rate for this step would be a rise of about 6 mmHg/s in a mercury column suitably linked to the inflatable armband. 
     Upon choking off the vessel involved in the measurement, the inflatable armband deflating step is commenced by releasing a manual exhaust screw. The patient is still in the horizontal position. Just like the inflating step, the deflating step should not be too rapid so as not to incur an underestimate of the systolic pressure value by stifling the first tones heard upon releasing the vase. Nor should the deflating step be too slow so as not to alter the pressure readings by inducing venous congestion. In this case, a secondary rise would occur in the diastolic pressure and the systolic pressure value would be under-estimated. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of this invention to provide a method for an indirect measure of physical signals which would be difficult to measure by a direct method, particularly in the medical field. An indirect method can provide automatic measurements of these physical signals, as well as ensure trustworthy accurate readings, thereby overcoming the problems found with prior automatic measuring methods. Another object of this invention is to provide a measuring apparatus which can implement the measuring method of this invention. 
     These objects are achieved by the application of fuzzy logic rules to a physical signal to be monitored. The method measures the value of a physical signal derived from the physical signal to be monitored and has a similar behavior as, but a trivial influence on, the physical signal to be monitored. The method also measures the variation over time of the derived physical signal at suitably arranged check points. 
     A first set of fuzzy logic rules are applied to ascertain the presence or absence of an index signal adapted to mark at least first, second and third operational zones of the derived physical signal. Only the second operational zone is characterized by the presence of the index signal. First and second significant values of the physical signal to be monitored are measured as start and end values, respectively, of the second operational zone. That is, values corresponding to the start and end of the detection of the index signal&#39;s presence. 
     Furthermore, in the measuring method of the invention, the values of the check points are calculated where the detection of the index signals presence or absence is to be made. This calculation is based on a second set of fuzzy logic rules being processed from statistical information over the range of the operational zones of the physical signal to be monitored. 
     The invention specifically relates to a method of measuring blood pressure and the frequency of heart beat, as well as to a corresponding measuring apparatus. The following description will be given in connection with this field of application for convenience of illustration. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The features and advantages of the method and apparatus for making indirect measurements according to the invention will be apparent from the following description of embodiments thereof, given by way of non-limitative examples with reference to the accompanying drawings, and in connection with a medical application to the measurement of blood pressure and heart beat. In the drawings: 
     FIG. 1 shows schematically a measuring apparatus according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a plot of a pressure signal as detected in the measuring apparatus of FIG. 1; 
     FIGS. 3A and 3B each show membership functions for a set of fuzzy rules according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 4 shows schematically a time division of a pressure signal detected in the measuring apparatus of FIG. 1; and 
     FIGS. 5A and 5B each show membership functions representing statistical information about the time division of FIG. 4. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     This invention sets out from the traditional approach currently adopted by physicians and hospital staff with respect to indirectly measuring blood pressure and the frequency of heart beat using a sphygmomanometer. With specific reference to FIG. 1, generally and schematically shown at 1, is a measuring apparatus according to the invention. The measuring apparatus 1 comprises functional blocks as listed and described below. 
     A compressor block 2 includes, in particular, a conventional inflatable armband. The compressor block 2 has a first input 3 corresponding substantially to a physical opening in the armband through which the armband can be inflated. The compressor block 2 also has a first output 4 corresponding to a physical opening through which the armband can be deflated. The compressor block 2 is used to compress a region of a limb containing the artery on which the measurement is to be made, around which the inflatable armband has been suitably positioned. 
     An input actuator block 5 comprises an air pumping device. In particular, the air pumping device is a conventional pump. The input actuator block 5 has an output 6 connected to the first input 3 of the compressor block 2, and is used for deflating the inflatable armband. An output transducer block 7 includes a device for exhausting air at a high rate, such as a conventional air valve. The output transducer block 7 has an input 8 connected to the first output 4 of the compressor block 2, and is used to deflate the inflatable armband. 
     A secondary exhaust block 9 has an input 10 connected to a second output 11 of the compressor block 2. Advantageously in this invention, the secondary exhaust block 9 includes a device for bleeding out air at a near-constant rate. In particular, this device is a pin. It should be noted that the connection established by this pin is always open. But, the pressure variation induced in the inflatable armband by this permanent bleed is trivial compared to those induced by the pump or the valve included in the blocks 5 and 7, respectively. 
     A detector block 12 comprises, in particular, an electronic device adapted for detecting and measuring a pressure, e.g., a conventional pressure sensor. The detector block 12 has an input 13 connected to a third output 14 of the compressor block 2. It should be noted that the pressure sensor in the detector block 12 is adapted for measuring the air pressure inside the inflatable armband of the compressor block 2. 
     A controller block 18 acts on the pump in the input actuator block 5 and on the valve in the output transducer block 7. In particular, the controller block 18 comprises an intake/exhaust air regulator for the inflatable armband. The controller block 18 has a first output 19 connected to a first enable input 15 of the input actuator block 5, a second output 20 connected to a second enable input 16 of the output transducer block 7, and an input 21 connected to a control output 17 of the detector block 12. In particular, the controller block 18 supplies on its outputs 19 and 20 respective signals to activate/deactivate the air pump suction/delivery and the valve included in the blocks 5 and 7. These activating signals may be simple electric on/off signals. The controller block 18 also receives a control signal on the input 21. This signal is generated by the pressure sensor of the detector block 12. 
     A fuzzy decoder block 22, in particular, for detecting the heart beat, comprises a first fuzzy processor to implement a first set of fuzzy rules, hereinafter referred to as the FUZZY1 set. The fuzzy decoder block 22 is connected bi-directionally to the controller block 18. A fuzzy calculator block 23 comprises a second processor implementing a second set of fuzzy rules, hereinafter referred to as the FUZZY2 set. The fuzzy calculator block 23 is also connected bi-directionally to the controller block 18. 
     The measuring apparatus 1 of the invention substantially applies compression to a limb, and hence to the artery therein on which the measurement is to be made. This compressive action is provided by the compressor block 2, input actuator block 5, and output transducer block 7. Specifically, the pump and the valve incorporated in the actuator and transducer blocks provide this compressive action. The measuring apparatus 1 is also adapted to regulate the compressive force developed by means of the pressure sensor in the detector block 12 and of a fuzzy controller 24. The fuzzy controller 24 comprises the controller block 18, the fuzzy decoder block 22, and the fuzzy calculator block 23. The fuzzy controller 24 senses, as explained hereinafter, the heart beat. This allows finding the significant values of the blood pressure signal, that is, the systolic and diastolic pressure values. 
     The measuring method for such significant values is based on the time division of the pressure signal detected at first Z1, second Z2 and third Z3 operational zones, as shown schematically in FIG. 4. 
     In particular, the first operational zone Z1 corresponds to pressure values P below the minimum or diastolic pressure value PD. The second operational zone Z2 corresponds to pressure values P between the minimum pressure value PD and a maximum or systolic pressure value PS. The third operational zone Z3 corresponds to pressure values P above the maximum pressure value PS. 
     In consideration of the collapse mechanics of an artery being squeezed under an inflated armband as explained in connection with the prior art manual sphygmomanometers, it has been concluded that the first and third operational zones Z1 and Z3 are unrelated to the presence of heart beats, but the second operational zone Z2 is related. Thus, the heart beat provides an index signal of a periodic type which allows the aforementioned operational zones to be discriminated. Advantageously in this invention, all the readings are taken of a derived physical signal G2 (exhaust pressure at the pin included in the secondary exhaust block 9). Derived physical signal G2 is used rather than the physical signal G1 to be monitored (blood pressure not measurable directly). This derived physical signal behaves similar as the physical signal to be monitored and being of a magnitude that would not disturb the measuring operation. 
     In particular, the first processor implementing the first rule set FUZZY1 comprises a hardware/software device based on the first set of fuzzy rules for recognizing the heart beats. The principle on which this first set of rules operates is quite simple. As air is outflowing at a near-constant rate through the pin in the secondary exhaust block 9, each heart beat will produce a variation in a pressure signal detected at the pin outlet which follows substantially the pattern shown in FIG. 2. 
     Using methods known to those skilled in the art of fuzzy logic systems, a generic set of fuzzy rules created for recognizing a periodic signal variation can be adapted to suit the particular pressure signal to be obtained. This is done by means of the pin of the secondary exhaust block 9 and the pressure sensor of the detector block 12. This adaptation involves an adjustment to the forms of fuzzy membership functions, but no modifications of the fuzzy rule set as such. 
     In an example of this set of fuzzy rules, the last two variations of the pressure signal are taken into consideration, as follows: 
     1. ΔP --  prec(i)=(P(t i-2 )-P(t i-1 ))/(t i-2  -t i-1 ) 
     2. ΔP --  act(i)=(P(t i )-P(t i-1 ))/(t i  -t i-1 ) 
     where: 
     ΔP(t i ) is the pressure value at time t i  ; 
     ΔP --  prec(i) is the pressure variation between time t i-2  and time t i-1  ; and 
     ΔP --  act(i) is the pressure variation between time t i-1  and time t i . 
     In a practical example, if the pin of the secondary exhaust block 9 provides a pressure variation of -0.6 mmHg/s and the pressure sensor of the detector block 12 is set for sensing pressure variations of 1 mmHg/s, then it is possible to make a measurement into a plurality of sets. This is based on the above definitions and the use of membership functions which split up the variations of the derived physical signal G2. That is, the pressure at the pin outlet in the secondary exhaust block 9. In the example of FIGS. 3A and 3B, three membership functions have been used, which are designated as A-, A, A+. These membership functions relate to the pressure values at the pin of the secondary exhaust block 9. 
     A possible first set of fuzzy rules based on such membership functions A-, A, A+is the following: 
     IF ΔP --  prec IS A- AND ΔP --  act IS A+ THEN Beat IS True; 
     IF ΔP --  prec IS A- AND ΔP --  act IS A THEN Beat IS True; 
     IF ΔP --  prec IS A- AND ΔP --  act IS A- THEN Beat IS False; 
     IF ΔP --  prec IS A THEN Beat IS False; 
     IF ΔP --  prec IS A+ THEN Beat IS False; 
     where: 
     Beat is a parameter rating the certainty of a heart beat presence, and is obtained from the False (heart beat absent) and True (heart beat present) membership functions using the first set FUZZY1 of the fuzzy rules. Alternatively, this value could be represented by a logic &#34;1&#34; and a logic &#34;0&#34;, respectively. 
     Thus, the first processor implementing the first rule set FUZZY1 allows the periodic index signal to be checked for the presence or absence of heart beats, thereby discriminating the second operational zone Z2 from the other zones. The second processor implementing the second rule set FUZZY2 also includes a hardware/software device based on a second set of fuzzy rules for calculating the check point CP. Check point CP is the next pressure value to be checked for the presence or absence of heart beats. In other words, the periodic index signal is checked by means of the first processor and associated rule set FUZZY1. 
     Referring to the separation of zones shown in FIG. 4, starting from any check point value CP1, the choice of the next value CP2, CP3, . . . , CPn for that check point is made by using the knowledge of specific statistical information about the range of the operational zones in FIG. 4. In particular, if the starting check point CP1 belongs to the first zone Z1, based on its value, the next check point CP2 is calculated for the purpose of arriving in the second zone Z2. Likewise, if the starting check point CP1 belongs to the second zone Z2, based on its value, the next check point CP2 is calculated in order to arrive at a reference point RF, as shown in FIG. 4. 
     Using membership functions of the type shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, the following second set FUZZY2 of fuzzy rules can be extrapolated for calculating the successive check points CP2, CP3, . . . , Cpn: 
     IF Beat IS False AND P IS Low THEN Jump --  CP IS α1; 
     IF Beat IS False AND P IS Normal THEN Jump --  CP IS α2; 
     IF Beat IS False AND P IS Normal --  High THEN Jump --  CP IS α3; 
     IF Beat IS False AND P IS High THEN Jump --  CP IS α4; 
     IF Beat IS False AND P IS Very --  High THEN Jump --  CP IS α5; 
     IF Beat IS True AND P IS Low THEN Jump --  CP IS α6; 
     IF Beat IS True AND P IS Normal THEN Jump --  CP IS α7; 
     IF Beat IS True AND P IS Normal --  High THEN Jump --  CP IS α8; 
     IF Beat IS True AND P IS High THEN Jump --  CP IS α9; 
     IF Beat IS True AND P IS Very --  High THEN Jump --  CP IS α10; 
     where: 
     Beat is a parameter rating the certainty of the periodic index signal presence, and is obtained from the False and True membership functions using the first set FUZZY1 of fuzzy rules; 
     Low, Normal, Normal --  High, High, and Very 13  High are membership functions which separate the variations of the value P of the derived physical signal G2, namely the pressure at the pin outlet in the secondary exhaust block 9, into a plurality of fuzzy sets; 
     Jump --  CP is an additional value for calculating the next check point CP2, CP3, . . . , CPn after the starting check point CP1 on the basis of said second set FUZZY2 of fuzzy rules; and 
     α1-α10 are numerical values to be assigned to the additional value Jump --  CP, as calculated on the basis of specific statistical information over the operational zones Z1, Z2, Z3. 
     For a simulation performed by the Applicants, the data listed in the following Table was compiled by Y. R. Schlussel, P. L. Schnall, M. Zimbler, K. Warren and T. G. Pickering, which was used as specific information about the operational zones in FIG. 4. 
     
         ______________________________________BIOLOGIC &amp; DEMOGRAPHICCHARACTERISTICS    MALE      FEMALE______________________________________Age (years)         41 +/- 13                         35 +/- 12Height (cm)        176 +/-  8                        163 +/-  7Weight (kg)         80 +/- 13                         62 +/- 13Arm Circumference (cm)               30 +/-  3                         27 +/-  4Systolic Pressure (mmHg)              125 +/- 16                        114 +/- 16Diastolic Pressure (mmHg)               79 +/- 11                         72 +/- 11White Percent      77        58Married Percent    66        36University Graduate Percent              38        30Employee Percent   50        62Total (n)          2556      1643______________________________________ 
    
     Based on these statistical data and the directions given in a book titled &#34;Guida alla corretta misura e interpretazione della pressione arteriosa&#34; by Roberto Agosta, published by UTET, it was possible to extrapolate optimum values for assignment to the additional value Jump --  CP. Thereby, the following set of fuzzy rules are obtained for calculating the successive check points CP2, CP3, . . . , CPn: 
     IF Beat IS False AND P IS Low THEN Jump --  CP IS 20; 
     IF Beat IS False AND P IS Normal THEN Jump --  CP IS 30; 
     IF Beat IS False AND P IS Normal --  High THEN Jump --  CP IS 20; 
     IF Beat IS False AND P IS High THEN Jump --  CP IS 40; 
     IF Beat IS False AND P IS Very --  High THEN Jump --  CP IS 55; 
     IF Beat IS True AND P IS Low THEN Jump --  CP IS 15; 
     IF Beat IS True AND P IS Normal THEN Jump --  CP IS 30; 
     IF Beat IS True AND P IS Normal --  High THEN Jump --  CP IS 35; 
     IF Beat IS True AND P IS High THEN Jump --  CP IS 40; 
     IF Beat IS True AND P IS Very --  High THEN Jump --  CP IS 45. 
     where: 
     α1=20, α2=30, α3=20, α4=40, α5=55, α6=15, α7=30, α8=35, α9=40 and α10=45 are the optimum numerical values obtained from the above Table for assignment to the additional value Jump --  CP in the second set of fuzzy rules previously discussed. 
     It should be understood that these values, like the use of the fuzzy rules listed above for the second set FUZZY2, are purely illustrative. In particular, the number, form, and type of the fuzzy rules and of the membership functions of the sets FUZZY1 and FUZZY2 may be modified in a manner known to those skilled in the art for adapting these sets for any specific application. 
     The general operation of the measuring apparatus 1 according to the invention is completed by the air intake/exhaust controller block 18. This block comprises a hardware/software device adapted to control the pump in the input actuator block 5, and the valve in the output transducer block 7 to open and close. 
     The air intake/exhaust controller block 18 allows the necessary readings for implementing the measuring method of this invention to be taken, using the results of the processing of the rule sets FUZZY1 and FUZZY2 in the fuzzy blocks 22 and 23. 
     In principle, the operating cycle of this controller block 18 can be viewed as comprising two discrete steps: 
     1. Compression Step. This first step is aimed at having the inflatable armband inflated until a pressure value slightly above the maximum pressure value is attained, such as the reference point RF shown in FIG. 4. That is, until a value belonging to the third operational zone Z3 is reached. 
     During this step, the pressure in the inflatable armband is, therefore, to be raised to a value above the limiting values of the first and second operational zones Z1 and Z2. These zones are respectively characterized by the absence and the presence of heart beats. The controller block 18 will discontinue pumping up the inflatable armband at successive check points CP during a suitable interrupt period T required for the rule set FUZZY1 to check for the presence or absence of the periodic index signal, i.e., the heart beats. This is calculated on the basis of the second set FUZZY2 of fuzzy rules as previously explained. 
     2. Measuring Step. This second step, which starts when the reference point RF is reached, is aimed at determining systolic, diastolic, and heart beat frequency values. While air is being slowly exhausted from the inflatable armband through the pin of the secondary exhaust block 9, the controller block 18 operates the first processor implementing the first rule set FUZZY1. This first processor signals whether a heart beat has occurred. Upon the first beat, the controller block 18 records a first pressure value, corresponding to the systolic pressure value, while at the same time operating a timer (not shown) to have the heart beat frequency measured. 
     It should be noted for improved accuracy of the heart beat frequency measurement, this timer would be locked after a given number of beats and the heart beat frequency value taken as an arithmetic mean over several readings. Thereafter, in order to more speedily reach a point where the diastolic pressure value can be read, the controller block 18 will utilize &#34;past experience&#34; of the differential pressure (i.e. the difference between the diastolic and systolic pressure values). In particular, the controller block 18 will have acquired this experience during the initial compression step, and will allow the inflatable armband to be deflated at a faster rate by opening the valve in the output transducer block 7. 
     Upon this valve being closed, the first processor implementing the first rule set FUZZY1 is again operated to detect the presence of heart beats. At each beat detected by the first processor implementing the first rule set FUZZY1, the controller block 18 will record a corresponding pressure value. If no beat is detected during a time period Tb corresponding to the longest possible time interval between one heart beat and the next, the last recorded pressure value is taken to be the diastolic pressure value. At this point, the second measuring step is over. At the end of the first and second steps above, the pump in the input actuator block 5 is opened to fully deflate the inflatable armband. 
     The following are two major advantages of the measuring method and apparatus according to the invention, particularly intended for measuring blood pressure and heart beat: 
     1. More reliable measurements; and 
     2. The measuring procedure is made less traumatic for the patient. 
     These advantages are secured in particular by having the rise time of the armband internal pressure regulated, the armband full inflation point optimized, and the measuring time for the individual values of interest minimized.