Abstract:
A system and a method for maintaining operation of a signaling interconnection between a first ring network and a separate second ring network. Each ring network comprises two communication paths transmitting data in opposite directions and at least two nodes connected to both communication paths. The networks are interconnected via two adjacent gateways, which receive data from the two communication paths on one network, and transmit the data onto the other network directed away from the other gateway. Data traffic is stopped in both directions in an inactive segment on each ring network, so that a node situated on a ring network receives traffic from only one of the two gateways.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a method and a system for protecting an interconnection between ring networks. 
     DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART 
     Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM) is a technology allowing the transmission of a number of optical signals through an optical fibre using different separated light wavelengths. In this way the information carrying capacity may be increased significantly. The capacity depends on the number of used wavelength channels and their bandwidth. The signal at each wavelength travels through the fibre irrespectively of the other signals, so that each signal represents a discrete channel with large bandwidth. 
     A ring communication network is made up of nodes, which are connected in tandem in a ring by a unidirectional communication path, such as an optical fibre. A node receives transmissions from an upstream node. The return traffic is transmitted downstream to the first node. 
     A drawback of such a network is that a break in the ring or a failure of a node would prevent any node upstream of the break/failure to communicate with any node downstream of the break. A usual solution to this problem is to in some way provide a second spare communication path parallel to the first, but in the opposite direction, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,365,510, 5,179,548 and EP 677,936. If communication fails somewhere on the first communication path, then the traffic is directed back on the second communication path and the wished node will thus be reached from the other side. 
     Another solution is to send traffic on two communication paths in opposing directions, but with a segment of the ring inactivated for data traffic, see “Electronic letters”, Dec. 5th 1996, Vol.32, No 25, p 2338-2339, B. S. Johansson, C. R. Batchellor and L. Egnell: “Flexible bus: A self-restoring optical ADM ring architecture”. In the case of a fault the segment is moved to the fault. It is however not described how to achieve this in practise. 
     If two ring networks shall communicate, there still exists a weak point, namely the node that interconnects the two ring networks. This problem is solved in an electrical version in U.S. Pat. No. 5,218,604, in that two ring networks are interconnected via two parallel serving nodes. A ring network consists, in this case, of two parallel communication paths, of which one carries traffic in the clockwise direction and the other carries the same traffic in the counterclockwise direction. 
     In the first ring network traffic from both communication paths are received by both of the serving nodes via a so called “drop-and-continue” property. In each of the two serving nodes a selector selects from which communication path received signals will be retransmitted. 
     The two serving nodes then retransmit the received signals in a second ring network. Each serving node transmits away from the other serving node, with the result that the two communication paths in the second ring network carry the same traffic. The node to which the traffic is sent uses a selector to select from which communication path signals will be received. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A purpose with the present invention is to provide a protected interconnection between ring networks. A ring network will for short be called a “ring”. The protection is done by using two parallel interconnecting nodes on a ring, which are coupled with two corresponding parallel interconnecting nodes on another ring and are called gateways. Signals entering a ring are routed across both gateways. A gateway may receive signals from both directions of the ring, but only transmits away from the neighbouring gateway. 
     So far the invention is similar to the invention in U.S. Pat. No. 5,218,604. A problem with the invention in U.S. Pat. No. 5,218,604 is that if an optical version is done, then expensive and not reliable optical selectors for each wavelength will have to be used. Another problem is that amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) is not stopped, which leads to saturation, higher noise level and oscillations. 
     The present invention solves the problem by using a different kind of nodes than the nodes in U.S. Pat. No. 5,218,604 and in particularly by each ring comprising an inactive segment. The inactive segment ensures that nodes on the ring only receive signals from one of the gateways. In the event of a fault the inactive segment moves so it encompasses the fault. Hence, operation is ensured. 
     If the inactive segment lies between the gateways then one of the gateways features a detection mechanism that detects the situation. If the situation occurs, said gateway suppresses transmission and just the other gateway transmits. 
     Other differences to U.S. Pat. No. 5,218,604 is that they receive and retransmit all traffic in each node, which is not done in the present invention. Also, they have the same traffic in both rings and select from which ring to receive, but in the present invention it is possible to receive from both rings at the same time, since it is not the same traffic in both rings. 
     Advantages with the present invention are that a protected interconnection between ring networks are provided in a simple, autonomous and not expensive way. 
     In U.S. Pat. No. 5,218,604 there is also a problem of not being able to place nodes between the gateways. This is solved in an embodiment of the present invention by “dividing” the ring in an upper part and a lower part. The different parts of the ring use different wavelengths. The inactive segment is situated either in the upper or the lower part. 
     One of the gateways transmit always both in the upper and the lower part of the ring, using different wavelengths in the different parts, as mentioned. The other gateway transmit only in the part where the inactive segment is situated. The other gateway knows in which part of the ring to transmit and not due to the detection mechanism described above. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TEE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 a  is a diagram of a network in accordance with the invention with an inactive segment in one position. 
     FIG. 1 b  is a close view of two gateway nodes. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates the same network as in FIG. 1 a,  but with the inactive segment in another position. 
     FIG. 3 a  illustrates one embodiment of a node according to the invention. 
     FIG. 3 b  is a principle diagram of the first node embodiment. 
     FIG. 4 a  illustrates another embodiment of a node according to the invention. 
     FIG. 4 b  is a principle diagram of the second node embodiment. 
     FIG. 5 illustrates a first embodiment of the gateways corresponding to FIG. 3 a.    
     FIG. 6 illustrates a first embodiment of the gateways corresponding to FIG. 4 a.    
     FIG. 7 illustrates the same network as in FIG. 1 a,  but with the inactive segment in another position. 
     FIG. 8 illustrates a second embodiment of the gateways corresponding to FIG. 3 a.    
     FIG. 9 illustrates a second embodiment of the gateways corresponding to FIG. 4 a.    
     FIGS. 10 a,    10   b  and  10   c  illustrates a network similar to the one in FIG. 1 a,  but with nodes between the gateways. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     In FIG. 1 a  is shown, according to the invention, a first ring network  1  comprising two optical fibres  3  and  4  and a second ring network  2  comprising two optical fibres  5  and  6 . A ring network will for short be called a “ring”. In each ring  1 ,  2  the two fibres  3  and  4  or  5  and  6  work in opposite directions, which is indicated with arrows in the figure. 
     The two rings  1  and  2  are interconnected via a first gateway  7  to the left and a second gateway  8  to the right. Each gateway  7 ,  8  comprises a gateway node  9   a,    9   b,    10   a,    10   b  on each ring  1 ,  2  and optionally some kind of crossconnect  11  between the two gateway nodes  9   a,    9   b,    10   a,    10   b.  On the rings  1 ,  2  there may then be an arbitrary number of nodes  12   a-f.    
     The rings  1 ,  2  each comprises an inactive segment  13 , which is shown schematically as two dashed lines in the figures. In a normal mode the inactive segment may be situated anywhere on the ring  1 ,  2 , but in the case of a fault the inactive segment  13  will move to the fault. 
     The inactive segment  13  on the ring  1  is situated between the nodes  12   a  and  12   c,  which thus become end nodes of a bus. The inactive segment  13  has arisen, because the two end nodes  12   a  and  12   c  both block reception from or transmission towards the place of the wished inactive segment. Examples regarding how to implement inactive segments will be given below. 
     Each gateway  7 ,  8  receives traffic from both directions, that is both fibres  3  and  4  or  5  and  6  in the ring  1  or  2 . But, as a basic rule, the gateway  7 ,  8  only transmits away from its partner gateway  8 ,  7 , which is shown in FIG. 1 b.  Hence, no nodes  12   a-f  should, in this first embodiment, lie on the direct path between the two gateways  7 ,  8 . 
     The introduction of the inactive segment  13  ensures that each node  12   a-f  only receives traffic from one of the gateways  7 ,  8 . The nodes  12   c  that are situated counterclockwise from the inactive segment  13  will receive traffic from the left gateway  7 , whereas the nodes  12   a,    12   b,    12   d  that are situated clockwise from the inactive segment  13  will receive traffic from the right gateway  8 . 
     As an example let us say that the node  12   f  below to the right in the lower ring  2  wants to transmit to the left upper node  12   a  in the upper ring  1 . Transmission will in the lower ring  2  start in the node  12   f  and follow fibre  6  clockwise, since there is the inactive segment  13   b  in the counterclockwise direction. 
     The transmission will pass the node  12   e  and reach the left gateway  7 , where it is splitted. One part of the transmission is received in the left gateway  7  for retransmission in the upper ring  1  and the other part continues to the right gateway  8 , where it is also received for retransmission in the upper ring  1 . 
     The left gateway  7  retransmits in the upper ring  1  away from the right gateway  8 , that is following the fibre  4  clockwise. The transmission then passes the node  12   c  and then—there is a stop, because the inactive segment  13   a  is situated between the nodes  12   a  and  12   c,  which are thus acting as end nodes in the ring. 
     On the other hand the right gateway  8  retransmits in the upper ring  1  away from the left gateway  7 , that is following the fibre  3  counterclockwise. The transmission then passes the nodes  12   d  and  12   b  and ends up in the wished node  12   a.    
     If the inactive segment  13   a  had been situated between the nodes  12   b  and  12   d  instead, like in FIG. 2, it would instead have been the transmission from the left gateway  7  that had reached the wished node  12   a —via the node  12   c.    
     It is possible to obtain inactive segments in different ways. Two solutions will be presented. 
     In order to explain how an inactive segment is achieved the parts of a node that are relevant for the invention are shown in FIG. 3 a.    
     The node is connected to the two fibres  3 ,  4 . On each fibre  3 ,  4  the node comprises a first detector  21 , a preamplifier  22 , a second detector  23 , a switch  24 , a booster amplifier  25 , a group of receivers  19  and a group of transmitters  20 . Normally, there is one receiver/transmitter per channel, but, the groups of receivers  19  and transmitters  20  will for simplicity consequently be drawn as one block each. The amplifiers  22  and  25  are not necessary for the invention as such, but it is conceivable that they could work as switches and replace or complement the switch  24 . 
     The first detector  21  detects loss of incoming power and the second detector  23  detects loss of incoming protection signals. The switch  24  is used to get an inactive segment. The transmitters  20  and the receivers  19  are used to add and drop channels to and from the ring. 
     A central processor  26  controls everything and a protection signal transmitter  27  sends a protection signal PS on both the fibres  3 ,  4 , that is in both directions, when the node acts as an end node. 
     In FIG. 3 b  is schematically shown a ring with four nodes  12   a,    12   b,    12   c,    12   d  as in FIG. 3 a.  An inactive segment  13  lies between the end nodes  12   a  and  12   b.  The end nodes  12   a  and  12   b  both have their switch  24  towards the inactive segment  13  closed. That means that, as a main rule, no data traffic can be transmitted over the inactive segment  13 . 
     However, both end nodes  12   a,    12   b  transmit protection signals PSa and PSb, respectively, in both directions, that is also over the inactive segment  13 . To facilitate the description we need to distinguish the protection signals going in different directions. For that reason the protection signals PSa and PSb transmitted counterclockwise are labelled PSa′ and PSb′. 
     As may be seen in FIG. 3 a  the transmission of the protection signal PS occurs after the switch  24  and is thus not influenced of the state of the switch  24 . This means that in a normal state each node  12   a,    12   b,    12   c,    12   d  will receive four protection signals PSa, PSb, PSa′ and PSb′. 
     A lot of conclusions may be drawn from the reception or non-reception of the protection signals PSa, PSb, PSa′ and PSb′. Some examples will be given. Further examples are easily imagined. If the left end node  12   a  does not receive its own protection signal PSa′, but receives the protection signals PSb, PSb′ from the right end node  12   b,  then there is probably a fault on the fibre going over the inactive segment  13  from the left end node  12   a  to the right end node  12   b.    
     If the left end node  12   a  receives its own protection signal PSa′ and the protection signal PSb′ from the right end node  12   b,  but does not receive the protection signal PSb from the right end node  12   b,  then there is probably a fault on the fibre going over the inactive segment  13  from the right end node  12   b  to the left end node  12   a.    
     If the left end node  12   a  does not receive its own protection signal PSa′ and not receives the protection signal PSb′ from the right end node  12   b,  but receives the protection signal PSb from the right end node  12   b,  then there is probably a fault on the fibre but not in the inactive segment  13 . This is an indication on that the inactive segment  13  should be moved. 
     If the left end node  12   a  receives its own protection signal Psa′, but not receives the protection signal PSb′ from the right end node  12   b,  then there is probably a fault in the right end node  12   b,  but not in the inactive segment  13  and thus the inactive segment  13  should be moved. 
     If there is an indication that the inactive segment  13  should be moved and there is not a fault in the inactive segment, then the end nodes  12   a,    12   b  will stop sending their protection signals PSa, PSa′, PSb, PSb′ and open their switches towards the inactive segment  13 . Thus transmission is possible over the now former inactive segment  13 . 
     Simultaneously, if the node  12   c  detects loss of incoming power by means of its first detector  21  on one side it is an indication of a fault on that side. Therefore the switch  24  on the fibre going towards that side closes and protection signals PSc starts to be transmitted in both directions. The corresponding will happen on the other side of the fault and thus a new inactive segment is created. 
     A fault occurring in a node instead of between two nodes may be taken care of in a corresponding way. 
     Now a second embodiment of obtaining inactive segments will be explained. In FIG. 4 a  are shown the parts of a node that are relevant for the invention. Much is the same as in the first embodiment and only the differences will be marked. 
     The node is connected to the two fibres  3 ,  4 . On each fibre  3 ,  4  the node comprises the detector  21 , the preamplifier  22 , the booster amplifier  25 , the receivers  19  and the transmitters  20 . 
     The detector  21  detects loss of incoming power and the preamplifier  22  works as a switch. The central processor  26  controls everything and a supervision unit  28  sends an alarm signal SS on both fibres  3 ,  4  in a separate wavelength channel. The alarm signal SS is sent circling around the ring from node to node in both directions all the time. The alarm signal SS is a fault flag, which is set in the case of a fault. In that case there is also an indication in the wavelength channel on which section is inactive. 
     In a non faulty state the inactive segment is achieved by shut off preamplifiers blocking reception in the end nodes from the inactive segment. As an alternative it is conceivable to use the booster amplifiers to block transmission instead of using the preamplifiers to block reception. There are, however, advantages of blocking reception, because then signals are present at the input of the shut off preamplifier. This means that a fault occurring in the present inactive segment may be detected by loss of power. It also means that the signals may be used to adjust the future amplification of the preamplifier, so that when the preamplifier is turned on it will have the correct amplification at once. 
     Conventional switches may be used also in this embodiment. It is, however, more economic and more reliable to use the amplifiers as switches, since then fewer items are necessary. 
     If a node detects loss of incoming power, then both the preamplifier and the booster amplifier in the direction towards the fault will shut off like a switch. One reason for shutting off also the booster amplifiers is for ensuring a segment deactivation in the case of unidirectional faults. Another reason is for human eye safety reasons. 
     Thus, said node becomes an end node and a new inactive segment will be created much like the process in the first embodiment. However, in this case also the alarm signal SS will be set in the supervision channel. 
     The node on the other side of the fault will also try to set the same alarm signal SS, which gives a redundancy in case of node faults. 
     When the other nodes receive the set alarm signal SS they will know that a fault has occurred. The former end nodes, which had their preamplifiers shut off towards the inactive segment will now activate their preamplifiers. Thus, the inactive segment is moved, much in the same way as in the first embodiment. 
     The set alarm signal SS will also prevent the inactive segment to move a second time before the fault has been repaired, because moving is only allowed if the alarm signal SS is not set. 
     Of course, the supervision channel may also perform other types of signalling at the same time. 
     In FIG. 5 a pair of gateways nodes  9   a,    9   b  are shown. They contain all the features of the nodes in FIG. 3 a  but with some extra features. For the sake of clarity only the most relevant features will be shown in FIG.  5 . The extra features may also be implemented in FIG. 4 a,  but using the preamplifier instead of the switch, see FIG.  6 . Only FIG. 5 will be described. FIG. 6 will work in a corresponding way. 
     The dashed lines indicating control are in these and the following figures only meant as schematic indications on which elements that belong together. Of course, the control signals goes normally via the not shown central processor, compare FIGS. 3 a  and  4   a.    
     Referring to FIG. 1, the gateway  7 ,  8  comprises the two gateway nodes  9   a,    10   a,    9   b,    10   b  with the optional crossconnect  11  between the gateway nodes  9   a,    10   a.  In FIGS. 5 only one of the gateway nodes  9   a,    9   b  is shown. The other gateway node  10   a,    10   b  is similar. 
     Without the crossconnect  11  the transmission routes are fixed once for all, but with the crossconnect  11  they are possible to change. 
     In FIG. 5 the first gateway node  9   a,    9   b  in the gateway  7 ,  8  are connected to both the clockwise fibre  4  and the counterclockwise fibre  3 . Traffic from the first fibres  3 ,  4  towards the two second fibres  5 ,  6  in another ring, is received in receivers  30 . The traffic then goes via a first terminal multiplexer  31 , the optional crossconnect  11 , and a second terminal multiplexer  32  to the second gateway node  10   a,    10   b,  which is connected to the two second fibres  5 ,  6 . 
     Traffic from the second gateway node  10   a,    10   b  to the first gateway node  9   a,    9   b  goes in the opposite direction and is retransmitted in the first fibres  3 ,  4  by transmitters  33  in the first gateway node  9   a,    9   b.    
     A third detector  34 , or a group of detectors  34 , one per channel, detects if there is a loss of incoming power from the second terminal multiplexer  32 , which indicates a fault and closes the switch  24 . The fault handling described above occurs. 
     As was explained earlier the gateway nodes  9   a,    9   b,    10   a,    10   b  always receive traffic from both fibres in the same ring, but only transmit away from its neighbouring gateway node. Together with the inactive segment this ensures that a node in a ring only receives traffic from one of the gateways. 
     But what happens, see FIG. 7, if the fault occurs between the two gateways  7  and  8 ? In this case the ring will reconfigure such that the gateways  7  and  8  form the end nodes of the ring  1 . In that case all nodes  12   a -d  will receive traffic from both directions, which is not wanted. 
     That problem is however easily remediable by making the two gateways  7 ,  8  differing in one aspect. In this example the left gateway  7  in FIG. 5 comprises a condition detector  35 , which may be the same as the second detector  23  not facing the right gateway  8 . If the condition detector  35  detects a protection signal PS from the right gateway  8 , the left gateway  7  suppresses transmission in the ring  1  in question by closing a switch  36 . However, the left gateway  7  continues to receive traffic as usual and will stand-by for transmission. In the case of a subsequent failure in the right gateway  8 , the left gateway  7  will detect that the protection signal PS is missing and will start transmitting again. 
     In the second embodiment in FIG. 6 information is sent in the supervision channel on in which segment the fault has occurred, which may be detected by the supervision unit  28  in the left gateway. 
     The possibility of detecting the case when the inactive segment is positioned between the gateway nodes opens up the possibility to place nodes also between the gateways. This requires a modification of the gateway nodes according to FIG. 8 or FIG. 9, respectively. 
     FIG. 8 is the same as FIG.  5  and FIG. 9 is the same as FIG. 6, but with additional connections which makes it possible for the gateway nodes  9   a,    9   b  to transmit in both directions. Only FIG. 8 will be described, but FIG. 9 will work in a corresponding way. It is to be understood that in FIGS. 8 and 9 the gateways are drawn next to each other by the sole reason of lack of space on the paper. The gateways are primarily meant to be used with nodes between them. 
     There is a second condition detector  37 , which may be the same as the other second detector  23 , serving the same purpose as the condition detector  35  mentioned above, that is to put a switch  38  in an off position in the case of a discovered protection signal. Either there may be two switches  36 ,  38  as drawn in FIG. 8, or else one switch that switches the one transmission line or the other. In this last version, however, the left gateway will not be in standby for the right gateway. 
     The result will be as in FIGS. 10 a  and  10   c,  which depict the same network as in FIGS. 1 a,    3  and  7 , but with the nodes  12   c  and  12   d  between the gateway nodes  9   a,    9   b  instead. FIG. 10 b  shows how the gateway nodes work schematically. 
     The ring will be “separated” in an upper part U and a lower part L. “Separated” means that a gateway node  9   a,    9   b  will in the upper part U of the ring only transmit traffic destined for the nodes in the upper part U of the ring and will in the lower part L of the ring only transmit traffic destined for the nodes in the lower part L of the ring. Note that in order to make it work properly, different wavelengths λ 1 , λ 2  and λ 3 , λ 4  should be used in the two parts U, L of the ring. 
     In FIG. 10 a  the inactive segment  13  is positioned between the nodes  12   c  and  12   d  in the lower part L of the ring. Hence, both gateway nodes  9   a,    9   b  transmit in the lower part L of the ring, while only the right gateway node  9   b  transmit in the upper part U of the ring. This is because the left gateway  9   a  will detect that the right gateway node  9   b  is transmitting in the upper part U of the ring and thus the left gateway  9   a  blocks transmission in that direction. 
     In FIG. 10 c,  on the other hand, the inactive segment  13  is positioned between the nodes  12   a  and  12   b  in the upper part U of the ring. Hence, both gateway nodes  9   a,    9   b  transmit in the upper part U of the ring, while only the right gateway node  9   b  transmit in the lower part L of the ring. This is because the left gateway  9   a  will detect that the right gateway node  9   b  is transmitting in the lower part L of the ring and thus the left gateway  9   a  blocks transmission in that direction. 
     In all the embodiments above, a fault occurring in one of the gateways  7 ,  8  gives no more problem than any other fault. Since the two gateways  7 ,  8  are redundant it will be like using just one gateway  7  and with an inactive segment next to the faulty gateway  8 . 
     This method also works with more than two rings and even though only optical embodiments are shown it will work in a similar manner in an electrical network.