Abstract:
A miniature monolithic optical add-drop multiplexer that comprises a dispersive optical element, a wavelength filter array and a diverter. The miniature monolithic optical DWDM add-drop multiplexer can be fabricated using micro- and nano-scale techniques common to the semiconductor industry. The operating principles and some characteristics of the DWDM add-drop multiplexer are described. The device will be useful in the field of optical communication as a component within networks that perform all of the necessary switching, adding, dropping, and manipulating of optical signals entirely in the optical domain.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/200,189, filed Apr. 28, 2000, and of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/226,052, filed Aug. 16, 2000, and is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/633,934, filed Aug. 8, 2000, which applications are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. 
     
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    This invention relates generally to optical communication systems and components. More particularly, the invention relates to optical add-drop multiplexers (OADM) comprising micro- and nano-scale optical structures and components built from and upon monolithic substrates.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    In the field of telecommunication, it is recognized that optical communication components and systems, which use light waves and beams to carry information, offer many considerable advantages over conventional copper wire-based communication systems that carry information in the form of electrical signals. One advantage is the significantly greater amount of information that can be carried by a physical connection employing a single fiber optic strand as compared to a copper wire circuit.  
           [0004]    To optimize the amount of information that can be transmitted along a single optical fiber, the technique known as Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) is now being implemented. The use of DWDM is accelerating at a rapid pace, due to the development of essential network components such as optical fiber, infrared laser transmitters, fiber amplifiers, and the like. However, the rate of growth of DWDM networks is currently limited in part by the availability of low-cost mass produced components that provide acceptable reliability and resistance to environmental effects, such as, vibration, mechanical stresses, and temperature fluctuations.  
           [0005]    In these optical telecommunications systems, information is transmitted in the form of infrared light signals that originate at laser sources. Each laser source is tuned to emit an infrared light beam comprising a narrow band of wavelengths (or, equivalently, frequencies) centered at a primary frequency. As used herein, the word “color” describes a characteristic band of wavelengths centered around a specific primary wavelength as emitted by a telecommunications laser. Information is encoded in each infrared beam by temporally modulating the laser power. Each primary frequency corresponds to a value specified by the standard International Telecommunication Union (ITU) grid. The ITU standard specifies transmission frequencies that are spaced at 100 GHz intervals, although a reduction to 50 or 25 GHz is anticipated as the technology evolves.  
           [0006]    In DWDM, many distinct colors of infrared light may be transmitted simultaneously along a single optical fiber, each color carrying information that is distinct from information carried by other colors. Devices called multiplexers physically superimpose the light beams from several colors thereby creating multi-color light beams wherein each color carries its encoded information. The combined information is transmitted some distance. At a terminus of the transmission path, demultiplexers physically separate or disperse the multiple colors received from a single optical fiber onto multiple output fibers, each output fiber carrying a single color, thereby permitting the information carried by each color to be directed to its intended destination. An optical add-drop multiplexer removes light of a particular color from a polychromatic beam, and replaces the color removed with a beam having substantially the same color. This process of removing and replacing signals corresponding to a specific color provides the capability to switch signals into and out of optical beams.  
           [0007]    The ideal demultiplexer will direct all of the incoming light of each color onto its corresponding output optical fiber. However, in actual demultiplexer devices the color separation is generally imperfect—not all of the light of each color entering the demultiplexer is transmitted into each respective output beam, and a portion of the light from each color is transmitted into the paths of neighboring beams. This leakage causes undesirable performance effects such as crosstalk and insertion loss that must be limited in magnitude for the device to be practical.  
           [0008]    At present, demultiplexing is often accomplished utilizing devices based upon either diffraction gratings or precision interference filters. Neither type of device is amenable to cost-effective mass production while maintaining acceptable performance.  
           [0009]    For filter-based demultiplexers, such as those described in T. E. Stern, K. Bola, Multiwavelength Optical Networks, A Layered Approach, Addison Wesley, 1999, each filter must be manufactured separately from the others using multilayer vapor deposition techniques. The filters are then installed manually or robotically in an optical substrate and aligned to project light onto individual output optical fibers. Achieving and maintaining optical alignment in spite of thermal and mechanical stresses confounds attempts to reliably mass produce these devices, adding to the production cost and diminishing long-term reliability and resistance to environmental influences. Furthermore, the filters are frequently operated in a serial configuration, such that one color is transmitted through one filter while all other colors are reflected to the next, and so on. In this configuration, the insertion loss accumulates so that the last transmitted color has significantly higher loss than earlier colors.  
           [0010]    Grating-based devices offer the advantage of being parallel rather than serial demultiplexers, and therefore have improved insertion loss uniformity. However, to achieve acceptable crosstalk, the optical components within grating-based devices must be several centimeters in size. Therefore, like filter-based devices, grating-based demultiplexers are difficult to align and maintain aligned. Low-cost mass production of reliable devices remains elusively difficult.  
           [0011]    Recently, demultiplexers based on arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) have been introduced commercially. These small, thin monolithic devices, generally fabricated from silicon-based or InP-based wafer substrates, offer promise as low-cost components that can be mass produced. Nevertheless, despite more than a decade of intense development of AWG technology, and the emergence of several companies offering AWG products, the performance specifications achieved by production AWGs remain several orders of magnitude worse than theoretical predictions.  
           [0012]    Monolithic demultiplexer devices based on waveguide gratings etched into wafers of semiconductor materials such as InP have been described in recent patent and technical literature. These devices also offer potential as low-cost mass-producible components but, like AWGs, have not yet achieved acceptable performance specifications. In particular, etched waveguide gratings demonstrated to date suffer from excessive crosstalk due to the small size and imperfections in fabrication of the grating structure.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0013]    The invention, in one embodiment, provides a miniature monolithic optical wavelength add-drop multiplexer comprising an assembly of optical components built on a monolithic platform.  
           [0014]    In one aspect the invention relates to a miniature monolithic optical add-drop multiplexer. The miniature monolithic optical add-drop multiplexer includes a monolithic substrate, a wavelength dispersive optical element fabricated on the monolithic substrate, a wavelength filter array fabricated on the monolithic substrate, and a diverter. The wavelength dispersive optical element receives an input beam having a plurality of spatially overlapping distinct colors and providing an output signal composed of a plurality of spatially separated substantially single-color beams, each substantially single-color beam having a primary wavelength that is different than the primary wavelengths of the other substantially single-color beams. The wavelength filter array fabricated on the monolithic substrate has at least one filter element. The at least one filter element receives a selected one of the plurality of spatially separated substantially single-color optical beams and removes therefrom any portions of beams of other primary wavelengths that were separated incompletely from the selected beam by the wavelength dispersive optical element, thereby providing a purified single-color output beam substantially free of colors associated with other primary wavelengths and having a first direction of propagation. The diverter intercepts the purified single-color output beam and diverts the output beam from the first direction of propagation.  
           [0015]    In one embodiment, the substrate comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of silicon, silicon monoxide, silicon dioxide, silicon-germanium alloys, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and indium phosphide. In one embodiment, the substrate comprises a material that is amenable to processing using semiconductor fabrication processes. In one embodiment, at least one of the wavelength dispersive optical element, the wavelength filter array, and the diverter comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of silicon, silicon monoxide, silicon dioxide, silicon-germanium alloys, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and indium phosphide.  
           [0016]    In one embodiment, at least one of the wavelength dispersive optical element and the wavelength filter array elements comprises an optical waveguide. In one embodiment, at least one of the wavelength dispersive optical element and the wavelength filter array elements comprises a miniature free-space optical element.  
           [0017]    In one embodiment, the miniature monolithic optical add-drop multiplexer further comprises an input optical structure that receives the input beam. In one embodiment, the input optical structure comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of silicon, silicon monoxide, silicon dioxide, silicon-germanium alloys, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and indium phosphide. In one embodiment, the input optical structure comprises an optical waveguide. In one embodiment, the input optical structure comprises a miniature free-space optical element. In one embodiment, the miniature monolithic optical add-drop multiplexer further comprises an optical waveguide that communicates the input beam from an external source.  
           [0018]    In one embodiment, the miniature monolithic optical add-drop multiplexer further comprises an array of output optical structures having at least one output element, the at least one output element transmitting an output beam. In one embodiment, the array of output optical structures comprise at least one material selected from the group consisting of silicon, silicon monoxide, silicon dioxide, silicon-germanium alloys, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and indium phosphide. In one embodiment, the array of output optical structures comprise optical waveguides. In one embodiment, the array of output optical structures comprise miniature free-space optical elements.  
           [0019]    In one embodiment, the miniature monolithic optical add-drop multiplexer further comprises an optical waveguide that communicates the output beam from the output element to an external receiver. In one embodiment, each color comprises a narrow band of wavelengths centered on a primary wavelength. In one embodiment, each primary wavelength is designated by the International Telecommunications Union as one of a set of discrete wavelengths to be utilized for optical telecommunications. In one embodiment, the wavelength dispersive optical element is a selected one of a prism, a grating, and a grism. In one embodiment, the wavelength filter array is a selected one of an array of interference filters, an array of waveguide Bragg gratings, an array of Fabry-Perot interferometers, an array of resonantly-coupled waveguide structures, and an array of waveguide ring resonators.  
           [0020]    In one embodiment, the diverter is fabricated on the miniature monolithic substrate. In one embodiment, the diverter comprises a reflective surface. In one embodiment, the diverter comprises an electromechanical actuator that can move the reflective surface. In one embodiment, the diverter comprises an optical resonator. In one embodiment, the diverter comprises an electrically-driven actuator that can alter a resonant frequency of the optical resonator. In one embodiment, the diverter is capable of being dynamically reconfigured to divert a selected one of the plurality of purified single color output beams.  
           [0021]    In one embodiment, the miniature monolithic optical add-drop multiplexer further comprises a second diverter adjacent to the miniature monolithic optical demultiplexer, and optionally, a second wavelength dispersive optical element. The second diverter receives a second input beam having a purified single color substantially identical to the purified single color of the output beam that is diverted. The optional second wavelength dispersive optical element is capable of combining a plurality of spatially-separated substantially single color optical beams, at least one beam containing primarily a single color that is different than the color of another substantially single color optical beam, into a single beam having a plurality of spatially overlapping distinct colors. The second diverter is adapted to direct the second input beam for combination with another spatially-separated substantially single color optical beam having a color distinct from that of the second input beam to form a second output beam having a plurality of spatially overlapping distinct colors, using a selected one of the wavelength dispersive optical element and the optionally fabricated second wavelength dispersive optical element to effect the combination.  
           [0022]    In another aspect, the invention features a method of processing an optical beam having a plurality of spatially overlapping colors. The method comprises the steps of providing an assembly of miniature optical elements, receiving an input beam having a plurality of spatially overlapping distinct colors, dispersing the input beam into a plurality of spatially-separated substantially single color optical beams, each beam containing primarily a single color that is different than the color of the other substantially single color optical beams, filtering the at least one of the substantially single-color optical beams and removing therefrom colors other than the designated primary color of that beam, thereby providing at least one purified single-color output beam having a first direction of propagation, the output beam being substantially free of other colors, intercepting the at least one purified single-color output beam and diverting the output beam from the first direction of propagation. The assembly of miniature optical elements comprises a monolithic substrate, a wavelength dispersive optical element fabricated on the monolithic substrate, a wavelength filter array fabricated on the monolithic substrate, and a diverter. The input beam is dispersed by use of the wavelength dispersive optical element.  
           [0023]    In one embodiment, the input beam is received from an optical waveguide external to the assembly. In one embodiment, the output beam is transmitted to an optical waveguide external to the assembly.  
           [0024]    In one embodiment, the method further comprises providing a second assembly of miniature optical elements, receiving a second input beam having a purified single color substantially identical to the purified single color of the output beam that is diverted, controlling a direction of propagation of the second input beam, and directing the diverted second input beam and another spatially-separated substantially single color optical beam having a color distinct from that of the diverted second input beam to form a second output beam having a plurality of spatially overlapping distinct colors. The second assembly of miniature optical elements comprises a second monolithic substrate, a second wavelength dispersive optical element fabricated on the monolithic substrate, the second wavelength dispersive optical element capable of combining a plurality of spatially-separated substantially single color optical beams, at least one beam containing primarily a single color that is different than the color of another substantially single color optical beam, into a single beam having a plurality of spatially overlapping distinct colors, and a second diverter. The direction of propagation of the second input beam is controlled with the second diverter. The second wavelength dispersive optical element is used to combine the second input beam and another spatially-separated substantially single color optical beam.  
           [0025]    In one embodiment, the method further comprises transmitting the second output beam having a plurality of spatially overlapping distinct colors to an optical waveguide external to the second assembly. In one embodiment, the monolithic substrate and the second monolithic substrate are the same monolithic substrate. In one embodiment, the wavelength dispersive optical element and the second wavelength dispersive optical element are the same wavelength dispersive optical element. In one embodiment, the second input beam is the diverted purified single-color output beam. In one embodiment, the second input beam is substantially a duplicate of the diverted purified single color output beam. In one embodiment, the second input beam is a modified version of the diverted purified single color output beam.  
           [0026]    In yet another aspect, the invention relates to a method of fabricating a miniature monolithic optical add-drop multiplexer. The method comprises the steps of utilizing semiconductor fabrication methods to create a wavelength dispersive optical element and an array of wavelength filtering elements upon a monolithic substrate, the combination of the wavelength dispersive optical element and the array of wavelength filtering elements providing a miniature monolithic optical demultiplexer, and providing a diverter adjacent to the miniature monolithic optical demultiplexer, the diverter adapted to intercept and divert an optical beam that passes through the miniature monolithic optical demultiplexer.  
           [0027]    In one embodiment, the wavelength dispersive optical element and the wavelength filter array are formed by semiconductor fabrication processes. In one embodiment, the diverter is formed by semiconductor fabrication processes. In one embodiment, a diverter component is formed on the monolithic substrate.  
           [0028]    In one embodiment, the fabrication method further comprises the step of fabricating an input optical structure by semiconductor fabrication processes. In one embodiment, the fabrication method further comprises the step of fabricating an output optical structure by semiconductor fabrication processes. In one embodiment, the fabrication method further comprises the steps of providing a second diverter adjacent to the miniature monolithic optical demultiplexer, the diverter receiving a second input beam having a purified single color substantially identical to the purified single color of the output beam that is diverted, and optionally fabricating, utilizing semiconductor fabrication methods, a second wavelength dispersive optical element, the second wavelength dispersive optical element capable of combining a plurality of spatially-separated substantially single color optical beams, at least one beam containing primarily a single color that is different than the color of another substantially single color optical beam, into a single beam having a plurality of spatially overlapping distinct colors. The second diverter is adapted to direct the second input beam for combination with another spatially-separated substantially single color optical beam having a color distinct from that of the second input beam to form a second output beam having a plurality of spatially overlapping distinct colors, using a selected one of the wavelength dispersive optical element and the optionally fabricated second wavelength dispersive optical element to effect the combination.  
           [0029]    The foregoing and other objects, aspects, features, and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following description and from the claims. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0030]    The objects and features of the invention can be better understood with reference to the drawings described below, and the claims. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. In the drawings, like numerals are used to indicate like parts throughout the various views.  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 1 shows a basic diffraction grating configuration known in the prior art.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 2 shows a diagram that depicts a 1000 slit grating diffraction pattern.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a grating that spatially separates or disperses colors input from an optical fiber, and a filter array that purifies the colors of the dispersed beams, according to the invention.  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of an exemplary DWDM demultiplexer using a combination of a wavelength dispersive grating and an optical filter array, according to the invention.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 5 shows a diagram that depicts the reflectance versus mirror separation for a Fabry-Perot etalon at two neighboring ITU wavelengths.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 6 shows a schematic diagram that depicts an embodiment of an exemplary optical add drop multiplexer, according to the invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0037]    An ideal demultiplexer will direct all of the incoming light of each color onto its corresponding output optical fiber. The fraction of light of each color that is not successfully transmitted into its corresponding output beam is called the insertion loss, and is usually expressed in units of dB. The fraction of the light power from neighboring colors that remain in the separated beams in addition to the primary wavelength is called the crosstalk, also usually expressed in dB. Desirable characteristics for telecommunications demultiplexers include insertion loss of less than 3 dB, and crosstalk of less than approximately −40 dB. Furthermore, it is desirable to achieve these characteristics in devices that are compact in size, resistant to effects of the external environment, and easy to manufacture in large quantities at low cost. Calculations presented below show that to achieve the crosstalk specification by using a simple diffraction grating to separate colors, the grating must be more than 3 cm wide, a size which is not amenable to low-cost mass production.  
         [0038]    In contrast, it is shown below that the combination of a grating and a simple wavelength filter enables reduction of the grating size, and the sizes of the associated optical components, to less than 2 mm wide and a fraction of a mm deep. Components of these sizes are amenable to manufacture by etching of silicon or other materials, enabling the use of mature semiconductor micromachining manufacturing techniques, which leads to scalable mass production.  
         [0039]    Furthermore, by shrinking the optical elements to the size of the optical fibers, and manufacturing them collectively as an “optical bench on a chip” or as an integrated waveguide structure, the difficulties associated with macroscopic components, such as assembly and alignment, are eliminated. Stability is improved because movement, due to thermal expansion or mechanical vibration, of optical elements relative to fiber core positions is reduced in proportion to the size of the optical elements. In addition, monolithic structures effectively eliminate the possibility of misalignment caused by the relative translational and/or rotational motion of components, because a single substrate significantly reduces such motion. Insertion loss is reduced by increasing the efficiency of coupling light in and out of optical fibers with miniature optical elements.  
         [0040]    Grating Basics  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 1 shows a basic diffraction grating configuration  100 . It is essentially a transmissive or reflective optical element  110  upon which a series of equally spaced linear grooves or lines  120  are cut. The spacing between lines is called the grating period. The diffraction angle, θ, the incident angle, i, the grating period, d, and the wavelength of the light, λ, are related by 
           d (sin  i +sinθ)= mλ   (1) 
         [0042]    where m is an integer called the diffraction order.  
         [0043]    The angular dispersion, δθ, between beams of different wavelengths emerging from this grating is given by 
         δθ=δλ/( d  cosθ)  (2) 
         [0044]    where δθ is the wavelength separation between input wavelengths. For ITU grid wavelengths, the channel separation in terms of frequency is 100 GHz, which in terms of wavelength corresponds to about δθ=0.8 nm and δθ=1.28 mrad. Like any optical element, the grating does not produce a perfect single output “beam” at each wavelength. The output is actually a diffraction pattern consisting, for each wavelength, of a principal peak and multiple relatively weak sidelobes. The angular half width of the principal peak, Δθ, which is the same as the approximate angular spacing between sidelobes, is given by 
         Δθ=λ/( Nd  cosθ)  (3) 
         [0045]    where N is the number of grating lines intercepted by the incident beam (and therefore Nd is the size of the incident beam). Note that, for a simple grating, the relative amplitudes of the sidelobes are independent of the grating period and incident beam size.  
         [0046]    The intensity pattern  200  for the diffracted beam created by the basic grating  100  is shown in FIG. 2. Only first order, m=1, is considered. A wavelength of λ=1550 nm, corresponding to the optical telecommunications band, is used. A line spacing of 1000 lines/mm has been selected, but closer spacing can be used. FIG. 2 shows how the power of each sidelobe  220  decreases the farther away it is from the principal peak  210 . For example, the third sidelobe is 20 dB weaker than the principal peak.  
         [0047]    Crosstalk and Insertion Loss for Macro-Gratings  
         [0048]    Crosstalk and insertion loss arise from the use of a grating when any portion of the diffraction pattern from one wavelength overlaps the patterns of its neighbors. Because diffraction patterns are essentially infinitely wide, it is impossible to have zero crosstalk and insertion loss—it is practical only to set limits on their magnitudes. For example, if the grating is designed so that none of the principal peak or the first four sidelobes can spatially overlap the neighboring wavelength, then crosstalk is limited to about −17 dB. This constraint requires 8Δθ=δθ. For the 1000 line/mm grating and 100 GHz channel spacing, this constraint requires Nd, the size of the beam where it intercepts the grating and thus the minimum grating size, to be 16 mm. To accommodate closer channel spacings or reduced crosstalk, a larger grating and incident beam would be required. It is notable that crosstalk of −40 dB, the telecom requirement, is not achieved even with a 30 mm grating size.  
         [0049]    The insertion loss is determined by the amount of light contained in the remaining sidelobes that do overlap neighbors. If there is less than −20 dB (1%) crosstalk between one wavelength and each of its two neighbors, then the throughput is 98% corresponding to an insertion loss of less than 0.1 dB. In practice, it is impractical to have more than 90% of the light incident on the grating emerge in the first grating order—the remainder is lost to higher orders. This increases the practical insertion loss to about 0.5 dB.  
         [0050]    Miniaturization  
         [0051]    By combining a grating with wavelength filters that block grating-induced sidelobes, the size of the grating can be reduced to 1-2 mm while achieving −40 dB crosstalk and less than 3 dB insertion loss. This combination enables mass production by manufacturing techniques similar to those utilized in the semiconductor industry. The functionality of this combination is illustrated in FIG. 3, in which a grating  320  spatially separates or disperses wavelengths input from an optical fiber  300 , and a filter array  340  removes side lobes  325  from the multiple beams of light  323  emanating from the grating  320 . Output fibers  360  collect the individual beams  335  free of crosstalk from neighboring beams. All components are of the same size scale as the optical fibers  300 ,  360 .  
         [0052]    One exemplary embodiment of a demultiplexer utilizing this concept of grating and wavelength filters is illustrated by FIG. 4. In operation, the optical assembly accepts laser light from an optical fiber  300 , collimates the light with a lens  410 , and spatially separates the colors by dispersion with a grating  320 . It then focuses the individual colors of light with lens  430  upon a linear array of Fabry-Perot Interferometers (FPIs)  440 , each designed to pass only a specific frequency of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) grid. The demultiplexed light beams are then refocused with a lens array  450  into an array of output optical fibers  460 .  
         [0053]    Each FPI shown in FIG. 4 is basically a pair of partially reflecting parallel mirrors that form an optical cavity. Interference by the multiple reflections from each mirror surface determines the transmittance and reflectance of the cavity. When the spacing between mirror elements is equal to an integral multiple of half the wavelength of the incident light, then the cavity becomes perfectly transmissive, regardless of individual mirror reflectance (and ignoring absorption by the mirrors).  
         [0054]    Mathematically, the cavity transmission is described by the following function: 
           I   t   /I   o =[1− A/ (1− R )] 2 /[1+ F sin 2 (δ/2)]  (4) 
         [0055]    where  
         [0056]    I o =incident power  
         [0057]    I t /I o =transmittance or throughput  
         [0058]    F=4R/(1−R) 2    
         [0059]    R=mirror reflectance  
         [0060]    A=mirror absorbance  
         [0061]    δ=4πnl/λ 
         [0062]    l=cavity spacing  
         [0063]    λ=wavelength of incident light  
         [0064]    n=index of refraction of cavity medium at wavelength λ.  
         [0065]    [0065]FIG. 5 shows the reflectance as a function of mirror separation near l=200 μm of an FPI having R=0.8, A=0. When A=0, the reflectance plus transmittance of the interferometer equals unity. Note that the reflectance of the interferometer is distinct from the reflectance R of each individual mirror. Curves  510 ,  520  for two neighboring wavelengths, near 1.5 μm and separated by 100 GHz are shown. The calculations show that, with a mirror spacing of 200 μm, one wavelength is fully transmitted while less than 2% of the neighboring grid wavelength is transmitted. If A is increased to the reasonable value of 0.005, then the transmittance decreases to about 95%. Therefore, this filter provides an additional −17 dB of crosstalk reduction with only 0.2 dB of insertion loss. By increasing R to 0.9, the additional crosstalk reduction increases to nearly −23 dB while insertion loss increases to about 0.45 dB.  
         [0066]    By combining an FPI array with a diffraction grating, the spatial separation between adjacent wavelengths at the demultiplexer&#39;s output can be reduced to the width of the principal diffraction peak, using the FPI to reject sidelobes to achieve the optical telecommunication crosstalk specification. Therefore, the angular width of the principal peak can be increased to equal the angular dispersion between wavelengths, permitting reduction in the width of the diffraction grating. For 100 GHz wavelength separation, a 2 mm grating will suffice (at 1000 lines/mm), while 4 mm is needed to accommodate 50 GHz spacing. Then, approximately 3% of each wavelength will spill over to each of its neighbors, yielding about 0.3 dB of insertion loss and −15 dB of crosstalk prior to, or in the absence of, the FPI. Assuming that the FPI provides crosstalk rejection of −23 dB, total crosstalk is less than −38 dB, or approximately the required level. Total insertion loss due to the grating, including losses to sidelobes and higher orders, is expected to be about 0.8 dB (83% throughput), and loss due to the FPI will be less than 0.5 dB. Total insertion loss is therefore expected to be less than 1.5 dB.  
         [0067]    It is clear that the wavelength filters utilized in the demultiplexer of FIG. 4 need not be an ITU grid FPI array. The array of filters may alternatively be constructed using ITU grid interference filters coated onto the ends of the optical fiber array, or by using an array of fiber Bragg gratings, or by any other functionally equivalent filtering technique. Regardless of the construction style, each optical filter is manufactured or tuned to transmit a portion of the wavelength of light delivered to it from the grating and to block nearly all of the light from neighboring wavelengths.  
         [0068]    Manufacturing  
         [0069]    The exemplary optical elements shown in FIG. 4, including the lenses, grating, and the filters, may be manufactured as miniature components on a monolithic silicon or indium phosphide substrate. The components may be microelectromechanical (MEMS) devices, or may be constructed in the form of optical waveguides, or a combination thereof. The techniques for manufacturing the devices are derived from and similar to the techniques utilized to manufacture semiconductor electronic components. These manufacturing methods can involve (i) photolithographic methods using electromagnetic radiation or charged particle beams for defining devices, features, objects, areas and regions, (ii) methods of removing material selectively, such as chemical etching, plasma etching, ion milling, and mechanical cutting or grooving, and (iii) methods of depositing materials, such as chemical vapor deposition, evaporation, ion implantation, plasma deposition and plasma-driven reactions, and solidifying liquids. The materials of fabrication that can be used include silicon, in single crystal and polycrystalline forms, and indium phosphide, as well as selected impurity materials that can impart desired electrical, optical or mechanical properties to silicon or to indium phosphide. Examples of materials that can be employed include (i) electrically active dopants such as boron and phosphorus that can be used to control the electrical, optical and semiconducor properties of the silicon, and dopants such as elements from columns II and VI of the periodic table which can be used to modify the properties of indium phosphide, (ii) elements such as oxygen that can be used to form insulators and chemically unreactive materials such as silicon dioxide when combined with silicon, and (iii) elements such as carbon and nitrogen that can be used to form materials such as silicon carbide and silicon nitride that can provide useful properties such as hardness, specific electronic properties, and chemically unreactive layers. Materials that can be deposited on silicon or on indium phosphide, such as other semiconductors, electrical conductors for making connections between devices or to external circuitry, and optical coatings for transporting or controlling light, can all be employed. In addition, circuit elements and devices for generating, detecting, communicating, and processing signals, and for controlling any movable mechanical features of the device can be fabricated on or within the silicon, or the indium phosphide.  
         [0070]    A miniature wavelength demultiplexer suitable for optical telecommunication applications and manufacturable by scalable semiconductor microfabrication techniques has been described. The combination of wavelength dispersion and optical filtering has been shown to provide acceptable insertion loss and crosstalk in a miniature footprint. Utilized in reverse, this device can be used as a multiplexer. By adding mirrors  670  (or other reflective surfaces) and lenses  680  to the monolithic device as shown in FIG. 6, an optical add-drop multiplexer is created. A mirror  670  or other reflective surface is a diverter of an optical beam that passes through the miniature monolithic wavelength demultiplexer. The diverter intercepts a single color output beam that has been purified of other colors, as described above. The diverter causes the single color output beam to change its direction of propagation, for example, to coincide with a waveguide, such as an optical fiber, for transmission to a detector or signal processor external to the optical add-drop multiplexer. By adding electromechanical components that cause the mirrors  670  or other reflective surfaces to move into or out of the optical paths in response to control signals, reconfigurable versions of these devices are enabled. In some embodiments, a second diverter is provided to control the direction of propagation of a second input optical beam, which has substantially the same color as a purified single-color optical beam that is removed from an input beam having spatially overlapping distinct colors. The second input beam can be received from a waveguide, such as an optical fiber, that conveys the second input beam from a source external to the optical add-drop multiplexer. The second input beam is used to replace the purified single-color beam that is removed. In some embodiments, the second input beam is the same beam as the removed beam (e.g., the removed beam is returned to a beam having spatially-overlapping distinct colors). In some embodiments, the removed beam is modified before being returned. In some embodiments, a different beam having the same color as the removed beam is combined into a beam having spatially overlapping distinct colors. In some embodiments, the beam that is returned is substantially a duplicate of the beam that is removed. In some embodiments, the same wavelength dispersive optical element is used to separate optical beams and to combine optical beams. In other embodiments, a second wavelength dispersive optical element is optionally provided that used to combine optical beams. The second diverter can direct the second input beam to a selected one of the wavelength dispersive optical element and the optionally fabricated second wavelength dispersive optical element.  
         [0071]    As discussed above, semiconductor manufacturing processes can be used to fabricate all of the components of the optical add-drop multiplexer on and/or within a monolithic substrate. Optionally, the drop portion of the OADM and the add portion of the OADM can be fabricated on different substrates. The substrate can comprise a material selected from the group consisting of silicon, silicon monoxide, silicon dioxide, silicon-germanium alloys, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and indium phosphide.  
         [0072]    As disclosed in one or more of the earlier applications mentioned above and incorporated herein by reference, addition of other components, such as a two-dimensional array of mirrors, can provide functionality for devices such as n×n optical switches. Each of these devices is needed in the rapidly growing optical telecom network, and the optical configuration of the demultiplexer disclosed herein enables their development.  
         [0073]    While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.