Abstract:
A power plant including a gas turbine, a heat recovery boiler arrangement. The gas turbine includes a compressor inlet with a fresh air intake sector and an intake section for recirculated flue gas. A common control element for the control of the fresh air flow and of the recirculated flue gas flow is arranged in the compressor and/or in the compressor intake. Besides the power plant, a method to operate such a power plant is an object of the invention.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to PCT/EP2013/064786 filed Jul. 12, 2013, which claims priority to European application 12176260.3 filed Jul. 13, 2012, both of which are hereby incorporated in their entireties. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The invention relates to combined cycle power plant with flue gas recirculation and a method for operating such a power plant. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Flue gas recirculation is known for reduction of NOx emissions and for improvements in carbon capture. When applying flue gas recirculation the NOx emissions of a gas turbine can be reduced due to reduced oxygen content in the combustion air. WO 2010/072 710 discloses a power plant having a gas turbine unit and a steam turbine unit with a steam generator fed with the flue gases of the gas turbine unit. The power plant of WO 2010/072 710 also has a system for partly recirculating the flue gases to the compressor inlet and a CO2 capture unit in a subsequent arrangement. 
         [0004]    Further, flue gas recirculation can allow the use of a SCR if the resulting oxygen content in the flue gas is sufficiently low. To reduce the oxygen content of combustion gases a gas turbine plant is proposed in the U.S. 2009/0284013 A1, which comprises a gas turbine, a heat recovery steam generator and a flue gas recirculation. The gas turbine comprises a compressor for air, and a compressor for recirculated flue gas, a burner and a turbine. The heat recovery steam generator is connected to a turbine outlet of the gas turbine boiler at its input side. The heat recovery steam generator comprises two boiler outlets. A chimney is connected to the first boiler outlet. The flue gas recirculation connects to the second boiler outlet with a compressor inlet of the compressor for recirculated flue gas. 
         [0005]    This plant allows combustion with a fuel to air ratio λ, close to one by reducing the oxygen content in the combustor inlet gas. 
         [0006]    Good control of the compressor fresh air flow and the recirculated flue gas flow are difficult. In particular exact the flow measurements in large flow ducts are difficult. Further, the volumes of the intake, the ducts and the boiler are large and lead to a difficult dynamic behavior if different control elements are interacting in the flow paths of the inlet gas and flue gas. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0007]    One object of the disclosure is to provide a combined cycle power plant with flue gas recirculation and a stable control of the inlet flow as well as a reliable ratio of recirculated flue gas flow and fresh air. 
         [0008]    One aspect of the present disclosure is to provide a power plant comprising a gas turbine with at least a compressor, a combustor and a turbine, as well as a flue gas recirculation for recirculation of a fraction of the gas turbine flue gas to the compressor inlet of the gas turbine. The power plant further comprises a compressor intake with an intake section for fresh air called fresh air intake sector, an intake section for recirculated flue gas, and a common control element for the control of the fresh air flow and of the recirculated flue gas flow, which is arranged in the compressor or in the compressor intake. 
         [0009]    Typically the intake section for fresh air and the intake section for recirculated flue gas are in a common housing. At the end close to the compressor intake the intake section for fresh air and the intake section for recirculated flue gas can be arranged concentrically around the axis of the compressor. In one embodiment the intake section for fresh air and the intake section for recirculated flue gas have concentric annular cross sections at their downstream end. 
         [0010]    The control of both flows by one common control element is possible if both flows are physically separated or the free flow path between a physical separation and the common control element is too short to allow a significant cross flow from one path to the other or a significant mixing. A significant mixing would be for example a mixing of more than 50% of the two separated flows. To enable control with a common control element the length of the free flow path upstream of a common control element should not be more than about 10 times the average height of the free flow path. According to one exemplary embodiment the length of the free flow path upstream of a common control element is not be more than 5 times the average height of the free flow path. In a further embodiment the length of the free flow path upstream of a common control element smaller than 2 times the average height of the free flow path. The free flow path typically extends from a wall which separates the fresh air and recirculated flue gas flow paths. 
         [0011]    According to one exemplary embodiment at least one variable guide vane is arranged in the compressor at the upstream end of the compressor to control the inlet flow in the fresh air intake sector and in the intake sector for recirculated flue gas. 
         [0012]    According to another exemplary embodiment at least one movable deflector is arranged in the compressor inlet upstream of the compressor as a control element. The movable deflector extends at least partly into the fresh air intake sector and at least partly into the flue gas intake sector. Such a deflector can comprise an aerodynamic profile like a guide vane. 
         [0013]    To assure a recirculation rate within a defined tolerance band over the whole operating range of the gas turbine, the compressor intake can be split into a fresh air intake sector and a flue gas intake sector by an intake baffle plate. In the fresh air sector fresh air can flow to the inlet of the compressor, and in the flue gas intake sector the recirculated flue gas flow can flow to the inlet of the compressor. 
         [0014]    The flow areas and geometries of the intake, exhaust system, and flue gas recirculation can be designed such, that the resulting flue gas recirculation rate meets a design target at base load. According to the disclosure the flue gas recirculation rate can be adjusted by changing the location in the intake manifold at which the baffle plate ends, e.g. the distance between a downstream end of the baffle plate and the compressor inlet. 
         [0015]    For start-up and low load an operation without flue gas recirculation can be advantageous. Therefore a minimum load for flue gas recirculation can be defined. Such a minimum load from which flue gas recirculation is enabled can be a low load in the order of 5 to 20% relative load (power output relative to the power output at base load); it can also be a higher load of for example 50% relative load or more. Typically, flue gas recirculation is enabled latest above 65% relative load. Flue gas recirculation can be disabled by different valves or flaps in the flue gas recirculation line. According to one exemplary embodiment the intake comprises a fresh air control element, which connects flue gas intake sector to fresh air and can allow the supply of fresh air to the flue gas intake sector. At low load the gas turbine operates practically without flue gas recirculation once the fresh air control element is open. 
         [0016]    Typically a plant with flue gas recirculation can include a heat recovery boiler arrangement. According to a further exemplary embodiment, the power plant comprises a heat recovery boiler arrangement with at least a boiler inlet connected to the turbine outlet, and an outlet side. The outlet side comprises a first exit connected to a stack, and a second exit connected to the flue gas recirculation. The proposed heat recovery boiler arrangement further comprises a first boiler flue gas path from the boiler inlet to the first boiler exit, and a second boiler flue gas path from the boiler inlet to the second boiler exit. The boiler arrangement with two separate flue gas paths has pressure drops in each flow path, which are independent from each other. Due to the independent pressure drops, which are a function of the mass flow and temperature in each flow path, the split boiler arrangement helps to maintain a constant recirculation rate. If the recirculation rate deviates from the design value the pressure drops in the respective flow paths will change correspondingly and thereby counteract a deviation from the design recirculation rate. For example if the recirculation rate is increasing the pressure drop in the second flue gas pass will increase while the pressure trop in the first flue gas path will decrease. This change in pressure drops counteracts the change in recirculation rate and thereby helps to maintain the design recirculation rate. 
         [0017]    Further, the split flue gas paths are advantageous for treatment of the flue gases, which are to be released to the environment. For example a CO or NOx catalyzer only needs to be arranged in the first flue gas path thereby reducing the required size. 
         [0018]    Permanent flue gas recirculation or permanent flue gas recirculation at high relative load (typically above 50% relative load, where relative load is the load relative to the full load of the gas turbine) allows an optimization of the intake system and stack with related ducting due to the reduced required fresh air flow and reduced flue gas flow discharged. Typically, the design of an intake or stack is determined by a design pressure drop and the intake or stack is dimensioned to stay within the design pressure drop at the maximum flow. Typically the maximum flow is required for base load operation. 
         [0019]    According to one exemplary embodiment the fresh air intake sector is designed for a fresh air flow, which is smaller than the base load compressor inlet flow. In particular this allows reducing the size of the intake filter house and filters compared to a conventional design. Conventional gas turbine intakes are designed for the total compressor inlet flow. 
         [0020]    In a more specific exemplary embodiment the fresh air intake sector is designed for a fresh air flow of less than 75% of the base load compressor inlet flow. Since flue gas recirculation is restricted to about 50% of the flue gas, about 50% of the intake gas has to be fresh air. Therefore the fresh air intake sector is designed for at least 50% of the base load compressor inlet flow. In cases with very high flue gas recirculation the fresh air intake sector can be designed for at least 40% of the base load compressor inlet flow. 
         [0021]    According to one exemplary embodiment of the power plant the stack is designed for a flue gas flow, which is smaller than exhaust flow of the at base load turbine. 
         [0022]    In a more specific exemplary embodiment the stack is designed for a flue gas flow of less than 75% of the base load turbine exhaust flow. Since flue gas recirculation is restricted, about 50% of the flue gas flow has to be released to the environment. Therefore the stack is typically designed for at least 50% of the base load flue gas flow. In cases with very high flue gas recirculation it can be designed for at least 40% of the base load flue gas flow. 
         [0023]    A significant advantage of the disclosed power plant is the possibility to control the recirculated flow gas without additional flow control elements in the flow path of the flue gas recirculation. According to a preferred exemplary embodiment the flue gas recirculation, which connects an exit of the heat recovery boiler arrangement to the compressor intake is free of any elements with a controllable or adjustable pressure drop. An element with a controllable or adjustable pressure drop is for example a valve, a flap or a damper. 
         [0024]    Besides the power plant a method for operation of a power plant comprising a gas turbine with at least a compressor, a combustor, a turbine, and a flue gas recirculation for recirculation of part of the gas turbine flue gas to the compressor inlet of the gas turbine is an object of the disclosure. 
         [0025]    According to a first embodiment of the method a fresh air flow and a recirculated flue gas flow are introduced into the compressor inlet in separate sections. However, both the fresh air flow and the recirculated flue gas flow are controlled by a common control element. The absence of additional control elements in the flow path of the recirculated flue gas path and in the fresh air flow path significantly simplifies the control of the plant. 
         [0026]    According to a further embodiment of the method, the fresh air flow and the recirculated flue gas flow are controlled by at least one variable compressor guide vane arranged in the compressor at the upstream end of the compressor. For this method it can be advantageous if the fresh air flow and recirculated flue gas flow are physically separated inside the intake up to the vicinity of the variable compressor guide vane, for example up to a distance of less than two times the height of the first variable compressor guide vane. 
         [0027]    According to yet another embodiment of the method, the fresh air flow and the recirculated flue gas flow are controlled by at least one adjustable deflector, which is arranged in the compressor inlet upstream of the compressor, and which is extending at least partly into a fresh air intake sector and at least partly into a flue gas intake sector. An adjustable deflector can have the form of a plate or an aerodynamic profile, which is for example pivotable around a swivel axis  34 . 
         [0028]    For increased operational flexibility it can be advantageous to modify the method such that the method includes opening a fresh air control element during start-up and/or low load operation to allow the supply of fresh air to the flue gas intake sector for operation without flue gas recirculation. 
         [0029]    According to an exemplary embodiment of the method the flue gas flow is split into two flows in the heat recovery boiler arrangement (3). A first flow is flowing from the boiler inlet to a first boiler exit, and a second flow is flowing from the boiler inlet to the second boiler exit. The second flow is than recirculated from the second boiler exit into the compressor inlet of the gas turbine, and the first flow is released from the first boiler exit to the environment. Before the first flue gas flow is released to the environment it can be treated for example by a CO and/or NOx catalyzer to reduce the CO and/or NOx emissions. Further CO2 can be removed from the first flue gas flow for carbon capture. 
         [0030]    The above described gas turbine can be a single combustion gas turbine or a sequential combustion gas turbine as known for example from EP0620363 B1 or EP0718470 A2. The disclosed method can be applied to single combustion gas turbine as well as to a sequential combustion gas turbine. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0031]    The invention, its nature as well as its advantages, shall be described in more detail below with the aid of the accompanying drawings. Referring to the drawings: 
           [0032]      FIG. 1  shows a first example of a gas turbine according to the present invention, 
           [0033]      FIG. 2  shows an example of the relevant pressures in the intake as a function of relative load. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0034]    The same or functionally identical elements are provided with the same designations below. The values and dimensional specifications indicated are only exemplary values and do not constitute any restriction of the invention to such dimensions. 
         [0035]    According to  FIG. 1  an exemplary gas turbine power plant  1 , which can for example be applied in a power plant arrangement for electricity generation, comprises at least a gas turbine  2 , at least a heat recovery boiler arrangement  3  as well as at least a flue gas recirculation  4 . The gas turbine  2  comprises at least one compressor  5 , at least a combustor  6 ,  7  as well as at least one turbine  8 ,  9 . In the embodiments shown here the gas turbine  2  comprises two turbines  8  and  9 , namely a high pressure turbine  8  and a low pressure turbine  9 . Accordingly, two combustors  6  and  7  are also provided, namely a high pressure combustor  6  upstream of the high pressure turbine  8  and a low pressure combustor  7  upstream of the low pressure turbine  9 . The steam generated in the boiler  3  can be used in a water-steam cycle or for co-generation (not shown). 
         [0036]    The heat recovery boiler arrangement  3  has a boiler inlet side  10  and a boiler exit side  11 . The boiler inlet side  10  is fluidically connected with a turbine outlet  12  of the low pressure turbine  9 . The boiler exit side  11  comprises a first boiler exit  13  and a second boiler exit  14 . The first boiler exit  13  is connected with a stack  15 . Between the first boiler exit  13  and the stack CO2 capture equipment can be arranged (not shown). The second boiler exit  14  is fluidically connected with an inlet  16  of the flue gas recirculation  4 . An outlet  17  of the flue gas recirculation  4  is connected with a compressor inlet  18  of the compressor  5 . Therefore the flue gas recirculation  4  connects the second boiler exit  14  with the compressor inlet  18 . In the examples a flue gas re-cooler  19  is arranged in the flue gas recirculation  4 , which can be designed as a DCC (direct contact cooler), so that the recirculated flue gas can be cooled and be washed at the same time. 
         [0037]    In the embodiments shown the heat recovery boiler arrangement  3  comprises a first boiler flue gas path  20 , which is indicated by an arrow. The first boiler flue gas path  20  starts at the boiler inlet side  10  and leads to the first boiler exit  13 . Further, the heat recovery boiler arrangement  3  comprises a second boiler flue gas path  21 , which is also indicated by an arrow. The second boiler flue gas path  21  also starts at the boiler inlet side  10  and leads to the second boiler exit  14 . Both boiler flue gas paths  20 ,  21  are separated and lead to the respective boiler exits  13 ,  14 . For the realization of the separated boiler flue gas paths  20 ,  21  within the heat recovery boiler arrangement  3  a boiler partition  22  can be arranged in the heat recovery boiler arrangement  3 , which fluidically separates both boiler flue gas paths  20 ,  21 . 
         [0038]    In the embodiments shown in here a diffuser  23  is arranged upstream of the boiler inlet side  10 . The diffuser inlet  24  is connected with the turbine outlet  12 . The diffuser  23  comprises a diffuser inlet  24  and at least a diffuser exit  25 ,  26 . In the embodiment of  FIG. 1  two diffuser exits, namely the first diffuser exit  25  and the second diffuser exit  26  are shown. 
         [0039]    A single, common diffuser exit  25  can also be used. In this case common diffuser exit is fluidically connected with the boiler inlet side  10 . 
         [0040]    In the embodiment of  FIG. 1  the first diffuser exit  25  is fluidically connected with the first boiler inlet  27 , while the second diffuser exit  26  is fluidically connected with the second boiler inlet  28 . Both boiler inlets  27 ,  28  are arranged at the boiler inlet side  10 . According to the embodiment of  FIG. 1  the first boiler flue gas path  20  leads from the first boiler inlet  27  to the first boiler exit  13 . In parallel and separately the second boiler flue gas path  21  leads from of the second boiler inlet  28  to the second boiler exit  14 . 
         [0041]    In the diffuser  23  of  FIG. 1  a common diffuser main path  29 , which is indicated by an arrow, as well as the first diffuser flue gas path  30  which is indicated by an arrow, and the second diffuser flue gas path  31 , which is also indicated by an arrow, are arranged. The common diffuser main path  29  is split into the separated diffuser flue gas paths  30 ,  31  at a diffusor branching point  32 . To separate the diffuser flue gas paths  30 ,  31  a diffuser partition  33  is arranged in a diffuser housing  58  of the diffuser  23 . A leading edge  39  of the diffuser partition  33  defines the diffusor branching point  32 . The diffuser partition  33  separates both diffuser flue gas paths  30 ,  31  from the diffusor branching point  32  up to both diffuser exits  25 ,  26 . In the example of the  FIG. 1  the diffuser partition  33  and the boiler partition  22  are arranged such that trailing edge  35  of the diffuser partition  33  and a leading edge  36  of the boiler partition  22  adjoin. 
         [0042]    By the adjoining the partitions  22 ,  33  the first diffuser flue gas path  30  passes directly on to the first boiler flue gas path  20 , while at the second diffuser flue gas path  31  passes on to the second boiler flue gas path  21 . 
         [0043]    In the first boiler flue gas path  20  a CO catalyzer  49 , catalytic NOx converter  50  and a first heat exchanger array  52  are provided. The catalytic NOx converter  50  is arranged downstream of the CO catalyzer  49 . Depending on the temperature and on the design of the catalytic NOx converter  50  a part of the first heat exchanger array  52  can be arranged upstream of the catalytic NOx converter  50  to reduce the flue gas temperature, and the remaining first heat exchanger array  52  can be arranged downstream of the catalytic NOx converter  50 . 
         [0044]    In the second boiler flue gas path  21  a second heat exchanger array  48  is provided. The first heat exchanger array  52  and second heat exchanger array  48  can be separated arrangements or integrated with at least part of the heat exchanger elements passing from the first to the second boiler flue gas path  21 . 
         [0045]    As shown in  FIG. 1  a control member  40 , which is pivotable around a swivel axis  42  as indicated by the arrow  41 , can be arranged at the downstream end of the heat recovery boiler arrangement  3 . This control member can be used as a bypass for the flue gas recirculation  4  and to allow the second boiler flue gas path  21  to exit via the stack  15 . 
         [0046]    In the exemplary embodiment the compressor intake is split into two sectors as shown in  Fig.1 . In the depicted example, the compressor intake  66  is split by means of an intake baffle plate  67  into an outer fresh air intake sector  64  for fresh air  61  and into a flue gas intake sector  65  for recirculated flue gas  69 . This splitting of the compressor intake  66  leads to an essentially coaxial inflow of recirculated flue gas and fresh air  61  into the compressor  5 . A fresh air control element  68  allows the supply of fresh air to the flue gas intake sector  65  to allow operation with reduced or no flue gas recirculation. 
         [0047]    Two alternative common control elements  37 ,  38  are indicated in  FIG. 1 . Typically one such control element is sufficient; however a combination of two or more can be used. A variable guide vane  37  can be used as common control element. As shown here, the distance d between the downstream end of the intake baffle plate  67  and the leading edge of the variable guide vane  37  should be in the order of the height h of the variable guide vane  37  or smaller. 
         [0048]    The movable deflector  38  can be arranged on a pivotable axis and comprise two deflector sections: one is extending into the intake sector  64  for fresh air  61  and the second extending into the flue gas intake sector  65 . 
         [0049]    The proposed integrated design with one control element for fresh air and recirculated flue gas has to assure, that over the operating range of the gas turbine  2  the static pressure p s,mix  in the mixing plane, where air and flue gas are mixed, is always lower than the total pressure both flows. An example of the relevant pressures in the intake as a function of relative load is shown in  FIG. 2 . The total ambient pressure p t  remains constant. The recirculated flue gas total pressure p t, rec  is decreasing over load as the mass flow and thereby the pressure drop in the flue gas recirculation increases. The fresh air total pressure changes proportional to the recirculated flue gas total pressure p t, rec but can be at a different level (not shown). The static pressure at mixing plane p s, mix  where fresh air and recirculated flue gas can are not physically separated anymore and can mix is also decreasing over load. Due to the decrease in total pressure and the increase in dynamic head (with increasing flow velocity) the static pressure deceases faster than the total pressure. 
         [0050]    The proper design assures that the difference between the total pressure of the recirculated flue gas and the static pressure in the mixing plane always drives the flue gas into the GT intake. The total pressure of the recirculated flue gas is always below the total pressure of the ambient air due to a higher pressure drop in the flue gas recirculation than in the inlet air filter. 
         [0051]    It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the present invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The presently disclosed embodiments are therefore considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restricted.