Abstract:
Tension monitoring is described using a sensor which may exhibit an offset for which compensation may be provided to produce a zero voltage amplified output or to increase dynamic range. An arrangement determines whether a power reset is responsive to a battery bounce such that an initially-measured system start-up parameter can be retained. The start-up parameter is automatically saved at start-up if the power reset is responsive to a start-up from a shut-down condition. The start-up parameter may be a zero tension amplified output responsive to the sensor offset at zero tension. Protection of a tension data set is provided such that no opportunity for altering the data set is presented prior to transfer of the data set. A housing configuration forms part of an electrical power circuit for providing electrical power to an electronics package from a battery.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
   The present application is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 11/283,022, filed on Nov. 17, 2005 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,816; which is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 10/443,193, filed on May 22, 2003 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,993,981 on Feb. 7, 2006; which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/383,023, filed on May 24, 2002; all of which are incorporated herein by reference. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The invention relates generally to the field of tension monitoring during installation of underground utilities. As an example, the method and apparatus of the present invention may be used in the tension monitoring arrangement described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,961,252 (hereinafter the &#39;252 patent) which is incorporated herein by reference. FIG. 3 of the &#39;252 patent illustrates an installation operation in progress during which a utility is pulled through a previously formed pilot bore. Tension is monitored using a tension monitoring arrangement 60. FIG. 5 of the &#39;252 patent schematically illustrates the tension monitoring arrangement used in the operation of FIG. 3. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   As will be described in more detail hereinafter there is disclosed herein a system for installing an underground utility by retraction that is applied to a leading end of the utility to draw the utility through the ground such that the utility is subjected to a tension force. 
   In one aspect of the present invention, a sensing arrangement is used for sensing the tension force that is applied to the leading end of the utility to produce a sensor signal. An amplifier arrangement uses the sensor signal to generate an amplified output signal. A compensation arrangement applies a compensation voltage to the amplifier arrangement for shifting the amplified output signal. 
   In another aspect of the present invention, the system includes an inground tension monitoring arrangement having a processing arrangement which receives electrical power from a power supply in a way which may subject the processing arrangement to a loss of power that is temporary during system operation, as well as a shut-down loss of power condition, either of which causes the processing arrangement to reset. The system further includes a first arrangement for producing an output signal that is responsive to a time duration of the loss of power. A second arrangement cooperates with the processing arrangement for using the output signal to establish whether a particular reset is responsive to a power supply bounce condition during operation. In one feature, the processing arrangement is configured for saving at least one system start-up parameter at an initial system start-up and is further configured for re-entering a run mode responsive to establishing that the particular reset is responsive to the power supply contacts bounce condition, while retaining the system start-up parameter. 
   In still another aspect of the present invention, the system includes a sensing arrangement for inground sensing of the tension force that is applied to the leading end of the utility to produce a sensor signal such that a zero tension sensed value may be offset from a zero voltage. An amplifier arrangement uses the sensor signal to generate an amplified output signal such that a zero tension amplified output is produced responsive to the zero tension sensed value. Processing means is configured for measuring the amplified output signal at least in a way which measures the zero tension amplified output responsive to powering on the sensing arrangement and the amplifier arrangement, and for saving the zero tension amplified output. In one feature, the processing means is configured for issuing a ready for calibration signal after saving the zero tension amplified output and the system includes inground transceiver means for transmitting the ready for calibration signal to an above ground location. 
   In yet another aspect of the present invention, a tension monitoring apparatus is provided including sensing means for inground sensing of the tension force that is applied to the leading end of the utility to produce a sensor signal during the installation time period. Data means is used at least for storing an original digital data set responsive to the sensor signal, during the installation time period and for copying the original data set to a different data location to create a copied data set after the installation time period. A user interface arrangement, in communication with the data means, permits erasing the original data set only after the original data set has been copied to the different data location. In one feature, the data means is configured for creating the original data set in a way which provides for detection of any alteration of the copied data set at the different data location. 
   In a further aspect of the present invention, a tension monitoring apparatus includes sensing means for sensing the tension force to produce a tension signal. Electronic means is provided for using the tension signal. Battery means is provided for supplying electrical power to the electronic means. Housing means supports the sensing means in a way that exposes the sensing means to the tension force and further defines an elongated chamber between a pair of opposing, first and second ends. The housing means being electrically conductive and a first one of the ends being configured for receiving the tension force such that the tension force is transferred through the housing means to the second one of the ends for then transferring the tension force to the utility. The electronic means is positionable in the chamber with the battery means such that the housing means serves as at least a portion of an electrical circuit for supplying the electrical power to the electronic means from the battery means. In one feature, the electronic means is further configured for at least one of recording the tension force, based on the tension signal, and transmitting the tension force to an aboveground location. In another feature, the elongated chamber is at least generally cylindrical in shape having a chamber diameter that is defined by an interior chamber surface and the battery means includes at least one battery cell that is cylindrical in shape so as to define an outer cylindrical surface and the battery cell is received in the elongated chamber such that the outer cylindrical surface of the battery cell is supported directly against the interior chamber surface. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The present invention may be understood by reference to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the drawings briefly described below. 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the tension monitoring arrangement of the present invention, shown here for purposes of illustrating its highly advantageous configuration. 
       FIG. 2  is a flow diagram which illustrates one embodiment of a highly advantageous start-up and calibration procedure in accordance with the present invention. 
       FIG. 3  is another flow diagram which illustrates one embodiment of run mode in accordance with the present invention. 
       FIG. 4  is an partial cutaway view of one embodiment of the highly advantageous tension monitoring arrangement of the present invention, shown here to illustrate details of its structure. 
       FIG. 5  is a perspective view of a first end fitting that is used in the tension monitoring arrangement of  FIG. 4 , shown here to illustrate details of its structure, particularly with respect to providing battery power to an electronics package that is housed within the tension monitoring arrangement. 
       FIG. 6  is a perspective view of a second end fitting that is used in the tension monitoring arrangement of  FIG. 4 , opposite the first end fitting of  FIG. 5 , shown here to illustrate details of its structure, again with respect to providing battery power to an electronics package that is housed within the tension monitoring arrangement as well as positioning and support of strain gauges that are used to sense tension force being applied to a utility. 
       FIG. 7  is another perspective view of the second end fitting of  FIG. 6 , shown here to illustrate further details of its structure. 
       FIG. 8  is a perspective view of the end fitting of  FIGS. 6 and 7  shown positioned adjacent to the electronics package. 
       FIG. 9  is a diagrammatic view, in elevation, shown here to illustrate the use of the tension monitoring arrangement of the present invention in a winching configuration. 
       FIG. 10  is a diagrammatic view, in elevation, shown here to illustrate the use of the present invention for monitoring tension as applied by a crane. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   Turning now to the figures of the present application, wherein reference numbers of the &#39;252 patent have been applied to like components where possible, attention is immediately directed to  FIG. 1 . This figure illustrates a portion of the arrangement of components shown by FIG. 5 of the &#39;252 patent including strain gauge arrangement  82  (within a dashed box), battery  87 , power supply  88  and CPU  92 . Additional components are shown including a multiplexer  100 , an analog to digital converter (A/D)  102 , a digital to analog converter (D/A)  104 , a differential amplifier arrangement  106  (within a box) having (+) and (−) inputs that are connected to strain gauge arrangement  82  at P 1  and P 2 , respectively. It is noted that component additions may not be required, in order to practice the present invention, where previously installed components have unused capacity which may be pressed into service. For example, multiplexer 86 of FIG. 5 in the &#39;252 patent may serve in place of multiplexer  100  of  FIG. 1  of the present application. In this regard, identity of components is not required so long as functional equivalence is achieved in view of the teachings herein. It is noted that the plus (+) and minus (−) amplifier input markings were inadvertently reversed in  FIG. 1  of the above incorporated provisional application. While this has been corrected, along with a few typographical changes in this description, it is submitted that one of ordinary skill in the art would immediately reverse the markings in view of the functionally described differential amplifier configuration that is clearly in use. 
   Continuing to refer to  FIG. 1 , strain gauge arrangement  82  is made up of strain gauges S 1 -S 4  in an H bridge configuration. As an example, in considering tension monitoring, strain gauges S 1  and S 4  may be oriented along the axis of pull with S 2  and S 3  oriented orthogonal thereto. Accordingly, S 1  and S 4  stretch responsive to pulling the utility being installed. Voltage at P 1  will decrease, while voltage at P 2  will increase. The decrease and increase in voltages at these respective connections comprise inputs to differential amplifier  106  which, in turn, cooperate to provide an output responsive to tension. This tension output is sent to multiplexer  100  channel  3  input on a line  110  for conversion to digital form and is selectively available to processor  92 . Strain gauges S 2  and S 3 , in the present example, being oriented orthogonally with respect to the axis of pull, are not subjected to pulling tension but may be used advantageously for purposes such as temperature compensation. Of course, the present invention contemplates that alternative arrangements of the various strain gauges may be employed which result in different tension orientations with respect to each individual one of the strain gauges. 
   While it is sometimes desirable for strain gauge arrangement  82  to provide a voltage output of zero volts in the absence of any pulling tensions, it should be appreciated that such a strain gauge arrangement typically does not exhibit a zero offset. That is, the output at zero pull taken between P 1  and P 2  is offset from the desired zero volt value, as provided to the inputs of differential amplifier arrangement  106 . Moreover, as will be seen, it may at times be desirable to provide an offset voltage at the input of the differential amplifier arrangement for purposes of increasing dynamic range, for example, with respect to pulling force. These and other desired offset conditions are encompassed by the concept of a compensation offset signal to be provided to the input of the differential amplifier in a way which produces a desired offset in the output of the differential amplifier, as described immediately hereinafter. 
   Still referring to  FIG. 1 , a compensation line  112  is connected from digital to analog converter  104  to the connection point between S 3  and S 4  (P 2 ) and is thereby capable of influencing one input of the differential amplifier arrangement in a desired manner so as to provide a compensation offset signal. In this way, a target offset value can be provided at the input of the differential amplifier arrangement. For example, microprocessor  92  may provide digital data to digital to analog converter  104  which then provides an analog voltage output that is tailored to cause the differential amplifier arrangement to output a value of zero volts despite an offset voltage at the output of the strain gauge arrangement. Generally, in this arrangement, the (+) input of the differential amplifier is biased at approximately one-half of the power supply voltage. 
   Moreover, it should be appreciated that compensation line  112  may readily be used to apply compensation in a way that produces some other desired target offset in the output of the differential amplifier. For instance, the desired offset may be intended to increase dynamic range. That is, for example, where only tension monitoring is of interest, an offset at the differential amplifier inputs may deliberately be produced which allows the voltage that is induced by tension in the strain gauge arrangement to produce a larger voltage swing in a known direction. As a specific example, the (+) input of the differential amplifier may be biased downward to a value that is less than one-half of the supply voltage value for this purpose. Accordingly, highly advantageous offset compensation has been provided. 
   During any pulling operation directed to installing an underground utility, the tension monitoring arrangement may be subjected to significant values of mechanical shock and/or vibration. Where battery  87  is installed in a battery compartment and may be comprised of one or more cells which are spring biased toward one another, it should be appreciated that momentary power interruptions or disconnections may be induced by such shock and vibration. It is recognized herein that such momentary power interruptions may produce conditions under which microprocessor  92  is reset during the drilling operation. In this regard, system calibration with respect to pulling tension is generally performed at system startup under controlled conditions with one or more selected values of tension applied to the drill string and the tension monitoring arrangement. It is further recognized that startup procedures may be initiated responsive to a battery bounce reset in the absence of appropriate provisions. For example, a start-up calibration procedure might be initiated which could replace valid calibration data or zero offset with erroneous data. The apparatus and method of the present invention are configured for advantageously distinguishing such momentary power disconnections from initial power up or start up conditions, as will be described immediately hereinafter. 
   Continuing to refer to  FIG. 1 , a highly advantageous detection arrangement  200  is illustrated within a dashed line. Detection arrangement  200  includes resistors R 1 -R 3 , diode D 1  and a capacitor C 1 . It is considered that one of ordinary skill in the art may readily select component values in view of this overall disclosure. This detection arrangement serves the purpose of distinguishing between momentary power interruptions and system start up conditions. To that end, when battery  87  is connected to the system at start up, the battery will charge C 1  through R 1  and the diode D 1 . If it is assumed that R 1  is about the same resistance value as R 2 , and the time constant provided by the product R 2 *C 1  has a value of about a few seconds, when battery  87  is removed from the system for more than a few seconds (i.e., a shutdown condition), R 2  will discharge C 1 , and the voltage to multiplexer  100  via A/D converter  102  will be proportional to (1−exp(−t/(R 2 *C 1 )), where t is the time in seconds. In this instance, the voltage on the channel  1  input of multiplexer  100  will be less that some predetermined threshold value based on system parameters. On the other hand, when the battery bounces, causing a system reset, the voltage at R 3  (pin  1  of multiplexer  100 ) is about ½ of battery voltage minus one diode drop across D 1  such that the voltage seen by the microprocessor is significantly higher than that voltage which is read after a system start up condition. Accordingly, when the microprocessor reads A/D  102  after a power-on reset or reset(s) due to battery bounce, it is able to distinguish between a just installed battery (low voltage at C 1 ) and a reset caused by battery bounce (C 1  voltage will be close to steady state voltage). 
   In accordance with the present invention, a startup calibration procedure or zero adjust offset measurement is applied only after the system is powered up and microprocessor  92  detects that the voltage at C 1  is sufficiently low. That is, the voltage is detected before C 1  is able to charge to a value above a predetermined minimum threshold through R 1  indicating a start-up condition. As will be seen, the method employs an auto-zero on startup feature as well as a tension calibration feature using one or more non-zero tensions applied to the tension monitor. 
   Turning to  FIG. 2 , a highly advantageous start up and calibration method is generally indicated by the reference number  300 . Method  300  is initiated at power-up step  302 . Step  304  then measures the output of differential amplifier arrangement  106  with zero tension applied to the tension monitoring arrangement and stores the offset value. Thereafter, a “Ready for Calibration” message is transmitted in step  306  to an aboveground location which may comprise a receiver at the drill rig or a test fixture specifically directed to that purpose. 
   The receiver or test fixture then originates a response which may be referred to as a calibration signal. Step  308  is performed at the tension monitoring arrangement in which the latter listens for the calibration signal at a periodic interval. Step  310  tests for receipt of the calibration signal. As the system awaits the calibration signal, operation is transferred through decision step  312  which itself tests for the expiration of an overall time out interval anticipating receipt of the calibration signal. Where the time out interval has not expired, operation returns to step  308 . Steps  308 ,  310  and  312  are continuously executed in a loop until expiration of the time out interval. Following expiration of the time out interval, step  314  sends a calibration time out message to the aboveground receiver, followed by step  316  in which operation is transferred into a normal run mode with the new zero offset value, an implementation of which is described below. 
   Returning to the description of step  310 , when the calibration signal is received, step  318  is entered in which zero tension is applied to the drill string and tension monitoring arrangement. Step  320  then adjusts the output of digital to analog converter  104  so as to generate the compensation signal on line  112  to produce a target value output from the differential amplifier at the channel  3  input of multiplexer  100 . The output of the digital to analog converter is adjusted repetitively until the target value is achieved. Thereafter, settings of the digital to analog converter which achieved the target value are stored by step  322  in nonvolatile memory. In step  324 , tension applied to the tension monitoring arrangement by the drill string is adjusted to a nonzero value for calibration purposes. For example, a tension of 40,000 pounds may be applied to the tension monitoring arrangement. With this tension applied, step  326  is performed wherein microprocessor  92  selects the channel  3  input of multiplexer  100  to read the output of differential amplifier, as converted to digital form by analog to digital converter  102 . In this regard, it should be appreciated that strain gauge response is at least generally linear. Therefore, a calibration constant may be obtained using a single nonzero tension value, however, it is to be understood that additional nonzero tension values may readily be used. With one or more nonzero tension values in hand, step  328  determines a calibration constant k for use in determining tension based on output of the differential amplifier. The calibration constant being determined as: 
   
     
       
         
           k 
           = 
           
             
               applied 
               ⁢ 
               
                   
               
               ⁢ 
               tension 
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 
                   
                     A 
                     / 
                     D 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     reading 
                     @ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     tension 
                   
                 
                 ) 
               
               - 
               offset 
             
           
         
       
     
   
   Step  330  stores calibration constant k in nonvolatile memory. A “calibration complete” message is then transmitted, in step  322 , to the receiver at an aboveground location such as, for example, receivers R 1  and R 2 , as shown in FIG. 2of the &#39;252 patent, a drill rig receiver or a test fixture receiver. 
     FIG. 3  illustrates one potential implementation of the run mode, generally indicated by the reference number  400  and entered at step  402 . In step  404 , a measurement interval or period is initiated for the duration of which tension is monitored. In step  406 , a tension value is measured by microprocessor  92  using the voltage value obtained from the channel  3  input of multiplexer  100  and the stored zero offset value. Step  408  may transmit this tension value, for example, to an aboveground receiver for use in displaying the tension value to an operator, comprising a display which is presented essentially in real-time. Step  410  determines whether the tension value just measured is a new maximum tension for the measurement interval which is currently underway. If the tension value is a new maximum, step  412  saves that value in a data set corresponding to the current measurement interval in a way which is described in further detail hereinafter. 
   If the tension value just measured is not a new maximum tension value for the interval underway, step  414  tests whether the measurement interval has concluded. If the measurement interval is ongoing, the process repeats, beginning with step  406 . If, on the other hand, the current measurement interval has concluded, step  416  determines whether the overall installation operation has concluded. In the event that the installation operation is continuing, the process resumes by initiating a new measurement interval at step  404  and determining a maximum tension value for the new interval, as described above. If step  416  determines that the installation has concluded, step  418  initiates an upload procedure in which the data set produced by step  412  is copied to another location in a protected manner. Following the upload procedure of step  418 , the data set may be erased in step  420  using step  422 . Stop step  424  concludes the run mode. It should be appreciated that this installation procedure is advantageous at least for the reason that even a long installation run produces a data set of relatively limited size, since maximum interval values are stored. Moreover, the system may readily present an overall maximum value that is selected from the interval maximums. Of course, the data set may be presented in any number of suitable manners. 
   It should be appreciated that run mode procedure  400  does not afford an opportunity to alter or erase the data set prior to upload. Moreover, it is desirable to protect the data set from unauthorized alteration. In this regard, any number of techniques currently available or yet to be developed, may be employed even during step  412 , which creates the data set and adds new values to it to prevent and/or detect data alteration. For example, the data set may be subjected to cyclic redundancy checking (CRC) wherein even the modification of a single bit is readily detected. Moreover, proprietary formats may be used or developed which may include encryption, either currently available or yet to be developed, that essentially eliminates the possibility of data alteration. In addition to proprietary formats, proprietary devices may be used to initially store the data set and/or to receive the upload of the data set. It is recognized herein that access to the data set is not particularly of concern so long as alteration of the data set is prevented. 
   Turning now to  FIG. 4 , a tension monitoring arrangement produced in accordance with the present invention is generally indicated by the reference number  500 . Arrangement  500  includes a housing  502  having a transmitter arrangement  504  positioned therein. Housing  502  defines an innermost passage having a diameter which is sized to receive a pair of batteries  506  that are connected in series. In this particular example, D cell batteries are used, however any suitable type of battery may be used. Power is supplied to transmitter  504  at the end of one of the batteries nearest the transmitter using a spring biasing and electrical contact arrangement  508  which forms part of the transmitter arrangement, as will be seen in further detail in a subsequent figure. Opposing ends of the housing are closed using a pair of plug arrangements indicated by the reference numbers  510  and  512 , each of which defines a pulling eye  514 . 
   Referring to  FIG. 5  in conjunction with  FIG. 4 , plugs  510  and  512  are similar in defining a through hole  516  ( FIG. 5 ) that is configured for receiving a pin  520  ( FIG. 4 ) through cooperating holes defined in housing  502  so as to hold the plugs in position. O-ring seals  522  ( FIG. 5 ) are used to seal the plugs against housing  502 . 
   Plug  512  includes a spring contact arrangement  523  made up of a housing contact spring  524  and an inner, battery contact spring  526  both of which are best viewed in  FIG. 5 . Housing  502  defines a recess that is configured for receiving housing contact spring  524  so as to form an electrical contact between the housing contact spring and housing  502 . Battery contact spring  526  places a resilient bias against a nearest one of batteries  506  and forms an electrical contact with its end terminal. At the same time, battery contact spring  526  is electrically connected to plug  512 . 
   Referring to  FIGS. 4 ,  6  and  7 , plug  510  is illustrated including its highly advantageous configuration with respect to delivering power to transmitter arrangement  504  from batteries  506 . To that end, plug  510  includes a fastener receptacle  530  which may be configured for receiving a threaded fastener  532  or any suitable type of fastener. An electrical connection such as, for example, a wire  534  provides an electrical connection to transmitter arrangement  504 . Any number of different forms of electrical connection may be employed as an alternative between plug  514  and the transmitter including, for example, spring biasing. A recess  536  is formed in the sidewall of plug  510  for receiving a coil spring  538  ( FIG. 6 ). When plug  510  is installed in housing  502 , spring  538  is captured between the plug and housing so as to form an electrical connection therebetween. It should be appreciated that additional recesses  536  and springs  538  may readily be used to enhance electrical connectivity. 
   In view of the features described above, electrical power is supplied from the battery using housing  502  in cooperation with end plugs  510  and  512  in a highly advantageous manner. In particular, this configuration, wherein the housing is used as an electrical path, optimizes the strength of the housing by avoiding the need for a separate battery compartment which would result in reduced thickness of the housing wall and by allowing for greater battery diameter and thereby increased power capacity. 
     FIG. 8  illustrates plug  510  positioned adjacent to transmitter  504  to further illustrate details of its structure including spring biasing and electrical contact arrangement  508 . 
   It should be appreciated that the highly advantageous tension monitoring arrangement of the present invention may be used in systems other that in conjunction with being pulled using a drill rig and drill string.  FIG. 9  diagrammatically illustrates one such alternative system generally indicated by the reference number  650 . System  650  includes a winch  652  arranged for pulling a winch cable  654 . The latter is attached to tension monitoring arrangement  500  in a way which transfers winching tension to a cable extension  656  that is attached to a pulling object  658 . This attachment may be accomplished, for example, using a Kellum&#39;s grip, as is known in the art. Pulling object  658  may comprise any suitable elongated member including an electrical power cable or pipe. The objective of the task may be, for example, to pull the elongated member through a pathway, shown in phantom using a dashed line, that is defined, for example, by a conduit or raceway either underground, aboveground, in a building or otherwise. Upon completion of the installation, the tension data set can be downloaded as described above. If desired, tension monitoring arrangement  500  may transmit an electromagnetic signal  672  which may include, for example, real time tension values. Signal  672  may be received by an antenna  674  of a portable receiver  676 . The latter may include any suitable form of a display  678  for illustrating the tension value. Moreover, aural and/or visual warnings may be provided, if a maximum tension is about to be exceeded. 
   Attention is now directed to  FIG. 10  for purposes of further describing the broad range of tension monitoring tasks to which the tension monitoring arrangement of the present invention is well-suited. In particular, a crane  700  is diagrammatically illustrated having a lifting cable  702  wherein tension monitoring arrangement  500  is installed so as to be subjected to all lifting forces that are applied to a hook  704 . Again, tension data can be downloaded at the conclusion of a particular task. If desired, a receiver  706  may be located in a cab  708  of the crane for receiving transmitted data  672  from tension monitoring arrangement  500  so as to provide a crane operator (not shown) a real time display  712  of lifting force. 
   Since the system and apparatus of the present invention disclosed herein may be provided in a variety of different configurations and the associated method may be practiced in a variety of different ways, it should be understood that the present invention may be embodied in many other specific ways without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. For example, it is to be understood that the described apparatus and methods, are not limited to use in tension monitoring configurations, may be practiced in many other alternative and equivalent forms relating, for example, to offset compensation, resolving battery bounce conditions, as well as related reset considerations, data set protection and the use of a housing for power supply purposes with attendant advantages. Therefore, the present examples and methods are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention is not to be limited to the details given herein, but may be modified within the scope of the appended claims.