Abstract:
A system and method for providing context-appropriate information in a computer-user interaction. A method includes receiving, by a data processing system, a request object from a user in a user session, the request object associated with data requested by the user. The method includes initializing dynamic context data according to the request object and dynamically creating customized content based on the user, the user session, and a page flow of the user in the user session. The method includes sending the customized content to be displayed to the user.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/705,820, filed Feb. 15, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,650,478, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/284,015, filed Oct. 30, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,689,902, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed, in general, to an improved system and method for user interactions with computer systems and, more specifically, to a system and method for management of contextual information for a user interaction in a markup-language-based interface. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Electronically published documents are increasingly being made available using a general markup language. A markup language provides indications of structure of the document, but excludes streams of graphic display instructions, which are typically found in formatted documents. Markup languages are more portable between a variety of different machines that may use different graphic display commands. A commonly used markup language is the Standardized General Markup Language (SGML), an ISO standard. 
     Client-server computer systems for electronically publishing documents have also become increasingly available. Such a system typically includes one computer system (the server) on which documents are stored so that other computer systems (the clients) can access the information. The server and client communicate via messages conforming to a communication protocol sent over a communication channel such as a computer network. The server responds to messages from clients and processes requests to transmit a requested document. 
     An example of a client-server computer system for retrieval of electronically published documents that use a markup language is the World Wide Web (WWW or “web”) on the Internet. The WWW is a “web” of interconnected documents that are located in various sites on the Internet. Documents that are published on the WWW are written in the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) or Extensible Markup Language (XML). HTML documents stored as such are generally static, that is, the contents do not change over time unless the publisher modifies the document. 
     HTML is a markup language used for writing hypertext documents. HTML documents are SGML documents that conform to a particular Document Type Definition (DTD). An HTML document includes a hierarchical set of markup elements, where most elements have a start tag, followed by content, followed by an end tag. The content is a combination of text and nested markup elements. Tags are enclosed in angle brackets (‘&lt;’ and ‘&gt;’) and indicate how the document is structured and how to display the document, as well as destinations and labels for hypertext links. There are tags for markup elements such as titles, headers, text attributes such as bold and italic, lists, paragraph boundaries, links to other documents or other parts of the same document, in-line graphic images, and many other features. While there are differences between HTML, SGML, and XML languages, in this document, the term “HTML” will be used in a generic sense to refer to all markup-language-based documents, whether or not they are specifically written in HTML. 
     An Internet site which electronically publishes documents on the WWW is called a “Web site” and runs a “Web server,” which is a computer program that allows a computer on the network to make documents available via the WWW. The documents are often hypertext documents in the HTML or XML language, but may be other types of documents. 
     A user (typically using a machine other than the machine used by the Web server) accesses documents published on the WWW by using a client program called a “Web browser.” The Web browser allows the user to retrieve and display documents from Web servers. Two of the most popular Web browser programs are the Navigator browser from Netscape Communications, Corp., of Mountain View, Calif. and the Internet Explorer browser from Microsoft Corp. of Redmond, Wash. 
     The Web server and the Web browser communicate using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) message protocol and the underlying TCP/IP data transport protocol of the Internet. HTTP is described in Hypertext Transfer Protocol—HTTP/1.0 by T. Berners-Lee, R. T. Fielding, H. Frystyk Nielsen, Internet Draft Document, Dec. 19, 1994, and is currently in the standardization process. In HTTP, the Web browser establishes a connection to a Web server and sends an HTTP request message to the server. In response to an HTTP request message, the Web server checks for authorization, performs any requested action and returns an HTTP response message containing an HTML document resulting from the requested action, or an error message. For instance, to retrieve a static document, a Web browser sends an HTTP request message to the indicated Web server, requesting a document by its URL. The Web server then retrieves the document and returns it in an HTTP response message to the Web browser. If the document has hypertext links, then the user may again select a link to request that a new document be retrieved and displayed. As another example, if a user completes in a form requesting a database search, the Web browser sends an HTTP request message to the Web server including the name of the database to be searched and the search parameters and the URL of the search script. The Web server calls a program or script, passing in the search parameters. The program examines the parameters and attempts to answer the query, perhaps by sending a query to a database interface. When the program receives the results of the query, it constructs an HTML document that is returned to the Web server, which then sends it to the Web browser in an HTTP response message. 
     The terms “applet” and “servlet” are established terms in the Java programming language art and will be used herein, since the terms have meaning to those skilled in this art. “Applet” refers to an independent software module that runs within a Java-enabled web browser. Servlet refers to a software module that resides on a Java enabled web server. It is to be understood that the use of the terms “applet” and “servlet” herein is not intended to limit the invention in any way. For clarification, the phrase “configuration applet” is used herein to refer to a software module used to configure preferences for an end user software application such as a word processor, a database manager, etc. Since software applications are also “applets” in the Java environment, the phrase “user applet” or just “applet” is used herein to refer to an end user application. It should be understood, however, that within the context of this application, “applet” and “servlet” are used in a generic sense, and are not limited to Java-based systems or environments. 
     Common Gateway Interface (CGI) programs are an important part of the HTTP server function. CGI is a World Wide Web standard for extending HTML functionality. CGI processing typically involves the combination of a live Web server and external programming scripts or executables. In particular, CGI programs are typically used to return dynamic information and to respond to HTTP browser input in HTML forms. 
     While markup-language-based documents were originally developed for easy and universal access to documents over the web, currently many standalone computer applications and other documents are written to interact with the user in HTML, so that any user can access them using a standard web browser. As such, it has become increasingly important to provide the user with a robust and intelligent interaction via his web browser. To do so, the server system, whether remote or embodied in a local application, must be able to manage the user&#39;s navigation and use of the HTML documents in context. 
     The content and behavior of a web page within a complex application may depend upon a variety of contextual factors, including the privileges of the user, the software products installed, the sequence of pages shown previously in the browser window (i.e. page flow), and the data entered on these pages. A page flow dependency may extend multiple pages in the page flow. If a user is working in multiple browser windows, each has its own independent page flow, and therefore its own context. In addition, web browsers provide mechanisms such as “Back” and “Forward” buttons and menus of recently visited pages that allow a user to display a different page without interacting with the web server providing those pages. The page from which a new request is made is an important part of the page flow, and any mechanism for tracking the page flow context must function correctly even when these browser features are used. 
     Since a web server may concurrently serve a large number of users, scalability is also a concern. The amount of contextual data stored for each user must not grow too large. Since a user can in principle return at any time to a page previously displayed within the session, it is generally not safe to dispose of any contextual data until the session is ended. Contextual data could be written to disk, but this increases the complexity of the system and could affect performance. 
     Although servlets provide storage locations with a variety of scopes (page, request, session, and application), none of these is satisfactory by itself for page flow contextual data. The lifetime of this contextual data is longer than a single request. Storing it on the session threatens scalability since a page flow context must be stored for each page that has been sent to the user. Even when this is tolerable it is still necessary to identify which page flow context to use for any given request. 
     There is, therefore, a need in the art for a system and method for the unified management of contextual information for a user interaction in an HTML interface. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     To address the above-discussed deficiencies of the prior art, disclosed embodiments include an improved system and method for user interactions with computer systems. Disclosed embodiments include a system and method for management of contextual information for a user interaction in a markup-language-based interface. Disclosed embodiments include a system and method for providing context-appropriate information in a computer-user interaction. A method includes receiving, by a data processing system, a request object from a user in a user session, the request object associated with data requested by the user. The method includes initializing dynamic context data according to the request object and dynamically creating customized content based on the user, the user session, and a page flow of the user in the user session. The method includes sending the customized content to be displayed to the user. 
     Another embodiment provides a system and method for context management which addresses the above problems while isolating the context management functions from the other functional code found on the server system. The context management system includes a context manager component which stores and retrieves name-value pairs describing the context in which the current request is being processed. In doing so, three types of context data are distinguished: static, dynamic, and transient. The context manager stores context data regarding each of a user&#39;s sessions and page flows, and returns context data in response to requests from the server system. Using this context data, the server system can then interact with the user in a manner appropriate to the user&#39;s context. 
     The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention so that those skilled in the art may better understand the detailed description of the invention that follows. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter that form the subject of the claims of the invention. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that they may readily use the conception and the specific embodiment disclosed as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention in its broadest form. 
     Before undertaking the DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION below, it may be advantageous to set forth definitions of certain words or phrases used throughout this patent document: the terms “include” and “comprise,” as well as derivatives thereof, mean inclusion without limitation; the term “or” is inclusive, meaning and/or; the phrases “associated with” and “associated therewith,” as well as derivatives thereof, may mean to include, be included within, interconnect with, contain, be contained within, connect to or with, couple to or with, be communicable with, cooperate with, interleave, juxtapose, be proximate to, be bound to or with, have, have a property of, or the like; and the term “controller” means any device, system or part thereof that controls at least one operation, whether such a device is implemented in hardware, firmware, software or some combination of at least two of the same. It should be noted that the functionality associated with any particular controller may be centralized or distributed, whether locally or remotely. Definitions for certain words and phrases are provided throughout this patent document, and those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that such definitions apply in many, if not most, instances to prior as well as future uses of such defined words and phrases. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like numbers designate like objects, and in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of a client/server system in accordance with a disclosed embodiment; 
         FIG. 2  shows a block diagram of the software components of a context management system in accordance with a disclosed embodiment; and 
         FIG. 3  depicts a flowchart of a context-management process in accordance with a disclosed embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIGS. 1 through 3 , discussed below, and the various embodiments used to describe the principles of the present invention in this patent document are by way of illustration only and should not be construed in any way to limit the scope of the invention. Those skilled in the art will understand that the principles of the present invention may be implemented in any suitably arranged device. The numerous innovative teachings of the present application will be described with particular reference to the presently preferred embodiment. 
     Definitions: Following are short definitions of the usual meanings of some of the technical terms which are used in the present application. (However, those of ordinary skill will recognize whether the context requires a different meaning.) Additional definitions can be found in the standard technical dictionaries and journals.
         Static Data: Contextual data that has a duration longer than a single request and is independent of the page flow and the page from which a request is made.   Dynamic Data: Contextual data that has a duration longer than a single request and is dependent on the page flow and the page from which a request is made.   Transient Data: Contextual data that has a duration of only a single request.       

     The preferred embodiment provides a system and method for context management which addresses the above problems while isolating the context management functions from the other functional code found on the server system. The context management system includes a context manager component which stores and retrieves name-value pairs describing the context in which the current request is being processed. In doing so, three types of context data are distinguished: static, dynamic, and transient. The context manager stores context data regarding each of a user&#39;s sessions and page flows, and returns context data in response to requests from the server system. Using this context data, the server system can then interact with the user in a manner appropriate to the user&#39;s context. 
       FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of a client/server system in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 1  includes a server system  100  which communicates with a client system  120 . Server  100  can be implemented in any conventional data processing system, and will include processor  102  and storage  108 , which is a computer-readable medium. Server  100  can also optionally include keyboard  104  and mouse  106 , for user interaction with the server  100 , and display  110 . Server  100 , in this embodiment, is configured to communicate with client  120  by any of the many known methods, represented as communication  130 . Communication  130  can be over a local-area network, over the internet, via telephone lines, wireless, or any other known computer communications system. 
     In the preferred embodiment, the context management system described below is stored and executed on the server  100 , and is accessed by a user operating a web browser on client  120 . The server  100 , in the method described below, provides the web site content which is navigated by the user on client  120 . 
     In an alternate embodiment, however, the context management system described herein is stored and executed on the same system on which the user is browsing. This is the case where the user&#39;s system is acting as server  100 , and the user is locally accessing the HTML content being managed by the context management system. In this embodiment, the same computer system will be acting as both the server system and the client system. 
     In either case, the context management system can operate on the server either as an independent software application, or as a software component module within a single larger application. The context management system is accessed by other applications or modules, which otherwise manage the interaction with the user and the creation of HTML content according to the context data. 
       FIG. 2  shows a block diagram of the software components of a context management system in accordance with the preferred embodiment. Context management system  200  is active on one or more computer systems, which may be configured as network/internet servers, or as standalone systems; for sake of simplicity, this system will be referred to as the server system. 
     Context management system  200  consists of several different components executing or stored on the server system. The primary components, for the purposes of this application, are context manager  210  and servlet  220 . It should be noted that servlet  220  can be any type of functional code which interacts with the context manager  210 ; however, for the sake of clarity, this component will be referred to simply as “servlet” or “servlet  220 ” throughout this application. 
     Static context data  252  has a duration longer than a single request and is independent of the page flow and the page from which a request is made. It is typically constant throughout an entire user session although it can be changed and affects the entire user session when this occurs. Browser actions such as Back, Forward, and New Window must not affect the validity of any static data. The context manager  210  stores its static context data  252  in the session object  250  provided by the servlet  220 . Since the amount of static data is generally stable throughout a user session, the scalability concerns are manageable for static data. The amount of static data does not grow each time a user visits a new page. 
     Dynamic context data  242  has a duration which is longer than a single request and is dependent on the page flow and the page from which a request is made. The dynamic context data  212  may change as a result of browser actions such as Back and Forward, and each browser window may have a different dynamic context. To satisfy this requirement, dynamic context data elements  212  are not stored on the session object. Instead, they are stored by the context manager  210 , then passed to the servlet  220  with other static/dynamic/transient context values  226 , or in a dynamic context string  224 . The servlet  220  then generates a new HTML page  260  which includes the dynamic context from static/dynamic/transient context values  226 , in the preferred embodiment, as a dynamic context string  264 . Dynamic context string  264  is then used for either hidden page elements  262  in an HTML form, or parameter string in HTML links. 
     Dynamic context string  242  represents the way in which dynamic context data is stored between requests, while dynamic context data  212  is the in-memory representation of dynamic context while processing a single request. 
     Typically, as the user navigates the web pages with his web browser, the browser will send a new request object  240  with each browser interaction. The servlet will determine the context data from the browser interaction, and send it to the context manager for handling. For each request object  240 , the context manager  210  initializes its dynamic context data  212  from the dynamic context string  242 . The request object  240  does not itself change the user&#39;s context, it merely provides the dynamic context data  212  that was stored earlier when a link/form was generated. 
     The request object  240  never causes transient context data  214  to be set. Changes to the dynamic context data  212  and transient context data  214  are only at the direct request of the servlet  220  via set context data requests  222 . It should be noted that the state of any context data variable can be changed if needed without reference to or dependency upon the systems or processes making use of that variable. In this way, an application can make changes in state without affecting every component. 
     The context manager  210  does not itself place context information onto HTML page  260 ; it just packages the context data as static/dynamic/transient context values  226 , or in a dynamic context string  224 , and provides it when the servlet  220  sends a set/get context data request  222 . The name-value pairs for the dynamic context data  212  are assembled into a URL-style dynamic context string  224 , which is encoded so that it can be set as the value of a single hidden form field or URL parameter. It should be noted that the servlet  220  uses set/get context data  212  for manipulation and access to all three types of context data, making the disclosed system a truly unified approach to context management. Further, it should be clear that static/dynamic/transient context values  226  are provided only in response to get context data requests  222  for use by the servlet, and have no direct connection to HTML page  260 . 
     When servlet  220  or other functional code on the server system must make a decision based upon the value of a dynamic context data element  212 , it requests the data from the context manager  210 , typically using a set/get context data command  222 . The context manager  210  examines the current request for a hidden field or a parameter containing the dynamic context data string  242 . If one is found, the context manager decodes and unpacks the string to obtain the value. The unpacked context data  212  is saved in the context manager  210  to make subsequent requests for context data more efficient. If a user goes backward in their browser and submits a form from an earlier page, the dynamic context data string  242  in the request will be derived from that form as is required. The same applied to users submitting forms from multiple browser windows. 
     Transient context data  214  has duration of only a single request. Transient context data elements  214  are stored internal to the context manager  210  for subsequent access during the same request in which they are set. They are not placed on the session object  250  nor on any HTML page  260  sent to the browser. Although transient data elements can be placed on the request object  240  instead of in the context manager  210 , it is convenient to have a single place for maintaining all context data, including the transient context data  214 . 
     To further insulate servlet  220  from context management, servlet  220  need not know whether a context data element is static, dynamic, or transient. The context manager  210  reads configuration data that defines the context elements and their type. Servlet  220  just requests access to a desired context element, and the context manager  210  takes care of retrieving or storing the data in a way that guarantees the appropriate lifetime for the data. The set of context elements handled by the context manager  210  can be manually configured, by changing the context manager configuration data  230 , to meet the requirements of the server system. 
       FIG. 3  depicts a flowchart of a context-management process in accordance with the preferred embodiment. It should be noted that the process shown in  FIG. 3  includes several sub-processes, such as storing, classifying, and retrieving context variables, which can be performed independently. As such, this particular flow is exemplary, and many steps or sets of steps can be performed in different orders, and can be performed independently of other steps. 
     In this example, when a user interacts with a web page which is running a context-manager-enabled servlet (step  305 ), the servlet asks the context manager for the context value associated with Name 1  (step  310 ; the context manager is noted as “CM” in  FIG. 3 , Name 1  is an exemplary context variable). The context manager examines its configuration data to determine the context data type for Name 1  (step  315 ). 
     If Name 1  is static, the context manager returns a value from the static context data stored in the session (step  320 ). If Name 1  is transient, the context manager returns a value from its internally stored transient data (step  325 ). If Name 1  is dynamic, the context manager loads the context data from the current request if not already loaded. It decodes and parses the data, storing it internally. It then returns a value from that internal data (step  330 ). In all three cases, if the Name 1  has no associated value, null is returned. 
     Next, Servlet asks the context manager to store a value for another variable, Name 2 , still in the same user request (step  335 ). The context manager examines its configuration data and sets the value into the static, dynamic or transient state (step  340 ). 
     While generating the output HTML, still the same request, the servlet asks the context manager for dynamic context string to store on the page (step  345 ). The context manager packs the full dynamic context into a string and returns the string (step  350 ). 
     The servlet uses the context data to dynamically create a new HTML page (step  355 ). By using the data from the context manager, the new HTML page is specifically appropriate to that user, that session, and the user&#39;s current page flow. Finally, the new HTML page is sent to the user (step  360 ), and the context management server system will then await the next user interaction (step  365 ). 
     Those skilled in the art will recognize that, for simplicity and clarity, the full structure and operation of all data processing systems suitable for use with the present invention is not being depicted or described herein. Instead, only so much of a data processing system as is unique to the present invention or necessary for an understanding of the present invention is depicted and described. The remainder of the construction and operation of system  100  may conform to any of the various current implementations and practices known in the art. 
     It is important to note that while the present invention has been described in the context of a fully functional system, those skilled in the art will appreciate that at least portions of the mechanism of the present invention are capable of being distributed in the form of a instructions contained within a machine usable medium in any of a variety of forms, and that the present invention applies equally regardless of the particular type of instruction or signal bearing medium utilized to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of machine usable mediums include: nonvolatile, hard-coded type mediums such as read only memories (ROMs) or erasable, electrically programmable read only memories (EEPROMs), user-recordable type mediums such as floppy disks, hard disk drives and compact disk read only memories (CD-ROMs) or digital versatile disks (DVDs), and transmission type mediums such as digital and analog communication links. 
     Although an exemplary embodiment of the present invention has been described in detail, those skilled in the art will understand that various changes, substitutions, variations, and improvements of the invention disclosed herein may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention in its broadest form. 
     None of the description in the present application should be read as implying that any particular element, step, or function is an essential element which must be included in the claim scope: the scope of patented subject matter is defined only by the allowed claims. Moreover, none of these claims are intended to invoke paragraph six of 35 USC §112 (pre-America Invents Act) or 35 USC §112(f) (post-America Invents Act) unless the exact words “means for” are followed by a participle.