Abstract:
Airbag inflators employ gas generating compositions formed from a mixture of fuels and a mixture of oxidizers and preferably mica at levels of 1 to 5% by weight. The gas generant composition contains a primary and secondary fuel. The primary fuel is a guanidine compound, preferably guanidine nitrate. The secondary fuel is selected from tetrazoles, triazoles and mixtures thereof at levels of 5% by weight or less of the total gas generant composition. The oxidizer system is a mixture of at least two components selected from the group consisting of transition metal oxides, alkali metal nitrates and alkaline earth metal nitrates. The novel gas generants yield inflating gases having a reduced content of undesirable gases such as nitrous oxides and carbon monoxide.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present invention generally relates to novel gas generating compositions used for inflating occupant safety restraints in motor vehicles. More specifically, this invention relates to airbag inflators employing gas generants that have increased gas conversion, lower bad gas production at lower temperatures and pressures, than the prior art gas generants. The novel gas generants according to the invention produce combustion products having acceptable levels of undesirable substances, such as slag. Further, the invention allows for smaller inflator designs, as less generant mass is required to inflate the airbag and the lower combustion temperatures lessen damage to the airbag. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Inflatable occupant restraint devices for motor vehicles have been under development worldwide for many years. Gas generating compositions for inflating the occupant restraint devices have also been under development for many years and numerous patents have been granted thereon. Because the inflating gases produced by the gas generants must meet strict toxicity requirements, most, if not all gas generants now in use, are based on alkali or alkaline earth metal azides. Sodium azides have been a preferred fuel for gas generant compositions as they react with oxidizing agents to form a relatively non-toxic gas consisting primarily of nitrogen; however there are problems with azide based generants. 
         [0003]    A major problem associated with azide based gas generants is the extreme toxicity of the azide itself. The toxicity of the azide based generants makes their use inherently difficult and relatively expensive. In addition, the potential hazard and disposal problems of unfired inflation devices containing azide based generants must be considered. 
         [0004]    In contrast the non-azide based gas generants (i.e., guanidine nitrate and 5-aminotetrazole) provide significant advantages over the azide based gas generants with respect to hazards during manufacture and disposal. Unfortunately, the non-azide based gas generants heretofore known produce unacceptably high levels of undesirable noxious substances upon combustion. The most difficult undesirable gases to control are nitrous oxide and carbon monoxide. An additional problem associated with the prior art non-azide based gas generants is the significantly higher combustion temperature relative to the azide based generants. 
         [0005]    The relatively high levels of nitrous oxide and carbon monoxide produced by the prior art non-azide gas generants is due, in part, to the relatively high combustion temperatures typically exhibited by the non-azide gas generants. For example, the combustion temperature of a sodium azide/iron oxide composition (as the only two components) can range from about 1,200 to about 1,900 degrees Celsius (1,473 to 2,173° K), while the non-azide gas generants exhibit combustion temperatures as high as 2,800 degrees Celsius (3,073° K). Those skilled in the art understand that utilizing lower energy fuels to reduce the combustion temperature is ineffective because the lower energy fuels do not provide a sufficiently high rate of gas generation, or burn rate, for use in vehicle restraint systems. Adequate burn rate of the gas generant is required to ensure that the airbag system will operate readily and properly. 
         [0006]    The aforementioned problems are solved by the present invention which relates to gas generant fuel systems that contain primary and secondary fuel components, mica and a limitation on the amount of the secondary fuel. The fuel system can be from about 40 to 70% by weight of the total gas generant. The primary fuel is selected from the group consisting of guanidine compounds. The secondary fuel is selected from tetrazole and/or triazole compounds. The gas generant of the present invention also contains an oxidizer system that consists of at least one and preferably at least two components selected from the group consisting of transition metal oxides, alkali metal nitrates and alkaline earth metal nitrates. The inventive gas generant may also contain excipients, processing aides and other compatible additives. In a most preferred embodiment the gas generant contains from 1 to about 5% by weight of the total fuel composition is mica. The gas generants of this invention produce inflating gases at a desired high burn rate while reducing the production of toxic and/or undesired gases. 
       BACKGROUND ART 
       [0007]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,467,715 teaches a gas generant composition comprising between about 20 and about 40 wt. % of fuel, said fuel comprising a tetrazole and/or triazole compound at between about 50 and about 85 wt. % of said fuel and a water soluble fuel at between 15 and about 50 wt. % of said fuel. U.S. Pat. No. 5,467,715 also teaches that up to about 5 wt. %, typically 0.2 to 5 wt. % of a processing aid or binder is employed in the formation of pellets. This processing aid is selected from materials known to be useful for this purpose, including molybdenum disulfide, graphite, nitrocellulose, polyvinylpyrolidone, sodium silicate, zinc stearate, talc, mica, minerals and others known to those skilled in the art. 
         [0008]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,139,588 discloses a gas generating composition comprising: (1) a non-azide fuel; (2) an oxygen containing oxidizer; (3) an alkaline metal salt of an inorganic or organic acid such as 5-aminotetrazole; and (4) a low temperature slag forming material selected from clays, talcs and silica. The nonazide gas generant uses tetrazoles or tetrazole salts as the fuel and nitrogen source. The unique feature of the invention disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,139,588 is the novel use of oxidizers and additives resulting in solid combustion products which coalesce into easily filtered slag or clinkers. 
         [0009]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,059 discloses gas generating compositions that contain anhydrous 5-amino tetrazole, its salts, its complexes, and mixtures thereof as the fuel. The oxidizer mixtures comprise a metal oxide or metal hydroxide, namely cupric oxide, and a supplemental oxidizer selected from the group of metal nitrates, metal nitrites, metal chlorates, metal perchlorates, metal peroxides, ammonium nitrate, ammonium perchlorate, and mixtures thereof. From the examples, in this reference, it is apparent that burning rates for these compositions varied greatly with the highest reported as being 0.986 in/s (inches per second or 2.465 cm per second) @ 1117 psi (pounds per square inch) or 79.08 Kg per sq. cm) as seen in Table 3 of this reference. Flame temperatures, listed in Table 4, were only given for a select few compositions. They ranged from 1576 to 1972° K. Gas yield (wt %) was also reported on the same select few compositions and are low ranging from only 34 to 45%. 
         [0010]    In contrast, the present invention discloses compositions with higher burning rates and gas yields with guanidine nitrate being the preferred primary fuel and 5-amino tetrazole being the preferred secondary fuel. Cupric oxide is utilized as an oxidizer at between 2 to 10% by weight of the total gas generating composition, while the major oxidizer comprising a mixture of strontium and potassium nitrates. Burning rates for the present invention are about 1.02 in/s (2.59 cm per second) @ 1000 psi (70.8 Kg per sq. cm) and the combustion chamber temperature is around 2100° K. Gas conversions for the present inventive gas generants are above 73 wt %. Gas yields are in excess of 2.85 moles/100 g generant. 
         [0011]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,132,537 discloses gas generant compositions that comprise a co-fuel system of guanidine nitrate and a heterocyclic organic acid, namely cyanuric acid. The oxidizer system comprises a mixture of cupric oxide, basic copper nitrate, and potassium perchlorate with at least 20% by wt. being one or more transition metal oxides. Burning rates for the compositions disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,132,537 were not revealed. Combustion chamber temperatures were calculated to be 1683° K. Theoretical gas yield for the compositions disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,132,537 using the June, 1988 version of PEP (Propellant Evaluation Program) was calculated to be only 2.34 moles/100 g generant. 
         [0012]    The present invention, in a preferred embodiment, discloses a fuel system of guanidine nitrate and 5-amino tetrazole. The preferred oxidizer system comprises at least one and preferably at least two compounds selected from the group consisting of cupric oxide, alkali metal nitrates and alkaline-earth metal nitrates. The alkali metal nitrates and alkaline-earth metal nitrates do not produce undesirable chloride salts, as does the potassium perchlorate found in the prior art compositions. 
         [0013]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,893,517 discloses gas generating compositions that comprise at least one nitrogen-containing organic fuel, namely guanidine nitrate and a further fuel, nitroguanidine. The oxidizer is potassium perchlorate and the composition incorporates a combustion moderator selected from the transition metal oxides, namely cupric oxide. Burning rates referenced in Table 2 of the patent range from 30.8 to 46.2 mm/s @ 200 bar. Using the provided pressure exponent referenced in the same table, this translates to a burning rate of 0.82 to 1.40 in/s @ 1000 psi. Theoretical combustion temperatures for these compositions, also referenced in Table 2, range from 2377 to 2462° K. This is quite high for gas generator compositions used in airbags as such temperatures can damage the fabric of the air bag. Theoretical gas conversions are found in Table 2 and range from 78.44 to 81.32%. 
         [0014]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,756,929 discloses a gas generant composition containing at least one high nitrogen non-azide fuel selected from the group consisting of guanidine nitrate, aminoguanidine nitrate, guanidine perchlorate, and guanidine picrate; and a secondary fuel of diammonium bitetrazole. 
         [0015]    In contrast, the present invention discloses a gas generant fuel system that contains primary and secondary fuel components. The fuel system can be from about 40 to 70% by weight of the total gas generant. The primary fuel is selected from the group consisting of guanidine compounds. The secondary fuel is selected from tetrazole and/or triazole compounds. The gas generant of the present invention also contains an oxidizer system that consists of at least one and preferably at least two components selected from the group consisting of transition metal oxides, alkali metal nitrates, alkaline earth metal nitrates. The inventive gas generant of this invention preferably contains excipients, processing aides and other compatible additives. The most preferred excipient is mica. The gas generants of this invention produce inflation gases at a desired high burn rate while reducing the production of toxic and/or undesired gases. 
         [0016]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,765,866 discloses a gas generating compositions formed from a fuel, one or more oxidizers and mica. The mica content is greater than 5 and less than 25 wt. % of the total gas generating composition. U.S. Pat. No. 5,765,866 provides a good discussion of mica and the testing procedures used for gas generating compositions. U.S. Pat. No. 5,765,866 also teaches how the gas generant composition is incorporated into an airbag inflator. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0017]    The present invention discloses a gas generant comprising a fuel system, in a preferred embodiment, comprising guanidine nitrate and 5-amino tetrazole. The oxidizer system, in a preferred embodiment, comprises a transition metal oxide, namely cupric oxide in the range of 2 to 10% by weight of the oxidizer system and the balance is comprised of alkali metal nitrates and/or alkaline-earth metal nitrates. In the most preferred embodiment, the gas generant contains mica. 
         [0018]    The alkali metal nitrates and alkaline-earth metal nitrates do not produce the undesirable chloride salts in the gas generated, as does the perchlorates of the prior art compositions. Burning rates for the present invention are typically about 1.02 in/s @ 1000 psi and the combustion chamber temperatures are about 2100° K. Gas conversions for the present invention are unexpectedly high, generally above about 73 wt. %. A primary advantage of the new gas generant compositions of this invention is that reduced levels of toxic and/or undesirable gases are produced. Further, the airbag inflator, charged with the gas generant of this invention can be of reduced weight and size. 
         [0019]    Thus, there is disclosed an airbag inflator comprising: 
         [0020]    (a) a metal housing; and 
         [0021]    (b) a gas generant inside the metal housing, the gas generant comprising: 
         [0022]    (i) greater than 1 and less than 5 wt. % mica; 
         [0023]    (ii) a primary fuel selected from the group consisting of guanidine compounds; 
         [0024]    (iii) a secondary fuel at levels of less than 5% by weight selected from the group consisting of tetrazoles, triazoles and mixtures thereof; 
         [0025]    (iv) an oxidizer system comprising at least two compounds selected from the group consisting of transition metal oxides, alkali metal nitrates and alkaline earth metal nitrates. 
         [0026]    In a preferred embodiment the airbag inflator contains a gas generant that comprises guanidine nitrate as the primary fuel and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of 5-amino tetrazole, bitetrazole, 3-nitro-1,2,4-thiazol-5-one and mixtures thereof as the secondary fuel. 
         [0027]    In a most preferred embodiment the present invention provides a gas generant composition consisting of: 
         [0028]    (a) 45 to 55 weight % guanidine nitrate; 
         [0029]    (b) 30 to 35 weight % strontium nitrate; 
         [0030]    (c) 2 to 10 weight % cupric oxide; 
         [0031]    (d) 2 to 10 weight % potassium nitrate; 
         [0032]    (e) 1 to 5 weight % 5-amino tetrazole; 
         [0033]    (f) 1 to 5 weight % boron nitride; 
         [0034]    (g) 1 to 5 weight % mica; and 
         [0035]    (h) processing aids selected from the group consisting of tetrazoles, triazoles and mixtures thereof; 
         [0036]    (iv) an oxidizer system comprising at least two compounds selected from the group consisting of transition metal oxides, alkali metal nitrates and alkaline earth metal nitrates. 
         [0037]    The inventive airbag inflator contains a gas generant that is (a) 40-70 wt. % of said primary and secondary fuels; and (b) 30-70 wt. % of said oxidizer system. In one embodiment the primary fuel is selected from the group consisting of guanidine nitrate, nitroguanidine, aminoguanidine nitrate, diaminoguanidine nitrate, triaminoguanidine nitrate and mixtures thereof. In a preferred embodiment the primary fuel is guanidine nitrate and the secondary fuel is 5-amino tetrazole and the oxidizer system comprises potassium nitrate, copper oxide and strontium nitrate. More specifically, the potassium nitrate is 5-10 wt. % of said generant and the strontium nitrate is 40-50 wt. % of said generant. Mica is preferably present at from about 1 to about 5 wt. % of the total gas generant. The gas generant may also contain processing aids known to those of skill in the art. Boron nitride is a preferred processing aid. 
         [0038]    In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a gas generant composition comprising; a) a primary and secondary fuel, said primary fuel is a guanidine compound ranging from about 40 to 60% by weight, more preferably from 45 to 55% by wt. of the total gas generant composition and said secondary fuel is a tetrazole or triazole ranging from about 2 to 15% by weight, more preferably from 2 to 10% by wt. of the gas generant composition; b) an oxidizer system comprising at least two components, said oxidizer system ranging from about 30 to 70% by weight of said gas generant composition, wherein said oxidizer system consists of (i) a transition-metal oxide ranging from about 2 to 15% by weight, more preferably from 2 to 10% by wt. of the gas generant composition; and (ii) an alkali metal nitrate, an alkaline-earth metal nitrate, or mixtures thereof, wherein said alkali metal nitrate, alkaline-earth metal nitrate or mixtures thereof range from about 30 to 50% by weight of the gas generant composition; c) from 1 to 5 wt. % mica; and d) from 0 to 5% by weight of the gas generant composition of a processing additive. In a preferred embodiment the processing aid is boron nitride, the transition-metal oxide is cupric oxide, the alkali metal nitrate is potassium nitrate, and the alkaline-earth metal nitrate is strontium nitrate. 
         [0039]    In yet another embodiment, the secondary fuel is selected from the group consisting of 5-amino tetrazole, bitetrazole, 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one, and mixtures thereof. Most preferred is 5-amino tetrazole. The primary fuel is selected from the group consisting of guanidine nitrate, nitroguanidine, aminoguanidine nitrate, diaminoguanidine nitrate, triaminoguanidine nitrate, and mixtures thereof. The most preferred primary fuel is guanidine nitrate. 
         [0040]    There is further disclosed a gas generant composition comprising: (a) 45 to 55 weight % guanidine nitrate; (b) 30 to 35 weight % strontium nitrate; (c) 2 to 10 weight % cupric oxide; (d) 2 to 10 weight % potassium nitrate; (e) 2 to 10 weight % 5-amino tetrazole; (f) 0 to 5 weight % boron nitride; and (g) 1 to 5 weight % mica; and (h) processing aids. 
         [0041]    The novel gas generant composition the invention assists in the production of a gas that is low in particulate matter after filtration and toxic and/or undesirable gases. Also, the generant compositions and the airbag inflators of this invention are easily prepared. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0042]      FIG. 1  is a side view of an exemplary airbag inflator useful with the gas generant compositions of the present invention. 
           [0043]      FIG. 2  is a cross section of the airbag inflator of  FIG. 1  taken along line  2 - 2 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0044]    Processing aids, such as silicon dioxide, may be used in the present invention. Those skilled in the art understand that depending upon the particular oxidizers and fuels utilized, certain processing aids have beneficial properties over others. Representative of processing aids useful in the present invention are silica TS-530 made by the Cabot Corporation of Tuscola, Ill., U.S.A. 
         [0045]    The oxidizer system useful in the composition of the present invention consists of at least two components, ranging from 30 to 70% by weight of the total gas generant, wherein said oxidizer system consists of a transition metal oxide; and alkali metal nitrates, alkaline earth metal nitrates and mixtures thereof. Representative of the alkaline earth metal nitrates useful in the present invention include strontium nitrate. The preferred oxidizer system of the present invention is a mixture of strontium nitrate, potassium nitrate and cupric oxide. 
         [0046]    Mica is also useful in the gas generant compositions of the present invention. Mica is a name for a group of complex crystalline hydrous aluminum silicate minerals constructed of extremely thin cleavage flakes and characterized by near perfect basal cleavage, and a high degree of flexibility, elasticity, and toughness. The various micas, although structurally similar, vary in chemical composition. The properties of mica derive from the periodicity of weak chemical bonding alternating with strong bonding. Representative of the minerals of the mica group are muscovite, phlogopite, biotite, lepidolite and others such as fluorophlogopite. In general, the silicon to aluminum ratio is about 3:1. Any naturally occurring mica is useful in the gas generant composition of the present invention. However, those micas containing halogen atoms such as lepidolite and fluorophlogopite are not preferred. The presence of halogen atoms in certain of the mica group minerals may result in the production of combustion gases containing undesirable halogen ions. The mica useful in the composition employed with the airbag inflators of the present invention is typically ground mica having a particle size ranging from 2 to 100 microns. This ground mica is also often referred to as flake mica. In the present invention mica with a particle size in the range of 2-25 microns is preferred. 
         [0047]    The gas generant composition according to this invention may optionally contain up to about 3 wt. %, typically between about 1 and about 2 wt. %, of a catalyst. Those of skill in the art are aware of the catalysts that are useful in gas generant compositions. 
         [0048]    Incorporation of the gas generants according to the present invention into an airbag inflator is within the skill of the artisan. In general, the gas generant is ignited by heat generated by a booster composition and the resulting chemical reaction generates gas which passes through a knitted wire annular filter and then through a perforated annular tube. A knitted wire cushion is used to protect the gas generant pellets. 
         [0049]    An autoignition substance is in close proximity to the booster composition. The autoignition substance is a composition that will spontaneously ignite at a preselected temperature and thereby ignite the booster composition that will then ignite the gas generate. 
       EXAMPLE I 
     Preparation of Gas Generant 
       [0050]    A one Kg batch of each of seven gas generant compositions was formulated according to Table I below. The compositions were prepared by initially mixing all the components, except for the 5-aminotetrazole (5-AT), in a batch-type vibratory grinder (Sweco) for 120 minutes. The mica used was Micro Mica  3000  (muscovite) obtained from the Charles B. Crystal Co., Inc. of New York, N.Y., U.S.A. It was finely divided mica having a bulk density of about 12.4 lbs/cubic foot and a specific gravity of about 2.8. The 5-AT was then added to the grinder and the mixture was ground for an additional 120 minutes. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE I 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ingredient Wt. % 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Guanidine Nitrate 
                 40 
                 45 
                 47 
                 47 
                 52 
                 52 
                 52 
               
               
                 Strontium Nitrate 
                 34 
                 34 
                 34 
                 32 
                 31 
                 32 
                 32 
               
               
                 Cupric Oxide 
                 9 
                 7 
                 6 
                 6 
                 5 
                 4 
                 3 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 5-Amino Tetrazole 
                 10 
                 7 
                 6 
                 5 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 Boron Nitride 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 Mica 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0051]    The mixture was then placed in a plough-type mixer and about 15% by wt. water was added to form agglomerate that was then passed through a granulator with an 8 mesh screen. 
         [0052]    The granules were placed on a tray and dried at 120° C. in an explosion proof oven for about 3 hours. The water content after drying was between 0.5 and 1% by weight. The dried granules were then passed through the granulator using a 20 mesh screen. The samples were then pelletized with a rotary pellet press. The pellets were about 5 mm in diameter, 1.2 mm high, weighed about 51 to 53 mg each. 
         [0053]    About 43 gms of the formed pellets from each Formulation were then loaded into steel inflators. The assembled inflators containing the various gas generants were evaluated in a 100 cubic foot test tank fitted with equipment to record the pressure and time profile of the combustion and to analyze the gases exiting the inflator. The 100 cubic foot test is designed to simulate the interior volume of the standard automobile. Gas analysis and particulate analysis is also possible using this test. The test equipment consisted of a 100 cubic foot steel chamber containing a steering wheel simulator. To the chamber was attached a vacuum pump, a bubble flow meter, filters and a FT/IR gas analyzer (spectrophotometer). The inflator was attached to the simulated steering wheel assembly within the chamber, the chamber was sealed and the gas generant ignited. Gas samples were analyzed using an FTIR spectrometer at zero time and at 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 minute intervals from ignition. Airborne particulate production can also be measured using the 100 cubic foot test chamber by filtering post-ignition air from the chamber through a fine filter and measuring the weight gained by the filter. 
         [0054]    Table II sets forth the data collected for Formulations 1 through 7. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE II 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Moles gas/100 gm 
                 2.81 
                 2.88 
                 2.92 
                 2.87 
                 2.93 
                 2.94 
                 2.94 
               
               
                 Conversion, % 
                 71.62 
                 73.29 
                 74.09 
                 72.98 
                 74.13 
                 74.57 
                 74.42 
               
               
                 Flame Temp., °Kelvin 
                 2111 
                 2095 
                 2086 
                 2029 
                 2000 
                 2016 
                 2001 
               
               
                 Burn Rate in/s @ 1100 psi 
                 1.06 
                 1.15 
                 1.13 
                 0.79 
                 0.56 
                 0.58 
                 0.55 
               
               
                 (cm/s) 
                 (2.69) 
                 (2.92) 
                 (2.87) 
                 (2.01) 
                 (1.42) 
                 (1.47) 
                 (1.40) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0055]    These results indicate that the formulations according to the present invention have a much lower flame or exhaust temperature than the controls, Formulations 1-3. The gas analysis also demonstrated a much lower production of noxious gases such as ammonia and nitrous oxide for Formulations 4-7. Table III sets forth the results of the gas analysis for Formulations 1 AND 4-7. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE III 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Gas Component ppm* 
                 1 1   
                 4 2   
                 5 2   
                 6 2   
                 7 2   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 CO 
                 294 
                 179 
                 152 
                 105 
                 135 
               
               
                 NO 
                 16 
                 12 
                 10 
                 18 
                 12 
               
               
                 NO 2   
                 0.7 
                 1.0 
                 1.1 
                 0.6 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 NH 3   
                 25 
                 16 
                 14 
                 7 
                 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *100 ft. 3  or about 2.8 m 3   
               
               
                   1 Actual data 
               
               
                   2 Projections based on data from Formulation 1 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0056]    This information clearly supports the advancement to the state of the art that the present invention provides. The projected values for CO, NO and ammonia for the inventive gas generant are substantially less than the actual values for a generant that contains no mica and higher levels of 5-AT. In fact, Formulation 6 easily meets the USCAR(SAE/USCAR-24) requirements for CO, NO, NO 2  and ammonia gas generation. 
         [0057]    Without being held to any particular theory or mechanism, it is believed that the combination of less than 5% by weight mica and 5% by weight or less of a tetrazole and/or triazole provides the advantages presently described. Further, it is believed that the fuel component comprises a major portion of a guanidine compound in combination with a tetrazole and/or triazole fuel also provides substantial benefits. 
         [0058]    Flame temperatures below about 2000 degrees Kelvin do not require the treatment of the fabric of the airbag. This treatment of the airbag is a problem that those skilled in the art are acutely aware of. Foregoing treatment of the airbag will reduce costs, which is important to the automotive industry. 
         [0059]    The presence of mica produces a cleaner effluent than Formulations 1, 2 and 3. The results for Samples 1, 2 and 3 are not significantly different from each other; however, they are significantly different from the results produced by Formulations 4-7. This data supports the benefits of a gas generant according to the present invention. 
       EXAMPLE II 
       [0060]    In this experiment, a higher level of mica is used to demonstrate that the level of mica is important to the multi-fuel gas generant of the present invention. The level of components of Formulation 7 are used except that the level of guanidine nitrate is 50% by weight, the level of strontium nitrate is 31% by weight and the level of mica is 7% by weight. 
         [0061]    The results from this experiment will evidence levels (presently calculated) of CO at 150 ppm, NO AT 15 ppm, NO 2  at 1.6 ppm and ammonia at 13 ppm. These values are all above the USCAR limits for driver inflators. This experiment will demonstrate that the level of mica should not exceed about 5% by weight. 
         [0062]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , there is shown a side view of an exemplary vehicle airbag inflator  10  that can employ the new gas generant compositions disclosed herein. A mounting plate  11  is used to attach the inflator to a steering wheel, instrument panel or other suitable location in the vehicle. When a gas generant inside the airbag inflator is burned it generates gasses that exit the inflator via apertures  12  in the metal inflator housing  13 . 
         [0063]    Referring to  FIG. 2  there is shown a cross section of the airbag inflator of  FIG. 1  taken along line  2 - 2  of  FIG. 1 . The airbag inflator  10  is activated by a signal from a crash sensor if a crash of sufficient magnitude to require activation of the inflator  10  is sensed. The activation signal closes an electrical circuit or initiates a firing signal, that activates an initiator such as a squib  24 , which ignites a booster composition  15 , which in turn ignites the gas generating composition  16  according to the present invention. The igniter assembly  22  comprising the squib  24  and two electrodes is attached to the inflator housing through any useful means and is preferably attached via a weld. As used herein, a “squib” is understood to be an electrical device having two electrodes insulated from one another and connected by a bridge wire. The bridge wire is preferably embedded in one or more layers of a pyrotechnic composition that gives a flash of heat of sufficient intensity to ignite the booster composition  15 . Any suitable booster composition  15  may be employed. It is understood that various electrical, electronic, mechanical and electromechanical initiators known in the art, such as a stab initiator, can be used in the present invention. 
         [0064]    The gas generant  16  of the present invention is ignited by the heat generated by the booster composition  15  and the resulting chemical reaction generates gas, which passes through a knitted wire annular filter  26  and then through perforated annular tube  17 . The knitted wire filter  26  and the perforated tube  17  are preferably made of stainless steel but low carbon steel may be employed. A knitted wire cushion  18  is used to protect the gas generant pellets. Backup ring  19  holds the wire cushion  18  and the wire filter  26  in places. 
         [0065]    The combustion gases, after passing through knitted wire filter  26  and the perforated tube  17 , enter an annular chamber  25 . Apertures  12  in the housing  13  are sealed with stainless steel burst foil  20 . When the pressure inside the chamber  25  exceeds a given value, the foil  20  ruptures and the gases escape the inflator  10  through apertures  12  which then inflate an airbag (not shown). 
         [0066]    An autoignition substance  21  is in close proximity to the booster composition  15 . The autoignition substance  21  is a composition, which will spontaneously ignite at a preselected temperature and thereby ignite the booster composition  15  which will then ignite the gas generate  16 . The gas generants of the present invention may react in a much more violent manner if the ambient temperature is elevated, so it is desirable to ignite the gas generant before such a violent reaction can occur. An autoignition retainer  23  secures the autoignition substance  21  against the interior wall of the metal housing  13  to assure that proper heat transfer occurs for the ignition of the autoignition substance  21  at the desired temperature. 
         [0067]    It is understood that the airbag inflator represented in the drawings and described herein is merely representative and that an airbag inflator according to the present invention has a metal housing containing a gas generant of the new formulations disclosed herein. 
         [0068]    The automotive industry may require in the future that gas generants produce restricted levels of various reaction products. The gas generants of the present invention as claimed will be able to meet these standards. 
       INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
       [0069]    The automotive industry is constantly searching for gas generants that produce reduced levels of undesirable gases and provides for savings in the production of airbags. The industry is also in need of gas generants that do not use azide based generants to avoid the problems associated with azide toxicity. Thus, the use of a dual non-azide fuel system and a dual oxidizer system, preferably with 1-5 weight % of mica, will address the needs of the industry and promote the use of non-azide fuels. 
         [0070]    Although the present invention has been disclosed in connection with a few preferred embodiments thereof, variations and modifications may be chosen by those skilled in the art without departing from the principles of the invention. All of these variations and modifications are considered to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention as disclosed in the foregoing description and defined by the appended claims.