Abstract:
An LED light bulb with integrated power supply, and which may incorporate integrated communications and processing functions. The LED light bulb is designed to be efficiently manufactured in mass quantities using automated assembly techniques, and is constructed to exhibit the spatial light pattern of a regular incandescent bulb as closely as possible. Where communications and processing functions are integrated, the LED light bulb is able to communicate via wireless communications to a mobile phone, notebook, tablet, or other computing device.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/779,586 entitled “LED Light Bulb Construction and Manufacture,” filed on 13 Mar. 2013, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    This disclosure relates to LED light bulbs in general, as well as LED light bulbs incorporating integrated communications and processing functions. More particularly, the present disclosure describes technology to allow such bulbs to be efficiently constructed in mass production for domestic and commercial lighting systems. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Multiple factors have led to a major push worldwide to reduce electricity demand. These include the recognition of global warming regardless of cause; industrialization of third world countries creating huge increases in electricity demand and fossil fuel consumption, with the obvious economic and pollution problems associated; and increasing electricity prices within industrialized nations as overburdened electrical grid systems incur higher generation costs and struggle to match demand. During the last decade, there has become an increasing recognition that lighting systems are responsible for a substantial proportion of the total electricity consumed by homes and businesses (in the region of 20-25%). 
         [0004]    Incandescent light bulbs are well understood and have been in existence since their commercialization in the late nineteenth century. All forms of incandescent light bulbs waste a substantial percentage of the electricity they consume in the generation of heat, rather than light. A major initiative to reduce overall electricity consumption has been the drive to increase the efficiency of light bulbs and reduce the energy wasted in heat. Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFLs) were introduced as part of this initiative. However, while CFLs significantly reduce the electricity consumption compared with an equivalent (lumens) lighting level of incandescent bulbs, they have drawbacks such as the “warm up” time they require before producing their full light output, the harsh/cold (spectrally deficient) light they emit, and the use of toxic mercury in the manufacturing process causing environmental handling and disposal problems. 
         [0005]    More recently, semiconductor light emitting diode (LED) based lights have been introduced. While LED light bulbs are currently more expensive than incandescent or CFL bulbs, they have much longer operating lifetimes. LED light bulbs have typical operational lifetimes of 30,000 hours or more, compared with CFLs at around 8,000 hours and incandescent light bulbs at around 1,000 hours. 
         [0006]    The initial adoption of LED light bulbs has been slow due to their high price as a result of costly manufacturing (passed on to consumers) when compared to incandescent and CFL bulbs, and the expensive and complex thermal management components required to dissipate the heat generated and maintain the electronic components in the bulb within their operational range. In particular, unlike the filaments in incandescent bulbs or the electrodes in CFL bulbs, LEDs are manufactured using a semiconductor fabrication process. However, LED light bulbs are typically assembled in the same manner as incandescent and CFL light bulbs and these processes are not well suited to the assembly processes usually employed for printed circuit board (PCB) assemblies such as those used in high volume consumer electronics and the like. For instance, typical LED based bulb implementations frequently use simple insulated attachment wires to interconnect the LED driver control electronics, typically mounted on a standard but separate PCB, to the LEDs associated with the illumination functions of the bulb, which are typically mounted on a separate thermally efficient PCB. This connectivity method is highly inefficient, potentially unreliable, labor intensive, and an impediment to automated assembly. 
         [0007]    Moreover, like all semiconductor devices, LEDs generate significant heat during operation, and will eventually be damaged or destroyed if the heat buildup is not constrained. LEDs are relatively small die area devices, and driven by relatively high current loads to produce the light output required. This leads to high point-source heat generation from the LEDs, and poses severe heat dissipation issues. Additional electronic and semiconductor components are required to control the power supply and drive current to the LEDs. These components also generate heat and need to be temperature controlled. Further, as the LED temperature increases, both its light output (lumens) for a given electrical current and its operating lifetime are significantly reduced. Therefore, it is paramount that the LEDs are adequately cooled. 
         [0008]    Minimization of heat has never been a major focus in incandescent or CFL lighting since heat has always been a byproduct of the light generation process. Domestic and commercial electrical light fittings have simply been designed to deal with the heat generated by these bulbs. However, when considering integrating additional high technology capabilities into a light bulb using semiconductors, for instance, heat becomes of paramount concern. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that heat is one of the key enemies in the construction of high density, small form factor, high technology electronics products. 
         [0009]    Typically, early generation LEDs used in LED-based lights were either inefficient and/or chosen for the lowest possible cost, and therefore they generated significant heat. Hence, LED bulbs typically required large expensive heatsinks and complex thermal management to dissipate the heat generated to maintain the electronic components in the bulb within their operational range. Such heatsinks are mounted on the exterior of the bulb near the base, rendering this area unusable for illumination from the bulb. This then reduces the overall illumination effect of the bulb, especially when the bulb is required to replicate the broad, even, spherical radiated light pattern of an incandescent light bulb. This also tends to make LED bulbs less aesthetically appealing and much heavier than the bulbs they replace, and in some case makes them unsuitable for some existing lighting enclosures and fittings. 
         [0010]    In order to produce an optimal semiconductor LED based bulb, as well as an LED bulb which can wirelessly communicate with a remote entity (also referred to herein as a “LED smart bulb,” “intelligent wireless LED light bulb,” or “smart bulb”), which meets the goal of easy assembly in mass quantities using automated robotic assembly techniques, and the use of more cost effective design and materials that result in a closer resemblance, both in terms of illumination pattern and physical appearance, to the incandescent light bulb, a different approach is required. 
         [0011]    These and other limitations are solved by the present disclosure in the manner described below. 
       SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
       [0012]    The present subject matter is generally directed to mechanical and electrical techniques to construct any type of LED light bulb. This is applicable to both a standard (incandescent or CFL replacement) LED bulb, or alternatively a LED smart bulb. 
         [0013]    In one embodiment, the LED bulb or LED smart bulb construction uses high volume consumer electronic assembly processes to reduce the assembly and production costs. In another embodiment, the LED bulb or LED smart bulb construction uses state-of-the art materials, combined with mechanical and electrical fabrication technology, in order to both enhance the thermal performance of the bulb, and to allow for robotic handling during assembly and testing of the bulb sub-assemblies, as well as the completed bulb. 
         [0014]    In another embodiment, innovative heatsink and thermal management techniques are employed to overcome the large, heavy, and inefficient heatsinks employed in typical LED bulbs. In addition, a modular heatsink extension is disclosed, which allows additional heat dissipation to be provided for higher wattage bulbs while retaining the fundamental objectives of the original design. 
         [0015]    In yet another embodiment, mechanical and optical orientation of the LEDs is utilized in order to overcome the inability of LED light bulbs to mimic the optical performance and appearance of an incandescent bulb. 
         [0016]    In another embodiment, thermal and electrical innovations are disclosed to allow the temperature of the LEDs to be controlled, while minimizing the parts count required and facilitating automated assembly. 
         [0017]    Another embodiment uses short length fixed or flexible mechanically robust connectors to electrically connect the LED driver control electronics (typically located on a standard but separate PCB) to the LEDs associated with the illumination functions of the bulb (typically mounted on a separate thermally efficient PCB), which increases reliability and facilitates automated assembly. 
         [0018]    Another embodiment includes mechanical and materials innovations to allow the design to be compliant with national and international regulatory approvals for such things as physical and electrical safety, radio frequency emissions, as well as energy conservation and recycling mandates. 
         [0019]    In another embodiment, the LED smart bulb takes advantage of the presence of integrated communications within mobile/cellular handsets, as well as other mobile (such as notebook, tablet, and laptop) and desktop computing devices. Such devices include native wireless communications capabilities such as 802.11/Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Near Field Communications (NFC), and other wireless technologies to provide local (close physical/geographic distance) communications, typically within about a 100 m radius. 
         [0020]    In another embodiment, the LED smart bulb uses the widespread availability and cost effectiveness of wireless technology such as Bluetooth 4.0, also known as Bluetooth Smart and/or Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), or other wireless networking technology, to integrate this communications capability directly. Since the LED bulb offers a substantially increased lifetime, the incremental cost of the integrated intelligence and communications can be amortized over a much longer lifespan, something not possible in incandescent or CFL bulbs. This allows each LED smart bulb to be individually addressed, controlled, and monitored wirelessly, from a conventional mainstream computing and communications platform, such as a cellular or mobile smart phone, tablet, laptop, or desktop computer running a software application. Further, the availability of low-cost and high volume standardized hardware platforms, allows software applications (“Apps”) to be developed to control these individually addressable light bulbs using common and intuitive user interfaces. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0021]      FIG. 1  is an illustrative example of the construction of an incandescent bulb. 
           [0022]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  show illustrative examples of the construction of a CFL bulb. 
           [0023]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  show illustrative examples of the construction of a LED bulb. 
           [0024]      FIG. 4  is an illustrative example of the construction of an LED smart bulb. 
           [0025]      FIGS. 5A and 5B  illustrate an example of the formation of the LED MCPCB for the LED smart bulb. 
           [0026]      FIG. 6  is an illustrative diagram showing the heatsink collar and LED MCPCB for the LED smart bulb. 
           [0027]      FIGS. 7A ,  7 B, and  7 C show results of an LED illumination simulation analysis. 
           [0028]      FIG. 8A  through  FIG. 8L  show illustrative diagrams of the basic assembly steps to manufacture an embodiment of an LED bulb or LED smart bulb. 
           [0029]      FIG. 9  is an illustrative diagram of the LED bulb or LED smart bulb heatsink collar, double-sided thermal adhesive tape, and LED MCPCB detailed assembly. 
           [0030]      FIGS. 10A and 10B  are illustrative diagrams of an LED smart bulb heatsink collar and LED MCPCB with different examples of isolation barriers. 
           [0031]      FIGS. 11A and 11B  are illustrative diagrams of an LED smart bulb with an external transducer or detector. 
           [0032]      FIGS. 12A and 12C  are illustrative diagrams of an LED smart bulb showing alternate main PCB and LED MCPCB interconnect examples;  FIG. 12B  is an exploded view of the illustrative diagram of an LED smart bulb in reference to  FIG. 12A ;  FIG. 12D  is an exploded view of the illustrative diagram of an LED smart bulb in reference to  FIG. 12C . 
           [0033]      FIGS. 13A ,  13 B, and  13 C are illustrative diagrams of an LED flexible PCB circuit and modified heatsink collar. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0034]    To provide an overall understanding of the innovative aspects of the subject matter, certain illustrative embodiments are described; however, one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the embodiments described herein may be adapted and modified as is appropriate for the specific application being addressed, and that alternative implementations may be employed to better serve other specific applications, and that such additions and modifications will not depart from the overall scope hereof. 
         [0035]    In the following detailed description, terminology had been adopted to describe aspects of the disclosure. Since this disclosure defines a new class of lighting product, some new terms and phrases have been defined, such that a consistent nomenclature is used throughout this description. Other descriptive terms and phrases are used to convey a generally agreed upon meaning to those of ordinary skill in the art, unless a different definition is given in this specification. The following paragraphs identify these terms for clarity. 
         [0036]    The term “LED” generally refers to semiconductor diode devices that emit non-coherent light in the visible spectrum, and are encased in a polymer package. However, it also includes other semiconductor diode devices that emit light, whether in the visible, infrared or ultraviolet spectrum, and whether coherent or non-coherent. It also includes LED devices that use various phosphors or other chemicals to modify the spectral output of the emitted light, are not encased in a polymer package, or may be groups or arrays of multiple individual LED devices mounted in a single package or on a substrate. 
         [0037]    The term “wireless” generally refers to a through-the-air, communications system, which is bidirectional, and can be master slave or peer-to-peer. While one embodiment described is based on the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) protocol (also known as Bluetooth 4.0 or Bluetooth Smart), other wireless communications or networking protocol could be substituted such as (but not limited to) 802.11/Wi-Fi, ZigBee, Z-Wave, Insteon, etc. 
         [0038]    The term “LED bulb” generally refers to a standard LED light bulb, designed to replace an existing incandescent or CFL bulb, and fits into a domestic or commercial lighting fixture or free standing luminaire. While one embodiment refers to a form factor typical for an A19 incandescent bulb replacement, other form factors may clearly be developed using the techniques described herein. 
         [0039]    The terms “intelligent wireless LED light bulb,” “LED smart bulb,” and “smart bulb” are used interchangeably to generally refer to a light bulb with an LED based illumination source, which also incorporates intelligence in the form of a microprocessor or microcontroller running a software or firmware based program, and also incorporating a wireless communications capability, such that one or more functions of the bulb can be remotely controlled via said wireless communications path. While not required, the intelligent wireless LED light bulb may also incorporate other communications capabilities such as (but not limited to) Ethernet over powerline, and/or sensors/transducers that operate in the audio, infrared or ultrasonic spectrum. While the one embodiment refers to an LED smart bulb with a form factor typical for an A19 incandescent bulb replacement, other form factors may clearly be developed using the techniques described herein. 
         [0040]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , a domestic/household and/or commercial incandescent light bulb ( 100 ) is shown. It comprises an air-tight glass bulb ( 101 ), filled with low pressure inert gas ( 102 ). A tungsten filament ( 103 ) inside the glass bulb ( 101 ) is connected via contact wires ( 104 ,  105 ), through which an electric current is passed. The tungsten filament ( 103 ) and contact wires ( 104 ,  105 ) are also mechanically assisted by support wires ( 106 ), anchored into, and electrically isolated by, the glass stem ( 107 ). Contact wires ( 104  and  105 ) connect the tungsten filament ( 103 ) to the base ( 112 ) of the bulb. The base ( 112 ) is the mechanical and electrical interface with the lighting receptacle in which the bulb will be housed during operation. The base ( 112 ) consists of the metallic cap or sleeve ( 109 ), insulation ( 110 ), the cap electrical contact ( 108 ) and the tip electrical contact ( 111 ). 
         [0041]    The base ( 112 ) will have at least two conductors to provide the electrical connections to the tungsten filament ( 103 ). The bottom of the glass stem ( 107 ) is fused with an air-tight seal to the bottom of the glass bulb ( 101 ), and anchored to the bulb&#39;s base ( 112 ), to allow the electrical contacts ( 108  and  111 ) to run through the glass stem ( 107 ) without air or gas leaks. 
         [0042]    The bulb is filled with a low pressure inert gas ( 102 ) or gas mixture to reduce evaporation and oxidation of the tungsten filament ( 103 ), for instance argon (93%) and nitrogen (7%) at a pressure of approximately 0.7 Atmosphere (atm), although some small form factor bulbs use only a vacuum to protect the tungsten filament ( 103 ). 
         [0043]    The electric current heats the tungsten filament ( 103 ) to typically 2,000 to 3,300 K (3,140 to 5,480° F.), well below tungsten&#39;s melting point of 3,695 K (6,191° F.). Filament ( 103 ) temperatures depend on the filament type, shape, size, and amount of current drawn. The heated filament emits light that approximates a continuous spectrum. The useful part of the emitted energy is visible light; however, most energy is given off as heat in the near-infrared wavelengths, and is responsible for the poor efficiency in terms of the direct conversion of electricity to light. 
         [0044]    Note that other versions of bulbs may have more than one filament ( 103 ), requiring additional electrical contacts on the base ( 112 ). For instance, three way bulbs have two filaments and three conducting contacts in their bases. The filaments share a common ground, and can have electrical current applied separately or together. Common wattages include 30/70/100 W, 50/100/150 W, and 100/200/300 W, with the first two numbers referring to the individual filaments, and the third giving the combined wattage. 
         [0045]    Most light bulbs have either clear or coated glass. The coated glass bulbs have a white powdery substance on the inside called kaolin. Kaolin, or kaolinite, is white, chalky clay in a very fine powder form that is blown in and electrostatically deposited on the interior of the glass bulb ( 101 ). It diffuses the light emitted from the filament ( 103 ), producing a more gentle and evenly distributed light. Manufacturers may add pigments to the kaolin to adjust the characteristics of the final light emitted from the bulb. Kaolin diffused bulbs are used extensively in interior lighting because of their comparatively gentle light. Other kinds of colored bulbs are also made, including the various colors used for “party bulbs”, Christmas tree lights and other decorative lighting. These are created by staining the glass with a dopant, which is often a metal such as cobalt (blue) or chromium (green). Neodymium-containing glass is sometimes used to provide a more natural-appearing light. 
         [0046]    Many arrangements of electrical contacts are used. Large bulbs may have a screw base with one or more contacts at the tip, and one at the shell, such as the combination of  108 ,  109 ,  110 , and  111 . Alternatively, a bayonet base (not shown) may be used, with one or more contacts on the base, with the shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support. Some tubular bulbs have an electrical contact at either end. Miniature bulbs may have a wedge base and wire contacts, and some automotive and special purpose bulbs have screw terminals for connection to wires. Contacts in the lamp socket allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament ( 103 ). Power ratings for incandescent light bulbs range from about 0.1 watt to about 10,000 watts. 
         [0047]    The glass bulb of an incandescent bulb can reach temperatures between 200 and 260° C. (392 and 500° F.). Lamps intended for high power operation or used for heating purposes have envelopes made of hard glass or fused quartz. 
         [0048]    The primary problem with incandescent light bulbs is that they are very inefficient, and waste substantial electrical energy in the form of heat. Since heat is not light, and the purpose of the light bulb is light, all of the energy spent generating heat is wasted. Light is measured in units called “lumens,” which correspond to the amount of light produced per watt of input power. For a source of light to be 100% efficient, it would theoretically need to generate approximately 680 lumens per watt (lumens/W). The luminous efficiency of a conventional incandescent bulb is in the range of 1.9-2.6%. Alternatively, an incandescent bulb produces around 15 lumens/W of input power. 
         [0049]    In many regions, regulations require manufacturers to list both the lumens produced as well as the watts used by every bulb, so luminous efficiency can be calculated easily. 
         [0050]    Standard fluorescent tubes are well known and have been in use for many years. The long tubular shape and the external “ballast” and “starter” circuits have been widely used due to their more efficient use of electricity. However, the long tubular form factor, and their harsh and often flickering light output has limited their acceptance primarily to large commercial and industrial installations. The compact fluorescent light (CFL) essentially takes the same long glass tubular structure and bends it in on itself (hence “compacts” it) to essentially make it capable of fitting into the standard domestic household receptacle, originally designed for an incandescent bulb. Early CFL versions still exhibited the same limitations as standard fluorescent tubes, namely, harsh light, flickering, unable to be dimmed, and require warm-up time. 
         [0051]    Referring to  FIG. 2A  and  FIG. 2B , the conventional construction of a compact fluorescent light (CFL) is shown. While there are many different form factors of CFLs, the construction is generally the same. The glass tube is heated and bent, typically using a spiral pattern ( 202 ), as show in  FIG. 2A , or a series of tubes in the form of U-bends ( 212 ), as shown in  FIG. 2B , to form a compacted shape. An electronic self-ballast and starter circuit ( 211 ) is built into the base of the bulb ( 214 ), so there are no external components, and the unit is self-contained. The base of the bulb ( 214 ) is shown removed, exposing the electronic self-ballast and starter circuit ( 211 ) and the connecting wires ( 213 ). 
         [0052]    A fluorescent bulb uses a completely different method to produce light. Referring to  FIG. 2A , electrodes ( 201 ) are present at both ends of the glass bulb ( 202 ) that forms the fluorescent tube. Inside the glass bulb ( 202 ) is a special gas ( 203 ), a mixture of a noble gas (argon, xenon, neon, or krypton), and mercury vapor. With an electric current applied across the electrodes ( 201 ), a stream of electrons ( 204 ) flows through the special gas ( 203 ) from one electrode ( 201 ) to the other. These electrons ( 204 ) collide with the mercury atoms and excite them, forcing them to a higher energy (but unstable) state. As the mercury atoms move from the excited state back to the unexcited state, they give off photons of light in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum ( 205 ). These photons strike the phosphor coating ( 206 ) on the inside of the glass bulb ( 202 ), and the phosphor fluoresces to produce light in the visible spectrum ( 207 ). 
         [0053]    A fluorescent bulb produces less heat, so it is much more efficient than the incandescent bulb, between 9-11% efficiency for most CFLs, or in the range of 50-100 lumens/W. This makes fluorescent bulbs 4-6 times more efficient than incandescent bulbs. Therefore, a typical 15 watt fluorescent bulb will produce the same amount of light as a 60 watt incandescent bulb. The mercury atoms in the fluorescent tube must be ionized before the arc can “strike” within the tube. For small bulbs, it does not take much voltage to strike the arc and starting the bulb presents no problem, but larger tubes require a substantial voltage (in the range of a thousand volts), and so “starter” circuits are required to generate the high initial strike voltage. 
         [0054]    Fluorescent bulbs are negative differential resistance devices, so as current flow increases through the tube, the electrical resistance drops, allowing even more current to flow. If connected directly to a constant-voltage power supply, a fluorescent bulb would rapidly self-destruct due to the uncontrolled current flow. To prevent this, fluorescent bulbs require an auxiliary device, a ballast, to regulate the current flow through the tube. 
         [0055]    The terminal voltage across an operating fluorescent tube varies depending on the arc current, tube diameter, temperature, and fill gas. The simplest ballast for alternating current (AC) uses an inductor placed in series, consisting of a winding on a laminated magnetic core. The inductance of this winding limits the current flow. Ballasts are rated for the size of tube and power frequency. Where the AC voltage is insufficient to start long fluorescent bulbs, the ballast is often a step-up autotransformer with substantial leakage inductance (so as to limit the current flow). Either form of inductive ballast may also include a capacitor for power factor correction. 
         [0056]    Many different circuits have been used to operate fluorescent bulbs. The choice of circuit is based on AC voltage, tube length, initial cost, long term cost, instant versus non-instant starting, temperature ranges and parts availability, etc. 
         [0057]    While the efficiency of CFLs significantly higher than with incandescent bulbs, there are several drawbacks. Construction complexity is significantly higher. The straight glass tubes must be heated and bent into the compacted form, a process that was initially manual, although capitally intensive automation has been applied to the manufacture of some tubes. There are additional steps to heat and coat the inside of the glass tube with the phosphor coating, as well as injecting the special gas fill and sealing the electrodes at each end of the tube. Since the mercury used in the gas fill is classified as hazardous, this requires special handling in the manufacturing process. The ballast and starter electronics require the addition of a circuit board, and final assembly of all the parts is largely manual. 
         [0058]    From a user and legislative perspective, the residual mercury in CFLs is a significant issue. Safe disposal of old bulbs, although regulated in most geographic regions, remains a problem. Breakage of bulbs in any household or public space is also becoming much more problematic as increased environmental regulations are imposed. Many people do not like the time the CFL bulb takes to warm up and generate its full light output, and dislike the cold appearance of the created light, due to the difference in light spectrum versus an incandescent bulb. Light flicker due to the AC supply, and the inability to dim the CFL, and poor “cold start” performance issues in cold climates, are also cited as drawbacks. However, flicker free, fast start, cold-start and dimmable CFLs are becoming available, albeit at slight higher costs. 
         [0059]    Light Emitting Diode (LED) based bulbs offer significant advantages over either CFL or incandescent bulbs. Compared to CFLs, advantages of LED-based light bulbs are that they contain no mercury (unlike a CFL), turn on instantly, and are not affected by cold temperatures. Their lifetime is unaffected by cycling on and off, so that they are well suited for light fixtures where bulbs are frequently turned on and off. LED light bulbs are also mechanically robust, while most other artificial light sources are fragile. 
         [0060]    The electrical efficiency of LED devices continues to improve, with some LED chips able to emit substantially more than 100 lumens/W. However, since the individual LEDs operate at significantly reduced voltage and current compared with incandescent and compact fluorescent bulbs, the light output of an individual LED is typically small, so most lighting applications require multiple LEDs to be assembled. 
         [0061]    Referring to  FIG. 3A , the construction of a basic LED bulb is shown. Typically, a plastic dome ( 301 ) or diffuser encases the LED array ( 302 ), mounted on a thermally efficient PCB substrate ( 303 ). Since LEDs perform optimally using direct current (DC) electrical power, the bulb incorporates an internal rectifier circuit ( 305 ) to provide a regulated DC output at low voltage, from the standard AC power. LEDs are degraded or damaged by operating at high temperatures, so LED bulbs typically include heat dissipation elements such as the thermally efficient PCB ( 303 ), mechanically and thermally attached to large external heatsinks ( 304 ) which may incorporate additional cooling fins. LED bulbs are made to replace standard incandescent or CFL bulbs, using standard electrical fittings such as the E26 base ( 306 ). 
         [0062]    A significant feature of LEDs is that the light is directional, as opposed to incandescent bulbs, which spread the light more spherically. This is an advantage with recessed lighting or under-cabinet lighting, but is a disadvantage for table lamps, or other applications that require an omni-directional lighting pattern. 
         [0063]      FIG. 3B  shows a selection of consumer LED bulbs available as direct replacements for incandescent bulbs, in screw-type sockets. The directional lighting characteristics of LEDs affect the design of LED-based bulbs. Some LED bulb designs address the directional limitation by using plastic or glass diffuser lenses ( 311 ) and internal reflectors to disperse the light more like an incandescent bulb. In some cases, distributed LED arrays ( 312 ) are mounted on separate PCBs facing in different directions in an attempt to generate a more spherical light distribution pattern. 
         [0064]    Currently, inefficient designs and legacy assembly techniques continue to overcomplicate the construction and final assembly of LED bulbs, requiring the use of a combination of screws, fasteners, glues, potting compounds and interconnects. 
         [0065]    With correctly designed LED driver electronics, LED bulbs can be made fully dimmable over a wide range. 
         [0066]    The main difference to other light sources is the directed light. Thus illuminating a flat defined area requires less lumens compared with a light source, which would need reflectors or lenses to do the same. For illuminating a 360° orbit, the benefits of LEDs are much smaller. LED bulbs are used for both general and special-purpose lighting. Where colored light is needed, LEDs naturally emitting many colors are available with no need for filters. This improves the energy efficiency over a white light source that generates all colors of light then discards some of the visible energy in a filter. In some cases, colored phosphorescent lenses ( 314 ) may be used over the LEDs, to convert a colored LED to white light, using the phosphorescence feature to further enhance the spatial effect of the light emitted. 
         [0067]    White-light LED bulbs have longer life expectancy and higher performance than most other lighting alternatives. LED sources are compact, which gives flexibility in designing lighting fixtures and good control over the distribution of light with small reflectors or lenses. Because of the small size of LEDs, control of the spatial distribution of illumination is flexible, and the light output and spatial distribution of a LED array can be controlled with no efficiency loss. 
         [0068]    Most LED bulbs replace incandescent bulbs rated from 5 to 60 watts. As of 2010, some LED bulbs have been produced to replace higher wattage bulbs, such as 100 watts. Regional legislation in the EEC, US and other countries has already outlawed the sale of many types of incandescent bulbs. In the US, the sale of standard household incandescent bulbs is being phased out, with 100 W incandescent bulbs obsoleted from Jan. 1, 2012; 75 W incandescent bulbs obsoleted from Jan. 1, 2013; and 40 W and 60 W incandescent bulbs obsoleted from Jan. 1, 2014. 
         [0069]    Some models of LED bulbs work with dimmers as used for incandescent bulbs. The bulbs have declined in cost to between US$10 to $50 each as of 2012. They are more power-efficient than CFL bulbs and offer lifespans of 30,000-50,000 hours (reduced if operated at a higher temperature than specified). LED bulbs maintain light output intensity well over their life-times. Energy Star specifications require the bulbs to typically drop less than 10% after 6,000 or more hours of operation, and in the worst case not more than 15%. They are also mercury-free, unlike CFLs. LED bulbs are available with a variety of color properties. The higher purchase cost versus other bulb types may be more than offset by savings in energy and maintenance. 
         [0070]    Despite all of these advantages, cost remains the primary obstacle to consumer adoption. Much of this cost can be attributed to the required construction. Large external heatsinks ( 304 ,  313 ) are necessary to keep the LEDs at their optimal operational temperature; otherwise, the lifetime is significantly shortened. These heatsinks ( 304 ,  313 ) also make the bulbs heavy, and may require air flow around them, limiting their use in some applications. Multiple LED arrays are mounted on separate PCBs, in an attempt to make the lighting mimic the spherical characteristic of incandescent bulbs. This increases the number of internal connections between the power supply electronics and the LED PCB. Finally, the bulbs are generally assembled using technology common to the bulb manufacturing process, rather than the computer or electronics industry. 
         [0071]    Referring to  FIG. 4 , the individual mechanical components for assembly of an LED bulb or intelligent wireless LED light bulb are shown. Glass bulb ( 401 ) seats upon the rim of the heatsink collar ( 409 ), and encases the antenna ( 402 ), Kapton tape ( 403 ), board-to-board connectors ( 404 ), the LED rings ( 405 ), the LEDs ( 406 ), the LED MCPCB ( 407 ) and the double-sided thermal adhesive tape ( 408 ). The glass (or plastic) bulb ( 401 ) covers a substantial area of the heatsink collar ( 409 ). Only the lower rim of the heatsink collar ( 409 ), where the glass bulb ( 401 ) is actually seated, remains exposed after assembly. This feature minimizes the potentially hot exposed surface area of the heatsink collar ( 409 ), and significantly reduces the burn hazard to a person when unscrewing such an embodiment of the LED smart bulb, compared with prior art LED bulb designs. In addition, thermal epoxy (or similar) adhesive is used to connect the glass bulb ( 401 ) to the heatsink collar ( 409 ), which makes the glass bulb ( 401 ) an extension of the overall heatsink collar ( 409 ) for enhanced thermal management. Since the overall heat dissipation of the LEDs is only approximately 6 W, for a light output equivalent to a 40 W rated incandescent bulb, the burn hazard due to inadvertent contact with this LED smart bulb embodiment is further mitigated. 
         [0072]    In order to control high point-source heat dissipation from LED lighting and other high power semiconductor technologies, new materials and processes have been developed, such as Metal Core PCB (MCPCB) technology. This uses a metal layer within the PCB to move heat more rapidly away from the components. 
         [0073]    The LED metal-core printed circuit board (MCPCB) ( 407 ), is attached via thermal adhesive tape ( 408 ) to the heatsink collar ( 409 ), which acts as a heat sink dissipating the heat generated by the LEDs ( 406 ) when illuminated. Heat is conducted through the LED MCPCB ( 407 ), via the thermal adhesive tape ( 408 ) to the heatsink collar ( 409 ) and the glass bulb ( 401 ), where it is dissipated by convection and radiation. The use of the thermal adhesive tape ( 408 ) eliminates the need for any other mechanical connection between the LED MCPCB ( 407 ) and the heatsink collar ( 409 ), such as screws, fasteners, etc., and allows a smaller LED MCPCB ( 407 ) to be utilized. 
         [0074]    The board-to-board connectors ( 404 ) provide the electrical connectivity between the LED MCPCB ( 407 ) and the main printed circuit board assembly ( 410 ). This allows the LED MCPCB ( 407 ) to be mechanically and thermally attached to the heatsink collar ( 409 ) using the thermal adhesive tape ( 408 ), and then electrically connected by soldering and/or press-fitting the board-to-board connectors ( 404 ) in place. The intent is that board-to-board connectors ( 404 ) are not flying leads or “pigtail”, or some kind of plug and socket connector system, since these add cost and are potentially unreliable due to factors such as shock or vibration. In one embodiment for instance, board-to-board connectors ( 404 ) are simple header connector pins, well known in the electronics industry, which are soldered and/or press fitted in place. These header pins are (for instance) soldered to the LED MCPCB ( 407 ) at one end. The free end of the header pins are bent up and connected to the contact pads on the tab ( 410   a ) extension to the main circuit board assembly ( 410 ). In an alternative embodiment, board-to-board connectors ( 404 ) could be surface mount device (SMD) zero ohm (0Ω) resistors soldered in place. In a further embodiment, the board-to-board connectors ( 404 ) could be flexible jumper strip connectors, well known in the computer laptop, smart phone, and tablet electronics industries. Additional detail is shown in  FIG. 12A  and  FIG. 12B , as well as  FIG. 12C  and  FIG. 12D , and their associated descriptions. 
         [0075]    The Kapton tape ( 403 ), or other insulation material, is placed on the LED MCPCB ( 407 ), to electrically isolate the board-to-board connectors ( 404 ) from the conductive areas of the LED MCPCB ( 407 ), and the heatsink collar ( 409 ). The board-to-board connectors ( 404 ) are placed over the Kapton tape ( 403 ) and electrically connect the contact pads of the main circuit board assembly ( 410 ) to the LED MCPCB ( 407 ) and via its traces to the LEDs ( 406 ). In an alternate embodiment, the Kapton tape ( 404 ) may be eliminated, if the board-to-board connectors ( 404 ) chosen, pose no risk of shorting to the other surrounding electrically conductive areas. In another alternate embodiment, traces can be routed on internal layers of the MCPCB ( 407 ). 
         [0076]    A separate (optional) LED ring ( 405 ) encompasses each LED ( 406 ) on the LED MCPCB ( 407 ). The LED ring ( 405 ) is a small square of ABS plastic (or similar electrical insulating material) designed to fit around the surface mount device (SMD) LED ( 406 ) components, which increases the dielectric strength of the LED MCPCB ( 407 ), allowing the LED ( 406 ) components to be placed at the edge of the LED MCPCB ( 407 ). This is important to meet the various relevant regulatory safety requirements that consumer electrical products must pass to be sold, such as electrical isolation requirements for withstand voltage (typically 1500 V). An alternate approach to enhance electrical isolation is shown in  FIG. 10A  and  FIG. 10B  and their accompanying descriptions. 
         [0077]    In the example shown, four LEDs ( 406 ) are mounted on the LED MCPCB ( 407 ), one on each of the angled tabs or “wings” of the formed LED MCPCB ( 407 ). The tabs on the LED MCPCB ( 407 ) are bent during manufacture such that when the LEDs ( 406 ) are soldered down they are positioned to form a wide angle cone of light to be dispersed from the glass bulb ( 401 ). This enables fewer LEDs ( 406 ) to be utilized and allows a radiated light pattern more similar to the incandescent bulb, as opposed to the very narrow focused beam of early LED bulbs that typically use an array of LEDs all mounted on a flat substrate in the same plane. 
         [0078]    Each LED ( 406 ) is solder mounted to the LED MCPCB ( 407 ), which is attached to the heatsink collar ( 409 ) using the thermal adhesive tape ( 408 ). The thermal adhesive tape ( 408 ) electrically isolates the conductive areas of the LED MCPCB ( 407 ) from the heatsink collar ( 409 ). 
         [0079]    The cylindrical isolation sleeve ( 411 ) and the heatsink collar ( 409 ) both contain two PCB guide slots on the interior walls of their cylindrical portions. The main circuit board assembly ( 410 ) is housed between these slots within the heatsink collar ( 409 ) and isolation sleeve ( 411 ) interior walls, providing a secure mechanical location for the electronic components necessary for the wireless communications and intelligence of the smart bulb. In an alternate embodiment, the two PCB guide slots may be eliminated from either the heatsink collar ( 409 ) or the isolation sleeve ( 411 ), such that only one of the two components provides the two PCB guide slots. 
         [0080]    The main circuit board assembly ( 410 ) integrates the remainder of the electronics. In the case of a standard (incandescent or CFL replacement) LED bulb, this would include the power supply components to provide the low voltage DC supply (typically 24-48 V DC, dependent on the number of LEDs) for the LED driver circuits, derived from the high voltage AC supply of the bulb receptacle (typically 120 V or 240 V AC), and the drive electronics for the LEDs. In the case of an LED smart bulb, the main circuit board assembly ( 410 ) would typically include (but not be limited to) a microprocessor, the Bluetooth (or other wireless access method) Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical (PHY) layers, LED driver, digital to analog converters, power transistors, as well as the power supply components to provide the low voltage DC supply (typically 3.3 V DC) for the integrated circuits, derived from the high voltage AC supply of the bulb receptacle (typically 120 V AC or 240 V AC). The main circuit board assembly ( 410 ) has two flying leads or “pigtail” connection wires ( 414   a ,  414   b ) at one end of the board which provide the contacts to the E26 base ( 412 ) shown in this example, via the tip electrical contact ( 412   a ) and the cap electrical contact ( 412   b ). At the opposite end of the main circuit board assembly ( 410 ), a small tab protrudes ( 410   a ). This tab ( 410   a ) passes through a corresponding small slot in the cap of the heatsink collar ( 409 ), the thermal adhesive tape ( 408 ) and the LED MCPCB ( 407 ), and provides the electrical contacts from the main circuit board assembly ( 410 ) to the LEDs ( 406 ), via the board-to-board connectors ( 404 ) and LED MCPCB ( 407 ), and also provides the contacts for the antenna ( 402 ) for the Bluetooth (or alternate wireless) radio. In this way, the main circuit board assembly ( 410 ) and the mating surface of the LED MCPCB ( 407 ), are at a 90° angle to each other. 
         [0081]    In this exemplary embodiment, the main circuit board assembly ( 410 ) is primarily associated with the power supply and drive electronics for the LEDs of an LED bulb, and if present, the processing and communications functions to enable an LED smart bulb. The LED MCPCB ( 407 ), or alternate high performance thermal circuit board, is primarily associated with the mounting of the LEDs ( 406 ) associated with the illumination functions of the LED bulb or LED smart bulb. This is not intended to limit the present disclosure to the disclosed embodiment. A person with skill in the technical areas relating to the present disclosure may extend the concepts by the use of alternate embodiments. 
         [0082]    The isolation sleeve ( 411 ) is bonded to the E26 base ( 412 ) using a thermal epoxy (or similar adhesive) in a continuous or non-continuous coating around the E26 base ( 412 ). Alternatively, a mechanical grip or crimp, or a combination of adhesive and crimp, may be used to provide a secure mechanical joint. The E26 base ( 412 ) provides both the mechanical interface to the lighting receptacle, which physically houses the smart bulb, as well as the electrical connectivity to the smart bulb main circuit board assembly ( 410 ). The E26 base ( 412 ) is comprised of the E26 base screw thread ( 412   c ), which screws into the electrical receptacle and is electrically connected to the cap electrical contact ( 412   b ); the E26 base snap insert ( 412   d ) which connects to other terminal in the electrical receptacle and is electrically connected to the tip electrical contact ( 412   a ); and the E26 base insulator ( 412   e ), which electrically isolates these two connections. The two connection wires ( 414   a  and  414   b ) on the main circuit board assembly ( 410 ) are terminated on the tip electrical contact ( 412   a ) and the cap electrical contact ( 412   b ). An E26 base snap insert ( 412   d ) is screwed or press fitted and/or soldered into the E26 base ( 412 ), and connects via connection wire ( 414   a ) to the voltage rail on the main circuit board assembly ( 410 ). Alternatively, a thermal epoxy (or similar adhesive) may be applied to the E26 base snap insert ( 412   d ) prior to being fitted to the E26 based. 
         [0083]    An optional, external heatsink extension ( 415 ) is detailed. This is intended for use where higher power illumination is required, and higher current LEDs and/or larger numbers of LEDs are employed. The external heatsink extension ( 415 ) is attached to the exposed exterior edge of the outer ring ( 909   g  on  FIG. 9  for detail) of the heatsink collar ( 409 ), to maximize conduction between the heatsink collar ( 409 ) and the heatsink extension ( 415 ). The external heatsink extension ( 415 ) may be attached to the heatsink collar ( 409 ) by a variety of means, including but not limited to, mechanical press fit, thermal epoxy or other thermal adhesive, mechanical fasteners such as set screws or grub screws, or a clamping mechanism. The intention is that the part of the external heatsink extension ( 415 ) that covers the lower part (neck) of the glass bulb ( 401 ), provides an air gap between the glass bulb ( 401 ) and the external heatsink extension ( 415 ) to permit air flow to allow both radiation and convection. 
         [0084]    Referring to  FIG. 5A  and  FIG. 5B , the formation of the LED MCPCB is detailed.  FIG. 5A  shows the LED MCPCB ( 507 ) prior to bending. LEDs ( 506 ) are soldered into their locations prior to bending so that normal surface mount technology (SMT) wave or reflow soldering techniques can be employed. The slot ( 507   a ) is where the tab on the main circuit board assembly (not shown, see  410   a  in  FIG. 4  for additional detail) passes through the LED MCPCB ( 507 ). The pads ( 507   b ) are the connections where the board-to-board connectors (not shown, see  904  in  FIG. 9 , or  1230  in  FIG. 12B  for additional detail) are soldered to make the connection between the LED MCPCB ( 507 ) and the main circuit board assembly.  FIG. 5B  shows the LED MCPCB ( 507 ) after the bending operation, after which several regions are formed. The flat area ( 507   c ), where in one embodiment the slot ( 507   a ) for the main circuit board assembly and the pads ( 507   b ) for the board-to-board interconnect are present, but in alternate implementations there may be additional connections, components and/or LEDs present in this area. The four “petals” ( 507   d ) or “wings” are where each of the LEDs ( 506 ) are mounted in the one embodiment, although a different number of petals ( 507   d ) and/or LEDs ( 506 ) per petal may be present. In the curve or bend area ( 507   e ) between the flat area ( 507   c ) and the petals ( 507   d ), the solder mask may be removed (for instance, to be replaced by Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold (ENIG) or Hot Air Solder Leveling HASL, or other surface treatment as applicable), to prevent cracking of the solder mask during the bending process. The bend angle ( 5070 , between the flat area ( 507   c ) and the petals ( 507   d ), in the one embodiment is 44°, but may be another angle dependent upon the number of petals, and/or the light dispersion characteristics of the LEDs ( 506 ). In additional, almost any other bend angle ( 5070  is possible, including bending the petal ( 507   d ) in a downwards direction (as shown) from the flat area ( 507   c ), approximately 5° to 90°; or alternatively, bending the petal ( 507   d ) in an upwards direction (opposite to that shown) from the flat area ( 507   c ), approximately 5° to 90°. In the preferred embodiment, the LED MCPCB ( 507 ) is typically V-grove scored or flat-end milled on the underside of the bend area ( 507   e ), to ensure the bending takes place in the precise location and that there is clearance such that the material on the inside of the bend, between the flat area ( 507   c ) and the petals ( 507   d ) will not foul or bind during the bending process. 
         [0085]    Referring to  FIG. 6 , the relationship between the LED MCPCB ( 607 ) and the heatsink collar ( 609 ) is shown. The slot ( 609   a ) in the heatsink collar ( 609 ) and the slot ( 607   a ) in the LED MCPCB ( 607 ) are clearly shown. Note that these may be of slightly different sizes, in order to aid alignment of these components during assembly. Additionally, the slot in the thermal tape (not shown, see  908  in  FIG. 9 , or  1008  in  FIG. 10A  or  10 B for additional detail) which sits between these two components may also be of a different size to further aid assembly alignment. Vent holes ( 609   b ) are present on the cylinder wall of the heatsink collar ( 609 ). 
         [0086]    In order to maximize the rapid thermal transfer from the LEDs ( 606 ), it is vital that the fit between the LED MCPCB ( 607 ) and the top of the heatsink collar ( 609 ) is optimized for precise mechanical alignment. The intent is that the flat area ( 607   c ) of the LED MCPCB ( 607 ) and the corresponding flat area ( 609   c ) on the heatsink collar ( 607 ), as well as the underside of the petals ( 607   d ) of the LED MCPCB ( 607 ) and the angled shoulders ( 609   d ) of the heatsink collar ( 609 ), precisely align to maximize the overall surface contact. This must also take into account the geometry of the interceding double-sided thermal adhesive tape (not shown, see  908  in  FIG. 9 , or  1008  in  FIG. 10A  or  FIG. 10B ) which mechanically and thermally bonds these two entities together. In the one embodiment, thermal adhesive tape of 0.010″ thickness is used, however other thicknesses may be employed dependent on the application. Dependent of the thickness of the thermal adhesive tape, or any alternate bonding material, it may be necessary to slightly modify the position of the bend area ( 607   e ) and/or the bend angle ( 607   f ) of the LED MCPCB ( 607 ) to accommodate a different adhesive material thickness, but still ensure a precise thermal and mechanical fit between the underside of the LED MCPCB ( 607 ), the intervening thermal adhesive layer, and the top of the heatsink collar ( 609 ). This may also require the scoring or milling on the underside of the bend area ( 607   e ), to be modified to still ensure the bending takes place in the precise location, and there are no material clearance issues on the inside of the bend, between the flat area ( 607   c ) and the petals ( 607   d ). 
         [0087]    In an alternative embodiment, heatsink ( 609 ) and LED MCPCB ( 607 ) could be designed to accommodate a plurality of geometric shapes to allow for any number of petals and/or LED configurations. This would result in a heatsink ( 609 ) with an alternate shaped flat area ( 609   c ) and a different number of angled shoulders ( 609   d ), which would mechanically and thermally interpose with a like shaped LED MCPCB ( 607 ), with a corresponding shaped flat area ( 607   c ) and number of petals ( 607   d ). The plurality of geometric shapes would be determined by a compromise between manufacturing cost and quality of light output. Coupled with this, as a further embodiment, the bend angle ( 6070  between the flat area ( 609   c ) and the petals ( 607   d ) could vary from approximately 5° to 90° in the upwards direction (effectively producing a cylinder with light shining in on itself) to approximately 5° to 90° in the downwards direction (effectively producing a cylinder with light shining completely outwards). 
         [0088]    In another alternative embodiment, LED MCPCB ( 607 ) could be substituted with another thermally efficient PCB technology, such as a flexible and/or bendable PCB technology, that provides direct contact between the LED ( 607 ) package substrate, and the metal heatsink core of the PCB technology. 
         [0089]    Referring to  FIG. 7A  through  FIG. 7C , the results of illumination simulations are shown in one embodiment.  FIG. 7A  shows a simulated side view of the LED bulb, showing the light pattern of LEDs with a dispersion angle ( 706   a ) of 120°.  FIG. 7B  shows a simulated top view of the LED bulb, also showing the light pattern of LEDs with a dispersion angle ( 706   a ) of 120°.  FIG. 7C  shows a simulated top view of the pattern that would be formed on the surface of the glass bulb, with LEDs of the same dispersion characteristics as  FIGS. 7A and 7B . 
         [0090]    Clearly, LEDs with different dispersion angles, as well as bulb enclosures with different geometries, would mean that to achieve the optimal desired light pattern projected on the glass or plastic bulb enclosure (e.g., for a non-spherical bulb, such as a flat surfaced floodlight bulb), the characteristics of the components in  FIG. 6  and  FIG. 7 , would be subject to change, in a variety of methods, including (but not limited to), the number of petals ( 607   d ) on the LED MCPCB ( 607 ) (or other LED PCB carrier technology), the number of LEDs ( 606 ) on each petal, the addition of LEDs on the flat area ( 607   c ), the bend angle of the petals relative to the flat area ( 607   f ), the shape of the underlying heatsink collar ( 609 ) to match that of the LED MCPCB ( 607 ) (or other LED PCB carrier technology), and the overall mechanical and thermal design of the heatsink collar ( 609 ) to allow appropriate heat dissipation for the application. 
         [0091]    Referring to  FIG. 8A  through  FIG. 8L , an example sequence of assembly steps for the smart bulb embodiment is outlined. While this sequence is intended to demonstrate the simplicity and elegance of the mechanical design and assembly of one embodiment, one of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that many alternatives to this sequence are both possible and contemplated. 
         [0092]    Referring to  FIG. 8A , the main circuit board assembly ( 810 ) is inserted into the isolation sleeve&#39;s ( 811 ) PCB guide slots ( 811   b ), from the right. Note that in the reduced circumference cylinder wall area of the isolation sleeve ( 811 ) there is a single notch ( 811   a ). This is present to allow the connecting wire ( 814   b ) to pass through the isolation sleeve ( 811 ), where it will ultimately be terminated on the cap electrical contact ( 812   b ) (see  FIG. 8H through 8J  for additional details). 
         [0093]    In  FIG. 8B , thermal epoxy is applied to the (right) mating surface ( 809   i ) of the heatsink collar ( 809 ) and it is attached to the isolation sleeve ( 811 ). Vent holes ( 809   b ) can be seen as present on the cylinder wall of the heatsink collar ( 809 ). In one embodiment, a small raised bump ( 809   e ) is present on the mating surface of the heatsink collar ( 809 ), and there are two corresponding raised bumps ( 811   c ) on the isolations sleeve ( 811 ). The parts are designed such that the raised bump ( 809   e ) on the heatsink collar ( 809 ) fits between the two raised bumps ( 811   c ) on the isolation sleeve ( 811 ), providing a secure and precise location key mechanism to ensure the two parts ( 809  and  811 ) are aligned exactly. Other versions of the same location key scheme, or alternate key location schemes, are both obvious and contemplated. 
         [0094]    In  FIG. 8C , with the (optional) PCB guide slots in the heatsink collar ( 809 ) and the isolation sleeve ( 811 ) aligned, the main circuit board assembly ( 810 ) is pushed through the isolation sleeve ( 811 ), until it is fully engaged such that the tab ( 810   a ) protrudes from the slot ( 809   a ) in the cap of the heatsink collar ( 809 ). The location key previously described in  FIG. 8B , formed by the raised bump ( 809   e ) on the heatsink collar ( 809 ) and the raised bumps ( 811   c ) on the isolation collar ( 811 ), when correctly engaged, guarantee that the tab ( 810   a ) on the main circuit board assembly ( 810 ) is correctly aligned as it passes through the slot ( 809   a ) in heatsink collar ( 809 ), such that traces on the main circuit board assembly ( 810 ) will not short circuit to the electrically conductive walls of the slot in the heatsink collar ( 809 ). In an alternate embodiment, the tab ( 810   a ) of the main circuit board assembly ( 810 ) may have an isolation sleeve, band, or other insulating material (not shown) placed around it, to prevent any possibility of shorting between the traces of the main circuit board assembly ( 810 ) and the slot ( 809   a ) in the heatsink collar ( 809 ). 
         [0095]    Referring to  FIG. 8D , double-sided thermal adhesive tape ( 808 ) is applied to the cap of the heatsink collar ( 809 ). In  FIG. 8E , the LED MCPCB ( 807 ) assembly is mounted on top of the thermal adhesive tape ( 808 ) added in the previous step, such that the tab ( 810   a ) of the main circuit board assembly ( 810 ) protrudes though the LED MCPCB ( 807 ). In this example, the LED MCPCB ( 807 ), the LEDs ( 806 ), and the Kapton tape ( 803 ) are assumed to be added as a completed sub-assembly. In  FIG. 8F , the board-to-board connectors ( 804 ) are attached (soldered and/or press fitted), making the electrical connection between the main circuit board assembly tab ( 810   a ) and the LED MCPCB ( 807 ).  FIG. 8G  shows the antenna ( 802 ) being attached to the electrical contact pads on the main circuit board assembly tab ( 810   a ). 
         [0096]    Referring to  FIG. 8H , thermal epoxy is applied to the (right) mating surface of the isolation sleeve ( 811   d ) where the E26 base ( 812 ) is to be located, and it is attached, locating the connecting wires ( 814   a  and  814   b ) in their appropriate places. In an alternate embodiment, the E26 base ( 812 ) may be crimped onto the isolation sleeve, or a combination of adhesive and crimping may be employed. In  FIG. 8I , the E26 base snap insert ( 813 ) for the tip electrical contact ( 814   a ) is inserted (and is screwed, epoxied, press fitted and/or soldered in place). In  FIG. 8J , the excess wire on both the connecting wires ( 814   a  and  814   b ) is snipped off, and the contacts are (typically) soldered to form the tip electrical contact ( 812   a ) and the cap electrical contact ( 812   b ). 
         [0097]    Referring to  FIG. 8K , thermal epoxy is applied to the (right) mating surface of the glass or plastic bulb ( 801   a ), and it is mounted to the heatsink collar ( 809 ) to complete the finished bulb assembly ( 800 ). 
         [0098]    A disadvantage of many standard LED bulbs is that they are specified for indoor use only. One of the reasons for this is that the LEDs are generally mounted on MCPCBs with no protection from condensing water vapor. Since the LEDs are not enclosed by conformal coating, hermetic sealing and/or a humidity controlled chamber, they are merely open to the atmosphere. Use of such bulbs in outdoor environments can lead to water vapor condensing on the unprotected LEDs or LED PCB, leading to a short circuit of the electrical drive to the LEDs, and failure to meet regulatory tests for water vapor or spray tests, and voltage withstand requirements. 
         [0099]    In contrast, slightly modifying the sequence outlined in  FIG. 8H  through  FIG. 8L  allows the LED MCPCB to be housed in an environmentally sealed chamber. Assuming that the assembly process is carried out in a dehumidified air environment, this will ensure a non-condensing chamber exists in the glass (or plastic) bulb for the operational temperature range of interest. Inert gas and or a vacuum could be introduced into the glass bulb with some minor assembly modifications, such as fitting the glass bulb, using thermal epoxy (or similar) adhesive (originally in  FIG. 8I ), prior to applying the E26 base (originally in  FIG. 8H ). This would allow the interior of the bulb to be filled with any gas and/or evacuated to a controlled specification, via the hole in the E26 base, prior to fitting the E26 base snap insert (originally in  FIG. 8I ). 
         [0100]    In an alternate embodiment, during the assembly process, the interior of the heatsink collar and isolation sleeve could be filled with thermally conductive and/or electrically insulating potting compound, completely encasing the main circuit board assembly. In another embodiment, conformal coating could be applied to the main circuit board prior to final assembly. 
         [0101]    Referring to  FIG. 9 , further details of the heatsink collar ( 909 ), the double-sided thermal adhesive tape ( 908 ), or any alternate bonding material, and the LED MCPCB ( 907 ) assembly are shown. Heatsink collar ( 909 ) is shown with vent holes ( 909   b ) which allows enhanced heat circulation from the main printed circuit board assembly (not shown) to the chamber enclosed by the glass bulb (not shown). Angled shoulders ( 909   d ) on the top of the heatsink collar ( 909 ) provide an exact thermal and mechanical interference fit to the corresponding shape of the double-sided thermal adhesive tape ( 908 ) and the underside of the petals ( 907   d ) of the LED MCPCB ( 907 ), to maximize mechanical rigidity and heat transfer. The bend angle of the petals ( 907   d ) on the LED MCPCB ( 907 ) and the corresponding slope of the angled shoulders ( 909   d ) of the heatsink color ( 909 ) are chosen to optimize the radiated light performance of the 4 (in this example) SMT LEDs ( 906 ), which are soldered onto their corresponding pads ( 907   g ) on LED MCPCB ( 907 ). Slot ( 908   a ) in the thermal adhesive tape ( 908 ) and slot ( 907   a ) in the LED MCPCB ( 907 ) allow the tab on the main circuit board assembly (not shown) to pass through, such that electrical connections can be made between it and the LED MCPCB ( 907 ) and the antenna (not shown). Board-to-board connectors ( 904 ) connect the LED electrical drive from the main circuit board assembly (not shown) to the LED MCPCB ( 907 ), and are isolated from the traces on the LED MCPCB ( 907 ) using Kapton tape ( 903 ), or other insulating material (if required). LED rings ( 905 ) are (optionally) mounted around the periphery of LEDs ( 906 ) to enhance voltage withstand performance (if necessary). At the base of the heatsink collar ( 909 ), a mounting ring ( 909   f ) is formed by an outer ring ( 909   g ), into which the glass bulb (not shown) is located, using thermal epoxy to form a seal, after which excess epoxy can be wiped away. The exterior edge of the outer ring ( 909   g ) is the only part of the heatsink collar ( 909 ) that is not contained within the glass bulb (not shown) once the smart bulb is fully assembled. This small surface area of the exposed heatink, significantly reduces the burn risk due to inadvertent contact by users, over the prior art implementations. 
         [0102]    In an alternate embodiment, the size of the surface of the outer ring ( 909   g ) of the heatsink collar ( 909 ) may be increased, decreased, or the overall shape may be modified, including but not limited to adding cooling fins or other physical attributes, to optimize the thermal dissipation of the LED bulb to match the required lumens output, and resultant power dissipation. 
         [0103]    As described in  FIG. 9  the LED MCPCB ( 907 ) is formed such that the outer wings or petals ( 907   d ) where the LEDs ( 906 ) are located are bent over to allow the light pattern to be dispersed in a more efficient way than mounting all the LEDs on a flat MCPCB and face in the identical planar direction. Further, the LED MCPCB ( 907 ) is a single continuous PCB entity, mounted at a right angle to, and accommodating projection from, the main circuit board assembly (not shown). The main circuit board assembly encompasses (among other functions) the LED driver circuits, and is attached to the LED MCPCB (or other LED PCB carrier technology), via board-to-board connecters ( 904 ), 
         [0104]    This is a further advantage over prior art, where to simulate a spatially omni-directional light source, multiple LED PCBs are required, facing in different directions, with connections required from each LED PCB, to the AC-to-DC conversion and regulation circuitry. The LEDs may be mounted on multiple PCBs (with their conjoined point-source heatsinks), which face towards each other, into the center of the bulb. In this case, any LED bank (and associated LED MCPCB/heatsink), casting light towards another LED bank (and LED MCPCB/heatsink) will cause a shadow to be cast. Alternately, LEDs may be mounted on multiple PCBs (with their conjoined point-source heatsinks), which face away from each other, from the center of the bulb, but these produce a very directional radiated pattern dependent on the angle (any how many) LED PCBs are incorporated. In either case, both configurations exhibit an unnatural radiated pattern from the source. None of these patterns mimic the omni-directional equivalent of the emitted light from the central filament of an incandescent bulb, as described by the present embodiment. 
         [0105]    In a further advantage of the embodiment, any color of LED, or any plurality of colors of LED can be mounted on the LED MCPCB, allowing different colored bulbs to be offered from the identical design. In yet another embodiment, separate LED connectivity circuits can be implemented on the LED MCPCB, each circuit corresponding to a different colored LED (or plurality of LEDs), such as (but not limited to) a red LED circuit, green LED circuit, blue LED circuit and white LED circuit. Additional connectivity pads on the main circuit board and the LED MCPCB would be added as necessary to allow routing of the additional separate drive circuits, which can be easily achieved by expanding the signal carrying capability of the board-to-board interconnect. 
         [0106]    The enhanced thermal conductivity offered by the unique mechanical design, makes the heatsink much smaller, and hence lighter. The resultant weight of the smart bulb is much more like the characteristic incandescent bulb it is designed to replace, and does not restrict its use in existing table or floor standing lamps. 
         [0107]    While one embodiment calls for a glass bulb, which aids thermal performance of the bulb, in some applications it may be possible and/or preferable to substitute a plastic bulb. In either the case of a glass or plastic bulb, no chemical coating is required on the inside of the glass. For decorative purposes, the glass or plastic bulb may be clear or frosted, or may be colored. 
         [0108]    Referring to  FIG. 10A  and  FIG. 10B , a detailed view of two configurations of an optional isolation barrier are shown. Such an isolation barrier may be necessary for additional regulatory compliance, and would generally be used instead of LED rings (see  905  in  FIG. 9  for detail). In the first example embodiment,  FIG. 10A  shows an isolation barrier ( 1025 ) which forms an electrically non-conductive cover over the LED MCPCB ( 1007 ). LED access holes ( 1025   c ) are cut out of isolation barrier ( 1025 ) to allow illumination from the LEDs ( 1006 ) to pass through. A small PCB turret ( 1025   a ) is formed in isolation barrier ( 1025 ), and covers the tab on the main circuit board assembly (not shown, see  810   a  on  FIG. 8G  for example) that protrudes through the slot ( 1008   a ) in the thermal adhesive tape ( 1008 ) and slot ( 1007   a ) in the LED MCPCB ( 1007 ), and also encases the board-to-board connectors ( 1004 ) and Kapton tape ( 1003 ). An antenna egress hole ( 1025   b ) allows the antenna (not shown, see  802  on  FIG. 8G  for example) to pass through isolation barrier ( 1025 ) and connect to the pad(s) on the tab of the main circuit board (not shown, see  810   a  on  FIG. 8G  for example). 
         [0109]    In the second example embodiment,  FIG. 10B  shows an isolation barrier ( 1035 ) forms an electrically non-conductive cover over the LED MCPCB ( 1007 ). LED access holes ( 1035   c ) are cut out of isolation barrier ( 1035 ) to allow illumination from the LEDs ( 1006 ) to pass through. A small PCB turret ( 1035   a ) is formed in isolation barrier ( 1035 ) and covers the tab on the main circuit board assembly (not shown, see  810   a  on  FIG. 8G  for example), that protrudes through the slot ( 1008   a ) in the thermal adhesive tape ( 1008 ) and slot ( 1007   a ) in the LED MCPCB ( 1007 ), and also encases the board-to-board connectors ( 1004 ) and Kapton tape ( 1003 ). In this embodiment, antenna enclosure ( 1035   b ) shrouds the antenna (not shown) under the top surface of isolation barrier ( 1035 ). While a toroidal form for antenna enclosure ( 1035   b ) is shown, any suitable antenna form appropriate to the antenna and/or radio of choice is both contemplated and anticipated. 
         [0110]    Note that in  FIG. 9 , thermal adhesive tape ( 908 ) closely mirrors the shape of the LED MCPCB ( 907 ), whereas in  FIG. 10A  and  FIG. 10B , thermal adhesive tape ( 1008 ), closely mirrors the entire top surface of the heatsink collar ( 1009 ), covering the angled shoulders ( 1009   d ). In one embodiment, the thermal adhesive tape ( 1008 ) left uncovered after the LED MCPCB ( 1007 ) is attached, may be used to secure the isolation barrier ( 1025 ,  1035 ), to the heatsink collar ( 1009 ). In this case, isolation barrier ( 1020 ,  1025 ) would be formed such that the four (in this example) petals or wings ( 1025   d ,  1035   d ) where the LED access holes ( 1025   c ,  1035   c ) are cut, would be enlarged to overlap the exposed areas of the thermal adhesive tape ( 1008 ). In an alternate embodiment, an adhesive (not shown) may be used to secure an isolation barrier ( 1025 ,  1035 ) to the surface of the LED MCPCB ( 1007 ), or a combination of the two approaches may be used. 
         [0111]    Referring to  FIG. 11A  and  FIG. 11B , views of both a partially ( FIG. 11A ) and fully assembled ( FIG. 11B ) bulb are shown, indicating the location of an external transducer and/or detector. The partially assembled bulb of  FIG. 11A  has the glass or plastic bulb ( 1101 ) and E26 base ( 1112 ) removed, exposing the main circuit board ( 1110 ), main circuit board tab ( 1110   a ), main circuit board “pigtail” connection wires ( 1114   a ,  1114   b ), and antenna ( 1102 ), all items having been previously disclosed in (for instance)  FIG. 4  and  FIGS. 8A through 8L . An optional external transducer/detector ( 1116 ) may be mounted within the cylindrical isolation sleeve ( 1111 ), and attached to the circuitry of the main PCB ( 1110 ). Other mounting points for the external transducer/detector ( 1116 ) may be applicable dependent on use cases, and are both contemplated and anticipated. While a single instantiation of the external transducer/detector ( 1116 ) is shown, there may more than one instance of such. External transducer/detector ( 1116 ) may be a receiving device for the LED bulb to detect signals, such as (but not limited to) a proximity/motion detector, an RF, infrared or ultrasonic detector, an ambient and/or visible light sensor, an audio detector, a humidity detector or moisture sensor, a reset button, etc. Alternatively, external transducer/detector ( 1116 ) may be a transmitting device for the LED bulb to indicate its state or condition to an external entity, via another means, including (but not limited to) RF, infrared, ultrasonic, optical, etc. 
         [0112]    Such external transducer/detector ( 1116 ) may be incorporated into a simple LED bulb, or an LED smart bulb. 
         [0113]      FIG. 11A  also clearly shows the placement of the simple monopole antenna ( 1102 ) in the preferred embodiment.  FIG. 10B  shows one alternate embodiment for antenna placement, mounted beneath antenna enclosure ( 1035   b ), where a toroid or chip antenna format may be used. Other embodiments may be possible including embedding the antenna into the side of the heatsink collar ( 1109 ). For instance, by elongating one of the vent holes (see  909   b  in  FIG. 9  for detail), in a vertical direction, a slot can be produced where a simple monopole antenna can be placed, with an appropriate electrical connection to the main circuit board. For optimal RF performance, the antenna must be prevented from electrically shorting to the metal heatsink collar. This can be achieved during the assembly process, where either the elongated slot or some portion of the interior of the heatsink collar could be filled with thermally conductive and/or electrically insulating potting compound, encasing the antenna in the elongated slot in the heasink collar to provide a secure mechanical location. Other antenna placements and configurations may be possible and do not depart from the overall described embodiment. 
         [0114]    Referring to  FIG. 12A  and  FIG. 12B , as well as  FIG. 12C  and  FIG. 12D , alternate examples of board-to-board interconnect are shown. In  FIG. 12A , an example of a “flex strip” connection is detailed. The LED MCPCB ( 1207 ) or a substantially similar thermally efficient PCB, is thermally and mechanically adhered to the heatsink collar ( 1209 ), using thermal adhesive tape (not shown, see  908  in  FIG. 9 , or  1008  in  FIG. 10A  or  10 B), or any alternate bonding material.  FIG. 12B  shows an exploded detail view of the area of  FIG. 12A , indicated by the outlined area designated by the letter “A”. The main circuit board assembly tab ( 1210   a ) passes through the LED MCPCB ( 1207 ), and the two are connected via flex strip interconnect ( 1230 ). The pads ( 1210   b ) on the main circuit board assembly tab ( 1210   a ) and the pads ( 1207   b ) on the LED MCPCB ( 1207 ) are electrically connected through pads ( 1230   a ) at either end of the conductors of the flex strip ( 1230 ). While a two conductor flex strip implementation is shown, clearly other conductor arrangements are both possible and contemplated. 
         [0115]    In  FIG. 12C , an example of a “flexible PCB” connection is detailed. The LED MCPCB ( 1207 ) or a substantially similar thermally efficient PCB, is thermally and mechanically adhered to the heatsink collar ( 1209 ), using thermal adhesive tape (not shown, see  908  in  FIG. 9 , or  1008  in  FIG. 10A  or  10 B), or any alternate bonding material.  FIG. 12D  shows an exploded detail view of the area of  FIG. 12C , indicated by the outlined area designated by the letter “B”. The main circuit board assembly tab ( 1210   a ) passes through the LED MCPCB ( 1207 ), and forces the flexible tab ( 1207   h ) built in to or attached to the flexible MCPCB ( 1207 ) (or equivalent), to be bent upwards, such that the pads ( 1207   i ) on the flexible tab ( 1207   h ) of the LED MCPCB ( 1207 ) align with the pads ( 1210   b ) of the main circuit board assembly tab ( 1210   a ). 
         [0116]    Referring to  FIG. 13A through 13C , an alternate embodiment of heatsink collar ( 1309 ) and LED “flexible PCB” (FPCB) ( 1307 ) is shown. In  FIG. 13A , an exploded view of the heatsink collar ( 1309 ), thermal adhesive tape ( 1308 ) and an LED FPCB ( 1307 ) are shown. In one embodiment, a thermal extension pad ( 1309   h ) is located on each of the angled shoulders ( 1309   d ) of heatsink collar ( 1309 ). LED FPCB ( 1307 ) uses flexible PCB technology without requiring a metal core layer sandwiched within the PCB, hence eliminating the requirement for an MCPCB. Cutouts ( 1308   b ) in thermal adhesive tape ( 1308 ), correspond to the thermal extension pad ( 1309   h ) locations of heatsink collar ( 1309 ), and similar access slots ( 1307   j ) in the LED FPCB ( 1307 ) allow the heatsink collar ( 1309 ) to be in direct contact with the substrate of the LEDs ( 1306 ) mounted on the LED FPCB ( 1307 ). The LEDs ( 1306 ) are soldered onto their corresponding pads ( 1307   g ) on LED FPCB ( 1307 ) using an appropriate SMT solder process, prior to the flexible PCB ( 1307 ) being bent. Note that in  FIG. 13A , the LEDs ( 1306 ) are shown as not attached to the LED FPCB ( 1307 ), which is for illustrative purposes only. 
         [0117]    In an alternative embodiment, heatsink collar ( 1309 ) could have multiple thermal extension pads ( 1309   h ) located on the angled shoulders ( 1309   d ) of heatsink collar ( 1309 ), corresponding to multiple LEDs ( 1306 ), mounted on the petals ( 1307   d ) of the LED FPCB ( 1307 ). 
         [0118]    In  FIG. 13B , the thermal extension pad ( 1309   h ), is clearly shown protruding through both the thermal adhesive tape ( 1308 ) and the LED FPCB ( 1307 ), such that it is within the solder pads ( 1307   g ) of the LED FPCB ( 1307 ) and in direct contact with the substrate of the LED ( 1306 ). While thermal adhesive tape ( 1308 ) is used primarily for adhesion to, and additional heat transfer between, the LED FPCB ( 1307 ) and the heatsink collar ( 1309 ), additional thermal paste and/or adhesive may be employed to optimize the point-source heat transfer from the LEDs ( 1306 ) to the thermal extension pad ( 1309   h ) of the heatsink collar ( 1309 ). Note that in  FIG. 13B , one LED ( 1306 ) is shown as not attached to the LED FPCB ( 1307 ), which is for illustrative purposes only. 
         [0119]    In  FIG. 13C , the completed assembly is shown as it would be in normal production. The access slot ( 1307   a ) for the main circuit board assembly (not shown) is clearly visible, as are the pads ( 1307   b ) for the board-to-board interconnect (not shown).