Abstract:
A direct double-action extrusion press includes a main crosshead to which an extrusion stem is fixed; a main cylinder having a main ram that advances the main crosshead and pressing on a billet; a piercer cylinder disposed inside the main ram and drives a mandrel; a plurality of side cylinders that retracts the main ram via the main crosshead; and a hydraulic circuit for supplying hydraulic oil to the main cylinder, the piercer cylinder, and the side cylinders. Cylinder chambers of the plurality of side cylinders on a side where the hydraulic oil is discharged when the main crosshead is advancing have a pressure-receiving area equal in total to that of a rod side chamber of the piercer cylinder. During billet extrusion, the hydraulic circuit causes fluid communication through the rod side chamber of the piercer cylinder and each cylinder chamber of the plurality of side cylinders on the side where the hydraulic oil is discharged.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a direct double-action extrusion press for extruding a tubular product. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     Known in the past, for example, has been an extrusion press using copper, aluminum, an alloy thereof, etc. to extrude a tubular product by a direct double-action extrusion process. The extrusion press comprises a cylinder platen and an end platen arranged facing each other. The cylinder platen is provided with a main cylinder, main ram, extrusion stem, and mandrel, while the end platen is provided with a die. Between the extrusion stem and die, there is a container which can be made to freely advance and retract by container cylinders. 
     The extrusion stem has a dummy block arranged at its front end. The extrusion stem is attached to the main ram assembled in the main cylinder provided at the cylinder platen through the main cross-head. At the center position of the extrusion stem, the mandrel is arranged together with a piercer cylinder rod to be able to accompany and advance and retract with the extrusion stem. Further, the die is attached to the end platen facing the extrusion stem. 
     Between the extrusion stem and the die, the container is arranged to be able to advance and retract, in which a billet is held. The extrusion stem moves the billet stored in the container to the die side to thereby push the billet and complete the upset operation. After the upset operation, the mandrel advances to pierce the billet. The mandrel stops at a predetermined advancing position of the die. The extrusion stem is then again advanced to extrude the billet as a tubular product. 
     In this double-action extrusion press, when making the front end part of the mandrel stop at a predetermined position of a bearing part of the die and then extruding the product, the position of the mandrel is held so that its stopping position does not shift even if the relative positions of the mandrel and the bearing part of the die changes by a pulling action by the product. 
     PLT 1 discloses a double-action extrusion press which is provided with a piercer cylinder provided inside a main cylinder and a trigger forcibly connected with the mandrel away from the axial center of the extrusion press. This trigger acts on a hydraulic pilot valve to hold a bearing part of a die at a predetermined axial direction position (stopping position). For this, a certain amount of the pressurized fluid medium starts to be supplied to a rod side chamber of the piercer cylinder. Further, the position holding operation is controlled so that the amount of the pressurized fluid medium supplied matches the amount of increase of volume of the piercer cylinder rod side chamber when the mandrel is stationary and the main ram advances. 
     In this regard, in this conventional double-action extrusion press, the hydraulic pilot valve is switched mechanically through the trigger and a connecting rod to supply a certain amount of pressurized fluid medium to thereby hold the mandrel at a predetermined position of the bearing part of the die, so a delay occurs in control by exactly the amount of the stroke of movement corresponding to a land of a spool of the hydraulic pilot valve and a front end part of the mandrel moves back and forth by several millimeters with respect to the predetermined stopping position during an extrusion operation. 
     Furthermore, when changing the front end position of the mandrel or changing the extrusion speed, it is necessary to adjust the position of the trigger and the amount of fluid and pressure supplied to the rod side chamber of the piercer cylinder so as to adjust the pressure each time. 
     For this reason, the wall thickness of the extruded tubular products fluctuates and a stable quality of tubular products cannot be obtained. 
     Furthermore, in a conventional double-action extrusion press, there is the following problem: After pushing the billet in the container by the extrusion stem, then upsetting the billet and piercing the inside of the billet by a mandrel, then extruding it by a fixed mandrel, a frictional force occurs between the surfaces of the billet and mandrel and a pull force acts on the mandrel during extrusion. Due to this, the extrusion force acting on the die decreases by that amount, so it is not possible for the extrusion force to be effectively utilized at the start when the extrusion force is most required. 
     CITATION LIST 
     Patent Literature 
     PLT 1: Japanese Patent Publication No. 49-26188B 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     Technical Problem 
     The present invention is made so as to solve the above problem and has as its object the provision of a direct double-action extrusion press for obtaining a tubular product provided with a mandrel holding means for holding a mandrel at a predetermined stopping position at a bearing part of a die without moving forward or back so as to keep the front end position of the mandrel from fluctuating during extrusion. 
     Solution to Problem 
     The present invention provides a direct double-action extrusion press comprising an extrusion stem, a main cross-head to which the extrusion stem is fastened, a main cylinder having a main ram which makes the main cross-head and therefore the extrusion stem advance in an extrusion direction for extruding a billet, a piercer cylinder arranged in the main ram, which piercer cylinder making a piercing use mandrel advance and retract passing through the extrusion stem and the main cross-head and holding the mandrel at a predetermined position, a plurality of side cylinders making the main ram retract through the main cross-head, and a hydraulic circuit supplying a hydraulic fluid to the main cylinder, the piercer cylinder, and the plurality of side cylinders, wherein a plurality of cylinder chambers of the plurality of side cylinders at the sides discharging the hydraulic fluid when the main cross-head advances have in total a pressure receiving area equal to a rod side chamber of the piercer cylinder, and the hydraulic circuit fluidly communicates the plurality of cylinder chambers at the sides discharging the hydraulic fluid of the plurality of side cylinders and the rod side chamber of the piercer cylinder during extrusion of the billet. 
     In the present invention, the hydraulic circuit may comprise a variable discharge hydraulic pump adjusting an amount of fluid of the piercer cylinder. 
     In the present invention, not only the main ram, but also the plurality of side cylinders can make the main cross-head and therefore the extrusion stem advance in the extrusion direction. 
     In the present invention, the hydraulic circuit may comprise a pressure sensor for sensing an fluid pressure acting on a rod side of the piercer cylinder during extrusion of the billet and may control the fluid pressure acting in the extrusion direction of the plurality of side cylinders in accordance with the detected fluid pressure acting on the rod side of the piercer cylinder. 
     Advantageous Effects of Invention 
     The cylinder chamber pressure receiving area at the sides where the side cylinders discharge hydraulic fluid when the main cross-head moves in the extrusion direction and the rod side chamber pressure receiving area of the piercer cylinder are made substantially the same, and the hydraulic fluid discharged from the side cylinders synchronized with the extrusion stem during extrusion is supplied through a hydraulic pipeline to the rod side chamber of the piercer cylinder, so it is possible to hold the front end position of the mandrel at a predetermined certain position during extrusion, the operation of holding the position of the mandrel can be easily controlled, the position precision can be improved, and the extruded product becomes stable in quality. 
     Even if changing the extrusion speed during an extrusion operation, there is no need to adjust the pressure or amount of the hydraulic fluid supplied to the rod side chamber of the piercer cylinder and the operability is improved. 
     When the main cross-head moves in the extrusion direction, the cylinder chambers at the sides discharging the hydraulic fluid and the rod side chamber of the piercer cylinder are supplied with pressurized fluid by a pressurized fluid feeding means, so the amounts of leakage and pressure drops of the two cylinders are compensated for and control of the holding position of the mandrel is improved. 
     The direct double-action extrusion press of the present invention supplements the extrusion force decreased by the frictional force acting during extrusion between the surfaces of the billet and the mandrel by supplying pressurized fluid set to a specific pressure to the main ram and side cylinders to thereby make the fluid pressure act on side cylinders having a hydraulic type mandrel stopper function in the extrusion direction and increase the force. Due to this, it becomes possible to extrude thin-wall tubular products which could not be extruded in the past and long size billets, the double-action extrusion press can be made smaller in size, and improved productivity, energy saving, and labor saving can be achieved. Further, even if the extrusion force changes during the extrusion operation, there is no need to adjust the pressure or amount of the hydraulic fluid supplied to the container cylinders and the operability is improved. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view showing a direct double-action extrusion press of a first embodiment of the present invention in brief. 
         FIG. 2  is an explanatory view showing the state of extrusion where the front end of the mandrel is positioned at the bearing part of the die. 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view showing a direct double-action extrusion press of a second embodiment of the present invention in brief. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     Below, a direct double-action extrusion press  10  according to a first embodiment of the present invention will be explained with reference to  FIG. 1 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the extrusion press  10  comprises an end platen  11  and a cylinder platen  25  arranged facing each other. The end platen  11  is provided with a die  12 , while the cylinder platen  25  is provided with a main cylinder  26 , main ram  24 , main cross-head  23 , and extrusion stem  22 . Between the end platen  11  and the cylinder platen  25 , there is a container  13  able to be advanced and retract by not shown container cylinders arranged at the end platen  11 . 
     The extrusion stem  22  is attached through the main cross-head  23  to the main ram  24  assembled in the main cylinder  26  provided at the cylinder platen  25 . At the center position of the extrusion stem  22 , a mandrel  31  is attached through a sub mandrel  32  and piercer cylinder rod  33  to a piercer cylinder piston  35  and is arranged to be able to accompany the extrusion stem  22  and advance and retract. The die  12  is provided at the end platen  11  facing the extrusion stem  22 . 
     A billet  14  is supplied between the die  12  and the container  13  moved to the cylinder platen  25  side together with a dummy block  21  by a not shown billet loader. For smoothing the supply of the billet  14 , it is also possible to insert only the billet  14  in the container  13 , then retract the extrusion stem and use a not shown dummy block supply device to move the dummy block  21  to the center of the extrusion press and insert it into the container  13 . 
     The cylinder platen  25  has two side cylinders  37  attached to it. Side cylinder rods  36  are fastened to the main cross-head  23 . The side cylinders  37  in the present embodiment, as will be understood from the hydraulic circuit of  FIG. 1 , not only make the advanced main cross-head  23  and main ram  24  retract, but also act to push the main cross-head  23  and make it advance. In this figure, there are two side cylinders  37 , but there may also be four. 
     Further, inside the main ram  24 , there is a piercer cylinder  34 . The sub mandrel  32  coupled with the piercer cylinder rod  33  is arranged to be able to advance and retract inside of the extrusion stem  22  and main cross-head  23 . 
     Next, the direct double-action extrusion press  10  according to the first embodiment according to the present invention will be explained in more detail using  FIG. 1 . In  FIG. 1 , reference numeral  11  indicates the end platen, reference numeral  25  indicates the cylinder platen provided facing the end platen, reference numeral  24  indicates the main ram attached to the main cylinder  26  to be able to slide and pushing the extrusion stem  22  through the main cross-head  23 , and reference numeral  23  denotes the main cross-head coupled with the main ram  24 . The main cross-head  23  is arranged so as to slide on a not shown machine base. Note that, the end platen  11  and the cylinder platen  25  are configured to be able to be held by the same not shown tie-bars at a predetermined interval. 
     Further, inside the main ram  24 , the piercer cylinder  34  is provided. At the front end of the piercer cylinder rod  33 , the mandrel  31  is screwed through the sub mandrel  32 . Further, the mandrel  31  is inserted to be able to slide inside the extrusion stem  22  attached to the front end of the main cross-head  23 . 
     On the other hand, the end platen  11  is provided with the die  12 . The container  13  is arranged to be able to advance and retract by a plurality of container cylinders provided at the end platen  11 . Reference numeral  21  denotes the dummy block arranged at the front end of the extrusion stem  22 . 
     In  FIG. 1 , reference numeral  40  shows a rod side chamber of the piercer cylinder  34 . The pressure receiving area is set to “A” cubic centimeters. Reference numeral  42  shows the cylinder chambers of the side cylinders  37  at the sides where the hydraulic fluid is discharged when the main cross-head  23  moves in the extrusion direction. In  FIG. 1 , two side cylinders  37  are provided, so the pressure receiving areas of the side cylinders, which become substantially the same, are set to one half of the pressure receiving area “A” cubic centimeter (½ A cubic centimeter) of the rod side chamber of the piercer cylinder  34 . In  FIG. 1 , the side cylinders  37  are provided at the cylinder platen  25 , so the discharge sides of the hydraulic fluid when the main cross-head  23  moves forward in the extrusion direction become the rod side of the cylinders. When configured using four side cylinders  37 , the pressure receiving area is set to one-quarter of “A” cubic centimeters (¼ A cubic centimeter). 
     The mandrel holding means is configured to be communicated with the sides where the hydraulic fluid is discharged when the rod side chamber  40  of the piercer cylinder  34  and the side cylinders  37  advance when extruding the billet  14 , that is, the rod side chambers  42  of the side cylinders in  FIG. 1 . In the direct double acting extrusion type of extrusion press, the mandrel  31  and the main cross-head  23  synchronously move forward (accompany each other), so the hydraulic fluid discharged from the side cylinders  37  due to the communication is supplied to the rod side chamber of the piercer cylinder  34 . For this reason, even if the extrusion stem  22  moves forward, the front end of the mandrel  31  moves relatively without actually moving. As shown in  FIG. 2 , the front end of the mandrel  31  holds a predetermined stopping position S from the end face of the die  12 . The front end position of the mandrel  31  is restricted. 
     In  FIG. 2 , reference numeral  15  shows a tubular extruded product extruded from the die  12 , while  16  shows a bearing part of the die. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , the configuration of the hydraulic circuit  50  of the mandrel holding means of the direct double-action extrusion press  10  according to the first embodiment will be explained. Reference numerals  51  and  52  denote variable discharge hydraulic pumps driven by not shown motors. The variable discharge hydraulic pumps  51  and  52  are provided with not shown known pressure regulators etc., are adjusted in pressure, and supply pressurized fluid to the cylinders. Reference numeral  55  denotes a solenoid valve operating the piercer cylinder  34 , while  56  is a solenoid valve operating the side cylinders  37 . Reference numerals  53  and  54  and numeral  57  denote solenoid valves and a check valve which operate when communicated with the rod side chambers  42  of the side cylinders at the sides where hydraulic fluid is discharged when the rod side chamber  40  of the piercer cylinder  34  and the side cylinders  37  advance. 
     The operation of the direct double-action extrusion press  10  according to the first embodiment configured as explained above will be explained. The billet  14  is placed together with a dummy block  21  on a billet loader and supplied to a center position of extrusion. Next, the main ram  24  is made to advance to make the front end of the extrusion stem  22  contact the end face of the dummy block  21 , load the billet  14  in the billet insertion hole, and then perform an upset operation. After the upset operation, an SOLb of the solenoid valve  55  is magnetized to introduce pressurized fluid to the piston head side chamber of the piercer cylinder  34 , the mandrel  31  is made to advance while piercing the billet  14 , and the front end of the mandrel  31  is made to stop at a predetermined position (S) of the bearing part  16  of the die  12  shown in  FIG. 2 . The SOLb of the solenoid valve  55  is demagnetized by holding that position. 
     The predetermined stopping position holding operation of the mandrel  31  shown in  FIG. 2  may comprise (measuring and determining the relative positions of mandrel  31  and die  12  in advance) attaching a scale sensor (not shown) in advance to the piercer cylinder rod  33  of the piercer cylinder  34  or main cross-head  23  and determining the relative positions of the piercer cylinder rod  33  and the piercer cylinder  34 , but the invention is not limited to this so long as the front end of the mandrel  31  is set to the predetermined stopping position of the bearing part  16  of the die  12 . Another method may also be used to determine the relative positions. 
     Next, the main ram  24  is made to again advance to make the extrusion stem  22  move and obtain the desired tubular extruded product  15  having a uniform wall thickness from the die  12 . During extrusion, the SOLb of the solenoid valve  56  is magnetized to synchronize the side cylinders  37  with the speed of advance of the mandrel  31 . Further, the SOLb&#39;s of the solenoid valves  53  and  54  are magnetized to communicate the rod side chambers  42  of the side cylinders  37  and the rod side chamber  40  of the piercer cylinder  34 . As explained above, the rod side chamber pressure receiving area of the side cylinders  37  and the rod side chamber pressure receiving area of the piercer cylinder  34  are made substantially the same areas, so the hydraulic fluid discharged from the side cylinders  37  causes the piercer cylinder rod  33  to move relatively synchronously with the advancing speed of the main cross-head  23 . For this reason, the front end face of the mandrel  31  at a predetermined stopping position of the bearing part  16  of the die  12  is constantly held at that predetermined stopping position. In the positional control for synchronization with the movement of positions of the mandrel  31  and extrusion stem  22 , the leakage from the piercer cylinder  34  and two side cylinders  37  and deviation due to pressure, volumetric efficiency, etc. are corrected by using the variable discharge hydraulic pump  51  to supply pressurized fluid to the two cylinder chambers. 
     At the time of the end of the extrusion, the magnetized SOLb&#39;s of the solenoid valves are demagnetized. 
     After the end of the extrusion, if the pressurized fluid pushing the main ram  24  to the advancing side is lowered in pressure and discharged and pressurized fluid is introduced to the rod sides of the side cylinders  37  to make the main ram  24  pull back and make the main cross-head  23  retract, the extrusion stem  22  retracts. Next, pressurized fluid is supplied to the rod side chamber  40  of the piercer cylinder  34  to make the mandrel  31  retract and pull out of the nonextruded part of the billet  14 . After this, the discard part is cut off from the die  12 . 
     The cylinder chamber pressure receiving area at the side where the side cylinders discharge hydraulic fluid when the main cross-head moves in the extrusion direction and the rod side chamber pressure receiving area of the piercer cylinder are made substantially the same and the hydraulic fluid discharged from the side cylinders synchronously with the extrusion stem during extrusion is supplied through the hydraulic pipeline to the rod side chamber of the piercer cylinder, so it is possible to hold the front end position of the mandrel during extrusion at a predetermined certain position, the operation of holding the position of the mandrel can be easily controlled, the position precision can be improved, and the extruded product becomes stable in quality. 
     Even if changing the extrusion speed during the extrusion operation, there is no need to adjust the pressure or supply of the hydraulic fluid supplied to the rod side chamber of the piercer cylinder each time and the operability is improved. 
     When the main cross-head moves in the extrusion direction, the cylinder chambers at the sides discharging the hydraulic fluid and the rod side chamber of the piercer cylinder are supplied with pressurized fluid from the pressurized fluid feeding means, so the leakage of the two cylinders and the drop in pressure are compensated for and the control of the holding position of the mandrel is improved. 
     Next, the direct double-action extrusion press according to the second embodiment of the present invention will be explained below with reference to  FIG. 3 . The direct double-action extrusion press according to the second embodiment is similar in configuration of the extrusion press body with the press according to the first embodiment. The configuration of the part related to the hydraulic circuit differs. Therefore, here, the explanation of the configuration of the extrusion press body will be omitted. Further, the reference numerals of the components are the same as those according to the first embodiment other than for the newly added components. 
     The configuration of a hydraulic circuit  50  of a mandrel holding means of the direct double-action extrusion press  10  according to the second embodiment will be explained. Reference numerals  51  and  52  denote variable discharge hydraulic pumps which are driven by not shown motors. The variable discharge hydraulic pumps  51  and  52  are provided with proportional electromagnetic relief valves of reference numerals  63 , the pressure is adjusted, and the cylinders are supplied with pressurized fluid. Reference numeral  55  denotes a solenoid valve for operating the piercer cylinder  34 , reference numeral  56  denotes a solenoid valve for operating the side cylinders  37 , while reference numerals  53  and  54  and numeral  57  denote solenoid valves and a check valve which operate when communicated with the rod side chambers  42  of the side cylinders at the side where hydraulic fluid is discharged when the rod side chamber  40  of the piercer cylinder  34  and the side cylinders  37  advance. 
     In the double-action extrusion press  10  according to the second embodiment, at the same time as starting the extrusion, the SOLb&#39;s of the solenoid valve  56  and solenoid valve  58  are magnetized and pressurized fluid is sent from the variable discharge pump  52  to the main ram  24  and the side cylinders  24  at the head sides. Due to this pressurized fluid, the side cylinder rods  36  push the main cross-head  23  and the extrusion force of the extrusion stem  22  is increased. 
     Note that this pressurized fluid increases the extrusion force by changing the pressure setting enough to make up for the amount of loss of the extrusion force of the mandrel pull force by the proportional electromagnetic relief valves  63 . 
     The operation of the direct double-action extrusion press  10  according to the second embodiment configured as explained above will be explained. First, the container  13  is made to move to the die  12  and the billet  14  is placed together with the dummy block  21  on the billet loader and supplied to the extrusion center position. Next, the main ram  24  is made to advance to bring the front end of the extrusion stem  22  into contact with the end face of the dummy block  21 , load the billet  14  in the billet insertion hole, and then perform an upset operation. After the upset operation, the SOLb of the solenoid valve  55  is excited to introduce pressurized fluid into the piston head side chamber of the piercer cylinder  34 , make the mandrel  31  advance while piercing the billet  14 , and make the front end of the mandrel  31  stop (S) at a predetermined position of the bearing part  16  of the die  12  shown in  FIG. 2 . The SOLb of the solenoid valve  55  is demagnetized by holding that position. 
     Here, the frictional force acting on the mandrel  31  of the extrusion press  10  according to the second embodiment will be explained. The frictional force acting between the billet  14  and the mandrel  31  during extrusion acts on the billet  14  in a direction opposite to the extrusion direction. The frictional force corresponds to the value obtained by multiplying the pressure acting on the piercer cylinder rod chamber  40  by the rod side area A. The control means for enabling the extrusion force to make up for the amount of loss due to the frictional force explained above will be shown next. 
     The method of control of the side cylinders  37  for increasing the extrusion force by the fluid pressure of the side cylinders  37  in addition to the fluid pressure of the main ram  24  explained above will be explained with reference to  FIG. 3 . 
     The frictional force acting on the mandrel  31  is propagated as load and acts on the rod side cylinder chamber  40  of the piercer cylinder  34 . Therefore, the fluid pressure of the rod side cylinder chamber  40  of the piercer cylinder  34  (side cylinder rod chambers  42  also ok) is detected by the pressure sensor  60 , the obtained signal is amplified by the amplifier  61  and converted to pressure by the controller  62 , then the pressure of the proportional electromagnetic relief valves  63  is controlled. The pressurized fluid sent from the variable discharge hydraulic pump  52  is sent to the head sides  43  of the side cylinders  37  by a pressure value of the pressure setting of the proportional electromagnetic relief valves  63 . Due to this pressurized fluid, it is possible to increase the extrusion force. 
     Here, the pressure setting is set by multiplying the ratio of the piercer cylinder rod side area and total area of the main ram  24  and side cylinder head sides by the detection pressure of the piercer cylinder rod chamber  40 . 
     As explained above, the direct double-action extrusion press according to the second embodiment supplements the extrusion force decreased by the frictional force acting during extrusion between the billet and mandrel surface by supplying pressurized fluid set in pressure to the main ram and side cylinders to thereby make the fluid pressure act on side cylinders having a hydraulic type mandrel stopper function in the extrusion direction and increase the force. Due to this, it becomes possible to extrude thin-wall tubular products which could not be extruded in the past and long size billets, the double-action extrusion press can be made smaller in size, and improved productivity, energy saving, and labor saving can be achieved. Further, even if the extrusion force fluctuates during the extrusion operation, there is no longer a need to adjust the pressure or supply of hydraulic fluid supplied to the side cylinders each time and the operability can be improved. 
     Note that, the extrusion press of the present invention can be applied to not only a conventional (not short stroke type) direct double-action extrusion press, but also a front loading type short stroke direct double-action extrusion press which inserts a billet between the die and extrusion stem. 
     Note that, the present invention is explained in detail based on specific embodiments, but a person skilled in the art could make various changes, corrections, etc. without departing from the claims and concepts of the present invention. 
     REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 
     
         
           11 . end platen 
           12 . die 
           13 . container 
           14 . billet 
           15 . extruded product 
           16 . bearing part 
           21 . dummy block 
           22 . extrusion stem 
           23 . main cross-head 
           24 . main ram 
           25 . cylinder platen 
           26 . main cylinder 
           31 . mandrel 
           32 . sub mandrel 
           33 . piercer cylinder rod 
           34 . piercer cylinder 
           36 . side cylinder rod 
           37 . side cylinder 
           40 . piercer cylinder rod chamber 
           41 . piercer cylinder head chamber 
           42 . side cylinder rod chamber 
           43 . side cylinder head chamber 
           51 ,  52 . variable discharge hydraulic pump 
           53  to  56 . solenoid valves 
           57 . check valve 
           58 . solenoid valve 
           60 . pressure sensor 
           61 . amplifier 
           62 . controller 
           63 . proportional electromagnetic relief valve