Abstract:
A lattice stitch surgical tension-limiting device, designed to be used in lattice stitch repair of wounds in biologic tissue. The device is tied to the surface of biologic tissue to be repaired by a lattice stitch. The device is designed to limit the tension in the lattice stitch, to allow placement of the lattice stitch without the need of an assistant and “instrument tie”, to help displace tension away from the surface of the body tissues, to enhance the properties of the lattice stitch in tissue shear reduction, and manage rotational forces affecting the repair as the lattice stitch draws the wound together to a closed condition. The device remains on the tissue surface during the wound healing period and is removed with the lattice stitch when wound healing is complete.

Description:
This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application U.S. Application No. 61/609,107, filed Mar. 9, 2012. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to devices that can be used to facilitate placement and proper tensioning of sutures used to form a lattice stitch. The devices also function to separate suture material from the surface of body tissues to help reduce the potential of scarring from suture pressure. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The lattice stitch is a suture-based method of surgical repair that distributes biologic tissue tension throughout the full thickness of the wound in both parallel and perpendicular directions from the wound edge. It is ideally, but not exclusively, suited for closure of atrophic skin and wounds under high tension and can be effectively used as a salvage stitch to repair wounds with secondary tissue tears (tears in wounds that have occurred as a result of failure of a wound repair using a closure other than the lattice stitch). 
     The lattice stitch is formed by first placing a pair of “anchor” stitches in opposed positions parallel to the wound edge, one on each side of the wound. The anchor stitches are placed with sufficient tension to minimize slack, while avoiding excessive tightening/strangulation of the skin. Next, a “closing” stitch is passed through the skin and is looped around the anchor stitches. The closing stitch is then drawn together at the surface of the tissue and is tied at the center of the wound. It is possible to place multiple closing stitches around a single pair of anchor stitches for additional support of the repair, at the surgeon&#39;s discretion. 
     In a lattice stitch repair, the closing stitch is preferably looped completely around each anchor stitch within the tissues, before the stitch is tied at the surface of the wound, thus, drawing the wound together to a closed condition. This arrangement optimizes stitch function and efficacy. Alternate arrangements of the closing stitch and anchor stitches in a lattice stitch repair include those where the closing stitch is passed through the loop of one or both anchor stitches, in the tissues, before the closing stitch is tied at the surface of the wound. Said alternate lattice stitch arrangements are not as effective at displacing wound tension or shear, in comparison to the preferred embodiment of the lattice stitch repair. 
     In the preferred embodiment of the lattice stitch, closing tension across the wound borne by the closing stitch is distributed away from the plane of closure in a direction parallel to the wound edge throughout the full thickness of the repair by the anchor stitches through a process called “dynamic vectoring.” In this process, the lattice stitch adjusts its three dimensional structural configuration to accommodate forces acting on the repair during wound closure and throughout the healing period. Tissue shear forces during closure of a lattice stitch are largely avoided since the closing stitch is drawn primarily over anchor stitches during closure. Leverage for the closure is provided for the closing stitch by the anchor stitches which act as fulcrums, allowing a great degree of force to be exerted on the closure with little effort. Unlike staples, the lattice stitch can be placed at significantly variable distances from the wound edge and can use substantial subcutaneous tissue support, depending on the needs of the closure. Suture removal is easy because the stitch does not “sink” into the skin; a common problem with the vertical mattress type closures typically used in high tension wound repairs. The lattice stitch is versatile and can be used singly as a support element in repairs where other stitching methods are used, or in plurality as part of a complex lattice closure in cases where a greater distribution of tension is desired. 
     Despite the stated advantages of the lattice stitch, there are some limitations of this repair technique. The anchor stitches of a lattice stitch must be properly tensioned for optimal function, and this can be difficult to achieve under certain conditions. Use of an “instrument tie” with the help of an assistant, can facilitate proper tensioning of the anchor stitches, but can be a challenge to arrange in a busy office or emergency room setting. Excessive tension in the anchor stitches inhibits optimal functioning of the lattice stitch and may contribute to wound ischemia. Slack anchor stitches, on the other hand, can lead to unnecessary stretching of the tissue behind the anchors when the closing stitch draws the wound together and can lead to small tissue tears behind the anchors by the closing stitch, especially in repairs of extremely delicate tissue. Pressure from the lattice stitch on the surface of the skin, especially in high-tension closures, might lead to the formation of scar tissue under the sutures (“suture tracks”). Although this problem is not unique to the lattice stitch, it could be seen more commonly with this method of repair since the lattice stitch is well suited for high-tension closures. 
     A need exists, therefore, for a device that can facilitate proper tensioning of the (lattice) anchor stitches without the need for an assistant/instrument tie whilst preserving the dynamic vectoring properties of the lattice stitch; and, to separate the suture material of the lattice stitch from the surface of the tissues to help reduce the likelihood of scarring. The device should also manage any frictional and rotational forces in a lattice stitch repair that can occur as the closing stitch draws the wound to a closed condition. 
     Various apparatus and suture based methods for biologic tissue repair are known in the patented prior art as evidenced by Bonutti U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,348; Bonutti U.S. Pat. No. 5,549,631; and Gibson U.S. Pat. No. 6,063,106. 
     Bonutti U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,348 discloses an apparatus that is adapted to be received at least partially in body tissue, for purpose of securing a suture in the body, consisting of a cylindrical tissue anchor with a smooth outer surface, and an attached suture means. Bonutti U.S. Pat. No. 5,549,631 is a continuation of Bonutti U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,348 that teaches a method for closing a discontinuity in biologic tissue by moving the tissue anchor described in Bonutti U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,348 into the body tissue by means of a pusher mechanism and an application of force. The anchor must be suitable for implantation in the biologic tissue and must be sufficiently rigid to permit suture retention function and according to the methods governing use of the anchor. The Bonutti method teaches a technique of skin repair that requires subcutaneous access to the wound and a high tolerance of tissue shear at the tissue insertion point of the apparatus at closure. The Bonutti method would not be suitable for applications where use of an implantable anchor device with an associated suture means was inappropriate or unnecessary; in repairs of delicate tissue; in situations where sufficient subcutaneous access to a cutaneous wound was unavailable, or in situations where a pusher mechanism as taught by Bonutti were unavailable. 
     The Gibson patent teaches a substantially disk shaped tissue spacer including a plurality of apertures for receiving suture thread and a depression in the bottom surface thereof to space the apertures above the surface of the skin to reduce the formulation of granulation tissue in surgical applications such as removal of varicose veins, treatment of chronic ulcerations and hernias, attachment of deep cutaneous structures and positioning of prosthesis under the skin. A disk shaped structure of a design consistent with the Gibson spacer would be incompatible with lattice stitch repair. Such a design would be significantly inflexible in the trans-axial plane (force applied on plane to the edge of the disk) and force applied perpendicular to the edge of the disk structure would result in a rotational stress on the structure, thus limiting use of such a design in applications such as lattice stitch repairs where such properties would be undesirable. 
     While the prior apparatus and methods operate satisfactorily as intended, they are not particularly effective in repairs involving lattice stitch closures of atrophic tissues, wide wounds, and/or delicate/high tension wounds with limited subcutaneous access, all of which require a reduction of tissue shear forces, accommodation of dynamic vectoring of tissue tension, and management of rotational and frictional force in the repair, in order to avoid tissue tears, ischemia, wound edge inversion, necrosis and/or dehiscence. The above apparatus and methods do not allow an unassisted surgeon to properly tension lattice anchor stitches whilst preserving the dynamic vectoring properties of the lattice stitch; and, by extension, cannot be used to separate the suture material of the lattice stitch from the surface of the tissues to help reduce the likelihood of scarring. The present invention was developed in order to overcome these and other drawbacks by providing a uniquely configured lattice stitch surgical tension-limiting device to complement lattice stitch repairs. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, it is a primary object of the invention to provide a lattice stitch tension-limiting device that allows placement of the lattice stitch without the need of an assistant and “instrument tie”, whilst facilitating proper tensioning of the lattice stitch; preserving the dynamic vectoring properties of the lattice stitch; enhancing the leverage of the lattice stitch; helping to reduce tissue shear forces; helping to displace tension away from the surface of the body tissues; and, managing frictional and rotational stresses that can occur in lattice stitch wound repairs that could lead to wound edge inversion as the wound is drawn together to a closed condition. 
     The device, preferably, consists of an elongated semi-flexible primary component with a substantially cylindrical shape and at least one patency extending though the body of the primary component in an orientation substantially perpendicular to a plane extending though the rotational axis of said component, said patency of the primary component being capable of receiving and retaining a portion of suture used to make a lattice stitch; and at least one secondary component encircling a portion of the peripheral surface of the primary component said secondary component being placed in contact with the body tissue to be repaired. 
     In the preferred embodiment of wound repair using the lattice stitch tension-limiting device, at least one device is provided between each anchor stitch and the tissue layer adjacent to the wound, thus comprising an “anchor stitch/device” arrangement; each anchor stitch/device arrangement located in opposed positions across the wound, opposite and parallel to the wound edge. The device is not inserted into the tissue to be repaired nor does it exert force on the tissues to enable a repair of said tissue. A closing stitch of the lattice stitch repair is then inserted into the tissue, encircling the opposed anchor stitch/device arrangements. The closing stitch in this configuration is used to draw the wound edges together at the surface of the tissues and is then tied to a closed condition. The device flexes with the anchor stitches on the surface of the tissue toward the wound in a plane parallel to the wound edge, under influence of forces applied by the closing stitch on the device, thus facilitating the process of dynamic vectoring during closure and throughout wound healing. 
     The elongated cylindrical shape of the primary component of the device provides sufficient support to permit an unassisted surgeon to tie suture material at optimal tension when the device is secured to the surface of the tissues; yet, can also accommodate flexion in a plane parallel to the surface of the wound as when tension is applied to the device. The device provides additional leverage for the repair and helps reduce tissue shear forces from the suture material by acting as a fulcrum for the closing stitch. The device also distributes tension widely over the surface of the skin by separating suture material of the lattice stitch from the surface of the tissue to help prevent suture track scarring. 
     The secondary component of the device helps distribute tension on the surface of the tissues and helps manage conformational forces acting on a lattice stitch closure as the tension is brought to bear on the repair. Conformational forces in a lattice stitch repair have two major sources: rotational force from friction by the closing stitch on the device as the closing stitch is drawn out of the tissue during closure, and frictional/rotational force from the tissue on the surface of the device as the device is displaced during closure; the portion of the each device nearest the closing stitch travels significantly closer to the wound than the portions nearest each tissue insertion site of the anchor stitches and is subject to proportionally more frictional/rotational force as a result. In lattice stitches where no device is used, conformational forces during closure act primarily on the anchor stitches. 
     In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the secondary component is capable of movement on the surface of the primary component in a manner independent of the movement of the primary component. In this configuration, conformational forces acting on the device during wound closure are optimally managed by the secondary component of the device as the wound is drawn together to a closed condition. In an alternate aspect of the invention, the secondary component is held in a fixed position relative to the primary component, and the choice of material for the secondary component can help manage conformational forces without compromising the properties of the primary component. 
     Alternate embodiments of the lattice stitch surgical tension-limiting device can feature grooves, ridges, prominences and fenestrations on various components of the device to help manage suture material, facilitate dynamic vectoring properties of the lattice stitch, and/or to help control the interaction of components in the device or on the tissues as described below. The device is designed to hold the closing stitch in position at closure through the presence and function of certain structural features such as prominences or grooves as described below; or can hold the closing stitch in position by virtue of conformational change in the shape of the device under influence of closing force applied by the closing stitch on the device; or a combination thereof. The device can be constructed with a variety of materials of suitable flexibility and friction characteristics. Examples include, but are not limited to, plastic, silicone and biopolymers. A single material or composite of materials can be used in the construction of the device. In general, the edges of the device are, preferably, slightly rounded to reduce the sharpness. Any embodiment of the device may be impregnated with medications. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  is a top perspective view of a lattice stitch surgical tension-limiting device according to the invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a top perspective view of the primary component of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a top perspective view of a secondary component of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 4  is top perspective view of an alternate embodiment of a primary component of the lattice stitch surgical tension-limiting device, according to the invention. 
         FIG. 4A  is a top perspective view of another embodiment of a primary component of the lattice stitch surgical tension-limiting device, according to the invention. 
         FIG. 5  is top perspective view of an alternate embodiment of a secondary component of the lattice stitch surgical tension-limiting device, according to the invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a top perspective view of another aspect of a lattice stitch surgical tension-limiting device according to the invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a top perspective view of another embodiment of a lattice stitch surgical tension-limiting device according to the invention. 
         FIG. 8  is a top perspective view of another version of a lattice stitch surgical tension-limiting device according to the invention. 
         FIG. 9  is another aspect of a lattice stitch surgical tension-limiting device according to the invention. 
         FIG. 10  is another aspect of a lattice stitch surgical tension-limiting device according to the invention. 
         FIG. 11-13  are sequential partial sectional views, respectively, of a simple wound repair using the preferred embodiment of the lattice stitch and the lattice stitch surgical tension-limiting device  30  of  FIG. 1  according to the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The lattice stitch surgical tension-limiting device will be described with reference to  FIGS. 1-13 . 
       FIG. 1  is a top perspective view of a lattice stitch tension-limiting device  30 . More particularly, the device  30  is composed of a primary component  40  and at least one secondary component  50 . The primary component has an elongated, semi-flexible and substantially cylindrical configuration and contains at least one patency  42  extending through the body of the component in an orientation substantially perpendicular to a plane extending through the rotational axis of the component. The patency  42  can be used to receive and retain a portion of suture. The primary component  40  contains an interior surface consisting of the surface of the walls of the patency  42  extending to each mouth  43  of the patency  42 . The primary component  40  contains an exterior surface that consists of all surfaces except the interior surface. At least one secondary component  50  encircles a portion of the exterior surface of the primary component. The secondary component  50  can be constructed of a material identical to or dissimilar from the material of construction of the primary component  40 . In the preferred embodiment of the device, the secondary component  50  is capable of independent movement on the exterior surface of the primary component  40 , the secondary component  50  being placed in contact with the surface of the body tissue. In an alternate embodiment, the secondary component  50  can be fixed to the exterior surface of the primary component  40 . In this embodiment, the secondary component  50  can be constructed of a different material than the primary component  40 . In this configuration, the primary component  40  provides a suitably stable base for tying suture material, whilst the secondary component  50  can be constructed with a softer material for contact with the body tissue surface. If desired, any portion of the device  30  may be impregnated with medications. 
       FIG. 2  is a top perspective view of the primary component  40  of the device of  FIG. 1 . In this view, the primary component  40  has an elongated, substantially cylindrical configuration that contains a patency  42  extending through the body of the component in an orientation substantially perpendicular to a plane extending through the rotational axis of the component. The primary component  40  contains an interior surface consisting of the surface of the walls of the patency extending to each mouth  43  of the patency. The primary component  40  contains an exterior surface that consists of all surfaces except the interior surface. 
       FIG. 3  is a top perspective view of the secondary component  50  of the device of  FIG. 1 . In this view, the secondary component  50 , preferably, has a substantially round shape when viewed in cross section with respect to the axis of rotation of the component. The secondary component  50  contains a patency  52  extending through the body of the component. The secondary component  50  contains an interior surface consisting of the surface of the walls of the patency  52 , extending to each mouth  53  of the patency  52 . The component contains an exterior surface that consists of all surfaces except the interior surface. Alternate aspects of the secondary component shapes can include a cylindrical shape, spherical shape, prolate spheroid shape, dumbbell shape, and cone shape, among others. 
       FIG. 4  is a top perspective view of a further embodiment of the lattice stitch surgical tension-limiting device primary component  40  of  FIG. 2  showing a component  140  with a substantially cylindrical configuration that contains a patency  142  extending through the body of the component in an orientation substantially perpendicular to a plane extending through the rotational axis of the component. The primary component  140  contains an interior surface consisting of the surface of the walls of the patency extending to each mouth  143  of the patency. The primary component  140  contains an exterior surface that consists of all surfaces except the interior surface. The component can contain one or more depressions  144  on the exterior surface of the component. Each depression  144  can be formed in the shape of a groove arranged in an orientation substantially along a perimeter arc of the component that can completely encircle the component, as shown, or can be arranged in an orientation substantially parallel to the axis of rotation of the component. The depressions can, alternately, be randomly positioned discrete indentions. Each depression can be used to receive a length of suture or can be used to control the movement of structures along the rotational axis of the component, on the exterior surface of the component as developed below. Each of the depressions  144  may contribute to the overall flexibility of the component to help enable dynamic vectoring to occur in a lattice stitch application. The component can contain one or more prominences  146  on the exterior surface of the component. Each prominence  146  is a convex portion that can be arranged in an orientation substantially along a perimeter arc of the component that can completely encircle the component in a ring-shape, as shown, or can be arranged in an orientation substantially parallel to the axis of rotation of the component. The prominences  146  can be randomly positioned discrete nodules on the exterior surface of the component. Each prominence  146  can be used to receive a length of suture or can be used to control the movement of structures (such as a secondary component) along the rotational axis of the component, on the exterior surface of the component. The component can contain one or more fenestrations  148  located along the body of the component that can create a passage from the exterior surface to the interior surface of the component, perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the component. The fenestrations can be an opening in the body of the component or can be a weakened portion of the component that opens by force, like an old-fashioned rubber change pouch. The fenestrations  148  can be formed of a variety of shapes that can allow the component to change its configuration or overall shape along the axis of rotation as force is applied to the component. A fenestration can be any size and can, thus, can be sufficiently large as to leave only a small tether of material connecting portions of the component bordering the fenestration. In the example shown, the fenestration  148  is a weakened portion that opens by force. In the example of  FIG. 10 , below, the fenestration is an opening in the body of the component. 
       FIG. 4A  is another embodiment of the lattice stitch surgical tension-limiting device  40  of  FIG. 2  showing a component  130  with a substantially cylindrical configuration that contains a patency  132  extending through the body of the component in an orientation substantially perpendicular to a plane extending through the rotational axis of the component. In this figure, the primary component  130  contains an interior surface consisting of the surface of the walls of the patency extending to each mouth  133  of the patency. The primary component  130  contains an exterior surface that consists of all surfaces except the interior surface. The component contains a plurality of depressions  134  on the exterior surface of the component. Each of the depressions  134  is formed in the shape of a groove. Each depression  134  is arranged in an orientation substantially along a perimeter arc of the component that completely encircles the component. Each depression can be used to receive a length of suture or can be used to control the movement of structures along the rotational axis of the component, on the exterior surface of the component as developed below. The component contains a plurality of prominences  136  on the exterior surface of the component. Each prominence  136  is a convex portion that is arranged in an orientation substantially along a perimeter arc of the component that completely encircles the component. Each prominence  136  can be used to receive a length of suture or can be used to control the movement of structures (such as a secondary component) along the rotational axis of the component, on the exterior surface of the component. 
       FIG. 5  is a top perspective view of an alternate embodiment of the lattice stitch surgical tension-limiting device secondary component of  FIG. 3  showing a secondary component  150 , which is similar to secondary component  50 , that has a substantially round shape when viewed in cross section with respect to the axis of rotation of the component. The secondary component  150  contains a patency  152  extending through the body of the component. The secondary component  150  contains an interior surface consisting of the surface of the walls of the patency  152 , extending to each mouth  153  of the patency  152 . The secondary component includes an exterior surface that consists of all surfaces except the interior surface. The component can contain one or more depressions  154  on the exterior surface of the component. Each depression  154  can be formed in the shape of a groove arranged in an orientation substantially along a perimeter arc of the component that can completely encircle the component, as shown. The depressions can, alternately, be randomly positioned discrete indentions. Each depression can be used to receive a length of suture may contribute to the overall flexibility of the component. The secondary component  150  can contain one or more prominences  156  on the interior surface of the component, which protrude from the interior surface. Each prominence can be arranged in an orientation substantially along a perimeter arc of the component that can completely encircle the component, as in an O-ring shape, as shown, or can be arranged in an orientation substantially parallel to the axis of rotation of the component. Alternately, the prominences  156  can be randomly positioned discrete nodules on the exterior surface of the component. The prominences  156  can be used to control the movement of said secondary component along the surface other structures as developed below by gripping a facing surface of the primary component. 
     The secondary component  150  can contain one or more depressions  160  on the interior surface of the component, which indent the interior surface. Each depression can be arranged in an orientation substantially along a perimeter arc of the component that can completely encircle the component, as in an O-ring shape, or can be arranged in an orientation substantially parallel to the axis of rotation of the component. The depressions  160  can be randomly positioned discrete indentions on the interior surface of the component. (See  FIG. 9  which includes bumps  556  on an inner surface thereof.) The depressions  160  can be used to control the movement of said secondary component along the surface other structures as developed below by gripping a facing surface of the primary component. The secondary component can contain one or more fenestrations  158  along the body of said component that can create a passage from the exterior surface to the interior surface of the component, perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the component. The  158  fenestrations can be an opening in the body of the component or can be a weakened portion of the component that opens by force, like an old-fashioned rubber change pouch. The fenestrations  158  can be formed of a variety of shapes that can allow the component to change its configuration or overall shape along the axis of rotation as force is applied to the component. A fenestration can be any size and can, thus, can be sufficiently large as to leave only a small tether of material connecting portions of the component bordering the fenestration. In the example shown, the fenestration  158  is a weakened portion that opens by force. In the example of  FIG. 10 , below, the fenestration is an opening in the body of the component. The fenestrations  158  can allow the component to change its configuration along the axis of rotation as force is applied to the component. 
     Any embodiment of the primary component can be combined with any embodiment of the secondary component, according to the invention. In some applications, a device consisting of the first component, alone, may be utilized in a lattice application. In a device where a plurality of secondary components are combined with a single primary component, a single embodiment of the secondary component may be utilized in plurality; in an alternate arrangement, a variety of embodiments of the secondary component may be utilized. According to the invention, any primary component of the lattice stitch surgical tension-limiting device can feature or lack any combination of depressions, prominences and fenestrations in the body of the device as described above. Any secondary component of the lattice stitch surgical tension-limiting device can feature or lack any combination of depressions, prominences and fenestrations in the body of the device as described above. The device can be manufactured to size, or can be cut to size by the surgeon intra-operatively. 
       FIG. 6  shows a top perspective view of another aspect of the lattice stitch tension-limiting device. In this view, the device  230  consisting of a primary component  240  and a plurality of secondary components  250 , according to the invention. In this embodiment, the primary component  240  has an elongated, semi-flexible and substantially cylindrical configuration with at least one patency  242  extending through the body of the component in an orientation substantially perpendicular to a plane extending through the rotational axis of the component, through which a length of suture may pass. The primary component contains a plurality of depressions  244  on the external surface of the component. Each depression in this embodiment is arranged in a perimeter arc that completely encircles the component. The secondary component  250  of the device is substantially spherical in shape. In this embodiment of the lattice stitch tension-limiting device, the depressions  244  can be used to receive a length of suture. 
       FIG. 7  shows a top perspective view of another embodiment of the lattice stitch tension-limiting device. In this view the device  330  consisting of a primary component  340  and a plurality of secondary components  350 , according to the invention. In this embodiment, the primary component  340  has an elongated, semi-flexible and substantially cylindrical configuration with at least one patency  342  extending through the body of the component in an orientation substantially perpendicular to a plane extending through the rotational axis of the component, through which a length of suture may pass. The primary component contains a plurality of prominences  346  on the external surface of the component. Each prominence is arranged in a perimeter arc that completely encircles the component. The secondary component  350  of the device is shaped substantially consistent with a prolate spheroid. In this embodiment of the lattice stitch tension-limiting device, the prominences  346  can be used to control the movement of the secondary components on the surface of the primary component, and can also be used to receive a length of suture. 
     Referring to  FIG. 8  is a top perspective view of another version of the lattice stitch tension-limiting device. In this view the device  430  consisting of a primary component  440  and a plurality of secondary components  450 , according to the invention. In this embodiment, the primary component  440  has an elongated, semi-flexible and substantially cylindrical configuration with at least one patency  442  extending through the body of the component in an orientation substantially perpendicular to a plane extending through the rotational axis of the component, through which a length of suture may pass. The primary component contains a plurality of depressions  444  on the external surface of the component. Each depression is arranged in a perimeter arc that completely encircles the component. The secondary component  450  of the device is shaped substantially consistent with a cylinder. Each secondary component in this embodiment contains a prominence  456  arranged in a perimeter arc that encircles the interior surface of the component. In this embodiment of the lattice stitch tension-limiting device, the prominences  456  in each secondary component can be used to control the movement of said secondary component on the surface of the primary component. Each depression  444  of the primary component can be used to control the movement of said secondary component on the external surface of the primary component, or can be used to receive a length of suture. 
     Referring to  FIG. 9  is showing a top perspective view of another aspect of the lattice stitch tension-limiting device. In this view the device  530  consisting of a primary component  540  and a single of secondary component  550 , according to the invention. In this embodiment, the primary component  540  has an elongated, semi-flexible and substantially cylindrical configuration with at least one patency  542  extending through the body of the component in an orientation substantially perpendicular to a plane extending through the rotational axis of the component, through which a length of suture may pass. The secondary component  550  of the device is shaped substantially consistent with a cylinder. Each secondary component  550  in this embodiment contains at least one prominence  556  on the interior surface of the component, and may be shaped as individual protrusions or protruding dimples. In this embodiment of the lattice stitch tension-limiting device  530 , the prominences  556  in each secondary component can be used to control the movement of the secondary component on the surface of the primary component  540 . 
       FIG. 10  is a top perspective view of another aspect of the lattice stitch tension-limiting device. In this view the device  630  consisting of a primary component  640  and a secondary component  650 , according to the invention. In this embodiment, the primary component  640  has an elongated, semi-flexible and substantially cylindrical configuration with at least one patency  642  extending through the body of the component in an orientation substantially perpendicular to a plane extending through the rotational axis of the component, and a mouth  643 , through which a length of suture may pass. The primary component contains a depression  644  on the external surface of the component. The depression  644  is arranged in a perimeter arc that completely encircles the component. The secondary component  650  of the device is shaped substantially consistent with a cylinder. The secondary component in this embodiment contains a prominence  656  arranged in a perimeter arc that encircles the interior surface of the component. The secondary component  650  also contains a plurality of fenestrations  658  in the body of the component that allow the component to change its configuration along the axis of rotation of the component  650  as force is applied to the component  650 . In this embodiment of the lattice stitch tension-limiting device, the depression  644  of the primary component can be used to control the movement of said secondary component  650  on the external surface of the primary component. The prominence  656  of secondary component  650  can be used to control the movement of said secondary component on the surface of the primary component. 
     Alternative to the foregoing embodiments, in which the secondary component is movably disposed on the primary component, the secondary component may be attached in a fixed position on the exterior surface of the primary component. In other words, an interior surface of the secondary component is fixedly attached to the exterior surface of the primary component. 
       FIGS. 11-13  are sequential partial sectional views respectively of a lattice stitch repair using the lattice stitch surgical tension-limiting device of  FIG. 1 . Referring to  FIG. 11 , a length of suture  70  used to form the first anchor stitch portion of the lattice stitch is inserted into the tissues  80  in an orientation substantially parallel to the wound edge  90 . The surgeon determines a proper length of a lattice stitch surgical tension-limiting device  32  needed by observing of the distance between entrance  81  and exit  82  points of a suture needle  71  in the tissue. A first tension-limiting device  32  of proper length then is inserted onto the free end of the suture  72  and is then tied to the surface of the tissues forming the first anchor stitch/device arrangement. In  FIG. 12 , a length of suture  74  used to form the second anchor stitch of the lattice stitch is used to attach a second tension-limiting device  34  to the surface of the tissues in a manner consistent with the method used attach the first device, in a location on the opposite side of a wound  10  to be repaired, in an opposed position to the first anchor stitch/device arrangement. In  FIG. 13  a closing stitch  76  is arranged in the tissues around each anchor stitch/device arrangement and is drawn together and tied at the surface of the tissue, drawing the wound edges together to a closed condition. Any portion of any component of the lattice stitch tension-limiting device can be used by the closing stitch to draw the wound together to a closed condition. In an alternate embodiment, the closing stitch can be passed into the body tissues and completely around one anchor stitch/device arrangement and through the loop of the remaining anchor stitch/device arrangement, and then drawn together and tied at the surface of the tissue, drawing the wound edges together to a closed condition. In a further embodiment, the closing stitch can be passed through the loop of the each anchor stitch/device arrangement, and then drawn together and tied at the surface of the tissue, drawing the wound edges together to a closed condition. Multiple closing stitches can be used in a single paired anchor stitch/device arrangement. 
     While the preferred forms and embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without deviating from the inventive concepts set forth above.