Abstract:
A method for treating plants to control plant pests by applying to the locus of the pests an alkyl glycoside or an alkyl glycoside and an additional plant pest-control agent.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to the use of long chain ethers in compositons to protect plants from harmful organisms, such as insects, mites, and fungi. 
     2. Statement of Related Art 
     At the present time, useful and ornamental plants are protected against pests, disease and weeds by various methods from the purely mechanical removal of weeds and pests to controlled changes in the plant germ-plasm. However, the most common method is still the use of chemical control agents because, in this way, success can generally be obtained more simply and more quickly than with other methods. 
     However, the use of chemical agents often involves the disadvantage of unwanted side effects which may be attributed, for example, to high toxicity or inadequate degradability, and--in the case of pests--the development of resistance, often after only a short time. Today, the need to overcome these disadvantages is almost as much an incentive in the search for new agents as the desire to find stronger and more selective agents. 
     The desire to find agents having a favorable spectrum of properties was also the starting point of the developments which culminated in the present invention. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients or reaction conditions used herein are to be understood as modified in all instances by the term &#34;about&#34;. 
     The present invention is based on the discovery that certain long-chain alkyl glycosides, some of which have been known as surfactants, also show advantageous properties in the field of plant protection. 
     Accordingly, the present invention relates to compositions containing at least one alkyl glycoside corresponding to the following general formula 
     
         H(-glyc).sub.n -Rx(EO).sub.m                               (I) 
    
     in which (-glyc) represents the residue of a monosaccharide, n is a number of from 1 to 6, R is a primary C 8  -C 22  alkyl or alkenyl group attached by a glycoside bond to the (-glyc) group, EO is the ethyleneoxy group and m is a number of from 0 to 100; and to the use of such compositions as agents for controlling harmful organisms in preparations for the protection of useful and ornamental plants. 
     These alkyl glycosides are distinguished by an unusually broad action spectrum against harmful organisms and are unexpectedly capable of supplementing or enhancing the effect of a number of known plant protection agents and herbicides. The effect of the alkyl glycosides in this regard is quite different from that of other surfactants of the type normally used as auxiliaries, for example as emulsifiers or spreading agents, in the application of agricultural chemicals. 
     The alkyl glycosides used in the practice of the invention exhibit fungicidal, insecticidal, and acaricidal activity and, by virtue of these properties, can be used as the sole active substance in the pest control compositions. In this particular form of application, the low toxicity and the good biodegradation of the compounds are particularly advantageous, especially since there is also generally no need to add organic solvents or emulsifiers. Accordingly, preparations based on these alkyl glycosides are also particularly suitable for application to plants intended for consumption either wholely or in part, even in cases where they are shortly to be harvested. 
     However, the alkyl glycosides can also be used in combination with other active substances such as insecticides, fungicides, virucides, acaracides, herbicides, growth regulators, ripening accelerators, repellents, leaf fertilizers, and others. They are preferably used in combination with other insecticides, fungicides, acaricides, and/or herbicides. In combinations with insecticides, fungicides, or acaricides, not only can the individual effects be added together, a synergistic enhancement of the insecticidal, fungicidal, or acaricidal effect is also obtained. The use of the alkyl glycosides in combination with other insecticides, fungicides and acaricides has the further advantage of counteracting any development of resistance in plant pests. In this case, too, the alkyl glycosides are preferably used in combination with active substances which, like the alkyl glycosides, are not toxic to warm-blooded animals or which are very rapidly converted into harmless products, particularly for preparations which are to be used on food plants. 
     Earlier published German Patent Application Nos. 34 41 587.4-41 and P 35 07 380.2-41 describe the use of alkyl glycosides as wax emulsifiers in evaporation-inhibiting additives which are intended for use in agriculture. This use is not the subject of the present application. 
     The alkyl glycosides used in the practice of the present invention can be prepared by known methods. In this connection, reference is made to U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,547,828; 3,707,535; 3,839,318; 3,598,865; 3,547,828; 3,772,269; and 4,349,669; and to European Patent Application 77,167. 
     One synthesis of commerical significance comprises the acid-catalyzed condensation of monosaccharides of the aldose type corresponding to the formula H(-glyc)H with long-chain primary alcohols of the formula (R--OH) containing from 8 to 22 and preferably from 8 to 18 carbon atoms. Alkyl glycosides corresponding to the following formula 
     
         H(glyc).sub.n -R                                           (II) 
    
     in which the value of n may be varied within wide limits through the choice of the reaction conditions, are formed with elimination of water. Alkyl glycosides corresponding to formulae I and II, in which n=1 to 6, are suitable for use in accordance with the invention, although it is preferred to use compounds in which n=1 to 3. In products where the value of n is greater than 1, n represents a statistical mean value. The alkyl glycosides corresponding to formula I are obtained from the compound of formula II by addition of ethylene oxide, preferably in the presence of alkaline catalysts, for example, in accordance with U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,407,002. Alkyl glycosides containing from 0 to 10 moles of ethylene oxide are preferred, alkyl glycosides completely free from ethylene oxide being particularly preferred. 
     The alkyl glycosides can also be prepared from oligo- or polysaccharides which, in the course of the acid-catalyzed reaction, are first depolymerized by hydrolysis and/or alcoholysis to lower fragments before the alkyl glycosides corresponding to formula II are formed. Mixtures of different reducing monosaccharides or polysaccharides containing various monosaccharide units may also be used as starting materials, in which case alkyl glycoside molecules of correspondingly mixed composition may be formed where the value of n is greater than 1. 
     The following monosaccharides are suitable as starting materials: glycose, mannose, galactose, arabinose, apiose, lyxose, gallose, altrose, idose, ribose, xylose and talose and the oligo- and polysaccharides composed of these monosaccharides, for example maltose, lactose, maltotriose, hemicellulose, starch, partial hydrolyzates of starch, and sugar syrup. 
     However, alkyl glycosides made up of the same monosaccharide units are preferably used in accordance with the invention. Alkyl glycosides in which the residue (-glyc) is derived from glucose are particularly preferred. Glucose, maltose, starch and other oligomers of glucose are correspondingly used as starting materials for these compounds which are also known as alkyl glucosides. 
     In the preparation described above, the alkyl or alkenyl moiety R is derived from long-chain, optionally olefinically unsaturated, primary alcohols which may be branched, but which are preferably not branched. Examples are the synthetic C 9  -C 15  oxoalcohols and the C 8  -C 22  fatty alcohols obtained from natural fatty acids. C 8  -C 18  fatty alcohols and C 9  -C 15  oxoalcohols are particularly preferred. 
     In plant protection in accordance with the present invention, the alkyl glycosides are generally used in the form of blended preparations containing the alkyl glycosides and, optionally, other active substances and auxiliaries. Before application, these preparations are generally diluted to the in-use concentration, although it is also possible in individual cases to prepare the preparations in the in-use concentration from the outset. Typical dilution ratios are from 1:1 to 1:100 and more especially from 1:5 to 1:50. 
     The alkyl glycosides are preferably formulated as solutions, water preferably being used as solvent, particularly in instances where the alkyl glycosides are used as the sole active substance. 
     In addition to solutions, however, other formulations typical of plant protection agents, such as for example emulsions, emulsion concentrates, suspensions, pastes, powders or granulates, can also be used for the preparations depending on the particular field of application. Formulations such as these are particularly important in instances where the alkyl glycosides are used in combination with agricultural chemicals which are not formulated as aqueous solutions. In many cases, the surfactant property of certain alkyl glycosides can be additionally used here to stabilize emulsions or suspensions. 
     The alkyl glycoside content of the preparations can be 100% by weight although, in general, their content is not more than 90% by weight, and preferably not more than 70% by weight, because of the presence of auxiliaries and/or other active substances. In the case of aqueous solutions, the alkyl glycoside content is generally not more than 80% by weight and preferably not more than 70% by weight. The lower limits for preparations used without further dilution are 0.02 to 2% by weight, and preferably 0.1 to 1% by weight. In preparations which are diluted before use, the content is generally more than 3% by weight, preferably more than 5% by weight and more preferably greater than 20% by weight. 
     Auxiliaries suitable for use in the formulation of the alkyl-glycoside-containing preparations are any of the auxiliaries typically used in plant protection agents providing they are compatible with the alkyl glycosides. Auxiliaries such as these are, for example, organic solvents, solid insoluble carriers, dispersants, emulsifiers, viscosity regulators and diluents. 
     The in-use concentration of the alkyl glycosides may be varied within wide limits, depending on the application envisaged for the preparations. 
     In the control of plant pests, the lower limit is generally reached when, with complete wetting of the plants, the alkyl glycosides are applied in just that quantity which is required for the intended effect. As stated above, and depending on the particular pests to be controlled, the lower limit is at 0.02 to 2% by weight and more especially at 0.1 to 1% by weight, although for some applications it may even be distinctly above or below these values. The upper limit to the in-use concentration is largely determined by the solubility of the alkyl glycosides and the viscosity of the solutions. In many cases, aqueous solutions containing 70% by weight alkyl glycoside may still be conveniently prepared and handled. This is of particular significance for large-scale applications where considerable emphasis is placed on saving weight. 
    
    
     The invention will be illustrated but not limited by the following examples. 
     EXAMPLES 
     1. Preparation of alkyl glycosides corresponding to formula II (Table 1) 
     The alkyl glycosides A-D, F and G were prepared by acid-catalyzed reaction of glucose with C 8  -C 18  fatty alcohols in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 3,839,318 (method 1). The alkyl glucosides E and H were prepared from butyl glucoside by transglycosidation in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 3,547,828 (method 2). With the exception of H, which was first further purified by recrystallization from acetone, all the products were used in technical purity for the production of the preparations of the invention. 
     The composition and analytical data of the products are shown in Table 1. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________Alkyl glucosides A-H              Method ofCode R             preparation                         n*   OH number______________________________________A    n-alkyl C.sub.8 -C.sub.10              1          1.8  777B    n-alkyl C.sub.8 -C.sub.10              1          1.3  722C    n-alkyl C.sub.12 -C.sub.14              1          1.4  661D    n-alkyl C.sub.12 -C.sub.14              1          2.2  676E    tallow alkyl  2          5.4  804(C.sub.16 -C.sub.18, partiallyunsaturated)F    n-alkyl C.sub.8 -C.sub.10              1          1    709G    n-alkyl C.sub.12 -C.sub.14              1          1    590H    n-alkyl C.sub.12              2          1    638______________________________________ *According to .sup.1 HNMR and the result of hydrolysis 
    
     2. Preparation of alkyl glycosides corresponding to formula I 
     The ethoxylated alkyl glucosides I and K were prepared in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 2,407,002 by base-catalyzed addition of stoichiometric quantities of ethylene oxide onto the alkyl glucoside G. The crude products were brown, viscous masses and were bleached by addition of 1% H 2  O 2  (70% solution) and heating to 100° C. before they were used for production of the preparations. 
     The data for the two compounds were as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________Code    R           n        m   OH number______________________________________I       n-alkyl C.sub.12 -C.sub.14               1        2   507K       n-alkyl C.sub.12 -C.sub.14               1        5   413______________________________________ 
    
     3. Production of the plant protection preparations 
     Preparations in the form of aqueous or aqueous-isopropanolic solutions were prepared from compounds A to K and were used either undiluted or diluted with water 
     
         ______________________________________ Active    ConcentrationCode  Substance % by weight Solvent______________________________________A 30  A         30          waterB 60  B         60          waterC  2  C          2          waterD  6  D          6          waterE 10  E         10          waterF 40  F         40          waterG  4  G          4          waterH  2  H          2          waterI 10  I         10          water/isopropanol(85:15)K 25  K         25          water/isopropanol(85:15)______________________________________ 
    
     4. Use against aphids 
     To test the control of aphids, young solanum plants were infected with aphids (Myzodes persicae). After an infestation of 100 to 150 aphids was present on the plants, the plants were completely wetted with the above solutions. Five plants were used for each series of tests. The controls were performed 1, 3 and 7 days after the treatment, as indicated in Table 2. The performance of the preparations was calculated as efficiency in accordance with the Abbott formula ##EQU1## 
     5. Use against spider mites 
     Dwarf beans were used for the tests for controlling spider mites and were infected with spider mites (Tetranychus urticae). After an infestation of from 10 to 15 spider mites per 10 cm 2  leaf area had been establised, the plants were completely wetted with the solutions (5 plants were used per each series of tests). The controls of the plants were performed 3, 7 and 14 days after the treatment, as indicated in Table 2. The efficiency of the test products was calculated in accordance with the Henderson/Tilton formula: ##EQU2## 
     Bn=number of mites per 10 cm 2  on the treated plants afterwards 
     Uv=number of mites per 10 cm 2  on the untreated plants beforehand 
     Bv=number of mites per 10 cm 2  on the treated plants beforehand 
     Un=number of mites per 10 cm 2  on the untreated plants afterwards 
     
                                           TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Use against aphids and spider mites      In-use      concentration      of the active             Aphids    Spider mitesActive     substance             Eff. in % after days                       Eff. in % after daysPreparation substance      % by weight             1  3   7  3  7   14__________________________________________________________________________A 30  A    2.0    97.9                98.6                    85.5                       75.7                          95.8                              96.8B 60  B    2.0    96.8                97.5                    96.1                       63.7                          100 --B 60  B    0.2    -- --  -- 49.9                          89.8                              --C 2   C    0.2    98.4                91.4                    73.9                       -- --  --D 6   D    0.2    91.4                58.0                    45.1                       -- --  --E 10  E    2.0    92.2                --  -- -- --  --__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     6. Use against powdery mildew 
     The preparations were tested against powdery mildew on Elatior Begonias (young plants) which were infected with the pathogen powdery mildew (Oidium begonia). The degree of infestation before and after application of the solutions was determined on a scale of 1 to 9 in accordance with the following Table: Effect of the preparation on the infestation: 
     
         ______________________________________1 = no infestation2 = very slight infestation                up to 2.5%3 = slight infestation                 2.5 to 5.0%4 = still slight infestation                 5.0 to 10.0%5 = moderate infestation                10.0 to 15.0%6 = heavy infestation                15.0 to 25.0%7 = very heavy infestation                25.0 to 35.0%8 = very heavy infestation                35.0 to 67.5%9 = total infestation                67.5 to 100.0%______________________________________ 
    
     Five plants which were infested before the beginning of the test in the series of Table 3 were used for each test solution while uninfested plants were used for the test series of Table 4. 
     The infested plants were completely wetted by spraying twice at an interval of 14 days and were inspected 7, 14 and 21 days after the first treatment. Table 3 shows the ratings after 21 days and the average of all three ratings. 
     The uninfested plants were first treated with the test solutions, infected with mildew after drying and treated a second time after 14 days. The effect was evaluated 7, 14 and 21 days after infection. Table 4  shows the results in the form of the ratings after 21 days and the average values of all three ratings. 
     
                       TABLE 3______________________________________Use against powdery mildew2 treatments at an interval of 14 days,infestation on a rating scale of 1 to 9         In-use         concentration         of the activeActive   substance  Beginning                            End of                                  .0. of allCode substance         % by weight                    of test test  evaluations______________________________________A 30 A        2.0        2.6     1.2   1.5B 60 B        0.2        2.2     1.6   1.9B 60 B        2.0        2.4     1.8   1.8F 40 F        0.2        2.4     2.5   2.4F 40 F        2.0        2.4     1.6   1.5G 4  G        0.2        2.4     2.2   1.9G 4  G        2.0        2.6     1.0   1.5I 10 I        2.0        2.8     1.2   1.5H 2  H        2.0        3.0     1.0   1.8untreated           2.8     5.5   5.6______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 4______________________________________Preventive application:treatment, infection, second treatment 14 days after thefirst, infestation on a rating scale of 1 to 9         In-use         concentration         of the activeActive   substance  Beginning                            End of                                  .0. of allCode substance         % by weight                    of test test  controls______________________________________B 60 B        0.2        1       1.8   1.2B 60 B        2.0        1       1.8   1.2F 40 F        2.0        1       2.0   1.3I 10 I        2.0        1       1.4   1.3K 25 K        0.2        1       1.2   1.1K 25 K        2.0        1       1.2   1.1H 2  H        2.0        1       1.6   1.1untreated                   3.8   3.2______________________________________