Abstract:
Techniques are disclosed for recognizing user personality in accordance with a speech recognition system. For example, a technique for recognizing a personality trait associated with a user interacting with a speech recognition system includes the following steps/operations. One or more decoded spoken utterances of the user are obtained. The one or more decoded spoken utterances are generated by the speech recognition system. The one or more decoded spoken utterances are analyzed to determine one or more linguistic attributes (morphological and syntactic filters) that are associated with the one or more decoded spoken utterances. The personality trait associated with the user is then determined based on the analyzing step/operation.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This application is a continuation of pending U.S. application Ser. No. 11/436,295 filed on May 18, 2006, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This present invention generally relates to speech recognition systems and, more particularly, to techniques for recognizing and reacting to user personality in accordance with a speech recognition system. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     It has been argued that users&#39; positive or negative reaction to a speech user interface can be affected by the extent to which they “self-identify” with the persona (voice and human characteristics) of the system. It is generally agreed in the human-computer interaction literature that callers can recognize and react to the emotive content in a speech sample in speech recognition systems. 
     However, as a converse to the above phenomenon, the question is raised: can computers recognize and react to the emotive content of what a caller says in a speech user interface? The key problem to addressing this question has been how to develop an algorithm with enough “intelligence” to detect the emotion (or persona) of the caller and then adjust its dialog to respond accordingly. 
     One current solution to this problem is to capture the voice features (pitch/tone or intonation) of the user and run this information through a pitch-synthesis system to determine the user&#39;s emotion (or persona). One of the biggest problems with this approach is its inconclusiveness. This is based on the fact that the dimensions or resulting categories of emotion are based on matching pitch characteristics (loud, low, normal) with emotional values such as “happy” or “sad” as well as the indeterminate “neutral.” 
     The problem with using pitch for emotional determination is that emotional values cannot always be based on absolute values. For example, a user may be “happy” but speak in a “neutral” voice, or they may be sad and yet speak in a happy voice. In addition, it is not exactly clear in this existing approach what constitutes a “neutral” voice and how you would go about measuring this across a wide range of user population, demography, age, etc. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Principles of the present invention provide techniques for recognizing user personality in accordance with a speech recognition system. 
     For example, in one aspect of the invention, a technique for recognizing a personality trait associated with a user interacting with a speech recognition system includes the following steps/operations. One or more decoded spoken utterances of the user are obtained. The one or more decoded spoken utterances are generated by the speech recognition system. The one or more decoded spoken utterances are analyzed to determine one or more linguistic attributes associated with the one or more decoded spoken utterances. The personality trait associated with the user is then determined based on the analyzing step/operation. 
     The one or more linguistic attributes may include one or more morphological attributes. The one or more morphological attributes may include a structure of words in the one or more decoded spoken utterances. The one or more morphological attributes may include a type of words in the one or more decoded spoken utterances. The one or more morphological attributes may include the number of words and/or the number of compound words in the one or more decoded spoken utterances. 
     The one or more linguistic attributes may include one or more syntactic attributes. The one or more syntactic attributes may include a class of speech associated with words in the one or more decoded spoken utterances. The class of speech may include a noun, an adjective, a preposition, a pronoun, an adverb, or a verb. 
     Further, a subsequent dialog output to the user may be selected based on the determined personality trait. 
     Still further, the analyzing step/operation may include assigning weights to the one or more linguistic attributes, wherein assignment of the weights corresponds to different possible personality traits. 
     The technique may include the step/operation of analyzing the one or more decoded spoken utterances to determine one or more personality attributes associated with the one or more decoded spoken utterances such that the step of determining the personality trait associated with the user is based on the one or more linguistic attributes and the one or more personality attributes. 
     These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments thereof, which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block/flow diagram illustrating a system and process for recognizing and reacting to a user personality, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIGS. 2A through 2G  are flow diagrams illustrating a voice user interface, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIGS. 3A through 3C  are flow diagrams illustrating a classification and dialogue selection methodology, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a block diagram illustrating a personality recognition system and an environment wherein the system may be implemented, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The following description will illustrate the invention using an exemplary speech recognition system architecture. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to use with any particular speech recognition system architecture. The invention is instead more generally applicable to any speech recognition system in which it would be desirable to recognize and react to user personality. 
     Illustrative principles of the invention abstract away from the superficial aspect of language such as pitch characteristics and provide a systematic algorithm that is based on primitive or basic aspects of human language such as parts of speech. More particularly, principles of the invention utilize a morphological filter and a syntactic filter to recognize emotion or personality of a user. Based on the personality determination, the system can then determine how to react to that user. 
     Furthermore, illustrative principles of the invention employ intersecting theories of innateness from linguistics and psychology as the basis for an algorithm for detecting users&#39; emotion in a speech user interface. It is realized that, linguistically, humans are born with an innate predisposition to acquire language, and parts of speech (i.e., the morphology-syntax interface) are assumed to be primitives of language acquisition. From a psychology perspective, personality differences grow out of our genetic inheritance (temperament), and temperament is that aspect of our personality that is innate (genetically-based). Advantageously, using basic aspects of language such as parts of speech, in accordance with illustrative principles of the invention, produces improved personality recognition results as compared with the existing pitch-based approach. 
     Still further, illustrative principles of the invention are based on the realization that different personality types exhibit major linguistic differences regarding language use. In this regard, illustrative principles of the invention use the two filters mentioned above, i.e., a morphological filter and a syntactic filter, to encode the differences between two major personality types, i.e., extrovert and introvert. How these filters pertain to these two major personality types will now be described. 
     (a) Morphological filter: This filter determines morphological attributes associated with input speech. Morphological attributes include the structure and type of words that dominate a caller&#39;s initial response. The word structure distinctions are: 
     Extroverts use more words as well as more compound words when responding to the initial dialog of speech recognition system. 
     Introverts use less words and very few compound words when responding to the initial dialog. 
     With regard to word type, this may be based on the notion of polysemy which is the linguistic label for when a word has two or more related meanings. Some examples of polysemous words in English are: (1) “bright” which can mean “shining” or “intelligent;” and (2) “glare” which can mean “to shine intensely” or “to stare angrily.” Accordingly, extroverts will frequently use one extreme of the related words, like “shine,” while introverts will be on the opposite end, like “intelligent,” to express the same notion of “bright.” This may also apply to the differences in the use of exaggeration (hyperbolic) figure of expression between the two personality types. 
     (b) Syntactic filter: This filter determines syntactic attributes associated with input speech. Syntactic attributes include the syntactic categories (classes of speech) that dominate the caller&#39;s initial response. The more fine-grained distinctions are: 
     Extroverts prefer to use more nouns, adjectives, and prepositions when responding to the initial dialog of speech recognition system. 
     Introverts prefer to use pronouns, adverbs and verbs when responding to the initial dialog. 
     These linguistic attributes are encoded in the grammar of an initial dialog state of the system. These distinctions are assigned specific values encoded in the algorithm for the personality detection and computation. Thus, if in a caller&#39;s response a given threshold is reached for one of these linguistic values, then they are associated with the dominant personality type for that trait and then the system changes its dialog to respond accordingly. 
     An implicit assumption behind basing a personality recognition algorithm on an initial dialog is that a user&#39;s natural language (free-form) response to the opening prompt of the system will provide sufficient data for processing via the above-mentioned morphological and syntactic filters. Thus, application of both filters provides weighted attributes such as word structure (compound or not), word class (part of speech), and automatic speech recognition (ASR) count (word count). These filters are applied upfront during the first turn of the dialog (i.e., the initial user utterance) and then the user&#39;s personality type is determined, after which the system adjusts its own dialog to suite the personality. 
     Advantageously, illustrative principles of the invention provide a way for computers to detect users&#39; emotion (personality) without relying on the more erratic and less tractable feature of pitch. Syntax and morphology are assumed to be basic building blocks of language and users are less conscious of word choice even when they talk to a speech-based system. 
     Before describing illustrative embodiments of a voice user interface that implements principles of the invention in the context of  FIGS. 1-4 , below we describe a general implementation of a linguistic approach for detecting users&#39; personality, according to illustrative principles of the invention. 
     1. Design: During a design phase, a voice user interface (VUI) designer writes two sets of prompts that match two personality types, extroversion and introversion, with well known traits. This is localized to the population of users based on who they are and what the application is set up to do. 
     2. Grammar Implementation: The grammar developer uses the prompts in the VUI specification as the basis for the initial coverage. Thereafter, the morphological and syntactic values are scored by a weighting algorithm, and the relative score associated with each value is used to assign personality type as follows (note that [X] refers to an integer value that is specified for the particular application): 
     Use more words than [X]=extrovert 
     Use fewer words than [X]=introvert 
     Use of compounds more than [X]=extrovert 
     Use of compounds fewer than [X]=introvert 
     Use more pronouns than [X]=introvert 
     Use more verbs than [X]=for a relative number of words=introvert 
     Use more adverbs or locatives than [X]=introvert 
     Use more nouns than [X]=extrovert 
     Use more adjectives than [X]=extrovert 
     Use more prepositions than [X]=extrovert 
     Use fewer words than [X]=introvert 
     Use of compounds more than [X]=extrovert 
     Use of compounds fewer than [X]=introvert 
     3. Runtime: When the user offers his initial utterance upon entering the system (initial dialog), the initial grammar active in this state compiles using these value-pairs and adds the total score associated with each linguistic value. If the score is greater than [X] and consistent within the sub-groups of attributes for a personality type, then the system concludes that caller is of that personality type and will automatically switch to the appropriate prompt. 
     Here are two use cases as illustrations: 
     (a) Use case 1: Extroverts will use more words along with more compound words when responding to the initial dialog of speech recognition system. 
     For example:
         System: “Welcome to our speech demo. I am automated persona dialog system. Please briefly describe the attributes of the type of job that interests you?”   Extrovert: “I want a job where the people are fun, where I can innovate and get to spin-off great new ideas. Something that&#39;s hands-on and off-the-charts . . . ”       

     The algorithm will show: 
     Caller used more words [greater than 15] 
     Caller used more compounds [greater than 1] 
     Conclusion=extrovert 
     (b) Use case 2: Introverts will use less words and very little compounding when responding to the initial dialog. 
     For example:
         System: “Welcome to our speech demo. I am automated persona dialog system. Please briefly describe the attributes of the type of job that interests you?”   Introvert: “Somewhere fun, I want to innovate, create . . . ”       

     The algorithm will show caller used fewer words [fewer than [15]] 
     Caller used less compounds [zero] 
     Caller used mainly verbs [3] 
     Caller used locative adverb/pronoun [1] 
     Conclusion=introvert 
     A more detailed explanation of such cases will now be described in the context of an illustrative recognition system. 
     Referring initially to  FIG. 1 , a block/flow diagram illustrates a system and process for recognizing and reacting to a user personality, according to an embodiment of the invention. It is to be appreciated that the functional blocks/steps may be implemented in a speech recognition system, accessible by one or more users (callers). 
     It is also to be appreciated that, although not expressly shown, system  100  includes a speech recognition engine for decoding the input speech provided by a caller (e.g., initial dialog, responses to messages, responses to questions, etc.) into text, as well as a text-to-speech engine for synthesizing text (initial dialog, messages, questions, responses, etc.) into speech output by the system. The system may also include a dialog manager for managing the speech recognition engine and the text-to-speech engine. Existing dialog managers, speech recognition engines, and the text-to-speech engines may be employed for these functions. However, principles of the invention are not limited to any particular dialog manager, speech recognition engine, or text-to-speech engine. 
     It is also assumed that the user (caller) interacts with system  100  via a phone line (e.g., wireless or wired) in accordance with a telecommunication device (e.g., standard telephone, cellular phone, etc.), a network connection (e.g., Internet, private local area network, etc.) over a computing device (e.g., personal computer, laptop, personal digital assistant, etc.), or locally (e.g., via microphone and speaker). 
     As shown, system  100  provides welcome message  101  to the caller (not shown). It is to be understood that the messages provided by the system are dependent on the application in which the system is being employed. 
     Following the welcome message, the system poses a descriptive question  102  to the caller. Again, it is to be understood that the questions posed by the system are dependent on the application in which the system is being employed. In the above example, the descriptive question is: “Please briefly describe the attributes of the type of job that interests you?” 
     In response to the descriptive question, the system captures caller utterance  103 . Caller utterance  103  is processed by an automated speech recognition (ASR) system. As mentioned above, the ASR generates a decoded text representation of the caller utterance. 
     The decoded text representation is applied to psycholinguistic dictionary engine  104 . The psycholinguistic dictionary is used to determine the structure and type of words (i.e., applies a morphological filter) that dominate the caller&#39;s response (e.g., determination of the number of compound words and the total number of words in the response) and the classes of speech (i.e., applies a syntactic filter) that dominate the caller&#39;s response (e.g., determination of nouns, adjectives, prepositions, pronouns, adverbs and verbs used in the response). Thus, morphological values such as the number of compound words and the number of total words, and syntactic values such as the number of nouns, adjectives, prepositions, pronouns, adverbs and verbs, are computed. 
     These morphological and syntactic values are weighted in the psycholinguistic dictionary and assigned scores, e.g., +1 for extrovert or −1 for introvert. The morphological values and syntactic values (collectively referred to as the linguistic results) are passed onto a personality classification algorithm, described below in step  108 , where they are tagged and summarized (along with EPQ scores or personality results described below in the next step) for a total score (aggregate score). This aggregate score is used to make the decision regarding personality type. 
     Next, the system poses one or more personality questions  105  to the caller. Such questions are tailored to evoke responses that tend to characterize the caller as being an extrovert or an introvert. Examples of such questions will be given below. The caller&#39;s utterances  106  are decoded by the ASR. The decoded responses are scored by EPQ (evaluative personality question) scoring system  107 . These scores (collectively referred to as the personality results) are also passed onto the personality classification algorithm with the linguistic results. 
     Personality classification step  108  receives the linguistic results from the psycholinguistic language engine and the personality results from the EPQ scoring system, aggregates them, and interprets them so as to make a determination of whether the caller is an extrovert or an introvert. Based on the determination, the system can continue dialog with the user that is suited to his personality type, i.e., extrovert (E Dialogue  109 ) or introvert (I Dialogue  110 ). 
     Given such an illustrative system framework,  FIGS. 2A through 2G  and  FIGS. 3A through 3C  give an example of a voice user interface and methodology that may be employed in accordance with a personality recognition system of  FIG. 1 . 
     It is to be appreciated that while the illustrative systems and methodologies described herein (below and above) depict the use of descriptive questions and personality questions, principles of the invention contemplate that a personality trait of a user can advantageously be recognized using only one or more responses to one or more descriptive questions, wherefrom morphological and syntactic attributes are determined, as described above. That is, the personality questions may be used merely to supplement the accuracy of the personality determination result. 
     Also, it is to be appreciated that the content of various questions and responses output by the system described below are for purposes of illustration only, and thus it is to be understood that such content is application-dependent. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2A , the system outputs welcome message [ 0001 ]: 
     “Hello, I&#39;m an automated persona dialog system. I&#39;ve been designed to determine your personality type. To do that, I&#39;ll need to ask you two separate sets of very simple questions. By the way, I&#39;m still a work in progress so you can help me get better by carefully following my instructions. Now, are you ready to begin?” 
     The ASR decodes the caller&#39;s response (step  201 ). If the caller says “No” (interpreted to mean that he is not ready to begin), the system outputs message [ 0004 ]: 
     “No problem! Just say “ready” when you want to resume.” 
     After waiting two seconds, the system outputs message [ 0003 ]: 
     “This is really fun. Try it! Just say “ready” when you&#39;re set to begin.” 
     If no response is received from the caller, the system outputs message [ 0002 ]: 
     “Hmm. I still didn&#39;t hear anything. I&#39;ll be here if you decide to call back later. Goodbye.” 
     However, assuming a “Yes” from the caller in response to message [ 0001 ], or a “Ready” from the caller in response to message [ 0003 ] or message [ 0004 ], the system outputs initial message [ 0005 ]: 
     “Excellent! Now, please tell me, how would you describe the attributes of the type of job that interests you?” 
     If the system receives no response, after two seconds (step  202 ), it outputs message [ 0006 ]: 
     “Oh, I didn&#39;t hear anything.” 
     Then, the system outputs retry message [ 0005 ]: 
     “Please briefly tell me how you&#39;d describe the attributes of your ideal job.” 
     The caller&#39;s response to message [ 0005 ] is decoded by the ASR. Morphological values and syntactic values, as explained above, are computed in accordance with psycholinguistic dictionary engine  203  and then stored along with ASR word count, as linguistic results  204 . These linguistic results are referred to as Result (L). 
     Assuming results were obtainable from the caller utterance, the system progresses to process  210  ( FIG. 2A ). In process  210 , the first personality question (EPQ 1 ) is posed to the caller. 
     Thus, the system outputs message [ 0007 ]: 
     “Wonderful. Thanks for your response. I have a good hint about your personality type. I&#39;d now like to confirm by asking you just five questions. Please simply answer with either ‘yes’ or ‘no.’” 
     The system then outputs message [ 0008 ]: 
     “First, do you like going out a lot? Yes?” 
     The caller&#39;s response is decoded and then interpreted (step  211 ). Depending on the response, a different score is generated. If the caller responds “Yes” to message [ 0008 ], then Score+1 ( 212 ) is generated and stored in  215 . A “Yes” to the question is indicative of an extrovert. If the caller responds “No” to message [ 0008 ], then Score−1 ( 213 ) is generated and stored in  215 . A “No” to the question is indicative of an introvert. If there is no match (system was unable to distinguish a “Yes” or “No”), then Score+1 ( 214 ) is generated. It is assumed that anything other than a clear cut “Yes” or “No” is to be interpreted as the caller explaining things about going out, and thus would be indicative of an extrovert. 
     Again, it is to be understood that the mapping of scores to responses is application-dependent and, thus, the mappings used in this embodiment are for illustrative purposes only. 
     If no caller input is received in response to the message [ 0008 ], the system outputs message [ 0021 ]: 
     “Oh, I didn&#39;t hear anything. Please simply answer with either “yes” or “no.” Do you like going out a lot?” 
     The caller&#39;s response is then interpreted and scored, as explained above. The scores are cumulatively referred to as Result (P). 
     Note that if the system did not obtain results from the caller utterance after the linguistic portion of the methodology ( FIG. 2A ), the system progresses to process  215  ( FIG. 2C ) and outputs message [ 0009 ]: 
     “Umm. I&#39;m not doing quite well determining your personality type. I&#39;m going to try another approach by asking you just five simple questions. Please answer with either “yes” or “no.” Ok. Let&#39;s begin.” 
     After that, process  215  follows the same steps as process  210  ( FIG. 2B ), as explained above. 
     The system then moves onto the second personality question (EPQ 2 ) in process  220  ( FIG. 2D ). 
     Thus, the system outputs message [ 0010 ]: 
     “Ok. Second question, do you generally prefer reading to meeting people?” 
     The caller&#39;s response is decoded and then interpreted (step  221 ). Depending on the response, a different score is generated. If the caller responds “Yes” to message [ 0010 ], then Score−1 ( 222 ) is generated and stored in  215 . A “Yes” to the question is indicative of an introvert. If the caller responds “No” to message [ 0010 ], then Score+1 ( 223 ) is generated and stored in  215 . A “No” to the question is indicative of an extrovert. If there is no match (system was unable to distinguish a “Yes” or “No”), then Score+1 ( 224 ) is generated. It is assumed that anything other than a clear cut “Yes” or “No” is to be interpreted as the caller explaining things about reading versus meeting people, and thus would be indicative of an extrovert. 
     If no caller input is received in response to the message [ 0010 ], the system outputs message [ 0022 ]: 
     “Oh, I didn&#39;t hear anything. Please simply answer with either “yes” or “no.” Do you generally prefer reading to meeting people?” 
     The caller&#39;s response is then interpreted and scored, as explained above. The scores are cumulatively referred to as Result (P). 
     The system then moves onto the third personality question (EPQ 3 ) in process  230  ( FIG. 2E ). 
     Thus, the system outputs the message [ 0011 ]: 
     “We&#39;re almost done. I have three more questions. Do you like to be in the middle of things? Yes?” 
     The caller&#39;s response is decoded and then interpreted (step  231 ). Depending on the response, a different score is generated. If the caller responds “Yes” to message [ 0011 ], then Score+1 ( 232 ) is generated and stored in  215 . A “Yes” to the question is indicative of an extrovert. If the caller responds “No” to message [ 0011 ], then Score−1 ( 233 ) is generated and stored in  215 . A “No” to the question is indicative of an introvert. If there is no match (system was unable to distinguish a “Yes” or “No”), then Score+1 ( 234 ) is generated. It is assumed that anything other than a clear cut “Yes” or “No” is to be interpreted as the caller explaining how he likes to be involved in things, and thus would be indicative of an extrovert. 
     If no caller input is received in response to the message [ 0011 ], the system outputs message [ 0023 ]: 
     “Oh, I didn&#39;t hear anything. Please simply answer with either “yes” or “no.” Do you like to be in the middle of things?” 
     The caller&#39;s response is then interpreted and scored, as explained above. The scores are cumulatively referred to as Result (P). 
     The system then moves onto the fourth personality question (EPQ 4 ) in process  240  ( FIG. 2F ). 
     Thus, the system outputs the message [ 0012 ]: 
     “Thanks. New question. Do you have a full calendar of social engagements?” 
     The caller&#39;s response is decoded and then interpreted (step  241 ). Depending on the response, a different score is generated. If the caller responds “Yes” to message [ 0012 ], then Score+1 ( 242 ) is generated and stored in  215 . A “Yes” to the question is indicative of an extrovert. If the caller responds “No” to message [ 0012 ], then Score−1 ( 243 ) is generated and stored in  215 . A “No” to the question is indicative of an introvert. If there is no match (system was unable to distinguish a “Yes” or “No”), then Score+1 ( 244 ) is generated. It is assumed that anything other than a clear cut “Yes” or “No” is to be interpreted as the caller explaining how full his social calendar is, and thus would be indicative of an extrovert. 
     If no caller input is received in response to the message [ 0012 ], the system outputs message [ 0024 ]: 
     “Oh, I didn&#39;t hear anything. Please simply answer with either “yes” or “no.” Do you have a full calendar of social engagements?” 
     The caller&#39;s response is then interpreted and scored, as explained above. The scores are cumulatively referred to as Result (P). 
     The system then moves onto the fifth personality question (EPQ 5 ) in process  250  ( FIG. 2G ). 
     Thus, the system outputs the message [ 0013 ]: 
     “Last question. Are you more distant and reserved than most people? Yes?” 
     The caller&#39;s response is decoded and then interpreted (step  251 ). Depending on the response, a different score is generated. If the caller responds “Yes” to message [ 0013 ], then Score−1 ( 252 ) is generated and stored in  215 . A “Yes” to the question is indicative of an introvert. If the caller responds “No” to message [ 0013 ], then Score+1 ( 253 ) is generated and stored in  215 . A “No” to the question is indicative of an extrovert. If there is no match (system was unable to distinguish a “Yes” or “No”), then Score+1 ( 254 ) is generated. It is assumed that anything other than a clear cut “Yes” or “No” is to be interpreted as the caller explaining why he is not distant or reserved, and thus would be indicative of an extrovert. 
     If no caller input is received in response to the message [ 0013 ], the system outputs message [ 0025 ]: 
     “Oh, I didn&#39;t hear anything. Please simply answer with either “yes” or “no.” Are you more distant and reserved than most people?” 
     The caller&#39;s response is then interpreted and scored, as explained above. The scores are cumulatively referred to as Result (P). 
     Then, as shown in  FIG. 3A , Result (P) from the personality questions and Result (L) from the linguistic analysis are combined by classification algorithm  300 . 
     From the received results, the classification algorithm determines, for example, that: 
     Caller used more words [greater than 15] (this is assigned a score=1, E) 
     Caller used less compounds [zero] (this is assigned a score=−1, I) 
     Caller used mainly verbs [3] (this is assigned a score=−1, I) 
     Caller used locative adverb/pronoun [1] (this is assigned a score=−1, I) 
     The classification algorithm adds up the values, for example, 1 for E and −3 for I. It is assumed that the classification algorithm employs an interpretation model that equates a user&#39;s personality with the greatest value. In this case, it will conclude that the user is an Introvert since there are 3 counts of introvert attributes compared to a single count of extrovert attributes. 
     If the classification algorithm determines that the caller is an extrovert, then the extrovert dialogue is output (E-Dialogue). On the other hand, if the classification algorithm determines that the caller is an introvert, then the introvert dialogue is output (I-Dialogue). 
       FIG. 3B  illustrates an E-Dialogue  400 . 
     The system outputs message [ 0014 ]: 
     “Aha. I have figured it out. You are an extrovert. In general extraversion is a dominant personality trait if there&#39;re high levels of activity, sociability, risk-taking, and expressiveness. Did I come up with the right generalization? Please say “yes” or “no.” 
     If the caller answers “Yes,” the system outputs message [ 0015 ]: 
     “Ok. Thanks for being such a great sport. Goodbye!” 
     If the caller answers “No,” or there is no input or no discernable match, then the system outputs message [ 0016 ]: 
     “Very well. Of course, I know what you&#39;re thinking that people don&#39;t fit into little pigeon holes quite like this. Thanks for being such a great sport. Goodbye!” 
       FIG. 3C  illustrates an I-Dialogue  415 . 
     The system outputs message [ 0017 ]: 
     “OK. I believe I now have some idea of your personality type. I think you are an introvert. In general, introversion is a dominant personality trait if there are high levels of responsibility, high reflection, low impulsiveness, and low risk-taking. Did I come up with the right generalization? Please say “yes” or “no.” 
     If the caller answers “Yes,” the system outputs message [ 0018 ]: 
     “Ok. Thanks for your patience and participation. Goodbye!” 
     If the caller answers “No,” or there is no input or no discernable match, then the system outputs message [ 0019 ]: 
     “Very well. Of course, I know what you&#39;re thinking that people don&#39;t fit into little pigeon holes quite like this. I believe you&#39;re correct. Thanks for your patience and participation. Goodbye!” 
     Referring lastly to  FIG. 4 , a block diagram illustrates a personality recognition system and an environment wherein the system may be implemented, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
     As shown in environment  450 , personality recognition system  441  is coupled to multiple users (callers). By way of one example, the system is coupled to user  452  via network  454 . In another example, the system is coupled to user  453  directly. 
     Thus, in one example, network  454  may be a phone network (e.g., wireless or wired) and user  452  may include a telecommunication device (e.g., standard telephone, cellular phone, etc.). In another example, network  454  may be a computing network (e.g., Internet, private local area network, etc.) and user  452  may include a computing device (e.g., personal computer, laptop, personal digital assistant, etc.). With regard to user  453 , the user may interact with the system directly via one or more microphones and one or more speakers associated with the system. Thus, users can interact with the system either remotely (e.g., user  452 ) or locally (e.g., user  453 ). 
     However, it is to be understood that principles of the invention are not limited to any particular user device or any mechanism for connecting to the system. 
     As further illustrated in  FIG. 4 , personality recognition system  451  is implemented via a computing system in accordance with which one or more components/steps of the personality recognition techniques and voice user interface described herein (e.g., components and methodologies described in the context of  FIGS. 1 ,  2 A through  2 G, and  3 A through  3 C) may be implemented, according to an embodiment of the present invention. It is to be understood that the individual components/steps may be implemented on one such computing system or on more than one such computing system. In the case of an implementation on a distributed computing system, the individual computer systems and/or devices may be connected via a suitable network, e.g., the Internet or World Wide Web. However, the system may be realized via private or local networks. In any case, the invention is not limited to any particular network. 
     Thus, the computing system shown in  FIG. 4  may represent one or more servers or one or more other processing devices capable of providing all or portions of the functions described herein. 
     As shown with respect to system  451 , the computing system architecture may comprise a processor  455 , a memory  456 , a network interface  457 , and I/O devices  458 , coupled via a computer bus  459  or alternate connection arrangement. 
     It is to be appreciated that the term “processor” as used herein is intended to include any processing device, such as, for example, one that includes a CPU and/or other processing circuitry. It is also to be understood that the term “processor” may refer to more than one processing device and that various elements associated with a processing device may be shared by other processing devices. 
     The term “memory” as used herein is intended to include memory associated with a processor or CPU, such as, for example, RAM, ROM, a fixed memory device (e.g., hard drive), a removable memory device (e.g., diskette), flash memory, etc. 
     In addition, the phrase “input/output devices” or “I/O devices” as used herein is intended to include, for example, one or more input devices (e.g., microphones, keyboard, mouse, etc.) for entering data to the processing unit (e.g., receiving caller utterances), and/or one or more output devices (e.g., speaker, display, etc.) for presenting results associated with the processing unit (e.g., outputting system messages). 
     Still further, the phrase “network interface” as used herein is intended to include, for example, one or more transceivers to permit the computer system to communicate with another computer system via an appropriate communications protocol. 
     Accordingly, software components including instructions or code for performing the methodologies described herein may be stored in one or more of the associated memory devices (e.g., ROM, fixed or removable memory) and, when ready to be utilized, loaded in part or in whole (e.g., into RAM) and executed by a CPU. 
     In any case, it is to be appreciated that the techniques of the invention, described herein and shown in the appended figures, may be implemented in various forms of hardware, software, or combinations thereof, e.g., one or more operatively programmed general purpose digital computers with associated memory, implementation-specific integrated circuit(s), functional circuitry, etc. Given the techniques of the invention provided herein, one of ordinary skill in the art will be able to contemplate other implementations of the techniques of the invention. 
     Although illustrative embodiments of the present invention have been described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to those precise embodiments, and that various other changes and modifications may be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention.