Abstract:
A shoe having a sole contour which follows a theoretically ideal stability plane as a basic concept, but which deviates outwardly therefrom to provide greater than natural stability. Thickness variations outwardly from the stability plane are disclosed, along with density variations to achieve a similar greater than natural stability.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     This invention relates generally to the structure of shoes. More specifically, this invention relates to the structure of running shoes. Still more particularly, this invention relates to variations in the structure of such shoes having a sole contour which follows a theoretically ideal stability plane as a basic concept, but which deviates therefrom outwardly, to provide greater than natural stability. Still more particularly, this invention relates to the use of structures approximating, but increasing beyond, a theoretically ideal stability plane to provide greater than natural stability for an individual whose natural foot and ankle biomechanical functioning have been degraded by a lifetime use of flawed existing shoes.  
         [0002]     Existing running shoes are unnecessarily unsafe. They seriously disrupt natural human biomechanics. The resulting unnatural foot and ankle motion leads to what are abnormally high levels of running injuries.  
         [0003]     Proof of the unnatural effect of shoes has come quite unexpectedly from the discovery that, at the extreme end of its normal range of motion, the unshod bare foot is naturally stable, almost unsprainable while the foot equipped with any shoe, athletic or otherwise, is artificially unstable and abnormally prone to ankle sprains. Consequently, ordinary ankle sprains must be viewed as largely an unnatural phenomena, even though fairly common. Compelling evidence demonstrates that the stability of bare feet is entirely different from the stability of shoe-equipped feet.  
         [0004]     The underlying cause of the universal instability of shoes is a critical but correctable design flaw. That hidden flaw, so deeply ingrained in existing shoe designs, is so extraordinarily fundamental that it has remained unnoticed until now. The flaw is revealed by a novel new biomechanical test, one that is unprecedented in its simplicity. The test simulates a lateral ankle sprain while standing stationary. It is easy enough to be duplicated and verified by anyone: it only takes a few minutes and requires no scientific equipment or expertise.  
         [0005]     The simplicity of the test belies its surprisingly convincing results. It demonstrates an obvious difference in stability between a bare foot and a running shoe, a difference so unexpectedly huge that it makes an apparently subjective test clearly objective instead. The test proves beyond doubt that all existing shoes are unsafely unstable.  
         [0006]     The broader implications of this uniquely unambiguous discovery are potentially far-reaching. The same fundamental flaw in existing shoes that is glaringly exposed by the new test also appears to be the major cause of chronic overuse injuries, which are unusually common in running, as well as other sport injuries. It causes the chronic injuries in the same way it causes ankle sprains; that is, by seriously disrupting natural foot and ankle biomechanics.  
         [0007]     The applicant has introduced into the art the concept of a theoretically ideal stability plane as a structural basis for shoe sole designs. That concept as implemented into shoes such as street-shoes and athletic shoes is presented in pending U.S. applications Ser. No. 07/219,387, filed on Jul. 15, 1958; Ser. No. 07/239,667, filed on Sep. 2, 1988; and Ser. No. 07/400,714, filed an Aug. 30, 1989, as well as in PCT Application No. PCT/US89/03076 filed on Jul. 14, 1989. The purpose of the theoretically ideal stability plane as described in these applications was primarily to provide a neutral design that allows for natural foot and ankle biomechanics as close as possible to that between the foot and the ground, and to avoid the serious interference with natural foot and ankle biomechanics inherent in existing shoes.  
         [0008]     This new invention is a modification of the inventions disclosed and claimed in the earlier application and develops the application of the concept of the theoretically ideal stability plans to other shoe structures. As Such, it presents certain structural ideas which deviate outwardly from the theoretically ideal stability plane to compensate for faulty foot biomechanics caused by the major flaw in existing shoe designs identified in the earlier patent applications.  
         [0009]     The shoe sole designs in this application are based on a recognition that lifetime use of existing shoes, the unnatural design of which is innately and seriously flawed, has produced actual structural changes in the human foot and ankle Existing shoes thereby have altered natural human biomechanics in many, if not most, individuals to an extent that must be compensated for in an enhanced and therapeutic design. The continual repetition of serious interference by existing shoes appears to have produced individual bionechanical changes that may be permanent, so simply removing the cause is not enough. Treating the residual effect must also be undertaken.  
         [0010]     Accordingly, it is a general object of this invention to elaborate upon the application of the principle of the theoretically ideal stability plane to other shoe structures.  
         [0011]     It is still another object of this invention to provide a shoe having a sole contour which deviates outwardly in a constructive way from the theoretically ideal stability plane.  
         [0012]     It is another object of this invention to provide a sole contour having a shape naturally contoured to the shape of a human foot, but having a shoe sole thickness which is increases somewhat beyond the thickness specified by the theoretically ideal stability plane.  
         [0013]     It is another object of this invention to provide a naturally contoured shoe sole having a thickness somewhat greater than mandated by the concept of a theoretically ideal stability plane, either through most of the contour of the sole, or a preselected portions of the sole.  
         [0014]     It is yet another object of this invention to provide a naturally contoured shoe sole having a thickness which approximates a theoretically ideal stability plane, but which varies toward either a greater thickness throughout the sole or at spaced portions thereof, or toward a similar but less or thickness.  
         [0015]     These and other objects of the invention will become apparent from a detailed description of the invention which follows taken with the accompanying drawings.  
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0016]     Directed to achieving the aforementioned objects and to overcoming problems with prior art shoes, a shoe according to the invention comprises a sole having at least a portion thereof following approximately the contour of a theoretically ideal stability plane, preferably applied to a naturally contoured shoe sole approximating the contour of a human foot.  
         [0017]     In another aspect, the shoe includes a naturally contoured sole structure exhibiting natural deformation which closely parallels the natural deformation of a foot under the same load, and having a contour which approximates, but increases beyond the theoretically ideal stability plane. When the shoe sole thickness is increased beyond the theoretically ideal stability plane, greater than natural stability results when thickness is decreased, greater than natural motion results.  
         [0018]     In a preferred embodiment, such variations are consistent through all frontal plane cross sections so that there are proportionally equal increases to the theoretically ideal stability plane from front to back in alternative embodiments, the thickness may increase, then decrease at respective adjacent locations, or vary in other thickness sequences.  
         [0019]     The thickness variations may be symmetrical on both sides, or asymmetrical, particularly since it may be desirable to provide greater stability for the medial side than the lateral side to compensate for common pronation problems. The variation pattern of the right shoe can vary from that of the left shoe. Variation in shoe sole density or bottom sole tread can also provide reduced but similar effects.  
         [0020]     These and other features of the invention will become apparent from the detailed description of the invention which follows. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0021]      FIG. 1  shows, in frontal plane cross section at the heel portion of a shoe, the applicant&#39;s prior invention of a shoe sole with naturally contoured sides based on a theoretically ideal stability plane.  
         [0022]      FIG. 2  shows, again in frontal plane cross section, the most general case of the applicant&#39;s prior invention, a fully contoured shoe sole that follows the natural contour of the bottom of the foot as well as its sides, also based on the theoretically ideal stability plane.  
         [0023]      FIG. 3 , as seen in  FIGS. 3A  to  3 C in frontal plane cross section at the heel, shows the applicant&#39;s prior invention for conventional shoes, a quadrant-sided shoe sole, based on a theoretically ideal stability plane.  
         [0024]      FIG. 4  shows a frontal plane cross section at the heel portion of a shoe with naturally contoured sides like those of  FIG. 1 , wherein a portion of the shoe sole thickness is increased beyond the theoretically ideal stability plane.  
         [0025]      FIG. 5  is a view similar to  FIG. 4 , but of a shoe with fully contoured sides wherein the sole thickness increases with increasing distance from the center line of the ground-engaging portion of the sole.  
         [0026]      FIG. 6  is a view similar to  FIG. 5  where the fully contoured sole thickness variations ire continually increasing on each side.  
         [0027]      FIG. 7  is a view similar to FIGS.  4  to  6  wherein the sole thicknesses vary in diverse sequences.  
         [0028]      FIG. 8  is a frontal plane cross section showing a density variation in the midsole.  
         [0029]      FIG. 9  is a view similar to  FIG. 8  wherein the firmest density material is at the outermost edge of the midsole contour.  
         [0030]      FIG. 10  is a view similar to  FIGS. 8 and 9  showing still another density variation, one which is asymetrical.  
         [0031]      FIG. 11  shows a variation in the thickness of the sole for the quadrant embodiment which is greater than a theoretically ideal stability plans.  
         [0032]      FIG. 12  shows a quadrant embodiment as in  FIG. 11  wherein the density of the sole varies.  
         [0033]      FIG. 13  shows a bottom sole tread design that provides a similar density variation as that in  FIG. 10 .  
         [0034]      FIG. 14  shows embodiments like  FIGS. 1 through 3  but wherein a portion of the shoe sole thickness is decreased to less than the theoretically ideal stability plane.  
         [0035]      FIG. 15  show embodiments with sides both greater and lesser than the theoretically ideal stability plane. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0036]      FIGS. 1, 2 , and  3  show frontal plane cross sectional views of a shoe sole according to the applicant&#39;s prior inventions based on the theoretically ideal stability plane, taken at about the ankle joint to show the heel section of the shoe.  FIGS. 4 through 13  show the same view of the applicant&#39;s enhancement of that invention. The reference numerals are like those used in the prior pending applications of the applicant mentioned above and which are incorporated by reference for the sake of completeness of disclosure, if necessary. In the figures, a foot  27  is positioned in a naturally contoured shoe having an upper  21  and a sole  28 . The shoe sole normally contacts the ground  43  at about the lower central heel portion thereof, as shown in  FIG. 4 . The concept of the theoretically ideal stability plane, as developed in the prior applications as noted, defines the plane  51  in terms of a locus of points determined by the thickness (s) of the sole.  
         [0037]      FIG. 1  shows, in a rear cross sectional view, the application of the prior invention showing the inner surface of the shoe sole conforming to the natural contour of the foot and the thickness of the shoe sole retaining constant in the frontal plane, so that the outer surface coincides with the theoretically ideal stability plane.  
         [0038]      FIG. 2  shows a fully contoured shoe sole design of the applicant&#39;s prior invention that follows the natural contour of all of the foot, the bottom as well as the sides, while retaining a constant shoe sole thickness in the frontal plane.  
         [0039]     The fully contoured shoe sole assumes that the resulting slightly rounded bottom when unloaded will deform under load and flatten just as the human foot bottom is slightly rounded unloaded but flattens under load: therefore, shoe sole material must be of such composition as to allow the natural deformation following that of the foot. The design applies particularly to the heel, but to the rest of the shoe sole as well. By providing the closest match to the natural shape of the foot, the fully contoured design allows the foot to function as naturally as possible. Under load,  FIG. 2  would deform by flattening to look essentially like  FIG. 1 . Seen in this light, the naturally contoured side design in  FIG. 1  is a more conventional, conservative design that is a special case of the more general fully contoured design in  FIG. 2 , which is the closest to the natural form of the foot, but the least conventional. The amount of deformation flattening used in the  FIG. 1  design, which obviously varies under different loads, is not an essential element of the applicant&#39;s invention.  
         [0040]      FIGS. 1 and 2  both show in frontal plane cross sections the essential concept underlying this invention, the theoretically ideal stability plane, which is also theoretically ideal for efficient natural motion of all kinds, including running, jogging or walking.  FIG. 2  shows the most general case of the invention, the fully contoured design, which conforms to the natural shape of the unloaded foot. For any given individual, the theoretically ideal stability plane  51  is determined, first, by the desired shoe sole thickness (a) in a frontal plane cross section, and, second, by the natural shape of the individual&#39;s foot surface  29 .  
         [0041]     For the special case shown in  FIG. 1 , the theoretically ideal stability plane for any particular individual (or size average of individuals) is determined, first, by the given frontal plane cross section shoe sole thickness (s); second, by the natural shape of the individual&#39;s foot; and, third, by the frontal plane cross section width of the individual&#39;s load-bearing footprint  30   b , which is defined as the upper surface of the shoe sole that is in physical contact with and supports the human foot sole.  
         [0042]     The theoretically ideal stability plane for the special case is composed conceptually of two parts shown in  FIG. 1 , the first part is a line segment  31   b  of equal length and parallel to line  30   b  at a constant distance (s) equal to shoe sole thickness. This corresponds to a conventional shoe sole directly underneath the human foot, and also corresponds to the flattened portion of the bottom of the load-bearing foot sole  28   b . The second part is the naturally contoured stability side outer edge  31   a  located at each side of the first part, line segment  31   b . Each point on the Contoured side outer edge  31   a  is located at a distance which is exactly shoe sole thickness (s) from the closest point on the contoured side inner edge  30   a.    
         [0043]     In summary, the theoretically ideal stability plane is the essence of this invention because it is used to determine a geometrically precise bottom contour of the shoe sole based on a top contour that conforms to the contour of the foot. This invention specifically claims the exactly determined geometric relationship just described.  
         [0044]     It can be stated unequivocally that any shoe sole contour, even of similar contour, that exceeds the theoretically ideal stability plane will restrict natural foot motion, while any less than that plane will degrade natural stability, in direct proportion to the amount of the deviation. The theoretical ideal was taken to be that which is closest to natural.  
         [0045]      FIG. 3  illustrates in frontal plane cross section another variation of the applicant&#39;s prior invention that uses stabilizing quadrants  26  at the outer edge of a conventional shoe sole  28   b  illustrated generally at the reference numeral  28 . The stabilizing quadrants would be abbreviated in actual embodiments.  
         [0046]      FIG. 4  illustrates the applicant&#39;s new invention of shoe sole side thickness increasing beyond the theoretically ideal stability plane to increase stability somewhat beyond its natural level. The unavoidable trade-off resulting is that natural motion would be restricted somewhat and the weight of the shoe sole would increase somewhat.  
         [0047]      FIG. 4  shows a situation wherein the thickness of the sole at each of the opposed sides is thicker at the portions of the sole  31   a  by a thickness which gradually varies continuously from a thickness (s) through a thickness (s+s1), to a thickness (s+s2)  
         [0048]     These designs recognize that lifetime use of existing shoes, the design of which has an inherent flaw that continually disrupts natural human biomechanics, has produced thereby actual structural changes in a human foot and ankle to an extent that must be compensated for. Specifically, one of the most common of the abnormal effects of the inherent existing flaw is a weakening of the long arch of the foot, increasing pronation. These designs therefore modify the applicant&#39;s preceding designs to provide greater than natural stability and should be particularly useful to individuals, generally with low arches, prone to pronate excessively, and could be used only on the medial side. Similarly, individuals with high arches and a tendency to over supinate and lateral ankle sprains would also benefit, and the design could be used only on the lateral side. A shoe for the general population that compensate for both weaknesses in the same shoe would incorporate the enhanced stability of the design compensation on both sides.  
         [0049]     The new design in  FIG. 4 , like  FIGS. 1 and 2 , allows the shoe sole to deform naturally closely paralleling the natural deformation of the barefoot underload; in addition, shoe sole material must be of such composition as to allow the natural deformation following that of the foot.  
         [0050]     The new designs retain the essential novel aspect of the earlier designs; namely, contouring the shape of the shoe sole to the shape of the human foot. The difference is that the shoe sole thickness in the frontal plane is allowed to vary rather than remain uniformly constant. More specifically,  FIGS. 4, 5 ,  6 ,  7 , and  11  show, in frontal plane cross sections at the heel, that the shoe sole thickness can increase beyond the theoretically ideal stability plane  51 , in order to provide greater than natural stability. Such variations (and the following variations) can be consistent through all frontal plane cross sections, so that there are proportionately equal increases to the theoretically ideal stability plane  51  from the front of the shoe  801   e  to the back, or that the thickness can vary, preferably continuously, from one frontal plane to the next.  
         [0051]     The exact amount of the increase in shoe sole thickness beyond the theoretically ideal stability plane is to be determined empirically. Ideally, right and left shoe soles would be custom designed for each individual based on an biomechanical analysis of the extent of his or her foot and ankle disfunction in order to provide an optimal individual correction. If epidemiological studies indicate general corrective patterns for specific categories of individuals or the population as a whole, then mass-produced corrective shoes with soles incorporating contoured sides exceeding the theoretically ideal stability plane would be possible. It is expected that any such mass-produced corrective shoes for the general population would have thicknesses exceeding the theoretically ideal stability plane by an amount up to 5 or 10 percent, while more specific groups or individuals with more severe disfunction could have an empirically demonstrated need for greater corrective thicknesses on the order of up to 25 percent more than the theoretically ideal stability plane. The optimal contour for the increased thickness may also be determined empirically.  
         [0052]      FIG. 5  shows a variation of the enhanced fully contoured design wherein the shoe sole begins to thicken beyond the theoretically ideal stability plane  51  somewhat offset to the sides.  
         [0053]      FIG. 6  shows a thickness variation which is symmetrical as in the case of  FIGS. 4 and 5 , but wherein the shoe sole begins to thicken beyond the theoretically ideal stability plane  51  directly underneath the foot heel  27  on about a center line of the shoe sole. In fact, in this case the thickness of the shoe sole is te same as the theoretically ideal stability plane only at that beginning point underneath the upright foot. For the applicant&#39;s new invention where the shoe sole thickness varies, the theoretically ideal stability plane is determined by the least thickness in the shoe sole&#39;s direct load-bearing portion meaning that portion with direct tread contact on the ground; the outer edge or periphery of the shoe sole is obviously excluded, since the thickness there always decreases to zero. Note that the capability to deform naturally of the applicant&#39;s design may sake some portions of the shoe sole load-bearing when they are actually under a load, especially walking or running, even though they might not appear to be when not under a load.  
         [0054]      FIG. 7  shows that the thickness can also increase and then decrease: other thickness variation sequences are also possible. The variation in side contour thickness in the new invention can be either symmetrical on both sides or asymmetrical, particularly with the medial side providing more stability than the lateral side, although many other asymmetrical variations are possible, and the pattern of the right foot can vary from that of the left foot.  
         [0055]      FIGS. 8, 9 ,  10  and  12  show that similar variations in shoe midsole (other portions of the shoe sole area not shown) density can provide similar but reduced effects to the variations in shoe sole thickness described previously in  FIGS. 4 through 7 . The major advantage of this approach is that the structural theoretically ideal stability plane is retained, so that naturally optimal stability and efficient motion are retained to the maximum extent possible.  
         [0056]     The forms of dual and tri-density midsoles shown in the figures are extremely common in the current art of running shoes, and any number of densities are theoretically possible, although an angled alternation of just two densities like that shown in  FIG. 8  provides continually changing composite density. However, the applicant&#39;s prior invention did not prefer multi-densities in the midsole, since only a uniform density provides a neutral shoe sole design that does not interfere with natural foot and ankle biomechanics in the way that multi-density shoe soles do, which is by providing different amounts of support to different parts of the foot; it did not, of course, preclude such multi-density midsoles. In these figures, the density of the sole material designated by the legend (d 1 ) is firmer than (d) while (d 2 ) is the firmest of the three representative densities shown. In  FIG. 8 , a dual density sole is shown, with (d) having the less firm density.  
         [0057]     It should be noted that shoe soles using a combination both of sole thicknesses greater than the theoretically ideal stability plane and of midsole densities variations like those just described are also possible but not shown.  
         [0058]      FIG. 13  shows a bottom sole tread design that provides about the same overall shoe sole density variation as that provided in  FIG. 10  by midsole density variation. The less supporting tread there is under any particular portion of the shoe sole, the less effective overall shoe sole density there is, since the midsole above that portion will deform more easily that if it were fully supported.  
         [0059]      FIG. 14  shows embodiments like those in  FIGS. 4 through 13  but wherein a portion of the shoe sole thickness is decreased to less than the theoretically ideal stability plane. It is anticipated that some individuals with foot and ankle biomechanics that have been degraded by existing shoes may benefit from such embodiments, which would provide less than natural stability but greater freedom of motion, and less shoe sole weight add bulk. In particular, it is anticipated that individuals with overly rigid feet, those with restricted range of motion, and those tending to over-supinate may benefit from the  FIG. 14  embodiments. Even more particularly it is expected that the invention will benefit individuals with significant bilateral foot function asymmetry: namely, a tendency toward pronation on one foot and supination on the other foot. Consequently, it is anticipated that this embodiment would be used only on the shoe sole of the supinating foot, and on the inside portion only, possibly only a portion thereof. It is expected that the range less than the theoretically ideal stability plane would be a maximum of about five to ten percent, though a maximum of up to twenty-five percent may be beneficial to some individuals.  
         [0060]      FIG. 14A  shows an embodiment like  FIGS. 4 and 7 , but with naturally contoured sides less than the theoretically ideal stability plane.  FIG. 14B  shows an embodiment like the fully contoured design in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , but with a shoe sole thickness decreasing with increasing distance from the center portion of the sole.  FIG. 14C  shows an embodiment like the quadrant-sided design of  FIG. 11 , but with the quadrant sides increasingly reduced from is the theoretically ideal stability plane.  
         [0061]     The lesser-sided design of  FIG. 14  would also apply to the  FIGS. 8 through 10  and  12  density variation approach and to the  FIG. 13  approach using tread design to approximate density variation.  
         [0062]      FIG. 15A -C show, in cross sections similar to those in pending U.S. application Ser. No. 07/219,387, that with the quadrant-sided design of  FIGS. 3, 11 ,  12  and  14 C that it is possible to have shoe sole sides that are both greater and lesser than the theoretically ideal stability plane in the same shoe. The radius of an intermediate shoe sole thickness, taken at (S 2 ) at the base of the fifth metatarsal in  FIG. 15B , is maintained constant throughout the quadrant sides of the shoe sole, including both the heel,  FIG. 15C , and the forefoot,  FIG. 15A , so that the side thickness is less than the theoretically ideal stability plane at the heel and more at the forefoot. Though possible, this is not a preferred approach.  
         [0063]     The same approach can be applied to the naturally contoured sides or fully contoured designs described in  FIGS. 1, 2 ,  4  through  10  and  13 , but it is also not preferred. In addition, is shown in FIGS.  15 D-F, in cross sections similar to those in pending U.S. application Ser. No. 07/239,667, it is possible to have shoe sole sides that are both greater and lesser than the theoretically ideal stability plane in the same shoe, like FIGS.  15 A-C, but wherein the side thickness (or radius) is neither constant like FIGS.  15 A-C or varying directly with shoe sole thickness, like in the applicant&#39;s pending applications, but instead varying quite indirectly with shoe sole thickness. As shown in FIGS.  15 D-F, the shoe sole side thickness varies from somewhat less than shoe sole thickness at the heel to somewhat more at the forefoot. This approach, though possible, is again not preferred, and can be applied to the quadrant sided design, but is not preferred there either.  
         [0064]     The foregoing shoe designs meet the objectives of this invention as stated above. However, it will clearly be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing description has been made in terms of the preferred embodiments and various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention which is to be defined by the appended claims.