Abstract:
Apparatus for a micro-electro-mechanical switch that provides single pole, double throw switching action. The switch comprises a single RF input line and two RF output lines. The switch additionally comprises two armatures, each mechanically connected to a substrate at one end and having a conducting transmission line at the other end with a suspended biasing electrode located on top of or within a structural layer of the armature. Each conducting transmission line has conducting dimples that protrude beyond the bottom of the armature carrying the conducting transmission line. Closure of an armature causes the dimples of the corresponding conducting transmission line to mechanically and electrically engage the RF input line and the corresponding RF output line, thus directing RF energy from the RF input line to the selected RF output line.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Technical Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to switches. More particularly, it relates to the design and fabrication of microfabricated electromechanical switches having a single pole double throw configuration. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     In communications applications, switches are often designed with semiconductor elements such as transistors or pin diodes. At microwave frequencies, however, these devices suffer from several shortcomings. PIN diodes and transistors typically have an insertion loss greater than 1 dB, which is the loss across the switch when the switch is closed. Transistors operating at microwave frequencies tend to have an isolation value of under 20 dB. This allows a signal to ‘bleed’ across the switch even when the switch is open. PIN diodes and transistors have a limited frequency response and typically only respond to frequencies under 20 GHz. In addition, the insertion losses and isolation values for these switches varies depending on the frequency of the signal passing through the switches. These characteristics make semiconductor transistors and pin diodes a poor choice for switches in microwave applications. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,121,089 issued Jun. 9, 1992 to Larson discloses a microwave micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) switch. The Larson MEMS switch utilizes an armature design. One end of a metal armature is affixed to an output line, and the other end of the armature rests above an input line. The armature is electrically isolated from the input line when the switch is in an open position. When a voltage is applied to an electrode below the armature, the armature is pulled downward and contacts the input line. This creates a conducting path between the input line and the output line through the metal armature. This switch also provides only a Single Pole, Single Throw (SPST) function, that is, the switch is either open or closed. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6.046,659 of Loo et al. discloses methods for the design and fabrication of SPST MEMS switches. Each MEMS switch has a multiple-layer armature with a suspended biasing electrode and a conducting transmission line affixed to the structural layer of the armature. A conducting dimple is connected to the conducting line to provide a reliable region of contact for the switch. The switch is fabricated using silicon nitride as the armature structural layer and silicon dioxide as a sacrificial layer supporting the armature during fabrication. Hydrofluoric acid is used to remove the silicon dioxide layer with post-processing in a critical point dryer to increase yield. 
     A MEMS switch has a very low insertion loss (less than 0.2 dB at 45 GHz) and a high isolation when open (greater than 30 dB) over a large bandwidth when compared to semiconductor transistors and pin diodes. These characteristics give the MEMS switch the potential to not only replace traditional narrow-bandwidth PIN diodes and transistor switches in microwave circuits, but to create a whole new class of high performance and compact microwave switch circuits. 
     A common feature of the MEMS switches described above is that they all disclose a single pole, single throw (SPST) configuration, that is, they can only switch an RF signal on or off. However, RF signals often must be switched between two destinations, such as when switching an RF signal between a first antenna array and a second antenna array. Switches that support this configuration are classified as single pole, double throw (SPDT) switches. 
     SPDT switches known in the art are either solid-state devices or mechanical relays. Solid-state SPDT RF switches, such as PIN diodes and FETs, suffer from the limited frequency response, insertion loss, and isolation problems described above. Isolation between the two output ports of the SPDT switch is of particular concern, since coupling of the signal from one output port to the other output port limits the effectiveness of the switch as a dual output port device. Mechanical relays are also available in SPDT configurations, but they are generally quite large, compared to other RF components, and consume significant amounts of power. 
     Therefore, there is a need in the art for a SPDT switch that provides low insertion loss and high isolation at its output ports. There is a further need to provide such a switch with a size near to that of other RF components and consumes little power. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a method of design and fabrication of a micro-electro-mechanical single pole double throw (SPDT) switch. The switch is preferably designed with a pair of bi-layer or tri-layer armatures which give the switch superior mechanical qualities. The switch is arranged such that one armature of the pair of armatures is normally closed while the other armature is normally open due to the application of an electrostatic potential which operates on one of the two armatures. In addition, the switch preferably has conducting dimples with defined contact areas to provide improved contact characteristics. 
     One embodiment of the invention is a micro-electro-mechanical switch comprising an input line, two output lines, and a pair of armatures. The input line and the output lines are located on top of a substrate. The armatures are each made of at least one structural layer, a conducting transmission line on top of, below, or between the structural layers, and a suspended armature bias electrode similarly placed of each armature. One end of the structural layer is connected to the substrate, and a substrate bias electrode is located on top of the substrate below the suspended armature bias electrode on the armatures. 
     The input line is coupled to a pair of input contacts, each contact of the pair of contacts being associated with one of the armatures of the pair of armatures. The output lines are each coupled to an output contact, each output contact being associated with one of the armatures of the pair of armatures. A first end of the conducting transmission line in each armature rests above each of the input contacts and a second end rests above each of the output contacts when the switch is in an open position. Each conducting transmission line also contains a conducting dimple at both the first end and the second end such that the distance between the conducting dimple and the input and output contacts is less than the distance between the conducting transmission line and the input and output contacts so that the conducting dimples contact the input and output contacts when the switch is in the closed position. The structural layer may be formed below, above, or both above and below the conducting transmission line. The input line, output lines, input contacts, output contacts, armature bias pad, substrate bias pad, and substrate bias electrode are comprised of a stack of films referred to as the first metal layer which is preferably comprised of a 1500 angstrom film of gold on top of a 100 angstrom film of nickel on top of a 900 angstrom film of gold germanium. The armature bias electrodes, conducting transmission lines, and contact dimples are made of a film stack referred to as the second metal layer, which is preferably comprised of a 1000 angstrom film of deposited or evaporated gold on top of a 200 angstrom layer of titanium. The first and second metal layers have different compositions since the first layer is deposited on the substrate while the second layer is deposited on a dielectric, such as silicon nitride. 
     The present invention may also be embodied in a process for making a micro-electro-mechanical switch. The process comprises a first step of depositing a first metal layer onto a substrate to form an input line, a pair of input contacts, a pair of output lines, a pair of output contacts, substrate bias electrodes, substrate bias pads, and armature bias pads. A support layer, also known as a sacrificial layer, is deposited on top of the first metal layer and the substrate, and a beam structural layer is deposited on top of the sacrificial layer. The beam structural layer forms the armature pair with one end of each armature affixed to the substrate opposite its corresponding input contact. The process further comprises the steps of removing a portion of the structural layer and a portion of the support layer to create a dimple mold. Conducting dimples are formed in the dimple mold when the conducting transmission line and suspended armature bias electrodes are fabricated by depositing a second metal layer, such that the suspended armature bias electrode is electrically connected to the armature bias pad. A second structural layer may or may not be deposited on top of the second metal layer for stress matching and thermal stability of the switch. Finally, the sacrificial layer is removed from beneath the armatures to release the armatures and allow the switch to open and close. 
     The materials and fabrication techniques used for the process comprise standard integrated circuit manufacturing materials and techniques. The sacrificial layer is made of silicon dioxide and is removed by wet etching the silicon dioxide with HF and with post processing in a critical point dryer. The beam structural layer is comprised of silicon nitride. As discussed above, the first metal layer is preferably comprised of a film of gold on top of a film of nickel on top of a film of gold germanium. The second metal layer is preferably comprised of a film of gold on top of film of titanium. A second beam structural layer may be deposited on top of the conducting line such that the conducting line is encased between the first structural layer and the second structural layer. In alternative embodiments of the present invention, the second metal layer is deposited underneath, in between, or on top of the structural layers. If the second metal layer is underneath the structural layers, then a dielectric or insulator is deposited on top of the substrate bias electrodes to prevent electrical shorting to the armature bias electrodes when the switch is in the closed position 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     These and other features and advantages will become more apparent from a detailed consideration of the invention when taken in conjunction with the drawings in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a top overview view of two discrete SPST MEMS switches connected in a SPDT configuration. 
     FIG. 2A shows the isolation achieved with the SPDT switch depicted in FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 2B shows the insertion loss achieved with the SPDT switch depicted in FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 3 is a top overview of the monolithic SPDT MEMS switch embodying the present invention. 
     FIG. 4A is a side view of the monolithic SPDT MEMS switch depicted in FIG. 3 taken along the section line  3 - 3 ′ showing one armature in an open position. 
     FIG. 4B is a side view of the monolithic SPDT MEMS switch depicted in FIG. 3 taken along the section line  3 - 3 ′ showing one armature in a closed position. 
     FIG. 5A shows the isolation achieved with the monolithic MEMS SPDT switch according to the present invention 
     FIG. 5B shows the insertion loss achieved with the monolithic MEMS SPDT switch according to the present invention. 
     FIGS. 6A-6F are side elevational views of the monolithic MEMS SPDT switch of FIG. 3 taken along section line  3 - 3 ′ during progressive steps of a fabrication process further embodying the present invention. 
     FIG. 7 is a picture of one embodiment of a monolithic SPDT RF MEMS switch according to the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 1 is a general overview of a hybrid SPDT switch  100  constructed from two discrete SPST MEMS switches  10 A,  10 B. The two switches  10 A,  10 B are identical, so the description below refers to both switches  10 A,  10 B. 
     In the switch  10 A,  10 B, one end of an armature  16  is affixed to the substrate  14  near an armature bias pad  34  on the substrate  14 . The other end of the armature  16  is positioned over a left RF contact  21  and a right RF contact  19 . A substrate bias electrode  22  is printed on the substrate  14  below the armature  16 . The armature  16  contains an armature bias electrode  30  which is electrically isolated from the substrate bias electrode  22  by an air gap (not shown in FIG. 1) and a layer of silicon nitride (not shown in FIG.  1 ), when the switch  10 A,  10 B is in an open position. When the switch  10 A,  10 B is in a closed position, the layer of silicon nitride still serves to electrically isolate the armature bias electrode  30  from the substrate bias electrode. 
     A right conducting dimple  25  and a left conducting dimple  24  protrude from the armature  16  toward the left RF contact  21  and the right RF contact  19 . A conducting RF line  28  is printed on the armature  16  and electrically connects the right conducting dimple  25  to the left conducting dimple  24 . When the MEMS switch  10 A,  10 B is in an open position, the dimples  24 ,  25  are electrically isolated from the left RF contact  21  and the right RF contact  19  by an air gap. The left RF contact  21  and the right RF contact  19  are isolated from each other by a nonmetallic gap in the substrate  14 . The left RF contact  21  is electrically connected to a left RF line  20  and the right RF contact  19  is electrically connected to a right RF line  18 . 
     The armature  16  is comprised of a beam structural layer  26 , the conducting line  28 , suspended armature bias electrode  30 , and via hole  32 . The armature bias electrode  30  is encapsulated within the beam structural layer  26  and extends over the majority of the armature  16 . The armature bias electrode  30  connects to the armature bias pad  34  through metal deposited in the via hole  32 . The substrate bias electrode  22  is in electrical contact with a substrate bias pad  36 . The substrate bias pad  36  and the substrate bias electrode  22  may comprise a single layer of deposited metal. When a voltage is applied between the suspended armature bias electrode  30  and the substrate bias electrode  22 , an electrostatic attractive force will pull the suspended armature bias electrode  30  as well as the attached armature  16  towards the substrate bias electrode  22 , so that the right conducting dimple  25  touches the right RF contact  19  and the left conducting dimple  24  touches the left RF contact  21 . Since the RF conducting line  28  electrically connects the right conducting dimple  25  to the left conducting dimple  24 , the conducting line  28  and the dimples  24 ,  25  bridge the gap between the right RF contact  19  and the left RF contact  21 , thereby closing the MEMS switch  10 A,  10 B. The RF conducting line  28  is electrically isolated from the armature bias electrode  30 , so the voltage applied to the armature bias electrode  30  is isolated from the RF signal carried through the RF conducting line  28 . 
     In the hybrid SPDT switch  100 , an electrical connection  101  is used to connect the right RF line  18  of the first MEMS switch  10 A to the left RF line  20  of the second MEMS switch  10 B. The electrical connection  101  may comprise a wirebond, a solder line, or other electrical connecting means known in the art. Thus, in the SPDT configuration, the right RF line  18  of the first switch  10 A and the left RF line  20  of the second switch  10 B comprise the input port  110  of the SPDT switch  100 . RF energy may be provided to the input port  110  by connecting to either the right RF line  18  of the first MEMS switch  10 A or the left RF line  20  of the second MEMS switch  10 B, or, as shown in FIG. 1, using a “Y” connection  11  to connect input RF energy to both the right RF line  18  and the left RF line  20 . The left output port  120  of the hybrid SPDT switch  100  is electrically connected to the left RF line  20  of the first MEMS switch  10 A and the right output port  122  is electrically connected to the right RF line  18  of the second MEMS switch  10 B. 
     The hybrid SPDT switch  100  operates by either opening the first switch  10 A and simultaneously closing the second  10 B, or vice versa. If the first switch  10 A is opened and the second  10 B is closed, RF energy will be directed out of the second output port  122 . If the first switch  10 A is closed and the second  10 B opened, RF energy will be directed out of the first output port  120 . 
     FIG. 2A shows the isolation achieved between the input port  110  and an output port  120  of the first switch  10 A when the second switch  10 B is in the closed position and the second output port  122  is connected to a matched load. Note at frequencies lower than 14 GHz, the isolation is greater than 30 dB. In RF circuits, it is usually desirable to have RF isolation exceed 30 dB. FIG. 2B shows the insertion loss seen with the hybrid SPDT switch  100  described above. As shown in FIG. 2B, the insertion loss does not exceed 0.2 dB, which is generally acceptable performance. 
     Creation of a hybrid MEMS SPDT switch by combining two discrete MEMS SPST switches has some serious drawbacks. The first major drawback is the fabrication process for the hybrid MEMS SPDT switch requires an additional manufacturing step of electrically connecting together the two discrete MEMS SPDT switches. Another drawback, as illustrated in FIG. 2A, is that the RF isolation provided by the switch suffers due to RF coupling between the two output ports, caused by the wirebond that couples the two switches. A further drawback is that the size of the switch is essentially twice the size of the two individual SPST switches. 
     A monolithic SPDT switch provides for improved operation over that provided by the hybrid MEMS switch described above. A monolithic MEMS SPDT switch is based upon the simultaneous fabrication of two SPST switches in a side-by-side configuration on the same substrate. A general overview of a MEMS SPDT switch  300  according to the present invention is shown in FIG.  3 . The MEMS SPDT switch  300  shown in FIG. 3 contains many features similar to those depicted and described for the hybrid MEMS SPDT switch  100  discussed above. Thus, materials and techniques used for constructing the hybrid MEMS SPDT switch  100  described above may also be used be in the construction of the monolithic MEMS SPDT switch  300  according to the present invention. 
     One end of a first armature  316  is affixed to the substrate  314  near an armature bias pad  334  on the substrate  314 . Similarly, one end of a second armature  317  is also affixed to the substrate  314  near the armature bias pad  334  on the substrate  314 . The other end of the first armature  316  is positioned over a left input contact  356  and a left output contact  321 . The other end of the second armature  317  is positioned over a right input contact  357  and a right output contact  326 . The first armature  316  and second armature  317  may be oriented in a parallel direction to each other so that they project above the substrate  314  in the same direction. The left output contact  321  is electrically connected to a left RF output line  320 . The left output contact  321  and the left RF output line  320  may be constructed as a single metal structure. Similarly, the right output contact  326  is connected to a right RF output line  325 , and may also be a single metal structure. The left input contact  356  and the right input contact  357  are both electrically connected to an RF input line  315 . The left input contact  356 , the right input contact  357 , and the RF input line  315  may also be a single metal structure. 
     A first substrate bias electrode  322  is printed on the substrate  314  below the first armature  316  and a second substrate bias electrode  323  is printed on the substrate below the second armature  317 . The first armature  316  contains a first armature bias electrode  330 , preferably encapsulated with a first beam structural layer  326 . Similarly, the second armature  317  contains a second armature bias electrode  331 , preferably encapsulated within a second beam structural layer  327 . Both the first armature bias electrode  330  and the second armature bias electrode  331  are electrically isolated from their corresponding substrate bias electrodes  322 ,  323  by an air gap (not shown in FIG. 3) and a dielectric layer (not shown in FIG.  3 ), preferably silicon nitride, beneath the armature bias electrodes  330 ,  331  within the beam structural layers  326 ,  327  when the armatures  316 ,  317  are in an open position. When the armatures  316 ,  317  are in a closed position, the dielectric layer beneath the armature bias electrodes  330 ,  331 , provides electrical isolation from the substrate bias electrodes  322 ,  323 . 
     A first substrate bias electrode pad  336  is electrically connected to the first substrate bias electrode  322  by a first metal path  338 . Preferably, the first substrate bias electrode pad  336 , the first substrate bias electrode  322 , and the first metal path  338  comprise a single metal structure, which may be formed by depositing a single metal layer on the substrate  314 . A second substrate bias electrode pad  337  is electrically connected to the second substrate bias electrode  323  by a second metal path  339 . Preferably, the second substrate bias electrode pad  337 , the second substrate bias electrode  323 , and the second metal path  339  comprise a single metal structure, which may be formed by depositing a single metal layer on the substrate  314 . 
     A left input conducting dimple  342  and a left output conducting dimple  341  protrude from the first armature  316  toward the left RF input contact  356  and the left RF output contact  321 . A first conducting transmission line  340  is printed on the first armature  316  and electrically connects the left input conducting dimple  342  to the left output conducting dimple  341 . When the first armature  316  is in an open position, the conducting dimples  341 ,  342  are electrically isolated from the left RF input contact  356  and the left RF output contact  321  by an air gap. The left RF input contact  356  and the left RF output contact  321  are separated from each other on the substrate  314  by a nonconducting gap. 
     The first armature  316  is comprised of the first beam structural layer  326 , the first conducting transmission line  340 , the first suspended armature bias electrode  330 , and a first via hole  332 . The first armature bias electrode  330  may be encapsulated within the first beam structural layer  326  so that dielectric material covers both the top and bottom of the first armature bias electrode  330 . The first armature bias electrode  330  extends over the majority of the first armature  316 , but the first armature bias electrode  330  is electrically isolated from the first conducting transmission line  340 . The first armature bias electrode  330  connects to the armature bias pad  334  through metal deposited in the first via hole  332 . When a voltage is applied between the first suspended armature bias electrode  330  and the first substrate bias electrode  322 , an electrostatic attractive force will pull the first suspended armature bias electrode  330  as well as the attached first armature  316  towards the first substrate bias electrode  322 , such that the left input conducting dimple  342  touches the left input contact  356  and the left output conducting dimple  341  touches the left output contact  321 . Since the conducting line  340  is fabricated to electrically connect the left input conducting dimple  342  to the left output conducting dimple  341 , the conducting line  340  and the dimples  341 ,  342  bridge the gap between the RF input line  315  and the left RF output contact line  320 , thereby directing RF energy applied to the RF input line  315  to the left RF output line  320 . 
     Similarly, a right input conducting dimple  346  and a right output conducting dimple  347  protrude from the second armature  317  toward the right RF input contact  357  and the right RF output contact  326 . A second conducting transmission line  345  is printed on the second armature  317  and electrically connects the right input conducting dimple  346  to the right output conducting dimple  347 . When the second armature  317  is in an open position, the conducting dimples  346 ,  347  are electrically isolated from the right RF input contact  357  and the right RF output contact  326  by an air gap. The right RF input contact  357  and the right RF output contact  326  are separated from each other on the substrate  314  by a nonconducting gap. 
     The second armature  317  is comprised of a second beam structural layer  327 , the second conducting transmission line  345 , a second suspended armature bias electrode  331 , and a second via hole  333 . The second armature bias electrode  331  may be encapsulated within the second beam structural layer  327  so that dielectric material covers both the top and bottom of the second armature bias electrode  331 . The second armature bias electrode  331  extends over the majority of the second armature  317 , but the second armature bias electrode  331  is electrically isolated from the second conducting transmission line  345 . The second armature bias electrode  331  connects to the armature bias pad  334  through metal deposited in the second via hole  333 . When a voltage is applied between the second suspended armature bias electrode  331  and the second substrate bias electrode  323 , an electrostatic attractive force will pull the second suspended armature bias electrode  331  as well as the attached second armature  317  towards the second substrate bias electrode  323 , such that the right input conducting dimple  346  touches the right RF input contact  357  and the right output conducting dimple  347  touches the right RF output contact  326 . Since the second conducting line  345  is fabricated to electrically connect the right input conducting dimple  347  to the right output conducting dimple  347 , the second conducting line  345  and the dimples  346 ,  347  bridge the gap between the right RF input contact  357  and the right RF output contact  326 , thereby directing RF energy applied to the RF input line  315  to the right RF output line  325 . 
     The substrate  314  may be comprised of a variety of materials. If the monolithic MEMS switch  300  is intended for use with semiconductor devices, it is preferable to use a semiconducting substance such as gallium arsenide (GaAs) for the substrate  314 . This allows the circuit elements as well as the MEMS switch  300  to be fabricated simultaneously on the same substrate using standard integrated circuit fabrication technology such as metal sputtering and masking. For low-noise HEMT MMIC (high electron mobility transistor monolithic microwave integrated circuit) applications, indium phosphide (InP) can be used as the substrate  314 . Other possible substrate materials include high resistivity silicon, various ceramics, or quartz. The flexibility in the fabrication of the monolithic MEMS switch  300  allows the switch  300  to be used in a variety of circuits. This reduces the cost and complexity of circuits designed using the present MEMS switch. 
     The gaps between the dimples  341 ,  342 ,  346 ,  347  and the input and output contacts  356 ,  357 ,  321 ,  326  are smaller than the gap between the armatures  316 ,  317  and the substrate  314 , as shown in FIG.  4 A. When actuated by electrostatic attraction, an armature  316 ,  317  bends towards the substrate  314 . First, the dimples  341 ,  342 ,  346 ,  347  contact their corresponding input and output contacts  356 ,  357 ,  321 ,  326  at which point the armature  316 ,  317  bends to allow the suspended armature bias electrode  330 ,  331  to rest directly above the substrate bias electrode  322 ,  323 , but isolated from the substrate bias electrode  322 ,  323  by dielectric material in the beam structural layer. This fully closed state is shown in FIG.  4 B. The force of the metallic contact between the dimples  341 ,  342 ,  346 ,  347  and the input and output contacts  356 ,  357 ,  321 ,  326  is thus primarily dependent on the flexibility of the armature  316 ,  317  and the geometry of the dimples and not on the attractive forces of the armature electrode  330 ,  331  to the substrate electrode  322 ,  323 . 
     The first beam structural layer  326  is the primary support of the first armature  316  and the second beam structural layer is the primary support of the second armature  317 . The first armature electrode  330  and the second armature electrode  331  are printed either on top of the corresponding beam structural layers  326 ,  327  or are encapsulated within the beam structural layers  326 ,  327 . The beam structural layer  326 ,  327  is made from a stress-free material such as silicon nitride. The multiple layer design of the armature electrode  330 ,  331  encapsulated within a resilient structural layer  326 ,  327  gives each armature  316 ,  317  enhanced mechanical properties. 
     An embodiment of a monolithic SPDT RF MEMS switch according to the present invention is pictured in FIG. 7. A monolithic SPDT switch according to the present invention provides significantly better performance than the hybrid switch discussed above. Isolation and insertion loss data for the switch shown in FIG. 7 is presented in FIGS. 5A and 5B. As shown in FIG. 5A, the isolation provided by the switch is 40 dB or greater below 15 GHZ. Hence, the monolithic SPDT switch provides an improvement of up to 10 dB in isolation over the hybrid SPDT switch. The monolithic switch does not suffer from increased insertion loss. As shown in FIG. 5D, the insertion loss is less than 0.3 dB for frequencies below 15 GHz. 
     A layer of SiO 2  is used to support the armature  316 ,  317  during the fabrication of the MEMS switch  300 , but it is removed in the last fabrication step, hence its term “sacrificial layer.” It is necessary to remove this sacrificial SiO 2  layer in order to free each armature  316 ,  317  such that they are free to deflect out of plane of the substrate  314 . An HF etchant solution is typically used, and openings in the beam structural layers  326 ,  327  allow the HF to etch the sacrificial layer beneath the armatures  316 ,  317  in this last fabrication step as discussed below in conjunction with FIGS. 6E and 6F. 
     FIGS. 6A-6F illustrate the manufacturing processes embodying the present invention used to fabricate the monolithic MEMS switch  300  of FIGS. 3,  4  and  7 . FIGS. 6A-6F present a profile of the switch taken along the section line  3 — 3 ′ of FIG.  3 . Therefore, FIGS. 6A-6F specifically illustrate the steps required to fabricate the structures associated with the first armature  316 . However, the structures associated with both the first armature  316  and the second armature  317  may be fabricated simultaneously in the monolithic MEMS switch  300 . Therefore, the process discussion below addresses the steps used to fabricate the entire monolithic MEMS switch  300 . 
     The process begins with a substrate  314 . In a preferred embodiment, GaAs is used as the substrate. Other materials may be used, however, such as InP, ceramics, quartz or silicon. The substrate is chosen primarily based on the technology of the circuitry the MEMS switch is to be connected to so that the MEMS switch and the circuit may be fabricated simultaneously. For example, InP can be used for low noise HEMT MMICS (high electron mobility transistor monolothic microwave integrated circuits) and GaAs is typically used for PHEMT (pseudomorphic HEMT) power MMICS. 
     FIG. 6A shows a profile of the MEMS switch  300  after the first step of depositing a metal  1  layer onto the substrate  314  for the armature bias pad  334 , substrate bias electrode pads  336 ,  337  (not shown in FIG.  6 A), the output lines  320 ,  325 , the input line  315  (not shown in FIG. 6A) and the substrate bias electrodes  322 ,  323  is complete. The metal  1  layer may be deposited lithographically using standard integrated circuit fabrication technology, such as resist lift-off or resist definition and metal etch. In the preferred embodiment, gold (Au) is used as the primary composition of the metal  1  layer. Au is preferred in RF applications because of its low resistivity. In order to ensure the adhesion of the Au to the substrate, a 900 angstrom layer of gold germanium is deposited, followed by a 100 angstrom layer of nickel, and finally a 1500 angstrom layer of gold. The thin layer of gold germanium (AuGe) eutectic metal is deposited to ensure adhesion of the Au by alloying the AuGe into the semiconductor similar to a standard ohmic metal process for any III-V MESFET or HEMT. 
     Next, as shown in FIG. 6B, a support layer  372  is placed on top of the Au and etched so that the armatures  316 ,  317  may be produced above the support layer  372 . The support layer  372  is typically comprised of 2 microns of SiO 2  which may be sputter deposited or deposited using PECVD (plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition). Vias  332 ,  333  are etched in the sacrificial layer  372  so that the metal of the armature bias pad  334  is exposed. The vias  332 ,  333  definition may be performed using standard resist lithography and etching of the support layer  372 . Other materials besides SiO 2  may be used as a sacrificial layer  372 . The important characteristics of the sacrificial layer  372  are a high etch rate, good thickness uniformity, and conformal coating by the oxide of the metal already on the substrate  314 . The thickness of the oxide partially determines the thickness of the switch opening, which is critical in determining the voltage necessary to close the switch as well as the electrical isolation of the switch when the switch is open. The sacrificial layer  372  will be removed in the final step to release the armatures  316 ,  317 , as shown in FIG.  6 F. 
     Another advantage of using SiO 2  as the support layer  372  is that SiO 2  can withstand high temperatures. Other types of support layers, such as organic polyimides, harden considerably if exposed to high temperatures. This makes the polyimide sacrificial layer difficult to later remove. The support layer  372  is exposed to high temperatures when the silicon nitride for the beam structural layers  326 ,  327  is deposited, as a high temperature deposition is desired when depositing the silicon nitride to give the silicon nitride a lower HF etch rate. 
     FIG. 6C shows the fabrication of the beam structural layers  326 ,  327 . The beam structural layers  326 ,  327  are the supporting mechanism of the armatures  316 ,  317  and are preferably made out of silicon nitride, although other materials besides silicon nitride may be used. Silicon nitride is preferred because it can be deposited so that there is neutral stress in the beam structural layers  326 ,  327 . Neutral stress fabrication reduces the bowing that may occur when the switch is actuated. The material used for the structural layers  326 ,  327  must have a low etch rate compared to the support layer  372  so that the structural layers  326 ,  327  are not etched away when the sacrificial layer  372  is removed to release the armatures  316 ,  317 . The structural layers  326 ,  327  are patterned and etched using standard lithographic and etching processes. 
     The beam structural layers  326 ,  327  may be formed only below the armature bias electrodes  330 ,  331 . If the beam structural layer  326 ,  327  are fabricated only below the first armature bias electrodes  330 ,  331 , bowing will occur in the armatures  316 ,  317  when the switch is actuated, if the stresses in the structural layers  326 ,  327  differs from the stresses in the armature bias electrodes  330 ,  331 . The armatures  316 ,  317  will bow either upwards or downwards, depending upon which material has the higher stress. Bowing can change the voltage required to activate the switch and, if the bowing is severe enough, can prevent the switch from either opening (bowed downward) or closing (bowed upward) regardless of the actuating voltage. 
     The beam structural layers  326 ,  327  may also be formed both above and below the armature bias electrodes  330 ,  331  to minimize the bowing in the armatures  316 ,  317 . By fabricating the beam structural layers  326 ,  327  on both sides of the armature bias electrodes  330 ,  331 , the effect of different material stress is minimized because the portions of the beam structural layers  326 ,  327  that are above the armature bias electrodes  330 ,  331  will flex in the same manner as the portions of the beam structural layers  326 ,  327  that are below the armature bias electrodes  330 ,  331 . The armature bias electrodes  330 ,  331  are constrained by the structural layers  326 ,  327  and will therefore flex with the structural layers  326 ,  327  so that the bowing in the switch is minimized. 
     In FIG. 6D, dimple receptacles  376  are etched into the beam structural layers  326 ,  327  and the support layer  372 . The dimple receptacles  376  are openings where the conducting dimples  341 ,  342 ,  346 ,  347  will later be deposited, as shown in FIG.  6 E. The dimple receptacles  376  are created using standard lithography and a dry etch of the beam structural layers  326 ,  327 , followed by a partial etch of the support layer  372 . The openings in the structural layers  326 ,  327  allow the dimples  341 ,  342 ,  346 ,  347  to protrude through the structural layers  326 ,  327 . 
     Next, as shown in FIG. 6E, a metal  2  layer is deposited onto the beam structural layers  326 ,  327 . The metal  2  layer forms the suspended armature bias electrodes  330 ,  331 , the conducting transmission lines  340 ,  345  (not shown in FIG.  6 E), and the dimples  341 ,  342 ,  346 ,  347 . In the preferred embodiment, the metal  2  layer is comprised of a sputter deposition of a thin film (200 angstroms) of Ti followed by a 1000 angstrom deposition of Au. The metal  2  layer must be conformal across the wafer and acts as a plating plane for the Au. The plating is done by using metal  2  lithography to open up the areas of the switch that are to be plated. The Au is electroplated by electrically contacting the membrane metal on the edge of the wafer and placing the metal  2  patterned wafer in the plating solution. The plating occurs only where the membrane metal is exposed to the plating solution to complete the electrical circuit and not where the electrically insulating resist is left on the wafer. After 2 microns of Au is plated, the resist is stripped off of the wafer and the whole surface is ion milled to remove the membrane metal. Some Au will also be removed from the top of the plated Au during the ion milling, but that loss is minimal because the membrane is only 1200 angstroms thick. 
     The result of this process is that the conducting transmission lines  340 ,  345  and the dimples  341 ,  342 ,  346 ,  347  are created in the metal  2  layer, primarily Au in the preferred embodiment. In addition, the Au fills the vias  332 ,  333  and connects the armature bias electrodes  330 ,  331  to the armature bias pad  334 . Au is a preferred choice for metal  2  because of its low resistivity. When choosing the metal for the metal  2  layer and the material for the beam structural layers  326 ,  327 , it is important to select the materials such that the stress of the beam structural layers  326 ,  327  such that the armatures  316 ,  317  will not bow upwards or downwards when actuating. This is done by carefully determining the deposition parameters for the structural layer. Silicon nitride was chosen for this structural layer not only for its insulating characteristics but in large part because of the controllability of these deposition parameters and the resultant stress levels of the film. 
     The beam structural layers  326 ,  327  are then lithographically defined and etched to complete the switch fabrication. Finally, the sacrificial layer  372  is removed to release the armature  316 , as shown in FIG.  6 F. 
     If the sacrificial layer  372  is comprised of SiO 2 , then it will typically be wet etched away in the final fabrication sequence by using a hydrofluoric acid (HF) solution. The etch and rinses are performed with post-processing in a critical point dryer to ensure that the armatures  316 ,  317  do not come into contact with the substrate  314  when the sacrificial layer  372  is removed. If contact occurs during this process, device sticking and switch failure are likely. Contact is prevented by transferring the switch from a liquid phase (e.g. HF) environment to a gaseous phase (e.g.air) environment not directly, but by introducing a supercritical phase in between the liquid and gaseous phases. The sample is etched in HF and rinsed with DI water by dilution, so that the switch is not removed from a liquid during the process. DI water is similarly replaced with ethanol. The sample is transferred to the critical point dryer and the chamber is sealed. High pressure liquid CO 2  replaces the ethanol in the chamber, so that there is only CO 2  surrounding the sample. The chamber is heated so that the CO 2  changes into the supercritical phase. Pressure is then released so that the CO 2  changes into the gaseous phase. Now that the sample is surrounded only by gas, it may be removed from the chamber into room air. A side elevational view of the MEMS switch  300  after the support layer  372  has been removed is shown in FIG.  6 F. 
     As can be surmised by one skilled in the art, there are many more configurations of the present invention that may be used other than the ones presented herein. For example, other metals can be used to form the conducting transmission line layer, the bias electrodes and pads, and the input and output lines. Also, the beam structural layer and the sacrificial layer may be fabricated with materials other than silicon nitride and silicon dioxide. It is therefore intended that the foregoing detailed description be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting and that it be understood that it is the following claims, including all equivalents, that are intended to define the scope of this invention.