Abstract:
The present invention relates to a synthesis of chromanones or chromanes in a stereospecific matter in view of the 2-position in the chromanone or chromane ring. It has been found that this synthesis is particularly possible in the presence of a chiral compound of formula of a specific type and of at least one phenol or thiophenol.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to the field of the synthesis of tocopherols and tocotrienols. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Chromane compounds represent an important class of chiral natural products and bioactive compounds. An important class of chromane compounds are vitamin E and its esters. Often vitamin E is commercialized in the form of its esters because the latter show an enhanced stability. 
         [0003]    On the one hand the typical technical synthesis of vitamin E leads to mixtures of isomers. On the other hand higher bioactivity (biopotency) has been shown to occur in general by tocopherols and tocotrienols having the R-configuration at the chiral centre situated next to the ether atom in the ring of the molecule (indicated by * in the formulas used later on in the present document) (i.e. 2R-configuration), as compared to the corresponding isomers having S-configuration. Particularly active are the isomers of tocopherols having the natural configuration at all chiral centres, for example (R,R,R)-tocopherols, as has been disclosed for example by H. Weiser et al. in  J. Nutr.  1996, 126(10), 2539-49. This leads to a strong desire for an efficient process for separating the isomers. Hence, the isomer separation not only of vitamin E, but also of their esters, particularly their acetates, as well as of their precursors is of prime interest. 
         [0004]    Separation of all the isomers by chromatographic methods is extremely difficult and costly. 
         [0005]    To overcome these inherent problems, it has been tried to offer stereospecific synthesis allowing the preferential formation of the desired isomers only. However, these methods are very expensive, complex and/or exotic as compared to the traditional industrial synthesis leading to isomer mixtures. 
         [0006]    Therefore, there exists a large interest in providing stereospecific synthesis routes leading to the desired isomer. 
         [0007]    Particular difficult is to achieve specifically the desired chirality at the chiral carbon centre in the 2 position of the chromane ring. 
         [0008]    A synthetic pathway for chromanes is via their corresponding chromanones. It is known from Kabbe and Heitzer,  Synthesis  1978; (12): 888-889 that α-tocopherol can be synthesized via α-tocotrienol from 4-oxo-α-tocotrienol which is accessible from 2-acetyl-3,5,6-trimethylhydroquinone and farnesyl-acetone in the presence of pyrrolidine. However, this procedure leads to a racemic mixture in view of the configuration at the 2 position of the chromane respectively chromanone ring. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    Therefore, the problem to be solved by the present invention is to offer a method for the synthesis of chromanones or chromanes, i.e. of compounds of formula (I) or (V) in a stereospecific matter in view of the 2-position in the chromanone or chromane ring. 
         [0010]    Surprisingly, it has been found that a process for the manufacturing according to claim  1  is able to solve this problem. 
         [0011]    It has been particularly found that the combination of a specific chiral compound and an organic catalyst having at least one phenolic group or thiophenolic group leads to the formation of the desired product and a desired stereoselective formation. Particularly, the desired isomer is formed in preference over the non-desired isomer yielding to an enantiomeric ratio being larger than zero , or a ratio of [2R]-stereoisomers to [2S]-stereoisomers being larger than one. 
         [0012]    Further aspects of the invention are subject of further independent claims. Particularly preferred embodiments are subject of dependent claims. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    In a first aspect the present invention relates to a process for the manufacturing of a compound of formula (I) 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
           
             comprising the step of reacting compound of formula (II-A) and compound of formula (II-B) in the presence of 
             at least one chiral compound of formula (II-C) and 
             of at least one organic catalyst having at least one phenolic group or thiophenolic group 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
           
             wherein R 1 , R 3  and R 4  are independently from each other hydrogen or methyl groups; 
             R 2  and R 2′  represents hydrogen or a phenol protection group; 
             R 5  represents either a linear or branched completely saturated C 6-25 -alkyl group or a linear or branched C 6-25 -alkyl group comprising at least one carbon-carbon double bond; 
             Y 1  represents either CH 2 Y 2  or 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                 wherein R 6  represents a linear or branched C 1-12 -alkyl group which optionally further comprises at least one aromatic group and/or C═O and/or NH and/or NH 2  group; 
                 Y 2  represents either OH or OR 7  or NHR 7  or NHCOOR 7  or 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                 wherein R 7  represents either
               a linear or branched C 1-12 -alkyl group which optionally further comprises at least one aromatic group and/or C═O and/or NH and/or NH 2  group   
             
                 or
               an aryl group or a substituted aryl group or a heteroaryl group or a substituted heteroaryl group   
             
               
             
             and the dotted line(s) represents the bond(s) by which the corresponding substituent is bound to the rest of formula (II-C); 
             and wherein * represents the chiral centre of the chiral isomer of formula (I). 
           
         
       
     
         [0029]    The term “independently from each other” in this document means, in the context of substituents, moieties, or groups, that identically designated substituents, moieties, or groups can occur simultaneously with a different meaning in the same molecule. 
         [0030]    A “C x-y -alkyl”, resp. “C x-y -acyl” group, is an alkyl resp. an acyl group comprising x to y carbon atoms, i.e. for example an C 1-3 -alkyl group, is an alkyl group comprising 1 to 3 carbon atoms. The alkyl resp. the acyl group can be linear or branched. For example —CH(CH 3 )—CH 2 —CH 3  is considered as a C 4 -alkyl group. 
         [0031]    A “C x-y -alkylene” group is an alkylene group comprising x to y carbon atoms, i.e., for example C 2 -C 6  alkylene group is an alkyl group comprising 2 to 6 carbon atoms. The alkylene group can be linear or branched. For example the group —CH(CH 3 )—CH 2 — is considered as a C 3 -alkylene group. 
         [0032]    The term “hydrogen” means in the present document H and not H 2 . 
         [0033]    The sign * in formulae of molecules represents in this document a chiral centre in said molecule. 
         [0034]    In the present document any single dotted line represents the bond by which a substituent is bound to the rest of a molecule. 
         [0035]    The chirality of an individual chiral carbon centre is indicated by the label R or S according to the rules defined by R. S. Cahn, C. K. Ingold and V. Prelog. This R/S-concept and rules for the determination of the absolute configuration in stereochemistry is known to the person skilled in the art. 
         [0036]    A “phenolic group” means in this document a hydroxyl group (OH) which is bound directly to an aromatic group. The aromatic group to which the OH is bound may be an aromatic group having one or several aromatic rings or fused aromatic rings. Compounds having a phenolic group are called phenols. 
         [0037]    A “thiophenolic group” means in this document a thiol group (SH) which is bound directly to an aromatic group. The aromatic group to which the SH is bound may be an aromatic group having one or several aromatic rings or fused aromatic rings. Compounds having a thiophenolic group are called thiophenols. 
         [0038]    The residue R 5  represents either a linear or branched completely saturated C 6-25 -alkyl group or a linear or branched C 6-25 -alkyl group comprising at least one carbon-carbon double bond. 
         [0039]    Preferably the group R 5  is of formula (III). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0040]    In formula (III) m and p stand independently from each other for a value of 0 to 5 provided that the sum of m and p is 1 to 5. Furthermore, the substructures in formula (III) represented by s1 and s2 can be in any sequence. The dotted line represents the bond by which the substituent of formula (III) is bound to the rest of the compound of formula (II-B) or formula (I). Furthermore, # represents a chiral centre, obviously except in case where said centre is linked to two methyl groups. 
         [0041]    It is preferred that group R 5  is of formula (III-x). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0042]    As mentioned above the substructures in formula (III) represented by s1 and s2 can be in any sequence. It is, therefore, obvious that in case that the terminal group is having the substructure s2, this terminal substructure has no chiral centre. 
         [0043]    In one preferred embodiment m stands for 3 and p for 0. 
         [0044]    In another preferred embodiment p stands for 3 and m for 0. 
         [0045]    Therefore, R 5  is preferably of formula (III-A), particularly (III-ARR), or (III-B). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0046]    Preferred are the following combinations of R 1 , R 3  and R 4 : 
         [0000]      R 1 ═R 3 ═R 4 ═CH 3  
 
         [0000]      or 
         [0000]      R 1 ═R 4 ═CH 3 , R 3 ═H
 
         [0000]      or 
         [0000]      R 1 ═H, R 3 ═R 4 ═CH 3  
 
         [0000]      or 
         [0000]      R 1 ═R 3 ═H, R 4 ═CH 3  
 
         [0047]    R 2  and R 2′  represents either hydrogen or a phenol protection group. 
         [0048]    A phenol protection group is a group which protects the phenolic group (OH in formula (I) or (II-A)) and can be deprotected easily, i.e. by state-of-the-art methods, to the phenolic group again. 
         [0049]    The phenol protection group forms with the rest of the molecule a chemical functionality which is particularly selected from the group consisting of ester, ether or acetal. The protection group can be easily removed by standard methods known to the person skilled in the art. 
         [0050]    In case where the phenol protection group forms with the rest of the molecule an ether, the substituent R 2  or R 2′  is particularly a linear or branched C 1-10 -alkyl or cycloalkyl or aralkyl group. Preferably the substituent R 2  or R 2′  is a benzyl group or a substituted benzyl group, particularly preferred a benzyl group. 
         [0051]    In case where the phenol protection group forms with the rest of the molecule an ester, the ester is an ester of an organic or inorganic acid. 
         [0052]    If the ester is an ester of an organic acid, the organic acid can be a monocarboxylic acid or a polycarboxylic acid, i.e. an acid having two or more COOH-groups. Polycarboxylic acids are preferably malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, maleic acid or fumaric acid. 
         [0053]    Preferably the organic acid is a monocarboxylic acid. 
         [0054]    Hence, the substituent R 2  or R 2′  is preferably an acyl group. The acyl group is particularly a C 1-7 -acyl, preferably acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, propionyl or benzoyl group, or a substituted benzoyl group. 
         [0055]    If the ester is an ester of an inorganic acid, the inorganic acid is preferably nitric acid or a polyprotic acid, i.e. an acid able to donate more than one proton per acid molecule, particularly selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, sulphuric acid and sulphurous acid. 
         [0056]    In case where the phenol protection group forms with the rest of the molecule an acetal, the substituent R 2  or R 2′  is preferably 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    with n=0 or 1. 
         [0057]    Hence, the acetals formed so are preferably methoxymethyl ether (MOM-ether), β-methoxyethoxymethyl ether (MEM-ether) or tetrahydropyranyl ether (THP-ether). The protection group can easily be removed by acid. 
         [0058]    The protecting group is introduced by reaction of the corresponding molecule having an R 2  resp. R 2′  being H with a protecting agent. 
         [0059]    The protecting agents leading to the corresponding phenol protection groups are known to the person skilled in the art, as well as the chemical process and conditions for this reaction. If, for example, the phenol protection group forms with the rest of the molecule an ester, the suitable protecting agent is for example an acid, an anhydride or an acyl halide. 
         [0060]    In the case that an ester is formed by the above reaction with the protecting agent, and that said ester is an ester of an organic polycarboxylic acid or an inorganic polyprotic acid, not necessarily all acid groups are esterified to qualify as protected in the sense of this document. Preferable esters of inorganic polyprotic acids are phosphates. 
         [0061]    It is preferred that the protection group R 2  resp. R 2′  is a benzoyl group or a C 1-4 -acyl group, particularly acetyl or trifluoroacetyl group. The molecules in which R 2  resp. R 2′  represents an acyl group, particularly an acetyl group, can be easily prepared from the corresponding unprotected molecule by esterification, respectively the phenolic compound can be obtained from the corresponding ester by ester hydrolysis. 
         [0062]    It is important to realize that the step of reacting with the protecting agent can occur at different stages of manufacture of compound of formula (I) or of formula (V), the preparation of which is described later in this document in more detail, i.e. the reaction can occur for example at the level of compound of formula (II-A) or before or after preparation of compound (I) or compound (V). 
         [0063]    It is particularly preferred that R 2  and R 2′  is H. 
         [0064]    The process of the present invention comprises the steps of reacting compound of formula (II-A) and compound of formula (II-B). 
         [0065]    The corresponding compounds of (II-A) and compound of formula (II-B) are easily accessible. For example compounds of (II-A) can be synthesized from the method disclosed in G. Manecke, G. Bourwieg,  Chem. Ber.  1962, 95, 1413-1416. 
         [0066]    The mentioned reaction between compound of formula (II-A) and compound of formula (II-B) is done in the presence of at least one chiral compound of formula (II-C) and of at least one organic catalyst having at least one phenolic group or thiophenolic group. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0067]    The group Y 1  represents either CH 2 Y 2  or 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0068]    R 6  represents in first instance a linear or branched C 1-12 -alkyl group. Particularly suitable linear or branched C 1-12 -alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl and octyl groups. 
         [0069]    R 6  represents in second instance a linear or branched C 1-12 -alkyl group which comprises further at least one aromatic group and/or C═O and/or NH and/or NH 2  group. Examples of suitable compounds of formula (II-C) for this embodiment are 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0070]    Y 2  represents either OH or OR 7  or NHR 7  or NHCOOR 7  or 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0071]    R 7  represents in a first instance a linear or branched C 1-12 -alkyl group. Particularly suitable linear or branched C 1-12 -alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl and octyl groups. 
         [0072]    R 7  represents in a second instance a linear or branched C 1-12 -alkyl group which further comprises at least one aromatic group and/or C═O and/or NH and/or NH 2  group. 
         [0073]    R 7  represents in a third instance an aryl group or a substituted aryl group or a heteroaryl group or a substituted heteroaryl group. The aryl group or a substituted aryl group or a heteroaryl group or a substituted heteroaryl group is particularly 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0074]    It is preferred that the compound of formula (II-C) is selected from the group consisting of 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0075]    The compounds of formula (II-B) can be synthesized from corresponding precursors, for example the compound (E,E)-farnesylacetone from nerolidol by a chain-elongation reaction, as described in WO 2009/019132. 
         [0076]    In one preferred embodiment the group R 5  does not comprise any chiral centres. The compound of formula (II-B) is preferred from the group consisting of (E)-6,10-dimethylundeca-5,9-dien-2-one, (5E,9E)-6,10,14-trimethylpentadeca-5,9,13-trien-2-one and (5E,9E,13E)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,9,13,17-tetraen-2-one, particularly (5E,9E)-6,10,14-trimethylpentadeca-5,9,13-trien-2-one. 
         [0077]    When the group R 5  comprises chiral centres, it is preferred that the compound of formula (II-B) is in a form of pure chiral isomers. 
         [0078]    This can be either achieved by stereospecific synthesis routes or by isolation of naturally occurring compounds or derived thereof or by separation from a mixture of the chiral stereoisomers. 
         [0079]    For example (6R,10R)-6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one can be obtained from naturally occurring (R,R)-phytol by oxidation with NaIO 4  and a catalytic amount of RuCl 3  as disclosed by Thomas Eltz et al. in  J. Chem. Ecol.  (2010) 36:1322-1326. 
         [0080]    In another preferred embodiment the compound of formula (II-B) is a methyl ketone having at least a carbon-carbon double bond in the γ,δ-position to the keto group. Preferably it is selected from the group consisting of 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one, (E)-6,10-dimethylundec-5-en-2-one, (Z)-6,10-dimethylundec-5-en-2-one, (E)-6,10-dimethylundeca-5,9-dien-2-one, (Z)-6,10-dimethylundeca-5,9-dien-2-one, (E)-6,10,14-trimethylpentadec-5-en-2-one, (Z)-6,10,14-trimethylpentadec-5-en-2-one; (5E,9E)-6,10,14-trimethylpentadeca-5,9-dien-2-one, (5E,9Z)-6,10,14-trimethylpentadeca-5,9-dien-2-one, (5Z,9E)-6,10,14-trimethylpentadeca-5,9-dien-2-one, (5Z,9Z)-6,10,14-trimethylpentadeca-5,9-dien-2-one; (E)-6,10,14-trimethylpentadeca-5,13-dien-2-one, (Z)-6,10,14-trimethylpentadeca-5,13-dien-2-one; (5E,9E)-6,10,14-trimethylpentadeca-5,9,13-trien-2-one, (5E,9Z)-6,10,14-trimethylpentadeca-5,9,13-trien-2-one, (5Z,9E)-6,10,14-trimethylpentadeca-5,9,13-trien-2-one, (5Z,9Z)-6,10,14-trimethylpentadeca-5,9,13-trien-2-one; (E)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadec-5-en-2-one, (Z)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadec-5-en-2-one; (5E,9E)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,9-dien-2-one, (5E,9Z)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,9-dien-2-one, (5Z,9E)-6,10,14,18-tetra-methylnonadeca-5,9-dien-2-one, (5Z,9Z)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,9-dien-2-one; (5E,13E)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,13-dien-2-one, (5E,13Z)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,13-dien-2-one, (5Z,13E)-6,10,14,18-tetra-methylnonadeca-5,13-dien-2-one, (5Z,13Z)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,13-dien-2-one; (E)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,17-dien-2-one, (Z)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,17-dien-2-one; (5E,9E,13E)-6,10,14,18-tetramethyl-nonadeca-5,9,13-trien-2-one, (5E,9E,13Z)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,9,13-trien-2-one, (5E,9Z,13E)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,9,13-trien-2-one, (5E,9Z,13Z)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,9,13-trien-2-one, (5Z,9E,13E)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,9,13-trien-2-one, (5Z,9E,13Z)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,9,13-trien-2-one, (5Z,9Z,13E)-6,10,14,18-tetra-methylnonadeca-5,9,13-trien-2-one, (5Z,9Z,13Z)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnona-deca-5,9,13-trien-2-one; (5E,13E)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,13,17-trien-2-one, (5E,13Z)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,13,17-trien-2-one, (5Z,13E)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,13,17-trien-2-one, (5Z,13Z)-6,10,14,18-tetra-methylnonadeca-5,13,17-trien-2-one; (5E,9E)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,9,17-trien-2-one, (5E,9Z)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,9,17-trien-2-one, (5Z,9E)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,9,17-trien-2-one, (5Z,9Z)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,9,17-trien-2-one; (5E,9E,13E)-6,10,14,18-tetramethyl-nonadeca-5,9,13,17-tetraen-2-one, (5E,9E,13Z)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,9,13,17-tetraen-2-one, (5E,9Z,13E)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,9,13,17-tetraen-2-one, (5E,9Z,13Z)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,9,13,17-tetraen-2-one, (ZE,9E,13E)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,9,13,17-tetraen-2-one, (5Z,9E,13Z)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,9,13,17-tetraen-2-one, (5Z,9Z,13E)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,9,13,17-tetraen-2-one, (5Z,9Z,13Z)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,9,13,17-tetraen-2-one, (5E,9E,13E)-6,10,14,18-tetramethylnonadeca-5,9,13-trien-2-one. 
         [0081]    In case there are chiral centres in the group R 5 , particularly if R 5  has the formula (III-ARR), the corresponding compounds of formula (II-B) can be prepared by asymmetrically hydrogenating olefinic unsaturated precursors thereof using chiral iridium complexes as disclosed in WO 2006/066863 A1 and WO 2012/152779 A1 the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
         [0082]    In case the compounds just mentioned have chiral carbon centre(s) it is preferred that said chiral centre(s) has (have) the R configuration. 
         [0083]    In case the compounds just mentioned have chiral carbon centre(s) it is preferred that said chiral centre(s) has/have the configuration as indicated in formula (III-x). 
         [0084]    Preferably the compound of formula (II-B) in this embodiment is (E)-6,10-dimethylundec-5,9-dien-2-one (geranyl acetone) or (Z)-6,10-dimethylundec-5,9-dien-2-one (neryl acetone) or (5E,9E)-6,10,14-trimethylpentadeca-5,9-dien-2-one (E,E-farnesylacetone) or (5Z,9Z)-6,10,14-trimethylpentadeca-5,9-dien-2-one (Z,Z-farnesylacetone) or (E)-6,10-dimethylundec-5-en-2-one or (Z)-6,10-dimethylundec-5-en-2-one or (E)-6,10,14-trimethylpentadec-5-en-2-one or (Z)-6,10,14-trimethylpentadec-5-en-2-one, preferably geranyl acetone or E,E-farnesyl-acetone or (Z)-6,10-dimethylundec-5-en-2-one or (Z)-6,10,14-trimethylpentadec-5-en-2-one, more preferably geranyl acetone or E,E-farnesylacetone. 
         [0085]    More preferred the compound of formula (II-B) is 6,10-dimethylundecan-2-one or 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one. 
         [0086]    Most preferred the compound of formula (II-B) is either (6R),10-dimethylundecan-2-one or (6R,10R),14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one. 
         [0087]    It is more preferred that the compound of formula (II-C) is selected from the group consisting of 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0088]    The process of the present invention comprises the steps of reacting compound of formula (II-A) and compound of formula (II-B) in the presence of at least one chiral compound of formula (II-C) and of at least one organic catalyst having at least one phenolic group or thiophenolic group. 
         [0089]    The organic catalyst has at least one phenolic group or thiophenolic group. In one embodiment the organic catalyst has one phenolic group or thiophenolic group. 
         [0090]    Examples for such the organic catalysts having one phenolic group or thiophenolic group are phenol (1-hydroxy benzene), o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, 2,3-dimethylphenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 2,5-dimethylphenol, 2,6-dimethylphenol, 3,5-dimethylphenol, 3,5-dimethylphenol, naphthalen-1-ol, naphthalen-2-ol, anthracen-9-ol, 4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, phenol, 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol and 8-hydroxyquinoline, 4-trifluormethyltetrafluorophenol and the mercapto analogues thereof in which at least on OH is replaced by SH. 
         [0091]    In another embodiment the organic catalyst has two or more phenolic groups or thiophenolic groups. Its OH or SH can be bound on the same aromatic or different aromatic rings or on an aromatic group having fused aromatic rings. Examples for such the organic catalysts having two or more phenolic groups or thiophenolic groups are 1,2-dihydroxy benzene, 1,3-dihydroxy benzene, 1,4-dihydroxy benzene, anthracene-9,10-diol, naphthalene-1,2-diol, naphthalene-1,3-diol naphthalene-1,4-diol, naphthalene-1,5-diol, naphthalene-1,6-diol, naphthalene-1,7-diol, naphthalene-2,3-diol, naphthalene-2,6-diol, 4,4′-methylenediphenol, [1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diol and the mercapto analogues thereof in which at least on OH is replaced by SH. 
         [0092]    It is preferred that the organic catalyst has one phenolic group or one thiophenolic group. 
         [0093]    In a preferred embodiment the organic catalyst having at least one phenolic group or thiophenolic group is a selected from the group consisting of phenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol and 8-hydroxyquinoline. 
         [0094]    In a preferred embodiment the organic catalyst having at least one phenolic group or thiophenolic group is a selected from the group consisting of thiophenol, p-nitrothiophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 1-naphthalenethiol, 2-naphthalenethiol and 4-trifluormethyltetrafluorthiophenol. 
         [0095]    The compounds of formula (II-C) are chiral compounds. The compounds are either used directly as pure stereoisomers or separated by known techniques into the R- and the S-stereoisomer prior to the use for the present invention. 
         [0096]    It has been found that the isomer shown in formula (II-C) yields preferentially the isomers of compound of formula (I), respectively of formula (V), showing the R-configuration at the chiral centre indicated by *. 
         [0097]    Therefore, it has been found that the chirality of the compound of formula (II-C) has an important effect on the chirality of the compound being formed, i.e. on compound of formula (I) or of formula (V). 
         [0098]    Hence, the isomer having the R-configuration at the chiral centre marked by * in formula (I) is preferentially formed in respect to the corresponding isomer having the S-configuration at said chiral centre by the above process. 
         [0099]    On the other hand, it has been found that when using the stereoisomers shown in formula (II-C′) instead of compounds of formula (II-C) preferentially the isomers of compound of formula (I) resp. formula (V) showing the S-configuration at the chiral centre indicated by * are obtained. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0100]    Compound of formula (II-A) and compound of formula (II-B) are reacted in the presence of at least one chiral compound of formula (II-C) and of at least one organic catalyst having at least one phenolic group or thiophenolic group. 
         [0101]    It is preferred that this reaction occurs in an organic solvent. In one embodiment the reaction is undertaken in an organic solvent which is a hydrocarbon, preferably in an aromatic hydrocarbon, particularly in toluene, particularly at a temperature of preferably between 80° C. and 150° C., more preferably of between 90° C. and 140° C., most preferably at a temperature of between 100 and 110° C. at ambient pressure. It is preferred that the reaction temperature is about 5 to 10° C. below the boiling point of the solvent. 
         [0102]    In another embodiment the reaction is undertaken in an organic polar solvent which is selected from the group consisting of alcohols, ethers, esters, carbonitriles, halogenated hydrocarbons and lactams. Particularly suitable polar solvents are acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran (THF), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), 1,2-dichloroethane, 2,2,2- and isopropanol. 
         [0103]    Furthermore, it has been shown that the amount of organic solvent is preferably chosen so that at least a 4% by weight solution of compound of formula (II-A) is obtained. In a preferred embodiment the weight ratio between compound of formula (II-A) and organic solvent is between 2:98 and 80:20, particularly between 3:97 and 50:50, preferably between 4:96 and 30:70. 
         [0104]    It has been found that the lower the temperature for the reaction of compound of formula (II-A) and compound of formula (II-B) is, the higher the chiral purity of the compound of formula (I) resp. (V) in view of chirality at the chiral centre indicated by * is. This chiral purity is expressed by the enantiomeric excess (ee) being determined by the absolute value of the difference of amounts of the R and S isomers divided by the sum of amounts of both isomers: and is normally expressed in %. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             ee 
             = 
             
               abs 
                
               
                 ( 
                 
                   
                     
                       [ 
                       R 
                       ] 
                     
                     - 
                     
                       [ 
                       S 
                       ] 
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       [ 
                       R 
                       ] 
                     
                     + 
                     
                       [ 
                       S 
                       ] 
                     
                   
                 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0105]    We have been able to show that by using a reaction temperature of 0° C. the process has yielded in the formation of a product having an enantiomeric excess up to 40%, corresponding to a ratio of [R]/[S] of 2.3. However, the reaction rate was rather low. 
         [0106]    In view of reaction rate, it is preferred to have the reaction taking place at higher temperatures higher than 0° C. 
         [0107]    Furthermore, it might be helpful, particularly in the case where at low reaction temperatures are used, to use molecular sieves in the reaction medium. 
         [0108]    The enantiomeric ratio can be increased further by optimizing the reaction conditions. The larger the enantiomeric ratio is the better. However, also at lower enantiomeric ratios the invention can be advantageous as the complete separation of the isomers, such as by chromatography, particularly by chromatography using chiral stationary phases, needs much less efforts as compared to a racemic mixture. Hence, the enantiomeric ratio should be at least 15%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 25%. 
         [0109]    In a further aspect, the invention relates to a process of manufacturing a compound of formula (V) comprising the steps
       i) process of manufacturing of formula (I) as it has been described in detail above;   ii) reducing of compound of formula (I)       
 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0112]    The substituents R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4  and R 5  are already discussed in detail above. 
         [0113]    Most preferably the chiral isomers of formula (V) are the isomers selected from the group consisting of
       α-Tocopherol (R 1 ═R 3 ═R 4 ═CH 3 , R 5 =(II-A), particularly (II-ARR), R 2 ═H),   β-Tocopherol (R 1 ═R 4 ═CH 3 , R 3 ═H, R 5 =(II-A), particularly (II-ARR), R 2 ═H),   γ-Tocopherol (R 1 ═H, R 3 ═R 4 ═CH 3 , R 5 =(II-A), particularly (II-ARR), R 2 ═H),   δ-Tocopherol (R 1 ═R 3 ═H, R 4 ═CH 3 , R 5 =(II-A), particularly (II-ARR), R 2 ═H),   α-Tocotrienol (R 1 ═R 3 ═R 4 ═CH 3 , R 5 =(II-B), R 2 ═H),   β-Tocotrienol (R 1 ═R 4 ═CH 3 , R 3 ═H, R 5 =(II-B), R 2 ═H),   γ-Tocotrienol (R 1 ═H, R 3 ═R 4 ═CH 3 , R 5 =(II-B), R 2 ═H),   δ-Tocotrienol (R 1 ═R 3 ═H, R 4 ═CH 3 , R 5 =(II-B), R 2 ═H),
 
and the esters, particularly the acetates (R 2 ═COCH 3 ), or phosphates thereof.
       
 
         [0122]    Particularly preferred compounds of formula (V) are esters of organic and inorganic acids. Examples of esters of organic acids are acetate and succinate esters, esters of inorganic esters are tocopheryl phosphates, ditocopheryl phosphates, particularly a-tocopheryl phosphate and a-ditocopheryl phosphate. 
         [0123]    Most preferred compounds of formula (V) are tocopherols and tocopheryl acetates. 
         [0124]    The reduction in step ii) can be made by different ways. Typically it is reduced by using a reduction means. 
         [0125]    Preferably the reduction is made by metallic zinc in the presence of an acid or an acid mixture, for example as disclosed for in U.S. Pat. No. 6,096,907 or EP 0 989 126 the whole disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0126]    The reduction step ii) is typically done in stirred vessel under inert atmosphere. It is further preferred that the step ii) is done at a temperature in the range of 30 to 90° C., particularly between 40 and 65° C. 
         [0127]    After completion of the reaction the compound of formula (V) is purified, particularly by means of extraction. 
         [0128]    It has been observed that the reduction of compound of formula (I) to compound of formula (V) does not modify the chirality of the chiral centre indicated by * in the formulae (I) resp. (V). 
         [0129]    It has been found that the isomer shown in formula (II-C) yields preferentially the isomers of compound of formula (I), respectively of formula (V), showing the R-configuration at the chiral centre indicated by *. 
         [0130]    Hence, the isomer having the R-configuration at the chiral centre marked by * in formula (V) is preferentially formed in respect to the corresponding isomer having the S-configuration at said chiral centre. 
         [0131]    On the other hand, it has been found that when using the stereoisomers shown in formula (II-C′) instead of compounds of formula (II-C) preferentially the isomers of compound of formula (I) resp. formula (V) showing the S-configuration at the chiral centre indicated by * are obtained. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0132]    In a further aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising
       a) at least one compound of formula (II-A) and   b) at least one ketone of formula (II-B) and   c) at least one chiral compound of formula (II-C) and   d) at least one organic catalyst having at least one phenolic group or thiophenolic group       
 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0137]    The substituents R 1 , R 2′ , R 3 , R 4 , R 5  and Y 1  have already been discussed in detail above. 
         [0138]    Furthermore, details for the compound of formula (II-A), for compound of formula (II-B) and for chiral compound of formula (II-C) as well their preferred embodiments and their ratios have been discussed in detail already above. 
         [0139]    As described above this composition is very suitable for the synthesis of compound of formula (I) which can be transformed to compound of formula (V). 
         [0140]    Therefore, a chiral compound of formula (II-C) can be used for the preparation of tocopherols or tocotrienols as it also discussed in great detail above. This use particularly involves the use of a chiral compound of formula (II-C) for the preparation of compound of formula (I) followed by transformation to compound of formula (V). When this use is made in the presence of at least one organic catalyst having at least one phenolic group or thiophenolic group the formation of the stereoisomer of formula (I) resp. (V) having the R configuration at the chiral carbon centre marked by * in formula (I) resp. (V) is obtained in an excess related to the corresponding stereoisomer having the S-configuration. 
         [0141]    The details for chiral compound of formula (II-C), for compound of formula (I), for formula (V) and for the organic catalyst having at least one phenolic group or thiophenolic group as well their preferred embodiments and their ratios have been discussed in detail already above. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0142]    The present invention is further illustrated by the following experiments. 
       Use of Additives 
       [0143]    0.5 mmol of 2-acetyl-3,5,6-trimethylhydroquinone (or 2-acetyl-3,5,6-trimethylhydroquinone 4-O-acetate) and 0.795 mmol of the additive indicated in table 1 have been suspended in a round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirring bar, heating device, water separator or molecular sieve (as indicated in table 1) and argon supply at 23° C. (or 40° C.) in 2.5 mL (23.47 mmol) toluene. Then 0.514 mmol of E,E-farnesylacetone has been is added and finally 0.795 mmol (S)-2-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidine has been added. The reaction mixture has been stirred at 23° C. (or 40° C.) for the time indicated in table 1. When heated to 120° C. water was distilled off and the reaction mixture was getting brown. After the indicated time at 120° C., the reaction mixture was cooled to 23° C. Then 1 mL of 2N aqueous HCl has been added and the mixture has been transferred to a separation funnel and was well shaken. The toluene phase was separated and washed with portions of 10 mL water until a neutral water phase was obtained. The organic layers are dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated at 40° C. and 10 mbar. 
         [0144]    In the cases where 2-acetyl-3,5,6-trimethylhydroquinone was used as the starting material, the product formed has been identified to be 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-((3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trien-1-yl)chroman-4-one: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0145]      1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 300 MHz) δ 1.30 (s, 3H); 1.51 (s, 6H); 1.52 (s, 3H); 1.54-1.58 (m, 1H); 1.61 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 3H); 1.67-1.78 (m, 1H); 1.67-2.10 (m, 10H); 2.08 (s, 3H); 2.16 (s, 3H); 2.48 (s, 3H); 2.51 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H); 2.68 (d, J=15.8Hz, 1H), 4.45 (s br, 1 H); 4.99-5.05 (m, 3H) ppm. 
         [0146]      13 C NMR (CDCl 3 , 75.5 MHz) δ 12.1; 12.8; 13.3; 15.9; 16.0; 17.7; 22.2; 23.7; 25.1; 26.6; 26.8; 39.4; 39.7 (2C); 49.5; 79.4; 116.7; 120.4; 123.5; 124.0; 124.1; 124.4; 131.3; 132.0; 135.1; 135.7; 145.8; 152.8; 195.2 ppm. 
         [0147]    Determination of enantiomeric ratio: HPLC, Chiralcel® OD-H, 250×4.6 mm, 10 mL EtOH, 990 mL n-hexane, 1.0 mL/min; detection at 220 nm. 
         [0148]    The identity of the corresponding reaction product was accordingly established in cases where 2-acetyl-3,5,6-trimethylhydroquinone 4-O-acetate) was used as the starting material. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Different additives. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Additive 
                 t 23° C.   
                 t 120° C.   
                 Yield 1  [%] 
                 [R]:[S] 
                 ee [%] 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ref. 1 
                 none 3, 6   
                 20 
                 1.5 
                 2.2 
                 50:50 
                  0 
               
               
                 Ref. 2 
                 phenylmethanethiol 3, 6   
                 16 
                 24 
                 0 
                 — 7   
                 — 7   
               
               
                 1 
                 phenol 3, 6   
                 16 
                 2 
                 27 
                 55:45 
                 10 
               
               
                 2 
                 8-hydroxyquinoline 3, 6   
                 16 
                 24 
                 12 
                 59:41 
                 18 
               
               
                 3 
                 p-nitrophenol 3, 5   
                 20 
                 2 
                 2 
                 57:43 
                 14 
               
               
                 4 
                 2,4-dinitrophenol 2, 4, 5   
                     120 4   
                 0 
                 1 
                 56:44 
                 10 
               
               
                 5 
                 thiophenol 3, 6   
                  0 
                 24 
                 3 
                 57:43 
                 14 
               
               
                 6 
                 4-trifluoromethyl-2,3,5,6- 
                     120 4   
                 0 
                 5 
                 70:30 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                 tetrafluorothiophenol 2, 4, 6   
               
               
                 7 
                 2-naphthalenethiol 2, 4, 5   
                     120 4   
                 0 
                 9 
                 69:31 
                 38 
               
               
                 8 
                 p-nitrothiophenol 2, 4, 5   
                     120 4   
                 0 
                 4 
                 72:28 
                 44 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 yield of 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-((3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyltri-deca-3,7,11-trien-1-yl)chroman-4-one (or its corresponding acetate derivative, respectively) relative to 2-acetyl-3,5,6-trimethylhydroquinone (or its corresponding acetate derivative, respectively) 
               
               
                   2 molecular sieve 
               
               
                   3 water separator 
               
               
                   4 40° C. instead of 23° C. 
               
               
                   5 starting material: 2-acetyl-3,5,6-trimethylhydroquinone 4-O-acetate 
               
               
                   6 starting material: 2-acetyl-3,5,6-trimethylhydroquinone 
               
               
                   7 as no reaction occurred (yield: 0%) no measurements were possible 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Conversion of Chromanones to Chromans 
       [0149]    6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-((3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trien-1-yl)chroman-4-one been transformed to α-tocotrienol by treatment with zinc dust and aqueous hydrochloric acid, as described in detail by Baldenius et al., EP 0 989 126 A1: 
         [0150]    6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-((3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trien-1-yl)chroman-4-one (5.0 mmol) was dissolved under an argon atmosphere in 25 mL toluene, and 25% aqueous HCl (41.7 mL, 340 mmol) was added. To this mechanically stirred two-phasic mixture zinc dust (65 mmol) was added in small portions (ca. 0.5 g) during 4 h. Stirring was continued at 40° C. for 16 h and at 65° C. for 1 h. After completion of the reaction (TLC control), the mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered through a pad of Dicalite. The filter residue was washed with 100 mL n-heptane, and the combined filtrates washed with 50 mL water. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, concentrated at 40° C. and 10 mbar and dried for 2 h at 0.003 mbar at 23° C. The 2.22 g yellowish-brown oil was purified by column chromatography (SiO 2 , n-hexane/ EtOAc 9:1). After evaporation (40° C./20 mbar) and drying (0.021 mbar/23° C.) α-tocotrienol was obtained as a yellowish-brown oil (1.291 g, purity 93.9 wt %, yield 57%). 
         [0151]    The compound obtained showed identical retention time in comparison to an authentic sample of natural (R,E,E)-α-tocotrienol, and the values obtained by measuring the  1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , 300 MHz) were identical with the values for α-tocotrienol, as for example reported by P. Schudel et al.,  Helv. Chim. Acta  1963, 46, 2517-2526. 
         [0152]    Determination of enantiomeric ratio: HPLC, Chiralcel® OD-H, 250×4.6 mm, 0.5% EtOH in n-hexane, 1.0 mL/min; detection at 220 nm.