Abstract:
Disclosed is a capacitive electrostatic MEMS RF switch comprised of a lower electrode that acts as both a transmission line and as an actuation electrode. Also, there is an array of one or more fixed beams above the lower electrode that is connected to ground. The lower electrode transmits the RF signal when the top beam or beams are up and when the upper beams are actuated and bent down, the transmission line is shunted to ground ending the RF transmission. A high dielectric constant material is used in the capacitive portion of the switch to achieve a high capacitance per unit area thus reducing the required chip area and enhancing the insertion loss characteristics in the non-actuated state. A gap between beam and lower electrode of less than 1 μm is incorporated in order to minimize the electrostatic potential (pull-in voltage) required to actuate the switch.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to a micro-electromechanical (MEMS) radio frequency (RF) switch, and more specifically, to a MEMS switch that operates with a low actuation voltage, has a very low insertion loss, and good isolation. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     A radio-frequency (RF) switch is a device that controls the flow of an RF signal, or it may be a device that controls a component or device in an RF circuit or system in which an RF signal is conveyed. As is contemplated herein, an RF signal is one which encompasses low and high RF frequencies over the entire spectrum of the electromagnetic waves, from a few Hertz to microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies. A micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) is a device or system fabricated using semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) fabrication technology. A MEMS switch is such a device that controls the flow of an RF signal. MEMS devices are small in size, and feature significant advantages in that their small size translates into a high electrical performance, since stray capacitance and inductance are virtually eliminated in such an electrically small structure as measured in wavelengths. In addition, a MEMS switch may be produced at a low-cost due to the IC manufacturing process employed in its fabrication. MEMS switches are termed electrostatic MEMS switches if they are actuated or controlled using electrostatic force which turns such switches on and off. Electrostatic MEMS switches are advantageous due to low power-consumption because they can be actuated using electrostatic force induced by the application of a voltage with virtually no current. This advantage is of paramount importance for portable systems, which are operated by small batteries with very limited stored energy. Such portable systems might include hand-held cellular phones and laptop personal computers, for which power-consumption is recognized as a significant operating limitation. Even for systems that have a sufficient AC or DC power supply such as those operating in a building with AC power outlets or in a car with a large DC battery and a generator, low power-consumption is still a desirable feature because power dissipation creates heat which can be a problem in a circuit loaded with many IC&#39;s. However, a major disadvantage exists in prior art MEMS switches, which require a large voltage to actuate the MEMS switch. Such a voltage is typically termed a “pull-down” voltage, and, in the prior art may be anywhere from 20 to 40 volts or more in magnitude and therefore not compatible with modem portable communications systems, which typically operate at 3 volts or less. To explain further, a typical MEMS switch uses electrostatic force to cause mechanical movement that results in electrically bridging a gap between two contacts such as in the bending of a cantilever. In general this gap is relatively large in order to achieve a large impedance during the “off” state of the MEMS switch. Consequently, the aforementioned large pull-down voltage of anywhere from 20 to 40 volts or more is usually required in these designs to electrically bridge the large gap. Also, a typical MEMS switch has a useful life of approximately 10 8  to 10 9  cycles. Thus, in addition to the above concerns, there is an interest in increasing the lifetime of such MEMS switches. Thus there is a need for an electrostatic MEMS switch that is actuated by a low pull-down or actuating voltage and has low power consumption with increased cycle life. 
     SUMMARY 
     It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a micro-electromechanical (MEMS) switch that operates with a low actuation voltage, and has a very low insertion loss and good isolation. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a fabrication process that is fully compatible with CMOS, BiCMOS, and SiGe processing, and can be monolithically integrated at the upper levels of chip wiring. 
     To achieve the above objects, there is provided a capacitive electrostatic MEMS RF switch comprised of a lower electrode that acts as both a transmission line and as an actuation electrode. Also, there is an array of fixed beams that is connected to ground above the lower electrode. The lower electrode transmits the RF signal when the upper beams are up, and when the upper beams are actuated and bent down, the transmission line is shunted to ground. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
     The above and other aspects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures, in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a cross-section of a metal-dielectric-metal MEMS switch using CMOS metal levels and Ta 2 O 5  (Tantalum Pentoxide) as dielectric material; 
     FIG. 2 a  is a diagram illustrating a top view of a metal-dielectric-metal MEMS switch with fixed beams connected at both ends to ground; 
     FIG. 2 b  is a diagram illustrating a top view of a metal-dielectric-metal MEMS switch showing yet another embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 c  is a diagram illustrating a top view of a metal-dielectric-metal MEMS switch showing another embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a cross-section of a metal-dielectric-metal MEMS switch using CMOS metal levels and Ta 2 O 5  (Tantalum Pentoxide) as dielectric material, and a top actuation (or pull-up) electrode in a cavity; 
     FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a cross-section of a metal-dielectric-metal MEMS switch with two separate actuation electrodes, using CMOS metal levels and Ta 2 O 5  (Tantalum Pentoxide) as dielectric material; 
     FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a top view of the metal-dielectric-metal MEMS switch of FIG. 4; 
     FIG. 6 a  is a diagram illustrating a cross-section of another embodiment of a metal-dielectric-metal MEMS switch with two separate actuation electrodes using CMOS metal levels and a Ta 2 O 5  (Tantalum Pentoxide) dielectric material; 
     FIG. 6 b  is a diagram illustrating a cross-section of yet another metal-dielectric-metal MEMS switch with two separate actuation electrodes using CMOS metal levels and Ta 2 O 5  (Tantalum Pentoxide) as dielectric material; 
     FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a cantilever metal-dielectric-metal switch; 
     FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a cantilever metal-dielectric-metal switch; and 
     FIGS. 9-11 are charts illustrating performance characteristics of switches according to the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described herein below with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the following description, well-known functions or constructions are not described in detail since they would obscure the invention in unnecessary detail. 
     A diagram illustrating a cross-section of a metal-dielectric-metal MEMS switch  100  using CMOS metal levels and Ta 2 O 5  (Tantalum Pentoxide) as dielectric material is shown in FIG.  1 . The switch comprises a single lower electrode  110  (or first electrode), attached to a substrate, that acts both as a transmission line and as an actuation electrode. Also, there is an array of fixed upper beams  120  acting as support elements that are connected to ground  130  above the lower electrode  110 . Beams  120  are attached to supports  170  fixed to the substrate, creating a space  150 . Attached to the upper beams  120  is an upper electrode  160  (or second electrode). This upper electrode  160  can be comprised of, for example, copper (Cu), tungsten (W), Aluminum (Al), gold (Au), nickel (Ni) and alloys thereof. The lower electrode  110  transmits an RF signal when the upper beams  120  are up and the switch is in the open position. The lower electrode  110  consists of copper back-end layers encapsulated on three sides by TaN/Ta (Tantalum Nitride/Tantalum) barrier material. The top copper surface of the lower electrode is protected by Ta (Tantalum), TaN (Tantalum Nitride), Ta/TaN (Tantalum/Tantalum Nitride), or TaN/Ta (Tantalum Nitride/Tantalum). This protective layer is either fully or partially anodized to yield a thin Ta 2 O 5  (Tantalum Pentoxide) (100-2000 Angstroms) layer  140 , a dielectric material with a dielectric constant of 22. It is possible to use another dielectric material but it is preferred that the dielectric constant be above 10. Some available alternatives are barium strontium titanate, hafnium oxide, hafnium silicate, zirconium oxide, zirconium silicate, lead zirconium titanate, lead silicate, and titanium oxide. It is possible to use methods other than anodization to deposit the high dielectric constant material, such as sputtering or CVD (chemical vapor deposition). When a voltage is applied to the lower electrode  110 , the upper beams  120  are bent down and the upper electrode  160  comes in contact with the lower electrode  110 . At this point, a conducting path is created though the lower electrode  110  and the upper beams  120  shunting the RF signal to ground. 
     When the upper beams  120 , fabricated using a copper Damascene approach are actuated and bent down (placing the switch in the closed position), the upper electrode  160  touches the anodized Ta 2 O 5  (Tantalum Pentoxide) layer  140  on the lower electrode  110 , and the transmission line is shunted to ground  130  through the resulting capacitance. The release of the upper beams  120  (creating the space  150  between the electrode  110  and the beams  120 ) is performed by etching, with an oxygen containing plasma, leaving the space  150  between the lower electrode  110  and the beams  120 . The material removed during the etch can be selected from a group consisting of: SiLK (an example of a class of highly aromatic arylene ethers), BCB (benzocyclobutane), polyimides, unzipping polymers such as PMMA (polymethyhnethacrylate), suitable organic polymers, a-C:H (e.g. Diamond Like Carbon) or a-C:HF (e.g. Fluorinated Diamond Like Carbon. Typical dimensions for the space  150  between the lower electrodes  110  and the beams  120  are 500-1000 Angstroms requiring actuation voltages of less than 3 Volts. Length of the beams  120  vary from 35-100 μm and the lower actuation electrode area is on the order of 2000-3000 μm 2  (i.e. 50×50, 60×40, 70×40 etc.). The thickness of the beams  120  is 1-5 μm and the individual beam width varies from 5-20 μm. 
     FIG. 2 a  is a diagram illustrating a top view of a metal-dielectric-metal MEMS switch showing fixed beams connected at both ends to ground. The top electrode consists of a set of beams  220  either connected together at both ends or individually connected to the lower ground electrodes  230 . An advantage of this configuration is that by having multiple beams, a large overlap area is created with the lower electrode  210  that results in effective grounding of the RF signal when the top beams  220  are pulled down, contacting the upper electrode to the high dielectric constant material of the lower electrode  210 . Another advantage of this multiple beam configuration is the ability of single beams to achieve higher switching frequencies than a flat rectangular plate. Also, single beams are less likely to deform with multiple actuation, a common problem encountered when using a flat rectangular plate. The beam width can also be variable along its length. In a preferred embodiment, the set of beams are covered by a layer selected from a group consisting of silicon nitride and silicone dioxide. 
     FIG. 2 b  is a diagram illustrating a top view of a metal-dielectric-metal MEMS switch showing another embodiment of the present invention. The top electrode beams  320  are connected together at the center where they form an overlap area  340  on top of the RF signal electrode (or lower actuation electrode)  310 . The top beams  320  are all connected to ground  330  at both ends but they could also be connected with each other at their fixed ends or in different locations along their length. 
     FIG. 2 c  is a diagram illustrating a top view of a metal-dielectric-metal MEMS switch showing yet another embodiment of the present invention. The shape of the middle upper beams  420  is modified to yield a lower actuation voltage. 
     FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a cross-sectional view of a metal-dielectric-metal MEMS switch using CMOS metal levels and Ta 2 O 5  (Tantalum Pentoxide) as dielectric material, and a top actuation (or pull-up) electrode in a cavity. In this embodiment, lower space  550  preferably defines a distance (d) from the beams  520  to bottom electrode  510 . Upper space  580 , from surface  585  to the top electrode  590 , preferably defines a distance ( 2   d ), although it is contemplated that the distance between surface  585  and top electrode  590  may be equal to distance (d), so that the distance is in the range of d to  2   d . When actuated, this electrode  590  assists in releasing the beams  520  from the bottom electrode  510  by pulling up on the beams  520 . The top surface of the upper space  580  may have small access holes through which release of the structure can be achieved. As a result, the top actuation electrode  590  may be perforated. Materials that can be used for this electrode are Titanium Nitride (TiN), Tungsten (W), Tantalum (Ta), Tantalum Nitride (TaN), or copper (Cu) cladded by Tantalum Nitride/Tantalum (TaN/Ta). 
     FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a cross-section of a metal-dielectric-metal MEMS switch using CMOS metal levels and Ta 2 O 5  (Tantalum Pentoxide) as dielectric material, but with two separate actuation electrodes  670 . By utilizing two separate actuation electrodes  670 , it is possible to separate the DC voltage in the actuation electrodes  670  from the RF potential of the RF signal electrode, creating circuit design advantages to those skilled in the art. In the case of multiple lower electrodes  670  and  610 , a beam  620  length of 100 mm can be used with two lower actuation electrodes  670  that are 25 μm long and an RF signal electrode  610  that is 50 μm long. A top view of this embodiment of the switch is illustrated in FIG.  5 . 
     FIG. 6 a  is a diagram illustrating a cross-section of another embodiment of a metal-dielectric-metal MEMS switch with two separate actuation electrodes using CMOS metal levels and a Ta 2 O 5  (Tantalum Pentoxide) dielectric material. FIG. 6 a  shows a continuous Ta 2 O 5  (Tantalum Pentoxide) layer  840  across all three lower electrodes  870  and the transmission line  810 . This increases the effective dielectric constant of the coplanar wave (CPW) guide structure consisting of the center transmission line  810  and the actuation electrodes  870  on either side. The increased dielectric constant will yield a transmission line  810  with a lower characteristic impedance, making it useful for impedance matching to low impedance active elements. Additionally, the wavelength will be reduced due to the increased dielectric constant allowing distributed elements (i.e. quarter wavelength transmission lines) to be shorter, taking up less space. Finally, the increased dielectric constant will tend to guide the fringing fields of the CPW structure away from the substrate cutting down on power loss in the substrate. A key advantage to using a CPW transmission line lies in the wide range of characteristic impedance values achievable by varying the signal to ground spacing (here, signal to actuation electrode  870  spacing). This design freedom is not as easily achievable with a standard microstrip line configuration, especially in a standard silicon back end, where the signal to ground plane spacing is quite small (on the order of a few microns). 
     To construct the structure illustrated in FIG. 6 a , a Ta (Tantalum), TaN (Tantalum Nitride), Ta/TaN (Tantalum/Tantalum Nitride), or TaN/Ta (Tantalum Nitride/Tantalum) layer is deposited on top of the copper electrodes. The copper lower electrodes  810  and  870  are typically recessed after chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). The TaN (Tantalum Nitride) layer at the top surface is continuous on top of the insulator in-between electrodes. Anodization of this layer will convert it to Ta 2 O 5  (Tantalum Pentoxide) so that the oxide is in contact with the insulator material between electrodes. 
     FIG. 6 b  is a diagram illustrating a cross-section of yet another metal-dielectric-metal MEMS switch with two separate actuation electrodes using CMOS metal levels and Ta 2 O 5  (Tantalum Pentoxide) as dielectric material. The lower copper electrodes  910  and  970  are capped by a thin Ta (Tantalum) layer. The Ta (Tantalum) is removed from the top surface by CMP. A Si 3 N 4  (Silicon Nitride) layer  980  is deposited as a blanket film covering the three lower electrodes  910  and  970  to prevent chemical interaction between the lower electrodes  910  and  970 , and the first layer of dielectric material. On top of the center electrode  910  area, the nitride is etched down to the liner which is subsequently patterned in the center electrode  910  and an AlCu layer  990  is deposited to allow for electrical contact of the TaN (Tantalum Nitride) anodization. Finally, a TaN (Tantalum Nitride) layer  940  is deposited and converted to Ta 2 O 5  (Tantalum Pentoxide) by anodization and subsequently patterned along with the AlCu (Aluminum Copper) layer  990  to result in a protruding center electrode  910  capped by the high dielectric constant material. 
     FIGS. 7 and 8 are variations of the switch top electrodes using cantilever beams  1010  and  1110 , and copper (FIG. 7) or tungsten (FIG. 8) as beam materials. The end of the cantilever that does the shorting to ground extends beyond the beam thickness. This is because cantilevers have shown to have instabilities when actuated. The “tip” approach can also be used with fixed beams or plates, but extra fabrication mask levels will be needed. 
     FIGS. 9-11 are charts illustrating performance characteristics of switches according to the present invention. FIG. 10 illustrates that excellent isolation (more than 30 dB) and insertion loss (less than 0.2 dB) can be obtained using beams 55 μm long and with a total width of 80 μm (individual beams are 5-20 μm wide). A set of 4-8 beams can be used to realize this switch. 
     FIG. 11 illustrates the benefits of introducing a dielectric material with higher dielectric constant such as HfO 2  (Hafnium Oxide) (dielectric constant of 40) or sputtered BSTO (Barium Strontium Titanate) (dielectric constant of 30). By implementing dielectric material with a high dielectric constant, improved switch characteristics, especially in terms of isolation, are achieved. 
     While the invention has been shown and described with reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.