Abstract:
The invention provides, improved herbicide compositions, methods of making the compositions and methods of controlling plant growth. The subject invention relates to combining fatty acid based and other herbicides with succinic acid, succinic acid derivatives and other additives such as those having essentially no herbicidal activity to increase the activity of the herbicide and provide methods of controlling plant growth by applying a combination of a herbicidal fatty acid with succinic acid and/or succinic acid derivative chemicals and/or other additives. In addition to the use of succinic acid, combining other Krebs cycle acids with herbicides can also provide beneficial effects. Concentrations of herbicides and additives applied to plants in accordance with the invention can include compositions involving 0.1 to 30% herbicide, preferably 0.5 to 15% herbicide and additive and more preferably 1-8% herbicide. The ratio of herbicide, such as fatty acid herbicide to activity enhancing additives can be from 1:10 to 20:1, preferably 1:1 to 20:1, most preferably 1:1 to 5:1.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates generally to herbicides, methods of improving existing herbicides and controlling the growth of plant life and more particularly to methods and products involving succinate-based chemicals and other additives which can enhance the activity (effectiveness) of herbicidal compounds. As used herein, herbicidal refers to materials which destroy or inhibit plant growth, such as by desiccation or defoliation for example, to act as a harvest aid or to control weed growth. 
     Glyphosate and paraquat are the number 1 and 2 non-selective herbicides used worldwide. Paraquat is extremely toxic and therefore unacceptable for many applications. Glyphosate can be slow acting, commonly requiring 1 to 2 weeks to achieve plant death and is therefore also unsuitable for many herbicide applications. 
     Other conventionally known herbicides include fatty acids, such as pelargonic acid, a nine carbon fatty acid, and caprylic acid, an eight carbon fatty acid. Scythe, sold by Mycogen/Dow and Liberty, made by AgrEvo are known commercially available herbicides. Pelargonic acid is the active ingredient in Scythe and glufosinate-ammonium is the active ingredient in Liberty. However, the activity of these products is such that the cost of products such as Scythe can be undesirably high and the amount of active ingredients needed in products such as paraquat could lead to undesirable effects. 
     Accordingly, it is desirable to provide improved herbicides, methods for enhancing the activity of existing herbicides and methods of controlling plant growth in order to overcome inadequacies of the prior art. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Generally speaking, in accordance with the invention, improved herbicide compositions, methods of making the compositions and methods of controlling plant growth are provided. The subject invention relates to combining fatty acid based and other herbicides with succinic acid, succinic acid derivatives and other additives such as those having essentially no herbicidal activity to increase the activity of the herbicide and provide methods of controlling plant growth by applying a combination of a herbicidal fatty acid with succinic acid and/or succinic acid derivative chemicals and/or other additives. In addition to the use of succinic acid, combining other Krebs cycle acids with herbicides can also provide beneficial effects. Concentrations of herbicides and additives applied to plants in accordance with the invention can include compositions involving about 0.1 to 30% herbicide and additive, preferably 0.5 to 15% herbicide and additive and more preferably 1-8% herbicide and additive. The ratio of herbicide, such as fatty acid herbicide to activity enhancing additive can be from about 1:10 to 20:1, preferably 1:1 to 20:1, more preferably 1:1 to 5:1. 
     Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide improved herbicidal compositions. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide additives which can enhance the activity of herbicidal compositions. 
     Yet another object of the invention is to improve the safety of herbicides. 
     A further object of the invention is to provide improved methods of plant control. 
     The invention accordingly comprises the several steps and the relation of one or more of such steps with respect to each of the others, and the compositions possessing the characteristics, properties and the relation of constituents useful to effect such steps, which will be exemplified in the compositions hereinafter described, all as exemplified in the following detailed disclosure, and the scope of the invention will be indicated in the claims. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The invention is directed to improved herbicidal compositions. Herbicides, such as those including fatty acids as the active ingredient can be formulated at low fatty acid concentration and have relatively low herbicidal activity or at higher fatty acid concentration and have enhanced activity. However, it has been found that certain additives, such as organic acids and their derivatives, which may have substantially no herbicidal activity can enhance the herbicidal activity of herbicidal fatty acids and other herbicides and provide herbicides with either enhanced activity or reduced fatty acid concentrations. Preferred additives include those organic acids which are part of the Krebs cycle and in particular, succinic acid as well as succinic acid derivatives. Thus, substantially safe non-herbicidal additives are combined with G.R.A.S. (generally recognized as safe by the FDA) herbicidal compounds such as fatty acids, and the result is a generally safe herbicide with enhanced activity. As used herein, the term fatty acid will refer to aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids, including short chain mono-carboxylic acids such as acetic acid, unless indicated otherwise. 
    
    
     The following examples demonstrate the synergistic relationship between additives (such as succinic acid) and fatty acid herbicides such as caprylic acid, pelargonic acid and others. Other synergistic relationships between organic acids (for example, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid and lactic acid) with caprylic acid as the fatty acid were also exhibited. In general with the exception of tartaric acid, there was a general lack of correspondence between the acidity of the organic acid and the degree of synergy of the organic acid with caprylic acid. It was determined that tartaric acid (e.g. L-tartaric acid) exhibited particularly high performance enhancement of caprylic acid across a wide variety of plant types. 
     A synergistic relationship between succinic acid and sodium salicylatc was also demonstrated where the effect of succinic acid alone on the plants treated was negligible. 
     Accordingly, it has been determined that combining certain organic acids and compounds having a significant herbicidal effect, such as pelargonic, caprylic, caproic, capric and oleic acid, and also such acids as acetic, butyric, valeric, hexanoic and heptanoic acid and compounds such as sodium salicylate, glyphosate (in Round Up) or glufosinate-ammonium with other organic acids and additives including those having substantially no herbicidal effect could enhance herbicidal activity and reduce costs, environmentally undesirable effects or be otherwise more convenient to use. 
     Effective additives include succinic acid and succinic acid derivatives such as dimethyl succinic acid, calcium succinate, magnesium succinate, diammonium succinate and ammonium succinate as well as certain other organic acids, such as tartaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, adipic acid and plant oils such as limonene and pine oil, especially Unipine (a pine oil derivative available from Busche, Boake &amp; Allen, Inc.), as well as other additives including ammonium sulfate, ammonium tartrate, ammonium chloride and sodium salicylate. 
     In order to confirm that additives in accordance with the invention provided an enhanced herbicidal effect, a number of experiments were performed in which only fatty acids or other herbicides were applied to plants, the additives alone were applied and the fatty acids plus the additives were applied. The herbicides were applied in the “spray to drip” amount or at a calibrated 20-60 gallons/acre. “Spray to drip” is an uncalibrated application of fluid to foliage, where sufficient spray volume is used to sufficiently saturate the foliage surface until excess fluid begins to drip from the foliage. In general, about 5 to 200 gallons/acre, preferably 20-100 gallons/acre can be effective. 
     Fatty acids above 6-7 carbon atoms tend to be relatively insoluble in water. Caprylic and pelargonic acids are 8 and 9 carbon acids respectively and require a solvent, such as acetone or an emulsifier to help prevent separation between aqueous and lipid phases. Herbicides can be provided in concentrated form and then diluted at the point of use. 
     Aspects and embodiments of the invention will be described more clearly with reference to the following examples, which are intended to be interpreted as exemplary, and not in a limiting sense. 
     Example 1 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Potato field trial: two varieties (Snowden and Russet Burbank) 
               
               
                 Comparison of Desiccate II with experimental formulations 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Average injury rating* &amp; (% vine injury) 
               
               
                   
                 (days after 1 st  application) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Snowden 
                 Russet Burbank 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatment: 
                 Day 5 
                 Day 8 
                 Day 15 
                 Day 5 
                 Day 8 
                 Day 15 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 Desiccate II (2.175 quart/acre) 
                  0 (0) 
                  30 (10) 
                 100 (100) 
                 50 (40) 
                 60 (70) 
                 100 (96) 
               
               
                 2 
                 4% pelargonic + 0.5% succinic acid 
                 90 (70) 
                 100 (94) 
                 100 (100) 
                 97 (90) 
                 98 (95) 
                 100 (100) 
               
               
                 3. 
                 4% caprylic/capric + 0.5% succinic 
                 90 (70) 
                  96 (92) 
                 100 (100) 
                 95 (90) 
                 98(97) 
                 100 (100) 
               
               
                 4 
                 4% caprylic/capric + 0.5% succinic + 1% sodium salicylate 
                 90 (80) 
                 100 (98) 
                 100 (100) 
                 95 (90) 
                 96 (92) 
                 100 (100) 
               
               
                 5 
                 4% sodium salicylate + 0.5% succinic 
                 25 (0) 
                  40 (10) 
                  95 (90) 
                 70 (60) 
                 98 (92) 
                 100 (100) 
               
               
                 6 
                 6% caprylic/capric + 0.5% succinic 
                 95 (75) 
                 100 (90) 
                 100 (100) 
                 80 (70) 
                 98 (94) 
                 100 (100) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Injury rating based on scale of 1-5, where 5 = complete desiccation of all plants/plot  
               
               
                 Second application 5 days after 1 st  (application; each at 87 G/a (45 psi)  
               
               
                 Treatment #1 contained 0.125% Wilfarm Crop Oil Concentrate  
               
               
                 Treatments #2-4 and 6 contained 0.83% Emsorb 6900, 0.43% mineral oil and 1% Hasten  
               
               
                 Treatment #5 contained 0.3% Sylgard 309  
               
               
                 Summary: all experimental treatments (#2-6) better than treatment #1 (Desiccate II)  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 2 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Potato field trial: 2 applications of selected herbicides, including 
               
               
                 Desiccate II 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Injury rating*, average per plot 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatment 
                 Day 1 
                 Day 2 
                 Day 3 
                 Day 5 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 5% pelargonic 
                 4.07 
                 4 
                 4.13 
                 4.43 
               
               
                 2 
                 5% pelargonic + 1% 
                 4.23 
                 4.23 
                 4.47 
                 4.57 
               
               
                   
                 di-ammonium succinate 
               
               
                 3 
                 5% caprylic/capric + 1% 
                 3.87 
                 3.9 
                 4.03 
                 4.4 
               
               
                   
                 di-ammonium succinate 
               
               
                 4 
                 Desiccate II (1.5 quarts/acre) 
                 1 
                 1.5 
                 1.67 
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Injury rating, based on a scale of 1-5, where 5 = complete desiccation of all plants/plot  
               
               
                 1% Hasten in treatments 1, 2 and 3. For treatment 4:0.125% Wilfarm Crop Oil Concentrate.  
               
               
                 Treatments 1, 2 and 3 also had 0.86% Emsorb 6900 and 0.43% mineral oil  
               
               
                 Plot size: 3 × 6 feet. Each treatment group had 3 replicates  
               
               
                 40-42 G/acre, with &lt;45 psi for 1 st  application and 45 psi for 2nd application  
               
               
                 2 nd  treatment applied 2 days after 1 st  treatment  
               
               
                 Variety: Katahdin (thick canopy), with active growth (irrigated)  
               
               
                 Summary: 1) treatments 1-3 superior to treatment 4 (Desiccate II), 2) perlagonic acid enhanced by di-ammonium succinate  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 3 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Dry bean (navy) field trial: single application 
               
               
                 of selected herbicides, including Desiccate II 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Injury rating*, average per plot 
                 % desiccation, day 14 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatment 
                 Day 2 
                 Day 4 
                 Day 5 
                 Day 6 
                 Day 14 
                 foliage 
                 vines 
                 pod 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 Desiccate II (1.5 quarts/acre) 
                 3.375 
                 3.8 
                 4.55 
                 4.68 
                 4.625 
                 90 
                 50 
                 60 
               
               
                 2 
                 4% pelargonic + 0.5% succinic acid 
                 4.325 
                 4.35 
                 4.7 
                 4.73 
                 4.763 
                 98 
                 90 
                 97 
               
               
                 3 
                 4% caprylic + 0.5% succinic acid 
                 4.413 
                 4.43 
                 4.76 
                 4.83 
                 4.8 
                 98 
                 90 
                 97 
               
               
                 4 
                 4% sodium salicylate + 0.5% succinic 
                 4.388 
                 4.38 
                 4.68 
                 4.73 
                 4.775 
                 95 
                 80 
                 97 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Injury rating, based on a scale of 1-5, where 5 = complete desiccation of all plants/plot  
               
               
                 1% Hasten in treatments 2, 3 and 0.3% Sylgard 309 in treatment 4. Treatment 1 had 0.25% Wilfarm Crop Oil Concentrate  
               
               
                 Treatments 2 and 3 also contained 0.86% Emsorb 6900 and 0.43% mineral oil  
               
               
                 Plot size = 3 × 6 feet, with 4 replicates (plots) per treatment group  
               
               
                 40 gallons per acre at 45 psi for one application  
               
               
                 Dry bean variety (navy): Vista  
               
               
                 Field  
               
               
                 Summary: Treatments 2-4 were superior to treatment 1 (Desiccate II)  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 4 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Bean (black) trial: single application of selected herbicides, including Desiccate II 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Injury rating*, average per plot 
                 % desiccation, day 19 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatment: 
                 Day 1 
                 Day 3 
                 Day 7 
                 Day 9 
                 Day 19 
                 foliage 
                 vines 
                 pods 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 Desiccate II (1.5 quarts/acre) 
                 1.75 
                 4.35 
                 4.5 
                 4.7 
                 4.88 
                  97 
                  99 
                 100 
               
               
                 2 
                 3% caprylic + 0.5% succinic acid 
                 4.3 
                 4.55 
                 4.55 
                 4.7 
                 4.9 
                  99 
                  99 
                 100 
               
               
                 3 
                 3% pelargonic + 0.5% succinic acid 
                 4.55 
                 4.75 
                 4.78 
                 4.85 
                 5 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 4 
                 3% sodium salicylate + 0.5% succinic acid 
                 45 
                 4.7 
                 4.7 
                 4.83 
                 5 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Injury rating, based on a scale of 1-5, where 5 = complete desiccation of all plants/plot  
               
               
                 1% Hastern in treatments 2, 3 and 0.3% Sylgard 309 in treatment 4. Treatment 1 had 0.125% Wilfarm Crop Oil Concentrate  
               
               
                 Treatment 2 and 3 also contained 0.86% Emsorb 6900 and 0.43% mineral oil  
               
               
                 Plot size: 3 × 6 feet, with 2 replicates (plots) per treatment group  
               
               
                 40 gallons per acre at 45 psi for one application  
               
               
                 Dry bean variety: black, T39  
               
               
                 Field  
               
               
                 Summary: Treatments 2-4 superior to treatment 1  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 5 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Synergistic interactions of succinic acid and di-ammonium succinate 
               
               
                 with herbicidal compounds, on navy dry beans 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 % desiccation 
               
               
                   
                 Injury rating*, average per plot 
                 (Day 12) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatment: 
                 Day 1 
                 Day 2 
                 Day 3 
                 Day 4 
                 Day 12 
                 foliage 
                 vines 
                 pods 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 3% caprylic 
                 3.5 
                 3.93 
                 3.93 
                 4 
                 4.2 
                 50 
                 10 
                 80 
               
               
                 2 
                 3% caprylic + 0.5% succinic acid 
                 4.43 
                 4.43 
                 4.6 
                 4.5 
                 4.7 
                 95 
                 70 
                 85 
               
               
                 3 
                 3% caprylic + 2% succinic acid 
                 4.5 
                 4.47 
                 4.57 
                 4.5 
                 4.8 
                 99 
                 85 
                 90 
               
               
                 4 
                 3% caprylic + 2.52% di-ammonium succinate 
                 4.47 
                 4.43 
                 4.67 
                 4.6 
                 4.8 
                 99 
                 90 
                 99 
               
               
                 5 
                 3% sodium salicylate 
                 3.8 
                 4.13 
                 4.57 
                 4.5 
                 4.7 
                 92 
                 70 
                 90 
               
               
                 6 
                 3% sodium salicylate + 0.5% succinic acid 
                 3.93 
                 4.27 
                 4.63 
                 4.6 
                 4.8 
                 95 
                 85 
                 92 
               
               
                 7 
                 3% sodium salicylate + 2% succinic acid 
                 4.2 
                 4.4 
                 4.67 
                 4.6 
                 4.9 
                 97 
                 80 
                 95 
               
               
                 8 
                 3% sodium salicylate + 2.52% di-ammonium succinate 
                 4.4 
                 4.43 
                 4.72 
                 4.6 
                 4.9 
                 97 
                 90 
                 95 
               
               
                 9 
                 0.5% succinic acid 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                  0 
                  0 
                  0 
               
               
                 10  
                 2% succinic acid 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                  0 
                  0 
                  0 
               
               
                 11  
                 2.52% di-ammonium succinate 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                  0 
                  0 
                  0 
               
               
                 12  
                 0.5% succinic acid 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                  0 
                  0 
                  0 
               
               
                 13  
                 2% succinic acid 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                  0 
                  0 
                  0 
               
               
                 14  
                 2.52% di-ammonium succinate 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                  0 
                  0 
                  0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Injury rating, based on a scale of 1-5, where 5 = complete desiccation of all plants/plot  
               
               
                 Treatments 1-4, 9-11: each in 0.86% Emsorb 6900, 0.43% mineral oil, 1% Hasten  
               
               
                 Treatments 5-8, 12-14: each in 0.3% Sylgard 309  
               
               
                 Succinic (2%) and di-ammonium succinate (2.52%) are equimolar  
               
               
                 Plot size: 3 × 6 feet. Each treatment group had 3 replicates  
               
               
                 One application at 40 G/acre, 45 psi  
               
               
                 Variety: dry bean (navy Vista)  
               
               
                 Field  
               
               
                 Summary: both succinic acid and di-ammonium succinate were synergistic with sodium salicylate and caprylic acid  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 6 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Synergistic interactions of succinic acid and di-ammonium succinate 
               
               
                 with other herbicidal compounds, on dry beans (black) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Injury rating*, 
                   
               
               
                   
                 average per plot 
                 % desiccation (Day 12) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatment: 
                 Day 2 
                 Day 12 
                 foliage 
                 vines 
                 pods 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 3% caprylic 
                 4 
                 4.73 
                 80 
                 92 
                 95 
               
               
                 2 
                 3% caprylic + 0.5% succinic acid 
                 4.37 
                 4.87 
                 97 
                 95-98 
                 90 
               
               
                 3 
                 3% caprylic + 2% succinic acid 
                 4.43 
                 4.92 
                 99 
                 98 
                 97 
               
               
                 4 
                 3% caprylic + 2.52% di-ammonium succinate 
                 4.37 
                 4.9 
                 99 
                 95-97 
                 85 
               
               
                 5 
                 3% sodium salicylate 
                 4 
                 4.78 
                 95 
                 90 
                 90 
               
               
                 6 
                 3% sodium salicylate + 0.5% succinic acid 
                 4.23 
                 4.87 
                 99 
                 98 
                 92 
               
               
                 7 
                 3% sodium salicylate + 2% succinic acid 
                 4.07 
                 4.88 
                 99 
                 95 
                 90 
               
               
                 8 
                 3% sodium salicylate + 2.52% di-ammonium succinate 
                 4.37 
                 4.8 
                 99 
                 92 
                 80 
               
               
                 9 
                 0.5% succinic acid 
                 0 
                 0 
                  0 
                  0 
                  0 
               
               
                 10  
                 2% succinic acid 
                 0 
                 0 
                  0 
                  0 
                  0 
               
               
                 11  
                 2.52% di-ammonium succinate 
                 0 
                 0 
                  0 
                  0 
                  0 
               
               
                 12  
                 0.5% succinic acid 
                 0 
                 0 
                  0 
                  0 
                  0 
               
               
                 13  
                 2% succinic acid 
                 0 
                 0 
                  0 
                  0 
                  0 
               
               
                 14  
                 2.52% di-ammonium succinate 
                 0 
                 0 
                  0 
                  0 
                  0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Injury rating, based on a scale of 1-5, where 5 = complete desiccation of all plants/plot  
               
               
                 Treatments 1-4, 9-11: each in 0.86% Emsorb 6900, 0.43% mineral oil, 1% Hasten  
               
               
                 Treatments 5-8, 12-14: each in 0.3% Sylgard 309  
               
               
                 Succinic (2%) and di-ammonium succinate (2.52%) are equimolar  
               
               
                 Plot size: 3 × 6 feet. Each treatment group had 3 replicates  
               
               
                 One application at 40 G/acre, 45 psi  
               
               
                 Variety: black beans (dry bean variety T39)  
               
               
                 Summary: both succinic acid and di-ammonium succinate werc synergistic with sodium salicylate and caprylic acid  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 7 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Enhancement of caprylic acid/sodium salicylate 
               
               
                 as an herbicide, by succinic acid 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Relative 
               
               
                   
                 injury 
               
               
                   
                 rating* 
               
               
                   
                 (average, 
               
               
                   
                 based on 
               
               
                   
                 2 ratings) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Succinic 
                 pota- 
                 All 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 acid (%) 
                 toes 
                 plants 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                  1 
                 0.25% caprylic + 0.25% sodium salicylate 
                 0 
                 3 
                 8.5 
               
               
                  2 
                 0.25% caprylic + 0.25% sodium salicylate 
                 0.5 
                 5 
                 17 
               
               
                  3 
                 0.25% caprylic + 0.25% sodium salicylate 
                 1 
                 6 
                 17.6 
               
               
                  4 
                 0.25% caprylic + 0.25% sodium salicylate 
                 1.5 
                 7.7 
                 19.7 
               
               
                  5 
                 0.25% caprylic + 0.25% sodium salicylate 
                 2 
                 6.8 
                 18.9 
               
               
                  6 
                 0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate 
                 0 
                 4.8 
                 15.1 
               
               
                  7 
                 0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate 
                 0.5 
                 5.3 
                 17.7 
               
               
                  8 
                 0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate 
                 1 
                 5.5 
                 19.7 
               
               
                  9 
                 0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate 
                 1.5 
                 7 
                 21.3 
               
               
                 10 
                 0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate 
                 2 
                 7.5 
                 22.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *A rating of 1-5 given (5 = complete desiccation of all plants), for each treatment (1-2 plants/pot)  
               
               
                 Two independent evaluations (ratings) performed  
               
               
                 Helena Kinetic at 0.2% used for all treatments  
               
               
                 All formulations in 30% acetone  
               
               
                 Spray to drip applications to dry beans, snapbeans and potato plants  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 8 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of 1% succinic acid on herbicidal activity of Liberty and Scythe 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Total 
               
               
                   
                 score 
               
               
                   
                 for all 
               
               
                   
                 injury 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 ratings* 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 4% Scythe 
                 66 
               
               
                 2 
                 2% Scythe 
                 54.2 
               
               
                 3 
                 2% Scythe + 1% succinic 
                 56.1 
               
               
                 4 
                 2% Scythe + 0.25% caprylic + 0.25% sodium salicylate 
                 56.3 
               
               
                 5 
                 2% Scythe + 0.25% caprylic + 0.25% sodium salicylate + 
                 60.3 
               
               
                   
                 1% succinic 
               
               
                 6 
                 2% Scythe + 0.5% sodium salicylate 
                 47.5 
               
               
                 7 
                 Liberty (4 oz/gal) 
                 87.8 
               
               
                 8 
                 Liberty (2 oz/gal) 
                 76.6 
               
               
                 9 
                 Liberty (2 oz/gal) + 1% succinic 
                 81 
               
               
                 10 
                 Liberty (2 oz/gal) + 0.25% caprylic + 0.25% sodium 
                 77 
               
               
                   
                 salicylate  
               
               
                 11 
                 Liberty (2 oz/gal) + 0.25% caprylic + 0.25% sodium 
                 78.4 
               
               
                   
                 salicylate + 1% succinic 
               
               
                 12 
                 Liberty (2 oz/gal) + 0.5% sodium salicylate 
                 75.7 
               
               
                 13 
                 Liberty (1 oz/gal) 
                 65.9 
               
               
                 14 
                 Liberty (1 oz/gal) + 1% succinic 
                 70.3 
               
               
                 15 
                 Liberty (1 oz/gal) + 0.25% caprylic + 0.25% sodium 
                 67.6 
               
               
                   
                 salicylate 
               
               
                 16 
                 Liberty (1 oz/gal) + 0.25% caprylic + 0.25% sodium 
                 72.1 
               
               
                   
                 salicylate + 1% succinic 
               
               
                 17 
                 Liberty (1 oz/gal) + 0.5% sodium salicylate 
                 70.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Injury rating based on 1 to 6, where 6 = complete desiccation of plant. Six independent evaluations performed and all scores, based on ratings for nutsedge, snapbeans and Kentucky bluegrass, where given as a total score for each treatment Kinetic at 0.2% used for all treatments. Applications of treatments made via spray  
               
               
                 #to drip. Snapbeans (full bean production), nutsedge (6-8 inches, height) and bluegrass (blade height 3 inches)  
               
               
                 1% succinic acid = zero rating. Succinic was synergistic with those combinations given above.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 9 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Enhancement of RoundUp Ultra&#39;s herbicidal activity on 
               
               
                 snapbeans and potatoes using 1% succinic acid 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Average injury rating* 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatment 
                 potatoes 
                 snapbeans 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 RoundUp Ultra, 1.25% 
                 4.48 
                 2.92 
               
               
                 2 RoundUp Ultra, 1.25% + 1% succinic acid 
                 4.67 
                 4.78 
               
               
                 3 RoundUp Ultra, 0.25% 
                 3.35 
                 2.82 
               
               
                 4 RoundUp Ultra, 0.25% + 1% succinic acid 
                 4.37 
                 3.2  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Rating of 1 to 6 = complete desiccation  
               
               
                 Average rating based on 6 independent evaluations of injury to plants  
               
               
                 Application rate of 1.25% RoundUp Ultra at 40 G/acre = 2 quarts/acre (0.25% RoundUp Ultra at 40 G/acre = 0.4 quarts/acre)  
               
               
                 Mature snapbeans (with beans pods) and potatoes at 6-8 inches in height were used  
               
               
                 Summary: succinic acid synergistic with RoundUp  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 10 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Succinic acid enhancement of herbicidal activities: 
               
               
                 sodium salicylate +/− caprylic acid 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Injury rating* 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Average 
               
               
                   
                 Spray 
                 rating 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 to drip 
                 per pot 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 0.75% caprylic + 0.75% sodium salicylate 
                 45.1 
                 2.82 
               
               
                 2 
                 0.75% caprylic + 0.75% sodium salicylate + 1% 
                 60.3 
                 3.77 
               
               
                   
                 succinic acid 
               
               
                 3 
                 1% caprylic + 1% sodium salicylate 
                 50.1 
                 3.13 
               
               
                 4 
                 1% caprylic + 1% sodium salicylate + 1% 
                 61.1 
                 3.82 
               
               
                   
                 succinic acid 
               
               
                 5 
                 1.5% sodium salicylate 
                 56.2 
                 3.51 
               
               
                 6 
                 1.5% sodium salicylate + 1% succinic acid 
                 62.5 
                 3.91 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *For each pot, a rating (1 to 5) was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 Three independent evaluations were done  
               
               
                 Test plants for spray to drip application: Kentucky bluegrass, velvetleaf, foxtail, tomato, potato and snapbeans  
               
               
                 All spray solutions contained 30% acetone and 0.3% Sylgard 309  
               
               
                 Caprylic acid was v/v and succinic acid and sodium salicylate were at wt/v  
               
               
                 Summary: Succinic acid enhanced effectiveness  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 11 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Enhancement of herbicide formulations with 1% succinic acid 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Average 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 injury rating 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate 
                   
                   
                   
                 31.6 
               
               
                 2 
                 0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate 
                 0.5% ammonium sulfate 
                   
                   
                 41.4 
               
               
                 3 
                 0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate 
                 0.5% ammonium sulfate 
                 0.5% ammonium chloride 
                   
                 41.6 
               
               
                 4 
                 0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate 
                 0.5% ammonium chloride 
                   
                   
                 39.2 
               
               
                 5 
                 0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate 
                 0.5% ammonium sulfate 
                   
                 1% succinic acid 
                 46.8 
               
               
                 6 
                 0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate 
                 0.5% ammonium sulfate 
                 0.5% ammonium chloride 
                 1% succinic acid 
                 44.6 
               
               
                 7 
                 0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate 
                 0.5% ammonium chloride 
                   
                 1% succinic acid 
                 43.6 
               
               
                 8 
                 0.5% caprylic + 0.5% sodium salicylate 
                 1% succinic acid 
                   
                   
                 40 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *A rating of 1-5, where 5 = complete desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 Three independent evaluations (ratings) performed  
               
               
                 Helena Kinetic at 0.1% used for all applications  
               
               
                 All formulations in 30% acetone  
               
               
                 Spray to drip applications to snapbeans and potato plants  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 12 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Succinic acid enhancement of herbicidal activities: 
               
               
                 sodium salicylate combined with hexanoic, acetic or caprylic/ 
               
               
                 capfic acid 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Injury rating* 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Average 
               
               
                   
                 Spray 
                 rating 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 to drip 
                 per pot 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 2% hexanoic + 1% sodium salicylate 
                 44.1 
                 3.68 
               
               
                 2 
                 2% hexanoic + 1% sodium salicylate + 1% 
                 55.8 
                 4.65 
               
               
                   
                 succinic 
               
               
                 3 
                 3% acetic + 1% sodium salicylate 
                 47.1 
                 3.93 
               
               
                 4 
                 3% acetic + 1% sodium salicylate + 1% succinic 
                 54.4 
                 4.53 
               
               
                 5 
                 2% caprylic/capric + 1% sodium salicylate 
                 50 
                 4.17 
               
               
                 6 
                 2% caprylic/capric + 1% sodium salicylate + 1% 
                 54.4 
                 4.53 
               
               
                   
                 succinic 
               
               
                 7 
                 2% caprylic/capric + 1% sodium salicylate + 2% 
                 56.7 
                 4.73 
               
               
                   
                 succinic 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *For each pot, a rating (1 to 5) was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 Two independent evaluations were done  
               
               
                 Test plants for spray to drip application: velvetleaf, corn snapbeans, foxtail and tomatoes  
               
               
                 All spray solutions contained 30% acetone and 0.3% Sylgard 309  
               
               
                 Acetic, hexanoic and caprylic/capric acid were v/v and succinic acid was wt/v  
               
               
                 Caprylic/capric (caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1%, respectively).  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 13 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Succinic acid enhancement of oleic acid/sodium salicylate herbicidal 
               
               
                 activity 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Injury rating* 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Spray 
                 Average 
               
               
                   
                 to 
                 rating 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 drip 
                 per pot 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 2% oleic acid 
                 26.4 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 2 
                 2% oleic acid + 1% sodium salicylate 
                 37.9 
                 3.16 
               
               
                 3 
                 2% oleic acid + 1% sodium salicytate + 1% succinic 
                 49.2 
                 4.1 
               
               
                   
                 acid 
               
               
                 4 
                 2% oleic acid + 1% succinic acid 
                 28.1 
                 2.33 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *For each pot, a rating (1 to 5) was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 Two independent evaiuations were done  
               
               
                 Test plants for spray to drip: lambsquarter, velvetleaf, foxtail, nutsedge and potatoes  
               
               
                 All spray solutions contained 50% acetone and 0.3% Sylgard 309  
               
               
                 Oleic acid was v/v and succinic acid and sodium salicylate was wt/v  
               
               
                 Summary: Sodium salicylate and succinic acid enhance effectiveness  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 14 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Succinic acid enhancement of oleic acid/sodium salicylate 
               
               
                 herbicidal activity 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Total Injury rating* 
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Average 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Spray 
                   
                 rating 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 60 G/a 
                 to drip 
                 Total 
                 per pot 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 2% oleic acid 
                 23.5 
                 22.3 
                 45.8 
                 1.91 
               
               
                 2 
                 2% oleic acid + 1% sodium 
                 52.3 
                 34.7 
                 87 
                 3.63 
               
               
                   
                 salicylate 
               
               
                 3 
                 2% oleic acid + 1% sodium 
                 63.8 
                 37.1 
                 101 
                 4.2 
               
               
                   
                 salicylate + 1% succinic 
               
               
                   
                 acid 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *For each pot, a rating (1 to 5) was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 Both 60 gallons/acre and spray to drip applications were made.  
               
               
                 Two independent evaluations for both 60 G/a and spray to drip applications  
               
               
                 Test plants for 60 G/a: lambsquarter, foxtail and velvetleaf  
               
               
                 Test plants for spray to drip: snapbeans, com and tomatoes  
               
               
                 All spray solutions contained 50% acetone and 0.3% Sylgard 309  
               
               
                 Oleic acid was v/v and succinic acid and sodium salicylate was wt/v  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 15 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Cotton desiccation: comparison of Scythe with formulations 
               
               
                 containing caprylic/capric, sodium salicylate and succinic acid 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Average rating* 
                 Average rating 
               
               
                   
                 Three evaluations 
                 for all 3 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatment 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 evaluations 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 2% caprylic + 1% sodium salicylate 
                 1% succinic acid 
                 0.3% Sylgard 309 
                 4 
                 3.5 
                 3.6 
                 3.7 
               
               
                 2 
                 2% caprylic + 1% sodium salicylate 
                 1% succinic acid 
                 0.3% Hasten 
                 3.8 
                 4.1 
                 4 
                 3.97 
               
               
                 3 
                 2% caprylic + 1% sodium salicylate 
                 1% succinic acid 
                 0.3% Hasten 
                 4.2 
                 4.5 
                 4.4 
                 4.4 
               
               
                 4 
                 2% Scythe (1.2% active ingredients) 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 5 
                 4% Scythe (2.4% active ingredients) 
                   
                   
                 3.4 
                 3.2 
                 3.3 
                 3.27 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *rating based on visual injury rating of 1-5, where 5 = complete desiccation of cotton foliage  
               
               
                 Cotton variety = DeltaPine NuCotn 33-b  
               
               
                 All treatments (except Scythe) in 30% acetone  
               
               
                 Caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1%, respectively; i.e.  
               
               
                 Henkel&#39;s Emery 658, used at v/v, in water  
               
               
                 Applications at 60 gallons/acre  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 16 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Herbicide activity of caprylic acid/sodium salicylate +/− succinic acid 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Total injury 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 rating* 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 1% caprylic + 3% sodium salicylate + 0.5% succinic 
                 97.7 
               
               
                 2 
                 3% caprylic + 1% sodium salicylate + 0.5% succinic 
                 97.9 
               
               
                 3 
                 1% caprylic + 3% sodium salicylate + 1.5% succinic 
                 97.9 
               
               
                 4 
                 3% caprylic + 1% sodium salicylate + 1.5% succinic 
                 99.9 
               
               
                 5 
                 1% caprylic + 3% sodium salicylate 
                 79.8 
               
               
                 6 
                 3% caprylic + 1% sodium salicylate 
                 91.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *For each pot, a rating (1 to 5) was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 Both 60 gallons/acre and spray to drip applications were made.  
               
               
                 Two independent evaluations for both 60 G/a and spray to drip applications  
               
               
                 Test plants for 60 G/a: lambsquarter, foxtail and Kentucky bluegrass  
               
               
                 Test plants for spray to drip: nutsedge, foxtail and velvetleaf  
               
               
                 All spray solutions contained 30% acetone and 0.3% Hasten  
               
               
                 Caprylic acid was v/v and succinic acid and sodium salicylate were wt/v  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 17 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Herbicidal activity of caproic acid with other compounds: 
               
               
                 succinic acid and sodium salicylate 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Total injury ratings* 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Spray 
                 Total 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 60 G/a 
                 to drip 
                 score 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 2% caproic 
                 11.2 
                 7.3 
                 18.5 
               
               
                 2 
                 2% caproic + 1% succinic 
                 13.8 
                 7.6 
                 21.4 
               
               
                 3 
                 2% caproic + 2% succinic 
                 12.7 
                 7.1 
                 19.8 
               
               
                 4 
                 3% caproic 
                 13.9 
                 7 
                 20.9 
               
               
                 5 
                 3% caproic + 1% succinic 
                 14.1 
                 7.9 
                 22 
               
               
                 6 
                 3% caproic + 2% succinic 
                 14.5 
                 8.2 
                 22.7 
               
               
                 7 
                 2% caproic + 1% sodium salicylate 
                 13.5 
                 8.7 
                 22.2 
               
               
                 8 
                 2% caproic + 1% sodium salicylate + 
                 16.7 
                 9.2 
                 25.9 
               
               
                   
                 1% succinic 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *For 60 G/a: 4 pots/treatment, testing lambsquarter, pigweed and velvetleaf  
               
               
                 *For spray to drip: 2 pots/treatment, testing lambsquarter and foxtail  
               
               
                 For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1-5 given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 All solutions included 1% Emsorb 6900 and 0.3% Hasten  
               
               
                 Summary: sodium salicylate and succinic acid enhance effectiveness  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 18 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Herbicidal activity of caprylic acid combined with other compounds 
               
               
                 (i.e. salts of succinate +/− sodium salicate) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Total injury ratings* 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Spray 
                 Total 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 60 G/a 
                 to drip 
                 score 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 2% caprylic 
                 61 
                 8.2 
                 69.2 
               
               
                 2 
                 2% caprylic + 1.5% diammonium 
                 67.9 
                 8.8 
                 76.7 
               
               
                   
                 succinate 
               
               
                 3 
                 2% caprylic + 1.5% potassium 
                 58 
                 7.6 
                 65.6 
               
               
                   
                 succinate 
               
               
                 4 
                 2% caprylic + 1.5% sodium salicylate 
                 63.7 
                 7.8 
                 71.5 
               
               
                 5 
                 2% caprylic + 1.5% sodium salicylate + 
                 70 
                 8.6 
                 78.6 
               
               
                   
                 1.5% diammonium succinate 
               
               
                 6 
                 2% caprylic + 1.5% sodium salicylate + 
                 58.9 
                 7.5 
                 66.4 
               
               
                   
                 1.5% potassium succinate 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *For 60 G/a: 8 total pots/treatment, testing lambsquarter, pigweed, velvetleaf and foxtail  
               
               
                 *For spray to drip: 2 total pots/treatment, testing velvetleaf and foxtail  
               
               
                 Evaluations made: 2 for plants treated at 60 G/a and 1 evaluation for “spray to drip” 
               
               
                 For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1-5 given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 All treatments included 1% Emsorb 6900  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 19 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Efficacy of caprylic with succinic or ammonium succinate, as 
               
               
                 herbicides in an emulsilication system (Emsorb 6900) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Injury rating*, total score 
               
               
                   
                 for 2 evaluations 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Average 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Spray 
                 Total 
                 rating 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 60 G/a 
                 to drip 
                 Rating 
                 per pot 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 2% caprylic 
                 73.6 
                 49.8 
                 123.4 
                 4.11 
               
               
                 2 
                 2% caprylic + 1.5% 
                 76.1 
                 54.5 
                 130.6 
                 4.35 
               
               
                   
                 ammonium succinate 
               
               
                 3 
                 2% caprylic + 3% ammonium 
                 76.4 
                 57.7 
                 134.1 
                 4.47 
               
               
                   
                 succinate 
               
               
                 4 
                 2% caprylic + 1.5% succinic 
                 80.6 
                 52.4 
                 ? 33 
                 4.43 
               
               
                   
                 acid 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *For each pot, a rating (1 to 5) was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 Two independent evaluations done for both 60 G/a and spray to drip  
               
               
                 Test plants for 60 G/a: black nightshade, redroot pigweed, lambsquarter, foxtail, velvetleaf and snapbeans  
               
               
                 Test plants for spray to drip: redroot pigweed, lambsquarter, velvetleaf and foxtail  
               
               
                 All spray solutions contained 1% Emsorb (Henkel) and 0.3% Hasten  
               
               
                 Caprylic acid was at v/v and succinic acid and ammonium succinate were at wt/v  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 20 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Efficacy of caprylic with succinic or ammonium succinate, as 
               
               
                 herbicides in an emulsilication system (Emsorb 6900) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Injury rating*, total score 
               
               
                   
                 for 2 evaluations 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Average 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Spray 
                 Total 
                 rating 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 60 G/a 
                 to drip 
                 Rating 
                 per pot 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 3% caprylic 
                 142 
                 36.6 
                 178.4 
                 4.05 
               
               
                 2 
                 3% caprylic + 0.5% 
                 145 
                 37.5 
                 182.2 
                 4.14 
               
               
                   
                 ammonium succinate 
               
               
                 3 
                 3% caprylic + 1.5% 
                 145 
                 39.8 
                 185 
                 4.2 
               
               
                   
                 ammonium succinate 
               
               
                 4 
                 3% caprylic + 1.5% succinic 
                 151 
                 44.6 
                 195.9 
                 4.45 
               
               
                   
                 acid 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *For each pot, a rating (1 to 5) was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 Two independent evaluations done for both 60 G/a and spray to drip  
               
               
                 Test plants for 60 G/a: black nightshade, redroot pigweed, foxtail, lambsquarter and snapbeans  
               
               
                 Test plants for spray to drip: redroot pigweed, velvetleaf, nutsedge and foxtail  
               
               
                 All spray solutions contained 1% emsorb (Henkel) and 0.3% Hasten  
               
               
                 Caprylic acid was at v/v and succinic acid and ammonium succinate were at wt/v  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 21 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Efficacy of 1.5% succinic acid with oleic, caprylic or pelargonic acid, 
               
               
                 as herbicides in an emulsification system (Emsorb 6900) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Injury rating*, total score 
               
               
                   
                 for 2 evaluations 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Average 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Spray 
                 Total 
                 rating 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 60 G/a 
                 to drip 
                 Rating 
                 per pot 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 3% oleic 
                 24.2 
                 9.4 
                 33.6 
                 1.2 
               
               
                 2 
                 3% oleic + 1.5% succinic 
                 27.3 
                 8.7 
                 36 
                 1.29 
               
               
                 3 
                 3% caprylic 
                 88.1 
                 35.4 
                 123.5 
                 4.41 
               
               
                 4 
                 3% caprylic + 1.5% succinic 
                 91.5 
                 37.5 
                 129 
                 4.61 
               
               
                 5 
                 3% pelargonic 
                 85.3 
                 37.6 
                 122.9 
                 4.39 
               
               
                 6 
                 3% pelargonic + 1.5% 
                 91.2 
                 37.4 
                 128.6 
                 4.59 
               
               
                   
                 succinic 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *For each pot, a rating (1 to 5) was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 Two independent evaluations done for both 60 G/a and spray to drip  
               
               
                 Test plants for 60 G/a: velvetleaf, black nightshade, redroot pigweed, foxtail and snapbeans  
               
               
                 Test plants for spray to drip: black nightshade, velvetleaf, foxtail and snapbeans  
               
               
                 All spray solutions contained 1% Emsorb (Henkel) and 0.3% Hasten  
               
               
                 Oleic, caprylic and pelargonic at v/v and succinic acid at wt/v  
               
               
                 Succinic acid, alone, had a rating of zero. Succinic acid was synergistic with oleic, caprylic and pelargonic acids  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 22 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Efficacy of caprylic + sodium salicylate + succinic acid, 
               
               
                 as an herbicide in an emulsification system (Emsorb 6900) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Injury rating*, total score 
               
               
                   
                 for 2 evaluations 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Average 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Spray 
                 Total 
                 rating 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 60 G/a 
                 to drip 
                 Rating 
                 per pot 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 2% caprylic + 1.5% succinic 
                 58.5 
                 62 
                 120.5 
                 3.08 
               
               
                 2 
                 2% caprylic + 1.5% 
                 65 
                 64.1 
                 129.1 
                 3.31 
               
               
                   
                 succinic + 1% sodium 
               
               
                   
                 salicylate 
               
               
                 3 
                 3% caprylic + 1.5% succinic 
                 68.7 
                 68.1 
                 136.8 
                 3.51 
               
               
                 4 
                 3% caprylic + 1.5% 
                 72 
                 71.1 
                 143.1 
                 3.67 
               
               
                   
                 succinic + 1% sodium 
               
               
                   
                 salicylate 
               
               
                 5 
                 4% caprylic + 1.5% succinic 
                 71 
                 66.6 
                 137.6 
                 3.53 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *For each pot, a rating (1 to 5) was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 Two independent evaluations done for both 60 G/a and spray to drip  
               
               
                 Test plants for 60 G/a: redroot pigweed, velvetleaf, snapbeans, cotton and potatoes  
               
               
                 Test plants for spray to drip: black nightshade, lambsquarter, foxtail and snapbeans  
               
               
                 All spray solutions contained 1% Emsorb (Henkel) and 0.3% Hasten  
               
               
                 Caprylic acid was at v/v and succinic acid and sodium salicylate were at wt/v  
               
               
                 Succinic acid, alone, had a rating of zero. Succinic acid was synergistic with oleic, caprylic and pelargonic acids  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 23 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Herbicidal activity: relationships bctween caprylic acid and succinic 
               
               
                 acid +/− ammonium sulfate 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Injury rating*, total score 
               
               
                   
                 for 2 evaluations 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Average 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Spray 
                 Total 
                 rating 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 60 G/a 
                 to drip 
                 Rating 
                 per pot 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 4% caprylic acid 
                 60.7 
                 56.1 
                 116.8 
                 4.49 
               
               
                 2 
                 4% caprylic acid + 0.5% 
                 63.9 
                 57 
                 120.9 
                 4.65 
               
               
                   
                 succinic acid 
               
               
                 3 
                 4% caprylic acid + 1% 
                 61.6 
                 55.6 
                 117.2 
                 4.51 
               
               
                   
                 succinic acid 
               
               
                 4 
                 4% caprylic acid + 2% 
                 59.4 
                 57.4 
                 116.8 
                 4.49 
               
               
                   
                 succinic acid 
               
               
                 5 
                 4% caprylic acid + 0.5% 
                 60.4 
                 56.6 
                 117 
                 4.5 
               
               
                   
                 succinic acid + ammonium 
               
               
                   
                 sulfate 
               
               
                 6 
                 4% caprylic acid + 1% 
                 64 
                 57.8 
                 121.8 
                 4.68 
               
               
                   
                 succinic acid + ammonium 
               
               
                   
                 sulfate 
               
               
                 7 
                 4% caprylic acid + 2% 
                 62.1 
                 57.4 
                 119.5 
                 4.6 
               
               
                   
                 succinic acid + ammonium 
               
               
                   
                 sulfate 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *For 60 G/a: 7 total pots/treatment, testing redroot pigweed, foxtail and velvetleaf  
               
               
                 For spray to drip: 6 total pots/treatment, testing foxtail, dry beans and pigweed  
               
               
                 For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1 to 5 given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 Two independent evaluations (ratings) done for plants treated at both 60 G/a and spray to drip  
               
               
                 All treatments included Emsorb 6900 (Henkel) at 1%  
               
               
                 Caprylic acid and succinic acid, as v/v and wt/v, respectively, in water  
               
               
                 Succinic acid, alone, had a rating of zero. Caprylic acld + succinic acid was synergistic  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 24 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Herbicidal activity: comparison of fatty acids, when combined with 
               
               
                 succinic acid and sodium salicylate 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Total Injury ratings, combined, 
               
               
                   
                 for two separate evaluations* 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Aver- 
               
               
                   
                 pH, 
                   
                   
                   
                 age 
               
               
                   
                 spray 
                   
                   
                   
                 rat- 
               
               
                   
                 solu- 
                 60 
                 Spray 
                   
                 ing/ 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 tion 
                 G/a 
                 to drip 
                 Total 
                 pot 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 3% butyric acid + succinic/ 
                 3.8 
                 102.3 
                 52.5 
                 154.8 
                 4.3 
               
               
                   
                 NaSal 
               
               
                 2 
                 3% valeric acid + succinic/ 
                 3.9 
                 105 
                 53.8 
                 158.8 
                 4.41 
               
               
                   
                 NaSal 
               
               
                 3 
                 3% caproic acid + succinic/ 
                 4.4 
                 104.9 
                 51.9 
                 156.8 
                 4.36 
               
               
                   
                 NaSal 
               
               
                 4 
                 3% heptanoic acid + 
                 4.5 
                 108.9 
                 54.1 
                 163 
                 4.53 
               
               
                   
                 succinic/NaSal 
               
               
                 5 
                 3% caprylic acid + 
                 4.5 
                 112.4 
                 55.5 
                 167.9 
                 4.67 
               
               
                   
                 succinic/NaSal 
               
               
                 6 
                 3% pelargonic acid + 
                 4.5 
                 111.9 
                 56.6 
                 168.5 
                 4.68 
               
               
                   
                 succinic/NaSal 
               
               
                 7 
                 3% oleic acid + succinic/ 
                 4.5 
                 105 
                 53.2 
                 158.2 
                 4.39 
               
               
                   
                 NaSal 
               
               
                 8 
                 3% capryliclcapric + 
                 4.6 
                 114.3 
                 57.3 
                 171.6 
                 4.77 
               
               
                   
                 succinic/NaSal 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *For 60 G/a: 12 total pots/treatment, testing redroot pigweed, wheat, foxtail and velvetleaf  
               
               
                 For spray to drip: 6 total pots/treatment, testing redroot pigweed, foxtail and velvetleaf  
               
               
                 For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1 to 5 given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 Two independent evaluations (ratings) done for plants treated at both 60 G/a and spray to drip  
               
               
                 All treatments included 0.3% Hasten  
               
               
                 Fatty acids at v/v and succinic acid (1%) and sodium salicylate (1%) at wt/v, in water  
               
               
                 Caprylic/capric: caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1% respectively (per Henkel Corporation)  
               
               
                 No apparent correlation between pH of spray solutions (including Hasten) and herbicidal activity.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 25 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Synergistic relationships between 5% caprylic/capric (c/c) 
               
               
                 and succinic acid: desiccation of cotton plants 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Average percent 
                   
               
               
                 Average 
                 of foliage 
               
               
                 Rating 
                 desiccated 
                 Treatment 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 2 
                 20 
                   
                   
                 5% c/c 
               
               
                 4 
                 70 
                 0.5% succinic 
                 and 
                 5% c/c 
               
               
                 4 
                 60 
                   1% succinic 
                 and 
                 5% c/c 
               
               
                 4 
                 70 
                   2% succinic 
                 and 
                 5% c/c 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Average rating based on 1-5, where 5 = complete desiccation of foliage  
               
               
                 Test plant: DeltaPine NuCotn 33-b, open boll  
               
               
                 c/c = Caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1%, respectively; i.e., Henkel&#39;s Emery 658, used at v/v, in water  
               
               
                 All treatments contained 1% Emsorb 6900  
               
               
                 Treatment of plants with succinic acid, alone, had a rating of zero caprylic/capric and succinic at these concentrations were synergistic  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 26 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Synergistic relationships between 5% caprylic/capric (c/c) 
               
               
                 and succinic acid 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Average rating: degree of 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 plant damage 
               
               
                   
                 (1-5, where 5 = complete 
               
               
                   
                 desiccation) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 60 G/acre 
                 Spray to drip 
                 Treatment Ingredients 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 4.14 
                 4.61 
                   
                   
                 5% c/c 
               
               
                   
                 4.33 
                 4.83 
                 0.5% succinic 
                 and 
                 5% c/c 
               
               
                   
                 4.43 
                 4.82 
                   1% succinic 
                 and 
                 5% c/c 
               
               
                   
                 4.41 
                 4.71 
                   2% succinic 
                 and 
                 5% c/c 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Test plants: cotton (DelataPine NuCotn 33b), potatoes (Snowden), pigweed, sudan grass, wheat, foxtail, dry beans and velvetleaf  
               
               
                   
                 c/c - Caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1%, respectively; i.e., Henkel&#39;s Emery 658, used at v/v, in water  
               
               
                   
                 All treatments contained 1% Emsorb 6900  
               
               
                   
                 Treatment of plants with succinic acid, alone, had a rating of zero  
               
               
                   
                 Caprylic/capric (c/c) and succinic acid were synergistic  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 27 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Synergistic relationship between caprylic/capric (c/c) and 
               
               
                 succinic acid, as harvest aids for potatoes and cotton 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Average rating: degree of plant damage 
                   
               
               
                 (1-5, where 5 = complete desiccation) 
               
               
                 Average, 2 evaluations 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Cotton 
                 Potatoes 
                 Treatment Ingredients 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 3.75 
                 4.1 
                   
                   
                 8% c/c 
               
               
                 4.35 
                 4.25 
                 0.5% succinic 
                 and 
                 8% c/c 
               
               
                 4.65 
                 4.15 
                   1% succinic 
                 and 
                 8% c/c 
               
               
                 4.65 
                 4.35 
                   2% succinic 
                 and 
                 8% c/c 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Cotton (DeltaPine NuCotn 33b) and potatoes (Snowden) were at full maturity  
               
               
                 Application volume/acre was 40 G/a  
               
               
                 C/C = Caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1 %, respectively; i.e., Henkel&#39;s Ernery 658, used at v/v, in water  
               
               
                 Treatment of plants with succinic acid, alone, had a rating of zero  
               
               
                 Caprylic/capric (c/c) and succinic acid is synergistic  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 28 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Herbicidal activities: synergy between succinic acid and 
               
               
                 pelargonic acid 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Total injury 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ratings* 
                 Spray 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatment 
                 40 G/a 
                 60 G/a 
                 to drip 
                 Total 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 4% pelargonic acid 
                 41.6 
                 45.6 
                 66.2 
                 153.4 
               
               
                 2 
                 4% pelargonic acid + 0.5% 
                 42.8 
                 46.7 
                 66.3 
                 155.8 
               
               
                   
                 succinic acid 
               
               
                 3 
                 0.5% succinic acid 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *For 40 G/a: 9 total pots/treatment, testing crab grass, pigweed, chick weed and foxtail  
               
               
                 *for 60 G/a: 10 total pots/treatment, testing pigweed, Kentucky bluegrass, foxtail, crab grass and barnyard grass  
               
               
                 *For spray to drip: 7 total pots/treatment, testing Kentucky bluegrass, pigweed, barnyard grass, foxtail and velvetleaf  
               
               
                 For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1-5 given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 All treatments included 1.125% Emsorb 6900 (v/v)  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 29 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Synergistic relationships with caprylic/capric acids (c/c) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Average relative 
                 Average 
                   
                   
               
               
                 injury rating* 
                 rating 
                 Treatment Ingredients 
               
             
          
           
               
                 60 G/acre 
                 Spray to drip 
                 per pot 
                 Compound (1%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 4.5 
                 4.57 
                 4.52 
                   
                 3% c/c 
               
               
                 4.49 
                 4.59 
                 4.54 
                 urea 
                 3% c/c 
               
               
                 4.56 
                 4.33 
                 4.45 
                 sorbic acid 
                 3% c/c 
               
               
                 4.46 
                 4.33 
                 4.4 
                 di-sodium succinate 
                 3% c/c 
               
               
                 4.62 
                 4.5 
                 4.58 
                 ammonium tartrate 
                 3% c/c 
               
               
                 4.53 
                 4.52 
                 4.53 
                 methyl salicylate 
                 3% c/c 
               
               
                 4.56 
                 4.47 
                 4.52 
                 potassium salicylate 
                 3% c/c 
               
               
                 4.6 
                 4.61 
                 4.61 
                 succinic acid 
                 3% c/c 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *For 60 G/a: 10 total pots/treatment, testing lambsquarter, pigweed, foxtail and barnyard grass  
               
               
                 *For spray to drip: 5 total pots/treatment, testing pigweed, sudan grass, foxtail, barnyard grass and velvetleaf  
               
               
                 For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1 to 5 given, where 5 was complete injury/desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 c/c = Caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1%, respectively; i.e., Henkel&#39;s Emery 658, used at v/v, in water  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 30 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Herbicidal activity on cotton foliage: synergistic relationships between 
               
               
                 succinic acid and caprylic/capric aeid (c/c) combinations 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Total injury ratings, combined, 
               
               
                   
                 for two separate evaluations* 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Average 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 60 G/a 
                 rating/pot 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 4% c/c 
                 18.5 
                 3.08 
               
               
                 2 
                 4% c/c + 0.5% succinic acid 
                 21.4 
                 3.57 
               
               
                 3 
                 5% c/c 
                 22.4 
                 3.73 
               
               
                 4 
                 5% c/c + 0.5% succinic acid 
                 25.7 
                 4.28 
               
               
                 5 
                 6% c/c 
                 25.3 
                 4.22 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *For 60 G/a: 3 total pots/treatment, testing cotton (DeltaPine NuCotn 33b)  
               
               
                 For eaeh pot, a rating of 1-5 was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all foliage  
               
               
                 Two independent evaluations (ratings) completed  
               
               
                 All treatments included Emsorb 6900 (Henkel) at 1%  
               
               
                 Caprylic/capric (caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1%, respectively), Henkel&#39;s Emery 658, used at v/v, in water  
               
               
                 Since succinic acid tested alone had a rating of zero, caprylic/capric + succinic acid was synergistic  
               
               
                 Herbicidal activity: 5% c/c + 0.5% succinic acid &gt; 6% c/c  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 31 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Herbicidal activities: synergistic relationships between succinic acid 
               
               
                 and caprylic/capric acid (c/c) combinations 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Total injury ratings, 
                   
               
               
                   
                 combined for two 
               
               
                   
                 separate evaluation* 
                 Average 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Spray 
                 Total 
                 rating 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 60 G/a 
                 to drip 
                 Rating 
                 per pot 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 4% c/c 
                 123.3 
                 41.5 
                 164.8 
                 4.12 
               
               
                 2 
                 4% c/c + 0.5% succinic acid 
                 128.1 
                 45.1 
                 173.2 
                 4.33 
               
               
                 3 
                 5 % c/c 
                 129.9 
                 46.3 
                 176.2 
                 4.41 
               
               
                 4 
                 5% c/c + 0.5% succinic acid 
                 134.5 
                 46.5 
                 181 
                 4.53 
               
               
                 5 
                 6% c/c 
                 133.9 
                 46.8 
                 180.7 
                 4.52 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *For 60 G/a: 10 total pots/treatment, testing nightshade, pigweed, foxtail barnyard grass, sudan grass and cotton (DeltaPine NuCotn 33b)  
               
               
                 *For spray to drip: 5 total pots/treatment, testing Kentucky bluegrass, nutsedge, barnyard grass, sudan grass and foxtail  
               
               
                 For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1 to 5 given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 Two independent evaluations (ratings) done for plants treated at both 60 G/a and spray to drip  
               
               
                 All treatments included Emsorb 6900 (Henkel) at 1%  
               
               
                 Caprylic/capric (caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1%, respectively), Henkel&#39;s Emery 658, used at v/v, in water  
               
               
                 Since succinic acid, alone had a rating of zero, caprylic/capric + succinic acid was synergistic  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 32 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 General screening of candidate compounds: to examine for 
               
               
                 synergistic relationships with caprylic/capric acids (c/c) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Average 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 relative 
               
               
                 injury 
               
               
                 rating* 
                 Spray 
                 Average 
                 Treatment Ingredients 
               
             
          
           
               
                 40 G/ 
                 60 G/ 
                 to 
                 rating 
                 Compound 
                   
               
               
                 acre 
                 acre 
                 drip 
                 per pot 
                 (equimolar amounts) 
                 c/c 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 4.21 
                 4.43 
                 4.44 
                 4.35 
                   
                 3% c/c 
               
               
                 4.35 
                 4.47 
                 4.54 
                 4.44 
                 succinic acid (1%) + 
                 3% c/c 
               
               
                 4.35 
                 4.49 
                 4.61 
                 4.47 
                 ammonium succinate (1.26%) + 
                 3% c/c 
               
               
                 4.36 
                 4.42 
                 4.4 
                 4.4 
                 ammonium sulfate (1.12%) + 
                 3% c/c 
               
               
                 4.35 
                 4.5 
                 4.59 
                 4.47 
                 ammonium tartrate (1.42%) + 
                 3% c/c 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *For 40 G/a: 10 total pots/treatment, testing chickweed, lambsquarter, Kentucky bluegrass, redtop and rye  
               
               
                 *For 60 G/a: 10 total pots/treatment, testing giant and green foxtail, pigweed and crabgrass  
               
               
                 *For spray to drip: 7 total pots/treatment, testing Kentucky bluegrass, nutsedge, pigweed, Johnson grass, foxtail and sudan grass  
               
               
                 For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1 to 5 given, where 5 was complete injury/desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 c/c = Caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1%, respectively; i.e., Henkel&#39;s Emery 658, used at v/v, in water  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 33 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Herbicidal activity storage stability of fatty acid/succinic 
               
               
                 acid-based formulations 
               
               
                 Formulations stored one week (average day and night time 
               
               
                 temperatures were 90 and 75 degrees, Fahrenheit, 
               
               
                 in the greenhouse) and re-tested, via spray to drip 
               
               
                 applications on same test plant varieties 
               
               
                 4% caprylic, 4% caprylic/capric and 4% pelargonic (+/− 0.5% 
               
               
                 succinic acid) were tested or a total of 6 formulations, each 
               
               
                 containing 1.125% Emsorb 6900 (Henkel) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Average scores, for all 6 
                   
               
               
                   
                 formulations (rating per 
               
               
                   
                 pot, 2-20 plants/pot) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Before storage 
                 After storage 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Barnyard grass 
                 4.73 
                 4.8 
               
               
                   
                 Foxtail 
                 4.68 
                 4.68 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 A rating of 1-5 was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                   
                 Fatty acids were v/v and succinic acid was wt/v, in water  
               
               
                   
                 Note: ratings for individual fatty acid treatments (+/− succinic acid), before and after storage, were similar  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 34 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Herbicidal combinations of caprylic/capric (c/c) or pelargonic acid, 
               
               
                 with equimolar amounts of succinic acid and ammonium succinate, 
               
               
                 on weed varieties 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Total 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Injury 
               
               
                   
                 ratings* 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 40 
                 60 
                 Spray 
                   
                 Average 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 G/a 
                 G/a 
                 to drip 
                 Total 
                 rating/pot 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 3% c/c 
                 85.5 
                 60.2 
                 36.1 
                 181.8 
                 4.33 
               
               
                 2 
                 3% c/c + 1% succinic 
                 88.1 
                 62.5 
                 36.7 
                 187.3 
                 4.46 
               
               
                   
                 acid 
               
               
                 3 
                 3% c/c + 1.26% 
                 88.8 
                 60.8 
                 37.4 
                 187 
                 4.45 
               
               
                   
                 ammonium succinate 
               
               
                 4 
                 3% pelargonic acid 
                 87.7 
                 60.8 
                 37.3 
                 185.8 
                 4.42 
               
               
                 5 
                 3% pelargonic acid + 
                 865.9 
                 62.2 
                 38 
                 187.1 
                 4.45 
               
               
                   
                 1% succinic acid 
               
               
                 6 
                 3% pelargonic acid + 
                 87.6 
                 61.2 
                 36.9 
                 185.7 
                 4.42 
               
               
                   
                 1.26% ammonium 
               
               
                   
                 succinate 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *For 40 G/a: 10 total pots/treatment, testing crab grass, chickweed and common lambsquarter  
               
               
                 *For 60 G/a: 7 total pots/treatment, testing redtop, pigweed, foxtail  
               
               
                 For spray to drip: 8 total pots/treatment, testing barnyard grass, foxtail, sudan grass and nutsedge  
               
               
                 For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1 to 5 given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 Two independent evaluations for both 40 and 60 G/a and one evaluation for spray to drip  
               
               
                 All treatments included Emsorb 6900 (Henkel) at 1%  
               
               
                 Caprylic/capric (caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1% respectively), i.e., Henkel&#39;s Emery 658, used at v/v, in water  
               
               
                 Amounts of succinic acid and ammonium succinate used were equimolar amounts  
               
               
                 Since succinic acid (or ammonium succinate) tested alone had a rating of zero, pelargonic acid (or c/c) + succinic acid (or ammonium succinate) were synergistic. The exception was: 3% pelargonic acid + 1.26% ammonium succinate  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 35 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Enhancement of RoundUp Ultra (+/− ammonium sulfate or Ams) 
               
               
                 herbicidal activity, using succinic acid amendments 
               
               
                 RoundUp Ultra at 1 pint/acre (No Sylgard or any 
               
               
                 other surfactant used) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Days after treatment: 
                   
               
               
                   
                 relative injury ratings 
                 Average 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Day 
                 Day 
                 Day 
                 rating 
               
               
                   
                 Day #6 
                 #9 
                 #11 
                 #14 
                 per pot 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 RU 
                 10.5 
                 17.1 
                 15.9 
                 17.5 
                 1.91 
               
               
                 2 
                 RU + ams 
                 18.3 
                 17.6 
                 18.4 
                 21.6 
                 2.37 
               
               
                 3 
                 RU + ams + 0.5% succinic 
                 21 
                 20.3 
                 24.3 
                 25.7 
                 2.85 
               
               
                   
                 acid 
               
               
                 4 
                 RU + ams + 1.5% succinic 
                 19.4 
                 18.6 
                 24.2 
                 27.3 
                 2.8 
               
               
                   
                 acid 
               
               
                 5 
                 RU + 0.5% succinic acid 
                 16.7 
                 14.2 
                 16 
                 20.5 
                 2.11 
               
               
                 6 
                 RU + 1.5% succinic acid 
                 16.8 
                 16.1 
                 18.6 
                 23.6 
                 2.35 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *8 total pots/treatment, testing Kentucky bluegrass, barnyard grass, crab grass, pigweed, redtop, nutsedge, wheat and foxtail.  
               
               
                 For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1 to 5 given, where 5 was complete injury/desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 RoundUp Ultra was at 1 pint/acre and ammonium sulfate, when used, was at 2%  
               
               
                 Spray application at 60 G/acre  
               
               
                 Succinic acid tested alone had a rating of zero. RoundUp Ultra, alone or RoundUp Ultra + ammonia sulfate were synergistic with succinic acid  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 36 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Enhancement of RoundUp Ultra (+/− ammonium sulfate or Ams) 
               
               
                 herbicidal activity, using succinic acid amendments 
               
               
                 RoundUp Ultra at 1 pint/acre 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Days after treatment: 
                   
               
               
                   
                 relative injury ratings 
                 Average 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Day 
                 Day 
                 Day 
                 rating 
               
               
                   
                 Day #6 
                 #9 
                 #11 
                 #14 
                 per pot 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 RU 
                 29 
                 30.2 
                 31.5 
                 29.8 
                 3.35 
               
               
                 2 
                 RU + ams 
                 30.8 
                 32.9 
                 34.7 
                 32.5 
                 3.64 
               
               
                 3 
                 RU + ams + 0.5% succinic 
                 30.2 
                 32.7 
                 35.5 
                 34.5 
                 3.69 
               
               
                   
                 acid 
               
               
                 4 
                 RU + ams + 1.5% succinic 
                 34.6 
                 35.7 
                 37.8 
                 37.4 
                 4.04 
               
               
                   
                 acid 
               
               
                 5 
                 RU + 0.5% succinic acid 
                 32.8 
                 33.9 
                 35.1 
                 35.4 
                 3.81 
               
               
                 6 
                 RU + 1.5% succinic acid 
                 32.5 
                 31.2 
                 32.6 
                 32.5 
                 3.58 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *9 total pots/treatment, testing barnyard grass, green foxtail, sudan grass and pigweed.  
               
               
                 For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1 to 5 given, where 5 was complete injury/desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 RoundUp Ultra was at 1 pint/acre and ammonium sulfate, when used, was at 2%  
               
               
                 Sylgard 309 (0.3%) added immediately before spray application at 60 gallons/acre  
               
               
                 Succinic acid tested alone had a rating of zero. RoundUp Ultra, alone or RoundUp Ultra + ammonium sulfate were synergistic with succinic acid.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 37 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Enhancement of RoundUp Ultra (+/− ammonium sulfate or Ams) 
               
               
                 herbicidal activity,using succinic acid amendments 
               
               
                 RoundUp Ultra (RU) at 1 quart per acre 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Days after treatment: relative 
                   
               
               
                   
                 injury ratings* 
                 Average 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Day 
                 Day 
                 Day 
                 Day 
                 Day 
                 rating 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 #5 
                 #8 
                 #10 
                 #13 
                 17 
                 per pot 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 RU 
                 32.7 
                 29.9 
                 28.6 
                 29.5 
                 31.4 
                 3.8 
               
               
                 2 
                 RU + ams 
                 33.3 
                 33.6 
                 30.7 
                 34.5 
                 36.6 
                 4.22 
               
               
                 3 
                 RU + ams + 0.5% 
                 34 
                 34.5 
                 32.4 
                 35.3 
                 36.7 
                 4.32 
               
               
                   
                 succinic acid 
               
               
                 4 
                 RU + ams + 1.5% 
                 35.3 
                 35.6 
                 32.5 
                 35.3 
                 38.4 
                 4.43 
               
               
                   
                 succinic acid 
               
               
                 5 
                 RU + 0.5% succinic 
                 33.8 
                 30.9 
                 30.3 
                 31 
                 33.1 
                 3.98 
               
               
                   
                 acid 
               
               
                 6 
                 RU + 1.5% succinic 
                 33.7 
                 30.2 
                 31 
                 33.6 
                 34 
                 4.06 
               
               
                   
                 acid 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *8 total pots/treatment, testing sudan grass, green foxtail, barnyard grass and pigweed  
               
               
                 For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1 to 5 given, where 5 was complete injury/desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 RoundUp Ultra was at 1 quart/acre and ammonium sulfate, when used, was at 2%, wt/v  
               
               
                 Sylgard 309 (0.3%) added immediately before spray application at 60 gallons/acre  
               
               
                 Succinic acid tested alone had a rating of zero. RoundUp Ultra, alone or RoundUp Ultra + ammonium sulfate were synergistic with succinic acid  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 38 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Enhancement of herbicidal activity of RoundUp Ultra/ammonium 
               
               
                 sulfate testing selected amendments 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 pH, spray 
                 Days after treatment: injury ratings* 
                 average 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatment 
                 solution 
                 day #4 
                 day #7 
                 day 11 
                 day #13 
                 average 
                 per test 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 RU/ams 
                 4.51 
                 32.3 
                 44.1 
                 50 
                 50.8 
                 44.3 
                 4.03 
               
               
                 2 
                 RU/ams + succinic acid 
                 1.77 
                 39.3 
                 46.3 
                 50.7 
                 51.4 
                 46.9 
                 4.26 
               
               
                 3 
                 RU + ams + ammonium succinate 
                 3.71 
                 36.2 
                 46.2 
                 51.3 
                 52.3 
                 46.5 
                 4.23 
               
               
                 4 
                 RU + ams ammonium tartrate 
                 4.78 
                 35.7 
                 46 
                 49.3 
                 50.2 
                 45.3 
                 4.12 
               
               
                 5 
                 RU/ams + tartaric acid 
                 1.27 
                 33.9 
                 46.9 
                 50.7 
                 51.5 
                 46.2 
                 4.2 
               
               
                 6 
                 RU/ams + citric acid 
                 1.38 
                 34.6 
                 46.7 
                 50.7 
                 51.4 
                 45.7 
                 4.15 
               
               
                 7 
                 RU/ams + L-malic acid 
                 1.59 
                 34.6 
                 47.7 
                 51.1 
                 51.8 
                 46.3 
                 4.21 
               
               
                 8 
                 RU/ams + acetic acid 
                 2.51 
                 33.7 
                 47.1 
                 50.8 
                 51.3 
                 45.7 
                 4.15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *11 total pots/treatment, testing velvetleaf, crab grass, sudan grass, redtop, green foxtail and barnyard grass.  
               
               
                 For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1 to 5 given, where 5 was complete desiccation  
               
               
                 Equimolar amounts of amendments used: 1.5% succinic acid, 1.89% ammonium succinate, 2.17% ammonium tartrate, 1.91% tartaric acid, 2.45% citric acid, 1.71% L-malic acid, 0.77% acetic acid  
               
               
                 RoundUp Ultra (1.5 pints/acre) and 2% ammonium sulfate (ams) used in all treatments  
               
               
                 Sylgard (0.3%) added immediately before spray application at 60 gallons/acre  
               
               
                 Amendments used independently had a rating of zero. All amendments had a synergistic relationship with RU/ams; i.e., each amendment enhanced RU/ams herbicidal activity over ratings for RU/ams (containing no amendments).  
               
               
                 No apparent correlation between pH of spray solutions (including Sylgard) and herbicidal activity was found.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 39 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Enhancement of herbicidal activity of caprylic/capric acids (c/c), 
               
               
                 using selected compounds at equimolar amounts 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Days after treatment: 
                 Average 
               
               
                   
                 relative injury ratings* 
                 rating 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatmeat 
                 Day #2 
                 Day #4 
                 Day #5 
                 per pot 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 3% c/c 
                 30 
                 27.6 
                 30.3 
                 3.66 
               
               
                 2 
                 3% c/c + succinic acid (1%) 
                 35.8 
                 33.6 
                 35.1 
                 4.35 
               
               
                 3 
                 3% c/c + di-ammonium 
                 35.1 
                 32.5 
                 34.2 
                 4.24 
               
               
                   
                 succinate (1.26%) 
               
               
                 4 
                 3% c/c + ammonium 
                 35.5 
                 33.6 
                 34.4 
                 4.3 
               
               
                   
                 sulfate (1.12%) 
               
               
                 5 
                 3% c/c + ammonium 
                 35.9 
                 33.6 
                 34.2 
                 4.32 
               
               
                   
                 tartrate (1.42%) 
               
               
                 6 
                 succinic acid (1%) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 7 
                 di-ammonium succinate 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 (1.26%) 
               
               
                 8 
                 ammonium sulfate (1.12%) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 9 
                 ammonium tartrate (1.42%) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *8 total pots/treatment, testing chickweed, redtop, velvetleaf, crabgrass and green foxtail  
               
               
                 For each pot (2-20 plants/pot), a rating of 1 to 5 given, where 5 was complete injury/desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 All treatments included 0.86% Emsorb 6900 and 0.43% mineral oil  
               
               
                 c/c = Caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1% respectively; i.e., Henkel&#39;s Emery 658, used at v/v, in water  
               
               
                 Application volume was 40 G/acre  
               
               
                 Synergistic relationships exist between 3% c/c and each amendment test tested  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 40 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Desiccation of cotton foliage: Interaction of RoundUp Ultra and 
               
               
                 caprylic acid/capric acid (+/− succinic acid) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Day after treatment: average ratings 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatmeat 
                 1 
                 2 
                 5 
                 7 
                 10 
                 12 
                 Total Rating 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 RU + 2% AMS 
                   
                  0 
                  0 
                 6 
                 6 
                 7 
                 7 
                 26 
               
               
                 2 
                 RU + 2% AMS 
                 4% c/c 
                 18 
                 16 
                 15 
                 15 
                 15 
                 16 
                 95.9 
               
               
                 3 
                 RU + 2% AMS 
                 4% c/c + 1% succinic acid 
                 18 
                 17 
                 17 
                 17 
                 16 
                 18 
                 103.2 
               
               
                 4 
                 RU + 2% AMS 
                 1% succinic acid 
                  0 
                  0 
                 7.2 
                 6.5 
                 7.7 
                 8.8 
                 30.2 
               
               
                 5 
                 2% AMS 
                 4% c/c + 1% succinic acid 
                 18 
                 17 
                 18 
                 17 
                 18 
                 17 
                 105.4 
               
               
                 6 
                 2% AMS 
                 4% c/c 
                 18 
                 17 
                 18 
                 18 
                 18 
                 17 
                 104.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Visual rating of 1 to 5, where 5 = complete desiccation of all cotton plants (4 plants per treatment group, each plant receiving a rating of 1-5)  
               
               
                 Cotton variety = DeltaPine NuCotn 33b, at open boll, when treated  
               
               
                 RoundUp Ultra at 1 quart/acre delivered at 60 G/a  
               
               
                 Each treatment contained 1.14% Emsorb 6900 and 0.57% mineral oil  
               
               
                 Caprylic/capric (caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40,1 and 1% respectively), i.e., Henkels, Emery 658, used at v/v, in water  
               
               
                 AMS = ammonium sulfate  
               
               
                 Succinic acid had a rating of zero.  
               
               
                 Combination of succinic acid with other ingredients was synergistic.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 41 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Synergistic relationship between succinic acid 
               
               
                 and caprylic/capric acids C/C, relating to herbicidal activity 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Injury ratings based on 2 
               
               
                   
                 independent evaluations* 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Average 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 rating 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 40 G/a 
                 60 G/a 
                 Total 
                 per pot 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 4% caprylic/capric 
                 87.3 
                 80.7 
                 168 
                 4.42 
               
               
                 2 
                 4% caprylic/capric + 1% 
                 88.6 
                 82.1 
                 170.7 
                 4.49 
               
               
                   
                 succinic 
               
               
                 3 
                 4% caprylic/capric + 0.5% 
                 89.9 
                 82.7 
                 172.6 
                 4.54 
               
               
                   
                 succinic 
               
               
                 4 
                 4% caprylic/capric + 0.5% 
                 90.3 
                 82.6 
                 172.9 
                 4.55 
               
               
                   
                 succinic + 0.5% sodium 
               
               
                   
                 salicylate 
               
               
                 5 
                 0.5% succinic acid 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 6 
                 0.5% sodium salicylate 
                 1 
                 0.5 
                 1.5 
                 0.04 
               
               
                 7 
                 5% caprylic/capric 
                 92 
                 82.8 
                 174.8 
                 4.6 
               
               
                 8 
                 5% caprylic/capric + 0.5% 
                 91.6 
                 83.9 
                 175.5 
                 4.62 
               
               
                   
                 succinic acid 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *For each pot, a rating (1 to 5) was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 Two independent evaluations were made for both 40 and 60 gallons/acre applications  
               
               
                 For 40 G/acre: Canadian thistle, velvet leaf, Johnson grass and giant foxtail  
               
               
                 For 60 G/acre: velvetleaf, Johnson grass and giant foxtail were tested  
               
               
                 C/C = Caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1%, respectively; i.e., Henkel&#39;s Emery 658, used at v/v, in water  
               
               
                 Succinic acid and sodium salicylate were added at wt/volume  
               
               
                 All treatments included Henkel&#39;s Emery 6900 and mineral oil; i.e., for each 1% of caprylic/capric, 0.286 and 0.143% of 6900 and mineral oil were included in each treatment  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 42 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Herbicidal activity: comparison of caprylic, pelargonic and 
               
               
                 an equimolar mixture of caprylic and pelargonic acids 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Injury ratings based on 2 
               
               
                   
                 independent evaluations* 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Average 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 rating 
               
               
                 Treatments (equimolar comparison) 
                 40 G/acre 
                 60 G/acre 
                 per pot 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 3% caprylic 
                 40.8 
                 51.6 
                 4.16 
               
               
                 2 
                 3.375% pelargonic 
                 43 
                 53.6 
                 4.41 
               
               
                 3 
                 1.5% caprylic + 1.69% pelargonic 
                 43 
                 53.6 
                 4.41 
               
               
                 4 
                 4% caprylic 
                 44.1 
                 54.5 
                 4.49 
               
               
                 5 
                 4.5% pelargonic 
                 45.1 
                 53.9 
                 4.51 
               
               
                 6 
                 2% caprylic + 2.25% pelargonic 
                 44.6 
                 54.2 
                 4.51 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *For each pot, a rating (1 to 5) was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 For 40 G/acre: chickweed, redroot pigweed, lambsquarter and green foxtall were tested  
               
               
                 For 60 G/acre: chickweed, redroot pigweed, lambsquarter, green foxtall, crabgrass and wheat were tested  
               
               
                 Caprylic and pelargonic acids were used at volume/volume  
               
               
                 All treatments included Henkel&#39;s Emsorb 6900 and mineral oil: for each 1% of caprylic or pelargonic acid, 0.286 and 0.143% of 6900 and mineral oil were included in each treatment.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 43 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Herbicidal enhancement of pelargonic by 
               
               
                 succinic acid and diammonium succinate 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Injury ratings based on 2 
               
               
                   
                 independent evaluations* 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Average 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Spray 
                 rating 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 40 G/a 
                 60 G/a 
                 to drip 
                 per pot 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 2.5% Scythe active 
                 78.7 
                 103 
                 53.6 
                 4.36 
               
               
                   
                 ingredients 
               
               
                 2 
                 2.5% pelargonic 
                 79.2 
                 102.2 
                 53.8 
                 4.36 
               
               
                 3 
                 2.5% pelargonic + 0.5% 
                 81.7 
                 105.1 
                 55.3 
                 4.48 
               
               
                   
                 succinic 
               
               
                 4 
                 2.5% pelargonic + 2% 
                 80.2 
                 105.5 
                 55.1 
                 4.46 
               
               
                   
                 succinic 
               
               
                 5 
                 2.5% pelargonic + 2% 
                 80.9 
                 105.4 
                 54.4 
                 4.46 
               
               
                   
                 diammonium succinate 
               
               
                 6 
                 2.22% caprylic/capric 
                 80.3 
                 103.4 
                 51.5 
                 4.36 
               
               
                   
                 (C/C) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *For each pot, a rating (1 to 5) was given, where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 40 G/a: lambsquarter, velvetleaf and green foxtail were tested  
               
               
                 60 G/a: pigweed, chickweed, crabgrass, green foxtail, velvetleaf, lambsquarter and wheat were tested  
               
               
                 Spray to drip: nutsedge, velvetleaf, green foxtail, giant foxtail and barnyard grass were tested  
               
               
                 c/c = Caprylic, capric, caproic and lauric at 58, 40, 1 and 1%, respectively, i.e., Henkel&#39;s Emery 658, used at v/v, in water  
               
               
                 The active ingredients in Scythe, (pelargonic acid) and caprylic/capric (Henkel&#39;s Emery 658) were compared on equimolar basis  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 44 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Synergistic Relationship between Succinic or Citric acid and Caprylic 
               
               
                 Acid, Testing Dry Beans Treatment effects 3 days after single, foliar 
               
               
                 application 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Green Foliage 
                 Yellow Foliage 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Overall 
                 Foliage 
                 Overall 
                 Foliage 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 Effect 
                 Affected (%) 
                 Effect 
                 Affected (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Na Salicylate (2%) 
                 5 
                 90 
                 5 
                 &gt;90   
               
               
                 Na Salicylate (0.5%) 
                 2 
                 5-10 
                 1 
                 30 
               
               
                 Na Salicylate (0.5%) + 
                 1 
                 5-10 
                 1 
                 30 
               
               
                 Citric Acid (0.5%) 
               
               
                 Na Salicylate (0.5%) + 
                 1.5 
                 5-10 
                 1 
                 &gt;40   
               
               
                 Succinic Acid (0.5%) 
               
               
                 Citric Acid (0.5%) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                  0 
               
               
                 Succinic Acid (0.5%) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                  0 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (0.5%) 
                 2.5 
                 10-15  
                 2 
                 70 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + 
                 3.5 
                 30 
                 3 
                 90 
               
               
                 Citric Acid (0.5%) 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + 
                 4 
                 50 
                 4 
                 &gt;90   
               
               
                 Succinic Acid (0.5%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Overall effect: higher scores = greater effect (where 5 equals profound desiccation)  
               
               
                 Dry bean variety = Vista  
               
               
                 Citric acid and succinic acid showed synergistic effect  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 45 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Greater Effect by Succinic Acid over-Calcium Succinate, 
               
               
                 when used with Sodium Salicylate, Testing Several Plant Varieties* 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 overall 
               
               
                   
                 effect, 
               
               
                   
                 9 evaluations 
               
               
                 Treatments 
                 (average) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate (1%) + Succinic Acid (1%) 
                 2.89 
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate (1%) + Calcium Succinate (1%) 
                 1.44 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Overall effect: higher score = greater effect (where 5 equals profound desiccation)  
               
               
                 *Test plants: weed varieties, shrub foliage, covergrass, turf and soybeans  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 46 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Confirmation of Example 45, Testing Turf and Shrub Foliage 
               
               
                 Treatment effects 1, 2, 4 and 7 days after a single, foliar application 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Overall effect, 
               
               
                   
                 17 evaluations 
               
               
                 Treatments 
                 (average) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate (1%) 
                 1.35 
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate (1%) + Succinic Acid (2%) 
                 2.59 
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate (1%) + Calcium Succinate (2%) 
                 2.18 
               
               
                 Succinic Acid (2%) 
                 0.24 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Overall effect: higher score = greater effect (where 5 equals profound desiccation)  
               
               
                 Succinic acid and calcium succinate showed synergistic effect  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 47 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Effects of desiccants and desiccant combinations with other compounds 
               
               
                 on young potato plants 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Injury ratings of 
                   
               
               
                   
                 treated plants 
                 All 
               
               
                   
                 (hours or days 
                 evalu- 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 after application) 
                 ations 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (total 
               
               
                 # 
                 ingredients 
                 hr 
                 1 
                 3 
                 6 
                 17 
                 22 
                 27 
                 score) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 1% caprylic 
                 2 
                 2 
                 3 
                 2 
                 2.5 
                 3 
                 3 
                 17.5 
               
               
                 2 
                 1% caprylic + 0.5% 
                 3 
                 5 
                 5.5 
                 5 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
                 4 
                 29.5 
               
               
                   
                 tartaric + 0.5% NaSal 
               
               
                 3 
                 1% caprylic + 1% 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3.5 
                 3 
                 3.4 
                 4 
                 3 
                 23 
               
               
                   
                 tartaric 
               
               
                 4 
                 1% caprylic + 0.5% 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3.5 
                 3 
                 21.5 
               
               
                   
                 dimethyl succinic acid 
               
               
                 5 
                 1% caprylic + 0.5% 
                 1 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2.5 
                 3 
                 2.5 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                 beta-alanine 
               
               
                 6 
                 1% caprylic + 1% 
                 3 
                 4 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 5.5 
                 4.5 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                 succinic 
               
               
                 7 
                 2% caprylic 
                 3.5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
                 34.5 
               
               
                 8 
                 2% caprylic + 0.5% 
                 4.5 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 40.5 
               
               
                   
                 tartaric + 0.5% NaSal 
               
               
                   
                 sodium salicylate 
               
               
                 9 
                 2% caprylic + 1% 
                 3.5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
                 34.5 
               
               
                   
                 tartaric 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Caprylic acid and dimethyl succinic acid added v/v; all other compounds added at wt/v.  
               
               
                 All solutions in 50% acetone, with solution (20 mls) sprayed 2 feet from plant canopy. Helena Kinetic at 0.2% included in each solution. All plants grown in green house (day time temp 80-100 degrees, Fahrenheit)  
               
               
                 Higher evaluation scores represent greater degree of vine and foliage desiccation. A “6” = complete desiccation.  
               
               
                 Summary: a) addition of succinic or tartaric acid to 1% caprylic acid &gt;&gt; 1% caprylic acid, (b) combination of NaSal + tartaric (or succinic acid) to caprylic acid were the best treatments  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 48 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Synergistic Relationships Between: 
               
               
                 Succinic Acid + Caprylic Acid 
               
               
                 Succinic Acid + Sodium Salicylate 
               
               
                 Treatment effects 3 days after a single, foliar application, 
               
               
                 testing soybeans 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Overall 
                 Foliage 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 Effect 
                 Affected (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Caprylic Acid (1%) 
                 2.5 
                 25-30 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (1%) + Succinic Acid (1%) 
                 3 
                 30-35 
               
               
                 Succinic Acid (1%) 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate (1%) 
                 1.5 
                  5-20 
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate (1%) + Succinic Acid (1%) 
                 3.5 
                 40-50 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Overall effect: higher scores = greater effect (where 5 equals profound desiccation  
               
               
                 Soybean variety = Stine 2250  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 49 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Enhancement of Scythe&#39;s herbicidal activity by selected compounds 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Independent evaluations of snapbean and potato plants, 
                 Totals, all 
                   
               
               
                   
                 hours/days after application of desiccants 
                 evaluations 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 1.5 hours 
                 2 days 
                 11 days 
                 15 days 
                   
                 Pota- 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Treatment # 
                 Treatment Ingredients 
                 beans 
                 potatoes 
                 beans 
                 potatoes 
                 beans 
                 potatoes 
                 beans 
                 potatoes 
                 Beans 
                 toes 
                 All 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 2% Na Salicylate 
                 1 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1.5 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 4.5 
                 3 
                 7.5 
               
               
                 2 
                 4% Scythe 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3.5 
                 2.5 
                 2 
                 2 
                 1 
                 2 
                 9.5 
                 9.5 
                 19 
               
               
                 3 
                 4% Scythe + 2% NaSal 
                 4 
                 3 
                 5 
                 3.5 
                 3 
                 3 
                 2 
                 3 
                 14 
                 12.5 
                 26.5 
               
               
                 4 
                 4% Scythe + 0.25% tartaric 
                 4 
                 3 
                 4 
                 3 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 3 
                 2 
                 13.5 
                 10.5 
                 24 
               
               
                 5 
                 4% Scythe + 0.5% tartaric 
                 4 
                 4 
                 5.5 
                 3 
                 3 
                 2 
                 4 
                 15 
                 16.5 
                 10.5 
                 27 
               
               
                 6 
                 4% Scythe + 1% tartaric 
                 4 
                 3.5 
                 6 
                 3.5 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 2 
                 16 
                 12 
                 28 
               
               
                 7 
                 4% Scythe + 1% NaSal 
                 3 
                 3 
                 4.5 
                 3 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2 
                 2 
                 12 
                 10 
                 22 
               
               
                 8 
                 4% Scythe + 0.5% NaSal 
                 3 
                 3 
                 4.5 
                 2 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 1 
                 1.5 
                 10 
                 8 
                 18 
               
               
                 9 
                 4% Scythe + 1% caprylic 
                 4 
                 4.5 
                 5 
                 3.5 
                 2 
                 3.5 
                 1 
                 3.5 
                 12 
                 15 
                 27 
               
               
                 10  
                 4% Scythe + 0.5% tartaric + 0.5% NaSal 
                 4 
                 5 
                 5.5 
                 5 
                 3.5 
                 4 
                 3 
                 5 
                 16 
                 19 
                 35 
               
               
                 11  
                 4% Scythe + 1% citric acid 
                 4 
                 3 
                 6 
                 3 
                 2.5 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 145 
                 10 
                 24.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Solutions applied at 40 gallons/acre, containing 0.1% Helena Kinetic. All plants grown in greenhouse (day temperature was 80-100 degrees, fahrenheit). Higher rating scores represent greater degree of desiccation. A “6” = complete desiccation. Scythe and caprylic acid added v/v. All other compounds added wt/v.  
               
               
                 Summary: a) all combinations with Scythe (except 0.5% NaSal) improved performance, b) best combination was 4% Scythe with 0.5% tartaric + 0.5% NaSal, c) increasing the concentratio of tartaric acid with 4% Scythe had little effect  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 50 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Synergistic Relationships-Between Succinic Acid and Caprylic Acid 
               
               
                 at Different Application Rates, Testing Soybeans 
               
               
                 Treatment effects 2 days after a single, foliar application 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Two Independent Sites 
               
               
                   
                 (average of 2 sites) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Overall 
                 Foliage 
               
               
                   
                 Effect 
                 Affected (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Caprylic Acid (0.2%) 
                 0.5 
                 1.25 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (0.5%) 
                 2.25 
                 9 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) 
                 4 
                 22.3 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (0.2%) + Succinic Acid (1.0%) 
                 1.5 
                 6.5 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + Succinic Acid (1.0%) 
                 3 
                 15 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Succinic Acid (1.0%) 
                 4.25 
                 26 
               
               
                 Succinic Acid (1.0%) 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L-Lactic Acid (1.0%) 
                 2.75 
                 15 
               
               
                 L-Lactic Acid (1.0%) 
                 0.5 
                 1.25 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Overall effect: higher scores = greater effect (where 5 equals profound desiccation)  
               
               
                 Soybean variety Stine 2250  
               
               
                 Succinic acid and lactic acid had synergistic effect  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 51 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Synergy Comparisons of Various Organic Acids with Caprylic Acid, 
               
               
                 Testing Soybeans 
               
               
                 Treatment effects 3 days after a single, foliar application 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Two Independent Sites 
               
               
                   
                 (average of 2 sites) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Overall 
                 Foliage 
               
               
                   
                 Effect 
                 Affected (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Caprylic Acid (0.5%) 
                 1.5 
                 5 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%) 
                 2.75 
                 17.5 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L-Malic Acid (0.5%) 
                 2 
                 11.5 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + Succinic Acid (0.5%) 
                 2.25 
                 12.5 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L-Lactic Acid (0.5%) 
                 2.25 
                 11.5 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + Citric Acid (0.5%) 
                 2.75 
                 17.5 
               
               
                 L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%) 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 L-Malic Acid (0.5%) 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Succinic Acid (0.5%) 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 L-Lactic Acid (0.5%) 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Citric Acid (0.5%) 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Overall effect: higher scores = greater effect (where 5 equals profound desiccation)  
               
               
                 Soybean variety = Stine 2250  
               
               
                 Tartaric, malic, succinic, lactic and citric acid showed synergistic effects  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 52 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Synergistic Relationships Between Succinic Acid and Caprylic 
               
               
                 Acid (or Sodium Salicylate), Testing Turf 
               
               
                 Treatment effects 2 days after a single, foliar application 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Overall 
               
               
                   
                 Treatments 
                 Effect 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Succinic Acid (0.5%) 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Succinic Acid (0.5) 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Salicylate (1.0%) 
                 1.5 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Salicylate (1.0%) + Succinic Acid (0.5%) 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Overall effect: higher scores = greater effect (where 5 equals profound desiccation)  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 53 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Effects of Various Compounds on Caprylic Acid 
               
               
                 Testing Turf and Covergrass 
               
               
                 Treatment effects 1, 3 ,6, 7 and 11 days after a single, 
               
               
                 foliar application at two, independent sites 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Overall Effect 
               
               
                   
                 10 Evaluations 
               
               
                 Treatments 
                 (average) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) 
                 2.45 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Adipic Acid (0.5%) 
                 2.6 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0) + L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%) 
                 3.8 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Unipine (0.5%) 
                 3.45 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) 
                 3.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Overall effect: higher scores = greater effect (where 5 equals profound desiccation)  
               
               
                 Adipic acid, tartaric acid, unipine and sodium salicylate showed synergistic effects  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 54 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Effects of Various Compounds on Caprylic Acid 
               
               
                 Testing Turf and Shrub Foliage 
               
               
                 Treatment effects 3, 4, 6 and 7 days after a single, foliar application 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Overall Effect 
               
               
                   
                 29 Evaluations 
               
               
                 Treatments 
                 (average) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) 
                 1.05 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Adipic Acid (0.5%) 
                 2.19 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0) + L-Malic Acid (0.5%) 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%) 
                 2.19 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Unipine (0.5%) 
                 2.4 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) 
                 2.05 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Succinic Acid (0.5%) 
                 1.95 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + L-Lactic Acid (0.5%) 
                 2.16 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Citric Acid (0.5%) 
                 1.47 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Overall effect: higher scores = greater effect (where 5 equals profound desiccation)  
               
               
                 Adipic acid, tartaric acid, unipine, sodium salicylate, succinic acid, lactic acid and citric acid showed synergistic effects  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 55 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Measurement of pH Values for Test Desiccants 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 pH Value 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Caprylic Acid (0.5%) 
                 3.30 
               
               
                   
                 Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%) 
                 1.07 
               
               
                   
                 Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L-Malic Acid (0.5%) 
                 1.49 
               
               
                   
                 Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + Succinic Acid (0.5%) 
                 1.67 
               
               
                   
                 Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L-Lactic Acid (0.5%) 
                 1.69 
               
               
                   
                 Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + Citric Acid (0.5%) 
                 1.51 
               
               
                   
                 L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%) 
                 1.52 
               
               
                   
                 L-Malic Acid (0.5%) 
                 1.69 
               
               
                   
                 Succinic Acid (0.5%) 
                 1.94 
               
               
                   
                 L-Lactic Acid (0.5%) 
                 1.93 
               
               
                   
                 Citric Acid (0.5%) 
                 1.64 
               
               
                   
                 Caprylic Acid (0.5%) 
                 3.55 
               
               
                   
                 Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + Succinic Acid (0.5%) 
                 1.77 
               
               
                   
                 Succinic Acid (1.0%) 
                 1.85 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Salicylate (1.0%) 
                 5.63 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Salicylate (1.0%) + Succinic Acid (0.5%) 
                 2.9 
               
               
                   
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) 
                 3.93 
               
               
                   
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Adipic Acid (0.5%) 
                 2.69 
               
               
                   
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + L-Malic Acid (0.5%) 
                 2.17 
               
               
                   
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%) 
                 2.07 
               
               
                   
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Unipine 90 (0.5%) 
                 4.06 
               
               
                   
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) 
                 4.29 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 56 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Measurement of pH Values for Test Desiccants 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 pH 
               
               
                   
                 Value 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) 
                 4.48 
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Succinic Acid (1.0%) 
                 2.76 
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Succinic Acid (1.0%) + Caprylic 
                 2.78 
               
               
                 Acid (0.5%) 
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) 
                 4.2 
               
               
                 Succinic Acid (1.0%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) 
                 2.24 
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L-Tartaric 
                 2.46 
               
               
                 Acid (1.0%) 
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L-Lactic 
                 2.82 
               
               
                 Acid (1.0%) 
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Capryiic Acid (0.5%) + Succinic 
                 3.24 
               
               
                 Acid (1.0%) 
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + Succinic 
                 2.32 
               
               
                 Acid (1.0%) 
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L-Lactic 
                 2.02 
               
               
                 Acid (1.0%) 
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + L-Tartaric 
                 1.58 
               
               
                 Acid (1.0%) 
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + Unipine 
                 5.12 
               
               
                 90 Acid (1.0%) 
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate (0.5%) + Caprylic Acid (0.5%) + Adipic 
                 2.78 
               
               
                 Acid (1.0%) 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Gluconic Acid (0.5%) 
                 2.49 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Succinic Acid (0.5%) 
                 2.29 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + Beta-Alanine (0.5%) 
                 4.4 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) 
                 3.85 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%) 
                 1.76 
               
               
                 Caprylic Acid (1.0%) + L-Lactic Acid (0.5%) 
                 1.95 
               
               
                 L-Tartaric Acid (0.5%) 
                 1.72 
               
               
                 Beta-Alanine (0.5%) 
                 6.65 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 57 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Field trial comparisons of caprylic/capric and pelargonic acids 
               
               
                 on mixed weed varieties 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Average 
               
               
                   
                   
                 injury rating 
               
               
                   
                 Treatment 
                 per plot* 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1 
                 3% caprylic/capric 
                 3.95 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 3% caprylic/capric + 0.75% succinic acid 
                 4.113 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 3% pelargonic 
                 4.175 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 3% pelargonic + 0.75% succinic acid 
                 4.213 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *A rating of 1-5 given for each of 2 plots per treatment group where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                   
                 Plot size: 6 × 9.3 feet  
               
               
                   
                 Weed varieties: grasses (dominant), dandelion, pigweed, plantain and Canadian thistle  
               
               
                   
                 Summary: addition of succinic acid was beneficial  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 58 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Field trial comparisons of caprylic/capric and pelargonic acids 
               
               
                 on mixed weed varieties 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Average 
               
               
                   
                 injury rating 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 per plot* 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Canadian thistle: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 3% caprylic/capric 
                 2.58 
               
               
                 2 
                 3% caprylic/capric + 0.75% succinic acid 
                 2.8 
               
               
                 3 
                 3% pelargonic 
                 4.03 
               
               
                 4 
                 3% pelargonic + 0.75% succinic acid 
                 4.35 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Redwood pigweed: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 4% caprylic/capric 
                 3.1 
               
               
                 2 
                 6% caprylic/capric 
                 4.55 
               
               
                 3 
                 6% pelargonic 
                 4.35 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *A rating of 1-5 given for each of 2 plots per treatment group where 5 was complete desiccation of all plants  
               
               
                 Plot size: 6 × 9.3 feet  
               
               
                 Summary: 1) although pelargonic acid was more effective for C. Thistle, caprylic/capric performed best on redroot pigweed, 2) addition of succinic acid was effective  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 59 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Succinic Acids Potentiation of Sodium Salicylate, 
               
               
                 Testing Cotton 
               
               
                 Treatment effect 2 days after a single, foliar application 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Foliage 
               
               
                   
                 Treatment 
                 Affected (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Succinic Acid (1.0%) 
                 No effect 
               
               
                   
                 Succinic Acid (1.0%) + Sodium Salicylate (1.0%) 
                 &gt;70 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Salicylate (1.0%) 
                 &lt;70 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Some foliage (all treatments except succinic acid, alone) beginning to drop  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently attained and, since certain changes may be made in carrying out the above methods and in the compositions set forth, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention it is intended that all matter contained in the above description shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. 
     It is also understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language might be said to fall therebetween. 
     Particularly, it is to be understood that in said claims, ingredients or components recited in the singular are intended to include compatible mixtures of said ingredients wherever the sense permits.