Abstract:
There is provided a blue-green illumination system, comprising a light emitting diode, and a luminescent material having emission CIE color coordinates located within an area of a of a pentagon on a CIE chromaticity diagram, whose corners have the following CIE color coordinates: 
     i) x=0.0137 and y=0.4831; 
     ii) x=0.2240 and y=0.3890; 
     iii) x=0.2800 and y=0.4500; 
     iv) x=0.2879 and y=0.5196; and 
     v) x=0.0108 and y=0.7220. 
     The light emitting diode may be a UV LED and the luminescent material may be a Ba 2 SiO 4 :Eu 2+  phosphor, a Ba 2 (Mg,Zn)Si 2 O 7 :Eu 2+  phosphor and/or a Ba 2 Al 2 O 4 :Eu 2+  phosphor. The illumination system may be used as the green light of a traffic light or an automotive display.

Description:
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     The U.S. Government may have certain rights in this invention pursuant to grant No. 70NANB8H4022 from the NIST. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to a blue-green light illumination system, and specifically to a ceramic phosphor for converting UV radiation emitted by a light emitting diode (“LED”) to blue-green light. 
     Semiconductor light emitting diodes are semiconductor chips that are mounted in a package and which emit radiation in response to an applied voltage or current. These LEDs are used in a number of commercial applications such as automotive, display, safety/emergency and directed area lighting. 
     One important application of semiconductor LEDs is as a light source in a traffic light. Presently, a plurality of blue-green emitting LEDs containing III-V semiconductor layers, such as GaN, etc., are used as the green light of a traffic signal (also known as a traffic light). 
     Industry regulations often require traffic light colors to have very specific CIE color coordinates. For example, according to the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), a green traffic light in the United States is typically required to have emission CIE color coordinates located within an area of a quadrilateral on a CIE chromaticity diagram, whose corners have the following color coordinates: 
     a) x=0.000 and y=0.506; 
     b) x=0.224 and y=0.389; 
     c) x=0.280 and y=0.450; and 
     d) x=0.000 and y=0.730. 
     The following CIE color coordinates are most preferred for green traffic light applications: x=0.1 and y=0.55. 
     Likewise, industry regulations require automotive display colors to have specific CIE color coordinates. According to the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), a green automotive display, such as a vehicle dashboard display, is typically required to have emission CIE color coordinates located within an area of a quadrilateral on a CIE chromaticity diagram, whose corners have the following color coordinates: 
     e) x=0.0137 and y=0.4831; 
     f) x=0.2094 and y=0.3953; 
     g) x=0.2879 and y=0.5196; and 
     h) x=0.0108 and y=0.7220. 
     The color coordinates (also known as the chromaticity coordinates) and the CIE chromaticity diagram are explained in detail in several text books, such as on pages 98-107 of K. H. Butler, “Fluorescent Lamp Phosphors” (The Pennsylvania State University Press 1980) and on pages 109-110 of G. Blasse et al., “Luminescent Materials” (Springer-Verlag 1994), both incorporated herein by reference. 
     Presently, GaN based LEDs are designed to emit blue-green light with a peak wavelength of 505 nm, which has the desired CIE color coordinates of x=0.1 and y=0.55. Table I illustrates the optical properties of an LED having an In 1-x Ga x N active layer that was manufactured according to desired parameters. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE I 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Color 
                 Peak 
                 Emission 
                 External 
                   
               
               
                 Coordinates 
                 Emission 
                 Peak Half 
                 Quantum 
                 Efficacy 
               
             
          
           
               
                 x 
                 y 
                 Wavelength 
                 Width 
                 Efficiency 
                 (lm/W) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.1 
                 0.55 
                 505 nm 
                 35 nm 
                 10% 
                 25 lm/W 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In Table I, external quantum efficiency refers to a ratio of a number of photons emitted per number of electrons injected into the LED. 
     However, these LEDs with the In 1-x Ga x N active layer suffer from the following disadvantage. Due to frequent deviations from desired parameters (i.e., manufacturing systematic variations), the LED peak emission wavelength deviates from 505 nm, and thus, its CIE color coordinates deviate from the desired x=0.1 and y=0.55 values. For example, the LED color output (e.g., spectral power distribution and peak emission wavelength) varies with the band gap width of the LED active layer. One source of deviation from the desired color coordinates is the variation in the In to Ga ratio during the deposition of the In 1-x Ga x N active layer, which results in an active layer whose band gap width deviates from the desired value. This ratio is difficult to control precisely during mass production of the LEDs, which leads to inconsistent color coordinates in a given batch of LEDs. Thus, the In 1-x Ga x N LEDs which are suitable for use in traffic lights have a lower production yield because a large number of such LEDs with unsuitable emission color coordinates have to be discarded. The present invention is directed to overcoming or at least reducing the problem set forth above. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a blue-green illumination system, comprising a light emitting diode and a luminescent material having emission CIE color coordinates located within an area of a pentagon on a CIE chromaticity diagram, whose corners have the following CIE color coordinates: 
     e) x=0.0137 and y=0.4831; 
     b) x=0.2240 and y=0.3890; 
     c) x=0.2800 and y=0.4500; 
     g) x=0.2879 and y=0.5196; and 
     h) x=0.0108 and y=0.7220. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a traffic light, comprising a housing, at least one lens, a radiation source having a peak emission wavelength of 420 nm and below, and a luminescent material having emission CIE color coordinates located within an area of a quadrilateral on a CIE chromaticity diagram, whose corners have the following CIE color coordinates: 
     a) x=0.000 and y=0.506; 
     b) x=0.224 and y=0.389; 
     c) x=0.280 and y=0.450; and 
     d) x=0.000 and y=0.730. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of making a blue-green light illumination system, comprising mixing a plurality of starting powders to form a starting powder mixture, firing the starting powder mixture to form a calcined body, converting the calcined body into a phosphor powder having emission CIE color coordinates located within an area of a pentagon on a CIE chromaticity diagram, whose corners have the following color coordinates: 
     e) x=0.0137 and y=0.4831; 
     b) x=0.2240 and y=0.3890; 
     c) x=0.2800 and y=0.4500; 
     g) x=0.2879 and y=0.5196; and 
     h) x=0.0108 and y=0.7220. 
     and placing the phosphor powder into the illumination system adjacent a light emitting diode. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is schematic illustration of a blue-green light illumination system according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a CIE chromaticity diagram including the quadrilaterals containing the color coordinates allowed for green traffic light and green automotive display applications. 
     FIG. 3 is a CIE chromaticity diagram including the pentagon containing combined bin allowed for green traffic light and green automotive display applications. 
     FIGS. 4-6 are cross-sectional schematic views of illumination systems using an LED according to the first preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional schematic view of an illumination system using a fluorescent lamp according to the second preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 8 is a schematic front view of a traffic signal containing the illumination systems of the preferred embodiments of the present invention as the green light. 
     FIG. 9 is a plot of the excitation and emission spectra of the BaSiO 4 :Eu 2+  phosphor. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In view of the problems in the prior art, it is desirable to obtain a blue-green light illumination system whose color output is less sensitive to variations during system operation and manufacturing process, especially due to variations in the color output of the light source. The present inventors have discovered that a color output of a blue-green light illumination system is less sensitive to these variations if the color output of the system does not include significantly visible radiation emitted by the light source, such as an LED. In this case, the color output of the system does not vary significantly with color output of the LED. 
     The present inventors have discovered that a blue-green light illumination system that contains a luminescent material in addition to an LED is less sensitive to the undesirable variations if the blue-green light output by the system is light output by the luminescent material. In this case, the color output of the system depends only on the color output of the luminescent material. The term luminescent material preferably includes a luminescent material in loose or packed powder form (phosphor), but may also include a luminescent material in solid crystalline body form (scintillator). 
     The color output of a luminescent material varies much less with the composition of the luminescent material than the color output of an LED varies with the composition of the LED. Furthermore, luminescent material manufacture is less prone to material composition errors than semiconductor LED manufacturing. Therefore, out of a certain number of systems made, a higher percentage of the blue-green light illumination systems that contain a luminescent material in addition to an LED would have the desired CIE color coordinates for traffic light and other applications than a system that only contains a blue-green LED. Thus, an LED—luminescent material blue-green light illumination system has a higher manufacturing yield for traffic light or other applications than a system that only contains a blue-green LED. 
     The color output of the system does not vary significantly with the color output of the LED if the blue-green light emitted by the system lacks any significant visible component emitted by the LED. Therefore, the composition of the LED does not affect the color output of the system. This can be achieved in at least two ways. 
     One way to avoid affecting the color output of the system is by using a radiation source that emits radiation at a wavelength that is not significantly visible to the human eye. For example, an LED may be constructed to emit ultraviolet (UV) radiation having a wavelength of 380 nm or less that is not visible to the human eye. Furthermore, the human eye is not very sensitive to UV radiation having a wavelength between 380 and 400 nm and to violet light having a wavelength between 400 and 420 nm. Therefore, the radiation emitted by the LED having a wavelength of 420 nm or less would not substantially affect the color output of the LED—phosphor system irrespective of whether the emitted LED radiation is transmitted through the phosphor or not, because radiation having a wavelength of about 420 nm or less is not significantly visible to a human eye. 
     The second way to avoid affecting the color output of the system is by using a thick luminescent material which does not allow the radiation from the radiation source to pass through it. For example, if the LED emits visible light between 420 and 650 nm, then in order to ensure that the phosphor thickness does not affect the color output of the system, the phosphor should be thick enough to prevent any significant amount of the visible light emitted by the LED from penetrating through the phosphor. Alternatively, if the LED emission wavelength is from 420 to 490 nm or from 530 to 650 nm, then a filter may be used instead of the thick phosphor. The filter should filter transmission of the LED radiation but permit the radiation emitted by the phosphor to pass through. Preferably, the phosphor emits radiation at about 505 nm. However, while this way to avoid affecting the color output of the system is possible, it is not preferred because it lowers the output efficiency of the system. 
     In both cases described above, the color of the visible light emitted by the system is solely or almost entirely dependent on the type of luminescent material used. Therefore, in order for the LED—phosphor system to emit blue-green light, the phosphor should emit blue-green light when it is irradiated by the LED radiation. 
     FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the above principle. In FIG. 1, a radiation source  1 , such as an LED, emits radiation  2  incident on the luminescent material, such as a phosphor  3 . The radiation  2  may have a wavelength to which the human eye is substantially not sensitive, such as 420 nm and below. Alternatively, the phosphor  3  may be too thick to allow the radiation  2  to penetrate to the other side. After absorbing the incident radiation  2 , the phosphor  3  emits blue-green light  4 . 
     In one preferred aspect of the present invention, the blue-green light  4  has emission CIE color coordinates located within an area of a quadrilateral on a CIE chromaticity diagram, whose corners have the following color coordinates: 
     a) x=0.000 and y=0.506; 
     b) x=0.224 and y=0.389; 
     c) x=0.280 and y=0.450; and 
     d) x=0.000 and y=0.730. 
     These color coordinates are particularly advantageous for green traffic light applications because they are within the ITE green traffic light bin delineated by the quadrilateral a-b-c-d illustrated in FIG.  2 . 
     In another preferred aspect of the present invention, the blue-green light  4  has emission CIE color coordinates located within an area of a quadrilateral on a CIE chromaticity diagram, whose corners have the following color coordinates: 
     e) x=0.0137 and y=0.4831; 
     f) x=0.2094 and y=0.3953; 
     g) x=0.2879 and y=0.5196; and 
     h) x=0.0108 and y=0.7220. 
     These color coordinates are particularly advantageous for green automotive display applications because they are within the SAE green automotive display bin delineated by the quadrilateral e-f-g-h illustrated in FIG.  2 . The color coordinates may be used in displays other than automotive displays, if desired. 
     In another preferred aspect of the present invention, the blue-green light  4  has emission CIE color coordinates located within an area of a pentagon on a CIE chromaticity diagram, whose corners have the following color coordinates: 
     e) x=0.0137 and y=0.4831; 
     b) x=0.2240 and y=0.3890; 
     c) x=0.2800 and y=0.4500; 
     g) x=0.2879 and y=0.5196; and 
     h) x=0.0108 and y=0.7220. 
     The pentagon e-b-c-g-h is illustrated in FIG.  3 . These color coordinates are advantageous for both green traffic light and automotive display applications because the area of the pentagon e-b-c-g-h includes the areas of both quadrilaterals a-b-c-d and e-f-g-h illustrated in FIG.  2 . As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, side e-h of the pentagon and the quadrilateral may be slightly bowed to follow the contour of the chromaticity curve. Preferably, the light  4  emitted by the phosphor has the CIE color coordinates of x=0.1±0.05 and y=0.52±0.05. 
     The present inventors have discovered that several phosphors have emission CIE color coordinates that are suitable for green traffic light and green automotive display applications. In other words, these phosphors have emission CIE color coordinates of x=0.1±0.05 and y=0.52±0.05 and/or are located inside the area of pentagon e-b-c-g-h in FIG.  3 . 
     One such phosphor is a divalent europium activated alkaline earth silicate phosphor, ASiO:Eu 2+ , where A comprises at least one of Ba, Ca, Sr or Mg. Preferably, the ASiO:Eu 2+  phosphor has the following composition: A 2 SiO 4 :Eu 2+ , where A comprises at least 50% Ba, preferably at least 80% Ba. If A comprises Ba or Ca, then the phosphor peak emission wavelength is about 505 nm and the phosphor quantum efficiency is high for Ba and low for Ca. If A comprises Sr, then the phosphor peak emission wavelength is about 580 nm and the phosphor quantum efficiency is medium. Therefore, A most preferably comprises Ba to obtain a peak wavelength closest to 505 nm and to obtain the highest relative quantum efficiency. 
     In the alkaline earth silicate phosphor, the europium activator substitutes on the alkaline earth lattice site, such that the phosphor may be written as: (A 1-x Eu x ) 2 SiO 4 , where 0&lt;x≦0.2. Therefore, the most preferred phosphor composition is (Ba 1-x Eu x ) 2 SiO 4 , where 0&lt;x≦0.2. The alkaline earth silicate phosphor may also contain other impurities and dopants. For example, the phosphor may contain a small amount of fluorine incorporated during powder processing from a fluorine containing flux compound, such as BaF 2  or EuF 3 . 
     Other phosphors also have emission CIE color coordinates that are located within the area of the pentagon e-b-c-g-h in FIG.  3 . For example, another divalent europium activated alkaline earth silicate phosphor, ADSiO:Eu 2+  where A comprises at least one of Ba, Ca or Sr and D comprises at least one of Mg and Zn, has emission CIE color coordinates that are located inside the quadrilateral. Preferably, the ADSiO:Eu 2+  phosphor has the following composition: A 2 DSi 2 O 7 :Eu 2+ . The peak emission wavelength and the relative quantum efficiency of each isomorphous phosphor is illustrated in Table II below: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE II 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 A 
                 D 
                 A 
                 D 
                 A 
                 D 
                 A 
                 D 
                 A 
                 D 
                 A 
                 D 
               
               
                   
                 Ca 
                 Mg 
                 Sr 
                 Mg 
                 Sr 
                 Zn 
                 Sr/Ba 
                 Mg 
                 Ba 
                 Mg 
                 Ba 
                 Zn 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Peak λ 
                 535 
                 470 
                 470 
                 440 
                 500 
                 505 
               
               
                 QE 
                 Low 
                 Medium 
                 Medium 
                 Medium 
                 High 
                 High 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Therefore, A most preferably comprises Ba in order to obtain the peak wavelength closest to 505 nm and to obtain the highest relative quantum efficiency. 
     In the alkaline earth silicate phosphor, the europium activator substitutes on the alkaline earth lattice site, such that the phosphor may be written as: (A 1-x Eu x ) 2 DSi 2 O 7 , where 0&lt;x≦0.2. Therefore, the most preferred phosphor compositions are (Ba 1-x Eu x ) 2 MgSi 2 O 7 , and (Ba 1-x Eu x ) 2 ZnSi 2 O 7  where 0&lt;x≦0.2. The alkaline earth silicate phosphor may also contain other impurities and dopants. For example, the phosphor may contain a small amount of fluorine incorporated during powder processing from a fluorine containing flux compound, such as BaF 2  or EuF 3 . 
     A third phosphor that has emission CIE color coordinates that are located within the area of pentagon e-b-c-g-h in FIG. 3 is a divalent europium activated alkaline earth aluminate phosphor, AAlO:Eu 2+ , where A comprises at least one of Ba, Sr or Ca. Preferably, the AAlO:Eu 2+  phosphor has the following composition: AAl 2 O 4 :Eu 2+ , where A comprises at least 50% Ba, preferably at least 80% Ba and 20% or less Sr. If A comprises Ba, then the phosphor peak emission wavelength is about 505 nm and the phosphor quantum efficiency is high. If A comprises Sr, then the phosphor peak emission wavelength is about 520 nm and the phosphor quantum efficiency is fairly high. If A comprises Ca, then the phosphor peak emission wavelength is about 440 nm and the phosphor quantum efficiency is low. Therefore, A most preferably comprises Ba to obtain a peak wavelength closest to 505 nm and to obtain the highest relative quantum efficiency. Alternatively, a small amount of Ba may be substituted with Sr to shift the peak wavelength to a slightly higher wavelength, if desired. 
     In the alkaline earth aluminate phosphor, the europium activator substitutes on the alkaline earth lattice site, such that the phosphor may be written as: (A 1-x Eu x )Al 2 O 4 , where 0&lt;x≦0.2. Therefore, the most preferred phosphor composition is (Ba 1-x Eu x )Al 2 O 4  where 0&lt;x≦0.2. The alkaline earth aluminate phosphor may also contain other impurities and dopants, such as fluorine incorporated from a flux. 
     The europium activated alkaline earth silicate phosphors are described in detail in G. Blasse et al., “ Fluorescence of Eu   2+    Activated Silicates ” 23 Philips Res. Repts. 189-200 (1968), incorporated herein by reference. The europium activated alkaline earth aluminates phosphors are described in detail in G. Blasse et al., “Fluorescence of Eu 2+    Activated Alkaline - Earth Aluminates ” 23 Philips Res. Repts. 201-206 (1968), incorporated herein by reference. These references also illustrate the emission and excitation spectra of the above described phosphors. 
     In one aspect of the present invention, the silicate and aluminate phosphors may be used together in a phosphor mixture or blend in order to optimize the color or other emission properties, if desired. For example, the phosphors may be used in the following combinations: ASiO:Eu 2+  and ADSiO:Eu 2+ , ASiO:Eu 2+  and AAlO:Eu 2+ , ADSiO:Eu 2+  and AAlO:Eu 2+ , ASiO:Eu 2+  and ADSiO:Eu 2+  and AAlO:Eu 2+ . Alternatively the above mentioned phosphors may be placed into the same illumination system as overlying layers rather than as a blend. Other phosphors and scintiallators that have the desired emission CIE color coordinates may be used instead of or in addition to the three phosphors described above. 
     The radiation source  1  may comprise any radiation source capable of causing a blue-green emission  4  from the phosphor  3 , as illustrated in FIG.  1 . Preferably, the radiation source  1  comprises an LED. However, the radiation source  1  may also comprise a gas, such as mercury in a fluorescent lamp. Thus, the blue-green light illumination system may comprise a fluorescent lamp containing the blue-green emitting phosphor. These illumination systems may be used as a green light of a traffic light. 
     According to the first preferred embodiment of the present invention, the phosphor  3  is placed into a blue-green light illumination system containing an LED. The LED may be any LED which causes the phosphor  3  to emit blue-green radiation  4 , when the radiation  2  emitted by the LED is directed onto the phosphor. Thus, the LED may comprise a semiconductor diode based on any suitable III-V, II-VI or IV—IV semiconductor layers and having an emission wavelength of 420 nm and below. For example, the LED may contain at least one semiconductor layer based on GaN, ZnSe or SiC semiconductors. The LED may also contain one or more quantum wells in the active region, if desired. Preferably, the LED active region may comprise a p-n junction comprising GaN, AlGaN and/or InGaN semiconductor layers. The p-n junction may be separated by a thin undoped InGaN layer or by one or more InGaN quantum wells. The LED may have an emission wavelength between 360 and 420 nm, preferably between 370 and 405 nm. For example the LED may have the following wavelengths: 370, 375, 380, 390 or 405 nm. 
     The blue-green light illumination system according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention may have various different structures. The first preferred structure is schematically illustrated in FIG.  4 . The illumination system includes a light emitting diode chip  11  and leads  13  electrically attached to the LED chip. The leads  13  may comprise thin wires supported by a thicker lead frame(s)  15  or the leads may comprise self supported electrodes and the lead frame may be omitted. The leads  13  provide current to the LED chip  11  and thus cause the LED chip  11  to emit radiation. 
     The LED chip  11  is encapsulated within a shell  17  which encloses the LED chip and an encapsulant material  19 . The encapsulant material preferably comprises a UV resistant epoxy. The shell  17  may be, for example, glass or plastic. The encapsulant material may be, for example, an epoxy or a polymer material, such as silicone. However, a separate shell  17  may be omitted and the outer surface of the encapsulant material  19  may comprise the shell  17 . The LED chip  11  may be supported, for example, by the lead frame  15 , by the self supporting electrodes, the bottom of the shell  17  or by a pedestal (not shown) mounted to the shell or to the lead frame. 
     The first preferred structure of the illumination system includes a phosphor layer  21  comprising the phosphor  3 . The phosphor layer  21  may be formed over or directly on the light emitting surface of the LED chip  11  by coating and drying a suspension containing the phosphor powder over the LED chip  11 . After drying, the phosphor powder forms a solid phosphor layer or coating  21 . Both the shell  17  and the encapsulant  19  should be transparent to allow blue-green light  23  to be transmitted through those elements. 
     FIG. 5 illustrates a second preferred structure of the system according to the first preferred embodiment of the present invention. The structure of FIG. 5 is the same as that of FIG. 4, except that the phosphor  3  powder is interspersed within the encapsulant material  19 , instead of being formed over the LED chip  11 . The phosphor  3  powder may be interspersed within a single region  21  of the encapsulant material  19  or throughout the entire volume of the encapsulant material. The phosphor powder is interspersed within the encapsulant material, for example, by adding the powder to a polymer precursor, and then curing the polymer precursor to solidify the polymer material. Alternatively, the phosphor powder may be mixed in with the epoxy encapsulant. Other phosphor interspersion methods may also be used. Alternatively, a solid phosphor layer  21  comprising the phosphor  3  may be inserted into the encapsulant material  19  if desired. In this structure, the phosphor absorbs the radiation  25  emitted by the LED and in response, emits blue-green light  23 . 
     FIG. 6 illustrates a third preferred structure of the system according to the first preferred embodiment of the present invention. The structure of FIG. 6 is the same as that of FIG. 4, except that the phosphor layer  21  containing the phosphor  3  is formed on the shell  17 , instead of being formed over the LED chip  11 . The phosphor layer  21  is preferably formed on the inside surface of the shell  17 , although the phosphor layer  21  may be formed on the outside surface of the shell, if desired. The phosphor layer  21  may be coated on the entire surface of the shell or only a top portion of the surface of the shell  17 . 
     Of course, the embodiments of FIGS. 4-6 may be combined and the phosphor may be located in any two or all three locations or in any other suitable location, such as separately from the shell or integrated into the LED. The radiation source  1  of the illumination system has been described above as a semiconductor light emitting diode. However, the radiation source of the present invention is not limited to a semiconductor light emitting diode. For example, the radiation source may comprise a laser diode or an organic light emitting diode (OLED). 
     According to the second preferred embodiment of the present invention, the phosphor  3  is placed into an illumination system containing a fluorescent lamp. A portion of a fluorescent lamp is schematically illustrated in FIG.  7 . The lamp  31  contains a phosphor coating  35  comprising the phosphor  3  on a surface of the lamp cover  33 , preferably the inner surface. The fluorescent lamp  31  also preferably contains a lamp base  37  and a cathode  39 . The lamp cover  33  encloses a gas, such as mercury, which emits UV radiation in response to a voltage applied to the cathode  39 . 
     According to the third preferred embodiment of the present invention, the illumination system comprises a traffic signal including a green traffic light which contains a plurality of the LED-phosphor or lamp-phosphor systems of the first or the second preferred embodiments as the green light source of the traffic signal. The traffic signal  41  is illustrated in FIG.  8 . The traffic signal contains a base or a housing  43 , which contains the light sources and the electronics which switch the individual light sources of the traffic light on and off. A plurality of lenses are included in openings in the housing  43 . Preferably, the traffic signal contains a green lens  45 , a yellow lens  47  and a red lens  49 . Each lens may comprise clear or colored plastic or glass. If the light source emits only one color light (i.e., green, yellow or red), then the lens may be clear. However, if the light source emits white light, then the lens should be appropriately colored. 
     A plurality of light sources  51  described above are arranged inside the housing  43  behind the green lens  45 . Each light source  51  contains a radiation source, such as an LED  11  or fluorescent lamp  31  and a luminescent material, such as the phosphor  3 . The light sources  51  may be arranged in any manner around the green lens  45  in order to provide a high blue-green light output through the lens  45 . The green traffic light may contain several light sources to one hundred or more light sources, as desired. While less preferred, a single, large area light source  51  may be used instead. 
     According to the fourth preferred embodiment of the present invention, the illumination system comprises an automotive display which contains a plurality of the LED-phosphor systems. Preferably, the automotive display is a vehicle dashboard display, such as a clock, an odometer display or a speedometer display. The system may also be used in non-automotive displays if desired. 
     A method of manufacturing the blue-green illumination system will now be described. The phosphor  3  may be made, for example, by any ceramic powder method, such as a wet chemical method or a solid state method. Preferably, the method of making the preferred Ba 2 SiO 4 :Eu 2+  phosphor comprises the following steps. 
     First, the starting compounds of the phosphor are manually blended or mixed in a crucible or mechanically blended or mixed in another suitable container, such as a ball mill, to form a starting powder mixture. The starting compounds may comprise any oxide, hydroxide, oxalate, carbonate and/or nitrate starting phosphor compound. The preferred starting phosphor compounds comprise barium carbonate BaCO 3 , europium oxide, Eu 2 O 3 , and silicic acid, SiO 2 *xH 2 O. Preferably, a flux, such as BaF 2  and/or EuF 3  is added to the starting materials in an amount of 0.5 to 3 mole percent per mole of the phosphor produced. Calcium, barium and magnesium starting compounds, such as their carbonate or oxide compounds, may also be added if it is desired to substitute some or all of the barium with calcium, strontium and/or magnesium. 
     The starting powder mixture is then fired a first time in a carbon containing atmosphere, such as in a coconut charcoal containing atmosphere at 1200 to 1400° C. for 5 to 7 hours to form a first calcined phosphor body or cake. The resultant cake is then ground and milled to a powder. This powder is then annealed or fired a second time in a reducing atmosphere at about 900 to 1200° C. to form a second calcined phosphor body or cake. Preferably the powder is annealed in a furnace in an atmosphere comprising nitrogen and 0.1 to 10% hydrogen for two to six hours, and subsequently cooled in the same atmosphere. The first firing step may be omitted if a second annealing step is carried out at a high temperature, such as 1200 to 1400° C., in a furnace suitable for supplying a reducing atmosphere at a high temperature. Other annealing conditions may be used, depending on the available equipment. 
     The solid calcined phosphor body may be converted to a phosphor powder in order to easily coat the phosphor powder on a portion of the blue-green light illumination system. The solid phosphor body may be converted to the phosphor powder by any crushing, milling or pulverizing method, such as wet milling, dry milling, jet milling or crushing. Preferably, the solid body is wet milled in propanol, ethanol, methanol and/or water, and subsequently dried. 
     The A 2 DSi 2 O 7 :Eu 2+  and AAl 2 O 4 :Eu 2+  phosphors may be made by similar methods. For example, to manufacture the A 2 DSi 2 O 7 :Eu 2+  phosphor, MgO, MgCO 3  and/or ZnO are also added to the above described starting materials. The first firing step may be carried out at 900 to 1250° C. in charcoal and the second firing step may be carried out at 900 to 1200° C. in a reducing atmosphere for 2-6 hours. To manufacture the AAl 2 O 4 :Eu 2+  phosphor, alkaline earth metal carbonate powders, such as BaCO 3 , SrCO 3  and/or CaCO 3 , europium oxide Eu 2 O 3  and alumina, Al 2 O 3 , or aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH) 3  may be used as the starting materials. The first firing step may be carried out at 1300 to 1500° C. in charcoal and the second firing step may be carried out at 900 to 1200° C. in a reducing atmosphere for 2-6 hours. However, the first firing step may be omitted if a required temperature may be obtained during annealing in a reducing atmosphere. 
     The phosphor powder is then placed into the illumination system. For example, the phosphor powder may be placed over the LED chip, interspersed into the encapsulant material or coated onto the surface of the shell, as described above with respect to the first preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     If the phosphor powder is coated onto the LED chip or the shell, then preferably, a suspension of the phosphor powder and a liquid is used to coat the LED chip or the shell surface. The suspension may also optionally contain a binder in a solvent. Preferably, the binder comprises an organic material, such as nitrocellulose or ethylcellulose, in a solvent such as butyl acetate or xylol. The binder enhances the adhesion of the powder particles to each other and to the LED or the shell. However, the binder may be omitted to simplify processing, if desired. After coating, the suspension is dried and may be heated to evaporate the binder. The phosphor  3  powder acts as the phosphor layer  21  after drying the solvent. 
     If the phosphor  3  powder is to be interspersed within the encapsulant material  19 , then the phosphor powder may be added to a polymer precursor, and then the polymer precursor may be cured to solidify the polymer material. Alternatively, the phosphor  3  powder may be mixed in with the epoxy encapsulant. Other phosphor interspersion methods may also be used. 
     If the phosphor  3  is placed into a fluorescent lamp, then a suspension of the phosphor powder and a liquid is used to coat the lamp interior surface. The suspension may also optionally contain a binder in a solvent, as described above. 
     While the phosphor coating method has been described as a coating of a phosphor, the luminescent material(s) may comprise single crystal scintillator material(s) instead of or in addition to the phosphor, if desired. The scintillator may be made by any scintillator fabrication method. For example, the scintillator may be formed by Czochralski, float zone, or other crystal growing methods. The scintillator may then be placed over the LED chip or used as the shell or as a top portion of the shell of the illumination system. 
     The following examples are merely illustrative, and should not be construed to be any sort of limitation on the scope of the claimed invention. 
     Example 1 
     A phosphor with the general composition (Ba 1-x Eu x ) 2 SiO 4 , where 0&lt;x≦0.20, was synthesized as follows. The following amounts of raw materials were weighed and placed in a polyethylene bottle: 39.08 g BaCO 3 , 6.98 g silicic acid, 1.76 g Eu 2 O 3  and 0.36 g BaF 2 . A 10 weight percent excess of BaCO 3  was factored into the batch calculations. The amount of barium fluoride flux corresponded to 2 weight percent per mole of the phosphor produced. The raw materials were mixed and blended by dry ball-milling for 2 hours. 
     The blended starting powder mixture was placed in a covered alumina crucible, which was placed in a second crucible filled roughly ⅓ full with activated charcoal flakes. The second crucible was covered, and the starting powder mixture was fired at 1300° C. for 6 hours. The resultant cake was ground with a mortar and pestle, and blended via dry ball-milling for 30 minutes to form a powder. 
     The powder was annealed in an open crucible at 1100° C. for 2 hours in a 1% hydrogen/nitrogen atmosphere. The annealed powder was wet milled for 10 minutes in ethanol. The ethanol was extracted via filtration, and the powder was dried overnight at 70° C. The resultant phosphor powder luminesced a bright blue-green under short and long-wave UV irradiation. 
     The emission and excitation spectra of the (Ba 1-x Eu x ) 2 SiO 4  phosphor are illustrated in FIG.  9 . The excitation curve (dashed line) demonstrates that the peak excitation wavelength is about 362 nm and that the phosphor can be efficiently excited to blue-green luminescence by 370 nm, 390 nm and 405 nm photons. The emission curve (solid line) illustrates that the peak emission wavelength is about 505 nm. The CIE chromaticity coordinates derived from the emission curve were about x=0.12 and y=0.49. Thus, the chromaticity coordinates of the phosphor were about the same as those of the InGaN LED of the prior art. The other optical properties of the (Ba 1-x Eu x ) 2 SiO 4  phosphor were comparable to the prior art LED optical properties, as illustrated in Table III, below. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE III 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Phosphor 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Color 
                 Peak 
                 Emission 
                 External 
               
               
                 Coordinates 
                 Emission 
                 Peak Half 
                 Quantum 
                 Efficacy 
               
             
          
           
               
                 x 
                 y 
                 Wavelength 
                 Width 
                 Efficiency 
                 (lm/W) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.12 
                 0.49 
                 505 nm 
                 60 nm 
                 75-85% 
                 340 lm/W 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Efficacy is defined as the product of the system luminosity times 683 lm/W, where 683 lm/W is the peak luminosity at 555 nm. System luminosity is defined as (∫F(λ) Y(λ) dλ)/(∫F(λ) dλ), where F(λ) is the emission spectrum and Y(λ) is the eye sensitivity curve. This phosphor is particularly attractive for traffic light and automotive applications since it is well excited by short and long wave UV radiation and displays little or no selective absorption of visible light. 
     The preferred embodiments have been set forth herein for the purpose of illustration. However, this description should not be deemed to be a limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, various modifications, adaptations, and alternatives may occur to one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed inventive concept.