Abstract:
Legacy automatic variable capacitor KVAR compensation systems typically use either electromechanical devices such as relays or contactors of various forms and types to switch the selected capacitors in and out of the electrical system under some form of electronic control. These systems are slow and discontinuous in their ability to closely regulate the exact value of compensatory capacitance needed to compensate the variable and rapidly changing reactive power KVAR in the electrical power transmission and distribution networks. The present invention provides a fast response active KVAR compensator based on a variable transimpedance topology.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE OF RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    The present application is a national phase application of the international patent application PCT/CN2016/070254 filed on Jan. 6, 2016 which claims priority to the U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/100,074, filed Jan. 6, 2015, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/100,076, filed Jan. 6, 2015, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention generally relates to electrical power generation and distribution. Particularly, the present invention relates to methods and devices for alternating current (AC) reactive power (KVAR) compensation in AC electrical power generation and distribution. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    In AC electrical power distribution networks, the optimized operating conditions for maximum energy efficiency in the usage, transmission, and delivery of AC electrical power is when the voltage and the current are closely in phase, and the reactive power (KVAR) is close to zero. However, with the addition of reactive loads and inherent reactive components such as capacitance and inductance in the transmission and distribution system, the AC current in the system can be phase-shifted with respect to the voltage waveform. This creates power quality issues that affect the efficient transmission and usage of the delivered electrical power. The degradation in power quality due to the increasing reactive power value is measured by the amount of phase angle shift of the current behind (lagging) or ahead (leading) with respect to the voltage waveform. Reactive power value is derived by the following equation. 
         [0000]        KVAR =√{square root over ( KVA   2   −KW   2 )}  (1)
 
         [0000]    where KVAR is the total reactive power, KVA is the total apparent power, and KW is real power. 
         [0004]    Noted that only the real power KW is useful for productive consumption, whereas the reactive power KVAR is wasted power. But since the total apparent power KVA is made up of KW and KVAR as per the equation above, both power components are be generated, transmitted, and delivered. As such, an increasing phase shift of the AC current with respect to the voltage waveform, which means increasing value of reactive power KVAR will translate into a significant efficiency decrease in the electrical power system. 
         [0005]    This problem is well known and there are various legacy methods of compensating and removing reactive power KVAR by introducing reactive components at various points within the electrical system. Typically these are capacitors introduced in shunt across the electricity supply lines to cancel the generally lagging current due to magnetic elements such as electric motors, fluorescent ballasts, transformers, etc. 
         [0006]    This has been traditionally achieved by adding fixed and variable capacitor banks in shunt across the electrical power transmission and distribution system. If a known and reproducible KVAR problem is stable, then a fixed capacitor KVAR compensation bank can be permanently installed at the point to be compensated. If the reactive power KVAR is changing, then automatic variable capacitor banks that can respond, under electronic controls and KVAR sensing, and switch in the amount of capacitance needed to compensate for the level of KVAR at any given time. 
         [0007]    These legacy automatic variable capacitor KVAR compensation systems typically use either electromechanical devices such as relays or contactors of various forms and types to switch the selected capacitors in and out of the electrical system under some form of electronic control. In more recent versions of KVAR compensation systems, semiconductor switching devices, such as triodes for alternating current (TRIACs) and silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs), and electromechanical switching devices have been seen in use. 
         [0008]    Because of the need to switch discrete component capacitors in and out of circuit by various switching means, these legacy reactive power KVAR compensators are slow and discontinuous in their ability to closely regulate the exact value of compensatory capacitance needed to compensate the variable and rapidly changing reactive power KVAR in the electrical power transmission and distribution networks. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0009]    In addressing the abovementioned shortcoming of the legacy automatic variable capacitor KVAR compensation systems, the present invention provides a fast response active KVAR compensator. In various embodiments in accordance to the present invention, the fast response active KVAR compensator is based on a variable transimpedance topology. 
         [0010]    In one preferred embodiment, the fast response active KVAR system employs the specific AC variable voltage topology as described in the U.S. Pat. No. 9,148,058 issued Sep. 29, 2015 and the same in the PCT International Patent Application No. PCT/CN2014/089721 filed Oct. 28, 2014; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In another preferred embodiment, the fast response active KVAR system employs the specific AC variable voltage topology as described in the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/565,444 filed Dec. 10, 2014 and the same in the PCT International Patent Application No. PCT/CN2014/093475 filed Dec. 10, 2014; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]    Embodiments of the invention are described in more detail hereinafter with reference to the drawings, in which 
           [0012]      FIG. 1  depicts a logical diagram illustrating a general variable transimpedance topology; 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  depicts a circuit diagram of an embodiment of the fast response active KVAR compensator in accordance to the present invention; and 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  depicts a circuit diagram of another embodiment of the fast response active KVAR compensator in accordance to the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0015]    In the following description, methods and systems for compensating reactive power (KVAR) in electrical power generation and distribution networks and the like are set forth as preferred examples. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications, including additions and/or substitutions may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Specific details may be omitted so as not to obscure the invention; however, the disclosure is written to enable one skilled in the art to practice the teachings herein without undue experimentation. 
         [0016]      FIG. 1  depicts a logical diagram illustrating a general variable transimpedance topology and it is used herein to show the general operating principle of a transimpedance system in which the value of an output impedance (Z o ) across the output  103  of the alternating current (AC) amplifier  101  is transferred and reflected onto the input  102  of the AC amplifier. The value of this transferred input impedance (Z in ) is related the output impedance (Z o ) by the gain of the controlled gain AC amplifier (A v ). Thus, if the gain of the AC amplifier (Ag) is controllable and variable, not only a controlled transimpedance can be generated across the input  102  from the fixed output impedance (Z o ) across the output  103 , the apparent impedance (Z in ) across the input  102  can be smoothly and accurately controlled with a very fast response. The quickness of change of the apparent impedance (Z in ) across the input  102  is due to the fact that it only depends upon the response speed of the control electronics. 
         [0017]    Still referring to  FIG. 1 . The relationship between the apparent input impedance (Z in ) and the output impedance (Z o ) is governed by the following equation. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Z 
                     in 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       1 
                       
                         Av 
                         2 
                       
                     
                     × 
                     
                       Z 
                       o 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   2 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    In specifying a particular value of the output impedance (Z o ), either a capacitor across the output  103  with a fixed capacitance value (C o ) or an inductor across the output  103  with a fixed inductance value (L o ) can be used. Then, the relationship between the reflected apparent input capacitance (C in ) and the output capacitance (C o ) is governed by the following equation. 
         [0000]        C   in   =Av   2   ×C   o   (3)
 
         [0000]    And the relationship between the reflected apparent input inductance (L in ) and the output inductance (L o ) is governed by the following equation. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     L 
                     in 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       L 
                       o 
                     
                     
                       Av 
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   4 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    It can be seen that by varying the gain of the AC amplifier (A v ), the apparent value of reflected capacitance (C in ) or reflected inductance (L in ) at the input of the ac amplifier can be varied over a range not only continuously without discrete steps, but also with a very rapid response limited only by the response speed of the control electronics. 
         [0018]      FIG. 2  depicts a circuit diagram of an embodiment of the fast response active KVAR compensator in accordance to the present invention. In this first preferred embodiment, the fast response active KVAR compensator utilizes the buck section with an output capacitor  203  of fixed capacitance (C o ) across the output of the AC series buck-boost voltage regulator electronic circuitry described in the U.S. Pat. No. 9,148,058 and the same in the PCT International Patent Application No. PCT/CN2014/089721 to achieve the KVAR compensation function. 
         [0019]    Still referring to  FIG. 2 . As the gain of the AC variable voltage topology is changed by the electronic control module  202  in response to the level of KVAR at the input  201 , the value of the apparent input capacitance (C in ) across the input  201  is accurately adjusted to compensate and cancel out the reactive power KVAR. This is done without discrete capacitor steps, thus the apparent input capacitance (C in ) adjustment is achieved in smooth and continuous manner, and the response time depends only upon the response speed of the control electronics of the electronic control module  202 . 
         [0020]    Although it is described here with the preferred embodiment utilizing the buck section of the AC series buck-boost voltage regulator electronic circuitry described in the U.S. Pat. No. 9,148,058 and the same in the PCT International Patent Application No. PCT/CN2014/089721 to achieve the KVAR compensation function, it should be obvious to an ordinarily skilled person in the art to use the boost section of the aforesaid AC series buck-boost voltage regulator electronic circuitry instead of the buck section. 
         [0021]    Also, although it is described here with the preferred embodiment utilizing a capacitor of fixed capacitance across the output of the buck section of the AC series buck-boost voltage regulator electronic circuitry described in the U.S. Pat. No. 9,148,058 and the same in the PCT International Patent Application No. PCT/CN2014/089721 to compensate for a lagging KVAR, it should be obvious to an ordinarily skilled person in the art to substitute the aforesaid capacitor with an inductor of fixed inductance to compensate for a leading KVAR. 
         [0022]      FIG. 3  depicts a circuit diagram of another embodiment of the fast response active KVAR compensator in accordance to the present invention. In this second preferred embodiment, the fast response active KVAR compensator utilizes the buck section with an output capacitor  303  of fixed capacitance (C o ) across the output of the AC series buck-boost voltage regulator electronic circuitry described in the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/565,444 and the same in the PCT International Patent Application No. PCT/CN2014/093475 to achieve the KVAR compensation function. 
         [0023]    Still referring to  FIG. 3 . As the gain of the AC variable voltage topology is changed by the electronic control module  302  in response to the level of KVAR at the input  301 , the value of the apparent input capacitance (C in ) across the input  301  is accurately adjusted to compensate and cancel out the reactive power KVAR. This is done without discrete capacitor steps, thus the apparent input capacitance (C in ) adjustment is achieved in smooth and continuous manner, and the response time depends only upon the response speed of the control electronics of the electronic control module  302 . 
         [0024]    Although it is described here with the preferred embodiment utilizing the buck section of the AC series buck-boost voltage regulator electronic circuitry described in the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/565,444 and the same in the PCT International Patent Application No. PCT/CN2014/093475 to achieve the KVAR compensation function, it should be obvious to an ordinarily skilled person in the art to use the boost section of the aforesaid AC series buck-boost voltage regulator electronic circuitry instead of the buck section. 
         [0025]    Also, although it is described here with the preferred embodiment utilizing a capacitor of fixed capacitance across the output of the buck section of the AC series buck-boost voltage regulator electronic circuitry described in the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/565,444 and the same in the PCT International Patent Application No. PCT/CN2014/093475 to compensate for a lagging KVAR, it should be obvious to an ordinarily skilled person in the art to substitute the aforesaid capacitor with an inductor of fixed inductance to compensate for a leading KVAR. 
         [0026]    Any ordinarily skilled person in the art can apply the inventive principles described herein to any poly-phase AC systems, such as three-phase electrical systems, without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. 
         [0027]    The embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented using general purpose or specialized computing devices, computer processors, microcontrollers, or electronic circuitries including but not limited to digital signal processors (DSP), application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), and other programmable logic devices configured or programmed according to the teachings of the present disclosure. Computer instructions or software codes running in the general purpose or specialized computing devices, computer processors, or programmable logic devices can readily be prepared by practitioners skilled in the software or electronic art based on the teachings of the present disclosure. 
         [0028]    The foregoing description of the present invention has been provided for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to the practitioner skilled in the art. 
         [0029]    The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application, thereby enabling others skilled in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments and with various modifications that are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the following claims and their equivalence.