Abstract:
An oscillator circuit includes an amplifier including at least two terminals for receiving a crystal and an automatic amplitude control loop coupled to the amplifier including biasing circuitry switched between a first operational mode and a second operational mode. The first operational mode occurs during an initial time period and the second operational mode occurs after the initial time period is expired. The biasing circuitry includes first and second PMOS transistor circuits, each transistor circuit including an unswitched PMOS transistor and a switched PMOS transistor. Alternatively, the biasing circuitry can include first and second NMOS transistor circuits, each transistor circuit including an unswitched NMOS transistor and a switched NMOS transistor. The biasing circuitry is under control of an internally generated control signal.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]    The present invention is related to crystal oscillators and more particularly a method for decreasing the oscillator startup time. 
         [0002]    At the present time, a 32,768 Hz clock signal is used in most portable applications using a crystal oscillator. These applications require a crystal oscillator circuit that has high phase noise performance and a low startup time. 
         [0003]    Traditional pierce crystal oscillator typically use an Automatic Amplitude Control loop (AAC) to keep the amplitude constant with process and temperature. However, the control loop is always ON and injects noise around clock edges. This means that the AAC noise dominates the phase noise of the pierce crystal oscillator. To increase phase noise performance, typical designs often set the transconductance of a bias transistor larger than the tail current of the amplifier to decrease the noise impact from the bias circuit. However, this will decrease the open loop gain of the AAC that leads to a longer the startup time. 
         [0004]    What is desired is a circuit and method to decrease the crystal oscillator startup time while maintaining good phase noise performance. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0005]    According to the present invention, a circuit and method to shorten a crystal oscillator&#39;s startup time at the same time keeps the same phase noise performance as that obtained with prior art circuits. In the method and circuit of the present invention internal control signals are used to control a bias circuit. 
         [0006]    To shorten the oscillator startup time, the open loop gain of AAC (Automatic Amplitude Control) needs to be increased when the oscillator begins oscillating. But, to keep the phase noise performance, the transconductance (gm) of the bias transistor should be made larger than the tail current transistor from small to large that will shorten the startup time and keep the phase noise performance acceptable. 
         [0007]    In the present invention, a control signal created by an internal circuit is used to shorten the startup time. At the first step, the oscillator starts at fast speed and low phase noise state. At the second step, the control signal is changed and oscillator goes to high phase noise state by spending a little more oscillating time. The internal control circuit consumes very low quiescent current. The method of the present invention shortens approximately 20% of the start up time while keeping acceptable phase noise performance. 
         [0008]    The crystal oscillator of the present invention has fast startup, stable phase noise performance, and uses an internally generated control signal. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
         [0009]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of an oscillator circuit according to a first embodiment of the invention; 
           [0010]      FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of an oscillator circuit according to a second embodiment of the invention; 
           [0011]      FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of the internal clock block, which includes a comparator for receiving a sinusoidal clock signal and generating a square wave clock signal; and 
           [0012]      FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram of a control sub-block that generates a control signal according to the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0013]    Referring now to  FIG. 1  a first embodiment of an oscillator circuit  100  according to the present invention comprises an amplifier, an AAC loop, a startup circuit  102 , an internal clock block  104  including a control signal block, as well as controlled switches and transistors. The Pierce crystal oscillator circuit  100  further comprises a crystal (X 1 , which is generally an external component), load capacitors (C 2  coupled to the drain of transistor MN 3  and C 3  coupled to the gate of transistor MN 3 ), and a bias resistor (Rbias) across the crystal. 
         [0014]    The amplifier includes transistors MN 3  and MP 3 . The AAC loop includes transistors MN 1 , MN 2 , MP 1  (and MP 1 A), MP 2  (and MP 2 A), R 0 , Co, R 1  and C 1 . Capacitor C 0  is a DC-blocking capacitor, which couples the oscillating signal from the drain of transistor MN 3 . The combination of resistor R 1  and capacitor C 1  is a low-pass filter. A self bias circuit is formed by transistors MN 1 , MN 2 , MP 1 , MP 2  and resistor R 0 . The bias transistor is split up into two parts by a switch. Transistors MP 1  and MP 1 A are split by switch SW 1 . Transistors MP 2  and MP 2 A are split by switch SW 2 . The signal Vpbias refers to the bias voltage at the gates of transistors MP 1 , MP 2 , and MP 3 . The sources of transistors MP 1 , MP 1 A, MP 2 , MP 2 A, and MP 3  are all coupled to a source of power supply voltage, Vdd. The sources of transistors MN 1 , MN 2 , and MN 3  are all coupled to ground. The source of transistor MN 1  is coupled to ground through resistor R 0 , whereas the source of transistors MN 2  and MN 3  are coupled directly to ground. 
         [0015]    When oscillator  100  starts oscillating, the signal coupled by capacitor C 0  enters the AAC loop. If the amplitude of the signal becomes large, the AAC loop controlling the gate of transistor MP 3  will decease the current of transistor MP 3 , thus deceasing the amplitude of oscillating signal In 1 . If the amplitude of the signal becomes small, the AAC loop controlling the gate of transistor MP 3  will increase the current MP 3 , thus increasing the amplitude of oscillating signal In 1 . 
         [0016]    The startup circuit  102  is of conventional design and provides the startup current for oscillator  100  when circuit&#39;s power is turned on. Startup circuit  102  plays a significant role for the bias circuit. Startup circuit  102  takes the bias circuit from a dead (zero current) operating point to its normal operating point and then is no longer used once the bias circuit starts operating properly. 
         [0017]    The internal 32768 Hz clock signal is created by an internal clock block  104  with input signals In 1  and In 2  from the drain of transistor MN 3  or the gate of transistor MN 2  or both of them. The control signal (“Control Signal Out”) is created by a control sub-block. 
         [0018]    The internal clock block  300  is shown in  FIG. 3  and includes a conventional comparator that converts the sinusoidal clock signal to a square wave signal. The digital sub-block  400  is shown in  FIG. 4  and provides the clock ready signal. The clock ready signal control switches SW 1  and SW 2 . 
         [0019]    Referring now to  FIG. 3 , internal clock  300  includes a conventional comparator including a differential input pair MP 11  and MP 12  for receiving the input differential signal Vinp/Vinn. Two capacitor-connected transistors MN 11  and MN 12  provide the load for generating a differential output signal received by transistors MN 2  and MN 3 . Transistor MN 3  generates an output signal that is buffered by output transistors MP 4  and MN 4  to generate the Vout output signal. A bias current Ibias is used to supply the biasing circuitry including diode-connected transistor MP 0  coupled to biasing transistors MP 1 , MP 2 , and MP 3 . 
         [0020]    Referring now to  FIG. 4 , the schematic of the digital sub-block  400  is shown, which is includes a plurality of serially-connected D-type flip flops in which the Q output of a previous stage is coupled to the D input of a subsequent stage. The CK clock inputs are all coupled together for receiving the ClkIn input signal. The D input of a first stage is coupled to the power supply voltage, and the Q output of a last stage provides the Vout output signal for generating the control signal according to the present invention. 
         [0021]    When the control signal is at a logic zero, the switches SW 1  and SW 2  are in an off state. In this first mode of operation, the parallel transistors (MP 1 A and MP 2 A) are not connected to the AAC loop and the gain of the loop is comparably larger, which leads to fast oscillating. When the control signal is at a logic one, the switches SW 1  and SW 2  are in an on state. In this second mode of operation, the parallel transistors MP 1 A and MP 2 A are connected to the AAC loop. This decreases the noise from the bias transistors because the width (and/or transconductance) becomes larger. This means that the crystal oscillator  100  regains acceptable phase noise performance, equivalent to that provided by a circuit having combined transistors MP 1 /MP 1 A and MP 2 /MP 2 A. Therefore, by splitting the bias transistors into two parts and controlling the state of the two part states, oscillator startup time may be shortened while keeping acceptable phase noise performance. 
         [0022]    Referring now to  FIG. 2  a second embodiment of an oscillator circuit  200  according to the present invention comprises an amplifier, an AAC loop, a startup circuit  202 , an internal clock block  204  including a control signal block, as well as controlled switches and transistors. The Pierce crystal oscillator circuit  200  further comprises a crystal (X 1 , which is generally an external component), load capacitors (C 2  coupled to the drain of transistor MP 3  and C 3  coupled to the gate of transistor MP 3 ), and a bias resistor (Rbias) across the crystal. 
         [0023]    The amplifier includes transistors MN 3  and MP 3 . The AAC loop includes transistors MN 1  (and MN 1 A), MN 2  (and MN 2 A), MP 1 , MP 2 , R 0 , Co, R 1  and C 1 . Capacitor C 0  is a DC-blocking capacitor, which couples the oscillating signal from the drain of transistor MN 3 . The combination of resistor R 1  and capacitor C 1  is a low-pass filter. A self bias circuit is formed by transistors MN 1 , MN 2 , MP 1 , MP 2  and resistor R 0 . The bias transistor is split up into two parts by a switch. Transistors MN 1  and MN 1 A are split by switch SW 1 . Transistors MN 2  and MN 2 A are split by switch SW 2 . The signal Vnbias refers to the bias voltage at the gates of transistors MN 1 , MN 2 , and MN 3 . The sources of transistors MN 1 , MN 1 A, MN 2 , MN 2 A, and MN 3  are all coupled to ground. The sources of transistors MP 1 , MP 2 , and NP 3  are all coupled to the source of power supply voltage, Vdd. The source of transistor MP 1  is coupled to Vdd through resistor R 0 , whereas the source of transistors MP 2  and MP 3  are coupled directly to Vdd. 
         [0024]    When oscillator  200  starts oscillating, the signal coupled by capacitor C 0  enters the AAC loop. If the amplitude of the signal becomes large, the AAC loop controlling the gate of transistor MP 3  will decease the current of transistor MP 3 , thus deceasing the amplitude of oscillating signal In 1 . If the amplitude of the signal becomes small, the AAC loop controlling the gate of transistor MP 3  will increase the current MP 3 , thus increasing the amplitude of oscillating signal In 1 . 
         [0025]    The startup circuit  202  is of conventional design and provides the startup current for oscillator  200  when circuit is power is turned on. Startup circuit  202  plays a significant role for the bias circuit. Startup circuit  202  takes the bias circuit from a dead (zero current) operating point to its normal operating point and then is no longer used once the bias circuit starts operating properly. 
         [0026]    The internal 32768 Hz clock signal is created by an internal clock block  204  with input signals In 1  and In 2  from the gate of transistor MP 3  or the drain of transistor MN 3  or both of them. The control signal (“Control Signal Out”) is created by a control sub-block. The circuitry of block  204  and the control sub-block have been previously described with respect to  FIGS. 3 and 4 . 
         [0027]    When the control signal is at a logic zero, the switches SW 1  and SW 2  are in an off state. In this first mode of operation, the parallel transistors (MN 1 A and MN 2 A) are not connected to the AAC loop and the gain of the loop is comparably larger, which leads to fast oscillating. When the control signal is at a logic one, the switches SW 1  and SW 2  are in an on state. In this second mode of operation, the parallel transistors MN 1 A and MN 2 A are connected to the AAC loop. This decreases the noise from the bias transistors because the width (and/or transconductance) becomes larger. This means that the crystal oscillator  100  regains acceptable phase noise performance, equivalent to that provided by a circuit having combined transistors MN 1 /MN 1 A and MN 2 /MN 2 A. Therefore, by splitting the bias transistors into two parts and controlling the state of the two part states, oscillator startup time may be shortened while keeping acceptable phase noise performance. 
         [0028]    In a third embodiment of the invention, the circuit shown in  FIG. 1  can be “flipped” as is known in the art, wherein the PMOS and NMOS transistors are swapped, the polarities of the signals changed, and the power and ground rails are switched. 
         [0029]    In a fourth embodiment of the invention, the circuit shown in  FIG. 2  can also be “flipped” as is known in the art, wherein the PMOS and NMOS transistors are swapped, the polarities of the signals changed, and the power and ground rails are switched. 
         [0030]    While the oscillator can be used as desired to provide an oscillator circuit with quick startup time and acceptable phase noise performance, particular application can be realized in PLL circuits in, for example, HDMI applications. 
         [0031]    Having described and illustrated the principle of the invention in a preferred embodiment thereof, it is appreciated by those having skill in the art that the invention can be modified in arrangement and detail without departing from such principles. Although a preferred method and embodiments have been shown, the exact details of the preferred method of the present invention can be changed as desired as required for a particular application. We therefore claim all modifications and variations coming within the spirit and scope of the following claims.