Abstract:
A method and apparatus for charging rechargeable batteries for use in a sterile field with powered surgical instruments. The method comprises the steps of placing the batteries in a sterilization/charging container, discharging the batteries to a predetermined level and then sterilizing, charging and storing them without removing them from the container until they are needed. The charged batteries may be removed directly into the sterile field.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/359,463, filed Feb. 26, 2002. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates to powered surgical devices. More particularly, the invention relates to rechargeable batteries used in powered surgical devices. Still more particularly, the invention relates to methods and apparatus used to sterilize and charge batteries used in powered surgical devices. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     The use of rechargeable batteries in powered surgical devices used in the sterile surgical field is well known. After each use the batteries must be charged and sterilized, preferably by autoclaving. It is known that if the batteries are charged before being autoclaved they lose a significant portion of the charge and their useful life due to the heat of the sterilization process. If the batteries are charged after being autoclaved, the sterility is compromised by exposure to the battery charger. A solution to this problem has been identified in U.S. Pat. No. 4,641,076 (Linden), Method and Apparatus for Sterilizing and Charging Batteries, assigned to the assignee hereof and incorporated by reference herein. 
     While the invention disclosed in the aforementioned Linden patent is advantageous in that it provides a sterilization/charging container which enables a battery to be sterilized within the container and then charged within the container while in a sterile state, the invention relates to improvements which have been discovered to increase the useful life of rechargeable, sterilizable batteries. 
     As mentioned, it is known that batteries, when subjected to the heat of the autoclaving process, ultimately have shorter useful lives. The battery cells are generally nickel-cadmium (Ni—Cd) and as the batteries are heated in an autoclave for a long time they reach a point where the temperature in the autoclave causes the battery&#39;s temperature to increase even further. This is due to the known self-discharge rate characteristic of Ni—Cd batteries. The rate is 1% per day at room temperature and doubles for every 10 degrees above room temperature. It is clear that at autoclave temperature, generally 270-272° F. (132-133° C.), the self-discharge rate is very high. The increasing battery temperature causes the battery to self-discharge more, again increasing the battery temperature and the cycle continues until the battery temperature is even greater than the autoclave temperature. Such thermal runaway creates the high temperatures which destroy the battery cells and cause the battery to be unable to accept a full charge in subsequent uses. 
     This phenomenon has been addressed in some instances by using shorter autoclave cycles to avoid reaching the point of runaway battery temperature. However, some in the medical field view this as a solution which compromises the sterility of the battery. Those with this view must either accept battery powered handpieces with relatively short battery lives or must use non-battery powered devices. Given the advantages of battery powered devices it would be desirable to produce a battery system which avoids the shortcomings of prior art battery sterilization/charging systems. 
     In addition to increasing the useful life of rechargeable batteries, the invention relates to improvements in operating a sterilizing/charging system such as that shown in the aforementioned Linden U.S. Pat. No. 4,641,076. 
     Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a system for storing and charging batteries for surgical powered instruments. 
     It is also an object of this invention to provide a system which enables one or more batteries to be retained in a sterilization/charging container in which the batteries may be sterilized and then charged while in a sterile state. 
     It is another object of this invention to provide a system for charging sterilized batteries while optimizing the useful life of autoclaved batteries. 
     It is also an object of this invention to provide a system by which the mateable engagement of a sterilization/charging container containing rechargeable batteries and a charger is facilitated. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     These and other objects of this invention are achieved by the preferred embodiment disclosed herein. In one aspect, the invention comprises a method for sterilizing a battery comprising the steps of placing the battery in a sealable sterilization/charging container which permits sterilization media to penetrate the container but does not permit contaminants to penetrate; discharging the battery to a first predetermined voltage level without removing it from the container; sterilizing the battery without removing it from the container; charging the battery without removing it from the container to a second predetermined voltage level; and storing the battery in a sterile state without removing it from the container. 
     In another aspect, the invention comprises a battery charging system for charging a battery to be sterilized. The system comprises a sterilization/charging container for containing and maintaining a sterile battery, the container comprising a peripheral wall and conductive terminal means extending through the wall. The system also comprises a battery charger/discharger for selectively discharging and charging the battery in the container. The battery charger comprises at least one battery receiving station for receiving the container, the station provided with electrical terminals for receiving the terminals of the sterilization/charging container. A discharge circuit means is associated with the battery receiving station for determining if the level of voltage from a battery in the container at the charging station is above a predetermined level and, if so, for depleting energy in the battery to a predetermined voltage level. The system also comprises interrupting means for stopping the depletion of energy from the battery when the predetermined voltage level has been reached, thereby enabling the sterilization/charging container with the charge-depleted battery therein to be removed from the battery charger and charged. The system also comprises charging means associated with the battery receiving station for charging the battery within the container after it has been removed from the receiving station, sterilized and returned to the receiving station. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a front perspective view of a battery charging system constructed in accordance with the principles of this invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a front perspective view of the sterilization/charging battery container used in the system shown in FIG.  1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a front elevational view of the container shown in FIG.  2 . 
         FIG. 4  is a bottom plan view of FIG.  3 . 
         FIG. 5  is a front perspective view of the sterilization/charging battery container of  FIG. 2  showing the cover being removed. 
         FIG. 6  is a top plan view of the container of  FIG. 5  with the batteries in place but with the cover removed. 
         FIG. 7  is a view of  FIG. 6  showing the container with the batteries removed. 
         FIG. 8  is a view of  FIG. 7  with the basket removed. 
         FIG. 9  shows the container of FIG.  5  and the manner in which batteries and a battery tray may be removed. 
         FIG. 10  shows the manner in which batteries may be removed from the basket shown in FIG.  9 . 
         FIG. 11  shows the sterilization/charging container of  FIG. 2  in a front perspective, expanded view showing the relationship between various components. 
         FIG. 12  shows a bottom perspective view of the lid portion of the sterilization container shown in FIG.  5 . 
         FIG. 13  is a flow chart showing the process employed by the invention. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     It has been discovered that discharging a rechargeable battery prior to autoclaving is a way to prevent runaway battery temperatures. Discharging a rechargeable battery prior to charging is known as “conditioning” and is a step known to minimize the “memory” effect of such batteries. Some non-medical battery chargers have “conditioners” built in. However, it has been discovered that such conditioning decreases the energy stored in a battery to a point which prevents thermal runaway so that autoclaving for a relatively long time has little or no detrimental effect on the battery. Using the teachings of the aforementioned Linden U.S. Pat. No. 4,641,076 to encase a battery prior to sterilization, the inventors have developed a sterilization/charging system which dramatically increases the useful life of autoclaved batteries. As used herein, “useful life” means the number of autoclave sterilization/charging cycles to which a rechargeable battery may be subjected while still enabling the battery to be charged sufficiently to satisfactorily operate a powered surgical instrument. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , a sterilization/charging system  10  constructed in accordance with the principles of this invention comprises a battery charger  12  and one or more battery-containing sterilization/charging containers  14 . Battery charger  12  comprises a plurality of battery charging stations  16  each of which is provided with a pair of electrical terminals (positive and negative) for mating engagement with the terminals of an individual battery. Battery charger  12  also comprises an on/off switch  18  and a ready-light indicator  20  associated with each charging station  16 . In the preferred embodiment, battery charger  12  is designed to have its battery charging stations  16  arranged in pairs in a lower tier  110  and an upper tier  112 , each tier adapted to slidably receive a sterilization/charging container  14 . 
     An individual sterilization/charging container  14  is shown in  FIGS. 2 through 9 . Container  14  comprises a body  32  and a removable cover  34 , body  32  and cover  34  attached together by latches  36 A and B. Container  14  further comprises a pair of charging terminal sets  40  and  42  situated on the bottom surface  38  of body  32 . Each terminal set comprises a pair of spring loaded electrical contacts  44  and  46 , each pair  44 ,  46  comprising opposed leaf springs adapted to slidably receive an electrical blade contact situated at the charging stations  16  on battery charger  12 . In the preferred embodiment, sterilization/charging container  14  is adapted to charge two batteries simultaneously and, therefore, is provided with a terminal set  40 / 42  for each battery. It will be understood that the invention will operate equally well with a sterilization/charging container adapted to hold any number of batteries. 
     As best seen in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , container  14  is, when sealed, provided with a peripheral wall  48  extending entirely around the interior  50  of the container  14 . It will be understood that peripheral wall  48  comprises four side walls  51 ,  52 ,  53 ,  54 , bottom wall  38  and cover  34 . Side wall  51  is recessed at  56  in order to enable it to support container  14  on a flat surface while protecting contacts  44  and  46  and enabling container  14  to horizontally slide onto the battery charging stations  16  of charger  12  to effect slidable engagement of electrical contacts  44  and  46  with their respective contacts on the charger. The slidable contacts enable the container to be removed vertically or horizontally. It will be understood that the various mating contacts could be in many other forms including, for example, plug and socket combinations enabling vertical engagement and disengagement. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , cover  34  may simply be lifted off body  32  to allow access to batteries  60  and  62  situated within container  14 . Cover  34  may equally well be hinged or otherwise connected to body  32 . It will be understood that each battery  60 ,  62  may comprise a plurality of individual cells. Consequently, batteries  60 ,  62  are sometimes referred to as battery packs. The term “battery” as used herein is intended to refer to individual batteries and battery packs. 
     As best seen in  FIGS. 5 through 10 , batteries  60  and  62  are situated within a perforated sterilization/charging basket  70  which is itself situated within body  32 . Sterilization/charging basket  70  has perforated side walls  77 A and B and  78 A and B and is provided with a handle  76  and a pair of access apertures  71  and  72  in its bottom surface  74 . Sterilization/charging basket  70  is thus able to be placed within body  32  around electrical contact sets  80  and  82 . Handle  76  facilitates removal of the basket and sterilized batteries without compromising battery sterility. Each electrical contact set  80  and  82  comprises a pair of terminals  90  and  92  in the form of linear blades. Each set  80  and  82  further comprises a stand or battery holder  94  and  96 , respectively, for mateably engaging a battery in order to hold it firmly to enable good electrical contact between the battery terminals and terminals  90  and  92 . It will be understood that interior terminal sets  80  and  82  are electrically connected to exterior terminal sets  40  and  42 , respectively. 
     Because batteries are placed in sterilization/charging container  14  in a non-sterile state, the preferred method of loading batteries into container  14  is to first place basket  70  into body  32  thereby leaving terminal sets  80  and  82  accessible above the bottom surface  74  of tray  70 . Batteries  60  and  62  may then be mateably joined with terminal sets  80  and  82  and then the container  14  may be sealed by latching cover  34  to body  32 . 
       FIG. 11  shows the manner in which the various components of a loaded sterilization/charging container  14  may be assembled. 
       FIG. 12  shows that cover  34  comprises a plurality of apertures  100  extending through its top surface, an apertured plate  102  adapted to be secured adjacent apertures  100  on the inside of the cover  34  and a semi-permeable membrane  104  adapted to be retained between the apertures  100  and apertured plate  102 . It will be understood that membrane  104  is permeable to steam, heat and other sterilizing media that may be utilized to sterilize batteries within the sterilization/charging container while it is impermeable to contaminants. The terms “sterilizing media” and “sterilizing medium” as used herein may include an autoclave or any other sterilizing means. Membrane  104  is preferably disposable after each use. 
     The use of the above described apparatus will now be described in conjunction with the method disclosed herein. Discharging a rechargeable battery prior to autoclaving has been found to enhance the number of usage cycles for which the battery may be used. The invention, therefore, enables optimization of the useful life of sterilized batteries by providing a way to discharge a battery before it is sterilized without jeopardizing the sterility of the battery after autoclaving. That is, as will be understood below, a battery to be sterilized and charged may first be sealed within the sterilization/charging container  14 , then discharged while in the container, then sterilized while in the container and, finally, charged while in the container. 
     The method of using the invention is shown in  FIGS. 5 through 11 . After use, a battery will be removed from its handpiece (not shown) and cleaned prior to sterilization and charging. Basket  70  is placed into container body  32  (FIG.  9 ), leaving electrical contact sets  80  and  82  accessible, and then one or more batteries are inserted into the basket by sliding the battery terminals onto the terminals  90 ,  92  of the respective contact set. The cover  34  is latched on to the body  32  loaded with batteries. In order to pre-condition the battery for optimal charging, the battery must first be discharged before being subjected to the heat of autoclaving. Accordingly, the loaded sterilization/charging container  14  is first slidably placed on a selected tier of charger  12  so that the contacts  44 ,  46  of terminal sets  40  and  42  are mateably engaged with complementary contacts in each charging station  16 . The engagement of contacts on the charger and the container is direct, without the use of any intermediate cable or other connectors. In the preferred embodiment, since some users may not want to maximize battery useful life and may prefer simply to charge a battery, charger  12  may be provided with alternate controls and associated circuits. The circuits are not described in detail because those skilled in the art will understand these circuits by the functions described below. Thus, a user may activate a “charge” button, an “automatic discharge/charge” button or a “manual discharge/charge” button. A “charge” button could be used to automatically charge the battery using a predetermined charging current profile. Alternatively, charging could begin automatically upon engagement of a battery with the terminals at charging station  16 . An “automatic discharge/charge” button could be used to automatically sense the battery and information (e.g. number of cells, etc.) embedded in a chip in the battery and determine if it is necessary to discharge the battery to a predetermined level, and then automatically charge it to a new predetermined charge level. In the preferred embodiment the discharge level is approximately 0.9 volt per cell and the charge level is minimal. A “manual discharge/charge” button could be used to automatically discharge the battery to the aforementioned predetermined discharge level and then stop to allow the battery to be sterilized and then returned to the charger. Once so returned, the user may simply activate either “automatic” button to have the battery charged to the predetermined charge level. 
     In the preferred embodiment, charger  12  is automatically programmed to begin the charging cycle one minute after a battery is positioned at station  16  unless an on/off button  18  is activated within a minute. This stops the charging process with the charge optimally depleted from the battery so that the sterilization/charging container  14  may then be removed from charger  12  and autoclaved. After sterilization, the batteries may be charged while still in the same sterilization/charging container. To the extent that battery charger  12  may have a discharge circuit built in, the charger may be referred to as a “charger/discharger” unit. Alternatively, the discharging could be done with a separate device. 
     The invention may be suitable for sterilization processes other than autoclaving. Consequently, the sterilization/charging container is intended to be permeable to all sterilization processes but impermeable to contaminants. In the preferred embodiment battery  60 ,  62  comprises a plurality of rechargeable Ni—Cd cells packaged with a printed circuit board having a memory chip for storing selected data. The data is read by software in charger  12  in order to control the charging/discharging cycle to which the battery is subjected. The process by which the chip interacts with the software is summarized in the flow chart of FIG.  13 . 
     It will be understood by those skilled in the art that numerous improvements and modifications may be made to the preferred embodiment of the invention disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.