Abstract:
A method of producing a light emitting device comprises providing a wafer structure including a light emitting layer of III-nitride semiconductor material; dry etching the wafer at least part way through the light emitting layer so as to leave exposed surfaces of the emitting layer; and treating the exposed surfaces of the emitting layer with a plasma. The treatment may be using hot nitric acid or a hydrogen plasma.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to light emitting diodes (LEDs), in particular to methods of increasing the quantum efficiency of LEDs formed from nano-rod arrays. 
       BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    As described in our patent application PCT/GB2010/050992, LEDs consisting of nano-rod arrays can exhibit enhanced performance. Group III-nitride nano-rod arrays are well suited to this use. Nano-rod array LED can be produced in many ways, such as electron-beam lithography with subsequent dry-etching, nano-imprinting with subsequent dry-etching, or any self-organized mask with subsequent dry-etching. Generally, dry-etching, which comprises bombarding the wafer with ions, for example from silicon chloride, causes heavy damage in III-nitrides, which leads to the presence of surface states in a surface region of the semiconductor material and severe degradation in optical performance. 
         [0003]    Also exposure of InGaN/GaN nano-rods to air or any ambient containing oxygen can cause oxidation. This oxidation also leads to the presence of the surface state, so that the enhancement in optical efficiency due to the nano-rod configuration is reduced. The oxidation process depends sensitively on the ambient temperature. Specifically, the higher the temperature, the more severe the oxidation. In the worst case, the oxidation can quench the optical emission completely. There can be a number of annealing processes involved in fabricating InGaN/GaN nano-rod based emitters, and in some certain steps, the annealing may have to be performed under oxygen ambient. In such cases the issue will become more severe, leading to very weak or negative enhancement in optical efficiency. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    The invention provides a method of producing a light emitting device comprising: providing a wafer structure including a light emitting layer of III-nitride semiconductor material; dry etching the wafer at least part way through the light emitting layer so as to leave exposed surfaces of the emitting layer; and treating the exposed surfaces of the emitting layer with nitric acid at a temperature of at least 100° C. 
         [0005]    The dry etching may be arranged to leave a plurality of columns, with the exposed surfaces being the surfaces of the columns. Typically the columns are on the nano-scale. 
         [0006]    Indeed the present invention further provides a method of producing a light emitting device comprising: providing a wafer structure including a light emitting layer of III-nitride semiconductor material; dry etching at least part way through the wafer to form a plurality of columns having exposed surfaces; and treating the exposed surfaces of the columns with nitric acid at a temperature of at least 100° C. 
         [0007]    The temperature of the nitric acid may be at least 200° C., and is preferably at least 250° C. The nitric acid is preferably at a concentration of at least 30%, more preferably at least 50%, and still more preferably at least 65%. The concentration may be by weight in water, or it may be a molar percent in water, or it may be by volume in water. The surfaces may be treated for at least 1 minute, or more preferably at least 3 minutes. 
         [0008]    The present invention further provides a method of producing a light emitting device comprising: providing a wafer structure including a light emitting layer of III-nitride semiconductor material; dry etching the wafer, or forming nano-pillars in the wafer, at least part way through the light emitting layer so as to leave exposed surfaces of the emitting layer; and treating the exposed surfaces of the emitting layer with a plasma. 
         [0009]    The present invention further provides a method of producing a light emitting device comprising: providing a wafer structure including a light emitting layer of III-nitride semiconductor material; dry etching or otherwise shaping the wafer to form a plurality of columns; and treating the exposed surfaces of the columns with a plasma. 
         [0010]    The plasma may be hydrogen plasma, or may be a plasma of another suitable gas or mixture of gases, which preferably has a least a component of hydrogen. 
         [0011]    The plasma treatment may include accelerating at least a component of the plasma towards the semiconductor material, for example in an inductively coupled plasma chamber. Where the gas is hydrogen, this will generally comprise accelerating protons towards the semiconductor material. It is therefore anticipated that the invention will also work using other methods of directing protons at the semiconductor material. 
         [0012]    The present invention therefore further provides a method of producing a light emitting device comprising: providing a wafer structure including a light emitting layer of III-nitride semiconductor material; dry etching or otherwise shaping the wafer to form a plurality of columns; and directing protons at the exposed surfaces of the columns. 
         [0013]    The light emitting layer may include at least one of InGaN, GaN, AlGaN and GaN. More specifically the light emitting layer may include In x Ga 1-x N or Al y Ga 1-y N, (where 0≦x≦1 and 0≦y≦1) For example the emitting layer may comprise adjacent layers of InGaN (or In x Ga 1-x N) and GaN, or adjacent layers of AlGaN (or Al y Ga 1-y N) and GaN. The light emitting layer may comprise at least one quantum well layer, and preferably comprises a plurality of quantum well layers. The quantum well layer or layers may comprise InGaN (or In x Ga 1-x N) or AlGaN(or Al y Ga 1-y N). The quantum well layer or layers may be between layers of a different semiconductor material, which may be a group III nitride, and may be GaN. 
         [0014]    The plasma may be at a pressure of from 5 to 100 mTorr, preferably at least 20 mTorr, and preferably not more than 50 mTorr. 
         [0015]    The plasma may be produced by introducing a gas into a chamber and applying a radio frequency signal to it via at least one electrode or coil. For example the chamber may be an inductively coupled plasma chamber. 
         [0016]    The dry etched wafer may be supported on a table to which a signal is applied to perform the plasma treatment. The table may be round and may have a diameter of no more than 340 mm, preferably no more than 250 mm 
         [0017]    The plasma treatment may last for at least 30 seconds, more preferably at least a minute. 
         [0018]    The present invention further provides a method of producing a light emitting device comprising: providing a wafer structure including a light emitting layer of III-nitride semiconductor material; dry etching the wafer so as to leave a plurality of pillars having exposed surfaces, and performing a surface modification step to modify the exposed surfaces so as enhance the photoluminosity of the device. 
         [0019]    The surface modification may be arranged to reduce or eliminate the presence of a surface state at the surface of the pillars, in particular the surface of the active layer. Surface states, as described above, generally enhance non-radiative recombination processes in the III-nitride material, and therefore lead to degradation in optical performance of the device. For example the surface state of the material may have a Fermi level which is different from that in the main bulk of the pillar. 
         [0020]    The surface modification may therefore include changing the Fermi level of the material at its surface region. 
         [0021]    The surface modification may comprise changing the Fermi level in the surface region towards that in the main body of the pillars, or the main body of the active layer of the pillars. 
         [0022]    The surface state or states may be intrinsic, or extrinsic, or may be a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic surface states. The surface treatment may be arranged to reduce the presence of either an intrinsic or an extrinsic surface state, or both. 
         [0023]    Surface states originating from clean and well ordered surfaces are usually called intrinsic. These states include states originating from reconstructed surfaces, where the two-dimensional translational symmetry gives rise to the band structure in the k space of the surface. Extrinsic surface states are usually defined as states not originating from a clean and well ordered surface, such as the surface defects and oxidation effects described above. Surfaces that are fit into the category extrinsic are: 
         [0024]    1. Surfaces with defects, where the translational symmetry of the surface is broken. 
         [0025]    2. Surfaces with adsorbates 
         [0026]    3. Interfaces between two material such as a semiconductor-oxide or semiconductor-metal interfaces 
         [0027]    4. Interfaces between solid and liquid phases. 
         [0000]    States falling within any one or more of these categories may be reduced by the treatment of the present invention. 
         [0028]    Generally extrinsic surface states cannot easily be characterized in terms of their chemical, physical or structural properties. 
         [0029]    The surface modification may comprise treating the surface with hot nitric acid, or with plasma having at least a component of hydrogen, or with protons. 
         [0030]    Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0031]      FIG. 1  is a section through a light emitting device according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0032]      FIG. 2  shows an example of a nano-pillar array fabricated during production of the device of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0033]      FIG. 3  shows the nano-pillar array of  FIG. 2  being immersed in acid during fabrication of the device of  FIG. 1  by a method according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0034]      FIG. 4  is a graph showing photoluminescence intensity for a number of devices according to the invention; 
           [0035]      FIG. 5  shows schematically a nano-pillar array being treated with hydrogen plasma during fabrication of a device by a method according to another embodiment of the invention; 
           [0036]      FIG. 6  shows a nano-pillar array being treated with hydrogen plasma during fabrication in an ICP chamber; and 
           [0037]      FIG. 7  is a graph showing photoluminescence intensity for a number of devices including one made by the method of  FIG. 5 . 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0038]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , a light emitting device according to an embodiment of the invention comprises a substrate  10 , which in this case comprises a layer of sapphire, with a semi-conductor diode system  12  formed on it. The diode system  12  comprises a lower layer  14  and an upper layer  16 , with emitting layers  18  between them. The lower layer  14  is an n-type layer, in this case formed of n-doped gallium nitride (n-GaN), and the upper layer  16  is a p-type layer, in this case formed of p-doped gallium nitride (p-GaN). The emitting layers in this embodiment are formed of In x Ga 1-x N which forms In x Ga 1-x N quantum well (QW) layers and In y Ga 1-y N which forms barrier layers (where x&gt;y, and x or y from 0 to 1). These therefore provide multiple quantum wells within the emitting layers  18 . In another embodiment, there is a single In z Ga 1-z N layer (z from 0 to 1) which forms a single emitting layer. 
         [0039]    When an electric current passes through the semiconductor diode system  12 , injected electrons and holes recombine in the emitting layers  18  (sometimes referred to as active layers), releasing energy in the form of photons and thereby emitting light. The p-type layer  16  and n-type layer  14  each have a larger band gap than the emitting layers. 
         [0040]    Structurally the semi-conductor diode system  12  comprises a nano-pillar structure, which comprises a continuous base layer  20  with a plurality of nano-pillars  22  projecting from it. The n-type layer  14  makes up the base layer and the lower part  24  of the nano-pillars, the p-type layer  16  makes up the upper part  26  of the nano-pillars, and the emitting layers  18  make up an intermediate part of the nano-pillars  22 . Therefore the p-type layer  16 , the emitting layers  18 , and part of the n-type layer are all discontinuous, and the base layer  20  closes the bottom end of the gaps  30 . The nano-pillars  22  are of the order of hundreds of nanometers in diameter, i.e. between 100 and 1000 nm. 
         [0041]    In this embodiment the gaps  30  in the discontinuous layers, between the nano-pillars  22 , are filled with a mixture  31  of wavelength-conversion material  32  (which could be an insulating transparent material or semi-insulating transparent material)  32  and metal particles  34 . Thus the wavelength-conversion material acts as a support material to support the metal particles  34  in the gaps  30 . This mixture  31  fills the gaps  30  and forms a layer from the base layer  20  up to the top of the nano-pillars  22 . In this embodiment it will be appreciated that the gaps  30  are in fact joined together to form one interconnected space that surrounds all of the nano-pillars  22 . If the nano-pillars  22  are formed so that the maximum distance between adjacent nano-pillars  22  is, say, 200 nm then the maximum distance from any one of the metal particles  34  to a surface of one of the nano-pillars  22  is 100 nm. In which case, any of the metal particles  34  that is coplanar with the emitting layers  18  is in a position which permits surface plasmon coupling. Moreover, the metal particles  34  are suspended in the wavelength conversion material  32  and distributed randomly throughout it. Therefore, in this case, most of the particles  34  will be positioned less than 100 nm (and for some particles, effectively zero nm) from a surface of one of the nano-pillars  22 . 
         [0042]    The wavelength-conversion material  32  in this case is a polymer material, but could be a phosphor; in addition, cadmium sulphide may be used but many suitable types of wavelength-conversion material  32  will be apparent to those skilled in the art. 
         [0043]    The metal particles  34  are silver. The size of the metal particles  34  is from a few nm to about 1 μm, depending in part on the size of the pillars, and the particle concentration in the wavelength-conversion material  32  is from 0.0001% w/w up to 10% w/w. In other embodiments the metal particles  34  can be gold, nickel or aluminium, for example. The choice of metal is based on the wavelength, or frequency of light from the emitting layers  18 ; for example silver is preferred for blue LEDs but aluminium is preferred for ultraviolet LEDs. 
         [0044]    In another embodiment the same nano-pillar structure is used, but neither the wavelength conversion material  32  nor the metal particles are present. In a still further embodiment, the wavelength conversion material is present, but the metal particles are not. 
         [0045]    A transparent p-contact layer  40  extends over the tops of the nano-pillars  22 , being in electrical contact with them, and also extends over the top of the gaps  30  closing their top ends. A p-contact pad  42  is formed on the p-contact layer  40 . A portion  44  of the base region  14  extends beyond the nano-pillars  22  and has a flat upper surface  46  on which an n-contact  48  is formed. 
         [0046]    The device of  FIG. 1  is produced by first forming the nano-pillar structure  20 ,  22 . This is done by forming the n-type layer  14  on the sapphire substrate  10 , forming the emitting layers  18 , such as the quantum well layers, on the n-type layer  14 , forming the p-type layer  16  over the emitting layers  18 , and then etching down through the layers  16 ,  18 ,  14  to form the gaps  30 , leaving the nano-pillars  22 . To control the etching, a mask is formed on the p-type layer  16 , in a known manner, by first forming a layer of SiO 2  thin film over the p-type layer  16 , followed by forming a nickel layer with thickness ranging from 5 to 50 nm. The sample is subsequently annealed under flowing N 2  at temperature 600-900° C. for 1 to 10 min. Under such conditions, the thin nickel layer can be developed into self-assembled nickel islands with a scale of 100s of nm on the SiO 2  surface. The self-assembled nickel islands then serve as a mask to etch the underlying oxide into SiO 2  nano-rods on the p-GaN surface by reactive ion etching (RIE). Finally, the SiO 2  nano-rods serves as a second mask, and then using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching the p-GaN layer is dry-etched down through the p-type layer  16 , the emitting layers  18 , and part way through the n-type layer  14 , until the structure of  FIG. 1  is achieved. The etching is monitored, for example using a 650 nm laser, until the desired depth is reached. This leaves the nano-pillar structure  20 ,  22 . 
         [0047]    A standard photolithography can be carried out in order to have the region  44  of the base layer with a flat upper surface  46  on which the n-type contact can be formed. 
         [0048]    Once the nano-pillar structure  20 ,  22  has been formed, the exposed surfaces of the nano-pillars, including the side walls of the n-type lower parts  24 , the side walls of the emitting layers  18 , and the side walls of the p-type upper parts  26 , are cured or treated in order to enhance their optical characteristics. In this embodiment the nano-pillars are treated by bringing them into contact with nitric acid, in this example at 70% concentration by volume in water at 260° C. for 5 minutes. Referring to  FIG. 3 , this is done by immersing the entire wafer structure  20 ,  22  in a bath  100  of the nitric acid  102 . This cures the surface of the emitting layers  18  which enhances their optical performance in terms of optical efficiency, as will be described below. It also cures the surfaces of the lower and upper parts  24 ,  26  of the nano-pillars. 
         [0049]    In this embodiment, once the surfaces of the emitting layers in the nano-pillars  22  have been cured, the mixture  31  of a wavelength-conversion material  32 , and metal particles  34  is inserted into the gaps  30  by spin coating. 
         [0050]    The transparent p-contact layer  40  is then formed over the top of the pillars  22 , closing the top end of the gaps  30  and making electrical contact with the tops of the nano-pillars  22 . Finally the p-contact pad  42  is formed on the p-contact layer  40 , and the n-contact  48  is formed on the flat surface  46 . 
         [0051]    The nano-pillars can be formed in a number of different ways, which still benefit from the curing step. For example the mask defining the position of the nano-pillars can be obtained by electron-beam lithography, with subsequent dry-etching of the nano-pillars, or the mask can be formed by nano-imprinting with subsequent dry-etching of the nano-pillars, or indeed any self-organized mask can be used, with subsequent dry-etching of the nano-pillars. The dry etching can be, for example, Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) etching, or Reactive Ion Etching (RIE). The dry-etching can go down through the p-type layer  16 , the emitting layers  18 , and part way through the n-type layer until the structure as shown in  FIG. 1  is achieved. Alternatively the dry etching can go down only part way through the emitting layers  18 , so that it does not reach the n-type layer  14 . 
         [0052]    To test the effect of curing the emitting layers  18 , the photoluminescence intensity, as a function of wavelength, was measured for the wafer prior to formation of the nano-pillars, after the formation of the nano-pillars but without curing, after curing of the nano-pillars with hydrochloric acid, and after curing of the nano-pillars with nitric acid. In each case no wavelength conversion material or metal particles were applied to the wafer. The results are shown in  FIG. 4 . As can be seen, the formation of nano-pillars increases the photoluminescence intensity. Curing the nano-pillars with nitric acid further increases the photo-luminescence considerably, whereas curing the nano-pillars with hydrochloric acid actually decreases the photo-luminescence of the device. 
         [0053]    As described above, the physical mechanisms that affect the optical properties of the active layer are believed to be due to generation of surface effects on the surface of the nano-pillars during the process of dry-etching or any other process step, such annealing under an ambient containing oxygen. This leads to a change in the Fermi level of the semiconductor material at the surface, and in a surface layer or region, of the active layers of the nano-pillars. This change in Fermi level enhances the occurrence of non-radiative recombination processes in the active layer, thus reducing the optical efficiency in the active layer when an electrical current is passed through it. This change in Fermi level can be induced as a result of defects in the semiconductor lattice structure, which can be caused by the dry etching that forms the nano-pillars, or it can be as a result of oxidation of the surface of the nano-pillars, and in particular the active layer, which can also occur during the dry etching process. The treatment with nitric acid can chemically reduce/remove the defect or the oxidation or both so that the surface states can be reduced or eliminated. Therefore, the treatment leads to the restored enhancement in optical efficiency which should be exhibited as a result of fabrication into nano-rod array structure. 
         [0054]    The treatment is arranged to reduce/eliminate the presence of both intrinsic and extrinsic surface states in the surfaces of the active layers of the nano-pillars. 
         [0055]    Therefore, since the surface states can be produced by oxidation as well as by the dry etching, it will be appreciated that in some embodiments of the invention, the nano-pillars can be formed using methods other than dry etching, and subsequently undergo oxidation before the surface treatment step is perfomed. 
         [0056]    In another embodiment the LED is a green LED emitting at a wavelength of about 525 nm. The nano-particles can be of silver, platinum, nickel or gold and, as will be appreciated, the size of the particles can be chosen so as to determine the wavelength of the emitted light. 
         [0057]    Referring to  FIG. 5 , in a further embodiment of the invention, the process is the same as for the first embodiment, except that the treatment with nitric acid is replaced by a treatment with hydrogen (H 2 ) plasma, which is performed in an ICP (inductively coupled plasma) chamber  200 . The ICP chamber  200  is conventional. The sample is placed in the chamber which has two electrodes  202 ,  204  to one of which a radio frequency (RF) signal is applied. Hydrogen is introduced into the chamber and forms a plasma under the influence of the RF field, and then the positive ions of the plasma (protons) bombard the sample  201 . In this example the hydrogen is at a pressure of 35 mTorr at a flow rate of 20 standard cubic centimetre per minute (sccm) and the sample is treated at room temperature for 2 minutes with an RF power of 100W. 
         [0058]    It will be appreciated that the hydrogen flow rate and pressure, and the RF power and exposure time can be optimised for any particular nano-pillar structure. 
         [0059]    Referring to  FIG. 6 , in a further embodiment, the process is again the same as the first embodiment, but again with hydrogen gas treatment. In this case the ICP chamber is of a known configuration and comprises an annular chamber  300  with a tubular gas inlet  302  in the centre of its circular top wall. A circular sample table  304  is rotatably mounted in the chamber  300 , coaxially with it. A coil  305  is located around the inlet  302  and connected to an RF supply  306 . The RF supply is arranged to apply and RF signal to the coil  305  which converts hydrogen in the inlet  302  to a plasma. A separate RF supply is connected to the table  304  and arranged to apply an RF signal to that, the power of which determines the energy with which the plasma impacts the sample on the sample table. 
         [0060]    In this embodiment the ICP chamber is an ICP380-100 produced by Oxford Instruments. It has a chamber diameter of 380 mm and a table diameter of 240 mm. The flow rate is preferably 20 sccm, but could be from 10 to 30 sccm. The RF supply  306  to the coil  305  can be set at 1000W, and the RF supply to the table can be set at 100W. The sample was again treated at room temperature for 2 minutes. The pressure of the hydrogen plasma the chamber can be 35 mTorr. In another embodiment the ICP chamber is an Oxford Instruments ICP380-133 which has a 330 mm diameter table and a chamber diameter of 380 mm. In another embodiment the ICP chamber is an Oxford Instruments ICP65 which has a 240 mm diameter table with uniform plasma over a central 50 mm diameter area. 
         [0061]    Referring to  FIG. 7 , the photoluminescence intensity of an LED device formed as described above and treated with hydrogen plasma was compared with a device formed as described above and treated with nitric acid, and also with a device in which the wafer was grown, but no nano-pillars were formed. As can be seen the nano-pillars treated with nitric acid have about five times the photoluminescence intensity of the as-grown device, and the nano-pillars treated with hydrogen plasma have a photoluminescence intensity about nine times that of the as-grown device. 
         [0062]    It is believed that the hydrogen plasma treatment reduces/eliminates the presence of surface states, or alters the Fermi level of the surface region of the semiconductor device, in a similar way to the nitric acid treatment. This involves a reduction/elimination in the presence of both intrinsic and extrinsic surface states.