Abstract:
Baseband processor and communication overloading can be relieved in a portable wireless communication terminal by decentralizing power control ( 38, 39 ) and frequency shift control ( 75 ) functions that are conventionally concentrated in the baseband processor. A timing sequencer ( 31 ) for power control can be integrated into a transceiver of the portable wireless communications terminal, thereby advantageously permitting power control signals to be generated on the transceiver side ( 27, 29 ) rather than the baseband processor side. Shadow registers ( 74 ) containing information indicative of commonly used or repeated frequencies can be integrated into the transceiver side, thereby advantageously relieving the baseband processor of corresponding frequency shift control responsibilities. These responsibilities can be further relieved by integrating into the transceiver side a sequencer ( 86 ) cooperable with the shadow registers for controlling frequency shifting of a frequency generator on the transceiver side, and by integrating into the transceiver side further shadow registers ( 85 ) for programming the sequencer with desired frequency shift sequences.

Description:
[0001]     This application claims the priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e)(1) of copending U.S. provisional application number 60/204,298 filed on May 15, 2000. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The invention relates generally to wireless communications and, more particularly, to power and frequency control in portable wireless communications terminals.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     Conventional portable wireless communication terminals include a communications transceiver such as a radio frequency transceiver which is responsible for transmitting and receiving wireless communications. The transceiver is typically coupled to a baseband processor, for example a digital signal processor (DSP).  
         [0004]     Power consumption in portable wireless communication terminals is of course a critical issue. It is important to enable and disable the various power-intensive transceiver functions in a very precise manner so that a given function is enabled only when (and for as long as) needed, and is otherwise maintained in a sleep (powered-down) state. This precise enabling and disabling of the various transceiver functions is conventionally controlled by the baseband processor, for example, by invoking software interrupts within the baseband processor that are necessary to initiate messaging by way of SPI (Serial Programming Interface), GPIO (General Purpose Input Output), State Machine, etc. to change the power state of various transceiver functions. For example, as shown in  FIG. 2 , a given transceiver function is conventionally initiated and executed in response to a sequence of  3  interrupt signals received from the baseband processor (DSP in this example). The first interrupt signal  21  causes the associated phase locked loop (PLL), or other frequency generator, to awake from its sleep state at  22 . Thereafter, a second interrupt signal  23  causes the remainder of the function (e.g. a receiver function) to power up from its sleep state at  24 , and a third interrupt signal  25  causes the function to power down (and thereby return to its sleep state) at  26  after the function has completed its operation.  
         [0005]     The number of interrupt signals required to precisely control the power-up and power-down operations of the various transceiver functions has been found in practice disadvantageously to overload the precision timing control capabilities of the baseband processor and degrade overall system power consumption.  
         [0006]     Another conventional situation which tends to disadvantageously burden the processing capabilities of the baseband processor is that many emerging wireless data applications often require a transceiver&#39;s frequency generator to shift between a small group of frequencies relatively rapidly at predetermined intervals. In conventional wireless communication terminals, the baseband processor must generate and communicate to the transceiver information indicative of the desired group of frequencies and further information indicative of the predetermined time intervals. For example, for each shift from one frequency to another, the baseband processor must communicate to the transceiver (1) that the time for the next frequency shift has arrived, and (2) the frequency to which the frequency generator must shift. This information is communicated from the baseband processor to the transceiver for each frequency shift in a relatively rapid sequence of frequency shifts. Such operation has been found in practice disadvantageously to overload the baseband processor&#39;s timing control facilities, and has also been found to consume a disadvantageously large portion of the communication bus between the baseband processor and the transceiver.  
         [0007]     It is desirable in view of the foregoing discussion to provide a way of relieving the aforementioned baseband processor and communication bus overloading that can occur in conventional transceiver power control and frequency shift control operations.  
         [0008]     According to the invention, baseband processor and communication overloading can be relieved by decentralizing power control and frequency shift control functions that are conventionally concentrated in the baseband processor. A timing sequencer for power control can be integrated into a transceiver of a portable wireless communications terminal, thereby advantageously permitting suitable power control signals to be generated on the transceiver side rather than the baseband processor side. Also, shadow registers containing information indicative of commonly used or repeated frequencies can be integrated into the transceiver side, thereby advantageously relieving the baseband processor and the communication bus of corresponding frequency shift control responsibilities. These frequency shift control responsibilities can be further relieved according to the invention by integrating into the transceiver side a sequencer cooperable with the shadow registers for controlling the frequency shifting of the frequency generator, and by integrating into the transceiver side further shadow registers for programming the sequencer with desired frequency shift sequences.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0009]      FIG. 1  diagrammatically illustrates exemplary transceiver and baseband processing portions of a portable wireless communications terminal according to the invention.  
         [0010]      FIG. 2  diagrammatically illustrates a sequence of baseband processor interrupt signals conventionally used for controlling a transceiver function.  
         [0011]      FIG. 3  diagrammatically illustrates pertinent portions of exemplary embodiments of a transmitter/receiver according to the invention for use in a portable wireless communications terminal.  
         [0012]      FIG. 4  diagrammatically illustrates pertinent portions of exemplary embodiments of the timing sequencer of  FIG. 3 .  
         [0013]      FIG. 5  diagrammatically illustrates exemplary timing relationships among various signals illustrated in  FIG. 4 .  
         [0014]      FIG. 6  illustrates exemplary operations which can be performed by the timing sequencer of  FIGS. 3 and 4 .  
         [0015]      FIG. 7  diagrammatically illustrates pertinent portions of further exemplary embodiments of a transmitter/receiver according to the invention for use in a portable wireless communications terminal.  
         [0016]      FIG. 8  diagrammatically illustrates pertinent portions of exemplary embodiments of the shadow register accessor of  FIG. 7 .  
         [0017]      FIG. 9  illustrates exemplary operations which can be performed by the transmitter/receiver embodiments of  FIGS. 7 and 8 .  
         [0018]      FIG. 10  diagrammatically illustrates pertinent portions of further exemplary embodiments of a transmitter/receiver according to the invention in a portable wireless communications terminal.  
         [0019]      FIG. 11  diagrammatically illustrates pertinent portions of exemplary embodiments of the timing sequencer of  FIG. 10 .  
         [0020]      FIG. 12  diagrammatically illustrates pertinent portions of further exemplary embodiments of a transceiver/receiver according to the invention for use in a portable wireless communications terminal.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0021]      FIG. 1  diagrammatically illustrates pertinent portions of an exemplary portable wireless communications terminal according to the invention. The baseband processor, for example a DSP or MCU (microprocessor or microcontroller), is provided in the terminal controller  11 . The terminal controller  11  is coupled to a transmitter  12 , a receiver  13  and a GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver  14  by a communication bus designated generally at  15 . According to the invention, power control and frequency control functions applicable to the transmitters and receivers at  12 ,  13  and  14  are advantageously integrated into those components in order to relieve undesirable overloading of, for example, the communication bus  15  and the baseband processor of the terminal controller  11 .  
         [0022]      FIG. 3  diagrammatically illustrates pertinent portions of exemplary embodiments of a transmitter, receiver or transceiver according to the invention.  FIG. 3  is representative, for example, of any of the components  12 ,  13  and  14  illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Each of the components  12 ,  13  and  14  can be implemented, for example, as an individual integrated circuit, or all of the components  12 ,  13  and  14  could be integrated into a single integrated circuit. Although  FIG. 1  illustrates only transmitter and receiver components, the exemplary embodiments of  FIG. 3  are also representative of a transceiver component in which, for example, the transmitter  12  and receiver  13  of  FIG. 1  are combined. Although the exemplary embodiments of  FIG. 3  are hereinafter referred to as transceiver embodiments, the term transceiver should be understood to be indicative of transmitter embodiments such as illustrated at  12  in  FIG. 1 , receiver embodiments such as illustrated at  13  and  14  in  FIG. 1 , and combined transmitter/receiver embodiments in which the transmitter and receiver are combined, for example, in a single integrated circuit. The invention is applicable, for example, to transceivers such as Bluetooth transceivers, IEEE 802.11b transceivers, and others.  
         [0023]     The transceiver of  FIG. 3  includes a conventional transceiver section  34 , designated as Tx/Rx which, as indicated above, is representative of a conventional transmitter section (with or without a power amplification function), a conventional receiver section, or a conventional combined transmitter/receiver section (with or without a power amplification function). The transceiver section  34  includes a disable input and an enable (EN) input, which respectively cause the transceiver section to enter and awaken from a powered-down sleep state wherein either the entire transceiver section, or at least a portion thereof, is in a powered-down sleep state. The transceiver section  34  also receives a frequency signal  36  from a frequency generator circuit  30  such as a PLL (shown in  FIG. 3 ) or a DDFS (direct digital frequency synthesizer). In response to the above-described input signals, the transceiver section  34  performs conventional transceiver operations, for example conventional cellular telephone communication operations or conventional GPS acquisition operations. According to the invention, the aforementioned transceiver enable and disable signals can be generated within the transceiver itself rather than on the baseband processor side as is conventional (see  23  and  25  in  FIG. 2 ). In the embodiment of  FIG. 3 , the enable and disable signals are respectively driven by the outputs  38  and  39  of a signal selector  35  that is controlled by a mode selector  37 . The mode selector  37  can be programmed from the baseband processor, for example, via a serial programming interface SPI in the communication bus  15  (see also  FIG. 1 ). The mode selector determines whether the enabling and disabling of the transceiver section  34  will be controlled by locally (i.e., transceiver side) generated signals  27  and  29 , or by the conventional interrupt signals  23  and  25  (see also  FIG. 2 ) received from the baseband processor (e.g. a DSP) via the communication bus  15  (see also  FIG. 1 ).  
         [0024]     The PLL can be enabled by the baseband processor interrupt signal  21  discussed above with respect to  FIG. 2 . In response to this interrupt signal, the PLL awakens from its sleep state and produces the frequency signal  36  for use by the transceiver section  34 . If the mode selector  37  has been programmed for conventional power control operation, then the transceiver section  34  is enabled and subsequently disabled by the conventional software interrupt signals  23  and  25  discussed above with respect to  FIG. 2 . On the other hand, if the mode selector  37  has been programmed to select local (transceiver side) power control operation, then the transceiver enable and disable signals are driven by the aforementioned signals  27  and  29  as generated locally by a timing sequencer  31 . The timing sequencer  31  can be implemented in some embodiments as a state machine that is programmable from the baseband processor side via the serial programming interface SPI. The timing sequencer  31  is operable in response to the initial interrupt signal  21  received from the baseband processor side, is coupled to the PLL at  33  for purposes of PLL lock detection, and also receives the conventionally available PLL comparison frequency  32 .  
         [0025]      FIG. 4  diagrammatically illustrates pertinent portions of an exemplary embodiment of the timing sequencer  31 . A divider  41  receives the PLL compare frequency  32  (or another system clock) and divides it down into a suitable (e.g. 10 khz) clock signal  40  that is provided to a lock detector  43 , a lock delay timer  42  and a transceiver timer  44 . The divider  40 , lock delay timer  42  and transceiver timer  44  are programmable via the serial programming interface SPI. When the interrupt signal  21  is received from the baseband processor side to wake up the PLL (see also  FIGS. 2 and 3 ), the lock delay timer  42  also receives this interrupt signal and begins timing a delay period during which the PLL is expected to lock its output frequency. In one example, the lock delay time can be programmable from 0 to 6.4 milliseconds in 100 microsecond intervals. The lock delay timer  42  outputs a signal  45  to the lock detector  43  when the lock delay time has elapsed. The lock detector  43  also receives at  33  conventionally available PLL information from which the lock detector can, using conventional techniques, determine whether or not the PLL has locked. If the lock detector  43  determines that the PLL has not yet locked even though the lock delay time has elapsed, then the lock detector  43  outputs a fault indication to the baseband processor. Otherwise, if the lock detector  43  determines that the PLL has locked, then the lock detector activates signal  27  at the input of the signal selector  35  (see also  FIG. 3 ) in order to drive the signal  38  which enables the transceiver section  34 .  
         [0026]     The signal  27  from the lock detector  43  is also input to the transceiver timer  44  which, in response to activation of the signal  27 , begins tracking the time duration of the operation of transceiver section  34 . The transceiver timer  44  is programmable via the serial programming interface SPI to track any desired time of operation for the transceiver section  34 . For example, if the transceiver section  34  is a GPS receiver, then the GPS acquisition time can be programmed into the transceiver timer  44 . As one example, the transceiver timer  44  can be programmed to track a GPS acquisition time within a range of 0 to 17 minutes in four millisecond steps. When the transceiver timer  44  determines the pre-programmed time has elapselapsed since activation of the signal  27 , the transceiver timer  44  activates the signal  29  at the input of selector  35  in order to drive the selector output  39 , which disables the transceiver section  34  and the PLL, thereby returning both of those components into their respective powered-down sleep states. In some embodiments, separate selector outputs can be provided at  39  for permitting the PLL and transceiver section  34  to be disabled independently from one another.  
         [0027]      FIG. 5  is a timing diagram which illustrates exemplary timing relationships between various ones of the above-described signals of  FIG. 4 .  
         [0028]      FIG. 6  illustrates exemplary operations which can be performed by the timing sequencer of  FIGS. 3-5 . At  61 , the divider  40 , lock delay timer  42  and transceiver timer  44  are programmed with desired operational parameters. When an interrupt signal is received from the baseband processor side at  62 , the frequency generator is enabled at  63 , and a frequency generator delay (e.g., the lock delay implemented by lock delay timer  42 ) begins at  64 . After the frequency generator delay has expired, it is determined at  65  whether or not the frequency generator (e.g. PLL) has locked. If not, a fault is indicated at  66 , and the next interrupt is awaited at  62 .  
         [0029]     If it is determined at  65  that the frequency generator (e.g. PLL) has locked, then the transceiver section is enabled at  67  (this can include, in some embodiments, turning on a transceiver power amplifier according to a power ramping profile), and the transceiver operation delay is started at  68 . After completion of the transceiver operation delay at  68 , the transceiver and frequency generator are disabled at  69  (this can include, in some embodiments, ramping down a transceiver power amplifier), after which the next interrupt is awaited at  62 .  
         [0030]      FIG. 7  diagrammatically illustrates pertinent portions of further exemplary transceiver embodiments according to the invention. The transceiver of  FIG. 7  includes integrated frequency shift control capabilities which can in varying degrees remove the frequency shift control burden from the baseband processor side. The transceiver of  FIG. 7  includes shadow registers  74  which can be pre-programmed from the baseband processor (e.g. a DSP or MCU) via a serial programming interface SPI to contain information indicative of desired frequencies among which the frequency generator  70  (shown as a PLL in the example of  FIG. 7 ) is to sequentially shift. For example, each shadow register can include a respective divisor which can be loaded from the shadow register into the feedback loop of a conventional PLL at  70  in order to set a desired output frequency at  77 . The use of a feedback divisor (Integer-N or Fractional-N) in a PLL in order to set the PLL output frequency is well known in the art.  
         [0031]     The shadow registers  74  are accessible via an input  73  which can control the sequence in which the shadow registers are accessed and their corresponding divisors loaded at  75  into the PLL. As shown by broken line in  FIG. 7 , the shadow register access sequence information can be received directly from the baseband processor side. In other embodiments, a shadow register accessor  72  receives at  71  control information from the baseband processor side and, responsive to the received control information, produces the shadow register access sequence information at  73 .  
         [0032]      FIG. 8  diagrammatically illustrates pertinent portions of exemplary embodiments of the shadow register accessor  72  of  FIG. 7 . In one embodiment of  FIG. 8 , sequence shadow registers  85  are employed in combination with an access sequencer  86 . The access sequencer  86  (e.g. a programmable state machine) outputs the shadow register access sequence information at  73  in response to information received from the sequence shadow registers  85 . Each of the shadow registers  85  can be pre-programmed with frequency shift sequence information from the baseband processor side via the serial programming interface SPI. A control code received from the baseband processor side at  71  is latched at  81  and decoded at  83  in order to select the shadow register  85  which contains the desired frequency shift sequence information. This information is then loaded into the access sequencer  86 , which responds thereto by sequentially accessing the shadow registers  74  of  FIG. 7 , for example, to load into a PLL at  70  the divisor sequence required to implement the desired frequency shift sequence. The access sequencer  86  has an input  78  for receiving a time reference signal (e.g. the PLL compare frequency or other system clock frequency) from which can be derived a suitable time base for sequential access of registers  74 . The information in sequence shadow registers  85  can indicate a sequence in which registers  74  are to be accessed, and the desired timing between each access (i.e., between each frequency shift).  
         [0033]     In other embodiments, the desired frequency shift sequence information can be loaded directly into the access sequencer  86  from the baseband processor side, as shown by broken line in  FIG. 8 .  
         [0034]     The above-described use of shadow registers in the embodiments of  FIGS. 7 and 8  relieves a significant burden from the baseband processor side. For example, in the broken line embodiment of  FIG. 7 , the baseband processor provides the shadow register access sequence information at  73 , but need not provide the specific frequency information, which has already been programmed into the shadow registers  74 . In the shadow register accessor embodiment illustrated by broken line in  FIG. 8 , the baseband processor can load information indicative of the desired frequency shift sequence directly into the access sequencer  86 , thereby relieving the baseband processor of the task of directly controlling the sequential access of the shadow registers  74  in  FIG. 7 . In embodiments which utilize the sequence shadow registers  85 , the baseband processor need only provide, for example, a two bit code in order to access any one of four shadow registers  85 , each of which can be pre-programmed with frequency shift sequence information for loading into the access sequencer  86 .  
         [0035]      FIG. 10  diagrammatically illustrates pertinent portions of exemplary embodiments of a transmitter, receiver or transceiver according to the invention.  FIG. 10  is generally similar to  FIG. 3 , and is therefore similarly representative, for example, of any of the components  12 ,  13  and  14  illustrated in  FIG. 1 . In  FIG. 10 , the frequency generator  300  is embodied as a direct digital frequency synthesizer DDFS. The DDFS architecture illustrated in  FIG. 10  is well-known in the art, including a phasor look-up table/interpolator  301  for providing N-bit digital codes to a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) whose output is coupled to a filter which filters out quantization noise and higher order harmonic frequency energy. The filter outputs the desired frequency signal  36  to the transceiver section  34  (see also  FIG. 3 ). The phasor look-up table/interpolator  301  and DAC are clocked by a gated clock signal  302  produced at the output of gating logic  303  whose inputs are driven by a clock signal  320 , the interrupt signal  21  (see also  FIG. 3 ) received from the baseband processor (e.g. a DSP), and the output  39  of a signal selector  35  (see also  FIG. 3 ). The interrupt signal  21  drives an enable (EN) input of the DDFS, and thereby serves to enable the phasor look-up table/interpolator  301  and the clock signal  320  (via gating logic  303 ). This causes the DDFS to awaken from its powered-down sleep state and assume its powered-up operating state.  
         [0036]     The N-bit digital codes contained in the phasor look-up table/interpolator  301  can be loaded therein from the baseband processor via, for example, a serial programming interface (SPI). In some embodiments, the codes can be downloaded from any suitable memory device. In other embodiments, an appropriate sinusoid generator function can be integrated within the DDFS in order to populate the coefficients of the look-up table. The baseband processor can also provide, for example, via the serial programming interface SPI, information indicative of the radians per clock cycle at which the DDFS is to operate.  
         [0037]     The embodiments of  FIG. 10  also include a timing sequencer  310  which produces output signals  270  and  290  for input to a signal selector  35  (such as described above with respect to  FIG. 3 ) whose outputs  38  and  39  respectively drive enable and disable inputs of the transceiver section  34 . The output  39  is also used at gating logic  303  to disable the gated clock signal  302 , and the output  39  could also be used, in some embodiments, to disable operation of the phasor look-up table/interpolator  301  of the DDFS. The timing sequencer  310  receives as inputs the clock signal  320  and the interrupt signal  21 , and is also programmable from the baseband processor via the serial programming interface SPI.  
         [0038]      FIG. 11  diagrammatically illustrates pertinent portions of exemplary embodiments of the timing sequencer  310  of  FIG. 10 . The timing sequencer of  FIG. 11  includes a clock divider  410  similar to the clock divider  41  of  FIG. 4 , and a transceiver timer  440  similar to the transceiver timer  44  of  FIG. 4 . The clock divider  410  receives the clock signal  320  and can divide this signal appropriately to produce a desired clock signal  400 . The clock signal  400  is input to the transceiver timer  440  and to a programmable delay timer  110 . The timers  110  and  440 , and the clock divider  410  are all programmable from the baseband processor via the serial programming interface SPI. The interrupt signal  21  from the baseband processor is input to the programmable delay timer  110 , which implements a desired delay, for example a delay time which is adequate to avoid any undesirable start-up noise in the frequency signal  36  initially produced by the DDFS  300  of  FIG. 10 . After the delay period has expired, the timer  110  activates the signal  270 , which in turn enables the transceiver section  34  of  FIG. 10  (via selector  35 ) and the transceiver timer  440  of  FIG. 11 . At this point, the transceiver section  34  awakens from its powered-down sleep state and begins its normal powered-up operations, and the transceiver timer  440  begins tracking the operational time of the transceiver section  34 . When the timer  440  expires, it activates the signal  290 , thereby disabling (via selector  35 ) the transceiver section  34  and the DDFS  300  (see also  FIG. 10 ) into their sleep states.  
         [0039]     Referring again to  FIG. 6 , exemplary operations illustrated therein can also be performed by the timing sequencer embodiments of  FIGS. 10 and 11 . In particular, with the exception of operations  65  and  66 , all operations illustrated in  FIG. 6  can also be performed by the embodiments of  FIGS. 10 and 11 . Operations of the embodiments of  FIGS. 10 and 11  are thus illustrated by considering the broken line of  FIG. 6 .  
         [0040]      FIG. 12  is generally similar to  FIG. 7 , but illustrates that information from shadow registers  74  can be loaded into the phasor look-up table/interpolator of a DDFS  120 . In the embodiments of  FIG. 12 , the shadow registers  74  contain, for example, information indicative of various radians per clock cycle values associated with various desired frequencies in a frequency shift sequence to be executed by the DDFS  120 . Exemplary embodiments of the shadow register accessor  72  and the shadow registers  74  are described above with respect to  FIGS. 7 and 8 .  
         [0041]      FIG. 9  illustrates exemplary operations which can be performed by the embodiments of  FIGS. 7, 8  and  12 . After the appropriate control information is received from the baseband processor side at  91 , the frequency shift sequence is determined at  92  in response to the control information. At  93 , a shadow register is accessed according to the frequency shift sequence, and the information (e.g. PLL divisor or DDFS radians per clock cycle) from the accessed shadow register is loaded into the frequency generator. The sequence of accessing information from a shadow register and loading the frequency generator with the accessed information is continued at  93  until the sequence is completed at  94 . The broken line  95  in  FIG. 9  corresponds to the broken line embodiments of  FIGS. 7 and 12 , wherein each information element of the sequence is individually communicated from the baseband processor side. The broken line at  96  in  FIG. 9  illustrates that, in some embodiments, the frequency shift sequence can be repeated as desired.  
         [0042]     The operations illustrated in  FIG. 9  can be performed, for example, during the transceiver operation delay  68  of  FIG. 6 . Thus, the PLL of  FIG. 3  and DDFS of  FIG. 10  can be controlled in the manner described with respect to  FIGS. 7-9  (FIGS.  7 - 9  and  12  for DDFS) during the period of transceiver operation tracked by the transceiver timers  44  and  440  of  FIGS. 4 and 11  (and indicated by the delay  68  of  FIG. 6 ). Accordingly, the capability of loading the PLL of  FIG. 3  and DDFS of  FIG. 10  from the shadow registers  74  of  FIGS. 7 and 12  is also indicated in  FIGS. 3 and 10 . In some embodiments, the arrangements of  FIGS. 7, 8  and  12  can shift to the next desired frequency while the transceiver section  34  of  FIGS. 3 and 10  is powered down (e.g., between operations  69  and  63  in  FIG. 6 ).  
         [0043]     It will be evident to workers in the art that the embodiments of  FIGS. 1 and 3 - 12  can be readily implemented, for example, by suitable modifications in software, hardware, or a combination of software and hardware, in conventional portable wireless communication terminals.  
         [0044]     Although exemplary embodiments of the invention are described above in detail, this does not limit the scope of the invention, which can be practiced in a variety of embodiments.