Abstract:
A bidirectional switching device has a first main semiconductor element and a second main semiconductor element. The first main semiconductor element has a first main electrode connected to an ungrounded side of an AC power source, and a second main electrode. The first main semiconductor element contains a first parasitic diode whose cathode region is connected to the first main electrode and whose anode region is connected to the second main electrode. The second main semiconductor element has a third main electrode connected to the second main electrode, and a fourth main electrode connected to a load. The second main semiconductor element contains a second parasitic diode whose anode region is connected to the third main electrode and whose cathode region is connected to the fourth main electrode. A current flowing from the first main semiconductor element toward the second main semiconductor element passes through the second parasitic diode, and a current flowing from the second main semiconductor element toward the first main semiconductor element passes through the first parasitic diode. The bidirectional switching device is used to form a semiconductor active fuse for an AC power system. The semiconductor active fuse is capable of detecting an overcurrent without a shunt resistor, which was connected in series to a power supply cable, thereby minimizing heat dissipation as well as a conduction loss. The semiconductor active fuse is capable of easily and speedily detecting not only an overcurrent caused by a dead short but also an abnormal current caused by an incomplete short circuit failure having a certain extent of short-circuit resistance, and breaking alternating current in an AC power supply cable.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a bidirectional switching device for switching alternating current and an AC semiconductor active fuse employing the bidirectional switching device. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     FIG. 1 shows a direct current supply/control apparatus according to a related art. The direct current supply/control apparatus has a switching element QF having a temperature sensor. The switching element QF controls the supply of power from a DC power source to a load. The DC power source  101  supplies a DC output voltage VB. The power source  101  is connected to an end of a shunt resistor RS. The other end of the shunt resistor RS is connected to a drain electrode D of the switching element QF whose source electrode S is connected to the load  102 . The load  102  is, for example, a headlight or a power window motor of a vehicle. The bidirectional switching device also has a driver  901  for detecting a current flowing through the shunt resistor RS and controlling the switching element QF accordingly, an A/D converter  902 , and a microcomputer (CPU)  903  for turning on and off a drive signal for the switching element QF according to the current detected by the driver  901  When the temperature of the switching element QF increases, the switching element QF is turned off. 
     A Zener diode ZD 1  is connected between the gate and source of a power element QM serving as a main semiconductor element of the switching element QF. The Zener diode ZD 1  keeps a voltage of 12 V between the gate electrode G and source electrode S of the switching element QF to bypass an overvoltage so that the overvoltage may not be applied to the true gate TG of the switching element QF. The driver  901  has differential amplifiers  911  and  913  serving as a current monitor circuit, a differential amplifier  912  serving as a current limiter, and a charge pump  915 . The driver  901  incorporates a driver  914  for receiving an ON/OFF control signal from the microcomputer  903  and an overcurrent signal from the current limiter, and according to these signals, driving the true gate TG of the switching element QF through an internal resistor RG. If an overcurrent exceeding an upper limit is detected by the differential amplifier  912  according to a voltage drop across the shunt resistor RS, the driver  914  turns off the switching element QF. If the overcurrent drops below a lower limit, the driver  914  turns on the switching element QF. On the other hand, the microcomputer  903  always monitors a current through the current monitor circuit made of the differential amplifiers  911  and  913 . Upon detecting an abnormal current exceeding a normal level, the microcomputer  903  issues an OFF signal to the switching element QF to turn off the switching element QF. If the temperature of the switching element QF exceeds a predetermined level before the microcomputer  903  issues the OFF signal, a temperature sensor  121  issues a signal to turn off the switching element QF. 
     To detect a current, the related art must have the shunt resistor RS in a power supply cable. If a large current flows through the shunt resistor RS, the shunt resistor RS will cause a large heat dissipation The large heat dissipation is waste of electric energy and needs a cooler, which complicates and enlarges the supply/control apparatus. 
     The direct current supply/control apparatus of the related art may work on a dead short that occurs in the load  102  or wiring to produce a large short-circuit current. However, the supply/control apparatus unsatisfactorily works on an incomplete short circuit failure having a certain extent of short-circuit resistance to produce a weak short-circuit current. Only way for the related art to cope with such incomplete short circuit failures is to detect an abnormal current caused by the short circuit failure with the use of the microcomputer  903  and current monitor circuit and turn off the switching element QF by the microcomputer  903 . The microcomputer  903  is expensive and is slow to respond to such an abnormal current. 
     The shunt resistor RS, A/D converter  902 , and microcomputer  903  that are imperative for the related art need a large space and are expensive, to increase the size and cost of the supply/control apparatus. 
     In addition to these problems, there is no related art that provides a bidirectional switching device or “an AC semiconductor active fuse” capable of operating on an AC power supply cable to disconnect the AC power supply cable upon detecting an abnormal current. 
     The reason why there is no bidirectional switching device or AC semiconductor active fuse is mainly because a control circuit for controlling a bidirectional switching device inserted in an AC power supply cable is difficult to design A control circuit for handling small signals usually operates on a voltage of, for example, 6 V, and it is very difficult to design a control circuit that withstands a commercial AC voltage of about 100-130 V Further difficulty lies in monolithically integrating a bidirectional switching device and its control circuit into a power device. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is to provide a bidirectional switching device capable of serving for an AC power supply cable, detecting an abnormal current, and disconnecting the AC power supply cable accordingly. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a bidirectional switching device capable of detecting alternating current without a shunt resistor in an AC power supply cable. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to provide a bidirectional switching device that is easy to integrate and is manufacturable at low cost. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to provide an AC semiconductor active fuse capable of serving for an AC power supply cable. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to provide an AC semiconductor active fuse capable of suppressing heat dissipation in an AC power supply cable and efficiently supplying AC power, 
     Still another object of the present invention is to provide an AC semiconductor active fuse that is small and light and needs no labor for replacement. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to provide an AC semiconductor active fuse capable of speedily responding to an abnormal current caused by an incomplete short circuit failure having a certain extent of short-circuit resistance. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to provide an AC semiconductor active fuse whose breaking speed for an incomplete short circuit failure is adjustable. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to provide a structure for a semiconductor switch employed by an AC semiconductor active fuse, to reduce the size and cost of the fuse. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to provide an AC semiconductor active fuse having a control circuit that withstands the commercial AC voltage. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to provide a bidirectional switching device and a control circuit that controls the bidirectional switching device and withstands the commercial AC voltage, to form monolithically an AC semiconductor active fuse on a semiconductor chip. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to provide an AC semiconductor active fuse capable of detecting an abnormal current without intricate, expensive hardware such as a microcomputer and being small, light, and inexpensive. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to provide an AC semiconductor active fuse having uniform characteristics, employing no precision capacitors or resistors, and minimizing detection errors. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to provide an AC semiconductor active fuse that needs no external capacitor and is small and manufacturable at low cost. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to provide an AC semiconductor active fuse that is compact to improve space efficiency in a semiconductor chip and is manufacturable at low cost. 
     In order to accomplish the objects, a first feature of the present invention inheres in a bidirectional switching device for an AC semiconductor active fuse, having a novel structure. The bidirectional switching device consists of a p-channel first main semiconductor element and an n-channel second main semiconductor element. The first main semiconductor element has a first main electrode connected to an ungrounded side of an AC power source, a second main electrode opposing to the first main electrode, and a first control electrode for controlling a main current flowing between the first and second main electrodes. The first main semiconductor element contains a first parasitic diode whose cathode region is connected to the first main electrode and whose anode region is connected to the second main electrode. The second main semiconductor element has a third main electrode connected to the second main electrode, a fourth main electrode opposing to the third main electrode and connected to a load, and a second control electrode for controlling a main current flowing between the third and fourth main electrodes. The second main semiconductor element contains a second parasitic diode whose anode region is connected to the third main electrode and whose cathode region is connected to the fourth main electrode. The first and second main semiconductor elements may be vertical-type power MOS transistors having a DMOS, VMOS, or UMOS structure. Alternatively, the first and second main semiconductor elements may be MOS static induction transistors (SITs) having a similar structure. These transistors are preferable because they increase the areas of the first and second parasitic diodes. The first and second main semiconductor elements may be MOS composite device s such as emitter switched thyristors (EST) and MOS controlled thyristors (MCT). Instead, the first and second main semiconductor elements may be insulated gate power device s such as insulated gate bipolar transistors (IQBTs) Further, the first and second main semiconductor elements may be another insulated gate transistors such as metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) transistors, which may include high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). If the first and second main semiconductor elements are always used with reversely-biased gates, they may be junction FETs, junctions SITs, or SI thyristors. Double-gate SI thyristors realize bidirectional switching with a low ON voltage, The first and second parasitic diodes correspond to parasitic p-n junction diodes structurally contained in the above-mentioned semiconductor elements or device s. 
     According to the first feature, the first and second control electrodes are grounded through resistors when energized. When the ungrounded side of the AC power source increases to be positive, the potential of the control electrode of the first main semiconductor element decreases with respect to the potential of the first main electrode, and the potential of the control electrode of the second main semiconductor element decreases with respect to the potential of the third main electrode. As a result, the p-channel first main semiconductor element turns on, and the n-channel second main semiconductor element keeps off. The first main electrode is an emitter electrode of the IGBT, a source electrode of a MOS transistor, a cathode electrode of the EST, MCT, or SI thyristor, or an equivalent main electrode of a semiconductor element equivalent to any one of these semiconductor elements. The second main electrode is a collector electrode of the IGBT, a drain electrode of the MOS transistor, or an anode electrode of the EST, MCT, or SI thyristor. Similarly, the third main electrode is an emitter electrode of the IGBT, a source electrode of the MOS transistor, or a cathode electrode of the EST, MCT, or SI thyristor. The fourth main electrode is a collector electrode of the IGBT, a drain electrode of the MOS transistor, or an anode electrode of the EST, MCT, or SI thyristor. According to the first feature, a current from the ungrounded side of the AC power source passes through the first and second main semiconductor elements to the load and to the ground, even if the second main semiconductor element is in the nonconducting state, because there is the second parasitic diode. When the ungrounded side of the AC power source decreases to be negative, the second main semiconductor element turns on to reversely pass a current through the second main semiconductor element and first parasitic diode. 
     Due to the first and second parasitic diodes, the first and second main semiconductor elements of the first feature function as reverse-conducting semiconductor elements. The reverse-conducting semiconductor elements may use forward and reverse current paths when employed for a bidirectional switching device. The first and second parasitic diodes are structurally formed in large areas in vertical-type semiconductor elements having a DMOS, VMOS, or UMOS structure, to reduce ON resistance. The vertical-type semiconductor elements may have a structure in which a buried electrode region is guided to the surface with a sinker region, which is a highly conductive semiconductor region. In this case, the first and second main semiconductor elements may be connected in series without increasing a conduction loss. Using the first and second parasitic diodes may reduce the number of parts of an overcurrent controller of an AC semiconductor active fuse and the whole size of the fuse. 
     The bidirectional switching device of the first feature may further have a first reference semiconductor element having a fifth main electrode connected to the first main electrode, a third control electrode connected to the first control electrode, and a sixth main electrode, and a second reference semiconductor element having a seventh main electrode connected to the third main electrode, a fourth control electrode connected to the second control electrode, and an eighth main electrode. 
     According to the first feature, the first main semiconductor element, first reference semiconductor element, second main semiconductor element, and second reference semiconductor element may monolithically be merged on a single semiconductor substrate, to reduce the size and space of the switching device. This enables the bidirectional switching device to be mass-produced to reduce the cost thereof. The first main semiconductor element, first reference semiconductor element, second main semiconductor element, and second reference semiconductor element may separately be formed in island-like semiconductor areas that are isolated and discrete In this case, the second, fourth, sixth, and eighth main electrodes are formed as buried regions at the bottoms of the island-like semiconductor areas. 
     The first main semiconductor element, first reference semiconductor element, second main semiconductor element, and second reference semiconductor element may be formed in individual modules, which are arranged in a single package. In this case, the first main semiconductor element, first reference semiconductor element, second main semiconductor element, and second reference semiconductor element may be formed on separate conductive plates arranged on the surface of a single package base. The second, fourth, sixth, and eighth main electrodes are directly connected to the respective conductive plates, so that they may separately be led to the outside. It is convenient to connect the second and third main electrodes to each other as an internal structure in a package. 
     A second feature of the present invention lies in a bidirectional switching device for an AC semiconductor active fuse The bidirectional switching device has an n-channel first main semiconductor element and an n-channel second main semiconductor element The first main semiconductor element has a first main electrode connected to an ungrounded side of an AC power source, a second main electrode opposing to the first main electrode, and a first control electrode for controlling a main current flowing between the first and second main electrodes. The first control electrode is connected to a first driver that is stepped up by a charge pump. The first main semiconductor element contains a first parasitic diode whose cathode region is connected to the first main electrode and whose anode region is connected to the second main electrode. The second main semiconductor element has a third main electrode connected to the second main electrode, a fourth main electrode opposing to the third main electrode and connected to a load, and a second control electrode for controlling a main current flowing between the third and fourth main electrodes. The second control electrode is connected to a second driver that is different from the first driver. The second main semiconductor element contains a second parasitic diode whose anode region is connected to the third main electrode and whose cathode region is connected to the fourth main electrode. 
     According to the second feature, the first main electrode is a collector electrode of an IGBT, a drain electrode of a MOS transistor, an anode electrode of an EST, MCT, or SI thyristor, or an equivalent main electrode of a semiconductor element equivalent to any one of these semiconductor elements. The second main electrode is an emitter electrode of the IGBT, a source electrode of the MOS transistor, or a cathode electrode of the EST, MCT, or SI thyristor. These polarities are opposite to those of the first main semiconductor element of the first feature. On the other hand, the polarities of the second main semiconductor element are the same as those of the second main semiconductor element of the first feature. The third main electrode is the emitter electrode of the IGBT, the source electrode of the MOS transistor, or the cathode electrode of then EST, MCT, or SI thyristor. The fourth main electrode is the collector electrode of the IGBT, the drain electrode of the MOS transistor or the anode electrode of the EST, MCT, or SI thyristor. When energized, the first control electrode is grounded through a resistor. When the ungrounded side of the AC power source increases to be positive, the potential of the control electrode of the first main semiconductor element decreases with respect to the potential of the first main electrode, and therefore, the n-channel first main semiconductor element is unable to turn on. Accordingly, the second feature connects the first control electrode to the first driver that is stepped up by the charge pump, thereby increasing the potential of the first control electrode with respect to the potential of the second main electrode. This turns on the first main semiconductor element When energized, the second control electrode is grounded through a resistor, and the potential of the control electrode of the second main semiconductor element decreases with respect to the potential of the third main electrode. As a result, the n-channel second main semiconductor element is in the nonconducting state. Even so, the second main semiconductor element contains the second parasitic diode, which passes a current from the ungrounded side of the AC power source through the first and second main semiconductor elements and the load and to the ground. When the ungrounded side of the AC power source decreases to be negative, a current reversely flows through the second main semiconductor element that is ON and the first parasitic diode. 
     A third feature of the present invention provides an AC semiconductor active fuse having a p-channel first main semiconductor element, an n-channel second main semiconductor element, a first reference semiconductor element, and a second reference semiconductor element. The first main semiconductor element has a first main electrode connected to an ungrounded side of the AC power source, a second main electrode opposing to the first main electrode, and a first control electrode for controlling a main current flowing between the first and second main electrodes. The first main semiconductor element contains a first parasitic diode whose cathode region is connected to the first main electrode and whose anode region is connected to the second main electrode. The second main semiconductor element has a third main electrode connected to the second main electrode, a fourth main electrode opposing to the third main electrode and connected to a load, and a second control electrode for controlling a main current flowing between the third and fourth main electrodes. The second main semiconductor element contains a second parasitic diode whose anode region is connected to the third main electrode and whose cathode region is connected to the fourth main electrode. The first reference semiconductor element has a fifth main electrode connected to the first main electrode, a third control electrode connected to the first control electrode, and a sixth main electrode. The second reference semiconductor element has a seventh main electrode connected to the third main electrode, a fourth control electrode connected to the second control electrode, and an eighth main electrode. The AC semiconductor active fuse further has a first comparator for comparing voltages of the second and sixth main electrodes with each other, and a second comparator for comparing voltages of the fourth and eighth main electrodes with each other. 
     The first and second main semiconductor elements are each a semiconductor element for controlling a main current flowing through a power supply cable. The first reference semiconductor element, first comparator, etc., form a first control circuit for detecting an abnormal current flowing through load of the first main semiconductor element and turning on and off the first main semiconductor element in response to the detected abnormal current, to cause current oscillations that turn off the first main semiconductor element. More precisely, the first control circuit is a first control voltage supply circuit for providing a control voltage to the first and third control electrodes in response to the output of the first comparator. The first main semiconductor element and the first control circuit can form a power IC. The second reference semiconductor element, second comparator, etc., form a second control circuit for detecting an abnormal current flowing through load of the second main semiconductor element and turning on and off the second main semiconductor element accordingly. Upon detecting an abnormal current, the second control circuit turns on and off the second main semiconductor element to cause current oscillations, which turn off the second main semiconductor element. The second control circuit is a second control voltage supply circuit that supplies a control voltage to the second and fourth control electrodes in response to the output of the second comparator. The second main semiconductor element and the second control circuit can form a power IC. That is, the first and second main semiconductor elements and the first and second control circuits could be merged on a single semiconductor chip to form a power IC. 
     To produce current oscillations to make the first and second main semiconductor elements nonconducting state, or current blocking state so as to break a main current flowing through a power supply cable, a temperature sensor is disposed around the first and second main semiconductor elements. The temperature sensor detects a temperature increase promoted by current oscillations and turns off the first and second main semiconductor elements. Alternatively, the number of current oscillations may be counted, and when the counted number reaches a predetermined value, the first and second main semiconductor elements are turned off to block a main current flowing through a power supply cable. A simplest way to count the number of current oscillations is to measure charge accumulated at a capacitor, i.e, a terminal voltage of the capacitor. 
     The AC semiconductor active fuse of the third feature is capable of detecting an overcurrent without a shunt resistor, which was connected in series with a conventional power supply cable. Accordingly, the third feature reduces heat dissipation and a conduction loss. The third feature is capable of simply and speedily detecting not only an overcurrent caused by a dead short but also an abnormal current caused by an incomplete short circuit failure having a certain extent of short-circuit resistance, and cutting a main current flowing through a power supply cable. In addition, the third feature is capable of detecting and controlling an overcurrent in a power supply cable without a microcomputer, thereby greatly reducing the size and cost of the power supply system. The third feature employs no classical metallic fuse, which melts when current exceeds specific amperage so as to open the circuit, reducing the size and weight of a power supply system. The third feature eliminates labor for replacing blown fuses from the power supply system. 
     According to the third feature, a terminal voltage between the first and second main electrodes of the first main semiconductor element has an OFF-to-ON voltage characteristic curve (a fall characteristic curve) that is dependent on the conditions of a power supply cable and load. Similarly, the fall characteristic curve of a terminal voltage between the third and fourth electrodes of the second main semiconductor element is dependent on the conditions of the power supply cable and load. Depending on the wiring inductance of the power supply cable and a time constant determined by wiring resistance or short-circuit resistance, the fall characteristic curves change. For example, the fall characteristic curves quickly converge below a predetermined voltage under a normal state having no short circuit failure in the power supply cable. If a dead short occurs in the power supply cable, the fall characteristic curves never converge under the predetermined voltage. If there is an incomplete short circuit failure having a certain extent of short-circuit resistance in the power supply cable, the fall characteristic curves take a long time to converge below the predetermined voltage. The AC semiconductor active fuse of the third feature uses such voltage characteristics of semiconductor elements in an OFF-to-ON transient period. Namely, the third feature detects the difference between a terminal voltage of the first main semiconductor element and a reference terminal voltage of the first reference semiconductor element, or the difference between a terminal voltage of the second main semiconductor element and a reference terminal voltage of the second reference semiconductor element, and determines a deviation of the terminal voltage (i.e., a current in the power supply cable) of the first or second main semiconductor element that is inserted in the power supply cable, from a voltage corresponding to a normal state. By connecting a plurality of first and second main semiconductor elements in parallel according to their rated currents, it is possible to handle a large current. To detect a weak current, a voltage corresponding to the weak current is set in the AC Semiconductor active fuse of the third feature. The third feature is capable of optionally setting a breaking speed with respect to an incomplete short circuit failure. Unlike the already mentioned related art that detects an overcurrent by comparison with a threshold at set timing, the third feature detects an overcurrent according to a change in the transient characteristics of a terminal voltage of the first or second main semiconductor element, so that the third feature may eliminate some parts such as capacitors and resistors, thereby minimizing detection errors caused by parts variations. In addition, the third feature eliminates an external capacitor from a semiconductor chip on which the AC semiconductor active fuse is packaged, thereby greatly reducing the size and cost of the semiconductor active fuse. 
     The AC semiconductor active fuse of the third feature detects a current without a shunt resistor, which was connected in series with a conventional power supply cable. Accordingly, the third feature minimizes heat dissipation and effectively uses electric energy. Unlike the classical passive fuse, the semiconductor active fuse of the third feature is capable of handling not only an overcurrent caused by a dead short but also an abnormal current caused by an incomplete short circuit failure having a certain extent of short-circuit resistance. Further, the third feature needs no microcomputer for controlling ON/OFF operations. The third feature employs a simple hardware circuit for controlling ON/OFF operations. The AC semiconductor active fuse of the third feature needs a small packaging space and greatly reduces the cost of at AC power system. 
     According to the third feature, the first main semiconductor element may be composed of N 1  first unit cells and the first reference semiconductor element of N 2  first unit cells with N 1 &gt;&gt;N 2 . Also, the second main semiconductor element may be composed of N 3  second unit cells and the second reference semiconductor element of N 4  second unit cells with N 3 &gt;&gt;N 4 . Namely, each of the first and second main semiconductor elements are a power element composed of unit cells connected in parallel with one another, to realize a multi-channel structure to provide a rated current handling capability. The current handling capability of each of the first and second reference semiconductor elements is set to be smaller than that of the corresponding main semiconductor element by adjusting the number of parallel-connected unit cells that form the main and reference semiconductor elements The numbers N 1  and N 2  of unit cells determine a current dividing ratio of N 1 :N 2 . And the numbers N 3  and N 4  of unit cells determine a current dividing ratio of N 3 :N 4  For example, N 2 =1, and N 1 =1000. In this case, the ratio of the channel width of the first reference semiconductor element to that of the first main semiconductor element is 1:1000, and a current dividing ratio is determined accordingly. By making the circuit configurations in this way, the sizes of reference semiconductor elements are minimized, to reduce the size and cost of a semiconductor chip on which the first and second semiconductor active fuses of the third feature are merged. 
     According to the third feature, the first main semiconductor element, first reference semiconductor element, second main semiconductor element, second reference semiconductor element first comparator, second comparator, and other related elements of the AC semiconductor active fuse may monolithically be integrated on a single semiconductor substrate, to reduce a packaging space. This enables the semiconductor active fuse to be mass-produced, to reduce the cost thereof. Alternatively, the first main and reference semiconductor elements and second main and reference semiconductor elements may be integrated into “a power chip”, and the first and second comparators and other related elements may be integrated into “a control chip”, to form a multi-chip module (MCM) or a hybrid IC of compact size. 
     Other and further objects and features of the present invention will become obvious upon an understanding of the illustrative embodiments about to be described in connection with the accompanying drawings or will be indicated in the appended claims, and various advantages not referred to herein will occur to one skilled in the art upon employing of the invention in practice. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram showing a direct current supply/control apparatus according to a related art; 
     FIG. 2 is an equivalent circuit diagram showing a bidirectional switching device according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 3A is a cross sectional view showing an nMOS transistor serving as a reverse-conducting semiconductor element; 
     FIG. 3B is a cross sectional view showing a collector-short IGBT serving as another reverse -conducting semiconductor element; 
     FIG. 4 is an equivalent circuit diagram showing a bidirectional switching device according to another embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 5A is a plan view showing a large-current control module that realizes the bidirectional switching device of FIG. 4; 
     FIG. 5B is a cross sectional view taken along a line I—I of FIG. 5A; 
     FIG. 5C is a perspective view showing the structure of a source electrode lead employed by the large-current control module; 
     FIG. 6A is a cross sectional view showing a part of a monolithic structure that realizes the bidirectional switching device of FIG. 4; 
     FIG. 6B is a cross sectional view showing a part of another monolithic structure that realizes the bidirectional switching device of FIG. 4; 
     FIG. 7A is a circuit diagram showing a power IC according to still another embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 7B is a circuit diagram showing a temperature sensor arranged in the vicinity of the second main semiconductor element of a bidirectional switching device of the present invention; 
     FIG. 7C is a circuit diagram showing a temperature sensor arranged in the vicinity of the first main semiconductor element of a bidirectional, switching device of the present invention; 
     FIG. 8 is a graph showing transient behaviors of AC voltage applied to the power IC of the present invention; 
     FIG. 9 is a plan view showing an example of an MCM for packaging the power IC of FIG. 7A according to the present invention; and 
     FIG. 10 shows a bidirectional switching device according to still another embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Various embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is to be noted that the same or similar reference numerals are applied to the same or similar parts and elements throughout the drawings, and the description of the same or similar parts and elements will be omitted or simplified. Generally and as it is conventional in the representation of semiconductor device s, it will be appreciated that the various drawings are not drawn to scale from one figure to another nor inside a given figure, and in particular, that the layer thicknesses are arbitrarily drawn for facilitating the reading of the drawings. In the following descriptions, numerous specific details are set fourth such as specific signal values, etc., to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without such specific details. In other instances, well-known circuits have been shown in block diagram forms in order not to obscure the present invention in unnecessary detail. 
     (EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF BIDIRECTIONAL SWITCHING DEVICE) 
     FIG. 2 shows a bidirectional switching device according to an embodiment of the present invention. The bidirectional switching device has a p-channel first main semiconductor element QA 1  and an n-channel second main semiconductor element QA 2 . The first main semiconductor element QA 1  has a first main electrode SA 1  connected to an ungrounded side of an AC power source  112 , a second main electrode DA 1  opposing to the first main electrode SA 1 , and a first control electrode GA 1  for controlling a main current flowing between the first and second main electrodes SA 1  and DA 1 . The first main semiconductor element QA 1  contains a first parasitic diode D p1  whose cathode region is connected to the first main electrode SA 1  and whose anode region is connected to the second main electrode DA 1 . The second main semiconductor element QA 2  has a third main electrode SA 2  connected to the second main electrode DA 1 , a fourth main electrode DA 2  opposing to the third main electrode SA 2  and connected to a load  102 , and a second control electrode GA 2  for controlling a main current flowing between the third and fourth main electrodes SA 2  and DA 2 . The second main semiconductor element QA 2  contains a second parasitic diode D P2  whose anode region is connected to the third main electrode SA 2  and whose cathode region is connected to the fourth main electrode DA 2 . 
     Exemplary, the first main semiconductor element QA 1  is a pMOS transistor, and the second main semiconductor element QA 2  an nMOS transistor. The elements QA 1  and QA 2  are each a reverse-conducting semiconductor element. Namely the drain electrode DA 1  of the pMOS transistor QA 1  is connected to the source electrode SA 2  of the nMOS transistor QA 2 . The drain electrode DA 2  of the nMOS transistor QA 2  is connected to a grounded side of the AC power source  112  through the load  102 . The ungrounded side of the power source  112  is connected to the source electrode SA 1  of the pMOS transistor QA 1 . The load  102  is connected between the ground GND and the drain electrode DA 2  of the nMOS transistor QA 2 . 
     A Zener diode ZD 1  keeps a predetermined voltage of, for example, 12 V between the first control electrode (gate electrode) GA 1  and source electrode SA 1  of the pMOS transistor QA 1 , to bypass an overvoltage so that the overvoltage may not be applied to a gate insulation film of the pMOS transistor QA 1 . A Zener diode ZD 51  keeps a voltage of 12 V between the second control electrode (gate electrode) GA 2  and source electrode SA 2  of the nMOS transistor QA 2 , to bypass an overvoltage so that the overvoltage may not be applied to a gate insulation film of the nMOS transistor QA 2 . The first control electrode (first gate electrode) GA 1  is connected to a resistor R 8 , which produces a potential difference between the first gate electrode GA 1  and the ground. The second control electrode (second gate electrode) GA 2  is connected to a resistor R 58 , which produces a potential difference between the second gate electrode GA 2  and the ground. When a switch SW 1  is closed, the bidirectional switching device of the present invention is energized, and when the switch SW 1  is opened, the bidirectional switching device is de-energized. 
     An alternating-current path to be formed when the switch SW 1  is closed will be explained. When potential at the source electrode SA 1  of the pMOS transistor QA 1  is positive, the pMOS transistor QA 1  turns on. At this time, the nMOS transistor QA 2  is in the nonconducting state. Accordingly, a current flows from the source electrode SA 1  to the drain electrode DA 1  of the pMOS transistor QA 1  and passes through the second parasitic diode D P2  that is present between the source electrode SA 2  and drain electrode DA 2  of the nMOS transistor QA 2 . 
     When the potential at the source electrode SA 1  of the pMOS transistor QA 1  becomes negative, the pMOS transistor QA 1  turns off, and the nMOS transistor QA 2  conducts, As a result, a current flows from the drain electrode DA 2  to the source electrode SA 2  of the nMOS transistor QA 2  and reversely passes through the first parasitic diode D P1  that is present between the source electrode SA 1  and drain electrode DA 1  of the pMOS transistor QA 1 . 
     (PARASITIC DIODE OF DMOS) 
     FIG. 3A is a cross sectional view showing a unit cell of a nMOS transistor. This is an example of a transistor serving as the second main semiconductor element QA 2  of FIG.  2 . In practice, a plurality of such unit cells are arranged in parallel on a semiconductor chip. For example, the number of unit cells is 1000 to realize a rated current handling capability. 
     In FIG. 3A, the unit cell of the nMOS transistor has an n +  region  308  serving as a drain region. On the drain region  308 , an n +  region  307  serving as a drift region is epitaxially grown. On the surface of the drift region  307 , two island-like p-body regions  306  are formed, facing to each other. The two p-body regions  306  may be connected to each other behind FIG.  3 A. For example, the p-body regions  306  may form a circular or rectangular ring shape in a plan view. On each of the p-body regions  306 , an n +  region  805  serving as a source region is formed. The source regions  305  may be a continuous diffusion region having the circular or rectangular ring shape. On the p-body regions  306  and drift region  307 , a gate insulation film  304  is formed. On the gate insulation film  304 , a gate electrode  303  serving as the second control electrode GA 2  is formed. On the gate electrode  303 , an interlayer insulation film  302  is formed. The insulation film  302  has a contact hole through which a source electrode  301  serving as the third main electrode SA 2  short-circuits the p-body regions  306  and source regions  305  to each other. On the bottom surface of the drain region  308 , a drain electrode  309  serving as the fourth main electrode DA 2  is formed. 
     In the DMOS structure of FIG. 3A, a special attention must be given to the second parasitic diode D P2  having a p-n junction structure between the p-body regions  306  and the n −  drift region  307 , or between the p-body regions  306  and the n +  drain region  308 . When, contrary to a forward bias condition to operate the DMOS, the fourth main electrode (drain)  309  is set to be negative and the third main electrode (source)  301  to be positive, the second parasitic diode D P2  is made to be conductive so as to establish a reverse-conducting state. 
     The present invention positively uses the second parasitic diode D P2  as a reverse current path as shown in FIG.  2 . Similarly, there is the first parasitic diode D P1  in a p-channel DMOS structure as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B. The first parasitic diode D P1  has opposite polarities to the second parasitic diode D P2  and is similarly formed with the conductivity types p and n being opposite to those of FIG.  3 A. The first and second parasitic diodes D P1  and D r2  are formed in large areas over the bottoms of semiconductor chips, to have low ON resistance and minimize a conduction loss. 
     (PARASITIC DIODE OF IGBT) 
     FIG. 3B is a cross sectional view showing a unit cell of a collector-short IGBT that may serve as the second main semiconductor element QA 2  of FIG.  2 . In practice, a plurality of such unit cells of the IGBT are arranged in parallel on a semiconductor chip, to implement a large current handling capability. The unit cell of the IGBT of FIG. 3B has a collector electrode (fourth main electrode)  329  on which a p +  region  328  serving as a collector region and an n +  short region  337  are alternated, to form a collector short structure. On the collector region  328  and short region  337 , an n −  region  307  serving as a drift region is formed. On the surface of the drift region  307 , two island-like p-base regions  326  are formed facing to each other. The two p-base regions  326  may be connected to each other behind FIG.  3 B. Namely the p-base regions  326  may form a circular or rectangular ring shape in a plan view. On the surfaces of the p-base regions  326 , n +  regions  325  serving as emitter regions are formed. The emitter regions  325  may also be continuous to each other to form the circular or rectangular ring shape. On the p-base regions  326  and drift region  307 , a gate insulation film  304  is formed. On the gate insulation film  304 , a gate electrode (second control electrode)  303  is formed. On the gate electrode  303 , an interlayer insulation film  302  is formed. The insulation film  302  has a contact hole through which an emitter electrode (third main electrode)  321  short-circuits the p-base regions  326  and emitter regions  325  to each other When the IGBT is turned on, the drift region  307  at the boundary to the collector region  328  accumulates electrons. The electrons accelerate the injection of holes from the collector region  328 , so that the drift region  307  hold two carriers, i.e., the electrons and holes to cause conductivity modulation. It is possible to thicken the drift region  307  while lowering ON resistance, to realize a device having a high blocking voltage and low ON resistance. In the IGBT, however, the electrons accumulated in the drift region  307  in front of the collector region  328  continuously provide a tail current when the IGBT is turned off, until the accumulated electrons disappear due to recombination. This prevents a high-speed turn-off operation. The collector short structure of FIG. 3B is capable of drawing, through the n +  short region  337 , the electrons accumulated in the drift region  307  in front of the collector region  328 , thereby suppressing the tail current at a turn-off operation and realizing a high-speed operation. 
     Like the DMOS transistor of FIG. 3A, the collector short IGBT of FIG. 3B contains a second parasitic diode (D P2 ) of p-n junction structure between the p-base regions  326  and the drift region  307 , or between the p-base regions  326  and the n +  short region  337 . Then, contrary to a forward bias condition for operating the collector short IGBT, if a reverse bias condition is set to make the collector electrode  329  negative and the emitter electrode  321  positive, the parasitic diode D P2  becomes conductive to cause a reverse-conducting state. Similarly, a p-channel collector short IGBT (not shown) contains a first parasitic diode (D P1 ). The present invention positively uses the first and second parasitic diodes D P1  and D P2  as the reverse current paths of the bidirectional switching device, to speedily cut a high voltage. 
     (PACKAGE STRUCTURE) 
     FIG. 4 is an equivalent circuit diagram showing a bidirectional switching device according to another embodiment of the present invention. This device involves a first reference semiconductor element (pMOS transistor) QB 1  and a second reference semiconductor element (nMOS transistor) QB 2  in addition to the arrangement of FIG.  2 . The first reference semiconductor element QB 1  is arranged in parallel with a first main semiconductor element (pMOS transistor) QA 1 , and the second reference semiconductor element QB 2  is connected in parallel with a second main semiconductor element (nMOS transistor) QA 2 . 
     The first reference semiconductor element QB 1  has a fifth main electrode (source electrode) SB 1  connected to the first main electrode (source electrode) SA 1  of the first main semiconductor element QA 1 , a third control electrode (third gate electrode) GB 1  connected to the first control electrode (first gate electrode) GA 1  of the first main semiconductor element QA 1 , and a sixth main electrode (drain electrode) DB 1 . The second reference semiconductor element QB 2  has a seventh main electrode (source electrode) SB 2  connected to the third main electrode (source electrode) SA 2  of the second main semiconductor element QA 2 , a fourth control electrode (fourth gate electrode) GB 2  connected to the second control electrode (second gate electrode) GA 2  of the second main semiconductor element QA 2 , and an eighth main electrode (drain electrode) DB 2 . The first main electrode SA 1  of the first main semiconductor element QA 1  is connected to an ungrounded side of an AC power source  112 , and the fourth main electrode DA 2  of the second main semiconductor element QA 2  is connected to a load  102 . 
     A Zener diode ZD 1  keeps a predetermined voltage of, for example, 12 V between the first gate electrode (first control electrode) GA 1  and first main electrode (source electrode) SA 1  of the first main semiconductor element (pMOS transistor) QA 1 , to bypass an overvoltage so that the overvoltage may not be applied to a gate insulation film of the pMOS transistor QA 1  Similarly, a Zener diode ZD 51  keeps a voltage of 12 V between the second gate electrode (second control electrode) GA 2  and third main electrode (source electrode) SA 2  of the second main semiconductor element (nMOS transistor) QA 2 , to bypass an overvoltage so that the overvoltage may not be applied to a gate insulation film of the nMOS transistor QA 2 . The first control electrode (first gate electrode) GA 1  is connected to a resistor R 7 , and the second control electrode (second gate electrode) GA 2  is connected to a resistor R 57 . 
     FIG. 5A is a plan view showing a large current controlling module (package) for realizing the circuit configuration of FIG. 4, and FIG. 5B is a cross sectional view taken along a line I—I of FIG.  5 A. This module is capable of breaking an alternating current of several hundreds of amperes to about 1000 amperes upon detecting an abnormal current. The module of FIG. 5A serves as the bidirectional switching device of FIG.  4 . The module has MOS transistors serving as the first main semiconductor element QA 1 , first reference semiconductor element QB 1 , second main semiconductor element QA 2 , and second reference semiconductor element QB 2  formed on four semiconductor chips  351  to  354 , which are mounted on a ceramic base  31 . The periphery of the base  31  is surrounded with a circular metal flange  32  having a low thermal expansion coefficient. The semiconductor chips  351  to  354  have source electrode pads SA 1 , SA 2 , SB 1  and SB 2  serving as the first, third, fifth, and seventh main electrodes, and gate electrode pads  391  to  394  serving as the first to fourth control electrodes, 
     The top surface of the ceramic base  31  has copper plates  401  to  404  that are electrically isolated from one another. The bottom surface of the base  31  has a copper plate  405  as shown in FIG.  5 B. The copper plates  401  to  404  are joined with the base  31  by direct sintering or by silver or aluminum brazing. The flange  32  is joined with the top surface of the base  31  around the copper plates  401  to  404  by direct sintering or brazing. The brazing employed here is active metal brazing using surface catalyzer such as titanium (Ti), to provide the joints between the ceramic base  31 , copper plates  401  to  404 , and flange  32  with proper mechanical strength. When brazing is used, each joint interface among the base  31 , copper plates  401  to  405 , and flange  32  has a brazing layer of two to several micrometers thick. Such brazing layers are not shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B. 
     The semiconductor chips  351  to  354  are soldered to the copper plates  401  to  404  through solder layers  42  of about 100 micrometers thick. The chip  351  has the first main semiconductor element QA 1  having the source electrode pad SA 1  on the main surface of the chip  351 . On the main surface of the chip  351 , there are conductive contacts  36  made of highly conductive semispherical metal parts, solder balls, or silver bumps. On the contacts  36 , a first chip presser  61  made of molybdenum (Mo) is pressed with a spring. Similarly, the semiconductor chip  352  has the first reference semiconductor element QB 1  having the source electrode pad SB 1  on the main surface of the chip  352 . On the main surface of the chip  352 , there are contacts  36  on which the first chip presser  61  is pushed down with the spring. Behind FIG. 5B, the second main semiconductor element QA 2  and second reference semiconductor element QB 2  are mounted on the semiconductor chips  353  and  354 , respectively, in the similar manner (See FIG.  5 A). The first chip presser  61  is mechanically connected to a backbone  64  through an insulator  63  as shown in the perspective view of FIG. 5C. A second chip presser  62  is directly connected to the backbone.  64 , to pass a predetermined current. 
     In this way, the first and second chip pressers  61  and  62  press the source electrode pads SA 1 , SA 2 , SB 1 , and SB 2  of the four semiconductor chips  351  to  354 , to form source electrode paths. As shown in FIG. 5B, an annular member  39  made of metal having a low thermal expansion coefficient is joined with the periphery of a ceramic housing  38  with, for example, silver brazing. The top of the annular member  39  is welded to a top end of the flange  32 . A probe pin  47  is pressed by a spring (not shown) through an insulator  48  toward each of the gate electrode pads  391  to  394  of the MOS transistors formed on the main surfaces of the semiconductor chips  351  to  354 . 
     In FIG. 5B, the bottoms of the chips  351  to  354  serving as drain electrodes are soldered to the copper plates  401  to  404 , respectively, and therefore, the copper plates  401  to  404  serve as drain electrode wiring parts for the MOS transistors. Relatively thin cylindrical copper leads are welded to the copper plates  401  to  404 . The cylindrical copper leads serve as the drain electrodes DA 1 , DA 2 , DB 1 , and DB 2 , i.e., the second, fourth, sixth, and eighth electrodes. In FIG. 5C, the drain electrode (cylindrical copper lead) DA 1  passes through the backbone  64  and is welded to the top of the backbone  64 . The drain electrodes (cylindrical copper leads) DA 2 , DB 1 , and DB 2  pass through the ceramic housing  38  and protrude to the outside. An intermediate terminal P made of a columnar copper bar extends from the top of the backbone  64 , passes through the ceramic housing  38 , and protrudes to the outside. A columnar source lead extension SA 1  made of a copper rod extends from the top of the first chip presser  61 , passes through the ceramic housing  38 , and protrudes to the outside. The drain electrodes DA 2 , DB 1 , and DB 2  are joined with copper caps by caulking. The copper caps are brazed to the ceramic housing  38  with silver or aluminum. Similarly, the source electrode SA 1  is joined with a copper cap by caulking. This copper cap is brazed to the ceramic housing  38  with silver or aluminum. The probe pins are connected to gate bonding pads, which are joined with copper caps by caulking. These copper caps are brazed to the ceramic housing  38 . 
     As shown in FIG. 5B, the lower end of the flange  32  is brazed to the ceramic base  31 , and the upper end of the flange  32  is joined with the ceramic housing  38  through the metal member  39  that is welded to the top end of the flange  32 . This structure defines a hermetic space. In addition, via holes through which the drain electrodes DA 2 , DB 1 , and DB 2 , the source electrode SA 1 , and the gate probe cables connected to gate bonding pads, protruding to outside of the ceramic housing  38 , are hermetically closed with the caps. This structure improves moisture resistance and completely prevents moisture and corrosive gas from entering the package, thereby preventing the semiconductor chips  351  to  354  from malfunctioning. Consequently, this structure improves the reliability of the bidirectional switching device. 
     The source electrode pads SA 1 , SA 2 , SB 1 , and SB 2  of the semiconductor chips  351  to  354  are pressed by the first and second chip pressers  61  and  62  through the contacts  36  without bonding wires such as aluminum wires. The drain electrode layers on the bottom surfaces of the semiconductor chips  351  to  354  are soldered to the copper plates  401  to  404 . This structure secures a large current handling capability for each electrode path, and therefore, the bidirectional switching device of the present invention employing this structure shows a great power-cycle-immunity. 
     (INTEGRATED STRUCTURE) 
     FIG. 6A is a cross sectional view showing a monolithically integrated structure that realizes the bidirectional switching device of FIG.  4 . This structure is a dielectric isolation (DI) structure based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology. The SOI structure has a base substrate  501  on which an SOI film (buried insulation film)  502  is formed. On the insulation film  502 , intrinsic (i-type) semiconductor regions  367 ,  357 ,  377 , and  347  are formed. 
     Bach of the i-type semiconductor regions  367 ,  357 ,  377 , and  347  is an island-like structure isolated by the insulation film  502  disposed at the bottom and element isolation regions ( 503 ,  504 ), surrounding the side wall of the i-type semiconductor regions  367 ,  357 ,  377 , and  347 . The semiconductor regions  367 ,  357 ,  377 , and  347  form the first reference semiconductor element QB 1 , first main semiconductor element QA 1 , second main semiconductor element QA 2 , and second reference semiconductor element QB 2 , respectively. For example, the semiconductor region  357  forms the first main semiconductor element QA 1  consisting of N 1  first unit cells, and the semiconductor region  367  forms the first reference semiconductor element QB 1  consisting of N 2  first unit cells. For the sake of simplicity, each element is represented with a single unit cell. Similarly, the semiconductor region  377  forms the second main semiconductor element QA 2  consisting of N 3  second unit cells, and the semiconductor region  347  forms the second reference semiconductor element QB 2  consisting of N 4  second unit cells. Each of these elements is represented with one unit cell in FIG.  6 A. The semiconductor regions  367 ,  357 ,  377 , and  347  may be of n +  type (υ type) or p +  type (π type). Namely, the semiconductor regions  367 ,  357 ,  377 , and  347  may contain a small amount of p +  or n-type dopants in the range of 1×10 11  cm −3  to 5×10 12  cm −3  so that each semiconductor region is substantially of i-type. In the following explanation, the substantially i-type region is called “the i-type semiconductor region”. A semiconductor region having an impurity concentration of 5×10 12  cm −3  to 5×10 14  cm −3  is equivalent to an i-type semiconductor region as long as the region is nearly completely depleted during operation. 
     Each element isolation region consists of a trench that is deep to reach the SOI film (buried insulation film)  502 . More precisely, the element isolation region is made of an insulation film  503  formed on the sidewall of the trench and a semi-insulating polysilicon (SIPOS)  504  sandwiched between the insulation films  503 . The bottomas of the semiconductor regions  367 ,  357 ,  377 , and  347  are p +  buried drain region  368 , p +  buried drain region  358 , n +  buried drain region  308 , and n +  buried drain region  848 , resprespctively. These buried drain regions  368 ,  358 ,  308 , and  348  have p +  sinker region  369 , p +  sinker region  359 , n +  sinker region  319 , and n +  sinker region  349 , respectively, for guiding the buried drain regions up to the top surface of the semiconductor chip. The first main semiconductor element QA 1  is made of N 1  (for example, N 1 =1000) first unit cells formed in the semiconductor region  357 , and the second main semiconductor element QA 2  is made of N 3  second unit cells formed in the semiconductor region  377 . The first reference semiconductor element QB 1  is made of N 2  (for example, N 2 =1) first unit cell(s) formed in the semiconductor region  367 , and the second reference semiconductor element QB 2  is made of N 4  second unit cell(s) formed in the semiconductor region  347 . Accordingly, plural sinker regions  359 ,  319 , etc., may be provided for the unit cells, respectively, Alternatively, the plural unit cells may be grouped, and the sinker regions may be provided for the groups, respectively, to improve the degree of integration on the semiconductor chip. Providing each unit cell with a sinker region may reduce ON resistance. To reduce ON resistance, metal layers  381  to  384  may be formed under the buried drain regions  368 ,  358 ,  308 , and  348 , respectively as shown in FIG.  6 B. The buried metal layers  381  to  384  may be made of refractory metal such as tungsten (W), titanium (Ti), and molybdenum (Mo), or a silicide thereof such as WSi 2 , TiSi 2 , and MoSi 2 . Instead, the metal layers  381  to  384  may be made of polycide employing the silicide. 
     In FIG. 6A, the pMOS transistor serving as the first reference semiconductor element QB 1  consists of the p +  buried region  368  serving as a drain region, the i-type semiconductor region  367  serving as a drift region formed on the region  368 , and an n-body region  366  formed on the region  367 . On the surface of the n-body region  366 , a p +  region  365  serving as a source region is formed. On the regions  366  and  367 , a gate insulation film  364  is formed. On the film  364 , a third control electrode (third gate electrode)  363  is formed. On the gate electrode  363 , an interlayer insulation film  802  having a contact hole is formed. Through the contact hole, a fifth main electrode (source electrode)  361  short-circuits the n-body region  366  to the source region  365 . The buried drain region  368  is connected to the p +  sinker region  369  on which a sixth main electrode (drain electrode)  370  is formed. 
     The pMOS transistor serving as the first main semiconductor element QA 1  consists of the p +  buried region  358  serving as a drain region, the i-type semiconductor region  357  serving as a drift region formed on the region  358 , and an n-body region  356  formed on the region  357 . On the region  356 , a p +  region  355  serving as a source region is formed. On the regions  356  and  257 , a gate insulation film  354  is formed. On the gate insulation film  354 , a first control electrode (first gate electrode)  353  is formed. On the gate electrode  353 , the interlayer insulation film  302  is formed to have a contact hole Through the contact hole, a first main electrode (source electrode)  351  short-circuits the body region  356  to the source region  355 . The buried drain region  358  is connected to the p +  sinker region  359  on which a source electrode  301  of the second main semiconductor element QA 2  extends to connect with the drain region  358 . Namely, the source electrode  301  of the second main semiconductor element QA 2  forms an intermediate terminal wire P connected to a second main electrode (drain electrode) of the first main semiconductor element QA 1 . The source electrode  361  of the first reference semiconductor element QB 1  is connected to the source electrode  351  of the first main semiconductor element QA 1  behind FIG.  6 A. 
     The nMOS transistor serving as the second main semiconductor element QA 2  consists of the n +  drain region  308  serving as a drain region, the i-type semiconductor region  377  serving as a drift region formed on the region  308 , and a p-body region  306  formed on the surface of the region  377 . On the surface of the region  306 , an n +  region  305  serving as a source region is formed. On the regions  306  and.  377 , a gate insulation film  304  is formed. On the gate insulation film  304 , a second control electrode (second gate electrode)  303  is formed. On the gate electrode  303 , the interlayer insulation film  302  is formed to have a contact hole. Through the contact hole, the intermediate terminal wire  301  serving as a third main electrode (source electrode) short-circuits the body region  306  to the source region  305 . The n +  buried drain region  308  is connected to the n +  sinker region  319  on which a fourth main electrode (drain electrode)  310  is formed. 
     The nMOS transistor serving as the second reference semiconductor element QB 2  consists of the n +  region  348  serving as a drain region, the i-type semiconductor region  347  serving as a drift region formed on the region  848 , and a p-body region  246  formed on the region  347 . On the surface of the p-body region  346 , an n +  region  345  serving as a source region is formed. On the regions  346  and  347 , a gate insulation film  344  is formed. On the gate insulation film  344 , a fourth control electrode (fourth gate electrode)  343  is formed. On the gate electrode  343 , the interlayer insulation film  302  is formed to have a contact hole. Through the contact hole, a seventh main electrode (source electrode)  841  short-circuits the p-body region  346  to the source region  345 , The n +  buried drain region  848  is connected to the n +  sinker region (not shown), which is connected to an eighth main electrode (drain electrode) The source electrode  341  of the second reference semiconductor element QB 2  and the source electrode  301  of the second main semiconductor element QA 2  are connected to each other behind FIG.  6 A. 
     Like the example of FIG. 3A, a first parasitic diode D P1  of p-n junction structure is present between the n-body region  356  and the p +  buried drain region  358  of the first main semiconductor element QA 1 . A second parasitic diode D P2  of p-n junction structure is present between the p-body region  306  and the n +  buried drain region  308  of the second main semiconductor element QA 2 . When a bias condition is set with the drain electrode  310  being negative and the intermediate terminal wire P being positive, the parasitic diode D P2  becomes conductive. On the other hand, when a bias condition is set with the intermediate terminal wire P being positive and the source electrode  351  being negative, the parasitic diode D r1  becomes conductive. 
     Manufacturing steps of the bidirectional switching device of FIG. 6A will be explained. 
     (a) The base substrate  501  is prepared from a p-type silicon substrate having an impurity concentration of 5×10 12  cm −3  to 1×10 15  cm −3  and a thickness of 250 μm to 600 μm. On the surface of the base substrate  501 , the buried insulation film (SOI film)  502  of 1 μm to 10 μm thick is formed by, for example, thermal oxidation or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The surface of the film  502  is polished to form a mirror surface. To thicken the film  502  to about 3 μm, high-pressure oxidation may be employed. 
     (b) A silicon substrate that is substantially of i-type having an impurity concentration of 1×10 11  cm −3  to 5×10 12  cm −3  or lower (hereinafter referred to as “the i-type substrate”) is prepared. On the surface of the i-type substrate, photolithography and ion implantation are carried out to selectively form the p +  buried drain regions  368  and  358  and n +  buried drain regions  308  and  848 . The base substrate  501  is bonded to the i-type substrate by the silicon-wafer direct bonding (SDB) method such that the surface where the regions  368 ,  358 ,  308 , and  348  are formed is joined with the film  502 . The SDB may be an anode bonding method that carries out a heat treatment by applying a voltage. The thickness of the i-type substrate is adjusted by polishing to a required thickness, for example, 10 μm to 50 μm. To reduce ON resistance, the metal layers  381  to  384  (FIG. 6B) may be prepared under the buried drain regions  868 ,  358 ,  308 , and  348 . In this case, refractory metal such as tungsten (W), titanium (Ti), and molybdenum (Mo) is deposited by CVD, spattering, or vacuum deposition method. After the deposition of the refractory metal, an annealing (or the silicidation) process may be carried out at a predetermined temperature to form refractory metal silicide such as WSi 2 , TiSi 2 , or MoSi 2 The refractory metal silicide may directly be formed by CVD or spattering method. Polysilicon CVD method may be further employed to form a composite film of polycide with the use of the silicide. Thereafter, the i-type substrate and the base substrate  501  are bonded together such that the metal layers  381  to  384  may contact with the film  502 . 
     (c) The surface of the thickness-adjusted i-type substrate is chemically etched to remove a damaged layer. On the surface, an oxide film  34  of 0.3 μm to 1 μm thick is formed by thermal oxidation. On the oxidation film  34 , a lattice pattern corresponding to the element isolation regions is formed by photolithography. More precisely, a photoresist mask is formed to cover the drain regions  368 ,  358 ,  308 , and  348 , and is patterned into the lattice corresponding to the element isolation regions. With the use of the patterned mask, the oxide film is etched by reactive ion etching (RIE) method using, for example, CF 4  or by electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) etching method. The mask used to etch the oxide film is removed, and the oxide film itself is used as a mask to etch the i-type substrate by RIE method using CF 4 +O 2 , SF 6 +O 2 , SF 6 +H 2 , CCl 4 , or SiCl 4 , or by microwave plasma etching, or by ECR etching method. This forms the element isolation trenches in the i-type substrate. When the metal layers  381  to  384  are formed, the element isolation trenches are formed through the metal layers  381  to  384 . 
     (d) The insulation film (oxide film)  503  is formed on each side wall of the element isolation trenches by thermal oxidation. Each element isolation trench is buried with polycrystalline silicon without impurities, or the SIPOS by CVD method. The surfaces of the trenches are flattened by chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) method, and the SIPOS is filled to form the element isolation regions. This completes the i-type semiconductor regions  367 ,  357 ,  377 ,  347 , etc., that are spatially independent of one another. 
     (e) Thereafter, the pMOS transistors and nMOS transistors are formed by standard CMOS fabrication processes. These IC fabrication processes are well known, and therefore, will not be explained. As is usual according to the standard CMOS fabrication processes, p wells may be formed in the i-type semiconductor regions  367  and  357  and n wells in the i-type semiconductor regions  377  and  347  by selective ion implantation and drive-in annealing. This, however, is not essential to the operation of the elements, and therefore, the i-type semiconductor regions  367 ,  357 ,  377 , and  347  may be used as they are as drift regions, to reduce the number of processes. 
     The above explanation is based on the DI technology. The present invention is also applicable to a junction isolation (JI) structure, which is producible with known semiconductor techniques. 
     (POWER IC) 
     FIG. 7A is a circuit diagram showing a power IC according to still another embodiment of the present invention. The power IC has a pMOS transistor serving as a first main semiconductor element QA 1  and an nMOS transistor serving as a second main semiconductor element QA 2 . A drain electrode (second main electrode) of the first main semiconductor element QA 1  is connected to a source electrode (third main electrode) of the second main semiconductor element QA 2 . A drain electrode (fourth main electrode) of the second main semiconductor element QA 2  is connected to a grounded side of an AC power source  112 , and an ungrounded side of the AC power source  112  is connected to a source electrode (first main electrode) of the first main semiconductor element QA 1 . A load  102  is connected between the ground and the drain electrode of the second main semiconductor element QA 2 . A Zener diode ZD 1  keeps a voltage of 12 V between a first control electrode (first gate electrode) of the first main semiconductor element QA 1  and the source electrode S thereof, to bypass an overvoltage so that the overvoltage may not-be applied to a gate insulation film of the first main semiconductor element QA 1 . A Zener diode ZD 51  keeps a voltage of 12 V between a second control electrode (second gate electrode) of the second main semiconductor element QA 2  and the source electrode SA thereof, to bypass an overvoltage so that the overvoltage may not be applied to a gate insulation film of the second main semiconductor element QA 2  A resistor R 8  produces a potential difference between the first gate electrode and the ground The resistor R 8  is grounded when a switch SW 2  is closed. A resistor R 58  produces a potential difference between the second gate electrode and the ground. The resistor R 58  is grounded when the switch SW 2  is closed. 
     According to the present invention, a MOS transistor serving as a first reference semiconductor element QB 1  is connected to the source and gate electrodes of the first main semiconductor element QA 1 . The first reference semiconductor element QB 1  is of the same type as the first main semiconductor element QA 1  and has a smaller current handling capability than the first main semiconductor element QA 1 . A MOS transistor serving as a second reference semiconductor element Q 32  is connected to the source and gate electrodes of the second main semiconductor element QA 2 . A drain electrode of the second reference semiconductor element Q 32  is connected to a reference resistor Rr. The second reference semiconductor element QB 2  is of the same type as the second main semiconductor element QA 2  and has a smaller current handling capability than the second main semiconductor element QA 2 . For example, the first main semiconductor element QA 1  consists of N 1  first unit cells, and the first reference semiconductor element QB 1  consists of N 2  first unit cells with N 1 &gt;&gt;N 2 . Similarly, the second main semiconductor element QA 2  consists of N 3  second unit cells, and the second reference semiconductor element QB 2  consists of N 4  second unit cells. Namely, each of the first and second main semiconductor elements QA 1  and QA 2  has a multi-channel structure formed of a plurality of unit cells connected in parallel to realize a rated current handling capability. The current handling capability of each of the first and second reference semiconductor elements QB 1  and QB 2  is set to be smaller than that of the corresponding main semiconductor element by adjusting the number of the parallel-connected unit cells. Here, a current dividing ratio is determined as N 1 :N 2 , or N 3 :N 4 . For example, the first reference semiconductor element QB 1  is made of N 2  unit cell (N 2 =1), and the first main semiconductor element QA 1  is made of N 1  unit cells (N 1 =1000). As a result, the ratio of the channel width of the first reference semiconductor element to that of the first main semiconductor element becomes 1:1000, which determines a current dividing ratio. Similarly, the second reference semiconductor element Q 32  is made of N 4  unit cell, and the second main semiconductor element QA 2  is made of N 3  unit cells so as to define a required current dividing ratio N 3 :N 4 . 
     A first comparator CMP 1  has a positive input terminal connected to the second main electrode (drain electrode) of the first main semiconductor element QA 1  through a resistor R 1 . A negative input terminal of the first comparator CMP 1  is connected to a sixth main electrode (drain electrode) of the first reference semiconductor element QB 1  through a resistor R 2 . A second comparator CMP 2  has a positive input terminal connected to the fourth main electrode (drain electrode) of the second main semiconductor element QA 2  through a resistor R 72 . A negative input terminal of the second comparator CMP 2  is connected to an eighth main electrode (drain electrode) of the second reference semiconductor element QB 2  through a resistor R 71 . 
     A first transistor Q 1  is connected between the first main electrode S of the first main semiconductor element QA 1  and a higher-level power supply terminal of the first comparator CMP 1 . A resistor R 9  is connected between a lower-level power supply terminal of the first comparator CMP 1  and the ground. A second transistor Q 71  is connected between the second main electrode DA of the first main semiconductor element QA 1  a lower-level power supply terminal of the second comparator CMP 2 . A resistor R 59  is connected between a higher-level power supply terminal of the second comparator CMP 2  and the ground. The higher-level power supply terminal of the first comparator CMP 1  is connected to an emitter electrode of a third transistor Q 2 , and an output terminal of the first comparator CMP 1  is connected to a base electrode of the third transistor Q 2 . The lower-level power supply terminal of the second comparator CMP 2  is connected to an emitter electrode of a fourth transistor Q 72 , and an output terminal of the second comparator CMP 2  is connected to a base electrode of the fourth transistor Q 72 . Consequently, the output terminal of the first comparator CMP 1  is connected to the first and third- gate electrodes of the first main and reference semiconductor elements QA 1  and QB 1  through the third transistor Q 2 . The output terminal of the second comparator CMP 2  is connected to the second and fourth gate electrodes of the second main and reference semiconductor elements QA 2  and QB 2  through the fourth transistor Q 72 . 
     A collector electrode of the third transistor Q 2  is connected to a reverse current preventive diode D 4 , which is connected to an ON/OFF accumulator  801  The power IC further has a bridge circuit composed of four diodes D 11  to D 14  connected between the first main electrode S and the ground GND. Two middle points of the bridge circuit are connected to a power source capacitor C 4 . Ends of the capacitor C 4  are connected to a series circuit consisting of a power source resistor R 33  and a power source Zener diode ZD 4 . A terminal potential of the Zener diode ZD 4  is used as a power supply voltage for the ON/OFF accumulator  801 . 
     (OPERATION OF THE POWER IC) 
     The operation of the power IC of FIG. 7A will be explained. 
     1. Operation when AC voltage Vo is positive with respect to ground potential. 
     (a) The AC voltage Vo is from commercial AC power supply having an effective value of 100 V and a frequency of 50 Hz. One side of the AC power source  112  is grounded. When the switch SW 2  is closed, the gate electrodes of the first main semiconductor element QA 1 , first reference semiconductor element QB 1 , second main semiconductor element QA 2 , and second reference semiconductor element QB 2  are grounded through the switch SW 2 , resistors R 8  and R 58 , etc. When the ungrounded side of the AC power source  112  increases to be positive, the gate electrodes of the elements QA 1 , QB 1 , QA 2 , and QB 2  decrease with respect to potential at the source electrodes thereof. As a result, the first main semiconductor element QA 1  and first reference semiconductor element QB 1  turn on because they are of p-channel. On the other hand, the second main semiconductor element QA 2  and second reference semiconductor element QB 2  turn off because they are of n-channel. Accordingly, a current flows from the ungrounded side of the AC power source  112  through the first main semiconductor element QA 1 , a parasitic diode D P2  contained in the second main semiconductor element QA 2 , and the load  102  to the grounded side of the AC power source  112 . 
     (b) The potential at the gate electrodes of the first main and reference semiconductor elements QA 1  and QB 1  gradually decreases with respect to the potential at the source electrodes thereof. The potential difference between the source and gate electrodes of each of the elements QA 1  and QB 1  is clamped by the Zener diode ZD 1 , and therefore, never increases above the Zener voltage of 12 V of the Zener diode ZD 1 . 
     (c) The ungrounded side of the AC power source  112  applies the power supply voltage Vo to a Zener diode ZD 3  through resistors R 11  and R 10  and a diode D 7  When the power supply voltage Vo increases to increase a terminal voltage of the Zener diode ZD 3  above a Zener voltage of 80 V, the Zener diode ZD 3  becomes conductive. This passes a base current to the bipolar transistor Q 1 , which turns on. Then, the first comparator CMP 1  receives source power to start an overcurrent testing function. At this time, a current flows from the collector electrode of the transistor Q 1  to a Zener diode ZD 2  to the resistor R 9  to the ground. As a result, a terminal potential difference of the first comparator CMP 1  is clamped at the Zener voltage of 12 V of the Zener diode ZD 2 . A remaining voltage of “Vo−12 V” of the power supply voltage is applied to the ends of the resistor R 9 . 
     (d) The first comparator CMP 1  has input terminal potentials V 2  and V 3 . The potentials V 2  and V 3  are clamped by diodes D 2  and D 1  at the anode potential of the Zener diode ZD 2 . The potential V 2  may decrease to a level that is lower than the anode potential of the Zener diode ZD 2  by a forward voltage drop of 0.7 V of the diode D 2 . The potential V 2  never decreases further. If the ON voltage of the bipolar transistor Q 1  is 0.3 V, the following is established due to the Zener voltage of 12 V of the Zener diode ZD 2 : 
     
       
         V 2 =Vo−0.3 V−12 V−0.7 V=Vo−13 V  (1) 
       
     
     The potential V 3  is clamped at a potential that is lower than the potential V 2  by a voltage drop due to the resistor R 3 . Namely, V 2 &gt;V 3  when the input terminal potentials V 2  and V 3  are clamped by the diodes D 2  and D 3 . As a result, the output of the first he comparator CMP 1  is kept at high. Under this state, no base current flows to the bipolar transistor Q 2 , and therefore, the transistor Q 2  is in a nonconducting state. 
     (e) When potentials V DA  and V DB  at the drain electrodes DA and DB of the first main and reference semiconductor elements QA 1  and QB 1  increase higher than potential at the anode of the Zener diode ZD 2 , the first comparator CMP 1  starts an overcurrent test. A current passes from the drain electrode DB of the first reference semiconductor element QB 1  to the resistor R 2  to the resistor R 6  to the diode D 1  to the resistor R 8  to the switch SW 2  and to the ground. This current causes a voltage drop at the resistor R 2 . Even if V DA =V DB , potential at the positive input terminal of the first comparator CMP 1  becomes higher than that at the negative input terminal thereof. As explained above, the number N 1  of unit cells of the first main semiconductor element QA 1  is greater than the number N 2  of unit cells of the first reference semiconductor element QB 1 . Namely. N 1 &gt;N 2 , and N 1 :N 2 =1000:1. The elements QA 1  and QB 1  have ON resistance values Ron A1  and Ron B1 , respectively, and a p-channel MOS transistor serving as the unit cell has an ON resistance of Ru. Then, the following is established; 
     
       
         Ron A1 =Ru/N 1   (2) 
       
     
     
       
         Ron B1 =Ru/N 2   (3) 
       
     
     Under a normal state, resistance between the first main semiconductor element QA 1  and the AC power source  112  (the grounded side) is the sum of load resistance R L , wiring resistance R I , and inductance-equivalent resistance R X . The sum is a total load resistance R T  as follows: 
     
       
         R T =R I +R I +R X   (4) 
       
     
     The inductance-equivalent resistance R X  is calculated by converting a voltage induced by a change in a load current into resistance according to wiring inductance. The inductance-equivalent resistance R X  is positive for an increasing current and negative for a decreasing current. The total load resistance R T  is within a specific range if the load and wiring are normal, although there are some fluctuations due to parts variations. If the load resistance R L  involves a short-circuit failure, or if the wiring is grounded due to a short circuit failure, or if an incomplete short-circuit (with a finite resistance value) occurs, the total load resistance R T  decreases below the normal value. In an overload range outside a normal range, a resistance value close to the normal range is set as R Lim . Then, R T &gt;R Lim . If the total load resistance R T  becomes smaller than R Lim , it is determined as overload. The first comparator CMP 1  carries out an overload test in the range of 80 V&lt;Vo&lt;141 V. If the load resistance R L  is equal to R Lim  in the overload testing range, the first main semiconductor element QA 1  passes a current of I DLim . The ON resistance of the parasitic diode D P2  of the second main semiconductor element QA 2  is very small and ignorable. 
     
       
         I DLim =(Vo−Ron A1 )/R Lim ≅Vo/R Lim   (5) 
       
     
     At this time, the drain-source voltage of the first main semiconductor element QA 1  is V SDA  expressed as follows: 
     
       
         V SDA =I DLim ×Ron A1 =Vo/R Lim ×Ru/N 1   (6) 
       
     
     On the other hand, the first reference semiconductor element QB 1  passes a current I DBI  as follows: 
     
       
         I DB1 =(Vo−ROn B1 −V FD )/Rr≅Vo/Rr  (7) 
       
     
     where V FD  is a forward voltage drop (ON voltage) of a diode D 8  connected to the drain electrode of the first reference semiconductor element QB 1 . The drain-source voltage V SDB  of the first reference semiconductor element QB 1  is as follows: 
     
       
         V SDB =I DB1 ×Ron B1 =Vo/Rr×Ru/N 2   (8) 
       
     
     The reference resistor Rr is set to make V SDA =V SDB . Then, the following is obtained from the expressions (6) and (8): 
     
       
         Vo/R Lim ×Ru/N 1 ≅Vo/Rr×Ru/N 2   (9) 
       
     
     
       
         ∴Rr=N 1 /N 2 ×R Lim =1000×R Lim   (10) 
       
     
     If the reference resistor Rr is set to satisfy the expression (10), then V SDA &lt;V SDB  under a normal state and V SDA &gt;V SDB  under an overload state (an abnormal state of wiring or load). Since the first main and reference semiconductor elements QA 1  and QB 1  are connected to each other through their sources and gates, V DA &gt;V DB  under a normal state and V DA &lt;V DB  under an abnormal state. Consequently, comparing the drain potential V DA  of the first main semiconductor element QA 1  with the drain potential V DB  of the first reference semiconductor element QB 1  determines whether or not load and wiring are normal. 
     (f) While a current flowing through the first main semiconductor element QA 1  is normal, V DA &gt;V DB , and the first comparator CMP 1  provides an output of high level. The bipolar transistor Q 2  is in the nonconducting state, and the first main and reference semiconductor elements QA 1  and QB 1  keep the conducting state. If an overcurrent flows to the first main semiconductor element QA 1 , then V DA &lt;V DB , and the first comparator CMP 1  provides an output of low level. The bipolar transistor Q 2  turns on, and the gates of the first main and reference semiconductor elements QA 1  and QB 1  are clamped at a voltage that is about 0.6 V lower than a source voltage. This results in turning off the first main and reference semiconductor elements QA 1  and QB 1 . At this time, a current passing through the resistor R 6  connected to the negative input terminal of the first comparator CMP 1  decreases, to reduce a voltage drop at the resistor R 2 . This results in increasing the potential at the negative input terminal of the first comparator CMP 1 . This achieves a hysteresis effect. 
     (g) Even if the first main and reference semiconductor elements QA 1  and QB 1  are turned off, the relationship of V DA &lt;V DB  is maintained under an overload state. Accordingly, the elements QA 1  and QB 1  maintain the nonconducting state to expand the source-drain potential difference between the elements QA 1  and QB 1 . As a result, the input terminal potentials V 2  and V 3  of the first comparator CMP 1  drop and are clamped at the anode potential of the Zener diode ZD 2  due to the diodes D 2  and D 3 . This changes the output of the first comparator CMP 1  from low to high, to turn off the bipolar transistor Q 2 . The first comparator CMP 1  is an open-collector comparator, and therefore, a base current of the transistor Q 2  flows while a charging current for a capacitor C 1  is flowing, even if the output of the first comparator CMP 1  is high. As a result, the transistor Q 2  keeps the conducting state. When the capacitor C 1  is charged to turn off the transistor Q 2 , the drain potentials V DA  and V DB  drop nearly to the ground potential. In this way, there is a time difference between a time point when the output of the first comparator CMP 1  is inverted and a time point when the first main and reference semiconductor elements QA 1  and QB 1  are turned on. 
     (h) When the bipolar transistor Q 2  turns off, the gate potentials of the first main and reference semiconductor elements QA 1  and QB 1  decrease to turn on the elements QA 1  and QB 1 . As a result, the drain potentials V DA  and V DB  start to increase. When the drain potentials V DA  and V DB  exceed the anode potential of the Zener diode ZD 2  and if it is an overload state, the output of the first comparator CMP 1  changes to low. This results in turning on the transistor Q 2  and off the first main and reference semiconductor elements QA 1  and QB 1 . In this way, if an overload state lasts in the range of Vo&gt;80 V; the first main and reference semiconductor in elements QA 1  and QB 1  are repeatedly turned on and off 
     2. Operation when AC voltage Vo is negative with respect to ground potential 
     This operation is substantially symmetrical to the above-mentioned operation with the AC voltage Vo being positive. In this operation, the second main and reference semiconductor elements QA 2  and QB 2 , which are n-channel MOS transistors, operate instead of the first main and reference semiconductor elements QA 1  and QB 1  that are p-channel MOS transistors. Instead of the bipolar transistors Q 1  and Q 2  that are pnp bipolar transistors, bipolar transistors Q 71  and Q 72  that are npn bipolar transistors work for the second main and reference semiconductor elements QA 2  and QB 2 . Except the directions of currents and voltages that are opposite to those of the case with the AC voltage Vo being positive, the operation of the case with the AC voltage Vo being negative is the same as that mentioned above, and therefore, will not be explained again. 
     3. Accumulating the number of ON/OFF operations 
     (a) While ON/OFF operations are repeated under an overload state, the bipolar transistor Q 2  or Q 72  keeps the ON/OFF transition. On the other hand, the AC voltage Vo is applied to the diodes D 11  to D 14  that form the bridge circuit. When the AC voltage Vo is positive, a current flows from the AC power source  112  to the diode D 11  to the capacitor C 4  to the diode D 14  to the ground, thereby charging the capacitor C 4 . If the AC voltage Vo is negative, a current flows from the ground to the diode D 13  to the capacitor C 4  to the diode D 12  to the AC power source  112 , thereby charging the capacitor C 4  in the same direction. The voltage of the capacitor C 4  pulsates, and therefore, the capacitor C 4  is connected in parallel to the series circuit consisting of the resistor R 33  and Zener diode ZD 4 . A terminal potential difference of the Zener diode ZD 4  is used as a floating power source for the ON/OFF accumulator  801  consisting of NAND circuits NAND 1  and NAND 2  and a comparator CMP 3 . The NAND 1  and NAND 2  form a NAND-type flip-flop. A voltage from the floating power source that uses the terminal potential difference of the Zener diode ZD 4  is divided by resistors R 31  and R 32 , and the divided voltage is used as a reference voltage to a positive input terminal of the comparator CMP 3 . A negative input terminal of the comparator CMP 3  is equal to a zero potential of the floating power source, i.e., an anode potential of the Zener diode ZD 4  under a normal state. At this time, the comparator CMP 3  provides an a output of high level. When the AC voltage Vo becomes positive with the switch SW 2  being OFF, a high level is applied from the ungrounded side of the AC power source  112  to an input of an inverter I 1  through the resistors R 11  and R 10 , diode D 7 ; and Zener diode ZD 3  (or through the Zener diode ZD 1  and resistor R 8 ). As a result, the inverter I 1  provides an output of low level, and an output /IQ (Q bar) of the NAND 1  becomes low. If the switch SW 2  is closed and the output of the comparator CMP 3  is high, the output /Q, of the NAND 1  is kept at low. 
     (b) If an overload state occurs with the AC voltage Vo being positive, the bipolar transistor Q 2  turns on, and a current flows from the transistor Q 2  to the diode D 4  to the resistor R 12  to the capacitor C 3 , thereby charging the capacitor C 3 . If an overload state occurs with the AC voltage Mo being negative, the transistor Q 72  turns on to turn on the transistor Q 4 , and a current flows from the transistor Q 4  to the diode D 5  to the resistor R 12  to the capacitor C 3 , thereby charging the capacitor C 3 . The ON/OFF operations are repeated to charge the capacitor C 3  of the ON/OFF accumulator  801  to increase potential at the negative input terminal of the comparator CMP 3 . After a predetermined number of ON/OFF operations, the potential at the negative input terminal of the comparator CMP 3  exceeds potential (reference value) at the positive input terminal of the comparator CMP 3 , to change the output of the comparator CMP 3  to low. As a result, the output/Q of the NAND 1  changes from low to high. Then, with the AC voltage Vo being positive, a current flows from a diode D 6  to the resistor R 13  to the base electrode of the transistor Q 3 , to turn on the transistor Q 3 . This turns on the bipolar transistor Q 2 , to turn off the first main and reference semiconductor elements QA 1  and QB 1 . With the AC in voltage Vo being negative, a current flows from a diode D 56  to a resistor R 63  to the base electrode of the transistor Q 72 , to turn off the second main and reference semiconductor elements QA 2  and QB 2 . Once these elements are turned off, they are kept off while the switch SW 2  is ON. 
     (c) FIGS. 7B and 7C show examples that provide the first main semiconductor element QA 1  with a temperature sensor  123  and the second main semiconductor element QA 2  with a temperature sensor  121  to accelerate the heating of semiconductor chips on which the elements QA 1  and QA 2  are formed, by producing current oscillations. If the temperatures of the semiconductor chips increase, it is detected to turn off the first main semiconductor element QA 1  and second main semiconductor element QA 2 . If the first main semiconductor element QA 1  or second main semiconductor element QA 2  is turned off due to overheat, the. NAND-type flip-flop is inverted to maintain the OFF states of the elements. In FIG. 7B, the second main semiconductor element QA 2  is controlled by a control circuit, or “a thermal protector” consisting of a resistor R 57 , a second temperature sensor  121 , a second latch.  122 , and a second thermal cutoff element QS 2 . The second thermal cutoff element QS 2  is, for example, an nMOS transistor, The thermal protector is integrated with the second main semiconductor element QA 2  on the same semiconductor chip. If the second temperature sensor  121  detects that the temperature of the semiconductor chip is above a predetermined level, the detected information is latched by the second latch  122  to turn on the second thermal cutoff element QS 2 , which forcibly turns off the second main semiconductor element QA 2 . The second temperature sensor  121  consists of four diodes made of, for example, polysilicon and connected in series. As the temperature of the semiconductor chip increases, a forward voltage of the diodes of the second temperature sensor  121  drops to decrease the gate potential of an nMOS transistor Q 51  to low. This changes the nMOS transistor Q 51  from ON to OFF. Then, the gate potential of an nMOS transistor Q 54  is pulled up to the potential of the gate control terminal GA 2  of the second main semiconductor element QA 2 , to turn on the nMOS transistor Q 54 . This drops the gate potential of an nMOS transistor Q 53  to turn off the nMOS transistor Q 53 . This changes an nMOS transistor Q 52  from OFF to ON, and the latch  122  latches In “ 1 ” and provides an output of high level. This output changes the second thermal cutoff element QS 2  from OFF to ON, to short-circuit between the true gate TG and source SA 2  of the second main semiconductor element QA 2  to low, thereby changing the second main semiconductor element QA 2  from ON to OFF. Namely, the second main semiconductor element QA 2  is turned off due to overheat. 
     FIG. 7C shows the other control circuit, or “the other thermal protector” for controlling the first main semiconductor element QA 1 . The second thermal protector consists of a resistor R 7 , the first temperature sensor  123 , a first latch  124 , and a first thermal cutoff element QS 1 . The first thermal cutoff element QS 1  is a pMOS transistor, for example. The other thermal protector is integrated with the first main semiconductor element QA 1  on the same semiconductor chip. The first temperature sensor  123  consists of four diodes made of, for example, polysilicon and connected in series. As the first temperature of the semiconductor chip increases, a forward voltage of the four diodes drops to make the gate potential of a pMOS transistor Q 91  high to turn off the pMOS transistor Q 91 . This pulls down the gate potential of a pMOS transistor Q 94  to the potential of the gate control terminal GA 1  of the first main semiconductor element QA 1 , to turn on the transistor Q 94 . This turns off a pMOS transistor Q 93  to turn on a pMOS transistor Q 92 . As a result, the first latch  124  latches “ 1 ” and provides an output of low level to turn on the thermal cutoff element QS 1 . This increases the potential of the true gate TG of the first main semiconductor element QA 1  to turn the first main semiconductor element QA 1  off. 
     (SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POWER IC) 
     FIG. 8 is a waveform diagram of the power IC according to the present invention. A curve Vo corresponds to the power supply voltage Vo of FIG.  7 A. V 2  and V 3  represent potentials at the positive and negative input terminals of the first comparator CMP 1  (or the second comparator CMP 2 ). A curve V 1 {circle around (2)} corresponds to a drain voltage of the first main semiconductor element QA 1  (or the second main semiconductor element QA 2 ) under a normal state and is lower than the voltage Vo by the sum of a source-drain voltage and a parasitic diode voltage drop, A curve V 1 {circle around (3)} corresponds to a drain voltage of the first main semiconductor element QA 1  (or the second main semiconductor element QA 2 ) under an overload state. As mentioned above, the first main semiconductor element QA 1  (second main semiconductor element QA 2 ) carries out ON/OFF operations to produce an oscillating drain voltage waveform. At this time, the input terminal potentials V 2  and V 3  of the first comparator CMP 1  (second comparator CMP 2 ) are in hatched areas of FIG. 8 where Vo&gt;80 V or Vo&lt;−80 V and where the overload testing function works. Although the values V 2  and V 3  may deviate from Vo by 13 V at the maximum, the oscillating waveform V 1 {circle around (3)} deviates from Vo by more than 13 V. This is because the capacitor C 1  (FIG. 7A) connected to the output terminal of the first comparator CMP 1  substantially extends an OFF period of the first main semiconductor element QA 1 . 
     Although not shown in FIG. 8, the waveform of a drain voltage of the second main semiconductor element QA 2  also oscillates in the overload state, when the AC voltage Vo is negative with respect to the ground potential. At this time, V 2  and V 3  at the input terminals of the second comparator CMP 2  may deviate from Vo by 13 V at the maximum in absolute value, while an oscillating waveform V 1 {circle around (3)} related to the element QA 2  deviate from Vo by more than 13 V. This is because the capacitor C 2  connected to the output terminal of the second comparator CMP 2  substantially extends an OFF period of the second main semiconductor element QA 2 . 
     (STRUCTURE OF POWER IC) 
     Packaging structures for power ICs according to the present invention will be explained. The first main semiconductor element QA 1 , first reference semiconductor element QB 1 , second main semiconductor element QA 2 , second reference semiconductor element QB 2 , first comparator CMP 1 , second comparator CMP 2 , ON/OFF accumulator  801 , inverter I 1 , bridge circuit, etc., of FIG. 7A may entirely be integrated on a single semiconductor chip, to realize a power IC that is small and light. 
     Instead, the first main semiconductor element QA 1 , first reference semiconductor element QB 1 , second main semiconductor element QA 2 , and second reference semiconductor element QB 2  may be integrated on a single semiconductor chip (“power chip”)  911  as shown in FIG.  9 . The first comparator CMP 1 , second comparator CMP 2 , ON/OFF accumulator  801 , inverter I 1 , bridge circuit, etc., that serve as control circuit are integrated on another separate semiconductor chip (“control chip”)  912 . The chips  911  and  912  are mounted on a single package base  901  to form a multi-chip module (MCM) or a hybrid IC. 
     The MCM of FIG. 9 includes a conductive support plate  902  arranged on the package base  901 . The power chip  911  and control chip  912  are arranged on the support plate  902 . Intermediate terminals  921  to  925  are formed on an insulator  913  that is placed on the support plate  902 . At the periphery of the package base  901 , there are a first lead  971  serving as a terminal T 1 , a second lead  972  serving as a terminal T 2 , a third lead  973  serving as a ground terminal GND, a fourth lead  974  serving as a terminal T 3 , and a fifth lead  975  serving as a terminal T 4 . 
     Bonding pads  933  to  937  on the power chip  911  are connected to bonding pads  942  to  946  on the control chip  912  through the intermediate terminal  921  to  925 , bonding wires  953  to  957 , and bonding wires  960  to  964 , Bonding pads  931 ,  932 , and  938  on the power chip  911  are connected to the second lead  972 , fourth lead  974 , and first lead  971  through bonding wires  951 ,  952 , and  958 , respectively. Bonding pads  941  and  947  on the control chip  912  are connected to the first lead  971  and fifth lead  975  through bonding wires  959  and  965 , respectively. 
     To transport heat from the power chip  911  and control chip  912 , the package base  901  is made of insulating material having high heat conductivity, such as ceramics. The package base  901  may be an insulating base made of, for example, epoxy resin, Bakelite, or ABS resin. 
     The support plate  902  and leads  971  to  975  are patterned from metal material by, for example, punching or etching. The metal material may be made of aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), copper alloy such as Cu—Fe, Cu—Cr, Cu—Ni—Si, and Cu—Sn, nickel-iron alloy such as Ni—Fe and Fe—Ni—Co, or a composite material of copper and stainless steel. The metal material may be plated with nickel (Ni), gold (Au), etc. The parts mentioned above are sealed with resin or a packaging can. 
     To make the bidirectional switching device of the present invention into a hybrid IC, the control circuit including the first comparator CMP 1 , second comparator CMP 2 , ON/OFF accumulator  801 , inverter I 1 , bridge circuit, etc., may monolithically be integrated on a single semiconductor chip. At the same time, the first main semiconductor element QA 1 , first reference semiconductor element QB 1 , second main semiconductor element QA 2 , and second reference semiconductor element QB 2  are prepared as discrete circuit elements and, with the semiconductor chip, are mounted on a single package base or a circuit board. 
     (OTHER EMBODIMENTS) 
     Various modifications will become possible for those skilled in the art after receiving the teachings of the present disclosure without departing from the scope thereof. For example, FIG. 10 shows a power IC according to still another embodiment of the present invention. The power IC consists of an n-channel first main semiconductor element QA 11  and an n-channel second main semiconductor element QA 2 . The first main semiconductor element QA 11  has a first main electrode DA 1  connected to an ungrounded side of an AC power source  112 , a second main electrode SA 1  opposing to the first main electrode DA 1 , and a first control electrode GA 1  for controlling a main current flowing between the first and second main electrodes The second main semiconductor element QA 2  has a third main electrode SA 2  connected to the second main electrode SA 1 , a fourth main electrode DA 2  opposing to the third main electrode SA 2  and connected to a load, and a second control electrode GA 2  for controlling a main current flowing between the third and fourth main electrodes, The first control electrode GA 1  is connected to a first driver  811  stepped up by a charge pump. The second control electrode GA 2  is connected to a second driver  812  that is different from the first driver  811 . The first main semiconductor element QA 11  contains a first parasitic diode D P1  whose cathode region is connected to the first main electrode and whose anode region is connected to the second main electrode. The second main semiconductor element QA 2  contains a second parasitic diode D P2  whose anode region is connected to the third main electrode SA 2  and whose cathode region is connected to the fourth main electrode DA 2 . 
     More precisely, the first main semiconductor element QA 11  is made of an nMOS transistor whose main electrode (source electrode) SA 1  is connected to the third main electrode (source electrode) SA 2  of the second main semiconductor element QA 2  that is made of an nMOS transistor. A grounded side of the AC power source  112  is connected to the fourth main electrode (drain electrode) DA 2  of the second main semiconductor element QA 2  through the load  102 . Namely, the load  102  is connected between the ground GND and the fourth main electrode (drain electrode) DA 2  of the second main semiconductor element QA 2 . 
     An alternating-current path to be formed when the bidirectional switching device is energized will be explained. When potential at the first main electrode (drain electrode) DA 1  of the first main semiconductor element QA 11  is positive, the element QA 11  is ON, and the second main semiconductor element QA 2  is OFF. In this case, a current flows from the first main electrode (drain electrode) DA 1  to the second main electrode (source electrode) SA 1  and passes through the second parasitic diode D P2  that is present between the third main electrode (source electrode) SA 2  and fourth main electrode (drain electrode) DA 2  of the second main semiconductor element QA 2 . 
     When the potential at the first main electrode (drain electrode) DA 1  of the first main semiconductor element QA 11  becomes negative, the element QA 11  turns off, and the second main semiconductor element QA 2  on. Then, a current flows from the fourth main electrode (drain electrode) DA 2  to the third main electrode (source electrode) SA 2  and passes through the first parasitic diode D P1  that is present between the second main electrode (source electrode) SA 1  and first main electrode (drain electrode) DA 1  of the first main semiconductor element QA 11 . 
     Like the bidirectional switching device of FIG. 7A, the first driver  811  includes an nMOS transistor (first reference semiconductor element) that is of the same type as the first main semiconductor element QA 11 . The first reference semiconductor element has drain and gate electrodes connected to those of the first main semiconductor element QA 11 . The first driver  811  also includes a first comparator. A positive input terminal of the first comparator is connected to the second main electrode (source electrode) SA 1  of the first main semiconductor element QA 11  through a resistor, and a negative input terminal of the first comparator is connected to a source electrode of the first reference semiconductor element through a resistor. The second driver  812  includes an nMOS transistor (second reference semiconductor element) that is of the same type as the second main semiconductor element QA 2 . The second reference semiconductor element has source and gate electrodes connected to those of the second main semiconductor element QA 2 , and a drain electrode connected to a reference resistor Rr. The second driver  812  also includes a second comparator. A positive input terminal of the second comparator is connected to the fourth main electrode (drain electrode) of the second main semiconductor element QA 2  through a resistor, and a negative input terminal of the second comparator is connected to the drain electrode of the second reference semiconductor element through a resistor. The operation of the bidirectional switching device of FIG. 10 is basically the same as that of the bidirectional switching device of FIG.  7 A. Namely, upon detecting an abnormal current, the first and second drivers  811  and  812  turn on and off the first and second main semiconductor elements QA 11  and QA 2  to generate current oscillations. The number of the current oscillations is measured to turn off the first and second main semiconductor elements QA 11  and QA 2 . 
     Alternatively, the first main semiconductor element QA 11  and second main semiconductor element QA 2  may have a control circuit, or the thermal protector consisting of a resistor R 57 , a temperature sensor  121 , a latch  122 , and a thermal cutoff element QS 2 , like the bidirectional switching device of FIG.  7 B. The thermal protector and the elements QA 11  and QA 2  are integrated on a single semiconductor chip. The temperature sensor  121  detects an increase in the temperature of the semiconductor chip on which the temperature sensor  121  and the elements QA 11  and QA 2  are integrated, and a signal from the temperature sensor  121  inverts the state of the latch  122 , to turn on the thermal cutoff element QS 2 . This changes the gate potential of each of the first and second main semiconductor elements Q 411  and QA 2 , to turn off the elements QA 11  and QA 2 . 
     The first main semiconductor element QA 11 , second main semiconductor element QA 2 , first driver  811 , and second driver  812  may be integrated on the same semiconductor substrate, to form a monolithic power IC that is small and light. Like the embodiment of FIG. 9; the first main semiconductor element QA 11 , first reference semiconductor element, second main semiconductor element QA 2 , and second reference semiconductor element may be integrated on a single semiconductor chip (power chip), and control circuit including the first and second drivers  811  and  812  on a separate semiconductor chip (control chip). The power chip and control chip are mounted on a package base, to form the MCM or the hybrid IC. 
     According to the present invention, semiconductor material is not limited to silicon (Si). It may be compound semiconductor material such as silicon carbide (SiC), heterojunction of germanium (Ge)—Si, heterojunction of SiC—Si, or else. When employing heterojunction the first main semiconductor element QA 11  and second main semiconductor element QA 2  may be composed of HEMTs or like transistors.