Abstract:
A method of fabricating, a composition and overmolded components fabricated by the method and with the composition such as an overmolded transponder circuitry for a radio frequency identification device.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention generally relates to products and materials in the field of over-molding devices having ferrite cores, powdered metal cores and high energy product magnet cores, and more particularly to the materials and products made by overmolding electronic components incorporating such core materials. The invention has particular applications in the field of electronic identification (“EID”) or radio frequency identification (“RFID”) components and devices manufactured by the overmolding process.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    Ferrite cores, powdered metal cores and high energy product magnets such as samarium cobalt and neodymium-iron-boron magnets have certain advantageous magnetic and electric field properties making them ideal for use in certain types of electronic components and circuitry. These types of materials are frangible, yet the materials can be fabricated into a variety of shapes and generally exhibit good mechanical characteristics under compression loads. However, these frangible materials are generally weak in tensile strength, tending to crack or fracture when subject to relatively modest tensile loading, binding loads or impact loading. Cracks and fractures within the fabricated frangible materials can substantially decrease the beneficial magnetic and electric field properties, negatively impacting their desirable characteristics. Thus, maximum utilization of these types of frangible materials requires consideration of, and accommodation for, their limiting physical properties.  
           [0003]    An exemplary application which can benefit from the use of a ferrite core as part of an electronic circuit is an Electronic Identification (“EID”) or Radio Frequency Identification (“RFID”) transponder circuit used in EID or RFID systems. EID and RFID systems generally include a signal emitter or “reader” which is capable of emitting a high frequency signal in the kilohertz (kHz) frequency band range or an ultra-high frequency signal in the megahertz (MHz) frequency band range. The emitted signal from the reader is received by a “transponder” which is activated in some manner upon detection or receipt of the signal from the reader. In EID and RFID systems, the transponder generates a signal or inductively couples to the reader to allow the reader to obtain identification codes or data from a memory in the transponder.  
           [0004]    Generally, the transponder of an EID or RFID system will include signal processing circuitry which is attached to an antenna, such as a coil. For certain applications, the coil may be wrapped about a ferrite, powdered metal, or magnetic core. The signal processing circuitry can include a number of different operational components including integrated circuits, as known in the art, and many if not all of the operational components can be fabricated in a single integrated circuit which is the principle component of the signal processing circuitry of EID and RFID devices.  
           [0005]    For example, certain types of “active” RFID transponders may include a power source such as a battery which may also be attached to the circuit board and the integrated circuit. The battery is used to power the signal processing circuit during operation of the transponder. Other types of transponders such as “Half Duplex” (“HDX”) transponders include an element for receiving energy from the reader, such as a coil, and elements for converting and storing the energy, for example a transformer/capacitor circuit. In an HDX system, the emitted signal generated by the reader is cycled on and off, inductively coupling to the coil when in the emitting cycle to charge the capacitor. When the emitted signal from the reader stops, the capacitor discharges to the circuitry of the transponder to power the transponder which then can emit or generate a signal which is received by the reader.  
           [0006]    A “Full Duplex” (“FDX”) system, by comparison, includes a transponder which generally does not include either a battery or an element for storing energy. Instead, in an FDX transponder, the energy in the field emitted by the reader is inductively coupled into the antenna or coil of the transponder and passed through a rectifier to obtain power to drive the signal processing circuitry of the transponder and generate a response to the reader concurrently with the emission of the emitted signal from the reader.  
           [0007]    Notably, many different circuit designs for active, HDX and FDX transponders are known in the art and have been described in a number of issued patents, and therefore they are not described in greater detail herein. Many of the types of EID and RFID transponders presently in use have particular benefits resulting from their ability to be imbedded or implanted within an object to be identified in a manner whereby they are hidden from visual inspection or detection. For such applications, the entire transponder may preferably be encased in a sealed member, for example to allow implantation into biological items to be identified, or to allow use in submerged, corrosive or abusive environments. Accordingly, various references, including U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,262,632; 5,25,550; 5,211,129; 5,223,851, 5,281,855 and 5,482,008, disclose completely encapsulating the circuitry of various transponders within a ceramic, glass or metallic container.  
           [0008]    For an encapsulated transponder, it is generally the practice to assemble the transponder circuitry and then insert the circuitry into the glass, ceramic or metallic cylinder, one end of which is already sealed. The open end of a glass-type cylinder is generally melted closed using a flame, to create a hermetically sealed capsule. Other types of glass, ceramic or metallic containers utilize a cap to seal the open end, with the cap glued or mechanically connected to the open ended cylinder, as discussed for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,482,008. Furthermore, as discussed in the aforementioned patent, to prevent the transponder circuitry from moving around inside of the capsule, it is also known to use an epoxy material to bond the circuitry of the transponder to the interior surface of the capsule.  
           [0009]    As shown for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,262,632 (hereby incorporated by reference), the potential advantages of utilizing EID and RFID devices in biological applications, such as the identification of livestock, have been under investigation for several years. As discussed in the 4,262,632 patent, studies show that an EID “bolus” transponder suitable for placement in the reticulum of a ruminant animal will remain in the reticulum for an indefinite time if the specific gravity of the bolus transponder is two or greater, and/or the total weight of the bolus transponder exceeds sixty grams. Accordingly, for such applications, the bolus transponder generally requires a weight element as the EID circuitry can generally be very small and lightweight, requiring merely the integrated circuit and antenna and few other components. It has therefore been disclosed, for example in the 4,262,632 patent to incorporate a ferrite weight element within an encapsulant which also contains an EID transponder.  
           [0010]    The design of a bolus transponder suitable for use in a ruminant animal may be also benefit from the appropriate use of a magnet or a ferrite core to enhance the signal transmission characteristics of the transponder while also providing the necessary weight to maintain the specific gravity of the bolus transponder at two or greater, and/or to have the total weight of the bolus transponder exceed sixty grams. In order to obtain widespread acceptance and use of the EID bolus transponder devices for ruminant animals, however, the devices must also be designed and fabricated with an understanding of the physical and economic requirements of the livestock application. Thus, while ceramic encapsulated bolus transponders suited to the reticulum environment are being investigated, the cost and fragile physical characteristics of the ceramics impact their commercial acceptance. Thus, an encapsulant for fabricating the capsule or casing for EID transponders which does not have the limitations of ceramic, glass or metallic encapsulants, particularly for bolus transponders, would be highly beneficial.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0011]    The present invention contemplates a method and apparatus for overmolding ferrite, powdered metal and magnet core materials and associated circuitry, for example circuitry for an EID or RFID transponder, whereby the encapsulant is a plastic, polymer or elastomer or other injection molded material compatible with the intended application environment. According to the invention, the encapsulant material applied in an injection molding or extrusion molding process to overmold the core and electronic circuitry of the transponder. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0012]    [0012]FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional side view of a transponder including an overmolded core fabricated according to the present invention;  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the transponder of FIG. 1;  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 3 depicts a perspective view of the mold tooling utilized for the overmolding process to fabricate the transponder of FIG. 1;  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 4 depicts a cross-sectional view through the mold tooling of FIG. 3 during the initial stage of the injection of molding material into the mold tooling;  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 5 depicts a second cross-sectional view of the mold tooling of FIG. 3 showing a later stage in the molding process;  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 6 depicts another cross-sectional view of the tooling of FIG. 3 showing a further stage in the molding process;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 7 depicts another cross-sectional view of the tooling of FIG. 3 showing the molding process wherein the pins are being retracted into the tooling;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 8 depicts a side view of an alternative configuration for a transponder which has not yet been coated with molding material;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 9 depicts the front view of the transponder of FIG. 8;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 10 depicts the transponder of FIGS. 8 and 9 placed within the mold tooling of FIG. 3 during the injection molding process at the same stage as depicted in FIG. 6;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 11 depicts a frangible core element placed within the tooling of FIG. 3 during the overmolding injection process at the same stage as the step depicted in FIG. 6;  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 12 depicts a cross sectional view of a frangible core overmolded with an overmolding material according to the process of the present invention;  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 13 depicts a perspective view of a transponder within an alternative design for the mold tooling, and positioned therein by one or more centering elements during the overmolding process;  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 14 depicts a perspective view of a centering element as shown in FIG. 13. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0026]    [0026]FIG. 1 depicts a cross-sectional side view of a transponder  10  made according to the present invention. FIG. 2 depicts an end view of the transponder  10  of FIG. 1. The transponder  10  includes signal processing circuitry such as an integrated circuit  12  mounted on a circuit board  14  together with other circuit elements such as a capacitor  16 . The signal processing circuitry may be an active, Half Duplex (HDX) or Full Duplex (FDX) transponder circuit.  
         [0027]    The integrated circuit  12  and capacitor  16  are affixed to the circuit board  14  and electrically coupled to a wire  18  formed into a coil  20 , at the leads or ends  22  and  24  of the wire  18 . In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, the coil  20  is wrapped about a bobbin  26  and then positioned over a core  30 , with the circuit board  14  affixed to an end of the core  30  to form a transponder assembly  10   a.  As discussed below, the transponder assembly  10   a  may preferably be over-molded within an injection molding material  32 , which may be a plastic, polymeric or epoxy material to form the completed transponder  10 .  
         [0028]    The relative axial location of the coil  20  about the core  30  may be important to the optimal operation of the transponder  10 . Specifically, the transponder  10  preferably includes a tuned coil  20  and capacitor  16  combination. Generally, in a transponder, tuning is accomplished by matching the length of the wire  18  forming coil  20  to the capacitance of capacitor  16 . However, when the wire  18  has to be wrapped around the bobbin  26  and installed over the core  30 , the exact length of wire  18 , as well as its inductance, cannot be as advantageously controlled during design and fabrication so as to allow matching of the inductance of the coil  20  to the capacitance of the capacitor  16  in order to tune the circuit of the transponder  10 . It should be appreciated that if the transponder is not properly tuned, the reading and data transfer capabilities of the transponder may be diminished.  
         [0029]    It has been found, however, that by the proper axial placement of the core  30  within the coil  20 , the transponder  10  can be tuned even without optimizing the length of the wire  18 , as the inductance of the coil  20  changes due to the axial positioning of the ferrite core  30 . For a given set of design parameters for a ferrite core  30  and coil  20  combination, including the core&#39;s circumference and length as well as the length of the wire  18  and the capacitance of the capacitor  16 , a tuned transponder assembly  10   a  can be fabricated by moving the coil  20  axially along the long axis of the ferrite core  30  until a tuned inductor/capacitor system is established and then securing the bobbin  26  with coil  20  to the ferrite core  30  during the manufacturing process.  
         [0030]    Following assembly of the circuitry of the transponder assembly  10   a,  the transponder assembly  10   a  is transferred to an injection molding machine, Specifically, the transponder assembly  10   a  is placed within the mold tooling  40 ,  42  illustrated in FIGS.  3 - 7 . FIG. 3 depicts a perspective view of the mold tooling  40 ,  42  without the transponder assembly  10   a  installed therein. The mold tooling  40 ,  42 , when closed, defines a cavity  44  sized to receive the transponder  10   a  in preparation for over-molding with the plastic, polymeric or epoxy injection molding material  32 . It should be noted, however, that while depicted as cylindrical, the interior walls of the mold tooling  40 ,  42  can have surface features to define a variety of shapes or patterns on the outer surface of the completed transponder  10 , as may be beneficial to particular applications. The potential variations for the design of the exterior shape of the completed transponder, thus, for example, may be cylindrical, bullet shaped, tapered at opposite ends or a flattened oval, and the outer walls may be smooth, rough or bumpy, depending on the intended application.  
         [0031]    As depicted in FIG. 3, the mold tooling  40 ,  42  includes inwardly projecting pins  46 ,  48  which serve to position and secure the transponder assembly  10   a  within the tooling  40 ,  42  during the injection process. The pins  46 ,  48  are configured to be retracted by pressure response pin retractors  50 ,  52  into the mold tooling  40 ,  42  near the end of the injection cycle. At one end of the mold tooling  40 ,  42  is a sprue  56  through which the injection molding material  32  is injected by an injection molding machine (not shown). As also shown in the perspective view of FIG. 3, the mold tooling  40 ,  42  may include guide pins  60  on tooling  42  which align with and engage guide pin receiving holes  62  on tooling  40  when the mold tooling is closed, to maintain the alignment of the mold tooling  40 ,  42  during the injection cycle.  
         [0032]    FIGS.  4 - 7  depict cross-sectional views of the mold tooling  40 ,  42 , and a transponder assembly  10   a  positioned therein, illustrating in sequential the advance of the plasticized molding material  32  during the injection molding process. As depicted, the pins  46 ,  48  act to co-axially position and center the transponder assembly  10   a  within the mold cavity  44 . When the heated and plasticized molding material  32  is injected under pressure by the injection molding machine, the plasticized molding material  32  flows in through the sprue  56  and impinges upon the end  64  of the core  30  as shown by arrow  70 , and axially compresses the core  30  against pins  48  which are positioned to contact the opposite end  66  of the transponder assembly  10   a.    
         [0033]    The molding material  32  then flows radially outward along the end  64  of the ferrite core  30  as depicted by arrows  72  in FIGS. 4 and 5. When enough molding material  32  has been injected to fill up the end of the cavity  44 , the advancing face of the molding material  32  proceeds longitudinally along the radially outer surface  68  of the transponder assembly  10   a,  as shown by arrows  74  in FIG. 6. This over-molding injection process only subjects the core  30  to compressive loads, and does not subject the core  30  to tensile loading at any time during the entire injection cycle. Thus, by the overmolding injection process of the present invention the core  30  will not be damaged in a manner which would diminish the electrical or magnetic properties of the core.  
         [0034]    When the mold cavity  44  is completely filled with the plasticized molding material  32 , the internal pressure within the cavity  44  increases. The pins  46 ,  48 , which position the transponder assembly  10   a  within the cavity  44 , are connected to pin retractors  50 ,  52 , which are pressure sensitive. When the pressure in the mold cavity reaches a predetermined level, the pins  46 ,  48  retract into the mold cavity wall as shown by arrows  76 ,  78 , and the space vacated by the pins  46 ,  48  is filled by the molding material  32  as shown in FIG. 7. Since the molding material  32  has already encased the transponder  10 , however, the molding material  32  will hold the transponder  10  in place during the curing or hardening stage of the injection over-molding cycle. Upon completion of the over-molding process, the mold tooling  40 ,  42  is opened and the completed transponder  10  is ejected.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIGS. 8 and 9 depict a side view and a front view, respectively, of an alternative embodiment of a transponder  80  which does not include the core  30  of the transponder  10  of FIG. 1. Instead, for the transponder  80 , the wire  18  forming the coil  20  is wrapped about the circuitboard  14  upon which the integrated circuit  12  and capacitor  16  are mounted. The coil  20  is interconnected to the circuitboard  14  and the integrated circuit  12  thereon, via leads  22  and  24  generally as discussed above with respect to FIG. 1. The transponder  80  of FIGS. 8 and 9 is generally much smaller than the assembly of FIG. 1, in that it particularly does not include the core  30  and the added weight and size attendant to the use of the core  30  as depicted in FIG. 1. The transponder  80  of FIGS. 8 and 9, however, can also be over-molded in a process similar to the process described with respect to FIGS.  4 - 7 .  
         [0036]    To briefly illustrate this process, the transponder  80  is depicted Within the assembled mold tooling as shown in FIG. 10, which is comparable to mold tooling  40  and  42  discussed above with respect to FIGS.  3 - 7 . In the illustration of FIG. 10, the injection of the plastisized molding material  32  has progressed to essentially the same stage as shown in FIG. 6, in that the advancing face of the molding material  32  is proceeding longitudinally up the outer surface of the transponder  80  and the pins  46  and  48  are centrally positioning the transponder  80  within the mold tooling  40 ,  42 . Again, the exterior configuration of the resulting overmolded transponder assembly  60  may be any desired shape which is limited only by the moldability of the shape. It should be noted that transponder  80  may be encased in glass prior to the overmolding process, however, the glass capsule is not shown.  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 11 illustrates another application for the overmolding process according to the present invention in which a frangible core  110  is placed within the mold tooling  40  and  42  of FIG. 3 and positioned by pins  46  and  48 , during the over-molding process. The over-molding process proceeds generally in the same manner as discussed above with respect to FIGS.  4 - 7 . FIG. 11 thus illustrates the stage generally corresponding to FIG. 6, wherein the advancing face of the plasticized molding material  32  is proceeding longitudinally along the outer radial surface of the frangible core  110 . Following completion of the over-molding process, the encapsulated frangible core  110  is ejected from the mold tooling. The completed assembly  100 , as shown in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 12, is a frangible core  110  encased within an overmolding material  112 . In this embodiment, the frangible core may be formed from ferrite, powdered metals or high energy product magnets such as samarium cobalt and neodymium-iron-boron materials.  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 13 depicts a cross-sectional view of a transponder within an alternative design for the mold tooling, and positioned therein by one or more centering elements  120  during the overmolding process to fabricate the transponder like that of FIG. 1. The centering elements  120  are designed with a center portion such as a sleeve  122 , designed to fit around the core  30 . The centering elements  120  may also include radially outwardly projecting fins or pins  124 , which will center the transponder within the tooling during the overmolding process, and thereby eliminate the need for the retractable pins illustrated and described above.  
         [0039]    The over-molding process of the present invention encapsulates the frangible core  110  in a protective shell, which allows the frangible core materials to be used in applications which the frangible physical property of such materials would not otherwise allow. For example, samarium cobalt and neodymium-iron-boron magnets encased in a relatively thin coating of plastic or polymeric materials by the over-molding process could be used in objects subject to shock, impact or vibrational loads which would otherwise lead to the cracking, fracturing or other physical and magnetic degradation of the magnetic core.  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 14 depicts a perspective view of the centering element  120 , showing the sleeve  122  and the radial projecting fins or pins  124 . The centering element  120  may be formed from plastic, or from the same type of material used to overmold the transponder. It is also contemplated that the centering element may simply be a part of, or connected, to the bobbin  26  of FIG. 1, wherein the pins  124  simply extend radially outward from one end or both ends of the bobbin.  
         [0041]    The material selected for over-molding of the transponder assembly  10   a,  transponder  60  or frangible core  110 , depends in part upon the specific application for the completed component. Various types of thermoplastic materials are available for injection molding such components. As used herein, thermoplastic is to be construed broadly, including for example linear polymers and straight-chain or branch-chained macromolecules that soften or plasticize when exposed to heat and return to a hardened state when cooled to ambient temperatures. The term polymer is to be understood broadly as including any type of polymer such as random polymers, block polymers, and graft polymers.  
         [0042]    A large number of thermoplastic polymeric materials are contemplated as being useful in the overmolding of transponders and frangible cores of the present invention. The thermoplastic materials may be employed alone or in blends. Suitable thermoplastic materials include, but are not limited to, rubber modified polyolefins, mettallocene, polyether-ester block copolymers, polyether-amide block copolymers, thermoplastic based urethanes, copolymers of ethylene with butene and maleic anhydride, hydrogenated maleic anhydride, polyester polycaprolactone, polyester polyadipate, polytetramethylene glycol ether, thermoplastic elastomer, polypropylene, vinyl, chlorinated polyether, polybutylene terephalate, ploymethylpentene, silicone, polyvinyl chloride, thermoplastic polyurethane, polycarbonate, polyurethane, polyamide, polybutylene, polyethylene and blends thereof.  
         [0043]    Preferred thermoplastic materials include rubber modified polyolefins, metallocenes, polyether-amide block copolymers and polyether-ester block copolymers. Preferred rubber modified polyolefins are commercially available under the tradenames of VISTAFLEX™ from Advanced Elastomer Systems Corporation, KRATON™ from Shell Corporation, HIFAX™ from Montell Corporation, X1019-28™ from M. A. Hanna, SARLINK™ from DSM Corporation, and SANTOPRENE™ from Advanced Elastomer Systems Corporation. Preferred metallocenes are available from Dow Corporation under the tradenames ENGAGE™ and AFFINITY™. Preferred polyether-amide block copolymers are available under the tradename PEBAX™ from EIG Auto-Chem. Preferred polyether-ester block copolymers are commercially available from DuPont under the tradename HYTREL™.  
         [0044]    The thermoplastic overmolded casings of the present invention may also include a suitable filler or weighting material in order to adjust the properties of the finished casing and/or transponder. For example, the specific gravity or density of the overmolded casing may be adjusted by the addition of a suitable material, such as barium sulfate, zinc oxide, calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, carbon black, kaolin, magnesium aluminum silicate, silica, iron oxide, glass spheres and wollastonite. The filler or weighting material may be present in an amount that will adjust the specific gravity of the overmolded casing and the resulting transponder. Thus, the weighting material may be added in a range from about 5 percent by weight to about 70 percent by weight. Additionally, the over-molding material for the casings of the present invention may also include a suitable plasticizer or other additives, in order to improve the processability and physical properties, such as the flow properties and ejectability of the over-molding material. The plasticizer may be present in an amount that will adjust the flow properties during the injection molding process as necessary for various applications.  
         [0045]    Notably, for many of the foregoing types of injection molding materials, particularly those whose density is increased by the addition of a densifier, the material in its plasticized state for the injection process has a low viscosity. Thus, injection molding such materials requires high injection pressures in turn leading to high stress forces being imposed on the core materials during the injection process. For these reasons, minimizing or eliminating any loading other than compressive loading on the frangible cores during the injection process is highly preferred.  
         [0046]    The over-molded casing of the present invention preferably have a wall thickness of between about 0.010 inches to over one inch, however, for most applications the wall thickness will preferable be less than 0.5 inches. Depending on the desired exterior shape of the completed assembly and the shape of the core, the wall thickness of the casing may be uniform or may vary significantly at various locations about the core.  
         [0047]    For a bolus transponder  10  intended for use within ruminant animals, it is necessary to have specific physical properties for the over-molded casing material. Thus, the over-molded casing material must be able to withstand the acidic environment in the digestive tract of a ruminant-animal, it must be impervious to the microbes and enzymes which are active within the digestive tract of the ruminant animal, and it should preferably have certain physical properties to allow ease in shipping and handling of the bolus transponder  10  prior to administration to the ruminant animal. In addition, it is preferable that the bolus transponder  10  have a specific gravity of at least 1.7 and preferably at least 2. Thus, it is generally desirable to use a weighting material to increase the bulk density or specific gravity of the over-molding material, so that the over-molding material has a specific gravity which assists in maintaining the specific gravity of the fabricated bolus transponder  10  in the desired range.  
         [0048]    For a bolus transponder  10 , therefore, it has been determined that a preferred combination of a thermoplastic polyester elastomer sold by DuPont under the trade name HYTREL 3078™, combined with barium sulfate as a densifier provides an acceptable combination for use as the over-molding material for a bolus, and, in appropriate ratios, provides an injection molding material with a specific gravity in the range of between 1.7 and 2. Such a material may be introduced by DuPont and available under the trade name HYTREL 8388.™ 
         [0049]    By way of providing a specific example, an acceptable over-molding material can be made from a blend of HYTREL 3078™, or a similar thermoplastic polyester elastomer (TPE), mixed with barium sulfate in a ratio of between about 20 to 90% TPE and 80% to 10% barium sulfate. This blend provides a suitable over-molding material to form the casing for the bolus transponder  10 . Purified USP grade barium sulfate or barite fines are preferred as the densifying agents, as these materials have previously been blended with a carnauba wax and a medicant to form boluses for ruminant animals, as described for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,697 issued to American Cyanamid Company.  
         [0050]    The advantages of the foregoing method for use in fabricating boluses have been found to be significant. First, eliminating the necessity of the ceramic encapsulate has resulted in a substantial reduction in material costs as compared to the costs of fabricating a ceramic encapsulated bolus. In addition, the fabrication costs, i.e. the costs of manufacturing the bolus separate and distinct from the component costs, are substantially decreased due to the efficiency and automation associated with the injection molding process. Accordingly, the overall costs savings over the equivalent costs of fabricating bolus transponder encased in a ceramic material may exceed 50%. While the ceramic encased boluses have been found to be relatively fragile such that they can be damaged if they are dropped or even rattled together during shipping, the boluses encased with the HYTREL 8388™—barium sulfate over-molding material has demonstrated physical characteristics which have eliminated these problems. In addition, the bolus transponder  10  of the present invention can be packaged in bulk with minimal packing material because vibrations during shipping between respective boluses does not cause breakage. Finally, the HYTREL 8388™; TPE-barium sulfate combination provides the physical characteristics required for utilization in the stomach of a ruminant animal. The blend is not effected by the acidic conditions, is neutral to the biologic fuana, microbes and enzymes, and it has a preferred specific gravity so as to maintain retention within the stomach of a ruminant animal.  
         [0051]    For the transponder  80  of FIGS.  8 - 10  which is intended for implantation applications, it may be preferable to use a class  6  medical grade epoxy. Alternatively, the transponder  80  may be encased in a glass material by known methods, and then overmolded with the plastic or polymeric materials discussed herein to provide added strength, impact resistance and toughness, which properties are lacking in the glass encased transponders.  
         [0052]    It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that, upon review of the foregoing description of the present invention, other alternatives and variations of the present invention will become apparent. Accordingly, the scope of the protection afforded is to be limited only by the appended claims.