Abstract:
A strip coupled type convolver includes an aluminum nitride (AlN) layer and a semiconductor layer both provided on a single sapphire substrate, and includes many metal strips extending across a surface wave propagating path on a surface of the AlN piezoelectric layer to transmit a potential on the piezoelectric surface to a Schottky diode array provided on the semiconductor surface to cause a nonlinear interaction.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a surface-acoustic-wave (hereinafter called &#34;SAW&#34;) convolver used in a spread-spectrum communication system. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     A monolithic convolver formed by providing a ZnO layer directly on a semiconductor Si surface is characterized by a relatively great in the TB product (T:signal processing time, B: bandwidth), has a high efficiency and is obtained at a low cost. These features lead to the possibility of using such convolver as a key device in a correlation signal processing apparatus of a spread-spectrum communication system. 
     However, such a monolithic convolver still involves the following drawbacks: 
     (i) A bias voltage must be applied to a metal gate on the ZnO layer in order to hold the Si surface in a depletion condition. 
     (ii) It takes a very long time constant to establish a constant condition of the Si surface after the bias voltage is applied, to the metal gate on the ZnO layer. A major reason for this is incompleteness of the ZnO layer. 
     (iii) The manufacturing yield is decreased by the process of providing the ZnO layer generally by sputtering, because the underlying Si substrate is known to be damaged by the plasma in the sputtering process. 
     (iv) The propagation loss of surface waves is large when they propagate along the ZnO layer surface on the Si substrate, and this invites a relatively large decrease in the efficiency. 
     (v) The Sezawa mode, although most often used because of its significantly large coupling coefficient, exhibits a relatively large speed dispersion of surface acoustic,, waves, and this nature necessarily limits the band width of the element. 
     OBJECT OF THE INVENTION 
     It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a surface-acoustic-wave convolver removing in particular the drawback caused by incompleteness of the ZnO layer, while maintaining the advantages of a monolithic convolver such as monolithic structure and high efficiency. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In order to attain the object, there is provided a surface-acoustic-wave convolver comprising a sapphire substrate; a piezoelectric layer provided in a first portion on a major surface of said sapphire substrate; two input transducers provided on said piezoelectric layer; an array of metal strips provided between said two input transducers; and an array of diodes consisting of a semiconductor provided in a second portion on said major surface of said sapphire substrate, and an array of electrodes connected between said metal strips and an output electrode. 
     Because of the strip-coupled-type convolver using AlN, a stable convolver having a high efficiency monolithic structure, and not requiring a bias voltage is obtained. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a perspective view of SAW convolver embodying the invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a detailed cross-sectional view of a Schottky diode formed in a Si layer; 
     FIG. 3 is a fragmentary plan view of a metal strip array; 
     FIG. 4 is a graph showing changes in the convolver efficiency with the impurity concentration of an n-type Si epitaxial layer; 
     FIG. 5 is a graph showing changes in the convolver efficiency with the length of a strip electrode; 
     FIG. 6 is a graph showing changes in the convolver efficiency with the width of the strip electrode; 
     FIG. 7 is a fragmentary plan view of the metal strip array; 
     FIG. 8 is a graph showing changes in the convolver efficiency with the area of the Schottky diode; 
     FIG. 9 is a graph showing changes in the convolver efficiency with the thickness of the n-type Si epitaxial layer; and 
     FIG. 10 is a graph showing changes in the convolver efficiency with the kind of metal material. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention is described below in greater detail, referring to a preferred embodiment illustrated in the the drawings. The illustration is only an example, and the invention may involve various modifications and improvements without departing from the scope thereof. 
     FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a SAW convolver taken as an embodiment of the invention. In the drawing, reference numeral 1 refers to sapphire single-crystal substrate, and 2, 3 and 6 are respectively an aluminum nitride (AlN) epitaxial layer, a dielectric layer and an n +  -type silicon layer with highly-concentrated doped n-type impurities, all provided on the sapphire single-crystal substrate 1. 
     A surface of the aluminum nitride layer 2 is used as a SAW propagation path. The n +  -type Si layer 6 is provided for reducing the series resistance component of a Schottky diode formed thereon. 
     The dielectric layer 3 is in the form of a silicon oxide layer, nitride layer or high polymer layer which connects an island region in the form of the aluminum nitride layer 2 to an island region in the form of a silicon layer. The region between both island regions is shaped planar enough to prevent a metal strip connecting the islands from being cut off. Reference numeral 5 denotes an n-type epitaxial layer provided on the n +  -type Si layer 6, and 4 denotes a silicon oxide layer provided on the n-type Si layer 5. 
     Reference numeral 7 refers to input transducers of the convolver provided on the AlN layer 2, and 8 refers to an array of metal strips connecting the AlN layer 2 to an array of Schottky diodes 9 formed in the Si layers 4, 5 and 6 to transmit the potential of a SAW traveling on the AlN layer 2 to the array of the Schottky diodes. Reference numeral 10 refers to a convolver output terminal connected to the array of Schottky diodes 9. Reference numeral 11 denotes a comb-shaped grounded electrode formed on the AlN layer 2. Among respective fingers of the electrode 11 the metal strip electrodes are placed, and they form an interdigitating region which is a SAW propagation path. 
     FIG. 2 is a detailed cross-sectional view of a Schottky diode provided in the Si layer. 
     Reference numeral 12 denotes a Schottky electrode provided for forming a Schottky contact with the n-type Si epitaxial layer 5. That is, the Schottky electrode 12 contacts the n-type Si epitaxial layer 5 through a contact hole provided in the oxide layer 4. The metal strip array 8 is provided on and in contact with the Schottky electrode 12. The Schottky electrode 12, however, may be omitted when the metal of the metal strip array 8 is identical to the metal of the Schottky electrode. 
     Reference numeral 13 denotes an n +  -type diffused layer provided for establishing an ohmic contact between the convolver output electrode 10 and the n-type silicon epitaxial layer 5. Since the convolver output is an RF signal, the output electrode 10 and the n-type silicon layer 5 need not be in ohmic contact but may be in Schottky contact. Theefore, the n +  -type diffused layer 13 is also omitted in some cases. 
     The aforedescribed embodiment operates as explained below. 
     SAW&#39;s inputted from the input transducer 7 propagate in opposed directions, and potentials of the SAW&#39;s are transmitted to the Schottky diode by the metal strip array 8. The Schottky diode behaves as a varactor diode, and a convolution signal appears at the output electrode 10 due to the nonlinearity of the depletion layer capacitance. 
     The input transducer has an electrode period (corresponding to the wavelength of SAW) of λ 0  =16 μm and is a regular type whose number of pairs N is 8. The surface orientation of sapphire is an R surface (0112), and the SAW propagating direction is an equivalent direction to the [0111] axis of sapphire or an equivalent direction to the [0001] axis of AlN. 
     The thickness of the AlN layer is 2.6 μm. The acoustic velocity in this case is as fast as 6000 m/s. In order to increase the coupling coefficient, a value kH&gt;0.5 (k: number of waves of SAW, H: thickness of AlN layer) is required for the thickness of the AlN layer. When kH&gt;1.0, the coupling coefficient is about 1%, and no change is produced by further increasing the thickness of the AlN layer. Since the propagation loss is smaller when the AlN layer is thin, 0.5&lt;kH&lt;2.0 is preferable for the thickness of the AlN layer in view of the whole situation, and the present embodiment employs kH≈1.0. Further, this region exhibits a small velocity dispersion and is suitable for use over a wider band. 
     A preferable arrangement of the metal strip array portion is shown in FIG. 3 where the interdigitating width (overlap width L) of the comb-shaped grounded electrode 11 and the metal strip array 8 is 800 μm (50 λ o ) as is the interdigitating width of the input transducer 7. The electrode width Ws (see also FIG. 6) of the metal strip array 8 is about 1.5 μm, the width of the grounded electrode 11 is about 2.0 μm, and the ground electrode period μ 0  is 7 μm. The electrode material is Al, and the number of the metal strips is 6300 pieces. 
     The thickness of the n-type Si epitaxial layer (FIG. 2) is about 2 μm, the impurity density is 3.0×10 14  cm -3 , and the dopant is P (phosphorus). The Schottky electrode is made from titanium. In this arrangement, the width of the depletion layer is about 1.45 μm at room temperature, and the thickness of the epitaxial layer is 0.5 μm larger than the depletion layer width approximately. 
     The Schottky diode (Schottky contact) is (FIGS. 1 and 2) is 2 μm wide and 13 μm long. The output electrode is made from Al which is 200 μm wide and 44.15 μm long, and the n +  -type diffused layer is provided to form an ohmic contact. 
     As is evident from FIG. 1, the dielectric layer 3 is chosen of enough thickness to provide a continuous coplanar structure from the aluminum nitride layer 2 to the region containing the layers 4, 5, 6. This layer 3 may be made of polyimide. 
     Under the above-explained arrangement, a highly efficient convolver having the TB product 365 (bandwidth BW=48 MHz× processing time (delay time) 7.6 μsec) and having the convolver efficiency FT≈-36.5 dBm is established. 
     In this design of the convolver, there are some important points: 
     (i) impurity density of n-type Si epitaxial layer 
     FIG. 4 shows a result of variation of the convolver efficiency FT by changing the impurity density of the n-type Si epitaxial layer from 1.0×10 14  cm -3  to 1.0×10 16  cm -3 . When he donor density D is from 2.0×10 14  cm -3  to 3.0×10 14  cm -3  the maximum efficiency is obtained. It is evident that a value up to 5.0×10 15  cm -3  is also acceptable as the donor density. 
     (ii) length of strip electrode 
     The overlap length of the strip electrode means the length of a portion where it interdigitates (overlaps) with the comb-shaped grounded electrode, and it is the same as the interdigitating width of the input transducer. 
     FIG. 5 shows a variation of the convolver efficiency FT by changing the overlap length L of the strip electrode from 100 μm to 2100 μm. As the strip electrode is shortened, the power density of SAW increases, and the convolver efficiency is increased. However, in accordance with this, the dynamic range is decreased provided the thickness of the epitaxial layer is held relatively small. The practically preferable value of the length L is about 800 μm. The overlap length of the strip (interdigitating width of the transducer) may be about 70λ 0  or less. 
     (iii) width of strip combinations of electrode 
     FIG. 6 shows the convolver efficiency FT as a result of changing the width W s  of the strip electrode from 0.5 μm to 3.0 μm. Indicating the period of the strip array by L o  and the electrode width by W s , W s  /L o  of the strip array is preferably 0.07 to 0.40. 
     A s  indicates the area of the metal strip array where it interdigitates with the comb-shaped grounded electrode, and A d  indicates the area of the Schottky diode (FIG. 7). FIG. 8 shows a result of evaluation of the convolver efficiency FT by changing the area of the Schottky diode from 2.0 μm 2  to 202 μm 2 . A s  in FIG. 8 is 1200 μm 2 . The area A d  of the Schottky diode is preferably 0.0015&lt;A d  &lt;0.085. 
     (iv) thickness of n-type silicon epitaxial layer 
     FIG. 9 shows a result of evaluation of the convolver efficiency FT by changing the thickness H of the n-type silicon epitaxial layer from 2.0 μm to 22.0 μm. The thickness of the depletion layer under zero bias is about 1.5 μm, and it reads on the situation that the neutral region of n-type silicon of 0.5 μm to 20.5 μm remains. Since the convolver efficiency is decreased with an increase in the thickness of the neutral region, the thickness of the epitaxial layer must be as thin as 20 μm. 
     (v) electrode material for Schottky contact 
     FIG. 10 shows the convolver efficiency FT obtained when the Schottky contact is made by electrode materials such Ti, Cr, W, Al, Au, PtSi, etc. The lower the Schottky barrier height SB(V), the higher, the convolver efficiency FT. A preferable electrode material for the Schottky contact is a metal having a barrier height of 1 eV or less with respect to the n-type silicon. 
     As described above, the invention has the following advantages: 
     (i) No d.c. bias voltage is required. 
     (ii) The reliability of the device is improved. 
     (iii) Since the velocity dispersion is small, a wider band convolver is obtained. 
     (iv) Since the AlN layer is deposited by CVD process, the productivity is improved significantly. 
     (v) Considering that the AlN layer is an epitaxial layer having a small propagation loss and that the wafer diameter will be large-scaled in the future, it is possible to further increase the processing time T in the TB product.