Abstract:
This invention relates to an electrical regenerative brake ( 100 ) with a rotating brake coil ( 10 ) which is mounted on a wheel ( 14 ) of a vehicle, whereby a magnetic field ( 18 ) is fed in the coil ( 10 ). In order to allow effective regenerative braking ( 100 ) at low speeds and to provide a significant increase in power saving, this invention proposes that the permanent magnet ( 13 ) producing the magnetic field ( 18 ) is placed in the inner space of at least one additional coil ( 11, 12 ), whereby the brake has an electric circuit ( 22 ) which contains the rotating brake coil ( 10 ) and the additional coil ( 11, 12 ) as elements.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to an electrical regenerative braking with a rotating brake coil which is mounted on a wheel of a vehicle, whereby a magnetic field is fed in the coil. 
     The present invention further relates to a method according to the preamble of claim  10 . 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Electrical regenerative brakes are an essential component in all modem electric and hybrid vehicles. During regenerative braking the kinetic energy of the vehicle is converted into electrical energy and stored for future use. Such energy savings have become important due to increasing fuel costs and stringent automobile emission norms. Added to this is the increasing load of in-car electronics. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning), infotainment devices, and safety &amp; comfort systems contribute towards the majority of the electrical power consumption in cars. Regenerative braking is always used in combination with conventional braking systems. 
     In an electrical regenerative braking coils and permanent magnets are placed in the wheel of a vehicle. When the brakes are applied the circuit through the coils is completed. According to Faraday&#39;s law a current is generated in the coils due to the rotational motion of the wheel. The current thus generated opposes the motion of the coils in the wheels according to Lenz&#39;s law, hence producing a braking effect. At the same time the current in the circuit is used to charge the batteries/super-capacitors. 
     It may be observed that in existing electrical regenerative brakings the magnetic field existing across the coils remain constant with time. Due to this reason the current solutions for regenerative braking are not effective if used at lower speeds. Also the energy savings obtained are suboptimal. 
     OBJECT AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Starting from the disadvantages and shortcomings as described above and taking the prior art as discussed into account, the object of the present invention is to allow effective regenerative braking at low speeds and to provide a significant increase in power savings. 
     The object of the present invention is achieved by an electrical regenerative braking comprising the features of claim  1  as well as by a method comprising the features of claim  10 . 
     Advantageous embodiments and expedient improvements of the present invention are disclosed in the dependent claims. 
     According to the invention the magnet producing the magnetic field is in the inner space of at least one additional coil, whereby the braking has an electric circuit which contains the rotating brake coil and the additional coils as elements. 
     The basic idea of the invention is the presence of additional coils and electromagnetic feedback. Apart from the brake coils which are traditionally used for regenerative braking, additional coils are placed around the magnet in 1. A portion of the current produced due to regenerative braking is passed the current through this additional coil resulting in feeding back. The current through this coil is regulated to adjust the strength of the magnetic field through the wheels which is used for regenerative braking. A rectification circuit and a controller block is responsible for regulating the current through the additional coils as well deciding what combination of regenerative and conventional braking to use at a particular instance depending on the pressure applied on the brake pedal. 
     According to the invention a current is generated in the braking coils when the brakes are applied. It may be noted, that the magnetic field at that instance is only due to the permanent magnetic field. Once the current is driven through the circuit the electromagnets created by the additional coils around the magnet become operational. Thus, the magnetic field around the coils attached to the wheels start increasing. This in turn generates a greater current in the coils according to Farraday&#39;s law, thus producing a greater charging current for the batteries or super-capacitors. 
     The advantage of the invention lies in the fact that according to the invention the electric regenerative braking does not only provide additional energy savings but is also effective at relatively low speeds. This further reduces the use of conventional brakes in electric and hybrid vehicle particularly in start-stop scenarios common in city driving. Other than electric and hybrid vehicles, the system also finds application in conventional vehicles to achieve energy savings which can then be used for in-car electronics. For example, solid state air-conditioners allow the reuse of large amounts electrical energy obtained through regenerative braking. According to the invention the electric regenerative braking system also continues to uphold the other advantages of regenerative brakes like reducing the wear and tear of conventional brakes in automobiles, etc. 
     Another advantageous embodiment of the invention provides that the additional coils can be switched on and off cyclically. Within the scope of the invention, the additional coils are switched on for a time t on  and off for a time t off . In this manner, it is guaranteed that the current which flows through the additional coils can be limited. A switching off of the additional coils implies a weaker magnetic field, whereas a switching on of the additional coils results in a stronger magnetic field. A regulation of the magnetic field caused by the additional coils is thus possible. 
     Preferably, the additional coils can be switched on and off periodically during the braking, whereby the period is t p &gt;0 and the duty cycle t on /t p &gt;0. 
     This being, it is provided within the scope of the invention that the switching on and off is pulsed. 
     In order to control the switching on and off procedure, a further advantageous embodiment of the invention provides that the electrical regenerative braking has a regenerative circuit which controls the switching on and off of the additional coils. 
     Within the frame of the invention the electrical regenerative braking is a single electromagnetic system. This means that an induction current produced by one coil is fed to the same electromagnetic system. Therefore in preferred embodiments of the invention of the present invention the electrical circuit is configured in that an induction current caused in the rotating brake coil flows through the additional coil and an additional coil is placed respectively around each pole of the magnet as well as the electrical circuit is closed by application of the braking. 
     It is known being a closed loop nature of the system the strength of the magnetic field continues to increase iteratively and correspondingly the current. Left to itself the system would generate an extremely high magnetic field, the situation may be referred to as a “magnetic runaway”. The mentioned behaviour must be checked otherwise speed of the moving vehicle would reduce suddenly with a jerky motion. As a consequence of this the passengers of the vehicle may experience enormous braking force and in turn sudden deceleration. In order to circumvent this, according to another preferred embodiment the electrical circuit has a controller block which controls the current into the additional coils. 
     The intelligent controller is responsible for controlling the current in the feedback circuit. There are primarily two methods for achieving this. The first involves limiting the current in the additional coil in the using a FET (Field Effect Transistor) like device. The other alternative involves as mentioned switching a feedback circuit “ON” and “OFF” in rapid succession, similar to ABS mechanism. The pulse width and the duty cycle of the train of pulses used for switching the feedback circuit “ON” and “OFF” may be varied with time to obtain the desired result. 
     Furthermore the invention produces a method for braking a wheel for which a magnetic field is fed in a rotating braking coil by means of a magnet, whereby the magnetic field is reinforced by the additional magnetic field of additional coils, the inner space of which is provided with the magnet. 
     Additionally it is favourable if the magnetic fields are formed between poles of contrary names. 
     Additionally it is of advantage that an induction current caused in the rotating braking coil flows through the additional coils. 
     Furthermore it is advantageous that the current is controlled by means of a controller. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of an exemplary embodiment of the invention with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1   a - b  show variation graphs in magnetic field through coils; 
         FIG. 2  shows an electric regenerative braking according to the invention; 
         FIG. 3  shows deceleration curves during braking; 
         FIG. 4  shows the change in braking force with time. 
         FIG. 5  shows a pulsed additional coil control mechanism; and 
         FIG. 6  shows a deceleration graph. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     It may be observed that the magnetic field ø c  existing across the coils remains constant with time. This can be represented by the plot in  FIG. 1   a . Due to this reason the regenerative braking according to the state of the art is not effective it used at lower speeds. Also the energy savings obtained are suboptimal. 
     To overcome these drawbacks of regenerative braking according to the state of the art, additional coils  11 ,  12  are placed around the permanent magnet  13  of the electrical regenerative braking  100  shown in  FIG. 2 . The braking  100  has an electric circuit  22  which contains the rotating brake coil  10  and the additional coils  11 ,  12  as elements. 
     According to Faraday&#39;s law an emf (Electro-motive force) is generated by the rotating brake coil  10 , which is attached to a wheel  14  of the vehicle, due to the magnetic field ø c  of the permanent magnet  13 . The magnetic field ø c  has the reference number  18 . When the brakes are applied, assume that the points D and L become connected. Similarly assume that points H and L also become connected, leading to the formation of the circuits ADLCB, CEHL and CFGHL with the reference numbers  15 ,  16 ,  17 . Currents are driven through the circuits  15 ,  16 ,  17  by the emf generated in the brake coils  10 . Now, a part of the current through the brake coils  10  is driven through the additional coils  11 ,  12 . Hence, these coils  11 ,  12  start acting like electromagnets. This results in an increase in the strength of the magnetic field  18  across the brake coil  10  according to the expression
 
ø f =ø c   +ki  
 
where, ø c =strength of the magnetic field due to the magnet  13 , k=proportionality constant, i=current through the braking coils  10 .
 
     The increase in the strength of the magnetic field  18  in turn generates a greater current in the braking coils  10 , thus producing a greater charging current for the batteries I super-capacitors. At the same time a part of the brake coil  10  current i flows through the additional coils  11 ,  12 . Therefore the magnetic field  18  across the braking coils  10  and the currents through the braking and additional coils  10 ,  11 ,  12  continues to increase in a cyclic manner. This leads to a continually increasing braking force on the braking coils  10  due to Lenz&#39;s law. Thus, the current in the additional coils  11 ,  12  need to be carefully controlled by the controller block  19  otherwise it may lead to a very large instantaneous braking force which may not be pleasant to the occupants of the vehicle. 
     In order to circumvent the above mentioned situation either of two policies may be adopted. The first involves limiting the peak current that is fed back to the additional coils  11 ,  12 . The other alternative involves switching the feedback current to the additional coils  11 ,  12  ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ in rapid succession, analogous to ABS (Antilock Braking System) mechanism. The pulse width and the duty cycle of the train of pulses used for switching the feedback circuit ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ may be varied with time to obtain the desired result based on the pressure applied on the brake pedal. Either of the above functions is performed by controller block  19  which is responsible for controlling the current in the feedback circuit and in turn the braking force. It is also responsible for deciding the combination of regenerative braking  100  and at conventional braking to use in a particular situation depending again the pressure applied on the brake pedal. 
     Another important function of the block  19  is to distribute the electrical energy generated through regenerative braking  100 . Depending in the magnitude of the current regenerated part of it is provided as charging current to the battery/super-capacitor labelled “b” in  FIG. 2 , the remaining may be used in other electrical equipment of the vehicle. 
     For the purpose of the simulation the following simplifying assumptions have been made. However, these assumptions do not affect the generality of the solution. The braking coil  10  in  FIG. 2  with its point OPQR has been assumed to compose of a single turn where OPQR is a square with unit dimension, therefore having unit area. The sides OQ and PR of the braking coil  10  is assumed to have a mass per unit length equal to unity, whereas sides OP and QR have been assumed to be massless. 
     Results presented in this description are from simulations carried out using Matlab/Simulink [in the MathWorks: htt://www.mathworks.com] taking the wheel  14  as a stand alone system with the following parameters. A radial magnetic field was assumed across the brake coils with a unit wheel radius. The strength of magnetic field due to the permanent magnet ø c =0.1 Wb/m2. The constant ‘k’ takes into account both the fraction of the current i of the brake coil  10  in  FIG. 2  that is channelled through the additional coils  11 ,  12  as well as the magnetic field produced due to it. The simulation results shown in  FIG. 3  correspond to a value of k=O.04. However, this value has been chosen for just demonstrating the feasibility of the approach as well as highlighting certain associated phenomena. In practical cases a much higher values of k can be used in combination with the techniques for ensuring limited braking force on the vehicle. 
       FIG. 3  shows the retardation curves for the different braking scenarios. The initial vehicle speed has been assumed to be 28 m/s which translates to around 100 km/hr. It can be observed from the  FIG. 3  that conventional brakes need to be applied after sometime in the case of conventional regenerative braking, this reduces the energy savings. In case of constant unrestricted feedback a large deceleration is observed immediately after the application of the brakes. This is due to the surge in the braking force caused by feedback and is not desirable. 
       FIG. 4  shows the variation in the braking force on a unit length of the brake coil (PR) for an unrestricted constant feedback system. On the other hand variable feedback does not suffer from the same. It can be implemented by rapidly varying the value of k, by pulsing the current in the additional coils  12 ,  13 , to achieve effective braking as well as for increasing the energy savings. The energy savings may be visually represented by the shaded triangular area as shown in  FIG. 3 , bound on one side by the curve corresponding to a particular technique. For the simulation shown above the energy savings for the advanced regenerative braking scheme were 32.52% greater compared to conventional regenerative braking.  FIG. 3  also shows that the scheme is capable of bringing the vehicle to almost a halt in the same time as that taken by the conventional regenerative braking system to reduce the speed of the vehicle by half. 
     As mentioned, being a closed loop nature of the system it the strength of the magnetic field continues to increase iteratively and correspondingly the current. Left to itself the system would generate an extremely high magnetic field ø c , the situation may be referred to as a “magnetic runaway”. The mentioned behavior must be checked otherwise speed of the moving vehicle would reduce suddenly with a jerky motion. This can be observed in  FIG. 1   b . As a consequence of this the passengers may experience enormous braking force and in turn sudden deceleration. In order to circumvent this, a controller block  19  has been proposed as shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     The controller block  19  is responsible for controlling the current in the feedback circuit. As mentioned there are primarily two methods for achieving this. The first involves limiting the current in the auxiliary circuit using a FET (Field Effect Transistor) like device. The other alternative involves switching the feedback circuit ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ in rapid succession, similar to ABS mechanism (see  FIG. 5 ). The period (t p ) and the duty cycle (t on /t p ) of the train of pulses used for switching the feedback circuit ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ may be varied with time to obtain the desired result. 
     A switching off of the additional coil results in that the magnetic field becomes weaker during a time t off . A switching on of the additional coils results in turn in that the magnetic field increases again during a time t on . 
     The time sequence of the switching on and off of the additional coils which is represented in  FIG. 5  thus shows a pulse diagram. The switching on and off of the additional coil can be controlled over a regenerative circuit integrated into the regenerative braking. 
     Since regenerative braking is only effective at high speeds, it is usually used in combination with conventional braking. A typical braking scenario is shown in  FIG. 6 . It is assumed that the brakes have been applied at time instance zero of the graph. Regenerative braking is used until the speed reduces below a certain threshold thereafter conventional brakes are used to bring the vehicle to a halt. In the case of the adaptive regenerative braking this critical speed is much less than that corresponding to the simple regenerative braking scheme. This leads to a significant saving in energy as shown by the region  20  in the graph in  FIG. 6 . Furthermore, the adaptive regenerative braking allows postponing the application of the conventional brakes. Hence, it provides for even greater energy saving (shown in region  21 ) and also reduces the wear and tear of the conventional brakes. It must be emphasized that at no point of time passenger safety is compromised. It may be observed that the vehicle comes to a halt within the same amount of time in both cases. 
     In a practical scenario the time required for coming to halt and the braking force applied to the wheel  14  is related to the pressure applied on the brake pedal by the driver. The controller block  19  in case of adaptive regenerative braking also takes that into account when adjusting the braking force being applied to the wheel  14 . This is done by controlling the current in the feedback loop as previously mentioned. 
     REFERENCES 
     
         
           100  electrical regenerative braking 
           10  braking coil 
           11  additional coil 
           12  additional coil 
           13  magnet 
           14  wheel 
           15  circuit 
           16  circuit 
           17  circuit 
           18  magnetic field 
           19  controller block 
           20  region 
           21  region 
           22  circuit