Abstract:
An organic semiconductor material is provided. The organic semiconductor material includes a polyacene derivative expressed by the following general formula (1): 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
     where each of R 1  to R 10  may be independently the same substituents or different substituents but all of R 1 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 9  and R 10  may never be hydrogen atoms at the same time, and where each of R 1  to R 10  is at least one kind of substituent selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having a substituent and of which number of carbon atoms ranges of from 1 to 20, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having a substituent, a complex aromatic group having a substituent, a carboxyl group, a hydride, an ester group, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom and a hydrogen atom. The organic semiconductor material can be dissolved into an organic solvent at low temperature (for example, room temperature) and is suitable for use with a coating process.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application JP 2005-161301 filed in the Japanese Patent Office on Jun. 1, 2005 and Japanese Patent Application JP 2006-052927 filed in the Japanese Patent Office on Feb. 28, 2006 the entire contents of which is being incorporated herein by reference. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The present application relates to organic semiconductor materials, organic semiconductor thin films and organic semiconductor devices. 
         [0003]    Semiconductor devices using organic semiconductor materials are able to decrease a manufacturing cost as compared with related-art semiconductor devices using inorganic semiconductor materials such as Si (silicon) and they can be also expected as semiconductor devices with flexibility as well. Then, various kinds of organic semiconductor materials such as polythiophene and rubrene are now under studies as the organic semiconductor materials, and it has been reported that a transistor including a channel forming region made of these organic semiconductor materials may have mobility of substantially the same as that of a transistor including a channel forming region made of amorphous silicon (see APL Vol. 80, No. 6, 1088-1090 (2002), for example). 
         [0004]    When the channel forming region is made by these organic semiconductor materials, since these organic semiconductor materials are difficult to be dissolved into an organic solvent and the application of a coating process to these organic semiconductor materials is difficult and it is customary that semiconductor films are exclusively formed by a vacuum evaporation coating method. On the other hand, a simple alkyl chain and other substituents are introduced into these organic semiconductor materials to cause an organic solvent to have affinity so that these organic semiconductor materials can be dissolved into the organic solvent. In actual practice, poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) can be dissolved into an organic solvent such as chloroform and toluene and it has been reported that a channel forming region could be formed by a coating process such as a spin coating method (see APL 69 (26), 4108-4110 (1996) for example). 
         [0005]    On the other hand, a polyacene compound, which is a condensed polycyclic compound, is a molecule having a π electron conjugated system similarly to polyacetylene and polyphenylene. In addition, the polyacene compound has a small bandgap as compared with polyacetylene and the like from theoretically and it is a compound which can be expected to have excellent functions as an organic semiconductor material. Substituents that have been introduced into the polyacene compound can be used so that it can be coupled to their molecules and a functional group on the surface of an insulating film. Also, these substituents can be used to control a distance, a position and an arrangement of an acene bone and patterning and the like. The polyacene compound is a compound in which benzene rings are coupled in a straight line fashion. A polyacene compound without substituents has properties in which it becomes difficult to be dissolved into an organic solvent in accordance with the increase of the number of the benzene rings. In particular, a polyacene compound greater than pentacene having five benzene rings coupled loses its solubility to almost all of organic solvents and it is very difficult to form a uniform film based on a suitable method such as the spin coating method. Even if a uniform film can be formed by using such polyacene compound based on the spin coating method and the like, it is unavoidable that organic solvents and temperature conditions available in the spin coating method and the like will be extremely limited (for example, trichlorobenzene and 60 to 180° C.). Also, it is widely known that stability of the polyacene compound is lowered as the number of benzene rings is increased and that pentacene is oxidized by oxygen in the air. That is, pentacene is poor in oxidation resistance. 
         [0006]    2,3,9,10-tetramethylpentacene was reported as an example in which substituents are introduced into a polyacene compound (see Wudl and Bao, Adv. Mater Vol. 15, No. 3 (1090-1093), 2003). However, this 2,3,9,10-tetramethylpentacene can be slightly dissolved into warmed 1,2-dichlorobenzene, and hence a channel forming region constructing an FET (field-effect transistor) is formed by a vacuum evaporation coating method. 
         [0007]    Also, Japanese Published Patent Application No. 2004-256532 has described that 2,3,9,10-tetramethylpentacene and 2,3-dimethylpentacene are dissolved into 1,2-dichlorobenzene. However, they can be dissolved into 1,2-dichlorobenzene at 120° C. but the fact that they are dissolved into 1,2-dichlorobenzene at room temperature is not described in the above Japanese Published Patent Application 2004-256532. 
         [0008]    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 8812-8813 (2002) has reported a technology in which a substituent, which is capable of carrying out thermal reversible reaction, is introduced into pentacene to prepare a solution in the pentacene precursor state with high solubility relative to an organic solvent, this solution is coated on the substrate and heated, thereby resulting in a pentacene thin film being formed on the substrate. 
         [0009]    Also, compounds in which substituents are introduced into pentacene are known from a long ago and D. R. Maulding et al. has reported syntheses of several pentacene derivatives in Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 34, No. 6, 1734-1736 (1969). Also, in recent years, Takahashi et al. and Anthony et al. have reported many pentacene derivatives. For example, refer to Organic Letters Vol. 6, No. 19, 3325-3328 (2004) and Organic Letters Vol. 4, No. 1, 15-18 (2002). 
         [0010]    As described above, although the polyacene compound is a compound which can be expected to exhibit excellent functions as an organic semiconductor material, the polyacene compound is difficult to be dissolved at low temperature (for example, room temperature) and which is therefore not suitable for use with a coating process such as a spin coating method. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0011]    In view of the aforesaid aspects, the present application intends to provide an organic semiconductor material which can be dissolved into an organic solvent at low temperature (for example, room temperature) and which is made of a polyacene derivative suitable for use with a coating process. 
         [0012]    Further, the present application intends to provide an organic semiconductor thin film and an organic semiconductor device based on the above organic semiconductor material. 
         [0013]    According to a first embodiment, there is provided an organic semiconductor material consisting of a polyacene derivative expressed by the following general formula (1), each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9  and R 10  in the general formula (1) satisfying the following (condition-A1) and (condition-A2): 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       (Condition-A1) 
       [0014]    R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9  and R 10  may be independently the same substituents or different substituents but all of R 1 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6  and R 10  may never be hydrogen atoms at the same time. (Condition-A2) each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9  and R 10  is at least one kind of substituent selected from a substituent family consisting of an aliphatic hydrocarbon group which has substituents or no substituents and of which number of carbon atoms ranges from 1 to 20, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, which has substituents or no substituents, a complex aromatic group which has substituents or no substituents, a carboxyl group, a hydride, an ester group, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, a thiocarboxyl group, a dithiocarboxyl group, a sulfonic acid group, a sulfinic acid group, a sulfenic acid group, a sulfonyl group, a sulfinyl group, an acyl halide group, a carbamoyl group, a hydrazide group, an imide group, an amide group, an amidino group, an isocyano group, a cyanic acid ester group, an isocyanic acid ester group, a thiocyanic acid ester group, an isothiocyanic acid ester group, a formyl group, a thioformyl group, an acyl group, a thiol group, an amino group, an imino group, a hydrazino group, an alkoxy group, an arlyoxy group, an ether group, a sulfide group, a disulfide group, a silyl group, a germyl group, a stannyl group, a phosphino group, a boryl group, a halogen atom and a hydrogen atom. 
         [0015]    In the organic semiconductor material according to the first embodiment, it is preferable that each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9  and R 10  should be at least one kind of substituent selected from a substituent family consisting of an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having a substituent and of which number of carbon atoms ranges from 1 to 20, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having a substituent, a complex aromatic group, a carboxyl group, a hydride, an ester group, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom and a hydrogen atom. For convenience sake of explanation, the above-mentioned aspect will hereinafter be referred to as an “organic semiconductor material according to the aspect 1A”. 
         [0016]    According to a second embodiment, there is provided an organic semiconductor material consisting of a polyacene derivative expressed by the following general formula (2) [where n is an integer ranging of from 0 to 20], each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7  and R 8  satisfying the following (condition-B1) and (condition-B2). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       (Condition-B1) 
       [0017]    R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7  and R 8  may be independently the same substituents or different substituents, when n is greater than 2, a plurality of R 5  existing the general formula (2) may be the same substituents or different substituents, a plurality of R 8  existing in the general formula (2) may be the same substituents or different substituents and R 1 , R 4 , R 5  and R 8  may never be hydrogen atoms at the same time. 
       (Condition-B2) 
       [0018]    Each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7  and R 8  in the (condition-B1) is at least one kind of substituent selected from a substituent family consisting of an aliphatic hydrocarbon group which has substituents or no substituents and of which number of carbon atoms ranges from 1 to 20, an aromatic hydrocarbon group which has substituents or no substituents, a complex aromatic group which has substituents or no substituents, a carboxyl group, a hydride, an ester group, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, a thiocarboxyl group, a dithiocarboxyl group, a sulfonic acid group, a sulfinic acid group, a sulfenic acid group, a sulfonyl group, a sulfinyl group, an acyl halide group, a carbamoyl group, a hydrazide group, an imide group, an amide group, an amidino group, an isocyano group, a cyanic acid ester group, an isocyanic acid ester group, a thiocyanic acid ester group, an isothiocyanic acid ester group, a formyl group, a thioformyl group, an acyl group, a thiol group, an amino group, an imino group, a hydrazino group, an alkoxy group, an arlyoxy group, an ether group, a sulfide group, a disulfide group, a silyl group, a germyl group, a stannyl group, a phosphino group, a boryl group, a halogen atom and a hydrogen atom. 
         [0019]    In the organic semiconductor material according to the second embodiment, it is preferable that each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7  and R 8  should be at least one kind of a substituent selected from a substituent family consisting of an aliphatic hydrocarbon group which has substituents or no substituents and of which number of carbon atoms ranges from 1 to 20, an aromatic hydrocarbon group which has substituents or no substituents, a complex aromatic group which has substituents or no substituents, a carboxyl group, a hydride, an ester group, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom and a hydrogen atom. For convenience sake of explanation, the above-mentioned aspect will hereinafter be referred to as an “organic semiconductor material according to the aspect 2A”. 
         [0020]    In the organic semiconductor materials according to the first embodiment, the aspect 1A, the second embodiment or the aspect 2A, when a substituent is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group and an alkynyl group can be enumerated as substituents specifically. 
         [0021]    Also, in the (condition-A2) in the organic semiconductor materials according to the first aspect and the aspect 1A of the present invention and in the (condition-B2) in the organic semiconductor materials according to the second aspect and the aspect 2A of the present invention, R 1  to R 10  or R 1  to R 8  are at least one kind of substituent selected from the substituent family and this substituent may include a substituent containing more than one kind of substituents properly selected from the substituent family. 
         [0022]    In the organic semiconductor material according to the first embodiment, R m  and R m′  (m and m′ are integers ranging of from 1 to 10 and m≠M′) may be cross-linked with each other to form a saturated ring or an unsaturated ring (structure including a double bond or a tripe bond) of which number of carbon atoms lies in a range of from 4 to 20. An example in which a saturated ring of which number of carbon atoms is 4 is formed by crosslinking, an example in which a saturated ring of which number of carbon atoms is 5 is formed by cross-linking, an example in which an unsaturated ring of which number of carbon atoms is 4 is formed by crosslinking and an example in which an unsaturated ring of which number of carbon atoms is 5 is formed by crosslinking are shown as follows. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0023]    Also, in the organic semiconductor material according to the aspect 1A, when R 1  to R 10  are the aliphatic hydrocarbon groups, a carboxyl group, a hydride, an ester group, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group and a halogen atom may be bonded to a terminal of or somewhere of this aliphatic hydrocarbon group in the branched state. R 2  and R 3  may be crosslinked to form a saturated ring or unsaturated ring of which number of carbon atoms lies in a range of from 4 to 20. R 7  and R 8  may be crosslinked to form a saturated ring or unsaturated ring of which number of carbon atoms lies in a range of from 4 to 20. 
         [0024]    In the organic semiconductor material according to the second embodiment, R m  and R m′  (m and m′ are integers ranging of from 1 to 8 and m≠m′) may be crosslinked to form a saturated ring or unsaturated ring (structure including a double bond and a triple bond) of which number of carbon atoms lies in a range of from 4 to 20. Further, when n is greater than 2, a plurality of R 5  existing in the general formula (2) may be crosslinked with each other. Also, a plurality of R 8  existing in the general formula (2) may be crosslinked with each other. 
         [0025]    Also, in the organic semiconductor material according to the aspect 2A, when R 1  to R 8  are the aliphatic hydrocarbon groups, a carboxyl group, a hydride, an ester group, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group and a halogen atom may be bonded to a terminal of or somewhere of this aliphatic hydrocarbon group in the branched state. R 2  and R 3  may be crosslinked to form a saturated ring or unsaturated ring of which number of carbon atoms lies in a range of from 4 to 20. R 6  and R 7  may be crosslinked to form a saturated ring or an unsaturated ring of which number of carbon atoms lies in a range of from 4 to 20. Further, when n is greater than 2, a plurality of R 5  existing in the general formula (2) may be crosslinked with each other. Also, a plurality of R 8  existing in the general formula (2) may be crosslinked with each other. 
         [0026]    The (condition-A2) in the organic semiconductor material according to the first embodiment is the condition identical to the (condition-B2) in the organic semiconductor material according to the second embodiment. In the (condition-A2) and the (condition-B2), each of R 1  to R 10  and R 8  is at least one kind of a substituent selected from a substituent family consisting of 45 kinds in total. Accordingly, theoretically, 4510 combinations exist at maximum as combinations of (R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 ), and any combinations may be used so long as it can satisfy the (condition-A1). Also, in the organic semiconductor material according to the second embodiment, 45 (6+2n)  combinations exist at maximum as the combinations of (R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 ) theoretically, and any combination may be used so long as it can satisfy the (condition-B1). 
         [0027]    Also, the substituent family in the organic semiconductor material according to the aspect 1A is identical to that in the organic semiconductor material according to the aspect 2A. Then, each of R 1  to R 10  and R 1  to R 8  is at least one kind of a substituent selected from a substituent family consisting of 10 kinds of substituents in total. Accordingly, in the organic semiconductor material according to the aspect 1A of the present invention, 10 10  combinations exist at maximum as the combinations of (R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 ) theoretically, and any combination may be used so long as it can satisfy the (condition-A1). Also, in the organic semiconductor material according to the aspect 2A of the present invention, 10 (6+2n)  combinations exist at maximum as the combinations of (R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 ) theoretically, and any combination may be used so long as it can satisfy the (condition-B1). 
         [0028]    In the organic semiconductor material according to the first embodiment or the aspect 1A, it is preferable that a substituent at a part of an acence bone should be an alkyl group of which number of carbon atoms is greater than 3 from a standpoint of improving its solubility relative to an organic solvent more. Also, in the organic semiconductor material according to the second embodiment or the aspect 2A, it is preferable that n should be greater than 3 and that a substituent at a part of an acene bone should be an alkyl group of which number of carbon atom is greater than 3 from a standpoint of improving its solubility relative to an organic solvent more. The substituent at a part of the acene bond may be, specifically, any one of substituents within R 1  to R 10  (the first aspect or the aspect 1A of the present invention) or R 1  to R 8  (the second aspect or the aspect 2A of the present invention). Alternatively, the cases in which all of R to R 8  (the second aspect or the aspect 2A of the present invention) are the alkyl group of which number of carbon atoms is greater than 3 may be included. In the research in which anthracene having a certain degree of solubility relative to an organic solvent and an anthracene derivative are compared with each other, the fact that any one of the anthracene and the anthracene derivative having a long alkyl chain is advantageous from a solubility standpoint is suggested in a doctor&#39;s thesis “Synthesis and Application of Condensed Polycyclic Compounds having Functionality” (2003), written by Masanori Kitamura, Hokkaido University. Having made further examinations by using a pentacene and a pentacene derivative which is difficult to be solved into an organic solvent, the inventors of the present application understood that lengths rather than the ratios of the substituents (R 1  to R 10  and R 1  to R 8 ) in the acene bone considerably affect solubility relative to the organic solvent. In particular, improvement of solubility in the polyacene derivative into which the alkyl group was introduced as the substituent is more remarkable in an alkyl group of which number of carbon atoms is greater than 3 (alkyl group having a length longer than that of a propyl group). It was clarified that, although an ethyl group used as a substituent are able to achieve sufficient effects relative to improvements of solubility, the kind of the organic solvent and the temperature at which it can be dissolved into the organic solvent are limited to ranges narrower than that of the alkyl group having a length longer than that of a propyl group. 
         [0029]    An organic semiconductor material according to the third embodiment consisting of a polyacene derivative expressed by the following general formula (3), each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5  and R 6  in the general formula (3) satisfying the following (condition-C1) and (condition-C): 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       (Condition-C1) 
       [0030]    R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5  and R 6  may be independently the same substituents or different substituents but all of R 1 , R 4 , R 5  and R 6  may never be hydrogen atoms at the same time. 
       (Condition-C2) 
       [0031]    Each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5  and R 6  is at least one kind of substituent selected from a substituent family consisting of an aliphatic hydrocarbon group which has substituents or no substituents and of which number of carbon atoms ranges from 1 to 20, an aromatic hydrocarbon group which has substituents or no substituents, a complex aromatic group which has substituents or no substituents, a carboxyl group, a hydride, an ester group, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, a thiocarboxyl group, a dithiocarboxyl group, a sulfonic acid group, a sulfinic acid group, a sulfenic acid group, a sulfonyl group, a sulfinyl group, an acyl halide group, a carbamoyl group, a hydrazide group, an imide group, an amide group, an amidino group, an isocyano group, a cyanic acid ester group, an isocyanic acid ester group, a thiocyanic acid ester group, an isothiocyanic acid ester group, a formyl group, a thioformyl group, an acyl group, a thiol group, an amino group, an imino group, a hydrazino group, an alkoxy group, an arlyoxy group, an ether group, a sulfide group, a disulfide group, a silyl group, a germyl group, a stannyl group, a phosphino group, a boryl group, a halogen atom and a hydrogen atom. 
         [0032]    In the organic semiconductor material according to the third embodiment, it is preferable that each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5  and R 6  should be at least one kind of a substituent selected from a substituent family consisting of an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having a substituent and of which number of carbon atoms ranges from 1 to 20, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having a substituent, a complex aromatic group having a substituent, a carboxyl group, a hydride, an ester group, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom and a hydrogen atom. For convenience sake of explanation, the above-mentioned aspect will hereinafter be referred to as an “organic semiconductor material according to the aspect 3A of the present invention”. 
         [0033]    In the organic semiconductor materials according to the third embodiment or the aspect 3A, when a substituent is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group and an alkynyl group can be enumerated as s substituents specifically. 
         [0034]    Also, in the (condition-C2) in the organic semiconductor materials according to the third embodiment or the aspect 3A, R 1  to R 6  are at least one kind of substituent selected from the substituent family and this substituent may include a substituent containing more than one kind of substituents properly selected from the substituent family. 
         [0035]    In the organic semiconductor material according to the third embodiment, R m  and R m′  (m and m′ are integers ranging of from 1 to 6 and m≠m′) may be cross-linked with each other to form a saturated ring or an unsaturated ring (a structure including a double bond or a tripe bond) of which number of carbon atoms lies in a range of from 4 to 20. Also, in the organic semiconductor material according to the aspect 3A, when R 1  to R 6  are the aliphatic hydrocarbon group, a carboxyl group, a hydride, an ester group, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group and a halogen atom may be bonded to a terminal of or somewhere of this aliphatic hydrocarbon group in the branched state. R 2  and R 3  may be crosslinked to form a saturated ring or unsaturated ring of which number of carbon atoms lies in a range of from 4 to 20. 
         [0036]    The (condition-C2) in the organic semiconductor material according to the third embodiment is the condition identical to the (condition-A2) in the organic semiconductor material according to the first aspect of the present invention. In the (condition-C2), each of R 1  to R 6  is at least one kind of a substituent selected from a substituent family consisting of 45 kinds in total. Accordingly, theoretically, 45 6  combinations exist at maximum as combinations of (R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 ), and any combinations may be used so long as it can satisfy the (condition-C1). Also, the substituent family in the organic semiconductor material according to aspect 3A is identical to that in the organic semiconductor material according to aspect 1A. Then, each of R 1  to R 6  is at least one kind of a substituent selected from a substituent family consisting of 10 kinds of substituents in total. Accordingly, in the organic semiconductor material according to aspect 3A, 10 10  combinations exist at maximum as the combinations of (R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 ) theoretically, and any combination may be used so long as it can satisfy the (condition-C1). 
         [0037]    In the organic semiconductor material according to the third embodiment or aspect 3A, it is preferable that a substituent at a part of an acence bone should be an alkyl group of which number of carbon atoms is greater than 3 from a standpoint of improving its solubility relative to an organic solvent more. The substituent at a part of the acene bond may be, specifically, any one of substituents within R 1  to R 6 . Also, the cases in which all of R 1  to R 6  are the alkyl group of which number of carbon atoms is greater than 3 may be included. 
         [0038]    The organic semiconductor thin film according to the first embodiment to attain the above-described objects is characterized in that it is composed of the organic semiconductor materials according to the first embodiment or aspect 1A including the above-mentioned various preferred embodiments and that it has crystallinity. 
         [0039]    Also, the organic semiconductor device according to the first embodiment to attain the above-described objects is characterized in that it includes the organic semiconductor thin film composed of the organic semiconductor materials according to the first embodiment or aspect 1A including the above-mentioned various preferred embodiments and that the organic semiconductor thin film has crystallinity. 
         [0040]    The organic semiconductor thin film according to the second embodiment to attain the above-described objects is characterized in that it is composed of the organic semiconductor materials according to the second aspect or the aspect 2A of the present invention including the above-mentioned various preferred embodiments and that it has crystallinity. 
         [0041]    Also, the organic semiconductor device according to the second embodiment to attain the above-described objects is characterized in that it includes the organic semiconductor thin film composed of the organic semiconductor materials according to the second embodiment or aspect 2A including the above-mentioned various preferred embodiments and that the semiconductor thin film has crystallinity. 
         [0042]    The organic semiconductor thin film according to the third embodiment to attain the above-described objects is composed of the organic semiconductor materials according to the third embodiment or aspect 3A including the above-mentioned various preferred embodiments and that it has crystallinity. 
         [0043]    Also, an organic semiconductor device according to the third embodiment to attain the above-described objects includes the organic semiconductor thin film composed of the organic semiconductor materials according to the third embodiment or the aspect 3A including the above-mentioned various preferred embodiments and that the organic semiconductor thin film has crystallinity. 
         [0044]    The fact that “organic semiconductor thin film has crystallinity” means that a solid substance having a spatial periodic atom sequence can take a space lattice structure. 
         [0045]    It is desirable that an organic semiconductor thin film should have a stack structure although the present application is not limited thereto. It is known that a pentacene without substituent takes a herringbone structure (see  FIG. 7 ). As compared with this herringbone structure, a stack structure in which benzene rings are stacked in a π-π fashion [crystal structure in which adjacent molecule planes are stacked with each other (adjacent molecule planes have parallel overlapping portions) and refer to  FIG. 8 ] can realize an interaction of a stronger conjugated plane and it has a possibility that it will improve electric characteristics considerably. In the organic semiconductor materials according to aspect 1A, aspect 2A or aspect 3A or the organic semiconductor materials according to the first embodiment, the second embodiment or the third embodiment including the preferred embodiments (hereinafter, these organic semiconductor materials will be generally referred to an “inventive organic semiconductor material”), in the organic semiconductor thin films made of the inventive organic semiconductor material and which are made according to the first embodiment, the second embodiment or the third embodiment including the above-mentioned preferred embodiments (hereinafter, these organic semiconductor thin films will be generally referred to as an “inventive organic semiconductor thin film”) and in the organic semiconductor devices including the organic semiconductor thin film made of the organic semiconductor material of the present invention and according to the first embodiment, the second embodiment and the third embodiment including the above-mentioned preferred embodiments (hereinafter, these organic semiconductor devices will be generally referred to as an “inventive organic semiconductor device” and further, the inventive organic semiconductor material, the inventive organic semiconductor thin film and the inventive organic semiconductor device will be simply referred to as the “present invention”), if the organic semiconductor material is constructed by the polyacene derivative into which the substituent is introduced and if the length of the introduced substituent is controlled, then the polyacene can take the herringbone structure and the stack structure. Further, according to the examination done by the inventors of the present application, it became clear from the X-ray crystal structure analysis that, as shown in  FIGS. 4 to 6 , the organic semiconductor material can take the stack structure rather than the herringbone structure as the length of the substituent is increased. Further, it became clear that, when a substituent is an alkyl group, if a substituent has a length up to the ethyl group (see  FIG. 4 ), then the organic semiconductor material can take the herringbone structure. Also, it became clear that if a substituent has a length longer than a propyl group (refer to  FIG. 5  when a substituent is a propyl group and refer to  FIG. 6  when a substituent is a butyl group), then the organic semiconductor material can take the stack structure. 
         [0046]    An organic semiconductor device according to an embodiment is composed of a source/drain electrode, a channel forming region sandwiched between the source/drain electrode and the source/drain electrode, a gate insulating layer and a gate electrode opposed to the channel forming region through the gate insulating layer, and the channel forming region can be constructed by the organic semiconductor thin film, that is, the organic semiconductor device according to the present invention can be constructed as an organic field-effect transistor (organic FET). 
         [0047]    As specific structures of the organic field-effect transistor, the following fours kinds of structures can be shown by way of example. 
         [0048]    That is, an organic field-effect transistor having a first structure is a so-called bottom gate/bottom contact type organic field-effect transistor which includes (A) a gate electrode formed on a substrate, (B) a gate insulating layer formed on the gate electrode and the substrate, (C) a source/drain electrode formed on the gate insulating layer and (D) a channel forming region composed of the organic semiconductor thin film according to the present invention formed on the gate insulating layer between the source/drain electrode and the source/drain electrode. 
         [0049]    An organic field-effect transistor having a second structure is a so-called bottom gate/top contact type organic field-effect transistor which includes (A) a gate electrode formed on a substrate, (B) a gate insulating layer formed on the gate electrode and the substrate, (C) a channel forming region formed on the gate insulating layer and which is made of the organic semiconductor thin film according to the present invention and (D) a source/drain electrode formed on the organic semiconductor thin film. 
         [0050]    Further, an organic field-effect transistor having a third structure is a so-called top gate/top contact type organic field-effect transistor which includes (A) a channel forming region formed on a substrate and which is formed on an organic semiconductor thin film according to the present invention, (B) a source/drain electrode formed on the organic semiconductor thin film, (C) a gate insulating layer formed on the source/drain electrode and the organic semiconductor thin film and (D) a gate electrode formed on the gate insulating layer. 
         [0051]    Also, an organic field-effect transistor having a fourth structure is a so-called top gate/bottom contact type organic field-effect transistor which includes (A) a source/drain electrode formed on a substrate, (B) a channel forming region formed on the source/drain electrode and the substrate and which is formed of the organic semiconductor thin film according to the present invention, (C) a gate insulating layer formed on the organic semiconductor thin film and (D) a gate electrode formed on the gate insulating layer. 
         [0052]    As the materials constructing the gate insulating layer, not only inorganic insulating materials such as silicon oxide-based materials, silicon nitride (SiNγ), Al 2 O 3  and a metal oxide high dielectric insulating film but also organic insulating materials such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(vinyl phenol) (PVP), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), polyoxymethylene (POM), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), poly(vinylidene fluoride), polysulfone, polycarbonate (PC) and polyimide can be enumerated. Also, a combination of the inorganic insulating materials and the organic insulating materials can be used as the material constructing the gate insulating layer. As the silicon oxide-based materials, there can be enumerated silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), BPSG, PSG, BSG, AsSG, PbSG, silicon oxide and nitride (SiON), SOG (spin-on glass) and low-dielectric constant SiO X -based materials (for example, Poly(aryl ether), cycloperfluoro carbon polymer and benzocyclobutene, cyclic fluororesin, polytetrafluoroethylene, arylether fluoride, poly(imide fluoride), amorphous carbon and organic SOG). 
         [0053]    As methods of forming a gate insulating layer, there can be enumerated any one of various kinds of printing methods such as a screen printing method, an ink-jet printing method, an offset printing method and a gravure printing method; various kinds of coating methods such as an air doctor coating method, a blade coating method, a rod coating method, a knife coating method, a squeeze coating method, a reverse roll coating method, a transfer roll coating method, a gravure coating method, a kis coating method, a cast coating method, a spray coating method, a slit orifice coating method, a calender coating method and a die coating method; a dipping method; a casting method; a spin coating method; a spray method; various kinds of CVD (chemical vapor deposition) methods; and various kinds of PVD (physical vapor deposition) methods. As the PVD methods, there can be enumerated various kinds of ion plating methods such as (a) various kinds of vacuum deposition methods such as an electron beam heating method, a resistance heating method and a flash vapor deposition method, (b) a plasma deposition method, (c) various kinds of sputtering methods such as a bipolar sputtering method, a DC sputtering method, a DC magnetron sputtering method, a high-frequency sputtering method, a magnetron sputtering method, an ion beam sputtering method and a bias sputtering method and (d) various kinds of ion plating methods such as a DC (direct current) method, an RF method, a multi-cathode method, an activating reaction method, a field deposition method, a high-frequency ion plating method and a reactive ion plating method. 
         [0054]    Alternatively, the gate insulating layer can be formed by oxidizing or nitriding the surface of the gate electrode or the gate insulating layer can be obtained by forming an oxide film or a nitride film on the surface of the gate electrode. As a method of oxidizing the surface of the gate electrode, there can be enumerated a thermal oxidation method, an oxidation method using N 2  plasma and an anode oxidation method depending on materials constructing the gate electrode. As a method of nitriding the surface of the gate electrode, there can be enumerated a nitriding method using N 2  plasma depending on the materials constructing the gate electrode. Alternatively, when the gate electrode is made of gold (Au), it is possible to form the gate insulating layer on the surface of the gate electrode by coating the surface of the gate electrode in a self-organization fashion with a suitable method such as a dipping method based on insulating molecule having functional groups capable of chemically forming bonds with the gate electrode like a straight hydrocarbon of which one end is modified by a mercapto group. 
         [0055]    Further, as the materials constructing the gate electrode, the source/drain electrode and various kinds of wirings, there can be enumerated platinum (Pt), gold (Au), palladium (Pd), chrome (Cr), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), neodymium (Nd), aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), copper (Cu), rubidium (Rb), rhodium (Rh), titanium (Ti), indium (In) and tin (Sn) or alloys containing these metal elements, conducting particles made of these metals, conducting particles of alloys containing these metals, polysilicon, amorphous silicon, tin oxide, indium oxide and indium tin oxide (ITO) or a laminating structure of layers containing these elements. Further, as the materials constructing the gate electrode, the source/drain electrode and various kinds of wirings, there can be enumerated organic conducting materials such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT/PSS). 
         [0056]    As methods of forming the source/drain electrode, the gate electrode and various kinds of wirings, depending on materials constructing the source/drain electrode, the gate electrode and various kinds of wirings, there can be used any one of a spin coating method; the above-mentioned various kinds of printing methods using various conducting pastes and various conducting polymer solutions; the above-mentioned various kinds of coating methods; a lift-off method; a shadow mask method; an electrolytic plating method, a nonelectrolytic plating or a plating method of a combination of the electrolytic plating and the nonelectrolytic plating; a spray method; the above-mentioned various kinds of PVD methods; and various kinds of CVD methods including an MOCVD (metal organic chemical vapor deposition) method or combinations of the above-mentioned methods and patterning technologies if necessary. 
         [0057]    As the substrate, there can be enumerated various kinds of glass substrates, various kinds of glass substrates with insulating films formed on their surfaces, a quartz substrate, a quartz substrate with an insulating film formed on its surface and a silicon substrate with an insulating film formed on its surface. Further, as the substrate, there can be enumerated plastic films and plastic sheet plastic substrates consisting of polymer materials such as polyethersulfone (PES), polyimide, polycarbonate (PC), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(vinyl phenol) (PVP). If a substrate consisting of polymer materials with flexibility is used, then an organic semiconductor device can be assembled into or unitarily formed with display apparatus and electronic devices having curved-surface shapes. In addition, conducting substrates (substrates made of metals such as gold and graphite with high orientation) can be enumerated as the substrate. Also, it is frequently observed that an organic semiconductor device is provided on a supporting member depending on the arrangement and structure of the organic semiconductor device. The supporting member in such a case also can be constructed by the above-mentioned materials. 
         [0058]    When the organic semiconductor device is applied to and used with display apparatus and various kinds of electronic devices, the organic semiconductor device can be formed as a monolithic integrated circuit in which a large number of organic semiconductor devices are integrated on the substrate. Each organic semiconductor device can be cut and separately used as discrete assemblies. Also, the organic semiconductor device can be shielded by a resin. 
         [0059]    According to an embodiment, since the organic semiconductor material is constructed by the polyacene derivative into which the substituent is introduced, affinity of the organic semiconductor material relative to an organic solvent can be improved and it becomes possible to dissolve the organic semiconductor material into a wide variety of organic solvents at room temperature. Thus, at room temperature, organic semiconductor materials of quantities required by coating processes such as a spin coating method; a dipping (dip coating) method; various kinds of coating methods such as an air doctor coating method, a blade coating method, a rod coating method, a knife coating method, a squeeze coating method, a reverse roll coating method, a transfer roll coating method, a gravure coating method, a kis coating method, a cast coating method, a spray coating method, a slit orifice coating method, a calender coating method and a die coating method; various kinds of printing methods such as a screen printing method, an ink-jet printing method, an offset printing method and a gravure printing method; a casting method; and a spray method can be dissolved into a wide variety of organic solvents such as hydrocarbon-based solvents (for example, hexane, heptane, octane, cyclohexane), ester-based solvents (for example, ethyl acetate, butyllactone), alcohol-based solvents (for example, octanol, hexanol, benzyl alcohol), aromatic-based solvents (for example, toluene, mesitylene, benzene), ether-based solvents (for example, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran), halogen-based solvents (for example, chloroform, dichloromethane) and ketone-based solvents (for example, acetone, cyclopentanone). 
         [0060]    A polyacene compound is a compound in which benzene rings are bonded in a straight fashion and a polyacene compound without substituent has properties in which it becomes more difficult to be dissolved into an organic solvent in accordance with the increase of the number of benzene rings. In particular, a polyacene greater than pentacene having five benzene rings bonded loses solubility relative to almost all of organic solvents and it is difficult to form a uniform film based on a suitable method such as a spin coating method. If possible, then it is unavoidable that the organic solvent available in this case is limited to extremely limited organic solvents and temperature conditions. However, according to an embodiment, since the organic semiconductor material consists of the polyacene derivatives into which the substituents were introduced, it is possible to improve solubility of the organic semiconductor material relative to various kinds of organic solvents. Hence, it is possible to form/deposit a uniform film based on the coating process such as the spin coating method. As earlier noted, since 2,3,9,10-tetramethyl pentacene and 2,3-dimethyl pentacene are known well, it has been reported that, if 1,2-dichlorobenzene with high extractability is used, then the organic semiconductor material is slightly dissolved in the state in which it is warmed. Therefore, it can be gathered from this report that introduction of substituents into the polyacene derivatives in the organic semiconductor material considerably affects solubility of the organic semiconductor materials into the organic solvents. 
         [0061]    Also, according to an embodiment, not only the solubility of the organic semiconductor material with respect to the organic solvent can be improved but also oxidation resistance can be improved and control of packing rules (herringbone structure/stack structure) in the organic semiconductor thin film and crystallinity can be improved by the introduction of substituents. Further, by using the polyacene derivative in which a substituent with a polarity and a substituent without polarity are introduced into desired positions, it becomes possible to control orientation and inclination of the organic semiconductor material relative to a base material (underlying layer or substrate). Also, it becomes possible to carry out patterning on the organic semiconductor material by bonding the polyacene derivative to functional groups introduced into desired positions of a base material (underlying layer or substrate). Further, the polyacene derivatives have a possibility that they will change their conductivity types depending on the substituents. It is known that, while ordinary pentacene without substituent behaves as a p-type semiconductor, pentacene in which all hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms acts as an n-type semiconductor. Then, according to the present invention, since the organic semiconductor material is formed as the polyacene derivative into which the substituents are introduced, electron transition energy is changed with the result that it becomes possible to control a conductivity type. 
         [0062]    Additional features and advantages are described herein, and will be apparent from, the following Detailed Description and the figures. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0063]      FIG. 1A  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a part of an organic field-effect transistor which is which might be called a bottom gate/top contact type organic field-effect transistor; 
           [0064]      FIG. 1B  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a part of an organic field-effect transistor which is what might be called a bottom gate/bottom contact type organic field-effect transistor; 
           [0065]      FIG. 2A  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a part of an organic field-effect transistor which is what might be called a top gate/top contact type organic field-effect transistor; 
           [0066]      FIG. 2B  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a part of an organic field-effect transistor which is what might be called a top gate/bottom contact type organic field-effect transistor; 
           [0067]      FIG. 3  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a part of organic field-effect transistor test products according to respective inventive examples; 
           [0068]      FIG. 4  is a diagram showing an X-ray crystalline structure analysis of an organic semiconductor material in the form of a photograph in which a substituent is an ethyl group; 
           [0069]      FIG. 5  is a diagram showing an X-ray crystalline structure analysis of an organic semiconductor material in the form of a photograph in which a substituent is a propyl group; 
           [0070]      FIG. 6  is a diagram showing an X-ray crystalline structure analysis of an organic semiconductor material in the form of a photograph in which a substituent is a butyl group; 
           [0071]      FIG. 7  is a diagram showing a herringbone structure which is a laminating structure of a molecule in an organic compound crystal; and 
           [0072]      FIG. 8  is a diagram showing a stack structure of a laminating structure of a molecule in an organic compound crystal. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0073]    Embodiments of the present invention will be described below in detail with reference to the drawings. 
       Example 1 
       [0074]    Example 1 relates to an organic semiconductor material, an organic semiconductor thin film and an organic semiconductor device according to a first or second mode of the present invention. A chemical formula of the organic semiconductor material according to the inventive example 1 is shown as follows. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0075]    The organic semiconductor material of the inventive example 1 is made of a polyacene derivative shown by the following general formula (1). In the general formula (1), R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9  and R 10  are respectively substituents which will follow. That is, the organic semiconductor material of the inventive example 1 is 2,3-bis methoxycarbonyl-1,4,6,13-tetrabutyl-8,9,10,11-tetraethyl pentacene. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0076]    R 1 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0077]    R 2 : carbonyl group (concretely, methoxycarbonyl group) 
         [0078]    R 3 : carbonyl group (concretely, methoxycarbonyl group) 
         [0079]    R 4 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0080]    R 5 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0081]    R 6 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0082]    R 7 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0083]    R 8 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0084]    R 9 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0085]    R 10 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0086]    Alternatively, the organic semiconductor material according to example 1 is made of a polyacene derivative shown by the following general formula (2). R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7  and R 8  in the general formula (2) are the following substituents, respectively. In the inventive example 1, an equality of n=4 is satisfied. Also, R 5  is expressed as R 51 , R 52 , R 53 , R 54  in the clockwise direction of the general formula, and R 8  is expressed as R 81 , R 82 , R 83 , R 84  in the clockwise direction of the general formula. This relationship will apply for the following examples as well. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0087]    R 1 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0088]    R 2 : carbonyl group (concretely, methoxycarbonyl group) 
         [0089]    R 3 : carbonyl group (concretely, methoxycarbonyl group) 
         [0090]    R 4 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0091]    R 51 : hydrogen atom R 52 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0092]    R 53 : hydrogen atom 
         [0093]    R 54 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0094]    R 6 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0095]    R 7 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0096]    R 18 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0097]    R 82 : hydrogen atom 
         [0098]    R 83 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0099]    R 84 : hydrogen atom 
         [0100]    The organic semiconductor thin film according to example 1 is made of the above-described organic semiconductor material and has crystallinity. Also, the organic semiconductor device according to example 1 is made of the above-described organic semiconductor material and includes the organic semiconductor thin film having the crystallinity. 
         [0101]    Specifically, an organic field-effect transistor according to example 1 is composed of a source/drain electrode  15 , a channel forming region  14  sandwiched by the source/drain region  15  and the source/drain region  15 , a gate insulating layer  13  and a gate electrode  12  opposed to the channel forming region  14  through the gate insulating layer  13 . More specifically, as  FIG. 1A  shows a schematic fragmentary cross-sectional view, an organic field-effect transistor of a so-called bottom gate/top contact type according to example 1 is composed of (a) a gate electrode  12  formed on substrates  10  and  11  and which is formed of a metal film, (b) a gate insulating layer  13  formed on the gate electrode  12  and the substrates  10  and  11  and which is made of SiO 2 , (c) a channel forming region  14  and a channel forming region extended portion  14 A formed on the gate insulating layer  13  and which are formed of the organic semiconductor thin film of example 1 and (d) a source/drain electrode  15  formed on the channel forming region extended portion  14 A and which is formed of a metal film. The substrates  10  and  11  are formed of the substrate  10  made of a glass substrate and a SiO 2  insulating film  11  formed on the surface of the substrate  10 . To be more concrete, the gate electrode  12  and the gate insulating layer  13  are formed on the insulating film  11 . 
         [0102]    An outline of a method of manufacturing a so-called bottom gate/top contact type organic field-effect transistor (specifically, TFT (thin-film transistor) using the organic semiconductor material according to example 1 will be described below. 
       [PROCESS-100] 
       [0103]    First, the gate electrode  12  is formed on the substrate (glass substrate  10  and on which surface there is formed the SiO 2  insulating film  11 ). Specifically, a resist layer (not shown) in which a portion on which the gate electrode  12  should be formed is removed is formed on the insulating film  11  by a lithography technique. After that, a chromium (Cr) layer (not shown) that serves as a close-contact layer and a gold (Au) layer that servers as the gate electrode  12  are sequentially deposited on the whole surface by a vacuum evaporation coating process and then the resist layer is removed. In this manner, the gate electrode  12  can be obtained by a so-called lift off method. 
       [PROCESS-110] 
       [0104]    Next, the gate insulating film  13  is formed on the substrate (insulating film  11 ) which includes the gate electrode  12 . Specifically, the gate insulating film  13  made of SiO 2  is deposited on the gate electrode  12  and the insulating film  11  based on a sputtering method. When the gate insulating film  13  is deposited on the gate electrode  12  and the insulating film  11 , if a part of the gate electrode  12  is covered with a hard mask, then it is possible to form a lead-out portion (not shown) of the gate electrode  12  without photolithography process. 
       [PROCESS-120] 
       [0105]    Next, the channel forming region  14  and the channel forming region extended portion  14 A are formed on the gate insulating layer  13 . Specifically, a solution in which 5 g of the organic semiconductor material of the inventive example 1 that has been described before was dissolved into 1 liter of a chloroform solution is coated on the gate insulating film  13  at room temperature by a coating process such as a spin coating method. Subsequently, when the above coated solution is dried by a heating treatment at 60° C., the channel forming region  14  and the channel forming region extended portion  14 A can be formed on the gate insulating layer  13 . According to the results of various experiments, it is to be understood that organic field-effect transistors obtained under the condition in which a temperature in which the coated solution is to be dried lies in a range of from 60° C.±5° C. exhibited best transistor characteristics. 
       [PROCESS-130] 
       [0106]    After that, the source/drain electrodes  15  are formed on the channel forming region extended portion  14 A so as to sandwich the channel forming region  14  there between. Specifically, a chromium (Cr) layer (not shown) that serves as the close-contact layer and a gold (Au) layer that serves as the source/drain electrode  15  are sequentially deposited on the whole surface on the basis of the vacuum evaporation coating process. In this manner, the structure shown in  FIG. 1A  can be obtained. When the gate insulating film  13  is deposited on the gate electrode  12  and the insulating film  11 , if a part of the channel forming region extended portion  14 A is covered with a hard mask, then it is possible to form the source/drain electrode  15  without photolithography process. 
       [PROCESS-140] 
       [0107]    Last, after an insulating layer (not shown) that serves as a passivation film was formed on the whole surface, an opening portion was formed on the insulating layer above the source/drain electrode  15  and an interconnection material layer was formed on the whole surface including the inside of the opening portion, by treating the interconnection material layer via a patterning process, it is possible to obtain a bottom gate/top contact type organic field-effect transistor in which an interconnection (not shown) connected to the source/drain electrode  15  is formed on the insulating layer. 
         [0108]    The organic field-effect transistor is not limited to the so-called bottom gate/top contact type organic field-effect transistor and it can be applied to various kinds of other organic field-effect transistors, such as a so-called bottom gate/bottom contact type organic field-effect transistor, a so-called top gate/top contact type organic field-effect transistor and a so-called top gate/bottom contact type organic field-effect transistor. 
         [0109]      FIG. 1B  is a schematically cross-sectional view showing a part of a so-called bottom gate/bottom contact type organic field-effect transistor. In  FIG. 1B , elements and parts identical to those of  FIG. 1A  are denoted by identical reference numerals. As shown in  FIG. 1B , this bottom gate/bottom contact type organic field-effect transistor includes (a) the gate electrode  12  formed on the substrates  10  and  11 , (b) the gate insulating layer  13  formed on the gate electrode  12  and the substrates  10  and  11 , (c) the source/drain electrode  15  formed on the gate insulating layer  13  and (d) the channel forming region  14  formed on the gate insulating layer  13  at its portion sandwiched between the source/drain electrodes  15  and  15 . 
         [0110]    An outline of a method for manufacturing a bottom gate/bottom contact type TFT will be described below. 
       [PROCESS-200] 
       [0111]    First, after the gate electrode  12  was formed on the substrate (insulating film  11 ) similarly to the [process-100], the gate insulating layer  13  is formed on the gate electrode  12  and the insulating film  11  similarly to the [process-110]. 
       [PROCESS-210] 
       [0112]    Next, the source/drain electrode  15  formed of a gold (Au) layer is formed on the gate insulating layer  13 . Specifically, the resist layer in which a portion on which the source/drain electrode  15  should be formed is removed is formed on the gate insulating layer  13  by the lithography technique. Then, similarly to the [process-100], the chromium (Cr) layer (not shown) that serves as the close-contact layer and the gold (Au) layer that serves as the source/drain electrode  15  are sequentially deposited on the resist layer and the gate insulating layer  13  by the vacuum evaporation coating process and then the resist layer is removed. In this manner, the source/drain electrode  15  can be obtained based on the so-called lift off method. 
       [PROCESS-220] 
       [0113]    After that, based on a method similar to that of the [process-120], the channel forming region  14  is formed on the gate insulating layer  13  at its portion sandwiched between the source/drain electrodes  15  and  15 . In this manner, it is possible to obtain the structure shown in  FIG. 1B . 
       [PROCESS-230] 
       [0114]    Finally, it is possible to obtain the bottom gate/bottom contact type organic field-effect transistor by executing a process similar to that of the [process-140]. 
         [0115]      FIG. 2A  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a part of a so-called top gate/top contact type organic field-effect transistor. In  FIG. 2A , elements and parts identical to those of  FIG. 1A  are denoted by identical reference numerals. 
         [0116]    As shown in  FIG. 2A , this top gate/top contact type organic field-effect transistor includes (a) the channel forming region  14  and the channel forming region extended portion  14 A formed on the substrates  10  and  11 , (b) the source/drain electrode  15  formed on the channel forming region extended portion  14 A, (c) the gate insulating layers  13  formed on the source/drain electrode  15  and the channel forming region  14 ( a ) the channel forming region  14  and the channel forming region extended portion  14 A formed on the substrates  10  and  11 , (b) the source/drain electrode  15  formed on the channel forming region extended portion  14 A, (c) the gate insulating layers  13  formed on the source/drain electrode  15  and the channel forming region  14  and (d) the gate electrode  12  formed on the gate insulating layer  13 . 
         [0117]    An outline of a method of manufacturing a top gate/top contact type TFT will be described below. 
       [PROCESS-300] 
       [0118]    First, the channel forming region  14  and the channel forming region extended portion  14 A are formed on the substrate (the glass substrate  10  and on which surface there is formed the insulating film  11  made of SiO 2 ) on the basis of a method similar to that of the [process-120]. 
       [PROCESS-310] 
       [0119]    Next, the source/drain regions  15  and  15  are formed on the channel forming region extended portion  14 A so as to sandwich the channel forming region  14  there between. Specifically, the chromium (Cr) layer (not shown) that serves as the close-contact layer and the gold (Au) layer that serves as the source/drain electrode  15  are deposited on the whole surface, in that order, by the vacuum evaporation coating process. When the source/drain electrodes  15  are deposited on the channel forming region extended portion  14 A, if a part of the channel forming region extended portion  14 A is covered with a hard mask, then it is possible to form the source/drain electrodes  15  without photolithography process. 
       [PROCESS-320] 
       [0120]    Next, the gate insulating layer  13  is formed on the source/drain electrode  15  and the channel forming region  14 . Specifically, it is possible to form the gate insulating layer  13  on the source/drain electrode  15  and the channel forming region  14  by depositing PVA (poly(vinyl alcohol)) on the whole surface based on the spin coating method. 
       [PROCESS-330] 
       [0121]    After that, the gate electrode  12  is formed on the gate insulating layer  13 . Specifically, the chromium (Cr) layer (not shown) that serves as the close-contact layer and the gold (Au) layer that serves as the gate electrode  12  are deposited on the whole surface, in that order, by the vacuum evaporation coating process. In this manner, it is possible to obtain the structure shown in  FIG. 2A . When the gate electrode  12  is deposited on the gate insulating layer  13 , if a part of the gate insulating layer  13  is covered with the hard mask, then it is possible to form the gate electrode  12  without photolithography process. Last, it is possible to obtain the top gate/top contact type organic field effect transistor by executing a process similar to that of the [process-140]. 
         [0122]      FIG. 2B  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a part of the so-called top gate/bottom contact type organic field-effect transistor. In  FIG. 2B , elements and parts identical to those of  FIG. 2A  are denoted by identical reference numerals. 
         [0123]    As shown in  FIG. 2B , this top gate/bottom contact type organic field-effect transistor includes (a) the source/drain electrodes  15  formed on the substrates  10  and  11 , (b) the channel forming region  14  formed on the substrates  10  and  11  at their portions sandwiched by the source/drain electrodes  15  and  15 , (c) the gate insulating layer  13  formed on the channel forming region  14  and (d) the gate electrode  12  formed on the gate insulating layer  13 . 
         [0124]    An outline of a method of manufacturing a top gate/bottom contact type TFT will be described below. 
       [PROCESS-400] 
       [0125]    First, the source/drain electrode  15  is formed on the substrate (the glass substrate  10  and on which surface there is formed the insulating film  11  made of SiO 2 ). Specifically, the chromium (Cr) layer (not shown) that serves as the close-contact layer and the gold (Au) layer that serves as the source/drain electrode  15  are deposited on the insulating film  11  by the vacuum evaporation coating process. When the source/drain electrode  15  is deposited on the insulating film  11 , if a part of the substrate (insulating film  11 ) is covered with the hard mask, then it is possible to form the source/drain electrode  15  without photolithography process. 
       [PROCESS-410] 
       [0126]    After that, the channel forming region  14  is formed on the substrate (the insulating film  11 ) at its portion sandwiched by the source/drain electrodes  15  on the basis of a method similar to that of the [process-120]. In actual practice, the channel forming region extended portion  14 A is formed on the source/drain electrode  15 . 
       [PROCESS-420] 
       [0127]    Next, the gate insulating layer  13  is formed on the source/drain electrode  15  and the channel forming region  14  (in actual practice, the gate insulating layer  13  is formed on the channel forming region  14  and the channel forming region extended portion  14 A) similarly to the process-320]. 
       [PROCESS-430] 
       [0128]    After that, similarly to the process-330], the gate electrode  12  is formed on the gate insulating layer  13 . In this manner, it is possible to obtain the structure shown in  FIG. 2B . Last, it is possible to obtain the top gate/bottom contact type organic field-effect transistor by executing a process similar to that of the [process-140]. 
         [0129]    Also in the inventive examples 2 to 10 which will follow, the organic field-effect transistor can be formed as any one of the bottom gate/top contact type organic field-effect transistor, the bottom gate/bottom contact type organic field-effect transistor, the top gate/top contact type organic field-effect transistor and the top gate/bottom contact type organic field-effect transistor and they can be manufactured based on the above-mentioned methods. 
         [0130]    Operations of a test product of an organic field-effect transistor having a channel forming region, which was formed based on a coating process such as a spin coating method using a chloroform solution (concentration: 5 g/lit.) of the organic semiconductor material of the inventive example 1 at room temperature, were checked.  FIG. 3  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a part of the above test product of the organic field-effect transistor. As a result, gate modulation could be confirmed and hence it could be confirmed that the organic semiconductor thin film played a role of the channel forming region. Depending on the conditions of the spin coating and the like, mobility of 5.0×10 −5  to 1.2×10 −3  cm 2 V 1 ·second −1  could be obtained as mobility in the saturation region at that time. 
         [0131]    Further, the organic semiconductor materials of the inventive example 1 were prepared at room temperature in which ethyl acetate, acetone, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, cyclopentane and mesitylene were used as solvents instead of chloroform (concentration: 5 g/lit.). Then, organic field-effect transistor test products were manufactured by using the above respective prepared solutions based on the similar methods and operations of the thus manufactured organic field-effect transistor test products were checked. As a result, organic semiconductors could be formed and deposited even when any prepared solution was used. Further, gate modulation could be confirmed and hence it could be confirmed that the organic semiconductor thin film played a role of the channel forming region. 
         [0132]    A method of synthesizing polyacene derivatives constructing the organic semiconductor materials of the inventive example 1 will be described below. Until otherwise specified, operations concerning synthesis were carried out under the atmosphere of an inert gas by using deoxidized and dehydrated solvents. Also, with respect to a synthesis scheme, refer to J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112, 12876-12877 (2000). 
       [OPERATION-10] 
       [0133]    First, 8.8 g of Cp 2 ZrCl 2  was dissolved into 100 ml of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and cooled to −78° C. After that, 38 ml of n-BuLi hexane solution (1.6 mol/lit) was added to the resultant solution and stirred at −78° C. for one hour. After 6.9 ml of 3-hexyne was added to the resultant solution and stirred at room temperature for three hours, whereafter 6.0 g of copper (I) chloride and 1 ml of Dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (hereinafter referred to as a “DMAD”) was added to the resultant solution and stirred at room temperature for three hours. Subsequently, 3N hydrochloric acid was added to the resultant solution and reaction was ended. The resultant product was extracted three times by using 100 ml of hexane solution, sequentially rinsed with saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate and saturated brine and then dried by using magnesium sulfate. After that, a solvent is removed from the resultant product and refined by column chromatography (developing solvent): ethyl acetate/hexane=1/5) and thereby 5.6 g of the following compound (1.1) could be obtained as a solid material (isolated yield: 61%). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       [OPERATION-11] 
       [0134]    Next, 1.0 g of LiAlH 4  was added to 47 ml of THE cooled at 0° C. and 4.2 g of a compound (1.1) was added to this solution at 0° C. Then, after the resultant solution was stirred at room temperature for three hours, water was added to this resultant solution and reaction was ended. Next, 2N sulfuric acid was added to the resultant solution so that the resultant solution may become slightly acid. This solution was extracted three times by using 50 ml of diethyl ether, rinsed with saturated brine and then dried by using magnesium sulfate. Then, after the solvent was dried by the evaporator, the resultant solvent was recrystallized and thereby 3.0 g of a compound (1.2) could be obtained as a solid crystal (yield: 90%). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       [OPERATION-12] 
       [0135]    After that, 3.0 g of a compound (1.2) was dissolved into 45 ml of chloroform to which 1.5 ml of PBr 3  was added. Then, after the solution was stirred at room temperature for three hours, water was added to the resultant solution. Then, the resultant solution was extracted three times by 50 ml of ethyl acetate, sequentially rinsed with saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate and saturated brine and then dried by using magnesium sulfate. Subsequently, the solvent was removed from the resultant solution by using the evaporator and recrystallized by hexane and thereby 4.5 g of a compound (1.3) could be obtained as a white solid (yield: 99%). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       [OPERATION-13] 
       [0136]    Next, 4.0 ml of 1-hexyne was added to 100 ml of THF. In the state in which a resultant solution was cooled at −78° C., 20 ml of n-BuLi hexane solution (1.6 mol/lit.) was added to the resultant solution and stirred at room temperature for one hour. After that, in the state in which a reaction solution was cooled at −78° C., 3.7 ml of DMPU and 3.0 g of dibromo material [compound (1.3)] dissolved into THF were added to the resultant solution and stirred at room temperature for three hours. Next, 3N hydrochloric acid was added to the resultant solution and then reaction was ended. Next, the resultant solution was extracted three times by 100 ml of hexane, sequentially rinsed with saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate and saturated brine and then dried by using magnesium sulfate. Subsequently, the solvent was removed from the resultant solution by using the evaporator and refined by the column chromatography (developing solvent: ethyl acetate/hexane=1/10) and thereby 2.6 g of a compound (1.4) could be obtained (yield: 83%) 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       [OPERATION-14] 
       [0137]    After that, after 0.29 g of Cp 2 ZrCl 2  was dissolved into 5.0 ml of THE and cooled at −78° C., 1.3 ml of n-BuLi hexane solution (1.6 mol/lit.) was added to the resultant solution and the resultant solution was stirred at −78° C. for one hour. Next, 0.38 g of compound (1.4) in the state in which it was dissolved into the THE was added to the resultant solution and stirred at room temperature for three hours. Thereafter, 6.0 g of copper (I) chloride was added to the resultant solution and the resultant solution was cooled at 0° C. After that, 11 ml of DMAD was added to the resultant solution and stirred at room temperature for three hours. Then, 3N hydrochloric acid was added to the resultant solution and then reaction was ended. Next, the resultant solution was extracted three times by 20 ml of hexane, sequentially rinsed with saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate and saturated brine and then dried by using magnesium sulfate. Subsequently, the solvent was removed from the resultant solution by using the evaporator and refined by the column chromatography (developing solvent: ethyl acetate/hexane=1/10) and thereby 0.49 g of a compound (1.5) could be obtained as a solid material (isolated yield: 95%). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       [OPERATION-15] 
       [0138]    Next, 5.0 g of a compound (1.5) and 2.2 g of DDQ were dissolved into 100 ml of toluene and refluxed for three hours. After that, the filtered solution was distillated under reduced pressure. Then, the resultant solid was refined by the column chromatography (developing solvent: ethyl acetate/hexane=1/9) and 4.9 g of a compound (1.6) could be obtained as a solid material (yield: 99%). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       [OPERATION-16] 
       [0139]    Next, 0.72 g of LiAlH 4  was added to 150 ml of THE cooled at 0° C. and 4.9 g of a compound (1.6) was added to this solution at 0° C. Then, after the resultant solution was stirred at room temperature for three hours, water was added to this resultant solution and reaction was ended. Then, 2N sulfuric acid was added to the resultant solution so that the resultant solution may become slightly acid. This solution was extracted three times by using 100 ml of diethyl ether, rinsed with the saturated brine and then dried by using magnesium sulfate. Then, after the solvent was distillated under reduced pressure by the evaporator, 40 ml of chloroform was added to the resultant solution into which 0.95 ml of PBr 3  was added. Then, after the resultant solution was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours, water was added to the resultant solution and reaction was ended. Then, the resultant solution was extracted three times by using 100 ml of ethyl acetate, sequentially rinsed with saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate and saturated brine and dried by using magnesium sulfate. Thereafter, after the solvent was removed from the resultant solution by the evaporator, the resultant solution was recrystallized by hexane and thereby 5.6 g of a compound (1.8) could be obtained as a white solid (yield: 99%). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       [OPERATION-17] 
       [0140]    Next, 0.23 ml of 1-hexyne was added to 50 ml of THF. In the state in which a resultant solution was cooled at −78° C., 1.3 ml of n-BuLi hexane solution (1.6 mol/lit.) was added to the resultant solution and stirred at room temperature for one hour. After that, in the state in which a reaction solution was cooled at −78° C., 0.25 ml of DMPU and 0.20 g of dibromo material [compound (1.8)] dissolved into the THF were added to the resultant solution and stirred at room temperature for three hours. Next, 3N hydrochloric acid was added to the resultant solution and then reaction was ended Next, the resultant solution was extracted three times by 100 ml of hexane, sequentially rinsed with saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate and saturated brine and then dried by using magnesium sulfate. Subsequently, the solvent was removed from the resultant solution by using the evaporator and refined by the column chromatography (developing solvent: ethyl acetate/hexane=1/50) and thereby 0.17 g of a compound (1.9) could be obtained (yield: 85%). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       [OPERATION-18] 
       [0141]    After that, after 0.085 g of Cp 2 ZrCl 2  was dissolved into 5.0 ml of THF and cooled at −78° C., 0.37 ml of n-BuLi hexane solution (1.6 mol/lit.) was added to the resultant solution and the resultant solution was stirred at −78° C. for one hour. Next, 0.17 g of compound (1.9) in the state in which it was dissolved into the THE was added to the resultant solution and stirred at room temperature for three hours. Thereafter, 0.058 g of copper (I) chloride was added to the resultant solution and the resultant solution was cooled at 0° C. After that, 0.11 ml of DMAD was added to the resultant solution and stirred at room temperature for three hours. Then, 3N hydrochloric acid was added to the resultant solution and then reaction was ended. Next, the resultant solution was extracted three times by 20 ml of chloroform, sequentially rinsed with saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate and saturated brine and then dried by using magnesium sulfate. Subsequently, the solvent was removed from the resultant solution by using the evaporator and refined by the column chromatography (developing solvent: chloroform) and thereby 0.12 g of a compound (1.10) could be obtained as a solid material (isolated yield: 57%). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       [OPERATION-19] 
       [0142]    After that, in the inert gas atmosphere, 2.0 g of compound (1.10) and 0.68 g (equivalent weight is 1.1) of DDQ were dissolved into 100 ml of toluene and refluxed for 24 hours. Next, after the toluene of the solvent was decreased to 20 ml by distillation under reduced-pressure and thereby the resultant solution was changed into a saturated solution, 500 ml of methanol was added to the resultant solution and thereby precipitate was produced. Then, after the precipitate was filtered, the resultant product was dried and thereby 1.1 g of the pentacene derivative [compound (1.11)] of the inventive example 1 could be obtained (yield: 54%). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Example 2 
       [0143]    Example 2 is a modified example of example 1. A chemical formula of an organic semiconductor material of example 2 is shown as follows. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0144]    The organic semiconductor material of example 2 is made of a polyacene derivative shown by the above-described general formula (1). In the general formula (1), R 1r  R 2 , R 3r  R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R- 7 , R 8 , R 9  and R 10  are respectively substituents which will follow. That is, the organic semiconductor material of example 2 is 2,3-bis methoxycarbonyl-1,4,6,8,9,10,11 13-octaethyl pentacene. 
         [0145]    R 1 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0146]    R 2 : carbonyl group (concretely, methoxycarbonyl group) 
         [0147]    R 3 : carbonyl group (concretely, methoxycarbonyl group) 
         [0148]    R 4 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0149]    R 5 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0150]    R 6 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0151]    R 7 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0152]    R 8 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0153]    R 9 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0154]    R 10 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0155]    Alternatively, the organic semiconductor material according to example 2 is made of a polyacene derivative shown by the above-described general formula (2). R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7  and R 8  in the general formula (2) are the following substituents, respectively. Also in the inventive example 2, an equality of n=4 is satisfied. 
         [0156]    R 1 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0157]    R 2 : carbonyl group (concretely, methoxycarbonyl group) 
         [0158]    R 3 : carbonyl group (concretely, methoxycarbonyl group) 
         [0159]    R 4 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0160]    R 51 : hydrogen atom R 52 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0161]    R 53 : hydrogen atom R 54 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0162]    R 6 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0163]    R 7 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0164]    R 81 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0165]    R 82 : hydrogen atom R 83 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0166]    R 34 : hydrogen atom 
         [0167]    Operations of a test product (see a schematic fragmentary cross-sectional view of  FIG. 3 ) of an organic field-effect transistor having a channel forming region formed based on the coating process such as a spin coating method using the chloroform solution (concentration: 5 g/lit.) of the organic semiconductor material of example 2 at room temperature were confirmed. As a result, gate modulation could be confirmed and it could be confirmed that the organic semiconductor thin film has played a role of the channel forming region. 1.5×10 5  cm 2 ·V −1  second −1  was obtained as mobility in the saturated region at that time depending on conditions of the spin coating and the like. 
         [0168]    A method of synthesizing polyacene derivatives constructing the organic semiconductor material of the inventive example 2 will be described below. 
       [OPERATION-20] 
       [0169]    First, [OPERATION-10] to [OPERATION-12] are executed. 
       [OPERATION-21] 
       [0170]    Next, 7.5 g of 1-butyne was dissolved into 300 ml of THF. In the state in which a resultant solution was cooled at −78° C., 88 ml of n-BuLi hexane solution (1.6 mol/lit.) was added to the resultant solution and stirred at room temperature for one hour. After that, in the state in which a reaction solution was cooled at −78° C., 17 ml of DMPU and 8.7 g of dibromo material [compound (1.3)] dissolved into the THF were added to the resultant solution and stirred at room temperature for five hours. Next, 3N hydrochloric acid was added to the resultant solution and then reaction was ended. Next, the resultant solution was extracted three times by 100 ml of hexane, sequentially rinsed with saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate and saturated brine and then dried by using magnesium sulfate. Subsequently, the solvent was removed from the resultant solution by using the evaporator and refined by a recrystallization method and thereby 5.9 g of a compound (2.4) could be obtained (yield: 79%) 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       [OPERATION-22] 
       [0171]    After that, after 5.4 g of Cp 2 ZrCl 2  was dissolved into 100 ml of THF and cooled at −78° C., 24 ml of n-BuLi hexane solution (1.6 mol/lit.) was added to the resultant solution and the resultant solution was stirred at −78° C. for one hour. Next, 5.9 g of compound (2.4) in the state in which it was dissolved into the THE was added to the resultant solution and stirred at room temperature for three hours. Thereafter, 3.6 g of copper (I) chloride was added to the resultant solution and the resultant solution was cooled at 0° C. After that, 7.6 ml of DMAD was added to the resultant solution and stirred at room temperature for three hours. Then, 3N hydrochloric acid was added to the resultant solution and then reaction was ended. Next, the resultant solution was extracted three times by 200 ml of hexane, sequentially rinsed with saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate and saturated brine and then dried by using magnesium sulfate. Subsequently, the solvent was removed from the resultant solution by using the evaporator and refined by the column chromatography (developing solvent: ethyl acetate/hexane=1/5) and thereby 8.3 g of a compound (2.5) could be obtained as a solid material (isolated yield: 95%) 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       [OPERATION-23] 
       [0172]    Next, 8.3 g of compound (2.5) and 4.1 g of DDQ were dissolved into 100 ml of toluene and refluxed for two hours. 
         [0173]    After that, the resultant solution was filtered and the filtered solution was distillated under reduced-pressure by the evaporator. The resultant solid was dissolved into 10 ml of chloroform and 500 ml of methanol was added to the resultant solution and thereby a precipitate was obtained. Then, the precipitate was filtered and collected by a funnel (manufactured by KIRIYAMA GLASS WORKS CO., LTD., under the trade name of “KIRIYAMA ROHTO”), dried under reduced-pressure and thereby 5.2 g of compound (2.6) could be obtained as a solid material (isolated yield: 620). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       [OPERATION-24] 
       [0174]    Next, 0.85 g of LiALH 4  was added to 150 ml of THE cooled at 0° C. and 5.2 g of a compound (2.6) was added to this solution at 0° C. Then, after the resultant solution was stirred at room temperature for three hours, water was added to this resultant solution and reaction was ended. Then, 2N sulfuric acid was added to the resultant solution so that the resultant solution may become slightly acid. This solution was extracted three times by using 150 ml of diethyl ether, rinsed with the saturated brine and then dried by using magnesium sulfate. Then, after the solvent was distillated under reduced pressure by the evaporator, 80 ml of chloroform was added to the resultant solution into which 1.3 ml of PBr 3  was added. Then, after the resultant solution was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours, water was added to the resultant solution and reaction was ended. Then, the resultant solution was extracted three times by using 100 ml of ethyl acetate, sequentially rinsed with saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate and saturated brine and dried by using magnesium sulfate. Thereafter, after the solvent was removed from the resultant solution by the evaporator, the resultant solution was recrystallized by hexane and thereby 5.1 g of a compound (2.8) could be obtained as a white solid (yield: 86%). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       [OPERATION-25] 
       [0175]    Next, 36 ml of n-BuLi hexane solution (1.6 mol/lit.) was added to 100 ml of THF cooled at −78° C. into which 3.1 g of 1-butyne was added. After 1-butyne was completely added to the resultant solution, the reaction solution was returned to room temperature and stirred for one hour. Thereafter, the reaction solution was cooled to −78° C. into which 7.2 ml of DMPU was added. Then, a solution in which 5.1 g of compound (2.8) was dissolved into 40 ml of THF was added to the resultant solution and the resultant solution was returned to room temperature and stirred for six hours. Then, after the reaction was ended, 50 ml of 3N hydrochloric acid was added to the resultant solution and the reaction was ended. Then, the resultant solution was extracted by 250 ml of ethyl acetate, rinsed with saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate and saturated brine and dried by using magnesium sulfate. Thereafter, after the magnesium sulfate and the organic solvent were separated by filtering and the organic solvent was distillated under reduced-pressure by the evaporator. Then, after the resultant solid was dissolved into chloroform to produce a saturated solution, methanol of a quantity 50 times as large as the chloroform was added to the saturated solution and thereby a precipitate was produced. The resultant precipitate was filtered, separated and dried at reduced-pressure and thereby 3.6 g of a target compound (2.9) could be obtained (yield: 78%). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       [OPERATION-26] 
       [0176]    Subsequently, 2.0 g of Cp 2 ZrCl 2  was dissolved into 100 ml of THE and cooled to −78° C. After that, 8.9 ml of n-BuLi hexane solution (1.6 mol/lit) was added to the resultant solution and stirred at −78° C. for one hour. 3.3 g of compound (2.9) was added to the resultant solution in the state in which the above compound was dissolved into 50 ml of THE and stirred for three hours. Thereafter, 1.4 g of copper (I) chloride was added to the resultant solution and cooled at 0° C. Next, 2.7 ml of DMAD was added to the resultant solution and stirred at room temperature for six hours. Then, 50 ml of 3N hydrochloric acid was added to the resultant solution and the reaction was ended. Then, the resultant solution was extracted three times by using 200 ml of ethyl acetate, sequentially rinsed with saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate and saturated brine and dried by using magnesium sulfate. Thereafter, after the magnesium sulfate and the organic solvent were separated by filtering and the organic solvent was distillated under reduced-pressure by the evaporator. Then, after the resultant solid was dissolved into chloroform to produce a saturated solution, methanol of a quantity 50 times as large as the chloroform was added to the saturated solution and thereby a precipitate was produced. The resultant precipitate was filtered, separated and dried at reduced-pressure and thereby 2.4 g of a compound (2.10) could be obtained (yield: 35%). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       [OPERATION-27] 
       [0177]    After that, 2.4 g of compound (2.10) and 0.87 g of DDQ were dissolved into 80 ml of toluene and refluxed for 24 hours. Then, toluene of solvent was distillated under reduced-pressure. Then, the resultant solid was dissolved into 5.0 ml of chloroform to which 150 ml of methanol was added and thereby a precipitate of a pentacene derivative [compound (2.11)] could be obtained. Next, the resultant precipitate was recollected by filtering, dried under reduced-pressure and thereby 1.3 g of pentacene derivative [compound (2.11)] could be obtained (yield: 55%). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Example 3 
       [0178]    Example 3 also is a modified example of example 1. A chemical formula of an organic semiconductor material according to example 3 is shown as follows. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0179]    The organic semiconductor material of example 3 is made of a polyacene derivative shown by the above-described general formula (1). In the general formula (1), R 1  r R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9  and R 10  are respectively substituents which will follow. That is, the organic semiconductor material of the inventive example 3 is 2,3-bis methoxycarbonyl-8,9,10,11-tetra ethyl-1,4,6,13-tetra propyl pentacene. 
         [0180]    R 1 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, propyl group) 
         [0181]    R 2 : carbonyl group (concretely, methoxycarbonyl group) 
         [0182]    R 3 : carbonyl group (concretely, methoxycarbonyl group) 
         [0183]    R 4 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, propyl group) 
         [0184]    R 5 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, propyl group) 
         [0185]    R 6 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0186]    R 7 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0187]    R 8 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0188]    R 9 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0189]    R 10 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, propyl group) 
         [0190]    Alternatively, the organic semiconductor material according to example 3 is made of a polyacene derivative shown by the above-described general formula (2). R 1r  R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7  and R 8  in the general formula (2) are the following substituents, respectively. Also in the inventive example 3, an equality of n=4 is satisfied. 
         [0191]    R 1 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, propyl group) 
         [0192]    R 2 : carbonyl group (concretely, methoxycarbonyl group) 
         [0193]    R 3 : carbonyl group (concretely, methoxycarbonyl group) 
         [0194]    R 4 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, propyl group) 
         [0195]    R 51 : hydrogen atom 
         [0196]    R 52 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, propyl group) 
         [0197]    R 53 : hydrogen atom 
         [0198]    R 54 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0199]    R 6 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0200]    R 7 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0201]    R 81 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0202]    R 82 : hydrogen atom R 83 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, propyl group) 
         [0203]    R B4 : hydrogen atom 
         [0204]    Operations of a test product (see a schematic fragmentary cross-sectional view of  FIG. 3 ) of an organic field-effect transistor having a channel forming region formed based on the coating process such as a spin coating method using the chloroform solution (concentration: 5 g/lit.) of the organic semiconductor material of example 3 at room temperature were confirmed. As a result, gate modulation could be confirmed and it could be confirmed that the organic semiconductor thin film has played a role of the channel forming region. 9.0×10 −6  cm 2  V −1 ·second −1  was obtained as mobility in the saturated region at that time depending on conditions of the spin coating and the like. 
         [0205]    A method of synthesizing polyacene derivatives constructing the organic semiconductor material of example 3 will be described below. 
       [OPERATION-30] 
       [0206]    First, [OPERATION-10] to [OPERATION-12] in example 1 are executed. 
       [OPERATION-31] 
       [0207]    First, 5.9 ml of 1-pentyne was added to 50 ml of THF and cooled at −78° C. In this state, 38 ml of n-BuLi hexane solution (1.6 mol/lit.) was added to the resultant solution and stirred at room temperature for one hour. Thereafter, in the state in which a reaction solution was cooled at −78° C., 7.5 ml of DMPU and 3.8 g of a dibromo material [compound (1.3)] dissolved into the THF were added to the reaction solution and stirred at room temperature for five hours. Then, 3N hydrochloric acid was added to the resultant solution and the reaction was ended. The resultant product was extracted three times by using 100 ml of hexane solution, sequentially rinsed with saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate and saturated brine and then dried by using magnesium sulfate. After that, a solvent is removed from the resultant product by the evaporator and refined by the column chromatography (developing solvent): ethyl acetate/hexane 1/50) and thereby 3.1 g of the compound (3.4) could be obtained (yield: 88%). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       [OPERATION-32] 
       [0208]    After that, 2.6 g of Cp 2 ZrCl 2  was dissolved into 50 ml of the THF and cooled to −78° C. After that, 11 ml of n-BuLi hexane solution (1.6 mol/lit.) was added to the resultant solution and stirred at −78° C. for one hour. 3.1 g of a compound (3.4) was added to the resultant solution in the state in which the above compound was dissolved into the THF and stirred at room temperature for three hours. Thereafter, 1.8 g of copper (I) chloride was added to the resultant solution and cooled at 0° C. Then, 32 ml of the DMAD was added to the resultant solution and stirred at room temperature for three hours. After that, 3N hydrochloric acid was added to the resultant solution and the reaction was ended. Then, the resultant solution was extracted three times by using 100 ml of hexane, sequentially rinsed with saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate and saturated brine and dried by using magnesium sulfate. After that, a solvent is removed from the resultant product by the evaporator and refined by the column chromatography (developing solvent): ethyl acetate/hexane=1/9) and thereby 2.9 g of a compound (3.5) could be obtained as a solid material (isolated yield: 68%) 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       [OPERATION-33] 
       [0209]    Next, 2.9 g of compound (0.5) and 1.6 g of DDQ were dissolved into 60 ml of toluene and refluxed for three hours. After that, the resultant solution was filtered and the filtered solution was distillated under reduced-pressure by the evaporator. The resultant solid was refined by the column chromatography (developing solvent: ethyl acetate/hexane=1/9) and thereby 2.6 g of compound (3.6) could be obtained as a solid material (isolated yield: 89%). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       [OPERATION-34] 
       [0210]    Next, 0.41 g of LiAlH 4  was added to 100 ml of THE cooled at 0° C. and 2.6 g of a compound (3.6) was added to this solution at 0° C. Then, after the resultant solution was stirred at room temperature for three hours, water was added to this resultant solution and the reaction was ended. Then, 2N sulfuric acid was added to the resultant solution so that the resultant solution may become slightly acid. This solution was extracted three times by using 100 ml of diethyl ether, rinsed with the saturated brine and then dried by using magnesium sulfate. Then, after the solvent was distillated by the evaporator, 40 ml of chloroform was added to the resultant solution into which 0.51 ml of PBr 3  was added. Then, after the resultant solution was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours, water was added to the resultant solution and the reaction was ended. Then, the resultant solution was extracted three times by using 100 ml of ethyl acetate, sequentially rinsed with saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate and saturated brine and dried by using magnesium sulfate. Thereafter, after the solvent was removed from the resultant solution by the evaporator, the resultant solution was recrystallized by hexane and thereby 2.4 g of a compound (3.8) could be obtained as a white solid (yield: 81%). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       [OPERATION-35] 
       [0211]    Next, 2.6 ml of 1-pentyne was added to 100 ml of THE and cooled at −78° C. In this state, 17 ml of n-BuLi hexane solution (1.6 mol/lit.) was added to the resultant solution, the resultant solution was returned to room temperature and stirred for one hour. Thereafter, the reaction solution was cooled to −78° C. into which 3.3 ml of DMPU was added. Then, a solution in which 2.4 g of a compound (3.8) was dissolved into the THE was added to the resultant solution and the resultant solution was returned to room temperature and stirred for three hours. Then, 3N hydrochloric acid was added to the resultant solution and the reaction was ended. Then, the resultant solution was extracted by 150 ml of hexane, rinsed with saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate and saturated brine and dried by using magnesium sulfate. Thereafter, the solvent was removed from the resultant solution by the evaporator and the organic solvent was distillated under reduced-pressure by the evaporator. Then, after the resultant solid was dissolved into chloroform to produce a saturated solution, methanol of a quantity 50 times as large as the chloroform was added to the saturated solution and thereby a precipitate was produced. The resultant precipitate was separated by filtering and dried at reduced-pressure and thereby 2.3 g of a target compound (3.9) could be obtained (yield: 99%). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       [OPERATION-36] 
       [0212]    Subsequently, 1.9 g of Cp 2 ZrCl 2  was dissolved into 100 ml of THF and cooled to −78° C. After that, 8.4 ml of n-BuLi hexane solution (1.6 mol/lit.) was added to the resultant solution and stirred at −78° C. for one hour. 3.5 g of compound (3.9) was added to the resultant solution in the state in which the above compound was dissolved into 50 ml of THF and stirred at room temperature for three hours. Thereafter, 1.3 g of copper (I) chloride was added to the resultant solution and cooled at 0° C. Next, 2.4 ml of DMAD was added to the resultant solution and stirred at room temperature for six hours. Then, 50 ml of 3N hydrochloric acid was added to the resultant solution and the reaction was ended. Then, the resultant solution was extracted by using 200 ml of ethyl acetate, sequentially rinsed with saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate and saturated brine and dried by using magnesium sulfate. Thereafter, the magnesium sulfate and the organic solvent were separated by filtering and the organic solvent was distillated under reduced-pressure by the evaporator. Then, after the resultant solid was dissolved into chloroform to produce a saturated solution, methanol of a quantity 50 times as large as the chloroform was added to the saturated solution and thereby a precipitate was produced. The resultant precipitate was separated by filtering and dried at reduced-pressure and thereby 3.74 g of a compound (3.10) could be obtained (yield: 84%). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       [OPERATION-37] 
       [0213]    After that, 0.60 g of compound (3.10) and 0.22 g of DDQ (1.1 equivalent weight) were dissolved into 12 ml of toluene and refluxed for 24 hours. Then, toluene used as the solvent was decreased to 6.0 ml by distillation under reduced-pressure. Then, 120 ml of methanol was added to the resultant solution and thereby a precipitate was produced. After that, the resultant precipitate was filtered and rinsed with methanol and dried and thereby 0.21 g of a pentacene derivative (3.11) could be obtained (yield: 34%). 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0214]    The X-ray crystal structure analysis was effected on the polyacene derivative of example 1, the polyacene derivative of example 2 and the polyacene derivative of example 3. As a result, it became clear that the crystal structure was changed from the herringbone structure to the stack structure as the alkyl chains at the positions of 1, 4, 6 and 13 are extended. 
       Example 4 
       [0215]    Example 4 also is a modified example of example 1. A chemical formula of an organic semiconductor material of example 4 is shown as follows. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0216]    The organic semiconductor material according to example 4 is made of a polyacene derivative shown by the above-described general formula (1). In the general formula (1), R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 6 , R 9  and R 10  are respectively substituents which will follow. That is, the organic semiconductor material of the inventive example 4 is 2,3-bis methoxycarbonyl-1,4,6,13-tetrabuyl pentacene. 
         [0217]    R 1 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0218]    R 2 : carbonyl group (concretely, methoxycarbonyl group) 
         [0219]    R 3 : carbonyl group (concretely, methoxycarbonyl group) 
         [0220]    R 4 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0221]    R 5 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0222]    R 6 : hydrogen atom 
         [0223]    R 7 : hydrogen atom 
         [0224]    R 8 : R8: hydrogen atom 
         [0225]    R 9 : R9: hydrogen atom 
         [0226]    R 10 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0227]    Alternatively, the organic semiconductor material according to example 4 is made of a polyacene derivative shown by the above-described general formula (2). R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7  and R 8  in the general formula (2) are the following substituents, respectively. Also in example 4, an equality of n=4 is satisfied. 
         [0228]    R 1 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0229]    R 2 : carbonyl group (concretely, methoxycarbonyl group) 
         [0230]    R 3 : carbonyl group (concretely, methoxycarbonyl group) 
         [0231]    R 4 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0232]    R 51 : hydrogen atom 
         [0233]    R 52 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0234]    R 53 : hydrogen atom 
         [0235]    R 54 : hydrogen atom 
         [0236]    R 6 : hydrogen atom 
         [0237]    R 7 : hydrogen atom 
         [0238]    R 81 : hydrogen atom 
         [0239]    R 82 : hydrogen atom 
         [0240]    R 83 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0241]    R 84 : hydrogen atom 
         [0242]    Operations of a test product (see a schematic fragmentary cross-sectional view of  FIG. 3 ) of an organic field-effect transistor having a channel forming region formed based on the coating process such as a spin coating method using the chloroform solution (concentration: 5 g/lit.) of the organic semiconductor material of example 4 at room temperature were confirmed. As a result, gate modulation could be confirmed and it could be confirmed that the organic semiconductor thin film has played a role of the channel forming region. 9.0×10 −5  cm 2  V −1  second −1  was obtained as mobility in the saturated region at that time depending on conditions of the spin coating and the like. 
         [0243]    Also, experiments were carried out in which the polyacene derivative of example 1, the polyacene derivative of example 2, the polyacene derivative of example 3 and the polyacene derivative of example 4 were respectively dissolved into hexane solution at room temperature. As a result, while the polyacene derivative of example 2 in which 80% of the substituents is the ethyl group was hardly dissolved into the hexane solution, the polyacene derivatives of examples 1 and 3 were dissolved into the hexane solution and became deep blue solutions. Also, the polyacene derivative of the inventive example 4 of which number of the substituents is less than that of the polyacene derivative of example 2 by four was dissolved into the hexane solution. From the above-mentioned results, the length of the substituent is important rather than the number of the substituent and it became clear that the substituent having the length longer than that of the propyl group is more effective for improving solubility of solvent. 
       Example 5 
       [0244]    Example 5 also is a modified example of example 1. A chemical formula of an organic semiconductor material of example 5 is shown as follows. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0245]    The organic semiconductor material according to example 5 is made of a polyacene derivative shown by the above-described general formula (1). In the general formula (1), R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9  and R 10  are respectively substituents which will follow. That is, the organic semiconductor material of example 5 is 2-cyano-1,4,6,13-tetrabutyl-8,9,10,11-tetraethyl pentacene. 
         [0246]    R 1 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0247]    R 2 : cyano group 
         [0248]    R 3 : hydrogen atom 
         [0249]    R 4 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0250]    R 5 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0251]    R 6 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0252]    R 7 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0253]    R 8 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0254]    R 9 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0255]    R 10 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0256]    Alternatively, the organic semiconductor material according to the inventive example 5 is made of a polyacene derivative shown by the above-described general formula (2). R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7  and R 8  in the general formula (2) are the following substituents, respectively. Also in the inventive example 5, an equality of n=4 is satisfied. 
         [0257]    R 1 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0258]    R 2 : cyano group 
         [0259]    R 3 : hydrogen atom 
         [0260]    R 4 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0261]    R 51 : hydrogen atom 
         [0262]    R 52 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0263]    R 53 : hydrogen atom 
         [0264]    R 54 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0265]    R 6 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0266]    R 7 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0267]    R 81 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0268]    R 82 : hydrogen atom 
         [0269]    R 83 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0270]    R 84 : hydrogen atom 
         [0271]    Operations of a test product (see a schematic fragmentary cross-sectional view of  FIG. 3 ) of an organic field-effect transistor having a channel forming region formed based on the coating process such as a spin coating method using the chloroform solution (concentration: 5 g/lit.) of the organic semiconductor material of example 5 at room temperature were confirmed. As a result, gate modulation could be confirmed and it could be confirmed that the organic semiconductor thin film has played a role of the channel forming region. 1.7×10 3  cm 2 V −1  second −1  was obtained as mobility in the saturated region at that time depending on conditions of the spin coating and the like. 
       Example 6 
       [0272]    Example 6 relates to the organic semiconductor materials, the organic semiconductor thin films and the organic semiconductor devices according to the second and third aspects of the present invention. A chemical formula of the organic semiconductor material according to example 6 is shown as follows. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0273]    The organic semiconductor material according to example 6 is made of a polyacene derivative shown by the following general formula (3). In the general formula (3), R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5  and R 6  are respectively substituents propyl groups. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0274]    Alternatively, the organic semiconductor material according to example 6 is made of the polyacene derivative shown by the above-described general formula (2). R 1r  R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7  and R 8  in the general formula (2) are respectively the following substituents. In example 6, an equality of n=3 is satisfied. 
         [0275]    R 1 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, propyl group) 
         [0276]    R 2 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, propyl group) 
         [0277]    R 3 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, propyl group) 
         [0278]    R 4 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, propyl group) 
         [0279]    R 51 : hydrogen carbon 
         [0280]    R 52 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, propyl group) 
         [0281]    R 53 : hydrogen carbon 
         [0282]    R 6 : hydrogen carbon 
         [0283]    R 7 : hydrogen carbon 
         [0284]    R 81 : hydrogen carbon 
         [0285]    R 82 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, propyl group) 
         [0286]    R 83 : hydrogen carbon 
         [0287]    Operations of a test product (see a schematic fragmentary cross-sectional view of  FIG. 3 ) of an organic field-effect transistor having a channel forming region formed based on the coating process such as a spin coating method using a mesitylene solution (concentration: 5 g/lit.) of the organic semiconductor material of example 6 at room temperature were confirmed. As a result, gate modulation could be confirmed and it could be confirmed that the organic semiconductor thin film has played a role of the channel forming region. 0.01 cm 2  V −1  second −1  was obtained as mobility in the saturated region at that time depending on conditions of the spin coating and the like. 
       Example 7 
       [0288]    Example 7 is a modified example of example 6. A chemical formula of the organic semiconductor material according to example 7 is shown as follows. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0289]    The organic semiconductor material according to example 7 is made of a polyacene derivative shown by the above-described general formula (3). R 1 , R 4 , R 5  and R 6  in the general formula (3) are respectively propyl groups and R 2  and R 3  are respectively methoxycarbonyl group. 
         [0290]    Alternatively, the organic semiconductor material according to example 7 is made of the polyacene derivative shown by the above-described general formula (2). R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7  and R 8  in the general formula (2) are respectively the following substituents. Also in the inventive example 6, an equality of n=3 is satisfied. 
         [0291]    R 1 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, propyl group) 
         [0292]    R 2 : carbonyl group (concretely, methoxycarbonyl group) 
         [0293]    R 3 : carbonyl group (concretely, methoxycarbonyl group) 
         [0294]    R 4 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, propyl group) 
         [0295]    R 51 : hydrogen atom 
         [0296]    R 52 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, propyl group) 
         [0297]    R 53 : hydrogen atom 
         [0298]    R 6 : hydrogen atom 
         [0299]    R 7 : hydrogen atom 
         [0300]    R 81 : hydrogen atom 
         [0301]    R 82 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, propyl group) 
         [0302]    R 83 : hydrogen atom 
         [0303]    Operations of a test product (see a schematic fragmentary cross-sectional view of  FIG. 3 ) of an organic field-effect transistor having a channel forming region formed based on the coating process such as a spin coating method using a toluene solution (concentration: 5 g/lit.) of the organic semiconductor material of example 7 at room temperature were confirmed. As a result, gate modulation could be confirmed and it could be confirmed that the organic semiconductor thin film has played a role of the channel forming region. 2.0×10 −5  cm 2  V −1  second −1  was obtained as mobility in the saturated region at that time depending on conditions of the spin coating and the like. 
       Example 8 
       [0304]    The inventive example 8 also is a modified example of example 6. A chemical formula of the organic semiconductor material according to example 8 is shown as follows. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0305]    The organic semiconductor material according to example 8 is made of a polyacene derivative shown by the above-described general formula (3). R 1r  R 2 , R 3  and R 4  in the general formula (3) are respectively ethyl groups and R 5  and R 6  are respectively butyl groups. 
         [0306]    Alternatively, the organic semiconductor material according to example 8 is made of the polyacene derivative shown by the above-described general formula (2). R 1r  R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7  and R 8  in the general formula (2) are respectively the following substituents. Also in the 8, an equality of n=3 is satisfied. 
         [0307]    R 1 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0308]    R 2 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0309]    R 3 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0310]    R 4 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, ethyl group) 
         [0311]    R 5 : hydrogen atom 
         [0312]    R 52 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0313]    R 53 : hydrogen atom 
         [0314]    R 6 : hydrogen atom 
         [0315]    R 7 : hydrogen atom 
         [0316]    R 81 : hydrogen atom 
         [0317]    R 82 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0318]    R 83 : hydrogen atom 
         [0319]    Operations of a test product (see a schematic fragmentary cross-sectional view of  FIG. 3 ) of an organic field-effect transistor having a channel forming region formed based on the coating process such as a spin coating method using a mesitylene solution (concentration: 5 g/lit.) of the organic semiconductor material of example 8 at room temperature were confirmed. As a result, gate modulation could be confirmed and it could be confirmed that the organic semiconductor thin film has played a role of the channel forming region. 2.0×10 5  cm 2  V−1 second −1  was obtained as mobility in the saturated region at that time depending on conditions of the spin coating and the like. 
       Example 9 
       [0320]    Example 9 also is a modified example of example 6. A chemical formula of the organic semiconductor material according to example 9 is shown as follows. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0321]    The organic semiconductor material according to example 9 is made of a polyacene derivative shown by the above-described general formula (3). R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  in the general formula (3) are respectively hydrogen atoms and R 5  and R 6  are respectively butyl groups. 
         [0322]    Alternatively, the organic semiconductor material according to example 9 is made of the polyacene derivative shown by the above-described general formula (2). R 1r  R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7  and R 8  in the general formula (2) are respectively the following substituents. Also in the inventive example 9, an equality of n=3 is satisfied. 
         [0323]    R 1 : hydrogen atom 
         [0324]    R 2 : hydrogen atom 
         [0325]    R 3 : hydrogen atom 
         [0326]    R 4 : hydrogen atom 
         [0327]    R 5 : hydrogen atom 
         [0328]    R 52  aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0329]    R 53 : hydrogen atom 
         [0330]    R 6 : hydrogen atom 
         [0331]    R 7 : hydrogen atom 
         [0332]    R 81 : hydrogen atom 
         [0333]    R 82 : aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, butyl group) 
         [0334]    R 83 : hydrogen atom 
         [0335]    Operations of a test product (see a schematic fragmentary cross-sectional view of  FIG. 3 ) of an organic field-effect transistor having a channel forming region formed based on the coating process such as a spin coating method using a chloroform solution (concentration: 5 g/lit.) of the organic semiconductor material of example 8 at room temperature were confirmed. As a result, gate modulation could be confirmed and it could be confirmed that the organic semiconductor thin film has played a role of the channel forming region. 2.0×10 9  cm 2 V 1  second −1  was obtained as mobility in the saturated region at that time depending on conditions of the spin coating and the like. 
       Example 10 
       [0336]    Example 10 also is a modified example of the inventive example 6. A chemical formula of the organic semiconductor material according to the inventive example 10 is shown as follows. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0337]    The organic semiconductor material according to example 10 is made of a polyacene derivative shown by the above-described general formula (3). R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  in the general formula (3) are respectively hydrogen atoms and R 5  and R 6  are respectively propyl group. 
         [0338]    Alternatively, the organic semiconductor material according to example 10 is made of the polyacene derivative shown by the above-described general formula (2). R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7  and R 8  in the general formula (2) are respectively the following substituents. Also in example 10, an equality of n=3 is satisfied. 
         [0339]    R1: hydrogen atom 
         [0340]    R2: hydrogen atom 
         [0341]    R3: hydrogen atom 
         [0342]    R4: hydrogen atom 
         [0343]    R51: hydrogen atom 
         [0344]    R52: aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, propyl group) 
         [0345]    R53: hydrogen atom 
         [0346]    R6: hydrogen atom 
         [0347]    R7: hydrogen atom 
         [0348]    R81: hydrogen atom 
         [0349]    R82: aliphatic hydrocarbon group (concretely, propyl group) 
         [0350]    R83: hydrogen atom 
         [0351]    Operations of a test product (see a schematic fragmentary cross-sectional view of  FIG. 3 ) of an organic field-effect transistor having a channel forming region formed based on the coating process such as a spin coating method using a mesitylene solution (concentration: 5 g/lit.) of the organic semiconductor material of example 7 at room temperature were confirmed. As a result, gate modulation could be confirmed and it could be confirmed that the organic semiconductor thin film has played a role of the channel forming region. 2.0×10 −9  cm 2 V 1  second −1  was obtained as mobility in the saturated region at that time depending on conditions of the spin coating and the like. 
         [0352]    While the present invention has been described according to the embodiments above, it should be appreciated that the present invention is not limited to those preferred embodiments. That is, structures, arrangements, manufacturing conditions and manufacturing methods of the organic field-effect transistors according to the present invention have been described and shown by way of example and it is needless to say that these can be changed freely. When the organic field-effect transistor (FET) according to the present invention is applied to and used by a display apparatus and various kinds of electronic device, it can be formed as a monolithic integrated circuit in which many FETs are integrated in the substrate and the supporting member or each FET may be cut to provide individual parts, which can be used as discrete assemblies. 
         [0353]    A polyacene compound is a compound in which benzene rings are bonded in a straight fashion and a polyacene compound without substituent has properties in which it becomes more difficult to be dissolved into an organic solvent in accordance with the increase of the number of benzene rings. In particular, a polyacene greater than a pentacene having five benzene rings bonded loses solubility relative to almost all of organic solvents and it is difficult to form a uniform film based on a suitable method such as a spin coating method. If possible, then it is unavoidable that the organic solvent available in this case is limited to extremely limited organic solvents and temperature conditions. However, according to the present application, since the organic semiconductor material consists of the polyacene derivatives into which the substituents were introduced, it is possible to improve solubility of the organic semiconductor material relative to various kinds of organic solvents. Hence, it is possible to form/deposit a uniform film based on the coating process such as the spin coating method. As earlier noted, since 2,3,9,10-tetramethyl pentacene and 2,3-dimethyl pentacene are known well, it has been reported that, if 1,2-dichlorobenzene with high extractability is in use, the organic semiconductor material is slightly dissolved in the state in which it is warmed. Therefore, it can be gathered from this report that introduction of substituents into the polyacene derivatives in the organic semiconductor material considerably affects solubility of the organic semiconductor materials into the organic solvents. 
         [0354]    Also, according to the present application, not only the solubility of the organic semiconductor material with respect to the organic solvent can be improved but also oxidation resistance can be improved and control of packing rules (herringbone structure/stack structure), in the organic semiconductor thin film and crystallinity can be improved by the introduction of substituents. Further, by using the polyacene derivative in which a substituent with a polarity and a substituent without polarity are introduced into desired positions, it becomes possible to control orientation and inclination of the organic semiconductor material relative to a base material (underlying layer or substrate). Also, it becomes possible to carry out patterning on the organic semiconductor material by bonding the polyacene derivative to functional groups introduced into desired positions of a base material (underlying layer or substrate). Further, the polyacene derivatives have a possibility that they will change their conductivity types depending on the substituents. It is known that, while ordinary pentacene without substituent behaves as a p-type semiconductor, pentacene in which all hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms acts as an n-type semiconductor. Then, according to the present invention, since the organic semiconductor material is formed as the polyacene derivative into which the substituents are introduced, electron transition energy is changed with the result that it becomes possible to control a conductivity type. 
         [0355]    It should be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications, combinations, sub-combinations and alterations may occur depending on design requirements and other factors insofar as they are within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.