Abstract:
An actuator using vibration caused by a piezoelectric element. The actuator includes: an driving rod bonded to one of the piezoelectric element; a engaging member for engaging frictionally with the driving rod; and a control circuit for applying the piezoelectric element with a driving voltage. The control circuit is provided with a drive circuit which generates a first set of the driving voltage for driving the engaging member, and with a friction reducing circuit which generates a second set of the driving voltage for reducing a frictional force exerting between the driving rod and the engaging member.

Description:
[0001]    This application is based upon application No. 2001-13048 filed in Japan, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0003]    The present invention relates to a drive mechanism employing an electromechanical transducer and a method for controlling the drive mechanism, and more particularly to the drive mechanism which uses a piezoelectric element or another electromechanical transducer, such as the drive mechanism which is preferably used for driving a lens mechanism for a camera, or a precision stage and the method for controlling the drive mechanism.  
           [0004]    2. Description of thr Rerated Arts  
           [0005]    Japanese Non-examined Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 5-151580 discloses a frictional force reduction mechanism using a piezoelectric element. The publication teaches a technique in which a linear motor is used for driving an optical head in an optical disk apparatus, and the frictional force reduction mechanism is used in a guiding portion of the motor.  
           [0006]    In the disclosed technique, a separate actuator is employed for moving a moving body, and hence the production cost increases, and the extra space is necessary  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0007]    Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a drive mechanism employing an electromechanical transducer, in which a frictional force can be controlled by a simple configuration. Also, it is another object of the present invention to provide a method for controlling the drive mechanism.  
           [0008]    In order to achieve the above object, according to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a drive mechanism, comprising: an electromechanical transducer having a pair of ends in an extending and contracting direction; a drive member fixed to one of the pair of ends of the electromechanical transducer; a driven member which is driven by the drive member and which contacts frictionally with the drive member under a predetermined frictional force exerting therebetween; and a controller for supplying the electromechanical transducer with drive pulses, wherein the controller includes a driving circuit which generates a first set of the drive pulses for driving the driven member, and includes a frictional force reducing circuit which generates a second set of the drive pulses for reducing a frictional force exerting between the drive member and the driven member.  
           [0009]    In the above configuration, for example, a piezoelectric element, an electrostriction element, or the like may be used as the electromechanical transducer. The first set of driving pulses which is generated by the driving circuit is applied to the electromechanical transducer to extend and contract the electromechanical transducer, whereby the drive member is driven at different velocities depending on the direction to move the driven member which contacts frictionally with the drive member under a predetermined frictional force, along the drive member. On the other hand, the second set of driving pulses which is generated by the frictional force reduction circuit is similarly applied to the electromechanical transducer to extend and contract the electromechanical transducer, whereby the drive member is driven, for example, at a substantially same velocity in both the directions, so that the frictional force between the driven member and the drive member can be reduced while preventing the driven member from being substantially moved with respect to the drive member.  
           [0010]    According to the configuration, the driven member can be moved or the frictional force can be reduced by a simple structure using a single element. Therefore, the production cost can be lowered, and the space can be reduced.  
           [0011]    The drive mechanism of the invention can be specifically configured in various manners as described below.  
           [0012]    As an embodiment, the second set of the drive pulses generated by the frictional force reducing circuit have sinusoidal waveforms.  
           [0013]    According to the configuration, even when the drive member is moved by supplying the second set of driving pulses which is sinusoidal to the electromechanical transducer, the frictional force with the drive member can be reduced without causing the driven member not to be substantially moved with respect to the drive member. Because of the use of the sinusoidal waveforms, the frictional force reduction circuit can be configured in a relatively simple manner, and the energy loss can be reduced.  
           [0014]    As an embodiment, the frictional force reducing circuit is arranged to change at least one of a frequency and an amplitude of the sinusoidal waveforms of the second set of the drive pulses so as to adjust the reducing amount of the frictional force exerting between the drive member and the driven member.  
           [0015]    A configuration in which the frequency and/or amplitude of the sinusoidal waveforms are adjustable can be easily realized.  
           [0016]    As an embodiment, the drive pulses supplied to the electromechanical transducer by the controller have rectangular waveforms.  
           [0017]    According to the configuration, in accordance with the duty ratio of the rectangular waveforms, for example, the drive member can be driven at different velocities depending on the direction, or the drive member can be driven at a substantially same velocity in both the directions. Therefore, the driven member can be moved, or the frictional force between the driven member and the drive member can be reduced.  
           [0018]    As an embodiment, the drive pulses supplied to the transducer by the controller have rectangular waveforms, and the controller is arranged to change a duty ratio of the rectangular waveforms thereof, so that the controller is allowed to drive the driven member and to reduce the frictional force exerting between the drive member and the driven member.  
           [0019]    According to the configuration, the effect of reducing the frictional force can be selected by adequately adjusting the duty ratio of the rectangular driving pulses. When the duty ratio is switched over at intervals of several periods, for example, the frictional force can be reduced more effectively. Furthermore, the driving circuit can be used also as the frictional force reduction circuit.  
           [0020]    Moreover, a lever device such as a control lever or a joy stick in which a lever member may be driven by using the driving device of the invention is provided.  
           [0021]    Usually, a lever member must be held to the same position unless the member is operated, and is requested to be smoothly moved when the lever is to be operated. In some lever members, the holding force and the operational feeling during an operation process are requested to appear in different manners depending on the situation. In some cases, the lever member is requested to be automatically operated.  
           [0022]    According to the configuration, the state of the driven member is changed into movement, frictional force reduction, or fixation by changing the driving pulses which is supplied by the controller, whereby automatic/manual/stop modes of the lever member can be easily switched over.  
           [0023]    As an embodiment, the drive mechanism further comprises a charge mechanism in which a spring extending and contracting in a moving direction of the driven member is disposed, and in which the spring is charged by movement of the driven member.  
           [0024]    According to the configuration, the driven member serves also as the charge mechanism, and hence the space for the device can be reduced. The spring may be precharged by movement of the driven member. When a moving body is to be moved in the opposite direction, the force of the spring can be used in addition to the operation of the drive mechanism, whereby a high-speed movement of the driven member can be realized.  
           [0025]    As an embodiment, the drive mechanism can be used for driving a shutter mechanism.  
           [0026]    For example, a shutter of a camera is requested to quickly respond in a shutter releasing process. When a shutter mechanism is realized by mechanical means, a delay of several tens to several hundreds of milliseconds is inevitably produced. According to the configuration described above, it is possible to configure a shutter mechanism which can respond without producing a time lag as described above. Moreover, the shutter speed can be enhanced.  
           [0027]    In order to achieve the above object, according to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a drive controlling method for controlling a drive mechanism which comprises: an electromechanical transducer having a pair of ends in an extending and contracting direction; a drive member fixed to one of the pair of ends of the electromechanical transducer; and a driven member which is driven by the drive member and which contacts frictionally with the drive member under a predetermined frictional force exerting therebetween, the drive controlling method comprising the steps of: generating drive pulses; and supplying the electromechanical transducer with the drive pulses, wherein a mode in which the driven member is moved, a mode in which a frictional force between the driven member and the drive member is reduced, and a mode in which the driven member rests relative to the drive member are switched over by changing waveforms of the drive pulses.  
           [0028]    According to the method, the driving of the driven member, and the frictional force between the driven member and the drive member can be controlled by changing waveforms of the driving pulses.  
           [0029]    As an embodiment, the drive pulses have sinusoidal waveforms.  
           [0030]    As an embodiment, the reducing amount of a frictional force exerting between the drive member and the driven member is adjusted by changing at least one of the frequency and the amplitude of the sinusoidal waveforms of the drive pulses.  
           [0031]    As an embodiment, the drive pulses have rectangular waveforms.  
           [0032]    As an embodiment, a duty ratio of the rectangular waveforms of the drive pulses is changed so as to drive the driven member and so as to reduce a frictional force exerting between the drive member and the driven member.  
           [0033]    According to the embodiment, the driving of the driven member, and the frictional force between the driven member and the drive member can be controlled by changing the duty ratio of the rectangular driving pulses. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0034]    These and other objects and features of the present invention will become clear from the following description taken in conjunction with the preferred embodiments thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 1A is a view illustrating the operation principle of a drive mechanism of an element-fixed type.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 1B is a view illustrating the operation principle of a drive mechanism of a self-propelled type.  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 1C is a waveform chart of a set of driving pulses.  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 2A is a diagram of the drive mechanism of the invention.  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 2B is a view illustrating driving of the drive mechanism of the invention.  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 3A is the diagram of the drive mechanism.  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 3B is a view illustrating an effect of reducing a frictional force.  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 4A is the diagram of the drive mechanism.  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 4B is a view illustrating an effect of reducing a frictional force.  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 5 is a graph showing a relationship between a voltage V applied to a controller and a frequency f, and a force F required for forcedly displacing a moving body in the case where a driving shaft vibrates in the form of a sinusoidal displacement.  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 6 is a view showing voltage waveforms which are applied to a piezoelectric element for causing the driving shaft to perform a saw-tooth displacement and a sinusoidal displacement.  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 7A is a graph showing a relationship between the velocity of a moving body and a duty ratio.  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 7B is a graph showing a relationship between the effect of reducing a frictional force and the duty ratio.  
         [0048]    [0048]FIGS. 8A to  8 G are views showing rectangular voltages which are actually used in a drive mechanism of the embodiment.  
         [0049]    [0049]FIGS. 9A and 9B are views showing examples of a set of driving pulses in which the duty ratio is switched.  
         [0050]    [0050]FIG. 10A is a perspective view of a moving body of a drive mechanism.  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 10B is a diagram of the drive mechanism.  
         [0052]    [0052]FIG. 10C is a perspective view showing a main portion of a lever mechanism.  
         [0053]    [0053]FIG. 10D is a diagram of the lever mechanism.  
         [0054]    [0054]FIG. 11A is a perspective view of a moving body of a drive mechanism.  
         [0055]    [0055]FIG. 11B is a diagram of the drive mechanism.  
         [0056]    [0056]FIGS. 11C to  11 H are diagrams of a shutter mechanism of a camera to which the drive mechanism is applied. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0057]    Before the description of each of the preferred embodiments according to the present invention proceeds, it is to be noted that like or corresponding parts are designated by like reference numerals throughout the accompanying drawings.  
         [0058]    First, the operation principle of a drive mechanism which uses an electromechanical transducer will be described. FIG. 1 is a view illustrating the operation principle of such a drive mechanism.  
         [0059]    In a drive mechanism  1   a  of an element-fixed type shown in FIG. 1A, one end of a piezoelectric element or electromechanical transducer  3  is connected to an end portion of a drive member  4 , and the other end of the element is connected to a fixed member  2 . A moving body or driven member  5  is engaged with the drive member  4  by a frictional force so as to be slidable along the drive member  4 .  
         [0060]    A set of driving pulses which has, for example, a saw-tooth waveform as shown in FIG. 1C is applied or supplied to the piezoelectric element  3  of the drive mechanism  1   a . When the set of the driving pulses is gradually changed as indicated by  7   a , the piezoelectric element  3  extends and the drive member  4  is moved in the forward direction. In accordance with this movement, the moving body  5  is moved together with the drive member  4  (FIG. 1A( 2 )).  
         [0061]    When the set of the driving pulses is abruptly changed as indicated by a reference numeral  7   b , the piezoelectric element  3  abruptly contracts and the drive member  4  is rapidly moved in the backward direction (FIG. 1A( 3 )). At this time, the moving body  5  overcomes the friction with the drive member  4  to stay at the present position or not to be moved. As a result, the moving body is moved in the forward direction with respect to the drive member  4  as indicated by an arrow  6   a.    
         [0062]    In a drive mechanism  1   b  of a self-propelled type shown in FIG. 1B, an end of a piezoelectric element  3  in an extending and contracting direction is connected to a moving body  5 , and the other end of the element is connected to a drive member  4 . The drive member  4  is frictionally engaged with a fixed member  2  so as to be movable along the fixed member  2 .  
         [0063]    A set of driving pulses which has, for example, a saw-tooth waveform as shown in FIG. 1C is applied to the piezoelectric element  3  of the drive mechanism  1   b . When the set of the driving pulses is gradually changed as indicated by  7   a  in the same manner as described above, the piezoelectric element  3  extends and the drive member  4  is not moved because of the friction with the fixed member. In accordance with this, the moving body  5  is moved in the forward direction (FIG. 1B( 2 )).  
         [0064]    When the set of the driving pulses is abruptly changed as indicated by the reference numeral  7   b , the piezoelectric element  3  abruptly contracts, the moving body  5  stays at the present position, and the drive member  4  overcomes the friction with the fixed member  2  to be moved in the forward direction as indicated by an arrow  6   b . As a result, the moving body  5  is moved in the forward direction (FIG. 1B( 3 )).  
         [0065]    [0065]FIG. 2A is a view illustrating the drive mechanism of the embodiment.  
         [0066]    The drive mechanism  1  is of the element-fixed type. A driving shaft  4  which serves as a drive member is connected to an end of a piezoelectric element  3  in an extending and contracting direction. A moving body  5  which serves as an driven member is frictionally engaged with the driving shaft  4 . The moving body  5  can be axially moved along the driving shaft  4 . A controller  7  is connected to the piezoelectric element  3 . When a set of generated driving pulses is applied, the piezoelectric element  3  extends or contracts in accordance with the voltage.  
         [0067]    The controller  7  is configured so as to change the generated driving pulses. As described later, the driving pulses can be changed to a first set of driving pulses for moving the moving body  5 , and also to a second set of driving pulses for reducing a frictional force between the moving body  5  and the driving shaft  4 .  
         [0068]    An example of the first set of driving pulses is a saw-tooth voltage. When a set of driving pulses of the saw-tooth waveform is applied to the piezoelectric element  3 , the piezoelectric element  3  is displaced in accordance with the waveform of the set of the driving pulses, and the driving shaft  4  is displaced in the saw-tooth waveform  8   a  or  8   b , whereby the moving body  5  is moved. Specifically, when the piezoelectric element conducts vibration having saw-tooth displacements in which the piezoelectric element slowly extends and abruptly contracts, also the driving shaft  4  conducts similar motion  8   a , and the moving body  5  repeats “non-slipping” and “slipping” according to the above-described principle, with the result that the moving body  5  is moved in the direction of “+”. In contrast with this, when the piezoelectric element  3  conducts vibration having saw-tooth displacements in which the piezoelectric element abruptly extends and slowly contracts, also the driving shaft  4  conducts similar motion  8   b , and the moving body  5  repeats “slipping” and “non-slipping”, with the result that the moving body  5  is moved in the direction of “−”.  
         [0069]    An example of the second set of driving pulses is a sinusoidal voltage. When a set of driving pulses of the sinusoidal waveform is applied to the piezoelectric element  3 , the piezoelectric element  3  is displaced in accordance with the waveform of the driving pulses so that the displacement amount exhibits a sinusoidal waveform  8   c . In accordance with this displacement, also the driving shaft  4  similarly vibrates. As a result, the frictional force between the moving body  5  and the driving shaft  4  is reduced.  
         [0070]    [0070]FIG. 3A is a view illustrating the effect of reducing the frictional force. The figure shows a force F which is required for forcedly displacing the moving body  5  when a force in the direction of “+” is applied to the moving body of the drive mechanism having the configuration shown in FIG. 3A. The ordinate of FIG. 3B indicates the force required for forcedly displacing the moving body  5 . In the graph, the symbol “x” indicates a forced displacement in the direction of “+”, and the symbol “o” indicates a forced displacement in the direction of “−”. When the driving shaft  4  does not vibrate, i.e., when the vibration of the driving shaft has the waveform indicated by the reference numeral  8   s , the force required for moving the moving body  5  in either of the directions of “+” and “−” is Fs. This force is referred to as the set frictional force. When the driving shaft  4  vibrates in a sinusoidal waveform indicated by  8   t , the force required for moving the moving body is smaller than the set frictional force Fs, and reduced in both the directions of “+” and “−” as indicated by  9   t  and  9   t ′. When the amplitude of the sinusoidal wave of the driving shaft  4  is increased as indicated by  8   u , the force required for moving the moving body is further reduced as indicated by  9   u  and  9   u ′, so that the effect of reducing the frictional force can be further enhanced. When the frequency of the vibration of the driving shaft  4  is raised as indicated by  8   v , the force required for moving the moving body is further reduced as indicated by  9   v  and  9   v ′, so that the effect of reducing the frictional force can be further enhanced.  
         [0071]    Provision of a circuit which changes the frequency and/or amplitude of a sinusoidal waveform in controller  7  enhances the above-mentioned effect of reducing the frictional force, and therefore, a frictional force with the driving shaft  4  can be adjusted.  
         [0072]    The effect of reducing the frictional force is realized not only when the driving shaft  4  vibrates in a sinusoidal waveform, but also when the driving shaft vibrates in an approximately saw-tooth waveform such as that shown in FIG. 4. When the driving shaft conducts vibration of an approximately saw-tooth waveform in which the driving shaft slowly extends and abruptly contracts as indicated by  8   x , for example, the moving body  5  is moved in the direction of “+”. During a period when the driving shaft  4  slowly extends, the moving body can be moved in the direction of “+” by a force which is smaller than the force Fs that is required during a non-vibrating period. As described above, when the driving shaft  4  abruptly contracts, the moving body  5  is moved in the direction of “+” because of slippage with respect to the driving shaft  4 , and hence the moving body cannot be forcedly displaced.  
         [0073]    By contrast, when the driving shaft conducts vibration  8   y  of an approximately saw-tooth waveform in which the driving shaft abruptly extends and slowly contracts, the moving body  5  is moved in the direction of “−”. During a period when the driving shaft  4  slowly contracts, the moving body can be moved in the direction of “−” by a force which is smaller than the force Fs that is required during a non-vibrating period. When the driving shaft  4  abruptly extends, the moving body  5  is moved in the direction of “−” because of slippage with respect to the driving shaft  4 , and hence the moving body cannot be forcedly displaced.  
         [0074]    [0074]FIG. 5 shows a relationship between the voltage V applied to the controller  7  and the frequency f, and the force F required for forcedly displacing the moving body  5  in the case where the driving shaft vibrates in the form of a sinusoidal displacement. As apparent from FIG. 5, as the voltage V applied to the controller  7  is higher, i.e., as the amplitude of the sinusoidal displacement of the driving shaft  4  is larger, the force required for forcedly displacing the moving body  5  is further reduced. Therefore, the frictional force between the moving body  5  and the driving shaft  4  can be controlled by the voltage applied to the controller  7 , i.e., the amplitude of the sinusoidal displacement of the driving shaft  4 . Also the relationship between the frequency f of the sinusoidal displacement of the driving shaft and the force required for forcedly displacing the moving body  5  is similar to that described above. Therefore, the frictional force between the moving body  5  and the driving shaft  4  can be controlled by the frequency of the sinusoidal displacement of the driving shaft.  
         [0075]    [0075]FIG. 6 shows voltage waveforms which are applied to the piezoelectric element for causing the driving shaft to perform a saw-tooth displacement and a sinusoidal displacement. When the driving pulses are applied to the piezoelectric element  3  as described above, the piezoelectric element  3  produces displacements in accordance with the waveform of the driving pulses. At this time, when the frequency fd of the voltage waveform is sufficiently lower than the resonance frequency fs of the piezoelectric element  3 , displacements of saw-tooth waveforms such as indicated by  10  and  12  and a sinusoidal waveform such as indicated by  14  can be obtained by applying driving pulses of waveforms ( 10   a ,  12   a , and  14   a ) which are similar to the waveforms, respectively.  
         [0076]    In order to cause the driving shaft to perform the sinusoidal displacement  14 , a sinusoidal voltage  14   b  irrespective of the driving frequency fd is applied thereto. In the case of saw-tooth displacements ( 10  and  12 ), when the driving frequency fd is raised to enter the range of 0.5fs&lt;fd&lt;fs, however, the voltage waveform which is to be applied to the piezoelectric element  3  is hardly obtained by a saw-tooth waveform. The waveform of the voltage which is to be applied to the piezoelectric element  3  is changed in this way because the voltage/displacement transfer function of a piezoelectric element depends on the frequency. In this case, the optimal waveform of the voltage pulse which is to be applied to the piezoelectric element is the waveform indicated by  10   b  or  12   b . An effect which is substantially identical with that in the case where the optimal waveform  10   b  or  12   b  or the sinusoidal waveform  14   b  is applied to the piezoelectric element  3  can be attained by using a rectangular voltage  10   c ,  12   c , or  14   c  in which the duty ratio is approximately adjusted. As a result, the controller can generate a set of driving pulses of a rectangular waveform, and both effects of movements of the moving body  5  in different directions, and reduction of a frictional force can be attained by applying the driving pulses in which the duty ratio is adjusted, to the piezoelectric element.  
         [0077]    [0077]FIG. 7 shows a relationship between the velocity of the moving body and the effect of reducing the frictional force, and the duty ratio. As shown in FIG. 7A, when the duty ratio exceeds 0.15, for example, the moving body begins to be moved in the direction of “+”, and, when the duty ratio is 0.3, the movement velocity of the moving body in the direction of “+” is maximum. When the duty ratio is further increased, the movement velocity is abruptly reduced. When the duty ratio is 0.45, movement of the moving body is 0. When the duty ratio exceeds 0.55, the moving body begins to be moved in the direction of “−”, and, when the duty ratio is 0.7, the movement velocity of the moving body in the direction of “−” is maximum. When the duty ratio is further increased, the movement velocity is abruptly reduced. When the duty ratio is 0.85 or more, movement of the moving body is 0.  
         [0078]    As shown in FIG. 7B, the effect of reducing the frictional force is further enhanced as the duty ratio is further increased, and is maximum when the duty ratio is about 0.5. Thereafter, the effect is further reduced as the duty ratio is further increased.  
         [0079]    When the controller  7  generates rectangular driving pulses of different duty ratios, therefore, the moving body can be moved, and the frictional force between the moving body  5  and the driving shaft  4  can be reduced. When the controller has a function of pulse conversion which can change the duty ratio of a rectangular waveform, the movement velocity and the frictional force with the driving shaft  4  can be adjusted.  
         [0080]    Rectangular voltages which are actually used in the drive mechanism are specifically shown in FIG. 8. In the figure, each numeral value indicates the value of the duty ratio d. The waveform of FIG. 8A in which the duty ratio d is equal to 0 can be used, for example, in the case where the moving body is not to be moved, and the frictional force is to be kept large. The waveform of FIG.  8 B in which the duty ratio d is equal to 0.1 can be used, for example, in the case where the moving body is not to be moved, and the frictional force is to be slightly reduced. The waveform of FIG. 8C in which the duty ratio d is equal to 0.3 can be used, for example, in the case where the moving body is to be moved in the direction of “+”. The waveform of FIG. 8D in which the duty ratio d is equal to 0.5 can be used, for example, in the case where the moving body is not to be moved, and the frictional force is to be largely reduced. The waveform of FIG. 8E in which the duty ratio d is equal to 0.7 can be used, for example, in the case where the moving body is to be moved in the direction of “−”. The waveform of FIG. 8F in which the duty ratio d is equal to 0.9 can be used, for example, in the case where the moving body is not to be moved, and the frictional force is to be slightly reduced. The waveform of FIG. 8G in which the duty ratio d is equal to 1 can be used, for example, in the case where the moving body is not to be moved, and the frictional force is to be kept large.  
         [0081]    In the case where the duty ratio is 0.1 or 0.9 which is in a range of larger or smaller values, the frictional force is differentiated depending on the direction. When the duty ratio is 0.1, for example, the degree of reduction of the frictional force in the direction of “+” is larger, and that in the direction of “−” is smaller. FIG. 9 shows means for canceling this phenomenon.  
         [0082]    In a set of driving pulses shown in FIG. 9A, the duty ratio is switched over between 0.1 and 0.6 at intervals of several pulses. When the set of driving pulses of this waveform is applied to the piezoelectric element, the frictional force with the driving shaft can be reduced irrespective of the direction.  
         [0083]    When driving pulses of duty ratios of 0.3 and 0.7 are alternately switched over as shown in FIG. 9B, the frictional force can be reduced by a medium degree. In this case, as described above, the moving body  5  is moved from a microscopic viewpoint. When the switchover is conducted at intervals of several pulses so as to shorten the movement distance, however, the moving body looks to be still from a macroscopic viewpoint, and the frictional force can be reduced by a medium degree.  
         [0084]    [0084]FIG. 10 shows an example in which the drive mechanism  1  is applied to a control lever of a lever mechanism. As shown in FIG. 10B, in a drive mechanism  20 , a driving shaft or drive member  32  is fixed to an end of a piezoelectric element  30 , and a moving body or driven member  40  is frictionally engaged with the driving shaft  32 . A fixing member  24  is coupled with another end of the piezoelectric element  30  in order to fix the piezoelectric element. The driving shaft  32  is inserted through and supported by small holes formed in walls  26  and  28  so that the driving shaft is supported to be axially movable. The fixing member  24 , and the walls  26  and  28  are connected to one another by a connecting member  22 . When a set of driving pulses is applied to the piezoelectric element  30 , the driving shaft  32  is caused to vibrate by vibration of the piezoelectric element, and the moving body  40  can be moved or the frictional force between the moving body  40  and the driving shaft  32  can be reduced in accordance with the waveform of the driving pulses.  
         [0085]    The moving body  40  has support portions  46  and  48  in order to be frictionally engaged with the driving shaft  32 . The support portions  46  and  48  are urged in mutually opposite directions, and clampingly frictionally engaged with the driving shaft  32  which is passed through a communication hole  47  formed between the two support portions  46  and  48 . A small piece  42  is disposed on the support portions, and a small hole  44  into which a projection  58  disposed on a lever shaft  56  is to be passed is formed in the piece.  
         [0086]    As shown in FIG. 10C, the lever  54  has a structure in which the projection  58  is disposed on the shaft  56 . The lever  54  can be linearly moved among operation positions. The lever  54  is movable only in the directions of arrows  90  and  91  along an oblong hole  52  formed in a plate  50 .  
         [0087]    As shown in FIG. 10D, the lever mechanism of the embodiment has a structure in which the projection  58  disposed on the shaft  56  of the lever  54  is passed through the small hole  44  formed in the small piece  42  of the moving body  40  of the drive mechanism  20 . The drive mechanism  20  is fixed to the lower side of the plate  50 . Since the lever  54  is coupled with the moving body  40 , the movement of the lever  54  along the oblong hole  52  is interlocked with that of the moving body  40  along the driving shaft.  
         [0088]    Usually, a control lever must be held at the same position unless the lever is operated, and is required to be smoothly moved when the lever is to be operated. In some levers, the holding force and the operational feeling during an operation process are required to appear in different manners depending on the situation. In some cases, the lever is required to be automatically operated.  
         [0089]    In the lever mechanism of the embodiment, automatic/manual/stop modes of the lever can be easily switched over by using vibration of the driving shaft  32 . When the lever is to be automatically operated, the set of the driving pulses is required to be applied to the piezoelectric element  30  so that the driving shaft  32  is displaced in a saw-tooth shape. When the saw-tooth shape is changed as described above, the direction in which the moving body  40  moves, i.e., that of the lever, can be switched over. When the lever is to be manually operated, the set of the driving pulses is required to be applied to the piezoelectric element  30  so that the driving shaft  32  is displaced in, for example, a sinusoidal shape. When the driving shaft is caused to vibrate in this way, the frictional force can be reduced, and the lever can be smoothly moved. In order to adjust the operational feeling of the lever, the frictional force between the moving body  40  and the driving shaft  32  is adjusted. As described above, this adjustment can be easily conducted by changing the waveform of the vibration of the driving shaft  32 , or by stopping the vibration. When the lever is to be stopped, the set of the driving pulses is not applied to the piezoelectric element  30 , and the moving body  40  is held by the frictional force with the driving shaft  32 .  
         [0090]    [0090]FIG. 11 shows an example in which the drive mechanism  1  is applied to a shutter mechanism of a camera. The shutter mechanism has a coil spring, a spring-charging actuator, and an engagement portion which constitutes a shutter. Among these components, the spring-charging actuator and the engagement portion are configured by the drive mechanism. As shown in FIG. 11B, in a drive mechanism  20   a , a driving shaft or drive member  32  is fixed to an end of a piezoelectric element  30 , and a moving body or driven member  40  is frictionally engaged with the driving shaft  32 . A fixing member  24  is coupled with another end of the piezoelectric element  30  in order to fix the piezoelectric element. The driving shaft  32  is inserted through and supported by small holes formed in walls  26  and  28  so that the driving shaft is supported to be axially movable. The fixing member  24 , and the walls  26  and  28  are connected to one another by a connecting member  22 . A coil spring  34  is disposed in the periphery of the driving shaft  32 . One end of the spring is connected to the wall  28 , and the other end to the moving body  40 . When a set of driving pulses is applied to the piezoelectric element  30 , the driving shaft  32  is caused to vibrate by vibration of the piezoelectric element, and the moving body  40  can be moved or the frictional force between the moving body  40  and the driving shaft  32  can be reduced in accordance with the waveform of the driving pulses. When the moving body  40  is moved toward the wall  28 , the coil spring  34  contracts in accordance with the movement of the moving body  40 , and the coil spring is charged. Under the state where the coil spring is charged, the set of the driving pulses is applied to the piezoelectric element to move the moving body  40  toward the wall  26  or reduce the frictional force with the driving shaft  32 . As a result, the moving body  40  can be moved at a high speed by the force exerted by the charged coil spring  34 .  
         [0091]    The moving body  40  has support portions  46  and  48  in order to be frictionally engaged with the driving shaft  32 . The support portions  46  and  48  are urged in mutually opposite directions, and clampingly frictionally engaged with the driving shaft  32  which is passed through a communication hole  47  formed between the two support portions  46  and  48 . A small piece  42  is disposed on the support portions, and a small hole  44  for fixing light shield plates  62  and  64  are formed in the piece.  
         [0092]    The shutter mechanism uses two drive mechanisms  20   a  and  20   a ′. The light shield plates  62  and  64  of the shutter are fixed to the moving bodies of the drive mechanisms, respectively. Each of the light shield plates  62  and  64  has a size which can block an optical path  60  of a lens. The drive mechanisms  20   a  and  20   a ′ are respectively placed perpendicular to the optical path  60  at different levels which are different from each other by a degree that is slightly smaller than the height of the light shield plates  62  and  64  fixed to the respective devices, in order to place the light shield plates with partly overlapping each other.  
         [0093]    Next, the operation of the shutter will be described with reference to FIGS. 11C to  11 H. FIG. 11C shows a state where an operation of charging the shutter is started. In order to upward move the moving bodies of the drive mechanisms  20   a  and  20   a ′ at the same speed, a set of driving pulses which causes the driving shafts to perform a saw-tooth vibration is applied to the piezoelectric elements of both the drive mechanisms. As a result, also the light shield plates  62  and  64  are upward moved as indicated by the arrows  92  and  94 . The coil springs  34  and  34 ′ disposed on the driving shafts are charged in accordance with movements of the moving bodies.  
         [0094]    [0094]FIG. 11D shows an intermediate state of the upward movements of the moving bodies. Since the two light shield plates  62  and  64  partly overlap each other, the optical path  60  is not opened during the movement process.  
         [0095]    [0095]FIG. 11E shows a state where the upward movements of the moving bodies are ended. When the moving bodies are moved to the upper side, the application of the driving pulses to the piezoelectric elements of the drive mechanisms  20   a  and  20   a ′ is stopped. Under this state, each of the moving body is held at its position by the frictional force between the moving body and the driving shaft, so that the optical path of the shutter is closed.  
         [0096]    [0096]FIG. 11F shows a state immediately before the optical path of the shutter mechanism is opened. In this state, a set of driving pulses is applied to the piezoelectric element of the drive mechanism  20   a ′ to give the driving shaft a saw-tooth vibration which causes the moving body to be downward moved, or to give the driving shaft a sinusoidal vibration. Then, the moving body begins to be downward moved at a high speed by the force of the charged coil spring  34 ′ as indicated by the arrow  96 , and the light shield plate  64  is moved in accordance with this movement.  
         [0097]    [0097]FIG. 11G shows a state where the optical path of the shutter is opened. As a result of the downward movement of the light shield plate due to the movement of the moving body of the drive mechanism  20   a ′, the optical path  60  of the shutter is opened. Thereafter, a set of driving pulses is similarly applied to the piezoelectric element of the drive mechanism  20   a . Then, the moving body begins to be downward moved at a high speed as indicated by the arrow  98 , and the light shield plate  62  is moved in accordance with this movement.  
         [0098]    [0098]FIG. 11H shows a state where the optical path of the shutter is closed. When the downward movement of the light shield plate  62  is ended, the optical path  60  of the shutter is closed by the light shield plate  62 .  
         [0099]    In the shutter mechanism, the components are employed for double purposes, and the frictional force can be reduced by electrical means. Therefore, the frictional force can be cancelled without producing a time lag, and the response is rapid.  
         [0100]    Although the present invention has been fully described in connection with the preferred embodiment thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications are also apparent to those skilled in the art.