Abstract:
A method of packaging includes placing a restrainer on a package during processing. The method includes clipping the restrainer in place and then exposing the package to high temperatures. After processing the restrainer is removed. An alternative process attaches a component die to a substrate having a cavity in a first surface. The process may then include dispensing and curing an underfill material in the cavity, and attaching a lid to the first surface of the substrate.

Description:
BACKGROUND  
       [0001]     This application is a division of, and claims priority to, U.S. Ser. No. 10/856,371 filed May 27, 2004. 
     
    
       [0002]     Component die packages, such as those used in packaging semiconductor devices, have become larger and more complicated than those previously used. This has led to outgoing package warpage after the package assembly process. Package warp may create many problems for downstream users. For example, pin grid array (PGA) packages, warpage contributed to poor pin tip true position that may lead to pin rework. For land grid array (LGA) packages, the warpage may lead to high resistance or open contacts between the package and the socket. For ball grid array (BGA) packages, excessive warpage may lead to surface mount problems. In addition, BGA packages have JEDEC (Joint Electron Device Engineering Council) standards for warpage. With the larger and more complicated packages, these standards may be difficult to achieve.  
         [0003]     In addition, current 90 nanometer (nm) wafer technologies may use low-k dielectric layers, such as porous cured dielectrics, in their build up layers. This requires that the package impose almost no stress on the die, as die stress can lead to cracks and bumps. These defects create multiple reliability issues for packages, including open failures, short failures, reliability stress failures and may result in component dysfunction failures.  
         [0004]     In most cases, the package warpage is caused by the underfill epoxy cure process, generally performed at high temperatures. Current approaches may add a mechanical reinforcement to the package, increasing costs, or accepting the additional warpage, leading to wasted packages that do not meet the relevant standards. It is also possible to lower the cure temperature, but that largely depends upon the material properties and may compromise the quality and reliability of the components. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0005]     The invention may be best understood by reading the disclosure with reference to the drawings, wherein:  
         [0006]      FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  show a convex warpage profile for a package and a side view of a convexly warped package.  
         [0007]      FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b  show a concave warpage profile for a package and a side view of a concavely warped package.  
         [0008]      FIG. 3  shows an example of a component die package.  
         [0009]      FIG. 4   a  shows an example of an integrated heat spreader lid.  
         [0010]      FIG. 4   b  shows an embodiment of a restrainer lid.  
         [0011]      FIG. 5  shows an embodiment of a processing system for a component die package.  
         [0012]      FIG. 6  shows a graph of coplanarity results for packages using a restrainer lid during processing.  
         [0013]      FIG. 7  shows an alternative embodiment of a package having a recessed portion of a substrate.  
         [0014]      FIGS. 8   a - 8   d  show a package having a recessed portion of a substrate undergoing processing.  
         [0015]      FIG. 9  shows a graph of coplanarity results for packages having a recessed portion of a substrate.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS  
       [0016]     During the assembly of electronic component packages, the die containing the electronic components may be packaged between a package substrate and a lid. The package may go through multiple processes that involve elevated temperatures. Examples of such processes include chip attach reflow, deflux, epoxy underfill prebake and cure, integrated heat spreader (lid) cure, and ball attach reflow. The exposure to these levels of heat may affect the package by causing it to warp excessively.  
         [0017]     Excessive warpage may be defined with regard to a relevant metric, such as the JEDEC coplanarity standard. Generally, coplanarity is a definition of how much a package is bent based upon assigned measurement points. The measurement points may differ depending upon the connections used between the package and the mounting surface, such as ball grid array or land mounting. The mounting surface is the surface to which the package is being connected, such as a printed circuit board. The current JEDEC standard is that the packages have a coplanarity of less than 8 mils.  
         [0018]     Some approaches to dealing with excessive warpage include modifying assembly processes through temperature profile optimization to control warpage. Reducing the temperature of the various processes or slowing the cooling rate can help avoid cracks in low-k layers. Some devices are being manufactured with a low-k dielectric layer as the interlayer dielectric (TLD). These layers may be more delicate and crack more easily than previously used layers. Lengthening the cooling or heating processes lengthens the process required to package the devices, lowering the efficiency of the line, as well as possibly increasing defects due to partial cures occurring at the lowered temperatures.  
         [0019]     Other approaches include adapting mechanical reinforcements to assist in holding the substrate planar, such as some current implementations of integrated heat spreader lids. Some manufacturers may just accept the loss caused by die cracks, high coplanarity, and highly tilted lids due to coplanarity. Others may just accept their inability to meet JEDEC standards for packaging, or may try to change the standards for an entire industry. Others may include high numbers of pin reworks in their processing specifications, but this increases costs.  
         [0020]     In some cases, the coplanarity increase may be in the range of 4-12 mils at the end of the assembly and test process. This may depend upon the combination of different die and package dimensions. Data indicates that the warpage induced in the package after chip, or die, attach is of a convex profile as shown in  FIG. 1   a .  FIG. 1   b  shows a side view of a package substrate  10  and the component die  12 , where the package has become convexly warped.  
         [0021]     It is possible to pre-concavely warp the package during some of the high temperature processes such that the end result is a package having very little coplanarity. For example,  FIG. 2   a  shows a concave profile of a warped package after an underfill epoxy cure process at high temperature.  FIG. 2   b  shows the package substrate  10  and the component die  12  after the underfill epoxy cure, where the package has a concave warpage. It is possible to control the warpage profile at the earlier stages of the process such that the result meets the necessary coplanarity standards.  
         [0022]     It is possible that the pre-concavity may result from any of the higher temperature process, to offset the induced convexity in later processes. The discussion below uses the process of the underfill epoxy cure, for ease of discussion only.  
         [0023]      FIG. 3  shows an example of a component die in a package. The component die may be any type of active device that requires packaging for protection and use. For example, the component die may be an electronic component on a semiconductor substrate. The packaging protects the device and allows for use on printed circuit boards or other mounting surfaces through mounting connectors such as ball grid arrays, pin grid arrays, etc.  
         [0024]     The die  12  is mounted to the packaging substrate  10  through die bumps  14 . The packaging substrate may be several different types of substrates, such as ceramic, metal, semiconductor, etc. Die bumps  14  provide connection between the routing layers of the substrate  10  and the active components on the die. The use of die bumps is just an example to of such a connector. The die may be packaged into a package comprised of the package substrate  10 , the lid  22  and a sealant  24 . The lid  22  in this example is an integrated heat spreader. A thermal interface material  18  may reside between the lid  22  and the die  10  to promote heat exchange. The underfill  20  assists in securing the die to the packaging substrate, as well as providing mechanical robustness to the connections. Package connectors, such as solder ball  26 , may connect the package to a mounting surface, such as a printed circuit board (PCB). Again, the specific implementations of these various components are only intended as examples and for ease of discussion.  
         [0025]     During the processing of these various parts of the package, the package is exposed to high temperatures, which promotes warpage. During most of these processes, the package substrate resides on a carrier that transports the substrate and the various components through the processes. It is possible to modify the carrier and adjust the processes to induce concavity into the package substrate.  
         [0026]      FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b  provide a comparison of the dimensions of a typical integrated heat spreader (IHS) lid and a restrainer lid to be used in embodiments of the invention. The heat spreader lid  22  has a narrow base area and the cavity is such that the lid may come into contact with the die, or the thermal interface material between the die and the lid. A restrainer, or restrainer lid,  28  may have a wider base area and a deeper cavity.  
         [0027]     The wider base area provides more surface area contact between the package substrate  10  and the lid. The width of the base will depend upon the die and the package, but generally as much surface area between the base and the substrate as is possible without contacting any active components on the die  12  is desirable.  
         [0028]     The deeper cavity prevents undue pressure upon the die during processing. As discussed above, some components use a low-k dielectric layer that may crack more easily than other materials. The cavity may need to be deep enough to avoid contact with the die while fastened into place with the restrainer lid.  
         [0029]     It is possible that current THS lids may be used as the restrainer lids, more than likely with the addition of a spring. A possible difference is that IHS lid will not be bonded to the surface of the substrate, as typically occurs when the component die is packaged. The IHS lid should be removable after a portion of the process during which its function as a stiffener has ended, such that other processes may be performed, such as thermal interface material dispense and cure. The absence of a sealant and the thermal interface material may provide enough of a gap between the lid and the die to prevent cracking of the die and its various layers. The base may be wide enough to provide sufficient surface area as described above, much depends upon the size of the die and the package.  
         [0030]     A packaging system is shown in  FIG. 5 . A clip  30  is used to attach the package to the carrier  34 . In this example, a t-clip is used, but any sort of device that attaches the substrate and restrainer lid to the carrier may be used. All of these types of devices will be referred to here as clips.  
         [0031]     A spring  32  on the underside of the clip  30  may prevent undue pressure on the restrainer lid that could cause pressure on the die. The spring allows for some adjustability, but is optional as the clip could be configured so as to ensure that there would not be any pressure on the lid that may cause pressure to be put on the die.  
         [0032]     The attachment of this clip to the carrier and the substrate restrains the package during the high temperature processes that would otherwise cause it to warp convexly. It may have the effect of causing the package to warp concavely. The concavity then may be mitigated by further high temperature processing that would cause a counteractive convex warpage. However, it is possible that the restrainer lid and clip may keep the substrate planar without inducing any concavity. This may be enough to overcome subsequent convex warpage and the resulting substrate could be within the relevant specifications for coplanarity.  
         [0033]      FIG. 6  shows results of using the restrainer lid/clip system during processing. Coplanarity is shown on the y-axis and the various processes the package may undergo are shown on the x-axis. For experimental purposes, a restrainer process flow was performed, as was a control process flow. Positive values indicate a convex profile and negative values indicate a concave profile.  
         [0034]     Moving from left to right, it can be seen that the package is convexly warped after the chip attach process at  40  for the restrainer flow and at  50  for the control flow. The post epoxy cure process resulted in a concave profile for the restrainer flow at  42 . The convexity increased for the control flow at  52 . After the ball attach reflow at  44 , the restrainer leg has a coplanarity range of approximately 4 to 9 mils convex. The control flow has a coplanarity range of 6 to 11 mils convex at  54 . As a result of the restrainer lid, more of the packages in the restrainer process flow will meet the JEDEC coplanarity standards of coplanarity of less than 8 mils.  
         [0035]     In addition to modifying the process flow to include the packaging apparatus discussed above, it is possible to modify the packaging substrate and lid configuration to decrease coplanarity. An example of such a modification is shown in  FIG. 7 , which may be best understood as compared to  FIG. 3 .  
         [0036]     In  FIG. 7 , the substrate  10  has been modified to include a cavity or groove  60  on a first surface  62 . The groove or cavity could be provided in several ways. For example, as the substrate is being built up, a portion of the outer layer may not be formed, such as by copper plating, etc. The formation of the groove is outside the scope of this disclosure.  
         [0037]     The component die  12  is packaged such that the component die resides in the cavity. The die bumps or other connectors are provided as before, but are now located in the cavity. The underfill  20  and the die bumps  14  may also be used as before, but now used to fill the cavity  60 , at least partially. The thermal interface material  18  lies between the component die  12  and the stiffener or lid  66 . Sealant  24  lies between the portions of the substrate away from the cavity and the stiffener or lid  66 .  
         [0038]     The lid  66  is no longer a typical IHS lid as was shown in  FIG. 3 . The lid is now a flat or mostly flat piece that covers the entire package, separated by sealant and thermal interface material. This provides extra stiffness to the package and helps to mitigate the warpage induced in the further processing. As was discussed with regard to the restrainer lid, the more surface area contact possible between a restrainer and the substrate, the less warpage will generally occur. In this embodiment, the restrainer is a flat piece that is bonded to the substrate, rather than a temporary piece that is removed after processing.  
         [0039]     While not shown in  FIG. 3 , there may be capacitors on the first surface of the substrate. These are generally referred to as die side capacitors. In this embodiment, with the die in a cavity, it may be desirable to move the die side capacitors to a second surface of the substrate  68 , also referred to here as the underside of the substrate. These capacitors will be referred to as landside capacitors  64 . The capacitors  64  may be connected to the die as needed by connectors, such as  70 , on the underside of the substrate.  
         [0040]     On the top, or first surface, of the substrate, it may be desirable that the component die be planar with the top surface of the substrate. This would be after mounting and underfill. This allows the thermal interface material and sealant to be dispensed in uniform layers and the flat lid  66  to be bonded uniformly across the surfaces of both the die and the substrate, contributing to the mechanical robustness of the package. It is possible that the die may lie below the plane of the substrate surface  62 , or slight above, and planarity could be attained by management of the thickness of the thermal interface material and/or the sealant. These adjustments are possible during the packaging process. The resulting package is a planar package, meaning one that is mostly flat with low coplanarity as compared to any relevant standards.  
         [0041]     An embodiment of a process flow is shown in  FIGS. 8   a - 8   d . In  8   a , the substrate  10  having the cavity  60  with connectors  14  is provided. The die  12  is then attached by the connectors to the substrate. Landside capacitors may also be attached at this point, connecting to die via connectors formed in the substrate. In  8   b , the underfill material  20  is dispensed and cured. In  8   c , the lid  66  is then attached to the first surface of the substrate  10 . This may be accomplished by dispensing a sealant  24  on the substrate. Prior to the lid attach process, thermal interface material  18  may also be dispensed on the die. The resulting package is shown in  FIG. 5   d.    
         [0042]     The addition of the flat stiffener lid may serve two purposes. Initially, it may straighten out any warpage induced by processes occurring prior to the attachment of the stiffener. Secondly, it may provide enough mechanical robustness to the package such that warpage is controlled in subsequent processes.  
         [0043]     Another consideration in the use of the stiffener lid is the selection of the sealant used to attach it with regard to low coplanarity. In experiments conducted using the stiffener lid, an aluminum alloy lid was attached using Sumi G3 Epoxy and Dow 3-6265 sealant. Characterizations of the two sealant/lid combinations are shown in  FIG. 9 .  
         [0044]     In  FIG. 9 , the far left side of the figure shows a side-by-side comparison of the two sealants. The coplanarity after the underfill epoxy cure for the Dow sealant is shown at  80 , and after the ball reflow at  82 . Most of the data points have coplanarity in the range of 6-9 mils.  
         [0045]     On the right side of this graph, the coplanarity results for the Sumi G3 Epoxy is shown. The coplanarity after the underfill epoxy cure is shown at  84 , and after the lid attach and ball reflow at  86 . As can be seen here, the coplanarity is very much reduced when compared two the Dow sealant, having a range of 5-6 mils, all of which are compliant with the JEDEC specification. Expanded views of the coplanarity results at the post epoxy underfill point for each sealant are shown in the upper and lower portions of the far right of the figure.  
         [0046]     In general, regardless of the sealant used, it can be seen that the use of the stiffener lid results in most of the packages being JEDEC compliant with regard to coplanarity. Similarly, the use of the restrainer lid during processing resulted in a majority of the packages being JEDEC compliant. In this manner, the warpage of the package is controlled and the efficiency and yield of the packaging lines are increased.  
         [0047]     Thus, although there has been described to this point a particular embodiment for a method and apparatus for warpage control in packaging, it is not intended that such specific references be considered as limitations upon the scope of this invention except in-so-far as set forth in the following claims.