Abstract:
The present invention uses calcium-releasing or binding substances for the targeted weakening or strengthening of the barrier function of the skin. The invention includes methods and compositions of using these substances.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This is a continuation application of PCT/EP01/06262, filed Jun. 1, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and also claims the benefit of German Priority Application No. 100 31 703.0, filed Jun. 29, 2000. 
     
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The present invention relates to the use of calcium-releasing or binding substances for the targeted weakening or strengthening of the barrier function of the skin.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    The skin is the largest human organ. Amongst its many functions (for example for temperature regulation and as a sensory organ), the barrier function, which prevents the skin (and thus ultimately the entire organism) from drying out, is probably the most important. At the same time, the skin acts as a protective device against the penetration and absorption of external substances. This barrier function is affected by the epidermis, which, as the outermost layer, forms the actual protective sheath against the environment. Being about one tenth of the total thickness, it is also the thinnest layer of the skin.  
           [0004]    The epidermis is a stratified tissue in which the outer layer, the horny layer (Stratum corneum), is the part that is of significance for the barrier function. Being in contact with the environment, it is worn away and therefore finds itself in a continuous process of renewal, where, on the outside, fine flakes are continuously shed and, on the inside, keratinized cell and lipid material is subsequently produced.  
           [0005]    The Elias skin model, which is currently recognized in the specialist field (P. M. Elias,  Structure and Function of the Stratum Corneum Permeability Barrier, Drug Dev. Res.  13, 1988, 97-105), describes the horny layer as a two-component system, similar to a brick wall (bricks and mortar model). In this model, the horny cells (corneocytes) correspond to the bricks, and the lipid membrane, which is of complex composition, in the intercellular spaces corresponds to the mortar. This system essentially represents a physical barrier to hydrophilic substances, but, because of its narrow and multilayered structure, can equally, however, also be passed by lipophilic substances only with difficulty. The particular structure of the horny layer on the one hand protects the skin and on the other hand stabilizes its own flexibility by binding a defined amount of water.  
           [0006]    Mechanical stresses, such as, for example, compressive forces, impact or shear forces, can also be intercepted to a surprising degree by the horny layer alone or in conjunction with the deeper layers of the skin. Relatively large compressive forces, torsional forces or shear forces are transmitted to deeper layers of the skin via the meshing of the epidermis with the corium.  
           [0007]    The regulation of the water and moisture content is one of the most important functions of the epidermal lipid membrane. However, it not only has a barrier effect against external chemical and physical influences, but also contributes to the cohesion of the horny layer.  
           [0008]    The lipids of the horny layer essentially consist of ceramides, free fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, cholesterol esters and cholesterol sulfate and are distributed over the entire horny layer. The composition of these lipids is of decisive importance for the intact function of the epidermal barrier and thus for the water impermeability of the skin.  
           [0009]    Even cleansing the skin using a simple water bath—without the addition of surfactants—initially causes the horny layer of the skin to swell. The degree of this swelling depends inter alia on the bathing time and temperature. At the same time, water-soluble substances are washed off or out, such as e.g. water-soluble constituents of dirt, but also substances endogenous to the skin which are responsible for the water-binding capacity of the horny layer. In addition, as a result of surface-active substances that are endogenous to the skin, fats in the skin are also dissolved and washed out to a certain degree. After initial swelling, this causes a subsequent drying-out of the skin, which may be further considerably intensified by washing-active additives.  
           [0010]    In healthy skin, these processes are generally of no consequence since the protective mechanisms of the skin are able to readily compensate for such slight disturbances to the upper layers of the skin. However, even in the case of nonpathological deviations from the norm, e.g. as a result of wear damage or irritations caused by the environment, photodamage, aging skin etc., the protective mechanism on the surface of the skin is impaired.  
           [0011]    In aged skin, for example, regenerative renewal takes place at a slower rate, where, in particular, the water-binding capacity of the horny layer decreases. The skin thus becomes inflexible, dry and chapped (“physiologically” dry skin). Barrier damage is the result. The skin becomes susceptible to negative environmental effects, such as the invasion of microorganisms, toxins and allergens. As a consequence, toxic or allergic skin reactions may even result.  
           [0012]    In the case of pathologically dry and sensitive skin, barrier damage is present a priori. Epidermal intercellular lipids become defective or are formed in an inadequate amount or composition. The consequence is increased permeability of the horny layer and inadequate protection of the skin against loss of hygroscopic substances and water.  
           [0013]    The barrier effect of the skin can be quantified via the determination of the transepidermal water loss (TEWL). This is the evaporation of water from inside the body without taking into account the loss of water during perspiration. Determination of the TEWL value has proven to be extraordinarily informative and can be used to diagnose chapped or cracked skin, for determining the compatibility of surfactants that have very different chemical structures, and more besides.  
           [0014]    For the beauty and well-cared-for appearance of the skin, the proportion of water in the uppermost layer of the skin is of greatest significance. It can be favorably influenced within a limited scope by introducing moisture regulators.  
           [0015]    Anionic surfactants, which are generally constituents of cleansing preparations, can lastingly increase the pH in the horny layer, which severely hinders regenerative processes that serve to restore and renew the barrier function of the skin. In this case, a new, frequently very unfavorable state of equilibrium is established in the horny layer between regeneration and the loss of essential substances as a result of regular extraction; this state has a decisive adverse effect on the outer appearance of the skin and the physiological mode of function of the horny layer.  
           [0016]    For the purposes of the present invention, skin care is understood primarily as meaning that the natural function of the skin as a barrier against environmental influences (e.g. dirt, chemicals, microorganisms) and against the loss of substances endogenous to the body (e.g. water, lipids, electrolytes) is strengthened or restored.  
           [0017]    Products for the care, treatment and cleansing of dry and stressed skin are known per se. However, their contribution to the regeneration of a physiologically intact, hydrated and smooth horny layer is limited with regard to extent and time.  
           [0018]    The effect of ointments and creams on the barrier function and the hydration of the horny layer is based essentially on the coverage (occlusion) of the areas of skin treated. The ointment or cream represents, as it were, a (second) artificial barrier which is intended to prevent loss of water by the skin. It is equally easy to remove this physical barrier, for example using cleansers, again, as a result of which the original, impaired state is again achieved. Moreover, the skin care effect can decrease upon regular treatment. After use of the product is stopped, the skin reverts very quickly to the state prior to the start of treatment. In the case of certain products, the condition of the skin is even temporarily worsened in some circumstances. A permanent product effect is therefore generally not achieved or is achieved only to a limited extent.  
           [0019]    The effect of some pharmaceutical preparations on the barrier function of the skin consists even in selective damage to the barrier, which is intended to make it possible for active ingredients to be able to penetrate into or through the skin into the body. Here, a disturbed appearance of the skin as a side effect is accepted to some extent as a small price to pay.  
           [0020]    The effect of caring cleansing products consists essentially in an efficient refatting with sebum lipid-like substances. The simultaneous reduction in the surfactant content of such preparations permits a further limitation of the damage to the horny layer barrier.  
           [0021]    However, the prior art lacks preparations which have a positive effect on the barrier function and hydration of the horny layer and enhance or even restore the physicochemical properties of the horny layer and, in particular, of the lamellae comprising intercellular lipids.  
           [0022]    The skin of newborns and toddlers is particularly thin and characterized by a weak and permeable barrier in the horny layer. In addition, the pH buffer capacity of baby skin is severely limited, meaning that changes in the pH on the skin very quickly lead to skin irritations. The accumulation of urine and feces in the baby diaper can, accompanied by the action of microorganisms, lead to a release of ammonia from urea. This ammonia penetrates very rapidly through the horny layer barrier into the living cells and can increase the pH of the tissue. If the incubation period is prolonged, this pH increase can lead to diaper dermatitis (Dermatitis ammoniacalis).  
           [0023]    The prior art usually counters this shortcoming with protection creams, whose actual effect is to form a water-impermeable protective film. In most cases, such protective creams are based on mineral hydrocarbons, have an unpleasant feel on the skin and can only be applied to the skin and distributed on it with difficulty and with a certain application of force.  
           [0024]    The epidermis is richly equipped with nerves and nerve end apparatus, such as Vater-Pacini lamella corpuscles, Merkel cell neurite complexes and free nerve endings for perceiving pain, cold and heat, and itching.  
           [0025]    In people with sensitive, delicate or vulnerable skin, a neurosensory phenomenon referred to as “stinging” may be observed. This “sensitive skin” differs in principle from “dry skin” with thickened and hardened horny layers.  
           [0026]    Typical reactions of “stinging” in sensitive skin are reddening, tightening and burning of the skin and also itching.  
           [0027]    A neurosensory phenomenon is the itching in cases of atopic skin, and itching in cases of skin diseases.  
           [0028]    “Stinging” phenomena can be regarded as disorders to be treated cosmetically. Severe itching on the other hand, particularly in cases of severe pruritus which occurs in atopy, can also be referred to as a more serious dermatological disorder.  
           [0029]    Typical undesired neurosensory phenomena associated with the terms “stinging” or “sensitive skin” are skin reddening, tingling, prickling, tightening and burning of the skin and itching. They can be caused by stimulating environmental conditions, for example massage, the action of surfactants, the influence of weather, such as sun, low temperatures, dryness, but also moist heat, thermal radiation and UV radiation, e.g. from the sun.  
           [0030]    In “Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists” 28, pp.197-209 (May 1977), P. J. Frosch and A. M. Kligman describe a method for estimating the stinging potential of topically applied substances. The positive substances used here are, for example, lactic acid and pyruvic acid. However, upon measurement in accordance with this method, amino acids, in particular glycine, were also established as being neurosensorily active (such substances are called “stingers”).  
           [0031]    According to findings to date, such a sensitivity toward very particular substances arises in individuals to varying degrees. This means that a person who experiences “stinging effects” upon contact with an amino acid will repeatedly experience them with a high degree of probability upon any further contact. Contact with other “stingers” can, however, take place without any reaction.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0032]    Since it is desirable to also permit the cosmetic or dermatological administration of valuable skin care substances which may, however, possibly have a certain “stinging potential” to people with sensitive skin, it was an object of the present invention to develop cosmetic or dermatological preparations which are characterized by an extremely low “stinging potential”, and ideally should be virtually free from “stinging effects”.  
           [0033]    The object of the present invention was therefore to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art. In particular, the aim was to provide skin care preparations and preparations for the cleansing of the skin which retain or restore the barrier properties of the skin especially when the natural regeneration of the skin is inadequate. In addition, they should be suitable for the treatment and prophylaxis of damage caused by the skin drying out, for example fissures or inflammatory or allergic processes, and also neurodermatitis. The object of the present invention was also to provide stable skin care cosmetic and/or dermatological compositions which protect the skin against environmental influences such as sun and wind. In particular, the effect of the preparations should be physiological, rapid and long-lasting.  
           [0034]    In reverse, however, it may be entirely desirable in certain situations to weaken the barrier of the skin in a targeted manner in order to facilitate the penetration of certain active ingredients through the Stratum corneum, e.g. in order to counteract horny skin calluses, to treat psoriatic plaque, to reduce flaking of the scalp etc.  
           [0035]    It was therefore the object of the present invention to enrich the prior art in this regard.  
           [0036]    These objects are achieved in a manner which is surprising and could not have been foreseen by the person skilled in the art through the use of calcium-binding substances for the targeted strengthening of the barrier function of the skin, and through the use of free calcium ions for the targeted weakening of the barrier function of the skin, respectively.  
         DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
         [0037]    Calcium is of great significance for the animal and plant world: calcium compounds build many supporting substances (bones, housing, shells), and Ca 2+  ions are required for holding the cell together, blood coagulation, complement activation, muscle contraction, sight process, nerve conduction, gene expression and many other processes. In the cell, Ca 2+  serves as a multisided messenger substance (second messenger), its concentration changing within the range 0.1-10 mmol/l. Ca 2+  is incorporated into the endoplasmatic and sarcoplasmatic reticulum serving as a reservoir by calcium pumps, bonded to calreticulin and calsequestrin and can be released by calcium channels which are activated by the messenger substances inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and cyclic ADP ribose. The function of the Ca 2+  as cellular regulator is linked to many calcium-binding proteins.  
           [0038]    If, therefore, cosmetic products or else other products which come into contact with the human skin, such as diapers, pocket tissues, plasters, wound coverings, bath water, textiles, rubber gloves, disinfectants, are treated with formers of sparingly soluble calcium salts (e.g. phosphates such as NaH 2 PO 4 , but also zeolites and/or phyllosilicates with calcium-binding capacity and/or as substances known in detergent technology under the term “builders”, for example water-soluble, linear polymers with numerous carboxyl groups) or calcium complexing agents (e.g. polyphosphates, tannic acids, EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), EGTA (ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetraacetic acid), citric acid, oxalic acid, free fatty acids etc.) and these are applied to the skin or brought into contact with the human skin, then the transepidermal water loss, being a measure of the quality of the skin barrier, is reduced to 80-90% of the starting value, which accompanies a thickening of the Stratum corneum. The pH of the skin and the skin flora are normalized. Allergenic and irritative substances are able to penetrate less well, resulting in fewer and fewer serious irritative or allergic reactions. In addition, the barrier-damaging effect is remedied by occlusion and calcium-containing substances, and colonization wth pathogenic microbes, soreness and inflammations are counteracted.  
           [0039]    Complexing agents, in particular chelating agents, form complexes with metal atoms. In the presence of one or more polybasic complexing agents, i.e. chelating agents, these complexes are metallacycles. Chelates are compounds in which a single ligand occupies more than one coordination site on a central atom. In this case, normally extended compounds are thus closed as a result of complex formation via a metal atom or ion to give rings. The number of bonded ligands depends on the coordination number of the central metal. A prerequisite for the formation of a chelate is that the compound reacting with the metal contains two or more atomic groupings which act as electron donors.  
           [0040]    The calcium complexing agent(s) can advantageously be chosen from the group of customary compounds, at least one substance preferably being chosen from the group consisting of tartaric acid and anions thereof, citric acid and anions thereof, aminopolycarboxylic acids and anions thereof (such as, for example, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and anions thereof, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and anions thereof, hydroxyethylenediaminotriacetic acid (HOEDTA) and anions thereof, diethyleneaminopentaacetic acid (DPTA) and anions thereof, trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexanetetraacetic acid (CDTA) and anions thereof).  
           [0041]    The calcium-binding substances and/or calcium complexing agents are, according to the invention, advantageously present in cosmetic or dermatological preparations preferably in amounts of from 0.01% by weight to 10% by weight, preferably 0.05% by weight to 5% by weight, particularly preferably 0.1-2.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the preparations.  
           [0042]    For the purposes of the present invention, “barrier strengthening” or “strengthening of the barrier function of the skin” is, in particular, to be understood as meaning the following effect: the active ingredients according to the invention interact with the lipids of the horny layer in a manner such that the arrangement of these lipids in the horny layer on a molecular plane is improved. This leads to the natural function of the skin as a barrier against environmental influences and against the loss of substances endogenous to the body being strengthened or restored.  
           [0043]    A second or else alternative effect of the invention in the sense of strengthening the skin barrier can consist in the fact that the lipid synthesis system of the keratinocytes is stimulated or [lacuna] by the active ingredient combination used according to the invention.  
           [0044]    If a targeted weakening of the skin barrier is desired, calcium is present in the corresponding products preferably in an amount of from 0.01% by weight to 10% by weight, preferably 0.05% by weight to 5% by weight, particularly preferably 0.1-2.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the preparations.  
           [0045]    In every respect the preparations according to the invention are extremely satisfactory preparations. It had been unforeseen for the person skilled in the art that the preparations according to the invention which comprise calcium-binding substances  
           [0046]    better retain or restore the barrier properties of the skin,  
           [0047]    better counteract drying-out of the skin,  
           [0048]    better counteract skin aging and  
           [0049]    better protect the skin against environmental influences  
           [0050]    than the prior art preparations.  
           [0051]    In addition, it has surprisingly been found that according to the invention the use of calcium-binding substances and/or the use of calcium complexing agents for the prophylaxis and treatment of atopic eczema overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art.  
           [0052]    Products of such a type are, for example, suitable as  
           [0053]    1. presun products for building up a “light-callosity”,  
           [0054]    2. nose cream for soreness in cases of colds,  
           [0055]    3. protective cream, e.g. when working with barrier-damaging substances such as in the wet area, with disinfectants and in contact with gypsum and mortar,  
           [0056]    4. in cosmetic products for building up a robust skin,  
           [0057]    5. as after-bathing products  
           [0058]    6. as washing or bathing products,  
           [0059]    7. as additional protection when dealing with contact allergens, harmful, irritative substances or infectious material,  
           [0060]    8. for care of the breast in the lactation period,  
           [0061]    9. as care deodorant or antiperspirant products with additional protection against the irritative effect of the active ingredient or of the actual perspiration,  
           [0062]    10. for normalizing the skin flora by improving the skin&#39;s pH and for infection prophylaxis in endangered areas and groups of people,  
           [0063]    11. for the targeted improvement of the mechanical robustness of the skin (e.g. on the feet before a walking holiday)  
           [0064]    12. in plasters and wound coverings for protection against an occlusive effect, against wound infection by bacterial colonization of the skin in the proximity of the wound edges and to improve the tolerance of the monomer radicals in the adhesive  
           [0065]    13. barrier protection in rubber gloves  
           [0066]    14. in aftershave products  
           [0067]    15. as a preparation for protecting the skin of small children against diaper dermatitis  
           [0068]    16. to protect against substances with “stinging potential” 
           [0069]    The use of free calcium ions for the purposes of the present invention manifests itself in particular  
           [0070]    1. in transdermally active therapeutic preparations  
           [0071]    2. in antidandruff products  
           [0072]    3. in the increased absorption of active ingredient in skin care products  
           [0073]    4. in the treatment of hyperkeratotic callosity and cracks on the extremities, e.g. corns  
           [0074]    5. in the treatment of psoriasis, for example in the combination therapy with capsaicin  
           [0075]    The cosmetic or dermatological preparations according to the invention can have the customary composition and be used for the treatment, care and cleansing of the skin and/or of the hair and as a make-up product in decorative cosmetics. Accordingly, depending on their formulation, they may be used, for example, as skin protection cream, cleansing milk, sunscreen lotion, nutrient cream, day or night cream etc. It is optionally possible and advantageous to use the preparations according to the invention as a basis for pharmaceutical formulations. The preparations according to the invention comprise, for example, 0.001 to 30% by weight, preferably 0.01% by weight to 10% by weight, but in particular 0.01% by weight to 0.5% by weight, in each case based on the total weight of the preparations of the active ingredients according to the invention.  
           [0076]    The active ingredient combinations used according to the invention are particularly preferably used in pH-buffered preparations, where a pH of 6-7, in particular about 6.5, is very particularly preferred.  
           [0077]    Also favorable are those cosmetic and dermatological preparations that are in the form of a sunscreen. In addition to one or more active ingredients according to the invention, these preferably comprise at least one UV-A filter substance and/or at least one UV-B filter substance and/or at least one inorganic pigment.  
           [0078]    It is, however, also advantageous for the purposes of the present invention to provide cosmetic and dermatological preparations whose main purpose is not protection against sunlight, but which nevertheless comprise a content of UV protection substances. Thus, UV-A and UV-B filter substances are commonly incorporated into day creams, for example.  
           [0079]    The cosmetic and dermatological preparations according to the invention may comprise cosmetic auxiliaries as are customarily used in such preparations, e.g. preservatives, bactericides, perfumes, antifoams, dyes, pigments which have a coloring action, thickeners, surface-active substances, emulsifiers, emollients, moisturizers and/or humectants, fats, oils, waxes and other customary constituents of a cosmetic or dermatological formulation, such as alcohols, polyols, polymers, foam stabilizers, electrolytes, organic solvents or silicone derivatives.  
           [0080]    Depending on the type of product in each case, the amounts of cosmetic, dermatological or medicinal carrier substances and perfume to be used in each case can be readily determined by the person skilled in the art by simple exploratory experiments.  
           [0081]    Preparations for the treatment and care of the skin are particularly preferred.  
           [0082]    For use, the cosmetic and dermatological preparations according to the invention are applied to the skin and/or the hair in a sufficient amount in the manner customary for cosmetics.  
           [0083]    Cosmetic and dermatological preparations according to the invention may exist in a variety of forms. Thus, for example, they may be a solution, an anhydrous preparation, an emulsion or microemulsion of the water-in-oil (W/O) type or of the oil-in-water (O/W) type, a multiple emulsion, for example of the water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) type, a gel, a solid stick, an ointment or also an aerosol. It is also advantageous to administer the active ingredients according to the invention in encapsulated form, e.g. in collagen matrices and other customary encapsulation materials, e.g. as cellulose encapsulations, in gelatin, wax matrices or liposomally encapsulated.  
           [0084]    It is also possible and advantageous for the purposes of the present invention to incorporate the active ingredients according to the invention into aqueous systems or surfactant preparations for cleansing the skin and the hair.  
           [0085]    In particular, the cosmetic and dermatological preparations according to the invention may also comprise antioxidants. According to the invention, favorable antioxidants which may be used are all the antioxidants which are suitable or customary for cosmetic and/or dermatological uses.  
           [0086]    The antioxidants are advantageously chosen from the group consisting of amino acids (for example glycine, histidine, tyrosine, tryptophan) and derivatives thereof, imidazoles (for example urocanic acid) and derivatives thereof, peptides such as D,L-carnosine, D-carnosine, L-carnosine and derivatives thereof (for example anserine), carotenoids, carotenes (for example α-carotene, β-carotene, γ-lycopene) and derivatives thereof, chlorogenic acid and derivatives thereof, lipoic acid and derivatives thereof (for example dihydrolipoic acid), aurothioglucose, propylthiouracil and other thiols (for example thioredoxin, glutathione, cysteine, cystine, cystamine and the glycosyl, N-acetyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, amyl, butyl and lauryl, palmitoyl, oleyl, γ-linoleyl, cholesteryl and glyceryl esters thereof) and salts thereof, dilauryl thiodipropionate, distearyl thiodipropionate, thiodipropionic acid and derivatives thereof (esters, ethers, peptides, lipids, nucleotides, nucleosides and salts) and sulfoximine compounds (for example buthionine sulfoximines, homocysteine sulfoximine, buthionine sulfones, penta-, hexa- and hepta-thionine sulfoximine) in very low tolerated doses (for example pmol to μmol/kg), and furthermore (metal) chelating agents (for example α-hydroxy-fatty acids, palmitic acid, phytic acid, lactoferrin), α-hydroxy acids (for example citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid), humic acid, bile acid, bile extracts, bilirubin, biliverdin, EDTA, EGTA and derivatives thereof, unsaturated fatty acids and derivatives thereof (for example γ-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid), folic acid and derivatives thereof, ubiquinone and ubiquinol and derivatives thereof, vitamin C and derivatives (for example ascorbyl palmitate, Mg ascorbyl phosphate, ascorbyl acetate), tocopherols and derivatives (for example vitamin E acetate), vitamin A and derivatives (vitamin A palmitate) and coniferyl benzoate of benzoin resin, rutic acid and derivatives thereof, α-glycosylrutin, ferulic acid, furfurylideneglucitol, carnosine, butylhydroxytoluene, butylhydroxyanisole, nordihydroguaiacic acid, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, trihydroxybutyrophenone, uric acid and derivatives thereof, mannose and derivatives thereof, zinc and derivatives thereof (for example ZnO, ZnSO 4 ), selenium and derivatives thereof (for example selenomethionine), stilbenes and derivatives thereof (for example stilbene oxide, trans-stilbene oxide) and the derivatives of these active ingredients mentioned which are suitable according to the invention (salts, esters, ethers, sugars, nucleotides, nucleosides, peptides and lipids).  
           [0087]    The amount of the abovementioned antioxidants (one or more compounds) in the preparations according to the invention is preferably from 0.001 to 30% by weight, particularly preferably 0.05-20% by weight, in particular 1-10% by weight, based on the total weight of the preparation.  
           [0088]    If vitamin E and/or derivatives thereof is or are the antioxidant or antioxidants, it is advantageous to choose the respective concentrations thereof from the range 0.001-10% by weight, based on the total weight of the formulation.  
           [0089]    If vitamin A or vitamin A derivatives or carotenes or derivatives thereof is or are the antioxidant or antioxidants, it is advantageous to choose the respective concentrations thereof from the range 0.001-10% by weight, based on the total weight of the formulation.  
           [0090]    Emulsions according to the invention are advantageous and comprise, for example, said fats, oils, waxes and other fatty substances, and also water and an emulsifier, as is customarily used for this type of formulation.  
           [0091]    The lipid phase can advantageously be chosen from the following group of substances:  
           [0092]    mineral oils, mineral waxes;  
           [0093]    oils, such as triglycerides of capric or of caprylic acid, also natural oils such as, for example, castor oil;  
           [0094]    fats, waxes and other natural and synthetic fatty substances, preferably esters of fatty acids with alcohols of low carbon number, for example with isopropanol, propylene glycol or glycerol, or esters of fatty alcohols with alkanoic acids of low carbon number or with fatty acids;  
           [0095]    alkyl benzoates;  
           [0096]    silicone oils, such as dimethylpolysiloxanes, diethylpolysiloxanes, diphenylpolysiloxanes and mixed forms thereof.  
           [0097]    For the purposes of the present invention, the oil phase of the emulsions, oleogels and hydrodispersions or lipodispersions is advantageously chosen from the group of esters of saturated and/or unsaturated, branched and/or unbranched alkanecarboxylic acids having a chain length of from 3 to 30 carbon atoms and saturated and/or unsaturated, branched and/or unbranched alcohols having a chain length of from 3 to 30 carbon atoms, from the group of esters of aromatic carboxylic acids and saturated and/or unsaturated, branched and/or unbranched alcohols having a chain length of from 3 to 30 carbon atoms. Such ester oils can then be advantageously chosen from the group consisting of isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl stearate, isopropyl oleate, n-butyl stearate, n-hexyl laurate, n-decyl oleate, isooctyl stearate, isononyl stearate, isononyl isononanoate, 2-ethylhexyl palmitate, 2-ethylhexyl laurate, 2-hexyldecyl stearate, 2-octyldodecyl palmitate, oleyl oleate, oleyl erucate, erucyl oleate, erucyl erucate and synthetic, semi-synthetic and natural mixtures of such esters, e.g. jojoba oil.  
           [0098]    The oil phase can also advantageously be chosen from the group of branched and unbranched hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon waxes, silicone oils, dialkyl ethers, from the group of saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched alcohols, and also fatty acid triglycerides, namely the triglycerol esters of saturated and/or unsaturated, branched and/or unbranched alkanecarboxylic acids having a chain length of from 8 to 24, in particular 12-18, carbon atoms. The fatty acid triglycerides can advantageously be chosen, for example, from the group of synthetic, semi-synthetic and natural oils, e.g. olive oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, groundnut oil, rapeseed oil, almond oil, palm oil, coconut oil, palm kernel oil and the like.  
           [0099]    For the purposes of the present invention, any mixtures of such oil and wax components can also advantageously be used. When required, it may also be advantageous to use waxes, for example cetyl palmitate, as the sole lipid component of the oil phase.  
           [0100]    The oil phase is advantageously chosen from the group consisting of 2-ethylhexyl isostearate, octyldodecanol, isotridecyl isononanoate, isoeicosane, 2-ethylhexyl cocoate, C 12 -C 15 -alkyl benzoate, caprylic/capric triglyceride and dicaprylyl ether.  
           [0101]    Mixtures of C 12 -C 15 -alkyl benzoate and 2-ethylhexyl isostearate, mixtures of C 12 -C 15 -alkyl benzoate and isotridecyl isononanoate and mixtures of C 12 -C 15 -alkyl benzoate, 2-ethylhexyl isostearate and isotridecyl isononanoate are particularly advantageous.  
           [0102]    For the purposes of the present invention, of the hydrocarbons, paraffin oil, squalane and squalene can advantageously be used.  
           [0103]    The oil phase can advantageously also contain cyclic or linear silicone oils or can consist entirely of such oils, although it is preferable to use an additional content of other oil phase components in addition to the silicone oil or silicone oils.  
           [0104]    Cyclomethicone (octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane) is advantageously used as the silicone oil to be used according to the invention. However, other silicone oils can also be advantageously used for the purposes of the present invention, for example hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, polydimethylsiloxane, poly(methylphenylsiloxane).  
           [0105]    Mixtures of cyclomethicone and isotridecyl isononanoate and mixtures of cyclomethicone and 2-ethylhexyl isostearate are particularly advantageous.  
           [0106]    Advantageous emulsifiers are, for example, glyceryl stearate in a mixture with ceteareth-20; sorbitan stearate; sorbitan oleate; ceteareth-25; ceteareth-6 in a mixture with stearyl alcohol; cetylstearyl alcohol in a mixture with PEG-40 castor oil and sodium cetylstearyl sulfate; triceteareth-4 phosphate; glyceryl stearate; sodium cetylstearyl sulfate; lecithin; trilaureth-4 phosphate; laureth-4 phosphate; stearic acid; propylene glycol stearate SE; PEG-25 hydrogenated castor oil; PEG-54 hydrogenated castor oil; PEG-6 caprylic/capric glycerides; sorbitan stearate; glyceryl oleate in a mixture with propylene glycol; PEG-9 stearate; glyceryl lanolate; ceteth-2; ceteth-20; polysorbate 60; lanolin; glyceryl stearate in a mixture with PEG-100 stearate; glyceryl myristate; microcrystalline wax (Cera microcristallina) in a mixture with paraffin oil (Paraffinum liquidum), ozokerite, hydrogenated castor oil, glyceryl isostearate and polyglyceryl-3 oleate; glyceryl laurate, PEG-40 sorbitan peroleate; laureth-4; ceteareth-3; wool wax acid mixtures; isostearyl glyceryl ether; cetylstearyl alcohol in a mixture with sodium cetylstearyl sulfate; wool wax alcohol mixtures; laureth-23; steareth-2; glyceryl stearate in a mixture with PEG-30 stearate; PEG-40 stearate; glycol distearate; PEG-22 dodecyl glycol copolymer; polyglyceryl-2 PEG-4 stearate; pentaerythrithyl isostearate; polyglyceryl-3 diisostearate; ceteareth-20; sorbitan oleate in a mixture with hydrogenated castor oil, beeswax (Cera alba) and stearic acid; sodium dihydroxycetylphosphate in a mixture with isopropyl hydroxycetyl ether; methylglucose sesquistearate; steareth-10; PEG-20 stearate; steareth-2 in a mixture with PEG-8 distearate; steareth-21; steareth-20; isosteareth-20; methylglucose dioleate; PEG-7 hydrogenated castor oil; sorbitan oleate in a mixture with PEG-2 hydrogenated castor oil, ozokerite and hydrogenated castor oil; sorbitan isostearate in a mixture with PEG-2 hydrogenated castor oil, ozokerite and hydrogenated castor oil; PEG-45/dodecyl glycol copolymer; methoxy-PEG-22/dodecyl glycol copolymer; hydrogenated coconut fatty acid glycerides; polyglyceryl-4 isostearate; PEG-40 sorbitan peroleate; PEG-40 sorbitan perisostearate; PEG-20 glyceryl stearate; PEG-20-glyceryl stearate; PEG-8 beeswax; laurylmethicone copolyol; cetyldimethicone copolyol; polyglyceryl-2 laurate; isostearyl diglyceryl succinate; stearamidopropyl PG dimonium chloride phosphate; PEG-7 hydrogenated castor oil; glyceryl stearate, ceteth-20; triethyl citrate; PEG-20 methylglucose sesquistearate; ceteareth-12; paraffin oil (Paraffinum liquidum); glyceryl stearate citrate; cetyl phosphate; sorbitan sesquioleate; acrylate/C 10-30 -alkyl acrylate crosspolymer; sorbitan isostearate; methylglucose sesquistearate; triceteareth-4 phosphate; trilaureth-4 phosphate; polyglyceryl methylglucose distearate; poloxamer 101; potassium cetyl phosphate; isosteareth-10; polyglyceryl-2 sesquiisostearate; ceteth-10; polyglyceryl-2 dipolyhydroxystearate; oleth-20; isoceteth-20; glyceryl isostearate; polyglyceryl-3 diisostearate; glyceryl stearate in a mixture with ceteareth-20, ceteareth-12, cetylstearyl alcohol and cetyl palmitate; cetylstearyl alcohol in a mixture with PEG-20 stearate; glyceryl stearate; PEG-30 stearate.  
           [0107]    If appropriate, the aqueous phase of the preparations according to the invention advantageously comprises alcohols, diols or polyols of low carbon number and ethers thereof, preferably ethanol, isopropanol, propylene glycol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monoethyl or monobutyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl, monoethyl or monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl or monoethyl ether and analogous products, also alcohols of low carbon number, for example ethanol, isopropanol, 1,2-propanediol and glycerol, and, in particular, one or more thickeners, which can advantageously be chosen from the group consisting of silicon dioxide, aluminum silicates, polysaccharides and derivatives thereof, for example hyaluronic acid, xanthan gum and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, particularly advantageously from the group consisting of polyacrylates, preferably a polyacrylate from the group consisting of Carbopols, for example Carbopols of types 980, 981, 1382, 2984 and 5984, in each case individually or in combination.  
           [0108]    In particular, mixtures of the abovementioned solvents are used. In the case of alcoholic solvents, water may be a further constituent.  
           [0109]    Emulsions according to the invention are advantageous and comprise, for example, said fats, oils, waxes and other fatty substances, and also water and an emulsifier, as is customarily used for this type of formulation.  
           [0110]    Gels according to the invention customarily comprise alcohols of low carbon number, for example ethanol, isopropanol, 1,2-propanediol, glycerol, and water and/or an abovementioned oil in the presence of a thickener which, in the case of oily-alcoholic gels, is preferably silicon dioxide or an aluminum silicate, and in the case of aqueous-alcoholic or alcoholic gels, is preferably a polyacrylate.  
           [0111]    Suitable propellants for preparations according to the invention which can be sprayed from aerosol containers are the customary known, readily volatile, liquefied propellants, for example hydrocarbons (propane, butane, isobutane), which may be used alone or in mixtures with one another. Compressed air can also be used advantageously.  
           [0112]    Preparations according to the invention can advantageously also comprise substances which absorb UV radiation in the UVB region, the total amount of filter substances being, for example, 0.1% by weight to 30% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 10% by weight, in particular 1.0 to 6.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the preparations, in order to provide cosmetic formulations which protect the hair or skin from the entire range of ultraviolet radiation. They can also be used as sunscreen compositions for hair or skin.  
           [0113]    If the preparations according to the invention comprise UVB filter substances, these may be oil-soluble or water-soluble. Inventively advantageous oil-soluble UVB filters are, for example:  
           [0114]    3-benzylidenecamphor derivatives, preferably 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)camphor and 3-benzylidenecamphor;  
           [0115]    4-aminobenzoic acid derivatives, preferably 2-ethylhexyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate and amyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate;  
           [0116]    esters of cinnamic acid, preferably 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate and isopentyl 4-methoxycinnamate;  
           [0117]    esters of salicylic acid, preferably 2-ethylhexyl salicylate, 4-isopropylbenzyl salicylate and homomenthyl salicylate,  
           [0118]    derivatives of benzophenone, preferably 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4′-methylbenzophenone and 2,2′-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone;  
           [0119]    esters of benzalmalonic acid, preferably di(2-ethylhexyl) 4-methoxybenzalmalonate and  
           [0120]    2,4,6-tris(p-2-ethylhexoxycarbonylanilino)-1, 3,5-triazine.  
           [0121]    Advantageous water-soluble UVB filters are, for example:  
           [0122]    salts of 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid, such as its sodium, potassium or its triethanolammonium salt, and the sulfonic acid itself;  
           [0123]    sulfonic acid derivatives of benzophenones, preferably 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5-sulfonic acid and its salts;  
           [0124]    sulfonic acid derivatives of 3-benzylidenecamphor, such as, for example, 4-(2-oxo-3-bornylidenemethyl)benzenesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-5-(2-oxo-3-bornylidenemethyl)sulfonic acid and their salts, and also 1,4-di(2-oxo-10-sulfo-3-bornylidenemethyl)benzene and its salts (the corresponding 10-sulfato compounds, for example the corresponding sodium, potassium or triethanolammonium salt) also referred to as benzene-1,4-di(2-oxo-3-bornylidenemethyl)-10-sulfonic acid.  
           [0125]    The list of said UVB filters which can be used in combination with the active ingredient combinations according to the invention is not of course intended to be limiting.  
           [0126]    The invention also provides for the use of a combination of the active ingredient combinations used according to the invention with at least one UVB filter as an antioxidant and for the use of a combination of the active ingredient combinations used according to the invention with at least one UVB filter as an antioxidant in a cosmetic or dermatological preparation.  
           [0127]    It may also be advantageous to combine the active ingredient combinations used according to the invention with UVA filters which have to date customarily been present in cosmetic preparations. These substances are preferably derivatives of dibenzoylmethane, in particular 1-(4′-tert-butylphenyl)-3-(4′-methoxyphenyl)propane-1,3-dione and 1-phenyl-3-(4′-isopropylphenyl)propane-1,3-dione. These combinations and preparations comprising these combinations are also provided by the invention. The amounts which may be used are as for the UVB combination.  
           [0128]    The invention also provides for the use of a combination of active ingredient combinations used in accordance with the invention with at least one UVA filter as antioxidant, and the use of a combination of the active ingredient combinations according to the invention with at least one UVA filter as antioxidant in a cosmetic or dermatological preparation.  
           [0129]    The invention also provides for the use of a combination of active ingredient combinations used in accordance with the invention with at least one UVA filter and at least one UVB filter as antioxidant, and the use of a combination of active ingredient combinations with at least one UVA filter and at least one UVB filter as antioxidant in a cosmetic or dermatological preparation.  
           [0130]    Cosmetic and dermatological preparations having an effective content of active ingredient combinations used according to the invention can also comprise inorganic pigments which are normally used in cosmetics for protecting the skin against UV rays. These are oxides of titanium, zinc, zirconium, silicon, manganese, cerium and mixtures thereof, and modifications in which the oxides are the active agents. Particular preference is given to pigments based on titanium dioxide.  
           [0131]    These combinations of UVA filter and pigment and preparations which comprise this combination are also provided by the invention. The quantities which may be used are as stated for the aforementioned combinations.  
           [0132]    Cosmetic and dermatological preparations for protection of the hair against UV rays according to the invention are, for example, shampoos, preparations which are applied during rinsing of the hair before or after shampooing, before or after permanent wave treatment, before or after coloring or bleaching the hair, preparations for blow-drying or arranging the hair, preparations for coloring or bleaching, styling and treatment lotion, a hair spray or a permanent waving composition.  
           [0133]    The cosmetic and dermatological preparations comprise active ingredients and auxiliaries, as are customarily used for this type of preparation for haircare and hair treatment. Auxiliaries which can be used are preservatives, surface-active substances, antifoams, thickeners, emulsifiers, fats, oils, waxes, organic solvents, bactericides, perfumes, dyes or pigments whose task is to color the hair or the cosmetic or dermatological preparation itself, electrolytes and substances to counter the greasiness of hair.  
           [0134]    For the purposes of the present invention, electrolytes are understood as meaning water-soluble alkali metal, ammonium, alkaline earth metal (including magnesium) and zinc salts of inorganic anions and any mixtures of such salts, where it must be ensured that these salts are characterized by pharmaceutical or cosmetic acceptability.  
           [0135]    The anions according to the invention are preferably chosen from the group of chlorides, sulfates and hydrogensulfates, phosphates, hydrogenphosphates and linear and cyclic oligophosphates, and carbonates and hydrogencarbonates.  
           [0136]    Cosmetic preparations which are in the form of a skin-cleansing composition or shampoo preferably comprise at least one anionic, nonionic or amphoteric surface-active substance, or else mixtures of such substances, the active ingredient combinations used according to the invention in an aqueous medium and auxiliaries as are customarily used for this purpose. The surface-active substance or the mixtures of these substances may be present in the shampoo in a concentration between 1% by weight and 50% by weight.  
           [0137]    If the cosmetic or dermatological preparations are in the form of a lotion which is rinsed out and applied, for example, before or after bleaching, before or after shampooing, between two shampooing steps, before or after a permanent waving treatment, then they are, for example, aqueous or aqueous-alcoholic solutions which optionally comprise surface-active substances, the concentration of which can be between 0.1 and 10% by weight, preferably between 0.2 and 5% by weight.  
           [0138]    These cosmetic or dermatological preparations can also be aerosols with auxiliaries customarily used for this purpose.  
           [0139]    A cosmetic preparation in the form of a lotion which is not rinsed out, in particular a lotion for arranging the hair, a lotion which is used during blow-drying of the hair, a styling and treatment lotion, is generally an aqueous, alcoholic or aqueous-alcoholic solution and comprises at least one cationic, anionic, nonionic or amphoteric polymer or else mixtures thereof, and also active ingredient combinations used according to the invention in effective concentration. The amount of polymers used is, for example, between 0.1 and 10% by weight, preferably between 0.1 and 3% by weight.  
           [0140]    Cosmetic preparations for the treatment and care of the hair which contain the active ingredient combinations used according to the invention can be in the form of emulsions which are of the nonionic or anionic type. Nonionic emulsions contain, in addition to water, oils or fatty alcohols which may, for example, also be polyethoxylated or polypropoxylated, or else mixtures of the two organic components. These emulsions optionally comprise cationic surface-active substances.  
           [0141]    According to the invention, cosmetic preparations for the treatment and care of hair may be in the form of gels which, as well as comprising an effective content of active ingredients according to the invention and optionally solvents customarily used for this purpose, preferably water, also comprise organic thickeners, e.g. gum arabic, xanthan gum, sodium alginate, cellulose derivatives, preferably methylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose or inorganic thickeners, e.g. aluminum silicates, such as, for example, bentonites, or a mixture of polyethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol stearate or distearate. The thickener is present in the gel, for example, in an amount between 0.1 and 30% by weight, preferably between 0.5 and 15% by weight.  
           [0142]    Preferably, the amount of active ingredients according to the invention in a composition intended for hair is 0.05% by weight to 10% by weight, in particular 0.5% by weight to 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.  
           [0143]    Aqueous cosmetic cleansing compositions according to the invention or low-water or anhydrous cleanser concentrates intended for aqueous cleansing can comprise anionic, nonionic and/or amphoteric surfactants.  
           [0144]    Surfactants are amphiphilic substances which can dissolve organic nonpolar substances in water. As a result of their specific molecular structure having at least one hydrophilic molecular moiety and one hydrophobic molecular moiety, they are able to reduce the surface tension of the water, wet the skin, facilitate the removal and dissolution of soiling, facilitate rinsing and, if desired, control foaming.  
           [0145]    The hydrophilic moieties of a surfactant molecule are mostly polar functional groups, for example —COO − , —OSO 3   2− , —SO 3   − , while the hydrophobic moieties are usually nonpolar hydrocarbon radicals. Surfactants are generally classified according to the type and charge of the hydrophilic molecular moiety. In this connection, it is possible to differentiate between four groups:  
           [0146]    anionic surfactants,  
           [0147]    cationic surfactants,  
           [0148]    amphoteric surfactants and  
           [0149]    nonionic surfactants.  
           [0150]    Anionic surfactants usually have, as functional groups, carboxylate, sulfate or sulfonate groups. In aqueous solution, they form negatively charged organic ions in acidic or neutral medium. Cationic surfactants are characterized almost exclusively by the presence of a quaternary ammonium group. In aqueous solution, they form positively charged organic ions in acidic or neutral medium. Amphoteric surfactants contain both anionic and cationic groups and accordingly in aqueous solution exhibit the behavior of anionic or cationic surfactants depending on the pH. In strongly acidic medium, they have a positive charge, and in alkaline medium a negative charge. By contrast, in the neutral pH range, they are zwitterionic, as the example below serves to illustrate:  
           [0151]    RNH 2   + CH 2 CH 2 COOH X −  (at pH=2) X − =any anion, e.g. Cl −   
           [0152]    RNH 2   + CH 2 CH 2 COO −  (at pH=7)  
           [0153]    RNHCH 2 CH 2 COO −  B +  (at pH=12) B + =any cation, e.g. Na+ 
           [0154]    Polyether chains are typical of nonionic surfactants. Nonionic surfactants do not form ions in an aqueous medium.  
           [0155]    A. Anionic Surfactants  
           [0156]    Anionic surfactants which can be used advantageously are acylamino acids (and salts thereof), such as  
           [0157]    1. acyl glutamates, for example sodium acyl glutamate, di-TEA-palmitoyl aspartate and sodium caprylic/capric glutamate,  
           [0158]    2. acylpeptides, for example palmitoyl-hydrolyzed milk protein, sodium cocoyl-hydrolyzed soya protein and sodium/potassium cocoyl-hydrolyzed collagen,  
           [0159]    3. sarcosinates, for example myristoyl sarcosinate, TEA-lauroyl sarcosinate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate and sodium cocoyl sarcosinate,  
           [0160]    4. taurates, for example sodium lauroyl taurate and sodium methylcocoyl taurate,  
           [0161]    5. acyl lactylates, lauroyl lactylate, caproyl lactylate  
           [0162]    6. alaninates  
           [0163]    carboxylic acids and derivatives, such as  
           [0164]    1. carboxylic acids, for example lauric acid, aluminum stearate, magnesium alkanolate and zinc undecylenate,  
           [0165]    2. ester carboxylic acids, for example calcium stearoyl lactylate, laureth-6 citrate and sodium PEG-4 lauramide carboxylate,  
           [0166]    3. ether carboxylic acids, for example sodium laureth-13 carboxylate and sodium PEG-6 cocamide carboxylate,  
           [0167]    phosphoric esters and salts, such as, for example, DEA-oleth-10 phosphate and dilaureth-4 phosphate,  
           [0168]    sulfonic acids and salts, such as  
           [0169]    1. acyl isethionates, e.g. sodium/ammoniumcocoyl isethionate,  
           [0170]    2. alkylarylsulfonates,  
           [0171]    3. alkylsulfonates, for example sodium cocomonoglyceride sulfate, sodium C 12-14 -olefin sulfonate, sodium lauryl sulfoacetate and magnesium PEG-3 cocamide sulfate,  
           [0172]    4. sulfosuccinates, for example dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, disodium laureth sulfosuccinate, disodium lauryl sulfosuccinate and disodium undecyleneamido-MEA sulfosuccinate and  
           [0173]    sulfuric esters, such as  
           [0174]    1. alkyl ether sulfates, for example sodium, ammonium, magnesium, MIPA, TIPA laureth sulfate, sodium myreth sulfate and sodium C 12-13  pareth sulfate,  
           [0175]    2. alkyl sulfates, for example sodium, ammonium and TEA lauryl sulfate.  
           [0176]    B. Cationic Surfactants  
           [0177]    Cationic surfactants which can be used advantageously are  
           [0178]    1. alkylamines,  
           [0179]    2. alkylimidazoles,  
           [0180]    3. ethoxylated amines and  
           [0181]    4. quaternary surfactants,  
           [0182]    5. ester quats  
           [0183]    Quaternary surfactants contain at least one N atom which is covalently bonded to 4 alkyl and/or aryl groups. Irrespective of the pH, this leads to a positive charge. Alkylbetaine, alkylamidopropylbetaine and alkylamidopropylhydroxysultaine are advantageous quarternary surfactants. The cationic surfactants used according to the invention can also preferably be chosen from the group of quaternary ammonium compounds, in particular benzyltrialkylammonium chlorides or bromides, such as, for example, benzyldimethylstearylammonium chloride, and also alkyltrialkylammonium salts, for example cetyltrimethylammonium chloride or bromide, alkyldimethylhydroxyethylammonium chlorides or bromides, dialkyldimethylammonium chlorides or bromides, alkylamidoethyltrimethylammonium ether sulfates, alkylpyridinium salts, for example lauryl- or cetylpyridinium chloride, imidazoline derivatives and compounds having cationic character, such as amine oxides, for example alkyldimethylamine oxides or alkylaminoethyldimethylamine oxides. In particular the use of cetyltrimethylammonium salts is advantageous.  
           [0184]    C. Amphoteric Surfactants  
           [0185]    Amphoteric surfactants which can be used advantageously are  
           [0186]    1. acyl/dialkylethylenediamine, for example sodium acyl amphoacetate, disodium acyl amphodipropionate, disodium alkyl amphodiacetate, sodium acyl amphohydroxypropylsulfonate, disodium acyl amphodiacetate and sodium acyl amphopropionate,  
           [0187]    2. N-alkylamino acids, for example aminopropylalkylglutamide, alkylaminopropionic acid, sodium alkylimidodipropionate and lauroamphocarboxyglycinate.  
           [0188]    D. Nonionic Surfactants  
           [0189]    Nonionic surfactants which can be used advantageously are  
           [0190]    1. alcohols,  
           [0191]    2. alkanolamides, such as cocamides MEA/DEA/MIPA,  
           [0192]    3. amine oxides, such as cocoamidopropylamine oxide,  
           [0193]    4. esters which are formed by esterification of carboxylic acids with ethylene oxide, glycerol, sorbitol or other alcohols,  
           [0194]    5. ethers, for example ethoxylated/propoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated/propoxylated esters, ethoxylated/propoxylated glycerol esters, ethoxylated/propoxylated cholesterols, ethoxylated/propoxylated triglyceride esters, ethoxylated/propoxylated lanolin, ethoxylated/propoxylated polysiloxanes, propoxylated POE ethers and alkyl polyglycosides, such as lauryl glucoside, decyl glycoside and cocoglycoside.  
           [0195]    6. sucrose esters, sucrose ethers  
           [0196]    7 polyglycerol esters, diglycerol esters, monoglycerol esters  
           [0197]    8. methylglucose esters, esters of hydroxy acids  
           [0198]    Also advantageous is the use of a combination of anionic and/or amphoteric surfactants with one or more nonionic surfactants.  
           [0199]    Cosmetic preparations which are in the form of cosmetic cleansing preparations for the skin may be in liquid or solid form. As well as comprising active ingredient combinations used in accordance with the invention, they preferably comprise at least one anionic, nonionic or amphoteric surface-active substance or mixtures thereof, if desired one or more electrolytes and auxiliaries as are customarily used for this purpose. The surface-active substance can be present in the cleansing preparations in a concentration between 1 and 94% by weight, based on the total weight of the preparations.  
           [0200]    Cosmetic preparations which are in the form of a shampoo comprise, in addition to an effective content of active ingredient combinations, preferably at least one anionic, nonionic or amphoteric surface-active substance or mixtures thereof, optionally an electrolyte according to the invention and auxiliaries as are customarily used therefor. The surface-active substance can be present in the shampoo in a concentration between 1% by weight and 94% by weight.  
           [0201]    Apart from the abovementioned surfactants, the compositions according to the invention comprise water and optionally the additives customary in cosmetics, for example perfume, thickeners, dyes, deodorants, antimicrobial substances, refatting agents, complexing agents and sequestering agents, pearlescent agents, plant extracts, vitamins, active ingredients and the like.  
           [0202]    It is preferred according to the invention to add those active ingredient combinations comprising complexing agents to the active ingredient combinations used according to the invention or cosmetic or dermatological preparations.  
           [0203]    Complexing agents are auxiliaries of cosmetology and of medicinal pharmaceutical technology which are known per se. By complexing undesired metals such as Mn, Fe, Cu and others, it is possible, for example, to prevent undesired chemical reactions in cosmetic or dermatological preparations.  
           [0204]    The present invention likewise also covers a method of protecting cosmetic or dermatological preparations against oxidation or photooxidation where these preparations are, for example, preparations for the treatment and care of the hair, in particular hair colorants, hair lacquers, shampoos, color shampoos, and also make-up products, such as, for example, nail varnishes, lipsticks, foundations, washing and shower preparations, creams for the treatment or care of the skin or all other cosmetic preparations whose constituents may be associated with stability problems because of oxidation or photooxidation during storage, which comprises the cosmetic preparations having an effective content of active ingredient combinations used according to the invention.  
           [0205]    The amount of active ingredient combinations used according to the invention in these preparations is preferably 0.01-10% by weight, preferably 0.05-5% by weight, in particular 0.1-2.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the preparations.  
           [0206]    The invention also provides the process for the preparation of the cosmetic compositions according to the invention, which comprises incorporating active ingredient combinations according to the invention into cosmetic and dermatological formulations in a manner known per se.  
           [0207]    The examples below serve to illustrate the present invention without limiting it. Unless stated otherwise, all amounts, proportions and percentages are based on the weight and the total amount or on the total weight of the preparations.  
       
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
       [0208]    [0208]                                                                 Protection cream   % by wt.                                        Lanolin   10.00           Paraffinum liquidum   10.00           Na 2 HPO 4     1.00           Tribehenin   5.00           Cyclomethicone   2.00           Talc   2.00           Arginine   1.00           Aluminum stearate   q.s.           Perfume   q.s.           Panthenol   q.s.           Cera microcristallina, Paraffinum   ad 100.00           liquidum                        
       EXAMPLE 2 
       [0209]    [0209]                                                                 Protection cream   % by wt.                                        Lanolin   10.00           Paraffinum liquidum   10.00           ZnO   5.00           Tribehenin   5.00           Cyclomethicone   2.00           Talc   2.00           Na 2 HPO 4     1.00           Perfume   q.s.           Aluminum stearate   q.s.           Panthenol   q.s.           Cera microcristallina, Paraffinum   ad 100.00           liquidum                        
       EXAMPLE 3 
       [0210]    [0210]                                                                 Bottom protection ointment   % by wt.                                        Cera microcristallina, Paraffinum   42.50           liquidum           Tannic acid   5.00           Lanolin   15.00           Talc   10.00           Polyglyceryl-3 diisostearate   1.50           Na 2 HPO 4     1.00           Octoxyglycerol   0.75           Perfume, preservative   q.s.           Bisabolol   q.s.           Water   ad 100.00                        
       EXAMPLE 4 
       [0211]    [0211]                                                                 Bottom protection ointment   % by wt.                                        Cera microcristallina, Paraffinum   42.500           liquidum           Polyphosphate   5.000           Lanolin   15.000           Talc   10.000           Polyglyceryl-3 diisostearate   1.500           Arginine   1.000           Octoxyglycerol   0.750           Perfume, preservative   q.s.           Bisabolol   q.s.           Water   ad 100.00                        
       EXAMPLE 5 
       [0212]    [0212]                                                                 Wound care cream   % by wt.                                        Cera microcristallina, Paraffinum   44.00           liquidum           Na 2 HPO 4     2.00           Polyglyceryl-2 dipolyhydroxystearate   4.00           Polyglyceryl-3 diisostearate   3.00           Arginine   1.00           Carbopol   0.50           Perfume, preservative   q.s.           Water   ad 100.00                        
       EXAMPLE 6 
       [0213]    [0213]                                                                 Presun cream   % by wt.                                        Paraffinum liquidum   5.00           Butylene glycol   3.00           Stearic acid   2.50           Cera microcristallina, Paraffinum   2.00           liquidum           Stearyl alcohol   1.50           Cetyl alcohol   1.50           Glyceryl stearate   1.20           Na 2 HPO 4     1.00           Hydrogenated coconut fatty acid   1.00           glycerides           Dimethicone   0.75           Carbomer   q.s.           Perfume, preservative   q.s.           Water   ad 100.00                        
       EXAMPLE 7 
       [0214]    [0214]                                                                 Care cream   % by wt.                                        Paraffinum liquidum   5.00           Butylene glycol   3.00           Stearic acid   2.50           Cera microcristallina, Paraffinum   2.00           liquidum           Stearyl alcohol   1.50           Cetyl alcohol   1.50           Glyceryl stearate   1.20           Na 2 HPO 4     2.00           Hydrogenated coconut fatty acid   1.00           glycerides           Dimethicone   0.75           Carbomer   q.s.           Perfume   q.s.           Water   ad 100.00                        
       EXAMPLE 8 
       [0215]    [0215]                                                                 Basis cream for active ingredients to be               supplied transdermally   % by wt.                                        Paraffinum liquidum   5.50           Glycerol   5.00           Caprylic/capric triglycerides   5.00           Butylene glycol   3.00           Cera microcristallina, Paraffinum   3.00           liquidum           Octyldodecanol   2.00           Cyclomethicone   2.00           Dimethicone   2.00           Glyceryl stearate citrate   2.00           Cetylstearyl alcohol   2.00           L-Ornithine   1.00           Panthenol   0.50           Perfume, preservative   q.s.           Ca lactate   3.00           Water   ad 100.00                        
       EXAMPLE 9 
       [0216]    [0216]                                                                 Corn cream   % by wt.                                        Paraffinum liquidum   5.50           Glycerol   5.00           Caprylic/capric triglycerides   5.00           Butylene glycol   3.00           Cera microcristallina, Paraffinum   3.00           liquidum           Octyldodecanol   2.00           Cyclomethicone   2.00           Dimethicone   2.00           Cetylstearyl alcohol   2.00           Panthenol   0.50           Perfume, preservative   q.s.           Ca acetate   3.00           Water   ad 100.00                        
       Example 10 
       [0217]    [0217]                                                                 Antistinging stick   % by wt.                                        Cyclomethicone   5.00           Butylene glycol   5.00           Polyethylene glycol-20 stearyl ether   2.00           Na 2 HPO 4 /NaH 2 PO 4     3.00           Silica dimethyl silylate   1.00           Hydrogenated lecithin   1.00           Myristyl alcohol   1.00           Acrylate/C 10-30 -alkyl acrylate   0.50           crosspolymer           NaOH   0.40           Retinyl palmitate   0.36           Carbomer   0.30           Xanthan gum   0.20           Glyceryl caprylate   q.s.           Water   ad 100.00