Abstract:
The present invention provides for a system for increasing the production of a compound using an artificial positive feedback loop (APFL). In some embodiments, the system diverts a compound produced in a first metabolic pathway into a second metabolic pathway in order to produce a compound of interest.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority as a continuation application to PCT International Patent application No. PCT/US13/52578, filed Jul. 29, 2013, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/676,811, filed on Jul. 27, 2012, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENTAL SUPPORT 
       [0002]    The invention was made with government support under Contract Nos. DE-AC02-05CH11231 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The government has certain rights in the invention. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The present invention is in the field of gene expression in fungi. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    Plant engineering has led to a technology that enables one skilled on the art to enhance gene expression and metabolic pathways in specific tissues and/or at specific developmental stages (see PCT International Patent Application No.: PCT/US2012/023182, Loqué and Scheller, Spatially Modified Gene Expression in Plants). 
         [0005]    This technology is based on the creation of an artificial positive feedback loop (APFL) and is achieved by inserting in the genome an engineered gene consisting of specific promoter and the encoding sequence of a selected transcription factor. When induced, the APFL allows the over-expression and self-expression maintenance of selected transcription factors and consequently enhances transcription activity of downstream promoters associated to this pathway to higher level than the native control. APFL can also be used to alleviate undesired side-effects caused by the over-expression in non-target cells since it retains spatial expression. 
         [0006]    The since APFL enhances activity of several promoters (promoters belonging to the induced pathway), it means that most of these promoters can be used to engineer a metabolic pathway to be highly expressed at the same time as the “APFL dependent pathway”. 
         [0007]    In fungi, there are several transcriptions factors identified known to induce particular metabolic pathways and so far the over-expression depends on the isolation of strong promoters and the use of high copy plasmids. Unfortunately, approaches using high copy plasmids strategies are rarely very stable and the number of strong promoters with the right expression patterns is also limiting and they are not always transferable between fungi. 
         [0008]    The current approaches use high copy plasmid and/or “strong”/constitutive promoters to express the genes of engineered pathways and transcription factors. In contrast to many other strategies, the “self-over-induction” of transcription factors caused by APFL and the used of induced promoters for the pathway engineering will allow higher yield of target molecules and does not require the use of plasmid and offers higher success for stable overexpression of metabolic pathways. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    The present invention provides for a system for increasing the production of a compound using an artificial positive feedback loop (APFL). The system is a fungal host cell, or a cell-free system comprising, such as a fungal cell extract. In some embodiments, the system diverts a compound produced in a first metabolic pathway into a second metabolic pathway in order to produce a compound of interest. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]    The foregoing aspects and others will be readily appreciated by the skilled artisan from the following description of illustrative embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
           [0011]      FIG. 1  shows the native system/regulation in yeast to produce farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) and ergosterol. 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  shows a conventional overexpression of transcription factors in yeast. The example here is UPC2, a known transcription factor that regulates ergosterol biosynthesis. 
           [0013]      FIG. 3  shows the conventional overexpression with current approach to increase FPP availability in yeast. 
           [0014]      FIG. 4  shows the conventional overexpression with current approach to increase FPP availability in yeast and an engineered pathway to produce a fuel X. 
           [0015]      FIG. 5  shows the APFL approach to increase FPP availability in yeast. 
           [0016]      FIG. 6  shows the APFL approach to increase FPP availability in yeast and a system to produce bisabolene. 
           [0017]      FIG. 7  shows the APFL approach to increase FPP availability in yeast and a system to produce a fuel X. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0018]    Before the invention is described in detail, it is to be understood that, unless otherwise indicated, this invention is not limited to particular sequences, expression vectors, enzymes, host microorganisms, or processes, as such may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for purposes of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. 
         [0019]    In this specification and in the claims that follow, reference will be made to a number of terms that shall be defined to have the following meanings: 
         [0020]    The terms “optional” or “optionally” as used herein mean that the subsequently described feature or structure may or may not be present, or that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where a particular feature or structure is present and instances where the feature or structure is absent, or instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. 
         [0021]    As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to an “expression vector” includes a single expression vector as well as a plurality of expression vectors, either the same (e.g., the same operon) or different; reference to “cell” includes a single cell as well as a plurality of cells; and the like. 
         [0022]    The term “heterologous DNA” as used herein refers to a polymer of nucleic acids wherein at least one of the following is true: (a) the sequence of nucleic acids is foreign to (i.e., not naturally found in) a given host microorganism; (b) the sequence may be naturally found in a given host microorganism, but in an unnatural (e.g., greater than expected) amount; or (c) the sequence of nucleic acids comprises two or more subsequences that are not found in the same relationship to each other in nature. For example, regarding instance (c), a heterologous nucleic acid sequence that is recombinantly produced will have two or more sequences from unrelated genes arranged to make a new functional nucleic acid. Specifically, the present invention describes the introduction of an expression vector into a host microorganism, wherein the expression vector contains a nucleic acid sequence coding for an enzyme that is not normally found in a host microorganism. With reference to the host microorganism&#39;s genome, then, the nucleic acid sequence that codes for the enzyme is heterologous. 
         [0023]    The terms “expression vector” or “vector” refer to a compound and/or composition that transduces, transforms, or infects a host microorganism, thereby causing the cell to express nucleic acids and/or proteins other than those native to the cell, or in a manner not native to the cell. An “expression vector” contains a sequence of nucleic acids (ordinarily RNA or DNA) to be expressed by the host microorganism. Optionally, the expression vector also comprises materials to aid in achieving entry of the nucleic acid into the host microorganism, such as a virus, liposome, protein coating, or the like. The expression vectors contemplated for use in the present invention include those into which a nucleic acid sequence can be inserted, along with any preferred or required operational elements. Further, the expression vector must be one that can be transferred into a host microorganism and replicated therein. Preferred expression vectors are plasmids, particularly those with restriction sites that have been well documented and that contain the operational elements preferred or required for transcription of the nucleic acid sequence. Such plasmids, as well as other expression vectors, are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. 
         [0024]    The term “heterologous” as used herein refers to describe when two elements (such as promoter and an open reading frame (ORF) are not naturally found to be physically or covalently linked to each other, or when a gene or other genetic element is not naturally found in a species of organism. 
         [0025]    The term “native” as used herein refers to describe when two elements (such as promoter and an open reading frame (ORF) are naturally found to be physically or covalently linked to each other, or when a gene or other genetic element is naturally found in a species of organism. 
         [0026]    As used herein, the terms “polynucleotide”, “nucleic acid sequence,” “sequence of nucleic acids,” and variations thereof shall be generic to polydeoxyribonucleotides (containing 2-deoxy-D-ribose), to polyribonucleotides (containing D-ribose), to any other type of polynucleotide that is an N-glycoside of a purine or pyrimidine base, and to other polymers containing nonnucleotidic backbones, provided that the polymers contain nucleobases in a configuration that allows for base pairing and base stacking, as found in DNA and RNA. Thus, these terms include known types of nucleic acid sequence modifications, for example, substitution of one or more of the naturally occurring nucleotides with an analog; intemucleotide modifications, such as, for example, those with uncharged linkages (e.g., methyl phosphonates, phosphotriesters, phosphoramidates, carbamates, etc.), with negatively charged linkages (e.g., phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, etc.), and with positively charged linkages (e.g., arninoalklyphosphoramidates, aminoalkylphosphotriesters); those containing pendant moieties, such as, for example, proteins (including nucleases, toxins, antibodies, signal peptides, poly-L-lysine, etc.); those with intercalators (e.g., acridine, psoralen, etc.); and those containing chelators (e.g., metals, radioactive metals, boron, oxidative metals, etc.). As used herein, the symbols for nucleotides and polynucleotides are those recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Commission of Biochemical Nomenclature ( Biochem.  9:4022, 1970). 
         [0027]    The term “operably linked” refers to a functional linkage between a nucleic acid expression control sequence (such as a promoter) and a second nucleic acid sequence, wherein the expression control sequence directs transcription of the nucleic acid corresponding to the second sequence. 
         [0028]    The term “functional variant” refers to a protein, such as an enzyme or transcription factor, that has an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of the proteins described in this specification or in an incorporated reference. The functional variant retains amino acids residues that are recognized as conserved for the protein. The functional variant may have non-conserved amino acid residues replaced or found to be of a different amino acid, or amino acid(s) inserted or deleted, but which does not affect or has insignificant effect on the enzymatic activity of the functional variant. The functional variant has an enzymatic or biological activity that is identical or essentially identical to the enzymatic or biological activity any one of the proteins described in this specification or in an incorporated reference. The functional variant may be found in nature or be an engineered mutant thereof. The mutant may have one or more amino acids substituted, deleted or inserted, or a combination thereof, as compared to the protein described in this specification or in an incorporated reference. The term “functional variant” can also refer to a nucleotide sequence, such as a promoter, that has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% identical to the nucleotide sequence of any one of the nucleotide sequence, such as a promoter, described in this specification or in an incorporated reference. 
         [0029]    The present invention provides a system for producing a first compound or compound of interest, comprising: (a) a first polynucleotide encoding a fungal transcription factor, or functional variant thereof, operably linked to a first promoter that is induced or activated by the transcription factor, wherein the first promoter is heterologous to the transcription factor, (b) a second polynucleotide encoding a first biosynthetic enzyme operably linked to a second promoter that is induced or activated by the transcription factor, wherein the first biosynthetic enzyme catalyzes a first reaction which produces the first compound from a second compound, and the second promoter is heterologous to the first biosynthetic enzyme, and (c) a third polynucleotide encoding a second biosynthetic enzyme operably linked to a third promoter that is weakly induced (i.e., induced or activated a level lower than the induction or activation of the first and/or second promoters), not induced, or repressed by the transcription factor, wherein the second biosynthetic enzyme catalyzes a second reaction that converts the second compound into a third compound, and the third promoter is heterologous to the second biosynthetic enzyme. The present invention provides a genetically modified yeast host cell comprising the system of the present invention. 
         [0030]    In some embodiments, the first and second promoters have the identical or substantially identical nucleotide sequences. In some embodiments, the second biosynthetic enzyme is native to the host cell, and the host cell has been genetically modified to replace or substitute the native promoter of the second biosynthetic enzyme with the third promoter. In some embodiments, the native promoter of the second biosynthetic enzyme is the first or second promoter. In some embodiments, the host cell has been genetically modified to reduce expression of a biosynthetic enzyme (which is an enzyme in a metabolic pathway) in order to divert the precursor of the biosynthetic enzyme from a first metabolic pathway into a second metabolic pathway in order to produce a compound of interest, wherein optionally the second metabolic pathway is heterologous to the host cell, to yeast, or to eukaryotes. In some embodiments, the second metabolic pathway is derived or obtained from a bacterium. In some embodiments, the first and third polynucleotides are the same polynucleotide, such as a chromosome of the host cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is modified by inserting a polynucleotide heterologous to the host cell comprising in a 5′ to 3′ sequence the following: an open reading frame (ORF) encoding the transcription factor, one or more terminators, a promoter that is weakly induced, not induced, or repressed by the transcription factor, between the native promoter of a biosynthetic enzyme and the ORF of the biosynthetic enzyme on a chromosome of the host cell, such that the native promoter of the biosynthetic enzyme is operatively linked to the ORF) encoding the transcription factor, and the promoter that is weakly induced, not induced, or repressed by the transcription factor is operatively linked to the biosynthetic enzyme, wherein the native promoter of a biosynthetic enzyme is induced or activated by the transcription factor. In some embodiments, the host cell is further genetically modified to comprise a polynucleotide encoding one or more biosynthetic enzymes each operably linked to a promoter (each optionally induced or activated by the transcription factor), wherein the one or more biosynthetic enzymes catalyze one or a series of reactions wherein the precursor is catalyzed into a compound of interest. 
         [0031]    In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more polynucleotides encoding further biosynthetic enzymes, each operably linked to a promoter as described comprised by the third polynucleotide, wherein each further biosynthetic enzyme catalyzes a reaction in a metabolic or biosynthetic pathway involving the first compound. In some embodiments, the system further comprises a polynucleotide encoding the transcription factor operably linked to a promoter capable of expressing the transcription factor, such as the promoter native to the transcription factor. In some embodiments, the transcription factor is capable of inducing or activating the expression of one or more enzymes that catalyze the biosynthesis of the precursors of the first compound of a first pathway. In some embodiments, the transcription factor is capable of inducing or activating the expression of one or more enzymes that catalyze the biosynthesis of a final compound or compound of interest of a second metabolic pathway wherein the first or second compound is a precursor in the biosynthesis of the final compound or compound of interest in a second pathway. The transcription factor can be either native or heterologous to the host cell. 
         [0032]    The present invention provides for a system for producing a compound comprising: (a) a first polynucleotide encoding a fungal transcription factor, or functional variant thereof, operably linked to a heterologous promoter, wherein the transcription factor induces expression from the heterologous promoter, (b) a second polynucleotide encoding a first biosynthetic enzyme operably linked to the heterologous promoter, wherein the first biosynthetic enzyme catalyzes a first reaction which produces the compound, and (c) optionally a third polynucleotide encoding a second biosynthetic enzyme operably linked to a promoter that is weakly induced, not induced, or repressed by the transcription factor, wherein the second biosynthetic enzyme catalyzes a second reaction that converts a precursor of the compound into another compound. 
         [0033]    When the system is in a yeast host cell, the yeast host cell is a genetically modified host cell. When the system is in a yeast host cell, the first pathway is native or heterologous o the host cell. In some embodiments, the second pathway is heterologous to the host cell. 
         [0034]    In some embodiments, any two or all of the first polynucleotide, second nucleotide, and third polynucleotide are the same polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the system is in a host cell and any of the polynucleotide can be a chromosome of the host cell. 
         [0035]    The present invention provides for a nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide encoding, from 5′ to 3′, a transcription factor, one or more terminators, and a second promoter that is weakly induced (i.e., induced or activated a level lower than the induction or activation of a promoter that is induced by the transcription factor in nature), not induced, or repressed by the transcription factor; wherein the nucleic acid is capable of insertion into another polynucleotide between a first promoter and an open reading frame (ORF) of a protein that is operably linked to the first promoter in nature. The present invention provides for a polynucleotide inserted as described above. 
         [0036]    In some embodiments, the transcription factor is a fungal transcription factor comprising a GAL4-like Zn2Cys6 binuclear cluster DNA-binding domain. The GAL4-like Zn2Cys6 binuclear cluster DNA-binding domain comprises two helices organized around a Zn(2)Cys(6) motif, and is capable of binding to sequences comprising 2 DNA half sites comprised of 3-5 C/G combinations. 
         [0037]    In some embodiments, the transcription factor is a yeast transcription factor. In some embodiments, the transcription factor is a transcription factor from a yeast of the genus  Saccharomyces  or  Candida . In some embodiments, the transcription factor is a  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  transcription factor. In some embodiments, the transcription factor is a  Candida albicans  transcription factor. 
         [0038]    In some embodiments, the transcription factor is Upc2, Ecm22, Upc2G888D, or Ecm22G790D, or a functional variant thereof. 
         [0039]    The amino acid sequence of Upc2 ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae  S288c) is as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1) 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 msevgiqnhk kavtkprrre kvielievdg kkvsttstgk rkfhnkskng cdnckrrrvk 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 61 
                 cdegkpacrk ctnmklecqy tpihlrkgrg atvvkyvtrk adgsvesdss vdlpptikke 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 121 
                 qtpfndiqsa vkasgssnds fpssasttks eseekssapi edknnmtpls mglqgtinkk 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 181 
                 dmmnnffsqn gtigfgsper lnsgidglll pplpsgnmga fqlqqqqqvg qqsqpqtqaq 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 241 
                 qasgtpnery gsfdlagspa lqstgmslsn slsgmllcnr ipsgqnytqq qlqyqlhqql 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 301 
                 qlqqhqqvql qqyqqlrqeq hqqvqqqqqe qlqqyqqhfl qqqqqvllqq eqqpndeegg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 361 
                 vqeenskkvk egplgsqtse ttlnsdaatl qadalsqlsk mglslkslst fptagiggvs 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 421 
                 ydfqellgik fpinngnsra tkasnaeeal anmqehhera aasvkendgq lsdtkspaps 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 481 
                 nnaqggsasi mepqaadays tmapismier nmnrnsnisp stpsavindr qemqdsissl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 541 
                 gnltkaalen neptislqts qteneddasr qdmtskinne adrssysagt sniaklldls 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 601 
                 tkgnlnlidm klfhhyctkv wptitaakvs gpeiwrdyip elafdypflm hallafsath 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 661 
                 lsrtetgleq yvsshrldal rllreavlei senntdalva salilimdsl anasgngtvg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 721 
                 nqslnsmsps awifhvkgaa tiltavwpls erskfhniis vdlsdlgdvi npdvgtitel 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 781 
                 vcfdesiadl ypvgldspyl itlayldklh reknqgdfil rvftfpalld ktflallmtg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 841 
                 dlgamrimrs yykllrgfat evkdkvwfle gvtqvlpqdv deysggggmh mmldflgggl 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 901 
                 psmtttnfsd fsl 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0040]    The amino acid sequence of Upc2G888D is identical to that of SEQ ID NO:1, except the G at position 888 is substituted with D (SEQ ID NO:2). 
         [0041]    The amino acid sequence of Ecm22 ( Candida albicans ) is as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 3) 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 mtsddgnagq erekdaelie vggkkvskts tgkrkfhnks ktgcdnckrr rvkcdegkpf 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 61 
                 ckkctnmkld cvyspiqprr rkdsssskfa savhdrvgkk nlsdnaimlq qqqqqlhhqq 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 121 
                 eqqfrqqqqv qlqqqllphv gtdeqsnspn svppsvsnnm enlllphlla slvnntsnst 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 181 
                 nssangaeah nnitqtapss minnnhpnma lpgnsplsip itpsfqstam nlssslngll 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 241  
                 spgrinsvtn glqqpqlqqq nqqipqqqgt qspfsnipfd qlaqlnkmgl nfnmksfntl 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 301  
                 fpygaangma sefqelfglg kfatsnnrai kvstaeeala nmqqeqedkn kqftknpldn 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 361 
                 tktdavnsgn nplngnenkv tasdilshnk nliidntglt ispphtlskp sidqniasps 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 421 
                 tgvsnvtstk sllsipdnrt algnsptlkt spmgdllsns ealsprssns htqqqssphs 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 481 
                 nassasrlvp elvglsrksn lnlidlklfh hyctdvwhti teagisgpev wstyipdlaf 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 541 
                 hfpflmhtil afsathlsrt eagldnyvss hrlealrllr eavleisddn tdalvasali 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 601 
                 lildslanas sssptawifh vkgavtilta vwplsetskf ynlisvdlsd lgeavinqsn 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 661 
                 hnndndnsnn gdgnnnntis elvcfdesia dlypveidsp ylitlayldk lhreknqldf 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 721 
                 mlrvfsfpal ldrtflallm tgdlgamrim rsyytllrgy tteikdkvwf ldsysqvlpq 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 781 
                 dvdeysgggg mhmmldflgg glpsmtttnf safm 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0042]    The amino acid sequence of Ecm22G790D is identical to that of SEQ ID NO:3, except the G at position 790 is substituted with D (SEQ ID NO:4). 
         [0043]    In some embodiments, the heterologous promoter is the erg9 promoter, or functional variant thereof. In some embodiments, the heterologous promoter is any promoter that can be bound or activated by the Upc2, Ecm22, Upc2G888D, or Ecm22G790D transcription factor, or functional variant thereof. In some embodiments, the promoter comprises 2 DNA half sites comprised of 3-5 C/G combinations. 
         [0044]    In some embodiments, the compound is an organic compound produced in nature by a living organism. In some embodiments, the compound is an organic compound or precursor produced by a metabolic pathway. In some embodiments, the metabolic pathway can be any metabolic pathway found naturally in a eukaryote or prokaryote. In some embodiments, the metabolic pathway can be any metabolic pathway found naturally in a eubacteria or archaebacteria. In some embodiments, the metabolic pathway produces a sesquiterpene, such as bisabolene or farnesene. Increasing the production of a compound comprises overproducing the compound. In some embodiments, the compound is any compound or precursor produced in the metabolic pathway shown in  FIG. 1 . In some embodiments, the precursor is farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) and the first biosynthetic enzyme is AgBIS. 
         [0045]    In some embodiments, the compound is any compound or precursor, or any compound or precursor produced in the metabolic pathway, described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/524,271; U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/643,817; 12/644,531; 12/646,189; 13/318,474; 13/549,034; and, 13/274,244; and, PCT International Patent Application Nos. PCT/US2011/059784; PCT/US2012/031025; and, PCT/US2012/023182 (hereby incorporated by reference). 
         [0046]    In some embodiments, the promoter that is weakly induced, not induced, or repressed by the transcription factor is the met3 or met25 promoter, or functional variant thereof, or any other promoter that is weakly induced, not induced, or repressed by the transcription factor. 
         [0047]    In some embodiments, the third compound is squalene and the second biosynthetic enzyme is squalene synthase. 
         [0048]    In some embodiments, the system is in a host cell or a cell-free or cell extract system. Any yeast host cell may be used in the present invention so long as it remains viable after being transformed with a sequence of nucleic acids. Preferably, the host cell is not adversely affected by the introduction of the necessary nucleic acid sequences, the subsequent expression of the proteins, or the resulting of any intermediates or compounds produced. Suitable yeast host cells are those of the  Saccharomyces  genus, including not limited to  S. cerevisiae, S. pastorianus , and  S. carlsbergensis.    
         [0049]    In some embodiments, the genetic constructs described herein are stably integrated into the chromosome(s) of the host cell. In some embodiments, the genetic constructs described herein are stably integrated into the chromosome(s) of the host cell and where the ORFs are native to the host cell, the genetic constructs replace or substitute the native gene of the host cell. For example, the pErg9::Upc2 construct would replace the native pUpc2::Upc2 of the host cell and/or the pMet25::Erg9 construct would replace the native pErg9::Erg9 of the host cell. 
         [0050]    In some embodiments, the system further comprises provides the necessary precursors to produce the desired compound and the genes of the metabolic pathway for producing the desired compound. The system also provides the expression machinery to transcribe and translate accordingly. When the system is in a host cell, the precursors are naturally produced by the host cell, or the host cell is engineered to produce the host cell, or the host cell is grown in a condition wherein the precursor is present, such as in excess, and the host cell is capable of uptaking or transporting the precursor into the inside of the host cell. 
         [0051]    The present invention provides for a method of producing a compound, the method comprising: (a) providing a fungal host cell of the present invention, and (b) culturing the host cell under conditions in which the transcription factor is expressed; such that one or more compounds are produced, such as the first compound and optionally the third compound. In some embodiments, the providing step (a) comprises introducing one or more of the first polynucleotide, second polynucleotide, and third polynucleotide into the fungal host cell. 
         [0052]    In some embodiments, the invention allows overproducing FPP, precursor of sesquiterpene synthase such as bisabolene synthase, farnesene synthase used to produce sesquiterpene such as bisabolene and farnesene respectively. 
         [0053]    In a particular embodiment, the method overproduces comprises inserting between Erg9 promoter and Erg9 encoding sequence the encoding sequence of the ergosterol transcription factor Upc2, its allelic variant Upc2G888D, Ecm22 or its allelic variant Ecm22G790D fused to a terminator, a marker gene and followed by a weak promoter that is not responsive to any these transcription factors (e.g. Met3, Met25 promoters). The sesquiterpene synthase can be expressed under the control of one of the Upc2-(or Ecm22) induced promoters such as Erg2 or Erg11. The engineered gene can be inserted at the Erg2 or Erg11 locus using the strategy described herein, since both genes are essentials, in a single non-essential locus or multiple loci using ribosomal repeated sequence loci (NTS2; non transcribed sequence; Szostak and Wu, Plasmid. October; 2(4):536-54, 1979, hereby incorporated by reference). Finally, this approach will also benefit of the flux reduction in one of the ergosterol pathways (such as Erg9) will create an ergosterol limitation that will further induce the native Upc2 expression which can be amplified by the APFL. 
         [0054]    This invention is not limited to this pathway and can be applied to multigene-engineered pathways since several promoters are induced by Upc2 or Ecm22 transcription factors and can be used to overexpress several genes. Furthermore, many transcription factors have been indentified in yeast (and other fungi) that could be used to design various APFL to enhance the production of native metabolites or precursors designated as starting molecule for engineered pathway. Finally some metabolic pathways and regulatory networks are conserved between fungi, such as the ergosterol pathway, the presented approach is readily transferable. 
         [0055]    This approach does not require the use of plasmids, thus it offers the opportunity to overexpress several genes in a plasmid free context with high success rate since promoter from the induced pathway become great candidates. In addition since it does not require the use of plasmids, it can be easily transferred to various fungi, such as yeast strains. It allows generating rapidly strains that will overproduce various final products or precursors. Furthermore it also facilitates the selection of promoters for the design of an engineered pathway. 
         [0056]    The APFL approach is applicable to many metabolic pathways that are under control of a transcription factor. It can be used to enhance endogenous pathways as well as engineer pathways. Finally, it offers new potentials for metabolic engineering in order to produce various high value metabolites, biofuels, pharmaceutical compounds, chemicals and several other products. 
         [0057]    The use of APFL in fungi (such as yeast) allows enhancing the expression of a key transcription factor and associated metabolic pathway. Homologous recombination in yeast can be efficiently performed. The method comprises: (a) inserting in a target locus an induced promoter fused to the target transcription factor, (b) replacing the coding sequence of an induce gene in the native pathway by the selected transcription factor if the replaced gene is a not essential gene, and/or (c) inserting between the promoter and the ATG (starting codon) of the selected gene, the target transcription factor followed by a terminator, a selective marker and a new promoter (independent of the above transcription factor) allowing disconnecting gene expression from the APFL and regulating the level of expression independently of the APFL. 
         [0058]    Since metabolic engineering in fungi (such as yeast) uses most of the time precursors from a native pathway to feed an engineered pathway, the insertion of the APFL construct could be used to block or reduce the natural use of a key precursor that is needed to feed the engineered pathway. In some embodiments, for a metabolic pathway that requires a lot of FPP (precursor in the ergosterol pathway), the APFL is inserted in the Erg9 Locus. The encoding sequence of the ergosterol transcription factor Upc2, its allelic variant Upc2G888D, Ecm22 or its allelic variant Ecm22G790D is fused to a terminator, a marker gene and followed by a weak promoter that is not responsive to these transcription factors (such as the Met3 or Met25 promoter) which is inserted between Erg9 promoter and Erg9 encoding sequence. This system increases the production of FPP and reduce its consumption by the native ergosterol pathway, and thus FPP accumulates. Alternatively, if the starting precursor for the engineered pathway is GPP, Erg20 would be the target locus instead of Erg9. 
         [0059]    The engineered pathway will be optimized by using promoters that are induced by the above transcription factors fused to the engineered pathway genes allowing the overexpression of the engineered pathway. It can be done by inserting the entire engineered pathway in one locus, stepwise by gene replacement if the native pathway is not essential, by using one of the other approaches described herein, or by using plasmids (less preferred because of stability issues). 
         [0060]    This method/technology offers rapid, simple and reliable approaches for pathway engineering in various fungal host cells, such as yeast host cells. 
         [0061]    It is to be understood that, while the invention has been described in conjunction with the preferred specific embodiments thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications within the scope of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. 
         [0062]    All patents, patent applications, and publications mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
         [0063]    The invention having been described, the following examples are offered to illustrate the subject invention by way of illustration, not by way of limitation. 
       Example 1 
       [0064]    A particular example of the invention for producing FPP is described in  FIG. 5 . The system comprises an expression cassette comprising the Upc2 ORF operably linked to the promoter of the erg9 gene, and the Erg9 ORF operably to the promoter of the met25 gene. The system provides 2-acetyl CoA precursor and the genes of the metabolic pathway for producing FPP (as shown in  FIG. 5 ). The system provides the expression machinery to transcribe and translate accordingly. The system overproduces FPP. 
       Example 2 
       [0065]    A particular example of the invention for producing bisabolene is described in  FIG. 6 . The system comprises an expression cassette comprising the Upc2 ORF operably linked to the promoter of the erg9 gene, and the Erg9 ORF operably to the promoter of the met25 gene. The system provides 2-acetyl CoA precursor and the genes of the metabolic pathway for producing FPP (as shown in  FIG. 6 ). The system also provides an expression cassette comprising the AgBIS ORF operably linked to an erg promoter which is enhanced by Upc2. The system provides the expression machinery to transcribe and translate accordingly. The system overproduces bisabolene. 
       Example 3 
       [0066]    A particular example of the invention for producing a generic fuel X, which is synthesized using FPP as a precursor, is described in  FIG. 7 . The system comprises an expression cassette comprising the Upc2 ORF operably linked to the promoter of the erg9 gene, and the Erg9 ORF operably to the promoter of the met25 gene. The system provides 2-acetyl CoA precursor and the genes of the metabolic pathway for producing FPP (as shown in  FIG. 7 ). The system also provides one or more expression cassettes comprising the genes encoding enzymes for catalyzing fuel X from FPP, wherein each gene is operably linked to an erg promoter which is enhanced by Upc2. The system provides the expression machinery to transcribe and translate accordingly. The system overproduces fuel X. 
         [0067]    While the present invention has been described with reference to the specific embodiments thereof, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation, material, composition of matter, process, process step or steps, to the objective, spirit and scope of the present invention. All such modifications are intended to be within the scope of the claims appended hereto.