Abstract:
A system and method for the secure distribution of electronic documents reduces the likelihood of unauthorized reproduction and redistribution by either authorized or unauthorized recipients. A self-protecting document (SPD) contains an encrypted document as well as a secure set of permissions and the software necessary to process the document; full decryption of the document is performed as late as possible so as to minimize the possibility of intercepting the document before it has been fully rendered to screen or to paper.

Description:
COPYRIGHT NOTICE 
     A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to document rights management, and more particularly, to a self-protecting document scheme that enables electronic document protection without the need for additional software or hardware support for protection. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     One of the most important issues impeding the widespread distribution of digital documents via electronic commerce is the current lack of protection of the intellectual property rights of content owners during the distribution and use of those digital documents. Efforts to resolve this problem have been termed “Intellectual Property Rights Management” (“IPRM”), “Digital Property Rights Management” (“DPRM”), “Intellectual Property Management” (“IPM”), “Rights Management” (“RM”), and “Electronic Copyright Management” (“ECM”). 
     A document, as the term is used herein, is any unit of information subject to distribution or transfer, including but not limited to correspondence, books, magazines, journals, newspapers, other papers, software, photographs and other images, audio and video clips, and other multimedia presentations. A document may be embodied in printed form on paper, as digital data on a storage medium, or in any other known manner on a variety of media. 
     In the world of printed documents, a work created by an author is usually provided to a publisher, which formats and prints numerous copies of the work. The copies are then sent by a distributor to bookstores or other retail outlets, from which the copies are purchased by end users. 
     While the low quality of copying and the high cost of distributing printed material have served as deterrents to the illegally copying of most printed documents, it is far too easy to copy, modify, and redistribute unprotected electronic documents. Accordingly, some method of protecting electronic documents is necessary to make it harder to illegally copy them. This will serve as a deterrent to copying, even if it is still possible, for example, to make hardcopies of printed documents and duplicate them the old-fashioned way. 
     With printed documents, there is an additional step of digitizing the document before it can be redistributed electronically; this serves as a deterrent. Unfortunately, it has been widely recognized that there is no viable way to prevent people from making unauthorized distributions of electronic documents within current general-purpose computing and communications systems such as personal computers, workstations, and other devices connected over local area networks (LANs), intranets, and the Internet. Many attempts to provide hardware-based solutions to prevent unauthorized copying have proven to be unsuccessful. 
     Two basic schemes have been employed to attempt to solve the document protection problem: secure containers and trusted systems. 
     A “secure container” (or simply an encrypted document) offers a way to keep document contents encrypted until a set of authorization conditions are met and some copyright terms are honored (e.g., payment for use). After the various conditions and terms are verified with the document provider, the document is released to the user in clear form. Commercial products such as IBM&#39;s Cryptolopes and InterTrust&#39;s Digiboxes fall into this category. Clearly, the secure container approach provides a solution to protecting the document during delivery over insecure channels, but does not provide any mechanism to prevent legitimate users from obtaining the clear document and then using and redistributing it in violation of content owners&#39; intellectual property. 
     Cryptographic mechanisms are typically used to encrypt (or “encipher”) documents that are then distributed and stored publicly, and ultimately privately deciphered by authorized users. This provides a basic form of protection during document delivery from a document distributor to an intended user over a public network, as well as during document storage on an insecure medium. 
     In the “trusted system” approach, the entire system is responsible for preventing unauthorized use and distribution of the document. Building a trusted system usually entails introducing new hardware such as a secure processor, secure storage and secure rendering devices. This also requires that all software applications that run on trusted systems be certified to be trusted. While building tamper-proof trusted systems is still a real challenge to existing technologies, current market trends suggest that open and untrusted systems such as PC&#39;s and workstations will be the dominant systems used to access copyrighted documents. In this sense, existing computing environments such as PC&#39;s and workstations equipped with popular operating systems (e.g., Windows and UNIX) and render applications (e.g., Microsoft Word) are not trusted systems and cannot be made trusted without significantly altering their architectures. 
     Accordingly, although certain trusted components can be deployed, one must continue to rely upon various unknown and untrusted elements and systems. On such systems, even if they are expected to be secure, unanticipated bugs and weaknesses are frequently found and exploited. 
     There are a number of issues in rights management: authentication, authorization, accounting, payment and financial clearing, rights specification, rights verification, rights enforcement, and document protection. Document protection is a particularly important issue. After a user has honored the rights of the content owner and has been permitted to perform a particular operation with a document (e.g., print it, view it on-screen, play the music, or execute the software), the document is presumably in-the-clear, or unencrypted. Simply stated, the document protection problem is to prevent the content owner&#39;s rights from being compromised when the document is in its most vulnerable state: stored, in the clear, on a machine within the user&#39;s control. Even when documents are securely delivered (typically in encrypted form) from a distributor to the user, it must be rendered to a presentation data form before the user can view or otherwise manipulate the document. Accordingly, to achieve the highest level of protection, it is important to protect the document contents as much as possible, while revealing them to the user at a late stage and in a form that is difficult to recover into a useful form. 
     In the known approaches to electronic document distribution that employ encryption, an encrypted document is rendered in several separate steps. First, the encrypted document is received by the user. Second, the user employs his private key (in a public key cryptosystem) to decrypt the data and derive the document&#39;s clear content. Finally, the clear content is then passed on to a rendering application, which translates the computer-readable document into the finished document, either for viewing on the user&#39;s computer screen or for printing a hardcopy. The clear content is required for rendering because, in most cases, the rendering application is a third-party product (such as Microsoft Word or Adobe Acrobat Reader) that requires the input document to be in a specific format. It should be appreciated, then, that between the second and third steps, the previously protected document is vulnerable. It has been decrypted, but is still stored in clear electronic form on the user&#39;s computer. If the user is careless or is otherwise motivated to minimize fees, the document may be easily redistributed without acquiring the necessary permissions from the content owner. 
     Accordingly, it would be beneficial to provide an electronic document distribution scheme that minimizes the disadvantages of known systems. Such a scheme would prevent users from obtaining a useful form of an electronically-distributed document during the decryption and rendering processes. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present self-protecting document (“SPD”) is not subject to the above-stated disadvantages of the prior art. By combining an encrypted document with a set of permissions and an executable code segment that includes most of the software necessary to extract and use the encrypted document, the self-protecting document accomplishes protection of document contents without the need for additional hardware and software. 
     The SPD system is broken down between a content creator (analogous to the author and the publisher of the traditional model) and a content distributor. The author/publisher creates the original document, and decides what rights are to be permitted. The distributor then customizes the document for use by various users, ensuring via the customization that the users do not exceed the permissions they purchased. 
     At the user&#39;s system, the self-protecting document is decrypted at the last possible moment. In an embodiment of the invention, various rendering facilities are also provided within the SPD, so that the use of the SPD need not rely upon external application that might not be trustworthy (and that might invite unauthorized use). In an alternative embodiment, interfaces and protocols are specified for a third-party rendering application to interact with the SPD to provide trusted rendering. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the encrypted document is decrypted by the user&#39;s system while simultaneously “polarizing” it with a key that is dependent, at least in part, on the state of the user&#39;s system. The polarization may be cryptographically less secure than the encryption used for distribution, but serves to deter casual copying. In this embodiment, depolarization is performed during or after the rendering process, so as to cause any intermediate form of the document to be essentially unusable. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The structure and function of the invention is best understood with reference to the included drawings, which may be described as follows: 
     FIG. 1 is a top-level block diagram representing a model for the creation and commercial distribution of electronic documents in either secure or insecure environments; 
     FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating the decryption of protected electronic documents according to the art; 
     FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating the decryption of protected electronic documents according to a simple embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating the decryption of protected electronic documents according to a preferred embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 5 is a functional block diagram illustrating the data structures present in a self-protecting document according to an embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating the creation and customization of a self-protecting document according to an embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 7 is a flow diagram, from a user&#39;s perspective, illustrating the actions performed in handling and using a self-protecting document according to the invention; 
     FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating several possible paths between an unrendered and encrypted document, and rendered and decrypted presentation data; 
     FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating a polarization process according to the invention in which document format information remains in the clear for rendering. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention is described below, with reference to detailed illustrative embodiments. It will be apparent that the invention can be embodied in a wide variety of forms, some of which may be quite different from those of the disclosed embodiments. Consequently, the specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are merely representative and do not limit the scope of the invention. 
     FIG. 1 represents a top-level functional model for a system for the electronic distribution of documents, which as defined above, may include correspondence, books, magazines, journals, newspapers, other papers, software, audio and video clips, and other multimedia presentations. 
     An author (or publisher)  110  creates a document&#39;s original content  112  and passes it to a distributor  114  for distribution. Although it is contemplated that the author may also distribute documents directly, without involving another party as a distributor, the division of labor set forth in FIG. 1 is more efficient, as it allows the author/publisher  110  to concentrate on content creation, and not the mechanical and mundane functions taken over by the distributor  114 . Moreover, such a breakdown would allow the distributor  114  to realize economies of scale by associating with a number of authors and publishers (including the illustrated author/publisher  110 ). 
     The distributor  114  then passes modified content  116  to a user  118 . In a typical electronic distribution model, the modified content  116  represents an encrypted version of the original content  112 ; the distributor  114  encrypts the original content  112  with the user  118 &#39;s public key, and modified content  116  is customized solely for the single user  118 . The user  118  is then able to use his private key to decrypt the modified content  116  and view the original content  112 . 
     A payment  120  for the content  112  is passed from the user  118  to the distributor  114  by way of a clearinghouse  122 . The clearinghouse  122  collects requests from the user  118  and from other users who wish to view a particular document. The clearinghouse  122  also collects payment information, such as debit transactions, credit card transactions, or other known electronic payment schemes, and forwards the collected users&#39; payments as a payment batch  124  to the distributor  114 . Of course, it is expected that the clearinghouse  122  will retain a share of the user&#39;s payment  120 . In turn, the distributor  114  retains a portion of the payment batch  124  and forwards a payment  126  (including royalties) to the author and publisher  110 . In one embodiment of this scheme, the distributor  114  awaits a bundle of user requests for a single document before sending anything out. When this is done, a single document with modified content  116  can be generated for decryption by all of the requesting users. This technique is well-known in the art. 
     In the meantime, each time the user  118  requests (or uses) a document, an accounting message  128  is sent to an audit server  130 . The audit server  130  ensures that each request by the user  118  matches with a document sent by the distributor  114 ; accounting information  131  is received by the audit server  130  directly from the distributor  114 . Any inconsistencies are transmitted via a report  132  to the clearinghouse  122 , which can then adjust the payment batches  124  made to the distributor  114 . This accounting scheme is present to reduce the possibility of fraud in this electronic document distribution model, as well as to handle any time-dependent usage permissions that may result in charges that vary, depending on the duration or other extent of use. 
     The foregoing model for electronic commerce in documents, shown in FIG. 1, is in common use today. As will be shown in detail below, it is equally applicable to the system and method set forth herein for the distribution of self-protecting documents. 
     Turning now to FIG. 2, the steps performed by the user  118  (FIG. 1) in a prior art system for electronic document distribution are shown. As discussed above, cryptographic mechanisms are typically used to encipher documents. Those encrypted documents are then distributed and stored publicly and deciphered privately by authorized users. This provides a basic form of protection during document delivery from a document distributor to an intended user over a public network, as well as during document storage on an insecure medium. 
     At the outset, an encrypted document  210  is received by the user  118  and passed to a decryption step  212 . As is well known in the art, the decryption step  212  receives the user  118 &#39;s private key, which is stored locally at the user&#39;s computer or entered by the user when needed. The document  210  is decrypted, resulting in clear content  216  similar or identical to the original content  112  (FIG.  1 ). 
     The clear content  216  is passed to a rendering application  218 , which constructs presentation data  220 , or a usable version of the document&#39;s original content  112 . In typical systems of this kind, the presentation data  220  is data immediately suitable for display on a video screen, for printing as a hardcopy, or for other use depending on the document type. 
     As discussed above, the document is vulnerable in systems like this. The clear content  216  can be copied, stored, or passed along to other users without the knowledge or consent of the distributor  114  or the author/publisher  110 . Even a legitimate user may be tempted to minimize the licensing fees by capturing the document in the clear in order to redistribute and use it at will, without honoring the intellectual property of the content owners. As discussed above, the present invention is directed to a scheme for preventing such a user from obtaining a useful form of the document during the rendering process on the user&#39;s system. 
     Accordingly, the system and method of the present invention sets forth an alternative scheme for handling encrypted documents at the user  118 &#39;s system. A simple embodiment of this scheme is illustrated in FIG.  3 . 
     FIG. 3 looks similar to FIG. 2, in that an encrypted document  310  is passed to a decryption step  312  (which uses a private key  314 ) and a rendering application  316 , resulting in presentation data  318 . However, an additional layer of protection is provided by a protecting shell  320 . The protecting shell  320  allows the document  310  to be decrypted and rendered without ever leaving clear content (as in the clear content  216  of FIG. 2) available to be intercepted. This is accomplished by including decryption and rendering elements within the document  310 , as will be described below with reference to FIG.  5 . The included decryption and rendering elements are adapted to limit the user&#39;s interaction with the SPD, prohibiting certain operations (such as saving the document or performing cut-and-paste operations) according to the user&#39;s permissions. 
     FIG. 4 is a more sophisticated version. The scheme of FIG. 4 includes an intermediate “polarization” step adapted to secure the document after it has been decrypted but before it is rendered. First, the encrypted document contents  410  are passed to a polarizer  412 . The polarizer  412  receives the user&#39;s private key  414  and, via a decryption step  416 , decrypts the document contents  410 . Concurrently, the polarizer  412  receives a polarization key  418  from the user&#39;s system. 
     This polarization key  418  is used by the polarizer  412  to transform the document to a version having polarized contents  420 . All of these operations can take place in the open, without any kind of protective mechanism, provided the polarizer  412  does not store a clear version of the document between decrypting it and polarizing it. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the polarization key  418  represents a combination of data elements taken from the user&#39;s system&#39;s internal state, such as the date and time of day, elapsed time since the last keystroke, the processor&#39;s speed and serial number, and any other information that can be repeatably derived from the user&#39;s system. It is useful to include some time-derived information in the polarization key  418  so that interception and seizure of polarized contents  420  would not be useful. Further rendering of the polarized document would not be possible, as the system time would have, changed too much. 
     Then, once again within a protecting shell  422 , the polarized contents  420  are passed to a rendering application  424 . As discussed above, typical rendering applications are third-party applications such as Microsoft Word or Adobe Acrobat Reader. However, it is likely that such external rendering applications will not be able to process the polarized contents  420 , as the contents, any formatting codes, and other cues used by the renderer will have been scrambled in the polarization process. 
     Hence, the rendering application  424  must be commutative (or at least fault-tolerant), or it must receive polarized contents  420  that are largely complete and processable by the application. The latter possibility will be discussed below, in connection with FIG.  9 . 
     The output of the rendering application is polarized presentation data  426 , which has been formatted by the rendering application  424  but is still polarized, and hence not readable by the user. The polarized presentation data  426  is passed to a depolarizer  428 , which receives the polarization key  418  and restores the original form of the document as presentation data  430 . In one embodiment of the invention, the depolarization function is combined with the rendering or display function. In this case, the polarized presentation data  426  is received directly by a display device, which can be separate from the user&#39;s system and receive data over a communications channel. 
     Creation of the polarization key  418 , the rendering application  418 , and the depolarization step  428  are all elements of the protecting shell  422 ; these are tamper-resistant program elements. It is contemplated that all computational steps that occur within the protecting shell  422  will use local data only, and will not store temporary data to any globally accessible storage medium or memory area; only the explicit results will be exported from the protecting shell  422 . This approach will prevent users from easily modifying operating system entry points or scavenging system resources so as to intercept and utilize intermediate data. 
     It should be noted that the presentation data  430  of FIG. 4, in alternative embodiments of the invention, can be either device independent or device dependent. In the device-independent case, additional processing by a device driver (such as a display driver or a printer driver) typically is necessary to complete the rendering process. In the presently preferred device-dependent case, the device-specific modifications to the presentation data have already been made (either in the rendering application  424  or the depolarizing step  428 ), and the presentation data  430  can be sent directly to the desired output device. 
     The decryption schemes described with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4 above are enabled by a unique document structure, which is shown in detail in FIG.  5 . As discussed above, certain operations performed by the system and method of the invention require trusted components. One way to ensure that certain unmodified code is being used to perform the trusted aspects of the invention is to provide the code along with the documents. The various components of a self-protecting document according to the invention are illustrated in FIG.  5 . 
     The problem of document protection is approached by the invention without any assumptions on the presence of trusted hardware units or software modules in the user&#39;s system. This is accomplished by enhancing a document to be an active meta-document object. Content owners (i.e., authors or publishers) attach rights to a document that specify the types of uses, the necessary authorizations and the associated fees, and a software module that enforces the permissions granted to the user. This combination of the document, the associated rights, and the attached software modules that enforce the rights is the self-protecting document (“SPD”) of the invention. A self-protecting document prevents the unauthorized and uncontrolled use and distribution of the document, thereby protecting: the rights of the content owners. 
     The self-protecting document  510  includes three major functional segments: an executable code segment  512  contains certain portions of executable code necessary to enable the user to use the encrypted document; a rights and permissions segment  514  contains data structures representative of the various levels of access, that are to be permitted to various users; and a content segment  516  includes the encrypted content  116  (FIG. 1) sought to be viewed by the user. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the content segment  516  of the SPD  510  includes three subsections: document meta-information  518  (including but not limited to the document&#39;s title, format, and revision date), rights label information  520  (such as a copyright notice attached to the text, as well as rights and permissions information), and the protected content  520  (the encrypted document itself). 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the rights and permissions segment  514  includes information on each authorized user&#39;s specific rights. A list of terms and conditions may be attached to each usage right. For example, user John Doe may be given the right to view a particular document and to print it twice, at a cost of $10. In this case, the rights and permissions segment  514  identifies John Doe, associates two rights with him (a viewing right and a printing right), and specifies terms and conditions including the price ($10) and a limitation on printing (twice). The rights and permissions segment  514  may also include information on other users. 
     In an alternative embodiment, the rights and permissions segment  514  includes only a link to external information specifying rights information. In such a case, the actual rights and permissions are stored elsewhere, for example on a networked permission server, which must be queried each time the document is to be used. This approach provides the advantage that rights and permissions may be updated dynamically by the content owners. For example, the price for a view may be increased, or a user&#39;s rights may be terminated if unauthorized use has been detected. 
     In either scenario, the rights and permissions segment  514  is cryptographically signed (by methods known in the art) to prevent tampering with the specified rights and permissions; it may also be encrypted to prevent the user from directly viewing the rights and permissions of himself and others. 
     The executable code segment  512 , also called the “SPD Control,” also contains several subsections, each of which comprises a software module at least partially within the executable code segment. In one embodiment of the invention, the Java programming language is used for the SPD Control; however, it is contemplated that any platform-independent or platform-specific language, either interpreted or compiled, can be used in an implementation of this invention. 
     A rights enforcer  524  is present to verify the user&#39;s identity, to compare a requested action by the user to those actions enumerated in the rights and permissions segment  514 , and to permit or deny the requested action depending on the specified rights. The operation of the rights enforcer  524  will be discussed in further detail below, in connection with FIG.  7 . 
     A secured polarization engine  526  is also present within the executable code segment  512 ; it serves to read and polarize the data according to the system state (or other polarization key) as discussed above. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the polarization engine  526  acts upon the document before it is stored or decrypted, so the document is never stored in the clear on the user&#39;s system. The polarization engine  526  is secured, that is, it is cryptographically signed and encrypted, to prevent tampering, reverse-engineering, and disassembling. 
     A counterpart depolarization engine  528  is also included to enable the generation of clear presentation data from the polarized content (see FIG.  4 ). The depolarization engine includes a set of secure window objects, providing a relatively tamper-proof interface to the rendering API (application program interface) of the user&#39;s system. The secure window objects are resistant to being intercepted, thereby reducing the possibility that the document, in its clear form, can be reconstructed by intercepting and receiving the data intended for the operating system. 
     A counterpart depolarization engine  528  is also included to enable the generation of clear presentation data from the polarized content (see FIG.  4 ). The depolarization engine  528  provides a relatively tamper-proof interface to the logical or physical output device (e.g., the user&#39;s display device). The input to the depolarization engine  528  is polarized presentation data. Therefore, if that data is intercepted, it will not reveal any of the clear content without further depolarization which depends on, for example, the user&#39;s system state. 
     A secure viewer  530  is optionally included in the executable code segment  512 . The secure viewer  530  is used to permit only those levels of access that are permitted according to the rights and permissions segment  514 . For example, if the user purchased only sufficient rights to view a document (and not to save or print it), the viewer will not permit the user to save, print, or perform the standard cut-and-paste operations possible in most modern operating systems. 
     Finally, a rendering engine  532  is included or referenced within the executable code segment  512 . The rendering engine  532  need not be secure. Accordingly, the code for the rendering engine  532  can be included within the SPD applet, or alternatively retrieved (via a secure link) from some other location. In either case, the rendering engine  532  is adapted to receive polarized document contents and produced polarized presentation data therefrom (see FIG.  4 ). 
     The foregoing aspects and elements of the self-protecting document  510  will be discussed in further detail below, in conjunction with the operation of the system. 
     FIG. 6 shows the steps performed when a self-protecting document  510  is created and distributed. A generic SPD  610  includes no user-specific rights information and is not encrypted for any particular user. The generic SPD  610  is created from three items: the original document content  612 , in clear (unencrypted) form; a high-level rights specification  614 ; and an optional watermark  616 . 
     The content  612  is pre-processed (step  618 ) to lay out the document as desired by the author or publisher. For example, a preferred page size, font, and page layout may be selected. The content  612  is essentially “pre-rendered” in the content pre-processing step so that it will be in a format that is compatible with users&#39; systems and the SPD. For example, the content  612  may be converted from Microsoft Word (“.DOC”) or Adobe Acrobat (“.PDF”) format to a different format specially adapted to be read by the rendering engine  532  (FIG.  5 ). In one embodiment of the invention, multiple versions of the content  612  are generated by the content pre-processing step and stored in the generic SPD  610 ; those different versions may then be separately purchased by the user according to his needs. 
     The high-level rights specification  614  sets forth what combinations of access rights are permissible. Such a rights specification is tailored to a particular document, and is capable of describing different groups of rights for different classes of downstream users. For example, a publisher may be given the right to distribute up to 100,000 copies of a document at a $1.00 per copy royalty, with additional copies yielding a $2.00 royalty. Similarly, users may be given the option to purchase a version of the document that “times out” after one month, one year, or never. Several possible limitations are described with reference to a detailed example, which is set forth below. 
     Digital Property Rights Language (DPRL) is a language that can be used to specify rights for digital works. It provides a mechanism in which different terms and conditions can be specified and enforced for rights. Rights specifications are represented as statements in DPRL. For details, see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,715,403 to Stefik, entitled “System for Controlling the Distribution and Use of Digital Works Having Attached Usage Rights Where the Usage Rights are Defined by a Usage Rights Grammar.” Enforcement of rights and verification of conditions associated with rights is performed using the SPD technology. 
     Different rights can be specified for different parts of a digital work using a “work” specification. Within a work specification, different sets of rights applicable to this work are specified. Rights can be grouped into named-groups called “rights groups”. Each right within a rights group is associated with a set of conditions. Conditions can be of different types: fee to be paid, time of use, type of access, type of watermark, type of device on which the operation can be performed, and so on. DPRL allows different categories of rights: transfer, render rights, derivative work rights, file management rights and configuration rights. Transport rights govern the movement of a work from one repository to another. Render rights govern the printing and display of a work, or more generally, the transmission of a work through a transducer to an external medium (this includes the “export” right, which can be used to make copies in the clear). Derivative work rights govern the reuse of a work in creating new works. File management rights govern making and restoring backup copies. Finally, configuration rights refer to the installation of software in repositories. 
     An exemplary work specification in DPRL is set forth below: 
     (Work: 
     (Rights-Language-Version: 1.02) 
     (Work-ID: “ISDN-1-55860-166-X; AAP-2348957tut”) 
     (Description: “Title: ‘Zuke-Zack, the Moby Dog Story’ 
     Author: ‘John Beagle’ 
     Copyright 1994 Jones Publishing”) 
     (Owner: (Certificate: 
     (Authority: “Library of Congress”) 
     (ID: “Murphy Publishers”))) 
     (Parts: “Photo-Celebshots-Dogs-23487gfj” “Dog-Breeds-Chart-AKC”) 
     (Comment: “Rights edited by Pete Jones, June 1996.”) 
     (Contents: (From: 1) (To: 16636)) 
     (Rights-Group: “Regular” 
     (Comment: “This set of rights is used for standard retail editions.”) 
     (Bundle: 
     (Time: (Until: 1998/01/01 0:01)) 
     (Fee: (To: “Jones-PBLSH-18546789”)(House: “Visa”))) 
     (Play: 
     (Fee: (Metered: (Rate: 1.00 USD) (Per: 1:0:0) (By: 0:0:1)) )) 
     (Print: 
     (Fee: (Per-Use: 10.00 USD)) 
     (Printer: 
     (Certificate: 
     (Authority: “DPT” 
     (Type: “TrustedPrinter-6”))) 
     (Watermark: 
     (Watermark-Str: “Title: ‘Zeke Zack—the Moby Dog’ 
     Copyright 1994 
     by Zeke Jones. 
     All Rights Reserved.”) 
     (Watermark-Tokens: user-id institution-location 
     render-name render-time) ))) 
     (Transfer: ) 
     (Copy: (Fee: (Per-Use: 10.00 USD))) 
     (Copy: (Access: 
     (User: (Certificate: 
     (Authority: “Murphy Publishers”) 
     (Type: “Distributor”))))) 
     (Delete:) 
     (Backup:) 
     (Restore: (Fee: (Per-Use: 5.00 USD))) )) 
     This work specification has a rights group called “Regular,” which specifies rights for standard retail editions of a book titled “Zuke-Zack, the Moby Dog Story.” The work specification expresses conditions for several rights: play, print, transfer, copy, delete, backup, and restore. The work in the example includes two other parts, a photograph and a chart of breeds incorporated from other sources. A “bundle” specification bundles a set of common conditions that apply to all rights in the group. This specification states that all rights in the group are valid until Jan. 1, 1998 and that the fee should be paid to account “Jones-PBLSH-18546789”. The clearing-house for this transaction should be Visa. The following contract applies: the work can be played by paying $1.00 every hour, where fee is accumulated by the second; the work can be printed on TrustedPrinter-6 which is certified by “DPT” for a fee of $10.00 per print; the printed copy should have a watermark string (as depicted) and a list of tokens signifying “fingerprint” information known at the time it is printed; this work can be copied either by paying $10.00 or by acquiring a distributor certificate from Murphy publishing; and unrestricted transfer, deletion or backing up of this work is permitted (restoration costs $5.00). 
     The high-level rights specification  614  is also subject to a pre-processing step (step  620 ), in which the high-level (i.e., human-readable) specification is compiled into a more-efficient data structure representation for use by the invention. 
     The generic SPD  610  is then created (step  622 ) by combining the pre-processed content  612 , the pre-processed rights specification  614 , and the watermark  616 . A watermark may be added by any means known in the art; it may be either visible or concealed within the SPD. The generic SPD  610  may also optionally be encrypted by the author/publisher  110  for transmission to the distributor  114  (FIG.  1 ). 
     The generic SPD  610  is then received by the distributor  114 , and is stored for later customization. When a user request  624  is received by the distributor  114  (either directly or through the clearinghouse  122  or other intermediary), the distributor  114  creates a set of user permissions (step  626 ) that is consistent with both the user request  624  and the rights specification  614 . If there is no such consistent set of permissions, then no further action is performed on that user&#39;s behalf (other than an optional notification message to the user). 
     The user permissions and the user&#39;s public key  628  are then used to generate (step  630 ) a customized SPD  632  adapted to be used by the user. The user permissions from step  626  are stored in the rights and permissions segment  514  of the SPD  632 , and the user&#39;s public key  628  is used to encrypt the content in the content segment  516  of the SPD  632 . A public-key encryption mechanism can be used to transform the SPD from the generic form to the customized SPD  632 . Such a mechanism is useful if the SPD has to be confidentially transferred between different parties, e.g., author to publisher to retailer to consumer, with rights protection at each stage. It should further be noted that multiple user requests can be composed and accommodated within a single SPD  632 ; there are techniques known in the art that are capable of using multiple public keys to encrypt a document such that any of the users&#39; private keys can be used to decrypt it. 
     The resulting custom SPD  632  is then transmitted to the user  118  by any available means, such as via a computer network or stored on a physical medium (such as a magnetic or optical disk). 
     The operations performed when a user receives an SPD are depicted in the flow diagram of FIG.  7 . The SPD is first received and stored at the user&#39;s system (step  710 ); in many cases, it is not necessary to use the SPD right away. When usage is desired, the user is first authenticated (step  712 ), typically with a user name and a password or key. The system then determines what action is desired by the user (step.  714 ). When an action is chosen, the rights-enforcement step of the invention (step  716 ) verifies the conditions associated with the desired action (such as the fee, time, level of access, watermark, or other conditions); this can be performed locally via the SPD applet  512  (FIG. 5) or by accessing a rights enforcement server. 
     If the rights enforcement step (step  716 ) fails, an update procedure (step  718 ) is undertaken. The user may choose to update his permissions, for example by authorizing additional fees. After the satisfactory verification of conditions, a pre-audit procedure (step  718 ) is performed, in which the SPD system logs verification status to a tracking service (e.g., the audit server  130  of FIG.  1 ). The content is then securely rendered to the screen (step  722 ) as discussed above. When the user is finished, a post-audit procedure (step  724 ) is performed in which the amount of usage is updated with the tracking service. The SPD system then awaits further action. 
     The protection yielded by the SPD is derived from the user&#39;s inability to capture a useful form of the document at any intermediate stage during the rendering process. This is accomplished by decrypting the document contents to a clear form at the latest possible stage, ideally in the last step. 
     The SPD decryption model is illustrated in FIG. 8. E denotes the encryption function performed by the publisher; D denotes the decryption performed at the user&#39;s system, and R denotes the rendering transformation. Many prior systems use a first sequence of transformations  810 , D(E(x)) followed by R(D(E(x))). As stated previously, the early decryption leaves the document in a vulnerable state. Ideally, the transformations are performed in the reverse order  812 , R′(E(x)) followed by D(R′(E(x))). This postpones decryption to the latest possible time. 
     The existence of R′, a rendering operation that can be performed before decryption, is determined by the following equality: 
     
       
           D ( R ′( E ( x )))= R ( D ( E ( x ))) 
       
     
     In case that the encryption and decryption functions are commutative, that is, E(D(x))=D(E(x)) for any x, the existence of R′ is ensured: 
     
       
           R ′( y )= E ( R ( D ( y ))) 
       
     
     for 
     
       
           y=E ( x ) 
       
     
     In practice, encryption and decryption functions in popular public-key cryptographic systems such as the RSA system and ElGamal discrete logarithm system satisfy the commutation requirement. This means that the transformation R′ exists if these cryptographic systems are used for encryption and decryption. 
     The path x′=D(R′(E(x))) portrays an ideal SPD solution to the document protection against unauthorized document usage and distribution. A scenario of distributing and using a document can be described as follows. When a user purchases the document, the document is encrypted using a user&#39;s public information and is transmitted over an insecure network channel such as the Internet. The encrypted document has the rights information attached to it and a protecting applet  512  that enforces the rights and permissions granted to the user by the content owner. Upon a user&#39;s request on using the document, the applet verifies the rights and permissions and generates from the encrypted document the presentation format of the original document. As any intermediate form of the document before the final presentation data is encrypted with the user&#39;s private information, the SPD model of document protection ensures that any intermediate form of the document is not useful to other systems wherever it is intercepted. 
     Clearly, this ideal model relies on whether or not the transformation R′ that corresponds to the rendering transformation R can be computed efficiently, and in particular on whether or not an invocation of the decryption function D is necessary during an implementation of R′. A trivial case in which R′ can be implemented efficiently is where R is commutative with the encryption function E. When this happens, 
     
       
           R ′( y )= E ( R ( D ( y )))= R ( E ( D ( y )))= R ( y ) 
       
     
     for y=E(x). In this case, R′=R. 
     Consideration of FIG. 8 reveals that many intermediate solutions (e.g., intermediate solutions  814 ,  816 , and  818 ) to the document protection problem may exist on the user&#39;s system between, the two extremes x′=R(D(E(x))), which has no protection on x=D(E(x)), and x′=D(R′(E(x))), which has ideal protection (under the assumptions set forth above). As depicted in FIG. 8, one may consider different paths from the encrypted document E(x) to the presentation data x′ that correspond to different combinations of partial rendering transformations and partial decryption transformations. Again, it should be recognized that delaying the decryption D in any path increases the protection level to the document. 
     As discussed above, one alternative method of delaying decryption to the last possible moment employs a polarization technique that encrypts only the document contents, not the format or the entire document as a whole. This possibility is shown in FIG.  9 . Beginning with the clear document content  910  (which, it should be noted, does not exist in any single identifiable location during the user&#39;s processing, but is rather a transient state occurring within step  412  of FIG.  4 ), the document is split (step  912 ) into a data portion  914  and a format portion  916 . The data portion  914  is polarized (step  918 ) using the polarization key  920  and merged (step  922 ) with the clear format portion  916 . This results in polarized content  924  that can be rendered to polarized presentation data without first decrypting the content. It should be observed that this form of polarization is likely less secure than wholesale encryption with the polarization key, since a lot of information can potentially be derived from the layout of a document, word lengths, line lengths, etc.; however, this scheme will present a useful deterrent to casual copyright infringement. 
     While certain exemplary embodiments of the invention have been described in detail above, it should be recognized that other forms, alternatives, modifications, versions and variations of the invention are equally operative and would be apparent to those skilled in the art. The disclosure is not intended to limit the invention to any particular embodiment, and is intended to embrace all such forms, alternatives, modifications, versions and variations. For example, the portions of the invention described above that are described as software components could be implemented as hardware. Moreover, while certain functional blocks are described herein as separate and independent from each other, these functional blocks can be consolidated and performed on a single general-purpose computer, or further broken down into sub-functions as recognized in the art. Accordingly, the true scope of the invention is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents and should be determined with reference to the claims set forth below.