Abstract:
An optical line terminal transmitter front-end, an optical network terminal receiver front-end and a bit-interleaved passive optical network (BIPON). In one embodiment, the transmitter front-end includes: (1) a bit interleaver configured to group and interleave a plurality of user bit-streams to yield a combined single bit-stream, (2) an encoder coupled to the bit interleaver and configured to encode multiple bits of the single bit-stream into a multi-level code corresponding to a 2 m -level multi-level signal and (3) a multi-level modulator coupled to the encoder and configured to modulate the multi-level code into the 2 m -level multi-level signal.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    This application is directed, in general, to a passive optical network (PON) and, more specifically, to a circuit and method for increasing the aggregated data rate (i.e. transmission speed) of a PON. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Optical telecommunication networks have been widely built out in recent years and are gaining in popularity. Optical fibers are capable of carrying a high volume of traffic at a reasonable cost. Although previously the “last mile” between an optical communication network and the end user was still spanned with copper wire, now fiber optic cables are often run directly up to houses, apartment complexes, and business locations. One arrangement for spanning this portion of the communication link is referred to as a PON. 
         [0003]    Generally speaking, a PON includes an optical line termination (OLT), typically located in a central office, which communicates via a fiber-optic cable system with one or more optical network units (ONUs), with each ONU being located on or near a customer premises. An optical network termination (ONT) is an ONU that typically serves a single user and may, for example, be located at the user&#39;s residence. A multi-dwelling unit (MDU) is an ONU that serves a multi-dwelling unit such as an apartment complex or small business. Each ONU is capable of segregating the downstream signals from the OLT and directing them to the proper user, and of transmitting upstream signals back to the OLT. In addition to forming a part of one or more PONS, the OLT is also connected to the larger telecommunication system through which the various services such as telephony, Internet access, and broadcast media are accessible so that they can be made available to the users associated with the OLT. 
         [0004]    Standards have been promulgated for PON operations. For example, many current implementations are configured in accordance with a family of specifications including ITU-T G.984 and related standards. Such systems currently provide for transmission speeds of up to (approximately) 2.5 Gbps in the downstream direction and 1.24 Gbps upstream. The directional difference in transmission speeds is due in part to practical consideration of the cost of facilitating higher upstream transmission speeds, coupled with the fact that, as a general rule, more content needs to be transmitted downstream than back to the OLT. 
         [0005]    With increased utilization of optical network services, however, a need exists to increase existing aggregated date rate, at least in the downstream direction and eventually in both directions. One solution, of course, is simply to replace or upgrade all PONs and related equipment with the components necessary to accommodate the higher aggregated date rate. This, however, may be too expensive or difficult, especially in the near term. 
         [0006]    For example, the best existing solution in supporting a higher aggregated date rate is a tunable wavelength division multiplexing (TWDM) PON, e.g., ITU-T NGPON2. Unfortunately, this solution requires a WDM filter at the OLT and/or array waveguide gratings (AWGs) in the optical distribution network (ODN) and tunable lasers in the ONT. Apart from the high component cost of each AWG, the WDM filter and the tunable laser, replacing conventional optical power splitters with AWGs in the ODN is costly. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0007]    One aspect provides an optical line terminal transmitter front-end. In one embodiment, the transmitter front-end includes: (1) a bit interleaver configured to group and interleave a plurality of user bit-streams to yield a combined single bit-stream, (2) an encoder coupled to the bit interleaver and configured to encode multiple bits of the single bit-stream into a multi-level code corresponding to a 2 m -level multi-level signal and (3) a multi-level modulator coupled to the encoder and configured to modulate the multi-level code into the 2 m -level multi-level signal. 
         [0008]    Another aspect provides an optical network terminal receiver front-end. In one embodiment, the receiver front-end includes: (1) a clock-and-data recovery circuit/demultiplexer configured to receive bit-interleaved 2 m -level multi-level signals and recover a clock signal and multi-level codes therefrom, the multi-level codes being part of a data packet having a header and a payload, (2) a multi-level bit detector coupled to the clock-and-data recovery circuit/demultiplexer and configured to detect bits from the multi-level codes in the header and (3) a bit-interleaved passive optical network header processor coupled to the multi-level bit detector and configured to determine, based on the bits, a subsampling rate, phase and bit position for the clock-and-data recovery circuit/demultiplexer to select for recovery ones of the multi-level codes in the payload. 
         [0009]    Yet another aspect provides a bit-interleaved passive optical network (BIPON). In one embodiment, the BIPON includes: (1) an optical line terminal transmitter front-end configured to group and interleave a plurality of user bit-streams to yield a combined single bit-stream, encode multiple bits of the single bit-stream into a multi-level code corresponding to a 2 m -level multi-level signal and modulate the multi-level code into the 2 m -level multi-level signal, (2) an optical transmission medium and (3) a plurality of optical network terminal receiver front-ends, each of the optical network terminal receiver front-ends configured to receive the 2 m -level multi-level signals and recover a clock signal and multi-level codes therefrom, the multi-level codes being part of a data packet having a header and a payload, detect bits from the multi-level codes in the header and determine, based on the bits, a subsampling rate, phase and bit position for the clock-and-data recovery circuit/demultiplexer to select for recovery ones of the multi-level codes in the payload. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION 
         [0010]    Reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0011]      FIG. 1  is a high-level block diagram of one embodiment of one portion of a BIPON; 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram of one embodiment of an OLT transmitter front-end; 
           [0013]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of one embodiment of an ONT receiver front-end; and 
           [0014]      FIG. 4  illustrates example waveforms pertaining to transmission of PAM-4-encoded data in a BIPON. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0015]    As stated above, TWDM may be employed to increase aggregated data rate, but it employs relatively expensive parts, and upgrading an existing PON to accommodate TWDM is expensive. A need therefore exists for a way to facilitate an increase in aggregated date rate without having to replace or upgrade components in the OLT and ONUs of a PON. A further need exists for a way to facilitate an increase in aggregated data rate in the context of a BIPON. As those skilled in the pertinent art are aware, a BIPON is a PON in which a bit-interleaving protocol is employed. The bit-interleaving protocol allows the ONUs to avoid wasting power decoding data that is not directed to them. Those skilled in the pertinent art are familiar with BIPONs. One source of information on BIPONs is Van Praet, et al., “Demonstration of Low-Power Bit-Interleaving TDM PON” J. Optics Express, 10 Dec. 2012/Vol. 20, No. 26, p. B7, incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0016]    Those skilled in the pertinent art are aware of multi-level modulation, wherein data is conveyed using more than two significant conditions, e.g., defined voltage levels. Introduced herein is multi-level modulation, (MLS), which helps reduce the required signaling rate, making it an attractive candidate for a next generation, higher rate PON. To date, multi-level modulation has not been employed in conjunction with bit interleaving, because the conventional bit-interleaving protocol has never been adapted to accommodate multi-level modulation. Such adaptation requires a substantial modification to the conventional bit-interleaving protocol. In MLS, groups of user data are bit-interleaved and modulated using multi-level technique, so that at each ONT, only part of the multi-level signal in a specific group is needed to be decoded and processed, significantly reducing receiver complexity. 
         [0017]    MLS facilitates higher transmissions speed in a PON. MLS is compatible with a PON operating according to a current standard, e.g., ITU-T G.984 and related specifications, as well as those operating according to a standard yet to be implemented or defined. 
         [0018]      FIG. 1  is a high-level block diagram illustrating one embodiment of one portion of an example BIPON. In this embodiment, the BIPON employs an OLT  110  to transmit packets of data encoded according to MLS via an optical transmission medium  120 , such as an optical fiber, to a plurality of ONTs  130 - 1 ,  130 - 2 , . . . ,  130 -N, which are each configured to receive the packets. To facilitate the delivery of the MLS-encoded packets to more than one ONT  130 - 1 ,  130 - 2 , . . . ,  130 -N, a passive optical splitter  140  is coupled to the optical medium  120  between the OLT  110  and the ONTs  130 - 1 ,  130 - 2 , . . . ,  130 -N, thereby distributing the optical signal from the transmitting OLT  110  to the plurality of ONTs  130 - 1 ,  130 - 2 , . . . ,  130 -N. 
         [0019]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram illustrating one embodiment of an OLT transmitter front-end. At the transmitter, a number of user bit-streams, N, are grouped and interleaved by a bit interleaver  210  into a single bit-stream at rate RL according to a bandwidth allocation. The combined single bit-stream is converted into a m-bit parallel data at rate RS using a 1:m serial-to-parallel converter  220 . The m-bit parallel data is then encoded using a coder  230 . In one embodiment, the coder  230  is a balanced Gray coder. Next, the coded m-bit parallel data is modulated into a 2m-level multi-level signal by a multi-level 2 m  modulator  240 . Predistortion  250  is then introduced into the 2m-level multi-level signal according to an estimated channel response which is generated by an adaptive control  270  based on feedback from at least one of the ONTs  130 - 1 ,  130 - 2 , . . . ,  130 -N of  FIG. 1 . In one embodiment, the feedback contains signal-to-noise ratios for each bit position at the ONTs  130 - 1 ,  130 - 2 , . . . ,  130 -N of  FIG. 1 . The multi-level signal is finally converted into an optical signal by an electrical-to-optical (E/O) modulator  260 . 
         [0020]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating one embodiment of an ONT receiver front-end. As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , an optical-to-electrical (O/E) modulator  310  converts an optical signal into a multi-level signal. The ONT receiver front-end then recovers the clock and data at a subsampling rate using a n: 1 -CDR/demultiplexer  320 . The sampling rate, phase and bit position is determined by a BIPON header processor  350 . The recovered multi-level signal at rate RI is enhanced using a distortion/dispersion compensation (EDC) module  330  before feeding to a multi-level bit-detector  340 . The EDC module is adapted to enhance the multi-level signal according to the channel condition and a current “bit-of-interest” indicated by the BIPON header processor  350  and a BIPON payload processor  360 . In one embodiment, an adaptive control  370  provides feedback allowing predistortion to be carried out. In one embodiment, the feedback allows channel response to be estimated. 
         [0021]    The multi-level bit-detector finally recovers the information bit at rate RU using a bank of M parallel voltage threshold detectors, where M&lt;&lt;2m, where m is the modulation depth. The number of required threshold detectors depends on the modulation depth m of the multi-level signal. In one embodiment, M is the smallest integer greater than or equal to 2 m /m. E.g., for m=2, only two voltage threshold detectors are needed, instead of 2 2 =4 threshold detectors. For m=3, only three voltage threshold detectors are needed, instead of 2 3 =8 threshold detectors. At least one combinatorial logic gate is employed to combine the outputs of the voltage threshold detectors. For example, for m=3, a logic AND gate is needed. 
         [0022]    One embodiment employs pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM), which may be a four-level PAM (4-PAM or PAM-4).  FIG. 4  illustrates example waveforms pertaining to transmission of PAM-4-encoded data in a BIPON. As those skilled in the pertinent art understand, PAM is a form of signal modulation where the message information is encoded by using different voltage amplitudes. For instance, PAM-4 has four different amplitude voltages  410 : usually 1, 0.5, −0.5, and −1. These four levels are digitally encoded as two bits: a most significant bit (MSB) and least significant bit (LSB). Therefore, the bit rate increases by a factor of two compared to NRZ modulation at the same symbol rate. Because the information is transmitted in four different voltage levels, the four levels should be detected at the receiver. 
         [0023]    However, the plurality of ONTs  130 - 1 ,  130 - 2 , . . . ,  130 -N may be divided into groups, and each group may be assigned a unique MSB, such that upon detecting the MSB, one of the two groups need not perform any further detection (as the data does not pertain to them), while the other of the two groups can continue to perform further detection. This process can continue, such that further detection relieves further subgroups of ONTs  130 - 1 ,  130 - 2 , . . . ,  130 -N from having to perform still further detection. 
         [0024]      FIG. 4  illustrates this process. From an input waveform  410 , a first voltage threshold  430  is suitable for detecting the MSB. Two additional voltage thresholds  430 ,  440  are then suitable for detecting the LSB. The output of the two additional voltage detectors may be provided to an AND logic gate  450  to yield the LSB. 
         [0025]    In one embodiment, One three different threshold voltage detectors are employed to discriminate among the four levels. In an alternative embodiment, two voltage detectors are used to discriminate among the four levels, wherein at least one of the two voltage detectors has a programmable voltage threshold. Programming threshold voltages allows the same voltage detector to be used in multiple iterations of voltage detection. 
         [0026]    Those skilled in the art to which this application relates will appreciate that other and further additions, deletions, substitutions and modifications may be made to the described embodiments.