Abstract:
A line driver and a method for driving a load are proposed. The line driver includes a current amplifier and a feedback network. The current amplifier has an input node arranged to receive an input current of the line driver, and an output node arranged to produce an output current. The feedback network is coupled between the input node and the output node of the current amplifier, wherein a portion of the output current of the line driver is guided to the feedback network, and an equivalent impedance obtained by looking into the output node of the current amplifier with the feedback network substantially equals an impedance of the load.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    The disclosed embodiments of the present invention relate to wire line communication systems, and more particularly, to a line driver with active termination and an associated method. 
         [0002]    In a conventional wire line communication system, a transmitter may need a local resistive termination with a certain value to operably match the source impedance to the channel characteristic impedance, in order to achieve maximum power transfer. When the transmitter is controlled to deliver signals to the subsequent wire line, the source impedance and load impedance will consume the same power. As a result, the efficiency of said transmitter is poor since half of the current is seized by the source impedance. 
         [0003]      FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating a conventional current mode DAC as a transmitter. A source impedance R S  and a load impedance R L  are arranged in a shunt configuration.  FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating a conventional voltage mode line driver as a transmitter. A source impedance R S  and a load impedance R L  are arranged in a series configuration. The amplitude of V OX  is twice the amplitude of V O . For the circuits shown in  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , the source impedance R S  and the load impedance R L  both consume the same power. 
         [0004]    Some alternative designs have been proposed to reduce the power dissipated on source impedance, by employing a hybrid voltage mode and a current mode driver. The obvious shortcomings of such designs are higher hardware cost and lower operational speed. Hence, there is a need for an innovative design which can solve the above mentioned issues. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0005]    One of the objectives of the present invention is to disclose a line driver with active termination and an associated method, to solve the issue. 
         [0006]    According to a first aspect of the present invention, a line driver for driving a load is disclosed. The line driver comprises a current amplifier and a feedback network. The current amplifier has an input node arranged to receive an input current of the line driver, and an output node arranged to produce an output current. The feedback network is coupled between the input node and the output node of the current amplifier, wherein a portion of the output current of the line driver is guided to the feedback network, and an equivalent impedance obtained by looking into the output node of the current amplifier with the feedback network substantially equals an impedance of the load. 
         [0007]    According to a second aspect of the present invention, a method for driving a load is disclosed. The method comprises: utilizing a current amplifier to receive an input current at an input node and produce an output current at an output node; and coupling a feedback network between the input node and the output node of the current amplifier to guide a portion of the output current generated from the output node of the output node; wherein the feedback network is configured to make an equivalent impedance obtained by looking into the output node of the current amplifier with the feedback network substantially equal to an impedance of the load. 
         [0008]    These and other objectives of the present invention will no doubt become obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art after reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment that is illustrated in the various figures and drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0009]      FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating a conventional current mode DAC as a transmitter. 
           [0010]      FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating a conventional voltage mode line driver as a transmitter. 
           [0011]      FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating a current mode DAC subsequently followed by a single-ended current amplifier with a conventional source impedance arrangement. 
           [0012]      FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating a current mode DAC subsequently followed by a single-ended current amplifier with an active termination according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0013]      FIG. 5  is a diagram illustrating a current mode DAC subsequently followed by a differential current amplifier with an active termination according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0014]      FIG. 6  is a diagram illustrating a line driver with a feedback network comprising another current amplifier and a voltage divider according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0015]      FIG. 7  is a diagram illustrating a line driver with a current amplifier of a first type according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0016]      FIG. 8  is a diagram illustrating a line driver with a current amplifier of a second type according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0017]      FIG. 9  is a diagram illustrating a line driver modified from  FIG. 7 . 
           [0018]      FIG. 10  is a diagram illustrating a differential line driver modified from  FIG. 7 . 
           [0019]      FIG. 11  is a diagram illustrating a differential line driver modified from  FIG. 8 . 
           [0020]      FIG. 12  is a diagram illustrating a conceptual single-ended active termination design according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0021]      FIG. 13  is a diagram illustrating a conceptual differential active termination design according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0022]    Certain terms are used throughout the description and following claims to refer to particular components. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, manufacturers may refer to a component by different names. This document does not intend to distinguish between components that differ in name but not function. In the following description and in the claims, the terms “include” and “comprise” are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean “include, but not limited to . . . ”. Also, the term “couple” is intended to mean either an indirect or direct electrical connection. Accordingly, if one device is electrically connected to another device, that connection may be through a direct electrical connection, or through an indirect electrical connection via other devices and connections. 
         [0023]    A wire line transmitter driver with active termination is disclosed, wherein the transmitter driver belongs to a current mode. The active termination is arranged for impedance matching and consumes much less power compared to the power dissipated on source impedance of the conventional during transmission. In other words, the current driver inherently has a characteristic to inject almost all the output current into the load impedance while retaining the same impedance match condition, thus reaching high power efficiency compared to the prior art. 
         [0024]    Referring first to  FIG. 3 , an example block diagram of a current mode DAC (digital-to-analog converter)  302  subsequently followed by a single-ended current amplifier  304  with a conventional source impedance arrangement is shown. The source impedance arrangement may be equivalently described as a resistor R S  between an output of the current amplifier  304  and a ground voltage. The current mode DAC  302  maybe operable to send input current I I  to the current amplifier  304 . The input current I I  is then amplified by the current amplifier  304  to become output current I O =−A I *I I , where A I  is a current gain of the current amplifier  304 . As mentioned above, half of the output current I O  is dissipated on the resistor R S  instead of being majorly injected into a resistor R L  representing a load. 
         [0025]    Referring to  FIG. 4 , an example block diagram of a current mode DAC  402  subsequently followed by a single-ended current amplifier  404  with an active termination is shown, in accordance with an example embodiment of the invention. As shown in  FIG. 4 , a resistor R T  is coupled between an output node N OUT  and an input node N IN  of the current amplifier  404 . When 
         [0000]        R   T   =R   S ·(1+ A   I )  (1),
 
         [0000]    an output impedance of the current driver  404  will be equivalent to the resistor Rs of  FIG. 3 , where A I  is a current gain of the current amplifier  404 . According to equation (1), the current gain A I  of the current amplifier  404  may be configured to be a large value, which enlarges the required resistor R T . When the resistor R T  is much greater than a resistor R L  representing a load, almost all the output current Io will flow into the load resistor R L . The specific deduction associated with equation (1) is provided hereinafter in greater detail. 
         [0026]    When applying a voltage (V X ) at the output node N out  of the current amplifier  404 , an output current Ix of the current amplifier  404  can be described as: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     I 
                     X 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           V 
                           X 
                         
                         
                           R 
                           T 
                         
                       
                       + 
                       
                         
                           
                             V 
                             X 
                           
                           
                             R 
                             T 
                           
                         
                         · 
                         
                           A 
                           I 
                         
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             V 
                             X 
                           
                            
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               1 
                               + 
                               
                                 A 
                                 I 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         
                           R 
                           T 
                         
                       
                       . 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   2 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0027]    So, the output impedance of the current driver  404  is: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       V 
                       X 
                     
                     
                       I 
                       X 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         R 
                         T 
                       
                       
                         1 
                         + 
                         
                           A 
                           I 
                         
                       
                     
                     . 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   3 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0028]    When equation (1) is satisfied, the output impedance of the current driver  404  is obviously forced to be equivalent to the resistor R S  of  FIG. 3 , so that impedance matching can be achieved. The derivations of equations involving the input current I I , output current I O , and output voltage V O  of the current driver  404 , and the resistor R T  will be described later. 
         [0029]    The impedance R T  and the impedance R L  are equivalently arranged in a shunt configuration, so 
         [0000]        V   O   =I   O ·( R   T   //R   L )  (4).
 
         [0030]    As mentioned above, 
         [0000]      R L =R S   (5)
 
         [0000]    for impedance matching. In addition, the output current I O  contains the original input current I I  part and the feedback current part. The output current I O  can be represented as 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       I 
                       O 
                     
                     = 
                     
                       - 
                       
                         
                           A 
                           I 
                         
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               
                                 V 
                                 O 
                               
                               
                                 R 
                                 T 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             
                               I 
                               I 
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   , 
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   6 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein the left value in parentheses is the feedback current passing through the impedance RT from the output node N OUT  of the current driver  404  to the input node N IN  of the current driver  404 . According to equations (1) and (4)-(5), it can be derived that 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     I 
                     O 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       I 
                       O 
                     
                      
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               1 
                               + 
                               
                                 A 
                                 I 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                            
                           
                             R 
                             S 
                           
                         
                         
                           2 
                           + 
                           
                             A 
                             I 
                           
                         
                       
                       . 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   7 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0031]    According to equations (1) and (6), it can be derived that 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     I 
                     O 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     - 
                     
                       
                         
                           A 
                           I 
                         
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               
                                 V 
                                 O 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   R 
                                   S 
                                 
                                 · 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     1 
                                     + 
                                     
                                       A 
                                       I 
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             
                               I 
                               I 
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       . 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   8 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0032]    And 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       I 
                       L 
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         I 
                         O 
                       
                       - 
                       
                         
                           V 
                           
                             O 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           R 
                           T 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   , 
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   9 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein I L  is current passing through the load impedance R L . Therefore, 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     I 
                     L 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               - 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   2 
                                   + 
                                   
                                     A 
                                     I 
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                              
                             
                               A 
                               I 
                             
                           
                           
                             1 
                             + 
                             
                               A 
                               1 
                             
                           
                         
                          
                         
                           I 
                           I 
                         
                       
                       - 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               - 
                               
                                 A 
                                 I 
                               
                             
                              
                             
                               R 
                               S 
                             
                           
                           
                             2 
                              
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 1 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   A 
                                   I 
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                              
                             
                               R 
                               S 
                             
                           
                         
                          
                         
                           I 
                           I 
                         
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 - 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     2 
                                     + 
                                     
                                       A 
                                       I 
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                                
                               
                                 A 
                                 I 
                               
                             
                             
                               1 
                               + 
                               
                                 A 
                                 I 
                               
                             
                           
                            
                           
                             I 
                             I 
                           
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             A 
                             I 
                           
                           
                             2 
                              
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 1 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   A 
                                   I 
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       = 
                       
                         
                           
                             - 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     3 
                                      
                                     
                                       A 
                                       I 
                                     
                                   
                                   2 
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   A 
                                   I 
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           
                             1 
                             + 
                             
                               A 
                               I 
                             
                           
                         
                          
                         
                           
                             I 
                             I 
                           
                           . 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   10 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0033]    It is obvious that the current I L  will be less than, but close to, I O  when the current gain A I  of the current driver  404  is specified as a large value. The power efficiency can therefore be greatly improved by utilizing a current driver with a large current gain. 
         [0034]    Referring now to  FIG. 5 , an example block diagram of a current mode DAC  502  subsequently followed by a differential current amplifier  504  with an active termination is shown, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. As shown in  FIG. 5 , the current amplifier  504  includes a positive input node N INP  and a negative input node N INN , and a positive output node N OUTP  and a negative output node N OUTN . A feedback network  506  includes a first feedback network circuit and a second feedback network circuit. The first feedback network circuit includes a resistor R T /2 coupled between the negative output node N OUTN  and a positive input node N INP  of the current amplifier  504 , and another resistor R T /2 is coupled between a positive output node N OUTP  and a negative input node N INN  of the current amplifier  504 . The same equation can be derived for the fully differential architecture in  FIG. 5  by a similar deduction sequence, and thus the details are omitted here for brevity. 
         [0035]    Although so far the embodiments all employ pure passive components (e.g. a resistor) as the feedback network, active components, such as a voltage buffer, may also be utilized for implementation of the feedback network. Such alternative designs are shown in  FIGS. 6-11 . The design considerations of the feedback networks in  FIGS. 6-11  are also based on the concept mentioned above. In  FIG. 6 , an example block diagram of a line driver with a feedback network comprising another current amplifier and a voltage divider is shown. In  FIG. 7 , an example block diagram of a line driver with a current amplifier of a first type is shown, where the current amplifier comprises an operational amplifier. In  FIG. 8 , an example block diagram of a line driver with a current amplifier of a second type is shown, where the current amplifier comprises a current source. In  FIG. 9 , an example block diagram of a line driver modified from  FIG. 7  is shown. In  FIG. 10 , an example block diagram of a differential line driver modified from  FIG. 7  is shown. In  FIG. 11 , an example block diagram of a differential line driver modified from  FIG. 8  is shown. Those skilled in the art should readily understand the operations of examples shown in  FIGS. 6-11 ; details are omitted here for brevity. 
         [0036]    More generally, the concept of the invention may be further summarized into a current amplifier combining with a feedback network, where the feedback network is configured as a negative feedback configuration.  FIG. 12  is a diagram illustrating a conceptual single-ended active termination design according to an embodiment of the present invention. A I  is a current gain of a single-ended current amplifier  1204 , and β is equivalent impedance of a feedback network  1206  of  FIG. 12 . I FI  is the current fed into the feedback network  1206 , and I FO  is the current output from the feedback network  1206 . Equivalent impedance β can be represented as: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   β 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         V 
                         O 
                       
                       
                         I 
                         FO 
                       
                     
                     . 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   11 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0037]    A current ratio α of the feedback network  1206  can be represented as: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   α 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         I 
                         FO 
                       
                       
                         I 
                         FI 
                       
                     
                     . 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   12 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0038]    In summary, when the feedback network  1206  satisfies 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     β 
                     = 
                     
                       
                         R 
                         S 
                       
                        
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             A 
                             I 
                           
                           + 
                           
                             1 
                             α 
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                   , 
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   13 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    the output impedance of the current amplifier  1204  will be equal to a target impedance R S , which is determined by the load impedance. In a case where the current ratio α equals 1, i.e. the current I FI  fed into the feedback network  1206  equals the current I FO  output from the feedback network  1206  (for example, when the feedback network  1206  is merely a passive resistor), equation (13) will be substantially the same as equation (1). 
         [0039]      FIG. 13  is a diagram illustrating a conceptual differential active termination design according to an embodiment of the present invention. For the fully differential current driver, the same result can be achieved by coupling a feedback network  1306  of a positive end to a negative output of a current amplifier  1305 , and coupling a feedback network  1307  of a negative end to a positive output of a current amplifier  1304 . 
         [0040]    In particular, it is envisaged that the aforementioned inventive concept can be applied by a semiconductor manufacturer to any integrated circuit. It is further envisaged that, for example, a semiconductor manufacturer may employ the inventive concept in the design of a stand-alone device, or application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) and/or any other sub-system element. 
         [0041]    Aspects of the invention may be implemented in any suitable form including hardware, software, firmware or any combination of these. The invention may be implemented, at least partly, as computer software running on one or more data processors and/or digital signal processors or configurable module components such as FPGA devices. Thus, the elements and components of an embodiment of the invention may be physically, functionally and logically implemented in any suitable way. The functionality may be implemented in a single unit, in a plurality of units or as part of other functional units. 
         [0042]    Although the present invention has been described in connection with some embodiments, it is not intended to be limited to the specific form set forth herein. Rather, the scope of the present invention is limited only by the accompanying claims. Additionally, although a feature may appear to be described in connection with particular embodiments, one skilled in the art would recognize that various features of the described embodiments may be combined in accordance with the invention. In the claims, the term ‘comprising’ does not exclude the presence of other elements or steps. 
         [0043]    Furthermore, although individually listed, a plurality of means, elements or method steps may be implemented by, for example, a single unit or processor or controller. Additionally, although individual features may be included in different claims, these may possibly be advantageously combined, and the inclusion in different claims does not imply that a combination of features is not feasible and/or advantageous. Also, the inclusion of a feature in one category of claims does not imply a limitation to this category, but rather indicates that the feature is equally applicable to other claim categories, as appropriate. 
         [0044]    Furthermore, the order of features in the claims does not imply any specific order in which the features must be performed and in particular the order of individual steps in a method claim does not imply that the steps must be performed in this order. Rather, the steps may be performed in any suitable order. In addition, singular references do not exclude a plurality. Thus, references to ‘a’, ‘an’, ‘first’, ‘second’, etc. do not preclude a plurality. 
         [0045]    Thus, an improved line driver has been described, wherein the aforementioned disadvantages with prior art arrangements have been substantially alleviated. 
         [0046]    Those skilled in the art will readily observe that numerous modifications and alterations of the device and method may be made while retaining the teachings of the invention. Accordingly, the above disclosure should be construed as limited only by the metes and bounds of the appended claims.