Abstract:
A shoe comprises a flexible outersole, an insole and an upper, the upper being formed from a flat Thermo Plastic Rubber blank, a toe cap first being fabricated in the blank by means of a teacup crease special-use sewing machine, the blank or preform subsequently affixed to a last and joined by a second special purpose sewing machine, or disc feed overseaming machine, to a non-woven fabric midsole or insole, substantially completing the upper. Thermal processing on the resulting preform completes processing of the upper without use of an insole board. A third element of the shoe, the outersole, is unitary in construction, and equipped with a unique pattern of intersecting grooves, as well as an external bridge or instep support in lieu of an inner steel shank. Following bonding of the upper and the outersole, a shoe of unique flexibility is produced, while still providing adequate protection to an active user&#39;s foot.

Description:
This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/474,481 filed Dec. 29, 1999 still pending. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     A price paid by humanity for an upright posture and for a habitat including supporting surfaces both painful and injurious to an unprotected human foot is the necessity of wearing footwear. Footwear protects the soles of a wearer&#39;s feet from the ground surface, the balance of a wearer&#39;s feet from other environmental influences, and simultaneously is viewed as a means of ornamentation and sexually differentiated display. In addition to protective and ornamental functions, requirements already partly in tension, an item of footwear is desired to do minimum violence to a user&#39;s pedal anatomy in the course of walking and standing, and simultaneously allow maximum possible freedom of movement so that the supple human foot may continue to function in a manner for which evolution adapted it, and possibly even move beyond the pedestrian in kinesthetic manifestation of physical talent. Simultaneously with an increasing flexibility in certain degrees or axes of motion however, as in bending in a posterior phalangeal or rearward toe or ball region, it may be desirable to reduce flexibility in other degrees of freedom, as in providing support or preventing collapse in a metatarsal region. The metatarsal region of a foot, or a corresponding region of a shoe, is also variously known as an arch or an instep region, with “instep” more indicative of a shoe, and “arch” more indicative of a foot. 
     Aforementioned manifold objectives of footwear function are of course partially in conflict, as may be observed from the marketing of ornamental or fashion shoes thought to be positively damaging to a user&#39;s feet, however accepted by a sub-population of shoe wearers as a necessary expression of a fashion persona. Similarly athletic shoes, while possibly making a fashion statement in a limited context, are unsuitable for dress or office wear. Other similar tradeoffs may be observed between comfort and protection, comfort and fashion, and so forth, not to mention between cost of manufacture and quality of materials and construction. Add to these trade-offs variation in user taste, fitness, mass, life-style, gait, activities and budget, and it is clear that a product which expands the envelope of available design solutions along at least one product axis is likely to increase some consumers&#39; utility function, and hence constitute a new and useful addition to the foot-covering marketplace. 
     A demand exists for toddler&#39;s and children&#39;s footwear meeting a parent&#39;s need for fashionable decoration of the toddler, while simultaneously allowing that child freedom and comfort of pedal movement, while avoiding repetitive stress injury to the foot. Given a product meeting these objectives, an efficient or simplified method of manufacturing obviously possesses additional economic utility. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of this invention to provide an improved article of footwear. 
     It is a further object of this invention to provide an efficient method of manufacture for an improved article of footwear. 
     It is a more particular object of this invention to provide an improved article of footwear providing superior flexibility in a posterior phalangeal region. 
     Yet a more particular object of this invention is to provide an article with superior flexibility in a posterior phalangeal region, also possessing adequate support in a metatarsal or arch region. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide such an article of footwear embodying aesthetically pleasing features. 
     More particularly, an object of the invention is to provide an article of footwear having an construction functionally adapted to meet the above requirements, which article is also aesthetically pleasing. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to provide a method of construction for an article of footwear in accordance with the above object, which method is economically efficient. 
     These and other objects of the present invention will be more readily comprehended by an inspection of the drawings and specification contained herein. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A shoe is constructed having an upper, and a composite sole comprising an innersole, a midsole, and an outersole. An innersole is essentially an insert, either free-floating or affixed to an interior or upper surface of a midsole, and is not regarded as part of the present invention. The primary function of an innersole is generally to provide additional cushioning between a bottom of a user&#39;s foot and a remainder of the composite or multilayer sole, and, by variable thickness, more closely conform an innermost or upper surface of the composite sole with the bottom of the foot. 
     A midsole, unsurprisingly, is a structure intervening between an innersole and an outersole. In the present invention, a midsole is affixed to a lower periphery of the upper in a method of manufacture to be described more fully below. Finally, an outersole is affixed to a lower surface of the midsole as well as an exposed portion of the periphery of the upper. The outersole is that portion of the composite sole and of the shoe which directly contacts a ground surface during use, and is a relatively thick slab of rubberized plastic or other similarly flexible material, which by its bulk provides a dominant portion of a stiffness or elastic modulus of the shoe in bending and in twisting about major and minor principal axes; a lesser portion of the stiffness being provided by the upper. When confusion with “innersole” is not likely, the midsole may also be known as an insole. 
     The sole or outersole of a shoe functions to cushion the user&#39;s foot from small irregularities of a ground surface, such as pebbles, by distributing a resultant force concentration over a larger area of the bottom or sole of the user&#39;s foot, while ideally maintaining sufficient local flexibility and shock absorption to avoid pivoting or rocking on the irregularities. The (shoe) sole also provides an overall structural integrity to the shoe, and constitutes a strongest member thereof. 
     Structural and cushioning functions of the outersole dictate a relatively thick and rigid structure, compared to other components of the shoe. This relative thickness and rigidity are however counterindicated by a requirement or objective of flexibility. It is thus a general feature of shoe design, and a particular feature of the present invention, that an intelligent compromise be achieved between requisite rigidities, flexibilities and cushionings. 
     A useful compromise is achieved in part between rigidity, flexibility and cushioning in accordance with the present invention by an indentation or grooving of a foresole or frontmost portion of the outersole. Forming a grid-like pattern or design on a bottom or ground-contacting surface of the outersole, the indentations or grooves permit a greatest degree of flexibility in bending about a horizontal axis perpendicular to a longitudinal or major principal axis of a user&#39;s foot and shoe, a substantial degree of flexibility around this longitudinal axis, and simultaneously an incrementally negligible degree of flexibility about a vertical axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the shoe or foot, thus preserving an overall shape of the shoe. Simultaneously a substantial degree of resistance to bending about a rearwardly parallelly displaced member of a series of horizontal axes perpendicular to the shoe&#39;s longitudinal axis, is achieved by interposition of a brace or bridge spanning a gap between a heel and the foresole, as will be clear in the illustrations. This bridge simultaneously provides added support to a user&#39;s metatarsal or arch region, while focussing bending about the described series of parallel axes in a region adjacent to a user&#39;s toes, coincident with a natural hinge region of the human foot. It is believed that a unique pattern of grooves or indentations in the foresole region of the outersole, coupled with the action of a uniquely adapted bridge or tapered shank support extending through the metatarsal or arch region of the outersole, cooperating with a conventional heel shape, confers a unique and advantageous combination of flexibility and stiffness against bending in variously rotated and spatially displaced axes of the outersole, and confers a uniquely advantageous complex mechanical characteristic on the shoe of which the outersole forms a composite member. 
     A further flexibility is achieved in a show built in accordance with the present invention by elimination or moderation of unnecessary sources of stiffness in a construction of the shoe. In particular, an internal steel shank support is replaced with the tapered external shank support or bridge, as discussed above. Also, an insole board, a common feature in the conventional shoe making art for, in part, maintaining a shape of an upper prior to attachment to an outersole portion of an item of footwear, is eliminated by virtue of a technique of construction which sews an upper blank directly onto a flexible non-woven fabric midsole, prior to a glueing of a resulting form to the outersole. 
     A process to fabricate an upper from a blank, and a midsole, comprises a plurality of steps: A special use sewing machine, known in the art as a “(toe) Cap Beat Crease” machine forms a toe shape in a blank prior to a lasting process, to create a partially formed upper, or first stage upper preform. The Toecap Beat Crease or Toecap Crease machine is known in the industry, and models are available from the Ta Chung sewing machine company, of Taiwan, R.O.C., and Yao Han Industries co., Ltd, also of Taiwan; Shin-Chuang City, Taipei Hsien. 
     Following a formation of the toe shape or toe cap, a second special use sewing machine, known in the art as a “Disc Feed Overseaming Machine” is utilized to stitch the preform directly to the non-woven fabric midsole. A resulting second-stage upper preform is then subjected to a 100 to 110 degree stress relief/vulcanizing heat treatment in order to remove a shape memory of an original flat blank conformation. The preform is subsequently subjected to a controlled and rapid cooling rate in order to impress a new stress-free conformation or shape memory on a now substantially prefabricated upper, or upper form. Upper and outersole are now bonded by adhesive over essentially a complete intermediate surface to form a uniquely flexible unitary construction without a use of insole board, insole binding, or other techniques known in the art of shoe construction tending to add additional stiffness. 
     Remaining machines mentioned: Vulcanizing machines, disc feed overseaming machines, and chillers or automatic refrigerators are known in the industry, and available on the open market. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1A is a schematic cross-sectional diagram or elevation of a generic elastic block, subject to a bending moment. 
     FIG. 1B is a cross-section of the a block modified from that of FIG. 1A, showing removal of material in grooves. 
     FIG. 1C is a second view of the cross-section of FIG. 1B, showing an interaction with irregularities in a ground surface. 
     FIG. 1D is a further schematic diagram of the block of FIG. 1B, subject to a bending moment. 
     FIG. 2 is a generic diagram of an indented or grooved elastomeric sheet. 
     FIG. 3 is a plan view of a bottom surface of an outersole in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 4 is a schematic perspective view of the outersole of FIG.  2 . 
     FIG. 5A is a graph showing variation of flexibility about a frontal axis along a longitudinal axis of an outersole. 
     FIG. 5B is a graph showing variation of flexibility about a longitudinal axis along a first frontal axis of an outersole. 
     FIG. 5C is a graph showing variation of flexibility about a longitudinal axis along a second frontal axis of an outersole. 
     FIG. 6A is a perspective of a blank for use in a construction method in accordance with a feature of the present invention. 
     FIG. 6B is an illustration of a first stage preform fabricated from the blank of FIG.  6 A. 
     FIG. 6C is an illustration of a second stage preform, or substantially completed upper, fabricated from the preform of FIG. 6B and a midsole. 
     FIG. 7 is an illustration of a last on which the perform of FIG. 6C is mounted. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Since an inventive concept of the present invention depends upon a control of elastic properties of a component of an article of footwear, in particular, an outersole, through intelligent design of the component&#39;s shape, it will not be inappropriate to give a brief, qualitative, overview of aspects of solid elasticity or strength of materials which are especially relevant to this invention. 
     A modulus of elasticity, or stiffness, may be understood generically in an engineering sense as a stress, or force per unit area, divided by a strain, or displacement per unit length. This means qualitatively, that for a test piece of given dimensions and a given mode of deformation (such as bending), a stiffer material, i.e. one with a higher modulus, will require a greater amount of force to achieve a given deformation or bending, or, conversely, will bend or deform less for a given application of force than a less stiff material. Even given a simple elastomeric material, such as injection molded-rubber, it is still possible, and indeed, inevitable, to acquire non-directionally uniform elastic properties, or stiffnesses, in a finished article or component, based on a shape of the component. It will become clear through a consideration of the remaining specification and drawings that a novel design of an outersole of a shoe confers upon the outersole an advantageous set of elastic behaviors or moduli in response to forces encountered in use. 
     In FIG. 1A a cross section of a block  50  of generic elastic material is shown, subject to a moment, represented by curved arrows  52 ,  54 , tending to bend the block around an axis (not shown) perpendicular to a plane of the paper and lying above an upper surface  51 . In this context, it should be noted that “elastic” calls our attention to the idea that we are regarding the block as a uniform piece of material with respect to the laws of elasticity, rather than as a member of any particular class of materials, such as the elastomers. In the present invention, however, an elastomeric, or rubber-like, compound will be used for fabrication of an outersole  120  (FIG.  3 ); in particular, a composition of Thermo Plastic Rubber (TPR) or (natural) rubber. 
     As is well known, in a block subject to such a bending, a compressive stress, indicated by double-tailed arrow  56  and a tensile stress, indicated by double-headed arrow  58 , are set up in regions approximately bisected by a central plane  60 , as further shown in FIG.  1 A. Any modification to block  50  tending to reduce stresses represented by arrows  56 ,  58  will result in a larger deflection (not shown) of the block in response to a given bending moment, and hence in a lower stiffness or enhanced flexibility. A modification to an elastic block as adumbrated above is shown in FIG. 1B. A series of stress-relief notches or grooves  64 ,  64 ′ et alia are cut into a surface  66  of block  62 ; a remaining surface of block  62  is thereby partitioned into a plurality of lands (not separately designated) or treads. It can be appreciated for purposes of application of block  62  as an outersole of a shoe (not shown), whereby surface  66  serves as a bottom or exterior surface of an outersole, that an ability of block  62  to absorb and redistribute stresses resulting from contact with irregularities, such as pebbles,  68 ,  70  protruding from a ground surface G, is either not substantially reduced or in fact increased by introduction of grooves  64 ,  64 ′ et alia. Irregularity  68  for example lying under a land or tread surface (not designated) meets an unimpaired thickness d of, in the present context, an elastomeric material, which thickness is indeed better able to deform into surrounding grooves than an equivalent volume in a monolithic material. Irregularity  70  on the other hand lying within a groove (not designated) is seen to cause no deformation of block  62 . Generally, only an obstacle or irregularity intersecting a wall  72  or floor (ceiling)  74  (FIG. 1B) of a groove may cause a larger deformation of an upper surface  76  of a grooved block  62  than would be caused in solid block  50  by an equivalent irregularity. Grooves  64 ,  64 ′ et alia do on the other hand clearly relieve tensile stresses of a nature indicated by double-headed arrow  58 , and increase flexibility in response to bending moments of a nature represented by arrows  52 ,  54  in FIG. 1A, as illustrated in FIG.  1 D. 
     The following points will be seen to plausibly arise from an elementary consideration of elasticity, or the strength of materials, in connection with structures similar to those of the present invention (reference may be made to FIG.  2 ): 
     a) given a first sequence of parallel grooves  102 ,  102 ′,  102 ″ cut into an elastic slab  100 , a stiffness in bending about an adjacent parallel axis  104  will increase as axis  104  is displaced towards increasing spacing of the first sequence of grooves (i.e., in a direction X); similarly 
     b) given a second sequence of parallel grooves  106 ,  106 ′,  106 ″ cut into elastic slab  100 , perpendicular to first sequence, a stiffness in bending about an adjacent parallel axis  108  will increase as axis  108  is displaced towards increasing spacing of the second sequence of grooves; and 
     c) for small displacements, a bending about an oblique axis  110 , lying in a plane spanned by axes  104  and  108 , may be approximately decomposed into bendings about axes parallel to axis  104  and axis  108 , and a material response be predicted from a local stiffness as a function of an adjacent spacing of grooves parallel to axis  104  and grooves parallel axis  108 . 
     In other words, it is asserted, a local stiffness or modulus resisting bending about an axis parallel to a surface of an elastic, or more particularly, an elastomeric slab, may approximately controlled in two independent directions by a spacing or linear density of locally perpendicular stress-relief grooves. Reference will now be made to FIG. 3 in comprehending application of these principles to the present invention. 
     A shoe outersole  120  composed of an elastormeric, or rubber-like, material. Sets of grooves  122 ,  123 ,  124 ,  125  and  126 ,  127 ,  128 ,  129  start at opposite lateral edges E, F respectively of outersole  120 . It may be observed that sets  122 - 125  and  126 - 129  maintain substantially parallel, and slightly converging, orientations, terminating on a rear or heelmost element of an opposing set of indentations, so that grooves  122  et alia terminate on groove  129 , while grooves  126  et alia terminate on groove  125 ; generally the grooves are curvilinear or arcuate in form, and particular families of curves of smoothly varying curvature, such as paraboli or hyperboli, for ease in achieving a simple and aesthetic product design. 
     Heel-most grooves  125 ,  129  together form a substantially V-shaped groove or indentation, having an apex, as may be understood from consultation of FIG.  3 . This apical rearmost groove demarks a boundary of a foresole region A of outersole  120 , simultaneously comprising a forward boundary of a bridge or metatarsal support  134 , which support includes a V-shaped cutout, receiving the apex. The bridge element or support, in one embodiment, also extends into a heel  142  of outersole  120 , which arrangement increases strength of the outersole, by eliminating a joint which might otherwise open up at a forward boundary  143  of the heel, relieving stress by simultaneously moving a frontal surface  145  of a heel-support joint (not separately designated) to a less flexible, central, portion of the heel, and extending the joint with lateral faces  147 ,  149 . 
     Outersole lands (not separately designated) formed in interstices of grooves  122 ,  126  et alia are decorated or finished with surface patterns or micro-treads  130 ,  132  et alia (not shown) in order to improve sole traction, and give the product a finished and aesthetically pleasing appearance. Foresole A further comprises a forward, or toe region, Aa, and a rearward grooved or grid region Ab, while the metatarsal support spans an arch region B of the outersole. A final rearward or heel region C completes a gross geography of the outersole. 
     It will be appreciated in light of discussion accompanying FIG. 2 that a curvilinear diamond or grid pattern  140  formed by grooves sets  122 - 125  and  126 - 129  in the foresole region, together with extensions of either groove set to lateral edges E, F, results in significant variations in stiffness with varying position in the forsole, these variations having substantially independent components about two major axes of bending. It is believed that the particular two-component/two-dimensional variation achieved confers a novel utility on the present invention. 
     In particular, extensions of grooves  122  et alia and  126  et alia to the lateral edges confer a first added flexibility about a frontal axis  136  in proximity to the edges. However, it will be apparent from the above discussion that in a region of the diamond pattern  140  an added flexibility about axis  136  is taken up equally by grooves at approximately a 45 degree angle to the axis, so that the first added flexibility in maintained essentially constant from edge to edge in a region of the diamond pattern and a lateral extension (not separately designated) thereof. However, it will likewise be apparent that a second added flexibility about a longitudinal or sagittal axis  138  is created in the same region of the diamond pattern, and that this second flexibility is confined largely to a centroid (not separately designated) of the foresole. It may thus be appreciated that an advantageous flexibility is maintained corresponding to a phalangeal movement, or upward flexure of the toes, and to pronating and supinating movements, or rolling of a sole of the foot inwardly and outwardly about longitudinal axis  138  respectively, but, that this flexibility is confined to a centroid of the foresole, avoiding an edge rolling or bending flexure parallel to and in a vicinity of the lateral edges of the outersole. By these considerations a normal and necessary degree of pronation and supination is facilitated, while an excessive and generally deleterious degree of these motions is restrained. 
     A relative depth of grooves  122 ,  126  et alia and outersole  120  is also a substantive feature of the present invention. As shown schematically in FIG. 1B, an outersole has a total thickness d, and a groove depth g&lt;d. In one embodiment of the present invention, in a ball region, or vicinity of axis  136 , the outersole has a thickness d=7 mm and a groove depth g=5 mm. Thus a remaining, uncut, thickness of outersole amount to only 2 mm. Thus, in light of discussion surrounding FIGS. 1A-1D, it may be appreciated that a flexibility or stiffness of the outersole to bending about axis  126  is governed by a dimensions of 2 mm, while a cushioning and distribution of stress from irregularities in a ground surface is governed by a material dimension of d=7 mm. 
     It may be readily apprehended that a degree of flexibility about frontal axis  136  and parallel translations thereof in a (drawing) plane of FIG. 3 decreases in a heelward direction as bridge  134 , also known as a shank support, is encountered, and further as heel  142  is met, as will be appreciated from an inspection of FIG.  5 A. In prior art, a steel shank support (not shown) will be utilized internal to a composite sole construction, rather than external elastomeric support or bridge  134 . The internal steel shank support will result in a sharper fall of flexibility in a shank or metatarsal region of the shoe, as shown by a dashed curve  147  in FIG.  5 A. External support  134  thus provides more gradual variation and better design control of elastic properties of an outersole over a length of longitudinal axis  138 , then is allowed by prior art. 
     FIG. 5A shows a schematic graph of flexibility or degree of deformation for a fixed system of applied forces (not illustrated) about a frontal axis  136  as varying along a longitudinal axis  138  for outersole  142 . Flexibility, or inverse stiffness, is a measure of degree of deformation of a structure in response to a given system of forces, in this case, a system tending to bend outersole  120  around frontal axis  136  and parallel displacements thereof; flexibility is shown increasing along a vertical graph axis  144  in FIG.  5 A. It will be appreciated that a moderate degree of flexibility in a toe region Aa, or foremost section of foresole A, reaches a maximum at a point p, corresponding roughly to a position of axis  136 , in a rearward or grid region Ab of the foresole, as shown along a horizontal graph axis  145 . In arch region B an increasing thickness of metatarsal support  134 , in particular in taper region  144 , results in a decrease in flexibility, passing through a point q corresponding towards a low plateau value in heel region C. 
     Flexibility about longitudinal axis  138  in a vicinity of frontal axes  136  and  136 ′ is graphed in FIGS. 5B and 5C respectively. As shown in FIG. 5B, longitudinal flexibility, measured along frontal axis  136  and shown increasing along a vertical graph axis  146 , is at a relative minimum at lateral edges E and F, passes through a maximum at a point r, corresponding roughly to a center line or longitudinal axis  138 . In contrast, longitudinal flexibility as varying across frontal axis  136 , passing through bridge or metatarsal support  134 , is at a relative maximum at points corresponding to lateral edges E and F, and passes through a minimum at a point s, approximately corresponding to a location of center line or longitudinal axis  138 . 
     FIG. 4 shows a schematic perspective view of the outersole of FIG. 3, showing a conformation of grooves  122 ,  126  et alia, and a taper or wedge region  144  of bridge  134 , and permitting a general comprehension of features of the outersole. It may also be added that a principal embodiment of the invention utilizes TPR giving a hardness of 50-55 degrees in a forepart, or regions A and B, of the outersole, softer than a typical standard of greater than 55 degrees hardness in the industry, as will be understood by those schooled in the art. 
     FIG. 6A illustrates a flat blank  150 , which is cut from a sheet of Thermo Plastic Rubber (TPR), for use in making an upper portion of a shoe. Blank  150  has a first or outer edge  152 , a second or inner edge  154 , and rear-seam edges  156 ,  158 , as well as an outer surface  155  and an inner surface  165 . In a first forming operation (not illustrated) blank  150  is manufactured into a first-stage preform  162  by means of a special use sewing machine, known in the art as a Cap Beat Crease Machine (not shown). The Crease Machine, in the control of a skilled operator, creates a series of small creases or crimps  160 ,  160 ′,  160 ″ et alia, tending to contract or draw together outer edge  152  of blank  150 . Blank  150  is thereby distorted into partially convex preform  162 , as illustrated in FIG.  6 B. In order to complete formation of an upper, a second special use sewing machine (not illustrated), known in the art as a Disc Feed Overseaming machine (not shown), is employed to join a non-woven fabric midsole or insole to the first-stage preform by stitching, in order to form a second-stage preform  170 , an item shown in FIG.  6 C. Contemporaneously with this stage of processing a rear seam  168  is sewn, joining rear-seam edges, and the preform is mounted on a rigid thermoplastic form  172 , or last. The last is shown in isolation in FIG. 7, illustrating that a similarity in form to a human foot, and an inclusion of a post or mounting hole  174 , to facilitate handling of the second-stage preform. 
     Preform  170  is now essentially a fully formed upper, but must be subjected to further processing to relieve stresses and imbue the upper with a permanent shape of a finished shoe. In a first step of a thermal processing stage, the preform is subjected to a 100 to 110 degree centigrade vulcanizing treatment, which removes residual stresses, or a “shape-memory” of a prior flat form of blank  150 . Subsequently to the vulcanizing treatment material of the preform or new upper is subjected to a controlled chilling in a second step of thermal processing. The controlled chilling sets the material in a new shape or conformation of a shoe upper. Following the second step of thermal processing, preform, now upper,  170 , is ready for final affixement to outersole  120  in a bonding operation. A substantially uniform layer of adhesive is interposed between upper  170  and outersole  120 , the upper and outersole subsequently joined and held together until a curing of the adhesive. A layer of open weave or net fabric (not shown) may be interposed between upper  170  and outersole  120  to improve adhesion and reinforce cured adhesive via a fiber reinforcing principle. 
     The bonding operation substantially completes structural assembly of the shoe, leaving only non-structural items such as an innersole, or insert, and ornamentation such as buckles or straps, which do not significantly alter structural characteristics of the footwear.