Abstract:
An arrangement provides for displaying an object, such as a drawn object, or a database search result, based on a graphical user interface. A first display window is provided for specifying attributes of an object. A second window is provided for spatially inserting anchors for the object, where each anchor specifies a desired characteristic of the object, such as a pose of a face. A third window is provided for the desired object display. The anchors are placed in the second window with the aid of a controlled cursor. Placement of the cursor in the second window also controls the displayed object in the third window, which is developed based on the placement of the cursor in the second window relative to the anchors.

Description:
PRIORITY 
     The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/672,475, filed Sep. 28, 2000, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     RELATED FILING 
     The present application is related to a patent application being filed concurrently entitled Graphical User Interface Text-based Interpolation Searching, by Robert Coyne and Steven Greenspan. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to devices for computer animation performance and methods and computer-readable media for implementing the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to using an interactive graphical interface for animation performance. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Computer systems often utilize displays with icons, pictures, text, pop-up, drop-down menus and other graphical items. In these systems, individual graphical items or combinations of graphical items are typically shown on the display monitor. The graphical item is generally activated by a point and click method in which a cursor controlled by a mouse, touch device, pen or trackball is pointed at the item, and a button, keyboard command or activation unit is clicked. 
     Generally, three dimensional character animations are incrementally specified using highly technical interfaces wherein the user adjusts one parameter at a time and then previews the result. The final animation is an immutable sequence of rendered frames. At the other end of the spectrum of animation are video games wherein the user, in real-time, triggers predefined movements, but is given very little control over the nuances of expression and movement. 
     Generally, in many graphics implementations, animation may be performed in three dimensions, but typically utilizes a complex process called “rendering” to provide a representation of an image. For example, physical objects such as tubes, spheres, rectangles, and the like may be used to “build” other, more visually complex objects. Such objects may be rotated, stretched, twisted, or the like. However, such modeling generally requires utilizing modifiers, which may include a stack of parametric definitions for each desired geometric subclass, thus requiring a large amount of storage and a complex retrieval system. 
     Various three dimensional animation systems provide additive displacements as a method of combining partially defined gestures, facial expressions, or morphing targets. Such targets are generally controlled by bands of sliders. 
     Other related interfaces are the joystick music synthesizers, wherein the joystick is used to control various aspects of the timbre and dynamics of the sound. The joystick is moved from a first position to a second position, and the parameters are dynamically mixed based on the second position of the joystick. 
     In addition to automation, more generally, searches in databases are achieved by using key words or expressions so that an ordered list may be obtained. However, often the list is quite long, and thus is difficult to sort through to obtain the desired information. 
     Thus, there is a need for a device and method for a simplified graphical user interface that the user may utilize in an interactive fashion to provide relevance weightings for searches to facilitate re-ordering of search data and to add nuances of expression and movement in animation. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides an electronic display system that facilitates the use of a graphical interface for interactive animation on a display device. The invention includes: a central processing unit; a memory loaded with an operating system, application programs and computer-executable instructions for using a graphical interface for achieving the animation; a display unit coupled to the system bus; a cursor control unit arranged to provide signals to control movement of a cursor on the display unit; and the system bus. The computer-executable instructions for achieving use of a graphical interface for animation include: (1) inserting a desired image onto a first window; (2) inserting anchors onto a second window by, for each anchor, selecting a desired pose from a plurality of predetermined poses; and (2) upon a cursor being dragged over the second window to a desired anchor, additively applying, for the desired anchor to the desired image based on a proximity of the cursor to the desired anchor. The characteristics for the anchors are, for animation, typically facial expressions, character poses or camera positions, and the like. The electronic display system is generally implemented as a computer display system. Inserting anchors may include combining a plurality of desired anchors to form a compound anchor, e.g., by dragging one or more anchors on top of another anchor. A palette may be shown in a third window on the display unit and may be used for selecting a desired image to be inserted onto the first window. 
     The present invention includes a method for facilitating use of an interactive graphical interface for animation on an electronic display system by a user. The steps of the method may include inserting a desired image onto a first window; inserting anchors onto a second window by, for each anchor, selecting a desired pose, from a plurality of preselected poses; and dragging a cursor over the second window to a desired anchor wherein characteristics for the desired anchor are additively applied to the desired image, based on a proximity of the cursor to the desired anchor. Characteristics for the anchors in the method are typically, for animation: facial expressions, character poses, orientation of an image or camera positions and the like. The electronic display system may be implemented by a computer display system. A plurality of desired anchors may be combined to form a compound anchor by dragging an anchor onto another anchor or pile of anchors. Where desired, a palette in a third window displayed on the display unit may be used for selecting a desired image to be inserted onto the first window. 
     Where desired, the steps of the method of the invention may be implemented by computer-executable instructions in a computer-readable medium. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and form a part of the specification, illustrate preferred embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. The drawings are only for the purpose of illustrating a preferred embodiment of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. In the drawings, like numbers refer to like parts throughout and mouse clicking for a cursor is shown by a circle: 
         FIG. 1  is a graphical representation of a 4-way split screen depiction of one embodiment of an implementation scheme for using a graphical interface for animation in accordance with the present invention. 
         FIG. 2A  is an illustration of a character in a dance pose based on clicking a mouse for a cursor very close to the sway-right target pose selection shown on the skeleton controller in  FIG. 2B . 
         FIG. 3A  is an illustration of a character in a dance pose based on clicking a mouse for a cursor approximately equidistant from the sway-right target pose selection and the sway-left target pose selection shown on the skeleton controller in  FIG. 3B . 
         FIG. 4A  is an illustration of a character in a dance pose based on clicking a mouse for a cursor very close to the sway-left target pose selection shown on the skeleton controller in  FIG. 4B . 
         FIG. 5A  is an illustration of a character in a dance pose based on clicking a mouse for a cursor approximately equidistant from the sway-right target pose selection, the in-between pose selection and the sway-left target pose selection shown on the skeleton controller in  FIG. 5B . 
         FIG. 6A  is an illustration of a character in a dance pose based on clicking a mouse for a cursor very close to the in-between target pose selection shown on the skeleton controller in  FIG. 6B . 
         FIG. 7A  is an illustration of a facial configuration based on clicking a mouse for a cursor in an area apart from the target selection shown on the facial controller in  FIG. 7B . 
         FIG. 8A  is an illustration of a facial configuration based on clicking a mouse for a cursor in an area substantially on the surprise target selection shown on the facial controller in  FIG. 8B . 
         FIG. 9A  is an illustration of a facial configuration based on clicking a mouse for a cursor in an area substantially halfway between the surprise target selection and the anger target selection shown on the facial controller in  FIG. 9B . 
         FIG. 10A  is an illustration of a facial configuration based on clicking a mouse for a cursor in an area substantially on the anger target selection shown on the facial controller in  FIG. 10B . 
         FIG. 11A  is an illustration of a facial configuration based on clicking a mouse for a cursor in an area substantially halfway between the anger target selection and the smile-big target selection shown on the facial controller in  FIG. 11B . 
         FIG. 12A  is an illustration of a facial configuration based on clicking a mouse for a cursor in an area substantially on the smile-big target selection shown on the facial controller in  FIG. 12B . 
         FIG. 13A  is an illustration of a facial configuration based on clicking a mouse for a cursor in an area substantially equidistant between the anger target selection, the surprise target selection and the smile-big target selection shown on the facial controller in  FIG. 13B . 
         FIG. 14A  is an illustration of a configuration of a series of blocks based on clicking a mouse for a cursor in an area apart from the target selection shown on the block controller in  FIG. 14B . 
         FIG. 15A  is an illustration of a configuration of a series of blocks based on clicking a mouse for a cursor in an area approaching the line target selection shown on the block controller in  FIG. 15B . 
         FIG. 16A  is an illustration of a configuration of a series of blocks based on clicking a mouse for a cursor in an area substantially on the line target selection shown on the block controller in  FIG. 16B . 
         FIG. 17A  is an illustration of a configuration of a series of blocks based on clicking a mouse for a cursor lying intermediate between the line target selection and the spiral target selection shown on the block controller in  FIG. 17B . 
         FIG. 18A  is an illustration of a configuration of a series of blocks based on clicking a mouse for a cursor in an area substantially on the spiral target selection shown on the block controller in  FIG. 18B . 
         FIG. 19A  is an illustration of a configuration of a series of blocks based on clicking a mouse for a cursor in an area substantially on the star  3  target selection shown on the block controller in  FIG. 19B . 
         FIG. 20A  is an illustration of a configuration of a series of blocks based on clicking a mouse for a cursor lying intermediate between the line target selection and the star  3  target selection shown on the block controller in  FIG. 20B . 
         FIG. 21A  is an illustration of a configuration of a series of blocks based on clicking a mouse for a cursor lying closer to the line target selection than to the star  3  target selection shown on the block controller in  FIG. 21B . 
         FIG. 22  is an illustration of a recording of a series of facial expressions utilized wherein the recording may be used to re-implement the series. 
         FIG. 23  illustrates one embodiment of a block diagram of an electronic display system operative to facilitate interactive, expressive animation by a user in accordance with the present invention. 
         FIG. 24  shows one embodiment of steps for a method or computer-readable medium having computer-executable instructions for facilitating interactive, expressive, animation on an electronic display system by a user in accordance with the present invention. 
         FIG. 25  shows one embodiment of steps for a method or computer-readable medium having computer-executable instructions for facilitating animation using a graphics-based graphical user interface in accordance with the present invention. 
         FIGS. 26A-26C  illustrate one embodiment of a graphic user interface in accordance with the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention provides a graphical user interface which allows the user to interactively change the state of an object or objects. The interface is controlled by a pointing device (mouse or tablet) or any other input device whose output may be translated to an x,y position on a second window. 
     In automation: The visual changes of the object that occur as the pointer is moved create an animation sequence. Since the user may see the resulting change of the object in real-time as the pointer moves, the process of creating the animation becomes a truly interactive performance. This is much different than the more step-by-step procedures used in traditional animation interfaces. 
     In a search: The interface of the present invention may also be used interactively to search to find a desired state of the object. Since the user may see the resulting change of the object as he moves the pointer, the search process is guided by a tight feedback loop. In the current art, database queries are delimited through a set of key words or expressions, and the result is displayed as an ordered list of documents that contain the set of keywords or expressions. The documents are ordered by relevance, where relevance is defined algorithmically as a match between the query terms and the frequency and distribution of those terms, or semantic associations of those terms, in the documents. Modifying the query will result in a reordered list. Examples of modifications are specifying different degrees of relevance of the terms, deleting some terms, introducing new terms, and indicating which terms should be close to one. The current art for describing these modifications includes Boolean strings, binary relevance operators (e.g., + or −), checklists, and graphical techniques for inserting or deleting terms. Often a query will return a large set of documents and it is difficult to determine algorithmically the appropriate relevance weightings that fit the needs of the user. In contrast, the present invention provides a novel method for rearranging the query result. Using techniques developed for real-time graphical manipulation of animated figures, a graphical user interface may be used in accordance with the present invention to rearrange the query result. Each node in a graph represents a term in the query. One advantage provided by the present invention is that the nodes may be arbitrarily rearranged in a two dimensional, or simulated three dimensional, display. Thus, terms with no semantic association may be arranged near one another. Positioning a cursor in the display results in a unique ordering of the query result. Notably, the cursor need not be on a node or on the direct path between nodes. If the cursor is on a node, then the term associated with that node receives the strongest relevance weighting. As the cursor is repositioned between nodes, the distance between the cursor and each node (i.e., term) is used to calculate a new set of relevance weightings. Rearranging the graph creates new possible combinations of weights. Positioning the cursor within the graph defines a unique combination of weights. The position of the cursor may be moved within the graph, and each repositioning causes a new list to be displayed. 
     In its basic configuration, the user interface of the present invention consists of two windows, a display window and a target (controller) window. The target window displays a two dimensional arrangement of target points where each target represents a DISPLACEMENT of the object from some BASE STATE. As the user drags the pointer over the target window, the object is updated and redrawn in the display window. The state change in the object is determined by the proximity of the pointer to the various targets. 
     The user is allowed to arrange the targets as desired, thus defining the potential search or animation space. Each target has an area of influence which is used to determine (based on the mouse position) how much of that target&#39;s displacement is applied to the object. The WEIGHTING CALCULATION may use any arbitrary function, but is typically based on the distance between the pointer and the target. How the target displacements are defined or selected is defined by a preselected external interface or procedure. 
     The object&#39;s state is changed as follows: every time the pointer position changes, the object is first put into its default base state. Then, all the targets are applied to the object based on their weighting, which is calculated from the mouse position. Often, only a small number of targets will be close enough to the mouse to have any influence. The object (“PARAMETER OBJECT”) may then either be directly displayed or its set of parameters and values may be applied to another “DISPLAY OBJECT” which the user sees. The following Lisp pseudo-code shows what happens every time the user moves the pointer: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 (defun PROCESS-NEW-INPUT (window targets parameter-object 
               
               
                   
                 display-object 
               
             
          
           
               
                 pointer-x pointer-y) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (goto-base-state parameter-object) 
               
               
                   
                 (loop for target in targets 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 for weighting = (compute-weighting target pointer-x 
               
               
                   
                 pointer-y) 
               
               
                   
                 do 
               
               
                   
                 (add-displacement parameter-object (get-displacement 
               
               
                   
                 target) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 weighting)) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ;; update the DISPLAY-OBJECT from the 
               
               
                   
                 PARAMETER-OBJECT (if they are 
               
             
          
           
               
                 the same, this is a no-op) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (apply-update parameter-object display-object) 
               
               
                   
                  (redisplay window display-object parameter-object)) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (defun ADD-DISPLACEMENT (object displacement weighting) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                  (loop for parameter in (get-parameters object) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 do 
               
               
                   
                 (set-parameter-value object parameter 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (+ (get-parameter-value object parameter) 
               
               
                   
                 (* weighting (get-displacement-values 
               
               
                   
                 displacement)))))) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The OBJECT (or “PARAMETER OBJECT”) is anything that may be represented or encoded by a sequence of properties and their associated numeric values. It is this object which is directly changed by the interface in the manner described in the algorithm. 
     A STATE is a given set of parameters and values associated with a particular object. So, for example, the state of a television set might be defined by the values for the current channel, contrast, brightness, color and tint. Or the state of a human body, for animation purposes, might be defined by the state of bone rotations around their respective joints. One set of angles may define a “throw” pose and another may define a “crouch” pose. 
     The DISPLAY OBJECT is the object that the user sees in the display window. The DISPLAY OBJECT potentially may be different from the parameter object. The translation from the parameter object to the display object may be arbitrarily complex. For example, if the parameter object represents various parameters used in a physical simulation (gravity, wind velocity, friction, etc.), those parameters will be applied in the simulated environment, and the simulated environment will be redisplayed. On the other hand, often the parameter object may be displayed directly itself. For example, a human animation skeleton may serve both as a displayable structure and as a container for the various parameters and values that define the different body pose states. 
     The BASE STATE of an object is a default state that is used as a reference to save displacements (see below). 
     A DISPLACEMENT is the difference between two states of an object. Typically, a DISPLACEMENT is the difference between a desired target state and the base state. 
     The WEIGHTING CALCULATION is the function used to compute how much influence a given target has. One simple weighting calculation uses a radial falloff where each target represents the center of a circle. When the mouse is directly over the target (in the center of the circle), the full weight of that target&#39;s displacement is applied to the object. When the mouse is outside of the circle, the target has no effect on the object&#39;s state, and the weighting inside the circle is a number from 0.0 to 1.0, reflecting the pointer&#39;s distance from the center. 
     It is clear that not all possible states may be reached by this interface given a particular set and arrangement of targets. Thus, only those states that result from the linear combination of the defined target displacements, wherein the weightings are derived from the mouse position, may be achieved. The present invention provides a new user interface technique, system or method that may be applied to various domains. 
     The present invention provides a real-time interface for performer animation that enables a user to create various classes of targets with different behaviors, internal structure, and graphical representations wherein the animation includes some of the expressive power of scripted systems with natural input gestures and real-time control of interactive systems. In addition, target poses for performer animation may be combined into compound target poses and treated as one unit. Thus, the present invention provides the advantages of real-time animation with less complexity in providing development f expression and movement for target poses. 
     The present invention may be used to control body movement, dancing and facial expressions of a three dimensional character in an on-line shared music environment, chat room, interactive game or the like. The invention may also be applied to dynamically control sound synthesis. 
       FIG. 1  is a graphical representation of a 4-way split screen depiction of one embodiment of an implementation scheme on a computer screen in accordance with the present invention. In the upper left portion of  FIG. 1 , a wire-frame depiction of a head  102  is shown as a basic unit to be animated. The basic unit to be animated is selected by using a cursor directed by a mouse, a mouse-directing post, touchpad or the like, to click on the desired geometry selection selected from the plurality of geometry selections shown on the geometry selection screen  104  indicated in the lower left portion of  FIG. 1 . Where desired, the user may select to have the wire frame covered with “skin” that may be shaded in various sections. However, it should be noted that selection of the skin-covered version of the head requires more memory than the wire-frame version of the head, so that, depending on the computer&#39;s computational capacity, the skin-covered version of the head may move at a slower rate than the wire-frame version of the head. Typically, for example, a 450 MHz computer with a Pentium processor may implement the present invention. 
     After selecting the basic unit to be animated, at least one target screen is selected for the upper right portion. In the example shown in  FIG. 1 , target facial expressions of Fear  106 , Surprise  108 , Anger  110 , Surprise Smile  112 , Smile II  114  and Disgust  116  have been selected by clicking on the + button to show a pull-down screen with available facial expressions, thus providing a dot target or anchor on the screen for each selected facial expression, and then moving the dot target or anchor by mouse-clicking on the dot target or anchor and dragging the dot target or anchor to the desired position on the screen. The software programs listed on the pull-down screen for the facial expressions have been prepared previously. Typically, the cursor is placed on a dot target or anchor for a desired facial expression, and then the cursor is moved to a dot target or anchor for a next desired facial expression. The software for the selected facial expression interpolates the facial expression as the cursor is moved, animating the head to change from the facial expression for the first dot target or anchor to a next facial expression for the next dot target or anchor. Double-clicking and dragging the dot targets or anchors closer together, as shown in  FIG. 1  when the dot target or anchor for Anger  110  is dragged to a position  118  close to the Surprise  108 , provides for faster change in facial expression to the next facial expression when the cursor is moved from Anger  18  to Surprise  108  or, when the dot targets or anchors are superimposed, provides for combining the selected facial expressions. As shown in the lower right portion of  FIG. 1 , a layer may be added with camera poses. For example, camera pose  1   132  may represent viewing the character from a close-up perspective, and camera pose  2   134  may represent viewing the character from a distance. 
     In addition, other layers may be added, as, for example, when the facial expression is to be combined with motion. For example, where a wire-frame figure or skin-covered figure is used for a body to be animated, the geometry may be selected by mouse-clicking in the geometry selection area at the lower left of  FIG. 1 . A head may be added in the same manner, providing, for example, a character shown in  FIG. 2A . 
       FIG. 2A  is an illustration of a character  202  in a dance pose based on clicking a mouse for a cursor  204  very close to the sway-right  206  target pose selection shown on the skeleton controller in  FIG. 2B . Two windows are utilized: a performer window and a target pose window, wherein the target pose window may have a plurality of layers. Each layer of the pose window shows available characteristics for a skeletal action, facial expression, or the like. For example, in the lower right portion of  FIG. 1 , target poses Arms Up  120 , Arms Raised Halfway  122 , Sway Left  124 , Sway Right  126  are selected in a manner similar to the selection of facial expressions. Where desired, the target screen on the lower right portion of  FIG. 1  may be selected and added to the target screen on the upper right portion of  FIG. 1 . When the cursor is dragged over the overlaid layers, the facial expression of the character, as well as his target pose, change in accordance with the position of the cursor relative to the target facial expressions and the target poses. 
     In addition, customized poses may be made, for example, by placing the cursor on each desired limb and dragging the limb to the desired position. The customized pose is then saved.  FIG. 3A  is an illustration of a character  302  in a dance pose based on clicking a mouse for a cursor  308  approximately equidistant from the sway-right  304  target pose selection and the sway-left  306  target pose selection shown on the skeleton controller in  FIG. 3B . As the cursor is dragged from one target pose to a next target pose, geometrical x,y values representing the pose in the underlying software program are interpolated, and the screen shot illustrated shows a change in the pose from a swing-right pose toward a swing-left pose. 
       FIG. 4A  is an illustration of a character  402  in a dance pose based on clicking a mouse for a cursor  408  very close to the sway-left  406  target pose selection shown on the skeleton controller in  FIG. 4B .  FIG. 5A  is an illustration of a character  502  in a dance pose based on clicking a mouse for a cursor  504  approximately equidistant from the sway-right  508  target pose selection, the in-between  506  pose selection and the sway-left  510  target pose selection shown on the skeleton controller in  FIG. 5B . 
       FIG. 6A  is an illustration of a character  602  in a dance pose based on clicking a mouse for a cursor  604  very close to the in-between  606  target pose selection shown on the skeleton controller in  FIG. 6B . Where desired, the cursor may be clicked on each limb of the character in the poses when the limb is to be moved, and the limb is dragged to the desired position. 
       FIG. 7A  is an illustration of a facial configuration  702  based on clicking a mouse for a cursor  704  in an area apart from the target selection shown on the facial controller in  FIG. 7B .  FIG. 8A  is an illustration of a facial configuration  802  based on clicking a mouse for a cursor  804  in an area substantially on the surprise target selection shown on the facial controller in  FIG. 8B .  FIG. 9A  is an illustration of a facial configuration  902  based on clicking a mouse for a cursor  906  in an area substantially halfway between the surprise target  904  selection and the anger target  908  selection shown on the facial controller in  FIG. 9B .  FIG. 10A  is an illustration of a facial configuration  1002  based on clicking a mouse for a cursor  1004  in an area substantially on the anger target selection shown on the facial controller in  FIG. 10B .  FIG. 11A  is an illustration of a facial configuration  1102  based on clicking a mouse for a cursor  1106  in an area substantially halfway between the anger target  1104  selection and the smile-big target  1108  selection shown on the facial controller in  FIG. 11B .  FIG. 12A  is an illustration of a facial configuration  1202  based on clicking a mouse for a cursor  1204  in an area substantially on the smile-big target selection shown on the facial controller in  FIG. 12B .  FIG. 13A  is an illustration of a facial configuration  1302  based on clicking a mouse for a cursor  1310  in an area substantially equidistant between the anger target  1306  selection, the surprise target  1304  selection and the smile-big target  1308  selection shown on the facial controller in  FIG. 13B . Clearly, other facial expression selections may be utilized. 
     Sequential changes may be made to an arrangement of a plurality of boxes in accordance with the present invention. The boxes may, for example, be arranged in a circle, a line, a spiral, every third one located inward, every fifth one located inward, randomly, or as a vertical circle inside a horizontal circle. By dragging the cursor to the different dot targets or anchors, the arrangements are transformed from a first configuration to a second configuration. By adding a camera pose layer, the user may zoom in and out for the configurations. 
       FIG. 14A  is an illustration of a configuration of a series of blocks  1402  based on clicking a mouse for a cursor  1404  in an area apart from the target selection shown on the block controller in  FIG. 14B .  FIG. 15A  is an illustration of a configuration of a series of blocks  1502  based on clicking a mouse for a cursor  1504  in an area approaching the line target  1506  selection shown on the block controller in  FIG. 15B .  FIG. 16A  is an illustration of a configuration of a series of blocks  1602  based on clicking a mouse for a cursor  1604  in an area substantially on the line target  1606  selection shown on the block controller in  FIG. 16B .  FIG. 17A  is an illustration of a configuration of a series of blocks  1702  based on clicking a mouse for a cursor  1706  lying intermediate between the line target  1708  selection and the spiral target  1704  selection shown on the block controller in  FIG. 17B .  FIG. 18A  is an illustration of a configuration of a series of blocks  1802  based on clicking a mouse for a cursor  184  in an area substantially on the spiral target  1806  selection shown on the block controller in  FIG. 18B .  FIG. 19A  is an illustration of a configuration of a series of blocks  1902  based on clicking a mouse for a cursor  1904  in an area substantially on the star  3  target  1906  selection shown on the block controller in  FIG. 19B .  FIG. 20A  is an illustration of a configuration of a series of blocks  2002  based on clicking a mouse for a cursor  2006  lying intermediate between the line target  2008  selection and the star  3  target  2004  selection shown on the block controller in  FIG. 20B .  FIG. 21A  is an illustration of a configuration of a series of blocks  2102  based on clicking a mouse for a cursor  2104  lying closer to the line target  2106  selection than to the star  3  target  2108  selection shown on the block controller in  FIG. 21B . 
     The user may insert facial and skeletal target poses in a performer window by dragging and dropping a selected pose from a palette of pre-defined target poses in the target pose window. To animate the character, the user drags the mouse over the target pose window. The target poses are additively applied to the character based on proximity to the cursor. Thus, for example, a smile may dynamically morph into a frown as the cursor moves between a smile target and a frown target, or one dance step may transition to another dance step. The exact layout of targets defines a graphical lexicon of input gestures with corresponding character motions. Various classes of targets may be created with different behaviors, internal structure, and graphical representations. In addition to the target poses on the palette, there may be other choices such as “Begin Recording”, “End Recording”, and “Play Recording”. By selecting “Begin Recording”, the cursor path is recorded, and is shown as a marked path on the computer screen. This recording may be viewed as a video clip by selecting “Play Recording” on the palette and clicking on the marked path.  FIG. 22  is an illustration of a recording  2202  of a series of facial expressions utilized wherein the recording may be used to re-implement the series. 
     The present invention may be implemented as an electronic display system, shown in one embodiment in block diagram form in  FIG. 23 , operative to facilitate interactive, expressive, three dimensional animation by a user. The electronic display system includes a central processing unit  2302 , coupled to a system bus  808 ; a memory unit  2304  coupled to the system bus  2308  and having loaded therein an operating system  2312 , application programs  2314  and computer-executable instructions for interactive graphic user-interface animation or searching  2316 ; a display unit  2310  coupled to the system bus  2308 ; a cursor control unit  2306  coupled to the system bus  2308 ; and the system bus  2308 , for linking the central processing unit, the display unit, the memory unit, and the cursor control unit. In one embodiment, the computer-executable instructions for interactive graphic user-interface animation or searching  2316  may include: inserting a desired character, image, or query term onto a first window, which may be accomplished, for example, by selection from a palette in another window; inserting dot targets, anchors, or node terms onto a second window by, for each dot target, anchor, or node term, selecting a desired pose or selection from a plurality of predetermined poses, selections, or terms; and upon a cursor being dragged over the second window to a desired dot target, anchor, or node term, additively applying characteristics for the desired dot target, anchor, or node term to the desired character, image, or query term based on a proximity of the cursor to the desired dot target, anchor, or node term. The cursor control unit  806  may be a mouse, a moveable control peg in a keyboard, a touch-sensitive pad, or the like. The characteristics for the dot targets, anchors, or node terms are selectable for the use employed by the user. For example, for animation, characteristics may include facial expressions, character poses, or camera positions (for zooming in and out with respect to the view). The electronic display system may be implemented by a computer display system. Dot targets, anchors, or node terms may be combined by dragging a desired dot target, anchor, or node term onto at least one other dot target, anchor, or node term to form a compound dot target, anchor, or node term that has the characteristics of the combined dot targets, anchors or node terms. A palette may be generated by the computer-executable instructions and shown in a third window on the display unit. The palette may be used for selecting a desired character, image or query term to be inserted onto the first window. 
       FIG. 24  shows one embodiment of steps for a method or computer-executable instructions  2408  for facilitating interactive, expressive, three dimensional animation or searching on an electronic display system by a user in accordance with the present invention. The steps include: inserting  2402  a desired character, image, or query term onto a first window; inserting  2404  dot targets, anchors, node terms onto a second window by, for each dot target, anchor, or node term, selecting a desired pose, selection, or query term from a plurality of preselected poses, selections, or query terms; and dragging  2406  a cursor over the second window to a desired dot target, anchor, or query term wherein characteristics for the desired dot target, anchor, or node term are additively applied to the desired character, image, or query term based on a proximity of the cursor to the desired dot target, anchor, or node term. The characteristics are as described above. The electronic display system is typically a computer display system. Combinations of dot targets, anchors, or node terms are made by dragging one dot target, anchor, or node term onto at least one other dot target, anchor, or node term to get combined characteristics (interpolated). A palette may be used to select characters, images or query terms as described above. 
     Clearly, a computer-readable medium having computer-readable instructions  2408  may be used for implementing the present invention. The instructions provide for executing the steps of the method of the invention and are implemented in the fashion described above. 
     As shown in  FIG. 25 , the present invention may be implemented as a method or computer-readable medium  2502  having computer-executable instructions for facilitating animation or searching using a graphical user interface. The method or computer-readable medium include steps or computer-executable instructions that include: dragging  2504  a pointer over a two/three dimensional arrangement of a plurality of target points, anchors, or node terms in a target or controller window wherein each target, anchor or node term represents a displacement of a state of an object from a base state; and redrawing or updating  2506  the base state of the object in a display window in accordance with the proximity of the pointer to the target points, anchors or node terms as the pointer is dragged over the target window. Where desired, positions of the plurality of target points, anchors, or node terms in the target or controller window may be set by the user. 
     For example, the user may use the pointer to position the plurality of target points, anchors, or node terms, either individually or as a group. Typically, each target has a predetermined area of influence that is used to determine, based on a position of the pointer, the displacement to be applied to the object. The state of the object is generally redrawn or updated by putting an object into a default base state when a position of the pointer changes, then applying targets, anchors, or node terms to the object based on a weighting of each target, anchor, or node term, wherein the weighting is calculated based on the displacement of the pointer from the target, anchor, or node term. Each redrawing or updating of the base state of the object may be recorded to provide an animation path or search path which may be used to reproduce the series of redrawings or updatings. The animation path or search path is typically editable. 
     For example, pointing and clicking may be used to select and change or delete any portion of the animation or search path. Where desired, multiple targets, anchors or node terms with individual weightings may be applied simultaneously. 
     Current search engines use a variety of measures to algorithmically determine whether or not a document (or more generally an object) is relevant to a query. Common examples include statistical measures such as term frequency and the inverse document frequency of the term and its distribution across all documents in the database. Documents that are longer, more recent, more popular, more frequently linked to by other documents, and whose title or meta-tags contain some of the query terms are typically judged more relevant than documents lacking these characteristics. Various algorithms (often proprietary) are used to expand the query terms and weight and combine the relevance ranking factors. The present invention is independent of the particular factors. What is important is that a set of factors and normative weights for each factor are defined. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Example 1(33% 33% 33%): trust psychology web 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1. 
                 Bulkley Book Rvw.html Relevance: 100% 
               
               
                 2. 
                 High Trust ® Thinking/Leadership/Teaching &amp; Trust 
               
               
                   
                 Psychology ® Relevance: 100% 
               
               
                 3. 
                 Why Christians Can&#39;t Trust Psychology Relevance: 100% 
               
               
                 4. 
                 Why Christians Can&#39;t Trust Psychology Relevance: 100% 
               
               
                 5. 
                 Recommended Reading: Psychology Relevance: 84% 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Example 2 (50% 33% 17%): trust trust trust 
               
               
                 psychology psychology web 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1. 
                 DEEP-ECOLOGY March 1997 discussion:: Eco-Psychology &amp; 
               
               
                   
                 Activism: 
               
               
                 2. 
                 GIVING TO THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL 
               
               
                   
                 FOUNDATION Relevance: 100% 
               
               
                 3. 
                 Healthcare Psychology Research Group Relevance: 100% 
               
               
                 4. 
                 PSYCHOHERESY ABOUNDING Relevance: 100% 
               
               
                 5. 
                 The Trust Advocate 800 Risk Management Program Relevance: 
               
               
                   
                 100% 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Example 3 (50% 17% 33%): trust trust trust 
               
               
                 psychology web web 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1. 
                 Moving WebWord: Gaining Users&#39; Trust Relevance: 100% 
               
               
                 2. 
                 CPA R. A. Burrell&#39;s Accounting Resource Guide Relevance: 
               
               
                   
                 100% 
               
               
                 3. 
                 Legal Notices about This Web site Relevance: 100% 
               
               
                 4. 
                 Web Security: A Matter of Trust, WWW Journal: Relevance: 
               
               
                   
                 100% 
               
               
                 5. 
                 Awesome Web Solutions for Small Business -- THaNet Relevance: 
               
               
                   
                 100% 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Example 4(17% 50% 33%): trust psychology psychology 
               
               
                 psychology web web 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1. 
                 WEB Site for Psychology 101 Relevance: 100% 
               
               
                 2. 
                 Psych Web list of Psychology Megalists Relevance: 100% 
               
               
                 3. 
                 Community Psychology Awards Given to Web Sites Relevance: 
               
               
                   
                 100% 
               
               
                 4. 
                 Selected Internet Resources for Psychology Relevance: 100% 
               
               
                 5. 
                 Social Psychology Network Relevance: 100% 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Example 5 (17% 33% 50%): trust psychology 
               
               
                 psychology web web web 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1. 
                 Community Psychology Awards Given to Web Sites Relevance: 
               
               
                   
                 100% 
               
               
                 2. 
                 Psychology Resources on the World Wide Web Relevance: 100% 
               
               
                 3. 
                 WEB Site for Psychology 101 Relevance: 100% 
               
               
                 4. 
                 Psych Web list of Psychology Megalists Relevance: 100% 
               
               
                 5. 
                 About the Web Site Relevance: 100% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Current search engines allow limited control over the weights and factors used to determine relevance rankings. Search engines such as ‘http://www.altavista.com’ and many other popular engines allow terms to be prefixed with a “+” indicating that relevant documents must contain the term, and “−” indicating that relevant documents must not contain the query term. A few search engines such as ‘http://www.infoseek.com’ weigh repeated query terms more heavily than term used only once in a query. For example, as shown in Table 1 above, where listings were generated by infoseek by varying the occurrences of “trust”, “psychology”, and “web” in a query, it is clear that the query terms “trust”, “psychology” and “web” retrieve different sets of document references depending upon how often each term is repeated. The query was intended to retrieve documents on the psychology underlying attributed trustworthiness of websites. As may be seen from examining Table 1, many of the retrieved references were not relevant to the search goal. Notably, in the examples shown in Table 1, the same number of document references was retrieved for each query. What differs is the relative rank assigned to each. 
       FIGS. 26A-26C  illustrate one embodiment of a graphic user interface in accordance with the present invention.  FIG. 26A  shows a selection of anchor terms: “trust”, “psychology” and “web”. The numbered arrows indicate different cursor positions. The numbers of the arrows refer to the examples shown in Table 1.  FIG. 26B  shows a control screen for selecting or deleting anchor terms.  FIG. 26C  shows a display of a list of documents references and summaries generated for cursor position “ 2 ” in  FIG. 26A . As shown in  FIGS. 26A-26C , in the current invention the query terms, any terms in the expanded query (i.e., semantic cohorts of the original query), and other relevancy factors may be chosen as anchors in a visual display in accordance with the display properties described earlier for the animation system. The relative position of the anchors may be modified via drag-and-drop manipulations. The existence of an anchor may be manipulated by choosing the factor from a list of factors. Positioning the cursor within the display will determine how the anchors are weighted, which in turn will determine the relevance ranking of the documents. Notably, the anchors may be the type of relevance ranking factors mentioned above, or in a mega search engine, e.g., ‘http;//www.dogpile.com’, the anchors may be various constituent search engines that are used by the mega search engine. The weight given to a particular domain or the inclusion of an audio or graphic image may also be used. The present invention is not limited to the preceding lists of factors but may accommodate any well-defined factor. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Number of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Last 
                 Number of links 
                 hyperlink 
               
               
                 Document link 
                 Doc. title 
                 Doc. Summary 
                 modified 
                 referencing doc 
                 in doc. 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 http://www.ap . . . 
                 GIVING TO THE 
                 Description of the 
                 15 Apr. 1999 
                 240 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 AMERICAN 
                 types of giving 
               
               
                   
                 PSYCHOLOGICAL 
                 to the 
               
               
                   
                 FOUNDATION 
                 American 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Psychological 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Foundation. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Table 2, shown above, is an illustration of a database generated in client memory to permit fast regeneration of a list of document references and summaries. Double-boxed cells are table column headers defining the content of each column. The second row of the table is an example of a row entry taken from the second entry of the web search results shown in  FIG. 26C . The number of links in the last two columns represent arbitrary values selected for this example. As shown in Table 2 above, in the preferred arrangement, the search engine returns to the client not only the ten or so most relevant document references and summaries (where relevance is determined algorithmically) as is typically done, but also a database containing a much larger list of references (e.g., the top 1000 documents), summaries, and the unweighted vector of factors. This allows very fast recompilation and display of the “most relevant” document references. 
     The examples shown in Table 1 could be generated by moving a cursor appropriately between the anchors, “trust”, “psychology” and “web”. The other factors, e.g., document, recency, and popularity, would continue to affect the relevancy rankings as before. The cursor&#39;s movements would only affect the weights associated with the chosen anchors. In the preferred arrangement, the list of relevant document references and summaries is re-generated whenever the mouse button is released in a drag and drop manipulation. 
     By including or excluding various anchors and moving the anchors and the position of the cursor relative to these anchors, a user may explore the list of retrieved document references far more efficiently than moving to each ‘next’ screen of 10 references, or resubmitting the query with repetitions of some of the query terms. 
     Although the present invention has been described in relation to particular preferred embodiments thereof, many variations, equivalents, modifications and other uses will become apparent to those skilled in the art. It is preferred, therefore, that the present invention be limited not by the specific disclosure herein, but only by the appended claims.