Abstract:
Typical transceivers have multiple near-end and multiple far-end crosstalk cancellation filters. Crosstalk cancellation is one of the largest contributors to power dissipation in the DSP portion of high speed Ethernet transceivers. By detecting the cable type, a transceiver could automatically turn off its crosstalk cancellation filters when driving shielded twisted pair (STP) cables and substantially reduce the overall power dissipation in this configuration. Adaptive digital crosstalk cancellers automatically adjust the coefficients of a digital filter to match the coupling function between two channels. The impulse response of an optimal crosstalk cancellation filter can be used to determine a metric indicating the amount of coupling between the two channels. STP cables will have a much lower amount of coupling between wire-pairs than unshielded twisted pair cables.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/751,990 filed Dec. 21, 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a transceiver with cable type detection. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cables and shielded twisted-pair (STP) cables are commonly used in local area network (LAN). Generally, UTP cables are more susceptible to crosstalk than STP cables. Crosstalk occurs in twisted pair cabling when energy from one wire pair radiates and couples itself on another adjacent wire pair. In a simplified model, each of the non-transmitting wire pairs acts like an antenna with at least one of the pairs transmitting. 
     Crosstalk is caused by several factors such as proximity of wire pairs, wire quality, and the number of twist per distance. Standards for UTP and STP cables relating to wire quality and wire application have been developed by the Electronic Industries Association and the Telecommunications Industry Association (EIA/TIA). Among the most popular is the EIA/TIA-568 Standard, which classified twisted pair cables into 7 different categories (Category 1-7). 
     There are two types of crosstalk: near-end crosstalk (NEXT) and far-end crosstalk (FEXT). In NEXT, crosstalk is measured at the end where one pair is transmitting. In FEXT, crosstalk is measured at the opposite (far) end. FEXT measures the effect of crosstalk from one pair to another over the length of the cable. Two common methods used to measure NEXT crosstalk are pair-to-pair and power sum. In pair-to-pair, the maximum interference caused by one of an active cable pair is measured. In a four pair cable, this method is implemented by having only one of the pairs transmitting. In the power sum method, crosstalk is measured on each pair while all other pairs are transmitting. This latter method is the more preferred method in measuring crosstalk because, in a typical network, data are transmitted over multiple pairs simultaneously. 
     Several methods are used to minimize crosstalk such as varying the twist rate in each of the wire pairs, terminating the twist as close to the cable terminals at possible, and utilizing adaptive digital crosstalk cancellers. 
     Adaptive digital crosstalk filters (cancellers) automatically adjust the coefficients of a digital filter to match the coupling function between two channels (two wire pairs). A transceiver has approximately 24 filters one for each possible combination of couplings across a four wire pair cable. Typically, all 24 crosstalk filters are turned on. However, in situations where STP cables are used, all 24 crosstalk filters are not needed. Accordingly, what is need is a transceiver that could determine the cable type being used and to turn the filters off to save power. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES 
       The present invention is described with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates crosstalk in a transceiver system utilizing a four UTP cable. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary crosstalk cancellation filter. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary transceiver according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary finite impulse response filter. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an exemplary method for measuring power sum near end cross talk (PSNEXT). 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary flow diagram of a method to save power usage of a transceiver according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates an exemplary flow diagram of a method to determine whether UTP or STP cables are present according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates an exemplary flow diagram of a method to save power usage of a transceiver according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     This specification discloses one or more embodiments that incorporate the features of this invention. The embodiment(s) described, and references in the specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” etc., indicate that the embodiment(s) described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is understood that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to effect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described. An embodiment of the present invention is now described. While specific methods and configurations are discussed, it should be understood that this is done for illustration purposes only. A person skilled in the art will recognize that other configurations and procedures may be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 
     Generally, transceivers are designed to operate with both UTP and STP type cables. However, in a network where STP cables are used, crosstalk is minimal and cancellation filters may not be necessary. In a conventional transceiver, all 24 crosstalk cancellation filters (12 near-end and 12 far-end) must be active at all times, regardless of whether UTP or STP cabling systems are used. The power dissipated by the crosstalk cancellation filters of such a transceiver is thus wasted when STP cables are being used. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates the crosstalk phenomenon in a communication system that includes four wire pairs  102   a - d . Each wire pair is coupled to a transmitter and a receiver, such as transmitter  108  and receiver  104  which transmits and receives information over each of the wire pairs. As shown in  FIG. 1 , a receiver  104  located on one of the wire pair experiences crosstalk signal (noise)  106   a - f  from various crosstalk sources on other wire pairs. To effectively reduce crosstalk from all of these sources, a crosstalk cancellation filter is needed for each of the crosstalk couplings. For a four pair cable, a total of 12 near-end and 12 far-end cancellation filters are needed. Transmitter  108  and receiver  104  are connected to their corresponding wire pair  202  using a hybrid circuit  110 . 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary crosstalk cancellation system  200 . Crosstalk cancellation system  200  includes a crosstalk canceller  206  that is configured to receive a crosstalk interference signal  212  produced by a nearby transmitting wire pair. In general, canceller  206  has no way of knowing the characteristics of a NEXT interference signal  212 . Thus, canceller  206  derives a correction signal  210  using an adaptive feedback algorithm to evaluate and adjust correction errors in successive cycles. Once correction signal  210  is produced, summer  208  adds the correction signal  210  to the NEXT interference signal  210 . In this way, a receiver  214  is free from NEXT interference signal  212 . 
     An adaptive feedback algorithm that is well known in the art that could be employed is least means square (LMS). On a high level, the adaptive algorithm compares prior solution to current signal information to correct and update the canceller or filter coefficients. These coefficients are used to correct and generate the new correction signal  210  so as to closely match near-end crosstalk interference signal  212 . One clear advantage of the adaptive feedback algorithm is that there is no need to know in advance the relationship between interference signal  212  and the transmitted signal  204 . 
     Implementation of crosstalk cancellation filter in a four pair cabling system is well known in the art. As an example of crosstalk cancellation filters, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,649,505 to Zinser, which is incorporated herein in its entirety. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a transceiver  300  according to an embodiment of the present invention. Transceiver  300  includes a plurality of crosstalk cancellation digital filters (canceller)  306   a - f . The number of cancellation filters depends on the number of twisted pair cables used in the system. For example, for a four pair UTP cable system, there may be up 24 cancellation filters—12 near-end and 12 far-end filters. Transceiver  300  further includes a controller or analyzer  302 . Controller/analyzer  302  could be implemented with hardware or software. In transceiver  300 , controller  302  is configured to analyze the correction coefficients and the correction signal of each crosstalk cancellation filter  306 . Controller  302  then uses these coefficient and correction signal values to determine whether crosstalk or specifically NEXT is present in the cabling system. 
     As previously mentioned, UTP cables are more susceptible to NEXT than STP cables. However, conventional transceivers do not evaluate whether NEXT is present and predominant in the system, and consequently all 24 crosstalk cancellation filters are constantly operating. This causes unnecessary power consumption when STP cables are used. 
     Transceiver  300  determines whether UTP or STP cables are used in the system by using controller  302  to analyze each of the filters&#39; correction coefficients. The coefficients are analyzed because higher coefficient value indicates the canceller is detecting significant interference that needs to be cancelled out. Whereas, low coefficient value indicates relatively little interference. In an embodiment, controller  302  calculates the overall power coefficient value by summing the square of each of the filter&#39;s coefficients. If the overall power coefficient is above a predetermined threshold value then transceiver  300  concludes that UTP cables are being used. Contrarily, if the overall power coefficient is below a predetermined threshold value then transceiver  300  concludes that STP cables are being used. If the latter case is true, one or more of the crosstalk cancellation filter in the system would be turned off to save power. 
     As described above, controller  302  performs several important functions: to monitor the crosstalk of the system; to calculate the overall power coefficient value; and to turn on and off the crosstalk cancellation filters based on the calculation of the overall power coefficient. However, various functions of controller  302  may be delegated to other circuits. In an embodiment, transceiver  300  includes a crosstalk monitoring circuit (not shown) configured to monitor and calculate various crosstalk values such as power sum NEXT of a cable pair and the overall power coefficient of a crosstalk cancellation filter. In this embodiment, the monitoring circuit is configured to supply these crosstalk values to controller  302  which uses them to determine whether or not crosstalk cancellation filters should be turn off or not. 
     Generally, there are two types of digital filters. They are finite impulse response (FIR) filter and infinite impulse response (IIR) filter. Both types of filter are widely used in digital signal processing, each of which has its own advantages. 
     In general, FIR filters are favorable because they are stable, linear phase, and are not limited to the number of computational cycles as they are non-recursive filters. FIR filters are also typically easier to design and implement than IIR filters. 
     However, IIR filters are more advantageous than FIR filters because they have fewer coefficients, which means fewer registers are required for storing those coefficients. Additionally, IIR filters have better dB magnitude response and less delay time than FIR filters. 
     Digital filters, in general, have a time-domain difference equation as follows: 
               y   ⁡     (   n   )       =         ∑     i   =   0     N     ⁢       a   i     ⁢     x   ⁡     (     n   -   i     )           -       ∑     i   =   1     N     ⁢       b   i     ⁢     y   ⁡     (     n   -   i     )                   
As shown, the output y(n) of a digital filter is equal to the convolution of both the input and output signals of previous cycles combined. Convolution is a weighted accumulation of data points sampled from a signal. The a i  component of the above equation is the feed-forward coefficient of a filter. The b i  component of the above equation is the feedback coefficient. The y(n-i) component is the output value of a “n-i” cycle, and the x(n-i) component is the input of a “n-i” cycle. For FIR filters, the
 
               ∑     i   =   1     N     ⁢       b   i     ⁢     y   ⁡     (     n   -   i     )               
portion of the above equation may be ignored as feedback coefficients of FIR filters are zero.
 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a common linear-phase FIR filter  400  having n number of delays  402   a - n , multipliers  404   a - n , register  406   a - n , and summer  408 . For ease of illustration, filter  400  only shows 4 taps (each tap is a multiplier-delay pair) with the first pair having a delay of zero. A typical FIR filter has 64 taps or more. 
     In FIR filter  400 , an input signal  401  is first provided to delay  402   a  and multiplier  404   a  which multiplies the input with a filter coefficient provided by register  406   a . The output of multiplier  404   a  is then supplied to summer  408 . As shown, each multiplier  404  has a corresponding register  406  that supplies the multiplier with a filter coefficient value (C 1 , C 2  . . . C n ). Multiplier  404   b  also takes input signal  401  and multiplies it with a filter coefficient but after a time delay determined by delay element  402   a . Typically, the delay time is determined by the clock of the system. Each subsequent tap of filter  400  is similarly delayed. The output of each multiplier is similarly supplied to summer  408 . 
     After input signal  401  finishes shifting through all of the taps, summer  408  outputs an output signal  410 . Ideally, signal  410  is noise free due to the compensating effects of all the filter coefficients that are specifically configured to subtract crosstalk noise that has been added onto input signal  401  during transmission. 
     As previously stated, controller  302  of transceiver  300  is configured to calculate the overall power coefficient value by summing the square of each of the filter&#39;s coefficients. Although not shown, controller  302  is coupled to each of the registers  406   a - n . In this way, controller  302  can extract the coefficient value from each register for the overall power coefficient calculation. 
     UTP cables are generally susceptible to have more noise from crosstalk than STP cables. As such, the overall power coefficient value of a crosstalk cancellation filter in a UTP cable system will be more than the overall power coefficient value of a filter in a STP system. The threshold in which transceiver  300  uses to determine whether UTP or STP cables are present may be determined through testing or through known noise levels of UTP and STP systems. The exact value of the threshold is not necessarily important as long as it is sufficient to distinguish between a UTP and a STP system. 
     It should be noted that either FIR or IIR filters may be used in transceiver  300 . Depending on the type of digital filter used, the feed-forward coefficients and/or the feedback coefficients of those filters may be used to calculate the overall power coefficient value. 
     If transceiver  300  uses IIR filters, either or both of the feed-forward coefficients and feedback coefficients may be used to calculate the overall power coefficient value. In an embodiment, two separate overall power coefficient values are calculated from the filters feed-forward coefficients and feedback coefficients, respectively. 
     In general, the impulse response of a FIR filter is finite, meaning overtime an impulse input will eventually settle to a zero output. This occurs because the FIR filter is a non-recursive filter as all of its feedback coefficients are zeros. Accordingly, if transceiver  300  uses FIR filters, then the overall power coefficient value will be calculated using only the feed-forward coefficients. 
     In an alternative embodiment, controller  302  calculates the power sum of each wire pair and compares it to predetermined power sum values of a UTP and STP cabling systems. In this way, transceiver  300  may determine whether it is coupled to UTP or STP cables. To accomplish this task, transceiver  300  is configured drive a reference signal down one or more of the cable pairs to measure the power sum NEXT (PSNEXT) value of an adjacent cable pair that is not transmitting. In other words, PSNEXT is the amount of interference measured in one cable pair when at least one other pair is being driven with a transmit signal. 
     If the PSNEXT value of the non-transmitting cable pair is above a certain threshold value, then controller  302  may conclude that UTP cables are being used. If the PSNEXT value is below the threshold then controller  302  may conclude that STP cables are being used. In this case, transceiver  300  may shut down one or more of the crosstalk cancellation filters to save power. In an embodiment, transceiver  300  shuts down all of the crosstalk cancellation filters to save power when the PSNEXT value is below the threshold value. 
     The PSNEXT value of a UTP cable system is more than the PSNEXT value of a STP cable system as UTP cables are generally more noisy than STP cables. Similar to the overall power coefficient threshold value, the PSNEXT threshold value in which transceiver  300  uses to determine whether UTP or STP cables are present may be determined through testing or through known noise levels of UTP and STP systems. The exact value of the PSNEXT threshold is not necessarily important as long as it is sufficient to distinguish between a UTP and a STP system. 
     PSNEXT value can either be calculated or measured.  FIG. 5  illustrates how PSNEXT is measured in a four cable pair system. As shown, test signals are send through 3 of the cable pairs while crosstalk measurement is made on the fourth pair. The PSNEXT value of a cable pair could also be calculated by measuring the pair-to-pair crosstalk value against 3 other pairs. For example, to calculate the PSNEXT for cable pair  502 , 3 pair-to-pair crosstalk measurements need to be made in the following ways: 1) measure crosstalk between pair  502  and pair  504 ; 2) measure crosstalk between pair  502  and pair  506 ; and 3) measure crosstalk between pair  502  and pair  508 . Using these three measurements, the PSNEXT value for cable pair  502  can be determined. Other methods for measuring the PSNEXT value for a cable pair could also be used and are commonly understood by a person skilled in the art. 
     It should be understood that other metrics relating to filter correction coefficients could also be used to determine the level of crosstalk in the system. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a method  600  for monitoring crosstalk in a transceiver and for managing power usage of a transceiver according to an embodiment of the present invention. Method  600  is applicable to a transceiver that has a plurality of communication ports configured to receive and transmit signals over a plurality of cable pairs. Method  600  may also be implemented in other transceiver configurations without changing its scope. 
     In step  610 , transceiver  300  or the crosstalk monitoring circuit (not shown) monitors the amount of crosstalk of one of the plurality of cable pairs. Transceiver  300  may also be configured to monitor more than one cable pairs or all of the cable pairs. 
     In step  620 , transceiver  300  switches one or more of the crosstalk cancellation filters coupled to one of the communication ports on or off based on the monitored amount of crosstalk. As mentioned above, STP cables are less prone to crosstalk than UTP cables. A communication network that uses STP cable rather than UTP cables will have less crosstalk. Thus, if transceiver  300  determines that the amount of crosstalk is low and below a predetermined threshold, then it could conclude that STP cables are being used and turn off one or more of the crosstalk cancellation filters. If the amount of crosstalk is above the predetermined threshold, then transceiver  300  or controller  302  will switch on one or more of the crosstalk cancellation filters. In an embodiment, all crosstalk cancellation filters will be switched on or off if crosstalk is low, indicating STP cable. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a method  700  for managing power usage of the transceiver according to an embodiment of the present invention. In step  710 , transceiver  300  or the crosstalk monitoring circuit (not shown) monitors the amount of crosstalk of one of the plurality of cable pairs. Similar to method  600 , transceiver  300  of method  700  may also be configured to monitor more than one cable pairs or all of the cable pairs. 
     In step  720 , transceiver  300  or monitoring circuit determines the overall power coefficient of a crosstalk cancellation filter by summing the square of each of the filter&#39;s coefficient. As previously shown in  FIG. 4 , filter coefficients are supplied by registers  406   a - n  to each of the filter&#39;s multipliers and also to the monitoring circuit. A high overall power coefficient value means a lot of crosstalk noise is present since the filter coefficients are used to generate a correction signal so as to closely match near-end or far-end crosstalk interference signal. Likewise, a low overall power coefficient value means little crosstalk noise is present. 
     In step  730 , transceiver  300  determines if the overall power coefficient value is below a predetermined threshold. If the answer is yes, then transceiver  300  may conclude that STP cables are being used in the communication links and switch off one or more of the crosstalk cancellation filters, as shown in step  740 . In an embodiment, all crosstalk cancellation filters are switched off if the overall power coefficient value is below the predetermined threshold. 
     If the answer is no in step  730 , then transceiver  300  may conclude that UTP cables are being used in the communication links and switch on one or more of the crosstalk cancellation filters, as shown in step  750 . In an embodiment, all crosstalk cancellation filters are switched on when the overall power coefficient value is above the predetermined threshold value. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a method  800  for monitoring crosstalk in a transceiver and for managing power usage of the transceiver according to another embodiment of the present invention. In step  810 , transceiver  300  or the crosstalk monitoring circuit (not shown) monitors the amount of crosstalk of one of the plurality of cable pairs. 
     In step  820 , transceiver  300  or monitoring circuit determines the PSNEXT value of a cable pair. The PSNEXT value can be measured by sending test signals through one or more of the wire pairs while taking crosstalk measurement on a non-transmitting pair coupled to a target receiver. The PSNEXT value can also be calculated by measuring the pair-to-pair crosstalk value against other pairs as previously described above. 
     In an alternative embodiment, instead of monitoring the PSNEXT value of a cable pair, transceiver  300  monitors and estimates the power sum far end crosstalk (PSFEXT) of a cable pair to determine whether UTP or STP cables are being used. The determination of the PSFEXT value is similar to the determination of the PSNEXT value and is commonly understood by one skilled in the art. 
     In step  830 , transceiver  300  determines if the PSNEXT or PSFEXT value is below a predetermined threshold. If the answer is yes, then transceiver  300  can conclude that STP cables are being used in the communication links and switch off one or more of the crosstalk cancellation filters, as shown in step  840 . It should be noted that the PSNEXT or PSFEXT value of a cable pair is lower in a STP system than the PSNEXT or PSFEXT value of a cable pair in a UTP system. 
     In an embodiment, all crosstalk cancellation filters are switched off when transceiver  300  determines that the PSNEXT or PSFEXT value is below the predetermined threshold. 
     If the answer is no in step  830 , then transceiver  300  can conclude that UTP cables are being used in the communication links and switch on one or more of the crosstalk cancellation filters, as shown in step  850 . In an embodiment, all crosstalk cancellation filters are switched on when the PSNEXT or PSFEXT value of a cable pair is above a predetermined PSNEXT or PSFEXT threshold value. 
     CONCLUSION 
     While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art that various changes in form and detail can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.