Abstract:
Performing a distributed database transaction using parallel writes to a distributed append-only database system is provided. A central database and a plurality of distributed databases, also known as “shards”, may be used. A request made to implement a distributed transaction, requiring updates to one or more shards, results in a monotonically increasing identification (ID) number being assigned to a change set. The request and change set may be registered at the central database. Once the change set is completely written to all of the appropriate shards, the change set is marked as completed in the central database. After write completion, a change set ID boundary at the central database is advanced to indicate the current fully changed status of the distributed database.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/235,902, filed Oct. 1, 2015, and entitled “Read-Write Protocol for Append-Only Distributed Databases,” which is herein incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Distributed databases may provide for storage of related data in multiple database devices. This may particularly be useful with data-intensive applications that store quantities of data which cannot typically be handled by a single database device. For example, it may be desirable to distribute data relating to geographical items (roads, intersections, individual addresses, etc.) for mapping applications among multiple database devices. As the number of defined geographical items desired to be stored may require a massive amount of database memory, distributing the geographical items across a distributed database comprising multiple database devices may be preferred. While generic distributed databases may be used to store such data, present systems may not provide for accurate results during parallel writes for transactions that implement changes across multiple database devices. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0003]    This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description section. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
         [0004]    Aspects of systems and methods for performing a distributed database transaction using parallel writes to a distributed append-only database system are disclosed. According to various aspects, the distributed database may comprise a central database and a plurality of distributed databases (it should be understood that “database” and “shard” may be used interchangeably within the present disclosure). A request may be made to implement a change set (distributed transaction) requiring updates to one or more shards located remotely from one another. When the change set is received, a monotonically increasing identification number may be assigned to the change set and registered at the central database. Throughout the present disclosure, such an identification number may be referred to as a “change set ID.” The change set may be written to all implicated shards in parallel. For example, each data change set may be appended to tables in the appropriate shards. The change set ID may be used as a component of primary keys used by the underlying data tables. Once the change set is completely written to all of the appropriate shards, the change set may be marked as completed in the central database. After change set completion, a visible change set ID boundary at the central database may be advanced to indicate the current fully changed status of the distributed database. 
         [0005]    The details of one or more aspects are set forth in the accompanying drawings and description below. Other features and advantages will be apparent from a reading of the following detailed description and a review of the associated drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0006]    Further features, aspects, and advantages of the present disclosure will become better understood by reference to the following figures, wherein elements are not to scale so as to more clearly show the details and wherein like reference numbers indicate like elements throughout several views. 
           [0007]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a system for performing distributed database transactions. 
           [0008]      FIG. 2A  is a flowchart showing general stages involved in an example method for performing a distributed database transaction. 
           [0009]      FIG. 2B  is a flowchart showing general stages involved in an alternate example method for performing a distributed database transaction. 
           [0010]      FIG. 3  is a flowchart showing general stages involved in an example method for performing multiple simultaneous distributed database transactions. 
           [0011]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram illustrating one example of the physical components of a computing device. 
           [0012]      FIGS. 5A and 5B  are block diagrams of a mobile computing device. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0013]    The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers are used in the drawings and the following description to refer to the same or similar elements. While aspects of the present disclosure may be described, modifications, adaptations, and other implementations are possible. For example, substitutions, additions, or modifications may be made to the elements illustrated in the drawings, and the methods described herein may be modified by substituting, reordering, or adding stages to the disclosed methods. Accordingly, the following detailed description is non-limiting, and instead, the proper scope is defined by the appended claims. Examples may take the form of a hardware implementation, or an entirely software implementation, or an implementation combining software and hardware aspects. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense. 
         [0014]    For purposes of illustration and understanding, aspects disclosed herein are discussed with reference to implementing enterprise transactions in a distributed database system. As will be appreciated from the disclosure set out herein, aspects of the present disclosure are useful with respect to distributed database systems containing append-only shards for data storage, wherein the data are written to the shards in parallel and consistent reads can be provided at any stage in that process. 
         [0015]    In a distributed database system, it may be desired to write multiple pieces of data in multiple places and, until writing of these pieces is completed, still provide readers with a consistent view of the data from before the write. Aspects of the present disclosure allow for a way to achieve this goal via parallel writing of the multiple pieces of data (i.e., a change set) that comprise a distributed transaction. 
         [0016]    Each distributed transaction has certain properties that are important when maintaining consistency for readers of database information. For example, a distributed transaction may comprise the required database updates to effectuate a transfer of assets from one account to the other. A first change may be required on a first shard to decrease the amount of assets in the transmitting account by a particular amount. A second change may be required on a second shard to increase the amount of assets in the receiving account by that particular amount. It is desired that the distributed database system (which contains both the first shard and the second shard) guarantees that internal states are never visible to a reader of the data. In other words, when the write of the first and second change are completed successfully, both accounts will contain the right amounts, and the changes may then be made visible to a reader. If the write does not completely succeed, aspects of the present disclosure allow for a return to the previous state of the account based on the visible change set ID boundary. 
         [0017]    Aspects of the present disclosure deal with updating a distributed database system, where the individual shards operate via append-only updates. For example, when a first change may be required on a first shard, to decrease the amount of assets in a transmitting account as discussed above, the system performs a write on the first shard, but not an overwrite. This feature allows previous states of data to be maintained for rollbacks to previous data states, and other purposes. 
         [0018]    Another example change set involves updating geographical items for a mapping application. A mapping application may be updated with large numbers of geographical items at once (e.g., 15 million new roads). Writing all of the new data into the distributed database system may take a significant period of time. If a reader wants to build a map while this transaction is processing, it is not desirable to allow a reading of some of the new data, but not all of the new data. In such a scenario, aspects of the present disclosure will direct a reader to the pre-update version of the data, based on the visible change set ID boundary, until the entire write is completed and the visible change set ID boundary is advanced. Such aspects avoid the need for blocking readers from the distributed database system during writes, as well as blocking writers from over-writing data that are currently being read or interrupting an on-going read. 
         [0019]    Each set of writes is identified with a change set ID. In some aspects, the change set ID is associated with a particular date or time of the write, but may also be a sequential record of writes. The resulting state of a shard may then be read similarly to a ledger. For example, going back to the mapping application example, a change set may include a change in the location of an intersection between two roads. Such a change may require a write to one shard containing information regarding the first road and a write to a second shard containing information regarding the second road, which intersects the first road. A parallel write would then need to be performed on both the first shard and second shard to accurately update the intersection information. 
         [0020]    Each shard is then appended with the new road information. The change set ID for each appending will be the same, as the change set IDs are assigned by a central database. Upon successful completion of the two appending writes, the transaction becomes visible by advancing the visible change set ID boundary at the central database. Prior to advancing the visible change set ID boundary, readers may access only information associated with the non-advanced visible change set ID boundary, enabling the readers to view the database world how it was before this transaction, and without being blocked from the distributed database system. If an error occurs during the parallel writes, the data in the first and second shards may be rolled back to the data associated with the non-advanced visible change set ID boundary (i.e., a previous version of the data). 
         [0021]    Referring now to the drawings,  FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a system for implementing distributed database coordination according to aspects of the present disclosure. A user  105  is illustrated in association with a computer  110  with which the user may operate a variety of software applications for reading information from and writing information to a distributed database system  120 , with which the services of distributed database coordination as disclosed herein may be applied. 
         [0022]    As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the computer  110  may communicate with distributed database system  120  via a direct data link  112  or via a distributed computing network  115 , such as the Internet or a corporate or other entity intranet. The distributed database system  120  is illustrative of a collection of computer systems at which distributed database coordination may be applied. The distributed database system  120  may comprise any number of databases, such as shards  130   a  to  130   f  (generally, shards  130 ). Shards  130   a  to  130   f  may each be located remotely from one another. 
         [0023]    The distributed database system  120  may further comprise a central database  140 , which coordinates processes operating outside of the distributed database system  120  with the distributed database system  120  and with shards  130   a  to  130   f . According to aspects of the present disclosure, the central database  140  may store metadata about the data items stored in the distributed shards  130   a  to  130   f  One of the pieces of metadata in this central database  140  is a visible version of the data defined by a visible change set ID boundary. 
         [0024]    As should be appreciated, the distributed database system  120  may be illustrative of one or more computing systems operating together as a backend data storage system for a company, educational system or other entity, or the distributed database system  120  may be illustrative of one or more computers or collections of computers operating in a cloud-based data center at which a distributed database transaction may be performed for users  105 . 
         [0025]    Shards  130   a  to  130   f  may be illustrative of general purpose data storage units or systems for processing a distributed database transaction sent by, accessed by, or otherwise communicated to or from the user  105  in association with a distributed database transaction. Received inputs, for example, enterprise transactions, may be stored in shards  130   a  to  130   f , and associated metadata for the distributed transaction may be stored in the central database  140 . 
         [0026]    According to aspects, the components of the distributed database system  120  are illustrated and described above as a system of components operating remotely from a user&#39;s computer  110 . That is, the components of the distributed database system  120  may operate as a standalone system of computing devices that may be called upon by a user&#39;s computer  110  for in association with a distributed database transaction as described herein. 
         [0027]    The computer  110 , the distributed database system  120 , the shards  130   a  to  130   f , and the central database  140  are illustrative of a multitude of computing systems including, without limitation, desktop computer systems, wired and wireless computing systems, mobile computing systems (e.g., mobile telephones, netbooks, tablet or slate type computers, notebook computers, and laptop computers), hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, minicomputers, and mainframe computers. 
         [0028]    Having described an example architecture and other aspects of the present disclosure above with reference to  FIG. 1 ,  FIG. 2A  is a flowchart showing general stages involved in an example method for executing an improved distributed database transaction. As mentioned above, aspects of the present disclosure may be used for efficiently writing in a distributed database system, which also enable consistent reads. For purposes of description, the methods set out below are described in terms of updating a distributed database system  120  comprising append-only shards  130 , but the description of these aspects with respect to distributed transactions should not be taken as limiting, but for purposes of illustration and description only. 
         [0029]    Referring then to  FIG. 2A , the method  200 A begins at start operation  205 A and proceeds to operation  210 A, where a distributed transaction (change set) is received from a particular user, such as user  105 , who may provide the change set to be implemented by the distributed database system  120 . For example, the distributed transaction may contain a number of geographical data items to update a mapping application serviced by the distributed database system  120 . 
         [0030]    At operation  215 A, a new change set ID is defined for the received distributed transaction at a central database  140  in the distributed database system  120 . The previously visible version for all records is defined in the central database  140  by a visible change set ID boundary. For example, the visible change set ID boundary may equal 100. As such, the central database  140  will assign the received distributed transaction a change set ID incrementally larger than the visible change set ID boundary. For example, in this case, the central database  140  will set the change set ID equal to 101 for the received distributed transaction. 
         [0031]    At operation  220 A, the distributed transaction is written to the appropriate shards  130 , in parallel. The appropriate shards  130  are the append-only shards  130  that require an update that is based on the distributed transaction, for example, shards  130   a  to  130   f  may each be implicated by an distributed transaction. At operation  225 A, the central database  140  determines whether the writes were successfully completed to the shards  130 . When a successful write is determined, method  200 A proceeds to operation  230 A, where the new change set ID is provided to a caller. In some aspects of the present disclosure, the central database  140  may be informed of the successful completion of writing a change set by receiving successful responses from each of the implicated shards  130 . Method  200 A then proceeds to operation  240 A. 
         [0032]    Alternatively, if it is determined that the write did not succeed, for example, if one or more of the shards  130  fail to provide a successful response within a timeout period for the append procedure related to a piece of data in change set with the change set ID of  101 , or a failure message is received, method  200 A proceeds to operation  235 A, where the change set is logically deleted from the shards  130  to which it was written; freeing memory for a later write without disturbing the order of writes. Because the visible change set ID boundary is the maximum change set, below which all change sets were successfully completed, a logical delete enables the database  140  to later write over any data from an unsuccessful write in an append only shard without wasting any memory in its storage devices. Method  200 A then proceeds to operation  240 A. 
         [0033]    At operation  240 A, the central database  140  attempts to advance the visible change set ID boundary. In some aspects, the visible change set ID boundary is advanced to the most recently completed change set ID. In this example, central database  140  may advance the visible change set ID boundary to the completed change set ID of  101 . The visible change set ID boundary shows the maximum change set ID of a completed change set, below which all change sets are completed. If the write successfully completed, method  200 A proceeds to operation  245 A, otherwise, if the write did not successfully complete, method  200 A proceeds to operation  250 A. 
         [0034]    At operation  245 A, the new change ID is provided to readers, such as user  105 , by which the readers may access the distributed database system  120  for a consistent view of the data, for example, through a mapping application. For example, the user  105  may wish to build a map of a particular geographical area. The data required to build this map may include data stored throughout the distributed database system  120  in shards  130   a  to  130   f . At operation  245 A, the central database  140  provides new visible change set ID boundary to the user  105 . User  105  may read the most recent records (those with highest change set ID) up to the new visible change set ID boundary. This ensures that user  105  has access to all data including the transactions defined in change set having change set ID  101  and that all data provided is consistent. The method  200 A concludes at end operation  255 A. 
         [0035]    At operation  250 A, the new change set ID is not visible to the readers. In various aspects, the database may reuse the change set ID from the unsuccessful write for the next change set, which will overwrite any data present after the last change set boundary and maintain a sequential order of change set IDs; retaining the new change set ID for a successful write. The method  200 A concludes at end operation  255 A. 
         [0036]    Having described an example architecture and other aspects of the present disclosure above with reference to  FIG. 1 ,  FIG. 2B  is a flowchart showing general stages involved in an alternate example method for executing an improved distributed database transaction to the method discussed in regard to  FIG. 2A . As mentioned above, aspects of the present disclosure may be used for efficiently writing in a distributed database system, which also enable consistent reads. For purposes of description, the methods set out below are described in terms of updating a distributed database system  120  comprising append-only shards  130 , but the description of these aspects with respect to distributed transactions should not be taken as limiting, but for purposes of illustration and description only. 
         [0037]    Referring then to  FIG. 2B , the method  200 B begins at start operation  205 B and proceeds to operation  210 B, where a distributed transaction (change set) is received from a particular user, such as user  105 , who may provide the change set to be implemented by the distributed database system  120 . For example, the distributed transaction may contain a number of geographical data items to update a mapping application serviced by the distributed database system  120 . 
         [0038]    At operation  215 B, a new change set ID is defined for the received distributed transaction at a central database  140  in the distributed database system  120 . The previously visible version for all records is defined in the central database  140  by a visible change set ID boundary. For example, the visible change set ID boundary may equal 100. As such, the central database  140  will assign the received distributed transaction a change set ID incrementally larger than the visible change set ID boundary. For example, in this case, the central database  140  will set the change set ID equal to 101 for the received distributed transaction. 
         [0039]    At operation  220 B, the distributed transaction is written to the appropriate shards  130 , in parallel. The appropriate shards  130  are the append-only shards  130  that require an update that is based on the distributed transaction, for example, shards  130   a  to  130   f  may each be implicated by an distributed transaction. At operation  225 B, the central database  140  determines whether the writes were successfully completed to the shards  130 . When a successful write is determined, method  200 B proceeds to operation  230 B. In some aspects of the present disclosure, the central database  140  may be informed of the successful completion of writing a change set by receiving successful responses from each of the implicated shards  130 . Alternatively, if it is determined that the write did not succeed, for example, if one or more of the shards  130  fail to provide a successful response for the append procedure related to a piece of data in change set with the change set ID of  101 , method  200 B proceeds to end operation  240 B and concludes. In other aspects of the present disclosure, a timeout functionality may be employed to indicate that a write is unsuccessful if a successful response is not received for a predetermined period of time. 
         [0040]    At operation  230 B, the central database  140  advances the visible change set ID boundary. In some aspects, the visible change set ID boundary is advanced to the most recently completed change set ID. In this example, central database  140  may advance the visible change set ID boundary to the completed change set ID of  101 . 
         [0041]    At operation  235 B, the new change ID is provided to readers, such as user  105 , by which the readers may access the distributed database system  120  for a consistent view of the data, for example, through a mapping application. For example, the user  105  may wish to build a map of a particular geographical area. The data required to build this map may include data stored throughout the distributed database system  120  in shards  130   a  to  130   f . At operation  235 B, the central database  140  provides new visible change set ID boundary to the user  105 . User  105  may read the most recent records (those with highest change set ID) up to the new visible change set ID boundary. This ensures that user  105  has access to all data including the transactions defined in change set having change set ID  101  and that all data provided is consistent. The method  200 B concludes at end operation  240 B. 
         [0042]    Having described an example architecture and other aspects of the present disclosure above with reference to  FIG. 1 ,  FIG. 3  is a flowchart showing general stages involved in an example method for a distributed database transaction. As mentioned above, aspects of the present disclosure may be used for the efficient writing to, and consistent reading from, a distributed database system  120 . 
         [0043]    Referring then to  FIG. 3 , the method  300  begins at start operation  305  and proceeds to operation  310 . Going back to the previous example, there may be instances where more than one change set is being implemented at the same time. For example, at operation  310 , the distributed database system  120  may receive separate distributed transactions (change sets) from one or more users  105 . For example, each distributed transaction may relate to items to update a mapping application serviced by the distributed database system  120 . 
         [0044]    At operation  315 , a new change set ID is defined separately for each of the two received distributed transactions at a central database  140  in the distributed database system  120 . The previously visible version for all records may again be defined in the central database  140  by a visible change set ID boundary. For example, the visible change set ID boundary may equal 100. As such, the central database  140  may assign for the first distributed transaction a change set ID incrementally larger than the visible change set ID boundary. For example, in this case, the central database  140  may set the change set ID for the first distributed transaction equal to 101. The central database  140  may then assign the second distributed transaction a change set ID incrementally larger than change set ID assigned to the first change set. For example, in this case, the central database  140  may set the change set ID for the second distributed transaction equal to 102. 
         [0045]    At operation  320 , the change sets are written in parallel to the relevant shards  130 . Implementing writes for the two change sets may result in writing information from the two transactions to a number of shards  130 , such as shards  130   a  to  130   f , at the same time at parallel rates. In this example, it may be assumed that writing change set ID  102  completes prior to the completion of writing change set ID  101 . This may be due to change set ID  101  being a more complex change set or even due to delays on various network connections to the respective shards  130 . 
         [0046]    At operation  325 , the success of each of the writes for the change sets are determined. For example, the central database  140  may be informed that change set ID  102  is complete and change set ID  101  is still processing (has not yet succeeded). At operation  330 , the central database  140  uses decision logic to determine how and whether to advance the visible change set ID boundary when at least one change set ID has not succeeded, for example, while change set ID  101  is still processing but change set ID  102  has successfully been written. Advancing the visible change set ID boundary without the decision logic may cause continuity issues because there are records in the system that have not completed writing yet. In some aspects of the present disclosure, the visible change set ID may remain at the previous value (in the example, at  100 ) and the readers may be notified that a completed change set ID (in the example,  102 ) is available for reading. In some aspects, a completed change set ID (in the example,  102 ) may be hidden from potential readers until the central database  140  has been informed that the writing of a previously received, yet ongoing change set ID write (in the example,  101 ) has been completed. The method  300  concludes at end operation  335 . 
         [0047]    The aspects and functionalities described herein may operate via a multitude of computing systems including, without limitation, desktop computer systems, wired and wireless computing systems, mobile computing systems (e.g., mobile telephones, netbooks, tablet or slate type computers, notebook computers, and laptop computers), hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, minicomputers, and mainframe computers. 
         [0048]    In addition, according to an aspect, the aspects and functionalities described herein operate over distributed systems (e.g., cloud-based computing systems), where application functionality, memory, data storage and retrieval and various processing functions are operated remotely from each other over a distributed computing network, such as the Internet or an intranet. According to an aspect, user interfaces and information of various types are displayed via on-board computing device displays or via remote display units associated with one or more computing devices. For example, user interfaces and information of various types are displayed and interacted with on a wall surface onto which user interfaces and information of various types are projected. Interaction with the multitude of computing systems with which aspects are practiced include, keystroke entry, touch screen entry, voice or other audio entry, gesture entry where an associated computing device is equipped with detection (e.g., camera) functionality for capturing and interpreting user gestures for controlling the functionality of the computing device, and the like. 
         [0049]      FIGS. 4, 5A, 5B , and the associated descriptions provide a discussion of a variety of operating environments in which examples of the present disclosure are practiced. However, the devices and systems illustrated and discussed with respect to  FIGS. 4, 5A, and 5B  are for purposes of example and illustration and are not limiting of a vast number of computing device configurations that are used for practicing aspects, described herein. 
         [0050]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram illustrating physical components (i.e., hardware) of a computing device  400  with which examples of the present disclosure can be practiced. In a basic configuration, the computing device  400  includes at least one processing unit  402  and a system memory  404 . According to an aspect, depending on the configuration and type of computing device, the system memory  404  comprises, but is not limited to, volatile storage (e.g., random access memory), non-volatile storage (e.g., read-only memory), flash memory, or any combination of such memories. According to an aspect, the system memory  404  includes an operating system  405  and one or more program modules  406  suitable for running software applications  450 . According to an aspect, the system memory  404  includes the software for executing distributed database transactions. The operating system  405 , for example, is suitable for controlling the operation of the computing device  400 . Furthermore, aspects are practiced in conjunction with a graphics library, other operating systems, or any other application program, and are not limited to any particular application or system. This basic configuration is illustrated in  FIG. 4  by those components within a dashed line  408 . According to an aspect, the computing device  400  has additional features or functionality. For example, according to an aspect, the computing device  400  includes additional data storage devices (removable and/or non-removable) such as, for example, magnetic disks, optical disks, or tape. Such additional storage is illustrated in  FIG. 4  by a removable storage device  409  and a non-removable storage device  410 . 
         [0051]    As stated above, according to an aspect, a number of program modules and data files are stored in the system memory  404 . While executing on the processing unit  402 , the program modules  406  (e.g., software for executing distributed database transactions) performs processes including, but not limited to, one or more of the stages of the methods  200 A,  200 B, and  300  illustrated in  FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 3 . According to an aspect, other program modules may be used in accordance with examples of the present disclosure and include applications such as electronic mail and contacts applications, word processing applications, spreadsheet applications, database applications, slide presentation applications, drawing or computer-aided application programs, etc. 
         [0052]    Aspects of the present disclosure are practiced in an electrical circuit comprising discrete electronic elements, packaged or integrated electronic chips containing logic gates, a circuit using a microprocessor, or on a single chip containing electronic elements or microprocessors. For example, aspects are practiced via a system-on-a-chip (SOC) where each or many of the components illustrated in  FIG. 4  are integrated onto a single integrated circuit. According to an aspect, such an SOC device includes one or more processing units, graphics units, communications units, system virtualization units and various application functionality all of which are integrated (or “burned”) onto the chip substrate as a single integrated circuit. When operating via an SOC, the functionality, described herein, is operated via application-specific logic integrated with other components of the computing device  400  on the single integrated circuit (chip). According to an aspect, aspects of the present disclosure are practiced using other technologies capable of performing logical operations such as, for example, AND, OR, and NOT, including but not limited to mechanical, optical, fluidic, and quantum technologies. In addition, aspects are practiced within a general purpose computer or in any other circuits or systems. 
         [0053]    According to an aspect, the computing device  400  has one or more input device(s)  412  such as a keyboard, a mouse, a pen, a sound input device, a touch input device, etc. The output device(s)  414  such as a display, speakers, a printer, etc. are also included according to an aspect. The aforementioned devices are examples and others may be used. According to an aspect, the computing device  400  includes one or more communication connections  416  allowing communications with other computing devices  418 . Examples of suitable communication connections  416  include, but are not limited to, RF transmitter, receiver, and/or transceiver circuitry; universal serial bus (USB), parallel, and/or serial ports. 
         [0054]    The term computer readable media as used herein includes computer storage media. Computer storage media include volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer readable instructions, data structures, or program modules. The system memory  404 , the removable storage device  409 , and the non-removable storage device  410  are all computer storage media examples (i.e., memory storage.) According to an aspect, computer storage media include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other article of manufacture which can be used to store information and which can be accessed by the computing device  400 . According to an aspect, any such computer storage media are part of the computing device  400 . Computer storage media do not include a carrier wave or other propagated data signal. 
         [0055]    According to an aspect, communication media are embodied by computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal, such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and includes any information delivery media or transmission media. According to an aspect, the term “modulated data signal” describes a signal that has one or more characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media include wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, radio frequency (RF), infrared, and other wireless media. 
         [0056]      FIGS. 5A and 5B  illustrate a mobile computing device  500 , for example, a mobile telephone, a smart phone, a tablet personal computer, a laptop computer, and the like, with which aspects may be practiced. With reference to  FIG. 5A , an example of a mobile computing device  500  for implementing the aspects is illustrated. In a basic configuration, the mobile computing device  500  is a handheld computer having both input elements and output elements. The mobile computing device  500  typically includes a display  505  and one or more input buttons  510  that allow the user to enter information into the mobile computing device  500 . According to an aspect, the display  505  of the mobile computing device  500  functions as an input device (e.g., a touch screen display). If included, an optional side input element  515  allows further user input. According to an aspect, the side input element  515  is a rotary switch, a button, or any other type of manual input element. In alternative examples, mobile computing device  500  incorporates more or fewer input elements. For example, the display  505  may not be a touch screen in some examples. In alternative examples, the mobile computing device  500  is a portable phone system, such as a cellular phone. According to an aspect, the mobile computing device  500  includes an optional keypad  535 . According to an aspect, the optional keypad  535  is a physical keypad. According to another aspect, the optional keypad  535  is a “soft” keypad generated on the touch screen display. In various aspects, the output elements include the display  505  for showing a graphical user interface (GUI), a visual indicator  520  (e.g., a light emitting diode), and/or an audio transducer  525  (e.g., a speaker). In some examples, the mobile computing device  500  incorporates a vibration transducer for providing the user with tactile feedback. In yet another example, the mobile computing device  500  incorporates peripheral device port  540 , such as an audio input (e.g., a microphone jack), an audio output (e.g., a headphone jack), and a video output (e.g., a HDMI port) for sending signals to or receiving signals from an external device. 
         [0057]      FIG. 5B  is a block diagram illustrating the architecture of one example of a mobile computing device. That is, the mobile computing device  500  incorporates a system (i.e., an architecture)  502  to implement some examples. In one example, the system  502  is implemented as a “smart phone” capable of running one or more applications (e.g., browser, e-mail, calendaring, contact managers, messaging clients, games, and media clients/players). In some examples, the system  502  is integrated as a computing device, such as an integrated personal digital assistant (PDA) and wireless phone. 
         [0058]    According to an aspect, one or more application programs  550  are loaded into the memory  562  and run on or in association with the operating system  564 . Examples of the application programs include phone dialer programs, e-mail programs, personal information management (PIM) programs, word processing programs, spreadsheet programs, Internet browser programs, messaging programs, and so forth. According to an aspect, software for executing distributed database transactions is loaded into memory  562 . The system  502  also includes a non-volatile storage area  568  within the memory  562 . The non-volatile storage area  568  is used to store persistent information that should not be lost if the system  502  is powered down. The application programs  550  may use and store information in the non-volatile storage area  568 , such as e-mail or other messages used by an e-mail application, and the like. A synchronization application (not shown) also resides on the system  502  and is programmed to interact with a corresponding synchronization application resident on a host computer to keep the information stored in the non-volatile storage area  568  synchronized with corresponding information stored at the host computer. As should be appreciated, other applications may be loaded into the memory  562  and run on the mobile computing device  500 . 
         [0059]    According to an aspect, the system  502  has a power supply  570 , which is implemented as one or more batteries. According to an aspect, the power supply  570  further includes an external power source, such as an AC adapter or a powered docking cradle that supplements or recharges the batteries. 
         [0060]    According to an aspect, the system  502  includes a radio  552  that performs the function of transmitting and receiving radio frequency communications. The radio  552  facilitates wireless connectivity between the system  502  and the “outside world,” via a communications carrier or service provider. Transmissions to and from the radio  552  are conducted under control of the operating system  564 . In other words, communications received by the radio  552  may be disseminated to the application programs  550  via the operating system  564 , and vice versa. 
         [0061]    According to an aspect, the visual indicator  520  is used to provide visual notifications and/or an audio interface  554  is used for producing audible notifications via the audio transducer  525 . In the illustrated example, the visual indicator  520  is a light emitting diode (LED) and the audio transducer  525  is a speaker. These devices may be directly coupled to the power supply  570  so that when activated, they remain on for a duration dictated by the notification mechanism even though the processor  560  and other components might shut down for conserving battery power. The LED may be programmed to remain on indefinitely until the user takes action to indicate the powered-on status of the device. The audio interface  554  is used to provide audible signals to and receive audible signals from the user. For example, in addition to being coupled to the audio transducer  525 , the audio interface  554  may also be coupled to a microphone to receive audible input, such as to facilitate a telephone conversation. According to an aspect, the system  502  further includes a video interface  556  that enables an operation of an on-board camera  530  to record still images, video stream, and the like. 
         [0062]    According to an aspect, a mobile computing device  500  implementing the system  502  has additional features or functionality. For example, the mobile computing device  500  includes additional data storage devices (removable and/or non-removable) such as, magnetic disks, optical disks, or tape. Such additional storage is illustrated in  FIG. 5B  by the non-volatile storage area  568 . 
         [0063]    According to an aspect, data/information generated or captured by the mobile computing device  500  and stored via the system  502  are stored locally on the mobile computing device  500 , as described above. According to another aspect, the data are stored on any number of storage media that are accessible by the device via the radio  552  or via a wired connection between the mobile computing device  500  and a separate computing device associated with the mobile computing device  500 , for example, a server computer in a distributed computing network, such as the Internet. As should be appreciated, such data/information are accessible via the mobile computing device  500  via the radio  552  or via a distributed computing network. Similarly, according to an aspect, such data/information are readily transferred between computing devices for storage and use according to well-known data/information transfer and storage means, including electronic mail and collaborative data/information sharing systems. 
         [0064]    Aspects of the present disclosure, for example, are described above with reference to block diagrams and/or operational illustrations of methods, systems, and computer program products. The functions/acts noted in the blocks may occur out of the order as shown in any flowchart. For example, two blocks shown in succession may in fact be executed substantially concurrently or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality/acts involved. 
         [0065]    The description and illustration of one or more examples provided in this application are not intended to limit or restrict the scope of the present disclosure as claimed in any way. The aspects, examples, and details provided in this application are considered sufficient to convey possession and enable others to make and use the best mode claimed. The present disclosure should not be construed as being limited to any aspect, example, or detail provided in this application. Regardless of whether shown and described in combination or separately, the various features (both structural and methodological) are intended to be selectively included or omitted to produce an example with a particular set of features. Having been provided with the description and illustration of the present application, one skilled in the art may envision variations, modifications, and alternate examples falling within the spirit of the broader aspects of the general inventive concept embodied in this application that do not depart from the broader scope of the present disclosure.