Abstract:
A transconductance-enhancing passive frequency mixer comprises a transconductance amplification stage, a frequency mixing stage, and an output transresistance amplifier. The transconductance amplification stage has a pre-amplification transconductance-enhancing structure, so that the transconductance is greatly enhanced, thereby obtaining the same transconductance value at a lower bias current. A radio-frequency current is modulated by the frequency mixing stage to generate an output mid-frequency current signal. The mid-frequency current signal passes through the transresistance amplifier, to form voltage output, and finally obtain a mid-frequency voltage signal. The transresistance amplifier has a transconductance-enhancing structure, thereby further reducing input impedance, and improving current utilization efficiency and port isolation. The frequency mixer has the characteristics of low power consumption, high conversion gain, good port isolation, and the like.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a transconductance enhanced passive frequency mixer, which comprises a transconductance stage with enhanced transconductance, a passive frequency mixing switch pair, and an output transresistance amplifier. The transconductance amplification stage employs a pre-amplified transconductance enhancement structure, so that the transconductance is greatly enhanced, and thereby the same transconductance value can be achieved at lower bias current; intermediate frequency (IF) current signal output is generated from radio frequency (RF) current under the modulation action of the frequency mixer stage. Voltage output is generated via a transresistance amplifier, and finally IF voltage signal is obtained. The transresistance amplifier employs a transconductance enhancement structure, so that the input impedance is further decreased, and current utilization and port isolation are improved. The frequency mixer structure has advantages such as low power consumption, high conversion gain, and high port isolation, etc. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Conventional Gilbert frequency mixers have balanced indexes and high port isolation, and operate reliably. However, as the requirement for single-chip of RF receivers increases and the RF technology advances, sometimes the performance of conventional Gilbert frequency mixers can not meet the present demand in many actual applications. For example, in the case that the frequency mixer stage employs an active frequency mixing structure, the flicker noise will have some adverse effect in zero IF receiver structure; if a passive frequency mixing structure can be employed, the flicker noise will be greatly decreased since a passive frequency mixer does not have quiescent current; in addition, the linearity of passive frequency mixer is usually higher than the linearity of active frequency mixer. 
         [0003]    In the classic frequency mixing structure, as depicted in  FIG. 1A , when RF voltage is converted into RF current in the transconductance stage, the transconductance value is limited and the conversion gain is low at low bias current, because the signal received by the receiver is generally low and the transconductance is only the transconductance of the input transistor in the conventional structure. It will be of great significance for performance improvement of the entire frequency mixer if higher transconductance value can be achieved at the same bias current in the transconductance stage by one approach. Based on that ideal, a novel transconductance circuit structure is designed successfully in the present invention; as a result, the transconductance value in the circuit of transconductance stage is greatly enhanced. 
         [0004]    For the output stage of a passive frequency mixer, the input resistance of the transresistance amplifier in the output stage must be decreased as far as possible, owing to considerations of a series of problems, such as port isolation, linearity, and conversion gain, etc. In the present invention, the object is attained by means of a transresistance amplifier that employs a transconductance enhancement structure. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    Technical Problem: 
         [0006]    The object of the present invention is to provide a passive frequency mixer with a transconductance enhanced transconductance stage, in which the same transconductance value can be achieved at lower bias current and IF current signal is output and generated from RF current under the modulation action of the frequency mixer stage. Voltage output is generated via a transresistance amplifier, and finally IF voltage signal is obtained. The transresistance amplifier employs a transconductance enhancement structure, so that the input impedance is further decreased, and current utilization and port isolation are improved. The frequency mixer structure has advantages such as low power consumption, high conversion gain, and high port isolation, etc. 
         [0007]    Technical Solution: 
         [0008]    The object of the present invention is attained with the following solution: a frequency mixer, which usually comprises a transconductance stage, a frequency mixer stage, and a load output stage. In a conventional frequency mixer, the circuit structure of the transconductance stage is simple, the transconductance gain is low, and the transconductance is usually the transconductance value g mp , as shown in  FIG. 1A . RF signal is converted into RF current through the transconductance stage, the RF current generates down-converted signal at intermediate frequency at the output terminal under the modulation action of the frequency mixer stage, and then the down-converted signal is converted into voltage signal through the load output stage. In that process, it will be greatly helpful for improvement of conversion gain and noise performance in the frequency mixer if higher current signal can be obtained at the output terminal of the transconductance stage. A transconductance stage circuit with transconductance enhancement function is designed in the passive frequency mixer disclosed in the present invention.  FIG. 1B  shows the voltage-current conversion relationship in the circuit structure after transconductance is enhanced. The working principle will be detailed below. 
         [0009]    In the transconductance enhanced passive frequency mixer of the present invention, as shown in  FIG. 2 , the RF current signal outputted from points A and B in the transconductance stage is coupled to the frequency mixer stage, converted through a frequency conversion process by a frequency mixing switch, and then enters into the transresistance amplifier. Viewed from the source terminal of PM 6 , the resistance of the circuit in the load stage is very low in the output frequency band, because the circuit in the load stage employs a transconductance enhanced common-gate input structure. When the signal frequency is relatively low, with the extremely low equivalent input resistance of PM 6  and PM 7 , the output points A and B in the transconductance stage is equivalent to AC ground for low frequency signal output, and therefore the oscillation amplitude of IF signal is as low as possible at the port; thus the isolation between IF port and RF port is improved. Likewise, for input RF signal, with a capacitor C 7  connected to the frequency mixing output terminal, the points A and B in the transconductance stage is equivalent to AC ground; thus, the oscillation amplitude of RF voltage at the node is decreased, and current utilization and linearity are improved. A resonant network composed of L 0  and C 4  is connected between the gate electrodes of NM 0  and NM 1  in the transconductance stage, and the resonant of the parallel resonant network is near the input RF frequency; thus, the resonant network can inhibit IF and low frequency signals from gain and thereby ensures stability of the positive feedback transconductance enhancement circuit. In the input frequency band, with the AC short circuit effect of capacitor C 7  and low on-state resistance of the switch pair, the transconductance enhancement circuit creates a low-impedance node in the positive feedback loop, and ensures that the gain of the positive feedback loop at the frequency is lower than  1 , and thereby ensures stability. The transconductance enhancement function is implemented as follows: for RF signal near 2.4 GHz, suppose the positive and negative inputs of RF signal are +v RF  and −v RF  respectively. The absolute value of gain of amplifier tubes PM 0  and PM 1  at points C and D is A 0 , then the current flowing through resistor R 2  is g mp v RF  (suppose the transconductance value of all PM tubes is g mp ), and the current direction is drawn out of point A; the negative terminal of RF signal passes through PM 1 , amplified to A 0 v RF  at point D, coupled to the gate electrode of NM 0  via C 3 , and converted to current A 0 g mn v RF  at the drain electrode of NM 0 , and the current direction is also drawn out of point A; then, the sum of RF current drawn out of point A is g mp V RF +A 0 g mn v RF . In the meanwhile, point B has RF current of the same size, and the direction is injected into point B; wherein, the resistor R 4  and R 5  are used to balance the phase delay of the current generated from the drain electrodes of PM 0  and PM 1  after the current flowing through R 2  and R 3 . Here, a differential RF current output is generated between point A and B, and is coupled to the switch frequency mixer stage via C 5  and C 6 ; the output stage employs transconductance enhancement technology and can generate low input impedance in the output frequency band; the IF current obtained through frequency mixing is completely drawn into the load stage, and finally IF output voltage is generated in the output load by means of a current mirror. 
         [0010]    In the transconductance enhanced passive frequency mixer of the present invention, capacitors C 5  and C 6  are connected in series between the transconductance stage and the frequency mixer stage to block the effect of DC signal. The output from the frequency mixer stage is connected to a capacitor C 7 , so as to filter off the high-frequency signal after frequency mixing. The output IF signal is amplified through the load stage.  FIG. 3  shows the waveform (low-amplitude low-frequency sinusoidal wave) at the output terminal without transconductance gain structure and the waveform (high-amplitude low-frequency sinusoidal wave) at the output terminal with transconductance gain structure, wherein, the local oscillation frequency is 2.45 GHz; it is seen clearly from  FIG. 3 : the conversion gain is greatly increased owing to the improvement of transconductance structure. 
         [0011]    Beneficial Effects: 
         [0012]    the transconductance stage of the transconductance enhanced passive frequency mixer can increase the RF current converted from RF input voltage. The main working principle is: the current is multiplied with the local oscillator signal via a passive dual balance switch pair, so as to accomplish frequency mixing function. The switch stage employs a passive frequency mixing method, and does not have static power consumption, and eliminates flicker noise from switch stage. The output stage employs transconductance enhancement technology, and can generate low input impedance in the output frequency band; the IF current obtained through frequency mixing is completely drawn into the load stage, and finally IF output voltage is generated in the output load by means of a current mirror. The output terminal of the frequency mixer stage is connected to a capacitor, so that the output terminal is equivalent to AC ground for the RF signal from the transconductance stage; thus, the RF current generated in the transconductance stage can be drawn into the frequency mixing switch as much as possible. Since the transresistance stage has low input impedance, the IF voltage fluctuation at the input terminal of the transresistance stage is very low; thus, voltage feeding of IF signal to the output terminal of transconductance stage is reduced, the output voltage of transconductance stage is stabilized, and current utilization and linearity are improved. The transconductance enhanced passive frequency mixer described above has advantages such as high transconductance in the transconductance stage, low power consumption, and high conversion gain. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0013]      FIG. 1A  is a schematic diagram of the transconductance stage in the known classic frequency mixer structure; 
           [0014]      FIG. 1B  is a schematic diagram of the transconductance enhancement part of the present invention; 
           [0015]      FIG. 2  is a schematic circuit diagram of the transconductance enhanced passive frequency mixer of the present invention; 
           [0016]      FIG. 3  shows the waveform of input RF signal (curve in low color), waveform at the output terminal without transconductance gain structure (low-amplitude low frequency sinusoidal wave), and waveform at the output terminal with transconductance gain structure (high-amplitude low frequency sinusoidal wave). 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
       [0017]    The transconductance stage of the transconductance enhanced passive frequency mixer can increase the RF current converted from RF input voltage. The main working principle is: the current is multiplied with the local oscillator signal via a passive dual balance switch pair, so as to accomplish frequency mixing function. The switch stage employs a passive frequency mixing method, and does not have static power consumption, and eliminates flicker noise from switch stage. The output stage employs transconductance enhancement technology, and can generate low input impedance in the output frequency band; the IF current obtained through frequency mixing is completely drawn into the load stage, and finally IF output voltage is generated in the output load by means of a current mirror. The output terminal of the frequency mixer stage is connected to a capacitor, so that the output terminal is equivalent to AC ground for the RF signal from the transconductance stage; thus, the RF current generated in the transconductance stage can be drawn into the frequency mixing switch as much as possible. The transimpedance stage has low input impedance, and the IF voltage fluctuation at the input terminal of the transimpedance stage is very low; thus, voltage feeding of IF signal to the output terminal of transconductance stage is reduced, the output voltage of transconductance stage is stabilized, and current utilization and linearity are improved. The transconductance enhanced passive frequency mixer described above has advantages such as high transconductance in the transconductance stage, low power consumption, and high conversion gain. 
         [0018]    The main structure of the transconductance enhanced passive frequency mixer disclosed in the present invention comprises a transconductance enhanced transconductance/amplifier stage, a passive mixer stage, a load output stage, and a bias circuit, etc. The transconductance/amplifier stage comprises P-channel metal oxide field-effect transistors (hereinafter referred to as PMOS transistors) PM 0  and PM 1 , and N-channel metal oxide field-effect transistors (hereinafter referred to as NMOS transistors) NM 0  and NM 1 , and cross-coupled capacitor and LC resonant circuits. 
         [0019]    The bias voltages of PM 0  and PM 1  are obtained from bias voltage  1  via R 0  and R 1  respectively. L 0 , C 2 , C 3 , and C 4  are used to enhance transconductance; the output RF currents of the transconductance stage are led out between R 2  and R 4  and between R 3  and R 5  respectively. The currents are coupled to the frequency mixing switch stage via C 5  and C 6  respectively; in the frequency mixer stage, PM 2 -PM 5  is used as the core circuit, and the results after frequency mixing are outputted from the drain electrodes of PM 2  and PM 5 , wherein, the drain electrodes of PM 2  and PM 4  are short connected, and the drain electrodes of PM 3  and PM 5  are short connected. The load output stage mainly comprises PM 6 -PM 15  and NM 2 -NM 3 . PM 6 , PM 7 , PM 10 , PM 11 , NM 2 , and NM 3  constitute the first stage differential amplification circuit of the load output stage, and the bias of NM 2  and NM 3  are provided by bias voltage  2 . The stages are outputted from the drain terminals of PM 6  and PM 7 , and connected to a second stage of differential source follower constituted by PM 8 , PM 9 , PM 12 , and PM 13 ; then, the signals are outputted from the drain electrodes of PM 12  and PM 13 , and connected to a third stage of differential common-source amplification circuit constituted by PM 14 , PM 15 , R 6 , and R 7 ; finally, IF signals are outputted from the drain terminals of PM 14  and PM 15 . 
         [0020]    The upper plates of capacitors C 0  and C 1  are connected to the positive input signal terminal and negative input signal terminal respectively. The lower plate of C 0  is connected to the gate electrode of PM 0 ; the lower plate of C 1  is connected to the gate electrode of PM 1 ; the upper plate of capacitor C 2  is connected to the drain terminal of PM 0 , the upper plate of capacitor C 3  is connected to the drain terminal of PM 1 , the lower plate of C 2  is connected to the lower plate of C 4 , the lower plate of C 3  is connected to the upper plate of C 4 , the upper plate of C 4  is connected to the positive terminal of L 0 , the lower plate of C 4  is connected to the negative terminal of L 0 , the positive terminal of L 0  and the upper plate of C 4  are connected to the gate electrode of NM 1 , and the negative terminal of L 0  and the lower plate of C 4  are connected to the gate electrode of NM 0 ; the source electrodes of PM 0  and PM 1  are connected to the supply voltage, the positive terminal of resistor R 0  is connected to the gate electrode of PM 0 , the negative terminal of R 0  is connected to the positive terminal of resistor R 1 , and the negative terminal of R 1  is connected to the gate electrode of PM 1 . The positive terminal of resistor R 2  is connected to the drain terminal of PM 0 , the negative terminal of R 2  is connected to the positive terminal of R 4 , and the negative terminal of R 4  is connected to the drain electrode of NM 0 ; the positive terminal of resistor R 3  is connected to the drain terminal of PM 1 , the negative terminal of R 3  is connected to the positive terminal of R 5 , and the negative terminal of R 5  is connected to the drain electrode of NM 1 . The source electrodes of NM 0  and NM 1  are grounded. The upper plate of RF coupling capacitor C 5  is connected to the negative terminal of R 2  and positive terminal of R 4 , the upper plate of RF coupling capacitor C 6  is connected to the negative terminal of R 3  and positive terminal of R 5 , the lower plate of C 5  is connected to the source electrodes of PM 2  and PM 3 , and the lower plate of C 6  is connected to the source electrodes of PM 4  and PM 5 . The positive terminal of local oscillator signal is connected to the gate electrodes of PM 3  and PM 4 , and the negative terminal of local oscillator signal is connected to the gate electrodes of PM 2  and PM 5 . The drain electrodes of PM 2  and PM 4  are connected to the upper plate of C 7 , and the drain electrodes of PM 3  and PM 5  are connected to the lower plate of C 7 . The positive output of the switch stage (i.e., the upper plate of C 7 ) is connected to the source electrode of PM 6  and drain electrode of PM 10  in the load stage, the negative output of the switch stage (i.e., the lower plate of C 7 ) is connected to the source electrode of PM 7  and drain electrode of PM 11  in the load stage. The gate electrodes of PM 6  and PM 7  are connected to bias voltage  4  for bias; the drain electrode of PM 6  is connected to the drain electrode of NM 2  and gate electrode of PM 8 ; the drain electrode of PM 7  is connected to the drain electrode of NM 3  and gate electrode of PM 9 ; the drain electrodes of PM 8  and PM 9  are grounded, forming a source follower; the source electrodes of NM 2  and NM 3  are grounded, and the gate electrodes of NM 2  and NM 3  are connected to bias voltage  2  for bias. The source electrodes of PM 10 -PM 15  are connected to the supply voltage; the source electrode of PM 8  is connected to the drain electrode of PM 12  and gate electrode of PM 14 ; the source electrode of PM 9  is connected to the drain electrode of PM 13  and gate electrode of PM 15 ; the drain electrode of PM 14  serves as the positive terminal of output voltage and is connected to the positive terminal of resistor R 7 , and the negative terminal of resistor R 7  is grounded; the drain electrode of PM 15  serves as the negative terminal of output voltage and is connected to the positive terminal of resistor R 8 , and the negative terminal of R 8  is grounded. 
         [0021]    While the present invention has been illustrated and described with reference to some preferred embodiments, the present invention is not limited to these. Those having ordinary skills in the art should recognize that various variations and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the accompanying claims.