Abstract:
Secretin and secretin compositions are used for the treatment of autism and other neurological, behavioral and immunological disorders. The method includes administering an effective amount of secretin, such as Secretin-Ferring, to a patient. In one example, 2 clinical units (CU) of Secretin-Ferring was dissolved in a 7.5 ml solution of sodium chloride and was intravenously injected over 1 minute. In another example, secretin was administered transdermally by applying dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to the patients skin and rubbing about 15 CU of Secretin-Ferring into the DMSO. Other methods and compositions for administering the effective amount of secretin include other transdermal carrier substances, such as gels, lotions, or patches; oral carriers, such as tablets, capsules, or lozenges; inhalation through the nose or mouth (e.g., as an aerosol); suppository forms of secretin and secretin compositions; and using acoustic waves to cause the secretin to penetrate the skin.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation and claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/229,208, filed Jan. 13, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,746, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/088,575 filed Jun. 9, 1998, fully incorporated herein by reference, and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/080,631 filed May. 19, 1998 and entitled Method For Assisting in Differential Diagnosis And Treatment of Autistic Syndromes, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,020,310, which itself claims the benefit of United States Provisional Patent Application No. 60/047,049, filed May 19, 1997. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to methods and compositions for the treatment of neurological, behavioral and/or immunological disorders and more particularly, to a new medical use for the natural or synthetic hormone secretin in the treatment of autism and other neurological, behavioral and/or immunological disorders. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Autism is a disabling neurological disorder that affects thousands of Americans and encompasses a number of subtypes, with various putative causes and few documented ameliorative treatments. The disorders of the autistic spectrum may be present at birth, or may have later onset, for example, at ages two or three. There are no clear cut biological markers for autism. Diagnosis of the disorder is made by considering the degree to which the child matches the behavioral syndrome, which is characterized by poor communicative abilities, peculiarities in social and cognitive capacities, and maladaptive behavioral patterns. 
     A number of different treatments for autism have been developed. Many of the treatments, however, address the symptoms of the disease, rather than the causes. For example, therapies ranging from psychoanalysis to psychopharmacology have been employed in the treatment of autism. Although some clinical symptoms may be lessened by these treatments, modest improvement, at best, has been demonstrated in a minor fraction of the cases. Only a small percentage of autistic persons become able to function as self-sufficient adults. 
     Although much controversy exists about the causes and treatments of autism, a few established biomedical findings have been made. Many individuals with autism experience intestinal difficulties, often including the inability to digest gluten and casein. Abnormalities have also been found in the metabolism of the neurotransmitter serotonin and in various parameters of immune system functions, for example, elevated Measles, Mumps and Rubella. (MMR) titers. Prior to the discovery of the present invention, however, no useful links had been made between these biomedical findings, nor had any Success treatments been derived therefrom, as disclosed in various articles incorporated herein by reference. 1    
       1  Priven, J. (1997). The biological basis of autism.  Current Opinion in Neurobiology,  7, 708-712.  
     Rapin, L. &amp; Katzman, R. (1998). Neurobiology of autism.  Ann Neurology,  43, 7-14.  
     Similar to autistic spectrum disorder, many other behavioral, neurological and immunological disorders have been equally difficult to understand and to effectively treat. Such disorders include depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Alzheimer&#39;s, allergies, anorexia, schizophrenia, as well as other neurological conditions resulting from improper modulation of neurotransmitter levels or improper modulation of immune system functions, as well as behavioral disorders such as ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) and ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), for example. Accordingly, a need exists for a method and composition for the treatment of autism and other behavioral, neurological and/or immunological disorders. 
     The hormone secretin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the mucosa of the duodenum and upper jejunum when acid chyme enters the intestine. The hormone secretin stimulates the pancreatic acinar cells to release bicarbonate and water, which are excreted into the duodenum and change the pH in the gut from acid to alkaline, thereby facilitating the action of digestive enzymes. Secretin is always used and indeed is intended only to be used in diagnostic tests given to patients with gastrointestinal disorders to stimulate the release of pancreatic juices for testing purposes. 
     Prior to the discorvery of the present invention however secretin has never before been linked to autistic spectrum disorders, either as a possible cause or treatment, nor has it been used in the treatment of other neurological and/or 
     Wing, L. (1997). The autistic spectrum.  The Lancet,  350 (December 13), 1761-1765. immunological disorders, as herein proposed.  
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention features a method for the treatment of neurological, immunological and other disorders in a patient. The method comprises the step of stimulating the secretion of pancreatic juices in the patient. In one embodiment, stimulating the secretion of pancreatic juices comprises the step of administering to the patient an effective amount of natural or synthetic secretin. The preferred method of the present invention is for the treatment of autistic spectrum disorder. 
     According to one method of administering secretin, the secretin is administered by infusion and the effective amount is generally 2 clinical units (CU) per kilogram (kg) of body weight given intravenously within 1 minute. In another method, the secretin is administered transdermally by applying a transdermal carrier substance, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to the skin, applying crystalline secretin in an effective amount onto the carrier substance, and rubbing the composition into the skin. One example of an effective amount of secretin administered transdermally includes about 15 CU of crystalline secretin. 
     Other methods of administering secretin include, but are not limited to, administering secretin transdermally with a gel, lotion or patch; administering secretin with a suppository; administrating secretin orally, as tablet, capsule or lozenge; administrating secretin by inhalation (e.g., as an aerosol) either through the mouth or the nose; and administering secretin using acoustic waves to permeate the skin. The present invention also contemplates other physiologically acceptable carriers or excipients for carrying an effective amount of secretin into the patient&#39;s body. 
     In another embodiment, the method for stimulating the secretion of pancreatic juices comprises the step of causing the body to secrete secretin in an effective amount to at least ameliorate and preferably treat autism and other neurological and/or immunological disorders. This method includes, for example, stimulating or otherwise causing the duodenum and upper jejunum to secrete the hormone secretin for one or more of the purposes described herein. 
     The present invention also features compositions for use according to the above methods. In one embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition, according to the present invention includes an effective amount of secretin together with a suitable volume of sodium chloride for dissolving the secretin and carrying the secretin into the body by infusion. In another embodiment, a composition according to the present invention includes an effective amount of secretin and a transdermal carrier substance, such as DMSO for carrying the secretin into the body transdermally. Other compositions include an effective amount of secretin together with physiologically acceptable carriers or excipients for carrying the secretin into the patient&#39;s body. The present invention contemplates the use of both natural and synthetically produced secretin. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     The present invention will be better understood from the following examples which are given by way of illustration and not by way of limitation. The patient, the same in both examples, is a boy with symptoms of autism. Although only two examples of treatment are presented on the same patient, the present invention has been tried on a number of children in accordance with the method of the first example with similar satisfactory results. 
     The patient in the present examples developed normally until about fourteen months of age, with the exception of gastrointestinal problems (i.e., chronic diarrhea and constipation) which began at about six months. At about thirteen months, when whole milk was introduced into his diet, the patient began having reoccurring ear infections. At about fourteen months, the patient appeared to lose the ability to process language, first receptively (at about 14 months) then expressively (at about 16 months). The patient also experienced episodes of “shivers” that appeared to be intermittent seizures. 
     After consulting with numerous neurologists, pediatricians, child development specialists, audiologists, endocrinologists, allergists, and other medical professionals, no consistent diagnosis had been reached. Although not clinically diagnosed with autism, the patient exhibits a number of behavioral symptoms of autism and pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) in general. The term autism is used herein for reference purposes only, and this invention is intended to apply to any number of pervasive developmental disorders as well as neurological and immunological disorders. 
     Prior to receiving the treatment with secretin, a single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scan of the brain revealed a decreased perfusion in the right hemisphere and left temporal lobe, with the most severe decrease in the right parietal occipital region. Also, steady state auditory evoked responses recorded in response to rapid amplitude and frequency modulations of a 1 kHz tone were abnormal, suggesting disturbances of neural mechanisms responsible for frequency and amplitude modulation analysis. Further, the patient&#39;s secretin cells prior to receiving treatment, measured at a level of 9, are far below the normal limit in the range of 20-70. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     When the patient was three years old, the secretin was administered by way of an infusion as part of an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The secretin was used in this diagnostic procedure at the request of the patient&#39;s parents, one of which is an inventor of the present invention. The secretin used in this procedure is known as Secretin-Ferring available from Ferring Laboratories, Inc., Suffern, N.Y. (See Appendix A). The secretin was dissolved in a 7.5 solution of sodium chloride and administered in a dosage of 2 clinical units (CU) per kilogram (kg) body weight by intravenous injection over one minute. (I.E. 30 IU IV for approximately 15 kilograms of body weight.) 
     Immediately after the administration of the secretin, the diagnostic testing revealed that the patient&#39;s pancreas responded, quite surprisingly, with an unusually large amount of pancreatic juice being released (approximately 10 ml/min compared to a usual rate of 1-2 ml/min). The diagnostic tests performed on the patient during this procedure also indicated gastric inflammation. Within days after the administration of secretin, the patient&#39;s chronic abnormal bowel movements became normal, although no changes had been made in the patient&#39;s diet. Within weeks after the treatment, the patient was able to make normal eye contact, language appeared for the first time in two years, and other behavioral and developmental problems improved remarkably. The following Table I summarizes the improvements observed in the patient within 3 weeks after the infusion of secretin. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE I 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  Symptoms Before Secretin 
                 Progress within 3 Weeks 
               
               
                 Infusion 
                 After the Secretin Infusion 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                  Two words 
                 100&#39;s of words - will repeat some 
               
               
                   
                 approximation of any work requested. 
               
               
                 No sentences 
                 Short sentences - such as; “I love you”, 
               
               
                   
                 “I want juice”, “Good night 
               
               
                   
                 mommy”, “Thank you, daddy”. 
               
               
                 No flash cards 
                 40-50 flash cards. 
               
               
                 No focus on requested tasks 
                 Will sit and watch carefully. Will 
               
               
                   
                 perform most tasks after watching 
               
               
                   
                 once or twice. For instance, will sort 
               
               
                   
                 by color or category. Will construct 
               
               
                   
                 more complicated puzzles. Will respond 
               
               
                   
                 appropriately to questions. 
               
               
                 Diapers only 
                 Completely potty trained. 
               
               
                 Watch Videos 
                 Now, gets “involved” interactively 
               
               
                   
                 with his videos. He will imitate the 
               
               
                   
                 hand motions, sing the songs or dance 
               
               
                   
                 to the music. 
               
               
                 Consistent sleeping problems. 
                 Has slept through almost every night 
               
               
                 Although these were much 
                 entirely. 
               
               
                 worse when he was 18-24 
               
               
                 months, prior to the procedure 
               
               
                 he was still up numerous 
               
               
                 times each night. 
               
               
                 Infrequent (1-2 times/week) 
                 No spinning episodes. 
               
               
                 “spinning” episodes. 
               
               
                 Abnormal bowel movements 
                 Normal bowel movements. 
               
               
                 Excessive water consumption 
                 Excessive water consumption - no 
               
               
                 approximately 50 cups per day. 
                 change approximately 50 cups per 
               
               
                   
                 day. 
               
               
                 Limited Diet Preferences 
                 No Change 
               
               
                 (French Toast, bananas, French 
               
               
                 Fries, pancakes, crackers, 
               
               
                 cookies, raisins, chocolate, 
               
               
                 chicken nuggets.) 
               
               
                 No apparent connections made 
                 Many connections made between 
               
               
                 between language and objects. 
                 new language learned and objects. 
               
               
                   
                 Recites names he has learned on 
               
               
                   
                 flash cards when he sees the same 
               
               
                   
                 on computer game or video. 
               
               
                 No response to request for 
                 Responds to all kinds of things 
               
               
                 gestures. 
                 such as, “blow a kiss”, “Wave 
               
               
                   
                 bye bye”, etc. Will often now spon- 
               
               
                   
                 taneously say these things himself. 
               
               
                 No interest in drawing 
                 Wants to draw constantly. Will draw 
               
               
                   
                 complete face and name the parts as 
               
               
                   
                 he draws. 
               
               
                 Did not imitate commands. 
                 Will imitate almost any multi-step 
               
               
                   
                 command. 
               
               
                 Minimal eye contact 
                 Eye contact 75% of the time. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Biomedical changes were also measured in the patient. A SPECT scan of the patient indicated that the perfusion of the right posterior parietal and right temporal lobes was improved. Blood tests taken after the treatment also indicated a rise in serotonin levels, and the patient&#39;s rubella titers dropped from 5.8 to 2.3. 
     Although the behavioral improvements continued, the rate of the patient&#39;s progress appeared to decrease at about 5 weeks. At the request of the patient&#39;s parents, a second infusion of secretin was performed about 9 months after the first infusion, and a third infusion of secretin was performed about three months after the second infusion. The second and third infusions of secretin achieved the same results in the patient. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     At the time of this treatment, the patient was about 4 years old. Secretin was administered transdermally using pharmaceutical grade dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (generally 99.9% pure) available from Clinic Service Co., Box 2512, Hemet Calif. 92543. The secretin (Secretin-Ferring) was administered daily in a dosage of about 75 CU over a five day period (i.e., about 15 CU daily). For each treatment, about 4 drops of DMSO were placed onto the skin of the patient, about 15 CU of the crystalline secretin was placed onto the DMSO, and the composition was rubbed into the skin. 
     The administration of secretin transdermally on a daily basis in this way has resulted in even more dramatic and significant improvements in the patient. Within a period of about 6 months, the patient has progressed to spontaneous and conversational language. When the daily dose of secretin is stopped, the autistic behavioral symptoms return. 
     It is important to note that similar results have been seen in numerous other autistic children using an intravenous administration of secretin in accordance with the teachings of the present invention, in order to validate the findings of the present invention. 
     Although the present invention is not limited by theory, it is believed that some autistic spectrum disorders are caused by a secretin deficiency resulting in a dysfunction of the pancreas. One function of the hormone secretin is to stimulate the pancreas to release bicarbonate and water, which change the pH in the gut from acid to alkaline, thereby facilitating the action of digestive enzymes. The gastrointestinal disorders, such as an inability to digest gluten and casein, in autistic patients is possibly caused by this failure of the pancreas to release enzymes. 
     One possibility is that abnormal opioid peptides in the gut create problems in the brain. These abnormal opioid peptides have been found to diminish on a casein free and gluten free diet. According to one study, autistic children that responded to this diet were given an infusion of secretin and the peptides were measured before and after the secretin infusion. After the secretin infusion, which stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate, the peptides disappeared. 
     The gastric inflammation observed in the patient in the above EXAMPLE 1 suggests that the improper pH resulting from this dysfunction of the pancreas may be a cause of the digestive problems and malabsorption of essential minerals and nutrients found in many individuals with autism. The unusual secretion by the pancreas in response to the secretin, as observed in EXAMPLE 1, further suggests that this dysfunction of the pancreas is caused by a secretin deficiency. 
     In addition to this effect on the digestive function, secretin also appears to improve the abnormal brain activity in individuals having symptoms of autism. The increased blood flow in the brain detected during a SPECT scan after administering secretin in EXAMPLE 1 supports this theory. While causing pancreatic secretions, secretin also stimulates the production of cholecystokinin (CCK). Deficiencies in CCK have been linked to other neurological disorders, such as schizophrenia, and CCK production has been found to be related to levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Thus, secretin may be indirectly related to the body&#39;s natural production of serotonin. The increase in serotonin levels in the blood after the procedure in EXAMPLE 1 supports this relationship between secretin and serotonin. 
     Without proper modulation of neurotransmitter levels (i.e., serotonin) in the brain, the brain will not function properly. The inability to modulate neurotransmitter levels has been found to be related to other neurological conditions as well as autism. Thus, a secretin deficiency may cause an imbalance or improper modulation of neurotransmitter levels that results in autistic spectrum disorder or other neurological disorders. Administering secretin to patients with these disorders will modulate the neurotransmitter levels and correct the behavioral symptoms, such as the inability to process language and other maladaptive behavioral patterns. The secretin may also correct abnormalities in immune system functions, as indicated by the reduction of measles, mumps and rubella antibodies in the patient after the secretin administration in EXAMPLE 1. Secretin has also been found to stimulate dopamine production through its precursor, tyrosine hydroxylase. Dopamine levels have been implicated in a variety of mental and behavioral disorders such as Parkinson&#39;s and Alzheimer&#39;s disease. 
     A secretin deficiency can therefore account for the gastrointestinal disorders as well as the behavioral symptoms found in many individuals with autistic spectrum disorder. 
     The therapeutic possibilities of the use of secretin appear to have been overlooked in the medical literature. For example, Guyton and Hall, in their widely used  Textbook of Medical Physiolocy  (9 th edition,  1995-1997) mention briefly in passing that secretin can increase cellular utilization of insulin. Recent research suggests that insulin is required for normal brain functioning. (See also  Science  vol. 280 Apr. 24, 1998, p. 517-518). Furthermore, immunological disorders related to abnormally high levels of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) titers may also be treatable with secretin. Additionally, secretin is believed to stimulate antibodies to cows milk protein (and perhaps other proteins). Autism and other PDD&#39;s may be connected to protein intolerance and secretin may increase the body&#39;s tolerance to such protein(s). Secretin may also have histamine blocking capabilities. 
     Although the above examples use Secretin-Ferring, the present invention contemplates other forms of natural or synthetic secretin. The present invention also contemplates using other types of transdermal carrier substances in addition to DMSO. Further, the present invention contemplates other alternative ways of administering secretin including, but not limited to, administering secretin transdermally with a gel, lotion or patch; administering secretin with a suppository; administrating secretin orally, as tablet, capsule or lozenge; administrating secretin by inhalation (e.g., as an aerosol) either through the mouth or the nose. Such alternative methods of administering secretin are less invasive, do not have to be carried out by a doctor at a medical facility, and are less expensive. In addition, the level or dose of administration of secretin can be varied from those examples stated herein including, for example, intraveneous administration over a period of time of several hours instead of several minutes and/or a smaller, maintenance or daily dose administered intramuscularly, transdermally or by other methods as disclosed herein or their equivalent. 
     A further alternative method of transdermally administering secretin includes the use of acoustic waves to permeate the skin. For example, acoustic waves generated using ultrasound or a shockwave from a pulsed laser have been found to make the skin temporarily permeable. A few minutes of low-frequency ultrasound (sound greater in frequency than 20 kilohertz) creates tiny cavities through which the secretin (alone or combined with another transdermal carrier substance) can be diffused. 
     Accordingly, the method of treating autism by administering secretin and/or causing the body to naturally secrete required amounts of secretin corrects the secretin deficiency, improving the digestive functions in autistic patients previously experiencing intestinal difficulties and improving communication, cognition, and socialization capabilities of autistic patients. Since other neurological disorders, such as depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Alzheimer&#39;s, allergies, anorexia, bulimia, schizophrenia, also involve abnormal modulation of neurotransmitter levels, these disorders may also be treatable with secretin. Further, other disorders related to serotonin and dopamine may also be treatable with secretin. 
     Modifications and substitutions by one of ordinary skill in the art are considered to be within the scope of the present invention which is not to be limited except by the claims which follow.