Abstract:
An aluminum-based alloy having the general formula Al 100−(a+b) Q a M b  (wherein Q is V, Mo, Fe, W, Nb, and/or Pd; M is Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and/or Cu; and a and b, representing a composition ratio in atomic percentages, satisfy the relationships 1≦a≦8, 0&lt;b&lt;5, and 3≦a+b≦8) having a metallographic structure comprising a quasi-crystalline phase, wherein the difference in the atomic radii between Q and M exceeds 0.01 Å, and said alloy does not contain rare earths, possesses high strength and high rigidity. The aluminum-based alloy is useful as a structural material for aircraft, vehicles and ships, and for engine parts; as material for sashes, roofing materials, and exterior materials for use in construction; or as materials for use in marine equipment, nuclear reactors, and the like.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a Divisional of Ser. No.: 08/856,200, filed May 14, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,131 which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/550,753 filed on Oct. 31, 1995, now abandoned the subject matter of the above-mentioned application which is specifically incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to an aluminum-based alloy for use in a wide range of applications such as in a structural material for aircraft, vehicles, and ships, and for engine parts. In addition, the present invention may be employed in sashes, roofing materials, and exterior materials for use in construction, or as material for use in marine equipment, nuclear reactors, and the like. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     As prior art aluminum-based alloys, alloys incorporating various components such as Al—Cu, Al—Si, Al—Mg, Al—Cu—Si, Al—Cu—Mg, and Al—Zn—Mg are known. In all of the aforementioned, superior anti-corrosive properties are obtained at a light weight, and thus the aforementioned alloys are being widely used as structural material for machines in vehicles, ships, and aircraft, in addition to being employed in sashes, roofing materials, exterior materials for use in construction, structural material for use in LNG tanks, and the like. 
     However, the prior art aluminum-based alloys generally exhibit disadvantages such as a low hardness and poor heat resistance when compared to material incorporating Fe. In addition, although some materials have incorporated elements such as Cu, Mg, and Zn for increased hardness, disadvantages remain such as low anti-corrosive properties. 
     On the other hand, recently, experiments have been conducted in which a fine metallographic structure of aluminum-based alloys is obtained by means of performing quick-quench solidification from a liquid-melt state, resulting in the production of superior mechanical strength and anti-corrosive properties. 
     In Japanese Patent Application, First Publication No. 1-275732, an aluminum-based alloy comprising a composition AlM 1 X with a special composition ratio (wherein M 1  represents an element such as V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zr and the like, and X represents a rare earth element such as La, Ce, Sm, and Nd, or an element such as Y, Nb, Ta, Mm (misch metal) and the like), and having an amorphous or a combined amorphous/fine crystalline structure, is disclosed. 
     This aluminum-based alloy can be utilized as material with a high hardness, high strength, high electrical resistance, anti-abrasion properties, or as soldering material. In addition, the disclosed aluminum-based alloy has a superior heat resistance, and may undergo extruding or press processing by utilizing the superplastic phenomenon observed near crystallization temperatures. 
     However, he aforementioned aluminum-based alloy is disadvantageous in that high costs result from the incorporation of large amounts of expensive rare earth elements and/or metal elements with a high activity such as Y. Namely, in addition to the aforementioned use of expensive raw materials, problems also arise such as increased consumption and labor costs due to the large scale of the manufacturing facilities required to treat materials with high activities. Furthermore, this aluminum-based alloy having the aforementioned composition tends to display insufficient resistance to oxidation and corrosion. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide an aluminum-based alloy, possessing superior strength, rigidity, and anti-corrosive properties, which comprises a composition in which rare earth elements or high activity elements such as Y are not incorporated, thereby effectively reducing the cost, as well as, the activity described in the aforementioned. 
     In order to solve the aforementioned problems, the present invention provides a high strength and high rigidity aluminum-based alloy consisting essentially of a composition represented by the general formula Al 100−(a+b) Q a M b  (wherein Q is at least one metal: element selected from the group consisting of V, Mo, Fe, W, Nb, and Pd; M is at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu; and a and b, which represent a composition ratio in atomic percentages, satisfy the relationships 1≦a≦8, 0&lt;b&lt;5, and 3≦a+b≦8) having a metallographic structure comprising a quasi-crystalline phase, wherein the difference in the atomic radii between Q and M exceeds 0.01 Å, and said alloy does not contain rare earths. 
     According to the present invention, by adding a predetermined amount of V, Mo, Fe, W, Nb, and/or Pd to Al, the ability of the alloy to form a quasi-crystalline phase is improved, and the strength, hardness, and toughness of the alloy is also improved. Moreover, by adding a predetermined amount of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and/or Cu, the effects of quick-quenching are enhanced, the thermal stability of the overall metallographic structure is improved, and the strength and hardness of the resulting alloy are also increased. Fe has both quasi-crystalline phase forming effects and alloy strengthening effects. 
     The aluminum-based alloy according to the present invention is useful as materials with a high hardness, strength, and rigidity. Furthermore, this alloy also stands up well to bending, and thus possesses superior properties such as the ability to be mechanically processed. 
     Accordingly, the aluminum-based alloys according to the present invention can be used in a wide range of applications such as in the structural material for aircraft, vehicles, and ships, as well as for engine parts. In addition, the aluminum-based alloys of the present invention may be employed in sashes, roofing materials, and exterior materials for use in construction, or as materials for use in marine equipment, nuclear reactors, and the like. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 shows a construction of an example of a single roll apparatus used at the time of manufacturing a tape of an alloy of the present invention following quick-quench solidification. 
     FIG. 2 shows the analysis result of the X-ray diffraction of an alloy having the composition of Al 94 V 4 Fe 2 . 
     FIG. 3 shows the analysis result of the X-ray diffraction of an alloy having the composition of Al 95 Mo 3 Ni 2 . 
     FIG. 4 shows the thermal properties of an alloy having the composition of Al 94 V 4 Ni 2 . 
     FIG. 5 shows the thermal properties of an alloy having the composition of Al 94 V 4 Mn 2 . 
     FIG. 6 shows the thermal properties of an alloy having the composition of Al 95 Nb 3 Co 2 . 
     FIG. 7 shows the thermal properties of an alloy having the composition of Al 95 Mo 3 Ni 2 . 
     FIG. 8 shows the thermal properties of an alloy having the composition of Al 97 Fe 3 . 
     FIG. 9 shows the thermal properties of an alloy having the composition of Al97Fe 5 Co 3 . 
     FIG. 10 shows the thermal properties of an alloy having the composition of Al 97 Fe 1 Ni 3 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The preferred embodiment of the present invention provides a high strength and high rigidity aluminum-based alloy consisting essentially of a composition represented by the general formula Al 100−(a+b) Q a M b  (wherein Q is at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of V, Mo, Fe, W, Nb, and Pd; M is at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu; and a and b, which represent a composition ratio in atomic percentages, satisfy the relationships 1≦a≦8, 0&lt;b&lt;5, and 3≦a+b≦8), comprising a quasi-crystalline phase in the alloy, wherein the difference in the atomic radii between Q and M exceeds 0.01 Å, and said alloy does not contain rare earths. 
     In the following, the reasons for limiting the composition ratio of each component in the alloy according to the present invention are explained. 
     The atomic percentage of Al (aluminum) is in the range of 92≦Al≦97, preferably in the range of 94≦Al≦97. An atomic percentage for Al of less than 92% results in embrittlement of the alloy. On the other hand, an atomic percentage for Al exceeding 97% results in reduction of the strength and hardness of the alloy. 
     The amount of at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of V (vanadium), Mo (molybdenum), Fe (iron), W (tungsten), Nb (niobium), and Pd (palladium) in atomic percentage is at least 1% and does not exceed 84%; preferably, the amount is at least 2% and does not exceed 8%; more preferably, the amount is at least 2% and does not exceed 6%. If the amount is less than 1%, a quasi-crystalline phase cannot be obtained, and the strength is markedly reduced. On the other hand, if the amount exceeds 10%, coarsening (the diameter of particles is 500 nm or more) of a quasi-crystalline phase occurs, and this results in remarkable embrittlement of the alloy and reduction of (rupture) strength of the alloy. 
     The amount of at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of Mn (manganese), Fe (iron), Co (cobalt), Ni (nickel), and Cu (copper) in atomic percentage is less than 5%; preferably, the amount is at least 1% and does not exceed 3%; more preferably, the amount is at least 1% and does not exceed 2%. If the amount is 5% or more, forming and coarsening (the diameter of particles is 500 nm or more) of intermetallic compounds occur, and these result in remarkable embrittlement and reduction of toughness of the alloy. 
     Furthermore, with the present invention, the difference in radii between the atom selected from the above-mentioned group Q and the atom selected from the above-mentioned group M must exceed 0.01 Å. According to the Metals Databook (Nippon Metals Society Edition, 1984, published by Maruzen K. K.), the radii of the atoms contained in groups Q and M are as follows, and the differences in atmic radii for each combination are as shown in Table 1. 
     Q: V=1.32 Å, Mo=1.36 Å, Fe=1.24 Å, W=1.37 Å, Nb=1.43 Å, Pd=1.37 Å 
     M: Mn=1.12 Å or 1.50 Å, Fe=1.24 Å, Ni=1.25 Å, Co=1.25 Å, Cu=1.28 Å 
     Table 1 shows the differences in radii between atoms selected from group Q and atoms selected from group M for all combinations, as calculated from the above-listed atomic radius values. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Units: Å 
               
             
          
           
               
                 ELEMENT 
                 Mn 
                 Fe 
                 Co 
                 Ni 
                 Cu 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 V 
                 0.20 0r 0.18 
                 0.08 
                 0.07 
                 0.07 
                 0.04 
               
               
                 Nb 
                 0.31 0r 0.07 
                 0.19 
                 0.18 
                 0.18 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 Mo 
                 0.24 0r 0.14 
                 0.12 
                 0.11 
                 0.11 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 Pd 
                 0.25 0r 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.12 
                 0.12 
                 0.09 
               
               
                 W 
                 0.25 0r 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.12 
                 0.12 
                 0.09 
               
               
                 Fe 
                 0.12 0r 0.26 
                 0 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.04 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Therefore, of the combinations of Q and M expressed by the above-given general formula, the three combinations of: 
     Q=Fe, M=Fe 
     Q=Fe, M=Co 
     Q=Fe, M=Ni are excluded from the scope of the present invention. 
     If the difference in radii of the atom selected from group Q and the atom selected from group M is not more than 0.01 Å, then they tend to form thermodynamically stable intermetallic compounds which are undesirable for tending to become brittle upon solidification. For example, when forming bulk-shaped samples by solidifying ultra-quick-quenching tape, the intermetallic compounds leave prominent deposits so as to make the samples extremely brittle. 
     The formation of thermodynamically stable intermetallic compounds can be detected, for example, as decreases in the crystallization temperature by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). 
     Additionally, brittleness can appear as reductions in the Charpy impact values. 
     Furthermore, the total amount of unavoidable impurities, such as Fe, Si, Cu, Zn, Ti, O, C, or N, does not exceed 0.3% by weight; preferably, the amount does not exceed 0.15% by weight; and more preferably, the amount does not exceed 0.10% by weight. If the amount exceeds 0.3% by weight, the effects of quick-quenching is lowered, and this results in reduction of the formability of a quasi-crystalline phase. Among the unavoidable impurities, particularly, it is preferable that the amount of O does not exceed 0.1% by weight and that the amount of C or N does not exceed 0.03% by weight. 
     The aforementioned aluminum-based alloys can be manufactured by quick-quench solidification of the alloy liquid-melts having the aforementioned compositions using a liquid quick-quenching method. This liquid quick-quenching method essentially entails rapid cooling of the melted alloy. For example, single roll, double roll, and submerged rotational spin methods have proved to be particularly effective. In these aforementioned methods, a cooling rate of 10 4  to 10 6  K/sec is easily obtainable. 
     In order to manufacture a thin tape using the aforementioned single or double roll methods, the liquid-melt is first poured into a storage vessel such as a silica tube, and is then discharged, via a nozzle aperture at the tip of the silica tube, towards a copper or copper alloy roll of diameter 30 to 300 mm, which is rotating at a fixed velocity in the range of 300 to 1000 rpm. In this manner, various types of thin tapes of thickness 5-500 μm and width 1-300 mm can be easily obtained. 
     On the other hand, fine wire-thin material can be easily obtained through the submerged rotational spin method by discharging the liquid-melt via the nozzle aperture, into a refrigerant solution layer of depth 1 to 10 cm, maintained by means of centrifugal force inside an air drum rotating at 50 to 500 rpm, under argon gas back pressure. In this case, the angle between the liquid-melt discharged from the nozzle, and the refrigerant surface is preferably 60 to 90 degrees, and the relative velocity ratio of the liquid-melt and the refrigerant surface is preferably 0.7 to 0.9. 
     In addition, thin layers of aluminum-based alloy of the aforementioned compositions can also be obtained without using the above methods, by employing layer formation processes such as the sputtering method. In addition, aluminum alloy powder of the aforementioned compositions can be obtained by quick-quenching the liquid-melt using various atomizer and spray methods such as a high pressure gas spray method. 
     In the following, examples of metallographic-structural states of the aluminum-based alloy obtained using the aforementioned methods are listed: 
     (1) Multiphase structure incorporating a quasi-crystalline phase and an aluminum phase; 
     (2) Multiphase structure incorporating a quasi-crystalline phase and a metal solid solution having an aluminum matrix; 
     (3) Multiphase structure incorporating a quasi-crystalline phase and a stable or metastable intermetallic compound phase; and 
     (4) Multiphase structure incorporating a quasi-crystalline phase, an amorphous phase, and a metal solid solution having an aluminum matrix. 
     The fine crystalline phase of the present invention represents a crystalline phase in which the crystal particles have an average maximum diameter of 1 μm. 
     By regulating the cooling rate of the alloy liquid-melt, any of the metallographic-structural states described in (1) to (4) above can be obtained. 
     The properties of the alloys possessing the aforementioned metallographic-structural states are described in the following. 
     An alloy of the multiphase structural state described in (1) and (2) above has a high strength and an excellent bending ductility. 
     An alloy of the multiphase structural state described in (3) above has a higher strength and lower ductility than the alloys of the multiphase structural state described in (1) and (2). However, the lower ductility does not hinder its high strength. 
     An alloy of the multiphase structural state described in (4) has a high strength, high toughness and a high ductility. 
     Each of the aforementioned metallographic-structural states can be easily determined by a normal X-ray diffraction method or by observation using a transmission electron microscope. In the case when a quasi-crystal exists, a dull peak, which is characteristic of a quasi-crystalline phase, is exhibited. 
     By regulating the cooling rate of the alloy liquid-melt, any of the multiphase structural states described in (1) to (3) above can be obtained. 
     By quick-quenching the alloy liquid-melt of the Al-rich composition (e.g., composition with Al≧92 atomic %), any of the metallographic-structural states described in (4) can be obtained. 
     The aluminum-based alloy of the present invention displays superplasticity at temperatures near the crystallization temperature (crystallization temperature ±50° C.), as well as, at the high temperatures within the fine crystalline stable temperature range, and thus processes such as extruding, pressing, and hot forging can easily be performed. Consequently, aluminum-based alloys of the above-mentioned compositions obtained in the aforementioned thin tape, wire, plate, and/or powder states can be easily formed into bulk materials by means of extruding, pressing and hot forging processes at the aforementioned temperatures. Furthermore, the aluminum-based alloys of the aforementioned compositions possess a high ductility, thus bending of 180° is also possible. 
     Additionally, the aforementioned aluminum-based alloys having multiphase structure composed of a pure-aluminum phase, a quasi-crystalline phase, a metal solid solution, and/or an amorphous phase, and the like, do not display structural or chemical non-uniformity of crystal grain boundary, segregation and the like, as seen in crystalline alloys. These alloys cause passivation due to formation of an aluminum oxide layer, and thus display a high resistance to corrosion. Furthermore, disadvantages exist when incorporating rare earth elements: due to the activity of these rare earth elements, non-uniformity occurs easily in the passive layer on the alloy surface resulting in the progress of corrosion from this portion towards the interior. However, since the alloys of the aforementioned compositions do not incorporate rare earth elements, these aforementioned problems are effectively circumvented. 
     In regards to the aluminum-based alloy of the aforementioned compositions, the manufacturing of bulk-shaped (mass) material will now be explained. 
     When heating the aluminum-based alloy according to the present invention, precipitation and crystallization of the fine crystalline phase is accompanied by precipitation of the aluminum matrix (α-phase), and when further heating beyond this temperature, the intermetallic compound also precipitates. Utilizing this property, bulk material possessing a high strength and ductility can be obtained. 
     Concretely, the tape alloy manufactured by means of the aforementioned quick-quenching process is pulverized in a ball mill, and then powder pressed in a vacuum hot press under vacuum (e.g. 10 −3  Torr) at a temperature slightly below the crystallization temperature (e.g. approximately 470K), thereby forming a billet for use in extruding with a diameter and length of several centimeters. This billet is set inside a container of an extruder, and is maintained at a temperature slightly greater than the crystallization temperature for several tens of minutes. Extruded materials can then be obtained in desired shapes such as round bars, etc., by extruding. 
     EXAMPLES 
     (Hardness and Tensile Rupture Strength) 
     A molten alloy having a predetermined composition was manufactured using a high frequency melting furnace. Then, as shown in FIG. 1, this melt was poured into a silica tube  1  with a small aperture  5  (aperture diameter: 0.2 to 0.5 mm) at the tip, and then heated to melt, after which the aforementioned silica tube  1  was positioned directly above copper roll  2 . This roll  2  was then rotated at a high speed of 4000 rpm, and argon gas pressure (0.7 kg/cm 3 ) was applied to silica tube  1 . Quick-quench solidification was subsequently performed by quick-quenching the liquid-melt by means of discharging the liquid-melt from small aperture  5  of silica tube  1  onto the surface of roll  2  and quick-quenching to yield an alloy tape  4 . 
     Under these manufacturing conditions, the numerous alloy tape samples (width: 1 mm, thickness: 20 μm) of the compositions (atomic percentages) shown in Tables 2 and 3 were formed. The hardness (Hv) and tensile rupture strength (σ f : MPa) of each alloy tape sample were measured. These results are also shown in Tables 2 and 3. The hardness is expressed in the value measured according to the minute Vickers hardness scale (DPN: Diamond Pyramid Number). 
     Additionally, a 180° contact bending test was conducted by bending each sample 180° and contacting the ends thereby forming a U-shape. The results of these tests are also shown in Tables 2 and 3: those samples which displayed ductility and did not rupture are designated Duc (ductile), while those which ruptured are designated Bri (brittle). 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sample 
                 Alloy composition 
                 σf 
                 Hv 
                 Bending 
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 (at %) 
                 (MPa) 
                 (DPN) 
                 test 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 Al 95 V 3 Ni 2   
                 880 
                 320 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 2 
                 Al 94 V 4 Ni 2   
                 1230 
                 365 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 3 
                 Al 93 V 5 Ni 2   
                 1060 
                 325 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 4 
                 Al 95 V 3 Fe 2   
                 630 
                 300 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 5 
                 Al 94 V 4 Fe 2   
                 1350 
                 370 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 6 
                 Al 93 V 5 Fe 2   
                 790 
                 305 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 7 
                 Al 95 V 3 Co 2   
                 840 
                 310 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 8 
                 Al 94 V 4 Co 2   
                 1230 
                 355 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 9 
                 Al 93 V 5 Co 2   
                 1090 
                 350 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 10 
                 Al 94 V 4 Mn 2   
                 1210 
                 355 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 11 
                 Al 93 V 4 Mn 3   
                 800 
                 310 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 12 
                 Al 94 V 4 Cu 2   
                 1010 
                 310 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 14 
                 Al 92 V 5 Ni 3   
                 1110 
                 330 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 15 
                 Al 93 V 4 Fe 3   
                 1200 
                 340 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 16 
                 Al 93 V 6 Fe 1   
                 1210 
                 345 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 17 
                 Al 92 V 7 Co 1   
                 1010 
                 310 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 18 
                 Al 93 V 4 Co 3   
                 1110 
                 310 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 19 
                 Al 94 Mo 4 Ni 2   
                 1200 
                 300 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 20 
                 Al 95 Mo 3 Ni 2   
                 1250 
                 305 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 21 
                 Al 93 Mo 5 Ni 2   
                 1300 
                 320 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 22 
                 Al 94 Mo 4 Co 2   
                 1010 
                 300 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 23 
                 Al 95 Mo 3 Co 2   
                 1210 
                 330 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 24 
                 Al 93 Mo 5 Fe 2   
                 990 
                 310 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 25 
                 Al 94 Mo 4 Fe 2   
                 1320 
                 375 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 26 
                 Al 94 Mo 4 Mn 2   
                 1220 
                 360 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 27 
                 Al 92 Mo 5 Mn 3   
                 1100 
                 345 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 28 
                 Al 95 Mo 3 Mn 2   
                 1020 
                 330 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 29 
                 Al 97 Mo 1 Cu 2   
                 880 
                 305 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 30 
                 Al 94 Fe 4 Mn 2   
                 1320 
                 370 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 31 
                 Al 94 Fe 3 Mn 3   
                 1100 
                 345 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 33 
                 Al 94 Fe 4 Cu 2   
                 890 
                 285 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 34 
                 Al 95 Fe 4 Cu 1   
                 880 
                 300 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 35 
                 Al 94 W 4 Ni 2   
                 1010 
                 340 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 36 
                 Al 94 W 3 Ni 3   
                 1000 
                 300 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 37 
                 Al 93 W 5 Co 2   
                 1110 
                 315 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 38 
                 Al 95 W 2 Co 3   
                 1210 
                 365 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 39 
                 Al 94 W 4 Fe 2   
                 1090 
                 305 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 40 
                 Al 93 W 6 Fe 1   
                 1100 
                 360 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 41 
                 Al 94 W 2 Mn 4   
                 1210 
                 350 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 42 
                 Al 92 Nb 6 Mn 2   
                 1230 
                 330 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 43 
                 Al 94 Nb 4 Fe 2   
                 1040 
                 320 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 44 
                 Al 94 Nb 4 Ni 2   
                 1300 
                 370 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 45 
                 Al 93 Nb 3 Ni 4   
                 1210 
                 360 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 46 
                 Al 95 Nb 3 Ni 2   
                 1100 
                 360 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 47 
                 Al 94 Nb 4 Co 2   
                 1150 
                 365 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 50 
                 Al 94 Pd 4 Fe 2   
                 1010 
                 315 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 51 
                 Al 96 Pd 3 Fe 1   
                 990 
                 310 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 52 
                 Al 94 Pd 4 Ni 2   
                 1210 
                 365 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 53 
                 Al 92 Pd 5 Ni 3   
                 1230 
                 365 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                 54 
                 Al 94 Pd 3 Co 3   
                 1100 
                 335 
                 Duc 
                 Example 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Alloy 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sample 
                 composition 
                 σf 
                 Hv 
                 Bending 
               
               
                 No. 
                 (at %) 
                 (MPa) 
                 (DPN) 
                 test 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 55 
                 Al 94 Fe 4 Co 2   
                 1310 
                 370 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 56 
                 Al 94 Fe 5 Co 1   
                 1110 
                 335 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 57 
                 Al 96 Fe 3 Co 1   
                 1010 
                 320 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 58 
                 Al 90 Fe 8 Ni 2   
                 1100 
                 340 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 59 
                 Al 88 Fe 10 Ni 2   
                 1300 
                 375 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 60 
                 Al 88 Fe 9 Ni 3   
                 1280 
                 360 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 61 
                 Al 96.5 V 0.5 Mn 3   
                 460 
                 95 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 62 
                 Al 86 V 12 Mn 2   
                 600 
                 450 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 63 
                 Al 97 V 3   
                 400 
                 120 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 64 
                 Al 90 V 4 Mn 6   
                 550 
                 410 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 65 
                 Al 98 V 1 Mn 1   
                 430 
                 95 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 66 
                 Al 87 V 10 Mn 3   
                 510 
                 410 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 67 
                 Al 96.5 V 0.5 Fe 3   
                 410 
                 120 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 68 
                 Al 85 V 13 Fe 2   
                 505 
                 405 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 69 
                 Al 98 V 1 Fe 1   
                 400 
                 110 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 70 
                 Al 87 V 10 Fe 3   
                 490 
                 410 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 71 
                 Al 90 V 4 Fe 6   
                 450 
                 430 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 72 
                 Al 95.5 V 0.5 Ni 4   
                 390 
                 95 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 73 
                 Al 86 V 11 Ni 3   
                 410 
                 430 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 74 
                 Al 89 V 4 Ni 7   
                 405 
                 425 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 75 
                 Al 98 V 1 Ni 1   
                 290 
                 80 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 76 
                 Al 85 V 11 Ni 4   
                 500 
                 420 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 77 
                 Al 94.5 V 0.5 Co 5   
                 410 
                 125 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 78 
                 Al 83 V 15 Co 2   
                 490 
                 480 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 79 
                 Al 90 V 2 Co 8   
                 480 
                 410 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 80 
                 Al 98.5 V 0.5 Co 1   
                 210 
                 90 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 81 
                 Al 85 V 11 Co 4   
                 410 
                 430 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 82 
                 Al 94.5 V 0.5 Cu 5   
                 340 
                 105 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 83 
                 Al 88 V 11 Cu 1   
                 490 
                 420 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 84 
                 Al 89 V 3 Cu 8   
                 480 
                 410 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 85 
                 Al 98 V 1 Cu 1   
                 410 
                 95 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 86 
                 Al 85 V 12 Cu 3   
                 550 
                 420 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 87 
                 Al 96.5 Mo 0.5 Mn 3   
                 430 
                 125 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 88 
                 Al 86 Mo 12 Mn 2   
                 510 
                 430 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 89 
                 Al 97 Mo 3   
                 370 
                 130 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 90 
                 Al 90 Mo 4 Mn 6   
                 480 
                 410 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 91 
                 Al 98 Mo 1 Mn 1   
                 380 
                 100 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 92 
                 Al 87 Mo 10 Mn 3   
                 490 
                 420 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 93 
                 Al 96.5 Mo 0.5 Fe 3   
                 360 
                 125 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 94 
                 Al 85 Mo 13 Fe 2   
                 500 
                 460 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 95 
                 Al 98 Mo 1 Fe 1   
                 210 
                 80 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 96 
                 Al 87 Mo 10 Fe 3   
                 510 
                 450 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 97 
                 Al 90 Mo 4 Fe 6   
                 490 
                 435 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 98 
                 Al 95.5 Mo 0.5 Ni 4   
                 310 
                 95 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 99 
                 Al 86 Mo 11 Ni 3   
                 500 
                 430 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 100 
                 Al 89 Mo 4 Ni 7   
                 465 
                 410 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 101 
                 Al 98 Mo 1 Ni 1   
                 200 
                 95 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 102 
                 Al 85 Mo 11 Ni 4   
                 460 
                 450 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 103 
                 Al 94.5 Mo 0.5 Co 5   
                 380 
                 100 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 104 
                 Al 83 Mo 15 Co 2   
                 510 
                 410 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 105 
                 Al 90 Mo 2 Co 8   
                 490 
                 420 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 106 
                 Al 98.5 Mo 0.5 Co 1   
                 360 
                 105 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 107 
                 Al 85 Mo 11 Co 4   
                 460 
                 430 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 108 
                 Al 94.5 Mo 0.5 Cu 5   
                 340 
                 105 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 109 
                 Al 88 Mo 11 Cu 1   
                 490 
                 430 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 110 
                 Al 89 Mo 3 Cu 8   
                 510 
                 410 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 111 
                 Al 98 Mo 1 Cu 1   
                 410 
                 95 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 112 
                 Al 85 Mo 12 Cu 3   
                 550 
                 420 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 113 
                 Al 96.5 Fe 0.5 Mn 3   
                 420 
                 130 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 114 
                 Al 86 Fe 12 Mn 2   
                 510 
                 430 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 115 
                 Al 97 Fe 3   
                 480 
                 160 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 116 
                 Al 90 Fe 4 Mn 6   
                 530 
                 425 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 117 
                 Al 98 Fe 1 Mn 1   
                 480 
                 95 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 118 
                 Al 87 Fe 10 Mn 3   
                 510 
                 420 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 119 
                 Al 95.5 Fe 0.5 Ni 4   
                 470 
                 105 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 120 
                 Al 86 Fe 11 Ni 3   
                 510 
                 420 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 121 
                 Al 89 Fe 4 Ni 7   
                 505 
                 425 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 122 
                 Al 98 Fe 1 Ni 1   
                 380 
                 95 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 123 
                 Al 85 Fe 11 Ni 4   
                 500 
                 410 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 124 
                 Al 94.5 Fe 0.5 Co 5   
                 380 
                 125 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 125 
                 Al 83 Fe 15 Co 2   
                 200 
                 480 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 126 
                 Al 90 Fe 2 Co 8   
                 490 
                 425 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 127 
                 Al 98.5 Fe 0.5 Co 1   
                 380 
                 95 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 128 
                 Al 85 Fe 11 Co 4   
                 350 
                 435 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 129 
                 Al 94.5 Fe 0.5 Cu 5   
                 340 
                 105 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 130 
                 Al 88 Fe 11 Cu 1   
                 410 
                 435 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 131 
                 Al 89 Fe 3 Cu 8   
                 480 
                 410 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 132 
                 Al 98 Fe 1 Cu 1   
                 410 
                 95 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 133 
                 AL 85 Fe 12 Cu 3   
                 550 
                 420 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 134 
                 Al 96.5 W 0.5 Mn 3   
                 380 
                 120 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 135 
                 Al 86 W 12 Mn 2   
                 420 
                 435 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 136 
                 Al 97 W 3   
                 280 
                 95 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 137 
                 Al 90 W 4 Mn 6   
                 490 
                 440 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 138 
                 Al 98 W 1 Mn 1   
                 280 
                 95 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 139 
                 Al 87 W 10 Mn 3   
                 290 
                 475 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 140 
                 Al 96.5 W 0.5 Fe 3   
                 385 
                 105 
                 DUC 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 141 
                 Al 85 W 13 Fe 2   
                 310 
                 480 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 142 
                 Al 98 W 1 Fe 1   
                 320 
                 105 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 143 
                 Al 87 W 10 Fe 3   
                 500 
                 475 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 144 
                 Al 90 W 4 Fe 6   
                 510 
                 460 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 145 
                 Al 95.5 W 0.5 Ni 4   
                 380 
                 95 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 146 
                 Al 86 W 11 Ni 13   
                 520 
                 470 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 147 
                 Al 89 W 4 Ni 7   
                 500 
                 435 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 148 
                 Al 98 W 1 Ni 1   
                 280 
                 80 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 149 
                 Al 85 W 11 Ni 4   
                 460 
                 435 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 150 
                 Al 94.5 W 0.5 Co 5   
                 275 
                 105 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 151 
                 Al 83 W 15 Co 2   
                 500 
                 460 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 152 
                 Al 90 W 2 Co 8   
                 410 
                 445 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 153 
                 Al 98.5 W 0.5 Co 1   
                 270 
                 85 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 184 
                 Al 85 W 11 Co 4   
                 290 
                 470 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 155 
                 Al 94.5 W 0.5 Cu 5   
                 340 
                 105 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 156 
                 Al 88 W 11 Cu 1   
                 310 
                 435 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 157 
                 Al 89 W 3 Cu 8   
                 380 
                 410 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 158 
                 Al 98 W 1 Cu 1   
                 410 
                 95 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 159 
                 Al 85 W 12 Cu 3   
                 550 
                 420 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 160 
                 Al 96.5 Nb 0.5 Mn 3   
                 430 
                 120 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 161 
                 Al 86 Nb 12 Mn 2   
                 510 
                 475 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 162 
                 Al 97 Nb 3   
                 430 
                 105 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 163 
                 Al 90 Nb 4 Mn 6   
                 490 
                 430 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 164 
                 Al 98 Nb 1 Mn 1   
                 380 
                 95 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 165 
                 Al 87 Nb 10 Mn 3   
                 390 
                 465 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 166 
                 Al 96.5 Nb 0.5 Fe 3   
                 400 
                 95 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 167 
                 Al 85 Nb 13 Fe 2   
                 390 
                 480 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 168 
                 Al 98 Nb 1 Fe 1   
                 430 
                 100 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 169 
                 Al 87 Nb 10 Fe 3   
                 510 
                 435 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 170 
                 Al 90 Nb 4 Fe 6   
                 420 
                 80 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 171 
                 Al 95.5 Nb 0.5 Ni 4   
                 380 
                 110 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 172 
                 Al 86 Nb 11 Ni 3   
                 510 
                 440 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 173 
                 Al 89 Nb 4 Ni 7   
                 490 
                 435 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 174 
                 Al 98 Nb 1 Ni 1   
                 230 
                 80 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 175 
                 Al 85 Nb 11 Ni 4   
                 430 
                 475 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 176 
                 Al 94.5 Nb 0.5 Co 5   
                 280 
                 95 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 177 
                 Al 83 Nb 15 Co 2   
                 410 
                 470 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 178 
                 Al 90 Nb 2 Co 8   
                 510 
                 430 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 179 
                 Al 98.5 Nb 0.5 Co 1   
                 270 
                 90 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 180 
                 Al 85 Nb 11 Co 4   
                 510 
                 475 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 181 
                 Al 94.5 Nb 0.5 Cu 5   
                 340 
                 105 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 182 
                 Al 88 Nb 11 Cu 1   
                 490 
                 445 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 183 
                 Al 89 Nb 3 Cu 8   
                 475 
                 410 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 184 
                 Al 98 Nb 1 Cu 1   
                 410 
                 95 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 185 
                 Al 85 Nb 12 Cu 3   
                 550 
                 420 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 186 
                 Al 96.5 Pd 0.5 Mn 3   
                 380 
                 105 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 187 
                 Al 86 Pd 12 Mn 2   
                 400 
                 435 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 188 
                 Al 97 Pd 3   
                 410 
                 95 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 189 
                 Al 90 Pd 4 Mn 6   
                 510 
                 420 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 190 
                 Al 98 Pd 1 Mn 1   
                 390 
                 80 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 191 
                 Al 87 Pd 10 Mn 3   
                 490 
                 465 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 192 
                 Al 96.5 Pd 0.5 Fe 3   
                 300 
                 95 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 193 
                 Al 85 Pd 13 Fe 2   
                 210 
                 480 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 194 
                 Al 98 Pd 1 Fe 1   
                 290 
                 105 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 195 
                 Al 87 Pd 10 Fe 3   
                 460 
                 435 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 196 
                 Al 90 Pd 4 Fe 6   
                 475 
                 430 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 197 
                 Al 95.5 Pd 0.5 Ni 4   
                 310 
                 90 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 198 
                 Al 86 Pd 11 Ni 3   
                 410 
                 465 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 199 
                 Al 89 Pd 4 Ni 7   
                 460 
                 450 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 200 
                 Al 98 Pd 1 Ni 1   
                 280 
                 85 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 201 
                 Al 85 Pd 11 Ni 4   
                 410 
                 460 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 202 
                 Al 94.5 Pd 0.5 Co 5   
                 430 
                 120 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 203 
                 Al 83 Pd 15 Co 2   
                 290 
                 485 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 204 
                 Al 90 Pd 2 Co 8   
                 425 
                 430 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 205 
                 Al 98.5 Pd 0.5 Co 1   
                 290 
                 95 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 206 
                 Al 85 Pd 11 Co 4   
                 460 
                 465 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 207 
                 Al 94.5 Pd 0.5 Cu 5   
                 340 
                 105 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 208 
                 Al 88 Pd 11 Cu 1   
                 475 
                 435 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 209 
                 Al 89 Pd 3 Cu 8   
                 490 
                 410 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 210 
                 Al 98 Pd 1 Cu 1   
                 410 
                 95 
                 Duc 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                 211 
                 Al 85 Pd 12 Cu 3   
                 550 
                 420 
                 Bri 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     It is clear from the results shown in Tables 2 and 3 that an aluminum-based alloy possessing a high bearing force and hardness, which endured bending and could undergo processing, was obtainable when the alloy comprising at least one of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu, as element M, in addition to an Al—V, Al—Mo, Al—W, Al—Fe, Al—Nb, or Al—Pd two-component alloy has the atomic percentages satisfying the relationships Al balance Q a M b , 1≦a≦8, 0&lt;b&lt;5, 3≦a+b ≦8, Q=V, Mo, Fe, W, Nb, and/or Pd, and M=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and/or Cu, wherein the difference in the atomic radii between Q and M exceeds 0.01 Å and the alloy does not contain rare-earths. 
     In contrast to normal aluminum-based alloys which possess an Hv of approximately 50 to 100 DPN, the samples according to the present invention, shown in Table 2, display an extremely high hardness from 295 to 375 DPN. 
     In addition, in regards to the tensile rupture strength (σ f ), normal age hardened type aluminum-based alloys (Al—Si—Fe type) possess values from 200 to 600 MPa; however, the samples according to the present invention have clearly superior values in the range from 630 to 1350 MPa. 
     Furthermore, when considering that the tensile strengths of aluminum-based alloys of the AA6000 series (alloy name according to the Aluminum Association (U.S.A.)) and AA7000 series which lie in the range from 250 to 300 MPa, Fe-type structural steel sheets which possess a value of approximately 400 MPa, and high tensile strength steel sheets of Fe-type which range from 800 to 980 MPa, it is clear that the aluminum-based alloys according to the present invention display superior values. 
     (X-ray Diffraction) 
     FIG. 2 shows an X-ray diffraction pattern possessed by an alloy sample having the composition of Al 94 V 4 Fe 2 . FIG. 3 shows an X-ray diffraction pattern possessed by an alloy sample having the composition of Al 95 Mo 3 Ni 2 . According to these patterns, each of these three alloy samples has a multiphase structure comprising a fine Al-crystalline phase having an fcc structure and a fine regular-icosahedral quasi-crystalline phase. In these patterns, peaks expressed as (111), (200), (220), and (311) are crystalline peaks of Al having an fcc structure, while peaks expressed as (211111) and (221001) are dull peaks of regular-icosahedral quasi crystals. 
     (Crystallization Temperature Measurement) 
     FIG. 4 shows the DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) curve in the case when an alloy having the composition of Al 94 V 4 Ni 2  is heated at rate of 0.67 K/s, FIG. 5 shows the same for Al 94 V 4 Mn 2 , FIG. 6 shows the same for Al 95 Nb 3 Co 2 , and FIG. 7 shows the same for Al 95 Mo 3 Ni 2 . In these figures, a dull exothermal peak, which is obtained when a quasi-crystalline phase is changed to a stable crystalline phase, is seen in the high temperature region exceeding 300° C. 
     FIG. 8 shows the DSC curve in the case when an alloy having the composition of Al 97 Fe 3  is heated at a rate of 0.67 K/s, FIG. 9 shows the same for Al 92 Fe 5 Co 3 , and FIG. 10 shows the same for Al 96 Fe 1 Ni 3 , each of which has an atomic radius difference between Q and M or 0.01 Å or less. In the DSC curves of these samples, the crystallization temperature which is indicated by the temperature at the starting end of the exothermal peak is each 300° C. or less, which is comparatively low in comparison to the results of FIGS. 4-7, thereby suggesting that thermodynamically stable intermetallic compounds are formed. 
     (Charpy Impact Values) 
     Alloy samples having the compositions indicated below were prepared, and their Charpy impact values were measured. That is, after preparing a rapidly hardened powder by means of high-pressure atomization, a powder having a grain size of 25 μm or less was separated out, filled into a copper container and formed into a billet, then bulk samples were made using a 100-ton warm press with a cross-sectional reduction rate of 80%, a push-out greed of 5 mm/s and a push-out temperature of 573 K. Using these bulk samples, a Charpy impact test was performed. The results are shown in Table 4. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Units: kgf-m/cm 2   
               
               
                   
                 Composition 
                 Charpy Impact Value 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Al 94 V 4 Mn 2   
                 1.2 
               
               
                   
                 Al 95 Nb 3 Co 2   
                 1.1 
               
               
                   
                 Al 95 Mo 3 Ni 2   
                 1.2 
               
               
                   
                 Al 95 W 4 Cu 1   
                 1.2 
               
               
                   
                 Al 93 V 5 Fe 2   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 Al 95 Nb 3 Cu 2   
                 1.5 
               
               
                   
                 Al 93 V 4 Ni 2   
                 1.2 
               
               
                   
                 Al 93 Mo 4 Cu 3   
                 1.2 
               
               
                   
                 Al 93 W 5 Mn 2   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 Al 92 Nb 4 Ni 4   
                 1.5 
               
               
                   
                 Al 97 Fe 3   
                 0.3 
               
               
                   
                 Al 92 Fe 5 Co 3   
                 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 Al 96 Fe 1 Ni 3   
                 0.3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     According to the results of Table 4, Al 97 Fe 3 , Al 92 Fe 5 Co 3  and Al 96 Fe 1 Ni 3  wherein the atomic radius difference between Q and M is less than 0.01 Å all have Charpy impact values of less than 1, while Al 94 V 4 Mn 2 , Al 95 Nb 3 Co 2 , Al 95 Mo 3 Ni 2 , Al 95 W 4 Cu 1 , Al 93 V 5 Fe 2 , Al 95 Nb 3 Cu 2 , Al 93 V 4 Ni 2 , Al 93 Mo 4 Cu 3 , Al 93 W 5 Mn 2  and Al 92 Nb 4 Ni 4  wherein the atomic radius difference between Q and M is greater than 0.01 Å all have Charpy impact values greater than 1, which is a level suitable for practical applications. 
     Although the invention has been described in detail herein with reference to its preferred embodiments and certain described alternatives, it is to be understood that this description is by way of example only, and it is not to be construed in a limiting sense. It is further understood that numerous changes in the details of the embodiments of the invention, and additional embodiments of the invention, will be apparent to, and may be made by persons of ordinary skill in the art having reference to this description. It is contemplated that all such changes and additional embodiments are within the spirit and true scope of the invention as claimed below.