Abstract:
An improved pallet made of a synthetic resin wherein one of the underside of the upper deck and upperside of the lower deck is substantially planar, and the supports which separate the upper and lower decks are integrally formed with and project upwardly from the other side, and are secured to the one side. One of the ends of the supports are tapered and received in recesses in the one side, and the recesses and the supports preferably have mating elements which snap-actingly engage one another to lock the supports in the recesses when the decks are assembled.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of co-pending application Ser. No. 09/439,427 filed Nov. 15, 1999, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 09/004,389 filed on Jan. 8, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,006,677. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND  
         [0002]    This invention relates to pallets for supporting freight, goods or other materials, and more particularly to a pallet made of synthetic resin for use with a fork lift.  
           [0003]    Pallets made of molded plastic material have distinct advantages over those made of wood or metal. Wood pallets are heavy; are subject to warpage, splintering and splitting; are nonuniform in strength; and gain significant weight when wet. Metallic pallets typically are expensive and, in the case of steel, heavy and subject to corrosion. Plastic pallets, while stronger, lighter and more durable than wooden pallets, nevertheless have shortcomings of their own.  
           [0004]    In an effort to minimize mold costs, some plastic pallets have been designed as modular units which consist of a plurality of identical molded elements that are snapped, fused or otherwise secured together to make a complete pallet. Examples of this type of pallet are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,051,787; 4,597,338; and 5,197,395. However, this is a compromise scheme which usually yields a pallet that is made of more material (and is therefore heavier and has a higher material cost) than would be required if the upper and lower portions of the pallet were optimally designed to serve their diverse purposes.  
           [0005]    Specifically, the top deck of a pallet should have relatively small openings so as to adequately support the load across substantially the entire upper surface of the pallet; it must be stiff enough (usually afforded by substantial ribbing) to prevent excessive bending, either when resting on the forks of a fork lift, or resting on the supports that separate the upper and lower decks; and its upper surface should not have recesses or crevices which could collect water or dirt. The top decks of the pallets disclosed in the aforementioned patents have these features. In contrast, the bottom of the pallet, which normally is intended to rest on a substantially solid surface, such as a floor, deck, shelf or rack, need not have as much material on its underside in contact with the supporting surface. Thus, the bottom deck of a plastic pallet may have relatively large openings, and may have exposed ribs, recesses and crevices on its underside, as long as the design provides adequate support for the loaded pallet. An upper pallet deck which is inverted to serve as a lower deck thus would have more material than actually required to perform the functions of a lower deck.  
           [0006]    FIGS.  8 - 19  of U.S. Pat. No. 4,051,787 depict examples of a pallet which has relatively large openings in its bottom deck. However, the structure surrounding these openings appears to be quite thick and massive, with a large, closed bottom surface area that would contact a supporting surface. The bottom deck thus would appear to contain more material than is actually required.  
           [0007]    Some pallets which comprise identical molded halves require a plurality of separate fastening elements to secure the halves together. U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,699,912 and 5,197,395 disclose examples of these types of pallets. The use of separate fastening elements introduces added cost and assembly time to pallet construction.  
           [0008]    Efforts to minimize the amount of plastic material used in a pallet have led some to devise hybrid constructions wherein discrete reinforcing rods are integrated onto the molded pallet. An example is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,316,419, which uses metal reinforcing rods that are inserted into channels molded into the pallet. The problem with these types of pallets is that they require separately manufactured additional components, and additional assembly steps.  
           [0009]    Another problem with plastic pallets in general is that their surfaces tend to be slippery. Measures must be taken to prevent the load from sliding off the pallet; to keep stacked pallets, whether loaded or not, from sliding off one another; and to keep the pallet from sliding off the forks of the fork lift. Common anti-slip measures involve the use of anti-slip coatings or rubber inserts, such as pads or grommets, placed in strategic locations. Examples are shown in FIGS.  20 - 25  of U.S. Pat. No. 4,051,787. One problem with these anti-slip measures is that they require the installation of additional parts or materials. Further, anti-slip coatings can wear away, while inserts can work loose and fall off during use, rendering them ineffective.  
           [0010]    In the bottled beverage industry, filled and capped bottles are placed in bottle crates, which are loaded onto pallets and moved about using a fork lift. The crates typically are of the low depth variety, such that the bottles project above the upper edges of the crates. As long as the bottles are of uniform height, it is desirable to stack several loaded pallets on top of one another so that they can be moved about collectively by fork lift, and efficiently stored in a stacked configuration either on a floor or on a shelf or rack. The bottom deck of the pallet must be designed so that the load of one pallet is evenly distributed over the closures of the bottles on the subjacent pallet. Existing pallet constructions do not adequately address this need.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0011]    It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a rigid, durable plastic pallet that can be fabricated from just one type of material without using an excessive amount of that material.  
           [0012]    It is another object of the invention to provide a plastic pallet which comprises a minimum number of parts, and does not require separate fasteners to secure the pallet parts together, so as to simplify pallet assembly.  
           [0013]    Another object of the invention is to provide a plastic pallet which is suitable for use in the bottled beverage industry, allowing one loaded pallet to be stacked on and supported by the bottles carried by a subjacent pallet.  
           [0014]    A further object of the invention is to provide a plastic pallet that possesses sufficient anti-slip characteristics in the critical load-contacting, fork-contacting and bottom support regions without resort to the application or attachment of diverse anti-slip elements or materials.  
           [0015]    These and other objects are achieved by providing an improved pallet made of a synthetic resin wherein the underside of the upper deck is substantially planar, and the supports that separate the upper and lower decks are integrally formed with and project upwardly from the lower deck, and are secured to the underside of the upper deck.  
           [0016]    The upper ends of the supports preferably are received in recesses in the underside of the upper deck, and the recesses and the supports preferably have mating elements which snap-actingly engage one another to lock the supports in the recesses when the decks are assembled.  
           [0017]    Preferably, the supports are tapered, the lower ends of the supports being wider than the upper ends thereof. The supports are hollow and have internal upright stiffening ribs which project inwardly from the side wall of the support.  
           [0018]    In a preferred embodiment, the pallet is rectangular and has nine supports, the largest one located at the center, one located at each corner, and located one at the middle of each side, so as to form a four-way pallet which can be engaged by a fork lift from any side. The bottom deck comprises a rectangular perimeter base from which the perimeter supports project, and an integrally formed X-shaped central base from which the central support projects, the central base joining with the perimeter base medially of each side thereof. These base portions define four large openings through the bottom deck, and preferably are beveled on their edges. Reinforcing ribs on the underside of the base portions are more closely spaced in the regions beneath the supports.  
           [0019]    In another aspect of the invention, an improved synthetic resin pallet is provided wherein the top surface of the upper deck, the bottom surface of the lower deck, and the underside of the upper deck in the fork-receiving regions between the supports have a slip-resistant scuffed texture. Preferably the scuffed texture comprises a multidirectional scuffing pattern. A preferred method of creating such a scuffing pattern is by brushing the surfaces with at least one cup-shaped wire brush. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS  
       [0020]    A preferred embodiment of the invention is described in detail below and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 1 is a top perspective view of a preferred embodiment of an assembled pallet according to the invention;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 2 is a bottom perspective view of the pallet of FIG. 1;  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 3 is a top plan view of the pallet of FIG. 1;  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 4 is a bottom plan view of the pallet of FIG. 1;  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 5 is a side elevational view of the pallet of FIG. 1, all of the sides being identical;  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 6 is a top perspective, exploded view of the pallet of FIG. 1, showing the upper and lower decks juxtaposed for assembly;  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 7 is a bottom perspective, exploded view of the pallet of FIG. 6;  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 8 is a side elevational, exploded view of the pallet of FIG. 6;  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 9 is a top perspective view of the upper deck of the pallet of FIG. 6;  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 10 is a bottom perspective view of the upper deck of FIG. 9;  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 11 is a top plan view of the upper deck of FIG. 9;  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 12 is a bottom plan view of the upper deck of FIG. 9;  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 13 is a top perspective view of the lower deck of the pallet of FIG. 6;  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 14 is a bottom perspective view of the lower deck of FIG. 13;  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 15 is a top plan view of the lower deck of FIG. 13;  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 16 is a bottom plan view of the lower deck of FIG. 13;  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 17 is a partial sectional view taken along line  17 - 17  in FIG. 1;  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 18 is a partial sectional view taken along line  18 - 18  in FIG. 6; and  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 19 is a schematic perspective view of a method for scuffing selected surfaces of the pallet. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0040]    The pallet consists of two separately molded parts—an upper deck  10  and a lower deck  40 —which are injection molded of a suitable synthetic resin, such as high density polyethylene, polypropylene, or filled polypropylene. In plan view, the pallet is square, with rounded corners, and has four-way symmetry. As explained more fully below, the two decks are adapted to be easily snapped together to form the finished pallet illustrated in FIGS.  1 - 5 . FIGS.  6 - 8  illustrate how the two decks are aligned for assembly. For added rigidity, the decks may be permanently welded together using any known resin welding technique.  
         [0041]    FIGS.  9 - 12  depict the upper deck  10 . This deck has a solid top surface  12  interrupted by a series of triangular holes  15 , which reduce the weight of the deck and allow for drainage in the event the pallet becomes wet.  
         [0042]    Referring to FIGS. 10 and 12, a series of ribs are formed on the underside of upper deck  10 . Some of these ribs form a central, square recess  14  with rounded corners. Other ribs form a circular recess  16  at each corner of the deck. Still other ribs form oblong recesses  18  with rounded ends at the mid-point of each side of the deck. As described below, these nine recesses are adapted to receive the upper ends of nine supports which are integrally molded with lower deck  40 . The areas between the recesses are fork-receiving regions which are intended to rest on the forks of a fork lift that can engage the pallet from any side.  
         [0043]    Other ribs on the underside of upper deck  10  form an orthogonal pattern which runs parallel and perpendicular to the sides of the deck, while still other ribs form another orthogonal pattern that is set at 45° to the first pattern. These ribs collectively form interconnected girder-like structures which span the spaces between the support-receiving recesses  14 ,  16  and  18 . As can be seen in FIG. 8, the underside of upper deck  10  is substantially planar, i.e., substantially all of the ribs on its underside terminate in a common plane.  
         [0044]    In each of the recesses  14 ,  16 ,  18  are four depending snap tabs  20 . Details of snap tabs  20  can be seen in FIGS. 17 and 18. Each has a flexible shank portion  22  and a tapered tip  24  with a shoulder  26  which snaps under a lip of the mating support of lower deck  40 . Adjacent each snap tab  20  in the circular corner recesses  16  is a small arcuate slot or hole  28 . A similar but rectangular slot or hole  30  lies adjacent each snap tab  20  in the other recesses  14 ,  18 . Slots  28 ,  30  facilitate formation of the snap tabs during the molding operation, and also allow insertion of a separation tool which can be used to depress the snap tabs and separate the upper and lower decks if desired.  
         [0045]    Lower deck  40  has a perimeter which substantially matches the perimeter of upper deck  10 . Referring to FIGS.  13 - 16 , lower deck  40  comprises a rectangular perimeter base  42  and an integrally formed X-shaped central base  44 . Bases  42  and  44  have beveled edges  46 , and oblong apertures  48 .  
         [0046]    Four corner supports  50  project upwardly from lower deck  40  at the corners thereof. Supports  50  have a circular cross section and a frustoconical shape, with the base wider than the top. Four medial side supports  52  project upwardly from the sides of perimeter base  42 . Side supports  52  are oblong in cross section with rounded ends, and also are tapered, with the wider portion at the bottom. A large central support  54  projects upwardly from the center of central base  44 . Central support  54  has a generally square cross section with rounded corners, and also is tapered with the wider portion at the bottom. The corners of central support  54  protrude into the large openings  56  in lower deck  40  which are defined by the intersecting base portions  42 ,  44 .  
         [0047]    Each support  50 ,  52 ,  54  is hollow, and has internal upright stiffening ribs  60 , which project inwardly from the side wall of the support. The upper end of each support is turned inwardly to form a horizontal peripheral lip  62 . Referring to FIGS. 17 and 18, when the upper and lower decks are pressed together during assembly, the sloped portion  24  of each snap tab  20  rides past lip  62 , causing the snap tab to bend inwardly. When shoulder  26  clears lip  62 , the snap tab springs outwardly to be captured beneath lip  62 .  
         [0048]    As seen in FIGS. 14 and 16, the underside of lower deck  40  has several series of reinforcing ribs which provide structural rigidity to the base portions  42 ,  44 , and properly distribute the load carried by the upper deck  10  and the supports  50 ,  52 ,  54 . In the regions which underlie the supports, the ribbing is more closely spaced than elsewhere in the base portions. This arrangement better distributes the load from the top of the pallet, and also makes the pallet better suited for use in the bottled beverage industry, where one loaded pallet may be placed directly on top of the bottle closures of bottles carried by another pallet. All spaces between the ribs on the underside of lower deck  40  are sized to prevent the smallest bottle closures (approximately 28 mm) from fitting between the ribs.  
         [0049]    The synthetic resins used to form the pallet typically have a rather slippery surface finish when the pallet is new. This is undesirable in certain critical areas, viz., the top of the upper deck  10 , the underside of the lower deck  40 , and the underside of upper deck  10  in the regions between the supports, which rest on the forks of a fork lift. In accordance with the invention (see FIG. 19), these critical areas are subjected to an anti-slip treatment which comprises wire brushing the surfaces S, preferably with at least one rotating cup-shaped wire brush B, to produce a scuffed texture having a multi-directional scuffing pattern. This is done before the upper and lower decks are joined together. The anti-slip characteristics of this scuffed surface do not appear to degrade over time because normal use and handling of the pallet appears to subject the surfaces to additional scuffing as the pallet is loaded, unloaded, and moved about.  
         [0050]    The advantages of the pallet according to the invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. The symmetrical two-piece injection molded plastic construction affords substantial strength and durability, simplicity, and easy assembly. The snap tabs  20  are protected from damage prior to assembly because they are recessed into the upper deck. A substantial amount of open area strategically placed within the structure minimizes the amount of material required, without comprising structural rigidity. The tapered shape of the supports allows for easy assembly, and good load dispersion from the upper deck to the lower deck. The supports have smooth, rounded outsides to prevent damage from the forks of a fork lift. The top deck completely covers the supports, preventing debris from collecting in the hollow areas. The pallet is easy to keep clean and wash because all of the exposed support ribs are on the underside of both decks, and there are no crevices to collect dirt or water. The bottom of the lower deck is designed to transfer the load evenly to bottle closures when pallets loaded with beverage bottles are stacked on one another. In particular, the critical load areas beneath the supports are heavily reinforced with a maximum surface area to evenly load the layer of bottles on the pallet below. Finally, the anti-slip scuffed surface treatment is a simple, long-lasting and reliable solution to the problem of slippery decks and fork contacting surfaces.  
         [0051]    While a square pallet has been illustrated and described in the preferred embodiment, other shapes, e.g., rectangular, would suffice while still embodying the features of the invention. The cross sectional shapes of the supports  50 ,  52 ,  54  also may vary somewhat from those shown. Other modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention, which is limited only by the appended claims.