Abstract:
The present invention relates to a method of optimizing the provisioning of a bootable image onto a storage device. In some embodiments, a host device executes a provisioning application to image a storage drive as a bootable drive. During the provisioning process, the storage device is configured to disguise its use of write caching during the provisioning process. In one embodiment, the storage device is configured to suppress forced unit access commands and cache flush commands for the provisioning application. In another embodiment, the storage device is configured to reject forced unit access commands. The storage device may disguise its use of write caching based on various criteria, such as a length of time, a counter, and the like.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    Today, many operating systems can be booted from a portable external storage device, such as a direct attached storage device. For example, the Microsoft Windows 8, supports “Windows To Go.” Windows To Go allows a portable storage drive to be imaged with a full bootable operating system. This allows the portable storage drive to be plugged into virtually any computer and run its image. 
         [0002]    In order to image a portable drive, it is connected to a host device, such as a personal computer or server and imaged with an imaging application or tool, such as ImageX. Unfortunately, the provisioning process has been found to take considerable time, e.g., several hours. For an enterprise seeking to image large numbers of drives, this amount of time is a significant disadvantage. Therefore, it would be desirable to optimize or reduce the amount of time needed to create bootable storage device. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0003]    Systems and methods which embody the various features of the invention will now be described with reference to the following drawings, in which: 
           [0004]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a storage device that is coupled to a host device. 
           [0005]      FIG. 2  illustrates a conventional process for imaging a portable storage device. 
           [0006]      FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary process flow for imaging a portable storage device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0007]    The embodiments relate to creating a portable or external bootable storage device. With the known imaging processes, the writing of the bootable image to the storage device employs a conservative write process that requires frequent acknowledgements and confirmation exchanges between the host and the storage device. In particular, many of the known provisioning processes employ forced unit access commands frequently to guarantee that the write data has been written to the media of the storage device. However, the frequent use of these commands slow the performance of the storage device because it prevents the use of write caching by the storage device. 
         [0008]    Accordingly, in the embodiments, methods and systems are provided to reduce the amount of time needed to create a bootable image on a storage device. For example, one embodiment relates to provisioning a bootable image onto an external storage device, such as a direct attached storage device. Those skilled in the art will recognize that any type of bootable external drive may be created by the embodiments. In some embodiments, in order to help reduce the amount of time needed for the imaging process, the storage device is configured to disguise its use of write caching from the imaging application running on the host device. The storage device responds as if it is following the write commands and confirmation acknowledgements of the host during provisioning, but is transparently employing write caching. The disguise feature avoids error conditions and allows the imaging application to function normally. To minimize risks of this approach, the disguise feature may be configured with a limited duration, such as a finite number of cycles or short time period. The write caching allows the storage device to optimize its performance and drastically reduces the amount of time needed to provision the bootable image on to the drive. 
         [0009]    Certain embodiments of the inventions will now be described. These embodiments are presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventions. Indeed, the novel methods and systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms. Furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the methods and systems described herein may be made without departing from the spirit of the inventions. To illustrate some of the embodiments, reference will now be made to the figures. 
         [0010]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a host device  100  that is coupled to a storage device  102 . As will be explained further below, in some embodiments, the host device  100  images the storage device  102  as a bootable storage device, such as a Windows To Go Drive. 
         [0011]    Host device  100  refers generally to any computer or system. For example, the host device  100  may be a personal computer, a laptop computer, a server, a tablet computer, a mobile device, etc. Host device  100  may comprise well-known hardware, firmware, and software. For example, host device  100  may comprise a processor (not shown) executing an operating system, such as the Windows™, Mac OS, Linux, UNIX, operating systems, and the like. 
         [0012]    In addition, as shown in  FIG. 1 , the host device  100  may comprise a communications interface, such as a Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface, for communication with the storage device  102 . As is well known, USB is an industry standard interface that defines cabling, connectors, and communications protocols for communications between a computer, such as host device  100  and a peripheral device, such as storage device  102 . 
         [0013]    As shown, a host device  100  may be coupled to a storage device  102  via one of its interfaces, such as a USB interface, a firewire interface, a Thunderbolt interface, etc. 
         [0014]    As also shown, the host device  100  provides a hardware and software platform upon which a provisioning application  104  may execute. The provisioning application  104  is a tool or application that creates, edits, and deploys a bootable image, such as an image with a bootable operating system, to a target storage device or drive. In some embodiments, the provisioning application  104  uses the known ImageX tool provided by Microsoft™. In one embodiment, the host device  100  is running a provisioning application  104 , for example, provided by the manufacturer of the storage device  102 . The provisioning application  104  may be downloaded or copied onto the host device  100  from a network, such as the Internet, or the drive itself. 
         [0015]    In some embodiments, the provisioning application  104  is configured to recognize the storage device  102  when it is coupled to the host device  100  and trigger disguising of its write caching for the provisioning process. In one embodiment, the provisioning application  104  is included as part of an application pre-installed on the storage device  102 . 
         [0016]    Storage device  102  refers to any data storage device that may be coupled to the host device  100 . For example, the storage device  102  may be a hard disk drive, a flash drive, a solid-state drive, a hybrid drive, a network attached storage, etc. As noted, the storage device  102  may be a portable, external storage device that is intended to include a bootable image. The storage device  102  may connect to the host device  100  via a USB 2.0 or 3.0 connection and the like. 
         [0017]    As will be further described below, in some embodiments, the storage device  102  is configured to disguise its use of write caching during provisioning of the bootable image by the provisioning application  104 . In some embodiments, this disguise feature is implemented for a limited duration, such as a finite number of cycles, a period of time, etc. For example, in one embodiment, the storage device  102  is configured to limit its disguise features to  3  power cycles or connection cycles. Alternatively, in other embodiments, the storage device  102  is configured to limit its disguise features for a time period, such as 1 hour, 1 day, etc. 
         [0018]    As shown, the storage device  102  may comprise various hardware and software that is known to those skilled in the art. For example, the storage device  102  may comprise, among other things, a controller  106 , a write cache  108 , and a storage media  110 . 
         [0019]    The controller  106  performs various operations of the storage device  102  described herein. The controller  106  may be implemented using one or more processors for executing instructions and may further include memory, such as a volatile or non-volatile memory, for storing data (e.g., data being processed) and/or instructions. The instructions may be executed by the one or more processors to perform the various functions of the controller  106  described herein. The one or more processors may include a microcontroller, a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), hard-wired logic, analog circuitry and/or a combination thereof. 
         [0020]    The write cache  108  is an embedded memory of the storage device to act as a buffer between the host device  100  and the storage media  110 . When using write caching, the controller  106  signals the host device  100  that a write command is complete immediately after receiving the write data, even before the data are actually written to the storage media  110 . This early signal allows the host device  100  and provisioning application  104  to continue working even though the data has not actually been written yet. 
         [0021]    Of note, in conventional provisioning of a bootable image, the write process attempts to avoid or minimize the use of write caching, for example, through the use of Forced Unit Access commands or cache flush commands. This is done by conventional provisioning processes, because if power is lost before the data are permanently fixed in the media, the data will be lost from the write cache  108 , and the file system and boot image may be left in an inconsistent state. Accordingly, the conventional policy is to turn caching off because the integrity of data is deemed more important than write performance. In addition, the conventional provisioning processes send data to disk in a carefully managed order and to issue cache flush commands at various times. Unfortunately, this results in a provisioning process that takes significant amounts of time, e.g., several hours or more. 
         [0022]    In some embodiments, the controller  106  is configured to disguise its use of write caching during provisioning of a bootable image by managing the vulnerable period between signaling the write complete and actual performance of writing data to the storage media  110 . For example, the controller  106  may control deferral of any write commands as newly arriving requests are received. In some embodiments, the storage device  102  may also comprise a battery-backed memory system for the write cache  108  or other protective features. 
         [0023]    The storage media  110  represents the media in which data is stored. The storage media  110  may comprise, for example, any number of magnetic media, solid-state media, etc. For example, the storage media  110  may comprise a number of magnetic disks. Alternatively, the storage media  110  may comprise a solid-state drive. Of course, in yet other embodiments, the storage media  110  may comprise different forms of media alone or in combination. 
         [0024]      FIG. 2  illustrates a conventional imaging process that is known to those skilled in the art. In particular, first, a provisioning application may send write data for a bootable image to the storage device. Typically, the storage device will temporarily hold this write data in its write cache. 
         [0025]    Second, as noted above, the provisioning application deems data integrity more important than performance, and thus, sends a cache flush or Forced Unit Access command to the storage device. This command is intended to limit or prevent the use of write caching by the storage device. 
         [0026]    Third, the storage device acknowledges the command, which causes it delay writing data to its storage medium. Fourth, the storage device is commanded to write the data from the write cache in to the storage medium. This process is repeated until the bootable image has been written to the storage device. As can be seen, however, this conventional process is tightly controlled by the provisioning application and host and prevents the storage device from optimizing its performance. Accordingly,  FIG. 3  is provided below to illustrate an embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0027]      FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary process flow in which the storage device  102  disguises its use of write caching and allows normal execution of the provisioning application  104 . As shown, first, the host device  100  has installed a provisioning application  104 . The provisioning application  104  may be retrieved from the storage device  102 . Alternatively, the host device  100 , for example may download the provisioning application  104 , from the Internet. 
         [0028]    In some embodiments, the host device  100  may run a utility application  111 . In one embodiment, the utility application  111  provides a utility and user interface for a user at host device  100  to request and configure the storage device  102  as a bootable external drive. In some embodiments, the utility application  111  sends one or more commands to the storage device  102  to commence disguise of its write caching, which is described further below. 
         [0029]    In some embodiments, the utility application  111  works in cooperation with the provisioning application  104  to provision and image a bootable image onto the storage device  102 . For example, a user of host device  100  may first start the utility application  111  to determine the configuration and available features of the storage device  102 . The user may then run the provisioning application  104  to request imaging of a bootable image on to the storage device. As noted, the provisioning application  104  may then employ a tool or utility, such as ImageX, provided by the operating system of the host device  100  to image the storage device  102 . 
         [0030]    For example, when started or running, the utility application  111  may be configured to recognize the storage device  102  and whether it is capable of expediting the imaging process, for example, by disguising write caching. In some embodiments, the utility application  111  may determine the device identifier of the storage device  102  to determine the manufacturer, model, device drivers, etc. This information may be retrieved, for example, from the registry maintained by the operating system running on the host device  100 . If the utility application  111  determines that the storage device  102  does not support expedited imaging, then it will image the bootable image conventionally. If the storage device  102  can support expedited imaging, then the utility application  111  may send an indicator, command, or flag to the storage device  102 . 
         [0031]    In response, the storage device  102  may initiate its disguise feature, which is described further below. In some embodiments, the storage device  102  implements the disguise feature for a limited duration. For example, the storage device  102  may only use its disguise feature for a finite number of power cycles, i.e., when the storage device  102  is connected/disconnected from the host device  100 , or turned off/on, etc. In other embodiments, the storage device  102  will limit the disguise feature for a limited time, such as 30 minutes, 1 hour, etc. 
         [0032]    After checking the storage device  102 , the utility application  111  may then have the provisioning application  104  commence imaging of the storage device  102 . The write data for the bootable image may be sent in various forms known to those skilled in the art. 
         [0033]    Second, as shown during this writing process, the operating system (not shown) of the host device  100 , at various times, sends a Forced Unit Access command, cache flush command, etc. to the storage device  102 . These operations are requested by the operating system in order to protect the data integrity of the bootable image. For example, the operating system may send a Forced Unit Access Command after each file has been sent to the storage device. In addition, the operating system of the host device  100  may send one or more synchronized cache commands to the storage device  100 . As noted, the operating system of the host device  100  sends these commands protect the data integrity of the bootable image. However, such protective features can dramatically slow down the write performance of the storage device  102 . For example, in the prior art, imaging of a bootable image and associated data can take up to several hours. 
         [0034]    In the embodiments, however, the storage device  102  provides an alternative to the inefficient data integrity used in the prior art. In particular, third, the storage device  102  acknowledges the command from the host device  100  to indicate that the write cache  108  will be flushed and confirm when the write data has been fixed to the storage media  110 . In some embodiments, however, this acknowledgement or response is a disguise of the write cache because, contrary to the acknowledgement, the storage device  102  continues caching the write data in the write cache  108  The acknowledgment provides a positive response back to the host device  100  and the operating system. Thus, host device  100  is effectively led to believe that the storage device  102  has performed the requested data integrity commands, e.g., a Forced Unit Access command or cache flush command. The storage device  102 , however, may continue to use write caching and optimize the write performance of the bootable image. 
         [0035]    Fourth, the storage device  102  employs the use of write caching to optimize its write performance. Such write acceleration is known to those skilled in the art. The process repeats or continues until the bootable image has been written to the storage device  102  and storage media  110 . 
         [0036]    The features and attributes of the specific embodiments disclosed above may be combined in different ways to form additional embodiments, all of which fall within the scope of the present disclosure. Although the present disclosure provides certain embodiments and applications, other embodiments that are apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, including embodiments, which do not provide all of the features and advantages set forth herein, are also within the scope of this disclosure. For example, the present disclosure is described with reference to a storage device, such as a hard disk drive, coupled to a host device via a USB interface. The invention may also be implemented in other types of devices, such as a peripheral device, a flash drive, a solid-state drive, a hybrid drive, a network attached storage that communicate via USB. In addition, the invention may be implemented for other communications protocols. Accordingly, the scope of the present disclosure is intended to be defined only by reference to the appended claims.