Abstract:
The invention relates to a method for quality assurance in preferably finger-jointed timber ( 1 ), produced in series, with a given minimum length ( 12 ), characterised in that each piece, produced within the length ( 12 ), is loaded with increasing tensile forces at the ends ( 5 ) thereof to a threshold value, below the breaking load for a fault-free timber piece, and the length changes (DELTA  1 ), changing therewith, are determined over a section, or the whole length of the timber piece ( 1 ) and used as a quality criterion for the use, or the further processing of the timber piece ( 1 ). The invention further relates to a device for carrying out said method.

Description:
[0001]     This is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/AT2004/000362, filed on Oct. 21, 2004. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0003]     The invention relates to a method for quality assurance of preferably finger-jointed long timber, produced in series and having a predetermined minimum length, in particular of structural solid wood, as well as to a device for carrying out the method.  
         [0004]     2. Description of the Related Art  
         [0005]     In order to manufacture from tree trunks a high-quality long timber as used, for instance, as structural timber, thereby ensuring a reasonably uniform quality, the tree trunks are cut or formatted, respectively, to the desired dimension, and, if the blanks thus broken down exhibit defective spots also known as weak points such as loose branches etc., those defective spots or weak points, respectively, are removed and the remaining blank pieces are glued together to form a long timber by means of finger joints on the front side. In this way, glue-laminated timber is produced which is formed from several layers of longitudinally jointed boards glued together and exhibiting finger joints in an offset manner. Laminated squared timber is manufactured from two to three beams glued together longitudinally, which optionally are likewise comprised of sections connected by finger jointings.  
         [0006]     A specific problem arises with regard to the processing of strong timber, meaning trees which, at breast height, have a diameter of more than approx. 50 cm. If such strong timber is processed into structural solid wood, it has the advantage of a higher yield. However, the timber properties are very heterogeneous, i.e., the strong timber involves higher selection efforts. In addition, a wet core or a heart shake may cause problems. Strong branches likewise cause poorer mechanical properties. For this reason, long timber manufactured from strong timber can only rarely be cut from a tree trunk in one piece; mostly, it is necessary to cut out weak points and to glue the sections together by finger jointing, as mentioned above, in order to form a long timber.  
         [0007]     It is known to carry out this process in a more or less automated fashion, with the wood first passing through a quality sorting plant in which it is examined for moisture, tree-ring density, quality of colour and texture, branches etc., which can either be done visually or by electric resistance measurement (for humidity measurement) or using laser cameras. X-ray or computer-tomography or ultrasonic technology is used for detecting hidden branches. Cutting out the defective spots and sticking together the finger jointing is usually performed in automatically controlled installations.  
         [0008]     In order to assure the quality of finger jointings manufactured in such installations, destruction tests are carried out, wherein, in a bend test provided for such a destruction test, no breakage is allowed to occur in the region of the finger jointing.  
         [0009]     It has been shown that, if long timber manufactured in this manner is used, unexpected breaks—caused, for example, by compressive breaks e.g. in wind fallen wood, gluing errors, tooth forming errors, internal cracks etc.—may occur despite automated error detecting methods and despite a subsequent intensive visual inspection so that there are attempts to exclude structural solid wood from wooden constructions in which timber has a supporting function. This is disadvantageous especially since, due to this, an inexpensive utilization as a squared timber made of strong timber would no longer be possible, i.e., the strong timber would also have to be processed into multilayered glue-laminated timber or laminated squared timber, wherein hidden or undetected defective spots or weak points, respectively, in individual sections are of less consequence as a result of multilayered gluing.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0010]     It is the object of the invention to provide a method for quality assurance of long timber produced in series, no matter if shaped in the form of glue-laminated timber or laminated squared timber or structural solid wood, laminated chip wood, laminated veneer wood, in order to be able to efficiently use such kind of long timber also for structural parts which are subject to higher stress. In particular, it should be possible to strongly reduce the cross-section surcharges which presently are required due to the timber&#39;s inhomogeneity.  
         [0011]     Since strong timber is predominant in forests and the amount of strong timber is still increasing, a specific object of the invention is to be able to use just this strong timber also with the required safety for highly stressed structures in which long timber assumes supporting functions, wherein the long timber is shaped as a structural solid wood, i.e., is not formed from individual timber layers glued together longitudinally.  
         [0012]     According to the invention, said object is achieved in that each long timber finished within the length, preferably each long timber completely glued together, is loaded with tensile forces engaging the respective ends thereof and increasing to a threshold value below the breaking load of a faultless long timber, and the change in length increasing therewith is determined in at least one section or across the entire length of the long timber and is used as a quality criterion for the use, or the further processing, respectively, of the long timber.  
         [0013]     The invention is based on the realization that, in a tensile test for timber, no deterioration of timber properties occurs below the breaking limit due to the strict linearity between the change in length and the tension.  
         [0014]     Thereby, in order to determine the change in length, the laser speckle method or a method of differential length measurement is preferably used with a direct measuring method or indirect measuring methods such as, e.g., a resistance change in strain gauges.  
         [0015]     If the long timber breaks in the tensile test, the tensile stress determined during the breakage is preferably used for classifying the quality of the broken pieces for further usage or subsequent processing thereof.  
         [0016]     A preferred variant is characterized in that, in case an inadmissibly high change in the length of the long timber is determined at a predetermined tensile force, the long timber is eliminated from the production, the weak point of the long timber causing the inadmissible change in length or the weak points of the long timber, respectively, is/are cut out and the remaining parts of the long timber that are free from weak points are assembled by finger jointing into a new long timber, optionally with further long timber parts being added, whereupon the newly produced long timber is again subjected to the method according to claim  1 .  
         [0017]     Making use of the above-indicated realization, a tension test can be performed in the production process up to the breaking limit (test for determining the breaking limit). The test report shows the stress at break. If the point of break is removed by lopping after the breakage and the broken pieces are possibly reconnected, for example, by finger jointing, no repeated breakage can occur in a repeat of the tension test up to, at most, the breaking limit (if jointing is correct), since all the other points of the timber have already passed the test without problems. In order to maintain the full material length, a new part of high quality can be inserted after removal of the broken section. In doing so, however, a higher risk of repeated breakage occurs (two jointing points, untested new material). Suitably, the second tension test is carried out with a strongly reduced tensile load but with a loading that is sufficient for the desired strength requirement. With broken pieces having a sufficient size for further processing, the material thus obtained can directly be regarded as thoroughly tested after the broken ends have been lopped off, and a second tensile test can be omitted.  
         [0018]     By these measures, it is possible to successfully reintroduce the long timber eliminated during the tensile test into the production process so that an optimum utilization of timber will be provided, with the amount of waste and/or cuttings being as small as possible.  
         [0019]     Suitably, the tensile forces are applied to the long timber via clamping jaws provided at the ends of the long timber on two opposing sides.  
         [0020]     Advantageously, each tested long timber is provided with a quality mark.  
         [0021]     Finish-machining of the long timber such as, for example, by planing, grinding or milling is preferably carried out after the test.  
         [0022]     It has turned out to be advantageous that the long timbers are allocated to at least two different quality classes depending on the result of the length change determination, whereby it is possible to provide the product which is most suitable for each specific requirement in terms of strength values and to efficiently use also long timber which does not meet the highest demands.  
         [0023]     After a surface analysis, the raw material, being undivided and/or divided into sections, is preferably sorted into quality classes and is subjected in each quality class as an individual long timber to a method for quality assurance according to claim  1 , optionally after finger jointing.  
         [0024]     It is a further object of the invention to provide a method by means of which beams and binders, respectively, for wooden constructions made of quality-assured long timber can be manufactured, which beams and binders have very large cross-sections and can thereby fully assume a supporting function which is at least equivalent to that of a glue binder made of glue-laminated timber, and preferably have an even higher load-bearing capacity.  
         [0025]     According to the invention, said specific object is achieved in that at least two long timbers tested in accordance with claim  1 , which meet a quality criterion required for an application, are glued together, whereby a beam having an upright glued joint is formed.  
         [0026]     In doing so, it is essential that the long timbers were subjected to a quality assurance test according to claim  1 , i.e., have been tested across their entire length, before they are formed into a beam. Thereby, it is possible to use strong timber—with the quality being at least the same as with beams formed, e.g., from boards in a conventional manner.  
         [0027]     Particularly good adhesion and gluing, respectively, of the long timbers for forming a beam is ensured if the vertical side faces of the long timbers, which side faces are glued together, are processed by milling prior to gluing.  
         [0028]     Depending on the required load-bearing capacity of a beam, three or more long timbers arranged side by side can also be glued together to form a beam.  
         [0029]     In order to form a binder from the beams manufactured according to the invention, beams which in each case have an upright glued joint are preferably placed on top of each other and glued together to form a beam binder.  
         [0030]     A beam manufactured according to the method of the invention is characterized in that it exhibits at least one upright glued joint and that the side faces forming the glued joint are preferably processed by milling.  
         [0031]     A beam binder is suitably formed by two or more beams arranged on top of each other and glued together.  
         [0032]     According to the invention, a specific optical advantage is provided for the wooden architecture, particularly since the vertical side faces of a beam or of a beam binder exhibit a speckled texture rather than showing, as with a glue-laminated timber, only narrow boards glued together and comprising the glued joints.  
         [0033]     Preferably, a beam or a beam binder, respectively, is characterized in that it is formed from long timbers having a height of more than 100 mm, preferably of up to about 300 mm, and a width of more than 50 mm, preferably of up to 100 mm.  
         [0034]     In order to be able to use extra high strength zones of the sapwood area of a tree trunk in the high-stress area of a carrier, a beam or a beam binder, respectively, is characterized according to a preferred embodiment in that it is formed from long timbers having a height of more than 300 mm, preferably of up to 600 mm, and a width of more than 50 mm, wherein long timbers are used the narrow edge regions of which are cut from the sapwood of a strong timber.  
         [0035]     In order to ensure a speckled texture also at the bottom side and/or the top side of a beam or beam binder, respectively, a beam or a beam binder is suitably characterized by the arrangement and gluing of at least one long timber at the bottom side and/or top side, which long timber extends across the entire width of the beam or beam binder, respectively, and is likewise tested and exhibits a speckled texture towards the bottom or the top, respectively.  
         [0036]     A device for carrying out the test is characterized by a tension testing facility applying tensile forces to a long timber and comprising clamping jaws whose sides engaging the long timber are provided with grooves having an arcuate, preferably circular-arc-shaped, cross-section and running transversely to the direction of loading.  
         [0037]     For better power transmission, adjacent grooves have different depths, with adjacent grooves suitably exhibiting cross-sections having different curvatures as well as different widths.  
         [0038]     In order to avoid that the long timber to be tested is damaged by the clamping jaws, said clamping jaws are characterized according to a preferred embodiment in that a groove having a larger depth and width and a less pronounced curvature is in each case followed by a groove having a smaller depth and width and a more pronounced curvature, with the grooves advantageously being arranged next to each other.  
         [0039]     Furthermore, it is an object of the invention to provide a tension testing device for timber for testing timber pieces produced in series, in particular long timber, no matter if shaped in the form of glue-laminated timber or laminated squared timber or structural solid wood, laminated chip wood, laminated veneer wood, in order to be able to efficiently use such kind of long timber also for structural parts which are subject to higher stress. In particular, it should be possible to strongly reduce the cross-section surcharges which presently are required due to the timber&#39;s inhomogeneity.  
         [0040]     Since strong timber is predominant in forests and the amount of strong timber is still increasing, a specific object of the invention is to provide a timber tension testing device for said strong timber, wherein the long timber is shaped as a structural solid wood, i.e., is not formed from individual timber layers glued together longitudinally.  
         [0041]     According to the invention, said object is achieved by combining the following features: 
        a test bed, in particular an engine bed, having a length corresponding to the maximum length of the timber piece to be tested,     a first tensioning trestle arranged, preferably fixedly arranged, in an end region of the test bed,     a second tensioning trestle movable along the test bed and adjustable to the length of the timber piece to be tested,     clamping jaws provided at both tensioning trestles which grip and clamp a timber piece brought into the test position from above and from below,     a device for the application of force onto a clamped timber piece by means of a tensioning trestle,     a cross conveyor for conveying a timber piece from a buffer zone for timber pieces, which is arranged at the side of the test bed, to the test bed and onwards to a storage zone arranged opposite the buffer zone and at the side of the test bed and receiving the tested timber pieces, as well as     a centering means for centering a timber piece brought into the test position between the clamping jaws.        
 
         [0049]     In this way, it is possible to test each timber piece as a whole and provide it for a specific use depending on the respective test result, without any risk of breakage as it always exists, for example, in strong timber as presently used.  
         [0050]     Thereby, the cross conveyor is preferably formed by several conveyor chains arranged side by side.  
         [0051]     According to a preferred embodiment, the centering means comprises two centering arms which are movable, preferably pivotable, from a rest position above the upper clamping jaw into a centering position disposed beside the clamping jaws, wherein the centering arms are advantageously movable synchronously against the timber piece, namely in each case from one side.  
         [0052]     A particularly simple device for carrying out a length difference measurement is characterized in that a scanner to be applied to a front surface of a timber piece is provided on each tensioning trestle. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0053]     Below, the invention is illustrated in further detail by way of the drawing, with  
         [0054]      FIG. 1  showing a block diagram of the process steps of the manufacturing process according to the invention and  
         [0055]      FIG. 2  showing a typical tensile stress curve for a finger-jointed long timber.  
         [0056]     FIGS.  3  to  7  illustrate the manufacture and testing of long timbers,  
         [0057]      FIG. 8  shows a section through a clamping jaw.  
         [0058]     FIGS.  9  to  11  show oblique views of beams according to the invention.  
         [0059]      FIG. 12  illustrates a so-called “glue binder” made of glue-laminated timber.  
         [0060]      FIG. 13  shows a beam binder according to the invention, again in oblique view.  
         [0061]      FIG. 14  shows a strong timber, and  
         [0062]      FIG. 15  again shows a beam in oblique view.  
         [0063]      FIG. 16  concerns a side view and  
         [0064]      FIG. 17 a  top view of a tension testing device for timber.  
         [0065]      FIGS. 18 and 19  show a tensioning trestle on an enlarged scale, once in side view ( FIG. 18 ) and once in the direction of arrow XIX of  FIG. 18 . 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0066]     The timber prepared by natural (open air drying) or technical drying (e.g. in electronically controlled drying chambers) so as to reach a predetermined value such as, e.g., 15%±3% residual moisture is supplied to a solid wood processing plant by means of stackers or other conveying means. Rough wood products having a specified length (e.g. 4 m or also significantly more) and a particular cross-section dimensioning (particular cut dimensions) as well as qualities as comparable as possible usually serve as starting products for a standard squared-timber product.  
         [0067]     At first, each piece of said greenware is tested for its moisture content. This is done most precisely by the kiln-drying test, in doing so, the weight loss of a test piece is determined during selective drying in a kiln. The electric resistance measurement (conductivity measurement) by means of probes (ram electrodes) penetrating deeply into the timber at two or more defined points is more practicable. However, capacitive methods (megahertz region) can also be used for a contactless humidity measurement, with the specific inductive capacity depending on the water density in the timber. Infrared measuring methods, chemical measuring methods (e.g. indicator paper), neutron scattering methods can be applied. Microwave measuring methods are also possible for the determination of moisture. Stray field sensors, radiation field sensors or resonators can also be used for the determination of moisture. Besides, there is the possibility to determine the moisture in a drill hole via hygrometers.  
         [0068]     The first selection stage consists in moisture testing. Raw material that is too wet is again subjected to drying.  
         [0069]     A short first cut at the front surface serves for neatly exposing the cross-sectional structure in order to measure the density of tree rings. The measurement is effected visually by cameras, laser focussing and image processing software or other measuring means. This second stage of selection enables the automatic and computer-assisted classification of tree trunks into various quality classes based on tree-ring widths. The higher the density of the rings and the smaller the distances between tree rings, the higher are the strength and hence the quality. Branches have a strength reducing property, since the tree-ring formation involves imperfections.  
         [0070]     A surface analysis with regard to colourings, frequency of branches, cracks and other quality characteristics detectable by camera and electronic image data processing is performed in parallel. The timber elements thus detected and suitable in terms of quality are subsequently cut with saws to the crude cross-section, unless they are thitherto already provided as suitable scattered squared-timber rods exhibiting the irregularities in shape caused by shrinkage on drying. Each scattered rough wood is rough-planed on at least two sides in order to obtain clearly defined reference surfaces for further processing for the jointing technique.  
         [0071]     In order to determine the inner timber quality, each timber is subjected to an echo depth sounding test either with X-rays in one or several directions or by computer-tomography technology via ultrasound. The results are processed in a computer-assisted fashion using calculators, computers or processors and are stored for further processing of the timber. Here, all defective spots are detected, for the subsequent lopping, in an automated fashion but also via an additional visual inspection by trained personnel, and the data such as lopping positions, quality levels are used for further control of the machine.  
         [0072]     Suitable sections having minimum lengths which result from the limitations brought about by the plant are cut with the lopping saw from the preselected timbers. In case of sufficient suitability, the raw material is subjected to further processing also in an undivided state. Based on the data ascertained from the main selection, the pieces thus formed are sorted into various quality classes and are supplied separately via conveyors to one or several jointing plant(s) such as (a) finger-jointing plant(s).  
         [0073]     Normally, the sections are provided with dovetails on the front side using a milling cutter, are glued and pressed together and taken via conveyors to the storage for glue aging, where they will again rest separately according to the quality levels corresponding to the main sorting until the glued joint exhibits the required strength. Alternatively, other jointing techniques can also be used. Long timbers resulting therefrom are stored in different quality classes in a logistically separated way. Each quality level has its specific characteristics such as appearance and strength class. The number of quality classes can be defined arbitrarily.  
         [0074]     To provide a simpler explanation, three quality levels will be looked at. Quality A of high grade, strength and suitability for the visible range (e.g. standard class S  13 ), Quality B with suitability for the invisible range (e.g. standard class S  10 ) and quality R with visible cracks due to the shrinkage caused by drying. Depending on the respective class and timber dimension, various maximum allowable tensile stress loads occur in a further tensile test.  
         [0075]     The long timbers which are finger-jointed or connected otherwise are taken to the final testing via cross and longitudinal conveyors prior to or after planing and chamfering. In doing so, each individual long timber is clamped into the tension testing plant by clamping means, the tensile load is then increased to the preadjusted test load (depending on the cross-section and the quality class) and the change in length is recorded via measuring means (e.g. according to laser speckle). For example, the modulus of elasticity is calculated therefrom. In case of breakage or moduli of elasticity which no longer follow Hooke&#39;s law, the test procedure is terminated, the defective spot or weak point, respectively, (e.g. bad finger jointings) is located and removed and the resulting timber pieces are reintroduced into the production cycle and allocated as sections of an inferior or equal quality level. Beforehand, a splitting of the rods or broken pieces might be necessary. In case of inadmissible moduli of elasticity or an excessive change in length, respectively, the timber thus tested is either likewise returned to the working cycle, whereby further presumed weak points are split and lopped off, or the timber is checked for lower quality criteria and allocated to them. If the timber breaks, it always breaks at its weakest point. The point of break is removed (lopped off) when the defective timber is returned to the production process. Thereby, the quality of a long timber produced cyclically in this manner is, in principle, increased from cycle to cycle, using a jointing technology such as finger jointings. In order to avoid damage to plant facilities and for accident prevention, protective means such as protecting caps can be disposed around the test section, which in case of breakage (failure) of the test sample catch parts that are splintering off. Nevertheless, a greater yield can be obtained from the rough wood, in particular strong timber, via this method.  
         [0076]     If the product passes the tensile test, it is provided with the test results. This can be done after planing and chamfering directly on the product by embossing, imprinting with coded or uncoded measured values and other data such as manufacturing date, quality class, firm name and the like, or separately on protocols which are applied or added to the subsequent package either with stickers or directly.  
         [0077]      FIG. 2  shows a typical stress-strain diagram (solid line) and its derivation (dashed line), the modulus of elasticity, for timber. During the tensile test, the time, force and elongation are recorded. The evaluation software continuously calculates the tension from the force signal and the known initial cross-section.  
         [0078]     It is advantageous to classify the greenware piece by piece and section by section after the moisture test and a machine-assisted external and internal optical inspection, for example, as follows: A=top quality; B=minor quality, R=quality showing cracks, with useability. Unusable parts are lopped out and removed from the production process. After this first production stage, the timber pieces are divided according to the above-indicated classes. This is followed by timber jointing. The parts of a respective class or quality level are assembled piece by piece into a string via a jointing technique (e.g. finger jointing). Upon reaching the selected final length, the string is divided into the desired length of the long timber—e.g. 8 m—and the long timbers thus obtained are conveyed into the space for aging the adhesive or glue, respectively, allocated to the respective quality level. This procedure is repeated for all quality levels. Then, the products of the second production stage are already provided separately in terms of quality, but still without a tension test.  
         [0079]     After the aging period for the adhesive, the tensile test is carried out in a manner ranked according to product classes.  
         [0080]     By way of FIGS.  3  to  7 , it is explained below how to proceed in the test for tensile strength.  
         [0081]     A rough-planed long timber  1  formed by two pieces  2 ,  3  interconnected by finger jointing  4  is fastened, according to  FIG. 3   a , to the two ends or end regions  5 , respectively, by means of clamping jaws  6  arranged in pairs and opposite each other, wherein one pair of clamping jaws  6  is preferably stationary at one end  5  of the long timber  1  and the other pair of clamping jaws  6  clamping the other end  5  of the long timber  1  is movable in the axial direction of the long timber in order to apply a tensile force.  
         [0082]     According to  FIG. 3   b , a first change in length Δ 1  has occurred after the application of a tensile force onto the long timber  1 . A further increase in the tensile force up to the final test load results in a break of the long timber  1 , as illustrated in  FIG. 3 ; the reason for this is a weak point  7  which is formed, for instance, by an internal crack etc. which remained undetected in the preliminary test. Said weak point  7  is cut out as illustrated in  FIG. 4   a  (cf.  FIG. 4   b ), and the two remaining pieces  8 ,  9  are provided with dovetails  10  at the cutting surfaces in order to be joined together again.  
         [0083]     According to  FIG. 5   a , a further piece  11  is inserted between the two pieces  8 ,  9  so that the long timber  1  will again reach the original length  12  despite the weak point  7  that has been cut out. This is followed by another tensile test up to the final test load as illustrated in  FIG. 5   b . If the change in length Δ 1   1  thereby detected is classified as admissible, the long timber  1 ′ thus provided has passed the test.  
         [0084]     It should be noted that the length tested at a full load is limited to the distance Z between the pairs of clamping jaws  6 . The end regions  5  of the long timber  1 , where it is held by the clamping jaws, are not tested under a full load, since, there, the tensile force decreases across the end regions  5 .  
         [0085]     In  FIG. 6 , three blanks for the production of long timber are illustrated in a rough-planed state after error detection. The areas of the long timbers A, B, C and I include longitudinal cracks  13 , and said areas are interconnected by finger jointings  4  in order to achieve a separate grade of long timber  1 ′, as illustrated on the right-hand side of  FIG. 7 , wherein, however, the areas I produce waste material as a result of their short length. The areas D, E, F and G have no detectable defect or weak point, respectively, and are assembled into a long timber  1  by means of finger jointings  4  in order to achieve top quality. The two broken pieces H are eliminated just like the areas I. The long timbers  1  and  1 ′ are then subjected to the tensile test according to the invention.  
         [0086]      FIG. 8  shows a clamping jaw  6  in sectional view, as it is perfectly suitable for the application of large tensile forces onto a long timber  1  in order to determine the change in length thereof Transverse grooves, i.e. grooves  15 ,  16  transverse to the longitudinal direction of the long timber  1  or to the direction of the tensile forces, respectively, extend across the area  14  coming into contact with the long timber  1 , with the grooves  15 ,  16  having different depths t 1  and t 2 . Preferably, a groove  16  of a lower depth t 2  is in each case arranged beside a deeper groove  15 , with the transitions  17  from groove  15  to groove  16  being designed with sharp edges.  
         [0087]     Preferably, the cross-sections of the grooves  15 ,  16  are shaped in the form of a pitch circle, with the deeper groove  15  having a cross-section of a slightly larger radius R 1  than groove  16  which has a lower depth t 2 . The ratio of the widths a, b of the grooves  15  and  16 , i.e. of width b of groove  16  having a lower depth to width a of the larger groove  15 , ranges between 0.3 and 0.6. The radio of radii R 1  and R 2  preferably ranges between 0.8 and 1.5.  
         [0088]     FIGS.  9  to  11  relate to so-called beams  21 ,  22 ,  23  formed from long timber  1 ,  1 ′ tested according to claim  1 .  FIG. 9  shows a so-called duo beam  21 ,  FIG. 10  shows a trio beam  22 , and  FIG. 11  shows a quattro beam  23 .  
         [0089]     The essential feature of these beams  21  to  23  is the upright glued joint  25 , resulting in side surfaces  26  having a speckled texture  27 . The width  28  of the long timbers  1 ,  1 ′ to be glued together preferably amounts to 60 or 70 or 80 mm, resulting in beam widths  29  for a duo beam of between 120 and 160 mm. The height  30  of the long timbers  1 ,  1 ′ is preferably between 200 and 300 mm. Glued joints  25  of a particularly high load-bearing capacity are produced if the vertical side faces of the long timbers  1 ,  1 ′, which side faces are glued together, are processed by milling prior to gluing.  
         [0090]     According to the invention, the beam width  29  always extends across at least two widths  28  of the long timbers  1 ,  1 ′; with a duo beam across two, with a trio beam across three, and with a quattro beam across four long timbers  1 ,  1 ′.  
         [0091]     In  FIG. 12 , a conventional “glue binder”  31  is illustrated which is formed from boards  32  as a glue-laminated timber. The height  33  of the individual boards usually amounts to 3 to 4 cm. The width  34  of the boards  32  usually ranges between 120 mm and 200 mm. The production of such a “glue binder”  31  is costly, and a large amount of glue or adhesive is used. The side view thereof shows all glued joints and only a plain texture with regard to the timber.  
         [0092]     Instead of such a “glue binder”, a beam binder  35  can be provided according to the invention, which, according to  FIG. 13 , is formed, for example, from duo beams  21  each having an upright glued joint  25 , with three of such duo beams  21  placed on top of each other and glued together. The width  36  of such a beam binder likewise ranges between 120 and 200 mm but can also exceed this value, for example, if trio or quattro beams  22  or  23  are placed on top of each other and glued together.  
         [0093]     The advantage of such a beam binder  35  over a glue binder  31  formed by boards  32  does not only consist in the optical appearance—in side view, a beautiful speckled texture  27  can be seen—but also in the load-bearing capacity, particularly since it is assembled only from long timbers  1 ,  1 ′ tested individually and across the entire length. The fact that it can be formed from strong timber is another essential criterion.  
         [0094]     In  FIG. 13 , it is indicated by dashed lines that long timbers  1 ,  1 ′ can be glued to the bottom and/or top side of the beam binder  35  so that also the bottom and/or top side will in each case have a speckled texture and will hence be optically equivalent to a lower side of a “glue binder”  31  formed by boards  32 .  
         [0095]     To be able to take advantage of the special strength of sapwood  37  for beams  21  to  23  and beam binders  35 , respectively, strong timber  38  having diameters of more than 400 mm is split according to the cutting plan illustrated in  FIG. 14 . For example, long timbers  1 ,  1 ′ of a height  30  of about 500 to 600 mm can thereby be produced, with the narrow edge regions  39  thereof being cut from the outer area, i.e. the sapwood area  37  of a strong timber  38 .  
         [0096]     If, for example, two of such long timbers  1 ,  1 ′ are glued together to form a beam  21  following a quality inspection performed according to claim  1 , a beam  21  having a particularly high load-bearing capacity is produced, particularly since the tension and pressure zone of the beam is formed by sapwood  38 , which, as mentioned above, has extra high strength, especially extra high tensile strength. A beam  21  of this kind, as illustrated, e.g., in  FIG. 15 , also has a lateral speckled texture  27  without any glued joint. A beam of such dimensions is also referred to as a tram binder.  
         [0097]     Beams  21  as described above can be produced at particularly low cost. As can be seen in  FIG. 14 , the resulting timber loss is only small and, furthermore, only few production steps are necessary for the manufacture thereof.  
         [0098]     According to the exemplary embodiment of a tension testing machine as illustrated in FIGS.  16  to  19 , a test bed designed as an engine bed  41  is supported on a foundation  42 . On one end, said engine bed  41  carries a first tensioning trestle  43  fixed or fixable thereto and comprising two clamping jaws  44  and  45 , with one clamping jaw  44  thereof being fastened to the tensioning trestle  43  at the height of a support  46  for the long timber  1  to be tested. The second clamping jaw  45  is arranged opposite said clamping jaw  44 , with said second clamping jaw being clampable against the lower clamping jaw  44  by means of a force device such as a pressure cylinder  48 , whereby the long timber  1  is clamped.  
         [0099]     On the front side  49  of the tensioning trestle  41  oriented toward the engine bed  41 , a centering means  50  for the long timber  1  to be tested is provided, which long timber is conveyable to the engine bed  41  via a cross conveyor  51  forming the support  46  and preferably formed by several conveyor chains and/or conveyor belts, respectively, arranged side by side, whereby the end region  52  of the long timber  1  ends up lying between the clamping jaws  44  and  45 , as can be seen in  FIG. 18 .  
         [0100]     Using the centering means  50  formed by two centering arms  53  pivotably arranged on the upper part of the tensioning trestle  43 , it is possible to align the position toward the tensioning trestle  43  in a precisely centric way. The centering arms  53  are pivotable synchronously by means of an adjusting device such as a pressure cylinder  54  from a rest position R disposed above the clamping jaws  44  and  45 , which is illustrated in  FIG. 19  by dashed lines, into a centering position Z, which centering position is illustrated in  FIG. 19  by solid lines. The synchronous movement can be realized, for example, by interlocking tooth segments  55  which are connected to the centering arms  53  in a torque proof manner.  
         [0101]     A second tensioning trestle  56  which has the same design as the above-described tensioning trestle  43  but is oriented in opposition thereto is provided at the other end region of the engine bed  41 . Said second tensioning trestle  56  can be moved relative to the engine bed  41  (cf. double arrow  57 ) so that it is possible for long timbers  1  of various lengths to be gripped in each case at their end regions  52  by the clamping jaws  44 ,  45  of the two tensioning trestles  43  and  56 .  
         [0102]     At the side of the engine bed  41 , a buffer zone  58  for long timbers  1  supplied for the test is provided, and on the opposite side thereof a storage zone  59  for long timbers  1  that have already been tested is provided, with the delivery and removal of the long timbers to and from said zones  58  and  59  in each case taking place in the longitudinal direction of the long timbers  1 . After the test, an elimination flap arrangement is preferably provided where long timbers exhibiting a detected weak point are eliminated in order to be returned to the process after lopping, for example.  
         [0103]     For applying a tensile force (illustrated by double arrow  60 ) to the long timber  1  after said timber has been clamped onto the two tensioning trestles  43  and  56 , at least one of the tensioning trestles  43 ,  56  is moved away from the opposite tensioning trestle by means of a force device, which is not illustrated further in the illustrated exemplary embodiment.  
         [0104]     In order to detect a difference in length between the long timber  1  burdened with the test load and the unstressed long timber  1 , scanners  61  mounted to the tensioning trestles  43  and  56  are moved toward the front surfaces  62  of the long timber prior to the application of the test force and are pressed during the test against said front surfaces  62  with a predetermined force. A movement of the scanners  61  as a result of a change in the length of the long timber  1  is determined via suitable measuring means and transmitted to a plotting station.  
         [0105]     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the engine bed  41  is designed as a box girder manufactured from sheet steel. Of course, it can also be formed by the foundation  42  itself, in which case guide rails are arranged on the foundation  42  for the movable second tensioning trestle  56 , which guide rails are provided on the engine bed  41  in the illustrated exemplary embodiment.