Abstract:
A process for preparation of (1S)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-isoquinoline-carboxylate (Formula I), comprising reacting (1S)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)isoquinoline (Formula II) with carbon dioxide and an alkylating agent R-LG in the presence of a base to obtain the compound of Formula I in an organic solvent. 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In Formula I and II, R is an alkyl or a substituted alkyl; LG is a leaving group.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The subject application is a continuation of PCT international application PCT/CN2013/000067 filed on Jan. 21, 2013, which in turn claims priority on Chinese patent application CN201210425678.5 filed on Oct. 30, 3012. The contents and subject matter of the PCT and Chinese priority applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to a process for preparing a drug compound, specifically for preparing a drug intermediate, and more particularly, (1S)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-isoquinoline-carboxylate, which is the key intermediate for preparing Solifenacin to be used as a muscarine M3 receptor antagonist for treating overactive bladder contraction. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Solifenacin, chemically known as (3R)-1-azobicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl-(1S)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquionline-2-(1H)-carboxylate, and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts have highly selective antagonism to muscarine M3 receptor and are used for preventing and treating urinary diseases, such as neurogenic urinary frequency, neurogenic bladder, nycturia, unstable bladder, bladder spasm, and chronic cystitis, and respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and rhinitis. The chemical structure of Solifenacin (Cas No. [242478-37-1]) is as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0004]    The process for preparing Solifenacin has been known, where the key step is connecting the isoquilinline moiety to the quinucilidinyl moiety via a carbonyl group 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0005]    Major processes to obtain Solifenacin are as follow: 
         [0006]    (1) Process where a triphosgene or phosgene is used: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0007]    According to processes disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,017,927, EP0801067, and WO2005105795, triphosgene is used to introduce the carbonyl group to synthesize Solifenacin in the presence of strong base. For the reason that the highly toxic phosgene will be inevitably released in the process, extremely high requirements on environment safety are needed. At the same time, it is hard to control the impurities, in particularly, to prevent the generation of the impurity, bis((S)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)methanone. 
         [0008]    (2). Process where chloroformate used 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0009]    R is an alkyl or a substituted alkyl. According to processes for preparing Solifenacin as disclosed in Drugs of the future 24(8), 871-874, 1999, WO2005075474, WO2007076116, WO2008011462, and WO2008019055, chloroformates are used in the process. Even though the process prevents the generation of bis((S)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl) methanone, the use of highly toxic chloroformates to prepare carboxylate derivatives (formula I) may cause much trouble in operation safety and environmental health. 
         [0010]    (3). Other process 
         [0011]    Processes disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20100029944 and Chinese Patent CN101711248, N,N′-Carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) and N,N′-Carbonyl-di-(1,2,3-tiazole) (CTD) are respectively used for the introduction of carbonyl group of Solifenacin. As CDI and CDT are relatively expensive and in high molecular weights, these processes are not practicably useful for industrial manufacture with high cost and low atom economy. According another process disclosed in Monatsh, Chem. (2011) 142:1181-1186, and WO2010103529, bis(p-nitrophenyl) carbonates (NPC) is used for the introduction of carbonyl group. However, NPC is not favorable to industrial application as it is irritant and harmful. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    The present invention provides an improved method that overcomes the drawbacks of previous technology. The present invention provides a method for preparing the Solifenacin intermediate that is environmentally safe, cost-effective, easy to carry out, and gives high yield. 
         [0013]    The present invention provides a process for preparing (1s)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-isoquinoline-carboxylate (Formula I), comprising reacting (1S)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)isoquinoline (Formula II) with carbon dioxide and an alkylating agent R-LG in presence of a base to obtain Formula I in an organic solvent as follow. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Wherein 
       [0014]    R is an alkyl or a substituted alkyl; preferably, a C1-C4 alkyl; and more preferably, a methyl, ethyl, or propyl; 
         [0015]    LG is a leaving group, preferably a chloro-, bromo-, or Iodo-leaving group; 
         [0016]    the pressure of carbon dioxide is equal to or less than 1.0 Mpa; 
         [0017]    the base is an inorganic carboxylate or 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), or a mixture thereof; when the base is the inorganic carboxylate, it is lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, or a mixture thereof; 
         [0018]    the ratio of the base to the compound of formula II is (1.0-10.0):1, more preferably 2.0-7.0:1; 
         [0019]    the organic solvent is an aprotic polar solvent, preferably, N,N dimethyl formamide, acetonitrile, tetrahedronfuran, dioxane, or a mixture thereof; 
         [0020]    the reaction temperature is 0-50° C., preferably 15-30° C.; 
         [0021]    the reaction time is 1-10 hours, preferably 1-5 hours. 
         [0022]    According to the present invention, at a specific temperature, gaseous carbon dioxide is introduced to keep the required pressure. Alternatively, solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) is added. 
         [0023]    The method has been creatively designed and successfully carried out. The present invention solves the problems with the inevitably hazardous chemicals such as triphosgene and chloroformates in the preparation of Solifenacin in the field when synthesizing the intermediate (formula I) with dimethyl carbonate (DMC). The intermediate (formula I) is obtained with an alternative greener, cheaper reagent, i.e., carbon dioxide, such that the process does not have to work well only at an elevated temperature and in a period of long reaction time. Compound of formula II is transformed to the carbonate in organic solvents by introducing gaseous carbon dioxide or dry ice in the presence of the base quickly and under mild condition with a yield up to 100%. Particularly, the carbonate generated from compound of formula II and carbon dioxide are well soluble in organic solvents and active in the subsequent alkylation, and can transform to the highly pure compound of formula I at relatively low temperature with high yield. Compound of formula I maybe subsequently used to prepare Solifenacin by ester transformation without further purification. 
         [0024]    The present invention provides a process that is environmentally friendly, cost effective, easy to carry out, with high yield, easy to control impurities, and catalyst-free. The process of the present invention is particularly favorable to industrial production. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0025]    The present invention is described in details with reference to the following examples, which are provided by the way of illustration only and should not be construed as to limit the scope of the present invention in any manner. 
         [0026]    The high pressure reactions in the examples are carry out in a 500 mL stainless steel reactor. In the process of the present invention, at a specific temperature, the gaseous carbon dioxide is introduced into the reactor to keep the needed pressure, alternatively, solid carbon dioxide is used. The gaseous carbon dioxide and dry ice used in the examples are purchased from Shanghai Hong Zhi Industrial Gas Co. Ltd. 
       Example 1 
       [0027]    To a stirred solution of (1S)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)isoquinoline (1.05 g, 5 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL), cesium carbonate (10 g, 30 mmol) is added. Then, carbon dioxide is bubbled for 1 hour at the ambient temperature (25° C.). N-propyl bromide (2 g, 16.3 mmol) is added, then, carbon dioxide is introduced for 4.0 hours while maintaining the inner pressure at 0.1 MPa. The reaction mixture is filtered, the solution is collected and evaporated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (30 mL) is added to the residue, the organic phase is washed with water (15 ml) and separated. The organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to afford crude propyl (1s)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-isoquinoline-carboxylate, 1.4 g, 93.4%, with the following characteristics: HPLC: 98.4%; Chiral Purity: 99%; MS (ESI): m/z 296.2 (M+H + ), 318.2 (M+Na + );  1 -H-NMR (400 M, CDCl3): δ 7.33-7.07 (m, 9H), 6.47 (brs, 1H), 4.16-4.07 (m, 3H), 3.32-3.27 (m, 1H), 3.01 (m, 1H), 2.82-2.76 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.71 (m, 2H), 0.99 (t, 3H). 
       Example 2 
       [0028]    To a stirred solution of (1S)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)isoquinoline (1.05 g, 5 mmol) in acetonitrile (10 mL), potassium carbonate (5.5 g, 40 ml mmol) is added, then, carbon dioxide is bubbled for 1 hour at 40° C. N-propyl bromide (2 g, 16.3 mmol) is added, then, carbon dioxide is introduced for 5.0 hours while maintaining the inner pressure at 1.0 MPa. The reaction mixture is filtered, the solution is collected and evaporated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (30 mL) is added to the residue, the organic phase is washed with water (15 ml) and separated. The organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to afford crude propyl (1s)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-isoquinoline-carboxylate, 1.28 g, 96.9%, with the characteristic of HPLC: 88.7%. 
       Example 3 
       [0029]    To a stirred solution of (1S)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)isoquinoline (1.05 g, 5 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformide (10 mL), sodium carbonate (3.2 g, 30 ml mmol) is added, then carbon dioxide is bubbled for 1 hour at 50° C. Ethyl bromide (2 g, 16.3 mmol) is added, then carbon dioxide is introduced for 9.0 hours while kept the inner pressure at 0.5 MPa. The reaction mixture is filtered, the solution is collected and evaporated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (30 ml) is added to the residue, the organic phase is washed with water (15 ml) and separated. The organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to afford crude ethyl (1s)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-isoquinoline-carboxylate, 1.0 g, 70.0%, with the following characteristics: HPLC: 97.2%; Chiral Purity: 99%; MS (ESI): m/z 282.2 (M+H + ), 304.1 (M+Na + );  1 -H-NMR (400 M, CDCl3): δ 7.33-7.07 (m, 9H), 6.47 (brs, 1H), 4.25-4.14 (m, 3H), 4.14-4.06 (br, 1H), 3.31-3.24 (m, 1H), 3.02 (m, 1H), 1.33-1.29 (t, 3H) 
       Example 4 
       [0030]    To a solution of (1S)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)isoquinoline (1.05 g, 5 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10 ml), cesium carbonate (16.3 g, 50 mmol) is added, carbon dioxide is bubbled for 1 hour at 30° C. Methyl Iodide (2.8 g, 20 mmol) is added, then carbon dioxide is introduced for 2.0 hours while maintaining the inner pressure at 0.2 MPa. The reaction mixture is filtered, the solution is collected and evaporated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (30 mL) is added to the residue, the organic phase is washed with water (15 ml) and separated. The organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to afford crude propyl (1s)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-isoquinoline-carboxylate, 1.12 g, 82.2%, with the following characteristics: HPLC: 98.4%; Chiral Purity: 99%; MS (ESI): m/z 268.2 (M+H + ), 291.2 (M+Na + );  1 -H-NMR (400 M, CDCl3): δ 7.33-7.07 (m, 9H), 6.47 (brs, 1H), 4.16-4.06 (br, 1H), 3.79 (s, 1H), 3.01 (m, 1H), 2.82-2.76 (m, 1H). 
       Example 5 
       [0031]    To a stirred solution of (1S)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)isoquinoline (1.05 g, 5 mmol) in acetonitrile (10 mL), lithium carbonate (1.48 g, 20 mmmol) is added, carbon dioxide is bubbled for 1 hour at 20° C. Methyl iodide (1.4 g, 10 mmol) is added, then carbon dioxide is introduced for 7.0 hours at 50° C. while maintaining the pressure at 0.2 MPa. The reaction mixture is filtered, the solution is collected and evaporated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (30 ml) is added to the residue, the organic phase is washed with water (15 ml) and separated. The organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to afford crude methyl (1s)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-isoquinoline-carboxylate, 1.09 g, 81.6%. 
       Example 6 
       [0032]    To a stirred solution of (1S)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)isoquinoline (1.05 g, 5 mmol) in n,n-dimethylformide (10 mL), potassium carbonate (1.38 g, 10 mmmol) is added, then carbon dioxide is bubbled for 1 hour at 25° C. N-propyl bromide (0.6 g, 5 mmol) is added, then carbon dioxide is introduced for 4.0 hours at 50° C. while maintaining the pressure at 0.1 MPa. The reaction mixture is filtered, the solution is collected and evaporated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (30 ml) is added to the residue, the organic phase is washed with water (15 ml) and separated. The organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to afford crude propyl (1s)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-isoquinoline-carboxylate, 1.18 g, 80.2%. 
       Example 7 
       [0033]    To a stirred solution of (1S)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)isoquinoline (1.05 g, 5 mmol) in tetrahedron furan (10 mL), sodium carbonate (2.65 g, 25 mmmol) is added, then carbon dioxide is bubbled for 1 hour at 15° C. N-Butyl bromide (2.01 g, 15 mmol) is added, then carbon dioxide is introduced for 5.0 hours while maintaining the pressure at 0.1 MPa. The reaction mixture is filtered, the solution is collected and evaporated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (30 ml) is added to the residue, the organic phase is washed with water (15 ml) and separated. The organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to afford crude butyl (1s)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-isoquinoline-carboxylate, 1.30 g, 82.6% with the following characteristics: HPLC: 98.0%; Chiral Purity: 99%; MS (ESI): m/z 310.1 (M+H + ), 332.2 (M+Na + );  1 -H-NMR (400 M, CDCl3): δ 7.33-7.07 (m, 9H), 6.47 (brs, 1H), 4.15-4.07 (m, 3H), 3.32-3.26 (br, 1H), 3.01 (m, 1H), 2.81-2.78 (m, 1H), 1.73-1.63 (m, 4H), 0.96 (t, 3H). 
       Example 8 
       [0034]    To a solution of (1S)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)isoquinoline (1.05 g, 5 mmol) in dioxane (10 ml), sodium carbonate (2.65 g, 25 mmol) is added, then carbon dioxide is bubbled for 1 hour at 25° C. Ethyl bromide (1.1 g, 10 mmol) is added, then carbon dioxide is introduced for 4.0 hours while maintaining the pressure at 0.1 MPa. The reaction mixture is filtered, the solution is collected and evaporated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (30 ml) is added to the residue, the organic phase is washed with water (15 ml) and separated. The organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to afford crude ethyl (1s)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-isoquinoline-carboxylate, 1.17 g, 84%. 
       Example 9 
       [0035]    To a stirred solution of (1S)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)isoquinoline (1.05 g, 5 mmol) in n,n-dimethylformide (10 ml), 1,8-diazabicyclo(5,4,0) undec-7-ene (DBU) (4.56 g, 30 mmmol) is added, then carbon dioxide is bubbled for 1 hour at 25° C. Propyl bromide (2 g, 16.3 mmol) is added, then carbon dioxide is introduced for 7.0 hours while maintaining the pressure at 0.15 MPa. The reaction mixture is filtered, the solution is collected and evaporated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (30 ml) is added to the residue, the organic phase is washed with HCl (1 N) (15 ml×3), water (15 ml×3), and separated. The organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to afford crude propyl (1s)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-isoquinoline-carboxylate, 0.7 g, 46.7%. 
       Example 10 
       [0036]    To a solution of (1S)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)isoquinoline (1.05 g, 5 mmol) in n,n-dimethylformide (10 ml), cesium carbonate (10 g, 30 mmmol) is added, then dry ice is added while maintaining the pressure at 0.1 MPa and stirred for 1 hour at 20° C. Propyl bromide (2 g, 16.3 mmol) is added, stirred for another 1 hour. The reaction mixture is filtered, the solution is collected and evaporated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate (30 ml) is added to the residue, the organic phase is washed with HCl (1 N) (15 ml×3), water (15 ml×3), and separated. The organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to afford crude propyl (1s)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-isoquinoline-carboxylate, 1.38 g, 93.1%. 
       Example 11 
     Preparation of Solifenacin 
       [0037]    (R)-quinuclidin-3-ol (0.66 g, 5.2 mmol) and sodium hydride (0.21 g, 0.52 mmol, 60%) are dissolved in anhydrous toluene and stirred for 1 hour at 80° C. A solution of propyl (1s)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-isoquinoline-carboxylate (1.4 g, 4.75 mmol) in toluene (10 ml) is added and refluxed for 18 hours. Isopropyl alcohol is removed from the solution by azeotropic distillation during which toluene is necessarily added. The reaction is cooled to ambient temperature when propyl carboxylate is consumed completely according to TLC analysis. The toluene is washed with water and aq. HCl (1N)(10 ml), the organic phase is separated. Saturated sodium bicarbonate (20 ml) is added to the aqueous phase, then extracted with ethyl acetate (20 ml). The combined organic phase is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to afford yellow oil as crude Solifenacin base, 1.1 g, 63.9% with the following characteristics: HPLC: 95.8%; Chiral Purity: 99%; MS (ESI): m/z 363.2 (M+H + );  1 -H-NMR (400 M, CDCl3): δ 7.32-7.17 (m, 9H), 6.55-6.17 (m, 1H), 4.20-2.90 (m, 1H), 3.36-2.86 (br, 10H), 2.18-1.47 (m, 5H).