Abstract:
A passive temperature-compensated optical grating arrangement includes a housing of low CTE material, with the optical grating stretched across the housing between a first, fixed sidewall and a lever arm, the lever arm also being formed of a low CTE material. An expansion element of high CTE material is attached to the frame and disposed to contact the lever arm, resulting in rotating the lever arm as changes in temperature change the dimensions of the expansion element. By properly sizing the lever arm and the expansion element, changes in grating wavelength as a function of temperature can be compensated for by adjusting the strain applied to the grating as it is pulled or compressed as the lever arm is moved.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to a temperature-compensated fiber grating and, more particularly, to a fiber grating housed in a frame of low CTE material that includes a lever arm of low CTE material attached to the fiber grating. An expansion member of high CTE material, coupled to the lever arm, is to adjust the length of the grating so as to compensate for temperature-induced changes in the center wavelength of the grating.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     Optical gratings are important elements for selectively controlling specific wavelengths of light within optical systems. Such gratings include Bragg gratings, long period gratings and diffraction gratings and typically comprise a body of material and a plurality of substantially equally spaced optical grating elements, such as index perturbations, slits or grooves.  
         [0003]     A typical Bragg grating comprises a length of optical waveguide, such as an optic fiber, including a plurality of index perturbations substantially equally spaced along the waveguide length. The perturbations selectively reflect light of wavelength λ equal to twice the spacing Λ between successive perturbations as multiplied by the effective refractive index, i.e., λ=2n eff Λ, where λ is the vacuum wavelength and n eff  is the effective refractive index of the propagating mode. The remaining wavelengths pass essentially unimpeded. Such Bragg gratings have found use in a variety of applications including, among others, filtering, adding and dropping signal channels, stabilization of lasers, reflection of fiber amplifier pump energy, and compensation for waveguide dispersion.  
         [0004]     A long period grating typically comprises a length of optical waveguide wherein a plurality of refractive index perturbations are spaced along the waveguide by a periodic distance Λ′ which is large compared to the wavelength λ of the transmitted light. Diffraction gratings typically comprise reflective surfaces containing a large number of parallel etched lines of substantially equal spacing. Light reflected from the grating at a given angle has different spectral content dependent on the spacing. The spacing in conventional diffraction gratings, and hence the spectral content, is generally fixed.  
         [0005]     A common difficulty with all of these grating devices is temperature sensitivity. In Bragg gratings, for example, both n eff  and A are temperature dependent, with the net temperature dependence for a grating in silica-based fiber being approximately +0.0115 nm/° C. for a wavelength λ=1550 nm. The temperature-induced shift in the reflection wavelength is primarily due to the change in n eff  with temperature. While such a temperature-induced wavelength shift can be avoided by operating the grating device in a constant temperature environment, this approach requires the use of expensive and relatively bulky equipment to maintain the constant temperature.  
         [0006]     U.S. Pat. No. 6,148,128, issued to S. Jin et al. on Nov. 14, 2000 discloses a passive temperature-compensated tunable optical fiber grating, where the grating is fixed within a stationary frame and a fiber-flexing movable body is disposed above the fiber to “flex” the fiber and induce a tensile strain so as to alter the resonant wavelength of the device. In particular, the movable body is magnetically (or mechanically) actuated to press against the fiber grating to provide a predetermined strain.  
         [0007]     U.S. Pat. No. 6,295,399 issued to J. W. Engelberth on Sep. 25, 2001 discloses a different type of temperature compensating device for a fiber grating, using fiber and second expansion members having different coefficients of thermal expansion. The expansion members are elongated in a direction parallel to the fiber grating, with levers secured to both ends of the expansion members. Each lever has a first end flexibly secured to a respective end of the first expansion members and a middle portion flexibly secured to a respective end of the second expansion member. The other end of each lever is secured to a respective end of the fiber grating through a respective quartz block. The dimensions of the expansion members and the quartz blocks, as well as the materials of the expansion members, are selected to achieve a non-linear temperature response of the fiber grating.  
         [0008]     While these and other devices have been useful in providing temperature compensation for fiber gratings, the devices are in general rather large in size and oftentimes cumbersome to operate. What is needed, therefore, is an arrangement for providing temperature compensation to a fiber grating that is relatively small and easy to package.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0009]     The need remaining in the prior art is addressed by the present invention, which relates to a temperature-compensation fiber grating and, more particularly, to a fiber grating housed in a frame of low CTE material that includes a lever arm of low CTE material attached to the fiber grating. An expansion member of high CTE material, coupled to the lever arm, is to adjust the length of the grating so as to compensate for temperature-induced changes in the center wavelength of the grating.  
         [0010]     In accordance with the present invention, the particular dimensions of the low CTE lever arm and high CTE expansion member are controlled to provide the desired amount of change in the strain applied to the fiber grating to essentially null changes in wavelength attributed to temperature changes.  
         [0011]     It is an advantage of the present invention that the combination of a low CTE lever and high CTE expansion element results in a relatively compact and robust passive arrangement that remains stable in operation.  
         [0012]     In one embodiment, the expansion element comprises an expansion arm disposed between a frame sidewall and the lever, such that the lever&#39;s angle with respect to the frame floor will increase as the temperature increases (thus reducing strain along the fiber grating and maintaining a constant wavelength). In an alternative embodiment, the high CTE element is embedded within the frame so as to be in physical contact with the lever and create the required angular movement to provide the desired temperature compensation.  
         [0013]     Other and further advantages and embodiments of the present invention will become apparent during the course of the following discussion and by reference to the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0014]     Referring to the drawings, where like numerals represent parts in several views:  
         [0015]      FIG. 1  illustrates, in a side view, an exemplary temperature compensated filter arrangement formed in accordance with the present invention, using an expansion arm as the high CTE element, the filter arrangement illustrated in its “low temperature” position;  
         [0016]      FIG. 2  is a simplified version of the filter of  FIG. 1 , showing the position of the filter for the “high temperature” position;  
         [0017]      FIG. 3  illustrates, for the sake of comparison, both the exemplary “low temperature” filter position of  FIG. 1  and the “high temperature” filter position of  FIG. 2 ;  
         [0018]      FIG. 4  is an isometric view of an alternative embodiment of the present invention, using an expansion disc of high CTE material to adjust the position of the low CTE lever arm; and  
         [0019]      FIG. 5  is a side view of the alternative embodiment of  FIG. 4 , clearly illustrating the placement of the high CTE expansion disc with respect to the lever. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0020]     The passive temperature-compensated fiber grating device of the present invention is based on the principle that the fiber grating is sensitive to changes in both temperature T and strain ε, where an increase in temperature shifts the grating center wavelength to the longer side and a decrease in strain shifts the grating center wavelength to the shorter side. Thus, to maintain the desired center wavelength, any change in temperature can be compensated by a corresponding change in strain. In order to better understand the operation of the passive temperature compensated fiber grating of the present invention, it is useful to understand the underlying mathematical concepts associated with temperature and strain conditions. For a Bragg grating, the Bragg wavelength as a function of temperature (T) and strain (ε) can be represented as: 
 
λ( T,ε )=2 nA  
 
 where n is the reflection index and Λ is the grating period. Their partial differential results are:  
             ∂   λ       ∂   T       =       2   ⁢   n   ⁢       ∂   Λ       ∂   T         +     2   ⁢   Λ   ⁢       ∂   n       ∂   T             ;       
           ∂   λ       ∂   ɛ       =       2   ⁢   n   ⁢       ∂   Λ       ∂   ɛ         +     2   ⁢   Λ   ⁢       ∂   n       ∂   ɛ               
 
 In association with the Bragg wavelength representation, the partial differentials become:  
         Δ   ⁢           ⁢   λ   ⁢           ⁢   t     =         λ   Λ     ⁢       ∂   Λ       ∂   T       ⁢   Δ   ⁢           ⁢   T     +       λ   n     ⁢       ∂   n       ∂   T       ⁢   Δ   ⁢           ⁢   T           
         Δ   ⁢           ⁢       λ   ⁢             ɛ       =         λ   Λ     ⁢       ∂   Λ       ∂   ɛ       ⁢   Δ   ⁢           ⁢   ɛ     +       λ   n     ⁢       ∂   n       ∂   ɛ       ⁢   Δ   ⁢           ⁢   ɛ           
 
 The change in the Bragg wavelength with changes in both strain and temperature is then the superposition of both effects, such that the total change in Bragg wavelength can be expressed as:  
         Δ   ⁢           ⁢   λ     =         Δ   ⁢           ⁢     λ   t       +     Δ   ⁢           ⁢     λ   ɛ         =         λ   n     ⁢       ∂   Λ       ∂   T       ⁢   Δ   ⁢           ⁢   T     +       λ   n     ⁢       ∂   n       ∂   T       ⁢   Δ   ⁢           ⁢   T     +       λ   Λ     ⁢       ∂   Λ       ∂   ɛ       ⁢   Δ   ⁢           ⁢   ɛ     +       λ   n     ⁢       ∂   n       ∂   ɛ       ⁢   Δ   ⁢           ⁢     ɛ   .               
 
 The photoelastic strain constant P e  is defined as follows:  
           P   e     =         -     1   n       ⁢       ∂   n       ∂   ɛ         =   0.22       ,       
 
 and the thermooptic coefficient ξ is defined as:  
       ζ   =         1   n     ⁢       ∂   n       ∂   T         =     8.31   ×       10     -   6       /     °C   .               
 
 The fiber coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is defined as:  
           α   f     =         1   Λ     ⁢       ∂   Λ       ∂   T         =     0.55   ×       10     -   6       /     °C   .             ,       and   ⁢           ⁢     1   Λ     ⁢       ∂   Λ       ∂   ɛ         =   1.         
 
 Substituting the above, 
 
Δλ=λ[(α f +ξ)Δ T +(1 −P   e )Δε]. 
 
 Since in the ideal compensation case Δλ=0, the above equation as be expressed as: 
 
(α f +ξ)Δ T +(1 −P   e )Δε=0. 
 
 As a result, the relationship of the change in strain to the change in temperature can be written as:  
           Δ   ⁢           ⁢   ɛ       Δ   ⁢           ⁢   T       =         (       α   f     +   ζ     )     /     (       P   e     -   1     )       =       -   11.36     ×     10     -   6               
 
         [0030]     With this understanding, it is now possible to explain in detail the utilization of the passive temperature compensated fiber grating of the present invention.  FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary arrangement  10  of the present invention which comprises a frame  12  formed of a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) material (such as, for example, Kovar or Invar). A lever  14  is fixed at a first end  16  to bottom surface  18  of frame  12  at a point P, as shown. In accordance with the present invention, lever  14  also comprises a low CTE material. A fiber grating  20  is shown as attached between a top edge surface  22  of frame  12  and the opposing end  24  of lever  14 . In accordance with the present invention, an expansion arm  26  of a relatively high CTE material (such as, for example, brass or an aluminum alloy) is positioned between sidewall  28  of frame  12  and lever  14 . Thus, as the ambient temperature changes, expansion arm  26  will expand or contract, changing the angle of lever  14  vis-à-vis frame  12 , and therefore imparting a stress or strain on fiber grating  20  as it is similarly stretched or compressed. Indeed, the higher the temperature, the greater the tuning angle θ of lever  14 . Therefore, by careful choice of the materials, length of expansion arm, etc., it is possible to impart a strain change in the fiber grating that compensates for the changes in ambient temperature. That is, the lever angular movement is chosen, in accordance with the present invention, to generate a corresponding linear displacement of the fiber grating so as to compensate for the wavelength shift associated with temperature changes. The key to the arrangement of the present invention is the use of the high CTE expansion element  26  in association with the displacement of the low CTE lever  14  to provide a strain change that compensates for the temperature-induced wavelength shift, such that the strain change can be expressed as a displacement.  
         [0031]      FIG. 1  illustrates compensation device  10  of the present invention in the case where the ambient temperature is relatively low, and expansion arm  26  is relatively short and defined as comprising a first length I low . In this arrangement, therefore, the angular displacement of lever arm  14  is relatively large, and a strain is induced on grating  20  such that grating  20  exhibits a length F 1 . This arrangement is to be compared with the embodiment of  FIG. 2 , which also illustrates compensation device  10 , in this case where the temperature has increased and expansion arm  26  has lengthened to exhibit a length I high , as shown. The expansion of arm  26  results in a rotation of lever arm  14  through an angle θ high  so as to decrease the strain on fiber grating  20 , and shorten grating  20  to exhibit a length of L 2 . For the sake of comparison,  FIG. 3  illustrates the position of lever  14  in both the “low temperature” ( FIG. 1 ) and “high temperature” ( FIG. 2 ) positions, as controlled by the expansion/contraction of expansion arm  26  and resultant movement of lever  14 .  
         [0032]     Referring to  FIG. 3 , an increase in temperature causes expansion arm  26  to lengthen and the angular displacement of lever  14  to increase the pivot angle from θ low T  to θ high T . The displacement of lever  14  can be expressed as follows: 
 
Δ L=L   Low T   −L   high T , where 
 
 L low T =L cos θ low T  and L high T =L cos θ high T , so 
 
Δ L=L (cos θ low T −cos θ high T ). 
 
 From the above discussion, the displacement can be expressed as:  
             Δλ   ⁢           ⁢   ɛ     λ     =         (     1   -     P   e       )     ⁢   Δ   ⁢           ⁢   ɛ     =       (     1   -     P   e       )     ⁢       Δ   ⁢           ⁢   L     L           ,       
 
 where L is defined as the length of lever  14 , and by simplifying:  
         Δ   ⁢           ⁢   ɛ     =         Δ   ⁢           ⁢   L     L     .         
 
         [0036]     In a specific example, a 15 mm long fiber (10 mm grating, plus 2.5 mm buffer for each end) with a center wavelength at 1550 nm, the wavelength change in 100° C. is 1.1 nm. To compensate for this wavelength shift using the passive arrangement of the present invention, the required strain would be defined as:  
         Δ   ⁢           ⁢   ɛ     =         1     1   -     P   e         ⁢       Δ   ⁢           ⁢   λ   ⁢           ⁢   ɛ     λ       =         Δ   ⁢           ⁢   L     L     .           
 
 The corresponding displacement is:  
         Δ   ⁢           ⁢   L     =         L     1   -     P   e         ⁢           ⁢       Δ   ⁢           ⁢   λ   ⁢           ⁢   ɛ     λ       =     13.6476   ⁢           ⁢   µm           
 
 Thus, set the lever length L to 5 mm, lever initial angle θ low T  to 90°, and expansion arm  26  to 1.25 mm. It can be shown that the high CTE expansion arm  26  needs to expand a maximum of 3.412 μm to provide a displacement of ΔL of 13.6476 μm to provide for passive temperature compensation. 
 
         [0039]      FIG. 4  illustrates an alternative passive temperature-compensated fiber optic grating structure  50 . As with the arrangement discussed above, structure  50  comprises a frame  52  formed of a low CTE material. A lever  52  is also formed of a low CTE material and is fixed to frame  52  along a floor portion  56 . A fixed sidewall  58  of frame  52  is also formed of a low CTE material. As shown, a fiber grating  60  is attached between fixed sidewall  58  and lever  54 .  
         [0040]     In this particular embodiment of the present invention, an expansion disc  62  of a high CTE material is disposed within frame  52  so as to be in intimate physical contact with lever  54 , preferably near the area where lever  54  is attached to floor portion  56 . As shown clearly in the side view of  FIG. 5 , as expansion disc  62  expands/contracts during temperature changes, lever  54  will likewise move. The arrow in  FIG. 5  illustrates this movement of lever  54  in response to changing dimensions of disc  62 . Thus, in accordance with the present invention, the size of disc  62  can be chosen to provide the proper change in strain along fiber grating  60  to compensation for changes in temperature.