Abstract:
A method for converting useful movement into electrical energy includes moving a structure against a surface thereby generating a force against a material integrated into the structure, deforming the material in response to the force to thereby generate electrical energy from the material, and harvesting the electrical energy. An apparatus for converting useful movement into electrical energy includes a smart material adapted to produce electrical energy when a force against the smart material is applied, and a plurality of coils in contact with the smart material for harvesting the electrical energy.

Description:
PRIORITY STATEMENT  
       [0001]     This application is a Continuation-in-part of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/736,352 filed Dec. 15, 2003, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The present invention relates to energy conversion. More specifically, although not exclusively, the present invention relates to a converting movement associated with a structure, such as a tire or boot, into electrical energy. The electrical energy can then be stored or otherwise used.  
         [0003]     Although not the only application to the present invention, one aspect of the invention relates to problems associated with electric powered cars. Different approaches to the problem have been attempted, but significant problems remain, including lack of suitable light for solar cars, lack of cost effectiveness, and lack of efficiency.  
         [0004]     Another problem addressed by the present invention relates to the use of piezoelectric sensors. Although piezoelectric sensors have been used in various applications to convert strain into a voltage, there are difficulties in using piezoelectrics in producing electrical energy.  
         [0005]     Therefore, it is a primary objective, feature, or advantage of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for converting useful movement of a structure into electrical energy.  
         [0006]     It is further objective, feature, or advantage of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for converting useful movement of a structure into electrical energy that is economical and efficient.  
         [0007]     It is a still further objective, feature, or advantage of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for converting movement of a structure into electrical energy that does not require piezoelectric elements.  
         [0008]     These and/or other objectives, features, or advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the specification and claims that follow.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0009]     The present invention relates to the generation of electrical energy from mechanical movement. According to one aspect of the present invention, a method for providing movement of a structure is disclosed. The method includes moving a structure to generate a force against a material. In one embodiment, the material includes one or more layers and one or more voids between the layers. The force causes a reduction of the thickness of the material and generates a resulting charge. The charge is then used to power subsequent movement of the structure. The material is preferably made of a polyolefin layered material or other appropriate electromechanical film. The material can be a fabric material. According to another aspect of the present invention, the structure can be a tire. The tire can be made of radial plys and the material can be integrated between the radial plys.  
         [0010]     According to another aspect of the present invention, an apparatus for converting movement against a surface into electrical energy is disclosed. The apparatus includes a tire body, the tire body having an outer wall for contact with the surface and opposite side walls. The tire body includes a plurality of radial plys. There is at least one pad integrated between the radial plys.  
         [0011]     According to another aspect of the present invention, a vehicle is provided. The vehicle includes a vehicle body, a plurality of wheels operatively connected to the vehicle body. Mounted on at least one of the wheels is a tire body having an outer wall and opposite side walls. The tire body also has a plurality of radial plys, at least one pad integrated between radial plys for converting force against the tire associated with movement of the tire into electrical energy. The vehicle also includes an electrical system operatively connected to the pad for collecting and dispensing electrical energy.  
         [0012]     According to one aspect of the present invention, a method for converting useful movement into electrical energy is provided. The method includes moving a structure against a surface thereby generating a force against a material integrated into the structure, deforming the material in response to the force to thereby generate electrical energy from the material, and harvesting the electrical energy. The material may include a conductive elastomer and an electroactive powder such as that of a magnetostrictive material. The structure can be of various types, including a tire, or an article of footwear. The method may further provide for harvesting the electrical energy using coils in operative contact with the material.  
         [0013]     According to another aspect of the present invention, an apparatus for converting useful movement into electrical energy is provided. The apparatus includes a smart material adapted to produce electrical energy when a force against the smart material is applied and a plurality of coils in contact with the smart material for harvesting the electrical energy.  
         [0014]     The apparatus can include an article of footwear preferably includes a sole, the smart material and the plurality of coils integrated into the article of footwear such that movement of the sole of the article of footwear against a surface generates the force against the smart material. The apparatus can include a tire, the smart material and the plurality of coils integrated into the tire such that movement of the tire against a surface generates the force against the smart material. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0015]      FIG. 1  is a partial sectional view of one embodiment of the present invention showing a tire and wheel configured for generating electricity.  
         [0016]      FIG. 2  is a top view of one embodiment of a vehicle according to the present invention.  
         [0017]      FIG. 3  is one embodiment of the methodology of generating electricity according to the present invention.  
         [0018]      FIG. 4  is a side view of one example of a vehicle according to the present invention.  
         [0019]      FIG. 5  illustrates one example of a structure for creating electrical energy.  
         [0020]      FIG. 6  is a perspective view of another embodiment of a tire and wheel.  
         [0021]      FIG. 7  is a perspective view of one embodiment of an article of footwear.  
         [0022]      FIG. 8  is a perspective view of one embodiment of a sole of an article of footwear.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0023]     The present invention provides for devices and methods for generating electrical energy from movement. This includes generating energy from rotational movement.  
         [0024]     A first embodiment is shown in  FIGS. 1-4 . This embodiment provides for generating electrical energy from movement of a tire. A material for generating electrical energy which can be used in a tire, article of footwear, or for other uses in shown in  FIG. 5 . Another embodiment of a tire for generating electrical energy is shown in  FIG. 6 . An embodiment showing generating electrical energy from footwear is shown in  FIGS. 7-8 . The present invention, however, is not to be limited to these examples of embodiments, as the present invention contemplates numerous variations in specific structure, materials, methodology, implementation, and application.  
         [0025]      FIG. 1  illustrates one embodiment of an electricity generating tire of the present invention. In  FIG. 1 , the tire  10  has a tire body  12  with an outer wall  14  that comes into contact with a surface as the tire can rotate. The tire body  12  also has a first side wall  16  and an opposite side wall  18 . The tire body  12  is formed from a plurality of radial plys. Integrated into the radial plys is a pad  26 . Preferably the pad  26  is formed from a plurality of layers. There is an insertion ring  30  attached to the pad  26  which provides for convenient insertion of the pad  26  between radial plys of the tire  12 .  
         [0026]     The tire  12  is mounted on a wheel  22 . The wheel  22  has a hub  24 . There are current transfer cables  28  running to within the hub  24  where a circuit can be disposed. Such a circuit can include an operational amplifier configured to amplify the received current. In addition, the circuit can convert the AC voltage into DC voltage. The current transfer cables  28  preferably run through a trench  32  in the rim. The trench  32  in the rim protects the current transfer cables  28 . The present invention contemplates that other forms of protection can also be used. There is a pad-to-rim current transfer wire  34  that connects the pad  26  to the current transfer cable  28 . This configuration is merely one configuration that can be used. The present invention contemplates other variations.  
         [0027]     As the tire  12  rotates against a surface, electrical current is generated through the pressure and motion applied by the vehicle on the pad  26 . Preferably, the pad  26  comprises an electromechanical film. The pad generates AC electrical current whenever pressure is applied. The mass of the vehicle exerts a pressure on the tires, hence pressure on the pad.  
         [0028]     It is preferred that the pad be formed from a polymeric film, such as the polyolefin film that is available from EmfiTech Ltd., located at Konttisentie 8, 40800 Vaajakoski, Finland. The polyolefin film sensors are a thin, biaxially oriented plastic compound. This biaxial orientation produces microscopic lens-like gas bubbles and voids in the material. The size of these voids doubles during the high-pressure gas injection process that the sensors are subject to. Appropriate charging in a high voltage electrostatic field causes partial discharges inside the voids and permanent charges to be generated in the structure. Unlike piezoelectric sensors, the polymeric film responds to changes in thickness as opposed to changes in strain. In other words, these films are very sensitive to direct compression instead of bending. In contrast to the crystalline structure of piezo-sensors, these sensors have a permanent electric charge inside the cellular structure of the sensor core. Therefore, the weight of the vehicle has a more direct effect on the energy response of the polymeric film than would be the case with piezoelectrics, with there being less concern about the inflation of the tires, the road surface, and/or other variables.  
         [0029]     According to the present invention, multiple polymeric film sensors are layered to form a pad or fabric. Forming such a pad is an improvement over prior art types of active arrays, because the pad or fabric can be more easily incorporated into any number of applications.  
         [0030]     It is preferred that the pad  26  comprise a structure of ten layers of R-series ribbon sensors into the tire. By applying changing forces (F) on the tire and when the force/area (F/A) is in the linear region, the output voltage (V) is calculated as:  
         V   =       1   C     *   Sq   *   P       ,       
 
 where: 
 
         [0031]     C is the total capacitance (pF/cm 2 ) of the sensor;  
         [0032]     Sq is the sensitivity (pC/N)  
         [0033]     When the force (F) is expressed as pressure,  
       P   =       F   A     ⁢           ⁢     (     N     cm   2       )           
 
         [0034]      FIG. 2  illustrates a top view of one embodiment of a vehicle according to the present invention. In  FIG. 2 , there is a vehicle  50 . The vehicle  50  as shown has a plurality of tires  52 . The tires  52  are electrically connected to current transfer cables  54  which are electrically connected to a main controlling unit  62  that can include a current amplifier. It should be appreciated that the voltage produced is at a relatively high level, certainly higher than the 12 volts normally associated with a vehicle battery. There is also a main battery  60  electrically connected to the control unit  62 . An electric motor  58  is shown which can include a gear box and drive shafts  56 . Preferably, the vehicle  50  uses a brush-type current pick-up system. It is to be understood that the present invention contemplates numerous types of electrical systems can be used as may be most appropriate for a particular application.  
         [0035]     In the above described four-tire system, the theoretical voltage and current generated can be calculated. A car of 2,000 kg with a tire pressure of 2.2 bar and a speed of 60 km/h, the voltage V generated by its tires in one second will be 38,720 (see table below).  
                                                 NO.   DATA                                1   CAR MASS kg   2,000       2   TIRE PRESSURE bar   2.2       3   CONTACT PATCH AREA cm2   227.3       4   TIRE WIDE cm   18       5   CONTACT PATCH LENGTH cm   12.63       6   CAPACITANCE pF/cm2   30       7   SENSITIVITY pC/N   100       8   VOLTAGE/CONTACT PATCH v   7.333       9   AMPERES/CONTACT PATCH a   0.083       10   VOLTAGE/E-TIRE v   73.33       11   AMPERES/E-TIRE a   .83       12   VOLTAGE/CAR v   293.3       13   AMPERES/CAR a   3.321       14   CAR SPEED km/h   60       15   TIRE PERIMETER cm   150       16   TIRE SPINNING/SEC   11.11       17   CONTACT PATCHES/TIRE   11.88       18   CONTACT PATCHES/SEC   132       19   VOLTAGE/TIRE/SEC v   968       20   VOLTAGE/E-TIRE/SEC v   9680       21   VOLTAGE/CAR./SEC v   38720                  
 
         [0036]      FIG. 3  is a pictorial representation showing the methodology of the present invention. In  FIG. 3 , pressure is exerted against a pad  80  resulting in a change in thickness of the layers  81  as they compress together due to voids  82  between the layers. This results in an electrical charge or voltage between nodes  84  and  86 . Thus, electrical current is generated through the pressure and motion applied by the vehicle on the polymeric film pad introduced in the tire. The present invention can be used with any vehicle that relies on wheels for primary movement. The tire is fitted with a radial pad. The pad is preferably based on a polymeric film which generates AC electrical current whenever pressure is applied to it. The mass of the vehicle exerts pressure on the tires hence pressure on the pad. This in turn generates AC electrical current.  
         [0037]     Through the constant rotation of the wheel, even flow of AC electrical current is generated. The amount of current generated is directly proportional to the ground contact patch area of the tire (where the vehicle mass and the tire pressure apply) and the velocity of the vehicle. An increased velocity results in increased tire rotations. The greater the vehicle&#39;s velocity, the more current generated. The resulting AC current is then transferred through a simple wiring system from the tire to the wheel where it is amplified and converted to DC and finally to the vehicle where it is to be controlled.  
         [0038]      FIG. 4  illustrates another embodiment of the present invention. In  FIG. 4 , a vehicle  100  is shown. The vehicle shown is a golf cart. The golf cart includes a vehicle body  1  of  2  having a plurality of tires  104 . The present invention provides for any number types of vehicles, the golf cart  100  shown in  FIG. 4  is one variation. In addition to use in golf carts, the present invention contemplates use in other types of vehicles, including electric or hybrid cars, medical equipment such as wheelchairs or scooters, toys such as remote control cars, and other devices. It should be appreciated that any electric vehicle with tires can be retrofitted to use the tires of the present invention. In these and other applications, the energy generated from the tires need not be the only source of energy, although it is preferable that it is.  
         [0039]      FIG. 5  illustrates another embodiment of the present invention, where a smart material is used. In  FIG. 5 , a layer of elastomer  112  and a layer of smart material  114  sandwich a plurality of coils  116 . Various types of smart materials  114  can be used. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/338,256 filed Jan. 24, 2006 entitled SMART MATERIAL is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/646,265 entitled SONIC HOMOGENIZED SMART MATERIAL is also incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.  
         [0040]     The smart material  114  preferably includes a powderized form of an electroactive material and even more preferably is formed from a homogenized mixture of a magnetostrictive material and a conductive liquid. The magnetostrictive material may be, for example, TerFemol-D (Tb 3 Dy 7 Fe), but may be of other types. The conductive liquid may be a polymeric foam, rubber, or other elastomer. Instead of magnetostrictive materials, electroactive materials such as powderized electroceramic materials may be used. The smart material is preferably homogenized, such as may be achieved through sonic homogenization. The smart material is also preferably polarized.  
         [0041]     Pressure on the smart material  114  results in the release of electrical energy. The coils  116  are used to harvest this resulting electrical energy. The coils  116  are electrically connected to a circuit so that the electrical energy can be stored, conditioned, converted, and/or transformed into a form appropriate for use. For example, the voltage signal can be rectified to produce DC voltage.  
         [0042]      FIG. 6  illustrates a tire  120  which incorporates an energy producing structure  110 . Note connecting wires  124  and  122  connect the coil to a central location such as to a rectifier  126 . DC current can then be transmitted through connection  128 . There is a connection joint  130  for connecting the wiring from the tire to the wiring of the rim.  
         [0043]      FIGS. 7 and 8  illustrate another embodiment of the present invention wherein the energy is provided from movement associated with footwear such as boots. As shown in  FIG. 7 , an energy producing structure  206  is incorporated into a boot. The energy producing structure  206  may be the same as that shown in  FIG. 5  but sized and shaped to fit the boot. As a person walks or runs, energy is produced by the pressure of the boot against the ground. The energy may then be collected from the smart material by the coils and transferred. A connection  210  is shown. This connection can connect to a battery or device to provide electrical energy. As shown in  FIG. 7 , the boot  200  has a sole  204  with an energy producing structure  206  connected above, integrated into, or otherwise connected to the sole  204 .