Abstract:
The present invention provides an improved device for the removal of hair from hairbrushes. In a particular embodiment, the device of the invention itself is both cheap, transportable and disposable.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 62/053,042, filed on Sep. 19, 2014, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This invention relates to the field of devices and techniques for removing accumulated hair, and associated hair products and by-products, from hairbrushes. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Hairbrushes of a variety of designs and materials are ubiquitous in modern society. All hairbrushes suffer from the need for periodic cleaning to remove accumulated hair, as well as accumulated and trapped hair care products, hair care product residues, and other extraneous matter. The need to periodically clean hairbrushes is especially important and frequent for users who have long hair or hair that is especially brittle or hair in the process of thinning. Most people have between 100,000 and 150,000 hairs on their head, and on average, about 100 are lost daily (more if a person suffers from progressive hair thinning). Many of these hairs that are lost daily become trapped in hairbrushes during normal grooming. 
         [0004]    Frequent hair grooming is essential to maintaining hair in the healthiest state. Most people brush or comb their hair at least once per day. Normal biological processes produce sebaceous oils that coat the hair shafts as they grow. A variety of consumer hair care products exist, including shampoos, conditioners, coloring products, volume enhancers, mousses, gels, pomades, and sprays. These products additionally coat the hair with varying amounts of a variety of materials, such as polymers, surfactants, humectants, alcohols, synthetic and natural waxes and oils, perfumes and dyes. Residues from these various products inevitably accumulate on the hair strands that become trapped in the bristles of a hairbrush through repeated use. As these material accumulate on the hair in a hairbrush, they may undergo further chemical reactions, such as oxidation and photo-degradation. In addition, the trapped hair and associates residues may be a site of growth of fungal, bacterial, or other parasitic infestation (e.g., lice). It is important in maintaining healthy hair that a hairbrush be periodically cleaned to remove the accumulated hairs and their associated residues. Furthermore, the more hair that accumulates in the brush, the less effective the brush becomes. 
         [0005]    A variety of different hairbrushes are currently marketed to consumers. The most common are cushion brushes, paddle brushes, round brushes and combs. Each type of brush is available with bristles of a variety of designs and materials. Common bristle materials include Boar bristle, horsehair, synthetic polymers (e.g., nylon) and stainless steel. Hairbrushes also differ in the spacing or density of the bristles. Some brushes have widely spaced bristles and others have very closely spaced bristles. Specialized hairbrushes also exist for common companion animals, including dogs, cats and horses. 
         [0006]    Several common methods are known to the consumer public for removing hair from hairbrushes. Many consumers use household items such as tweezers, scissors, pens or pencils, cotton swabs, old toothbrushes or combs to attempt to remove trapped hairbrush hair. Thorough removal of hair from a hairbrush is both tedious and time-consuming. For consumers with long hair, it can be an especially difficult process. Typically, only a portion of the trapped hair can be effectively removed. 
         [0007]    A few commercial products exist that are aimed at assisting consumers, and especially hair care professionals, in removing hair trapped from their hairbrushes. It is especially important for commercial hair care professionals to be able to rapidly, efficiently and completely remove hair from hair brushes so as to ensure the availability of clean, hair-free brushes for each customer. These products include small hand-held devices with a multitude of sharp metal prongs, such that the prongs can be drawn across the face of the hairbrush, thus snagging and pulling on individual hairs trapped in the hairbrush (e.g., the hairbrush cleaner tool, item 636, of the Fuller Brush Company). Another example is the Denman hairbrush cleaner, which employs a flat plastic handle with short closely spaced bristles positioned perpendicularly to the handle. Like the Fuller device, the Denman device is used by dragging the bristles of the cleaning device through the bristles of the hairbrush, thus snagging and pulling on trapped hairs. Another device is the Scalpmaster Brush/Comb Cleaner of the Burmax Company. This device employs a freely rotating shaft with bristles set within a plastic housing attached to a handle. Like the aforementioned devices, this device is used by dragging the bristled portion across the face of a hairbrush or comb. 
         [0008]    Hairbrush cleaning devices are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,564,721; 3,147,501; 3,377,646; 3,470,575; 3,805,318; 4,084,282; 5,533,229; 5,960,510; 8,732,893 and D573,755. These patents disclose a variety of hairbrush cleaning devices, most of which are large, cumbersome, inefficient or complicated devices. U.S. Pat. No. 3,147,501, for instance, discloses a self-contained, power-operated device that employs a reciprocating rockably mounted comb attached to an internal electric motor. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,805,318, 5,533,229, and 8,732,893 disclose devices that operate using a vacuum source (e.g., an attached vacuum cleaner) to forcefully suck hair and other matter from the bristles of the hairbrush. U.S. Pat. No. 4,084,282 discloses a hand-held motorized tool much like a full-sized cylindrical hairbrush mounted on a motor, the bristles of the device able to intertwine with the bristles of the target hairbrush, thus transferring the hair from the one set of bristles to the other. Each of these devices suffer from one or more of the following disadvantages: the need for an external power source (e.g., an AC outlet to plug into), the need for a second external device (e.g., a vacuum cleaner), an inefficient mechanism of action, or a large size that is inconvenient to transportability. 
         [0009]    Other inventions aimed at solving the present problem do so by way of mechanically complicated hairbrushes with internal hair removal mechanisms (so called, “self-cleaning” hairbrushes). See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,737,936; 7,316,045; and 7,908,700; US Patent Publication 2013/0206183; WO publication 2014/084569. 
         [0010]    The majority of present devices, both those commonly used in a household (e.g., tweezers, toothbrushes, combs) and specialized devices, have the added problem that the device merely transfers the hair from the hairbrush to the device. The user must then manually remove the accumulated hair from the cleaning device itself, which can require the further use of another cleaning device. 
         [0011]    Thus, there is currently a need for an improved device designed to remove hair from hairbrushes in a cost-effective and time-efficient manner. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0012]    The present invention provides an improved device for the removal of hair from hairbrushes. In a particular embodiment, the device of the invention itself is both cheap, transportable and disposable. 
         [0013]    The present invention is a device comprising a solid or hollow cylindrical member that is capable, upon rotation of the cylindrical member, of snagging, pulling or entangling the hair trapped within the bristles of a hairbrush. In some embodiments, the device consists substantially of the solid or hollow cylindrical member. 
         [0014]    In one embodiment, the device of the invention comprises at least one hook or projection attached to the cylindrical member that is capable of entangling at least one hair within the hairbrush. Once the first hair becomes entangled, the continuing rotation of the member will cause such hair to become wrapped around the cylindrical member, further entangling additional hairs. Thus the hook, which may be perpendicular or co-linear with the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical member, serves as an initial hooking mechanism to entangle the hair of the hairbrush. The first hair grasped or engaged by the device of the invention may be grasped or engaged while the cylindrical member is stationary or rotating, but further entanglement is ensured by rotation of the member. 
         [0015]    In one embodiment, the present invention comprises a solid or hollow cylindrical member with its circumferential surface partially or fully covered by a plurality of projections (e.g., bristles, hooks, spikes, prongs), the projections capable, upon rotation of the cylindrical member, of snagging, pulling or entangling the hair trapped within the bristles of a hairbrush. Once the first hair becomes entangled, the continuing rotation of the cylindrical member will cause such hair to become wrapped around the member, further entangling additional hairs. In one embodiment, the entire circumferential surface of the cylindrical member is covered by such projections. In another embodiment, some terminal portion of the cylindrical member (e.g., the terminal 10 mm of the cylindrical member) is free of projections, enabling the user to grasp the device of the invention without encountering the bristles. 
         [0016]    In another embodiment, the present invention comprises a solid or hollow cylindrical member with its circumferential surface partially or fully covered with an adhesive material or an abrasive material. Such adhesive material would be capable of snagging and entangling hairs from a hairbrush by virtue of its stickiness, while such abrasive material (e.g., sandpaper-like) would be capable of snagging and entangling hairs by virtue of its roughness (high coefficient of friction). 
         [0017]    In another embodiment, some terminal portion of the cylindrical member of the device of the invention (e.g., the terminal 10 mm of the cylindrical member) is free of projections, adhesive or abrasive material, enabling the user to grasp the device of the invention without encountering such projections, adhesive or abrasive material. 
         [0018]    In a preferred embodiment, the device of the invention is sized such that it can conveniently be inserted along its longitudinal axis into the space between the bristles of a hairbrush. In other words, the diameter and length of the device enables it to be inserted along its longitudinal axis into the space between the bristles of a hairbrush, although the user my find it convenient to insert the device of the invention at a variety of angles into the hairbrush in order to most effectively entrap and remove the hair within. 
         [0019]    In a preferred embodiment, at one end of the cylindrical member of the device of the invention is fitted a structure capable of attachment to a means for rotation. Preferably, where the cylindrical member contains a terminal portion free of bristles, said structure is located at the end of the cylindrical member that is free of bristles, in order to allow easier grasping of the device of the invention while attaching it to the means for rotation. The means for rotation may be simply a handle, or it may be a more elaborate hand-powered means for rotation, or it may be an electrically-powered means for rotation. 
         [0020]    In some embodiments, the device of the invention may require an adapter in order to be attached to a hand-powered or electrically-powered means for rotation. 
         [0021]    By separating the means for rotation from the device of the invention, the great benefit is achieved that the device of the invention itself is small, cheap and disposable. A consumer can expend one device with each cleaning of a hairbrush, while retaining for future use whatever means for rotation (and optionally adapter) that is chosen for use, whether the means for rotation is manual or powered). In addition, the consumer has the flexibility to change the means of rotation used without having to acquire new or different devices of the invention. 
         [0022]    In some embodiments, the device of the invention may be used to remove human hair or animal hair from hair brushes, e.g., dog, cat or horse hair from grooming brushes. In other embodiments, the device of the invention may be used to remove natural or synthetic hair-like substances from brush-like devices, for example, devices that accumulate natural or synthetic fibers during the course of manufacture of said fibers or manufacture of products (e.g., clothing) containing such fibers. 
         [0023]    In another aspect, the present invention includes a method of removing hair from a hairbrush that comprises rotating a device comprising a rotating part that is capable, upon rotation of such part, of snagging, pulling or entangling the hair that is trapped within a brush for grooming of hair (e.g., a hairbrush). Such a method may comprise the steps of attaching said device to a means for rotation, inserting the device into a brush for grooming hair, and, by causing the rotatable part of the device to rotate, entangling and removing the hair from the hair brush, removing the device from the hairbrush, removing the device from the means for rotation, and then optionally either cleaning the trapped hair off of the device or discarding the device. 
         [0024]    Further areas of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the preferred embodiment of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0025]    The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
           [0026]      FIG. 1  shows various embodiments of the device of the invention. 
           [0027]      FIG. 2  shows the use of a device of the invention with a means for rotation and/or an adaptor that connects to the means for rotation. 
           [0028]      FIG. 3  shows the manner of use of the device of the invention. 
           [0029]      FIG. 4  shows the result of using the device of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0030]    The following description of the preferred embodiment(s) is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses. 
         [0031]    The present invention is a device comprising a solid or hollow cylindrical member that is capable, upon rotation of the cylindrical member, of snagging, pulling or entangling the hair trapped within the bristles of a hairbrush. In some embodiments, the device consists substantially of the solid or hollow cylindrical member. 
         [0032]      FIG. 1  shows various embodiments of the device of the invention. In one embodiment, the device of the invention comprises at least one hook  11  or projection  10  attached to the cylindrical member that is capable of entangling at least one hair within the hairbrush. Once the first hair becomes entangled, the continuing rotation of the cylindrical member will cause such hair to become wrapped around the member, further entangling additional hairs. Thus, for example, the hook  11 , which may be perpendicular or co-linear with the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical member, serves as an initial hooking mechanism to entangle the hair of the hairbrush. In a particular embodiment, the cylindrical member of the device of the invention is a straight, long, thin shaft with a hook at its end, as shown in device  3 . In another particular embodiment the cylindrical member is a long, thin shaft comprising one or more bends, kinks or twists along its length (for example, device  4 ), and such bends, kinks, or twists serve as the initial hooking mechanism. In a particular embodiment, the cylindrical member has a spiral or corkscrew shape. In another embodiment, the cylindrical member of the device itself has a plurality of knobs, ridges or rises  9  on its surface that can act to help entangle hair (for example, device  1 , shown in cross-section). 
         [0033]    In one embodiment, the present invention comprises a solid or hollow cylindrical member with its circumferential surface partially or fully covered by a plurality of projections  10  (e.g., bristles, hooks, spikes, prongs), the projections capable, upon rotation of the cylindrical member, of snagging, pulling or entangling the hair trapped within the bristles of a hairbrush. Once the first hair becomes entangled, the continuing rotation of the cylindrical member will cause such hair to become wrapped around the device, further entangling additional hairs. For example, in  FIG. 1 , such embodiments include devices  2 ,  6 , and  7 . In one embodiment, the entire circumferential surface of the cylindrical member of the device of the invention is covered by such projections (as in device  6 ). 
         [0034]    In another embodiment, the present invention comprises a solid or hollow cylindrical member with its circumferential surface partially or fully covered with an adhesive material or an abrasive material (for example, device  8 ). Such adhesive material would be capable of snagging and entangling hairs from a hairbrush by virtue of its stickiness, while such abrasive material (e.g., sandpaper-like) would be capable of snagging and entangling hairs by virtue of its roughness (high coefficient of friction). 
         [0035]    In another embodiment, some terminal portion of the cylindrical member of the device of the invention (e.g., the terminal 10 mm of the cylindrical member) is free of projections, enabling the user to grasp the cylindrical member without encountering the bristles. For example, in devices  7  and  8 , the region  14  is free of projections or adhesive/abrasive material. 
         [0036]    The device of the invention may consist of one or more component parts connected together in a way as to form the entire device of the invention. For example, the cylindrical member of the device of the invention may consist of a solid or hollow cylindrical core to which the surface covered with a plurality of projections is attached by an adhesive mechanism. 
         [0037]    In a preferred embodiment, the device of the invention is sized such that it can conveniently be inserted along its longitudinal axis into the space between the bristles of a hairbrush. For example, the cylindrical member of the device of the invention may have an external diameter, including any surface projections, of from 0.25 mm to 15 mm, preferably from about 1 mm to 15 mm, more preferably from about 3 mm to about 12 mm, more preferably from about 4 mm to about 10 mm, still more preferably from about 5 mm to about 10 mm, and most preferably from about 6 mm to about 8 mm; and a length of from about 5 mm to about 200 mm, preferably from about 5 mm to about 100 mm, more preferably from about 5 mm to about 50 mm, more preferably from about 10 mm to about 40 mm, and most preferably from about 20 mm to about 40 mm. 
         [0038]    In a particular embodiment, wherein the cylindrical member of the device of the invention consists essentially of a long, thin shaft, optionally containing a hook at one end, wherein the shaft is optionally straight, kinked, twisted, spiral or contains one or more bends, the device of the invention has a diameter of the shaft of about 0.25 to 2 mm, preferably 0.5 to 1 mm, and a length of 20 to 200 mm, preferably 40 to 100 mm, still more preferably 50 to 75 mm. Where such device contains a hook at one end, said hook extends radially to a distance of 0.1 to 10 mm, preferably 0.2 to 5 mm, and more preferably 0.4 to 3 mm. 
         [0039]    The device of the invention may be made of any suitable material, including but not limited to, one or more of: metal (e.g. aluminum, titanium, iron, copper, tin, silver, nickel, or any mixtures or alloys thereof), synthetic polymers or plastics (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylonitrile, nylon), and natural polymers (e.g., cellulose). Synthetic polymers can include straight-chain or branched polymers, high- or low-density polymers, semi-synthetic polymers, and polymers comprised of different monomeric units (e.g., copolymers). Any such polymers may comprise additional chemical additives such as what are known to those skilled in the art, including but not limited to, plasticizers, dyes, anti-oxidants, and coatings. Natural and semi-synthetic polymers may have the added benefit of being biodegradable. 
         [0040]    In a preferred embodiment, the device of the invention is made of polyethylene or polypropylene. 
         [0041]    The device of the invention may also be made of more than one material, consisting as it may of components attached to each other by means known to those skilled in the art, such as by the use of adhesive materials. In such embodiments, the different materials may be chosen for their different properties. For example, a cylindrical core may be constructed of a material with high strength and little or no flexibility, while an outer layer containing any hooks or projections or adhesive or abrasive may be constructed of a material with higher flexibility and less strength. 
         [0042]    In a preferred embodiment, at one end the cylindrical member of the device of the invention is fitted with a structure capable of attachment to a means for rotation. Such means for rotation may be, for example, a shaft attached to a handle (e.g., a screwdriver-type handle  15 ), whereby a user could grasp said handle and thereby insert the device of the invention between the bristles of the hairbrush, and upon manual rotation of the handle, the device of the invention will snag, pull or entangle the hair trapped in the hairbrush, enabling removal of said hair. Preferably, where the cylindrical member of the device of the invention contains a terminal portion free of bristles, said structure is located at the end of the cylindrical member that is free of bristles, in order to allow easier grasping of the device of the invention while attaching it to the means for rotation. The mechanism by which the device of the invention attaches to the means for rotation can be any of those commonly found in the mechanical arts including, but not limited to, couplings (e.g., shaft couplings, sleeve couplings), screw-and-thread fittings, male and female tapered fittings (e.g., slip tip), tongue-in-groove fittings, or slotted fittings. In some embodiments, the device of the invention attaches to the means for rotation in like manner to a slotted, Phillips head, square-head or hex-head or other screwdriver attaching to the corresponding screw. As shown in  FIG. 2 , in some embodiments, the device of the invention  18  is attached to an adaptor  17 , and the adaptor is attached to the means for rotation (e.g., a means for rotation such as  16 ). 
         [0043]    In another embodiment, the means for rotation is a hand-powered means for rotation, such as a bow drill, a hand drill, a push drill or other drill using a spiral ratchet mechanism. In some embodiments, the means for rotation operates by a mechanism in which the user creates non-rotational motion that the means for rotation converts to rotational motion at the point of attachment of the adaptor, if there be one, or the device of the invention. 
         [0044]    In another embodiment, the means for rotation is an electrically-powered means for rotation, such as a battery-powered or AC-powered drill (as depicted in  FIG. 2 ,  16 ) or drill-like device (e.g., a powered screwdriver). 
         [0045]    In some embodiments, the device of the invention may require an adapter in order to be attached to a hand-powered or electrically-powered means for rotation. For example, in order to use any drill with a chuck, e.g. the standard 3-jaw chuck, the device of the invention would be attached using an adapter which at one end secures the device of invention, and at the other end consists of a metal or plastic shank of hexagonal cross-section. In some embodiments, the device of the invention may be used with a universal adapter, i.e., one that can allow attachment of the device of the invention to a variety of means for rotation. 
         [0046]    By separating the means for rotation (e.g.,  16 ) from the device of the invention (e.g.,  18 ), the great benefit is achieved that the device of the invention itself is small, cheap and disposable. A consumer can expend one device with each cleaning of a hairbrush, while retaining for future use whatever means for rotation is chosen (whether it be manual or powered). In addition, the consumer has the flexibility to change the means of rotation used without having to acquire new or different devices of the invention. 
         [0047]    In certain embodiments of the invention, the device of the invention is sold to a consumer packaged along with a manual handle-type means for rotation, and/or along with one or more adapters capable of attaching the device of the invention to various hand-powered or electrically-powered means for rotation. 
         [0048]    In some embodiments, the device of the invention may be used to remove human hair or animal hair from hair brushes, e.g., dog, cat or horse hair from grooming brushes, as shown in  FIG. 3 . In other embodiments, the device of the invention may be used to remove natural or synthetic hair-like substances from brush-like devices, for example, devices that accumulate natural or synthetic fibers during the course of manufacture of said fibers or manufacture of products (e.g., clothing) containing such fibers. 
         [0049]    In another aspect, the present invention includes a method of removing hair from a hairbrush that comprises inserting into a brush for grooming of hair (e.g., a hairbrush,  19 ) a device (for example, a device of the invention  20 ) comprising a rotating part that is capable, upon rotation of such part, of snagging, pulling or entangling the hair that is trapped within the brush, and causing said part of the device to rotate. This method is demonstrated in  FIG. 4 , wherein the device is a device of the invention  20 . Such a method may comprise the steps of: attaching said device  20  to a means for rotation, inserting the device into a brush  19  for grooming hair, causing the cylindrical member of the device to rotate, thus entangling and removing the hair  21  that is trapped within the bristles  22  of the hair brush, then causing the cylindrical member to stop rotating, and removing the device from the hairbrush. As shown in  FIG. 4 , the result is that the hair removed from the hairbrush  23  is now wrapped around the cylindrical member of the device  24 . The method may further comprise the steps of separating the device from the means for rotation, and then, optionally, either cleaning the trapped hair off of the device or discarding the device. Preferably, a user may move the cylindrical member of the device about within the hairbrush while causing it to rotate, thus ensuring that most or all of the hair trapped in the hairbrush becomes entangled on the device and removed. A user may also reverse the order of some of the steps described above. For example, the method may be practiced by first causing the cylindrical member to start rotating, and then inserting the device into a brush for grooming hair. Similarly, the method may be practiced by removing the device from the brush and then causing the cylindrical member to stop rotating. 
         [0050]    In a particular embodiment, the device used in the above described method, in any of its embodiments, is a device of the present invention. 
         [0051]    In all embodiments of the present invention, the cylindrical member of the device of the invention undergoes active rotation in its operation at the direction of the user, rather than passive rotation, as would occur if a freely rotatable cylindrical device were to be brushed across the surface of a hairbrush. 
         [0052]    As used herein, the term “circumferential surface” of a cylinder refers to the outward facing surface along the long axis of the cylinder, that surface which is distinct from the two circular surfaces that form the ends of the cylinder. 
         [0053]    As used herein, “cylinder” and “cylindrical” include the traditional right circular cylinder, as well as variations of such, including tapered cylinders in which the two circles that form the opposite ends of the cylinder are of different radii, and shapes substantially resembling cones, as by progressively shrinking the radius of one end of a cylinder. In addition, “cylinder” and “cylindrical” also embrace shapes substantially similar to cylinders whose cross-section is an ellipse, a triangle, or square, a rectangle, a pentagon, a hexagon, or any other regular or irregular polygon. In addition, “cylinder” embraces the shapes described above across the entire range of length-to-diameter ratios that can be envisioned, from those that are very short and wide (e.g., with a length-to-diameter ratio of about 1 or less), to those that are very long and thin (e.g., with a length-to-diameter ratio of greater than 1, or greater than 5, or greater than 10, or greater than 50, or greater than 100, or greater than 1000). 
         [0054]    As used herein, the term “diameter” refers to the largest cross-sectional diameter. For a radially symmetrical cross-section (e.g., a circle), there is only one such diameter. For a non-radially symmetrical cross-section (e.g., an ellipse or a regular polygon), there is more than one such diameter, and the term “diameter” as used herein is to refer to the largest of such diameters. For example, for an elliptical cross-section, the diameter thereof, as used herein, is the major axis (or transverse diameter), while for a hexagonal cross-section, the diameter thereof, as used herein, is the distance between opposite vertices. 
         [0055]    As used herein, “rotation” refers to axial rotation. As applied to, for example, the cylindrical member of the device of the invention, axial rotation refers to rotation about the long axis of the member. Rotation may refer to continuous or intermittent rotation, and may refer to clockwise or counterclockwise rotation, or a combination thereof. For example, the means for rotation may cause the cylindrical member of the device of the rotation to rotate in a certain sequence (e.g., two rotations clockwise then one rotation counterclockwise, repeating; or any other sequence). 
         [0056]    As used throughout, ranges are used as shorthand for describing each and every value that is within the range. Any value within the range can be selected as the terminus of the range. In addition, all references cited herein are hereby incorporated by referenced in their entireties. In the event of a conflict in a definition in the present disclosure and that of a cited reference, the present disclosure controls.