Abstract:
The invention provides an electronic device that includes a first functional body, a second functional body, and at least one connection member connecting the first functional body to the second functional body. The at least one connection member has a spiral pattern, and is suspended in air to allow tor stretching, flexing or compressing.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US2015/068038 filed on Dec. 30, 2015, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/099,324, filed on Jan. 2, 2015. The entire content of these disclosures are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This application relates to deformable electronic devices, particularly, to spiral-shaped electrical interconnects to be used in island-interconnect deformable electronic devices. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of deformable electronic devices, which are emerging as an attractive and promising new technology. Such electronics can be incorporated into wearable devices, such as flexible displays, stretchable circuits, hemispherical electronic eyes, and epidermal devices, to name a few. With deformable electronics, devices can be made to fit into a variety of physical spaces without the standard geometric constraints of non-deformable electronic devices. Indeed, such devices may be developed on the nano-, micro-, centi-, or meter level scale for various applications. 
         [0004]    Many methods have been utilized to form deformable electronic devices and there are generally two conventional approaches. The first approach is to use organic materials that are intrinsically stretchable to form the electronic devices; however, such organic materials are undesirable for use in high-performance electronics because they have low electrical mobility (i.e., ability for charged particles to move through a medium in response to an electric field). The second approach utilizes an “island-interconnect” structure where multiple inorganic electronic devices are each placed on a rigid island (e.g., substrate) and electrically connected by interconnects that are stretchable, thus making the entire island-interconnect system stretchable. The island-interconnect structures are typically supported by elastomeric substrates, and recent developments in foldable electronics utilize the concept of paper folding (i.e., origami) to increase the flexibility and deformability of the resulting structures. Indeed, one major objective is to improve the flexibility and deformability of stretchable electronic devices to allow them to be used in an even wider variety of applications than was previously possible. With the island-interconnect method, known interconnects are patterned to form a serpentine shape or a semi-similar serpentine shape to improve deformability. The serpentine-based design utilizes the concept of kirigami (i.e., paper-cutting) to make non-straight lines from a two-dimensional plane, such that in-plane stretching is compensated by out-of-plane deformation. However, even the serpentine-based design is limited in its stretchability capacity. 
         [0005]    Accordingly, additional methods of forming interconnects that improve stretchability are desired, such that electronic devices with wide functionality and improved portability may be developed. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    To improve deformability of island-interconnect structures, the invention is directed to spiral-based interconnects, which are more stretchable than conventional serpentine-based interconnects. 
         [0007]    Accordingly, one aspect of the invention is directed to an electronic device which includes a first functional body, a second functional body, and at least one connection member connecting the first functional body to the second functional body, wherein the at least one connection member has a spiral pattern and is suspended in air to allow for stretching, flexing or compressing. 
         [0008]    Other aspects of the invention will become apparent by consideration of the detailed description and accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0009]    These and other features of the preferred embodiments of the invention will become more apparent in the detailed description in which reference is made to the appended drawings wherein: 
           [0010]      FIGS. 1(A)-1(C)  are top view drawings of three interconnect structure geometries according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0011]      FIGS. 2(A) -(C) are top view drawings of the three interconnect structure geometries illustrated in  FIGS. 1(A) -(C) showing exemplary dimensions for each according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0012]      FIGS. 3(A) -(C) are top view drawings of deformed and undeformed states of the three interconnect structures illustrated in  FIGS. 1(A) -(C); 
           [0013]      FIGS. 4(A) -(C) are graphs depicting the strain behavior of each of the three interconnect structures illustrated in  FIGS. 2(A) -(C); 
           [0014]      FIG. 5  is a top view drawing of a spiral interconnect structure according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0015]      FIG. 6(A)  is a top view drawing of a modified spiral interconnect structure according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0016]      FIG. 6(B)  is a graph depicting the strain behavior of the modified spiral interconnect structure of  FIG. 6(A) ; and 
           [0017]      FIGS. 7(A) -(B) are top view drawings of an island-interconnect structure formed of the spiral interconnect of  FIG. 1(C) , according to an embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0018]    Before any embodiments of the invention are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the following drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. 
         [0019]    The invention is directed generally to spiral-based interconnect geometries for use in island-interconnect deformable electronic devices. Deformable electronic devices typically include a plurality of individual electronic devices which are electrically connected by connection member(s), also known as interconnects. The connection members are electrically conductive so as to allow electrical signals to be conducted between the individual devices. The electronic devices are not particularly limited and may be, for example, energy storage and energy source devices (e.g., batteries, solar cells, and supercapacitors), consumer products (e.g., foldable displays, illumination devices, antenna, and foldable toys), and wearable electronics (e.g., health monitoring systems and communication systems). The interconnect geometries of the invention allow these products to be made more compact, portable and durable without sacrificing performance. 
         [0020]    As set forth herein, and without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that a spiral-shaped interconnect allows for increased stretchability of the island-interconnect device. It is believed that a uniform and small curvature in a spiral pattern used for the interconnect contributes to a greater stretchability. Instead of applying a periodic pattern to the design of the interconnect, a non-periodic pattern provides a higher degree of freedom during the design process, especially under certain extreme conditions. 
         [0021]    As set forth herein, the spiral interconnect geometries have a higher stretchability as compared to known serpentine-based interconnect geometries. The spiral interconnects are stretchable up to 250% under elastic deformation and up to 325% without failure. 
         [0022]    Exemplary in-plane shapes of three interconnect patterns (also referred to as “connection members”) are shown in  FIGS. 1(A) -(C) as follows: regular serpentine ( FIG. 1(A) ) self-similar serpentine ( FIG. 1(B) ) and Archimedean spiral structure  100  ( FIG. 1(C) ). The regular serpentine ( FIG. 1(A) ) has been extensively used in forming interconnects and is known in the art, and the self-similar serpentine pattern ( FIG. 1(B) ) has been recently studied. The Archimedean spiral structure  100  illustrated in  FIG. 1(C)  is the primary object of this invention. 
         [0023]    The interconnects of  FIGS. 1(A) -(C) may be formed from a material configured to withstand the imposed bending stress formed when adjacent and adjoined functional bodies are moved relative to one another to form a resulting electronic device. In one embodiment, the interconnect may include at least one flexible layer (not shown). For example, the interconnect can be formed of a relatively soft material, such as a polymer, gel, and the like. The polymer, for example, can be poly-para-xylylene or an electrically conductive polymer (Parylene-C, polyimide, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)). Alternatively, the interconnect can be formed of any conductive material known in the art suitable for use as a conductor, such as metals (e.g., copper, chromium, aluminum, gold, silver, iron, cobalt, titanium, etc.), nano fibers, conductive oxides (e.g., ZnO, indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO), ReO 3 , IrO 2 , CrO 2 , etc.), and positive temperature coefficient thermistors (PTC) and negative temperature coefficient thermistors (NTC). 
         [0024]    In another example, the interconnect can be formed from a plurality of layers, such as a first layer forming a top or bottom of the interconnect, or double layers on both the top and bottom of the interconnect, and/or multiple layers as necessary depending on the requirements of a particular application. 
         [0025]    Each of the geometries illustrated in  FIGS. 1  (A)-(C) may have any dimensions suitable for a particular use and known to one skilled in the art. In one exemplary embodiment illustrated in  FIGS. 2(A) -(C), each of the patterns are formed of an interconnect body  102  having a thickness (not shown) of about 1 micron and an interconnect body width (w) of about 40 microns. The radius (r) of the regular serpentine of  FIG. 2(A)  and the semi-similar serpentine of  FIG. 2(B)  is about 20 μm and 10 μm, respectively. The length (l) of each serpentine fold for the regular serpentine is about 310 microns, and lengths ( 1   1 , 1   2 ) of each serpentine fold for the self-similar serpentine are 235 microns and 580 microns, respectively. These dimensions are provided only by way of example and any dimensions suitable for a particular use or application may be used. 
         [0026]    In one exemplary embodiment, the Archimedean spiral structure  100  may be prescribed by an analytical function in the polar coordinate as r=A·θ q , wherein r is the radius of the spiral pattern. θ=[0, 3π], A is a geometrical pre-factor, and q is the power which determines the shape of the function. There is no limit on the value of variables A or q, which are related and which dictate the shape of the spiral pattern. In another exemplary embodiment, the Archimedean spiral structure  100  is prescribed by an analytical function in the polar coordinate as r=±60θ 1/1,7 , θ=[0,3π] wherein r is the radius of the spiral pattern. In one embodiment, the body width (w) of the spiral structure  100  is about 40 microns. In this way, all three patterns ( FIGS. 2(A) -(C)) have approximately the same span of about 1,000 μm in the x-direction, the same height of about 400 μm in the y-direction, and the same contour length of about 5,650 μm. In one embodiment where copper is used to form the interconnects, the Young&#39;s modulus E is 119 GPa, and the Poisson&#39;s ratio v is 0.34. Plasticity is considered and described by σ=Eε γ +E p ε p   n  with ε γ =0.3% as the yield strain, E p =530 MPa, and n=0.44. 
         [0027]    To compare the interconnect geometries of  FIGS. 2(A) -(C), a uniform criterion was developed. For a typical island-interconnect structure, at the unstrained state, the islands, also referred to as functional bodies, should occupy the majority of the in-plane area to increase the areal coverage. By way of example, a 2 mm×2 mm island and a 1 mm gap between islands may be utilized, where a 2 mm×2 mm island size is consistent with the size of some small conventional electronic chips and the areal coverage can achieve over 45%. As such, the area to be filled in by the interconnects, i.e., connection members, is 2 mm×1 mm. In this area, one interconnect or a plurality of interconnects may be used. Taking into consideration electrical conductivity of the resulting structure, the use of a plurality of interconnects is preferred since the breaking of one interconnect does not cause the electrical failure of the entire structure. Accordingly, in one embodiment, four identical interconnects are placed in the gap between each island and each interconnect occupies no more than 0.5 mm (height)×1 mm (width) of space. Another criterion to uniformly compare the stretchability among the different interconnects illustrated in  FIGS. 1(A) -(C) is that the same cross-sectional area and in-plane contour length for each island should be used, thus the electrical resistance among the different interconnects is kept consistent. 
         [0028]    To analyze the stretchability of each interconnect geometry illustrated in  FIGS. 2(A)-2(C) , a finite element analysis was performed using commercially available finite element analysis software, ABAQUS, manufactured by Dassault Systemes of Velizy-Villacoublay, France. A buckling analysis is carried out in order to obtain the first ten buckling modes, which are then imported with random weight factors as imperfections. During the analysis, 20-node quadratic elements with reduced integration (C3D2OR) are used and the mesh convergence is ensured. Next, a prescribed displacement force is applied to the rightmost end of each interconnect to stretch the interconnect while the leftmost end remains fixed. At a certain loading step, the prescribed displacement force is removed to ascertain whether the deformation is recoverable. 
         [0029]    The results of the stretchability tests are illustrated in  FIGS. 3(A) -(C). These figures show the elastic stretchability of each of the three patterns of  FIGS. 2(A) -(C) under the constraints of the same in-plane span and contour length. Here, elastic stretchability is defined as the critical strain at which the interconnect enters the plastic deformation zone, i.e., where the maximum equivalent strain exceeds the yield strain. The capability of restoration after the stretching force is removed was also analyzed. Thus, both the deformed state at the critical strain and the released state when the stretching force is removed are shown for each the three interconnect geometries, with the legend showing the equivalent plastic strain. To compare, the two states (deformed and released) of the interconnect at the halfway point of the critical strain are also provided, which is still within the elastic range and thus the deformation is fully recoverable. 
         [0030]    As shown in  FIGS. 3(A)-3(C) , the results clearly show that the Archimedean spiral structure  100  has the largest elastic stretchability, up to 200%, while the regular serpentine and the self-similar serpentine have 112% and 98% elastic stretchability, respectively. The illustrations of the deformed states show that in-plane stretching is accompanied by out-of-plane deformation (mainly twisting and bending) for each interconnect. In other words, the out-of-plane deformation compensates the in-plane deformation. Particularly for the Archimedean spiral structure  100 , the unfolding-like deformation occurs in order to compensate the in-plane stretching. From an application perspective, a low level out-of-plane deformation is desired in order to allow for denser stacking of the devices in the thickness direction. When the critical strain is released, the interconnect recovers almost to its undeformed shape, even when plastic deformation has already occurred. This is because, at the critical point or a little over the critical point, the regions that enter the plastic zone are very limited and the majority of the interconnect is still within the elastic domain. The plastic deformation is localized at the regions with large curvature. 
         [0031]    The strain behavior of each of the interconnect patterns tested above is provided in the graphs of  FIGS. 4(A) -(C). Here, the stretchability of each interconnect is defined as the critical strain at which the maximum value of the maximum principal strain exceeds the fracture strain, 1%.  FIGS. 4(A) -(C) also illustrate the out-of-plane deformation among these three interconnect patterns. The legend indicates the percentage of the materials with plastic deformation. Here, it is shown that the Archimedean spiral structure  100  still has the largest stretchability of up to 270%, while the other two serpentine structures have less stretchability at about 220%. The Archimedean spiral structure  100  had the highest level of out-of-plane deformation as the outer ring of the spiral rotated to compensate for the in-plane stretching, but the maximum out-of-plane deformation,  300  is within the range of the thickness of an island or device, which will not affect the stacking density in the vertical direction. As the legend shows, the percentage of plastic deformation is rather small, on the order of 1%, which indicates that the spiral structure  100  has a good capability of restoring to its undeformed state even after entering the plastic deformation zone. 
         [0032]    The comparisons set forth in  FIGS. 3(A) -(C) and  FIGS. 4(A) -(C) suggest that a uniform and small curvature to the interconnect pattern may contribute to a greater stretchability under the constraints of the same in-plane span and contour length. The regular and semi-similar serpentines ( FIGS. 1(A) and 1(B) , respectively) have zero curvature over their straight line segments, but large curvatures at the junctions between their straight lines. Because of design limitations for the serpentine-based structures, large curvatures arc needed to have a large areal filling ratio. Thus, the curvature for the serpentine based structure transforms from zero curvature to large curvature along its length, which results in lower stretchability. 
         [0033]    According to another embodiment, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , a modified spiral structure  102  is used to form an interconnect, where the curvature evolves smoothly along the contour length such that it is elongated. In one embodiment, the modified spiral structure has a polar angle varying from 0 to 3π. 
         [0034]    In another embodiment, two Archimedean spiral structures  100  are used to form an interconnect. To make the spiral-based structure more versatile so that it can better fit into a non-square area, a modified Archimedean spiral structure  100 ′ may be used, as illustrated in  FIG. 6(A) . Here, the ratio between the horizontal and vertical dimensions is adjusted to fit into a non-square area. The approach is to modify the original Archimedean spiral structure  100  by multiplying with a smooth approximation to a step function of θ in polar coordinate system and then inserting straight lines to fit the in-plane area. As set forth in  FIG. 6(A) , the interconnect body width (w) is 40 microns, and the length (l) of each fold is 300 microns, but any particular dimensions suitable for use in a particular application may be used. 
         [0035]    The stretchability of the modified Archimedean spiral structure  100 ′ was analyzed by applying a prescribed displacement force at one end while the other end is fixed, as set forth herein. The results of this stretchability test are provided in  FIG. 6(B) . The same legend as that used in  FIGS. 4(A) -(C) was used and the results for the original spiral structure  100  are marked on  FIG. 6(B) . Clearly, the graph shows that the modified Archimedean spiral structure  100 ′ is even more stretchable than the original spiral structure  100 , with over 250% elastic stretchability and 325% stretchability before fracture. The maximum out-of-plane displacement is about 450 which is an acceptable level. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the modified Archimedean spiral structure  100  is more stretchable because the newly added straight portions  104  allow the structure to more easily generate out-of-plane deformation without introducing large curvatures. 
         [0036]    In one aspect, the spiral structure  100  is coupled to and positioned between opposing functional bodies  700  to form an island-interconnect structure  702 , as illustrated in  FIG. 7(A) . In another embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 7(B) , two spiral structures  100  are used to form island-interconnect structure  702 ′. In an alternative embodiment, the island-interconnect structure  702  may be formed of a plurality of spiral structures  100 , each coupled to opposing functional bodies  700 . Each interconnect can thus be selectively movable between a fixed position, in which no relative movement between connected functional bodies  700  can be allowed, and a pliable position, in which relative movement between connected functional bodies  700  can be allowed. 
         [0037]    Although several embodiments of the invention have been disclosed in the foregoing specification, it is understood by those skilled in the art that many modifications and other embodiments of the invention will come to mind to which the invention pertains, having the benefit of the teaching presented in the foregoing description and associated drawings. It is thus understood that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed hereinabove, and that many modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, although specific terms are employed herein, as well as in the claims which follow, they are used only in a generic and descriptive sense, and not for the purposes of limiting the described invention, nor the claims which follow. 
         [0038]    Various features and advantages of the invention are set forth in the following claims.