Abstract:
This invention relates to a composition and procedure for manipulating the behaviour of the webbing clothes moth,  Tineola bisselliella  (Hummel) (Lepidoptera: Tineidae). In particular, this invention relates to the use of specific semiochemical and sonic signals for manipulating the behaviour of the webbing clothes moths. A composition of chemicals for manipulating the behaviour of clothes moths, said composition comprising two or more chemicals in all possible combinations and ratios selected from the group consisting of: 1) (E,Z)-2,13:octadecadienal; 2) (E,Z)-2,13:octadecadienol; 3) hexadecanoic acid methyl ester; 4) (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester; 5) nonanal; 6) geranylacetone; 7) octanal; 8) decanal; 9) nonenal; 10) octenal; 11) decenal.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a composition and procedure for manipulating the behaviour of the webbing clothes moth,  Tineola bisselliella  (Hummel) (Lepidoptera: Tineidae). In particular, this invention relates to the use of specific semiochemical and sonic signals for manipulating the behaviour of the webbing clothes moths. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Webbing clothes moths,  Tineola bisselliella  (Hum.) (Lepidoptera: Tineidae), invade and cause damage in households, textile and fur warehouses, and museums throughout the world (1-3). In temperate regions, they are economically important, causing hundreds of millions of dollars of damage in North America each year (4). 
       T. bisselliella  inhabits well-sheltered bird nests, dry corpses and animal lairs that are not exposed to direct light (5-7). Adults have vestigial mouthparts and do not cause damage. Larvae, however, feed year round on keratin contained in woollen goods, hair, feathers, and other animal-based products like clothing, rugs, and furniture (5). Exploratory feeding also damages synthetic textiles (8). 
     Pesticides are used to treat or prevent larval infestations of  T. bisselliella . Physical control methods include vacuum (3), repeated cooling and heating (9), and sanitation of potential infestation sites (2, 4). Use of naturally occurring chemicals for control of  T. bisselliella  is increasingly preferred by the public (4). These chemicals include feeding inhibitors, repellents, and plant-based insecticides (10, 11). There is no suitable method yet for detection of incipient infestations. 
     Semiochemicals (message-bearing chemicals) that attract  T. bisselliella  to larval habitat and intra-specific sexual communication signals have hardly been investigated. Larva and adult  T. bisselliella  are attracted to fishmeal, fish oil, and dried meat (12). Females select oviposition sites based on their physical stimuli (13), or volatiles (14). E2, Z13-Octadecadienal and E2-octadecenal are reported sex pheromone components of  T. bisselliella  (15), but these compounds are only moderately attractive (16, 17) and unreliable for practical control situations (T. Konicek, person. communication). 
     There are many patents listed in the patent database under the keyword  T. bisselliella  (scientific species name for webbing clothes moth) or misspellings thereof. Most of these patents are concerned with pesticides, reporting that insects including clothes moths are killed by active ingredient(s). These active ingredients are very different from the attractive semiochemicals claimed in the subject application. Other patents are concerned with pest control devices, such as U.S. Pat. No. 4,484,315 “Ultrasonic Pest Control Device” (20), or U.S. Pat. No. 4,616,351, “Pest Control Apparatus” (19), reporting the use of ultrasonic waves for control of pests, including clothes moths. The frequency of sonic waveforms as claimed for attraction and control of  T. bisselliella  in the subject application is in the audible low frequency range. Additional patents are concerned with chemicals that repel keratin-feeding pests including clothes moths. Diphenylurea and one synthetic pyrethroid (U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,539) (20), isoborneol (U.S. Pat. No. 4,845,131) (21), pyridyloxytrifluoromethanesulfonanilides (U.S. Pat. No. 4,731,090) (22), 5-pyridyloxy- or thiothenylcarbamoyl)barbituric acid (U.S. Pat. No. 4,602,912) (23), 5-phenylcarbamoylbarbituric acid (U.S. Pat. No. 4,283,444) (24), N′-alkyl-N′-(3,5-dimethylbenzoyl)-N-(substituted benzoyl)-hydrazine (U.S. Pat. No. 5,358,967) (25), phenoxytrifluoromethanesulfoanilides (U.S. Pat. No. 4,664,673) (26), and incense cedar associated with a multi-garment hanger device (U.S. Pat. No. 5,582,334) (27) are all claimed to protect keratinous material from attack by insects that feed on keratin. All these repellents are very different from the attractive semiochemicals claimed in this application. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     We reveal stimuli which singly or in combination attract male and female  T. bisselliella.  These stimuli include: 1. semiochemicals from larval habitat (mainly nonanal and geranylacetone) that attract males and females; 2. female-produced sex pheromone components [(E, Z)-2,13:octadecadienol and (E,Z)-2,13:octadecadienal] that attract males; 3. male-produced sex pheromone components (hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and Z9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester) that attract males and females; and 4. male-produced sonic signals (primary frequencies: 50+/−10 Hz; 70/+−10 Hz; 110+/−20 Hz; 140+/−20 Hz and their harmonics) that attract males and females. We further reveal that combinations of these signals result in a bait optimally attractive to male and female  T. bisselliella.    
     The essence of the invention is the preparation and implementation of these stimuli for manipulating the behaviour of  T. bisselliella.  Stimuli can be used in all possible combinations and ratios. Stimuli compositions can be contained in, and emitted from, slow release devices or sonic microchips. Devices can be held in traps to capture attracted male and female  T. bisselliella.  The invention can be used as a diagnostic tool to help decide whether and when control of insects that feed on fur, fabric and other keratin containing products is warranted and as a means for protection of fur, fabric and other keratin containing products. 
     The invention is directed to a composition of chemicals for manipulating the behaviour of clothes moths, said composition comprising two or more chemicals in all possible combinations and ratios selected from the group consisting of: 1) (E,Z)-2,13:octadecadienal; 2) (E,Z)-2,13:octadecadienol; 3) hexadecanoic acid methyl ester; 4) (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester; 5) nonanal; 6) geranylacetone; 7) octanal; 8) decanal; 9) nonenal; 10) octenal; 11) decenal. 
     The invention is also directed to a sonic signal for manipulating the behaviour of clothes moths, said signal comprising one or more frequencies in all possible combinations and ratios selected from the group consisting of: 1) 50+/−10 Hz; 2) 110+/−20 Hz; 3) 70+/−10 Hz; 4) 140+/−10 Hz; 5) 165+/−30; 6) 220+/−40; 7); 280+/−40 Hz. 
     The invention is also directed to a combination of chemical and sonic signals for manipulating the behaviour of clothes moths, said combination comprising a composition of two or more chemicals in all combinations and ratios selected from the group consisting of: 1) (E,Z)-2,13:octadecadienal; 2) (E,Z)-2,13:octadecadienol; 3) hexadecanoic acid methyl ester; 4) (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester; 5) nonanal; 6) geranylacetone; 7) octanal; 8) decanal; 9) nonenal; 10) octenal; 11) decenal, and a sonic signal of one or more frequencies in all combinations and ratios selected from the group consisting of: 1) 50+/−10 Hz; 2) 110+/−20 Hz; 3) 70+/−10 Hz; 4) 140+/−10 Hz; 5) 165+/−30; 6) 220+/−40; 7); 280+/−40 Hz. 
     The composition can be contained in, or released from, slow release devices. The composition can be contained in, and released from, a trap that captures attracted  T. bisselliella.    
     The signal can be generated by a sonic apparatus contained in or associated with a trap that captures attracted  T. bisselliella.  The sonic apparatus can be an electronically activated sonic microchip. 
     The invention is also directed to an apparatus for attracting clothes moths, said apparatus containing a composition comprising two or more chemicals in all possible combinations and ratios selected from the group consisting of: 1) (E,Z)-2,13:octadecadienal; 2) (E,Z)-2,13:octadecadienol; 3) hexadecanoic acid methyl ester; 4) (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester; 5) nonanal; 6) geranylacetone; 7) octanal; 8) decanal; 9) nonenal; 10) octenal; 11) decenal. 
     The apparatus of the invention can emit a sonic signal for manipulating the behaviour of clothes moths, comprising one or more frequencies in all possible combinations and ratios selected from the group consisting of: 1) 50+/−10 Hz; 2) 110+/−20 Hz; 3) 70+/−10 Hz; 4) 140+/−10 Hz; 5) 165+/−30; 6) 220+/−40; 7); 280+/−40 Hz. 
     The apparatus for attracting clothes moths can contain a combination of chemical and sonic signals for manipulating the behaviour of clothes moths, said combination comprising a composition of two or more chemicals in all combinations and ratios selected from the group consisting of: 1) (E,Z)-2,13:octadecadienal; 2) (E,Z)-2,13:octadecadienol; 3) hexadecanoic acid methyl ester; 4) (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester; 5) nonanal; 6) geranylacetone; 7) octanal; 8) decanal; 9) nonenal; 10) octenal; 11) decenal, and a sonic signal of one or more frequencies in all combinations and ratios selected from the group consisting of: 1) 50+/−10 Hz; 2) 110+/−20 Hz; 3) 70+/−10 Hz; 4) 140+/−10 Hz; 5) 165+/−30; 6) 220+/−40; 7); 280+/−40 Hz. The apparatus can contain an insect capturing adhesive. 
     The invention is also directed to a bait and trap for deployment in an area containing fur, fabric or other keratin containing products comprising a fur, fabric or other keratin feeding insect bait, said bait incorporating a composition of chemicals, or sonic signals, or a combination of a composition of chemicals and sonic signals according to the invention, and a trap which can have openings which can enable the insects to enter the trap and a barrier or retainer which can prevent the insects from leaving the trap. 
     The invention also pertains to a method of manipulating the behaviour of insects that feed on fur, fabric and other keratin containing products which comprises exposing the insects to one or more chemicals or sonic signals according to the invention. 
     The invention also pertains to a method of diagnosing whether protection of fur, fabric or other keratin containing products is warranted, comprising exposing the fur, fabric or other keratin containing product to a composition of one or more semiochemicals or sonic signals according to the invention and determining whether any fur, fabric or keratin containing products consuming insects are attracted by the composition of semiochemicals or the sonic signals. 
     The invention includes a method of protecting fur, fabric or other keratin containing product from attack by fur, fabric or other keratin containing product consuming insects by deploying proximate to the fur, fabric or other keratin containing product a composition of semiochemicals or sonic signals according to the invention. 
    
    
     DRAWINGS 
     Drawings illustrate specific embodiments of the invention, but should not be construed as restricting the spirit or scope of the invention in any way: 
     FIG. 1 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male  T. bisselliella  in traps baited with potential larval habitat. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates flame ionization detector (FID) and electroantennographic detector (EAD ♂: male  T. bisselliella  antenna; EAD ♀: gravid female  T. bisselliella  antenna) responses to 5 pelt-min of squirrel pelt volatile extract. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male  T. bisselliella  in traps baited with natural or synthetic volatiles from larval habitat. 
     FIG. 4 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male  T. bisselliella  in traps baited with the synthetic chemicals geranylacetone and nonanal or dried muskrat pelt. 
     FIG. 5 illustrates graphical data of responses by adult  T. bisselliella  to virgin male or female  T. bisselliella.    
     FIG. 6 illustrates flame ionization detector (FID) and electroantennographic detector (EAD: male  T. bisselliella  antenna) responses to one male equivalent of male  T. bisselliella  body. 
     FIG. 7 illustrates graphical data of captures of male, gravid female, or virgin female  T. bisselliella  in traps baited with synthetic male pheromone components. 
     FIG. 8 illustrates waveform (a), frequency (b), and time-frequency sound intensity (c) of wing-beat caused sonic signals recorded from male  T. bisselliella.    
     FIG. 9 illustrates graphical data of captures of male, gravid female or virgin female  T. bisselliella  in traps baited with sonic signals recorded from male  T. bisselliella  or baited with white noise. 
     FIG. 10 illustrates flame ionization detector (FID) and electroantennographic detector (EAD: male  T. bisselliella  antenna) responses to one female equivalent of female  T. bisselliella  pheromone gland extract. 
     FIG. 11 illustrates graphical data of captures of male  T. bisselliella  in traps baited with synthetic female pheromone components. 
     FIG. 12 illustrates graphical data of captures of male or gravid female  T. bisselliella  in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination. 
     FIG. 13 illustrates graphical data of captures of male or gravid female  T. bisselliella  in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination. 
     FIG. 14 illustrates graphical data of captures of virgin female, gravid female or male  T. bisselliella  in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination. 
     FIG. 15 illustrates graphical data of captures of gravid female or male  T. bisselliella  in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination. 
     FIG. 16 illustrates graphical data of captures of gravid female or male  T. bisselliella  in traps baited with newly identified synthetic attractants, a commercial bait or a solvent control. 
     FIG. 17 illustrates a potential trap design, said trap baited with a sound-emitting micro-chip and a semiochemical dispenser for attraction and capture of  T. bisselliella  and other keratin-feeding insects. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION 
     Throughout the following description, specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the invention. However, the invention may be practiced without these particulars. In other instances, well known elements have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the invention. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative, rather than a restrictive, sense. 
     1. Attraction of Male and Female  T. bisselliella  to Larval Habitat 
     Natural larval habitat tested in choice experiments included sheep&#39;s wool (freshly sheared or aged 1 year), specimens of horseshoe crab (dry formaldehyde-preserved) and samples (100 cm 2 ) of untanned, dried animal pelts. 
     Tactic responses of  T. bisselliella  to volatile stimuli from larval habitat were assessed in a closed cylindrical Plexiglas container (125 cm diameter, 60 cm height). Thin cardboard discs (10 cm diameter) coated with Tanglefoot on the upper side were placed on the arena floor 80 cm apart from each other. Platforms suspended above the centre of the coated discs supported randomly assigned test or control stimuli. Control stimuli consisted of cardboard silhouettes visually resembling test stimuli. Per experiment 10 replicates with 25 adult moths each were employed. Moths were released during the scotophase from a Petri dish in the centre of the arena after 30-min of acclimation. After 12 hours of experimental time, moths captured on sticky discs (FIG. 1) were recorded as responders and statistically analysed. 
     FIG. 1 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male  T. bisselliella  in traps baited with larval habitat. Asterisks on bar indicate a significant difference [Wilcoxon paired-sample test (P&lt;0.05)]. 
     2. Capture, Analysis and Bioassays of Habitat-Derived Volatiles 
     Samples of animal pelt (150 cm 2 ) were aerated for one week in a cylindrical Pyrex glass chamber. A water-aspirator was used to draw charcoal-filtered, humidified air at 2 L/min through the chamber and a glass column (14 cm×13 mm O. D.) filled with Porapak Q. Volatiles captured on Porapak Q were eluted with 5 ml of redistilled pentane and the eluent concentrated to 2 ml by distillation in a 30 cm Dufton column, adjusting the volatile extract so that 2 μl equalled 5 pelt-min of volatile collection. Aliquots of 2.5 pelt-min equivalents of Porapak Q-captured volatile extracts were analysed by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) (28) (FIG.  2 ). 
     FIG. 2 illustrates flame ionization detector (FID) and electroantennographic detector (EAD ♂: male  T. bisselliella  antenna; EAD ♀: gravid female  T. bisselliella  antenna) responses to 5 pelt-min of squirrel pelt volatile extract. Chromatography: Hewlett Packard (HP) 5890A gas chromatograph equipped with a fused silica column (30 m×0.25 mm ID) coated with DB-5; linear flow velocity of carrier gas: 35 cm/sec; injector and FID detector temperature: 240° C.; temperature program: 1 min at 50° C., 20° C./min to 70° C. then 7.5° C./min to 280° C. (J &amp; W Scientific, Folsom, Calif. 95630). EAD-active compounds were analyzed by GC-mass spectrometry (MS) in full scan electron impact (EI) and chemical ionization (isobutane) (CI) modes, using a Varian Saturn II Ion Trap GC-MS and a HP 5985B GC-MS. Antennally-active compounds were identified as follows: 1. hexanal (20.0); 2. heptanal (35.0); 3. octanal (55.0); 4. nonanal (80.0); 5. decanal (20.0); 6. dodecanal (4.0); 7. tridecanal (6.0); 8. tetradecanal (5.0); 9. pentadecanal (0.8); 10. hexadecanal (1.0); 11. heptadecanal (0.7); 12. octadecanal (0.1); 13. heptanol (10.0); 14. nonanol (10.0); 15. decanol (12.0); 16. undecanol (200.0); 17. dodecanol (10.0); 18. tridecanol (70.0); 19. tetradecanol (3.0); 20. pentadecanol (2.0); 21. hexadecanol (0.3); 22. heptadecanol (0.5); 23. octadecanol (0.1); 24. tetradecane (20.0); 25. pentadecane (100.0); 26. hexadecane (100.0); 27. eicosane (20.0); 28. uneicosane (0.7); 29.2-undecanal (4.0); 30. E2-nonenal (9.0); 31. E2-decenal (11.0); 32. geranylacetone (1.0). Numbers in brackets refer to nanogram quantities present in 15 pelt-min of aeration of dried, untanned animal pelt (150 cm 2 ). 
     In arena bioassay experiments (following the general protocol as described on page 7, lines 22-31, paragraph [0041]) male and gravid female  T. bisselliella  preferred Porapak Q volatile extract from red squirrel pelt over a pentane control (Exp. 16, 17), and also a blend of 29 synthetic squirrel pelt volatiles (SB-1) over a pentane control (Exps. 18, 19) (FIG.  3 ). 
     FIG. 3 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male  T. bisselliella  in traps baited with Porapak Q volatile extract from red squirrel pelt (75 pelt-min), a blend of synthetic pelt volatiles (SB-1) or a pentane solvent control. Compounds in SB-1 consisted of nonanal (400.0); decanal (100.0); 6. dodecanal (20.0); 7. tridecanal (24.0); 8. tetradecanal (25.0); 9. pentadecanal (4.0); 10. hexadecanal (5.0); 11. heptadecanal (3.5); 12. octadecanal (0.5); 13. heptanol (50.0); 14. nonanol (50.0); 15. decanol (60.0); 16. undecanol (1000.0); 17. dodecanol (100.0); 18. tridecanol (350.0); 19. tetradecanol (15.0); 20. pentadecanol (10.0); 21. hexadecanol (1.5); 22. heptadecanol (1.5); 23. octadecanol (0.5); 24. tetradecane (100.0); 25. pentadecane (500.0); 26. hexadecane (500.0); 27. eicosane (100.0); 28. uneicosane (3.5); 29. 2-undecanal (20.0); 30. E2-nonenal (45.0); 31. E2-decenal (55.0); 32. geranylacetone (5.0). 
     Numbers in brackets refer to nanogram quantities. For each experimental replicate, test stimuli in traps were dispensed from Whatman #1 filter paper. Asterisks on bar indicate a significant difference [Wilcoxon paired-sample test (P&lt;0.01)]. 
     Similar attractiveness of natural red squirrel pelt volatiles and the blend of synthetic pelt volatiles (SB-1) (Exps. 20-21) indicated that all essential volatiles were present in SB-1. Two compounds in the SB-1 blend, nonanal and geranylacetone, were more attractive than natural (muskrat) pelt, when tested at equivalent quantities (FIG.  4 ). 
     FIG. 4 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male  T. bisselliella  in traps baited with synthetic geranylacetone (44 ng) and nonanal (3.5 μg) or dried muskrat pelt [Wilcoxon paired-sample test (P&lt;0.05)]. 
     3. Analysis of the  T. bisselliella  Mating System 
     To determine the sex that emits or responds to sexual communication signals, four experiments were conducted using a bioassay with 3 interconnected identical chambers (each chamber: 10 cm diam.×2 cm height; passage 0.5 cm interior diam.×2.5 cm length) (29). For each replicate, one side chamber was randomly baited with two perforated gelatin capsules [(2.5×0.9 cm) with 7 perforations (0.3 mm) at both ends] each containing a virgin  T. bisselliella  on wool fabric while the other side chamber contained two empty perforated gelatin capsules on wool fabric. Virgin adult moths were released individually into the centre chamber 1 hour prior to dusk and their position recorded 16 hours later (1 hour after dawn). Moths in side chambers were included in statistical analyses. Each replicate employed a new device, wool fabric, and virgin moth. 
     Both virgin females and virgin males preferred the chamber containing capsules with male  T. bisselliella  (Exps. 24, 25). Virgin females avoided other females, and virgin males were not attracted to virgin females (Exp. 27) (FIG.  5 ), but exhibited excitatory behaviour in contact with capsules containing virgin females. 
     FIG. 5 illustrates graphical data of responses of adult  T. bisselliella  in binary choice bioassays to two confined virgin adult  T. bisselliella . Numbers of individuals responding to each stimulus are given in parentheses beside bars. Asterisks indicate a significant preference for a particular treatment [Fisher Exact test (P&lt;0.05)]. 
     These results indicate that male  T. bisselliella  produce signals that attract males and females, and that females produce signals exciting to males only at very close range. 
     4. Analysis and Bioassays of Pheromone components produced by Male  T. bisselliella    
     The bodies of two hundred 24-48 hour old virgin male  T. bisselliella  were extracted for 15 min in methanol. Analyses of these extracts by coupled gas chromatographic electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) revealed 3 antennally-active compounds (FIG. 6) which were identified by GC-mass spectrometry as 1.) hexadecanoic acid methyl ester; 2.) (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester; and 3.) octadecanoic acid methyl ester. 
     FIG. 6 illustrates flame ionization detector (FID) and electroantennographic detection (EAD: male  T. bisselliella  antenna) responses to one male equivalent of male  T. bisselliella  body extract. EAD-active compounds 1-3 were identified by GC-mass spectrometry as 1. hexadecanoic acid methyl ester; 2. (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester; and 3. octadecanoic acid methyl ester. Similar responses were observed with female antennae. Chromatography: Hewlett Packard (HP) 5890A gas chromatograph equipped with a fused silica column (30 m×0.32 mm ID) coated with DB-23 (J &amp; W Scientific, Folsom, Calif. 95630); linear flow velocity of carrier gas: 35 cm/sec; injector and FID detector temperature: 240° C.; temperature program: 1 min at 50° C., 10° C./min to 200° C. EAD-active compounds were identified by GC-mass spectrometry (MS) in full scan electron impact (EI) mode using a Varian Saturn II Ion Trap GC-MS. 
     In arena bioassay experiments 29-31 (following the general protocol as described on page 7, lines 22-31, paragraph [0041]), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester proved to be the sex pheromone components that attracted both male and virgin female  T. bisselliella  (FIG.  7 ). 
     FIG. 7 illustrates graphical data of captures of male, gravid female, or virgin female  T. bisselliella  in traps baited with hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (16:Ester, 480 ng) plus (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester (Z9-16:Ester, 840 ng) or octadecenoic acid methyl ester (18:Ester, 840 ng). For each experimental replicate, test stimuli in traps were dispensed from Whatman #1 filter paper. Asterisks on bar indicate a significant difference [Wilcoxon paired-sample test (P&lt;0.01)]. 
     5. Analysis and Bioassays of Sonic Signals Produced by Male  T. bisselliella    
     Sound produced by individual or groups of males was recorded to hard disk by a Pentium 166 computer equipped with high-speed data acquisition boards (DAQ, NI; PCI-MIO-16XE-10; 16 bit, 100 kHz maximum sampling rate). Recordings employed a ½-in condenser microphone (AKG C 460 B comb-ULS/61), phantom power supply (Atus Audio Technica CP 8508 24 V.) and signal amplification of 200 times with a differential amplifier (NI; SC-2040) and a sampling frequency of 43.2 kHz. Sonic signals recorded from male  T. bisselliella  comprised two dominant frequencies at 50+/−10 Hz and 110+/−20 Hz with 1 to 2 harmonics (165+/−30: 220+/−40) occasionally identified when other clothes moths were &gt;5 cm from the signaller. When other moths were &lt;5 cm from the signaller, dominant frequencies were 70+/−10 Hz and 140+/−20 Hz with 2-3 additional harmonics (210+/−30 Hz; 280+/−40 Hz) (FIG.  8 ). 
     FIG. 8 illustrates waveform (a), frequency (b), and time-frequency sound intensity (c) of a sonic signal recorded from male  T. bisselliella . Top: calling male &gt;5 cm away from other moths; bottom: calling male &lt;5 cm away from other. The more intense the shading in diagram c, the more intense the frequency component of the signal. 
     In arena bioassay experiments (employing the general protocol as described on page 7, lines 22-31, paragraph [0041]), played-back sound from male  T. bisselliella  attracted male, gravid female and virgin female  T. bisselliella  (FIG.  9 ). 
     FIG. 9 illustrates graphical data of captures of male, gravid female or virgin female  T. bisselliella  in traps baited with sonic signals recorded from male  T. bisselliella  or baited with Gaussian white noise. Asterisks on bar indicate a significant difference [Wilcoxon paired-sample test (P&lt;0.05)]. Recordings were digitally filtered and played back at biologically relevant levels (55 dB at 2.5 cm) through Sennheisser HV 70 headphone speakers using programs developed in LabVIEW (NI) for the DAQ boards. This recording was automatically rerun every 26 min during the 12 hour bioassay period. 
     6. Analysis and Bioassays of Sex Pheromone Components produced by Female  T. bisselliella    
     Terminal abdominal segments with pheromone glands of one-hundred 12-48 hour-old virgin females were severed and extracted for 5-15 min in hexane. GC-EAD analysis revealed 2 EAD-active components, which occurred below the detection threshold of the flame ionization detector (FIG.  10 ). 
     FIG. 10 illustrates flame ionization detector (FID) and electroantennographic detector (EAD: male  T. bisselliella  antenna) responses to one female equivalent of female  T. bisselliella  pheromone gland extract. EAD-active compounds 1-3 were identified as 1. (E,Z)-2,13:octadecadienol (E2,Z13-18:OH) and 2. (E,Z)-2,13:octadecadienal (E2,Z13-18:Ald). Chromatography: Hewlett Packard (HP) 5890A gas chromatograph equipped with a fused silica column (30 m×0.32 mm ID) coated with DB-23 (J &amp; W Scientific, Folsom, Calif. 95630); linear flow velocity of carrier gas: 35 cm/sec; injector and FID detector temperature: 240° C.; temperature program: 1 min at 50° C., 10° C./min to 200° C. 
     Retention index calculations of EAD-active components 1 and 2 on fused silica columns coated with DB-5, DB-210, and DB-23 suggested the compounds were E2,Z13-18:OH and E2,Z13-18:Ald, respectively. GC-EAD analyses of synthetic compounds at quantities equivalent to those in pheromone gland extracts resulted in retention times of antennal responses identical for female-produced and synthetic components, confirming structural assignments. 
     In arena bioassay experiments 34-37 (employing the general protocol described on page 7, lines 22-31, paragraph [0041]) synthetic E2,Z13-18:OH and E2,Z13-18:Ald proved to be the sex pheromone components that attracted male  T. bisselliella . This 2-component blend, even at very low quantity, attracted more male  T. bisselliella  than did 2 virgin females confined in a nylon mesh cage (Exp. 37) (FIG.  11 ). 
     FIG. 11 illustrates graphical data of captures of male  T. bisselliella  in traps baited with (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadienol (E2,Z13-18:OH) and (E,Z)-2,13:octadecadienal (E2,Z13-18:Ald) in various ratios, solvent, or virgin female  T. bisselliella . Synthetic chemicals were dispensed from Whatman #1 filter paper. Females were confined in a nylon mesh cage. Bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [Wilcoxon paired-sample test (P&lt;0.05) or Kruskal Wallis test with Tukey type non-parametric multiple comparison (P&lt;0.05).] 
     7. Development of an Optimal Bait for Attraction of Male and Female  T. bisselliella    
     Stimuli tested singly and in combination included: a) synthetic male pheromone components 16:Ester and Z9-16:Ester (See FIGS.  6  and  7 ); b) recorded sonic signals from male  T. bisselliella  (see FIGS.  8  and  9 ); c) synthetic female pheromone components E2,Z13-18:OH and E2,Z13-18:Ald (see FIGS.  10  and  11 ); d) animal pelt (=natural larval habitat, see FIG.  1 ); e) synthetic semiochemicals nonanal plus geranylacetone (see FIGS. 2,  3  and  4 ). All bioassay experiments were conducted using the general protocol described on page 7, lines 22-31, paragraph [0041]. 
     EXAMPLE #1 
     In experiments 41 and 42, synthetic male pheromone components (16:Ester and Z9-16:Ester) in combination with played-back sonic signals from male  T. bisselliella  attracted more gravid females and males than did either stimulus alone (FIG.  12 ). 
     FIG. 12 illustrates graphical data of captures of male or gravid female  T. bisselliella  in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination, as follows: ♂P=synthetic male pheromone components: hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (480 ng) plus (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester (840 ng); ♀P=synthetic female pheromone components: (E,Z)-2,13:octadecadienol (1 ng) plus (E,Z)-2,13:octadecadienal (2 ng); Sonic=sonic signals recorded from male  T. bisselliella  (see FIG.  8 ). Bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ANOVA with Tukey multiple comparison (P&lt;0.05)]. 
     In experiment 44, synthetic male pheromone in combination with synthetic female pheromone attracted more males than did male or female pheromone alone (FIG.  12 ). In experiments 45 and 46, female and male pheromone in combination with played back sonic signals from males attracted more gravid female and male  T. bisselliella  than did pheromonal or sonic signals alone (FIG.  12 ). 
     EXAMPLE #2 
     In experiments 47 and 48, animal pelt (NaS) attracted more gravid female and male  T. bisselliella  than did synthetic female plus male pheromone (♂P+♀P); the combination of animal pelt plus male and female pheromone was most attractive (FIG.  13 ). 
     FIG. 13 illustrates graphical data of captures of male or gravid female  T. bisselliella  in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination as follows: ♀P=synthetic female pheromone components: (E,Z)-2,13:octadecadienol (1 ng) plus (E,Z)-2,13:octadecadienal (2 ng); ♂P=synthetic male pheromone components: hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (480 ng) plus (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester (840 ng); NaS=natural semiochemicals: dried muskrat pelt (50 cm 2 ). Bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ANOVA with Tukey multiple comparison of arcsine transformed proportions (α=0.05)]. 
     EXAMPLE #3 
     In experiments 49, 50 and 51, animal pelt (NaS) attracted more virgin female, gravid female, and male  T. bisselliella  than did a combination of female pheromone (♀P), male pheromone (♂P) and played-back sonic signals from male  T. bisselliella ; all stimuli combined (♀P+♂P+Sonic+NaS) were significantly most attractive (FIG.  14 ). 
     FIG. 14 illustrates graphical data of captures of virgin female, gravid female or male  T. bisselliella  in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination as follows: ♀P=synthetic female pheromone components: (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadienol (1 ng) plus (E,Z)-2,13:octadecadienal (2 ng); ♂P=synthetic male pheromone components: hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (480 ng) plus (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester (840 ng); NaS=natural semiochemicals: dried muskrat pelt (50 cm 2 ). Bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ANOVA with Tukey multiple comparison of arcsine transformed proportions (α=0.05)]. 
     Similarly, in experiments 52, 53, and 54 all stimuli combined (♀P+♂P+Sonic+NaS) attracted more virgin female, gravid female, and male  T. bisselliella  than did a combination of chemical stimuli (♀P+♂P+NaS) or played back sonic signals (Sonic) from male  T. bisselliella  (FIG.  14 ). 
     EXAMPLE #4 
     In experiments 55 and 56, a combination of synthetic female pheromone (♀P), synthetic male pheromone (♂P), synthetic semiochemicals (SS: identified from animal pelt; see FIG.  4 ), and played-back sonic signals (Sonic) from male  T. bisselliella  attracted more gravid female and male  T. bisselliella  than did chemical (♀P+♂P+SS) or sonic signals alone (FIG.  15 ). 
     FIG. 15 illustrates graphical data of captures of female and male  T. bisselliella  in traps baited with stimuli singly or in combination as follows: ♀P=synthetic female pheromone components: (E,Z)-2,13:octadecadienol (1 ng) plus (E,Z)-2,13:octadecadienal (2 ng); ♂P=synthetic male pheromone components: hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (480 ng) plus (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester (840 ng); SS=synthetic semiochemicals: geranylacetone (44 ng) and nonanal (3.5 μg) (see FIG.  4 ). Bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ANOVA with Tukey multiple comparison of arcsine transformed proportions (α=0.05)]. 
     EXAMPLE #5 
     In experiment 57, a combination of synthetic male pheromone (♂P), synthetic female pheromone (♀P), and synthetic semiochemicals (SS) identified from larval habitat attracted more female and male  T. bisselliella  than did a commercial lure, which in turn was not more attractive than a solvent (hexane) control stimulus (FIG.  16 ). 
     FIG. 16 illustrates graphical data of captures of female and male  T. bisselliella  in traps baited with the following stimuli: ♀P=synthetic female pheromone components: (E,Z)-2,13:octadecadienol (1 ng) plus (E,Z)-2,13:octadecadienal (2 ng); ♂P=synthetic male pheromone components: hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (480 ng) plus (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester (840 ng); SS=synthetic semiochemicals: synthetic geranylacetone (44 ng) and nonanal (3.5 μg) (see FIG.  4 ). The commercial lure consisted of (E,Z)-2,13:octadecadienal (2 ng) plus (E)-2-octadecanal (1 ng). Hexane served as the solvent control. All chemicals were dispensed from Whatman #1 filter paper. Bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ANOVA with Tukey multiple comparison of arcsine transformed proportions (α=0.05)]. 
     As will be apparent to those skilled in the art in the light of the foregoing disclosure, many alterations and modifications are possible in the practice of this invention without departing from the spirit or scope thereof. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is to be construed in accordance with the substance defined by the following claims. 
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