Abstract:
An organic electroluminescent device (OELD) with improved luminescent efficiency has been fabricated upon inclusion of an inorganic buffer layer in the hole injecting or electron injecting regions. The structure of the device can be as follows (from bottom to top): ITO\buffer layer\NPB\Alq\Mg:Ag. In comparison with devices without the buffer layer, the present OELD may be more efficient in a proper bias condition.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention pertains to organic thin-film electroluminescent devices and a method of manufacture of such devices.  
         BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    Fabrication of organic electroluminescent devices (OELDs) can be traced back to 1960&#39;s. Representatives of early OELDs are Gurnee et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,172,862, issued Mar. 9, 1965; Gurnee U.S. Pat. No. 3,173,050, issued Mar. 9, 1965; and Dresner U.S. Pat. No. 3,710,167, issued Jan. 9, 1973. These devices comprised a single organic emitting layer having thicknesses above 1 mm and two electrodes (cathode and anode). Alkali metals were used as the cathode materials as they had the lowest work function values.  
           [0003]    Tang et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,356,429 disclosed an OELD with two organic layers, in which the organic luminescent medium consisted of two extremely thin layers separating the anode and the cathode. These comprised one layer injecting and transporting holes and the other layer injecting and transporting electrons and also acting as the organic luminescent zone of the device.  
           [0004]    Improvements were then achieved by using different cathode materials. Tang et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,885,211 disclosed an OELD with its cathode comprising a layer of a plurality of metals other than single alkali metals, at least one of the metals having a work function of less than 4 eV. Hung et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,608,287 disclosed OELDs having a conductive electron injector. Shi et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,668,438 disclosed an OELD in which the materials making up the electron transporting layer (ETL) and the hole transporting layer (HTL) were selected so that the energy barrier for hole injection from the HTL to the ETL was substantially higher than the energy barrier for electron injection from the ETL to the HTL. In that case, light was emitted from the HTL rather than the ETL.  
           [0005]    More recently, Hung et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,623 disclosed an OELD containing a transparent electron-injecting electrode. The electrode included a thin non-conductive layer contacting the electroluminescent layer and a conductive transparent overcoat layer. The thickness of the nonconductive layer was selected so that the bilayer acted as an electron injecting contact and provided stability against atmospheric corrosion.  
           [0006]    However, only very few patents have dealt with the hole injecting structure. Vanslyke et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,061,569 disclosed an internal junction OELD in which the hole injecting and transporting zone included a tertiary amine containing at least two tertiary amine moieties and including, attached to a tertiary amine nitrogen atom, an aromatic moiety containing at least two fused aromatic rings. Tokito et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,783,292 disclosed an OELD in which organic-inorganic composite thin film was used.  
         OBJECT OF THE INVENTION  
         [0007]    It is an object of the present invention to provide an OELD with an increased electroluminescent efficiency and/or improved stability or which will at least provide the public with a useful choice.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0008]    This invention comprises an OELD and method of manufacture in which an inorganic buffer layer is included in the hole injecting region.  
           [0009]    Preferably, the device comprises in order: an ITO-covered glass substrate which behaves as the hole injector and is transparent and transmissive to optical radiation, a layer of inorganic material as a buffer to the hole injection, an organic single layer or multilayer structure for electroluminescence and carrier confinement, and a layer of low-work-function material as an electron injector which is stable relative to atmospheric corrosion. The buffer layer may also be included in the electron injecting region. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0010]    Preferred embodiments of this invention can be better appreciated by reference to the following description considered in conjunction with the drawings in which:  
         [0011]    [0011]FIGS. 1 and 2 which are schematic diagrams of an embodiment of the OELD of the invention;  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of the results of different thickness of buffer layer in terms of brightness; and  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of the results of FIG. 3 in terms of electroluminescent efficiency. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0014]    An electroluminescent (EL) device  100  of the invention is schematically illustrated in FIG. 1. Anode  102  is separated from cathode  104  by an inorganic buffer layer  106  and an organic luminescent medium  108 , which, as shown in this embodiment, consists of two superimposed layers. Layer  110 , which is located above the buffer layer  106 , forms a hole injecting zone of the organic luminescent medium. Above layer  110  is layer  112 , which forms an electron transporting zone of the organic luminescent medium. The anode and the cathode are connected to an external AC or DC power source  114  by conductors  116  and  118 , respectively. The power source can be pulsed or continuous wave.  
         [0015]    When the EL device  100  is forward biased, i.e., the potential of the anode is higher than that of the cathode, there occurs injection of holes (positive charge carriers) into the lower organic layer, as schematically shown at  120 , while electrons are injected into the upper organic layer, as schematically shown at  122 , in the luminescent medium. The injected holes and electrons each migrate toward the oppositely charged electrode, as shown by the arrows  124  and  126 , respectively. This results in hole-electron recombination. When a migrating electron drops from its conduction potential to a valence band in filing a hole, energy is released as light. Hence the organic luminescent medium forms between the electrodes a luminescent zone receiving mobile charge carriers from each electrode. Depending upon the choice of alternative constructions, the released light can be emitted from the organic luminescent material through one or more edges  128  of the organic luminescent medium separating the electrodes, through the anode, through the cathode, or through any combination of the foregoing.  
         [0016]    Organic EL device  200  shown in FIG. 2 is illustrative of one preferred embodiment of the invention. Same as in previous OELDs&#39;fabrication, a transparent anode electrode is used in the present invention. Layer  202  is a transparent and insulating support onto which is deposited a conductive and light transmissive  204 . Typically, this layer is made from metal or metal oxide such as ITO. This layer, as an anode electrode, possesses a relatively high work function. Adjacent to  204  is the anode-combined buffer layer  206 , which, in this embodiment, is selected from the group consisting of SiO x , Y 2 O 3 , and Ta 2 O 5 , where x is from 1 to 2. Above  206  is the organic luminescent medium  208 , consisting of hole injecting zone  210  and electron transporting zone  212  in which luminescence occurs. The top electrode  214  acts as the electron injector with a relatively low work function. It is usually either a single metal or a multi-metal mixture formed by codeposition in vacuum.  
         [0017]    The preferred embodiments above describe an OELD which positions the buffer layer between the anode and the luminescent medium. The buffer layer may also increase efficiency when positioned between the cathode and the luminescent medium, for example, between the cathode and electron transporting layer. Furthermore, multiple buffer layers such as a buffer layer adjacent the anode and a further buffer layer adjacent the cathode are possible. There is no requirement for identical buffer layers in such a multi-layer structure with the buffer layers on opposed sides of the luminescent medium able to be of different materials or mixtures as required.  
         [0018]    The buffer layers described have been selected from a particularly group of oxides. In preferred embodiments, the buffer layer is chosen from insulating metal oxides, semiconductor oxides, diamond-like carbon and nitrogen doped carbon. Of course, a number of different materials may be used in the buffer layer to perform the same function. The list provided is not considered exhaustive.  
         [0019]    The electroluminescent element contained within the device can comprise variety of materials found suitable for such purposes. These include the inclusion of molecules selected from Alq, TPD, NPB and TPBI as well as a variety of polymers. The polymers may include such polymers as poly (paraphenylene vinylene) (PPV), PPV copolymers and derivatives. Again, this is not an exhaustive list of possible materials for this element.  
         [0020]    Similarly, the anode can be made from many suitable materials for the purpose. Typically such anodes are made from transparent conducting oxides. These include indium-tin-oxide, aluminum- or indium-doped zinc oxide, tin oxide, magnesium-indium-oxide and cadmium-tin-oxide.  
       EXAMPLES  
       [0021]    The invention and its advantages are further illustrated by the specific examples which follow:  
       Example 1  
       [0022]    Fabrication Procedure  
         [0023]    An OELD satisfying the requirements of the invention was constructed in the following manner. The device structure has an inorganic buffer layer and a two organic-layer stack, namely hole transporting layer and fluorescent emitting and electron transporting layer.  
         [0024]    An indium-tin-oxide coated glass substrate was sequentially ultrasonicated in a commercial detergent, rinsed in deionized water, degreased in organic solvent, such as ethanol and acetone, and exposed to ultraviolet light and ozone for a few minutes.  
         [0025]    An inorganic buffer layer (0-200 Angstroms) was then deposited on top of the ITO coated substrate by evaporation.  
         [0026]    Onto the buffer layer was deposited a hole transporting layer of TPD or NPB (500-1,500 Angstroms), evaporated from a tantalum boat.  
         [0027]    A fluorescent emitting and electron transporting layer of Alq (600 Angstroms) was then deposited onto the hole transporting layer.  
         [0028]    On top of the Alq layer was deposited a 1,500-Angstrom thick cathode formed of a 10:1 atomic ratio of Mg and Ag.  
         [0029]    The above sequence completed the deposition of the OELD. The device was then packaged in a dry glove box for protection against ambient environment.  
       Example 2  
       [0030]    OELDs with SiO 2  Buffer Layer  
         [0031]    The OELDs were fabricated according to the procedure of Example 1. The buffer layers with different thicknesses of SiO 2  were used. Table 1 lists the EL luminance quantum efficiency measured in unit of candela per ampere, and luminance output under a constant current bias of 20 mA/cm 2 .  
                               TABLE 1                           SiO 2  Thickness (nm)   0   0.5   1.0   1.5       CIEx   0.334   0.338   0.339   0.339       CIEy   0.562   0.563   0.562   0.562       Luminance   1,140   960   1,820   1,680       Luminance Eff. (cd/A)   5.7   4.8   9.1   8.4                  
 
         [0032]    Referring to the luminance efficiency, it can be observed that there may be a reduction in efficiency with a particularly thin layer. However, as shown in this example using SiO 2 , the efficiency increases towards the thickness of 1 nm. There may then be a tailing off of efficiency as the thickness increases. This particular buffer layer is an insulating layer and will inhibit current as the layer thickness increases. The thickness as provided in this table shows the performance of SiO 2 . Different thicknesses may provide different results with alternative materials used as the buffer layer.  
       Example 3  
       [0033]    Brightness-Current-Voltage (B-I-V) Characteristics  
         [0034]    The OELDs were fabricated according to the procedure of Example 1. FIG. 3 shows the B-I-V curves of four devices with different thicknesses of buffer layer (SiO 2 )  
       Example 4  
       [0035]    Quantum Efficiency of the Devices with Different Thicknesses of SiO 2    
         [0036]    The OELDs were fabricated according to the procedure of Example 1. FIG. 4 shows the electroluminescent efficiency of the four devices with different thicknesses of buffer layer (SiO 2 ).  
       Example 5  
       [0037]    OELDs with Different Buffer Layers  
         [0038]    The OELDs were fabricated according to the procedure of Example 1. Buffer layers made of different inorganic materials, such as SiO 2 , Y 2 O 3  and Ta 2 O 5 , were used. Table 2 lists the EL luminance quantum efficiency measured in unit of candela per ampere and luminance output under a constant current bias of 20 mA/cm 2  (the thickness of the inorganic materials is about 1.0 nm).  
                                                         TABLE 2                                   Materials   SiO 2     Y 2 O 3     Ta 2 O 5                                          CIEx   0.339   0.334   0.335           CIEy   0.562   0.562   0.562           Luminance   1,820   1,280   1,360           Luminance Eff. (cd/A)   9.1   6.4   6.8                      
 
       Example 6  
       [0039]    Further Treatment of the Buffer Layer  
         [0040]    The OELDs were fabricated according to the procedure of Example 1. The substrate with buffer layer was further treated by radiation, which effectively protects the surface of the buffer layer against harmful contamination. Even higher EL efficiency can be obtained thereby.  
         [0041]    The fabrication procedure provided in the examples again discloses a method of manufacturing an OELD which incorporates a buffer layer between the cathode and anode. The examples given deposit the buffer layer onto the intended anode of the device. Again, it should be noted that the layer may be deposited prior to deposition of the cathode or onto the cathode be the device is deposited in reverse. The order of the layers in the examples are for these preferred embodiments only.  
         [0042]    Further aspects of this invention may become apparent to those skill in the art to which the invention relates. It should be noted that integers referred to throughout the specification are deemed to incorporate known equivalents and the disclosure of the preferred embodiments did not be considered limiting to the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.