Abstract:
The high frequency oscillator comprises a reference oscillator, a phase-locked loop circuit with a phase frequency detector, a charge pump, a ring oscillator and a divider, the reference oscillator being coupled to the phase frequency detector for frequency control. The ring oscillator is a symmetrical delay cell oscillator containing two amplifiers with a dual output stage for providing I/Q output signal generation. The reference oscillator works in the range of 1,25-1,5 GHz and is a Colpitts type digital controlled frequency synthesizer with an external tank circuit for providing a low phase noise, and the dividing factor of the divider is four for providing a tuned output range of 5 to 6 GHz. The phase-locked loop circuit is integrated together with the reference oscillator into an integrated circuit, using advantageously a BICMOS Silicon/Germanium process, which is well suited for RF applications.

Description:
BACKGROUND  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to a high frequency oscillator comprising a phase-locked loop (PLL), providing a tuned frequency range in the 5 to 6 GHz band.  
           [0002]    Today, there are various activities to establish new wireless services in the 5 to 6 GHz band, e. g. European Hyperlan2 and IEEE 802.11a in the United States. As a consequence, a high demand for integrated oscillators and I/Q generation circuits exists, comprising a good phase noise.  
           [0003]    High frequency oscillators using a phase-locked loop are well known in literature, for example from “Theorie und Anwendungen des Phase-Locked Loops”, Roland Best, in “Der Elektroniker, No. 6/1975. A high frequency oscillator with a phase-locked loop comprising a phase frequency detector, a charge pump with a filter, a voltage control oscillator and a divider, the high frequency oscillator being controlled by a reference frequency, is known from Mehmet Soyuer et al.: “A FULLY MONOLITHIC 1,25 GHZ CMOS FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER” Symposium on VLSI Circuits, US, New York, IEEE, Jun. 9, 1994, pages 127-128, ISBN: 0-7803-1919-2, also from Buchwald et al.: “A 6 GHZ INTEGRATED PHASE-LOCKED LOOP USING ALGAAS/GAAS HETEROJUNCTION BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS”, IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, US, IEEE Inc. New York, Vol. 27, No. 12, 01.12.1992, pages 1752-1762, XP000329025, and Novof et al.: “Fully integrated CMOS phase-locked loop with 15 to 240 MHz locking range and 50 ps jitter”, IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, US, IEEE Inc New York, Vol. 30, No. 11, 01.11.1995, pages 1259-1266, XP000553064. A further reference, relating to a fully integrated oscillator in the GHz range and to a ring oscillator, is Pottbaecker and Langmann: “AN 8 GHZ SILICON BIPOLAR CLOCK-RECOVERY AND DATA-REGENERATOR IC”, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, IEEE, December 1994, Vol. 29, pp. 1572-1576.  
           [0004]    The object of the present invention is therefore to provide a high frequency oscillator with a good phase noise in the 5 to 6 GHz band, which allows especially a cost effective integration on an IC.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0005]    The high frequency oscillator of the invention comprises a reference oscillator and a phase-locked loop circuit with a phase frequency detector, a charge pump, a ring oscillator and a divider, the reference oscillator being coupled to the phase frequency detector for frequency control. The reference oscillator works advantageously in the range of 1,25-1,5 GHz and is a Colpitts type digital controlled frequency synthesizer with an external tank circuit for providing low phase noise, and the dividing factor of the divider is four for providing a tuned output range of 5 to 6 GHz. The ring oscillator is a symmetrical delay cell oscillator containing two delay cell amplifiers, which provide advantageously ground-free I/Q output signals, having a very low phase noise due to the phase-locked loop.  
           [0006]    The phase-locked loop circuit is integrated together with the reference oscillator into an integrated circuit, using advantageously a BICMOS Silicon/Germanium process, which is well suited for RF applications. The tank circuit of the reference oscillator and the loop filter of the charge pump are external to the integrated circuit. Advantageous embodiments, especially relating to the charge pump and to the ring oscillator, are set up in the subclaims and are explained in the further description.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0007]    The invention is now explained below by way of an embodiment with reference to schematic drawings, which show:  
         [0008]    [0008]FIG. 1 a high frequency oscillator for the 5 to 6 GHz range;  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 2 the charge pump of the high frequency oscillator of FIG. 1;  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 3 the ring oscillator of the high frequency oscillator of FIG. 1;  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 4 the ring oscillator according to FIG. 1, comprising a loop with a phase detector;  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 5 the delay cell oscillator according to FIG. 3 comprising a arrangement for phase and frequency control; and  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 6 a circuit diagram of the delay cell oscillator according to FIG. 5. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0014]    As shown in FIG. 1, a reference oscillator  6  with a tuning circuitry, an external tank circuit  7 , is used as a VCO for providing a reference frequency with a good phase noise. To cover a local oscillator (LO) range from 5 to 6 GHz, a small tuning range from 1.25 to 1.5 GHz is preferably used for the reference oscillator  6 . This is achievable with an external LC-tank  7  of reasonably high Q.  
         [0015]    The reference frequency of the reference oscillator  6  is applied to a phase-frequency detector  1 , operating from 1,25 to 1,5 GHz, of a phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit, which comprises further a charge pump  2  with a loop filter  3 , a ring oscillator  4  (DCO, delay cell oscillator) and a divider  5 . The PFD (phase-frequency detector)  1  compares phase and frequency of the DCO  4  against the reference oscillator  6 . The PFD output is filtered by the loop filter  3  of the charge pump  2  and applied to the DCO  4  for frequency control.  
         [0016]    For the charge pump  2  and the loop filter  3 , a fully differential architecture is used to avoid disturbances on the tuning control voltage. If the loop bandwidth is high, the loop reaction to phase changes is very fast, therefore phase noise is reduced. The DCO frequency is divided by four by the divider  5 , before it is applied to the PFD  1 . For this reason, the phase noise performance of the PLL-controlled DCO is worse than that of the reference source  6 , in theory, by 12 dB.  
         [0017]    The phase-frequency-detector  1  consists of two D-Flipflops (DFF) and an AND-gate for the RESET path. ECL-structures are used and optimized to operate up to 1.8 GHz. As the reference source an integrated Colpitts type oscillator with an external LC-tank  7  is used for the reference oscillator  6 . The divider by four  5  is realized with ECL-Flipflops and optimized in terms of speed and current consumption.  
         [0018]    The delay cell oscillator  4  (DCO) and the charge pump  2  will be explained now in more detail with regard to FIG. 2 and FIG. 3.  
         [0019]    The charge pump  2  according to FIG. 2 has a wide bandwidth, only limited by the pin-pad-interface to the external loop filter  3  and the loop filter  3  itself. This is achieved by an architecture that uses only npn-transistors in the signal path, not requiring fast pnp or pMOS transistors. A first current source, pnp transistors  12 , feed a constant current I 0 , which is controlled by V ref , to the collectors of the npn-transistor pair  11 . At the input IN ch  of the npn transistor pair  11 , the output signal of the PFD  1  is applied. The emitters of the transistor pair  11  are coupled via a second current source, 2*I 0 , to ground GND. At the output OUT ch  the difference of ±2×I 0 −I 0  flows to the external loop filter  3 . The signal at the loop filter  3  is sensed by a buffer  13  and forwarded as an output control voltage V cont  to the control input of the DCO  4 .  
         [0020]    To keep the output nodes in the proper operating range, a common mode amplifier  14  controls the average current of the pnp-transistors  12  to be exactly half of the current of the npn-transistors  11 . A clamp circuit  15  ensures that the control signal of the DCO  4  is inside the allowed limits. The loop filter  3  is connected differentially to avoid distortions and crosstalk on the tuning line; there is no ground path for the loop filter  3 . This is necessary for a steep tuning characteristic of the DCO  4 .  
         [0021]    The voltage controlled DCO  4 , as shown in FIG. 3, is built up of two amplifiers A 1  and A 2 , and forms a symmetrical ring oscillator. The voltage V cont  from the charge pump  2 , FIG. 2, controls the tail current  2 I 0  for the amplifiers A 1 , A 2  via a control amplifier A c , see also FIG. 6. The delay of the amplifiers A 1  and A 2  is nearly linear depending on the current  2 I 0 , enabling a rather linear characteristic of the frequency tuning. The current output of the amplifiers A 1 , A 2  causes a voltage drop across load resistors R c , see FIG. 6, resulting in a small-signal gain of about  
             I   0     ·     R   c         V   T       .                         
 
         [0022]    By implementing the differential architecture completely on a chip (integrated circuit), RF interference effects, like LO leakage, can be minimized. This is a requirement for modern direct conversion receiver concepts. The principle of the circuit is well suited for fully integrated oscillators in the multi-GHz range and offers a very wide tuning range.  
         [0023]    The phase noise of ring oscillators has been modelled in many studies, see for example in references A. Hajimiri, S. Limotyrakis and T. H. Lee, “Jitter and Phase Noise in Ring Oscillators”, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, IEEE, June 1999, Vol. 34, pp. 790-804 [1], and B. Razavi, “A Study of Phase Noise in CMOS Oscillators”,  IEEE Journal of Solid - State Circuits,  IEEE, March 196, Vol. 31, pp. 331-343 [2]. The calculation of phase noise in this work follows the comprehensive work of reference Hajimiri, A. and T. H. Lee, “The Design of  Low Noise Oscillators ”, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, Mass., USA, 1999 [3].  
         [0024]    If we apply the calculations of the single-sideband phase noise of [ 3 ] to a bipolar differential ring oscillator  4  as depicted in FIG. 3, we obtain the equation  
               L        (     Δ                 f     )       =     10                     log        (       N   3     ·       f   0   2       Δ                   f   2         ·     (       e     I   0       +       4      kT         R   c     ·     I   0   2           )       )       .               (Eq.  1)                               
 
         [0025]    In this equation, N is the number of delay stages, f 0  is the oscillation frequency and Δ f  is the frequency offset, where the phase noise is measured. As the noise sources, the collector current shot noise and the noise of the load resistor are taken into consideration, while the noise of the base resistance and the 1/f-noise are neglected. From Eq. 1 it is understood, that the tail current I 0  and the voltage swing R c′ I 0  should be made large, which stands in contradiction to a low power design. A further conclusion from Eq. 1 is, to take only a minimum number of delay stages.  
         [0026]    If we evaluate Eq. 1 with N=2, I 0 =400 μA, R c =400Ω, f 0 =6 GHz and Δf=10 kHz, we obtain as phase noise L(10 kHz)=−41 dBc/Hz. That means for systems with higher order modulation methods like QAM, this oscillator has to be controlled by a wideband PLL with a reference oscillator of respectively low phase noise.  
         [0027]    Therefore, the phase noise performance of the delay cell oscillator  4  does not satisfy the needs of modern digital transmission systems. When controlled within a PLL, the reference oscillator  6  governs the phase noise of the VCO inside the loop bandwidth. The phase noise S φo  of the PLL-output as a function of the frequency offset Δf may be expressed therefore as  
                 S     Φ                 0            (     Δ                 f     )       =           S     Φ                 DCO            (     Δ                 f     )       ·       (     1     1   +       G        (     Δ                 f     )       ·     H        (     Δ                 f     )             )     2       +         S     Φ                 ref            (     Δ                 f     )       ·         (       G        (   s   )         1   +       G        (     Δ                 f     )       ·     H        (     Δ                 f     )             )     2     .                 (Eq.  2)                               
 
         [0028]    In Eq. 2, S φDCO  is the phase noise of the DCO as calculated in accordance with Eq. 1, S φref  is the phase noise of the reference oscillator  6 , G(Δf) is the forward loop gain and H(Δf) stands for the reverse loop gain.  
         [0029]    As the reference oscillator  6  inhibits a tank circuit  7  of resonance frequency f 0ref  and quality factor Q ref , noise figure F ref  and output power P ref , its phase noise S φref  may be expressed according to Leesons formula as  
                 S     Φ                 ref            (     Δ                 f     )       =       1   2          (     1   +       1     4   ·     Q   ref   2         ·       (       ω     0                 ref         Δ                 f       )     2         )                F   ref        kT       P   ref       .               (Eq.  3)                               
 
         [0030]    The forward loop gain G(Δf) depends according  
               G        (     Δ                 f     )       =         K   Φ     ·       Z   L          (     Δ                 f     )                K   VCO       Δ                 f                 (Eq.  4)                               
 
         [0031]    on the phase detector and charge pump constant K φ , on the impedance Z L  of the loop filter  3  and on the tuning constant K VCO  of the VCO  4 .  
         [0032]    The reverse loop gain H(Δf) may be expressed as  
               H        (     Δ                 f     )       =     1   N             (Eq.  5)                               
 
         [0033]    as a function of the divider ratio N.  
         [0034]    Inserting Eq. 4 to Eq. 6 in Eq. 3, the phase noise of the PLL circuit  1 - 5  can be calculated. For a realistic embodiment, the calculation is based on the assumptions:  
         [0035]    6. DCO phase noise as calculated in section 3.1 for f DCO =6 GHz  
         [0036]    7. DCO tuning constant K φ =1000 2π MHz/V  
         [0037]    8. Phase detector constant K φ =0.5 mA/(2π rad)  
         [0038]    9. Divider factor N=4  
         [0039]    10. Loop filter Z L  with C 1 =0, C 2 =22 pF, R 2 =15 kΩ 
         [0040]    11. Reference oscillator Q ref =20, f 0ref =1.5 GHz, F ref =3, P ref =0.2 mW  
         [0041]    As a result, the PLL is able to improve the phase noise, at e.g. 10 kHz offset frequency, from −41 dBc/Hz (free running VCO) to −78 dBc/Hz (VCO is PLL controlled). However, towards lower frequencies the phase noise increases, as the phase noise of the reference oscillator  6  increases. The choice of the loop filter  3  is critical, in that it influences the resonance at the characteristic frequency of the PLL. To achieve a good phase noise performance, the low-noise-reference oscillator  6  has to operate also on a high-Q-resonator with Q ref &gt;20 and the bandwidth of the loop PLL should be &gt;20 MHz.  
         [0042]    According to measurements, the DCO frequency may be tuned from 3.5 GHz up to 6 GHz. The phase noise performance is limited by the reference oscillator  6 . Using an external reference with L(10 kHz)=−104 dBc/Hz at 1.25 GHz operating frequency, the measured phase noise is −90 dBc/Hz at 5 GHz overall. This is 2 dB worse than the expected theoretical 12 dB reduction in phase noise between reference and DCO.  
         [0043]    The high frequency oscillator may comprise also a second loop with a phase detector  21  coupled to the I/Q output signals of the ring oscillator  4 , as shown in FIG. 4. The phase detector  21  provides an error signal V phase  for the ring oscillator  4 , when the phase difference between the I and the Q signal differs from 90°, so that always orthogonality between the I and Q signals is maintained over the complete frequency bandwidth during the operation of the high frequency oscillator.  
         [0044]    The phase control signal V phase  is coupled to the delay cell amplifiers A 1  and A 2  of the ring oscillator  4 , as shown in FIG. 5. The delay cell amplifiers A 1  and A 2  are coupled in series, and provide each a phase shift of 90°. The outputs of the delay cells A 1 , A 2  are ground-free, and the output of the delay cell A 2  is used for the I+ and the I− signal, and the output of the delay cell A 1  is used for the Q+ and the Q− signal, see also FIG. 3. The output of the delay cell A 2  is coupled via an inversion IV to the input of the delay cell A 1 , so that the oscillation condition of 360° is fulfilled.  
         [0045]    The ring oscillator  4  comprises further an amplifier section  2 I 0  for providing a current of  2 I 0  to each of the delay cells A 1  and A 2 , and to which amplifier section the control signal V cont  of the charge pump  2  is coupled, for providing the frequency control. The amplifier sections  2 I 0  are identical, so that the delay cells A 1  and A 2  are tuned symmetrically. The amplifier sections  2 I 0  are coupled to same current source  23 .  
         [0046]    The control signal of the phase detector  21  is coupled to a controllable current source  22 , which is coupled to each of the amplifier sections  2 I 0 . Via the current source  22  the control voltage V phase  provides an unsymmetry of the curents of the current source  23 , via which a discrepancy of the required phase difference of 90° of the I/Q signals is corrected.  
         [0047]    A detailed circuit diagram of the delay cell oscillator  4  is shown in FIG. 6. The ring oscillator  4  consists essentially of the delay cell amplifiers A 1  and A 2 , the feedback loop with the inversion IV, and the control amplifier Ac for phase and frequency control. The delay cell amplifier  1  comprises an amplifier  31  which is coupled to the inputs of amplifier  32  of the delay cell amplifier A 2 , and which outputs provide the output signals I+/I− and Q+/Q− via load resistors R c , which are coupled to a supply voltage VCC.  
         [0048]    To the outputs of the amplifier  31  two amplifiers  33  and  34  are coupled for the delay and therefore the frequency tuning of the amplifier  31 . The delay cell amplifier A 2  is set up with amplifiers  32 ,  35  and  36  in correspondence to the delay cell amplifier A 1 , for providing a symmetrical delay cell oscillator.  
         [0049]    The outputs of the amplifier  37  are coupled to the inputs of the amplifiers  33 ,  34  for providing a voltage control of the signals Q+, Q−, and are coupled to the outputs of the amplifiers  33 ,  34  for providing the delay, respectively the frequency adjustment. The frequency adjustment is provided by amplifier  37  of the control amplifier Ac, to which inputs the control signal V cont  is applied, and which outputs are coupled each as a supply voltage to the amplifiers  33  and  34 . The amplifiers  35 ,  36  for the delay cell A 2  are set up in the same manner as the amplifiers  33 ,  34 . The control amplifier Ac comprises further an amplifier  38  for the delay cell A 2 , to which input the control signal V cont  is also applied, for a symmetric tuning of the delay cells A 1  and A 2 .  
         [0050]    The control amplifier Ac comprises further an amplifier  39 , to which the phase control signal V phase  is applied at the input side. The outputs of the amplifier  39  are each coupled to amplifiers  37  and  38  for shifting amplifier  37  with respect to amplifier  38 , to obtain the correct phase difference of 90° for the output signals I and Q. The delay cell oscillator  4  comprises therefore two symmetrical amplifier sections  33 ,  34 ,  37 ;  35 ,  36 ,  38  for frequency control, and an amplifier  39 , which provides the phase control and which is coupled to these amplifier sections.