Abstract:
The invention provides a small-sized automatic analyzer being compact, enabling a large number of analysis items to be carried out, and having a high processing speed. The automatic analyzer is particularly suitably applied to a medical analyzer used for qualitative/quantitative analysis of living body samples, such as urine and blood. A plurality of sample dispensing mechanism s capable of being operated independently of each other are provided to suck a sample from any one of a plurality of sample suction positions and to discharge the sucked sample to any one of a plurality of positions on a reaction disk. The automatic analyzer having a high processing capability can be thus realized without increasing the system size.

Description:
[0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/473,666, filed May 17, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/895,040, filed Sep. 30, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,197,754, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/780,743, filed Feb. 19, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,824,915, which claims priority to JP 2003-74751, filed Mar. 19, 2003, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference into this application. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention relates to a sample dispensing apparatus for use in an analyzer in which a sample and a reagent are mixed with each other to carry out qualitative/quantitative analysis of a particular ingredient in the sample, and to an automatic analyzer including the sample dispensing apparatus. More particularly, the present invention relates to a sample dispensing apparatus with a high sampling (pipetting) capability per hour, and to an automatic analyzer including the sample dispensing apparatus. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    Taking as an example a medical automatic analyzer used for analyzing particular ingredients in living body samples, such as blood and urine, the medical automatic analyzer is essential for carrying out analysis with high efficiency in, e.g., large-, medium- and small-scaled hospitals handling a large number of patients, and a clinic center carrying out analysis under contract with those hospitals or doctor&#39;s offices. 
         [0006]    In that type of automatic analyzer, it is demanded that the analyzer is more compact, is able to perform more kinds of analysis, and has a higher processing speed. To satisfy those demands, various kinds of automatic analyzers have been proposed so far. 
         [0007]    One measure for increasing the processing speed is to increase a sampling speed. Patent Reference 1, JP,A 3-140869, discloses an automatic chemical analyzer including a sample dispensing mechanism wherein two sampling nozzles are provided such that the sampling nozzles are able to carry out sampling from one sample container to two reaction cuvettes at different timings. 
         [0008]    Also, Patent Reference 2, JP,A 2001-66316, discloses a sample dispensing apparatus wherein one sampling arm is provided with a plurality of sampling nozzles, and the sampling nozzles can be controlled to discharge samples independently of each other. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    With the method disclosed in Patent Reference 1, two dispensing probes are able to perform the dispensing operations at different timings, and therefore 1200 tests/hour can be processed with the operation equivalent to that required for processing 600 tests/hour in usual cases. According to the embodiment described in Patent Reference 1, however, the two dispensing probes are supported by one probe shaft and they cannot perform the dispensing operations independently of each other. It is thus considered that the two dispensing probes cannot be disposed on the same plane of rotation from the structural point of view and the dispensing operations of the two dispensing probes must be synchronized with each other. 
         [0010]    Also, with the method disclosed in Patent Reference 2, because two dispensing probes are provided on one dispensing arm, it is considered that the two dispensing probes cannot perform the dispensing operations at free different timings similarly to the method disclosed in Patent Reference 1. 
         [0011]    Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a sample dispensing apparatus and an automatic analyzer including the sample dispensing apparatus, which has a plurality of dispensing probes capable of performing the dispensing operations independently of each other, and can increase a dispensing speed while realizing the dispensing operations at flexible timings. 
         [0012]    The sample dispensing apparatus of the present invention is suitably employed in a medical automatic analyzer, but it is as a matter of course that the sample dispensing apparatus is also applicable to analyzers for organic/inorganic samples, etc. 
         [0013]    To achieve the above object, the present invention is constituted as follows. 
         [0014]    In a sample dispensing apparatus comprising a sample container loading mechanism capable of loading a plurality of sample containers each containing a sample to be analyzed and including a mechanism capable of changing arrangement of the plurality of sample containers; a reaction cuvette loading mechanism capable of loading a plurality of reaction cuvettes in each of which the sample to be analyzed and a reagent are mixed with each other, and including a mechanism capable of changing arrangement of the plurality of the reaction cuvettes; and a sample dispensing mechanism for sucking the sample from the sample container and discharging the sucked sample into the reaction cuvette, the sample dispensing apparatus includes a plurality of sample dispensing mechanisms including nozzles for sucking and discharging the sample, the plurality of nozzles being vertically movable to suck and discharge the sample independently of each other, and mechanisms capable of moving the nozzles between the sample container and the reaction cuvette independently of each other. 
         [0015]    The sample container loading mechanism may be in any desired form so long as it is able to move the position of each sample container. For example, the sample container loading mechanism may include a sample disk capable of loading the plurality of sample containers arranged thereon along a periphery of the disk. While the expression “sample disk” is used, the sample disk is not always limited to a circular disk. Stated another way, in the case of employing a circular disk, the expression “along a periphery of the disk” can be regarded as meaning “along a circumference of the disk”. 
         [0016]    As an alternative form of the sample container loading mechanism, a rack capable of loading one or more sample containers may be used and moved to convey each sample container. 
         [0017]    The reaction cuvette loading mechanism can also be embodied in various forms. More specifically, the reaction cuvette loading mechanism may be in the form of a reaction disk, or may have a structure capable of linearly moving the reaction cuvettes. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0018]      FIG. 1  is a plan view of an automatic analyzer to which the present invention is applied; 
           [0019]      FIG. 2  is a perspective view of the automatic analyzer to which the present invention is applied; 
           [0020]      FIG. 3  is an explanatory view showing operations of sample dispensing mechanisms (sample probes) according to another embodiment of the present invention, looking from above; 
           [0021]      FIG. 4  is an explanatory view showing operations of the sample dispensing mechanisms (sample probes) in the present invention, looking from side; 
           [0022]      FIG. 5  is a schematic perspective view of a sample dispensing mechanism in the present invention; 
           [0023]      FIG. 6  is a time chart showing sampling timings; 
           [0024]      FIG. 7  shows still another embodiment of the present invention; and 
           [0025]      FIG. 8  shows still another embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0026]    In the present invention, each of the sample dispensing mechanisms repeats operations of sucking the sample and discharging the sucked sample into the reaction cuvette. The provision of the plurality of nozzles enables those operations to be performed such that while one sample dispensing mechanism discharges the sample into the reaction cuvette on the reaction disk after sucking the sample, the other nozzle sucks the sample. Accordingly, the standby time of the nozzle until it starts the suction of the sample can be cut down and high-speed processing can be realized. 
         [0027]    Because a plurality of sample dispensing mechanisms are able to carry out the dispensing operations independently of each other, the sample can be sucked from the sample container at a shorter interval. Correspondingly, the time allowed for the sample container to move to a sample suction position is shortened and a difficulty rises in moving the sample container to one predetermined location in time. This acts as a factor reducing the processing capability. However, a reduction of the processing capability can be avoided by constructing each of the sample dispensing mechanisms to be able to suck the sample from plural sample suction positions. 
         [0028]    The sample dispensing apparatus includes the moving mechanism capable of reciprocating the nozzle between the sample suction position and the reaction disk. A path along which the sample dispensing mechanism moves may be linear or curved. To enable the sample dispensing mechanisms to operate independently of each other, however, some means is required for avoiding the sample dispensing mechanisms from interfering with each other. For example, when the sample dispensing mechanisms are operated in the same plane, escape positions are provided on the paths of movements of the sample dispensing mechanisms so that one of the sample dispensing mechanisms will not restrict the operation of the other sample dispensing mechanism between the sample suction position and the reaction disk, or the sample dispensing mechanisms are disposed such that the paths of their movements are surely kept from interfering with each other. Alternatively, moving parts of the sample dispensing mechanisms are disposed in a vertically spaced relation to be kept out of interference between them. As an alternative, it is also possible to provide rotary shafts each positioned at middle between the sample suction position and the reaction disk, and to move the plural sample dispensing mechanisms to the sample suction position or the reaction disk by utilizing the respective rotary shafts. When the sample dispensing mechanisms are moved by utilizing the rotary shafts, each of the sample dispensing mechanisms may be provided with any other suitable moving means so that the sample dispensing mechanism can be moved to desired one of plural sample suction positions and desired one of plural positions on the reaction disk. 
         [0029]    The nozzle may have a liquid level detecting function for confirming whether the least necessary amount of the sample is present in the sample container or not, in order that the sample can be positively sucked with the aid of the liquid level detecting function. In the sample dispensing apparatus including the plurality of sample dispensing mechanisms, at the time when it is determined in any one of the sample dispensing mechanisms that the sample container does not contain the sample in amount not sufficient to ensure positive sucking of the sample, another sample dispensing mechanism that has been scheduled to suck the sample from the same sample container can be controlled in accordance with the determination result so as to stop sucking of the sample from the same sample container and to make a shift of the sucking operation to the next sample container. As a result, the unnecessary operation of the sample dispensing mechanism can be reduced. 
         [0030]    The nozzle may also have a clogging detecting function for confirming whether any factor causing clogging in a flow passage of the nozzle is present in the sample container or not. In the sample dispensing apparatus including the plurality of sample dispensing mechanisms, at the time when it is determined in any one of the sample dispensing mechanisms that any factor causing clogging is present in the sample container, another sample dispensing mechanism that has been scheduled to suck the sample from the same sample container can be controlled in accordance with the determination result so as to stop sucking of the sample from the same sample container and to make a shift of the sucking operation to the next sample container. As a result, the unnecessary operation of the sample dispensing mechanism can be reduced. 
         [0031]    Further, even in the case of one of the nozzles having failed to operate due to any abnormality, because the sample dispensing apparatus includes the plurality of sample dispensing mechanisms capable of operating independently of each other, the analyzing operation can be continued by using the sample dispensing mechanism operating normally unless operations of all the sample dispensing mechanisms are disabled upon abnormalities at the same time. 
         [0032]    In other words, if at least one of the plurality of nozzles is able to normally operate, the analysis can be performed by operating only the operable one of the plurality of sample dispensing mechanisms. 
         [0033]    In sample dispensing, for the purpose of avoiding thinning of the sample in the flow passage, the sample is also sucked as a dummy in addition the amount of the sample actually pipetted into the reaction cuvette. The dummy is finally discharged and discarded into a washing tank. While the provision of the plurality of sample dispensing mechanisms increases the processing capability, it is sometimes important to carry out all of the analysis items requested for the sample with priority over a reduction of the processing capability, for example, when the amount of the sample is very small such as a sample taken from an infant. In that case, the sample dispensing operation is controlled in accordance with information obtained from the sample container so as to carry out all of the requested analysis items even for the sample in a very small amount by operating only a particular one of the sample dispensing mechanisms to suck and discharge the sample instead of employing all of the sample dispensing mechanisms. When the sample dispensing operation is carried out in different ways depending on the type of the sample contained in the sample container as mentioned above, whether to make the function of selectively operating the sample dispensing mechanisms effective or not can be set, for example, from an operating screen on a display. As a result, it is possible to provide the sample dispensing apparatus having a higher value added. 
         [0034]    The larger the number of nozzles, the higher is the processing speed. However, the increased number of nozzles requires a larger space and a more complicated structure because of the problems that escape positions must be prepared for the respective sample dispensing mechanisms to avoid interference between them, and that the number of reagent dispensing mechanisms for discharging reagents into the reaction cuvettes, into which the samples have been discharged, must also be increased. Thus, the number of nozzles is desirably selected, as appropriate, depending on the required processing capability, etc. 
         [0035]    Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.  FIGS. 1 and 2  are respectively a plan view and a perspective view of one embodiment according to the present invention. Reaction cuvettes  35  are arranged on a reaction disk  36  along its circumference. A reagent disk  42  is disposed inside the reaction disk  36 , and a reagent disk  41  is disposed outside the reaction disk  36 . A plurality of reagent containers  40  are loadable on each of the reagent disks  41 ,  42  along its circumference. One reagent container  40  contains two kinds of reagents. A conveyer mechanism  12  for moving a rack  11  with sample containers  10  loaded thereon is installed near the reaction disk  36 . Rails  25 ,  26  are laid to extend between both the reagent disks  41  and  42  at a level above them. Reagent probes  20 ,  21  are disposed on the rail  25  to be movable not only in the direction parallel to the rail  25 , but also in the vertical direction. Reagent probes  22 ,  23  are disposed on the rail  26  to be movable in the 3-axis directions with respect to the rail  26 . The reagent probes  20 ,  21 ,  22  and  23  are connected to a reagent pump  24 . Between the reaction disk  36  and the conveyer mechanism  12 , sample probes  15 ,  16  are disposed to be rotatable in respective planes and movable in the vertical direction. 
         [0036]    The sample probes  15 ,  16  are each moved along a circular arc about a rotary shaft to alternately dispense a sample from the sample container into the reaction cuvettes. The sample probes  15 ,  16  include mechanisms capable of changing the probe heights, and perform dispensing operations at the timings and the probe heights both properly adjusted in accordance with a preset program so that the movements of both the sample probes will not interfere with each other. 
         [0037]    A construction of a sample dispensing mechanism according to another embodiment will be described below with reference to  FIGS. 3 ,  4  and  5 .  FIG. 3  shows, from above an analyzer, the paths along which the sample probes move,  FIG. 4  shows structures of the sample probes from the front of the analyzer, and  FIG. 5  is a perspective view showing a mechanism for moving the sample probes. The sample probes  15 ,  16  are each moved between one sample container  61  placed on the rack  11  and located in a position where a sample is to be sucked by the sample probe and one of the reaction cuvettes  35  located in a position  62  where a sample is to be discharged from the sample probe. The sample probe  15  is movable among three points, i.e., the sample container  61 , the sample discharge position  62 , and a washing position  63 . Numeral  65  denotes the path along which the sample probe  15  moves. On the other hand, the sample probe  16  is movable among three points, i.e., the sample container  61 , the sample discharge position  62 , and a washing position  64 . Numeral  66  denotes the path along which the sample probe  16  moves. 
         [0038]    The sample probe  15  is movable along a rail  71  by a drive source (not shown) in the back-and-forth direction between the sample container  61  and the sample discharge position  62 , while it is movable along a rail  73  by a drive source (not shown) in the left-and-right direction between the washing position  63  and the sample container  61  or the sample discharge position  62 . The operation of moving the sample probe  15  in the back-and-forth direction and the operation of moving the sample probe  15  in the left-and-right direction are performed such that one of those operations follows the other. As a result, a sample probe head  75  is movable in a plane constituted by both the rails  71 ,  73 , and a nozzle  77  having a vertical moving mechanism enables the sample probe head  75  to move in a three-dimensional space. 
         [0039]    Similarly, the sample probe  16  is movable along a rail  72  by a drive source (not shown) in the back-and-forth direction between the sample container  61  and the sample discharge position  62 , while it is movable along a rail  74  by a drive source (not shown) in the left-and-right direction between the washing position  64  and the sample container  61  or the sample discharge position  62 . The operation of moving the sample probe  16  in the back-and-forth direction and the operation of moving the sample probe  16  in the left-and-right direction are performed such that one of those operations follows the other. As a result, a sample probe head  76  is movable in a plane constituted by both the rails  72 ,  74 , and a nozzle  78  having a vertical moving mechanism enables the sample probe  76  head to move in a three-dimensional space. 
         [0040]    Also, each of the sample probes  15 ,  16  has a liquid level detecting function and a clogging detecting function. Further, the sample probes  15 ,  16  are connected to a sample pump  14 , and operations of the sample probes  15 ,  16  are controlled by drive systems independent from each other. 
         [0041]    Around the reaction disk  36 , there are arranged mixing units  30 ,  31 , a light source  50 , an optical detector  51 , and a cuvette washing mechanism  45 . The cuvette washing mechanism  45  is connected to a washing pump  46 . Washing ports  54  are disposed within respective areas where the sample probes  15 ,  16 , the reagent probes  20 ,  21 ,  22  and  23 , and the mixing units  30 ,  31  are movable. A sample pump  14 , the reagent pump  24 , the washing pump  46 , the optical detector  51 , the reaction disk  36 , the reagent disk  41 , the reagent probes  20 ,  21 ,  22  and  23 , and the sample probes  15 ,  16  are each connected to a controller  60 . 
         [0042]    The analysis sequence of the analyzer having the above-mentioned construction will be described below. 
         [0043]    A sample to be analyzed, such as blood, is put in the sample container  10 , and the sample container  10  is placed on the rack  11  and then conveyed by the conveyer mechanism  12 . 
         [0044]    The sample in the sample container  61  is sucked by the sample probe  15  or  16  and then pipetted into the sample discharge position  62 . 
         [0045]    The sample probe  15  is initially positioned in the washing position  63 , and the sample probe  16  is initially positioned in the washing position  64 . 
         [0046]    The sample probe  15  is moved on the rails  71  and  73  to the sample suction position (i.e., the position of the sample container  61 ) where the sample probe head  75  is descended toward the sample container  61  from above it. After sucking the sample, the sample probe head  75  ascends and the sample probe  15  is moved to the sample discharge position (i.e., the position of the sample discharge position  62 ) where the sucked sample is discharged into the sample discharge position  62 . Similarly, the sample probe  16  is moved on the rails  72  and  74  to the sample suction position where the sample probe head  76  is descended toward the sample container  61  from above it. After sucking the sample, the sample probe head  76  ascends and the sample probe  16  is moved to the sample discharge position where the sucked sample is discharged into the sample discharge position  62 . 
         [0047]    As seen from a time chart shown in  FIG. 6 , when sucking the sample by the sample probe  15 , for example, the sample probe  15  is moved to the sample suction position where the sample is sucked from the sample container  61 . Then, the sample probe  15  is moved to the sample discharge position where the sucked sample is discharged into the sample discharge position  62 . In parallel to the movement of the sample probe  15  to the sample discharge position  62 , the sample probe  16  starts moving from the washing position  64  toward the sample container  61 . At this time, to prevent the sample probes  15 ,  16  from colliding with each other, the sample probe  15  is moved toward the sample discharge position  62  via the washing position  63 . Likewise, after sucking the sample from the sample container  61 , the sample probe  16  is moved toward the sample discharge position  62  via the washing position  64  for discharge of the sucked sample. As a result, the time interval of sucking the sample from the sample container can be shortened. For carrying out the operation in accordance with the time chart shown in  FIG. 6 , it is required to construct a mechanism such that the two sample probes do not cross each other in their movements.  FIGS. 7 and 8  show other mechanisms to realize the intended operation than that shown in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0048]    The difference between  FIGS. 7 and 5  resides in that a curved rail  101  following the movement paths of the sample probes is employed in  FIG. 5 , while straight rails ( 72 - 74 ) extending along two axes are provided in  FIG. 7  to move the sample probes in a plane. 
         [0049]    In  FIG. 8 , the interference between the sample probe heads  75  and  76  is avoided by using two pairs of straight rails intersecting at an obtuse angle instead of avoiding the interference (contact) between the two sample probes by using the curved rail  101  in  FIG. 5  and by using two pairs of straight rails intersecting at a right angle in  FIG. 7 . 
         [0050]    When sucking of the required amount of the sample from the relevant sample container is completed, the rack  11  is conveyed by the conveyer mechanism  12  such that the next sample container comes to the sample suction position. 
         [0051]    Unlike  FIGS. 5 ,  7  and  8  in which the sample probe is provided on the dispensing mechanism moving along one or more rails, the sampling position can also be adjusted by providing a dispensing arm on the moving mechanism and controlling the dispensing arm to rotate or translate as desired. 
         [0052]    A certain amount of reagent is pipetted from the reagent container  40  placed on the reagent disk  41  or  42  into the reaction cuvette by the reagent probe  20 ,  21 ,  22  or  23 . A mixture of the sample and the reagent is stirred by the mixing unit  30  or  31  to develop a reaction for a predetermined time, and is subjected to measurement by the optical detector  51 . A measured result is outputted to a control computer (not shown). If there still remains a requested measurement item, the above-described sampling steps are repeated. More specifically, while the sample probe  15  discharges the sucked sample into the reaction cuvette  35 , the sample probe  16  sucks the sample from the sample container  10 . Then, at the time when the measurement items required for the same sample container  10  are all completed, the sample probe  15  or  16  sucks the sample from the next sample container  10 . Such a sampling process by the sample probes  15 ,  16  is repeated until sampling for all the measurement items set for all of the sample containers  10  loaded on the rack  11  is completed. 
         [0053]    The sample probes  15 ,  16  and the reagent probes  20 ,  21 ,  22  and  23  can be operated in any desired combinations. Therefore, even when one of the sample probes  15 ,  16  has failed to continue the operation because of any abnormality, the analysis can be continued for all the reagent items arranged on the analyzer by using the other sample probe. 
         [0054]    Also, when it is already known that one of the sample probes  15  and  16  is in an abnormal state, the analysis can be started by setting only the sample probe free from abnormality to be effective. 
         [0055]    Furthermore, the clogging detection function of one of the sample probes  15 ,  16  determines that any sample clogging factor exists in the sample container  10  or that the sample is exhausted, the sample probe for which the clogging has been detected is moved to the washing port  54  for washing of its flow passage, whereas the other sample probe can be controlled so as to stop the sucking operation from the relevant sample container and to make a shift to the sucking operation from the next sample container  10  on the rack  11 . Even in the case where the status judgment shows that the sample container  10  on the rack  11  cannot be moved to the sample suction position in time, the analyzing operation can be continued without causing useless vacant cycles because the sample probe  15  or  16  is able to suck the sample from any desired one of plural positions. 
         [0056]    Particularly, when the amount of the sample in the sample container is very small such as the case of a sample taken from an infant, it is possible to reduce the amount of a dummy which is required in the sampling operation to prevent thinning of the sample in the sample probe and is discarded into a washing tank without being discharged into the reaction cuvette  35 , by using only one of the sample probes  15  and  16 . 
         [0057]    As described above, the present invention can provide an automatic analyzer, in which an analyzer includes a plurality of sample dispensing mechanisms capable of operating independently of each other, and which has a high processing capability per hour and a high value added.