Abstract:
Various systems and devices for generating nitric oxide are disclosed herein. According to one embodiment, the device includes a body having an inlet, an outlet, and a porous solid matrix positioned with the body. The porous solid matrix is coated with an aqueous solution of an antioxidant, wherein the inlet is configured to receive a gas flow and fluidly communicate the gas flow to the outlet through the solid matrix to convert nitrogen dioxide in the gas flow into nitric oxide. The porous solid matrix allows the device to be used in any orientation. Additionally, the porous solid matrix provides a rigid structure suitable to withstand vibrations and abuse without compromising device functionality.

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of prior U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/090,614, filed on Aug. 21, 2008, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    This description relates to systems and devices for generating nitric oxide. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Nitric oxide (NO), also known as nitrosyl radical, is a free radical that is an important signaling molecule. For example, NO causes smooth muscles in blood vessels to relax, thereby resulting in vasodilation and increased blood flow through the blood vessel. These effects are limited to small biological regions since NO is highly reactive with a lifetime of a few seconds and is quickly metabolized in the body. 
         [0004]    Typically, NO gas is supplied in a bottled gaseous form diluted in nitrogen gas (N 2 ). Great care has to be taken to prevent the presence of even trace amounts of oxygen (O 2 ) in the tank of NO gas because NO, in the presence of O 2 , is oxidized into nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ). Unlike NO, the part per million levels of NO 2  gas is highly toxic if inhaled and can form nitric and nitrous acid in the lungs. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0005]    Briefly, and in general terms, various embodiments are directed to systems and devices for generating nitric oxide (NO). According to one embodiment, the device includes a body having an inlet, an outlet, and a porous solid matrix positioned with the body. In one embodiment, the porous solid matrix is made of a silica gel and a thermoplastic resin. The porous solid matrix is coated with an aqueous solution of an antioxidant, wherein the inlet is configured to receive a gas flow and fluidly communicate the gas flow to the outlet through the porous solid matrix to convert nitrogen dioxide in the gas flow into nitric oxide. The porous solid matrix allows the device to be used in any orientation. The porous solid matrix also provides a rigid structure suitable to withstand vibrations and abuse associated with shipping and handling. 
         [0006]    In addition to NO-generating devices, various systems for generating and delivering NO to a patient are disclosed herein. According to one embodiment, the system includes a gas source including nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), dinitrogen tetraoxide (N 2 O 4 ), or NO. The gas source is in communication with a first NO conversion device. The NO conversion device includes an inlet, an outlet, and a solid matrix coated with an aqueous solution of an antioxidant positioned between the inlet and the outlet. The inlet of the NO conversion device is configured to receive a gas flow from the source and fluidly communicate the gas flow through the porous solid matrix to the outlet in order to convert NO 2  in the gas flow into NO. The system also includes a patient interface coupled to the outlet of the first NO conversion device. 
         [0007]    In another embodiment, the system is provided with a second NO conversion device similar to the first NO conversion device. In this embodiment, the second NO conversion device is placed in series with the first NO conversion device, and the patient interface is in communication with the outlet of the second conversion device. In yet another embodiment, a humidifier is placed prior to the first conversion device. In another embodiment, the humidifier is integral with the first conversion device. Optionally, an active humidifier is placed prior to the second conversion device. 
         [0008]    Other features will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate by way of example, the features of the various embodiments. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
         [0009]      FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a nitric oxide (NO) generating device. 
           [0010]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram of one embodiment of a NO generating device. 
           [0011]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of one embodiment of a system for delivering NO to a patient. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0012]    Various systems and devices for generating nitric oxide (NO) are disclosed herein. Generally, NO is inhaled or otherwise delivered to a patient&#39;s lungs. Since NO is inhaled, much higher local doses can be achieved without concomitant vasodilation of the other blood vessels in the body. Accordingly, NO gas having a concentration of approximately 10 to approximately 1000 ppm (e.g., greater than 10, 40, 80, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, or 1000 ppm) may be delivered to a patient. Accordingly, high doses of NO may be used to prevent, reverse, or limit the progression of disorders which can include, but are not limited to, acute pulmonary vasoconstriction, traumatic injury, aspiration or inhalation injury, fat embolism in the lung, acidosis, inflammation of the lung, adult respiratory distress syndrome, acute pulmonary edema, acute mountain sickness, post cardiac surgery acute pulmonary hypertension, persistent pulmonary hypertension of a newborn, perinatal aspiration syndrome, haline membrane disease, acute pulmonary thromboembolism, heparin-protamine reactions, sepsis, asthma, status asthmaticus, or hypoxia. NO can also be used to treat chronic pulmonary hypertension, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, chronic pulmonary thromboembolism, idiopathic pulmonary hypertension, primary pulmonary hypertension, or chronic hypoxia. 
         [0013]    Currently, approved devices and methods for delivering inhaled NO gas require complex and heavy equipment. NO gas is stored in heavy gas bottles with nitrogen and no traces of oxygen. NO gas is mixed with air or oxygen with specialized injectors and complex ventilators, and the mixing process is monitored with equipment having sensitive microprocessors and electronics. All this equipment is required in order to ensure that NO is not oxidized into nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) during the mixing process since NO 2  is highly toxic. However, this equipment is not conducive to use in a non-medical facility setting since the size, cost, complexity, and safety issues restrict the operation of this equipment to highly-trained professionals in a medical facility. 
         [0014]    In contrast, the systems and devices disclosed herein do not require heavy gas bottles, sophisticated electronics, or monitoring equipment. For example,  FIG. 1  illustrates one embodiment of a device  100  that generates NO from NO 2 . The device  100 , which may be referred to as a NO generation cartridge, a GENO cartridge, a GENO cylinder, or a recuperator, includes a body  102  having an inlet  104  and an outlet  106 . The inlet  104  and outlet  106  are sized to engage gas plumbing lines or directly couple to other components such as, but not limited to, gas tanks, regulators, valves, humidifiers, patient interfaces, or recuperators. Additionally, the inlet  104  and outlet  106  may include threads or specially designed fittings to engage these components. 
         [0015]    As shown in  FIG. 1 , the body  102  is generally cylindrical in shape and defines a cavity that holds a solid matrix  108 . According to one embodiment, the porous solid matrix  108  is a mixture of a surface-activated material such as, but not limited to, silica gel and one or more suitable thermoplastic resins that are sintered at high temperatures to form a porous solid matrix. The polymers include, but are not limited to, polyethylene, polypropylene or any thermoplastic resin that can be ground into a fine powder and the poured into a mold and sintered at high temperature to form a porous solid matrix. The thermoplastic resin, when cured, provides a rigid porous structure with the surface-activated material embedded in the pores. Additionally, the polymer may be shaped or molded into any form. 
         [0016]    According to one embodiment, the porous solid matrix  108  is composed of at least 20% silica gel. In another embodiment, the porous solid matrix  108  includes approximately 20% to approximately 60% silica gel. In yet another embodiment, the porous solid matrix  108  is composed of 50% silica gel. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, any ratio of silica gel to thermoplastic resin is contemplated so long as the mechanical and structural strength of the porous solid matrix  108  is maintained. In one embodiment, the densities of the silica gel and the polymer are generally similar in order to achieve a uniform mixture and, ultimately, a uniform porous solid matrix  108 . 
         [0017]    As shown in  FIG. 1 , the porous solid matrix  108  also has a cylindrical shape having an inner bore  112 . In other embodiments, the porous solid matrix may have any shape known or developed in the art. The porous solid matrix  108  is positioned within the body  102  such that a space  114  is formed between the body and the porous solid matrix. At the inlet end  104  of the body  102 , a diverter  110  is positioned between the inlet and the porous solid matrix  108 . The diverter  110  directs the gas flow to the outer diameter of the porous solid matrix  108  (as shown by the white arrows). Gas flow is forced through the porous solid matrix  108  whereby any NO 2  is converted into NO (as shown by the darkened arrows). NO gas then exits the outlet  106  of the device  100 . The porous solid matrix  108  allows the device  100  to be used in any orientation (e.g., horizontally, vertically, or at any angle). Additionally, the porous solid matrix  108  provides a rigid structure suitable to withstand vibrations and abuse associated with shipping and handling. 
         [0018]    In the device  100  shown in  FIG. 1 , the pressure drop across the porous solid matrix  108  is generally less than 1-2 inches of water at a gas flow rate of 40-60 liters per minute. According to one embodiment, the porous solid matrix  108  is approximately 10 inches long with an outer diameter of about 1.3 inches and an inner diameter of about 1 inch. In alternate embodiments, the porous solid matrix  108  may have different sizes and diameters based upon the intended use. For example, a portable, short-term device may have a smaller-sized, porous solid matrix as compared to a long-term device. 
         [0019]    The body  102  of the device  100  may be made from a polymer, metal, fiberglass, glass, carbon fiber, ceramic, or other materials known or developed in the art that is not rapidly corroded or damaged by NO 2 . Regardless of the materials used, the construction of the body  102  needs to be sealed to prevent air from entering the body. Air leakage may occur because the porous solid matrix  108  has effectively a zero pressure drop, and air can flow up around the seals of the inlet  104  or outlet  106  and into the body  102 . In order to avoid air leakage into the device  100 , the inside frame of the body  102  holding the solid matrix  108  has a depth that is greater than the wall thickness of the solid matrix. 
         [0020]      FIG. 2  illustrates another embodiment of a device  200  for converting NO 2  into NO. The device  200  includes a conversion cartridge  100  and a humidifier  202 . The humidifier  202  enhances the lifetime of the cartridge  100  by replacing moisture in the silica gel portion of the solid matrix  108 . For example, in one experiment, an unheated humidifier  202  is positioned in the flow line prior to the cartridge  100 . The water temperature in the humidifier dropped from an ambient temperature of 23° C. to less than 18° C. due to evaporative cooling. The moisture from the evaporative cooling extended the life of the cartridge  100  to well over 100 hours whereas a cartridge without any humidity would have a lifespan of less than 12 hours. If a humidifier  202  is used with a cartridge  100 , the humidity in the cartridge must be below the dew point. Otherwise, the presence of liquid water “drowns” the active sites on the silica gel in the device  100 , thereby preventing NO 2  gas from interacting with the antioxidant. 
         [0021]    As shown in  FIG. 2 , the humidifier  202  may be a separate device placed prior to the cartridge  100 . Alternatively, the humidifier  202  and the cartridge  100  may be an integral component. In one embodiment, approximately 250 mL of water would be sufficient to maintain the moisture content in the cartridge  100  well beyond the lifetime of the porous solid matrix  108 . In alternate embodiments, more or less water may be needed for larger and smaller cartridges, respectively. In other embodiments (e.g., a short-term device), a humidifier may not be necessary. 
         [0022]      FIG. 3  illustrates a system  300  for delivering NO to a patient. The system  300  includes a gas source  302  for generating or containing NO. The gas source  302  may be a tank of pressurized (or non-pressurized) NO, NO 2 , or N 2 O 4 . In those systems having a non-pressurized gas source, a pump is provided to move the gas from the gas source through the conversion cartridges  306 ,  310 . Optionally, a humidifier  304  or  308  may be placed prior to one or more NO conversion devices  306 ,  310 . 
         [0023]    As shown in  FIG. 3 , the system  300  includes two conversion devices  306 ,  310 . According to one embodiment, the second conversion device  310  is referred to as a recuperator. The recuperator  310  is identical to the main conversion device  306  except the recuperator is typically smaller in size and format. The recuperator  310  is generally smaller for convenience and to reduce weight and size. Nevertheless, the recuperator  310  functions the same as the main cartridge  306 . In alternate embodiments of the system, the two cartridges  306 ,  310  may be identical (e.g., two main cartridges). 
         [0024]    Optionally, the system  300  includes a heated humidifier  308  positioned between the conversion cartridge  310  and the patient interface  312 . The patient interface  312  may be a mouth piece, nasal cannula, face mask, or fully-sealed face mask. According to one embodiment, the humidifier  308  is a heated humidifier that brings the moisture content up to a dew point of 32° C. to 37° C. , thereby preventing moisture loss from the lungs. 
         [0025]    According to one method, the solid matrix is formed by mixing silica gel with a thermoplastic resin. The mixture is then sintered at a high temperature to form a porous solid matrix and allowed to cool. After the porous solid matrix  108  is formed, the porous solid matrix is flushed with an antioxidant solution. In one embodiment, the antioxidant solution is approximately 20% ascorbic acid in water. Alternatively, ascorbic acid may be substituted with other antioxidants such as, but not limited to, alpha tocopherol or gamma tocopherol. In other embodiments, the antioxidant solution may have varying antioxidant concentrations. Dissolved gases (e.g., oxygen and air) are excluded from the antioxidant solution in order to prevent the formation of microscopic gas bubbles around the solid polymer/silica gel matrix. The gas bubbles would alter the surface chemistry and would prevent NO 2  from interacting with the antioxidant liquid inside the silica gel. 
         [0026]    Once the solid matrix  108  has been flushed, the excess antioxidant solution that is not bound by the silica gel may be rinsed off in order to minimize the precipitation of excess antioxidant solution during the drying step. According to one embodiment, the porous solid matrix  108  is vacuum dried until the moisture content is reduced to approximately 30%. In alternate embodiments, the solid matrix  108  may be dried to have any moisture content ranging from approximately 1% to approximately 99%. During the drying process, precautions need to be taken to ensure that oxygen is excluded. The dried, solid matrix  108  is assembled into the body  102  and flushed with inert gas before and during the sealing process. According to one embodiment, the cartridges  100  are stored in oxygen and gas-tight containers. Oxygen is excluded from the manufacturing process and during storage in order to prevent the ascorbic acid (or other antioxidants) from slowly oxidizing to dehydro-ascorbic acid and other oxidation products during long-term storage. In another embodiment, the cartridge is dried until there is no detectable water present, and the cartridge is then sealed and packaged dry in a moisture-proof container. The dried cartridge is reconstituted into an active cartridge by exposing the cartridge to water prior to use. 
         [0027]    The various embodiments described above are provided by way of illustration only and should not be construed to limit the claimed invention. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize various modifications and changes that may be made to the claimed invention without following the example embodiments and applications illustrated and described herein, and without departing from the true spirit and scope of the claimed invention, which is set forth in the following claims.