Abstract:
The present invention provides a method and system of publicly co-creating a narrative document by parallel and on-going communication of a plurality of signals comprising public reactions to portions of the document, the signals being generated via one or more repurposed signaling devices. A display illustrates an introductory portion of the document intended to engender a public interest in the document and an emotive or intellectual reaction thereto. The document can comprise a dependent set of associated document elements which are sequentially variable for variation of document content to evolve different document narratives. The public viewing the display communicates, via the device or devices, a signal indicative of their reactions and for effecting a prospective scene selection in the document content that, in turn will vary the narrative.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The subject invention relates to the field of document generation systems, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for utilizing public interaction for dynamically varying document content where the document is publicly displayed for concurrent adjustment by the interactants. The invention is particularly applicable to a large screen display of a narrative document in a public setting wherein the document content, e.g., a storybook of modular image elements, or its prospective sequence is adjusted based upon public communication of a signal by a signaling device made in response to the display. A public setting refers to a physical setting where multiple people can share a physical as distinct from merely sharing a virtual or “cyberspace” presence. Without limitation, examples of public settings include a street, a plaza, a shopping mall, an arena, a theater, a convention or exposition hall, a store front, a club, bar or restaurant, an amusement park or a ride or attraction therein, or a shared space in a work place or school building, such as an auditorium, gymnasium, cafeteria, atrium, lobby, corridor or conference room. However, the subject invention is applicable to any environment or system which provides generation of a document in a physical setting that presents an opportunity for communication of a plurality of reactions to the viewing of the document. 
     Interactive computer games are usually played by single users in a private setting. They require that the user be equipped with a personal computer and a CD-ROM. Although there are known instances of multi-user shared computer experiences, these are not publicly viewed. Typically, each player sits in the privacy of his or her own home, and the interaction with other players is entirely virtual. Special equipment (a PC, software, maybe a pair of virtual reality goggles or a data glove) is also required. Some specific examples are multi-user games, Dan&#39;s Apartment (a public access television show) and multi-user dungeons, such as LambdaMOO. 
     Arcade video games are also known where two players play against each other while spectators may crowd around and watch. Special equipment (the arcade machine) is required. There is a sharp demarcation between the players, who are fully engaged with the game and who interact physically with the arcade machine, and the spectators, who do not. There are no casual interactions with the game, and no one who is both a spectator and a participant. 
     Some systems, such as Lorna (an interactive laser art disk) have been devised for the private direction of a narrative story through a number of alternative paths and endings, as implemented in the interactive disk. Such a system lacks the important aspect of being publicly displayed and suitable for public interaction with the story. 
     Current personal computer systems allow multi-user interaction with commonly displayed visual images in such systems as on-line chat rooms or multi-player interactive games. Although the multi-user participation results in a document having varying content as a result of the participation, the document itself is not interactive, it has no internal “story” time frame, and there are no narrative forms wherein the sequential portions of the documents themselves are intended to communicate the story. There is typically no shared participation of users in a common public physical space. The sharing, such as it is, is virtual, not physical. 
     No known systems provide the rich, exciting experience of interaction among many spectator-participants in a public place to effectively coauthor a fictional or other narrative document, viewable by all of the spectator-participants, to evolve the narrative both in a real time and in its own internal “story” time, wherein the narrative is communicated by the resulting sequence evolution as a direct result of the public interaction. 
     Indeed, there are only a few known instances of public interactive documents and these have notable limitations. Interactive films have a large granularity. There are only one or two branch points and, at most, a few possible branches. For example, in a 90 minute film, the audience gets to pick one of four 15-minute endings. Cinematrix comprises a “ping-pong paddle” system disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. , , . Here the spectator-participants (or, “interactants”) all must be equipped with special hardware, in this case a special red-green ping-pong paddle. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention contemplates a new and improved document generating system which overcomes the limitations of interactive participation with known mass media systems to effectively combine the advantageous features of a public interaction for evolving a narrative document with a communication scheme involving a commonly available communication device. 
     In accordance with the present invention in one aspect there is provided a method and system of publicly authoring a narrative document by parallel and ongoing communication of a plurality of signals comprising public reactions to portions of the document, the signals being generated via one or more signaling devices. A display illustrates an introductory portion of the document intended to engender a public interest in the document and an emotive or intellectual reaction thereto. The document can comprise a dependent set of associated document elements which are sequentially variable for variation of document content to evolve different document narratives. Persons viewing the display communicate, via their signaling devices, one or more signals indicative of their reactions and for effecting one or more prospective scene selections in the document content that, in turn will vary the narrative. 
     The signal is identified by monitoring a plurality of frequencies assigned to such signaling devices by monitoring signal strength on those frequencies. When a signal is detected, the display is adjusted by selecting a next document element in response to the signal, thus varying the overall display of document element sequence so that the narrative document is continually revised in respect to the communicating of the signal. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the document comprises video and audio data and the generating of the document elements includes displaying the data in a storage device such as segregable scene and sound directories. The video data can comprise a plurality of tokens to elicit the response, such as colors, text, or images. 
     In accordance with a more particular aspect of the present invention, the publicly displaying comprises disposing the document in a billboard format in a location viewable by a large number of people. 
     In accordance with yet another more particular aspect of the present invention, monitoring the signals comprises recognizing a time when the signal is communicated in association with the displaying of a token indicative of the emotive or intellectual reaction. 
     One benefit obtained by the present invention is a generation of a new kind of public document through an interactive participation of any member of the public viewing the document and possessing a signaling device. The co-creation of the document provides for a publicly shared experience in helping to construct the narrative which can be sensitive to a predominant public emotion or even individual reactions to the display of the document. However, the public interaction need not be cooperative, in that public participation can be limited merely by proximity to the display and not with regard to any threshold qualifications. 
     Another benefit obtained from the present invention is the repurposing of everyday objects for use as signaling devices in the creation of the document. Garage door openers, key fobs, remote controls, pagers, even automobile headlights or horns, can be utilized for communicating the determinative signals. Typically, in the embodiments to be described, a radio signaling device is preferable and most convenient. 
     A further benefit of the present invention is the dynamic generation of the document narrative without structural limitations as to time. A narrative possesses dual time elements in that, as the narrative evolves, it does so both in real time (that of the reader or viewer) and in its own, internal “story” time frame (that of the characters Within the narrative). These two time elements are more or less independent of one another; for example, even as the viewer-participant experiences the passage of real time, the internal time of the story can move forward at a faster or slower rate, can move backwards (as in a flashback), can jump ahead, can cycle back to the beginning, etc. Thus, according to the invention, the dual time structure of the narrative facilitates viewer-participant coauthorship of the documents according to participation ability and convenience and without necessity for a strict coupling of (for example) narrative progression to real-time events. 
     Other benefits and advantages for the subject new document generation system will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading and understanding of this specification. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention may take physical form in certain parts and steps, and arrangements of parts and steps, the specific embodiments of which will be described in detail in this specification and illustrated in the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof and wherein: 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system for implementing the subject invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a pair of flowcharts illustrating the steps taken to implement the invention from two different standpoints; 
     FIGS. 3 and 4 comprise exemplary document elements presented on the display; 
     FIG. 5 is an example of a series of displays changing in accordance with one scheme of the invention; 
     FIG. 6 is a truth table indicating a next scene sequence in response to interactant selections in another scheme of the invention; 
     FIG. 7 is an exemplar of another type of display sequence in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the invention; and 
     FIG. 8 comprises consecutive scenes of an implementation of the invention for illustrating the dual time line nature of a narrative generated in accordance with the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A specific embodiment of the invention was recently done as a piece presented in conjunction with ACM SIGGRAPH, in August 1997, in Los Angeles, California. There is a nightclub on Sunset Boulevard that has two Sony JumboTron® giant (9′×12′) television screens on its outdoor facade. The screens are viewable by passing motorists and pedestrians. There is also a micro-power FM radio station on site. 
     The inventors authored a piece of interactive fiction, described by some as a “drive-by soap opera”, that played on the JumboTron® displays. Passing motorists and pedestrians on Sunset Boulevard could alter the narrative that was played out, as it was playing out, by clicking their garage door openers and alarm system key fobs at the screen. 
     Through a juxtaposition of evocative imagery, including images of single human characters or small groups (two- or three- person shots), together with evocative texts, colors and symbolic images, the spectator-participants who were the audience could co-create the story. This was a fluid, sometime ambiguous narrative, but a narrative nonetheless. It will be appreciated that the invention is applicable as well to less ambiguous, more traditionally scripted kinds of stories, and to presentations for purposes other than art or entertainment, such as advertising. 
     Referring now to the drawings wherein the showings are for purposes of illustrating the specific embodiments of the invention only, and not for purposes of limiting the same, FIG. 1 shows an assembly  10  comprising, in its most simple form, a video display device  12 , a controller  14 , an audio transmitter  16 , a scanner  18 , and a signaling device  20 . 
     The video display  12  can be anything that would satisfy the intended function of a large-area public display perceptible by a number of people in a manner where close proximity to the display is not necessary. In the above implementation, two Sony® JumboTrons®, arranged in essentially a billboard format were successful. Video walls could also be used, depending on the desired resolution demanded by the data stream comprising the narrative document. If more sophisticated display formats, such as image scrolls, pans and zooms, as well as a variety of text effects are desired, higher resolution displays may be desired. Regardless, so long as a display  12  can adequately communicate the document elements intended to eventually form the narrative document in a perceptible manner, the display will be satisfactory. 
     The controller  14  comprises a computer which controls the data stream perceived as the narrative document on a display. The controller  14  includes conventional memory storage devices (not shown), in which various directories for image, textual or audio information can be accessed. A controller will decide when to adjust a sequence of document elements in response to a signal communicated from the public in a manner as will be more fully explained below. 
     The scanner  18  monitors low-power radio signals on frequencies ranging from 280 to 440 MHZ, generated by garage door openers, and alarm system key fobs. Such devices transmit a brief, low-power radio signal typically from one-quarter to one-half of a second in duration. Conventional radio technology will allow a scanning of these frequencies in less than one second for monitoring comparative signal strength throughout the identifiable channels in the frequency range. Since there is a considerable amount of RF pollution in these frequencies and the noise in the frequency varies widely over the course of a day (e.g. between night and day), the preferred embodiment merely involves a threshold determination of whether there is a signal being communicated based on this monitoring signal strength. A monitoring algorithm picks out the intended signal from ambient noise by identifying if a current signal strength is approximately three-times stronger than the running average signal strength. If such a signal strength is determined, then the controller will recognize that the signal from the scanner is a signal being communicated from a viewer-participant on a particular channel. If the signal strength does not exceed this threshold, then whatever signal is detected is incorporated by the controller  14  in a computation of the running average signal strength for the channel. The system thus keeps tracking the signal noise on a particular channel to compensate for the varying levels of radio noise between times of day. Thus, the system  10  merely treats the signal as present or absent and does not decode the digital information contained in each signal burst. However, such decoding is within the scope of the invention for identifying particular users and would merely require more sophisticated radio signal processing equipment for the scanning operation. 
     Alternatively, the controller  14  could also operate to distinguish predominant public reactions to comparative document element displays, thereby implementing what is essentially a voting recognition scheme, and for identifying those elements obtaining greater public appeal or interest. Such voting recognition can be particularly useful when large numbers of signals are being monitored for determining the evolution of the narrative. 
     The audio transmitter  16  essentially comprises a low-power radio transmitter intended to generate a signal detectable by a car radio or other portable radio devices for an accompanying sound track to the document being viewed on the display  12 . The audio sound track can include spoken text and musical scores. 
     Lastly, the signaling device  20  typically comprises a garage door opener or key fob for generating signals from a viewer-participant. More generally, a commonplace object that is likely to be ready at hand for many viewer-participants, and that can be repurposed to provide a suitable electromagnetic, audio or other signal, will do. The signaling device(s) chosen will vary according to the particular circumstances of the embodiment (e.g., what the target audience is likely to have on hand). 
     In the public physical setting, a plurality of viewer-participants, each having his or her own signaling device  20 , are usually present. They may be there all at once, or come and go at different times, or some combination of these. Thus, typically there will be a number of signals from a number of devices  20 . 
     With particular reference to FIG. 2, a method for implementing the subject invention is explained from the perspective of the system and that of the viewer-participants. From the system&#39;s standpoint, the first step comprises the generating  22  the document elements and logic. The elements can comprise the video, sound and text elements to be displayed or communicated. The next step is an introductory or partial display  24  of the document intended to engender a responsive emotive or intellectual reaction from the viewing public. It should be noted that such reaction will vary among different participants and as such is essentially personal and subjective. 
     One of the features of the document is that it has a dual time line, comprising an internal “story” time line and a “real” time line corresponding to the construction of the narrative document itself. As the display of the image occurs in real time, wherein various document elements of the document are sequentially displayed on the display  12 , the story time line can vary according to the narration determined by the public participants. For example, with reference to FIG. 8, at real time T 1  a first car AA drives past the display  12 . The person in car AA clicks the communication device  20  at the display and the system  10  senses the signal. At a later real time T 2 , as the person in first car AA has driven past the billboard, that person may or may not see the outcome of their signal, but the scene on the display is altered in response to the signal; and, despite there being a forward real time evolution between Ti and T 2 , the narrative may have actually taken a step backwards in story time, for example, a flashback. The new scene is viewable by the person in second car BB, since car BB has passed into viewing range of display  12  during the time interval between T 1  and T 2 . Thus, the real time line for the interactants is actually different from the story time line of the narrative evolving on the display, and the individual “authors” and viewers can vary throughout both time lines. Note that in practice, there can be many (e.g., tens or hundreds or more) viewer-participants, depending on the setting and circumstances of the particular embodiment. FIG. 8 illustrates only two viewer-participants, but this is only for simplicity of exposition. 
     Continuing with FIG. 2, the system waits  26  for a timeout or a “click” communicating the signal and then chooses  28  a next appropriate scene. At this point, the flow of control loops back  29  so that this system displays  24  the newly chosen scene and waits  26  for their click, prompting a choice  28  of yet another scene, and so on. 
     With reference to FIG. 5, a specific example of a conversation flow where the images are adjusted in response to the clicks or timeouts is shown. Interaction model  100  includes scenes  50 ,  52 ,  54 ,  55 ,  56 ,  57  and  58  and a set of pathways or links connecting them. Images A-H are, in this embodiment, character images drawn from a pool of forty ( 40 ) images. Texts  1 ,  2 ,  3 , are evocative texts. At scene  50 , the display shows two character images A, B and the scene will change to either character images C, D or C, F, depending upon whether the system senses a click, in which case C, F are displayed  52  or a whether 10-second timeout occurs in which character images C, D are shown in scene  54 . Also in scene  52 , a text  3  is shown. Thus, the interacting click  51  has the effect of changing the sequence of display from scene  50  to scene  54  after a normal, 10-second timeout to a sequence comprised of scene  50 , scene  52  and then scene  54  after a 10-second timeout. Alternative pairings and/or text for scanning  55 - 58  are shown in the event of clicks or timeouts. Another possible result of clicking at scene  58  is to replay  59  the path already seen. 
     Returning again to FIG. 2, the viewer-participants&#39; perspective is effectively a viewing  38  of the display and responding with either a click  40  or a non-response  41 , wherein the scene will be changed and the viewer will adjust  42  his interpretation in response to the change. As in the system perspective, a loop back  43  completes the cycle. The viewer-participants thus can alternate between successive views and responses. 
     It will be appreciated that the invention facilitates the document generation by mere casual contact and that an individual viewer-participant need not remain present throughout the entirety of the narrative presentation. In the SIGGRAPH embodiment, for example, pedestrians and motorists on Sunset Boulevard might encounter the piece at different times of day or night, whenever they happen to pass the section of Sunset Boulevard where the piece was playing, each time seeing a different segment of the piece and experiencing a different set of interactions with the piece, according to the particular segment shown and the reactions of the viewer-participants who happen to be present. More generally, the invention facilitates casual contact by multiple parties whose interaction with the document in a public setting causes changes to the narrative progression (e.g., story time sequence) of the document. Importantly, the changes to the narrative are facilitated or even wholly mediated automatically, as by computer assistance from controller  14 , without the need for continual interaction by human operators or actors during the narrative presentation. Thus, the invention is particularly suitable to a public setting wherein casual, non-sustained contact, such as walk-up/walk-away pedestrian traffic, passerby pedestrian or motor traffic, etc. are the norm and wherein the viewer-participant do not have even temporary possession over the display device used to present the narrative. This casual interaction with the system contrasts with, for example, a conventional video arcade game, in which the viewer or player is expected to engage more or less his or her full attention throughout an extended interaction with a computer system over which he or she exercises exclusive or semi-exclusive control during the course of a gam. (Note also that typically in a video game, a player&#39;s actions and the game&#39;s responses are closely coupled to one another and both take place in real time. There is no distinct story time frame as there would be in a narrative.) 
     Following the actual implementation of the system in the SIGGRAPH embodiment further clarifies the invention. With reference to FIG. 3, the public would view a document element such as that comprising the image of the face of a woman with a somewhat concerned look and the textual element, “Nobody understands”. The viewing of this portion of the display will engender a reaction to the public/participants. With reference to FIG. 4, a next sequential document element that is displayed is the scene of the woman sleeping, “JULIE&#39;S DREAM”. Across the top portion of the scene are three types of tumblers, or tokens,  32 ,  34  and  36 . Token  32  comprises one of a plurality of colors, token  34  comprises one of a plurality of textual words, and token  36  comprises one of a plurality of body parts, in this case a woman&#39;s mouth. The step of communicating a signal indicative of the response to the partial displaying for effecting a next sequential variation in the document comprises responding, i.e., “clicking”, to the tokens in a manner to communicate the reaction. For example, the color tumbler  32  may sequentially change from yellow, to red, to green, to black, etc. If the viewer/participant communicates the signal at the time of the display of a red token  32 , in combination with a “want” text token  34  and the mouth token  36 , then the next sequential scene may tend toward some love or sexual sequence, since the selected tokens would seem to indicate that the woman&#39;s dreams were evolving in that way. Alternatively, if the selected tokens had been “green”, “want” and an “eye”, then the story line would evolve in another direction, perhaps economic or something suggesting a jealous relationship. 
     In this implementation, the waiting step  26  at this point in the narrative comprises scrolling through the various options of the tumblers  32 ,  34 ,  36  and selecting the tumbler token which appears most consistent with the viewer-participants&#39; reaction to the narrative document so far. The signal is monitored  48  by the system  10 , as noted above, by relative signal strength during the displaying of the tokens. 
     Lastly, the choosing step  28  is implemented by the controller  14  to select a next video and audio display in accordance with the monitored signal. 
     With reference to FIG. 6, a representative portion of a truth table for the “JULIE&#39;S DREAM” episode is shown. In the first line of the truth table it can be seen that if a tumbler combination of the color red, the word “need”, and the base image “eye” were clicked by the observers, the next scene would be the one entitled “Everyone is Nervous.” After the selected scene is played out, the display returns to the image of Julie for the selection of the next tumbler combination. 
     The alternative implementations of the system as either the “Julie&#39;s Dream” embodiment of FIGS. 3,  4  and  6 , or the character image sequencing of FIG. 5 are just two examples of how public interaction with the system effects the creation of new scene sequences and narratives. 
     FIG. 7 illustrates how the system could be implemented in a mall-type setting, wherein advertising or product information can be obtained. For example, three scenes,  70 ,  72 ,  74  are sequencing on the display. When a click signal is sensed for each of the displays, respectively, the next scene will change to display related information to the clicked scene. For example, if the click is sent in association with the golf ball scene  70 , the next scene will comprise information about golf locations and clubs  76 . For a soccer ball click, information concerning local soccer leagues  78  is displayed, and for a table tennis click information about table tennis tables  80  is the next scene. 
     In the SIGGRAPH embodiment, the invention&#39;s visual track was comprised of graphics, text and still photography in a “soap opera” type genre. See FIGS. 3 and 4. For the photography, a blue screen studio was used to provide source materials with the most versatile editing possibilities. A high-end, high resolution digital camera (Nikon®/Fuji® E2-1000×1200 pixels) was used to produce 4,000 compressed JPEG files that represented the photographic images in digital form. 
     The actors supplied wardrobe and props suggestive of soap-operatic themes: evening gowns, surgical scrubs, lab coats, leather jackets, DKNY® sunglasses, tennis togs, stethoscopes, tank top tee-shirts, terry robes and silver-threaded tuxedo jackets. Narrative fragments—scenes staged and motivated by the soap-opera genre of the piece—were suggested to the actors during the shoot. For example, In a three-shot (i.e., a shot with three people), one of the actors was told: “You feel threatened by the intimacy of their relationship.” In a two-shot, the patient is told: “The doctor is informing you that the cancer is in remission.” 
     The images were accumulated and grouped, combined with evocative texts and all placed within interactive models (for example, like interaction model  100  shown in FIG.  5 ), so that the evocative texts could be understood by the public viewers in as little as six seconds and the texts were “modular” enough to combine with an ever-changing series of images. For some sequences, the writing would remain constant while clicking would change the images. For others, clicking would bring up or begin text events that altered the narrative context for the images. 
     Alternative embodiments of the invention include directional voting, wherein custom antennas with directional qualities will attend to signals coming from one set of viewers whilst rejecting signals from another. This is made somewhat more difficult by the wide range of frequencies under consideration, but some measure of this effect is certainly plausible. This will enable interaction modes that might include eastbound/westbound voting or independent interactions on each of the two screens. Phased arrays will present even more interesting possibilities. 
     One exceedingly attractive, although difficult, addition to the system would be to actually identify the individual signals coming from specific viewers. This is complicated by several factors, which include the fact that the scanner seldom gets all of any particular signal (because it is scanning through many frequencies), that the digital coding of the incoming signals is not consistent across the various brands and types of devices, and that many devices now change their codes after each transmission in an attempt to deter code snooping. This may be pursued further, but it is suspected that it would require a considerable custom hardware design and development effort to get reliable functionality in this area. 
     A number of techniques are known for interacting with users who have a single switch as an input device. One of these, row/column scanning, is a particularly attractive addition to the repertoire of interaction techniques for the subject invention. It will be most applicable where there are a large assortment of choices in settings where the users will spend enough time with the installation so that they can make sense of how the interaction works and what they&#39;ve done. 
     The invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments. Modifications and alterations will occur to persons of skill in the art upon the reading and understanding of this specification. It is our intention to include all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.