Abstract:
A method for the aralkylation of anthracyclins by utilizing an aralkylating agent R 3- CH 2 X (for example, BnBr) in accordance with the reaction pathway describe by the scheme shown in FIG.  1 . The present invention recognizes that 4-R 1 , 3′-N 3 -Daunomycines are suitable substrates for selective 4′-O-benzylation, yielding 4-R 1 , 3′-N 3 -4′-O-Aralkyl-Daunorubicines (in particular, 4′-O-Bn-Daunomycines). Thus, the present invention provides a pathway for a simple production of 4′-O-aralkylated derivatives of anthracyclines which can be effectively used to produce anthracyclines.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This Application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional Application No. 61/019,770, filed on Jan. 8, 2008, in accordance with 35 U.S.C. Section 119(e), and any other applicable laws. U.S. provisional Application No. 61/019,770 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as if set forth fully herein. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The field of the invention generally relates to chemical methods used to produce anthracyclines. More specifically, the field of the invention relates to the methods and processes used to produce anthracyclines of Formula (1): 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0003]    wherein R 1 =H, OH, OMe; R 2 =H, OH, OCOAlkl; Alkl=linear or branch alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl C 1 -C 12 , 4-OCH 2 —R 3  eq[uatorial] or ax[ial]; R 3 =H, Alkl, Ar 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    An − —anion of a strong acid
 
and more specifically (4-R 1 =OMe, 14-R 2 =OH, ax[ial] 4′-BnO)
 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    Anthracyclines form one of the largest families of naturally occurring bioactive compounds. Several members of this family have shown to be clinically effective anti-neoplastic agents. These include, for example, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, idarubicin, epirubicin, pirarubicin, zorubicin, aclarubicin, and caminomycin. For instance, these compounds have shown to be useful in the treatment of breast carcinoma, acute lymphocytic and non-lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin&#39;s lymphoma, and other solid cancerous tumors. 
         [0005]    However, in many cases, the problem of a transmembrane transport, or a transport across the blood-brain barrier, is of a paramount significance in improving bioavailability of a drug. The search for new anthracycline derivatives, especially for such substances that easily cross the blood-brain barrier, continues to this day. Such properties will allow widening anthracycline indications to include both primary and metastatic tumors of the central nervous system. These are some of the reasons why there is a continuously heightened interest in a synthesis of novel anthracycline antibiotics with variable lipophilicity, such as that described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,625,043 and 6,673,907. A change in lipophilic property may be achieved by modification of the glycoside moiety of the molecule; in particular, by alkylation of 3′-N and/or 4′-O atoms of the sugar. 
         [0006]    In the method disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,673,907, a number of compounds substituted at 3′-N are derived by direct alkylation of anthracyclines in DMF with benzylbromides. Substitution of anthracyclines at 4′-O position by aralkyl groups (substituted benzyl radicals) has traditionally been thought of as significantly less accessible. Such synthesis is complicated by the following difficulties: 
         [0007]    (a) functional groups of both aglycone and sugar must be protected by the protection groups; 
         [0008]    (b) production of 3′-azido-glycoside moiety is complicated by creation of equatorial and axial isomers, which further must be separated by stereospecific hydrolysis; 
         [0009]    (c) the coupling step requires utilization of a minimum double excess amount of a sugar synthon that is produced, in its turn, in 5-6 synthetic stages. Coupling reaction completes with less than 100% stereospecificity, resulting in a creation of an undesirable stereoisomer that must be further removed; 
         [0010]    (d) a total number of synthetic stages and chromatographic purification steps is greater than 10, precluding high yield of the desired product. 
         [0011]    Current views on the relative reactive strength of nucleophilic groups place them in the following order: NH 2 ≧aromatic OH≧aliphatic OH, and exclude the possibility of selective alkylation of aliphatic OH on a background of unprotected NH 2  or aromatic OH. This results in the complicated method of synthesis of anthracycline derivatives substituted at 4′-O position as discussed above. 
         [0012]    Benzylation of a sugar at the 4′ position in daunorubicin or its analogs by utilizing generally accepted benzylating agents such as benzyl halides +NaH; +BuLi; +t-BuOK, is impossible, because of direct preferential benzylation of nitrogen in the absence of the protective group at 3′-NH 2  or a generation of the reaction center at the 3′-N Prot nitrogen. In addition, benzylation of a sugar at the 4′ position hinders removal of the protection group from the 3′-NH group. 
         [0013]    The combination of these factors leads to reactions carried out simultaneously in several pathways, resulting in a poorly separable mixture of multiple products. 
         [0014]    Previously, well-accepted methods of alkylation of 4′ hydroxyl group of sugar utilized 3,4-di-O-Acetyl-Rhamnal as a starting material. It was first converted to 3-azide (racemate); then, the desired optical isomer was separated and benzylated with BnBr in the presence of NaH. The synthon created by such method was then coupled to an independently-synthesized aglycone. Further modifications and removal of the protection groups yielded the desired final product. 
         [0015]    Simplification in production of this class of compounds by modification of the microbiologically produced anthracycline precursors without separation of aglycone and sugar confers a great advantage to such process. For example, one such approach to the synthesis of idarubicin is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,053,191. The process described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,053,191 decreases the number of synthetic stages from 11 or 12 to just 5. 
         [0016]    A method of modifying the 3′-NH 2  to  3 ′-N 3  group in a glycoside part of the anthracycline molecule was previously described in the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2006 Vol 49, No 5, pp 1792-1799. This method allows production of a corresponding azide while keeping the anthracycline molecule intact. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0017]    The present invention is directed to an innovative method for the aralkylation of anthracycline by utilizing an aralkylating agent R 3- CH 2 X (for example, BnBr) in accordance with the reaction pathway describe by the scheme shown in  FIG. 1 . The present invention recognizes that 4-R 1 , 3′-N 3 -Daunomycines are suitable substrates for selective 4′-O-benzylation, yielding 4-R 1 , 3′-N 3 -4′-O-Aralkyl-Daunorubicines (in particular, 4′-O-Bn-Daunomycines). Thus, the present invention provides a pathway for a simple production of 4′-O-aralkylated derivatives of anthracyclines. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0018]      FIG. 1  is a schematic view of a reaction pathway according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0019]    The method for the aralkylation of anthracyclins by utilizing an aralkylating agent R 3- CH 2 X (for example, BnBr) according to the present invention comprises the reaction steps as shown in  FIG. 1 , which can be described as follows. The starting material is an anthracycline derivative salt in alcohol (preferably methanol). A solution of TfN 3  in dichloromethane is added to the solution of anthracycline derivative salt in alcohol (preferably in methanol), and the mixture is incubated for 4-24 hours, until the starting material has completely reacted. This results in the azide derivative represented by Formula 3: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0020]    The azide derivative represented by Formula 3 is dissolved in an aprotic solvent which is stable to the action of strong bases and alkylating agents such as dialkylamides, simple ethers (linear ethers (ex. Diethylether, methyl-t-butyl ether), cyclic ethers (ex. THF), and glyme ethers) or mixtures of such solvents (preferably DMF). While stirring, an excess of a strong base (preferably NaH), in a ratio of 1.2-10 M to 1 M of anthracycline, is added to the mixture. Then, an alkylating agent R 3 CH 2 X (for example BnBr) is added in an excess ratio of 1.2-10 M to 1 M of anthracycline at a temperature from 0 to 90° C. or at a boiling point of the solvent. The duration of the reaction greatly depends on the reactivity of the alkylating agent and can vary from hours to days. The completion of the reaction is monitored by thin-layer chromatography (“TLC”). 
         [0021]    After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture is evaporated under sub-atmospheric pressure conditions and washed with diethyl ether. The product is extracted by dichloromethane from the organic-aqueous emulsion of the reaction mixture in distilled water. The dichloromethane extract is washed with distilled water, and the dichloromethane is then removed by evaporation at low pressure. 
         [0022]    The resulting alkylated anthracycline azide is dissolved in THF, and 2 M excess of triphenylphosphine is added to the solution. The duration of this reaction varies from hours to days. Again, the completion of the reaction is monitored by TLC. This results in the aralkylated anthracycline represented by Formula 4: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0023]    The aralkylated anthracycline represented by Formula 4 is further halogenized by a complex halogenide as represented by Formula 2: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    where R 9  through R 14  are defined as H or a hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 4 carbon chains (C 1 -C 4 ); Hal is Cl, Br, I 
         [0024]    The solvents utilized for this reaction are medium-basicity aprotic solvents that are able to bind the hydrogen halide produced during halogenization, for example, amides, simple ethers and mixtures thereof, preferably dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran. This reaction is conducted at a temperature of 20-60° C. for 2-20 hours, preferably at 50° C. for about 3 hours. This results in a 14-halogenated derivative. This 14-halogenated derivative is then precipitated by adding cold acetone or acetonitrile and hydrolyzed in aqueous-acetone solution in the presence of carboxylic acid salts, preferably sodium formate, at a pH=2.5-5.5, or more preferably a pH=3.5-4.0. If production of 14-0 esters is desired (R2=OCOAlkl; Alkl=linear or branched alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl C 1 -C 12 ), the salt of the corresponding carboxylic acid is utilized. 
       EXAMPLE 
       [0025]    First, 20 g of daunorubicin hydrochloride is dissolved in 125 mL MeOH. A solution of 7.5 g of K 2 CO 3  in 20 mL of water is added and intensely stirred for 1 minute. A solution of TfN 3  in dichloromethane is then added to the mixture. The mixture continues to be stirred on a magnetic stirrer until the full conversion of the original anthracycline is achieved (confirmed by TLC). The resulting reaction mass is then poured in 300 mL of water. The organic layer is separated, and water is extracted using dichloromethane. The dichloromethane is then evaporated from the solution in a rotor evaporator. This results in 3′-N 3 -Daunomycin. 
         [0026]    The 3′-N 3 -Daunomycin is dissolved in 100 mL dimethylformamide, and 2 g of 60% suspension of NaH in paraffin is added. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, and 4 mL of benzylbromide is then added to it. Stirring continues until the concentration of the original daunomycin azide is decreased 8-10 times. The resulting reaction mixture is then poured into acidified distilled water and extracted using dichloromethane. The dichloromethane is then evaporated from the solution in a rotor evaporator. 
         [0027]    The resulting semisolid residue is dissolved in 100 mL tetrahydrofurane, and 7 g of triphenylphosphine is added to the solution. This solution is left at room temperature until full conversion of 3′-N 3 -4′-OBn-Daunomycin is reached. The resulting reaction mass is fully dried by evaporation, and the excess triphenylphosphine is removed by chromatography. This results in 4′-OBn-Daunomycin 
         [0028]    The resulting 4′-OBn-Daunomycin is dissolved in 100 ml of dimethylformamide, and 5 g of hydrogen dibromobromate bis(dimethylformamide) is added to the mixture. The mixture is then incubated at 40° C. for 2 hours. Afterwards, the reaction mixture is poured into 350 mL of acetonitrile. The precipitated sediment is filtered and washed with acetonitrile and the solvent is removed. 
         [0029]    The solid sediment is dissolved in a mixture of 80 ml of acetone, 80 ml of 0.25 M aqueous solution of hydrogen bromide, and 8 grams of sodium formate. The reaction mixture is incubated for 30 hours at 35° C. 
         [0030]    The acetone is then removed from the reaction mixture, and the residue purified by chromatographic purification. The yield is 3.1 g of 4′-OBn-Doxorubicin.