Abstract:
People can damage their medicines by taking them outside in hot or cold weather. On the other hand, some people need to carry their medicines with them wherever they go (even if the weather is extremely hot or cold). Specially constructed storage systems can protect medicines from damage due to hot and cold weather without requiring bulky structures or expensive components that consume electricity to regulate temperature.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. 13/896,211; filed May 16, 2013; and entitled STORAGE SYSTEMS AND STORAGE METHODS FOR INJECTABLE SUBSTANCES. The entire contents of patent application Ser. No. 13/896,211 are incorporated by reference herein. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    1. Field 
         [0003]    Various embodiments disclosed herein relate to systems and methods to store medicines. Certain embodiments relate to maintaining medicines at a suitable temperature. 
         [0004]    2. Description of Related Art 
         [0005]    Users of medicines, such as epinephrine, adrenaline, and insulin, are faced with a difficult challenge. On one hand, physicians often advise patients to take their medicines with them wherever they go. Yet on the other hand, the temperature of many medicines typically should be maintained within a temperature range that is incompatible with outdoor temperatures. For example, a certain injectable substance might need to be stored within a temperature range of 65 degrees Fahrenheit to 85 degrees Fahrenheit. Outdoor temperatures are often colder than 65 degrees Fahrenheit or warmer than 85 degrees Fahrenheit. As a result, patients who need injectable substances sometimes must remain indoors, risk going outdoors without the safety of carrying the injectable substance, or risk reducing the efficacy of the injectable substance by carrying it into environments with temperatures outside of the recommended range. 
         [0006]    Prior art solutions have included refrigerators set to particular temperatures to store medicines within a suitable range. (The suitable range can be the storage range recommended by the manufacturer of the medicine.) Refrigerators require substantial electrical power. Constantly having to plug a refrigerator into a power supply, changing batteries, or recharging batteries is inconvenient. In addition, users sometimes forget to provide adequate power, which can result in harming the medicine, and thereby, creating a health risk to the user. Thus, there is a need for systems and methods to store injectable substances within a suitable temperature range while requiring little or no electrical power. 
         [0007]    Prior art solutions have also included bulky insulation systems that are inconvenient for patients to carry outside. Due to this inconvenience, many patients do not carry vital medicines when they go outside. As a result, many patients have suffered medical emergencies and some patients have died. Thus, there is a need for systems and methods that are convenient enough for patients to carry their medicines outdoors. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0008]    In some embodiments, devices to store medicines can include a chamber configured to store a medicine, a thermal bank, and an insulated cover. The thermal bank can be located inside the insulated cover. At least a portion of the chamber can be located inside the thermal bank. The thermal bank can include phase change materials. Storage devices can also include innovative structures that dramatically reduce the volume and weight of the storage devices while still shielding medicines from extreme outdoor environments. 
         [0009]    In some embodiments, devices to store injectable substances can include an outer case and a vacuum flask located inside the outer case. The devices can include a thermal bank located inside the vacuum flask. The thermal bank can include a void that extends from an inner portion of the thermal bank to an outer portion of the thermal bank. An injectable substance can be located inside the void. The devices can include a removable lid configured to allow a user to remove the injectable substance from the storage system. In some embodiments, a user unthreads or rotates the lid to remove the lid. In several embodiments, insulated containers use foam insulation, materials that capture small air pockets, or other suitable insulation rather than a vacuum flask (e.g., a Thermos). 
         [0010]    Several embodiments include methods of storing injectable substances, inhalers, pharmaceuticals, or drugs. Some method embodiments comprise obtaining an outer case and a lid. Several methods include placing a vacuum flask inside the outer case and placing a thermal bank inside the vacuum flask. Some methods include placing an injectable substance inside the vacuum flask and closing the lid such that the outer case and the lid completely surround the injectable substance. 
         [0011]    Some embodiments include a storage system comprising a chamber configured to store an injection device; a thermal bank; and/or an insulated cover. The thermal bank can have a heat capacity of at least 1,200 J/K. The thermal bank can be located inside the insulated cover. At least a portion of the chamber can be located inside the thermal bank. The injection device can be located inside the chamber. The injection device can comprise a syringe and a pharmaceutical agent located inside the syringe. The pharmaceutical agent can comprise epinephrine. 
         [0012]    In some embodiments, the thermal bank comprises a hole that extends to an outer surface of the thermal bank and at least a portion of the chamber is located in the hole. The chamber can have a volume, and at least 60% of the volume of the chamber can be located inside the thermal bank. 
         [0013]    In several embodiments, the storage system has a central axis, and the chamber is located approximately along a portion the central axis. A portion of the thermal bank can be located radially outward relative to the chamber. A portion of the insulated cover can be located radially outward relative to the thermal bank. The thermal bank can be removably coupled to the insulated cover. The thermal bank can be rigidly coupled to the insulated cover. The thermal bank can comprise a container with solid outer walls. The container can be at least partially filled with a liquid having a melting temperature between 40 degrees Fahrenheit and 100 degrees Fahrenheit. 
         [0014]    In some embodiments, the storage system includes an outer case; a vacuum flask located inside the outer case; and/or a thermal bank located inside the vacuum flask. The thermal bank can include a heat capacity of at least 400 J/K. The thermal bank can also include a void that extends from an inner portion of the thermal bank to an outer portion of the thermal bank. The void can be at least 1 centimeter wide and at least 6 centimeters long. An injectable substance can be located inside the void. A removable lid can be configured to allow a user to remove the injectable substance from the storage system. The storage system can have a volumetric center. The volumetric center can be located inside the void. The heat capacity of the thermal bank can be at least 2,000 J/K and/or less than 12,000 J/K. 
         [0015]    Several embodiments of storing a medicinal injectable substance include obtaining an outer case and a lid; obtaining a vacuum flask located inside the outer case; obtaining a thermal bank with a heat capacity of at least 400 J/K, wherein the thermal bank can be located inside the vacuum flask; placing an injection device inside the vacuum flask, wherein the injection device is at least partially filled with the medicinal injectable substance; and/or coupling the lid to the outer case such that the outer case and the lid surround the injection device. The injection device can include a syringe at least partially filled with epinephrine. 
         [0016]    Some embodiments include placing the injection device inside at least a portion of the thermal bank. Embodiments can include forming the outer case around at least a portion of the vacuum flask. Several embodiments include maintaining the injectable substance within a temperature range of at least 50 degrees Fahrenheit and less than 90 degrees Fahrenheit. Inside environments can have a “room temperature” (e.g., a temperature within a typical range for a temperature-controlled home in the United States). Some embodiments include isolating the injectable substance from fluids located outside of the injection device. 
         [0017]    Several embodiments include placing the thermal bank in a first environment, wherein the first environment has a temperature greater than 65 degrees Fahrenheit and less than 85 degrees Fahrenheit; removing the thermal bank from the first environment and transporting the thermal bank towards a second environment while the thermal bank has a temperature greater than 65 degrees Fahrenheit and less than 85 degrees Fahrenheit, wherein the second environment has a temperature less than 65 degrees Fahrenheit or greater than 85 degrees Fahrenheit; and/or moving the thermal bank from the second environment to a third environment before the temperature of the thermal bank falls below 65 degrees Fahrenheit or rises above 85 degrees Fahrenheit, wherein the third environment has a temperature greater than 65 degrees Fahrenheit and less than 85 degrees Fahrenheit. The first environment can be indoors. The second environment can be outdoors. The third environment can be indoors (e.g., at a room temperature). Some embodiments do not comprise using electricity to alter the temperature of the thermal bank while the thermal bank is located in the second environment and while the heat capacity of the thermal bank is at least 800 J/K. Embodiments can use electricity to measure temperatures even if they do not use electricity to alter the temperature. 
         [0018]    In several embodiments, storage systems include an insulated container comprising a base and an opening configurable to enable removing a medicine from inside the insulated container; a first chamber located inside the insulated container, wherein the first chamber is configured to hold the medicine; a first phase change material located inside the insulated container; and/or a second phase change material located inside the insulated container. 
         [0019]    In some embodiments, the first phase change material can have a first melting temperature greater than 40 degrees Fahrenheit and less than 74 degrees Fahrenheit. The second phase change material can have a second melting temperature greater than 74 degrees Fahrenheit and less than 100 degrees Fahrenheit. The first melting temperature can be at least four degrees Fahrenheit less than the second melting temperature. For example, 74 degrees Fahrenheit can be approximately equal to a typical room temperature (although room temperatures commonly range from 67 degrees Fahrenheit to 80 degrees Fahrenheit in rooms having temperature controlled environments enabled by heating and/or air conditioning). 
         [0020]    Using a “temperature dividing line” of 74 degrees Fahrenheit helps enable some embodiments to avoid inappropriately triggering melting and/or freezing while the storage system is located in a temperature controlled room. Imagine if the second phase change material had a melting temperature of less than 74 degrees. As a result, the second phase change material could completely melt before a person even moved the storage system from a room temperature into a hot outdoor environment that is warmer than a maximum recommended storage temperature of the medicine. In this case, the phase change of the second phase change material would not help reduce the rate of temperature rise inside the first chamber in response to heat transfer caused by the hot environment. Similarly, this “temperature dividing line” helps ensure the first phase change material will have a sufficiently low melting temperature such that the first phase change material should not solidify before the storage system is moved from a room temperature to an environment that is colder than a minimum recommended storage temperature. 
         [0021]    In some embodiments, the first phase change material can have a first melting temperature greater than 63 degrees Fahrenheit and less than 74 degrees Fahrenheit. The second phase change material can have a second melting temperature greater than 74 degrees Fahrenheit and less than 83 degrees Fahrenheit. These melting temperatures can be particularly effective to create a system that quickly responds (e.g., by changing phases) to temperature changes caused by leaving an indoor environment and entering an outdoor environment. Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc. makes a medicine called an EpiPen. EpiPens can have a minimum recommended storage temperature of 68 degrees Fahrenheit and a maximum recommended storage temperature of 77 degrees Fahrenheit. Other medicines often have different minimum and maximum recommended storage temperatures. 
         [0022]    In some embodiments, the storage system is configured to cause the first phase change material to solidify when a first temperature of the first chamber falls below the first melting temperature, and/or the storage system is configured to cause the second phase change material to melt when the first temperature of the first chamber rises above the second melting temperature. As a result, the storage system can be configured to temporarily protect the medicine from a first environment that is colder than a safe minimum storage temperature and/or from a second environment that is hotter than a safe maximum storage temperature. Manufacturers of medicines can recommend minimum storage temperatures and/or maximum storage temperatures for medicines. 
         [0023]    In several embodiments, the first phase change material has a first latent heat of at least 40 kJ/kg, and/or the second phase change material has a second latent heat of at least 40 kJ/kg. (The latent heats described herein are latent heats of fusion.) In some embodiments, the first phase change material has a first latent heat of at least 110 kJ/kg, and/or the second phase change material has a second latent heat of at least 110 kJ/kg. In several embodiments, the first phase change material has a first latent heat of at least 180 kJ/kg, and/or the second phase change material has a second latent heat of at least 180 kJ/kg. These latent heat properties can dramatically reduce the necessary weight of the phase change materials, which can enable dramatically reducing the overall volume of the storage system. 
         [0024]    In some embodiments, a storage system comprises a second chamber having the first phase change material, and/or the insulated container comprises a third chamber having the second phase change material. The second chamber and the third chamber can be located inside the insulated container. The opening can be coupled to the first chamber such that the opening is configurable to provide access to the first chamber to enable removing the medicine from the insulated container. 
         [0025]    In some embodiments, the insulated container is a flexible bag with a foil coating to reduce the rate of heat transfer in and out of the bag. The bag can have fabric exterior. The chambers can be pliable bags. In some embodiments, the insulated container is a rigid container with foam insulation. In several embodiments, the insulated container is a vacuum flask comprising a chamber with a pressure below atmospheric pressure to reduce heat transfer through the vacuum flask. 
         [0026]    In several embodiments, a phase change system comprises the first phase change material and the second phase change material such that the phase change system is configured to change phases at multiple temperatures greater than 40 degrees Fahrenheit and less than 100 degrees Fahrenheit. For example, the first phase change material can solidify at 68 degrees Fahrenheit, and the second phase change material can melt at 82 degrees Fahrenheit. The phase change system can include many chambers. Some embodiments include at least four phase change materials and at least ten chambers with walls separating the chambers. The phase change system can be located inside the insulated container. At least a majority of the first chamber can be located between portions of the phase change system. For example, a first phase change material can be located on one side of the first chamber and a second phase change material can be located on an opposite side of the first chamber such that the phase change system “sandwiches” the first chamber. 
         [0027]    In some embodiments, at least the majority of the first chamber is located between a first compliant wall and a second compliant wall. The first compliant wall can separate at least the majority of the first chamber from a first side of the phase change system. The second compliant wall can separate at least the majority of the first chamber from a second side of the phase change system. The compliant walls can make the first chamber expandable. 
         [0028]    In several embodiments, the opening that leads into the first chamber comprises a length from a first end of the opening to a second end of the opening. The first chamber can comprise a minimum thickness between the first compliant wall and the second compliant wall in a location configured to hold the medicine. Prior to inserting the medicine into the first chamber, the length can be at least five times larger than the minimum thickness. The first chamber can be configured to expand in response to inserting the medicine into the first chamber such that the first chamber is configured to hold the medicine having a thickness that is greater than the minimum thickness of the first chamber. These embodiments can enable a collapsible storage system that can more easily fit in a pocket, purse, or bag when not in use. For example, the outer walls of the storage system can contract inwards as the thickness of the first chamber is reduced. 
         [0029]    In some embodiments, the storage system comprises a second chamber that holds the first phase change material. The second chamber can be located inside the insulated container. The opening can be coupled to the first chamber such that the opening is configurable to provide access to the first chamber to enable removing the medicine from the insulated container. When the opening is unsealed, a person can reach into the opening to grab the medicine in the first chamber. 
         [0030]    In several embodiments, the first chamber has a longest dimension, and the second chamber has a longest dimension. The first chamber and the second chamber can be oriented such that the longest dimension of the first chamber and the longest dimension of the second chamber both point towards the same exterior side of the storage system (e.g., towards one end of the storage system or towards an opening of the storage system). When the longest dimension of the first chamber and the longest dimension of the second chamber both point towards the same exterior side of the storage system, a portion of the first chamber and at least a portion of the second chamber can run approximately alongside each other (e.g., even though a wall separates the first chamber from the second chamber). The first chamber and the second chamber can be oriented such that they extend distally in a first direction away from the opening. The insulated container can be a vacuum flask and/or a foam container. 
         [0031]    In several embodiments, the insulated container comprises a central axis, and the first chamber extends distally away from the opening such that at least a majority of the central axis is located inside the first chamber. The second chamber can be located outside of the first chamber and radially outward from the central axis. The storage system can also comprise a third chamber having the second phase change material. The second chamber can be located inside the insulated container. The third chamber can be located outside of the first chamber and radially outward from the central axis. The insulated container can be a vacuum flask or a container with walls insulated by foam. 
         [0032]    In several embodiments, the storage system includes a phase change system comprising the first phase change material and the second phase change material such that the phase change system is configured to change phases at multiple temperatures greater than 40 degrees Fahrenheit and less than 100 degrees Fahrenheit. The phase change system can be located inside the insulated container. 
         [0033]    In some embodiments, the first chamber is located between a first wall and a second wall. In several embodiments, at least a majority of the first chamber is located between a first wall and a second wall. The first wall can separate the first chamber from a first side of the phase change system. The second wall separates the first chamber from a second side of the phase change system. The first and second walls can be rigid or compliant. Rigid walls can be rigid plastic or metal. Compliant walls can be made from plastic configured to bend without breaking to conform to many different shapes. 
         [0034]    In several embodiments, a third wall passes through the central axis to separate the second chamber from the third chamber. The third wall can separate a distal portion of the phase change system from a proximal portion of the phase change system. The third wall can be perpendicular to the central axis to separate the distal portion from the proximal portion. The third wall can also be perpendicular to the central axis to separate a left half of the phase change system from a right half of the phase change system. 
         [0035]    Some embodiments include a first wall that separates the first chamber having the medicine from the second chamber having the first phase change material. A second wall can separate the first chamber having the medicine from the third chamber having the second phase change material. The first chamber, the second chamber, and the third chamber can extend distally parallel relative to each other. The first chamber, the second chamber, and the third chamber can be oriented such that they are located next to each other while being separated by walls. 
         [0036]    In several embodiments, the insulated container comprises a vacuum flask having a cylindrical interior wall, which forms a cylindrical interior volume that is divided into chambers by walls that can be rigid or pliable. In some embodiments, phase change materials are located in compliant bags, the walls of which separate chambers. The medicine can be located inside the first chamber. 
         [0037]    In several embodiments, the insulated container comprises a central axis, and the phase change system can be located in a central portion of the insulated container such that at least a majority of the central axis is located inside the phase change system (e.g., while a first medicine is located radially outward from at least a portion the phase change system and a second medicine is located radially outward from at least the portion of the phase change system). A first wall can separate the first chamber having the medicine from the phase change system. A second wall can separate the phase change system from a fourth chamber. The storage system can also include a removable lid (e.g., a “screw-on” lid) coupled to the base such that removing the lid facilitates accessing both the first chamber and the fourth chamber such that an injection device can be removed from the fourth chamber. 
         [0038]    In some embodiments, the first chamber can be located radially outward from the central axis on a first side of the phase change system. The fourth chamber can be located radially outward from the central axis on a second side of the phase change system. A third wall can pass through the central axis to separate the second chamber from the third chamber. 
         [0039]    In several embodiments, storage systems include a phase change system comprising the first phase change material and the second phase change material such that the phase change system is configured to change phases at multiple temperatures greater than 40 degrees Fahrenheit and less than 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Some embodiments of phase change systems change phases at multiple temperatures greater than 34 degrees Fahrenheit and/or less than 110 degrees Fahrenheit; and/or change phases at multiple temperatures greater than 62 degrees Fahrenheit and/or less than 82 degrees Fahrenheit. The insulated container can comprise a central axis, and the first chamber can extend distally away from the opening such that at least a portion of the central axis is located inside the first chamber. The phase change system can be located inside the insulated container and can be located distally relative to the first chamber. The phase change system can comprise a second chamber having the first phase change material. 
         [0040]    In some embodiments, the phase change system can comprise a third chamber. The second phase change material can be located inside the third chamber. The phase change system can comprise a wall located distally relative to the first chamber. The wall can separate the second chamber from the third chamber. The insulated container can comprise a vacuum flask having a cylindrical interior wall. The medicine can located inside the first chamber. 
         [0041]    In several embodiments, the storage system comprises a second chamber having the first phase change material. The second chamber can be located inside the insulated container. The opening can be coupled to the first chamber such that the opening is configurable to provide access to the first chamber to enable removing the medicine from the insulated container. Closing the opening can include using a lid or closing mechanism to shut the opening (in an air-tight or non-air-tight manner). 
         [0042]    In some embodiments, the insulated container comprises a central axis, and the first chamber extends from the opening to a distal half of the insulated container. The storage system can also comprise a second chamber having the first phase change material and a third chamber having the second phase change material. The second chamber and the third chamber can be located outside of the first chamber and radially outward relative to the central axis. 
         [0043]    In several embodiments, a first wall separates the first chamber from the second chamber, and a second wall separates the second chamber from the third chamber. The second chamber can be located distally or proximally relative to the third chamber while being located outside of the first chamber and radially outward relative to the central axis. 
         [0044]    All of the apparatus and system embodiments described herein can be used with any of the methods described herein. Elements from one embodiment can be combined with elements of other embodiments. 
         [0045]    Some embodiments include using a storage system having a first chamber configured to hold a medicine, a second chamber having a first phase change material, and a third chamber having a second phase change material. The first phase change material can have a first melting temperature that is greater than 40 degrees Fahrenheit and less than 74 degrees Fahrenheit. The second phase change material can have a second melting temperature that is greater than 74 degrees Fahrenheit and less than 100 degrees Fahrenheit. The first melting temperature can be at least four degrees Fahrenheit less than the second melting temperature (e.g., to ensure there is an adequate difference between the melting temperatures to reduce the likelihood of inappropriate melting and solidifying). 
         [0046]    A manufacturer of the medicine can recommend a minimum storage temperature and a maximum storage temperature for the medicine. For example, the medicine can include instructions for use that state to store the medicine at 68 degrees Fahrenheit to 77 degrees Fahrenheit (as can be the case with EpiPens made by Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc., a Pfizer Company). 
         [0047]    Some embodiments include obtaining the storage system. The storage system can have a first temperature. Embodiments can include placing the storage system inside a building having a first room temperature; leaving the storage system inside the building until the first phase change material is melted and the second phase change material is solidified; placing the medicine inside the first chamber and then closing (e.g., covering an opening) the first chamber from an external environment located outside of the storage system; moving the storage system to a cold environment that is colder than the first room temperature, colder than the first melting temperature, and/or colder than the minimum storage temperature of the medicine, then returning the storage system to a second room temperature before the first phase change material is completely solidified; and/or moving the storage system to a hot environment that is warmer than the first room temperature, warmer than the second melting temperature, and/or warmer than the maximum storage temperature of the medicine. Then, embodiments can include returning the storage system to a third room temperature before the second phase change material is completely melted. 
         [0048]    As used herein, “room temperature” is used in a very broad sense, and can include a temperature inside a building and/or a temperature in a temperature-controlled building. The first, second, and third room temperatures can be equal to each other or different from each other. The first, second, and third room temperatures can be in the same building and/or room. The first, second, and third room temperatures can be in different buildings and/or rooms. 
         [0049]    After returning the storage system to the second room temperature, some methods include exposing the storage system to the second room temperature until the first phase change material is melted before moving the storage system to a first extreme environment that is colder than the minimum recommended storage temperature. After returning the storage system to the third room temperature, some methods include exposing the storage system to the third room temperature until the second phase change material is solidified before moving the storage system to a second extreme environment that is hotter than the minimum recommended storage temperature. 
         [0050]    Several embodiments include continuing to cover (e.g., covering an opening) the first chamber from the external environment from a first time the storage system leaves a fourth room temperature to move to the cold environment; while the storage system is located in the cold environment; and/or until returning the storage system to an environment having a fifth room temperature. Embodiments can also include opening the first chamber to the fifth room temperature in response to returning to the fifth room temperature. Several embodiments include continuing to open the first chamber to the fifth room temperature until the first phase change material is melted and the second phase change material is solidified. 
         [0051]    As used herein, “cover” and “covering” are used in a very broad sense to mean covering an opening (e.g., by closing the opening or placing a lid in the opening). “Cover” and “covering” can include “seal” and “sealing,” but in some embodiments, “cover” and “covering” might not form an air-tight seal. For example, a lid of a cooler can cover the opening to the cooler, but the lid does not necessarily form an airtight seal. 
         [0052]    Several embodiments include obtaining the storage system; placing the storage system in a first inside environment; leaving the storage system in the first inside environment until the first phase change material is melted and the second phase change material is solidified; placing the medicine inside the first chamber and then closing the first chamber from an external environment (e.g., covering an opening leading to the first chamber), wherein the external environment is external relative to the storage system; moving the storage system to a cold outdoor environment that is colder than the first inside environment, colder than the first melting temperature, and/or colder than the minimum storage temperature of the medicine; and then returning the storage system to a second inside environment before the first phase change material is completely solidified. Some embodiments include moving the storage system to a hot outdoor environment that is warmer than the second inside environment, warmer than the second melting temperature, and/or warmer than the maximum storage temperature of the medicine, and then returning the storage system to a third inside environment before the second phase change material is completely melted. 
         [0053]    As used herein, an environment is a cold outdoor environment if it is colder than the first inside environment. As used herein, an environment is a hot outdoor environment if it is hotter than the second inside environment. For example, a cold outdoor environment can be colder than a room temperature and a hot outdoor environment can be hotter than the room temperature. 
         [0054]    In several embodiments, the medicine comprises a minimum storage temperature and a maximum storage temperature configured to avoid temperature-induced damage to the medicine. (The manufacturer of the medicine can recommend the minimum and maximum storage temperatures.) The first melting temperature can be equal to or within 7 degrees Fahrenheit greater than the minimum storage temperature. The second melting temperature can be equal to or within 7 degrees Fahrenheit less than the maximum storage temperature to reduce a temperature difference between the first chamber and an outside environment during a phase change of the first phase change material or the second phase change material. 
         [0055]    In some embodiments, the first phase change material has a first melting temperature between 33 degrees Fahrenheit and 72 degrees Fahrenheit, and the second phase change material has a second melting temperature between 78 degrees Fahrenheit and 110 degrees Fahrenheit. The first chamber can be located at least partially between a second chamber and a third chamber. A first wall can separate the first chamber from the second chamber. A second wall can separate the first chamber from the third chamber. A first pliable bag can hold the first phase change material inside the second chamber. A second pliable bag can hold the second phase change material inside the third chamber. In some embodiments, the first pliable bag is the second chamber. In several embodiments, the first pliable bag is located within a chamber with rigid walls. 
         [0056]    In several embodiments, the first chamber comprises a first central axis, the second chamber comprises a second central axis, and the third chamber comprises a third central axis. The first central axis, the second central axis, and/or the third central axis can be oriented parallel relative to each other. 
         [0057]    In some embodiments, the first chamber can be located at least partially between a second chamber and a third chamber. The second chamber can be located radially outward from the first central axis on a first side of the first chamber. The third chamber can be located radially outward from the central axis on a second side of the first chamber. 
         [0058]    In several embodiments, the first chamber, the second chamber, and the third chamber are located inside a cylindrical void of the insulated container. The cylindrical void can be an interior portion of a vacuum flask with a screw-on lid. 
         [0059]    In some embodiments, a first wall separates the first chamber from the second chamber; a second wall separates the first chamber from the third chamber; a first pliable bag holds the first phase change material inside the second chamber; and/or a second pliable bag holds the second phase change material inside the third chamber. In several embodiments, the pliable bag forms a pliable chamber. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0060]    These and other features, aspects, and advantages are described below with reference to the drawings, which are intended to illustrate but not to limit the invention. In the drawings, like reference characters denote corresponding features consistently throughout similar embodiments. 
           [0061]      FIG. 1  illustrates a side view of a storage system, according to some embodiments. 
           [0062]      FIG. 2  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a storage system embodiment along plane A-A, which extends into the page in  FIG. 1 , according to some embodiments. 
           [0063]      FIG. 3  illustrates the same cross section as illustrated in  FIG. 2  except some items omitted from  FIG. 2  to increase the clarity of  FIG. 2  are visible in  FIG. 3 , according to some embodiments. 
           [0064]      FIG. 4  illustrates a cross-sectional view wherein an injectable substance is located inside a chamber, according to some embodiments. 
           [0065]      FIG. 5  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a storage system, according to some embodiments. 
           [0066]      FIG. 6  illustrates a radial thickness of a thermal bank, according to some embodiments. 
           [0067]      FIG. 7  illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a storage system, according to some embodiments. 
           [0068]      FIG. 8  illustrates a perspective view of a thermal bank, according to some embodiments. 
           [0069]      FIG. 9  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an embodiment with an inhaler located inside a storage system, according to some embodiments. 
           [0070]      FIG. 10  illustrates a side view of a storage system, according to some embodiments. 
           [0071]      FIG. 11  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a storage system along plane A-A, which extends into the page in  FIG. 10 , according to some embodiments. 
           [0072]      FIG. 12  illustrates a cross-sectional view along line B-B from  FIG. 10 , according to some embodiments. 
           [0073]      FIG. 13  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a storage system shown from the same perspective as  FIG. 12 , according to some embodiments. 
           [0074]      FIG. 14  illustrates the storage system from  FIG. 13  along a cross section that is perpendicular to the cross section shown in  FIG. 13 , according to some embodiments. 
           [0075]      FIG. 15  illustrates a side view of a storage system, according to some embodiments. 
           [0076]      FIG. 16  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the storage system along line A-A from  FIG. 15 , according to some embodiments. 
           [0077]      FIG. 17  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the storage system along line B-B from  FIG. 15 , according to some embodiments. 
           [0078]      FIG. 18  illustrates a side view of a storage system, according to some embodiments. 
           [0079]      FIG. 19  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the storage system along line A-A from  FIG. 18 , according to some embodiments. 
           [0080]      FIG. 20  illustrates a side view of a storage system, according to some embodiments. 
           [0081]      FIG. 21  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the storage system along line A-A from  FIG. 20 , according to some embodiments. 
           [0082]      FIG. 22  illustrates a side view of a storage system, according to some embodiments. 
           [0083]      FIG. 23  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the storage system along line A-A from  FIG. 22 , according to some embodiments. 
           [0084]      FIG. 24  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the storage system along line B-B from  FIG. 22 , according to some embodiments. 
           [0085]      FIG. 25  illustrates a side view of a storage system, according to some embodiments. 
           [0086]      FIGS. 26 and 27  illustrate perspective views of chambers with phase change materials, according to some embodiments. 
           [0087]      FIG. 28  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the storage system along line A-A from  FIG. 25 , according to some embodiments. 
           [0088]      FIG. 29  illustrates a side view of a storage system, according to some embodiments. 
           [0089]      FIG. 30  illustrates the proximal end of the storage system shown in  FIG. 29  after a lid is removed, according to some embodiments. 
           [0090]      FIG. 31  illustrates the proximal end of a storage system with a non-cylindrical outer case, according to some embodiments. 
           [0091]      FIG. 32  illustrates the proximal end of a storage system with two phase change materials on the left side, according to some embodiments. 
           [0092]      FIG. 33  illustrates a side view of a storage system, according to some embodiments. 
           [0093]      FIG. 34  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the storage system along line B-B from  FIG. 33 , according to some embodiments. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0094]    Although certain embodiments and examples are disclosed below, inventive subject matter extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative embodiments and/or uses, and to modifications and equivalents thereof. Thus, the scope of the claims appended hereto is not limited by any of the particular embodiments described below. For example, in any method or process disclosed herein, the acts or operations of the method or process may be performed in any suitable sequence and are not necessarily limited to any particular disclosed sequence. Various operations may be described as multiple discrete operations in turn, in a manner that may be helpful in understanding certain embodiments; however, the order of description should not be construed to imply that these operations are order dependent. Additionally, the structures, systems, and/or devices described herein may be embodied as integrated components or as separate components. 
         [0095]    For purposes of comparing various embodiments, certain aspects and advantages of these embodiments are described. Not necessarily all such aspects or advantages are achieved by any particular embodiment. Thus, for example, various embodiments may be carried out in a manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving other aspects or advantages as may also be taught or suggested herein. The features of each embodiment can be combined with the other embodiments. 
         [0096]    Several embodiments of a storage system for injectable substances include a thermally insulating container. A substance with a high heat capacity can be located inside the insulating container. The substance can have a specific heat capacity of at least 2 Joules/gram*Kelvin and/or a volumetric heat capacity of at least 2 Joules/cm̂3*Kelvin. A chamber configured to hold an injectable substance can also be located inside the insulating container. In some embodiments, the substance with a high heat capacity at least partially surrounds at least a portion of the chamber configured to hold the medicine (e.g., an injectable substance). 
         [0097]      FIG. 1  illustrates an embodiment of a storage system  10 . The storage system  10  can have a base portion  14  and a lid  18 . The storage system  10  can be configured to store injectable substances such as epinephrine, adrenaline, and/or insulin such that the temperature of the injectable substances is maintained within a suitable temperature range, which can be approximately room temperature or 75+/−10 degrees Fahrenheit, 75+/−15 degrees Fahrenheit, or  75 +/−20 degrees Fahrenheit, according to several embodiments. 
         [0098]      FIG. 2  illustrates a cross section of the storage system  10  along plane A-A, which extends into the page in  FIG. 1 . The lid  18  is coupled to the base portion  18  by threads such that the lid  18  can be twisted onto the base portion  14  to couple the lid  18  to the base portion  14 . A plug  22  can seal and/or insulate an open end  26  of the base portion  14 . Coupling the lid  18  to the base portion  14  can push the plug  22  towards the base portion  14  to seal and/or insulate an internal portion of the storage system  10  from the outside environment  30 , which is represented in  FIG. 2  as the sun. The outside environment  30  is the environment outside of the storage system  10 . For example, the outside environment  30  could be a cold, snowy day or a hot, dry day. 
         [0099]      FIG. 3  illustrates the same cross section as illustrated in  FIG. 2  except items omitted from  FIG. 2  to increase the clarity of  FIG. 2  are visible in  FIG. 3 . In some embodiments, the storage system  10  includes a thermal bank  40  that is located inside a cover  48  that insulates the thermal bank  40  from the outside environment  30 . The cover  48  is configured to insulate the thermal bank  40 . The cover  48  can include a vacuum chamber, a vacuum flask, foam, and/or plastic walls separated by air. In some embodiments, the cover  48  is an insulated cover. The lid  18  can also include one or more insulators such as foam, a vacuum chamber, and plastic walls separated by air. The lid  18  can include a thermometer. 
         [0100]    In several embodiments, a “thermal bank” can be a component or assembly that has a heat capacity of at least 400 J/K. In several embodiments, thermal banks have a heat capacity that is large enough to maintain the temperature of an injectable substance chamber  44  within an acceptable temperature range for an acceptable period of time. Acceptable temperature ranges and acceptable periods of time vary widely by application and design purpose. In some embodiments, thermal banks are at least partially filled with a liquid or a solid selected to provide sufficient heat capacity. In some embodiments, thermal banks have outer walls made of metal, glass, or plastic and are filled with a substance with sufficiently high heat capacity. In some embodiments, the substance with sufficiently high heat capacity is a solid at 75 degrees Fahrenheit, so outer walls are sometimes not included in thermal banks. For example, some thermal bank embodiments are sleeves of wax or metal. 
         [0101]    Herein, Joule is often abbreviated as J, kelvin is often abbreviated as K, gram is often abbreviated as g, cubic centimeter is often abbreviated as cm̂3, and Fahrenheit is often abbreviated as F. In some embodiments, the thermal bank  40  has a heat capacity of at least 400 J/K; at least 700 J/K; at least 1,400 J/K; at least 2,400 J/K; at least 3,200 J/K; at least 4,800 J/K; at least 7,200 J/K; at least 20,000 J/K; less than 7,200 J/K; and/or less than 30,000 J/K. 
         [0102]    In some embodiments, the thermal bank  40  comprises a substance that has a specific heat capacity of at least 1 J/(g*K) at 75 degrees Fahrenheit, at least 2 J/(g*K) at 75 degrees Fahrenheit, at least 3 J/(g*K) at 75 degrees Fahrenheit, or at least 4 J/(g*K) at 75 degrees Fahrenheit. In some embodiments, the thermal bank  40  comprises a substance with a volumetric heat capacity of at least 1 J/(cm̂3*K) at 75 degrees Fahrenheit, at least 2 J/(cm̂3*K) at 75 degrees Fahrenheit, at least 3 J/(cm̂3*K) at 75 degrees Fahrenheit, or at least 4 J/(cm̂3*K) at 75 degrees Fahrenheit. 
         [0103]    In several embodiments, a thermal bank and/or a substance with any of the heat capacities described herein has a volume of at least 50 cm̂3 and/or less than 2,000 cm̂3; at least 100 cm̂3 and/or less than 1,000 cm̂3; and/or at least 200 cm̂3 and/or less than 500 cm̂3. In some embodiments, the thermal bank is a reservoir or container filled with a fluid such as water. The reservoir or container can be made of plastic and can be a shell wherein an inner portion of the shell can be at least partially filled with a liquid and/or a phase change material. The center of the reservoir or container can include a channel or void that is fluidly isolated from the liquid inside the container. The channel or void can be configured to hold or store an injectable substance or an injection device. In some embodiments, the thermal bank has a generally cylindrical shape and/or a cylindrical channel or cylindrical void. 
         [0104]    In some embodiments, the thermal bank  40  comprises ammonia, lithium, water, wax, and/or metal. In some embodiments, the thermal bank  40  comprises iron, copper, zinc, tungsten, aluminum, paraffin wax, lithium, granite, and/or magnesium. In some embodiments, the thermal bank  40  is a chamber that is at least 40%, at least 60%, or at least 80% filled with a solid and/or liquid such as ammonia, lithium, water, wax, and/or metal. 
         [0105]    In several embodiments, a chamber  44  configured to hold an injectable substance is located inside the storage system  10 . The injectable substance chamber  44  can be located approximately along the central axis  46  of the storage system  10 . In  FIG. 3 , the injectable substance chamber  44  is highlighted by a dashed rectangle. The injectable substance chamber  44  (e.g., a medicine chamber) can be a hole, void, or open area. The injectable substance chamber  44  can include portions of the central axis  46 . The injectable substance chamber  44  can include the volumetric center  42  of the storage system  10 . A least a portion of the injectable substance chamber  44  can be at least partially surrounded by the thermal bank  40 . In some embodiments, the injectable substance chamber  44  is located inside a portion of the thermal bank  40 . In several embodiments, at least 40%, at least 60%, or at least 80% of the volume of the injectable substance chamber  44  is located inside the thermal bank  40 . As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , a portion of the injectable substance chamber  44  can be located inside the thermal bank  40  even if the thermal bank  40  does not completely surround the injectable substance chamber  44 . 
         [0106]    The injectable substance chamber  44  can be configured to hold an injectable substance, which may be packaged in a separate storage container such as a plastic vial, a glass jar, and/or an injection device such as a syringe. Example injectable substances can be contained in products such as EpiPens, Twinjects, Adrenaclicks, Anapens, Jexts, Allerjects, Auvi-Qs, and ComboPens. Some injectable substance chambers  44  are configured to hold multiple containers of injectable substances. Some injectable substance chambers  44  are configured to hold an inhaler and/or another drug container. 
         [0107]    As used herein, the term injectable substance can include a container that holds a liquid that users inject into their bodies. Some embodiments are similar to other embodiments described herein except the injectable substance is replaced with a container of an injectable liquid. The container can be plastic, glass, and/or a syringe. 
         [0108]      FIG. 4  illustrates an injectable substance  50  located inside the injectable substance chamber  44 . In several embodiments, the injectable substance chamber  44  is isolated from liquids located inside the storage system  10  such that the storage system  10  is configured to keep the injectable substance  50  dry and/or away from liquids. In some embodiments, the storage system  10  does not include any liquids although some embodiments include a liquid, such as water, inside the thermal bank  40 . 
         [0109]    The injectable substance  50  can include epinephrine, adrenaline, insulin, hormones, and/or neurotransmitters. The injectable substance  50  can include liquids or gases used to treat acute allergic reactions, to avoid anaphylactic shock, and/or to treat anaphylactic shock. The injectable substance  50  can include liquids or gases used to treat diabetes. In some embodiments, the injectable substance  50  is an epinephrine auto-injector such as the EpiPen or EpiPen Jr. made by Mylan Specialty L.P. In some embodiments, the injectable substance is replaced by another pharmaceutical product or by another product that benefits from temperature stability. 
         [0110]      FIG. 5  illustrates another embodiment of a storage system  11 . The storage system  11  includes a back plug  54 , which can be a removable plug made of rubber that threads into the base portion  14  or uses a friction fit (or interference fit) with an opening in the base portion  14 . Removing the back plug  54  can expose a fill channel  58  that is configured to allow a substance with sufficient heat capacity to go into the thermal bank  40 . For example, a user or a manufacturer could open the back plug  54  and pour a liquid such as water into the thermal bank  40 . In some embodiments, a user can pour water with a temperature that is lower than the suitable range if the user intends to enter an outside environment  30  with a temperature that is higher than the suitable range. In some embodiments, a user can pour water with a temperature that is higher than the suitable range if the user intends to enter an outside environment  30  with a temperature that is lower than the suitable range. 
         [0111]    Some embodiments include a thermometer, which can include a temperature probe  64   a . At least a portion of the temperature probe  64   a  can be located inside the injectable substance chamber  44  (e.g., a first chamber) such that the temperature probe  64   a  is configured to measure, evaluate, test, and/or determine the temperature inside the injectable substance chamber  44  and/or the temperature of the injectable substance  50 . The thermometer can also include a temperature display  62   a , which can be located outside of the cover  48  such that the temperature display  62   a  is configured such that a user can read and/or determine the temperature on the display  62   a  without opening the lid  18 . A speaker  24  can emit a sound to warn the user if a temperature inside the storage system  11  exceeds a predetermined temperature threshold or falls below a predetermined temperature threshold. 
         [0112]    In some embodiments, a computer  76 , a display  62   b , and/or the speaker  24  warns the user if a temperature, such as the temperature of the first chamber, an injectable substance, a medicine, and/or a thermal bank, deviates outside of a predetermined temperature range. 
         [0113]    Any of the storage systems described herein can include a thermometer  68 , which can be integrated into a lid  18 ,  18   b . The thermometer can include a temperature display  62   b  and a temperature probe  64   b  that protrudes distally to pass through portions of the lid  18  and/or the plug  22 . In the interest of clearly showing other features in other figures, the thermometer  68  and related components are hidden in many of the figures. The thermometers  68 ,  88 , the speaker  24 , the control system  86 , the battery  90 , the seals  66 , the display  62   b , the communication system  70 , the vent  84 , the temperature probe  64   b , and related components can be included in many types of storage systems  10 ,  11 ,  12 ,  200   a ,  200   b ,  200   c ,  200   d ,  200   e ,  200   f ,  200   g ,  200   h ,  200   i ,  300 . 
         [0114]    The lid  18  can be used with any of the storage system embodiments shown in the figures and/or described herein. The thermometers  68 ,  88 , the speaker  24 , the control system  86 , the battery  90 , the seals  66 , the display  62   b , the communication system  70 , the vent  84 , the temperature probe  64   b , and related components can be integrated into the lid  18   b  shown in  FIG. 15 . 
         [0115]    The battery  90  can supply electrical power to the thermometers  68 ,  88 , the speaker  24 , the control system  86 , the displays  62   a ,  62   b , the communication system  70 , the vent  84 , the temperature probes  64   a ,  64   b , and related components. In some embodiments, the battery  90  also supplies electrical power to a temperature control system  92 , which can include a heater and/or a refrigerator. The temperature control system  92  can be included in any of the storage systems described herein (e.g.,  10 ,  11 ,  12 ,  200   a ,  200   b ,  200   c ,  200   d ,  200   e ,  200   f ,  200   g ,  200   h ,  200   i ,  300 ), however, many storage systems do not include a temperature control system  92 . The communication system  70  can show an alert on the display  62   b , emit an alert sound from the speaker  24 , and/or send an alert to the computer  76  if the battery&#39;s capacity (e.g., charge level) falls below a predetermined threshold. 
         [0116]    A temperature display  62   b  can be coupled to the lid  18  such that the temperature display faces outward (e.g., in a proximal direction) from the lid  18  and faces outward from the proximal end of the storage system  11 . A temperature probe  64   b  can protrude distally (e.g., through a portion of the central axis of the storage system  11 ) into a first chamber (e.g., the injectable substance chamber  44 ). A portion of the plug  22  can be hollow. The temperature probe  64   b  can extend through the hollow portion of the plug  22 . The plug can also be filled with insulation, such as foam insulation. At least a portion of the temperature probe  64   b  can be surrounded by the insulation located inside the plug  22  and/or inside the proximal portion of the lid  18 . 
         [0117]    Placing the temperature probe  64   b  through the lid  18  and/or the plug  22  can be advantageous compared to placing the temperature probe  64   b  through a vacuum chamber (because the temperature probe  64   b  could jeopardize the airtight nature of various vacuum chambers). 
         [0118]    Seals  66  can be located along portions of the temperature probe  64   b  that pass through the plug  22  and/or portions of the lid  18 . The seals  66  can wrap around the probe  64   b.    
         [0119]    In some embodiments, the plug  22  is integrated into the lid  18 . In some embodiments, the plug  22  is a separate component from the lid  18 . Even if the plug  22  is a separate component, in several embodiments, the lid  18  presses the plug  22  distally into an opening of the first chamber. 
         [0120]    The thermometer  68  can include a wireless communication system  70  to wirelessly communicate with a computer  76 . The computer  76  can be located remotely relative to the storage system  11 . Thus, the storage system  11  can send information regarding the temperature of a first chamber (e.g., the injectable substance chamber  44 ) to the computer  76  via any suitable wireless communication system including Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, cellular communication, radio communication, and/or the Internet. The computer  76  can be a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer, a watch, a smartphone, and/or any other computing device capable of receiving and then displaying temperature information. 
         [0121]    Storage systems  10 ,  11 ,  12 ,  200   a ,  200   b ,  200   c ,  200   d ,  200   e ,  200   f ,  200   g ,  200   h ,  200   i ,  300  can be configured to send alerts to the computer  76  regarding temperatures inside chambers (e.g., an injectable substance chamber, a first chamber) that are higher than a predetermined threshold or lower than a predetermined threshold. The predetermined thresholds can be entered into software (e.g., an “app”) that runs on the computer  76 . The predetermined thresholds can be entered into the control system  86  via a keypad coupled to the storage system  11 . In some embodiments, the thresholds are equal to a minimum storage temperature and a maximum storage temperature for the medicine as recommended by the manufacturer of the medicine. Thus, the thermometer can measure a temperature of the first chamber and then can send an alert to the computer if the measured temperature is above or below predetermined thresholds. The alert can be a push notification. The alert can be displayed on the screen of the computer  76 . The alert can be a sound emitted from a speaker of the computer or a speaker  24  of the storage system. The alert can show the current temperature inside the first chamber, the maximum temperature within the first chamber (e.g., within a certain time period), the minimum temperature within the first chamber (e.g., within a certain time period), the minimum and/or maximum storage temperature, and/or the predetermined thresholds set by a user of the computer  76  and/or a monitoring system  82 . The monitoring system  82  can include the computer  76  and a storage system (e.g.,  10 ,  11 ,  12 ,  200   a ,  200   b ,  200   c ,  200   d ,  200   e ,  200   f ,  200   g ,  200   h ,  200   i ,  300 ). 
         [0122]    In several embodiments, the alert can be a sound emitted by the speaker  24  of the lid  18  (or of another part of a storage system). The speaker  24  can emit a sound (e.g., an alert) in response to an internal temperature of the storage system being above or below a predetermined range (e.g., a range defined by the user based on the minimum and maximum recommended storage temperatures), and/or in response to the internal temperature being within a predetermined number of degrees of the minimum and maximum recommended storage temperatures. 
         [0123]    In some embodiments, the monitoring system  82  determines a temperature inside the first chamber, and then calculates, estimates, and/or displays a time until the temperature of the first chamber reaches the minimum and/or maximum storage temperature, and/or the predetermined thresholds. A display screen (e.g., a display of the computer  76 , the temperature display  62   b ) can show an indication of the current temperature inside the first chamber and can show a time until the temperature inside the first chamber reaches the minimum and/or maximum storage temperature, and/or the predetermined thresholds. For example, the display screen should show “69 degrees Fahrenheit” as a recent measurement of the temperature inside the first chamber and could show “5 hours” as the estimate time until the temperature of the first chamber reaches the minimum and/or maximum storage temperature, and/or one of the predetermined thresholds. The time until the temperature reaches one of the limits can be updated periodically. 
         [0124]    In several embodiments, the display  62   b  includes lights (e.g., a green light, an orange light, and a red light). A first light can indicate that the internal temperature is within a safe range. A second light can indicate the internal temperature is within a certain amount of the predetermined maximum or minimum storage temperatures (e.g., within at least one degree and/or within at least five degrees of the predetermined maximum or minimum storage temperatures without being above the maximum storage temperature or below the minimum storage temperature). A third light can indicate that the internal temperature is above the maximum storage temperature or below the minimum storage temperature. 
         [0125]    In some embodiments, the monitoring system  82  detects a temperature of an external environment (e.g., via a thermometer  88  configured to measure an external temperature). Then, the monitoring system  82  displays a notification on the computer  76  or display  62   a ,  62   b  that instructs the user to open and/or close an opening to the first chamber in response to a comparison of an external temperature to the temperature of the first chamber. 
         [0126]    If the temperature of the first chamber is warmer than a target temperature, but the external temperature is cooler than the first chamber, then the notification can instruct the user to open the opening to the first chamber. If the temperature of the first chamber is cooler than a target temperature, but the external temperature is warmer than the first chamber, then the notification can instruct the user to open the opening to the first chamber. 
         [0127]    If an external temperature is warmer than a target temperature, but the first chamber is cooler than the external temperature, then the notification can instruct the user to close the opening to the first chamber. If an external temperature is cooler than a target temperature, but the first chamber is warmer than the external temperature, then the notification can instruct the user to close the opening to the first chamber. 
         [0128]    In some embodiments, instead of or in addition to the notifications, the monitoring system  82  can automatically open and close an opening (e.g., a vent  84 ) to the first chamber. The vent  84  can be an automatic vent that can open and close in response to commands from an electronic control system  86  that is part of the storage system (e.g.,  10 ,  11 ,  12 ,  200   a ,  200   b ,  200   c ,  200   d ,  200   e ,  200   f ,  200   g ,  200   h ,  200   i ,  300 ). 
         [0129]    The vent  84  can be a closeable passageway that extends from an external opening to a portion of the first chamber. The vent  84  can include a motorized seal configured to open and close in response to commands from the electronic control system  86 . The computer  76  can wirelessly set control parameters for the vent  84 . 
         [0130]    If the temperature of the first chamber is warmer than a target temperature, but the external temperature is cooler than the first chamber, then the electronic control system  86  can open the vent  84  to the first chamber. If the temperature of the first chamber is cooler than a target temperature, but the external temperature is warmer than the first chamber, then the electronic control system  86  can open the vent  84  to the first chamber. 
         [0131]    If an external temperature is warmer than a target temperature, but the first chamber is cooler than the external temperature, then the electronic control system  86  can close the vent  84  to the first chamber. If an external temperature is cooler than a target temperature, but the first chamber is warmer than the external temperature, then the electronic control system  86  can close the vent  84  to the first chamber. 
         [0132]      FIG. 6  illustrates thicknesses of the thermal bank  40 , according to several embodiments. In some embodiments, the radial thickness (as illustrated by dashed arrow B) of the thermal bank  40  is at least 3 millimeters (“mm”) and/or less than 100 mm; at least 7 mm and/or less than 200 mm; and/or at least 20 mm and/or less than 200 mm. In some embodiments, the axial thickness (as illustrated by dashed arrow B) of the thermal bank  40  is at least 10 mm and/or less than 100 mm; at least 20 mm and/or less than 200 mm; and/or at least 40 mm and/or less than 200 mm. 
         [0133]    Some embodiments include an insulated container configured to maintain injectable substances at approximately room temperature. In several embodiments, the insulated container can include a chamber configured to hold an injectable substance. The chamber can be surrounded by a substance with high heat capacity. The substance with high heat capacity can be surrounded by an insulated cover. 
         [0134]      FIG. 7  illustrates another embodiment of a storage system  12 . The storage system  12  can include an outer case  148 , which can be made of plastic or metal. The storage system can include a vacuum chamber (e.g., in a vacuum flask  160 ). The vacuum flask  160  can be located inside the outer case  148  such that the outer case  148  can be configured to protect the vacuum flask  160  from damage such as denting or cracking. The vacuum flask  160  can comprise an inner wall and an outer wall with a gas pressure between the inner wall and the outer wall that is less than atmospheric pressure. In some embodiments, the pressure between the inner wall and the outer wall can be less than 60% of atmospheric pressure, less than 40% of atmospheric pressure, or less than 20% of atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric pressure can be measured at sea level. The vacuum flask  160  can include a first flask  170  placed inside a second flask  180 . The first flask  170  and the second flask  180  can be joined at the neck such that the area between the first flask  170  and the second flask  180  is hermetically sealed from the air outside of the area between the first flask  170  and the second flask  180 . The vacuum flask  160  can be made of metal, glass, foam, or plastic. 
         [0135]    A thermal bank  140  can be located inside the vacuum flask  160 . In some embodiments, the thermal bank  140  comprises a heat capacity of at least 4,800 J/K. The thermal bank  140  can comprise a void  154  that extends from an inner portion of the thermal bank to an outer portion of the thermal bank. In some embodiments, the void is at least 1 cm wide and/or less than 10 cm wide; or at least 2 cm wide and/or less than 20 cm wide. The void  154  can be an injectable substance chamber. In  FIG. 7 , a dashed rectangle is used to highlight the void  154 . 
         [0136]    In several embodiments, the void  154  is configured to store, hold, and/or contain an injectable substance  50 , an injection device  150 , a liquid manufactured to inject into a human body, and/or a syringe. In some embodiments, an injectable substance  50 , an injection device  150 , epinephrine, adrenaline, insulin, and/or a syringe is located inside the void. A removable lid  18  can be configured to allow a user to remove the injectable substance  50 , the injection device  150 , epinephrine, adrenaline, insulin, and/or a syringe from the storage system. The removable lid  18  can press a rubber plug  122  onto an end of the vacuum flask  160  and/or onto a base portion  114 . 
         [0137]    Various embodiments are similar to other embodiments described herein except the injectable substance  50  is replaced with an injection device  150  that is at least partially filled with a pharmaceutical agent, epinephrine, adrenaline, insulin, a liquid manufactured for injection into a human body, and/or a liquid.  FIG. 7  illustrates an injection device  150 . An injection device  150  can be a syringe. In some embodiments, the injection device  150  is an EpiPen, a syringe with epinephrine, a syringe with insulin, a syringe with adrenaline, an auto-injector configured to deliver a liquid under the skin of a human or animal, and/or a device configured to deliver a drug under the skin of a human or animal. In some embodiments, the injection device  150  comprises a reservoir at least partially filled with a liquid. The injection device  150  can also comprise an orifice that is configured to deliver the liquid under the skin. The injection device  150  can also comprise a needle, a nozzle, and/or a tube configured to deliver a liquid and/or pharmaceutical substance under the skin. 
         [0138]    Various embodiments are similar to other embodiments described herein except the injectable substance is replaced with a pharmaceutical, a pharmaceutical agent, a pharmaceutical substance, an inhaler, and/or a medical device. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical agent and/or pharmaceutical substance is a medicinal drug  190 , which can be a gas, liquid, or solid. For example, the drug  190  can be a medication contained in an inhaler for the treatment of asthma. In some embodiments, the drug  190  is a steroid, such as Flovent or fluticasone propionate, that reduces the release of substances in the body that cause inflammation to prevent asthma attacks. 
         [0139]      FIG. 7  illustrates an embodiment with an outer case  148  and a lid  18 . A vacuum flask  160  was placed inside the outer case  148 . A thermal bank  140  was placed inside the vacuum flask  160 . An injectable substance was placed inside the vacuum flask  160 . The lid  18  was closed such that the outer case  148  and the lid  18  completely surround the injectable substance. The outer case  148  can be an insulated cover and/or can include insulation. 
         [0140]      FIG. 8  illustrates a perspective view of a thermal bank  40   a  with an injectable substance chamber  44  or void. The thermal bank  40   a  can be a container with solid outer walls  194  and can be at least partially filled with a liquid  198 . 
         [0141]    The thermal bank  40   a  can be located or placed inside a vacuum flask or vacuum chamber. The thermal bank  40   a  can comprise any of the heat capacities, specific heat capacities, volumetric heat capacities, and/or heat capacity characteristics described herein. The thermal bank  40   a  can comprise an injectable substance chamber  44  or void that extends from an inner portion  72  of the thermal bank  40   a  to an outer portion  74  of the thermal bank  40   a  (as illustrated in  FIG. 6 ), wherein the injectable substance chamber  44  or void is at least 1 cm wide and 4 cm long. In some embodiments, an injectable substance, an injection device, a drug, a pharmaceutical agent, a pharmaceutical substance, and/or an inhaler is located inside the injectable substance chamber  44  or void. In  FIG. 8 , the injectable substance chamber  44  is a void. The thermal bank  40   a  can be substantially cylindrical. The injectable substance chamber  44  or void can be substantially cylindrical. 
         [0142]      FIG. 9  illustrates an embodiment with an inhaler  152  located, placed, and positioned inside the void  154 . An inhaler or puffer is a medical device typically used for delivering medicine into the body via the lungs. Inhalers are commonly used to treat asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 
         [0143]    In some embodiments, storage systems do not use battery power and/or electricity. While some embodiments use electrical power, several embodiments do not use electrical power and/or do not use electrical power to control or alter the temperature inside the storage system  12 . 
         [0144]    In some embodiments, storage systems are substantially cylindrical. For example, the storage system  12  in  FIG. 9  is substantially cylindrical. 
         [0145]    Some methods of storing an injectable substance include obtaining a storage system configured to store an injectable substance, wherein the storage system comprises a thermal bank located inside an insulated cover. Several methods include maintaining the thermal bank in a first environment with a temperature of at least 60 degrees Fahrenheit and placing an injectable substance inside the storage system while the thermal bank has a temperature of at least 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Some methods include moving the storage system with the injectable substance located inside to a second environment with a temperature of less than 60 degrees Fahrenheit and moving the storage system to a third environment with a temperature of more than 60 degrees before the temperature of the thermal bank is less than 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Some embodiments are similar to the above embodiment except 60 degrees Fahrenheit is replaced with 65 degrees Fahrenheit, 55 degrees Fahrenheit, or 50 degrees Fahrenheit. 
         [0146]    Several methods include maintaining the thermal bank in a first environment with a temperature of at least 60 degrees Fahrenheit and less than 85 degrees Fahrenheit and placing an injectable substance inside the storage system while the thermal bank has a temperature of at least 60 degrees Fahrenheit and less than 85 degrees Fahrenheit. Some methods include maintaining the thermal bank in a first environment with a temperature of at least 65 degrees Fahrenheit and less than 80 degrees Fahrenheit and placing an injectable substance inside the storage system while the thermal bank has a temperature of at least 65 degrees Fahrenheit and less than 80 degrees Fahrenheit. 
         [0147]    Several method embodiments include obtaining a storage system with an internal chamber such as an injectable substance chamber wherein the internal chamber has a temperature and the storage system is configured not to use electricity, electrical power, or batteries to alter the temperature of the internal chamber. In some embodiments, the storage system is configured not to use electricity, electrical power, electrical power cords, or batteries. 
         [0148]    Some method embodiments include placing or maintaining the storage system in a first environment, which has a temperature within a first temperature range, for a first period of time. In some embodiments, the first environment can be indoors, approximately 77 degrees Fahrenheit, approximately 74 degrees Fahrenheit, approximately room temperature, and/or another temperature or temperature range listed herein. In some embodiments, the first temperature range can be approximately room temperature; at least 70 degrees Fahrenheit and/or less than 80 degrees Fahrenheit; at least 65 degrees Fahrenheit and/or less than 85 degrees Fahrenheit; equal to or greater than about 59 degrees Fahrenheit and/or less than or equal to 86 degrees Fahrenheit; or at least 55 degrees Fahrenheit and/or less than or equal to 90 degrees Fahrenheit. The first period of time can be the time necessary for the temperature of the storage system, thermal bank, and/or internal chamber to reach a temperature that is within any one of the ranges listed above and/or within the first temperature range. Some method embodiments include placing or maintaining the storage system in the first environment until heat transfer between the first environment and the storage system causes the temperature of the storage system to be within any one of the ranges listed above and/or within the first temperature range. 
         [0149]    Some method embodiments include placing a medicinal drug, an injectable substance, an injection device, an inhaler, and/or a pharmaceutical substance inside the storage system while the storage system has a temperature within any one of the ranges listed above and/or within the first temperature range. The temperature of the storage system can be defined by the temperature of the thermal bank, the weighted average temperature of the storage system (where the temperature of each material is weighted by the heat capacity of the material), or any other suitable method. 
         [0150]    Several method embodiments include closing a lid of the storage system while the storage system is located in the first environment with the first temperature such that the storage system surrounds the medicinal drug, injectable substance, injection device, inhaler, and/or pharmaceutical substance located inside the storage system. 
         [0151]    Some method embodiments include removing the storage system from the first environment and transporting the storage system towards a second environment while the storage system has a temperature within the first temperature range. In other words, in some embodiments, the storage system does not have cold packs (such as ice) or heat packs (such as chemical hand warmers) located inside the storage system. For example, in some embodiments, the storage system can have a weighted average temperature of approximately room temperature when the storage system is removed from the first environment and transported towards the second environment. 
         [0152]    Several method embodiments include moving the storage system to a second environment with a second temperature range for a second period of time. In some embodiments, the second temperature range comprises all temperatures except for the temperatures within the first temperature range. In some embodiments, the second temperature range is less than the first temperature range and/or greater than the first temperature range. In some embodiments, the second temperature range is less than room temperature and/or greater than room temperature; less than 70 degrees Fahrenheit and/or greater than 80 degrees Fahrenheit; less than 65 degrees Fahrenheit and/or greater than 85 degrees Fahrenheit; less than 59 degrees Fahrenheit and/or greater than 86 degrees Fahrenheit; less than 55 degrees Fahrenheit and/or greater than 90 degrees Fahrenheit; or less than 32 degrees Fahrenheit and/or greater than 100 degrees Fahrenheit. 
         [0153]    The second period of time can be a time during which the temperature of the internal chamber stays within the first temperature range. Some method embodiments include maintaining the storage system in the second environment while the temperature of the internal chamber stays within the first temperature range. Some method embodiments include moving the storage system from the second environment to a third environment before the temperature of the internal chamber deviates outside of the first temperature range. Some method embodiments include moving the storage system from the second environment to the third environment before the temperature of the internal chamber changes to a temperature outside of the first temperature range. Is some embodiments, the temperature of the third environment is equal to any of the temperatures and/or temperature ranges described above for the first environment. The temperature of the third environment can be different than the temperature of the first environment. In some embodiments, the third environment is the first environment such that the storage system is moved from the first environment to the second environment and then back to the first environment. Some embodiments include removing and/or at least partially opening the lid after the storage system is returned to the first environment and/or moved to the third environment. 
         [0154]    Some embodiments include maintaining the storage system at approximately room temperature; placing a substance inside the storage system; moving the storage system to an environment that is hotter or colder than room temperature while the storage system has an internal temperature of approximately room temperature and/or a temperature within a suitable range; and then returning the storage system to approximately room temperature before the internal temperature deviates outside of a suitable range. The suitable range can be the storage temperature range recommended by the manufacturer of the substance and/or a temperature range recommended and/or approved by the manufacturer of the substance for temporary temperature excursions. Some embodiments include returning the storage system to approximately room temperature before the recommended and/or approved time of the temporary temperature excursion expires. 
         [0155]    Several embodiments of a method of storing a medicinal injectable substance include obtaining an outer case and a lid. Some embodiments include placing a vacuum flask inside at least a portion of the outer case. Placing a vacuum flask inside at least a portion of the outer case can include placing an outer case around at least a portion of a vacuum flask. Some embodiments include placing a thermal bank with a heat capacity of at least 400 J/K inside the vacuum flask. Several embodiments include placing an injection device inside the vacuum flask, wherein the injection device is at least partially filled with the medicinal injectable substance. Some embodiments include coupling the lid to the outer case such that the outer case and the lid surround the injection device. 
         [0156]    Referring now to  FIG. 9 , the thermal bank  140  can be a phase change system having multiple phase change materials. The multiple phase change materials can provide protection from temperatures above and below room temperatures. Thus, one system can shield medicine from temperature variations in both directions without requiring previous knowledge of whether a person will bring the storage system into hot or cold weather. 
         [0157]    One way to build a thermal bank  140  that resists temperature decreases and increases is to include two phase change materials inside the thermal bank. The first phase change material can resist temperature decreases due to cold outside environments. The second phase change material can resist temperature increases due to hot outside environments. 
         [0158]    The first phase change material can have a high heat of fusion to enable a relatively lightweight system that can still provide sufficient resistance to temperature changes. The first phase change material can release large amounts of heat before allowing the temperature inside the first chamber to decrease. For example, the first phase change material can release large amounts of heat (per gram of the material) as the material changes from a liquid to a solid. The melting temperature of the first phase change material can be less than 70 Fahrenheit (e.g., just below room temperature) and greater than the minimum recommended medicine storage temperature. 
         [0159]    For example, if a manufacturer of a medicine recommends a minimum storage temperature of 45 degrees Fahrenheit, then the first phase change material can be selected with a melting temperature between 45 degrees Fahrenheit and around 70 degrees Fahrenheit (e.g., below a room temperature). Thus, when a temperature inside the insulated container goes below the melting point, the first phase change material releases large amounts of heat before allowing the temperature inside the first chamber to significantly decrease. As a result, the first phase change material dramatically prolongs the time required to decrease the temperature inside the first chamber below the minimum storage temperature. 
         [0160]    This additional time can enable the medicine to remain outside much longer without reducing the efficacy of the medicine than would be the case without the storage system. Moreover, the phase change enables the storage system to much more compact than would be the case with a thermal bank  140  that only uses water to resist temperature changes (at temperatures above 32 degrees Fahrenheit). 
         [0161]    The second phase change material of the thermal bank  140  can resist temperature increases due to hot outside environments. The second phase change material can have a high heat of fusion and a melting temperature that is greater than room temperature and less than the maximum recommended medicine storage temperature. For example, if the maximum recommended storage temperature is 85 degrees Fahrenheit, then in some embodiments, the second phase change material can have a melting temperature between 80 degrees Fahrenheit and 85 degrees Fahrenheit. Thus, the second phase change material can absorb a large amount of heat (to melt) before the second phase change material would allow the temperature inside the storage system  12  to increase significantly above the melting temperature of the second phase change material. 
         [0162]    The rate of heat transfer between the outside environment  30  and the first chamber (e.g., the void  154 ) is reduced by reducing the temperature difference between the outside environment and the thermal bank  140  (during melting or solidifying). Thus, phase change materials can be selected that have a melting point near the minimum storage temperature (e.g., without being less than the minimum storage temperature) or near the maximum storage temperature (e.g., without being greater than the maximum storage temperature). (The minimum and maximum storage temperatures can be recommended by the manufacturer of the medicine and are often included with literature provided with the medicine.) “Near the minimum” or “near the maximum” can be within 10 degrees Fahrenheit. 
         [0163]    Many different materials can be suitable phase change materials as long as the materials have a melting temperature within the target range (as explained above). Entropy Solutions, Inc. has an office in Plymouth, Minn. and provides a wide range of suitable phase change materials under the brand name PureTemp. Climator Sweden AB sells a wide range of phase change materials under the brand name ClimSel. Examples of phase change materials include sodium sulfate, trimethylolethane combined with water, Mn(NO3)2*6H2O+MnCl2*4H2O, NaCl*Na2SO4*10H2O, paraffin 16-carbons, and paraffin 18-carbons. 
         [0164]    In several embodiments, phase change materials spontaneously melt and/or solidify in response to temperature (without requiring an additional activation step). For example, just a drop in temperature below a melting temperature can cause a spontaneous phase change material to freeze. Just a rise in temperature above a melting temperature can cause a spontaneous phase change material to solidify. 
         [0165]    The phase change materials are not the only part of the system that reduces the rate of temperature change inside the first chamber (e.g., the void  154 ). An insulated container can reduce the rate of heat transfer. Some embodiments include a vacuum flask. Thermos L.L.C. manufactures a wide range of vacuum flasks. 
         [0166]    In several embodiments, the interior of the vacuum flask is cylindrical. The chambers that hold the phase change system plus the first chamber can form a cylindrical shape that is tailored to the interior of the vacuum flask. The phase change system can have a compliant external housing with an outer diameter that is larger than the diameter of an opening to the vacuum flask. The compliant external housing (e.g., a compliant perimeter) can enable pressing the phase change system into the vacuum flask in spite of the outer diameter of the external housing being larger than the diameter of the opening to the vacuum flask. 
         [0167]    In several embodiments, storage systems include an insulated container comprising a base and an opening configurable to enable removing a medicine from inside the insulated container; a first chamber located inside the insulated container, wherein the first chamber is configured to hold the medicine; a first phase change material located inside the insulated container; and/or a second phase change material located inside the insulated container. 
         [0168]    In some embodiments, the first phase change material can have a first melting temperature greater than 40 degrees Fahrenheit and less than 74 degrees Fahrenheit. The second phase change material can have a second melting temperature greater than 74 degrees Fahrenheit and less than 100 degrees Fahrenheit. The first melting temperature can be at least four degrees Fahrenheit less than the second melting temperature. For example, 74 degrees Fahrenheit can be approximately equal to a typical room temperature (although room temperatures commonly vary in rooms having temperature controlled environments enabled by heating and/or air conditioning). 
         [0169]    Using a “temperature dividing line” of 74 degrees Fahrenheit helps enable some embodiments to avoid inappropriately triggering melting and/or freezing while the storage system is located in a temperature controlled room. Imagine if the second phase change material had a melting temperature of less than 74 degrees. As a result, the second phase change material could completely melt before a person even moved the storage system from a room temperature into a hot environment that is warmer than a maximum recommended storage temperature of the medicine. In this case the phase change of the second phase change material would not help reduce the rate of temperature rise inside the first chamber in response to heat transfer caused by the hot environment. Similarly, this “temperature dividing line” helps ensure that the first phase change material will have a sufficiently low melting temperature such that the first phase change material should not solidify before the storage system is moved from a room temperature to an environment that is colder than a minimum recommended storage temperature. 
         [0170]    The “temperature dividing line” can vary based on what medicine the storage system will hold. For example, some medicine manufacturers recommend refrigerating certain medicines. In several embodiments, the temperature dividing line is 36 degrees Fahrenheit. Thus, the first phase change material can have a melting temperature above 0 degrees Fahrenheit and/or below 36 degrees Fahrenheit. The second phase change material can have a melting temperature above 36 degrees Fahrenheit and/or below 50 degrees Fahrenheit. 
         [0171]    In some embodiments, the storage system is configured to cause the first phase change material to solidify when a first temperature of the first chamber falls below the first melting temperature, and/or the storage system is configured to cause the second phase change material to melt when the first temperature of the first chamber rises above the second melting temperature. As a result, the storage system can be configured to temporarily protect the medicine from a first environment that is colder than a safe minimum storage temperature and/or from a second environment that is hotter than a safe maximum storage temperature. Manufacturers of medicines can recommend minimum storage temperatures and/or maximum storage temperatures for medicines. 
         [0172]    In several embodiments, the first phase change material has a first latent heat of at least 40 kJ/kg, and/or the second phase change material has a second latent heat of at least 40 kJ/kg. In some embodiments, the first phase change material has a first latent heat of at least 110 kJ/kg, and/or the second phase change material has a second latent heat of at least 110 kJ/kg. In several embodiments, the first phase change material has a first latent heat of at least 180 kJ/kg, and/or the second phase change material has a second latent heat of at least 180 kJ/kg. These latent heat properties can dramatically reduce the necessary size of the phase change materials, which enables dramatically reducing the overall volume of the storage system. 
         [0173]      FIG. 10  illustrates a side view of a storage system, according to some embodiments.  FIG. 11  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a storage system along plane A-A, which extends into the page in  FIG. 10 , according to some embodiments. Referring now to  FIG. 11 , the storage system  200  can include an outer cylindrical wall  202  and an inner cylindrical wall  204  coupled to the outer cylindrical wall  202 . Cylindrical walls can be made of thin, rigid metal and can be joined at the proximal end of the base portion  114 . A vacuum chamber  208  can be located between the inner cylindrical wall  204  and the outer cylindrical wall  202  to form a vacuum flask  160  (labeled in  FIG. 9 ). 
         [0174]    A first chamber  210  is at least partially surrounded by the inner cylindrical wall  204 . As used herein, “surrounded” means that an object wraps 360 degrees around another object. “Surrounded” does not necessarily mean an object completely encloses another object in all directions. For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 11 , the inner cylindrical wall  204  surrounds the first chamber even though the first chamber  210  has an opening that is covered by the lid  18 . The first chamber  210  can hold a medicine  212  such as an inhaler or an injection device such as an EpiPen. 
         [0175]    In  FIG. 11 , the thermal bank is a phase change system  214 . In the interest of clarity,  FIG. 11  does not illustrate various details regarding the phase change system  214 . Additional details regarding the phase change system  214  are shown in  FIG. 12 , which illustrates a cross-sectional view along line B-B from  FIG. 10 . 
         [0176]    Several embodiments do not include an outer case  148 , which can include insulation  218 . The outer case  148  can be cylindrical. 
         [0177]    The phase change system  214  can include a second chamber  220  having a first phase change material  222  and can include a third chamber  230  having a second phase change material  232 . The phase change system  214  is at least partially surrounded by the inner cylindrical wall  204 . The storage system  200  has a central axis  234  that runs from a proximal end  236  of the storage system  200  to a distal end  238  of the storage system  200  (shown in  FIG. 10 ). A third wall  240  passes through the central axis  234  to separate the second chamber  220  from the third chamber  230 . The third wall  240  separates a left half of the phase change system  214  (e.g., the third chamber  230 ) from a right half of the phase change system  214  (e.g., the second chamber  220 ). The central axis  234  is located in a plane, and the third wall  240  is located in the same plane. 
         [0178]    The first phase change material  222  can have a first melting temperature greater than 40 degrees Fahrenheit and less than 74 degrees Fahrenheit. The second phase change material  232  can have a second melting temperature greater than 74 degrees Fahrenheit and less than 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Several embodiments include different melting temperatures. 
         [0179]      FIG. 13  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a storage system  200   a  shown from the same perspective as  FIG. 12 . The storage system  200   a  includes a side view and cross-sectional view that look like the side view and cross-sectional view shown in  FIGS. 10 and 11 . 
         [0180]    Referring now to  FIG. 13 , at least a majority of the first chamber  210   a  is located between a first wall  224  and a second wall  226  that are located within the inner cylindrical wall  204 . The first wall  224  extends across an interior portion from one side of the inner cylindrical wall  204  to another side of the inner cylindrical wall  204 . (The first wall  224  is not embedded in the inner cylindrical wall  204 .) The first wall  224  separates the first chamber  210   a  from a first side of the phase change system  214   a . The second wall  226  separates the first chamber  210   a  from a second side of the phase change system  214   a.    
         [0181]    The first wall  224  separates the first chamber  210   a  from the second chamber  220   a  that has the first phase change material  222   a . The second wall  226  separates the first chamber  210   a  from the third chamber  230   a  that has the second phase change material  232   a . The first chamber  210   a , the second chamber  220   a , and the third chamber  230   a  extend distally parallel relative to each other (e.g., into the page in  FIG. 13 ). The first chamber  210   a  and the phase change system  214   a  form a cylindrical shape. 
         [0182]    The first wall  224  and second wall  226  can be rigid or compliant. Rigid walls can be rigid plastic or metal. Compliant walls can be made from plastic or rubber configured to bend without breaking to conform to many different shapes. In some embodiments, the first wall  224  and second wall  226  are compliant so they can move radially outward such that a width between the first wall  224  and second wall  226  expands to enlarge the first chamber  210   a.    
         [0183]      FIG. 14  illustrates the storage system  200   a  from  FIG. 13  along a cross section that is perpendicular to the cross section shown in  FIG. 13 . The lid  18  (shown in  FIG. 11 ) was removed. The opening  244  is coupled to the first chamber  210   a  such that the opening  244  provides access to the first chamber  210   a  to enable removing the medicine  212  from the insulated container (e.g., the storage system  200   a ). When the opening  244  is unsealed, a person can reach into the opening  244  to grab the medicine  212  in the first chamber  210   a.    
         [0184]    Referring now to  FIG. 13 , the first chamber  210   a  has a longest dimension (into the page). The second chamber  220   a  has a longest dimension (also into the page). The first chamber  210   a  and the second chamber  220   a  are oriented such that the longest dimension of the first chamber  210   a  and the longest dimension of the second chamber  220   a  both point towards the same exterior side of the storage system, which in the illustrated embodiment is the distal end (e.g.,  238  in  FIG. 10 ). When the longest dimension of the first chamber  210   a  and the longest dimension of the second chamber  220   a  both point towards the same exterior side of the storage system  200   a , a portion of the first chamber  210   a  and at least a portion of the second chamber  220   a  run approximately alongside each other (e.g., even though a wall  224  separates the first chamber  210   a  from the second chamber  220   a ). The first chamber  210   a , the second chamber  220   a , and the third chamber  230   a  are oriented such that they extend distally in a first direction away from the opening  244  (shown in  FIG. 14 ). 
         [0185]    Referring now to  FIGS. 13 and 14 , the insulated container comprises a central axis  234 . The first chamber  210   a  extends distally away from the opening  244  such that at least a majority of the central axis  234  is located inside the first chamber  210   a.    
         [0186]    The second chamber  220   a  and the third chamber  230   a  are located outside of the first chamber  210   a  and are located radially outward  246  from the central axis  234 . (The arrow illustrated in  FIG. 14  is just one example of a direction that is radially outward relative to the central axis  234 .) 
         [0187]      FIG. 15  illustrates a side view of a storage system  200   b . The lid  18   b  can include thermometers  68 ,  88 , a temperature display  62   b , a communication system  70 , a vent  84 , a temperature probe  64   b , a speaker  24 , seals  66 , and a control system  86  (as shown in  FIG. 5 ). Thus, the lid  18   b  can enable a storage system to communicate with the computer  76 . 
         [0188]      FIG. 16  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the storage system  200   b  along line A-A from  FIG. 15 . The lid  18   b  is hidden in  FIG. 16 , but is shown in  FIG. 15 .  FIG. 17  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the storage system  200   b  along line B-B from  FIG. 15 . 
         [0189]    Referring now to  FIGS. 16 and 17 , the phase change system  214   b  is located in center portion of the area located within the inner cylindrical wall  204 . A first chamber  210   b  and a fourth chamber  250  are configured to hold medicine  212 . The first chamber  210   b  and the fourth chamber  250  are located radially outward from the phase change system  214   b . A first wall  224  and a second wall  226  separate the phase change system  214   b  from the first chamber  210   b  and the fourth chamber  250 . The first chamber  210   b  is located radially outward from the central axis  234  (shown in  FIG. 15 ) on a first side of the phase change system  214   b . The fourth chamber  250  is located radially outward from the central axis  234  on a second side of the phase change system  214   b.    
         [0190]    Various chambers hold phase change materials. Several embodiments include 2, 4, 10, or more chambers to hold various phase change materials, which can have many different melting temperatures. As illustrated in  FIG. 17 , a second chamber  220   b  holds a first phase change material  220   b . A third chamber  230   b  holds a second phase change material  232   b.    
         [0191]    The phase change system  214   b  is located in a central portion of the storage system such that at least a majority of the central axis  234  (shown in  FIG. 15 ) is located inside the phase change system  214   b . A first wall  224  separates the first chamber  214   b  from the phase change system  214   b . A second wall  226  separates the phase change system  214   b  from the fourth chamber  250 , which can be configured to hold an injection device. A third wall  252  passes through the central axis  234  to separate the second chamber  220   b  from the third chamber  230   b.    
         [0192]    Referring now to  FIGS. 15 and 16 , the storage system  200   b  has a removable lid  18   b  coupled to an opening  244   b  of the first chamber  210   b  such that removing the lid  18   b  facilitates accessing both the first chamber  210   b  and the fourth chamber  250  to remove an injection device from the fourth chamber  250 . 
         [0193]      FIG. 18  illustrates a side view of a storage system  200   c .  FIG. 19  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the storage system  200   c  along line A-A from  FIG. 18 . The lid  18   b  is hidden in  FIG. 19 , but is shown in  FIG. 18 . The storage system  200   c  comprises a central axis  234 . The first chamber  210   c  extends distally away from an opening  244   c  of the first chamber  210   c  such that at least a portion of the central axis  234  is located inside the first chamber  210   c . The phase change system  214   c  is located distally relative to the first chamber  210   c.    
         [0194]    The storage system  200   c  has a first wall  256  that is located distally relative to the first chamber  210   c . The first wall  256  is located between the first chamber  210   c  and the phase change system  214   c . The phase change system  214   c  comprises a second wall  258  located between the second chamber  220   c  and the third chamber  230   c  of the phase change system  214   c . The second wall  258  can be perpendicular to the first wall  256 . 
         [0195]      FIG. 20  illustrates a side view of a storage system  200   d .  FIG. 21  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the storage system  200   d  along line A-A from  FIG. 20 . The lid  18   b  is hidden in  FIG. 21 , but is shown in  FIG. 20 . The first chamber  210   d  extends from the opening  244   d  to a distal half of the outer cylindrical wall and/or storage system  200   d . The storage system  200   d  includes several chambers  220   d ,  230   d  that hold phase change materials. The chambers  220   d ,  230   d  are located radially outward  246  from the first chamber  210   d . Walls separate the first chamber  210   d  from the chambers  220   d ,  230   d  that hold phase change materials. Additional walls separate the various phase change materials from each other. 
         [0196]    A retention wall  228  can protrude radially inward from an interior of the vacuum flask. The retention wall  228  can be located proximally relative to the chambers  220   d ,  230   d  that hold phase change materials having two or more melting temperatures. The retention wall  228  can be configured to prevent chambers  220   d ,  230   d  from sliding in a proximal direction and then sliding out of the opening  244   d . The retention wall  228  can be a metal wall that is welded inside the vacuum flask. In some embodiments, the retention wall  228  is a plastic or rubber ring that can be deformed to push the ring into the opening  244   d  and then expands once it is located distally relative to the opening  244   d . Once expanded, the ring can prevent the chambers  220   d ,  230   d  from sliding in a proximal direction and then sliding out of the opening  244   d . Some embodiments include welded metal walls between multiple chambers  220   d ,  230   d.    
         [0197]    A first wall  262  separates the first chamber  210   d  from a second chamber  220   d . A second wall  264  separates the first chamber  210   d  from a third chamber  230   d . A third wall  266  separates a second chamber  220   d  from a third chamber  230   d . The first wall  262  is oriented perpendicularly relative to the third wall  266 . The third wall  266  separates a distal portion of the phase change system from a proximal portion of the phase change system. 
         [0198]    The storage system  200   d  includes a proximal portion having an opening  244   d  to the first chamber  210   d . The opening  244   d  is configured to be covered by a removable lid  18   b  (shown in  FIG. 20 ). The first chamber  210   d  extends from the proximal portion towards a distal portion of the storage system  200   d  such that the first chamber  210   d  is at least as long as a majority of a length between a proximal end  236  of the storage system  200   d  and a distal end  238  of the storage system  200   d  (shown in  FIG. 20 ). 
         [0199]    A second chamber  220   d  can be located distally or proximally relative to a third chamber  230   d  while the second chamber  220   d  is located outside of the first chamber  210   d  and is located radially outward relative to the central axis  234 . A third chamber  230  can also be located outside of the first chamber  210   d  and located radially outward relative to the central axis  234 . 
         [0200]    A “target temperature” can be a “temperature dividing line.” In several embodiments, the target temperature can be 74 degrees Fahrenheit (e.g., when the manufacturer recommends storing a medicine at room temperature). In several embodiments, the target temperature can be 36 degrees Fahrenheit (e.g., when the manufacturer recommends refrigerating a medicine). 
         [0201]    The chambers  220   d ,  230   d  can include different phase chamber materials. The phase change system can have more than two melting temperatures. In some embodiments, a second chamber contains a first phase change material having a first melting temperature; a third chamber contains a second phase change material having a second melting temperature; a fourth chamber contains a third phase change material having a third melting temperature; and a fifth chamber contains a fourth phase change material having a fourth melting temperature. The first and second melting temperatures can be less than a target temperature (e.g., 74 degrees Fahrenheit), and the first melting temperature can be less than (e.g., at least 3 degrees Fahrenheit less than) the second melting temperature. The third and fourth melting temperatures can be greater than the target temperature, and the third melting temperature can be less than (e.g., at least 3 degrees Fahrenheit less than) the fourth melting temperature. 
         [0202]    A phase change system with more than two melting temperatures can provide additional temperature protection reliability. For example, a third phase change material can protect against temperatures that are just slightly above a target temperature (e.g., 74 degrees Fahrenheit, 36 degrees Fahrenheit). Thus, the system can protect against even minor temperature variations above the target temperature. However, phase change materials that protect against temperatures that are just slightly above a target temperature are susceptible to changing phase while the storage system is located indoors. 
         [0203]    For example, a manufacturer can recommend a maximum EpiPen storage temperature of 77 degrees Fahrenheit, which is very close to typical room temperatures. The phase change system can include a third phase change material with a melting temperature of 76 degrees Fahrenheit. If the storage system is kept in a room that is below 76 degrees Fahrenheit for at least enough time for the third phase change material to solidify, then once the storage system is moved into an outdoor environment that is 79 degrees Fahrenheit, the third phase change material will begin protecting the EpiPen from the outdoor environment that is 79 degrees Fahrenheit. 
         [0204]    However, if the storage system is kept in a room that is 78 degrees Fahrenheit for at least enough time for the third phase change material to melt, then once the storage system is moved into an outdoor environment that is 80 degrees Fahrenheit, the third phase change material will fail to protect the EpiPen from the outdoor environment that is 80 degrees Fahrenheit (because the phase change will have occurred before the storage system reaches the outdoor environment). In this case, having a fourth phase change material can be helpful. The fourth phase change material can have a fourth melting temperature that is not as close to typical room temperatures. For example, the fourth melting temperature can be 82 degrees Fahrenheit, which is typically higher than room temperatures. Thus, the fourth phase change material would not be melting while kept in a room that is 78 degrees Fahrenheit for at least enough time for the third phase change material to melt. Then, once the storage system is moved into an outdoor environment that is 80 degrees Fahrenheit, the fourth phase change material will protect the EpiPen from the outdoor environment that is 80 degrees Fahrenheit (by melting). 
         [0205]    A manufacturer of a medicine can recommend a minimum storage temperature and a maximum storage temperature for the medicine. In some embodiments, the storage system includes a first phase change material with a first melting temperature that is lower than the target temperature and lower than the minimum storage temperature; the storage system includes a second phase change material with a second melting temperature that is lower than the target temperature, higher than the minimum storage temperature, and higher than the first melting temperature; the storage system includes a fourth phase change material with a fourth melting temperature that is higher than the target temperature and higher than the maximum storage temperature; and/or the storage system includes a third phase change material with a third melting temperature that is higher than the target temperature, lower than the maximum storage temperature, and lower than the fourth melting temperature. 
         [0206]    Several phase change system embodiments include two different melting temperatures below a target temperature (e.g., 74 degrees Fahrenheit) and one melting temperature above the target temperature. Some phase change system embodiments include two different melting temperatures above a target temperature (e.g., 74 degrees Fahrenheit) and one melting temperature below the target temperature. 
         [0207]    If a difference between a target temperature and an expected cold outdoor temperature is greater than a difference between the target temperature and an expected hot outdoor temperature, then the phase change system can include two different melting temperatures below the target temperature and one melting temperature above the target temperature. 
         [0208]    If a difference between a target temperature and an expected hot outdoor temperature is greater than a difference between the target temperature and an expected cold outdoor temperature, then the phase change system can include two different melting temperatures above the target temperature and one melting temperature below the target temperature. 
         [0209]    The expected cold outdoor temperature is less than the target temperature. The expected hot outdoor temperature is greater than the target temperature. The expected cold outdoor temperature can be the maximum expected cold outdoor temperature. The expected hot outdoor temperature can be the maximum expected hot outdoor temperature. 
         [0210]    A manufacturer of a medicine can recommend a minimum storage temperature and a maximum storage temperature for the medicine. If a difference between a target temperature and the minimum storage temperature is greater than a difference between the target temperature and the maximum storage temperature, then the phase change system can include two different melting temperatures below the target temperature and one melting temperature above the target temperature. 
         [0211]    If a difference between a target temperature and the maximum storage temperature is greater than a difference between the target temperature and the minimum storage temperature, then the phase change system can include two different melting temperatures above the target temperature and one melting temperature below the target temperature. 
         [0212]    If a difference between the minimum storage temperature and the expected cold outdoor temperature is greater than a difference between the maximum storage temperature and the expected hot outdoor temperature, then the phase change system can include two different melting temperatures below the target temperature and one melting temperature above the target temperature. 
         [0213]    If a difference between the maximum storage temperature and the expected hot outdoor temperature is greater than a difference between the minimum storage temperature and the expected cold outdoor temperature, then the phase change system can include two different melting temperatures above the target temperature and one melting temperature below the target temperature. 
         [0214]    Any of the storage systems shown in the figures or described herein (e.g., storage systems  10 ,  11 ,  12 ,  200   a ,  200   b ,  200   c ,  200   d ,  200   e ,  200   f ,  200   g ,  200   h ,  200   i ,  300 ) can be configured according to the temperature information above. 
         [0215]    Any of the storage systems shown in the figures or described herein (e.g., storage systems  10 ,  11 ,  12 ,  200   a ,  200   b ,  200   c ,  200   d ,  200   e ,  200   f ,  200   g ,  200   h ,  200   i ,  300 ) can include three, four, or more phase change materials. The chambers described herein can be subdivided into additional chambers by walls to hold phase change materials with different melting temperatures. 
         [0216]      FIG. 22  illustrates a side view of a storage system  200   e .  FIG. 23  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the storage system  200   e  along line A-A from  FIG. 22 .  FIG. 24  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the storage system  200   e  along line B-B from  FIG. 22 . 
         [0217]    Referring now to  FIGS. 23 and 24 , the vacuum flask  160  has an interior portion defined by the inner wall  204 . The first chamber  210   e  extends from a proximal portion of the interior portion to a distal portion of the interior portion. The first chamber  210   e  is located in a center portion of the interior portion such that the central axis  234  (shown in  FIG. 22 ) runs through the first chamber  210   e.    
         [0218]    Chambers  220   e ,  230   e  include phase change materials that wrap around the first chamber  210   e . The second chamber  220   e  is located radially outward from the first chamber  210   e . A third chamber  230   e  is located radially outward from the first chamber  210   e  and radially outward from the second chamber  220   e . The first chamber  210   e , the second chamber  220   e , and the third chamber  230   e  are located radially inward from the vacuum flask (e.g., the inner cylindrical wall  204 , vacuum chamber  208 , and the outer cylindrical wall  202 ). The chambers  210   e ,  220   e ,  230   e ,  208  can be surrounded by an insulation (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 24 ). 
         [0219]    In some embodiments, a phase change material with a lower melting point is located radially outward from a phase change material with a higher melting point. In several embodiments, a phase change material with a higher melting point is located radially outward from a phase change material with a lower melting point. 
         [0220]    The chambers  220   e ,  230   e  can surround the first chamber  210   e  (e.g., the chambers  220   e ,  230   e  can wrap 360 degrees around the first chamber  210   e  and the first chamber  210   e  can include an opening that is not covered by a phase change material). 
         [0221]    In several embodiments, the plug  122  holds one or more phase change materials. The plug  122  can be coupled to the lid  188  and can be configured to enter into a portion of the inner cylindrical wall  204  such that a portion of the plug  122  can be located radially inward relative to a portion of the inner cylindrical wall  204 . 
         [0222]    At least a majority of the first chamber  210   e  is located within the first wall  268  and the second wall  270 , which are located within the inner cylindrical wall  204 . The inner cylindrical wall  204  is located within the outer cylindrical wall  202 . The outer cylindrical wall  202  is located within the third wall  272 , which is a portion of the outer case  148 . The first wall  268 , the second wall  270 , the inner wall  204 , the outer wall  202 , and/or the third wall  272  can be concentric. The first wall  268  is located radially outward from the first chamber  210   e . The second wall  270  is located radially outward from the first wall  268 . The inner wall  204  is located radially outward from the second wall  270 . The outer wall  202  is located radially outward from the inner wall  204 . The third wall  272  is located radially outward from the outer wall  202 . 
         [0223]    The insulation  218 , the vacuum chamber  208 , the first chamber  210   e , the second chamber  220   e , and the third chamber  230   e  are concentric. In some embodiments, only a subset of these items are concentric. The walls can also be concentric. 
         [0224]    The first wall  268  separates the first chamber  210   e  from a first portion (e.g., the second chamber  220   e ) of the phase change system  214   e . The second wall  270  separates the first chamber  210   e  from a second portion (e.g., the third chamber  230   e ) of the phase change system  214   e . The first phase change material  222   e  surrounds the majority of the first chamber  210   e . The second phase change material  232   e  surrounds the majority of the first chamber  210   e.    
         [0225]    The second chamber  220   e  surrounds the majority of the first chamber  210   e  such that the first phase change material  222   e  can move 360 degrees around a first perimeter (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 24 ) of the first chamber  210   e  when the first phase change material  222   e  is above the first melting temperature. The third chamber  230   e  surrounds the majority of the first chamber  210   e  such that the second phase change material  232   e  can move 360 degrees around a second perimeter (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 24 ) of the first chamber  210   e  when the second phase change material  232   e  is above the second melting temperature. 
         [0226]      FIG. 25  illustrates a side view of a storage system  200   f .  FIG. 26  illustrates a perspective view showing the side and proximal end of a third chamber  230   f , which holds the second phase change material  232   f .  FIG. 27  illustrates a perspective view showing the side and proximal end of a second chamber  230   f , which holds the first phase change material  222   f .  FIG. 28  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the storage system  200   f  along line A-A from  FIG. 25 . 
         [0227]    Referring now to  FIG. 28 , a first wall  278  and a second wall  280  are located within the inner cylindrical wall  204 . The first wall  278  is located between the first chamber  210   e  and a first portion (e.g., the second chamber  220   f ) of the phase change system  214   f . The first wall  278  surrounds at least a first portion (e.g., a proximal portion) of the first chamber  210   e . The second wall  280  is located between the first chamber  210   e  and a second portion (e.g., the third chamber  230   f ) of the phase change system  214   f . The second wall  280  surrounds at least a second portion (e.g., a distal portion) of the first chamber  210   e.    
         [0228]    The second chamber  220   f  surrounds the first portion of the first chamber  210   e  such that the first phase change material  222   f  (shown in  FIG. 27 ) can move 360 degrees around a first perimeter of the first chamber  210   e  when the first phase change material  222   f  is above (i.e., hotter than) the first melting temperature. The third chamber  230   f  surrounds the second portion of the first chamber  210   e  such that the second phase change material  232   f  can move 360 degrees around a second perimeter of the first chamber  210   e  when the second phase change material  232   f  is above the second melting temperature. 
         [0229]    The first chamber  210   e , the second chamber  220   f , the third chamber  230   f , the vacuum chamber  208 , the outer case  148 , the inner wall  204 , the outer wall  202  are concentric. The first chamber  210   e  can touch the first flask  170 . 
         [0230]    The second chamber  220   f  is located proximally relative to the third chamber  230   f . In some embodiments, the positions of the second chamber  220   f  and the third chamber  230   f  are switched such that the second chamber  220   f  is located distally relative to the third chamber  230   f . In several embodiments, the second chamber  220   f  is located radially outward relative to the first chamber  210   e.    
         [0231]    A third wall  282  can separate the phase change system  214   f  into a proximal portion (e.g., the second chamber  2200  and a distal portion (e.g., the third chamber  230   f ). The third wall  282  can be located between the second chamber  220   f  and the third chamber  230   f . The third wall  282  can be oriented perpendicularly relative to the first wall  278  and/or second wall  280 . The third wall  282  can protrude radially outward (e.g., directly radially outward or radially outward at an angle). 
         [0232]      FIG. 29  illustrates a side view of a storage system  200   g . The location of an EpiPen  196 , which is located inside the storage system  200   g , is shown by a dashed line.  FIG. 30  illustrates the proximal end of the storage system  200   g  after the lid  18   b  (shown in  FIG. 29 ) is removed. 
         [0233]    A first compliant wall  224   g  and a second compliant wall  226   g  separate the first chamber  210   g  from the second chamber  220   g  and third chamber  230   g . The compliant walls  224   g ,  226   g  enable the opening  244   g  of the first chamber  210   g  to expand. For example, pushing a container with medicine  212  into the opening  244   g  of the first chamber  210   g  can press the first compliant wall  224   g  and the second compliant wall  226   g  radially outward to expand a minimum thickness  288   g  between the first compliant wall  224   g  and the second compliant wall  226   b  in a location configured to hold the medicine  212  (e.g., a portion of the first chamber  210   g  that can hold the medicine  212 ). The thickness can start at the minimum thickness  288   g  and then can expand such that the first chamber  210   g  comprises an expandable thickness (e.g., to make the expanded thickness at least 50 percent larger than the minimum thickness  288   g  or at least 100 percent larger than the minimum thickness  288   g ). 
         [0234]    The first compliant wall  224   g  and the second compliant wall  226   b  can be made from a plastic or rubber material to enable the walls  224   g ,  226   g  to flex and bend. The first compliant wall  224   g  and the second compliant wall  226   b  can at least partially conform to the shape of a container that holds the medicine  212 . 
         [0235]    At least a majority of the first chamber  210   g  is located between the first compliant wall  224   g  and the second compliant wall  226   g . The first compliant wall  224   g  separates at least the majority of the first chamber  210   g  from a first side of the phase change system (e.g., the second chamber  220   g ). The second compliant wall  226   g  separates at least the majority of the first chamber  210   g  from a second side of the phase change system (e.g., the third chamber  230   g ). 
         [0236]    The opening  244   g  comprises a length  290   g  from a first end of the opening  244   g  to a second end of the opening  244   g . Prior to inserting the medicine  212  into the first chamber  210   g , the length  290   g  is at least five times larger than the minimum thickness  288   g . The first chamber  210   g  is configured to expand in response to inserting the medicine  212  into the first chamber  210   g  such that the first chamber  210   g  can hold containers of medicine having thicknesses that are larger than the minimum thickness  288   g  of the first chamber  210   g.    
         [0237]    Many of the embodiments described herein are generally cylindrical, but several embodiments are not cylindrical. Thus, non-cylindrical embodiments can be constructed based on the various features and methods described herein. 
         [0238]      FIG. 31  illustrates the proximal end of a storage system  200   h  that is essentially identical to the storage system illustrated in  FIG. 30  except the cylindrical outer case  148  has been replaced by a non-cylindrical outer case  148   h . Some embodiments do not include a vacuum chamber  208 . The exterior of the outer case  148   h  can be rigid (e.g., metal, stiff plastic) or can be easily compliant (e.g., like a soft pouch or bag). 
         [0239]    The storage system  200   h  includes a first outer wall  292   h  and a second outer wall  294   h  that is coupled to the first outer wall  292   h  (e.g., by seams, joints, or other walls). An insulation  218   h  is located between the first outer wall  292   h  and the second outer wall  294   h . The first chamber  210   g  is surrounded by the first outer wall  292   h  and second outer wall  294   h . The first chamber  210   g  includes a closeable opening  244   g  that is configured to provide access to the first chamber  210   g  to enable removing the medicine  212  from the storage system  200   h . Examples of closeable openings include screw-on lids, press-on lids, zippers, and Ziplocks (e.g., an interlocking groove and ridge that can form a seal when pressed together) made by S.C. Johnson &amp; Son, Inc. 
         [0240]    The medicine  212  (which can be located in an injection device) is located in the first chamber  210   g . The storage system  200   h  can include a phase change system  214   g  comprising a second chamber  220   g  having a first phase change material  222   g  and comprising a third chamber  230   g  having a second phase change material  232   g . The phase change system  214   g  is located between and surrounded by the first outer wall  292   h  and the second outer wall  294   h . The insulation  218   h  surrounds the phase change system  214   g.    
         [0241]    The embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 31  includes a vacuum chamber  208 , but several embodiments do not include a vacuum chamber  208  (e.g., to make the storage system compliant like a bag). The insulation  218   h  can be used to slow the rate of heat transfer rather than using a vacuum chamber  208 . 
         [0242]    A majority of the first chamber  210   g  is located between the first compliant wall  224   g  and the second compliant wall  226   g . The first compliant wall  224   g  separates at least the majority of the first chamber  210   g  from a first side of the phase change system  214   g . The second compliant wall  226   g  separates at least the majority of the first chamber  210   g  from a second side of the phase change system  214   g.    
         [0243]    As described above in the context of  FIG. 30 , the opening  244   g  comprises a length  290   g  from a first end of the opening  244   g  to a second end of the opening  244   g . Prior to inserting the medicine  212  into the first chamber  210   g , the length  290   g  is at least five times larger than the minimum thickness  288   g . The first chamber  210   g  is configured to expand in response to inserting the medicine  212  into the first chamber  210   g  such that the first chamber  210   g  can hold containers of medicine having thicknesses that are larger than the minimum thickness  288   g  of the first chamber  210   g.    
         [0244]    As shown in  FIG. 31 , the length  290   g  is measured in a direction that is perpendicular to the minimum thickness  288   g . The minimum thickness  288   g  is measured prior to inserting the medicine  212  into the first chamber  210   g . The depth of the first chamber  210   g  is measured into the page in  FIG. 31 . The depth is perpendicular to both the minimum thickness  288   g  and the length  290   g . For embodiments configured to be used with an EpiPen, the EpiPen is inserted into the first chamber  210   g  such that the longest dimension of the EpiPen is generally aligned with the depth of the first chamber  210   g  (i.e., into the page in  FIG. 31 ). 
         [0245]      FIG. 32  illustrates the proximal end of a storage system  200   i  that is essentially identical to the storage system  200   h  illustrated in  FIG. 31  except the phase change system  214   g  has been modified to include two phase change materials on the left side of  FIG. 32  and two phase change materials on the right side of  FIG. 32 . The first phase change material  222   i  surrounds at least the majority of the first chamber  210   g . The second phase change material  232   i  surrounds at least the majority of the first chamber  210   g.    
         [0246]      FIG. 33  illustrates a side view of a storage system  300 . The location of an EpiPen  196 , which is located inside the storage system  300 , is shown by a dashed line. The storage system  300  can include soft, compliant outer walls. In some embodiments, the storage system  300  is an insulated bag (e.g., a pouch). The bag can be flexible. The opening  302  can include a Ziplock or zipper to enable removing an EpiPen from the first chamber  304  (shown in  FIG. 34 ). 
         [0247]    The storage system  300  can include thermometers  68 ,  88 , a temperature display  62   b , a communication system  70 , a vent  84 , a temperature probe  64   b , a speaker  24 , seals  66 , and a control system  86  (as shown in  FIG. 5 ). Thus, the storage system  300  can wirelessly communicate with the computer  76 . 
         [0248]    In some embodiments, a cable couples the control system  86  (shown in  FIG. 5 ) to the computer  76  to enable using the computer  76  to configure the various settings described in the context of  FIG. 5 , to download temperature data from the storage system  300 , and/or to download temperature settings and other settings from the computer  76 . In several embodiments, wireless communication is used instead of the cable. 
         [0249]      FIG. 34  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the storage system  300  along line B-B from  FIG. 33 . The storage system  300  includes a first outer wall  320  and a second outer wall  322  that is coupled to the first outer wall  320  (e.g., by seams, joints, or other walls). An insulation  314  is located between the first outer wall  320  and the second outer wall  322 . The first chamber  304  is surrounded by the first outer wall  320  and second outer wall  322 . The first chamber  304  includes a closeable opening  302  (shown in  FIG. 33 ). 
         [0250]    The EpiPen  196  (shown in  FIG. 33 ) can be located in the first chamber  304 . The EpiPen  196  can enter the first chamber  304  in a direction into the page in  FIG. 34 . The storage system  300  can include a phase change system comprising a second chamber  306  that has a first phase change material  310  and comprising a third chamber  308  that has a second phase change material  312 . The phase change system is surrounded by the first outer wall  320  and the second outer wall  322 . The insulation  314  surrounds the phase change system. 
         [0251]    A majority of the first chamber  304  is located between the first compliant wall  316  and the second compliant wall  318 . The first compliant wall  316  separates at least the majority of the first chamber  304  from a first side of the phase change system. The second compliant wall  318  separates at least the majority of the first chamber  304  from a second side of the phase change system. 
         [0252]    Referring now to  FIGS. 33 and 34 , the opening  302  comprises a length from a first end  324  of the opening  302  to a second end  326  of the opening  302  (as described above in the context of  FIG. 30 ). Prior to inserting the medicine (e.g., the EpiPen  196 ) into the first chamber  304 , the length is at least five times larger than the minimum thickness  328 . The first chamber  304  is configured to expand in response to inserting the medicine into the first chamber  304  such that the first chamber  304  can hold containers of medicine having thicknesses that are larger than the minimum thickness  328  of the first chamber  304 . The thickness can start at the minimum thickness  328  and then can expand such that the first chamber  304  comprises an expandable thickness (e.g., to make the thickness at least 50 percent larger, at least 100 percent larger, or at least 200 percent larger than the minimum thickness  328 ). 
         [0253]    The thickness of a container of medicine can be found by finding the longest dimension of the container, and then measuring in all directions perpendicular to the longest dimension of the container of medicine. The thickness is the smallest of these dimensions that are perpendicular to the longest dimension. 
         [0254]    The storage system  300  can be a flexible bag to enable a collapsible storage system that can more easily fit in a pocket, purse, or other bag when not in use. The outer walls  320 ,  322  can include a foil coating to reduce the rate of heat transfer in and out of the bag. The chambers can be pliable bags. 
         [0255]    At least a majority of the first chamber can be located between portions of the phase change system. For example, a first phase change material can be located on one side of the first chamber and a second phase change material can be located on an opposite side of the first chamber such that the phase change system “sandwiches” the first chamber. 
         [0256]    In some embodiments, at least the majority of the first chamber is located between a first compliant wall and a second compliant wall. The first compliant wall can separate at least the majority of the first chamber from a first side of the phase change system. The second compliant wall can separate at least the majority of the first chamber from a second side of the phase change system. 
         [0257]    All of the apparatus and system embodiments described herein can be used with any of the methods described herein. Elements from one embodiment can be combined with elements of other embodiments. 
         [0258]    A manufacturer of the medicine can recommend a minimum storage temperature and a maximum storage temperature for the medicine. For example, the medicine can include instructions for use that state to store the medicine at 68 degrees Fahrenheit to 77 degrees Fahrenheit (as can be the case with EpiPens made by Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc., a Pfizer Company). 
         [0259]    Some embodiments include obtaining the storage system. The storage system can have a first temperature. Embodiments can include placing the storage system inside a building having a first room temperature; leaving the storage system inside the building until the first phase change material is melted and the second phase change material is solidified; placing the medicine inside the first chamber and then closing (e.g., covering an opening) the first chamber from an external environment located outside of the storage system; moving the storage system to a cold environment that is colder than the first room temperature, colder than the first melting temperature, and/or colder than the minimum storage temperature of the medicine, then returning the storage system to a second room temperature before the first phase change material is completely solidified; and/or moving the storage system to a hot environment that is warmer than the first room temperature, warmer than the second melting temperature, and/or warmer than the maximum storage temperature of the medicine. Then, embodiments can include returning the storage system to a third room temperature before the second phase change material is completely melted. 
         [0260]    As used herein, “room temperature” is used in a very broad sense, and can include a temperature inside a building and/or a temperature in a temperature-controlled building. The first, second, and third room temperatures can be equal to each other or different from each other. The first, second, and third room temperatures can be in the same building and/or room. The first, second, and third room temperatures can be in different buildings and/or rooms. 
         [0261]    After returning the storage system to the second room temperature, some methods include exposing the storage system to the second room temperature until the first phase change material is melted before moving the storage system to a first extreme environment that is colder than the minimum recommended storage temperature. After returning the storage system to the third room temperature, some methods include exposing the storage system to the third room temperature until the second phase change material is solidified before moving the storage system to a second extreme environment that is hotter than the minimum recommended storage temperature. 
         [0262]    Several embodiments include continuing to cover (e.g., covering an opening) the first chamber from the external environment from a first time the storage system leaves a fourth room temperature to move to the cold environment; while the storage system is located in the cold environment; and/or until returning the storage system to an environment having a fifth room temperature. Embodiments can also include opening the first chamber to the fifth room temperature in response to returning to the fifth room temperature. Several embodiments include continuing to open the first chamber to the fifth room temperature until the first phase change material is melted and the second phase change material is solidified. 
         [0263]    As used herein, “cover” and “covering” are used in a very broad sense to mean covering an opening (e.g., by closing the opening or placing a lid in the opening). “Cover” and “covering” can include “seal” and “sealing,” but in some embodiments, “cover” and “covering” might not form an air-tight seal. For example, a lid of a cooler can cover the opening to the cooler, but the lid does not necessarily form an airtight seal. 
         [0264]    Several embodiments include obtaining the storage system; placing the storage system in a first inside environment; leaving the storage system in the first inside environment until the first phase change material is melted and the second phase change material is solidified; placing the medicine inside the first chamber and then closing the first chamber from an external environment (e.g., covering an opening leading to the first chamber), wherein the external environment is external relative to the storage system; moving the storage system to a cold outdoor environment that is colder than the first inside environment, colder than the first melting temperature, and/or colder than the minimum storage temperature of the medicine; and then returning the storage system to a second inside environment before the first phase change material is completely solidified. Some embodiments include moving the storage system to a hot outdoor environment that is warmer than the second inside environment, warmer than the second melting temperature, and/or warmer than the maximum storage temperature of the medicine, and then returning the storage system to a third inside environment before the second phase change material is completely melted. 
         [0265]    As used herein, an environment is a cold outdoor environment if it is colder than the first inside environment. As used herein, an environment is a hot outdoor environment if it is hotter than the second inside environment. For example, a cold outdoor environment can be colder than a room temperature and a hot outdoor environment can be hotter than the room temperature. 
       INTERPRETATION 
       [0266]    None of the steps described herein is essential or indispensable. Any of the steps can be adjusted or modified. Other or additional steps can be used. Any portion of any of the steps, processes, structures, and/or devices disclosed or illustrated in one embodiment, flowchart, or example in this specification can be combined or used with or instead of any other portion of any of the steps, processes, structures, and/or devices disclosed or illustrated in a different embodiment, flowchart, or example. The embodiments and examples provided herein are not intended to be discrete and separate from each other. 
         [0267]    The section headings and subheadings provided herein are nonlimiting. The section headings and subheadings do not represent or limit the full scope of the embodiments described in the sections to which the headings and subheadings pertain. For example, a section titled “Topic 1” may include embodiments that do not pertain to Topic 1 and embodiments described in other sections may apply to and be combined with embodiments described within the “Topic 1” section. 
         [0268]    Some of the devices, systems, embodiments, and processes use computers. Each of the routines, processes, methods, and algorithms described in the preceding sections may be embodied in, and fully or partially automated by, code modules executed by one or more computers, computer processors, or machines configured to execute computer instructions. The code modules may be stored on any type of non-transitory computer-readable storage medium or tangible computer storage device, such as hard drives, solid state memory, flash memory, optical disc, and/or the like. The processes and algorithms may be implemented partially or wholly in application-specific circuitry. The results of the disclosed processes and process steps may be stored, persistently or otherwise, in any type of non-transitory computer storage such as, e.g., volatile or non-volatile storage. 
         [0269]    The various features and processes described above may be used independently of one another, or may be combined in various ways. All possible combinations and subcombinations are intended to fall within the scope of this disclosure. In addition, certain method, event, state, or process blocks may be omitted in some implementations. The methods, steps, and processes described herein are also not limited to any particular sequence, and the blocks, steps, or states relating thereto can be performed in other sequences that are appropriate. For example, described tasks or events may be performed in an order other than the order specifically disclosed. Multiple steps may be combined in a single block or state. The example tasks or events may be performed in serial, in parallel, or in some other manner. Tasks or events may be added to or removed from the disclosed example embodiments. The example systems and components described herein may be configured differently than described. For example, elements may be added to, removed from, or rearranged compared to the disclosed example embodiments. 
         [0270]    Conditional language used herein, such as, among others, “can,” “could,” “might,” “may,” “e.g.,” and the like, unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements and/or steps are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without author input or prompting, whether these features, elements and/or steps are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment. The terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,” and the like are synonymous and are used inclusively, in an open-ended fashion, and do not exclude additional elements, features, acts, operations and so forth. Also, the term “or” is used in its inclusive sense (and not in its exclusive sense) so that when used, for example, to connect a list of elements, the term “or” means one, some, or all of the elements in the list. Conjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of X, Y, and Z,” unless specifically stated otherwise, is otherwise understood with the context as used in general to convey that an item, term, etc. may be either X, Y, or Z. Thus, such conjunctive language is not generally intended to imply that certain embodiments require at least one of X, at least one of Y, and at least one of Z to each be present. 
         [0271]    The term “and/or” means that “and” applies to some embodiments and “or” applies to some embodiments. Thus, A, B, and/or C can be replaced with A, B, and C written in one sentence and A, B, or C written in another sentence. A, B, and/or C means that some embodiments can include A and B, some embodiments can include A and C, some embodiments can include B and C, some embodiments can only include A, some embodiments can include only B, some embodiments can include only C, and some embodiments include A, B, and C. The term “and/or” is used to avoid unnecessary redundancy. 
         [0272]    While certain example embodiments have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventions disclosed herein. Thus, nothing in the foregoing description is intended to imply that any particular feature, characteristic, step, module, or block is necessary or indispensable. Indeed, the novel methods and systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms; furthermore, various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form of the methods and systems described herein may be made without departing from the spirit of the inventions disclosed herein.