Abstract:
A device for enabling safe/arm functionality in a gravity dropped weapon detachably connected to an airframe. The device including: an elastic element disposed in a shell of the weapon; a releasable connection between the weapon and the airframe to release a stored and/or generated energy in the elastic element; and a piezoelectric member connected to one end of the elastic member for converting the one or more of the stored and generated energy to an electrical energy. Wherein the releasable connection includes: a link having a movable connection for movement of the link relative to the shell between a first position constraining the elastic element from movement and a second position releasing the elastic member to generate the electrical energy; and a lanyard for tethering the link to the airframe such that the link is moved to the second position upon the weapon being released from the airframe.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Divisional Application of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/983,301, filed on Jan. 1, 2011, which claims benefit to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/303,294 filed on Feb. 10, 2010, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference. This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/606,893 filed on Oct. 27, 2009, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     GOVERNMENT RIGHTS 
     This invention was made with government support under contract no. FA8651-09-M-0106 awarded by the United States Air Force. The government has certain rights in the invention. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to small weapon systems, and more particularly, to methods for enabling safe/arm functionality within small weapons. 
     2. Prior Art 
     All weapon systems require fuzing systems for their safe and effective operation. A fuze or fuzing system is designed to provide, as a primary role, safety and arming functions to preclude munitions arming before the desired position or time, and to sense a target or respond to one or more prescribed conditions, such as elapsed time, pressure, or command, and initiate a train of fire or detonation in a munition. 
     Fuze safety systems consist of an aggregate of devices (e.g., environment sensors, timing components, command functioned devices, logic functions, plus the initiation or explosive train interrupter, if applicable) included in the fuze to prevent arming or functioning of the fuze until a valid launch environment has been sensed and the arming delay has been achieved. 
     Safety and arming devices are intended to function to prevent the fuzing system from arming until an acceptable set of conditions (generally at least two independent conditions) have been achieved. 
     A significant amount of effort has been expended to miniaturize military weapons to maximize their payload and their effectiveness and to support unmanned missions. The physical tasking of miniaturization efforts have been addressed to a great extent. However, the same cannot be said regarding ordnance technologies that support system functional capabilities, for example for the case for fuzing. 
     It is important to note that simple miniaturization of subsystems alone will not achieve the desired goal of effective fuzing for smaller weapons. This is particularly the case in regards to environmental sensing and the use of available stimuli in support of “safe” and “arm” functionality in fuzing of miniature weapon technologies. 
     A need therefore exists for the development of methods and devices that utilize available external stimuli and relevant detectable events for the design of innovative miniature “safe” and “arm” (S&amp;A) mechanisms for fuzing of gravity dropped small weapons. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The disclosed mechanisms achieve “safe” and “arm” (S&amp;A) functionalities with at least the following characteristics. 
     They can be passive, i.e., do not require a battery or external means of powering; can be powered by novel piezoelectric-based power generators with zero stored energy prior to weapon release or alternatively by a modified version of the existing turbine generators, both of which are powered by the pulling of a lanyard as the weapon is released. 
     They can employ simple electronic circuitry and logics to assist “safe” and “arm” (S&amp;A) and if desired fuzing functionalities, and when appropriate power other sensory and decision making functionalities. The basic electronic circuitry and logic can be used to detect weapon release event, elapsed time, etc. 
     The mechanisms based on piezoelectric elements can provide electrical energy and release event indication signal almost instantaneously (2-3 msec) upon release to power fuzing electronic and logics circuitry, thereby making them highly suitable for weapons dropped from almost any altitude, even very high and very low altitudes; by employing a simple “distributed” piezoelectric element design, in addition to the target impact event detection, the impact force level (hard or soft target) and its direction may be determined and used for various fuzing purposes as well as for self-destruct or disarming purposes to reduce collateral damage and creation of UXOs. 
     The piezoelectric-based generators can be relatively small and low cost since they are constructed with off-the-shelf components. The overall packaging electronic and logics circuitry and the power generation devices can be very small and low cost since they can be produced using standard manufacturing techniques and components. 
     Accordingly, a device for enabling safe/arm functionality in a gravity dropped weapon detachably connected to an airframe is provided. The device comprising: an elastic element disposed in a shell of the weapon; a releasable connection between the weapon and the airframe to release one or more of a stored and generated energy in the elastic element; and a piezoelectric member connected to one end of the elastic member for converting the one or more of the stored and generated energy to an electrical energy; wherein the releasable connection comprises: a link having a movable connection for movement of the link relative to the shell between a first position constraining the elastic element from movement and a second position releasing the elastic member to generate the electrical energy; and a lanyard for tethering the link to the airframe such that the link is moved to the second position upon the weapon being released from the airframe. 
     The movable connection can be a rotatable connection. The rotatable connection can comprise an end of the link being disposed in a link cavity within the shell such that the link can rotate, in which case the link can be released from the shell after rotation of the link into the second position. Also, the lanyard can have an end connected to the airframe which releases from the airframe after the link rotates to the second position and the device includes one of another end of the lanyard or another lanyard for attaching the link to the shell. The rotatable connection can also comprise an end of the link having a hinged connection to the shell. 
     The movable connection can also be a translating connection. 
     The device can further comprise a mass connected at another end of the elastic member for facilitating the conversion of the one or more of the stored and generated energy to the electrical energy. In which case, the link can include a first inclined surface and the mass includes a second inclined surface for mating with the first inclined surface such that the movement of the link into the second position stores energy in the elastic member prior to release of the one or more of the stored energy in the elastic element and the elastic member can comprise two elastic members and the piezoelectric member comprises two piezoelectric members, one end of each of the elastic members being attached to one of the two piezoelectric members and another end of each of the elastic members being attached to the mass, wherein movement of the link member compresses one of the two elastic members and elongates the other of the two elastic members. 
     Also provided is a device for enabling safe/arm functionality in a gravity dropped weapon detachably connected to an airframe. The device comprising: a rip cord connecting a shell of the weapon to the airframe; a pulley for winding the rip cord; a generator having an input shaft on which the pulley is mounted; and a mechanism disposed on the shaft such that when the shell is released from the airframe, the rip cord unwinds from and rotates the spool which in turn turns the mechanism which in turns inputs a rotational energy to the generator. 
     The spool can be a tapered progressive-torque spool pulley. 
     The mechanism can be a torsion spring or flywheel. In the case of the latter, the device can further comprise a turbine operatively connected to the generator. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the apparatus and methods of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings where: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a block diagram of a piezoelectric-based event detection and power generation device with electronic circuitry and logics for “safe” and “arm” (S&amp;A) and other fuzing functionalities in small gravity dropped weapons. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates the piezoelectric-based event detection and electrical power generator unit with the weapon mounted onto the weapon rack. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a side-view close-up of the piezoelectric-based event detection and electrical power generator unit. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates side-view of the piezoelectric-based event detection and electrical power generator unit with the weapon mounted onto the weapon rack. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates the weapon being released, where the lanyard pulls on the spring preloading wedge mechanism link, rotating it counterclockwise to preload the device springs. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates the weapon after release, the lanyard pulls on the spring preloading wedge link, preloads the generator spring, then releasing the mass causing the generator mass-spring unit to begin to vibrate. The wedge link is then released from its hinge cavity. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates the released weapon with the wedging mechanism link attached to the lanyard. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates the piezoelectric-based event detection and electrical power generator unit with the weapon mounted onto the weapon rack. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a side-view close-up of the piezoelectric-based event detection and electrical power generator unit. 
         FIGS. 10   a  and  10   b  illustrate as the weapon is released, the lanyard pulls on the spring preloading wedge link, causing it to rotate counterclockwise and preload the device springs, and the released mass-spring unit begins to vibrate as the weapon is released. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates the piezoelectric-based event detection and electrical power generator unit with the weapon mounted onto the weapon rack (up left) and as the spring preloading wedge is displaced by the pulling lanyard (up right—see also the blow-up view for more detail). 
         FIG. 12  illustrates the weapon as released and totally separated from the rack. 
         FIGS. 13   a  and  13   b  illustrate a mass-spring type piezoelectric-based electrical energy harvesting power source and its frontal view. 
         FIG. 14   a  illustrates a direct-drive dynamo with flywheel and  FIG. 14   b  illustrates a two-stage rip cord and torsion spring generator. 
         FIG. 15  illustrates a hybrid rip cord and turbine design. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     A block diagram representing a design of the devices for providing “safe” and “arm” (S&amp;A) functionalities as well other possible fuzing functionalities is shown in  FIG. 1 . In  FIG. 1 , a detonation step is also provided for the sole purpose of indicating how a fuzing functionality such as detonation of initiation charges may also be achieved. 
     The devices can use piezoelectric-based power generators described below. The piezoelectric generators begin to produce power upon weapon release by the pulling of the lanyard  100 . Other sensory devices and means can be used for the event detection  102 . Each of the lanyard pulling and other sensory output is input to electronics circuitry logic and power harvesting and storage  104 . The piezoelectric element of the power generator  106  can be preloaded to prevent it from generating a significant amount of energy that could otherwise power the device electronics as a result of accidental dropping or due to transportation induced vibratory motions. The piezoelectric-based power generator  106  provides an AC voltage with the frequency of vibration of its mass-spring elements, which is selected for transportation safety and power generation efficiency, with a typical practical range of 100-1000 Hz, which can also be used to measure the elapsed time post weapon release. By using an appropriately stacked piezoelectric element, almost any peak voltage levels (from a few Volts to 100s of Volts or even more) could be achieved. 
     The electronic circuitry and logics  104  can be very simple, such as the circuitry described for the electrically initiated inertial igniters in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009-0013891 (the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference) or any other appropriate circuitry but may have appropriate modifications to match the specific requirements of the gravity dropped small weapons. The circuitry can be designed to work without the need for microprocessors. However, microprocessors may also be added if more complex sensors and computational capabilities are desired to be included in the package, e.g., if the package is to be used for weapon guidance or for processing target impact data and making UXO avoidance decisions. As shown in  FIG. 1 , as described below and in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009-0013891, the electronics circuitry detects and differentiates all arm from no-arm events and does not activate initiation where a no-arm event is detected  108 . Other optional programming steps  110  and initiation trigger modes  112  are also illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
     Piezoelectric-Based Event Detection and Electrical Energy Generator Concepts 
     A number of piezoelectric-based event detection and electrical energy generator embodiments are disclosed below. All embodiments are passive, have zero stored mechanical and/or electrical energy prior to weapon release, and begin generating electrical energy by the pulling of the lanyard as the weapon is released from a rack. 
     a. Floating Hinged Preloading Linkage Mechanism 
     A schematic of a first design concept with the weapon  200  mounted onto a release rack  202  is shown in  FIG. 2 . The close-ups of the piezoelectric-based event detection and power generator are shown in  FIG. 3  (close-up) and  FIG. 4  (side-view). 
     A piezoelectric-based event detection and electrical energy power generator  204  shown in  FIGS. 2-4  consists of a mass-spring unit  206 . The mass-spring unit  206  is positioned inside a housing  208 , which is attached to the structure of the weapon  200 . An access port  210  is provided on the weapon shell  212  to expose the upper portion of the generator  204 . A set of piezoelectric (stack) elements  214  are positioned between one or both springs  216  and the device housing  208 . When the weapon is mounted onto the rack  202 , a weapon lanyard  218  is attached to a spring preloading wedge mechanism link  220  at a first point  218   a  and to the rack  202  at a second point  218   b . A second lanyard  222  (or portion of the lanyard  218 ) connects the wedge mechanism link  220  at point  222   a  to the weapon  200  at point  222   b.    
     When the weapon  200  is released from the rack  202 , the weight of the weapon  200  pulls on the lanyard  218 . As a result, the preloading wedge mechanism link  220  is pulled up, causing it to rotate counterclockwise about its hinged end  220   a  as shown in  FIG. 5 . Such hinge can be of any known in the art, such as a piano-type hinge, a “living” joint or a hinge cavity  224  as shown in  FIG. 5 . The hinged end  220   a  is free to rotate within the hinge cavity  224 . A mass element  226  positioned between the springs  216  is retained by mating inclined surfaces  226   a  on the wedge mechanism link  220  and  226   b  on the mass element  226 . When the lanyard rotates the link  220  as shown in  FIG. 5 , the mass element  226  is pulled to the right, thereby preloading the springs  216 . The mass element  226  is then suddenly released as the lanyard  218  is pulled further allowing a tip of the surface  226   a  of the link  220  to clear the surface  226   b  formed on the mass element  226 . At this point, the mass-spring unit  206  is free to vibrate, thereby applying a cyclic load to the piezoelectric element(s)  214  that are positioned between the spring elements  216  and the generator housing  208 . The cyclic load would in turn generate a charge in the piezoelectric element, which is then harvested and used directly to power electronics circuitry and logics and/or stored in an electrical energy storage device such as a capacitor or super-capacitor (such circuitry and/or storage device shown as box  104  in  FIG. 1 ). 
     By further pulling of the lanyard  218 , the spring preloading wedge mechanism link  220  is freed from its “hinge cavity”  224 ,  FIG. 6 , and would then be “dragged” along by the second lanyard  222  as shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 . The released preloading wedge mechanism link  220 , may also be used to serve a useful purpose such as to flutter in the airstream to excite the mass-spring unit of the power generator to generate more electrical energy as described below. 
     b. Fixed Hinge Preloading Linkage Mechanism 
     A variation of the embodiment illustrated with regard to  FIGS. 2-7  is described with regard to  FIGS. 8-11 .  FIG. 8  illustrates the weapon  200  mounted onto the release rack  202  (although the points of attachment between the weapon and release rack are not shown in  FIG. 8 , the rack and weapon are assumed to be releasably attached by any means, such as in a manner well known in the art). A close-up of the piezoelectric-based event detection and power generator  300  is shown in  FIG. 9 . The piezoelectric-based event detection and electrical energy power generator  300  is very similar to the generator  204  shown in  FIGS. 2-7 , except that the preloading wedge link  220  is attached by a fixed hinge  302  to the weapon shell  212  as shown in  FIG. 9 . 
     Since the preloading wedge mechanism link  220  is hinged to the weapon shell  212 , when the weapon  200  is released from the rack  202 , the lanyard  218  would similarly rotate the preloading wedge mechanism link  220  counterclockwise, thereby first preloading the device springs  216  and then releasing the mass unit  226  as shown in  FIG. 10   a . The mass-spring unit  206  of the generator  206  will then begin to vibrate and generate electrical energy as previously described. However, unlike the concept of  FIGS. 2-7 , the preloading wedge mechanism link  220  stays attached (hinged) to the weapon shell  212  as shown in  FIG. 10   b . This variation may be more desirable in certain cases, particularly if the hinged link  220  is intended to serve another purpose such as creating vibration or be used to measure flow rate as discussed below. 
     c. Sliding Preloading Linkage Mechanism Design Concept 
     Another variation of that shown in  FIGS. 8-10  is the replacement of the rotary joint of the spring preloading wedge mechanism by a sliding (prismatic) joint  400  as shown in  FIGS. 11-12 . The main difference is the motion (linear for this concept vs. rotary for the previous variation) of the spring preloading wedge mechanism link. A potential disadvantage of this variation is that sliding motions are more prone to sticking with the required pulling force being difficult to predict (unless low friction or ball bushings are used) and the fact that the device has to be embedded deeper inside the weapon to allow room for the sliding bearing. An advantage of this variation, however, is fewer parts and a simpler mechanism. 
     The weapon post release and total separation from the rack is shown in  FIG. 12 . As can be seen, the preloading wedge mechanism link stem  402  pulls the surface  226   a  from engagement with the surface  226   b  to release the mass element  226  and is sticking out of the weapon  200 . The link stem  402  of the sliding joint  400  may be used for certain other functions, e.g., environmental sensing, such as flow velocity measurement, as discussed below. 
     The piezoelectric-based event detection and electrical energy generators have been actually reduced to practice and have been tested as having the following characteristics: 
     1. They start generating electrical energy and power device electronics and logics circuitry almost instantaneously (around 2-3 msec) upon the weapon release. As a result, they can be employed in gravity dropped weapons that are dropped from almost any altitude, including very low to very high altitudes. 
     2. They have zero stored mechanical and electrical energy prior to the weapon release for safety. 
     3. They are totally passive devices (no battery or charged electrical energy storage device), while allowing fuzing and other (low-medium power) electronics and logics circuitry to be powered almost instantaneously upon weapon release. 
     4. The angle of the spring preloading mechanism link wedge can be selected to achieve the desired spring preloading force/displacement to maximize the amount of stored mechanical energy in the device during the weapon release. The device can be readily scaled down (miniaturized) for future very small gravity dropped weapons or scaled up to generate a significant amount of electrical energy for most current gravity dropped weapons (electrical energy of several Joules can readily be generated with 4-5 inch long and 2 inch diameter devices). 
     5. By selecting proper mass to spring rate ratios for the mass-spring units of the device, natural frequencies in the range of 100-1000 (or more) Hz can be readily obtained. The higher the natural frequency corresponds to shorter time period needed for the power to become available to the fuzing electronics and logic circuitry. With currently available low voltage electronics, this means that the circuitry can become operational in 1-10 msec depending on the natural frequency of the device mass-spring unit. In general, a natural frequency in the range of 100-300 Hz have been found to be best from the energy harvesting efficiency point of view by limiting the amount of losses due to the internal damping of the spring elements and hysteresis of the piezoelectric elements. 
     6. They can be readily provided with safety pins that are pulled after the weapon has been loaded onto the aircraft weapon rack. The safety pin provides an added safety feature to the current design concepts, noting that all currently considered, including the above embodiments and those presented below can have built-in safety features that prevent them from generating any electrical energy without forceful pulling of the lanyard. 
     7. They may be used together with currently used wind turbine generators. Such “hybrid” power source systems will allow very low and very high altitude weapon drops, while allowing for the additional capabilities that wind turbine generators generally provide, including larger electrical energy generation for higher altitude drops, velocity measurement, etc. 
     8. They provide devices that have very long shelf life of well over 20 years. 
     9. Upon target impact by the weapon, the event is detected by the generated impulse force acting on the piezoelectric element of the device. They can also: (a) detect the direction of impact; (b) determine hard/soft target; (c) utilize impact to generate electrical energy to power fuzing electronics and logics to, e.g., provide for self-destruct and/or disarming functionalities to minimize the possibility of the weapon from becoming a UXO. 
     10. The spring preloading wedge mechanism links may be used for other purposes, some of which are described below, for example, for measuring aerodynamic flow (the approximate velocity of descent) or to provide additional input vibration generated by the fluttering in the airstream to the mass-spring unit of the device to generate additional electrical energy during the flight. 
     11. If the spring preloading wedge mechanism link is accidentally pulled, the link is prevented from being pushed back into the device by the crew and requires maintenance personnel to dismount the device and reassemble it. This feature is provided to ensure proper operation of the mounted weapon. 
     An embodiment of the mass-spring type piezoelectric-based energy harvesting generator  206  is shown in  FIGS. 13   a  and  13   b . The generator  206  consists of a single mass  226  (to which the surface  226   b  (not shown) is attached or integrally formed) and two springs  216 , which are assembled in the housing  208 , which can be cylindrical. Piezoelectric elements  214  are positioned between the ends of its housing and the two springs  216 . Such configuration can avoid the use of helical springs that may be required for very high-G accelerations such as those encountered in gun-fired munitions and allows the piezoelectric elements to be used on each side of the generator while at the same time allowing the generator springs to be preloaded to increase the amount of mechanical energy stored in the springs for a given amount of mass element displacement (i.e., the displacement that a wedge element needs to provide by the pulling on the lanyard during weapon release). The preloading of the springs may be also used to ensure that the piezoelectric element is not subjected to tensile forces as the mass-spring unit vibrates post release. This may be necessary since piezoelectric materials are brittle and can withstand a limited amount of tensile stress. 
     In general, the amount of energy stored in the spring for a given amount of spring deflection is proportional to the spring rate and square of the spring deflection. The effect of spring preload is to increase the stored energy by increasing the average generated peak force. The spring preload is in general limited by the total length of the generator housing and the length occupied by the spring element and the maximum desired peak force generated by the spring at its maximum deflection position. 
     In addition, by increasing the size of the mass element for a given spring rate, the natural frequency of the vibrating mass-spring unit is reduced. It is noted that the main source of energy loss in such power generators is due to the natural damping of the spring element, which is directly related to the natural frequency of vibration of the spring-mass unit of the power source. For this reason, relatively low natural frequencies of vibration are generally desirable to increase the overall efficiency of the power source. The number of cycles that the mass-spring unit is to vibrate before the mechanical energy stored in the springs is extracted must be minimized since during each cycle of oscillation, certain amount of mechanical energy is lost due to the internal damping of the spring as well as the hysteresis of the piezoelectric elements. This requirement dictates that the piezoelectric elements need to have as high electrical energy charge generation capacity as possible. The rate of mechanical energy to electrical charge conversion of piezoelectric elements is increased by increasing their volume while decreasing their stiffness. This is generally best achieved by using piezoelectric elements that undergo flexural deformation (bending) under vibration induced forces. 
     It is noted that for a comprehensive optimization of a power source of the type presented in  FIGS. 13   a  and  13   b , all the above parameters and constraint relationships as well as the spring parameters (wire diameter and pitch) must be considered. In fact, the performance of the device may be significantly improved by using machined springs instead of helical (round) wire springs, which would also provide the opportunity to integrate the mass element and its provision for the preloading wedge component with the spring element itself. 
     In the generators, there are two main sources of energy loss (i.e., loss in the amount of available mechanical energy that could have been transformed into electrical energy). The first source is the internal damping of the spring element(s) and the second source the losses in the mechanical to electrical energy conversion system (i.e., the piezoelectric elements—due to hysteresis related losses—internal electrical leakage can be ignored since the charges generated by the piezoelectric element is intended to be rapidly harvested by the power source electronics). 
     As previously mentioned, to maximize the energy harvesting efficiency by minimizing losses from the aforementioned sources, the piezoelectric elements can generate as large a charge as possible in response to the forces applied by the spring element of the vibrating mass-spring unit. The piezoelectric elements can respond in such a manner to the applied forces in a “bending” mode (rather than in tension-compression, torsion or shear modes). For this reason, one of the best candidates for the present power source application is ring (washer shaped) type of bending piezoelectric elements, such as a CMB Ring type element manufactured by Noliac Corporation. These elements are designed to be held by their outer (inner) diameter while the inner (outer) diameter is displaced (forced) up and down. As a result, the disc is relatively flexible in flexural deflection (“bending”) and can undergo relatively large deflections, thereby generating relatively large charges (per unit volume). 
     The maximum number of piezoelectric elements that may be used on each side of the present power source is determined by the peak force generated by the spring element and the blocking force for each of the piezoelectric element. 
     Dynamo-Type Generators Powered by the Lanyard 
     The embodiments described below can use a rip-cord mechanism  500  to drive a rotational dynamo electrical generator. The rip cords  502  are to be attached to the lanyard  218 , which is then pulled during the weapon  200  release to power the generators  206 . After actuation, the rip cord  502  travels with the weapon  200 .  FIG. 14   a  shows a design in which the rip cord is wound on a spool pulley  508  which is connected to a generator  504  and spins the generator  504  directly, with the possible inclusion of a flywheel  506  to store additional kinetic energy for increased power generation. In  FIG. 14   b , the rip cord  502  stores energy in a torsion spring  510  which will later drive the generator  504 , possibly with input speed multiplication. Such a design is amicable to storing and generating a large amount of energy from a relatively low jettison velocity, since the energy stored in the torsion spring is independent of velocity. The embodiment of  FIG. 14   b  is shown with a tapered progressive-torque spool pulley  512  which can be parameterized to tune the system for a constant input force, or any other desired torque profile. The rip cord can automatically detach from the spool pulley  508 ,  512  to allow for unencumbered operation of the generator  504 . 
       FIG. 15  shows an embodiment which works in combination with a deployable turbine  600  to generate power over a longer period of time than might be practical using only a rip cord  502 . Upon weapon  200  deployment, the rip cord  502  immediately provides an initial spin to the generator  504  before the turbine  600  is capable of appreciable output. The turbine  600  begins spinning at the same time when the initial impetus provided by the rip cord  502  is subsiding. The inclusion of a transmission/clutch  602  allows for the turbine  600  to power the generator  504  without the burden of continuing spinning the spool pulley  508  and vice-versa. A hybrid system such as this could be used to provide reliable electrical power to the weapon  200  throughout the duration of the weapon&#39;s flight with minimal change to an existing reliable and tested technology. 
     Other Environmental Sensing and Energy Harvesting Concepts 
     Fluttering Element attached to Lanyard 
     In this variation, an aerodynamically unstable “appendage” can be attached to the lanyard  218 , which is deployed following the weapon release. This “appendage” can be the released spring preloading wedge mechanism link that “floats” following weapon release (see, for example  FIG. 7 ). In such configuration, the lanyard can be attached to the mass-spring unit (such as via a second mass-spring unit) to pass the input vibration excitation to the main mass-spring unit to generate electrical energy. 
     It is also noted that the hinged spring preloading mechanism link ( FIG. 9 ) may also be used as a fluttering element and its resulting vibratory motion used to transfer mechanical energy to the generator mass-spring unit to further generate electrical energy during the flight. 
     Flight Velocity Measurement 
     The aerodynamic flow over the deployed hinged wedge mechanism link ( FIG. 9 ) or the sliding wedge mechanism link stem ( FIG. 11 ) may be used to measure the flight velocity. This may be done, for example, by using the links to form a pitot-static (Prandtl) tube to measure the flight velocity. Other MEMS based devices may also be used for this purpose. 
     Commercial Applications: 
     The “safe” and “arm” (S/A) devices discussed above can have a wide range of commercial uses, such as being used to initiate remote wireless sensors used for diagnostics, emergency detection and signal transmission, and for other similar purposes. Such devices can be adapted for environmental sensing as well as to trigger certain events or prevent certain events from being triggered which can have a wide range of commercial applications and benefits in industries such as automotive, aeronautical, emergency device, sporting, and the like. This is particularly the case with a “passive” means of electrically powering such sensors by harvesting energy from the environment to power electronics circuitry and logics without the need of batteries or wiring. In particular, wireless remote sensors can be used in which their operation is triggered by environmental events, such as fire or earthquake or flooding or the like, that could be positioned in remote locations for years and be activated upon being “armed” following such events to transmit emergency signals. 
     One interesting consequence of the mobile revolution is that more and more people are arming themselves with disposable cameras, portable CD players, cassette players, cell phones, palmtops, PDAs, and flashlights. Most manufacturers will consider using disposable batteries to power the disposable devices. This has forced battery manufacturers to improve their products&#39; performance and to reduce the cost of the batteries for use in disposable devices. 
     The primary barriers to widespread development of disposable consumer electronic devices are associated with the disposable battery for such devices. Along with the current significant cost due to the battery itself as well as the additional components needed to incorporate and house the battery, disposable batteries must have a long shelf life and cannot pose significant environmental problems when disposed. 
     Incorporating the disclosed no-battery technologies in consumer electronic disposable devices in place of disposable batteries will reduce the cost of the devices as well as provide a very long shelf life for the devices while minimizing the negative environmental impact associated with disposing of the devices as compared to similar devices with disposable batteries. 
     While there has been shown and described what is considered to be preferred embodiments of the invention, it will, of course, be understood that various modifications and changes in form or detail could readily be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. It is therefore intended that the invention be not limited to the exact forms described and illustrated, but should be constructed to cover all modifications that may fall within the scope of the appended claims.