Abstract:
A server method for converting objects of a first type into objects of a second type, the method comprising: a) identifying one or more object classes of the first type; b) determining instance data based on the classes of the first type; c) introspecting each class of the first type; d) creating an artifact representing a software model; and e) generating one or more converters, each converter being based on the artifact and is configured for receiving the instance data and generating JavaScript code for recreating the instance from the classes as objects of the second type, for display on a browser.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     Not Applicable.  
       STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED-RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT  
       [0002]     Not Applicable.  
       INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC  
       [0003]     Not Applicable.  
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0004]     The invention disclosed broadly relates to the field of information technology and more particularly relates to the field of objects used in client server operation.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0005]     When creating rich user interfaces in web pages, using tools such as HTML (HyperText Markup Language), DHTML (Dynamic HyperText Markup Language), JavaScript and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)(all zero footprint, core browser technologies), the developer needs to create data objects on a page beyond embedding strings inside HTML tags. Several methods have been used that can be classified in 2 areas: creating XML data islands, or creating complex nested Arrays in JavaScript.  
         [0006]     Such solutions have problems. Although XML streams can benefit from a formal schema (expressed as an XSD), XML data islands are not equally supported in all browsers. Second, XML data islands generally require significantly more processing power than plain JavaScript data structures. Finally, XML streams are often verbose and create a large transmission overhead over the plain data, causing a bandwidth consumption problem. On the other hand, JavaScript data structures can be made much more compact, are easy to manipulate, and perform well. But JavaScript variables and Arrays suffer from a lack of formalism: typing information for instance is often lost because JavaScript is not typed.  
         [0007]     More importantly, the models used to describe the server-side data are typically different from those used to describe the client-side data. Often, the models for the client-side data are created in an ad-hoc fashion, without real formality. The lack of symmetry between the server-side data models and the client-side data models in modern web applications is something that is quite particular to those types of applications, and something that you do not see in other application paradigms such as GUI (graphical user interface) applications built using the common Model View Controller pattern. This issue is often cited as a reason why web applications can become difficult to maintain over time, given their fundamentally unstructured approach to data modeling on the browser.  
         [0008]     When creating rich and interactive Web pages, it is important to have data locally represented in some way in the browser. A popular solution has been to use XML Data Islands (which appeared first in Microsoft&#39;s Internet Explorer browser V5) to represent that data. The benefits are clear: the data is represented in a formal way that matches a given model (whether expressed as an XML Schema or not), and gives the code on the web page an infrastructure to access and modify that data. However, representing data in XML has a number of shortcomings:  
         [0009]     XML streams are large compared to the data they contain, and so, they consume more bandwidth than necessary and cause Web pages to load more slowly; XML support sees varying degrees of quality of implementation and performance across a number of browsers and platforms; and most importantly, XML by definition offers a declarative programming model that causes a shift compared to the programming model used n server-side Java-based applications which is procedural.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0010]     Briefly, according to an embodiment of the invention, a programming model in a server creates one or more classes of a first type (such as Java) that are converted to a second type of class requiring less transmission overhead than the first type (such as Java Script) while preserving the data definitions of the first type of class and transmitting the one or more objects for the classes of the second type to a client for rendering of the resulting objects therein.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0011]      FIG. 1  is a simplified block diagram of a server coupled to a client via a network.  
         [0012]      FIG. 2  is an illustration of the User and Portfolio objects according to an embodiment of the invention.  
         [0013]      FIG. 3  is a high level block diagram showing a method of creating a converter according to the invention.  
         [0014]      FIG. 4 , there is shown a simple block diagram illustrating the relationship of the classes: EPackage, EClass, EStructuralFeature, EAttribute, and EReference. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0015]     Referring to  FIG. 1 , there is shown a simplified version of a client-server network  100  illustrating an embodiment of the invention. A server  102  and a client  104  are coupled to each other via a network  106  (e.g., the Internet). The server  102  comprises a Web server  108  comprising one or more Java-based objects  110 . The client  104  comprises a browser  112  comprising one or more JavaScript-based objects  114 . Data on the browser  112  needs to be as formal as the data on the server  102  to enable truly rich applications. A similar programming model can be created for both the Java-based sever and the JavaScript-based client. By extending the methodology used to describe server-side data (with UML specifications for instance), we can create data models and data sets in JavaScript that are based on the data models and data sets that exist on the server in Java. This invention describes a mechanism to do so, in an efficient manner, in a way as to be compatible with more browsers than XML-based solutions, while retaining formal modeling attributes.  
         [0016]     The invention can be implemented as a server or a client. On the server  102 , a developer can take a formal description of a data model and have JavaScript code generated on a Web page to be served. On the client side, a JavaScript-based framework can receive that code and on the fly generate an object model based on the specification, and data received.  
         [0017]     Typically, a developer can use a tool such as IBM&#39;s Rational tools to create UML diagrams that describe the various data models used in a web application. Typically, those models apply to server-side Java objects. By using a technology based on the open source EMF project that is a part of Eclipse, we convert this specification into what we call an ECore file, which describes the model for the server-side data in a well known and well supported format. This embodiment allows the developer to create a projection mapping of that model (called an EMap) and generate code which, based on any Java object as input, can create a JavaScript fragment to be embedded on the page. On the browser-side a Java Script-based implementation of EMF (e.g., classes EClass, EAttribute, EReference, EObject) can receive that code and re-create in the browser a fully specified, and populated, object model. The developer can then write JavaScript code against this newly-created object in much in the same way he or she would do in a JavaScript environment. The browser side model is aware of typing, cardinality, univity, and reference information.  
         [0018]     According to an embodiment, we describe a system (called the WDO4JS system). This is a mechanism used to transform a first kind of objects such as Java-based objects into a second kind such as JavaScript-based objects. We use a procedural interface in a way that retains the formal implementation on the server and projects it onto a browser in the client. The mechanism preferably makes use of the Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF) to supply the artifacts necessary to model Java classes.  
         [0019]     Referring to  FIG. 2 , there is shown a simple block diagram  200  illustrating the Java classes User  202  and Portfolio  204  and their relationships. As a supporting example, we will use the following two Java classes (only public methods, without body, are shown for brevity):  
                                                                     public class User implements java.io.Serializable       {         public User( );         public User(int id, String lastName, Portfolio[ ] portfolios);            public int getId   ( );  public void setId   (int   v);       public String getLastName   ( );  public void setLast Name   (String   v);       public Portfolio[ ] getPortfolios   ( );  public void setPortfolios   (Portfolio [ ]   v);       }            public class Portfolio implements java.io.Serializable       {       public Portfolio ( )       public Portfolio (User user, String name)            public String getName   ( );    public void setName(String v);       public User getUser   ( );    public void setUser (User v);       }                  
 
         [0020]     Using the UML notation, those classes can be visualized as follows: a User object has a unique identifier ‘id’ represented as an integer, a last name ‘lastName’, and a list of zero or more owned portfolios ‘portfolios’. A Portfolio object has a name ‘name’, and a pointer back to the User ‘user’ which owns it.  
         [0021]     A goal of the invention is to take any instance data based on such classes and transform them into JavaScript objects using EMF-derived APIs, and with rules as to enforce typing and various other modeling constraints that exist in the EMF/Java world, but not in JavaScript.  
         [0000]     Preparing The Java Classes.  
         [0022]     Given the Java classes (User and Portfolio) presented above, the system  100  needs to generate converters which, during the execution of the program on the server, can consume instance data for those classes and generate the JavaScript to re-create those objects on the browser.  
         [0023]      FIG. 3  is a high level block diagram showing a system and method of creating a converter according to the invention. An information processor system  300  receives one or more application classes (preferably JavaBeans)  302 . In step  304 , through a utility called WDO4JSGen, the system  300  introspects the classes  302  to figure out their structure and in step  306  it automatically generates an ECore model  307  for the classes  302 . An ECore is the EMF artifact that represents a software model. Based on the ECore representation, in step  308 , one or more converters  310  is/are created for each defined class. Those converters  310  can then be invoked at runtime to generate the JavaScript code necessary to re-create instance data from the application Java Beans  302  into objects in the browser  112 .  
         [0024]     In this process, an ECore model is preferably created as follows, to formally describe the Java classes. The ECore is shown below in XML form. It describes in that notation the contents of the software model we are using as an example.  
                                                   &lt;?xml version=?1.0” encoding=”ASCII”?&gt;            &lt;ecore:EPackage   xmi:version=“2.0”           xmlns:xmi=http://www.omg.org/XMI           xmlns:xsi=http://www.w3.org/2001/SMLSchema-instance           xmlns:ecore=http://www.eclipse.org/emf/2002/Ecore           name=”sample”           nsURI=”parents.ecore”           nsPrefix=” “&gt;            &lt;eClassifiers xsi:type=”ecore:EClass” name-“User”         &lt;eReferences           name+”portfolios eType=”#//Portfolio” upperBound=”−1”           containment=”true” eOpposite=”#//Portfolio/_U”/&gt;         &lt;eAttributes           name=”id”           eType=”ecore:EDataType http://www.eclipse.org/emf/2002/Ecore#//EInt”/&gt;         &lt;eAttributes           name=”lastName”           eType=”ecore:EDataType http://www.eclipse.org/emf/2002/Ecore#//EString”/&gt;         &lt;eClassifiers&gt;         &lt;eClassifiers xsi:type=”ecore:EClass” name-“Portfolio”;           &lt;eReferences             name=”user” eType=”#//User” lowerBound=”1” eOpposite=”#//User/_Portfolios”/&gt;           &lt;eAttributes             name=”name”             eType=”ecore:EDataType http://www.eclipse.org/emf/2002/Ecore#//EString”/&gt;       &lt;/ecore:EPackage&gt;                  
 
         [0025]     An EClassifier represents a Class in the software model. Here we have two: User and Portfolio. An EClassifier can have Attributes or References. An attribute is a property of a Class that can be represented using a simple value, for example, a name, or an id. A reference is a property of an object that is represented by a Class, for example, the “user” property for the Portfolio class.  
         [0026]     The automatic process makes many assumptions that are fine for the default behavior. For instance, when encountering a property of a Java class that does not refer to an intrinsic type (including String), the cardinality (the number of values that can be held) is assumed to be zero or 1 (meaning that the property is in fact optional: it may or may not have a value assigned to it). If a property is represented by an Array or a list, the cardinality is assumed to be unbounded (zero or more elements). For tighter semantics, for example, a mandatory attribute or a list that can only contain up to five items, the ECore can be modified to provide those richer semantics, and the process can be customized to enforce them.  
         [0027]     The other artifacts generated by the system are Converters, one for each class. The converters, together, form a compiled recursive descent parser, which will walk through the Java beans at runtime, and generate JavaScript code. Cycles and object aliasing must be handled properly. Converters follow the following algorithm:  
                                   for each property in a Class         {          if the property is an attribute          {           output the JavaScript code the value of that attribute          }          else if the property is a reference          {           create a buffer to hold the exported object value(s)           if the property is an array            {             create an array to hold the object IDs for the             referenced objects             for each object in the array              {               compute the object&#39;s signature               check the Map for the signature               if the object is already in the map                {                 get its export ID                 add the ID to the array               }              else               {                 generate an Export ID                 output the JavaScript code to declare the object                 call the converter for the object                 add the ID to the array               }              }             output a JavaScript array to hold the exported IDs         }         else         }             compute the signature of the object             check the Map for the signature             if the object is already in the map              get its export ID             else              call the converter for the object;         }         output the buffer for the exported object values       }                  
 
         [0028]     This algorithm solves a number of issues when outputting the JavaScript code. 
        1. Because JavaScript is a linear language (an object cannot be used before it has been defined), it is important that objects are exported before they are referenced. So, for instance, when exporting a User object, you must first export the Portfolio objects.     2. As we see in the sample model, Portfolios do reference their owning User, so you have a reference cycle. For this reason, the algorithm separates the definition of the referenced object from its initialization. This allows us to break the reference cycle. For instance, assuming that our instance data consists of a User U 1  and 2 Portfolios P 1  and P 2 , we need to make sure the JavaScript code is output as follows:     define JavaScript variable for User “U1”    define JavaScri.pt variable for Portfolio “P1” initialize P 1  with its name “P1”, and its User “U1” define JavaScript variable for Portfolio “P2” initialize P 2  with its name “P2”, and its User “U1”    initialize U 1  with an id, a last name, and the list [P 1 , P 2 ] for the owned portfolios     3. It is also important to avoid defining or initializing an object twice. For this reason, each time an object is exported, we have to check a Map for a list of objects which have already been exported. A Map is a data structure that associate a unique string (a name, an id and so on) to an object, so that any object can be retrieved subsequently after supplying its name. Based on this Map, we can skip further initialization of objects which have already been output. It also avoids falling into infinite cycles due to reference cycles. For instance, without that check, the algorithm output the User first, then the Portfolios, but each portfolio also possesses a reference back to its owning User. So we would output the User again, and go to its list of Portfolios, and so on, ad infinitum.     4. An object&#39;s signature is by default represented by the collection of all its attributes, plus the signature of all its non-list references. The signature making code needs to be aware of reference cycles too, not only at the instance level but at the type level too (a file Folder has a parent Folder, and so the signature can be recursive at the type level). This can become large, and expensive to compute, and once again, the system can be customized to define more stringently the smallest number of properties of an object that together represent its uniqueness. The result is a String that is portable across any environment and represents the object&#39;s uniqueness.         &lt;type-name&gt;+{′&lt;attribute_value&gt;}*&lt;reference_signature&gt;*    
 
         [0037]     The Algorithm is as follows:  
                                                   MakeSignature(Object Obj, StringBuffer Signature, boolean First)             {               if (First == true)                {                 Signature.append(Obj.getTypeName ( ) );                }                for each Attribute in the Object                {                   if (Cardinality of attribute is “0 or 1”                  {                     Signature; append (“ ”).append                     (Obj.getProperty ( ));                  }                for each Reference in the Object                {                 if (Cardinality of reference is “0 or 1”                {                   MakeSignature(Obj.                   getReferenceProperty ( ), Signature, false);                      
 
         [0038]     So, for instance, given the Portfolio with name=“PI”, and its User U 1  with id=1% the signature is: 
        Portfolio ‘P 1 ’ 1         
 
         [0040]     This has an important side effect in that if for some reason there are 2 physical copies of what is logically the same object, the system automatically aliases them out: in the browser, there will be only one copy of such duplicated objects.  
         [0041]     This overall algorithm, except possibly for the Signature-creation part, is fairly common for similar systems that serialize object data graphs out. The implementation of this embodiment is just tailored to serialize those objects directly as JavaScript code, not an intermediary representation such as XML: JavaScript code can be made very compact, saving on bandwidth as the generated code is sent to a browser. Outputting JavaScript code directly also allows for better performance on the browser since the data is created directly using the JavaScript code, instead of being interpreted and parsed if it were in another text-based representation such as XML. The output directly targets the browser&#39;s own JavaScript interpreter.  
         [0000]     Server Runtime.  
         [0042]     After all the converters have been generated, a developer can invoke them to generate a fragment of JavaScript code to be inserted in a page. Assuming that we have the following data set:  
                                                   public static User CreateDataSet( )             {             User user = new User( );             user.setId (1);             user.setLastName(“Doe”);             Portfolio[ ] portfolios = new Portfolio[2];             portfolios[0] = new Portfolio(user, “portfolio 1”);             portfolios[1] = new Portfolio(user, “portfolio 2”)             user.setPortfolios (portfolios);             return user;             }                      
 
         [0043]     A user “Doe” has  2  portfolios: “portfolio1 and “portfolio 2”. Based on this data, the converters will generate the following blocks of JavaScript code. The first block declares the data model:  
                                   &lt;SCRIPT&gt;       // 1- Prologue       var A; var XTOTOX1=A; A=new ECreator ( ) .AddEAs;       var R; var XTOTOX2=R; R=new ECreator ( ).AddERs;       // 2- Root node       var WDO4JSModel_Patent=new EClass (“WD04JSMR_Patent”)’       // 3- The User class       var UserClass=new EClass (“User”, 1);       R (WD04JSModel_Patent, ([“User”, UserClass, o, −1, 0, 0, 0]]);       // 4- The Portfolio class       var PortfolioClass=new EClass (“Portolio”,1);       R (WD04JSModel_Patent, ([“Portfolio”, PortfolioClass, 0, −1, 0, 0]]);       A (PortfolioClass, ([“xmi:id”, “id”, 0]                [“name”, “string”, 0, 0, 1,1]]);       R (PortfolioClass, ([“user”, UserClass, 1,1,0,1 ]])       // 5- Finishing the User class       A (UserClass, ([“xmi:id”, “id”, 0]              [“id”, “int”, 0,0,1,1]              [“lastName”, “string”, 0,0,1,0]])       R (UserClass, ([“portfolios”, PortfolioClass, 0, −1, 1,0]])       // 6- Creating the Model object       var (WD04JSModelRoot_Patent=new XMILoader       (WD04JSModel_Patent, ‘User’,       ‘com/ibm/odcb/test/jrender/patents/wdo4js/patent/patent_client.ecore’);       // 7- Epilogue       A-XTOTOX1;       R=XTOTOX2;       &lt;/SCRIPT&gt;                  
 
         [0044]     This code is structured as follows: 
        1. Start with some basic set-up to make the overall stream smaller. The code JavaScript class used to create a model is the ECreator class, and it has 2 methods, AddEAs( ) and AddERs( ) to add attributes and references respectively. If we had to call those methods all the time, the JavaScript code could be large. So we create aliases as “A” and “R” respectively for those methods (and be careful to make sure we do not overwrite variables of the same name which may have already been created before). More details will be provided about those methods in a following section.     2. Any model must have a root, and so we create the root to hold the classes we define.     3. The User class is declared, but not initialized. As we have seen before, you can have circular dependencies between classes. Here, User refers to Portfolio, and Portfolio refers to User, so if we happen to start with User, as is the case here, we have to separate the declaration of the class, which is independent from everything else, and it&#39;s initialization which depends on the Portfolio class. So here, we define the User class, and add it to the Root node of the model.     4. As we did for User, we then define the Portfolio class and add it to the root of the model. But since Portfolio does not depend on anything else but User, which has already been declared, we can go on initializing that class. It has a “name” attribute and a “user” reference. As you can see, an additional “xmi:id” attribute has been created. This is a reference attribute to easily identify any instance of any given object once we populate the model with instance data. It is used internally only by the browser framework.     5. Now we can get back to initializing the User class, with its “id” and “lastName” attributes, as well as its “portfolios” reference.     6. Now, all the classes and their relationships have been created, so we can finally create the main object to hold the model.     7. Finally, we reset the “A” and “R” variables we have borrowed at the beginning of the script block.        
 
         [0052]     The second block of JavaScript generated by the Converters defines the data  
         [0053]     instance:  
                                                   &lt;SCRIPT&gt;           // 1- Prologue           var C; var XTOTOX1=C; C=new EFactory( ).create;           var I; var XTOTOX2=I; I=new ECreator( ).Init;           // 2- Data initialization           var User2 = C(UserClass);           var. Portfolio3 = C(PortfolioClass);           I(Portfolio3, [“Portfolio3”, “portfolio 0”], [User2]);           var Portfolio4 = C(PortfolicClass);           I (Portfolio4, [“Portfoiio4”, “portfolio 1”], [User2]);           I(User2, [“User2”,1, “Doe”], [[ Portfolio3,Portfolio4]]);           // 3- Data Graph creation           WDO4JSModelRoot_Patent.Root.eAdd(‘User’, User2);           // 4- Epilogue           C=XTOTOX1;           I -=XTOTOX2;           &lt;/SCRIPT&gt;                      
        1. As with the previous block, we create a shorthand to call the methods that will create EObjects and initialize them     2. Following the same techniques as described for the first block of code, we create EObjects and initialize them separately in order to allow for circular references to exist, and the server-side code is smart enough to avoid infinite loops due to those circular references.     3. Next, we initialize the Model Object with the root of the EObject(s) created.     4. Finally, we reset the variables we used for the shorthands.        
 
         [0058]     The interface to call the converters is very simple: just pass in the Java class instance you have, and the appropriate converter will automatically be invoked. The server-side Java code is as follows:  
                                                   // 1- prologue           PageContext Ctx = new PageCantext( );           // 2- WDO4JS Emitter           WD04JSEmitter W = new WD04JSEmitter( ); W.Init(U, “Patent”);           W.Export(out, Ctx);                      
 
         [0059]     The code is structured as follows: 
        1. The invention that is discussed herein is part of a larger framework. For the WDO4JS subsystem to work in this bigger context, it is dependent on a Context object which is created when a JSP page is created, and ends when the JSP page has finished rendering itself.     2. To export the Data, we simply create the emitter, a simple wrapper to hide the complexity of invoking the proper converters. Then it is initialized with the Data to be exported, and the name for the Model on the browser. Here, the Java variable “U” is the result of calling the method CreateDataSeto described earlier. Then finally, the Export method is called, passing to it the Context object, and a stream for exporting the JavaScript to. In JSPs, the stream is automatically created for the developer, and so can be used directly. 
 
 Browser Runtime. 
       
 
         [0062]     In JavaScript, we implemented several classes from the Eclipse Modeling Framework, which provides a generic infrastructure to describe data models and instance data. The following classes of EMF were implemented in JavaScript:  
         [0063]     EFactory  
                                                   function EFactory( )             {               this.create = function(eclass);             }                      
 
         [0064]     This class is simple and creates an empty EObject based on an EClass.  
         [0000]     EPackage, EClass, EStructuralFeature, EAttribute, and EReference.  
         [0065]     Referring to  FIG. 4 , there is shown a simple block diagram illustrating the relationship of the classes: EPackage, EClass, EStructuralFeature, EAttribute, and EReference. Those classes directly map to their Java EMF counterparts. An EPackage resembles a Java package and contains EClasses, which are analogous to Java classes. An EClass is composed of EStructuralFeatures, which can either be EReferences of EAftributes, and which are analogous to Java class properties of either a Java complex type (User, Portfolio and the like), of a Java ‘intrinsic’ type (String, int, Integer, float, Float and the like).  
                                                       function EPackage( )               {           this.getEFactoryInstance   = function ( );           this.setEFactoryInstance   = function (efactory);           this.getEClassifiers   = function ( );                      
 
         [0066]     The EPackage allows you to get its EFactory and the list of EClasses it contains.  
                                                                 function EClass(name, diffgramNeeded)           {            this.Name;                 this.getEPackage   = function ( );            this.getEStructuralFeature   = function (name);            this.getEA11Attributes   = function ( );            this.getEAllReferences   = function ( );            this.Attributes.add   = function (attribute);            this.Attributes.remove   = function (nameOrIndex);            this.References.add   = function (reference);            this.References.remove      = function (nameOrIndex);           }                      
 
         [0067]     An EClass has a name, belongs to an EPackage, and has a list of EStructuralFeatures, which is the union of all its EAttributes and EReferences. An EClass can be built by adding EAttributes and/or EReferences to it.  
                                                                 function EAttribute (name,type)           {            this.CLASSTYPE =  “EAttribute”;                 this.Name   ;            this.Type   ;            this.getLowerBound   =  function ( );            this.setLowerBound   =  function (value);            this.getUpperBound   =  function ( );            this.setUpperBound   =  function (value);            this.isID   =  function ( );            this.setID   =  function (isID);           }                      
 
         [0068]     An EAttribute has a name and a type. Supported intrinsic types are: 
        “string”    “boolean”    “byte”, “integer”, “int”, “long”, “short”, “decimal”, “float”, “double”    “unsignedByte”, “positiveinteger”, “nonNegativeinteger”, “unsignedint”, “unsignedLong”,     “unsignedShort”,     “nonPositiveinteger”, “negativeInteger”       
 
         [0075]     An EAttribute also has a cardinality, denoted by the lowerBound and upperBound properties, and a flag indicating whether the Attribute is to be considered as a token in the unique identity of the class it is contained in (part of the object&#39;s primary key, signature).  
                                                           function EReference (name,eclass)                    this.CLASSTYPE = “EReference”;            this.Name            this.getLowerBound   =   function( );            this.setLowerBound   =   function (value);            this.getUpoperBound   =   function ( );            this.setUpperBound   =   function (value);            this.isID   =   function( );            this.setID   =   function (isID)            this.isContainment   =    function( )            this.setContainment   =    function(value)            this.getEReferenceType   =    function(value)           }                      
 
         [0076]     An EReference has, like an EAttribute, a cardinality, and a flag indicating whether it is part of the ID of the object or not. It also includes a reference type (the type of the object referred to by this reference), and an flag indicating whether the referred object is owned or not (contained or not).  
         [0000]     EObject  
         [0077]     The EObject class is the class that represents the runtime artifacts of the objects created, based on the meta-data provided by the EClass information as described above. An EObject has properties that can be read or set.  
                                       function Object(eclass)           {        this.EClass   = eclass;        this-Clone   = function( );        this.GetChildrenEObjects   = function(deep);         this.eGet   = function(name);         this.eSet   = function(name.value);         this.eAdd   = function(name.value);         this.eRemove   = function(name.value);         this.Sort   = function(propertyname,sortOrder);         this.toStr   = function ( );         this.getSignature   = function ( );       }                  
 
         [0078]     ELoader  
                                                   function XMILoader(eclassroot, rootMemberName, ecoreNS)           {             this.Root;             this. EClass;           }                      
 
         [0079]     This class is simply a container for the instance data, which, once initialized, can be accessed through the “Root” property.  
         [0000]     ECreator  
         [0080]     The goal of the system is in part to create a performing way to re-create object systems from the server to the browser. For this, the most compact JavaScript should be used: it is smaller to transport, and faster to parse by the Browser engine. The ECreator class is a simple class that wraps the EClass and EObject APIs to make creating data models and data instances more compact.  
                                                                 function ECreator( )               {            this.AddERs =   function(eclass, refParams)            this.AddEAs =   function(eclass, attriParams)                  this.Init=function(eobject, attrValueArray, referenceArray)           }                      
        A single API (AddERs) call can create one or more EReferences for an EClass, and a single API (AddEAs) call can create one or more EAttributes for an EClass. A single call as well can completely initialize an EObject with all its values for EAttributes and EReferences. 
 
 The Results 
       
 
         [0082]     On the browser, you now have a fully formalized data structure which corresponds directly to what you had in the server. The system provides additional formalism that JavaScript does not support, such as typing. You can thus write JavaScript code as follows:  
                                                   &lt;SCRIPT&gt;           var U = WD04JSModelRoot_Patent.Root.eGet(‘USer’)[0];           document.write(“&lt;PRE&gt;”);           document.write(“User: id=“+U.eGet(‘id’)+”;           lastName+ “+U.eGet(‘lastName’)+”;/n”);           varPorts + U.eGet (‘portfolios’);           for (var i = 0; i &lt; Ports.length; ++i)            {             var P = Ports[i];             document.write(“ Portfolio: name=“+P.eGet(‘name’)+”;\n”);            }           document.write(“ &lt;/PRE&gt;”);           &lt;/SCRIPT&gt;                      
 
         [0083]     The system even creates simpler bean-like APIs for the objects, taking advantage of JavaScript&#39;s dynamic type system. The code above could be re-written as:  
                                                   &lt;SCRIPT&gt;           var U = WD04JSModelRoot_Patent.Root.getUser( ) [0];           document.write(“&lt;PRE&gt;”);           document.write(“User: id=“+U_getId ( )+”;           lastName=“+U.getLastName( )+”;\n”); var Ports =           U.getPortfolios( );           for (var i = 0; i &lt; Ports.length; ++i)            {             var P = Ports[i];             document.write(“ Portfolio: name=“+P.getName ( ) +”;\n”);            }           document.write(“&lt;/PRE&gt;”);           &lt;/SCRIPT&gt;                      
 
         [0084]     If one tries to violate the constraints, such as the fact that a User&#39;s id is an integer, or that a Portfolio has only one owner, the system will produce an exception.  
         [0085]     Therefore, while there has been described what is presently considered to be the preferred embodiment, it will understood by those skilled in the art that other modifications can be made within the spirit of the invention.  
       GLOSSARY  
       [0086]     Converter: In this document, a generated piece of code responsible for projecting instances of a Java class (a Java object) to the JavaScript engine of the browser.  
         [0087]     EMF: The Eclipse Modeling Framework is an open source project at http://www.eclipse.org/emf which pertains to create a standard set of APIs to represent any software models and associated instance data using a procedural interface.  
         [0088]     ECore: An EMF term which describes the artifact that represents a software model.  
         [0089]     Class: An Object Oriented software concept that represents a thing that exists in a software application, for example, a User, a Portfolio.  
         [0090]     EClass: The EMF artifact that represents a Class.  
         [0091]     EReference: The EMF artifact that represents a property of a class which points to another class.  
         [0092]     EAttribute: The EMF artifact that represents a property of a class which contains simple values (such as a number or a string).  
         [0093]     Java: A programming language for creating applications that run on all platforms without modification.  
         [0094]     JavaScript: JavaScript is a scripting language that uses a syntax that is similar to that of Java, but it is not compiled into bytecode. It remains in source code embedded within an HTML document and must be translated a line at time into machine code by the JavaScript interpreter. JavaScript is supported by all popular Web browsers.  
         [0095]     UML: The Unified Modeling Language, a standard notation to visually represent software models.  
         [0096]     XML: Extensible markup language is an open standard for describing data in Web pages and business-to-business documents.