Abstract:
The present invention relates to a chemical composition useful in the chemical management of plant disease. The pesticides of the present invention incorporate benzophenanthridine alkaloids into formulations that are (1) residual and active for a period of time, (2) are adhesive to plant surfaces, (3) have good spreading properties, (4) are stable against photodeactivation, (5) have low phytoxicity, and (6) are capable of penetrating plant tissues.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO OTHER APPLICATIONS 
     This patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/642,464, filed May 3, 1996 and entitled Pesticides Comprising Benzophenanthridine Alkaloids. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a nonselective chemical composition useful in the chemical management of plant diseases. More specifically, the chemical composition of the present invention incorporates a class of naturally occurring alkaloids having antimicrobial properties. 
     2. Description of the State of the Art 
     A plant disease may be defined as any disturbance that prevents the normal development of a plant and reduces its economic or aesthetic value. Infectious plant diseases are caused by living agents (microorganisms), or pathogens, such as, nematodes, fungi, bacteria, mycoplasmas, viruses and viroids, which interfere with the normal function of some part of the plant, resulting in lower yields or reduced quality. Although there are at least 50,000 diseases of economic plants, and new diseases are discovered every year, it is difficult to accurately assess losses from disease. However, it is safe to say that annual losses in the United States average about 15% of the total agricultural production, or more than about $15 billion. Disease causes another $150 million in economic loss in terms of the replacement value and increased maintenance costs of ornamentals and turf in the United States. For the farmer, this leads to less income; for the consumer, reduced food supplies of lower quality and higher prices; and for the homeowner and turf manager, lower aesthetic value, less beauty and higher maintenance costs. 
     The idea of using chemicals to protect plants from microorganisms or “pests” goes back at least 2000 years. Homer, the Greek poet and author of The Illiad and The Odyssey, wrote about the “pest averting sulfur with its property of divine and purifying fumigation.” Broadly speaking, chemicals that are used to kill or inhibit the development of microorganisms are referred to as pesticides. As biological knowledge grew in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and as pest problems became more severe as a result of more complex agriculture and the introduction of pests into new areas, the search for effective pest management methods intensified. The discovery in 1882 that spraying grapes with a Bordeaux mixture would reduce damage from downy mildew encouraged scientists to look for other chemicals that would kill pests. Certain chemicals are useful as pesticides because they are more toxic to plant pathogens than they are to plants. Some pesticides are nonselective, that is, toxic to many pathogens; and others are selective, affecting only a few or one kind of pathogen. 
     In the twentieth century plant pathology matured as a science with startling and rapid discoveries. Since the 1930s, many hundreds of compounds have been screened for chemotherapeutic activity. In most studies, made with the aim of discovering compounds of practical use in the field, activity was measured directly by application to the growing plant; however, this proved to be a slow and laborious screening process. In response, scientists developed more rapid and economic techniques, such as, floating inoculated leaf discs on solutions of the test compounds or using excised petioles, for detecting the movement of antimicrobial chemicals within the plant body. 
     To date the vast majority of compounds utilized as pesticides have been synthetic organic and inorganic compounds. Because of the growing concerns regarding pesticide damage to the environment scientists have shifted their focus to examining constituents from higher plants for chemotherapeutic activity. Many of these constituents have been implicated in the natural resistance which is shown by plants towards most pathogens. Greathouse, G. A., demonstrated in vitro that quartenary benzophenanthridine alkaloids, the sources of which include five plant families: Papaveraceae, Fumariaceae, Rutaceae, Capifoliaceace, and Meliaceae, influenced the growth of several fingal species, and root rots known as  Phytomatoryrichum omnivorum . See, Greathouse, G. A., et al., “The Chemistry of Resistance of Plants to Phymatotrichium Root Rot v. Influence of Alkaloids on Growth of Fungi,”  Phytopathology  30:475-485 (1940); and Greathouse, G. A., “Alkaloids from  Sanguinaria canadensis  and Their Influence on Growth of  Phymatotrichium omnivorum,” Plant Physiology , 14:377-380 (1939), respectively. In addition to these in vitro studies, plant extracts containing benzophenanthridine alkaloids have been utilized in a number of pharmaceutical compositions for human medical and veterinary treatment applications including ringworm, dysentery, expectorants, scours, antiplaque and anti-gingivitis in oral health care, and anti-inflammation. 
     The benzophenanthridine alkaloids have been shown to be active in vitro against several fungal and bacterial strains. The minimum concentrations of benzophenanthridine alkaloids inducing complete inhibition of visible growth on Mueller-Hinton media are given in Table 1 for a variety of pathogens. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY 
               
               
                 OF BENZOPHENANTHRIDINE ALKALOIDS 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 MINIMUM ANTIMICROBIAL 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CONCENTRATION OF 
               
               
                   
                   
                 BENZOPHENANTHRIDINE 
               
               
                   
                 ORGANISM 
                 ALKALOID ug/ml 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Actinomycetes 
                 6.25-25   
               
               
                   
                 Penicillium 
                 50-100 
               
               
                   
                 Aspergillus 
                 25-100 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Botrytis cinera 
                 
                 5-50 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Rhizoctonia solani 
                 
                 5-25 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Verticillium dahliae 
                 
                 15-50  
               
               
                   
                 Fusarium 
                 5-25 
               
               
                   
                 Erwinia 
                 20-40  
               
               
                   
                 Alternaria 
                 20-50  
               
               
                   
                 Dendryphion 
                 20-50  
               
               
                   
                 Plasmopara 
                 6.25-25   
               
               
                   
                 
                   Phytomatotrichum omnivorum 
                 
                 2.5-10   
               
               
                   
                 Pseudomonas 
                 175-512  
               
               
                   
                 Klebsiella 
                 17-175 
               
               
                   
                 Bacillus 
                 2-12 
               
               
                   
                 Sclerotium 
                 16-32  
               
               
                   
                 
                   Verticillium albo-atrum 
                 
                 16-32  
               
               
                   
                 
                   Fusarium vasinfectrum 
                 
                 64-256 
               
               
                   
                 Pythium 
                 40-100 
               
               
                   
                 Septoria 
                 5-25 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Sphaerotheca pannosa 
                 
                 5-25 
               
               
                   
                 Phytophthera 
                 16-32 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Years following Greathouse&#39;s discoveries a technical paper by Spencer, et al., was published demonstrating that the compound wyerone, isolated from broad bean tissue also had in vitro antifungal activity. See, Spencer, D. M., et al., “An Antifungal Substance from the Tissue of  Vicia faba,” Nature , Lond., 179:651 (1957). Since then, naturally-occurring L-amino acids, other than methionine, which have shown little activity and D-isomers which have usually proved more effective have also been studied. Certain analogues of natural amino acids show useful activity; some of these, such as, L-threo-β-phenylserine, apparently operate through an effect on the host, while others, such as, canavanine, ethionine and fluorophenylanine, are fungitoxic antimetabolites which exert a direct action against the pathogen. 
     Unfortunately, the in vitro studies performed by Greathouse et al., Spencer et al., and others have limited use, since there is rarely a high correlation between in vitro microbial toxicity and therapeutic activity. An additional limitation and complication in the identification of compounds that may be used as pesticides is that chemicals are not usually used in their pure forms, but rather are mixed with inert substances to form pesticide formulations. Pesticide formulations must be prepared so the user can apply it in a safe, convenient, and effective manner. 
     Many factors affect the ability to place the pesticide on the target in the manner and amount for the most effective results, with the least undesirable side effects, and at the lowest possible cost. While the selection and use of equipment is of utmost importance, successful application is impossible without proper consideration to compatibility and to formulations which (1) are residual and active for a period of time, (2) are adhesive to the plant surface, (3) have good spreading properties, (4) are stable against photodeactivation, (5) have a low phytotoxicity, and (6) are capable of penetrating the plant tissues. 
     There is still a need, therefore, for a safe, convenient, effective, and nonselective chemical composition for the treatment of plant disease wherein the active ingredients are naturally occurring organic compounds. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a nonselective pesticide comprising naturally occurring organic compounds as the active ingredient. 
     An additional object of this invention is to develop systemic and topical pesticides to eliminate and control fungal and bacterial infections in plants. 
     A further object of this invention is to provide a pesticide that may be applied to a plant in the manner and amount for the most effective results, with the least undesirable side effects. 
     A more specific object of this invention is to provide a nonselective pesticide comprising quartenary benzophenanthridine alkaloids as the active ingredient. 
     Additional objects, advantages, andnovel features of this inventions shall be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following specification or may be learned by the practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities, combinations, compositions, and methods particularly pointed out in the appended claims. 
     To achieve the foregoing and other objects and in accordance with the purpose of the present invention, as embodied and broadly described therein, the composition of this invention comprises from about 0.001% to 10.0% by weight benzophenanthridine alkaloids, a wetting agent, and a penetration agent carried in an organic solvent thereby producing a pesticide formulation. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention relates to a nonselective pesticide composition or formulation which incorporates a class of alkaloids (commonly referred to as benzophenanthridine alkaloids) having a quinoline nucleus with two benzene rings fused at the 3, 4 and 7, 8 positions of the quinoline. The pesticide formulation is a combination of benzophenanthridine alkaloids, dissolved in a suitable agricultural carrier system which is water compatible. In addition to being a solubilizing medium for the benzophenanthridine alkaloids, the carrier may also incorporate further components which assist the benzophenanthridine alkaloids in spreading across the surface and/or penetrating the surface of a leaf or stem. These components are generally referred to as wetting agents and penetration agents, respectively, (both of which are broadly referred to as surfactants), and translocation agents. 
     Known sources of benzophenanthridine alkaloids include the plant families: Papaveraceae, Fumariaceae, Rutaceae, Capifoliaceace, and Meliaceae. In the Papaveraceae family there are five plant species known to contain significant quantities of benzophenanthridine alkaloids;  Chelidonium majus, Dicranostigma lactucoides, Eschseholtzia californica, Macleaya cordata  and  Macleaya microcarpa , and  Sanguinaria canadensis . Crude extracts containing a number of benzophenanthridine alkaloids obtained from natural plant sources may be used in the present invention, or the individual benzophenanthridine alkaloids in the crude extract may be further separated, purified and used. Methods for the extraction, separation and purification of the various benzophenanthridine alkaloids are given in a technical paper by Forche, E., et al.,  Planta Med ., 42:137-149 (1981), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Other methods of extraction, separation and purification can be found in  Collect. Czech Chem. Commun ., 55:2841-2867, (1990) by Dostal J., et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     The benzophenanthridine alkaloids can be isolated in two forms, the acid or iminium ion form and the free amine or base form. Derivatives, such as synthetically modified benzophenanthridine alkaloids, and synthetically formed benzophenanthridine alkaloids, may also be used in the present invention. Synthetic methods for preparing derivatives of the iminium ion (water soluble) and synthesized substituted base forms (water insoluble) are disclosed by Simanek, V., et al.,  Heterocycles , 6:475-497 (1977), and in “ Isoquinoline Alkaloids Research ” by Shamma and Monoid, Plenum Publishers, New York, N.Y. (1978), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     As way of illustration only, the pesticide formulations discussed in detail below are prepared using a Macleaya extract and it is not meant to limit the scope of plant materials which may be utilized by the present invention as other plant materials containing benzophenanthridine alkaloids, such as  Sanguinaria canadensis, Chelidonium majus, Dicranostigma lactucoides, Macleaya cordata  and  microcarpa, Eschseholtzia californica  etc., may be utilized. The benzophenanthridine alkaloid extract is produced by mixing or contacting a solvent, such as an alcohol, and preferably ethanol or methanol with a finely cut or ground plant material containing benzophenanthridine alkaloids, such as,  Macleaya cordata . The mixture is thoroughly stirred with several volumes of the solvent for 24 hours or more, at a temperature between 40-70° C., with 50-60° C. being preferred. Subsequently, the solution is filtered and the solvent evaporated. The residue is dissolved in a suitable organic solvent, such as chloroform, treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid, filtered and then dried. For use, the extract containing benzophenanthridine alkaloids or pure individual compounds is dissolved into an aqueous solution such as C 1 -C 6  alcohols or other organic solvents at 40° C.±5° C. Upon dissolution, the mixture is cooled and then the remaining ingredients, such as, wetting agents, that is, wetting agents and/or penetrating agents, translocating agents and preservatives are added. 
     The preparations generally contain 0.001% by weight and up to 10% by weight of the benzophenanthridine alkaloids, with sanguinarine and chelerythrine as the major benzophenanthridine alkaloid components when Macleaya is used. While anionic surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate are often mixed with active fungicidal agents for applications to plants the benzophenanthridine alkaloids are not compatible with these agents. Surfactants which may be mixed with the benzophenanthridine alkaloids include nonionic wetting agents such as polysorbates, free fatty acids, aliphatic oxylated alcohol, tweens, carboxymethyl cellulose, glycols, alkylarylpolyoxyethylene ethers (X-77® a registered mark of Loveland Industries, Inc., Greeley, Colo.), alkyl polyoxyethylene ethers, polyethylene glycol p-isooctyl-phenyl ether (Triton X-100), aliphatic oxylated alcohols, ethoxylated soybean oils, hydrogenated castor oils, vegetable oils, methylated seed oils, and penetrating agents such as pyrroles, N-alkylpyrrolidone ranging from C 1  to C 12  in alkyl chain length, pyrrolidones, methylated pyrrolidones, and polyvinyl pyrrolidones. These surfactants may be used either alone or mixed. The benzophenanthridine alkaloids have also been found to be compatible with some cationic agents such as the betaines, amido betaines, and pyrrolidones in combination with a nonionic surfactant. 
     Formulations: 
     An example of a basic formulation: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Raw Materials 
                 By Weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (1) Methanol 
                 56.25% 
               
               
                   
                 (2) X-77 ® 
                 3.13% 
               
               
                   
                 (3) Macleaya Extract 
                 0.38% 
               
               
                   
                 (4) Water 
                 40.24% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dilution Ratio 1:20  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A second example of a formulation: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Raw Materials 
                 By Weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (1) Methanol 
                 78.75% 
               
               
                   
                 (2) Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 
                 2.19% 
               
               
                   
                 (3) Polysorbate 80 
                 2.19% 
               
               
                   
                 (4) Macleaya Extract 
                 0.53% 
               
               
                   
                 (5) Methyl pyrrole 
                 8.75% 
               
               
                   
                 (6) Water 
                 7.59% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dilution Ratio 1:35  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A third example of a formulation: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Raw Materials 
                 By Weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (1) Methanol 
                 78.75% 
               
               
                   
                 (2) 1-Methyl Pyrrolidone 
                 8.75% 
               
               
                   
                 (3) X-77 ® 
                 4.38% 
               
               
                   
                 (4) Macleaya Extract 
                 0.53% 
               
               
                   
                 (5) Water 
                 7.59% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dilution Ratio 1:35  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A fourth example of a formulation: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Raw Materials 
                 By Weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (1) Methanol 
                 56.25% 
               
               
                   
                 (2) Macleaya Extract 
                 0.38% 
               
               
                   
                 (3) 1-Methyl Pyrrolidone 
                 6.25% 
               
               
                   
                 (4) X-77 ® 
                 3.13% 
               
               
                   
                 (5) Water 
                 33.99% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dilution Ratio 1:85  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A fifth example of a formulation: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Raw Materials 
                 By Weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (1) Acetone 
                 5.00% 
               
               
                   
                 (2) X-77 ® 
                 0.50% 
               
               
                   
                 (3) Triton x-100 
                 1.00% 
               
               
                   
                 (3) Macleaya Extract Base Form 
                 0.06% 
               
               
                   
                 (4) 20% Sodium Hydroxide 
                 0.01% 
               
               
                   
                 (5) Water 
                 94.43% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dilution Ratio 1:8  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A sixth example of a formulation: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Raw Materials 
                 By Weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (1) Ethanol 
                 82.50% 
               
               
                   
                 (2) Hydrogenated Caster Oil 
                 6.00% 
               
               
                   
                 (3) Triton X-100 
                 1.00% 
               
               
                   
                 (4) n-Octyl Pyrrolidone 
                 1.00% 
               
               
                   
                 (5) Macleaya Extract 
                 1.00% 
               
               
                   
                 (6) Water 
                 8.50% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dilution Ratio 1:30  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A seventh example of a formulation: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Raw Materials 
                 By Weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (1) Methanol 
                 5.00% 
               
               
                   
                 (2) Macleaya Extract 
                 0.06% 
               
               
                   
                 (3) Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone 
                 0.25% 
               
               
                   
                 (4) X-77 ® 
                 0.25% 
               
               
                   
                 (5) Water 
                 94.44% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dilution Ratio 1:4  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     An eighth example of a formulation: 
     This formulation is prepared by mixing Macleaya Extract with water to form a fluid extract of 1.5% by weight. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Raw Materials 
                 By Weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (1) Butanol 
                 15.00% 
               
               
                   
                 (2) Macleaya Extract Fluid Extract (1.5%) 
                 0.04% 
               
               
                   
                 (3) Carboxymethyl Cellulose 
                 0.50% 
               
               
                   
                 (4) 1-methyl pyrrolidone 
                 1.00% 
               
               
                   
                 (5) Water 
                 83.46% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dilution Ratio 1:8  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A ninth example of a formulation: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Raw Materials 
                 By Weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (1) Alkyl polyethoxy ether 
                 0.25% 
               
               
                   
                 (2) Soy wet surfactant 
                 0.10% 
               
               
                   
                 (3) Macleaya Extract 
                 0.15% 
               
               
                   
                 (4) Polyethylene glycol 200 
                 0.50% 
               
               
                   
                 (5) Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 30 
                 0.25% 
               
               
                   
                 (6) Methanol 
                 5.00% 
               
               
                   
                 (7) Water 
                 93.75% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dilution Ratio 1:6 when used for foliar and drench applications.  
               
               
                   
                 Dilution Ratio 1:30 when used for tuber treatment.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A tenth example of a formulation: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Raw Materials 
                 By Weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (1) Acetone 
                 4.00% 
               
               
                   
                 (2) 2-Pyrrolidone 
                 1.00% 
               
               
                   
                 (3) Macleaya Extract Base Form 
                 0.05% 
               
               
                   
                 (4) Vegetable Oil Surfactant 
                 0.25% 
               
               
                   
                 (5) Triton X-100 
                 0.25% 
               
               
                   
                 (6) Water 
                 94.44% 
               
               
                   
                 (7) 25% Sodium Hydroxide 
                 0.01% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ph 7.5  
               
               
                   
                 Dilution Ratio 1:4 or 1:8  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     An eleventh example of a formulation: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Raw Materials 
                 By Weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (1) Methanol 
                 74.24% 
               
               
                   
                 (2) N-Methyl Pyrrolidone 
                 5.91% 
               
               
                   
                 (3) X-77 ® 
                 4.00% 
               
               
                   
                 (4) Macleaya Extract 
                 0.56% 
               
               
                   
                 (5) Water 
                 15.29% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dilution Ratio 1:32  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A twelveth example of a formulation: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Raw Materials 
                 By Weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (1) N-Methyl Pyrrolidone 
                 5.0% 
               
               
                   
                 (2) Macleaya Extract Base Form 
                 0.5% 
               
               
                   
                 (3) HCO-5 (Hydro Castor Oil) 
                 0.5% 
               
               
                   
                 (4) Water pH 7.2 
                 94.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dilution Ratio 1:4 or 1:8  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A thirteenth example of a formulation: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Raw Materials 
                 By Weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (1) Methanol 
                 73.60% 
               
               
                   
                 (2) N-Methyl pyrrolidone 
                 5.80% 
               
               
                   
                 (3) Vinyl Pyrrolidone 30 
                 2.40% 
               
               
                   
                 (4) Macleaya Extract Base Form 
                 0.06% 
               
               
                   
                 (5) Water 
                 15.10% 
               
               
                   
                 (6) Sodium Hydroxide (1 Molar) 
                 0.10% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dilution Ratio 1:70  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A fourteenth example of a formulation: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Raw Materials 
                 By Weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (1) N-Methyl Pyrrolidone 
                 6.16% 
               
               
                   
                 (2) Methanol 
                 88.30% 
               
               
                   
                 (3) X-77 ® 
                 4.50% 
               
               
                   
                 (4) Macleaya Extract Base Form 
                 0.51% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dilution Ratio 1:32  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A fifteenth example of a formulation: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Raw Materials 
                 By Weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (1) Methanol 
                 76.80% 
               
               
                   
                 (2) N-Methyl Pyrrolidone 
                 3.20% 
               
               
                   
                 (3) X-77 ® 
                 4.00% 
               
               
                   
                 (4) Macleaya Extract 
                 0.56% 
               
               
                   
                 (5) Water 
                 15.44% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dilution Ratio 1:32  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A sixteenth example of a formulation: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Raw Materials 
                 By Weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (1) Methanol 
                 80.00% 
               
               
                   
                 (2) N-Methyl Pyrrolidone 
                 0.00% 
               
               
                   
                 (3) X-77 ® 
                 4.00% 
               
               
                   
                 (4) Macleaya Extract 
                 0.56% 
               
               
                   
                 (5) Water 
                 15.44% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dilution Ratio 1:32  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A seventeenth example of a formulation: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Raw Materials 
                 By Weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (1) Methanol 
                 73.60% 
               
               
                   
                 (2) N-Methyl Pyrrolidone 
                 6.40% 
               
               
                   
                 (3) X-77 ® 
                 4.00% 
               
               
                   
                 (4) Macleaya Extract 
                 0.56% 
               
               
                   
                 (5) Water 
                 15.44% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dilution Ratio 1:35  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A eighteenth example of a formulation: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Raw Materials 
                 By Weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (1) Methanol 
                 75.23% 
               
               
                   
                 (2) N-Methyl Pyrrolidone 
                 18.00% 
               
               
                   
                 (3) 8-Octyl Pyrrolidone 
                 2.50% 
               
               
                   
                 (4) Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone 
                 2.50% 
               
               
                   
                 (4) Macleaya Extract 
                 1.77% 
               
               
                   
                 (5) Water 
                 0.00% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dilution Ratio 1:100  
               
             
          
         
       
     
    
    
     EXAMPLE I 
     Phytotoxicity Evaluations of Benzophenanthridine Alkaloid Formulations 
     A. Phytotoxicity on Roses. 
     Hybrid Tea roses grown for cut flowers were evaluated for phytotoxic responses to spray applications of the present invention at 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 300 ppm benzophenanthridine alkaloids. Placebo formulations comprising carriers and surfactants without benzophenanthridine alkaloids were included at similar rates. Stem length was measured one week after spray application as a measure of phytotoxicity. Table 2, below, summarizes the phytotoxicity results of four formulations of the present invention. Few differences were detected between formulation rates and the data were subsequently pooled. None of the formulations of the present invention or their respective placebo formulations appeared to be phytotoxic to the roses at the rates tested. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 STEM GROWTH OF ROSES ONE WEEK FOLLOWING APPLICA- 
               
               
                 TION OF THE PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS OF THE PRESENT 
               
               
                 INVENTION 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Stem Growth (cm) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Rate 
                 Formulation 
                 Formulation 
                 Formulation 
                   
                 Pla- 
               
             
          
           
               
                 (ppm) 
                 1st 
                 Placebo 
                 4th 
                 Placebo 
                 5th 
                 Placebo 
                 8th 
                 cebo 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 600 
                 5.75 
                 5.33 
                 10.00 
                 12.83 
                 1.42 
                 3.75 
                 6.42 
                 3.50 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     B. Phytotoxicity on Perennial and Annual Bedding Plants. 
     Perennial and annual bedding plants grown in 10 cm azalea pots containing peat-lite medium were evaluated for phytotoxic response to a 20% (100 ppm benzophenanthridine alkaloids) root-zone drench application of the present invention. Placebo formulations comprising carriers and surfactants without benzophenanthridine alkaloids were included at similar rates. The plants were examined one week after application of the formulations of the present invention. Table 3, below, summarizes the phytotoxicity rating for 12 perennial plant species subjected to 100 ml of 100 ppm of various formulations of the present invention. Phytotoxicity was observed as folar necrosis and plant death. In all cases where the formulation showed phytotoxicity, the placebo formulations demonstrated similar phytotoxic responses and consequently the data were pooled. The phytotoxicity was related to the carriers and surfactants and not the benzophenanthridine alkaloids. The results from the annual bedding plant experiment were similar. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Formulations of the Present Invention 
               
               
                   
                 (placebo and product pooled) 
               
               
                   
                 Phytotoxicity Ratings 
               
               
                   
                 (1 = no damage and 5 = dead plant) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Perennial Species 
                 1st 
                 4th 
                 5th 
                 7th 
                 8th 
                 12th 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Ajuga reptans 
                 
                 1.00 
                 3.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 2.33 
               
               
                 
                   Aquilegia canadenis 
                 
                 1.00 
                 3.17 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 3.17 
               
               
                 
                   Arabis alpina 
                 
                 1.00 
                 2.17 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 2.33 
               
               
                 
                   Campanula glomerata 
                 
                 1.00 
                 2.50 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 2.33 
               
               
                 
                   Delospemia nubigenum 
                 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 
                   Erysium kotscliyanum 
                 
                 1.00 
                 2.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 2.50 
               
               
                 
                   Iberis sempervirens 
                 
                 1.00 
                 1.83 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.50 
               
               
                 
                   Lamium maculatum 
                 
                 1.00 
                 3.50 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 3.17 
               
               
                 
                   Limonium latifolia 
                 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 
                   Phlox subulata 
                 
                 1.17 
                 2.17 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 2.17 
               
               
                 
                   Sagina subulata 
                 
                 1.00 
                 2.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 2.17 
               
               
                 
                   Sedum acre 
                 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 Mean 
                 1.00 
                 2.11 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 2.06 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE II 
     Effect of Benzophenanthridine Alkaloid Formulations of the Present Invention on Plant Pathogens 
     A. Rose. 
     Powdery Mildew ( Sphaerotheca pannosa ). Rose powdery mildew is one of the most important and troublesome diseases of cultivated roses. The in vivo activity of three formulations of the present invention and their respective placebos were evaluated against rose powdery mildew in a greenhouse environment. Rose powdery mildew was induced on the rose plants prior to applying formulations of the present invention. At the time of application, fungal coverage of the rose leaves was 50.4%. Test formulas were applied at 75, 150 and 300 mg/liter (ppm) as foliar sprays to the rose foliage during two applications at 7 day intervals. Scoring of the rose powdery mildew remaining on the rose leaves was conducted on the third, fifth and tenth days of the trial. The percent leaflet covered by powdery mildew spores and mycelium was evaluated and recorded. The effects of the benzophenanthridine alkaloid formulations of the present invention on rose powdery mildew are sumnarized below in Table 4. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Rate 
                 Test 
                 % fungal coverage on leaf 
               
             
          
           
               
                 (ppm) 
                 Day 
                 1st Formulation 
                 7th Formulation 
                 8th Formulation 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                  0 
                 3 
                 23.3 
                 40.4 
                 11.2 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 17.9 
                 22.9 
                 12.9 
               
               
                   
                 10  
                 11.2 
                 22.9 
                 6.2 
               
               
                  75 
                 3 
                 7.5 
                 13.8 
                 28.8 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 6.2 
                 8.8 
                 13.8 
               
               
                   
                 10  
                 1.2 
                 0.0 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 150 
                 3 
                 47.5 
                 22.5 
                 13.8 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 13.8 
                 2.5 
                 25.0 
               
               
                   
                 10  
                 17.5 
                 6.2 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 300 
                 3 
                 13.8 
                 11.2 
                 7.5 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 12.5 
                 2.5 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 10  
                 5.0 
                 6.2 
                 1.2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Subsequent studies, summarized in Table 5, for powdery mildew control on greenhouse roses were conducted wherein copper sulfate pentahydrate (Phyton-27 5.5 EC), piperlin (Pipron 82.4 EC), and fenarimol (Rubigan 12.5 EC) were included for comparison against a benzophenanthridine alkaloid formulation of the present invention. Spray applications were conducted on day zero and day nine. All commercial fungicides were applied at their respective label rates and the benzophenanthridine alkaloid formulation was applied at 150 ppm benzophenanthridine alkaloid. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Days 
                   
               
               
                 After 
                 % fungal coverage on leaf 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Application 
                 11th Formulation 
                 CuSO 4 .5H 2 O 
                 Piperalin 
                 Fenarimol 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0 
                 30.0  
                 28.3  
                 30.0  
                 28.3 
               
               
                 1 
                 13.5  
                 7.1 
                 4.3 
                 12.1 
               
               
                 4 
                 10.0  
                 6.4 
                 4.3 
                 10.7 
               
               
                 7 
                 5.3 
                 6.6 
                 6.0 
                 10.0 
               
               
                 9 
                 3.9 
                 6.3 
                 7.5 
                  9.0 
               
               
                 11  
                 3.9 
                 5.7 
                 4.5 
                  8.3 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     These results indicate that the eleventh benzophenanthridine alkaloid formulation of the present invention is effective in controlling powdery mildew on greenhouse roses within seven days to a level equal to or better than the three commercial fungicides tested. 
     Formulation 13 (data not shown) was also effective against rose powdery mildew. The mildew was eradicated and controlled in 3 to 5 days. 
     B. Cucumber seedling. 
     Stem rot ( Rhizoctonia solani ). The in vivo activity of five formulations of the present invention and their respective placebo were evaluated against  Rhizoctonia solani . Three to five grams of  Rhizoctonia solani  inoculum was blended into a commercial sphagnum peat moss-based root-zone containing no pine bark in 10 cm plastic pots. The pots containing the inoculum were moistened with water and allowed to incubate for 24 hours. After the 24 hour incubation period, cucumber seedlings were transplanted into each pot and maintained under intermittent mist in a greenhouse. Test formulas were applied at 75, 150 and 300 ppm as a drench (100 ml/pot) to the seedlings. Five of the pots were treated immediately after transplant and five were treated five days after transplant. Treated plants were evaluated for death and wilting indicating  Rhizoctonia solani  infection. Roots of infected plants were evaluated to confirm  Rhizoctonia solani  infection. Table 6 summarizes the effect of the benzophenanthridine alkaloid formulations of the present invention on control of soil-borne  Rhizoctonia solani  infection on cucumber seedlings. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Seedlings lost per pot (five maximum) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Rate 
                 Formulation 
                 Formulation 
                 Formulation 
                 Formulation 
                 Formulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                 (ppm) 
                 1st 
                 Placebo 
                 3rd 
                 Placebo 
                 4th 
                 Placebo 
                 5th 
                 Placebo 
                 7th 
                 Placebo 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  75 
                 0.33 
                 1.67 
                 0.67 
                 0.61 
                 0.00 
                 0.67 
                 1.00 
                 1.67 
                 0.67 
                 2.00 
               
               
                 150 
                 0.33 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 0.67 
                 3.67 
                 2.67 
                 1.67 
                 0.67 
                 0.67 
                 3.33 
               
               
                 300 
                 0.67 
                 0.67 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 5.00 
                 5.00 
                 2.67 
                 1.67 
                 1.67 
                 3.67 
               
               
                 Mean 
                 0.44 
                 1.11 
                 0.56 
                 0.44 
                 2.89 
                 2.78 
                 1.78 
                 0.78 
                 1.00 
                 3.00 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Disease control was noted for the first and seventh formulations when comparing the number of seedlings lost with formulations containing benzophenanthridine alkaloid to the placebo formulations. The fifih and fourth formulations exhibited a great deal of phytotoxicity similar to that observed in earlier studies with perennial bedding plants. 
     Formulation 14 (data not shown) was effective as a drench against stem rot on cucumbers at 20mg/L. 
     C. Grapes. 
     Downy mildew (Plasmopara). The in vivo activity of the first preparation of the present invention was evaluated for the control of grape downy mildew in a greenhouse environment. Grape downy mildew was induced on the grape plants prior to applying a formulation of the present invention. At the time of application fungal coverage of the grape leaves was 85%. The test formula was applied at 400, 100, 25, 6.25, and 1.56 mg/liter (ppm) as a foliar spray to the grape foliage. Scoring of the grape downy mildew remaining on the leaves was conducted on the first and fourth days of the trial. The percent leaflet covered by grape downy mildew spores and mycelium was evaluated and recorded. The effects of the benzophenanthridine alkaloid formulation on grape downy mildew is summarized below in Table 7. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Rate 
                 Percent fungal control 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 (ppm) 
                 24 hours 
                 96 hours 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 400 
                 100  
                 No data 
               
               
                 100 
                 96 
                 94 
               
               
                 25 
                 97 
                 85 
               
               
                 6.25 
                 29 
                  0 
               
               
                 1.56 
                 29 
                  0 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Formulation 13 (data not shown) was also effective against grape downy mildew. The mildew was eradicated and controlled in 3 to 5 days. 
     D. Tomato. 
     Leaf blight ( Phytophtera infestans ). Formulation eleven was shown to control 100% of tomato leaf blight at 75 mg/L. 
     E. Potato. 
     Brown rot ( Fusarium roseum ). Formulation twelve was shown to be effective in preventing brown rot in the potato. 
     The foregoing description is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. Furthermore, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and process shown as described above. Accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to falling within the scope of the invention as defined by the claims which follow.