Abstract:
A pulsed neutron generator (PNG) includes a sealed tube and a gas reservoir disposed in the sealed tube. The gas reservoir includes dispersed particles of a thermally reversible hydride-adsorptive material therein. The material panicles having adsorbed therein deuterium and/or tritium. A heated cathode disposed in the sealed tube, wherein heat from the cathode transfers indirectly to the gas reservoir. A gas ionizer is disposed in the sealed tube. A target is disposed in the sealed tube. The target including adsorbed deuterium and/or tritium therein. In another aspect, tube is pre-filled with deuterium and/or tritium, the reservoir is omitted, and an ion beam current is controlled by controlling an ionizer grid voltage and/or current.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    Not applicable. 
       STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
       [0002]    Not applicable. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    The disclosure relates generally to the field of sealed tube neutron generators. More specifically, the disclosure relates to structures for a gas reservoir used in such neutron generators. 
         [0004]    A pulsed neutron generator (PNG), which may include a sealed tube, controllable power supplies and high voltage insulation system disposed in a housing, is used, for example, in various types of well logging instruments. The PNG emits high energy (approximately 14 MeV) bursts of neutrons that interact with subsurface formations surrounding a wellbore into which the instrument is inserted. Various types of detectors, e.g., gamma ray detectors, epithermal neutron detectors and thermal neutron detectors may be disposed on the instrument at selected axial distances from the PNG. Numbers of, timing of and/or energy levels of detected neutrons and/or gamma rays may be used to determine selected physical properties of the formations. One example of a PNG tube is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,293,410 issued to Chen et al. 
         [0005]    Typical PNGs include a gas reservoir to maintain a selected pressure of deuterium and/or tritium gas within the sealed envelope or tube. During operation of the PNG, the deuterium and/or tritium gas released by the reservoir is typically ionized and is accelerated toward a target, which itself may include adsorbed deuterium and/or tritium. Reaction between the accelerated gas ions and adsorbed gas atoms in the target results in a fusion reaction which releases neutrons. 
         [0006]    The gas reservoir is typically a wound wire filament that includes the adsorbed gas atoms therein. The filament include of a metal that reversibility uptakes and releases hydrogen and its isotopes; such metal include but are not restricted to Ti, Zr, Er, Y, Sc, etc. The filament is heated by passing electric current through it. Pressure of the gas may be maintained at a selected value by controlling the amount of current passed through the filament. The current used to heat the filament may constitute a substantial fraction of the total power consumed by the PNG. Filaments are also relatively weak structures and can cause parasitic heating of nearby neutron tube components. 
         [0007]    There continues to be a need for improved PNG structures. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0008]    A pulsed neutron generator according to one aspect includes a sealed tube and a gas reservoir disposed in the sealed tube. The gas reservoir includes particles of a thermally reversible hydrogen-adsorptive material therein. The material particles having adsorbed therein deuterium and/or tritium. A heated cathode disposed in the sealed tube, wherein heat from the cathode transfers indirectly to the gas reservoir. A gas ionizer consisting of/formed by the cathode and bias grid is disposed in the sealed tube. A target is disposed in the sealed tube. The target including adsorbed deuterium and/or tritium therein 
         [0009]    A method for generating neutrons according to another aspect includes filling an evacuated, sealed envelope with deuterium and/or tritium gas to a selected pressure by indirectly heating a sintered, porous getter having deuterium and/or tritium adsorbed in thermally reversible hydrogen-adsorptive particles dispersed in the getter. The deuterium and/or tritium gas are ionized. The ionized gas is accelerated to strike a target in the sealed envelope, the target having adsorbed deuterium and/or tritium therein, whereby the accelerated ions react with the adsorbed deuterium and/or tritium in the target to release free neutrons. 
         [0010]    A method for generating neutrons according to another aspect includes pre-filling an evacuated, sealed envelope with deuterium and/or tritium gas to as selected pressure. An electron emitting hot cathode disposed in the sealed envelope is heated. The deuterium and/or tritium gas are ionized by applying a selected voltage to a grid disposed in the sealed envelope between the cathode and a target disposed in the sealed envelope. The ionized gas is accelerated to strike the target in the sealed envelope, the target having adsorbed deuterium and/or tritium therein, whereby the accelerated ions react with the adsorbed deuterium and/or tritium in the target to release free neutrons. An ion beam current is controlled by controlling at least one of the grid voltage and the grid current. 
         [0011]    Other aspects and advantages will be apparent from the description and claims which follow. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]      FIG. 1  shows an example sealed neutron generator tube. 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  shows an example getter-based gas reservoir for the neutron tube in more detail. 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  shows an example wireline conveyed well logging instrument that may use a neutron generator tube as in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0015]      FIG. 4  shows a while drilling well logging instrument that may use a neutron venerator tube as in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0016]      FIG. 5  shows an example of a neutron tube hot (dispenser) cathode that may indirectly heat a gas reservoir. 
           [0017]      FIGS. 6A through 6D  show other example filament and/or reservoir structures. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0018]    An example pulsed neutron tube used in a pulsed neutron generator (PNG) will be explained with reference to  FIG. 1 . The neutron generator  10  may include a hollow cylindrical tube  11  made of an insulating material such as alumina ceramic and having its respective longitudinal extremities fixed to a ceramic ring  12  and a conductive ring  13 , an ion source  45 , a gas reservoir  25 , an extracting electrode  50 , and a copper target electrode  15 . A transverse header  14  and the target electrode  15  close the ceramic rings  12  and  13 , respectively, to provide a gas-tight, hermetic cylindrical envelope. Ceramic ring  12  comprises parallel transversely disposed flanges  6 ,  7 ,  8 , and  9 , to provide electrically conductive paths and structural support for the PNG components as described subsequently in more complete detail. Flanges  6 - 9  may be substantially equally spaced along ring  12 , between header  14  and the corresponding extremity of the cylindrical tube  11 . The gas reservoir  25  may be disposed transversely or axially with respect to the longitudinal axis of the neutron generator  10 , between the first flange  6  and the second flange  7 , closest to the header  14 . The gas reservoir  25  comprises a helically wound filament  26  which may be made of tungsten or other electrically resistive metal, and which may be heated to a predetermined temperature by an electric current from a controllable power supply  105  to which both ends  26   a  and  26   b  of filament  26  are connected. 
         [0019]    The filament is  26  disposed within a getter  44  made of a sintered, porous material. The filament  26  is heated electrically by passing therethrough electric current from the controllable power supply in order to heat the surrounding getter  44  to provide a supply of deuterium and or tritium gas in the interior of the cylindrical tube  11 , and control gas pressure during neutron generator  10  operation. 
         [0020]    The gases desorbed by the getter  44  spread through holes provided in flanges  7 - 9 , e.g., a hole  31  in the second flange  7 , a hole  33  in the third flange  8  and holes  34 ,  35  in the fourth flange  9 . The gases desorbed enter an ion source  45  which may be interposed between the gas reservoir  25  and the extremity of the tube  11  facing ceramic ring  12 . An annular shaped electrical insulator  90  may be interposed between the tube  11  and the ceramic ring  12 . 
         [0021]    The ion source  45  may comprises a cylindrical, hollow anode  57  aligned with the longitudinal axis of the generator  10  and may be in the form of either a mesh or a coil. Typically, a positive ionizing potential (either direct or pulsed current) in the range of 100-300 volts relative to a cathode  80 , is applied to the anode  57 . In one example, the anode  57  may be about 0.75 inch (1.9 cm) long and may have a diameter of approximately 0.45 inch (1.14 cm). The anode  57  is typically secured rigidly to the fourth flange  9 , e.g. by conductive pads  60 . 
         [0022]    The ion source  45  may also include the cathode  80  being disposed close to the outside wall of the anode  57 , in a substantially median position with respect to the anode  57 . The cathode  80  may include an electron emitter  81  comprising a block of material susceptible, when heated, to emit electrons. The emitter  81  may he fixed (e.g., by brazing) to a U-shaped end  82  of an arm  84  being itself secured to the third flange  8 . The arm  84  also may provide an electrical connection between the emitter  81  and a hot cathode heater power supply  100  able to generate, e.g., a few watts for heating the electron emitter  81 . Heater current  100  may be selected according to what is described in e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,756,682, 3,775,216 or 3,546,512 incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0023]    The thermionic cathode  80  of the ion source of the present invention is preferably of the “dispenser” or “volume” type. A dispenser cathode used in a hydrogen environment maximizes electron emissions per heater power unit compared to other thermionic type cathodes (such as LaB 6  or W), while operating at a moderate temperature. The emitter block  81  comprises a substrate made of porous tungsten, impregnated with a material susceptible to emit electrons, such as compounds made with combinations of e.g. barium oxide and strontium oxide. Each cathode has different susceptibility to their operating environment (gas pressure and gas species). Dispenser cathodes are known to be the most demanding in terms of the vacuum requirements and care that is needed to avoid contamination. Possible advantages of using a dispenser cathode as explained herein may include that the PNG may be operable as long as several hundred hours in a hydrogen gas environment of pressure on the order of several mTorr, providing an peak electron emission current of from 50 to 80 mA yet requiring only a few watts of heater power. 
         [0024]    The cathode  80  may be provided with current from a the cathode heater power supply  100 , which is distinct from an ion source voltage supply  102 . Such implementation permits a better control of both the cathode heater power supply  100  and the ion source voltage supply  102 . It should be clearly understood that using the foregoing dispenser type cathode is not a limitation on the scope of pulsed neutron tube structures that may be used. An extracting electrode  50  may be disposed at the end of the ion source  45  facing target  15 , at the level of the junction between the tube  11  and the ring  12 . The extracting electrode  50  may be supported in fixed relation to the ring  12  by a fifth flange  32 . The extracting electrode  50  may include a massive annular body  46 , e.g., made of nickel or an alloyed metal such as one sold under the trademark KOVAR, which is a registered trademark of CRS Holdings, Inc., 1105 North Market Street Suite 601 Wilmington Del. 19801. The annular body  46  may be in alignment with the longitudinal axis of the tube  11 . A central aperture  47  in the body  46  diverges outwardly in a direction away from the ion source  45  to produce at the end of body  46  facing target electrode  15  a torus-shaped contour  51 . The contour  51  reduces a tendency to voltage breakdown that is caused by high electrical field gradients. 
         [0025]    Moreover, the extracting electrode  50  may provide one of the electrodes for an accelerating gap  72  that impels ionized deuterium and tritium particles from the ion source  45  toward a deuterium- and/or tritium-filled target  73 . The target  73  comprises a thin film of titanium, or other known hydride system deposited on the surface of the transverse side, facing ion source  45 , of the target electrode  15 . 
         [0026]    The potential that accelerates the ions to the target  73  is established, between the extracting electrode  50  and a suppressor electrode  75  hereafter described. The suppressor electrode  75  may be a concave member that is oriented toward the target electrode  15  and has a centrally disposed aperture  78  which enables the accelerated ions to move from the gap  72  to the target  73 . The aperture  78  is disposed between the target  73  and the extracting electrode  50 . The suppressor electrode  75  is connected to a high voltage power supply  103  which may also be connected, through a resistor “R” to ground potential. In order to prevent electrons from being extracted from the target  73  upon ion bombardment (these extracted electrons being called “secondary electrons”), the suppressor electrode  75  is held at a negative voltage with respect to the voltage of the target electrode  15 . 
         [0027]    The velocity of the ions leaving the ion source  45  is, on an average, relatively lower than ion velocity in a known Penning source. Consequently, the ions tend to generate a tail in the neutron pulse, at the moment the voltage pulse to the ion source  45  is turned off. The presence of an end tail is detrimental to the neutron pulse shape (i.e., numbers of neutrons generated with respect to time which is of importance. The example PNG structure remedies this situation by adding to the extracting electrode  50 , a cut-off electrode  95 , which may be in the form of a mesh screen  95  and which may be fixed, e.g., by welding, to the aperture  47  of the extracting electrode  50 , facing the ion source  45 . The mesh screen  95  (cut-off electrode) may be made of for example, high transparency molybdenum. The cut-off electrode  95  has applied thereto voltage pulses synchronized with and complementary to the voltage pulses applied to the ion source anode  57 . The pulses applied to the cut-off electrode  95  are positive and may be on the order of 100 to 300 volts. In an alternate example, the cut-off electrode  95 , instead of having applied thereto voltage pulses, is maintained at a positive voltage, of e.g. a few volts. This low positive voltage prevents the slow ions produced at the end of the pulse in the ion source from leaving the ion source, and thus allows truncation of the terminal part of the ion beam, which in turn provides a sharp cut-off at the end of the neutron pulse (i.e. a short fall time). The cut-off electrode  95  is preferably made of a metallic grid in the form of a truncated sphere, and its concavity directed toward the target  73 . Part of the cut-off electrode  95  might protrude inside the cylindrical hollow anode  57 . 
         [0028]    Having explained an example structure for a neutron tube, an example structure of the gas reservoir  25 , being a combination of the filament  26  and getter  44  will be explained in more detail with reference to  FIG. 2 . Ends of the filament  26  are shown at  26   a  and  26   b.  The filament  26 , as previously explained, may be a wire coil made from tungsten, titanium, monel or other partially resistive metal that can heat upon application of electric current. The getter material  44  may be formed around the filament  26 , or the filament  26  may be cast or sintered in place therein. 
         [0029]    The getter  44  may be made from a sintered, porous material having therein interspersed particles of titanium and molybdenum. Such material is sold in the form of completed getters by, SAES GETTERS S.pA., Via Gallarate 215. 20151 Milan, Italy under product designation S5K0370. The getter  44  material is typically used to adsorb molecules containing hydrogen, carbon and/or oxygen to maintain high vacuum. Such use and the performance of the foregoing material is described in, for example, E Giorgi, C Boffito and M Bolognesi,  A new Ti - based non - evaporable getter , Vacuum, vol. 41, number 7-9, pp. 1935 to 1937 (1990). A gas reservoir made as explained herein may have the advantages of lower power consumption by the filament, and greater resistance to shock and vibration than filament gas reservoirs known in the art. While the present example includes titanium particles interspersed in the sintered, porous getter material, in other examples other known thermally reversible hydride-adsorptive material particles may be interspersed in the sintered getter material. Examples of the foregoing hydride-adsorptive material, include, without limitation zirconium, erbium, yttrium and vanadium. 
         [0030]      FIG. 3  shows an example apparatus for evaluating subsurface formations  131  traversed by a wellbore  132 , which can use a PNG as explained with reference to  FIGS. 1 and 2 . The wellbore  132  is typically, but not necessarily filled with a drilling fluid or “drilling mud” which contains finely divided solids in suspension. Deposits of mud solids may deposit on the walls of permeable formations in the wellbore  132  to form mudcake  106 . A pulsed neutron logging instrument  130  may be suspended in the wellbore  32  on an armored electrical cable  133 , the length of which substantially determines the relative depth of the instrument  130 . As is known in the art, this type of instrument can also operate in a well haying casing or tubing inserted therein. The length of cable  133  is controlled by suitable means at the surface such as a drum and winch mechanism  134 . The depth of the instrument  130  within the wellbore  132  can be measured by encoders in an associated sheave wheel  133 , wherein the double-headed arrow represents communication of the depth level information to the surface equipment. Surface equipment, represented at  107 , can be of conventional type, and can include a processor subsystem and recorder, and communicates with the all the downhole equipment. It will be understood that processing can be performed downhole and/or at the surface, and that some of the processing may he performed at a remote location. Although the instrument  130  is shown as a single body, the instrument  130  may alternatively comprise separate components such as a cartridge, sonde or skid, and the tool may he combinable with other logging tools. The pulsed neutron well logging instrument  130  may, in a form hereof, be of a general type described for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,699,246. The instrument  130  may include a housing  111  in the shape of a cylindrical sleeve, which is capable, for example, of running in open wellbore, cased wellbore or production tubing. Although not illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the instrument  130  may also have an eccentering device, for forcing the instrument  130  against the wall of an open wellbore or against wellbore casing. At least one pulsed neutron generator  115 , which may be of the type shown in and explained with reference to  FIGS. 1 and 2  may he mounted in the housing  111  with a near-spaced radiation detector  116  and a far-spaced radiation detector  117  mounted longitudinally above the PNG  115 , each at a separate axial distance therefrom. One or more further detectors (not shown) can also be provided, it being understood that when the near and far detectors are referenced, use of further detectors can, whenever suitable, be included as well. Also, it can he noted that a single radiation detector could be used. Acquisition, control, and telemetry electronics  118  serves, among other functions, to control the timing of burst cycles of the PNG  115 , the timing of detection time gates for the near  116  and far  117  radiation detectors and to telemeter count rate and other data using the cable  133  and surface telemetry circuitry, which can be part of the surface instrumentation  107 . The surface processor of surface instrumentation  107  can for example, receive detected thermal neutron counts, detected epithermal neutron counts and/or gamma ray spectral data from near and far radiation detectors  116  and  117 . The signals can he recorded as a “log” representing measured parameters with respect to depth or time on, for example, a recorder in the surface instrumentation  107 . The radiation detectors may include one or more of the following types of radiation detectors, thermal neutron detectors(e.g.,  3 He proportional counters), epithermal neutron detectors and scintillation counters (which may or may not be used in connection with a spectral analyzer). 
         [0031]    The PNG which uses the neutron tube described with reference to  FIGS. 1 and 2  can also be used, for example, in logging-while-drilling (“LWD”) equipment. As shown, for example, in  FIG. 4 , a platform and derrick  210  are positioned over a wellbore  212  that may be formed in the Earth by rotary drilling. A drill string  214  may be suspended within the borehole and may include a drill bit  216  attached thereto and rotated by a rotary table  218  (energized by means not shown) which engages a kelly  220  at the upper end of the drill string  214 . The drill suing  214  is typically suspended from a hook  222  attached to a traveling block (not shown). The kelly  220  may be connected to the hook  222  through a rotary swivel  224  which permits rotation of the drill string  214  relative to the hook  222 . Alternatively, the drill string  214  and drill bit  216  may be rotated from the surface by a “top drive” type of drilling rig. 
         [0032]    Drilling fluid or mud  226  is contained in a mud pit  228  adjacent to the derrick  210 . A pump  230  pumps the drilling fluid  226  into the drill string  214  via a port in the swivel  224  to flow downward (as indicated by the flow arrow  232 ) through the center of the drill string  214 . The drilling fluid exits the drill string via ports in the drill bit  216  and then circulates upward in the annular space between the outside of the drill string  214  and the wall of the wellbore  212 , as indicated by the flow arrows  234 . The drilling fluid  226  thereby lubricates the bit and carries formation cuttings to the surface of the earth. At the surface, the drilling fluid is returned to the mud pit  228  for recirculation. If desired, a directional drilling assembly (not shown) could also be employed. 
         [0033]    A bottom hole assembly (“BHA”)  236  may be mounted within the drill string  214 , preferably near the drill bit  216 . The BHA  236  may include subassemblies for making measurements, processing and storing information and for communicating with the Earth&#39;s surface. The bottom hole assembly is typically located within several drill collar lengths of the drill hit  216 . In the illustrated BHA  236 , a stabilizer collar section  238  is shown disposed immediately above the drill hit  216 , followed in the upward direction by a drill collar section  240 , another stabilizer collar section  242  and another drill collar section  244 . This arrangement of drill collar sections and stabilizer collar sections is illustrative only, and other arrangements of components in any implementation of the BHA  236  may be used. The need for or desirability of the stabilizer collars will depend on drilling conditions. 
         [0034]    In the arrangement shown in  FIG. 4 , the components of a downhole pulsed neutron measurement subassembly that may include a neutron tube as explained with reference to  FIGS. 1 and 2  and may be located in the drill collar section  240  above the stabilizer collar  238 . Such components could, if desired, be located closer to or farther from the drill bit  216 , such as, for example, in either stabilizer collar section  238  or  242  or the drill collar section  244 . The drill collar section  240  may include one or more radiation detectors (not shown in  FIG. 4 ) substantially as explained with reference to  FIG. 3 . 
         [0035]    The BHA  236  may also include a telemetry subassembly (not shown) for data and control communication with the Earth&#39;s surface. Such telemetry subassembly may be of any suitable type, e.g., a mud pulse (pressure or acoustic) telemetry system, wired drill pipe, etc., which receives output signals from LWD measuring instruments in the BHA  236  (including the one or more radiation detectors) and transmits encoded signals representative of such outputs to the surface where the signals are detected, decoded in a receiver subsystem  246 , and applied to a processor  248  and/or a recorder  250 . The processor  248  may comprise, for example, a suitably programmed general or special purpose processor. A surface transmitter subsystem  252  may also be provided for establishing downward communication with the bottom hole assembly. 
         [0036]    The BHA  236  can also include conventional acquisition and processing electronics (not shown) comprising a microprocessor system (with associated memory, clock and timing circuitry, and interface circuitry) capable of timing the operation of the accelerator and the data measuring sensors, storing data from the measuring sensors, processing the data and storing the results, and coupling any desired portion of the data to the telemetry components for transmission to the surface. Alternatively, the data may be stored downhole and retrieved at the surface upon removal of the drill string. Power for the LWD instrumentation may be provided by battery or, as known in the art, by a turbine generator disposed in the BHA  236  and powered by the flow of drilling fluid. 
         [0037]    In other examples, power use by the heated cathode ( 26  in  FIG. 2 ) may be reduced by using indirect heating of the gas reservoir (getter  44  in  FIG. 2 ). Referring to  FIG. 5 , a heater type cathode  26  may be mounted on a mounting washer  26 C or similar retainer. The heater electrical leads are shown at  26 A,  26 B. A getter type gas reservoir  44  may be disposed on the cathode mounting washer  26 C so as to be heated by radiant and conduction heat from the cathode  26 . Further, non limning examples of arrangements of the heated cathode  26  and gas reservoir  44  are shown in  FIGS. 6A through 6D . 
         [0038]    The location of the reservoir with respect to the heated cathode and its configuration (thermal mass) may be optimized to obtain the desired gas release or range of gas pressure. Possible reservoir configurations, as shown in  FIGS. 6A through 6D  may include, without limitation, cylindrical, annular (centered on the cathode) and strip getters, as well as filament coils. Those skilled-in the art will appreciate that any (even coarse) regulation of the gas reservoir temperature may be difficult, as a slight drop in temperature of the cathode (˜100C) will lead to a loss of electron emission from the cathode. instead, here, the reservoir may be operated in a simple ON/OFF mode. When the cathode is heated, sufficient gas is released to permit ionization and neutron generation; when the cathode is cooled, all of the residual gas (not absorbed in the target) will be re-absorbed by the gas reservoir (and become available for the next start up). 
         [0039]    A known concern with gas reservoir regulation, particularly with a low current gas reservoir operating at high ambient temperatures, is the loss of control, i.e., the ability to shut off the beam current by turning off the gas reservoir. In the present example, the regulation of the neutron tube may use only the grid (voltage or current) to regulate the beam current. Given the desire for fast response, changing the grid current b changing the cathode temperature/current to regulate the beam current may not be fast enough because of the thermal mass of the cathode; grid voltage regulation of the beam current may be more effective. This will depend on the configuration of the neutron tube, specifically that which affects the cathode-grid space-charge limit. 
         [0040]    When the grid voltage (Vgrid) is lowered, ionization disappears, leading to a loss of beam current and corresponding loss of neutron output. Alternately, when grid voltage is raised, ionization re-appears, leading to beam current and neutron output. The same occurs with grid current (Igrid). 
         [0041]    In such examples, the gas reservoir should be sized and positioned for sufficient indirect heating to permit producing at least the highest beam current desired, as insufficient gas cannot be remediated in a sealed tube neutron generator. 
         [0042]    In another example, the above described approach to beam current control may be extended to a logical limit, so as to completely eliminate the gas reservoir. In this example, the sealed tube may be pre-filled with an appropriate amount of gas (above and beyond the target fill/loading) prior to sealing. The amount of gas left in the free volume of the sealed tube must be sufficient to enable producing the highest beam current desired. 
         [0043]    In both approaches, the target ( 73  in  FIG. 1 ) upon heating will release gas; as this occurs, the beam current may be adjusted by varying the grid voltage or current, or a combination of both, accordingly. 
         [0044]    In the described examples both with and without a separate gas reservoir, approaches, the cathode current can he regulated to maintain sufficient electron emission to cover the range of grid current desired, when beam current is controlled by grid voltage (Vgrid) regulation. Conversely, in grid current (Igrid) beam current regulation, the grid voltage may be selected to provide the desired ionization over the range of operating grid currents. Alternately, at the expense of greater complexity, both Vgrid and Igrid may be regulated together to achieve the desired range of operation (with sufficient dynamic range, stability, etc.). 
         [0045]    Pulsed neutron generators made according to the various aspects of the present disclosure may provide better performance and use less power than pulsed neutron generators previously known in the art. 
         [0046]    While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments can be devised which do not depart from the scope of the invention as disclosed herein. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be limited only by the attached claims.