Abstract:
A cholesteric display may be formed, in some embodiments, using a single display element to produce multi-colors for display. A cholesteric material may be sandwiched between a pair of substrates, each associated with pairs of opposed electrodes that are arranged in general transversely to the optical axis of incident light. The first pair of electrodes produce one of two liquid crystal states and result in the reflection of light of a particular wavelength. Light of other wavelengths may be reflected when a second pair (or set) of opposed electrodes, arranged in general transversely, also to the optical axis of incident light, are biased appropriately. So does a third pair (or set) of electrodes. A black and white color display may be generated from a single display element by modulating the pitch length of the cholesteric material within each pairs (or sets).

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/103,187, filed on Apr. 11, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,595,856 which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/273,038, filed on Oct. 17, 2002, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,909,484. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     This invention relates generally to liquid crystal displays and particularly to cholesteric displays. 
     Commonly, liquid crystal material may be modulated to produce a display. Conventional liquid crystal displays commonly use twisted nematic (tn) liquid crystal materials having a pair of states that may differentially pass or reflect incident light. While twisted nematic displays may be reflective or transmissive, cholesteric displays are usually reflective (but they may also be transmissive). 
     In cholesteric displays, the cholesteric material has very high optical activity. Such liquid crystal material switches between a reflective texture called the planar cholesteric texture and the transparent configuration with the focal conic texture. The cholesteric molecules assume a helical configuration with the helical axis perpendicular to the surface of the substrates. 
     The cholesteric liquid crystal molecules, in response to an electric field, align as planar texture with the optical axis, reflecting light of a particular wavelength. Generally, the maximum reflection in the planar cholesteric texture is at a wavelength directly proportional to the material&#39;s pitch distance.
 
λ 0   =n·p  (where  p =pitch length,  n =( n+n   ⊥ )/2)
 
     Conventionally, an electric field is applied in the direction of the optical axis in order to change the phase and the texture of the cholesteric material. However, these changes are generally in the form of the material either being reflective to the spectrum of light of a given wavelength or not reflecting light at all. 
     Thus, a given completed cholesteric liquid crystal cell may produce reflected light with a specific color, such as red, green or blue, but not any combination of them. Therefore, the conventional approach is to provide separate cholesteric display elements for each of the three primary colors (e.g., red, green and blue). These separate display elements may be stacked up one on top of the other in order to generate the desired full color reflected light output. Alternatively, the three elements may be placed side by side each displaying the same color. The three different colors may be achieved using color filter material. 
     The use of color filter material substantially reduces the display brightness and increases the overall cost of the display. Similarly, the use of three separate cells in a stack effectively triples the cost of the display. Stacked elements may even reduce the optical brightness of each display pixel. 
     Bistable reflective cholesteric displays are particularly advantageous for many portable applications. The bistable material is advantageous because it may be placed in one of the two states that have different optical properties. Once placed in either state, the material stays in that state even when power is removed. Thus, a given displayed pixel may remain, without refresh, in a given state until it is desired to change the optical information that is displayed. Being reflective in nature, and hence avoiding the need of backlight plus avoiding the need for refresh will substantially reduce power consumption of the display subsystem. 
     Thus, there is a need for displays, and particularly for bistable cholesteric displays, that can be fabricated at lower costs. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a greatly enlarged, schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a partial, greatly enlarged, top plan view of the structure shown in  FIG. 1  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a partial schematic depiction of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram showing a bistable cholesteric display in an active matrix display arrangement, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 5  is a bistable cholesteric display cell in a passive matrix display arrangement, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a cholesteric display may include a bistable cholesteric material  16  in one embodiment of the present invention. The material  16  is sandwiched between two substrates  12  and  24 . The substrate  24  is advantageously substantially transparent and may conventionally be glass with an absorbing undercoating such as carbon black. The substrate  24  may or may not be transparent. The substrate  24  may be made of a variety of materials. The substrates  12  and  24 , in one embodiment, may include transparent electrodes  14  and  22 . The transparent electrodes  14  and  22 , in one embodiment, may be made of indium tin oxide (ITO). 
     Sandwiched between the substrates  12  and  24  is a sideways electrode  26   b  and an opposed sideways electrode  26   c  which, in turn, is also opposed to a sideways electrode  26   d . Between the electrode  26  and the substrate  24  is a material  20 . In an active matrix embodiment, the material  20  may be a thin film transistor or other active element to drive the actual display. In a passive matrix embodiment, the material  20  may be a row or column contact or electrode. 
     A display  10 , shown in  FIG. 2 , may be formed out of a plurality of pixels  40  arranged in a grid work array. Each pixel  40 , such as a pixel  42 , may be divided into three or more subpixels  42   a ,  42   b , and  42   c . In one embodiment, each subpixel  42  may be responsible for generating light of a different wavelength. Thus, each pixel  40  may produce three different wavelengths of light, such as red, green, and blue wavelengths. 
     Each subpixel  42  may include two sets of opposed transverse electrodes  26 . For example, the subpixel  42   a  may have an opposed electrode pair  26   b  and  26   c  and an opposed electrode pair  26   a  and  26   e . Thus, the pixel  40   e  is divided into three subpixels  42  so as to have approximately the same area in each subpixel  42  in one embodiment of the invention. In some cases, the electrodes  26   c ,  26   f , and  26   e  may be common between two different subpixels. For example, the electrode  26   c  is an electrode for the subpixel  42   a  and the subpixel  42   b  in one embodiment of the present invention. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , the electrodes  14  and  22  apply an electric field along the optical axis O of the display  10 . The optical axis O is aligned with the direction of incident light “L”. The light L, directed toward the upper surface of the substrate  12 , passes through the upper surface and the electrode  14  and is reflected (or not) by the cholesteric material  16 , as indicated by the light beam R, to produce the perceived image. Since the light arrives at and is reflected from the top upper surface, the optical axis O is oriented generally transversely to the substrates  12  and  24 . 
     In conventional fashion, the electric field developed by the electrodes  14  and  22  may cause the bistable cholesteric material  16  to transition between the reflective planar cholesteric texture and the transparent, focal conic texture. The procedures for applying potentials for causing these transitions to occur are well known in the art. 
     In general, an electric field may be applied by an alternating current voltage source  30  that is electrically coupled to the electrodes  14  and  22 . When the cholesteric material  16  is in its transparent texture, in some embodiments, the lower substrate  24  becomes visible. When the material  16  is in its planar cholesteric texture, light of a given wavelength is reflected. That given wavelength is generally determined by the helical pitch of the material  16 . In conventional cholesteric displays, this pitch is defined and is fixed. Thus, in conventional cholesteric displays each display element either provides one reflected color or is transparent, displaying the color of the substrate  22 . 
     In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the electrodes  26  apply an electric field transversely to the optical axis O. In one embodiment, this transverse electric field may be applied from flat planar electrodes  26  arranged generally transversely to the electrodes  14  and  22 . 
     The electrodes  26  may be coupled to their own separate potential  32 . The electrodes  26  need not be, but may be transparent. 
     The electrodes  26  allow the pitch set by the electrodes  14  and  22  to be varied. In one embodiment of the present invention, the electrodes  26  enable the fixed pitch to be varied between three different pitches. Each of the different pitches, associated with a given potential on the electrodes  26 , may produce one of three different light colors. In one embodiment, for example, red, green and blue light may be selectively produced from a single display element  10 . 
     In some embodiments, curved surface electrodes, such as dish-shaped electrodes having axes generally transverse to the optical axis O can be used. The sides of the curved surface of the dish-shaped electrode provides the sideways electric field (from 360°) transverse to the electric field aligned with the optical axis O. 
     Liquid crystals have dipoles that align in an applied electric field. This property allows an electric field transverse to the optical axis to modify the pitch length of the material. 
     To generate the black color, the pitches of the material in each pixel  40  may be calibrated to not reflect any visible light and, thus, the pixel  40  becomes dark or black after addressed. 
     In order to generate light for a black and white display, for example, the helix of the material within each of the subpixels  42  may be appropriately altered to separately produce red, green, and blue light at the same time. The complementary reflectance of these three colors renders a pixel  40  white in color as a whole. Thus, any color may be produced by operating one of the three subpixels  42  and the color white may be produced by operating all of the subpixels  42 . Conversely, in one embodiment, when none of the subpixels are reflective, the pixel  40  appears to be dark or black. 
     The geometry of the subpixels  42  is subject to considerable variation. In general, it is only desirable that the subpixels  42  have similar areas in one embodiment of the present invention. 
     Through the use of electrodes  26 , a multi-colored display pixel may be produced with only a single cholesteric display element. As a result, substantial cost savings may be achieved by avoiding the need for three different display elements that are either laterally displaced from one another or stacked one atop the other. Moreover, when three display elements are utilized in a laterally displaced arrangement, color filter arrays are generally needed and color filter arrays would significantly increase the cost of the display. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the material  16 , when exposed to the electric field aligned with the optical axis O, reflects light in a central or intermediate wavelength of approximately 560 nanometers. Then the pitch may be changed using the electric field applied through electrodes  26  to either increase the reflected wavelength, for example to 670 nanometers, or to decrease the reflected wavelength, for example to 450 nanometers. This basically changed the reflected colors of the cell or element. 
     Other variations may be utilized, as well. In some embodiments it may be efficient to provide the color red or the color blue when the electrodes  26  are not operating and then to tune the pitch to adjust the reflected wavelength upwardly or downwardly using the electrodes  26 . A transmissive mode may also be used. In some embodiments, pitch changes may be used to selectively reflect and/or transmit different wavelengths of the spectrum, including those of the infrared range. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , in one embodiment of the present invention, an active matrix display may be implemented. In such case, the material  20  may constitute a thin film transistor or other active element. In one embodiment, the gate  22 ′ of the thin film transistor may be coupled to a line  36 , that is in turn coupled to the electrode  22 . At the same time, the source of the transistor  20  is coupled via line  38  to the electrode  14 . The drain  22 ″ may be coupled via a line  40  to an appropriate ground connection in one embodiment of the present invention. An external storage capacitor  34  may be provided in some embodiments. 
     Similarly, in a passive matrix display embodiment, shown in  FIG. 5 , the electrode  14  may be coupled to a column potential and the electrode  22  may be coupled to a row potential. In such passive matrix addressing case, a thin film transistor is not needed to provide electrical addressing with row and column potentials on the material  20 . 
     While the present invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate numerous modifications and variations therefrom. It is intended that the appended claims cover all such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of this present invention.