Abstract:
A motion-coupled visual environment prevents, reduces and/or treats motion sickness by sensing inertial motion and providing a corresponding evocative image for a subject to view, Inertial sensors may include accelerometers, gyroscopes or a variety of other different sensor types. A cross-coupling algorithm may be used to cross couple different sensed inertial motions. A variety of mapping schemes may be used to map sensed inertial motion to corresponding motion within the evocative scene displayed on the display. Driver-centric, passenger-centric and simulation surround systems are possible. Applications include reducing motion sickness on passenger vehicles such as airplanes, trains and cars; on military vehicles such as ships, airplanes, helicopters and the like; and reducing “cybersickness” in the context of simulations on moving platforms.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application is a continuation-in-part of application No. 10/304,060 filed Nov. 26, 2002, entitled “Motion-Coupled Visual Environment For Prevention Or Reduction Of Motion Sickness And Simulator/Virtual Environment Sickness,” incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT  
       [0002]     Not applicable.  
       FIELD  
       [0003]     The technology herein relates to the prevention or reduction of motion sickness by creating a motion concordant visual environment.  
       BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY  
       [0004]     Countless trips and vacations have been spoiled by motion sickness. Motion sickness symptoms range from the distracting, such as eyestrain and blurred vision, to the debilitating, such as nausea, depression and apathy. Moreover, motion sickness generally does not go away immediately upon removal of the stimulus making the person sick, but rather takes some time to subside These symptoms often cause inconvenience and discomfort, and may in some instances cause more serious issues. Imagine for example a motion-sick soldier who must function effectively in combat immediately after being transported by airplane, ship or helicopter.  
         [0005]     Motion sickness most notably occurs in automobiles, trucks, military vehicles, ships, airplanes, and other motion sources. Some people get motion-sickness every time they ride in a car, on a plane or in a ship. But interestingly, motion sickness is not limited to situations where there is actual motion. For example, one may get motion sickness while stationary if exposed to large format immersive displays such as commonly employed by simulators, virtual environments (VE), high-definition television, military displays and other display systems. Motion sickness due to simulator and virtual-environment exposure is commonly referred to as “cybersickness.” One may also suffer motion sickness if exposed to a large format display that, itself is on a moving platform. This can occur for example with a training simulation on a ship, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) operator control station on an aircraft, or possibly even under some circumstances while watching an immersive television display in a moving car, plane or train.  
         [0006]     Cybersickness occurs in a high percentage of individuals receiving virtual training. Given sufficient stimulation, motion sickness can be induced in all individuals with intact senses of balance. Virtual-environment exposure aftereffects include eyestrain, dizziness, and nausea, which can last more than an hour after a training session. In a significant percentage of the population, symptoms can persist for more than six hours post session. Prolonged exposure to virtual-environment simulations can lead to distinct physiological changes, such as in the resting point of accommodation or recalibration of perception-action couplings.  
         [0007]     Common approaches for reducing or relieving motion sickness consist primarily of medications and alternative health products. Examples include Dramamine, Scopolamine, herbal remedies, and pressure bands worn on the wrist. Most medications for motion sickness have undesirable side effects such as drowsiness, and the efficacy of alternative health products has not been proven in clinical trials. Additionally, to be effective, medications such as Dramamine usually require ingesting before the onset of motion-sickness. This may not help a passenger who unexpectedly gets motion-sickness.  
         [0008]     Discord of spatial information from the principal spatial senses (vestibular system, eyes, and non-vestibular proprioceptors) has been shown to be among the primary causes of motion sickness. This condition of sensory discordance, where one&#39;s spatial sensors are in conflict) is commonly experienced when the inertial environment is not correctly reflected by the visual environment. The visual stimuli do not match the proprioceptive receptors, including the vestibular system—or in simpler terms, the motion the body senses does not match the motion seen by the eyes.  
         [0009]     The discontinuity between actual motion and perceived motion in a virtual environment has also been shown to be among the contributing factors to cybersickness. This decoupling can arise from a mismatch between visually presented scene motion and physically experienced motion. New research indicates that an environment that has a display on an independent motion platform is even more provocative in causing motion sickness.  
         [0010]     Some in the past have tried to use a sensor and a display to reduce motion sickness.  
         [0011]     One approach uses an “artificial labyrinth” displayed on a head-mounted display in conjunction with motion sensors mounted to the head and body to alleviate motion sickness. In this approach, motion sensors or a video recorder are mounted the user&#39;s head to provide body, head and inertial environment motion signals indicating the user&#39;s true orientation and motion correspond to the user&#39;s proprioceptive senses. A series of visual cues, such as lines that behave similar to attitude indicators found in airplanes, are presented to the user in the form of “artificial labyrinth” visual stimuli displayed on the head-mounted display (HMD). For example, the user is presented with a line that relates to the orientation of his or her head and body and also to the inertial platform on which the user is stationed. Another approach presents a stabilized image to the user in place of the actual image one would normally perceive. This similar to how motion picture cameras works. The motion sensor data or video images are averaged to provide a smooth stabilized cue or image, but the stabilized image is not aligned to the actual inertial environment. Thus the presented image is stabilized but it is unrelated to motion in the physical world. Such a stabilized but uncoupled image may actually abet the onset of motion sickness rather than abating it. Exposure to an uncoupled visual environment and inertial environment may in some cases produce significantly more severe sickness than exposure to just the virtual environment or just the motion platform.  
         [0012]     Another approach uses a sensor and a sensor converter to translate inertial motions into perceptual indications, namely:  
         [0013]     1) audible tones of varying frequency and volume,  
         [0014]     2) mechanical vibrations or forces along different parts of the body, or  
         [0015]     3) visual shapes of different color and size.  
         [0016]     With this approach, one will often find the sensors are head mounted, object mounted, or in the case of a virtual environment, information is extracted directly from the simulation. Based on this sensed motion, the user would receive audio and/or mechanical and/or visual stimulation.  
         [0017]     For audio feedback, the user would receive a different frequency tone that would vary in spectral emphasis based on the motion sensed. However, we have found no human subject research in the open, scientific literature that supports this approach for alleviating motion sickness. The working theory, apparently, is that one may introduce different audible tones and volumes that counteract mechanisms in the vestibular system that lead to motion sickness. It is unclear what these mechanisms may be or how they would be controlled.  
         [0018]     For mechanical feedback, the prior approach envisions a device such as a wristband that would vibrate in response to sensed inertial motion. Again, it is not clear how this would resolve the discordance in sensory information between visual and proprioceptive receptors.  
         [0019]     For the visual feedback of this prior approach, the display may consist of different shapes, size and colors that vary in some manner based on the inertial frame of reference. For instance, the color of a square could become darker or lighter depending on the sensed pitch. In addition, these elements could be displayed in columns or rows which could be made to appear to be moving with respect to a sensed motion. Once again, it is unclear how such a display would function or whether it would succeed in reducing motion sickness.  
         [0020]     Another feedback approach consists of sensing the motion of an individual and then processing the signal to correspond to the actual motion that the vestibular system experiences. Based on these processed signals, an independent visual background (IVB) would be presented to the user. Generally, the independent visual background would consist of visual cues such as an array of vertical and horizontal lines. Since motion of the individual is be sensed, the device appears to be limited to simulators and virtual environments in stationary environments.  
         [0021]     This prior approach envisions the user seeing an independent visual background superimposed upon the image. In the case of a virtual environment or non-moving simulator, the independent visual background would consist of a pattern of stationary lines. So while the scene may include motion, the visual cues that make up the independent visual background would correspond to the vestibular system and show no motion. It is well known in the field of virtual environments that less immersive environments tend to generate less motion sickness. By interrupting the scene with a clearly visible grid pattern superimposed upon the virtual sky or walls, the immersive effect of the virtual environment is curtailed, thus reducing the level of motion sickness.  
         [0022]     The inverse of this would be when one is experiencing motion but the visual cues present none, such as when one is in the interior of the ship without windows. In this case, the independent visual background would be a pattern of lines that would move in such away as to correspond to the motion felt by the vestibular system. This independent visual background could be displayed via projector, head mounted display, or other method.  
         [0023]     One drawback of this approach is that a grid of lines may be insufficient to cause the visual system to orient to the grid as opposed to the environment in the room. What the user will see will be a grid pattern moving along a wall. This is similar to the artificial labyrinth approach discussed earlier. In both cases, however, it seems unlikely that users will perceive the line patterns as representing a visual environment with which to orient themselves. If the presented visual stimuli do not “draw the user in,” then efficacy is in question.  
         [0024]     Another potential drawback of this prior approach is that these cues could interfere with whatever tasks one is performing. This would especially be true for the independent visual background, which overlays a grid of lines on what is visually perceived.  
         [0025]     Thus, while much work has been done in the past, no one has yet developed a truly effective display-based technology for reducing, eliminating or alleviating motion sickness. Such technology would be very desirable for use in a wide range of applications including for example military vehicles, passenger vehicles, and stationary and moving simulation platforms.  
         [0026]     The exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementations solve these problems by providing a new kind of motion coupled visual environment that can be used to prevent, reduce and treat motion sickness. One preferred exemplary illustrative implementation couples physically indicated motion of the inertial environment to motion of a visually presented scene. This coupling alleviates the discord of spatial information from the principal spatial senses such as visual, vestibular and other proprioceptive receptors.  
         [0027]     One possible illustrative arrangement, for example, is to display the cockpit view of an aircraft moving over terrain on a computer display. This display is presented on a motion platform that is independent of the display such as a ship at sea, an automobile in motion or many other platforms. Inertial and other types of sensors record motion information, and aspects of this information are fed back into the computer display. For example, a sensed heave (vertical motion) may be shown as a slight pitch or a roll of ten degrees may be shown as a roll of two degrees. Various algorithms may be used to map motion into display information are possible. The user then simply views the display, which will prevent, reduce or at least delay onset of motion sickness for healthy individuals and will even relieve motion sickness for users that are already symptomatic.  
         [0028]     A motion coupled visual environment reduces the incidence and severity of motion sickness as compared with exposure to an inertial environment alone. This reduction in motion sickness may be significant. One example illustrative implementation of a motion-coupled visual environment generator includes four components: 
    an inertial sensor,     a visual display,     software for processing the sensor information, and     software for modifying the visual display.    
 
         [0033]     The exemplary illustrative arrangement works by sensing the inertial environment and relaying this information to an evocative visual scene. For example, one non-limiting example of an evocative scene is a ship moving over a textured water surface with a highly textured mountainous background surrounding the water. Many other scenes are possible. In example arrangements, the scene is modified to coincide fully or partially with the inertial environment, or the visual environment may map onto the inertial environment in a more complex manner. Coupling the visual and inertial environments with a one-to-one mapping of as little as 10% (where the visually represented pitch, for example, is only 10% the magnitude of the actual pitch) may still produce statistically significant beneficial results, although many other successful mapping schemes are possible. In addition, it is possible but not necessary to match the direction of all inertial motions. For example, presenting a visual heave and pitch is generally more effective than presenting a visual heave alone even though the inertial stimuli may include only heave motion.  
         [0034]     Generally, we have found that a visual scene is most effective in alleviating or treating motion sickness if it serves to visually entrain the user. While cues may tell the user what is occurring in the inertial environment, they generally do not alleviate the discord perceived by the spatial senses. For example, the presence of an attitude indicator in the cockpit of an aircraft does not prevent a pilot from becoming motion sick. Simply knowing one&#39;s position relative to the Earth&#39;s frame of reference is generally insufficient information to recouple discordant visual and proprioceptive environments. The user preferably visually tracks stimuli that indicate some correspondence with the inertial frame of reference. Such a stimulus may be produced for example via a virtual scene such as a ship moving over the water; alternatively, it could simply be a window of text moving relative to the desktop or any other type of visual display.  
         [0035]     In one preferred illustrative implementation, the presented scene creates apparent motion. Since motion sickness is caused by the discordance between visual stimuli and inertial stimuli as sensed by proprioceptive receptors, among other causes. The visual scene is preferably sufficiently evocative to overcome the perceived discordance. In general, the more realistic and believable the visual scene, the more evocative it becomes, but there are exceptions to this general rule. Effective visual scenes are generally those that can impart a sense of motion to the viewer. Examples include a realistic scene such as those generated by a simulation or virtual environment, or a visual flow field such as that of a “star field” that is moving towards the user. Current technologies for presenting visual information include cathode ray tubes (CRT), flat panel displays, head mounted displays (HMDs), holographic displays and other technologies.  
         [0036]     Motion coupled virtual environments can be placed on independent motion environments such as a car, ship, airplane or other motion platform. Motion sickness induction on these platforms is generally greatest when visual access to the inertial environment is limited either physically or perceptually. Physical restrictions could, for example, include a car at night, the rear of aircraft with no windows, or the bowels of a ship with no portals. Perceptual restrictions could include, for example, reading an electronic book in a car, watching a video in an aircraft, or operating an instrument aboard a ship. Here, the outside scene may be available, but the user&#39;s attention is diverted to operations within the interior.  
         [0037]     Motion sickness can also occur even if the user has good visibility of the external environment and is not distracted from viewing it. Proprioceptive receptors are oftentimes poor at judging the true motion of the inertial environment. Thus, a visual scene that corresponds with the inertial environment may still disagree with the proprioceptive receptors. Another method for motion sickness to occur even with good visual contact with the environment is when the viewpoint is far removed from the most readily apparent visual cue. This may happen in an aircraft, for example; the aircraft may heave in the vertical direction by many feet at a rate that is highly evocative, and yet if the aircraft is at a great enough altitude, the visually presented scene can only barely be perceived to move. Another example would be of an aircraft moving over terrain at low altitude. Suppose a passenger is able to view the terrain through a portal in the floor. He or she would see the terrain moving past the portal at great speed, but the body of the passenger would feel at rest within the stable aircraft. This can create a dissonant visual and inertial environment and thus motion sickness. There are many more examples of this type. In all of these cases, it would be better for those within the motion environment to train their attention on an appropriate motion-coupled visual environment display or displays in order to relieve the onset of motion sickness.  
         [0038]     A further preferred exemplary implementation provides a method for alleviating motion sickness caused by a motion environment and by a visual environment operating within an uncoupled inertial environment, such as one would find with a training simulator used aboard a ship and in many other situations. In one exemplary instantiation, through the use of inertial sensors and visual scene data, the visually presented motion and the physically indicated motion of the individual is sensed. These signals are then processed and conditioned to better correlate with the proprioceptive senses, and an evocative environment is presented to the individual that harmonizes the visual and proprioceptive senses associated with motion.  
         [0039]     Example non-limiting advantageous features and advantages provided by an illustrative exemplary implementation include: 
    senses the inertial environment and couples selected aspects of this environment into an evocative visual scene that, when viewed, reduces the onset and severity of motion sickness.     senses the inertial environment and couples selected aspects of this environment into an evocative visual scene that, when viewed, treats motion sickness by reducing the discordance between the visual and inertial environments.     may be used with a virtual environment or simulation whose primary purpose is not the reduction of motion sickness. In this case, the arrangement senses the inertial environment and couples selected aspects of this environment into the visual scene within the virtual environment or simulation that, when viewed, reduces the onset and severity of motion sickness, simulator sickness, cybersickness or any combination of these and other related illnesses.     may be used with a display of video information such as a radar screen display, a commercial television display, a window of text such as in a work processor or electronic book, static or motion graphics or any other type of electronic display and information that may be shown on such a display. In this case, the arrangement senses the inertial environment and couples selected aspects of this environment to move either the entire display image or some window within the display such that, when viewed, it reduces the onset and severity of motion sickness.     may be calibrated to match inaccurate tendencies in a subject&#39;s proprioceptive receptors using motion tests prior to use, thus making it even more effective in reducing or alleviating motion sickness.     may permit the user to calibrate on-the-fly the degree and extent of coupling between the sensed inertial environment and the presented visual environment, thus increasing is effectiveness in reducing or alleviating motion sickness.     will permit physiological and other data from the user to be recorded that give independent indications of motion sickness, and these data will be used to calibrate the degree and extent of coupling between the inertial environment and presented visual scene, thus increasing the device&#39;s effectiveness in reducing or alleviating motion sickness.   
 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0047]     These and other features and advantages will be better and more completely understood by referring to the following detailed description of exemplary non-limiting illustrative implementations in conjunction with the drawings of which:  
         [0048]      FIG. 1  depicts a block diagram of an illustrative non-limiting exemplary implementation of a motion-coupled visual environment;  
         [0049]      FIG. 2  depicts an example of use of the  FIG. 1  exemplary illustrative non-limiting system by a soldier in an aircraft;  
         [0050]      FIG. 3  depicts an example of use of the  FIG. 1  exemplary illustrative non-limiting system by a radar systems operator;  
         [0051]      FIG. 4  depicts an example of use of the  FIG. 1  exemplary illustrative non-limiting system by a passenger on a commercial flight;  
         [0052]      FIG. 5  depicts an example of use of the  FIG. 1  exemplary illustrative non-limiting system by a subject in a simulator;  
         [0053]      FIGS. 6A-6E  depicts several exemplary illustrative non-limiting displays;  
         [0054]      FIG. 7  depicts a perspective physical view of an exemplary illustrative non-limiting electronics hardware layout;  
         [0055]      FIG. 8  depicts a block diagram of an exemplary illustrative non-limiting electronics hardware functional diagram;  
         [0056]      FIG. 9  depicts an exemplary illustrative non-limiting embedded system software flowchart;  
         [0057]      FIG. 10  depicts an example illustrative non-limiting user control interface for adjusting parameters such as yaw, pitch, roll, and heave among many other possible parameters;  
         [0058]      FIG. 11  depicts a flowchart of an exemplary illustrative non-limiting device driver software;  
         [0059]      FIG. 12  is a screen shot of an exemplary illustrative non-limiting virtual environment;  
         [0060]      FIG. 13  shows an exemplary illustrative implementation creating a window of the desktop that moves smoothly and with the desired speeds;  
         [0061]      FIG. 14  shows an exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation of a six-degree of freedom inertial sensor that may be used for MOCOVE implementation system;  
         [0062]      FIG. 15  shows an exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation of a passenger-centric system;  
         [0063]      FIG. 16  shows an exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation of a driver-centric system; and  
         [0064]      FIG. 17  shows an exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation of a system providing simulation surround.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0065]      FIG. 1  shows an example non-limiting illustrative implementation of a system  100  providing a motion-coupled visual environment. In the  FIG. 1  example shown, system  100  includes three main components: 
    a sensing arrangement  200  that detects the physically indicated motion,     a coupling arrangement and associated algorithm  300  that couples the physically indicated motion, and     a presenting arrangement  400  that presents an evocative scene.      
         [0069]     In the example implementation, the sensing arrangement  200  includes one or more sensors that sense inertial motion. In one example implementation, sensing arrangement  200  is disposed somewhere on the same platform carrying the person (e.g., mounted to a vehicle frame, vehicle floor, transport platform etc.). Sensing arrangement  200  can sense motion using any of a variety of different sensor types or combinations thereof, including for example: 
    accelerometer(s)     Global Positioning System (GPS)     Gyroscope(s)     Mechanical sensor(s)     Inclinometer(s)     vibration sensor(s)     altimeter(s)     optical-based sensor(s)     image-based sensor(s)     firmware     software     other implementations.    
 
         [0082]     Motion sensing arrangement  200  provides an output to coupling arrangement  300 . Coupling arrangement  300  in one example implementation comprises firmware, hardware, software and/or other implementation that performs a coupling algorithm or method to derive one or more control parameters from the sensed motion. This derived control parameters is supplied to a presentation arrangement  400  that generates a visual scene for viewing by the person who may be subject to motion sickness. The scene presentation arrangement  400  may include for example: 
    virtual environment     liquid crystal display     a cathode ray tube display     head mounted display     projection type display     holographic display     other implementations.    
 
         [0090]     Many different configurations are possible. Four examples of system configurations are shown in  FIG. 2  through  FIG. 5 .  
         [0091]     In  FIG. 2 , a passenger (P) is shown viewing a computer-generated scene shown on a flat-panel display (D). The scene is being modified by coupling arrangement  300  to incorporate elements of the inertial environment that are sensed via a sensing arrangement  200 . A corresponding motion-coupled virtual environment is presented on a display  402 .  
         [0092]     In  FIG. 3 , a radar systems operator R is shown viewing an electronic display  404 . The display D is encapsulated within a window W that is moved by coupling arrangement  300  to incorporate elements of the inertial environment as sensed by sensor  200 . Even though the operator R could have some access to the external environment through porthole P in this example, this is immaterial since his or her attention is focused elsewhere (i.e., on the display D).  
         [0093]     In  FIG. 4 , a passenger P on an aircraft is shown using a laptop computer L having a display  406 . The computer L is shown displaying on display  404  a window of graphic/test information. The laptop runs software providing a coupling arrangement  300  that manipulates the window location to better correspond with the inertial environment as sensed by sensor  200 . Although the passenger has access to an external view through a window (W), his or her attention is focused on the laptop or the external view may not be sufficiently evocative due to weather or lack of visual cues.  
         [0094]     In  FIG. 5 , a user (U) is using a simulator S for training. He or she is presented with an immersive virtual environment via an electronic display  408 . The user&#39;s perspective within this virtual environment is modified by system  100 , of which the sensor package  200  is shown. Again, reference to an external environment (W) is not of any utility in this example.  
         [0095]     Many types of displays are possible. Some examples are shown in  FIGS. 6A-6E . A projector  408  may display either digital signals from a computer or television images onto a screen  409 . A virtual environment may be displayed using a Head Mounted Display (HMD)  410 , a projected virtual environment such as a CAVE  412  or some other means. A CRT or flat panel display  414  may also be used to show an immersive scene or other information window (W). A conventional television  415  can be used to display a windowed image that could be text, graphics or a combination. Many other display types are also possible.  
         [0096]     There are a multitude of sensors and methods that can be used to monitor the inertial environment, as well as acquiring and processing the information. For any such system, the motion data would consist of some combination of translational and the rotational degrees of freedom. In most applications it will be sufficient to track the inertial components for the physically indicated motion produced by the environment. These inertial components are the main contributor to motion sickness.  
         [0097]     One example of a sensor arrangement  200  is an array of three orthogonal accelerometers. Especially for slower moving platforms, such as a ship, pitch and roll may be approximated by sensing off-axis angles to the gravity normal vector, and heave, defined as vertical translation parallel to the gravity normal, may be calculated via a double integration of acceleration or via some other means.  
         [0098]     For faster moving platforms, such as an automobile or aircraft, it is sometimes desirable to sense further degrees of freedom to estimate horizontal degrees of freedom and the yaw component. This may be done, for example, by using gyroscopes or rate gyroscopes to measure rotational degrees of freedom, freeing the accelerometers or other measurement device to sense translational information.  
         [0099]     In general, an implementation of sensor arrangement  200  for acquiring the physically indicated inertial motion can combine accelerometers, gyroscopes, GPS, other sensors, and information processors. An illustrative example of such an implementation is depicted in  FIG. 7 . Here, a processor board  102  indicates a gyroscope  202 , an Analog Devices ADXL202 accelerometer chips  204   a,    204   b,  a LED and switch connector  206 , a battery connector  208 , an RS232 or other serial port connector  210 , a RS232 converter  212 , a SEEPROM  214 , a PIC 16C73 8 bit microcontroller  216  and operational amplifiers  218 . In the example, the sensor arrangement  200  is mounted to the motion platform with minimal mechanical compliance such that the data acquired matches the motion experienced. For more accurate motion data, the sensor should be placed in proximity to the user or users with known relative orientation. It may be calibrated to establish relative directions of motions such as front, back, left, right, etc. with respect to the user. This calibration may either take place in the factory, implying that the system is to be oriented to the user is a set manner, or it may take place at the point of use.  
         [0100]      FIG. 8  shows an example block diagram of an illustrative non-limiting sensor arrangement  200 . Accelerometers  204  or other sensors record inertial frame reference data. These data arc processed by signal conditioning hardware  218  before being input to a computer  216 , normally a microcontroller or microprocessor. The computer  216  communicates with a SEPIPROM memory device  214  or other memory device, which stores programming code, calibration parameters and run-time and other data in memory, or the computer  216  may use its own internal memory. The computer  216  also interacts with an RS232 serial communications system  210 ,  212  or other communications system that is often power regulated to better interface with external devices. The communications system  210 ,  212  transmits and receives information at a variety of baud rates.  
         [0101]     The electronics hardware is often controlled by software embedded into various devices on the hardware such as the microcontroller  216  and other devices.  FIG. 9  shows one example of how this software may operate although many other configurations are possible. Once system  100  is turned on, the software begins an autostart function by waiting a set period (block  250 ). After this period is complete, the system  100  checks to see of its registers have received a command from the offboard system such as an “R” or a “F” (blocks  252 ,  254 ). These commands, for example, would indicate that the system  100  should perform other functions (blocks  256 ,  258 ) before stopping the loop. Likewise, if the Auto-Start mode fails (decision block  260 ), the system will attempt to recover (block  262 ) before stopping. Assuming that the systems starts successfully, it will sample the sensors (block  264 ), communicate data to an output port (block  266 ) and send check sums to the microcontroller that uses these data to check for errors (block  268 ). After completing these tasks, the system will loop back to sampling the sensors again.  
         [0102]     An example of the motion coupling arrangement  300  provides an algorithm that takes selected vectors of the physically indicated motion and generates appropriate visual scene information. The appropriate coupling algorithm may be different for different individuals. Recent research has shown that humans often perceive their inertial environment incorrectly when they lack any or sufficient visual cues. Since it is the perceived zineuial environment that must be rationalized with the perceived visual environment, even a perfect match of inertial and visual environments may still cause motion sickness. In these cases, it is possible to test the user in a well-controlled motion environment and record inaccurate tendencies of their proprioceptive receptors. For example, in testing subjects in a Vertical Linear Oscillator (VLO), only a small percentage of the population may be able to accurately perceive their motion. Of the majority of humans tested, a large number experienced a stable and predictable error in perception. Other subjects, however, perceive the inertial environment as changing. For the subjects perceiving a stable environment, an exemplary instantiation may be calibrated to individual inertial sensing predilections, thus greatly accentuating the effectiveness of the system in relieving motion sickness.  
         [0103]     In addition to calibration beforehand, another possible implementation would allow for passive and non-passive feedback/control from the user. The physiological effects of motion sickness are well documented and can be monitored. Using this physiological feedback, such as heart rate and/or perspiration and/or pupil dilation. etc., the coupling algorithm would adjust to the individual. In addition, individuals can be provided with controls that allow them to adjust various parameters of the coupling algorithm, such as magnitude or motion profile of the physically indicated motion.  
         [0104]     An example of one coupling arrangement  300  is depicted in  FIG. 10 , although other instantiations are possible. Such controls could be mechanical in nature, a graphical user interface (GUI) or some other means.  FIG. 10  depicts a mechanical control panel  302 . There are two sections of control: Sensitivity section  304  and Cross Coupling section  306 . The sensitivity section  304  controls the mapping of a given degree of freedom from the inertial reference frame to the visual. For example, an indicator  308  of +0.52 for pitch would imply that the pitch output is 52% of that input. Example digital readouts  300  are shown. Analog readings by the dials  310  as they point to graduated markings  312  are also possible. The user may control these sensitivity channels via knobs  314  or some other interface. Cross coupling section  306  provides several channels such as roll  316  indicating the mapping from one inertial degree of freedom onto a different visual degree of freedom. For example, roll channel  316  could map partially onto yaw and heave or other degree of freedom as indicated on a scale  318  using, for example, a slide bar  320 . In general, great care should be taken in making these modifications. Recent experiments have shown that some cross couplings are beneficial, while others are counterproductive. The user interface does not need to be mechanical; it can be a graphical user interface on a computer, voice activated or many other types of interface or the coupling parameters can be preprogrammed or preset and the user interface eliminated altogether. The  FIG. 10  arrangement shows a flexible interface providing many different types of couplings and cross-couplings, but other implementations can be substantially simpler and more con strained.  
         [0105]     The coupling arrangement  300  can be implemented through hardware, software, or combination of the two. For example, hardware may be used for signal processing and conditioning, and may be complemented with firmware and software to modify and generate appropriate coupling output. In this example, the hardware provides for fast signal processing, while the firmware and software provide flexibility and a readily available interface.  
         [0106]     The display arrangement  400  will often be interfaced to the hardware via software oftentimes called a “device driver.” One example of such software is shown in  FIG. 11 . Once the exemplary display program is first opened, it begins by initializing communications with the sensor arrangement  200  through an interface such as a serial port  210  (block  404 ). It will then read calibration data as in  212  that are installed either at the factory or set via, the supplied user interface (block  406 ). The software then enters a continuous loop block  214  where it is continuously reading sensor data provided by the hardware and adjusts the values for input to higher-level display software as required by the calibration parameters and other data and algorithms (block  408 ).  
         [0107]     The exemplary implementation of system  100  may be implemented using a preset algorithm for mapping inertial motion to the visual scene, or the user may modify the mapping for personal preference using either a mechanical or graphical user interface. Furthermore, the exemplary presentation arrangement  400  in certain applications does not necessarily generate an image that realistically portrays the direction of inertial motion sensed by sensor arrangement  200 . For example, it may not always be possible or even desirable for an essentially two-dimensional information display such as a radar screen, a television program, or a computer text document display to accurately depict inertial motion sensed in three-dimensions. One example mapping algorithm maps inertial heave information to display motion in the pitch direction. Human subject experiments have shown that while subjects can easily perceive heave, a physically correct representation of heave in the visual environment is only rarely visually stimulating to a sufficient degree to produce the necessary correlation between visual and inertial environments. Therefore, exemplary illustrative implementations of system  100  may map sensed inertial heave into the visual pitch direction, normally adjusting pitch motion to remain within 10 degrees of throw or some other range of motion. We find this produces much better results for at least some applications in terms of subjects sensing a correlation between visual and inertial environments.  
         [0108]     The frequencies that cause motion sickness symptoms are known to be centered around 0.2 Hz, regardless of more complex, higher-frequency motions that may be superimposed. In this sense, it matters little whether the exemplary system described above is used in a land vehicle, aircraft or ship. However, illustrative non-limiting implementations can be configured to record the frequencies associated with motion sickness and electronically filter out very high frequencies associated with vibration. Interim frequencies, in the 1 Hz to 20 Hz region have largely been ignored since they are not prevalent in either the ship or aircraft environments.  
         [0109]     On the other hand, other platforms such as military vehicles, commercial vehicles and perhaps certain types of amusement rides, generate appreciable motion energy across a much broader range of frequencies. The challenge of implementing motion-coupled visual environments in a complex motion environment involves primarily selecting the correct motions to display from the panoply of motions experienced. Typically, this involves filtering or otherwise modifying higher frequencies so that the filtering process itself does not introduce conflicting visual motion.  
         [0110]     There is also the problem of displaying a workstation window, simulation or other type of visual display in a manner that leads to decreased visual-vestibular conflict. Additional exemplary illustrative implementations for accomplishing this include the following:  
         [0111]     Horizon-Centric: The exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementations above move the display window in a manner that can be reasonably associated with a view of the horizon from the inertial environment. For example, if the vehicle pitches up, the display is moved down as if the user were focused on a point on the horizon.  
         [0112]     Driver-Centric: (See  FIG. 16 ) The driver of a vehicle only rarely suffers motion sickness to the same degree as equally susceptible passengers, One possible reason for this is that the driver can anticipate motions and adjust body posture and head motion accordingly. We can place a sensor on the steering wheel and possibly even foot pedals or driver ankle to record driver motions as soon as possible. The subject display will then be adjusted to cause head and body motions similar to the driver.  
         [0113]     Passenger-Centric: (see  FIG. 15 ) It is well known that head motions within an inertial environment can lead to motion sickness. Another approach is to stabilize the subject&#39;s head relative to a stable inertial frame to the degree possible. For this approach, a sensor can be attached to the subject&#39;s head or some other body reference point, and the illustrative exemplary non-limiting implementation would cause the screen window itself to move so as to stabilize the head or body motion.  
         [0114]     Simulation Surround: (see  FIG. 17 ) One of the challenges is to transfer 6 directions of freedom motion to a 2D display. A 2D visual display may not give the subject an ideal visual reference frame from which to decrease the visual-vestibular conflict. The simulation surround approach places a working window or desktop at the center of the display with an ample border of display screen around it. This border is filled with a simple motion simulation such as an aircraft flying over gridded farmland. The motion of the simulation surround is linked closely to the inertial environment so that the user always has an inertially correct visual flowfield presented in the periphery of the display.  
         [0115]     Illustrative exemplary non-limiting implementations use a virtual environment such as shown in  FIG. 12  and change the viewer&#39;s perspective within the environment as a means to rectify visual and vestibular senses.  
         [0116]     Horizon-Centric: For a desktop display of a computer screen or a tactical display, there is no visual perspective to change. Instead, we will cause the viewer&#39;s eye motion to move as if it were looking at an environment. This should be similarly effective in reducing or controlling the onset of motion sickness effects as use of a simulation environment.  
         [0117]     The primary challenge involved in this task is creating a window of the desktop as shown in  FIG. 13  that moves smoothly and with the desired speeds. It is also important that the mouse cursor move in conjunction with the window. The use of touch screen inputs promises to be an interesting problem. Here, there are two schools of thought. In one instance, the on-screen buttons may be required to be stationary so that the user does not have to “chase” the buttons around the screen. On the other hand, if the user is mentally oriented to the motions outside the cockpit, he may be adjusting naturally and expecting the buttons to move. In fact, moving the buttons may itself be a way to connect cognitively the user to the actual motion of the platform. Other important issues include the offset from the edge of the physical display to the reduced window. This offset is required so that the window may move within the display, but it is unclear as to how much the display needs to move to attain the desired effect. Obviously, the greater the reduction in window size, the more difficult it is to incorporate all elements of a tactical display.  
         [0118]     Further exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementations:  
         [0119]     Driver-Centric: (see  FIG. 16 ) Assuming that both the steering column and driver motions will be recorded, a non-limiting illustrative approach would be to use a wireless version of the sensor.  FIG. 14  shows an exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation of a system that includes an 8 Mb embedded data logger of accelerometer and gyroscope data.  
         [0120]     This system can be made wireless by use of an appropriate communications system such as the ANT network radio or Zigbee-compliant low-power network communications system. Use of a wireless system is beneficial for ease of placement and use for sensors that must be placed on the body.  
         [0121]     Passenger-Centric: (see  FIG. 15 ) Stabilizing the display window relative to the driver can be accomplished using a sensing device almost identical to the one used in the Horizon-Centric approach. The primary difference is that display software would use the sensed inertial data to move the window so as to best stabilize the head and body motions of the user.  
         [0122]     Simulation Surround: (see  FIG. 17 ) The simulation for this approach may consume relatively few computer cycles and still present a scene that is sufficiently evocative to elicit the desired effect. The sensor to be used again may resemble that for the Horizon-Centric approach. Sensor data will be transmitted to simulation software that control the simulated scene in the window surround.  
         [0123]     The invention is not to be limited to the disclosed exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementations, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the scope of the claims.