Abstract:
This disclosure describes a low temperature process for the preparation of dimethyl amines from nitriles via reductive amination. In some embodiments, the process proceeds under mild conditions with aqeuous dimethylamine and show an unexpected rate acceleration by the inclusion of an acid addition salt of the dimethylamine.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Reductive amination of nitriles in the presence of a secondary amine is a known process for preparing tertiary amines from nitriles. These reductions are generally run at high temperatures and pressures, and often result in poor selectivity, low conversions, or high secondary amine loading. The preparation of tertiary dimethylamines by the reductive amination of aliphatic nitriles with dimethylamine using heterogeneous catalysts has been explored. These reactions generally use liquid (anhydrous) dimethylamine and are performed at high temperatures (at or above 120° C.) and high pressures (80-200 bar or 8-20 MPa). The catalysts for these reductions are usually either palladium on a support or Raney nickel. In the latter case an improvement of the reaction was observed with inclusion of a catalytic amount of a hydroxide base, either in the catalyst preparation or in the reaction mixture itself. The use of high pressures for these hydrogenations requires expensive pressure-rated vessels and expensive and dangerous high pressure compressed hydrogen. The use of high temperature in these reactions can afford increased color (amines tend to discolor at high temperature) and reduced reaction selectivity due to side reactions of the starting materials or products. For example, substrates such as 3-hydroxypropionitrile or 3-dimethylaminopropionitrile may be prone to elimination reactions to afford acrylonitrile at elevated temperatures, which would lead to reduced yields of the desired products and contamination with side products from the acrylonitrile, necessitating significant product purification. 
     SUMMARY 
     This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify all key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used alone as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
     An embodiment concerns a method of the preparation of tertiary dimethlyamines by the reductive amination of a nitrile. In some embodiments, the method may be carried out in the presence of at least one catalyst, dimethylamine, and a dimethylammonium acid addition salt. In some embodiments, the method may be carried out in an atmosphere containing hydrogen. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     This disclosure describes a method for the preparation of tertiary dimethylamines by the reductive amination of nitriles under mild conditions of temperature and pressure. Such a method uses less energy, require less expensive reaction vessels, and avoid decompositions issues that are often prevalent at high temperatures. 
     In some embodiments, this disclosure describes a method for the preparation of tertiary dimethylamines represented by the general formula 1 by the reductive amination of nitriles represented by general formula 2: 
                                
wherein R is selected from substituted and unsubstituted, branched- and straight-chain C 1 -C 22  alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C 3 -C 8  cycloalkyl, substituted and unsubstituted C 6 -C 20  carbocyclic aryl, and substituted and unsubstituted C 1 -C 20  heterocyclic wherein the heteroatoms are selected from sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen, or mixtures thereof, wherein the hydrogenation is carried out in the presence of a catalyst, dimethylamine, and a soluble dimethylammonium acid addition salt.
 
     The branched- and straight-chain C 1 -C 22  alkyl groups which may be represented by R may be straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbon radicals containing up to about 22 carbon atoms and may be substituted, for example, with one to three groups selected from C 1 -C 6  alkoxy, C 2 -C 6  alkoxycarbonyl, C 2 -C 6  alkanoyloxy, hydroxy, C 2 -C 10  dialkylamino, carbocyclic aryl, and heterocyclic. The terms “C 1 -C 6  alkoxy”, “C 2 -C 6  alkoxycarbonyl”, and “C 2 -C 6  alkanoyloxy” are used to denote radicals corresponding to the structures —OR 1 , —CO 2 R 1 , and —OCOR 1 , respectively, wherein R 1  is C 1 -C 6  alkyl or substituted C 1 -C 6  alkyl. 
     The C 3 -C 8  cycloalkyl groups which may be represented by R may be a saturated, carbocyclic hydrocarbon radical having three to eight carbon atoms and may be substituted, for example, with one to three groups selected from C 1 -C 6  alkoxy, C 2 -C 6  alkoxycarbonyl, C 2 -C 6  alkanoyloxy, hydroxy, C 2 -C 10  dialkylamino, carbocyclic aryl, and heterocyclic. The terms “C 1 -C 6  alkoxy”, “C 2 -C 6  alkoxycarbonyl”, and “C 2 -C 6  alkanoyloxy” are used to denote radicals corresponding to the structures —OR 1 , —CO 2 R 1 , and —OCOR 1 , respectively, wherein R 1  is C 1 -C 6  alkyl or substituted C 1 -C 6  alkyl. 
     The carbocyclic aryl groups which R or any substituent may represent may include phenyl, naphthyl, or anthracenyl and phenyl, naphthyl, or anthracenyl substituted with one to three substituents selected from C 1 -C 6  alkyl, substituted C 1 -C 6  alkyl, hydroxy, C 2 -C 10  dialkylamino, C 6 -C 10  aryl, substituted C 6 -C 10  aryl, C 1 -C 6  alkoxy, halogen, carboxy, C 1 -C 6  alkanoyloxy, C 1 -C 6  alkylsulfonyl, trifluoromethyl, C 2 -C 6  alkoxycarbonyl, C 2 -C 6  alkanoylamino and O—R 2 , —SO 2 —R 2 , —NHSO 2 R 2  and —NHCO 2 R 2 , wherein R 2  is phenyl, naphthyl, or phenyl or naphthlyl substituted with one to three groups selected from C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 6 -C 10  aryl, and C 1 -C 6  alkoxy. 
     The heterocyclic radicals which R or any substituent may represent may include a 5- or 6-membered aromatic ring containing one to four heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. Examples of such heterocyclic radicals are thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, indolyl and the like. The heterocyclic radicals may be substituted, for example, with up to three groups such as C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 1 -C 6  alkoxy, substituted C 1 -C 6  alkyl, hydroxy, C 2 -C 10  dialkylamino, aryl, aryloxy, C 2 -C 6  alkoxycarbonyl and C 2 -C 6  alkanoylamino. The heterocyclic radicals also may be substituted with a fused ring system, e.g., a benzo or naphtho residue, which may be unsubstituted or substituted, for example, with up to three of the groups set forth in the preceding sentence. 
     In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention are exemplified by formula 1 wherein R is a branched- and straight-chain, saturated C 1 -C 22  alkyl or a hydroxy-substituted branched- and straight-chain, saturated C 1 -C 22  alkyl or a dialkylamino-substituted branched- and straight-chain, saturated C 1 -C 22  alkyl or a carbocyclic aryl or substituted carbocyclic aryl. In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention are further exemplified by formula 1 wherein R is ethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-dimethylaminoethyl, or phenyl. 
     In some embodiments, the method comprises the hydrogenation of nitrile 2 in the presence of a catalyst, dimethylamine, and a soluble dimethylammonium salt. 
     The process may be carried out at a temperature between from about −100° C. to about +200° C., from about 0° C. to about 150° C., or from about 20° C. to about 100° C. In some embodiments, the method may be carried out at a temperature less than about 150° C. or less than about 100° C. 
     The catalyst may be chosen from Group VIII metals. In some embodiments, Group VIII metals may include palladium and platinum. The Group VIII metals may be on a support, which can be chosen from carbon, alumina, silica, and the like. In some embodiments, the weight percent loading of the metal on the support can be from about 0.25% to about 20%, or from about 0.5% to about 10%, or from about 1% to about 7.5%. The amount of supported catalyst can vary from about 1 to about 50 weight percent based on the weight of substrate 2, or from about 2% to about 25%, or from about 4% to about 15%. 
     The amount of dimethylamine may be from about 0 to about 20 equivalents based on nitrile 2, from about 0 to about 5 equivalents, or from about 0 to about 2 equivalents. In some embodiments, the dimethylamine can be an aqueous solution with a dimethylamine content from about 10% to about 90%, from about 20% to about 80%, or from about 30% to about 70%. 
     The dimethylammonium salt may be any addition salt that is soluble in the reaction mixture. These salts can be pre-prepared and isolated or can be prepared in situ from dimethylamine and an acid. Acids used to form the dimethylammonium salt (isolated or in situ) are protic acids with a pKa of &lt;5, and can include acetic acid, benzoic acid, propionic acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, formic acid, citric acid and the like. Examples of the dimethylammonium salts include dimethylammonium acetate, dimethylammonium chloride (also known as dimethylamine hydrochloride), and dimethylammonium sulfate. In some embodiments, the amount of dimethylammonium salt can be from about 0.01 to about 20 equivalents based on nitrile 2, from about 0.1 to about 5 equivalents, or from about 0.2 to about 2 equivalents. 
     In some embodiments, the reaction may be performed under an atmosphere that contains hydrogen. The pressure of the reaction can be from about 1 atmosphere to about 150 atmospheres (from about 0.1 to about 15.2 MPa), from about 1 atmosphere to about 70 atmospheres (from about 0.1 to about 7.1 MPa), from about 1 atmosphere to about 35 atmospheres (from about 0.1 to about 3.55 MPa), from about 1 atmosphere to about 10 atmospheres (from about 0.1 to about 1.01 MPa), or from about 1 atmosphere to about 5 atmospheres (from about 0.1 to about 0.51 MPa). 
     In some embodiments, the reaction may be performed in an inert solvent in addition to any solvent that may be introduced with a reagent (for example, the water content in a dimethylamine aqueous solution). The solvents may include water, C 1 -C 6  alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, or isopropanol), cyclic or acyclic ether solvents (e.g., diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, tert-butyl methyl ether, or tetrahydrofuran), aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene, or xylene), aliphatic or alicyclic saturated hydrocarbons (e.g., hexane, heptane, or cyclohexane), polar aprotic solvents (e.g., acetonitrile, dimethyl formamide, or dimethyl sulfoxide), or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the preferred solvents may be water or C 1 -C 6  alcohols. 
     The product 1 may be isolated and purified using methods known to those of skill in the art (e.g., extraction, filtration, distillation or crystallization). 
     It should be understood that the following is not intended to be an exclusive list of defined terms. Other definitions may be provided in the foregoing description, such as, for example, when accompanying the use of a defined term in context. 
     As used herein, the terms “a,” “an,” and “the” mean one or more. 
     As used herein, the terms “comprising,” “comprises,” and “comprise” are open-ended transition terms used to transition from a subject recited before the term to one or more elements recited after the term, where the element or elements listed after the transition term are not necessarily the only elements that make up the subject. 
     As used herein, the terms “having,” “has,” “contain,” “including,” “includes,” “include,” and “have” have the same open-ended meaning as “comprising,” “comprises,” and “comprise” provided above. 
     The present description uses numerical ranges to quantify certain parameters relating to the invention. It should be understood that when numerical ranges are provided, such ranges are to be construed as providing literal support for claim limitations that only recite the lower value of the range as well as claim limitations that only recite the upper value of the range. For example, a disclosed numerical range of 10 to 100 provides literal support for a claim reciting “greater than 10” (with no upper bounds) and a claim reciting “less than 100” (with no lower bounds) and provided literal support for and includes the end points of 10 and 100. 
     The present description uses specific numerical values to quantify certain parameters relating to the invention, where the specific numerical values are not expressly part of a numerical range. It should be understood that each specific numerical value provided herein is to be construed as providing literal support for a broad, intermediate, and narrow range. The broad range associated with each specific numerical value is the numerical value plus and minus 60 percent of the numerical value, rounded to two significant digits. The intermediate range associated with each specific numerical value is the numerical value plus and minus 30 percent of the numerical value, rounded to two significant digits. The narrow range associated with each specific numerical value is the numerical value plus and minus 15 percent of the numerical value, rounded to two significant digits. These broad, intermediate, and narrow numerical ranges should be applied not only to the specific values, but should also be applied to differences between these specific values. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The processes provided by the present invention are further illustrated by the following examples: 
     Example 1 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol using dimethylamine hydrochloride 
     5% Palladium on carbon (42.6% in water; 350 mg; 7.5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added to a small Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (3.71 mL; 3.30 g; 29.3 mmol; 1.0 equiv) was added followed by 0.55 mL of water. Dimethylamine hydrochloride (0.60 g; 7.35 mmol; 0.25 equiv) was added followed by 3-hydroxypropionitrile (2.0 mL; 2.08 g; 29.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken for 4 hours, at which point  1 H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) analysis indicated 94% conversion with &gt;99.5% selectivity. 
       1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ (ppm): 3.79 (t, 2H, J=5.2 Hz); 2.53 (t, 2H, J=5.9 Hz); 2.26 (s, 6H); 1.69 (m(5), 2H, J=5.5 Hz). 
     Comparative Example 1 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol with no acid addition salt 
     5% Palladium on carbon (42.6% in water; 350 mg; 7.5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added to a small Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (4.63 mL; 4.12 g; 36.6 mmol; 1.25 equiv) was added followed by 3-hydroxypropionitrile (2.0 mL; 2.08 g; 29.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken for 4 hours, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 67% conversion. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Reaction rate comparison 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Time 
                 Example 1 
                 Comparative example 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4 hours 
                 94% 
                 67% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Comparative Example 2 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol with no acid addition salt 
     5% Palladium on carbon (38.6% in water; 648 mg; 5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added to a Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (8.72 g; 77 mmol; 1.1 equiv) was added followed by 3-hydroxypropionitrile (5.0 g; 70.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken and the course of the reaction was followed by hydrogen uptake (pressure drop). The reaction was stopped after 20 h, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 95.9% conversion. Based on this data, the conversion after 1 h was 18.7%; after 2 h, 32.8%; after 3 h, 43.9%; after 4 h, 53.7%; after 5 h, 61.4%, after 6 h, 67.3%, after 8 h, 77.1%; after 10 h, 83.5%; after 12 h, 88.6%; after 14 h, 91.6%; after 16 h, 93.3%; and after 18 h, 95.0%. 
     Example 2 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol using dimethylamine hydrochloride 
     5% Palladium on carbon (38.6% in water; 648 mg; 5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added to a Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (6.73 g; 59.8 mmol; 0.85 equiv) was added followed by dimethylamine hydrochloride (1.43 g; 17.6 mmol; 0.25 equiv) and 3-hydroxypropionitrile (5.0 g; 70.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken and the course of the reaction was followed by hydrogen uptake (pressure drop). The reaction was stopped after 12 h, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 98.7% conversion with &gt;99.5% selectivity. Based on this data, the conversion after 1 h was 30.5%; after 2 h, 53.6%; after 3 h, 69.9%; after 4 h, 80.5%; after 5 h, 86.7%, after 6 h, 90.7%, after 8 h, 95.6%; and after 10 h, 98.3%. 
     Example 3 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol using dimethylammonium acetate 
     5% Palladium on carbon (38.6% in water; 648 mg; 5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added to a Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (6.73 g; 59.8 mmol; 0.85 equiv) was added. A pre-prepared equimolar mixture of dimethylamine and acetic acid (60.9% in water; 3.04 g; 17.6 mmol; 0.25 equiv) was added followed by 3-hydroxypropionitrile (5.0 g; 70.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken and the course of the reaction was followed by hydrogen uptake (pressure drop). The reaction was stopped after 13 h, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 97.6% conversion with &gt;99.5% selectivity. Based on this data, the conversion after 1 h was 23.1%; after 2 h, 40.9%; after 3 h, 55.5%; after 4 h, 66.8%; after 5 h, 75.3%, after 6 h, 81.4%, after 8 h, 89.5%; after 10 h, 94.0%; and after 12 h, 96.4%. 
     Example 4 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol using sulfuric acid addition salt 
     40% Dimethylamine in water (4.63 mL; 4.12 g; 36.6 mmol; 1.25 equiv) was added to a small Parr pressure bottle which was cooled in ice-water. Sulfuric acid (0.195 mL; 0.359 g; 3.66 mmol; 0.125 equiv) was added slowly dropwise (exothermic). 5% Palladium on carbon (46.0% in water; 225 mg; 5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added followed by 3-hydroxypropionitrile (2.0 mL; 2.08 g; 29.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken for 3 hours, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 52.3% conversion with &gt;99.5% selectivity. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Dimethylamine addition salt comparison 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 example 2 
                 Example 2 
                 Example 3 
                 Example 4 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Addition salt 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 dimethylam- 
                 dimethylam- 
               
               
                   
                 no acid 
                 dimethylamine 
                 monium 
                 monium 
               
               
                 Time 
                 salt 
                 hydrochloride 
                 acetate 
                 sulfate 
               
             
          
           
               
                 (h) 
                 Conversion 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 18.7% 
                 30.5% 
                 23.1% 
                 ND 
               
               
                 2 
                 32.8% 
                 53.6% 
                 40.9% 
                 ND 
               
               
                 3 
                 43.9% 
                 69.9% 
                 55.5% 
                 52.3% 
               
               
                 4 
                 53.7% 
                 80.5% 
                 66.8% 
                 ND 
               
               
                 5 
                 61.4% 
                 86.7% 
                 75.3% 
                 ND 
               
               
                 6 
                 67.3% 
                 90.7% 
                 81.4% 
                 ND 
               
               
                 8 
                 77.1% 
                 95.6% 
                 89.5% 
                 ND 
               
               
                 10 
                 83.5% 
                 98.3% 
                 94.0% 
                 ND 
               
               
                 12 
                 88.6% 
                 ND 
                 96.4% 
                 ND 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ND: not determined 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Comparative Example 3 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol under basic conditions 
     50% Sodium hydroxide (0.585 g; 7.32 mmol; 0.25 equiv) was added to a small Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (4.63 mL; 4.12 g; 36.6 mmol; 1.25 equiv) was added followed by 3-hydroxypropionitrile (2.0 mL; 2.08 g; 29.3 mmol) and 5% palladium on carbon (46.0% in water; 226 mg; 5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken for 3 hours at ambient temperature, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 10% conversion. 
     Comparative Example 4 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol with no acid addition salt and 5 wt % catalyst 
     5% Palladium on carbon (46.0% in water; 225 mg; 5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added to a small Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (4.63 mL; 4.12 g; 36.6 mmol; 1.25 equiv) was added followed by 3-hydroxypropionitrile (2.0 mL; 2.08 g; 29.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken for 3 hours, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 44.6% conversion. 
     Example 5 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol using 0.25 equiv dimethylamine hydrochloride 
     5% Palladium on carbon (46.0% in water; 225 mg; 5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added to a small Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (3.71 mL; 3.30 g; 29.3 mmol; 1.0 equiv) was added followed by 0.55 mL of water. Dimethylamine hydrochloride (0.60 g; 7.35 mmol; 0.25 equiv) was added followed by 3-hydroxypropionitrile (2.0 mL; 2.08 g; 29.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken for 3 hours, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 72.4% conversion with &gt;99.5% selectivity. 
     Example 6 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol using 0.5 equiv dimethylamine hydrochloride 
     5% Palladium on carbon (46.0% in water; 225 mg; 5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added to a small Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (2.78 mL; 2.47 g; 21.95 mmol; 0.75 equiv) was added followed by 1.11 mL of water. Dimethylamine hydrochloride (1.19 g; 14.59 mmol; 0.50 equiv) was added followed by 3-hydroxypropionitrile (2.0 mL; 2.08 g; 29.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken for 3 hours, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 76.2% conversion with &gt;99.5% selectivity. 
     Example 7 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol using 0.625 equiv dimethylamine hydrochloride 
     5% Palladium on carbon (46.0% in water; 225 mg; 5 wt % based on 3-hydoxypropionitrile) added to a small Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (2.32 mL; 2.06 g; 18.29 mmol; 0.625 equiv) was added followed by 1.39 mL of water. Dimethylamine hydrochloride (1.49 g; 18.31 mmol; 0.625 equiv) was added followed by 3-hydroxypropionitrile (2.0 mL; 2.08 g; 29.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken for 3 hours, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 78.3% conversion with &gt;99.5% selectivity. 
     Example 8 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol using 1.0 equiv dimethylamine hydrochloride 
     5% Palladium on carbon (46.0% in water; 225 mg; 5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added to a small Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (0.93 mL; 0.83 g; 7.33 mmol; 0.25 equiv) was added followed by 2.22 mL of water. Dimethylamine hydrochloride (2.39 g; 29.3 mmol; 1.0 equiv) was added followed by 3-hydroxypropionitrile (2.0 mL; 2.08 g; 29.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken for 3 hours, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 77.7% conversion with &gt;99.5% selectivity. 
     Example 9 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol using 1.25 equiv dimethylamine hydrochloride and no amine 
     5% Palladium on carbon (46.0% in water; 225 mg; 5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added to a small Parr pressure bottle. Water (2.22 mL) was added. Dimethylamine hydrochloride (2.99 g; 36.63 mmol; 1.25 equiv) was added followed by 3-hydroxypropionitrile (2.0 mL; 2.08 g; 29.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken for 3 hours, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 71.3% conversion with &gt;99.5% selectivity. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Rate effect of varying amine to amine hydrochloride ratio 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Compar- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ative 
                 Exam- 
                 Exam- 
                 Exam- 
                 Exam- 
                 Exam- 
               
               
                   
                 example 4 
                 ple 5 
                 ple 6 
                 ple 7 
                 ple 8 
                 ple 9 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ratio 
                 100:0 
                 4:1 
                 3:1 
                 1:1 
                 1:4 
                 0:100 
               
               
                 amine:amine 
               
               
                 hydro- 
               
               
                 chloride 
               
               
                 Conversion 
                 44.6% 
                 72.4% 
                 76.2% 
                 78.3% 
                 77.7% 
                 71.3% 
               
               
                 at 3 hours 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 10 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol using 0.25 equiv dimethylamine hydrochloride at ambient temperature 
     5% Palladium on carbon (38.6% in water; 972 mg; 7.5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added to a Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (6.74 g; 59.8 mmol; 0.85 equiv) was added followed by dimethylamine hydrochloride (1.43 g; 17.6 mmol; 0.25 equiv) and 3-hydroxypropionitrile (5.0 g; 70.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken at ambient temperature. The course of the reaction was followed by hydrogen uptake (pressure drop). The reaction was stopped after 6.58 h, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 99.4% conversion with &gt;99.5% selectivity. Based on this data, the conversion after 1 h was 35.1%; after 2 h, 61.0%; after 3 h, 78.1%; after 4 h, 89.2%, after 5 h, 95.2%; and after 6 h, 98.0%. 
     Example 11 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol using 0.25 equiv dimethylamine hydrochloride at 50° C. 
     5% Palladium on carbon (38.6% in water; 972 mg; 7.5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added to a Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (6.74 g; 59.8 mmol; 0.85 equiv) was added followed by dimethylamine hydrochloride (1.43 g; 17.6 mmol; 0.25 equiv) and 3-hydroxypropionitrile (5.0 g; 70.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen, heated to an internal temperature of 50° C., and shaken. The course of the reaction was followed by hydrogen uptake (pressure drop). The reaction was stopped after 4 h, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated &gt;99.9% conversion with &gt;99.5% selectivity. Based on this data, the conversion after 1 h was 53.7%; after 2 h, 90.5%; after 3 h, 99.5%; and after 3.5 h, &gt;99.9%. 
     Example 12 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol using 0.25 equiv dimethylamine hydrochloride at 75° C. 
     5% Palladium on carbon (38.6% in water; 972 mg; 7.5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added to a Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (6.74 g; 59.8 mmol; 0.85 equiv) was added followed by dimethylamine hydrochloride (1.43 g; 17.6 mmol; 0.25 equiv) and 3-hydroxypropionitrile (5.0 g; 70.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen, heated to an internal temperature of 75° C. and shaken. The course of the reaction was followed by hydrogen uptake (pressure drop). The reaction was stopped after 4 h, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated &gt;99.9% conversion with 99.1% selectivity. Based on this data, the conversion after 1 h was 53.0%; after 2 h, 92.6%; after 3 h, 98.9%; and after 3.5 h, 99.4%. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Rate effect of temperature 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Example 10 
                 Example 11 
                 Example 12 
               
               
                   
                 Time 
                 ambient temp 
                 50° C. 
                 75° C. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (h) 
                 conversion 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1 
                 35.1% 
                 53.7% 
                 53.0% 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 61.0% 
                 90.5% 
                 92.6% 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 78.1% 
                 99.5% 
                 98.9% 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 89.2% 
                 &gt;99.9% 
                 &gt;99.9% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 13 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol with isolation and purification 
     5% Palladium on carbon (46% in water; 2.26 g; 5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added to a Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (33.0 g; 293 mmol; 1.0 equiv) was added followed by dimethylamine hydrochloride (5.97 g; 73.2 mmol; 0.25 equiv) and 3-hydroxypropionitrile (20.80 g; 293 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken at ambient temperature. The course of the reaction was followed by hydrogen uptake, which had virtually ceased after 12.5 h (99% conversion by hydrogen uptake). The reaction was stopped after 22.5 h, and  1 H NMR analysis indicated &gt;99.9% conversion. The mixture was treated with 50% sodium hydroxide (5.85 g; 73.2 mmol; 0.25 equiv) and filtered through filter paper, and the filtrate was set aside. The Parr pressure bottle and the catalyst cake were washed with water to afford 61.04 g of wash, which was analyzed by  1 H NMR to contain 4.6 wt % 3-dimethylaminopropanol (2.81 g). The initial filtrate was treated with 50 mL of cyclohexane, a Dean-Stark trap was attached, and the water was removed by atmospheric azeotropic distillation until no more water distilled overhead. The remaining cyclohexane was removed by distillation, and the remainder was distilled under reduced pressure (12 mm Hg) to afford 25.56 g of 3-dimethylaminopropanol (93% yield based on the theoretical yield less the amount in the wash) which was &gt;99% pure by  1 H NMR. 
     Example 14 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol using 2% Palladium on alumina 
     2% Palladium on alumina (260 mg; 12.5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added to a small Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (2.32 mL; 2.06 g; 18.29 mmol; 0.625 equiv) was added followed by 1.39 mL of water. Dimethylamine hydrochloride (1.49 g; 18.31 mmol; 0.625 equiv) was added followed by 3-hydroxypropionitrile (2.0 mL; 2.08 g; 29.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken for 3 hours, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 34.6% conversion. 
     Example 15 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol using 5% Palladium on alumina with dimethylamine hydrochloride 
     5% Palladium on alumina (375 mg; 7.5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added to a small Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (6.74 g; 59.8 mmol; 0.85 equiv) was added followed by dimethylamine hydrochloride (1.43 g; 17.6 mmol; 0.25 equiv). 3-Hydroxypropionitrile (5.00 g; 70.3 mmol) was then added. The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken at ambient temperature. The course of the reaction was followed by hydrogen uptake (pressure drop). The reaction was stopped after 8.5 h, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 75% conversion. Based on this data, the conversion after 1 h was 8.9%; after 2 h, 17.7%; after 3 h, 26.5%; after 4 h, 36.4%; after 5 h, 46.2%, after 6 h, 55.0%, after 7 h, 63.9%; and after 8 h, 71.3%. 
     Comparative Example 5 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol using 5% Palladium on alumina with no acid addition salt 
     5% Palladium on alumina (375 mg; 7.5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added to a small Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (8.72 g; 77.4 mmol; 1.1 equiv) was added followed by 3-hydroxypropionitrile (5.00 g; 70.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken at ambient temperature. The course of the reaction was followed by hydrogen uptake (pressure drop). The reaction was stopped after 8.3 h, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 49% conversion. Based on this data, the conversion after 1 h was 6.7%; after 2 h, 13.4%; after 3 h, 20.6%; after 4 h, 27.4%; after 5 h, 34.1%, after 6 h, 39.2%, after 7 h, 43.9%; and after 8 h, 47.5%. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Acid addition salt comparison with palladium on alumina 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Example 15 
                 Comparative Example 5 
               
               
                 Time 
                 Amine hydrochloride 
                 No acid addition salt 
               
             
          
           
               
                 (h) 
                 Conversion 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 8.9% 
                 6.7% 
               
               
                 2 
                 17.7% 
                 13.4% 
               
               
                 3 
                 26.5% 
                 20.6% 
               
               
                 4 
                 36.4% 
                 27.4% 
               
               
                 5 
                 46.2% 
                 34.1% 
               
               
                 6 
                 55.0% 
                 39.2% 
               
               
                 7 
                 63.9% 
                 43.9% 
               
               
                 8 
                 71.3% 
                 47.5% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 16 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol using 5% Platinum on carbon with dimethylamine hydrochloride 
     5% Platinum on carbon (36.5% in water; 684 mg; 5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added to a Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (6.74 g; 59.8 mmol; 0.85 equiv) was added followed by dimethylamine hydrochloride (1.43 g; 17.6 mmol; 0.25 equiv) and 3-hydroxypropionitrile (5.0 g; 70.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken at ambient temperature. The course of the reaction was followed by hydrogen uptake (pressure drop). The reaction was stopped after 7.375 h, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 13.4% conversion. Based on this data, the conversion after 1 h was 1.3%; after 2 h, 2.7%; after 3 h, 4.0%; after 4 h, 6.6%; after 5 h, 8.9%, after 6 h, 10.7%, and after 7 h, 13.0%. 
     Comparative Example 6 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol using 5% Platinum on carbon with no acid addition salt 
     5% Platinum on carbon (36.5% in water; 684 mg; 5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added to a Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (8.72 g; 77.4 mmol; 1.1 equiv) was added followed by 3-hydroxypropionitrile (5.0 g; 70.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken at ambient temperature. The course of the reaction was followed by hydrogen uptake (pressure drop). The reaction was stopped after 5.8 h, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 7.0% conversion. Based on this data, the conversion after 1 h was 0.9%; after 2 h, 1.3%; after 3 h, 3.1%; after 4 h, 4.4%; and after 5 h, 6.1. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Acid addition salt comparison with platinum on carbon 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Example 16 
                 Comparative Example 6 
               
               
                 Time 
                 Amine hydrochloride 
                 No acid addition salt 
               
             
          
           
               
                 (h) 
                 Conversion 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 1.3% 
                 0.9% 
               
               
                 2 
                 2.7% 
                 1.3% 
               
               
                 3 
                 4.0% 
                 3.1% 
               
               
                 4 
                 6.6% 
                 4.4% 
               
               
                 5 
                 8.9% 
                 6.1% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Comparative Example 7 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol using Amberlyst 36 solid heterogeneous acid 
     5% Palladium on carbon (38.6% in water; 972 mg; 7.5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added to a Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (9.91 g; 88 mmol; 1.25 equiv) was added followed by Amberlyst 36 sulfonic acid resin (3.25 g; 17.6 meq acid; 0.25 equiv) and 3-hydroxypropionitrile (5.0 g; 70.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken at ambient temperature. The course of the reaction was followed by hydrogen uptake (pressure drop). The reaction was stopped after 6.75 h, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 43.8% conversion. Based on this data, the conversion after 1 h was 15.8%; after 2 h, 24.6%; after 3 h, 31.0%; after 4 h, 35.5%; after 5 h, 38.9%; and after 6 h, 42.3%. 
     Comparative Example 8 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol using Amberlyst 15 solid heterogeneous acid 
     5% Palladium on carbon (38.6% in water; 972 mg; 7.5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added to a Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (9.91 g; 88 mmol; 1.25 equiv) was added followed by Amberlyst 15 sulfonic acid resin (3.74 g; 17.6 meq acid; 0.25 equiv) and 3-hydroxypropionitrile (5.0 g; 70.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken at ambient temperature. The course of the reaction was followed by hydrogen uptake (pressure drop). The reaction was stopped after 5.83 h, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 31.5% conversion. Based on this data, the conversion after 1 h was 13.7%; after 2 h, 20.0%; after 3 h, 24.2%; after 4 h, 27.8%; and after 5 h, 29.9%. 
     Comparative Example 9 
     3-Dimethylaminopropanol using 7.5 wt % Pd/C with no acid 
     5% Palladium on carbon (38.6% in water; 972 mg; 7.5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added to a Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (9.91 g; 88 mmol; 1.25 equiv) was added followed by 3-hydroxypropionitrile (5.0 g; 70.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken at ambient temperature. The course of the reaction was followed by hydrogen uptake (pressure drop). The reaction was stopped after 7.4 h, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 79.4% conversion. Based on this data, the conversion after 1 h was 22.1%; after 2 h, 37.7%; after 3 h, 50.0%; after 4 h, 59.3%; after 5 h, 66.6%; after 6 h, 72.5%; and after 7 h, 77.4%. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of heterogenous solid acids 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
               
               
                   
                 Example 10 
                 Example 9 
                 Example 7 
                 Example 6 
               
               
                   
                 Amine 
                 No acid 
                 Amberlyst 
                 Amberlyst 
               
               
                 Time 
                 hydrochloride 
                 addition salt 
                 36 
                 15 
               
             
          
           
               
                 (h) 
                 Conversion 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 35.1% 
                 22.1% 
                 15.8% 
                 13.7% 
               
               
                 2 
                 61.0% 
                 37.7% 
                 24.6% 
                 20.0% 
               
               
                 3 
                 78.1% 
                 50.0% 
                 31.0% 
                 24.2% 
               
               
                 4 
                 89.2% 
                 59.3% 
                 35.5% 
                 27.8% 
               
               
                 5 
                 95.2% 
                 66.6% 
                 38.9% 
                 29.9% 
               
               
                 6 
                 98.0% 
                 72.5% 
                 42.3% 
                 ND 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Comparative Example 10 
     3-Diethylaminopropanol with diethylamine hydrochloride 
     5% Palladium on carbon (49.5% in water; 218 mg; 5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added to a Parr pressure bottle. Water (3.21 g) was added followed by diethylamine (2.14 g; 29.3 mmol; 1.0 equiv). Diethylamine hydrochloride (0.802 g; 7.32 mmol; 0.25 equiv) was added followed by 3-hydroxypropionitrile (2.08 g; 29.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken at ambient temperature. The reaction was stopped after 4 h and sampled and analyzed by  1 H NMR to indicate 69% conversion. 
       1 H NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ (ppm): 3.45 (t, 2H, J=6.3 Hz); 2.50 (t, 2H, J=7.4 Hz); 2.44 (q, 4H, J=7.2 Hz); 1.54 (m(5), 2H, J=6.3 Hz); 0.95 (t, 6H, J=7.1 Hz). 
     Comparative Example 11 
     3-Diethylaminopropanol with no acid addition salt 
     5% Palladium on carbon (49.5% in water; 218 mg; 5 wt % based on 3-hydroxypropionitrile) was added to a Parr pressure bottle. Water (3.21 g) was added followed by diethylamine (2.68 g; 36.6 mmol; 1.25 equiv) and 3-hydroxypropionitrile (2.08 g; 29.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken at ambient temperature. The reaction was stopped after 4 h and sampled and analyzed by  1 H NMR to indicate 72% conversion. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of acid addition salt with diethylamine 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Comparative Example 10 
                 Comparative Example 11 
               
               
                   
                 Amine hydrochloride 
                 No acid addition salt 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Conversion 
                 69% 
                 72% 
               
               
                 at 4 hours 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 17 
     n-Propyl dimethylamine with dimethylamine hydrochloride 
     5% Palladium on carbon (38.6% in water; 972 mg; 9.7 wt % based on propionitrile) was added to a Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (6.73 g; 59.8 mmol; 0.85 equiv) was added followed by dimethylamine hydrochoride (1.43 g; 17.6 mmol; 0.25 equiv) and propionitrile (3.87 g; 70.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken at ambient temperature. The course of the reaction was followed by hydrogen uptake (pressure drop). The reaction was stopped after 7.17 h, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 90.0% conversion to n-propyl dimethylamine. Based on this data, the conversion after 1 h was 19.3%; after 2 h, 35.4%; after 3 h, 50.4%; after 4 h, 63.8%; after 5 h, 74.5%; after 6 h, 83.6%; and after 7 h, 89.5%. 
       1 H NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ (ppm): 2.11 (t, 2H, J=7.2 Hz); 2.07 (s, 6H); 1.37 (m(6), 2H, J=7.5 Hz); 0.81 (t, 3H, J=7.4 Hz). 
     Comparative Example 12 
     n-Propyl dimethylamine with no acid addition salt 
     5% Palladium on carbon (38.6% in water; 972 mg; 9.7 wt % based on propionitrile) was added to a Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (8.72 g; 77.4 mmol; 1.1 equiv) was added followed by propionitrile (3.87 g; 70.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken at ambient temperature. The course of the reaction was followed by hydrogen uptake (pressure drop). The reaction was stopped after 6.25 h, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 40.0% conversion to n-propyl dimethylamine. Based on this data, the conversion after 1 h was 10.4%; after 2 h, 17.3%; after 3 h, 23.7%; after 4 h, 29.6%; after 5 h, 34.6%; and after 6 h, 39.0%. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of acid addition salt with propionitrile 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Example 17 
                 Comparative Example 12 
               
               
                 Time 
                 Amine hydrochloride 
                 No acid addition salt 
               
             
          
           
               
                 (h) 
                 Conversion 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 19.3% 
                 10.4% 
               
               
                 2 
                 35.4% 
                 17.3% 
               
               
                 3 
                 50.4% 
                 23.7% 
               
               
                 4 
                 63.8% 
                 29.6% 
               
               
                 5 
                 74.5% 
                 34.6% 
               
               
                 6 
                 83.6% 
                 39.0% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 18 
     Tetramethyl 1,3-propylenediamine with dimethylamine hydrochloride 
     5% Palladium on carbon (38.6% in water; 972 mg; 5.4 wt % based on 3-dimethylaminopropionitrile) was added to a Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (6.73 g; 59.8 mmol; 0.85 equiv) was added followed by dimethylamine hydrochoride (1.43 g; 17.6 mmol; 0.25 equiv) and 3-dimethylaminopropionitrile (6.90 g; 70.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken at ambient temperature. The course of the reaction was followed by hydrogen uptake (pressure drop). The reaction was stopped after 7.3 h, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 86% conversion to tetramethyl 1,3-propylenediamine with 93% selectivity. Based on this data, the conversion after 1 h was 28.3%; after 2 h, 47.8%; after 3 h, 60.7%; after 4 h, 70.0%; after 5 h, 76.7%; after 6 h, 81.6%; and after 7 h, 85.6%. 
       1 H NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ (ppm): 2.16 (t, 4H, J=7.2 Hz); 2.08 (s, 12H); 1.48 (m(5), 2H, J=7.1 Hz). 
     Comparative Example 13 
     Tetramethyl 1,3-propylenediamine with no acid addition salt 
     5% Palladium on carbon (38.6% in water; 972 mg; 5.4 wt % based on 3-dimethylaminopropionitrile) was added to a Parr pressure bottle. 40% Dimethylamine in water (8.72 g; 77.4 mmol; 1.1 equiv) was added followed by 3-dimethylaminopropionitrile (6.90 g; 70.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken at ambient temperature. The course of the reaction was followed by hydrogen uptake (pressure drop). The reaction was stopped after 6.42 h, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 60% conversion to tetramethyl 1,3-propylenediamine with 94% selectivity. Based on this data, the conversion after 1 h was 22.4%; after 2 h, 33.3%; after 3 h, 41.5%; after 4 h, 48.0%; after 5 h, 54.0%; and after 6 h, 58.4%. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of acid addition salt with 3-dimethylaminopropionitrile 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Example 18 
                 Comparative Example 13 
               
               
                 Time 
                 Amine hydrochloride 
                 No acid addition salt 
               
             
          
           
               
                 (h) 
                 Conversion 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 28.3% 
                 22.4% 
               
               
                 2 
                 47.8% 
                 33.3% 
               
               
                 3 
                 60.7% 
                 41.5% 
               
               
                 4 
                 70.0% 
                 48.0% 
               
               
                 5 
                 76.7% 
                 54.0% 
               
               
                 6 
                 81.6% 
                 58.4% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 19 
     N,N-Dimethylbenzylamine with dimethylamine hydrochloride 
     Isopropanol (7.5 g) was added to a Parr pressure bottle followed by 5% palladium on carbon (38.6% in water; 972 mg; 5.2 wt % based on benzonitrile). 40% Dimethylamine in water (6.73 g; 59.8 mmol; 0.85 equiv) was added followed by dimethylamine hydrochoride (1.43 g; 17.6 mmol; 0.25 equiv) and benzonitrile (7.25 g; 70.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken at ambient temperature. The course of the reaction was followed by hydrogen uptake (pressure drop). The reaction was stopped after 8.25 h, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 68% conversion to N,N-dimethylbenzylamine. Based on this data, the conversion after 1 h was 45.5%; after 2 h, 55.0%; after 3 h, 59.0%; after 4 h, 62.0%; after 5 h, 64.5%; after 6 h, 66.0%; after 7 h, 67.5%; and after 8 h, 68.0%. 
       1 H NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ (ppm): 7.35-7.15 (m, 5H); 3.65 (s, 2H); 2.28 (s, 6H). 
     Comparative Example 14 
     N,N-Dimethylbenzylamine with no acid addition salt 
     Isopropanol (7.5 g) was added to a Parr pressure bottle followed by 5% palladium on carbon (38.6% in water; 972 mg; 5.2 wt % based on benzonitrile). 40% Dimethylamine in water (8.72 g; 77.4 mmol; 1.1 equiv) was added followed by benzonitrile (7.25 g; 70.3 mmol). The mixture was placed under 45 psig hydrogen and shaken at ambient temperature. The course of the reaction was followed by hydrogen uptake (pressure drop). The reaction was stopped after 8 h, at which point  1 H NMR analysis indicated 44% conversion to N,N-dimethylbenzylamine. Based on this data, the conversion after 1 h was 32.0%; after 2 h, 36.1%; after 3 h, 38.2%; after 4 h, 40.3%; after 5 h, 42.4%; after 6 h, 43.5%; and after 7 h, 43.5%. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of acid addition salt with 3-dimethylaminopropionitrile 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Example 19 
                 Comparative Example 14 
               
               
                 Time 
                 Amine hydrochloride 
                 No acid addition salt 
               
             
          
           
               
                 (h) 
                 Conversion 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 45.5% 
                 32.0% 
               
               
                 2 
                 55.0% 
                 36.1% 
               
               
                 3 
                 59.0% 
                 38.2% 
               
               
                 4 
                 62.0% 
                 40.3% 
               
               
                 5 
                 64.5% 
                 42.4% 
               
               
                 6 
                 66.0% 
                 43.5% 
               
               
                 7 
                 67.5% 
                 43.5% 
               
               
                 8 
                 68.0% 
                 44.0% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Although the disclosure describes embodiments having specific structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the claims are not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described. Rather, the specific features and acts are merely illustrative some embodiments that fall within the scope of the claims of the disclosure.