Abstract:
A circuit arrangement having a signal input configured to be supplied with a voltage signal; a first operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) having a voltage input that may be coupled to the signal input; at least one second OTA having a voltage input that may be coupled to the signal input; and at least one output capacitor which may be coupled to an output of the first OTA and to an output of the at least one second OTA, wherein an identical potential is set at the outputs of the first OTA and of the at least one second OTA.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to German Patent Application Serial Nos. 102007046500.0 filed Sep. 28, 2007, and 102008038573.5 filed Aug. 20, 2008, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In signal processing, it is often necessary to amplify or integrate an input signal in order to simulate the signal or condition it in such a manner that it can be evaluated. In this case, it is occasionally necessary to carry out impedance matching during signal processing. One example of such a use is the demodulation of the ASK-modulated signal in so-called RFID technology. 
     For this purpose, it is necessary to track the input signal at two different speeds. To this end, the signal has hitherto been simulated using a so-called multi-stage “OTA circuit”. In the case of such an “OTA circuit”, which is also called an operational transconductance amplifier or VC-OP and is referred to below as an OTA for short, both inputs have a high impedance and the output behaves like a high-impedance current source whose current is controlled by the voltage difference at the inputs. In addition to a small offset voltage, an OTA also makes it possible to dynamically drive capacitive loads. If the output current of an OTA is supplied to a capacitor, the resulting circuit arrangement has the function of an integrator. 
     In order to then be able to track an input signal at two different speeds, the multi-stage OTA has hitherto been operated using two current sources of different intensity, a current source which provides a higher current being connected to the OTA in order to track the signal which changes more rapidly. On the one hand, this results in interference signals during the switching times and, on the other hand, the multi-stage OTA gives rise to a large offset. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of a circuit arrangement and a method for integrating a voltage signal is explained in detail below with reference to the drawings. 
         FIG. 1  shows an integrator circuit having an OTA with a current-controlled integration speed. 
         FIG. 2  shows an integrator circuit having two OTAs with different integration speeds. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In the following description, identical elements are denoted using identical reference symbols, in which case it is pointed out that they are exemplary embodiments and the invention as such is not restricted to these exemplary embodiments. 
     The circuit arrangement illustrated in  FIG. 1  is provided with a signal input  1  which is supplied with an input signal V in (t). This input signal V in (t) is supplied from the signal input  1  to a voltage input  1 A of an OTA  2 . The OTA  2  is implemented, in particular, using operational amplifiers. In the case of an OTA (Operational Transconductance Amplifier), both inputs (only one shown) are provided with a high impedance and the output behaves like a current source which has the highest possible impedance and whose current is controlled by the voltage difference at the inputs. This OTA  2  is operated using a so-called “BIAS current” I res . This “BIAS” current I res  is fed from a first current source  3 , which provides a first current I 1 , and a second current source  4  which provides a second current I 2 , the second current I 2  being greater than I 1  by the factor N. Furthermore, the second current source can be connected to, and disconnected from, the OTA  2  by means of a switch S. The switch S is activated and deactivated by means of a control signal ST which is applied to the control input B. The OTA  2  has an output connection  5  which is connected to an output capacitor C out  and to a circuit output  6  of a circuit arrangement. The output signal V out  from the circuit arrangement is applied to the circuit output  6 . 
     In order to match the integrator to a greater transient  10  property of the input signal V in (t), that is to say in order to increase the integration speed of the OTA  2 , the switch S is closed using the control signal ST and the second current source  4 , which provides a current which is a multiple of the current I 1  by the factor N and is connected in parallel with the first current source  3 . The BIAS current I RES  of the integration circuit OTA  2  is thus increased by the factor N, with the result that the input signal V in (t) can be followed in an improved manner. 
       FIG. 2  shows an improved arrangement, identical reference symbols representing identical or comparable elements in  FIG. 1 . 
     The input signal V in (t) is supplied to the signal input  1  and is supplied, via a low-pass filter LP, to the voltage input A 1  of the first charging/discharging circuit  2 . The first charging/discharging circuit  2  is provided with an OTA which has the properties which have already been described. In particular, the OTA is implemented using operational amplifier circuits. The voltage output  5  of the first charging/discharging circuit  2  is supplied to the circuit output  6 . As in  FIG. 1 , an output capacitor C out  whose second connection is connected to a reference potential is present at the circuit output  6 . The first current source  3  supplies the first current I 1  to the first charging/discharging circuit  2 . A first switching connection of a first switching element S 1  is connected to the voltage input A 1  of the first charging/discharging circuit  2  and a second switching connection of said switching element is connected to a voltage input A 2  of a second charging/discharging circuit  7 . The second charging/discharging circuit  7  likewise has an OTA. A first switching connection of a second switching element S 2  is connected to the voltage output  5  of the first charging/discharging circuit  2  and a second switching connection of said switching element is connected to the voltage input A 2  of the second charging/discharging circuit  7 . A first switching connection of a third switching element S 3  is connected to the voltage output  5  of the first charging/discharging circuit  2  and a second switching connection of said switching element is connected to a voltage output  8  of the second charging/discharging circuit  7 . 
     A second capacitor C fast  is likewise connected to the voltage output  8  of the second charging/discharging circuit  7 . A second connection of the capacitor C fast  is connected to reference potential. The charging current of the second charging/discharging circuit  7  is supplied from a second current source  4  supplying a second current I 2 . The second current I 2  is N times greater than the first current I 1  from the first current source. N is preferably ten or more. The first charging/discharging circuit  2  thus corresponds to a slowstage integrator circuit, whereas the second charging/discharging circuit  7  corresponds to a fast-stage integrator circuit. 
     The control signal ST can again be supplied to the integrator circuit at a control input B. The control signal ST switches the first, second and third switching elements S 1 , S 2 , S 3  from a first switching state to a second switching state, the respective switching element connecting the respective first connection and the respective second connection in an electrically conductive manner only in the first switching state. The switching elements S 1 , S 2 , S 3  are preferably in the form of transistors, the control signal ST being applied to the control inputs of the transistors. The transistors are on or off on the basis of the control signal level. If the transistor is on, this corresponds to the first switching state, and if it is off, this corresponds to the second switching state. 
     The integrator circuit can now be operated in a first operating mode or in a second operating mode on the basis of the control signal ST. In the first operating mode, the control signal ST is designed in such a manner that the first switching element S 1  and the third switching element S 3  are connected in the second switching state and the second switching element S 2  is connected in the first switching state. In the second operating mode of the integrator circuit, the control signal ST is designed in such a manner that the first switching element S 1  and the third switching element S 3  are connected in the first switching state and the second switching element S 2  is connected in the second switching state. 
     One exemplary embodiment for changing over the operating modes is shown in  FIG. 2  and is described below. 
     The switching elements S 1 , S 2  and S 3  each are provided with a control input. The control input B is directly connected to the control inputs of S 1  and S 3 . The control input of the second switching element S 2  is connected to the control input B via an inverter  9 . The control signal ST is a digital signal which can assume the “low state” or the “high state”. The three switching elements S 1 , S 2  and S 3  are connected to the inverter  9  in such a manner that, when the control signal ST is in the “low state”, the switching elements S 1  and S 3  are opened, that is to say assume the second switching state, and the switching element S 2  is closed, that is to say assumes the first switching state. If the control signal ST is in the “high state”, the switching elements S 1  and S 3  are closed and the switching element S 2  is open. 
     In terms of functionality, this means that, when the control signal ST is in the “low state”, the integrator circuit is in the second operating mode. The output  5  of the first charging/discharging circuit  2  is then connected to the voltage input connection A 2  of the second charging/discharging circuit  7  and the voltage output  8  of the second charging/discharging circuit  7  follows the input signal and charges or discharges the second capacitor C fast  accordingly. Otherwise, however, the output connection  8  of the second charging/discharging circuit  7  is decoupled from the circuit output  6 . This second operating mode corresponds to the so-called slow mode of the integrator circuit since the output of the second charging/discharging circuit is disconnected from the output capacitor. 
     If the control signal ST changes from the “low state” to the “high state”, the second switching element S 2  is opened and the first switching element S 1  and the third switching element S 3  are closed. The first operating mode is set with these changed switching states of the switching elements S 1 , S 2  and S 3 . The input signal V in (t) is thus applied to the voltage input A 2  of the second charging/discharging circuit  7  and the voltage output  8  of the second charging/discharging circuit  7  is connected to the circuit output  6 . 
     The second charging/discharging circuit  7 , which is supplied by the second current source  4  which provides N times the load current I 1  which is available to the first charging/discharging circuit  2 , thus charges or discharges the output capacitor C out . This operating mode corresponds to the fast mode of the circuit since the input signal can be followed much faster as a result of the higher current I 2 . An integrator with a higher operating speed is thus available, said integrator having, even before the changeover, the instantaneous level which was previously provided at the circuit output  6  by the first charging/discharging circuit  2 . There is now no level fluctuation when changing over from the “low state” to the “high state” and thus no interference caused by charge reversal processes.