Abstract:
In an electronic presentation of information, search is made easier and more personal by identifying words, symbols or images (collectively called terms) in text and allowing users to select any of those terms to refine their search. The technology is called “cherry picking” because it allows each user to select what they judge to be the best terms among many available terms in the text, and use those terms to their own advantage. Terms in text are identified by a visual indicator such as a change in the shape of the cursor. “Stop words,” words that do not change the outcome of the search, and words that meet other specific criteria are not selectable.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    The present invention relates to a method and system for conducting searches. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method and system for conducting a search for information by selecting search terms from amongst all the terms in the search results themselves. 
         [0003]    2. Background of the Related Art 
         [0004]    A keyword search of the Internet or other electronic media, using well designed all-purpose search engines such as Google (http://www.google.com), AOL (http://www.aol.com), or Yahoo (http://www.yahoo.com), often return thousands or even millions of hits. In part, this is because users enter only general search terms when they are looking for information. 
         [0005]    When users do not anticipate the breadth of the search terms they submit, the search results or “hits” may be unfocused. The hits often span more content than is wanted. Only some of the selected content will be on topic for a particular user at a particular time. For example, a search for “file folder” may return hits about how computers are organized and lists of office supply stores; a search for “bass” returns hits about fish mixed with hits about musical instruments and a particular chain of shoe stores. When users skim such lists of hits, they may become aware that their search was too broad. They know that their results cover several topics and that some of them are not of interest. 
         [0006]    Several methods exist for reducing hit lists when hit lists are heterogeneous. The user can construct and enter a new search string that includes words that discriminate between what they want at that particular time and what they do not want. For example, “file folder” might be changed to “file folder computer” and “bass” might be changed to “fish bass.” Even though these phrases are not syntactical, both produce more focused search results. 
         [0007]    Google puts a search-within-results option at the bottom of its pages. A user can reduce their hits by typing words that modify their original search. In addition, with most browsers, a user can highlight words that appear on a page of hits and drag them to the search box where they can be added to the original search string. For example, it might be efficient to add “muscular dystrophy” to the keyword, “heart,” by highlighting the phrase when it appears in a hit list and dragging it to the search box. This strategy is slow but it prevents typographical errors. 
         [0008]    At this time, there are at least two technologies that help users reduce and focus hit lists without entering new information into the search box. Google provides a link to “Similar pages” at or near the end of the listings on a page of hits generated by the Google search engine. Clicking on the “Similar pages” hyperlink produces a list of 30-35 hits that have content that is similar to the one hit that has been identified as relevant by the user. 
         [0009]    However, the user does not have a choice of what words are used to identify hits that are defined as “similar” when they click on Google&#39;s “Similar pages” hyperlink. They do not even know for certain what word or words are used by Google to define “similar” hits. 
         [0010]    Another technology for helping users select content is to put a list of specific sub-topics, sometimes called clusters or facets, on the page of search results. For example, Yahoo often puts suggested sub-topics at the top of a hit list if the search words submitted by a user are very general. Also, Vivisimo, Inc. (http://www.vivisiomo.com), Endeca, Inc. (www.endeca.com), Siderean, Inc (www.siderean.com) and many other search engines display lists of specific sub-topics as a basic design feature of their search technology. Their sub-topics are developed to meet business and design goals in a variety of situations. For example, LexisNexis Academic (www.lexisnexis.com) recently announced a new user interface, available in the summer of 2007, that will cluster news, legal and business information by subject, industry and company (www.econtentmag.com). 
         [0011]    Sub-topics are defined by the algorithms of a particular search engine and their display is under the control of the search engine. The user can select a specific topic that is consistent with the search they intended to make if one of those displayed topics expresses what they are searching for. Doing so will reduce the hit count and focus their search. 
         [0012]    Lists of sub-topics, (clusters) as they are shown by sites such as Yahoo, Vivisimo, Endeca and Siderean also have disadvantages. Users may not find a choice that is helpful. There is a practical limit to the number of sub-topics that can reasonably be displayed on a first page. Designers often truncate lists or direct users to other pages by putting a “more” hyperlink at the bottom of a short list of popular sub-topics in order to accommodate as many sub-topics as possible. The user then must take the time to page back and forth to see all their choices. Even when additional pages are used, all possible sub-topics can not be listed if the hit count is large or if the search results are heterogeneous. One of the ways search engines control the numbers of sub-topics they display to the display only the most popular ones. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    The present invention allows users to select words or other terms they see on an electronic medium and use them to search electronic data simply by clicking on the terms they want to use when they see them in an original display of information. 
         [0014]    One characteristic of the present invention is that it does not rely on pre-defined categories of information that are produced by the search engines to reduce a list of search results. With this invention, the user picks terms directly from the text that is presented for the purpose of summarizing the content of the search results. The user is guided to reduce the quantity of information in a hit list by identifying and selecting search terms directly from the text that is presented to summarize the content. The user can reduce the size of the search by selecting search terms they recognize in the display of the text. The text may be a hit list or some other form of information, such as a news summary from an online news paper. 
         [0015]    This invention has at least four advantages over and above the advantages of other technologies: 
         [0016]    1.) More unique combinations of search terms are possible with these self-constructed search strings than with methods that pre-define sub-topics. 
         [0017]    2.) Users know exactly what terms are being used to refine their search. 
         [0018]    3.) Choices are made with a click of a mouse, so that typing on a keyboard is not required. 
         [0019]    4.) No additional space is required to show the user how to focus the hit list and reduce the hit count. That is, repetitive prompts, such as a “Similar Pages” prompt at the end of each hit or a separate list of sub-topic choices, such as those shown by Visisimo or Endeca are not required. Saving display space is especially advantageous where display space is limited, such as when search results are displayed on a handheld device. 
         [0020]    The number of search terms that can be applied to a search is limited only by the data itself, there is no technical or practical limit to the number of search terms that are available to the user. The user has much more opportunity to apply their own meaning and interpretation to a search than they have using other methods to reduce hits counts and focus information. 
         [0021]    Selecting from choices that appear in context rather than selecting choices that appear in sub-topic lists makes search more transparent than other technologies. It gives users the latitude to select groups of hits based on their own knowledge of what they want from the content. Selecting in context, from existing sentences and descriptions, also preserves phrases and multi-part names that may be fragmented or overlooked when sub-topics are constructed by extracting only high-count words and listing them for users. Examples will be given in connection with the material in  FIGS. 4 and 5 . 
         [0022]    There are many ways to visually indicate that terms are selectable. In the preferred embodiment of the current invention, selectable search terms are identified by a change in the shape of the cursor when the cursor hovers over selectable words in the text. Since a large number of terms are selectable from the brief descriptions that are shown, it is a design preference to indicate selectable words with only a change in the cursor&#39;s appearance and to avoid changing the appearance of the selectable terms by adding font or color changes, bolding or underlining. Multiple changes tend to clutter the appearance of the display when a large number of choices are available. Positioning techniques, timing features and other details of a cursor that is positioned over a word in a display have been described, for example, by Todd, et al, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,100,123. 
         [0023]    Also, the visual features that indicate words can be search terms are always different than visual features that indicate a user can hyperlink to other information because the two technologies may appear side-by-side in the text Terms that can not be used to refine a search are not identified by distinctive features. 
         [0024]    As an optional feature, the number of hits that will be selected can be shown to the user before a selection is made. The user will know how many hits they will be selecting in advance of selecting the search term. This is a useful feature because sometimes users choose one term over another because they prefer the smaller or larger number of hits selected by one rather than the other term. One way to display hit counts is through the use of anchor tags. The technology is described online, for example, by the W3C consortium at http://www.w3schools.com/tags/tag_a.asp. 
         [0025]    Another optional feature is to allow the user to click an icon and reverse a search decision that has been made once they see its effects. One way of doing this is illustrated at www.clusteredhits.com where, after reducing a hit list, a user can click an image that says “Undo Last.” 
         [0026]    The present invention allows for the selection of obvious, common sense terms such as adding “guitar” to a keyword search using “bass.” The invention also allows for the selection of unusual and unlikely refinements such as adding a location, a style description, a brand, the year built or the ownership history to the search of “bass guitar.” If lists are displayed using ranking algorithms, popular search terms tend to be at the top of the list. 
         [0027]    The present invention has particular advantages for people searching for unique combinations of terms. They are not limited to popular or obvious pre-created sub-topics. For example, medical researchers and other scientists may find topics that rarely occur in databases and develop new areas of exploration. This new technology encourages serendipitous discovery in all fields of knowledge. 
         [0028]    Search strings are self-constructed. Users work from their own experience and choose only the best terms from their own point of view. Users are not limited to search terms that are identified by someone else or pre-selected automatically by computer algorithms. This flexibility allows for more combinations of search terms than other technique. Users pick the terms that meet their own interests. For ease of description, this very flexible process is sometimes called cherry picking. The user is able to reduce the hit list many times and in many ways to produce an individualized, useful sub-list of hits. 
         [0029]    These and other objects of the invention, as well as many intended advantages thereof, will become more readily apparent when reference is made to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0030]      FIG. 1  shows a general configuration of computer hardware and software used in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0031]      FIG. 2  is a flow chart showing the decision rules for implementing the invention. 
           [0032]      FIG. 3  shows four contiguous hits displayed when the word, “bass” was used as a keyword to search a large, general purpose search site. 
           [0033]      FIG. 4  shows four contiguous hits that were displayed when the words “business intelligence” were entered as keywords on a smaller, special purpose search site and then filtered to display only non-fiction hits. 
           [0034]      FIG. 5  shows part of a newspaper page in accordance with the invention. 
           [0035]      FIG. 6  shows instructions displayed to users. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0036]    In describing the preferred embodiments of the invention, specific terminology will be used for the sake of clarity. However, the invention is not intended to be limited to the specific terms used. It is understood that each specific term includes all technical equivalents that operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose. It is also understood that even though Internet examples are generally used in this description to illustrate the invention, the same technology applies to intranets and other non-public electronic search environments. The same technology applies to a self-contained electronic device where the communication link is between the display portion of the device and the processing portion of the device. Also, the technology can be applied as the sole method of selecting search terms or it can be used in combination with other methods of selecting search terms. 
         [0037]    The following definitions are used to illustrate the invention and to facilitate description of the invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention or the meaning of the claims. Other language could be used. A “term” refers to any symbol, image or word that conveys information. A “stop word” is any small and/or frequently occurring word that is not used as a search word, such as “and” and “the.” “A ”search string” is one or more terms used to conduct a specific search. 
         [0038]    The system and method of the present invention is implemented by computer software that permits the accessing of data from an electronic information source. The software and the information in accordance with the invention may be within a single, free-standing computer or it may be in a central computer networked to a group of other computers or other electronic devices. The information may be stored on a computer hard drive, on a CD ROM disk or on any other appropriate data storage device. 
         [0039]      FIG. 1  shows the overall implementation of the invention. The system  100  preferably is implemented as a computer network having a plurality of client computers  120  networked to one or more remotely located servers  110  by a communication link  150  and bidirectional communication lines  130 . The client computers  120  have a memory  121 , processing capacity  123 , a display device  125  and a pointing device  127 . The server(s)  110  have a storage capacity  112 , memory  116  and processing capability  119 . As a practical matter, the servers  110  also have a display device  117  and a keyboard (not shown). The communication link  150  is preferably the Internet, the display devices  125 ,  117  may be monitors or the like, and the pointing device  127  may be a mouse. The information that is to be searched can be stored in the server  110  or can be information that is available from other locations. 
         [0040]    The communication link  150  and the communication lines  130  provide two way communication between the clients  120  and the server  110 . The link  150  is established when a client  120  accesses the server at its electronic address  118 . This is done, for example, by entering the Internet address of the server  118  using a Web browser. Memory in the server  116  is optionally allocated so that the server  110  may retain the status of search requests generated by individual computers  120  during any individual search session. 
         [0041]      FIG. 2  is a flow chart depicting a preferred operation of the system in accordance with the invention. The user has entered a keyword search or submitted a query by another means from the client  120 . Information is transmitted to the server  110 . The server conducts a search and identifies the information, preferably in the form of a list of hits. At least part of the list is transmitted to the client  120 . 
         [0042]    The system starts at step  202  in  FIG. 2 . At step  204 , each term generated from the search is examined. The server  110  preferably examines each term in turn and determines whether or not each term is a selectable search term based on four decisions, steps  208 - 214  in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0043]    If the word is a stop word (Yes at step  208 ), it is not selectable. One way to make this determination is to compare all terms in the text of the hit list to a list of stop words maintained for that purpose. 
         [0044]    If the term is not a stop word (No at step  208 ) the term is then examined to see if the term is already in the current search string. If it is in the current search string (Yes at step  210 ), then it is not selectable. This decision is made to avoid search redundancy. If a term has already been used in a search, there is no reason to search on it again. 
         [0045]    If the term is not in the search string (No at step  210 ), the term is examined to see if searching on it will have an effect on the hit list that is displayed, step  212 . One way to make this determination is to generate hit counts for each term that is not a stop word and compare the hit count of the target term with the total hit count of the current search string. If they are the same, the term will not be designated selectable (No at step  212 ) because searching with it will have no effect of the outcome of the search. 
         [0046]    If the term will have an effect on the hit list (Yes at step  212 ), the term is examined to see if it should be disregarded for any other reason. As an example, in the preferred embodiment, words are disregarded if they change the hit list by only a very small number of hits. For instance, if the current hit list consists of  500 , 001  or more terms and if searching on a specific term will reduce the hit list by  100  or fewer hits, a Yes decision is made at  214 . Setting the lower search limit in this way allows search companies to prevent users from choosing terms that make very little difference in the outcome of their search. It also gives search companies some control over the volume of search activity on their servers. Another example of a situation-specific reason for not making terms selectable (Yes at  214 ) is shown in  FIG. 5 . If a newspaper wants to separate news content from editorial opinion and encourage the selection of the former, the invention can disregard adjectives and adverbs that appear in an online searchable newspaper. 
         [0047]    If the decisions at steps  208 ,  210  or  214  are Yes or if the decision at step  212  is No, the term is not made selectable, step  206 , and another word is examined beginning at  204 . The order of executing steps  208 - 214  may be changed to accommodate efficient searching. For example, all stop words may be identified and set aside, step  208 , before execution of steps  210 - 214   
         [0048]    If the term is not disregarded for any other reason (No at step  214 ), the server  110  marks the term to be a selectable term. The function and the appearance of the cursor is changed so the term is selectable and so that the user can tell that it is selectable  216 . In the current implementation, the shape of the cursor is changed from a straight line to an icon of a hand with a pointing index finger. 
         [0049]    At step  218 , a display is generated on the client&#39;s display device  125 . The user can move the cursor over the text and pause on the terms one-at-a-time  220 . If a selectable term is selected (Yes at step  222 ), the selected term is added to the search string and the search is updated to reflect the additional term, step  224 . This is preferably done by having the server computer  110  search the hit list using the additional term that was selected. The number of hits is computed and a new search results page is sent to the client computer  120 , and step  226 . The process can be repeated from Start, step  202 . 
         [0050]      FIGS. 3-6  further illustrate the invention. In  FIG. 3 , four hits from a hit list are displayed. They were generated by searching a large, general purpose Internet search engine using the keyword “bass.” In this example, approximately  140  Million hits were found. The four hits shown in the figure are typical. Stop words occur in every hit that is shown. The stop words are identified in the first full line of the first hit in  FIG. 3  as elements  311 - 316 . The remaining words in that line—i.e., leading, provider, casual, dress, footwear, men, women, children—are selectable search terms with the exception of the word “bass.” “Bass” is already a search term and is disqualified as a new search term according to the decision rule at step  210  of  FIG. 2 . As further illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the user has placed the cursor over the word, “Steinberger”  320 . The shape of the cursor has been changed but the word has not been underlined, indicating the term is a selectable term. The anchor tag  321  indicates that there are 1,115 hits that contain that term in the currently selected set of 140 Million hits. 
         [0051]    Hit lists ordinarily display only a small amount of text about each hit. However, the brief descriptions are sufficient information for the user to make decisions about how to proceed. For example, the user who enters “bass” as a search term on a general purpose search engine,  FIG. 3 , learns that there are a large number of hits about bass fish, bass shoes, and bass guitars. With this invention, the user can click on “guitar” and consolidate the list to a few million hits. The user also learns from the text that there are names of people and places and technical information associated with bass guitars and that those terms can be used to reduce the set of hits. For example, as illustrated, the user can select “Steinberger”  320 . The user will know in advance that “Steinberger,” gives them access to 1,115 hits that contain the search words, “bass” and “Steinberger.” 
         [0052]      FIG. 4  shows another example of information generated as a list of hits. It comes from a specialized database listing about 300,000 library books. The hits show book titles and sub-titles, authors, publication dates and library call numbers. The site also provides sub-topic lists that can reduce the number of hits generated from keyword searches. The four hits in the figure were generated by searching on the keywords, “business intelligence” and then selecting “Non-fiction” as a sub-topic to focus the list of hits. Six-hundred-fourteen hits were found. The four hits that are shown in  FIG. 4  are typical of the whole list. 
         [0053]    These four hits from the library search show selectable words that can be used to reduce the search further if the user wants to focus the hit list and have fewer hits than the current count of  614 . One search term, “Trade” is shown proximate to the cursor  420 . The anchor tag,  421 , indicates that there will be 58 hits if the user clicks on “trade.” Several other available search terms that could be applied to reduce the 614 hits in the example, are shown at  431 - 437 . They include: American, cultural, people, value, global, work, and growth. 
         [0054]    It is important to recognize that users will not ordinarily think to enter most of the words that are identified as selectable search terms. Users benefit from seeing selectable search terms such as “people”  433 , “global”  435 , and “growth”  437  displayed in the hit list. Users think of how to narrow their search when they see search terms displayed. 
         [0055]    Also, seeing terms in context often provides more meaning than seeing lists of terms that have been extracted and put in a separate list. For example, in  FIG. 4 , the selectable term, “people”  433  appears in two places. It is used in the second hit in the context of“people skills for global business” and in the fourth hit in the context of “people from other cultures.” These two phrases give the user subtle information about what kinds of information they will probably see if they add the term, “people” to their search. If the user puts the cursor over “people” and learns that there are only a few hits out of  614  containing the word “people,” they will probably conclude that each of the hits are likely to be about people in groups, not people by name. If what they are looking for is people by name, the user will probably select some other term. Perhaps farther down the list, they will see the word, “executives” or “CEOs” and choose one of those terms hoping they will find people by name, if that is their goal. Seeing terms in the context of the original text allows users to include word tense, word position, word relationships and other subtle meanings of phrase and sentence structure in their decisions. Context gives more information about the author&#39;s use of a term than lists of sub-topics that are taken out of context and located separately on the page as sub-topic choices. 
         [0056]    The present invention can be used by itself as illustrated in  FIG. 3  or with sub-topics, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . This invention fills a gap in search technology that cannot be filled by existing technologies. This invention allows a user to find and select any term that is selectable, no matter how often or how seldom it appears. That includes the ability to find unusual and obscure search terms that, because of space limitations, will not be placed in a list of sub-topics. Users benefit from being able to click on any selectable term when they see it in the context of the hit list and conduct a search that includes that term. 
         [0057]    Taken together, the examples in  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4  also illustrate that this invention can be successfully applied on sites that give only a small amount of information about each hit in a display of hits. The user can generate meaningful search terms from brief descriptions no matter how large or small the data set. 
         [0058]      FIG. 5  illustrates the operation of the invention on web sites that are not provided primarily as search sites. In  FIG. 5 , part of a page from an online newspaper is shown. Selectable search terms are identified in news copy just as they are on the search sites shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 . One such search term, “White,” is shown in  FIG. 5  at  520 . An anchor tag  521  shows that the hit count for “White,” will be 47. 
         [0059]    In this example of news information, as a design choice of the newspaper, terms that are not selectable have been expanded according to step  214  in  FIG. 2  to include adjectives and adverbs as shown at  530  and  532 . Excluding adjectives and adverbs tends to promotes the selection of news and exclude the selection of editorial comment. 
         [0060]    When a site is not set up as a search site, the scope of the search needs to be defined. In the example shown, it may be an amount of time such as the previous 24 hour day, the past week, the past month or some other amount of time. Other limits, such as certain sections of the paper may also be specified. 
         [0061]    The ability to preserve phrases and multi-part names is one of the features of this invention. Its value becomes apparent when news copy is being searched in  FIG. 5 . For example, selecting “White”  520  always selects the phrase, “White House.” Also, as a result of the decision rule at step  212  of  FIG.2 , if “House” does not appear in any other context, that is, if White and House have the same hit count. “House” will be changed into a non-selectable word, step  212 . The phrases “war strategy”  540 , “Golf Coast”  542 , and “Consumer Electronics Show”  544 , and the names “Saddam Hussein”  546  and “David H. Petraeus”  548  will also be preserved throughout the search. This feature of the current invention provides much more access to data in context than other technologies. 
         [0062]      FIG. 6  shows directions that can be presented to users who are seeing this new technology for the first time. Directions will appear in a separate, smaller browser window the first time a user passes their cursor over a selectable word. A user can easily turn it off. 
         [0063]    The foregoing description and drawings should be considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. The invention may be configured in a variety of ways and is not intended to be limited by the preferred embodiment. Numerous applications of the invention will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Therefore, it is not desired to limit the invention to the specific examples disclosed or the exact construction and operation shown and described. Rather, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.