Abstract:
The present invention covers radiosensitizers containing as an active ingredient halogenated derivatives of boronated porphyrins containing multiple carborane cages having the structure                            
     which selectively accumulate in neoplastic tissue within the irradiation volume and thus can be used in cancer therapies including, but not limited to, boron neutron—capture therapy and photodynamic therapy. The present invention also covers methods for using these radiosensitizers in tumor imaging and cancer treatment.

Description:
PRIORITY 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/874,203, filed on Jun. 6, 2001. 
    
    
     This invention was made with U.S. government support under U.S. Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with Brookhaven National Laboratory. The U.S. Government has certain rights in the invention. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to radiosensitizers and methods for treating malignant tumors, in particular brain tumors and tumors of the head and neck, using such radiosensitizers. 
     Radiosensitizers are substances that make a cancer cell more susceptible to the effects of radiation therapy, thereby boosting the effect of the radiation dose. When cancers are treated using radiotherapy, the presence of hypoxic cells in the tumor is the greatest problem. Hypoxic tumor cells are resistant to radiation and existing chemotherapy techniques. In contrast to cancerous tumors, normal tissues do not have any hypoxic cells. Accordingly, radiotherapy for treating cancer is more effective when the radiosensitivity of the hypoxic cells in the tumor is enhanced by introducing a radiosensitizer. Attempts have been made to increase the radiosensitivity of hypoxic cells using different compounds, such as porphyrins, as radiosensitizers but the results have been mixed. 
     Porphyrins in general belong to a class of colored, aromatic tetrapyrrole compounds, some of which are found naturally in plants and animals, e.g., chlorophyll and heme, respectively. Porphyrins are known to have a high affinity to neoplastic tissues of mammals, including man. Because of their affinity for neoplastic tissues, in general, porphyrins with boron-containing substituents can be useful in the treatment of primary and metastatic tumors of the central nervous system by boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Porphyrins and other tetrapyrroles with relatively long singlet lifetimes have already been used to treat malignant tumors with photodynamic therapy (PDT), but this application has limited clinical applicability because of the poor penetration of the visible light required to activate the administered enhancer so as to render it toxic to living tissues, i.e., the targeted tumor. 
     Porphyrins have the added advantage of being useful in vivo as chelating agents for certain paramagnetic metal ions to achieve higher contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). They can also be chelated with radioactive metal ions for tumor imaging in single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) or position emission tomography (PET). In principle, porphyrins can also be used for high-specific-activity radioisotope therapy when the carrier molecule can be targeted with sufficient biospecificity to the intended lesion so as to avoid normal tissue radiotoxicity, which is most often encountered, when present at all, in the bladder, bone marrow, liver, and lung—the likely sites of undesired bioaccumulation of unbound carrier or its degradation products. 
     Boron neutron-capture therapy (BNCT) is a bimodal cancer treatment based on the selective accumulation of a  10 B carrier in tumors, and subsequent irradiation with thermalized neutrons. The production of microscopically localized high linear-energy-transfer (LET) radiation from capture of thermalized neutrons by  10 B in the  10 B(n, α) 7  Li reaction is responsible for the high efficacy and sparing of normal tissues. More specifically, the stable nuclide  10 B absorbs a thermalized neutron to create two mutually recoiling ionizing high-energy charged particles,  7 Li and  4 He, with microscopic ranges of 5 μm and 9 μm, respectively. 
     When BNCT is used to treat patients with malignant tumors, the patient is given a boron compound highly enriched (≈95 atom %) in boron-10. The boronated compound is chosen based on its ability to concentrate preferentially in the tumor within the radiation volume. In the case of brain tumors, after injection of the boron compound, the patient&#39;s head is irradiated in the general area of the brain tumor with an incident beam or field of epithermal (0.5 eV-10 keV) neutrons. These neutrons become progressively thermalized (average energy approximately 0.04 eV) as they penetrate deeper into the head. As the neutrons become thermalized, they can more readily be captured by the boron-10 concentrated in the tumor cells and/or tumor supporting tissues, since the capture cross section is inversely proportional to the neutron velocity. A minuscule proportion of the boron-10 nuclei in and around a tumor undergoes a nuclear reaction immediately after capturing a neutron, which is why such a large concentration of boron-10 is required in and/or around a targeted cell or tissue for BNCT to be clinically effective. The present invention, when implemented clinically alone or in combination with existing or other new therapies, will meet this ‘high-concentration without undue toxicity’ requirement better than previously known compounds. This nuclear reaction produces the high LET alpha ( 4 He) and lithium ( 7 Li) particles. The tumor in which the boron-10 is concentrated is irradiated by these short range particles which, on average, travel a distance comparable to, or slightly less than, the diameter of a typical tumor cell. Therefore, a very localized, specific reaction takes place whereby the tumor receives a large radiation dose compared with that received by surrounding non-neoplastic tissues, with relatively low boron-10 concentrations. 
     For BNCT of malignant brain tumors, it is particularly important that there be robust uptake of boron in tumor relative to normal tissues (i.e., blood and normal brain tissues) within the neutron-irradiated target volume. BNCT was used clinically at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Medical Department using p-boronophenylalanine (BPA) as the boron carrier (Chanana et al.,  Neurosurgery,  44, 1182-1192, 1999). BPA has the outstanding quality of not eliciting any chemical toxicity associated with its usage. However, because the brain and blood boron concentrations are approximately one-third that found in tumor, the tumor dose is restricted. In order to improve upon the currently used boron delivery agent, BPA, it has been postulated that tumor boron concentrations should be greater than 30 μg B/g and tumor:blood and tumor:brain boron ratios should be greater than 5:1 (Fairchild and Bond,  Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.,  11, 831-840, 1985, Miura, et al.,  Int. J. Cancer,  68, 114-119, 1996). 
     In PDT of malignant tumors using porphyrins, the patient is injected with a photosensitizing porphyrin drug. The drug localizes preferentially in the tumor within the irradiation volume. The patient&#39;s tissues in the zone of macroscopic tumor is then irradiated with a beam of red laser light. The vascular cells of the irradiated tumor and some of the tumor cells are rendered incapable of mitotic activity or may be rendered nonviable outright if the light penetrates the tissue sufficiently. The biochemical mechanism of cell damage in PDT is believed to be mediated largely by singlet oxygen. Singlet oxygen is produced by transfer of energy from the light-excited porphyrin molecule to an oxygen molecule. The resultant singlet oxygen is highly reactive chemically and is believed to react with and disable cell membranes. Macroscopically, there appears to be some direct damage to tumor cells, extensive damage to the endothelial cells of the tumor vasculature, and infiltration of the tumor by macrophages. The macrophages remove detritus of dead cells from the PDT-treated zones of tissue, and in the process, are believed to damage living cells also. 
     In PDT, the porphyrins must be selectively retained by tumors, especially within the irradiation volume. However, the porphyrin drugs should be non-toxic or minimally toxic when administered in therapeutically useful doses. In addition, porphyrin drugs with absorbance peaks at long wavelengths to allow increased tissue penetration and, thereby, allow photoablation of some or all of the vasculature and/or parenchyma of deeper-seated tumors. 
     While it is well known in medical arts that porphyrins have been used in cancer therapy, there are several criteria that must be met for a porphyrin-mediated human cancer radiation treatment to be optimized. In BNCT, the porphyrin drug should deliver a therapeutically effective concentration of boron to the tumor while being minimally toxic to normal vital tissues and organs at a radiotherapeutically effective pharmacological whole-body dose of porphyrin. In addition, the porphyrin should have selective affinity for the tumor with respect to its affinity to surrounding normal tissues within the irradiation volume, and should be capable of achieving tumor-to-normal-tissue boron concentration ratios greater than 5:1. In vivo studies have shown that the latter criterion can be satisfied for brain tumors if the porphyrin, properly designed, synthesized and purified, does not penetrate the blood-brain-barrier in non-edematous zones of the normal CNS. 
     In addition, if the boron concentration and distribution in and around the tumor can be accurately and rapidly determined noninvasively, BNCT treatment planning can be more quickly, accurately, and safely accomplished. For example, neutron irradiation could be planned so that concurrent boron concentrations are at a maximum at the growing margin of the tumor rather than in the tumor as a whole. Thus, BNCT could be implemented by one relatively short exposure or a series of short exposures of mainly epithermal neutrons, appropriately timed to take advantage of optimal boron concentrations identified by SPECT or MRI in tumor, surrounding tissues, and blood in vivo. BNCT effectiveness in vivo is probably not diminished even when a neutron exposure is as short as 300 milliseconds. Such short irradiations have been delivered effectively, in fact, by a TRIGA (General Atomics) reactor operating in the pulse mode. Mice bearing advanced malignant sarcomas transplanted subcutaneously in the thigh were palliated and in many cases cured by BNCT using 300 millisecond ‘pulse’ exposures to slow neutrons (Lee E. Farr, Invited Lecture, Medical Department, Building 490, published as a BNL report around 1989-1991). Short irradiations would obviate the inconvenience and discomfort to the patient of long and often awkward positioning of the head at a reactor port. This advantage alone would justify a clinical use for BNCT, if palliative results on the tumor were at least as favorable as those following the presently, available standard, 6-week, 30-fraction postoperative linear-accelerator-based photon radiation therapy. 
     Efforts have been made to synthesize porphyrins for the diagnosis, imaging and treatment of cancer. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,959,356 issued to Miura, et al. (which is incorporated herein in its entirety), a particular class of porphyrins was synthesized for utilization in the treatment of brain tumors using BNCT. The porphyrins described in that patent are natural porphyrin derivatives which contain two carborane cages at the 3 and 8 positions. Natural porphyrins have particular substitution patterns which are, in general, pyrrole-substituted and asymmetric. The porphyrins described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,959,356 use heme, the iron porphyrin prosthetic group in hemoglobin, as a chemical starting material; therefore, the resulting boronated porphyrins resemble heme in their basic structure. In contrast, the porphyrins of the current invention are synthetic tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) derivatives that are symmetrically substituted at the methine positions and most are also substituted at the pyrrole positions of the macrocycle. Acyclic precursors are used as chemical starting materials so that final product yields are generally greater than those obtained from natural porphyrin derivatives. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,165 issued to Miura et al. (which is incorporated herein in its entirety) is focused on boronated porphyrins containing multiple carborane cages which selectivity accumulate in neoplastic tissue and which can be used in cancer therapies such as boron neutron capture and photodynamic therapy. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,284,831 and 5,149,801 issued to Kahl, et al. describe another type of porphyrin and their uses in BNCT, PDT and other biomedical applications. Like the porphyrins described in the previous patent by Miura et al., these are also natural porphyrin derivatives but they contain four carborane cages at the 3 and 8 positions. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,507 issued to Wong describes a method of labeling hematoporphyrin derivatives (HPD) with  99m Tc as a means of visualizing tumors using scintigraphic noninvasive imaging techniques such as SPECT. The method taught by this patent utilizes hematoporphyrin compounds that are also natural porphyrin derivatives. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,348,376 to Goldenberg, 4,665,897 to Lemelson, and 4,824,659 to Hawthorne teach combining labeling of an antibody with  10 B and with one or more other radionuclides, including those of iodine, for purposes of imaging tumors noninvasively and thereby delineating tumor targets for exposure to thermalized neutrons. Each of these patents requires that the  10 B compound be linked to a radiolabeled antibody. 
     Improvement in the efficacy of conventional radiotherapy using chemical agents is a key area of interest in experimental radiation oncology. On an annual basis, more than 750,000 patients in the U.S. receive radiation therapy for cancer. The success has been limited due to restriction of the tumor dose to avoid critical normal tissue morbidity. Hypoxic cells in tumor can be a major problem because they are three times less sensitive to radiation than oxygenated cells. While a whole range of hypoxic cell radiation sensitizing agents have been developed, most have proven clinically ineffective. Accordingly, there is a need for effective hypoxic cell radiation sensitizing agents. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to radiation sensitizing agents that include porphyrin compounds of the formula                           
     wherein M is a single-photon-emission tomography (SPECT) imageable radiometal and/or a paramagnetic metal, at least one R is a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine), a halogen isotope or a nitro group, and Y is selected from the group consisting of ortho, meta, or para O(CH 2 ) n  C 2  HB 9 H 10  or O(CH 2 ) n  C 2  HB 10  H 10  wherein, 0≦n≦20 and C 2  HB 9 H 10  is nido ortho, meta- or para-carborane and C 2  HB 10  H 10  is ortho-carborane, meta-carborane or para-carborane. M can be selected from the group consisting of vanadium (V), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), technetium (Tc), chromium (Cr), platinum (Pt), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), germanium (Ge), indium (In), tin (Sn), yttrium (Y) and gadolinium (Gd). The most preferred metals are Cu and Ni. In a preferred embodiment, R is a halogen, most preferably bromine, a bromine isotope, iodine or an iodine isotope. In another embodiment, R is from one to seven hydrogen. Y is preferably OCH 2 C 2  HB 9 H 10 , wherein C 2 HB 9 H 10  is nido-ortho-carborane or OCH 2 C 2  HB 10  H 10 , wherein C 2  HB 10  H 10  is ortho-carborane. In another embodiment, R is fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, a nitro group a combination thereof or a combination thereof that includes a hydrogen. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the radiation sensitizing agents include porphyrin compounds which have the formula                           
     wherein M is a single-photon-emission tomography (SPECT) imageable radiometal and/or a paramagnetic metal, R is fluorine, a fluorine isotope, chlorine, a chlorine isotope, bromine, a bromine isotope, iodine, an iodine isotope, a nitro group, a combination thereof or a combination thereof that includes hydrogen and Y is selected from the group consisting of ortho, meta, or para O(CH 2 ) n  C 2  HB 9 H 10  or O(CH 2 ) n  C 2  HB 10  H 10 , wherein, 0≦n≦20 and C 2  HB 9 H 10  is nido ortho, meta- or para-carborane and C 2  HB 10  H 10  is ortho-carborane, meta-carborane or para-carborane. M is selected from the group consisting of V, Mn, Fe, Ru, Tc, Cr, Pt, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, In, Sn, Y and Gd. In a preferred embodiment, Y is preferably OCH 2 C 2  HB 9  H 10 , wherein C 2 HB 9 H 10  is nido-ortho-carborane or OCH 2 C 2  HB 10  H 10 , wherein C 2  HB 10  H 10  is ortho-carborane. 
     The present invention also includes a method of tumor imaging and a method of bimodal cancer treatment that includes the administration to a subject of a composition that contains one or more of the radiation sensitizing agents described above. In a preferred embodiment, the composition is essentially the radiation sensitizing agent. 
     Because porphyrins used in the radiation sensitizing agents of the present invention have electron-withdrawing groups at the periphery of the macrocycle the reduction potentials are more positive than those with hydrogen or alkyl groups. Such electrochemical properties are believed to be desirable for radiosensitizers in photon radiotherapy (R. A. Miller et al., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol Phys., 45, 981-989, 1999). Coupled with their biodistribution and toxcicological properties, porphyrins of the present invention are believed to have potential as effective radiosensitizers. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
     Other objects and many attendant features of this invention will be readily appreciated as the invention becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawing wherein: 
     FIG. 1 shows the synthesis of CuTCPBr from CuTCPH. 
     FIG. 2 is a graph showing irradiation test results using the radiosensitizer of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to radiation sensitizing agents which include halogenated (i.e., fluorinated, chlorinated, brominated and iodinated) and nitrated tetraphenylporphyrins and their use as imageable tumor-targeting agents for ionizing and/or non-ionizing radiation therapy. The halogenated tetraphenylporphyrins are synthesized from carborane-containing tetraphenylporphyrins. The halogenated tetraphenylporphyrins of the present invention are octahalogen analogs of the carborane-containing tetraphenylporphyrins and are prepared by synthesizing the carborane-containing tetraphenylporphyrins with a halogen in a solvent mixture such as chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. 
     CuTCPH and CuTCP, two carborane-containing tetraphenylporphyrins, have been found to deliver high concentrations of boron to various tumors in animals. In addition, it has recently been found that CuTCPH-mediated BNCT can control a considerable percentage of animal tumors with little normal tissue damage. In one embodiment of the present invention, CuTCPH is brominated to form CuTCPBr, an octa-bromo analog, which has biodistribution and toxicological properties similar to those of CuTCP in mice bearing EMT-6 mammary carcinomas. Such brominated porphyrins are easier to reduce than their bromine-free precursors. It is believed that the low reduction potential of a larger macrocycle, texaphyrin, is responsible for its high in-vivo efficacy as a tumor-selective radiosensitizer during photon-based radiotherapy of tumors. However, CuTCPBr has a major practical advantage over the texaphyrins for BNCT because its tumor:normal brain and tumor:blood concentration ratios are 100:1 vs. 10:1 for thetexaphyrins. 
     FIG. 1 shows the synthesis of CuTCPBr from CuTCPH using a bromination procedure that includes dissolving CuTCPH in a 1:1 solvent mixture of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. While the mixture is stirred, bromine in the same solvent mixture is added. Pyridine in a solvent mixture is then added and constantly stirred at room temperature. The excess bromine is then quenched with an aqueous sodium metabisulfite solution. The reaction mixture is formed by extracting the organic layer and washing with water. The organic layer is then dried and the solvents removed. 
     Similarly, CuTCPCl is formed using N-chlorosuccinimide as the chlorinated agent and CuTCPI is formed using a similar iodinating reagent. Hepta- and octa-nitro porphyrins can be synthesized using nitric acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of K10 montmorillonite. The beta-substituted fluoroporphyrins cannot be synthesized by fluorination of beta-free porphyrins, but must be synthesized using 3,4 difluoropyrrole as a starting material for the porphyrin cyclization. 
     The halogenated tetraphenylporphyrins of the present invention can also be synthesized using isotopes of the different halogens. The preferred isotopes are Br-76 with a half life (T 1/2 ) of 16 hours, Br-77 (T 1/2 =57 hours), I-124 (T 1/2 =101 hours), I-131 (T 1/2 =192 hours) and F-18 (T 1/2 =110 minutes). 
     CuTCPBr and the hepta- and octonitro tetraphenylporphyrins have a range of reduction potentials that encompasses those of the texaphyrins. The examples that follow show the effectiveness of the biodistribution properties of these compounds in tests conducted using mice bearing EMT-6 carcinomas. 
     Photoactivation can be somewhat amplified by tuning the X-ray energy to that above the K-edge of either the metal or the halogen. The K-edge is determined by the interaction of the K-shell electron with the nucleus of the atom and it is unique for each element. Each element has its own unique K-shell binding energy.  64 Cu,  18 F and  76 Br are isotopes available for quantitative positron-emission tomography (PET). The  64 Cu and  76 Br can be attached to the tetraphenylporphyrins at a late stage in the synthesis. These isotopic substitutions could greatly improve treatment planning for any future clinical applications of CuTCPBr or its analogs, since local concentrations of the radioactive isotope could then be visualized and quantified voxel by voxel, thereby enabling calculation of the boron concentration in the brain, head, neck or in another targeted organ or tissue of interest, voxel by voxel. 
     The porphyrin compounds of the present invention that have been tested in vivo are non-toxic at potentially therapeutic doses. Implementation of BNCT and/or PDT in animals and patients so dosed could selectively destroy tumor tissue without disruption of normal tissue function when irradiated with epithermal neutrons or laser light. The tumor destruction could occur without the serious side effects that may be observed in conventional tumor therapy, such as radiotherapy or chemotherapy. 
     To accumulate the requisite amount of a compound of the present invention in a tumor for BNCT, generally a systemically injected or infused dose of about 100-400 mg halogenated tetraphenylporphyrin compound per kg body weight in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is administered to a patient. Such a carrier could include liposomes and/or commercially available solvents, such as Cremophore EL, propylene glycol, Tween 80 and the like. The compound is administered in one or more doses, the last dose being given between about one hour and one week prior to the epithermal neutron irradiation. The long retention time of any of the presently invented compounds would also permit a series of such irradiations in a so-called “fractionated irradiation schedule.” Such a schedule is deemed to be advantageous in sparing damage to normal tissues in conventional photon radiation therapy. The quantity of the halogenated tetraphenylporphyrin used in any particular treatment depends on, among other factors, the boron concentration delivered to the tumor and the toxicity of the compound at doses that are therapeutically useful. 
     The timing of the neutron exposure depends upon the concentration of the boron in blood, which decreases more rapidly with time than does the tumor boron concentration. The timing of the administration of the halogenated tetraphenylporphyrin depends on various considerations. Important considerations are the pharmacokinetic behavior of the compound, (e.g., the rate of absorption of the compound into the tumor and into the tumor vasculature) and the rate of excretion from and/or metabolism of the compound in the various tissues that absorb the compound in the patient. 
     It has long been known that porphyrins accumulate robustly in many kinds of tumors as well as in a few non-tumorous tissues. In human cancer therapy, this property has been used only for photodynamic therapy (PDT) to date. However, pre-clinical research is active in developing carboranyl derivatives of porphyrins for boron neutron-capture therapy (BNCT). 
     In an embodiment of the present invention, a brominated carboranylporphyrins is synthesized to provde an imageable nuclide in a porphyrin that can also be used to image a tumor non-invasively. Since the ratio of the imageable nuclide to the boron is invariant if the administered boronated compound is substantially chemically stable in vivo, quantification of the imaged nuclide, voxel by voxel, provides real-time quantification of the boron, voxel by voxel. This greatly enhances the treatment planning for clinical porphyrin-based BNCT and therefore adds to the potential advantage of the high tumor boron concentrations already demonstrated by some carboranyl porphyrins. An example of such a metalloporphyrins is copper octabromotetracarboranylphenylporphyrin. The bromine can be  76 Br (T 1/2 =16 hrs), which is imageable by positron-emission tomography (PET) or  77 Br (T 1/2 =57 hrs), which is imageable by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). In another embodiment, iodine is substituted for bromine and PET and SPECT can be used with  124 I and  131 I respectively. In addition, non-radioactive natural abundance iodine can be used with spiral computed tomography (CT) to localize and quantify tumor boron rapidly by employing the iodine component of CuTCPI as a radiographic contrast-enhancing element. 
     The reduction potential of the porphyrin macrocycle becomes more positive (i.e., more easily reduced) with the addition of electron-withdrawing groups such as bromine. The first reduction potential E 1/2  for copper tetraphenylporphyrin (CuTPP) is −1.2 V, whereas that for copper octabromotetraphenylporphvrin (CuOBP) is −0.59 V. The meta-substituted carboranylmethoxy group on the phenyl moiety of copper tetracarboranylmethoxyphenylporphyrin (CuTCPH) is not expected to affect the reduction potential. Accordingly, the E 1/2  for the octabromo derivative of CuTCPH (i.e., CuTCPBr) is estimated to be approximately −0.59 V. 
     The radiation-enhancement properties of gadolinium texaphyrins are attributed to their relatively large reduction potentials, −0.04 V. However, reduction potentials that are optimal for radiotherapy have not yet been determined. The eight bromo groups in CuTCPBr provide moderately strong electron-withdrawing groups to the tetraphenylporphyrin structure. If more positive reduction potentials are required for greater efficacy in the control of neoplastic tissues, groups with greater electron-withdrawing properties such as fluoro or nitro groups can be used in place of the bromo substituents. 
     Tests in animals have shown that the carboranylporphyrins of the present invention provide low toxicity and high tumor accumulation of the described porphyrins. In addition, the carboranylporphyrins of the present invention can be used in a variety of cancer treatment modalities and they are imageable by a number of different methods. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     In this example, CuTCPBr was synthesized from CuTCPH by a bromination procedure. CuTCPH (200 mg, 0.146 mmol) was dissolved in a 1:1 solvent mixture of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride (70 mL). While the mixture was being stirred, bromine (240 μL, 4.6 mmol) in the same solvent mixture 20 mL) was added over a period of 30 min. Pyridine (0.6 mL) in a solvent mixture (15 mL) was added over 30 min and then left overnight at room temperature with constant stirring. The next morning the excess bromine was quenched with an aqueous 20% sodium metabisulfite solution (40 mL). The reaction mixture was worked up by extracting the organic layer and washing 3 times with water. The organic layer was then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvents removed in vacuo. The desired product was purified by preparative thin layer chromatography. The yield was 176 mg (0.088 mmol) which is about 60%. 
     The compound was characterized by optical absorption spectroscopy and fast-atom bombardment mass spectral analysis. The NMR was difficult to interpret because of the presence of copper, a paramagnetic metal. The optical spectrum showed a pattern consistent with octabromination of the starting porphyrin. The Soret band shifted from 415 to 440 nm and the visible band shifted from 540 to 580 nm. A mass spectrum showed a parent ion peak that matched the molecular weight of the compound at 1996. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Tumors of the Dorsal Thorax 
     Five BALB/c mice bearing subcutaneously implanted EMT-6 mammary carcinomas on the dorsal thorax were given a total dose of 186 μg CuTCPBr/g body weight in 6 intraperitoneal (ip) injections over a period of 2 days. Four days after the last injection mice were euthanized and the average boron concentrations (μg/g wet tissue) were measured for different types of tissue. The results are shown in Table 1. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 SAMPLE 
                 μg B/g wet tissue 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Tumor 
                 84 ± 15  
               
               
                   
                 Blood 
                 0.6 ± 0.2  
               
               
                   
                 Brain 
                 0.5 ± 0.1  
               
               
                   
                 Liver 
                 272 ± 93   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     No toxic effects were noted either physically or behaviorally in the mice during and after porphyrin administration. At necropsy, all tissues appeared normal. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Tumors of the Leg 
     In this example, BALB/c mice bearing subcutaneous EMT-6 leg tumors were given 156 μg CuTCPBr/gbw in a volume of 0.01 mL/gbw/injection over a period of 2 days. Boron concentrations (μg/g) in various tissues from the BALB/c mice was then tested and the results are shown in Table 2. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Days 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 after 
                   
               
               
                 last in- 
                 No. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 jection 
                 mice 
                 Tumor 
                 Blood 
                 Cerebrum 
                 Ears 
                 Liver 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 2 
                 6 
                 24 ± 11 
                 0.2 ± 0.1 
                   0 ± 0.1 
                 1 ± 1 
                 271 ± 40 
               
               
                 5 
                 5 
                 13 ± 6  
                 0.1 ± 0.1 
                 0.6 ± 1   
                 0.6 ± 0.7 
                 308 ± 40 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     It is noteworthy that the tumor boron concentrations in the leg are significantly lower than those found in the dorsal thorax. There is a larger vascular system surrounding the dorsal thorax compared with the leg, which may be a factor. However, in the case of CuTCPH, the boron concentration was 30% higher in leg tumors compared to back tumors. Normalizing to the slightly higher dose of the first study, the tumor boron concentration should be about 29 and 15 μg/g at 2d and 5d, respectively, which are still low. Studies are underway to repeat these experiments. 
     In the tests shown above in Examples 2 and 3, no toxic effects were noted either physically or behaviorally in the mice during and after porphyrin administration. At necropsy, all tissues appeared normal. Toxicity is the critical factor, and since no toxicity was observed, the dose can be increased to achieve tumor boron concentrations higher than those in Examples 2 and 3. For example, when the total dose of a carboranyl porphyrin, CuTCPH, was increased from 195 to 450 mg/kg body weight in Fischer 344 rats bearing subcutaneous 9L gliosarcomas, the tumor boron concentration increased from a median of 64 to 117 μg/g. 
     EXAMPLES 5-7 
     Biodistribution Studies of CuTCPBr 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Two groups of seven (7) BALB/c mice bearing EMT-6 mammary carcinomas on the back were given CuTCPBr at a dose of 432 μg/g body weight (94 μg B/gbw) in six intraperitoneal injections over two days. Two days after the last injection, the mice in one group were euthanized and the boron concentrations in various tissues were measured. Four days after the last injection, the same procedure was carried out on the second group of mice. The average boron concentrations (mean with standard deviation in parentheses) for the two groups of mice injected with CuTCPBr are listed in the second and third columns of Table 4. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CuTCPBr 
                 CuTCPBr 
                 CuTCPH 
                 CuTCPH 
               
               
                   
                 Boron 
                 Boron 
                 Boron 
                 Boron 
               
               
                   
                 Concentration 
                 Concentration 
                 Concentration 
                 Concentration 
               
               
                   
                 (μg/g) 
                 (μg/g) 
                 (μg/g) 
                 (μg/g) 
               
               
                   
                 Mean (Std. Dev.) 
                 Mean (Std. Dev.) 
                 Mean (Std. Dev.) 
                 Mean (Std. Dev.) 
               
               
                 Tissue 
                 After 2 Days 
                 After 4 Days 
                 After 2 Days 
                 After 4 Days 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Tumor 
                 256 (51) 
                 180 (27) 
                  62 (10)  
                  71 (9)   
               
               
                 Blood 
                  30 (12) 
                  0.8 (0.2) 
                   0 (0)   
                 0.3 (0.1) 
               
               
                 Brain 
                  1.3 (0.4) 
                  0.7 (0.1) 
                 0.2 (0.1) 
                 0.7 (0.3) 
               
               
                 Tongue 
                   43 (4.1) 
                   37 (4.0) 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Ears (skin) 
                   16 (4.3) 
                   12 (1.6) 
                 8.4 (2.1) 
                  14 (2.6) 
               
               
                 Liver 
                  831 (102) 
                 592 (24) 
                  562 (79)   
                  534 (124)  
               
               
                 Spleen 
                 507 (60) 
                 336 (40) 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The results for CuTCPBr in Table 4 show that the tumor boron concentrations were high and the tumor to blood and tumor to brain boron concentration ratios were also high. The tumor to blood boron concentration ratio after two days was approximately 8:1 and after four days it increased to 232:1. The tumor to brain boron concentration ratio after two days was approximately 197:1 and after four days it increased to 225:1. 
     The biodistribution properties for CuTCPBr are similar to other lipophilic tetracarboranyl tetraphenylporphyrins studied previously, particularly the results for CuTCPH which were reported in  Rad. Res.  155, 603-610, 2001 and are listed in columns four and five of Table 4. The CuTCPH results were based on two groups of seven (7) BALB/c mice which were given 180 μg/gbw CuTCPH in six intraperitoneal injections over 2 days. The first group of mice was euthanized two days after the last injection and the second group four days after the last injection. The boron concentrations in different tissues were then measured. 
     One noticeable difference between the results in Table 4 for CuTCPBr and the results reported in the prior art for CuTCPH is that the liver boron decreased by only 5% in the with CuTCPH from two to four days but decreased by 29% for the CuTCPBr during the same period, indicating a faster clearance time for CuTCPBr. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     This example used the experimental rat 9L gliosarcoma model and the protocol used to administer porphyrins by intravenous infusion that were reported in  J. NeuroOncol,  52, 111-117, 2001. Six (6) male Fischer 344 rats bearing subcutaneous 9L gliosarcomas were infused intravenously with CuTCPBr at a total dose of 220 μg/gbw over 48 hours. Tumor and blood were sampled from each at zero, one, two and three days after the end of infusion and the boron concentrations measured. The results are shown in Table 5. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Boron Con- 
                 Boron Con- 
                 Boron Con- 
                 Boron Con- 
               
               
                   
                 centration 
                 centration 
                 centration 
                 centration 
               
               
                   
                 (μg/g) 
                 (μg/g) 
                 (μg/g) 
                 (μg/g) 
               
               
                   
                 Mean (Std. 
                 Mean (Std. 
                 Mean (Std. 
                 Mean (Std. 
               
               
                   
                 Deviation) 
                 Deviation) 
                 Deviation) 
                 Deviation) 
               
               
                 Tissue 
                 After 0 Days 
                 After 1 Day 
                 After 2 Days 
                 After 3 Days 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Tumor 
                  67 (26) 
                  64 (17) 
                 75 (34) 
                  52 (19) 
               
               
                 Blood 
                 360 (30) 
                 150 (20) 
                 23 (7)  
                 1.4 (0.1) 
               
               
                 Tumor to 
                 0.19 
                 0.43 
                 3.3 
                 38 
               
               
                 Blood Ratio 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Table 5 shows tumor and blood boron concentrations and their ratio as a function of time. Similar to other lipophilic tetraphenylporphyrins that have been tested, the tumor boron decreases slowly with time, as the blood boron decreases rapidly, so that tumor to blood boron ratios increase considerably over time with tumor boron levels remaining at therapeutic levels. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     In this example, the biodistribution of CuTCPBr was compared to CuTCPH. A group of six (6) male Fischer 344 rats bearing subcutaneous 9L gliosarcomas were infused intravenously with CuTCPBr at a total dose of 220 μg/gbw over 48 hours. A second group of four (4) male Fischer 344 rats bearing subcutaneous 9L gliosarcomas were infused intravenously with CuTCPH at a total dose of 195 μg/gbw. over 48 hours. Boron concentrations in tissues from both groups of rats were taken three days after the end of infusion. 
     The results for the CuTCPBr group of rats are listed in column 2 of Table 6 and the results for the CuTCPH group of rats are listed in column 4 of Table 6. To account for the difference in porphyrin dose (195 μg/gbw for CuTCPH versus 220 μg/gbw for CuTCPBr) and the difference in % boron in each porphyrin (31.8% for CuTCPH versus 21.7 for CuTCPBr), the boron concentrations in tissues from rats given CuTCPBr were normalized so that they would be equivalent to the boron concentrations of rats given CuTCPH. This was done by multiplying the boron concentrations in the CuTCPBr group of rats by the CuTCPBr to CuTCPH boron dose ratio of 1.3. The normalized boron concentrations for the CuTCPBr group of rats are listed in column 3 of Table 6. 
     Table 6 shows both the actual boron concentration values for both CuTCPH and CuTCPBr and normalized values for CuTCPBr at an equal boron dose to CuTCPH. Biodistribution values are similar for the two compounds at equal boron doses. Toxicity does not appear to be a major problem with either compound. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Porphyrin Dose 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 220 μg/gbw 
                 CuTCPBr 
                 195 μg/gbw 
               
               
                   
                 CuTCPBr 
                 Normalized 
                 CuTCPH 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Boron Dose 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 47.7 μg B/gbw 
                 61.8 μg B/gbw 
                 61.8 μg B/gbw 
               
               
                   
                 Boron 
                 Boron 
                 Boron 
               
               
                   
                 Concentration 
                 Concentration 
                 Concentration 
               
               
                   
                 (μg/g) 
                 (μg/g) 
                 (μg/g) 
               
               
                 Tissue 
                 Mean (Std. Deviation) 
                 Mean (Std. Deviation) 
                 Mean (Std. Deviation) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Tumor 
                 52 (19) 
                 68 
                 63 (23) 
               
               
                 Brain 
                 0.4 (0)   
                 0.5 
                 3.2 (1.4) 
               
               
                 Ears 
                 8.4 (1.2) 
                 11 
                 17 (3)  
               
               
                 Tongue 
                 30 (3)  
                 39 
                 47 (11) 
               
               
                 Parotid Gland 
                 85 (36) 
                 111 
                 125 (26)  
               
               
                 Lacrimal Gland 
                 28 (13) 
                 37 
                 45 (11) 
               
               
                 Submaxillary 
                 68 (8)  
                 89 
                 — 
               
               
                 Gland 
               
               
                 Kidney 
                 11 (1)  
                 14 
                 16 (2)  
               
               
                 Spleen 
                 632 (41)  
                 825 
                 832 (169) 
               
               
                 Liver 
                 477 (25)  
                 623 
                 638 (53)  
               
               
                 Lung 
                 123 (42)  
                 161 
                 83 (12) 
               
               
                 Spinal Cord 
                 0.9 (0.4) 
                 1.2 
                 — 
               
               
                 Lymph Nodes 
                 202 (32)  
                 264 
                 284 (68)  
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 8 
     Radiosensitizer Studies with CuTCPBr 
     In this example, female BALB/c mice (Taconic Farms, Germantown, N.Y.) (20-25 g) were used in radiotherapy studies to compare tumor control effects in mice bearing EMT-6 mammary tumors. The EMT-6 leg tumors were formed by mincing freshly removed tumor tissue from mice into fragments no larger than 0.5 mm. The fragments were mixed in a saline solution and implanted subcutaneously (sc) in the legs of mice using an 18-gauge trocar. Tumor fragments were used because in this particular location tumors initiated by cell suspensions tend to spread in a thin subcutaneous layer and invade the subjacent muscle. Using tumor fragments, the tumors are palpable, but thinner on the leg than on the dorsal thorax. In late stage, fragment-initiated tumors can invade muscle tissue but not as frequently as do suspension-initiated tumors. 
     At approximately seven days after tumor implantation, the mice were stratified by tumor volume into six (6) matched experimental groups, which included five groups of twelve (12) mice each and a control group of thirty-three (33). Two groups were treated with ≈400 μg/g body weight CuTCPBr and given two doses of 100 kVp x-irradiation x-rays, two groups were treated with only two doses of 100 kVp x-irradiation, one group received CuTCPBr and were euthanized the day of irradiation. The function of the group which was immediately euthanized was to determine the boron concentration in tissues at the time of irradiation. It was not a control group upon which the effectiveness of treatment was compared. The control group of thirty-three mice was not treated at all. The results are shown in FIG.  2 . 
     The boron concentrations in various tissues taken from mice euthanized at the time of irradiation are shown in Table 7. Tumor to blood boron concentration ratios were about 4:1, which is low due to the high blood values. Such a trend was also observed with CuTCPH at high doses of 400 mg/kg. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Boron Concentration 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (μg/g) 
               
               
                   
                 Tissue 
                 Mean (Std. Deviation) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Tumor 
                 277 (45) 
               
               
                   
                 Blood 
                  68 (19) 
               
               
                   
                 Liver 
                 725 (72) 
               
               
                   
                 Muscle 
                  12 (3)  
               
               
                   
                 Skin 
                   20 (4.3) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In all treated groups, single-exposure irradiations were used. For the irradiation procedures, mice were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (≈60 μg/gbw i.p.). Each mouse was anesthetized and positioned behind a 1-cm thick lead shield with the tumor-bearing leg extended across a 2-cm aperture in the lead shield in a manner similar to that used in thermal beam irradiation. Tumors were irradiated at a dose rate of 2.10 Gy/min using a Philips RT-100 source at 100 kVp/8 mA with 0.4 mm copper filtration and a focus-to-skin distance of 10 cm. Dose rates of 25 Gy and 35 Gy were administered by varying the length of time that the mice were irradiated, e.g., to achieve 25 Gy, the mice were irradiated for 11.9 minutes at 2.10 Gy/min. 
     Tumor volumes ranged from approximately 20-170 mm 3  in each of the five groups of treated mice. Tumor dimensions were measured 2-3 times per week and mice were euthanized either when calculated tumor volumes (x 2 y/2, where x is the shorter surface dimension) exceeded 500 mm 3  or when skin ulceration was observed. Mice were weighed when the tumors were measured, except during the first week, when they were weighed daily. Skin damage was considered severe when there was evidence of moist desquamation. 
     Tumor-bearing mice were observed for eighty-nine (89) days after irradiation (FIG.  2 ). Mice were euthanized at various time points due to tumor overgrowth. The effectiveness of the treatments was measured by the “% tumor control.” The % tumor control is defined as the number of mice whose tumors were “cured” divided by the total number of mice in a particular dose group. The % tumor control was found to be dose-related, with 25 Gy of single-dose x-rays delivering a 25.0% control rate and 35 Gy a 33.3% control rate. Single dose x-irradiation, in the presence of the CuTCPBr, had a clear radiosensitizing effect, with tumor control rates increasing to 41.7% and 66.7%, after doses of 25 Gy and 35 Gy, respectively. These findings indicate a dose modification factor in excess of 1.5 when CuTCPBr was used in combination with the x-irradiation modality. 
     Thus, while there have been described the preferred embodiments of the present invention, those skilled in the art will realize that other embodiments can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, which includes all such further modifications and changes as come within the true scope of the claims set forth herein.