Abstract:
The present invention is directed to stable pharmaceutical formulations. More specifically, the present invention is directed to stable pharmaceutical formulations of testosterone undecanoate.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention is directed to stable pharmaceutical formulations. More specifically, the present invention is directed to pharmaceutical formulations of testosterone undecanoate resulting in a reduced food effect and increased exposure. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Testosterone undecanoate, known as ANDRIOL, has been marketed in many countries for male hypogonadism, since 1978. The first ANDRIOL market formulation was a digestible formulation containing oleic acid. The drawback of this formulation is that it only had a shelf-life of three months at room temperature. The short shelf-life was caused by reesterification of the undecanoate ester with oleic acid. Due to this instability, a new formulation containing castor oil and lauroglycol was developed. 
         [0003]    This new formulation is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,652,880 and US Application No. US2005/0287203 and has been on the market in many countries as ANDRIOL TESTOCAPSS since 2003. The ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS formulation is a non-digestible formulation with a shelf-life of 3 years. 
         [0004]    Testosterone undecanoate has a Log P of 9.1 and very low water solubility. Both ANDRIOL and ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS formulations show an absolute bioavailability of 4% in fed state. Together with a medium to high fat meal, testosterone undecanoate is emulgated in the gastrointestinal tract through a combination of digested fats and bile acids. Once emulgated, testosterone undecanoate is incorporated into the chylomicrons and absorbed via the lymph. In fasted state no elevated testosterone undecanoate and/or testosterone serum levels are obtained. Thus, there is still a need for a stable, preferably low-dose pharmaceutical formulation of testosterone undecanoate that results in increased exposure and a decreased food-effect so that patients can rely on testosterone undecanoate being absorbed in fasted state as well as with low-fat meals. 
         [0005]    Self-emulsifying formulations of testosterone esters are described in several U.S. patents and applications including: U.S. Pat. No. 8,241,664, which describes a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) of testosterone undecanoate using digestible oils, hydrophilic surfactants, and hydrophobic surfactants; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0251167 which describes preparation of SEDDS of testosterone undecanoate containing oleic acid, CREMOPHORE RH40, peppermint oil and borage oil; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0135069 which describes preparation of nanonized testosterone esters using solid lipid matrix (stearic acid); U.S. Patent Application 2012/0135074 and 2012/0148675 which describe compositions of testosterone undecanoate in various solubilizers to achieve a concentration of testosterone undecanoate of 14-35% as a solution, mixture of crystalline and solution, and a solid mixture; and U.S. Patent Application No. 20130303495 which describes an emulsion, microemulsion or nanoemulsion formulation for pharmaceutical administration of testosterone undecanoate comprising a digestible lipid, a water-soluble surfactant, a water-insoluble surfactant; a phytosterol and/or phytosterol fatty acid esters, and dl-alpha-tocopherol. However, such formulations do not all achieve a stable, preferably low-dose pharmaceutical formulation of testosterone undecanoate that results in increased exposure and a decreased food-effect so that patients can rely on testosterone undecanoate being absorbed in a fasted state as well as with low-fat meals. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    Since both ANDRIOL and ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS formulations are not capable of self-emulgation in watery systems it is expected these formulations show a bad emulgation during fasted state so testosterone undecanoate is not available for incorporation into the chylomicrons. Since the digestible oleic acid ANDRIOL formulation displayed the same food effect as the non-digestible ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS formulation, the inventors anticipated that the lack of emulgation could be the main reason for the observed food effect of both formulations. 
         [0007]    Described herein are pharmaceutical formulations comprising self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) comprising testosterone undecanoate, wherein the testosterone undecanoate is capable of forming a self-emulsifying system in an aqueous environment. In certain embodiments of the SEDDS described herein, are self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS). With regard to the description below when SEDDS are discussed, SNEDDS are also contemplated. The SEDDS pharmaceutical formulations described herein have a good solvation capacity for testosterone undecanoate and are able to keep testosterone undecanoate dissolved in the gastrointestinal tract to promote contact between the oily, testosterone undecanoate containing droplets and the chylomicrons which will enter the lymphatics. 
         [0008]    The pharmaceutical formulations described herein are designed to alter testosterone bioavailability in the fasted state which may result in less food effect. The pharmaceutical formulations described herein also allow for increased exposure of testosterone. The reduction of food effect and increased exposure may also allow for a lower dose of testosterone undecanoate compared to the ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS. 
         [0009]    The pharmaceutical formulations described herein also demonstrate a faster onset (shorter T.) especially in fasted state compared to the ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS. Therefore, a faster and higher extent of absorption is expected with the formulations described herein. 
         [0010]    Specifically, described herein are self-emulsifying pharmaceutical formulations comprising testosterone undecanoate, a water soluble surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant and a water insoluble surfactant and, optionally, a digestible long-chain fatty acid ester. 
         [0011]    Also described herein are methods for the treatment of hypogonadism comprising administering to a patient in need thereof one of the formulations described herein. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    Described herein are stable, liquid pharmaceutical formulations comprising testosterone undecanoate in a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS), wherein the testosterone undecanoate is capable of forming a self-emulsifying system in an aqueous environment. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulations described herein comprise testosterone undeconoate, a water soluble surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant and a water insoluble surfactant and, optionally, a digestible long-chain fatty acid ester. 
         [0013]    In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulations described herein comprise testosterone undeconoate, a water soluble surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant and a water insoluble surfactant, and a digestible long-chain fatty acid ester. For example, in certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulations described herein comprise testosterone unecanoate, propylene glycol, CREMOPHOR EL, CAPRYOL 90 and ethyl oleate. 
         [0014]    In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulations described herein comprise testosterone undeconoate; a water soluble surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant and a water insoluble surfactant. For example, in certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulations described herein comprise testosterone unecanoate, propylene glycol, CREMOPHOR EL and CAPRYOL 90. 
         [0015]    The formulations described herein contain between about 6% to 12% of testosterone undecanoate by weight. In certain embodiments, the formulations described herein, contain 12% or less of testosterone undecanoate by weight. In such embodiments, the amounts of testosterone undecanoate are less than that found in commercial embodiments such as ANDRIOL which contain 12% of testosterone undecanoate by weight. In certain embodiments, the formulations described herein, contain 10% or less of testosterone undecanoate by weight. In certain embodiments, the formulations described herein, contain 9% or less of testosterone undecanoate by weight. In certain embodiments, the formulations described herein, contain 7.5% or less of testosterone undecanoate by weight. 
         [0016]    In certain embodiments, the formulations described herein contain about 12% of testosterone undecanoate. In other embodiments, the formulations described herein contain about 9% of testosterone undecanoate. In other embodiments, the formulations described herein contain about 7.5% of testosterone undecanoate. In yet other embodiments, the formulations described herein contain about 6% of testosterone undecanoate. 
         [0017]    The formulations described herein include a water soluble (hydrophilic) surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant and a water insoluble (hydrophobic) surfactant. The surfactants can be in any ratio that will give the desired properties of the formulations with testosterone undecanoate. In certain embodiments of the formulations described herein the ratio by weight of the water soluble surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant and a water insoluble surfactant is about 1:1:1, 1:2:1, 1:3:1, 1:4:1, 1:5:1, 2:1:1, 2:2:1, 2:3:1, 2:4:1, 2:5:1, 3:1:1, 3:2:1, 3:3:1, 3:4:1, 3:5:1, 4:1:1, 4:2:1, 4:3:1, 4:4:1, 4:5:1, 5:1:1, 5:2:1, 5:3:1, 5:4:1 or 5:5:1. In certain embodiments of the formulations described herein the ratio by weight of the water soluble surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant and a water insoluble surfactant is about 1:1:2, 1:2:2, 1:3:2, 1:4:2, 1:5:2, 2:1:2, 2:2:2, 2:3:2, 2:4:2, 2:5:2, 3:1:2, 3:2:2, 3:3:2, 3:4:2, 3:5:2, 4:1:2, 4:2:2, 4:3:2, 4:4:2, 4:5:2, 5:1:2, 5:2:2, 5:3:2, 5:4:2 or 5:5:2. In certain embodiments of the formulations described herein the ratio by weight of the water soluble surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant and a water insoluble surfactant is about 1:1:3, 1:2:3, 1:3:3, 1:4:3, 1:5:3, 2:1:3, 2:2:3, 2:3:3, 2:4:3, 2:5:3, 3:1:3, 3:2:3, 3:3:3, 3:4:3, 3:5:3, 4:1:3, 4:2:3, 4:3:3, 4:4:3, 4:5:3, 5:1:3, 5:2:3, 5:3:3, 5:4:3 or 5:5:3. In certain embodiments of the formulations described herein the ratio by weight of the water soluble surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant and a water insoluble surfactant is about 1:1:4, 1:2:4, 1:3:4, 1:4:4, 1:5:4, 2:1:4, 2:2:4, 2:3:4, 2:4:4, 2:5:4, 3:1:4, 3:2:4, 3:3:4, 3:4:4, 3:5:4, 4:1:4, 4:2:4, 4:3:4, 4:4:4, 4:5:4, 5:1:4, 5:2:4, 5:3:4, 5:4:4 or 5:5:4. In certain embodiments of the formulations described herein the ratio by weight of the water soluble surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant and a water insoluble surfactant is about 1:1:5, 1:2:5, 1:3:5, 1:4:5, 1:5:5, 2:1:5, 2:2:5, 2:3:5, 2:4:5, 2:5:5, 3:1:5, 3:2:5, 3:3:5, 3:4:5, 3:5:5, 4:1:5, 4:2:5, 4:3:5, 4:4:5, 4:5:5, 5:1:5, 5:2:5, 5:3:5, 5:4:5 or 5:5:5. In certain embodiments the ratio of by weight of the water soluble surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant and a water insoluble surfactant is 1:3:5. 
         [0018]    In the formulations described herein, at least one of the surfactants is a water soluble surfactant. Suitable water soluble surfactants include, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol sorbitan fatty acid esters and hydrophilic transesterification products of a polyol with at least one member of the group from triglycerides; vegetable oils and hydrogenated vegetable oils such as glycerol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, sorbitol, propylene glycol, pentaerythritol, or a saccharide, d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate. In certain embodiments of the formulations described herein, the water soluble surfactant is propylene glycol. 
         [0019]    In the formulations described herein, at least one of the surfactants is a non-ionic surfactant. Suitable non-ionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, ethylene glycol monostearate, propylene glycol myristate, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl stearate, polyglyceryl-4-oleate, sorbitan acylate, sucrose acylate, PEG-150 laurate, PEG-400 monolaurate, polyoxyethylene monolaurate, polysorbates including TWEEN 80, polyoxyethylene octylphenylether, PEG-1000 cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether, polypropylene glycol butyl ether, POLOXAMER 401, pluronics, stearoyl monoisopropanolamide, CREMOPHOR EL (polyethoxylated castor oil), SPAN 80 (sorbitan oleate), and polyoxyethylene hydrogenated tallow amide. In certain embodiments of the formulations described herein, the nonionic surfactant is SPAN 80, TWEEN 80 or CREMOPHOR EL. In certain embodiments, of the formulations described herein the non-ionic surfactant is CREMOPHOR EL. 
         [0020]    In the formulations described herein, at least one of the surfactants is a water insoluble surfactant. Suitable water insoluble surfactants include, but are not limited to, CAPRYOL 90 (propylene glycol monocaprylate), LAUROGLYCOL FFC (propylene glycol monolaurate), Propymuls (propylene glycol ricinoleate), Myverol P-06 (propylene glycol monooleate), CAPTEX 200 (propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate) and CAPTEX 800 (propylene glycol dioctanoate). In certain embodiments of the formulations described herein, the water insoluble surfactant is selected from the group consisting of LAUROGLYCOL FFC and CAPRYOL 90. In certain embodiments the water insoluble surfactant is LAUROGLYCOL FFC. In certain embodiments the water insoluble surfactant is CAPRYOL 90. 
         [0021]    In certain embodiments, the formulations described herein contain a digestible long-chain fatty acid ester. Suitable digestible long-chain fatty acid esters include, but are not limited to, glycerine trioleate and ethyl oleate. In certain embodiments, the digestible long-chain fatty acid ester is ethyl oleate. 
         [0022]    In the formulations described herein, the long-chain fatty acid ester is present in the amount of 1% to 10% by weight. In certain embodiments, the long-chain fatty acid ester is present in the amount of 7% by weight. In certain embodiments, the long-chain fatty acid ester is present in the amount of 5% by weight. In other embodiments, the long-chain fatty acid ester is present in the amount of 3% by weight. 
         [0023]    Certain embodiments of the formulations described herein may include a cosolvent such as TRANSCUTOL P (2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol). 
         [0024]    Also described herein are methods for the treatment of hypogonadism comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical formulations as described herein. Also described herein are uses of the formulations described herein for the treatment of hypogonadism or the manufacture of a treatment of hypogonadism. 
       EXAMPLES 
     Solubility of Testosterone Undecanoate 
       [0025]    Solubility experiments were conducted on certain SNEDDS as well as on the individual components used in the SNEDDS. Solubility experiments were conducted on 250 μl scale and started with 25 mg testosterone undecanoate. Room temperature solid fats and most mixtures containing room temperature solid fats were stirred overnight at 40° C. All other excipients (oils, surfactants and mixtures hereof) were stirred overnight at room temperature. If visual check showed complete dissolution of testosterone undecanoate, another 25 mg of testosterone undecanoate was added and stirred to equilibrium. This step was repeated until the point of saturation was passed. The resulting suspensions were centrifuged for 6 minutes at 14.000 rpm. The supernatant was pipetted carefully from the vial and checked for visual clarity before dilution 200 to 1000 times with H 2 O/THF (1/9 v/v). Concentration of testosterone undecanoate in the solutions was measured with HPLC. Table 1 shows the results. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Excipients and SNEDDS mixtures 
                 Solubility (mg/ml) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Surfactants - cosolvents 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 PROPYLENE GLYCOL 
                 2.1 
               
               
                   
                 CREMOPHOR EL 
                 27.2 
               
               
                   
                 POLYSORBATE 80 (TWEEN80) 
                 28.4 
               
               
                   
                 TRANSCUTOL P 
                 57.2 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Non-ionic or water insoluble surfactants - cosolvent 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 SPAN 80 
                 130.4 
               
               
                   
                 LAUROGLYCOL FFC 
                 175.7 
               
               
                   
                 CAPRYOL 90 
                 226.7 
               
               
                   
                 Digestible long-chain fatty acid esters 
               
               
                   
                 Glycerine trioleate 
                 60.9 
               
               
                   
                 Ethyl oleate 
                 117.3 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Digestible oils containing long-chain fatty acids 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Sunflower Seed Oil 
                 67.3 
               
               
                   
                 Corn Oil 
                 72.1 
               
               
                   
                 Peanut Oil 
                 73.3 
               
               
                   
                 Non-digestible oils 
               
               
                   
                 Castor Oil 
                 103.1 
               
               
                   
                 Non-emulsifying and non-digestible 
               
               
                   
                 formulation 
               
               
                   
                 ANDRIOL TESTOCAPSS formulation 
                 136.5 
               
               
                   
                 (Castor Oil/LAUROGLYCOL FFC (6/4) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SNEDDS - undigestible formulations 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Formulation A 
                 56.7 
               
               
                   
                 (CAPRYOL 90/TWEEN 80/ 
               
               
                   
                 TRANSCUTOL P (2:5:5)) 
               
               
                   
                 Formulation B 
                 104.7 
               
               
                   
                 (Propylene glycol/CREMOPHOR 
               
               
                   
                 EL/CAPRYOL 90 (1:3:5)) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SNEDDS formulations with digestible component 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Formulation C 
                 57.5 
               
               
                   
                 (Sunflower Seed Oil/CREMOPHOR 
               
               
                   
                 EL/SPAN 80 (3/4/3 w/w/w)) 
               
               
                   
                 Formulation D 
                 58.9 
               
               
                   
                 (Corn Oil/CREMOPHOR EL/SPAN 80 
               
               
                   
                 (3/4/3 w/w/w)) 
               
               
                   
                 Formulation E (Sunflower Seed Oil/ 
                 66.0 
               
               
                   
                 CREMOPHOR EL/Maisine (1:1:1)) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0026]    As you can see Formulation B is the closest to the ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS formulation for solubilizing testosterone undecanoate. 
       Homogeneity of Formulations 
       [0027]    The formulations containing testosterone undecanoate should stay clear and homogeneous. For this purpose testosterone undecanoate has been dissolved in selected formulations. The amount of testosterone undecanoate added to the SNEDDS depends on the maximum solubility. To test the stability of the formulations in terms of homogeneity during storage, 1 ml of each of the formulations listed in Table 2 was put into a glass vial, closed under N 2  and kept at room temperature for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks the visual appearance was noted. All tested formulations stayed homogeneous upon visual inspection after 4 weeks. In two formulations, Formulation C and Formulation G some glass-like crystals appeared within 4 weeks. These crystals were crystallized testosterone undecanoate, indicating the amount of dissolved testosterone undecanoate was close to the maximum solubility. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Amount of 
                 &gt;4 weeks 
               
               
                   
                 Testosterone 
                 standing at room 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 Undecanoate (%) 
                 temperature 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Formulation B 
                 9 
                 Clear 
               
               
                 Formulation C 
                 6 
                 Some glass-like 
               
               
                   
                   
                 crystals on bottom 
               
               
                 Formulation D 
                 6 
                 Clear 
               
               
                 Formulation F 
                 9 
                 Clear 
               
               
                 (Propylene glycol/Cremophor 
               
               
                 RH40/Capryol 90 (1:3:5)) 
               
               
                 Formulation G 
                 12 
                 Some glass-like 
               
               
                 (Formulation B + 5% EtOH 
                   
                 crystals on bottom 
               
               
                 (w/w) 
               
               
                 Formulation H 
                 12 
                 Clear 
               
               
                 (Formulation B + 5% ethyl 
               
               
                 oleate (w/w) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Emulsification of Formulations 
       [0028]    For determination of the self-emulsifying properties of the selected formulations in watery systems, two methods were used. The first method was slow titration of the oily mixture with aqueous (Method 1). The second method was addition of the oily mixture to the aqueous phase (Method 2).
   Method 1: Slow titration of oily mixture with aqueous phase. Water was added in portions to 250 μl SNEDDS in a glass vial with a magnetic stirrer bar, starting with 50 μl portions and ending with a 10 ml portion. After addition of each portion the mixture was stirred until no more changes in constitution were seen. The constitution was noted and another portion of water was added. These steps were repeated to a volume of 15 ml. Then 1 ml was taken and added to 4 ml of stirring water. The resulting solution was stirred at least 2 h before visual appearance was noted.   Method 2: Addition of oily mixture to aqueous phase. 25 μl SNEDDS was added to 6.25 ml stirred water. If the emulsion was not formed within one minute vortexing was used to mix the two phases. After mixing the solution was stirred for at least 2 h before the visual appearance was noted and/or the droplet size was measured.   
 
         [0031]    Dilution of both methods was chosen to lead to a concentration of approx. 1 ml SNEDDS in 250 ml water, the amount of water stands for the stomach-volume. Several SNEDDS were emulgated via Method 1 as well as Method 2 to compare the resulting emulsions. The formulations which are emulgated contain 6%, 9% or 12% testosterone undecanoate. This depends on the maximum solubility. 12% matches the testosterone undecanoate concentration in ANDRIOL TESTOCAPSS. 
         [0032]    To score the self-emulsifying properties of the formulations, the visual appearance of the emulsions were noted in Table 3. A milky appearance of the emulsion indicated a larger droplet size; a slightly milky, milky haze, haze, bluish transparent or clear appearance indicates possible formation of a nano-emulsion. Droplet size parameters of the emulsions in the range of slightly milky to clear are measured with Dynamic Light Scattering techniques. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Amount of 
                   
                 Visual 
               
               
                   
                 Testosterone 
                   
                 appearance after 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 Undecanoate (%) 
                 Method 
                 16 hrs of stirring 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Formulation B 
                 9 
                 1 
                 Haze 
               
               
                 Formulation C 
                 6 
                 1 
                 Bluish transparent 
               
               
                 Formulation D 
                 6 
                 1 
                 Bluish transparent 
               
               
                 Formulation F 
                 9 
                 1 
                 Light milky 
               
               
                 (Propylene 
               
               
                 glycol/Cremophor 
               
               
                 RH40/Capryol 90 
               
               
                 (1:3:5)) 
               
               
                 Formulation G 
                 12 
                 2 
                 Haze 
               
               
                 (Formulation B + 5% 
               
               
                 EtOH (w/w) 
               
               
                 Formulation H 
                 12 
                 2 
                 Milky haze 
               
               
                 (Formulation B + 5% 
               
               
                 ethyl oleate (w/w) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Droplet Size Measurements 
       [0033]    Droplet sizes were obtained with Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) techniques. These measurements were performed to get more insight in the droplet size and droplet size distribution of the droplets in the emulsions obtained via Method 1 or 2. Measurements were performed with a Malvern DLS Nanosizer or Zetasizer Nano ZS. Approximately 1 ml of the emulsion was pipetted into a low volume disposable sizing cuvette, checked for absence of air-bubbles and placed in the cuvet holder. Results are shown in Table 4. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Amount of 
                   
                 Total 
                   
                 Average 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Testosterone 
                   
                 Average 
                 PdI 
                 diameter 
                 Volume 
               
               
                   
                 Undecanoate 
                   
                 diameter 
                 (polydispersity 
                 peak 1 
                 Peak 1 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 (%) 
                 Method 
                 (nm) 
                 index) 
                 (nm) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Formulation B 
                 9 
                 1 
                 68.5 
                 0.15 
                 54.6 
                 100 
               
               
                 Formulation C 
                 6 
                 1 
                 41.5 
                 0.4 
                 20.4 
                 100 
               
               
                 Formulation D 
                 6 
                 1 
                 27.9 
                 0.21 
                 16.9 
                 100 
               
               
                 Formulation F 
                 9 
                 1 
                 142.1 
                 0.14 
                 154.6 
                 100 
               
               
                 (Propylene 
               
               
                 glycol/Cremophor 
               
               
                 RH40/Capryol 90 
               
               
                 (1:3:5)) 
               
               
                 Formulation G 
                 12 
                 2 
                 55.7 
                 0.18 
                 44.0 
                 99 
               
               
                 (Formulation B + 
               
               
                 5% EtOH (w/w) 
               
               
                 Formulation H 
                 12 
                 2 
                 69.6 
                 0.22 
                 56.0 
                 97 
               
               
                 (Formulation B + 
               
               
                 5% ethyl oleate 
               
               
                 (w/w) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Animal Study 
     Formulations Used in Animal Studies 
       [0034]    Capsules were made with the formulations shown in Table 5. The liquid excipients were weighed and mixed. Subsequently, the testosterone undecanoate was added, and the mixtures were placed on a rollerbank for a period between 1 and 3 days. Table 6 shows the amount of formulation and testosterone undecanoate per capsule. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Testosterone 
                 Propylene 
                 Cremophor 
                 Capryol 
                 5% 
                 Testosterone 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Undecanoate 
                 glycol 
                 EL 
                 90 
                 ethyl 
                 Undecanoate 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 (%) 
                 (mg) 
                 (mg) 
                 (mg) 
                 oleate 
                 (mg) 
                 Total 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Formulation 
                 0 
                 116.5 
                 354.1 
                 529.5 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1000 
               
               
                 B0 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 9 
                 106.0 
                 322.2 
                 481.8 
                 — 
                 90.0 
                 1000 
               
               
                 B 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 7.5 
                 107.7 
                 327.5 
                 489.7 
                 — 
                 75.0 
                 1000 
               
               
                 B1 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 0 
                 110.6 
                 336.4 
                 503.0 
                 50.0 
                 — 
                 1000 
               
               
                 H0 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 9 
                 100.7 
                 306.1 
                 457.7 
                 45.5 
                 90.0 
                 1000 
               
               
                 H1 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 7.5 
                 102.3 
                 311.2 
                 465.3 
                 46.3 
                 75.0 
                 1000 
               
               
                 H2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Amount of 
               
               
                   
                 Testosterone 
                   
                 Testosterone 
               
               
                   
                 Undecanoate 
                 Amount of Mixture 
                 Undecanoate per 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 (%) 
                 per capsule (mg) 
                 capsule (mg) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Formulation B0 
                 0 
                 444.44 
                 0 
               
               
                 Formulation B 
                 9 
                 444.44 
                 40 
               
               
                 Formulation B1 
                 7.5 
                 533.33 
                 40 
               
               
                 Formulation H0 
                 0 
                 444.44 
                 0 
               
               
                 Formulation H1 
                 9 
                 444.44 
                 40 
               
               
                 Formulation H2 
                 7.5 
                 533.33 
                 40 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0035]    To estimate the emulsification behavior of the formulations in the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract, the capsules in Table 6 were diluted with different amounts of water or Simulated Gastric Fluid (SGF). A single capsule was added to a volume of 250, 60, or 30 mL to mimic a range of gastric volumes in man and dog. Visual appearance and droplet sizes were determined. For all formulations a bluish transparent emulsion was observed for capsules added to 250 mL of liquid. For all formulations a bluish transparent emulsion with a slight white haze was observed for capsules added to 60 mL of liquid. For all formulations a milky white haze was observed for capsules added to 30 mL of liquid. Droplet size of the nano-emulsions were also measured and shown below in Table 7. 
         [0036]    After 6 weeks of storage at 5° C./ambient humidity, 25° C./60% RH or 40° C./75% RH the emulsions in 60 mL of SGF had a bluish white haze. Droplet size of emulsions made from capsules that were stored for 6 weeks at different conditions are shown in Table 8. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Volume peak 1 (and 2 in parentheses) in d · nm 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 250 mL 
                 60 mL 
                 30 mL 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Formulation 
                 Water 
                 118.6 
                 86.1 
                 49.5 
                 51.0 
                 56.5 
                 48.6 
               
               
                 B0 (0% TU) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (201.2) 
               
               
                   
                 SGF 
                 92.7 
                 93.4 
                 53.7 
                 55.5 
                 67.4 
                 69.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (303.0) 
                 (334.7) 
                   
                   
                 (348.2) 
                 (357.2) 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 Water 
                 80.4 
                 n.d. 
                 52.2 
                 n.d. 
                 62.9 
                 n.d. 
               
               
                 B (9% TU) 
               
               
                   
                 SGF 
                 96.5 
                 n.d. 
                 64.0 
                 n.d. 
                 204.5 
                 n.d. 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (49.2) 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 Water 
                 94.9 
                 100.3 
                 63.4 
                 57.0 
                 156.5 
                 68.4 
               
               
                 B1 (7.5% TU) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (1331.0) 
               
               
                   
                 SGF 
                 146.5 
                 212.6 
                 97.7 
                 75.4 
                 240.8 
                 234.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (58.3) 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 Water 
                 69.9 
                 102.5 
                 50.1 
                 51.6 
                 64.3 
                 56.8 
               
               
                 H0 (0% TU) 
               
               
                   
                 SGF 
                 133.5 
                 86.8 
                 53.6 
                 54.6 
                 71.1 
                 57.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (207.9) 
                   
                   
                   
                 (283.7) 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 Water 
                 64.2 
                 n.d. 
                 59.2 
                 n.d. 
                 82.2 
                 n.d. 
               
               
                 H1 (9% TU) 
               
               
                   
                 SGF 
                 82.1 
                 n.d. 
                 63.7 
                 n.d. 
                 126.6 
                 n.d. 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 Water 
                 78.3 
                 89.3 
                 63.2 
                 57.6 
                 113.0 
                 67.6 
               
               
                 H2 (7.5% TU) 
               
               
                   
                 SGF 
                 99.0 
                 105.8 
                 67.3 
                 67.7 
                 69.5 
                 187.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (223.8) 
                 (51.5) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0037]    All formulations form the best emulsion when emulsified in 60 mL water or SGF. Little variability is observed between water and SGF. All formulations seem to emulsify equally well in 60 mL of medium. For 250 and 30 mL, the emulsions seem coarser, and sometimes more than one peak is observed. For these volumes, the results are better in water than in SGF. The formulations comprising ethyl oleate seem to form a better emulsion in these volumes than the formulations without ethyl oleate. Considering that the 1/60 dilution is used to predict the in-vivo behavior in fasted state man since this mimics the ratio in human fasted state stomach, it is expected that all formulations form nanoemulsions in the fasted human gastro-intestinal tract. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Volume peak 1 (and 2 in parentheses) in d · nm 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 T = 6 weeks 
               
               
                   
                 T = 0 
                 (emulsion in 60 mL SGF) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (emulsions in 
                   
                 25° C./ 
                 40° C./ 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 250 mL water) 
                 5° C./amb 
                 60% RH 
                 75% RH 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Formulaton B0 
                 37.0 
                 54.1 
                 53.4 
                 55.3 
               
               
                 (0% TU) 
               
               
                 Formulaton B 
                 55.6 
                 75.9 
                 73.0 
                 70.8 
               
               
                 (9% TU) 
                   
                   
                 (703.7 (8%)) 
               
               
                 Formulaton B1 
                 56.4 
                 64.6 
                 64.4 
                 65.0 
               
               
                 (7.5% TU) 
               
               
                 Formulaton H0 
                 44.1 
                 54.7 
                 65.1 
                 54.5 
               
               
                 (0% TU) 
               
               
                 Formulaton H 
                 55.0 
                 67.7 
                 67.9 
                 67.3 
               
               
                 (9% TU) 
               
               
                 Formulaton H1 
                 39.3 
                 64.3 
                 64.7 
                 63.9 
               
               
                 (7.5% TU) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0038]    For almost all formulations and all conditions, nanoemulsions were formed. (&lt;100 nm). No large difference was observed between the different storage temperatures, indicating that the same droplet sizes can be obtained after storage. 
         [0039]    Crystallization tendency was also measured in the capsule formulations. All formulations remained clear at 3 hours and 96 hours when stored at 7° C. Formulations were also exposed to a freeze-thaw cycle of 3 hours at −80° C., then 1 hour at room temperature, then 96 hours at −80° C. and finally 2 hours at room temperature. All formulations except Formulation B were solid at −80° C. and clear at room temperature. Formulation B was clear at room temperature with some tiny needles present but after shaking was clear within a few hours. 
         [0040]    Degradation products of the capsules were determined directly after manufacturing of the capsules and after storage during six weeks at 5° C./ambient humidity, 25° C./60% RH, and 40° C./75% RH. The results show that the stability of the different formulations was similar. Some degradation products were formed after storage at 40° C./75% RH during six weeks and the above formulations are expected to have a shelf-life of about 9 months at 2-25° C. 
       In Vivo Study 
       [0041]    An in vivo study was performed. Twelve female Beagle dogs with body weight range 7.44-12.9 kg, aged 1-2 years at dosing were assigned to three different dosing groups and administered test formulations according to the scheme shown in Table 5. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Dose of 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Group 
                 Pre-Dose 
                 Testosterone 
               
               
                 Week 
                 No. 
                 Fast/Fed 
                 Undecanoate 
                 Formulation 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1 
                 1 
                 Fasted 
                 40 mg 
                 Formula B with 9% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Testosterone Undecanoate 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 Fed 
                 40 mg 
                 Formula H with 9% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Testosterone Undecanoate 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Fasted 
                 40 mg 
                 ANDRIOL TESTOCAPSS 
               
               
                 2 
                 1 
                 Fed 
                 40 mg 
                 Formula B with 9% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Testosterone Undecanoate 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 Fasted 
                 40 mg 
                 Formula H with 9% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Testosterone Undecanoate 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Fed 
                 40 mg 
                 ANDRIOL TESTOCAPSS 
               
               
                 3 
                 1 
                 Fasted 
                 40 mg 
                 Formula B with 9% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Testosterone Undecanoate 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 Fed 
                 40 mg 
                 Formula H with 9% 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Testosterone Undecanoate 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Fasted 
                 40 mg 
                 ANDRIOL TESTOCAPSS 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0042]    For testosterone, the mean AUG 0-12 hr  were 23.5 and 33.8 nM*hr for Formula B and Formula H, respectively, in fasted dogs compared to 9.57 nM*hr for ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS. The mean AUC 0-12 hr  increased to 90.8 and 123 nM*hr for Formula B and Formula H, respectively, in dogs when dosing with high fat meal compared to 50.6 nM*hr for ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS. The mean C max  were 11.9 and 18.5 nM for Formula B and Formula H, respectively, in fasted dogs compared to 4.89 nM for ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS. The mean C max  increased to 42.3 and 57.9 nM for Formula B and Formula H, respectively, in dogs when dosing with high fat meal compared to 18.2 nM for ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS. In addition, the median T max  increased from 1.5, 1.2, 2.2 hr in fasted state to 3.0, 3.0 and 4.0 hr for Formula B, Formula H and ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS, respectively, when dosing with high fat meal. 
         [0043]    For testosterone undecanoate (TU), the mean AUG 0-12 hr  were 205 and 423 nM*hr for Formula B and Formula H, respectively, in fasted dogs compared to 89.1 nM*hr for ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS. The mean AUC 0-12 hr increased to 1660 and 2300 nM*hr for Formula B and Formula H, respectively, in dogs when dosing with high fat meal compared to 1130 nM*hr for ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS. The mean C max  were 144 and 311 nM for Formula B and Formula H, respectively, in fasted dogs compared to 55.6 nM for ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS. The mean C max  increased to 1090 and 1550 nM for Formula B and Formula H, respectively, in dogs when dosing with high fat meal compared to 512 nM for ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS. In addition, the median T. slightly increased from 1.5, 1.5, 2.5 hr in fasted state to 2.5, 2.5 and 3.0 hr for Formula B, Formula H and ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS, respectively, when dosing with high fat meal. 
         [0044]    The AUC 0-12 hr  ratios of testosterone for tested formulations in fed versus fasted state were 3.86, 3.64 and 5.29 for Formula B, Formula H and ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS, respectively. The AUC 0 hr  ratios of testosterone undecanoate for tested formulations in fed versus fasted state were 8.10, 5.44 and 12.7 for Formula B, Formula H and ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS, respectively. Although significant food effect would still be expected for tested formulations, the tested formulations showed decreased exposure ratio between fed and fasted state than ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS. 
         [0045]    When looking into the AUC 0-12 hr  ratios of testosterone for tested formulation versus ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS in fed state, the AUC 0-12 hr ratios of testosterone for tested formulations versus ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS when dosing with high fat meal were 1.79 and 2.43 for Formula B and Formula H, respectively. While in fasted state, the increase of exposure extended to 2.46-fold and 3.53-fold for Formula B and Formula H, respectively. For testosterone undecanoate, the AUC 0-12 hr  ratios for tested formulations versus ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS when dosing with high fat meal were 1.47 and 2.04 for Formula B and Formula H, respectively. While in fasted state, the increase of exposure extended to 2.30-fold and 4.75-fold for Formula B and Formula H, respectively. 
         [0046]    In summary, based on the results of this dog study, food effect is still observed for tested formulations. However, the tested formulations showed significant increase of exposure than the ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS (average ˜2× in fed state and ˜3.5× in fasted state for testosterone undecanoate). A decreased exposure ratio between fed and fasted state than ANDRIOL TESTOCAPS was observed for tested formulations.