Abstract:
Machine for intraoperative radiation therapy or IORT (Intra Operative Radio Therapy), comprising a body, a radiating head ( 23 ) connected to the body, and a shield for X rays. The shield comprises a mobile stand ( 29 ) supporting an absorbing mass ( 13 ), which is coupled, through connecting means ( 32 ), to means ( 33 ) for detecting the position of the absorbing mass ( 13 ), apt to give to a processor at least a signal indicating the position of the absorbing mass ( 13 ) with respect to the body of the machine. The processor determines, on the basis of the position and/or the orientation of the radiating head ( 23 ), the position of the absorbing mass ( 13 ) with respect to the electron beam axis.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This Application is a divisional Application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/515,991, filed Jul. 20, 2005, entitled “MACHINE FOR INTRAOPERATIVE RADIATION THERAPY”, which is a U.S. National Stage of PCT/IT03/00336 filed on May 29, 2003, which claims priority to Italian application RM2002A000301 filed on May 31, 2002, the disclosures of which are specifically incorporated herein in their entireties by specific reference thereto. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention concerns a machine for intraoperative radiation therapy or IORT (Intra Operative Radio Therapy) which is easily movable, having reduced weight and size, and which makes possible, in a reliable, simple and efficient way, to radiate an electron beam drastically reducing the diffusion of X rays, accurately controlling environmental radiation, and very precisely measuring the radiation dose. 
         [0003]    It is known that Intraoperative Radiotherapy consists in treating the patient with ionising radiations in the course of the surgical operation. IORT, initially developed by some, mainly Japanese and US, research institutes, since sixties to eighties, began to ripen in the following decade, with the creation of a specific international society, the ISIORT, and increasingly participated biennial meetings methodically following one another. 
         [0004]    However, in mid-nineties the conviction spread among the experts that IORT would have remained prerogative of large university centres which could face the big logistical costs that IORT involved. In fact, out of the institutions dedicated to research, it could not be proposed to invest considerable amounts of money for a therapy that, due to limited Figures, could not produce statistically reliable data. Hence, IORT remained a branch of excellence performed by researchers who tried to find a standardisation in order to have data which were comparable and therefore apt to be added among different centres. The main reason for constituting the ISIORT intraoperative radiotherapy international society was in fact creating a common and commonly accepted reference point issuing protocols and procedures eliminating the local particular differences which inevitably set up. 
         [0005]    For radiating a particular organ which is exposed due to the surgical opening, it is not convenient to use X rays which are commonly used for conventional radiotherapy; in fact these are highly penetrative and once aimed at the area to be treated they involve everything being along their aiming direction, distributing undesired radiation doses also to other organs which are thereby damaged. 
         [0006]    Instead, IORT uses a beam of electrons, which are the primary particles being accelerated in order to obtain, after a conversion, the X rays. In fact, the electrons are slightly penetrative ionising radiations and their penetration is precisely controlled through the kinetic energy that they are given by the accelerator. A cursory empirical rule establishes that the electrons penetrate in a biological tissue for a number of centimetres equal to their kinetic energy, expressed in MeV, divided in half; hence, a 6 MeV beam shall be completely absorbed within the first 3 centimetres of tissue. 
         [0007]    Hence, the use of electrons takes away from the danger of damaging organs beneath the bottom of the tumour bed which is exposed by the surgeon. Moreover, the electron beams, thanks to the reduced penetration, are easily shaped and transversely limited, being thereby possible to treat only parts to be radiated, reducing the morbidity induced by applications of considerable doses such as the ones used in IORT. 
         [0008]    The doses normally used in conventional radiotherapy range from 25 to 75 Gray, where 1 Gy=1 Joule/1 Kg. These doses are delivered to the patient by means of a series of usually biweekly applications, of 1-2 Gy per application. In IORT typical doses range from 10 to 25 Gy, applied only once. It is evident that an error in dosimetry in IORT may be much more dangerous than in classical radiotherapy. Therefore, apparatus dedicated to IORT has to very precisely detect the dose of electron radiancy. 
         [0009]    The shape of beams is obtained by making the electron beam pass within an applicator made by a tube in plastic material having a wall thickness of the order of 5-8 millimetres. This thickness is generally sufficient to prevent accelerated particles from spreading outside the beam. Beam shape is generally circular, and rarely polygonal. 
         [0010]    When it was initially developed, IORT was performed by moving the anesthetized patient from surgical room to radiotherapy bunker where there was the accelerator that was prearranged to emit electrons (the accelerator is usually an X ray source); the electron beam was applied through applicators in light material capable to shape and limit the beam itself. In order to eliminate or at least minimise patient movement, some institutes have built surgical rooms next to or within the radiotherapy bunker; in any case these were extremely expensive solution which have in fact limited the diffusion of IORT. 
         [0011]    Hence, a procedure IORT comprises the following steps:
       conventional surgical operation;   preparing the patient for transport;   transporting the patient;   preparing the patient for radiation;   treatment with electrons; and   ending of the surgical operation.       
 
         [0018]    From an electromagnetic point of view, a machine for radiotherapy is very similar to a radar transmitter, since it is substantially a very short pulse transmitter, pulses having a duration of 1÷5 μsec, and very powerful, having a power of the order of 2÷5 MW, operating in the microwave range, with frequency of the order of 3 Ghz corresponding to a wavelength λ=10 cm. This microwave pulse enters an accelerator comprising a series of cavities, which may be resonant or aperiodic, where it generates extremely strong instantaneous electric fields which cause a beam of charged particles, i.e electrons, to be accelerated due to electrostatic attraction. 
         [0019]    With reference to  FIG. 1 , a high voltage power supply  1  transforms the line voltage into a continuous voltage, having a value ranging from 9 to 18 kV, which charges a system of capacitors wherein the energy needed to generate a single pulse is stored. Through a suitable switch called thyratron, a pulse generator  2  transforms the previously stored energy into a pulse having a short duration, equal to about 1÷5 msec, and a voltage of the order of 50 kV. 
         [0020]    This pulse is applied to a microwave generating thermionic tube  3 , said magnetron, that transforms it into a train of electromagnetic oscillations which are inputted into an accelerating structure  4  for caning out the accelerating process of an electron beam. 
         [0021]    For a proper operation, all the mentioned devices need auxiliary circuits and apparatus which provide for proper operation or for stabilizing the whole system depending on the circumstances. 
         [0022]    In particular, a synchronizer  5  comprises a set of circuits producing the pulses that make all the pulse devices of the impulsivi del pulse generator  2  coordinatedly work, providing for their proper operation sequence. A tuning control circuit  6  provides for keeping resonance frequency of magnetron  3  in step with the frequency needed for a proper operation of the accelerator. A vacuum pump  7  maintains a ultra high vacuum level, of the order of 10 −8  hPa (hectoPascal), within the accelerating structure  4 , which is essential in order that the acceleration process occurs without impediments due to an excessive impact of particles with gas molecules within the accelerating structure  4 . A system  8  for measuring the energy quantity conveyed by the beam and that is incident on the tissues of the patient allows the emitting process to be stopped when the radiated energy quantity reaches a value which is sufficient for the desired therapeutic purposes. Finally, a processing computer  9  controls the operations of the machine. 
         [0023]    The conventional machines for radiotherapy present some drawbacks. 
         [0024]    First of all, as it has been already observed, they do not satisfy the requirement for mobility, also because the apparatus is heavy and bulky. 
         [0025]    In fact, in case of immobile machine for radiotherapy, even if it is placed within a surgical room, yet the patient must be moved in order to be positioned under it. This implies a complex and difficult logistic organisation, since the above is a procedure which is extraneous to the normal conduct of a surgical operation, and a time extension of the anesthesia, further causing a physical stress for the patient. 
         [0026]    Moreover, an immobile machine placed in a surgical room may treat patients at a frequency equal to the one of the surgical operation, that is, typically, one patient per day for abdominal applications and up to three per day in case of mammary tumours. However, the time of real use is greatly shorter, since the radiation lasts about one minute and the whole operation of positioning and subsequent removal of the patient does not generally reach 15 minutes. Hence, this results in keeping mostly unused a machine potentially capable of treating an high number of patients. 
         [0027]    Although some mobile machines for radiotherapy have been developed, these have drawbacks due to weight and size and to the need of calibration after movements. 
         [0028]    Moreover, a machine, either immobile or mobile, is driven onto the patient to be radiated by a radiotherapy technician skilled in driving, who is, however, not sterile, since he has to handle objects, such as the remote control, which cannot be sterilised. The machine is considered sterile only for the applicator portion fixed thereto. The positioning of the machine consists in joining the two portions of the applicator (one of which is positioned in contact with the surgical opening of the patient, and the other one is connected to the machine). The technician controlling this action cannot get close to the patient, since he is not sterile, and he is therefore led through vocal instructions by the (sterile) radiotherapist who is close to the patient. This procedure is quite dangerous, because the one driving the machine has a very limited sight of the operating zone and there is the risk of hitting or compressing internal organs of the patient which are quite fragile. 
         [0029]    Further drawbacks of the known machines for radiotherapy are due to the system for diffusing the electron beam. 
         [0030]    In fact, the accelerated electron beam leaves the vacuum environment of the accelerating structure emerging through a titanium thin foil, which is interposed in order to keep the vacuum level within the structure sealed. The transverse size, that is the diameter, of the beam at the moment of leaving are of the order of millimetre. Thanks to the electrostatic repulsion among the electrons and to the diffusion with the crossed air, the beam opens with an angle depending on the beam power that, at 10 MeV, is of the order of ±10° around the geometric axis. 
         [0031]    As shown in  FIG. 2   a , when the energy conveyed by the beam is analysed according to relative units by sectioning it with a plane containing the axis, a Gaussian type distribution is obtained. In order to be usable onto the patient, the beam has instead to have a constant value in the whole range of application, as shown in  FIG. 2   b . For obtaining such a transformation, as shown in  FIG. 2   c , the beam is diffused by making it cross a metallic plate  10  having variable thickness and sectioning it with a light material tube  11 , capable to absorb the undesired side portion of the beam. 
         [0032]    However, such beam flattening solution is inadequate for machines for Intraoperative Radiotherapy, since the diffusing plate  10  produces a significant quantity of braking X rays which permeate the surgical room environment and are difficult to be shielded. This imposes a noticeable shielding which causes high values of the machine weight, making the use of special floors be necessary. 
         [0033]    In this regard, the problem of environmental radiation in surgical room is particularly important. 
         [0034]    Besides the already mentioned X radiations due to the diffusing filters crossing, the environmental radiations which are present during operation of an electron accelerator for IORT in surgical room comprise electron radiations due to electrons leaving the collimator, also known as secondary electrons, and X radiations generated by the patient, i.e. the electron beam braking radiations due to the fact that the patient brakes the electron beam absorbing almost its whole energy. 
         [0035]    The secondary electron radiations, even being of noticeable number, have a very low energy, estimated in few keV, and generally remained confined within the surgical room. It is therefore sufficient to leave the room during radiation. 
         [0036]    However, the warning and control procedures are not completely accurate. 
         [0037]    The braking X radiations are the most harmful and inevitable. The percentage of beam energy which is converted into X rays amounts to 0.3% of the incident energy, the generated X radiations having energy ranging from 0 to the energy of the most energetic electron. As shown in  FIG. 3 , from a geometric point of view the radiation is extremely anisotropic, having a lobe  12  along the running direction of the original electron beam. The aperture of the lobe  12  is very restricted and at a angle of few degrees deviating from the axis its intensity is halved, while at 90° its intensity is reduced to one hundredth of the value on the axis. This remarkable anistotropy makes possible an effective beam, interposing an absorbing mass  13  along the beam axis prolongation so as to prevent the radiation from propagating outside the surgical room. The absorbing mass  13  is made of lead slabs. Considering that the decivalency thickness (that is the thickness of material reducing to one tenth the intensity of the incident beam) at the energies normally used in IORT is equal to 4 cm, in order to attenuate the incident radiation by a factor ranging from 50 to 1000 the thickness of the absorbing mass  13  normally ranges from 6 and 12 centimetres. 
         [0038]    However, while in the case of immobile machines for radiotherapy the absorbing mass  13  is oriented in fixed position with respect to the accelerator axis, in the case of mobile machines for radiotherapy the correct positioning of the absorbing mass  13  is not simple, taking also into account the accuracy imposed by the law for the safety of the operators. 
         [0039]    A further drawback present in known machines for radiotherapy is due to the system for measuring the beam, needed in all the accelerators for radiotherapy in order to determine that the prescribed dose quantity has been really delivered by the machine and to stop delivering. 
         [0040]    In fact, transmission ionization chambers are commonly used, which are crossed by the radiation beam. The chamber is made of two foils of conductor which is very thin (so as to not attenuate the beam) and spaced 1-2 millimetres and between which a potential difference of some hundreds of volts is maintained. The particles, either electrons or photons, crossing the space between the foils ionize an amount of air molecules proportionally to their own kinetic energy and to their number. The ionized molecules are hence attracted by the negative electrode while the electrons which are stripped from the external orbitals migrate to the positive electrode; this current which is generated by the passage of the beam is collected by a capacitor and is transformed in a charge amount which is measured by a suitable circuit. Considering that the dose flow is equal to the ratio of pulse dose to pulse duration, the ionization chambers remain linear with dose flows of the maximum order of about 100 Gy/sec, beyond which the flow generates a number of electrons and ionized molecules so high that these recombine before reaching the ionization chamber electrodes, therefore subtracting a charge amount from the measure. Microscopically this effect is translated into a progressive desensitization of the chambers up to being no more usable. 
         [0041]    In case of mobile machines for Intraoperative Radiotherapy, in order to maintain environmental radiation quantity minimum, the electron beam is not diffused and must be measured, for reasons of efficient machine architecture, directly at the accelerator output, where it still has transverse size of the order of few millimetres. Since the typical flow of a mobile machine for Intraoperative Radiotherapy is of the order of 20,000 Gy/sec, the ionization chambers operate in a very low sensitivity region that does not allow them to appreciate variations lower than some point percent. Considering that the precision limit of clinical dosimetry is of the order of 2%, it is evident that the transmission ionization chambers are unusable. 
         [0042]    The solution which is used in some mobile machines is to employ a scattering filter so as to lower the electron current by a factor ranging from 10 to 40 and prevent the transmission chambers from being affected by noticeable recombination phenomena. However, such a solution implies a very high environmental radiation quantity which imposes the use of a circular attenuator (a sort of collimator for the diffusion) in heavy material (depleted uranium). The use of such a shielding causes the radiating head to be heavy and, due to balancing reasons, this propagates in cascade on the weights of the whole machine. 
         [0043]    A further drawback of the known machines for radiotherapy is due to the accelerating structure. 
         [0044]    With reference to  FIG. 4 , the accelerating structure is composed by a series of resonant cavities  14  coupled among them, which are equivalent to a series of elementary oscillating pure resonant circuits, comprising an inductor L and a capacitor C, coupled between them. In this circuit, the resonance frequencies of the elementary cells are adjusted so as to have a 90° phase displacement between the voltages at the capacitors of two contiguous cells. 
         [0045]    With reference to  FIG. 5 , it may be observed that the accelerating structure cavities are of two types which alternately follow: accelerating cavities  15  and coupling cavities  16 . In particular, the accelerating cavities  15  have a large indictance and a small capacitance; their configuration comprises central protrusions  17  which are the capacitive component, around which it is formed the electric field that is used to do the acceleration work. Vice versa, the coupling cavities  16  have a large capacitance and a small inductance; their function is to transfer the radiofrequency (RF) energy by displacing its phase of 90°, without participating in the accelerating process. In order to accurately adjust the resonance frequencies, the accelerating structure comprises tuning micrometer screws  18  which vary the volume of variano il volume accelerating and coupling cavities  15  and  16 . 
         [0046]    However, the presence of tuning screws  18  creates a significant technological difficulty as far as the vacuum level is concerned. 
         [0047]    In fact, within the accelerating structure, the ultrahigh vacuum level, of the order of 10 −8  hPa, has to be maintained and in order to obtain it it is necessary a pump continuously operating for the whole operative life of the accelerator. Hence, each tuning screw  18  has to be accurately sealed by means of a suitable vacuum brazing. This involves the necessity to heat the whole structure up to temperatures of the order of 500-600° C. These thermal cycles, besides being expensive, since they conspicuously extend the production time of the accelerator, also tend to make the building material get relaxed and, hence, to vary its physical size impairing the precision of tuning. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0048]    It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a machine for IORT which is easily movable and to be positioned. 
         [0049]    It is still an object of the present invention to provide such a machine which makes possible, in a reliable, simple and efficient way, to radiate an electron beam drastically reducing the diffusion of X rays, accurately controlling and shielding environmental radiation. 
         [0050]    It is a further object of the present invention to provide such a machine which makes possible to very precisely measure the radiation dose. 
         [0051]    It is always object of the present invention to provide such a machine which is technologically simple to be realised. 
         [0052]    It is specific subject matter of this invention a machine for intraoperative radiation therapy or IORT (Intra Operative Radio Therapy), comprising a mobile body, provided with at least two driving wheels and at least an idle wheel, each driving wheel being operated by a corresponding moving engine, the machine comprising a radiating head connected to the body, apt to emit an electron beam, the machine being characterised in that it further comprise handling means which are integral with the radiating head, engine means for moving the radiating head, apt to impress to the radiating head at least a vertical translation motion, said handling means comprising at least three bidirectional sensors, apt to measure both a traction stress and a compression stress, each one of which sends to a control processor an electric signal which is proportional to a measured stress which is orthogonal to the sensor, said control processor operating the moving engines of each of said at least two driving wheels and the engine means for moving the radiating head proportionally to the stresses which are measured by said at least three bidirectional sensors. 
         [0053]    Always according to the invention, said engine means for moving the radiating head may be apt to impress to the radiating head a rotational motion on at least a plane, said handling means may comprise at least four bidirectional sensors, and said control processor may operate the moving engines of each of said at least two driving wheels and the engine means for moving the radiating head on the basis of an orientation of said handling means. 
         [0054]    Still according to the invention, said engine means for moving the radiating head may be apt to impress to the radiating head a pitch rotational motion and a roll rotational motion, said handling means comprising at least five bidirectional sensors. 
         [0055]    Furthermore according to the invention, said control processor may perform the following operations: 
         [0056]    determining the orientation of the handle with respect to a first Cartesian triad which is integral with the body of the machine, 
         [0057]    composing the stresses which are measured by the bidirectional sensors, obtaining a resulting vector and a resulting torque with respect to a second Cartesian triad which is integral with said handling means, 
         [0058]    calculating the projections of the resulting vector and of the resulting torque onto the first fixed Cartesian triad, obtaining a vector of translation of the body, a torque of rotation of the body, a vector of vertical translation of the radiating head, a torque of roll rotation of the radiating head, and a torque of pitch rotation of the radiating head; and 
         [0059]    operating the moving engines of each of said at least two driving wheels, so as to linearly move the body proportionally to said vector of translation of the body and to rotate the body proportionally to said torque of rotation of the body, and operating the engines for moving the radiating head, so as to vertically translate the radiating head proportionally to said vector of vertical translation of the radiating head, to impress a roll rotation to the radiating head proportionally to said torque of roll rotation of the radiating head, and to impress a pitch rotation proportionally to said torque of pitch rotation of the radiating head. 
         [0060]    Preferably according to the invention, each one of said at least three bidirectional sensors is formed by a pair of opposed sensors, each of which is apt to measure a compression stress which is orthogonal to it. 
         [0061]    Always according to the invention, each one of said compression stress sensors may be inserted in a mechanical housing, provided with elastic means, mobile between a first not stressed limit position and a second limit position of maximum stress onto the sensor, wherein the maximum stress onto the sensor is not larger than the full scale of this. 
         [0062]    Still according to the invention, each one of said at least two driving wheels may be provided with a clutch which is apt to uncouple the wheel from the respective engine making it idle. 
         [0063]    Furthermore according to the invention, the machine may comprise housing compartments which are sealed against external humidity. 
         [0064]    Preferably according to the invention, the machine has a weight lower than 400 Kg and/or a width not larger than 100 cm, more preferably not larger than n superior a 80 cm, and a length not longer than 2.5 metres, more preferably not longer than 2 metres. 
         [0065]    Always according to the invention, the machine may be provided with a system for diffusing the electron beam, leaving an accelerating structure, which comprises a divergent magnetic lens, apt to make the trajectories of the electrons crossing it diverge. In particular, such a system for diffusing the electron beam may be applied also to machines for IORT different from the one which is the specific subject of the present invention. 
         [0066]    Still according to the invention, the machine may be provided with timer means apt to operate an acoustic device for a duration T, preferably adjustable, before the start of the electron beam emission. 
         [0067]    Furthermore according to the invention, the machine may be provided with a shield for X rays comprising a mobile stand supporting an absorbing mass, which is coupled, through connecting means, to means for detecting the position of the absorbing mass, apt to give to a processor at least a signal indicating the position of the absorbing mass with respect to the body of the machine, said processor determining, on the basis of the position and/or the orientation of the radiating head, the position of the absorbing mass with respect to the electron beam axis. 
         [0068]    Preferably according to the invention, said processor is the control processor which receives the electrical signals of the stresses measured by the bidirectional sensors. 
         [0069]    Always according to the invention, said detecting means may comprise two potentiometers apt to detect the azimuth angle and the distance of the centre of the absorbing mass with respect to the body of the machine. 
         [0070]    Still according to the invention, said connecting means comprises an anchorage dome of said detecting means. 
         [0071]    Furthermore according to the invention, the mobile stand may be provided with lockable wheels. 
         [0072]    Always according to the invention, the absorbing mass may be mobile with respect to the mobile stand through sliding means. 
         [0073]    Still according to the invention, said processor receiving at least a signal indicating the position of the absorbing mass with respect to the body of the machine may be apt to drive a luminous signalling device for signalling the necessary movements for correctly positioning the shield and the reached attainment of the correct position of the shield. 
         [0074]    In particular, such shield for X rays may be applied also to machines for IORT different from the one which is the specific subject of the present invention. 
         [0075]    Furthermore according to the invention, the machine may be provided with a system for measuring the total dose of the electron beam, emitted during a IORT treatment for a period of duration R, comprising an amperometric transformer, apt to measure the instantaneous current I beam  of the emitted electron beam, the instantaneous dose D being calculated as a function of said instantaneous current I beam , the total dose being calculated through a time integration of the instantaneous dose for the treatment period. 
         [0076]    Always according to the invention, said instantaneous dose D may be calculated on the basis of a quadratic dependency from said instantaneous current I beam :D=K*I beam   2  or alternatively on the basis of a linear dependency from said instantaneous current I beam , 
         [0000]    
       
      
       D=D 
       0 
       +A*ΔI 
       beam  
      
     
         [0077]    where 
         [0078]    ΔI beam =I beam −I beam     —     Ref , 
         [0079]    wherein I beam     —     Ref  is a reference value of the instantaneous current of the emitted electron beam, and 
         [0080]    the coefficients D 0  and A are experimentally determined in a phase of clinical dosimetry of the machine. 
         [0081]    In particular, such system for measuring the total dose of the electron beam may be applied also to machines for IORT different from the one which is the specific subject of the present invention. 
         [0082]    Still according to the invention, the electron beam may come out from an accelerating structure comprising tuning means, placed in corresponding slots of the accelerating structure, said tuning means being directly and locally welded to the accelerating structure onto each of said slots through an electrical arc welding in controlled atmosphere. 
         [0083]    Furthermore according to the invention, the accelerating structure may present, in correspondence of each slot, a profile apt to dissipating heat. 
         [0084]    Always according to the invention, said tuning means may comprise a tuning screw covered by a cap. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0085]    The present invention will be now described, by way of illustration and not by way of limitation, according to its preferred embodiments, by particularly referring to the Figures of the enclosed drawings, in which: 
           [0086]      FIG. 1  shows an electromagnetic block diagram of a machine for IORT; 
           [0087]      FIG. 2   a  shows the profile of the energy conveyed by the electron beam at the output of an accelerating structure; 
           [0088]      FIG. 2   b  shows the profile of the energy conveyed by the electron beam which is necessary for a IORT treatment; 
           [0089]      FIG. 2   c  shows an electron beam diffusion system used in the machines of the prior art; 
           [0090]      FIG. 3  shows a geometrical section draft of radiations generated during a IORT treatment; 
           [0091]      FIG. 4  shows a circuit which is equivalent to an accelerating structure; 
           [0092]      FIG. 5  shows a particular of an accelerating structure of the prior art; 
           [0093]      FIG. 6  shows a schematic perspective view of the handling means of a preferred embodiment of the machine according to the invention; 
           [0094]      FIG. 7  shows a bottom plan view of a preferred embodiment of the machine according to the invention; 
           [0095]      FIG. 8  shows a schematic side view of the handling means of  FIG. 6  in a first stressing condition; 
           [0096]      FIG. 9  shows a schematic side view of the handling means of  FIG. 6  in a second stressing condition; 
           [0097]      FIG. 10  shows a schematic side view of the handling means of  FIG. 6  in a third stressing condition; 
           [0098]      FIG. 11  shows a schematic side view of the handling means of  FIG. 6  in a fourth stressing condition; 
           [0099]      FIG. 12  shows a schematic side view of the handling means of  FIG. 6  in a fifth stressing condition; 
           [0100]      FIG. 13  shows a schematic side view of the handling means of  FIG. 6  in a sixth stressing condition; 
           [0101]      FIG. 14  shows a schematic side view of the handling means of  FIG. 6  in a seventh stressing condition; 
           [0102]      FIG. 15  shows a schematic side view of the handling means of  FIG. 6  in an eighth stressing condition; 
           [0103]      FIG. 16   a  shows a sectional view of a sensor of the handling means of  FIG. 6  in a first configuration; 
           [0104]      FIG. 16   b  shows a sectional view of a sensor of the handling means of  FIG. 6  in a second configuration; 
           [0105]      FIG. 17  shows an electron beam diffusion system of the machine of  FIG. 7 ; 
           [0106]      FIG. 18  shows a first particular of the X ray shield of the machine of  FIG. 7 ; 
           [0107]      FIG. 19  shows a second particular of the X ray shield of the machine of  FIG. 7 ; 
           [0108]      FIG. 20  shows a luminous signalling device of the machine of  FIG. 7 ; 
           [0109]      FIG. 21  shows a particular of the electron beam total dose measuring system of the machine of  FIG. 7 ; 
           [0110]      FIG. 22  shows a block diagram of the electron beam total dose measuring system of the machine of  FIG. 7 ; and 
           [0111]      FIG. 23  shows a particular of the accelerating structure of the machine of  FIG. 7 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
       [0112]    In the following of the description same references will be used to indicate alike elements in the Figures. 
         [0113]    The machine for IORT according to the invention has a considerable mobility. In particular, the preferred embodiment has a weight lower than 400 Kg, eliminating any problem in floor statics and, most of all, in capacity of elevators and vehicles; moreover, it has reduced sizes, having a width of 80 cm, in order to make possible the movement through the elevator doors, and a length not larger than 2 metres; still, the turning radius is such to allow the machine to rotate around a vertical axis placed within the same machine; finally, the preferred embodiment of the machine is provided with autonomy of movement so that it can move without necessity to be supplied during transfer. 
         [0114]    The machine for IORT according to the invention allows a sterile person, for example the radiotherapist, to directly control movement. This mobility can be obtained with a “sterile handle”, whose mechanical stresses caused by the operator&#39;s hand are translated into electrical signals controlling the movements of the machine so as to favour the same stresses. 
         [0115]    With reference to  FIG. 6 , from a mechanical point of view, the handle of the preferred embodiment of the machine is like a prism  19  suspended from ten stress sensors  20 , which translate the stress caused by the operator&#39;s hand into electrical signals which, after being interpreted by a control processor, not shown, generate mechanical movements apt to nullify the same stress. In particular, with reference to  FIG. 7  the processor operates two, respectively right and left, moving engines of the machine which act on the two front wheels, respectively right  21  and left  22 , of the machine, and engines for moving the radiating head  23  of the machine, from which the electron beam comes out. The sterile handle is placed in correspondence with the radiating head  23 . The machine still comprises two rear wheels, respectively right  24  and left  25 , which are idle and pivoting. Preferably, the two driving wheels  21  and  22  are provided with a clutch, that may be operated through a suitable tool, which uncouples them from the respective engine and makes them idle; this makes possible a rapid push motion in case of shutdown or failure. Moreover, the machine is provided with engine supplying batteries which make it autonomous during transfers. 
         [0116]    Thanks also to the independence of the two driving wheels  21  and  22 , the servomechanism formed by the ten sensors  20 , the processor, the two moving engines of the machine and the engines for moving the radiating head  23  of the machine allows the machine to have five degrees of freedom:
       rectilinear motion of the whole machine onto a plane,   rotational motion of the whole machine onto a plane,   vertical translation motion of the radiating head  23 ,   roll motion of the radiating head  23 , and   pitch motion of the radiating head  23 .       
 
         [0122]    The ten sensors  20  form the five bidirectional sensors needed for the listed five degrees of freedom, apt to measure both the traction stress and the compression stress. For reasons of simplicity and reliability, the preferred embodiment of the machine according to the invention comprises, instead of five bidirectional sensors, ten sensors  20  apt to react only to compression stresses, being much more sturdy and precise than bidirectional sensors. 
         [0123]    The user takes the prism  19  in correspondence of its centre and may impress a force in any direction. With reference to  FIG. 8 , assuming that the user impress a forward uniform stress, as indicated by the arrow in  FIG. 8 , the two front sensors, respectively top  20   u F and bottom  20   l F, are stressed, detecting a compression, and give two equal signals; in particular, in  FIG. 8  the stressed sensors are shown in grey. The control processor of the servomechanism analyses the signals coming from all the ten sensors  20  and operates the two moving engines at identical speed so as to impress to the machine a forward movement. Similarly, with reference to  FIG. 9 , if the user impress a rearward uniform stress, as indicated by the arrow in  FIG. 9 , the two rear sensors, respectively top  20   u B and bottom  20   l B, shown in grey, are stressed and give two equal signals that the control processor interprets for operating the two moving engines at identical speed so as to impress to the machine a left sideways movement. In particular, in the following of the present description a stress involving only two sensors  20  placed on the same side is indicated as an equally directed stress. 
         [0124]    Still with reference to  FIG. 6 , it is evident that if the equally directed stress is impressed to two side sensors, alternatively to the right sensors  20   u R and  20   l R or the two left sensors  20   u L and  20   l L, the control processor generates an inverted rotation of the two moving engines (the right engine rotates clockwise and the left one rotates anticlockwise or vice versa) which is proportional to the stress, that causes a rotation around a vertical axis which is central with respect to the segment joining the axis of the two driving wheels. 
         [0125]    These movements may be combined in an infinite series of elementary translations and rotations, since the control processor continuously analyses the stresses which are impressed to the prism  19  and consequently modifies the commands sent to the moving engines. 
         [0126]    Differently, differential stresses onto the sensors  20  produce corresponding signals that the control processor analyses so as to operate the engines for moving the radiating head  23  of the machine which generate rotations of the radiating head  23 , and precisely, depending on which pair of sensors  20  is stressed, roll or pitch rotations. In particular: in the case when the front top sensor  20   u F and the rear bottom sensor  20   l B are stressed, a pitch rotation is generated as shown by the arrow of  FIG. 10 ; in the case when the front bottom sensor  20   l F and the rear top sensor  20   u B are stressed, a pitch rotation is generated which is the opposite of the previous one, as shown by the arrow of  FIG. 11 ; in the case when the right top sensor  20   u R and the left bottom sensor  20   l L are stressed, a clockwise roll rotation is generated; finally, in the case when the right bottom sensor  20   l R and the left top sensor  20   u L are stressed, an anticlockwise roll rotation is generated. 
         [0127]    Also in this case it is possible to have movements which are a combination of pitch rotations and roll rotations, that may be furthermore combined with the previously illustrated movements. 
         [0128]    Finally, a stress onto the  20 T placed at the top of the prism  19  generates a lifting of the radiating head  23 , as shown in  FIG. 12 , while a stress onto the sensor  20 D placed at the base of the prism  19  generates a lowering of the radiating head  23 , as shown in  FIG. 13 . 
         [0129]    The movements of the servomechanism, above illustrated with reference to  FIGS. 8-13 , are related to a configuration of the radiating head  23 , to which the handle  19  is integral, placed in vertical position, that is in transport position. The control processor allows the machine to be correctly moved even when the radiating head  23 , and consequently the axis of the prism  19 , has a different orientation and, hence, the directions toward which the operator impress in order to obtain a certain movement involve other sensors. 
         [0130]    Purely by way of illustration and not by way of limitation, it is assumed that the radiating head is rotated of 45° forward, as shown in  FIG. 14 . In order to lift it, the operator upward pushes the whole prism  19  which transmits the stress, besides the top sensor  20 T, also to the two front sensors  20   u F and  20   l F, all pointed out in grey in  FIG. 14 . Similarly, in the limit case (usually not possible) of the radiating head  23  and the prism  19  rotated of 90°, in order to lift the head only the front sensors  20   u F and  20   l F are stressed, as shown in  FIG. 15 . 
         [0131]    In order to correctly operate the engines for moving the radiating head  23  or the whole machine, the control processor performs the following operations: 
         [0132]    determining the orientation of the prism  19  with respect to a first Cartesian triad which is integral with the machine; 
         [0133]    composing, according to the determined orientation of the prism  19 , the stresses which are measured by the sensors  20  (each one of which detects only the stresses which are orthogonal to it), until a resulting vector and a resulting torque are obtained with respect to a second Cartesian triad which is integral with the prism  19 ; 
         [0134]    calculating the projections of the resulting vector and of the resulting torque onto the first fixed Cartesian triad of the machine, obtaining the vector of translation of the whole machine, the torque of rotation of the whole machine, the vector of vertical translation of the radiating head  23 , the torque of roll rotation of the radiating head  23 , and the torque of pitch rotation of the radiating head  23 ; and 
         [0135]    operating the two engines for moving the whole machine and the engines for moving the radiating head  23  proportionally to the obtained vectors and torques. 
         [0136]    The stress sensors  20 , also known as load cells, suffer for possible, even modest, overloads, because they break at a stress equal to 1.5 times their full-scale maximum charge. With reference to  FIGS. 16   a  and  16   b , in order to detect stresses which are proportional to the ones impressed by the operator, the preferred embodiment of the machine according to the invention has a protection of the sensors  20 . In particular, each sensor  20  is inserted into a mechanical housing  26  that, by means of a deformable elastic element  27 , such as a spring, limits the accidental maximum stress that can be applied to the sensor  20 . In particular,  FIG. 16   a  shows the housing  26  in its not stressed limit position, while  FIG. 16   b  shows the housing  26  in its limit position of maximum stress onto the sensor  20 . As shown in  FIG. 16   b , the elastic element  27  deforms up to the housing  26  reaches a mechanical stop, such as a beat with the handle structure, the maximum stress exerted onto the sensor  20  in this case being non larger than the full-scale of the same sensor. 
         [0137]    Moreover, all the electronic, electromagnetic, and mechanical components of the machine, which are sensitive to humidity, are enclosed in sealed compartment, so as to make sterilization of the whole machine in autoclave possible. 
         [0138]    In order to make flat, instead of Gaussian, the energetic profile of the diffused electron beam and eliminating the problem of the generation of braking X rays due to a diffusing plate, the machine for IORT according to the invention provides that the beam diffusion system comprises, as shown in  FIG. 17 , a divergent magnetic lens  28  for diffusing the beam. The lens  28  does not produce any radiation and is limited to make the electron trajectories diverge; in particular, a tube  11  in light material selects the diffused beam, absorbing the undesired side portion of it, obtaining the needed uniformity over the range of application, according to the profile shown in  FIG. 2   b.    
         [0139]    Advantageously, the machine has luminous devices for signalling the condition of machine on and of beam emission. Moreover, the machine may further be provided with a timer of duration T, preferably equal to 30 seconds, still more preferably adjustable, during which an acoustic device is operated to indicate the requirement of leaving the forbidden areas before the start of the beam emission. Such signalling devices facilitate the delimitation of suitable guard areas which have to be left only for the short radiating period, usually of lasting 30 to 60 seconds, avoiding the use of uncomfortable and bulky mobile shields which uneasily are maintained sterile. 
         [0140]    As mentioned with reference to  FIG. 3 , in order to shield the braking X radiations generated by the patient, it is necessary to position an absorbing mass  13 , comprising one or more lead, along the beam axis prolongation. 
         [0141]    With reference to  FIGS. 18 and 19 , the preferred embodiment of the machine according to the invention comprises a shield including a mobile steel stand  29 , preferably provided with lockable wheels  30 , to which an absorbing mass  13  is coupled which is mobile with respect to the stand  29  by means of a sliding mechanism  31 . 
         [0142]    An anchorage dome  32  of a detecting device  33  is integrally coupled to the centre of the absorbing mass  13 , the detecting device  33  being integrally coupled to the machine  34 , substantially at the same height of the duomo  32 . In particular, the detecting device  33  measures through two potenziometers  35 , the azimuth angle and the distance from the centre of the absorbing mass  13  with respect to the machine  34 . These data, together with the elevation, the roll angle and the pitch angle of the radiating head, are processed by a processor, preferably the same control processor of the servomechanism of the machine, for univocally determining the position of the beam axis on the surface of the absorbing mass  13 . 
         [0143]    With reference to  FIG. 20 , the processor also drives a luminous signalling device  36  that gives indications to the operator for signalling the possible needed movements for correctly positioning the shield or the reached attainment of the correct position. 
         [0144]    The preferred embodiment of the machine according to the invention further comprises a radiated beam measuring system that, instead of a transmission ionization chamber, which cannot be used for the high dose flows used for IORT, includes an amperometric transformer that measures the electron beam current at the output of the titanium window of the accelerating structure. 
         [0145]    The electron beam energy fluency, which may be measured in terms of dose only after being absorbed by a material, is given by the product V accelerating ×I beam , where V accelerating  is the accelerating voltage and I beam  is the electron beam current. In the machine according to the invention, which comprises a stationary wave accelerator, the current production is related to the resonance of the cavities, like also the creation of the accelerating electric fields and, consequently, the voltage V accelerating . Hence, assuming the electron injection constant, an equal variation of kinetic energy corresponds to a small variation ΔI beam  of the current I beam . Therefore, instead of using a system for measuring the accelerating voltage V accelerating , the measure of the dose is based on the measure of the beam current I beam , the instantaneous dose having a dependency of quadratic type from this 
         [0000]    
       
      
       D=K*I 
       2 
       beam  
      
     
         [0146]    which results linearizeable for small variations ΔI beam  that usually are observed during the operation around the reference value I beam     —     Ref , wherein ΔI beam ≦0.1 I beam     —     Ref , usually plus ΔI beam ≦0.03 I beam     —     Ref . Therefore, the instantaneous dose D is obtained through the following linear relation from the measure of the beam current I beam , i.e. from the variation ΔI beam  of this (ΔI beam =I beam −I beam     —     Ref ) 
         [0000]    
       
      
       D=D 
       0 
       +A*ΔI 
       beam  
      
     
         [0147]    where D 0  and A are experimentally determined in the phase of clinical dosimetry of the machine, phase which employs dosimetries certified independent from the energy and from the dose portion, preferably according to Frike dosimetry. 
         [0148]    The main advantage is the absolute linearity of the measuring device and the great stability and independence of the amperometric transformers from environmental factors, such as pressure, humidity and temperature. Moreover, with respect to the conventional use of transmission ionization chambers, the use of an amperometric transformer also eliminates the need for long and complex calibration measures after the movement of the machine, since an amperometric transformer is insensitive to vibrations and to acceleration due to transport. 
         [0149]    As shown in  FIG. 21 , from a constructive point of view the measuring system comprises a toroidal transformer would on a ferrite toroidal core  37  of suitable rating: the primary of such transformer is the electron beam that, passing through the hole  38  of the torus  37  magnetically links with the wounded secondary  39 . The short circuit current in the secondary has a value equal to 1/n of the electron beam current I beam , where n is the number of turns of the secondary  39  which are wounded on the core  37 . 
         [0150]    With reference to  FIG. 22 , the current generated on the secondary of the toroidal transformer  40 , which is proportional to the current I beam  of the beam to be measured, is inserted in a current buffer circuit  41 , which is arranged to increase the impedance of the circuit downstream the transformer  40 . The output of the buffer  41  supply an integrator circuit  42  which adds the several current contributions due to the electron beam pulses, giving at the output a voltage which is proportional to the total energy flow of the emitted electron beam. Such voltage is digitalised by an analog/digital converter or ADC  43 , whose output is sent to the logical circuits which carry out the comparison of the digitalised voltage with the pre-set dose value, in order to determine the moment when the irradiation process has to be stopped. 
         [0151]    Finally, the preferred embodiment of the machine according to the invention uses, instead of the vacuum brazing, a new seal of the tuning screw of the accelerating structure which avoid the heating of the whole structure. In particular, with reference to  FIG. 23 , each tuning screw  18 , once inserted into the accelerating structure  44  in the adjustment final position, is covered by a cap  45 , preferably in copper, which is directly and locally welded to the accelerating structure  44  on each screw  18  through an arc welding in controlled atmosphere. In order to prevent the heat from propagating, particular profiles of the structure  44  have been studied which avoid this phenomenon. In particular, the structure  44  presents, in correspondence of each slot for the screws  18 , a lip  46  that is welded to the cap  45  favouring heat dissipation; also the cap  45  has a protruding frame  47  dissipating heat. 
         [0152]    The direct and local electrical arc welding on each screw  18  in controlled atmosphere shortens of about one third the accelerator manufacturing time and presents the great advantage of allowing, in case of loss of seal of a tuning screw  18 , the defect to be corrected through passing again the electrical arc only onto the defective part, without putting at risk the seal of the other screws  18  as, instead, in the case when these are brazed with eutectic alloy. 
         [0153]    It is evident that the machine according to the invention offers the advantage of a high mobility, being much lighter and having a reduced bulkiness with respect to the conventional machines. In particular, the machine according to the invention may be easily moved with common elevators, may autonomously cover paths even of some hundreds of metres inside and outside an hospital, and may be transported with a suitably equipped vehicle from a clinic to another with no need of recalibration. 
         [0154]    The present invention has been described, by way of illustration and not by way of limitation, according to its preferred embodiments, but it should expressly be understood that those skilled in the art can make other variations and/or changes, without so departing from the related scope of protection, as defined by the following claims.