Abstract:
The invention relates to an RFI filter used for avoidance of mains retro-action in the form of radio noise. RFI filters are connected to frequency converters in order to reduce radio noise transmitted via conductors. These filters comprise large noise-decoupling capacitors which are connected to earth, and during start up of the frequency converter the capacitors cause leakage currents to earth. This gives rise to problems in those circumstances, where a circuit breaker is connected to a frequency converter and an RFI filter, because the leakage current is higher than the trigger current for the circuit breaker. The solution to this problem is to place a resistor in series with the noise-decoupling capacitor and parallel with the resistor to place a switch, which can be opened or closed with a control signal from a controller. The invention also concerns a method for activation of an RFI filter.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The invention relates to and RFI filter and to a method of activating an RFI filter which is connected to a frequency converter.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    In frequency converters for speed regulation of electric motors pulse width and pulse amplitude modulation is extensively used when controlling power semiconductors. This modulation has as an unwanted side effect, the generation of conductor transmitted radio noise. EN 55011 describes limit values for transmission of radio noise (Radio Frequency Interference) for units which generate electrical noise. The noise is typically located in the area of some kHz up till about 30 MHz. In order to observe these limits, building in or adding an RFI filter can be done. When designing an RFI filter for a frequency converter it must be taken into account whether the rectifier is controlled or uncontrolled, and also the switching frequency of the inverter must be considered. Further, the length of the motor cables is an essential design parameter. RFI filters can be connected on the output of the frequency converter as well as being placed in the intermediate circuit or on the mains side. This invention concerns RFI filters on the mains side and in the intermediate circuit.  
           [0003]    However, the use of RFI filters causes problems if at the same time a fault current circuit breaker is connected to the mains side of the frequency converter. Heavy duty RFI filters have one or more earthed (PE, Protective Earth) capacitors which are so big that the circuit breaker is activated during start up. This problem can be solved by using circuit breakers with a higher trip current or by using circuit breakers with delay circuits so that pulses having a short duration will not cause triggering.  
           [0004]    Alternatively the problem with unwanted triggering of the circuit breaker can be solved in designing the RFI filter in a way that reduces the earth leakage current. From EP 0 930 695 an RFI filter is known which makes it possible to connect a frequency converter to a circuit breaker. The three-phased filter comprises in each phase two coils, and between each coil a capacitor is connected to a common capacitor star point. From this star point a parallel connection of a resistor and a capacitor leads to earth.  
           [0005]    The disadvantage with the circuit described is the use of relatively large and thus expensive coils. The capacitor C 2  limits the earth leakage current but at the same time reduces the performance of the RFI filter. To compensate for this reduction the filter performance has been increased by placing two coils in each phase and it must be assumed, that these coils also have a relatively large inductivity. This large inductivity together with the capacitors leads to a large resonant overvoltage across C 2 , and in order to limit this overvoltage a resistor R 2  is permanently placed parallel to C 2 .  
           [0006]    Further, the circuit will not be applicable to high sensitivity circuit breakers without increasing the size of the coils further.  
           [0007]    The RFI filter designer faces another problem, namely the use of symmetrically and non-symmetrically earthed main supplies. In symmetrically earthed mains supplies the star point of the three phases is earthed which to a high degree is the case in Europe. Asymmetrical mains supplies are often used in the United States where one of the three phases is earthed, a so-called delta-earthed mains supply. Frequency converters on asymmetrical mains supplies can cause considerable earth leakage currents, which will more often trigger a circuit breaker than is the case when frequency converters are connected to symmetrical mains supplies. It has been empirically determined that the connection of a frequency converter on asymmetrically earthed mains supplies happens in about 10% of the cases. Based on the above the object of the present invention is to develop a simple RFI filter which can prevent triggering of ordinary (FI interrupters) or high sensitivity earth leakage circuit breakers during start up of a load, especially a frequency converter.  
           [0008]    Another object of the present invention is to develop an RFI filter which can be used on ordinary earthed mains supplies as well as on asymmetrically earthed mains supplies.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0009]    By using an RFI filter which is connected to a voltage source on the one side and a to a noise generating circuit on the other side, and where the filter seen from the direction of the voltage source comprises a coil connected in series with the supply conductor, and where a branch from the supply conductor incorporates an earthed series connection consisting of a noise-decoupling capacitor and a resistor, the objects of the present invention are met by connecting a switch in parallel to the resistor. The switch can be opened and closed by means of a control signal from a controller.  
           [0010]    The advantage with this solution is, that the RFI filter can be used on ordinary earthed mains supplies as well as on asymmetrically earthed mains supplies. On asymmetrically earthed mains supplies the switch is kept open during start up as well as during operation, whereas the switch on ordinary mains supplies preferably is closed during operation. It is, therefore, not necessary for the manufacturer to have two versions of the RFI filter. Instead, the RFI filter can be adapted to the mains supply at the end user.  
           [0011]    When operating on ordinary earthed mains supplies it is advantageous to keep the switch open until the noise-decoupling capacitor has been fully charged and first then to short-circuit the resistor. In this way the noise-decoupling capacitor will be directly earthed during the normal time of operation—no series resistor is active—and hereby a reduction in the efficiency of the filter is avoided. The noise-decoupling capacitors and the resistor can thus be sized in a way, that the earth leakage current on activation is smaller than the trigger current for high sensitivity circuit breakers. In addition, the present invention has the added advantage that the size of the coil can be kept relatively small.  
           [0012]    If the RFI filter is used on polyphased mains supplies—typically three-phased—the resistor can simply be connected to the star point of the noise-decoupling capacitors, and the switch connected in parallel from the star point to earth.  
           [0013]    It is especially advantageous if the resistor together with the relay and a further capacitor form a parallel connection between the star point of the noise-decoupling capacitors and earth. In this way the additional capacitor during operation on asymmetrically earthed mains supplies improves the filter performance.  
           [0014]    The filter according to the invention can also be used in d.c. circuits such as the intermediate circuit of a frequency converter. In connecting the noise-decoupling capacitor to the positive- or negative side of the intermediate circuit the circuit breaker can be protected against unwanted triggering.  
           [0015]    If the noise-decoupling capacitor is connected midway between two series connected capacitors, which are placed between the positive and the negative bus bars of the intermediate circuit, the noise-decoupling capacitor can be protected against high voltage. This means that a lower rated and thus inexpensive component can be employed.  
           [0016]    To enable the use of the RFI filter also on asymmetrically earthed mains supplies a capacitor is connected in the intermediate circuit, where one pole is connected to the positive or the negative bus bar and the second pole is connected to earth.  
           [0017]    In order to obtain the optimum attenuation of radio noise transmitted by cable, the RFI filter according to the invention should be placed on the mains side as well as in the intermediate circuit. This gives a two-section filter. It is particularly advantageous if the switches are activated at the same time by the same controller.  
           [0018]    Preferably, the described switches are relays, however, transistors can also be used.  
           [0019]    The filter is particularly applicable in a frequency converter for speed control of a motor where a circuit breaker is placed on the mains side of the frequency converter.  
           [0020]    Further, the invention relates to a method for activating an RFI filter which is connected to a frequency converter, where the RFI filter comprises an earthed series connection and where the series connection comprises a noise-decoupling capacitor in series with a resistor. In particular it is advantageous if a switch is placed in parallel across the resistor and kept open until the noise-decoupling capacitor is essentially fully charged, whereafter the switch is closed via a control signal from a controller thus bypassing the resistor. This method prevents unwanted activation of the earth leakage circuit breaker during start up.  
           [0021]    In using two RFI filters placed respectively on the mains side and in the intermediate circuit of the frequency converter, and in using one controller to close the switches simultaneously in the two filters, the circuit is simplified and the total attenuation of the noise is increased. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0022]    [0022]FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a first embodiment of the invention.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a second embodiment of the invention.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0024]    As shown in FIG. 1, the mains section and the input section of a frequency converter are generally designated by the reference number  1 . On the mains side a voltage source (not shown) is connected to the switches K, which in turn are connected to a circuit breaker  2  through which three phases are led to the input of the frequency converter. The capacitors C 1 ,C 2  and C 3  are connected to the phase conductors at one pole and at the other pole they are connected in a common star point. In a known manner they function to suppress differential noise. This also applies to the capacitors C 4 ,C 5  and C 6 . Between the two sets of capacitors each phase has inserted a coil (L 1 ,L 2  and L 3 ) which acts as common mode coils. These three coils are wound on a ferrite core. Branched from the supply conductors are capacitors C 7 ,C 8  and C 9  which function as noise-decoupling capacitors and are also connected in a common star point. Each set of coils L and capacitors C form an LC noise suppressing filter. Emerging from the star point of the capacitors is a parallel connection of the resistor R 1 , the relay S 1  and the series connection C 10  and C 11 . C 10  and C 11  can also be replaced by a single capacitor, however, on asymmetrically earthed mains supplies where S 1  must be kept open, high voltages can occur in the midpoint which exceeds the voltage rating of the single capacitor. This parallel circuit, generally referred to by the reference number  4 , is earthed. By means of the box  5  those components are marked, which during ordinary operation act as a passive RFI filter on symmetrically earthed mains supplies. In this embodiment the rectifier  3  is non-controlled, but a controlled rectifier is also applicable. Following the rectifier  3  which converts the alternating current into a pulsating direct current that is led to the intermediate d.c. circuit  6 , follows the coil L 4 . Its primary task is to suppress the 5 th , 7 th  and the 9 th  harmonic of the current during operation in order to avoid mains retro-action, however, it also reduces the radio noise. This coil is therefore coupled with L 5  in the negative bus bar of the d.c. bus. As regards noise, L 4  and L 5  can be considered a parallel connection because the intermediate circuit capacitor C 12  can be considered a short-circuit to high-frequency radio noise. C 12  is followed by a further radio noise-reducing circuit comprising S 2 , R 2  and C 13  as well as C 14  and C 15 . An inverter (not shown) is connected to the output  7 . A controller  8  determines whether the switches S 1  and S 2  are to be closed which should not take place at asymmetrically mains supplies. Information about which type of mains supply the frequency converter, the RFI-filter and the circuit breaker is connected to, is given in by the operator via the control panel of the frequency converter to the controller  8 . Alternatively, the operator can place a jumper at the relay, where the jumper determines whether the relay is to be closed or not. If the relays S 1  and S 2  are set to be controllable, the opening- and closing timings are determined by the controller  8 .  
         [0025]    When the switches K at the input of the circuit breaker are closed, the in-rush sequence begins. Due to their size the capacitors C 7 , C 8  and C 9  will sink a large current. If their star point had been directly connected to earth, this current would suffice to trigger the circuit breaker. An ordinary FI-interrupter breaks at about 0.5 A whereas a high sensitivity FI interrupter breaks already at 30 mA. However, the star point is connected to the parallel circuit  4 , and the capacitors C 10  and C 11  are chosen so small in proportion to C 7 , C 8  and C 9  that they are acting strongly limiting on the amplitude of the leakage current and the duration of the current pulse. As an example C 10  and C 11  have the size 220 nF whereas C 7 , C 8  and C 9  are 1 μF. One further task of the resistor R 1  (100 kOhm) is to equalize the potential in the star point before the relay S 1  makes. During starting, the peak-voltage across S 1  will be between 200 and 500V, but C 10  and C 11  are discharged through R 1  so that the voltage across R 1  will finally be very close to 0V and thus not damage S 1 . During the starting phase the switch S 1  is open, whereby the parallel circuit of C 10 , C 11  and R 1  functions as an in-rush protection. The controller  8  that was activated almost at the same time as the switches K were closed, has registered the time since starting up, and after a predetermined time the switch in the relay S 1  is closed. The switches are hereafter closed during the remaining operation time of the frequency converter, so that the real RFI capacitors C 7 , C 8  and C 9  are directly earthed and the optimum filter performance is reached. To save energy for keeping the relay contacts closed, the relay S 1  can be a bistable relay.  
         [0026]    The protection against triggering of the circuit breaker due to earth leakage current can be extended to cover the intermediate circuit of the frequency converter, see FIG. 1 with the parallel circuit  9 . The mode of operation is as follows: When the switches K at the input of the circuit breaker are closed, the in-rush of the intermediate circuit in relation to ground starts. Due to its size the capacitor C 13  will sink a large current. If it had been directly connected to earth, this current would be sufficient to trigger the circuit breaker. However, C 13  is series connected with the parallel connection of R 2  and S 2 , where R 2  during start up acts as an ohmic choke. Here too, the purpose of the resistor R 2  (100 kOhm) is to equalize the potential before the switch S 2  is closed. During the start up phase the switch S 2  is open so that R 2  can act as an inrush limiter. The controller  8  has registered the time since start up, and after a time that essentially corresponds to the charging time of the capacitor C 13 , the switch on relay S 2  is closed. The switches are now closed during the remaining operation period, so that the real RFI capacitor C 13  is directly earthed and the optimum filter performance is reached. Resistor R 2  and relay S 2  can of course change places with capacitor C 13 . To save energy for keeping the contacts closed, the switch S 2  can be placed in the same relay as the switch S 1 .  
         [0027]    Thus the negative bus bar is decoupled through the RFI capacitor C 13 . The positive bus bar is decoupled through the two capacitors C 14  and C 15  which unlike C 13  are permanently active. C 14  and C 15  are considerably smaller than C 13  (220 nF in proportion to 1 μF) so the decoupling from the positive bus bar is smaller. Alternatively, a parallel circuit like  9  could also be inserted in series with C 14  and C 15 , but practice has shown, that this circuit is dispensable. The purpose in coupling C 14  and C 15  from the positive bus bar directly to earth is to enable operation also at asymmetrically earthed main connections where the switch S 2  is to be kept open.  
         [0028]    The RFI filter used in the frequency converter thus comprises two sections, a first section of 2 nd  order on the mains side and a second section of 2 nd  order in the intermediate circuit. The resulting filter is thus of 4 th  order.  
         [0029]    During normal operation, the components in box  5  act as an RFI filter as is already known, and the parallel circuit  4  as well as the parallel circuit  9  in the intermediate circuit mainly act as in-rush filters during the start up phase. The RFI filters on the mains side and in the intermediate circuit can be described as exhibiting two working characteristics, the first working characteristic having a small RFI attenuation effect while the relay is open, whereas the RFI filter follows the other working characteristic, that is better attenuating, when the relay is closed. The total noise attenuation during starting is about 40 dB whereas it is 60 dB during normal operation. Thus, the RFI filters will only attain full efficiency on the second working characteristic, but it is of less importance as there will be no essential radio noise before the inverter begins to work.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 2 shows a second embodiment of the invention. The intermediate circuit capacitor is now split up into two series connected capacitors C 16  and C 17  and the RFI capacitor C 13  is connected to their common midpoint. As to the voltage potential, the midpoint is approximately at earth potential, and the advantage with this design is that the capacitor C 13  is exposed to a lower voltage than in the first embodiment. This means, that a capacitor with a lower component rating can be used. The parallel connection of S 3  and R 3  is, in spite of structural resemblances, not part of the invention, as this is a known circuit (see for example JP 02155477), which serves another purpose than that of the invention, namely to protect the rectifier and the intermediate circuit capacitors C 16  and C 17  against high amperage during start up. During starting up S 3  is open, but the switch will close when the capacitors have been charged.  
         [0031]    The invention is described with a relay used as a switch, but a transistor switch would also be applicable. However, a relay is preferred, as the transistor in the ON-phase has a residual resistance, which during operation would reduce the RFI attenuating performance.