Abstract:
The present invention generally relates to electronic position and location tracking of various items. More particularly, the present invention is useful for tracking of an individual&#39;s position and location. Data is received from both an external position locating apparatus and an accelerometer and is converted into both position and direction of travel information.

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/289,516, entitled “APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR TRACKING THE LOCATION AND POSITION OF AN INDIVIDUAL,” filed Nov. 6, 2002 now abandoned, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Locating the position and direction of a target item regardless of the surroundings has long held promise as particularly desirable. Thwarting child abductions, for example, is greatly simplified if the location and direction of travel of a child is available at all times to a parent. Additionally, monitoring the direction and location of an expensive asset, such as a laptop computer, allows misplaced items to be quickly found while simultaneously preventing theft. Knowing the last location and direction of travel of an item assists searchers, as their initial search may be directed along probable pathways as opposed to searches that start in a large geographic area without any preliminary guidance. Since the probability of locating an item diminishes greatly with the passing of time between the actual abduction or theft and the realization that the tracked item is missing, limiting the search area assists in rapid recovery. 
   While this position and direction information is desirable, its implementation into a suitable product has proved difficult. Traditionally, there have been two classes of tracking apparatus; those that rely on direct radio communication and those that use a satellite system such as a GPS. The radio communication systems are typically burdened by size restrictions and are limited to ranges which support direct radio frequency communication. In the event a monitor or target strays into an area where RF communication between the monitor and target cannot be maintained, tracking is interrupted and the target is lost. For example, if a child in a large indoor mall strays beyond the range of a parent monitor, this results in the loss of all tracking information. This child may now continue to stray further from a parent, in any direction, without the parent receiving updated position and direction information. As the distance increases, and the child&#39;s haphazard directions continue to change, locating this child becomes substantially more difficult. 
   The satellite tracking systems are also limited by their ability to receive external position signals. Some modern tracking systems use global positioning data (GPS) to pinpoint the location of an item. For example, a vehicle may have an on-board GPS receiver coupled to a RF transceiver for broadcasting the location of the vehicle following the report by the owner that the vehicle has been stolen. A thief may have stolen the vehicle several hours before the tracking report was initiated, and driven the vehicle a long distance from the scene of the crime. During this time, the position and location of the vehicle are unknown unless there was a constant monitoring system. This is inefficient in energy and not practical. If the vehicle is concealed in a setting that does not allow for the reception of a GPS signal, such as in a garage or under heavy tree cover, locating the vehicle using the on-board tracking system is no longer possible. Additionally, existing GPS based tracking systems are typically large in physical size, and have substantial power demands. While such physical size and power requirements are normally not of concern when the tracking device is located within the confines of a motor vehicle, it may be for other uses. 
   Many existing tracking only address position tracking in a two dimensional environment (i.e., along the X and Y axes). In the aforementioned shopping mall environment, a child may moved between floors (i.e., in the Z axis direction) while still remaining within RF communication with a mobile parent monitor. In such a scenario, the child appears in close physical proximity on a parent monitor display, but is in actually well beyond the “safe zone” of the parent. If the parent monitor indicated the child has strayed beyond the predefined safe zone, a parent attempting to locate this child is faced with the dilemma of locating a child that may be several floors above or below his current position. In such a setting, a child abductor can cover a great distance before the last know position of the child is determined. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention addresses the above-described limitations associated with location and directional tracking of a target item. 
   The present invention features several ways to determine position of the target item. A communication link between a mobile monitor and a mobile target device is provided. This communication may occur directly between the transceivers of the mobile monitor and mobile target, or may be occur via an intermediary element serving as a RF relay. This RF relay may be the existing cellular phone network, such as the AMPS cellular network, or may be a two-way radio link. Communication forwarding utilizing an existing RF relay infrastructure allows for the communication between monitor and target over a great distance and vast geographic area as compared to that that allowed by direct communication between mobile target and mobile monitor. Position locating between the mobile monitor and mobile target requires a strong signal. The mobile target continuously maintains accelerometer data along a plurality of axes between the intervals that mobile monitor transmissions occur. Thus the accelerometer data provides movement data from each mobile monitor positioning transmission to the next. 
   If a signal is not sufficiently strong for position location, data transfer between the mobile monitor and the mobile target is attempted. The mobile target then returns the compilation of acceleration movements along the plurality of axes since the last mobile monitor positioning transmission that was successful. This acceleration data, in combination with previously recorded external position data, is processed by the mobile monitor to compute the mobile target&#39;s current position. 
   The mobile monitor incorporates a multi-axis accelerometer of its own. If the mobile monitor is not able to receive a data transmission from the mobile target, then the mobile monitor uses data from its own accelerometer to guide the user of the mobile monitor to the last known location of the mobile target. 
   Data received by the mobile monitor may be subsequently displayed to an operator. This display can take the form of a visual display, for example, or may be a voice prompt. Additionally, information such as latitude and longitude of the present position of the mobile target may be displayed by the mobile monitor. 
   This ability to communicate over larger distances than existing tracking devices, as well as the ability to continue tracking a target without the need of an external position locating signal, addresses the inherent flaws in existing tracking technology. Additionally, as the mobile target may take the form of a small wristwatch sized element, the opportunity to unobtrusively track a variety of items which have not been traditionally monitored due to size constraints now exists. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a schematic diagram of the position and location indicating apparatus; 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a schematic representation of the mobile target device; 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a schematic representation of the mobile monitor device; and. 
       FIG. 4  is a flow diagram which illustrates a method for tracking the location of an individual in accordance with the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   The direction and locating indicating apparatus for tracking a target object described herein can be employed in numerous locales. For example, this apparatus may be used by a parent to monitor a child in an indoor shopping mall where there are numerous places where GPS position data cannot be received. The apparatus provides continuous distance and location information to an operator based upon a radio frequency communication between the target and monitor. This information may be displayed graphically on a video display, or it may be presented audibly to an operator. 
   A parent/guardian can also define a fixed “safe zone” for the target. The safe zone is an attribute of the mobile monitor. A mobile target is first introduced to the mobile monitor by entering the mobile target&#39;s identification number into the mobile monitor and a preliminary “safe zone” may be defined. This data entry can be accomplished utilizing a stylus and touch screen or a remote link to the mobile monitor, such as an infrared (IR) signal, may be used. For example, a parent may select a 30 foot “safe zone” for their child. Should the child venture outside this 30 foot safe zone, the mobile monitor user will be alerted. This alert can take the form of an audible warning, vibration or a visual alert. In addition to the “safe zone” information, a parent may add additional identifying information, such as a child&#39;s name. Identifying information and safe zone setting may be updated or changed at will by a mobile monitor operator. 
   Additionally, multiple mobile monitors may track multiple mobile targets. In a situation such as this, targets may be “handed-off” among multiple authorized mobile monitors. The automatic hand-off occurs when a mobile target is within an area that is being monitored by multiple mobile monitor devices. As the mobile target strays beyond the “safe zone” of one mobile monitor, this monitor sends a query to all other monitors who are authorized to track the mobile target. This query is used to determine if the mobile target remains within the safe zone of any remaining authorized mobile monitor. If the mobile target remains within the safe zone of a second authorized mobile monitor, monitoring of the target may be passed from a first monitor to a second monitor. The initial mobile monitor is now no longer responsible for the monitoring of the mobile target. Following the hand-off, all mobile monitors are alerted as to which remaining mobile monitors are responsible for tracking the mobile target. All of the mobile monitors may communicate the position of all targets, but the target is only “polled” by the responsible mobile monitor. All mobile monitors will be informed of the new owner of the target. The new owning mobile monitor is the only monitor to directly communicate with the mobile target for positioning information. 
   In practice, a hand-off procedure such as this allows teachers to monitor the whereabouts of an entire class on a field trip. Should an individual student stray beyond the safe zone defined by his teacher, this student may be automatically “handed-off” to an authorized chaperone so long as the student is within the safe zone defined by the chaperone. The teacher will be informed as to which chaperone is now responsible for this student and will continue to receive “safe zone” alerts regarding this handed-off student from the new owning monitor. 
   All mobile monitors track one another using the same positioning signals and computations as described for mobile target devices. Non-owner monitors receive positioning information for mobile targets by exchanging data with the single owning mobile monitor. Each monitor can then display the position of mobile targets for which they are not the owner of by adding the multiple axes for the mobile target as seen by the owning monitor to the axes of the owning monitor as seen by the non-owning mobile monitor. 
   When a mobile target exceeds the safe distance from their current owning mobile monitor, all authorized mobile monitors will receive the “out-of-range” alert as well as the position of the child. 
   All mobile monitors can act as “relays” to the others, transmitting information on mobile targeting even if the mobile target is out of range. 
   The mobile monitor also allows the “release” of a mobile target. A release is a manual procedure by which an operator selects an individual mobile target device from a list of watched items and marks it as “released” which prevents the initiation of an alert condition should the selected released mobile target stray beyond its respective safe zone. However, switching to a release mode does not prevent the continual tracking of a mobile target. The release can be for a fixed period of time, such as 30 seconds or 1 minute, or it can be permanent. The release can also be automatically removed upon the return of a mobile target within the confines of the predetermined safe zone. 
   A manual release proves useful in setting such as an amusement park setting. A father, for example, may elect to temporarily release his daughter after placing her on a roller coaster. Absent a release function, when riding this roller coaster, the daughter may initiate numerous alert conditions for straying beyond the safe zone set by her father. While the roller coaster is in motion, however, there is little potential for an abduction to occur. Using a manual release, this father may temporarily halt alerts while his daughter continues to enjoy the ride. After the ride is complete and the child is back within a safe zone of the mobile monitor, the release condition may be manually or automatically removed. Monitoring then resumes in a pre-released fashion. 
   Referring now in detail to the drawing wherein like parts are designated by like reference numerals throughout,  FIGS. 1–4  illustrate examples of a position and direction indicating apparatus for locating an item to be tracked. Although the present invention will be described with reference to the embodiments illustrated in the Figures, it should be understood that the present invention may be embodied in many alternative forms. In addition, any suitable size, shape, or type of elements or materials could be utilized. 
     FIG. 1  illustrates one example of a position and direction indicating apparatus for locating an individual. This position and direction indicating apparatus includes a mobile target  10  sized and constructed for attachment to an individual to be tracked. Mobile target  10  is designed to be resistant to shock and the elements so it can be used outdoors. Mobile target  10  can take the form of a wristwatch and secure band arrangement, such that a small child may unobtrusively wear the device. In addition, the device may be simply attached to a target to be tracked using an adhesive or a clamping arrangement. Mobile monitor  20  and mobile target  10  communicate utilizing a radio frequency (RF) link. In the event mobile target  10  and mobile monitor  20  are in close proximity to each other, this RF link may be direct in nature or may utilize a RF relay element  30 . Relay element  30  is capable of rebroadcasting a signal from mobile target  10  to mobile monitor  20  in the event that mobile target  10  and mobile monitor  20  are separated by a distance too great for direct RF communication to occur. Utilizing the RF relay element  30 , RF communication is initially established between mobile target  10  and relay element  30 . Relay element  30  then broadcasts information from relay element  30  to mobile monitor  20 . Relay element  30  may be, for example, an existing AMPS cellular tower. This allows the use of a well established infrastructure allows signal transmission from mobile target  10  to mobile monitor  20  over great distances. It should also be noted that while  FIG. 1  depicts a single RF relay element  30 , a plurality of relay elements may be used to transmit a signal from mobile target to mobile monitor across a large geographic area. Mobile target  10  and mobile monitor  20  can also receive and transmit information with an external position locating apparatus  35 . 
     FIG. 2  schematically represents mobile target  10 . Mobile target  10  is capable of transmitting and receiving a plurality of radio frequency signals. Power for the transmission of this signal may be provided by an on-board power supply  11 . Most often, this power supply will be an internal rechargeable battery, for example, a battery that may be recharged using a direct connection or inductive coupling. 
   Antenna  12  allows for the reception of numerous RF signals. For example, antenna  12  may receive a signal from external position locating apparatus  35 , such as a GPS satellite transmitter. Additionally, antenna  12  allows for the reception and transmission of RF signals between mobile monitor  20  and mobile target device  10 . Antenna  12  may take the form of a single antenna capable of transmitting and receiving a signal simultaneously, or may be multiple antennas in an array. Antenna  12  should be an omnidirectional antenna or near-omnidirectional antenna. Preferred antennas are the Centurion Micro-Internal P/N CAF94251 and the GigaArt Flavos 2.4 Ghz P/N 9090B5660-01. Mobile target  10  may also include an external position locating transceiver  14  with an extended Bluetooth protocol which is in communication with an external position locating apparatus  35 . External position locating transceiver  14  may also be in electrical communication with processing element  16 , such an on-board computer chip, within mobile target  10 . Additionally, mobile target transceiver  18 , an RF transceiver such as a 2.4 Ghz spread spectrum receiver is in communication with the antenna array  12 . Mobile target transceiver  18  is capable of providing communication between mobile target  10  and mobile monitor  20 . Communication between mobile target transceiver  18  and mobile monitor  20  may occur directly with mobile monitor  20  or may be processed through and intermediary RF relay element  30 . Furthermore, mobile target transceiver  18  is in electrical communication with processing element  16  on mobile target  10 . Processing element  16  is capable of receiving an external position data signal from external position locating transceiver  14 , comprising current position as well as velocity information. Additionally, processing element  16  may receive data from an integral accelerometer  19 . This accelerometer  19  is normally a multi-axial accelerometer, capable of providing two, or preferably three, dimensional acceleration data to processing element  16 . Multiple temperature compensated, gas-thermal accelerometers such as those available from Memsic, Inc. (Andover, Mass.) are useful in the invention. Upon reception of this acceleration data from accelerometer  19 , processing element  16  calculates velocity and distance traveled along each sampled axis. External position locating transceiver  14  may include a dedicated listening circuit  15  that searches for the presence of external positioning data received from antenna array  12 . If a GPS signal is found, the GPS receiver will take a fix and that data is transferred to processing element  16 . Processing element  16  is capable of utilizing known position data received from external position locating source  35 , as well as derived distance and velocity information from accelerometer  19 , to calculate the current position and velocity of mobile target device  10 . Accelerometer data is continuously recorded from the last time an external reading was taken from any source including GPS. This current position and velocity is then transmitted by the RF transceiver  18  of the mobile target device to mobile monitor device  20 . As noted previously, this transmission may occur directly between mobile monitor  20  and mobile target  10 , or may pass through relay element  30 . 
     FIG. 3  discloses a schematic illustration of a mobile monitor  20  for use with the mobile target  10  described above. Mobile monitor  20  contains a second omnidirectional antenna  22  capable of receiving a plurality of RF signals. Second antenna  22  may be a single antenna element capable of receiving and transmitting a plurality of signals simultaneously, or may comprise multiple antenna elements. Second antenna  22  is in communication with a second external positioning transceiver  24  and a second RF transceiver  28 . Second external positioning transceiver  24  is capable of receiving positioning data from external position source  35 , for example, a GPS satellite. 
   Second RF transceiver  28  of mobile monitor  20  provides a data channel and is capable of communication with one or more mobile targets  10  utilizing a direct communication link or using a RF relay element  30 . Data received by second external position transceiver  24  within mobile monitor  20  may come from multiple mobile targets  10  and is delivered to a second processing element  26  such as an on-board computer chip carried on mobile monitor  20 . Additionally, data received by second RF transceiver  28  from a mobile target  10 , including position and direction of mobile target  10 , is delivered to processing element  26  via an electrical pathway. Second processing element  26  then processes this data to calculate the position of mobile target  10  relative to mobile monitor  20 . This relative position may then be displayed visually, by vibration or audibly to a user of mobile monitor  20  via display element  27 . Furthermore, mobile monitor  20  may include a second accelerometer  29  in communication with processing element  26 . Second accelerometer  29  is similar to accelerometer  19  used in mobile target  10 . Should external position data retrieval by mobile monitor  20  be interrupted, second accelerometer  29  may be used to provide supplemental position and direction data on the location and velocity of mobile monitor  20 . Supplemental acceleration data is received by second processing element  26 , and in combination with originally received external position indicating information, a current position and velocity of mobile monitor  20  may be calculated. This calculated position may then be compared to position and direction data from mobile target  20  received by second RF transceiver  28 , so the relative position of mobile target  10  to mobile monitor  20  may be computed and displayed to a mobile monitor operator. Electrical power for mobile monitor functions is provided by an integral power source  21  on mobile monitor  20 . This power supply may take the form of a rechargeable or replaceable battery array, which thereby allows mobile monitor  20  to be operated at any location. Additionally, mobile monitor  20  may contain provisions for connection of an external power supply element, thereby allowing the unit to operate without reliance on the internal batteries, and simultaneously allowing the recharging of the on board battery 
     FIG. 4  is a flow diagram for practicing one aspect of the pending invention. Initial readings are taken of position of the mobile target and the mobile monitor, e.g., using a GPS system (Step  40 ). From the series of initial position readings taken at known times, position and velocity can be determined (Step  42 ). In addition, the relative position of the mobile target based on the position of the mobile monitor can be determined and RF communication between the mobile target and the mobile monitor can be initiated. Communication from the mobile target to the mobile monitor can be by direct line of sight communication or through an external source or network. 
   The accelerometers provide data on acceleration along each of the axes (step  44 ). From the position and velocity data taken before the external signal is lost, and the data from the accelerometers, position and velocity information can be calculated (Step  46 ). 
   Numerous modifications and alternative embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the foregoing description. Accordingly, this description illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the best mode for carrying out the invention. Details of the structure may vary substantially without departing from the spirit of the invention, and exclusive use of all modifications that come within the scope of the appended claims is reserved. It is intended that the invention be limited only to the extent required by the appended claims and the applicable rules of law.