Abstract:
Novel lockable safe containers for dispensing valuable, dangerous and potentially dangerous goods via a main opening that is easy for adults to open and difficult for children to open, using a finger pressure on a sliding closure with a deflectable extension operable by finger pressure to enable. The novel safe containers have many additional advantages including human factors, ergonomics, manufacturing, supply chain and distribution, warehousing, retail, tamper resistance advantages, and labeling. The slidable closure exits the main opening zone via an auxiliary opening but wholly without exiting the container in normal usage.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application has priority from U.S. provisional applications (61/884,360 filed Sep. 30, 2013, 61/927,185 filed Jan. 14, 2014, 61/991,487 filed May 10, 2014 and 62/022,758 filed Jul. 10, 2014), the full texts and other contents of which are incorporated herein by reference as though stated and shown at length herein. 
     
    
     FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This invention pertains to a container, particularly useful for but not limited to over the counter (OTC) or prescription drugs. Currently most medicines are distributed in a cylindrical container which uses a push and turn mechanism to unlock the bottle. With the amount of children who fatality ingest medicines, the child resistant feature is a mandatory component for all OTC and prescription drugs. However, this push and turn mechanism gives individuals with limited dexterity (specifically the elderly) difficulty opening the container to obtain their medicines. In addition, there are many other negative attributes to the standard packaging system that the present invention satisfies. State of the art is exemplified by the disclosures of U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,273,998; 2,492,846; 3,240,373; 3,924,768; 3,949,899; 4,832,221; 5,400,914; 5,058,775; 5,082,137; 7,114,619; 7,178,674; 7,275,653; 7,594,588 and 8,657,136. Also, U.S. patent application publication number US2013/0320017, published Dec. 5, 2013. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The invention is preferably implemented in polyhedral container forms (square, rectangular, pentagonal, etc, in cross section), generally referred to as “cuboidal” herein or, as applicable, “truncated cuboidal” but can be implemented in other container forms, e.g. classic cylinder or ellipsoid or even spherical containers, with a cap that has a zone of polyhedral or truncated polyhedral form or even a flat top with a simulation of the cuboidal form with a main opening for access to contents and an auxiliary opening. The invention includes provision for a sliding closure (slider) within one or more tracks or grooves and retaining means to retain the slider in the container opening, generally rectangular (but other forms are permissible). The slider and accommodating cap structure effect opening and closure via the auxiliary opening. Slider movement is made under finger or thumb pressure and latching at a far end of the slider motion range. One or more depressible tabs, preferably cantilevered, may be used for transmitting finger pressure to the slider to manage its sliding and when the slider is retracted, the tab springs up providing an audible or visual indicator of closure. Retaining buttons and/or locks can also be employed as described below in connection with some embodiments. 
         [0004]    Other objects, features and advantages will be apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0005]      FIGS. 1A and 1B  show, in isometric views, an embodiment of safe container in a closed/locked state ( 1 A) and an open/unlocked state ( 1 B) and 
           [0006]      FIGS. 2A-2D  show in ‘top views’ ( 2 A and  2 B) and isometric views ( 2 C and  2 D) an embodiment of safe container having a feature facilitating one handed operation in a closed/locked state ( 2 A and  2 C) and an open/unlocked state ( 2 B and  2 D); 
           [0007]      FIGS. 3A  (isometric view) and  3 B (being a cross section of the  FIG. 3A  container/tab combination) show one means of grasping a safe container embodiment; 
           [0008]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  (isometric views) show two embodiments of safe container, one without digit grips ( 4 A) being manipulated and one with digit grips ( 4 B); 
           [0009]      FIGS. 5A and 5B  (isometric views) show another embodiment of safe container having a cylinder shape for a lower portion and cuboidal for an upper portion and a transition between such portions; 
           [0010]      FIGS. 6A-6C  show an embodiment of safe container having two independent depressible tabs,  FIGS. 6A and 6C  showing the same embodiment with superimposed images of an adult&#39;s and child&#39;s (about five years old or under) digit, the term digit referring to any four fingers or a thumb, but in other embodiments calling for a finger a thumb is excluded) and  FIGS. 6D-6F  show another embodiment of safe container that is particularly even more challenging for children less than five years old to open,  FIG. 6D  showing a ‘top view’ of same embodiment and  FIGS. 6E and 6F  showing cross sectional views of same embodiment in different stages of a closed/locked state; 
           [0011]      FIGS. 7A-7D  show an embodiment of safe container with one embodiment of locking key disengaged ( 7 A) engaged ( 7 B) and an attachment variation ( 7 C) and a variation another embodiment of locking key in a tamper resistant configuration ( 7 D). 
           [0012]      FIG. 8  shows an embodiment of safe container with a conformal wrap covering openings; 
           [0013]      FIGS. 9A and 9B  show sectional views of various embodiments of safe containers each with a different form of slider-groove. 
           [0014]      FIGS. 10A and 10B  shows the main opening portion of an embodiment of a cuboidal safe container where the container opening is uncovered ( 10 A) and where the container opening is covered ( 10 B) with film. 
           [0015]      FIGS. 11A-11C  show the main opening portion of various multicompartment cuboidal safe container embodiments with two independent compartments formed by a wall parallel to its long axis ( FIGS. 11A and 11B ) or with four compartments ( 11 C) and  FIG. 11D  shows an isometric view of another two compartment container embodiment with stacked compartments and two one-way sliders and  FIG. 11E-1  through  FIG. 11E-3  show a four compartment container embodiment with two over two compartments and two two-way sliders in “top view” closed/locked state ( FIG. 11E-1 ), in ‘top view’ one-way open state ( FIG. 11E-2 ) and in opposite ‘bottom view’ one-way open state ( FIG. 11E-3 ). 
           [0016]      FIG. 12  shows the main opening portion of an embodiment of a cuboidal safe container showing two different shape container openings each capable of selectively passing a correspondingly shaped solid article (e.g. a pill) medicine. 
           [0017]      FIG. 13  illustrates the force and some of the dependent factors associated with this force required to depress a depressible tab that is set normally taller than slider opening. 
           [0018]      FIGS. 14A-14C  show an embodiment of a cantilever style depressible tab on the surface of the slider ( 14 A) for a safe container ( 14 B and  14 C) where structures on the slider and the blocking bar create an interference fit that transmits a sealing force between the slider and the container or bottom-ledges around the main opening. 
           [0019]      FIGS. 15A-15C  show an alternative means of promoting sealing using a compressive interaction between retaining-buttons or projections on top surface of slider and protrusions on another part of safe container, 
           [0020]      FIG. 16  shows an embodiment of the safe container in a closed/locked state having an auxiliary cleaning opening that facilitates discharge of debris that might enter slider-groove, 
           [0021]      FIGS. 17A-17D  show various embodiments of side by side coupling of safe containers where  17 A shows an embodiment where a pair of side by side containers are fixed,  17 B and  17 C show an embodiment of a rotatably coupled triplet accomplished through compressive ball and socket joint and  FIG. 17D  shows a coupled triplet fixed by interlocking rails. 
           [0022]      FIG. 18A  shows a bilayer composite slider with a relatively harder top member and a relatively softer or compressible bottom member and  18 B and  18 C show this relatively softer or more compressible bottom member around the bottom perimeter. 
           [0023]      FIGS. 19A and 19B  show curved sliders moving in a longitudinal or circumferential paths of a cylinder. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0024]    Referring to  FIGS. 1A and 1B , the medicine container  101  comprises a single or multi-compartment container  102  that can hold medicine joined to a closure mechanism comprising tab/button blocking bar  103 , auxiliary opening  104 , slider  105 , slider-groove  106 , a main opening  107 , and one or more independent depressible tabs  108  connected to slider. Also shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B  is optional back lip  108 L connected to both slider and depressible tab. Each depressible tab is normally taller than auxiliary opening clearance. Access to the container contents is accomplished by depressing each depressible tab to a height that clears auxiliary opening and moving the slider through the auxiliary opening a distance sufficient to allow medicine or other content to be removed through main opening. While the slider is shown flat in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , it can also be of curved (arcuate) form where the other components of the closure, mechanism may be adapted, if necessary or desired, to accommodate the curvature. 
         [0025]    The depressible tab and slider shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B  may be fabricated as separate elements that are subsequently connected (e.g. joined, fitted or mated) in an assembly process by appropriate means including adhesive, thermal, ultrasonic, mechanical, hardware fastening, optical and chemical welding or joining means for example or, preferably, the depressible tab and slider may be fabricated as a unitary piece by molding or 3D printing processes for example and optionally subjected to a subsequent finishing process such as sculpting, polishing or deburring for example. 
         [0026]    The back lip  108 L shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B  is an optional structure that is slightly elevated above the slider for facilitating manipulative pushing or retracting slider and it should not be construed that the back lip is a necessary component of the connection between the depressible tab and slider, however, when it is desired to incorporate a back lip to facilitate manipulation it can be made to be a component if so desired, especially for convenience in manufacturing or for the purpose of buttressing or strengthening the connection. While details on the opening and closing of the medicine container are given below in later sections, in a study with adult participants using a prototype like that shown in  FIG. 1A  we have found some participants with long fingernails prefer retracting the slider in part by catching their nail on the back lip  108 L. 
         [0027]    The medicine container may contain human or animal medicines including packaged medicines. The medicines may include (i) solids, including discrete or monolithic solids, semisolids and certain gels; and (ii) Newtonian or Non-Newtonian fluids. Examples of (i) and (ii) include pills, whole tablets, segmentable tablets, capsules, “gummy bear”-like formulations, cough syrups, antibiotic suspensions, segmentable medicated “candy bars”, medicated gums, wafers and leafs, sheets of perforated blister container tablets, medicated powders, medicated or un-medicated shampoos, lotions, tobacco products, nicotine products gelatins, yogurts, solutions contained in sealed aluminized plastic casings and radioactive medicines (provided, as a precautionary statement, that the containers are comprised of appropriate radiation shielding materials), Non-medicinal foods or cosmetic articles may also be contained in the container—e.g. buttons, needles, string, rubber, and chemical additives. 
         [0028]    In some cases it may be either desirable or required that an implement such as, for example, a syringe, spoon, syringe needle, straw, forceps and finger be inserted through the main opening in order to remove the contents. Of course the unused portion of any segmentable and perforated medicines removed would normally be returned. If required or desired the medicine container may be adapted where the main opening is a piercable septum to accommodate syringe needles or may be adapted where the main opening is a syringe fitting, such as a Luer connector, for example, to accommodate a syringe. In some cases it may be either desirable or required for the contents to be removed using gravity assist, such as for example by tipping the container and pouring or sprinkling the contents and in such cases the container may be adapted to incorporate a spout or screen, for example, to facilitate this pouring or sprinkling respectively. It is conceivable that some contents may be removed by sipping or suction by mouth and in such cases the medicine container may be adapted with a mouthpiece or adapted with the fittings to accommodate an attachable mouthpiece accessory to facilitate this. A variety of accessories for the medicine container of this invention can be contemplated. One particularly advantageous and convenient accessory is a medicine catching attachment such as a spoon or net for example that can be mounted to the medicine container. Such a mounting may involve strategically positioned cooperating rails for example, and further, that the mounting may provide means for the medicine catching attachment and the medicine container to pivot in relation to each other. Because the medicine containers of this invention lend themselves very well to one-handed opening and closing, by incorporation of a medicine catching attachment, certain medicines can be dispensed from the container into the medicine catching attachment without need of a second hand to catch the medicine and this provides a significant relief to persons without the use of two able hands to take their medicine. 
         [0029]    The container of the invention may be used, or easily adapted to contain dangerous or potentially dangerous chemicals and household products and goods such as, for example, rat poison, rubbing alcohol, drain cleaner, certain cosmetics, insect repellents, vitamins, Tobacco, nicotine products, legal marijuana and nutraceuticals. The container of the invention may contain foods, such as baby foods, for example, and this is especially advantageous when optional tamper resistance elements, described below, are employed. The container of this invention could be used as a vessel to transport dangerous or potentially goods such as biological warfare agents and blood specimens for example. 
         [0030]    Note that in many cases it is desirable that the slider be retained so that it doesn&#39;t move out too far through the auxiliary opening. One way to do this is to employ a retaining button or bar on the slider. As an option, means to retain slider and connected depressible tabs so that they don&#39;t become detached (uncoupled from the slider-groove), either during ordinary usage or permanently, from the rest of the medicine container may be incorporated. There are many ways to accomplish this and most involve an interaction between a component on the top or bottom surfaces of the slider and another component on the rest of the container. 
         [0031]    As shown in  FIGS. 2A ,  2 B,  2 C, and  2 D one exemplary means of retaining the slider and connected depressible tab(s)  208  during ordinary usage is by incorporation of at least one retaining-button  209  which is sufficiently taller than auxiliary opening  204  clearance or offset from blocking bar  203  ensuring slider and connected depressible tabs remain attached during ordinary usage, yet only just slightly taller thus enabling one to detach the slider and connected depressible tabs by application of a modest force sufficient to cause passage via elastic deformation of the retaining-button(s)  209  and in this case it is preferred that at least a portion of each retaining-button is polymeric and it should be understood that the slider and connected depressible tabs can be reattached to the rest of the medicine container, or first time attached, such as after initial filling the container with medicine, for example, by applying a modest force to the retaining-button(s) for entry via the auxiliary opening. The retaining-button may be permanently attached to the slider by means of a permanent adhesive for example, or made part of the slider, by molding or 3D printing for example, or semi-permanently attached by means of a pressure sensitive adhesive for example. 
         [0032]    The retaining-button can even further facilitate one handed opening and closing operations and this is a considerable advantage over the screw capped pharmacy bottles in widespread use today because the consumer doesn&#39;t have to handle separate pieces like a cap and a bottle, let alone also juggle medicine. Still, one can contemplate certain medicines and situations where consumers may have a preference to detach the slider and connected depressible tab from the rest of the medicine container and this is made possible in the embodiment described above with little burden. Another embodiment would be a consumer depressible retaining-button. 
         [0033]    On the other hand, situations are envisioned where a manufacturer or pharmacy may desire to make it permanent that slider and connected depressible tab(s)  208  cannot be detached from the rest of the medicine container. One situation is in a medicine container reuse program where washing protocols may vary according the medicines formerly contained in the container and in this situation it is usually desirable that all components remain together. This can be accomplished in the following manner. First, the manufacturer or pharmacy fills the container; next, inserts slider and connected depressible tabs; and then permanently attaches one or more retaining-buttons to the slider, using, for example, a cyanoacrylate adhesive where in this situation the retaining-button(s) is too tall or the various contacting components made too rigid to permit passage through auxiliary opening under forces ordinarily applied by consumers, lest something should break. It should now be recognized that when it is desirable to incorporate a back lip  108 L like that shown in  FIG. 1A  then it, if additionally desired, it may be elevated sufficiently above the slider where it acts as a retaining-button. 
         [0034]    Additionally, the end of the slider may optionally elevate upward slightly to the height of the auxiliary opening. This option is the auxiliary opening cover  140 . The auxiliary opening cover camouflages the auxiliary opening when slider is in the closed/locked position making it difficult to see/determine the direction or approach to open the medicine container. This adds to the intellectual challenge of opening the medicine container and increases child resistance. 
         [0035]    It should now be readily apparent that areal access to container contents varies according to the position of the slider and placements of retaining-button(s) of the above embodiments more proximal to blocking bar  203  provide less areal access than less proximal placements. Therefore, by the strategic placement of retaining-buttons on various embodiments of this invention on slider and by strategic size and shape selection of certain medicines a certain degree of portion control can be obtained in certain cases, 
         [0036]      FIG. 3A  shows a consumer gripping an embodiment of the medicine container while pressing depressible tab  30  with thumb flexed at the interphalangeal joint to a height below blocking bar  303  and before moving slider  305  and also shows Cartesian x, y, z axes having an origin  310  in the wrist. To open the medicine container depicted here an adult consumer would make an anatomically distal motion of the thumb to move the slider through auxiliary opening  304  which is depicted in  FIG. 3B . Closing the container is a simple matter of reversing the path of the slider and in a study conducted with adult participants using a prototype like that shown in  FIG. 2 , numerous methods of doing this were observed. Participants successfully used the medicine container as shown in Table 1) and were reassured that the medicine container was closed by the audible clicking sound heard when the slider was fully reversed and cleared the auxiliary opening to spring up with a characteristic click and the visible and tactile observation of the cantilevered depressible tab reverting to its normal uncompressed form after clearing the opening or retraction of the slider. Other forms of audible, tactile and or visual assurance can be provided. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Subject 
                 Age 
                 Sex 
                 Open container successfully? 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 1 
                 63 
                 Male 
                 YES 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 63 
                 Female 
                 YES 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 88 
                 Female 
                 YES 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 74 
                 Female 
                 YES 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 72 
                 Male 
                 YES 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 59 
                 Male 
                 YES 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 77 
                 Female 
                 YES 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0037]    The medicine containers disclosed here have clear ergonomic advantages over popular screw cap pharmacy bottles and others which require a twisting motion, among other motions when they possess child resistant features. The grip depicted in  FIG. 3  and operation explained above are comfortable and have low potential, if any, for adverse strain, both acute and chronic, when operated by adult consumers of average stature and health. One reason for this is because, referring to  FIG. 3 , the fingers are only slightly flexed (note: a thumb is a digit but not a finger) and another reason is because, aside from the motion that the thumb makes, which is small, few other, if any, motions are necessary, and if they are their magnitudes are small (a) within the x,z-plane, i.e. radial deviation-like through ulnar deviation-like motions; (b) within the x,y plane, i.e. flexion-like through extension-like motions; and (c) rotation around the x-axis, i.e. pronation-like through supination-like motions. 
         [0038]    As observed in a study with adult participants using a prototype like that shown in  FIG. 2 , and probably attributable to the fact that adults vary in stature and health status, the medicine container may be grasped and manipulated differently than the way depicted in  FIG. 3  and furthermore, other means beside the thumb may be employed, for example other digits and implements, to press depressible tab and move slider. A two handed operation may be employed, in particular when the medicine container is sized to hold large volumes of medicine. 
         [0039]    Adult consumers with shorter than average thumb lengths or certain conditions that limit the motion of the thumb may prefer a truncated cuboidal shape shown in profile in  FIG. 4A  where the closure mechanism (i.e., blocking bar, auxiliary opening, slider  405 , slider-groove, main opening  407  and depressible tab(s)  40  connected to slider) are located on an inclined container face  411  that provides for an overall more ergonomically accommodative geometry. Also, for example, one or more shaped structures, indented, bulged, or otherwise, such as palmar grips, palmar loops, handles, digit grips ( FIG. 4B ,  412 ) and digit loops for example may optionally be molded or otherwise incorporated into or with the medicine container for the purpose of providing additional leverage for pressing depressible tab or moving slider or for additional ease of handling. 
         [0040]    While the shapes of the medicine containers shown in  FIGS. 1-4  are either cuboidal or truncations thereof, at this point it should be readily seen that the closure mechanism blocking bar, slider, slider-groove, main and auxiliary openings and depressible tab(s) connected to the slider) may reside on the flat or curved surface of, or be joined to, any 3D shape, provided it has an inside cavity, with only minor, if any, adaptation. One example of this is the medicine container  501  shown in  FIGS. 5A and 5B  which has a cylinder-like shape that makes it suitable for use in pharmacy industry automated filling machines which are presently standardized for cylindrical pharmacy bottles, but has an upper portion  502  of cuboidal form or the like with parts  504 ,  507 ,  508 ,  509  similar to e.g.  204 ,  207 ,  208 ,  209  of  FIGS. 2A-2D . 
         [0041]    Still, cuboidal shapes are generally preferred, not only because this general shape contributes to the medicine container&#39;s high degree of comfort and other ergonomic advantages but also for additional reasons which have to do with their packing efficiency. For instance, cuboids, i.e. rectangular parallelepipeds, as well as cubes, can achieve 100% ordered packing density when order packed, filled with medicine or unfilled, in mailing and shipping boxes when the dimensions of the boxes are integer multiples of the dimensions of the cuboid or cube. For comparison purposes, cylindrical objects such as popular pharmacy bottles can only achieve a maximum ordered packing density of 92%. Thus, cuboid and cube shaped medicine containers and the like are generally preferred for minimizing mailing and shipping costs. Additionally, because these shapes order pack so efficiently, they can achieve high densities on retail and warehouse shelves and in various cabinets in consumers&#39; homes, especially in medicine cabinets. 
         [0042]    Further, according to recent advances in mathematics modeling, cuboid and spheroellipsoid objects of certain optimal aspect ratios are found to have among the highest random packing densities of common 3D shaped objects and so in random packing situations, medicine containers having these general shapes, and certain truncations thereof, would generally be preferred for minimizing shipping costs. While random packing efficiency is not as high as ordered packing efficiency, there is usually a higher cost to order pack objects in shipping boxes as opposed to random pack the same objects and this difference could make random packing a cheaper option for transportation. For additional information on ordered and random packing density see:
   a. Zhao J, Li S X, Zou R P, Yu A B. Dense random packings of spherocylinders, Soft Matter, 2012, 8(4): 1003-1009;   b. G W Delaney and P W Cleary. The packing properties of superellipsoids. EPL, 89 (2010) 34002;   c. Li S X, et al Maximum packing densities of basic 3D objects. Chinese Science Bulletin 2010, 55, 114-119;   d. Williams, S. R., et al Random Packing of spheres and spherocylinders simulated by mechanical contraction. Physical Review E 67, 051301 (2003).   
 
         [0047]    Additionally, many of the medicine containers contemplated by this invention can optionally be adapted to nest (partly interpenetrate) and this is another means for improving packing density for the purposes of lowering mailing and shipping costs and warehousing costs. A variety of nesting adaptations can be contemplated in those cases where the slider and connected depressible tabs is attached to the rest of the medicine container and in the case when it is detached. When the slider is detached from the rest of the of the medicine container then it may be shipped independently from the rest of the medicine container or in the same shipping box. 
         [0048]    Also, the containers need not be rigid. For example, a rigid or semi-rigid closure mechanism (i.e., blocking bar, slider, slider-groove, main and auxiliary openings and depressible tab(s) connected to the slider) may be adapted to interface with a supple or elastic sac or pouch (like the rigid and supple portions of a change purse in some respects). One example interface would be a rigid or semi-rigid circular or polygonal profiled tubular element extension of the closure mechanism leading into the mouth of sac or pouch, and joined, sealed or bonded by any suitable adhesive, optical, ultrasonic, mechanical (e.g., sewing, stapling, etc) or thermal means for example. Medicine containers of this invention having non-rigid containers can be very inexpensive to ship and warehouse when made to be compressed and can have the ability to tit in irregularly shaped spaces, such as pants&#39; pockets for example. 
         [0049]    The medicine container possesses both physical and intellectual challenges for children making it difficult for them to gain access to the contents and the results of a study using candy demonstrating this are given in Table 2. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 a. 
                 Total Children Tested: 20 
               
               
                 b. 
                 Ages: 
               
               
                   
                 40-44 months: 5 (25%) 
               
               
                   
                 45-48 months: 9 (45%) 
               
               
                   
                 49-51 months: 6 (30%) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Children to 
                 Total children  
                   
               
               
                   
                 open container 
                 to open  
                 Percent of 
               
               
                   
                 before 
                 container after 
                 children who 
               
               
                   
                 demonstration 
                 demonstration  
                 COULD NOT 
               
               
                 Container 
                 (1 st  5 minutes) 
                 (2 nd  5 minutes) 
                 open container 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Standard Container 
                 0 
                 3 
                 85% 
               
               
                 Target Container 
                 3 
                 5 
                 60% 
               
               
                 Present Invention 
                 0 
                 3 
                 85% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0050]    While the various studies mentioned above employed a medicine container with one depressible tab, it has also been found that having two independent depressible tabs ( FIGS. 6A ,  6 B,  6 C,  608 ) causes no undue burden for adults but makes for additional challenge for children, particularly with increasing distance of separation between the tabs. A reason for this is because it is physically challenging for a young (about five years old or less) child&#39;s digit  613  to span separated tabs and easy for an adult&#39;s digit  614  to span the same. Another two independent depressible tab design is shown in  FIGS. 6D ,  6 E and  6 F. Here, for the purpose of making the medicine container be an even greater challenge to children, especially those younger than about five years old, the auxiliary opening and opening mechanism are intentionally made more complex and more complex appearing. As shown in  FIG. 6E  split blocking bar with left blocking segment  603 L and right blocking segment  603 R interact with left depressible tab  6081 , and right depressible tab  608 R respectively and compression of both tabs will not open the container. However, sufficient room exists in the groove where the slider and connected depressible tabs may be moved a certain degree in the direction of the width of the container as shown by the arrow in  FIG. 6E . By performing the motion in the direction of the arrow, the user arrives at the state shown in  FIG. 6F . In this state the container may be opened by depressing left depressible tab  608 L. Additionally, when appropriately sized, the gap between the left and right blocking segments permits adult users to extend their finger or nail over the back wall of the container and provides for easier and more convenient opening ability, if desired, the auxiliary opening and gap between the left and right blocking segments, while complex, can be covered by adapting the end of the slider to elevate upward in a manner similar to the way auxiliary opening cover  140  shown in  FIG. 1A  is formed. 
         [0051]    Referring to  FIGS. 7A &amp; 7B , medicine container  701  may optionally have one or more insertable locking elements  715  each of which adds to the intellectual and physical challenge for children, providing even greater child resistance, but presents no undue burden for adults. A locking element interferes with the ability to fully lower at least one depressible tab  708  to clear auxiliary opening by preventing the depressible tab  708  from being engaged. This is accomplished by having an insertion hole  716  at one or both sides of the container generally parallel to the elevation of the depressible tab. When the locking element is inserted into the insertion hole(s), it will extend generally perpendicularly underneath the depressible tab. This prevents the depressible tab from being able to push down, thus preventing anyone from opening the medicine container without first removing the insertable locking element. Moreover, as shown in  FIGS. 7A and 7B  the insertable locking element and insertion hole may be shaped and sized with a notch to require a 90° turn of locking element, like a lock and key, in order to provide an even greater challenge to children. These various features can dramatically decrease the number of children harmed by accidental overdoses. It is important to note, that the insertable locking element is an optional feature that does not have to be used for every medicine container because even without the insertable locking element, the medicine container is still highly child resistant. 
         [0052]    Optionally at least one end of locking element may be tethered to the medicine container so that it is not misplaced. For example, the manufacturer or pharmacy may include a tethering means  732  between one end of the locking element and the container as shown in  FIG. 7C . Also, for example, each end of locking element may be connected to the container at a common connection point  732 L as shown in  FIG. 7D  or at separate connections points. It should now be seen that a tamper resistance feature can be Obtained by the strategic selection of the length of the tethering means and the placement of the connection point(s) where tethering means must be cut, unsnapped, unlocked, or otherwise unfastened in order to open the medicine container. Thus, the manufacturer or pharmacy may enable this feature after filling the medicine container and receipt by the consumer with disconnected tethering means would signal evidence of tampering during transit or while on a retail shelf. Also for example, by placing an eyelet at each end of locking element then a variety of common fasteners may be used to secure the contents of the medicine container and signal any tampering. One common fastener that can be used for this purpose is a cable tie. 
         [0053]    The medicine container may optionally incorporate wrap or tape strategically placed over openings to indicate tampering, to provide barrier to certain gases or liquids, or for both purposes. Preferred barrier materials include PVDC copolymer film and axially-oriented PET, particularly when these films are multilayered with other polymers or metals. For example, referring to  FIG. 8 , a conformal dual purpose wrap  817  extending below medicine container openings, may be bonded to the medicine container using any joining technology that is suitable for the various materials involved such as, for example, adhesive, thermal bonding, and solvent, ultrasonic or optical welding at strategic locations such as around hemline  818  and may further include an optional pull tab  819 . 
         [0054]    The areal dimensions and shape of the main opening need not match the dimensions or shape of the slider.  FIG. 9A  shows a slider-groove  906  with lower or bottom ledges  920  element. One preferred and general way to modify the size and shape of the container&#39;s opening is to extend the bottom-ledges  920  of the slider-groove  906  as shown in  FIGS. 9A  ( 920 , not extended) and  9 B ( 920 B, extended). One reason for extending the bottom-ledges in such a manner is to provide for better gas and liquid sealing at the interface between the slider and the container opening. In general, the greater the surface area of contact between materials at this interface, the greater the seal. Another reason for extending the ledges is to reduce or modify the size or shape of the main opening. Optionally, the bottom-ledges may taper by various degrees to the interior wall of the container as shown in  FIG. 9B  in order to either optimize or decrease resistance to the flow of medicine through the main opening. Optionally, a relatively soft or compressible gasket, either inserted into slider-groove or inserted around the slider may be employed to improve the gas and liquid seal provided said gasket doesn&#39;t substantially interfere with the motion of the Slider in the slider-groove. Preferably, any gasket element employed is molded to have a precise noninterfering shape. 
         [0055]    Shown in  FIG. 10  is an embodiment where bottom-ledges  1020  is extended to provide an oval shaped container opening  1007 , covered here in this embodiment with a ledge film  1021  that provides either tamper resistance function, gas or liquid barrier function, or both. The ledge film may be joined to the extended bottom ledge using similar means as wrap ( FIG. 8 ,  817 ) and optionally include a pull tab similar to ( FIG. 8 ,  819 ). 
         [0056]    Furthermore, bottom-ledges may be extended in various ways to give multiple main openings of same or different shapes and sizes. For example, the embodiment shown in  FIG. 11A  shows two main openings each independently leading to two separate compartments of two compartment container  1102 A formed by extending the bottom-ledges of two compartment container  1102 B shown in  FIG. 11B . Similarly four compartment container  1102 C as Shown in  FIG. 11C  may be formed by extending the bottom-ledges of a four compartment container. Another two compartment container  1102 D with parts  1102 D- 1  and  1102 D- 2  obtained by stacking is shown in  FIG. 11D . A four compartment container  1102 E as shown in  FIG. 11E  is obtained by further dividing a stacked container with dividing walls  1143  and employing shared sliders  1144  and four auxiliary openings. These embodiments are highly convenient for consumers who take multiple different kinds or doses of medicines. 
         [0057]    Also, for example,  FIG. 12  shows an embodiment where extended bottom ledges  1220  provides two container main openings  1207  each of different shape leading to single compartment container  1202 . The medicine container of this embodiment can contain and classify multiple different kinds or doses of medicines  1223  by strategically pairing the shapes and sizes of medicines with corresponding container main openings. Moreover, this feature in combination with the consumer&#39;s ability to cover or uncover container main opening determined by the degree one translates the slider along slider-groove gives consumers in certain cases a highly advantageous opportunity to selectively dispense multiple drugs contained in one container. 
         [0058]    Depressible Tab, Ability to Transmit Force: 
         [0059]    The depressible tabs shown so far ( 108 ,  308 ,  608 ) have a cantilever style and being designed to be normally taller than slider-opening they have spring behavior. Referring to  FIG. 13 , the force  1324  required to depress this particular style of depressible tab a distance downward sufficient to avoid blocking bar  1303  and enable slider  1305  and connected depressible tab  1308  to clear auxiliary opening  1304  can be varied to achieve optimal human factor and ergonomic (HF&amp;E) performance using well known theories and methods of chemistry, materials science, mechanical engineering and physics. In general, it depends on factors including material stiffness (elastic and flexural moduli) and dimensions, the angle  1325  made at the junction  1326  between the depressible tab and slider  1305  and the general/locked/closed position  1327  along depressible tab where the downward force is applied. 
         [0060]    Positive Seal Mechanism: 
         [0061]    While there are some uses of the medicine container that may not require a good seal (liquid or gas) between the bottom of the slider and the bottom-ledges of the slider-groove, and if so then it is not necessary for the dimensions of the slider and slider-groove be precisely matched so that they mate together to form a tight fit, there are other uses that do require a good seal. One way to effect a good seal is to match polish the dimensions precisely to make a tight fit. Another way is to take advantage of the spring behavior of the cantilever style depressible tabs of this invention and the geometry of the depressible tabs and the slider to create a positive sealing force between the bottom of the slider and the bottom-ledges of the slider-groove, or really any portion of the container that the bottom of the slider contacts. One way to do this is shown in  FIGS. 14A-C . As shown in  FIGS. 14A-C , depressible tab  1408  takes the form of a cantilever with a base attached to the slider  1405 . This base attachment point is the junction  1426 . The end of the depressible tab has a vertical leg  1433  and a lip  1428  perpendicular to it. The lip makes direct contact with the shaped blocking bar  1403 . This contact is an interference fit between the two parts. While the slider is in the closed/locked position this fit produces a force  1434  perpendicular to the surface of the lip. This resultant force is translated along the depressible tab. For a tab surface that is at an angle (not horizontal) this force translates through the depressible tab in a downward vertical force and a lateral force in the backwards direction. The force translates into the junction  1426 . The force is translated through the junction to the slider. The vertical component of the force brings into contact the inner/bottom surface of the slider with the surfaces around the perimeter of the container that it contacts such as the bottom-ledges of the slider-groove. As shown in  FIGS. 14A-C  a pocket  1429  depression in slider can exist to accept a portion of leg  1433  and lip  1428 . This way, when the consumer compresses the depressible tab, the slider and connected depressible tab may make their way through auxiliary opening  1404 . This constant contact and the force between the slider and the container can be made to vary by adjusting the geometry, dimensions and material properties of the various components to produce a positive seal appropriate for the contents of the container and the environmental conditions that the container is exposed. For design considerations, the location at which the base of depressible tab meets the slider may create a tight angle  1425 . If such an angle exists, in some cases the base may be rounded with an appropriate radius in order to mitigate crack initiation from repeated usage of the depressible tab. 
         [0062]    Another way to effect a good seal is shown in  FIGS. 15A and 15B . Here one or more strategically placed protrusions  1530  projecting from an inner wall  1531  of the container each independently create an interference fit with a corresponding retaining button or other projection  1509  on the top surface of the slider causing a positive sealing force between the bottom of the slider and the bottom-ledges of the slider-groove. 
         [0063]    In some cases debris, such as powder from broken medicine tablets for example, may collect in the slider-grooves and bottom-ledges of some of the medicine container embodiments of this invention. Shown in  FIG. 16  is an embodiment medicine container having an auxiliary cleaning opening  1635  located on a face of the container opposite the auxiliary opening. Here, the slider pushes any debris that might collect in the slider-grooves or bottom ledges out the auxiliary cleaning opening when the slider is retracted and placed in the closed/locked state where the range of the slider&#39;s travel through the auxiliary cleaning opening is limited so that it may not extend beyond the wall of the container. There are a variety of ways to limit this range of travel. One way is to employ one or more sufficiently tall retaining-buttons permanently on the slider and proximal to the auxiliary cleaning opening where these retaining-buttons permanently limit the range of travel. Another way is to make the height of the auxiliary cleaning opening shorter than the height of the slider, save for a small lip profile on the slider that fits snugly in the auxiliary cleaning opening. In some medicine container embodiments of this invention, particularly ones that do not have extended ledges, the auxiliary cleaning window need not extend across the width of the container and instead, a small auxiliary cleaning opening may exist at each end of the slider-grooves in the direction of slider travel. In such cases, the slider may be shaped and profiled to have a “U-like” shape where each prong of the U-shape pokes through these auxiliary cleaning openings. 
         [0064]      FIGS. 17A-D  show that that containers can be daisy chained side-by-side as are  1702 A- 1 ,  1 . 702 B- 2  and  1702 B- 3  or from top to bottom. Also, making them rotatably coupled is very convenient to use by hand or when rack mounted.  FIG. 17C  shows containers coupled together using a ball  1736  and socket  1737  mechanism, which allows them to be rotatable without having to separate containers from one another. This rotating mechanism is displayed in  FIG. 17B .  FIG. 17D  shows interlocking rails  1738 ,  1739  which allows containers to be easily chained together as one complete unit. This is ideal for organizing and keeping together multiple medicines. There are many ways to achieve this interlocking feature with cuboidal containers. The retaining-buttons on slider may be employed for this purpose or another set of tabs or buttons independent from the retaining-buttons may be incorporated. 
         [0065]    Most medicine containers of this invention would normally possess at least one label affixed to an exterior surface. Pertaining to this, an advantage of those medicine containers of this invention having a polyhedral or polyhedral-like shape compared to the cylindrical shape of popular pharmacy bottles is that they can have multiple faces, each face optionally carrying a label, the advantage being that each separate label may convey separate categories of information. In this manner consumers can be less intimidated and confused by complex medical jargon when presented together on same label. Optionally, a face or surface of many medicine containers of this invention, particularly those having a polyhedral or polyhedral-like shape, may have a recess in order to accommodate in a streamlined fashion multi-page instructions or information, such as a booklet or a fold-out for example, which may be permanently or semi-permanently affixed thereto. Or, alternatively, a face or surface of certain medicine containers of this invention may provide for, or incorporate a sleeve, molded as part of the medicine container or subsequently affixed, capable of accommodating a label or multi-page instructions inserted therein. 
         [0066]    Optionally, because many consumers suffer from blurred or poor near vision, sleeve, when transparent, can be shaped in a manner that provides for, either solely or in cooperation with another transparent element of suitable shape and index covering the sleeve (like a cover slip), a magnification of images or text on labels, etc. inserted into the sleeve. Note that strategically placed rails can be a convenient way to mount other attachments or accessories such as a medicine catching attachment, as mentioned above, a funnel accessory, a mouthpiece accessory, a spoon accessory, etc. 
         [0067]    The various wall&#39;s or parts of the medicine container enclosing the contained medicine, in particular the walls of the container and the slider, may be made opaque, to various extents, to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, such as ultraviolet light and visible light for example, and to various energetic particles. One reason for doing this is to maintain the purity of contained medicines that would otherwise be affected by certain wavelengths or particles. Another reason is to shield workers and consumers from dangerous radiation or particles emitted by medicines contained in the medicine container. Means of making said walls or parts opaque include using a material for the walls or parts that is inherently opaque or made opaque by employing one or more soluble additives to said material, by employing a matrix composite wall or part material wherein at least one component provides the opacity and by providing for a multilayer composite comprising a wall or part material component as one layer and an opaque rendering component as another layer. Increasing the thickness or density of any opacity rendering component, or of an inherently opaque wall or part generally increases the level of opacity. 
         [0068]    In a similar vein, the various walls or parts of the medicine container enclosing the contained medicine, in particular the walls of the container and the slider may, in general, be made less permeable to certain gas and liquid permeates, in particular oxygen and water vapor, by increasing the thickness as is well known in the field of transport science. In general, metals have the lowest permeabilities to permeates, followed by, at least for polymers, in general order of increasing permeability, thermosettable polymers, thermoplastics and elastomers; but there is wide overlap among these classes of polymers based on the functional groups and atoms present, the molecular weight, and as the case may be, tacticity, crystallinity, degree of crosslinking, molecular weight between crosslinks, and even based on the method and conditions employed to process (form, mold, etc.), apply or cure the polymer. The permeabilities of matrix composites and ceramic materials can vary considerably according to a number of factors as well. Fortunately the field of transport science is well established and permeability properties well known for a variety of materials towards a wide variety of permeate challenges. See, for example “Polymer Handbook, Fourth Edition”, J. Brandrup, E. H. Immergut, E. A. Grulke Editors, 2003. Therefore, since medicines may have different sensitivities to different permeates, one would, generally, in the design of a medicine container consult the literature and choose an appropriate material of appropriate thickness for the walls and parts enclosing the contained medicine and also in certain cases choose an appropriate processing method and conditions to give an appropriate low permeability. Of course, one may also employ other methods as well for lowering permeability. One way, for example, is to line the inside walls of the container and the inside surface of the slider with a barrier coating such as BLOX (a Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company). Another way, for example, is to metallize the surface of a polymeric slider in contact with the main opening. 
         [0069]    Frequently in the design of containers for foods and medicines it is necessary to consider whether or not any substances, such as plasticizers and monomers for example, might migrate from the various walls or parts enclosing the contained medicine. Similarly, it is often necessary to consider whether or not the medicine contained is compatible with the wetted materials used. If appropriate solutions cannot be found then the food or medicine may be further contained by appropriate means such as by using a foil bag for example. 
         [0070]    As shown in some of the embodiments above a force can be generated that provides for a better seal. Also, the greater the interfacial areal contact between slider and bottom-ledges of slider-groove, the better the seal. From a materials perspective gas and liquid sealing between two materials is often difficult to obtain when both materials are relatively hard (usually judged by durometer). Sealing is often better when a relatively softer material presses against a relatively harder material, or when both materials are relatively soft. For example, one may use a softer thermoplastic elastomer for the slider and a harder thermoplastic material, such as polypropylene, as part of the bottom-ledges of the slider-groove. When regulatory guidelines limit the selection of materials to standard materials such as polypropylene then to provide for a better has and liquid seal one can use polypropylene for both the slider and the bottom-ledges and employ a third softer gasketing material between them. Alternatively one may apply, fit, mold or otherwise include a softer element  1839  on the bottom of the polypropylene slider  1805  surface as shown in  FIG. 18A  (entire bottom surface) and  FIGS. 18B and 18C  around the perimeter of the bottom surface) or, provided it doesn&#39;t interfere with the main opening, as part of the top of the polypropylene bottom-ledges surface. 
         [0071]    General manufacturing methods can be used and include injection molding, particularly when thermoplastic or thermoplastic or elastomer materials are used, as well as overmolding techniques when for example metallic materials are surrounded with plastic or blow molding, particularly when glass materials are employed. Various parts or components may be manufactured separately and then assembled. In fact, in some cases in order to facilitate filling it may be desirable to separately fabricate the a portion, side or face of a medicine container and subsequently permanently join the portion, side or face to the rest of the container. 
         [0072]      FIGS. 19A and 19B  illustrate a general option for sliders to move along curved paths—as all or part of a container top ( FIG. 19A ) or as part of a curved container wall ( FIG. 19B ). In  FIG. 19A  the container  1901 A is cylindrical and has a main opening  1907 A sliding closure  1905 A, with a distal end  1940 A, of a cantilevered depressible tab  1908 A, that is rotatable about pivot  1905 A A-P (supported on a fixed container piece internally or externally) to slide through auxiliary opening  1904 A,  FIG. 19B  (drawn larger than necessary for purpose of illustration) shows a cylindrical container  1901 B with a sliding closure  1908 B, with a cantilevered (evened depressible tab  1908 B with a distal end  1940 B, that slides along the circular container surface (on internal tracks or grooves, not shown) to exit the container in part through auxiliary opening  1904 B. As shown in the breakout of  FIG. 19B , the distal end  1904 B is leveled to match the containers contour when the slider is retracted. 
         [0073]    These variant forms can also be applied to spherical, hemispherical, ellipsoidal container forms and other regularly and irregularly shaped containers with appropriate tracks, grooves or other sliding closure supports/guides. They can also apply stop buttons and/or locks as in other forms shown above and in the case of  FIG. 19A  or the line designating the pivot as a restrainer/lock that prevents from exit of the sliding closure but can be remarked by means not accessible to a child or other nobled user. 
         [0074]    It will now be apparent to those skilled in the art that other embodiments, improvements, details, and uses can be made consistent with the letter and spirit of the foregoing disclosure and within the scope of this patent, which is limited only by the following claims, construed in accordance with the patent law, including the doctrine of equivalents.