Abstract:
A technique for controlling an atmosphere within an enclosure involves providing a getter within the atmosphere of the enclosure. An LED manufactured according to the technique may include a getter within an enclosed volume of the LED device.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This Patent Application claims the benefit of Provisional Patent Application No. 60/562,899 filed Apr. 15, 2004, which is incorporated herein by reference. 

   BACKGROUND 
   Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are solid-state light sources that work on the principle of the recombination of electrons and holes at the junction between a p-semiconductor and an n-semiconductor. The light emissions from LEDs are controlled by using different layers of luminescent materials deposited on the LED chip (substrate). The emissions of each layer are generally monochromatic. Different colors are achieved through the use of multilayers of luminescent materials and dyes. For example, multilayers of luminescent materials in the InGaAlP family grown onto suitable substrates can emit red, yellow or orange light. Multilayers of luminescent materials in the InAlGaN family grown onto SiC and Al 2 O 3  substrates can emit blue, green or UV light. 
   To yield white light, output of three LEDs, e.g. a red, a green and a blue LED, can be combined. Alternatively, a single blue or UV LED can be used to excite a phosphor material that is placed in close proximity to the blue or UV LED. The phosphor material absorbs the blue or UV light and re-emits the light in a spectrum of including longer wavelengths. Thus, a phosphor coated blue LED can emit a spectrum of appropriate colors, which combine to produce white light. 
   White LEDs are produced by growing different layers of materials in the InAlGaN family using different doping substances to obtain the p-layers and n-layers. Organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy (OMVPE) is a common technique for growing such layers. In the OMVPE technique, organometallic molecules that contain the desired metallic atoms are transported in the gas/vapor phase onto a suitable substrate to yield a film on the substrate. 
   Examples of suitable substrates are Gallium Nitride (GaN), Aluminum Nitride (AlN), Aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) and Silicon Carbide (SiC). The aluminum oxide and the silicon carbide may have a GaN or a AlN buffer layer between the substrate and the layers of light emitting diode structure. For example, the wafer substrate is covered completely with the layers of the light emitting diode structure which is then cut to create 10,000 LED dies per wafer. Each die is then mounted between two electrodes, to become the active element of the LED. 
   Phosphor material in the form of particles or thin film is deposited over the InAlGaN multilayer in order to shift the primary emission wavelength of the light emitting LED to the desired visible color emission spectrum. The phosphors comprise a host material such as YAG, CdS, ZnS, etc., that incorporate small concentrations of activator ions such as rare earth metals and transition metals. A description of phosphors is found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,466,135B1, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The InAlGaN multilayer LED with phosphors is typically encapsulated in a polymeric resin such as an epoxy resin. The encapsulation of LEDs in polymeric resins is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,959,316, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
   To increase the forward light emission of the LED, the phosphor covered multilayer LED can be placed in a suitable reflector cup. The reflector cup reflects the light emission towards the end of the LED. 
   The heat and UV energy from the LED can cause the polymeric resin encapsulation to degrade. The degradation of the polymeric resin encapsulation, in turn, causes a yellowing appearance of the light emission. Further, the emission efficiency of both the phosphor layer and the InAlGaN multilayer structure degrades in the presence of moisture. The oxidation state of the phosphor activator can change in the presence of oxygen, thus causing a reduction in light emission and a possible shift in emission wavelength. Since high power LEDs (e.g. white light LEDs) operate at significantly elevated temperatures, this oxidation reaction is temperature-enhanced. The change of color and intensity of the emission of LEDs is typically undesirable and especially so with white light LEDs. 
     FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a prior art LED assembly  100  which includes a base or base  112 . Of course, this assembly is just exemplary of a variety of types of LED assemblies. A paper describing several types of LED assemblies is “Packaging Challenges of High-Power LEDs for Solid State Lighting”, by Shatil Haque et al, Lumileds Lighting, San Jose, Calif., incorporated herein by reference. 
   In  FIG. 1 , an LED semiconductor material  106  is secured to a lead  108   a . This can be accomplished using a silver-loaded conductive epoxy which provides high reflectivity. Alternatively, for “flip-chip” type LED structures solder-bump bonding can be advantageously used, as they do not hinder the extraction of light radiating from the active region. 
   Secured to the base  112  is a reflector cup  104   a  and leads  108   a  and  108   b . Reflector cup  104   a  can be a solid mass of material having, for example, an inverted, truncated conical aperture providing a reflective surface  104   b . The reflector cup  104   a  can be made from an electrically insulating material such as glass, ceramic or plastic. The reflective surface  104   b  can, for example, be a thin film of aluminum applied, for example, by a sputtering process. The leads  108   a  and  108   b  are typically made from a copper alloy. A bonding wire  107  electrically couples lead  108   b  to the top of LED material  106 . A polymeric resin  103  is disposed within the conical aperture of the reflector cup  104   a  and encapsulates the LED material  106  and bonding wire  107 . The encapsulant  103  preferably has interspersed, within it, phosphor materials  102  (shown as small bubbles) for shifting the emission wavelengths of the LED material to, for example, produce a “white” light. By “white”, it is meant herein that a broad spectrum of visible light is produced which produces a light which appears substantially white, although it may be somewhat tinged with certain frequencies (e.g. blue). A solid polymeric resin encapsulation dome  110  is bonded to the reflector cup  104   a  and over the encapsulant  103  such as by being epoxied or glued. 
   LED material  106  may include an InAlGaN multilayer LED structure. Base  112  may be made of an insulating material such as sapphire (Al 2 O 3 ) or silicon carbide, for example. The base  112  should be very poor electrical conductor (e.g. an insulator), but is preferably a reasonably good thermal conductor. A heat sink (not shown) can be optionally attached to or form part of the base  112  to help dissipate heat from the LED assembly  100 . Leads  108   a  and  108   b  are electrode leads and can be made of electrical conducting material, including copper and copper alloys. Leads  108   a  and  108   b  may be about the same width as the base of LED material  106 . Reflector cup  104   a  may be made of an insulating material such as glass or ceramic, for example. 
     FIG. 2  illustrates certain problems encountered in the prior art LED assembly after a period of usage. After a period of time of operation of the LED  100 , the ultraviolet (UV) light and heat energy generated by LED material  106  will cause the polymeric resin encapsulation dome  110  to discolor or “yellow.” This is illustrated by the discoloration  113  of the dome  110 . The yellowing of the polymeric resin encapsulation dome  110 , in turn, causes an absorption of light emitted from the InAlGaN multilayer structure and phosphor materials, particularly in the blue portion of the visible spectrum. This causes a reduction in light output from the LED, and a shift in the output color. Therefore, output of the LED  100  becomes less bright and less white (e.g. more yellow). 
   Further, both the phosphor materials and the InAlGaN multilayer structure react with moisture  115  (e.g. water vapor) that may diffuse through the solid polymeric dome and cause a degradation of the light emission intensity of the LED. Further, the moisture in assembly  100  can cause corrosion of the electrodes and other parts in assembly  100 . The phosphor materials can also react with the oxygen  114  that may diffuse through the solid polymeric dome and cause a shift in the wavelength of the light emission. Thus, the effects of moisture and oxygen in the LED assembly are deleterious to the performance of the LED. 
   Based on the foregoing, there is a need for producing LED assemblies that maintain a high intensity and stable wavelength in the LED light emissions during operation, and which do not quickly degrade with use due to exposure to oxygen, moisture and/or other contaminants. 
   SUMMARY 
   A method for controlling an atmosphere within an LED enclosure according to a non-limiting embodiment includes providing a getter within an atmosphere of the LED enclosure and activating the getter, whereby contaminants can be removed from the atmosphere. 
   In an embodiment, an LED assembly includes a reflector cup coated with a getter material, a dome for covering the reflector cup and the LED; and a non-reactive atmosphere contained within the dome. Another embodiment includes a base, a light emitting semiconductor attached to the base, a translucent cover sealed to the base over the light emitting semiconductor and defining an internal chamber; and a controlled atmosphere having less than about 100 PPM of oxygen or water within the chamber. In a non-limiting embodiment, the LED assembly also includes a getter in contact with the controlled atmosphere, where the controlled atmosphere is at a pressure between, by way of example but not limitation, 10 atmospheres and 10 −3  torr. Alternatively, the controlled atmosphere is a vacuum at less than 10 −3  torr. Further alternatively, the controlled atmosphere includes a non-reactive gas selected from the group including inert gasses and noble gasses. Still further alternatively, the controlled atmosphere is a fluid which is non-reactive with materials having surfaces exposed to the chamber. 
   Advantageously, according to certain embodiments, the deleterious effects of moisture and oxygen on the active layer can be minimized by maintaining the assembly of the LED in a controlled atmosphere such as in a vacuum, a non-reactive gas, or a liquid. Further, moisture and oxygen can be removed from the vacuum or inert gas by using getters. The embodiments are suitable for various types of LEDs including blue LEDs, green LEDs, UV LEDs, and white light LEDs. 
   These and other advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the following descriptions and a study of the several figures of the drawings. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which: 
       FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a prior art LED assembly. 
       FIG. 2  is the cross-sectional view of a prior art LED assembly after a period of usage to illustrate degradation problems. 
       FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of an LED assembly, according to certain embodiments of the invention. 
       FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of an LED assembly with getter deposited on the encapsulation dome, according to certain embodiments of the invention. 
       FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of an LED assembly containing getter materials in particulate form, according to certain embodiments of the invention. 
       FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of an LED assembly comprising an encapsulation cover, which can include both plastic and glass elements. 
       FIG. 7  is a flow diagram that illustrates a method for manufacturing an LED assembly, according to certain embodiments of the invention. 
       FIGS. 8A-8C  are cross-sectional views of various components of LED assemblies according to certain embodiments of the invention. 
       FIG. 8D  is a cross-section of an LED assembly being activated in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIGS. 1 and 2  were discussed with reference to the prior art.  FIGS. 3-8D  will be discussed with reference to a controlled internal atmosphere LED illustrated by various exemplary embodiments of the present invention. 
   In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in schematic form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention. 
   By “controlled atmosphere”, it is meant that the atmosphere in contact with the active semiconductor portion of the LED (the InAlGaN multilayer, for example) is controlled to reduce the deleterious effects of certain contaminants which may interact with the phosphor materials and the InAlGaN multilayer structure. The “controlled atmosphere” can range from a vacuum to low pressure to above atmospheric pressure range and, if not a vacuum, can include noble, inert or “benign” fluids. The “controlled atmosphere” includes a fluid that may be gaseous, although it can include a liquid in certain embodiments. For instance, the controlled atmosphere may include, by way of example but not limitation, mineral oil. 
   A “getter” is a scavenger material that has an affinity for certain substances, such as hydrogen or oxygen. A getter that has an affinity for water may be referred to as a drier. A getter may be a composite material comprising a getter material effective to sorb gasses and a drier effective to sorb moisture. The material of the getter can be a metal, metal compound (e.g., reduced metal oxide), non-metallic compounds, zeolites, certain plastics etc., that are effective to sorb contaminants from the controlled atmosphere. 
   By “contaminants” it is meant any substance which can degrade the performance of the LED assembly. For example, in the context of white LEDs, contaminants may include oxygen and water. However, getters used in the embodiments herein may be effective to remove other contaminants if necessary, and may vary from implementation to implementation. 
   According to certain embodiments, suitable getters include metal getters such as getter alloys containing zirconium, vanadium, iron, manganese and one or more elements selected among yttrium, lanthanum and Rare Earth metals. Such alloys are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,521,014, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Titanium getters and halfnium getters may also be suitable. Other suitable getters include oxides selected among category 2A in the periodic table. Some examples of category 2A oxides are calcium oxide, manganese oxide, etc. The embodiments are not restricted to any one type or combination of getters. Any appropriate getter that is capable of removing or “scavenging” moisture, oxygen and other contaminants may be used. While the primary mechanisms for removing contaminants with getters include absorption (e.g. a chemical reaction of the contaminant with the getter) and adsorption (e.g. a contaminant sticking to a surface of the getter), which are collectively referred to as “sorb”, “sorbing” and “sorption”, etc., other mechanisms such as entrapment of contaminants within a matrix of a zeolite are also contemplated in alternative embodiments, depending upon the needs of a given embodiment. 
   According to certain embodiments, the getters are introduced into an LED assembly by techniques such as sputtering and evaporation, which are well known in the art. Another technique for introducing getters into an LED assembly is by electrophoresis. Getter can also be mechanically attached, chemically bonded, etc. into the LED assembly. The embodiments are not restricted to any one method of introducing suitable getters into LED assemblies. Thus, the introduction of suitable getters into LED assemblies may vary from implementation to implementation. 
     FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of an LED assembly  300 , according to certain embodiments of the invention. LED assembly  300  comprises a base  312 . LED material  306  is secured to a lead  308   a . Secured to the base is a reflector cup  304   a  and leads  308   a  and  308   b . Reflector cup  304   a  preferably has an inverted, truncated conical aperture  305  and is provided with a reflective surface  304   b . A bonding wire  307  couples lead  308   b  to the top of the LED material  306  by, for example, a solder bonding technique. A layer or thin film of phosphor materials  302  is deposited on LED material  306 . A dome  310  is sealed (e.g. by epoxy, glue, indium metal or fusion bonding) onto the reflector cup  304   a  to fully enclose the reflecting surface  304   b  and the LED material  306 . 
   The operation of LED assemblies, such as LED assembly  300 , is well known to those skilled in the art. The LED material  306  is a semiconductor material that acts as a diode allowing current to substantially flow in one direction only, e.g. from an anode or positive electrode to a cathode or negative electrode. The cathode and anode are typically on opposing sides of the LED material  306 . In this example, the contact between the lead  308   a  and the bottom of LED material  306  comprises an anode connection, and the contact between the bonding wire  307  and the top of the LED material  306  comprises a cathode connection. Of course, these connections can be reversed in alternate embodiments. The connection of the bonding wire  307  to the top of the LED material  306  is typically done in such a fashion as to balance the desire for a broad cathode contact with the desire not to block emissions from the top of the LED material  306 . 
   The reflective surface  304   b  causes certain emissions from the LED material  306  and phosphors  302  to be directed out of the top portion  352  of the LED assembly. The reflective surface  304   b  has a thin film of getter  318  that has preferably been sputtered or evaporatively deposited onto the reflective surface. 
   Dome  310  may be made of any suitable non-permeable material that is preferably resistant to degradation due to the UV and heat energy from the LED. Examples of suitable materials for dome  310  include glass and quartz (pure SiO 2 ). The glass can be a variety of suitable types. However, glass that can absorb UV light is preferred when there is a chance for significant human exposure since UV light can have deleterious effects on the retina of an eye and on human tissue, in general. For applications where UV light is beneficial (e.g., for biological purification), a glass that does not absorb UV light is preferred. The glass can be a substantially pure form of SiO 2  doped with other elements or compounds, or other formulations well known to those skilled in the art. The dome may be convex (e.g., hollow), as depicted in  FIG. 3 , but may be solid in alternative embodiments. 
   According to some embodiments, a vacuum is maintained in chamber  350 . According to other embodiments, chamber  350  may contain a noble gas, such as argon, or an inert gas such as nitrogen that does not react with the getter material. As used herein, a “noble” gas consists of the gasses found in Group 18 of the periodic table, such as helium, neon, argon, krypton, etc. Noble gasses are typically non-reactive with other elements or compounds. By “inert” gas it is meant herein that gas is generally non-reactive. Nitrogen is an example of an inert gas by this definition. By “non-reactive” fluid, it is meant a gas or liquid that is generally non-reactive with the materials in which it is in contact, such as the materials having surfaces exposed to the chamber of the LED assembly. 
   Certain getter materials require activation before they can become effective in absorbing contaminants such as moisture, oxygen, etc. Other getter materials do not require activation. Exemplary activation processes for those types of getters requiring activation are described in greater detail subsequently with reference to  FIGS. 7 and 8D . 
     FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of an LED assembly with getter materials deposited on interior surfaces a dome  410 , according to certain embodiments of the invention. In  FIG. 4 , LED assembly  400  comprises a base  412 . LED material  406  is secured to the base  412  by a lead  408   a . By “secured to the base  412  by a lead  408   a ”, it is meant herein that the LED material  406  is secured to the lead  408   a  by a suitable attachment method, and that lead  408   a  is secured to the base  412  by a suitable attachment method. That is, the lead  408   a  is partially sandwiched between the LED material  406  and the base  412 . 
   In the example of  FIG. 4 , a reflector cup  404   a  and a lead  408   b  are also secured to the base  412 . A bonding wire  407  electrically couples the lead  408   b  to the LED material  406 . The reflector cup  404   a  has an aperture having sidewalls provided with a reflective surface  404   b . Of course, other reflector configurations and structures may be used in other embodiments. 
   In the example of  FIG. 4 , the LED material  406  is encapsulated in an encapsulant such as a polymeric resin  403 . The encapsulant  403  preferably has interspersed, within it, phosphor materials  402  effective to shift a primary emission wavelength. The phosphor materials  402  may or may not be concentrated near the LED material  406 , and in some other embodiments the materials are more evenly dispersed or dispersed with other concentration profiles. According to certain other embodiments, a layer or thin film of phosphor materials may be deposited on LED material  406 . The dome  410  may be attached, e.g. by epoxy, glue, indium metal or fusion bonding, to the reflector cup  404   a  to cover the reflector cup&#39;s reflecting surface  404   b  and the LED material  406 . An inner surface  405  of the dome  410  substantially defines the chamber  450  within LED assembly  400 . In the example of  FIG. 4 , the inner surface  405  of the dome  410  has getter material  418  deposited on it. 
   The reflective surface  404   b  causes certain emissions from the LED material  406  to be directed towards the top portion  434  of the LED assembly. The dome  410  may be made of any suitable material that is transparent to the wavelength(s) of interest. In order to allow light to pass through, the top portion  434  of dome  410  may be generally, substantially, or completely free of getter material. 
   According to some embodiments, a vacuum is maintained in chamber  450 . According to other embodiments, chamber  450  may contain an inert or noble gas. According to other embodiments, chamber  450  may include a non-reactive fluid. The getter  418  may absorb contaminants such as moisture, oxygen, etc. Some getters may require activation, which may include chemically treating the getter, exposing the getter to heat or radiation, or activating the getter in some other manner. 
     FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of an LED assembly  500  containing getter materials in particulate form, according to certain embodiments of the invention. By “particulate” it is meant that discrete particles, masses, chunks or bodies of getter material are employed. These particles can be very fine, e.g. a fine powder having dimensions of about 100 microns up to relatively large chunks of material having dimensions as large as a few millimeters. Larger or smaller particles may be used in alternate embodiments. For example, an LED assembly that is several centimeters across may have some relatively large particles of getter with dimensions of one or more centimeters. 
   In the example of  FIG. 5 , LED assembly  500  comprises a base  512 . LED material  506  is secured to the base  512  by a lead  508   a . Also secured to the base  512  is a lead  508   b  and a reflector cup  504   a  including an aperture providing a reflective surface  504   b . A layer of phosphor material  502  is preferably deposited on LED material  506 . 
   In the example of  FIG. 5 , a dome  510  is sealed to the reflector cup  504   a  to fully encapsulate the reflector cup&#39;s reflecting surface  504   b  and the LED material  506 . The dome  510  may be made of any suitable non-permeable material. It may be desirable to form the dome  510  of a material that does not degrade due to the UV and heat energy from the LED and is transparent to the wavelength(s) of interest. Such a material may include, by way of example but not limitation, glass or quartz. 
   The reflector cup&#39;s reflective surface  504   b  has adhered to it discrete particles of getter  522 . Various techniques may be used to deposit the particles of getter material onto the reflector cup  504   a . According to some embodiments, if the reflector cup has a metal film deposited on the walls of the aperture, the metal film can act as an electrode for purposes of performing attachment of the particles to the reflector cup by electrophoresis. Similarly, electrophoresis can be used to deposit the particles of getter onto the dome  510 , after the deposit of a conductive film to serve as an electrode. Alternatively, particles can be glued, swaged, or otherwise adhered to the surface of the aperture walls of the reflector cup  504   a.    
     FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view of yet another embodiment of an LED assembly. In the example of  FIG. 6 , an LED assembly  600  comprises a base  612 . LED material  606  is secured to the base  612  by a lead  608   a . Also secured to the base is a reflector cup  604   a  and a lead  608   b . A wire  607  attaches the lead  608   b  to the top of the LED material  606 . Reflector cup  604   a  has an aperture provided with a reflective surface  604   b . A layer of phosphor material  602  is deposited on LED material  606 . A hollow cover  609  is attached to the reflector cup  604   a  to enclose the reflector cup&#39;s reflecting surface  604   b  and the LED material  606 . 
   Hollow cover  609  may include a plastic, glass or quartz cylinder  616  capped with a suitable lens  611 . The lens  611  may be made of glass, quartz or other suitable material. Suitable materials do not degrade due to the heat energy from the LED or are resistant to such degradation. Suitable materials may also be generally impermeable. A plastic shell  613  can be used to hold the assembly together. 
   The cylinder  616  may be impregnated with suitable getter for absorbing contaminants. Alternatively, the cylinder may just be, for example, a plastic or glass cylinder. If the cylinder  616  is plastic, it should be coated to make it substantially impermeable. This coating can conveniently be a getter film  618  provided on the interior surface of cylinder  616 . Additionally, getter can be provided on the reflective surface  604   b . However, it may be desirable not to have any getter or other obstruction on the lens  611  such that light can freely pass through. In an embodiment, the lens is made of an impermeable substance such as, by way of example but not limitation, glass or quartz. Alternatively, the lens could be made of, for example, plastic coated with a transparent sealing layer. 
     FIG. 7  is a flow diagram that illustrates some basic operations for manufacturing an LED assembly and may advantageously be considered in conjunction with  FIGS. 8A through 8D . In  FIG. 7 , a manufacturing procedure  700  begins at  702  and proceeds to step  704  where the getter element is produced. The getter element refers, for example, to a reflector cup and/or a dome or hollow cover with deposited layers of getter materials, or any other getter element that is in fluid communication with the internal atmosphere of the LED assembly. In step  706  an appropriate atmosphere is provided for the internal chamber of the LED assembly. The appropriate atmosphere may be a vacuum, an inert gas, a noble gas, or any other suitable fluid. 
   At step  708 , the LED is assembled into the LED package the presence of the appropriate atmosphere. Examples of gases appropriate for use in the atmosphere include nitrogen, argon, helium, and neon. By “vacuum”, it is meant that the pressure is significantly below atmospheric pressure, e.g., less than about 10 −3  torr and preferably less than about 10 −5  torr. At step  712  the LED package is sealed using any suitable sealing method. At step  714 , the getter is activated if the getter is such that it needs activation. The getter may be activated before/during/or after the LED package is sealed. For example, the getter may be activated by heating the getter to about 350° C. for about 10 to 30 minutes. During activation of the getter, the contaminants sorbed by the getter diffuse into the bulk of the getter or are expelled from the getter. After activation, the activated getter is ready to sorb contaminants. The procedure  700  is complete at  716 . 
     FIGS. 8A-8C  are cross-sectional views of illustrating components of several embodiments of LED assemblies. They can also be used as examples with respect to the various steps set forth in  FIG. 7 .  FIG. 8A  shows a base  812  and reflector cup  804   a  with an aperture providing a reflective surface  804   b . Reflective surface  804   b  includes a thin film of getter material  818  that has been sputtered, evaporation deposited, etc. onto the walls of the aperture.  FIG. 8B  shows a base  812  and reflector cup  804   a  with reflective surface  804   b . Adhered to reflective surface  804   b  are getter particles  820 . In  FIG. 8C , a dome  810  includes a film of getter  816  provided on an internal surface of dome  810 . 
     FIG. 8D  illustrates a laser getter activating method of the present invention wherein a laser beam  860  may be used to activate the getter material. The laser beam  860  shines through the dome  810  as indicated at  861  and heats the getter material  804   b . There may be some mechanism creating relative movement between the laser beam  860  and the getter material. For example, the laser can be moved, or the LED assembly  800  can be moved, or the laser beam  860  can be move by, for example, a mirror or prism assembly (not shown). Also shown is an additional sealing bead  813  to ensure a gas-tight seal between the dome  810  and the reflector cup  804   a , especially during heating due to the activation process. Various other techniques are suitable to activate the getter material, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. 
   It should be noted that one or more getters can be used simultaneously to control the atmosphere within the LED assembly. For example, CaO can be used to absorb water, while a metal getter can be used to absorb oxygen. The getters can be placed at various locations as long as the getters do not interfere with the operation of the LED. For example, one getter can be provided on the reflector, and another getter on the dome. 
   According to certain embodiments, the LED assembly comprises a phosphor layer in close proximity to the InAlGaN multilayer structure. The LED is preferably a white LED or high brightness LED. However, the embodiments are not restricted to white LEDs or high brightness LEDs. The reflector cup cause certain emissions from the LED to be directed to the top portion of the LED assembly. The LED and the reflector cup are bonded to a base by a suitable bonding technique. The reflector cup and the multilayer light emitting diode structure die are completely covered by a glass dome that is preferably adapted for blocking UV light. The reflector cup may have a thin film of getter material that has preferably been sputtered or evaporated onto the reflector cup. For example, the getter material can be St 787™ getter material, which is commercially available from SAES Getters S.p.A. of Lainate (Milan) Italy. The internal atmosphere of the assembly is either a vacuum or a non-reactive fluid. The glass dome can be glued to a base or other support structure that is supporting the reflector cup and InAlGaN multilayer structure to seal the assembly. 
   According to certain other embodiments, the internal atmosphere of the LED assembly is pressurized to a pressure that is above atmospheric pressure. For example, the internal atmosphere of the LED assembly may be pressurized to about 1 to 100 times ambient atmosphere. The internal atmosphere is such an assembly may comprise non-reactive gases including nitrogen and noble gases. The pressurized embodiment may include getters on the reflector cup and/or the glass dome of the LED assembly. The glass dome advantageous in that it is a substantially impermeable material. In certain other pressurized embodiments, the getters may be omitted. 
   The above-described examples refer to an LED material. It should be noted that these examples are not intended to be the only possible embodiments. Nanotubes, optical receptors, and other devices could be used in place of the LED material in alternative embodiments. 
   The above-described examples refer to domes and lenses that cover an internal atmosphere of the device. It should be noted that the domes could be solid or hollow in alternative embodiments. In the case of a solid dome, the placement of the getter would probably not be within the solid dome (see, e.g.,  FIG. 4 ). In another alternative, the reflector cup could be solid, filled by way of example but not limitation with epoxy, and the getter material may be located within a hollow dome, as depicted in  FIG. 4 . In general, in alternative embodiments, any portion of the internal atmosphere could be replaced with a solid substance, such as by way of example but not limitation resin. 
   The above-described examples refer to internal atmospheres within a device. In alternative embodiments, the “atmospheres” may be by way of example a vacuum or a fluid. Depending upon the characteristics of the components within the atmosphere and the walls that define the interior volume of a device, various fluids or vacuum may be desirable that do not interfere with the function of components and are inert with respect to the materials. In another embodiment, the atmosphere may be an incompressible (or compression-resistant) fluid that increases the durability of the device by filling the internal volume. 
   In the foregoing specification, embodiments of the invention have been described with reference to numerous specific details that may vary from implementation to implementation. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.