Abstract:
An efficient method to induce the enantioselectivity in procarbonyl compounds using chiral organometallic complexes. The present invention is also described a method for producing organo metallic complexes using a base and a metal halide.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application claims the benefit of International Patent Application No. PCT/IN2008/000476, filed Jul. 30, 2008, which in turn claims priority to Indian Patent Application No. 262/CHE/2008, filed Jan. 31, 2008, the entire disclosures of both of which are incorporated by reference herein. 
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
     Present invention is directed towards the cost effective and industrially applicable process to induce enantioselectivity with improved yields. The present invention is also describes an improved process for making organometallic complexes. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Asymmetric addition of organometallic compounds to carbonyls is a useful method for the production of chiral secondary/tertiary-alcohols. Typically for asymmetric synthesis, the active catalyst is generated in situ by the reaction of Lewis acid with chiral ligands. Addition of organometallic reagents to aldehydes and activated ketones has been achieved with excellent enantioselectivity. With inactivated ketones there has been some success, e.g., using salen 1 and camphanosulphonamide ligand 2. 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Generally, stoichiometric amount of the promoters [Lewis acid, e.g., ZnR 2  (R=alkyl/aryl), Zn(OTf) 2 , Cu(OTf) 2 , etc] is required for these asymmetric syntheses. Although, employing these promoters chiral alcohols has been obtained in high yields and ee upto 99%, they have limited applicability in industrial kale synthesis of the pharmaceutical intermediates, because they are expensive, difficult to store, difficult to handle, especially dialkyl zinc&#39;s are highly pyrophoric and require special modification to transfer the reagent. Moreover the liberated byproduct methane/ethane (when using ZnMe 2 /ZnEt 2 ) are a concern on industrial scale synthesis. 
     To overcome this problem, herein we report an efficient synthesis of active organometallic catalyst formed in situ from chiral auxiliaries and Metal halides. For example ephedrine zincate 3 was obtained by first deprotonation of alcohol (achiral auxiliary) and N-pyrollidene norephidrine (chiral auxiliary) with a base (e.g. NaH); to the resulting alkoxides was added zinc halides (scheme 1A). The advantages include the low cost of zinc halides, ease of storing, handling and transfer. Moreover, the byproduct (sodium halides) formed has no safety issues. Based upon this concept, other active catalysts were synthesized using chiral ligands (such as binols, amino alcohols, amino alcohol derivatives, ethylenediamine, alkylated ethylene diamines and ethylenediamine derivatives in combination with metal source based on zinc and copper (scheme 1). 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Using these chiral catalysts alkylation/alkynation of aldehydes afforded corresponding secondary alcohols (scheme-2), 
                                
while addition to ketones/β-ketoesters afforded corresponding tertiary alcohols (scheme 3A and 3B).
 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The main object of the present invention is to provide an improved process to make organometallic complexes using metal halides 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a process to induce the enantioselectivity in proketones. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a process to prepare an amino alcohol of formula 
                                
by the addition of (un) substituted alkane/alkyne (R 2 ) to a ketone using an organometallic complex
 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved process to prepare organometallic complex without using Dialkyl zinc. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention the main object is to prepare organometallic complex comprising the steps of;
         Preparing the salts of chiral and/or achiral additives   Adding metal halide to the above obtained salts and converting to chiral and/or achiral metal complex   Adding Grignard reagent/lithium reagent or Zinc reagent etc, to the above chiral and/or achiral metal complex to form chiral organometal complex.
           (or)   
           Adding terminal alkyne and a base to the above chiral metal complex to form chiral organometal complex.       

     The process as described above wherein metal salts of chiral and achiral additives are prepared by treating the chiral and/or achiral additives with a base selected from metal hydrides, metal alkoxides or metal hydroxides or organic bases such as DBU, HMDS, lower alkyl amines etc, and metal hydrides are more preferred. 
     The process as described above wherein the metal halide is a transitional metal halide and the most preferred metal halides are being Zinc and copper halides. 
     The process as described above wherein the Grignard reagent is selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and aryl magnesium halides. 
     In a specific embodiment of the present invention is to provide an efficient method to induce the enantioselectivity in procarbonyl compounds and their enantiomers which are shown below; 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Wherein R 1  is
         C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 -alkynyl, unsubstituted or mono- or di-substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of: halo (Cl, Br, F, I), CF 3 , CN, NO 2 , NH 2 , NH(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl), N(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl) 2 , CONH 2 , CONH(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl), CON(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl) 2 , NHCONH 2 , NHCONH(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl), NHCON(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl) 2 , CO 2 —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 3 -C 7 -cycloalkyl, or C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy;   phenyl, biphenyl, or naphthyl, unsubstituted or substituted with one to four substituent selected from R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 ;   R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6  are independently: halo (Cl, Br, F, I), CF 3 , CN, NO 2 , NH 2 , NH(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl), N(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl) 2 , CONH 2 , CONH(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl), CON(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl) 2 , NHCONH 2 , NHCONH(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl), NHCON(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl) 2 , aryl, CO 2 —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 -alkynyl, C 3 -C 7 -cycloalkyl, or C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy, such that C 1 -C 6 -alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with aryl, aryl is defined as phenyl, biphenyl, or naphthyl, unsubstituted or substituted with C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy, NO 2 , or halo (Cl, Br, F, I);       

     R 2  is:
         H   C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 -alkynyl, unsubstituted or mono- or di-substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of: halo (Cl, Br, F, I), CF 3 , CN, NO 2 , NH 2 , NH(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl), N(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl) 2 , CONH 2 , CONH(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl), CON(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl) 2 , NHCONH 2 , NHCONH(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl), NHCON(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl) 2 , CO 2 —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 3 -C 7 -cycloalkyl, or C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy;   a. C 1 -C 4 -perfluoroalkyl,       

     R is:
         C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 -alkynyl, unsubstituted or mono- or di-substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of: halo (Cl, Br, F, I), CF 3 , CN, NO 2 , NH 2 , NH(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl), N(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl) 2 , CONH 2 , CONH(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl), CON(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl) 2 , NHCONH 2 , NHCONH(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl), NHCON(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl) 2 , CO 2 —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 3 -C 7 -cycloalkyl, or C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy;       

     comprising the steps of:
         Preparing the salts of chiral and/or achiral additives   Adding metal halide to the above obtained salts and converting to chiral and/or achiral metal complex   Adding the Grignard reagent/lithium reagent or Zinc reagent etc, to the above chiral and/or achiral metal complex to form chiral organometal complex.   Adding the procarbonyl compounds to the chiral organometal complex       

     The process as described above wherein salts of chiral and achiral additives are prepared by treating the chiral and achiral additives with metal hydride or metal alkoxides or metal hydroxides or organic bases whereas metal hydrides are more preferred. 
     The process as described above wherein the metal halide is a transitional metal halide and the most preferred metal halides are being Zinc and copper halides. 
     The process as described above wherein the Grignard reagent is selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and aryl magnesium halides. 
     The process as described above wherein the Lithium/Zinc reagent is selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and aryl Lithium/Zinc reagents. 
     A further embodiment of the invention is the process for the preparation of an amino alcohol of formula: 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Wherein 
     R 3  is halo (Cl, Br, F, I) 
     R 1  is amino or substituted amino 
     R 2  is C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl, or C 2 -C 6 -alkynyl, unsubstituted or mono- or di-substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of: halo (Cl, Br, F, I), CF 3 , CN, NO 2 , NH 2 , NH(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl), N(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl) 2 , CONH 2 , CONH(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl), CON(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl) 2 , NHCONH 2 , NHCONH(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl), NHCON(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl) 2 , CO 2 —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 3 -C 7 -cycloalkyl, or C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy; 
     comprising the steps of:
         Adding slowly an alkanol and chiral additive to a base in an organic solvent   Treating the above reaction mass with a metal halide to get chiral/achiral metal complex   Adding organometallic reagent of formula R 2 M, wherein M represents Li, Zn or MgX; X is Cl, Br, I and F; to the metal complex to get an organometal complex   Mixing a carbonyl compound with the organometal complex to give the chiral alcohol.       

     The process as described above wherein the chiral additive is pyrrolidinyl norephidrine or its enantiomer or diastereomer. 
     The process as described above wherein the metal halide is a transitional metal halide and the most preferred metal halides are being Zinc and copper halides. 
     The process as described above wherein the base is selected from metal hydrides, metal alkoxides, metal hydroxides and organic bases. 
     The process as described above wherein the preferred metal hydride is sodium hydride. 
     The compounds of the present invention have asymmetric centers and this invention includes all of the optical isomers and mixtures thereof. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The present invention will now be further explained in the following examples. However, the present invention should not be construed as limited thereby. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand how to vary the exemplified preparations to obtain the desired results. 
     Example-1 
     Preparation of (S)-5-Chloro-α-(cyclopropylethynyl)-2-amino-α-(trifluoromethyl)benzene methanol 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     A solution of chloromagnesium-cyclopropylacetylide (CPA-MgCl) was prepared by adding neat cyclopropyl acetylene (3.62 g, 54.7 mmol) to a stirred solution of n-butyl magnesium chloride (2M solution in THF, 26.8 ml, 53.7 mmol) at 0-5° C. The solution was stirred for another 2 h at 0-5° C. In another dry flask, to anhydrous THF (80 ml) at 0-5° C., NaH (57% dispersion in mineral oil, 4.71 g, 117.7 mmol) was added slowly. The ice-bath was removed and the contents stirred at ambient temp for 30 min and cooled again to 0-5° C. 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol (4.3 g, 3.13 ml, 42.9 mmol), and (1R,2S)-pyrrolidinyl norephidrine (13.5 g, 65.8 mmol) were added and the resulting pale yellow solution was stirred at ambient temp for 60 min. A solution of zinc bromide (11.98 g, 54 mmol) in THF (40 ml) was added and the suspension was stirred for 60 min at 25-30° C. The solution of CPA-MgCl was then warmed to 25-30° C. and then transferred to the ephedrine zincate reagent by cannula, over 15 min., with THF (5 ml) as a wash, and the suspension was stirred for another 2 h. 4-Chloro-2-trifluoroacetylaniline (10 g, 44.7 mmol) was added in one portion to the reaction mixture and stirred for 15 h. 
     The reaction mixture was quenched with 30% aq K 2 CO 3  (5.5 ml) and aged for 1 h. The solid material was filtered and washed with THF (5×10 ml). The combined filtrate concentrated to approx 10 ml under reduced pressure, toluene (100 ml) was added and sequentially washed with 30% citric acid (2×50 ml) and water (50 ml). The combined aqueous layer was back-extracted with toluene (25 ml) and saved for pyrrolidinyl norephidrine recovery. The combined organic phase was concentrated to approx 10 ml and hexane (50 ml) was added slowly with stirring. The mixture was cooled to 0° C., the solid was collected by filtration, washed with cold hexane (2×10 ml) and dried to give 10 g of pure (S)-5-Chloro-α-(cyclopropylethynyl)-2-amino-α-(trifluoromethyl)benzene methanol as a white solid. 
     Example-2 
     Preparation of (S)-5-Chloro-α-(cyclopropylethynyl)-2-amino-α-(trifluoromethyl)benzene methanol hydrochloride 
     A solution of chloromagnesium-cyclopropylacetylide (CPA-MgCl) was prepared by adding neat cyclopropyl acetylene (3.62 g, 54.7 mmol) to a stirred solution of n-butyl magnesium chloride (2M solution in THF, 26.8 ml, 53.7 mmol) at 0-5° C. The solution was stirred for another 2 h at 0-5° C. In another dry flask, to anhydrous THF (80 ml) at 0-5° C., NaH (57% dispersion in mineral oil, 4.71 g, 117.7 mmol) was added slowly. The ice-bath was removed and the contents stirred at ambient temp for 30 min and cooled again to 0-5° C. 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol (4.3 g, 3.13 ml, 42.9 mmol), and (1R,2S)-pyrrolidinylnorephidrine (13.5 g, 65.8 mmol) were added and the resulting pale yellow solution was stirred at ambient temp for 60 min. A solution of zinc bromide (11.98 g, 54 mmol) in THF (40 ml) was added and the suspension was stirred for 60 min at 25-30° C. The solution of CPA-MgCl was then warmed to 25-30° C. and then transferred to the ephedrine zincate reagent by cannula, over 15 min., with THF (5 ml) as a wash, and the suspension was stirred for another 2 h. 4-Chloro-2-trifluoroacetylaniline (10 g, 44.7 mmol) was added in one portion to the reaction mixture and stirred for 15 h. 
     The reaction mixture was quenched with 30% aq K 2 CO 3  (5.5 ml) and aged for 1 h. The solid material was filtered and washed with THF (5×10 ml). The combined filtrate concentrated completely under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in isopropyl acetate (100 ml) and sequentially washed with 30% citric acid (2×50 ml) and water (50 ml). The combined aqueous layer was back-extracted with IPAc (25 ml) and saved for pyrrolidinylnorephidrine recovery. To the combined organic phase was added 12N HCl (4.1 ml). The resulting mixture was aged at 25-30° C. and then dried azeotropically and flushed with IPAc (2×25 ml). The slurry was aged for another 24 h at 25-30° C. and then filtered and washing was performed with cold IPAc (3×10 ml) and dried to afford 10 g of analytically pure (S)-5-Chloro-a-(cyclopropylethynyl)-2-amino-α-(trifluoromethyl)benzene methanol hydrochloride as a white solid. 
     Example-3 
     Preparation of (S)-5-Chloro-α-(cyclopropylethynyl)-2-amino-α-(trifluoromethyl)benzene methanol 
     A solution of chloromagnesium-cyclopropylacetylide (CPA-MgCl) was prepared by adding neat cyclopropyl acetylene (36.2 g, 0.548 mol) to a stirred solution of n-butyl magnesium chloride (2M solution in THF, 268.0 ml, 0.535 mol) at 0-5° C. The solution was stirred for another 2 h at 0-5° C. In another dry flask, to anhydrous THF (300 ml) at 0-5° C., NaH (57% dispersion in mineral oil, (44.0 g, 0.916 mol) was added slowly. The ice-bath was removed and the contents stirred at ambient temp for 30 min and cooled again to 0-5° C. 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol (43 g, 0.429 mol), and (1R,2S)-pyrrolidinyl norephidrine (135 g, 0.65 mol) were added and the resulting pale yellow solution was stirred at ambient temp for 60 min. Zinc chloride (73.1 g, 0.53 mol) was added in four lots and stirred for 60 min at 25-30° C. The solution of CPA-MgCl was then warmed to 25-30° C. and then transferred to the ephedrine zincate reagent, over 15 min., and the suspension was stirred for another 2 h. 4-Chloro-2-trifluoroacetylaniline (100 g, 0.447 mol) was added in one portion to the reaction mixture and stirred for reaction completion. 
     The reaction mixture was diluted with toluene (300 ml) and stirred for 1 h and quenched into 1M citric acid solution (1000 ml) and stirred for 10 min. Toluene layer was separated and washed with water (2×500 ml). The toluene layer was concentrated completely to give residue. The obtained residue was dissolved in methanol (300 ml) and isolated by adding DM water (450 ml). 
     Yield: 130 g