Abstract:
A method and system for adding a participant to a conference call. A feature of the method and system is that with respect to individual invitees to ad-hoc conference calls, the conference call can essentially be “turned around” and treated “as if” the individual invitees were dialing in to a “meet-me” conference call, if it is determined that such is the more optimum calling method. A multipoint controller unit, in conjunction with a Call Optimization Application (COA), utilizes information contained in one or more tokens to make possible the change in call direction. The optimal call direction is established via a COA channel.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   The present invention is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/572,199—entitled “Call Optimization in Ad-Hoc Conference Calls,” filed 17 May 2000, naming Shmuel Shaffer and Charles J. Bedard as inventors—which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention is related to a method and system to be utilized in at least one data communications network wherein conference calls are established. 
   DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART 
   A data communications network is the interconnection of two or more communicating entities (i.e., data sources and/or sinks) over one or more data links. A data communications network allows communication between multiple communicating entities over one or more data communications links. 
   A data communications network can be used to support a conference call. With reference now to  FIG. 1 , shown is a data communications network in a conference call configuration. Depicted are three humans A, B, and D interacting with application programs on computers  102 ,  104 , and  106  in order to participate in the conference call. The interaction with the application programs typically involves the utilization of microphones, speakers, keyboards, and/or graphical user interfaces on computers  102 ,  104 , and  106 . For example, when a user speaks into a microphone and listens to a speaker of a computer where an application program is resident and running. For sake of clarity, only conferenced-in computer  102  is explicitly shown as having application programs  100 ,  101 , and  103  but it is to be understood that similar application programs are present on computers  104  and  106 , although such additional application programs are not shown. 
   For sake of illustration, the discussion herein depicts and describes logical entities as if they are application programs running on computers. For example, multipoint controller  118  and multipoint processor  120  are depicted and described as if they were subprograms of conferencing engine  126  which is itself depicted and described as a program resident within and running on network computer  110 ; participant A client application program  100 , media transport part  101  of terminal entity A, and signaling part  103  of terminal entity A are depicted and described as if they are programs resident within and running on computer  102 ; and user C client application program  132 , media transport part  133  of terminal entity C, and signaling part  135  of terminal entity C are depicted and described as if they are programs resident within and running on computer  134 . However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that such treatment is merely illustrative and that the logical entities depicted and described herein may be implemented as hardware or any combination of hardware and software (e.g., in one implementation multipoint processor  120  is actually a stand-alone processor). 
   Illustrated is that media (e.g., audio or visual data presented to human users A, B, and D through their respective applications programs) exchanged between the application programs of conference call participants A, B, and D are carried by media transport channels  112 ,  114 , and  116 . As used herein, media transport channels refer to channels sufficient to meet defined data transmission needs for individual conference calls. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the definition of such data transmission needs can be pre-set by a particular data communications system, or can be set and/or reset by one or more conference call participants at call initiation and/or during a conference call. In any event, as used herein the term “media transport channels” refers to data communications channels sufficient to substantially meet such user media transmission requirements. 
   Media transport channels  112 ,  114 , and  116  respectively connect individual media transport parts of terminal entities resident on computers  102 ,  104 , and  106  to multipoint processor  120 . However, for sake of clarity only media transport part  101  of terminal entity A of computer  102  is shown, but it is to be understood that similar media transport parts are present on computers  104  and  106 , although such media transport parts are not shown. Multipoint processor  120  is a conferencing engine  126  component that ensures that data is appropriately mixed and sent to various participants engaging in the conference call (e.g., data received over media transport channel  112  is mixed and sent out over media transport channels  114  and  116 ). 
   The establishment of media transport channels such as media transport channels  112 ,  114 , and  116  is managed by call manager  108 . Call manager  108  establishes and tears down media transport channels in response to call management signals sent to call manager  108  by multipoint controller  118 , and signaling parts of terminal entities located within computers  102 ,  104 , and  106 . For ease of illustration, only one signaling part of a terminal entity (i.e., signaling part  103  of terminal entity A resident within computer  102 ) is shown, but it is to be understood that similar signaling parts are present on computers  104  and  106 , although such signaling parts are not shown. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 2 , depicted is event  200  showing input from human user A to application program  100  (e.g., human user A punching a “conference call” button on a voice terminal or human user A clicking a conference call icon on a graphical user interface) requesting that a user (e.g., user C) be added to the ongoing conference call between call participant A, call participant B, and call participant D. Illustrated is that, in response to event  200 , application program  100  causes signaling part  103  of terminal entity A to send a call management message  202  over call management channel  122  (as used herein, “call management channels” equate to “signaling channels” and such terms may be considered essentially interchangeable) informing call manager  108  of the request to extend an invitation to the conference call. 
   Shown is that, in response to message  202 , call manager  108  sends message  204  to multipoint controller  118  wherein call manager  108  informs multipoint controller  118  that call manager  108  has received a request from terminal entity A to extend an invitation to join the conference call to a non-participating party, and asks multipoint controller  118  for instructions. Depicted is that, in response to message  204 , multipoint controller  118  sends call manager  108  instructions that call manager is to (1) place the multipoint processor connection for terminal entity A in temporary suspension (as used “in temporary suspension” means that the multipoint processor connection for terminal entity A is temporarily suspended while other conference call participants (e.g., human B and human D) are allowed continue to engage in normal conference call activities), (2) provide terminal entity A with dial tone, and (3) allow human user A to dial the number of a terminal associated with a human user whom human user A desires to invite to join the conference call. 
   With reference now to  FIG. 3 , illustrated is that call manager  108 , in response to the direction of multipoint controller  118 , has placed media transport channel  112  in temporary suspension. Shown is event  300  wherein, in response to dial tone presented by call manager  108 , human user A inputs (e.g., by a numeric keypad of computer  102 ) the telephone number, of the terminal associated with human user C, into application program  100 . In response, application program  100  causes signaling part  103  of terminal entity A to send message  302  to call manager  108  wherein call manager  108  is informed of the telephone number of terminal entity C. In response, call manager  108  sends (a) message  304 , over call management signaling channel  122  to signaling part  103  of terminal entity A directing that a media transport channel be established with terminal entity C. 
   Depicted is that, in response to message  304  media transport channel  308  is established. Subsequent to the establishment of media transport channel  308 , illustrated is human C answering (e.g., via human speech after picking up a telephone handset) “hello.” In response, shown is that human user A extends an oral invitation to join the conference call. Illustrated is that human C orally accepts the invitation. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 4 , shown is event  400  wherein is depicted that in response to human user C&#39;s oral acceptance of human user A&#39;s oral invitation to join the conference call, human user A enters input (e.g., via depressing an “add to conference button” on a graphical user interface, or on a physical telephone terminal) directing that terminal entity C be added to the conference call. Illustrated is that in response to event  400 , signaling part  103  of terminal entity A sends message  402  to call manager  108  asking to transfer the terminal with which terminal entity A is currently connected (i.e., terminal entity C) to the conference call. In response to message  402 , shown is that call manager  108  sends message  404  to multipoint controller  118  telling multipoint controller  118  that a request to add terminal entity C to the conference call has been received from terminal entity A. In response to message  404 , shown is that multipoint controller  118  directs  406  call manager  108  to take the multipoint controller connection for terminal entity A off temporary suspension (i.e., reactivate media transport channel  112 ) and to establish a media transport channel between a given port of multipoint processor  120  and media transport part  133  of terminal entity C. 
   In response to direction  406 , call manager substantially simultaneously (a) sends, via call management channel  122 , message  408  directing signaling part  103  of terminal entity A to tear down media transport channel  308  and accept connection with media transport channel  112  (which has been in temporary suspension), and (b) sends, via call management channel  154 , message  410  directing signaling part  135  of terminal entity C to tear down media transport channel  308 . 
   With reference now to  FIG. 5 , depicted is that call manager  108  directs  500  multipoint controller  118  to originate a media transport channel with media transport part  133  of terminal entity C. Consequently, in response to direction  500 , shown is that media transport channel  144  is established. Also shown is that media transport channel  112  has been reestablished. 
   Those having skill in the art will recognize that significant “cost” (as used herein, the term “cost” can reflect network efficiency costs, monetary costs, reliability costs, or any combination of the foregoing) is associated with establishing and maintaining media transport channels. It has been discovered by the inventors named herein (“inventors”), and such discovery forms part of the inventive content of this patent application, that a method and system can be devised that will substantially optimize calling by decreasing the costs associated with conference calls by decreasing the number of media transport channels that must be set up and torn down in order to establish a conference call and by allowing the direction of call origination when adding participants to conference calls to be done in a substantially optimum fashion. How embodiments achieve the foregoing will become apparent in the detailed description, below. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The inventors have devised a method and system which, among other things, can be utilized to allow substantial optimization of call direction and network connections in ad-hoc mode conference calls. 
   A method and system for adding a participant to a conference call is described. In one embodiment a method can include but is not limited to the following: in response to a multipoint controller receiving a request to extend an invitation to an ongoing conference call to a first terminal, establishing a Call Optimization Application (COA) channel between a Multipoint Controller-Call Optimization Application (MC-COA) and a Call Optimization Application co-resident with the first terminal (Terminal-COA), said establishing a COA channel effected via instant messaging following an address resolution; exchanging cost information data between the Terminal-COA and the MC-COA; determining an optimal media transport channel origination strategy in response to the cost information data; sending the Terminal-COA an invitation to join the conference call, the invitation having associated information consonant with the optimal media transport channel origination strategy; receiving, with the MC-COA, a message from the Terminal-COA containing human user input received in response to the invitation to join; and responding to the message containing the human user input. In another embodiment, a system can include but is not limited to a computer program implementing the foregoing described method. 
   In another embodiment, a method for adding a participant to a conference call can include but is not limited to the following: in response to a multipoint controller receiving a request to extend an invitation to an ongoing conference call to a first terminal, attempting to establish, via instant messaging, a Call Optimization Application (COA) channel between a Multipoint Controller-Call Optimization Application (MC-COA) and a Call Optimization Application co-resident with the first terminal (Terminal-COA). In another embodiment, a system can include but is not limited to a computer program implementing the foregoing described method. 
   In another embodiment, a method for accepting an invitation to an ongoing conference call can include but is not limited to the following: receiving, with a Call Optimization Application co-resident with a first terminal (Terminal-COA), an invitation to the first terminal to join an ongoing conference call over a Call Optimization Application (COA) channel established via instant messaging; and responding to the invitation to join in response to human user input to an interface activated in response to the invitation. In another embodiment a system can include but is not limited to a computer program implementing the foregoing described method. 
   The foregoing is a summary and thus contains, by necessity, simplifications, generalizations, and omissions of detail; consequently, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. Other aspects, inventive features, and advantages of the present invention, as defined solely by the claims, will become apparent in the non-limiting detailed description set forth below. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The present invention may be better understood, and its numerous objects, features, and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art, by referencing the accompanying drawings. 
       FIGS. 1–5  show related-art processes and devices for inviting and joining parties into conference calls. 
       FIG. 6  depicts how processes and devices, described herein, begin to diverge radically from the related-art processes and devices depicted in related-art  FIGS. 1–5 , beginning at around event  204  as shown in related-art  FIG. 2 , and also shows that such divergence is substantially transparent to related-art processes and devices. 
       FIGS. 7–16  illustrate how processes and devices described herein provide for inviting and joining parties to conference calls, but in a way that substantially optimizes the way in which such parties are invited and added, and also show that the processes and devices described herein are substantially transparent to related-art processes and devices in that the processes and devices described herein operate with very little additional interaction with such related-art processes and devices. 
       FIG. 17  shows how the processes and devices described herein achieve the result of the addition of a user to a conference call as was depicted related-art  FIG. 5 , but in a much more call optimized fashion than that available in the related-art. 
       FIGS. 18A and 18B  depict a high-level logic flowchart of an embodiment of a method for inviting and joining parties into conference calls. 
   

   The use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items. 
   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   The following sets forth a detailed description of a mode for carrying out embodiments described. The description is intended to be illustrative of the invention and should not be taken to be limiting. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 6 , illustrated is a network having a flow of events substantially similar to the flow of events shown in related-art  FIG. 2 , up to and including the event of the sending of message  204  wherein call manager  108  informs multipoint controller  118  that call manager  108  has received a request from terminal entity A to extend an invitation to join the conference call to a non-participating party, and asks multipoint controller  118  for instructions. However, depicted is that instead of message  206  as described in related-art  FIG. 2 , shown in  FIG. 6  is that in response to message  204  multipoint controller  118  sends message  600  which instructs the call manager to wait for further instructions. 
   With reference now to  FIG. 7 , since multipoint controller  118  has learned via message  204  that terminal entity A is requesting that an invitation to a conference call be extended to terminal entity C, shown is that multipoint controller  118  logically connects  700  (via call management channel  128 ) call manager  108  with multipoint controller call optimization application (MC-COA)  702 , depicted as a program resident within network computer  110 . Thereafter, shown is that MC-COA  702  communicates and works with call manager  108 , via multipoint controller  118  and call management channel  128 , such that human user A is presented with the same “user experience” depicted and described in relation to related-art  FIG. 3 , in that human user A is presented with a dial tone and allowed to enter the number of terminal entity C, which is associated with human user C to whom human user A desires to extend an invitation to join the conference call. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 8 , depicted is that, subsequent to MC-COA  702  receiving the connection address (e.g., a telephone number) of terminal entity C, MC-COA  702  sends message  800  informing multipoint controller  118  that MC-COA  702  has the connection address (e.g., a telephone network connection number). Thereafter, the invitation to join the conference call will be extended in an automated fashion as depicted and described below. 
   With reference now to  FIG. 9 , illustrated is that computer  110  (wherein multipoint controller  118  resides) and computer  134  (wherein terminal entity C resides) both have relatively constant access to one or more essentially free (i.e., very low cost, as the term “cost” was defined in the description of the related art section above) network connections whose properties, for one reason or another, render them insufficient to serve as media transport channels. (Such connections are types of “non-media-transport-channel supporting” connections. The term “media-transport-channel-supporting connection,” as used herein, means a network connection having capabilities sufficient to support defined media transport channel requirements such as were discussed in the description of the related art section above. The term “non-media-transport-channel-supporting connection,” as used herein, means a network connection having capabilities which are NOT sufficient to support defined media transport channel requirements such as were discussed in the description of the related art section above.) For reasons that will become apparent below, MC-COA  702  is going to attempt to establish a channel, via use of one of those essentially free network connections, with its counterpart (e.g., COA-C  1004  in  FIG. 10 ) on computer  134 . 
   Accordingly, once MC-COA  702  decides what type of connection it will use (e.g., MC-COA  702  decides to use an IP network connection), shown is that MC-COA  702  consults  900  directory  902  containing entries to associate connection addresses (e.g., telephone network numbers) of terminals with non-media-transport-channel-supporting connection addresses (e.g., convert to different type protocol network addresses; for example, convert the telephone number of terminal entity C to the IP address of computer  134  housing terminal entity C and/or an Instant Messaging service identifier associated with human C (e.g., if human C had an America Online (AOL) Instant Messenger username of “Mike_Smith,” consultation  900  would return the AOL Instant Messenger username “Mike_Smith”)). With the address so determined, MC-COA  702  can establish the desired channel either via IP services by use of the IP address of computer  134  housing terminal C or via Instant Messaging services via the instant messaging identifier associated with human C (e.g., username “Mike_Smith”). Note that use of the Instant Messaging services allows human C to be contacted at virtually any machine having Instant Messaging software which allows human user C&#39;s Instant Message username to be “seen,” or detected as active, by Instant Messaging software). Background information on the Internet, Web, and Instant Messaging can be gleaned from P. Gralla,  How the Internet Works  (Millennium Edition 1999), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety; for background information specifically regarding Instant Messaging, see especially pages 114–115 of  How the Internet Works.    
   Referring now to  FIG. 10 , shown is that MC-COA  702  using the network address resulting from the resolution of the connection address (e.g., a telephone number or Instant Messaging username (e.g., “Mike_Smith)) of terminal entity C, opens  1000  “COA” channel  1002  with Cost Optimization Application co-resident with terminal entity C (COA-C)  1004  over an essentially free network (e.g., via opening an IP connection via an IP network or via opening an Instant Messaging connection via use of Instant Messaging services such as AOL Instant Messenger services). Subsequent to opening COA channel  1002 , MC-COA  702  sends message  1006  to COA-C  1004  asking COA-C  1004  to determine the costs associated with terminal entity C originating a media transport channel with multipoint processor  120 , as viewed from the standpoint of computer  134  (e.g., the network location of terminal entity C). 
   With reference now to  FIG. 11 , depicted is that COA-C  1004  gathers cost information, as viewed from the standpoint of computer  134  (e.g., how much it would cost if terminal entity C originated a media transport channel with multipoint processor  120 ), and sends  1100  such gathered cost information to MC-COA  702  over COA channel  1002 . Once MC-COA  702  has this information, it can make cost optimization assessments. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 12 , illustrated is event  1200  wherein is depicted that MC-COA  702 , upon receipt of “cost” information viewed from the standpoint of computer  134  (i.e., message  1100 ), compares such received “cost” information against “cost” information (either previously or contemporaneously gathered) associated with multipoint controller  118  originating a media transport channel with terminal entity C, as viewed from the standpoint of computer  110  (the network location where multipoint controller  118  is resident). Thereafter, event  1202  shows that MC-COA  702  directs  1204  COA token generator  1208  to generate token  1206  containing information relating that an invitation to the conference call is being extended by human user A along with the information most commensurate with cost optimization (e.g., whether it would be more cost effective for terminal entity C to originate a media transport channel to multipoint processor  120 , as opposed to vice versa). Thereafter, event  1209  depicts that MC-COA  702  sends token  1206  to COA-C  1004  over COA channel  1002  (recall that COA channel  1002  can be established in various ways, such as via Instant Messaging services). 
   Those skilled in the art will recognize that token  1206  may contain numerous fields containing information related to the invitation and/or call optimization criteria. In one embodiment, the token contains a “token ID” field, a “conference ID” field (identifying the ongoing conference call), a “network address of the computer wherein the multipoint controller resides” field (such as an IP address or an Instant Messaging services username (e.g., username “Multi-Point_Controller” utilized to allow COA channel establishment and communication, since the COA channel can be established over many different types of networks and services such as IP networks or Instant Messaging services), a “request that invitee originate media transport channel into a conference call” field (where such request can be made for cost advantage or other reasons, as described below), a “conference password” field (to be used to enter a conference call should an invitee originate a media transport channel into a conference call), a “name of the multipoint call initiator for toll settlement” field (sometimes utilized to “reverse the charges” when an invitee agrees to originate a call into a conference call, but doesn&#39;t want to bear the charges of such origination), and also may have a “names of other participants in the conference call” field. 
   With reference now to  FIG. 13 , shown is that COA-C  1004  upon receipt of token  1206 , passes  1302  token  1206  to COA-C token processor  1304 . COA-C token processor  1304  decodes the information in token  1206  and informs, via message  1306 , COA-C  1004  of that information. Shown is that, in response to message  1306 , COA-C  1004  presents graphical user interface (GUI)  1308  on a visual display device of network station  134  wherein varying buttons can be (depending on the outcome of the cost optimization decision, discussed above) presented stating that human user C is being invited to a conference call by human user A, and is being requested to initiate a call into the conference. Shown is the set of buttons which would occur if it had been determined that it was most cost effective for terminal entity C to originate the media transport channel. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 14 , shown is event  1400  of human user C “clicking” on the send button of GUI  1308  (any invitation choice could be selected, but for sake of illustration shown in  FIG. 14  is that the first choice is selected). Thereafter event  1402  depicts that in response to input from human user C via GUI  1308 , COA-C  1004  sends message  1404  to COA-C token generator  1406  to modify token  1206  to indicate the invitation option selected by human user C&#39;s input. Thereafter, COA-C token generator  1406  passes modified-token  1408  to COA-C  1004  which thereafter sends  1410  modified-token  1408  (having fields modified to show the invitation option indicated by human user C) back to MC-COA  702 . 
   With reference now to  FIG. 15 , depicted is an event wherein is shown that MC-COA  702 , upon receipt of modified-token  1408 , passes  1502  modified-token  1408  to MC-COA token processor  1504 . MC-COA token processor  1504  decodes the information in modified-token  1408  and informs, via message  1506 , MC-COA  702  of that information. Shown is that, in response to message  1506 , MC-COA  702  sends message  1508  containing information as to human user C&#39;s response to the extended invitation and any call optimization options which were presented via GUI  1308  described in relation to  FIG. 13 . Also shown is that COA-C  1004  sends message  1510  to application program  132 , if human user C elected to originate the media transport channel from his machine, directing that terminal C originate the media transport channel. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 16 , illustrated is that in response to message  1508 , multipoint controller  118  can: (a) take no action (e.g., if user C actively rejected the invitation), (b) act “as if” terminal entity C were joining a “meet me” conference call by directing call manager  108  to connect any terminal calling in and authenticating itself with a conference password (which was contained in token  1206  and modified-token  1408 ) to a port of multipoint processor  120  associated with (via a conference ID which was contained in token  1206  and modified-token  1408 ) the ongoing conference call between terminals A, B, and D; or (c) direct call manager  108  to initiate a media transport channel to span between media transport part  133  of terminal entity C and multipoint processor  120 . With network connection instructions now fully specified, a media transport channel can be established in a substantially cost-optimized fashion between multipoint processor  120  and media transport part  133  of terminal entity C. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 17 , depicted is that a media transport channel  144  has been established in a substantially cost-optimized fashion (e.g., in accord with the actions described in relation to  FIG. 16 ) between multipoint processor  120  and media transport part  133  of terminal entity C. 
   Note that the state of the network in  FIG. 17  is substantially the same as that depicted in related-art  FIG. 5 . However, comparing the series of events depicted in  FIGS. 1–5  with the series of events depicted in  FIGS. 6–17 , it can be seen that the network state reached in  FIG. 17  was reached without establishing media transport channel  308  of related-art  FIG. 3 , and that the direction the origination of media transport channel  144  has been achieved in a substantially optimized fashion. This gives significant cost efficiency advantages over the related art. 
   In addition to the foregoing, also note that foregoing described scheme allows an invitee to an ad-hoc conference call to conference in “as if” the invitee were joining a “meet me” conference call in a way that is substantially backwards compatible with existing systems. The way in which this is done is described in detail above and below, but can be summarized as follows. When a terminal is invited to join an ad-hoc conference call, a “conference id” unique to the invited terminal is created. Thereafter, if it is determined to be more advantageous for the invitee to call in to the ad-hoc conference call, a multipoint controller instructs a call manager that if a terminal calls in and authenticates itself with a password, the call manager should connected the calling in terminal to a particular port of a multipoint controller, where that particular port will be one that will give the calling in terminal access to the ad-hoc conference call to which it was originally invited. Note that from an existing equipment standpoint, the foregoing is substantially transparent, in that the call manager will be instructed just as it would for any meet me conference call, and that only a relatively small amount of functionality would need be added to the multipoint controller. Consequently, the scheme described herein has as one of its benefits substantially compatible backwards compatibility with existing systems. 
   The foregoing discussion has utilized  FIGS. 1–17  to demonstrate a device and process for providing a mechanism to allow more cost efficient conference calls. The following is a more formal and enhanced description of the forgoing-described process. 
   With reference now to  FIGS. 18A ,  18 B, and  FIGS. 1–17 , depicted is a high-level logic flowchart illustrating in more detail a process by which a multipoint controller can make more cost-efficient conference calls. Method step  1800  shows the start of the process. Method step  1802  depicts an inquiry as to whether multipoint controller has been notified that terminal A is requesting to add terminal entity C to an ongoing conference call? (e.g., as depicted in  FIG. 6  and described in its accompanying text). In the event no such request is received, the process returns to method step  1802 . 
   In the event that a request to add terminal entity C to the ongoing conference call is received, method step  1804  illustrates the initiation of a Multipoint Controller Call Optimization Program (MC-COA) (e.g., as depicted in  FIG. 7  and described in its accompanying text). Thereafter, method step  1806  shows that the MC-COA obtains and resolves the connection address for terminal entity C into a non-media-transport-channel-supporting connection address (e.g., such as an Internet Protocol address or Instant Messaging service username such as depicted in  FIGS. 7 ,  8 , and  9  and described in their accompanying text). Subsequent to the resolution, method step  1808  shows MC-COA attempts to establish (e.g., via Instant Messaging services in conjunction with usernames such as depicted and/or described herein) COA channel over IP WAN with a Cost Optimization Application Program co-resident with Terminal C (COA-C) (e.g., as depicted in  FIG. 10  and described in its accompanying text). Thereafter, method step  1810  shows an inquiry as to whether the COA channel was successfully established. In the event that the inquiry of method step  1810  yields a determination that the COA channel was not successfully established, the process proceeds to method step  1812  which shows that the multipoint controller is informed that the Call Optimization Application is not available. Consequently, thereafter method step  1814  depicts that the multipoint controller resumes normal operations (i.e., multipoint controller  118  initiates call to terminal entity C). 
   If the inquiry of method step  1810  yields a determination that the COA channel was successfully established, the process proceeds to method step  1816  which illustrations that COA-C gathers “cost,” as viewed from COA-C&#39;s position within the network (which is the same as the location of terminal entity C which is to be extended an invitation to join the conference call), of the media transport portion of terminal entity C originating a media transport channel with the multipoint processor, and sends that data to MC-COA over COA channel (e.g., as depicted in  FIG. 11  and described in its accompanying text). Thereafter, method step  1818  shows that substantially contemporaneously, MC-COA gathers “cost,” as viewed from MC-COA&#39;s position within the network (which is the same as the position of multipoint controller and processor), of originating a media transport channel from the multipoint controllers position within the network to terminal entity C&#39;s position within the network (e.g., as depicted in  FIG. 12  and described in its accompanying text). 
   Method step  1820  depicts that, upon receipt of the cost data from COA-C, MC-COA determines if it would be more cost effective for terminal entity C to originate the media transport channel with the multipoint controller (e.g., as depicted in  FIG. 12  and described in its accompanying text). Thereafter, method step  1822  illustrates that MC-COA directs MC-COA token generator to generate a token which contains information indicating that terminal A is extending an invitation to terminal entity C to join the conference call; in addition, if it has been determined that it is more cost effective for terminal entity C to originate the media transport channel with the multipoint controller, the token will contain information indicating that also (e.g., as depicted in  FIG. 12  and described in its accompanying text). Thereafter, method step  1824  shows that MC-COA sends token to COA-C (e.g., via Instant Messaging services in conjunction with usernames such as depicted and/or described herein). 
   Method step  1826  depicts that, upon receipt of the token, COA-C passes the token to COA-C token processor, which decodes the information of the token; COA-C token processor then sends a message to COA-C informing COA-C of that information (e.g., a message that states “a request to join conference call is being extended by terminal A (equates to human user A), and MC-COA has informed us that it is more cost effective for terminal entity C to call establish the media transport channel and has given us a password we can use to join the ongoing conference call once we establish the media transport channel”). An example of the foregoing was described in relation to  FIGS. 12 and 13 . Method step  1828  illustrates that, subsequent to determining the message contained within the received token, COA-C presents notification (e.g., audio and/or visual in GUI window) to a human user C that human user A has been invited to join the conference call; in addition, if MC-COA has indicated that it is more cost effective for terminal entity C to establish the media transport channel, the notification presents the user with options of joining the call without originating the media transport channel, or of joining the call and originating the media transport channel (e.g., as depicted in relation to  FIG. 12  and described in its accompanying text). 
   In  FIG. 18B , method step  1830  shows an inquiry as to whether COA-C has received input from human user C indicating some response to the displayed invitation to join the conference call?. In the event that the inquiry of method step  1830  show that user input has been received, illustrated is that the process proceeds to method step  1836 . In the event that the inquiry of method step  1830  shows that no such input has been received, the process proceeds to method step  1832  which depicts an inquiry as to whether a time-out has occurred. In the event that a time-out has not occurred, the process proceeds to method step  1830  (In an alternate embodiment, the timer is set in the MC-COA for the same purpose.) However, in the event that the inquiry of method step  1832  yields an inquiry that time-out has occurred, the process proceeds to method step  1834  which shows that a response is set “as if” human user C indicated “invitation not accepted.” Thereafter, the process proceeds to method step  1836 . 
   Method step  1836  depicts that COA-C instructs COA-C generator to create modified-token indicating human user C&#39;s response to the extended invitation options (e.g., as depicted in  FIG. 14  and described in its accompanying text). Thereafter, method step  1838  illustrates that the modified-token, which contains the indication of the response of human user C to the invitation to join the conference call is sent to the MC-COA (e.g., as depicted in  FIG. 14  and described in its accompanying text). 
   Method step  1840  shows that, upon receipt of modified-token, MC-COA determines whether the invitation to join conference call has been accepted. Also, in the case where it is found to be more cost effective for user “C” to initiate the call, the modified-token indicates if user “C” has agreed to initiate the call. In the event that the invitation has been accepted, shown is that the process proceeds to method step  1846 . In the event that the invitation has not been accepted, the process proceeds to method step  1842  which depicts that MC-COA informs the multipoint controller that the invitation was not accepted. Thereafter, method step  1844  shows that that the conference call proceeds unchanged, and user C is not added to the conference call. 
   Method step  1846  depicts the inquiry as to whether modified-token indicates that terminal entity C will be originating the media transport channel. In the event that the inquiry depicted in method step  1846  yields a determination that terminal entity C will not be originating the media transport channel, the process proceeds to method step  1848  which illustrates that MC-COA sends message to multipoint controller that the invitation to join the conference call has been accepted and that multipoint controller is to originate media transport channel with terminal entity C (e.g., as depicted in relation to  FIG. 15  and described in its accompanying text). Thereafter, method step  1850  shows that the multipoint controller originates media transport channel between multipoint controller and terminal entity C. Subsequently, assuming human user C begins to participate, method step  1852  depicts that Terminal C (and hence human user C) is now participating in conference call (e.g., as depicted in relation to  FIG. 18  and described in its accompanying text). Thereafter, the process proceeds to method step  1854  and stops, after human user C has been added to the conference call. 
   In the event that the inquiry depicted in method step  1846  yields a determination that terminal C will be originating the media transport channel, the process proceeds to method step  1856  which illustrates that MC-COA informs multipoint controller that terminal C has will be calling in to join the conference call, and that terminal C will present a password (which was contained in the invitation token originally token sent to COA-C to authenticate itself (e.g., as depicted in  FIGS. 15 ,  16  and described in their accompanying text); noted in method step  1856  is that such presentation of a password serves as an additional security mechanism in that it provides a vehicle by which the multipoint controller can maintain identity specific control over what terminals can call in and join the ongoing ad-hoc conference call. Thereafter, method step  1858  shows that COA-C causes terminal C to originate a media transport channel into the conference call and presents a password to as it would normally do when joining a “meet me” conference call. Subsequently, method step  1860  depicts that terminal entity C is added to conference call, wherein the call manager connects the media transport channel for terminal entity C to multipoint processor  120 , just as it would for any “meet me” conference call (e.g., as depicted in  FIGS. 16 ,  17  and described in their accompanying text). Thereafter, assuming human user C begins to participate, method step  1852  depicts that Terminal C (and hence human user C) is now participating in conference call (e.g., as depicted in  FIG. 17  and described in its accompanying text). Subsequently, the process proceeds to method step  1854  and stops, after human user C has been added to the conference call. 
   OTHER EMBODIMENTS 
   The preceding discussion has described processes and devices in the context of an ad-hoc conference mode conference call wherein a token is passed. Those having skill in the art will recognize that such token may be passed directly or by reference. 
   The foregoing discussion has described the process as ending off with the addition of a conference call participant. However, in another embodiment an additional feature is that, at the termination of a media transport channel originated by terminal entity C, the origination costs may be determined and sent to the multipoint controller multipoint controller. 
   In another embodiment, to prevent fraud, the exchanged tokens, described above, may be encrypted. 
   In another embodiment, when a MC-COA (e.g., MC-COA  702  as discussed and described above) determines that it is unable to establish a COA channel with its counterpart on another computer system (e.g., COA-C as discussed and described above), the MC-COA sends a message to a multipoint controller that the COA option is not available. In response to such message, the multipoint controller resumes normal processing as it would in the absence of the COA scheme. The foregoing makes the COA scheme substantially backwards compatible with existing systems, since if the COA option is not available, the multipoint controller resumes related-art operations. 
   In another embodiment, a party inviting another party to a conference call can specify that only ad-hoc mode will be used with respect to the invitee, in response to which the MC-COA will not utilize the call optimization features with respect to the invitee. In yet another embodiment, a party can specify that the only ad-hoc mode will be used for an entire call, in response to which the MC-COA will not utilize the call optimization features with respect to any invitee. 
   The foregoing detailed description has described various devices and processes. The devices and processes described provide all or part of the following advantages: (a) an IP-based communication channel among endpoints and a multipoint controller to perform call origination negotiation; (b) a mechanism for automatically optimizing the direction of a call in a multipoint call; (c) an optimization policy using 1 or more criteria; (d) backward compatibility with existing systems (existing systems can communicate with the enhanced system described herein without taking advantage of the features presented herein—that is, to existing systems the enhanced system described herein would be substantially transparent); (e) a mechanism for providing a user with information about a prospective multipoint call before he agrees to participate in it; (f) a mechanism for providing the user with information about a prospective multipoint call before he agrees to be charged for participating in it, and (g) a mechanism to settle costs after the call is terminated. 
   The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the present invention via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and examples. It will be understood as notorious by those within the art that each block diagram component, flowchart step, and operations and/or components illustrated by the use of examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the present invention may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs). However, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in standard Integrated Circuits, as a computer program running on a computer, as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software or firmware would be well within the skill of one of ordinary skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the present invention are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of the present invention applies equally regardless of the particular type of signal bearing media used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of signal bearing media include but are not limited to the following: recordable type media such as floppy disks, hard disk drives, CD ROMs, digital tape, read only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM) (such as when executable code derived from source code is placed in memory during execution), and transmission type media such as digital and analogue communication links using either synchronous or asynchronous communication links (e.g., TDM, packet, ATM, frame based communications links, or any combination of the foregoing described links). 
   The above description is intended to be illustrative of the invention and should not be taken to be limiting. Other embodiments within the scope of the present invention are possible. Those skilled in the art will readily implement the steps necessary to provide the structures and the methods disclosed herein, and will understand that the process parameters and sequence of steps are given by way of example only and can be varied to achieve the desired structure as well as modifications that are within the scope of the invention. Variations and modifications of the embodiments disclosed herein may be made based on the description set forth herein, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims. For example, although AOL Instant Messaging services are described herein, those skilled in the art will recognize that other Instant Messaging services, with only a minimum of experimentation well within the skill of those in the art, can be substituted therefore within the spirit of the description set forth herein. 
   Other embodiments are within the following claims. 
   While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and modifications may be made without departing from this invention and its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as are within the true spirit and scope of this invention. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the invention is solely defined by the appended claims. It will be understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim element is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such limitation is present. For non-limiting example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim elements. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim element by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim element to inventions containing only one such element, even when same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an”; the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim elements. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim element is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two elements,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two elements, or two or more elements).