Abstract:
Alkali silicate glasses, pigmented with Co 2+  or with Co 2+  and Ni 2+ , and having the composition: 
     SiO 2  : 52-71% by weight 
     PbO: 2.9-16.8% by weight 
     SnO 2  : 0.1-1.65% by weight 
     Na 2  O: 6.7-16.7% by weight 
     K 2  O: 0.5-9.9% by weight 
     Na 2  O+K 2  O: 13.3-18.3% by weight 
     NiO+CoO: 0.1-4.4% by weight 
     As 2  O 3  +Sb 2  O 3  : 0.05-0.5% by weight 
     ΣRO: 0-8.6% by weight 
     B 2  O 3  : 0-8.5% by weight 
     Al 2  O 3  : 0-0.55% by weight 
     ZnO: 0-10.5% by weight, 
     in which R is Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba or a combination thereof, are disclosed. The alkali silicate glasses of the invention are useful as optical filter glasses.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Technical Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates, generally, to alkali silicate glasses which are used as the basic glasses for the manufacture of selective filter glasses. More particularly, the present invention relates to the manufacture of selective filter glasses, colored with Co 2+   or with Co 2+   and Ni 2+ , which have transmission ranges primarily in the ultraviolet and visible spectral region between 280 and 500 nanometers (nm). These ion-colored glasses are imbued with the characteristic absorption bands of Co 2+   and Co 2+   together with Ni 2+  and, therefore, depending upon the layer thickness, produce selective bell-shaped transmission ranges, each surrounded by two stop ranges. 
     The most important characteristics of these so-called band pass filters, when the layer thickness is known, are the maximum of spectral transmission in the transmission band, T max  and the half-value wavelengths λ&#39;1/2 and λ&#34;1/2 with a spectral transmission of T max  /2. The mid-point between the half-value wavelengths λ&#39;1/2 and λ&#34;1/2 is called the mean wavelength λ m  ; the distance from λ&#39;1/2 to λ&#34;1/2 is known as the half-value width (HW). (See FIG. 1.) 
     In research, engineering and medicine, these glasses are used, for example, as conversion filters in a narrow spectral region and, more particularly, are used in the filtering of UV light sources in the emission range from 200 to 1100 nm, with particular significance as pass filters in the ultraviolet spectral region from 250 to 400 nm and as stop filters in the spectral region of approximately 420 to 680 nm. The glasses can readily have compositions that assure high chemical resistance to acids, alkalis and water. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Alkali silicate glasses colored with Co 2+   or with Co 2+   and Ni 2+   are available from the major manufacture of optical filter glass and, therefore, known to the art, e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 3,902,881. Examples include BG 3, FG 3, UG 1 (Schott catalogue), 1-61, 7-51 (Corning catalogue), BD 37-93 (VEB Jena catalogue) and others. A drawback experienced with these glasses is that if they are exposed to ultraviolet radiation for a relatively long duration, the spectral transmission of these glasses can change, predominantly in the ultraviolet spectral range. The absorption increases up to a certain saturation value. This undesirable phenomenon is called solarization. The aforementioned saturation value is attained at varying degrees of quickness, depending upon the duration and intensity of the irradiation and on the distance of the filter glass from the light source. The glass &#34;ages&#34; and then 
     is only conditionally usable for its intended purpose. 
     For ascertaining the solarization properties of filter glasses, the following testing procedure is typical and generally applicable: 
     thickness of sample: 1 mm 
     light source: low-pressure mercury lamp (maximum emission at 254 nm), type: &#34;Sylvania Germicidal,&#34; G 15 T 8, sold by Philips (emission spectrum, see FIG. 2) 
     filtering of source: none 
     exposure time: 75 hours 
     sample-to-source distance:140 nm 
     measured variable: Δτ (transmission before and after UV exposure) 
     In FIGS. 3 and 4, transmission curves are plotted, from 200 to 850 nm for both before and after the above-described solarization testing procedure, taking a commercially available blue alkali silicate glass as an example (BG 3 made by Schott Glaswerke, Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany). The curves demonstrate the very severe change in filter properties in the transmission band from 260 to 520 nm. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is to provide UV filters, made of alkali silicate glasses, having a high chemical stability to acids, alkalis and water and having a high solarization resistance when exposed to ultraviolet light for relatively long periods of time. 
     The foregoing and related objects are accomplished by the use of an alkali silicate glass, colored with Co 2+   or with Co 2+   and Ni 2+ , as an optical filter glass, which has the following composition: 
     SiO 2  : 52-71% by weight 
     PbO: 2.9-16.8% by weight 
     SnO 2  : 0.1-1.65% by weight 
     Na 2  O: 6.7-16.7% by weight 
     K 2  O: 0.5-9.9% by weight 
     Na 2  O+K 2  O: 13.3-18.3% by weight 
     NiO+CoO: 0.1-4.4% by weight 
     As 2  O 3  +Sb 2  O 3  : 0.05-0.5% by weight 
     ΣMgO+CaO+SrO+BaO: 0-8.6% by weight 
     B 2  O 3  : 0-8.5% by weight 
     A1 2  O 3  : 0-0.55% by weight 
     ZnO: 0-10.5% by weight 
     It has surprisingly been discovered that in the present invention, the UV components that bring about the solarization are already absorbed in the surface layers of the filters and not further solarization can be brought about in the filter itself. A comparable effect can be attained by filtering the UV light source with 1-mm-edge filters for 280, 295, 305 and 320 nm. By this means, the highest-energy UV components are absorbed and are, accordingly, no longer available as excitation energy for forming pigment centers, which are also the cause for solarization in the glasses. This relationship is described in FIG. 5. By doping the glasses with PbO, SnO 2  and/or CeO 2 , TiO 2 , Fe 2  O 3  and V 2  O 5  absorption edge of the basic alkali silicate glasses can be shifted up to 60 nm toward the longer-wave spectral region. 
     Glasses capable of being used for the present invention, which have a layer thickness of 1 mm, can be divided among the following groups in terms of the width of their transmission bands (see, FIG. 6): 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________τ.sub.max (%)exposure     λ&#39;1/2                λ&#34;1/2                       λm                            HWbefore   after.sup.+            (nm)*   (nm) (nm) (nm) Colorant______________________________________I.   88      87      290   460  375  170  Co.sup.2+II.  89      87      300   490  395  190  Co.sup.2+III. 82      81      310   390  350   80  Co.sup.2+ +Ni.sup.2+______________________________________ .sup.+ Exposure conditions as in aforesaid test procedure. *values ± 5 nm 
    
     In contrast to the filters of the present invention, Table 2 presents comparative test results with equivalent commercially available band pass filters and conversion filters: 
     
                       TABLE 2______________________________________τ.sub.max (%)exposurebe-              λ&#39;1/2                    λ&#34;1/2                         λm                              HWfore     after.sup.+            (nm)*   (nm) (nm) (nm) Colorant______________________________________BG3.sup.1 88     13      275   450  362  175  Co.sup.2+FG3.sup.2 89     42      270   550  410  280  Co.sup.2+UG1.sup.3 78     71      310   390  350   80  Co.sup.2+ +Ni.sup.2+______________________________________ .sup.+ Exposure conditions as in aforesaid test procedure. *values ± 5nm .sup.1 BG = blue, bluegreen and band filters; band pass filters .sup.2 FG = blue and brown color filters; conversion filters .sup.3 UG = black and blue glass band pass filters 
    
     The shift of the UV absorption edge in groups I and II toward longer wavelengths is apparent. To some extent, this narrows the transmission band in the farther UV band (260 to 310 nm). 
     According to the invention, because of the PbO and SnO 2  content in the various quantity ranges claimed for synthesizing the alkali silicate glasses, not only is a shift of the absorption edge to the longer-wave spectral region achieved, but also a marked reduction is brought about in the tendency toward solarization of the glasses. 
     The steepness of the absorption edge is favorably affected, depending on the type of glass, by SnO 2  in the range of from 0.1 to 1.7% by weight, i.e., by means of SnO 2 , a greater steepness of the absorption edge is attained (see, FIG. 7). As a result, the midpoint of the transmission band of the filters, which is measurable by the variable λ m  (nm), is changed only negligibly as compared with the conventional filters having a greater tendency toward solarization (compare, Table 1 and 2). 
     The modification of the alkali silicate synthesis by PbO and SnO 2  necessitates particular provisions in the production of bubble-free, homogeneous optical filter glasses. To this end, according to the present invention, in addition to the classical refining agents As 2  O 3  and/or Sb 2  O 3 , depending on the basic glass synthesis, F, C1, NH 4  C1 and SO 3  are used, above all, for reinforcing the refining action. In addition to from 0-0.5% by weight of F - , the glasses used may also contain from 0-3% by weight of Li 2  O to lower the temperature for the viscosity range between 10 2 and 10 6  dPa·s. 
     The shift of the absorption edge is not only attainable by means of PbO and SnO 2 , but also by means of the ions having absorption bands between 250 and 400 nm, especially by means of the ions Ce 4+ , Ti 4+ , Fe 3+ , V 5+ , and Pd 2+ . Together with the refining agents, As 2  O 3  and/or Sb 2  O 3 , and the Coloring &#34;filter ions,&#34; Co 2+  and Ni 2+ , the concentration of these ions should be no more than at a minimal level. This is because the interaction of two ambivalent ions in irradiation with ultraviolet light leads to quite pronounced solarization effects in alkali silicate glasses. This relationship is known and has been described in various publications, including: 
     Hideo Hosono et. al., J. of NCS 63 (1984), pages 357-63;  and 
     Klaus Bermuth et. al., Glastechn. Ber. [Reports in Glass Technology] 58 (1985) 3, pages 52-58. 
     From Tables 1 and 2, it becomes clear from the example of group III of the glasses having the composition according to the invention, that the location of the absorption edge at 310 nm is not affected by the PbO and SnO 2  ingredients, but, instead, that a considerable reduction in solarization occurs as compared with glasses in which PbO and and SnO 2  are absent. It is conceivable that by the incorporation of Pb 2+  and Sn 2+  or Sn 4+ , a structural change in the silicate glasses takes place, such that the formation of pigment centers, due to UV irradiation, is rendered more difficult, or is even suppressed entirely. 
     The transmission of the basic glasses is characterized by the specific absorption of at least one of the following components: 
     1-1.5% by weight of CoO (optionally in the form of CoO and Co 2  O 3 ); and 
     0-4.4% by weight of NiO (optionally in the form of NiO and Ni 2  O 3 ). 
     In Table 3, which follows below, some examples from the useful composition range are provided: 
     
                       TABLE 3______________________________________Examples of Compositions (% by weight)Group I        Group II     Group III1          2       3        4     5      6______________________________________SiO.sub.2 64.00    57.30   65.20  70.50 54.60  52.15B.sub.2 O.sub.3 8.65     8.45    17.30  --    4.00   5.00Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 --       --      3.00   --    0.30   0.55Li.sub.2 O --       --      --     3.00  --     --Na.sub.2 O 8.60     6.70    8.10   16.70 8.40   11.40K.sub.2 O 8.30     6.60    1.50   0.50  9.90   5.65MgO   --       1.60    --     --    --     1.30CaO   --       1.50    --     1.85  --     4.80SrO   --       1.55    --     1.90  --     --BaO   1.90     --      --     0.45  --     2.50ZnO   1.10     10.50   --     --    1.80   5.70PbO   4.95     4.00    3.40   2.90  16.75  2.90TiO.sub.2 --       --      --     0.80  --     --SnO.sub.2 1.20     1.25    0.60   0.30  0.10   1.65As.sub.2 O.sub.3 0.25     0.10    0.50   0.10  0.05   0.05Sb.sub.2 O.sub.3 --       0.10    --     --    0.25   --NH.sub.4 Cl 0.15     --      --     0.30  --     --Cl    --       --      0.05   --    --     --F     --       --      0.10   0.50  0.10   --SO.sub.3 0.10     --      0.10   --    0.20   0.10CeO.sub.2 --       --      --     --    0.15   0.25Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 --       --      0.05   --    --     0.15V.sub.2 O.sub.5 --       0.05    --     --    0.10   --Co    0.20     0.30    --     --    0.75   --CoO   0.60     --      0.10   0.20  --     1.50Ni    --       --      --     --    2.55   --NiO   --       --      --     --    --     4.35Totals 100.0    100.0   100.0  100.0 100.0  100.0______________________________________ 
    
     Finally, FIG. 8 shows a comparison of the transmission curves of a conventional glass (BG 3) with the glass of Example 1, in each case, before and after exposure. In the glass of Example 1, the transmission curves of the glass before and after the exposure are identical, i.e., the exposure does not cause any loss in transmission. 
     With respect to the test conditions for the exposure, once again those of the aforesaid test procedure were selected. 
     EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT 
     The invention will now be further described with reference being made to an examplary embodiment thereof. It should, however, be recognized that the following example is not intended as a definition of the scope or limitations of the present invention. 
     As illustrative of the present invention, for producing 100 kg of Co 2+   colored alkali silicate glass having the composition of Example 1, the following ingredients are mixed into a uniform mass of raw material in a mixing drum: 
     64.064 kg of Sipur (SiO 2 ) &#34;Sipur&#34; is a trademark for silicon dioxide of the Bremthaler Quarzitwerke, Usingen, Federal Republic of Germany. 
     15.367 kg of boric acid (H 3  BO 3 ) 
     23.181 kg of sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO 3 ) 
     12.205 kg of potassium carbonate (K 2  CO 3 ) 
     2.480 kg of barium carbonate (BaCO 3 ) 
     1.101 kg of zinc oxide (ZnO) 
     5.067 kg of lead oxide red (Pb 3  O 4 ) 
     1.200 kg of stannic oxide (SnO 2 ) 
     0.253 kg of arsenic oxide (As 2  O 3 ) 
     0.150 kg of ammonium chloride (NH 4  C1) 
     0.230 kg of sodium sulfate (Na 2  SO 4 ) 
     0.200 kg of cobalt metal powder (Co) 
     0.844 kg of cobalt oxide (Co 2  O 3 ) 
     This mixture is melted down in batches over a period of 6 to 7 hours at 1280 to 1320 degrees C, in ceramic or platinum fusing equipment. The degassing of the fused mass takes place in the temperature range of from 1470 to 1500 degrees C. over a period of from 2 to 4 hours. 
     The homogenization of the fused mass is performed at 1250 to 1480 degrees C. The time required for this is approximately 2 to 3 hours. The resulting fused glass is then poured into a pre-heated mold. 
     While only several embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that many modification may be made thereunto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.