Abstract:
A dynamic random access memory (“DRAM”) device is operable in either a normal refresh mode or a static refresh mode, such as a self-refresh mode. A cell plate voltage selector couples a voltage of one-half the supply voltage to the cell plate of a DRAM array in a normal refresh mode and in the static refresh mode when memory cells are being refreshed. In between refresh bursts in the static refresh mode, the cell plate voltage selector couples a reduced voltage to the cell plate. This reduces the voltage reduces the voltage across diode junctions formed between the source/drain of respective access transistor and the substrate. The reduced voltage reduces the discharge current flowing from memory cells capacitors, thereby allowing a reduction in the required refresh rate and a consequential reduction in power consumption.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    This invention relates to dynamic random access memory devices, and, more particularly, to a system and method for reducing memory cell leakage during extended refresh periods to allow the time between refreshes to be increase, thereby reducing power consumption. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Many battery-powered portable electronic devices, such as laptop computers, Portable Digital Assistants, cell phones, and the like, require memory devices that provide large storage capacity and low power consumption. To reduce the power consumption and thereby extend the operating time of such devices between recharges, the devices typically operate in a low-power mode when the device is not being used. In the low-power mode, a supply voltage or voltages applied to electronic components such as a microprocessor, associated control chips, and memory devices are typically reduced to lower the power consumption of the components, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. Although the supply voltages are varied to reduce power consumption in the low-power mode, data stored in the electronic components such as the memory devices must be retained. 
         [0003]    A large storage capacity is typically desired in these devices to maximize the amount of available storage. For this reasons, it is usually desirable to utilize dynamic random access memory. (“DRAM”) devices, which have a relatively large storage capacity, over other types of memories such as static random access memory (“SRAM”) devices and non-volatile memories such as FLASH memory devices. However, DRAM devices have the disadvantage that their memory cells must be continually refreshed because of the means by which they store data. Refreshing DRAM memory cells tends to consume power at a substantial rate. As is well-known in the art, DRAM memory cells each consists of a capacitor that is charged to one of two voltages to store a bit of data. Charge leaks from the capacitor by various means. It is for this reason that DRAM memory cells must be refreshed by recharging them to the original voltage. Refresh is typically performed by essentially reading data bits from the memory cells in each row of a memory cell array and then writing those same data bits back to the same cells in the row. This refresh is generally performed on a row-by-row basis at a rate needed to keep charge stored in the memory cells from leaking excessively between refreshes. Each time a row of memory cells is refreshed, a pair of digit lines for each memory cell are switched to complementary voltages and then equilibrated, which consumes a significant amount power. As the number of columns in the memory cell array increases with increasing memory capacity, the power consumed in actuating each row increases accordingly. 
         [0004]    The amount of power consumed by refresh also depends on which of several refresh modes is active. A Self Refresh mode is normally active during periods when data are not being read from or written to the DRAM device. Since portable electronic devices are often inactive for substantial periods of time, the amount of power consumed during Self Refresh can be an important factor in determining how long the electronic device can be used between battery charges. 
         [0005]    The amount of power consumed by refreshing DRAM devices in any refresh mode is proportional to the rate at which it is necessary to perform refreshes. If the required refresh rate for a DRAM device could be reduced, so also could the refresh power consumption. The required refresh rate is determined by the rate at which charge leaks from the memory cell capacitors. Therefore, some attempts to increase the time required between refreshes have focused on adjusting the rate of refresh as a function of the rate of charge leakage from memory cell capacitors. For example, since the rate at which charge leaks from memory cells capacitors is a function of temperature, some power saving techniques adjust the refresh rate as a function of temperature. As a result, refreshes do not occur more frequently than necessary. 
         [0006]    Other attempts to increase the time required between refreshes have focused on reducing the amount of charge leakage from memory cell capacitors. With reference to  FIG. 1 , a portion of a typical DRAM array  100  includes a plurality of memory cells  110 , each of which is coupled to a word line WL and a digit line DL. The memory cells  110  in the array  100  are arranged in rows and columns, with a word line being provided for each row of memory cells  100 . The word lines WL are coupled to and actuated by a row decoder  112  responsive to a row address A 0 -AX. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the DRAM array  100  has a folded digit line architecture so that complimentary digit lines DL and DL* are provided for each column of memory cells  110 . In a memory array having an open digit line architecture (not shown), a single digit line DL is included in the array for each column of memory cells  110 . The other digit line is provided by an adjacent array. However, the following discussion of the problems with DRAM arrays and prior attempts to solve such problems is applicable to arrays having an open digit line architecture as well as arrays having a folded digit line architecture. 
         [0007]    Regardless of whether the array has a folded digit line architecture or an open digit line architecture, each memory cell  110  includes a memory cell capacitor  114  coupled between a cell plate  116  and a storage node  118 . The cell plate is normally common to all of the memory cells  110  in an array, and it is generally biased to a voltage of V CC /2. An access transistor  120  is coupled between the storage node  118  and a digit line DL for the column containing the memory cell  110 . The gate of the access transistor  120  is coupled to a word line WL for the row containing the memory cell  110 . When a data bit is to be written to the memory cell  110 , a voltage corresponding to the data bit, generally either V CC  or zero volts, is applied to the digit line DL to which the memory cell  110  is coupled, and the voltage applied to the word line WL is driven high to turn ON the access transistor  120 . The access transistor then couples the digit line DL to the capacitor  114  to store the voltage of the digit line DL in the capacitor  114 . For a read operation, the digit line DL is first equilibrated to an equilibration voltage, generally to V CC /2, and the word line WL is then driven high to turn ON the access transistor  120 . The access transistor  120  then couples the capacitor  114  to the digit line DL to slightly alter the voltage on the digit line DL above or below the equilibration voltage depending upon the voltage stored in the capacitor  114 . An n-sense amplifier  130  and a p-sense amplifier  132  sense whether the voltage has increased or decreased responsive to applying an active low NSENSE* signal of normally zero volts to the n-sense amplifier  130  and applying an active high PSENSE signal of normally V CC  to the p-sense amplifier  132 . The NSENSE* signal and the PSENSE signal are supplied by control circuitry (not shown) in a DRAM. If a voltage increase was sensed, the p-sense amplifier  132  drives the digit line DL to V CC , and, if a voltage decrease was sensed, the n-sense amplifier  130  drives the digit line DL to zero volts. The voltage applied to the digit line DL by the sense amplifiers  130 ,  132  then recharges the capacitor  114  to the voltage to which it was originally charged. A column decoder  136  couples one of the pairs of complimentary digit lines DL, DL* to complimentary input/output lines “IO, IO* responsive to a column address A 0 -AY. 
         [0008]    The above-described memory read process of activating a word line WL and then sensing the digit line voltage of all memory cells  100  in the row for the active word line WL is what is done to refresh the memory cells  100 . If the voltage on the capacitor  114  has been excessively discharged from V CC  or excessively charged from zero volts between refreshes, it can be impossible for the sense amplifiers  130 ,  132  to accurately read the voltage to which the memory cell capacitor  114  was charged. The result is an erroneous reading of the memory cell  100  known as a data retention error. 
         [0009]    As is well known in the art, the charge placed on a memory cell capacitor  114  dissipates through a variety of paths. One discharge path is through the dielectric of the capacitor  114  itself. Another significant discharge path is through the access transistors  120  coupling the capacitors  114  to the digit lines DL when the transistors  120  are turned OFF. This leakage current is known as the “sub-threshold” leakage current of the transistors  120 . Reducing the sub-threshold leakage current of the access transistors  120  allows the capacitor  114   s  to retain a voltage that is close enough to the voltage initially placed on the capacitors  114  for a data retention error to be avoided. Various approaches have been used to reduce the sub-threshold leakage of the access transistors  120  to allow memory cell capacitors  114  to retain charge for a longer period between refreshes. Some of these approaches rely on increasing the threshold voltage V T  of the access transistor  120  by either biasing the word lines to a negative voltage when the word line is not active or by biasing the substrate to a less negative voltage. 
         [0010]    Another path through with the charge placed on a memory cell capacitor  114  can dissipates is from the access transistor  120  to the substrate. With reference to  FIG. 2 , a typical memory cell access transistor  120  is in NMOS transistor for up in a P-type substrate  140  having a first n-doped source/drain region  142  and a second n-doped source/drain region  144 . The first n-doped source/drain region  142  is coupled to a digit line DL, and the second n-doped source/drain region  144  is coupled to a memory cell capacitor  114 . The access transistor  120  also includes a gate formed by a gate electrode  146  insulated from the substrate  140  by an oxide layer  148 . The gate electrode  146  is coupled to a word line WL. The n-doped source/drain region  144  that is coupled to the memory cell capacitor and the p-doped substrate  140  together form a diode junction  150 , which is schematically illustrated in  FIG. 3  along with the access transistor  120  and the memory cell capacitor  114 . The substrate  140  is biased to a voltage V DD  that is typically negative, such as −0.5 V. As previously mentioned, the cell plate  116  is typically biased to V CC /2, such as 1 V, as shown in  FIG. 3 . Therefore, when the memory cell capacitor  114  is charged to a voltage of V CC , which in this example is 2 V, the diode junction  150  is back-biased with a voltage of 2.5 V. Unfortunately, even though the diode junction  150  is back-biased, a significant amount of charge leaks through the diode junction  150 . This charge leakage limits the period of time that the memory cell capacitor  114  can retain its charge without being refreshed. As a result, the memory cell capacitor  114  must be frequently refreshed, thereby causing a DRAM device containing the memory cell capacitor  114  to consume substantial power. 
         [0011]    There is therefore a need for a technique to reduce the charge leakage through the diode junction  150  so that the time between required refreshes can be increased, thereby allowing DRAM devices to consume less power. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    A system and method of refreshing memory cells in an array allows refresh to occur in a normal refresh mode or in a static refresh mode, such as a self-refresh mode. In the normal refresh mode, a cell plate for the array is biased to a first voltage, such as one-half a supply voltage. The cell plate is also biased to the first voltage in the static refresh mode when the memory cells are being refreshed, which preferably occurs in a burst manner. However, the cell plate is biased to a second voltage in the static refresh mode when the memory cells are not being refreshed. This second voltage reduces the voltage between the source/drain of access transistors for the memory cells and the substrate, thereby reducing leakage current from memory cell capacitors. As a result, a reduced refresh rate can be achieved. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0013]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram showing a portion of a typical DRAM memory cell array. 
           [0014]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view filed a typical access transistor used in the memory cell array of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0015]      FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram showing a diode junction formed by the access transistor of  FIG. 2 . 
           [0016]      FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram showing memory cell of  FIG. 3  in which the memory cell capacitor has been charged to V CC . 
           [0017]      FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram showing memory cell of  FIG. 3  in which the memory cell capacitor has been charged to 0V. 
           [0018]      FIG. 6  is a block diagram of a DRAM device according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0019]      FIG. 7  is a block diagram showing a cell plate voltage selector used in the DRAM device of  FIG. 6 . 
           [0020]      FIG. 8  is a truth table showing the operation of the cell plate voltage selector of  FIG. 7 . 
           [0021]      FIG. 9  is a block diagram of a processor-based system using the DRAM device of  FIG. 6 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0022]    The principal of the operation of one embodiment of the invention is exemplified by the memory cell  110  shown in  FIG. 4 , which contains the access transistor  120 , the memory cell capacitor  114  and the diode junction  150 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , the memory cell capacitor  114  is initially charged to V CC , which is, in this example, 2 V. As previously explained, this condition places 2.5 V across the diode junction  150  is it results in substantial leakage from the memory cell capacitor  114 . According to one embodiment of the invention, when a DRAM containing the memory cell  110  shown in  FIG. 4  is to operate in a self-refresh mode, the DRAM reduces the bias voltage on the cell plate  116  from V CC /2 to a lesser voltage V CC /2−ΔV, which, in this example, is a change in voltage from 1V to 0.5V. When the voltage on the cell plate  116  is reduced by ΔV, the voltage on the other plate  118  of the memory cell capacitor  114  is also reduced by ΔV, which, in this example, reduces the voltage to 1.5V. The voltage across the diode junction  150  is therefore reduced from 2.5 V to 2.0 V. Even this relatively small reduction in the voltage across the diode junction  150  can significantly reduce the rate at which charge leaks from the memory cell capacitor  114 , thereby allowing a reduction in the required refresh rate. 
         [0023]    It requires a significant amount of powers to reduce the cell plate voltage from V CC  to V CC −ΔV, so it will generally be advantageous to do so relatively infrequently. For this reason, the cell plate voltage is preferably reduced only during self-refresh and any other static refresh mode in which data are not been read from or written to the DRAM device for a considerable period. Furthermore, refreshes during this period should occur in a burst mode in which the entire DRAM array is refreshed in rapid sequence rather than in a distributed mode in which portions of the DRAM array are continuously being refreshed. By using a burst refresh mode, a considerable time will exist between refreshes, during which the cell plate voltage can be reduced from V CC  to V CC −ΔV, thereby saving considerable power even with the expenditure of power incurred in reducing the cell plate voltage. 
         [0024]    The required refresh rate could be reduced even further by reducing the cell plate voltage even further, the reasons for not doing so will be explained using the example shown in  FIG. 5  in which the memory cell capacitor  114  has been initially charged to 0 V. Therefore, when the voltage on the cell plate  116  is reduced from 1V. to 0.5V, the voltage on the other plate  118  of the memory cell capacitor  114  is reduced to −0.5V. The voltage across the diode junction  150  is therefore reduced from 0.5V to 0V. However, if the voltage of the cell plate  116  was reduced to a greater extent, the voltage on the plate  118  of the memory cell capacitor  114  would become even more negative, and might forward-bias the diode junction  150 . It is the diode junction  150  became forward-biased, the current leakage would be extraordinarily higher. Forward biasing the diode junction  150  could be prevented by making the substrate voltage VDD even more negative, but doing so would consume substantial power, might interfere with the operation of other portions of the DRAM device, and, by increasing the voltage differential between the store voltage in the substrate as well as other differentials, might increase charge leakage in other respects. The need to prevent the diode junction  150  from becoming forward-biased therefore limits the extent to which the cell plate voltage can be reduced in a static refresh mode. 
         [0025]    A synchronous DRAM (“SDRAM”) device  200  according to one embodiment of the invention in the shown in  FIG. 6 . The SDRAM  200  includes a command decoder  204  that controls the operation of the SDRAM  200  responsive to high-level command signals received on a control bus  206 . These high level command signals, which are typically generated by a memory controller (not shown in  FIG. 6 ), are a clock enable signal CKE*, a clock signal CLK, a chip select signal CS*, a write enable signal WE*, a row address strobe signal RAS*, a column address strobe signal CAS*, and a data mask signal DQM, in which the “*” designates the signal as active low. The command decoder  204  generates a sequence of command signals responsive to the high level command signals to carry out the function (e.g., a read or a write) designated by each of the high level command signals. For example, the command decoder  204  can receive and decode a command to cause the SDRAM to enter a self-refresh mode when the SDRAM is expected to not be active for a period. These command signals, and the manner in which they accomplish their respective functions, are conventional. Therefore, in the interest of brevity, a further explanation of these command signals will be omitted. 
         [0026]    The SDRAM  200  includes an address register  212  that receives row addresses and column addresses through an address bus  214 . The address bus  214  is generally applied to a memory controller (not shown in  FIG. 6 ). A row address is generally first received by the address register  212  and applied to a row address multiplexer  218 . The row address multiplexer  218  couples the row address to a number of components associated with either of two memory banks  220 ,  222  depending upon the state of a bank address bit forming part of the row address. Associated with each of the memory banks  220 ,  222  is a respective row address latch  226 , which stores the row address, and a row decoder  228 , which decodes the row address and applies corresponding signals to one of the arrays  220  or  222 . The row address multiplexer  218  also couples row addresses to the row address latches  226  for the purpose of refreshing the memory cells in the arrays  220 ,  222 . The row addresses are generated for refresh purposes by a refresh counter  230 , which is controlled by a refresh controller  232 . The refresh controller  232  is, in turn, controlled by the command decoder  204 . 
         [0027]    In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the refresh controller  232  is coupled to a cell plate voltage selector  234 . More specifically, the cell plate voltage selector  234  receives complimentary control signals C, C* that cause the circuit selector to apply either a normal bias voltage V N  or a static refresh bias voltage V R  to the cell plates in the respective memory banks  220 ,  222 . In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 6 , the normal bias voltage V N  is 1V, and the static refresh bias voltage V R  is 0.5V. 
         [0028]    In operation, when entering a static refresh mode, such as a self-refresh mode, the refresh controller  232  applies control signals C, C* to the cell plate voltage selector  234  that cause it to discontinue coupling the voltage V N  to the cell plates in the memory banks  220 ,  222  and instead couple the voltage V R  to the cell plates. Prior to initiating a refresh of any of the rows of memory cells in the banks  220 ,  222 , the refresh controller  232  applies control signals C, C* to the cell plate voltage selector  234  to cause it to coupling the normal bias voltage V N  to the cell plates. The refresh controller  232  then initiates a burst refresh of all of the memory cells in the memory banks  220 ,  222 . The refresh controller  232  then causes the cell plate voltage selector  234  to again couple the static refresh bias voltage V R  to the cell plates in the memory banks  220 ,  222 . When exiting a static refresh mode, such as the self-refresh mode, the refresh controller  232  applies control signals C, C* to the cell plate voltage selector  234  that causes it to apply the normal bias voltage V N  to the cell plates of the memory banks  220 ,  222 . 
         [0029]    After the row address has been applied to the address register  212  and stored in one of the row address latches  226 , a column address is applied to the address register  212 . The address register  212  couples the column address to a column address latch  240 . Depending on the operating mode of the SDRAM  200 , the column address is either coupled through a burst counter  242  to a column address buffer  244 , or to the burst counter  242  which applies a sequence of column addresses to the column address buffer  244  starting at the column address output by the address register  212 . In either case, the column address buffer  244  applies a column address to a column decoder  248 . 
         [0030]    Data to be read from one of the arrays  220 ,  222  is coupled to the column circuitry  254 ,  255  for one of the arrays  220 ,  222 , respectively. The data is then coupled through a data output register  256  to a data bus  258 . 
         [0031]    Data to be written to one of the arrays  220 ,  222  are coupled from the data bus  258  to a data input register  260 . The write data are coupled to the column circuitry  254 ,  255  where they are transferred to one of the arrays  220 ,  222 , respectively. A mask register  264  responds to a data mask DM signal to selectively alter the flow of data into and out of the column circuitry  254 ,  255 , such as by selectively masking data to be read from the arrays  220 ,  222 . 
         [0032]    One embodiment of a cell plate voltage selector  270  that can be used as the cell plate voltage selector circuit  234  in the SDRAM  200  of  FIG. 6  is shown in  FIG. 7 . The cell plate voltage selector  270  includes a pair of pass gates  272 ,  275  that are controlled by the control signals C, C* in a manner that causes the pass gates to be alternately enabled. The pass gate  272  is coupled to receive a normal voltage V N  of V CC /2 while the pass gate  274  is coupled to receive a static refresh bias voltage V R  of V CC /4. In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 7 , V CC  is equal to 2 volts, so V CC /2 is equal to 1V, and V CC /4 is equal to 0.5V. However, other voltages can be used. In either case, these voltages are provided by conventional means. 
         [0033]    The pass gates  272 ,  274  alternately couple either V CC /2 or V CC /4 to a differential amplifier  280  configured to operate as a voltage follower. The output of the amplifier  280  is coupled to a cell plate  290 . As is well-known in the art, the amplifier  280  configured as a voltage follower applies a voltage to its output that is equal to the voltage applied to its non-inverting input (“+”). The amplifier  280  has sufficient current drive to quickly drive the cell plate  290  to either V CC /2 or V CC /4, depending on what pass gate  272 ,  274  is conductive. 
         [0034]    The operation of the cell plate voltage selector  270  is summarized by the truth table  296  shown in  FIG. 8 . During normal operation of the SDRAM  200  or when memory cells are to be refreshed in a burst manner during the static refresh mode, the refresh controller  232  ( FIG. 6 ) outputs control signals C,C* of “1,0” to make the pass gate  272  conductive and to make the pass gate  274  non-conductive. The differential amplifier  280  then receives and applies to the cell plate  290  the normal bias voltage V N  of V CC /2. During the period between refreshes in the static refresh mode, the refresh controller  232  outputs control signals C,C* of “0,1” to make the pass gate  272  non-conductive and the pass gate  274  conductive. The differential amplifier  280  then receives and applies to the cell plate  290  the static refresh bias voltage V R  of V CC /4. 
         [0035]    The SDRAM  200  shown in  FIG. 6  can be used in various electronic systems. For example, it may be used in a processor-based system, such as a computer system  300  shown in  FIG. 9 . The computer system  300  includes a processor  302  for performing various computing functions, such as executing specific software to perform specific calculations or tasks. The processor  302  includes a processor bus  304  that normally includes an address bus, a control bus, and a data bus. In addition, the computer system  300  includes one or more input devices  314 , such as a keyboard or a mouse, coupled to the processor  302  to allow an operator to interface with the computer system  300 . Typically, the computer system  300  also includes one or more output devices  316  coupled to the processor  302 , such output devices typically being a printer or a video terminal. One or more data storage devices  318  are also typically coupled to the processor  302  to allow the processor  302  to store data in or retrieve data from internal or external storage media (not shown). Examples of typical storage devices  318  include hard and floppy disks, tape cassettes, and compact disk read-only memories (CD-ROMs). The processor  302  is also typically coupled to cache memory  326 , which is usually static random access memory (“SRAM”), and to the SDRAM  200  through a memory controller  330 . The memory controller  330  normally includes a control bus  336  and an address bus  338  that are coupled to the SDRAM  200 . A data bus  340  is coupled from the SDRAM  200  to the processor bus  304  either directly (as shown), through the memory controller  330 , or by some other means. 
         [0036]    Although the present invention has been described with reference to the disclosed embodiments, persons skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Such modifications are well within the skill of those ordinarily skilled in the art. For example, although the operation of the cell plate selector  270  has been primarily discussed in the context of use in a self-refresh mode, it will be understood that it may also be used in other static refresh modes. Also, although specific cell plate voltages and voltage ratios has been discussed herein, it will be understood that other voltages and voltage ratios may be used. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims.