Abstract:
Streaming media is problematic for thin clients using remoting protocols like RDP that were never designed to handle the volume of data associated with multimedia. The result is large demands on the host computer and thin client CPU and excessive bandwidth on the network, which results in a poor display quality. A process running on a host computer detects an existing multimedia acceleration channel to a thin client and also identifies unaccelerated media streams like Adobe Flash. The unaccelerated content is automatically re-encoded using a codec format supported by the thin client acceleration channel. This results in a significant improvement in the quality of the streaming media displayed on the thin client and overall reductions in host CPU load, network bandwidth and thin client CPU load. No additional software is required on the thin clients to support new media types including Adobe Flash.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This Patent Application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of the disclosure of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/045,025, filed Apr. 15, 2008, entitled “VIRTUAL DESKTOP OPTIMIZATIONS INCLUDING REMOTE ACCESS, MULTIMEDIA ACCELERATION, MULTI-TENANT DATA CENTER DESIGN, AND POOL MANAGEMENT,” incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Modern enterprises expend substantial capital to maintain an IT infrastructure. A significant percentage of the expenditure stems from equipping individual users with dedicated computing resources in the form of desktop computers. There is a nearly universal mandate in corporations, governments and academic institutions to better control the escalating costs and complexity of managing desktops in large numbers and across widely disparate geographies. In addition, most companies continue to deploy traditional physical desktop computers running at less than 10% capacity, resulting in enormous waste of time, money and energy. In the computer realm, there is a continuing shift from initial deployment costs to ongoing maintenance costs. Traditionally, a computing infrastructure was marked with substantial up-front costs due to the high cost of computing hardware and memory resources. However, with the ongoing trend of reduced costs for computing hardware, and the converse trend of increased compensation for skilled personnel to support and maintain computer systems, a typical enterprise spends more to maintain a user then the cost to initially outfit the user. 
     Consistent with this view of reducing IT infrastructure costs, a provisioning approach that selectively provides users with only the computer services they need for a predetermined interval is more cost effective than outfitting each user with a largely idle PC. Early computing environments implemented a “mainframe” computing approach that allowed user access to the mainframe from a terminal device that performed only input and output. A multiprogramming operating system on the mainframe performed rapid context switching between a multitude of users to give each user the impression that the mainframe computer was dedicated to that user. Each user shared the memory, disk storage, and CPU capabilities for usage of the installed applications, giving each user a similar user experience. The mainframe was generally accessed from local terminals via a so-called “front end”, or via telecommunications lines that were specific to a facility or dedicated POTS (plain old telephone service) voice lines, thus consuming expensive dedicated lines (i.e. not packet switched) for each remote user. 
     The modern equivalent of this paradigm is often referred to as Thin Client computing as opposed to the more conventional deployment of thick clients that have CPU, memory and storage and execute all of the software locally. The thin clients are the local rendering devices operated directly by the user, and appear similar to a conventional desktop or laptop. Modern desktop computing practice, however, often incorporates various forms of multimedia content that must be displayed on the user device, whether thick or thin. Such multimedia forms typically invoke a variety of encoding and compression mechanisms for efficient transmission and rendering over local and wide area networks. Multimedia content presents significant challenges based on the limited set of computing resources and software available on a typical thin client to provide robust coverage of the multitude of media forms. 
     SUMMARY 
     Streaming media has become an increasingly popular method of delivering various combinations of video and audio to desktop computers. Since streaming media, particularly of a high quality or resolution, tends to be very large, various transformations are employed to reduce the transmission bandwidth required for streaming media. Media encoding and compression is typically performed to repackage the streaming media, for transmission and subsequent rendering on a display device by applying the complementary (inverse) encoding and decompression operations. Appropriate selection of efficient encoding transformations can reduce bandwidth by an order of magnitude or more, identification and application of optimal encoding and compression operations greatly improves performance and reduces transmission costs. 
     In a virtual computing environment such as that described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/875,297, filed Oct. 19, 2007, entitled “PROVISIONED VIRTUAL COMPUTING”, incorporated herein by reference, users receive computing services through a local computing device coupled via a network connection to a computing services provider. The local computing device may be a thin client having minimal computational resources, in order to reduce deployment cost while shifting the computing load to the computing services provider. By equipping the thin client with only the required display, communication and user I/O capabilities, many thin clients are deployable for network connection to a server providing the requested computing services. Configurations herein leverage the computing resources available in the thin clients for multimedia transmission by identifying decoding and decompression capabilities available in the thin client, and redirecting media streams to preserve or substitute encoding and compression schemes for consistency with the capabilities of the thin client. 
     The virtual computing environment therefore facilitates user provisioning by deploying a minimal set of computing hardware to each user and structuring computing services from a server to each user according to a best fit model that neither over provisions nor under provisions each user. The minimal hardware deployment effected by the local thin client device (local display device) employs a network connection to the computing services provider, typically a server and associated equipment for providing computing services, as described in the copending application cited above. The local display device generally performs I/O and display operations while deferring computing operations to the server, thus relying on the network connection to transport the results of requested output. In the case of bandwidth intensive streaming media, the CPU and rendering limitations of the local display device become significant. Selection of optimal encoding and compression, which includes availability of compatible codecs at the local rendering device, can greatly affect the rendering performance. 
     In a thin client computing environment, streaming media is typically rendered on a host computer and then transported over a network using protocols like RDP that were never designed to handle the volume of graphical data associated with streaming media. The result is a large demand on the host computer CPU, excessive bandwidth on the network and large demands on the limited CPU resources of the thin client. The net result is poor video and audio quality on the thin client. Several vendors developed extensions to RDP to redirect multimedia content based on Microsoft DirectShow to the thin client to improve efficiency. However, this only works with DirectShow compatible applications like Windows Media Player and does not accelerate QuickTime and Flash content. 
     A process running on the host computer automatically detects the presence of an existing multimedia acceleration channel to the thin client and also identifies unaccelerated media streams like Adobe Flash. The unaccelerated content is re-encoded using a codec format supported by the thin client acceleration channel. This results in a significant improvement in the quality of the streaming media displayed on the thin client and overall reductions in host CPU load, network bandwidth and thin client CPU load. No additional software is required on the thin clients to support new media types including Adobe Flash. 
     In a particular configuration, RDP, a network remoting protocol, is used to connect the local display devices to the server for receiving virtual computing services. Various vendor supplied implementations may be employed. A major shortcoming to existing remote graphical desktop presentation protocols (such as Microsoft&#39;s Remote Desktop Protocol [RDP] or Citrix® Systems&#39; ICA) is that they were originally optimized to encode and transmit Windows® desktop applications over low bandwidth network connections. As such, they operate at the Windows GDI (Graphics Device Interface) layer and were not optimized for highly graphical content and multimedia including full motion video. The result is that these protocols fails to deliver adequate frame rates, synchronization and interactivity when presenting content that cannot be rendered directly by GDI, including rich multimedia and full motion video. 
     Typically, when using an RDP or ICA connection, any rich media content is decoded and then rendered to a region on the virtual screen as a bitmap. Each time this bitmap region is updated, the remoting protocol transmits a new version of the region to the thin client. Each transmission of a change to the region is treated as separate graphical image, similar to a slide-show, without the benefit of video codecs for encoding and decoding the content. This process results in visual artifacts, low frame rates, and loss of synchronization between audio and video. Some content, such as Adobe Shockwave and Flash media, render their combined vector and raster content to a bitmap region, circumventing standard GDI window and drawing calls. The bitmap region is then encoded and transmitted as above, and suffers the same quality degradation. 
     In order to overcome the multimedia limitation of the RDP and ICA remoting protocols, several thin client vendors including Wyse and Sun developed protocol extensions that improve multimedia quality by redirecting the original stream directly to the thin client. This requires software on the host as well as software on the thin client to decode and render the multimedia stream. A common implementation is to install a DirectShow FilterGraph on the host that negotiates an acceleration channel between the host and the thin client. While this approach works well, it only accelerates a limited number of applications layered on top of Microsoft DirectShow framework including Microsoft Windows Media Player. Rich multimedia content from popular applications including Apple QuickTime and Adobe Flash and Shockwave are not accelerated. 
     Accordingly, configurations herein substantially overcome the shortcomings of rich multimedia content that is not compatible with DirectShow by re-encoding the media stream with a DirectShow compatible FilterGraph. This FilterGraph negotiates with existing thin client acceleration to select codecs that are available at the remote rendering device. Once a matching codec is found, the original media stream which was rendered into bitmap format on the host, is re-encoded and transmitted to the rendering device at a significant reduction in bandwidth and CPU overhead on both the host and the thin client. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of particular embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. 
         FIG. 1  is a context diagram of an exemplary computing environment suitable for use with the media acceleration framework disclosed herein; 
         FIGS. 2 and 3  are a flowchart of media acceleration in the computing environment of  FIG. 1 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Conventional media stream rendering suffers from the shortcoming that the operation of rendering the graphical data onto a visual display device typically employs an uncompressed bitmap format that consumes excessive bandwidth when using remoting protocols like RDP and ICA. Configurations disclosed herein are based, in part, on the observation that much more efficient encoding could be leveraged to reduce the size and improve the efficiency of processing and transmitting rendered multimedia content to a remote display device. 
     Stream media processing often takes the form of one or more filters applied to the stream of data. The filters transform the data into encoded and/or compressed forms that occupy less space. A series of filters may be applied such that each reduces the size of the data (and thus the transmission bandwidth), and the reverse operation applied to transform the stream and render the transported media onto a display device, typical an audio visual monitor. 
     As the selected filters may not necessarily interoperate in series, and not all filters may be available in all contexts, streaming media may be transformed into a less than optimal form for transmission. For example, a bitmap (2 dimensional pixel) representation is a straightforward (i.e. less complex to process), although memory intensive representation, particularly for higher resolutions. Conventional methods transform rich media in the form of combined raster and vector data to a renderable bitmap form, and then transport the large bitmaps as separate and unrelated blobs of data. Rendering streaming video from such a transformation tends to result in a low frame rate, thus a “jumpy” picture, low resolution, and image dropout. Accordingly, configurations herein substantially overcome the shortcomings of using existing remoting protocols to transmit rendered bitmaps regions by identifying the content as rich media and using appropriate codecs available on both the host and the remote device to encode, transmit and decode the rendered media content. 
     Various configurations may be arranged to perform media acceleration to a thin client rendering device as disclosed above. In particular, client software and device vendors have developed software components to redirect encoded media streams (such as MPEG video or Windows Media Video formats, as are known in the art) directly to a client device, skipping the remote decoding and re-encoding step, and then rendering the encoded media stream locally on the client. One such vendor is Wyse Technology, of San Jose, Calif. This preserves the original media encoding (including time stamps on video and audio samples, thereby preserving A/V synchronization), as well as increasing visual quality, frame rate, interactivity, and substantially lowering resource consumption on the computer hosting the remote desktop session. Often, the implementation of this technology leverages existing OS video processing functionality (specifically, Microsoft® DirectShow). 
     Such an approach works well for pre-compressed media streams (such as video clips), but does not solve the problem that exists for application software that render to a bitmap region on the screen (such as Adobe Shockwave and Flash). Since these are inherently uncompressed streams that are rendered directly to screen, the acceleration and redirection technologies that would typically operate on a DirectShow video stream are unable to process the bitmap stream, and therefore unable to redirect it to the client device for local rendering. 
     One solution to this problem is to encapsulate the application (in this case, a Flash .swf movie) in a software wrapper that intercepts rendering calls to the GDI bitmap device context and audio output interface. This wrapper can then internally timestamp the video and audio samples, and output them using standard DirectShow APIs. The result is a “source filter” that runs the Flash movie and outputs a standard audio/video stream. This stream can then be redirected using existing rich-media redirection filters that use the DirectShow API. 
     Another solution is to allow the application (again, a Flash .swf movie) to be rendered in-place in a browser or on the desktop with no software wrapper. A process can then search the windowing system to locate the movie, obtain the bitmap device context to which the movie is rendering and capture the contents. It could also watch the audio output device on the system for output coming from the Flash player process, and capture the audio stream. The results can then be time-stamped and redirected as above. 
     An additional way to improve the performance of the redirection is to perform compression on the audio/video stream that is passed to the third-party redirection component. Some redirection components automatically detect which compressed formats are supported by the client device, and will transcode any raw input stream into a compressed stream for transmission. However, in some cases this compression will be too resource intensive and inefficient for the host device, or the results will be inadequate for the particular kind of media. By processing the stream externally before passing it to the redirection component, this solution maintains control over what compression is used and what kind of bandwidth/quality tradeoffs are appropriate for the content being redirected. 
     Additionally, some redirection components do not require a DirectShow API input, but require some other API. Obviously, once a capture or wrapper component is written to intercept the bitmap rendering call within the operating system, the output can be customized to the input requirements for any rich-media redirection technology. 
       FIG. 1  is a context diagram of an exemplary computing environment suitable for use with the media acceleration framework disclosed herein. Referring to  FIG. 1 , the managed information environment  100  includes a server  110  coupled to a local rendering device  120 . The coupling is defined by a network connection  130 , which may include additional nodes, routing and security measures such as those disclosed in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/424,247, filed concurrently, entitled REMOTE ACCESS MANAGER FOR VIRTUAL COMPUTING SERVICES. In the configuration shown, the server  110  provides virtual computing services to the local rendering device  120  through the connection  130 . Such computing services include streaming media  140  emanating from a public access network  150  or other suitable mechanism, such as a direct connection  152  to the server  110 . Conventional rendering mechanisms may direct the streaming media  140  to a default renderer  160  for transmission to and rendering on the local rendering device  120 . 
     As discussed above, the default renderer  160  suffers from the shortcoming that it may perform transformations and encoding that require excessive bandwidth, degrading the rendered image  124 ′ on a rendering screen  122 ′ responsive to the local rendering device  120 . The default renderer  160  may, for example, render the incoming media stream  140  to an intermediate bitmap  112 . The incoming media stream  140  typically includes encoded image data (i.e. voice and video) that is decoded prior to transformation to the intermediate bitmap  112 . The intermediate bitmap  112  does not actually display an image  114 , but rather decodes and stores the image data  116 , usually raster and vector based display data, into a bitmap as an intermediate rendering format. The resulting conventional bitmap data  112 , now more voluminous than its encoded counterpart  140 , is reencoded and transmitted as bitmap packets  118  to the local rendering device  120  for rendering (i.e. display) on the rendering screen  122 ′. The resulting image  124 ′ thus requires complete transmission of an entire conventional bitmap frame for each rendered frame of video, resulting in jumpy images and slow progression. 
     Configurations herein identify the encoded packets  140  in the stream  154  having directly renderable media for intermediate bitmap rendering, and redirect the packets  141  to a filter  111 - 1  . . .  111 - 5  ( 111 , generally) for retransmission to the local rendering device  120 . The server  110  identifies or traps a call  132  for transmission of the bitmap rendering, and redirects the encoded packet  134  to one or more filters  111 . The filters redirect the stream  141  directly to the local rendering device  120  by identify codecs  126  available at the local rendering device  120 , determine an appropriate filter or filter  111  sequence  111 -N for encoding each packet  134  and transmitting the packet as a filtered stream  136  to the rendering device  120  without incurring frame by frame transmission of the intermediate bitmap rendering or other inefficient reencoding mechanism. An interceptor  161  receives the call  132  for rendering, and sends a codec discovery message  162  to the rendering device  120  to evoke a codec response  164  to indicate the codecs  126 - 1  . . .  126 - 5  ( 126  generally) available for decoding the filtered stream  136 . The filtered stream  136 , which may include reencoding depending on the codec response  164 , generates a rendered image  124  on the display screen  122  of the rendering device  120 . 
     As described in the copending application disclosed above, the local rendering device  120  is typically a thin client  120 ′ responsive to the server  110  for receiving virtual computing services. The thin client  120 ′ includes a set of codecs  126 , depending, in part, on the vendor supplied configuration of the particular thin client  120 . A variety of suitable devices may operate as a thin client  120 ′ responsive to the server  110 . In the example shown, the thin client  120 ′ includes codecs A, B, C, D, and E ( 126 - 1 . 126 - 5 ), responsive respectively to filters  111 - 1  . . .  111 - 5 . The codec discovery  162  and codec response  164  identify common codecs between the server  110  and rendering device  120 . In this manner, a variety of compatible codecs may be invoked between the interceptor  161  and the rendering screen  124  for transforming the stream  140  of directly renderable content which preserves compression and optimization in the media stream  140  while avoiding full bitmap rendering and serial frame reencoding which requires retransmission of every frame (i.e. each pixel) as bitmap packets  118 . 
       FIGS. 2 and 3  are a flowchart of media acceleration in the computing environment of  FIG. 1 . Referring to  FIGS. 1-3 , the method for transmitting bandwidth intensive media streams between a local host  110  (server) and a local rendering device  120  as disclosed herein includes identifying a media stream as an unaccelerated stream that is being rendered locally on the host, as depicted at step  200 . Typical encoding schemes reduce the bandwidth needed for transmission provided that there are complementary encoding/decoding capabilities on the corresponding transmission endpoints. The server  110  detects the existence of a media acceleration channel between the remote rendering device  120 , as shown at step  201 . Such a media acceleration channel is for taking advantage of encoding codecs at the local rendering device  120  to improve performance of transmitted media streams  136 . In configurations herein, shortcomings with the available encoding formats impose that the underlying remoting protocol is prevented from processing the rendered bitmap region  112  on the host (server)  110 , as clarified at step  202 . The rendered bitmap region  112  is employed as an intermediate rendered format for reencoding to the local rendering device  120 . Since the incoming stream  140  includes various forms (i.e. vector and raster data), intermediate rendering ensures that the resulting transmitted image stream  136  is complete. However, incompatibilities with encoding schemes employ the default renderer  160  for the bitmapped intermediate rendering format  112 , and then reencoded the bitmap in a sequential frame by frame  118  form, thus redundantly redrawing the entire screen  124 ′ each frame. 
     Accordingly, the interceptor  161  identifies the bitmap output  118  and captures the bitmap content after it has been rendered on the host, as depicted at step  203 . The interceptor  161  identifies an encoding scheme supported on both the local host  110  (server) and the remote rendering device  120  operable to render the media content in the media stream  136 , as disclosed at step  204 . This includes, at step  205 , determining a type of the remote rendering device  120  on which the media stream  136  is to be rendered, and identifying which codecs  126  are available on that type of remote rendering device  120  for decoding received media streams  136 , as depicted at step  206 . The interceptor  161  then selects, from the available codecs  126 , a codec common to both an encoding node (i.e. server  110 ) responsible for directing the media stream to the remote rendering device using the identified codecs, as shown at step  207 . 
     The server  110  encoding the media stream  141  using the identified encoding scheme and corresponding filters  111 , as shown at step  208 , and transmitting the media stream  136  in the reencoded form to the remote rendering device  120  using the selected codecs  126  for encoding. Therefore, the server  110  transmits the media stream  136  to the remote rendering device  120  in which the remote rendering device has a stream media interface such that the encoded media stream  136  occupies substantially less bandwidth than the un-accelerated stream  118 , as depicted at step  210 . 
     The receiving local rendering device  120  then decodes the media stream  136  using the identified encoding scheme, since the identified encoding scheme is inherent in the remote rendering device  120 , as shown at step  211 . the local rendering device displays the media content on the remote device by rendering the media content from the decoded media stream  136 , as disclosed at step  212 . 
     Particular features of the disclosed configuration include relieving the server  110  and the local rendering device of the bitmap reencoding, which provides a substantial performance benefit to CPU on the host (server) and on the client  120 . The codec to encode video is generally much more efficient than individual bitmap optimizations. The available frame rate over bitmap encoding is about a tenfold improvement, which avoids a “jumpy” picture as is common with conventional bitmap rendering schemes. Similarly, the improved frame rate results from a lessened bandwidth requirement, thus mitigating about a tenfold improvement in bandwidth consumed. In a typical thin client often employed with such a virtual terminal server  110 , the thin client rendering operations benefit from reduced bandwidth and lower CPU requirement when using codec to decode and render video. Further, the reencoding avoids the problem of license incompatibilities which can result in the bitmap reencoding due to a lack of codec compatibility of agreement between the server  110  and the thin client (local rendering device  120 ). Those skilled in the art should readily appreciate that the programs and methods for media acceleration in a virtual computing services environment as defined herein are deliverable to a user processing and rendering device in many forms, including but not limited to a) information permanently stored on non-writeable storage media such as ROM devices, b) information alterably stored on writeable storage media such as floppy disks, magnetic tapes, CDs, RAM devices, and other magnetic and optical media, or c) information conveyed to a computer through communication media, as in an electronic network such as the Internet or telephone modem lines. The operations and methods may be implemented in a software executable object or as a set of encoded instructions for execution by a processor responsive to the instructions. Alternatively, the operations and methods disclosed herein may be embodied in whole or in part using hardware components, such as Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), state machines, controllers or other hardware components or devices, or a combination of hardware, software, and firmware components. 
     While the system and method for media acceleration in a virtual computing services environment has been particularly shown and described with references to embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.