Abstract:
Disclosed is a system and method that allows users to customize audible and visible signals, such as music or video, to maintain a pre-determined or specified pace or to achieve a new pace in repetitive motion activities such as, but not limited to, running, walking, swimming, cycling, aerobics, and the like. Other applications of the system and method include, but are not limited to, enhancing the results of medical rehabilitation programs, physical therapy, weight loss programs, disc jockey services, and industries or manufacturing settings where repetitive motion is common and where audible cues designed to help users maintain a consistent pace are useful. Other features of the invention include providing target- or pace-specific advertisements, and broadcasting target- or pace-specific information about athletes.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATION 
     The present application is a continuation of and claims priority to Applicant&#39;s U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/889,084, filed Sep. 23, 2010, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/244,241, entitled “System and Method for Pacing Repetitive Motion Activities,” filed Oct. 6, 2005, (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,825,319), the entire disclosure of each of which is incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to systems and/or methods for pacing individuals involved in repetitive motion activities to achieve an optimal or desired performance goal. In particular, the present invention relates to hardware and software systems and methods that allow individuals involved in repetitive motion activities such as running, walking, swimming, cycling, aerobics, and the like, to select and use audible or visible information characterized by tempos that match the individuals&#39; repetitive activity tempo to increase the chances of reaching an optimal activity level and complete an activity within a desired time period. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     Devices for use by individuals engaged in repetitive motion activities, such as athletes, laborers, and artists, are known in the art. U.S. Pat. No. 4,164,732, for example, discloses a pacing device involving a portable frequency generator adapted to be worn by an athlete, that emits audible tone bursts at selectable time intervals. The patent teaches that the device is used to train individuals, such as runners, to achieve a desired time goal for whatever repetitive motion activity they are involved in. 
     There are many types of audible sounds that can be used for pacing an individual, including simple tone bursts, as described above, the ticking of a metronome, and the tempo of music, to name a few. U.S. Pat. No. 5,215,468, for example, discloses an apparatus for modifying the tempo of a musical piece and the output of an associated amplification device as a motivational tool for joggers. The invention uses an adjustable drive motor to incrementally increase the rate at which the musical piece is played by the device, which is disclosed as being a subliminal change not noticed by the user. The patent discloses that the invention may be used by marathoners and disc jockeys. 
     Pacing tools can be used to optimize the performance of an individual engaged in a repetitive motion activity once the individual&#39;s optimal or desired pace is known or determined. U.S. Pat. No. 6,746,247, for example, discloses a method for producing an instructional tool for an athlete that teaches the athlete appropriate rhythm, timing, and tempo by using the athlete&#39;s own best performance as a template to compose a new musical piece (as opposed to modifying an existing musical piece) having a specific tempo. The patent discloses that the athlete&#39;s tempo is analyzed as he performs an activity, and then a song is composed having a tempo that matches the tempo of the analyzed activity and that achieves an optimal level of performance of the athlete. The patent discloses that software may be used to modify the athlete&#39;s choice of musical piece, to include modifying the tempo of the musical piece and inserting pre-recorded notes or sounds, such as a metronome beat, into the musical piece. An audio file player may be used to play back the tempo-modified musical piece to the athlete. U.S. Pat. No. 6,716,139 similarly discloses a method for detecting parameters inherent to the body of an athlete during exercise to adjust a sound playback device that plays music and outputs verbal coaching instructions to the athlete. 
     In addition to those pacing devices, other pacing systems incorporate information about the individual, his or her location, and the type of activity involved to further personalize and enhance the ability of the individual performing the repetitive motion activity. Japanese Patent Publication 2004-113552, for example, discloses an exercise aid device capable of informing an exercising individual of an appropriate walking tempo. The disclosed device calculates a walking pitch based on physical information of the exercising individual and information about the course being walked. The device displays a list of music pieces having a tempo nearly matching the individual&#39;s tempo, changes the tempo of a selected musical piece to match the calculated tempo, and plays the tempo-modified musical piece as the individual performs the activity. 
     Japanese Patent Publication 2003-108154 discloses a device and method for distributing music having a known tempo (called a “load speed”) to a user based on received activity patterns (i.e., heart rate) relayed from a terminal device associated with the user to a distribution device that selects, and downloads to the user a musical piece from a database of musical pieces having a known tempo. The device and method are intended to facilitate an optimal level of exercise by encouraging the user to exercise at the tempo of the musical piece such that the user&#39;s heart rate is maintained as close to a pre-determined heart rate as possible. The reference does not disclose modifying the tempo of the music pieces in the database 
     Japanese Patent Publication 2003-108154 discloses a device and method for distributing tempo-modified music to a user based on received activity patterns (i.e., walking pace) relayed from a terminal device associated with the user to a distribution device that selects, modifies, and downloads to the user a tempo-modified musical piece. The device and method are intended to facilitate an optimal level of exercise by maintaining the tempo of the user&#39;s activity. 
     Because different individuals perform at different levels of peak intensity for the same repetitive task, audible pacing tools have been altered in order to reflect each individual&#39;s movements. Where the pacing tool is music, an audible tone may be added to existing music or the beats per minute of the music may be altered. U.S. Pat. No. 6,448,485, for example, discloses digitally adding audible information to an existing digital music data files. 
     What the aforementioned prior art systems and methods fail to address, however, is the need for a system and method for pacing individuals involved in repetitive motion activities that involves a plurality of user profiles and accessible music data files maintained by a networked server in data communication with a plurality of users&#39; electronic devices, each of the devices adapted to providing automatic location information to the server and outputting audio and video information that the users can employ for pacing purposes. 
     SUMMARY AND OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     It should be apparent that there exists a need for a computer-implemented system and method for providing to repetitive activity users over a wired or wireless communications network, like the Internet, music pieces or tempo-modified music pieces that are stored on a server system in data communication with an audio or video playback device operated by the user for pacing purposes, the music pieces being automatically or manually downloaded based on information in a plurality of individual user profiles stored on the server system. There also exists a need for a system and method that uses mapping and global positioning system (GPS) telemetry data tied to the audio or video playback device and server system that automatically selects tempo-adjusted music or adjusts the tempo of current music piece being played as a user performs a repetitive motion activity. The advantages of the present invention include: maintaining a large catalogue of audio and video data files that are constantly being updated and available to users; providing easy accessibility and downloading of information files using Internet Protocol-enabled devices (or using other information distribution protocols); automatically providing location-based information about the user without the need for different networked devices; allowing for storing and analyzing information in user profiles to enhance the information provided by the system; and having the ability to analyze patterns and habits of users accessing the system. 
     Accordingly, it is a principal object of the present invention to provide a computer-implemented, network-based system having a networked server, database, client computer, and input/output device for use by individuals engaged in repetitive motion activities, and a method of using the same by those individuals to achieve their time-based and/or pace-based goals for completing repetitive motion activities. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide an Internet-based system to deliver system-provided services. However, the invention contemplates using existing portable audio devices, modification of existing portable audio devices, file sharing networks, on-demand radio or television services, cable services, cable television service, satellite radio or television, software programs, cellular phone, cellular phone network, or other devices, networks, software or systems used in place of or in association with an Internet-based system to alter the tempo of music and distribute or sell such music for the purpose of pacing repetitive motion activities. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to provide a software program specifically designed to allow users to modify the tempo or beats-per-minute (BPM) of songs for the purpose of creating tempo-driven music and enhancing athletic or other types of repetitive motion activities. Such software could be freeware or be purchased and downloaded onto the users&#39; computers or portable storage and playback devices. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a system and method involving an Internet map service or Internet-based topographical database for creating customized music corresponding to routes and topography in many locations that a user may traverse during an activity involving repetitive motions. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to provide an Internet-based system and method whereby disc jockeys, radio stations, television stations, and other content users and providers can obtain customized music to suit their production needs. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a system and method whereby music producers and musicians can submit audio content that can be modified for users&#39; pacing needs. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to provide a system and method that allows a user to customize music by adding audible sounds, signals, statements, phrases, or tempos in order to distinguish the customized music from the original. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a system and method that allows users to add audible sounds, signals, statements, phrases, or tempos to songs that help users identify a song&#39;s tempo for pacing purposes. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to provide a system and method that incorporates GPS devices to determine information including, but not limited to, the distance traveled, speed, pace, stride length, and geographic location of the user. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a system and method that provides users with access to databases of songs categorized by BPM for use in pacing repetitive motion activities. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to provide a system and method whereby users can download mixes of songs according to BPM, enabling users to achieve desired heart rates, or to burn a desired number of calories during an activity. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a system and method that links data derived from heart rate monitors, pace monitors, pedometers and the like with databases containing the BPM of all catalogued songs, to achieve heart rate and/or pacing goals. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to provide a system and method that links the service to athletic training programs customized to meet users&#39; personal fitness goals. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a system and method that links the service to franchised, commercially-available weight loss, exercise, and diet programs to enable users to achieve weight loss, exercise, and diet program goals through paced repetitive motion activities. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to provide a system and method that links the service to repetitive motion exercise equipment such as treadmills, elliptical machines, stair climbing machines, skiing simulation machines, stationary bicycles, and the like for the purpose of pacing repetitive motion activities. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a system and method that links the service to exercise classes such as aerobic classes, stationary bicycle “spinning” classes, dance classes, martial arts classes, boxing classes, kick boxing classes, and the like for the purpose of pacing repetitive motion activities. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to provide a system and method that accepts recordings of newly created or composed music, compensates composers, catalogues songs in a database according to BPM (and a variety of other variables), and allows for dissemination, tempo modification, and/or sale to users. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a system and method useful to medical rehabilitation programs, physical therapy, weight loss programs, disc jockey services, and industries or manufacturing settings where repetitive motion is common, and where audible cues designed to help people maintain a consistent pace are useful. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to provide a repetitive motion activity device, such as a treadmill, having all the features of the system and that is responsive to the BPM of the music or the tempo of the user or can itself change the BPM of the music as the user engages in the use of the repetitive motion activity device, 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide advertising content to a user during the performance of an activity, the content having a specific discernible tempo that is substantially the same as a user&#39;s target or actual tempo/pace. The advertisement may be combined with one or more music files, which may or may not be grouped together and associated with a playlist. The advertising content may be selected based on the location of the user during the activity. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to collect, transmit, broadcast, and record performance information from athletes during an athletic performance, and display some of that information to an audience. The displayed information may include information concerning the music the athlete is or was listening to during the performance, actual and/or target tempo/pace, and a link allowing any one individual of the audience to download the same music (or other information) used by the athlete. 
     Briefly described, those and other objects and features of the present invention are accomplished, as embodied and fully described herein, by a repetitive motion pacing system that includes a user profile database containing a plurality of user-provided parameters, at least one of the user-provided parameters being a target tempo value that is substantially the same as an actual tempo of a repetitive motion activity to be performed by a user; a storage device, including a file sharing database containing at least one data file having information for producing a tempo that is sensible to the user as the user performs the repetitive motion activity; a data storage and playback device adapted to producing the sensible tempo; and a communications network for receiving the at least one data file and distributing the at least one data file to the data storage and playback device. The repetitive motion pacing system can automatically determine a geographic location of the data storage and playback device, which can be done using GPS data. The system also includes a file selection means that can automatically select a plurality of data files based on the geographic location of the data storage and playback device and distribute the plurality of data files to the data storage and playback device. The objects and features of the system also include a tempo computing means for determining the target tempo, which can be done by counting a number of repetitions occurring over a measured time period, and a software subsystem for modifying the tempo information contained in the at least one data file. 
     The data storage and playback device includes an automatic location information component for determining the location of the data storage and playback device; a signal output component for outputting a sensible signal from the data storage and playback device; an input/output component for entering commands into and receiving information from the data storage and playback device; a data storage component for storing the at least one data file; and a communications component for sending and receiving information to and from the data storage and playback device. 
     The objects and features of the present invention are also accomplished, as embodied and fully described herein, by a method involving the steps of receiving in a user profile database at least one user-provided parameter including a target tempo value that is substantially the same as an actual tempo of a repetitive motion activity to be performed by a user; receiving in a storage device, including a file sharing database at least one data file having information for producing a tempo that is sensible to the user as the user performs the repetitive motion activity; comparing the target tempo value to the tempo information in the at least one data file to generate an output signal; and providing the output signal via a communications network to a data storage and playback device. The method of the invention also includes the steps of modifying the tempo information of the at least one data file so it is substantially the same as the target tempo; modifying the at least one data file to add tempo information to the file; determining the location of the data storage and playback device; comparing the location of the data storage and playback device to a database of location points, wherein each of the database of location points includes a corresponding geographic tempo value; comparing the geographic tempo values to the tempo information in the at least one data file; and using the data storage and playback device to reproduce the output signal and generate an audible sound that is sensible by the user. 
     With those and other objects, advantages and features of the invention that may become hereinafter apparent, the nature of the invention may be more clearly understood by reference to the following detailed description of the invention, the appended claims and to the several drawings attached herein. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a drawing depicting a schematic of the main system architecture of a repetitive motion pacing system according to one aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a graph of a repetitive motion activity represented by a sinusoidal curve according to one aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is another graph of a repetitive motion activity represented by an impulse curve according to one aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  is another graph of a repetitive motion activity represented by a line curve according to one aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  is another graph of a repetitive motion activity represented by a complex curve according to one aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a drawing of a portion of a musical piece depicted in the form of sheet music; 
         FIG. 7  is a graph of a sound wave represented by a line curve according to one aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 8  is a diagram of a graph showing a curve representing the change in intensity of a repetitive motion activity and a sound wave curve; 
         FIG. 9  is a diagram showing the curves in  FIG. 8  after the sound wave has been tempo-modified to match the intensity curve; 
         FIG. 10  is a schematic drawing of a data storage and music playback device according to one aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 11  is a process flow diagram according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 12  is a diagram of a user traversing a straight course having a pre-determined geographical start and finish location; 
         FIG. 13  is a diagram of a user completing a repetitive task having a beginning and ending point; 
         FIG. 14  is a diagram of a path in relation to a coordinate system x; 
         FIG. 15  is a diagram of a path in relation to a coordinate system x, y; 
         FIG. 16  is a diagram of the path shown in  FIG. 15  in relation to a coordinate system x, y, z; 
         FIG. 17  is a diagram of a repetitive motion activity device being used by a person engaged in a repetitive motion activity; 
         FIGS. 18A-18C  are process flow diagrams according to another embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 19  is a schematic block diagram of an advertising and broadcast system according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Several preferred embodiments of the invention are described for illustrative purposes, it being understood that the invention may be embodied in other forms not specifically shown in the drawings. 
       FIG. 1  is a drawing depicting a schematic of the main system architecture of a repetitive motion pacing system  100  according to one aspect of the invention. The system  100  includes a user  102 , which is shown as an individual but could be a group of individuals, a corporate entity, a governmental entity, or other person(s) or thing(s). The invention contemplates that the user  102  will have submitted information, in the form of an application, potentially with a fee, to become a subscriber of the system  100 . The subscription provides the user  102  with different levels, amounts, or degrees of access to information stored on a server computer (described below) associated with the system  100 . 
     The user  102  can communicate with and receive information provided by the system  100  using wired or wireless electronic devices  104 ,  106 , and/or  108 . The device  104  could be, for example, a wireless telephone, a wired telephone, a personal data assistant, or a portable computer. The device  106  could be, for example, a desktop computer. The device  108  could also be a desktop computer. Combinations of those electronic devices, or other types of electronic devices capable of sending and receiving electronic, optical, and electro-optical signals, may be used. A separate data storage and music playback device, which is adapted to receiving and/or sending electronic signals to/from devices  104 ,  106 , and/or  108  and for storing and manipulating the electronic signals is described later. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the devices  104  and  106  are connected to a first data communications network  110 , and the device  108  is connected to a second data communications network  112 . The particular connectivity of the devices  104 ,  106 , and  108  to the first and second networks  110 ,  112  is for illustrative purposes only. The network  110  may be, for example, a wireless network used by mobile computing devices like cellular telephones. The network  112  may be, for example, the Internet, an intranet, or some other network system. Preferably, the networks  110 ,  112  are packet-switched networks capable of routing hypertext, extensible, or other types of markup language code and data in accordance with the standard Internet Protocol or some other protocol in order to generate web pages. The Internet Engineering Task Force is the standards body that creates and maintains the basic standards on which the Internet depends, including the Internet Protocol specification published in 1981. 
     The first and second networks  110 ,  112  are connected or interconnected to a server subsystem  114 , which can include one or more server computers (not shown) that are adapted to, among other things, storing and processing data, generating responses to client computer requests for markup language files and information, and providing access to user information. The user  102  can use one or more of the electronic devices  104 ,  106 , and  108  to access the server subsystem  114  preferably via a web site graphical user interface that is generated on the electronic devices  104 ,  106 , and  108 , using markup language commands and data provided to those devices by the server subsystem  114 . 
     The server subsystem  114  is capable of interfacing with one or more databases  116 ,  118 , as shown in  FIG. 1 . The database  116  could be, for example, a database containing records of each user&#39;s profile and preferences. The user profiles may include personal information, such as, but not limited to, the user&#39;s name, gender, height, weight, fitness level, repetitive motion activities, duration of activities, physical address, email address, stride length, distance to be covered, desired goal time, and desired goal pace. Personal information may also include health-related information, such as heart rate, pulse, calories burned, and other information. Preferences may include, but are not limited to, music artist, album, song title, and musical genre. In addition to including personal information and preferences, the user profile may also include subscription-related information, such as the type of subscription, fees paid and due, system access times and duration, physical and billing address information, and the number of downloads from the system. The preferences may also include one or more rules, pre-defined by the user  102  or determined heuristically and automatically by the system  100  over time as it “learns” the user  102 . The rules define how the system  100  is to adapt to the user  102  while the user is engaged in a repetitive motion activity. The user profile may also include address information associated with the electronic devices  104 ,  106 , and  108  used to access the system  100  and that receive downloads, in-case-of-emergency (ICE) contact information, and technical information about the user&#39;s data storage and music playback device, including system settings in case the system  100  is damaged, and other types of information. 
     To clarify, the user&#39;s profile and preferences may be stored centrally, as in the database  116 , or distributed one or more other databases or storage devices, including a portable computing storage and playback device  1002  ( FIG. 10 ) described later. The profile information may be uploaded via a website. 
     The database  118  could be, for example, a database containing individual data files. Preferably, the data files are music files, preferably in a compressed format, obtained from a user  102  or from a third party source, although text and video files (or combinations of audio, text, and video files) are also contemplated as being within the scope of the invention. The audio files may be stored in a single format, or multiple copies of the file may be stored in a different format. The video files may include information for producing moving images of various routes a user  102  might run, walk, cycle, etc. Methods for converting audio (and text and video) data files from one format to another are well known in the art. 
     To clarify, the data files database may be stored centrally, as in the database  118 , or distributed one or more other databases or storage devices, including a portable computing storage and playback device  1002  ( FIG. 10 ) described later. The data files may be uploaded via a website. 
     The server subsystem  114  includes a software subsystem  124 , which will be described later. 
     Also shown in  FIG. 1  is a server  120  connected to a database  122 . The server  120 , which is shown connected to the network  112  but could instead be connected through some other data communications network, is, for example, a third party vendor computer system. The server subsystem  114  can download music or other audio, video, or text data files from the server  120 . Thus, for example, the server  120  could be associated with a major music production and marketing company that stores a catalogue of digital music pieces on the database  122 . The server  120  and database  122  are accessible by persons who agree to take a license from the third party vendor. 
     It is also contemplated that the server  120  could be a computer in a peer-to-peer computer network. That is, the server  120  and the computer  108  could be used to share audio, video, and text data files over the network  112  in a peer-to-peer manner with each device operating as a server and a client computer. The user  102  could then upload those data files to the server subsystem  114  and store them in the database  118 . 
     As described above, the many objects of the present invention involve using music or other types of audio and/or video signals to enhance or optimize the performance of an individual engaged in a repetitive motion activity.  FIGS. 2-5  are graphs having curves that represent different types of repetitive motions. For example, shown in  FIG. 2  is a graph of a repetitive motion activity that is represented by a sinusoidal curve  202 . The curve  202  is actually a series of individual points plotted on a time scale, t, having unit time period intervals t 1 , t 2 , t 3 , t 4 , t 5 , etc. Each point represents a level of intensity, I, associated with the repetitive activity. The curve  202  suggests that the intensity of the activity increases sinusoidally over time from a minimum  204  to a maximum  206 . One complete cycle of activity occurs over two time periods and repeats continuously every two time periods. 
       FIG. 3  is another graph of a repetitive motion activity, this one represented by an impulse curve having individual impulses  302   a ,  302   b ,  302   c , . . . ,  302   n  and impulses  304   a ,  304   b , . . . ,  304   n . The impulses are actually a series of individual points plotted on a time scale, t, having unit time period intervals t 1 , t 2 , t 3 , t 4 , t 5 , etc., just like in  FIG. 2 . Each point can be related to a level of intensity, I, associated with the repetitive activity. The impulses suggests that the intensity of the activity increases immediately from a minimum point  306  to a maximum point  308 , levels off for a period of time, then immediately drops from the maximum point  308  to the minimum point  306 . One complete cycle of activity occurs over two time periods and repeats continuously every two time periods. 
       FIG. 4  is another graph of a repetitive motion activity, this one represented by a line curve  402 . The curve  402  is actually a series of individual points plotted on a time scale, t, as described above. The curve  402  suggests that the intensity of the activity increases over time from a minimum point  404  to a maximum point  406  with an intermediate intensity point  408  that occurs for a portion of the cycle. 
       FIG. 5  is still another graph of a repetitive motion activity, this one represented by a complex curve  502  having multiple minimum levels of intensity  504 , multiple intermediate peaks of intensity  506 ,  508 , and a maximum level of intensity  510 . The periodicity of the curve  502  is the same as the periodicity of the curves shown in  FIGS. 2-4 . Thus, a user engaged in any one of the repetitive motion activities represented by the curves  202 ,  302   a ,  402 , and  502  could benefit from a motivational musical piece having the same periodicity. 
     In musical terms, the periodicity is related to the beats per minute (BPM) or tempo of the music. For example,  FIG. 6  is a drawing of a portion of a musical piece  602  where the music is represented by individual musical notes  604  grouped by even measures  608  (i.e., measures of time). The tempo of the musical piece is indicated by the meter signature  606 , which in the example in  FIG. 6  is 4/4 tempo or four beats per measure. If the measure is two seconds, then there are four beats for every two seconds, or two beats per second (120 beats per minute). Music with a tempo in the range of about 120-130 BPM could be classified as normal, while music with a tempo in the range of about 140-160+ BPM could be classified as fast. 
       FIG. 7  is a graph of a sound wave represented by the line curve  702 . The curve  702  has a periodicity of about two time periods. Each point on the curve  702  represents an amount of pressure, P, at a specific period of time. The upper part of the sound wave (i.e., the crest) at point  704  indicates compression; the lower part (i.e., the trough) at point  706  indicates rarefaction. The frequency of sound is the number of air pressure oscillations occurring at a fixed point in space, and is measured in Hertz (Hz). The human ear senses both the pressure changes, measured in decibels (dB) and frequencies (Hz) related to a sound wave. 
     The present invention includes a software subsystem  124 , as shown in  FIG. 1 , which relates the pressure signals of sound as depicted in  FIG. 7  to the intensity levels of a repetitive motion activity as depicted in  FIGS. 2-5 . Preferably, the software subsystem  124  is adapted to modify the tempo of music in such a way that the modified music matches as close as possible the desired or optimal periodicity or tempo of the user&#39;s repetitive motion activity. Sony&#39;s ACID® Pro software is an example of a software product that can be used to modify the tempo of music. Here, the distinction is made between a musical composition, which is a music piece that is generated completely new where there was none before, and a modification, which is an adjustment to specific aspects of an existing piece of music. 
     It is contemplated that the software subsystem  124 , which could also be installed on one of the user&#39;s electronic devices  104 ,  106 , and/or  108  in addition to or instead of being part of the server subsystem  114 , can also be used to add sounds to existing music. Thus, a music piece that does not have a discernable or obvious beat, such as a classical music piece having portions played pianissimo (very soft) alternating with portions played messa di voce (louder then softer), could be modified to include a metronome impulse sound, a voice prompt, a musical note, or some other audible sound having the same tempo as the music piece, but that is more obvious to the user  102 . 
       FIG. 8  is a diagram of a graph showing, on the same time scale, t, a curve  802  representing the change in intensity of a repetitive motion activity and a curve  804  representing the change in pressure of an audible sound associated with music. The curve  804  is shown having a meter  806  of 4/4 tempo. The peaks of the two curves  802 ,  804  do not occur at the same point in time. Thus, if the curve  802  represents the optimal activity level of the user, the audible sound curve  804  is not sufficient to provide the pacing the user needs to achieve that optimal level because the tempo of the sound curve  804  is too fast.  FIG. 9  is a diagram showing the curve  802  as shown in  FIG. 8 , with a tempo-modified curve  804 ′. Now, the curve  804 ′ has the same tempo as the curve  802 . 
     In  FIG. 10 , there is shown a schematic of a specific embodiment of ht electronic device  104 , hereinafter referred to as a data storage and music (or video) playback device  1002  for playing audio (or video) according to one embodiment of the present invention. The device  1002  may a commercially available iPOD®-like player or the like, iPhone®-like smart phone, or the like, modified to achieve the objects and advantages of the present invention. The device  1002  may be portable or stationary (or parts of it may be portable and other parts stationary). For example, the device  1002  may need to be embodied in a lightweight, portable housing for a runner. In contrast, the device  1002  could be larger and integrated into the control panel of a treadmill (or removable from the treadmill for use outside by the runner). The device  1002  could be made up of physically separable components such that the audio speakers or video screen could be physically attached to something, like the walls of a pool, while the rest of the components could be transported to a different pool and connected to different speakers/video devices. The device  1002  could be integrated into a whole-house entertainment system. It could also be adapted to be an add-on component to existing storage and playback devices, which may include, but are not limited to, home, gymnasium, or health club, audio-video equipment and portable digital music players. The device  1002  could be part of a file sharing network, an on-demand radio or television service, a cable service, a satellite radio or television service, a mobile phone network or other communications system. 
     The device  1002  includes a main component  1004  which itself includes circuits and software associated with memory  1014 , power  1016 , a microprocessor  1018 , and communications  1020  subcomponents. It also has an audio output device  1006 , a data storage device  1008 , optionally an Automatic Location Information (ALI) device  1010 , and an input/output device  1012 . 
     The communications subcomponent  1020  of the main component  1004  are intended to provide the device  1002  with the capability of communicating data from the device&#39;s permanent or volatile memory subcomponent  1014  to another device via a wireless or wired data communications network. Thus, the communications circuits of the communications subcomponent  1020  may be a modem with an RJ-11 jack for receiving a suitably-sized cable plug for connecting the device  1002  to a traditional public circuit-switched telephone network. The communications subcomponent  1020  may instead be a modem with a transceiver for sending and receiving data packets over a wireless network. Using the communications subcomponent  1020 , the data storage and playback device  1002  may be “synchronized” to the other devices described herein (e.g., servers  114 ,  120 , computing devices  106 ,  108 ) when they are electrically connected to each other by way of a wired or wireless network connection. 
     The power subcomponent  1016  of the device  1002  can be provided by conventional power supplies (i.e., 110-volt service). Power may be provided by rechargeable or disposable alkaline or other types of batteries (not shown). 
     The microprocessor subcomponent  1018  may be any conventional microprocessor, such as a central processing unit of a computer. 
     Also shown in  FIG. 10  is a data storage device  1008 , which can be a permanent or removable hard disk drive, memory stick, memory card, or other conventional or miniaturized storage device that is operatively connected to the microprocessor subcomponent  1018  and memory subcomponent  1014  within the main component  1004 . 
     The audio output device  1006  shown in  FIG. 10 , which is operatively connected (i.e., by wire or wireless devices) to the main component  1004 , may include speakers associated with headphones or standup speakers. For example, as suggested above, the speakers may be built into a treadmill, built into the walls underwater in a pool, or mounted on a wall in a gymnasium or home. The device  1002  may have multiple sets of speakers located in different places and each being used to play different types of music. Thus, for example, the device  1002  may be connected to five speakers, four of which play music while the fifth speaker (such as a sub-woofer) plays or emphasizes the tempo of the music. 
     One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate and understand that the audio output device  1006  could be a video output device, such as a monitor, light, or other device that produces visible signals that can be sensed by the eyes of the user  102 . Thus, light can be used to produce pulses of light energy that the user  102  can detect while he performs a repetitive motion activity. 
     The ALI device  1010  shown in  FIG. 10 , which is operatively connected to the main component  1004 , will preferably be used on portable devices. ALI devices are known in the art, and include GPS devices. A GPS device uses a receiver to receive telemetry data from a plurality of the constellation of GPS satellites orbiting the Earth. The GPS device will include memory for storing the data, a microprocessor, and software for computing the location of the ALI device from the telemetry data. An accurate clock synchronized to the clock used by the GPS satellites is required to perform accurate location computations. The ALI device can also rely on fixed terrestrial sources, such as mobile phone network transmission/repeater towers and triangulation methods to identify the location of the device  1002 . 
     The input/output device  1012  shown in  FIG. 10 , which is operatively connected to the main component  1004 , could be, for example, a keypad on a mobile phone, a keyboard for a computer, a mouse, a touchscreen, a touchpad, a monitor, or other interface device that allows the user  102  to input commands and allows the device  1002  to present information to the user  102 . It is also contemplated that the input/output device could provide an interface for a remote monitoring device (not shown), such as a heartbeat monitor, blood oxygen monitor, pedometer, or some other device for monitoring the current state of the user. That state information can be used to assess whether the device  1002  should manually or automatically adjust the BPM of the music being played on the audio output device  1006 . For example, if the device  1002  determines, based on the ALI-type information that the user  102  is slowing down and not maintaining his target pace, the device can warn the user  102  using the audio output device  1006 , for example, which would allow the user to user the input/output device  1012  to manually select a different play list of musical pieces that are better matched to the user&#39;s  102  current pace. 
     The user&#39;s profile and preference information stored in the database  116  may also be stored in the memory  1014  of the data storage and playback device  1002 . 
       FIG. 11  provides a process flow diagram according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. In process step  1102 , a user  102  interfaces with the system  100  by visiting a website through a networked computer  108 , wireless or wired phone  104 , or by some other means as described above. The system  100  then receives an electronic signal or signals representing user profile information. If the user  102  is a new customer, a new user profile is created. If the user  102  is an existing customer, the user&#39;s existing user profile is modified. 
     The system  100  receives/updates user profiles when or after the user  102  enters personal information using the input/output device  1012 , such as a keypad or keyboard. For example, the user  102  may identify the activity they wish to perform and their musical preferences. A web site form can facilitate receiving that information. In addition, the user  102  provides pace information (e.g., BPM) and may select music having a comparable BPM. That information is stored in the user database  116  that may include information provided at later dates by repeat users. 
     Personal information may also include, but is not limited to, the user&#39;s name, gender, height, weight, fitness level, repetitive motion activities, duration of activities, address, email address, stride length, distance to be covered, and desired goal time. Musical preferences may include, but are not limited to, artist, album, song title, and musical genre. That information is stored in the user&#39;s profile as described above. 
     A goal time might be, for example, running 9:00 per mile on average by a specific date, or within a month time period. 
     The system  100  receives the user&#39;s  102  comfortable pace, heart rate, calorie consumption rate, and other baseline or target information for their respective activities. In process step  1104 , the user  102  can determine this by performing a repetitive motion activity (i.e., walking, running, swimming, cycling, lifting, stepping, etc.) for a given time period, such as one minute, while counting the number of steps, strokes, pedal rotations, movements, etc., that he performs in that time period. That information can be automatically or manually sent to the system  100 , which receives the information and stores it automatically. 
     The user  102  who visits the web site generated by the server subsystem  114  may not know the pace or BPM he wishes to achieve for a particular repetitive motion activity. Therefore, the system  100  provides the user  102  a simple method of measuring a target pace, and prompts the user  102  to enter that pace into a web form or otherwise provide the information to the system  100 . 
     For example, if the user  102  wishes to use music to pace him to a desired goal time or optimal level of performance over a discrete time period, such as running a mile under five minutes or swimming 50 meters under 30 seconds, certain information is required. First, the user  102  must know the distance covered per each step, stroke, spin of a wheel, etc., which can be conveniently referred to as “stride length.” The stride length over time is the stride period.  FIGS. 2-5  graphically illustrate various types of stride lengths over a given time period (the peak intensity represents a complete stride period). 
     The present invention includes a simple method for the user  102  to determine his stride length. Stride length can be determined by many different methods including, but not limited to, the following: 
     Mathematical Determination. 
     A user  102  mathematically determines his stride length on a course of specific length such as 100 meters, a mile, etc. This is illustrated in  FIG. 12 , which shows a user  102  running on a straight course  1202  having a pre-determined geographical start S and finish F location. Mathematically determining stride length is possible if the user provides the number of steps/repeated motions in a given time period, such as one minute, as well as the time to complete a course of specific length such as 100 meters, a mile, a kilometer, etc. As shown in  FIG. 12 , the distance between the user&#39;s steps, which are represented by the impulse lines  1204 , is not consistent, so the steps per unit distance should be an average. 
     Body Measurement. 
     A user  102  estimates his stride length by taking body measurements such as the length from his hip to his ankle, or from fingertip to shoulder. 
     Average Stride Length. 
     A user  102  refers to a provided table to estimate his stride length, based upon data elements such as height, weight, gender, fitness level, etc. These tables may be provided on the web site generated by the server subsystem  114 . 
     Geometric Measurements. 
     A user  102  measures the distance or other physical parameter associated with a repetitive motion, such as lifting and moving a box as illustrated in  FIG. 13 . The user  102  measures the distance to complete the task between the start of the task at point B and the end of the task at point E. The time to complete a single repetitive task can be measured as a continuum over the distance B-E, as illustrated by the curve  1302 , or as a fraction of the continuum, as illustrated by the curve  1304 . Measuring the time to complete a single task as in curve  1304 , where only a fraction of total time requires estimating extra time to account for errors and imprecision in the system, distractions, and windup and let down time before and after each task, which may be important in industrial settings. 
     Referring to  FIG. 11  again, in process step  1106 , the user&#39;s location is determined in real-time or near real-time using any means for obtaining ALI-type data. A combination GPS telemetry receiver and software for computing location is one such means for obtaining ALI data. Many mobile phones and computing devices have integrated GPS technology. The present invention contemplates the use of a portable music storage and playback device  1002  having an integrated GPS receiver or is otherwise adapted to operatively connect to or interface with a separate GPS receiver. A touchpad at the ends of a pool lane could be used to estimate location information of a swimmer. Other electrical-optical-mechanical sensing devices, including biometric sensing devices, could also be employed, for example in a work environment, to identify the location of the user  102 . 
     The ALI data can be converted into a suitable signal and automatically sent to the system  100  over the first or second data communications networks  110 ,  112  ( FIG. 1 ). The system  100  receives the ALI data and stores it automatically. Ideally, time-stamped three-dimensional geographic location information (i.e., latitude, longitude, altitude, and time) are determined on a regular basis and sent by the ALI device  1010  ( FIG. 10 ) and received by the system  100 . 
     Another exemplary means for obtaining the location information of the user  102  involves a geographical information system whereby the user pre-selects routes of travel (e.g., a trail or road course) and, along with pacing information from the user&#39;s user profile, an approximate geographic location of the user  102  can be estimated and received by the system  100 . Thus, if the user  102  intends to traverse a one-mile loop over relatively flat terrain identified on a conventional topographic map at a 20-minute per mile walking pace, the approximate location of the user  102  can be determined over the course of the 20-minute activity period using simple mathematical calculations. 
     In process step  1108 , once the user  102  has determined or estimated his stride length, the system  100  receives that information via the networked electronic devices  104 ,  106 ,  108 , as described above, using an input/output device  1012  ( FIG. 10 ). The system  100  will use the stride length information to identify which song or combination of songs are best suited to meet the pacing needs or time goals for specific distances such as a mile, a kilometer, etc., and that satisfy other criteria specified in the user profile. The system  100  will make those songs available for download by the user  102 , or will automatically distribute the songs to an address designated by the user  102 , such as a web site address, an e-mail address, a mobile phone number, or some other pre-selected destination address contained in the user profile database or provided manually by the user  102 . 
     The system  100  maintains a separate song database categorized according to variables including, but not limited to, title, artist, genre, duration (minutes and seconds), BPM, etc. After obtaining specific data from the user  102 , the system  100  cross-references user profile data, pace data, activity goals, and musical preferences with the song database to identify songs that match the needs of the user  102 . For pacing purposes, a desired pace in steps, pedal strokes, arm strokes, and the like per minute and a song&#39;s BPM must be substantially or at least approximately equal. Songs in the database that match the desired paces and musical preferences of the user  102  are presented to the user  102  in a menu of choices. The user  102  chooses the songs they wish to download and use for pacing purposes. 
     In some cases, the user  102  may wish to download a song for pacing purposes that does not have a BPM that matches his pacing needs. If the song falls within an acceptable range above or below the target BPM, it is possible to modify the tempo of the song to the desired pace as described above. Using readily available software, like Sony&#39;s ACID® Pro, a song&#39;s BPM can be altered easily without changing the pitch of the music or negatively impacting the audio quality if the song is in an appropriate digital format. 
     In process step  1110 , if the user  102  requires that a song be modified to match a desired BPM, the following steps are performed. First, after the system  100  receives and creates a user profile containing personal information, desired activity, musical preferences, and desired pace and/or goal time, among other things, the system  100  cross references the pace information and other preferences with a song database. Songs that are a direct match to the BPM preferences and other criteria (e.g., genre) selected by the user  102  are placed on a menu of choices. Songs that fall within an acceptable range above or below the target pace, and which match at least some of the user&#39;s criteria, are also placed on the menu of choices. The user  102  then selects the songs that he wishes to download and the system makes those songs available or delivers the songs as described above. Songs that already match the desired BPM can be automatically downloaded to the address provided by the user  102  in his user profile (i.e., the address can include, but is not limited to, a phone number, an Internet Protocol address, or any other addressable location). Songs that require tempo modification are processed through several additional steps either by the system  100  or by the user  102  before they are used. 
     Songs requiring tempo modification are transferred to a tempo modification program that automatically reads the BPM for that song either from the ID3 tags associated with the song, from the song database, from a vendor that provided the song, or from some other location in the system  100  . . . . ” The user  102  may download songs requiring tempo modification, import them into a tempo modification software program, modify them, and then add the songs to their play list or portable audio player. The desired goal or target BPM for the song is obtained from the user&#39;s data stored in the user profile database or is provided separately by the user  102 . After a song is loaded into the tempo modification program, and the program understands the original BPM and target BPM, the program modifies the song&#39;s tempo to the desired BPM as illustrated in  FIGS. 8 and 9 . Additional information can be electronically added to the song data, such as, for example, a repeating metronome beat, a highlight beat, or a word (e.g., “step” or “go”). The pitch of the song is held constant during this process, and the song is modified without negatively impacting audio quality. The new, modified song file is saved and the data file is made available for download or is automatically delivered to the address specified by the user in an appropriate digital format. 
     The invention can be used by musicians to provide their original music to the system  100 , which any user  102  can then select for his pacing needs. 
     In process step  1112 , the system  100  provides the songs (either original or modified) to the user  102 . This can be a free- or fee-based transaction based on a subscription or pay-as-you-go model. The user  102  downloads his customized music to his electronic device  104 ,  106 , and/or  108  ( FIG. 1 ), automatically to his portable storage and playback device  1002  ( FIG. 10 ), a web site server, or to some other device for transfer onto a portable music player. The user  102  then listens to the songs to pace himself to achieve potentially to a desired completion time for a repetitive motion activity. 
     In addition, the songs may be received as a streaming “playlist” of similar (or dissimilar) data files (songs) from a “cloud” system, like from an Internet Radio service such as Pandora®. 
       FIGS. 14-16  illustrate various uses of a portable data storage and music playback device  1002  according to one aspect of the invention. In  FIG. 14 , shown therein is a path  1402  in relation to a coordinate system x (representing a linear dimension). The path  1402  can be defined by a linear distance between spaced-apart points S and F. The path  1402  can be further defined by a finite number of linear path segments A, B, C and D, which, in the case of  FIG. 14 , do not overlap with each other. For description purposes, assume path  1402  between points S and F is 50-meters long (i.e., the length of a lap pool), and path segments A, B, C, and D are 10-meters, 8-meters, 7-meters, and 15-meters, respectively (thus, they add up to 50-meters or the total length of the path  1402 ). The user  102  swims 50-meter laps and listens to music (or observes light pulses) having a constant BPM tempo that has been adjusted specifically to the user&#39;s swim stroke so that he can maintain as constant a stroke as possible toward the goal of completing 50 meters within a set time period. 
     The device  1002  can also be programmed so that the BPM of the music automatically changes slightly with each 50 meters completed, so that as the swimmer tires, he will still be able to achieve the time goal. 
     The device  1002  can also be programmed so that the BPM of the music automatically changes in each path segment, so that the BPM of segment A is faster than the BPM in segment B, C, and D, for example. Thus, the device could be used by competitive swimmers, runners, and walkers during fartlek training, which is an athletic training technique in which periods of intense effort alternate with periods of less strenuous effort in a continuous workout. Thus, the BPM of the music assigned to segments A and C could be twice the BPM of the music assigned to segments B and D. 
       FIG. 15  illustrates another path  1502  in relation to a coordinate system x, y. The path  1502  can be defined by a start position S and a finish position F, which are the same geographical point in space. The path  1502  can be further defined by a finite number of path segments A, B, C, D, and E which, in the case of  FIG. 15 , do not overlap with each other. For description purposes, assume path  1502  is a 10-mile road and trail route that the user  102 , training for a marathon, regularly traverses as part of his training regime.  FIG. 16  illustrates the same route in the vertical z dimension and shows the altitude changes that the user experiences over the course of the route. Segment C is a hilly portion of the course and involve a slower switch-back portion up a long hillside through the woods. The geographical coordinates at discrete points m, i.e., (x′, y′, z′), and n, i.e., (x″, y″, z″), along the route are stored in the memory subcomponent  1014  of the device  1002 . 
     Thus, the user  102  carries his portable data storage and music playback device  1002  during the 10-mile run, and, because the device  1002  is equipped with an ALI device  1010 , the system  100  automatically determines the user&#39;s real-time or near real-time geographic location along the route  1502  and compares the location to the discrete locations stored in memory. When the user  102  sets out running in segment A, which is a flat road segment of the 10-mile route, the device  1002  plays a specific song having a BPM tempo that is consistent with the pace the user wishes to maintain. However, when the user  102  reaches the off-road segment B, the uneven footing requires a slower pace, so the device, knowing when the users enters segment B by comparing the ALI data to the stored location information, changes the BPM of the song or plays a different song having a slower BPM. When the user reaches the twisty segment C, which is the slowest segment of the 10-mile route, the device  1002  begins playing a song having a slower BPM to match the user&#39;s short stride length as he traverses the hilly segment C. 
     The system  100  also has an adaptive capability that supports a user  102  who, for example, is running and having trouble keeping pace with his music. The user  102  may wish to reduce the pace by changing the music he is listening to. The user  102  might have included a rule in his user profile that governs the songs being played by the portable data storage and music playback device  1002 . The aforementioned GPS feature in the portable data storage and music playback device  1002  will recognize that the user&#39;s  102  pace is dropping off, causing the device  1002  to switch to a slower play list based upon the rules entered by the user  102 . The portable data storage and music playback device  1002  itself may provide the user  102  with a manual switch that causes the BPM of songs to become smaller or to play the song slower. 
     Another example of the adaptive capabilities of the system  100  is as follows. Consider a user  102  who uses a mix of music to complete a route. The user  102  might wish to improve his time the next time he traverses the route by 5%. The system  200  allows the user  102  to submit this request to the device  1002 , spurring the system  100  to tempo modify the user&#39;s  102  existing mix to be 5% faster than before or automatically provide a new selection of songs that is 5% faster then the previous song mix. 
     Another example of the method of using the system  100  is as follows.  FIG. 17  is a diagram of a repetitive motion activity device  1702  being used by a user  102  engaged in a repetitive motion activity. The system  100  may be an integral part of, or interconnected to, the separate repetitive motion activity device  1702 , which in  FIG. 17  is a treadmill, but any device, such as a stair master, elliptical machine, and the like, can be used. The device  1702  can determine a speed or rate of rotation of the separate device based on the tempo of the music or video being played on the portable data storage and music playback device  1002 . In other words, as a song plays, the device&#39;s  1702  computer recognizes the BPM of the musical piece or video being played and automatically adjusts the speed or rate of rotation of the device  1702  to accommodate the song&#39;s pace. The user  102  could fine-tune the speed or rate of rotation as well to allow for any variations in his stride length that the separate device cannot automatically sense. 
     Another example of the method of using the system  100  is as follows. As noted above, the system  100  may be a integral part of, or interconnected to, a separate repetitive motion activity device  1702 , such as a treadmill. The system  100  will provide a video feature whereby video images of locations where a user  102  runs, walks, cycles, climb stairs, etc., are displayed on a video screen  1704  in front of the treadmill or other repetitive motion activity device  1702 . The frame rate of the video is be automatically calibrated to match the speed of the user&#39;s  102  pace, speeding up when the user  102  increases his pace, and slowing down when the user  102  slows his pace. Or, the video files may contain information that produces images representing a route the user  102  might run, walk, cycle, etc., such as, for example, the route as shown in  FIG. 15 . The video files would be linked the database of information stored for path  1502  such that the tempo of the repetitive motion activity device  1702  and the video being displayed change to reflect the path segments A, B, C, D, and E in order to simulate what the user  102  would have experienced if he had actually traversed the actual path  1502 . 
     The ALI device  1010  can also provide information about the user  102 , such as total distance traversed over time, average pace, locations, calories burned, etc., which information can be uploaded to the system  100  and stored in the database  116  as part of the user&#39;s user profile. 
     The ALI information can also be employed in industrial settings where, by knowing the location of the user  102 , the system  100  and device  1002  know what activity the user  102  is engaged in. Thus, when the system  100  recognizes that the user  102  is located at position P 1  within a factory, based on ALI information it receives from the ALI device  1010 , and position P 1  is a conveyor system, the device  1002  plays a pre-determined BPM associated with the tempo of the conveyor system. When the system  100  recognizes that the user  102  is located at a new position P 2  within a factory, and position P 2  is a truck loading area, the device  1002  plays a different pre-determined BPM associated with the tempo of the loading area. 
       FIGS. 18A-18C  show a process flow diagram according to another embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the data files containing audio and/or video information for use in outputting to a user during an activity may include advertising information, or the data files themselves may be entirely advertising information. This advertising information may be outputted in place of, or outputted between outputting of individual data files containing audio and/or video information to the user. In this way, audio and/or video files in a user&#39;s tempo-based playlist will include advertising files or information having a BPM tempo or pace that is substantially the same as the audio and/or video files in the user&#39;s playlist. 
     Thus, in step  1802 , the system  100 , or one of its element components, or the data storage and playback device  1002 , obtains a user-provided target tempo or pace value or related information according to one or more of the methods provided above (e.g., manually entered numerical value from a user or determined by a user&#39;s preparatory activity using a pedometer or using distance and time information, among other techniques). If that information is already stored in the system  100  or data storage and playback device  1002 , e.g., in the database  116  or memory  1014 , it is retrieved from that storage/memory for subsequent use. Note: if only pace information is available (e.g., an amount of time over a known distance), then an average tempo may be estimated for a particular user based on other information about that user, such as gender, weight, and height information, if such information is available, or based on average information available for people with similar characteristics. If new tempo and/or pace information is being provided or made available to the system  100  or data storage and playback device  1002 , that information may be used to update the existing tempo/pace in, for example, the user&#39;s individual user-profile that is previously stored (e.g., stored in the database  116 , or stored on the data storage and playback device  1002 , on a user&#39;s personal computer, portable computing device,  104 ,  106 , or server  120 , etc.). As discussed above, the user-provided target tempo and/or pace is used to provide information back to the user, enabling them to achieve their target tempo and/or target pace during a selected repetitive motion activity. 
     In step  1804 , the system  100  and/or a data storage and playback device  1002 , searches/mines available data files stored on those systems/devices for related tempo information, such as by looking at the ID3 meta data tags of audio files. The individual data files may be found on distributed storage devices, such as in one or more of the databases  116 ,  118 ,  122 , or the storage devices  104 ,  106 ,  108 ,  114 ,  120 ; and they may be found on only one of those devices (e.g., on the data storage and playback device  1002 ). They may also be found in a “cloud” (e.g., via an Internet Radio transmission). 
     In step  1806 , similar data files identified in step  1804 , or during subsequent searches, may, optionally, be grouped together automatically or manually into what is generally referred to as a playlist. Thus, a playlist may include a list of all songs with approximately the same or similar “fast” tempos (the playlist itself is a pointer file that includes information about the files that are grouped together). All of the data files associated with a playlist may be transmitted together or individually from one or more of the devices described previously to any one of the other devices via any one or more of the communications networks previously discussed (e.g., networks  110 ,  112 , or other), during a push, pull, synchronization, or other process. Thus, if a playlist of data files is identified on the server  120  or database  118 , for example, they may be transmitted or otherwise distributed to, for example, the data storage and playback device  1002  for outputting to the user during a repetitive motion activity. 
     In step  1808 , advertising content is obtained from one or more content providers in the form of, for example, an audio data file. The content may be data and information provided in a different format (e.g., hardcopy; compressed electronic file, etc.) that may be converted to suitable compatible audio data file format for use by the system  100  and/or data storage and playback device  1002 . Any kind of advertisement data or information may be included in the advertising content, including visual static impressions and video, as long as the content at least includes an audio component with at least some sensible tempo, such as a music track that plays in the background of a spoken word advertisement. Preferably, the advertisement may have a background soundtrack that is substantially the same BPM tempo as the tempo of the data files associated with a particular playlist. The spoken words of the content themselves may be sensible by a user as having a general tempo. An example of advertising content is an advertisement for a restaurant in which the audio track includes music of a well-known song having a tempo that is similar to the tempo of the data files in the aforementioned playlist. If the advertising content does not include any audio that is sensible to a user, it may be outputted over a data file outputted in the background (e.g., a “voice-over” that is played while one of the data (song) files from the playlist is being played). Advertising content may be or include a link that the user can click on or otherwise select that, when clicked/selected downloads an electronic file (or streams the file), which may be a coupon, or opens up a web page of the advertising sponsor with the same or different advertising content. 
     It is desirable in some situation for the advertising content to be tailored to be location-specific. This is possible where ALI-type information (e.g., GPS data) is available. Thus, in step  1809 , ALI-type information is obtained that is usable for indicating the actual or approximate geographic location of the user&#39;s device. 
     In step  1810 , the advertising content data files are appended to the playlist and become part of the playlist data files. A data file playlist agent (software) manages this process by separately transmitting or receiving the advertising data files in step  1812  along with or separately from the transmission/receipt of the playlist data files. The agent then automatically inserts them into the playlist data files so that they are outputted to the user when the playlist data files are outputted to the user. In this way, intermittently during the playback of the playlist data files, and between or during outputting each of those data files, the advertisements are automatically and seamlessly outputted to the user. Since the advertisements have substantially the same tempo as the other data files in the playlist, they are less intrusive to the user when they are outputted to the user during his or her activity. 
     In step  1814 , the data and information are provided to a device for use by a user during an activity. 
     Alternatively, each of the data files may be modified to include a portion that is advertising content, which may be appended to the beginning, middle, end, or at any part of the data file. In this way, when a music file, for example, is outputted to the user, it may begin with an advertisement, or the music may end with the advertisement, before the next data file is outputted. As discussed previously, the playlist may be received from the “cloud” in step  1812 , as part of a fee-based or free subscription service, such as Pandora®. 
     In addition, it is known that athletic equipment and apparel companies sponsor athletic competitions, such as road races, in which athletes compete while pacing themselves using tempo-based playlists created according to the previous steps. Similar to coverage of the Tour De France or Olympic Marathon, it is possible to broadcast video or images of the race, the competitors or a likeness of the competitors participating in the event, information about the competition itself (i.e., the activity type, course, environment, history, conditions, status, etc.) to an audience viewing the race in real-time or near real-time via large video displays near the audience viewing area or via television or Internet broadcasts. Those event broadcasts could be broadcast simultaneously with a broadcast of the music that the athletes are listening to while they compete. Through this broadcast, the audience could both view the athletes&#39; progress along the road course on video, but also hear the music and the driving tempo that the athletes are listening to. The broadcasts could be simulcast on the same or a side channel (e.g., the video could be broadcast via a television channel and the music could be broadcast via an out-of-band radio-frequency channel or via the Internet). The experience would bring the audience much closer to feeling what the athlete is experiencing in approximately real-time. 
     Thus, in step  1816 , the playlist and the playlist data files for each of the users of the system are transmitted to a broadcast network via, for example, the network  112  or other channel. Then, in step  1818 , the playlist information is distributed by the broadcast network via any one of various channels along with user-specific information, such as the user&#39;s playlist information, data file names, music artist, user&#39;s name, age, country of residence, etc. Some of that data and information are displayed in step  1820  on a suitable display device as discussed above. 
     The same playlists and individual data files (song files) may be made available for downloading from the system  100  at the same tempo as that used by the athletes during their performance, or it may be offered at a modified tempo corresponding approximately to the target tempo information stored in that user&#39;s profile (or otherwise provided by the user to the system  100 ). That way, the audience, inspired by the athlete&#39;s performance and choice of song files, may download the same playlist of song files to his or her device and then exercise to the same music as the athlete. Thus, in step  1822 , a request for a copy of the playlist and song files is processed. 
     Although the steps above are described as occurring in a specific sequence, this was done for purposes of illustrating the embodiment of the invention. Other sequences of steps are also contemplated. Also, not all of the steps are required to achieve the objectives of the embodiment. For example, step  1809 —obtaining/determining location information—is not necessary to achieve the objective of including advertising content. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 19 , shown therein is a schematic block diagram of the advertising and broadcast system  1902  according to the embodiment of the invention described above. The advertising and broadcast system  1902  includes a playlist software agent  1904  as previously described. The software agent  1904  may be a software application, software as a service application, distributed application, collection of algorithms, etc. The software agent  1904  receives or mines data files (i.e., audio and/or video data files), tempo and/or pace information, and advertisement content from one or more of the devices described above. It can read meta data from those files and other data to extract useful information, including ID3 tag information about tempo (BPM) stored in music data files. The software agent  1904  accesses the user-profile database on the data storage and playback device  1002 , databases  116 ,  118 ,  122 , or other devices to identify user-provided target tempo information, user historical activity (e.g., past workout information), preferences (e.g., musical preferences), and other useful information. 
     The software agent  1904  may automatically group data files  1906 ,  1908  having similar tempo information in a playlist, and assign the playlist a name, or request the user to enter information for the playlist name. This procedure would be accomplished using a hierarchy of defaults, which may be overridden and modified by the user manually, and also updated by the software agent  1904  automatically by learning or being trained as new data and information are received. That is, the software agent  1904  may default to a specific range of tempos in which it will group data files, but as the user adds or changes data files associated with a playlist, updates personal preference information, and exercises at different tempos, the software agent  1904  may learn about the user and modify its default parameters. The user may also manually group data files according to a user&#39;s preferences by selecting files and moving them to a playlist file. 
     The software agent  1904  may be installed and run in conjunction with a processor of a server or personal computing device, or it may be installed on a portable device, such as the data storage and playback device  1002 . Where the software agent  1904  is installed on a server  120  or computer  108 , it can upload the above playlist and related information to various devices, including the device  104 ,  106  and/or the data storage and playback device  1002 . In one embodiment, the software agent  1904  is installed on a desktop computer and on the data storage and playback device  1002  and synchronized when those devices are electrically connected to each other. 
     As also shown in  FIG. 19 , the software agent  1904  at least receives the data files  1906 ,  1908 , from an audio and/or video content source, target and actual tempo and/or pace information from, for example, the user-profile database or pedometer, and advertising data files  1910  from an advertising content provider  1912 . Where that information is stored on a server, for example, the software agent  1904  can transmit the data and information to the various devices described herein, such as the data storage and playback device  1002 , server  114 , and devices  104 ,  106 ,  108 . That data and information may also be sent to a broadcast network  1914  via a network channel like the Internet or a wireless network of a wireless service provider. The broadcast network  1914  then distributes the data and information through various distribution channels  1916  to any suitable video display device  1918 , such as the aforementioned displays associated with an athletic competition, a television display, a computing device display, etc. The display device may include an audio component for outputting audio associated with the video, and may need appropriate hardware and software for displaying data and information, such as the data file name, athlete&#39;s name, close captioned data, etc. 
     Although certain presently preferred embodiments of the disclosed invention have been specifically described herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains that variations and modifications of the various embodiments shown and described herein may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be limited only to the extent required by the appended claims and the applicable rules of law.