Abstract:
A complete solution to block noise from eDRAM macro to the analog core, and vice verse, in a system-on-chip IC design. Specifically, there is provided a first isolated triple well structure formed in the IC for reducing noise component resulting from operative elements of a DC generator circuit fabricated therein; and, a second isolated triple well structure formed in the IC for reducing noise component resulting from operative elements of a noise sense amplifier bank and DRAM arrays fabricated therein. A power supply source is provided for supplying power to each DC generator circuit, noise sense amplifier bank and DRAM array; as is a power bus for providing power and a separate power bus for providing a ground to each of the DC generator circuit, and the noise sense amplifier circuit and DRAM array components. In this manner, noise contamination with noise sensitive devices in said IC is reduced and, further noise contamination of the DRAM array as sourced from the IC is reduced.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates generally to embedded circuits such as DRAM, and more specifically, a system and method for preventing noise cross-contamination between embedded DRAM and system chip. 
     2. Discussion of the Prior Art 
     Substrate noise caused by high speed digital circuits has been known as a key problem to the analog circuits on the mixed-signal system-on-chip designs. One major source of noise is from the clock generators of digital circuits. Unfortunately, in system-on-chip circuits comprising embedded DRAM, many free running oscillators are used to generate different internal power supply voltage levels. That is, noise generated from the DRAM macro is mainly from its DC generator block and the sense amplifier banks. Inside the generator block, DRAM macro contains several DC generators, including substrate bias (the Vbb) generator, the boost wordline (the Vpp generator, the negative wordline low (the Vwl) generator, etc. Each of the generators requires an oscillator to be used from the charge pump to generate a higher voltage level higher than Vdd supply, or lower than ground. The frequency of these oscillators is ranged from 5 MHZ to 50 MHZ. These oscillators are formed by, for example, several stages of inverter formed in a ring structure. When an oscillator oscillates, charges are constantly injected into n-well and substrate causing ground and Vdd bouncing. Not only the ring oscillators, but also the pump drivers, and the pumps themselves are sources of noise. Additionally, during DRAM array sensing, on the order of thousands of sense amplifiers are switched simultaneously. That is, for each sensing activity, couple thousands of sense amplifiers are set at the same time, as a result, the Vdd and ground bounding in the sense amplifier regions. 
     Noise generated from free-running oscillators (e.g., comprising power supply noise) and switching sense amplifiers (switching noise) will interfere with the noise-sensitive core circuits. For example, it has been reported that noise is caused by Vdd and substrate bounding affects the performance of high-precision analog circuits. For example, phase-locked loops used in communication circuits are sensitive to noise-induced clock jitters. To isolate the eDRAM from the noisy environment is very important. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,999,440 describes a system for enhancing noise immunity of an embedded DRAM in a System-on-Chip (SOC). In U.S. Pat. No. 5,999,440 there is described a noise immunity enhancing system for a pMOS eDRAM array. As well known in the industry a pMOS device has poorer performance than the nMOS counterpart under the same technology and ground rule because, electron mobility is inherently faster than hole mobility. DRAM using pMOS devices as the transfer gate is not the technology of choice. That is, almost 99% DRAM produced today all use nMOS to take advantage of the speed, so that the access time and cycle time can be fast. However, using pMOS device one can build pMOS array inside a n-well of a p type substrate which is naturally isolated from other circuits that are built in different n-wells. In this case, no triple-well is needed, therefore cost can be lower. Thus, U.S. Pat. No. 5,999,440 describes just a simple well process, with no teaching or suggestion to implement a triple well structure. 
     Besides a solution for optimizing the analog circuits to be more noise resistive, a simpler solution for eliminating the noise problem from these noisy circuits is to fabricate potentially noisy components in isolation such as by fabricating them in triple-well structures. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide in mixed-signal circuits having analog and high-speed digital components which generate noise that interferes with the analog circuits, a system and method for eliminating the noise problem from these noisy circuits. 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a more complete solution to block noise from an embedded DRAM (eDRAM) macro to an analog core, and vice verse, provided in an integrated circuit (IC). 
     Specifically, according to the principles of the invention, there is provided a structure to isolate oscillator, drivers, charge pumps, and sense amplifiers, so that noise is not able to propagate into the core or any noise sensitive area of the chip. For example, the noise from sense amplifier will not degrade the data integrity in the array, nor will it affect the quality of analog circuits in the core. First, a guard ring is built around the noisy device areas. Second, a triple well is applied to the same area to block the noise. Third, the ground and Vdd of the generators (from hereon called Vddc and Gndc) and those of the sense amplifiers (Vdds, and Gnds) are separated from those of the rest of the chip. Finally, each Vdd, i.e., Vdds and Vddc, will have its own decoupling capacitor assigned. 
     Advantageously, such a system and method is important for system-on chip designs comprising DRAM circuits embedded into analog circuits, for example, in the networking, RF, and wireless communications technological areas. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Further features, aspects and advantages of the apparatus and methods of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and the accompanying drawings where: 
     FIG.  1 ( a ) is a circuit diagram illustrating the Noise-free DC generator  80  comprising ring oscillator  10 , the pump driver  20 , charge pump and reservoir capacitors  30  components. 
     FIG.  1 ( b ) illustrates a cross-sectional structural view of the DC generator circuit for the eDRAM shown in FIG.  1 ( a ) according to the invention. 
     FIG.  1 ( c ) depicts a system architecture of a core circuit  60  comprising a microprocessor, ASIC or analog IC including the embedded the DC generator circuit for the eDRAM array according to the invention. 
     FIG.  2 ( a ) is a diagram illustrating the eDRAM architecture including sense amplifier and DRAM array components. 
     FIG.  2 ( b ) illustrates a cross-sectional view of the eDRAM array structure according to the invention. 
     FIG.  2 ( b )′ is a schematic diagram depicting a memory cell and sense amplifier circuit of the eDRAM array structure according to the invention. 
     FIG.  2 ( c ) depicts a system architecture of a core circuit  60  comprising a microprocessor, ASIC or analog IC including the embedded eDRAM designed in accordance with the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     According to the invention, there is provided a Noise-Proof embedded DRAM (eDRAM) design that is built inside an isolated environment implementing guard ring and triple wells structures to significantly suppress the “noisy” portion of DC generators and from charge pump circuits. The same structure that is applied to the DC generator may additionally be implemented to reduce or suppress noise generated from the sense amplifiers of eDRAM circuits. Further, the system architecture of the invention requires unique placement of decoupling capacitors and integration of power system power supply and ground busses for facilitating further noise reduction. 
     FIG.  1 ( a ) is a circuit diagram illustrating the noise-free DC generator  80  which is a DC-DC converter comprising ring oscillator  10 , the pump driver  20 , charge pump and reservoir capacitor  30  components provided for an eDRAM circuit. FIG.  1 ( b ) is a cross-sectional structural view  80 ′ of the noise-free DC generator circuit  80  for the eDRAM of FIG.  1 ( a ). As shown in FIG.  1 ( b ), the eDRAM circuit  80  is built upon a p-type substrate  11 . As known, the DC generator ring oscillator  10  and pump driver components of the eDRAM one or more nMOS components  40  to exploit their higher speed characteristics. For complete noise isolation, the ring oscillator  10  and pump drivers  20  having their nMOS components  40  are fabricated within a triple-well structure  21  comprising a p-type well structure  13  that is formed above a buried n-type diffusion layer  12  which is layered above the p-substrate  11 . The p-well  13  in which the nMOS components are fabricated, is surrounded by an n-type guard ring structure  14 . However, the pMOS devices of the ring oscillator  10  and pump drivers  20  are built in a n-type well structure  15 . Thus, in the embodiment depicted in FIG.  1 ( b ), the key components of the DC generator  80  which generate the highest levels of noise are placed in triple-well structures. Usually, the layout of DC generator is not as tight as that of array or sense amplifier, neither is pitch or area limited. Therefore, it is preferable to place each of them in a separated triple-well structure for the reason that better electrical contact is made to the buried n-type diffusion layer  12 . As shown in the cross-sectional view of FIG.  1 ( b ), the DC generator pump driver component  20  of the eDRAM comprises one or more MOS devices. For more complete noise isolation, the generator pump driver  20  pMOS components  50  are fabricated within a n-well structure which  15  as shown in FIG.  1 ( b ). In this arrangement, the ground of the DC generator or Gndc is bounded by the reverse biased n-type diffusion layer and, therefore, is decoupled from the lower level p-type substrate  11  which functions as the global ground. Similarly, the Vddc is tied to the isolated n-well, and is decoupled to the other n-type wells. 
     As further depicted in FIG.  1 ( b ), the charge pump component  30  of the DC generator comprises, for example, a network of diodes (p-n junctions)  45  and reservoir capacitors (caps)  55 . As depicted, the capacitors  55  comprise poly n-type gates  56  over n-type diffusion surface  54  for coupling to the oscillators and drivers, and are also isolated in a triple-well structure  32  comprising p-type well structure  16 , buried n-diffusion layer  12  and p-type substrate  11 . That is, the p-type well structure  16  is formed above the buried n-type diffusion layer  12  which is layered above the p-substrate substrate  11 . The p-well  16  in which the reservoir caps and charge pump components are fabricated, is surrounded by an n-type guard ring structure  17  on one side and, the n-type well structure  15  on the other side in which the pMOS devices of the DC Generator pump driver  20  and ring oscillator circuits  10  are formed. In this design, the pump and the reservoir caps are built inside the triple wells for the purpose of separately biasing the body. 
     FIG.  1 ( c ) depicts a system architecture of a core system-on-chip circuit  60  comprising, for example, a microprocessor, ASIC or analog IC, that includes the DC generator circuit  80  for the eDRAM macro  70  according to the invention. As shown in FIG.  1 ( c ), within the eDRAM macro  70 , the DC generator  80  is positioned relatively close to the external power supply pin Vddc pin  23  and gndc pin  24  that are dedicated solely for the DC generator in the preferred embodiment. Each external power supply pin  23 ,  24  are respectively coupled to power busses  25 ,  26 . As further shown in FIG.  1 ( c ), the external power supply Vddc bus  25  and gndc busses are each connected to appropriate number of decoupling capacitors (“decaps”)  27 . If the power supply pins are not enough, then two or more power busses may share one pin, but each bus will have a sufficient number of decoupling capacitors attached. Preferably, the power busses which are routed to the DC generator are not shared by other components of the core chip  60 . Further, as shown in FIG.  1 ( c ), the decoupling capacitors assigned to the power busses to the DC generators are located adjacent to the DC generator areas. 
     FIG.  2 ( a ) is a circuit diagram illustrating the eDRAM architecture  70  including DRAM array components  100  coupled to one or more sense amplifier banks  200 . As known, when one wordline is accessing data in an array memory cell, all the bit-pairs, normally 2000 to 4000 bit-line pairs, of the array will swing simultaneously consequently setting 2000 to 4000 sense amplifiers at the same time. The noise to the ground and Vdd in the sense amplifier bank is significant. In order to avoid such noise jeopardize the array for core performance, the sense amplifier banks of the DRAM macro are isolated in the same manner as the DC generators for the eDRAM. That is, as shown in the cross-sectional diagram of FIG.  2 ( b ), each sense amplifier is located inside an isolated triple-well structure. For example, in the sense amplifier  200  nMOS components  240  are fabricated within an triple-well structure  210  comprising a p-type well structure  230  that is formed above a buried n-type diffusion layer  12  which is layered above the p-substrate  11 . The p-well  230  in which the nMOS components  250  are fabricated, is surrounded by an n-type guard ring structure  140  on one side and, a n-type well structure  255  on the other side in which the pMOS devices of sense amplifier pMOS circuits  250  are formed. Thus, in the embodiment depicted in FIG.  2 ( b ), the pMOS devices  250  in the sense amplifier are fabricated in the n-well structure  255  formed above the n-type diffusion layer  12 . As shown in FIG.  2 ( b ), the n+ source region of the nMOS devices is connected to a sense amplifier ground which may be noisy as it is isolated from the system ground which is connected to the p-type substrate  11 . Further, as shown in FIG.  2 ( b ), in the sense amplifier bank, the n+ drain region of the nMOS device is connected to the p+ drain of the pMOS device  250  forming the output the sense amplifier, and the respective gates of each pMOS and nMOS device are connected to form the bit-line input to a sense amplifier. The P+ source region of the pMOS device  250  is connected to the power supply voltage Vdds which is the sense amplifier power supply. 
     As shown in FIG.  2 ( b ), the DRAM array structure  100  includes memory cells comprising an nMOS device  260  also fabricated in a triple well structure. That is, a DRAM array comprises nMOS gate transfer devices  260  formed inside a special implanted region  265  which provides the devices with proper threshold voltages. All of the nMOS gates are fabricated in a p-type well structure  256 , which is isolated from the p-type substrate  11  by the buried n-type diffusion layer  12 ′. For reasons as explained in greater detail, the buried n-type diffusion layer  12 ′ is separated by p-type substrate from the buried n-type diffusion layer  12  component of the triple well structure used for the sense amplifier/word line drivers. The p-type well structure  256  is further isolated by n-type guard rings  150 ,  150 ′. The nMOS device  260  particularly comprises a transfer gate for receiving a Vpp or boosted wordline voltage which is connected to a wordline. As shown in FIGS.  2 ( b ) and  2 ( b )′, the body of the nMOS transfer gate  260  and consequently, the p-well region, is tied to V BB  (e.g., at −0.5 V) which is the most negative voltage for reverse biasing the junction. Due to the body effect, this provides the nMOS transfer device with a high Vt (threshold voltage) for reducing leakage. One terminal  262  of the nMOS device  260  extends deep into the p-type substrate region to form a capacitor  263  having a ground node represented as n+ diffusion region  266 . This capacitor node  263 , and hence, n+ diffusion region  266 , is tied to Vp 1  (½ Vdd) or the plate voltage. As the n+ diffusion region  266  of the capacitor  263  contacts the buried n+diffusion layer  12 ′, this n+ diffusion layer  12 ′ must be isolated from the buried n+ diffusion layer  12  for the sense amplifiers/word-line drivers, as shown in FIG.  2 ( b ). 
     FIG.  2 ( c ) depicts a system architecture of a core circuit  60  including the embedded eDRAM  70  and DC generator  80  components designed in accordance with the invention. It is understood that, as noise may still provide cross-contamination through the power busses, if they share the same power supply, separate power busses to the array as well as different noisy components such as sense amplifiers, and word line drivers, are provided. The key of providing different power supply busses is to first evaluate their activation timing pattern. For example, if it is determined that an off-chip driver (not shown) and the sense amplifier operate at the same time, then they may not share the same bus. The bus lines for example, Vdd are from the same pin (pad). Vdds is used for the sense-amplifier bank, while Vddc is used for the charge pump, Vddo (not shown) for off-chip driver, etc. Each supply will have a properly sized decoupling capacitor attached, to ensure that supply will not suffer worst-case noise spike. Thus, as shown in FIG.  2 ( c ), separate power busses Vdds  25 ′ and ground bus  26 ′ are used to supply power to the sense amplifier which are different than the busses  25 ,  26  used to supply the DC generator. It should be understood that Vdds and Vddc are the same voltage and are provided by a common external power supply pin. These busses are isolated from those of the rest of the chip so as to further contain any noise generation from the core. Thus, the Vdds  25 ′, Gnds  26 ′ are separate from the Vddc  25  and Gndc  26  busses however emanate from the same pair of external pins  23 ,  24  and, are clamped with different set of decoupling capacitor blocks. Preferably, the power busses which are routed to the noise-free sense amplifier banks are not shared by other components of the core chip  60 . Further, as shown in FIG.  2 ( c ), the decoupling capacitors assigned to the power busses of the sense amplifier banks are located adjacent to the sense amplifier bank areas. That is, decap elements  27  are located close to the DC generator  80  and are assigned for the power bus to the DC generator. Likewise, the decaps  28  are assigned to the power busses to the sense amplifier banks of the eDRAM  70 . It is important that two buses are shielded by a ground line, and attached with proper local decoupling capacitors, so that no coupling noise will occur. 
     With this arrangement, such an embedded DRAM in a core will not only provide a quiet environment to the noise sensitive core circuits, but also prevent noise attack from the core to the DRAM array. This is true when eDRAM is built into a higher performance processor with super-high speed clock frequency. 
     This invention has great potential to be used in many products using embedded DRAM/logic technologies. The products can range from high performance serves, PC′ such as the IBM PowerPC, workstations as well as portable system for pervasive and wireless applications. 
     While the invention has been particularly shown and described with respect to illustrative and preformed embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention which should be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.