Abstract:
A method for separation of enantiomers of a lactam represented by formula (I):  
                         
 
     where  
     n and m are each, independently, 0, 1, 2, or 3;  
     P is H or an N-protecting group; and  
     the dotted line represents an optional double bond,  
     by liquid chromatographing the mixture on a chiral stationary phase, where said stationary phase is derivitized with at least one sugar derivative, with an eluent which comprises acetonitrile.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    The present invention relates to a method of separating enantiomers of the lactams represented by formula (I):  
                         
 
           [0003]    where  
           [0004]    n and m are each, independently, 0, 1, 2, or 3;  
           [0005]    P is H or an N-protecting group; and  
           [0006]    the dotted line represents an optional double bond.  
           [0007]    2. Background of the Invention  
           [0008]    The enantiomers of the lactams represented by formula I may be used as the starting materials for the synthesis of a variety of active agents having biological activity, such as carbocyclic nucleoside analogs, which are of interest as drugs in medicine by virtue of their antiviral and chemotherapeutic properties.  
           [0009]    Previously, such enantiomers have been prepared preferably from the corresponding racemates by enzymatic racemate resolution (WO 99/10519).  
           [0010]    However, the disadvantage of enzymatic separation of enantiomers for a large-scale industrial process is that production must take place in batch operation. Moreover, production and handling of the enzymes used is complex and expensive, and so the overall process is disadvantageous from an economic viewpoint.  
           [0011]    Accordingly, there remains a need for methods which overcome these disadvantages.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0012]    It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for the separation of enantiomers of bicyclic lactams represented by formula (I).  
           [0013]    It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for the separation of enantiomers of bicyclic lactams represented by formula (I) having lower production costs as compared to other known methods.  
           [0014]    In the separation of enantiomers of lactams represented by formula (I):  
                         
 
           [0015]    where n and m independently can have values of 0 to 3, P=H or an N-protecting group, by means of an eluent which contains acetonitrile in the method of liquid chromatography on chiral phases containing, i.e., derivitized, with sugar derivatives, it is possible in surprisingly simple but no less advantageous manner to achieve, for the mixtures in question, sufficiently high separation factors, which are necessary for economically advantageous use of this method on the industrial scale and which permit the desired mirror-image isomers of general formula (I) to be produced in resolved form more economically.  
           [0016]    Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for separation of enantiomers of a lactam represented by formula (I):  
                         
 
           [0017]    where  
           [0018]    n and m are each, independently, 0, 1, 2, or 3;  
           [0019]    P is H or an N-protecting group; and  
           [0020]    the dotted line represents an optional double bond,  
           [0021]    by liquid chromatographing the mixture on a chiral stationary phase, where said stationary -phase is derivitized with at least one sugar derivative, with an eluent which comprises acetonitrile. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES  
       [0022]    A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 1: chromatogram of an HPLC separation of (±)-azabicyclo(2.2.1)-hept-5-en-3-one on a Chiralpak® AS 250×4.6 mm column using acetonitrile as the eluant;  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 2: chromatogram of an HPLC separation of (±)-azabicyclo(2.2.1)-hept-5-en-3-one on a Chiralpak® AS 250×4.6 mm column using acetonitrile/methanol (80:20 (v/v)) as the eluant;  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 3: chromatogram of an HPLC separation of (±)-azabicyclo(2.2.1)-hept-5-en-3-one on a Chiralpak® AS 250×4.6 mm column using acetonitrile/methanol (80:20 (v/v)) as the eluant;  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 4: chromatogram of an HPLC separation of (±)-azabicyclo(2.2.1)-hept-5-en-3-one one on a Chiralpak® AS 250×4.6 mm column using acetonitrile/2-propanol as the eluant;  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 5: chromatogram of an HPLC separation of (±)-azabicyclo(2.2.1)-hept-5-en-3-one on a Chiralpak® AS 250×4.6 mm column using acetonitrile as the eluant; and  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 6: chromatogram of a quasi-continuous cyclic HPLC separation of (±)-azabicyclo(2.2.1)-hept-5-en-3-one on a Chiralpak® AS 250×4.6 mm column using acetonitrile as the eluant. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0029]    In a preferred embodiment, the inventive method is used to resolve the racemate of (±)-azabicyclo(2.2.1)-hept-5-en-3-one into the corresponding enantiomers.  
         [0030]    As discussed above, the resolution of the enantiomers in question on the industrial scale can be achieved by the method of liquid chromatography. The general principle of liquid chromatography is well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, separations with so-called “pancake columns” in the batch chromatography method are suitable. Particularly preferred, however, is the use of quasi-continuous cyclic liquid chromatography, possibly with “recycling” and “peak shaving” (J. Chromatogr. 1994, 666, 627-650), or the method of continuous SMB chromatography (Mazzotti et al., Chiral Europe 1996, 103 if.; Strube et al., Organic Process Research &amp; Development 1998, 2, 305-319; Juza et al., GIT Spezial Chromatographie 1998, 2, 108 ff.; European Patent 0878222; Schulte et al., Chemie Ingenieur, Technik 1966, 68, 670-683).  
         [0031]    The stationary phase used in the method of the present invention is derivitized with at least one sugar derivative. Preferred sugar derivatives include those based on amylose or cellulose. Several derivatives modified in this way are known (see Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1995, 68, 3209-3307). Esters and carbamates of these materials in particular are suitable. For this purpose the sugar derivatives can be used in native form or absorbed on a support material. Silica gel is preferred as a suitable support material. It has been found particularly advantageous to use a material containing sugar derivatives or microcrystalline cellulose esters absorbed on silica gel. Extremely preferred is the use of amylose-derivatized silica gel columns as the stationary phase (such as Chiralpak AS® from Daicel Co.).  
         [0032]    The moving phase used in the present invention, i.e., the eluant, preferably contains acetonitrile. To improve the separation capabilities, however, acetonitrile maybe mixed with other solvents which are suitable for HPLC. In a preferred embodiment, however, acetonitrile is the main component of the moving phase mixture. Methanol has proved to be a preferred solvent in such mixtures. Especially preferred is the embodiment in which acetonitrile and methanol are present as main components in the moving phase mixture. Thus, the eluant preferably contains at least 50% by volume of acetonitrile. Alternatively the eluant may contain at least 70%, 80%, or 90% by volume of acetonitrile.  
         [0033]    Generally, the pressure or temperature used for the separation may vary over a wide range. The parameters should be matched to one another such that optimal separation capacity is achieved at the highest possible flowrates. Usually, the pressure to be used ranges from 0.3 to 2.0 MPa, preferably from 0.5 to 0.7 MPa, and the temperature from 20 to 40° C., preferably 22 to 28° C.  
         [0034]    The subject matter of the invention also includes the use of the mirror-image isomers of the lactam of formula (I) synthesized according to the invention for synthesis of active agents having biological activity. Such transformations are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art of organic synthesis. Preferably, the active agent produced from the enantiomer is a carbocyclic nucleoside analog.  
         [0035]    The present inventive separation method takes place in very robust manner as compared to enzymatic methods. The materials used have long shelf lives and the method also permits continuous synthesis of the enantiomers, which is extremely advantageous for an industrial process.  
         [0036]    A chromatographic separation of the enantiomers of these substances as described herein has never yet been mentioned in the literature. The choice of column material and moving phase from the several thousands of possible combinations makes possible the simple and nevertheless very successful separation of the enantiomers.  
         [0037]    Within the scope of the invention the term protective group is understood as a moiety selected from the group comprising formyl, acetyl, propionyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, Z, Fmoc, or benzyl.  
         [0038]    The dashed line in formula (I) means that a double bond can be optionally present the two carbon atoms.  
         [0039]    As used herein, the term “liquid chromatography” refers to low pressure liquid chromatography (LPLC), medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) or high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).  
         [0040]    The separation factor is calculated as follows:  
         [0041]    Separation factor=(T 0 −T l)/(T   0 −T 2 )  
         [0042]    T 0 =1,3,5-tert-butylbenzene  
         [0043]    Preferably, the separation factor achieved with the method of the present invention is at least 1.1. Preferably, the separation factor is higher than this value, such as at least 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, or 1.6, or even higher.  
         [0044]    In another embodiment of the present invention, the enantiomers isolated from the stationary phase have an enantiomer excess value (ee) of at least 50%. Preferably, the ee is at least 80%, more preferably at least 95%, and most preferably at least 98%. The ee may be 99%, 99.5%, or even higher.  
       EXAMPLES  
       [0045]    Having generally described this invention, a further understanding can be obtained by reference to certain specific examples which are provided herein for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified.  
         [0046]    HPLC Separation of (±)-azabicyclo(2.2.1)-hept-5-en-3-one on Chiral Columns  
         [0047]    Sample: 10 mg each of (±)-azabicyclo(2.2.1)-hept-5-en-3-one and 1,3,5-tri-tert-butylbenzene (Fluka) as T 0  markers are weighed into a 10 ml volumetric flask and made up to the mark with the respective eluent. 20 μl of this solution is injected.  
         [0048]    a) Column: Chiralpak® AS 250×4.6 mm (Daicel)  
         [0049]    Eluent: acetonitrile  
         [0050]    Flowrate: 0.6 ml/min  
         [0051]    Temperature: 25° C.  
         [0052]    Wavelength: 230 nm  
         [0053]    Result: see FIG. 1  
         [0054]    Separation factor α=1.6  
         [0055]    b) Column: Chiralpak® AS 250×4.6 mm (Daicel)  
         [0056]    Eluent: acetonitrile/methanol, 80:20 (v/v)  
         [0057]    Flowrate: 0.6 m/min  
         [0058]    Temperature: 25° C.  
         [0059]    Wavelength: 230 nm  
         [0060]    Result: see FIG. 2  
         [0061]    Separation factor α=1.6  
         [0062]    c) Column: Chiralpak® AS 250×4.6 mm (Daicel)  
         [0063]    Eluent: acetonitrile/ethanol, 80:20 (v/v)  
         [0064]    Flowrate: 0.6 ml/min  
         [0065]    Temperature: 25° C.  
         [0066]    Wavelength: 230 nm  
         [0067]    Result: see FIG. 3  
         [0068]    Separation factor α=1.51  
         [0069]    d) Column: Chiralpak® AS 250×4.6 mm (Daicel)  
         [0070]    Eluent: acetonitrile/2-propanol, 80:20 (v/v)  
         [0071]    Flowrate: 0.6 ml/min  
         [0072]    Temperature: 25° C.  
         [0073]    Wavelength: 230 nm  
         [0074]    Result: see FIG. 4  
         [0075]    Separation factor α=1.42  
         [0076]    e) Column: Chiralpak® AD 250×4.6 mm (Daicel)  
         [0077]    Eluent: acetonitrile  
         [0078]    Flowrate: 0.6 ml/min  
         [0079]    Temperature: 25° C.  
         [0080]    Wavelength: 230 nm  
         [0081]    Result: see FIG. 5  
         [0082]    Separation factor 1.17  
         [0083]    Quasi-continuous cyclic versions  
         [0084]    Column: Chiralpak® AD 250×40 mm (Daicel)  
         [0085]    Column packing: suspend 220 g of support material (20 μm) in 1400 ml of acetonitrile and transfer into the filling tube, cover with acetonitrile up to the top rim, firmly seal the filling tube and compact the column material at 150 bar.  
         [0086]    Eluent: acetonitrile  
         [0087]    Flowrate: 60 ml/min  
         [0088]    Pressure: about 60 to 80 bar  
         [0089]    Temperature: 22° C.  
         [0090]    Wavelength: 230 nm  
         [0091]    Sample preparation: 150 mg of (±)-azabicyclo(2.2.1)-hept-5-en-3-one is dissolved in 15 ml of eluent and filtered through a membrane filter. The total volume of the clear filtrate is placed on the column. About 1.5 g of racemate in total is chromatographed.  
         [0092]    Fractionation: Resolution of the racemate is achieved in six cycles. Cycle 1 is completely recycled. Starting from cycle 2 the fractionation of the individual mirror-image isomers takes place at the points marked on the chromatogram (FIG. 6).  
         [0093]    Working up: The united fractions of the individual cycles are concentrated to dryness in a rotary evaporator at about 250 to 350 mbar and a water-bath temperature of about 40 to 45° C.  
         [0094]    Result: At a yield of 85%, the (±)-enantiomer is obtained with an enantiomeric excess value of &gt;97.5% and the (−)-enantiomer with an enantiomeric excess value of 98%.  
         [0095]    Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.  
         [0096]    This application is based on German Patent Application Serial No. 199 62 543.3, filed on Dec. 23, 1999, and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.