Abstract:
A method for controlling insects harmful to wood comprising contacting the insect with a composition comprising a carboxylate of the formula: ##STR1## as an active ingredient.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to excellent wood preservative compositions comprising a carboxylate of the formula (I): ##STR2## as an active ingredient. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Wood, used as a building material for houses, construction, necessities, furniture, common industrial materials and the like, is damaged by various insects or microorganisms. Particularly, wood is damaged by termites and lauan and Japanese oak are damaged by powder-post beetles. Hitherto, dieldrin and BHC have been used to prevent this damage, but these compounds have a strong toxicity and present a danger of environmental pollution and for this reason their use has been gradually limited. 
     For the reasons described above, extensive studies have been directed to wood preservative compositions which can be used safely and with high effectiveness. As a result, it has been found that compositions containing a carboxylate of the foregoing formula (I) have excellent properties in the preservation of wood. 
     The carboxylate of the formula (I) according to the present invention not only has an excellent insecticidal activity but also an excellent ability to maintain its activity, as is apparent from the examples described hereinafter, as compared with chlordane, a typical insecticidal compound most commonly used to control insects harmful to wood. Also, it has the advantage of low toxicity. Consequently, the esters are excellent as wood preservatives. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     By mixing the carboxylate (I) of the present invention and a fungicide compositions which are very advantageous as wood preservatives and in addition combine a fungicidal effect can be produced. Representative fungicides include chloronaphthalene, pentachlorophenyl laurate, pentachlorophenol, p-nitrophenol, cloro-o-phenylphenol, o-phenylphenol, creosote, aluminum salt of N-nitroso-N-cyclohexylhydroxylamine, tribromophenol, tributyltin oxide, tributyltin phthalate, triphenyltin oxide, diiodomethyl p-tolyl sulfon, zinc naphthenate, copper naphthenate, copper 8-oxyquinoline and dinitrocresol. 
     The wood preservative compositions of the present invention are easily produced by conventional methods for producing common wood preservatives (e.g., wood exterminators, preventives, soil treatment agents, antiseptic and insectproof produced by mixing a carboxylate (I) of the present invention with a wood fungicide if necessary, dissolving the mixture in a solvent (e.g., kerosene, dodecylbenzene, xylene, deodorized kerosene, etc.), adding an emulsifier or dispersing agent (e.g., a nonionic or anionic surface active agent), adsorbing agent (e.g., white carbon, diatomaceous earth, etc.), binder (e.g., paraffins, Polybutene HV-300, etc.) or wetting agent (e.g., a nonionic surface active agent, etc.) to the resulting solution which may previously be adsorbed into a suitable solid carrier (e.g., diluents such as clay, talc, vegetable powders, mineral powders, etc.) and formulating preparations such as oil sprays, emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, dusts, granules, tablets and aerosols. Further, the insecticidal activity can be strengthened and stabilized by adding a synergist and a stabilizer. 
     Multi-purpose compositions can be produced by mixing other substances having a biological activity with the carboxylate (I) of the present invention. 
     Conventional techniques commonly applied to the conventional chlordane-containing wood preservatives may be used in the application of the wood preservative composition of the present invention. For example, the wood may be dipped in the composition of the present invention or sprayed or coated therewith so that the amount of the composition attached, coated or absorbed in the wood is about 100 to 250 g (as a 0.1 to 1% oil spray) per m 2  of the wood, followed by air-drying or heat-drying. When contact between wood and soil is unavoidable such as in the case of wood piles or wood buried in soil, an aqueous dilute solution containing the present composition in an amount of from 0.1 to 1.0% may be mixed with or injected into soil around the wood in a rate of 1 to 10 liters per m 2  of the soil surface. On the other hand, when insects attack or approach wood, the present composition may be mixed with a paint and then coated. 
     The concentration of the carboxylate (I) of the present invention as the active ingredient in the wood preservative composition is usually from 0.1 to 80% by weight, although higher or lower concentration may be employed. 
    
    
     Specific examples of the carboxylate (I) of the present invention include the compounds described below. The present invention will be illustrated with reference to the following preparation examples and examples. But the present invention is of course not limited to these examples. 
     Compound (1) α-Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-isovalerate 
     Compound (2) α-Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2-(S)-(4-chlorophenyl)-isovalerate 
     Compound (3) (S)-α-Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2-(S)-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate 
     Compound (4) α-Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate 
     Compounds (1) to (3) have the following formula: ##STR3## and Compound (4) has the following formula: ##STR4## 
     Preparations in accordance with the present invention are illustrated below. All parts in the following preparation examples and examples are by weight. 
     PREPARATION EXAMPLE 1: OIL SPRAY 
     0.5 part of each of Compounds (1), (2), (3) and (4) and 25 parts of ethylene dibromide (penetrating agent) were dissolved in kerosene and diluted to 100 parts with kerosene to obtain oil sprays of each compound. 
     PREPARATION EXAMPLE 2: OIL SPRAY 
     0.5 part of Compound (1) and 5 parts of 4,6-dinitrocresol (wood fungicide) were dissolved in kerosene and diluted to 100 parts with kerosene to obtain an oil spray. 
     PREPARATION EXAMPLE 3: OIL SPRAY 
     0.5 part of Compound (1) and 1 part of pentachlorophenyl laurate (wood fungicide) were dissolved in kerosene and diluted to 100 parts with kerosene to obtain an oil spray. 
     PREPARATION EXAMPLE 4: OIL SPRAY 
     0.5 part of Compound (1) or (4) and 1 part of the aluminum salt of N-nitroso-N-cyclohexylhydroxylamine (wood fungicide) were dissolved in dodecylbenzene and diluted to 100 parts with dodecylbenzene to obtain an oil spray. 
     PREPARATION EXAMPLE 5: OIL SPRAY 
     0.5 part of Compound (4), 0.5 part of copper 8-oxyquinoline (wood fungicide) and 1.5 parts of nickel octylate were dissolved in xylene and diluted to 100 parts with xylene to obtain an oil spray. 
     PREPARATION EXAMPLE 6: OIL SPRAY 
     0.5 part of Compound (1) and 1 part of diiodomethyl p-tolyl sulfon (wood fungicide) were dissolved in xylene and diluted to 100 parts with xylene to obtain an oil spray. 
     PREPARATION EXAMPLE 7: OIL SPRAY 
     0.5 part of Compound (4) and 0.5 part of chloronaphthalene (wood fungicide) were dissolved in xylene and diluted to 100 parts with xylene to obtain an oil spray. 
     PREPARATION EXAMPLE 8: OIL SPRAY 
     0.5 part of Compound (1), 2 parts of tribromophenol (wood fungicide) and 2 parts of cyclohexanone were dissolved in xylene and diluted to 100 parts with xylene to obtain an oil spray. 
     PREPARATION EXAMPLE 9: EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE 
     10 parts of each of Compounds (1), (2), (3) and (4), 20 parts of Sorpol SM 100P (emulsifier, a registered trademark of Toho Chemical Co., Ltd.) and 70 parts of xylene were mixed to obtain emulsifiable concentrates of each compound. 
     PREPARATION EXAMPLE 10: EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE 
     60 parts of each of Compounds (1), (2), (3) and (4), 10 parts of Sorpol SM 100P (emulsifier, a registered trademark of Toho Chemical Co., Ltd.) and 30 parts of xylene were mixed to obtain emulsifiable concentrates of each compound. 
     PREPARATION EXAMPLE 11: EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE 
     5 parts of Compound (1), 5 parts of tributyltin oxide (wood fungicide), 10 parts of Sorpol 3005X (a registered trademark of Toho Chemical Co., Ltd.) and 80 parts of xylene were mixed to obtain an emulsifiable concentrate. 
     PREPARATION EXAMPLE 12: AEROSOL 
     0.5 part of Compound (1), 2 parts of chlordane and 0.5 part of a perfume were dissolved in 40 parts of deodorized kerosene and filled in an aerosol container. After attaching a valve portion to the container, 57 parts of propellant (liquefied petroleum gas) was charged therein under pressure to obtain an aerosol. 
     PREPARATION EXAMPLE 13: AEROSOL 
     0.5 part of Compound (1) or (4), 5 parts of methylchloroform (co-solvent) and 0.5 part of a perfume were dissolved in 36 parts of deodorized kerosene and filled in an aerosol container. After attaching a valve portion to the container, 58 parts of propellant (liquefied petroleum gas) was charged therein under pressure to obtain aerosols. 
     PREPARATION EXAMPLE 14: WETTABLE POWDER 
     10 parts of Compound (1) and 2 parts of Sorpol 2495G (emulsifier, a registered trademark of Toho Chemical Co., Ltd.) were mixed, and then 10 parts of white carbon and 78 parts of 30-mesh diatomaceous earth were added thereto. The mixture was well mixed with stirring to obtain a wettable powder. 
     PREPARATION EXAMPLE 15: DUST 
     2 parts of Compound (1) was dissolved in acetone and added to a mixture of 0.3 part of isopropyl acid-phosphate (PAP: produced by Nippon Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd.), 1 part of white carbon and 96.7 parts of clay. After stirring, acetone was removed by evaporation to obtain a dust. 
     PREPARATION EXAMPLE 16: GRANULE 
     93 parts of 50- to 150-mesh pumice is added to a mixture of 5 parts of Compound (1) and 2 parts of Polybutene HV-300 (sticking agent, a registered trademark of Nisseki Jushi Kagaku Co.). The resulting mixture was mixed with stirring and dried to obtain a granule. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Insecticidal Activity 
     The oil sprays and emulsifiable concentrates were each uniformly applied to a filter paper 9 cm in diameter (No. 5A, produced by Toyo Roshi Co.) at a rate of 50 g/m 2 , the oil spray being applied as it was and the emulsifiable concentrate as an aqueous dilute solution. After standing for 2 hours, the workers of Japanese termite (Leucotermes speratus Kolbe) were liberated and covered with a Petri dish, and the mortalities after 3 hours and 24 hours were observed. As a standard, permethrin and chlordane prepared according to Preparation Examples (9) and (1), respectively, were used. 
     
                                           TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________                         Effective                         Concentration                                 Mortality                         of Test After                                      AfterRun   Test                Preparation                         Compound                                 3 Hours                                      24 HoursNo.   Compound      Preparation Example No.                         (%)     (%)  (%)__________________________________________________________________________1  Compound (1)      Oil spray   1      0.5     34   1002  Compound (2)      Oil spray   1      0.5     60   1003  Compound (3)      Oil spray   1      0.5     80   1004  Compound (4)      Oil spray   1      0.5     73   1005  Compound (1)      Oil spray   2      0.5     23   1006  Compound (1)      Oil spray   3      0.5     79   1007  Compound (1)      Oil spray   4      0.5     39   1008  Compound (4)      Oil spray   5      0.5     83   1009  Compound (1)      Emulsifiable concentrate                  9      0.05    0    63                         0.1     0    10010 Compound (4)      Emulsifiable concentrate                  9      0.05    3    98                         0.1     24   10011 Permethrin      Emulsifiable concentrate                  9      0.05    0    26                         0.1     0    8912 Chlordane (2%)      Oil spray   1      2.0     7    10013 Untreated      --          --     --      0    0__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     These results show that each composition of the present invention has an excellent insecticidal activity. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Insecticidal Activity 
     The emulsifiable concentrates of Compounds (1), (2), (3) and (4) obtained in Preparation Example 9 were diluted with water and uniformly applied to the surface (10×10 cm) of a lauan plate at a rate of 100 ml/m 2  by means of a pipette. After air-drying for 2 days, powder-post beetle larvae (Lyctus brunneus Stephens) were brought into contact with the treated surface, and the mortality was observed with the lapse of time. 
     The emulsifiable concentrates of chlordane and permethrin prepared according to Preparation Example 9 were used as a standard. 
     
                       TABLE 2______________________________________   Concentration              Mortality     of Test      After    After  AfterTest      Compound     1 Day    2 Days 4 DaysCompound  (%)          (%)      (%)    (%)______________________________________Compound (1)     0.006        0        0      0     0.025        12       12     17     0.1          34       43     43     0.4          50       68     77Compound (2)     0.006        0        7      13     0.025        27       53     57     0.1          37       87     87     0.4          87       97     100Compound (3)     0.006        27       27     33     0.025        43       53     60     0.1          69       86     98     0.4          97       100    100Compound (4)     0.006        0        7      20     0.025        69       86     97     0.1          80       97     100     0.4          100      100    100Permethrin     0.006        0        0      7     0.025        0        27     30     0.1          37       70     70     0.4          43       86     97Chlordane 0.6125       0        0      3     2.5          0        10     27     10           0        23     77Untreated --           0        0      10______________________________________ 
    
     It is apparent from the table that Compounds (1) to (4) have a strong insecticidal activity against powder-post beetle larvae. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Preventive Efficacy 
     Hemlock spruce shavings of 2×2×0.1 mm were dipped for 30 seconds in each of the oil sprays and emulsifiable concentrates, the oil spray being used as it was and the emulsifiable concentrate as an aqueous dilute solution. After air-drying for a week, they were placed with 50 workers of Japanese termite (Leucotermes speratus Kolbe), in a wide-mouth glass bottle containing sandy loam, and covered with a lid. After 2 weeks, the degree of damage of hemlock spruce was evaluated according to the following equation. As a standard the emulsifiable concentrates of chlordane and permethrin prepared according to Preparation Example 9 were used. ##EQU1## 
     
                                           TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________                         Effective                         Concentration                                  DegreeRun   Test                Preparation                         of Test Compound                                  ofNo.   Compound      Preparation Example No.                         (%)      Damage__________________________________________________________________________1  Compound (1)      Oil spray   1      0.5      02  Compound (2)      Oil spray   1      0.5      03  Compound (3)      Oil spray   1      0.5      04  Compound (4)      Oil spray   1      0.5      05  Compound (4)      Oil spray   5      0.5      06  Compound (1)      Oil spray   6      0.5      07  Compound (1)      Emulsifiable concentrate                  9      0.016    08  Compound (1)      Emulsifiable concentrate                  9      0.008    139  Compound (4)      Emulsifiable concentrate                  9      0.016    010 Compound (4)      Emulsifiable concentrate                  9      0.008    511 Permethrin      Emulsifiable concentrate                  9      0.016    512 Permethrin      Emulsifiable concentrate                  9      0.008    1913 Chlordane      Emulsifiable concentrate                  9      0.016    714 Chlordane      Emulsifiable concentrate                  9      0.008    3615 Untreated      --          --     --       78__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     These results show that Compounds (1) to (4) have an excellent preventive efficacy as compared with chlordane and permethrin. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Preventive Efficacy 
     Lauan sapwood (starch content 2% or more) was cut into a block, 2×2×2 cm, which was then coated with a paint at the section. The emulsifiable concentrates of Compounds (1) and (4) obtained in Preparation Example 9 were diluted with water to a predetermined concentration and the sapwood block was dipped in the aqueous solution for 30 seconds. After air-drying for 3 days, two pairs of powder-post beetle adults (Lyctus brunneus Stephens) were released. After 3 months, the sapwood was examined for the presence of damage in its inner part. As a control, the emulsifiable concentrates of chlordane and permethrin prepared according to Preparation Example 9 were used. 
     
                       TABLE 4______________________________________      Concentration      of TestTest       Compound     Number of DamagedCompound   (%)          Blocks/3 Blocks______________________________________Compound (1)      0.1          0      0.02         0      0.004        0      0.0008       2Compound (4)      0.1          0      0.02         0      0.004        0      0.0008       3Permethrin 0.1          0      0.02         0      0.004        1      0.0008       2Chlordane  0.1          0      0.02         1      0.004        3      0.0008       3Untreated  --           3______________________________________ 
    
     The table shows that Compounds (1) and (4) have an excellent effect against powder-post beetles as compared with chlordane and permethrin. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Residual Efficacy 
     The aerosol prepared according to Preparation Example 13 was sprayed for 3 seconds, 30 cm apart, on the surface (10×10 cm) of lauan plate. After a predetermined period of time, 20 workers of Japanese termite (Leucotermes speratus Kolbe) were brought into contact with the treated surface, and the mortality after 24 hours was obtained. 
     The contact treatment was carried out under 100% of relative humidity. As a standard, an aerosol prepared as described in Preparation Example 12 but using no Compound (1), was used. 
     
                       TABLE 5______________________________________          Mortality            0       30      60    90            Day     Days    Days  DaysTest Compound    (%)     (%)     (%)   (%)______________________________________AerosolPreparation Example 12            100     100     100   100AerosolPreparation Example 13            100     100     100   100(Compound (1))AerosolPreparation Example 12            100     100     60    3.3Containing no Compound (1)Untreated        3.3     0       0     6.6______________________________________ 
    
     It is clearly recognized from the table that Compound (1) has a very long residual efficacy. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     Wood Fungicidal Efficacy 
     This test was carried out according to JIS (A) 9302 &#34;Method for Testing Effectiveness of Wood Fungicides against Decay of Wood&#34;. The oil spray obtained in Preparation Example 3 was injected under reduced pressure into a test piece (2×2×1 cm) of Japan cedar sapwood (amount absorbed 200%). Thereafter, ten cycles of a weathering test (with 1 hour&#39;s dipping in water and 60° C. for 23 hours&#39; drying as one cycle) were applied to the test piece which was then inoculated with test fungi, Tyromices palustris and Coriolus versicolor Murr. After 90 days&#39; culture, weight reduction by the test fungus was measured to obtain the wood fungicidal efficacy of the test compound. The weight reduction was obtained according to the following equation: ##EQU2## 
     
                                           TABLE 6__________________________________________________________________________                            Wood           Number of                 Amount                      Weight                            FungicidalTest            Weathering                 Absorbed                      Reduction                            EffectiveCompound Test Fungi           Test  (%)  (%)   Value Area*__________________________________________________________________________Oil spray Tyromices palustris           0     203  0     99Preparation     10    207  0     97Example 3                              A Coriolus versicolor           0     209  0     95           10    205  0     93No    Tyromices palustris           0     --   47    --treatment       10    --   48    -- Coriolus versicolor           0     --   24    --           10    --   27    --__________________________________________________________________________ *The efficiency area of the wood fungicidal efficacy by JIS (A) 9302 &#34;Method for Testing Effectiveness of Wood Preservatives against Decay of Wood&#34;. 
    
     The table shows that the oil spray obtained in Preparation Example 3 has an excellent wood preservative property. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     Preventive Efficacy 
     The oil spray of Compound (1) or (4) prepared according to Preparation Example 4 was diluted with dodecylbenzene to a predetermined concentration and painted on a surface of pine wood, 30×5×5 cm, at a rate of 300 ml/m 2 . The treated sticks were buried about 30 cm below the surface of the ground around a nest of formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki). After 1 year, the degree of damage of the sticks was scored according to the damage-index (0: no damage and 8: disappearance of stick) as a standard, permethrin prepared as described in Preparation Example 4 was used. Experiments were repeated 5 times. 
     Damage Index 
     0: No trace of termite approach to wood stick 
     1: Trace of termite approach to wood stick without damage 
     2: Slight damage only on surface of wood stick 
     3: Slight damage at inner part of wood stick 
     4: Moderate damage on surface of wood stick 
     5: Moderate damage at inner part of wood stick 
     6: Heavy damage but still able to observe original form of wood stick 
     7: Serious damage and original form of wood stick destroyed 
     8: No appearance of wood stick 
     
         ______________________________________Test             Concentration                        Run No. and DamageLocation  Compound  (%)         1   2    3   4    5______________________________________A      (1)       0.1         0   0    0   0    0            0.2         0   0    0   0    0            0.4         0   0    0   0    0  Untreated --          5   5    5   8    5B      (4)       0.1         0   0    0   0    0            0.2         0   0    0   0    0            0.4         0   0    0   0    0  Untreated --          7   7    6   6    7C      Permethrin            0.1         2   2    1   2    4            0.2         0   0    0   0    0            0.4         0   0    0   0    0  Untreated --          7   8    5   5    6______________________________________ 
    
     It is obvious from these results that Compounds (1) and (4) show higher preventive efficacy against formosan subterranean termite in comparison to permethrin. 
     While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.