Abstract:
A drive system includes an electric machine and a current source inverter (CSI). This integration of an electric machine and an inverter uses the machine&#39;s field excitation coil for not only flux generation in the machine but also for the CSI inductor. This integration of the two technologies, namely the U machine motor and the CSI, opens a new chapter for the component function integration instead of the traditional integration by simply placing separate machine and inverter components in the same housing. Elimination of the CSI inductor adds to the CSI volumetric reduction of capacitors and the elimination of PMs for the motor further improve the drive system cost, weight, and volume.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/417,906 filed on 30 Nov. 2010, the contents being incorporated by reference herein as if included at length. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 
     This invention was made with government support under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The government has certain rights in the invention. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates to electrical devices and more specifically to electrical motors and generators coupled with Current Source Inverters (CSI) for use in electric motors and generators. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     The cost of a drive system for electric vehicles is currently very high. It is over four times the cost target for a year 2020 drive system. Permanent Magnets (PM) are a major cost driver in an interior PM machine. The cost of these and other PM machines, such as PM wind power generators, megawatt PM motors, depend on the supply and demand, and thus the commodity cost, of rare earth PM materials. 
     Voltage Source Inverters (VSIs) require bulky, expensive and temperature-limited DC bus capacitors. As operational temperatures increase, the ability of film capacitors to handle ripple currents decreases, necessitating the addition of even more capacitance. 
     The current, annual global vehicle production is around 70 million units. With this growing number of vehicles on the road and the pressure from global warming and non-renewable oil shortage, the on-line electric vehicles will help meet the market demand. The market for wind power generators is also growing rapidly. The integration of a U machine (e.g., electric motor with an uncluttered rotor architecture) and CSI can cut the cost and improve performance of wind power generators. The spin-off companies from this new technology would undoubtedly produce a strong positive impact on the economy. 
     Related background teachings, attributed to the present inventor, include U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/466,169 Substantially Parallel Flux Uncluttered Rotor Machines filed May 14, 2009; U.S. Pat. No. 7,719,153 Permanent Magnet Machine and Method with Reluctance Poles and Non-identical PM Poles for High Density Operation; U.S. Pat. No. 7,550,890 High slot utilization systems for electric machines; U.S. Pat. No. 7,514,833 Axial gap permanent-magnet machine with reluctance poles and PM element covers; U.S. Pat. No. 7,518,278 High strength undiffused brushless machine and method; U.S. Pat. No. 7,270,203 Electric machine for hybrid motor vehicle; U.S. Pat. No. 7,129,611 Method and radial gap machine for high strength undiffused brushless operation; U.S. Pat. No. 7,023,171 Integrated inverter for driving multiple electric machines; U.S. Pat. No. 6,993,924 Floating loop system for cooling integrated motors and inverters using hot liquid refrigerant; U.S. Pat. No. 6,989,619 Rotor apparatus for high strength undiffused brushless electric machine; US Patent Application 20090236924 Brushless Machine With Tapered Poles; US Patent Application 20090146511 Permanent-Magnet-Less Synchronous Reluctance System; and US Patent Application 20070075604 High Slot Utilization Systems for Electric Machines, each of which is incorporated by reference in this application as if included in their entirety. 
     A Current Source Inverter (CSI) can eliminate a large portion of the capacitors but requires additional inductors. What is needed is the integration of an electric machine and an inverter. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A drive system includes an electric machine and a current source inverter (CSI). This integration of an electric machine and an inverter uses the electric machine&#39;s field excitation coil for not only flux generation in the electric machine but also for the CSI inductor. This integration of the two technologies, namely the U machine motor and the CSI, opens a new chapter for the component function integration instead of the traditional integration by simply placing separate machine and inverter components in the same housing. Elimination of the CSI inductor adds to the CSI volumetric reduction of capacitors and the elimination of PMs for the motor further reduce the drive system cost, weight, and volume. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A more complete understanding of the preferred embodiments will be more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a conventional, prior art voltage source inverter (VSI); 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a table comparing the required capacitors of the conventional, prior art VSI; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a circuit diagram of the Current Source Inverter (CSI) of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a 50 kW CSI prototype; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a sectional view of the electric U machine; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates details of the excitation core and showing insulated iron wires and insulated soft magnetic powders; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates the flux paths in the excitation core of  FIG. 6 ; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates the blocking of high frequency flux going through the rotor; 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a chart showing the magnetic saturation in the main flux path also suppresses high frequency flux going through the rotor; 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a color drawing of a finite element flux plotting of the U machine; and 
         FIG. 11  illustrates a high-frequency flux blocking coil with an inner diameter short-circuit connection. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Here, the current source inverter CSI and subsequently the U machine are briefly described to provide a better understanding of the foundation of their integration. The new technologies that this disclosure teaches can then be easily understood by those skilled in the art. 
       FIG. 1  shows the circuitry of a conventional, prior art voltage source inverter (VSI)  100  such as the one used on some of the Toyota brand hybrid automobile inverters. Here, a 250 volt battery  102 , is connected to a motor  104 /generator  106  via a motor inverter  108  and a generator inverter  110  respectively. A boost converter  112  includes a filter capacitor  114  on the low voltage side, an inductor  116 , and an Integrated Power Module (IPM)  118 . A smoothing capacitor  120  on the high voltage side is disposed between the boost converter  112  and the motor  104 /generator  106 . 
     The requirement of large capacitors for the Voltage Source Inverters VSI is best illustrated with reference to the chart of  FIG. 2 , which compares two highly successful commercial products. For example, the Toyota brand Camry Hybrid model requires 2,476 μF of capacitors for 65 Deg C coolant and the 2004 Toyota brand Prius model requires 1,412 μF of capacitors at the same temperature. 
     In the exemplary circuit illustrated in  FIG. 3 , an exemplary 50 kW Current Source Inverter CSI  122  that has the same power rating as the 2004 Toyota brand Prius model requires only 130 μF total capacitors. In this exemplary circuit, a battery  102  supplies a Voltage-Current Converter  124  and this, in turn, is connected to the Current Source Inverter  122 . The Current Source Inverter  122  is, in turn, connected to the motor  104 /generator  106 . The capacitors, a 100 μF high frequency filter capacitor  126  and a 30 μF output filtering ac capacitor  128  are greatly substituted by the additional inductor such as the 300 μH energy storage inductor  130  as illustrated. Other examples may have additional inductors  130  sized between 100 μH and 500 μH. 
     The inductor  130  of a CSI carries mainly a DC current component and roughly a 10% of the total current for a high frequency current component. The current components are shown in the center chart below the circuit diagram of  FIG. 3  and labeled Current vs. Time. The high frequency current component is for the commutation and voltage boosting functions. Instead of wasting the DC flux component in the inductor  130 , the present example utilizes this DC flux to produce the needed field excitation for the electric machine,  104 / 106 , for example. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a prototype 50 kW CSI developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, National Transportation Research Center. Note the relatively small capacitors  128  and relatively large inductor  130  of a standalone CSI. 
     Let us now look at the U motor as an example of electric machine  104 / 106  integration.  FIG. 5  shows a sectional view of the U motor of the current example. The rotor  132  is riding on a set of bearings (not shown) that are mounted in the inner diameter of the stationary excitation cores  134 . A radial air gap G is located between the machine&#39;s rotor  132  and stator core  136 . The rotor  132  also has a set of axial air gaps G that face the stationary excitation cores  134  located at both axial ends of the machine  104 / 106 . The stationary, donut-shape excitation coils  138 , located inside the cavities of the excitation cores  134 , produce the required flux. No Permanent Magnet (PM) is required for the U motor. For the DC excitation current, the excitation core  134  can be made of solid iron with an equalizing section (not shown) to minimize the saliency ripple loss. The stationary excitation cores  134  can be used as the stator frame of the electric machine  104 / 106 . The U motor can be cooled by transmission oil and/or the water ethylene glycol (WEG) mix circulated through the oil coolant channels  140  and WEG coolant channel  142  respectively. 
     For the integrated U motor and CSI, the excitation core  134  can no longer use solid iron due to the high frequency current components. As an example,  FIG. 6  shows a stationary excitation core  134  that is good for both DC and AC fluxes. The left side of the figure shows a side view and the left-hand side of the figure shows a front, sectional view. The core  134  requires new manufacturing technologies for combining the insulated iron wires  144  and soft magnetic powders  146  to be bonded and/or compressed together under high pressure to form a final excitation core  134  structure. This core  134  will provide low eddy current loss for both the DC and AC fluxes affected by the saliency effect or going along the leakage path and the main flux path. 
       FIG. 7  shows the flux paths in an excitation core  134 . Flux path  148  is the main flux path in the core  134 . It is a relatively longer and saturated magnetic path. Flux path  150  is the relatively shorter and mainly air leakage flux path. A high frequency blocking coil  152  and/or a controllable shunt wound coil  154  are also illustrated in  FIG. 7 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 8 , the flux paths  148 / 150  will now be described in even further detail. In order to eliminate the AC flux  148  going from the excitation core  134  into the rotor  132  and to retain the AC flux  148  in the leakage path inside the excitation core  134 , the following approaches are utilized: high frequency blocking coil  152  or controllable shunt-wound coil  154  as shown in  FIG. 8 , would cancel the AC flux  148  that goes through this blocking coil  152  . It enhances the AC flux  148  inside the leakage path  150  of the stationary excitation core  134 . This is because the AC flux  148  going through this coil  152  will induce a back electromotive force (emf) and subsequently this emf would produce an AC short-circuit current in the coil  152 . The phase angle of this short-circuit current is opposite to the phase angle of the AC current in the excitation coil  152 . Hence, the AC flux  148  going into the rotor  132  is cancelled by the AC flux produced by the short-circuit coil  152  and enhances the leakage flux inside the excitation core  134 .  FIG. 8  illustrates the cancelling of the high frequency flux  148  going through the rotor  132  and the enhancement of the high frequency leakage flux  150 . 
       FIG. 9  shows that the magnetic saturation in the relatively longer main flux path  148  also suppresses the high frequency flux  150  going through the rotor. Here, Flux (1) is the Long DC flux path  148  and (2) is the short leakage flux path  150 . High frequency flux in the DC flux path is blocked by saturation, axial air gaps G, shielding coil  152  and controllable shunt coil  154 . 
     The axial air gaps G in the U motor also play a role to push for more leakage flux inside the excitation core  134 .  FIG. 10  shows a finite element flux plotting of the exemplary U motor, the flux density in the rotor  132  is reduced from the excitation core due  134  to the axial air gaps G. 
     The high frequency blocking coil  152  is actually a short-circuit coil wound with Litzendraht wires.  FIG. 11  shows a representation of a pan cake coil that makes the short-circuit connection, bolded in the figure, at the inner diameter (or the inner diameter of the coil) for occupying less space. The turn number of the coil is shown in the sample coil, it can be any number of turns. 
     While this disclosure describes and enables several examples of electric machines and current source inverters, other examples and applications are contemplated. Accordingly, the invention is intended to embrace those alternatives, modifications, equivalents, and variations as fall within the broad scope of the appended claims. The technology disclosed and claimed herein is available for licensing in specific fields of use by the assignee of record.