Abstract:
Anti-reflective compositions and methods of using those compositions with low dielectric constant materials are provided. In one embodiment, the compositions include polymers comprising recurring monomers having unreacted ring members. In another embodiment, the polymers further comprise recurring monomers comprising ring members reacted with a light attenuating compound so as to open the ring. The compositions can be applied to dielectric layers so as to minimize or prevent reflection during the dual damascene process while simultaneously blocking via or photoresist poisoning which commonly occurs when organic anti-reflective coatings are applied to low dielectric constant layers.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/874,783 filed Jun. 5, 2001, incorporated by reference herein. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0003]    The present invention is concerned with anti-reflective coatings including polymers comprising unreacted ring members, and methods of using those coatings with low dielectric constant materials to inhibit or avoid via or photoresist poisoning normally associated with those materials.  
           [0004]    2. Description of the Prior Art  
           [0005]    The integrated circuit industry is continually moving towards denser device integration and faster device switching speeds. Through advanced semi-conductor processing techniques, integrated circuit devices with submicron feature sizes (i.e., less than 0.35 μm) can now be manufactured. This trend towards reduced feature size has, in turn, driven the need for multilayer interconnects.  
           [0006]    The dual damascene process is a multi-level interconnection process in which, in addition to forming the grooves of the single damascene process, conductive contact or via holes are formed as well. In this scheme, circuit performance increasingly becomes a function of delay time of electronic signals traveling between the millions of gates and transistors present on an integrated circuit chip. Until recently, the integrated circuit R-C delay that determines device switching speeds was dominated by the CMOS transistor drive capacitance and load resistance. For submicron devices, the increase in signal delay due to capacitance of multilayer devices has become a limitation to improving device performance. To meet the speed and decreased crosstalk requirements for multilayer interconnect devices, it is desirable to use insulating materials having low dielectric constants (i.e., less than about 3.8) between metal interconnect lines. Some materials which have dielectric constants lower than 3.8 are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,054,380, incorporated by reference herein.  
           [0007]    While use of these dielectric materials has been considered, they have not yet been incorporated into integrating circuit production lines. One of the primary technical difficulties preventing the use of these materials is a problem known as via poisoning or photoresist poisoning (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,103,456, incorporated by reference herein). A typical dual damascene process involves optical lithography techniques. In processes using a low dielectric constant material, the process would involve successively applying a barrier layer, a low dielectric constant layer, a hard mask layer, and an anti-reflective layer on a semiconductor substrate. Thereafter, the anti-reflective layer and low dielectric constant layer (also referred to as the low k dielectric layer) are patterned by photolithography with a photoresist layer to create openings or trenches. However, via or photoresist poisoning which occurs as a result of the low k dielectric material lying beneath the organic anti-reflective material has hindered the removal of the photoresist from the openings in the anti-reflective material. As this opening is critical to the subsequent steps of forming multilayer interconnects, the inability to clear the photoresist interferes with quality device fabrication.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0008]    The present invention overcomes the problems associated with via or photoresist poisoning by providing anti-reflective coating compositions which inhibit and/or block this poisoning.  
           [0009]    In more detail and in one embodiment, compositions are provided which are capable of inhibiting, blocking, and/or preventing (either by a chemical or a physical mechanism) via poisoning. Thus, the compositions are formulated to include compounds which operate to react with, or create a physical barrier to, the poison created by a dielectric material. One type of via poisoning which is inhibited, blocked, and/or prevented by these compositions comprises amines.  
           [0010]    It will be appreciated that this invention lessens and more preferably prevents the problems associated with the prior art and allows for removal of substantially the entire photoresist layer from the via holes and trenches during subsequent processing. Another significant advantage of this invention over the prior art is the fact that light absorption and poison inhibition or prevention is accomplished by the same layer. That is, there is no need for intervening layers such as barrier layers or masking layers between the inventive compositions and the dielectric material.  
           [0011]    In another embodiment, the inventive compositions comprise light attenuating compounds or chromophores which can be physically mixed in the composition, reacted with some of the rings present in the polymer(s) of the composition, and/or otherwise bonded with some or all of the polymers present in the composition, so long as the compositions comprise unreacted or intact ring members in the quantities recited below. Preferred rings comprise a structure selected from the group consisting of epoxide rings, cyclic anhydrides, lactones, azlactones, and oxazoles.  
           [0012]    In one preferred embodiment, the compositions include a polymer which comprises: recurring monomers comprising a ring reacted with a light attenuating compound so as to open the ring (e.g., one of the carbon atoms of the ring has bonded with an atom of the light attenuating compound); and recurring monomers comprising unreacted rings (i.e., closed or intact rings). In another embodiment, the opened and intact rings are present in different polymers.  
           [0013]    In these embodiments, the molar ratio of unreacted ring members present in the composition to reacted ring members present in the composition is preferably from about 10:90 to about 90:10, more preferably from about 20:80 to about 80:20, and even more preferably from about 20:80 to about 50:50. These ratios are essentially the same in the cured composition as well. The average molecular weight of the polymer(s) is generally from about 1,000-15,000 Daltons, and more preferably from about 3,000-5,000 Daltons.  
           [0014]    In a particularly preferred embodiment, the polymer comprises recurring monomers selected from the group consisting of:  
                         
 
           [0015]    wherein R comprises a light attenuating compound; n is a number of from about 0.9 to 0.5, more preferably of from about 0.6 to 0.5; and, m is a number of from about 0.1 to 0.5, more preferably of from about 0.4 to 0.5.  
           [0016]    Preferred light attenuating compounds comprise a moiety selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, phenols, and amines, with a particularly preferred light attenuating compound being 9-anthracene carboxylic acid.  
           [0017]    The polymers are preferably prepared by partially grafting a polymer having the desired ring member (e.g., epoxy resin) with the light attenuating compound. One skilled in the art will appreciate that any known grafting process is suitable, so long as it achieves the desired ring levels as described above. The resulting polymers can then be used to prepare the anti-reflective compositions by dissolving or dispersing the polymers in a suitable solvent system. In applications where part or all of the light attenuating compound is physically mixed with the polymer(s), the light attenuating compound is also dissolved or dispersed in the solvent system.  
           [0018]    The solvent system should have a boiling point of from about 100-180° C., and preferably from about 120-150° C. The amount of polymer dissolved in the solvent system is preferably from about 2-15% by weight polymer, and more preferably from about 3-7% by weight polymer, based upon the total weight of the composition taken as 100% by weight: The solvent system should be utilized at a level of from about 85-98% by weight, and more preferably from about 93-97% by weight, based upon the total weight of the composition taken as 100% by weight. Preferred solvent systems include a solvent selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), ethyl lactate, propylene glycol n-propyl ether, and mixtures thereof.  
           [0019]    The inventive compositions can further include a crosslinking agent. This can be accomplished by the use of a crosslinking agent separate from the polymer or, alternately, the polymer can include “built-in” crosslinking moieties. Preferred crosslinking agents include those selected from the group consisting of melamine and glycouril crosslinking agents. The crosslinking agent or moieties should be present in the composition at a level of from about 0.2-5% by weight, and preferably from about 0.5-1% by weight, based upon the total weight of all ingredients in the composition taken as 100% by weight. Thus, the anti-reflective compositions should cross-link at a temperature of from about 85-250° C., and more preferably from about 100-220° C.  
           [0020]    It will be appreciated that numerous other optional compounds can be incorporated into the inventive anti-reflective or fill compositions if desired. Such other optional ingredients include 4,4′-sulfonyl diphonol and pyridinium tosylate.  
           [0021]    The anti-reflective coatings are applied according to conventional processes (e.g., spincoating), and can be used in conjunction with any low k (less than about 3.8) dielectric material including fluorinated silicate glass, amorphous-fluorinated carbon, fluorinated polyimides, fluorinated polyarylene ethers, and parylene-F. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0022]    [0022]FIG. 1 is an SEM photograph (40X) depicting the photoresist layers of control wafers including anti-reflective coatings according to the prior art; and  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 2 is an SEM photograph (40X) depicting the photoresist layers of test wafers including anti-reflective coatings according to the invention.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
     EXAMPLES  
       [0024]    The following examples set forth preferred methods in accordance with the invention. It is to be understood, however, that these examples are provided by way of illustration and nothing therein should be taken as a limitation upon the overall scope of the invention.  
       Example 1  
       [0025]    1. Grafting of the Polymer With 9-Anthranoic Acid  
         [0026]    In this procedure, 10 g of an alicyclic solid epoxy resin (having an epoxy equivalent of 6.14 moles per 1000 g; available under the trade name EHPE from Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd.), 5.45 g of 9-anthracene carboxylic acid, and 0.315 g of benzyltriethylammonium chloride (BTAC) were dissolved in 63 g of propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME) followed by refluxing at 120° C. for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was then allowed to cool.  
         [0027]    Scheme A depicts the reaction which occurred during this part of the example.  
                         
 
         [0028]    2. Formulation of the Anti-Reflective Coating  
         [0029]    Next, 56.54 g of the intermediate prepared in part 1 of this example was added to 212.30 g of propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), 130.46 g of PGME, 2.58 g of Cymel® (an aminoplast, obtained from Cytec Industries, Inc.), and 0.45 g of pyridinium p-toluene sulfonate. The ingredients were mixed until all solids had dissolved after which 40 g of ion exchange beads (650C) were added followed by mixing for four hours. The beads were filtered through a screen, and the formulation was then filtered through a 0.1 μm end point filter under nitrogen pressure. The formulation was spin-coated onto a silicon wafer at 2500 rpm for 60 seconds followed by baking on a hotplate at 205° C. for 60 seconds. The cured film had a thickness of 720 Å and an optical density of 10.35/μm.  
       Example 2  
       [0030]    1. Preparation of the Copolymer  
         [0031]    In this procedure, 12.39 g of glycidyl methacrylate, 23.01 g of hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 3.54 g of dodecanethiol, and 1.06 g of azobisisobutyronitrile were dissolved in 160.0 g of PGME. The reaction mixture was heated to 100° C. with constant stirring and under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction conditions were maintained for 24 hours to obtain a 20 weight % solution of the copolymer in PGME.  
         [0032]    2. Grafting of the Copolymer With 9-Anthranoic Acid  
         [0033]    Next, 65.0 g of the copolymer solution prepared in part 1 of this example was mixed with 0.175 g of 9-anthracene carboxylic acid, 0.175 g of BTAC, and 27.25 g of PGME. The reaction mixture was heated with constant stirring to reflux temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere, with these reaction conditions being maintained for 24 hours. Upon GPC analysis, the prepared solution was found to contain 16% unreacted 9-anthracene carboxylic acid.  
         [0034]    The reactions carried out in parts 1 and 2 of this example are shown in Scheme B below.  
                         
 
         [0035]    3. Formulation of the Anti-Reflective Coating  
         [0036]    An anti-reflective coating was prepared by mixing 12.0 g of the grafted polymer solution prepared in part 2 of this example with 17.9 g of PGMEA, 32.14 g of PGME, 0.58 g of Cymel 303® (crosslinking material available from Cytec Industries, Inc.), 0.0116 g of p-toluenesulfonic acid, and 0.143 g of 4,4′-sulfonyl diphenol. The ingredients were mixed until all of the solids were dissolved, followed by filtering of the mixture through a 0.1 μm filter.  
         [0037]    The filtered formulation was then spin-coated onto a silicon wafer at 2500 rpm for 60 seconds followed by baking on a hotplate at 205° C. for 60 seconds. The cured film had a thickness of 195 Å and an optical density of 9.10/μm.  
       Example 3  
       [0038]    The anti-reflective composition prepared in Example 1 above was tested on wafers containing LCF pattern (refers to a pattern printed in reverse tone on the wafer scribbling), combination (trench and space pattern with vias under the trenches), stacked contact, and SEM bar features. An organosilicate dielectric material was applied to the wafers. Next, the anti-reflective composition was coated onto the resulting low k dielectric layer (with vias patterned in it) by spincoating the anti-reflective composition at 500 rpm for 60 seconds followed by a 500 rpm final spin out and baking at 185° C. for 90 seconds. A photoresist composition (PEK-131, obtained from Sumitomo Chemical) was applied to the cured anti-reflective layer by spincoating of at 4,000 rpm for 60 seconds followed by baking at 90° C. for 60 seconds.  
         [0039]    A second group of wafers was prepared by the same preparation procedure as described above except that these wafers were also subjected to a 440° C. passivation bake for 90 seconds prior to the application of the anti-reflective coating. Also, a control set of wafers using a prior art anti-reflective coating (RH2213-22-5 for conventional 248 nm BARC applications, Brewer Science, Inc.) was also tested.  
         [0040]    All wafers were coated and developed on a DNS 80B. Exposures were carried out with a Nikon S201 Scanner at exposure energies of 32 mJ. The photoresist was then baked at 90° C. for 90 seconds and developed with CD26 developer (obtained from Shipley Company).  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 1 (PR: 0.53 μm PEK 131, exposure 32 mJ, focus −0.1 μm; anti-reflective coating: 1582 Å, 185° C. curing) depicts SEM photographs of the photoresist layer after exposure of test samples utilizing an anti-reflective coating according to the invention. FIG. 2 (PR: 0.53 μm PEK 131, exposure 32 mJ, focus −0.1 μm; anti-reflective coating: 1638 Å, 185° C. curing) shows the SEM photographs of the photoresist layer of the control sample. A comparison of the photographs shows that using an anti-reflective coating according to the invention blocked the via poisoning, thus allowing for the substantially complete removal of the photoresist material from the holes and trenches (see FIG. 1) unlike the control samples (see FIG. 2) which had photoresist material remaining in the holes and trenches.  
         [0042]    Thus, practicing any of the embodiments of the present invention allows substantially complete removal of photoresist from via holes and trenches in dielectric materials. Specifically, at least about 98%, preferably at least about 99%, and more preferably at least about 100% of the photoresist will be removed from the via holes and trenches upon developing the photoresist according to conventional techniques. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand the type of developing process that is necessary for the particular photoresist being utilized.