Abstract:
In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to a self identifying light source including an emitter that produces visible light; and an autonomous modulator in electrical communication with the emitter that automatically and continually modulates the visible light produced by the emitter, wherein the modulated visible light represents an identification code of the light source. In some embodiments, the emitter is a light emitting diode (LED) and further comprises an LED driver that provides a specified voltage and current to each LED in the light source.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of and claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. §120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/490,207 filed Sep. 18, 2014 entitled “Self Identifying Modulated Light Source,” the disclosure of which also is entirely incorporated herein by reference. 
     U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/490,207 is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/422,591 filed Mar. 16, 2012 entitled “Self Identifying Modulated Light Source,” now U.S. Pat. No. 8,866,391 issued Oct. 21, 2014, which (i) claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/511,589 filed Jul. 26, 2011 entitled “System Using Optical Energy For Wireless Data Transfer,” and (ii) is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/369,147 filed Feb. 8, 2012 entitled “Content Delivery Based On A Light Positioning System,” now U.S. Pat. No. 8,964,016 issued Feb. 24, 2015, and a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/369,144 filed Feb. 8, 2012 entitled “Independent Beacon Based Light Position System,” both of which claim benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of: (1) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/567,484 filed Dec. 6, 2011 entitled “Systems and Methods for Light Based Location,” and (2) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/511,589 filed Jul. 26, 2011 entitled “System Using Optical Energy for Wireless Data Transfer,” the disclosures of all of which also are entirely incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure relates generally to a system and method for providing content to a mobile device based on light positioning information determined from light received from one or more light sources. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Indoor positioning services refers to methods where networks of devices and algorithms are used to locate mobile devices within buildings. Indoor positioning is regarded as a key component of location-aware mobile computing and is a critical element in providing augmented reality (AR) services. Location aware computing refers to applications that utilize a user&#39;s location to provide content relevant to that location. Additionally, AR is a technology that overlays a virtual space onto a real (physical) space. To successfully enable AR and location aware computing, accurate indoor positioning is a key requirement. 
     Global Positioning Systems (GPS) loses significant power when passing through construction materials, and suffers from multi-path propagation effects that make it unsuitable for indoor environments. Techniques based on received signal strength indication (RSSI) from WiFi and Bluetooth wireless access points have also been explored. However, complex indoor environments cause radio waves to propagate in dynamic and unpredictable ways, limiting the accuracy of positioning systems based on RSSI. Ultrasonic techniques (US), which transmit acoustic waves to microphones, are another method which can be used to approximate indoor position. They operate at lower frequencies than systems based on WiFi and attenuate significantly when passing through walls. This potentially makes US techniques more accurate than WiFi or Bluetooth techniques. 
     Optical indoor positioning techniques use optical signals, either visible or infrared, and can be used to accurately locate mobile devices indoors. These are more accurate than the approaches mentioned previously, since optical signals are highly directional and cannot penetrate solid objects. However this directionality limits the potential reliability of optical signals, since difficulty in aligning the receiver and transmitter can occur. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a representation of a mobile device receiving light from a LED light source. 
         FIG. 2  is a representation of a mobile device receiving multiple sources of light simultaneously from multiple LED light sources. 
         FIG. 3  is a representation of the internal components commonly found in a LED light source that is capable of being modulated to send digital data. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates information which can be optically transmitted from an LED light source. 
         FIG. 5  is a representation of the components which are commonly found in mobile devices which enable them to receive optical signals from LED sources. 
         FIG. 6  is a representation of multiple LED light sources sending unique information to multiple mobile devices. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates the process of a mobile device sending identification information and receiving location information via a network to a server. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates the high level contents of the server which includes databases and web services for individual areas enabled with light positioning systems. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates the components inside the databases. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates the information contained in the Light IDs database. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates the information contained in the Maps database. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates the information contained in the Content database. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates the information contained in the Analytics database. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates the process of a mobile device receiving location and content information via a light based positioning system. 
         FIG. 15  is a process illustrating the background services and how they activate various sensors contained inside the mobile device. 
         FIG. 16  illustrates the process of combining multiple information sources with a light based positioning service. 
         FIG. 17  illustrates how a client accesses multiple light positioning enabled locations with multiple mobile devices. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Systems and methods are provided that disclose providing a positioning service for devices based on light received from one or more light sources. This light based positioning service uses light information transmitted by each light source to determine the position of the device. The device captures the one or more light sources and is then able to detect the information transmitted by each of the light sources. The light information can include an identification code that is used to identify the position of the light source. By capturing more than one light source on the device the accuracy of the device&#39;s position can be improved. The position information can then be used to provide relevant content information to the user. The light sources are each independent beacons that transmit individual identification information through light. 
     In some embodiments light sources are used to provide an indoor positioning service to mobile devices. Each light source is given an identification code, corresponding to an associated database, which contains information that ties the light source to specific location data. The identification codes are broadcasted through visible light by modulating the LED light source. The modulation occurs at speeds that are undetectable by the human eye, yet appropriate to be received by a camera equipped mobile device. The mobile device receives the identification information, and uses it to lookup its indoor position in the form of location data. Since the identification information is transmitted through visible light, which is highly directional, the mobile device is known to be within the line of sight of the LED light source. Since the indoor position of the LED light source is known from building floor plans and lighting plans, the corresponding indoor position of the mobile device can be determined. 
     Another embodiment describes a scenario where a mobile device is in view of three or more LED light sources. Each source emits unique identification information, and with knowledge of the relative positions of each LED light source, one can calculate the device&#39;s relative position in three dimensions. This process utilizes photogrammetric image processing techniques to identify and calculate coordinates for the positions of the light sources in order to relatively locate the mobile device. 
     Yet another embodiment describes a system by which a mobile device  103  can receive content based upon identification information received from either one or more LED light sources. The identification information is used to access a database that correlates LED lights and content. An example of such a use case would be a mobile device user in a museum, who receives identification information from a light source illuminating an exhibit, and then uses the received identification information to obtain additional content about the exhibit. 
       FIG. 1  represents a mobile device  103  receiving light  102  from a LED light source  101 . The LED light source  101  can be any lighting source used for general purpose, spot illumination, or backlighting. The LED light source can come in several form factors but is not limited to: Edison screw in, tube style, large and small object backlighting, or accent lighting spots and strips. For the purposes of this disclosure, we consider any form of LED light as a potential source capable of transmitting information. 
     Light  102  is a modulated LED light source  101 , and is part of the visible electromagnetic wireless spectrum. LEDs are considered digital devices which can be rapidly switched on and off, to send signals above the rate which the human eye can see. This allows them to be exploited to send digital data through the visible light itself. By modulating the LEDs, turning them on and off rapidly, one can send digital information that is unperceivable to the human eye, but is perceivable by applicable sensors, including but not limited to image sensors and other types of photosensors. 
     There are many modulation techniques used to send information through light  102 . One technique, “On Off Keying” (OOK), is a scheme to transmit digital data by rapidly switching a signal source on and off. OOK is the simplest form of amplitude-shift keying (ASK) which is a modulation technique that represents digital data through either the presence or absence of a carrier wave. When communicating with visible light, the carrier wave takes the form of the transmitted light signal. Therefore at a rudimentary level, when the light signal is turned “on” a digital “one” is perceived, and when the light signal is turned “off a “zero” is perceived. Furthermore the rate at which the light signal is turned on and off represents the modulation frequency. Note that regardless of changing the modulation frequency, the “carrier wave” remains unchanged as this is an inherent property of the light itself. For example the carrier wave corresponding to a blue light signal is uniquely different than the carrier wave corresponding to a red light signal. While these two signals differ only in the wavelength specific to their perceived color, they can be perceived as two discrete signals. 
     In addition to OOK, another possible technique is defined as “Digital Pulse Recognition” (DPR). This modulation technique exploits the rolling shutter mechanism of a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor. Due to their superior energy efficiency, CMOS sensors are preferred to charged-coupled device (CCD) sensors on mobile devices. When a CMOS image sensor with a rolling shutter takes an image, it does not expose the entire image simultaneously. Instead, the rolling shutter partially exposes different portions of the frame at different points in time. Typically, this causes various unwanted effects; skew, wobble, and partial exposure. In the presence of an LED light driven by a pulse width modulated signal, images received from a CMOS sensor exhibit “residual banding” in the form of visible distortions. The image appears to have alternating dark/white stripes. The stripes are a direct result of the rolling shutter mechanism, and their width is proportional to the frequency of the pulse width modulated (PWM) signal. Higher frequencies correspond to narrower stripes, and lower frequencies result in wider stripes. Practical frequency ranges for use with this technique are between 60 Hz and 5000 Hz. This technique allows one to exploit the rolling shutter mechanism to recover digital data from an optically encoded signal. 
     DPR has the potential for much higher data rates than both OOK and frequency shift keying (FSK). In FSK and OOK, the camera&#39;s frame rate limits the data rate. The highest possible data rate is half of the frame rate, since each symbol spans over two frames. In DPR modulation, a single frame is sufficient for capturing the transmitted symbol. Furthermore, symbols are not “binary”—there are can be as many as 30 different possibilities for a symbol. 
     In the DPR modulation scheme, image processing is used to measure the stripe width of the recorded image. By successively changing the LED driver frequency for each frame, information is essentially transmitted through recognition of the band widths. In the current design, 10 separate frequencies are used. For a 30 frames per second (FPS) camera, this corresponded to an effective data transfer rate of −100 bits per second (bps). 
     Both of these techniques are interesting because they can allow the transmission of information through single color light sources, instead of having to create lighting sources which contain multiple color lights. In the world of LED lighting products, white light is majorly achieved by layering a phosphorous coating on top of blue LEDs. The coating creates the visible perception of “white” light, instead of blue. The alternative to this can be achieved through combining red, green, and blue LED lights; however this approach is expensive and power inefficient as the lumens per watt properties differ between different colored LEDs. Blue LEDs are generally more energy efficient than their red and green counterparts, which is why they are used in most commercial LED lighting products. It is because of this reason that it makes the most sense to use a data modulation technique that uses a single wavelength of light, rather than multiple, because this complies with LED lighting products. 
     In addition to LED light sources, other types of light sources are also capable of transmitting information through modulation. Alternative incandescent and fluorescent technologies can also be exploited to achieve data transmission, however the circuitry is more complex because the turn on and turn off times of incandescent and fluorescent lights are subject to additional factors. 
     The modulation frequency of the light source is highly dependent on the receiving circuitry. While incandescent and fluorescent technologies generally do not “flicker” on and off during the course of normal operation, LED lighting sources are sometimes designed to flicker above the rate which the eye can see in order to increase their longevity, and consume less power. Most humans cannot see flicker above 60 Hz, but in rare instances can perceive flicker at 100 Hz to 110 Hz. To combat this, lighting manufactures design flicker above 200 Hz into their lighting products. 
     Mobile device  103  can be a smart mobile device and is most commonly found in the form of mobile phones, tablets, and portable laptop computers. In order for a mobile device  103  to receive information  102  from the LED light source  101  it has an embedded or attached sensor which is used to receive the incoming light  102  signals. One such sensor is a camera, which has a typical frame refresh rate between fifteen and sixty frames per second (fps). The fps is directly related to the speed at which optical signals can be transmitted and received by the camera. The sensor can capture a number of successive image frames that can later be analyzed to determine if a light source is providing information through light. 
     Mobile device  103  can include a processor, module, memory, and sensor in order to capture and analyze light received from light sources. The mobile device can analyze the successive image frames captured by the sensor by using the module. The module can be logic implemented in any combination of hardware and software. The logic can be stored in memory and run by processor to modify the successive images and analyze the successive images to determine information encoded in the light of one or more light sources. The module can be built in to the mobile device to provide the capabilities or it can be downloaded and installed. The module can be an application that runs on the mobile device when selected by a user. The module can also be used to receive content and other information related to the position of the mobile device and to provide this content to other modules or to the mobile device. 
     The reception of optically transmitted information is particularly interesting when used as an indoor positioning system. In a light based positioning system, the physical locations of light sources can be used to approximate the relative position of a mobile device  103  within line of sight. On the mobile side, in addition to a receiving module, the mobile device  103  can use information to determine position of the mobile device. The mobile device can access a data source containing information about where the lights are physically located to determine position. This data source can be stored locally, or in the case where the mobile device  103  has a network connection, the data source could be stored on an external server  703 . 
     For scenarios where a network connection is not available, before entering an indoor space the mobile device  103  could optionally download a “map pack” containing the information used to locate itself indoors, instead of relying on an external server  703 . In order to automate this process, the mobile device  103  would first use an alternative existing technique for resolving its position and would use the gained location information to download the appropriate map pack. The techniques for receiving geo-location information include, for example, GPS, GSM, WiFi, user input, accelerometer, gyroscope, digital compass, barometer, Bluetooth, and cellular tower identification information. These techniques can also be used to fill gaps between when a position of the mobile device is determined using the light based technique. For example, a mobile device can be placed at times so its camera does not capture light sources. Between these times these alternative existing techniques can be used for filling in position and location information that can be helpful to the user. The map pack would contain a map  902  of the indoor space the user is entering, locations of the lights from some sort of existing or third party lighting plan  1103 , and any location dependent content  903  for the mobile device  103  to consume. Any requests for location information would simply access data stored locally on the mobile device  103 , and would not need to access a remote server via a network  601 . 
     In terms of the experience when using a light based positioning system, the indoor location reception and calculation can happen with little to no user input. The process operates as a background service, and reads from the receiving module without actually writing them to the display screen of the mobile device. This is analogous to the way WiFi positioning operates, signals are read in a background service without requiring user interaction. The results of the received information can be displayed in a number of ways, depending on the desired application. In the case of an indoor navigation application, the user would see an identifying marker overlaid on a map of the indoor space they are moving around in. In the case of content delivery, the user might see a mobile media, images, text, videos, or recorded audio, about the objects they are standing in front of. 
     In scenarios where the mobile device  103  is in view of several light sources, it can receive multiple signals at once.  FIG. 2  is a representation of a mobile device  103  receiving identification information  102   a - 102   c  from multiple LED light sources  101   a - 101   c . Each light source is transmitting its own unique piece of information. In order to identify its position or receive location based content, the mobile device  103  can then use the received information to access a database  802  containing information about the relative positions of the LED light sources  101   a - 101   c  and any additional content  903 . When three or more sources of light are in view, relative indoor position can be determined in three dimensions. The position accuracy decreases with less than three sources of light, yet remains constant with three or more sources. With the relative positions of lights  101   a - 101   c  known, the mobile device  103  can use photogrammetry to calculate its position, relative to the light sources. 
     Photogrammetry is a technique used to determine the geometric properties of objects found in photographic images. In the context of locating mobile devices using light sources, photogrammetry refers to utilizing the corresponding positions of LED light sources, and their positions in 3-D space, to determine the relative position of a camera equipped mobile device. When three unique sources of light are seen by the camera on a mobile device, three unique coordinates can be created from the various unique combinations of  101   a - 101   c  and their relative positions in space can be determined. 
     For a mobile device  103  equipped with an image sensor we can consider the following scenario. When multiple LED light sources appear in the image sensors field of view, the sources appear brighter relative to the other pixels on the image. Thresholds can then be applied to the image to isolate the light sources. For example, pixel regions above the threshold are set to the highest possible pixel value, and the pixel regions below the threshold are set to the minimum possible pixel value. This allows for additional image processing to be performed on the isolated light sources. The end result is a binary image containing white continuous “blobs” where LED light sources are detected, and dark elsewhere where the sources are not detected. 
     A blob detection algorithm can then be used to find separate LED light sources. A minimum of three separate LED blobs are used to resolve the 3-D position of a mobile device  103 . Each LED blob represents a “region of interest” for the information reception, and is simultaneously transmitting a unique piece of information via the modulated visible signal from the light source. For the purposes of reception, each region of interest is processed independently of other regions of interest and is considered to be uniquely identifiable. A center of mass calculation for each region can be performed to determine the pixel coordinates of the center of each LED light source. This center of mass calculation is performed for each frame to track the regions of interest as they move around the image. 
     Once the regions of interest are established, a detection algorithm captures multiple image frames for each region of interest in order to receive the visible light signal contained in each blob. For each frame in a detected region of interest, a threshold algorithm determines whether the frame contains a “1” (in the case of an aggregate pixel value above the threshold), or a “0” (in the case of an aggregate pixel value lower than the threshold). The threshold algorithm is used since the communication is asynchronous, so the camera receiver period may overlap between the transmission of a “1” and a “0” from the LED light source. 
     The result of converting successive image frames in a region of interest to binary values is in essence a down sampled digital version of the signal received from the LED light source. Next demodulation of the down-sampled digital signal is used to recover the transmitted bits. This down sampling is used due to the fact that the signal modulation frequency should be above the rate at which the human eye can see, and the image sensor frame rate is typically limited to 15-30 fps. 
     At a lower level, the mobile device  103  processes data on a frame-by-frame basis. Each frame is split into separate regions of interest, based on the detection of light sources. For each region of interest, a thresholding algorithm is used to determine whether a given region is “on” or “off. This is done by taking the average pixel value for the region and comparing it to the threshold value. If the region is “on”, the demodulator assumes the light source has just transmitted a “1”. If the region is “off, the demodulator assumes the light source has sent a “0”. The result of this is the equivalent of a 1-bit analog-to-digital conversion (ADC), at a sampling rate which is equal to the frame rate of the camera. 
     After a frame is processed, the results of the ADC conversation are stored in a circular buffer. A sliding correlator is applied to the buffer to look for the presence of start bits  402 . If start bits  402  are found, the demodulation algorithm assumes it is reading a valid packet of information  401  and proceeds to capture the rest of the transmission. Two samples are used for each bit, so the algorithm creates a linear buffer that is twice the size of the remaining packet. Each subsequent ADC is written sequentially to the linear buffer. When the linear buffer is filled, the demodulation algorithm performs a fast fourier transform (EFT) on the buffer to recover the transmitted signal. 
       FIG. 3  describes internal components commonly found in LED light source  101  with the addition components to allow for the transmission of optical signals. The LED light source  101  contains an alternating current (AC) electrical connection  301  where it connects to an external power source, an alternating current to direct current (AC/DC) converter  302  which converts the AC signal from the power source into an appropriate DC signal, a modulator  304  which interrupts power to the LEDs in order to turn them on and off, a microcontroller  305  which controls the rate at which the LEDs are modulated, and a LED driver circuit  303  which provides the appropriate amount of voltage and current to the LEDs. 
     Electrical connection  301  is an electrical source that is used to supply power to the LED light source  101 . This most commonly comes in the form of a 120 Volt 60 Hz signal in the United States, and 230 Volt 50 Hz in Europe. While depicted in  FIG. 3  as a three pronged outlet, it can also take the form of a two terminal Edison socket which the bulb is screwed into, or a bundle of wires containing a live, neutral, and or ground. When considering other forms of lighting such as backlighting and accent lighting, the electrical connection can also come in the form of a DC source instead of an AC source. 
     Most LED light sources contain an AC/DC converter  302  which converts the alternating current from the power source  301 , to a direct current source used internally by the components found inside the bulb or light source. The converter takes the alternating current source commonly found in existing lighting wiring, and converts it to a direct current source. LED light sources generally use direct current, therefore an AC/DC converter is found in most lighting products regardless of form factor. 
     LED driver  303  provides the correct amount of current and voltage to the LEDs contained inside the lighting source. This component is commonly available, and can have either a constant current or constant voltage output. The LEDs found inside most lighting sources are current controlled devices, which require a specific amount of current in order to operate as designed. This is important for commercial lighting products because LEDs change color and luminosity in regards to different currents. In order to compensate for this, the LED driver circuitry is designed to emit a constant amount of current while varying the voltage to appropriately compensate for the voltage drops across each LED. Alternatively, there are some high voltage LEDs which require a constant voltage to maintain their color and luminosity. For these cases the LED driver circuitry provides a constant voltage while varying the current. 
     Modulator  304  serves the function of modulating the LED light source  101  on and off to optically send light  102  signals. The circuits comprising the modulator can simply consist of solid state transistors controlled by a digital input. In essence the modulator  304  turns the LEDs on and off by allowing or preventing current flow. When current flows through the modulator with the switches closed the LEDs turn on, and when the switches are open in the modulator no current can flow and the LEDs turn off. When the modulator is controlled by an additional logic component, it has the ability to send repeating patterns of on/off signals in order to transmit digital data through the visible light  102 . The modulator interfaces directly in between the AC/DC converter  302  and the LED driver  303 , and is controlled by a microcontroller  305 . 
     The microcontroller  305  provides the digital input signal to the modulator unit  304 . This function can also be achieved using a field programmable gate array (FPGA), but typically consumes more power with added complexity. The microcontroller&#39;s  305  task is to send a pre-determined sequence of signals to the modulator  304  which then interfaces with the LED driver  303  to modulate the outgoing visible light from the LED source  101 . The microcontroller contains a nonvolatile memory storage area, which stores the identification code of the light signal. Examples of possible nonvolatile memory sources include programmable read only memory (PROM), electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), or Flash. 
     In regards to the microcontroller pins, the microcontroller  305  contains a digital output pin, which is used to modulate the light output. To generate the output signal waveforms, timer modules within the microcontroller  305  are used. Typical logic levels for the digital output are 3.3V and 5V. This digital output feeds into the modulator  304  which interrupts the driver circuit  303  for the LED light source  101 . Alternatively, if the LED light source requires lower power, such as backlighting or individual LED diodes, the output of the microcontroller  305  could also be used to drive the light sources directly. 
     The sequence of signals sent from the microcontroller  305  determines the information which is transmitted from the LED light source  101 .  FIG. 4  describes the information  401  format of the optically transmitted information from the light  102 . At the highest level, each packet of information contains some sort of starting bit sequence, which indicates the beginning of a packet, followed by data  403 , and some sort of error detection identifier. The size and position of each portion of information is dependent on the application and is also constrained by requirements of the receiving device. 
     Each packet of information  401  transmitted from the LED light source  101  contains a sequence of starting bits  402 , followed by data  403 , and then terminated with an error detection code  404 . Since the LED light sources  101  are continually broadcasting information  401 , erroneous packets are simply discarded while the receiver listens for the starting bits  402 , indicating the beginning of the next packet. In cases where multiple sources of light are observed by a mobile device  103 , multiple pieces of information  401  are received simultaneously. 
     Information  401  describes the encoded information that is transmitted by the LED light source  101 . The information  401  is contained in a packet structure with multiple bits which correspond to numeric integer values. The data  403  portion of the information packet can include unique ID codes  701 . Currently the data  403  size is set to 10 bits, but can be of varying length. Each bit represents a binary “1” or “0”, with 10 bits of data  103  corresponding to 1024 possible values. This corresponds to 1024 unique possibilities of ID codes  701  before there is a duplicate. The ID code can include location information in the ID code that provides a general indication of geographical location of the light. This geographical location information can be used to more quickly locate light source information that is used in determining indoor positioning on the mobile device. For example, the geographical information can point to a database to begin searching to find relevant information for positioning. The geographical information can include existing location identifiers such as area code, zip code, census tract, or any other customized information. 
     The ID code  701  is static and is assigned during the calibration phase of the LED light source  101  during the manufacturing process. One method to assign the ID code  701  is to place instructions to generate a random code in the nonvolatile memory. Once the LED light source  101  is powered on the microcontroller reads the ID code  701  from the nonvolatile memory storage area, and then uses this code for broadcasting each and every time it is subsequently powered on. Since the ID code  701  is static, once it is assigned it will be forever associated locally to the specific LED light source  101  which contains the microcontroller  305 . 
       FIG. 5  describes the components found in mobile devices  103  that are capable of receiving optical information. At the highest level the mobile device contains an image sensor  501  to capture optically transmitted information, a central processing unit  502  to decipher and manage received information, and a network adapter  503  to send and receive information. 
     Photosensors are devices which receive incoming electromagnetic signals, such as light  102 , and convert them to electrical signals. In a similar fashion, image sensors are arrays of photosensors which convert optical images into electronic signals. The ability to receive signals from multiple sources is an important benefit when using image sensors for receiving multiple optical signals. 
     Image sensor  501  is a typical sensor which is found in most smart devices. The image sensor converts the incoming optical signal into an electronic signal. Many devices contain complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors, however some still use charge-coupled devices (CCD). CMOS image sensors are the more popular choice for mobile devices due to lower manufacturing costs and lower power consumption. There are several tradeoffs to consider when choosing an image sensor to perform photogrammetry on multiple LED light sources  101 . One tradeoff between the camera resolution and the accuracy of the photogrammetric process when triangulating between multiple light sources—increasing the number of pixels will increase the accuracy. There is also another tradeoff between the data rate of the transmission and the sampling rate (in frames per second) of the camera. The data rate (in bits/second) is half the frame rate of the camera (e.g., a 30 fps camera will receive 15 bps). And finally when determining the length of the information  401  packet, the larger the size the longer the reception period—as more bits generally requires longer sampling periods to capture the full message. 
     CPU  502  is a generic CPU block found in most smart devices. The CPU  502  is in charge of processing received information and sending relevant information to the network adapter  503 . Additionally the CPU has the ability to read and write information to embedded storage  504  within the mobile device  103 . The CPU  502  can use any standard computer architecture. Common architectures for microcontroller devices include ARM and x86. 
     The network adapter  503  is the networking interface that allows the mobile device  103  to connect to cellular and WiFi networks. The network connection is used in order for the mobile device  103  to access a data source containing light ID codes  701  with their corresponding location data  702 . This can be accomplished without a data connection by storing location data  702  locally to the mobile device&#39;s  103  internal storage  504 , but the presence of a network adapter  503  allows for greater flexibility and decreases the resources needed. Furthermore, the network adapter  503  is also used to deliver location dependent content to the mobile device when it is connected to a larger network  601 . 
       FIG. 6  is a representation of multiple LED sources sending light  102   a - d  containing identification information  102  to multiple mobile devices  103   a - 103   b . In this instance the light sources are acting as non-networked broadcast beacons; there are no networking modules or physical data wires connecting them. This property is desirable when looking towards a commercial installation of numerous LED light sources  103   a - 103   b , as additional wiring and networking will not be required. However, in order to receive relevant information the mobile devices have the ability to send and receive additional information from a local source or a network  601 . Once the mobile device  103  receives identification information  401  from the light sources, it then asks a local or remote source for additional information. 
     Enclosed area  602  is a spatial representation of an enclosed room containing four LED sources  101   a - 101   d  and two mobile devices  103   a - 103   b , meaning that they can operate next to each other without interference. As a rule of thumb if the received image feed from the mobile device sees one or more distinct bright sources of light, it has the ability to differentiate and receive the unique information without interference. Because the light capture is based on line of sight interference is mitigated. In this line of sight environment, interference can arise when light capture mechanism of the mobile device is blocked from the line of sight view of the light source. 
     Network  601  represents a data network which can be accessed by mobile devices  103   a - 103   b  via their embedded network adapters  503 . The networked can consist of a wired or wireless local area network (LAN), with a method to access a larger wide area network (WAN), or a cellular data network (Edge, 3G, 4G, LTS, etc.). The network connection provides the ability for the mobile devices  103   a - 103   b  to send and receive information from additional sources, whether locally or remotely. 
       FIG. 7  describes how the mobile device  103  receives location data  702 . In essence, the mobile device  103  sends decoded ID codes  701  through a network  601  to a server  703 , which sends back location information  702 . The decoded ID codes  701  are found in the information  401 , which is contained in the optically transmitted signal. After receiving this signal containing a unique ID code  701  the mobile device  103  sends a request for location data  702  to the server  703 , which sends back the appropriate responses. Additionally the request could include other sensor data such as but not limited to GPS coordinates and accelerometer/gyroscope data, for choosing between different types of location data  702  and any additional information. 
     Location data  702  is the indoor location information which matches the received information  401 . The location data  702  corresponds to indoor coordinates which match the ID code  701 , similar to how outdoor GPS tags known locations of interest with corresponding information. The location data  702  could also contain generic data associated with the light identification information  401 . This could include multimedia content, examples of which include recorded audio, videos, and images. The location data  702  can also vary depending on other criteria such as temporal criteria, historical criteria, or user-specified criteria, for example. 
     The temporal criteria can include the time of day. The historical criteria can include user location history (e.g., locations visited frequently), Internet browsing history, retail purchases, or any other recorded information about a mobile device user. The user-specified criteria can include policies or rules setup by a user to specify the type of content they wish to receive or actions the mobile device should take based on location information. For example, the user-specified criteria can include how the mobile device behaves when the user is close to an item that is on sale. The user may specify that a coupon is presented to the user, or information about the item is presented on the mobile device. The information about the item can include videos, pictures, text, audio, and/or a combination of these that describe or relate to the item. The item can be something that is for sale, a display, a museum piece, or any other physical object. 
     Server  703  handles incoming ID codes  701 , and appropriately returns indoor location data  702  to the mobile devices  103 . The handling can including receiving incoming ID codes, searching databases to determine matches, calculating position coordinates based on the ID codes, and communicating indoor location data  702 . Since the LED light sources  101  are acting as “dumb” one way communication beacons, it is up to other devices to determine how to use the ID codes to calculate position information and deliver related content. In some embodiments, the server  703  can include the information used to link ID codes  701  to physical spaces and to deliver location specific content. The server is designed to handle the incoming requests in a scaleable manner, and return results to the mobile devices in real-time. 
     The server can include one or more interfaces to the network that are configured to send and receive messages and information in a number of protocols such as Internet Protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The protocols can be arranged in a stack that is used to communicate over network  601  to mobile device  103 . The server can also include memory that is configured to store databases and information used in providing position coordinates and related location based content. The server can include one or more modules that can be implemented in software or other logic. These modules can perform calculations and perform operations to implement functionality on the server. The server can use one or more processors to run the modules to perform logical operations. 
     To describe the server interaction in more detail,  FIG. 8  delves into location specific areas  801  containing databases  802  and web services  803 . The areas  801  represent a subset databases  802  and web services  803  for individual locations where there are installed LED light sources  101 . The server  703  directly communicates with these installations, which have their own separate sets of information. At a high level, databases  802  represent the stored information pertaining to a specific area  801 , while the web services  803  represent services which allow users, customers, administrators, and developers access to the ID codes, indoor locations, and other information. 
     In order to send relevant information, after each received ID code  701 , the server  703  requests information pertaining to the specific area  801 . Contained in each area  801 , are databases which contain information corresponding to the specific ID code  701 . This information can take multiple formats, and has the ability to be content specific to a variety of static and dynamic parameters. 
     In order to optimize response time, the server  703  can constrain its search space by using existing positioning technologies available to the mobile device  103  or from information in the light source ID code depending on the embodiment. In essence the server looks for the lights IDs  901  within a specific radius of the current approximate position of the mobile device  103 , and ignores those that are geographically irrelevant. This practice is known as “geo-fencing”, and dramatically reduces the request/response time of the server  703 . As final verification, if the database  802  contains one or more of the same IDs within the current search space that match the ID codes received by the mobile device  103  within a specific time frame, then a successful transaction can be assumed. 
     As seen in  FIG. 9 , each database  802  contains numerous sub categories which store specific types of information. The categories are labeled light IDs  901 , maps  902 , content  903 , and analytics  904 . 
     Light IDs  901  is a category which contains records of the individual light ID codes  701  which are contained in an area  801 . In a typical light positioning enabled installation, there will be tens to hundreds of unique LED light sources  101  broadcasting unique ID codes  701 . The purpose of the light IDs  901  database is to maintain and keep a record of where the ID codes  701  are physically located in the area  801 . These records can come in the form of but are not limited to GPS (latitude, longitude, and altitude) coordinates which are directly mapped into an indoor space. For instance, most indoor facilities have information about the number of installed lights, how far apart they are spaced, and how high the ceilings are. You can then match this information with building floor plans or satellite imagery to create a digital mapping of where each light is positioned. 
     To expand upon the Light IDs  901  category, additional information can come in the form of location specific maps  902 . These maps can take on many physical and digital forms, either directly from the management of the location, or a third party vendor or outside source. In addition to mapping information, location specific content  903  and analytics  904  are also contained inside the databases  802 . 
       FIG. 10  is a description of the ID log  1001  information contained in the Light IDs database  901 . It is a representation of the file structure that contains individual records corresponding to individual light ID codes  701  found within different areas  801 . In a typical area  801  there is a possibility of having duplicate ID codes  701  since there are a finite number of available codes. The size of the ID code  701  is proportional to the length of the data  403  field contained in the optical information  401 . 
     To deal with duplicate ID Codes  701 , additional distinguishing information can be contained inside of the individual log records; ID  1   1001 , ID  2   1003 , and ID  3   1004 . This information can contain additional records about neighboring ID Codes  701  which are in physical proximity of the LED light source  101 , or additional sensor data including but not limited to: accelerometer or gyroscope data, WiFi triangulation or fingerprinting data, GSM signature data, infrared or Bluetooth data, and ultrasonic audio data. Each additional sensor is an input into a Bayesian model that maintains an estimation of the current smartphone position and the uncertainty associated with the current estimation. Bayesian inference is a statistical method used to calculate degrees of probability due to changes in sensory input. In general, greater numbers of sensory inputs correlate with lower uncertainty. 
     In order to calibrate the light based positioning system, a user equipped with a specific mobile application will need to walk around the specific area  801 . The mobile application contains map  902  information of the indoor space, with the positions of the LED light sources  101  overlaid on the map. As the user walks around, they will receive ID codes  701  from the lights. When the user receives an ID code  701 , they will use the map on the mobile app to select which LED light source  101  they are under. After the user confirms the selection of the light, the mobile application sends a request to the server  703  to update the light location contained in the lighting plan  1103  with the ID code  701 . Additional user provided  1104  metadata including but not limited to current WiFi access points, RSSI, and cellular tower information can also be included with the server request to update additional databases. 
     In addition to manual calibration, calibration of LED light source  101  locations can also be achieved via crowd-sourcing. In this algorithm, as mobile application users move around an indoor space receiving ID codes  701 , they will send requests to the server  703  containing the light ID code  701  received, the current approximate position (based on other positioning techniques such as WiFi, GPS, GSM, and inertial sensors) and the error of the current approximation. Given enough users, machine learning algorithms on the server  703  can be used to infer the relative position of each LED light source  101 . The accuracy of this calibration method depends heavily on the number of mobile application users. 
       FIG. 11  is a description of the maps database  902  and map log  1101  information containing floor plans  1102 , lighting plans  1103 , user provided information  1104 , and aggregated data  1105 . Map log  1101  is a representation of the file structure that contains the information found inside the maps database  902 . Information can come in the form of but is not limited to computer aided drafting files, user provided computerized or hand drawn images, or portable document formats. The information residing in the maps  902  database can both be used to calibrate systems of multiple LED light sources  101 , and to augment the location data  702  that is sent to mobile devices  103 . 
     Floor plan  1102  contains information about the floor plan for specific areas  801 . The contained information can be in the form of computer aided drafting files, scanned images, and legacy documents pertaining to old floor plans. The information is used to build a model corresponding to the most recent building structure and layout. These models are subject to changes and updates through methods including but not limited to crowd sourcing models where users update inaccuracies, third party mapping software updates, and additional input from private vendors. 
     Lighting plan  1103  contains information about the physical lighting fixture layout, electrical wiring, and any additional information regarding the lighting systems in the area  801 . This information can also come in a variety of physical and digital forms such as the floor plan  1102  information. The lighting plan  1103  information is used in the calibration process of assigning light ID codes  701  to physical coordinates within an area  801 . In essence, a location with multiple LED light sources  101  acts a large mesh network except in this case each node (light ID  701 ) is a non-networked beacon of information that does not know about its surrounding neighbors. To help make sense of multiple light ID codes  701 , the lighting plan information is used as one of many ways to tell the backend server  703  where LED light sources  101  are located. 
     User provided information  1104  contains additional data that the user manually uploads in regards to building changes, updates, or new information that is acquired. The user in this case is most likely the facility manager or staff member, but could also originate from an end user of the system who contributes via a crowd sourcing or machine learning mechanism. For instance, if an end user was using a light based positioning system in a museum and was unable to find a particular exhibit or noticed inaccurate information in regards to location or classification of the exhibit, they could red flag the occurrence using their mobile device  103 . When coupled with data from additional users, sometimes known as a crowd sourcing method, this user provided information  1104  can be used to update and repair inaccuracies in the maps  902  database. 
     Aggregated data  1105  contains information that is gathered by the system that can be used to augment the current information that is known about the mapping environment. This can occur during normal operation of the system where multiple mobile devices  103  are constantly sending and receiving location data  702  from the server  703 . Over time the aggregation of this data can be used to better approximate how light ID codes  701  correspond to the physical locations of the LED light sources  101 . For instance if multiple mobile devices  103  consistently receive a new ID code  701 , in a repeatable pattern with respect to additional known ID codes  701  and other sources of location information, then this information can be recorded and stored in the aggregated data  1105  database. This information can additionally be used to recalibrate and in essence “self-heal” a light based positioning system. 
       FIG. 12  is a description of the content database  903  and content log  1201  information containing static content  1202 , user based content  1203 , and dynamic content  1204 . Content log  1201  is a representation of the file structure that contains the information found inside the content database  903 . Static content  1202  refers to unchanging information that is associated with the specific area  801 . This can refer to the previous example where a facility manger loads specific content into the content  903  database before a user enters the specific area  801 . This type of information can take the form of but is not limited to audio recordings, streaming or stored video files, images, or links to local or remote websites. 
     User based content  1203  refers to content that is dependent on user criteria. The content can depend on but is not limited to user age, sex, preference, habits, etc. For instance, a male user might receive different advertisements and promotions than a female world. Additionally age and past purchase habits could also be used to distinguish which is the correct piece of content to be presented to the user. 
     Dynamic content  1204  refers to content which changes with varying frequency. The content can change dependent on a temporal bases, daily, weekly, monthly, etc. For instance, seasonal marketing and content could be automatically presented to the user dependent on the month of the year, or content in the form of morning, evening, or nightly specials could be presented numerous times throughout the individual day. 
     In addition to content, point of purchase  1205  information can be delivered as well. This could be implemented by using the received ID code  701  to a secure connection which establishes and completes a transaction linked to a user&#39;s selected payment method. Additionally, a standalone point of purchase feature could be implemented by simply linking ID codes  701  directly to merchandise or services. 
       FIG. 13  is a description of the analytics database  904  and analytics log  1301  information containing frequency  1302 , dwell time  1303 , path taken  1304 , and miscellaneous  1305 . Analytics log  1101  is the file structure that contains the information found inside the analytics database  904 . Frequency  1302  refers to the number of times each end user visits a particular location inside of a specific area  801 . Separate records are maintained for individual users, and the frequency is aggregated and sorted in the frequency files database  904 . 
     Dwell time  1303  refers to the time spent in each particular location inside of a specific area  801 . Separate records are maintained for individual users, and the dwell times are aggregated and sorted in the dwell time file. Path taken  1304  refers to the physical path taken by a user in each specific area  801 . 
     As an example which combines many of the above descriptions, consider an example involving a store owner that installed a light based indoor positioning system, and a customer walking around the store using a mobile device  103  capable of receiving optically transmitted information. The customer drives to the parking lot of the store, parks, and walks in. Using the background sensors and location services available to her phone as modeled in  FIG. 16 , the customer&#39;s mobile device  103  already knows that she has approached, and most likely entered a store outfitted with a light based positioning system. Once this information is known, the application running on the customer&#39;s mobile device  103  initiates several background services and begins to start looking for optical signals as depicted in  FIG. 15 . 
     Prior to the customer entering the store, the store owner has already calibrated and preloaded the database  802  with the unique LED light sources  101 , map  902  information pertaining to the store floor plan  1102  and user provided  1104  product locations, and content  903  in the form of multimedia and local deals in the form of promotions that can only be activated by visiting that particular section of the store. 
     In the meantime, the customer is walking around the store looking to find particular items on her shopping list which she has already digitally loaded onto her mobile device  103 . Next the customer is prompted by her mobile device  103  that one of the items on her list has moved locations, and an image of the store layout is displayed with a flashing icon indicating where her desired product has moved. The mobile phone can guide her to the new product. Then as soon as she gets close to the product, an informational video is prompted on her screen detailing the most popular recipe and how it is prepared. And finally in addition to finding her desired product, the customer receives a discount promotion for taking the time to seek out the new location of the product. 
     In addition to the services offered by this system to the customer, the store owner now gains value from learning about the shopping experiences of the customer. This comes in the form of aggregated data that is captured and stored in the analytics  904  section of his stores database  802 . This example is one of many applications that can be enabled with an accurate indoor light based positioning system. 
       FIG. 14  is a process describing the act of receiving location and content information through visible light. User places mobile device under light  1401  corresponds to the act of physically placing a camera equipped mobile device  103  underneath an enabled LED light source  101 . The user stands approximately underneath or adjacent the LED light source  101 , and the mobile device has the LED light source  101  in view of the camera lens. 
     The next block, sample image sensor  1402 , refers to the act of turning on and reading data from the embedded image sensor in the mobile device  103 . Receive ID?  1403  is a decision block which either moves forward if a location ID is received, or returns to sample the image sensor  1402 . Get location data corresponding to ID from server  1404  occurs once a location ID has been received. The mobile device queries the server asking for location data  702  relevant to the ID code. This describes the process of a user obtaining an ID code  701  from a non-networked LED light source  101 , and using the unique identifier to look up additional information from either the server  703  or a locally stored source. 
     Finally, content?  1405  is another decision block which determines if there is location based content associated with the received ID code. If content is available the process continues on to the last block  1406  where the content is queried, if not the process ends. As described above, the get content data corresponding to ID from server  1405  refers to the act of retrieving content data associated with a known location from either a server  703  or local source. 
       FIG. 15  is a process describing the act of turning on the application background services and determining when to sample the image sensor. Initiate background service  1   1501  is the primary background running service on the mobile device. This service is tasked with initiating a function that can communicate wirelessly to determine if the mobile device is close to an enabled area. The wireless communication includes radio frequency communication techniques such as global position system (GPS), cellular communication (e.g., LTE, CDMA, UMTS, GSM), or WiFi communications. Determine position  1502  is the function that periodically samples the wireless communication signal and based on distance parameters decides whether or not the mobile device is close enough to an area to move forward to the next service. 
     Light positioning enabled?  1503  is a decision block that moves forward if the mobile device is close to an enabled location, or repeats the previous function if not. Initiate background service  2   1504  is activated once the mobile device enters an enabled area. The service is tasked with initiating the functions that receive location information via the modulated light. 
     Sample ambient light sensor  1505  is the first function of the previous service which samples the ambient light sensor data as soon as the sensor detects a change. The function of this task is to determine if the sensor has gone from dark to light, if the user takes the device out of a pocket or enclosure, or from light to dark, the user has placed the device inside of a pocket or enclosure. As an alternative to sampling the light sensor, the algorithm could also look for a change in the accelerometer reading. This would correspond to the user taking the phone out of their pocket. Detect change?  1506  is the decision block that moves forward if the ambient light sensor has gone from dark to light meaning that the mobile device is potentially in view of surrounding modulated light. 
       FIG. 16  is a process describing the act of determining a mobile devices position using a variety of information sources. Sample GPS/GSM  1601  refers to the act of determining if the mobile device is close to an enabled area. Enabled area?  1602  is a decision block which moves forward if the mobile device is close to a enabled area, or returns to the previous block if not. 
     Sample alternative sources  1603  refers to the act leveraging existing alternative positioning technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth, ultrasound, inertial navigation, or employing an existing service using one or more of any available services. Record internal sensor data  1606  is a task which records the current accelerometer data for a period of time before returning to the Sample image sensor  1402  block. This task is performed so that location information is constantly being collected even when modulated light is not being detected. This allows the mobile device and/or server to keep track of the mobile device&#39;s position. 
       FIG. 17  is a system diagram describing how a client device  1704  interacts with a light based positioning system  1709 . Network  601  is a generic local or remote network used to connect mobile devices  103  contained in locations A  1701 , B  1702 , and C  1703  with the light based positioning service  1709 . 
     Each location contains multiple LED light sources  101 , each of which broadcast unique identification codes  701 . In order to interact with the system from an operators perspective, a mobile device can use the database service application  1710  which contains multiple privilege levels for different levels of access. The client privilege level determines read/write permissions to each of these databases. These levels include users  1705  which refer to general front end system users, administrators  1706  which are usually IT or operations management level within an installation, developers  1707  which have access to the application programming interfaces of the system for use in custom application development, and root  1708  level which contains master control over the users and access to everything contained in the system and databases. 
     Mobile devices in each location  1701 ,  1702 , and  1703  receive identification codes  701  from lights in their respective locations. They then send the received identification codes  701  through the network  601  which connects to database service application  1710 , through user application  1705 , and has read access to maps  902  and content, and write access to analytics  904 . A generic client,  1704 , connects to database service application  1710  through network connection  601 . 
     The client uses a password authorized login screen to access the respective permission status. Clients with administrator permissions have read/write access to light IDs  901 , read access to maps  902 , read/write access to content  903 , and read access to analytics  904 . Clients with developer permissions  1707  have read access to light IDs, read access to maps  902 , read/write access to content  903 , and read access to analytics  904 . A client with root permissions  1708  has read/write access to databases  901 - 904 . 
     As an overview,  FIG. 17  describes the top down approach to our current implementation of a light based positioning system. At the highest level, known locations of installed non-network standalone LED light sources  101  are used to accurately identify the relative position of mobile devices  103 . In order to obtain identification information from the lights, the background processes running on the mobile device  103  have been described in  FIGS. 14, 15, 16 . Once the mobile device has acquired a unique or semi-unique ID code  701  from the light or combination of lights, it uses this information to query a database  802  for additional information. This information can come in many forms, and is used to create a more personalized experience for the user. As initially mentioned, this local experience is used for location aware mobile computing, and augmented reality applications. In addition to local personalized information, location based analytics applications can be enabled from the aggregated data and traffic running through the server  703 . 
     The use of light based positioning capabilities provide a number of benefits. For example, the positioning information obtained by using light sources is highly precise compared to alternative techniques for positioning information. The accuracy of a light based positioning system can be down to a few centimeters in three dimensions in some embodiments. This positioning ability enables a number of useful services to be provided. In certain embodiments, additional mobile device information can be used in combination with the positioning information. For example, accelerometer position information can be used in conjunction with light source based position to offer augmented reality or location aware content that relevant to the device&#39;s position. The relevant content can be displayed to augment what is being displayed on the mobile device or the display can provide relevant information. Applications on the mobile device can also be launched when the mobile device enters certain areas or based on a combination of criteria and position information. The applications can be used to provide additional information to the user of the mobile device. 
     The light based positioning systems and methods can also be used to manage and run a business. For example, the light based positioning can help keep track of inventory and to make changes to related databases of information. In a warehouse, for example, the light positioning system can direct a person to where a particular item is located by giving directions and visual aids. The light positioning can even provide positioning information to direct the person to the correct shelf the item is currently residing on. If the person removes the item, the mobile device can update the inventory databases to reflect the change. The same function can be implemented in a store environment as merchandise locations are changed or updated. This information can then be used in providing content to a user. For example, if a shopper wants more information about an item, the updated location can be used to locate the item or direct the shopper to an online website to purchase an out of stock item. In some embodiments, the mobile device using the light based positioning technique in conjunction with a wireless connection and other information can be used to provide non-intrusive data collection on customers. The data collection of how customers move through a store and where they spend time can be used to improve layout of stores and displays of merchandise. 
     The light based positioning system are also easy and low cost to setup compared to other location positioning systems. Since each light source operates autonomously, a building owner only needs to swap out existing light sources for those that provide light based information to a camera enabled device. The light sources are non-networked independent beacons that broadcast identification codes configured when manufactured. This allows the light sources to be manufactured at a lower cost compared to networked light sources. Further, the non-networked independent beacon light sources in the light based positioning system can be easier for building owners to install. 
     The light based positioning system can also include optimizations in some embodiments. For example, location information obtained from either the identification code or from alternative techniques can be used to reduce latency in determining position information. This optimization can work through geo-fencing by constraining the search area to find information regarding the captured light sources more quickly. This can reduce the overall delay experienced by a user from the time the mobile device captures the light sources to when relevant position information is provide to the mobile device and/or relevant content is provided to the mobile device. 
     The techniques and methods disclosed for use in light based positioning systems can be used with a variety of camera equipped mobile or stationary devices, such as: mobile phones, tablet computers, netbooks, laptops, desktops, or custom designed hardware. Further, the scope of the present invention is not limited to the above described embodiments, but rather is defined by the appended claims. These claims represent modifications and improvements to what has been described.