Abstract:
A process for the preparation of taxane derivatives by reacting 10-deacetylbaccatin III protected at the 7-and 1-positions with trichloroacetyl groups with a compound of formula                            
     and subsequent removal of the protective groups and hydrolysis of the oxazolidine ring.

Description:
This application is a 371 of PCT/EP00/01471 filed Feb. 23, 2000. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of taxanes from 10-deacetylbaccatin III. 
     The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of taxanes from 10-deacetylbaccatin III. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Paclitaxel is a known antitumor drug with taxan structure, whose industrial preparation is particularly complex. 
     Paclitaxel was first isolated by extraction from the trunk barks of  Taxus brevifolia , and it is at present synthesized starting from 10-deacetylbaccatin III, an intermediate present in the leaves of different species of taxus, particularly in those of  Taxus baccata  L., thereby overcoming the environmental problems connected with the availability of bark of  T. brevifolia.    
     A number of synthetic methods are reported in literature: U.S. Pat. No. Re. 34,277 (reissue of U.S. Pat. No. 4,924,011) discloses the. semi-synthesis of Paclitaxel starting from 10-deacetylbaccatin III protected at the C-7 hydroxyl group with a trialkylsilyl group, in particular triethylsilyl, and at the 10-position with an acetyl group. In WO 98/08832, the protection of the C-7 hydroxyl group is carried out using a trichloroacetyl group. The thus protected baccatin III derivative is reacted with acetyl bromide and, subsequently, with the suitable phenylisoserine derivative to obtain Paclitaxel, following deprotection of the hydroxyl groups at 7 and 2′ and benzoylation of the amine. 
     In WO 93/06094, Paclitaxel is prepared by reacting a beta-lactam-type compound with 7-triethylsilyl-baccatin III. The desired product is obtained by deprotection in acid medium. 
     In U.S. Pat. No. 5,476,954, the synthesis of Paclitaxel is carried out starting from 10-deacetylbaccatin III, protecting the C-7 hydroxyl with 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl(Troc) and the C-10 hydroxyl with Troc or with an acetyl group. 
     It is therefore evident that the critical step for the synthesis of Paclitaxel is the selective esterification at C-7 with a group easily and selectively removable. Until now, 7-triethylsilyl-deacetylbaccatin III has been considered the key intermediate. The yield reported for the derivatization of 10-deacetylbaccatin III to 7-triethylsilyl-10-deacetylbaccatin III is about 85%, using 5 to 20 mols of silylating agent. The yield of the subsequent acetylation to give 7-triethylsilylbaccatin III is also about 85%. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,621,121 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,637,723 disclose the synthesis of taxanes, including Paclitaxel, by reacting suitably protected baccatin III or 10-deacetylbaccatin III with oxazolidine-5-carboxylic acids bearing at the 2-position a phenyl group substituted with alkoxy groups (U.S. Pat. No. 5,621,121) or with trihaloalkyl groups, in particular trichloromethyl (U.S. Pat. No. 5,637,723), followed by deprotection by opening of the oxazolidine ring. 
     The protective groups considered particularly suitable comprise silyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl or 2-(2(trichloromethyl)propoxy)carbonyl groups. 
     Substantially the same methods can also be used for the preparation of Docetaxel, another known taxan derivative widely used in clinics. 
     It has now been found a process for the preparation of taxanes, in particular Paclitaxel and Docetaxel, which attains higher yields than the known methods. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It has now been found a process for the preparation of taxanes, in particular Paclitaxel and Docetaxel, which attains a higher yield than known methods. 
     The process of the invention, shown in the following Scheme, comprises: 
     a) simultaneous protection of the hydroxyl groups at the 7- and 10-positions of 10-deacetylbaccatin III with trichloroacetyl groups. 
     b) subsequent esterification of the hydroxyl at the 13-position by reaction with a compound of formula (VII):                           
      wherein R is tert.butoxycarbonyl, benzoyl or the residue of a straight or branched aliphatic acid and R 1  is phenyl or a straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl; 
     c) removal of the trichloroacetic protective groups; 
     d) optional selective acetylation of the hydroxyl at the 10-position, for those compounds in which R 2  is acetyl; 
     e) acid hydrolysis of the oxazolidine ring.                           
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The process of the invention differs from those of the prior art in the that the reaction sequence used provides a simpler route than those processes cited above and a remarkable improvement in the obtained yields. 
     The process of the invention differs from those of the prior art in that the reaction sequence used provides a simpler route than the known processes cited above and a remarkable improvement in the obtained yields. 
     Step a) is conventionally effected with trichloroacetic anhydride in suitable solvents and in the presence of bases such as pyridine, triethylamine and the like. 
     The esterification with the oxazolidine-5-carboxylic acid derivative is carried out in the presence of a condensing agent such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or other known reagents, in an anhydrous organic solvent, preferably aliphatic, aromatic or chlorinated hydrocarbons, at temperatures ranging from room temperature to the boiling temperature of the solvent. 
     The resulting oxazolidine ester is then deprotected by removing the 7- and 10-trichloroacetyl groups by treatment with NH 4 OH/NH 4 Cl in aliphatic alcohols, preferably methanol. 
     The selective acetylation of the hydroxyl at the 10-position is carried out with acetic anhydride in the presence of cerium III, scandium or ytterbium salts, in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, at temperatures ranging from 5 to 40° C. 
     The treatment with organic or inorganic acids in solvents such as methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, at temperatures ranging from about −2 to +2° C., yields the desired taxane derivatives. The use of formic acid in tetrahydrofuran at a temperature of 0° C. is particularly preferred. 
     The oxazolidine intermediates are known or can be prepared with known methods, by reaction of an isoserine ester with 4-methoxy-benzaldehyde. 
     The choice of anisic aldehyde proved to be particularly important for the formation of the oxazolidine, in that oxazolidine acid, contrary to the methods described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,621,121, 5,637,723 (Rhône-Poulenc Rorer), and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,363 (UpJohn), can easily be crystallized and adjusted to a 95:5 isomer ratio, which is extremely useful and advantageous for the subsequent step. Furthermore, the oxazolidine carboxylic acid obtainable with anisic aldehyde is particularly stable during the deprotection of the trichloroacetic ester and the subsequent acetylation step. In these conditions, 2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde used in U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,363 or chloral or p-trichloromethyl-benzaldehyde as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,621,121 and 5,637,723 (Rhône-Poulenc Rorer) are not sufficiently stable. 
     The process of the invention, in addition to Paclitaxel (R=benzoyl, R 1 =phenyl) and Docetaxel (R=tert.butoxycarbonyl, R 1 =phenyl), also provides other taxane derivatives efficiently and conveniently. 
     The compounds of formula IV have never been described before and are therefore a further object of the invention, as intermediates useful for the synthesis of taxane derivatives. 
     The following Examples illustrate the invention in greater detail. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Preparation of 7,10-bis-trichloroacetyl-10-deacetylbaccatin III 
     A solution of 10 g of 10-deacetylbaccatin III (18.4 mmol) in 125 ml of dry methylene chloride and 42 ml of pyridine is added dropwise with 4.77 ml of trichloroacetic anhydride (42.32 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred for three hours or anyhow until completion of the reaction, checked by TLC on silica gel using a 5:5 n-hexane/ethyl acetate mixture as eluent. Upon completion of the reaction, 5 ml of methanol are added to destroy the trichloroacetic anhydride excess, then water. The organic phase is thoroughly washed with HCl (0.1 M solution in water) to remove pyridine, whereas the remaining organic phase is dried over MgSO 4  and concentrated to dryness under vacuum. A pale yellow solid (17 g) is obtained, which upon crystallization from chloroform shows the following chemical and spectroscopical characteristics: 
     IR (KBr) 3517, 1771, 1728, 1240, 981, 819, 787, 675 cm −1 ; 
       1 H-NMR (200 MHz); δ8.11 (Bz AA′), 7.58 (Bz C), 7.46 (Bz, BB′), 6.50 (s, H-10), 5.72 (m, H-H-2), 5.02 (d, J=8 Hz, H-5), 4.95 (m, H-13), 4.37 (d, J=8 Hz, H-20a), 4.18 (d, J=8 Hz, H-20b), 4.02 (d, J=6 Hz, H-3), 2.32 (s, 4-Ac), 2.22 (s, H-18), 1.91 (s, H-19), 1.25 and 1.11 (s, H-16, H-17), m.p.=172-175° C., [α] D −36° (MeOH; C=0.6). 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Preparation of 13-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-benzoyl-4-phenyl-oxazolidyl-)-10-deacetylbaccatin III 
     17 g of 7,10-bistrichloroacetyl-10-deacetylbaccatin III are dissolved in 250 ml of anhydrous toluene and added under stirring with 12.6 g of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-benzoyl-4-phenyl-oxazolidine-5-carboxylic acid and 6 g of DCC. After stirring overnight at 40° C., the reaction mixture is filtered and concentrated to dryness. The residue is dissolved in 300 ml of methanol/tetrahydrofuran and added with 24 ml of a 2M NH 3  aqueous solution. After 1.5 hours at room temperature the reaction mixture is concentrated to small volume under vacuum, then diluted with water and the whole is extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract is concentrated to dryness and the residue is purified on a silica gel column, eluting the product with a 1:1 ethyl acetate/petroleum ether mixture, to obtain 16.8 g of the title product with m.p. 135° C. and [α] D =−58° (MeOH, C=0.5). 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Preparation of 13-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-benzoyl-4-phenyl-oxazolidyl)-baccatin III 
     A solution of 13.7 g of the product of example II in 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran is added with 56 ml of a 10% suspension of CeCl 3 .7H 2 O in tetrahydrofuran, followed by 5.5 ml of acetic anhydride. After stirring overnight at room temperature, the reaction mixture is filtered, the filtrate is treated with methanol and concentrated to small volume; the mixture is diluted with H 2 O and the product is extracted with ethyl acetate, to obtain 12 g (84%) of 13-(2-(4-methoxybenzilydene)-N-benzoyl-4-phenyl-oxazolidyl-)-baccatin III having the following physical and spectroscopical characteristics: 
       1 -NMR: 8.07 (d, Bz) 7.60-7.19 (m, aromatic), 7.48-6.90 (AA′, BB′, p-OMePh), 6.33 (s, H-10), 5.67 (d, J=5 Hz, H-2), 5.56 (br s, H-3′), 4.93 (d, J=8 Hz, H-5), 4.90 (brs, H-2′), 4.45 (m, H-7), 4.28 (d, J=8 Hz, H-20a), 4.16 (d, J=8 Hz, H-20b), 3.82 (s, OMe), 2.27 (s, Ac), 2.08 (s, OAc), 1.66 (s, H-19), 1.29-1.16 (s, H-16, H-17), m.p. 146° C., [α] D =−62° (MeOH, C=0.8). 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Preparation of Paclitaxel 
     12 g of 13-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-benzoyl-4-phenyl-oxazolidyl)-baccatine III are dissolved in 50 ml of tetrahydrofuran and added at 0° C. with 5 ml of formic acid; the reaction mixture is left under stirring at 0° C. for three hours, then diluted with water; formic acid is neutralized with KHCO 3  and the suspension is repeatedly extracted with ethyl acetate. The ether-acetic extracts are washed with water and concentrated to small volume. Upon crystallization from the same solvent, 10.5 g of Paclitaxel are obtained having the same chemical-physical and spectroscopical characteristics as described in literature. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Preparation of Docetaxel 
     17 g of 7,10-bistrichloroacetyl-10-deacetylbaccatin III are dissolved in 250 ml of anhydrous toluene and added under stirring with 11.6 g of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-tert.butoxycarbonyl-4-phenyl-oxazolidine-5-carboxylic acid and 6 g of DCC. After stirring overnight at 40° C., the reaction mixture is filtered and concentrated to dryness. The residue is dissolved in 300 ml of methanol/tetrahydrofuran and added with 24 ml of a 2M NH 3  aqueous solution. After 1.5 hours at room temperature, the reaction mixture is concentrated to small volume under vacuum, then diluted with water and the whole is extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract is concentrated to dryness and 10 g of this residue are dissolved in THF and added at 0° C. with 5 ml of formic acid. The reaction mixture is left under stirring at 0° C. for three hours, then diluted with water; formic acid is neutralized with KHCO 3 , the suspension is repeatedly with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts are washed with water and concentrated to small volume. Upon crystallization from the same solvent, 9.2 g of Docetaxel are obtained having the same chemical, physical and spectroscopical characteristics as described in literature.