Abstract:
A computer based simulation system for virtual training for vehicle crews is disclosed. The Vehicle Crew Training System (VCTS) simulates crew positions for different military ground and air vehicles. Two or more crewman modules are networked together to support a partial or full vehicle crew. The crewman modules are self-contained devices that are modular in hardware and software design, easily reconfigurable, and require minimal facility space, allowing use in restricted environments such as trailers. The VCTS is modular at the crew position level; crewman modules are added or deleted as required to meet a particular training need.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/331,103 (issuing as U.S. Pat. No. 9,293,058), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/439,423 (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,777,619), which are all incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The invention pertains to training simulators. 
         [0004]    2. Background Art 
       System Design 
       [0005]    Historically, most virtual crew training has been accomplished with appended trainers or with crew station trainers. An appended trainer consists of equipment added to an actual (parked) combat vehicle such that the vehicle is used to train a full or partial crew in a virtual environment. Examples are Raydon&#39;s Abrams Appended Trainer (A-FIST XXI) and the Bradley Appended Trainer (AB-FIST). A crew station trainer includes a replica of a crew compartment of an actual vehicle. Examples are Raydon&#39;s M-COFT XXI and SIMNET XXI trainers for the Abrams Tank and the Bradley Fighting Vehicle. The appended and crew station trainers typically provide higher fidelity and very little modularity. Here, fidelity refers to the physical and functional realism of the man-machine interface; specifically, the realism of the vehicle and/or weapon controls in terms of numbers of controls and control realism; the realism of visual imagery in terms of field of view, resolution, and scene content; and the realism of the physical crew position in terms of the human support structure. Further, these trainers tend to be purpose-built for either individual/crew training or for collective training, but not both. 
         [0006]    More recently, desktop training systems have emerged that are capable of training individuals and crews of military combat vehicles with less fidelity but at a much lower cost than the appended and crew station trainers. However, these desktop systems are not modular, and like the higher fidelity appended and crew station trainers, tend to be purpose-built for either individual/crew training or for collective training, but not both. 
         [0007]    Hence there is a need for a vehicle crew training system that is sufficiently flexible to allow both individual/crew training and collective training, is modular, and can provide any level of fidelity. 
       Gunner Module for Ground Vehicles 
       [0008]    Current ground vehicle simulators for mounted weapons training use video projection screens and a fixed mount weapon mockup. Taken together this results in a limited field of view for the gunner; i.e., the gunner can only look and shoot at scenes depicted on the projection screen. Typically these screens are limited to the forward direction only. 
         [0009]    This approach also requires substantial space to implement, making it impractical to use in standard trailers or portable shelters. One instantiation of this approach was implemented by the U. S. Government at the Mounted Warfare Testbed at Fort Knox, Ky. Another instantiation of this approach was implemented by Lockheed Martin for the Government&#39;s Virtual Combat Convoy Trainer program. 
         [0010]    Hence there is a need for a mounted weapon training simulator module that has a relatively small physical footprint, yet provides realistic perspective, i.e., in all possible directions, for a trainee&#39;s view and aim. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     System Design 
       [0011]    The Vehicle Crew Training System (VCTS) is a computer based simulation system intended to serve the virtual training needs of military users. However, unlike other simulation systems, the VCTS is modular at the crew position level; crewman modules are added or deleted as required to meet a particular training need. The VCTS provides virtual training for vehicle crew members. Virtual training refers to a mode of training in which the trainee is immersed in a simulated environment as a participating entity and in which results of all actions occur in real-time based on cause and effect. This is also referred to as real-time, man-in-the-loop simulation. Three modes of virtual training are supported: individual training, crew training, and collective training with multiple vehicle crews. The VCTS is able to simulate crew positions for different military vehicles and their associated weapon systems. The VCTS comprises crewman modules networked together to support a partial or full vehicle crew. Moreover, not only is the VCTS modular, but each crewman module is itself modular. The crewman modules are self-contained devices that are modular in hardware and software design, and easily reconfigurable. In addition, the crewman modules occupy a minimal physical footprint. 
         [0012]    One instantiation of the VCTS is a High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) trainer developed by Raydon Corporation. This system can be used for individual and crew gunnery as well as convoy training in a simulated geographical environment. In an embodiment of the invention, the simulated environment corresponds to an actual urban or rural setting. Future VCTS ground vehicle variants include but are not limited to the Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT), the Standard Cargo Truck, and the Five Ton Tactical Truck. 
         [0013]    Another instantiation of the VCTS is a UH-60 Blackhawk helicopter trainer developed by Raydon Corporation. This system can be used for individual and crew gunnery as well as convoy support training in a simulated geographical environment. In an embodiment of the invention, the simulated environment corresponds to an actual urban or rural setting. Future VCTS air vehicle variants include but are not limited to the CH-47 Chinook helicopter. 
         [0014]    The VCTS consists of two or more crewman modules networked together. A typical set of crewman modules comprising a VCTS includes a driver or pilot module, a gunner module, and a commander module. Via a network, other devices, such as an instructor station and a simulated radio, may be integrated with the VCTS. Additional crewman modules may be added for other crew members such as an observer/riflemen. Vehicle Crew Training Systems may also be linked together to form groups of simulated vehicles, such as platoons of three of four vehicles, where each vehicle is configured with two or more crewman modules. Two instructor stations may be included in these larger embodiments, to facilitate training simultaneously with the conduct of after action reviews (AARs) of previously conducted exercises. Additional instructor stations may be added to facilitate individual and crew training. 
         [0015]    Various embodiments of the invention, therefore, may or may not interface with an instructor station. However, an instructor station can be an important component of the overall training system. In embodiments where it is included, it initializes the different VCTS crewman modules, monitors the performance of the trainees, controls the operation of the simulated enemy and friendly forces during the various training exercises, and records all exercise events. In addition, the instructor station supports the conduct of after action reviews wherein previously conducted exercises are played back as an aid to the instructor&#39;s critique of trainee performance. An instructor station can also act as a surrogate driver module in the absence of a regular driver module, or as a surrogate for any other missing crewmember module. If two instructor stations are included, then it is possible to perform the exercise control and monitoring functions with the AAR function simultaneously. 
         [0016]    The Vehicle Crew Training System is designed in a modular fashion such that it may be reconfigured to meet different training needs. Reconfiguration may involve adding, deleting, or changing the mix of crewman modules. Modularity also extends to the design of the crewman modules such that the weapon system and/or the vehicle type may be rapidly changed. For example, a 0.50 caliber machine gun in use on the HMMWV variant of the Vehicle Crew Training System can be interchanged with an MK-19 grenade launcher, a 7.62 mm machine gun, an M249 Squad Automatic Weapon, or a Tube-launched Optically tracked Wire-guided (TOW) missile launcher, for example. 
         [0017]    An embodiment of the invention can consist of four (4) simulated HMMWV vehicles, each represented by a VCTS with five (5) crewman modules. Two (2) instructor stations and simulated radios can be interfaced with such an embodiment of the VCTS through a network. The system provides individual, crew and collective training to platoons of HMMWV drivers, commanders, gunners and observer/riflemen. 
         [0018]    Another embodiment of the VCTS is a HMMWV Training System developed for the US Army National Guard (ARNG). This system can consist of five (5) simulated HMMWV vehicles, where four of the vehicles are represented by VCTS&#39;s consisting of two (2) crewman modules each and the fifth vehicle (external to the trailer containing the VCTS systems) is represented by an Appended HMMWV containing a driver and gunner position. Simulated radios and an instructor station can also be interfaced to the VCTS. The system provides individual, crew and collective training to platoons of HMMWV drivers and gunners. The VCTS modules and the instructor station of this embodiment fit in one fifty-three foot semi-trailer. 
         [0019]    Another embodiment of the VCTS is a UH-60 Blackhawk helicopter training system developed for the US Army. This system can consist of two (2) simulated UH-60 helicopters, where each of the helicopters are represented by VCTS&#39;s consisting of three (3) crewman modules: a pilot module, a left door gunner module, and a right door gunner module. Simulated radios and an instructor station can also be interfaced to the VCTS. The system provides individual, crew and collective training to UH-60 door gunners. The VCTS modules and the instructor station of this embodiment fit in one fifty-three foot semi-trailer. 
         [0020]    The VCTS is designed to fit in a very constrained space, such as a semi-trailer or a portable shelter. The UH-60 trainer just described fits in one fifty-three foot semi-trailer. 
         [0021]    The ground vehicle variant of the gunner module embodies a unique approach to weapon system training for simulated ground vehicles. It provides an unrestricted view of the simulated environment to the gunner by means of a head mounted display (HMD) and a moveable, vehicle-mounted weapon mock-up. The HMD provides a complete spherical (360 degree) field of regard (FOR) to the gunner; as the gunner moves his head, the instantaneous field of view (IFOV) changes in relation to the direction his head is pointed. The weapon mock-up is cradle/pintle-mounted on a 360 degree traverse ring to allow full 360 degree horizontal traverse as well as the authentic amount of weapon pitch and yaw. External cabling is routed through a slip ring to allow unlimited rotations of the traverse ring. In addition, weapon mock-ups and the weapon software may be easily changed to simulate different vehicle-mounted weapons. Finally, the gunner module is very compact in size, allowing use in restricted environments such as trailers and mobile shelters. 
         [0022]    Crewman modules may be of varying fidelity. For example, a lower fidelity desktop version of the gunner module may be used instead of the simulated crew position version described above. Fidelity in this context refers to the fidelity or realism of the man-machine interface as experienced by the trainee, i.e., the fidelity of the vehicle and/or weapon controls in terms of numbers of controls and the realism of the controls, the fidelity of visual imagery in terms of field of view, resolution, and scene content, and the fidelity of the physical crew position in terms of the human support structure. 
         [0023]    The VCTS architecture supports any mix of varying fidelity crewman modules. Since the lower fidelity desktop versions provide subsets of the capabilities embodied in the simulated crew position versions, all discussions of crewman module will refer to the higher fidelity variants, unless specifically stated otherwise. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES 
         [0024]      FIG. 1A  is a diagram illustrating the minimum system configuration of the Vehicle Crew Training System (VCTS), according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0025]      FIG. 1B  is a diagram illustrating a typical full crew configuration of the VCTS, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0026]      FIG. 1C  is a diagram illustrating multiple VCTS systems linked together to support collective training for High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) crews, in accordance with the embodiments of  FIGS. 1A and 1B ; this configuration is representative of a VCTS training system developed for the US Army National Guard. 
           [0027]      FIG. 1D  is an artist&#39;s drawing of the system diagrammed in  FIG. 1C . 
           [0028]      FIG. 1E  is a diagram illustrating multiple VCTS systems linked together to support collective training for UH- 60  aircraft crews, in accordance with the embodiments of  FIGS. 1A and 1B ; this configuration is representative of a VCTS training system developed for the US Army. 
           [0029]      FIG. 1F  is an artist&#39;s drawing of the system diagrammed in  FIG. 1E . 
           [0030]      FIG. 2A  is a diagram showing the major components of a VCTS crewman module, in accordance with the embodiment of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0031]      FIG. 2B  is a table identifying the types and components that comprise a VCTS crewman module, in accordance with the embodiment of  FIG. 2A . 
           [0032]      FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating the componentized architecture of the VCTS software, in accordance with the embodiments of  FIGS. 1 and 2 . 
           [0033]      FIG. 4A  is a functional block diagram of the VCTS HMMWV gunner module hardware in accordance with the embodiments of  FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 . 
           [0034]      FIG. 4B  is a functional block diagram of the VCTS UH-60 Door gunner module hardware in accordance with the embodiments of  FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 . 
           [0035]      FIG. 4C  is a functional software diagram of the VCTS gunner module in accordance with the embodiments of  FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 . 
           [0036]      FIG. 5A  is a photograph of the VCTS HMMWV gunner module in accordance with the embodiments of  FIGS. 1, 2, 3, and 4A . 
           [0037]      FIG. 5B  is a photograph of the VCTS UH- 60  Door gunner module in accordance with the embodiments of  FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 4B . 
           [0038]      FIG. 6  is a photograph of a Tabletop gunner module in accordance with the embodiments of  FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0039]    Embodiments of the invention are discussed in detail below. In describing embodiments, specific terminology is employed for the sake of clarity. The invention is not intended to be limited to the specific terminology so-selected. While specific exemplary embodiments are discussed, it should be understood that this is done for illustration purposes only. A person skilled in the relevant art will recognize that other components and configurations can be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 
         [0040]      FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E and 1F  illustrate various embodiments of a VCTS system in accordance with the present invention. The system is comprised of at least two crewman modules  102  and  104  connected via a network  110 , as illustrated in  FIG. 1A , crewman modules may include a driver module, pilot module, ground vehicle gunner module, air vehicle door gunner module, commander module, and observer/rifleman module. Other crewman module types can be supported as needs dictate. These other modules could include, for example, alternate driver modules, crowd control/riot control modules, and non-lethal weapon modules. An embodiment of the system that supports a four man crew is illustrated in  FIG. 1B ; this configuration of the system includes a driver or pilot module  112 , a gunner module  114 , a commander module  116 , an observer/rifleman module  118 , and a network  110 . An instructor station  120  is shown connected to the VCTS  100 ; the instructor station  120  provides exercise control, monitoring and evaluation. An embodiment of the invention that supports collective training for ground vehicles is illustrated in  FIG. 1C ; four VCTS systems  130 - 160 , each consisting of a driver module and a gunner module, and linked via a network  110 , representing four vehicle crews. The four VCTS systems are linked via network  110  to an instructor station  120  and to an appended trainer  180  which supports a fifth vehicle crew. An artist&#39;s sketch of this system is shown in  FIG. 1D . Crewman modules that provide training with respect to ground vehicles are referred to as ground vehicle crewman modules. 
         [0041]    An embodiment of the invention that supports collective training for air vehicles is illustrated in  FIG. 1E ; two VCTS systems  135  and  145 , each consisting of a pilot module and two door gunner modules, and linked via a network  110 , represent two vehicle crews. The two VCTS systems are linked via the network  110  to an instructor station  120 . An artist&#39;s sketch of this system is shown in  FIG. 1F . Crewman modules that provide training with respect to air vehicles are referred to as air vehicle crewman modules. 
         [0042]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  illustrate the components and characteristics of an embodiment of a VCTS crewman module  184 . Crewman modules are self-contained training devices that contain the necessary hardware and software to support virtual training for a single crewman. In an embodiment of the invention, a crewman module consists of a simulated weapon system  186  or, in the case of a driver or pilot module, a vehicle control or flying control system, respectively, plus a display system  190 , a sound system  192 , a computational system  194 , and a crewman station from which a trainee can access systems  186 ,  190 , and  192 . A simulated weapon system  186  can consist of a weapon mock-up including all necessary controls such as triggers and arm/safe switches, and the electronics and cabling required to interface it with the computational system  194 . A simulated vehicle control system for a ground vehicle consists of a steering wheel, transmission selector, brake and accelerator pedals, and all other necessary controls, electronics and cabling required to drive the vehicle and to interface with the computational system  194 . A flying control system would similarly comprise simulated flight controls to control a virtual aircraft, e.g., controls for throttle, rotor speed, pitch, navigation instruments, etc. Display system  190  consists of display devices, such as head mounted displays and/or LCD panels, and the necessary electronics and cabling required to interface it with the computational system  194 . Sound system  192  consists of amplified speakers and the necessary audio cabling to interface it with the computational system  194 . Weapon and vehicle sounds are broadcast to the trainee via the sound system  192 . The computational system  194  consists of a commercially available PC (or a programmable computing platform of comparable capability) augmented with standard devices and ports to enable communication with other crewman module hardware components, with other crewman modules, and with external systems such as instructor stations and other external simulated vehicles. Note that all programmable computing platforms that can be used in computational system  194  will be denoted generically hereinafter as PCs. The crewman station consists of the physical structure that contains and/or supports the trainee as well as all of the components that comprise a crewman module  184 . 
         [0043]    The computational system  194  contains the crewman module software. In an embodiment of the invention, the crewman module software consists of a commercially available operating system and application software. The major functions performed by the application software include simulating vehicle movement, weapon aiming, firing, and impact effects, image generation of visual scenes, interfacing with the various hardware components, and interfacing with other crewman modules and with external systems, such as other external simulated vehicles, via the network. The application software in the driver module has the additional functions of calculating collisions with other objects in the virtual world and of terrain following by the driver&#39;s virtual vehicle. 
         [0044]      FIG. 3  illustrates the VCTS application software architecture  300  according to an embodiment of the invention. The software architecture  300  can be an object oriented design comprised of components, which are encapsulated pieces of software with a defined functional purpose and a defined interface. The purpose of componentizing the application software is to minimize rework and maximize reuse as new vehicles and new weapons are incorporated into the VCTS design. 
         [0045]    Software components may be categorized as either being application-specific or reusable. If the latter, they are placed into a library of reusable components  320 . In an embodiment of the invention, an application specific component  310  generally links to one or more reusable components  320  to perform a given function. A collection of drivers and application program interfaces (APIs)  330  may also be included with the application software to interface with the hardware  340 . This includes drivers for the video and data acquisition cards housed in the PC as well as network, joystick and sound drivers and the API for the visual software. Underlying the components, drivers and API&#39;s is the real-time executive software  350  that provides the universal means for components, drivers and API&#39;s to communicate via messages, events, and data reflection through its interface. The real -time executive software  350  can also be componentized. 
         [0046]      FIG. 4A  is a functional hardware diagram of an embodiment of the ground vehicle gunner module,  FIG. 4B  is a functional hardware diagram of an embodiment of the air vehicle gunner module and  FIG. 4C  is a functional software diagram that corresponds to both the ground and air variants of the gunner module. In  FIG. 4A , the illustrated weapon system  186  is comprised of the weapon mock-up  402 , the traverse ring encoder  404 , calibration switch  406 , and interface electronics  408 . The weapon mock-up  402 , in one embodiment of the invention, is a simulated 0.50 caliber machine gun. The position, pitch and yaw of the weapon mock-up  402  are measured continuously, and fed back to the PC  407  via the interface electronics  408 . The calibration signal is fed back to the PC  407  via the interface electronics  408  when the trainee pushes the corresponding switch  406 . The interface electronics  408  applies signal conditioning to the incoming signals and sends the data to the I/O device  410  in the PC  407 . 
         [0047]    In  FIG. 4B , the illustrated weapon system  186  is comprised of the weapon mockup  402 , calibration switch  406 , and interface electronics  408 . The weapon mock-up  402 , in one embodiment of the invention, is a simulated 7.62 mm machine gun. The position, pitch and yaw of the weapon mock-up  402  are measured continuously, and fed back to the PC  407   a  via the interface electronics  408 . The calibration signal is fed back to the PC  407   a  via the interface electronics  408  when the trainee pushes the corresponding switch  406 . The interface electronics  408  applies signal conditioning to the incoming signals and sends the data to the I/O device  410  in the PC  407   a.  Note that in an embodiment of the invention, a traverse ring encoder may not be necessary. If, for example, weapons system  186  is meant to simulate a helicopter door gunner position, then a traverse ring may not be used. Moreover, in an embodiment of the invention a second PC may be used, shown in  FIG. 4B  as visual PC  407   b.  This PC would be used in conjunction with display system  190  and is in communication with other components of the system. The use of a second PC provides additional computing power and speed, particularly in the context of image processing. 
         [0048]    Referring to  FIG. 4C , weapon I/O software  431  in the PC  407  receives the data  441  from the I/O device  410  in the PC  407 , formats it, and outputs the formatted weapon data  442  to the weapon simulation software  432 . Weapon data  442  is received continuously and includes weapon position, pitch, yaw and trigger pull. The calibration signal is sent only during the weapon calibration process. The weapon simulation software  432  computes a trajectory for the bullets and outputs projectile position data  444  to the network software  434 . The weapon simulation software  432  receives own-vehicle state data  443  continuously from the network software. This data is used to compute the position of the weapon in the virtual world. 
         [0049]    In the illustrated embodiments for both the ground and air vehicles, the display system  190  is comprised of a head mounted display (HMD) with an attached head tracker (HT) receiver (collectively, reference  412 ), an HT transmitter  416  mounted above the gunner position, and the HMD and HT interface electronics (references  418  and  420 , respectively). In addition, an LCD panel  422  is provided to serve as a video repeater for the benefit of the instructor. In these embodiments of the invention, an acoustic, inertial and/or magnetic HT system senses the position and attitude of the HMD and continuously feeds the data to the PC  407  via an HMD/HT data interface (not shown). The HT data  446  is continuously input to the visual I/O software  460  where it is formatted and then output (see  448 ) to the visual simulation software  465 . The visual simulation software  465  uses the HT data  446  to determine the position and look angle of the head relative to the visual scene that is displayed to the trainee wearing the HMD. In an embodiment of the invention, the visual simulation software  465  also performs the following functions:
       Rendering of the visual scene according to the HT supplied look angle in data  448  and according to the own-vehicle state information in data  449  received from the network software  434 ;   Full color, perspectively correct, anti-aliased and textured image generation;   Imagery affected by atmospheric and weather effects;   Night vision simulation;   Rendering of other vehicles according to vehicle state information in data  449  received from the network software  434 ;   Input of own-weapon projectile information in data  449  and subsequent impact detection processing;   Weapon effect generation and rendering based on own-weapon projectile impact detection;   Weapon effect generation and rendering based on weapon impact information in data  449  received from the network software  434 ;   Output of own-vehicle weapon impact and collision data  450  to the network software  434 ;   Collision detection of the own-vehicle with other objects in the virtual world;   Terrain following by the own-vehicle; and   Output of video  447  to the visual I/O software  460 .       
 
         [0062]    The visual I/O software  460  formats the video and sends it to the video card  424  in the PC  407 ; the video  445  is then output to the display system  190  as standard VGA video. In other embodiments of the invention, other video data formats can be used. 
         [0063]    In the illustrated embodiment, the network software  434  sends and receives data  451  to and from the network  110 . Data sent to the network  110  includes projectile state data received from the weapon simulation software  432 , and weapon impact and collision data received from the visual simulation software  465 . Data received from the network  110  includes own-vehicle state data plus the state of all other vehicles and projectiles that are active in the virtual environment. 
         [0064]    In both the ground and air embodiments of the invention, a sound system  400  generates aural cues synchronized with and representative of actions and events in the virtual environment. Sounds can be caused by, for example, own vehicle and other vehicle movements, own weapon and other weapon firing, weapon impacts and explosions caused by own weapons or other weapons, and could even include environmental “noise” such as crowd noise. 
         [0065]    The sound system  400  includes amplified speakers  426  that receive audio  452  from the PC  407  via standard audio cables in an embodiment of the invention. The sound I/O software  470  is a sound driver that receives the sound data  453  from the sound simulation software  475  and formats it for use by the standard sound hardware in the PC  407 . The sound simulation software  475  creates sounds based on weapon and vehicle state data  454  that is received from the network software  434 . Sound files representing different battlefield sounds can be created off-line and then stored in a sound file library; during real-time the sound simulation software  475  accesses the appropriate sound files and weights them appropriately to create aural cues for the trainee. 
         [0066]    In both the ground and air embodiments of the invention, the computational system  194  consists of, for example, a commercially available PC equipped with at least 2 GB of main memory and a Pentium 4 CPU; Windows XP may be used as the operating system. In these embodiments, the I/O device  410  is a commercially available device that supports both analog and digital signals. The video card  424  may be a commercially available PCI graphics card in an embodiment of the invention. 
         [0067]      FIG. 5A  is a photograph illustrating the overall mechanical design of an HMMWV gunner module  500  according to an embodiment of the invention. The gunner module  500  is built on a gunner station  505 , which can be a large aluminum box with a large circular hole cut in the top panel. A traverse ring  510  is fastened to the top of the box. The traverse ring  510  consists of a pallet carousel modified for use with the gunner module  500 . The electronics assembly  515 , the HMD/HT support structure  520  and the weapon mock-up  525  are attached to the traverse ring  510  such that they move with the traverse ring  510  in response to trainee pressure. The slip ring support structure  530  is attached to the gunner station  505 , such that it remains fixed in space regardless of traverse ring  510 &#39;s rotation. The slip ring  535  and the video repeater  540  are attached to this support structure  530 . 
         [0068]      FIG. 5B  is a photograph illustrating the overall mechanical design of the UH-60 gunner module  565  according to an embodiment of the invention. The UH-60 gunner module  565  is physically contained by the gunner station  570 , which is a custom built enclosure designed to mimic the space constraints that would be experienced by an actual UH-60 door gunner. The opening in the side of the enclosure accurately reflects the size and position of the opening in the actual aircraft. The gunner station  570  includes a seat and harness and space for an electronics rack  555 . As with the actual vehicle, the harness is designed such that the door gunner trainee can stand and lean out the opening in the side of the gunner station  570 . The head mounted display (HMD)  575  is worn by the door gunner trainee, and the head tracker sensor  580  is mounted on the top of the gunner station  570  along with a video repeater  550 . The weapon mock-up  560  is positioned either outside the vehicle on a stand bolted to the floor of the semi-trailer or on an articulating arm mounted to the base of the vehicle opening. The position, heft, feel, and recoil of the weapon mock-up  560  mimics an actual weapon used in the UH-60 aircraft. 
         [0069]      FIG. 6  is a photograph of an embodiment of the lower fidelity desktop variant of the ground vehicle gunner module. This version  600  of the ground vehicle gunner module provides all of the functionality of the higher fidelity gunner module described above. Differences include those relating to the fidelity of the device. For example:
       The gunner simulates moving a traverse ring using foot pedals  610  and software that moves the weapon mock-up  620  around the simulated ring; the imagery displayed to the gunner on the HMD  630  presents the view that the gunner would see if he moved the traverse ring with his feet and back as he would on the higher fidelity variant of the gunner module.   A lower fidelity HMD  630  is typically used with reduced resolution and with angular tracking only; i.e., only the direction that the gunner&#39;s head is pointed is sensed by a head tracker.       
 
         [0072]    While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example, and not limitation. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention.