Abstract:
A system and method for providing a renewable source of spring water includes a spring well for withdrawing spring water from an aquifer, and a condenser for condensing water from the atmosphere. The condensed water is placed into the aquifer from which the spring water was withdrawn, so as to maintain the water level in the aquifer, but without causing a deterioration in the quality of water within the aquifer.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention relates to a system and method for renewably withdrawing potable spring water from an aquifer. 
   2. Disclosure Information 
   Consumption of spring water, as opposed to sodas and other beverages, has steadily increased with time. Spring waters are highly desirable because the purity and absence of undesirable additives. Unfortunately, the availability of desirable spring waters is limited. A first limitation arises from the fact that to be identified as “spring water”, the aquifer from which the spring water is withdrawn must have a demonstrable hydrological connection with surface water. This limits the sites from which spring water may be acquired. Another limitation arises from the obvious implication of withdrawing large quantities of spring water from an aquifer—the level of the water within the aquifer and the corresponding level of surface water within the aquifer may be adversely affected. A system and method according to the present invention provides replacement water, in the form of condensed atmospheric water, which will replace spring water withdrawn from the aquifer, without any sort of contamination of the aquifer, and without changing the quality of the spring water within the aquifer. The present method and system thus solves problems which would otherwise occur were the ground water in communication with the spring water to be merely augmented by mineral laden water pumped from a deeper or different portion of an aquifer or perhaps from an entirely different aquifer that could also be adversely affected by the augmentation withdrawal. 
   U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,498,077, 4,351,651 and 5,149,446, all disclose means for removing water from the atmosphere, with the &#39;651 patent disclosing a ground cooling structure in which air is passed through tubes within the ground or a body of water, with the resulting condensate being collected. Each of these patents is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification. None of these patents either teaches or suggests the use of condensed atmospheric water for the purpose of supplementing water withdrawn from an aquifer. 
   SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
   A method for extracting spring water and for recharging an aquifer from which the spring water has been extracted includes the steps of withdrawing spring water from an aquifer, condensing water from the atmosphere and placing the condensed water into the aquifer from which the spring water was withdrawn. The condensed water is preferably injected into groundwater in the vicinity of the site from which the spring water was withdrawn. The condensed water may also be discharged to surface water in the vicinity of the site from which the spring water was withdrawn. As used herein, the term “aquifer” means a contiguous body of water which may extend both underground and associated surface water. 
   According to the present method and system, spring water may be extracted from a well. The bore of the well may be at least partially cased. 
   According to another aspect of the present invention, the water used to supplement water withdrawn from the aquifer may be condensed from the atmosphere by passing air through a condenser which has been chilled by passing groundwater through the condenser. The groundwater used to achieve condensation of the atmospheric water may be withdrawn from a hydraulically separate aquifer or remote portion of the spring aquifer, as opposed to the aquifer, or portion of an aquifer, from which the spring water is withdrawn. As used herein, the term “hydraulically separate” means two portions of an aquifer between which there is no significant intermixing. For example, the portions may be separated by an impermeable stratum. Or, the aquifer portions may flow in a laminar fashion such that there is little potential for intermixing. The groundwater intake well and groundwater discharge well used for operating a condenser according to the present invention are preferably separated by at least a six-month flow distance. In cases where an impermeable stratum is not available, the removal and re-injection of groundwater used for cooling a condenser may be accomplished by placing the withdrawal and re-injection sites in locations which are hydraulically separate due to considerations other than the presence of an impermeable stratum. 
   As an alternative to using deep ground water as a working fluid in a condenser according to the present invention, ground water may be used as a heat sink in a refrigeration cycle. 
   According to the present invention, a system for providing a renewable source of potable spring water includes an extraction structure for withdrawing spring water from an aquifer, a condenser for condensing water from the atmosphere and an injection structure for placing the condensed water into the aquifer from which the spring water was withdrawn, including associated surface water bodies. The extraction structure may comprise a drilled well, and the injection structure may comprise a first conductor for placing condensed water into groundwater, and a second conductor for placing condensed water into a surface body of water. 
   It is an advantage of the present invention that the condensed atmospheric water is placed into the aquifer from which the spring water was withdrawn, so as to maintain the water level in the aquifer, but without causing a deterioration in the quality of water within the aquifer which could otherwise result were groundwater of a lesser quality to be injected into the aquifer to replace the withdrawn spring water. 
   It is a further advantage of the present invention that condensed atmospheric water produced according to the present invention may be used for the purpose of offsetting seasonal fluctuations in the level of such water bodies as recreational lakes. 
   It is a further advantage of the present invention that the quantity of condensed atmospheric water placed into said aquifer may be adjusted to offset adverse effects caused by spring water extraction during low flow periods. 
   Other advantages, as well as objects and features of the present invention, will become apparent to the reader of this specification. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic representation of a first embodiment of a system according to the present invention, in which a condenser provides atmospheric water to replace spring water withdrawn from an aquifer. 
       FIG. 2  is a second embodiment in which a condenser for producing atmospheric water is chilled by ground water drawn from an aquifer at a level below a level at which spring water is being withdrawn. 
       FIG. 3  is a third embodiment in which a condenser is operated with a refrigeration cycle utilizing ground water as a heat sink for the refrigeration cycle. 
       FIG. 4  is a fourth embodiment in which a condenser is chilled by spring water which is then further processed without being returned to the ground. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   As shown in  FIG. 1 , spring water  10  within spring aquifer  12  is withdrawn by means of spring well  26 . Spring well  26  may be a drilled well with an inlet located below water table  20  in a saturated zone extending below the water table. Condenser  15  is mounted on the surface of the ground  13  and humid air  14  is conducted through condenser  15  from face  15   a  to face  15   b . Those skilled in the art will appreciate in view of this disclosure that condenser  15  could be situated below ground, so as to minimize noise emissions from the condenser, while providing a measure of direct ground cooling. In any event, condensed atmospheric water  16  flows through ground conductor  22 , which is a first conductor for placing condensed water  16  into ground water  10 . Condensed water  16  also flows through lake conductor  24  which comprises a second conductor for placing the condensed water into surface water  18 . If condenser  15  is sized properly, taking into account normal atmospheric water content, it is possible to compensate for all of spring water  10  withdrawn through spring well  26  by making up sufficient condensed water and supplying it to spring aquifer  12 . If desired, the quantity of condensed atmospheric water could exceed the quantity of spring water withdrawn. As yet another alternative, condenser  15  could be sized so as to generate only the amount of water needed to offset the adverse effects of withdrawals during low-flow periods. 
     FIG. 2  illustrates a second embodiment of the present invention in which condenser  15  has a plurality of ground water conduits  34  extending therethrough. Groundwater is lifted by groundwater intake well  32  from a hydraulically separate aquifer  31 , which is separated from spring aquifer  12  by hydraulically isolating low-permeability stratum  30 . The groundwater is then passed through groundwater conduits  34  within condenser  15 , wherein the cold groundwater absorbs heat from the humid air flowing over the exterior surfaces of conduits  34 , thereby causing condensation of atmospheric moisture. After passing through conduits  34 , the groundwater is discharged through groundwater discharge well  36 . In geographic areas wherein atmospheric temperatures drop below groundwater temperatures during some months, groundwater intake well  32  and discharge well  36  are separated by approximately a six-month equivalent time of travel for the groundwater flow. This means that water injected into aquifer  31  through discharge well  36 , which is upgradient from intake well  32 , will take about six months to flow into the vicinity of intake well  32 . This ensures that, given an annual operation cycle, groundwater being re-injected during the summer by means of groundwater discharge well  36  will become fully chilled when it is picked up by intake well  32  and re-injected during colder months. This will permit the water to be at an optimal temperature when it is picked up during summer months by intake well  32 . In essence, the groundwater used for cooling condenser  15  will be withdrawn from and re-injected to a portion of an aquifer which is remote from the location of spring well  26 . 
   It may be desirable with the embodiment of  FIG. 2  that impermeable stratum  30  extend between spring well  26  and lower aquifer  31 . This prevents older water, which may contain large quantities of undesirable dissolved minerals, from mixing with young water contained within spring aquifer  12  above impermeable stratum  30 . This will prevent degradation of the quality of spring water  10  withdrawn by means of spring well  26 . 
     FIG. 3  illustrates a third embodiment according to the present invention in which condenser  15  is operated with refrigeration section  44 , which uses groundwater from intake well  32  to chill air passing through condenser section C, and thereby remove moisture from the air, as previously discussed. After absorbing heat from refrigeration section  44 , the groundwater is returned to aquifer  31  by means of discharge well  36 . Because a refrigeration cycle is used, condenser  15  also has power supply  42  associated therewith. Those skilled in the art will appreciate in view of this disclosure that the power supply could comprise electrical service only, or alternatively, could comprise both electricity and gaseous fuel service. 
     FIG. 4  illustrates a fourth embodiment in which spring water well  26  furnishes spring water  10  to condenser  15 . After passing through conduits  34 , spring water  10  will flow into either storage tank  28 , or into another structure such as a pipeline, for further processing (not shown). In the embodiment of  FIG. 4 , spring water  10  may be used for either direct cooling of the air drawn into condenser  15 , or as a heat sink for a refrigeration cycle, as shown in  FIG. 3 . The present embodiment is particularly useful for conditions in which lower aquifer  31  may be either of insufficient capacity, or indeed, nonexistent. 
   The usefulness of the embodiment of  FIG. 4  is further illustrated by the fact that in certain cases extracted spring water is sufficiently cold that it must be heated upon entering the bottling plant so as to obviate problems associated with condensation forming on plant machinery and other surfaces. Finally, the embodiment of  FIG. 4  eliminates the need for separate wells and pumps for bringing water to the surface solely for the purpose of chilling condenser  15 . The condensed water may be returned to aquifer  12  as shown, or to another aquifer which is hydraulically separate from aquifer  12 . 
   Although the present invention has been described in connection with particular embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that various modifications, alterations, and adaptations may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention set forth in the following claims.