Abstract:
Methods and apparatus for distributing paging occasion load or multiple Discontinuous Reception (DRX) cycle lengths in Long Term Evolution (LTE) are described. In one method, a phase shifting of a paging frame is applied to distribute the staggering paging load from different frame values to shift a number of frames. A second phase shift method is applied to shift directly the staggering paging frame load to other adjacent frames with an individual frame offset. Another method adds paging sub-frames in the staggering frame to accommodate the overloaded paging load for particular paging occasions.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/049,487, filed May 1, 2008, which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth. 
     
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0002]    This application is related to wireless communications. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Long Term Evolution (LTE), is a third generation wireless communications technology that provides improved spectral efficiency, reduced latency, better utilization of radio resource to bring faster user experiences and richer applications and services with less cost. 
         [0004]    In third generation (3G) networks, paging mechanisms provide efficient use of radio paging resources while maintaining low User Equipment (UE)/Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit (WTRU) power consumption. Paging is used to notify the WTRU for incoming calls and to initiate the network connection establishment and conversation transmissions. In general, for Point-to-Point services, a paging signal that is transmitted to a WTRU is associated with a unique identity assigned to the WTRU. WTRUs generally are in an inactive paging state for considerable time periods while awaiting paging indications. It is desirable to minimize power consumption while the WTRUs are in such a paging state. To accomplish reduced power consumption, paging occasions might be predetermined in the WTRU and network. This predetermination allows the WTRU to minimize the processing between paging occasions, which results in reduced power consumption and correspondingly increased battery life. Hereafter an ON state designates that the WTRU checks at the paging occasions and the OFF state designates that the WTRU is inactive for saving power and is in a Discontinuous Reception (DRX) scheme for paging reception. 
         [0005]    The DRX scheme assumes that each WTRU has a unique identity called a UE_ID. This UE_ID might be a International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) or a S-Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (S-TMSI) with a paging cycle length, which is obtained either from the defaultPagingCycle InformationElement (IE), received from a SystemInformationBlock (SIB) 2 or a WTRU specific DRX value determined at the WTRU Non Access Stratum (NAS) level. Using the unique UE-ID and the paging cycle length, it is possible to compute a WTRU specific paging parameter. 
         [0006]    These specific paging parameters are generally identified as frame numbers/paging frame numbers (PF) and a sub-frame paging occasion (PO). The network ensures that it delivers paging messages only to those WTRUs at a specific PF/PO whose paging parameters have already been determined. In this way, a WTRU is able to go in an inactive mode, thereby saving power. 
         [0007]    Several WTRUs may listen for these paging parameters or signals. These parameters are the specified frame and subframe where the WTRU monitors its paging signal and the paging records in the paging message if the paging signal indicates there is a paging message from the network. Thus, for signal processing, a WTRU&#39;s Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer must check whether any of the paging identities of the received paging records matches its identity. If a match is found, the paging indication is forwarded to a mobility management function-which then triggers a call management function for response. 
         [0008]    There is a trade-off between mobile standby times and call response times. If the DRX procedure uses a long DRX cycle, (i.e. the E-UTRAN network sends paging messages after long periods or rarely), then WTRUs do not listen to the paging as often and this saves power. This also results in longer WTRU standby times-and accordingly a drawback is the longer call response time (for WTRU terminated calls). These parameters are usually set up by the network operator and they can also be changed via a system information broadcast. 
         [0009]    For paging services, the paging parameters are determined from identities unique to each WTRU. A motivation for using WTRU identities is to provide a substantially equal distribution of paging transmissions across all paging resources. 
         [0010]    PF, is the frame number on which there may be a Paging-Radio Network Temporary Identifier (P-RNTI) transmitted on a Physical Downlink Control CHannel (PDCCH) addressing the message. One PF may contain one or more PO(s). The WTRU monitors one P-RNTI per DRX cycle, which is usually determined at the WTRU as the lowest of either the paging cycle or the default PagingCycle from SIB-2. Key paging configuration fields are then sent from the network to the WTRU Radio Resource Control (RRC). The RRC then relays this configuration to a L 1  layer. These fields are the following: Paging_DRX_T (T); Paging_Group_Count (N); PO_Count_in_a_PF (Ns).
       Paging_DRX_T (T) for the length of the DRX cycle in the range of [32, 64, 128 and 256] frames. Therefore, as a frame is 10 ms, in between paging, the period can vary from 320 ms (32*10 ms) to 2.56 s (256*10 ms). This range is more constrained than for UMTS which was 80 ms-5.12 s.   Paging_Group_Count (N) for the number of paging groups within a DRX cycle T on the radio frame level in the range of [2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 and 256], where N&lt;T.   PO_Count_in_a_PF (Ns) for the number of Paging Occasions in a PF, values are [1, 2 and 4]. UE_ID: using IMSI mode 4096, where IMSI is given as sequence of digits of type Integer(0 . . . 9), IMSI in the formulae is be interpreted as a decimal integer number, where the first digit given in the sequence represents the highest order digit. For example:       
 
         [0000]        IMSI= 12 (digit1=1, digit2=2) 
         [0000]    In the calculations, it is interpreted as decimal integer “12”, not “1×16+2=18”, i.e. a binary count is not used. For power conservation, a WTRU finds its cycle for paging by first locating its Paging Frame with the PF formula, and then finding the exact PO within the PF with a PO-formula; 
         [0014]    An example equation for determining a paging parameter is the equation of a paging frame, PF derived from the WTRU identity, is given by Equation 1, 
         [0000]        SFN  mod  T =( T/N )*( UE   —   ID  mod  N );   Equation [1] 
         [0000]    wherein SFN is a System Frame Number, T is paging DRX cycle length value, and the N is paging group count value, each are used to determine the paging frames on a radio frame level. However, when staggering is used, a problem of excessive paging load in certain paging frames results. 
         [0015]    To see the affect of overloading, for Equation 1, consider as an example, T=32 and N=2, The PF Equation 1 then becomes: SFN mod 32=(32/2)*(UE_ID mod 2). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Paging Frame Determination 
               
               
                 Paging Frame (PF): SFN mod T = (T/N) * (UE_ID mod N) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Case 
                 T, N 
                 PF 
                 PO in frames 
                 UE_Id Group 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 SFN mod 
                 T = 32 
                 16 × [0, 1] 
                 0 
                 SFN mod 32 = 0 
                 Group 1 for UE_Id 
               
               
                  32 
                 N = 2 
                   
                   
                   
                 mod N = 0 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 16 
                 SFN mod 32 = 16 
                 Group 2 for UE_Id 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 mod N = 1 
               
               
                 SFN mod 
                 T = 64 
                 16 × [0, 1, 2, 3] 
                 0 
                 SFN mod 64 = 0 
                 Group 1 for UE_Id 
               
               
                  64 
                 N = 4 
                   
                   
                   
                 mod N = 0 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 16 
                 SFN mod 64 = 16 
                 Group 2 for UE_Id 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 mod N = 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 32 
                 SFN mod 64 = 32 
                 Group 3 for UE_Id 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 mod N = 2 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 48 
                 SFN mod 64 = 48 
                 Group 4 for UE_Id 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 mod N = 3 
               
               
                 SFN mod 
                 T = 128 
                 32 × [0, 1, 2, 3] 
                 0 
                 SFN mod 128 = 0 
                 Group 1 for UE_Id 
               
               
                 128 
                 N = 4 
                   
                   
                   
                 mod N = 0 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 32 
                 SFN mod 128 = 32 
                 Group 2 for UE_Id 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 mod N = 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 64 
                 SFN mod 128 = 64 
                 Group 3 for UE_Id 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 mod N = 2 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 96 
                 SFN mod 128 = 96 
                 Group 4 for UE_Id 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 mod N = 3 
               
               
                 SFN mod 
                 T = 256 
                 64 × [0, 1, 2, 3] 
                 0 
                 SFN mod 256 = 0 
                 Group 1 for UE_Id 
               
               
                 256 
                 N = 4 
                   
                   
                   
                 mod N = 0 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 64 
                 SFN mod 256 = 1 
                 Group 2 for UE_Id 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 mod N = 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 128 
                 SFN mod 256 = 2 
                 Group 3 for UE_Id 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 mod N = 2 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 192 
                 SFN mod 256 = 3 
                 Group 4 for UE_Id 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 mod N = 3 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0016]    As can be observed from Table 1, changing the value of T (i.e. the DRX Cycle length) to other values in Equation 1, where the term “UE_ID mod N” equates to value 0 regardless of periodicity change, has no affect for an overloaded frame. This is because the value “SFN mod T” equates to zero. That is, for example, SFN mod 32=16×[0, 1] equates to [0, 16] and the WTRUs will have paging parameters that correspond to frames having value SFN mod 32=0 if the UE_ID belongs to group 1 from UE_ID mod N=0; or SFN mod 32=16 if UE_ID belongs to group 2 from UE_ID mod N=1. This case is similar for other values of the paging Frame equal to zero as shown in Table 1. 
         [0017]    Therefore, for any T value, radio frame corresponding to the SFN mod T=0 occurs carrying a nominal four fold paging load. This is summarized in Table 1 where the staggered occasions are highlighted and also illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0018]    Another example equation of paging parameter is the equation of a paging occasion PO in a paging frame, is given by Equation 2, 
         [0000]        i   —   s =( UE   —   ID/N ) mod  Ns    Equation [2] 
         [0000]    where the i_s indexes the positioning of the PO within the PF. However, determining which exact sub-frame number inside a PF is the PO (corresponding to the i_s positioning) depends on the paging frame pattern. An illustration of the sub-frame patterns is given in Table 2 below. An illustration of a PO in a PF is provided in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Subframe Patterns in a PF for Paging 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 PO when 
                 PO when 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ns 
                 i_s = 0 
                 i_s = 1 
                 PO when i_s = 2 
                 PO when i_s = 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 4 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 2 
                 4 
                 9 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 4 
                 0 
                 4 
                 5 
                 9 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0019]    Therefore, the overload situation exists due to the modulo N equal to zero part in Equation 1 for the possible multiple paging DRX cycle lengths. This overloaded situation becomes very severe when the system assigned paging group count number N is small and when the particular paging area of LTE cells is suddenly loaded with a large number of WTRUs due to events that result in a large public assembly, or an event of a large public gathering or in general any crowding situation. Hence, it is desirable to provide for ensuring that paging load distribution is uniform. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0020]    Methods and apparatus for distributing paging load for multiple DRX cycle lengths in LTE are described. In one method, a phase shifting of a paging frame is applied to distribute the staggering paging load from different T values to shift a number of frames. In another method, a phase shift is applied to shift directly the staggering paging frame load to other adjacent frames with an individual frame offset. In another method, paging sub-frames are added in a staggering frame to accommodate the increased mounted paging load. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0021]    A more detailed understanding may be had from the following description, given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein: 
           [0022]      FIG. 1  shows an example of paging parameters from different DRX cycle lengths that stagger/overload on the same frame; 
           [0023]      FIG. 2  shows an example illustration of PO (sub-frame) in a PF (frame). 
           [0024]      FIG. 3  shows a wireless communication system including a plurality of WTRUs divided into groups and an evolved Node B, eNB; 
           [0025]      FIG. 4  is a functional block diagram of the WTRU and an eNB of the wireless communication system of  FIG. 3 ; 
           [0026]      FIG. 5  shows an example of a shifted paging frame for stagerred/overloaded cases; and 
           [0027]      FIG. 6  shows an example of provisioning of additional sub-frame patterns in a PF. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0028]    When referred to hereafter, the terminology “wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU)” includes but is not limited to a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a computer, or any other type of user device capable of operating in a wireless environment. When referred to hereafter, the terminology “base station” includes but is not limited to a Node-B, a site controller, an access point (AP), or any other type of interfacing device capable of operating in a wireless environment. 
         [0029]      FIG. 3  is a an exemplary diagram of WTRUs  310  and an eNB  320  of a wireless communication system  300 . As shown in  FIG. 3 , the WTRUs  310  are in communication with the eNB  320  which is part of a communications network. One small group of WTRUs  330  are in a situation where overloading occurs i.e.  330  is a designation for a set of WTRUs in a cell  340  that is overloaded with a large number of WTRUs due to events that result in a large public assembly, or an event of a large public gathering or in general any crowding situation. The WTRU  310  is configured to transmit feedback signals and control signals to the eNB  320 . The WTRU is also configured to receive and transmit feedback and control signals from and to the eNB. Both the eNB and the WTRU are configured to process signals that are modulated and coded. 
         [0030]      FIG. 4  shows a wireless communication system  400  including a WTRU  310  and an evolved Node B, eNB  320 . Although a single WTRU  310  and a single eNB  320  are shown in  FIG. 4 , it should be apparent that any combination of wireless and wired devices may be included in the wireless communication system  400 . 
         [0031]    As shown in  FIG. 4 , the WTRU  310  is in communication with the eNB  320 . In addition to the components that may be found in a typical WTRU, the WTRU  310  includes a processor  416  with a linked memory  422 , a transmitter and receiver together designated as transceiver  414 , a battery  416 , and an antenna  418 . The transceiver  414  is in communication with the processor  416  to facilitate the transmission and reception of wireless communications. 
         [0032]    In addition to the components that may be found in a typical eNB in cell  340 , the eNB  320  includes a processor  417  with a linked memory  425 , transceivers  419 , and antennas  421 . The transceivers  419  are in communication with the processor  417  to facilitate the transmission and reception of wireless communications. The eNB  320  is part of the network and is connected to the Mobility Management Entity/Serving GateWay (MME/S-GW)  440  having a processor  444  with a linked memory  446 . 
         [0033]    The following methods may be used independently or used together in combination to ensure that the paging load distribution occurs without overloading. One method describes phase shifting the paging frame cycle by the DRX cycle length, and the other describes defining more paging sub-frames in the staggering frames. 
         [0034]    Shifting the paging frame cycle is done either by shifting with the shortest DRX cycle or shifting with individual frames. 
         [0035]    Shift with the Shortest DRX Cycle 
         [0036]    Where overloading occurs, consider as an example the staggering load on DRX=256 occasions as shown in  FIG. 5 . This overloaded paging frame cycle is phase shifted and the shifting is based upon T=DRX cycle values, especially the longer DRX cycle lengths, such as T=128 and T=256. In  FIG. 5 , these longer cycle lengths DRX=128, 510 and the DRX=256, 520 are arranged so as to not overlap with the frame cycle of DRX=64. As can be seen in  FIG. 5 , these cycle lengths do not overlap for value SFN mod T=0 because they have been shifted. 
         [0037]    The base shift is designated as a multiple on the lowest DRX value, that is the DRX=32 with different factors of multiple frames on the T value (i.e. the DRX cycle length value) as shown in  FIG. 5 . A formula is provided for the above described PF cycle shift as depicted in  FIG. 5 , where the shift is indicated by a floor function in Equation 3 given below: 
         [0000]        SFN  mod  T =[( T/N )*( UE   —   ID  mod  N )+ └T/ 65┘*32],   Equation [3] 
         [0000]    where └ ┘ is a floor function and T is given as one of the DRX cycle lengths  32 ,  64 ,  128 ,  256 ; and the factor  32  (i.e., the last term in Equation 3) is based on the lowest T value served as the number of LTE frames as the base unit of shift. The factor  65  is chosen so that T=64 resulted in no shift, T=128 resulted in a one unit shift and T=256 resulted in a shift of 3 base units-that is 96 frames. 
         [0038]    A more generalized Equation 3 for paging frame determination to avoid overloading is written as Equation 4, 
         [0000]        SFN  mod  T =[( T/N )*( UE   —   ID  mod  N )+ └T/Tx┘*Fs];    Equation [4] 
         [0000]    where Tx is signaled to the WTRU as the dividor to determine the number of units of the shift, while the Fs is the number of frames signaled to WTRU as the base unit for shifting, determined by the network. One example is Fs=T/N. 
         [0039]    By giving different values of Tx and Fs, different phase shifts with respect to the paging DRX cycle T can be achieved for dsitributing the paging load at SFN mod T=0 and thus the overloading problem is avoided entirely. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Modified Paging Prame 
               
               
                 PF = SFN mod T = [(T/N) * (UE_ID mod N) + (floor (T/Tx)) * Fs] 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Floor 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Case 
                 T, N 
                 (T/Tx) 
                 Fs 
                 PF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SFN mod 
                 T = 64, 
                 0 
                 16 
                 No shift 
               
               
                 64 
                 128, 256 
                 1 
                   
                 (Shift by) 1 base unit = 16 frames 
               
               
                   
                 N = 4 
                 3 
                   
                 (Shift by) 3 base units = 48 frames 
               
               
                   
                 Tx = 65 
               
               
                   
                 T = 64, 
                 0 (64)  
                   
                 No shift 
               
               
                   
                 128, 256 
                 1 (128) 
                   
                 (Shift by) 1 base unit = 32 frames 
               
               
                   
                 N = 2 
                 3 (256) 
                   
                 (Shift by) 3 base units = 96 frames 
               
               
                   
                 Tx = 65 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1 
                   
                 (Shift by) 1 base unit = 16 frames 
               
               
                   
                 T = 64, 
                 3 
                   
                 (Shift by) 2 base units = 48 frames 
               
               
                   
                 128, 192, 
               
               
                   
                 256 
               
               
                   
                 N = 2 
                 5 
                   
                 (Shift by) 3 base units = 80 frames 
               
               
                   
                 Tx = 33 
                 7 
                   
                 (Shift by) 4 base units = 102 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 frames 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0040]    In Table 3, three possible cases for determining PF are summarized. 
         [0041]    Shift with Individual Frames 
         [0042]    Alternatively, the paging frame phase shift may be individual frames starting from the staggering paging frames (when SFN mod T=0) usually resulting adjacent frame(s) according to the T value as seen in Equation 5. 
         [0000]        SFN  mod  T =[( T/N )*( UE   —   ID  mod  N )]+( T/Ts +OFFSET);   Equation [5] 
         [0000]    where Ts is by default the shortest DRX cycle length (i.e. Ts=32). Alternately, Ts can also be signaled to the WTRU as the divisor to determine the number of frames of the shift. The OFFSET value in the shift term in Equation 5 is designated for adjusting the frames shifted. It could have negative, zero, or positive values in the range of [−Ts+1, . . . , −1, 0, 1, 2, . . . , Ts−1]. For example if T=32 and Ts=32, OFFSET=−1, then the shift term (T/Ts+OFFSET) results in no shift, but for T=64, 128, and 256, it results in a shift of 1 frame, 2 frames, and 3 frames, respectively. This offset starting from the overloaded frame is summarized in Table 4. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Example: Individually shifted paging frame 
               
               
                 PF = SFN mod T = [(T/N) * UE_ID mod N) + (T/Ts +/− OFFSET) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Case 
                 T, N 
                 T/Ts +− OFFSET 
                   
                 PF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SFN mod 32 
                 T = 32, 64, 
                  32/32 − 1 
                 0 
                 No shift 
               
               
                   
                 128, 256 
                  64/32 − 1 
                 1 
                 1 frame 
               
               
                   
                 Ts = 32 
                 128/32 − 1 
                 3 
                 3 frames 
               
               
                   
                   
                 256/32 − 1 
                 7 
                 7 frames 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0043]    Defining More Subframes 
         [0044]    Another method for distributing the paging load in a overloading scenario is defining more paging sub-frames, Ns 0 , in the staggering frames i.e. a greater number of sub-frames are specified in the overloading case. With this method, the PF is defined the same as in Equation 1. However, for the frames being staggered/overloaded that correspond to SFN mod Tx=0, where Tx includes all T values, e.g. 32, 64, 128, 256, a definition for more paging occasions PO is made within a frame. This value Ns 0  accommodates the possible staggering load on the PF, and optionally the next frame if the first frame does not have the bandwidth for the paging load. The value Ns 0  is defined by one of the following Equations 6 or 7. 
         [0000]        Ns 0= └T/Ds┘*Ns;    Equation [6] or, 
         [0000]        Ns 0= └T/Ds┘*Ns.    Equation [7] 
         [0000]    where T is the paging DRX cycle length for individual WTRUs and Ds is a network or standard determined value. In case that the value └T/Ds┘ is greater than 1, additional subframes are added to the PF (at SFN mod T=0) to handle the additional paging load. 
         [0045]    For the exact sub-frame PO, index i_s pointing to PO from the PF pattern is derived by the following Equation 8. 
         [0000]        i   —   s =( UE   —   ID  mod( Ns 0− Ns )).   Equation [8] 
         [0000]    wherein WTRUs compute the Ns 0 , and compare the resulted Ns 0  against the Ns. If the resulted Ns 0  has the same value as Ns, then the existing i_s=(UE_ID/N) mod Ns is used to locate the PO within the PF. If Ns 0  is greater than Ns, then Equation 8 is used where Ns 0  is obtained from Equation 6. An example illustration of provisioning of additional POs in a PF is shown in  FIG. 6 . In case Ns 0  is obtained from Equation 7, the PO sub-frames for the particular T may be in the next adjacent frame, where the i_s=(UE_ID/N) mod Ns. 
         [0046]    Although features and elements are described above in particular combinations, each feature or element can be used alone without the other features and elements or in various combinations with or without other features and elements. The methods or flow charts provided herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable storage medium for execution by a general purpose computer or a processor. Examples of computer-readable storage mediums include a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks (DVDs). 
         [0047]    Suitable processors include, by way of example, a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), and/or a state machine. 
         [0048]    A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU), user equipment (UE), terminal, base station, Mobility Management Entity (MME) or the Evolved Packet Core (EPC), radio network controller (RNC), or any host computer. The WTRU may be used in conjunction with modules, implemented in hardware and/or software, such as a camera, a video camera module, a videophone, a speakerphone, a vibration device, a speaker, a microphone, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a keyboard, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, and/or any wireless local area network (WLAN) or Ultra Wide Band (UWB) module.