Abstract:
An antifuse latch device and method for performing a redundancy pretest without the use of additional test circuitry is disclosed. Conventional antifuse latch devices are designed such that a redundancy pretest cannot be performed on the antifuse latch device once the antifuses are programmed but rather requires additional circuitry to map the appropriate address bits to test the redundant row or column. The present invention adds a level translating inverter to a conventional antifuse latch device, thus allowing the antifuse latch device to simulate an unblown antifuse by isolating the antifuse from the latch.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    I. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    The present invention relates generally to a device and method for testing semiconductor electrical devices. In particular, the present invention relates to simulating a programmable state of a device when the device has already been programmed to another programmable state.  
           [0003]    II. Description of the Related Art  
           [0004]    In order to ensure proper operation, semiconductor devices are typically tested before being packaged into a chip. A series of probes on a test station electrically contact pads on each die to access the semiconductor devices on the die. For example, in a semiconductor memory device, the probes contact address pads and data input/output pads to access selected memory cells in the memory device. Typical dynamic random access memory ( “DRAM”) devices include one or more arrays of memory cells arranged in rows and columns. Each array of memory cells includes word or row lines that select memory cells along a selected row, and bit or column lines (or pairs of lines) that select individual memory cells along a row to read data from, or write data to, the cells in the selected row.  
           [0005]    In a test procedure, predetermined data or voltage values are typically written to selected row and column addresses that correspond to certain memory cells, and then the voltage values are read from those memory cells to determine if the read data matches the data written to those addresses. If the read data does not match the written data, then the memory cells at the selected addresses likely contain defects and the semiconductor device fails the test.  
           [0006]    Many semiconductor devices, particularly memory devices, include redundant circuitry on the semiconductor device that can be employed to compensate for certain detected failures. As a result, by enabling such redundant circuitry, the device need not be discarded even if it fails a particular test. For example, memory devices typically employ redundant rows and columns of memory cells so that if a memory cell in a column or row of the primary memory array is defective, then an entire row or column or partial row or column of redundant memory cells can be substituted therefor, respectively.  
           [0007]    Substitution of one of the redundant rows or columns is conventionally accomplished by blowing selected antifuses in a bank of antifuse latch devices to select redundant rows or columns to replace defective primary rows or columns. Each bank represents a memory address. If a given primary row or column in the array contains a defective memory cell, antifuses in the bank of antifuses are blown such that the bank of antifuses produces a binary output matching the defective address. An antifuse is a capacitive device that may be blown by applying a relatively high voltage across it which causes the dielectric layer in the antifuse to break down and form a conductive path. A blown antifuse will conduct current while an unblown antifuse will not conduct current. For example, if the defective primary row or column has an 8-bit binary address of 00100100, then the appropriate antifuses in a bank of 8 antifuses are blown to store this address. The individual antifuses are generally contained in antifuse latch devices which generate a digital value or signal indicating whether the antifuse is blown or unblown and may be arranged in groups of 8, each group of 8 defining the address fuses for one antifuse bank.  
           [0008]    When an address in the memory device is accessed, a compare circuit compares an incoming address to addresses stored in the antifuse banks to determine whether the incoming address matches an address containing a defective memory cell. If the compare circuit determines such a match, then it outputs a match signal to a row or column decoder. In response, the row or column decoder causes an appropriate redundant row or column to be accessed, and ignores the defective primary row or column in the array.  
           [0009]    After antifuses have been programmed to store an address of a defective primary row or column, testing often occurs where it would be beneficial if the antifuse latch device could maintain a state other than that programmed. For example, an antifuse latch device may physically have a blown antifuse, but need to simulate an unblown state to test different configurations of the redundant rows or columns.  
           [0010]    Redundant elements are typically tested by assigning a pretest address to each antifuse bank. This pretest address is hard coded so that each memory device has the same redundant pretest address, and the test program is therefore valid for every device. Additional test circuitry is required on the memory device to achieve this hard coding of the pretest addresses. As the number of redundant elements increases, the amount of test circuitry required to define the pretest addresses also increases. For ease of testing, it is desirable to have the ability to test redundant elements using pretest addresses even after the elements have been programmed to repair defective memory elements, e.g. after a repair address has been programmed into the antifuse bank.  
           [0011]    Traditionally, in a pretest test mode, the antifuse bank is forced to output a match in response to a pretest address regardless of the state of the antifuse latches. The forced match is accomplished through the use of test circuitry, which bypasses the antifuse latch versus input address compare circuitry, and therefore is not accurate in terms of address to match signal delay. In order to generate the match signal, addresses must be decoded and logically combined with the pretest test mode signal to determine when to force the match. This pretest address decoder increases in size as the number of redundant elements on a memory device increases because more address combinations are required to provide enough unique pretest addresses. Providing sequential pretest addresses require an even larger pretest address decoder since more address terms are required for each bank. For example, in the prior art, it has been sufficient to use just one address term ANDed with the pretest signal to decode a redundant element fuse bank. A0 high would enable bank 0, A1 high would enable bank 1, A2 high would enable bank 2, etc. To avoid enabling multiple fuse banks, only address 0, 2, 4, etc. would be valid using this methodology, and the maximum number of unique fuse bank pretest addresses is limited to the number of address inputs to the device. Current memory devices may require 3 or 4 address terms be ANDed together to generate the required number of pretest addresses. Another drawback of this method is that the tester requires a large memory space for the pretest addresses even though only a few of the addresses are actually valid. Thus, there exits a need for an antifuse latch that can be temporarily programmed for test purposes to a state which is independent of the programmed state and which can ideally be programmed into sequential pretest address states.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0012]    The present invention relates to a device and method for use in memory devices employing redundant rows and/or columns. The present invention provides an antifuse latch device which may perform a redundancy pretest using the real time operational signal path. The circuit of the present invention implements a level translating inverter to control a voltage to the gate of a transistor; the transistor having a source terminal connected to the output of an antifuse. The level translating inverter causes the circuit to simulate an unblown antifuse (or state of other similar programmable elements) by not supplying a voltage sufficient to drive the gate of the transistor receiving a signal from a physically blown antifuse. A blown antifuse can also be simulated by rendering the FA (fuse address) signal high to supply a low signal to the latch, where the physical antifuse is unblown.  
           [0013]    Thus, the present invention provides more reliable results for a redundancy pretest, as the speed of signal propagation as well as the functionality of other components in the signal path can be observed during the test mode. The present invention also eliminates the need for some of the circuitry used solely for the redundancy pretest.  
           [0014]    The device and method of operation of the invention are also applicable to semiconductor memory devices with other types of programmable elements, i.e. fuses, flash cells, etc., as these elements have similar programmable functionality as an antifuse. For example, a memory device may employ fuses for adjusting the output level of a voltage regulator, or for configuring the device for one of a plurality of device operating modes. Possible operating modes include but are not limited to SDRAM latency, data path width, delay locked loop control for DDR DRAM, etc.  
           [0015]    Many other semiconductor devices have fuse options which change the operational characteristics of the device in accordance with the fuses that are blown. Voltage levels, timing delays, input/output configurations, etc. can all be programmed with fuses. The present invention allows for these options to be fully tested without actually blowing the fuses, or adding additional test latches to override the programmed state of the option fuses.  
           [0016]    Also, the present invention allows for devices with options programmed to be tested as though only a default set of the options had been blown. In this manner, programmed devices which might otherwise be incompatible for parallel testing are again made compatible. For example, parts which are programmed to be 32 Meg×8 can be forced to a 64 Meg×4 input/output configuration using the actual antifuse latch which is programmed to determine the final device configuration. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0017]    The foregoing and other advantages and features of the invention will become more apparent from the detailed description of exemplary embodiments provided below with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 1 is an illustration of a conventional antifuse latch device;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 2 is an illustration of an improved antifuse latch device in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; and  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 3 illustrates a processor system employing a memory device containing the antifuse latch device of FIG. 2. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0021]    Understanding a conventional antifuse latch device used in memory devices, depicted in FIG. 1, is necessary to fully comprehend the present invention, as the present invention improves upon the circuit of FIG. 1. FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional antifuse latch device used in memory devices to determine assignment of redundant rows or columns for addresses having defective primary rows or columns.  
         [0022]    The antifuse latch device  95  receives an operating voltage Vcc at a source of a PMOS transistor  96 . The PMOS transistor  96  is coupled through two PMOS transistors  102 ,  104  connected in parallel to an input of an inverter  106 . The input of the inverter  106  is coupled to a ground through two NMOS transistors  110 ,  112  connected in series. This circuitry forms a latch to output a discrete “1” or “0.” Gates of the PMOS transistor  102  and the NMOS transistor  110  receive a read fuse signal (RDFUS*) . The RDFUS* signal is an active low signal which is normally high to render the PMOS transistor  102  non-conductive and the NMOS transistor  110  conductive. The input of the inverter  106  is also coupled to a first terminal of an antifuse  114  through two NMOS transistors  116 ,  118 . A gate of the NMOS transistor  116  receives a signal DVC2F which is normally slightly greater than one-half Vcc and maintains the NMOS transistor  116  in a conductive state. A gate of the NMOS transistor  118  receives a boosted voltage Vccp (that exceeds Vcc) and maintains the NMOS transistor  118  in a conductive state. A junction between the NMOS transistors  116 ,  118  receives a bank select signal (BSEL*) through an NMOS transistor  120  having a gate receiving a fuse address signal (FA). A second terminal of the antifuse  114  receives a programming signal CGND which is at ground potential in normal operation.  
         [0023]    The antifuse latch device  95  is programmed during manufacture of a memory device after a test to determine which primary rows or columns of addresses in the memory device are defective. Additionally, the redundant rows and columns are tested using a separate circuit only used for testing the redundant elements. Such testing of redundant elements is typically not performed using antifuse latch device  95 .  
         [0024]    During programming, the BSEL* signal is brought low and the CGND signal is raised to about ten volts. Selected antifuses, such as the antifuse  114 , are blown when the fuse address signal (FA) is brought high to render the NMOS transistor  120  conductive to allow current to flow through the antifuse  114  and the NMOS transistors  118 ,  120 . The current breaks down the dielectric layer in the antifuse  114 . If the antifuse  114  is to remain unblown the FA signal is kept low such that the NMOS transistor  120  prevents current from flowing through the antifuse  114 . The signals BSEL*, FA, and CGND are used only during the manufacture of the memory device to program antifuse circuits. During operation of the memory device, the fuse add signal FA is held low to render the NMOS transistor  120  non-conductive, and the common ground signal CGND is coupled to ground through a transistor (not shown).  
         [0025]    The antifuse latch device  95  indicates whether the antifuse  114  is blown or unblown with an output signal at an output of the inverter  106 . The antifuse circuit  95  is read by an active low pulse in the RDFUS* output signal to generate the signal. When the RDFUS* signal is brought low, the PMOS transistor  102  is rendered conductive to couple Vcc to the first terminal of the antifuse  114  through the transistors  96 ,  102 ,  116 ,  118 . If the antifuse  114  is unblown and thus remains non-conductive, the antifuse  114  is charged. The voltage at the input of the inverter  106  is allowed to rise with the voltage on the terminal of the antifuse  118  because the NMOS transistors  116 ,  118  are ON. When the voltage rises above a threshold voltage of the inverter  106 , the inverter  106  outputs a low signal to indicate that the antifuse  114  is unblown. Gates of the PMOS transistor  104  and the NMOS transistor  112  are connected to the output of the inverter  106  so that the transistor  104  latches the signal at the output of the inverter  106  and the transistor  112  is switched OFF when the RDFUS* signal is brought high at the end of its pulse to turn ON the transistor  110 .  
         [0026]    If the antifuse  114  is blown such that it conducts current, then the input of the inverter  106  is held at substantially zero volts despite Vcc being applied to the input of the inverter  106  through the PMOS transistors  96 ,  102 . When the RDFUS* signal is brought high, the input of the inverter  106  will remain low and its output will be high. As a result, the PMOS transistor  104  is turned OFF and the NMOS transistor  112  is turned ON to latch the output of the inverter  106  high. The signal at the output of the inverter  106  thereby indicates the state of the antifuse  114  and provides one digit of an address of a defective row or column.  
         [0027]    While the above operation of antifuse latch device  95  illustrates how the antifuse circuit  95  is programmed, antifuse latch device  95  may not be used for a redundancy pretest once the antifuse is programmed because the pretest address will generally not match the programmed address and is not practical to alter the pretest addresses for each device being tested. Antifuse latch device  95  has no method to simulate an unblown antifuse where antifuse latch device  95  physically contains a blown antifuse  114 . The present invention provides a modification to the antifuse latch device of FIG. 1 to allow a redundancy pretest before or after antifuses  114  have been programmed by providing for the simulation of an unblown or blown antifuse using the same circuitry that will be used in the actual operation of the memory device. FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Antifuse latch device  195  includes a level translating inverter  202  having an output connected to the gate of NMOS transistor  118 . The level translating inverter  202  passes Vccp to the gate of NMOS transistor  118  when its input  204  is a low signal and passes ground to the gate of NMOS transistor  118  when its input  204  is high.  
         [0028]    In operation, the state of the antifuse  114  can be simulated during a pretest after antifuse  114  had been programmed. By sending a high signal level to input  204  of the level translating inverter  202  and driving the RDFUS* signal low, where all antifuse latch devices  195  have a common level translating inverter  202  circuit and a common RDFUS*, NMOS transistor  118  is shut off and antifuse  114  is isolated from the latch formed by inverter  106  and transistors  96 ,  104 ,  110 , and  112 . Then, by driving BSEL* low, where BSEL* is common for all antifuse latch devices  195 , and by driving FA high for particular antifuse latch devices  195 , to selectively program targeted antifuse latch devices  195 , a blown state is simulated. Thereafter, RDFUS* is driven high.  
         [0029]    A blown antifuse is simulated because with BSEL* low and FA high, a low value is passed through NMOS transistors  120  and  116  to the input of inverter  106  overriding the logic high at the input of  106  because the drive strength of the series NMOS transistors  120  and  116  is greater than the drive strength of the PMOS transistors  96  and  104 . Similarly, an antifuse latch device  195  will simulate an unblown antifuse if FA is never driven high.  
         [0030]    Even after all FA are driven back low, the antifuse latch device  195  will retain the desired programmed state as long as the fuse read signal RDFUS* is held high. For an entire bank of antifuse latch devices  195 , where the bank has a common level translating inverter  202 , a common bank select signal BSEL* and individual FA lines per antifuse latch device  195 , the entire bank can be cleared and then programmed in one cycle by driving the appropriate FA lines high with BSEL* low. In this manner, banks of redundant elements can be assigned sequential pretest address without the need of a pretest address decoder. Also, most of the fuse latch as well as the address comparator can be used in the redundant element pretest sequence providing identical timing to the normal operation of the memory device. Once testing is completed, the antifuse latch device  195  may resume its programmed state by driving input  204  low, which renders NMOS transistor  118  conductive, no longer isolating the antifuse  114 .  
         [0031]    Typically, each redundant element antifuse bank will also have an enable fuse to enable that particular bank to be active. The present invention allows for the enable fuses to be individually programmed regardless of the programmed state of the enable antifuse. For example, all enable fuses can be cleared to the unblown state allowing the device to be tested as though no repair had been done.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 3. illustrates a simplified processor system  402  which may employ memory devices containing the redundant row/column pretest method and circuitry of the present invention. Processor system  402  includes central processing unit (CPU)  412 , RAM and ROM memory devices  408 ,  410 , input/output (I/O) devices  404 ,  406 , floppy disk drive  414  and CD ROM drive  416 . All of the above components communicate with each other over bus  418 . The RAM memory device  408  may use the FIG. 2 antifuse latch device  195  for programming, testing and real time operation of redundant rows or columns. RAM  408  and CPU  412  may also be integrated together on a single chip.  
         [0033]    It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Many variations to the above-described device and method will be readily apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art. For example, as mentioned above, the above device and method may be employed with any type of programmable element, such as a fuse or flash cell, etc., where one or more programmed states must be simulated for testing. The type of logic implemented will vary based upon the type of programmable element used.  
         [0034]    For the purposes of this disclosure, antifuse, laser fuse, electrical fuse, etc. are interchangeable terms. For example, a fuse latch used in conjunction with laser fuses can be modified in accordance with the teachings of the present invention to accomplish the benefits of the invention for an antifuse latch. Accordingly, the present invention is not to be considered as limited by the specifics of the particular device and method which have been described and illustrated, but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims.