Abstract:
A system and method mitigate the effects of these external vibrations on a capacitance diaphragm gauge by sensing the motion of the diaphragm at the first natural frequency of the diaphragm of the CDG. The presence of the natural frequency signals superimposed on the pressure signal is determined by sensing variations in the output of a sensor at or near the known natural frequency of the diaphragm and filtering that known low frequency from the output. The filtered signal is used in a feedback circuit to impose electrostatic forces on the diaphragm. The imposed electrostatic forces oppose the motion created by the external vibration to suppress the effects of the vibration on the pressure measured by the CDG.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application claims the benefit of priority under 35 USC §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/764,530 filed on Feb. 13, 2013, which is incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention is in the field of capacitance diaphragm gauges which measure pressure based on the deflection of a diaphragm. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Absolute capacitance diaphragm gauges (CDGs) measure pressure by sensing the capacitance change associated with deflection of a diaphragm whereby one side of the diaphragm (“the Px side”) is exposed to the pressure to be measured (Px) and the other side of the diaphragm is exposed to a sealed reference vacuum cavity in which an ultrahigh vacuum (e.g., less than 10 −9  Torr) has been created prior to the sealing of the reference cavity. 
     The CDG measures capacitance between a diaphragm and one or more fixed electrodes housed in the reference vacuum cavity. When the pressure on the Px side of the diaphragm is higher than the pressure in the reference vacuum cavity, the diaphragm deflects in the direction of the fixed electrode (or electrodes), which increases the measured capacitance. As the pressure on the Px side of the diaphragm decreases, the pressure differential across the diaphragm diminishes and the diaphragm moves away from the fixed electrode (or electrodes) in the reference vacuum cavity, which reduces the measured capacitance. 
     As the pressure on the Px side of the diaphragm approaches the pressure in the reference vacuum cavity, the pressure differential across the diaphragm becomes sufficiently small as to be considered as the “zero point” for the CDG. This fixed zero point is established during the calibration of the CDG and is used as a reference in subsequent pressure measurements. 
     CDGs are commonly used to the measure pressure in vacuum chambers in which thin or thick films of material are deposited on a substrate. One common example of usage is to measure pressure during the deposition of materials onto the surface of silicon wafers during fabrication of semiconductor devices. 
     The accuracy of the measurement of pressure by a CDG can be negatively impacted by several factors, one of which is the vibration or oscillation of the CDG diaphragm at its natural frequency or its harmonics. This occurs when external forces cause the case of the CDG to be accelerated at various frequencies at or near the natural frequency of the diaphragm. The deflections of the diaphragm caused by resonant vibrations are detectable as changes in pressure which are not distinguishable from actual pressure changes. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A need exists to mitigate the effects of external vibrations to reduce or eliminate the pressure measurement errors caused by the vibration-induced deflection of the diaphragm. The system disclosed and claimed herein is responsive to the need. 
     In order to mitigate the negative effects of these external vibrations, the system and method disclosed herein sense the motion of the diaphragm at the first natural frequency of the diaphragm of a CDG. Higher harmonics of the natural frequency occur less often, have smaller amplitudes, and contribute less to the overall signal because the motions of various portions of the diaphragm cancel each other. The presence of the natural frequency signals superimposed on the pressure signal is determined by sensing variations in the output of a sensor at or near the known natural frequency of the diaphragm and filtering that known low frequency from the output. The filtered signal is processed and used in a feedback circuit to impose electrostatic forces on the diaphragm. The imposed electrostatic forces oppose the motion created by the vibration to suppress the effects of the vibration on the pressure measured by the CDG. 
     An aspect of embodiments disclosed herein is a method for suppressing the effects of vibration on a capacitance diaphragm gauge (CDG) that generates an output signal having an amplitude that varies in accordance with pressure applied to the CDG. The method further processes the output signal to detect changes in amplitude at at least one frequency corresponding to a vibration frequency to generate a feedback signal responsive to the amplitude of the at least one frequency. The method applies the feedback signal to the diaphragm and the fixed electrode to cause the diaphragm to be deflected counter to the deflection caused by vibration to thereby suppress the deflection caused by vibration. In preferred embodiments, the output signal is processed by applying the output signal to a bandpass filter having a band centered generally at a resonant frequency of the diaphragm of the CDG. The bandpass filter generates a band-limited signal responsive to the changes in amplitude of the output signal caused by vibrations. The band-limited signal is applied to a rectifier to generate a rectified signal having an amplitude responsive to the magnitude of the vibrations. The rectified signal is applied to a feedback control circuit to generate the feedback signal, which has an amplitude selected to damp the movement of the diaphragm caused by vibration. 
     Another aspect of embodiments disclosed herein is a vibration detection system for a capacitance diaphragm gauge (CDG). The CDG includes a diaphragm and at least one fixed electrode wherein the capacitance between the diaphragm and the at least one fixed electrode is responsive to a pressure applied to the CDG that deflects the diaphragm with respect to the at least one fixed electrode. The CDG includes a signal source that generates a high frequency voltage that is applied between the diaphragm and the fixed electrode and includes a pressure measuring circuit that receives and demodulates a high frequency signal from the diaphragm and the fixed electrode to detect changes in amplitude caused by capacitance changes resulting from pressure changes applied to the CDG. The vibration detection system comprises a bandpass filter that receives the high frequency signal from the diaphragm and the fixed electrode and that passes modulation components of the high frequency signal at a range of frequencies selected to encompass a resonant frequency of vibration of the diaphragm. The vibration detection system further includes a rectifier that generates a rectified output signal having amplitudes responsive to the amplitudes of the components of the high frequency signal passed by the bandpass filter. The vibration detection system further includes a feedback control circuit that receives the rectified output signal and that generates a feedback signal applied between the diaphragm and the fixed electrode to apply an electrostatic force to the diaphragm. The feedback signal is responsive to the rectified output signal to apply the electrostatic force to offset movement of the diaphragm caused by vibration. In preferred embodiments, the feedback signal comprises a time-varying DC voltage applied between the diaphragm and the at least one fixed electrode to cause the diaphragm to deflect toward the at least one fixed electrode to offset the deflection of the diaphragm away from the fixed electrode caused by vibration. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments in accordance with aspects of the present invention are described below in connection with the attached drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a front perspective view of an exemplary capacitance diaphragm gauge (CDG), which is installable into a pneumatic system (not shown) to measure the pressure within the system; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a rear perspective view of the CDG of  FIG. 1  which is rotated 180° from the view in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the CDG taken along the line  3 - 3  in  FIG. 1 , wherein the diaphragm appears undeflected in solid lines and appears in first and second deflected positions in dashed lines; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a basic pressure monitoring system that monitors that the capacitance of the variable capacitor formed by the diaphragm and the fixed electrode of  FIG. 3  to determine the deflection of the capacitor and thereby determine the pressure applied to the diaphragm; and 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an improved pressure monitoring system that compensates for the effects of vibration on the diaphragm of the CDG. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The improvements to capacitance diaphragms are disclosed herein with respect to exemplary embodiments of a system and a method. The embodiments are disclosed for illustration of the system and the method and are not limiting except as defined in the appended claims. Although the following description is directed to a particular embodiment of a capacitance diaphragm gauge, it should be understood that the disclosed system and method can be applied to other embodiments of capacitance diaphragm gauges. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a front perspective view of an exemplary capacitance diaphragm gauge (CDG)  100 , which is installable into a pneumatic system (not shown) to measure the pressure within the system. In particular, the CDG is used to measure very low pressures resulting from evacuation of the pneumatic system.  FIG. 2  illustrates a rear perspective view of the CDG of  FIG. 1  which is rotated 180° from the view in  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 3  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the CDG taken along the line  3 - 3  in  FIG. 1 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the CDG  100  comprises a hollow, generally cylindrical body structure  110 , which extends between a first end surface  112  ( FIG. 1 ) and a second end surface  114  ( FIG. 2 ). A first cylindrical tube  120  extends from the first end surface. The first cylindrical tube provides pneumatic access to a first inner cavity  122  ( FIG. 3 ) of the CDG. The first cylindrical tube is connectable to the pneumatic system (not shown) to allow the pressure of the system to be applied to the first inner cavity. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , a diaphragm  130  within the cylindrical body structure  110  separates the first inner cavity  122  from a second inner cavity  132 . The diaphragm is sealed around its peripheral edges with respect to an inner surface  134  of the cylindrical body structure so that the first inner cavity is pneumatically isolated from the second inner cavity by the diaphragm. The diaphragm is also electrically connected to the cylindrical body structure, which is electrically connected to a ground reference, as discussed below. 
     In certain embodiments, the diaphragm  130  comprises Inconel 750 or another suitable material. In certain embodiments, the diaphragm has a thickness that can range from approximately 0.001 inch (0.025 mm) to approximately 0.015 inch (0.38 mm). The first inner cavity  122  also includes a baffle  136  that is positioned between the diaphragm and the first cylindrical tube  120 . The baffle reduces the deposition of contaminants onto the surface of the diaphragm that faces the first inner cavity. 
     An electrode assembly  140  is positioned within the second inner cavity  132  between the diaphragm  130  and the second end surface  114 . The electrode assembly comprises a mounting structure  142 , which is secured to the inner surface  134  of the cylindrical body structure  110 . The mounting structure of the electrode assembly is not sealed around the peripheral edges. Accordingly, both sides of the electrode assembly are at the same pressure within the second inner cavity. At least one electrode  144  is mounted on one side of the electrode assembly mounting structure. In particular, the electrode is mounted on the side of the mounting structure that faces the diaphragm. The electrode is electrically connected through the mounting structure. A conductor  146  extends from the mounting structure to a port  150  that extends through the second end surface  114  of the cylindrical body structure  110 . The port  150  includes a second cylindrical tube  152  that extends outwardly from the second end surface. The conductor extends beyond the end of the second cylindrical tube. The conductor extends through a plug  154  that hermetically seals the second cylindrical tube around the conductor. 
     Although described herein with respect to one electrode on the electrode assembly, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the electrode assembly may include more than one electrode. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,823,603 to Ferran et al., which discloses two concentric fixed electrodes. U.S. Pat. No. 4,823,603 is incorporated herein by reference. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, a central portion  160  of the second end surface  114  extends outwardly to form an extended cavity portion  162  of the second inner cavity  132 . The extended portion of the second inner cavity houses a getter  164 . The getter functions in a conventional manner to remove small amounts of gas that may be released by the inner surface of the second inner cavity. 
     A third cylindrical tube  170  extends from the second end surface  114  of the cylindrical body structure  110 . Initially, the entire length of the third cylindrical tube is uniformly cylindrical. The third cylindrical tube is connected to a vacuum evacuation system (not shown) to evacuate the gases from the second inner cavity  132  to create a desired low pressure within the second inner cavity. After the evacuation process is completed, an end portion  172  of the third cylindrical tube is crimped as shown in  FIG. 1  to seal the second inner cavity to maintain the evacuated condition of the second inner cavity. 
     As illustrated in the cross-sectional view of  FIG. 3 , the diaphragm  130  is a thin metallic plate that separates the first inner cavity  122  from the second inner cavity  132 . As discussed above, the second inner cavity is evacuated so that the absolute pressure within the second inner cavity is very low (e.g., approximately 10 −9  Torr). The pressure within the first inner cavity is determined by the pressure Px of the system (not shown) to which the first cylindrical tube  120  is connected. When the pressure within the first inner cavity is substantially equal to the pressure within the second inner cavity, the diaphragm will not be deflected and will maintain the substantially flat shape shown by the solid cross-hatched profile (labeled as  130  in  FIG. 3 ). If the pressure Px on the system side of the diaphragm (i.e., the pressure in the first inner cavity) exceeds the pressure in the second inner cavity, the center of the diaphragm will be deflected toward the second inner cavity and the diaphragm will bow into the second inner cavity as illustrated by a first dashed cross-hatched profile  130 ′ in  FIG. 3 . If the pressure Px on the system side of the diaphragm is less than the pressure in the second inner cavity, the center of the diaphragm will be deflected toward to the first inner cavity and the diaphragm will bow into the first inner cavity as illustrated by a second dashed cross-hatched profile  130 ″ in  FIG. 3 . In each case, the amount of the deflection will be determined by the pressure differential between the first and second inner cavities. The amount of deflection is also determined in part by the material properties of the diaphragm (e.g., the stiffness of the diaphragm). 
     As is well known in the art, the diaphragm  130  forms a first, movable plate of a variable capacitor. The electrode  144  on the electrode support structure  142  forms a second, fixed plate of the variable capacitor. When the diaphragm  130  is in the undeflected initial state, the capacitance of the variable capacitor has a first (initial) value determined by the initial distance between the diaphragm and the electrode. When the pressure Px increases, the diaphragm is deflected toward the second inner cavity and thus toward the fixed electrode as illustrated by the first dashed cross-hatched profile  130 ′. The deflection reduces the distance between the diaphragm and the electrode, which increases the capacitance of the variable capacitor. When the pressure Px decreases, the diaphragm is deflected toward the first inner cavity and thus away from the fixed electrode as illustrated by the second dashed cross-hatched profile  130 ″. The deflection increases the distance between the diaphragm and the electrode, which decreases the capacitance of the variable capacitor. As discussed below, the capacitance is monitored and the increases and decreases in capacitance are used to determine corresponding increases and decreases in the system pressure Px. The CDG is initially calibrated by monitoring the changes in capacitance as a plurality of known values of the pressure Px are applied to the CDG. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a simplified exemplary system  200  for monitoring the capacitance of the variable capacitor formed by the diaphragm  130  and the fixed electrode  144  of  FIG. 3 . The system comprises a first capacitor  210  and a second capacitor  212 . The first capacitor comprises the variable capacitor formed by the diaphragm and the fixed electrode. Accordingly, a first electrode (the diaphragm) of the first capacitor is identified with the reference number  130 , and a second electrode (the fixed electrode) of the first capacitor is identified with the reference number  144 . The second capacitor is a conventional fixed capacitor. The second capacitor has a first electrode  214  and a second electrode  216 . 
     The first electrode  130  of the first capacitor  210  and the first electrode  214  of the second capacitor  212  are connected to a ground reference  218 . The second electrode  144  of the first capacitor is connected to a first terminal  224  of a center-tapped output (secondary) winding  222  of a transformer  220 . The second electrode  216  of the second capacitor is connected to a second terminal  226  of the output winding of the transformer. A center-tap terminal  228  of the output winding of the transformer provides a signal output on a line  230 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the first electrode (diaphragm)  130  of the first (variable) capacitor  210  is mechanically and electrically connected to the cylindrical body structure  110 . The cylindrical body structure is electrically connected to the ground reference  218  when installed in the system having the pressure to be measured, thus providing the electrical connection of the diaphragm to the ground reference. The second electrode  144  of the first (variable) capacitor is connected to the second terminal of the transformer via the conductor  146  of  FIG. 3 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the capacitance of the second capacitor  212  is fixed. The capacitance of the second (fixed) capacitor is selected to be approximately equal to the initial capacitance between the diaphragm  130  and the fixed electrode  144  (e.g., the initial capacitance of the first (variable) capacitor  210 ) when the system pressure Px in the first inner cavity  122  is approximately equal to the pressure in the second inner cavity  132  as discussed above with respect to  FIG. 3 . 
     The transformer  220  has an input (primary) winding  240  having a first terminal  242  and a second terminal  244 . The first terminal is connected to the ground reference  218 . The second terminal is connected to a high frequency signal source  246  operating, for example, at a frequency of approximately 50 kilohertz as represented by an AC waveform  248 . 
     The electrical conductor  230  connects the center tap  228  of the output winding  222  of the transformer  220  to an input  254  of an AC pressure measuring circuit  250  via an AC coupling capacitor  252 . The AC pressure measuring circuit provides an output signal (OUTPUT) on an output signal line  256 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the AC pressure measuring circuit  250  comprises an amplifier  260  and a demodulator  262 . The signal on the center tap  228  of the output winding  222  of the transformer  220  is applied to an input  270  of the amplifier via the AC coupling capacitor  252 . The amplifier preferably has a very high input impedance so that substantially zero current flows into the input of the amplifier. An output  272  of the amplifier provides an amplified output signal to an input  274  of the demodulator. An output  276  of the demodulator provides the output signal on the output signal line  256 . The output signal is responsive to the variations in the capacitance of the first (variable) capacitor  210 . Accordingly, the output signal varies in response to changes in the system pressure Px. 
     The signal generated by the high frequency signal source  250  is applied to the input (primary) winding  240  of the transformer  220 . The applied signal is coupled to the secondary winding  222  and induces a high frequency voltage across the secondary winding. The induced voltage is applied across the series connection of the first (variable) capacitor  210  and the second (fixed) capacitor  212 . The voltage across each capacitor is inversely proportional to the respective capacitance of the capacitor. Since the capacitance of the second (fixed) capacitor is substantially constant, the voltage across the first (variable) capacitor varies in accordance with the deflection of the diaphragm  130  caused by differential pressure across the diaphragm between the first inner cavity  122  and the second inner cavity  132  of the CDG  100 . Because one electrode of each of each capacitor is electrically connected to the ground reference  218 , a difference in the voltages across the two capacitors appears as a voltage differential across the output winding between the first input terminal  224  and the second input terminal  226  of the output winding of the transformer. 
     The voltage differential across the output winding  222  of the transformer  220  causes a voltage to appear on the center tap  228  of the output winding that is referenced to the ground reference  218  and that is proportional to the differences in the capacitance between the first (variable) capacitor  210  and the second (fixed) capacitor  212 . 
     The voltage on the center tap  228  of the output winding  222  of the transformer  220  is applied via the conductor  230  and the AC coupling capacitor  252  to the input  270  of the amplifier  260 . The amplifier amplifies the center tap voltage and provides the amplified signal as an output signal on the output  272 . The output signal from the amplifier is a time-varying signal at the frequency of the signal source  250  with an amplitude that is proportional to the difference in capacitance of the first (variable) capacitor  210 , which varies in response to changes in the pressure differential across the diaphragm  130 . Accordingly, the amplitude of the time-varying signal output of the amplifier changes in response to changes in the pressure differential across the diaphragm. 
     The time-varying signal generated by the amplifier  260  is demodulated by the demodulator  262  in a conventional manner to provide the output signal on the output signal line  256  having a DC voltage level corresponding to the pressure differential across the diaphragm  130 . The AC pressure measuring circuit is calibrated to equate the variations in the AC voltage to the absolute pressure (Px) applied to the diaphragm. In one embodiment, the demodulator comprises a synchronous demodulator known to the art. 
     As discussed above, when the CDG  100  is installed in a system subject to external vibration, the diaphragm  130  may also vibrate. If the external vibration occurs at a frequency that is close to the resonant frequency of the diaphragm, the movement of the diaphragm in response to the external vibration may be sufficient to be detectable as a change in capacitance. The change in capacitance may cause the pressure measurements described above to be sufficiently erroneous to affect the proper operation of the system in which the CDG is installed. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an improved pressure monitoring system  400  that operates to reduce or eliminate the effects of vibration on the measured output signal from the CDG  100 . The improved measurement system of  FIG. 5  includes elements that are described above with respect to the system illustrated in  FIG. 4 . Accordingly, like elements are identified with reference numbers corresponding to the reference numbers in  FIG. 4 . The elements of the measurement system in  FIG. 5  up to and including the AC pressure measuring circuit  250  are similar to the corresponding components in the previously described measuring system and are not described again in detail. 
     The AC pressure measuring circuit  250  in the system  400  of  FIG. 5  operates as described above to measure the AC voltage developed between the center tap  228  of the secondary winding  222  and the common ground  218  and to generate a DC voltage on the output signal line  256  that is responsive to the changes in capacitance resulting from the deflection of the diaphragm  130  caused by the pressure (Px) applied to the diaphragm. As further illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the AC pressure measuring circuit includes a modulated AC voltage output  410 , which is coupled directly to the output  272  of the amplifier  260 . The modulated AC voltage output is an amplified reproduction of the modulated AC voltage from the center tap  228  of the secondary winding  222  of the transformer  220 . As illustrated by a waveform  420 , the output of the amplifier comprises a high frequency AC component  422  at the frequency of the original AC voltage  248  generated by AC source  246 . 
     The AC voltage  420  in  FIG. 5  is modulated at an intermediate frequency between the high frequency AC excitation signal  248  and the slowly changing amplitude changes caused by changes in capacitance that result from changes in the pressure (Px). The intermediate frequency modulation is generated by changes of capacitance caused by vibration of the body of the CDG  100 . When the vibrations are at a frequency substantially different from the resonant (natural) frequency of the diaphragm  130 , the modulation effect of the vibrations on the AC voltage is relatively small. As the frequency of the vibrations approach the resonant (natural) frequency of the diaphragm, the effect of the changes in capacitance caused by movement of the diaphragm became greater and may be sufficient to affect the accuracy of the pressure measurements. A modulation envelope  424  in  FIG. 5  represents the modulation caused by the vibrations of the diaphragm. The much slower changes in amplitude caused by changes in the pressure (Px) are not shown in the modulation envelope. 
     In order to determine the effect of the vibrations and to counteract the effect, the modulated AC voltage  420  from the amplifier  260  is applied to an input  432  of a bandpass filter  430  having a frequency centered at the resonant (natural) frequency of the diaphragm  130  and having a bandwidth sufficient to encompass a range of vibration frequencies having amplitude that may affect the accuracy of the AC pressure measurement circuit  250 . The resonant frequency and the bandwidth will differ in accordance with the structure of the CDG  100  and are selected based on test measurements for the CDG. For example, the CDG may be positioned on a vibration test platform which vibrates the CDG over a range of frequencies while the output of the amplifier is monitored to determine the natural frequency of the diaphragm in the CDG. 
     An output  434  of the bandpass filter  430  produces an AC voltage  440  that comprises the signal content (e.g., the modulation components of the high frequency signal) within a frequency range centered about the resonant (natural) frequency of the diaphragm vibrations. In particular, the bandpass filter removes the signal content  422  at the higher carrier frequency of the modulated output signal  420  from the amplifier  260 . The bandpass filter also removes the signal content corresponding to the low frequency variations caused by actual pressure variations detected by the sensor. Accordingly, the output of the bandpass filter represents the capacitance changes caused by vibrations at or near the resonant (natural) frequency of the diaphragm. 
     The AC voltage signal  440  on the output  434  of the bandpass filter is provided to an input  452  of a rectifier  450 . An output  454  of the rectifier produces a rectified signal  460 . The rectified signal represents the time-varying magnitudes of the vibrations at or near the resonant frequency of the diaphragm. 
     The time-varying DC voltage on the output  454  of the rectifier  450  is provided to an input  472  of a feedback control circuit  470 . An output  474  of the feedback control circuit generates a feedback signal  480 . The feedback signal is represented in general as a voltage that adds an average DC value to the normal AC signal only when the diaphragm is moving away from the electrode. The feedback signal is connected to the fixed electrode (or electrodes)  144  within the CDG  100 . The feedback signal provides an electrostatic voltage that deflects the diaphragm toward the fixed electrode to oppose the deflection of the diaphragm away from the fixed electrode caused by vibrations. The magnitude of the feedback signal needed to deflect the diaphragm to offset the vibrations is determined when the CDG is originally calibrated to determine the zero point. In particular, when the input pressure (Px) is at the zero point, the CDG sensor is vibrated to determine the resonant frequency. At that time, the magnitude of the feedback signal generated by the feedback control circuit is adjusted to damp the vibration at the resonant frequency. If needed, the center frequency of bandpass filter may also be adjusted during the calibration process to optimize the effectiveness of the feedback signal in damping the vibration. The distortion of the waveform due to the addition of the average value, as described above, is prevented from being seen by the pressure measuring circuit due to the high pass filter (AC coupling capacitor)  252  at the input  254  of the AC pressure measuring circuit  250 . 
     As various changes could be made in the above constructions without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all the matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.