Abstract:
The invention is an optical method and apparatus for measuring the temperature of semiconductor substrates in real-time, during thin film growth and wafer processing. Utilizing the nearly linear dependence of the interband optical absorption edge on temperature, the present method and apparatus result in highly accurate measurement of the absorption edge in diffuse reflectance and transmission geometry, in real time, with sufficient accuracy and sensitivity to enable closed loop temperature control of wafers during film growth and processing. The apparatus operates across a wide range of temperatures covering all of the required range for common semiconductor substrates.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a Divisional of U.S. patent application No. 12/104,938, now U.S. Pat. No. ______, which is a Continuation of U.S. patent application No. 10/961,798, filed Oct. 8, 2004, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/509,762, filed Oct. 9, 2003. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The invention relates to methods and devices for making precise non-contact measurements of the temperature of substrate materials during the growth and processing of thin films, particularly pertaining to semiconductor growth and wafer processing. 
         [0004]    2. Related Art 
         [0005]    Precise temperature measurement during the growth of deposited layers on a semi-conductor wafer is critical to the ultimate quality of the finished, coated wafer and in turn to the performance of the opto-electronic devices constructed on the wafer. Variations in substrate temperature, including intra-wafer variations in temperature ultimately affect quality and composition of the layers of material deposited. During the deposition process, the substrate wafer is normally heated from behind and rotated about a center axis. Typically, a resistance heater positioned in proximity to the wafer provides the heat source for elevating the temperature of the wafer to a pre-determined value. Precise control of the temperature associated with the process is most desirable, and is best achieved through precise and real-time monitoring of the substrate temperature. 
         [0006]    An example application illustrating the necessity of precise temperature control is the formation of semiconductor nanostructures. Semiconductor nanostructures are becoming increasingly important for applications such as “quantum dot” detectors, which require the self-assembled growth of an array of very uniform sizes of nano-crystallites. This can only be accomplished in a very narrow window of temperature. Temperature uncertainties can result in spreading of the size distribution of the quantum dots, which is detrimental to the efficiency of the detector. 
         [0007]    The growth of uniform quantum dots is an example of a thermally activated process in which the diffusion rates are exponential in temperature. Therefore, it is important to be able to measure, and have precise control over, the substrate temperature when growth or processing is performed. 
         [0008]    Numerous methods have been disclosed for monitoring these temperatures. One simple, but largely ineffective approach has been the use of conventional thermocouples placed in proximity to, or in direct contact with the substrate during the thin film growth operation. This methodology is deficient in many respects, most notably, the slow response of typical thermocouples, the tendency of thermocouples (as well as other objects within the deposition chamber) to become coated with the same material being deposited on the semi-conductor wafer, thereby effecting the accuracy of the thermocouple, as well as the spot thermal distortion of the surface of the semiconductor wafer resulting from physical contact between the thermocouple and the substrate. In any event, the use of thermocouples near or in contact with the substrate is largely unacceptable during most processes because of the poor accuracy achieved. 
         [0009]    Optical pyrometry methods have been developed to overcome these shortcomings. Optical pyrometry uses the emitted thermal radiation, often referred to as “black body radiation,” to measure the sample temperature. The principal difficulties with this method are that samples typically do not emit sufficient amounts of thermal radiation until they are above approximately 450° C., and semiconductor wafers are not true black body radiators. Furthermore, during deposition a semiconductor wafer has an emissivity that varies significantly both in time and with wavelength. Hence the use of pyrometric instruments is limited to high temperatures and the technique is known to be prone to measurement error. 
         [0010]    In “A New Optical Temperature Measurement Technique for Semiconductor Substrates in Molecular Beam Epitaxy,” Weilmeier et al. describe a technique for measuring the diffuse reflectivity of a substrate having a textured back surface, and inferring the temperature of the semiconductor from the band gap characteristics of the reflected light. The technique is based on a simple principle of solid state physics, namely the practically linear dependence of the interband optical absorption (Urbach) edge on temperature. 
         [0011]    Briefly, a sudden onset of strong absorption occurs when the photon energy, hv, exceeds the bandgap energy E g . This is described by an absorption coefficient, 
         [0000]      α( hv )=α g exp[( hv − E   g )/ E    0 ], 
         [0000]    where α g  is the optical absorption coefficient at the band gap energy. The absorption edge is characterized by E g  and another parameter, E 0 , which is the broadening of the edge resulting from the Fermi-Dirac statistical distribution (broadening ˜k B T at the moderate temperatures of interest here). The key quantity of interest, E g , is given by the Einstein model in which the phonons are approximated to have a single characteristic energy, k B . The effect of phonon excitations (thermal vibrations) is to reduce the band gap according to: 
         [0000]        E   g ( T )= E   g ( 0 )− S   g   k   B  E [exp ( E / T )− 1 ] 
         [0000]    where S g  is a temperature independent coupling constant and  E  is the Einstein temperature. In the case where  E  &gt;&gt;T, which is well-obeyed for high modulus materials like Si and GaAs, one can approximate the temperature dependence of the band gap by the equation: 
         [0000]        E   g ( T )= E   g ( 0 )− S   g   k   B   T,    
         [0000]    showing that E g  is expected to decrease linearly with temperature T with a slope determined by S g k B . This is well obeyed in practice and is the basis for the band edge thermometry. 
         [0012]    Variations on this methodology are taught by Johnson et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,388,909, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,568,978. These references teach the utilization of the filtered output of a wide spectrum halogen lamp which is passed through a mechanical chopper, then passed through a lens, then through the window of high vacuum chamber in which the substrate is located, and in which the thin film deposition process is ongoing. Located within the chamber is a first minor which directs the output of the source to the surface of the substrate. The substrate is being heated by a filament or a similar heater which raises the temperature of the substrate to the optimum level required for effective operation of the deposition process. A second mirror located within the chamber is positioned to reflect the non-specular (i.e., diffuse) light reflected from the back surface of the substrate, said reflection being directed to another window in the chamber and thence through a lens to a detection system comprising a spectrometer. The wavelengths of the elements of the non-specular reflection are utilized to determine the band gap corresponding to a particular temperature. Johnson et al. teach that the temperature is determined from the “knee” in the graph of the diffuse reflectance spectrum near the band gap. 
         [0013]    While the prior art is in some ways effective, use of optical fiber bundles, intra chamber optics, mechanical light choppers and mechanically scanned spectrometers renders the methodology deficient in many respects. The detected signal suffers from temporal degradation of the optics within the deposition chamber. The mechanical components are overly susceptible to failure and the overall methodology of collecting the signal is simply too slow for real-time measurement and control applications in the industrial production environment. In addition, the described means of the prior art is subject to variations in accuracy dependent upon the fluctuation, over time, of the output of the halogen light source. 
         [0014]    Specifically, the prior art relies on one or more optical elements within the deposition chamber to direct the incident light to the wafer and to collect the diffusely reflected light. The presence of optics within the deposition chamber is problematic, since the material being deposited during the coating process tends to coat all of the contents of the chamber, including the mirrors, lenses, etc. Over time the coatings build up and significantly reduce the collection efficiency of the optics and can lead to erroneous temperature measurement. 
         [0015]    More importantly, the prior art relies on a mechanical light chopper and a mechanical scanning spectrometer for measurement of the light signal. Not only do the mechanical components fail frequently with extended use, but it is well known that gears in scanning spectrometers wear, resulting in continual shifts in the wavelength calibration. This leads to perpetually increasing errors in temperature measurement unless the instrument is recalibrated frequently, which is a very time consuming process. In addition, it is well known that scanning spectrometers are quite slow, requiring anywhere from 1-5 seconds to complete a single scan. In most deposition systems the semiconductor wafers are rotating, typically at 10-30 RPM. In this case, a temperature measurement that takes 1-5 seconds to complete is by default an average temperature and it is impossible to make any type of spatially resolved measurement. If the process chamber has many wafers rotating on a platter about a common axis, as is typical in a production deposition system, the slow response time of the prior art makes it impossible to monitor multiple wafers. 
         [0016]    Furthermore, the prior art utilizes a quartz halogen light source with no consideration of any type of output stabilization or intensity control. Quartz halogen lamps are known to degrade rapidly over time leading to fluctuations in the lamp output that result in measurement variations and further system downtime for lamp replacement. 
         [0017]    Basically, the many limitations of the prior art have limited the applications of diffuse reflectance or “band edge” thermometry in the commercial setting. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0018]    The invention is an optical method and apparatus for measuring the temperature of semiconductor substrates, in real-time during thin film growth and wafer processing, utilizing the nearly linear dependence of the interband optical absorption edge on temperature. 
         [0019]    The present invention utilizes simple, efficient collection optics, external to the deposition system, connected via a single small core optical fiber to a solid state array spectrometer. The system requires no mechanical light chopper or other means to modulate the light signal. The invention can operate in one of three modes: 1.) the above described diffuse scattering reflectance mode, by utilizing a unique feedback controlled, stabilized light source that has all optics completely external to the deposition system. 2.) transmission mode with external light source or 3.) transmission mode utilizing the substrate heater as a light source (requiring no external light source). 
         [0020]    The invention utilizes sophisticated software algorithms to analyze diffusely scattered light from the semiconductor substrate to accurately and precisely determine the wavelength position of the optical absorption edge. The measured position of the absorption edge is compared to calibration data using a multi-order polynomial equation that is specific to each semiconductor wafer material. The data acquisition speed and software algorithms are fast enough to provide typical temperature sampling rates of 20 Hz or better. The invention operates across a wide range of temperatures covering all of the required range for growth on common substrates, including GaAs, Si, InP, ZnSe, and other semiconductor wafers. In particular, the system design is optimized for the temperature regime between ambient and ˜700° C. that is not currently served by existing non-contact sensors (e.g., pyrometer-type sensors). 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0021]      FIG. 1  is a schematic of one embodiment of the invention depicting the light source and detector, and the other major components of the system. 
           [0022]      FIG. 2  is a top perspective view of the variable focus quartz halogen light source with the respective placement of the optics, components, and light intensity feedback sensor. 
           [0023]      FIG. 3  is a top perspective view of one embodiment of the detector assembly, that which utilizes lenses for collection and imaging the diffusely scattered light, showing the respective placement of the optics and collection fiber. 
           [0024]      FIG. 4  is a top perspective view of a second embodiment of the detector assembly, which utilizes a single focusing minor for collection and imaging of the diffusely scattered light, showing the respective placement of the minor and collection fiber. 
           [0025]      FIG. 5A  is a graph showing the raw, unprocessed, diffusely scattered light spectra from a typical semiconductor wafer at several predetermined wafer temperatures demonstrating the wavelength dependence of the absorption edge on temperature. 
           [0026]      FIG. 5B  is a graph showing the spectra of  FIG. 5A  after the spectra have been preprocessed to remove background light below the absorption edge and normalize the maximum intensity. 
           [0027]      FIG. 6  is a graph showing the diffusely scattered light spectrum after it has been fully processed and a linear fit has been performed in the region of the absorption edge to determine the exact absorption edge wavelength. 
           [0028]      FIG. 7  shows the spectra processing configuration dialog from the software user interface. 
           [0029]      FIG. 8  is graph showing the typical measured relationship for the absorption edge wavelength position versus wafer temperature measured by a thermocouple in direct contact with the surface of the wafer. 
           [0030]      FIG. 9  is a graph showing a multi-order polynomial fit to the absorption edge wavelength position versus sample temperature data. 
           [0031]      FIG. 10  is a graph showing the long term stability of the temperature measurement apparatus at a single predetermined wafer temperature. 
           [0032]      FIG. 11A and 11B  are simplified schematic drawings of the apparatus in a multi-wafer deposition system demonstrating the geometry for measurement of multiple wafers on a rotating wafer platen. 
           [0033]      FIG. 12  is a graph showing typical temperature data obtained from a rotating platen of multiple semiconductor wafers in a multi-wafer deposition system. 
           [0034]      FIG. 13  is a detailed graph showing the variation in temperature across the surface of multiple wafers in a multi-wafer deposition system after a single rotation. 
           [0035]      FIG. 14  is a graph showing the measured band-edge wafer temperature as a function of time as the wafer set point temperature is first set to 300 degrees Celsius, then 450 degrees Celsius. 
           [0036]      FIG. 15  is a schematic of a second embodiment of the invention depicting the substrate heater as the light source and the detector, in transmission geometry, in relation to a deposition chamber. 
           [0037]      FIG. 16  is a schematic of a third embodiment of the invention depicting the detector, in transmission geometry, in relation to an external light source. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       [0038]    A schematic of one embodiment of the measurement apparatus  10 , depicting the light source  12  and detector assembly  26  in diffuse scattering reflectance geometry, in relation to a deposition chamber  16 , is shown in  FIG. 1 . The system comprises a broad band light source  12  mounted in proximity to a transparent view port  18  on the chamber. The light source  12  is typically a quartz halogen lamp, mounted outside the deposition chamber  16  which illuminates a semiconductor wafer  20  (ghost lines in this view) from its front (polished) surface  22 . The apparatus also comprises a detector assembly  26 , also mounted outside the deposition chamber  16  proximate to a transparent view port  18  at an angle that is non-specular to the light source  12 ; an optical fiber assembly  27 , including a first optical fiber  28  coupled to an array spectrometer  32 , and a second optical fiber  30  running collinear to first optical fiber  28  and coupled to a visible alignment laser  34  for aid in alignment of the detector assembly  26 . The optical components are optimized, using appropriate optical coatings, for either infrared or visible operation depending on the characteristics of the wafer  20  being measured. The light source  12  is connected to control assembly  35 , containing light source power and control unit  36  via light source power/data cable  38 . Computer control of the light source  12 , alignment laser  34  and spectrometer  32  is maintained by computer  40  which is connected to light source  12 , alignment laser  34  and spectrometer  32  by USB cable  42 . 
         [0039]    Typically the back surface  24  of a semiconductor wafer  20  is optically rough and can act as a diffuse scattering surface for the light source  12 . If both sides of the wafer  20  are polished, which is sometimes the case, a diffuser (e.g., pyrolytic boron nitride) can be inserted between the back surface  24  of the wafer  20  and the substrate heater  46  to enhance diffuse scattering, but this is not a requirement. Light is diffusely scattered from the surfaces  22 ,  24  and from within the bulk of the wafer  20 , a portion of which light is scattered in the direction of the detector assembly  26 , and is imaged onto the entrance face of the optical fiber  28 . The light is analyzed by the solid state array spectrometer  32 . 
         [0040]    The first step in operation of the invention is to optimize the optics configuration (light source, collection optics and spectrometer) for the wavelength range required for the wafer substrate material.  FIG. 2  is a top perspective view of the variable focus, 150 W quartz halogen light source  12  with the respective placement of the optics, components, and light intensity feedback sensor  54 . The light source  12  components are mounted to enclosure  48 . The light source  12  is optimized for either visible or infrared output depending on the substrate material to be measured. This involves selecting an appropriate bulb  50  for the source with either an enhanced visible or infrared coating on the lamp reflector  52 . The bulbs  50  are readily available from several vendors, as are suitable infrared collimating reflectors. In the preferred embodiment, additional coatings, such as gold coatings for infrared optimization, are added to the lamp reflector  52 . The light source  12  is driven by a computer-controlled 200 W power supply  36  with an integrated feedback control circuit that is connected to a light feedback sensor  54  mounted in the vicinity of the bulb  50 . The purpose of the sensor  54  and feedback control circuit is to maintain the bulb output at a constant value, variable by computer  40  control, for the duration of the bulb lifetime. Without the feedback control circuit the output of the bulb  50  exhibits oscillations and the overall output slowly decreases over the lifetime of the bulb  50 . A variable aperture  56  within the light source  12  controls the size of the spot of light illuminating the semiconductor wafer  20 . The light is focused onto the wafer  20  using a pair of lenses, one fixed lens  58 , the other variable focusing lens  60  variable in position to obtain the best focus at the wafer surface. The depth of field is sufficient for use on most deposition systems. The lenses  58 ,  60  are coated with a broadband antireflection coating to minimize back reflections, hence maximizing the output of the light source. Because of the high heat output of acceptable bulb/reflector combinations, a fan  62  is providing for cooling the light source  12 . 
         [0041]    Shown in  FIG. 3  is a top perspective view of one embodiment of the detector assembly  26 . The assembly  26  mounts outside of the deposition system to a transparent view port  18  on the chamber  16 , allowing the optics to remain clean and uncoated. The components of the detector assembly  26  are mounted to frame  63 . A first detector lens  64  collects the diffusely scattered light and collimates it into the second detector lens  66 . The second lens  66  images the light onto the optical fiber assembly  27  containing single-core optical collection fiber  28 . The lenses  64 ,  66  are coated with a broadband anti-reflection coating to minimize signal loss at the lens surfaces. The position of the second lens  66  can be adjusted to obtain the best focus at the fiber face  68 . The optical fiber  28  can also be positioned, utilizing an adjustor  72 , in x, y and z directions to assist in maximizing the amount of light collected into the fiber. This particular embodiment of the detector assembly  26  also comprises a micrometer-actuated, single-axis tilt mechanism  70  built into the front of the assembly  26  to assist in pointing the detector at the wafer  20  within the chamber  16 . 
         [0042]    A second embodiment of the detector assembly  26   a,  shown in  FIG. 4 , uses a short focal length focusing mirror  74  mounted to support  75  to collect and focus the diffusely scattered light onto the first optical fiber assembly  27 . This detector assembly  26   a  design also mounts outside the deposition chamber  16  and the coatings on the minor  74  are optimized for the wavelength range required for the particular substrate material. The advantage of using a mirror  74  is that reflection losses from the surfaces of lenses are eliminated completely and all wavelengths of light are focused to same point, thus maximizing the collection efficiency. The disadvantage is that the overall size of the detector assembly is larger. 
         [0043]    The single small core optical fiber  28  component within fiber optic assembly  27  used to connect the detector assembly  26  or  26   a  to the spectrometer  32  eliminates many of the shortcomings of the present fiber bundle methods and apparatus in use. It is well known that fiber bundles have significant optical losses which are associated with the empty spaces which exist between adjoining fibers within the same bundle. Further, the existence of multiple fibers increases the susceptibility of the bundle to interference from stray light. It is equally well known that optical fibers have a predetermined “acceptance angle” and that economically practical optical fibers generally have a predetermined acceptance angle with a tolerance of + or − 2  degrees. While these tolerances are satisfactory in the case of single fiber optics, optical fiber bundles containing dozens of individual optical fibers and are much more susceptible to stray light, with the susceptibility increasing as the number in the bundle increases. The most important advantage of a single fiber is the spatial selectivity afforded by their small aperture (˜400 μm). This is important for stray light rejection. Additionally, optical fiber bundles are relatively expensive, typically in a range of $300 to $400 per foot. Single optical fiber of approximately 400 micron cross-section, on the other hand, costs less than $10 per foot. 
         [0044]    With reference to  FIG. 1 , the fiber optic assembly  27  used in the invention is a dual, bifurcated silica/silica fiber selected for maximum transmission in the wavelength range required by the particular semiconductor material. One optical fiber core of the bifurcated fiber is used for collecting light from the lenses within the detector. The other optical fiber core is used to transmit laser light from a red visible semiconductor diode alignment laser  34  to the semiconductor wafer  20 , for use in alignment of the detector assembly  26 . When the detector assembly  26  is first attached to the deposition system, the alignment laser  34  can be activated to produce a visible red laser spot illuminating the region where the detector assembly  26  is aimed. The use a small single core fiber for light detection allows for very precise selectivity of the region or spot on the wafer  20  for the temperature measurement. The detector optics image an area of the wafer surface. The magnification of the system is defined by the focal length of the lenses and the position of the second (variable position) lens. The image of the wafer  20  at the face of the optical fiber is much larger than the diameter of the core. This allows the system to spatially resolve temperature across the wafer surface by either rotating the wafer or by moving the position of the fiber using the x, y adjustment within the detector assembly  26 . Although it is not incorporated into the detector assembly  26  shown, it is possible to use automated actuators to scan the x, y-position of the fiber to create a 2-dimensional map of the wafer  20  surface temperature. 
         [0045]    A principal component to realizing this invention is the very sensitive, fiber-coupled solid state array spectrometer  32 . Solid state array spectrometers (having no moving parts) are becoming common in applications where speed and sensitivity are essential. Their drawback is modest resolution (˜few nm in wavelength). This is not a limitation here, because the band-edge features are relatively broad and can be determined by fitting procedures to much greater precision than the spectrometer resolution. The use of a fiber-coupled array spectrometer  32  for this application has the following advantages:
       a. Speed: array spectrometers measure typically 128-2048 wavelength channels simultaneously. Millisecond measurement times are possible.   b. Sensitivity: array spectrometers are very compact, promoting high light throughput (low numerical aperture: F1.8-F3.0 is typical). For InGaAs arrays, 1000 ADU/sec/picowatt at 1200 nm is a typical sensitivity.   c. Wide spectral range: with careful selection of the spectrometer grating one can cover the entire spectral range required for this application (typically a wavelength range of ˜300 nm would cover a temperature range from ambient to ˜700° C.).   d. Infrared sensitivity: the most challenging aspect of band-edge thermometry concerns those semiconductors with small band gaps, in the infrared region. Commercial array spectrometers with InGaAs photo diode arrays have recently become available at reasonable cost. Conventional InGaAs arrays extend the spectral range beyond that offered by conventional Si CCD arrays (˜250-1100 nm) up to 1700 nm. This opens up a wider range of semiconductors to band-edge thermometry.   e. Spatial selectivity: when used with fiber-optic coupling, array spectrometers have excellent rejection of stray light signals. This is because the fiber core can range from 50 um to 800 um (matched to the spectrometer numerical aperture). Therefore, by imaging the light scattered from the illuminated portion of the wafer  20  onto the fiber entrance core, it is possible to eliminate stray light that originates elsewhere in the vacuum chamber (hot evaporation sources, gauge filaments, etc.).
 
The array spectrometer  32  used in this invention has sufficient speed and sensitivity and to allow the collection of complete spectra from the semiconductor wafer  20  at typical data rates of 20 Hz and can exceed 50 Hz if required.
       
 
         [0051]    Shown in  FIG. 5A  is an example of diffuse reflectance spectra collected from a semiconductor wafer  20  at four different predetermined temperatures. The spectra as shown are unprocessed, “raw” spectra. The band edge absorption is clearly visible at each temperature. Shown in  FIG. 5B  are the same spectra after they have been pre-processed by software routines to remove unwanted background light below the absorption edge and normalize the maximum intensity. An example of a fully processed spectrum showing a linear fit to the absorption edge is shown in  FIG. 6 . The fit to the linear portion of the absorption edge in the spectra is extrapolated back to the x-axis to provide a highly accurate and reproducible wavelength value for the band-edge. This wavelength value is then correlated to the sample temperature. 
         [0052]    The software algorithms used to process the spectra and correlate the band-edge wavelength to a temperature can be dependent on the type of semiconductor wafer material as well as the specific geometry of the deposition chamber. Every deposition chamber is slightly different and can produce different artifacts into the raw spectra signal. The software processing algorithms must be flexible to handle many applications. Shown in  FIG. 7  is the Spectra Processing Software Dialog from the system software. The specific steps in the spectra preprocessing and final absorption band-edge computation processing are described below. 
       Preprocessing: 
       [0053]    Noise Floor: allows the system to be configured to ignore a specific level of light deemed noise based on experimental conditions. If no portion of the current spectrum is above the noise floor, the system ignores the spectrum and collects another spectrum. 
         [0054]    Clip spectra: removes expected anomalies in data beyond the absorption band-edge and provides a consistent wavelength position for normalizing the spectra. 
         [0055]    Divide data point by reference: divides a reference lamp spectrum from the collected spectrum to remove any unwanted features introduced by the lamp. 
         [0056]    Remove Background: using derivative calculations, the parameters under this heading configure how the system will remove black body radiation or other unwanted light from each collected spectrum. The derivative of a spectrum is first smoothed to enhance broad features and remove narrow features. The point of interest within the derivative is then determined by one of two methods, 1) a linear fit to the peak of the 1 st  derivative that satisfies a specified height; or 2) an offset from the peak of the 2 nd  derivative. The wavelength of this POI is used to find the background level of light. This background level is then subtracted from the spectrum. 
         [0057]    Clip data point to min.: all wavelength data below the wavelength with the minimum intensity is set to the minimum intensity value. This creates a flat line up to the wavelength with the minimum value. 
         [0058]    Subtract data point offset: subtracts the minimum intensity value determined in the previous step from the entire spectrum. 
         [0059]    Compute Bandedge: Preprocessed spectra are smoothed further to enhance broad features and remove narrow features. The absorption edge is then computed in one of two ways; 1) the x-intercept using a linear fit at the wavelength position of the peak of the 1 st  derivative, or 2) wavelength position of the peak of the 1 st  derivative. 
         [0000]    The preprocessing steps outlined above allow the system to accurately and reproducibly determine an absorption band edge wavelength from a given spectrum. This wavelength is then correlated to a wafer temperature through the use of calibration files. Calibration data is obtained by collecting spectra from semiconductor wafers at well known temperatures. The temperature of the wafer  20  is measured by a thermocouple in direct contact with the wafer surface. A typical calibration data file, shown in  FIG. 8 , depicts the absorption band-edge wavelength versus thermocouple (TC) temperature. The wavelength versus TC temperature plot is slightly non-linear at low temperature but becomes very linear, as predicted, at high temperature. Shown in  FIG. 9  is the third order polynomial fit to the data with the polynomial coefficients computed and displayed at the top of the graph. The second and third order polynomial coefficients are quite small. The software uses the computed polynomial to relate the computed absorption band-edge wavelength to a wafer  20  temperature. 
         [0060]    The absorption wavelength versus temperature calibration depends not only on the semiconductor material, e.g. Si, GaAs, InP, but also very strongly on the wafer  20  thickness, dopant type, and dopant density. This requires that calibration files must be acquired for wafers  20  of different thickness, dopant type, and dopant density. Once calibration files have been acquired for several variations that establish a trend, for example the shift in absorption edge due to wafer  20  thickness, the software can compute calibration curves for modifications. When the proper calibration file is selected, corresponding to the correct wafer material, wafer thickness and dopant density, the system can precisely and reproducibly measure the wafer temperature with high accuracy. Shown in  FIG. 10  is a long term stability plot for repeated measurement of a semiconductor wafer  20  over a four hour period. The wafer  20  was held at 200.0 +/−0.1 degrees Celsius using a PID temperature controller with a calibrated thermocouple mounted directly to the wafer  20  surface. The plot shows that the absorption band-edge measurement was repeatable with a maximum error of 0.1 degrees Celsius and a standard deviation over a four hour period of 0.04 degrees Celsius. 
         [0061]      FIGS. 11A and 11B  show a typical application of the invention to a multi-wafer production deposition system. Multiple wafers  20  are mounted on a platen  82  that rotates about a central axis  80 . The light source  12  is positioned on the outside of chamber  16  so that as the platen  82  rotates, each wafer  20  individually passes beneath the light source  12 . The diffusely scattered light  100  is detected from a port of chamber  16 . Platen  82  rotation speeds can be as high as 60 RPM resulting in each wafer  20  being illuminated by the light source  12  for as little as 50 ms. The measurement speed of the invention is thus essential if every wafer  20  is to be measured with each rotation. An example of actual temperature data from a commercial production deposition system is shown in  FIG. 12 . As shown in  FIG. 11B , the wafer platen  82  holds 4, 6-inch diameter wafers  20  and the invention is measuring each wafer  20  on the platen  82  repeatedly as the platen  82  rotates. Each wafer temperature is shown to be highly repeatable and if the data is analyzed in detail, as shown in  FIG. 13 , it can be seen that the invention can spatially resolve the temperature across each wafer  20 . The measurement shows that some wafers have a much larger temperature gradient than others. One wafer  20  is much hotter at the center while another is much hotter at the edges. This type of temperature non-uniformity can cause significant differences in device performance depending on where the device originates from the wafer  20 . 
         [0062]    The described invention has sufficient speed and accuracy that the band-edge wafer  20  temperature signal can be used as an input to a proportional-integral-differential (PID) control loop for the purpose of controlling the output power of the substrate heater. Shown in  FIG. 14  is a graph of the wafer  20  temperature as a function of time, measured using the band-edge absorption signal in a direct feedback loop to a PID controller. The temperature ramps and stabilizes very quickly to the set point values of 300 degrees Celsius and 450 degrees Celsius respectively. 
         [0063]    In further embodiments of the invention, the system utilization can be extended by operating the system in transmittance rather than reflectance geometry. In a third embodiment of the invention, shown in  FIG. 16 , an external light source  12  can be mounted to illuminate either the front or back side of the wafer  20  and the detector assembly  26  can be mounted on the opposite side of the wafer  20  in a transmission geometry. In some applications where there is limited space behind the substrate heater  46 , a quartz rod can be placed behind the wafer  20  to collect and redirect the transmitted light  98  to a suitable port where the detector can be mounted. Provided the quartz rod is located behind the wafer  20 , it will not be coated by the deposition process.  FIG. 16  is a schematic of a third embodiment of the invention depicting the detector assembly  26 , in transmission geometry, utilizing the substrate heater  46 , within the deposition chamber  16 , as the source of light. In this geometry no external light source is required. 
         [0064]    In conclusion, a new real-time, non-contact temperature measurement system has been described—for use in semiconductor growth and wafer processing applications. The invention is designed to overcome the limitations of existing technology to provide a versatile non-invasive temperature sensor for a much wider set of applications in the thin film semiconductor arena. Taking advantage of recent developments in fiber-coupled array spectrometers, the new invention provides a powerful tool to characterize multi-wafer temperature uniformity in production reactors, a measurement that cannot be performed currently with other temperature measurement techniques. Numerous obvious modifications may be made to the invention without departing from the scope thereof.