Abstract:
A preferred embodiment of this invention comprises a thin unreactive film (e.g. ruthenium dioxide 36) contacting a high-dielectric-constant material (e.g. barium strontium titanate 38) to an electrode. The thin unreactive film provides a stable conductive interface between the high-dielectric-constant material layer and the electrode base (e.g palladium 34). As opposed to a standard thin-film layer, the thin unreactive film is generally less than 50 nm thick, preferably less than 35 nm thick, more preferably between 5 nm and 25 nm thick, and most preferably between 10 nm and 20 nm thick. A thin unreactive film can benefit from the advantages of the materials used while avoiding or minimizing many of their disadvantages. A thin unreactive film would generally be substantially less expensive than a standard thin-film layer since much less material can be used while not significantly affecting the surface area of the electrode in contact with the HDC material. These structures may also be used for multilayer capacitors and other thin-film ferroelectric devices such as pyroelectric materials, non-volatile memories, thin-film piezoelectric and thin-film electro-optic oxides.

Description:
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/283,881 filed Aug. 1, 1994. 
    
    
     CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The following related applications were fled concurrently with the instant application: 
     
         ______________________________________                           Docket/                           SerialTitle                Inventors  Number______________________________________Improved Electrodes Comprising                Summerfelt,                           TI-17952Conductive Perovskite-Seed Layers for                BeratanPerovskite DielectricsImproved High-Dielectric-Constant                Summerfelt,                           TI-19153Material Electrodes Comprising Thin                Beratan,Ruthenium Dioxide Layers                Kirlin, GnadePre-oxidizing High-Dielectric-Constant                Nishioka,  TI-19189Material Electrodes  Summerfelt,                Park,                BhattacharyaHigh-Dielectric-Constant Material                Nishioka,  TI-19272Electrodes Comprising Sidewall                Park,Spacers              Bhattacharya,                SummerfeltA Conductive Amorphous-Nitride                Summerfelt TI-19554Barrier Layer for High-Dielectric-Constant Material ElectrodesA Conductive Exotic-Nitride Barrier                Summerfelt TI-19555Layer for High-Dielectric-ConstantMaterial ElectrodesA Conductive Noble-Metal-Insulator-                Summerfelt,                           TI-19556Alloy Barrier Layer for High-                Nicolet, Reid,Dielectric-Constant Material Electrodes                Kolawa______________________________________ 
    
     The following previously filed applications are related to the instant application: 
     
         ______________________________________                          Docket/                          SerialTitle               Inventors  Number______________________________________Improved Electrical Connections to               Gnade,     08/009,521Dielectric Materials               SummerfeltImproved Electrical Connections to               Gnade,     08/260,149Dielectric Materials               SummerfeltLightly Donor Doped Electrodes for               Summerfelt,                          08/040,946High-Dielectric-Constant Materials               Beratan,               GnadeLightly Donor Doped Electrodes for               Summerfelt,                          TI-17660.1High-Dielectric-Constant Materials               Beratan,               GnadeImproved Electrode Interface for               Summerfelt,                          08/041,025High-Dielectric-Constant Materials               Beratan______________________________________ 
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention generally relates to improving electric connections to materials with high-dielectric-constants, such as in the construction of capacitors. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Without limiting the scope of the invention, its background is described in connection with current methods of forming electrical connections to high-dielectric-constant materials, as an example. 
     The increasing density of integrated circuits (e.g. DRAMs) is increasing the need for materials with high-dielectric-constants to be used in electrical devices such as capacitors. Generally, capacitance is directly related to the surface area of the electrode in contact with the capacitor dielectric, but is not significantly affected by the electrode volume. The current method generally utilized to achieve higher capacitance per unit area is to increase the surface area/unit area by increasing the topography, such as in trench and stack capacitors using SiO 2  or SiO 2  /Si 3  N 4  as the dielectric. This approach becomes very difficult in terms of manufacturability for devices such as the 256 Mbit and 1 Gbit DRAMs. 
     An alternative approach is to use a high permittivity dielectric material. Many perovskite, ferroelectric, or high-dielectric-constant (hereafter abbreviated HDC) materials such as (Ba,Sr)TiO 3  (BST) usually have much larger capacitance densities than standard SiO 2  --Si 3  N 4  --SiO 2  capacitors. Various metals and metallic compounds, and typically noble metals such as Pt and conductive oxides such as RuO 2 , have been proposed as the electrodes for these HDC materials. To be useful in electronic devices, however, reliable electrical connections should generally be constructed which do not diminish the beneficial properties of these high-dielectric-constant materials. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     As used herein, the tern &#34;high-dielectric-constant&#34; means a dielectric constant greater than about 50 at device operating temperature. The deposition of an HDC material usually occurs at high temperature (generally greater than about 500° C.) in an oxygen containing atmosphere. An initial electrode structure formed prior to this deposition should be stable both during and after this deposition, while subsequent electrode structures formed after this deposition need only be stable after this deposition. 
     It is herein recognized there are several problems with the materials thus far chosen for the electrodes in standard thin-film (herein defined as generally less than 5 microns (um) and greater than 50 nanometers (nm)) applications; some of these problems are related to semiconductor process integration. For example, it has been found that it is difficult to use Pt alone as an initial electrode. Pt generally allows oxygen to diffuse through it and hence typically allows neighboring materials to oxidize. Pt also does not normally stick very well to traditional dielectrics such as SiO 2  or Si 3  N 4 , and Pt can rapidly form a silicide at low temperatures. A Ta layer has been used as a sticking or buffer layer under the Pt electrode, however during BST deposition, oxygen can diffuse through the Pt and oxidize the Ta and make the Ta less conductive. This may possibly be acceptable for structures in which contact is made directly to the Pt layer instead of to the Ta layer, but there are other associated problem as described hereinbelow. 
     Conductive oxides such as RuO 2  generally also exhibit problems in standard thin-film structures. For example, the electrical properties of the structures formed using these oxides are usually inferior to those formed using e.g. Pt. Many thin-film applications require a small leakage-current-density in addition to a large capacitance per unit area. The leakage current is sensitive to many variables such as thickness, microstructure, electrodes, electrode geometry and composition, For example, the leakage current of lead zirconium titanate (PZT) using RuO 2  electrodes is several orders of magnitude larger than the leakage current of PZT using Pt electrodes. In particular, it appears that the leakage current is controlled by Schottky barriers, and that the smaller leakage current with Pt electrodes appears to be due to the larger work function. 
     Other structures which have been proposed for standard thin-film structures include alloys of Pt, Pd, Rh as the electrode and oxides made of Re, Os, Rh and Ir as a sticking layer on single crystal Si or poly-Si. A problem with these electrodes is that these oxides are usually not stable next to Si and that these metals typically rapidly form silicides at low temperatures (generally less than about 450° C.). If other associated problems can be avoided or minimized, this type of electrode structure should retain its conductivity even after the deposition of the HDC material if an appropriate barrier layer(s) is used between the conductive oxide and the Si substrate. 
     Thus, it can be seen that each different method or material or structure for high-dielectric-constant material electrodes has its own unique characteristics, yielding distinctive advantages and disadvantages. For example, each material has a different temperature/time threshold above which that material typically should not be exposed. As another example, in standard thin-film structures, Pt can form hillocks which can degrade the leakage current properties or even short out a capacitor. As another example, Ru is generally not a standard integrated circuit manufacturing material, and it can also be relatively toxic. However, Ru/RuO 2  can function as an oxygen diffusion barrier or even as an oxygen source to minimize HDC material reduction. 
     As a further example, TiN has been proven and accepted for use in integrated circuits, while Pt and Pd have seen a relatively more limited use (typically in bipolar circuits and not in metal oxide semiconductor (MOS)). TiN is generally a good sticking layer and diffusion barrier, but typically cannot withstand as high a temperature as Pt or Pd. As yet another example, Pt has a radioactive isotope, Pt-190, that, even though it has a relatively long half-life and makes up a small percentage of the total number of Pt atoms, could create a substantial number of detrimental alpha-particles when used in a standard thin-film structure. 
     Although each material is unique, some of the various materials described hereinabove do have some relevant characteristics in common. For example, Pt and RuO 2  have been relatively difficult to dry etch in standard thin-film structures. Additionally, the relatively high cost of Pt and Ru may be prohibitive in some standard thin-film structures. 
     Generally, the instant invention uses a thin unreactive film to contact the electrode to the high-dielectric-constant material. The thin unreactive film my be a noble metal such as Pt or a conductive oxide such as RuO 2 . As opposed to a standard thin-film layer, the thin unreactive film is generally less than 50 nm thick, preferably less than 35 nm thick, more preferably between 5 nm and 25 nm thick, and most preferably between 10 nm and 20 nm thick. As used herein, the term &#34;unreactive&#34;, when used in reference to a material contacting an HDC material, means a material which provides a stable conductive interface to the HDC material during and after processing. Note that when a conductive oxide such as RuO 2  is used for the thin unreactive film (or another part of the electrode), that layer can also contain unoxidized or partially oxidized Ru. For example, a thin unreactive film of Ru which is chemically changed by becoming partially or fully oxidized during the HDC deposition process is still considered unreactive since it still provides a stable conductive interface to the HDC material. The same applies to iridium oxide and iridium. 
     A thin unreactive film can benefit from the advantages of the various materials discussed hereinabove while avoiding or minimizing many of the disadvantages. For example, a thin unreactive film would generally be substantially less expensive than a standard thin-film layer since much less material can be used while not significantly affecting the surface area of the electrode in contact with the HDC material. Cost and economic feasibility are usually important considerations in semiconductor manufacturing, and can often be the determining factors in whether or not one method or structure is viable when compared to another (e.g. less process steps with a more expensive material versus more process steps with a less expensive material). The method or structure selected will generally depend on the specific application. 
     The issue of economic feasibility should become more significant as new devices with higher component densities are sought. Specifically, it will probably be desirable for the electrode to have a higher aspect ratio than prior art devices in order to achieve a large surface area in contact with the HDC material while minimizing the amount of semiconductor real estate used. As used herein, the term &#34;aspect ratio&#34;, when used in reference to the physical dimensions of a structure, means the ratio of the height to the width of a structure. This will also have the effect of increasing the volume of the electrode and thus the amount of material used for the electrode. By using a less expensive material for a substantial portion of the volume of the electrode and only a thin unreactive film formed on the surface of the less expensive material, significant material cost savings should result. 
     One embodiment of the present invention is a microelectronic structure comprising a conductive lower electrode base, a lower thin unreactive film overlaying the lower electrode base, and a high-dielectric-constant material layer overlaying the lower unreactive film. The lower unreactive film provides a stable conductive interface between the high-dielectric-constant material layer and the lower electrode base. 
     A method of forming an embodiment of the present invention comprises forming a conductive lower electrode base, forming a lower thin unreactive film on the lower electrode base, and forming a high-dielectric-constant material layer on the lower unreactive film. An upper thin unreactive film may be formed on high-dielectric-constant material layer, and an upper electrode may then be formed on the upper unreactive film. Alternatively, a second thin unreactive film may be formed on the lower thin unreactive film before the formation of the high-dielectric-constant material. 
     Another method of forming an embodiment of the present invention comprises forming a high-dielectric-constant material pillar, the pillar comprising an outer vertical surface and an open-ended cavity with an inner vertical surface, forming an inner thin unreactive film on the inner vertical surface and an outer thin unreactive film on the outer vertical surface, and forming an inner conductive electrode on the inner thin unreactive film and an outer conductive electrode on the outer thin unreactive film. In accordance with this embodiment, generally less demand is placed on the electrodes since they are formed after the high-dielectric-constant material deposition. 
     When platinum is used as the lower thin unreactive layer, then a non-platinum conductive lower electrode base is used. When ruthenium dioxide is used as the lower thin unreactive layer, then a non-Ru, non-RuO 2  conductive lower electrode base is used. 
     These are apparently the first microelectronic structures wherein a thin unreactive film backed up by a less expensive, more easily etched bulk electrode is used to contact an electrode to a high-dielectric-constant material. These structures may also be used for multilayer capacitors and other thin-film devices such as pyroelectric materials, non-volatile memories, thin-film piezoelectric and thin-film electro-optic devices. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, as well as other features and advantages thereof, will be best understood by reference to the detailed description which follows, read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
     FIGS. 1-7 are cross-sectional views of a microelectronic structure showing the progressive steps in the fabrication of a capacitor with lower and upper thin unreactive films contacting a high-dielectric constant material; 
     FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a thin unreactive film providing a conductive interface between a high-dielectric constant material and an electrode base; 
     FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a capacitor with lower and upper thin unreactive films contacting a high-dielectric-constant material; 
     FIGS. 10-12 are cross-sectional views of capacitors with lower and upper thin unreactive films contacting a high-dielectric-constant material, formed on the surface of a semiconductor substrate; 
     FIGS. 13-19 are cross-sectional views of a microelectronic structure showing the progressive steps in the fabrication of a capacitor with lower and upper thin unreactive films contacting a high-dielectric constant material; 
     FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view of a capacitor with lower and upper thin unreactive films contacting a high-dielectric-constant material; 
     FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view of the capacitor of FIG. 22 taken along 21--21; 
     FIG. 22 is a top plan view of a capacitor with inner and outer thin unreactive films contacting a high-dielectric-constant material; 
     FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view of a capacitor with two lower thin unreactive films providing a conductive interface between a high-dielectric-constant material and a lower electrode base; and 
     FIGS. 24-32 are cross-sectional views of a microelectronic structure showing the progressive steps in the fabrication of a capacitor with inner and outer thin unreactive films contacting a high-dielectric constant material. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     With reference to FIGS. 1-7, there is shown a method of forming an embodiment of this invention, a capacitor comprising lower and upper thin unreactive films contacting a high-dielectric-constant material layer. FIG. 1 illustrates a silicon semiconductor substrate 30. FIG. 2 illustrates an SiO 2  insulating layer 32 formed on the surface of the silicon substrate 30. FIG. 3 illustrates a palladium electrode base 34 deposited on the SiO 2  layer 32. Palladium layer 34 is conductive and will serve as the bulk of the lower electrode for the high-dielectric-constant capacitor. 
     FIG. 4 illustrates a thin unreactive film of platinum 36 deposited on the palladium layer 34. The deposition of platinum layer 36 can be performed using sputtering, e-beam evaporation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or metal organic CVD (MOCVD). The microstructure and thermal stress of the Pt layer 36 is generally improved by depositing at elevated temperatures (300° C. to 600° C.). The deposition process may also be enhanced by ions, electrons, photons or plasma. 
     The substantial reduction in thickness of the Pt layer 36 as compared to one of standard thin-film thickness will make it much easier and quicker to dry etch. The patterning of Pt has primarily been accomplished in the past by very physical dry etching methods, such as ion milling. Consequently, with the very thin Pt layer 36, there is substantially less likelihood that an energetic Pt dry etch will damage other structures on the substrate 30. Alternatively, it is possible to etch the Pt layer 36 using an energetic reactive ion etch (RIE) process intended for the electrode base, Pd layer 34. This method should not differ significantly from straight ion milling of Pt layer 36. Due to its minimal thickness, Pt layer 36 would be inefficiently dry etched by this RIE without taking substantially longer than just etching Pd layer 34 alone. This method would not be practical for Pt layers of standard thin-film thickness. As another alternative, the thin unreactive layer could possibly patterned using lift-off. Although Pt can be difficult to remove with this technique, the very thin film makes this technique much more practical. 
     This structure might also be annealed before the deposition of the HDC material at or near the deposition temperature of the HDC material in order to create a more stable electrode. Similarly, after subsequent process steps, the capacitor structure with both electrodes might be annealed to improve the capacitor properties. 
     FIG. 5 illustrates the capacitor dielectric, a layer of high-dielectric-constant barium strontium titanate (BST) 38, deposited on Pt layer 36. The deposition of BST layer 38 generally requires very oxidizing conditions, however Pt layer 36 will be able to remain unoxidized, and provide a stable conductive interface to BST layer 38. FIG. 6 illustrates an upper thin unreactive film of Pt 40 deposited on BST layer 38. Using the very thin unreactive films of the present invention makes it much simpler to use symmetric layers to contact the HDC material. Here again there is less likelihood of damaging other structures such as HDC layer 38 with the Pt etch since Pt layer 40 will be substantially easier to etch than a standard thin-film layer of Pt. FIG. 7 illustrates an upper electrode of TiN 42 deposited on upper Pt film 40. 
     In an alternate embodiment, FIG. 8 illustrates a palladium electrode base 34, a thin unreactive film of platinum 36 deposited on Pd layer 34, and a layer of high-dielectric-constant barium strontium titanate (BST) 38, deposited on Pt layer 36. Pt layer 36 provides a stable conductive interface between BST layer 38 and Pd layer 34. 
     In another alternate embodiment, FIG. 9 illustrates the structure of FIG. 8, with an upper thin unreactive film of Pt 40 deposited on BST layer 38, and an upper electrode of TiN 42 deposited on upper Pt film 40. Pt layer 40 provides a stable conductive interface between BST layer 38 and TiN layer 42. 
     With reference to FIGS. 10-12, there are shown three alternate embodiments for different capacitor structures. The structures of FIGS. 11 and 12 can be used for capacitors which are substantially planar as shown, or for capacitors with high aspect ratios, wherein the sides of the electrodes contribute substantially to the total surface area of the electrodes in contact with the HDC material. 
     With reference to FIG. 10, there is illustrated a high-dielectric-constant capacitor utilizing thin unreactive films as part of each electrode. Basically the capacitor structure of FIG. 9 is used, however in this embodiment the Pd layer 34 is not used for direct electrical connection since electrical contact is made directly to the Pt layer 34 from above, via a conductive TiN plug 48. The TiN plug 48 makes electrical contact to the aluminum top metallization 50 through the second SiO 2  insulating layer 46. The two other TiN plugs 48 make electrical contact from the aluminum top metallization layer 50 to the TiN upper electrode 42 and to the doped silicon region 44. 
     With reference to FIG. 11, there is illustrated a high-dielectric-constant capacitor utilizing thin unreactive films as part of each electrode. The basic capacitor structure of FIG. 9 is used however in this embodiment the lower Pt layer 36, BST layer 38, upper Pt layer 40 and TiN layer 42 are deposited such that they form sidewalls and thus increase the total surface area of the electrodes in contact with the BST 38. In addition, the Pd layer 34 provides electrical connection to the doped silicon region 44 below it. 
     With reference to FIG. 12, there is again illustrated a high-dielectric-constant capacitor utilizing thin unreactive films as part of each electrode. The basic capacitor structure of FIG. 11 is used, however in thin embodiment the Pd layer 34 connects to the doped silicon region 44 via a TiN plug 52. Alternatively, the lower electrode base of Pd 34 in FIG. 12 could extend down into SiO 2  layer 32 to form the plug itself or a portion thereof. The plug may also be a composite of, for example, TiN and poly-silicon or palladium and tungsten, or various silicides such as nickel silicide, cobalt silicide, or titanium or tungsten silicide. Tungsten could be useful if drawing element 34 is chosen to be RuO 2 . 
     With reference to FIGS. 13-19, there is shown a method of forming another embodiment of this invention, a capacitor comprising lower and upper thin unreactive films contacting a high-dielectric-constant material layer. FIGS. 13-19 more clearly illustrate the advantages of using a high aspect ratio capacitor. FIG. 13 illustrates a silicon semiconductor substrate 30, with an SiO 2  insulating layer 32 formed thereon. A TiN plug 52 has been formed in SiO 2  layer 32. FIG. 14 illustrates a palladium electrode base 34 deposited on the SiO 2  layer 32 directly over the TiN plug 52. Again, palladium layer 34 will serve as the bulk of the lower electrode for the high-dielectric-constant capacitor. Palladium layer 34 is generally less than 500 nm wide and greater than 250 nm thick, preferably less than 400 nm wide and greater than 400 nm thick, and most preferably less than 300 nm wide and greater than 500 nm thick. 
     FIG. 15 illustrates a thin unreactive film of platinum 36 deposited uniformly on the palladium layer 34 and on the SiO 2  layer 32. A conformal deposition technique such as angular sputtering or more preferably MOCVD of the platinum is used in this case in order to obtain uniform coverage of the sides of Pd layer 34. FIG. 16 illustrates a layer of photoresist 54 that has been deposited and patterned to substantially mask the Pt layer 36 which is overlaying Pd layer 34. The same mask that was used to pattern the Pd layer 34 could possibly be used to pattern the photoresist 54. FIG. 17 illustrates the microelectronic structure after the exposed horizontal portions of the Pt layer 36 have been removed by anisotropic ion milling or RIE. 
     FIG. 18 illustrates the capacitor dielectric, a layer of BST 38, deposited on Pt layer 36. The same principles that were discussed for patterning Pt hereinabove can also be applied to the patterning of the BST 38. Alternatively, the BST does not need to be patterned except over regions near where vertical contact to the structure needs to be made. FIG. 19 illustrates an upper thin unreactive film of Pt 40 deposited on BST layer 38, and an upper electrode of TiN 42 deposited on upper Pt film 40. Like the lower Pt layer 36, the upper Pt film 40 also has a large surface area in contact with the BST layer 38. 
     With reference to FIG. 20, the capacitor structure of FIG. 19 is shown with a different aspect ratio to better illustrate the large variety of aspect ratios and structures which are encompassed by the present invention. 
     In another alternate embodiment, FIG. 21 illustrates a cross-section and FIG. 22 illustrates a top plan view of a high-dielectric-constant capacitor utilizing thin unreactive films as part of each electrode. In this embodiment, BST is deposited on SiO 2  layer 32 and then dry etched into the shape of a hollowed out pillar. BST pillar 56 is formed before the electrode materials are deposited, thus circumventing exposure of the electrodes to the highly oxidizing BST deposition process. BST pillar 56 can take a variety of forms such as a tube or a donut, it can be circular, oval, square, rectangular or of a more complicated or irregular shape, it can have sharp corners or rounded comers, rough surfaces or smooth surfaces, etc. 
     Using conformal and nonconformal methods described hereinabove, an inner thin unreactive film of Pt 58 and an outer thin unreactive film of Pt 60 are formed on the inner and outer vertical surfaces of BST pillar 56 simultaneously. The same methods can again be used to form an inner conductive layer of TiN 62 and an outer conductive layer of TiN 64 on the vertical surfaces of Pt films 58 and 60, respectively. 
     With reference to FIG. 23, a capacitor similar to those of FIGS. 19 and 20 is illustrated. However, in accordance with this embodiment, two thin unreactive films are deposited between the lower electrode base Pd 34 and the BST layer 38. A thin unreactive film of RuO 2  66 (can also be Ru which is partially or fully oxidized during BST deposition) is formed on Pd layer 34. A thin unreactive film of Pt 68 is formed on RuO 2  layer 66. BST layer 38 is then formed on Pt layer 68. This structure would provide the low leakage current of Pt in contact with the BST 38, along with the oxygen barrier capabilities of Ru/RuO 2 , while using a minimum amount of each material in order to control cost. 
     In yet another alternate embodiment, FIGS. 24-32 illustrate a cross-section of a high-dielectric-constant capacitor utilizing thin unreactive films as part of each electrode. In this embodiment, a capacitor similar to that of FIGS. 21 and 22 is produced, however more process detail is shown as is more detail on the electrical connection to the capacitor. TiN capacitor plugs 52 are again formed in SiO 2  insulator 32 as shown in FIG. 24, then SiO 2  pillars 70 are formed over TiN plugs 52 as shown in FIG. 25. FIG. 26 illustrates a conformal BST layer 72 deposited on the structure, and subsequently anisotropically etched to form BST pillars 56 as illustrated in FIG. 27, similar to the structure shown in FIGS. 21 and 22. As with the method of FIG. 21 and 22, BST pillar 56 is formed before the electrode materials are deposited, thus circumventing exposure of the electrodes to the highly oxidizing BST deposition process. The function of oxygen barrier is effectively transferred from the electrode materials to pillar mask 70, thus eliminating a significant constraint on electrode material selection. The material chosen for pillar mask 70 should be a good barrier to oxygen diffusion in order to protect plug 52 or other underlying oxidizable layers during BST deposition, and is also preferably relatively inert, especially to oxygen. Pillar mask 70 should also be relatively easy to remove after deposition and etching of BST layer 72, as shown in FIG. 28. A wet or dry etch may be used to remove pillar mask 70, exposing plug 52, and leaving BST pillar 58. 
     Using conformal (or semi-conformal) deposition methods described hereinabove, conformal Pt layer 74 and conformal TiN layer 76 are formed on the structure as illustrated in FIG. 29. Although not shown, undesired regions of Pt layer 74, TiN layer 76 and/or BST layer 72 may be removed from the substrate. A 2nd level SiO 2  insulator layer 46 is deposited over the structure and then a planarizing SiO 2  layer 78 is formed on SiO 2  insulator layer 46, providing the structure shown in FIG. 30. The structure is then etched back using chemical mechanical polishing or dry etching until the portion of TiN layer 76 and Pt layer 74 on top of BST pillar 56 is removed (possibly along with a top part of BST pillar 56), as shown in FIG. 31. As with the method of FIGS. 21 and 22, this isolates the inner and outer electrodes, forming an inner thin unreactive film of Pt 58 and an inner conductive layer of TiN 62 on the inner vertical surface of BST pillar 56 and on the TiN plug 52. Also formed are an outer thin unreactive film of Pt 60 and an outer conductive layer of TiN 64 on the outer vertical surface of BST pillar 56. As can be seen in FIG. 31, the outer electrode can be made common between e.g., all capacitors in a DRAM. Finally, FIG. 32 illustrates 3rd level SiO 2  layer 80 formed over the structure of FIG. 31. Alternatively, 2nd level SiO 2  layer 46 could be removed if different or additional processing steps are desired. 
     With the structure/method of FIGS. 21-22 and 24-32, since the electrodes are formed after high-dielectric-constant material deposition (and other processing), it may be possible to use a single layer for the electrodes using a material selected from either the thin unreactive layer materials, the electrode base (or inner/outer conductive electrode) materials, or the upper electrode materials, thus further simplifying the structure and saving processing steps and/or cost. 
     The sole Table, below, provides an overview of some embodiments and the drawings. 
     
                       TABLE______________________________________  PreferredDrawing  or Specific           OtherElement  Examples  Generic Term                        Alternate Examples______________________________________30     Silicon   Substrate   Other single component                        semiconductors (e.g.                        germanium, diamond)                        Compound semicon-                        ductors (e.g. GaAs,                        InP, Si/Ge, SiC)                        Ceramic substrates32     Silicon   First level Other insulators (e.g.  dioxide   insulator   silicon nitride)                        May be more than one                        layer (e.g. Si.sub.3 N.sub.4 barrier                        over SiO.sub.2)                        Combinations of the                        above materials34     Palladium Lower elec- Other high melting point            trode base  noble or platinum group                        metals (e.g iridium,                        rhenium, rhodium)                        Conductive metal oxides                        (e.g. ruthenium dioxide,                        tin oxide, osmium oxide,                        rhodium oxide, iridium                        oxide, indium oxide, tita-                        nium oxide, TiON, zinc                        oxide, doped zinc oxide)                        Conductive metal ni-                        trides (e.g. titanium ni-                        tride, tantalum nitride)                        Combinations of the                        above materials                        If used, ruthenium diox-                        ide base may contain                        some unoxidized or par-                        tially oxidized ruthenium                        The material of this                        layer should be different                        from that used for draw-                        ing element 36 below36     Platinum  Lower thin  Ruthenium dioxide            unreactive film                        Iridium oxide40               Upper thin  Alloys of Pt with other            unreactive film                        noble or platinum group                        metals such as Re, Ir,                        Pd, Rh, Ru, Au or Ag                        Combinations of the                        above materials or more                        complex conductive ox-                        ides                        Layers of the above                        materials                        If used, ruthenium                        dioxide film may contain                        some unoxidized or par-                        tially oxidized ruthenium38     Barium    High-dielectric-                        Other perovskite, ferro-  strontium constant    electric, or high-dielec-  titanate  material layer                        tric-constant oxides (e.g.                        (Ba,Sr,Ca,Pb)(Ti,Zr)O.sub.3,                        (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O.sub.3, bis-                        muth titanate, potassium                        tantalate, lead niobate,                        potassium niobate, lead                        zinc niobate, lead mag-                        nesium niobate)                        Donor, acceptor, or                        donor and acceptor                        doped oxides listed                        above                        Combinations of the                        above materials                        Layers of the above                        materials42     Titanium  Upper       Other conductive metal  nitride   electrode   compounds (e.g. nitrides:                        ruthenium nitride, tin ni-                        tride, zirconium ni-                        tride; oxides: ruthenium                        dioxide, tin oxide, titani-                        um oxide, TiON, zinc                        oxide, doped zinc oxide,                        iridium oxide; silicides:                        titanium silicide, tanta-                        lum silicide, tungsten sil-                        icide, molybdenum sili-                        cide, nickel silicide; car-                        bides: tantalum carbide;                        borides: titanium boride)                        Noble or platinum group                        metals (e.g. platinum,                        palladium, rhodium,                        gold, iridium, silver)                        Reactive metals (e.g.                        tantalum, titanium, mo-                        lybdenum)                        Other common semicon-                        ductor electrodes (e.g.                        aluminum, copper, tung-                        sten, poly-Si, doped Si                        or Ge)                        Combinations of the                        above materials                        May contain more than                        one layer                        The material of this                        layer is typically                        different from that used                        for drawing element 40                        above44     Doped     Conductive  Semiconductor devices  silicon   semiconductor            material46     Silicon   Second level                        Other insulators (e.g.  dioxide   insulator   silicon nitride, SOG,                        polymer)                        Layers of the above                        materials48     TiN       Conductive  Other reactive metal            plug        compounds (e.g. nitrides:                        zirconium nitride; sili-                        cides: titanium silicide,                        tantalum silicide, tung-                        sten silicide, molybde-                        num silicide, nickel sili-                        cide, cobalt silicide; car-                        bides: tantalum carbide;                        borides: titanium boride)                        Single component semi-                        conductors (e.g. single-                        or poly-crystalline sili-                        con, germanium)                        Reactive metals (e.g.                        tungsten, tantalum, ti-                        tanium, molybdenum, ti-                        tanium tungsten)                        Conductive carbides and                        borides (e.g. boron car-                        bide)                        Aluminum, copper, and                        alloys with these ele-                        ments                        Compound semiconduc-                        tors (e.g. GaAs, InP,                        Si/Ge, SiC)                        Combinations of the                        above materials50     Aluminum  Top metalliza-                        Other common semicon-            tion        ductor electrodes (e.g.                        silicides, TiN)                        Two or more layers of                        metal and dielectric                        Combinations of the                        above materials52     TiN       Capacitor plug                        Other reactive metal                        compounds (e.g. nitrides:                        zirconium nitride; sili-                        cides: titanium silicide,                        tantalum silicide, tung-                        sten silicide, molybde-                        num silicide, nickel sili-                        cide; carbides: tantalum                        carbide; borides: titani-                        um boride)                        Single component semi-                        conductors (e.g. single-                        or poly-crystalline sili-                        con, germanium)                        Reactive metals (e.g.                        tungsten, tantalum, tita-                        nium, molybdenum)                        Conductive carbides and                        borides (e.g. boron car-                        bide)                        Compound semiconduc-                        tors (e.g. GaAs, InP, Si/                        Ge, SiC)                        May be multiple layers                        (e.g. TiN/TiSi.sub.x /poly-Si)                        Combinations of the                        above materials54     Photoresist            Mask layer  Other semiconductor                        masking materials56     Barium    High-dielectric-                        Other perovskite, ferro-  strontium constant mate-                        electric, or high-dielec-  titanate  rial pillar tric-constant oxides (e.g.                        (Ba,Sr,Pb)(Ti,Zr)O.sub.3,                        (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O.sub.3, bis-                        muth titanate, potassium                        tantalate, lead scandium                        tantalate, lead niobate,                        potassium niobate, lead                        zinc niobate, lead mag-                        nesium niobate)                        Donor, acceptor, or                        donor and acceptor                        doped oxides listed                        above                        Combinations of the                        above materials                        Layers of the above                        materials58     Platinum  Inner thin un-                        Ruthenium dioxide            reactive film                        Iridium oxide60               Outer thin un-                        Alloys of Pt with other            reactive film                        noble or platinum group                        metals such as Re, Ir,                        Pd, Rh, Ru, Au or Ag                        Combinations of the                        above materials or                        more complex conduc-                        tive oxides                        Layers of the above                        materials                        If used, ruthenium                        dioxide film may con-                        tain some unoxidized or                        partially oxidized ruthe-                        nium62     Titanium  Inner conduc-                        Other conductive ni-  nitride   tive electrode                        trides (e.g. zirconium ni-                        tride, hafnium nitride,                        tantalum nitride)64               Outer conduc-                        High melting point no-            tive electrode                        ble or platinum group                        metals (e.g palladium,                        iridium, rhenium, rhodi-                        um)                        Conductive oxides (e.g.                        ruthenium dioxide, tin                        oxide, titanium oxide,                        TiON, zinc oxide, doped                        zinc oxide, iridium ox-                        ide)                        Other common semicon-                        ductor electrodes (e.g.                        aluminum, copper, tung-                        sten, poly-Si, silicides,                        doped Si or Ge)                        Combinations of the                        above materials                        If used, ruthenium diox-                        ide electrode may con-                        tain some unoxidized or                        partially oxidized ru-                        thenium                        The material of these                        electrodes should be dif-                        ferent from that used for                        drawing elements 56 and                        58 above66     Ruthenium 1st lower thin                        Other materials from  dioxide   unreactive film                        drawing element 36                        above, but different                        from material selected                        for drawing element 68                        below68     Platinum  2nd lower thin                        Other materials from            unreactive film                        drawing element 36                        above, but different                        from material selected                        for drawing element 66                        above70     SiO.sub.2 Pillar mask Other removable, ox-                        ygen barrier or chem-                        ically inert materials                        (e.g. Si.sub.3 N.sub.4,                        BPSG, MgO, CaO,                        CaF.sub.2, Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, B.sub.2                        O.sub.3,                        boron oxide)72     Barium    Conformal   Other materials from  strontium HDC material                        drawing element 56  titanate  layer       above74     Pt        Conformal thin                        Other materials from            unreactive  drawing elements 36, 58            layer       or 60 above76     TiN       Conformal   Other materials from            conductive  drawing elements 34, 62            layer       or 64 above78     SiO.sub.2 Planarizing Other materials from            insulator   drawing elements 32 or                        46 above80     SiO.sub.2 3rd level   Other materials from            insulator   drawing elements 32 or                        46 above______________________________________ 
    
     There are many combinations of materials which could be used for the thin unreactive layer and for the other portion of the electrode, each combination having distinctive advantages (and possibly disadvantages). For example, a thin unreactive film of Pt forms substantially fewer hillocks than a standard thin-film layer of Pt. A thin unreactive film of Pt creates substantially less alpha-particles than a standard thin-film layer since there is a much smaller quantity of Pt involved. Thus a thin unreactive film of Pt formed over an electrode base of a conductive oxide (e.g. RuO 2 ) would control the Schottky barrier and minimize the leakage current, while the conductive oxide would provide an oxygen diffusion barrier. 
     As another example a thin unreactive film of Pt could be formed over an electrode base of another noble or platinum group metal such as Pd. Pd is much less expensive than Pt, and, although not as inert as Pt, Pd is also not easily oxidized and has a high melting point so it could withstand the high-dielectric-constant material deposition process. As used herein, the term &#34;high melting point&#34;, when used in reference to an electrode material, means a material with a melting point temperature sufficiently above the HDC deposition process temperature so as not to be significantly adversely affected (e.g. rendered nonconductive) by the deposition process. As used herein, the term &#34;noble or platinum group metal&#34; means an element which either is completely unreactive or reacts only to a limited extent with other elements (i.e. gold, silver, platinum, palladium, iridium, rhenium, mercury, ruthenium, osmium and rhodium). 
     As another example, a thin unreactive film of Pt could be formed over a electrode base of a conductive nitride such as TiN. As stated hereinabove, TiN has been fairly extensively used and proven in semiconductor processing, thus lending it fairly easy acceptance. In addition, TiN must undergo substantial oxidation before it forms an insulating titanium oxide. For example, TiON and TiO are conductive, although TiO 2  is insulating. 
     The thin unreactive film could also be a conductive oxide such as RuO 2 . As an example, a thin unreactive layer of RuO 2  could be formed over an electrode base of a noble or platinum group metal such as Pd. In addition to the advantages described for Pd hereinabove, the RuO 2  would provide an oxygen barrier during HDC deposition. 
     As another example, a thin unreactive film of RuO 2  could be formed over an electrode base of a conductive nitride such as TiN. One of the advantages of this combination is that the TiN has been accepted and proven in semiconductor processing. Again the RuO 2  would provide an oxygen barrier during HDC deposition. 
     The lower electrode base may comprise still other materials than those listed in the table yet which may be preferred for various applications. For example, the lower electrode base may comprise ternary (or greater) amorphous conductive nitrides (e.g. Ta--Si--N, Ti--Si--N, Ta--B--N, Ti--B--N); exotic (non-standard Si processing)conductive nitrides (e.g. Zr nitride, Hf nitride, Y nitride, Sc nitride, La nitride and other rare earth nitrides, N deficient Al nitride, doped Al nitride, Mg nitride, Ca nitride, Sr nitride, Ba nitride); alloys of the above exotic conductive nitrides with common Si processing materials such as TiN, GaN, Ni nitride, Co nitride, Ta nitride, W nitride (e.g. Ta--Al--N, Ti--Al--N); or noble-metal-insulator-alloys (e.g. Pd--Si--N, Pt--Si--N, Pd--Si--O, Pd--Si--O, Pd--B--(O,N), Pd--Al--N, Ru--Si--(O,N), Ir--Si--O, Re--Si--N, Rh--Al--O, Au--Si--N, Ag--Si--N). 
     A few preferred embodiments have been described in detail hereinabove. It is to be understood that the scope of the invention also comprehends embodiments different from those described, yet within the scope of the claims. With reference to the structures described, electrical connections to such structures can be ohmic, rectifying, capacitive, direct or indirect, via intervening circuits or otherwise. Implementation is contemplated in discrete components or fully integrated circuits in silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, or other electronic materials families. In general the preferred or specific examples are preferred over the other alternate examples. However, as described hereinabove, each example may have beneficial properties which make it preferable over the other examples depending on the importance of those properties to the application. In fact, for some applications, some of the other alternate examples my be preferred over the specific examples based on the properties of the materials. The thin unreactive film may sometimes be referred to as being part of the electrode and rosy sometimes be referred to as being an interface to the electrode; the structures and methods of the present invention are substantially the same in either case. Layers that are described as alloys, compounds, mixtures, etc., are meant to be intentionally formed, substantial layers, as opposed to an unintentional partial mixture of the components of two separate layers that my be incidentally formed at the interface of those layers. 
     While this invention has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the invention, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. It is therefore intended that the appended claims encompass any such modifications or embodiments.