Abstract:
Embodiments relate to integrated sensor and magnetic concentrator devices and methods. In one embodiment, an integrated sensor and magnetic field concentrator device comprises a sensor device comprising at least two xMR sensor elements spaced apart from each other on a surface of a die to define a first gap of about 5 millimeters (mm) or less; and a magnetic field concentrator disposed in the first gap and configured to guide magnetic flux from an external source in a direction perpendicular to the at least two xMR sensor elements.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 12/169,746 filed Jul. 9, 2008, which is hereby fully incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    To detect the speed and direction of a rotating wheel or other object, it is common practice to attach a magnetically polarized ring to the wheel and position a magnetic field sensor nearby. As the alternating magnetic poles (north, south, north, south, etc.) pass by during rotation, the field sensor detects and converts the pole-sequence into a pulsed output voltage. The rotational speed of the wheel can then be derived by counting the pulses per second. 
         [0003]    In order to obtain fine resolution, many poles on the ring are desired. Unfortunately, the magnetic field of the poles does not extend far beyond the ring itself; in fact, it decreases exponentially with the distance from the ring. The field typically disappears almost entirely at a distance that is about two to three pole-pitches away from the ring, where the pole-pitch is the distance between the centers of two adjacent poles on the ring. 
         [0004]    Because of assembly tolerances, the distance between the field sensor and the pole-ring may vary. Thus, there is a need for a magnetic field sensor system that is compatible with both small (e.g., about 0.5 mm) and large distances (e.g., up to about several millimeters), in other words a magnetic field sensor that is sensitive to small magnetic fields. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0005]    Embodiments relate to integrated sensor and magnetic concentrator devices and methods. In one embodiment, an integrated sensor and magnetic field concentrator device comprises a sensor device comprising at least two xMR sensor elements spaced apart from each other on a surface of a die to define a first gap of about 5 millimeters (mm) or less; and a magnetic field concentrator disposed in the first gap and configured to guide magnetic flux from an external source in a direction perpendicular to the at least two xMR sensor elements. 
         [0006]    In another embodiment, a method comprises providing an integrated sensor and magnetic field concentrator device, the sensor comprising first and second xMR sensor elements spaced apart by a gap of about 5 millimeters (mm) or less, and the magnetic field concentrator disposed in the gap; exposing the device to a magnetic field; and guiding a magnetic flux related to the magnetic field perpendicularly to the sensor by the magnetic field concentrator. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0007]    The invention may be more completely understood from the following detailed description of various embodiments in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0008]      FIG. 1  is a top view of a block diagram of a sensor according to an embodiment. 
           [0009]      FIG. 2  is a top view of a block diagram of a sensor according to an embodiment. 
           [0010]      FIG. 3  is a side view of a block diagram of a sensor and a pole wheel according to an embodiment. 
           [0011]      FIG. 4  is a top view of a block diagram of a pole wheel positioned above a sensor according to an embodiment. 
       
    
    
       [0012]    While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0013]    Embodiments of the invention relate to magnetic sensor devices, such as Hall, giant magnetoresistive (GMR), and others. Embodiments of the invention integrate magnetic field concentrators and magnetic sensor devices, thereby increasing the magnetic sensitivity of the sensor devices. Various embodiments of the invention can be more readily understood by reference to  FIGS. 1-4  and the following description. While the invention is not necessarily limited to the specifically depicted application(s), the invention will be better appreciated using a discussion of exemplary embodiments in specific contexts. 
         [0014]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , a sensor device  100  is depicted. Sensor device  100  comprises a die  102  on which additional sensor elements are mounted and/or formed. In one embodiment, sensor device  100  comprises first, second and third sensor elements  104 ,  106  and  108  and first and second magnetic elements  110  and  112 . 
         [0015]    In one embodiment, first and second sensor elements  104  and  106  comprise speed GMR sensor elements and third sensor element  108  comprises a direction GMR sensor element. In other embodiments, sensor device  100  comprises one or more Hall sensor elements, xMR sensor elements such as anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR), tunneling magnetoresistive (TMR), colossal magnetoresistive (CMR), and GMR, and/or alternative configurations and combinations of sensor elements. Sensor elements  104 ,  106  and  108  are U-shaped in the embodiment of  FIG. 1  but can comprise meanders, strips and/or other configurations and combinations in other embodiments. In one embodiment, sensor elements  104  and  106  each comprise two equal parts, forming four resistors which can be connected in a Wheatstone bridge circuit. In another embodiment, only two resistors are used, and their values are compared (i.e., by injecting a current into each). 
         [0016]    First and second magnetic elements  110  and  112  form a magnetic field concentrator in one embodiment, guiding magnetic flux perpendicularly to sensor elements  104 ,  106  and  108 . This helps to ensure an ideal angle between magnetic field lines and sensor elements  104 ,  106  and  108  and amplifies the flux density by about one order of magnitude. Thus, sensor device  100  comprises an integrated sensor and field concentrator. Magnetic elements  110  and  112  comprise a soft magnetic material, and the length of first and second magnetic elements  110  and  112  is at least slightly longer than first, second and third sensor elements  104 ,  106  and  108  in one embodiment such that the field concentrating effects of first and second magnetic elements  110  and  112  extend along the entire length of sensor elements  104 ,  106  and  108 . In one embodiment, sensor elements  104 ,  106  and  108  are pre-magnetized perpendicular to their length such that current flows along the length. The magnetic flux is then concentrated by magnetic elements  110  and  112  perpendicularly to the current flow. 
         [0017]    Another embodiment of sensor device  100  is depicted in  FIG. 2 . In this embodiment, sensor device  100  comprises additional magnetic elements  114  and  116 . The addition of magnetic elements  114  and  116  provides further amplification of magnetic fields on sensor elements  104 ,  106  and  108 . 
         [0018]    In  FIG. 3 , sensor device  100  of  FIG. 1  is depicted in relation to a pole wheel  120 . Pole wheel  120  comprises a planar strip about 5 millimeters (mm) wide and 3 mm thick, and each individual pole  122  is about 5 mm long in one embodiment. The remanence of pole wheel  120  is about +/−0.25 T. Sensor device  100  is positioned about 8.5 mm above pole wheel  120 . In one embodiment, first and second magnetic elements  110  and  112  of sensor device  100  are about 1.2 mm wide and about 2 mm long. Each magnetic element  110  and  112  is about 10 micrometers (μm) to about 30 μm thick, such as about 20 μm in one embodiment. The gap between first and second magnetic elements  110  and  112  in which sensor element  108  is formed is about 20 μm in one embodiment, although it can also be about 10 μm or less in other embodiments. First and second sensor elements  104  and  106  are spaced apart by about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm or more, such as about 2.5 mm in one embodiment. Other spacings, sizes and configurations and combinations thereof can be used in other embodiments. 
         [0019]    In the aforementioned embodiment, the in-plane flux density on sensor element  108  is about 3.65 mT, while sensor elements  104  and  106  are exposed to about 925 μT. In contrast, the flux density on sensor element  108  is only about 90 μT, and sensor elements  104  and  106  exposed to only about 125 μT, in an embodiment in which magnetic elements  110  and  112  are omitted. Magnetic elements  110  and  112  therefore provide amplification factors of about 40 in the flux density on sensor element  108 , and about 7 on sensor elements  104  and  106 , in one embodiment. Advantageously, sensor elements  104 ,  106  and  108  and the gaps between magnetic elements  110  and  112  are as narrow as possible to provide the greatest increase in the amplification. 
         [0020]    The addition of magnetic elements  110  and  112  to sensor device  100  also provides additional advantages. For example, if sensor device  100  is well-aligned with pole wheel  120 , there should be no y-component of the magnetic field acting on sensor elements  104 ,  106 , and  108 . In fact, the magnetic characteristics of GMR sensor elements, such as sensor elements  104 ,  106  and  108 , are altered if a y-component is superimposed on the x-component (the z-component vertical to die  102  is not relevant in this context). Because of position tolerances, die  102  and/or pole wheel  120  may be slightly tilted with respect to each other, as shown in  FIG. 4 , and a magnetic field y-component acts on sensor elements  104 ,  106  and  108 . This can introduce inaccuracies in the detection of the exact position of pole wheel  120 . If the tangential direction, t, of pole-wheel  120  is misaligned with the x-axis of sensor  100 , as shown at a, the decomposition of the magnetic field has a small y-component, which distorts the GMR characteristic. 
         [0021]    In one embodiment of the invention, however, magnetic elements  110  and  112  have the additional beneficial effect of shunting this magnetic field y-component. Thus, only the x-component of the magnetic field is amplified by magnetic elements  110  and  112  while the y-component is suppressed. If the permeability of magnetic elements  110  and  112  is infinite, the flux-lines enter and leave perpendicular to the surface of magnetic elements  110  and  112 . 
         [0022]    Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein for purposes of description of an example embodiment, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that a wide variety of alternate and/or equivalent implementations calculated to achieve the same purposes may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown and described without departing from the scope of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the invention may be implemented in a very wide variety of embodiments. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the various embodiments discussed herein, including the disclosure information in the attached appendices. Therefore, it is manifestly intended that this invention be limited only by the claims and the equivalents thereof.