Abstract:
Methods and systems are provided for satellite communication wherein a plurality of geographically-separated apertures are controlled by a central controller that analyzes link availability of each aperture and then user connectivity is prioritized above a minimum user data rate, whereupon the gateway-established data rate of lower priority users is reduced to allocate more capacity to highest priority users, which are routed through available links in order to better optimize a gateway architecture, to reduce gateway costs and to improve effective performance in the presence of atmospheric interference events.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     Not Applicable 
     STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not Applicable 
     REFERENCE TO A “SEQUENCE LISTING,” A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING APPENDIX SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISK 
     Not Applicable 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to satellite ground station antenna deployment in connection with any star topology, wherein the gateway (or hub) is subject to significant losses due to atmospheric conditions (e.g., rain) or is in need of high or very high link availability (where link availability can be defined at all possible data rates/modulations/coding combinations. However, for purposes of this discussion one can assign an overall availability that is tied to the lowest acceptable data rate combination). 
     Maintaining gateway link availability at a suitably high-level for transmission and reception in the higher satellite frequency bands, such as Ka-band, is challenging, especially where detrimental atmospheric conditions exist, such as in high rain-rate regions. A traditional approach is to provide a second, geographically separated gateway to serve as a diversity site for use when the primary site is unusable due to a rain (or other interfering) event. Another approach is to provide a single gateway with a very large link margin, specifically enough to maintain the link availability across expected rain events. However, this large link margin approach can be impractical for many areas of the world at Ka-band and other higher satellite frequency bands. For applications requiring the maintenance of a given data rate to all users at all times, only limited types of approaches are useable. However, for data-centric services where many users are supported with user-addressed data, it is possible to consider scenarios where the data rate emanating from the gateway can be reduced in the event of the rain fade, without a significant apparent reduction in service to the users. What is needed is a method and system for improving the robustness of satellite communication channels at a low cost without unduly slowing communications. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the invention, methods and systems are provided for satellite communication wherein a plurality of geographically-separated antenna apertures (e.g., satellite signal transmitting and/or receiving nodes) are controlled by a central controller that analyzes link availability of each aperture and then user connectivity is prioritized above a minimum user data rate, whereupon the gateway-established data rate for lower priority users is reduced to allocate more capacity to highest priority users, whose data are routed through available links. This better optimizes the gateway architecture, reduces gateway costs and improves effective performance in the presence of communication impairments such as atmospheric interference events, physical calamities or the like. 
     In many Ka-band systems where a user equipment terminal has very little excess margin itself, even without taking into account a rain event at a gateway, the data rate must be reduced in order to maintain connectivity. Since this is likely to occur often at the user equipment terminal (due to rain or other events), and since the gateway (GW) rate addressed to that user would have to be reduced in this condition, a similar reduction of the gateway rate might be acceptable in circumstances where rain events affect the gateway. In either case, the user equipment terminal maintains its connectivity to the network. 
     In the case of a multi-channel uplink (for example, 500 MHz split into four channels, 125 MHz wide, each carrying a single modulated signal), a single gateway is faced with either multi-carrier operation through a single high-power amplifier (HPA), combining the four signals to transmit through a single aperture, or with use of four separate apertures. Transmitting two of the channels through one aperture and the other two through a second aperture makes the combining loss significantly less, since the channels to be combined can be spaced wider apart in frequency. Additionally, for operation through a single HPA at each of the two apertures, the HPA backoff can be significantly less since two carriers need not be backed off to the same degree as four carriers. Since two apertures are used, site diversity is more tenable and can be utilized to advantage. 
     The invention is useful in areas where the location of the hub is in a high rain-rate region or needs extremely high availabilities (i.e., above 99.9%). A specific application is a configuration where the data rate of information leaving the gateway is variable by nature (i.e., not fixed rate television broadcast for example), as for example in a two-way data service, although applications are not limited to that service. This approach could apply to any gateway not specifically tied to any modulation/coding type (with the exception of variable data rate utilizing a single modulation/coding type.) 
     The invention will be better understood with reference to the following detailed description in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a gateway architecture of the prior art. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of the gateway architecture according to the invention using a split aperture gateway. 
         FIG. 3A  is a block diagram of the transmit circuitry of a first aperture. 
         FIG. 3B  is a block diagram of the transmit circuitry of a second aperture. 
         FIG. 4  is a block diagram of the frequency allocation of respective apertures. 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram of a controller/router configuration. 
         FIG. 6  is a block diagram of a controller configuration. 
         FIG. 7  is a flow chart illustrating routing functions according to the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A multi-channel diversity gateway architecture  10  is shown in  FIG. 1 . Return links exist but are not shown. Only one direction of the links is shown, since the concern of the present invention is the effects  11 ,  13  that degrade the link  12  between the gateways  14 ,  15  and the satellite  16 . In  FIG. 1 , the gateways  14 ,  15  alternatively communicate with a number of user terminals (UT)  20 - 31  using a number of channels (in this example, four channels on frequencies F 1  to F 4  paired to F 1 ′ to F 4 ′). The users are separated into groups A-D, each group sharing their common channel in some way (e.g., time division multiplexing). The users may be placed into channels for various reasons. Terminals may not actually be physically close to others in the same channel group. 
     In order to maintain high availability, a gateway diversity scheme is implemented as shown in  FIG. 1 . Two gateways  14 ,  15  with identical capabilities are deployed, far enough apart from each other that it is unlikely that both experience heavy rain at the same time. (Rain is discussed since it is the primary impairment, although the invention applies equally to other impairments that may cause a site to be inoperable.) Any number of gateways may be deployed, but two are shown for convenience. In the prior art, only one gateway  14  or  15  carries the entire load for the system  10  at any given time, typically the gateway with the best uplink capability. For example, where both gateways  14 ,  15  experience heavy rain  11 ,  13 , the best available connection is a degraded link  12  through Gateway B. 
     At least a controller (not shown) must be implemented to control the two gateways and direct all traffic through the single active gateway. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , a gateway diversity system  100  according to the invention provides at least two aperture elements at diverse sites wherein the gateway function is split into parts, each site performing some fraction of the total function. In this embodiment, the first site is Aperture A, which handles the signals on frequency bands F 1  and F 3 . The second site is Aperture B, which handles the signals on frequency bands F 2  and F 4 . A controller  102  is provided which controls data rate and frequency allocation between Aperture A  14  and Aperture B  15 , in response to a feedback signal  32  on a return channel (not shown) which indicates the quality of signal in the presence of rain or the like. The user terminals  20 - 31  are frequency agile. There are no static frequency assignments. Each UT  20 - 31  has in it a built-in scanning function, whereby it senses an appropriate frequency F 1 ′-F 4 ′ and handshakes with the selected gateway having the more suitable available channel F 1 -F 4 . (F 1 ′ is the downlink channel corresponding to the uplink channel F 1 , etc.) The controller  102  receives control and information via signal path  104  and communicates control and information signals to the apertures  14 ,  15  via connections  106 ,  108 , thereby serving as a switching function. The controller  102  may be located adjacent either one of the apertures A  14  or B,  15  or at a third location convenient to all apertures. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3A  and  FIG. 3B , at each aperture  14 ,  15  there is a set of similar but not identical circuits  42 ,  44  for processing signals. For each frequency there is a bandpass filter  46 ,  48 ,  50 ,  52 . Paired outputs are combined in pairs in combiners  54 ,  56  having a corresponding set of input ports. This configuration provides better performance, typically having a combination loss of about 3 dB better than a four-port combiner. The output of each combiner  54 ,  56  is fed to a high-power amplifier (HPA)  58 ,  60  and thence to the feed or transmit circuitry  62 ,  64  of the respective apertures  14 ,  15 . A two-aperture configuration may be used at a single site gateway merely for this 100% performance gain. Once the signal is separated into two apertures, those two apertures A and B can be geographically separated to get a diversity gain, an important advantage of this configuration. 
       FIG. 4  is a frequency plan showing filter characteristics for a general multiple aperture implementation, illustrated with two apertures. Aperture A has filter characteristics  46  and  48  for frequencies F 1  and F 3 . Aperture B has filter characteristics  50  and  52  for frequencies F 2  and F 4 . The apertures have channels that do not take adjacent frequencies, so the filters  46 ,  48 ,  50 ,  52  can have much less rigorous rolloff, yielding better performance at a lower cost. 
     Two sample techniques for implementing the gateway according the invention are described. A first embodiment is shown in  FIG. 5 . In this embodiment, a central router and controller  102  handles all data from the network  109  (voice, data, internet, intranet, etc.) to the UTs via paths  104 ,  106 , and  108 . Each aperture reports its current maximum rate to the controller via lines  110  and  112 . The controller  102  uses these reports and other information (network traffic load, service guarantees, weather forecasts, etc.) to route traffic and generate control messages for the UTs via paths  114  and  116  so that they are transmitted by the appropriate aperture  14  or  15 . The router/controller  102  is typically collocated with one of the apertures. A router/controller scheme could be implemented at ALL apertures in a hot spare capacity, with the resultant increase in cost. 
     A second embodiment is shown in  FIG. 6 . Here each aperture  14 ,  15  maintains its own datapath connection to the network  109  that is serving the UTs. A controller  103  in this case does not route data between the network  109  and the apertures  14 ,  15 . Instead, the controller  103  switches user terminals to the appropriate channel based on the current conditions. This system requires less communication among the apertures, but it must either monitor data traffic or suffer performance degradation because of the inability to monitor the data traffic. 
       FIG. 7  is a flow chart illustrating operation of this invention. The controller first determines a desired rate and priority for each UT (Step A). This may be as simple as responding to priority requests made by the UT and a ranking of priority. The maximum possible data rate transmitted at each aperture is then determined, typically by a simple measurement algorithm (Step B) (The GW knows what it is currently transmitting, which is typically its maximum possible, although there may be sound reasons to transmit at lower rates). The controller then sets the data rate of each UT according to assigned priority (Step C), and assigns each UT to a particular channel, since each UT is assumed to be frequency agile (Step D). The controller then tests the load at each aperture to determine if the load is less than the rate at each aperture (Step E). If the load is less than the rate at each aperture, then the controller determines the desired rate and priority of each UT (Step G) and then determines the rate at each aperture (Step H). This can be an incremental iterative process to balance the load and the rate. If the load is greater than the rate at each aperture, the controller tests to see if the total load is less than the total rate or capacity of the system (Step I). If the total load is less than the total rate, then the UTs are reassigned to appropriate channels (e.g., according to available rate capacity) (Step J). Otherwise, the controller lowers the assigned rate of the UTs according to priority (to increase capacity for higher priority traffic) (Step K) in an iterative process, wherein the load is again tested against rate at each aperture (Step E). 
     Consider the situation where one aperture (Aperture A) is completely blocked by heavy rain. In this case, referring to  FIG. 2 , the router/controller  102  senses channel availability and divides all the users among the two available frequencies F 1  and F 3  serviced by the clear aperture, namely aperture A  14 . This will not be an outage incident if the system is loaded to less than half of its capacity. 
     The router/controller  102  applies selected criteria to determine when to allocate users to other channels. Using the ITU (International Telecommunications Union) rain model ITU-R P.618-7, and for simplicity considering only rain attenuation predicted in the model, and considering three sites, New York City (Latitude 40.7°, 0.01% annual rainfall 42 mm/hr), Miami (FL; Latitude 25.8°, 0.01% annual rainfall 95 mm/hr), and Kuala Lumpur (Latitude 3.1°, 0.01% annual rainfall 145 mm/hr), one can determine link availabilities under a given set of conditions. Only uplink availabilities are illustrated. However, this analysis can be extended to downlink availabilities as well. 
     According to the invention, using soft diversity of two geographically separated sites, each site is provided with a capacity somewhat smaller than a single-site or a full diversity aperture configuration, due to the fact that each aperture has the capability of carrying only half the bandwidth and data rate. Specifically, each site is capable of carrying 250 Mb/s in 250 MHz, which nominally means assigning two carriers to each site employed in a multiple-aperture gateway function. Since only two carriers are powered by each site, more power is available for each carrier (i.e., a reduction from four to two carriers per site means 3 dB more power per carrier). In this scenario, both sites are up and running at all times. In the case where one site experiences an outage, users are transferred by the router/controller  102  to the other site if bandwidth is available. If no bandwidth is available, users are allocated less bandwidth to make room for those needing to be accommodated at the second site. No priority is assumed for any particular user. The following analysis looks at maximum possible aggregate data rate, and not with respect to any particular user or particular loading scenario (when system is not fully loaded), thus these assumptions do not make any difference in the results shown. 
     Consider the following variables: 
     R full =full data rate capability for the GW function (information rate—500 Mb/s as defined above) 
     R half =half of the full data rate capability for the GW function (information rate—250 Mb/s as defined above) 
     r full =full data rate capability for a single channel (e.g., 125 MHz) (information rate—125 Mb/s as defined above) 
     r half =half of the full data rate capability for a single channel (information rate—62.5 Mb/s) 
     X=Δ of the E b /N o  required to maintain the data rate between r full  and r half . (in dB; for an example code, 3 dB advantage comes from the change in data rate, and another 1.6 dB (coding gain) comes from the change in error control coding) 
     Y=Δ of the signal power required to maintain the data rate between GW transmitting all signals through one aperture, versus on transmitting ½ through each of two apertures. (i.e., the difference in combining loss between the two cases or HPA backoff, in dB; for example, HPA backoff may need to be 5 dB for 4 carriers, but only 2 dB for 2 carriers in order to meet intermodulation specs, thus Y=3 dB in this case) 
     M UL  amount of excess margin for an single GW aperture, above what&#39;s minimally needed to close the uplink (i.e., achieve the desired C/No) at the full data rate in clear sky (i.e., for a single aperture, amount above what&#39;s needed to maintain R full  (r full ×4); for two apertures transmitting ½ rate each, amount above what&#39;s needed to maintain R half  (r full ×2) at each aperture, in dB) 
     ρ full,1 =unavailability for a single-site at full data rate (500 Mb/s=4, 125 Mb/s carriers) 
     ρ half,1 =unavailability for a single-site at half the full data rate (250 Mb/s=4, 62.5 Mb/s carriers) 
     ρ full,2 =unavailability for a soft diversity site (GW function configuration C) at full data rate (250 Mb/s=2, 125 Mb/s carriers) 
     ρ half,2 =unavailability for a soft diversity site (GW function configuration C) at half the full data rate (125 Mb/s=2, 62.5 Mb/s carriers) 
     ρ full,1,c =unavailability for a full diversity site at full data rate (500 Mb/s=4, 125 Mb/s carriers), given that the other site is unavailable (ρ full,1 ≦ρ full,1,c ≦100%; where the lower bound means there is no correlation between the sites, the upper bound means they are fully correlated, but the actual value depends on geographic separation and local rain statistics. NOTE: If it is possible to have a negative correlation between sites, i.e., less likely to have a rain outage at one site, given rain outage at the first site, then the lower bound is actually lower than ρ full,1 ). 
     ρ half,1,c =unavailability for a full diversity site at half the full data rate (250 Mb/s=4, 62.5 Mb/s carriers), given that the other site is unavailable at half the full data rate (ρ half,1 ≦ρ half,1,c ≦100%; where the lower bound means there is no correlation between the sites, the upper bound means they are fully correlated, but the actual value depends on geographic separation and local rain statistics. (Further, the upper bound cannot be independent of the value of ρ full,1,c ) (NOTE: same comment as in ρ full,1,c  applies here.) 
     ρ full,2,c =unavailability for a soft diversity site at full data rate (250 Mb/s=2, 125 Mb/s carriers), given that the other site is unavailable (ρ full,2 ≦ρ full,2,c ≦100%; where the lower bound means there is no correlation between the sites, the upper bound means they are fully correlated, but the actual value depends on geographic separation and local rain statistics. NOTE: same comment as in ρ full,1,c  applies here.) 
     ρ half,2,c =unavailability for a soft diversity site at half the full data rate (125 Mb/s=2, 62.5 Mb/s carriers), given that the other site is unavailable at half the full data rate (ρ half,2 ≦ρ half,2,c ≦100%; the lower bound means there is no correlation between the sites, the upper bound means they are fully correlated, but the actual value depends on geographic separation and local rain statistics (also, the upper bound cannot be independent of the value of ρ full,2,c ). (NOTE: same comment as in ρ full,1,c  applies here.) 
     Consider the following scenarios (with all cities at 0 km height with respect to mean sea level (MSL) operating at 29.1 GHz): 
     1) Single-aperture, single-site, no diversity, M UL =2 dB for R full , consider availability at data rate=R full  (500 Mb/s, split among 4 carriers). In this case, the uplink availability is taken directly from the ITU rain model (=1−ρ full,1 ). 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Location 
                 M UL   
                 Elev. Angle 
                 Uplink Availability 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 NYC 
                 2 dB 
                 40° 
                 98.12% 
               
               
                   
                 Miami, FL 
                 2 dB 
                 40° 
                 96.13% 
               
               
                   
                 Kuala Lumpur 
                 2 dB 
                 40° 
                 97.03% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     2) Single-aperture, 2-site full-diversity, M UL =2 dB for R full , consider availability at data rate=R full  (including fully redundant diversity site). In this case, the uplink availability is given by 1−(ρ full,1 ·ρ full,1,c ). 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Uplink Availability 
                 Uplink 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (no correlation, 
                 Availability 
               
               
                 Location 
                 M UL   
                 Elev. Angle 
                 ρ full,1,c  = ρ full,1 ) 
                 (ρ full,1,c  = 25%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 NYC 
                 2 dB 
                 40° 
                 99.965% 
                 99.530% 
               
               
                 Miami, FL 
                 2 dB 
                 40° 
                 99.850% 
                 99.033% 
               
               
                 Kuala 
                 2 dB 
                 40° 
                 99.912% 
                 99.258% 
               
               
                 Lumpur 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     3) Single-aperture, single-site, no diversity, M UL =2 dB (for R full  operation), consider availability at data rate=R half , where X=4.6 dB (3 dB from information rate change, given same baud rate, 1 dB from use of a more powerful FEC assumed). In this case, the uplink availability is taken directly from the ITU rain model (using attenuation=2+4.6=6.6 dB), and is 1−ρ half,1 . 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Location 
                 M UL   
                 X 
                 Elev. Angle 
                 Uplink Availability 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 NYC 
                 2 dB 
                 4.6 dB 
                 40° 
                 99.72% 
               
               
                 Miami, FL 
                 2 dB 
                 4.6 dB 
                 40° 
                 98.62% 
               
               
                 Kuala Lumpur 
                 2 dB 
                 4.6 dB 
                 40° 
                 98.33% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     4) Single-aperture, 2-site full-diversity, M UL =2 dB (for R full  operation), consider availability at data rate=R half , where X=4.6 dB. In this case, the uplink availability is given by 1−(ρ half,1 ·ρ half,1,c ). 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Uplink 
                 Uplink 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Availability (no 
                 Availability 
               
               
                 Loca- 
                   
                   
                   
                 correlation, 
                 ρ half,1,c  = 
               
               
                 tion 
                 M UL   
                 X 
                 Elev. Angle 
                 ρ half,1,c  = ρ half,1 ) 
                 25%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 NYC 
                 2 dB 
                 4.6 dB 
                 40° 
                 99.9992% 
                 99.930% 
               
               
                 Miami, 
                 2 dB 
                 4.6 dB 
                 40° 
                 99.981% 
                 99.655% 
               
               
                 FL 
               
               
                 Kuala 
                 2 dB 
                 4.6 dB 
                 40° 
                 99.972% 
                 99.583% 
               
               
                 Lumpur 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     5) Two-aperture, 2-site (i.e., soft diversity), M UL =2 dB (for R half  at each site, i.e. r full ×2 at each site), consider the availability of data rate=R full , where X=0 dB (i.e., apertures are sized smaller for ½ rate operation), Y=3 dB (i.e., combining loss is 3 dB less or power available due to use of two amplifiers is 3 dB more, etc.). In this case, the uplink availability is given by 1+(ρ full,2 ·ρ full,2,c )−2ρ full,2 . (Here ρ full,2  is the unavailability from the ITU rain model for 2+3=5 dB). 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Uplink 
                 Uplink 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Availability 
                 Availability 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Elev. 
                 (no correlation, 
                 (ρ full,2,c  = 
               
               
                 Location 
                 M UL   
                 X 
                 Y 
                 Angle 
                 ρ full,2,c  = ρ full,2 ) 
                 25%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 NYC 
                 2 dB 
                 0 dB 
                 3 dB 
                 40° 
                 99.089% 
                 99.201% 
               
               
                 Miami, FL 
                 2 dB 
                 0 dB 
                 3 dB 
                 40° 
                 96.328% 
                 96.757% 
               
               
                 Kuala 
                 2 dB 
                 0 dB 
                 3 dB 
                 40° 
                 96.110% 
                 96.563% 
               
               
                 Lumpur 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     6) Two-aperture, 2-site, M UL =2 dB (for R half  at each site), consider availability for data rate=R half , where X=4.6 dB (i.e. apertures are sized smaller for ½ rate operation, but X is available for each aperture to drop to ½ its max rate (=¼ total max gateway function rate)), Y=3 dB (i.e., combining loss is 3 dB less or power available due to use of two amplifiers is 3 dB more, etc.). In this case, the uplink availability is given by 1−((ρ half,2 ·ρ half,2,c )−2ρ half,2 ·(ρ full,2,c −ρ full,2,c ))−(Here ρ half,2  is the unavailability from the ITU rain model for 2+3+4.6=9.6 dB). 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Uplink 
                 Uplink 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Availability 
                 Availability 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (no correlation, 
                 (ρ half,2,c  = 
               
               
                 Loca- 
                   
                   
                   
                 Elev. 
                 ρ half,2,c  = ρ half,2 ; 
                 ρ full,2,c  = 
               
               
                 tion 
                 M UL   
                 X 
                 Y 
                 Angle 
                 ρ full,2,c  = ρ full,2 ) 
                 25%;) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 NYC 
                 2 dB 
                 4.6 dB 
                 3 dB 
                 40° 
                 99.9989% 
                 99.964% 
               
               
                 Miami, 
                 2 dB 
                 4.6 dB 
                 3 dB 
                 40° 
                 99.976% 
                 99.786% 
               
               
                 FL 
               
               
                 Kuala 
                 2 dB 
                 4.6 dB 
                 3 dB 
                 40° 
                 99.966% 
                 99.677% 
               
               
                 Lumpur 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     7) Two-aperture, 2-site, M UL =5 dB (for R half  at each site), consider availability for data rate=R full , where X=0 dB (i.e., apertures are sized similarly to the full diversity sites in terms of power, of course, only two carriers per site, instead of 4, thus the higher excess margin), Y=3 dB (i.e., combining loss is 3 dB less or power available due to use of two amplifiers is 3 dB more, etc.) (each site transmits maximum of half the rate, i.e. R half ) 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Uplink 
                 Uplink 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Availability 
                 Availability 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Elev. 
                 (no correlation, 
                 (ρ full,2,c  = 
               
               
                 Location 
                 M UL   
                 X 
                 Y 
                 Angle 
                 ρ full,2,c  = ρ full,2 ) 
                 25%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 NYC 
                 5 dB 
                 0 dB 
                 3 dB 
                 40° 
                 99.600% 
                 99.650% 
               
               
                 Miami, FL 
                 5 dB 
                 0 dB 
                 3 dB 
                 40° 
                 97.830% 
                 98.091% 
               
               
                 Kuala 
                 5 dB 
                 0 dB 
                 3 dB 
                 40° 
                 97.074% 
                 97.420% 
               
               
                 Lumpur 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     8) Two-aperture, 2-site, M UL =5 dB (for R half  at each site), consider availability for data rate=R half , where X=4.6 dB, Y=3 dB. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Uplink 
                 Uplink 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Availability 
                 Availability 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (no correlation, 
                 (ρ half,2,c  = 
               
               
                 Loca- 
                   
                   
                   
                 Elev. 
                 ρ half,2,c  = ρ half,2 ; 
                 ρ full,2,c  = 
               
               
                 tion 
                 M UL   
                 X 
                 Y 
                 Angle 
                 ρ full,2,c  = ρ full,2 ) 
                 25%;) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 NYC 
                 5 dB 
                 4.6 dB 
                 3 dB 
                 40° 
                 99.9997% 
                 99.979% 
               
               
                 Miami, 
                 5 dB 
                 4.6 dB 
                 3 dB 
                 40° 
                 99.991% 
                 99.856% 
               
               
                 FL 
               
               
                 Kuala 
                 5 dB 
                 4.6 dB 
                 3 dB 
                 40° 
                 99.980% 
                 99.742% 
               
               
                 Lumpur 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The table below summarizes the different cases. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 TX 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 power 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 relative to 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GW 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 config A 
               
               
                   
                 Diversity 
                 Information 
                   
                 (for each 
               
               
                   
                 Approach 
                 Rate/total 
                 Information Rate/site 
                 site) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Case 
                 1 
                 None 
                 Full Rate (ex: 
                 Only one site: Full rate (500 Mb/s) 
                 Same 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 500 Mb/s 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 Full 
                 Full Rate (ex: 
                 Full rate (500 Mb/s) 
                 Same 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 500 Mb/s 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 None 
                 ½ Rate (ex: 
                 Only one site: ½ rate (250 Mb/s) 
                 Same 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 250 Mb/s 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 Full 
                 ½ Rate (ex: 
                 ½ rate (250 Mb/s) 
                 Same 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 250 Mb/s 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 Soft 
                 Full Rate (ex: 
                 ½ rate at both sites, always on (250 
                 ½ EIRP 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 500 Mb/s 
                 Mb/s) 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Soft 
                 ½ Rate (ex: 
                 Full rate (250 Mb/s) at one or other 
                 ½ EIRP 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 250 Mb/s) 
                 site (other site experiencing outage), 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 or both sites at ½ rate (125 Mb/s at 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 both sites) 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 Soft 
                 Full Rate (ex: 
                 ½ rate at both sites, always on (250 
                 Same 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 500 Mb/s) 
                 Mb/s) 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 Soft 
                 ½ Rate (ex: 
                 Full rate (250 Mb/s) at one or other 
                 Same 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 250 Mb/s) 
                 site (other site experiencing outage), 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 or both sites at ½ rate (125 Mb/s at 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 both sites) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Summarizing, the Uplink Availabilities . . . 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Case # 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1 
                 3 
                   
                 Soft Diversity 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Single site 
                 2 
                 4 
                 Full rate 
                 ½ rate 
                 Full rate 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (no diversity 
                 Full Diversity 
                 (half 
                 (half 
                 (full 
                 ½ rate (full 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 City 
                 Full rate 
                 ½ rate 
                 Full rate 
                 ½ rate 
                 power) 
                 power) 
                 power) 
                 power) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 No 
                 NYC 
                 98.12% 
                 99.72% 
                 99.965% 
                 99.9992% 
                 99.089% 
                 99.9989% 
                 99.600% 
                 99.9997% 
               
               
                 correlation 
                 Miami 
                 96.13% 
                 98.62% 
                 99.850% 
                 99.981% 
                 96.328% 
                 99.976% 
                 97.830% 
                 99.991% 
               
               
                 between sites 
                 K.L. 
                 97.03% 
                 98.33% 
                 99.912% 
                 99.972% 
                 96.110% 
                 99.966% 
                 97.074% 
                 99.980% 
               
               
                 Correlation 
                 NYC 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
                 99.530% 
                 99.930% 
                 99.201% 
                 99.964% 
                 99.650% 
                 99.979% 
               
               
                 between sites 
                 Miami 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
                 99.033% 
                 99.655% 
                 96.757% 
                 99.786% 
                 98.091% 
                 99.856% 
               
               
                   
                 K.L. 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
                 99.258% 
                 99.583% 
                 96.563% 
                 99.677% 
                 97.420% 
                 99.742% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     (Correlation is defined as the probability that outage occurs at second site, given that first site is experiencing an outage—all cases assume this as 25% for purposes of comparison.) 
     At ½ rate, the full-diversity approach is only negligibly better than the soft diversity approach in the uncorrelated case and is actually worse when there is some correlation between the sites. High link availabilities exist even in places like Miami, Fla. and Kuala Lumpur, even if there is substantial correlation between rain events at the two diversity sites. Additionally, even with 3 dB larger EIRPs the overall gateway performance does not change significantly in the soft diversity case at ½ rate, emphasizing that most of the gain is from the site diversity, not the increase in power available per carrier. 
     Finally, there is a large amount of excess margin (M UL ) that would be required in a single site to achieve the same performance as the diversity cases. This is directly related to how much bigger a single aperture site would have to be with respect to EIRP to achieve the same availabilities. Using the ITU rain model, the increase in required M UL  (or equivalently, in EIRP; that is, the amount above the 2 dB used in the earlier examples) for a single-site (no diversity) aperture is given below: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Soft Diversity (using ½ 
               
               
                   
                 Full Diversity 
                 power numbers) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 City 
                 Full rate 
                 ½ rate 
                 Full rate 
                 ½ rate 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 No 
                 NYC 
                 16.8 dB 
                 53.2 dB 
                 1.2 dB 
                 63.0 dB 
               
               
                 correlation 
                 Miami 
                 24.3 dB 
                 53.0 dB 
                 0.2 dB 
                 67.5 dB 
               
               
                 between 
                 K.L 
                 54.7 dB 
                 74.2 dB 
                 −1.1 dB  
                 81.3 dB 
               
               
                 sites 
               
               
                 Correlation 
                 NYC 
                  2.9 dB 
                  7.1 dB 
                 1.6 dB 
                 16.7 dB 
               
               
                 between 
                 Miami 
                  6.8 dB 
                 10.5 dB 
                 0.6 dB 
                 20.2 dB 
               
               
                 sites 
                 K.L 
                 15.5 dB 
                 20.4 dB 
                 −0.7 dB  
                 29.0 dB 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Notably, most of these amounts are unattainable without significantly increasing the size of the aperture antenna, if they are attainable at all. 
     It is to be noted that the invention is applicable to more than two apertures. Explanation has been limited to the case of two in order to simplify explanation and analysis. Further, improvements yielded by additional apertures (all at geographically separate sites) yield relatively marginal improvements with increase in the numbers of apertures. 
     It is further to be noted that the invention is applicable to user terminals (UTs) on the return link in a similar fashion to the forward link herein described. However, return links typically have much lower data rates so the economic benefits are not as evident. 
     The topology described herein is a star topology wherein a large amount of traffic is routed through a gateway. It should be understood that the invention may find application in mesh or other topologies without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. 
     Finally, the nature of the signal relay through a satellite used in accordance with the invention is unimportant. The concept of the invention works equally well with transponder or regenerative satellite relays. 
     The invention has been explained with reference to specific embodiments. Other embodiments will be evident to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, groups of user terminals may likewise be provided with gateway soft diversity capability to communicate via the satellite to the network. It is therefore not intended that this invention be limited, except as indicated by the appended claims.