Abstract:
An autonomous and portable smartcard reader device incorporates a high level of embedded security countermeasures. Data transfers are encrypted with specific input devices, namely a light sensor/DTMF/infrared and PIN or other keyboard entry, and at the output through the use of a dual-tone encoder-decoder. The unit may be used alone or as a plug-in to another device such as a PDA, cell phone, or remote control. The reader may further be coupled to various biometric or plug-in devices to achieve at least five levels of authentication, namely, (1) the smartcard itself; (2) the smartcard reader; (2) the PIN; (3) private-key cryptography (PKI); and (5) the (optional) biometric device. These five levels account for an extremely strong authentication applicable to public networking on public/private computers, and even on TV (satellite, cable, DVD, CD AUDIO, software applications. Transactions including payments may be carried out without any risk of communication tampering, authentication misconduct or identity theft. In essence, the device is a closed box with communication ports. The emulation of the device is therefore extremely complex due to the fact that it involves PKI, hardware serialization for communication and software implementation, in conjunction with a specific hardware embodiment and service usage infrastructure component that returns a response necessary for each unique transaction link to an atomic time synchronization.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention relates generally to authentication and authorization devices and, in particular, to a portable device that can validate smartcards and other monetary instruments and requests with a high degree of transaction security. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   In the modern world of networked transaction processing, authentication is only way to validate requests for financial services and other demands with any degree of security or data integrity. However, even with the current widespread use of encryption, security codes and personal identification numbers (PINs), existing systems are subject to various types of attacks or hacking. Such security breaches may, for example, be carried out through keyboard hooks and other data-sniffing techniques, magnetic card duplicators, smartcard emulators, and so forth. 
   At the same, the number of electronic devices applicable to transaction and data processing has grown, including not only dedicated terminals adapted for such uses, but general-purpose computing machinery, personal and digital assistants (PDAs), laptop, palmtop and notebook computers. 
   Existing authentication devices are deeply connected to computers or other devices such as cable/satellite decoders to validate a particular transaction. As such, these devices represent a single point of attack for hackers who can emulate the authentication device, hook communication between the device and the software stored inside the “computer.” or even record and play communication packets. 
   To prevent such activities, the industry is working on protocols to enable these devices to operate securely. But protocols have their own weaknesses in the sense that when they are implemented and successfully attacked, patches may become available for widespread use on internet for free. 
   Accordingly, the need remains for a system which allows the use of these alternative devices, including portable devices, while, at the same time, provides a level of security, scalability and transparency in conjunction with existing infrastructures which is at least as good, and preferably much higher, than systems currently in use. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention resides in an autonomous and portable smartcard reader device incorporating a high level of embedded security countermeasures. In the preferred embodiment, data transfers are encrypted with specific and optional input devices such as a light/infrared sensor, wireless networking module, keyboard entry, and at the output through the use of a dual-tone encoder-decoder. The unit may be used alone or as a plug-in to another device such as a PDA, cell phone, or remote control. 
   The reader may further be coupled to various biometric or plug-in devices to achieve at least five levels of authentication, namely, (1) the smartcard itself; (2) the smartcard reader; (2) the PIN; (3) private-key cryptography (PKI); and (5) the (optional) biometric device. These five levels account for an extremely strong authentication applicable to public networking on public/private computers, and even on TV (satellite, cable, DVD, CD AUDIO, software applications. Transactions including payments may be carried out without any risk of emulation, communication tampering, authentication misconduct or identity theft. 
   In essence, the device is a closed box with several communication ports. The emulation of the device is therefore extremely complex due to the fact that it involves PKI, hardware serialization and signature for communication and software implementation, in conjunction with a specific hardware embodiment and service usage infrastructure component that returns a response necessary for each unique transaction based on an atomic time synchronization clock 
   Another point of convenience involves the existing low-level implementation of the software necessary to work with the authentication process. With existing systems, since each occurrence of authentication requires a low-level implementation of drivers, a potential user cannot connect the device to a public computer such as a “web café” computer without installing the requisite drivers. According to this invention, the software necessary to validate the transaction need not be a driver or a kernel level application; as such, authentication can come from website with the usage of user level application like and not limited to java, active-x, or other languages. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a drawing of a portable smartcard device reader according to the invention; 
       FIG. 2  is a drawing which illustrates important aspects of an infrastructure to which the device of  FIG. 1  is applicable; 
       FIG. 3  is a drawing which shows a preferred optical signal according to the invention associated with the an authentication procedure; 
       FIG. 4A  is a flow diagram showing the first portion of a preferred device registration process according to the invention; 
       FIG. 4B  is a flow diagram which illustrates the remaining portion of the preferred device registration process; 
       FIG. 5A  is the first party of a flow diagram used to illustrate the preferred way in the device is used according to the invention; 
       FIG. 5B  is a flow diagram illustrating the remaining functional steps of the usage process; 
       FIG. 6A  is a flow diagram which illustrates a preferred process associated with personal data modification utilizing the device according to the invention; and 
       FIG. 6B  is a flow diagram which continues the personal data modification process according to the invention 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   Now making reference to the drawings,  FIG. 1  illustrates the preferred embodiment of the invention in the form of a portable smartcards reader device, indicated generally at  100 . The device includes slot(s)  102  to receive the card  104 , and a keyboard  110  enabling passwords, personal identification numbers, and the like to be input by a user. It will be appreciated that although a generic “smartcard” is shown in the figure, in the preferred embodiment, the unit includes its own central-processing unit for transaction management and input/output capability for reading and writing information to various other types of cards including magnetic cards, optical cards, EAROM cards, random-access memory (RAM) cards, and read-on memory (ROM) cards. Nor is the unit limited to the use of a single type of smartcard or other card, since in alternative embodiments, the same unit may recognize multiple card owners and users. 
   An interface  120  may be provided for connection to a plug-in type of biometric device such as a fingerprint scanner or other input. Optionally, in the alternative, such plug-in devices may be integrated directly into the apparatus  100 . Indeed, although speaker  122  is shown as being remote from the body of the unit, in the preferred embodiment the speaker is integral. 
   Further included in the device  100  is a light sensor  130 , described in further detail below, and an output  140  to deliver an encoded signal associated with authentication. As shown in the figure, in the preferred embodiment, the signal is a dual-tone, multi-format (DTMF) signal. 
   As discussed elsewhere herein, the device incorporates numerous mechanisms to ensure the highest degree of security against hacking and other forms of security attacks. For example, in the preferred embodiment, the device is deactivated in the event that an incorrect PIN number is entered more than a predetermined number of times, which may be adjustable from one instance or more. The system is also preferably capable of sensing and guarding against physical, electrical and other forms of corruption, including sensors which detect forces sufficient to break the device or other forms of misconduct 
   Other optional capabilities to guard against intrusion include mechanical and electronic means for preventing the extraction of the card if the PIN/password, fingerprint or other authorization does not correspond to the authorized user. As a further optional, in the event of these other attempts to gain unauthorized access to the unit or components thereof, data stored within the device, whether volatile, or read-only or encrypted, as well as smartcard or other types of card information may automatically be erased. 
   In addition to other information associated with a particular instance or transactions, the unit may be equipped with sufficient memory capability to additionally store other types of information in encrypted form, including personal data of the owner of the unit and/or card, including, but not limited to, address, billing address, zip code, social security number, e-mails, web addresses, and so forth. 
   Given the extent to which certain user information is compiled, encrypted and stored by the device, an optional feature is the ability to permit new users, as well as the deactivation of other users based upon the receipt of appropriate commands. The activities of particular users may also be stored and time-stamped, for later readout, either directly through the device or by way of remote access. 
   The reader may also be automatically updated through the use of codes received on a periodic or occasional example, for example, at the time of each transaction. Such auto-update capabilities may be encrypted with session key/private key/reader public key/or time based on atomic synchronization plus a counter, for example, used to verify reader research, or otherwise used to update algorithms or data stored in memory. Such information may be received optically or through the use of known (DTMF) or future standard protocols such as Bluetooth technology and the like. 
     FIG. 2  is a diagram which illustrates the various environments in which the device  100  operates. Broadly, the system is able to generate a request for an authentication through a wide variety of devices, and receive verification through numerous other diverse types as well. In  FIG. 2 , any device capable of connection to telecommunications infrastructure  210  may receive a request for authentication since, in the preferred embodiment, such requests are generated utilizing the well established dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF) encoder/decoder signal  212 . Such devices would include, standard wire telephone  220 , cellular telephone  222 , any network computer  224  or a proprietary or public network  226  operated to collect and aggregate viewer payments, for example. 
   In terms of the authentication signal, any television  230  or network computer  232  may participate. Television  230  may, in turn, receive input from any applicable transmission medium, including broadcast  240 , satellite  242 , and so forth. Equipment originating the information may be derived from a workstation  250  or any other wired or wireless/network computing device. A network and advertising module  252  may be used to integrated video advertising  254 , to add the light signal or DTMF signal . . . sensed by sensor  130  of the device  100 . The unit  258  may be used to integrate the light signal to broadcast on vertical blanking, MPEG or other protocols to television or monitor  230 . Indeed, through the use of a connection between the proprietary or public network device  226  and module  258 , a programming signal may be added to the broadcast verification signal, resulting in a comprehensive data feedback loop. 
   With respect to computer  232 , any device capable of connection to the internet  260  or other infrastructure may be used. Devices such as  262  connected to the internet  260  may include the appropriate data enabling the verification signal to be routed from point-to-point, ultimately leading to verification at device  100 . 
   The device  100 , though shown as an independent unit, may be integrated to any form of existing device, be it a personal digital assistant (PDA), cellular telephone, or even hand-held remote control. In some of these applications, including the remote control, an additional light sensor may not be necessary, since information used to authenticate may already be provided in the form of an existing infrared module or DTMF protocol associated with any one of a variety of entertainment devices (TV, VCR, tape, DVD, CD audio). In these cases, the additional hardware required by the invention would include the DTMF encoder/decoder, and smartcard reader to permit the acknowledgement of a transaction. 
   The data entered into the device  100  may be encrypted or non-encrypted when received. If an encryption mechanism is used, it may be of any type, including public or session key. For example, the name, social security number, or other type of information may be used, depending upon the level of security needed, a technique known as identity-based encryption (IBE). 
   As discussed above, the authentication data may be delivered through any type of computer monitor, television, liquid-crystal display (LCD), light-emitting diode or other emitter, operative to generate a high-contrast signal to be received and interpreted by the device  100 . Software application would used to generate signals which are transcoded from an analog or other format into a binary, hexadecimal or other digital scheme to enhance reception. 
   In conjunction with the received optical signal, the processor and device  100  preferably further requests additional authentication data through some form of user interface, including the keypad (personal identification number or PIN), biometric authentication, such as a fingerprint, or other applicable security mechanism. 
   Once received and stored in internal or external memory, the information is appropriately decrypted and/or re-encrypted, and sent to any external device (microphone, standard telephone, cellular phone, and so forth) as a dual-tone (DTMF, AFSK, or PL) signal for transactional purposes. 
   The device  100  may operate independently, or as discussed above, may be added a plug-in to an existing device such as a PDA, phone computer, cellular phone, remote control television, keyless entry system, and so forth. Broadly, the interface device is coupled to an optoelectronic device incorporating reader of one or multiple smartcards for the acquisition of optical messages, and a dual-tone multi-decoder (DTMF, AFSK, PL) to send back authentication information, including payment validation, authorization, key opening or any other operations. 
   The device  100  includes sufficient memory capabilities, whether internal or on the card or other media, as appropriate to perform desired functions on behalf of a user. Depending upon the embodiment, the unit may store private keys, public keys on its own memory, or on the smartcard, in encrypted or unencrypted form, such that when the appropriate password/passphrase is typed on the smartcard reader, a session key (based on IBE or conventional PKI) is provided to a third party (i.e., computer or decoder) to permit encryption or decryption. 
   In contrast to existing solutions the universal smartcard reader of the invention is never directly connected to the third party, enabling it to act as a closed box under external attack. This novel approach therefore solves a complex issue concerning the storage of keys(PKI) on a third party (computers in public area, for example), as well as numerous password recovery techniques used to sniff a keyboard to recover passwords and file hacking to recover private keys files. 
   Now making reference to  FIG. 3 , the preferred embodiment uses a high-contrast black and white image (or any other appropriate color or high-contrast arrangement from an LED, flashing LCD screen, or highly pixelized optical signal). For example, a screen may be used, wherein for example, a black upper signal  302  becomes white, while the black signal  304  becomes black, with the timeframe between the two signals establishing a parity or check sum. In the device  100 , an electronic scanning sensor is used including optics which permit the recognition of the black and white images (or other appropriate signal), enabling the smartcard reader data to become available for authentication purposes. 
   The optics used to interpret the signal may be of various forms, including the use of two lenses interposed between an outer diaphragm and a sensor. For example, the lenses may use a revolving symmetrical lens, which the useful part of which is convex, in conjunction with a cylindrical lens which does not create any deflection in a plane parallel to the optical plane. Instead, the optical input is convergent in a plane perpendicular to the parallel plane once received, facilitating translation into numeric, hexadecimal, binary or other digital signaling. 
   After the smartcard and/or reader performs appropriate public key authentications and validation of digital signature, the encrypted data is sent back to the DTMF encoder/decoder, enabling the phone, computing device or other unit to validate the authentication transaction. In terms of security, each transaction uses its own encrypted counter with signals that are different to prevent recording thanks to the usage of atomic clock component at the synchronization level. Within the reader  100 , the software is preferably stored in an obfuscated manner, with each module being preferably software encrypted and decrypted and re-encrypted after usage using a unique process, with new sessions keys being transmitted to prevent disassembly or decompilation of the software or portions thereof. Sensors within the unit may be used to detect excessive use of heat or power, representing some form of misconduct which would be reported during the next transaction with all information needed to prevent further usage. 
   The device  100  preferably includes its own liquid crystal display, facilitating the readout of certain information, such as authorization numbers, payment authorization, serialization, or data regarding check payment or Visa/MasterCard/American Express authorization numbers. Such information would be linked to an amount of purchase or details on an item order and paid once the bank has issued an authorization on the transaction. 
     FIG. 4A  is a flow diagram showing the first portion of a preferred device registration process according to the invention.  FIG. 4B  is a flow diagram which illustrates the remaining portion of the preferred device registration process. The procedure commences with the insertion of the smartcard at  402 . At block  404 , the device interrogates the smartcard, comparing the digital signature in order to validate the authentication procedure. If the signature is correct, block  406 , encryption of the digital signature proceeds at block  412 . If the signature is not correct, an entry is made into the device memory at  408 , and, in the preferred embodiment, the device is frozen in terms of operation until an authorized user unlocks the device at  409 , and the process ends at  410 . 
   The encryption of the digital signature at block  412  preferably uses the device&#39;s serial identification/session key derived at block  413 . At block  414 , a query is made to determine if the signature has previously been stored in the device memory. If it has, the registration process has already been completed for this smartcard (block  416 ), and the device is authenticated at  418 . If, however, the signature has not been previously been stored, storage of an encrypted digital signature into the device memory history log occurs at  420 . 
   At block  422 , a query is made to determine how many times the personal identification number (PIN) has been entered into the device. If, in this example, it is greater than three, an entry is made into the device memory at  424 , and the device is locked out for a predetermined period of time, such as 24 hours, the process ends at  430 . Optionally this time information (current time plus 24 hours) can be stored encrypted with a session key generated thru IBE (public key or session keys) and compared (encrypted with current atomic time) to prevent time hacking of the device. If fewer attempted PINs have been entered, a PIN is entered from the keyboard at  432  sent to the smartcard for validation at  434 . A test is made at  436  to determine if the PIN is correct. If it is not, the process essentially starts over. If the PIN is correct, however, query is made at  440  to determine if the device is biometrics equipped. If so, the biometric data are acquired at block  450 . If not, the user stores personal information that will be linked to smartcard usage at block  442 . The device serial number is recovered at  444 , either as a public key and/or encrypted biometric data in the form of a public key. At  446 , the encrypted personal data and public key are stored in the device memory. At block  452 , having acquired biometric data at  450 , the device serial ID and optional atomic time are used as a session key. At block  454  the biometric data are encrypted. This encryption may occur in the device or in a smartcard dedicated to biometric usage, and process passes to block  442 . The storage of the encrypted biometric data into the smartcard occurs at block  456 . This may occur as permanent storage in some form of non-volatile memory or, alternatively, temporary storage may be transferred into random-access memory (RAM), at  458 . 
   Optionally, a third-party phone number may be recovered from the smartcard if, for example, biometric data is unavailable. At  462 , the user pushes the SEND button on the device keyboard, causing a third party number to be sent via DTMF modulation or the other schemes disclosed herein. The DTMF data is received from the third party, along with public key session and other information at  466 . At block  468 , the third party signature is compared to the third party signature or biometric information stored on the card. At  470 , a check is made to determine whether the third party signature is authentic. If not, an entry is logged into the memory of the device at  472 , and the device is locked until administrative personnel are called upon to unlock it with the appropriate private key. The process ends at  476 . 
   At block  478 , atomic time is recovered for usage in session key generation. At  480 , the biometric and/or personal information with third-party public key and/or session key are encrypted at  480  (EB), and the encoded EB information is transmitted via DTMF or other appropriate signaling at  482 . In particular, at  484 , the EB is transmitted to a third-party, with a log being entered into the device memory. This completes the registration process, with the device being ready to use at  488 , and terminating at  490 . 
     FIG. 5A  is the first party of a flow diagram used to illustrate the preferred way in the device is used according to the invention.  FIG. 5B  is a flow diagram illustrating the remaining functional steps of the usage process. The sequence begins at  502 , with a user selecting the smartcard intended for use. At  504 , an interrogation is made by the device to determine whether the digital signature is valid to permit authentication. If the signature is correct, at  506 , encryption of the digital signature occurs at  512  using the device serial ID as a session key ( 513 ). If the signature is not correct, an entry log is made into the memory of the device at  508 , and the device is locked until administrative personnel unlock the device, and the process terminates at  510 . 
   At  514 , a query is made to determine if the encrypted signature is already stored in the memory of the device. If not, control passes to block  516 , awaiting the registration process described with reference to  FIGS. 4A and 4B . If the signature has been stored, and the temp set PIN entry are sufficiently low at  522  a PIN is received from the keyboard at  532 . If the number of PIN entries is too high, however, a log is made in the memory of the device at  524 , an operation is locked for a determined period of time such as 24 hours at  528  and the process ends at  530 . 
   Once the PIN is input from the keyboard at  532 , it is sent to the smartcard for verification at  534 . At  536 , a check is made to determine whether a PIN is made. If not, the process essentially starts over at block  504 . If the PIN is correct, however, control passes to point  538  and onto block  540  where a test is made to determine whether the device is biometrics equipped. If so, the biometrics data are acquired at  550 . Optionally, at  552 , the device serial ID and atomic time are used as a session key. The biometric data are decrypted at  554 , and a test is made at  556  to determine whether the authentication should proceed based upon the decrypted biometric data. If not, the control resumes at  550  with the acquisition of further biometric data, as necessary. 
   If the biometric data are valid, however, the device is ready to receive data from the light sensor or DTMF decoder at  558 . The user initiates the process using the keyboard on the device at  560  to accept sensor data when ready. At  562 , the data is received from the sensors, public key and/or session key, including the card information, payment terms, amount of transaction, and so forth. 
   At  564 , personal identification is decrypted and atomic time is recovered at  566  for usage in generating a session key. Personal data are encrypted when received at  570 , along with public key, session keys, and third-party public keys. At  572 , a code in DTMF of infrared signals is used to encrypt the personal data which is sent to the third-party at  574 . The third-party sends back an acknowledgement or refusal of the transaction at  576  and the transaction is recorded on the smartcard  578 . A log is made in the memory of the device at  580 , and the device is ready for use in a new operation at  582 . The session terminates at  584 . 
     FIG. 6A  is a flow diagram which illustrates a preferred process associated with personal data modification utilizing the device according to the invention. The modification process continues in the flowchart of  FIG. 6B . The process begins at  602  with the user selection of the smartcard. At  604 , the device interrogates the smartcard digital signature to validate authentication ( 604 ). If the signature is correct ( 606 ), encryption of the digital signature occurs at  616 , with the device serial ID being used to generate a session key ( 613 ). If the signature is not correct, however, an entry is logged in the memory of the device at  608 , and the device is locked until administrative personnel are called upon to unlock it at  609 , and the process terminates at  610 . 
   Assuming the digital signature has passed through encryption at  616 , storage of the smartcard encrypted digital signature in the device and history log occurs at  620 . At  622 , it is asked whether the personal identification number (PIN) has only been attempted once or a few number of times. If entry is attempted more than a predetermined number of times, such as three or more, a log is made in the device at  624  and it is locked for a predetermined period of time, such as 24 hours at  628 . The process terminates at  630 . If only one or a few attempts have been made at PIN entry, the pin is entered from the keyboard at  632 , and sent to the smartcard for validation at  634 . At  636 , a test is made to determine if the PIN is correct. If not, the above process essentially repeats, with control being returned to block  604 . Assuming, however, the correct pin has been entered, the question is asked at  640  as to whether the device is biometrics equipped. If so, the biometric data are acquired at  650 . If not, the user may store personal identification which will be linked to smartcard usage, including billing address, delivery address, social security, date of birth, limit of payment, credit report, signature, and so forth at  670 , the device recovers the serial number for use in generating a public key (and/or encrypted biometric data) at  680 . At  690 , the personal data are encrypted along with public key information, and the result is stored into the memory of the device. 
   The encrypted biometric data are also stored in the smartcard and/or inside the device if no biometric data are available at  656 . At  658 , the device is ready to be used for a new operation, and the process ends at  660 . 
   The invention is not limited in terms of usage, and is therefore applicable to at least the following types of transactions:
         ID including passports; Identity cards; medical, corporate, and social security,   Storage of Personal and historical medical events or important medical data.   electronic vote based on smartcard technology,   TV satellite, cable ordering, payment,   any media (TV, computer, DVD, VHS, streaming video, or audio . . . ) advertising payments,   internet transactions and authentications,   computer authentication and transactions,   specific Web application that need authentication (email authentication, or bank authentication transaction),   authentication based on data usage or rules (policy) (copyrighted material music, DVD, files, movies, streaming . . . ),   public and/or private utilities services such as telephone invoicing, electricity invoicing, water invoicing, gas invoicing, retail outlet gas stations,   security authentication access (governmental institutions . . . ), hotel industry, entertainment including movies theatres, music/music events, entertainment parks, private and /or gated community, airlines industry (airplane ticket), highway toll, healthcare industry, parking payment, car rental, rental, metro ticket,   door opener (home, car), physical security, home security, car security,   Payment in physical retail location,   ATM cash transaction, (in this case the ATM machine does not need to have any keyboard . . . ),   software applications or games usage authentication,   OS usage authentication,   lotto, or gaming (casino . . . ) applications based on the payment and the storage of possible personal data,   payment on automated machine such as beverage/candy/food machine,   Prepaid debit/credit card for micro payment,   The use of a debit/credit card as a phone card,       

   In addition, the device may further be interconnected to existing accounting software, to memorize the history of card usage and send detailed and itemized balance on all payment collected via software or by phone. 
   This device can also return funds to the smartcard holder and notify the bank. This device permit also cache authorization storage based on preapproved amount link to the amount allowing users, to make multiple purchase based on one single authorization number. Providing full payment guaranteed to the merchant. This device will allow multiple credit card issuers, and will handle multiple authorization as well. It further permits complete decentralization of credit report, allowing the device to maintain his/her own credit report with respect to usage privacy This credit report can be send only with the approval of the smartcard payment, credit card owner to third party during payment or identification process if the third party so requests. The credit reporting company may also obtain a full encrypted copy of this report, and can also store it encrypted form on their own servers for verification and services purposes.