Abstract:
In some aspects, a micro-plasma device comprises a plasma gas enclosure containing at least one plasma gas, a plasma generation circuit interfaced with the plasma gas enclosure, and a plurality of electrodes interfaced with the plasma gas enclosure. In other aspects, a micro-plasma circuitry apparatus comprises a first layer having plasma generating electrodes, a second layer having a cavity formed therein, and a third layer having a circuit formed therein. The circuit includes a micro-plasma circuit (MPC) that includes one or more micro-plasma devices (MPDs). A metallic layer covers the MPC except at locations of the MPDs. The first layer is bonded to the second layer and the second layer is bonded to the third layer, thereby forming an enclosure that contains at least one plasma gas.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/628,876, filed Nov. 8, 2011 and entitled, “CAPACITIVELY COUPLED ATMOSPHERIC RF MICROPLASMA DEVICES,” the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The present description relates generally to field effect transistors, and relates in particular to micro-plasma field effect transistors. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) devices, metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) devices, and other semiconductor switching devices generally do not tolerate harsh environments, such as heat and radiation. For example, a typical CMOS or MOSFET will usually fail at temperatures exceeding 200° C. As a result, computers or processors may fail in an emergency fire condition, and cannot be placed inside high-temperature devices such as internal combustion engines. Additionally, CMOS or MOSFET devices will fail in high radiation environments. As a result, computers or processors can become disabled in the presence of ionizing radiation produced by reactors during, for example, an emergency requiring intervention using robots or other computerized devices. 
         [0004]    The vulnerability of semiconductor switching devices to extreme heat and radiation stems from the nature of semiconductor materials. Semiconductor materials are responsive to stimulation in order to become more conductive, and electrical signals are used to selectively stimulate the materials in order to cause conduction. However, heat and ionizing radiation can also stimulate semiconductor materials. As a result, the semiconductor materials simply short out when excited by heat or ionizing radiation. Accordingly, there is a need for switching devices that can tolerate such harsh environments. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0005]    The present application provides for systems devices and methods which provide for micro plasma field effect transistors. Further, embodiments may provide for such transistors that have a capability to withstand high-temperature or radioactive environments. 
         [0006]    In some aspects, a micro-plasma device comprises a plasma gas enclosure containing at least one plasma gas, a plasma generation circuit interfaced with the plasma gas enclosure, and a plurality of electrodes interfaced with the plasma gas enclosure. In other aspects, a micro-plasma circuitry apparatus comprises a first layer having plasma generating electrodes, a second layer having a cavity formed therein, and a third layer having a circuit formed therein. The circuit includes a micro-plasma circuit (MPC) that includes one or more micro-plasma devices (MPDs). A metallic layer covers the MPC except at locations of the MPDs. The first layer is bonded to the second layer and the second layer is bonded to the third layer, thereby forming an enclosure that contains at least one plasma gas. 
         [0007]    The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the invention, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description only and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the present invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]    For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0009]      FIG. 1  depicts a schematic of a micro-plasma circuit chip in accordance with the present disclosure; 
           [0010]      FIG. 2(   a ) depicts a sectional view of a metal-oxide-plasma field-effect transistor (MOPFET) device in accordance with the present disclosure; 
           [0011]      FIG. 2(   b ) depicts an isometric view of a MOPFET in accordance with the present disclosure; 
           [0012]      FIG. 3(   a ) depicts a graphical representation of MOPFET Ids-Vds characteristics in accordance with the present disclosure; 
           [0013]      FIG. 3(   b ) depicts another graphical representation of MOPFET Ids-Vds characteristics in accordance with the present disclosure; 
           [0014]      FIG. 4(   a ) depicts a plan view of interdigital transducers (IDTs) for RF plasma generation in accordance with the present disclosure; 
           [0015]      FIG. 4(   b ) a sectional view of the IDT fields in accordance with the present disclosure; 
           [0016]      FIG. 4(   c ) and a graphical representation of the position dependence of plasma conductance in accordance with the present disclosure; 
           [0017]      FIG. 5(   a ) depicts a graphical representation of the reflection coefficient of a single pair IDT after impedance matching in accordance with the present disclosure; 
           [0018]      FIG. 5(   b ) depicts a graphical representation of plasma conductance as a function of excitation frequency in accordance with the present disclosure; 
           [0019]      FIG. 5(   c ) depicts a graphical representation of plasma conductance as a function of excitation amplitude in accordance with the present disclosure; 
           [0020]      FIG. 6(   a ) depicts a diagrammatic view of an inverter in accordance with the present disclosure; 
           [0021]      FIG. 6(   b ) depicts a diagrammatic view of a NOR gate in accordance with the present disclosure; 
           [0022]      FIG. 6(   c ) depicts a diagrammatic view of a NAND gate in accordance with the present disclosure; 
           [0023]      FIG. 7(   a ) depicts an isometric view of an anodic bonding arrangement in accordance with the present disclosure; 
           [0024]      FIG. 7(   b ) depicts a sectional view of an anodic bonding arrangement in accordance with the present disclosure; 
           [0025]      FIG. 8  depicts a diagrammatic view of another embodiment of a micro-plasma device in accordance with the present disclosure; 
           [0026]      FIG. 9  depicts a graphical representation of the field effect of the micro-plasma device of  FIG. 8 ; 
           [0027]      FIG. 10  depicts a sectional view of a further embodiment of a micro-plasma device in accordance with the present disclosure; 
           [0028]      FIG. 11  depicts a graphical representation of the I-V characteristics of the micro-plasma device of  FIG. 10 ; 
           [0029]      FIG. 12  depicts a plan view of the micro-plasma device of  FIG. 8  demonstrating the switching off principle of plasma in accordance with the present disclosure; 
           [0030]      FIG. 13  depicts a sectional view of a micro-plasma transistor in accordance with the present disclosure; 
           [0031]      FIG. 14  depicts a sectional view of a fabricated MOPFET in accordance with the present disclosure; 
           [0032]      FIG. 15  depicts a graphical representation of the I DS -V DS  of a MOPFET for a variety of V GS  in accordance with the present disclosure; 
           [0033]      FIG. 16  depicts a graphical representation of the I DS -V GS  of a MOPFET for a V DS  equal to 15V in accordance with the present disclosure; 
           [0034]      FIG. 17  depicts a graphical representation of the tested switching characteristics of a MOPFET inside a 90 keV nuclear reactor in accordance with the present disclosure; and 
           [0035]      FIG. 18  depicts a graphical representation of the tested switching operation of a MOPFET at high temperatures in accordance with the present disclosure. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0036]    The present disclosure is directed to microplasma devices (MPD) capable of operating in ionizing radiations and at high temperatures (e.g. temperatures ranging between 200-600° C.). In one embodiment, a radio frequency (RF) plasma source provides plasma for the circuit operation to eliminate the uncertainty associated with ignition. Micro-plasma circuits (MPC) capable of performing simple logical functions such as NOT, NOR and NAND may be provided. Plasma devices for amplification and mixing may also be provided. Metal and ceramic resistors and capacitors may be used along with metallic inductors in the MPCs. Quartz resonators, tested to operate in radiation environment without deterioration, may be used for clocks. MPC devices may be connected using shielded metal lines to prevent distributed parasitic interactions with the plasma. 
         [0037]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , a micro-plasma circuit, according to one embodiment, may be comprised of fused silica or similar materials, which do not deteriorate in ionizing radiation. The micro-plasma circuit chip  100  may be composed of three main fused silica sections. A top fused silica plate  102  may contain RF plasma generation electrodes forming an RF plasma generation circuit, and it may be bonded to a middle fused silica section  104  that encloses the plasma gases and the plasma. Example plasma gases can be noble gases, such as Helium (He), Xenon (Xe), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar) and the like. A bottom fused silica plate  106  may contain the circuit, such as a ring oscillator. The circuit may include standard elements, such as resistors  108  and capacitors  110 . However, the circuit also includes the MPD  112  and MPCs. The MPC may be shielded from the plasma with a metallic layer  114  that covers the MPC everywhere except in the MPD regions. 
         [0038]    According to some embodiments, the MPDs may comprise metal-oxide-plasma field-effect transistors (MOPFET) that may serve as switching and amplifying devices for the MPCs. Compared to field-emission and micro-vacuum devices, separate generation of plasma enables MOPFETs to operate at lower voltage levels and higher currents, and with much higher reproducibility and reliability.  FIG. 2  provides a schematic of such a MOPFET. 
         [0039]    Referring generally to  FIG. 2 , a MOPFET may have a plasma region  200  in contact with two exposed metallic electrodes, including a drain electrode  202  and a source electrode  204 , separated by an insulated gate  206 . Depending on the density of the plasma and the nature of the boundary layer, the MOPFET may be designed to operate as an enhancement-mode (E-MOPFET) device, or as a depletion-mode (D-MOPFET) device. Although it is possible to have negative carriers, positive ions are presently preferred because they prove to be more stable in the plasma. Referring particularly to  FIG. 2(   a ), the plasma ions that are generated using the RF plasma electrodes  208  of the top plate  210  remain ionized and can be detected for relatively long distances up to a few millimeters. The positive ion mobilities (μ) are around 1-0.01 cm 2 /V DS  in 1 atmosphere pressure at room temperature. Referring to  FIG. 2(   b ), for gate length L, in the constant ion mobility regime, the MOPFET switching speed can be estimated as τ s ˜L 2 /(μV DS ). For τ s =100 ps, the gate length L of 5 μm requires V DS  of 25V, assuming μ−1 cm 2 /V DS , wherein μ may be calculated according to: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
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         [0040]      FIG. 3  illustrates Ids-Vds characteristics during two different operation regimes of MOPFETs as experimentally measured utilizing He at 1 atmosphere at room temperature. Referring to  FIG. 3(   a ), in which I ds  is measured in μA, if the plasma ion density is sufficiently high near the D-S regions, the gate field effect depletes the D-S channel to reduce the channel conductance, and the MOPFET operates as a depletion mode device. The role of the gate electrode, in this case, is to deplete the positive ions in the channel to reduce the I DS  at any V DS . Referring to  FIG. 3(   b ), in which I ds  is measured in mA as limited by the Keithley SMU 267 current compliance to 10 mA, the same MOPFET operates as an enhancement mode device. The enhancement mode device operation is achieved when the plasma density is low, but sufficient to enable V DS  to ionize near-by gas molecules and increase the D-S channel conductance. The ionization voltage depends on plasma density, gate voltage, gate capacitance and device geometry. The plasma device intensity reduces when +V g  is applied. Accordingly, when the plasma density is low but sufficient to enable ionization between drain and source at low voltages, the MOPFET characteristics change, allowing the MOPFET to be used as a switch having a turn-on voltage controlled by the gate voltage. The MOPFET characteristics discussed above demonstrate that the MOPFET may be used as a switch very similar to PMOS. Accordingly, logic gates using MOPFETs may be designed, and device equations may be developed to relate I ds −V ds  and V gs  to device parameters, such as gate oxide, plasma density, pressure, temperature, and geometry. 
         [0041]    A family of efficient RF plasma sources may provide the necessary ion densities for MPCs. The Interdigital Transducer (IDT) RF electrode geometry shown in  FIG. 1  is ideal for generating high density plasmas in pressures ranging from 10 −3  Torr up to atmospheric pressure. This pressure range can be maintained inside the bonded package. Referring to  FIG. 4(   a ), the IDTs can be designed to have different overlap (L-W e ), distance (W o ), electrode areas, and number of pairs. The distance can be graded to produce different field intensities at different locations. Referring to  FIG. 4(   b ), an IDT field pattern can be used to adjust the plasma density. Referring to  FIG. 4(   c ), plasma intensity is observed to vary as a function of distance. The plasma density has a spatial decay length of around 1 mm for He at 1 atmosphere at 480 MHz with W o ˜W m ˜W e ˜1 mm with one pair of IDT. A magnetic field may be employed to increase collision rate and thereby increase plasma density. Other parameters that can be taken into consideration in the design are RF power, frequency, IDT parameters, surface nano-texturing (hollow cathode effect), and gases. An equation may express the plasma decay length as a function of IDT parameters, pressure, gases (e.g., electronegative gases such as O 2  have completely different decay properties than He), frequency, RF power, and temperature. 
         [0042]    Turning now to  FIG. 5(   a ), S 11  of a single pair IDT is shown after impedance matching. The IDTs are primarily capacitive, and impedance matching requires an inductor. Referring to  FIG. 5(   b ), the plasma conductance as a function of excitation frequency at constant amplitude exhibits hysteresis that is usually observed in highly nonlinear processes such as gas ionization. Referring to  FIG. 5(   c ), hysteresis is also observed in plasma conductance as a function of excitation amplitude at constant frequency. 
         [0043]    Referring now to  FIG. 6 , logic gates may be developed using MOPFETs. For example,  FIG. 6(   a ) provides an example of an inverter employing a single MOPFET  600  to form a NOT gate  602 . Additionally,  FIG. 6(   b ) provides an example of a NAND gate  604  employing a first MOPFET  606  and a second MOPFET  608 . Also,  FIG. 6(   c ) provides an example of a NOR gate  610  employing a first MOPFET  612  and a second MOPFET  614 . It will be appreciated that NOR and NAND gates are universal, and any other gates can be constructed using NOR or NAND gates. It is envisioned that D-latches and flop-flops can be constructed as well. In digital logic, the most important MOPFET parameters are speed and transition (on to off) voltages. Accordingly, it is envisioned that Non-Volatile Memory devices may be developed. 
         [0044]    Fused silica substrates and refractory metals with low sputtering yields may be utilized as materials to increase the MPCs operation lifetime in radiation and high temperatures. Preliminary studies clearly show that, for high performance MPDs, inorganic high temperature substrates (i.e., fused silica) are superior to other substrates. Different sections of the MP chips may be bonded (anodic and eutectic) to provide sealed cavities for plasma gases. 
         [0045]    It is possible to physically grow nano-wires between the drain and source contacts and proper gate biasing and an appropriate gas containing carbon, silicon and any other material that is conducting and can be deposited from a precursor gas. Precursor gases can be located in cavities next to MOPFETs. When the cavities or precursors are activated, the MOPFET can use the gas to form a nano-wire junction between its drain and source using a modified Plasma Enhanced CVD process. The anno-wires can be turned off by applying sufficiently large V ds . 
         [0046]    Referring to  FIG. 7(   a ), an anodic bonding arrangement results from simultaneous bonding together of three sections, including a top plate  700 , a bottom plate  702 , and a middle plate  704  having a cavity  706  for gasses. The bonding may be performed at gas (He, Ar, etc.) pressure that is desired to fill the cavity  706  of the middle plate. The circuit and RF plasma metallization leads are not shown. The metal line may require oxide coatings for the anodic bonding to work. Referring to  FIG. 7(   b ) the anodic bonding process may be carried out by placing the assembled plates on a hot plate  708  inside a gas with pressure P to ensure that the cavity  706  of the middle plate  704  will contain the gas at that pressure. 
         [0047]    Turning now to  FIG. 8 , another embodiment of an MPD may be comprised of a dielectric board  800  having a pair of switch electrodes  802   a  and  802   b  and RF plasma  804  generated by a pair of plasma generating electrodes. The plasma generators may be driven by an RF signal generator  806  via a power amplifier  808  and matching inductor  810 . The switch electrodes may be driven by a DC power supplier  812 . With this arrangement, the field effect of MPDs can be demonstrated, as shown in  FIG. 9 , where plasma intensity and DC current are graphically illustrated to vary with DC voltage. 
         [0048]    Turning to  FIG. 10 , a further embodiment of an MPD may be designed with insulators for increased device lifetime. For example, a glass barrier  1000   a  and  1000   b  may be provided between He plasma  1002  and plasma generating electrodes  1004  and  1006 . The electrodes  1004  and  1006  may be driven by an RF power supply  1008  via a matching inductor  1010 . With this arrangement, the I-V characteristics of RF plasma between the glass barrier  1000  insulators may be measured by two electrodes  1004  and  1006  inside the He plasma  1002 . The I-V characteristics thus measured are graphically illustrated in  FIG. 11 . 
         [0049]    Turning to  FIG. 12 , the switching off principle of plasma is demonstrated with the four probe setup outlined in  FIG. 8 . With RF power  1200  supplied to the plasma generating electrodes, and a voltage  1202  greater than zero supplied to the switching electrodes, the positively charged plasma ions  1204  are pushed away from the positively charged electrode. Thus, referring to  FIG. 13 , in a plasma transistor having a gate oxide  1300 , source electrode  1302 , drain electrode  1304 , gate electrode  1306 , and cavity with noble gases  1308 , plasma ions  1310  between the source electrode  1302  and drain electrode  1304  may be affected by the voltage supplied to the gate electrode  1306 . 
         [0050]    The mode of operation of the transistor depends on the density of the ions  1310 . For example, if the ion  1306  density is high, the insulated gate electrode  1306  can easily attract the ions  1310  or repel them. The ions  1310  are positively charged and can transfer electrons from the source electrode  1302  to drain electrode  1304 . When their concentration increases in the D-S channel, they increase the Ids. When the plasma ion  1306  density is sufficiently high, the gate electrode  1306  field effect depletes the D-S channel to reduce the channel conductance. Accordingly, the conductive path between the source electrode  1302  and drain electrode  1304  provided by the plasma ions  1310  may be switched off by supply of voltage to the gate electrode  1306 . On the other hand, when the starting ion  1310  density is low, D-S voltage ionizes the gas molecules. However, the ionization occurs at smaller voltage because of the presence of some ions that help the process. The gate electrode  1306 , in this case, changes the “starter ion” concentration and modifies the ionization voltage. Thus, the same transistor operates as an enhancement mode device when the plasma density is low, but sufficient to enable Vds to ionize near-by gas molecules and increase the D-S channel conductance. 
         [0051]    Turning to  FIG. 14 , a fabricated MOPFET demonstrates the dimension of a 15 μm gap  1400  between a source electrode  1402  and a drain electrode  1404 . In this embodiment, the RF plasma is provided by a external plasma source.  FIG. 15  demonstrates the I DS -V DS  of such a MOPFET for a variety of V GS , while  FIG. 16  demonstrates the I DS -V GS  for V DS  equal to 15V. The tested switching characteristics of such an NE filled MOPFET inside a 90 keV nuclear reactor are graphically illustrated in  FIG. 17 , while  FIG. 18  demonstrates the tested switching operation at high temperatures. Here, the switch-on voltage of the Ne filled plasma device decreases 1% at 100° C., and 4% at 200° C. 
         [0052]    Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.