Abstract:
Device for influencing brain functions of a human being by targeted stimulation of at least one region of the human body, comprising stimulating means that permit a stimulation of the region that is to be stimulated, characterized in that the stimulation is an electrical stimulation.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a device for influencing brain functions of a human being, in accordance with the preamble of claim  1 . 
     In persons suffering from medical conditions, or in elderly persons, it is desirable to eliminate or to alleviate sensory or sensorimotor deficits. Examples of these are the treatment of age-related deterioration of the sensitivity of the hands caused by various physiological and pathological processes during aging. Other examples are the treatment of patients suffering from involuntary movements (dystonia), particularly in the area of the upper and lower limbs, of patients who have been immobilized for a long period of time, and of patients with cerebral paralyses, in order to improve the sensorimotor function of the limbs following a stroke. It is also desirable to improve tactile awareness in persons who are blind or severely visually impaired. A further fundamental problem, especially in the elderly and in persons who have sustained injury to the central and/or peripheral nervous system, is an increased tendency to suffer falls, because of an impaired gait function. This impairment is in many cases due to reduced sensitivity in the feet and legs. 
     A device of the type mentioned at the outset is known from DE 10 2004 039 350 A1. With said device, a human being&#39;s finger tip, for example, is mechanically stimulated by two small points that are moved toward and away from the surface of the skin with a defined frequency. Such a device is comparatively complicated to construct and, in terms of the stimulation that can be achieved, requires some improvement. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The problem addressed by the present invention is to make available a device, of the type mentioned at the outset, which has a simpler and/or more effective structure. 
     According to the invention, this is achieved by a device with the features of claim  1 . The dependent claims concern preferred developments of the invention. 
     The device according to the invention is intended to influence brain activity in humans by means of targeted electrical stimulation of selected regions of the skin, in order in this way to improve perception and response. 
     The principle of such changes is based on the fact that the brain posesses a high degree of plasticity. The triggering of plasticity itself is subject to precise, defined boundary conditions. These are deliberately exploited by the invention. As a result, mechanisms at a cellular and subcellular level are set in motion that lead to changes in the synaptic transmission capacity in the brain. These in turn alter the way in which the neuronal networks of the brain process information from the environment. 
     A device according to the invention can be designed in accordance with the following description in which reference is made to the attached drawing, in which: 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
         FIG. 1  shows a schematic depiction of a device according to the invention, with electrodes placed on the fingers of a human being, and 
         FIG. 2  shows an enlarged representation of a human hand, with the electrodes according to  FIG. 1 . 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The embodiment of a device according to the invention depicted in  FIG. 1  comprises a plurality of electrodes  1   a ,  1   b ,  1   c ,  1   d ,  1   e ;  2   a ,  2   b ,  2   c ,  2   d ,  2   e , of which in each case two are placed on each finger of a human hand  3 . One of the electrodes  1   a ,  1   b ,  1   c ,  1   d ,  1   e  is in each case placed on the distal phalanx of the fingers of the hand  3 , and another of the electrodes  2   a ,  2   b ,  2   c ,  2   d ,  2   e  is in each case placed on the proximal phalanx of the fingers of the hand  3  (see also  FIG. 2 ). 
     Electrical supply lines  4   a ,  4   b ,  4   c ,  4   d ,  4   e  to all the electrodes  1   a ,  1   b ,  1   c ,  1   d ,  1   e  arranged on the distal phalanges are combined to form a first common supply line  4 . Moreover, supply lines  5   a ,  5   b ,  5   c ,  5   d ,  5   e  to all the electrodes  2   a ,  2   b ,  2   c ,  2   d ,  2   e  arranged on the proximal phalanges are combined to form a second common supply line  5 . The common supply lines  4 ,  5  are connected to a control unit  6  which, for example, is principally composed of a current generator. The control unit  6  is connected to a data memory unit  8  via a cable  7 . 
     The electrodes  1   a ,  1   b ,  1   c ,  1   d ,  1   e ;  2   a ,  2   b ,  2   c ,  2   d ,  2   e  are, for example, commercially available self-adhesive surface electrodes which are affixed to defined regions of the skin, for example the areas of the fingers shown in  FIG. 2 . Electrical pulses are transmitted to these defined regions of the skin. A current whose strength corresponds to the stimulation intensity flows through the patient&#39;s skin between two electrodes  1   a ,  1   b ,  1   c ,  1   d ,  1   e ;  2   a ,  2   b ,  2   c ,  2   d ,  2   e  placed on a finger. The stimulation of the electrodes  1   a ,  1   b ,  1   c ,  1   d ,  1   e ;  2   a ,  2   b ,  2   c ,  2   d ,  2   e  is effected with the aid of electrical pulse sequences. These are emitted from the data memory  8 , for example a portable data carrier that can be designed as a walkman, CD player or MP3 player, and supplied to the electrodes  1   a ,  1   b ,  1   c ,  1   d ,  1   e ;  2   a ,  2   b ,  2   c ,  2   d ,  2   e  via a likewise portable and correspondingly small electrical amplifier, which is integrated in the control unit  6  or forms the latter. The possibility exists of integrating the data memory  8  and the control unit  6  into one appliance, which in particular can be made portable and light. 
     To make it easier to apply the electrodes  1   a ,  1   b ,  1   c ,  1   d ,  1   e ;  2   a ,  2   b ,  2   c ,  2   d ,  2   e  to the fingers or finger tips, they can be arranged on a foil in such a way that they can be easily affixed to the finger pads of the fingers of one hand. 
     The manner of influencing the brain activity is determined by the time structure of the pulse sequences (frequency, pulse duration, number of stimuli, pauses between stimuli, total duration of the stimulation). 
     For example, the current strength can be adapted to the individual sensitivity threshold and is generally between 5 mA and 7 mA. The stimulation can be in the form of individual pulses with a duration of in each case 10 milliseconds. Different protocols can be employed for the stimulation sequence. One possible protocol entails a pulse sequence of 20 Hz lasting for 1 second, followed by a pause of 5 seconds. Such a sequence can be repeated a total of 20 to 30 minutes. 
     An application for 20 to 30 minutes is sufficient to trigger detectable changes in the brain. To stabilize the changes triggered in this way in the brain, the stimulations can be repeated at intervals of a few days. 
     The advantage of the method lies in the short application time and in the fact that the stimulation can take place passively, without active input on the part of the user and without the latter monitoring the stimulation. It is even possible to go for a walk or do some reading during the stimulation. These advantages are particularly important for persons whose active cooperation is limited. 
     To achieve an improvement in the sensory functions important for standing and walking, and in the sensorimotor deficits induced by disease in patients with an impaired gait function, a stimulation system can be used which, in contrast to the finger stimulation described above, stimulates the soles of the feet using the method described above. 
     The device according to the invention can solve the following problems:
     1. Maintaining Everyday Competence in Elderly Persons by Means of Passive Sensory Stimulation   a. In the Context of Gait Functions   

     A central problem for the elderly lies in their increased tendency to suffer falls as a result of a deterioration in gait function. This deterioration is in many cases due to reduced sensitivity in the feet and legs. To achieve an improvement in this sensory function important for standing and walking, the device according to the invention can systematically stimulate the soles of the feet under defined timing conditions.
     b. In the Context of Finger/Hand Functions   

     Another problem making it difficult to maintain the ability to undertake everyday tasks (everyday competence) is the age-related impairment of finger sensitivity. To achieve an improvement in this sensory function important for tasks involving the fingers and hands, the device according to the invention can systematically stimulate the finger tips under defined timing conditions. This stimulation is performed daily for short periods of time.
     2. Passive Sensory Stimulation for Patients Following Brain Damage   

     In accordance with the principle described under 1, the device according to the invention can be used to systematically stimulate selected body regions under defined timing conditions. The patients in question are those who have suffered contralateral brain damage (e.g. stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain damage), in order to treat sensorimotor deficits. The stimulations are performed in a similar way.
     3. Treatment of Pain by Means of Passive Sensory Stimulation   

     Patients with chronic pain syndromes of a specific type, in particular in the area of the upper and lower limbs. Systems such as those described under 1 are used.
     4. Treatment of Sensory Deficits Caused by Prolonged Immobilization (Plaster Cast), by Means of Passive Sensory Stimulation   

     Sensorimotor deficits arise as a result of prolonged periods of immobilization of the upper and lower limbs. These deficits are to be counteracted by application of sensory stimulation. This is done by incorporating the stimulating means into the plaster cast.
     5. Passive Sensory Stimulation for Patients Suffering from Dystonia   

     In accordance with the principle described under 1, the device according to the invention can be used to systematically stimulate the affected fingers or the affected hand under defined timing conditions. The patients in question are those suffering from localized motor disturbance in the form of a dystonia in the area of a limb. The stimulations are performed in a similar way.