Abstract:
A process and apparatus for the treatment of septage, particularly grease trap waste, is disclosed. The inventive process will convert the septage into Biosolids (sludge) and water dischargeable to the environment. The treated septage achieves pathogen reduction, and reduced vector attraction. Treatment of septage by pasteurization causes the destruction of harmful pathogens. Pasteurization of septage having high water content provides for even temperature elevation and distribution of heat within the thermal mass of the septage allowing for consistent pathogen destruction. An alkaline compound is utilized to form a filter cake from the solids fraction of the pasteurized septage preventing vector attraction, while producing a beneficial biosolid. The liquid fraction of the septage is treated by biological process allowing for its discharge into the environment.

Description:
BACKGROUND  
         [0001]    1. Technical Field  
           [0002]    This invention relates to a process for treating septage whereby septage is defined as liquids, solids, and semi-solid contents of privies, chemical toilets, cesspools, septic tanks, holding tanks, dry pits, grease traps, grit traps, boat pump out stations, or other sewage waste receptacles. More specifically, the invention involves a process for removing pathogens from the septage and for controlling vector attraction while producing bio-solids that can be utilized as a fertilizer or other beneficial use such as soil conditioner. Additionally, the process allows for the removal of the majority of the water component of the septage and provides for its treatment and subsequent discharge into the environment.  
           [0003]    2. Background of the Related Art  
           [0004]    The proliferation of fast food restaurants and other large scale food processing centers, where food preparation inherently produces fats and grease waste, in conjunction with increasing regulations concerning the disposal of such wastes, have produced a need for an efficient process for its removal and processing in order to control cost and minimize harm to the environment.  
           [0005]    Food, grease and oil are present in waste water produced from restaurants and other food processing establishments. This waste water containing fats, grease and oils forms an emulsion that passes through a grease trap, which is required by most local and state regulations, to capture components within the waste water preventing their release into municipal sewer systems or septic systems. Typically, the grease trap comprises an infall pipe, which discharges the water containing grease and food into an underground holding tank capable of retaining large quantities of this unwanted waste. These holding tanks contain barriers that trap and partially separate heavy solids, floating trash and much of the fats, oils and grease produced from food processing and preparation area drains. As a matter of design these grease traps become saturated with solids, trash, fats, oils and grease, and must be drained periodically per local and state health regulations. The draining of these grease traps is accomplished by a tanker truck having a vacuum pump that retrieves the contents of the grease trap for proper disposal.  
           [0006]    The discharge of this concentrated wastewater containing solids, trash, fats, oils and grease into a conventional municipal wastewater treatment facility will either deteriorate the efficiency of that municipal facility or cause serve operational difficulties within the municipal wastewater system. In light of these difficulties, there is a reluctance of municipally owned wastewater treatment plants to accept septage and more particularly grease-trap wastes.  
           [0007]    The evolution of greater regulatory requirements as to the disposal of these wastes has contributed to escalating costs associated with their proper disposal. Historically, this septage was disposed of by dumping or landfilling the waste after the removal of some of its aqueous components. Unfortunately, untreated septage, both in solid and liquid form, may contain any number of substances toxic to humans and the environment, including, solvents, organic and inorganic compounds and pathogens. The treatment of septage to destroy these pathogens and noxious compounds before placement within a landfill has become increasingly more important due to environmental concerns. Greater interests in the environmental impact of the disposal of septage and the resulting increase in regulatory requirements have caused escalating costs associated with the proper disposal of septage.  
           [0008]    Different methods of treating septage have been implemented with varying degrees of success. One prior art method was to dump the septage into an open pit, where it was then mixed with ash and dirt forming a substantially dry material. This resulting dry material was then placed within a landfill. However, this method required valuable and costly landfill space and also had significant odor problems. Additionally, this virtually unprocessed method of treating septage has certain environmental concerns along with vector attraction.  
           [0009]    Many newer approaches to septage treatment utilize labor, energy, intensive chemical and biological systems in order to process the septage so that it is suitable for discharge within the environment. Unfortunately, such processes are costly due to the cost of labor, energy and the expense associated with biological and chemical processes. Moreover, these processes often produce materials that are large in volume and have no practical use. Additionally, these chemical and biological treatments of septage can still have detrimental effects on the environment.  
           [0010]    One of these methods utilizing chemical and biological treatment uses surfactants to break down fat globules contained within grease trap waste. Once the fats are broken down, microbes are used to ingest the fat particles. Unfortunately, this process is extremely cost prohibitive and labor intensive and has been met with limited success. Additionally, this method also suffers from significant odor problems and vector attraction. Most importantly, this method still requires a significant volume of landfill space.  
           [0011]    Another method involves the heating of the waste to remove by skimming the fats contained within such waste. The solids within the waste are removed and the subsequent liquid waste is heated again to remove remaining pathogens. Unfortunately, this process is both labor intensive and costly from an energy standpoint due to the multiple heating of the waste product. Additionally, the removal of solids within such process produces a product that has no known use and is subsequently disposed within costly landfill sites. Furthermore, the solids produced from this process have not been treated for pathogens or vector attraction.  
           [0012]    Several recent approaches have been developed to treat the sludge generated at municipal wastewater treatment plants. These processes treat the sludge with a selected alkaline additive such as lime. One method uses the exothermic reaction between the alkaline additive and the water contained in sludge to produce sufficient heat within the sludge to destroy existing pathogens. Another method uses less lime for the exothermic reaction but supplies supplemental heat to the sludge by electrical elements to attain the temperature required to destroy existing pathogens. Both processes use the elevated pH of the sludge caused by the lime addition to reduced vector attraction. Unfortunately, the energy and chemical costs associated with these processes are extremely high. More importantly, the heating of sludge, a solid material, by the use of electrical elements or excess lime addition does not necessarily produce uniform heating throughout the sludge and subsequently contributes to pathogen reduction that is not predictable.  
           [0013]    As a result of the deficiencies of prior art treatment methods in addressing landfill usage, energy costs and detrimental effects on the environmental, there is a need to provide a septage treatment process that has a low, if not beneficial, impact on the environment while being cost effective.  
         SUMMARY  
         [0014]    The present invention is a waste processing facility specifically designed to process septage. Septage is the liquid, solid, and semi-solid contents of privies, chemical toilets, cesspools, septic tanks, holding tanks, dry pits, grit traps, boat pump out stations, grease traps or other sewage waste receptacles. The physical characteristics of septage vary widely. Septage has a percent solids concentration of generally 0 to 10% by volume. The processing facility is designed to handle approximately 100,000 gallons per day of septage during a 12-hour shift, although other varying amounts are contemplated herein. The inventive process will convert the septage to approximately 40 tons of Biosolids (sludge) having a composition of approximately 60% water. The inventive process addresses the following two considerations in the treatment of septage: pathogen reduction (e.g., helminthes (intestinal worms), bacteria, protozoa, and viruses, etc.), and vector attraction (e.g., rodents, birds, insects, and other organisms that can transport pathogens).  
           [0015]    According to the inventive method, the septage is treated upon arrival at the processing facility by screening and grinding the raw septage. After the initial treatment, the septage is stored within a receiving tank prior to being transferred to a pasteurization tank. The septage is transferred, in batches, to pasteurization tanks and is pasteurized by the introduction of steam into the tanks thereby elevating the temperature of the septage to 70 degrees Celsius (158 degrees Fahrenheit) or higher for a minimum of 30 continuous minutes. Due to the more efficient thermal conductivity of water compared to solids, heating the septage, with its much higher water content, is more effective at maintaining even temperatures throughout the mass of material than prior art methods which heat processed sludge. Thus, heating (i.e., pasteurizing) the liquid septage as opposed to the higher solids content sludge allows for a more uniform and thorough heat treatment and ensures greater pathogen reduction. Due to the ease of handling a liquid versus a solid and the use of direct heating versus indirect heating, the cost of pasteurization is much lower.  
           [0016]    After pasteurization, the septage is transferred to cooling tanks. The cooled pasteurized septage is then transferred to filter press feed tanks where it is treated with an alkali substance such as lime. Sufficient alkali, i.e., lime, is added to the septage to raise the pH to at least 12 and without the addition of more alkali maintain a pH in the filter cake (i.e., sludge) of at least 12 for two hours and a pH of 11.5 for an additional 22 hours. The current federal regulations related to reducing vector attraction requires that the pH of the sludge be maintained at least 12 for two hours without the addition of more alkali and thereafter that it be maintained at a pH of 11.5 for an additional 22 hours without the addition of more alkali. It is contemplated herein that other pH levels and time parameters may be used.  
           [0017]    The process of adding an alkali such as lime also binds up the grease and other difficult to dewater materials in the septage. The added alkali acts as a filter aid and allows the septage to be more easily dewatered into a good filter cake. The resulting lime conditioned septage slurry is pumped through filter presses. The filter presses separate the solids from the liquid. The lime that has been added during the process is mostly non-soluble and is retained within the sludge. The sludge which is dropped from the filter presses has undergone treatment and meets federal and state standards for beneficial reuse as a Biosolid. The Biosolids can be sold or given away to provide nutrients to growing vegetation or to improve the quality of soil for the purpose of growing vegetation.  
           [0018]    The liquid that passes through the filter presses flows into an equalization tank that acts as a surge tank. The liquid is then pumped into a neutralization/precipitation tank. Due to the alkali addition, this liquid has a very high pH. In order to neutralize the liquid prior to the biological treatment processes, carbon dioxide is dissolved into the liquid to form carbonic acid. The dissolution of carbon dioxide and the resulting formation of carbonic acid and other species (e.g., bicarbonate and carbonate) lowers the pH. If lime is used as the alkali, calcium carbonate (limestone) precipitates out of solution as the pH of the liquid is lowered. The calcium carbonate drops to the bottom of the neutralizing tank and is pumped to the filter press feed tanks to be removed by the filter presses and added to the sludge. Once the calcium carbonate is removed, the remaining liquid flows into equalization tanks. The liquid within these equalization tanks has a pH of between 7 and 8.5. The liquid is then pumped into tanks for biological treatment which includes both aerobic and anoxic processes. In the first of the aerobic processes, aerobic organisms consume the carbon (organic material) contained within the liquid thereby reducing its Biological Oxygen Demand (“BOD”). BOD is a measure of the amount of oxygen that is used by the organisms while consuming the carbon. The second aerobic biological treatment process converts ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 —N) into nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 —N). In the anoxic process, anaerobic organisms convert the nitrate nitrogen into nitrogen gas that is dissipated into the atmosphere. The water that remains after the biological treatment steps is pumped into clarifiers. In the clarifiers, biomass which sloughs off the biological processes is removed from the water. The clarified water is then pumped through a sand filter to remove suspended solids from the water. The filtered water is then disinfected by the use of Ultra Violet (UV) filtration which kills any potentially live organisms which may have passed through the clarifiers and sand filter. The disinfected water is then discharged to the groundwater, surface water or to a sewer.  
           [0019]    Features of the invention include but are not limited to the following: the inventive method pasteurizes septage as opposed to the pasteurization of sludge which is known in the industry and the inventive method creates a usable material (Biosolid) from septage. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0020]    The foregoing and other features and advantages of the present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:  
         [0021]    [0021]FIGS. 1A, 1B and  1 C illustrate a flow diagram of the inventive process;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 2 illustrates a cut-a-way view of the inventive pasteurization tank according to the invention; and  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 3 illustrates the various components within the biological treatment reactor according to the invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0024]    The present invention particularly deals with the processing of grease trap waste that is collected by vacuum trucks from the grease traps of commercial establishments. Typically, raw grease trap waste includes mixed inorganic and organic solids such as bones, paper, plastics, metal utensils, garbage and other waste materials. The remaining components of the traps&#39; waste are fats, oils, grease, surfactants and aqueous components. The trap waste mixture is not readily separable into components which can be readily disposed within municipal sewage systems or within landfill areas.  
         [0025]    Turning now in detail to FIGS. 1A, 1B and  1 C, an illustrative embodiment of the invention will be described. According to the inventive method, grease trap waste and other forms of septage are retrieved from their respective holding tanks by a septage pump truck  100 . As shown in FIG. 1A, the collected waste is transferred into the treatment facility from the septage pump truck  100  into a first septage screening box  102  or a second septage screening box  103 . The septage screening boxes  102 ,  103  are designed to accommodate the simultaneous discharge of multiple septage pump trucks  100  discharging at approximately a maximum combined rate of 1000 gallons per minute of septage containing up to 5 percent solids.  
         [0026]    The septage screening boxes  102 ,  103  consist of a stainless steel tank, motor operated inlet valves, bar screen with self cleaning rotating rake, spray wash system and a control panel for manual or automatic operation.  
         [0027]    The screening boxes&#39;  102 ,  103  bar screens have one-quarter inch bar spacing. This bar spacing allows the removal of debris such as hair, plastics, utensils, rocks and hygienic materials. The debris collected in the bar screen is removed from the screening area by a rotating rake that passes through the full length of the bars. The rotating rake drops the collected screenings into a central screw conveyor hopper. A screw conveyor transports the screenings to a discharge chute. During transport the screenings are compacted and dewatered.  
         [0028]    The screenings are spray washed in two separate stages along the screw conveyor to return organic materials to the liquid stream. The treatment process, according to the invention, is designed to treat a large percentage of grease. The spray wash system is therefore supplied with hot water in order to liquefy incoming grease. The spray wash system discharges approximately 5 to 15 gallons per minute (“gpm”). The treatment process utilizes approximately 2,000 gallons per day of spray wash water that is added to the process flow.  
         [0029]    After debris removal by septage screening boxes  102 ,  103 , the septage is pumped via a first transfer pump  106  and a second transfer pump  107  through sludge grinders  108 ,  109 . The transfer pumps  106 ,  107  have a pumping capacity of approximately one thousand gallons per minute within this illustrative embodiment. The sludge grinders  108 ,  109  grind oversize materials passing through the septage screening boxes  102 ,  103  protecting downstream process equipment.  
         [0030]    The ground septage then empties into a receiving tank  110 . In the illustrative embodiment, the receiving tank  110  has a capacity of approximately 125,000 gallons and serves as a buffer for surges in daily septage receipts form septage haulers. The receiving tank  110  is sized according to the operating requirements and desired capacity of the treatment facility. Additionally, multiple receiving tanks can be incorporated to handle heavy volume treatment facilities. The receiving tank  110  is equipped with a jet mixer  105  that keeps solids suspended within the screened and ground septage while it is held in the receiving tank  110 . The receiving tank  110  is further equipped with a floatables re-entrainment device  121  that entrains floatable material within the screened and ground septage.  
         [0031]    The septage is transferred from the receiving tank  110  by a third transfer pump  111  and a fourth transfer pump  112 . The transfer pumps  111 ,  112  have a pumping capacity of approximately 700 gpm and transfer septage within the receiving tank  110  into a series of pasteurization tanks. This series of pasteurization tanks within this illustrative embodiment is comprised of a first pasteurization tank  113  and a second pasteurization tank  114 . The pasteurization tanks  113 ,  114 , each have a capacity of approximately 13,529 gallons. According to the inventive process, each tank receives approximately 10,150 gallons per batch for treatment.  
         [0032]    As shown in FIG. 2, the pasteurization tanks  113 ,  114  have agitators  164  mounted within to prevent suspended solids from settling to the bottom of the tanks. Agitators  164  have agitating blades  160  and a motor and drive assembly  165 . Each pasteurization tank has three sparge tubes  161  equipped with nozzles to introduce steam directly into the septage and a temperature probe  162 , a level probe  163  and a pressure level sensor  166  to control the process. Rapid circulation within the pasteurization tanks  113 , 114  caused by the sparge tubes  161  and agitators  164  makes certain even temperatures are maintained throughout the thermal mass within the batch. It is contemplated within the scope of this invention that additional pasteurization tanks can achieve an increase in capacity of the treatment facility.  
         [0033]    A batch of septage is pumped from the receiving tank  110  into one of the pasteurization tanks  113 ,  114 . Steam, at a temperature of approximately 245° F. and a pressure of approximately 10-15 psig, is injected into the septage through sparge tubes  161  until the temperature of the septage reaches a minimum of 158° F. The septage will be held at this temperature for at least 30 minutes or longer according to Federal and/or State requirements for pathogen reduction.  
         [0034]    The pasteurization steam is generated from a boiler that is sized to provide enough heat energy to raise the temperature of a batch, that is approximately 10,150 gallons, of septage and screenings wash water from 40° F. to 158° F. (70° C.) in 60 minutes. A septage batch at 40° F. is about the coldest that is expected to be encountered during the winter months. Average batch ambient temperatures will be much higher than 40° F. and, therefore, less heat energy will be required to raise batch temperatures to 158° F. If batch temperatures are encountered below 40° F., pasteurization heat cycles are extended beyond 60 minutes to compensate.  
         [0035]    The number of BTU per hour that the steam boiler must provide to raise the temperature of a batch, 10,150 gallons, of septage and screenings wash water from 40° F. to 158° F. (70° C.) in 60 minutes are as follows:  
                     BTU        /        hr     =     10   ,   150                   gal   ÷   60                   min   ×   8.3453                 lbs        /        gal   ×   60                 min        /        hr   ×     118   ⋄        F                 =     9   ,   995   ,   166                 BTU        /        hr                   (     equation                 1     )                                 Boiler                 Horsepower                 Required     =     9   ,   995   ,   166                 BTU        /          hr              ÷   33     ,   479                 BTU        /        hr        /        hp                 =     299                   hp        (     equation                 2     )                                           
 
         [0036]    The treatment process within this illustrative embodiment will need approximately a 300 hp boiler to meet the heat energy needs for pasteurization. A 300 hp boiler can provide approximately 10,043,000 BTU/hr and has a steam output of approximately 10,350 lb/hr. After injection, the steam releases its heat energy to the septage, cools and condenses. 10,350 lb/hr of steam translates into 20.67 gpm of steam condensate. Approximately 1,240 gallons of steam condensate will be added to each batch of septage and approximately 12,402 gallons per day of steam condensate will be added to the process flow.  
         [0037]    The pasteurized septage is pumped via a fifth transfer pump  116  and a sixth transfer pump  117  from the pasteurization tanks  113 ,  114 , to a first cooling tank  118  and a second cooling tank  119 . The transfer pumps  116 ,  117  have the capacity to pump approximately 800 gpm within this illustrative embodiment. The pasteurized septage is cooled within the cooling tanks  118 ,  119  overnight to ambient temperature. The temperature of the pasteurized septage is lowered within the cooling tanks  118 ,  119  to ensure that grease which may have liquefied during the pasteurization process will have time to congeal and therefore will not blind off the filter press clothes. Each of the cooling tanks  118 ,  119  is configured to hold approximately one day&#39;s capacity of pasteurized septage and internal process flows which is approximately 135,000 gallons in this illustrative embodiment. The cooling tanks  118 ,  119  each have a jet mixer  120 . The jet mixers  120  prevent suspended solids within the pasteurized septage from settling to the bottom of the cooling tanks  118 ,  119 . The cooling tanks  118 ,  119  also are equipped with floatable re-entrainment devices  121  to entrain floatable material within the waste stream.  
         [0038]    The cooling tanks  118 ,  119  receive additional process waste materials that are produced downstream within the inventive process. Downstream process waste consisting of clarifier sludge, clarifier scum and sand filter backwash are incorporated into the pasteurized septage.  
         [0039]    The cooled pasteurized septage along with downstream waste are pumped via a seventh transfer pump  122  and an eight transfer pump  123  to a first filter press feed tank  124 , a second filter press feed tank  125  and a third filter feed tank  126 . The transfer pumps  122 ,  123  have the capacity to pump approximately 670 gpm within this illustrative embodiment. The filter press feed tanks  124 ,  125 ,  126  are equipped with agitators  104  to facilitate mixing of the components within the filter feed tanks  124 ,  125 ,  126 . Hydrated lime is added to the mixture within the filter press feed tanks  124 ,  125 ,  126 . The hydrated lime is mixed with the pasteurized septage and downstream waste to aid in dewatering and filter cake formation in the filter presses and to raise the pH of the filter cake to reduce vector attraction.  
         [0040]    Because dilute slurries are easily pumped, a lime slurry is created to facilitate lime introduction into the filter press feed tanks  124 ,  125 ,  126 . Hydrated lime contained in a lime silo is mixed with water in a lime slurry tank housed in the base of the lime silo (not shown). Water is added at the rate of 1 gallon of water per pound of hydrated lime creating a 12% solution. It is contemplated within the scope of this invention that other alkaline compounds that are able to provide filter cake formation and the necessary pH desired that are known within the art may be used.  
         [0041]    The pasteurized septage and downstream waste from the cooling tanks  118 , 119  and hydrated lime from the lime slurry tank are pumped into filter press feed tanks  124 ,  125 ,  126  where they are mixed together by the agitators  104 . Additionally, calcium carbonate precipitate collected from the downstream neutralization/precipitation process is also added to filter press feed tanks  124 ,  125 ,  126 . Hydrated lime is added to the pasteurized septage at a rate of up to 40% of the dry solids weight of the pasteurized septage and downstream waste. The addition of the hydrated lime causes the pH of the mixture to rise to at least 12. The controlling factors determining the amount of lime addition are the formation of a high solids content filter cake in the filter presses and the resulting pH of the filter cake. Sufficient lime is added to ensure the formation of a high solids content filter cake and that the pH of the filter cake will maintain, without the addition of more alkali, at least 12 for two hours and at least 11.5 for an additional 22 hours. The preceding parameters for filter cake pH and time are in accordance with regulatory requirements.  
         [0042]    Filter press feed tanks  124 ,  125 ,  126  are sized to hold a batch of approximately 10,000 gallons of cooling tank contents and lime slurry and have adequate free board, 2 feet. The filter press feed tanks  124 ,  125 ,  126  in this illustrative embodiment each have a total capacity of approximately 11,838 gallons. The agitators  104  within the filter press feed tanks  124 ,  125 ,  126  prevent suspended solids from settling to the bottom of the tanks and ensure adequate and consistent septage-lime mixing. Each filter press feed tank  124 ,  125 ,  126  also has a pH probe, level probe and level sensor to control the process. Cooling tank contents, lime slurry and calcium carbonate precipitate are pumped into the filter press feed tanks  124 ,  125 ,  126  and mixed for approximately 45 minutes prior to being fed into a filter press.  
         [0043]    The septage, lime slurry and calcium carbonate precipitate mixture is fed into filter presses via a first air diaphragm pump  128 , a second air diaphragm pump  129 , a third air diaphragm pump  130  and a fourth air diaphragm pump  131 . Other types of pumps known within the art may be used. These diaphragm pumps  128 ,  129 ,  130 ,  131  have a capacity of approximately 500 gpm and transfer the lime septage mixture into a first filter press  132 , a second filter press  133 , and a third filter press  134 . The lime septage mixture contains an elevated pH causing the filter cake (sludge) dropped from the filter presses to have a reduced potential to attract vectors (rodents, birds, insects, and other organisms that can transport pathogens).  
         [0044]    The filter presses  132 ,  133 ,  134  are low pressure (100 psig) filter presses that separate the solid and liquid fractions of the waste stream. The filter presses  132 ,  133 ,  134  have polypropylene recessed chamber plates with center feed and discharge through corner ports and have core blow down devices and plate shifters. Opening and closing of the plates is automatic and electro-hydraulically controlled. The filter presses  132 ,  133 ,  134  produce a filter cake with a solids content of approximately 40 to 50 percent. Other filter presses that are known within the art may be used.  
         [0045]    Liquid passing through the filter presses will have a pH of at least 12 and be saturated with calcium from the lime addition. The pH of the filter liquid must be lowered and the majority of the calcium must be removed prior to introduction into downstream biological processes.  
         [0046]    The liquid recovered form the filter presses is transferred to a first equalization tank  135  where it is held prior to transfer via a submersible pump  167  to a neutralization precipitation tank  136 . The first equalization tank  135  prevents surges of filter press liquid from affecting the downstream treatment process. The pH of the pressed liquid will be reduced to approximately 8 in the neutralization precipitation tank  136  by the injection of carbon dioxide CO 2 . When CO 2  is dissolved in the recovered filter press liquid three species are formed: carbonic acid, bicarbonate and carbonate. Free hydrogen ions are produced which react with the hydroxides lowering the pH. The amount of carbon dioxide needed to lower the pH of the recovered filter press liquid is based on phenolphthalein (P) and methyl orange (M) alkalinity. Carbon dioxide requirements will be approximately 17 lbs of CO 2  per 1000 gallons of filtrate to be neutralized. As the pH of the liquid is lowered, insoluble calcium carbonate is formed and precipitates out of solution.  
         [0047]    The calcium carbonate precipitate falls to the bottom of the neutralization precipitation tank  136  where a scrapper  137  aids in the gathering of the precipitate for transfer via a precipitation pump  138  upstream to the filter press feed tanks  123 ,  124  for removal from the liquid stream in the filter presses  132 ,  133 ,  134 .  
         [0048]    Neutralized filter press liquid flows into a first equalization tank  139  and a second equalization tank  140 . The equalization tanks  139 ,  140  allow for retention of the neutralized filter press liquid and balancing of downstream treatment processes with upstream treatment processes. As the treatment processes upstream of equalization tanks  139 ,  140  operate during a 12-hour workday and the biological and other downstream processes are designed to treat the same volume of liquid over a 24-hour period, a minimum of 12 hours retention time must be provided. Equalization tanks  139 ,  140  provide 88,000 gallons or approximately 16 hours of retention time.  
         [0049]    The retained liquid within the equalization tanks  139 ,  140  is pumped via submersible pumps  155  to a first biological treatment reactor  141  and a second biological treatment reactor  142 . Each biological treatment reactor  141 ,  142  is comprised of two aerobic tanks  143  and two anaerobic tanks  144  as shown in FIG. 3. Fixed film (Attached Growth) biological processes are used to achieve BOD reduction, nitrification and denitrification. Suspended Growth or other biological treatment processes known in the art may be employed. The biological treatment processes according to the invention employ carrier elements that move along with the water in the biological treatment reactors  141 ,  142  to support the growth of microbial populations. The biofilm carrier elements are made of high-density polyethylene, have high biofilm surface area and a specific gravity of approximately 0.96. Stainless steel screens keep the biofilm carrier elements within the biological treatment reactor  141 ,  142 . The biological treatment reactors  141 ,  142  operate continuously, are non-clogging, need no backwashing, and have low head loss. Circulation within biological treatment reactors  141 ,  142  is produced by coarse-bubble aeration systems in aeration zones  143  and mechanical mixers  146  in anaerobic zones  144 .  
         [0050]    The anaerobic tanks  144  have a 43.9% volumetric filling of carrier elements and the aerobic tanks  143  have a 49.8% volumetric filling. The tanks can be filled to 65% without a noticeable decrease in treatment performance. The anaerobic tanks  144  can be configured to denitrify up to 48% more nitrates and the aerobic tanks  143  can be configured to remove up to 30% more BOD or nitrify up to 30% more nitrogen. This increase in treatment capacity is achieved by adding additional carrier elements to each tank, up to 65% of the tank&#39;s volume, and increasing the airflow to each of the aerobic tanks  143  to compensate for the increase in organic and ammonia loads.  
         [0051]    BOD reduction is performed primarily in the first of the two aerobic tanks  143 . Carbon oxidizing bacteria consume and remove biodegradable matter, carbon, reducing the level of soluble BOD in the incoming liquid to 15 mg/l or lower. Enhancing and supporting biological activity, the level of dissolved oxygen within the aerobic tanks  143  is maintained at 4.0 mg/l by means of air blowers and an aeration grid at the bottom of the tanks. The aeration grid also ensures good circulation of the wastewater and carrier elements within the aerobic tanks  143 .  
         [0052]    At soluble BOD concentrations of 15 mg/l or less in the second aerobic tank  143 , nitrification takes place. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria are predominant and convert ammonia-nitrogen to nitrate-nitrogen. As nitrification is an aerobic process, the level of dissolved oxygen in the tank  143  is also maintained at 4.0 mg/l by means of air blowers and an aeration grid. And as in the first aerobic tank  143 , the aeration grid also ensures good circulation of the wastewater and carrier elements within the tank.  
         [0053]    The nitrification process reduces alkalinity when converting ammonia to nitrate and if the wastewater does not have enough alkalinity available for the nitrification of the ammonia pH would start to decrease. The process liquid at this stage has sufficient alkalinity in the form of calcium bicarbonate and sufficient pH, 8, to offset the reduction in alkalinity.  
         [0054]    Denitrification occurs in the anaerobic tanks  144 . Bacteria reduce nitrate- and nitrite-nitrogen to nitrogen gas. To optimize the process, the pH must be controlled in the range of 7.0 to 7.6, sufficient biologically degradable organic material to sustain bacterial growth must be provided, and the environment must be without free oxygen.  
         [0055]    After measuring and allowing for pH reduction within the nitrification process, pH in the anaerobic tanks  144  is maintained within the desired range by regulating the pH of the liquid exiting the neutralization precipitation tanks.  
         [0056]    Sufficient biologically degradable organic material to sustain bacterial growth is contained in the liquid arriving from the equalization tanks  139 ,  140 . Liquid arriving from the equalization tanks  139 ,  140  enters the biological treatment process through the anaerobic tanks  144 . Therefore, bacteria in the anaerobic tanks  144  have access to biologically degradable material before it is removed in the aerobic tanks  143 . No air is supplied to the anaerobic tanks  144 . Mixers are provided within the anaerobic tanks  144  to ensure good circulation of the wastewater and carrier elements within the tanks.  
         [0057]    Turning to FIG. 3, wastewater is recycled within the biological treatment reactors  141 ,  142  from the second aerobic tank  143 , nitrification tank, to the anaerobic tanks  144 , denitrification tanks, by means of submersible pumps  145 . The amount of recycled wastewater is determined by the amount of nitrite- and nitrate-nitrogen requiring denitrification which fluctuates with a number of factors such as; effluent criteria, the amount of ammonia-nitrogen introduced into the biological treatment process, the amount of ammonia-nitrogen consumed in BOD reduction and the amount of ammonia-nitrogen which has been nitrified. Through the use of the submersible pumps and regulating flow valves, the amount of recycle can quickly and easily be regulated to meet fluctuations within the biological treatment process.  
         [0058]    The waste stream exiting the biological treatment process contains undesirable components produced by the biological treatment processes which are removed by clarifying the waste stream. Sludge and scum from the biological treatment processes are collected and removed from the liquid waste stream in a first clarifier  148  and a second clarifier  149 . Removed sludge and scum is pumped back to the cooling tanks  118 ,  119  for ultimate removal in the filter presses  132 ,  133 ,  134 .  
         [0059]    The clarifiers  148 ,  149  are circular with a rotating arm skimmer, scum box, rotating sludge collector, and sloped bottom. The clarifiers  148 ,  149  are capable of adjustable, timed sludge and scum pumping.  
         [0060]    The clarified liquid waste stream is pumped via a submersible pump  151  through a sand filter system  150 . The submersible pump  151  has a pumping capacity of approximately 90 gpm. The sand filter system  150  is a fully automatic, skid mounted, three-cell pressure system. Using filtered wastewater from the other two cells, the sand filter system  150  backwashes each of the three media beds sequentially. The system allows wastewater filtration to continue during backwash cycles. The system has approximately 14.7 ft 2  of filter media area. The sand filter back wash is pumped to the cooling tanks  118 ,  119  for ultimate removal in the filter presses  132 ,  133 ,  134 . It is contemplated within the scope of this invention that other methods known in the art, such as membrane filtration, may be used.  
         [0061]    The sand filtered waste stream is than treated by an UV disinfection system  152  to kill live biological organisms from the aerobic  143  and anaerobic  144  treatment processes which pass through the clarifiers  148 ,  149  and sand filter system  150 . UV disinfection aids in the control of injection well fouling due to bacterial clogging. The UV disinfected water is used within the inventive process for lime slurry water, boiler makeup water and septage screenings wash water. Other methods of disinfection known within the art, such as chlorination, may be used. The remaining water in excess of internal process requirements is discharged to the environment. The inventive process embodies the use of injection wells to return the processed water to the environment. However, other methods known in the art, such as discharge to open sand beds, surface waters or sewer systems, may be used.  
         [0062]    While the invention has been described in connection with a specific illustrative embodiment thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications and this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or alterations of the invention. In general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and as may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth and as follows in the scope of the appended claims.  
         [0063]    Various other changes, omissions and additions in the form and detail of the present invention may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, the above description should not be construed as limiting, but merely as exemplification of the various embodiments.