Abstract:
An apparatus is described comprising: a decode unit which receives an encoded interlaced video signal including encoded interframe motion compensation data, and responsively transmits a decoded interlaced video signal and associated interframe motion compensation data; and a de-interlace unit which converts the interlaced video signal to a progressive video signal, and which, responsive to the interframe motion compensation data, selects a region of the interlaced video signal for a different type of conversion, the selection based on the change in position of the region between successive video frames.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates generally to the field of video conversion systems. More particularly, the invention relates to a system and method in which interframe motion compensation data generated during video image compression is used for performing interlaced-to-progressive video image conversion. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Various types of video monitors reproduce images in an “interlaced” format (e.g., television monitors). A portion of an interlaced video monitor  140  is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . As shown, the image scanned onto the monitor  140  may be separated into a plurality of even rows of pixels  150 ,  152 ,  154 , etc., separated by an equal number of odd rows of pixels  151 ,  153 ,  155 , etc. An electron scanning beam or other scanning apparatus (not shown) first scans all of the odd rows of pixels  151 ,  153 ,  155 , etc., of the image in succession and—after the last odd row has been scanned—scans all of the even rows  150 ,  152 ,  154 , etc. The scanning rate (i.e., the number of times even/odd row pairs are scanned in a second) for a standard television image is 30 Hz in the United States and 25 Hz in Europe. 
     An interlaced data stream  130 , which the scanning apparatus reads to generate the interlaced video image  140 , may be separated into sequential groups of odd  110  and even  120  video data. In  FIG. 1 , odd video data group  110  and even video data group  120  within the data stream  130  comprise all of the information needed by the scanning apparatus to scan an entire video “frame” (a single image within the series of images that comprise the interlaced video). 
     The scanning apparatus in a non-interlaced or “progressive” video monitor does not scan odd lines followed by even lines as does the scanning apparatus of an interlaced monitor. Rather, in a progressive monitor, the scanning apparatus simply scans each row in succession (e.g., row 1, row 2, row 3, etc.) to reproduce each video frame. 
     Sometimes an interlaced video data stream must be converted so that it can be displayed on a progressive video monitor. This is accomplished using a scan converter  240  such as the one illustrated in  FIG. 2 . For the purpose of illustration, the odd data group  110  and even data group  120  of data stream  130  have been further broken down into individual rows of video data (e.g., odd rows  211 ,  212  and even rows  221 ,  222 ). The scan converter  240  shuffles the data rows as illustrated so that new progressive data stream  230  includes data for reproducing the image by scanning the rows of pixels sequentially (i.e., odd row  211  followed by even row  221 , followed by odd row  212  . . . etc). 
     One problem which occurs when converting an interlaced image to a progressive image is that image distortion or banding may occur. This problem is particularly noticeable when low resolution interlaced image is scaled up and converted to a higher resolution progressive image and/or when the elements which comprise the interlaced image are in motion (i.e., change position from one video frame to another). 
     For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 3  a football  310  which comprises an element within an interlaced image may be moving at a relatively high rate across the interlaced video monitor  350  (in this case, in a horizontal, rightward direction). When the scan converter  240  converts the interlaced data  130  to progressive data  230 , the reproduction of the football  310  on the progressive monitor  360  may show leftward image banding  320  and rightward image banding  321  (i.e., banding parallel to the motion of the element). This is because when the interlaced video data was originally generated the odd lines were scanned first (e.g., in the first 1/60 of a second), and then the even lines were scanned (e.g., in the second 1/60 of a second). Accordingly, for elements in motion such as football  310 , the odd-row portion of the image  320  and the even-row portion of the image  321  may be spatially separated by the distance the football  310  traveled in 1/60 of a second. 
     Numerous image correction techniques have been developed to solve the foregoing problem (e.g., “line doubling” or other image data extrapolation mechanisms). All of these prior techniques, however, require a substantial amount of processing power and memory overhead to cure the foregoing image banding problem. For example, in order to extrapolate a corrected image from two separate groups of image data (i.e., the even and odd image rows described above), the two groups of data must be concurrently stored in memory and analyzed in a relatively short period of time (e.g., before the next sequential frame is to be displayed). Accordingly such systems typically require complex, relatively expensive video processors and a great deal of fast access memory to store the successive frames to be analyzed. 
     In addition, such systems introduce a multi-frame delay in processing the video since multiple successive frames must be stored and analyzed before the first frame in the sequence can be displayed. This delay becomes more of a significant issue in audiovisual configurations which have separate audio and video systems (e.g., home theaters, video conferencing systems . . . etc). In such configurations, the multi-frame video delay may cause the video and audio to become unsynchronized (i.e., by an amount equal to the multi-frame delay). Although resynchronization is possible by adding a delay in the audio equal to the multi-frame delay, it requires audio hardware complex enough to include a delay feature and capable of precise calibration (e.g., calibration may need to be on the order of 1/10 th  of a second or better to precisely synchronize lip motion in the video with speech). 
     Accordingly, what is needed is a system and method for converting between interlaced and progressive data which does not require the same processing and memory overhead needed in prior image correction systems. What is also needed is a system and method which will use preexisting data generated when the video is encoded, such as the interframe motion compensation data generated under the Motion Picture Experts Group (hereinafter “MPEG”) compression algorithms (e.g., MPEG-1, MPEG-2 . . . etc). What is also needed is a system and method which does not introduce a real-time delay when performing interlaced to progressive conversion. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An apparatus is described comprising: a decode unit which receives an encoded interlaced video signal including encoded interframe motion compensation data, and responsively transmits a decoded interlaced video signal and associated interframe motion compensation data; and a de-interlace unit which converts the interlaced video signal to a progressive video signal, and which, responsive to the interframe motion compensation data, selects a region of the interlaced video signal for a different type of conversion, the selection based on the change in position of the region between successive video frames. 
     Also described is a method comprising the steps of: receiving an encoded interlaced video signal including encoded interframe motion compensation data, the interlaced video signal comprised of data for generating an interlaced video image, and the encoded interframe motion compensation data identifying a region of the interlaced video image; separating the interframe motion compensation data from the interlaced video signal; de-interlacing the region of the interlaced video image using a first de-interlace technique; and de-interlacing the remaining portions of the interlaced video image using a second de-interlace technique. 
     Also described is a method for converting an encoded video signal comprising the steps of: determining a source video data type encoded in the encoded video signal; determining whether the source video data type is one for which interframe motion data may be used for conversion; selecting a particular frame rate conversion ratio if the source video data type may be converted without use of the interframe motion compensation data; and using the frame rate conversion ratio to convert each frame of the source video data type to one or more frames of a destination video data type. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A better understanding of the present invention can be obtained from the following detailed description in conjunction with the following drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an interlaced video data stream and the corresponding even and odd rows of a video monitor. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a scan converter for converting between interlaced and progressive video data. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates the effects of image banding when an interlaced image is converted to a progressive image. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates one embodiment of a system in which interframe motion compensation data is used by a de-interlace unit in one embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates the general type of interframe data encoded into a video data stream in one embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a method implemented in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a frame rate conversion system and method implemented in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates one embodiment of a system in which an interlacer is used to produce an interlaced video output signal. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without some of these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring the underlying principles of the invention. 
     Embodiments of the present invention includes various steps, which will be described below. The steps may be embodied in machine-executable instructions. The instructions can be used to cause a general-purpose or special-purpose processor which is programmed with the instructions to perform certain steps. Alternatively, these steps may be performed by specific hardware components (e.g., silicon chips) that contain hardwired logic for performing the steps, or by any combination of programmed computer components and custom hardware components. 
     Elements of the present invention may be provided as a computer program product which may include a machine-readable medium having stored thereon instructions which may be used to program a computer (or other electronic device) to perform a process. The machine-readable medium may include, but is not limited to, floppy diskettes, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magneto-optical disks, ROMs, RAMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnet or optical cards, or other type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions. Moreover, the present invention may also be downloaded as a computer program product, wherein the program may be transferred from a remote computer (e.g., a server) to a requesting computer (e.g., a client) by way of data signals embodied in a carrier wave or other propagation medium via a communication link (e.g., a modem or network connection). 
     One Embodiment of a System and Method for Performing Interlaced-to-Progressive Conversion Using Interframe Motion Data 
     The video data  410  in one embodiment of the system is encoded using a “Motion Picture Experts Group” video compression algorithm such as MPEG-1 or MPEG-2. The MPEG-2 format is currently used for encoding video on Digital Video Disks (hereinafter “DVDs”), and for encoding video transmissions by digital cable and satellite broadcast companies. 
     Compression algorithms such as MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 significantly reduce the bandwidth and storage capacity requirements for a video signal. For example, MPEG-2 is capable of compressing a standard 124 M-bit/second video bit rate down to about 3-15 M-bit/second. This level of compression is accomplished by removing redundant information from the video signal at the encoder prior to transmission, and re-inserting it at the decoder. 
     One compression technique employed by the MPEG codec is known as motion-compensated inter-frame prediction. This technique exploits temporal redundancy by attempting to predict the frame to be coded from a previous frame (i.e., the previous frame is used as a “reference” frame for the current frame). More specifically, this technique stores vector data which describes the motion of one or more regions of the video image. For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the motion compensation data encoded in the MPEG data stream describes the horizontal motion of football  310 . 
     One embodiment of a system for performing interlaced-to-progressive image conversion using interframe motion compensation data is illustrated in  FIG. 4 . In this embodiment, a decoder unit  420 , a de-interlace unit  430 , and a scaler unit  440  all reside on the same processor chip  460 . It should be noted, however, that various multi-chip configurations may be implemented without departing from the underlying principles of the invention. 
     The decoder  420  in this embodiment decodes a stream of interlaced video data and transmits the decoded video data to the de-interlace unit  430 . In one specific embodiment, the decoder  420  is an MPEG-2 decoder and the encoded video data is MPEG-2 data. However, it should be noted that the present system and method may be implemented using any video compression technique which includes interframe motion compensation data as part of its encoding algorithm. 
     The de-interlace unit  430  of one embodiment uses the decoded interframe motion compensation data to determine which image regions are moving and which are not. Those images that are moving faster than a predetermined threshold rate are selected by the de-interlace unit for a different type of interlaced-to-progressive image correction. For example, in one embodiment of the system and method, if the spatial difference between successive frames of a particular image region (e.g., the football  310 ) is significant enough, then the de-interlacer will reconstruct the region using only one group of interlaced row data (e.g., either the even row data or the odd row data, but not both). When only one group of interlaced data is used in this manner, the de-interlacer may interpolate to fill in the missing data rows. 
     By using pre-encoded motion compensation data in this manner, the present invention solves the problem of banding associated with interlaced-to-progressive conversion without the need for complex extrapolation techniques and/or high-powered microprocessors, and/or expensive high-speed memory systems to store the multiple frames to be analyzed. Essentially, rather than doing the motion analysis in the de-interlace unit  430 , as is done in prior art de-interlacers, the de-interlace unit  430  utilizes the motion analysis that was done when the video signal was compressed. 
     The de-interlace unit  430  transmits the converted progressive image data to a scaler unit  440 , which either increases or decreases the size of the image. For example, in one embodiment of the system and method, the encoded video data  410  read by the decoder unit  420  is at a standard television resolution of 480i (i.e., an interlaced format with 480 lines), a 480p signal (i.e. a progressive format with 480 lines) is produced by the de-interlace unit  430 , and the image output by the scaler unit  440  is at a High Definition Television (“HDTV”) standard such as 720p (i.e., a progressive format with 720 lines). 
     In another embodiment of the system and method, the encoded video data  410  read by the decoder unit  420  is at a High Definition television resolution of 1080i (i.e., an interlaced format with 1080 lines), a 1080p signal (i.e. a progressive format with 1080 lines) is produced by the de-interlace unit  430 , and the image output by the scaler unit  440  is at a standard definition standard such as 480p (i.e., a progressive format with 480p lines). 
     In another embodiment of the system and method, shown in  FIG. 8 , an interlacer unit  860  is added as an output option, making it possible to output an interlaced format signal, as required by a particular application or display device. The interlace unit  860  converts the progressive signal output by scaler unit  840  to an interlaced signal. Unlike interlaced-to-progressive conversion, which can result in image artifacts without special processing, progressive-to-interlace conversion is quite straightforward, and is well-known in the art. Since all lines, odd and even, are available in each progressive frame output by scaler unit  840 , it is simply a matter of outputting the odd lines during the odd field of the output interlaced signal, and the even lines during the even field. 
     In this embodiment of the system and method, it is possible to convert one interlaced format to another without the motion artifacts normally associated with interlace-to-interlace conversion. For example, a decoded 480i standard definition TV signal is input to de-interlace unit  830 , which produces a 480p signal. The scaler unit  840  scales the 480p signal and produces a 1080p signal. Then, the interlacer unit  860  interlaces the 1080p signal and produces a 1080i signal, and a 1080i signal is then output to the output display device. Since the units  810  through  850  operate precisely the same as units  410  through  450  from  FIG. 4 , as previously described herein, the 480i input signal is converted to a 1080p signal without motion artifacts, and since interlacer  860  converts progressive to interlace (using prior art techniques), the resulting 480i to 1080i conversion is accomplished without motion artifacts. 
     In yet another embodiment of the system and method, a 1080i signal is converted to 480i. For example, a decoded 1080i standard definition TV signal is input to de-interlace unit  830 , which produces a 1080p signal. The scaler unit  840  scales the 1080p signal and produces a 480p signal. Then, the interlacer unit  860  interlaces the 480p signal and produces a 480i signal, and a 480i signal is then output to the output display device. Since the units  810  through  850  operate precisely the same as units  410  through  450  from  FIG. 4 , as previously described herein, the 1080i input signal is converted to a 1080p signal without motion artifacts, and since interlacer  860  converts progressive to interlace (using prior art techniques), the resulting 480i to 1080i conversion is accomplished without motion artifacts. 
     In one embodiment of the system and method, the MPEG-2 video stream is initially analyzed to determine if the type of source data is encoded in the stream. This is illustrated at step  610  in the flowchart of  FIG. 6 . Many digital transmission schemes such as satellite, digital cable, digital broadcast, digital video disk and digital video tape provide this type of identification information as part of the transmitted MPEG-2 stream. 
     Once the encoded source data has been identified, a particular type of conversion is selected. Different conversion techniques will be applied depending on the underlying encoded signal. For example, if it is determined that the underlying signal is a standard television or video signal (at  620 ) then the type of interlaced-to-progressive conversion described above may be performed (i.e., using interframe motion data). If, however, the source data is a standard 16 mm movie signal, then a different type of conversion may be applied. 
     One particular type of conversion is illustrated in  FIG. 7 . For the purpose of illustration the frame rate for the source data selected in  FIG. 7  is the frame rate for a standard 16 mm movie: 24 frames/second. The first step in the conversion process is to determine the conversion ratio that will be applied (at step  630 ). The conversion ratio is based on the frame rate of the source signal and the destination signal. For example, as illustrated, if the converted signal  720  requires a frame rate of 48 frames/second, then there is a 48:24 or a 2:1 conversion ratio. As such, every frame in the 24 frame/second signal will be converted to two frames in the 48 frame/second signal  720 . 
     Similarly, if the converted signal requires a frame rate of 60 frames/second, then a 24:60 or 2:5 conversion ration will be applied. This means that every two frames of the source signal will be used to generate five frames of the destination signal. Thus, frame  1  from signal  710  will be converted to three frames of signal  730 ; frame  2  of signal  710  will be converted to two frames of signal  730 , . . . and so on. 
     Accordingly, by determining the type of source signal encoded in the MPEG-2 stream before converting, the processor and memory requirements for performing the conversion are significantly reduced. If the signal is one which requires interpolation, then the interframe motion data encoded in the underlying MPEG-2 stream will be used to perform the conversion (as set forth in detail above). If, however, the conversion does not require this type of processing, then alternative conversion techniques may be applied (e.g., frame rate conversion techniques such as those set forth in  FIGS. 6 and 7 ). 
     Throughout the foregoing description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details were set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present system and method. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the system and method may be practiced without some of these specific details. Accordingly, the scope and spirit of the invention should be judged in terms of the claims which follow.