Abstract:
The invention is directed to network management systems and methods that provide substantially real-time network management and control capabilities of multimedia streaming traffic in telecommunications networks. The invention provides pre-emptive and autonomous network management and control capabilities, and may include shared intelligence of embedded systems—Heterogeneous Sensor Entities (HSE) and the Sensor Service Management (SSM) system. HSEs are distributed real-time embedded systems provisioned in various network elements. HSEs performs fault, configuration, accounting, performance and security network management functions in real-time; and real-time network management control activations and removals. SSM facilitates automated decision making, rapid deployment of HSEs and real-time provisioning of network management and control services. The service communication framework amongst various HSEs and the SSM is provided by the Heterogeneous Service Creation system. The proposed network management procedure provides real-time network management and control capabilities of multimedia traffic in wireless networks and clusters of independent networks respectively.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/186,655, filed Jun. 12, 2009, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to network management procedures, and particularly to a real-time network management and control system for multimedia streaming traffic in telecommunications networks, such as 4G wireless networks. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Current network management procedures are concerned primarily with monitoring aspects, which do not provide real-time control capabilities. Network management involves a set of activities and techniques that are required to plan, design, control, maintain and grow a network infrastructure and its associated services. These activities include monitoring the network and the ability to take prompt action to efficiently maintain the service-level objectives and to control the flow of traffic when necessary. The OSI reference model classifies network management functions into five functional areas: fault management, configuration management, accounting management, performance management, and security management. These functions are collectively referred to as “FCAPS”. Network management activities also include detection, identification, investigation and resolution of faulty network elements and transmission facilities. In the 3G wireless networks and prior telecommunications environment, network monitoring is accomplished by logically connecting the network elements to remote Element Management Systems, which are under the control of one or more Network Management Systems (NMS). The NMS is collocated with various Operations Support Systems in a Network Operations Center (NOC). Effective network management depends on the coordination of controls across the various Element Management Systems. These controls may include schedule changes, provisioning, fault and configuration management modifications. In today&#39;s environment, control coordinations are handled by NOC engineers/operators through manual procedures, which present a number of setbacks for the complex and heterogeneous real-time multimedia traffic in 4G wireless networks. The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) framework is the dominant industry standard. The SNMP framework consists of three key elements: The standard Management Information Base (MIB), The Structure of Management Information (SMI), and The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). Despite its popularity, the SNMP framework has a number of disadvantages. The SNMP framework assumes a static managed object. Every data item must be carefully pre-defined, including its type, size and access restrictions before it can be used in the MIB. 
     With the complexity of real-time multimedia traffic streams across different bandwidths of wireless and wired networks, it would require tremendous time, effort and patience to accurately pre-define the wide variety of managed objects for real-time multimedia traffic in the wireless and wired networks, such as 4G networks. Moreover, modeling the characteristics of real-time multimedia traffic as static objects may lead to inaccurate representations. To retrieve SNMP data items (i.e., discrete values), the manager must periodically obtain/poll all the discrete values associated with the object(s); the manager stores the values, and determines whether the retrieved values are of interest then constructs complimentary information, which identifies implementation of appropriate network management functions. The lack of direct filtering mechanism makes real-time network management process cumbersome. The periodic polling of SNMP discrete values for multimedia traffic over a WAN connection consumes a lot of bandwidth, which may contribute to network traffic congestion due to the large volumes of diverse data items (i.e., attributes) associated with real-time multimedia traffic managed objects. The length of the pooling period, accompanied by the data analysis of the discrete values and subsequent information construction phases introduce latency, which is undesirable for real-time video communications. 
     Second-generation (2G and 2.5G) wireless systems, such as CDMA, GSM and IS-95 were designed primarily to transport speech and low-bit rate data in non real-time. A service provider&#39;s 2G or 2.5G wireless network is primarily homogeneous, and therefore easily managed by employing standards defined by the International Telecommunications Union for network management, such as Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP), Telecommunications Management Network (TMN) protocol. 
     The Third-generation (3-G) wireless networks support higher bit rate data, along with convergence of speech and data traffic. The 3-G systems including CDMA2000, UMTS, GPRS and WiMax were developed independently to target different service types and high bit-rate data services. The 3-G network management paradigm procedure is non-integrated. The International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) provides a family of standards for the telecommunications services. However, the SNMP is widely used for data services. 
     The Fourth-generation (4-G) wireless network paradigm, on the other hand, is designed to provide higher-bit rates for real-time video, voice and data traffic, which may traverse multiple wireless network technologies with different quality of network element technologies (reliability—Fault, Configuration), billing methods (Accounting), quality of service (QoS) levels (Performance) and Security policies. Hence A 4-G mobile user may concurrently connect to different QoS wireless networks with the expectations of higher-bit rates for real-time video, voice and data streams. Effective real-time network management methodology is therefore necessary in order to maintain higher-bit rates for real-time traffic. More particularly, it would be desirable that in the 4G wireless networks:
         Equipment failures should be minimized and the potential impact of Faulty equipment resolved in real-time   The design of universal end-user terminals (and wireless network elements) to operate in different wireless networks imposes a new level of complexity (e.g., size, power consumption, operating systems) for a 4-G device Configuration. Configuration failures should therefore be resolved in real-time   Multiple operators may have different billing/Accounting systems. A mobile 4-G end-user&#39;s accounting information may be collected and managed from multiple wireless service providers. The end-user Accounting information should be collected seamlessly from the originating, transit and terminating nodes in various networks in real-time in order to provide detailed and accurate billing information to the 4-G mobile end-user   Degradation of end-to-end QoS for multimedia services that span multiple networks, IP and non-IP based systems should be detected and corrected in order to provide acceptable Performance levels in real-time   Different wireless networks may have varying levels of security. Hence to maintain uniform security across the originating, transit and terminating networks, it would be desirable to provide real-time Security across the impacted networks       

     Today&#39;s network management procedures are reactive. To effectively manage real-time multimedia traffic in wireless networks, namely 4G wireless networks, there needs to be a paradigm shift from a reactive approach to a distributed, fully integrated, pre-emptive real-time network management and real-time control framework. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is, therefore, an object of the invention to provide a network management system which can overcome the above problems. A novel network management procedure to facilitate real-time network management and real-time control capabilities of multimedia traffic in wireless networks, more particularly 4G wireless networks is proposed. The methodology provides pre-emptive network management and control capabilities. The methodology is based on the shared intelligence of distributed Heterogeneous Sensor Entities (HSE) and a Sensor Service Management (SSM) system. The HSEs are distributed real-time embedded systems provisioned in various network elements (nodes). The HSE performs fault, configuration, accounting, performance and security network management functions in real-time; and real-time network management control activations and removals in both wireless and wired network elements. The SSM system facilitates automated decision making, rapid deployment of Heterogeneous Sensor Entities and real-time provisioning of network management and control services. The service communication framework amongst various HSEs and the SSM is provided by the Heterogeneous Service Creation (HSC) system. The HSC creates the heterogeneous service elements for Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance and Security network management functions, and network management controls. The HSC, SSM and HSE framework provides an integrated view of real-time network management and control capabilities for wired and wireless networks, such as 4G wireless networks, and clusters of disparate (independent) networks. The independent networks include standalone wired voice networks, like Legacy, cellular networks, data networks, and/or cable networks, belonging to another domestic or international service provider, which provide a transit route for real-time multimedia streams originating from or terminating at a 4G wireless network for example. When a service provider utilizes clusters of physically independent networks to provide real-time multimedia services to its end-users, the voice, video and data traffic could be individually transported over a converged network, consisting of Public Switched Telephone Networks, cable networks, data networks and other possible networks. This invention provides real-time network management and control capabilities of multimedia traffic for both wireless networks and converged networks. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1(   a ) is a schematic illustration of a centralized network management (prior art); 
         FIG. 1(   b ) is a schematic illustration of network management functions (prior art); 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of FCAPS Service Version Management; 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic illustration of for real-time Multimedia Traffic Network Management System framework; 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic illustration of network management service creation model; 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic illustration of an integrated network management architecture; 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic illustration of a heterogeneous sensor entity; 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic illustration of a context diagram for an integrated network management framework logical partitioning of a network infrastructure; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates real-time network management functions and control capabilities as continuous streams of service elements; 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic illustration of a real-time network management and control of a cluster; 
         FIG. 10  is a schematic illustration of an embedded heterogeneous sensor entity automatically senses congestion within its node; 
         FIG. 11  is schematic illustration of analysis of real-time multimedia network traffic management and control operations; 
         FIG. 12  is a schematic illustration of real-time Multimedia Network Traffic Management system framework for 4G wireless broadband networks as an example; 
         FIG. 13  is a schematic illustration of a second embodiment of a heterogeneous sensor entity; 
         FIG. 14  is a schematic illustration of Sensor Service Management System; 
         FIG. 15  is a schematic illustration of real-time Multimedia Network Traffic Management system framework for 4G wireless networks and converged heterogeneous networks as examples; 
         FIG. 16  is a table of terms and definitions for the different states and state transitions for FCAPS service instances; and 
         FIG. 17  is an illustration of various fields for a Bit Vector Analysis in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 18  illustrates diagnosis examples of the Bit Vectors of  FIG. 17 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Various features of selected embodiments of this invention will now be described with reference to the figures. The spirit and scope of the invention is not limited to the embodiments selected for illustration. Furthermore, the system may vary as to configuration and details of the parts, and that the method may vary as to the specific steps and sequence, without departing from the concepts as disclosed herein. 
     In order to clarify certain aspects of the embodiments disclosed hereafter, various terms used herein are defined. 
     An edge router—is a device that routes packets between a logical network and the core routers. 
     Core router—is a device that may route packets to an edge router and nodes within a network, the core router typically resides within the middle or backbone of the LAN. 
     Access router—A device used to connect remote sites. This router is required at both ends of the remote sites and provides the protocol conversion between the LANs over the WAN. 
     Active State—See  FIG. 16  Table 1.0 
     Cancel State—See  FIG. 16  Table 1.0 
     Conflict State—See  FIG. 16  Table 1.0 
     Failed State—See  FIG. 16  Table 1.0 
     In-valid State—See  FIG. 16  Table 1.0 
     Pending State—See  FIG. 16  Table 1.0 
     Valid State—See  FIG. 16  Table 1.0 
     The present invention relates to the aspects of network management system, such as real time network management, which may be applied in a range of networks, simple or complex. A basic element of a network typically includes hardware, software, and protocols. The interrelationship of these elements constitutes a network infrastructure. The network infrastructure is the topology in which nodes, any device connected to a network (e.g., computer, personal digital assistants (PDAs), cell phones, printer, or any device with an internet protocol address), of a local area network (LAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), wide area network (WAN) or an international gateway network as examples, are connected to each other. These connections involve network elements (i.e. routers such as edge, core and access routers, switches, bridges, PDAs, servers, modems and hubs) using cables (i.e. copper or fiber) or wireless technologies. If a network is thought of as a means of transport, the network protocols are the “traffic rules”. The network protocols define how devices in the network communicate. For example, network protocols include such specifications as the methods that can be used to control congestion in the network and how application programs will communicate and exchange data. Key areas in network management include network operations, security, and problem determination. Because businesses depend heavily on the availability of data processing systems, problems in the network must be addressed quickly. Some symptoms of a network that need to be addressed immediately might include error messages, unusual network traffic, load balancing, service degradation, slow response time, no system response or low throughput. One embodiment of the present invention relates the decreasing the response time for addressing these problems. The embodiment hereafter details how a real-time multimedia network traffic management and control system functions. 
     1. Real-Time Network Management and Control Infrastructure 
     With reference to  FIG. 3 , one embodiment of a system and apparatus for multimedia network traffic management and control according to an example of the invention (herein referred to as the “Model”)  100  may comprise a Heterogeneous Service Customization system (HSC)  200 , a Sensor Service Management System (SSM)  300 , and a Heterogeneous Sensor Entity (HSE)  400 . As used herein the term heterogeneous refers to comprising dissimilar elements or parts (e.g., a heterogeneous network, may comprise of routers including edge, core and access routers for example, computers with different operating systems, additional devices like cell phones, printers, or PDAs, all being interconnected within the same network). The Model  100  provides latency-free communication, and seamless reliable delivery of heterogeneous multimedia services amongst a wide variety of multi-access end user technologies and distributed services. In a functioning environment, the Model  100  may have a user who may access the SSM  300  via a graphical user interface (GUI). The GUI may communicate with the SSM  300  using a metropolitan area network (MAN), local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), or by any other means known to a person having ordinary skill in the art. Direct access to the SSM  300  is also possible, however accessing the SSM  300  via the MAN, LAN, WAN, or the like, improves performance of the Model  100 . Additionally, the user may have direct access to the HSC  200 , or access may be established using a MAN, LAN, WAN, or by any current or future technology and other means known to a person having ordinary skill in the art. 
     Additionally, the Model  100  may comprise a Service Creation Environment (SCE)  210 . The SCE  210  may provide the Model  100  with services ready for deployment or customization. If a service provided by the SCE  210  requires customization, the service may be communicated to the HSC  200  for customization. Communication between the SCE may be direct, or via a MAN, LAN, WAN, or any other means known to a person having ordinary skill in the art. As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the SSM  300  communicates with a packet core network, working with the HSE  400  in real-time. Each network in the packet core is independent from one another. For example, one packet core network may include a fixed broadband network, 3G and cellular wireless networks employing internet protocol multimedia system (IMS), as well as a broadband wireless 4G networks. In this example, each individual network includes at least one HSE  400  in its nodes. Each node communicates with the packet core network node, which may be managed by the SSM  300 . The SSM  300  may also communicate with a variety of core networks. These networks may include Internet Protocol (IP) core networks, Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing network, or any other network known to a person having ordinary skill in the art. However, for illustrative purposes a Packet Core network is provided in  FIG. 3 . With reference to  FIG. 7 , the Model  100  provides latency-free communication, and seamless reliable delivery of heterogeneous multimedia services by logically portioning networks into an Access Network Domain  710  that may facilitate multi-technology, multi-access and higher-speed bandwidth, and a Core Network Domain  720  that may facilitate convergence of higher throughput data and voice networking, multi-access network technologies, and heterogeneous protocols and services. As illustrated in  FIG. 8 , the HSC  210  creates a set of Heterogeneous real-time Network Management Service Applications for Fault  241 , Configuration  243 , Accounting  245 , Performance  247 , and Security  249  (collectively referred to as “FCAPS”) and Network Management Control  810 . For example, a security specialist uses the HSC to create a set of parameters for the Security  249  application for use in the Model  100 . The HSC  200  transforms the FCAPS service elements templates based on the managed device&#39;s type and surroundings. Managed devices may be any device (i.e. nodes, network elements, etc.) used within the model  100 . The HSC validates and builds the service executables. The service elements are installed on the SSM  300 , where the SSM  300  manages the state of each service element. The waves illustrated in  FIG. 8  are service waves which are not required to be uniform with one another. Additionally, the service waves demonstrate a continuous stream of network management, which is a departure from the traditional discrete network management procedure. For purposes of this figure, the wavelengths appear in similar size and frequency to show a system that is continuous and streaming in real-time. 
     For example, an HSE  400  used to emulate network security may use a service element template customized to emulate internet traffic and control for the device that HSE  400  is emulating. The SSM  300  may communicate with the HSE  400  using two mediums, the Access  710  and Core  720  Networks as the primary transport medium, and an Heterogeneous Sensor Network (HSN) as the secondary transport medium. The HSN is a packet network, designed to carry bit-mapped Vectors of network management information amongst HSE(s)  400 , and SSM  300 . Bit-mapped Vectors may be a bit sequence having Boolean values. Preferably, multimedia traffic is carried over the Access  710  and Core  720  Networks. HSN bit-mapped vectors may be carried over the Access  710  and Core  720  Networks depending on the multimedia traffic load-levels. Communication within the Model  100  may be established using wired technologies (i.e. copper, fiber, etc. . . . ) or wireless technologies (i.e. LTE, WiMax, wi-fi, GSM, CDMA, etc. . . . ) or any other means known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. The Model&#39;s  100  functionality is independent of the type of network connectivity. 
     With reference to  FIG. 2 , a description of the deployment of the FCAPS and Control services deploy in the Model  100 , and the states in which they exist in every sense of time is described. For illustrative purposes, the Fault Management System is used to show the deployment and states in which each service exists. Any of the FCAPS and Control management systems may be used within this description. For example, with reference to  FIG. 3 , when a user creates a service in the SCE  210 , this service is sent to the HSC  200 , which then validates the service. If valid, the HSC  200  assigns a state of valid. If invalid, the HSC  200  returns the service to the SCE  210 . If valid, the HSC  200  will send the service to the SSM  300  (see  FIG. 3 ), where the service resides and awaits deployment. The service resides in the FCAPS database  1415  (see  FIG. 14 ), which serves as a repository. When you have a service that is valid, it resides in the SSM  300 . From here the service goes to a pending state. Here a user may change the service or provision the service. To provision the service, the user may initiate a request to activate or reactivate a valid service instance. Here the service goes from valid to pending. The SSM  300  changes the status of the service. The change from a pending state to an active state is made based on one of the descriptions listed in  FIG. 16 . (See Table 1.0 for the list of Service Instance Status Interaction Descriptions.) Furthermore, with a Fault management service, the SSM  300  puts the valid state into an active state, and then looks to the sensor to see if a state already exists on the sensor. The SSM  300  will first try to retire the old state on the sensor, then bring the new state to valid and replace the retired state. Once the state is retired, the sensor may be absent a state, until the new state is provisioned. 
     2. Heterogeneous Service Customization (HSC) System 
     One function of Heterogeneous Service Customization (HSC) System  200  is to create a set of heterogeneous Network Management Service Applications for FCAPS and Traffic Control. With reference to  FIG. 4 , the HSC  200  architecture may be comprised of four layers, a Network Management Control Layer  220 , a Network Management Function Layer  240 , a Behavior Layer  260 , and an Attribute Layer  280 . The Network Management Control Layer  220  may provide extensions to the Open System Interconnection (OSI) network management reference model. The Network Management Control Layer  220  layer may specify the procedures for activating and removing network management controls used by the HSE  400 . The Network Management Control  220  allows the HSE  400  to alter the flow of traffic in the network in support of the network management&#39;s objectives. The Network Management Controls  220  may be mapped to individual states defined by a State Machine (SM), which defines and emulates the transition of pertinent operations for a given Network Element. Programmable Decision Graphs may be employed to activate and remove Network Management Controls  220 . Decision Graph is defined as a template of defined parameters. 
     The Network Management Function Layer  240  may be comprised of five distinct entities representing Fault Management  241 , Configuration Management  243 , Accounting Management  245 , Performance Management  247 , and Security Management  249 . Each continuous and streaming service entity may be defined based on a set of discrete states representing a set of conditions, and a set of events of the managed network element. Programmable decision graphs may be used to control the execution of the network management function  240  for each device. 
     The Behavior Layer  260  may represent the operations of the managed Network Element as a set of State Machines. This layer  260  provides a software abstraction of the network element&#39;s behavior. The Attribute Layer  280  may describe the characteristics of an HSE  400  and the managed node. For example, the Attribute Layer  280  may describe some characteristics such as the HSE  400  network domain ID, or Supervisory and Control parameters. 
     3. Sensor Service Management (SSM) System 
     One function of Sensor Service Management (SSM) System  300  may be to create heterogeneous service elements by customizing the HSC  200  service element templates, based on monitoring and control requirements of the HSE  400 . These requirements are derived from the HSE&#39;s  400  managed device types, device functions and its local surroundings. Additionally, the SSM  300  may partition the Access  710  and Core  720  networks into logical network clusters, which are groups of linked nodes, working together closely for improving performance and/or availability over what would be provided by a single node. Each cluster may be characterized by a graph representing a set of nodes, network elements and other managed device types. Also, the SSM  300  provisions executable code versions (service codes) of the service element templates to the appropriate HSE  400  applications in real-time. Executable codes are typically instructions for a node, in a form the node can directly use (i.e. execute). Communication between the SSM  300  and the HSE  400  is established using bit-mapped vectors for example. The provisioning dynamically incorporates the service codes into the HSE  400  applications. The SSM  300  may also receive audit or query requests from at least one Operation Support Systems (OSS)  390  to audit or query the status of remote managed nodes through the HSE  400 . Communication within the Model  100 , between the SSM  300  and the HSE  400  is in real-time. A second function of the SSM  300  may be to serve as a repository. For example, when you have a service in a Valid state, it resides in the SSM  300 . From this point, the Valid state goes to a Pending state. At this point a user may change the service or provision the Pending state service. To provision, the user may initiate a request to activate or reactivate a Valid state&#39;s service instance. The SSM  300  may then change the status. At this point the state goes from Valid to Pending. Later the state is changed from Pending to Active based on one of the possible criteria given in  FIG. 16  Table 1.0. An example of a change in states for fault management services is set forth. The SSM  300  puts the valid state into an active state, then looks to the sensor to see if a service already exists on a sensor. The SSM  300  will first try to retire the old state on the sensor by sending a message to the sensor. The SSM  300  will then try to bring the new state to valid and replace the retired state on the sensor. At the point where the state is successfully retired by the SSM  300 , the sensor may have no states until the new state is provisioned by the SSM  300 . If the SSM  300  fails to retire the active state, the SSM  300  will move the new state status from Pending to Fail. When the service is in a Fail state, a user may initiate a request to modify or restore a service state. A state may Fail for a number of reasons, for example, if a node is down, or if the network is down. Once a verification of the node, network or other reason causing the Fail state is restored, the SSM  300  will begin the process again from Valid to Pending, and moves forward until the state is Active. 
     In an example of the invention, there is provided a system and method operable in conjunction with real-time management of Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance, Security and Control for updating information items in elements of wireless and converged network nodes and in the Sensor Service Management System. An example method comprises the steps of: (a) a sensor service management system defining and maintaining a master or golden copy of the network configurations, sensor attributes and network elements; (b) the sensors determining which information items of said network elements are of a type which must change in real-time based on a pre-emptive diagnostics of network elements and network clusters; (c) the sensor systems generating instructions to the Service Management System and other sensors using bit mapped vectors to represent real-time status of network elements, network management types (FCAPS) and Control; and non-optimal components of network elements; (d) responsive to the instructions from a sensor, the recipient sensor performs real-time analysis and determines corrective actions to maintain optimal network operations and network services; (e) responsive to the instructions from the sensor system, the sensor service management system updates the master or golden copy of the network topology and network element attributes; and the sensor service management instructs operation support systems about the real-time status of the network and components of the network elements. The method may further comprise the step of: the sensor systems performing real-time control of heterogeneous streams of Fault, Configuration, Performance, Accounting, Security and Control services in wireless and converged network element nodes. Additionally, the method may further comprise the step of: the sensor service management system performing real-time provisioning of heterogeneous streams of Fault, Configuration, Performance, Accounting, Security and Control services in wireless and converged network element nodes. Yet further, the method may further comprise the step of: the service creation system and the sensor service management system performing service version management for Fault, Configuration, Performance, Accounting, Security and Control service instances. 
     With reference to  FIG. 5 , one embodiment of the SSM  300  architecture may comprise four components, a Network Management Service Creation Interface (NM-SCI)  320 , a Visual Interface  340 , a Host  360 , and a Network Element and Operation Support Systems Interface  380 . The NM-SCI  320  allows the FCAPS service and control templates to be installed on the SSM  300 . The Visual Interface  340  provides support for administrative and service customization. For example, types of Visual Interfaces  340  may be a web browser, graphical user interface (GUI), or any other interface known to a person having ordinary skill in the art. The interface  340  may be used by a security specialist to customize the security traffic control service elements to the requirements of the HSE  400 . Types of service customizations may include validation, verification, editing of decision graphs, specifications of attributes, exceptions, threshold values, administrative policies, and constraints. The service customizations may be stored on the SSM  300  and provisioned to an HSE  400 . 
     The Host  360  may comprise of subsystems including an HSE/CHSE Network Topology  361 , HSE/CHSE Network Management Controls  363 , and FCAPS Service Elements  365 . The HSE/CHSE Network Topology Subsystem  361  may partition the Access  710  and Core  720  network topology into logical clusters, and creates graph representations of each cluster. Each cluster comprises an HSE  400 . Each graph representation may be represented by a set of nodes within the cluster. The HSE/CHSE Network Topology Subsystem  361  may maintain a copy of the logical network topology. Additionally, the SSM  300  may configure an HSE  400  as a supervisory HSE  450 , in both the Access  710  and the Core  720  Network&#39;s clusters. The HSE/CHSE network management control subsystem  363  is the set of all executable network management controls defined for both the Access  710  and Core  720  network topologies. The HSE/CHSE Network Management Control Subsystem  363  may maintain the copy of all controls, which may include administrative policies provisioned to the HSE  400 . The FCAPS Service Element Subsystem  365  is the set of executable customized services defined for FCAPS. The FCAPS Service Element Subsystem  365  may maintain a copy provisioned to the HSE  400 . 
     The Network Element and Operations Support Systems Interface  380  may comprise a Service Provisioning Subsystem  381 , a View Management subsystem  383 , and an Audit-Query subsystem  385 . The Network Element and Operations Support Systems Interface  380  may facilitate real-time communications with the HSE  400 , and communications with an Operating Support Systems (OSS)  390 . The OSS  390  may be autonomous. The Service Provisioning Subsystem  381  may distribute service codes to the HSE  400  in real-time. The process of distribution may include the capability to insert service codes, delete existing service codes or modify components of service codes on the HSE  400 . The View Management Subsystem  383  may create and manage integrated views of an end-to-end network. The View  383  may provide snapshots of the health of the network elements and the network topology. The Audit-Query Subsystem  385  may manage schedule and real-time audits/queries of the HSE  400 . The Audit-Query  385  may be initiated by either the OSS  390  or end-users via the Visual Interface  340 . The OSS  390  computes the detailed network management analysis of the Access  710  and Core  720  network clusters. 
     With reference to  FIG. 14  is an alternate non-limiting embodiment of the SSM  300 . This embodiment of the SSM  300  may comprise three subsystems, a service manager subsystem (ServiceMS)  301 , a sensor manager subsystem (SensorMS), and a network element subsystem (NetworkES)  303 . The ServiceMS  301  may comprise a Fault manager, a configuration manager, an Accounting manager, a Performance manager, a Security manager (collectively referred to as “FCAPS”)  1410 , a FCAPS database  1415 , a Control manager  1420 , and a Controls database  1425 . Each manager in the FCAPS  1410  may manage its own services. Each manager  1410  in the FCAPS  1410  may modify its own services. Modify means to create a mapping of what services exist in a given node. Each manager  1410  knows the mapping of where each service or services is deployed. Similarly, the control manager  1420  has a mapping of what types of controls are deployed at each node. Typically only management services are performed in the ServiceMS  301 . For example, the states identified in  FIG. 16  Table 1.0 may be monitored in the ServiceMS  301 . The monitoring may provide the ServiceMS  301  with attributes of what service resides on what node, the type of node, and what the current state of the node may be. The SensorMS  302  may comprise a Sensor Manager  1430  and a Sensor database  1435 . The Sensor Manager  1430  may perform provisioning, auditing or sensor service management. The SensorMS  302  may take the service that resides on the SSM  300  and provision the services on different nodes. The sensor database  1435  has a database of all the sensor services and where it may reside. The sensor manager  1430  may also initiate an audit of the sensors to verify what state they are in (i.e. active state, valid state). For example, if a user wants to retire a service, the sensor manager  1430  will perform an audit to see if the service exists on a given sensor. Once the results are returned from the audit, additional steps are taken to implement a service. The NetworkES  303  may comprise a Sensor Network Manager ( 1440 ), a Sensor Network Topology Database  1445 , and an OSS Manager  1450 . The Sensor Network Topology Database  1445  may provide the NetworkES  303  with information on how network clusters are arranged. An additional illustration of a real-time network management of a cluster and the inner-workings of the NetworkES  303  is shown in  FIG. 9 . With reference to  FIG. 9 , the HSE  400  or Supervisory HSE  450  (not shown) controls the sensors. The HSE  400  may send bit patterns to the NetworkES  303  or the SSM  300 . This information may be stored in the Sensor Network Topology Database  1445  for a particular core network. The Sensor Database  1435  keeps at least two types of records. The current state and the previous state of the HSE  400 . The previous state deployed is located in the sensor database  1435  and may be time stamped as to when the data was collected. The SensorMS  302 , may provide a time stamped view of the core network to the OSS  390  or to the OSS manager  1450  who transmits the view to the OSS  390 . The OSS  390  may then analyze the results and displays graphical simulations of traffic in the core network. Also the ServiceMS  301  may provide a definition of HSE  400  in the core network topology to the OSS  390  or it may go through the OSS manager  1450 . Additionally, the OSS Manager  1450  may communicate with an OSS  390  via a GUI. It is possible to have a number of OSS  390  within the Model  100 . If different OSSs  390  are present, there may be different interfaces to different protocols supporting the different OSSs  390 . For example, when there is a query to determine what a network comprises, the sensor network topology database  1445  provides snapshots of each sensor attribute. These snapshots may reside within the sensor network topology database  1445 , or may be delivered as a result of various information contained within the sensor network topology database  1445 . The information from the sensor network topology database  1445  in then communicated to the OSS  390 , either directly or via the OSS manager  1450 , by pulling the information from the sensor network topology database  1445 , or pushing the information from the NetworkES  303 . 
     4. Heterogeneous Sensor Entity (HSE) 
     With reference to  FIG. 6 , an embodiment of a Heterogeneous Sensor Entity (HSE)  400 , which may be embedded in an environment, such as a computer network, nodes, or network elements (i.e. routers including edge routers, core and access routers for example, switches, servers, or multiplexers may be used with sound engineering judgment). The HSE  400  may be dependant or independent of the device&#39;s hardware component. The architecture of the HSE  400  may comprise two distinct layers, a Service &amp; API Platform (SAP)  410 , and a HSE runtime service environment (RTSE)  420  as illustrated in  FIG. 6 . Runtime environment is an environment which may provide support services for processes or programs on a node. The SAP  410  is a middleware that may be embedded in a host and residing in a given node. The SAP  410  may provide support to the RTSE  420 , and may provide access to the network protocols that already exists in the node. This support may include providing the RTSE  420  with privileged access to low-level host Operating System calls, utilization of the transport protocols and abstraction of the host hardware device. For example, when a system is running, there are specific functions that a user cannot be able to perform based on their level of access. The level of access not granted to a user is called a privilege access to the lower level protocols. Privilege access are functions that only a user labeled level 1 or level 0 can perform. 1 meaning you can perform a function, where 0 means you cannot perform a function. The 1 to perform or 0 not to perform a function may be reversed based on the desire of the programmer. The SAP  410  may provide the FCAPS and Control manager with privilege access to these lower level protocols. The SAP  410 , having such access, becomes an integral part of the host due to this permission being granted while the system is running. Additionally, the SAP  410  may provide the RTSE  420  with runtime data-structures of pertinent host applications. Data structure means the application make-up/mapping. This allows the API to emulate the service, because it has this access to the structure. The RTSE  420  may provide support to the applications after the services are running on the nodes. The RTSE  420  may contain the executable network management services and controls. The executable services may be turned on/off via a host application layer (e.g. browser interface) if desired. The RTSE  420  may emulate the host applications and host hardware devices for fault, configuration, accounting, performance and security. The RTSE  420  may activate prescribed network management controls to enforce load balancing in real-time, and it may remove controls when the network traffic transitions to a stable state. 
     With reference to  FIG. 13 , is another non-limiting embodiment of the HSE  400 . In this non-limiting embodiment, the HSE  400  may comprise an Application Layer  1310 , a Message Transport Layer (MTL)  1320 , a Control Management Layer  1330 , and a Low-Level Hardware Dependant Application Programming Interface (API)  1340  as illustrated in  FIG. 13 . The application layer  1310  hosts the service elements provisioned by the SSM  300 . The Application Layer  1310  provides the runtime environment to emulate designated hardware device operations and to execute Decision Graphs. The MTL  1320  provides low-level messaging and Input/Output (I/O) communication. For example the MTL  1320  provides I/O for HSE  400  peer-to-peer, HSE  400  to HSE  450 , HSE  400  to SSM  300 , and Supervisory HSE  450  to SSM  300  communications. The Control Management Layer  430  implements, activates, and removes network management controls. The network control activation and removal is based on real-time performance data. For example, when the HSE  400  or supervisory HSE  450  detects an internal stimulus, it analyzes the performance data, then the controls are activated or removed depending on the results of the real-time analysis. One purpose of having the ability to activate, remove and modify controls is to keep network operation near max efficiency under network anomalies, and to alter network traffic flow based on admin policies and objectives. The Lower-Level Hardware Dependent API  1340  provides an abstraction of hardware resources for measuring functions. These functions may include fault, configuration, accounting, performance, and security metrics. The HSE  400  stores network administrative policies in directories, and retrieves and interprets administrative policies prior to implementing network management controls. The HSE  400  hosts customized network management service elements, and provides runtime environment for autonomous network management monitoring and control function. The HSE  400  behavior is based on its managed device&#39;s state and local surroundings, each state and surrounding may have different characteristics from other managed devices within the same cluster. Additionally the HSE  400  may be provisioned by the SSM  300  with supervisory functioning capabilities for managing HSE(s)  400  in its network cluster. Each network cluster may include a supervisory HSE  450 , which coordinates the network management and control activity of the HSE  400  within its network cluster. An example of a benefit of having a supervisory HSE  450  is when an HSE  400  located within a cluster becomes unreachable. The supervisory HSE  450  may now serve as a conduit to the remainder of the Model  100 . The architecture of the supervisory HSE  450  may be identical to the architecture of the HSE  400 . Additionally, HSE  400  may communicate with additional HSE(s)  400  in real-time, which may prevent the system from overloading or experiencing congestion. For example,  FIG. 10  illustrates the HSE  400  assisting with Automatic Congestion Control (ACC). When the node level cycle exceeds a predetermined length of time to complete assigned tasks, for reason such as additional work load, the HSE  400  senses the congestion within the node, sends ACC indicators bit-mapped vectors to an HSE  400  or supervisory HSE  450 , depending on the framework, and the neighboring HSE(s)  400 . The HSE  400  may instruct other HSEs  400  to avoid using the node a form of facilitating traffic. In real-time the other nodes will take the troubled node off of the routing table, and tells the other nodes to use a secondary route until the trouble node responds saying it is okay to continue traffic using the once troubled node. The supervisory HSE  450  or the neighboring HSE(s)  400  or both may activate controls that normalize the node in real-time. Additionally, the HSE  400  or Supervisory HSE  450  may activate controls to reroute traffic around the Access Gateway until the congestion in the network is resolved. Once the node base level cycle takes its normal time to complete the assigned task, the HSE  400  sends normal ACC indicators to the supervisory HSE  450  or neighboring HSE(s)  400  or both, which continues to remove the previously activated controls. Additionally, the HSE  400  communicates with the SSM  300  to facilitate real-time network management and control operations. 
     Additionally, the HSE  400  may provide abstractions of hardware resources for measuring FCAPS metrics. The HSE  400  detects, counts, and reports parameters using bit patterns (1&#39;s and 0&#39;s) or by any other means known to a person having ordinary skill in the art. For example, the HSE  400  may send bit patterns to the Supervisory HSE  450  or SSM indicating what type of hardware is experiencing problems. The abstractions allow the HSE  400  to detect faults, network overload traffic, intra-node congestions, adjust configuration, access parameters, and to implement and remove network management controls. 
     In another non-limiting embodiment the Model  100  further comprises a Supervisory Heterogeneous Sensor Entity (CHSE)  455 . The CHSE  455  may perform real-time communication with the SSM  300 . The architecture and characteristics of the CHSE  455  may be identical to the HSE  400  or supervisory HSE  450 . The CHSE  455  may use the same communication methods as the HSE  400  or the supervisory HSE  450 . The CHSE  455  may be provisioned by the SSM  300  with supervisory functioning capabilities identical to the supervisory HSE  450 . The CHSE  455  may be present in the Access  710  or Core  720  network clusters with other HSE(s)  400  where a supervisory HSE  450  is not present. An example of a schematic illustration of analysis of real-time multimedia network traffic management and control operations is shown in  FIG. 11 . With reference to  FIG. 11 , the OSS  390  performs a query for a GPRS and a Packet Core Network. This figure shows how the OSS  390  may communicate with different types of networks. Additionally, different networks can communicate with one another using the SSM  300 . For example, the HSE  400  in the GPRS and Packet Core Network detect various counts for the dominant network parameters then notify their respective HSE  400  to perform an analysis of their network cluster. If the GPRS is in trouble, the SSM  300  can sense where the trouble or congestion is coming from, thus making the network is reliable by pinpointing the problem. Each HSE  400  activates network management controls in the cluster based on the analysis. The HSE  400  then sends an update to the SSM  300 . The SSM  300  creates a snapshot of the GPRS and the Packet Core network domains by updating the View  383  of the GPRS and the Packet Core network domains in real-time. The SSM  300  then notifies OSS  390  to perform a detailed network management analysis of the affected network domain. Additionally, both the CHSE and HSE may include two types of executable: FCAPS and Managerial. Any HSE may assume the role of a CHSE when its Managerial and FCAPS executables are both turned ON. In the case when there is an HSE, FCAPS is ON but the Managerial component is OFF. 
     With reference to  FIG. 15 , a Multimedia Network Traffic Management system framework for converged heterogeneous networks is shown. The Model  100  is shown communicating with different network types (i.e. WiMax, LTE, GPRS, GSM Wireless, IMS, PSTN/IN, or any other types of networks known to a person having ordinary skill in the art). Older network types may also communicate using the Model  100  to communicate with similar or newer technologies. Additionally, different network types may communicate with other networks that are different from their own. The HSE  400  may also communicate with neighboring HSEs  400  positioned on different network types. The SSM  300  continuously monitors each different network type in real-time. 
     With reference to  FIG. 17 , a Bit Vector Analysis is shown. The Alarm-Level Indicators may be uniquely identified by the permutations in bit positions  1  and  2 . An originating HSE (or CHSE) may send the Query indicator to recipient HSE to request the status of the recipient&#39;s host. Network Management Types may be uniquely identified by the permutations in bit positions  3 ,  4  and  5 . The bit positions  6 ,  7 ,  8 , . . . through “n”, map to components (e.g., processes, hardware, application, resources, drivers, external interfaces etc.)  1 ,  2 , . . . “n−5” for a given HSE. For example, when the bit value is set to 1, it indicates that the component has an alarm level specified by the permutations in bit positions  1  and  2  for the network management type specified by permutations in bits  3 ,  4  and  5 . A zero bit value may indicate optimal functionality of the associated HSE component. 
     With continued reference to  FIG. 17 , and now  FIG. 18 , examples of bit vector diagnosis is shown. Example 1 illustrates the sending/originating HSE/CHSE&#39;s host in optimal state. Example 2 illustrates the sending/originating HSE/CHSE&#39;s host is stable, but a slight performance degradation is detected in component # 3 . Example 3 illustrates a minor alarm in the configuration of component # 4  for sending/originating HSE/CHSE&#39;s host. In Example 4, the host HSE (or CHSE) sends a Query message to other HSEs for status of their security levels. In Example 5, the HSE (or CHSE) sends an optimal security levels for its host (Notice that bit positions  6 ,  7 ,  8 , . . . , “n” are set to 0). In Example 6, the HSE (or CHSE) sends a stable, but less optimal security level due to security status of host&#39;s component # 2 . In Example 7, the HSE (or CHSE) sends a minor security alarm indicator associated with the host&#39;s component # 1 . 
     While the invention has been illustrated and described with respect to various examples and applications (i.e. use with 4G networks), the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character. Older networks types (i.e. 1G-3.5G etc.) that may be operable in specific areas are still capable of being managed by the invention described herein, and it being understood that only illustrative embodiments thereof have been shown and described. All changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the invention described by the following claims are desired to be protected. Additional features of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the description. Modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.