Abstract:
Disclosed are universal QPSK transmitter structures and methods for generating different QPSK signals exhibiting different polarization schemes, namely PolMux, PolMod and PolSw. The bit rate of the generated signals is variable, thereby allowing the transmitter to adjust to varying network traffic conditions. Advantageously, the generated signals may be detected by analog receivers (PolSw-QPSK) and coherent receivers (PolMux-QPSK, PolMod-QPSK, and PolSw-QPSK).

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    This disclosure relates generally to the field of optical communications and in particular to a method and apparatus for the universal generation of quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) signals with three polarization schemes such that a variable bit rate is realized. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    As data rates exhibited by optical transmission systems continue to rise it is expected that data traffic rates may vary from 10 Gb/s to 1 Tb/s and above due, in part, to the demand for a variety of Internet services. To transmit this data efficiently using limited bandwith, flexible transponders exhibiting agile modulation format(s) and variable bit rates have been introduced. 
         [0003]    It is generally known in the art that the QPSK is but one contemporary modulation format exhibiting increased transmission distance and spectral efficiency (SE). In addition to the QPSK modulation format, different polarization schemes have been applied such that polarization multiplexed (PolMux-QPSK), polarization modulated (PolMod-QPSK) and polarization switched (PolSw-QPSK) signals have been produced, which offer numerous benefits. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0004]    An advance in the art is made according to an aspect of the present disclosure directed to structures and methods that produce PolMux-QPSK, PolMod-QPSK, and PolSw-QPSK with variable bit rate. 
         [0005]    Viewed from a first aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a universal QPSK transmitter structures and methods capable of generate different QPSK signals exhibiting different polarization schemes, namely PolMux, PolMod and PolSw. Additionally, the bit rate of the generated signals is variable, thereby allowing the transmitter to adjust to varying network traffic conditions. Advantageously, the generated signals may be detected by analog receivers (PolSw-QPSK) and coherent receivers (PolMux-QPSK, PolMod-QPSK, and PolSw-QPSK). 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         [0006]    A more complete understanding of the present disclosure may be realized by reference to the accompanying drawings in which: 
           [0007]      FIG. 1  is a schematic block diagram depicting an exemplary variable-bit-rate QPSK transmitter according to an aspect of the present disclosure; 
           [0008]      FIG. 2  depicts bit mapping  2 ( a ) for producing polarization multiplexed QPSK signals according to aspects of the present disclosure and  2 ( b ) depicts a waveform of PolMux-QPSK signals according to an aspect of the present disclosure; 
           [0009]      FIG. 3  depicts a waveform of a polarization-modulated QPSK signal according to an aspect of the present disclosure; 
           [0010]      FIG. 4  depicts an alternative way to represent signals having two polarization states according to an aspect of the present disclosure; 
           [0011]      FIG. 5  depicts bit mapping  2  for PolMod-QPSK according to the present disclosure; 
           [0012]      FIG. 6  depicts polarization switching  6 ( a ) and  6 ( b ) depicts single polarization scheme(s) according to aspects of the present disclosure; 
           [0013]      FIG. 7  depicts bit mapping  3  for PolSw-QPSK according to an aspect of the present disclosure. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0014]    The following merely illustrates the principles of the disclosure. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various arrangements which, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the disclosure and are included within its spirit and scope. 
         [0015]    Furthermore, all examples and conditional language recited herein are principally intended expressly to be only for pedagogical purposes to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the disclosure and the concepts contributed by the inventor(s) to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions. 
         [0016]    Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the disclosure, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include both currently-known equivalents as well as equivalents developed in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function, regardless of structure. 
         [0017]    Thus, for example, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the diagrams herein represent conceptual views of illustrative structures embodying the principles of the invention. 
         [0018]    In addition, it will be appreciated by those skilled in art that any flow charts, flow diagrams, state transition diagrams, pseudocode, and the like represent various processes which may be substantially represented in computer readable medium and so executed by a computer or processor, whether or not such computer or processor is explicitly shown. 
         [0019]    In the claims hereof any element expressed as a means for performing a specified function is intended to encompass any way of performing that function including, for example, a) a combination of circuit elements which performs that function or b) software in any form, including, therefore, firmware, microcode or the like, combined with appropriate circuitry for executing that software to perform the function. The invention as defined by such claims resides in the fact that the functionalities provided by the various recited means are combined and brought together in the manner which the claims call for. Applicant thus regards any means which can provide those functionalities as equivalent as those shown herein. Finally, and unless otherwise explicitly specified herein, the drawings are not drawn to scale. 
         [0020]    Thus, for example, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the diagrams herein represent conceptual views of illustrative structures embodying the principles of the disclosure. 
       Introduction 
       [0021]    By way of some additional background, we note that alternative approaches have been employed to generate QPSK signals. Of interest is an approach described by M. Eiselt, B. Teipen, K. Grobe, A. Autenreith, and J. Elbers in a paper entitled “Programmable Modulation for High-Capacity Networks” that was presented at the 37 th  European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications and appeared in the OSA Technical Digest (CD) published by the Optical Society of America in 2011 and was paper Tu.5.A.5. The approach described therein included a cascade of modulators and a digital to analog converter to generate different modulation formats. Another approach of interest was a paper by H. Takara, T. Goh, K. Shibahara, K. Yonenaga, S. Kawai and M. Jino entitled “Experimental Demonstration of 400 Gb/s Multi-flow, Multi-rate, Multi-reach Optical Transmitter for Efficient Elastic Spectral Rouging,” that was presented at the 37 th  European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications, and appeared in the OSA Technical Digest (CD) published by the Optical Society of America in 2011 as paper Tu.5.A.4. This latter approach employed multi-tone lasers and IQ-modulators to generate different modulation formats and superchannels for a flexible bit rate and multi-flow transponder. 
         [0022]      FIG. 1  is a hybrid schematic diagram depicting both the steps associated with the selection of an appropriate bit mapping, and the block diagram of a variable bit rate QPSK transmitter according to aspects of the present disclosure. More particularly,  FIG. 1  depicts an overall process/structure for generating variable-bit-rate QPSK using different polarization schemes, including polarization multiplexing (PolMux), polarization modulation (PolMod), and polarization switching (PolSw). 
         [0023]    As depicted in that  FIG. 1 , user data is received at block  101  and if polarization multiplexing is to be employed, then Bit mapping  1  is made at block  102 . Similarly, if polarization multiplexing is not to be employed, then a determination is made at block  103  whether polarization modulation is to be employed. If polarization modulation is to be employed, then Bit mapping  2  is made at block  104 . If neither polarization multiplexing or polarization modulation is to be employed, then Bit mapping  3  is made at block  105 . 
         [0024]    The Bit mapped data is applied to drivers at block  106  the outputs of which are provided to IQ-modulator  1  (block  203 ) and IQ-modulator  2  respectively. As depicted in this  FIG. 1 , an output of a CW laser (block  201 ) is applied to a 1:2 splitter (block  202 ) the outputs of which are applied to the two modulators namely, IQ-modulator  1  and IQ-modulator  2 . The outputs of the two modulators are applied to polarization combiner (block  205 ) such that a desired QPSK output format is generated. 
         [0025]    As may be appreciated, if both polarization states (x and y) carry data (QPSK symbols), the user data are fed into block  102  to perform bit mapping  1 —which is shown schematically by  FIG. 2(   a ) according to an aspect of the present disclosure. The mapping generates QPSK symbols in each polarization, thus resulting in 4 Rs bit rate in total, where Rs is clock rate of the bit generator. As depicted in  FIG. 2(   b ) and according to yet another aspect of the present disclosure, the waveform of the PolMux QPSK signal as generated is depicted. 
         [0026]    Turning now to  FIG. 3 , there is depicted a schematic of the waveform of a polarization-modulated QPSK signal according to an aspect of the present disclosure. As will now be appreciated by those skilled in the art, to utilize the polarization for carrying data, the polarization state in which a QPSK symbol locates is determined by polarization bits. This is known in the art as polarization modulated signals. As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , a polarization modulation bit “ 1 ” represents data in x-polarization state while a polarization modulation bit “ 0 ” represents data in the other, y-polarization state. 
         [0027]    As may be further appreciated by those skilled in the art, the nomenclature we employ namely {right arrow over (E)} x  and {right arrow over (E)} y  stand for the signals in two polarization states. Therefore, a polarization modulated (PolMod) signal at each time interval can be expressed as either {{right arrow over (E)} x , 0} or {{right arrow over (E)} y , 0}, since data is carried in one polarization state only. 
         [0028]    Viewed from another aspect, a PolMod signal polarization may be rotated by 45° without affecting performance. Turning now to  FIG. 4 , there is shown an alternative method to represent signals with two polarization states according to yet another aspect of the present disclosure. As depicted in that  FIG. 4 , the signals located in a new axis are the combination of two original polarization states: {right arrow over (E′)} x  ∝ {right arrow over (E)} x +{right arrow over (E)} y  and {right arrow over (E′)} x  ∝ {right arrow over (E)} x −{right arrow over (E)} y . As a result, the expression for the PolMod signals could be a set of {{right arrow over (E)} x ,{right arrow over (E)} x } and {{right arrow over (E)} y ,−{right arrow over (E)} y }. Note that only one polarization has a signal at each time. Assuming that the QPSK symbols are {±1±j}, therefore the inphase and quadrature of PolMod QPSK symbols are listed in Table 1. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 X-Pol 
                 Y-Pol 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Inphase 
                 Quadrature 
                 Inphase 
                 Quadrature 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 X-Pol 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 X-Pol 
                 2 
                 1 
                 −1 
                 1 
                 −1 
               
               
                 X-Pol 
                 3 
                 −1 
                 1 
                 −1 
                 1 
               
               
                 X-Pol 
                 4 
                 −1 
                 −1 
                 −1 
                 −1 
               
               
                 Y-Pol 
                 5 
                 1 
                 1 
                 −1 
                 −1 
               
               
                 Y-Pol 
                 6 
                 1 
                 −1 
                 −1 
                 1 
               
               
                 Y-Pol 
                 7 
                 −1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 −1 
               
               
                 Y-Pol 
                 8 
                 −1 
                 −1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0029]    As may be observed from Table 1, when data is carried in an X-polarization, the inphase and quadrature of Y-pol is the same as X-polarization. On the other hand, the inphase and quadrature of Y-polarization is the inverse of those in X-polarization when data is located in Y-polarization. 
         [0030]    Overall, the inputs to both IQ-modulators, (blocks  203  and  204 ) should follow this rule namely: the exclusive OR (XOR) gate of all of the inputs equal 0. Therefore, to generate PolMod signals, the bit mapping  2  (block  104 ) as described in  FIG. 5  is employed. Advantageously, such a mapping results in the quadrature and in-phase bits of both polarization states as shown in Table 1. 
         [0031]    According to an aspect of the present disclosure, the inputs to IQ-Mod 1  (block  203 ) and the inphase of IQ-Mod 2  (block  204 ) are the user bits, while the quadrature of IQ-Mod 2  (block  204 ) is the output of XOR gate between these three data, i.e, D(0)=d(0) XOR d(1) XOR d(2). As may be observed, only three user bits are used for generating each PolMod QPSK symbol, thus resulting in 3 Rs bit rate. 
         [0032]    In contrast to the PolMod-QPSK signal, the polarization of PolSw signal alternates between adjacent two symbols, as shown in  FIG. 6(   a ). With reference to  FIG. 6(   a ) and FIG.  6 ( b ), there is shown the x-pol and y-pol vs. time for both a polarization switching ( FIG. 6(   a )) and single polarization scheme(s) ( FIG. 6(   b )). 
         [0033]    As may be appreciated, on advantage of techniques according to the present disclosure as depicted in  FIG. 6(   a ), is that intra-channel fiber nonlinearity is mitigated, thereby improving transmission performance as compared to a single-polarization signal, which all of the signals are located in the same polarization state as shown in  FIG. 6(   b ). 
         [0034]    As illustrated in Table 1, for a PolMod-QPSK signal the polarization state can be changed through a special bit mapping (block  205 ) wherein:
       X-pol modulation: the inphase and quadrature of Y-pol is the same as X-polarization; and   Y-pol modulation: the inphase and quadrature of Y-polarization is the inverse of those in X-polarization.       
 
         [0037]    As may now be appreciated, since the polarization alternation occurs every symbol, we may advantageously perform the XOR gate with the signal clock which also alternates every bit period, as shown in  FIG. 7 . With reference to that  FIG. 7 , therein is depicted a bit mapping  3  for PolSw-QPSK (block  105 ) according to aspects of the present disclosure. The outputs of the XOR gate connect to the IQ-mod 2  (block  204 ) as the inphase and quadrature. Thus the polarization of the modulated QPSK signal will change alternatively similar to the clock. In the PolSw scheme, two user data are only used for producing each PolS symbol, thus delivering 2 Rs bit rate. 
         [0038]    According to an aspect of the present disclosure, we are advantageously able to adaptively change the polarization scheme to PolMux, PolMod, or PolSw based on a particular system design and user request. Advantageously, the total bit rate is changeable, from 2 Rs to 4 Rs, enabling a very flexible transponder design. 
         [0039]    Finally, and as noted previously with respect to the discussion of  FIG. 1 , after bit mapping the transmitted date are sent to drivers in block  106  for amplification and driving IQ modulators (blocks  203 / 204 ). Therein the electrical signals are converted to the optical domain. The optical signal originating from CW laser (block  201 ) is split by 2:1 splitter into x-polarization and y-polarization states that are modulated independently and subsequently re-combined to generate the QPSK signal exhibiting user-defined polarization scheme(s). 
         [0040]    The foregoing is to be understood as being in every respect illustrative and exemplary, but not restrictive, and the scope of the invention disclosed herein is not to be determined from the Detailed Description, but rather from the claims as interpreted according to the full breadth permitted by the patent laws. It is to be understood that the embodiments shown and described herein are only illustrative of the principles of the present invention and that those skilled in the art may implement various modifications without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Those skilled in the art could implement various other feature combinations without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.