Abstract:
Symmetrical and asymmetrical ad-hoc, wireless networks and a method for saving power in the same may include causing a first station to determine whether a second station has a master capability to buffer data traffic for the first station. A first station requests the second station to buffer the data traffic intended for the first station for a first predetermined period. The first station enters a first power save mode, and the second station buffers the data traffic for the first station for the first predetermined period. The first station exits the first power save mode after the first predetermined period and the second station sends the buffered data traffic to the first station. Both the first and second stations may have master capabilities, or only one of the first and second stations may have a master capability.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/855,082, entitled “AD-HOC Network Power Save System and Method,” filed on Sep. 13, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,315,193, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/825,611, filed Sep. 14, 2006. All of the above-referenced applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The invention relates generally to a power save system in a network and, more particularly to a periodic power save system in an ad-hoc wireless network. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A wireless network (e.g., Wi-Fi based on IEEE 802.11 standards) may be characterized as an infrastructure mode network or an ad-hoc mode network depending on whether the stations within the wireless network can directly communicate with other stations in the network.  FIG. 1(A)  illustrates an example of an infrastructure mode wireless network, which may typically comprise an access point  2  and stations  4 ,  6  and  8 . In the infrastructure mode network, the stations  4 ,  6  and  8  are not configured to directly communicate with each other, and any communication between the stations  4 ,  6  and  8  must be channeled through the access point  2 . 
     In contrast, an ad-hoc mode network allows each station to communicate directly with each other, as illustrated in  FIG. 1(B) . Thus, in the ad-hoc mode wireless network, there is no central access point controlling communication among the stations  4 ,  6  and  8 . Ad-hoc devices are configured to communicate only with other ad-hoc devices, and they are not able to communicate with any infrastructure devices or any other devices connected to a wired network. 
     Considering that a significant portion of the Wi-Fi devices are portable devices (e.g., cellular phones, portable gaming devices, wireless headsets, wireless headphones, wireless speakers and the like), power consumption has become an important issue for the Wi-Fi devices. This has led the IEEE to standardize the infrastructure mode network power save protocol. However, due to the decentralized nature of ad-hoc mode networks, it is much more difficult and complicated to implement power save algorithms when there is no central access point that dictates all the decisions related to power consumption in the network. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The invention allows ad-hoc network devices to enter a power save mode. The invention also provides for power consumption decisions to be made in an ad-hoc network to improve implementation of power save algorithms. Other advantages and benefits of the invention are apparent from the discussion herein. 
     Accordingly, in one aspect of the invention, a method for saving power in an ad-hoc network including first and second stations each having a wireless capability to directly communicate with each other includes issuing a request to the second station to buffer data traffic intended for the first station for a first predetermined period, granting the request to buffer data traffic, causing the first station to enter a first power save mode for the first predetermined period, and enabling the second station to buffer data traffic intended for the first station for the first predetermined period. 
     The method may further include causing the first station to exit the first power save mode after the first predetermined period elapses, and sending the buffered data traffic to the first station. Sending the buffered data traffic may include sending the buffered data traffic from the second station to the first station. The method may further include causing the first and second stations to simultaneously enter a second power save mode for a second period time. The method may further include advertising a master capability of the second station to buffer data traffic intended for the first station. The method may further include causing the second station to exit the second power save mode before the first station exits the second power save mode. The ad-hoc network may be a wireless network using protocol selected from the group consisting of IEEE 802.11 standards and Bluetooth standards. The method may further include determining whether the second station has a capability to buffer data traffic intended for the first station. The method may further include issuing a request to the first station to buffer data traffic intended for the second station for a second predetermined period, granting the request to buffer data traffic intended for the second station, causing the second station to enter a second power save mode for the second predetermined period, and enabling the first station to buffer the data traffic intended for the second station for the second predetermined period. The method may further include causing the second station to exit the second power save mode after the second predetermined period elapses, and sending the buffered data traffic to the second station. Sending the buffered data traffic to the second station may include sending the buffered data traffic from the first station to the second station. The method may further include determining whether the first station has a capability to buffer data traffic intended for the second station. The method may further include preventing the first station from entering the first power save mode if the second station requests the first station to buffer the data traffic intended for the second station, and preventing the second station from entering the second power save mode if the first station requests the second station to buffer the data traffic intended for the first station. The method may further include preventing the first station from entering the first power save mode occurs if the request is received within a predetermined period of time from when the first station sends such a request, and preventing the second station from entering the second power save mode occurs if the request is received within a predetermined period of time from when the second station sends such a request. The method may further include causing the slave station to exit the power save mode after the predetermined period elapses, and causing the master station to send the buffered data traffic to the slave station. The method may further include advertising a master capability of the master station to buffer data traffic intended for any of the plurality of stations in the ad-hoc network, and determining if the master station has the master capability to buffer data traffic intended for one of the plurality of stations. The ad-hoc network may be a wireless network using a protocol selected from the group consisting of IEEE 802.11 standards and Bluetooth standards. 
     According to another aspect of the invention, a method for saving power in an ad-hoc network including a plurality of stations, the plurality of stations including a master station and at least one slave station incapable of buffering traffic for other stations, each station having a wireless capability to directly communicate with other stations, includes issuing a request to the master station to buffer data traffic intended for the slave station for a predetermined period, granting the request to buffer data traffic, causing the slave station to enter a power save mode for the predetermined period, and enabling the master station to buffer data traffic intended for the slave station for the predetermined period. 
     The first station has a master capability to buffer data traffic intended for other stations in the ad-hoc network for a second predetermined period and may be configured to grant a request from the second station to allow the second station to enter a second power save mode, and wherein the second station may be configured to determine if there may be any station having the master capability in the ad-hoc network. The second station may enter the second power save mode for the second predetermined period when the first station grants the request from the second station, and the first station sends the buffered data traffic to the second station after the second predetermined period elapses. The first station may be configured not to enter the first power save mode if the second station requests the first station to buffer the data traffic intended for the second station, and the second station may be configured not to enter the second power save mode if the first station requests the second station to buffer the data traffic intended for the first station. The first station may not enter the first power save mode if the request is received within a predetermined period of time from when the first station sends such a request, and wherein the second station may not enter the first power save mode if the request is received within a predetermined period of time from when the second station sends such a request. The master and slave stations may be configured to simultaneously enter a second power save mode for a second period time. The master station may be configured to exit the second power save mode before the slave station exits the second power save mode. The ad-hoc network may be a wireless network using a protocol selected from the group consisting of IEEE 802.11 standards and Bluetooth standards. 
     In yet another aspect of the invention, an ad-hoc network includes a first station having wireless communication capabilities and configured to determine if there is any station in the ad-hoc network having a master capability to buffer data traffic intended for other stations in the ad-hoc network for a first predetermined period, the second station having wireless communication capabilities and the master capability and configured to grant a request from said first station to allow said first station to enter a first power save mode, and wherein the first station enters the first power save mode for the first predetermined period when the second station grants the request and the second station sends the buffered data traffic to the first station after the first predetermined period elapses A system for saving power in an ad-hoc network including first and second stations each having a wireless capability to directly communicate with each other, the system further includes means for issuing a request to the second station to buffer data traffic intended for the first station for a first predetermined period, means for granting the request to buffer data traffic, means for causing the first station to enter a first power save mode for the first predetermined period, and means for enabling the second station to buffer data traffic intended for the first station for the first predetermined period. 
     A machine-readable medium including stored instructions, which, when executed by a processor cause the processor to implement power saving in an ad-hoc network having a plurality of stations, the instructions including instructions for determining whether a first one of the stations has a capability to buffer data traffic intended for a second station, instructions for requesting the at least one station to buffer data traffic intended for the second station for a first predetermined period, instructions for granting a request to buffer data traffic intended for the second station, instructions for causing the second station to enter a first power save mode for the first predetermined period, and instructions for enabling the first one station to buffer data traffic intended for the second station for a second predetermined period, instructions for causing the second station to exit the first power save mode after the first predetermined period elapses, and instructions for sending the buffered data traffic to the second station. 
     Additional features, advantages, and embodiments of the invention may be set forth or apparent from consideration of the following detailed description, drawings, and claims. Moreover, it is to be understood that both the foregoing summary of the invention and the following detailed description are exemplary and intended to provide further explanation without limiting the scope of the invention as claimed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the detailed description serve to explain the principles of the invention. No attempt is made to show structural details of the invention in more detail than may be necessary for a fundamental understanding of the invention and the various ways in which it may be practiced. In the drawings: 
         FIGS. 1(A) and 1(B)  illustrate an example of an infrastructure mode network and ad-hoc mode network, respectively; 
         FIGS. 2(A) and 2(B)  illustrate examples of a symmetrical ad-hoc network; 
         FIGS. 3(A) ,  3 (B) and  3 (C) illustrate examples of a asymmetrical ad-hoc network; 
         FIG. 4(A)  is a flow chart for a power save scheme in a symmetrical ad-hoc network constructed according to the principles of the invention; and 
         FIG. 4(B)  is a flow chart for a power save scheme in an asymmetrical ad-hoc network constructed according to the principles of the invention. 
         FIGS. 5-12  show various exemplary implementations of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The embodiments of the invention and the various features and advantageous details thereof are explained more fully with reference to the non-limiting embodiments and examples that are described and/or illustrated in the accompanying drawings and detailed in the following description. It should be noted that the features illustrated in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale, and features of one embodiment may be employed with other embodiments as the skilled artisan would recognize, even if not explicitly stated herein. Descriptions of well-known components and processing techniques may be omitted so as to not unnecessarily obscure the embodiments of the invention. The examples used herein are intended merely to facilitate an understanding of ways in which the invention may be practiced and to further enable those of skill in the art to practice the embodiments of the invention. For example, the invention is described in terms of Wi-Fi network based on IEEE 802.11 standard, but it will be understood that the invention is not so limited. The invention may be broadly applicable to any ad-hoc mode wireless network and other types of wireless networks that have appropriate features and characteristics. Accordingly, the examples and embodiments herein should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, which is defined solely by the appended claims and applicable law. Moreover, it is noted that like reference numerals represent similar parts throughout the several views of the drawings. 
     The invention relates to periodic power save protocols for ad-hoc networks. Different devices within the ad-hoc network can take on the role of a master while the other slave devices enter a power save mode. The master device receives data for the other devices and sends the buffered data when those slave devices wake up. This protocol allows for power savings among the devices. Various aspects of the invention will now be described in greater detail below. 
       FIGS. 2(A) ,  2 (B),  3 (A),  3 (B) and  3 (C) illustrate examples of an ad-hoc mode network configuration. Depending on similarity of capabilities among the devices (i.e., stations, nodes or the like) in the network, the ad-hoc mode network may be characterized as a symmetrical ad-hoc mode network or an asymmetrical ad-hoc mode network.  FIGS. 2(A) and 2(B)  illustrate examples of the symmetrical ad-hoc mode network, in which the devices may have similar capabilities, such as, for example, processing power, memory, battery life or the like. In particular,  FIG. 2(A)  illustrates two walkie-talkies or cellular phones  12  and  14  with identical or substantially the same capabilities connected via an ad-hoc mode network. This connection allows real-time multi-user voice communication via the ad-hoc mode network. When the devices  12  and  14  are not in use, it may be necessary to turn off one or both devices to save power. Since there is no central access point to carry out a power save mode, a power save protocol may be carried out on all devices in the network without overburdening any particular device. For example, each of the devices  12  and  14  may alternatively take charge by acting as a master device that carries out power save algorithms in the network. 
     Similarly,  FIG. 2(B)  illustrates two identical portable gaming devices  16  and  18  (e.g., Sony™ PSP™ or the like) connected to each other via an ad-hoc mode network. This connection may provide real-time multi-player gaming experiences for those using the portable gaming devices  16  and  18 . When the devices  16  and  18  are not being used, the devices  16  and  18  may communicate with each other to decide which device will take charge as a “master” to carry out a power save protocol for the network. The “master” device may allow other devices (i.e., slaves) in the network to enter a power save mode and buffer data traffic for the slave devices, which will be also described below in detail. It should be understood that walkie-talkies, cell phones and gaming devices are merely illustrative of the type of devices that may be connected in a symmetrical, ad-hoc network. 
       FIGS. 3(A) ,  3 (B) and  3 (B) illustrate examples of the asymmetrical ad-hoc mode network configuration, in which the ad-hoc devices have different capabilities. For example,  FIG. 3(A)  illustrates an asymmetrical ad-hoc mode network including a cellular phone  20  and a wireless headset  22 . Typically, the wireless headset  22  is provided with significantly less capabilities than the cellular phone  20  and may not be able to carry out the power save algorithms for the ad-hoc network. In this case, the power save protocol may exploit the capabilities of the cellular phone  20 , which may permanently take charge as a master while the headset  22  permanently operates as a slave in this situation. Similarly,  FIG. 3(B)  illustrates a PC  24  and a wireless headphone  26  connected to each other via an ad-hoc mod network, wherein the PC  24  operates as the master while the wireless headphone  26  operates as the slave in carrying out the power save mode. In  FIG. 3(C) , an audio device  30  with more capabilities may carry out the power save mode as a permanent master to wireless speakers  32 . Again, these examples are merely illustrative of the type of devices that may be connected in an asymmetrical, ad-hoc network. 
       FIG. 4(A)  illustrates a flow chart for a power save scheme in a symmetrical ad-hoc network constructed according to the principles of the invention. As mentioned above, in a symmetrical ad-hoc mode network, each device may have capabilities to carry out power save algorithms in the network as a master. Thus, it is assumed that stations A and B (e.g., walkie-talkies  12  and  14  in  FIG. 2(A) , respectively) are both equally capable of carrying out the power save algorithms without overburdening the other one. As shown in steps  40  and  42 , stations  12  and  14  both advertise their master capabilities to other stations in the network. The master capabilities may include an ability to buffer data designated for other stations in the network that are in a sleep (power save) mode. After confirming that station B has master capabilities, station A may send a power save enter request to station B, as shown in step  44 . The power save enter request may be included in an uplink IEEE action management frame of station A&#39;s beacon that is sent to station B. The frame may include information about the sleep period of station A. The power save enter request may be included in an uplink IEEE action management frame sent from slave to master. The capability to implement this protocol may be advertised in the station beacons and probe responses. The power save enter request/response may be sent using IEEE Action Management frames. Further, the power save enter request may include information about the slave station&#39;s frequency of wake-ups (referred to as sleep period), while the power save enter response may include information about a number of service periods the master may buffer traffic for slave. 
     It is possible that both stations A and B send their respective power save enter requests to each other. To avoid the conflict, each station may be configured to stay in a full power mode when the request is received from other stations. Each station may then compute a random back-off and re-attempt to enter the power save mode when the back-off expires or stay in full power mode as the master if other station&#39;s back-off expires earlier. 
     Upon accepting the request from station A, station B becomes the master and station A becomes the slave. As shown in step  46 , station B may send a power save enter response to station A. The power save enter response may be included in an IEEE action management frame. The power save enter response may contain the maximum number of service periods during which the master station B will buffer data traffic for slave station A. According to an embodiment of the invention, a service period may be defined as the period between receiving an uplink trigger from slave station A to the point where master station B sends an end of service period (EOSP) indication. Each uplink frame with a trigger bit set from slave station A may be counted as one service period by master station B. For Wi-Fi multi-media (WMM) applications, for example, the WMM EOSP bit in the quality of service (QOS) information field may be used as the trigger bit by slave station in the uplink direction. For non-WMM applications, for example, the “more-data” bit in the IEEE 802.11 frame control field may be used as the trigger bit. 
     In step  46 , after receiving the power save enter response from master station B, slave station A may enter power save mode as shown in step  48 . Master station B may start buffering data traffic for slave station A, as shown in step  50 . While in the power save mode, slave station A may not beacon and advertise its capability as a master. Every time slave station A wakes up, it may send an uplink trigger frame to master station B with the trigger bit “set.” Slave station A may send exactly one trigger frame in every wake-up period. If slave station A has more than one frame in every wake-up period, slave station A may transmit subsequent frames with trigger bit “unset.” If slave station A has no uplink data to send, it may send a “null” uplink trigger frame with trigger bit set. Also, all uplink frames from slave station A may have the power management bit set to “1” in the IEEE 802.11 frame control field. Master station B, in turn, may respond to the trigger frame with downlink data buffered for slave station A. The last downlink frame from master station B may the EOSP bit set. For WMM applications, the WMM EOSP bit in the QOS information field may be used by master station B in the downlink direction to mark EOSP. For non-WMM applications, the “more-data” bit in the IEEE 802.11 frame control field may be used as the EOSP indication. If no downlink data has been buffered for slave station A, master station B may send a null data frame with the EOSP bit set. Also, in one example, the system may be configured so that the uplink frames sent from slave station A with the trigger bit unset may not cause master station B to empty a power save queue for the respective slave station. 
     After the maximum number of service periods permitted by master station B is reached, master station B may stop buffering data traffic for slave station A. Slave station A may end power save mode in step  52 . The data is buffered by master station B and forwarded to slave station A in step  54 . Slave station A and master station B may enter the full power mode by resuming beaconing and advertising their capability as a master station, as shown in steps  56  and  58 . Both stations A and B then may compute a random back-off and attempt to become slaves on back-off expiry. The steps shown in  FIG. 4(A)  may be repeated. Since each station may rotate through the role of a slave or master, power consumption issues on all stations in the network may be greatly improved without overburdening a particular station. For example, assuming that each station spends equal time in the master and slave roles, the power save protocol may reduce the power consumption for the slave stations up to about 75%. Further, the protocol may reduce the power consumption for both master and slave stations up to about 38% compared to the full power mode. The power saving may increase as the number of slave stations increases. 
       FIG. 4(B)  illustrates a flow chart for a power save scheme in an asymmetrical ad-hoc network constructed according to the principles of the invention. For example, the asymmetrical ad-hoc network may include the cellular phone  20  as the master and the wireless headset  22  illustrated in  FIG. 3(A) . As mentioned above, in the asymmetrical ad-hoc network, only one station may have the master capabilities. Thus, step  60  of advertising the master capabilities and the master/slave power save enter request/response steps  62  and  64  (i.e., master/slave handshake) are implemented. For example, the master station may return 0xFFFF in the maximum service period field as the “master indefinite” indication. Some implementations with pre-provisioned master/slave configurations may bypass the master/slave handshake among the stations as their roles may have been already decided at the production stage. Other than those differences, the power save protocol illustrated in  FIG. 4(B)  may perform steps similar to the steps performed for the symmetrical ad-hoc power save mode shown in  FIG. 4(A) . For example, after executing the master/slave handshake shown in steps  62  and  64 , the slave station  22  may enter the power save mode at step  66  while the master station  20  may buffer the data traffic for the slave station  22  at step  68 . When the slave station  22  wakes up from the power save mode at step  70 , the master station  20  may send the buffered data traffic to the slave station  20  at step  72 . If the slave station  22  is not frequently used, power save may be greatly increased by allowing the slave station  22  to enter the power save mode. 
     In order to further improve power saving, the master station  20  may use the sleep period of the slave station  22  to enter the power save mode after sending a downlink frame with the EOSP bit set. For example, upon receiving an uplink frame from the slave station  22  with the trigger bit set, the master station  20  may start a sleep clock timer with a timeout set to expire at a certain point before the slave station  22  wakes up. The sleep clock timer may include an offset that may account for any timing errors in the sleep clock to ensure the master station  20  wakes up before the next slave wakeup. The master station  20  may exchange data with the EOSP bit set in the last downlink frame to the slave station  22 . After sending the frame with the EOSP bit set, the master and slave stations both may enter the power save mode. The slave station  22  may be required not to transmit any frames after receiving the downlink with the EOSP bit set. In this case, if both the master and slave stations have 75% power savings in the power save mode, the overall system may be able to save power up to 75%. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 5 ,  6 ,  7 ,  8 ,  9 ,  10 ,  11  and  12 , various exemplary applications of the invention are shown. Referring to  FIG. 5 , the invention may be embodied in a hard disk drive  500 . The invention may implement either or both signal processing and/or control circuits, which are generally identified in  FIG. 5  at  502 . In some implementations, signal processing and/or control circuit  502  and/or other circuits (not shown) in HDD  500  may process data, perform coding and/or encryption, perform calculations, and/or format data that is output to and/or received from a magnetic storage medium  506 . 
     HDD  500  may communicate with a host device (not shown) such as a computer, mobile computing devices such as personal digital assistants, cellular phones, media or MP3 players and the like, and/or other devices via one or more wired or wireless communication links  508 . HDD  500  may be connected to memory  509 , such as random access memory (RAM), a low latency nonvolatile memory such as flash memory, read only memory (ROM) and/or other suitable electronic data storage. 
     Referring first to  FIG. 6 , the invention may be embodied in a digital versatile disc (DVD) drive  511 . The invention may implement either or both signal processing and/or control circuits, which are generally identified in  FIG. 6  at  512 , and/or mass data storage  518  of the DVD drive  511 . Signal processing and/or control circuit  513  and/or other circuits (not shown) in the DVD  511  may process data, perform coding and/or encryption, perform calculations, and/or format data that is read from and/or data written to an optical storage medium  516 . In some implementations, signal processing and/or control circuit  512  and/or other circuits (not shown) in DVD  511  can also perform other functions such as encoding and/or decoding and/or any other signal processing functions associated with a DVD drive. 
     DVD drive  511  may communicate with an output device (not shown) such as a computer, television or other device via one or more wired or wireless communication links  517 . DVD  511  may communicate with mass data storage  518  that stores data in a nonvolatile manner. DVD  511  may be connected to memory  519 , such as RAM, ROM, low latency nonvolatile memory such as flash memory, and/or other suitable electronic data storage. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 7 , the invention may be embodied in a high definition television (HDTV)  520 . The invention may implement either or both signal processing and/or control circuits, which are generally identified in  FIG. 7  at  522 , a WLAN interface and/or mass data storage of the HDTV  520 . HDTV  520  receives HDTV input signals in either a wired or wireless format and generates HDTV output signals for a display  526 . In some implementations, the signal processing circuit and/or control circuit  522  and/or other circuits (not shown) of HDTV  520  may process data, perform coding and/or encryption, perform calculations, format data and/or perform any other type of HDTV processing that may be required. 
     HDTV  520  may communicate with a mass data storage  527  that stores data in a nonvolatile manner such as optical and/or magnetic storage devices. At least one DVD may have the configuration shown in  FIG. 6 . HDTV  520  may be connected to a memory  528  such as RAM, ROM, low latency nonvolatile memory such as flash memory and/or other suitable electronic data storage. HDTV  520  also may support connections with a WLAN via a WLAN network interface  529 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 8 , the invention may be implemented in a control system of a vehicle  530 , a WLAN interface and/or mass data storage of the vehicle control system. In some implementations, the invention implements a powertrain control system  532  that receives inputs from one or more sensors  536  such as temperature sensors, pressure sensors, rotational sensors, airflow sensors and/or any other suitable sensors and/or that generates one or more output control signals from an output  538  such as engine operating parameters, transmission operating parameters, and/or other control signals. 
     The invention may also be embodied in other control systems  540  of vehicle  530 . Control system  540  may likewise receive signals from input sensors  542  and/or output control signals to one or more output devices  544 . In some implementations, control system  540  may be part of an anti-lock braking system (ABS), a navigation system, a telematics system, a vehicle telematics system, a lane departure system, an adaptive cruise control system, a vehicle entertainment system such as a stereo, DVD, compact disc and the like. Still other implementations are contemplated. 
     Powertrain control system  532  may communicate with mass data storage  546  that stores data in a nonvolatile manner. Mass data storage  546  may include optical and/or magnetic storage devices for example hard disk drives HDD and/or DVDs. At least one DVD may have the configuration shown in  FIG. 6 . Powertrain control system  532  may be connected to memory  547  such as RAM, ROM, low latency nonvolatile memory such as flash memory and/or other suitable electronic data storage. Powertrain control system  532  also may support connections with a WLAN via a WLAN network interface  548 . The control system  540  may also include mass data storage, memory and/or a WLAN interface (all not shown). 
     Referring now to  FIG. 9 , the invention may be embodied in a cellular phone  550  that may include a cellular antenna  551 . The invention may implement either or both signal processing and/or control circuits, which are generally identified in  FIG. 9  at  552 , a WLAN interface and/or mass data storage of the cellular phone  550 . In some implementations, cellular phone  550  includes a microphone  556 , an audio output  558  such as a speaker and/or audio output jack, a display  560  and/or an input device  562  such as a keypad, pointing device, voice actuation and/or other input device. Signal processing and/or control circuits  552  and/or other circuits (not shown) in cellular phone  550  may process data, perform coding and/or encryption, perform calculations, format data and/or perform other cellular phone functions. 
     Cellular phone  550  may communicate with a mass data storage  564  that stores data in a nonvolatile manner such as optical and/or magnetic storage devices for example hard disk drives HDD and/or DVDs. At least one DVD may have the configuration shown in  FIG. 6 . Cellular phone  550  may be connected to a memory  566  such as RAM, ROM, low latency nonvolatile memory such as flash memory and/or other suitable electronic data storage. Cellular phone  550  also may support connections with a WLAN via a WLAN network interface  568 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 10 , the invention may be embodied in a set top box  580 . The invention may implement either or both signal processing and/or control circuits, which are generally identified in  FIG. 10  at  584 , a WLAN interface and/or mass data storage of the set top box  580 . Set top box  580  receives signals from a source such as a broadband source and outputs standard and/or high definition audio/video signals suitable for a display  588  such as a television and/or monitor and/or other video and/or audio output devices. Signal processing and/or control circuits  584  and/or other circuits (not shown) of the set top box  580  may process data, perform coding and/or encryption, perform calculations, format data and/or perform any other set top box function. 
     Set top box  580  may communicate with mass data storage  590  that stores data in a nonvolatile manner. Mass data storage  590  may include optical and/or magnetic storage devices for example hard disk drives HDD and/or DVDs. At least one DVD may have the configuration shown in  FIG. 6 . Set top box  580  may be connected to memory  594  such as RAM, ROM, low latency nonvolatile memory such as flash memory and/or other suitable electronic data storage. Set top box  580  also may support connections with a WLAN via a WLAN network interface  596 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 11 , the invention may be embodied in a media player  600 . The invention may implement either or both signal processing and/or control circuits, which are generally identified in  FIG. 11  at  604 , a WLAN interface and/or mass data storage of the media player  600 . In some implementations, media player  600  includes a display  607  and/or a user input  608  such as a keypad, touchpad and the like. In some implementations, media player  600  may employ a graphical user interface (GUI) that typically employs menus, drop down menus, icons and/or a point-and-click interface via display  607  and/or user input  608 . Media player  600  further includes an audio output  609  such as a speaker and/or audio output jack. Signal processing and/or control circuits  604  and/or other circuits (not shown) of media player  600  may process data, perform coding and/or encryption, perform calculations, format data and/or perform any other media player function. 
     Media player  600  may communicate with mass data storage  610  that stores data such as compressed audio and/or video content in a nonvolatile manner. In some implementations, the compressed audio files include files that are compliant with MP3 format or other suitable compressed audio and/or video formats. The mass data storage may include optical and/or magnetic storage devices for example hard disk drives HDD and/or DVDs. At least one DVD may have the configuration shown in  FIG. 6 . Media player  600  may be connected to memory  614  such as RAM, ROM, low latency nonvolatile memory such as flash memory and/or other suitable electronic data storage. Media player  600  also may support connections with a WLAN via a WLAN network interface  616 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 12 , the invention may be embodied in a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) phone  650  that may include an antenna  618 . The invention may implement either or both signal processing and/or control circuits, which are generally identified in  FIG. 12  at  604 , a wireless interface and/or mass data storage of the VoIP phone  650 . In some implementations, the VoIP phone  650  includes, in part, a microphone  610 , an audio output  612  such as a speaker and/or audio output jack, a display monitor  614 , an input device  616  such as a keypad, pointing device, voice actuation and/or other input devices, and a Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) communication module  608 . Signal processing and/or control circuits  604  and/or other circuits (not shown) in VoIP phone  650  may process data, perform coding and/or encryption, perform calculations, format data and/or perform other VoIP phone functions. 
     VoIP phone  650  may communicate with mass data storage  602  that stores data in a nonvolatile manner such as optical and/or magnetic storage devices, for example hard disk drives HDD and/or DVDs. At least one DVD may have the configuration shown in  FIG. 6 . The VoIP phone  650  may be connected to memory  606 , which may be a RAM, ROM, low latency nonvolatile memory such as flash memory and/or other suitable electronic data storage. The VoIP phone  650  may be configured to establish communications link with a VoIP network (not shown) via Wi-Fi communication module  608 . Still other implementations in addition to those described above are contemplated. 
     In accordance with various embodiments of the invention, the methods described herein are intended for operation with dedicated hardware implementations including, but not limited to, semiconductors, application specific integrated circuits, programmable logic arrays, and other hardware devices constructed to implement the methods and modules described herein. Moreover, various embodiments of the invention described herein are intended for operation with as software programs running on a computer processor. Furthermore, alternative software implementations including, but not limited to, distributed processing or component/object distributed processing, parallel processing, virtual machine processing, any future enhancements, or any future protocol can also be used to implement the methods described herein. 
     It should also be noted that the software implementations of the invention as described herein are optionally stored on a tangible storage medium, such as: a magnetic medium such as a disk or tape; a magneto-optical or optical medium such as a disk; or a solid state medium such as a memory card or other package that houses one or more read-only (non-volatile) memories, random access memories, or other re-writable (volatile) memories. A digital file attachment to email or other self-contained information archive or set of archives is considered a distribution medium equivalent to a tangible storage medium. Accordingly, the invention is considered to include a tangible storage medium or distribution medium, as listed herein and including art-recognized equivalents and successor media, in which the software implementations herein are stored. 
     While the invention has been described in terms of exemplary embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modifications in the spirit and scope of the appended claims. By way of example, the stations of the inventions may be any device capable of wireless communication and standards other than the IEEE 802.11 standard may be used to implement the invention, such as Bluetooth and similar standards. These examples given above are merely illustrative and are not meant to be an exhaustive list of all possible designs, embodiments, applications or modifications of the invention.