Abstract:
The invention relates to a novel method for producing a carbon-doped lithium sulfide powder, according to which elementary lithium is reacted with elementary sulfur and/or a sulfur-containing compound selected from the group containing CS 2 , COS, SO 2  and SO, in a liquid state, in an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon solvent. The products of the method according to the invention are used to produce lithium battery electrodes or a lithium-ion-conducting solid.

Description:
This application is a §371 of International Application No. PCT/EP2012/061058 filed Jun. 14, 2012, and claims priority from German Patent Application No. 10 2011 077 478.5 filed Jun. 14, 2011. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a method for producing a carbon-coated lithium sulfide, and use thereof. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Rechargeable electrochemical storage systems are presently becoming increasingly important in many areas of everyday life. In addition to the long-standing applications as automobile starter batteries and as an energy source for portable electronic devices, considerable growth is predicted in the future for electric automobile drives and for stationary energy storage. Traditional lead/sulfuric acid accumulators are not suitable for the new applications because their capacity is far too low, and they cannot be cycled frequently enough. In contrast, the best prospects are seen with lithium batteries. 
     However, lithium accumulators according to the prior art likewise have too little energy storage capacity for many applications. Present lithium-ion batteries have specific energy densities between approximately 100 and 250 Wh/kg. In addition, they usually contain costly elements such as cobalt and/or nickel. Lithium/sulfur and lithium/air systems have much higher (theoretical) energy densities: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Theoretical energy density 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Battery system 
                 Wh/L 
                 Wh/kg 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Li ion (LiC 6 /Ni, Mn, Co oxide) 
                 1710 
                 510 
               
               
                   
                 Lithium/sulfur 
                 2710 
                 2450 
               
               
                   
                 Lithium/air 
                   
                 5830 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The technical challenges in the development of Li/air systems are still so great that a marketable system is not expected for at least another 10-20 years (M. Jacoby, Chem. Eng. News Nov. 22 (2010) 29-31). The prospects for the lithium/sulfur system appear to be much more favorable. One drawback of this system is the use of lithium metal anodes. Lithium metal is relatively costly compared to saline materials or the graphite used in lithium-ion batteries. In addition, this battery has the further disadvantage that it loses capacity too rapidly during charging and discharging. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     It has therefore been proposed to assemble the lithium/sulfur battery in the discharged state; i.e., a lithium-free (or low-lithium) material such as a tin/carbon composite is used as the anode, and lithium sulfide is used as the cathode (B. Scrosati, Angew. Chem. 2010, 122, 2421-2424). Unfortunately, this battery configuration has likewise proven to have insufficient cyclical stability. The main reason is that soluble oligosulfur compounds (Li 2 S 3  and Li 2 S 4 , for example) may form during cycling. As a result, the cathode loses redox-active material (Y. Li, J. Power Sources 195 (2010) 2945-2949; D. Aurbach, J. Electrochem. Soc. 156(8), A694-A702 (2009)). To improve the conductivity of the cathode material (sulfur or lithium sulfide), formation of a composite with carbon is often resorted to. Thus, T. Takeuchi has reported that commercially available sulfide powder may be coated with graphitic carbon in an arc plasma process (J. Electrochem. Soc. 157 (11) A1196-A1201 (2010)). However, such coating processes are energy-intensive and require expensive coating equipment and high-vacuum technology, and consequently entail high costs. Another approach to producing Li 2 S/C composites is to grind commercially available lithium sulfide powder in a ball mill, for example (B. Scrosati, Angew. Chem. 2010, 122, 2421-2424). Grinding processes likewise have a fairly complicated technology and require the availability of finished components. Lithium sulfide is obtainable from the chemical trade, but only at high cost, for example            560.00 for 50 g from Alfa Aesar (list price, 2011-2013 catalog edition). Lastly, it is known that the reaction of lithium with sulfur in boiling naphthalene results in a main product having the approximate composition of Li 2 S and containing impurities of free metal (elemental lithium), carbides, and polysulfides (T. G. Pearson and P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. Soc. 1931, 413-420).
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The object of the invention is to provide a simple method involving the cost-effective production of lithium sulfide in a pure phase, and the cost-effective formation of a composite of same with conductivity-increasing accompanying substances, preferably carbon. 
     The object is achieved by a method which allows the simultaneous production of lithium sulfide and formation of a composite of same with a conductivity-increasing additive. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     To this end, the raw materials lithium metal and sulfur and/or a sulfur-containing compound selected from the group comprising CS 2 , COS, SO, SO 2  are reacted in a hydrocarbon-based solvent at temperatures above approximately 120° C. to 300° C., preferably above 150° C. to 250° C., particularly preferably above 180° C. to 200° C. The solvent is preferably selected from the group of saturated hydrocarbons. It has surprisingly been found that when saturated hydrocarbons are used as the solvent, a product in a pure phase which is coated or doped with noncrystalline (“X-ray amorphous”) carbon is obtained. In contrast, when aromatic or partially aromatic solvents are used, products containing lithium carbide or lithium hydride impurities often result. In addition, the reaction in aromatics or partial aromatics is sometimes inhibited, as shown by the residual content of elemental lithium. Solvents are preferably used which are liquid under the reaction conditions, i.e., which have boiling points of at least 120° C., more preferably at least 150° C., and particularly preferably boiling points &gt;180° C. Examples include octane, nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane, or any given mixtures of these compounds, whether they are linear, branched, or cyclic. Commercially available paraffin boiling fractions such as Shellsol®D70 or D100 are very particularly preferred. 
     The carbon content of the materials according to the invention is between 0.5% and 50%, preferably between 1% and 20%. The carbon content may be varied in a targeted manner by selecting the reaction conditions (primarily the temperature) and by selecting the sulfur raw material. Higher carbon contents are obtained in particular by using carbon-containing sulfur compounds, preferably carbon disulfide (CS 2 ) and/or carbonyl sulfide (COS). The reaction may proceed using only these compounds as the sulfur source according to
 
4Li+CS 2 →2Li 2 S+C
 
or
 
4Li+COS→Li 2 S+Li 2 O+C.
 
     In one very particularly preferred embodiment, a mixture of elemental sulfur and carbon disulfide is used. The molar ratio to be selected depends on the desired C content. In general, the molar ratio of sulfur to carbon disulfide may vary between 99:1 and 1:99, particularly preferably between 50:50 and 95:5. It is preferred that the sulfur source is used at least in the stoichiometry necessary for complete reaction or in excess (1% to 30%). 
     The method according to the invention is preferably carried out as a one-step process, in particular as a one-vessel process. 
     The product according to the invention is characterized by a high specific surface as the result of a cauliflower-like morphology. Since the achievable current density of electrode materials is scaled to the specific surface, among other factors, materials structured in this way are also suitable for achieving relatively high power, such as that necessary for automotive drive batteries, for example. 
     The lithium sulfide/carbon composite materials according to the invention are used for the production of lithium battery electrodes or the production of lithium ion-conductive solids, for example for use as a separator in lithium batteries. 
     The invention is explained in greater detail below with reference to three examples, two comparative examples, and ten figures. 
     The analyses of the crystalline structure and the assignments were conducted using the AXS (Discover D8) from Bruker; Cu K-α radiation, Sol X detector under the following conditions: Start: 5°—end: 75° (2 theta measuring range); 2 s measuring time/0.02° measuring increment; temperature: 25° C. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       FIG.  1 —UEL 10 153 (Li 2 S from Li and S), crystalline phase—lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) (red lines) 
       FIG.  2 —Scanning electron microscope (SEM) recording from Example 1 
       FIG.  3 —UEL 10 162 (Li 2 S from Li and S), crystalline phase—lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) (red lines) 
       FIG.  4 —SEM recording from Example 2 
       FIG.  5 —UEL 11 044 (gray sample), crystalline phase—lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) (red lines) 
       FIG.  6 —SEM recording from Example 3 
       FIG.  7 —UEL 11 043 crystalline phase—lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) (red lines); sulfur (S) (green lines); lithium hydride (LiH) (blue lines); lithium acetylide (Li 2 C 2 ) (orange lines) 
       FIG.  8 —SEM recording from Comparative Example 1 
       FIG.  9 —UEL 11 042 (ochre sample)—lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) (red lines); lithium (Li) (green lines); lithium hydride (LiH) (blue lines) 
       FIG.  10 —SEM recording from Comparative Example 2 
     
    
    
     EXAMPLES OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Example 1 
     Production of Li 2 S/C Composite from Sulfur and Lithium Powder at Approximately 140° C. in Paraffin Oil, Receiving Vessel Containing Sulfur 
     19.8 g powdered sulfur in 520 g Shellsol® D100 was placed in an inerted (i.e., free of water and air, filled with Ar) stainless steel double-shell reactor, and was melted/dissolved at a 140° C. shell temperature, with stirring. 8.33 g lithium powder was then added in portions (1 g per mol) through a reactor opening. The reaction was exothermic, as shown by a rise in the internal temperature from 136° C. to just under 140° C. After the last portion was added, stirring was continued for 1 h at 150° C., and the mixture was then cooled to 80° C. and the suspension was pressed onto a filter frit using a Teflon immersion tube, washed (first with Shellsol®, then tree times with pentane), and dried to a constant weight at room temperature (RT). A quantitative product yield (99.8% of theoretical) was obtained. The powder was free-flowing with a grayish-brown tint.
     XRD: Lithium sulfide in a pure phase ( FIG. 1 )   SEM: Cauliflower-like surface structure ( FIG. 2 )   

     Example 2 
     Production of Li 2 S/C Composite from Sulfur and Lithium Powder at Approximately 190° C. in Paraffin Oil, Receiving Bessel Containing Lithium 
     9.24 g lithium metal in 497 g Shellsol® D100 was melted in the reactor according to Example 1. 21.98 g powdered sulfur was metered in in portions over a period of approximately 1 h at an internal temperature of approximately 190° C., with stirring. After the addition was complete, stirring was continued for 2 h at 190° C. and the mixture was then cooled. After filtration and vacuum drying, 32.1 g of a dark gray, very free-flowing powder was obtained.
     XRD: Lithium sulfide in a pure phase ( FIG. 3 )   SEM: Cauliflower-like surface structure ( FIG. 4 )   C content: 4.7%   Li content: 41.1 mmol/g; S content: 20.5 mmol/g (→94% Li 2 S content)   

     Example 3 
     Production of Li 2 S/C Composite from Sulfur/Carbon Disulfide and Lithium Powder at 190° C. in Paraffin Oil, Receiving Vessel Containing Lithium, and Secondary Reaction at 190° C. 
     9.98 g lithium in 504 g Shellsol® D-100 was melted in the reactor according to Example 1. 15.8 g powdered sulfur was metered in in portions at an internal temperature of 185° C., with good stirring. A 30% solution of 5.6 g carbon disulfide in Shellsol® D100 was then added dropwise over a period of 15 minutes. After the addition was complete, additional sulfur (8.0 g) was added. After stirring for 2 h at 190° C., the mixture was cooled and the product was isolated (35.1 g of an almost black powder).
     XRD: Lithium sulfide in a pure phase ( FIG. 5 )   SEM: Cauliflower-like surface structure ( FIG. 6 )   C content: 7.2%   Li content: 39.9 mmol/g; S content: 20.0 mmol/g (→92% Li 2 S content)   

     Comparative Example 1 
     Production of Li 2 S/C Composite from Sulfur and Lithium Powder at Approximately 190° C. in Biphenyl 
     7.67 g lithium in 450 g biphenyl was melted in the reactor according to Example 1. 18.25 g powdered sulfur was metered in in portions over a period of 1 h at an internal temperature of approximately 190° C. After metering was complete, stirring was continued for 2 h at 190° C. The mixture was cooled to 120° C., and 500 mL decane was added (to prevent solidification). The mixture was then hot-filtered and washed with heptane, and the filter residue was vacuum-dried. 25.8 g of a dark gray product was obtained.
     XRD: Lithium sulfide with LiH and Li 2 C 2  impurities ( FIG. 7 )   SEM: Cauliflower-like surface structure ( FIG. 8 )   C content: 6%   Li content: 40.0 mmol/g; S content: 10.0 mmol/g   

     Comparative Example 2 
     Production of Li 2 S/C Composite from Sulfur and Lithium Powder at 190° C. in Tetralin 
     8.92 g lithium in 556 g tetralin was melted in the reactor according to Example 1. 21.22 g powdered sulfur was metered in in portions over a period of approximately 1 h at an internal temperature of approximately 190° C. After metering was complete, stirring was continued for 2 h at 190° C. The mixture was cooled to 80° C. and then hot-filtered and washed with heptane, and the filter residue was vacuum-dried. 25.4 g of a yellow-ochre product was obtained.
     XRD: Lithium sulfide with LiH and metallic lithium impurities ( FIG. 9 )   SEM: Cauliflower-like surface structure ( FIG. 10 )   C content: 1.1%   Li content: 41.5 mmol/g; S content: 12.0 mmol/g   

     The examples show that lithium sulfide powder in a pure phase with a large specific surface was formed when saturated hydrocarbon solvents were used. The carbon content in the product increased when CS 2  was used. The carbon was present predominantly in elemental form, presumably in a graphitic modification. When an aromatic solvent such as biphenyl was used, a C-doped lithium sulfide was likewise formed; however, this product had marked amounts of crystalline lithium carbide and lithium hydride impurities. When partially aromatic solvent such as tetralin was used, the reaction was not complete (elemental lithium remained in the product), and lithium hydride was formed as a by-product. The C content was much lower than when a saturated hydrocarbon solvent was used. The reaction may be brought to completion by longer reaction times and/or stoichiometric changes.