Abstract:
The present invention involves porous polymer membranes, suitable for use in medical implants, having controlled pore sizes, pore densities and mechanical properties. Methods of manufacturing such porous membranes are described in which a continuous fiber of polymer is extruded through a reciprocating extrusion head and deposited onto a substrate in a predetermined pattern. When cured, the polymeric material forms a stable, porous membrane suitable for a variety of applications, including reducing emboli release during and after stent delivery, and providing a source for release of bioactive substances to a vessel or organ and surrounding tissue.

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/859,636, filed Jun. 3, 2004, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/967,789, filed Sep. 28, 2001. This application also claims the benefit of priority from U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/637,495, filed Dec. 20, 2004. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The present invention relates to porous membranes suitable for covering medical implants such as stents for intravascular delivery, implants covered with such membranes and methods for making the porous membranes.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     Covered stents for implantation into a body vessel, duct or lumen generally include a stent and a cover attached to the stent. A porous structure of the cover, depending on the porosity, may enhance tissue ingrowth after the covered stent has been implanted. A porous structure affixed to an implantable device also may serve as a reservoir for bioactive components and/or reduce embolization by trapping thrombus against a vessel wall.  
         [0004]     Porous membranes for use in medical devices are known in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,759,757 to Pinchuk describes the formation of a porous membrane by leaching water soluble inorganic salts incorporated into the membrane to create pores where the salt crystals were initially located. U.S. Pat. No. 6,540,776 to Sanders Millare et al. describes a perforated membrane in which a pattern of interstices is created by removing material, for example, by laser cutting. The foregoing manufacturing methods require at least two process steps to form a porous membrane.  
         [0005]     One step processes for forming porous membranes also are known in the art, for example, using spinning techniques. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20040051201 to Greenhalgh et al. describes an electrospinning process in which a membrane is formed from a plurality of randomly-oriented, intertangled, non-woven fibrils.  
         [0006]     Spinning techniques that produce less random, but non-uniform membranes, also are known. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,475,972 to Wong describes a porous polymeric material made by a process in which polymeric fibers are wound on a mandrel in multiple overlying layers. The fibers contain unevaporated solvent when deposited in contact with one another, so that upon evaporation of the solvent the fibers bond together. The fibers laid in one traverse are wound on the mandrel parallel to each other and at an angle with respect to the axis of the mandrel. In the next traverse, the angle of winding is reverse to the previous angle, so that the fibers crisscross each other in multiple layers to form the porous structure.  
         [0007]     U.S. Pat. No. 4,738,740 to Pinchuk et al. describes a spinning method similar to that of Wong and further comprising intermittently applying a electrostatic charge to ensure reattachment of broken fibers to the mandrel. U.S. Pat. No. 5,653,747 to Dereume describes a vascular graft with an expandable coating produced by the spinning technique of Wong and having pores that open when the tubular support member expands.  
         [0008]     All of the foregoing spinning processes suffer from an inability to tightly control the pore size and pore pattern of the resulting membranes. More specifically, lateral deviation of the fibers using previously known spinning techniques has resulted in unsteady collocation of the fibers and the need to deposit multiple layers to ensure adequate coverage. Consequently, previously-known techniques produce either stiff membranes formed of multiple layers and unsatisfactory porosity, or porous, elastic membranes with insufficient strength.  
         [0009]     In view of the foregoing, it would be desirable to provide membranes having controlled porosity, pore pattern and pore distribution.  
         [0010]     It further would be desirable to provide a one step manufacturing process to produce membranes having controlled porosity, pore pattern and pore distribution.  
         [0011]     It still further would be desirable to provide a one step manufacturing process to produce membranes having controlled porosity and/or pore pattern wherein the membrane includes a bioactive substance that may be eluted from the membrane after implantation.  
         [0012]     It also would be desirable to provide manufacturing processes to produce membranes having the desired porosity, pattern and distribution characteristics for use in medical implants.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0013]     In view of the foregoing, it is an object of the present invention to provide membranes for use in medical implants having controlled porosity, pore pattern and pore distribution.  
         [0014]     It is another object of this invention to provide a one step manufacturing process to produce membranes having controlled porosity, pore pattern and pore distribution.  
         [0015]     It is a further object of the present invention to provide a one step manufacturing process to produce membranes having controlled porosity and/or pore pattern wherein the membrane includes a bioactive substance that may be eluted from the membrane after implantation.  
         [0016]     It is also an object of this invention to provide manufacturing processes to produce membranes having the desired porosity, pattern and distribution characteristics for use in medical implants.  
         [0017]     These and other objects of the present invention are accomplished by providing a membrane comprising a plurality of fibers that are deposited onto a substrate with a predetermined and reproducible pattern. The substrate may be either a mandrel or a surface of an implantable device, such as a stent. In a preferred embodiment, the fibers comprise a polymer that is sufficiently elastic and robust that the membrane follows the movements of the stent from loading onto a stent delivery system to deployment and implantation, without adversely affecting the performance of the membrane of the stent.  
         [0018]     In a preferred embodiment, the membrane is formed using a computer-controller substrate that moves in a precisely controlled and reproducible manner. The polymer used to form the fibers, e.g., a polyurethane or a copolymer thereof, is dissolved in a solvent and extruded through one or more extrusion heads onto a moving substrate. By moving the extrusion head back and forth with a specific velocity along the axis of the substrate, specific filament angles or patterns may be deposited. In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the number of passes, substrate shape and motion and extrusion head speed and material flow are controlled to provide a predetermined fiber diameter that is deposited to produce desired membrane properties, such as pore size and density.  
         [0019]     The membrane may either be fixed on the exterior surface of an implantable device, such as a stent, on the interior surface or both. Where an exterior covering is desired, the membrane may be directly deposited on the implantable device. Alternatively, the covering may be deposited on a mandrel to form a separate component, and then affixed to the implantable device in a later manufacturing step.  
         [0020]     In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the membrane may comprise composite fibers having a viscous sheath co-extruded around a solid core component, or alternatively may comprise co-extruded viscous components. In this manner, a membrane may be created wherein the individual fibers are loaded with a desired bioactive agent, such as a drug, that elutes from the matrix of the membrane without resulting in substantial degradation of the mechanical properties of the membrane.  
         [0021]     Methods of manufacturing covered implantable medical devices including the porous membranes of the present invention also are provided. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0022]     Further features of the invention, its nature and various advantages will be more apparent from the accompanying drawings and the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, in which:  
         [0023]      FIG. 1  is a schematic depiction of a membrane manufacturing system constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;  
         [0024]      FIGS. 2A-2C  are perspective views depicting exemplary patterns for depositing fibers onto a moving substrate in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0025]      FIG. 3  is a perspective view illustrating a stent covered with the membrane of the present invention;  
         [0026]      FIG. 4  is a schematic depiction of a membrane manufacturing process wherein the fibers comprise a core filament having a polymeric sheath; and  
         [0027]      FIG. 5  is a schematic depiction of a membrane manufacturing process wherein the fibers comprise a coextrusion of two polymers. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0028]     The present invention generally relates to medical implants, such as stents, having a porous membrane and the methods of making such membranes and medical implants. In accordance with the present invention, polymer membranes are provided that have well-defined pores based on a controlled deposition of fibers onto a substrate. In this manner a permeable membrane having a predetermined pore size and distribution may be obtained.  
         [0029]     Acute as well as late embolization are a significant threat during and after intravascular interventions such as stenting in saphenous vein grafts (SVG) and carotid arteries, where released particles can lead to major cardiac attacks or strokes, respectively. Covered stents for treatment of atherosclerotic lesions constructed according to the present invention comprise a porous membrane bonded to an exterior surface, and interior surface, or both, of a stent. Advantageously, the covered stent of the present invention may serve both to reduce embolization during an interventional procedure and prevent late embolization by tethering emboli and particles to the vessel wall.  
         [0030]     The inventive membrane may be engineered to provide any of a number of design properties, including: single and multi-component material composition; loading of one or more physiological (bioactive) substances into the polymer matrix; predetermined isotropic or an-isotropic mechanical properties; and predetermined pore geometry.  
         [0031]     In accordance with the principles of the present invention, polymeric material is deposited onto a computer-controlled movable substrate. Controlling the relative location and motion of the material source with regard to the deposition location on the substrate and process parameters, such as material flow and viscosity of the deposited material, permits generation of a multitude of different patterns for the membrane.  
         [0032]     The porous membrane of the present invention is sufficiently strong and flexible for use in medical devices, and preferably comprises steps of extruding a continuous fiber-forming biocompatible polymeric material through a reciprocating extrusion head onto a substrate to form an elongated fiber. The fiber is deposited on the substrate in a predetermined pattern in traces having a width of from 5 to 500 micrometers, adjacent traces being spaced apart from each other a distance of between 0 and 500 micrometers.  
         [0033]     Preferably, the fibers have a predetermined viscous creep that allows adjacent traces to bond to one another at predetermined contact points upon deposition. The number of overlapping or crossing fibers generally should be less than 5, preferably less than 4, and most preferably 1 or 2. When cured, the biocompatible material provides a stable, porous membrane.  
         [0034]     Referring to  FIG. 1 , apparatus  10  suitable for forming the porous membranes of the present invention comprises polymer extrusion machine  11  coupled to numerically controlled positioning system  12 . Computer  13  controls the flow of extrudate  14  through extrusion head  15  as well as relative motion of extrusion head  15  and substrate  16  resulting from actuation of positioning system  12 .  
         [0035]     Apparatus  10  permits highly-localized deposition of the extrudate with four degrees of freedom onto a substrate to form a membrane. The degrees of freedom are: z—the longitudinal motion of substrate  16  relative to extrusion head  15 ; φ—the angular movement of substrate  16  relative to extrusion head  15 ; r—the distance between extrusion head  15  and substrate  16 ; and θ—the pivotal angle of extrusion head  15 . The polymer strands  17  may be deposited onto the substrate under computer control to form any of the patterns described herein below.  
         [0036]     In a preferred embodiment, the substrate comprises a rotating mandrel. Polymer is extruded through reciprocating extrusion head  15  representing the first degree of freedom z, and with a controlled distance between the extrusion head and substrate  16 , representing the second degree of freedom r. Preferably, the distance between the extrusion head and substrate is between 0 to 50 mm, and more preferably between 0.5 and 20 mm. As the polymer is deposited onto the substrate, the substrate is rotated through a predetermined angle φ, corresponding to the third degree of freedom. In this manner, fibers  17  extruded from extrusion head  15  form a two-dimensional membrane on substrate  16 . In addition, by pivoting the extrusion head along its vertical axis, fourth degree of freedom θ may be employed, thus making it possible to deposit more than one filament simultaneously while maintaining a set inter-fiber distance.  
         [0037]     The four degrees of freedom discussed above may be independently controlled and if needed, synchronized, to attain a spatial resolution of material deposition having an order of magnitude of microns or higher. Optionally, the second degree of freedom r may be fixed if stable polymer deposition has been achieved. The fourth degree of freedom is not required when extruding only one filament.  
         [0038]     Extrusion head  15  may have one or more outlets to deposit an extruded polymer fiber onto substrate  16  in traces having an inter-trace distance ranging between 0 to 1000 micrometers. The width of the individual trace (corresponding to the fiber width) may vary between 5 to 500 micrometers, and more preferably is in the range of 10 to 200 micrometers. Pore size is a function of trace width and inter-trace distance and may be selected by selection of these variables from between 0 (i.e., a tight covering) to 200 micrometers (i.e., to form a filter or tether to trap emboli against a vessel wall). Due to the precise control of fiber deposition, it is possible to create a membrane with desired porosity, strength and flexibility with a very small number of overlapping traces or crossing traces. The number of overlapping or crossing traces in the membrane of the present invention generally should be less than 5, preferably less than 4, and most preferably 1 to 2.  
         [0039]     The biocompatible polymer is liquefied either by dissolving the biocompatible material in solvents or by thermally melting the biocompatible material, or both. The viscosity of the liquefied material determines the viscous creep properties and thus final pore size and inter-pore distance when the material is deposited on the substrate. Preferably, the viscous creep is controlled so that desired geometrical and physical properties are met upon deposition. By controlling the viscosity and amount of the deposited material on the substrate and consequently the viscous creep of the polymer before curing, the specified inter-pore distance, pore width and inter-fiber bonding may be achieved. Alternatively, the substrate may be heated to facilitate relaxation and/or curing of the trace width after deposition on the substrate.  
         [0040]     Viscosity also may be controlled by adjustment of the distance r of extrusion head  15  relative to substrate  16 , the concentration of the solvent in extrudate  14  and/or the heating temperature, ambient pressure, and extrusion parameters. With the viscous creep of the fibers being appropriately controlled, the traces deposited on the substrate will bond to one another at predetermined contact points upon deposition.  
         [0041]     A specified pore size of the membrane may be achieved by, but is not limited to, lateral deposition distance between two adjacent material traces, extrusion parameters, and/or extrusion head outlet diameters and extrusion pressure. The latter two parameters also affect the fiber diameter, thus in combination with the fiber deposition pattern selected, permit selection and control of the mechanical properties of the membrane.  
         [0042]     Suitable biocompatible materials include but are not limited to polyurethane and copolymers thereof, silicone polyurethane copolymer, polypropylene and copolymers thereof, polyamides, polyethylenes, PET, PEEK, ETFE, CTFE, PTFE and copolymers thereof. Preferred materials for forming membranes of the present invention are polyurethane and copolymers thereof. The polymers may in addition include any biologically active substance having desired release kinetics upon implantation into a patient&#39;s body.  
         [0043]     Referring now to  FIGS. 2A  to  2 C, exemplary patterns formed by apparatus  10  during deposition of the fibers from extrusion head  15  of the present invention are described. In  FIG. 2A , membrane  20  is formed on substrate  16  having diameter D by reciprocating extrusion head  15  longitudinally relative to the longitudinal axis of the substrate, followed by indexed angular movement of the substrate while the extrusion head is held stationary at the ends of the substrate. In this manner, traces  21  having a controlled width and inter-trace spacing may be deposited on the substrate.  
         [0044]     Once the longitudinal fibers have been deposited on the substrate, the substrate is rotated 360° while the extrusion head is indexed along the length of the substrate, thereby forming a regular pattern of square or rectangular pores having a predetermined size. Alternatively, if extrusion head  15  is provided with multiple outlets, multiple parallel fibers may be deposited in a single longitudinal pass.  
         [0045]      FIG. 2B  illustrates alternative membrane pattern  22 , wherein the substrate is rotated through precise angular motions during longitudinal translation of the extrusion head. Instead of depositing a straight longitudinal strand, as in the pattern of  FIG. 2A , the pattern of  FIG. 2B  includes a series of “jogs”  23  in each longitudinal filament  24 . When adjacent filaments  24  are deposited on the substrate, the contacting portions of the traces bond to one another to define pores  25  having a predetermined size. In this manner, with each longitudinal pass of the extrusion head, a line of pores  25  of predetermined size in formed in a single layer membrane.  
         [0046]      FIG. 2C  shows another pattern  26  by which the membrane of the present invention may be built up. In this embodiment, positioning system  12  employs two degrees of freedom, z and φ, simultaneously, resulting in a “braid-like” structure. Preferably the extruded fibers retain a high unevaporated solvent content when deposited on substrate  16 , so that the fibers fuse to form a unitary structure having a predetermined pore size.  
         [0047]     More generally, apparatus  10  may be used to deposit one or more traces of a biocompatible material on substrate  16  while extrusion head  15  is reciprocated along the length of the substrate. An extrusion head having multiple outlets permit the deposition of multiple filaments on the substrate during a single translation of the extrusion head or rotation of the substrate. All translational and rotational motions of the components of apparatus  10  are individually or synchronously controlled by computer  13 , thus permitting the membrane to be configured with any desired pattern.  
         [0048]     As discussed above with respect to  FIGS. 2A-2C , apparatus  10  permits fibers to be deposited with any of a number of possible alternative patterns. By depositing the fibers first in multiple passes longitudinal passes followed by indexed translation of the extrusion head and simultaneous rotation of the substrate, as in  FIG. 2A , two trace layers may be generated that cross or overlap to form a membrane having a regular grid of pores. In this case, only one degree of freedom is used at any one time. Alternatively, addressing two degrees of freedom alternatingly, as in the pattern of  FIG. 2B , a series of “jogs” may be introduced into the individual fibers. In this case, the traces do not cross but only contact each other, thereby creating a line of pores in a single layer membrane. Still further, by addressing two degrees of freedom simultaneously, a braided structure such as depicted in  FIG. 2C  may be obtained, in which a specified pore size and shape is attained by varying the distance between two parallel traces of material.  
         [0049]     In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, extrusion is performed with chemically or thermally liquefied material, or both. The viscosity of the extrudate may be controlled by the concentration of the solvent, by enhancing evaporation of the solvent from the deposited material trace by means of heating the substrate, by varying the distance r between the extrusion head and the substrate, or by adjusting the extrusion temperature of the material so that a well-defined viscous creep of the material occurs after deposition onto the substrate.  
         [0050]     Adjustment of the viscous creep allows fusion of the traces at contact points and thus formation of a two-dimensional membrane having desired mechanical strength characteristics. By appropriately setting these parameters accurate material deposition may be achieved with reduced lateral aberrations of the filaments compared to previously-known membrane manufacturing techniqures.  
         [0051]     As will of course be understood, the diameter of the substrate should be selected based upon the dimensions of the medical implant or stent to which the membrane is to be affixed. For example, the diameter may be selected based upon the expanded configuration of the medical implant or stent. The implant to be covered may be balloon-expandable or self-expandable. In a preferred embodiment, the implant is a self-expandable stent comprising a superelastic material such as a nickel-titanium alloy.  
         [0052]     Referring to  FIG. 3 , stent  30  covered with membrane  31  of the present invention is described. Stent  30  may comprise any suitable design, such as a plastically deformable slotted tube or self-expanding superelastic structure. Porous membrane  31  may be deposited directly onto the medical implant, such as stent  30  which is employed as the substrate during the membrane deposition process.  
         [0053]     Alternatively, the membrane may be deposited on a mandrel and after curing may be bonded in a separate step to the medical implant. In the latter case, thermal drying and/or evaporation of the solvent cures the biocompatible material while on the substrate. Once the membrane has cured sufficiently so that the mechanical properties of the membrane permit it to be removed from the substrate, the membrane may be bonded to a surface of the implant using a solvent, adhesive or thermal technique. In this case, the surface of the implant may be pre-processed to optimize bonding, for example by activation of the surface, coating of the surface with liquified polymer or other appropriate treatments of the surface.  
         [0054]     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , an alternative method of forming a porous membrane, suitable for use in a medical implant, is described. In this embodiment, membrane  40  comprises multi-component fiber  41  including core filament  42  coated with at least second biocompatible material  43  having the same or different chemical, physical, mechanical, biocompatible and or biologically active properties. Material  43  may incorporate one or more biologically active substances that elute into the patient&#39;s bloodstream after the medical implant is implanted.  
         [0055]     Multi-component fiber  41  may be deposited onto the substrate to form a two-dimensional contiguous structure. The individual components of fiber  41  may be selected to provide different characteristics to the membrane, which may employ any of the pattern designs discussed herein above. For example, core filament  42  may provide mechanical stability, while material  43  may serve as and interface to the biological environment, enhance the adhesive properties for inter-trace bonding and/or enhance bonding of the membrane to the medical implant.  
         [0056]     Suitable materials for the core filament include but are not limited to polyamides, polyethylenes, PET, PEEK, ETFE, CTFE, and PTFE and copolymers thereof, and metal wire or fiber glass. Suitable materials for ensheathing core filament  41  include but are not limited to polyurethane and copolymers thereof, silicone polyurethane copolymer, polypropylene and copolymers thereof, polyamides, polyethylenes, PET, PEEK, ETFE, CTFE, PTFE and copolymers thereof.  
         [0057]     Referring to  FIG. 5 , a further alternative method of forming the porous membrane of the present invention is described. In the method depicted in  FIG. 5 , membrane  50  comprises co-extruded fibers  51  formed of at least first biocompatible material  52  and second biocompatible material  53 . Materials  52  and  53  may have the same or different chemical, physical, mechanical, biocompatible and or physiologically active properties. Fibers  51 , while illustrated as being co-axially co-extruded, alternatively may be co-extruded co-linearly.  
         [0058]     Suitable materials for first material  52  include but are not limited to polyamides, polyethylenes, PET, PEEK, ETFE, CTFE, PTFE and copolymers thereof. Suitable materials for second material  53  include but are not limited to polyurethane and copolymers thereof, silicone polyurethane copolymer, polypropylene and copolymers thereof, polyamides, polyethylenes, PET, PEEK, ETFE, CTFE, PTFE and copolymers thereof.  
         [0059]     It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to membranes for use on stents. Rather, the membranes of the present invention may be affixed to any other medical device or implant that is brought into an intracorporal lumen for limited or extended implant durations. Such devices include vascular protection devices to filter emboli that are only transiently introduced into the body. Further applications for such porous membranes may be devices configured to be introduced into other body lumens or ducts, such as the trachea, esophagus, and biliary or urinary lumina.  
         [0060]     While preferred illustrative embodiments of the invention are described above, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the invention. The appended claims are intended to cover all such changes and modifications that fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.