Abstract:
A biofeedback system for administration of electroencephalographic (EEG) neurofeedback training includes a plurality of electrodes sensors for placement on the head of a trainee and a switching head box comprising a plurality of contacts each of which connects to one electrode sensor and for specific biofeedback and neural connectivity training. The system also includes an interface device which includes at least two EEG signal amplifiers and connects to the switching head box, and a computer comprising software for generating user-control functions which corresponds in real-time to EEG signals received by the interface device and processed by the computer. The switching head box includes a switch with at least two conductors and connects the electrode sensors to the interface device for transmitting EEG signals from the trainee to the computer. Specific combinations of electrode sensors are used for specific types of biofeedback training.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/512,949, filed Aug. 30, 2006. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The invention pertains generally to EEG biofeedback for learning and controlling bio-electric characteristics of the brain which correspond to different mind states. More particularly, the invention relates to system and method for obtaining quantitative EEC measurements and values from sensors positioned at various locations of the brain. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Biofeedback is the recording, monitoring and analyzing of electrical activity of the brain and a corresponding mental state of a user. A plurality of visual, auditory and/or tactile feedback mechanisms are (integrated) with the electrical activity of the brain to facilitate neurofeedback training of the user. The interface is provided in such a manner so as to provide the ability of the user, in the case of self-administered monitoring, or the trainer, in the case of an administered session, to record, manage and control brain activity for different purposes including self-improvement. 
         [0004]    EEG (brainwave) signals have been extensively studied in an effort to determine relationships between frequencies of electrical activity or neural discharge patterns of the brain and corresponding mental, emotional or cognitive states. Biofeedback of identified frequency bands of EEG signals is used to enable a person to voluntarily reach or maintain a target mental state. Frequency bands of EEG readings used in such biofeedback have been generally categorized in the approximate frequency ranges of: delta waves, 0 to 4 Hz; theta waves, 4 to 7 Hz; alpha waves, 8 to 12 Hz; beta waves, 12 Hz to 36 Hz, and sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) waves, 12 to 15 Hz. 
         [0005]    It is theorized that each of the major subbands of biofeedback EEG (delta, theta, alpha, and beta) has unique bio-electric characteristics which correspond with unique subjective characteristics of an individual. The delta band is observed most clearly in coma and deep sleep, the theta band in light sleep and drowsiness, the alpha band in a variety of wakeful states involving creativity, calm and inner awareness, and the beta band in alert wakeful situations with external focus. In general, a dominant brain wave frequency increases with increasing mental activity. 
         [0006]    Many different approaches have been taken to EEG biofeedback to achieve mental state control. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,928,704 describes a biofeedback method and system for training a person to develop useful degrees of voluntary control of EEG activity. EEG sensors are attached to cortical sites on the head for sensing BEG signals in a controlled environment. The signals are amplified and filtered in accordance with strict criteria for processing within time constraints matching natural neurologic activity. The signals are filtered in the pre-defined subbands of alpha, theta, beta and delta, and fed back to the monitored person in the form of optical, aural or tactile stimuli. 
         [0007]    QEEG devices typically record a minimum of 19-20 channels, for data acquisition and analysis to map brain activity. These devices have individual EEG signal amplifiers for each channel and are expensive and complicated systems to run, requiring an expert in the field to conduct training. Currently, substantially less expensive systems which have a lower number of channels, for example, two to four channel devices, which include an amplifier for each channel, can also be used. However, in a two-channel interface device, for example, the trainee or trainer is required to take additional time to reposition the conductors to two different sites on the head for each recording. Thus, in many of the conventional EEG biofeedback systems and methods, it is necessary to interrupt data collection to reposition the conductors, and in some cases, to also perform set-up functions, review component values, or set protocols or adjust threshold levels. These functions are typically performed by a session administrator, which can ultimately diminish or otherwise adversely affect the nature and quality of biofeedback signals to a trainee seeking to benefit from EEG training. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0008]    The present invention provides for a system, program and method of recording brainwaves around the head quickly and cost effectively on a low number of channels relative to a QEEG system. It provides recording from a relatively low number of channels to multiple sensor locations, and also provides a system and method to switch between channels instantly to obtain quality biofeedback. 
         [0009]    In one embodiment, the present invention provides for a system for administration of electroencephalographic (EEG) neurofeedback training which includes a plurality of electrode sensors for placement on the head of a trainee, a switching head box electrically connected to the at least two sensors, an interface device which includes at least two EEG signal amplifiers and is electrically connected to the switching head box, and a computer electrically connected to the interface device and which includes software for generating user-control functions which correspond in real time to EEG signals received by the interface device. The switching head box includes a switch having a first conductor at a first position which connects a first electrode sensor to a first EEG signal amplifier of the interface device, and a second conductor at a second position which connects a second electrode sensor to a second EEG signal amplifier, for transmitting EEG signals from the trainee to the computer. 
         [0010]    In another embodiment of the invention, a program embodied in a computer readable medium includes logic that simultaneously identifies at least two independent BEG brainwave signals received by at least two electrical sensors placed on a head of a trainee undergoing biofeedback training. The program includes logic which executes processing of the EEG brainwave signals and records EEG brainwave data derived from the EEG brainwave signals and logic that detects a predetermined time setting for processing the EEG brainwave signals and executes a prompt, at the conclusion of the predetermined time setting, to advance a switch if additional electrical sensors are to be processed. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]    The various embodiments of the present invention can be understood with reference to the following drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale. Also, in the drawings, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the several views. 
           [0012]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of the hardware components of a biofeedback system according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of the biofeedback system of  FIG. 1 , according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  is an electrical schematic diagram of a two-channel, six-position switching head box of the biofeedback system of  FIG. 1 , according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0015]      FIG. 4  is an electrical schematic diagram of a four-channel, 5-position switching head box of the biofeedback system of  FIG. 1 , according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0016]      FIG. 5  is an electrical schematic diagram of a 2-channel, 2-position switching head box of the biofeedback system of  FIG. 1 , according to an embodiment of the invention; 
           [0017]      FIG. 6  is a flow chart that provides an example of the logic that is executed in the controller of an interface device of the biofeedback system of  FIG. 1 , according to an embodiment of the invention; and 
           [0018]      FIG. 7  is a screen display generated by monitoring logic of the biofeedback system of  FIGS. 1 and 2 , according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0019]      FIG. 8  is a diagram of the location of electrode sensors for biofeedback system position  1 . 
           [0020]      FIG. 9  is a diagram of the location of electrode sensors for biofeedback system position  2 . 
           [0021]      FIG. 10  is a diagram of the location of electrode sensors for biofeedback system position  3 . 
           [0022]      FIG. 11  is a diagram of the location of electrode sensors for biofeedback system position  4 . 
           [0023]      FIG. 12  is a diagram of the location of electrode sensors for biofeedback system position  5 . 
           [0024]      FIG. 13  is a diagram of the location of electrode sensors for biofeedback system position  5   a.    
           [0025]      FIG. 14  is a diagram of the location of electrode sensors for biofeedback system position  6 . 
           [0026]      FIG. 15  is a diagram of the location of electrode sensors for biofeedback system position  7 . 
           [0027]      FIG. 16  is a diagram of the location of electrode sensors for biofeedback system position  8 . 
           [0028]      FIG. 17  is a diagram of the location of electrode censor for biofeedback system position  9 . 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       [0029]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of the hardware components of a biofeedback system  100  according to an embodiment of the invention. The biofeedback system  100  includes a plurality of electrodes  102  attachable to an electro-cap that is placed on the head  103  of a subject or trainee undergoing biofeedback training. The biofeedback system  100  further includes a switching head box  104 , a user interface device  106 , and a trainee computer or data processor  108  which is electrically connected to a display monitor  110 , keyboard  111 , and optionally, additional biofeedback stimulative devices  112  such as audio or vibratory headphones, light goggles, and/or tactile stimulator. These devices may be controlled by a feedback device controller (not shown) connected to user computer  108 . The user computer  108  contains BEG analysis and biofeedback software which performs EEG recording, analysis and biofeedback operations, as will be further described herein. The biofeedback system can optionally include a trainer computer  120  having keyboard  121  and display monitor  122 , in which the trainer computer  120  is connected to the trainee computer  108  either as another computer in a networked environment or at a remote location via the internet  130 . 
         [0030]    The EEG signals from the trainee undergoing biofeedback training flow from electrodes which connect to the switching head box  104  via a pigtail connector  132  or individually to individual pin-type connections (not shown) to connector  133  on the switching head box  104 . The interface device  106  electrically connects to the trainee computer  108  via cable connector  134  and interface device  106  electrically connects to the switching head box  104  through various serial data lines, for example line  136  to channel 1 (CH 1), line  138  to channel 2 (CH 2), lines  142  and  144  to reference and line  146  to ground. The switching head box  104  includes a selector switch  160  that can be turned to a plurality of positions  162 . The selector switch  160  allows the trainee or trainer to easily select the electrodes for data collection and to control the reading of various areas of the head that are transmitting BEG data to the trainee computer  108 . Thus the selector switch  160  prevents the trainee or trainer from having to move the electrodes to various positions on the head in order to obtain several EEG readings. The trainee can use a standard EEG cap and can easily select various areas of the brain in a short time. Furthermore, the software within the trainee computer  108  can prompt the trainee or trainer to switch the channels at a pre-determined time period to collect data at several electrodes to complete a biofeedback training session, as will be further discussed. Therefore, switching head box  104  allows the trainee or trainer to select which electrodes will be transmitted through to the interface device  106  and sent to the trainee computer to be read by the software therein. The interface device  106  reads the EEG signals coming into lines  136  and  138  and converts them to digital form, and sends the digital signals to the computer  108  and the signals can then be viewed and interpreted on software, for example, Windows Operating System. 
         [0031]      FIG. 1  also shows location of the plurality of electrodes  102  attached to the trainee head  103  as, for example a neutral (or “indifferent”) electrode to each ear  150 ,  152 , electrodes A 1  and A 2 , and at least one electrode to locations on the scalp, for example, one on each side of the forehead C 3  and C 4  to provide “right active” and “left active” two-channel input, and a “ground” GND electrode. Generally, the active electrode will be attached to the head in a specific location (frontal, parietal, occipital, etc.), and the indifferent and ground electrodes will be attached to each ear  150 ,  152 . The active and indifferent electrodes connect through the switching box  104  and then to the interface device  106 . For example, when the selector switch  160  is turned to a single position of the plurality of switch positions  162 , and with the active electrodes C 3  and C 4  attached to the head  103 , the indifferent electrodes A 1  and M attached to the left  150  and right ears  152 , the switching head box  104  and the interface device will track (measure) brainwave activity between the head and the left and right ears as references, and sensor GND on forehead used as ground. Therefore, in one example embodiment, two active leads C 3  and C 4  can provide EEG monitoring through channel 1, CH 1, and channel 2, CH 2, respectively, of the interface device  106 . 
         [0032]    In addition, several additional active leads may connect to channels 1 and 2, respectively. For example, when the selector switch  160  is turned to a single position, of the plurality of switch positions  162 , active electrodes C 3 , C 4  can provide monitoring through channel 1 and electrodes P 3  and P 4  can provide monitoring to channel 2. Selector switch  160  may then be turned to a new position and active electrodes T 3 , T 4  can provide monitoring through channel 1 and electrodes O 1 , O 2  can provide signals through channel 2. Therefore two or more electrode connections can be read in channel 1 while two or more electrode connections can be read in channel 2. The selector switch  160  can then be turned so that additional electrodes may be read via channels 1 and 2. In an alternative embodiment, the switching head box  104  can have additional channels, for example 10 or more channels. 
         [0033]      FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of the biofeedback system of  FIG. 1  which includes the sensors  102 , switching head box  104 , interface device  106 , trainee and trainer computers  108 ,  120  all of which are electrically coupled to one another. The example embodiment of  FIG. 2  is described with reference to a trainee computer  108  that is directly coupled to interface device  106  which selectively reads EEG signals via sensors  102  on trainee head through switching head box  104 . The trainee computer  108  could be directly coupled to trainer computer  120 , or alternatively, the trainee computer  108  could interface with a trainer computer  120  in a networked environment or via the Internet, intranets, wide area networks (WANs), local area networks, wireless networks, or other suitable networks, etc., or any combination of two or more such networks. The trainee and trainer computers  108 ,  120  may be, for example, desktops, laptops, palm or hand held computers such as a personal digital assistant, or any other devices with like capability. 
         [0034]    The trainee computer  108  includes software or firmware components that are stored in the memory  202  and are executed by the processor  204 , and each are coupled to respective local interface  210 , for example an input/output data bus which can also connect to keyboard  111  and biofeedback stimulative devices  112  ( FIG. 1 ). The trainer computer  120 , if present, also includes software or firmware components that are stored in the memory  222  and are executable by the processor  224 , and are coupled to local interface  230 . These components include, for example, operating systems  206 ,  226  and monitoring logic  208 ,  228 . The operating systems  206 ,  226  are executed to control the allocation and usage of hardware resources such as the memory, processing time and peripheral devices  111 ,  112 ,  121  ( FIG. 1 ). In this manner, the operating systems  206 ,  226  serve as the foundation on which applications depend. Monitoring logic  208 ,  228  monitors trainee EEG signals and provides feedback for biofeedback training. For example, the monitoring logic  208  of trainee computer  108  may include logic that performs EEG signal processing for EEC frequency band measurement and to generate images of these brainwave measurements, logic that makes a determination of the information via computation functions, logic that carries out a number of possible user feedback tasks which can be displayed on trainee monitor  110  ( FIG. 1 ), logic that sorts, saves and restores data files, and logic which provides summary reporting and graphing capabilities. 
         [0035]    As used herein, the term “executable” means a program file that is in a form that can ultimately be run by the processors  204 ,  224 . Examples of executable programs may be, for example, a compiled program that can be translated into machine code in a format that can be loaded into a random access portion of the memories  202 ,  222  and run by the processors  204 ,  224  or source code that may be expressed in proper format such as object code that is capable of being loaded into a random access portion of the memories  202 ,  222  and executed by the processors  204 ,  224  etc. An executable program may be stored in any portion or component of the memories  202 ,  222  including, for example, random access memory, read-only memory, a hard drive, compact disk (CD), floppy disk, or other memory components. 
         [0036]    The memories  202 ,  222  are each defined herein as both volatile and nonvolatile memory and data storage components. Also, each of the processors  204 ,  224  may represent multiple processors and each of the memories  202 ,  222  may represent multiple memories that operate in parallel processing circuits, respectively. In such a case, each of the local interfaces  210 ,  230  may be an appropriate network that facilitates communication between any two of the multiple processors, between any processor and any of the memories, or between any two of the memories, etc. 
         [0037]    The interface device  106  acquires and transmits data, and the trainee computer  108  receives and processes the data to make a determination of the information, and then carries out any of a number of possible user-feedback tasks which can be displayed the display monitor  110  ( FIG. 1 ) connected to the user computer  108 . As mentioned above, interface device  106  receives data from sensors  102  via switching head box  104  through the data serial lines  136 ,  138  ( FIG. 1 ) which it transmits to the trainee computer  108 . Interface device  106  includes two or more BEG signal amplifiers  230 , one for each channel of data transmission. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the interface device  106  is transmitting 2 channels of data and therefore has two EEG signal amplifiers  230 , although additional channels of data are possible, for example 2-10 channels, in another example, 2-8 channels, 2-6 channels, 2-4 channels and all combination of numbers of channels there between. Interface device  106  includes firmware in the way of analog converters  232  which read the incoming analog EEG signals from electrode sensors  102 , converts them to digital form, and sends the digital signals to the trainee computer  108 . The digital signals can then be viewed and interpreted on software installed on the trainee computer  108 , as will be further described. 
         [0038]    Next, a general description of the operation and functioning of switching head box  104  is provided within the context of the biofeedback system  100  of  FIGS. 1 and 2 .  FIGS. 3 through 5  show example electrical schematics of switching head box  104  configured to receive data from the electrode sensors  102  ( FIGS. 1 and 2 ) and to transmit the data to the interface device  106  ( FIGS. 1 and 2 ) through two or more channels. Each electrical schematic illustrates one of several possible electrical circuits are established via the switch  160  at the various switch positions that may be selected. As illustrated, the switch  160  has two conductors  304 ,  306  which make contact with the electrode sensors  102  and two active channel ports, CH1, CH2. Each conductor  304 ,  306  connects to one electrode sensor  102 , and so, switch  160 , as shown, connects to two electrode sensors on the head of the trainee undergoing biofeedback treatment when the switch is located at each switch position  160 . As stated above and as shown in the example embodiments described below, each channel of the switching head box  104  interfaces with a separate amplifier of the interface device  106  through channel ports CH1, CH2. 
         [0039]    In the example embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 , data is transmitted from a first electrode sensor FZ located on the head of the trainee undergoing feedback treatment to contact FZ of switching head box  104 , and through conductor  304  of switch  160  which electrically connects to Channel 1 port, CH1, to interface device  106 . At the same time, data from a second electrode sensor, CZ located on the head of the trainee is transmitted through conductor  306  of switch  160  and to Channel port two, CH2 of switching head box  104  to interface device  104 . After the data is passed through separate EEG signal amplifiers of interface device  106 , the data is transmitted to trainee computer  108  ( FIG. 1 ). Therefore, activation of switch  160  to a first position as indicated by position indicator  302  completes two electrical circuits that allows current to pass through two separate electrode sensor sites of the brain to the interface device  106  and to the trainee computer  108 . In the embodiment shown, the switch  160  can be turned to six positions in which the conductors make contact with all twelve electrode sensor sites. A suitable switch can be any switch, for example, a double-pole switch that can move to two or more positions and that is capable of completing at least two electrical circuits that connect two electrode sensors to two distinct channel ports, CH 1 and CH 2, of switching head box  104  and to interface device  106  and to two distinct EEG signal amplifiers, of interface device  104 . The switching head box  104  of  FIG. 3  is designed such that switch  160  has two conductors that interface with 12 electrode sites and where the switch  160  can be moved to six positions to read data to electrode sensor sites at each switch position. Accordingly, when switch  160  is placed in a second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth electrical contacts at six positions, electrical contact is made and therefore data can be read from electrode sensor pairs C 3  and C 4 , P 3  and P 4 , T 3  and T 4  and O 1  and O 2 , respectively. 
         [0040]    In alternative embodiments, switching head box  106  can be configured to receive data from a large range of electrode sensor sites. For example, the number of sensor sites that can be read depend on the number of electrode sites or the electrode cap that is placed on the head of the trainee and can range anywhere from 2-256 sites and another example can range from 2-64, and another embodiment from about 2-32 and in another embodiment from about 2-20, and in still yet in another embodiment from about 2-12 electrodes and all ranges there between. In addition, switch  160  of switching head box  104  can include at least two conductors, depending upon the number of channel ports and channels that can be read by interface device  106 . 
         [0041]      FIG. 4  illustrates an electrical schematic of a switching head box  104  that reads data from 20 electrode sensor sites. In addition, switching head box  106  includes four distinct channel ports, CH1, CH2, CH3 and CH4, which can allow for the transmission of data for four separate EEG signal amplifiers of interface device  106 . Switch  160  has four conductors,  404 ,  406 ,  408 ,  410 , which make contact with four contacts at four positions to read four distinct electrode sensors. Switch  160  can be rotated to five different positions in order to transmit the data from all twenty electrode sensor sites. Accordingly, switching head box  104  of  FIG. 4  is a four channel, 5 position switching head box  104 . When switch  160  is placed in a first position, as indicated by position indicator  402 , contact  404  makes contact with electrode site FZ, contact  406  makes contact with electrode sensor site PZ, electrode  408  makes contact with electrode sensor site OZ and conductor  410  makes contact with electrode sensor site CZ. As shown, data from electrode sensor site CZ is transmitted to the Channel 1 port, CH1, the data from electrode sensor site PZ is transmitted to Channel port 2, CH 2, the data from electrode sensor site OZ is transmitted to Channel 3 port, CH 3, and the data from electrode sensor site FZ is transmitted to Channel port 4, CH4. Thus, four separate circuits can be established simultaneously through switch  160  of switching head box  106 . Movement of switch  160  to a second position breaks the circuit to electrode sites Cz, Pz, Oz and Fz and establishes connection to four new sites, for example, T 4 , P 4 , P 3 , and T 3 . Since, in the embodiment of  FIG. 4 , the number of electrode sites is 20, the switch can be placed in a third, fourth and fifth position to make electrical contact with electrode sites P 4 , C 4 , P 3  and C 3 ; and F 4 , FP, 2, F 3 , and FP 1 ; and F 8 , T 8 , T 7  and F 7 , respectively. 
         [0042]    It should be understood, that any four sensors can be chosen for connection at a given time. For example, although electrode sensors Fz, Pz, Oz are shown to make connection at the same time, other alternative sites can be made by conductors  404 ,  406 ,  408  and  410 . Thus, in the example embodiments of  FIGS. 4 and 5 , each conductor makes contact with one electrode sensor site and transmits data to a single EEG signal amplifier. In addition, it is also possible that switch  160  of  FIG. 4  includes two conductors, for example, or any number of conductors greater than two. 
         [0043]    In conducting biofeedback training, it may be desirable to train whole sections of the brain. The biofeedback system  100  can also conduct training based on combined signals to perform a computation of coherence which is known as “synchrony training”.  FIG. 5  shows a switch  160  having at least two conductors which receives data from at least two electrode sensor sites, at each electrode. For example, switch  160  is at a first position as indicated by indicator position  502 , and contact is made to electrode sensors F 3 , T 3  and C 3  which are connected in parallel to provide a first channel reading to channel 1 port, CH1. Contact is also made via contact  506  to electrode sensors F 4 , T 4  and C 4  which are connected in parallel to provide a second channel reading which is transmitted to channel 2 port, CH 2. Therefore, each of the conductors  504  and  506  of switch  160  make connection to more than one sensor which transmits to each channel, and so data from the several electrode sensors are provided with only two EEG signal amplifiers. This electrical arrangement in conjunction with computation performed by the logic provides an average reading of the electrical activity of at least two electrode sensor sites. This method may be referred to as “volume-conduction averaging” and is a method for training multiple brain sites. This allows for sychrony training that is sensitive to the amplitude and phase synchrony of the different sites. Switch  160  can then be moved clockwise so that the position indicator  502  aligns with the second position and conductor  504  makes contact with electrode sensors P 3 , O 1  and conductor  506  makes contact with P 4  and O 2 , which transmits signals to Channel 1 port, CH1 and Channel 2 port, CH2, respectively. 
         [0044]    The specific combination of sensors is a matter of design choice and can be variable. That is, the specific numbers or pairs or quads, etc., and combinations of sensors employed depend upon the desired training. Homologous pairs can be chosen such that contact  504  connects to all sensors on the left side of the brain, for example electrode sensors F 3 , T 3 , C 3 , P 3 , O 1 , and conductor  506  connects all sensors on the right side of the brain, for example, electrode sensor sites F 4 , T 4 , C 4 , P 4 , O 2 . Therefore synchrony training can conduct the entire head training with 10 sites being read through CH1 and 10 sites being read through CH2. Again, it should be understood that the number of electrode sensors read can vary greatly and the number of conductors of switch  160  can be any number greater than two, each of which connects to a distinct channel amplifier of interface device  106 . 
         [0045]      FIGS. 6A and 6B  is a flow chart that provides an example embodiment of the monitoring logic  208  ( FIG. 2 ) that is executed in a trainee computer, and optionally, a trainer computer of the biofeedback system of  FIG. 1 , according to an embodiment of the invention.  FIGS. 6A and 6B  show a flow chart of one example of the monitoring logic  208  according to an embodiment of the present invention. Alternatively,  FIGS. 6A and 6B  may be viewed as depicting steps of an example of a method implemented in a trainee computer  108  ( FIG. 2 ) to determine the biofeedback readings of several sensors on the trainee&#39;s head. The functionality of the monitoring logic  208  as depicted by the example flow chart of  FIG. 6A  and B may be implemented, for example, in an object-oriented design or in some other suitable programming architecture. Assuming the functionality is implemented in an object-oriented design, each block represents functionality that may be implemented in one or more methods that are encapsulated in one or more objects. The monitoring logic may be implemented using any one of a number of programming languages such as, for example, C, C++, JAVA, Perl, or other suitable programming languages. 
         [0046]    Beginning with box  602 , the monitoring logic  208  sends a prompt at box  604  to the user, for example via display monitor  110  of computer  108 , and the logic at box  606  determines whether or not the signal is sufficiently strong. Assuming that the signal is good, then at box  608  a prompt is sent to advance the switch position. The monitoring logic  208  then determines at box  610  whether or not there are any more signals from electrode sensors to be read for data. If the response is “Yes” then another prompt is sent for signal feedback at box  604  and to determine whether the signals from additional electrode sensors are sufficiently strong at box  606 . If all of the signals are not sufficiently strong, then the monitoring logic starts over at  602 . 
         [0047]    Once there are no more electrode sensors to be read, then in box  612  the monitoring logic  208  sends a signal to prompt the user to set the switch position to the first switch position. The monitoring logic  208  then determines whether or not the switch has been advanced to the first position in box  614 . If the switch position has not been set to position  1 , the prompt will continue to be sent to the monitor  110  of the trainee computer  108 . Once the switch position is set to position  1 , the monitoring logic then records and saves data at box  616  to labeled data files within the memory  202  of trainee computer  108 . Once that data is recorded and saved, the monitoring logic  208  determines whether there are any additional sensors to be read at box  618 . 
         [0048]    Assuming there are more sensors to be read, then the monitoring logic  208  sends a prompt to advance the switch at box  620 . The monitoring logic then determines, at box  622 , whether or not the switch has been advanced to a second position. Once the switch has been set to a second position, then the monitoring logic  208  records and saves the data to the labeled data files at box  616 . This process starting at box  616  is repeated until all of the sensors have been read and the data have been saved and labeled to the data files. Once all of the data from all of the sensors have been read, then at box  624  the monitoring logic executes calculations and interpretations on the data. Once all the calculations have been executed, then the monitoring logic closes the data files at box  626  and then a prompt is sent to the user to identify images at box  628 . 
         [0049]    Next, the user can determine whether or not he or she wants to view the data that is being stored and labeled at box  630  where a prompt is sent to request action on the part of the user as to whether or not they want to view the data. If there is no interest in viewing the data, then the user can indicate “No” and the program will end. However, if the trainee and user wishes to view the data, then monitoring logic  208  sends a display menu at box  634 , for example to the monitor  110  of the trainee computer  108 . The logic then asks whether or not a particular image to be viewed has been identified by the user or trainee at box  636 . If a choice of image has not been identified, then the monitoring logic will maintain the display prompt. However, once the trainee or user indicates a choice of the image to be identified from the display menu, then the monitoring logic at box  638  will display the data. Once the data has been displayed the monitoring logic provides the choice as to whether or not the trainee or user would like to see additional views of the data at box  640 . Once the user has responded to the prompt “Yes” to see additional display menus, then the logic determines whether another image has been identified from the display menu in response to the prompt. Once a response to the prompt has been made by the user or trainee, then additional data can be displayed. The monitoring logic  208  will continue to prompt the user until the user responds to the prompt with a “No”, in which case the program will end at  642 . 
         [0050]    Thus, in one example embodiment of the invention, the monitoring logic  208  is configured such that it will continue to read all of the sensors and once the sensors have been read, prompts will be sent to change the switch position until the user or trainee no longer advances the switch positions. If the user responds that there are no more sensors to be read, then the monitoring logic continues into the calculation mode and display mode, in which case the user has several choices by which it can view images of the data and the calculations performed on the data. 
         [0051]    Although the flow chart of  FIGS. 6A  and B shows a specific order of execution, it is understood that the order of execution may differ from that which is depicted. For example, the order of execution of two or more blocks may be changed relative to the order shown. Also two or more blocks shown in succession in  FIGS. 6A  and B may be executed concurrently or with partial concurrence. In addition, any member of counters, state variables, warning semaphores, or messages might be added to the logical flow described here, for purposes of enhanced utility, accounting, performance measurement, or providing trouble shooting aids, etc. It is understood that all such variations are within the scope of the present invention. 
         [0052]    Although the monitoring logic  208  is embodied in software or code executed by general purpose hardware as discussed above, as an alternative each may also be embodied in dedicated hardware or a combination of software/general purpose hardware and dedicated hardware. If embodied in dedicated hardware, the monitoring logic  208  can be implemented as a circuit or state machine that employs any one of or a combination of a number of technologies. These technologies may include, but are not limited to, discrete logic circuits having logic gates for implementing various logic functions upon an application of one or more data signals, application specific integrated circuits having appropriate logic gates, programmable gate arrays (PGA), field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or other components, etc. Such technologies are generally well known by those skilled in the art and, consequently, are not described in detail herein. 
         [0053]    Also, where the monitoring logic  208  comprise software or code, each can be embodied in any computer-readable medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system such as, for example, a processor in a computer system or other system. In the context of the present invention, a “computer-readable medium” can be any medium that can contain, store, or maintain the monitoring logic  208  for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system. The computer readable medium can comprise any one of many physical media such as, for example, electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor media. More specific examples of a suitable computer-readable medium would include, but are not limited to, magnetic tapes, magnetic floppy diskettes, magnetic hard drives, or compact discs. Also, the computer-readable medium may be a random access memory (RAM) including, for example, static random access memory (SRAM) and dynamic random access memory (DRAM), or magnetic random access memory (MRAM). In addition, the computer-readable medium may be a read-only memory (ROM), a programmable read-only memory (PROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), or other type of memory device. 
         [0054]      FIG. 7  illustrates an example of an EEG wave form signal display of a scrolling raw wave form using one configuration of the biofeedback system of the present invention. The wave form displays a test protocol, for example, which records a series of six, one second epochs of therefore displaying one second of EEG monitoring at each of (how many? 12?) electrode sensors at (six?) different switch positions. The data can be obtained without disturbing the neurofeedback training session. A trainee can use a standard EEG electrocap having a plurality of electrode sensor positions. Also, the length of time can vary at each electrode sensor position, for example to one minute intervals for each of the six positions, thereby completing the analysis in six minutes. This capability allows for the application of self-administered biofeedback training which eliminates the need for a dedicated operator or session administrator to monitor waveforms, independent of the trainee&#39;s activity. 
         [0055]    Table I displays the EEG data derived from the EEG signals, for example, a textual summary of the EEG component values, their means, and standard deviations, for predetermined time intervals, or whenever prompt to a response is made. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE I 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 TH/ 
                   
                 TH/ 
                   
               
               
                 RUN 
                 NPTS 
                 SITE 
                 TYPE 
                 DELTA 
                 THETA 
                 ALPHA 
                 LOBET 
                 BETA 
                 HIBET 
                 GAMMA 
                 USER 
                 AL 
                 TH/LB 
                 BE 
                 AL/BE 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 60 
                 Fz 
                 MEAN 
                 10.46 
                 8.38 
                 9.51 
                 6.31 
                 12.08 
                 9.95 
                 15.19 
                 4.71 
                 0.88 
                 1.33 
                 0.69 
                 0.79 
               
               
                 1 
                 60 
                 Fz 
                 MEANF 
                 3.91 
                 7.11 
                 9.7 
                 5.12 
                 14.1 
                 17.35 
                 4.37 
                 4.71 
                 0.73 
                 1.39 
                 0.5 
                 0.69 
               
               
                 1 
                 60 
                 Fz 
                 STDDEV 
                 6.03 
                 3.8 
                 3.9 
                 2.44 
                 3.62 
                 2.98 
                 1.74 
                 1.71 
                 0.97 
                 1.55 
                 1.05 
                 1.08 
               
               
                 1 
                 60 
                 Fz 
                 MODFRQ 
                 1.47 
                 5.29 
                 9.84 
                 13.4 
                 17.59 
                 24.27 
                 39.73 
                 32.24 
                 0.54 
                 0.39 
                 0.3 
                 0.56 
               
               
                 1 
                 60 
                 Cz 
                 MEAN 
                 8.17 
                 7.66 
                 10.54 
                 6.12 
                 12.41 
                 9.25 
                 15.27 
                 4.36 
                 0.73 
                 1.25 
                 0.62 
                 0.85 
               
               
                 1 
                 60 
                 Cz 
                 MEANF 
                 3.13 
                 6.61 
                 11.29 
                 5.88 
                 15.19 
                 16.5 
                 4.47 
                 4.28 
                 0.59 
                 1.12 
                 0.44 
                 0.74 
               
               
                 1 
                 60 
                 Cz 
                 STDDEV 
                 2.85 
                 3.1 
                 5.55 
                 2.55 
                 4.12 
                 2.45 
                 1.67 
                 1.41 
                 0.56 
                 1.22 
                 0.75 
                 1.35 
               
               
                 1 
                 60 
                 Cz 
                 MODFRQ 
                 1.76 
                 5.37 
                 9.94 
                 13.36 
                 17.58 
                 24.13 
                 39.72 
                 32.3 
                 0.54 
                 0.4 
                 0.31 
                 0.57 
               
               
                 1 
                 60 
                 Fz-Cz 
                 COHE 
                 50.47 
                 35.32 
                 43.75 
                 14.3 
                 56.78 
                 34.85 
                 61.98 
                 0 
                 0.81 
                 2.47 
                 0.62 
                 0.77 
               
               
                 1 
                 60 
                 Fz-Cz 
                 PHASE 
                 16.32 
                 15.97 
                 12.42 
                 14.5 
                 9.03 
                 12.55 
                 0.15 
                 7.67 
                 1.29 
                 1.1 
                 1.77 
                 1.38 
               
               
                 1 
                 60 
                 Fz/Cz 
                 ASYM 
                 1.28 
                 1.09 
                 0.9 
                 1.03 
                 0.97 
                 1.08 
                 0.99 
                 1.08 
                 1.21 
                 1.06 
                 1.12 
                 0.93 
               
               
                 2 
                 60 
                 F3 
                 MEAN 
                 7.87 
                 7.22 
                 7.28 
                 5.94 
                 12.26 
                 14.21 
                 12.75 
                 5.77 
                 0.99 
                 1.22 
                 0.59 
                 0.59 
               
               
                 2 
                 60 
                 F3 
                 MEANF 
                 2.94 
                 5.62 
                 7.88 
                 4.55 
                 12.95 
                 23.15 
                 5.95 
                 5.38 
                 0.71 
                 1.23 
                 0.43 
                 0.61 
               
               
                 2 
                 60 
                 F3 
                 STDDEV 
                 5.87 
                 3.47 
                 3.01 
                 2.44 
                 3.8 
                 4.4 
                 2.79 
                 2.03 
                 1.15 
                 1.42 
                 0.91 
                 0.79 
               
               
                 2 
                 60 
                 F3 
                 MODFRQ 
                 1.5 
                 5.29 
                 10 
                 13.42 
                 17.7 
                 24.22 
                 39.89 
                 32.42 
                 0.53 
                 0.39 
                 0.3 
                 0.56 
               
               
                 2 
                 60 
                 F4 
                 MEAN 
                 10.5 
                 9.46 
                 8.64 
                 6.11 
                 11.99 
                 12.75 
                 14.48 
                 5.19 
                 1.09 
                 1.55 
                 0.79 
                 0.72 
               
               
                 2 
                 60 
                 F4 
                 MEANF 
                 3.75 
                 7.48 
                 9.71 
                 4.8 
                 12.67 
                 19.73 
                 4.52 
                 5.14 
                 0.77 
                 1.56 
                 0.59 
                 0.77 
               
               
                 2 
                 60 
                 F4 
                 STDDEV 
                 6.73 
                 4.37 
                 3.65 
                 2.4 
                 4.1 
                 3.82 
                 1.98 
                 1.92 
                 1.2 
                 1.82 
                 1.06 
                 0.89 
               
               
                 2 
                 60 
                 F4 
                 MODFRQ 
                 1.91 
                 5.28 
                 9.84 
                 13.44 
                 17.61 
                 24.59 
                 39.77 
                 32.21 
                 0.54 
                 0.39 
                 0.3 
                 0.56 
               
               
                 2 
                 60 
                 F3-F4 
                 COHE 
                 47.78 
                 38.45 
                 39.2 
                 12.58 
                 47.35 
                 35.68 
                 36.12 
                 0.53 
                 0.98 
                 3.06 
                 0.81 
                 0.83 
               
               
                 2 
                 60 
                 F3-F4 
                 PHASE 
                 16.87 
                 16.07 
                 14.52 
                 21.13 
                 18.2 
                 26.65 
                 4.18 
                 29.12 
                 1.11 
                 0.76 
                 0.88 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 2 
                 60 
                 F3/F4 
                 ASYM 
                 0.75 
                 0.76 
                 0.84 
                 0.97 
                 1.02 
                 1.12 
                 0.88 
                 1.11 
                 0.91 
                 0.78 
                 0.75 
                 0.82 
               
               
                 3 
                 60 
                 C3 
                 MEAN 
                 6.08 
                 6.15 
                 9.85 
                 5.4 
                 9.23 
                 9.53 
                 9.84 
                 4.16 
                 0.62 
                 1.14 
                 0.67 
                 1.07 
               
               
                 3 
                 60 
                 C3 
                 MEANF 
                 2.94 
                 5.8 
                 11.8 
                 6.07 
                 13.79 
                 20.22 
                 4.72 
                 5.13 
                 0.49 
                 0.96 
                 0.42 
                 0.86 
               
               
                 3 
                 60 
                 C3 
                 STDDEV 
                 2.98 
                 2.61 
                 4.66 
                 2.1 
                 3 
                 3.4 
                 1.9 
                 1.45 
                 0.56 
                 1.25 
                 0.87 
                 1.55 
               
               
                 3 
                 60 
                 C3 
                 MODFRQ 
                 1.5 
                 5.25 
                 10.1 
                 13.27 
                 17.62 
                 24.22 
                 39.83 
                 32.38 
                 0.52 
                 0.4 
                 0.3 
                 0.57 
               
               
                 3 
                 60 
                 C4 
                 MEAN 
                 6.7 
                 6.85 
                 9.24 
                 5.43 
                 9.63 
                 7.98 
                 12.59 
                 3.35 
                 0.74 
                 1.26 
                 0.71 
                 0.96 
               
               
                 3 
                 60 
                 C4 
                 MEANF 
                 3.47 
                 7.09 
                 12.24 
                 6.12 
                 13.94 
                 15.46 
                 4.15 
                 4.38 
                 0.58 
                 1.16 
                 0.51 
                 0.88 
               
               
                 3 
                 60 
                 C4 
                 STDDEV 
                 3.36 
                 2.73 
                 4.25 
                 2.33 
                 2.88 
                 2.26 
                 1.21 
                 1.29 
                 0.64 
                 1.17 
                 0.94 
                 1.47 
               
               
                 3 
                 60 
                 C4 
                 MODFRQ 
                 1.86 
                 5.27 
                 9.94 
                 13.3 
                 17.51 
                 24.38 
                 39.65 
                 32.19 
                 0.53 
                 0.4 
                 0.3 
                 0.57 
               
               
                 3 
                 60 
                 C3- 
                 COHE 
                 35.65 
                 21.57 
                 33.58 
                 9.18 
                 33.57 
                 19.85 
                 7.23 
                 0.12 
                 0.64 
                 2.35 
                 0.64 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 C4 
               
               
                 3 
                 60 
                 C3- 
                 PHASE 
                 12.38 
                 14.93 
                 27.25 
                 26.25 
                 18.77 
                 28.63 
                 3.15 
                 22.28 
                 0.55 
                 0.57 
                 0.8 
                 1.45 
               
               
                   
                   
                 C4 
               
               
                 3 
                 60 
                 C3/C4 
                 ASYM 
                 0.91 
                 0.9 
                 1.07 
                 0.99 
                 0.96 
                 1.19 
                 0.78 
                 1.24 
                 0.84 
                 0.9 
                 0.94 
                 1.11 
               
               
                 4 
                 60 
                 P3 
                 MEAN 
                 5.55 
                 5.55 
                 11.81 
                 5.52 
                 7.39 
                 7 
                 7.49 
                 3.07 
                 0.47 
                 1.01 
                 0.75 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 4 
                 60 
                 P3 
                 MEANF 
                 3.7 
                 7.4 
                 20.2 
                 7.33 
                 12.8 
                 15.29 
                 2.82 
                 3.96 
                 0.37 
                 1.01 
                 0.58 
                 1.58 
               
               
                 4 
                 60 
                 P3 
                 STDDEV 
                 2.24 
                 3.58 
                 6.24 
                 2.48 
                 3.26 
                 2.37 
                 1.11 
                 1.49 
                 0.57 
                 1.44 
                 1.1 
                 1.91 
               
               
                 4 
                 60 
                 P3 
                 MODFRQ 
                 1.54 
                 5.31 
                 10.07 
                 13.2 
                 17.46 
                 24.15 
                 39.62 
                 32.26 
                 0.53 
                 0.4 
                 0.3 
                 0.58 
               
               
                 4 
                 60 
                 P4 
                 MEAN 
                 9 
                 7.8 
                 11.72 
                 6 
                 9.06 
                 6.9 
                 11.11 
                 3.15 
                 0.67 
                 1.3 
                 0.86 
                 1.29 
               
               
                 4 
                 60 
                 P4 
                 MEANF 
                 4.12 
                 8.12 
                 16.58 
                 6.47 
                 13.08 
                 13.32 
                 3.43 
                 3.37 
                 0.49 
                 1.26 
                 0.62 
                 1.27 
               
               
                 4 
                 60 
                 P4 
                 STDDEV 
                 2.9 
                 4.71 
                 6.13 
                 2.56 
                 3.38 
                 1.91 
                 1.03 
                 1.13 
                 0.77 
                 1.84 
                 1.39 
                 1.81 
               
               
                 4 
                 60 
                 P4 
                 MODFRQ 
                 1.78 
                 5.34 
                 9.94 
                 13.25 
                 17.46 
                 24.21 
                 39.64 
                 32.14 
                 0.54 
                 0.4 
                 0.31 
                 0.57 
               
               
                 4 
                 60 
                 P3-P4 
                 COHE 
                 40.35 
                 25.08 
                 47.15 
                 10.08 
                 26.97 
                 12.42 
                 0.63 
                 0.03 
                 0.53 
                 2.49 
                 0.93 
                 1.75 
               
               
                 4 
                 60 
                 P3-P4 
                 PHASE 
                 22.27 
                 16.2 
                 22.23 
                 24.77 
                 17.8 
                 21.95 
                 1.43 
                 17.77 
                 0.73 
                 0.65 
                 0.91 
                 1.25 
               
               
                 4 
                 60 
                 P3/P4 
                 ASYM 
                 0.62 
                 0.71 
                 1.01 
                 0.92 
                 0.82 
                 1.01 
                 0.67 
                 0.97 
                 0.71 
                 0.77 
                 0.87 
                 1.23 
               
               
                 5 
                 60 
                 T3 
                 MEAN 
                 5.95 
                 4.88 
                 6.88 
                 4.47 
                 6.77 
                 6.96 
                 7.77 
                 3.41 
                 0.71 
                 1.09 
                 0.72 
                 1.02 
               
               
                 5 
                 60 
                 T3 
                 MEANF 
                 3.35 
                 5.88 
                 12.24 
                 6.43 
                 13.5 
                 18.99 
                 4.4 
                 5.18 
                 0.48 
                 0.91 
                 0.44 
                 0.91 
               
               
                 5 
                 60 
                 T3 
                 STDDEV 
                 3.24 
                 1.99 
                 3.18 
                 2.07 
                 2.75 
                 2.61 
                 1.21 
                 1.34 
                 0.62 
                 0.96 
                 0.72 
                 1.16 
               
               
                 5 
                 60 
                 T3 
                 MODFRQ 
                 1.49 
                 5.26 
                 9.93 
                 13.37 
                 17.5 
                 24.5 
                 39.65 
                 32.37 
                 0.53 
                 0.39 
                 0.3 
                 0.57 
               
               
                 5 
                 60 
                 T4 
                 MEAN 
                 8.2 
                 7.01 
                 8.56 
                 5.05 
                 8.92 
                 5.91 
                 12.22 
                 3.05 
                 0.82 
                 1.39 
                 0.79 
                 0.96 
               
               
                 5 
                 60 
                 T4 
                 MEANF 
                 4.09 
                 7.82 
                 12.79 
                 5.5 
                 14.33 
                 12.47 
                 4.28 
                 3.52 
                 0.61 
                 1.42 
                 0.55 
                 0.89 
               
               
                 5 
                 60 
                 T4 
                 STDDEV 
                 3.79 
                 2.86 
                 3.22 
                 1.99 
                 2.57 
                 1.87 
                 1.07 
                 0.85 
                 0.89 
                 1.44 
                 1.11 
                 1.25 
               
               
                 5 
                 60 
                 T4 
                 MODFRQ 
                 1.77 
                 5.24 
                 9.87 
                 13.32 
                 17.56 
                 24.28 
                 39.6 
                 32.36 
                 0.53 
                 0.39 
                 0.3 
                 0.56 
               
               
                 5 
                 60 
                 T3-T4 
                 COHE 
                 32.02 
                 11.33 
                 25.7 
                 1.92 
                 22.12 
                 4.98 
                 0.7 
                 0.03 
                 0.44 
                 5.9 
                 0.51 
                 1.16 
               
               
                 5 
                 60 
                 T3-T4 
                 PHASE 
                 45.2 
                 36.68 
                 46.17 
                 38.87 
                 25.38 
                 37.42 
                 1.93 
                 29.63 
                 0.79 
                 0.94 
                 1.45 
                 1.82 
               
               
                 5 
                 60 
                 T3/T4 
                 ASYM 
                 0.73 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.89 
                 0.76 
                 1.18 
                 0.64 
                 1.12 
                 0.87 
                 0.79 
                 0.92 
                 1.06 
               
               
                 6 
                 60 
                 O1 
                 MEAN 
                 5.12 
                 4.39 
                 7.08 
                 4.26 
                 4.09 
                 5.14 
                 1.98 
                 2.68 
                 0.62 
                 1.03 
                 1.07 
                 1.73 
               
               
                 6 
                 60 
                 O1 
                 MEANF 
                 5.4 
                 8.81 
                 18.41 
                 8.97 
                 10.4 
                 18.32 
                 2.34 
                 5.31 
                 0.48 
                 0.98 
                 0.85 
                 1.77 
               
               
                 6 
                 60 
                 O1 
                 STDDEV 
                 2.59 
                 2.74 
                 3.32 
                 1.92 
                 1.38 
                 1.44 
                 0.73 
                 0.9 
                 0.83 
                 1.43 
                 1.99 
                 2.41 
               
               
                 6 
                 60 
                 O1 
                 MODFRQ 
                 1.57 
                 5.24 
                 10.02 
                 13.24 
                 17.32 
                 24.65 
                 39.85 
                 32.27 
                 0.52 
                 0.4 
                 0.3 
                 0.58 
               
               
                 6 
                 60 
                 O2 
                 MEAN 
                 5.35 
                 4.88 
                 7.52 
                 4.11 
                 4.16 
                 4.84 
                 1.76 
                 2.44 
                 0.65 
                 1.19 
                 1.17 
                 1.81 
               
               
                 6 
                 60 
                 O2 
                 MEANF 
                 5.9 
                 9.79 
                 20.45 
                 8.75 
                 10.34 
                 16.86 
                 2 
                 4.46 
                 0.48 
                 1.12 
                 0.95 
                 1.98 
               
               
                 6 
                 60 
                 O2 
                 STDDEV 
                 2.57 
                 3.01 
                 3.39 
                 1.64 
                 1.54 
                 1.65 
                 0.65 
                 0.74 
                 0.89 
                 1.83 
                 1.95 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 6 
                 60 
                 O2 
                 MODFRQ 
                 1.52 
                 5.24 
                 10.08 
                 13.13 
                 17.37 
                 24.49 
                 39.81 
                 32.25 
                 0.52 
                 0.4 
                 0.3 
                 0.58 
               
               
                 6 
                 60 
                 O1- 
                 COHE 
                 27.73 
                 14 
                 30.62 
                 1.5 
                 2.73 
                 2.38 
                 0 
                 0.13 
                 0.46 
                 9.33 
                 5.13 
                 11.22 
               
               
                   
                   
                 O2 
               
               
                 6 
                 60 
                 O1- 
                 PHASE 
                 14.63 
                 15.42 
                 12.88 
                 16.73 
                 13.8 
                 16.67 
                 19.13 
                 16.58 
                 1.2 
                 0.92 
                 1.12 
                 0.93 
               
               
                   
                   
                 O2 
               
               
                 6 
                 60 
                 O1/O2 
                 ASYM 
                 0.96 
                 0.9 
                 0.94 
                 1.04 
                 0.98 
                 1.06 
                 1.12 
                 1.1 
                 0.96 
                 0.87 
                 0.91 
                 0.96 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0056]    It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the invention as described in the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. Other features and aspects of this invention will be appreciated by those skilled in the art upon reading and comprehending this disclosure. Such features, aspects, and expected variations and modification of the reported results and examples are clearly within the scope of the invention where the invention is limited solely by the scope of the following claims. 
         [0057]    The biofeedback system provides 8 positions, each selecting 4 channels. With a rear pushbutton, a 9 th  position is available. The sensors for the positions are: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Position 
                 Active 1 
                 Active 2 
                 Active 3 
                 Active 4 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1 
                 Fz 
                 Cz 
                 T3 
                 T4 
               
               
                 2 
                 F3 
                 F4 
                 O1 
                 O2 
               
               
                 3 
                 C3 
                 C4 
                 F7 
                 F8 
               
               
                 4 
                 P3 
                 P4 
                 T5 
                 T6 
               
               
                 5 
                 Fp1 
                 Fp2 
                 Pz 
                 Oz (not 10/20) 
               
               
                  5a 
                 T3 
                 T4 
                 Pz 
                 Oz (not 10/20) 
               
               
                 6 
                 O1 
                 O2 
                 C3 
                 C4 
               
               
                 7 
                 F7 
                 F8 
                 F3 
                 F4 
               
               
                 8 
                 T5 
                 T6 
                 Fz 
                 Cz 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0058]    In addition to taking EEG data for evaluation, the biofeedback system can also be used for training. In each position, a particular set of sites and connections is used. In each position, the biofeedback system provides 4 sites, and 6 connection paths between them. By using particular biofeedback system positions for training, it is possible to target specific brain functions in an efficient manner, and train all 4 sites. 
         [0059]    When used with the Live Z-score training capability, it is possible to train all 4 sites, in addition to their 6 interconnections. This provides an efficient means to target specific functions. 
         [0060]    When used with 4 channels, the live Z-score software provides 248 training variables as z scores: For each channel, for each of 8 bands: Absolute and relative power (4×16=64 z-scores). For each channel: 10 power ratios (4×10=40 z-scores). For each pair of channels (6 pairs) coherence, phase, asymmetry (6×24=144 z-scores) 
         [0061]    The following pages detail the brain locations and functions accessed by each biofeedback system position, based upon the cited paper by Walker et al (2007). Each position provides a “window” into the trainee&#39;s brain, with unique capabilities for assessment and training. By referring to these charts, along with the live z-scores, it becomes possible to monitor and train specific brain functions using 4 channels in a convenient and optimal manner. 
         [0062]    Based upon the following detailed explanations, each of the 9 possible biofeedback system settings becomes a “window” into particular aspects of brain function. When the brain is analyzed by taking sets of 4 channels in particular patterns, each pattern demonstrates a particular set of brain functional elements, and their interactions. 
         [0063]    For purposes of general understanding, it is possible to classify each biofeedback system position in terms of the brain activities that it reflects, and how these are integrated into the overall function of the brain. In addition, by considering the effects of hypo- or hyper-coherence in each possible pair, it is possible to address modular interactions, and place them in the context of clinical signs. Each of the positions is described in detail on one of the following pages. For a summary account of their properties, the following nomenclature can emerge. For the benefit of succinctness, each position is further identified with an overall role, and a role “image” of that brain subsystem, the role that it subserves. It is anticipated that this interpretation will be of value in clinical assessment, and management of trainees, in cases in which particular functional subsystems can be identified for purposes of optimizing clinical outcomes. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Position 
                 Brain Site(s) 
                 Functional Aspects 
                 Overall Role 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1 
                 Frontal; Temporal 
                 Remembering and 
                 Goalsetting; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Planning 
                 “Captain” 
               
               
                 2 
                 Frontal; Occipital 
                 Seeing and Planning 
                 Lookout; “Guide” 
               
               
                 3 
                 Central; Frontal 
                 Doing and Expressing 
                 Outward 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Expression; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 “Actor’ 
               
               
                 4 
                 Parietal; Temporal 
                 Perceiving and 
                 Interpreting the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Understanding 
                 world; “Scholar” 
               
               
                 5 
                 Prefrontal; Parietal 
                 Attending and 
                 Observer; “Owl” 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Perceiving 
               
               
                 5a 
                 Temporal; Parietal 
                 Remembering and 
                 Ponderer; “Sage” 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Perceiving 
               
               
                 6 
                 Occipital; Central 
                 Seeing and Acting 
                 Outward Actions; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 “Hero” 
               
               
                 7 
                 Frontal 
                 Planning and 
                 Planner, “Oracle” 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Expressing 
               
               
                 8 
                 Temporal; 
                 Understanding and 
                 Skilled; “Adept” 
               
               
                   
                 Frontocentral 
                 Doing 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0064]    It is evident based upon this arrangement that this method provides a useful way to separate out functional subsystems in the brain, and to assess and train them in a systematic manner, using 4 channels of EEG. Depending on the outcome of the entire biofeedback system analysis, it becomes possible to define the functional aspects that are addressed by each of the possible biofeedback system positions, and to design training protocols around them. 
         [0065]    As shown in  FIG. 8 , position  1  uses electrode sensors Fz, Czr, T 3 , and T 4 , the frontal midline and temporal lobe sites. This position provides a primary window to motor planning of the lower extremities, sensorimotor integration, and logical and emotional memory formation and storage. Secondary functions include phonological processing, hearing, and ambulation. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 10/20 Territory 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Modules 
                 Principal Function 
                 Other Functions 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Fz 
                 Motor planning of both lower 
                 Running, walking, 
               
               
                   
                 extremities (BLE) and midline 
                 kicking 
               
               
                 Cz 
                 Sensorimotor integration both 
                 Ambulation 
               
               
                   
                 lower extremities (BLE) and 
               
               
                   
                 midline 
               
               
                 T3 
                 Logical (verbal) memory 
                 Phonological processing, 
               
               
                   
                 formation and storage 
                 hearing (bilateral), 
               
               
                   
                   
                 suppression of tinnitus 
               
               
                 T4 
                 Emotional (non-verbal) 
                 Hearing (bilateral), 
               
               
                   
                 memory formation and 
                 suppression of tinnitus, 
               
               
                   
                 storage 
                 autobiographical memory 
               
               
                   
                   
                 storage 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Coherence 
                 Result of Hypocoherence 
                 Result of Hypercoherence 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Fz-Cz 
                 Less efficient midline 
                 Lack of flexibility of midline 
               
               
                   
                 motor action/midline 
                 motor action/midline 
               
               
                   
                 sensorimotor integration 
                 sensorimotor integration 
               
               
                 Fz-T3 
                 Less efficient logical 
                 Lack of flexibility of logical 
               
               
                   
                 memory/midline motor 
                 memory/midline motor actions 
               
               
                   
                 actions 
               
               
                 Fz-T4 
                 Less efficient emotional 
                 Lack of flexibility of emotional 
               
               
                   
                 memory/midline motor 
                 memory/midline motor actions 
               
               
                   
                 actions 
               
               
                 Cz-T3 
                 Less efficient logical 
                 Lack of flexibility of logical 
               
               
                   
                 memory/midline 
                 memory/midline sensorimotor 
               
               
                   
                 sensorimotor integration 
                 integration 
               
               
                 Cz-T4 
                 Less efficient emotional 
                 Lack of flexibility of emotional 
               
               
                   
                 memory/midline 
                 memory/midline sensorimotor 
               
               
                   
                 sensorimotor integration 
                 integration 
               
               
                 T3-T4 
                 Less efficient logical 
                 Lack of flexibility of logical 
               
               
                   
                 memory/emotional memory 
                 memory/emotional memory 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0066]    As shown in  FIG. 9 , position  2  uses electrode sensors F 3 , F 4 , O 1  and O 2 , the frontal and occipital homologous sites. This position provides a primary window to motor planning of the upper extremities, motor actions, and visual processing. Secondary functions include fine motor coordination, mood elevation, pattern recognition, and visual sensations and perception. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 10/20 Territory 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Modules 
                 Principal Function 
                 Other Functions 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 F3 
                 Motor planning right upper 
                 Fine motor coordination, 
               
               
                   
                 extremity (RUE) 
                 mood elevation 
               
               
                 F4 
                 Motor planning left upper 
                 Fine motor coordination 
               
               
                   
                 extremity (LUE) 
                 (left hand) 
               
               
                 O1 
                 Visual processing 
                 Pattern recognition, color 
               
               
                   
                 right half of space 
                 perception, movement 
               
               
                   
                   
                 perception, black/white 
               
               
                   
                   
                 perception, edge perception 
               
               
                 O2 
                 Visual processing 
                 Pattern recognition, color 
               
               
                   
                 left half of space 
                 perception, movement 
               
               
                   
                   
                 perception, black/white 
               
               
                   
                   
                 perception, edge perception 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Coherence 
                 Result of Hypocoherence 
                 Result of Hypercoherence 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 F3-F4 
                 Less efficient motor actions 
                 Lack of flexibility motor actions 
               
               
                   
                 RUE/motor actions LUE 
                 RUE/motor actions LUE 
               
               
                 F3-O1 
                 Less efficient motor actions 
                 Lack of flexibility of logical 
               
               
                   
                 RUE/visual sensations R 
                 memory/midline motor actions 
               
               
                 F3-O2 
                 Less efficient motor actions 
                 Lack of flexibility of emotional 
               
               
                   
                 RUE/visual sensations L 
                 memory/midline motor actions 
               
               
                 F4-O1 
                 Less efficient motor actions 
                 Lack of flexibility of motor 
               
               
                   
                 LUE/visual sensations R 
                 actions LUE/visual 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sensations R 
               
               
                 F4-O2 
                 Less efficient motor actions 
                 Lack of flexibility of motor 
               
               
                   
                 LUE/visual sensations L 
                 actions LUE/visual 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sensations L 
               
               
                 O1-O2 
                 Less efficient visual 
                 Lack of flexibility of visual 
               
               
                   
                 sensations R/visual 
                 sensations L/visual sensations R 
               
               
                   
                 sensations L 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0067]    As shown in  FIG. 10 , position  3  uses electrode sensors C 3 , C 4 , F 7  and F 8 , the mesial motor strip and lateral frontal homologous sites. This position provides a primary window to sensorimotor integration, and verbal and emotional expression, motor actions of the upper extremities, visual sensations, verbal/sensorimotor integration, and verbal/emotional expression. Secondary functions include alerting and calming responses, handwriting, drawing, and mood regulation. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 10/20 Territory 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Modules 
                 Principal Function 
                 Other Functions 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 C3 
                 Sensorimotor integration right 
                 Alerting Responses 
               
               
                   
                 upper extremity (RUE) 
                 handwriting (right hand) 
               
               
                 C4 
                 Sensorimotor integration left 
                 Calming Handwriting 
               
               
                   
                 upper extremity (LUE) 
               
               
                 F7 
                 Verbal Expression 
                 Speech Fluency Mood 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Regulation (cognitive) 
               
               
                 F8 
                 Emotional Expression 
                 Drawing (right hand) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Mood Regulation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (endogenous) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Coherence 
                 Result of Hypocoherence 
                 Result of Hypercoherence 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 C3-C4 
                 Less efficient sensorimotor 
                 Lack of flexibility of sensorimotor 
               
               
                   
                 integration RUE/sensorimotor 
                 integration RUE/sensorimotor 
               
               
                   
                 integration L 
                 integration L 
               
               
                 C3-F7 
                 Less efficient verbal sensorimotor 
                 Lack of flexibility of 
               
               
                   
                 integration RUE 
                 verbal/sensorimotor integration RUE 
               
               
                 C3-F8 
                 Less efficient emotional 
                 Lack of flexibility of emotional 
               
               
                   
                 expression/sensorimotor 
                 expression/sensorimotor integration 
               
               
                   
                 integration RUE 
                 RUE 
               
               
                 C4-F7 
                 Less efficient emotional 
                 Lack of flexibility of emotional 
               
               
                   
                 expression/sensorimotor 
                 expression/sensorimotor integration LUE 
               
               
                   
                 integration LUE 
               
               
                 C4-F8 
                 Less efficient emotional 
                 Lack of flexibility of emotional 
               
               
                   
                 expression/sensorimotor 
                 expression/sensorimotor integration 
               
               
                   
                 integration LUE 
                 LUE 
               
               
                 F7-F8 
                 Less efficient verbal/emotional 
                 Lack of flexibility of 
               
               
                   
                 expression 
                 verbal/emotional expression 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0068]    As shown in  FIG. 11 , position  4  uses electrode sensors P 3 , P 4 , T 5 , and T 6 , the parietal and posterior temporal homologous sites. This position provides a primary window to perception and cognitive processing, spatial relations, and logical and emotional understanding, memory, and perceptions. Secondary functions include spatial relations sensations, calculations, multimodal interactions, and recognition of words and faces, and auditory processing. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 10/20 Territory 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Modules 
                 Principal Function 
                 Other Functions 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 P3 
                 Perception (cognitive 
                 Spatial Relations, sensations, 
               
               
                   
                 processing) right 
                 multimodal sensations, 
               
               
                   
                 half of space 
                 calculations, praxis, reasoning 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (verbal) 
               
               
                 P4 
                 Perception (cognitive 
                 Spatial relations, multimodal 
               
               
                   
                 processing) left 
                 interactions, praxis, reasoning 
               
               
                   
                 half of space 
                 (non-verbal) 
               
               
                 T5 
                 Logical (verbal) 
                 Word recognition, auditory 
               
               
                   
                 understanding 
                 processing 
               
               
                 T6 
                 Emotional understanding 
                 Facial recognition, symbol 
               
               
                   
                   
                 recognition, auditory 
               
               
                   
                   
                 processing 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Coherence 
                 Result of Hypocoherence 
                 Result of Hypercoherence 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 P3-P4 
                 Less efficient perceptions 
                 Lack of flexibility of perceptions 
               
               
                   
                 R/perceptions L 
                 R/perceptions L 
               
               
                 P3-T5 
                 Less efficient logical 
                 Lack of flexibility of logical 
               
               
                   
                 memory/perception R 
                 memory/perception R 
               
               
                 P3-T6 
                 Less efficient emotional 
                 Lack of flexibility of emotional 
               
               
                   
                 memory/perceptions R 
                 memory/perceptions R 
               
               
                 P4-T5 
                 Less efficient logical 
                 Lack of flexibility of logical 
               
               
                   
                 memory/perceptions L 
                 memory perception L 
               
               
                 P4-T6 
                 Less efficient emotional 
                 Lack of flexibility of emotional 
               
               
                   
                 memory/perceptions L 
                 memory/perceptions L 
               
               
                 T5-T6 
                 Less efficient logical 
                 Lack of flexibility of logical 
               
               
                   
                 memory/emotional memory 
                 memory/emotional memory 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0069]    As shown in  FIG. 12 , position  5  uses electrode sensors Fp 1 , Fp 2 , Pz, and Oz, the prefrontal homologous and posterior midline sites. This position provides a primary window to logical and emotional attention, perception, and visual processing. Secondary functions include planning, decision making, task completion, sense of self, self-control, and route finding. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 10/20 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Territory Modules 
                 Principal Function 
                 Other Functions 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Fp1 
                 Logical Attention 
                 Orchestrate network 
               
               
                   
                   
                 interactions planning, decision 
               
               
                   
                   
                 making, task completion, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 working memory 
               
               
                 Fp2 
                 Emotional Attention 
                 Judgment, sense of self, self- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 control, restraint of impulses 
               
               
                 Pz 
                 Perception midline 
                 Spatial relations, praxis, route 
               
               
                   
                   
                 finding 
               
               
                 Oz (not a 10-20 
                 Visual processing 
                 Primary visual sensation 
               
               
                 position) 
                 of space 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Coherence 
                 Result of Hypocoherence 
                 Result of Hypercoherence 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Fp1-Fp2 
                 Less efficient integration of 
                 Lack of flexibility of integrating 
               
               
                   
                 logical/emotional attention 
                 logical/emotional attention 
               
               
                 Fp1-Pz 
                 Logical attention/midline 
                 Lack of flexibility of logical 
               
               
                   
                 perception 
                 attention/midline perception 
               
               
                 Fp1-Oz 
                 (no data) 
                 (no data) 
               
               
                 Fp2-Pz 
                 Less efficient emotional 
                 Lack of flexibility of emotional 
               
               
                   
                 attention/midline perception 
                 attention/midline perception 
               
               
                 Fp2-Oz 
                 (no data) 
                 (no data) 
               
               
                 Pz-Oz 
                 (no data) 
                 (no data) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0070]    As shown in  FIG. 13 , position  5   a  uses electrode sensors T 3 , T 4 , Pz, and Oz, the temporal lobes and posterior midline sites. This position provides a primary window to logical and emotional attention, perception, and visual processing. Secondary functions include planning, decision making, task completion, sense of self, self-control, and route finding. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 10/20 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Territory Modules 
                 Principal Function 
                 Other Functions 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 T3 
                 Logical (verbal) memory 
                 Phonological processing, 
               
               
                   
                 formation and storage 
                 hearing (bilateral), 
               
               
                   
                   
                 suppression of tinnitus 
               
               
                 T4 
                 Emotional (non-verbal) 
                 Hearing (bilateral), 
               
               
                   
                 memory formation and 
                 suppression of tinnitus, 
               
               
                   
                 storage 
                 autobiographical memory, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 storage 
               
               
                 Pz 
                 Perception midline 
                 Spatial relations, praxis, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 route finding 
               
               
                 Oz (not a 10-20 
                 Visual processing of 
                 Primary visual sensation 
               
               
                 position) 
                 space 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Coherence 
                 Result of Hypocoherence 
                 Result of Hypercoherence 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 T3-T4 
                 Less efficient logical 
                 Lack of flexibility of logical 
               
               
                   
                 memory/emotional memory 
                 memory/emotional memory 
               
               
                 T3-Pz 
                 Less efficient logical 
                 Lack of flexibility of logical 
               
               
                   
                 memory/midline perception 
                 memory/midline perception 
               
               
                 T3-Oz 
                 (no data) 
                 (no data) 
               
               
                 T4-Pz 
                 Less efficient logical 
                 Lack of flexibility of logical 
               
               
                   
                 memory/midline perception 
                 memory/midline perception 
               
               
                 T4-Oz 
                 (no data0 
                 (no data) 
               
               
                 Pz-Oz 
                 (no data) 
                 (no data) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0071]    As shown in  FIG. 14 , position  6  uses electrode sensors O 1 , O 2 , C 3 , and C 4 , the occipital and motor strip homologous sites. This position provides a primary window to visual sensory processing, and sensorimotor integration of the upper extremities. Secondary functions include pattern recognition, perception of color, movement, black/white, and edges, alerting and calming responses, handwriting, and logical and emotional memory and perception. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 10/20 Territory 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Modules 
                 Principal Function 
                 Other Functions 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 O1 
                 Visual processing right half 
                 Pattern recognition, color 
               
               
                   
                 of space 
                 perception, movement 
               
               
                   
                   
                 perception, black/white 
               
               
                   
                   
                 perception, edge perception 
               
               
                 O2 
                 Visual processing left half 
                 Pattern recognition, color 
               
               
                   
                 of space 
                 perception, movement 
               
               
                   
                   
                 perception, black/white 
               
               
                   
                   
                 perception, edge perception 
               
               
                 C3 
                 Sensorimotor integration 
                 Alerting responses, 
               
               
                   
                 right upper extremity 
                 handwriting (left hand) 
               
               
                   
                 (RUE) 
               
               
                 C4 
                 Sensorimotor integration 
                 Calming, handwriting (left 
               
               
                   
                 left upper extremity 
                 hand) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Coherence 
                 Result of Hypocoherence 
                 Result of Hypercoherence 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 O1-O2 
                 Less efficient visual sensations 
                 Lack of flexibility of visual 
               
               
                   
                 R/visual sensations L 
                 sensations L/visual sensations R 
               
               
                 O1-C3 
                 Less efficient sensorimotor 
                 Lack of flexibility of sensorimotor 
               
               
                   
                 integration RUE/visual sensations R 
                 integration RUE/visual sensations R 
               
               
                 O1-C4 
                 Less efficient sensorimotor 
                 Lack of flexibility of sensorimotor 
               
               
                   
                 integration LUE/visual sensations 
                 integration LUE/visual sensations 
               
               
                 O2-C3 
                 Less efficient sensorimotor 
                 Lack of flexibility of sensorimotor 
               
               
                   
                 integration RUE/visual sensations L 
                 integration RUE/visual sensations L 
               
               
                 O2-C4 
                 Less efficient sensorimotor 
                 Lack of flexibility of sensorimotor 
               
               
                   
                 integration LUE/visual sensations 
                 integration LUE/visual sensations 
               
               
                 C3-C4 
                 Less efficient sensorimotor 
                 Lack of flexibility of sensorimotor 
               
               
                   
                 integration RUE/sensorimotor 
                 integration RUE/sensorimotor 
               
               
                   
                 integration L 
                 integration L 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0072]    As shown in  FIG. 15 , position  7  uses electrode sensors F 7 , F 8 , F 3 , and F 4 , the full frontal lobes homologous sites. This position provides a primary window to verbal and emotional expression, motor planning of the upper extremities, and motor actions. Secondary functions include speech fluency, mood regulation, and fine motor coordination. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 10/20 Territory 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Modules 
                 Principal Function 
                 Other Functions 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 F7 
                 Verbal expression 
                 Speech fluency, mood 
               
               
                   
                   
                 regulation (cognitive) 
               
               
                 F8 
                 Emotional expression 
                 Drawing (right hand), mood 
               
               
                   
                   
                 regulation (endogenous) 
               
               
                 F3 
                 Motor planning right upper 
                 Fine motor coordination, 
               
               
                   
                 extremity (RUE) 
                 mood elevation 
               
               
                 F4 
                 Motor planning left upper 
                 Fine motor coordination 
               
               
                   
                 extremity (LUE) 
                 (left hand) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Coherence 
                 Result of Hypocoherence 
                 Result of Hypercoherence 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 F7-F8 
                 Less efficient verbal/ 
                 Lack of flexibility of 
               
               
                   
                 emotional expression 
                 verbal/emotional expression 
               
               
                 F7-F3 
                 Less efficient verbal/motor 
                 Lack of flexibility of verbal/ 
               
               
                   
                 actions R 
                 motor actions R 
               
               
                 F7-F4 
                 Less efficient verbal/motor 
                 Lack of flexibility of verbal/ 
               
               
                   
                 actions L 
                 motor actions RUE 
               
               
                 F8-F3 
                 Less emotional expression/ 
                 Lack of flexibility of emotional 
               
               
                   
                 motor actions RUE 
                 expression/motor actions RUE 
               
               
                 F8-F4 
                 Less emotional expression/ 
                 Lack of flexibility of emotional 
               
               
                   
                 motor actions LUE 
                 expression/motor actions LUE 
               
               
                 F3-F4 
                 Less efficient motor actions 
                 Lack of flexibility motor actions 
               
               
                   
                 RUE/motor actions LUE 
                 RUE/motor actions LUE 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0073]    As shown in  FIG. 16 , position  8  uses electrode sensors T 5 , T 6 , Fz, and Cz, the posterior temporal and frontal midline sites. This position provides a primary window to logical and emotional understanding and memory, motor planning of the lower extremities, and sensorimotor integration. Secondary functions include word recognition, auditory processing, recognition of faces and symbols, running, walking kicking, and ambulation. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 10/20 Territory 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Modules 
                 Principal Function 
                 Other Functions 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 T5 
                 Logical (verbal) understanding 
                 Word recognition, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 auditory processing 
               
               
                 T6 
                 Emotional understanding 
                 Facial recognition, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 symbol recognition, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 auditory processing 
               
               
                 Fz 
                 Motor planning of both lower 
                 Running, walking, 
               
               
                   
                 extremities (BLE) and midline 
                 kicking 
               
               
                 Cz 
                 Sensorimotor integration both 
                 Ambulation 
               
               
                   
                 lower extremities (BLE) and 
               
               
                   
                 midline 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Coherence 
                 Result of Hypocoherence 
                 Result of Hypercoherence 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 T5-T6 
                 Less efficient logical 
                 Lack of flexibility of logical 
               
               
                   
                 memory/emotional memory 
                 memory/emotional memory 
               
               
                 T5-Fz 
                 Less efficient logical 
                 Lack of flexibility of logical 
               
               
                   
                 memory/midline motor 
                 memory/midline motor actions 
               
               
                   
                 actions 
               
               
                 T5-Cz 
                 Less efficient logical 
                 Lack of flexibility of logical 
               
               
                   
                 memory/midline 
                 memory/midline sensorimotor 
               
               
                   
                 sensorimotor integration 
                 integration 
               
               
                 T6-Fz 
                 Less efficient emotional 
                 Lack of flexibility of emotional 
               
               
                   
                 memory/midline motor 
                 memory/midline motor actions 
               
               
                   
                 actions 
               
               
                 T6-Cz 
                 Less efficient emotional 
                 Lack of flexibility of emotional 
               
               
                   
                 memory/midline 
                 memory/midline sensorimotor 
               
               
                   
                 sensorimotor integration 
                 integration 
               
               
                 Fz-Cz 
                 Less efficient midline 
                 Lack of flexibility of midline 
               
               
                   
                 motor action/midline 
                 motor action/midline 
               
               
                   
                 sensorimotor integration 
                 sensorimotor integration