Abstract:
A device and method is disclosed for improving the detection of a ligand by a receptor by concentrating microbes by removing particulates from fluid-borne samples and/or causing selective aggregation of concentrated microbes. The device may be configured as a multipath valve capable purifying/concentrating a sample in one orientation and delivering the concentrated sample in another orientation. In one embodiment, the device includes a body that defines a plurality of chambers and pathways and supports a pathogen capture unit that houses a receptor that exhibits specificity for a ligand. In another embodiment, the capture unit houses a plurality of antibody coated generally spherical particles capable of binding to a ligand.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    Early detection of threat agents can be a great benefit in either disease prophylaxis or therapy before symptoms appear or worsen. Every species, strain or toxin of a microbe contains unique surface ligands. Using molecular engineering and/or immunological techniques, receptor molecules, such as antibodies or aptimers, can be isolated that will bind to these ligands with high specificity. Examples of ligand/receptor detection systems for identifying threat agents include, but are not limited to, detection of a pathogenic agent such as a microbe by an antibody, or of a toxin by an antibody, or detection of an antibody in blood by another antibody, or binding of a chemical toxin, such as nerve gas, to its receptor. 
         [0002]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,171,802 (the &#39;802 Patent) by Woolverton, Niehaus, Doane, Lavrentovich, Schmidt and Signs, the entire disclosure of which is fully incorporated herein by reference, discloses a system for detecting selective binding of a ligand to a receptor and producing an amplified optical signal as the formed receptor-ligand aggregate distorts the orientation of a surrounding liquid crystal matrix. The system comprises a receptor (e.g., mono-specific antibody), a ligand (e.g., the specific pathogenic agent that binds to the antibody), and a liquid crystalline material. Under baseline conditions, a uniform nematic liquid crystal slab is positioned between two glass plates whose surfaces are treated to uniformly align the liquid crystal ( FIG. 8 ). The resulting cassette is viewed between two polarizers, a director and an analyzer, with the analyzer oriented 90° out of phase with the director. The easy axis orientation of the liquid crystal matrix (i.e., the direction of positional orientation of the liquid crystal) is aligned with the director and light is projected through the device. Since the analyzer is perpendicular to the polarization of light, light is not transmitted across the uniformly aligned detection system and the cassette appears dark. Under assay conditions, however, the receptor-ligand aggregates, also referred to as inclusion bodies, become embedded in the liquid crystal matrix and induct director distortions in that matrix. The magnitude of director distortion is determined by the balance of the liquid crystal-to-particle anchoring energy versus the elastic energy of director distortions in the liquid crystal bulk. Both anchoring energy and elastic energy are affected by particle size such that individual ligands or receptors are too small to induce detectable distortions, i.e., particle diameter (d) is less than the critical detectable diameter (d c ). Larger particles, ligand aggregates for example, that exceed the critical diameter will cause the adjacent liquid crystal to deviate from it&#39;s original uniform orientation. The distorted zone will permit light transmission and will appear as an optically detectable bright spot. 
         [0003]    U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0052002 by Niehaus, Woolverton, Lavrentovich, Ishikawa and Doane, the entire disclosure of which is fully incorporated herein by reference, discloses an additional system and methods for amplifying receptor-ligand binding to enhance detection signals created in the liquid crystal. The system and method comprise a generally spherical particle capable of binding to the desired ligand. The diameter of the individual spherical particle is less than the critical diameter (d c ) and thus does not initiate a detectable optical signal. In one embodiment, the generally spherical particle is coated with a receptor that specifically binds to the ligand (e.g. a microsphere coated with an antibody specific for the ligand). In another embodiment, the system comprises an antibody specific for the ligand, such antibody not being attached to the generally spherical particle. In this latter embodiment, a generally spherical particle is also provided that is coated with a receptor for the antibody (e.g., a microsphere coated with anti-immunoglobulin). The system also comprises a liquid crystalline material. In the absence of a ligand to which the antibody binds, the liquid crystalline material assumes an ordered orientation, and polarized light directed through the system, similar to the description above, does not reach a light detector. In the presence of a ligand to which the antibody can bind, however, the microsphere-antibody-ligand complex becomes large enough to exceed the critical diameter, distorts the liquid crystalline material, and allows local transmission of light to the photodetector. The generally spherical particle thus significantly enhances formation of detectable (d&gt;&gt;d c ) microsphere-antibody-ligand aggregates when ligand concentrations are low. 
         [0004]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,060,225 (the &#39;225 Patent) by Niehaus, the entire disclosure of which is fully incorporated herein by reference, discloses a self-contained device, called an assay cassette, for rapid, safe, and automatic detection of biohazardous ligands. The cassette comprises one or more mixing chambers configured for mixing various assay components with an introduced sample, such assay components being a receptor (e.g., an antibody) capable of binding to the ligand, an optional generally spherical particle capable of binding to the receptor (e.g., microspheres coated with antibody); and a liquid crystalline material. The device is configured to provide for turbulent flow of the sample and assay components such that there is mixing between the sample and assay components. The device also comprises detection chambers into which the sample that has been mixed with the assay components (i.e., mixed sample) flows. The device is also configured to provide for laminar flow of the mixed sample into the detection chambers such that the liquid crystalline material assumes a uniform alignment with the director except when adjacent to an inclusion body whose diameter exceeds the critical diameter (d&gt;&gt;d c ), e.g., surrounding immune aggregates. The local liquid crystal distortions allow transmission of spots of polarized light through the detection chamber for identification by a photodetector. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0005]    The present application generally discloses a device and method for improving the detection of a ligand by a receptor. More specifically, the present application discloses a device capable of concentrating microbes by removing particulates from fluid-borne samples, and/or causing selective aggregation of concentrated microbes. 
         [0006]    In an illustrated embodiment of a device applying at least some of the principles of the invention, a device is provided that acts as a multipath valve capable of changing between a storage orientation, a purifying/concentrating orientation, and a delivery orientation. In one embodiment, a device is disclosed having a body that defines an inlet, a first outlet, a second outlet, and a mixing chamber. The body further supports a pathogen capture unit that defines a passage or throughbore adapted to house a receptor that exhibits specificity for a ligand. The capture unit being movable between a first orientation in which the inlet is in fluid communication with the first outlet via the passage, and a second orientation in which the passage is in fluid communication with the mixing chamber. In another embodiment, the capture unit houses a plurality of antibody coated generally spherical particles capable of binding to a ligand. 
         [0007]    There are numerous embodiments of the methods and devices described herein, all of which are intended to be non-limiting examples. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The features and advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]    In the accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, embodiments of the invention are illustrated, which, together with the detailed description given below, serve to exemplify embodiments of the invention: 
           [0009]      FIG. 1A  is a schematic representation of an amplification mechanism with a receptor inserted in the lyotropic liquid crystal. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,171,802; 
           [0010]      FIG. 1B  is a schematic representation of an amplification mechanism with the specific ligand bound to its receptor causing deformation of the liquid crystal and alteration of the transmission of polarized light. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,171,802; 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  is a schematic representation of a self-contained assay cassette for use in detecting the presence of a ligand in a sample. See U.S. Pat. No. 7,060,225; 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  is a schematic representation of a first embodiment of a device for detecting the presence of a ligand in a sample as disclosed in the present application; 
           [0013]      FIG. 4A  is a schematic representation of a second embodiment of a device for detecting the presence of a ligand in a sample as disclosed in the present application, shown in a storage orientation; 
           [0014]      FIG. 4B  is a schematic representation of the device of  FIG. 4A , shown in a purify/concentrate orientation; 
           [0015]      FIG. 4C  is a schematic representation of the device of  FIG. 4A , shown in a delivery orientation; 
           [0016]      FIG. 5  is a schematic representation of an embodiment of a body of the device of  FIG. 4A ; 
           [0017]      FIG. 6  is a perspective view of a first embodiment of a capture unit for use with the device of  FIGS. 4A-4C ; 
           [0018]      FIG. 7A-7C  is a schematic representation of an embodiment of an actuating assembly for changing the orientation of the device of  FIGS. 4A-4C ; 
           [0019]      FIG. 8A  is a schematic representation of a third embodiment of a device for detecting the presence of a ligand in a sample as disclosed in the present application, shown in a storage orientation; 
           [0020]      FIG. 8B  is a schematic representation of the device of  FIG. 8A , shown in a purify/concentrate orientation; and 
           [0021]      FIG. 8C  is a schematic representation of the device of  FIG. 8A , shown in a delivery orientation. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0022]    While various aspects and concepts of the invention are described and illustrated herein as embodied in combination in the embodiments, these various aspects and concepts may be realized in many alternative embodiments, either individually or in various combinations and sub-combinations thereof. Unless expressly excluded herein all such combinations and sub-combinations are intended to be within the scope of the present invention. Still further, while various alternative embodiments as to the various aspects and features of the invention, such as alternative materials, structures, configurations, methods, devices, and so on may be described herein, such descriptions are not intended to be a complete or exhaustive list of available alternative embodiments, whether presently known or identified herein as conventional or standard or later developed. Those skilled in the art may readily adopt one or more of the aspects, concepts or features of the invention into additional embodiments within the scope of the present invention even if such embodiments are not expressly disclosed herein. Additionally, even though some features, concepts or aspects of the invention may be described herein as being a preferred arrangement or method, such description is not intended to suggest that such feature is required or necessary unless expressly so stated. Still further, or representative values and ranges may be included to assist in understanding the present invention however, such values and ranges are not to be construed in a limiting sense and are intended to be critical values or ranges only if so expressly stated. The embodiments described in the summary and throughout the specification are not intended to limit the meaning or scope of the claims in any way. The terms used in the claims have all of their full ordinary meaning. 
         [0023]    It should be noted that for the purposes of this application, the terms attach (attached), connect (connected), and link (linked) are not limited to direct attachment, connection, or linking but also include indirect attachment, connection, or linking with intermediate parts, components, or assemblies being located between the two parts being attached, connected, or linked to one another. In addition, the terms attach (attached), connect (connected), and link (linked) may include two parts integrally formed or unitarily constructed. 
         [0024]      FIGS. 1A and 1B  illustrate a method disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,171,802 for detecting selective binding of a ligand to a receptor and producing an amplified optical signal as the formed receptor-ligand aggregate distorts the orientation of a surrounding liquid crystal matrix. As shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , the device consists of a light source  10 , an initial polarizer  12 , with the direction of polarization in the plane of the figure, a pathogen detection system  14   a , comprising antibodies  14   b  embedded in biphilic, lyotropic liquid crystalline material  14   c , a secondary polarizer  16 , with the direction of polarization perpendicular to the plane of the figure, and a photodetector  18 . 
         [0025]    In operation, the initial polarizer  12  organizes a light stream  22  that is linearly polarized in the plane of the figure. The optical axis  20  of the inactivated device is perpendicular to the pathogen detection system  14   a , and thus no birefringence of the transluminating linearly polarized light stream  22  occurs. Since the polarization direction of the secondary polarizer  16  is perpendicular to the transluminating linearly polarized light  22 , the secondary polarizer prevents light from reaching the photodetector  18 . 
         [0026]    Binding of a ligand  24 , such as a microbe, to the receptor  14   b , such as an antibody, distorts the liquid crystal  14   c , induces birefringence and thus causes the generation of detectable light. The receptor (antibody)  14   b  is embedded in the biphilic, lyotropic liquid crystal  14   c . The spacial distortion caused by the formation of the antigen-antibody complex is transmitted to the contiguous liquid crystal  14   c . The elastic characteristics of the liquid crystal permit the distortion to be transmitted over a region much larger than the size of the receptor-ligand complex. This allows the use of the standard optical phenomenon of birefringence to detect distortions caused by the receptor-ligand complex. The altered liquid crystalline order tilts the optical axis  20  and induces birefringence. In other words, the incident polarized light  22  gives rise to two refracted light waves: the ordinary wave and the extraordinary wave with the mutually orthogonal polarizations (see, Max Born and E. Wolf, Principals of Optics, Sixth edition, Pergaman Press, Oxford, 1980), incorporated herein by reference. Thus, there is a portion of light  26  in which the optic vibrates in the direction of the secondary polarizer  16 . The secondary polarizer (analyzer)  16  allows this portion of the light to pass to the photodetector  18 . The detected change or amplification in light intensity can be transduced electronically into a perceptible signal. 
         [0027]      FIG. 2  illustrates an embodiment of a self-contained, multiwell assay cassette disclosed in the &#39;225 Patent. The cassette  9  is generally a linear flow system adapted to mix a fluid sample with the various assay components. In the depicted embodiment, the cassette  9  includes a one-way injection port  7  leading to a first chamber  8  that is connected to a plurality sampling flow paths. Each flow path includes, in sequential order, a chamber containing an antibody  1 , a first mixing causeway  2  containing baffles  2   a  designed to induce mixing, a chamber containing generally spherical particles  3 , a second mixing causeway  2 , a chamber containing a liquid crystal material  4 , a laminar flow causeway  5 , and a detection chamber  6 . 
         [0028]    A sample introduced into the injection port  7  flows through the cassette and is sequentially mixed with the receptors (e.g., antibodies that specifically bind to the ligand in the sample), generally spherical particles (e.g., microspheres) coated with or capable of binding to the antibodies, and the liquid crystalline materials. The mixing occurs through turbulent flow of the sample and assay components, which flow is provided by the embodiment of the cassette. After the addition and mixing of the assay components with the sample, the design of the assay cassette provides for laminar flow of the mixed sample into the detection chambers  6 . In the presence of ligand/receptor complex aggregates, the orientational order of the liquid crystalline material surrounding the complex is distorted, as described above with respect to the &#39;802 Patent, and allows polarized light to be transmitted through the detection chamber. In the absence of a complex between a ligand and a receptor, the orientational order of the liquid crystalline material is not distorted, and polarized light is not transmitted through the detection chamber. 
         [0029]      FIG. 3  illustrates a schematic representation of an embodiment of a device  50  for improving the detection of the presence of a ligand in a sample. The device  50  includes a body  52  defining an inlet port  54 . The body  52  may, for example, define or be a portion of an assay cassette. The device  50  includes a purifying/concentrating device  56  having one or more pathogen capture units  58 . In the depicted embodiment, three pathogen capture units  58  are illustrated, though other embodiments of the device may include more or less than three. The purifying/concentrating device  56  is adapted to purify selected microbes by retaining the microbes in selected capture units  58  and adapted to concrete the sample by diverting excess volume and non-specific particulates from the capture units. Each pathogen capture unit  58  may house a receptor that exhibits specificity for a ligand. A different receptor may be housed in each capture unit  58 . Furthermore, each pathogen capture unit  58  may house a plurality of generally spherical particles (not shown), such as for example, microspheres, that are coated with and/or exhibit specificity to the receptor. The device  50  is configured such that the purifying and concentrating device  56  is the first portion of the device coming in contact with an infused sample. 
         [0030]    The device  50  may be configured to switch between two or more orientations. For example, in a first orientation, the device  50  may be configured to define a flow path that allows an injected sample to flow through the one or more capture units  58 , and into a first reservoir  60 . As the sample flows through the one or more capture units  58 , the ligand in the sample is exposed to the receptors in the capture units. If a capture unit contains a receptor that exhibits specificity to the particular ligand in the sample, the ligand will bind to the receptor to form a ligand-receptor aggregate. The excess fluid and particulates that flow through the capture units  58  collect in the first reservoir  60 . A flushing or buffer solution may also be injected into the device via the inlet port  54  to wash any non-adherent particles from the pathogen capture units  58  into the first reservoir  60 . The first reservoir  60  may be integrally formed with the body, but other arrangements in which the first reservoir is not integrally formed with the body are possible. 
         [0031]    In a second orientation, the device  50  may be configured to allow a buffer solution for a fluid source to flow through each of the pathogen capture units  58 , and into mixing chambers  64  and detection chambers  66  associated with each of the capture units  58 . For example, the device  50  may include a second reservoir  62  that contains the buffer solution. The second reservoir  62  may be integrally formed with the body, but other arrangements in which the second reservoir is not integrally formed with the body are possible. The mixing chamber(s)  64  (containing a liquid crystal material) and the detection chamber(s) may be configured, for example, as disclosed in the &#39;225 Patent. 
         [0032]    The device  50  may also include a means for changing the orientation of the device  68 . For example, the device  50  may include a mechanical actuating assembly  68  for moving one or more components, such as for example, changing the orientation of the pathogen capture units  58 , in order to change the device orientation. The device  50  may also include a means for selectively retaining the receptor  70  within the pathogen capture unit. For example, in one embodiment, the generally spherical particles may be magnetic and a source of a magnetic field, such as an electromagnet, for example, may be used to selectively anchor the magnetic spherical particles (and receptor) within the pathogen capture units. In another embodiment, the means for selectively retaining the receptor  70  within the pathogen capture unit may include a screen, filter, sieve or other structure that allows a fluid sample to flow past or through the structure but prevents the receptor from flowing past or through the structure. For example, a screen having a mesh size sufficient to block the generally spherical particles may be used. 
         [0033]    In a third orientation, the device  50  may be configured to seal the pathogen capture units  58  for storage. For example, the mechanical actuating assembly  68  may change orientation of the pathogen capture units  58  such that the flow path through the capture units is sealed or blocked. 
         [0034]    Referring to  FIGS. 4A-4C , a second embodiment of a device  100  for improving the detection of the presence of a ligand in a sample is illustrated. In the depicted embodiment, the device  100  includes a body  102 , an inlet port  104 , one or more pathogen capture units  108   a - e , a first reservoir  110 , a second reservoir  112 , one or more mixing chambers  114   a - e , one or more detection chambers  116   a - e , a means for changing the orientation of the capture units  108   a - e  (see  FIGS. 7A-7C ), and a means for selectively retaining the one or more receptors within the capture units ( FIG. 5 ). 
         [0035]    Referring to  FIG. 5 , the body  102  may be configured in a variety of ways. Any structure capable of facilitating the capture of and detection of a ligand in a sample may be used. In the depicted embodiment, the body  102  is realized as a self-contained, multi-well assay cassette that defines and interconnects a plurality of chambers and reservoirs via flow passages or openings. For example, the body  102  defines one or more chambers  122  adapted to receive the one or more capture units  108   a - e . In the depicted embodiment, the capture units  108   a - e  are realized as generally circular disks, thus the chambers  112  are defined by a generally spherical wall  124  adapted to generally conform to the shape of the capture units. The depicted embodiment includes five capture unit chambers  122   a - e  and five capture units  108   a - e  ( FIGS. 4A-4C ). Other embodiments of the device, however, may have more or less than five chambers and units. 
         [0036]    The inlet port  104  is in fluid communication with the first capture unit chamber  122   a  via the first flow path  126 . Each subsequent fluid capture unit chamber  122   b - 122   e  is in fluid communication with the previous capture unit chamber  122   a - d , respectively, by a respective interconnecting flow passage  128   a - d . The fifth capture unit chamber  122   e  is in fluid communication with the first reservoir  110  via a second flow passage or opening  130 . Thus, a flow path is formed from the inlet  104 , through the capture unit chambers  122   a - e  in series, and into the first reservoir  110 . 
         [0037]    In the depicted embodiment, a filtering structure, such as but not limited to a screen, filter, or sieve,  131   a - e , is disposed in each of the interconnecting flow passages  128   a - d  and the second flow passage or opening  130  to act as a means for selectively retaining the receptors in the capture units  108   a - e  during a purify/concentrate phase, as described in more detail below. The filtering structures  131   a - e  are configured to allow a fluid sample to flow through but block the generally spherical particles from exiting the capture units along with the fluid sample. 
         [0038]    Each capture unit chamber  122   a - e , is also in fluid communication with the second reservoir  112  via a respective flow passage  132   a - e . Thus, each of the capture unit chambers  122   a - e  are connected to the second reservoir  112  in parallel. Likewise, each capture unit chamber  122   a - e  is connected to a respective mixing chamber  114   a - e  via a respective flow passage or opening  134   a - e  and each mixing chamber  114   a - e  is connected to a respective detecting chamber  116   a - e  via a respective flow passage or opening  136   a - e . Thus, each capture unit chamber  122   a - e  has a respective mixing chamber  114   a - e  and a respective detecting chamber  116   a - e  associated with it. 
         [0039]    In the depicted embodiment, therefore, each capture unit chamber  122   a - e  has two inlets and two outlets associated with it. For example, the first capture unit  122   a  has a first inlet defined by the fluid passage  126 , a second inlet defined by the flow passage  132   a , a first outlet defined by the interconnecting passage  128   a  to the second capture unit chamber  122   b , and a second outlet defined by the flow passage or opening  134   a  to the first mixing chamber  114   a.    
         [0040]    The body  102  may be formed in a variety of ways and made from any suitable material, such as, but not limited to, plastic or glass. In one embodiment, the body  102  has an upper layer and a lower layer. The upper layer may include a hard plastic, such as polystryrene and the lower layer may include a softer type of plastic, such as polypropylene, or another type of collapsible plastic (e.g. blister pack material). The lower layer may be attached to the upper layer is such a way as to form discrete walls and chambers. The detection chambers  116   a - e  may include at least two opposing sides of low or non-birefringent glass. In one embodiment, the device is in the size range of about 1 to about 6 inches long, about 0.5 to about 6 inches wide and about 0.01 to about 1 inch thick. 
         [0041]    Referring to  FIG. 4A , each capture unit  108   a - e  is received within each of the capture unit chambers  122   a - e  in the body  102 . In the depicted embodiment, five capture units  108   a - e  are illustrated. Other embodiments, however, may include more or less than five capture units. 
         [0042]      FIG. 6  illustrates an embodiment of a capture unit  108 . The capture unit(s)  108  may be configured in a variety of ways. Any structure capable of housing a receptor, and optionally a generally spherical particle coated with a receptor or capable of binding to a receptor, such that a ligand in an infused sample may bind with the receptor and be transferred along the detection flow path may be used. In the depicted embodiment, the capture unit  108  has a generally disk-shaped body  140  defining a generally cylindrical passage or through bore  142  that transects the diameter of the capture unit. The passage  142 , however, may be configured in a shape other than cylindrical. 
         [0043]    The capture unit  108  may be made of a variety of materials, such as but not limited to a plastic material. In the depicted embodiment, an optional set of generally parallel tubes  144  are longitudinally disposed in the cylindrical passage  142  to increase the surface area that can come in contact with a perfusing sample. Each tube  144  extends the length of the cylindrical passage  142  and defines a bore or passage through each tube. The tubes  144  may be made of a variety of material, such as but not limited to, a thin plastic material. In other embodiments, the parallel passages may be formed by one or more structures other than tubes and may be shaped other than cylindrical. For example, a single honeycomb structure may be disposed in the passage  142  to form a set of generally parallel flow paths. 
         [0044]    One or more generally spherical particle(s) capable of binding to a ligand are provided in each capture unit. For example, each tube  144  in each capture unit  108  may contain one or more generally spherical particles. In one embodiment, the generally spherical particle is coated with a receptor that specifically binds to the ligand (e.g. a microsphere coated with an antibody specific for the ligand). In another embodiment, an antibody specific for the ligand is provided, but that antibody is not coated or attached to the generally spherical particle. The generally spherical particle, instead, is coated with a receptor for the antibody (e.g., a microsphere coated with anti-immunoglobulin) (see U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0052002). The generally spherical particles may be configured in a variety ways, such as different materials, different sizes, and various number of particles in each capture unit. In one embodiment, polystyrene balls, each having a diameter of approximately 1-3 microns are used. 
         [0045]    Referring to  FIGS. 4A-4C , each capture unit  108  is movable within a respective capture unit chamber  122   a - e  in the body  102 . For example, in the depicted embodiment, each capture unit  108   a - e  is rotatably disposed within the body  102 . The capture unit/body assembly is designed to function as a multi-path valve. Changing the orientation of the capture units  108  relative to the body  102 , places various chamber, ports, and reservoirs in fluid communication with each other. 
         [0046]    Referring to  FIGS. 7A-7C , the capture units  108   a - e  are linked and movable by an actuating assembly  150  capable of rotating the disks within their capture unit chambers  122   a - e  to change the configuration of the device  100 . The actuating assembly  150  may be configured in a variety of ways. Any structure, assembly or apparatus capable of changing the orientation of the capture units to change the configuration of the device  100  may be used. In the depicted embodiment, the actuating assembly  150  includes an actuating arm  152  and a rotatable cam  154 . The cam  154  is rotatable about a pivot point  156  and includes a set of gear teeth  158  adapted to mate with a corresponding set of gear teeth  160  arranged on the perimeter of an adjacent capture unit  108   e . Each adjacent capture unit  108   a - d  includes a corresponding set of gear teeth  160  adapted to mate with a corresponding set of gear teeth on an adjacent capture unit. Movement of the actuating arm  152  results in rotation or pivotal movement of the cam  154  about the pivot point  156 . The cam  154  transfers the rotational movement through the corresponding gear teeth to rotate each of the capture units  108  at the same time. 
         [0047]      FIG. 4A  illustrates the device  100  in a storage configuration. In this configuration, each passage or throughbore  142  of each capture unit is blocked or closed by a segment of solid cylindrical  124  of each capture unit chamber  122   a - e . Thus, the receptors (and optional generally spherical particles) are trapped within their respective passage. 
         [0048]    Referring to  FIG. 4B , the device is converted to a purify/concentrate configuration by actuating the actuating assembly ( FIG. 7B ) to rotate the capture units  108   a - e  to form a continuous perfusion path from the injection port  104 , through the capture units  108   a - e  and interconnecting passages  128   a - 128   d  in series, to the first reservoir  110 . In addition, a means for selectively retaining the receptors within their respective passages in the capture units may be provided. In the depicted embodiment of  FIG. 5 , the filtering structures  131   a - e  block the generally spherical particles from flowing through the interconnecting passages  128   a - d  and the second flow passage  131 , thus retaining the particles in the capture units  108   a - e . In another embodiment, which may or may not include filtering structures, magnetic, antibody-coated, generally spherical particles are used to bind to a ligand. To selectively anchor the particles within the capture units, an electromagnet is positioned such that when activated, the particles are held in their respective capture unit. 
         [0049]    Thus, an embodiment of a method to purify and concentrate a sample using the device  100  includes, utilizing a means for anchoring one or more receptors in the pathogen capture units and injecting a sample into the inlet port  104 . For example, a sample-filled syringe may be attached to a luer port at the inlet  104  (the port may incorporate a course filter to remove large particulates) and depressed to force sample from the syringe along the path, past the anchored magnetic antibody coated particles and into the first reservoir  110 . The inlet port  104  may be adapted to include a one-way valve such that once the sample is introduced into the device  100 , the sample or its contents do not escape from the device and contact with the operator, for example. In one embodiment, the inlet port is a rubber barrier through which the syringe needle is inserted, and the plunger of the syringe is depressed for the purpose of expelling the sample contained within the syringe into the sample chamber of the assay cassette. Upon removal of the needle from the port, expansion of the rubber to occlude the hole where the needle had been inserted prevents flow of sample out of the cassette. Other designs for one-way ports are possible, and are known in the art. 
         [0050]    As the injected sample flows from the inlet  104  to the first reservoir  110 , the sample will come in contact with all of the segregated receptors in the respective capture units  108   a - e . A specific microbe, however, will only be captured by its selective antibody. The majority of the remaining non-adherent sample particulates and the excess sample volume flow into and accumulate in the first reservoir  110 . Thus, the first reservoir  110  acts as a waste reservoir in the depicted embodiment. To further concentrate the sample, a buffer solution can then be injected into the device  100  to flow along the path to flush any remaining non-adherent sample particulates from the capture units  108   a - e  into the first reservoir  110 . In this way, this process selectively purifies and concentrates microbes while clearing non-specific particulates. 
         [0051]    Referring to  FIG. 4C , the device  100  is converted to the delivery configuration by actuating the actuator assembly  150  to rotate the capture units  108   a - e  ( FIG. 7C ) so that the passage  142  in each of the capture units is arranged to place the second reservoir  112  in fluid communication with the assay path comprising the mixing chambers  114   a - e  and the detecting chambers  116   a - e . Rotation of capture units  108   a - e  ( FIG. 7C ) creates a flow path that is unobstructed by screens and thus the ligand -receptor aggregates are delivered to the assay path. Alternatively, magnetic particle-microbe aggregates would be permitted to enter the flow path by deactivation of the electromagnet. Then, flowing a solution, such as a buffer solution, from the second reservoir  112 , through the capture units  108   a - e , in parallel, and into the respective mixing chambers  114   a - e . The mixing chambers  114   a - e  may be filled with a liquid crystal material such that the ligand-receptor aggregate mixes with the liquid crystal and the sample can be processes as disclosed in the &#39;802 Patent and the &#39;225 Patent. 
         [0052]    Referring to  FIGS. 8A-8C , a third embodiment of a device  200  for detecting a ligand in a sample is disclosed. The embodiment of the device  200  is similar to the device  100  of  FIGS. 4A-4C  in that it includes a body  202 , an inlet port  204 , a first reservoir  210 , a second reservoir  212 , one or more mixing chambers  214   a - e , one or more detection chambers  216   a - e  and one or more pathogen capture units  208   a - e  movable disposed in the body, each capture unit having a passage  242  extending through the unit. The body  202  in this embodiment, however, does not include the interconnecting passages  128   a - d  ( FIG. 5 ) disclosed with the embodiment of the device  100  of  FIGS. 4A-4C . Instead, when the device  200  is in the purify/concentrate configuration ( FIG. 8B ) a generally linear flow path is formed from the injection port  204 , through the passages  242   a - e  of the respective capture units  208   a - e , in series, and to the first reservoir  210 . For example, the passage  242   a  of the first pathogen capture unit  208   a  is generally aligned along an axis  245  with the passage  242   b  of the second pathogen capture unit  208   b  such that fluid exiting the first passage  242   a  enters the adjacent passage  242   b  and so on for the remaining pathogen capture units. 
         [0053]    When transitioning between the storage orientation ( FIG. 8A ), the purify/concentrate orientation ( FIG. 8B ) and the delivery orientation ( FIG. 8C ) of the device  200 , the actuating assembly (not shown) moves the pathogen capture units  208   a - e  in unison between the different orientations. 
         [0054]    The invention has been illustrated by the above description of embodiments, and while the embodiments have been described in some detail, it is not the intent of the applicants to restrict or in any way limit the scope of the invention to such detail. Additional advantages and modifications will readily appear to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the invention in its broader aspects is not limited to the specific details, representative apparatus and methods, and illustrative examples shown and described. Accordingly, departures may be made from such details without departing from the spirit or scope of the applicants&#39; general or inventive concept.