Abstract:
Metal and insulator interconnect structures are described incorporating one or more layers of fluorinated dielectric insulation, one or more conductive wiring levels interconnected by vias and capping and/or liner materials to physically isolate the wiring levels and vias from the fluorinated dielectric such as fluorinated diamond like carbon which has a low dielectric constant. The invention overcomes the problem that can arise when fluorine in the fluorinated dielectric insulation reacts with other materials in the interconnect structure to produce unwanted fluorine-containing compounds that can interfere with the structure&#39;s mechanical integrity or interconnect function.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to metal/insulator interconnect structures found in Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI)and Ultra Large Scale Integrated (ULSI) circuits and packaging, and more particularly to interconnect structures comprising fluorine-containing low-k dielectrics and capping and/or liner materials selected to prevent reliability problems associated with out-diffusion of fluorine from the low-k dielectric into other parts of the structure. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Device interconnections in Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits or Ultra-Large Scale Integrated (ULSI) circuits or semiconductor chips are typically effected by multilevel interconnect structures containing patterns of metal wiring layers called traces. Wiring structures within a given trace or level of wiring are separated by an intralevel dielectric, while the individual wiring levels are separated from each other by layers of an interlevel dielectric. Conductive vias are formed in the interlevel dielectric to provide interlevel contacts between the wiring traces. 
     By means of their effects on signal propagation delays, the materials and layout of these interconnect structures can substantially impact circuit speed, and thus circuit performance. Signal propagation delays are due to RC time constants wherein R is the resistance of the on-chip wiring, and C is the effective capacitance between the signal lines and the surrounding conductors in the multilevel interconnection stack. RC time constants are reduced by lowering the specific resistance of the wiring material, and by using interlevel and intralevel dielectrics (ILDs) with lower dielectric constants. 
     The low dielectric constants of fluorine-containing dielectrics such as fluorinated diamond-like-carbon (FDLC) and fluorinated silicon glass (FSG) make them potentially useful as ILD materials in high performance VLSI and ULSI chips where interconnect wiring capacitance must be minimized. This use for FDLC is discussed by S. A. Cohen et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,367, entitled “Diamond-like carbon for use in VLSI and ULSI interconnect systems.” FDLC films can be fabricated by a variety of methods including sputtering, ion beam sputtering, and dc or rf plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition with a variety of carbon-bearing source materials, as described for non-fluorinated DLC films by A. Grill and B. S. Meyerson, “Development and Status of Diamond-like Carbon,” Chapter 5, in Synthetic Diamond: Emerging CVD Science and Technology, editors K. E. Spear and J. P. Dismukes, John Wiley and Sons, New York 1994, and F. D. Bailey et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,470,661 which issued Nov. 28, 1995. However, fluorine-containing ILDs such as FDLC cannot be integrated into these interconnect structures without taking suitable precautions such as capping layers to prevent fluorine in the FDLC from reacting with other materials in the interconnect structure during required processing steps at elevated temperatures above 300° C. While ILDs with reduced fluorine content would be expected to have smaller amounts of fluorine available to react with other materials, lower fluorine-content ILDs typically also have undesirably higher k values. 
     Capping materials such as the insulators silicon oxide and silicon nitride, and the conductive material TaN have been previously described for use with non-fluorine containing ILDs as (i) diffusion barriers (to prevent atoms of wiring material from diffusing into the ILD from where they may readily diffuse into active device regions), (ii) etch stop and permanent masking materials, and (iii) adhesion layers. 
     However, these conventional capping materials are not compatible with FDLC as indicated by capping material delamination and cracking in layered Si/FDLC (1000 nm) cap samples after a 350° C. anneal in He for 4 hours. Poor adhesion, delamination, and even cracking were present in samples where the FDLC had been given a “stabilization” anneal of 400° C. in He for 4 hours prior to capping. 
     Prior art utilization of capping materials such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and TaN in multilayer interconnect structures is illustrated in FIGS. 1,  2 ,  3 A and  3 B. FIG. 1 shows a schematic cross section view of a generic, 2-wiring-level interconnect structure  10 . Interconnect structure  10  comprises substrate  20 , conductive device contacts  30  in a first dielectric  40 , a first and second level of conductive wiring ( 50 ,  60 ), and two layers of conductive vias ( 70 ,  80 ) embedded in layers of a second dielectric  90 . Conductive wiring layers ( 50 ,  60 ) and vias ( 70 ,  80 ) are typically low-resistivity metals, for example, Al, Al alloyed with Cu or other elements, Cu, Cu alloys, or any of these materials, alone or in combination, doped with dopants, additives or impurities selected to improve electromigration properties. Contacts to packaging dies are provided by conductive contact pads  100  in a third dielectric  110  and insulating environmental isolation layer  120 . Interconnect structure  10  incorporates three capping materials: a conductive capping or liner material  130  lining the sidewalls and bottom surfaces of the conductive wiring and vias, an insulating capping material layer  140  overlying each wiring level over those areas not contacted by an overlying via, and an optional insulating capping layer  150  over some or all (shown) of each layer of dielectric  90 . Conductive liner or capping material  130  acts to provide adhesion and prevent metal diffusion into dielectric  90 ; its conductivity provides electrical redundancy, and allows it to remain in the contact regions between conductive features in different levels. Insulating capping material  140  primarily serves to prevent metal diffusion into the overlying dielectric layers, but prevents other potentially undesirable interactions as well. Insulating capping material  150  is optionally left in the structure after use as an etch mask, etch stop, and/or polish stop during interconnect structure fabrication. 
     Interconnect structure  10  of FIG. 1 would typically be fabricated by Damascene processing in which layers of dielectric are sequentially deposited, patterned to form cavities corresponding to the pattern of conductive material desired, overfilled with the conductive material, and then planarized to remove conductive material above the dielectric. This process is repeated as necessary for each additional layer. 
     Interconnect structures may also be fabricated by Dual Damascene processing, in which approximately double thicknesses of second dielectric material  90  are patterned with dual relief cavities corresponding to the pattern of a wiring level and its underlying via level. FIG. 2 shows a schematic cross section view of a prior art 2-wiring-level interconnect structure  160  analogous to interconnect structure  10  in FIG. 1, except that the disposition of the capping materials  130  and  150  reflects the Dual Damascene method of processing. For example, since wiring level  60  and its underlying via level  80  are filled with conductive material in the same deposition step, there is no conductive cap material  130  between  50  and  70 , a characteristic distinguishing feature of all Dual Damascene processed interconnect structures. 
     FIGS. 3A and 3B show two other Dual Damascene processed interconnect structures similar to interconnect structure  160  of FIG. 2, but different in the presence of insulating cap layer  170 , used as an etch stop to facilitate the patterning of the dual relief cavities in the double (via plus wiring level) layers of the second dielectric material  90 . In interconnect structure  180  in FIG. 3A, exposed regions of etch stop layer  170  are not removed before filling the dual relief cavities with conductive material; in interconnect structure  190  in FIG. 3B, exposed regions of etch stop layer  170  are removed before filling the dual relief cavities with conductive material. 
     While the interconnect structures  10 ,  160 ,  180  and  190  show two wiring levels, the number of wiring levels may be as few as one or as many as ten or more. 
     It is thus an object of this invention to provide a high performance interconnect structure comprising one or more layers of fluorinated dielectric insulation and one or more conductive wiring levels electrically connected by conductive vias, said wiring levels and vias completely isolated from the fluorinated dielectric by at least one fluorine-resistant capping and/or liner material. 
     It should be noted that the term “fluorine-resistant” is meant to describe materials that do not readily react with fluorine to form fluorine-containing compounds that interfere with the function or the mechanical integrity of the interconnect structure. 
     It is a further object of this invention to provide a high performance interconnect structure comprising one or more layers of fluorinated dielectric insulation and one or more conductive wiring levels electrically connected by conductive vias, said wiring levels and vias isolated from the fluorinated dielectric on a first set of selected surfaces by at least one electrically insulating fluorine-resistant capping material, and isolated from the fluorinated dielectric on a second set of selected surfaces by at least one electrically conductive fluorine-resistant capping and/or liner material. 
     It is yet a further object of this invention to provide a high performance interconnect structure comprising one or more layers of fluorinated dielectric insulation and one or more conductive wiring levels electrically connected by conductive vias, said wiring levels and vias levels and vias completely isolated from the fluorinated dielectric by at least one fluorine-resistant capping and/or liner material. 
     It is another object of this invention to provide a method for forming a high performance interconnect structure comprising one or more layers of fluorinated dielectric insulation and one or more conductive wiring levels electrically connected by conductive vias, said wiring levels and vias completely isolated from the fluorinated dielectric by at least one fluorine-resistant capping and/or liner material. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to metal/insulator interconnect structures found in Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) and Ultra Large Scale Integrated (ULSI) circuits and packaging, and more particularly to interconnect structures comprising fluorine-containing low-k dielectrics and capping and/or liner materials selected to prevent reliability problems associated with out-diffusion of fluorine from the low-k dielectric into other parts of the structure. The capping/liner materials, selected from materials whose fluorides are either non-volatile or not strongly favored to form, may additionally function as (i) diffusion barriers (to prevent atoms of wiring material from diffusing into the insulator from where they may readily diffuse into active device regions), (ii) etch stop and etch mask materials, and (iii) adhesion layers. The fluorine-resistant capping/liner materials may be conventionally disposed, and/or disposed as layered combinations with conventional capping/liner materials in a geometry in which the conventional capping/liner material is protected from the fluorinated dielectric by the fluorine-resistant material. 
     An additional aspect of this invention further relates to methods for forming a high performance interconnect structure comprising one or more layers of fluorinated dielectric insulation and one or more conductive wiring levels electrically connected by conductive vias. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     These and other features, objects, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon a consideration of the following detailed description of the invention when read in conjunction with the drawing, in which: 
     FIG. 1 shows a schematic cross section view of a generic prior art interconnect structure comprising two wiring levels; 
     FIG. 2 shows a schematic cross section view of a variation of the generic prior art interconnect structure of FIG. 1; 
     FIGS. 3A and 3B show a schematic cross section view of two more variations of the generic prior art interconnect structure of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 4 shows a schematic cross section view of a two-wiring-level interconnect structure comprising an embodiment of the present invention analogous to the prior art structure of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 5 shows a schematic cross section view of a two-wiring-level interconnect structure comprising an embodiment of the present invention analogous to the prior art structure of FIG. 2; 
     FIGS. 6A and 6B show a schematic cross section view of a two-wiring-level interconnect structure comprising an embodiment of the present invention analogous to the prior art structures of FIGS. 3A and 3B; 
     FIG. 7 shows a schematic cross section view of another embodiment of the two-wiring-level interconnect structure of FIG. 5; 
     FIG. 8 shows a schematic cross section view of a two-wiring-level interconnect structure comprising a different embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The interconnect structures of the present invention comprise layers of fluorinated dielectric and capping/liner materials selected from materials whose fluorides are either non-volatile or not strongly favored to form. The fluorinated dielectric may be selected from the group containing fluorinated diamond like carbon (FDLC), fluorinated amorphous carbon (FLAC), FDLC or FLAC with additives selected from the group consisting of H, Si, Ge, O and N, fluorinated silicon glass (FSG), inorganic halogen-containing dielectrics and organic halogen-containing dielectrics. 
     Potentially suitable insulating capping materials include the insulating oxides, nitrides, or fluorides of the elements Ag, Al, Co, Cr, In, Ir, Mg, Mn, Sn, mixtures and multilayers thereof, and amorphous silicon-containing carbon-based materials such as Si-containing DLC and Si-O-containing DLC. Potentially suitable conductive capping/liner materials include the metals Ag, Al, Al-Ti, Co, Cr, Cu, In, Ir, Mg, Mn, Pd, Pt, Sn and their conductive oxides (e.g., IrO2 and PdO), fluorides, nitrides, or silicides (e.g., PtSi), and mixtures and multilayers thereof. The fluorine-resistant capping/liner materials in the disclosed interconnect structure may be deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma enhanced CVD (PECVD), or physical vapor deposition processes such as sputtering or reactive sputtering. In addition, PdO may possibly be deposited by electrochemical (anodic) oxidation of Pd. 
     Some preferred embodiments of the present invention are illustrated by the two-wiring-level interconnect structures  200 ,  210 ,  220 ,  230 ,  300  and  400  in FIGS. 4,  5 ,  6 A- 6 B,  7  and  8  which are different from the prior art structures  10 ,  160 ,  180 , and  190  in FIGS. 1,  2 , and  3 A- 3 B in the use of (i) fluorinated dielectric  250  as the second dielectric material, and (ii) fluorine-resistant conductive capping/liner materials. Interconnect structure  200  incorporates three capping materials: a conductive capping or liner material  260  lining the sidewalls and bottom surfaces of the conductive wiring and vias, an insulating capping material layer  270  overlying each wiring level over those areas not contacted by an overlying via, and an optional insulating capping layer  280  over some or all (shown) of each layer of dielectric  250 . As in the case of interconnect structure  10  in FIG. 1, conductive liner or capping material  260  acts to provide adhesion and prevent metal diffusion into dielectric  250 ; its conductivity provides electrical redundancy, and allows it to remain in the contact regions between conductive features in different levels. Insulating capping material  270  primarily serves to prevent metal diffusion into the overlying dielectric layers, but prevents other potentially undesirable interactions as well. Insulating capping material  280  is optionally left in the structure after use as an etch mask, etch stop, and/or polish stop during interconnect structure fabrication. 
     An additional layer of insulating flourine resistant capping material  274  may also be disposed between first dielectric  40  and fluorinated dielectric  250  to improve adhesion and prevent formation of any fluorine-containing compounds that may interfere with the function of the interconnect structure. 
     FIG. 5 shows a schematic cross section view of another embodiment of a two-wiring-level interconnect structure  210  analogous to interconnect structure  200  in FIG. 4, except that the disposition of the capping materials  260  and  280  reflects the Dual Damascene method of processing. For example, since wiring level  60  and its underlying via level  80  are filled with conductive material in the same deposition step, there is no conductive cap material  260  between  50  and  70 , a characteristic distinguishing feature of all Dual Damascene processed interconnect structures. 
     FIGS. 6A and 6B show two other embodiments of Dual Damascene processed interconnect structures similar to interconnect structure  210  of FIG. 5, but different in the presence of insulating cap layer  290 , used as an etch stop to facilitate the patterning of the dual relief cavities in the double (via plus wiring level) layers of the second dielectric material  250 . In interconnect structure  220  in FIG. 6A, exposed regions of etch stop layer  290  are not removed before filling the dual relief cavities with conductive material; in interconnect structure  230  in FIG. 6B, exposed regions of etch stop layer  290  are removed before filling the dual relief cavities with conductive material. 
     The fluorine-resistant capping/liner materials  260  of FIGS. 4,  5 ,  6 A and  6 B may be conventionally disposed, as shown, or disposed as layered combinations with conventional capping/liner materials in a geometry in which the conventional capping/liner material is protected from the fluorinated dielectric by the fluorine-resistant capping/liner material. FIG. 7 shows a layered combination geometry embodiment of the interconnect structure of FIG.  5 . Liner/capping layers  260  are replaced by layers of conductive, fluorine-resistant material  294  and conductive barrier material  296  which may or may not be fluorine-resistant. Conductive fluorine-resistant capping/liner material  294  may be selected from the above mentioned list of fluorine-resistant conductive materials, while conductive barrier material  296  may be a barrier material such as the refractory metals including W or Ta, and the refractory metal nitrides and metal silicon nitrides, including TaN, TaSiN, ZrN, ZrSiN, HfN, HfSiN, TiN, TiSiN, WN, and WSiN, and combinations thereof (e.g., Ta in combination with TaN). 
     FIG. 8 shows a schematic cross section view of a different preferred embodiment of the present invention. Like the interconnect structures  200 ,  210 ,  220 , and  230 , two-wiring-level interconnect structure  400  in FIG. 8 utilizes a fluorinated dielectric  250  and insulating fluorine-resistant capping materials  270  and  280 . However, structure  400  differs from the former structures in that it does not require the use of a conductive fluorine-resistant capping/liner material  260 . In interconnect structure  400 , capping material  260  is replaced by the combination of a fluorine-resistant material  410  which may or may not be conductive, and a conductive liner material  420  which may or may not be fluorine-resistant. Fluorine-resistant material  410  is disposed on the sidewalls of fluorinated dielectric  250 . Conductive liner  420  is disposed as a continuous coating on the sidewalls and bottom surfaces of the conductive wiring and vias. Conductive liner  420  provides electrical redundancy, and may also function as a seed or plating base layer to facilitate formation of conductive features  50  and  70 . 
     Relative to structures  200 ,  210 ,  220 , and  230 , structure  400  has the advantage of not requiring a single material to be fluorine-resistant, electrically conductive, and a barrier to the diffusion of the conductive material of the wiring and vias. Examples of suitable conductive liner materials which may not be fluorine-resistant include the refractory metals W and Ta, and the refractory metal nitrides and metal silicon nitrides including TaN, TaSiN, ZrN, ZrSiN, HfN, HfSiN, TiN, TiSiN, WN, WSiN, and combinations thereof. 
     While the interconnect structures  200 ,  210 ,  220 ,  230 ,  300  and  400  show two wiring levels, the number of wiring levels may be as few as one or as many as ten or more. 
     An additional aspect of this invention relates to methods for forming a high performance interconnect structure comprising one or more layers of fluorinated dielectric insulation and one or more conductive wiring levels electrically connected by conductive vias, said wiring levels and vias completely isolated from the fluorinated dielectric by at least one fluorine-resistant capping and/or liner material. In all of the following methods, it should be understood that 
     1) the fluorinated dielectric may be selected from the group containing fluorinated diamond like carbon (FDLC), fluorinated amorphous carbon (FLAC), FDLC or FLAC with additives selected from the group containing H, Si, Ge, O, and N, fluorinated silicon glass (FSG), and organic dielectrics containing fluorine; 
     2) the insulating fluorine-resistant capping materials may be selected from the group of insulating oxides, nitrides, or fluorides of the elements Ag, Al, Al—Ti, Co, Cr, Cu, In, Ir, Mg, Mn, Sn, mixtures and multilayers thereof, and amorphous silicon-containing carbon-based materials such as Si-containing DLC and Si-O-containing DLC; and 
     3) the conductive fluorine-resistant capping materials may be selected from group of metals Ag, Al, Al—Ti, Co, Cr, Cu, In, Ir, Mg, Mn, Pd, Pt, Sn and their conductive oxides (e.g., IrO 2  and PdO), fluorides, nitrides, or silicides (e.g., PtSi), and mixtures and multilayers thereof. The words “mixtures thereof” includes a fairly homogeneous combination such as an alloy or a combination of A/B layers. 
     Methods of producing these fluorine-resistant capping/liner materials include chemical vapor deposition (CVD)), plasma enhanced CVD (PECVD), and physical vapor deposition processes such as sputtering or reactive sputtering. In addition, PdO may possibly be deposited by electrochemical (anodic) oxidation of Pd. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     A first preferred method for forming interconnect structures such as interconnect structure  210  shown in FIG. 5 comprises the steps of 
     selecting a substrate  20  containing regions  30  that are conductive and regions  40  that are not conductive, 
     optionally depositing on said substrate a blanket coating of a first capping material  274 , said first capping material selected to be insulating and fluorine-resistant, 
     depositing on said first capping material  274  or substrate regions  30  and  40  a blanket layer of fluorinated dielectric  250 , 
     optionally depositing at least one layer of masking material  280  on said fluorinated dielectric, said masking material  280  selected to be insulating and fluorine-resistant if it is to be left in the final structure, 
     patterning said optionally deposited masking material  280  and said fluorinated dielectric  250  to form cavities in selected regions of said fluorinated dielectric  250  in such a manner as to provide at least some exposed regions of said first capping material  274  or conductive substrate regions  30 , 
     removing said exposed regions of first capping material  274 , if present, to expose underlying conductive regions  30  on said substrate, 
     optionally removing said masking material  280 , 
     selecting a first conductive material  260  identified as fluorine-resistant, 
     providing a conformal coating of said first conductive material  260  to line said cavities, 
     overfilling said cavities with a second conductive material  50 , 
     removing overfill of said second conductive material  50  by a planarizing process such as polishing, 
     removing residuals of said first conductive material  260  from regions above said top surface of said masking material  280  or if removed then fluorinated dielectric  250 , 
     optionally removing said masking material  280 , if not removed previously, 
     and repeating these process steps until the desired number of wiring and via levels have been fabricated. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     A second preferred method for forming interconnect structures such as that shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B comprises the steps of 
     selecting a substrate  20  containing regions  30  that are conductive and regions  40  that are not conductive, 
     optionally depositing on said substrate a blanket layer of a first capping material  274 , said first capping material selected to be insulating and fluorine-resistant, 
     depositing on said first capping material  274  or substrate regions  30  and  40  a blanket first layer of a fluorinated dielectric material  250 , 
     depositing on said first layer of said fluorinated dielectric material  250  a blanket layer of a second capping material  290 , said second capping material  290  selected to be insulating and fluorine-resistant, 
     depositing on said layer of second capping material  290  a blanket second layer of a fluorinated dielectric material  250 , 
     optionally depositing at least one layer of masking material  280 , said masking material  280  selected to be insulating and fluorine-resistant if it is to be left in the final structure, 
     patterning said optionally deposited masking material  280 , said second layer of fluorinated dielectric  250 , said second capping material  290 , and said first layer of fluorinated dielectric  250  to form cavities in selected regions of said first and second fluorinated dielectric layers  250  in such a manner as to provide at least some exposed regions of said first capping material  274  or conductive regions  30 , 
     removing said exposed regions of first capping material  274 , if present, to expose underlying regions  30  on said substrate, 
     optionally removing exposed regions of said second capping material  290  previously covered by fluorinated dielectric  250 , 
     optionally removing said masking material  280 , 
     selecting a first conductive material identified as fluorine-resistant  260 , 
     providing a blanket coating of a first conductive material  260  to line said cavities, 
     overfilling said cavities with a second conductive material  50 , removing overfill of said second conductive material  50  by a planarizing process such as polishing, 
     removing residuals of said first conductive material  260  from regions above said top surface of said masking material  280  or if removed then fluorinated dielectric  250 , 
     optionally removing said masking material  280 , if not removed previously, 
     and repeating these process steps until the desired number of wiring and via levels have been fabricated. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     A third preferred method for forming interconnect structures such as interconnect structure  400  shown in FIG. 8 comprises the method of Example 2 altered by the addition of the step of 
     forming sidewall spacers  410  on the sidewalls of said cavities prior to filling said cavities with conductive material  250 , material of said sidewall spacers  410  being selected from the group of fluorine-resistant materials which may or may not be conductive, 
     and the substitution of the step of 
     selecting a first conductive material  260  identified as fluorine-resistant, 
     with the step of 
     selecting a first conductive material  420  that may or may not be fluorine resistant include the refractory metal W and Ta, and the refractory metal nitrides and metal silicon nitrides including TaN, TaSiN, ZrN, ZrSiN, HfN, HfSiN, TiN, TiSiN, WN, WSiN, etc, and combinations thereof. 
     The step of forming sidewall spacers  410  is preferably performed by depositing a thin, blanket, conformal layer of sidewall spacer material over a patterned workpiece containing horizontal and vertical surfaces, and then performing an anisotropic etch to leave the spacer material on the vertical surfaces of the workpiece while removing it from the horizontal surfaces of the workpiece. 
     While the present invention has been described in an illustrative manner, it should be understood that the terminology used is intended to be in a nature of words of description rather than of limitation. For example, the teachings of this invention relating to the terms “fluorine-containing,” “fluorinated,” fluorine-containing,” and “fluorine-resistant” may obviously be extended to cover the more general terms “halogen-containing,” “halogenated,” “halogen-containing,” and “halogen-resistant.” 
     It should be noted that in the drawing like elements or components are referred to by like and corresponding reference numerals. 
     Furthermore, while the present invention has been described in terms of several preferred embodiments, it is to be appreciated that those skilled in the art will readily apply these teachings to other possible variations of the inventions. For example, fluorinated dielectric-containing interconnect structures fabricated by non-Damascene methods may be similar but not exactly identical to the structures of FIGS. 4 through 8, although they would retain the essential structural elements of conductive wiring and vias isolated from a fluorinated dielectric by at least one fluorine-resistant capping material.