Abstract:
A system and method to optimize the number of uplink and downlink slots, given the maximum number of crossed slots between any two cells is disclosed. The present invention effectively assigns a direction (i.e. uplink or downlink) to every slot in every cell of the system, taking into account the trade-off between: a) avoiding base-to-base or mobile-to-mobile interference; and b) matching the slot assignment of every cell as closely as possible to the local traffic conditions. The present invention assigns users to slots according to their transmission power requirements in order to allow conflicting slot-to-cell assignments between two cells in the same geographic region.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)  
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/335,365, filed Dec. 31, 2002, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No.60/378,171 filed May 14, 2002, which are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The present invention relates to wireless communications. More specifically, the present invention is related to third generation (3G) cellular systems employing time-division duplex (TDD) for separating base-to-mobile and mobile-to-base communications.  
           [0003]    Wireless time-division cellular systems generally divide the time axis into intervals of equal durations called frames. Systems employing the TDD scheme divide time frames into a finite number (N T ) of intervals of equal durations, called slots, and allow a cell to use some or all of the slots for uplink (mobile-to-base) or downlink (base-to-mobile) transmissions. The slot assignment of a cell defines how each slot is used by this cell. There are three possible ways for a cell to use a slot: 1) uplink transmissions; 2) downlink transmissions; or 3) the slot is not used at all.  
           [0004]    The slot assignment of a cell can be varied by the system in order to adapt to the requirements of the traffic. For example, the system may modify the assignment of one slot from uplink to downlink if the amount of downlink traffic increases while the uplink traffic decreases. In addition, different cells of a system generally do not need to have the same slot assignment. If traffic characteristics in one geographical area are different from another area, the cells covering those areas may have different assignment so as to best adapt to local traffic conditions.  
           [0005]    The timeslot assignment A c  of a cell c is represented by a set of N T  values, where the S th  value of the timeslot assignment (A c,s ), represents the usage of the sth slot in this cell. The number of slots used for uplink and downlink transmissions are denoted N c   u  and N c   d , respectively.  
           [0006]    [0006]FIG. 1 illustrates conflicting slot assignments for two cells in the same vicinity. A first cell  10  has a first time frame  12  which includes a plurality of timeslots N A1  through N AT . The time slots are used for uplink or downlink communications or not all. For the present example, assume that time slot N A3  is used for uplink communications between a mobile unit  18  and a base station  11 . A second cell  14 , including a second base station  20 , is in close proximity to the first cell  10 . This cell communicates using a second time frame  15  including a plurality of timeslots N B1 -N BT . In the second cell, the slots are also used for uplink or downlink communications or not all. For the present example, assume that timeslot N B3  is used for downlink communications. Because of the cell&#39;s proximity to each other, there is a strong possibility of the second cell  14  causing interference with the communications between the base station  11  of the first cell  10  and mobile unit  18 , which leads to system degradation (base-to-base interference scenario). Depending on the degree of isolation, in terms of path loss between the cells, this degradation may or may not be acceptable. The first cell  10  may have to assign the mobile unit  18  to another slot and mark this slot as unusable as an uplink slot in its cell, which reduces the capacity of the system.  
           [0007]    Mobile-to-mobile interference scenarios may also occur due to uplink and downlink slot allocations for mobiles that are in close proximity. However, mobile-to-mobile interference is much more unpredictable than base-to-base interference and may be mitigated by means of an escape mechanism which reallocates user&#39;s codes to another timeslot where the interference is less severe.  
           [0008]    Therefore, it is important to determine the best slot assignments for every cell, taking into account the conflicting requirements of adapting to local traffic variations and avoiding interference due to different time slot assignments between neighboring cells. “Crossed slots” occur when neighboring cells unconnectedly utilize the opposite slot assignments. A first cell may use the slot assignment for uplink communications and another cell uses the same slot assignment for downlink communications. This results in a possibility that the downlink transmission of one cell will interfere with the uplink reception of another cell. Therefore, it would be desirable to have a system which takes into account the time slot assignment of neighboring cells and efficiently coordinates time slot assignments to increase the overall performance and operation of each cell.  
         SUMMARY  
         [0009]    The present invention is a system and method to optimize the number of uplink and downlink slots, given the maximum number of crossed slots between any two cells. The present invention determines the maximum number of crossed slots between any two cells and effectively assigns a direction, either uplink or downlink, to every slot in every cell of a system, taking into account the trade-off between a) avoiding base-to-base or mobile-to-mobile interference; and b) matching the slot assignment of every cell as closely as possible to the local traffic conditions. The present invention assigns users to slots according to their transmission power requirements in order to allow conflicting slot-to-cell assignments between two cells in the same geographic region. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING  
       [0010]    [0010]FIG. 1 illustrates the problem of two adjacent cells wherein a first cell is in communication with a user equipment (UE) and a second cell&#39;s downlink interferes with the communication of the UE in the first cell.  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 2 is a flow diagram for calculating {{overscore (N c   u )},{overscore (N c   d )}} c=1   Mc  in accordance with the present invention.  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 3 illustrates an “island cluster” of primary stations surrounded by distantly located outer primary stations.  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 4 is a flow diagram for implementing the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0014]    The present invention will be described with reference to the drawing figures wherein like numerals represent like elements throughout.  
         [0015]    The present invention takes into account the following two premises. First, the maximum number of crossed slots between two cells increases when their mutual path loss isolation increases; or conversely, when the isolation decreases the number of crossed slots that can be tolerated decreases. Second, the cost associated with the choice of a particular slot assignment for a cell should be a function of the traffic that cannot be served (i.e. blocked or delayed) due to the choice of slot assignment.  
         [0016]    It should be well understood by those skilled in the art that cells which are more isolated can afford to have a larger number of crossed slots. The term “isolation” is a generic term for the path loss between two base stations as related to base-to-base interference. It may also refer to a metric associated with the distribution of path losses between any pair of possible positions for two mobiles respectively connected to two cells (as related to mobile-to-mobile interference). In the latter case, the metric considered could be some percentile of the distribution.  
         [0017]    If there is a very large isolation between two cells, the cells may choose their slot assignments autonomously. In such a case, it is obvious that the base-to-base or mobile-to-mobile interference would be insignificant. At the other extreme, cells that would be quasi co-located can not afford to have even a single pair of crossed slots. The amount of base-to-base interference produced would hamper or make any communications unsustainable for these slots.  
         [0018]    The present invention may, however, be most advantageously applied to situations which fall between these two extremes where a limited number of crossed slots would be allowable by employing novel radio resource management (RRM) techniques. The wireless transmit receive units (WTRUs) which are close to their serving Node B, are preferentially assigned to the crossed slots, thus minimizing the probability of mobile-to-mobile interference.  
         [0019]    The maximum number of crossed slots which can be tolerated is a function of many factors, including but not limited to, the geography of the users surrounding the Node B, the mobility of WTRUs and RRM performance. The maximum number of crossed slots between two cells (c 1  and c 2 ) is represented by (X c1, c2 ). The present invention assumes that the maximum number of crossed slots between any pair of cells is known. In practice, an operator would decide an appropriate value for (X c1, c2 ) by considering the extent to which the cells (c 1  and c 2 ) are isolated. This invention will also explain a possible systematic method to determine the (X c1, c2 ).  
         [0020]    The actual cost of a slot assignment (Fc) for a cell may be defined according to the amount of offered traffic that cannot be served because of the present slot assignments. It is irrelevant how a slot is assigned if the slot is not used due to lack of traffic. The cost function may also be expressed as a representation of the traffic blocked or delayed because of choice of specific slot assignment in a cell (c).  
         [0021]    The cost function and the number of crossed slots are closely related to each other. It is desirable to minimize the overall cost function F, which is the sum of the individual cost functions Fc from every cell. If the slot assignments of every cell could be independently adjusted from each other, it would be an easy task because it would just be matching the number of uplink/downlink slots of every cell to its traffic characteristics. Unfortunately, the cells are not isolated and cell isolation must be taken into account. The lack of isolation causes the cells to interfere with each other as more conflicting slot assignments between two cells were utilized. This interference becomes intolerable if more than one crossed slot (i.e. X c1,c2 &gt;1) exists between cells c 1  and c 2 . Thus the maximum number of crossed slots represents a constraint that must be considered when seeking the optimal solution that minimizes the cost function F.  
         [0022]    The following values must be known to implement the invention: 1) the number of cells in the system (Mc); 2) the number of slots available for traffic in a TDD frame (Nt); 3) the minimum and maximum numbers of uplink slots available for traffic in a cell (N min   u  and N max   u , respectively); and 4) the minimum and maximum numbers of downlink slots available for traffic in a cell (N min   d  and N max   d , respectively). Then for each pair of cells (c 1 , c 2 ), it is necessary to determine the maximum number of crossed slots X c1, c2  the system can tolerate. This can be achieved in different ways: 1) such as in a coarse manner, by manually setting X c1, c2 =0 if the cells c 1  and c 2  are relatively “close” to each other, and X c1, c2 =Nt if the cells c 1  and c 2  are “far” from each other; 2) in a systematic manner, which is described below in paragraph 34; and 3) a “manual adjustment,” in which the operator makes adjustments according to heuristic rules based on field experience, for example, possibly with an established system it was determined that with indoor cells placed 200 meters apart, the system can tolerate 4 allowed crossed slots without any problem.  
         [0023]    The optimal slot-to-cell assignment is found when the number of uplink ({overscore (N c   u )}) and downlink ({overscore (N c   d )}) slots to assign in every cell c is found. The system assigns {overscore (N c   u  )} uplink slots to cell c, {overscore (N c   d  )} downlink slots to cell c, and the (Nt −{overscore (N c   u )}−{overscore (N c   d )}) remaining slots are not used in cell c. The system will always assign uplink slots in the same order of preference for all cells. For example, suppose that there are Nt=8 slots and the order of preference is (s 1 , s 2 , s 3 , s 4 , s 5 , s 6 , s 7 , s 8 ). Then if {overscore (N c   u )}=3, the system will assign s 1 , s 2 , s 3  to the uplink in cell c. The system will also always assign downlink slots in the same order of preference for all cells, and this order must be the reverse of the order used for the uplink slots. In the above example, if we have {overscore (N c   d )}=4 the system will assign slots s 8 , s 7 , s 6  and s 5  to the downlink in cell c. Slot s 4  would not be used at all in cell c. The order of preference for allocating slots may be determined by the operator arbitrarily.  
         [0024]    The set of numbers {{overscore (N c   u )},{overscore (N c   d )}} c=1   Mc  mentioned above constitute the solution to the following optimization problem:  
         [0025]    Minimize:  
         F   ≡       ∑     c   =   1       M                 c            F   c         ;                         
 
         [0026]    Equation 1  
         [0027]    where F is the sum of all cost functions and Fc is the cost function associated to the slot assignment of a specific cell c, which is defined by Equation 2:  
           F   c   =Ku ×max(0,min( T   c   u   −N   c   u   ,N   max   u ))+ Kd ×max(0,min( T   c   d   −N   c   d   ,N   max   d ))  Equation 2  
         [0028]    where T c   u  and T c   d  denotes the number of slots required to serve all uplink and downlink traffic, respectfully, in cell c; Ku and Kd are weighting factors which permit a system operator to give more importance to either uplink or downlink traffic as desired; N c   u  and N c   d  are the number of slots used for uplink and downlink transmissions respectively in cell c; and N max   u  and N max   d  are the maximum number of uplink or downlink slots that can be assigned to a given cell. The above equation must be over the {N c   u } c=1   Mc  and {N c   d } c=1   Mc  values, subject to the following constraints: 1) N min   u ≦N c   u ≦N max   u , where the limits N min   u  and N max   u  are the number of minimum and maximum uplink slots, respectively; 2) N min   d ≦N d   c ≦N d   max , where the limits N min   d  and N max   d  are the number of minimum and maximum downlink slots, respectively slots; 3) N c   u +N c   d ≦N t , where the number of uplink and downlink slots of cell should be less than the total number of slots available in a particular cell; and 4) max(N c1   u +N c2   d −N t ,N c2   u +N c1   d −N t )≦X c1,c2  for every pair of cells (c 1 , c 2 ). This last constraint expresses the condition that two cells (c 1 , c 2 ) cannot have more than X c1,c2  crossed slots. The set of values for {N c   u ,N c   d } c=1   Mc  that minimize F and satisfy all the above-mentioned constraints is denoted {{overscore (N c   u )},{overscore (N c   d )}} c=1   Mc  and constitute the solution sought.  
         [0029]    To further clarify the above, reference is made to FIG. 2 which shows a flow chart  300  comprising steps for obtaining {{overscore (N c   u )},{overscore (N c   d )}} c=1   Mc . To begin, a list of all possible sets of values for {{overscore (N c   u )},{overscore (N c   d )}} c=1   Mc  are determined in step  302 , as explained in detail above. Then, the possible set of values obtained are denoted by S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , . . . Sp and the ith set of values, Si, is written as Si={{overscore (N c   u )},{overscore (N c   u )}} c=1   Mc  (step  304 ). Then, in step  306 , start with i=1 and Fc min =infinity and i 0 =1. Then, in step  308 , compute F c =Ku×max(0,min(T c   u −N c   u ,N max   u ))+Kd×max(0, min(T c   d −N c   d ,N max   d )) (i.e. equation 2). Next, in step determine whether Fc i  is greater than Fc min . If yes, set Fc min  equal to Fc i  and i 0 equal to i in step  312  and then proceed to step  314 . If not, proceed directly from step  310  to step  314  where i equals i+1. From step  314  proceed to step  316  to determine whether i is greater than P. If not, return to step  308 . If so, proceed to step  318 . In step  318 , the best slot-to-cell assignment represented by {{overscore (N c   u )},{overscore (N c   d )}} c=1   Mc  is given by the formulas shown in step  318  of FIG. 2 for all c=1,2, . . .Mc.  
         [0030]    The most obvious procedure to solve the optimization problem employs a “brute-force” technique, whereby the value of F is computed for every possible set of values {N c   u , N c   d } c=1   Mc  satisfying the four above constraints. This approach is only practical for relatively small values of Mc or Nt, but could become computationally intensive otherwise.  
         [0031]    Referring now to FIG. 3, there is an example of an “island cluster” of inner cells  106  whose cell patterns have extensive interrelations possibilities. Therefore, for cells  106 , X ci,cj  [where (i,j) is any pair of different cells among (c 1 , c 2 , c 3 , c 4 , and c 5 )] should be set to a small number because the degree of isolation between cells  106  is minimal. An outer group of cells  102 , in contrast, has a higher degree of isolation and may therefore have a higher value of X ci,cj  [where (i,j) is any pair of different cells among (c 1 , c 2 , c 3 , c 4 , and c 5  belonging to group  102 )].  
         [0032]    Referring again to a hypothetical example having two cells c 1  and c 2 , the “systematic manner,” as mentioned above, may be used to determine the maximum number of crossed slots between two cells (X c1,c2 ). When using the systematic method to determine the maximum number of crossed slots (X c1,c2 ) between cells c 1  and c 2 , the maximum range, R, of the cells should be known. The maximum range of a cell is the maximum distance between a mobile connected to this cell and a base station serving that cell. In the case that the two cells, c 1  and c 2  do not have the same maximum range, R may be set to the larger of the two values. The distance between the two cells, c 1  and c 2  may be represented by D c1, c2 . A parameter, ρ is set by the operator. It has a maximum value of 1.0 and a minimum value of 0.0. The ρ value represents the minimum allowable ratio between: a) the distance between a mobile connected to cell c 1  and a mobile connected to cell c 2  when those mobiles use the same slot in opposite directions; and b) the distance between base station serving cell c 1  and base station serving cell c 2 . When the value of ρ decreases, the probability of allowing crossed slots between two cells increases, while increasing the value of ρ has the opposite effect. Using the variables outlined above, the maximum number of crossed slots X c1, c2  can be determined using Equation 3:  
           X   c1, c2   =Nt ×min(1, round((1−ρ) 2 (D c1, c2 ) 2 /4R 2 ));  Equation 3  
         [0033]    where round((1−ρ) 2 (D c1, c2 ) 2 /4R 2 )) denotes the operation of rounding ((1−ρ) 2 (D c1, c2 ) 2 /4R 2 )) to the nearest integer or alternatively, round((1−ρ) 2 (D c1, c2 ) 2 /4R 2 )) can be replaced by floor((1−ρ) 2 (D c1, c2 ) 2 /4R 2 )), which denotes the operation of getting the largest integer inferior or equal to ((1−ρ) 2 (D c1, c2 ) 2 /4R 2 )).  
         [0034]    Referring again to equation (2), the reason for the presence of the terms N max   u  and N max   d  is that we want to take into account only the cost due to the choice of the slot assignment and not the cost due to the sheer lack of capacity in a particular area. For example, if serving the downlink traffic in a particular cell would require 32 slots and the maximum number of downlink slots in an assignment is only 14, then the downlink component of the cost function should be limited to 14 since it is not possible with any slot assignment to serve all the offered downlink traffic.  
         [0035]    It should be understood by those of skill in the art that it is typically impractical to modify the slot assignments at a high frequency because of the need for handing over connections from affected slots to other slots. Accordingly, the traffic estimates used in Equation 2 should be based on long-term averages consistent with the frequency of modifications of the slot assignment. For example, if the slot assignments are to be modified only every 30 minutes, the offered traffic estimates should be averaged over the same temporal period, (one with the same order of magnitude.) Estimates can be derived based on various metrics such as traffic volume measurements, buffer occupancies, and frequency of blocked calls by admission control.  
         [0036]    Another embodiment of the present invention is to assign only users with the lowest power requirements to conflicting slot assignments. That is, downlink slot(s) conflicting with uplink slot(s) in neighboring cells can be managed by setting a limit on the base station power per physical channel as defined by a code and a timeslot for any user occupying those slots. Conversely, for uplink slot(s) this is managed by setting a limit on the uplink power per slot. The amount of performance degradation in the system will be reduced through two effects. The first effect is the interference produced by a transmitter is directly proportional to its transmission. Second, by limiting the transmission power of a user one limits its maximum distance from its serving base station, thereby reducing the probability that it either produces interference to, or sustain significant interference from another user connected to the neighboring base station that has a conflicting slot assignment.  
         [0037]    It should be noted that other algorithms may be utilized to achieve the cost function and that these alternative algorithms do not take away from the spirit of the present invention.  
         [0038]    Referring now to FIG. 4, there is shown a method  200  for implementing the present invention. For the sake of brevity and because implementation of the invention is explained above, the steps of method  200  will not be described in detail. To begin, in step  202 , a degree of isolation between cells is determined as explained above. As explained, the degree of isolation between cells is proportional to the maximum number of crossed slots between those same cells. Next, in step  204 , the maximum number of crossed slots is determined. Then, in step  206 , a direction, either uplink or downlink, is assigned to every slot in every cell of the system.  
         [0039]    Although the present invention has been described in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto, and that various changes can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which is defined by the attached claims.