Abstract:
In accordance with the teachings of the present invention, a method and apparatus is presented for troubleshooting a fiber-optic cable. A fiber-optic, cable-troubleshooting system includes an integrated Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) for generating an optical distance to a fault and a cable-locating module for presenting a tone on a fiber-optic cable. A technician uses the tone to locate the fiber-optic cable and the optical distance to locate the fault in the fiber-optic cable.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application is a continuation of provisional application Ser. No. 60/556,277 entitled “Fiber Optic Fault Locating and Mapping Device” filed on Mar. 25, 2004, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention relates to a fiber-optic fault locating and mapping device and, more specifically, to the use of a signaling tool in combination with cable locating equipment to accurately identify a fault location. 
   2. Description of the Prior Art 
   A variety of technologies are currently available for troubleshooting cable problems, such as cable breaks or cable faults. Each of these technologies serves a specific purpose and enables a technician to locate and isolate faults. For example, cable-locating equipment is currently used to locate a cable that may have a fault. Fault-locating equipment is currently used to locate a fault in a cable. Operators are traditionally trained in either cable-locating equipment or in fault-locating equipment. 
   A variety of different types of cables are deployed in communication systems. Some of the most notable are twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber-optic cables. Cable-locating equipment and fault-locating equipment are each individually used to troubleshoot particular types of cable systems; specifically, both technologies are individually used to troubleshoot fiber-optic cables. 
   A conventional fiber-optic cable consists of a plurality of fibers surrounded by a protective layer. The fibers are often bundled together and the protective layer surrounding the cables includes a variety of protective materials including a metal sheath. In conventional cable-locating equipment, a tone is communicated on the metal sheath so that a technician in the field can locate the fiber-optic cable. Approximately, every 50 miles or so, a cable-locating box is deployed on the cable. A tone is generated and communicated along the metal sheath of the cable. The technician is able to use equipment to detect the tone and ultimately locate the cable. 
   When a cable may be damaged, if there is no physical damage above ground, a technician cannot visually locate the cable. In conventional cable troubleshooting, the technician may use a transmitting device to dial into a cable-locating box and turn on the cable tone. Once the cable tone is turned on and is emanating from the cable, the technician may sweep the area in the general location of the cable to locate the cable. The technician can locate the cable using the signature of the tone. For example, when there is sheath damage in the cable, the cable tone either stops after the location of the sheath damage or diminishes after the location of the sheath damage. As a result, based on the level of the tone, the technician is able to locate the sheath damage. 
   However, it should be appreciated that it may take a substantial amount of time to locate the general area that the tone is emanating from since the range of conventional systems is about 25 miles. To precisely determine a cable location may take a substantial amount of time requiring that the technician traverse large areas. This of course increases the amount of time required to locate the cable and results in longer outage times for customers. 
   Another technology used to troubleshoot cable problems is an Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR). An OTDR transmits a light signal down a fiber and then measures the reflected light. When a fault or termination point occurs in a fiber, the light reflects off of the fault or termination point. For example, the OTDR collects irregularities from the fiber through signals reflected back from the fiber after a pulsed signal is placed on the fiber. These irregularities are averaged and plotted and will show any imperfections in the glass. The lasers used in an OTDR have a very broad spectrum and will only show the worst irregularity. On the other hand, a narrowly spaced laser will show all irregularities (i.e., those that are valid faults and those that are not). Therefore, it is sometimes difficult to tune the lasers to get the optimum laser spacing and fault detection. 
   Geographic maps are created when fiber-optic lines are installed, but often they are not representative of the actual installation. The OTDR can be used to measure the linear distance of the fault based on the time it takes the reflected light to return to the point of origin. However, with current OTDR systems, it is difficult to relate the OTDR reading to a geographic location. As a result, it is difficult to specifically isolate the fault. 
   Thus, although there are a variety of technologies deployed for troubleshooting cables, a better system for troubleshooting cables is needed. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   A method and apparatus for locating a cable and isolating a fault is presented. In one embodiment, a method is presented that enables a technician to locate a cable and isolate a fault in the cable. An integrated cable-troubleshooting system that performs both cable location and fault isolation is presented. In one embodiment, the functionality of a cable tone-generator is integrated with the functionality of an Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR). 
   In one embodiment, an integrated cable-troubleshooting system is implemented. The cable-troubleshooting system includes an OTDR for monitoring a fiber-optic cable. The OTDR connects to the fiber-optic cable, which terminates at a fiber cabinet. If there is a fault at 10,000 feet, the OTDR scans the fiber. Fault information specifying the location of the fault is placed into an electronic message. When a technician dials into the integrated cable-troubleshooting system to turn on a cable locating tone, the electronic message would tell the technician that there is a fault at 10,000 feet. 
   Once the cable-locating module is turned on, a cable tone is transmitted down the sheath of the fiber-optic cable. The integrated cable-troubleshooting system has a communication interface (i.e., telephone access) that the technician can dial into. In one embodiment, the technician inputs a security code to access the cable-locating module and a code to turn on the cable-locating module. As such, the technician can turn the locating tone on and off. Using the combined information from the OTDR with the cable-locating tone, the technician is able to locate the cable and isolate the fault. 
   A cable-troubleshooting system comprises an OTDR generating fault location information detailing a distance of a fault in a fiber-optic cable. In one embodiment, the fault location information identifies a linear distance to a fault. The cable-troubleshooting system further comprises a cable-locating module that is coupled to the OTDR. The cable-locating module may be coupled to the OTDR through a communication path, a CPU, a memory, a communication interface, etc. The cable-locating module generates a tone on the fiber-optic cable, whereby the fault-location information in combination with the tone is used to locate the cable and isolate the fault. 
   In one embodiment, a technician may use the combined information to locate the cable. In another embodiment, a computer, robot, etc. may use the combined information to locate the cable and isolate the fault. 
   A method of operating a cable-troubleshooting system comprises the steps of detecting a fault in a fiber-optic cable in response to operating an OTDR; and generating a tone on the fiber-optic cable to identify the fiber-optic cable in response to detecting the fault on the fiber-cable. 
   A method of troubleshooting a fiber-optic cable comprises the steps of operating an OTDR to generate fault information; generating a signal in response to generating the fault information; and operating a cable-locating module in response to generating the signal. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  displays a flow diagram implementing the teachings of the present invention. 
       FIG. 2  displays a network implementing the teachings of the present invention. 
       FIG. 3  displays an integrated cable-locating and fault-locating assembly. 
   

   DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   While the present invention is described herein with reference to illustrative embodiments for particular applications, it should be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. Those having ordinary skill in the art and access to the teachings provided herein will recognize additional modifications, applications, and embodiments within the scope thereof and additional fields in which the present invention would be of significant utility. 
     FIG. 1  displays a flow diagram implementing the teachings of the present invention. Using an integrated cable-troubleshooting system, at step  100 , an OTDR is placed into operation to generate a continuous monitoring signal on a fiber-optic cable. At step  102 , the OTDR identifies a fault and records the fault information (i.e., distance to the fault location, time of fault, type of fault, etc.). The cable-troubleshooting system communicates the fault information to a technician as stated at  104 . The communication may be a landline communication, a wireless communication, a computer communication, etc. In one embodiment, an electronic communication, such as an email message or wireless telephone call including the fault information, is sent to the technician. 
   The technician receives the call and the fault information generated by the OTDR as stated at  106 . The technician places a call to the integrated cable-troubleshooting system and turns on a cable-locating module implemented in the integrated cable-troubleshooting system as stated at  108 . At step  110 , the cable-locating module begins to operate generating a signal/tone on the cable. At step  112 , the technician uses a signal detection unit to detect the signal/tone in combination with the OTDR-generated fault information to isolate the location of the cable and the fault in the cable. 
     FIG. 2  displays a network implementing the teachings of the present invention. A cable-troubleshooting system  200  includes a cable-locating module  202  and an OTDR  204 . A fiber-optic cable  208  is shown. The fiber-optic cable  208  is connected through a fiber termination panel  206 . The cable-locating module  202  is connected to a cable-locating unit  210  through a connection cable  212 . The cable-locating unit  210  is connected to the sheath of the fiber-optic cable  208 . 
   During operation, a fault may occur at a location designated by  209 . The fault may occur for a variety of reasons. The OTDR  204  continuously sends a signal down the fiber-optic cable  208 . Therefore, when the fault shown at location  209  occurs, the OTDR  204  will be able to detect the location shown as  209  and the optical distance of the fault location at  209 . In another embodiment, if there is a cut in the fiber-optic cable  208 , the OTDR  204  would immediately raise an alarm and report the optical distance to the cable-locating module  202 , where this information could be given to a technician calling in to the integrated cable-troubleshooting system  200 . In the alternative, the OTDR  204  may trigger the operation of the cable-locating module  202 , upon detection of a fault. In yet another embodiment, either the OTDR  204  or the cable-locating module  202  may generate a call to the technician making the technician aware of the problem. For example, the OTDR  204  may contact the technician immediately after identifying a fault. The OTDR  204  may turn on the cable-locating module  202  and then contact the technician after turning on the cable-locating module  202 . In another embodiment, after identifying a fault, the OTDR  204  may turn on the cable-locating module  202  and then the cable-locating module  202  may initiate the call to the technician with the required fault information from the OTDR  204 . In another embodiment, the OTDR  204  and/or the cable-locating module  202  may communicate with the integrated cable-troubleshooting system  200  and the cable-troubleshooting system  200  may communicate with the technician. It should be appreciated that a variety of permutations and combinations are possible and each is contemplated and within the scope of the present invention. 
   Irrespective of which of the foregoing methods is used, the response provides a significant improvement over the standard restoration objective set for restoring a cable of 2.5 hours. The technician may then drive to the apparent geographic location of the fault based on the information generated via the cable-troubleshooting system  200 . When the technician arrives, an acoustic signaling tool can be used to generate a signal from above ground that is picked up by the cable-locating module  210 . In one embodiment, when combined with the fault information, an accuracy of less than 30 feet may be experienced. For example, if the fault was 10,000 feet away from the fiber termination panel  206  and the technician was at 7,000 feet, the cable-troubleshooting system  200  would provide the information “you are 3,000 feet from the fault” in the electronic message. This process will continue until the technician is at the damage site and will lead the technician quickly and directly to the fault. Moreover, the process is not dependent on the accuracy of cable location drawings or a technician&#39;s ability to interpret the various milestones on the drawings. 
   In another embodiment, a technician can find the general path of the fiber-optic cable  208  by using the cable-location unit  210 . The cable location unit  210  will direct the technician to the location of the fiber-optic cable  208 , but no other information is provided. For example, the technician can locate the fiber-optic cable  208  by calling the cable-locating module  202  via a telephone and turning on the cable-locating module  202 , which will generate a tone that will travel down the fiber-optic cable&#39;s  208  metallic sheath. Once the cable has been located, the technician can use the fault information provided by the OTDR  204 . 
   In one embodiment, the cable-troubleshooting system  200  includes a narrow pulsed laser (i.e., OTDR  204 ). Footage from the fiber termination panel  206  to the fault location  209  can be recorded via the cable-troubleshooting system  200  and the technician can call into the cable-troubleshooting system  200  (i.e., OTDR  204  or cable-locating module  202 ) to obtain fault location information. Once this information is obtained, the technician must travel along the right of way to find the fault location  209 . Often there is no obvious disturbance above ground at the fault location  209 . The optical distance given by the OTDR  204  may not be the same as the geographical location along the fiber path. A known disturbance device (oscillator) can be used by the technician to generate a signal along the fiber path, and the OTDR  204  can detect this signal. The location of the disturbance can be compared to the end of fiber and calculations can be made to show the relationship of the known disturbance to the end of the fiber. This will aid the technician in locating a fiber fault location  209  and ultimately enable a geographic location to be determined. 
     FIG. 3  displays a cable-troubleshooting system  200 . The cable-troubleshooting system  200  includes a cable-locating module  314  and an OTDR  316 . The cable-locating module  314  includes all of the functionality required to generate a locating tone on a cable sheath. The cable-locating module  314  may be implemented in hardware and/or software and may represent an entire cable-locating module including the necessary functionality of a cable-locating module. For example, the cable-locating module  314  may include the memory, communication interface, CPU, etc. necessary to fully operate as a cable-locating module  314 . In the alternative, the cable-locating module  314  may share the CPU  302 , memories  313  and  304 , and communication interface  318  with the OTDR  316 . 
   The OTDR  316  may be implemented in hardware and/or software and may include the entire functionality required to operate as an OTDR. For example, the OTDR  316  may include the memory communication interface, CPU, etc. necessary to fully operate as an OTDR. In the alternative, the OTDR  316  may share the CPU  302 , memories  313  and  304 , and communication interface  318  with the cable-locating module  314 . 
   In one embodiment, the CPU  302  may direct all operation of the cable-troubleshooting system  200  using instructions stored in storage memory  313  and/or internal memory  304 . In another embodiment, CPU  302  may coordinate operation of a CPU (not shown in  FIG. 3 ) located in the cable-locating module  314  and a CPU (not shown in  FIG. 3 ) located in the OTDR  316 . Communication path  310  provides communication for the various components in the cable-troubleshooting system  200 . For example, after detecting a fault with the OTDR  316 , an operation signal may be sent across the communication path  310  to the cable-locating module  314  to turn on the cable-locating module  314 . In one embodiment, both the cable-locating module  314  and the OTDR  316  may communicate through the communication interface  318 . In addition, instructions that direct cable-locating module  314  and OTDR  316  may be stored in the storage memory  313  and the internal memory  304 . 
   cable-troubleshooting system  200  may operate using a variety of methods and still remain within the scope of the present invention. For example, a) the cable-locating module  314  and the OTDR  316  may each work autonomously; b) the cable-locating module  314  and the OTDR  316  may work cooperatively; c) the cable-locating module  314  and the OTDR  316  automatically work together. 
   In a first embodiment, the cable-locating module  314  and the OTDR  316  may each work autonomously. For example, during operation, the OTDR  316  may continuously monitor a fiber-optic cable. Once a fault is identified, the OTDR  316  may store the fault information, such as distance to the fault in the OTDR  316 . The OTDR  316  may then communicate this information through the communication path  310  to the communication interface  318 . The communication interface  318  may communicate this information to a technician. The technician may then dial into the cable-troubleshooting system  200  through the communication interface  318 . The technician may enter an access code and a security code. The communication interface  318  may communicate the security code across the communication path  310  to the cable-locating module  314  and turn on a cable tone in the fiber-optic cable. Using the cable-locating tone, the technician is able to locate the fiber-optic cable and using the fault information from the OTDR  316 , locate the fault in the cable. 
   In a second embodiment, the cable-locating module  314  and the OTDR  316  may each work cooperatively. For example, during operation, the OTDR  316  may continuously monitor a fiber-optic cable. Once a fault is identified, the OTDR  316  may store the fault information, such as the optical distance to the fault in the OTDR  316 . The OTDR  316  may then communicate this information through the communication path  310  to the communication interface  318 . In addition, the OTDR  316  may communicate information across the communication path  310  and turn on the cable-locating module  314 . The communication interface  318  may communicate the optical distance information and “cable locating module—on” status information to a technician. Using the cable-locating tone, the technician is able to locate the fiber-optic cable and using the fault information from the OTDR, the technician is able to locate the fault in the cable. 
   In a third embodiment, the cable-locating module  314  and the OTDR  316  automatically work together. For example, automated procedures may be used to operate the OTDR  316 . Instructions directing the automated procedures may be found in RAM  306 , ROM  308 , and storage memory  313 . A CPU  302  may control the operation of the OTDR  316  based on these automated procedures. The automated procedures may include procedures to change the start/stop time of the OTDR  316 , procedures to adjust the performance of the OTDR  316 , procedures to log measurements of the OTDR  316  into memory and then respond accordingly, etc. 
   During operation, the OTDR  316  may continuously monitor a fiber-optic cable. Once a fault is identified, the OTDR  316  may store the fault information, such as the optical distance to the fault in the internal memory  304  or in a storage memory  313 . Under direction of the CPU  302 , the OTDR  316  may then communicate this information through the communication path  310  to the communication interface  318 . In addition, the CPU  302  may then direct the communication of information across the communication path  310  and turn on the cable-locating module  314 . The CPU  302  may control the operation of the cable-locating module  314  based on automated procedures. The automated procedures may include procedures to change the starustop time of the cable-locating module  314 , procedures to adjust the performance of the cable-locating module  314 , procedures to log the operation of the cable-locating module  314  into memory and then respond accordingly, etc. The communication interface  318  may communicate the optical distance information and “cable locating unit—on” status information to a technician. Using the cable locating tone, the technician is able to locate the fiber cable and using the fault information from the OTDR, the technician is able to locate the fault in the cable. 
   While the present invention is described herein with reference to illustrative embodiments for particular applications, it should be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. Those having ordinary skill in the art and access to the teachings provided herein will recognize additional modifications, applications, and embodiments within the scope thereof and additional fields in which the present invention would be of significant utility. 
   It is, therefore, intended by the appended claims to cover any and all such applications, modifications, and embodiments within the scope of the present invention.