Abstract:
A multi-phase control system for a power supply provides a data bus between a controller and multiple phase drivers to obtain a synchronous control through a flexible and non-dependent control configuration. The controller provides data signals to the data bus that is connected to the various phase drivers, with the data signals dependent upon a switching frequency and ON/OFF command signals for a particular phase. Each of the phase drivers have decoding logic for receiving the data signals over the data bus, as well as independent selection or addressing logic for choosing the phase driver to react to the data signals on the data bus. A variety of control configurations may be realized according to this control technique including resetting all drivers, setting all phases to ON or all phases to OFF conditions, skipping phase activation and so forth. The flexible control permits output current sharing to be controlled among the various phases to provide a desired output current for the power supply. The control configuration permits fast and robust response to transient conditions while providing a simplified control in an N phase system over a data bus that can vary between 1 and M lines.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/487,294, filed Jul. 14, 2003. This application is related to application Ser. No. 10/392,121 filed Mar. 18, 2003 the subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     This invention relates to power supplies and more specifically relates to a novel multi phase topology power supply with a digital implementation.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     Power supplies for computing and telecom applications continue to be challenged to supply higher current as system voltages drop. Accordingly, power supplies have gone from single phase to multiple phase topologies. To produce a single output voltage in a multi phase design, several power stages, or phases, are paralleled together such that the current from each phase is summed to produce the desired output current. For n stages in parallel, one of the phases will start its period every 360/n electrical degrees. This technique reduces component stress compared to the single phase solution, and enjoys other benefits such as reducing output voltage ripple for a given capacitor configuration.  
         [0004]     A system of this type is shown in copending application Ser. No. 10/392,121, filed Mar. 18, 2003 entitled MULTI-PHASE BUCK CONVERTER in the names of George Schuellein, Dan Clavette and Mark Crowther and assigned to the assignee of the present invention.  
         [0005]     To control a multi phase topology, a main controller having multiple outputs is used to supervise the power switches of the phases. For two or three phases, the drivers for the switches are usually integrated into the controller. However, as the number of phases increases, heat produced by the drivers becomes excessive, indicating the desirability to transition to the use of external drivers. This transition takes heat out of the controller and allows the driver to be close to the switches, which increases efficiency, helps with noise immunity of the gate signal, and decreases switching time.  
         [0006]     To control more phases, dedicated controllers designed for the exact number of phases can be made, or two-or three-phase controllers can be cascaded. Alternatively, a controller having a flexible method of communicating to the phase drivers would be desirable which would allow any number of phases to be controlled. It would also be desirable to provide a controller that is unique from any other type of controller and wherein the number of phases is selectable by the user. While such a device could be controlled by conventional analog methods common in converters, control of the phases by means of a digital bus would be very desirable.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007]     In accordance with the present invention, a controller generates a digital instruction set that communicates to the phases through a bus system that is connected in parallel to all the phase drivers. The bus system is straight forward and can accommodate enough instructions to control the power supply for high performance. Instructions can be added by increasing the number of digital bus lines. However, creating longer pulses or multiple pulses in predetermined patters with corresponding logic to decode the information are other ways of communication, which can be used to increase the instruction set without additional bus lines. Further, with appropriate logic in the phase driver the invention can also be implemented with fewer bus lines. Although a system can be devised with a single bus line, a two-line bus system is preferred as the minimum number of lines necessary to gain practical control of the power converter. In the two line system, one line is used to turn a phase ON and another line is used to turn a phase OFF, which allows for simultaneity of these commands.  
         [0008]     An N-line system can be configured to operate in a variety of ways, including with passive elements operating in conjunction with oscillators and PWM drivers. The use of commonly used components for the control configurations can simplify or ease the design of an N-driver system with N phases. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, each phase driver of an N-phase system is provided with counters that are automatically cycled through a modulo-N count to obtain digital addresses in each driver. When the output of either of the two counters in the driver matches the unique address of the phase, the input command lines are read to determine the appropriate action, such as turning on or turning off the driver output.  
         [0009]     In accordance with this control scenario, a wide variety of flexibility is provided, through the manipulation of the data lines provided to each of the N-phase drivers according to a desired control scheme, and/or manipulation of the counters in each of the phase drivers, for example. The flexibility provided by the design of the present invention also reduces part counts and eliminates a number of components that would be redundant with conventional multi-phase operation. The elimination of redundancies also serves to eliminate drift or offset errors that can occur among the several phases, while signal to noise ratios can be increased. The digital phase control also permits a control scheme to be realized without the use of high precision timing resistors that can add complexity and sensitivity to a typical design. The present invention provides fast response times because it is capable of asynchronous operation, and can turn all phases on or off simultaneously, for example, to recover from a transient condition.  
         [0010]     A controller according to the present invention to control the various phase drivers can operate to disengage a phase driver if the driver experiences an overtemperature condition or fails to operate properly.  
         [0011]     In one system, a main controller consists of an oscillator and pulse width modulator (PWM) common in analog control ICs. A passive element programs the switching frequency of the oscillator. The oscillator produces a pulse that turns ON the main switch of the converter&#39;s power circuit on a regular basis, and the PWM produces a pulse that turns OFF the main switch of a power converter. The timing between selective rising edges of these two pulse sources determines the pulse width applied to a given phase. For instance, in the case where the system is operated with phase overlap, a turn-ON signal on data line D 0  applied to one phase is followed by a turn-OFF signal on data line D 1  applied to another phase, which ends a pulse started with a previous turn-ON signal. In the case of no phase overlap, a turn-ON signal on data line D 0  turns ON a given phase, and the next turn-OFF signal on data line D 1  turns OFF the same phase.  
         [0012]     In addition to the elements of an analog controller, the controller also contains supporting logic to generate an instruction set over a data bus D with signals D 0 , D 1 , and D 2 . These data lines are connected in parallel with all the phase drivers. The controller is programmed via the N input pins that are either pulled low (tied to common) or left open (pulled high by internal resistance) to indicate the number of phases of the system, to avoid the use of external components.  
         [0013]     Each phase driver has address inputs called A inputs to create a unique digital address. These inputs are programmed in a similar low/high manner as the N inputs on the controller and require no external components. Any number of address inputs to the phase drivers can be used. For example, three input pins can control up to 8 drivers, 4 input pins can control up to 16 drivers, etc. Alternatively, the address of the phase can be determined by a single pin and a two-resistor divider in conjunction with comparators in the phase driver.  
         [0014]     Internal to each phase driver are two digital counters, an ON counter for turning the phase ON, and an OFF counter for turning the phase OFF. The outputs of these counters are the addresses of the phase that is to be turned on or turned off at the next ON or OFF signal from the data bus D. The address of the phase that is to be controlled next does not appear on the bus; instead, this address is found in the phase counters, and the controller and each phase driver have the same address. This is true for both the ON and OFF counters. If the phase address A matches the output of the phase driver&#39;s ON counter, the next instance of the ON signal from the D bus will turn on that phase. A similar situation applies for the OFF signal.  
         [0015]     In the case where there is no phase overlap (only one phase need be turned on at any time during steady state operation), the ON and OFF addresses will be the same before the phase turns on. When there is phase overlap, the ON and OFF addresses will be different. In general, the ON and OFF addresses rotate with respect to each other in an infinitely variable manner.  
         [0016]     The phase driver also contains steering logic to perform other functions, such as resetting the counters when it is time to return to the first phase, and forcing all phases either ON or OFF during transients.  
         [0017]     Finally, current sharing can be accomplished in a number of ways. One way uses a common share bus to the controller. The next phase to be turned OFF will have its ISHARE switch in the phase IC turned on. This signal represents the difference between the average current of the next phase to be turned OFF and the average of all phase currents. The controller IC will appropriately alter the ramp of the PWM to ensure current sharing.  
         [0018]     Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the invention, which refers to the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0019]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an embodiment according to the present invention.  
         [0020]      FIG. 2  is a truth table for the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1 .  
         [0021]      FIG. 3  is a timing diagram showing data and phase signals with no phase overlap.  
         [0022]      FIG. 4  is a timing diagram showing data and phase signals with 3 phase overlap.  
         [0023]      FIG. 5  is a timing diagram showing data and phase signals with simultaneous ON/OFF switching.  
         [0024]      FIG. 6  is a timing diagram showing data and phase signals with all phases ON.  
         [0025]      FIG. 7  is a timing diagram showing data and phase signals with all phases OFF.  
         [0026]      FIG. 8  is a timing diagram showing data and phase signals with a phase skipped.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0027]     Referring first to  FIG. 1 , there is shown a controller  200  and a plurality of individual phase drivers  201 ,  202 , which represent the first and last of n drivers.  FIG. 1  illustrates the invention for a 3-wire digital bus configuration  203 .  
         [0028]     The main controller  200  contains an oscillator  204  and a pulse width modulator  205  as common components to an analog control IC. A suitable passive component fixes the frequency f of the oscillator  204 . Oscillator  204  is connected to the ON counter logic  205  and the modulator  205  is connected to the OFF counter logic  206 .  
         [0029]     Controller  200  generates a digital instruction set that communicates to phase drivers zero through N ( 201 ,  202 ). A bus  203  provides the channel for communication between controller  200  and phase drivers  201 ,  202 . Controller  200  generates a digital instruction set that communicates with phase drivers  201 ,  202  through a bus system  203  that is connected in parallel to each of the phase drivers. Bus  203  is configured as a three-wire bus and illustrates the present invention in a straightforward application that provides simple instructions to control the power supply with high performance. Controller  200  can be modified to provide a number of instructions that can be accommodated by increasing the number of digital bus lines in bus  203 . In general, the data lines can number from 1 to M, where M is an arbitrary value related to transferring desired data. In addition, or alternatively, longer or multiple pulses in predetermined patterns with corresponding logic to decode the information in phase drivers  201 ,  202  may be supplied by controller  200  as an example of other means for communication between controller  200  and phase drivers  201 ,  202 . The use of longer pulses or multiple pulses is an example of how the instruction set may be increased without the use of additional bus lines in bus  203 . In addition, with appropriate logic in phase drivers  201 ,  202 , the present invention can also be implemented with fewer than three bus lines in bus  203 . While the system according to the present invention can be operated with a single bus line, preferably a minimum of a two bus wire system is used to gain practical control over the power converter, where one line represents a phase turn on command and another line represents a phase turn off command. The provision of at least two control lines in bus  203  permits the commands to be provided simultaneously on each of the phase drivers  201 ,  202 , for example.  
         [0030]     The three wire system illustrated in  FIG. 1  can be configured in a number of ways, and the following description illustrates only one preferred embodiment. Controller  200  includes an oscillator  204  and a pulse width modulator (PWM)  205 , each of which are typical in analog control ICs. A passive element, such as capacitor  207  programs the switching frequency of oscillator  204  to establish the multi-phase switching frequency. Oscillator  204  produces a pulse that turns on the main switch of the power converters power circuit on a regular basis, while PWM  205  produces a pulse that turns off the main switch of the power converter. The timing between selected rising edges of the pulses produced by oscillator  204  and PWM  205  determines the pulse width of the signal provided to phase drivers  201 ,  202 . For instance, in the case where the system is operated with phase overlap, a turn-ON signal from oscillator  204  is propagated on data line D 0  to turn a selected phase ON. The next turn-OFF signal from PWM  205  propagated on data line D 1  is applied to another phase, which signals the ends of a pulse started with a previous turn-ON signal. In the case of no phase overlap, a turn-ON signal on data line D 0  turns ON a given phase, and the next turn-OFF signal on data line D 1  turns OFF the same phase.  
         [0031]     Controller  200  also contains logic generation components to generate an instruction set over a data bus  203  composed of signals D 0 , D 1  and D 2 . The data lines in bus  203  are connected parallel with phase drivers  201 ,  202 . Controller  200  is programmed through the N input pins in block  209 , with input pins being either pulled low, that is, tied to a common reference potential, or left open, that is, pulled to a higher voltage by internal resistance. By programming the N input pins either low or high in block  209 , the number of phases in the system may be indicated without the use of any external components.  
         [0032]     Each of phase drivers  201 ,  202  has an address input represented by address lines A 0 -A 3  that are used to create a unique digital address. The inputs A 0 -A 3  are programmed in a similar low/high manner as the N inputs in block  209 . Accordingly, the address inputs do not require any external components, as is the case with programming the N inputs on controller  200 . The address inputs A 0 -A 3  can number any variable number of lines, such as three input lines for up to eight phase drivers or four input lines for controlling up to sixteen phase drivers, and so forth. Alternatively, or in addition, the address of each of these phase drivers can be determined by a single pin and a two-resistor divider in conjunction with comparators in the phase driver to discriminate different addresses based on voltage levels.  
         [0033]     Each of phase drivers  201 ,  202  preferably includes two digital counters that function as an ON counter for turning the phases on, and an OFF counter for turning the phases off. The counters are modulo-N counters that cycle through addresses of the phase drivers  201 ,  202  in conjunction with control from the data bus lines D 0 -D 2  on bus  203 . For example, an ON signal may be provided on data line D 0 , while an OFF signal may be provided on data line D 1 , each to control the phase driver currently selected to be the next ON or OFF phase. In essence, the outputs of the counters for each phase driver  201 ,  202  are used to select the appropriate phase driver that is to be turned on or off at the next on or off signal provided by data bus  203 . Accordingly, there is no address bus to specifically address each phase driver  201 ,  202 , so that each phase driver  201 ,  202  operates independently based on the ON/OFF counters and the control signals provided on bus  203 . For example, each of phase drivers  201 ,  202  need not have the same count in each of its two modulo-N counters. The ON/OFF counters in each of phase drivers  201 ,  202  are synchronized with ON/OFF counters  206 ,  208  in controller  200  so that all of the ON/OFF counters maintain the same address at any point in time. This is to say that the ON counter address is respectively the same in controller  200  and drivers  201 ,  202 , and the OFF counter address is respectively the same in controller  200  and phase drivers  201 ,  202 , but the ON counter address can be different than the OFF counter address. Accordingly, the addresses of the ON and OFF counters are free to differ at any point in time. When a given phase address A 0 -A 3  matches an output of a corresponding phase driver ON counter, the next instance of an ON signal from data bus  203  turns on that particular phase. The same control scenario applies for determining the OFF signal operation.  
         [0034]     The pulses from data lines D 0  and D 1  provide a trigger for turning a phase ON or OFF, respectively. The pulses on data lines D 0  and D 1  also serve to increment the ON and OFF counters so that the address for the next phase to be switched is provided apriori. Accordingly, the ON and OFF phase counters are constantly being incremented at every pulse of both D 0  and D 1 , and are ready to provide the next switching event address for almost an entire period prior to the next pulse on data lines D 0  or D 1 .  
         [0035]     Referring for a moment to  FIG. 3 , a timing diagram with a three wire system and four phases is illustrated where there is no phase overlap between phases PH 0 -PH 3 . In this instance, only one phase is turned on at any time during steady state operation. Accordingly, the ON and OFF addresses for each of the phase drivers is the same before the particular phase turns on. The pulse width of the phases is determined by the timing difference between data bus lines D 0  and D 1 . Logic is provided that resets the counters to 0 by producing a narrow pulse at the end of either the D 0  or D 1  signal. After these narrow pulses, the next instance of a D 0  or D 1  pulse turns ON or OFF phase PH 0  accordingly. Referring for a moment to  FIG. 4 , a three wire system with four phases is illustrated in a timing diagram with three phase overlap. In this instance, the ON and OFF addresses in each of phase drivers  201 ,  202  will be different. In general, the ON and OFF addresses rotate with respect to each other in an infinitely variable manner. Data lines D 0  and D 1  provide timing for turning ON and OFF phases in the phase drivers, respectively. In the case in  FIG. 4 , the address of the OFF counter lags behind the address of the ON counter by two periods. As the input voltage changes, the duty cycle also changes and data line D 1  slides with respect to the fixed position of data line D 0 , which is provided from the oscillator in controller  200 . The control configuration may be more easily understood from the perspective that each pulse on data line D 0  and D 1  represents a numbered address. For a buck converter, as the input voltage rises, the duty cycle is reduced, and data line D 1  will move to the left. Conversely, D 1  will move to the right as the input voltage is lowered.  
         [0036]     Data line signals D 0  and D 1  may be coincident, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 .  FIG. 5  represents a four-phase system with a 25% duty cycle. Since the rising edges of data line D 0  and D 1  are coincident, the ON and OFF functions can be implemented simultaneously.  
         [0037]     Referring now to  FIGS. 6-8 ,  FIG. 6  illustrates the case where all phases are turned ON by providing data line signals D 0 -D 2  as high logic signals. In  FIG. 7 , all phases are turned OFF by providing data lines D 0  and D 1  as logic lows, while data line D 2  is held high, corresponding to the entries in Table  50  shown in  FIG. 2 . In each case, when the logic states are removed, the phases resume their normal rotation. The resumption of normal rotation may be accomplished by appropriate logic in the driver ICs that bypasses the counters and goes directly to the output driver.  
         [0038]     Referring to  FIG. 8 , the case of skipping a phase is illustrated. In this instance, data lines D 0  and D 1  pulses are wider than normal and the phase drivers have steering logic to sense the wider pulses and increment the ON and OFF counters twice instead of just once. Skipping the phases is desirable if an overtemperature or other fault condition occurs in the phase. Since data line signal D 0  does not change its period, phase skipping effectively increases the switching frequency of the remaining phases.  
         [0039]     Referring again to  FIG. 1 , controller  200  and phase drivers  201 ,  202  include steering logic to perform a variety of other functions, including resetting the ON/OFF counters when a control cycle is finished and it is time to return to the first phase. In addition, the steering logic can force all phases on or all phases off during transient conditions to improve responsiveness and noise immunity. Forcing all phases either ON or OFF is accomplished with the signals on data line D 2 , as shown in Table  50  of  FIG. 2 .  
         [0040]     Each of the phases  201 ,  202  can provide a current sharing configuration in accordance with a number of scenarios. As shown in  FIG. 1 , phase drivers  201 ,  202  preferably use a common current sharing bus ISHR provided to controller  200 . The current sharing feedback signal operates by indicating the next phase to be turned off when the ISHARE switch  201 A,  202 A in the respective phase driver  201 ,  202  is turned on. The ISHR signal represents the difference between the average current of the next phase to be turned off and the average of all phase currents. Controller  200  can appropriately alter the operation of PWM  205 , such as by modifying the ramp used to generate the PWM output, to provide current sharing control.  
         [0041]     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , a truth table for a three wire data bus as illustrated in  FIG. 1  is shown as Table  50 . When data lines D 0 -D 2  are all zero, for example, there is no change in phase drivers  201 ,  202 . Where signals D 0 -D 2  are active, the system can use logic levels as either leading edge or falling edge pulses, using either positive or negative logic.  
         [0042]     When signal D 0  provides a pulse, the phase whose address matches its ON counter will turn on. Similarly, when data line D 1  provides a pulse, the phase whose address matches is OFF counter will turn off. It should be apparent that lines D 0  and D 1  act independently so that it is permissible to turn one phase on and a different phase off simultaneously as shown by the instance of the entry  011  state in Table  50 . The independence of the data signals is important for stable waveforms and to avoid delays that might otherwise cause output voltage ripple to fall outside of a desired range.  
         [0043]     As with the data signals, the ON/OFF counters can use rising and falling edges of the data bus signals for instructions from controller  200 . For example, if the signals on bus  203  are short pulses, the first pulse edge of D 0  can turn on the particular phase, while the second pulse edge of D 0  increments the ON counter address, thereby preparing all the ON counters in the phase drivers for selection of the next phase. The OFF counter can be controlled in a similar scenario. A number of signaling techniques may be used, including rising or falling clock edges, short pulses, wide pulses, a number of pulses, and so forth, any of which may be used to control phases 0-N.  
         [0044]     In a modulo-N system, the ON and OFF counters in controller  200  and in each phase driver  201 ,  202  are reset to obtain modulo-N counters on a flexible basis. The  101  and  110  states illustrated in Table  50  indicate a reset for the ON and OFF counters, respectively, for controller  200  and all phase drivers  201 ,  202 . That is, all ON counters are reset by state  101 , while all OFF counters are reset by state  110 . The reset signals are timed by steering logic in controller  200  based on the N programmable inputs in block  209 . The  100  and  111  states in Table  50  turn all phases OFF or ON, respectively. These two signals avoid delays to phase drivers  201 ,  202  in transient conditions in a multi-phase system to ensure an extremely fast response. Other instructions illustrated in Table  50  provide phase skipping conditions, such as when data lines D 0  or D 1  are provided with wide pulses.  
         [0045]     In the three wire system illustrated in  FIG. 1 , only one PWM  205  is needed to control multiple phases rather than a multiple set of PWM components. Each phase is controlled by the same PWM  205  so there is no offset or drift errors to cause imbalance among the various phases. A single compensation network among the various phases reduces part counts as well. For example, no particular communication protocol or hardware is needed to communicate among the various phases. The digital bus system provided in accordance with the present invention improves the system responsiveness to phase jitter because of the higher signal to noise ratio of digital vs. analog control. In addition, precision timing resistors that would ordinarily be used for phase control are avoided, thereby reducing part count and system complexity as well as cost.  
         [0046]     Controller  200  can quickly modify the operation of the various phases through digital bus  203  so that the system according to the present invention can obtain an optimized response to transient conditions. For example, there is no need to wait for a clock oscillator to command each phase separately in its turn, as might be the case in individually addressed phase drivers. It has also been found that turning all phases on or off simultaneously optimizes recovery from a transient condition.  
         [0047]     Controller  200  can be programmed to skip phases that have experienced over temperature or phase driver failure and can expand system functionality without having to place the system in a fail safe or a “flat tire mode” where one phase is not working. The use of the phase skipping control may utilize additional sense signals that are provided to controller  200  to obtain the additional system functionality.  
         [0048]     Advantageously, independent and simultaneous control of phases 0-N is possible through the use of dedicated signal lines for ON and OFF signals. A number of additional instructions can be generated in a variety of ways, including varying the pulse width of the data bus signals on bus  203 , increasing the number of pulses, such as may be the case in a burst mode, using rising or falling clock edges, short pulses, wide pulses, varying the number of pulses, and so forth with the appropriate decoding logic accompanying the phase drivers  201 ,  202 . According to the present invention, a universal control IC may be developed that operates with standard controller ICs that are configured with an oscillator and a PWM component. The present invention may be used in both voltage and current mode control schemes with the appropriate control ICs as well.  
         [0049]      FIGS. 5-8  illustrate various differing control schemes according to timing diagrams of data lines and phase line, respectively. The control of the phases correspond to the signals on the data lines D 0 -D 2 . Through the use of digital bus  203  and the signals on data lines D 0 -D 2 , a simultaneous ON/OFF configuration may be realized, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , an all ON configuration may be realized as shown in  FIG. 6 , an all OFF configuration may be realized as shown in  FIG. 7 , or a phase skipping configuration may be realized as shown in  FIG. 8 .  
         [0050]     Although the present invention has been described in relation to particular embodiments thereof, many other variations and modifications and other uses will become apparent to those skilled in the art. It is preferred, therefore, that the present invention be limited not by the specific disclosure herein, but only by the appended claims.