Abstract:
An apparatus and method for the analysis of particles in an aerosol includes providing an inlet for the aerosol, a sample collector which accumulates particles passing through the inlet, a sample conditioning system which can vary at least one condition relating to the collected sample, a controller which causes the sample conditioning system to operate at select conditions, a measuring device for determining at least one parameter relating to the accumulated particles. The controller monitors the parameter while the condition is varied.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]     This application claims priority from U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/525,990, filed on Dec. 1, 2003, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     This invention relates to an apparatus and a method of analysis for differentiating between different types of particulate matter.  
         [0003]     During monitoring of air quality, and/or vehicle emissions, aerosol particulate matter may be collected on for example the piezo-electric crystal sensor of a mass sensitive microbalance by use of an electrostatic precipitator. A known microbalance is described in “Piezoelectrostatic Aerosol Mass Concentration Monitor,” by Olin J G, Sem G J &amp; Christenson D L, Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J 32: 209 (1970). Particulate matter is collected on the sensor which records the weight of material collected. A problem with this type of analyzer is that it fails to distinguish between volatile and non-volatile particulate matter collected on the sensor. Volatile particulate matter may evaporate from the sensor over a longer or shorter time period, and different particles collected may be reactive, resulting in mass change on the sensor. Even real time microbalances have to be calibrated using non volatile particles.  
         [0004]     For an air quality assessment, this problem is presently addressed by using an agreed factor determined by the EC Working Group on Particulate Matter to convert monitored readings into EU standard gravimetric readings. This factor has recently been set at 1.3, but trials have indicated that the factor varies between 1.0 and 1.6 depending upon the location of the monitor season.  
         [0005]     Other particle analysis systems collect particles on a filter which is then weighed. This again cannot give any accurate indication of the mass of lost volatile particulates, or mass changes associated with chemical reactions occurring in the filtrate.  
         [0006]     The present invention seeks to provide an improved analyzer and method of analysis for aerosols which gives a more accurate indication of the volatile particle content of the total particulate matter in the aerosol and the reactivity of the collected particles to both water absorption and chemical reaction.  
       STATEMENTS OF INVENTION  
       [0007]     According to the present invention, there is provided apparatus for the analysis of particles in an aerosol and which includes an inlet for the aerosol, a sample collector which accumulates particles passing through the inlet, a sample conditioning system which can vary at least one condition relating to the collected sample, a controller which causes the sample conditioning system to operate at select conditions, a measuring device for determining at least one parameter relating to the accumulated particles, and monitoring means monitoring said parameter whilst said condition is varied.  
         [0008]     Preferably, the sample collector is an electrostatic precipitator. The measuring device may comprise a device for measuring optical properties of the sample, e.g., light scatter, or preferably a mass sensor such as a microbalance, e.g., a piezoelectric quartz crystal.  
         [0009]     The sample conditioning system may control at least one of humidity, temperature, and more preferably sample dilution. The dilution means dilutes the aerosol with clean filtered air and is variable to produce different dilution ratios. The controller controls the dilution means to operate at selected dilution ratios for selected time periods. Preferably, the monitoring means monitors the mass of collected particles on the sensor over a selected time period at different dilution ratios.  
         [0010]     According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of analysis of the particulate content of an aerosol, and which comprises passing reference aerosols of known content, singly, over a sample collector which accumulates particles from said aerosol, measuring at least one parameter relating to the respective collected sample of particles, varying at least one condition relating to aerosol sample collection, and monitoring said parameter for the select conditions as said conditions are varied, producing data relating to said parameter, storing said data, then passing an aerosol of unknown particulate content and measuring said parameter for said varying conditions to produce the respective data, and deconvoluting said data against previously stored data using a multivariable non-linear optimization algorithm to produce information relating to the content of the unknown particulate content.  
         [0011]     Preferably, the particles are collected by precipitation and are collected on a mass sensor for measuring of the weight of particles on the mass sensor versus elapsed time.  
         [0012]     The sample aerosol may be diluted at different dilution ratios with clean gas or air and the mass measured as the dilution ration is varied say between 1 and 10 or 1 and 2. The dilution may be varied in regular cycles or non-cyclically whichever is preferred.  
         [0013]     At any particular time, the mass on the collecting surface is given by: 
 
 Mt=Mv+Mnv−Me  
 
 Where: 
        Mt is the total mass of particulates,     Mv is the mass of volatile particles,     Mnv is the mass of non-volatile particles, and     Me is the mass of evaporated volatiles, which may be due to physical and chemical reactions.        
 
         [0018]     Additional terms reflecting changes due to chemical reactivity and to the absorption of gases can also be added to the above equation.  
         [0019]     Since for any combination of particle concentration, and % volatile present there is only one solution to the deconvoluted data, it is possible to analyze the aerosol for the percentage of volatile matter present and the original concentration of particulate matter present. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0020]     The invention will be described by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:  
         [0021]      FIG. 1  is a schematic section through apparatus according to the present invention;  
         [0022]      FIG. 2  is a schematic drawing of the control system of the apparatus of  FIG. 1 ;  
         [0023]      FIG. 3  is a flowchart showing the method according to the present invention;  
         [0024]      FIG. 4  is a graph of measured mass and dilution ratio versus elapsed time for a first aerosol sample; and  
         [0025]      FIG. 5  is a graph of measured mass and dilution ratio versus elapsed time for a second aerosol sample. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0026]     With reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , there is shown an aerosol analyzer  10  which comprises a sample conditioner  11 , an electrostatic precipitator  12 , and a mass microbalance  13 .  
         [0027]     The sample conditioner  11 , includes an aerosol diluter  18  and heater  19  and may also include a humidifier. The conditioner  11  has an inlet  14  which receives the aerosol and a dilution gas input  15  and an outlet  16  for a mixture of excess dilution gas and aerosol. The dilution gas is typically clean air, but could be other gases. The diluter  11  operates to dilute the aerosol sample entering the precipitator  12 . The precipitator  12  and mass microbalance  13  operate on a substantially steady airflow, e.g., 2 litre per minute. Any aerosol entering the inlet  14  may be diluted by a known dilution ratio so that the steady flow to the microbalance is maintained and excess aerosol/gas mixture is dumped to atmosphere. A known diluter  18  is disclosed in “A Sample Extraction Diluter for Ultrafine Aerosol Sampling,” by J. E. Brockman, B. Y. H. Liu, and P. H. McMurray Aerosol Science &amp; Technology, 441-451 (1984), and a suitable instrument is available from Booker Systems, England under the name Booker Systems, SCS. The dilution air is drawn in by a pump  35  and the dilution ratio of the aerosol sample passing into the precipitator  12  is controlled by a programmable controller  17 .  
         [0028]     The heater  19  is controlled by a heater control  20  so that the aerosol temperature may be varied as is desired.  
         [0029]     The conditioned aerosol passes into a particle charging chamber  23  within the precipitator  12 . A corona needle  26  is located within the chamber  23  and is connected to a high voltage power supply  28  via electrical conductors  25 . The precipitator body is typically made from an electrically insulating material and makes a gas-tight seal with the mass microbalance  13 . The inner end of the precipitator has a hollow spigot  29  which is connected to the chamber  13  and which in use directs the charged aerosol flow onto a mass sensor  31  in the balance  13 . The spigot  29  is surround by an annular cavity  21  which is connected to a radial port  22  through which the conditioned aerosol exits the precipitator via a vacuum pump  24 .  
         [0030]     The precipitator  12  is located in the body of the microbalance  13  so that it is aligned with the mass sensor  31 , preferably a piezoelectric quartz crystal sensor of a type described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,653,253. The sensor  31  is mounted in a holder  32  located in the body. As particles pass the needle  26 , they pick up a charge from the intense ion field near the needle tip and are driven towards the collection surface on the sensor  31 . The quartz crystal sensor  31  is preferably in the form of a disc which can be removed from the holder  32  for cleaning, storage, etc. Electronic controls  34  for the crystal sensor may be located in the microbalance  13  and include an oscillator, to drive and measure crystal frequencies, and a heater control for control of the crystal temperature.  
         [0031]     With reference also to  FIG. 3 , in use the aerosol is drawn into the analyzer  10  through inlet  14  by the vacuum pump  24  which draws the aerosol through the chamber  23  of the microbalance  13 . Before entering the precipitator  12 , the aerosol passes through the sample conditioning system  11 .  
         [0032]     The sample conditioning system can operate to vary at least one condition of the aerosol sample, for example, its temperature, humidity or preferably its dilution factor. The dilution control  17  can be operated to vary the dilution factor in a desired way over a desired time cycle. A main computer control/processor  41  is connected to the microbalance control  34  and the dilution control  17  to monitor the mass of collected particles and dilution factor versus elapsed time. The main control  41  may be connected to a printer  42  to produce printouts as shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5 .  
         [0033]     For example, and with reference to  FIG. 4 , the dilution ratio R for a particular aerosol concentration containing 50% non-volatile particles and 50% volatile particles may be altered sinusoidally between 1 and 10 over a 12-minute cycle time (Curve A) during which time the particle mass on the sensor is measured (Curve B). The total actual concentration of particle is given by the line C. It should be noted that initially the measured aerosol particle concentration is close to the true concentration and it then cycles between −15 and 30 μg/m 3 . As dilution increases, the relative importance of the loss of volatile particles versus new particles being collected, shifts in favor of the volatile component.  
         [0034]     If the sampled aerosol does not contain a constant particle concentration, then for the same 50:50 mix of non-volatile: volatile particles, then the curves A′, B′ and C′ may be obtained, as shown in  FIG. 5 .  
         [0035]     Although not essential for the determination of the aerosol characteristics, different data is initially obtained for known ratio mixes of non-volatile:volatile particles at particular particle concentrations. In particular, for mixes with non-volatiles contents of 90%, 50% and 70%, so that the main computer control  41  builds up a stored knowledge of the different curves B for different ratio mixes, different concentrations and different dilution ratio cycles. The control is programmed to solve for the aerosol characteristics by using a multivariable non-linear optimization algorithm. The above data sets provide starting conditions for deconvolution.  
         [0036]     When an unknown aerosol sample is analyzed, the computer searches its stored data and matches the information obtained from the unknown sample to the data in its stored memory to solve for the optimum match. Since each match is unique for a particular particle concentration and particular % volatile content an analysis of the sample can be produced in those terms.  
         [0037]     The dilution ration may be altered in other cyclic patterns or in a cyclic manner and other sample conditions may be varied alternatively or additionally, for example the temperature, and/or humidity of the aerosol.