Abstract:
A moldable composite material contains flakes of composite material, i.e., flakes of polymeric matrix materials having fibers embedded therein. An improved substrate is provided by providing a substrate and applying a coating onto the substrate, the coating containing the flakes of composite material. A first construction member can be secured to a second construction member by applying the coating onto an attachment region of the first construction member, and applying a fastener onto the first construction member in the coated attachment region to secure the first construction member to the second construction member.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a divisional application of and claims priority benefit under 35 U.S.C. §120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/412,478, filed Mar. 27, 2009 now U.S. Pat. No. 8,962,737, which claims priority benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/039,825 filed Mar. 27, 2008, the disclosure of both applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to hybrid materials that employ composites to coat a substrate or form a moldable material. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Building materials, and other substrates, are often exposed to wear, sunlight, weather, and insects, causing the materials to deteriorate quickly. The cost of wood, and other materials, has also increased significantly in recent years. The desire to reuse or recycle materials is also a greater focus in “green” building. In addition, traditional building materials sometimes exhibit insufficient mechanical properties when exposed to high loads, for example, high winds or shock waves from explosive blasts. In such instances, where traditional building materials are employed, significant destruction, injury, and even loss of life are possible. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention resides in one aspect in a moldable composite material that contains flakes of composite material. 
     The present invention resides in another aspect in a method for making an improved substrate. The method is practiced by providing a substrate and applying a coating onto the substrate, the coating comprising flakes of composite material. 
     The present invention resides in yet another aspect in a method for securing a first construction member to a second construction member, by applying a coating onto an attachment region of the first construction member, and applying a fastener onto the first construction member in the coated attachment region to secure the first construction member to the second construction member. 
     The invention also provides, in another aspect, an improved substrate. The improved substrate includes a substrate and a coating on the substrate, the coating comprising a plurality of flakes of composite material. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic top view of a flake of composite material having continuous, unidirectionally oriented fibers. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic top view of a flake of composite material having chopped randomly oriented fibers. 
         FIG. 3  is a side schematic view of a laminated flake of composite material. 
         FIG. 4  schematically illustrates a moldable composite material formed from substrate pieces and composite material flakes. 
         FIG. 5  schematically illustrates flakes of composite material concentrated around the periphery of a substrate. 
         FIG. 6  schematically illustrates flakes of composite material concentrated in rows on a substrate. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed in one aspect to a moldable material comprised of flakes of a composite material. A composite material includes fibers embedded in a polymeric matrix. Composite materials can optionally be made in the form of sheets, continuous rolls or other forms. To provide flakes, a composite material may be chopped, cut or otherwise divided into flakes that may have various lengths, e.g., about 1 to about 6 inches (in.) [about 2.5 to about 15.25 centimeters (cm)] long, and various widths, e.g., about ¼ to about 3 in. (about 0.6 to about 7.6 cm) wide. However, the present invention is not limited in this regard as any practical flake size can be used. 
     In one embodiment, the moldable material includes a mixture of flakes of composite material with filler. The filler may comprise flakes of any one or more substrate materials, including, for example, building materials or other materials, such as wood, wood flakes, sawdust, plastic, metal, composites or textiles. The composite flakes may be mixed with substrate pieces or other filler so that the composite flakes are somewhat evenly distributed throughout the mixture. Adhesive can optionally be included to bind the composite flakes with the substrate flakes. Alternatively, the composite flakes may be used without substrate flakes to form a moldable material. The moldable material may comprise substantially free-flowing flakes or flakes that have been consolidated into a useful precursor form, e.g., pellets, by application of heat and/or pressure. When the matrix material in a thermoplastic, if two or more flakes are touching one another when exposed to sufficient heat and/or pressure the polymeric matrix materials therein can at least partially melt, thereby causing the matrix material to act as soon as an adhesive and the flakes to bond to one another. 
     In another embodiment, the invention provides an improved substrate achieved by applying a coating on a substrate, such as a construction member, the coating having been made from the flakes of composite material described herein. The substrate may comprise, for example, wood, plastic, metal, a plywood sheet, cut lumber, pressboard, particle board, oriented strand board, etc., or a formed material such as a honeycomb, or a combination thereof. The term substrate may include any type of material and is not to be limited to the above disclosed materials. 
     In one embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 , a flake of composite material generally designated at  10  includes a polymeric matrix  12  and a plurality of mutually longitudinally aligned fibers  14  located within the polymeric matrix. A flake, sheet, fragment, laminate or ply of composite material may be characterized as “unidirectional” in reference to the principally unidirectional orientation of the fibers therein, as seen in flake  10 . In addition, while flake  10  is rectangular, the present invention is not limited in this regard as a flake of composite material can be any shape without departing from the broader aspects of the present invention. In addition, the fibers can be longitudinally oriented in the polymer matrix, or chopped and randomly oriented in the polymer matrix, or a combination thereof. For example, the flake  16  shown in  FIG. 2  is randomly shaped and comprises fibers  18  forming which are chopped from longer strands and are randomly oriented in the polymer matrix  20 . In addition, and rather than instead of the number of fibers, the composite material can employ particulate material. 
     Various types of fibers or particulate may be used in a composite material. Exemplary fibers include E-glass and S-glass fibers. E-glass is a low alkali borosilicate glass with good electrical and mechanical properties and good chemical resistance. This type of glass is the most widely used in fibers for reinforcing plastics. 
     S-glass is the higher strength and higher cost material relative to E-glass. S-glass is a magnesia-alumina-silicate glass for aerospace applications with high tensile strength. Originally, “S” stood for high strength. 
     E-glass fiber may be incorporated in the composite in a wide range of fiber weights and thermoplastic polymer matrix material. The E-glass may range from about 10 to about 40 ounces per square yard (oz./sq. yd.), for example, 19 to 30 or, in a particular embodiment, 21.4 to 28.4 oz./sq. yd. 
     Other fibers may also be incorporated, optionally in combination with E-glass and/or S-glass. Such other fibers include ECR, A and C glass, as well as other glass fibers; fibers formed from quartz, magnesia aluminosilicate, non-alkaline aluminoborosilicate, soda borosilicate, soda silicate, soda lime-aluminosilicate, lead silicate, non-alkaline lead boroalumina, non-alkaline barium boroalumina, non-alkaline zinc boroalumina, non-alkaline iron aluminosilicate, cadmium borate, alumina fibers, asbestos, boron, silicone carbide, graphite and carbon such as those derived from the carbonization of polyethylene, polyvinylalcohol, saran, aramid, polyamide, polybenzimidazole, polyoxadiazole, polyphenylene, PPR, petroleum and coal pitches (isotropic), mesophase pitch, cellulose and polyacrylonitrile, ceramic fibers, metal fibers as for example steel, aluminum metal alloys, and the like. 
     One suitable organic polymer fiber is formed from an aramid exemplified by Kevlar. Other high performance, unidirectional fiber bundles generally have a tensile strength greater than 7 grams per denier. These bundled high-performance fibers may be any one of, or a combination of, aramid, extended chain ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), poly[p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole] (PBO), and poly[diimidazo pyridinylene(dihydroxy)phenylene] (M5). The use of these very high tensile strength materials is particularly useful for making composite ballistic armor panels and similar applications requiring very high ballistic properties. 
     Still other fiber types known to those skilled in the particular art to which the present invention pertains can be substituted without departing from the broader aspects of the present invention. For example, Aramid fibers such as, inter alia, those marketed under the trade names Twaron, and Technora; basalt, carbon fibers such as those marketed under the trade names Toray, Fortafil and Zoltek; Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP), such as, but not limited to LCP marketed under the trade name Vectran. Based on the foregoing, the present invention contemplates the use of organic, inorganic and metallic fibers either alone or in combination. 
     The quantity of S-glass, E-glass or other fiber in a composite material may optionally accommodate about 40 to about 90 weight percent (wt %) thermoplastic matrix, for example about 50 to about 85 wt % and in one embodiment about 60 to about 80 wt % thermoplastic matrix in the ply, based on the combined weight of thermoplastic matrix plus fiber. 
     The polymeric matrix material may comprise a thermoplastic polymeric material (providing a “thermoplastic flake”), a thermosetting polymeric material (providing a “thermosetting flake”), or a combination thereof. A thermoplastic polymeric matrix may comprise a polymer that may be a high molecular weight thermoplastic polymer, including but not limited to, polypropylene, polyethylene, nylon, PEI (polyetherimide) and copolymers. Thermoplastic loading by weight can vary widely depending on physical property requirements of the intended use of the product sheet. 
     Flakes used in the present invention can include flakes made exclusively from a single composite material, or the flakes can be made from composite materials that differ from each other with respect to the fibers and/or with respect to the polymer matrix therein. For example, a thermoplastic polymer, or a combination thereof are each different matrix materials from the other. In addition, one type of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer matrix may be different from another type of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer matrix, respectively. Thus, thermoplastic polyethylene is different from thermoplastic polypropylene, etc. 
     In one embodiment, the composite material is a laminate which includes at least one composite layer or ply, a composite layer being a single layer comprising a polymer matrix with fibers therein. Optionally, a laminate of two or more composite layers may contain composite layers that differ from each other with respect to the fibers and/or with respect to the polymer matrix therein. For example, the flake  22  shown in  FIG. 3  is formed from a laminate of two composite layers  24  and  26 . In the illustrated embodiment, each of the composite layers  24  and  26  includes oriented continuous fibers  28 . The fibers  28  in one of the layers  24  and  26  are oriented substantially orthogonally to the fibers in the other layer. However, the present invention is not limited in this regard as the fibers  28  in each layer can be oriented at any angle relative to one another. In addition, the fibers in each layer can be of different material and can also be chopped, continuous, aligned, randomly oriented, and combinations thereof. While the flake  22  has two layers, the present invention is not limited in this regard as any practical number of layers of composite material may comprise the flake without departing from the broader aspects of the present invention. 
     The flakes  10 ,  16  and/or  22  can be accumulated into a moldable composite material which can be molded using standard molding techniques, e.g., injection molding, blow molding, compression molding, film insert molding, rotational molding, thermoforming, etc., to produce a molded product  30  as shown in  FIG. 4 . Optionally, the molding process may include the application of heat and/or pressure to cause adjacent flakes  10 ,  16 ,  22  to at least partially melt or set, and bond to one another. Optionally, the moldable composite material includes fillers, processing additives, etc. In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 4 , the flakes  10 ,  16 , and  22  are combined with pieces of substrate material  32  as filler to provide the moldable composite material. The substrate pieces may include for example, wood flakes, sawdust, metals, or any other substrate, and any combination thereof. The flakes  10 ,  16 , and/or  22  are mixed with the substrate pieces  32  so the flakes are somewhat evenly distributed throughout the mixture, which may then be molded into any desired shape, for example, into a configuration having a semicircular cross-section as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . In one embodiment, an adhesive may be added to the moldable composite material to improve adherence between the substrate material  32  and the flakes  10 ,  16 ,  22 . 
     In another embodiment, the moldable composite material may be formed from one or more flakes  10 ,  16 , and/or  22  and fibers, substantially without substrate flakes or particles, and in another embodiment, the moldable composite material may be formed entirely from flakes  10 ,  16 , and/or  22 , substantially without additional fibers or flakes or particles of substrate material or other filler. 
     In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, flakes  10 ,  12  and/or  22  can be concentrated and/or additionally coated in particular areas of the molded product  30 . For example, the flakes of composite materials can be concentrated along edge portions or other regions of the molded product  30  as the addition of the composite material may enhance the fastener retention properties, or other properties, of the molded product. In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, flakes  10 ,  16 , and/or  22  can be additionally coated in particular areas of the molded product  30 . 
     In some of the above-described embodiments, the flakes  10 ,  16 , and/or  22  can be formed from larger pieces of the composite material that are subsequently chopped or otherwise cut into the flakes. If the fibers that are in the composite material are oriented in a particular direction, the flakes can also be positioned in the moldable material or on the substrate so that the flake orientation and thereby the fiber orientation enhances the mechanical properties of the coated substrate or moldable material. 
     According to another aspect, flakes of composite material may be applied as a coating onto a substrate. As indicated above, the substrate may be wood, including lumber, metal, or any other members. In one embodiment, the substrate is a structural construction material such as plywood, framing lumber, panel board, etc. For example, as shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , an improved substrate  34  is provided by applying a coating  36  onto a substrate  38 . The coating  36  is made from flakes  10 ,  16 , and/or  22 , is applied onto selected areas of a substrate  38 , in particular, along the peripheral edges of the substrate to provide a an improved substrate  34 . The coating  36  may be applied onto the substrate  38  by rendering the flakes  10 ,  16  and/or  22  in a flowable form, e.g., as the moldable composite material, or in a paint-like suspension in a volatile carrier fluid, etc., and applying the flowable composition onto the substrate  38  in the desired areas, an allowing the coating to congeal and/or cure. The coating  36  enhances the capability of the substrate  38  to retain a fastener (not shown), such as, but not limited to a screw or a nail. Alternatively, and as shown in  FIG. 6 , an improved substrate  40  has coatings  42  and  44  comprising flakes  10 ,  16  and/or  22  which are disposed in rows along the substrate  38  in areas where fasteners would normally be placed. 
     The present invention is not limited to a coatings concentrated along peripheral edges or in rows on a substrate. Rather, a coating of flakes  10 ,  16 , and/or  22  can be applied over a variety of specific areas or over the entire surface of a substrate without departing from the broader aspects of the present invention. 
     The coatings  36 ,  42 , and/or  44  may be applied as single layers, but the invention is not limited in this regard, and in other embodiments, various numbers of layers may be applied over the entirety or just a portion of the substrate. Optionally, discrete layers of flakes  10 ,  16 , and/or  22  on a substrate may be incorporated such that flakes of one type comprise a first coating on a substrate, followed by different types of flakes applied as a second coating on a substrate. 
     In other embodiments, it may be useful to coat the entirety of a substrate  38  in a single layer of composite material, while adding additional layers to areas requiring reinforcement. Furthermore, the coating  36  can be applied so that the fibers therein are aligned relative to one another in a particular direction. For example, oblong unidirectional flakes  10  having fibers aligned in the lengthwise direction can be applied onto a substrate  38  in a manner that allows the flakes  10  to align with each other. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that by aligning the fibers  14  in a particular direction, the substrate should be strengthened in that direction. 
     Optionally, an adhesive may be added to the flakes  10 ,  16 , and/or  22  in a coating  36 ,  42  and/or  44 , or in a moldable composite material, to improve adherence between the flakes themselves (optionally including substrate flakes  32 ) and/or between the flakes  10 ,  16 , and/or  22  and a substrate  38  on which the flakes are disposed. In addition, if two or more of the flakes  10 ,  16 , and/or  22  are touching one another, the present invention encompasses heat and pressure to cause the composite material to at least partially melt or cure, thereby causing the composite flakes to bond to one another to form a coating on a substrate. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the flakes  10 ,  16 , and/or  22  are used to form a layer of composite material coating substantially an entire substrate surface to the mechanical properties and durability of the overall substrate. Assuming the fibers in the flakes are parallel and longitudinally oriented, as in flakes  10 , and depending on the desired mechanical properties of the improved substrate, the flakes can be oriented onto the substrate so that the fibers are substantially oriented in a particular direction. 
     One advantage of one embodiment is that substrate coating and the moldable material can utilize flakes  10 ,  16 , and/or  22  made from waste, recycled, or scrap composite material. 
     Another advantage of one embodiment of a composite coating and moldable material of the present invention is that the flakes  10 ,  16 , and/or  22  can be employed to enhance the mechanical properties of the moldable material or coated substrate of the present invention. These enhancements can be overall and/or in desired areas and/or directions. 
     Still another advantage of the composite coating and moldable material of the present invention is that the flakes  10 ,  16 , and/or  22 , or a coating  36  thereof, can be concentrated in particular areas to enhance the retention of fasteners, such as, but not limited to, screws and nails, thereby making the moldable material or coated substrate less likely to dislodge from a structure in severe weather or stress conditions. 
     The advantages set forth above are illustrative only and should not be considered an exhaustive list, as other advantages will be evident to those skilled in the pertinent art to which the present invention pertains. 
     The terms “a” and “an” herein do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item. 
     Although the invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments thereof, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, upon a reading and understanding of the foregoing disclosure, that numerous variations and alterations to the disclosed embodiments will fall within the spirit and scope of this invention and of the appended claims.