Abstract:
A method for forming and attaching a clamping collar to a pipe configured for forming a pipe section in a concrete pumping line for carrying of fluid concrete includes the steps of placing a sleeve on the pipe to provide a heat transfer limit area between the sleeve and the pipe; welding the sleeve to the pipe; heat treating the pipe; and assembling a collar to the sleeve and welding the collar to the sleeve.

Description:
This application is a division of application Ser. No. 09/276,775, filed Mar. 25, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,375,228 issued Apr. 23, 2002. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a tubular member having an end coupler collar unit and particularly to a tubular member having a hardening wall for transport of mechanically abrasive and wear-creating fluid materials, in particular, fluid concrete. 
     Concrete pumping systems are used in placement of concrete in various applications. The present invention has been particularly applied to the concrete pumping technology but may of course be used in other pipe lines which transport like highly mechanically abrasive material. In boom mounted units, the booms are formed of tubes to form a part of the pumping line. Hereinafter, pipe is generically used to include any tubular member which is interconnected to form a part of the line. In concrete pumping, excessive wear of the pipe is a common problem, and a special problem at the coupling of the pipe sections, particularly where there is a change of flow direction. 
     As is well known in the art, to minimize the necessity for frequent replacement of pipe sections and particularly elbows, the pipe may be specially formed with an inner wall to withstand an abrasive characteristic, such as by specially hardening of the inner wall of the pipe or providing a highly abrasive resistance inner liner, generally including a hardened inner steel member, a suitable ceramic liner material or the like material which are abrasive resistant. An advantageous dual metal wall structure which provides a hardened and high wear resistant inner liner is disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,097,585 which issued Mar. 24, 1992 to the assignee of this invention. A similar single wall pipe is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,379,805 which issued Jan. 10, 1995. 
     In concrete pumping systems, initial pipe sections are interconnected to each other with releasable couplings. A typical system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,705,737, which issued Dec. 1, 1972 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,305,607 which issued Dec. 15, 1981, to the assignee of this invention. The couplings of the pipes generally in present technology include a multiple part releasable clamp assembly such as a hinged C-shaped clamp or a bolted clamp unit and the like with a sealing gasket located within the coupling to seal the joint between slightly spaced pipe ends of the line. Thus, the pipe ends will normally be spaced slightly from each other and sealed by the outer special gasket structures. The pipe ends universally include an end body member or collar which has an annular groove, with the side edges of the U-shaped clamp members fitting within the grooves and locking the pipes to each other. Where a change of direction is required in the flow of the concrete, elbow sections are similarly connected to the straight pipe sections. 
     All pipe connections present areas which are particularly subject to significant wear as a result of abrasive characteristic of concrete, and will exist with other mechanically abrasive semi-solid flowing materials. The area of each pipe coupling presents on areas of significant weakness. The pipe elbows in the flow system also present a particularly severe area of wear at the outer elbow wall facing the oncoming stream of concrete as a result of the continuous engagement of the solid particles within the concrete or other particle borne fluid moving into turning engagement with such wall. 
     In connection with fixing of end collar assemblies or units to heat treated tubes and pipes forming a part of a concrete pumping line, the prior art has otherwise uniformly heat treated the pipe proper to harden the inner wall and thereafter welded the collar unit to the hardened pipe. Welding of the collar to the pipe however, results in tempering of the hardness of the inner wall of the pipe and thereby decreases the wear resistance of the inner wall at the pipe to the abrasive affects of the flowing concrete. Applicant has found that the problem is particularly critical in thin wall pipe which generally are known in the concrete pump art as solid wall pipes having a thickness of about one quarter inch or less as well as some of the new higher hardness type products. 
     In the concrete pumping art, the assignee of this invention has made available an improved end coupler unit which significantly increases the life of the coupler unit, permits on-site reconstruction of the coupler unit for continued functioning of the pipe. Generally, in the above coupler unit, a special hard wear-resistant insert liner is formed of a special hardened material, such as a special carbide material, a special ceramic material or the like. The hard wear-resistant insert liner is secured within a recessed end of the collar of the coupler unit. The insert liner is adhesively bonded in place and subject to release, using heat or another operative energy field to soften or otherwise effectively release the adhesive and permit ready removal of the insert liner as well as the adhesive. The liner maintains a highly wear resistant end in the pipe section at the interface between the two connected pipe sections, as well as creating a system for rapid and cost effective end replacement structure for extending the life of the pipe section. 
     Another solution which has been considered is to heat treat the pipe after the collar end is first welded in place. Applicant has found that this process eliminates or minimizes the heat effective zone with respect to hardening but problems arise due to length variance of the pipe sections. Thus, the hardening operation after welded attachment of the collar causes the microstructure of the pipe material to grow in size. This growth is erratic because the pipe product is not entirely converted to a martensite and the hardness profile may vary throughout the wall of the product. Experience with such forming of pipe without a heat effected zone has resulted in variations of +/−{fraction (3/16)} inches in a ten foot tube or pipe. Such a length variation is generally unacceptable in present day system. 
     Thus, although the various problems have been well recognized and various solutions suggested and used, there is a continuing need for cost effective solution to the problem of the wear characteristic created by the flow of abrasive materials, particularly at the pipe connecting joints. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to a simple structure and manufacturing system for isolating of the heat created in welding the collar to the hardened pipe to establish and maintain optimum performance. Generally, in accordance with this invention an isolating member is interposed between the hardened pipe and the welded collar. Generally, in a preferred construction, a thin tubular sleeve member is welded to the raw pipe which is then hardened. The assembly is preferably formed of a greater length than the final length and cut to a precise length after welding the sleeve to the pipe. The coupling collar or other connecting member is then telescoped or slid over the outer end of the sleeve and welded to the sleeve. The isolating member prevents the welding of the collar in position from adversely affecting the hardness of the basic pipe structure. More particularly in accordance a practical and preferred construction of the present invention, a plurality of the pipe sections are formed from an elongated raw material pipe. The raw material pipe is equal in length to a substantial multiple of the individual pipe sections. A number of the short isolation sleeves are slipped over the elongated pipe at appropriate spacings. The plurality of so aligned sleeves are then welded to the raw material pipe. Only after such welding is the raw material pipe subject to hardening preferably through a system utilizing induction in coils with an inner quench head, with the hardening, of only the inner pipe portion. This also results in some hardening of the sleeve. As this also provides an additional hardened material in the area of the connection which is an area of significant wear, it provides for an improved and rigid joint connection in such preferred construction. A preferred system is fully disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,379,805 and is assigned to the assignee of the present invention. Because the welds were made prior to heat treating of the pipe, the weld of the sleeves does not affect the metallurgical properties of the inner hardened surface and wall portion. After the processing, the hardened pipe or tube and sleeve assembly is cut to the required lengths. Cutting is preferably provided utilizing with present day technology, a plasma torch. The plasma torch cutting is a very rapid system which minimizes any heat input to the structure being cut. A plasma torch also yields a very accurate and final length without affecting the hardened inner wall portion. 
     As more fully described in connection with the illustrated embodiments, the sleeve is preferably welded to define an air gap or spacement between the sleeve and the pipe. Even the most minimal air gap will provide adequate insulation to effectively isolate the welding of the collar to the sleeve from transferring any affected heat into the pipe as such and thereby prevent any adverse affect on the inner hardened wall of the pipe. Although the air gap provides a completely satisfactory isolating system, any other form of thin isolating layer or material might also be interposed between the sleeve and the pipe. It is important however, to maintain a rather rigid interconnection without any structure permitting any significant movement of the sleeve which could exaggerate any misalignment of the coupling at the connecting joint. 
     Various other features, objects and advantages of the invention will be made apparent from the following description taken together with the drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The drawings illustrate the best mode presently contemplated of carrying out the invention. 
     In the drawings: 
     FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of adjacent pipe sections including an elbow section releasably coupled to a straight line pipe section, with a coupling assembly constructed in accordance with the teaching of the present invention joining the pipe sections in a concrete pumping line; 
     FIG. 2 is an enlarged view taken generally on line  2 — 2  of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 3 is an enlarged fragmentary view of the coupler assembly, in section, to more clearly illustrate the detail of the coupling assembly; 
     FIG. 4 is a view illustrating a method of heat treating the straight pipe sections in a line for pumping concrete. 
     FIG. 5 is a view similar to FIG. 4 illustrating the final process of the pipe sections. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring to the drawings and particularly FIG. 1, a diagrammatic illustration of a concrete pumping system is illustrated incorporating a plurality of pipe sections constructed in accordance with the present invention, and illustrating one preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     In FIG. 1 a concrete pump  1  has a high pressure outlet  2  for establishing a fluid concrete flow under a relatively high pressure, typically on the order of 3,000 pounds per square inch (psi), through a flow line  3 . The concrete is transported by the flow line  3  from the pump source at a central location to one or more placement locations  3   a . Such systems are presently widely known. Generally the flow line  3  includes a plurality of individual pipe sections  4  which are connected to each other in line. In FIG. 1 a portion of the flow line is shown including a straight pipe  5  of a pipe section  4  connected to an elbow pipe  6  of another pipe section  4 . The sections  4  are formed with special ends which are connected to each other by a releasable coupling unit  7 . 
     The pipes  5  and  6  as well as the other pipes in the line are often heat treated steel pipes to produce a hardened inner pipe wall portion  8  with an outer high strength ductile outer wall portion  9 . This construction is used because of the highly abrasive mechanically abrasive characteristic of flowing concrete and of course is well known in the art. A particularly satisfactory method of forming a hardened inner pipe is more fully disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,379,805 in which a single wall pipe is processed using an induction heating unit in combination with a quenching unit for hardening of the inner wall of a pipe for use in concrete pumping or the like. The system is shown in FIG. 5 illustrating a preferred method of forming the illustrated embodiment. Alternative systems have also suggested the use of dual wall pipes with an inner hardened pipe and an outer ductile pipe section or portions interconnected to each other through a special process and heat treatment. A dual wall pipe for concrete pumping lines is for example, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,097,585. 
     Although the present invention has been particularly applied in the illustrated embodiment of the invention to a single wall pipe, the pipe may take any other form such as a dual wall pipe or other hardened pipe which has the characteristics and requirements as set forth herein. 
     The illustrated coupling unit  7  includes a unique collar unit or assembly  10  secured to the respective ends of the pipes  5  and  6 . The coupling unit  7  further includes an encircling clamp unit  11  which engages the respective collar units  10  and rigidly clamps the pipe ends to each other to form a substantially rigid pipe line through the pipe sections. The pipe coupling unit is basically similar to that widely used in the concrete pumping art and the like. Referring to FIG. 3, the clamp unit  11  is a multiple part unit, typically a two part unit which encircles the pipe sections. It has a basic U-shaped cross section defining an inner cavity between side arms  12  which mate with encircling grooves in the collar units  10  on each of the pipe ends. The closed clamp unit  11  rigidly interconnects the pipe ends to each other. The cavity bridges the gap between the ends of the pipes  5  and  6 . An expandable or flexible seal unit  13  is held within the cavity with the opposite side arms of the seal unit abutting the ends of the outer end portions of the pipe. In practice, concrete is allowed to flow between the pipe ends into the cavity of the seal unit  13  to form a fluid tight seal to maintain a continuous flow through the pipes  5  and  6 . This basic structure is well known in the art and suitable encircling clamp unit can be readily provided by those skilled in the art similar to that described as well as other well known clamp units. 
     Uniformly, in the concrete pumping art, the end coupling collar unit on assembly  10  is attached as by welding to the end of each pipe section. It is formed of a suitable steel material and construction to withstand the forces of the clamping unit and preferably specially constructed to withstand the highly abrasive characteristic of the concrete flowing through the line under high pressure. 
     The collar unit  10  as disclosed herein illustrates a preferred construction in accordance with the teaching of the present invention and in particular in which the collar unit is secured while maintaining the hardened inner wall of the interconnected pipe. This structure significantly increases the quality and life of the pipe sections by maintaining a high quality interconnection at the junction of the pipe sections and without adversely affecting the inner hardened wall of the pipe. 
     Turning particularly to FIGS. 1-3, the collar unit  10  attached to the pipe  5  is shown and described in detail. 
     As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, pipe  5  is a single wall member formed with a constant inner diameter and with the collar unit  10  secured to the exterior wall of pipe  5  immediately adjacent the end thereof. The single wall pipe  5  is shown with the heat treated inner portion  8  forming a hardened inner wall portion. The encircling outer portion  9  is a significantly more ductile portion and forms a high strength outer wall. The inner wall portion  8  forms a greater portion of the thickness but as in any hardening process there will be gradual transition into the outer ductile wall portion, in accordance with generally accepted and known practice. 
     A typical hinged clamp unit  11  with a toggle arm is illustrated as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,311,248 with a U-shaped arm members  12  mating with recesses or grooves  14  formed directly into a collar unit  10 . 
     Referring particularly to FIGS. 1 and 3, the collar assembly or unit  10  includes an outer sleeve  16  which extends and is telescoped over the end portion of the pipe  5 , with an air gap  17  therebetween. The axially outer ends of sleeve  16  and pipe  5  are located in a common plane  18 . The telescoped inner end of the sleeve  16  is secured to the outer wall of pipe  5  by a weld  19  to rigidly and fixedly secure the sleeve to the pipe  5 . 
     The sleeve  16  is welded to the pipe with the air gap  17  between the sleeve and the pipe. The air gap  17  is shown as a very distinct air gap. In fact, it can be formed with a relatively slight air gap and in fact may include some actual interengagement between the outer wall of the pipe  5  and the inner wall of the sleeve. The sleeve is significant in inhibiting transfer of heat into the hardened pipe  5  during the welding of a collar to the pipe  5 , as previously described. Welding of the sleeve causes expansion which opens the air gap between the sleeve and the pipe. Although the sleeve thickness is not critical, a sleeve thickness of 0.125 inches has been used in a typical collar. The additional wall thickness further inhibits the conduction of welding heat to the hard surface. 
     The sleeve  16  is welded in place prior to the heat treating of the pipe  5  to form the hardened inner wall portion  8  and the ductile outer wall portion  9  to avoid adversely affecting the wall characteristic as a result of the heating of the pipe  5  during the forming of weld  19 . A conventional semi-automatic arc welding process provides a highly satisfactory connection. 
     As a side benefit of the proceeding, during the heat treating operation to harden the inner wall of the pipe  5 , the outer sleeve  16  will also acquire some hardness and strength Such increases will further enhance the joint reliability, while also providing an additional amount of raw material for wear. In other words, the sleeve/pipe junction provides extra material thickness directly behind the coupling connection. This is significant in that this is the area of greatest abrasive wear as a result of the turbulence caused by any slight offset which often occurs when connections are made. 
     A separate collar  21  is secured to the sleeve  16  as an extension of the pipe  5  after heat treating of the raw pipe  5  with the sleeve  16  in place. The illustrated collar  21  is a solid steel tubular member which includes a first circular and grooved body member or portion  22  extended over the end of the sleeve  16  for a short distance. A weld  23  rigidly fixes the collar  21  to the outer end portion of the sleeve. The grooved body portion  24  of the collar projects outwardly and inwardly of the pipe, with a slight space or gap  20  from the coplanar end  18  of the pipe  5  and the sleeve  16 . The body portion  24  first includes the outer recess or groove  14  for receiving the clamp side walls or edges of the clamp unit  17 . In the illustrated embodiment of the invention, the collar  24  further includes an L-shaped insert liner  25  affixed to and abutting the outer end of the body portion  24  and the inner wall of the body portion  24 . The liner is a generally L-shaped member which is adhesively bonded to the collar, as by an adhesive, (not shown) between the interface to form a fixed but releasable interconnection therebetween. The liner has an inner diameter essentially corresponding to the inner diameter of the pipe  5 , and is preferably constructed in accordance with the well known structure manufactured and sold by the assignee of this application, Construction Forms, Inc. of Cedarburg, Wis. The insert is formed of a special hardened material and is replaceable to increase the operating life of the pipe  5 . 
     Any other type of a collar structure can of course be employed. 
     An alternate embodiment for the collar is shown attached to the sleeve on pipe  6 . In this embodiment, collar  21   a  includes an extension  40  that extends over liner  25  so that the outer end of collar  21   a  is coplanar with the outer end of liner  25 . 
     Applicant has found that the direct welding of the collar member  21  directly to the pipe  5  even with a water quench, particularly on thin wall pipe, always transfers significant welding temperature onto and into the inner surface portion of a thin walled pipe. This significantly reduces the hardness and wear resistance to the abrasive characteristic of the concrete, and this is true even where a water quench is used during the welding of the collar to the pipe. Thus, in essence, the short exterior sleeve  16  significantly if not completely eliminates any adverse effect of the outer collar welding operation to rigidly secure the collar in place. Although shown with the collar secured to one end of a pipe section, a similar collar assembly is provided at both ends of each section for interconnection in forming a long pipe assembly in the field. 
     In a preferred manufacturing process, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 to obtain optimum results, a long raw steel pipe  26  formed of a conventional unhardened ductile steel, is provided of a sufficient length to define a plurality of individual pipe sections to be interconnected into a flow line. A number of relatively short sleeves  16  are slipped or telescoped over the long raw pipe. For example, short sleeves which are 2-3 inches long have been attached to a pipe of 30 foot length at appropriate intervals. The sleeves  16  are then welded to the untreated pipe by welds  19 . The raw pipe  26  with the welded sleeve  16  thereon is then heated treated to form the hardened inner wall, as shown in FIG.  4 . An outer induction heating coil  27  and an inner quench unit  28 , as shown and more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,379,805, is provided and the pipe  26  moved therethrough. The pipe  26  is thereby rapidly heated to the hardening temperature and a quenching solution source  29  delivered through line  30  applied immediately at  31  as the pipe moves from the coil  27  to establish the wall portions  8  and  9 . Pipe  26  is moved in a supporting frame structure  32  having rollers  33  on a roller track  34 . A drive unit  35  advances the pipe  26  on the rollers  33  in the direction of arrow  36 . The finished pipe  26  is then cut, such as by use of a plasma torch  29  to a precise length of each section as diagrammatically shown in FIG.  5 . The plasma torch is preferred to allow a precise forming of the sleeve and pipe end in a common plan perpendicular to the axis of the individual pipe section. Again, although shown with the sleeve in a similar orientation, alternate sleeves may be attached in opposite orientation in forming pipe sections with connecting collars at the opposite ends. 
     Although described in the preferred construction and method of forming, the pipe section may be formed in any structure and method which introduces a heat insulating material between the pipe and the outer connecting member. For example, the sleeve may be spaced from the pipe by a fixed or removable isolation material, and then welded to the pipe. The pipe is then treated to form a hardened pipe and the connecting member then welded to the sleeve, with the inserted material removed or remaining in place. If removed, the sleeve could then engage the pipe in any manner as the heat isolation member and insulating material has produced the necessary protective function during the attachment of the connecting member. 
     A pipe as used hereinafter includes a single wall or a multiple wall pipe including an inner hardened wall portion and an outer relatively ductile portion. Thus, the pipe may be constructed with telescoped pipes, with the inner pipe a hardened pipe and the outer pipe a ductile pipe, or as a single wall with the respective portions as disclosed in the previously identified U.S. patents. 
     Although disclosed specifically in connection with pipe structures, the present invention is equally applicable to boom devices which may be mounted to a truck having a concrete pumping unit or other tubular members which require an inner hardened wall, or the like and a more ductile outer wall. The booms may also be formed in sections using pipe or tube sections with the isolating sleeves and collar members. 
     Various alternatives and embodiments are contemplated as being within the scope of the following claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter regarded as the invention.