Abstract:
Contaminated water, particularly, ballast water, blackwater, galley water, accommodation water, laundry water, fresh water and seawater, is disinfected by admixture of a highly reactive gas stream containing ions of oxygen and nitrogen, formed by exposure of air to short-wavelength ultraviolet radiation, and of chlorine, formed in situ by electrolysis of salt in the water. Solids removal can be accomplished by electrophoresis in the same unit employed for electrolysis to release chlorine, or in a separate unit. Heavy metals maybe removed by plating or sacrificing electrodes.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]    This application claims priority from Provisional Application Serial No. 60/278,477, filed Mar. 26, 2001, which is incorporated by reference herein. 
     
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    This invention relates to a system and methods for the efficient generation of ionized gas (vapor) atoms and molecules for water and/or wastewater disinfection, and more generally, to methods and apparatus for non-chemical methods of water treatment, that is, avoiding use of conventional chemical reagents and processes, such as treatments involving one or more of polymers, coagulants, sterilizers, and disinfectants. The invention provides non-chemical methods of water disinfection, coagulation, solids removal, decontamination, and highly efficient and economical purification. The invention is particularly applicable to treatment of marine water. Marine water is defined as water generated aboard ships and boats as well as those generated in nearby ports, harbors, marinas, offshore platforms and shipyards. On board the ship this includes, ballast water, galley water, black water, greywater, laundry water and waste water. In other maritime applications; for example, ballast water can be treated according to the invention to disinfect it, in order to prevent the spreading of indigenous species, both on intake and prior to discharge. It can also be used to remove biota and impurities from ground water run-off in ports and harbors. Further it can treat human waste for discharge on off-shore platforms.  
         APPLICATION OF AND BENEFITS PROVIDED BY THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    In recent years, the problems caused by spreading of indigenous species by intake into ship ballast water in one part of the world, followed by their discharge elsewhere and the spreading of these species in new ecosystems, has received increased media attention and governmental scrutiny. The introduction of the zebra mussel into the Great Lakes of the United States is a well-publicized example of this problem, but is only one of many. Similar problems exist elsewhere in the maritime and related industries. Other mussels, jelly fish and even carnivorous fish have recently been found in U.S. harbors and these are attributed to ballast water discharge.  
           [0004]    More particularly, ships are designed to ride best when ballasted to a predetermined degree. As the ship&#39;s weight changes, through discharge of cargo or consumption of fuel, it is common practice to add ballast by intake of seawater. When the ship arrives at another port for loading or refueling, the ballast water taken on is discharged. In many cases, species ranging from micro-organisms such as bacteria and viruses through larger animals such as fish, snails, the above-mentioned zebra mussels, and others, are thus spread forcibly beyond their natural range. In some cases they are thus introduced into new ecosystems, frequently with disastrous results. Accordingly, a need exists to disinfect such ballast water upon either or both of intake and discharge. Governmental regulation of the cruise-ship industry in particular to address this problem is believed to be imminent. Similarly, it is necessary to treat water elsewhere in the marine environment, e.g., ship laundry water, galley water, black water relying on water for washing, cooling, and the like. The invention has applicability in numerous such circumstances. This system can also be utilized to remove heavy metals and biota from shipyard run-off water.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0005]    Treating ballast water is a new legal requirement and there have not been any proven technologies that can remove all of the life forms in sea water. Waste water in ships up until now have been simply disposed of at sea. Some forms of chlorination and maceration have been in use but the requirement to process waters is just now becoming an international effort. The methods of water disinfection most frequently used has been chlorination or over chlorination creating many damaging chlorine compounds that harm the environment. the art of water treatment in general, is most often represented by various hydro-separators, mechanical filters, and/or chemically oriented apparatus, bioreactors, ultra-violet light and membrane technologies. (including chemical post-treatment) whereby impurities are removed from water. The basic types of known water treatment purification arrangements and their accompanying problems and limitations may be categorized generally as follows:  
           [0006]    1. Non-regeneratable modular filters are one time use, short-term devices of inexpensive cartridge design that have restrictive low-flow and high head-loss pressure limitations. Typical filter materials are packed cellulose or fibrous/filament textiles that, at best, provide (at optimal flow) no better than a continuous 5-10 micron absolute particle size separation. Minor recognizable suspended solids in the water influent flow will quickly clog the filter media material within the cartridge and render the filter system involved inoperable. Where moderate and high flow rates are involved, replacement costs and down time are inordinately costly and burdensome. Further, these filters and separation units are usually non-compatible and fairly short-lived if an attempt is made to combine them with oxidizing and corrosive chemical treatment agents within the contaminated water to be purified.  
           [0007]    2. Chemical treatment methods typically include use of one or more of oxidizers, polymers, flocculants, and coagulants, and may also include use of chlorine for disinfection and sterilization. These methods are cost prohibitive and labor-intensive and can require high maintenance, as if misused they can damage the associated waste treatment equipment component(s) system. Further, various chemical treatments involve health and safety risks leading to restrictions on their use and reduction of permitted exposure. Commonly, chemical process treatment methods lead to the generation of voluminous amounts of toxic chemical solids and sludges along with the associated environmental exposure problems; further, these methods may involve liability issues and regulatory agency controls due to the necessity of disposal of these hazardous substances.  
           [0008]    3. Ozone generators, e.g., as conventionally offered as “Corona-Arc Generation” disinfection and treatment systems provide a high voltage electric arc or corona. These open spark discharges are potentially dangerous. Moreover, these systems require fairly high power and have relatively high maintenance requirements, and are expensive to operate in that they require a supply of low-humidity air (leading to continuous desiccators and dryer maintenance requirements) and further require high maintenance air-separation oxygen concentrator equipment. Problems due to potentially toxic exposure to ozone can also exist.  
           [0009]    4. Reverse osmosis (R. O.) treatment systems, involving membrane separation of sub-micron particles from water, often present problems associated with shortened membrane life due to plugging, limited process flow capacity, and the necessity of disinfection of the membrane(s) so as to be free from contaminating biological agents and/or oily materials. R.O. membranes are also highly susceptible to fouling with biological growth; further, R.O. treatment systems are costly both as to initial cost and in operation, as they require substantial electrical power to provide the high pressure needed for operation, and due to their high maintenance requirements.  
           [0010]    5. Traditional filtration systems employ one or more of carbon, anthracite, clay, coal, paper, fibrous materials, “mixed media”, and/or sand as a physical removal method, that is, to establish a solids separation and filtration process. These systems often involve operational problems such as early fouling of the filtration media, which often requires very frequent filter back-washing and adds difficulties inherent in the disposal of large quantities of the backwashed materials. The back-wash water may be very biologically active and also require disinfection, due to “bleed through” bacterial recontamination of the water being treated. Quite often, in order to maintain a steadystate level of solids removal and continuous purification efficiencies, the entire volume of filtration materials must be removed and replaced several times per year due to encrustment and contamination.  
           [0011]    6. Ion exchange filters basically remove only dissolved ions and electrically charged colloidal solids; they rapidly plug in the presence of suspended solids. Even a moderate flow (50-100 GPM) ion exchange filter system represents a complex plumbing network involving unwieldy resin filter and/or “zeolite staged” containers and requires large regenerative acid and base tankage. Regeneration of the filter resin is complicated and is often incomplete due to the plugging of the resin pore spaces by the larger particle size suspended solids that gain entry into the flow. These systems have substantial flow rate restrictions limiting their practicality for larger commercial or general-purpose use. Thus, ion exchange filtration is suitable only for very select water treatment or specific wastewaters and also often involves high capital equipment purchase cost in addition to high repetitive media replacement and operational costs.  
           [0012]    7. Ultra violet light has been utilized but it can only remove virus and bacteria and not the more complex light forms. This method also requires very clear water or there will be no disinfection.  
         INVENTOR&#39;S PRIOR ART  
         [0013]    As explained in further detail below, the present invention encompasses multiple technological advancements, refinements, and/or alterations of the basic principles of applied water treatment as represented in one or more of the following U.S. patents, as to each of which one of the present inventors is sole or joint inventor, and which are incorporated by reference herein.  
           [0014]    Title. SYSTEM AND REACTOR FOR MIXING COAGULATING AGENTS INTO CONTAMINATED WATER FLOW, AND FOR REMOVING CONTAMINANTS THEREFROM  
           [0015]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,443,719 Issued: Aug. 22, 1995  
           [0016]    Title: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR WATER TREATMENT AND PURIFICATION USING GAS ION PLASMA SOURCE AND DISINFECTANT METAL ION COMPLEXES  
           [0017]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,059 Issued: Jun. 3, 1997  
           [0018]    Title: ELECTRO-COALESCENCE/MAGNETIC SEPARATION (ECMS) SYSTEM AND COMPONENTS FOR REMOVAL OF CONTAMINANTS FROM WATER STREAMS, INCLUDING DESALINIZATION.  
           [0019]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,597,479 Issued: Jan. 28, 1997  
           [0020]    Title: METHOD, SYSTEM, AND REACTOR FOR MIXING COAGULATING AGENTS INTO A CONTAMINATED WATER FLOW, AND FOR REMOVING CONTAMINANTS THEREFROM  
           [0021]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,616,250 Issued: Apr. 1, 1997  
           [0022]    Title: IMPROVED ULTRAVIOLET STERILIZER AND SOURCE OF IONIZED MOLECULES FOR ECMS REMOVAL OF CONTAMINANTS FROM WATER STREAMS  
           [0023]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,622,622 Issued: Apr. 22, 1997  
           [0024]    Title: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR WATER TREATMENT AND PURIFICATION USING GAS ION PLASMA SOURCE AND DISINFECTANT METAL ION COMPLEXES.  
           [0025]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,685,994 Issued: Nov. 11, 1997  
           [0026]    Title: APPARATUS AND PROCESSES FOR NON-CHEMICAL PLASMA ION DISINFECTION OF WATER  
           [0027]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,369 Issued: Aug. 11, 1998  
         OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION  
         [0028]    The principal object of the invention is to provide extremely efficient, low maintenance, low energy cost modular water purification and contamination control technology for the non-chemical disinfection and contaminant separation of various types of water or wastewater streams as encountered in the marine industry. The water treatment and purification areas of particular interest include, but are not limited to, ship ballast water and marine discharge wastewaters.  
           [0029]    Specifically, the non-chemical water purification and disinfection technology of the invention exhibits higher treatment efficiency than more conventional water treatment methods that rely on chemicals, traditional filtration, reverse osmosis, ozone generators, etc, and also involves reduced energy costs. By eliminating the treatment chemicals, increasing sub-micron particle size solids separation and removal, and by very efficient destruction of bacteria and biological agents within the treated water through electrically-driven disinfection, a number of operational, maintenance and serious health and water treatment problems can be eliminated, resulting in the economic disinfection of ballast water and the like and thus avoiding spread of nonindigenous species.  
           [0030]    Accordingly, it is the ultimate object of the current invention to establish non-chemical water treatment disinfection and purification technologies that represent realistic, “user friendly”, and cost effective answers to global water issues and concerns, particularly in the marine and maritime-related industries. The system will have a relatively small footprint and can operate under varying loads and chemistry.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0031]    As in the prior patents incorporated by reference above, the system of the invention mixes an atmospheric air stream including a large portion of ionized, highly reactive oxygen and nitrogen vapor into a contaminated water stream to be treated, so that the ionized oxygen and nitrogen react with and kill biologically active organic species such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, amoebas, diatoms, and other microorganisms, as well as larger animals such as fish, snails, mussels and the like, thus disinfecting the water stream. The generation of the ionized vapors takes place within a gas ionization system providing particularly efficient, high rate production of the reactive nitrogen and oxygen ionized vapors. This unit is sometimes referred to herein as the NI—OX vapor ion generator or the Ionized gas generator, although use of this acronym is not to be taken to limit the invention to embodiments of equipment or processes that may be offered under that or a similar tradename or mark.  
           [0032]    The NI—OX trademark refers to the production of “ionized oxygen” and “ionized nitrogen” vapor gas ions. This vapor generator when incorporated with the other components of a system according to the invention provides a unique and highly efficient water treatment system. As explained further below, the components are optimized to generate a plethora of highly reactive ionized oxygen and ionized nitrogen species from oxygen and nitrogen in air, under circumstances also encouraging secondary recombination with water vapor to produce additional disinfecting hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide gas vapor ions. The system is arranged so that the majority of the oxygen ions do not have any opportunity to be converted back to lower energy, less reactive ground state configurations, characteristic of atmospheric oxygen species, but instead react with the ionized nitrogen ions that are formed simultaneously, and with the biological species to be destroyed. This interaction sequence quickly stabilizes by production of a very reactive group of electron-rich, i.e., negatively charged, vapor molecules that is very effective in coagulating and disinfecting water. This group of ionized molecules is referred to as the NITROXYL vapor ion species. The NITROXYL vapor ion group represents a unique stand-alone water treatment, suitable for highly efficient treatment and water purification and decontamination. Again, use of this term as shorthand herein should not be construed to limit the invention, e.g., to any equipment produced by the inventors or their affiliates.  
           [0033]    According to a further aspect of the present invention, in addition to the ionized oxygen and nitrogen species generated and used in ways similar to those disclosed in the prior patents listed above, ionized chlorine gas molecules are generated in order to provide further disinfection capability. If salt water is to be treated, the chlorine ions are generated by electrolysis of the stream of salt water itself to be treated; in some cases it may be desirable to electrolyze a portion of the stream to be treated, which is then returned to the main stream. If fresh or insufficiently salty water is to be treated the chlorine ions are generated by electrolysis of brine. Particularly in shipboard applications, the chlorine ions are produced by electrolysis of the water stream being treated, so that the chlorine ions are produced in situ, thus avoiding production of gaseous chlorine. This electrolysis unit is known as the CLORIN generator, and the gas stream including ionized chlorine atoms as the CLORIN stream. Again, use of this term as shorthand herein should not be construed to limit the invention.  
           [0034]    The integration and co-interaction of the NITROXYL vapor ions generated in the NI—OX system with ionized chlorine, oxygen, and hydrogen produced in the CLORIN system according to the invention creates an entirely new family of very accelerated and aggressive disinfectants, oxidants, and coagulants known as CLORINOXYL vapor ions. As above, use of this term as shorthand herein should not be construed to limit the invention, for example, to any equipment produced by the inventors or their affiliates.  
           [0035]    In a preferred embodiment, the chlorine ions are produced by electrolysis of the water to be treated (with brine added if necessary) between spaced parallel metallic plates, with direct current power applied to alternating ones thereof. The plates can be formed of stable materials, such as stainless steel, of sacrificial metals, such as aluminum, or combinations thereof, and may include Rhodium plating or other rare metals that are specifically designed to interact with the chemistry in the water. Sometimes plating out some of the heavy metals and other times sacrificing itself to produce a catalytic reaction. The device thus assembled also provides electro-coalescence, in that sub-micron sized contaminants are attracted to the charged plates and agglomerate thereon. Lighter agglomerations of particles tend to float to the surface of the liquid, and can be separated and removed. Heavier particles tend to collect on the plates; when a significant quantity of particles has accumulated, their collective weight causes them to drop off the plates during periods when the charge is removed, e.g., during periodic polarity reversal, which is performed to prevent uneven erosion of the material of the plates and/or accumulation of scale thereon. The fallen particles can be collected and removed as a sludge or the like. In this way the same device serves to generate the CLORIN disinfectant gas stream and as a solids separation and removal device. Alternatively, solids removal can be performed using equipment and techniques disclosed in the prior patents listed above, or otherwise.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0036]    The invention will be better understood if reference is made to the accompanying figures, in which:  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a water treatment system incorporating the invention;  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a second embodiment of a water treatment system incorporating the invention;  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view of a first embodiment of an improved unit for generating streams of various species of ionized oxygen and nitrogen vapor ions as may be employed in implementing the invention;  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 4 is a part sectional view of a second embodiment of an improved unit for generating streams of various species of ionized oxygen and nitrogen vapor ions, again as may be employed in implementing the invention;  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view of the FIG. 4 vapor ion generator unit;  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 6, comprising FIGS.  6 ( a )-( f ), includes schematic equations illustrating formation of various ionic species that occur in operation of the vapor ion generator system of the invention;  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 7 is an exploded diagrammatic view of one embodiment of an electrolysis membrane cell used to generate ionized chlorine, and additional oxygen and hydrogen vaporions;  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic view of an overall treatment unit, including an electrolysis plate cell unit used to generate ionized chlorine and additional oxygen and hydrogen ions, and to perform solids removal;  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 8A is a similar diagrammatic view of a modified version of the FIG. 8 embodiment of an electrolysis plate cell used similarly to generate ionized chlorine and additional oxygen and hydrogen ions, and to perform solids removal;  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 9 illustrates typical ionic species that are formed in operation of the chlorine ion generating system of the invention; and  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 10, comprising FIGS.  10 ( a )-( e ), shows several views of an injection mixer for mixing the ionized atoms and molecules with a water stream to be treated that is useful in practice of the invention. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0048]    As indicated above, the essential principle of the water treatment methods and apparatus provided according to the invention is to provide essentially complete destruction of biological contaminants, that is, microorganisms of all types, such as parasites, bacteria, fungi, viruses, and algae, as well as larger organisms, followed by their removal from the water stream, coupled with separation and removal of non-biological contaminants as may be present.  
         [0049]    As set forth in the prior patents referred to above, the biological destruction process is accomplished principally by providing streams of ionized gas atoms and molecules; according to the present invention, these are chiefly various highly reactive ionic species of oxygen, chlorine and nitrogen. Ionized oxygen and nitrogen of various species are produced by exposing a stream of air to intense short-wavelength ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and in some cases to an electric field. A stream of vapor including high concentrations of these ions is then rapidly mixed with the water stream to be treated, so that the ions do not have time to recombine, and under circumstances that ensure thorough mixing. Ionized chlorine, along with additional ionized oxygen and hydrogen, is then produced in situ by electrolysis of brine, either a stream of salt water itself to be treated or water with additional brine added. This has the effect of lysing and killing the microorganisms and other biological agents present in the water stream, essentially by oxidizing and reducing reactions.  
         [0050]    The killed microorganisms and other contaminants can then be removed from the water stream in one or more of several separation devices, which can be incorporated in the vessel in which the chlorine ion production and mixing with the stream of air including ionized oxygen and nitrogen takes place. As discussed further below, electro-coalescence, as taught by the prior patents listed above, can be employed to cause the contaminants to flocculate and settle, simplifying their removal; electrostatically-chargeable media may also be employed.  
         [0051]    The present application is directed to use of the techniques and apparatus of the invention in the marine, non-land-based environment. Particularly in shipboard applications, the preferred embodiment of the invention is one in which the ionized chlorine is produced in situ, that is, by electrolysis of seawater, as opposed to embodiments wherein the chlorine is produced in gaseous form and subsequently mixed with the water to be treated. However, to simplify the presentation of the invention hereby this distinction is not mentioned on every possible occasion herein. Briefly, however, in the shipboard environment, e.g., for treatment of ballast water on intake or prior to discharge, the in situ chlorine generation shown in FIGS. 2, 8 and  8 A is preferred over the gas-phase chlorine generation shown in FIGS. 3, 4 and  5 .  
         [0052]    [0052]FIG. 1 shows a typical system arrangement. Item  10  is an ion generator unit, several embodiments of which are shown herein; one embodiment, for example, is shown in FIG. 3, and another by FIGS. 4 and 5. The ion generator unit produces a stream of various species of ions of oxygen and nitrogen in air. This stream of ions of oxygen and nitrogen in air is referred to in the drawings, and elsewhere, as the “NI—OX” stream;  
         [0053]    again, use of this acronym does not limit the invention to embodiments of equipment or processes that may be offered by the inventors and their affiliates under that or a similar tradename or mark. The listing of ionic species shown as being produced by ion generator  10  is further expanded upon in FIG. 6.  
         [0054]    The stream of ions in air is compressed by compressor  12 , for injection into a mixing tank  14 , which can be readily fabricated of PVC pipe components. Tank  14  contains a quantity of brine, which is conveniently employed for mixing the gas streams. Brine solution, simply comprising food-grade salt in water, is supplied to tank  14  from a reservoir  17  by a metering pump  18 . Brine is supplied to a brine electrolysis cell  16 , e.g., as detailed in FIG. 7, by feed tank  8 , and distilled water, for flushing the electrolysis cell at intervals, is provided by feed tank  9 . DC power applied to the brine electrolysis cell  16  causes ionized atoms and molecules of chlorine, oxygen, and hydrogen to be released from the solution. This mixture of ionized gaseous atoms and molecules, which is further detailed in FIG. 9, is referred to in the drawings, and elsewhere, as the “CLORIN” stream; again, use of this acronym does not limit the invention to embodiments of equipment or processes that may be offered under that or a similar tradename or mark. In alternative embodiments shown in FIGS. 2, 8 and  8 A, which, as mentioned, are preferred for shipboard and like maritime applications, the brine electrolysis may be performed in the same apparatus in which coalescence and separation of solids occurs.  
         [0055]    Referring again to the FIG. 1 embodiment, the CLORIN gas stream is piped to the bring tank  14 , where it is mixed with the NI—OX stream. The resulting gas stream, the principal active components of which are listed at  20  (and explained in detail in FIG. 9), is then mixed with water to be treated, as indicated at  19 ; the ionized gases are extremely effective in killing all manner of living organisms in the water stream, thus essentially sterilizing the water stream in accordance with the objects of the invention. As above, this combined stream of reactive vapor ions in air is referred to in the drawings, and elsewhere, as the “CLORINOXYL” stream; again, use of this acronym does not limit the invention to embodiments of equipment or processes that may be offered by the inventors and their affiliates under that or a similar tradename or mark.  
         [0056]    [0056]FIG. 8 shows one preferred form of primary separation vessel  30  in which the CLORINOXYL mixture of ionized gas atoms and molecules is generated in situ and reacts with the water stream to be treated. As indicated, the NI—OX stream is injected at  32  into the water stream  34  just prior to entry into vessel  30 . If desired, the water stream can be passed through a venturi, to provide a partial vacuum drawing the NI—OX stream thereinto, as discussed in various of the prior patents discussed above. Further, if the water stream to be treated does not include sufficient salt to release chlorine upon electrolysis, brine may be added. The NI—OX vapor stream is admitted to the lower portion  31  of vessel  30  together with the water stream to be treated, under circumstances (i.e., high pressure of the injected water stream) that ensure turbulent conditions in the lower portion of the vessel, so that, although contaminant solids settle out and form a sludge, good mixing of the NI—OX gas stream and water stream occurs. The mixed stream gradually percolates upwardly in vessel  30 , until it occupies the interstitial spaces between a number of paired metallic electrode plates  36 . These plates can be stainless steel, for corrosion resistance, or can be made of sacrificial aluminum material, for promoting further precipitation of contaminants from the water stream. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the metal of the plates may include a significant proportion of Rhodium, which appears to be effective in furthering the inventive processes. Alternate ones of the plates are connected to positive and negative terminals of a DC power supply  40 , so as to establish electric fields between each successive pair of plates  36 ; that is, alternate ones of plates  36  serve as anode and cathode. The plates may be corrugated, with the corrugations oriented transversely to the direction of flow, to increase their surface area and create turbulence. As further detailed below, under these circumstances salt in the water is electrolyzed, releasing ionized gaseous chlorine atoms and molecules, as well as further ionized hydrogen and oxygen; these ionized gas atoms and molecules, comprising the CLORIN stream, mix with the NI—OX stream previously injected to form the CLORINOXYL stream. The CLORINOXYL stream, as mentioned, is extremely efficacious in killing all manner of biological contaminants in the water stream.  
         [0057]    With respect to the plates, they may be of aluminum or stainless steel as the chemistry may dictate. Alternatively, Rhodium or other rare metals and rare earth metals may be used to remove heavy metals through various different chemical reaction mechanisms. Sometimes the plates may be plated or designed to plate out heavy metals. In other cases, they may be sacrificed.  
         [0058]    The electric field existing between each pair of plates  36  causes the killed microorganisms, as well as other dissolved or suspended solids to flocculate, i.e., to agglomerate into a low-density foam floating to the top of the water in vessel  30 . The level of the water in vessel  30  is controlled so that the foam and floating scum pass over a weir  42  and are disposed of, while the treated water is withdrawn from an exit port  44 , as indicated. At the same time, heavier solids tend to collect on the plates, due to electrostatic attraction. These heavier solids also agglomerate. When the polarity of the DC power is reversed, which is performed at intervals of on the order of minutes or hours, to prevent uneven erosion of the plates and limit accumulation of scale thereon, the heavier solids fall off the plates and are collected as a sludge in the bottom of the vessel.  
         [0059]    The treated effluent withdrawn at  44  from the primary separation vessel  30  can then be passed to a second separation vessel (not shown), if necessary for final polishing, i.e., solids separation and removal. Such a second separation vessel may amount to a refinement of the “ECMS” system described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,597,479, listed above. In essence, water to be treated is admitted to a vessel, the lower portion of which is filled with a bed of polarizable granular media, such as crushed glass, alumina, ceramic materials, activated charcoal, coal fines, or aluminum silicates. Several electrodes extend well into the bed, so that when a DC bias is applied, the media is electrically polarized. This has the effect of causing solids to be attracted to the media, providing sub-micron filtration. In order to ensure that the water to be treated is intimately mixed with the media, water is withdrawn from the vessel by way of an underdrain assembly comprising a number of perforated tubes connected to an outlet manifold. Similarly, the inlet can be implemented by admitting the water to the vessel by way of a number of nozzles connected to an inlet manifold; further NI—OX, CLORIN, or CLORINOXYL gas streams can be added if further disinfection is desirable. The media can be backflushed from time to time by reversing the direction of flow.  
         [0060]    [0060]FIG. 8A shows a modified embodiment of the system of FIG. 8. In the FIG. 8A version, the major portion of the influent water to be treated is admitted, after injection of the NI—OX gas stream, to an upper feed tank  43 . This influent flows downwardly into a lower sludge tank  31 , where heavier solids can settle out. The remaining portion (on the order of 10% of the total) of the influent is injected into the lower tank to ensure good mixing. The liquid to be treated flows upwardly, between inclined spaced metal plates  36  bearing opposite charges; the inclination increases the residence time of the water between the plates, increasing the flocculation, without increasing the space required. As above, the electric field created therein encourages flocculation of contaminants such as killed microorganisms, which then form a foam removed by weir  42 , as above, and separating treated water for removal at  44 .; at the same time, heavier solids are agglomerated on plates  36 , dropping off during polarity reversals as indicated at  45  to form a sludge, while the chlorine ions are formed in situ between plates  36 .  
         [0061]    As discussed briefly above, the function of the ion generator  10  is to provide a stream of various highly reactive species of oxygen and nitrogen ions in air. A preferred form of ion generator  10 , which also incorporates a brine electrolysis unit for producing chlorine ions, is shown in FIGS. 4 and 5; as mentioned above, this can be supplanted or supplemented by a separate brine electrolysis unit  16 , detailed in FIG. 7 and discussed below. As noted, however, use of these devices as source of chlorine ions is not preferred in shipboard environments, as the gaseous chlorine that is produced can be dangerous and is also highly corrosive. The basic principle of operation of ion generator  10  is as discussed in the prior patents listed above, that is, exposure of a stream of air to short-wavelength ultraviolet radiation (UV) causes ionization to take place, but further improvements are provided in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 4 and 5.  
         [0062]    Thus, the ion generator  10  includes an inner volume  80  defined by a generally tubular reactor  82 , capped at either end by lower and upper caps  84  and  86 . An air flow pathway is defined by an entrance port  88  in communication with the lower end of volume  80 , and an outlet port  90  in communication with the upper end of volume  80 . Air flow may be motivated by compressor  12  (FIG. 1). Supported within volume  80  are one or more (four in the embodiment shown) high-intensity UV lamps  92 , powered by power supply  94  so as to emit short wavelength, high energy UV. A substantial fraction of the oxygen and nitrogen drawn into entry port  88  is ionized by exposure to the UV as the air stream flows past lamps  92  on its way to exit port  90 . To increase the efficiency of exposure, the inner surface of tubular reactor  82  may be polished, so as to reflect the UV effectively, or, if polishing is not feasible, it may be lined with stainless-steel sheet metal, as indicated at  96  (FIG. 5). Polished stainless steel may also be used for reflective dividers  97 . More specifically, in the preferred embodiment shown, tubular reactor  82  is an aluminum extrusion having a finned outer surface for efficient heat exchange with cooling water confined against the outer surface of member  82  by a water jacket  98 .  
         [0063]    To further improve the efficiency of ionization, and thus to accelerate the reaction of the ions with the microorganisms to be destroyed, the air flow path is constrained so that the air flows into a coaxial assembly of a perforated outer tube  106 , preferably formed of stainless steel, a tubular ceramic insulator  108 , and an inner solid conductor  110 . The air stream including the ionized components is withdrawn from the end of the interior of tube  106 , and an AC power supply (indicated schematically by positive and negative connections  112 ) is connected across perforated tube  106  and solid wire  110 . This power supply typically provides up to 10,000 volts at up to 20,000 Hz; very little current flows, so that the power requirements are reasonable, but a high-intensity field is provided. As the vapor stream including ions of oxygen and nitrogen (and chlorine, as below) is drawn through the annular space between tube  106  and insulator  108 , and experiences the electric field provided thereacross by power supply  112 , some fraction of the ions experience an increase in their ionic state, i.e., they become more highly ionized and hence more reactive. This has the effect of further increasing their efficacy in destroying the microorganisms when the gas stream thus produced is later mixed with the water to be treated. If desired, e.g., to improve the uniformity of gas dispersement, a tubular baffle member  100  can be provided, outside of the assembly of tube  106 , insulator  108 , and solid conductor  110 . In the embodiment shown, baffle  100  is formed by winding a wire  102  spirally over longitudinal forming wires  104 . Successive coils of wire  102  are spaced from one another, so that air inlet passages forming a generally spiral pattern are provided.  
         [0064]    The brine electrolysis unit shown simply comprises a tank  114  containing a brine solution and fitted with two electrodes  116  connected to a DC power supply. As indicated, electrolysis of the brine causes reactive species of ionized chlorine, oxygen, and hydrogen to be released, which flow upwardly and join the air stream entering via port  88 , and which are then further ionized by the high-intensity field between perforated tube  106  and rod  110 .  
         [0065]    As will be appreciated, the gas generator of FIGS. 4 and 5 is water-cooled, in that water flowing within water jacket  98  will cool the outer finned member  82 . If this degree of heat removal is not needed, that is, in smaller installations, an air-cooled gas generator shown in FIG. 3 may be used. In this embodiment, four parallel UV lamps connected to power supply  83  may be disposed in each of two sealed tubes  82 . The lamps are preferably disposed in close proximity to one another; this appears to have the effect of creating a magnetic interaction between the lamps which is beneficial in efficiently ionizing the gas atoms, although the invention is not to be bound by this observation. Each unit may be fitted with the reflective inner baffles  97  and provided with a reflective inner surface  96 , as in the FIGS. 4 and 5 embodiment, to ensure efficient absorption of the UV, and may also comprise the central assembly of perforated tube  106 , ceramic insulator  108 , and central rod  110 , with AC power supply  112 , also as in FIGS. 4 and 5. Air to be ionized passes through the tubes  82  and the NI—OX stream thus formed is withdrawn as indicated at  90  for mixing with the water stream to be treated.  
         [0066]    As mentioned, FIG. 7 shows an exploded view of a brine electrolysis unit, which can be used in lieu of or in addition to the brine electrolysis unit provided as part of the ion generator of FIGS. 4 and 5. Again, however, this unit, which produces gaseous chlorine ions, is disfavored in certain environments, e.g., shipboard. The brine generator of FIG. 7 comprises a number of planar members assembled sandwich-fashion, as illustrated. The outer members  120  are stainless steel plate, e.g., approximately 12 by 18 inches in overall dimension. Disposed inwardly of these are two Delrin plastic sheets  122 , providing insulation, and inward of these are two foraminous electrodes  124 , formed, e.g., of stainless steel wire mesh, with members in good electrical contact therewith extending out of the “sandwich” to enable electrical connection. The innermost member  126  is a semi-permeable membrane formed, e.g., of a porous polyacrylite material, available from various manufacturers. The sandwich is assembled using a series of bolts around its periphery, and a thick layer of epoxy is provided around the periphery to provide a good seal. Piping connections are made as indicated to allow for inflow of the brine solution, essentially 5-50% of ordinary food-grade salt in water, and for withdrawal of the ionized oxygen, chlorine, and hydrogen that are released due to electrolysis when a DC current is applied across the two screens.  
         [0067]    As above, the ionized gas streams produced according to the invention are mixed with the water stream to be treated, and oxidize and kill all manner of biological contaminants. The killed and/or disinfected microorganisms and other contaminants can then be removed from the contaminated water stream in one or more of several separation devices, which can often be incorporated into the mixing vessel in which the vapor ion injection and contact mixing take place. Electro-coalescence can be employed as above to cause the contaminants to flocculate, precipitate, and settle, simplifying their removal. The same DC electrostatically-chargeable plates may be employed to assist in the electrolysis of salt and water, forming the chlorine and oxygen vapor ions, and they may also provide the additional surfaces for electro-precipitation removal of contaminants, all as described above.  
         [0068]    As mentioned above, FIG. 1 shows one implementation of the invention, in a design for a typical overall process system arrangement. Item  10  is an ionized oxygen/nitrogen vapor ion generator unit, which can be that shown in more detail by FIG. 3, or that of FIGS. 4 and 5. Either produces a stream of various species of reactive vapor ions of oxygen and nitrogen from atmospheric air. It is believed that in practice of the invention, specifically, in generation of the NI—OX stream as above, a stream of negatively charged (ionized) oxygen known as singlet oxygen is produced. This species of ionized oxygen is referred to in the academic and published literature as the SUPEROXIDE ion.  
         [0069]    More specifically, FIG. 6, comprising FIGS.  6 ( a )-( f ), illustrate what is believed to be representative of some of the major reaction sequences whereby various species including ionized oxygen and ionized nitrogen are formed in practice of the invention, although the invention is not to be limited thereby. FIG. 6( a ) shows the reaction of atmospheric oxygen, under the influence of short-wavelength ultraviolet energy (“UV”) and an electric field (denominated by a capital E with vector arrow above), to form a polarized or magnetic oxygen molecule, and thence dissociated, ionized singlet oxygen atoms; the latter are particularly reactive. FIG. 6( b ) shows how atmospheric nitrogen can similarly be ionized by UV and the electric field, with the release of free electrons as well. FIG. 6( c ) shows the formation of ozone, which is itself extremely reactive, and also dissociates to form singlet oxygen atoms. FIG. 6( d ) indicates that the singlet oxygen may react with water vapor to form hydrogen peroxide and hydroxide radicals. As illustrated by FIGS.  6 ( e ) and ( f ), the ionized oxygen and nitrogen also react to form various combinations, referred to herein as NITROXYL ion species; again, use of the NITROXYL acronym is not intended to limit the invention. As above, the stream of oxygen and nitrogen ions generated from atmospheric air is referred to in the drawings, and elsewhere, as the “NI—OX” stream, and the equipment producing it as the NI—OX equipment; again, use of this acronym does not limit the invention to embodiments of equipment or processes that may be offered under that or a similar tradename or mark. The ionic species formed as outlined in FIG. 6 can then be mixed or chemically combined with chlorine ions released by electrolysis of brine in the equipment shown in FIGS. 1, 4,  7 , or  8 , as discussed previously.  
         [0070]    Referring again to FIG. 1, the NI—OX stream of ionized oxygen and nitrogen is compressed by compressor  12 , for injection into a brine mixing tank  14 . Brine solution can be supplied to tank  14  from a reservoir  17  by metering pump  18 . A portion of the mixture of brine (food grade sodium chloride salt solution) is drawn off and slowly metered into a brine electrolysis cell  16 , as shown in FIG. 1 and detailed in FIG. 7. Low voltage DC power in the range of 8 to 12 volts and 4 to 8 amps is applied to the brine electrolysis cell  16  and causes ionized chlorine, oxygen, and hydrogen vapor ions to be released from the solution. This released vapor ion gas mixture is referred to in the drawings, FIG. 9, and elsewhere, as the “CLORIN” vapor ion stream; again, use of this term as shorthand herein is not to limit the invention. As noted, in an alternative electrolysis cell configuration embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the generation of ionized chlorine, oxygen, and hydrogen vapor ions by electrolysis of brine may be performed in the same apparatus as that in which the NI—OX stream of ionized nitrogen and oxygen vapor ions from air is being produced. In FIG. 1, the CLORIN stream is piped to the closed brine tank  14  and further interacts and combines with the NI—OX generated vapor ion stream.  
         [0071]    [0071]FIG. 9 lists at II the principal active ion groups which are believed to be formed in the combined gas stream; again, however, the invention is not to be so limited. This highly reactive ion stream, referred to as the CLORINOXYL ion group, is then injected and mixed with the contaminated water to be treated. The ionized treatment gases that are generated are extremely effective in killing all manner of microorganisms in the water stream, thus essentially sterilizing the contaminated water or wastewater stream in accordance with the objects of the invention. FIG. 2 shows a further system arrangement, useful with extremely high flow rates, e.g., millions of gallons per day, and FIG. 10, comprising FIGS.  10 ( a )-( e ), details the preferred arrangement of the mixing chamber thereof. These systems arrangements are useful in treating the large volumes of water encountered in ballast water purification. As indicated, a stream of water to be treated flows down the lumen of a large pipe  7 ; to give an idea of the scale at which the invention may be applied, pipe section  7  may be from 4 to 24 inches in diameter and from 4 to 12 or more feet long. The pipe  7  is fitted with a number of injector assemblies  13 , detailed in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 10( d ). The pipe  7  and injector assemblies  13  may be made of steel pipe and welded together. Each injector  13  is connected to NI—OX and CLORIN generators,  10  and  11  respectively, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 10( d ). As illustrated in FIG. 2, the CLORIN generator  11  comprises a number of spaced parallel metal plates across which DC is applied; a portion of the incoming stream passes through this vessel, so that the chlorine ions are formed in situ. The injector assemblies  13  are disposed spirally around the pipe  7 , as illustrated in FIGS.  10 ( a ), ( b ) and ( c ) so as to impose a spiral flow path to the water passing therethrough and ensuring good mixing.  
         [0072]    As shown by FIG. 10( d ), the injector assemblies each comprise separate connections, illustrated at  21  and  22 , for the NI—OX and CLORIN streams, so that the CHLORINOXYL stream is formed in situ; this gives it maximum efficiency, since the reactive molecules have very little time to react with one another, dissociate or the like, but instead are immediately mixed with the stream of water to be treated, and so achieve maximum disinfection. Further, introduction of the gas streams into the fast-flowing water stream provides a venturi suction effect, further ensuring good mixing. More specifically, a tube  23  may be arranged as shown, with an angled mouth open toward the incoming flow, to withdraw a portion of the incoming flow; this portion is directed into the CLORIN injection tube  22 , and impacts against a porous plastic diffuser  25 . The NI—OX stream flows through diffuser  25 , ensuring that it is finely divided, entering the water stream as small bubbles, ensuring good mixing. Similarly, arranging the flow of the CLORIN stream so as to impact the diffuser  25  ensures good swirling of the incoming streams so that they are thoroughly mixed. Furthermore, withdrawal of the portion of the main flow by tube  23  reduces the pressure in the main tube  7 , creating a venturi pulling the gas mixture in by way of injection pipe  24 . As shown by FIG. 10( e ), the tip of the gas injection pipe  24  is notched, as indicated at  26 ; this increases the suction created by the venturi, and further ensures good mixing.  
         [0073]    While several preferred embodiments of the invention and several alternatives have been discussed in detail, those of skill in the art will recognize that further improvements thereon are possible without departure from the spirit and scope of the claims.