Abstract:
An air cooled condenser apparatus has a tubular shell having an open upper end and an open lower end, a ring of tube bundle panels disposed generally vertically and at an angle to each other, with each of the tube bundles having a primary condenser region and a secondary condenser region, and adapted for air flow therethrough to condense fluid in the panels, and configured so that air flow through the panels passes through and exits the open upper end of the shell, and a duct disposed at the ground level of the shell, and a non-condensable extraction system with active or passive devices to control the local rate of the evacuated mixture of non-condensables and attached steam.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates generally to the field of vacuum steam air cooled condensers for Power Plant, and more particularly relates to natural draft air cooled condensers. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Many types of industrial facilities, such as for example, steam power plants, require condensation of the steam as integral part of the closed steam cycle. Both wet and dry type cooling towers have been used for condensing purposes. As wet cooled systems consume a considerable amount of cooling water dry cooling systems have gained a growing market share because of their ability to save water resources. In particular, forced draught dry air-cooled condensers consisting of a multitude of fin tube heat exchangers have been known for many years. Contrary to wet cooling arrangements which are characterized by a secondary cooling water loop these systems are so-called “direct” dry systems where steam is directly condensed in the fin tube heat exchangers by air cooling. The fin tube heat exchangers are mounted with the tube center lines arranged in a position inclined to the vertical direction. The bundles are mounted to a support structure which enables cooling air to be conveyed through the fin tube heat exchangers by means of fans. Ambient air in contact with the fin tube heat exchangers condenses the steam inside the fin tubes, which then exits the heat exchanger as condensed sub-cooled liquid. Although being commercially successful over many years a disadvantage of direct dry air-cooled condensers is the power required to operate the fans, as well as fan noise which is undesirable in most situations. Currently 2 types of dry cooling are used, ACC fan assisted, and IDCT natural draft or fan assisted. 
     Another type of system is the so-called “indirect” dry cooling system. In such a system, a turbine exhaust condenser is provided, where turbine steam is condensed by means of cooling water. The cooling water is conveyed through a water duct by means of a pump to an air-cooled cooling tower which may be of wet or dry type. In the case of dry type the cooling tower consists of a multitude of air-cooled heat exchangers where the heat is rejected to the ambient air by convection. The cooling tower may be operated with fan assistance or in natural draught. The turbine exhaust condenser may for example be a surface or a jet condenser. Because of the presence of a secondary water loop, indirect dry cooling systems are not as thermally effective as direct dry systems. Another disadvantage of natural draught indirect dry cooling systems, however, is the higher investment cost as compared to the forced draught direct air cooled condenser. 
     Vacuum steam condensers are characterized by ingress of ambient air (inert gas or non-condensables). If not completely withdrawn from the heat exchangers this air will reduce the exchanger efficiency considerably because non-condensables will accumulate and create “air pockets” within the finned tubes. Consequently, effective heat exchange surface and condenser performance will be reduced. Therefore, vacuum condensers are provided with a secondary condenser arranged in reflux mode where the inert gases are extracted from the top exchanger headers of the secondary condenser bundles by special evacuation means. To safeguard that all inert gases are conveyed to these secondary condenser top headers the secondary condenser tube bundles must always be properly supplied by cooling air. Due to local fluctuations of ambient air caused by wind or other reasons natural draught cooled systems may in some instances not be able to maintain permanent secondary condenser cooling while some primary condenser sections are still cooled. This may not only lead to accumulation of inert gases and performance reduction, but also to increase of tube side corrosion as well as the danger of tube side freezing under frost conditions. As long as proper evacuation of the heat exchanger bundles is not guaranteed under all operating conditions the combination of dry condensation and natural draught cooling—although being discussed for some time—poses non-accountable risks to the operator of such equipment. 
     From the foregoing, although the present direct and indirect systems have proven advantageous, there is a need in the art for other air cooled steam condenser types which can in some cases reduce noise, cost, and/or energy consumption and, at the same time, keep the operational safety as before. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Some embodiments of the invention provide air cooled steam condensers which can in some cases reduce noise, cost, and/or energy consumption. In some embodiments, to counter air accumulation in the heat exchangers, primary and secondary condenser sections are combined in one heat exchanger bundle. Thus, local fluctuations of cooling air flow always affect primary and secondary section at the same time—so that full evacuation of air is maintained locally. 
     One of the embodiments of the present invention is an air cooled condenser apparatus with a hyperbolic or cylindrical shell having an open upper end and an open lower end, a ring of heat exchanger bundle pairs disposed generally vertically with the bundles in each pair at an angle to each other and disposed at the lower end of the shell, with each of the heat exchanger bundles comprising a primary condenser region and a secondary condenser region, and adapted for air flow therethrough to condense steam in the bundles and configured so that air flow through the bundles passes through and exits the open upper end of the shell, and a steam duct located at the bottom of the shell and an air evacuation system connected to the secondary condenser top headers. Each side of a pair may contain more than one heat exchanger bundle depending on total heat rejection requirement and shell size. 
     Another embodiment details an air cooled condenser apparatus with a ring of heat exchanger bundle pairs disposed generally vertically with the bundles in each pair at an angle to each other and disposed at the lower end of the shell, with each of the heat exchanger bundles comprising a primary condensing section and a secondary condensing section, and adapted for air flow therethrough to condense steam in the bundles, and air flow controlling means configured so that air flow through the bundles, which in some examples is especially suited for applications in frost conditions. 
     In another embodiment, an air cooled condensing method also includes providing a hyperbolic or cylindrical shell having an open upper end and an open lower end, providing more than one ring of heat exchanger bundles disposed generally vertically and at an angle to each other, with each of the bundles comprising a primary condenser region and a secondary condenser region, and adapted for air flow therethrough to condense steam in the bundles and configured so that air flow through the bundles passes through and exits the open upper end of the shell, providing a steam duct disposed at the bottom of the shell, with the duct supplying steam to the bundles. The rings of pairs of heat exchanger bundles are arranged on top of each other. Evacuation lines are supplied to withdraw accumulated air from the heat exchangers. The sides of the heat exchanger pairs may consist of more than one bundle and the air flow may be controlled by air flow controlling means. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention provides an air cooled condenser apparatus, which has a tubular shell having an open upper end and an open lower end to create a natural draught for cooling air flow, a ring of cooling panel pairs disposed generally vertically with the panels in each pair at an angle to each other and disposed at the lower end of the shell, with each of the panels comprising single row tube bundles with a primary condenser region and a secondary condenser region, and adapted for air flow therethrough to condense steam in the panels, a duct disposed on the ground level of the shell to supply steam to the tube bundles, air flow controlling devices to adapt to different operating conditions and a non-condensable extraction system that controls the local rate of the evacuated mixture of non-condensables and attached steam. 
     An embodiment of the present invention is an air cooled condenser apparatus, with a ring of cooling panel pairs disposed generally vertically with the panels in each pair at an angle to each other and disposed at the lower end of the shell, with each of the panels comprising a primary condensing means and a secondary condensing means, and adapted for air flow therethrough to condense fluid in the panels, tube bundles with more than one tube row where each row is related to either the primary or the secondary condenser section with the secondary section facing the cooling air, air directing means configured so that air flow through the panels, and a non-condensable extraction system with active or passive devices to control the local rate of the evacuated mixture of non-condensables and attached steam. 
     Yet a further embodiment provides an air cooled condensing method which provides a tubular shell having an open upper end and an open lower end to create a natural draught for cooling air flow, a ring of cooling panels disposed generally vertically and at an angle to each other, with each of the tube bundles comprising a primary condenser region and a secondary condenser region, and adapted for air flow therethrough to condense fluid in the panels, a duct disposed at the ground level of the shell. The duct supplies steam to the panels and controls the air flow rate. 
     Another embodiment provides an air cooled condenser apparatus, having a tubular shell having an open upper end and an open lower end, a ring of hybrid cooling panels disposed generally vertically in delta pairs next to each other, with each of the hybrid panels comprising a primary condenser region and a secondary condenser region, and adapted for air flow therethrough to condense fluid in the panels, wherein the ring is disposed at the lower end of the shell and configured so that air flow through the panels passes through and exits the open upper end of the shell, and a wet cooling system disposed at an interior of the shell. 
     There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, certain embodiments of the invention in order that the detailed description thereof herein may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional embodiments of the invention that will be described below and which will form the subject matter of the claims appended hereto. 
     In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of embodiments in addition to those described and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein, as well as the abstract, are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. 
     As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception upon which this disclosure is based may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic perspective view of a cooling tower having a shell and peripheral heat exchanger bundles according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of the flow through an individual heat exchanger bundle. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Some of the embodiments of the invention provide air cooled steam condensers which can in some cases reduce noise, cost, and/or energy consumption. Some preferred embodiments will now be described in detail with reference to the drawing figures, in which like reference numbers refer to like parts throughout. 
     Referring first to  FIG. 1 , an air cooled condenser system  10  is provided. The system comprises a vertical hollow tubular shell  12 . The tower shell  12  may be hyperbolic or may have straight or inclined sides, and may be manufactured from re-enforced concrete, steel or other suitable construction materials. The shell has an open top region  14 , as well as a base inlet region  16 . The base inlet region  16  is spaced vertically above the terrain or ground level. 
     Surrounding the periphery of the inlet region  16  is a condenser ring  18 . The condenser ring  18  includes an essentially horizontal roof  20 , and under the roof  20  is provided an array of two-pass condenser bundles  22 . The condenser bundles  22  are also referred to herein as tube bundles, or tube panels. The tube panels  22  are vertically arranged outside the circumference of the tower shell  12  at ground level in a ring structure. The panels  22  are angled relative to each other to form a plurality of triangular deltas when viewed in plan view. The configuration can also be thought of as a zigzag or pleated type configuration. The provision of the triangular delta layout provides a benefit of increasing the face area that is provided for a given circumference, compared to simply arranging the panels in a proximately circular arrangement. Depending on the size of the cooling tower the panels  22  may consist of more than one tube bundle. 
     Although a single generally circular ring of delta-angled panels  22  is shown, in some embodiments there may be more than one concentric ring located at the base of the shell  12  under the roof  20 . In large units with high cooling tower shells, the exchanger deltas may be arranged in more than one bundle ring on top of each other. One tower may serve more than one steam turbine, or vice versa. 
     Also shown in  FIG. 1 , in some optional embodiments of the apparatus, a wet cooling section  50  may be disposed at the interior of the shell  12  so that after air passes through the tube panels  22 , it also passes through the wet cooling section  50 . In addition, although one ring of tube panels  22  is illustrated in  FIG. 1 , in other embodiments multiple rings of panels  22  may be stacked upon each other at the base of the shell  12 . 
     It will be appreciated that as air enters the tube bundles, as indicated by the arrow A in  FIG. 1 , it will pass through the bundles thereby condensing the steam, and the air itself will become warmed as it passes under the roof  20  and enters the interior of the shell  12 . Thus, the warmed air will tend to rise and therefore will exhaust the shell upper end opening  14  via the arrow labeled B. This can be referred to as a natural draft phenomenon. Due to the natural draft, it is possible to omit the need for fans and their associated complexity and power consumption. To control the amount of air flow, louvers (not shown) are eventually provided on some or all of the bundles  22 . 
     It is desirable in some instances to locate the tube bundles  22  as low as possible in the overall installation to maximize the draft height for natural draft for a given tower height. Further, the relatively large number of panels  22  compared to the circumference of the tower base allows the provision of relatively small steam feeder headers, at the top of each of the bundles, using relatively small manifolds, which reduces expansion on the entire manifold and header system, thus reducing the need to install expansion joints. 
     Turning to  FIG. 2 , the flow arrangement through an example of a single tube bundle  22  is illustrated. In particular, a turbine  30  provides a steam feed duct  32  to a primary cooling condenser section  34 . Steam is primarily condensed by air passing through the panel  22 . Steam flow through the primary section  34  is shown by the arrows labeled  36 . The partially condensed steam then enters a secondary condenser structure  40 . There, the condensation process is completed so that a condensate  42  is extracted from the bundle bottom header  46 , and any non-condensables  44  are also extracted from the secondary condenser  40  top header  45 . By virtue of this arrangement, both “primary” and “secondary” condenser functions are provided, which enhances efficiency, and further an overall tube bundle structure  22  is provided which imparts heat to the ambient air making it more buoyant. Additionally the shell  12  provides a natural draft due to the density and pressure head difference between the ambient air surrounding the shell  12  and the heated air after passing through condenser ring  18  occupying the space inside shell  12 , thereby avoiding the energy costs and other disadvantages that can be associated with fans. The operation of the primary and secondary condenser components associated with each of the panels  22  will now be described in more detail. 
     To overcome the effect of uneven cooling air flow rates each exchanger bundle  22 , as discussed above, comprises a primary pass  34  and a secondary pass  40 . This has the effect that all tubes within a bundle will face approximately the same air speed because the width of individual bundles with a range of maximum 2-3 m is very small compared to the tower dimensions. Therefore, air flow or cooling temperature variations on a larger scale will not affect the local inert gas extraction. Performance parameters, such as ambient temperature and air velocity, are the same for both primary and secondary condenser pass, so that the steam extraction capacity of the secondary is maintained on a local base. This reduces or eliminates possible stagnation zones in the primary pass. 
     Variations of air side operating parameters around the tower result in variations of exit pressure of the secondary bundles, from which the non-condensables are extracted. To enable all secondary bundle exit headers to be evacuated in parallel, e.g., the evacuation piping may be fitted with flow restriction elements (passive means) to keep non-condensable plus remaining steam velocity variations low. Another option is to provide a number of temperature controlled automatic valves (active means) in the evacuation piping which are closed when steam is flowing through the pipe. Thus local air pockets will not arise and block the heat exchange surface. When the extraction temperature is reduced the valves open again. As a further alternative, these valves may also be directly controlled by temperature gauges. In extreme wind conditions, more than one evacuation system may be the best solution. 
     To avoid steam side maldistribution and development of stagnation zones typical for multi-row fin tube systems, the bundles are designed preferably with single row tubes. This has the consequence that the secondary part may be designed smaller than in multi-row arrangements. This leads to augmentation of total cooling performance because secondary condensers are characterized by poorer performance than primary condensers. However, as an alternative, properly row wise performance adjusted multi-row systems may be used. 
     To control the air flow rate the cooling deltas are equipped with louvers. As an alternative, the louvers per delta may be divided into two (or more) separate controllable parts covering upper and lower range of the delta face area. If performance reduction is needed, part of the louvers, e.g., 50%, may be closed leaving the remaining primary and secondary percentage operative. Thus, still the full evacuation performance of the secondary pass is maintained. The area blocked by louvers is kept warm by non-condensed steam. 
     For extreme cold conditions at least some bundles may be designed as pure reflux systems with steam entering only from the bottom. Only these bundles will be operated in extremely cold conditions and low steam load while all two pass bundles are de-activated by louvers or alternatively, on the steam side by means of steam valves. 
     The main ducts from the turbine exhaust are preferably arranged on the ground. This reduces the cost of ducting support. The risers conveying steam to the individual tube bundles require only a small diameter and will exert only small forces due to temperature variations. Therefore, no expansion joints are needed. 
     The center area of the tower is normally free from structures, depending on the preferred duct arrangement. So a flue gas stack may be fitted within the tower shell if required. 
     Alternatively, with a shell center free from structures, a parallel wet cooling system  50  may be arranged internally for peak heat load applications. The wet cooling system will reject the heat coming from either a parallel turbine exhaust surface condenser or a second unit. Alternatively, part of the tower circumference may be used as cross-flow wet cooler and the remaining part as dry condenser, as described above. The size of wet and dry sections may be designed for plume abatement. 
     In a further embodiment of the invention, the air inlet is fitted with a water spray system to reduce the effective cooling temperature at hot summer conditions. 
     In a further embodiment of the invention, air guiding walls may be fitted internally and externally to reduce the effect of uneven air flow. Especially the crossing of strong wind through the tower base from one side to the other may be stopped by blocking or guiding structures within the tower shell. 
     The many features and advantages of the invention are apparent from the detailed specification, and thus, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such features and advantages of the invention which fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and variations will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation illustrated and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.