Abstract:
According to the invention, the diode with a single crystal phosphor placed over the chip comprises the fact that the single crystal phosphor, created by LnYAG and/or YAP and/or GGAG hosts, doped with the atoms selected from the Ce 3+ , Ti, Cr 3+ , Sm 2+ , B 3+ , Gd 3+  or Ga 3+  group, when the Lu 3+ , Y 3+  and Al 3+  atoms can be replaced in the host up to the amount of 99.9% with the B 3+ , Gd 3+  or Ga 3+  atoms. The composition and manner of production of the phosphor, treatment and shape of its surface and construction of the whole diode ensure the extraction of the converted light in the direction from the chip itself of the diode towards the object that is being illuminated and limit the total reflection effect on the interface of the single crystal phosphor and encapsulant or single crystal phosphor and surrounding environment.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention refers to efficient white light emitting diodes with the power above 0.5 W and luminous flux above 40 lm when utilizing the phosphor technology to convert light. Furthermore, the invention involves the optimizing of the single crystal phosphor, its composition and shape, its production technology and diode construction arrangement. 
       DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART 
       [0002]    The structure of the standard white light emitting diodes (also only as “W-LED”) does not allow to emit the while light directly but is based on composing the blue (450 to 470 nm maximally) and the yellow (550 nm maximally), or, possibly, the red component of the colour spectrum (EP0936682 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,600,175 patents). In the most common arrangement, it is the structure with an InGaN chip with quantum holes, emitting blue light with emission peak between 455 to 470 nm, when quantum efficiency of the chip decreases towards the longer wavelengths and with the increasing portion of InN in the chip. The yellow component is obtained with a partial downconversion of the blue light emitted by the chip with the aid of fluorescent material that is called “phosphor”. Regarding its outstanding properties, what is used in most applications as the phosphor is (Y 1-a ,Gd a ) 3 (Al 1-b Ga b ) 5 O 12 :Ce 3+ , where 0&lt;a&lt;1, 0&lt;b&lt;1, —yttrium-aluminium garnet doped with cerium, or possibly with gallium or gadolinium (further on only as YAG:Ce). Blue light photons absorbed in this material are converted with up to 100% efficiency due to the Stokes shift into photons with lower energy and emission peak at 55 nm (EP0936682 patent). The amount of converted blue photons is directly proportionate to the Ce 3+  atoms concentration in the material. 
         [0003]    All these phosphors are applied over the diode in the forms of a layer of powder or poly-crystalline ceramics with the grain size of hundreds of nanometres up to tens of micrometers (U.S. Pat. No. 8,133,461, WO/2008/051486A1). The phosphor can be placed either in a thin layer directly over the InGaN chip or can be dispersed in the epoxy or silicone optics over the chip. Of utmost importance is the even distribution of the phosphor in dependence on the light angle of the blue light from the chip to preserve the colour homogeneity of the resulting light. 
         [0004]    When deposing the light converting phosphor it is vital to keep the homogeneous distribution of the phosphor so that the colour temperature of light should not be dependent on the angle of the light. In all stated cases, however, the commonly used powder phosphor suffers from a range of shortcomings, such as backscattering, temperature extinction and thermal degradation. 
         [0005]    The phenomenon of backscattering of the light on the phosphor grains of the size exceeding 500 nm causes a significant decrease in the light intensity in the desired direction. The Rayleigh scattering of light on the phosphor grains with smaller size than the light wavelength results in the deflection of the photons in various directions and back too in the undesirable direction towards the chip. If the number of these scattering centres is large, the intensity of the backscattered light is not negligible and may be in tens of percent of the total intensity. Subsequently, the backscattered light is absorbed in the individual parts of the diode and contributes to its further warming-up. This phenomenon can be reduced by decreasing the grains size to the size which is lower than the light wavelength which makes them invisible for the individual photons and the light can penetrate through them more easily. However, the decreasing size of the powders results in the drop in the conversion efficiency of the phosphor due to the increasing influence of defects on the surface of the individual grains. 
         [0006]    A significant problem of the standard diodes is the warming-up of the chip and phosphor in the course of operation. The heat is generated by the InGaN chip itself, whose efficiency is approximately 30%, and it originates too in the phosphor during the conversion of light towards longer wavelengths during the Stokes shift. The phosphor can be locally exposed to the temperature of up to 200° C., which results in the decrease in the luminescent efficiency of the phosphor (the ratio of the absorbed blue and emitted yellow photons), this is called temperature extinction of the phosphor. The extinction shows the most with the phosphor of the smallest-size grains. The internal part of the grains is monocrystalline, however, on their surface there is a large number of defects and related surface faults of the lattice structure resulting both from the working and from the natural character of the material, These defects function as no-light emission recombination centres which significantly decrease the conversion efficiency of the phosphor. Phosphor extinction shows with the concentration exceeding 0.5 at % Ce 3+  in the YAG host. Larger concentrations of Ce 3+  are used at the same time to decrease the volume of the powder phosphor and to reduce the backscattering effect. 
         [0007]    Equally, the increased temperature significantly increases the thermal degradation of the individual parts of the diode. Silicone polymers, the most commonly used encapsulant and lens materials of efficient W-LEDs, are relatively stable. Despite of this, the thermal influence causes the encapsulant material decomposition and the creation of optically active defects on the border of the microcrystalline grain of the phosphor and encapsulant. These defects contribute to the decrease of the total radiated power and further diode warming-up. 
         [0008]    One manner of solving the problems related to heat generation is something that is called “remote phosphor” (WO/2010/143086A1: EP2202444; WO/2012/092175A1; WO/2009/134433A3), when the converting material of the phosphor powder is dispersed onto a larger surface and located outside the direct contact with the InGaN chip. For example, it is deposited in a thin layer onto the optically permeable plate located in the blue light beam emitted by the chip or located onto the internal wall of the external lamp sheath so that at least some portion of the blue light is converted towards the longer wavelengths. 
         [0009]    The solution to the major drawbacks of powder and polycrystalline ceramic materials is the use of transparent single crystal phosphor. The monocrystalline layer also significantly decreases the scattering of light in comparison with the polycrystalline phosphor and eliminates the effect of undesirable backscattering. The patents (WO2009/126272) of the CREE company depict the use of monocrystalline layers of the Y 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce 3+ , Tb 3-x RE x O 12 :Ce 3+  or Sr 2-x-y Ba x Ca y SiO 4 :Eu phosphors, prepared by epitaxial methods or by the method of extracting the rotating crystal from the melt, both directly on the InGaN chip and on the substrate from which it is subsequently transferred above the InGaN chip. In case of the (WO2009/126272) patent the single crystal phosphor is always rigidly connected with the chip so that better outcoupling of the generated light from the chip is achieved, with the refractive index exceeding 2.4. In case of light transition directly into the single crystal phosphor with the refractive index minimally 1.7 it is possible to obtain more light from the chip than with the commonly used encapsulant which has refractive index between 1.4 and 1.6. The thickness of the epitaxial layer, prepared by the Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE) methods, is however limited by several tens of micrometers and to obtain sufficient light absorption from the chip, the layer must by strongly doped with Ce 3+ . Due to the cerium atom size, the high doping agent concentrations result in the increased number of defects which decrease the luminescent efficiency of the resulting layer. The (WO2009/126272) patent describes too the possibility of doping the phosphor with several various doping agents in some regions over the InGaN chip itself so that the better colour rendition of the resulting white diode is achieved due to the broader colour spectrum emission. 
         [0010]    The patent (WO 2009/126272) specifies the utilization of circular monocrystalline plates of the 0.5 to 1 mm thickness and of the 6 mm diameter as the phosphor. The phosphor surface can be cut, textured or planarised. According to the patent (WO 2009/126272), to achieve the spatially more homogeneous colour rendition, foreign particles are added in the phosphor itself or to the encapsulating material, functioning as scattering centres, however, the type of the useable material is not specified in any single example. The single crystal phosphor always at least partially covers the chip and a portion of light is converted through it. 
         [0011]    Furthermore, this patent (WO 2009/126272) mentions the use of a single crystal on the basis of YAG:Ce 3+  as a self-supporting substrate for the preparation of semi-conductor structures on the basis of InGaN which could result in the decrease in the total internal reflection in the semi-conductor chip itself with the refractive index of 2.5, which is, however, not feasible in practice due to the different lattice constant of both the materials. The difference in lattice constant of both the materials, that is 12.01A for single crystal YAG and 5.185A for GaN up to 5.69 A for InN, will lead to a massive creation of internal defects and dislocations in the InGaN chip and to a significant deterioration of operational properties and stability. 
         [0012]    The patent attempts to solve the application of light-converting structures on the basis of the single crystal phosphor which shows better properties than its powder variants and deals with the arrangement of chip fitting with the phosphor. 
         [0013]    In the stated patent (U.S. 2008/0283864), the single crystal phosphor from the materials on the basis of Y 3 Al 5 O 12 , Ca x Sr y Mg 1-x-y AlSiN 3 , Sr 2-x Ba x Sia l SiAION, Y 2 O 2 S or La 2 O 2 S, produced from melt by the Czochralski or Bridgeman methods, is used in the form of light-converting structures with planar surfaces which is fixed onto the chip with a silicone adhesive layer. According to this patent, the single crystal phosphor with the thickness of 10 nm to 200 μm achieves cerium doping in the range of 0.1 up to 20% or 0.5 up to 20% of europium. 
         [0014]    Thus it proposes to adjust the phosphor shape and size so that the chip could be spatially fitted with the phosphor, the phosphor surface can be textured, roughened or shaped differently to decrease the total reflexion phenomenon. The single crystal phosphor can too be complemented with one more optical element for the better outcoupling of light from the chip. 
         [0015]    According to this patent too, the polished single crystal phosphor can be utilized as the substrate for the semi-conductor chip production. It includes too the preparation of the single crystal phosphor layer on the semi-conductor chip itself with the method of thin layers preparation and the opposite procedure where the semi-conductor chip is prepared by growing with classical methods on a polished layer of the single crystal phosphor. Nevertheless, in both the stated cases the problem is the different value of the material lattice constant, leading during the growing process to the creation of internal defects, such as dislocations. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0016]    According to the invention, the white light emitting diode with single crystal phosphor located over the chip selected from the InGaN. GaN or AIGaN group comprises the fact that the single crystal phosphor is created on the basis of the hosts with the chemical composition LuYAG /(Lu,Y) 3 Al 5 O 12 / and/or YAP /YAlO 3 / and/or GGAG /Gd 3 (Al,Ga) 5 O 12 / doped with atoms selected from the Ce 3+ , Ti 3+ , Cr 3+ , Eu 2+ , Sm 2+ , B 3+ , C, Gd 3+ or Ga 3+ group. 
         [0017]    The single crystal phosphor contains hosts on the basis of (Lu x ,Y 1-x ) 3 Al 5 O 12 , where X is 0.01 to 0.99 or YAlO 3 , doped with Ce 3+ , Ti 3+ ; Cr 3+ , Eu 2+ , Sm 2+ , B 3+ , wherein the Lu 3+ , Y 3-  and Al 3+ atoms are replaced in the hosts with the B 3+ , Gd 3+  or Ga 3+  atoms in the amount of 0.01 to 99.9 wt %. 
         [0018]    The concentration of Ce 3+  in the single crystal phosphor ranges between 0.02 to 0.5 wt % and/or the concentration of Sm 2+  ranges between 0.01 to 3 wt % and/or the concentration of Eu 2+  ranges between 0.001 to 1 wt % and/or the concentration of Ti 3+  ranges between 0.05 to wt 5% and/or the concentration of Cr 3+  ranges between 0.01 to 2 wt %. 
         [0019]    The single crystal phosphor preferably contains induced colour centres on oxygen vacancies with emission peaks at 410 nm and 615 nm. 
         [0020]    The single crystal phosphor is preferably provided with minimally one more layer of a complementing phosphor on the basis of aluminates from the (Lu,Y) 3 Al 5 O 12 , Y 3 Al 5 O 12 , YAlO 3  or Al 2 O 3  group, doped with rare earths. 
         [0021]    The single crystal phosphor is preferably created with minimally one layer consisting of (Lu,Y) 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce3+ with the concentration of Ce 3+  0.01 up to 0.5 wt % and minimally with one more layer composed of YAlO 3 :Ti 3+  with the concentration of Ti 3+  0.1 up to 5 wt %. 
         [0022]    The phosphor surface, averted from the chip, ensures the extraction of converted light in the direction from the diode InGaN chip itself towards the object that is being illuminated and, therefore, there are attempts to limit the total reflection effect on the interface of the single crystal phosphor and encapsulant or the single crystal phosphor and the external environment. The following manner of phosphor treatment and the final white light emitting diode structure contribute to the limitation. 
         [0023]    The manner of single crystal diode phosphor production in accordance with the invention consists furthermore in that that the single crystal phosphor is created from the monocrystalline ingot grown from the melt with a method selected from the Czochralski, HEM, Badgasarov, Kyropoulos or EFG group and, the slabs are cut with a diamond disk saw or with pulse laser, water jet with abrasive or their combination into individual single crystal phosphor plates with the external side of 1 to 5 mm and are provided with grooves or cut-outs in the places of electrical chip contacting with gold or silver wire. 
         [0024]    The monocrystalline ingot can also be cut into monocrystalline cubes with the sides of 1.5 to 10 mm. The monocrystalline cubes are subsequently worked to obtain the shape of spherical caps with the radius of 0.5 up to 5 mm, which are then located at least partially over the semi-conductor chip. 
         [0025]    The surface of the slabs or spherical caps of the single crystal phosphor averted from the chip is roughened with scratches orientated sand blasting with Al 2 O 3 , SiC, diamond with the grain size of 0.1 to 5 micrometers or is cut in the range R a =0.8 to 5 μm or is chemically and mechanically treated with HF, H 3 PO 4 , H 3 PO 4  +H 2 SO 4  or HNO 3  HCl acids or is etched in the NaOH, KOH, KHSO 4  or borax melt or is plasma-etched with fluorides or bromides. 
         [0026]    Laser, water jet with abrasive or mechanical micro-drilling creates in the monocrystalline slab scattering centres in the shape of holes with the diameter of 20 to 40 μm, whose mean distance is between 50 to 300 μm and which serve as the scattering centre for converted light. 
         [0027]    The single crystal phosphor surface in the shape of a plate or spherical cap averted from the chip is polished and, then, provided with an anti-reflex layer on the side in the direction of the extracted light. 
         [0028]    A layer of crushed monocrystalline ingot is preferably applied in silicone encapsulant or with plasma deposition on the surface of the single crystal phosphor in the shape of a plate or spherical cap, averted from the chip. 
         [0029]    The lateral single crystal phosphor plate edges are preferably chamfered under the 45° angle and serve as reflex surfaces for the light spontaneously emitted into the sides. 
         [0030]    The internal surface of the single crystal phosphor in the shape of a plate or spherical cap nearer the chip is preferably polished by working with Al 2 O 3  or diamond and is treated with a reflex layer for wavelengths exceeding 500 nm and the surface averted from the single crystal phosphor chip is roughened and/or provided with scattering centres in case it is in the shape of a plate. 
         [0031]    The light emitting diode where the single crystal phosphor has the afore mentioned composition and is produced and adjusted according to the afore mentioned procedures and is in the shape of a plate or spherical cap, is fixed to the chip with transparent silicone. 
         [0032]    The single crystal phosphor is preferably separated physically from the chip and there is a light conducting silicon layer with the refractive index of minimally 1.5 between the chip and the single crystal phosphor and the single crystal phosphor is physically connected with the cooler to optimize the withdrawal of the generated heat away from the phosphor itself. 
         [0033]    The diode preferably contains minimally one chip and minimally one single crystal phosphor and the chips and single crystal phosphor are the same or different. The diode can also contain minimally 2 chips and one single crystal phosphor. The diode can contain minimally 2 chips, when minimally one chip is fitted with the single crystal phosphor according to the invention and minimally one chip emits light with the peak between 600 to 700 nm. 
         [0034]    The single crystal phosphor on the basis of (Lu,Y) 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce (LuYAG:Ce) has the main absorption peak shifted up to 445 nm, in comparison with the YAG:Ce material where it is at 460 nm, in dependence on the Y and Lu atoms ratio, and is better suited for the InGaN chips emitting in this area, see FIG. A- 1 . It also enables to change the emitting maximum of the phosphor in the area from 535 to 555 nm, depending on the Lu and Y atoms ratio, so that the CR1 value is maximized. In doing so, the conversion efficiency of the phosphor does not change at all. 
         [0035]    In comparison with the YAG:Ce material, patented in the current patents, the utilization of the phosphor on the basis of LuYAG:Ce, emitting green light, results in better coverage of the whole visible spectrum and when combining with another phosphor for red light or with another red light source in the area above 600 it results in the colour rendition index values exceeding 95. The material also shows high thermal luminescence stability and resistance against temperature extinction, up to the 700 K temperatures. 
         [0036]    The single crystal phosphor on the basis of Gd 3 (Al,Ga) 5 O 12 :Ce (GGAG:Ce) has the main absorption maximum shifted up to the area around 440 nm thanks to which it can be combined with corresponding InGaN chips with emission peaks below 450 nm, for which the YAG:Ce material does not have sufficient absorption. Such InGaN chips are also more stable in the broader range of the through-passing flow than the chips emitting to 460 nm and show a higher quantum efficiency. The light spectrum emitted by the single crystal phosphor on the basis of Gd 3 (Al,Ga) 5 O 12 :Ce is identical with the phosphor on the basis of YAG:Ce. In combination with the red complementing phosphor or a diode emitting in the red area it is possible to obtain light with colour rendition index CRI better than 90. When compared to the YAG material, the single crystal on the basis of GGAG has also the advantage of being more easily workable since the GGAG hardness is 7.5 in the Mohs scale of hardness and in case of the single crystal YAG it is 8.5. 
         [0037]    The single crystal phosphor on the YAlO 3  (YAP) host basis enables to obtain completely new phosphor kinds which cannot be efficiently produced in the powder form since the perovskite phase is less preferable compared to the garnet phase and the preparation of the pure perovskite phase in the powder form is virtually impossible. However, when preparing the material from melt, the conditions for growth can be established in such a manner that the resulting single crystal is composed of the perovskite phase only. YAP based phosphors deliver efficiencies comparable with YAG based fluorescent materials when the shifted lattice parameters of YAP compared to YAG shift the absorption and emission of most dopants for even several hundred nm, for example YAP:Ce emits light with the 370 nm peak compared to YAG:Ce with the 555 nm peak. The YAP:Ti material emits in the orange colour spectrum area with the emission peak near 580 nm and absorption in the area of 410 to 500 nm. 
         [0038]    The significantly smaller ratio between the phosphor volume and surface in comparison with the single crystal phosphors powder versions also contributes to the significantly higher resistance of the phosphor and encapsulant interface. 
         [0039]    The manner of single crystal phosphor production according to the invention increases the total extraction intensity of the light being extracted from the phosphor which is accomplished by limiting the total reflection influence on the interface of the single crystal phosphor and silicon polymer I epoxy optics or internal environment. 
         [0040]    Limiting the total reflection influence and increasing the extraction intensity in the desirable direction can be accomplished in several manners. One of the options is the treatment of the single crystal phosphor surface averted from the chip in such a way that it contains surface unevennesses of the size corresponding minimally to the extracted light wavelength. The defects of a significantly smaller size than the yellow light wavelength remain almost invisible for this light due to the influence of the light wave character, there occurs only the Rayleigh scattering. 
         [0041]    Another option is to induce scattering centres in the material in the form of defined monocrystalline material absence, changing randomly the direction of penetrating beams, which significantly decreases the amount of total reflections inside the single crystal phosphor. The scattering centres ( 22 ) can be created with bubbles or other defined material structures inside the material, prepared during the single crystal growth phase with the EFG method, for example, or during the single crystal working. The single crystal phosphor can also function as the optics itself above one or several semi-conductor chips. For example FIG. A- 2 , where there is no need for other silicone, epoxy or mirror optics ( 31 ) to make light homogeneous. This is accomplished by having the phosphor side averted from the chip ( 23 . 1 ) in the shape of the spherical cap so that the transformed light impinges on the phosphor and surrounding environment interface as near the perpendicular line as possible and increases the total extraction performance at the expense of the light, trapped in the phosphor due to the total reflection effect ( 43 . 2 ). 
         [0042]    In comparison with the so far patented procedures, the material used as the single crystal phosphor is the material enabling the efficient use of the InGaN chips with the emission peak even below 460 nm which makes it possible to obtain a diode with up to 5% higher luminescent efficiency (lm/W) in comparison with the standard diodes and it covers too the visible light area below 450 nm. The phosphor is also used as the optics itself of the efficient white light emitting diode which simplifies the construction of the whole device. The single crystal phosphor with optimized external phosphor surface, averted from the chip, also delivers significantly higher external luminescent efficiency, higher ratio of the extracted light from the phosphor and of the light absorbed by the phosphor, in comparison with all the so far utilized solutions. There is too a significant decrease in the reverse light reflection causing the chip and phosphor warming-up which extends the real time of diode durability since there does not occur such intensive thermal degradation of the phosphor material itself, nor the degradation of the phosphor and silicone lens interface. 
     
    
     
       LIST OF PICTURES 
         [0043]    A- 1  Normalized YAG:Ce, LuAG:Ce and GGAG:Ce materials absorption spectra 
           [0044]    A- 2  Light emitting diode with a single crystal phosphor 
           [0045]    B- 1  Single crystal phosphor spherical caps production procedure 
           [0046]    B- 2  Light emitting diode with a single crystal phosphor in the shape of spherical cap with contact openings 
           [0047]    B- 3   a  Single crystal phosphor plates production procedure 
           [0048]    B- 3   b  Single crystal phosphor plates with opening for chip contacting 
           [0049]    B- 3   c  Single crystal phosphor plates layout on supporting foil 
           [0050]    B- 3   d  Single crystal phosphor plates layout on supporting foil 
           [0051]    B- 3   e  Single crystal phosphor plates layout on supporting foil 
           [0052]    B- 3   f  Light emitting diode with a single crystal phosphor in the form of a plate 
           [0053]    B- 7   a  Single crystal phosphor with scattering centres in the form of holes 
           [0054]    B- 7   b  Light emitting diode with a single crystal phosphor with induced scattering centres in the form of holes 
           [0055]    B- 8   a  Light emitting diode with a separated and cooled single crystal phosphor and anti-reflex layer 
           [0056]    B- 8   b  Light emitting diode with more chips and a separated and cooled single crystal phosphor and anti-reflex layer 
           [0057]    B- 9  Light emitting diode with more chips and a separated single crystal phosphor in the form of spherical cap 
           [0058]    B- 10  Light emitting diode with a separated single crystal phosphor in the form of spherical cap 
           [0059]    B- 12   a  Light emitting diode with a combination of more phosphors in the form of spherical caps 
           [0060]    B- 12   b  Light emitting diode with a combination of more phosphors in the form of plates 
           [0061]    B- 13  Light emitting diode with a single crystal phosphor in the form of a plate over more chips 
           [0062]    B- 14  Light emitting diode with a single crystal phosphor and consisting of more layers 
       
    
    
     REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 
       [0000]    
       
           10  White light emitting diode 
           11  Supporting pad 
           12  Reflecting mirror 
           13  Chip 
           14  Cooler 
           15  Heat conducting paste 
           16  Cathode 
           17  Anode 
           18  Wire 
           19  Metal conducting layer 
           20  Powder phosphor 
           21  Single crystal phosphor 
           21 . 1  Plate 
           21 . 2  Spherical cap 
           22  Scattering centre 
           23 . 1  Emitting phosphor surface (averted from chip) 
           23 . 2  Non-active phosphor surface (towards chip) 
           24  Supplementary chip 
           31  Silicone polymer 
           32  Anti-reflex layer 
           33  Reflex layer 
           41  Light from chip 
           42  Luminescent centre 
           43 . 1  Light from phosphor (in desirable direction) 
           43 . 2  Lost light 
           51  Monocrystalline ingot 
           52  Monocrystalline slab 
           53  Monocrystalline cubes 
           54  Supporting foil 
       
     
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Production of Half-Balls (B- 1  Scheme) 
       [0092]    The melt for the preparation of the monocrystalline ingot  51  for the production of the single crystal phosphor  21  was in the stoichiometric composition of the resulting monocrystalline ingot  51  (Lu 0,6 Y 0,4 ) 3 Al 5 O 12  with 1 wt. % of cerium oxide CeO 2 . Regarding the CeO 2  concentration in the melt and the developing monocrystalline ingot  51 , the distribution coefficient is 10 to 1. The Ce 3+  dopant concentration is then only 10% of the current Ce 3+  concentration in the melt. This phenomenon manifests itself by the increasing Ce 3+  concentration towards the end of the monocrystalline ingot  51  where, in case of the classical Czochralski method, it can double in comparison to its beginning, and, equally, the concentration of microscopic and macroscopic defects increases towards the crystal end. To maintain the colour rendition of the resulting diode, the resulting shape or size of the single crystal phosphor would have to be adjusted. In case of the monocrystalline ingot  51  prepared by the method according to WO2012110009 the ingot was prepared in the (111) orientation with the weight of 4.7 kg from the melt with the initial weight of 18 kg, whereas in this case the Ce 3  concentration variation was negligible in the monocrystalline ingot  51 . 
         [0093]    The monocrystalline ingot  51  was subsequently cut with a diamond disk saw into monocrystalline cubes  53  with 3 mm edges. Then they were gradually cut in grinding mills for precious stones working into a spherical shape with the diameter of 1.7 mm. The emitting surface  23 . 1  of the spherical caps  21 . 2  was worked during the production to obtain the roughness R a =1 m. This achieves the homogeneous light extraction in all the directions. The 1.7 mm diameter balls were cemented en mass with wax onto a holder for working. Subsequently they were gradually cut off from one side until one half of the material was removed. The non-active surface  23 . 2  of the spherical caps  21 . 2  was polished with a diamond suspension. The holder with polished spherical caps  21 . 2  was transported into a steaming apparatus and the non-active surface  23 . 2  of the spherical caps  21 . 2  was subsequently provided with a reflex optic layer  33  consisting of 6 thin layers of SiO 2 -TiO 2  with the total thickness of 4 micrometers. The individual spherical caps  21 . 2  were subsequently de-cemented in a thermal bath from the holder. The production procedure complied with the process in FIG. B- 1 . 
       EXAMPLE 2 
     Application of Half-Balls (FIG. B- 2 ) 
       [0094]    The single crystal phosphor  21  of the Gd 3 (Al 0,4 ,Ga 0,6 ) 5 O 12 :Ce 3+  composition, produced from the monocrystalline ingot  51  prepared with the Kyropoulos method, was mechanically worked using the crystal working technology in compliance with Example 1 into the spherical cap  21 . 2  shape with the diameter of 1.4 mm. The emitting surface  23 . 1  of the single crystal phosphor  21  in the spherical cap  21 . 2  shape was worked with the median roughness value of Ra=0,7 μm. The single crystal phosphor  21  was fixed to the InGaN chip  13  with a transparent silicone polymer  31  with the refractive index minimally 1.5 to increase the optical outcoupling of light from the chip  13  towards the single crystal phosphor  21  and to cover the whole surface of the chip  13  (FIG. B- 2 ). Cut-outs were created with laser in the spherical cap  21 . 2  in the place of contacting the cathode  16  and anode  17  of the InGaN chip  13 . The non-active surface of the phosphor  23 . 2  was polished and provided with a reflex layer  33  on the basis of SiO 2 -TiO 2  for wavelengths exceeding 500 nm. The phosphor light  43 , 1  extracted from the single crystal phosphor  21  was evenly directionally restricted to the angle of 180° in the direction from the chip  13  itself. The whole above described assembly of the white light emitting diode  10  was located on an aluminium cooler  14 . The white light emitting diode  10  with the single crystal phosphor  21  in the shape of the spherical cap  21 . 1  showed excellent colour homogeneity of the resulting light, independent of the light angle. The resulting diode gave the impression of white colour with the CR 1  value=80.5 and colour temperature CT=6 230 K. 
       EXAMPLE 3 
     Production of Plates (FIG. B- 3   a ) 
       [0095]    Monocrystalline ingots  51  were prepared according to the WO2012110009 method and in compliance with Example 1 with a (Lu 0,5 ,Y 0.5 ) 3 Al 5 O 12  host and 0.1 wt % Ce 3+  concentration doping. The used basic materials were Al 2 O 3  and Lu 2 O 3  and Y 2 O 3  in the stoichiometric ratio and with purity of minimally 99.995%, the doping was inserted with the CeO 2  cerium oxide with the volume of 1 wt % and purity 99.999%. The prepared monocrystalline ingot  51  from the Y 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce 3+  material had its crystal beginning and end removed with a diamond disk saw. Subsequently, it was rounded around its circumference to obtain the uniform diameter of 110 nm. The rounded monocrystalline ingot  51  was fixed to the pad with epoxy and located within the space of the wire saw. It was cut with the diamond grain wire saw into slabs with the thickness of 0.15 mm. The individual slabs were subsequently boiled out in the HNO 3  and HCl acid mixture to remove the deposits of cement, cooling liquid and abrasive materials. 
         [0096]    The monocrystalline slabs  52  were inspected and checked in crossed polarizers and under the UV discharge lamp to detect the presence of internal defects. The dopant content was checked by measuring the emission spectrums in randomly selected slabs. Holes with the dimension of B 1 =150 μm and B 2 =200 μm in compliance with FIG. B- 7   a  were drilled by pulse laser into the monocrystalline slabs  52  so that after locating the phosphor, the InGaN chip  13  itself could be contacted from above with the golden wire  18 . The monocrystalline slab was subsequently placed onto the supporting foil  54  with UV-sensitive adhesive which was stretched in a frame, ensuring the positioning in the “pick-and-place” feeder of the automatic machine. 
         [0097]    Then the slabs  52  were cut with the Nd:YAG laser into plates with sides defined by the chip size (A 1 =1.1 mm and A 2 =1.1 mm) (FIG. B- 3   b ). The dimensions of the holes and plates  21 . 1  can be varied, only the arrangement of the plates  21 . 1  on the supporting foil  54  depends on size of the chip  13  and the manner of its contacting. The arrangement was in accordance with FIG. B- 3   c  in case of the chips  13  contacted in the corner or in accordance with FIGS. B- 3   d  or B- 3   e  in case of the chips  13  contacted in a different place of the chip  13 . Arbitrary combination and number of these cut-outs, as well as the orientation of the individual plates  21 . 1 , are technologically equivalent. The individual plates  21 . 1  remained rigidly fixed onto the supporting foil  54  until being illuminated with UV light which caused the degradation of the abrasive. The frame with the plates  21 . 2  was then placed into the holder with a vacuum or mechanical manipulator and the individual slabs  21 . 1  were subsequently placed with the “pick-and-place” handling automatic machine into the exactly defined position over the InGaN chip  13  so that the cut-outs in the monocrystalline plates  21 . 1  were in the positions of contacting the chip  13  with golden wires  18 . The plates  21 . 1  were fixed to the chip  13  and monocrystalline supporting foil  11  with adhesive silicone polymer  31  (FIG. B- 3   f ). The location of the plate  21 . 1  over the InGaN chip  13  and metal layer  19  on the supporting pad  11  was finalized by hardening the silicone polymer  31  at the defined temperature exceeding 70° C. The white light emitting diode  10  produced by the above described process showed excellent long-term stability of luminous flux, tested for the period of 500 hours and with the luminous flux of 60 lm which was also the value of a similar white light emitting diode with a powder phosphor, the drop in extraction was not observed in any of the cases. 
       EXAMPLE 3.2 
       [0098]    Production of Plates with the EFG Method 
         [0099]    The monocrystalline slab  52  prepared with the EFG method with dimensions of 0.5×40×500 mm was prepared from the melt of the Lu 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 3  and Al 2 O 3  oxides in the stoichiometric ratio (Lu 0.2 ,Y 0.8 ) 3 Al 5 O 12  with the CeO 2  doping. The melt in a molybdenum crucible rose with the assistance of saturating agent towards the shaping die with the defined dimensions of 0.5×40 mm. There were grooves in regular distances at the edge and inside the die through which bubbles with the size of 10 to 50 □m were inserted evenly in the single crystal. Subsequently, the monocrystalline slab was cut with the Nd:YAG laser into individual single crystal phosphors  21  in the shape of plates  21 . 2  with the dimensions of 1×1×0.5 mm. The bubbles in the single crystal phosphor  21  function simultaneously as effective scattering centres that do not decrease the phosphor efficiency and increase the extraction of the light from the monocrystalline phosphor  21 , otherwise restricted with the total reflection phenomenon at the interface of the single crystal and its surrounding. 
       EXAMPLE 4 
     Monocrystalline Slabs Sandblasting 
       [0100]    The monocrystalline ingot  51 , prepared in accordance with Example  3 , was cut with the diamond disk saw into monocrystalline slabs  52  with the thickness of 0.35 mm. The monocrystalline slabs  52  were consequently glued with wax to a metal pad and placed into a sand blasting chamber. The abrasive material on the basis of B 4 C with the grain size from 0.2 to 5 micrometers was expanded from a nozzle under the angle of 10° and under the pressure of 5 bar. The impacting grains created orientated scratches on the phosphor slab surface, with grooves with the width given by the grain size, depth of approximately ½ of their widths and lengths from units to hundreds of micrometers. After being de-cemented from the pad, each monocrystalline slab  52  was glued to the supporting foil  54  with an adhesive sensitive to UV light. 
         [0101]    The monocrystalline slab  52  glued to the supporting foil  54  was subsequently cut with a diamond straight saw into plates  21 . 1  with the sides of 1.1×1.1 mm. The carrier with monocrystalline plates  21 . 1  was illuminated through the supporting foil  54  with ultraviolet light causing the degradation of the adhesive on the supporting foil  54  which thus enables the final handling of the individual phosphor plates  21 . 1 . 
       EXAMPLE 5 
     Slabs Etching 
       [0102]    The emitting surface  23 . 1  of the single crystal phosphor  21  was chemically treated to attack the surface layer into the depth of units of micrometers. The entry point was the monocrystalline slab  52  with the diameter of 60 mm and thickness of 0.3 mm. 
         [0103]    The monocrystalline slab  52  was heated to the temperature of 110° C. and subsequently embedded into wax, spread in a thin layer on the teflon supporting foil  54 . The other side of the slabs, that is the side with the phosphor  23 . 1  surface averted from the chip  13 , was provided with a silicone template in the shape of parallel lines with the distance of 100 μm, prepared with screen process printing. The teflon supporting foil  54  was then placed into the concentrated hydrofluoric acid solution and heated to the temperature of 60° C. for the duration of 1 hour. In places which were in contact with the acid, there appeared in the monocrystalline slab  52  surface defects with the depth of up to 30 μm enabling higher outcoupling of the light from the material. 
       EXAMPLE 6   
     Hydrogen Bromide Etching 
       [0104]    Plasma surface etching with hydrogen bromide was applied through a selective mask in the sieve onto the surface of monocrystalline slabs  52 , prepared in accordance with Example 3, which resulted in defects with the depth of up to 10 μm, defined by the mask shape. The acquired surface structures increased the extraction of light in the defined parts of the phosphor. 
       EXAMPLE 7 
     Holes Drilling (FIG. B- 7   a  and B- 7   b ) 
       [0105]    The plate of the single crystal phosphor  21  with the dimensions of 0.2×1.5×1.5 mm with the surface of the median roughness value Ra=0.45 μm was provided with defined openings with the diameter of 20 to 25 μm, prepared with laser beam drilling (FIG. B- 7   a ). These openings then act as scattering centres  22  in the shape of holes. The monocrystalline slab  52  was inserted in the holder with linear drives under the laser head. The pulse Nd:YAG laser illuminated the monocrystalline slab  52 , whilst the linear engines moved the monocrystalline slab  52  with the speed of 600 mm/min in the X axis. When the edge of the monocrystalline slab  52  was reached, the slab was always shifted in the Y axis by 70 μm and in the counter direction in the X axis. This process was repeated until the whole monocrystalline slab  52  was provided with defined holes with the diameter of 20 to 25 μm. The arrangement of scattering centres  22  in the form of holes is performed in the manner to maximize the probability of scattering of light during the passage through the phosphor. The plate  21 . 1  was placed over the InGaN chip  13  and the supporting pad  11  and fixed with the transparent silicone polymer  31 . The light  41  coming out of the InGaN chip  13  was partially converted with the single crystal phosphor  21  during the absorption in the luminescent centre  42  and the light from the chip  41  passed partially through it, The light generated by the luminescent centre  42  in the single crystal phosphor  21  was evenly emitted in all sides. The lost light  43 . 2 , which would be trapped in the single crystal phosphor due to the total reflection influence or would be emitted into sides, will be diverted at the scattering centres  22  and, with a higher probability, the light from the phosphor  43 . 1  will be extracted in the desirable direction from the emitting surface of the phosphor  23 . 1  (FIG. B- 7   b ). 
       EXAMPLE 8   
       [0106]    Plate with Anti-Reflex Layer+Chamfering (FIGS. B- 8   a  and B- 8   b ) 
         [0107]    The monocrystalline slabs  52  with the thickness of 0.5 mm were treated with the mechanical working (Example 7) or chemical and mechanical working (Example 6) on the emitting surface of the phosphor  23 . 1  so that the increase in light extraction from the phosphor  43 . 1  from the single crystal phosphor  21  was achieved. Subsequently, this surface was polished with a polishing agent with loose diamond so that the scratch/dig surface quality (according to the MIL-0-13830A standard) reached the value of minimally 40/20. Then the anti-reflex layer  32  on the basis of MgF 2  was applied with steaming on the polished surface of the slabs  52  for the wavelengths from 500 to 700 nm, which resulted in the increase in the extraction of the yellow and red components of visible light. The other side of the monocrystalline slab  52  non-active phosphor surface  23 . 2  was worked with abrasive materials in such a manner that the median roughness value was R a =0.2 μm and was provided with a reflex layer  33  for the wavelengths exceeding 500 nm. The plate  21 . 1  of the single crystal phosphor  21  was subsequently produced in such a manner that its edges were chamfered with facets in the angle of 45°. This was acquired by cutting the monocrystalline slab  52  with a diamond disk saw with the chamfering of 45°. In the application the plate  21 . 1  was placed into the cooler  14  (as the “remote phosphor”) and connected with it thermally with a heat-conducting paste  15  over one (FIG. B- 8   a ), or, possible, over more individually controlled chips  13  (FIG. B- 8   b ). The facets served equally as scattering surfaces for lost light  43 . 2  which would otherwise have spread into the sides. The space between the chip  13 , cooler  14  and plate  21 . 1 , through which the light from the chip  41  passed, was filled up with the transparent silicone polymer  31  with a refractive index of 1.5. 
       EXAMPLE 9 
     Remote Half-Ball Over More Chips (FIG. B- 9 ) 
       [0108]    The monocrystalline material of the phosphor  21  was worked into the spherical cap  21 . 2  with the radius of 5 mm, in accordance with Example 1. The single crystal phosphor  21  was subsequently fitted into the alumina cooler  14  over four InGaN chips  13  emitting blue light. During the passage through the single crystal phosphor  21  in the luminescent centres  42 , the light from the chip  41  is converted with the Stokes shift. The emitting phosphor surface  23 . 1  was polished in the quality Ra&lt;0.1 μm. The single crystal phosphor  21  was connected to the alumina cooler  14  with heat-conducting paste  15 . The transparent silicone polymer  31  with the refractive index of minimally  1 . 5  was used as the light conducting layer between the spherical cap  21 . 2  and the individual chips  13 . In this arrangement, more than 50% of the converted light from the phosphor  43 . 1  was emitted in the desirable direction by the emitting surface  23  in the direction away from the chip  13 . 
       EXAMPLE 10 
     Spherical Cap and Reflex Layer (FIG. B- 10 )  
       [0109]    The single crystal phosphor  21  in the shape of the spherical cap  21 . 2 . prepared in accordance with Example 1, was placed over the chip  13  and separated (“remote phosphor”) with silicone polymer  31  which served as a light-conducting layer for the light generated by the chip  41 . The single crystal phosphor  21  was placed in such a position that it would be in physical contact with the cooler  14 . To improve the transfer of the heat generated by the single crystal phosphor  21 , it was connected with the thermal cooler  14  with the heat-conducting paste  15 . In this manner it is possible to keep the real temperature of the single crystal phosphor  21  at the temperature of approximately 90 T. To increase the extraction of the light from the phosphor  43 . 1 , the non-active surface of the phosphor  23 . 2  was provided with a reflex layer  33  on the basis of the SiO 2 —TiO 2  layers, optimized for the wavelengths from 500 to 700 nm. 
       EXAMPLE 11 
     Remote Phosphor Plate 
       [0110]    The plate  21 . 2  of the single crystal phosphor  21  of a circular shape with the diameter of 2 mm and the thickness of 250 micrometres, produced from the monocrystalline slab  52  by cutting with the Nd:YAG laser, was placed in the alumina holder  14  over the InGaN chip  13 . The holder functioned too as a thermal cooler  14  for the withdrawal of the heat, generated by the single crystal phosphor  21  during the conversion of the light. The single crystal phosphor  21  was connected with the thermal cooler  14  with the heat-conducting paste  15 . The space between the single crystal phosphor  21  and the InGaN chip  13  was filled with the light-conducting layer of the optically transparent silicone polymer  31  with the refractive index of minimally 1.5. 
       EXAMPLE 12 
     More Phosphors and More Chips Combination (FIG. B- 12   a  and FIG. B- 12   b ) 
       [0111]    In the case of the diode with more InGaN chips  13 , there were used several single crystal phosphors  21  ((Lu 0.3 ,Y 0.7 ) 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce 3+  with luminescence peak at  545  nm) and complementary phosphors  24  (YAlO 3 :Ti 3+  with luminescence peak at 580 nm). The spherical caps  21 . 2  from the single crystal phosphor  21  and complementary phosphor  24  were placed directly onto the semi-conductor InGaN chip  13  (FIG. B- 12   a ) with the emission peak at 450 nm. This resulted in acquiring the light containing the blue, yellow and red components of visible spectrum which brought a significant improvement in colour rendition. The individual single crystal phosphors  21  and complementary phosphors  24  were fixed in positions over the chips  13  on the cooler  14  with transparent silicone polymer  31 . In this case, more than 50% of converted light from phosphors  43 . 1  is illuminated in the desirable direction. An equivalent solution may also include the combination of several InGaN chips with or only with AIGaN chips  13  emitting in the ultraviolet area or the chips emitting with the emission peak in the red area exceeding 600 nm. The equivalent solution includes too the replacement of spherical caps  23 . 2  with monocrystalline plates  23 . 1  (FIG. B  12   b ). The white light emitting diode  10  in the above described arrangement provided excellent colour homogeneity of light and the colour rendition index (CR 1 ) value equal to 85. 
       EXAMPLE 13 
     Plate Over More Chips (FIG. B- 13 ) 
       [0112]    The monocrystalline plate  21 . 2  of the single crystal phosphor  21  with the diameter of 5 mm and thickness of 250 μm was placed over four InGaN chips  13  so that it covered all these chips. The blue light from the chip  41  passed through the single crystal phosphor  21  and was partially converted to acquire the resulting white light with the temperature of 5500 K. The plate  21 . 2  was fixed to the InGaN chips  13  and to the alumina cooler  14  with optically transparent silicone polymer  31 . 
       EXAMPLE 14 
     Sandwich (FIG. B- 14 ) 
       [0113]    The monocrystalline slabs  52  on the basis of (Lu 0.7 ,Y 0.3 ) 3 Al 5 O 19 :Ce 3+  were used as pads for another function layer of Al 2 O 3 :Cr. This top layer of red complementary phosphor  24  was prepared with the method of the “LPE” liquid epitaxy. This layer functioned as an efficient layer for light outcoupling from the single crystal phosphor  21  and also contained a conversion phosphor with emission peak at 580 nm. The yellow single crystal phosphor  21  and the red complementary single crystal phosphor  21  were simultaneously separated in this manner to prevent the mutual undesirable dopant mixing which would lead to the increase in the total conversion material efficiency. 
         [0114]    The same result was acquired also in the case when the second layer of the complementary phosphor  24  on the monocrystalline pad on the basis of Y 3 AL 5 O 12  was polycrystalline and prepared with the plasma spraying technology. The light from the chip  41  and the light from the phosphor  43 . 1  transferred without reflection directly into the material with a similar refractive index and due to a random grain orientation of this material it was outcoupled more easily from the phosphor. Silicon polymer  31 , which functions too as the light homogenizing optics and a protective layer, was used to fix the combined single crystal phosphor  21  and the complementary phosphor  24  over the InGaN chip  13  and the alumina cooler  14 . 
       EXAMPLE 15 
     Sandwich Red Phosphor in Silicone 
       [0115]    The monocrystalline slab  52  on the basis of (Lu 0.7 ,Y 0.3 ) 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce 3+  with the diameter of 120 mm and thickness of 0.3 mm was provided from one side with a layer of YAlO 3 :Ti 3+  from a crushed monocrystalline ingot  51  in an optically transparent silicone polymer  31  with the thickness of 0.2 mm. After hardening the top silicone layer, the slab was cut into the individual phosphors. To fix the combined single crystal phosphor  21  and the complementary phosphor  24  over the InGaN chip  13  and alumina cooler  14 , the silicone polymer  31  was used which serves too as the light homogenizing optics and a protective layer. 
       EXAMPLE 16  
       [0116]    UV Phosphor with Induced Colour Centres 
         [0117]    The single crystal phosphor  21  on the basis of the (Lu 0.1 ,Y 0.9 ) 3 Al 5 O 12  material with induced colour centres in the places of oxygen vacancies has an intensive absorption at 370 nm. When combined with the AIGaN chip, the single crystal phosphor  21  emitted light in the whole area of visible spectrum with two main peaks at 410 and 615 nm. The resulting light gave the impression of white colour with thermal temperature CT=3280 K and with the colour rendition index CRI value=90. In case of doping the material with cerium, the emitted light achieved the colour temperature CT=3750 K and the colour rendition index CRI value=94. When excited with the ultraviolet light with emission peak of 370 nm, the undoped material LuAG in the form of single crystal phosphor emitted orange light in the area from 500 to 700 nm with emission peak at 580 nm. 
       INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
       [0118]    The efficient white light emitting diode (W-LED) with a single crystal phosphor can be utilized in all applications that require intensive lighting, such as the lighting of industrial halls, stadiums, street lightening, in headlights for transport vehicles, efficient personal flashlights or projectors.