Abstract:
There is disclosed herein a waveguide rotator for use with a dual polarization waveguide probe system. The waveguide has an internal structure that protrudes into the waveguide such that a first orthogonal component of the incident polarized signal propagates to the end of the waveguide and is reflected therefrom and the second orthogonally polarized component is cut-off by the protruding structure which narrows the waveguide, at a distance from a short circuit at the end of the waveguide, and is reflected substantially at the cut-off point, the cut-off point being frequency dependant. At some predetermined distance from the reflecting means and the cut-off point, the first component and the second component are recombined such that the polarization of the recombined structure is rotated 90° from the incident polarization. The protruding interior surface creates a pocket or cavity behind the waveguide into which components from a circuit board can be inserted.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/684,325, filed on Oct. 10, 2003, now abandoned which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/980,724, filed on May 29, 2002, now abandoned, filed as 371 of international application No. PCT/GB00/01855, filed on May 17, 2000. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a system and to an apparatus and method for rotating a polarised signal in a waveguide. The present invention is particularly, but a not exclusively, suited for use with a dual polarisation waveguide probe system in a low-noise block (LNB) for use with a satellite dish receiving signals broadcast by a satellite which includes two signals orthogonally polarised in the same frequency band. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In applicant&#39;s co-pending published International Application WO 92/22938 there is disclosed a dual polarisation waveguide probe system in which a waveguide is incorporated into a low-noise block receiver in which two probes are located for receiving linearly polarised energy of both orthogonal senses. The probes are is located in the same longitudinal plane and on opposite sides of a single cylindrical bar reflector which reflects one sense of polarisation and passes the orthogonal signal with minimal insertion lose and then reflects the rotated orthogonal signal. The probes are spaced λ/4 from the reflector. A reflection rotator is also formed at one end of the waveguide using a thin plate which is oriented at 45° to the incident linear polarisation with a short circuit spaced approximately a quarter of a wavelength (λ/4) behind the leading edge of the plate. This plate splits the incident energy into equal components in orthogonal planes, one component being reflected by the leading edge and the other component being reflected by the waveguide short circuit. The resultant 180° phase shift between the reflected components causes a 90° rotation in the plane of linear polarisation upon recombination so that the waveguide output signals are located in the same longitudinal plane. Furthermore, in applicant&#39;s: co-pending International Patent Application PCT/GB96/00332, an improved dual polarisation waveguide probe system is disclosed for use with a wider frequency range transmitted by new satellite systems. In this improved probe system, a reflective twist plate was provided within the probe housing, the reflective twist plate having at least two signal reflecting-edges so that at least two separate signals reflections are created. The multiple signal reflections enable the probe system to operate over a wider frequency range with minimal deterioration and signal output. 
     Applicant&#39;s co-pending International Published Application PCT/GB97/02428 disclosed a further improved waveguide which is able to operate across the entire frequency band of a satellite system with substantially the same performance. In this system the waveguide included a rotator which incorporated a reflecting plate in combination with a differential phase shift portion in the form of a waveguide of slightly asymmetrical cross-section so that orthogonally polarised signals that travel through the portion have different cut-off wavelengths. This results in a signal rotator which achieves 180° phase shift between two orthogonal components across the frequency range of signals received by the waveguide. The reflecting plate and the differential phase portion have inverse phase change with frequency characteristics so that the combined phase shift characteristic of the rotator shows a flatter response across the desired frequency range. 
     Although these systems generally work well, they suffer from a number of disadvantages. First, a waveguide which incorporates an edge reflecting plate can incur inconsistencies over a large number of repeated castings and as the leading edge of the plate becomes thinner, it is more likely that the reflecting edge will be damaged in casting and the materials which can be suitably cast to provide such leading edges becomes limited. Furthermore, these systems are generally used with circular waveguides and it is desirable to provide an improved waveguide rotation system which can be used with other waveguide shapes such as square or rectangular which still provides suitable rotation performance. Furthermore, with such existing waveguides the overall dimensions of the waveguide housing are often determined by the waveguide. Furthermore, the use of solely circular waveguides can limit the design options for the circuit board housing and a smaller housing can be afforded by the use of a square waveguide. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is to provide an improved waveguide structure and waveguide which obviates or mitigates at least one of the aforementioned disadvantages. 
     This is achieved by providing a waveguide with an internal structure which protrudes into the waveguide such that a first orthogonal component of the incident polarised signal propagates to the end of the waveguide and is reflected therefrom and the second orthogonally polarised component is cut-off by the protruding structure which narrows the waveguide, at a distance from a short circuit at the end of the waveguide, and is reflected substantially at the cut-off point, the cut-off point being frequency dependent. At some predetermined distance from the reflecting means and the cut-off point, the first component and the second component are recombined such that the polarisation of the recombined structure is rotated 90° from the incident polarisation. The protruding interior surface of the waveguide which narrows the waveguide creates a pocket or cavity behind the waveguide into which components from a circuit board can be inserted, for example voltage regulators. In addition, the protruding surface is generally planar such that the waveguide can be more easily cast than a waveguide having a thin plate; and can therefore be manufactured with a greater variety of materials. 
     According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a waveguide rotator for use with a dual polarisation waveguide probe system for receiving at least two signals which are orthogonally polarised, the system having a waveguide into which at least two orthogonally polarised signals are received for transmission therealong, the waveguide having: 
     a first probe extending from a wall of the waveguide into the interior of the waveguide, the first probe being adapted to receive a first polarised signal traveling in the same longitudinal plane thereof, 
     signal isolation means extending from the wall of the waveguide and the isolating means being located downstream of the first probe lying in the longitudinal plane for reflecting the first polarised signal in the longitudinal plane back to the probe means and allowing a second polarised signal, orthogonal to the first polarized signal to pass along the waveguide, 
     second probe means located downstream of the signal isolating means and extending from the wall of the waveguide in the longitudinal plane, 
     signal rotator means disposed in the waveguide downstream of the second probe means and having a protruding surface extending from an interior surface of the waveguide partly across the waveguide towards a short circuit disposed at an end of the waveguide, the signal rotator means being dimensioned and proportioned such that an incident polarisation component of the second polarisation signal propagates to the short circuit at the end of the waveguide and is reflected therefrom and a second incident polarisation component is cut-off by the protruding surface and before reaching the short circuit and is reflected substantially by the protruding surface at a frequency dependent cut-off point whereby the reflected first and second components recombine within the waveguide such that the polarisation of the reflected signal is rotated by 90° from the incident polarisation such that the reflected polarised signal is in the longitudinal plane for detection by the second probe means. 
     In a preferred arrangement a suitably sized wedge-shaped protrusion is located into the short circuit end of the waveguide for rotating a polarised signal 90°, that is vertical to horizontal polarity or vice-versa. This rotation is achieved by introducing a phase shift between the two components of the incident signal. 
     A forward traveling (incident) horizontally polarised signal is separable into two components, E 1  and E 2 . The wavelength of E 1  and E 2  is determined by the width of the waveguide perpendicular to the component. As the signal propagates along the wedge part of the waveguide, the wavelength of the E 2  component remains unaffected because the width of the guide perpendicular to E 2  remains constant. Conversely, the wavelength of the E 1  component increases as it propagates along the wedge due to the decreasing waveguide width. The result of this is to change the phase of E 2  relative to E 1 , that is E 2  leads E 1  in phase, and this effect is doubled when the signal is reflected back along the waveguide. When the wedge is correctly proportioned and dimensioned E 2  leads E 1  by 180° when the signal starts to propagate back along the waveguide beyond the wedge-shaped protrusion. Recombining the E 1  and E 2  components results in converting the horizontally polarised signal EV to vertical polarisation EH. The wedge-rotator can be optimised to provide a reasonably flat 180° phase shift over the required operating frequency range providing 90° rotation of the incident linearly polarised signal. 
     Preferably, the waveguide cross-section is substantially square. Alternatively, the waveguide cross-section may be rectangular or circular or any other suitable waveguide cross-section. 
     Preferably also, the wedge-shaped protrusion extends substantially across the width of the waveguide and narrows to a common location on the waveguide wall to provide a substantially planar surface between the waveguide wall and the rear waveguide reflecting wall. 
     Alternatively, the waveguide wedge-shaped protrusion may have cut-outs so that it does not extend completely across the width of the waveguide at the rear reflecting wall. 
     Alternatively, the wedge may be stepped, the wedge being formed by a series of triangular protrusions of increasing waveguide width. It will be appreciated that increasing the number of protrusions or steps approximates the stepped wedge rotator to a smooth surface wedge rotator. 
     In a further alternative arrangement dual wedge-shaped protrusions may be used on opposed sides of the waveguide. In yet a further embodiment of the invention, one or both dual wedges may be stepped. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of rotating a polarised signal traveling in a waveguide having a short circuit at one end by substantially 90°, the method comprising the steps of, 
     providing a protrusion in a waveguide, the protrusion extending partially across the waveguide cavity, 
     allowing a first component of the polarised signal to travel to the short circuit at the end of the waveguide and be reflected from the end back along the waveguide, 
     increasing the wavelength of a second component of the polarised signal by decreasing the width of the waveguide by the protrusion, 
     reflecting the second component from the protrusion at a frequency dependent cut-off point before the second component reaches the short circuit, 
     recombining the reflected first and second components in the waveguide whereby the recombined polarised signal is rotated substantially 90° from the polarisation of the incident signal. 
     In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a low-noise block (LNB) for use with a satellite dish receiving-signals broadcast by a satellite which includes two signals orthogonally polarised in the same frequency band, the LNB comprising: 
     a feedhorn, 
     a waveguide coupled to the feedhorn, the waveguide having a printed circuit board support surface and a short circuit end plate, 
     a printed circuit board mounted on the support surface and having first and second probes extending into the waveguide, the probes being disposed in the same longitudinal plane, 
     a second rotator structure disposed within sad the waveguide between the second probe and the short circuit end plate, the signal rotator structure narrowing the waveguide to a component of a polarised signal to increase the wavelength of the component and reflect the component at a frequency dependent cut-off point before it reaches the short circuit, and permitting an orthogonal component of the polarised signal to be reflected by the short circuit, the reflected components being recombined within the waveguide before reaching the second probe whereby the recombined polarised signal rotates 90° from the polarisation of the incident signal into the same longitudinal plane as the probes. 
     These and other aspects of the present invention will become apparent from the following description when taken in combination with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like and corresponding parts of the various drawings, in which: 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a partly broken-away view of a low-noise block receiver with a generally square waveguide including a wedge rotator in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a sectional view taken on the line  2 — 2  of  FIG. 1  depicting the horizontally polarised signal and components E 1  and E 2 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a similar view to  FIG. 2  but depicting the vertically polarised signal formed by components E 1  and E 2  after reflection from the rear of the waveguide and the wedge rotator; 
         FIG. 4  depicts a side view through the waveguide showing the profile of the wedge rotator taken on the line  4 — 4 ; 
         FIGS. 5   a ,  5   b  and  5   c  depict cross-sectional views through the wedge rotator taken on the lines a, b and c of  FIG. 4  and showing the increasing effective cross-section of the wedge rotator within the waveguide housing; 
         FIG. 6  is a graph of phase vs. frequency for the wedge plate rotator shown in  FIGS. 1–4  and  5   a – 5   c;    
         FIG. 7  is a graph of single conversion (insertion loss/return loss) vs. frequency for the wedge rotator waveguide structure shown in  FIGS. 1–4  and  5   a – 5   c;    
         FIG. 8  depicts a diagrammatic view of an alternative embodiment of the invention in which the wedge rotator is stepped being formed of triangular sections which extend across the waveguide by different amounts; 
         FIG. 9  depicts a side view of  FIG. 8  taken through the waveguide; 
         FIG. 10  depicts a graph of phase vs. frequency for the stepped wedge rotator waveguide and shows, for comparative purposes, the response from the cut-off method and the phase shift method; 
         FIG. 11  depicts a graph of signal conversion (insertion loss/return loss) vs. frequency for the stepped wedge rotator with the corresponding responses for the cut-off method, and for phase shift method being shown separately for comparative purposes; 
         FIG. 12  depicts a partly perspective view of a circular waveguide with a wedge rotator disposed therein; 
         FIGS. 13   a ,  13   b  and  13   c  are respective cross-sectional views taken on lines A, B and C through the waveguide and wedge rotator shown in  FIG. 12 ; 
         FIG. 14  depicts a further alternative embodiment of the present invention in which a square waveguide has dual wedge rotators inserted therein; 
         FIGS. 15   a ,  15   b  and  15   c  are respective cross-sectional views taken on the lines a, b and c in  FIG. 14  showing the increasing cross-section of the wedges as the rotators approach the end plate; 
         FIG. 16  shows a further embodiment of the present invention in which a wedge rotator is provided in a substantially square waveguide where the wedge does not extend the entire width of the waveguide at the reflecting end due to wedge cut-outs; 
         FIG. 17  shows a graph of phase vs. frequency for the wedge with cut-outs and for the wedge shown in  FIG. 1  response also depicted for comparative purposes, and 
         FIG. 18  is a graph of single conversion (insertion loss/return loss) vs. frequency for the wedge rotator with cut-outs with normal wedge response also shown for comparative purposes. 
         FIG. 19  is a graph of signal conversion (insertion loss/return loss) vs. frequency comparing the response of a wedge rotator in a square waveguide with a 45° twist plate, as in the prior art, in a square waveguide. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Reference is made to  FIG. 1  of the drawings which depicts a low-noise block receiver, generally indicated by reference numeral  10 , which is adapted to be mounted to a satellite receiving dish via a boom arm (not shown in the interests of clarity) in a way which is well known in the art. As is also well known, the low-noise block receiver  10  is arranged to receive high frequency vertically and horizontally orthogonally polarised radiation signals from the satellite dish and to process these signals to provide an output which is fed to a cable  12  which is, in turn, connected to a satellite receiver decoder unit (not shown) for subsequent processing. The low-noise block receiver  10  includes a cast metal waveguide  14  which is shown partly broken away to depict the interior shape of the waveguide and interior waveguide components. The waveguide is generally square in cross-section. The waveguide has a front aperture  16  for facing a satellite dish for receiving electromagnetic radiation from an integral circular corrugated feedhorn  18  (shown in broken outline) which is located at the front of the waveguide  14 . Integrally cast with the waveguide  14  and feedhorn  18  is a top surface plate  20  for receiving a printed circuit board  22  containing electronic components for receiving signals from the waveguide  14  and for processing these signals prior to transferring the signals to cable  12 . The waveguide and internal components are similar to those disclosed in applicant&#39;s co-pending International Patent Applications WO 92/22938 and WO 98/10479. Accordingly, disposed in the waveguide in the same longitudinal plane is a first probe  24 , a reflective post  26  and a second probe  28 . In this embodiment, the reflective post  26  extends across the entire width of the interior of the waveguide. The outputs of the probes  24  and  28  pass through the waveguide wall  30  in the same longitudinal plane, generally indicated by reference numeral  31 . The probes extend through cast plate  20  to the integrated circuit board  22 . The distance between probes  24 ,  28  and the reflective post  26  is nominally λ/4 where λ is the wavelength of the signals in the waveguide. At the downstream end of the waveguide  14  which is furthest from the aperture  16 , there is disposed a short circuit end plate  32  which, as best seen in  FIG. 4  of the drawings, is disposed perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the waveguide  14 . The end plate  32  acts as a short circuit reflecting plate, as is described in detail in WO 92/22938 and WO 98/10479, for signals traveling along the waveguide. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 2 and 3  of the drawings which are sectional views through the waveguide  14  towards the short circuit  32 . It will be seen from  FIGS. 2 and 3  that the waveguide is not exactly square. The lower corners of the waveguide  14   a  are in fact rounded or beveled to provide a suitable exterior shape for the waveguide  14 . Also shown in the waveguide  14  is a wedge-shaped protrusion, generally indicated by reference numeral  36 , which extends from the interior wall  29  of the waveguide to the short circuit end  32  at which it extends diagonally across the end of the waveguide. 
     The wedge-shaped protrusion rotates a polarised signal 90° on reflection, i.e. vertical to horizontal polarity or vice-versa, by introducing a phase shift between the horizontal and vertical orthogonal components of the incident signal as will be described. This is best seen from  FIGS. 2 and 3  of the drawings. Firstly, with reference to  FIG. 2 , an incident, forward traveling (into the paper) horizontally polarised signal EH, can be separated into two components E 1  and E 2 . The wavelength of E 1  and E 2  is determined by the width of the waveguide perpendicular to the component. As the signal propagates along the wedge  36 , the wavelength of the E 2  component remains unaffected because the width of the waveguide  14  perpendicular to component E 2  remains constant. In contrast, the wavelength of the E 1  component increases as it propagates along the wedge  36  due to the decreasing width of the waveguide as the waveguide narrows due to the increasing wedge, as best seen in  FIG. 4  of the drawings. The effect of this is to change the phase of the E 2  component relative to E 1 ; that is, E 2  leads E 1  in phase. This effect is doubled as the signal is reflected back along the waveguide (out of the paper). If the wedge  36  is correctly dimensioned and proportioned E 2  will lead E 1  by 180° by the time the signal is propagating back along the waveguide at position  38 , as shown in  FIG. 4 . Recombining components E 1  and E 2  results in converting the horizontal polarisation signal EH to a vertical polarisation signal EV, as best seen in  FIGS. 2 and 3  of the drawings. Thus, the signal which has traveled past the probe  28  has been rotated by 90° such that it can be detected by probe  28  in the same way as the probe detected reflected signals in applicant&#39;s co-pending applications WO 92/22938 and WO 98/10479. 
     Reference is also made to  FIGS. 4 and 5   a – 5   c  of the drawings where the side view of  FIG. 4  depicts the profile of the wedge  36  within the waveguide and shows that the wall  40  of the wedge increasingly projects into the waveguide  14  as it approaches the short circuit end  32 . The cross-sectional views in  FIGS. 5   a ,  5   b  and  5   c  show the increasing at locations a, b and c cross-section of the waveguide in  FIG. 4  taken up by the wedge rotator towards the short circuit end. The wall  38  of the wedge rotator defines a cavity  42  (see  FIG. 4 ) behind the wall into which a pocket  43  for electronic components of the printed circuit board  22  (shown in  FIG. 1 ) may be disposed to facilitate manufacture and overall compactness of the LNB. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 6 and 7  of the drawings.  FIG. 6  depicts a graph of phase vs. frequency and shows that the phase shift created by the polarisation wedge rotator is substantially 180° across the frequency range of interest for such low-noise blocks which is 10.7 to 12.75 GHz for the Astra satellite.  FIG. 7  shows the insertion loss (S 12 )/return loss (S 11 ) in decibels (dB) over the frequency range which shows that there is minimal insertion loss (S 12 )/return loss (S 11 ) over the desired frequency range. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 8  of the drawings which depicts a diagrammatic view of an alternative embodiment of the invention in which like numerals refer to like parts and in which the wedge rotator is formed of triangular sections  46 , 48  which extend across the waveguide by different amounts. In this embodiment two triangular sections are shown to provide a stepped wedge rotator. A side view of the stepped wedge rotator is shown in  FIG. 9 . The larger triangular section wedge, generally indicated by reference numeral  46 , fills a larger proportion of the waveguide such that only a component perpendicular to the wedge portion  46  can propagate. The phase shift increases with increasing frequency as can be best seen from  FIG. 10  of the drawings. The conversion of an incident signal horizontally polarised into a reflected vertically polarised signal is shown in  FIG. 11  (S 12 ) and the return loss is also shown (S 11 ). Although this wedge alone can be optimised in the band centre at 11.75 GHz, it has relatively poor performance, on its own, at the band edges. 
     The smaller wedge  48  fills only a relatively small proportion of the waveguide  14  thus allowing components parallel to, and perpendicular to, the wedge portion  48  to propagate along the waveguide. It will be seen from  FIG. 10  that the resultant phase shift between the components reduces with increasing frequency. The conversion of an incident horizontally polarised signal into a reflective vertically polarised signal is shown in  FIG. 11  (S 12 ) and the return loss is also shown (S 11 ). The device can be optimised in the band centre at 11.75 GHz but, once again, poor performance is achieved at the band edges. 
     When the waveguide, as shown in  FIG. 8 , has combined cross-sections  46  and  48  to create a stepped wedge, a substantially flat phase vs. frequency characteristic is achieved as shown in  FIG. 10  of the drawings. The signal conversion and insertion/return loss for this arrangement is also shown in  FIG. 11  and it will be seen that the bandwidth is greatly enhanced over the desired Astra satellite frequency range. 
     It will be appreciated that various modifications may be made to the embodiments hereinbefore described, without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, the waveguide may be circular in cross-section with a conical section used similar to that shown in  FIGS. 1–4  and  5   a – 5   c  of the drawings.  FIG. 12  shows a longitudinal section through a circular waveguide and  FIGS. 13   a ,  13   b  and  13   c  show respective cross-sections at locations a, b and c of  FIG. 12  showing the increasing protrusion of the wedge into the waveguide as the wedge extends towards the end face  32  of the waveguide  14 . 
       FIG. 14  depicts a side view of a further embodiment of a wedge rotation system in which the waveguide  14  has two wedge-shaped protrusions  50  and  52  extending from the waveguide wall  18  towards the end face  32  instead of a single wedge. Sectional views taken at locations a, b and c of  FIG. 14  are depicted in  FIGS. 15   a ,  15   b  and  15   c  respectively and show the increasing protrusion of the wedges as they extend towards the end face  32  of the waveguide. This arrangement will operate in the same way the previously described embodiments. 
     A yet further embodiment is shown in  FIG. 16  of the drawings where it can be seen that the wedge does not have to extend across the entire width of the waveguide at the end face. In this arrangement it will be seen that the wedge rotator  36  has cut-outs to define non-enclosed areas  54 , 56  at the sides of the wedge. This arrangement does not materially affect the performance of the waveguide, as can be seen with reference to  FIGS. 17 and 18 . In this case,  FIG. 17  shows a graph of phase vs. frequency for both the normal wedge of  FIGS. 1–4  and  5   a – 5   c  and the wedge with cut-outs and it will be seen that the performance is substantially identical over the frequency range of interest, i.e. 10.7 to 12.75 GHz, thereby providing a substantially flat phase shift of 180°. Similarly, the single conversion for the wedge with cut-outs is substantially identical to the normal wedge for both S 12  and S 11  over the frequency range of interest. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 19  of the drawings which shows the insertion loss (S 12 ) and the return loss (S 11 ), in decibels, for a wedge rotator (wedge plate) of the type shown in  FIG. 1  and a twist plate in a square waveguide. The twist plate is oriented at 45° to the incident polarisation and operates like those disclosed in WO 92/22938 and WO 98/10479. It will be seen that the performance of the wedge plate is superior over the frequency range of interest, 10.7 to 12.75 GHz. For all embodiments it will be understood that the cut-off point is frequency dependent, with higher frequency signals being reflected at a cut-off point nearer to the short circuit, i.e. the higher the frequency to the signal, the closer to the short circuit is the cut-off point. 
     It will also be appreciated that further modifications may be made to the embodiments hereinbefore described without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, it will be appreciated that the waveguide may be made of any suitable shape and that the wedge insertion may not be exactly the same shape as that shown. The wedge insertion may be of any suitable shape as long as the wedge protrudes into the waveguide to provide a cut-off at a certain point along its length and signal reflection for recombination, with the signal reflected from the end of the waveguide, to give a suitable phase shift along the waveguide at a desired location. It will also be appreciated that this wedge rotator may have application to waveguides other than those for use with low-noise blocks. The principle of a wedge rotator in a waveguide is applicable to many shapes of waveguide and many applications. Furthermore, the waveguide/LNB may be cast or injection moulded in plastic with internal surfaces metallised by vapour or electroplated to create low-loss surfaces. 
     Advantages of the invention are that manufacturing of such waveguide rotators is facilitated because thin reflector plates do not require to be cast. This allows the use of additional casting materials to facilitate flexibility in choice of materials. The provision of a wedge rotator allows a pocket or cavity to be created in the waveguide into which electronic components on a printed circuit board  22  can be inserted so that the overall dimensions of a waveguide and adjacent integrated circuit may be minimised. The wedge rotator provides improved performance over the desired frequency range in similar waveguides with a twist plate. In the application to a low-noise block (LNB) this facilitates the insertion of a voltage regulator into the cavity to minimise the onboard integrated circuit area and allow the entire assembly to be encompassed in a housing of minimal volume. This minimises manufacturing costs and storage and transport costs when very large numbers of such low-noise blocks and waveguides have to be made.