Abstract:
This invention pertains to methods and apparatus for data communications from vehicles, to obtain emergency, concierge and other services, using a voice channel of a digital wireless telecommunications network. Signaling is described for commencing data sessions after establishing a voice channel call. The call may be initiated from the vehicle automatically, and the call taker location may be unattended. Signaling methods are selected for traversing both newer and legacy vocoders for ubiquitous operation.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority from U.S. provisional patent application 60/981,487, filed Oct. 20, 2007. 
     
    
     COPYRIGHT NOTICE 
       [0002]    © 2007-2008 Airbiquity Inc. A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 37 CFR § 1.71(d). 
       TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0003]    This invention pertains to methods and apparatus for data communications from vehicles, to obtain emergencies, concierge and other services, using a voice channel of a digital wireless telecommunications network. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    Wireless telecom coverage has become nearly ubiquitous in much of the world, especially in industrialized countries. However, in many developing countries as well, whole regions that lack traditional copper-wired telecom infrastructure have skipped over that technology to deploy wireless instead. Modern wireless networks provide a range of voice and data services. Technical details of those services can be found in many places, for example, the 3GPP standards group web site www.3gpp.org. 
         [0005]    Some wireless data services, however, are slow, and coverage is spotty. Wireless voice services, by contrast, tend to be of good quality and are available almost everywhere people travel. We refer to “in-band” communications as meaning in the voice channel, as distinguished from a data channel, control channel or other non-voice wireless service. Voice channels are characterized by special performance characteristics. For example, only a relatively narrow range of audio frequencies needs to be transceived, based on the normal human voice. In fact, sophisticated compression and coding techniques are known to enable sending and receiving human voice very efficiently over digital wireless networks. However, these voice coders or “vocoders”—typically implemented in software, DSP chips and the like—do not transmit non-voice sounds well at all. To the contrary, they are carefully designed to filter out non-voice signals. 
         [0006]    Related information can also be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,144,336 incorporated herein by this reference. Additional disclosure can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,690,681 also incorporated by reference. And finally, further relevant disclosure appears in U.S. Pat. No. 6,493,338 also incorporated by reference as though fully set forth. The foregoing patents are owned by the assignee of the present application. 
         [0007]    Additional aspects and advantages of this invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]      FIG. 1  is a simplified block diagram illustrating the typical speech path for a wireless voice call; i.e., a telephone call over the wireless telecommunications network. 
           [0009]      FIG. 2  is a simplified block diagram of an illustrative In-Vehicle System (IVS). 
           [0010]      FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating progress over time of an in-band modem detection scheme. 
           [0011]      FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating progress over time of an improved in-band modem detection scheme applying a frequency modulated tone in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0012]      FIG. 5  is a diagram illustrating progress of a backward-compatible server transmitting both types of initiating signal and listens for both types of response signal. In this way it will be able to identify the IVS modem type. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0013]      FIG. 1  is a simplified block diagram illustrating the typical speech path for a wireless voice call; i.e., a telephone call over the wireless telecommunications network. Analog voice signals from a microphone are digitized by an A/D converter, and then fed to a vocoder encoding algorithm (at 8000 samples/sec). The encoder produces packets of compressed data (typically one packet per 20-ms frame of audio) and feeds this data stream to a radio transmitter. On the other side, a radio receiver passes the packets to the decoding algorithm, which then reconstructs (imperfectly) the original voice signal as a PCM stream. This PCM stream is eventually converted back into an analog voltage which is then applied to a speaker. 
         [0014]    Using this type of system, modest amounts of data (here we mean user data, not vocoder speech data) can be transmitted “in-band” through careful selection of frequencies, timing, and the use of special techniques that “trick” a vocoder into transmitting information by making that information “look like” human voice data. This type of data communication, using the voice channel of a wireless system, is sometimes called “in-band signaling.” It can be implemented in hardware and or software referred to as an “in-band signaling modem,” borrowing the old modem term (modulator-demodulator) familiar in traditional “land line” telecommunications. 
         [0015]    Several issued patents disclose in-band signaling technology that communicates digital data over a voice channel of a wireless telecommunications network. In one example, an input receives digital data. An encoder converts the digital data into audio tones that synthesize frequency characteristics of human speech. The digital data is also encoded to prevent voice encoding circuitry in the telecommunications network from corrupting the synthesized audio tones representing the digital data. An output then outputs the synthesized audio tones to a voice channel of a digital wireless telecommunications network. In some cases, the data carrying “tones” are sent along with simultaneous voice. The tones can be made short and relatively unobtrusive. In other implementations, sometimes called “blank and burst,” the voice is cut off while data is transmitted through the voice channel. In still other implementations, portions of the audio frequency spectrum are used for voice, while other portions are reserved for data. This aides in decoding at the receiving side. 
         [0016]    In-band signaling requires appropriate facilities (e.g. an in-band modem) at both ends of the call. A challenge arises in detecting when to turn the modem on and off. That is, once a call is connected (link established), when should the receiving system switch from voice mode of operation (using microphone and speaker typically), to a data mode in which it works to recover data from the audio (voice) channel? Preferably, this should be done automatically, i.e., without human intervention. Prior art control signaling in a wireless network employs a control channel, which is not in-band. Unlike the voice channel, control channel signaling may be proprietary to the carrier and therefore not available to all client systems. 
         [0017]    One application of this technology, used for illustration in this document, is communications with a motor vehicle. Today, many vehicles have some capability for communications over a wireless networks. We refer to these vehicle systems as a telematics client system.  FIG. 2  is a simplified block diagram of an illustrative In-Vehicle System (IVS). It shows an example of the relevant portion of a typical telematics client system. This client system consists of embedded hardware and software designed to operate in an automobile environment. 
         [0018]    In  FIG. 2 , the telematics software includes a “customer application,” which may be almost any application, in particular one that employs data transfer via the wireless network. For example, the customer application may relate to navigation or entertainment. In operation, the customer application conveys data (preferably data packets) to an in-band signaling modem. The in-band modem converts the data (along with packet headers and other overhead as appropriate) into audio frequency tones, which are presented at the “PCM Switch.” 
         [0019]    One purpose of the client system (IVS) is to transfer telematics data between a vehicle and a server over the same wireless voice call that the occupant uses to communicate with a human operator. Sometimes the server is located at a “call taker center” where human operators may be available, similar to an emergency 911 call taker center. Here, the system must have a switch that disconnects the in-vehicle audio system at the beginning of an in-band modem session. If the switching decision is to be controlled from the server side, then the in-band signaling must be used to indicate when a modem session should begin. 
         [0020]    Referring again to  FIG. 2 , in this embodiment the PCM switch is controlled by an in-band “modem detection” scheme. There are two ways to make a mistake: false detection (the speaker is muted when it shouldn&#39;t be), and missed detection (the speaker isn&#39;t muted when it should be muted). Both kinds of errors should be as infrequent as possible, yet it presents a challenge to avoid them. One important advantage of the present invention is improved detection performance. 
         [0021]      FIG. 3  illustrates a progression over time of a first in-band modem detection scheme. The given tone frequencies shown in the drawing are only examples. In operation, the server (located at a call taker center, or “data center” which may be automated (unattended)), transmits a predetermined audio frequency tone, for example 2225 Hz, which has been selected to traverse the current vocoder technology. This is the signal to the vehicle system to interrupt the voice conversation and begin an in-band modem session. 
         [0022]    After detecting this frequency tone at the IVS side, for at least a predetermined threshold period of time, say about 30 msec, a “preliminary detection” is deemed accomplished, and the IVS will mute the speaker in the vehicle. (In this way, the vehicle occupants will not hear the “noise” of data transferring in the form of audio frequency tones.) If the selected “signaling tone” is detected for a longer than a predetermined threshold period of time, “Validation” is deemed to have occurred, and a “Response” is sent from the IVS to the server. Accordingly, the IVS system will switch the PCM switch in  FIG. 2  to couple the in-band modem to the vocoder in the embedded phone module for data transmission (in the voice channel) to the data center. 
         [0023]    The “Response” tone has a second selected frequency, namely 1778 Hz in the illustrative example. It also has a selected duration, namely 300 msec in the illustrative example. This is the signal that the IVS is ready to begin the in-band modem session. If the server detects this signal for at least a predetermined threshold period of time, say about 200 msec then it (the server) stops transmission of the initiating tone. 
         [0024]    The foregoing strategy is useful for many applications, but a further problem arises with changes in wireless technology. One area of frequent improvement is in the vocoders mentioned above. As vocoders become more efficient at coding human voice, it sometimes becomes even more difficult to transmit data through the voice channel where those vocoders are used. The in-band control signaling scheme described above may work fine for some vocoders, but not other, newer models. 
         [0025]    One might address this problem by studying the characteristics of the new vocoder, and then attempting to design a control signaling scheme that is compatible with the new vocoder. Even if that succeeds, however, there are many vehicles in use that still operate the older “legacy modem.” It is essential for a successful communication system that it operates properly with both older IVS&#39;s (having legacy modems) as well as newer ones that employ newer vocoders. The need remains to interact properly with two or more different in-band modems as may be deployed in various vehicles (or other portable applications, for example hand-held personal communication devices). The “preliminary detection” tone at 2225 Hz for example, described above, may work with an older vocoder but gets filtered out in a newer model. At best, the IVS would not mute the speaker within the desired time. At worst, the in-band data communication system would fail. 
         [0026]    The problem of backward and forward compatibility between a data server and various mobile units is not limited to the control signaling. The actual data transfers through some vocoders may require the use of frequencies quite different from those compatible with legacy vocoders. For example, with some legacy vocoders, 2100 Hz (downlink) and 2500 Hz (uplink) are useful frequencies for encoding data. For other vocoders, lower frequencies such as 1200 Hz and 1600 Hz may be preferred. 
         [0027]    Thus it is essential for the server system to “discover” or detect the type of remote vocoder in use on a particular call, not only for control signaling, but also so that it can encode data appropriately to survive the remote vocoder. Moreover, it is important that the server very quickly discover type of remote vocoder in use, for example in less than two seconds, so that it can send an appropriate control signal directing the IVS to mute the speaker in the vehicle, before distracting data tones are heard. (In general, the incoming telephone number used to contact the call center cannot be used to distinguish the remote modem in use because a single telephone number preferably is used for all IVS systems of a given vehicle manufacturer.) 
         [0028]    Refer to  FIG. 4 . For illustration, let us assume that a 2225-Hz tone is effective as a control signal over an older vocoder channel, but that it is unreliable over a newer vocoder. In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a frequency modulated (FM) tone is transmitted by the server, the FM signal oscillating between 500 and 600 Hz. It might switch frequency, for example, every 20 or 40 msec; this describes the order of magnitude, the exact values are not critical. The frequency modulation is a key aspect in preventing false detections during regular voice conversation. 
         [0029]    Refer next to  FIG. 5 : If the server modem must be backward compatible with legacy IVS modems, then it could alternate between the new initiating signal and the old one while listening for both types of response signal. 
         [0030]    It will be apparent to those having skill in the art that many changes may be made to the details of the above-described embodiments without departing from the underlying principles of the invention. The scope of the present invention should, therefore, be determined only by the following claims.