Abstract:
A polymeric liner for a medical joint implant constructed to be positioned in between a head (or a top plate) and a stem (or a base plate) of the medical joint implant. The polymeric liner is composed of at least one component. The at least one component includes a polymeric matrix having a polymeric material having a volume concentration of between 95%-99.9% v/v (volume per volume); and at least one metal chalcogenides or dichalcogenides nanotube nanoparticle having a volume concentration of between 0.1%-5% v/v. The at least one metal chalcogenides or dichalcogenides nanoparticle is distributed within the polymeric matrix, and selected from the group consisting of: TiS2, TiSe2, TiTe2, WS2, WSe2, WTe2, MoS2, MoSe2, MoTe2, SnS2, SnSe2, SnTe2, RuS2, RuSe2, RuTe2, GaS, GaSe, GaTe, InS, InSe, HfS2, ZrS2, VS2, ReS2, and NbS2.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/409,185, filed Jan. 18, 2017, which is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/482,431, filed Sep. 10, 2014, which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/876,770, filed Sep. 12, 2013, which applications are incorporated herein by reference. To the extent appropriate, a claim of priority is made to the above disclosed applications. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSED TECHNIQUE 
       [0002]    The disclosed technique relates to liners for medical joint implants, in general, and to liners with improved wear-resistance for medical joint implants, in particular. The disclosed technique further relates to methods for manufacturing a polymeric liner with improved wear-resistance. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSED TECHNIQUE 
       [0003]    A natural joint is a connection between two bones and is classified under two broad categories: (i) joints lacking a joint cavity which allow little or no movement, such as the joint between adjacent vertebrae; and (ii) joints having a joint cavity which allow free movement of such joints in the body. These joints are called synovial joints or synovial-type joints. In humans, common synovial joints include the hip joint, the knee joint, the ankle joint, the shoulder joint, the elbow joint, the wrist joint, the finger joint, the finger metacarpal joint, the toe joint, the toe-metatarsal joint and the carpometacarpal joint. Synovial-type joints can be further classified into three categories: uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial. Uniaxial joints can be further categorized into hinge and pivot joints. Examples of hinge joints are the joints of the fingers, known as the interphalangeal joints. Pivot joints are formed by a central bony pivot surrounded by an osteo-ligamentous ring. Movements are permitted in one plane around a vertical axis. Examples of this type of joint are the superior and inferior radioulnar joints (i.e., joints of the elbow) and the median atlantoaxial joint (i.e., upper neck joints). In a biaxial joint, motion occurs in two planes; thus permitting two degrees of freedom. There are two types of biaxial joints, saddle joints and condyloid joints. An example of a saddle joint is the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, where the bones fit together resembling an individual riding a horse while sitting on a saddle, with one bone being concave and the other being convex. Examples of condyloid joints are the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers. Triaxial joints have three degrees of motion and permit movement in three planes. There are two types of triaxial joints, ball and socket joints, and plane joints. Examples of ball and socket joints include the shoulder joint and the hip joint. 
         [0004]      FIGS. 1-4  illustrate artificial joint implants according to the prior art. These joint implants are presented herein in order to facilitate understanding of the field of the disclosed technique. Reference is made to  FIG. 1 , which is an exploded side perspective view of a total hip replacement implant, as is known in the prior art. Total hip replacement implant  10  includes a cup  11 , a liner  12  and a stem  13 . Stem  13  includes a head  14 . Hip replacement implant  10  can be categorized as a ball-and-socket joint, i.e., one in which the rounded surface of head  14  fits into and moves within a cup-shaped depression of liner  12  which fits into cup  11 . Such a ball-and-socket joint allows freedom of movement up, down, right, left and in a full 360-degrees of rotation. 
         [0005]    Reference is now made to  FIG. 2 , which is an example of a total knee replacement implant, generally referenced  20 , as is known in the prior art. The knee joint is a pivotal hinge joint which permits flexion and extension as well as a slight medial and lateral rotation. Total knee replacement implant includes a head  21 , a liner  22  and a stem  23 . Head  21  is coupled with liner  22  which is coupled with stem  23 . Reference is now made to  FIG. 3  which is a side perspective view of a total disc replacement implant, generally referenced  30 , as is known in the prior art. Total disc replacement implant includes a top plate  31 , a liner  32  and a base plate  33 . Reference is now made to  FIG. 4  which is a total ankle replacement implant, generally referenced  40 , as is known in the prior art. Total ankle replacement implant  40  includes a top plate  41 , a liner (or insert)  42  and a base plate  43 . 
         [0006]    Common materials which have been used over the years for medical joint implants are: metals, ceramics, polymers and composite materials. Different types of medical joint implants include metal-on-metal implants, which are made of stainless steel or cobalt chrome alloys, ceramic-on-ceramic implants, which are made of zirconia and alumina, polymer implants such as Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) and polyimides, and composite material implants such as carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK (polyether ether ketone). 
         [0007]    Metal-on-metal joint implants as well as ceramic and UHMWPE joint implants each suffer from a common drawback, viz. mechanical wear and degradation of the implant in a patient&#39;s body due to the repetitious movement of one part of the implant in respect of the other part of the implant. For example, in 2010, there was a great deal of publicity in the USA on the failure and recall of the metal-on-metal hip marketed by DePuy. The recall came after data from a study indicated that the five year failure rate of this metal-on-metal hip is approximately 13%. Even if the defective device is replaced, it can leave behind dangerous, possibly deadly fragments that may not be discovered for years. DePuy identified reasons for the failure of the hip replacement system as component loosening, component malalignment, infection, fracture of the bone, dislocation, metal sensitivity and pain. In general, with respect to all metal-on-metal artificial joints, the movement of the metal head within the metal cup of the joint implant results in a high volume of metallic debris which is absorbed into the patient&#39;s body. The absorption of metallic debris by the body can cause inflammatory reactions, resulting in pain in the groin area, death of tissue in the hip joint and actual loss of surrounding bone. Polymer joint implants suffer from similar drawbacks with respect to degradation and wear debris. Every year, more than a million Americans receive an artificial hip or knee prosthesis. Such joint implants are designed to last years but in about 15-20 percent of patients who receive a total joint replacement, the joint implant prematurely loosens and has to be replaced early, which can cause dangerous complications in patients, in particular in elderly patients. Over the years the durability of artificial joint implants has improved, for example a hip implant now lasts between 10-15 years and a knee implant lasts between 7-10 years, yet the average age of patients in need of an artificial prosthesis has significantly lowered. Moreover, as active participation in sports, both recreational and professional, is an increasing reality for a significant number of younger patients, there is a growing need for a durable joint implant which exhibits a higher lasting rate. 
         [0008]    As friction is a major cause of tear and wear of joint implants, attempts to provide durable joint implants aim at developing new ceramic or composite materials having a higher wear resistance and a lower friction coefficient. One attempted solution to overcome the accelerated wear of joint implants due to the continuous friction of non-lubricated surfaces of the joint implant was made by coating one or both of the contacting surfaces with films of hydroxyapatite, thus reducing the coefficient of friction between the contacting surfaces. Such films however end up being quite thick and unstable, and tend to break off from the joint implant. 
         [0009]    Many examples of attempts to overcome the accelerated wear of joint implants are known. U.S. Pat. No. 5,976,190 to Klaus-Peter Anhalt et al., entitled “Orthopaedic connection” is directed to an orthopedic clamp connection as a functional element for force transmission in a prosthesis comprising a tube socket and a tube made of light metal, and a contact area there between. The contact area includes an intermediate layer comprising a low molecular weight carrier material in which at least one of a lubricant or an auxiliary is embedded. The carrier material is selected from inorganic materials such as metal, metal salt, metal oxide or ceramic material. The intermediate layer has a thickness from 0.1 μm to 1 mm. Suggested lubricants are a dicarboxylic ester, a fatty acid, a fatty acid ester, a fatty acid amide, a metal soap, a silicone oil, molybdenum sulfide, a polyolefin wax, a paraffin, a fluoropolymer or a combination thereof. 
         [0010]    PCT International Application Publication No. WO 2009/115790 to Peter White, entitled “Replacement bone joint” is directed to a replacement bone joint that has joint members such as a femoral prosthesis and an acetabular prosthesis which define a ball and socket joint between a head and a titanium cup. The titanium cup has a lining and the head, which is made of stainless steel, is provided with an adhered coating. The coating and lining are formed from a non-crossed-linked thermoplastic material such as nylon, which may be incorporated with lubricants such as silicone, hydrogels, molybdenum sulfide, polyvinyl pyrollidone, glycerin, mineral oil grease and/or graphite. 
       SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT DISCLOSED TECHNIQUE 
       [0011]    The prior art provides for thin film coatings which are adhered to the contacting surfaces of a metal joint in order to reduce the coefficient of friction in joint implants. A major drawback of such coatings is that such thin film coatings which are exposed to continual rubbing tend to chip off prematurely, leaving the base material bare and prone to degradation. Such thin film coatings have not prolonged the durability of joint implants in a significant manner. The prior art does not provide a solution that enhances wear resistance and the durability of joint implants. According to the disclosed technique, the wear debris of a joint implant is significantly reduced, thus providing numerous advantages. For example, by reducing the wear debris produced by friction from a damaged implant, the disclosed technique enables the postponement of repeated surgery for replacing a damaged joint implant. In addition, a reduction of friction may also assist in the reduction of component loosening due to excessive loads applied on an articulated joint, for instance, acetabular component loosening in a total hip replacement. 
         [0012]    In accordance with the disclosed technique, there is thus provided a polymeric liner for a medical joint implant constructed to be positioned in between a head (or a top plate) and a stem (or a base plate) of the medical joint implant. The polymeric liner is composed of at least one component, at least one of said at least one component is prepared from a polymeric matrix that includes a polymeric material having a volume concentration of between 95%-99.9% v/v (volume per volume); and at least one metal chalcogenides or dichalcogenides nanotube nanoparticle having a volume concentration of between 0.1%-5% v/v. The at least one metal chalcogenides or dichalcogenides nanotube nanoparticle is distributed within the polymeric matrix, and selected from the group consisting of: TiS 2 , TiSe 2 , TiTe 2 , WS 2 , WSe 2 , WTe 2 , MoS 2 , MoSe 2 , MoTe 2 , SnS 2 , SnSe 2 , SnTe 2 , RuS 2 , RuSe 2 , RuTe 2 , GaS, GaSe, GaTe, InS, InSe, HfS 2 , ZrS 2 , VS 2 , ReS 2  and NbS 2 . In an embodiment of the disclosed technique, the polymeric liner is comprised of a single component. In a further embodiment of the disclosed technique, the polymeric matrix further comprises 0.05-2% additives and residues. In a further embodiment of the disclosed technique, the polymeric matrix includes at least one free radical scavenger (antioxidant). The polymeric material is selected from the list consisting of UHMWPE, PEEK, carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK and PI. In an embodiment of the disclosed technique, the polymeric material is UHMWPE. In an additional embodiment of the disclosed technique the polymeric liner is prepared from a polymeric matrix of a polymeric material and at least one nanoparticle selected from nanotube nanoparticles of tungsten disulfide (WS 2 ) or molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ). In another embodiment of the disclosed technique, the volume concentration of the at least one nanotube nanoparticle in the polymeric matrix is between 0.5%-2% v/v. 
         [0013]    According to a further embodiment of the disclosed technique, the polymeric liner is a composite material in which the nanotube nanoparticles are homogeneously distributed in the polymeric matrix. In another embodiment of the disclosed technique, the distribution of the nanotube nanoparticles in the polymeric matrix is variable such that the maximum concentration is present on at least one of the contacting surface areas of the liner. 
         [0014]    An additional embodiment of the disclosed technique is a polymeric liner which is affixed to a head (or a top plate) and/or a stem (or a base plate) of a medical joint implant. The medical joint implant is selected from: a hip joint, a knee joint, an ankle joint, an intervertebral disc, a shoulder joint, an elbow joint, a wrist joint, a finger joint, a finger metacarpal joint, a toe joint, a toe-metatarsal joint, a carpometacarpal joint. 
         [0015]    The liner is affixed to a head (or a top plate) and/or a stem (or a base plate) of a medical joint implant preferably by compression molding. However, any other method of coupling such as mold injection, 3D printing, adhesion or any other suitable method can be applied. According to a further aspect of the disclosed technique there is thus provided a method of production of a polymeric liner for joint implants. The method comprises the procedures of providing a mold with a cavity in a shape of the polymeric liner, applying a first layer made of a polymeric matrix in the cavity of the mold, wherein the first layer contains a polymeric material having a volume concentration of between 95%-99.9% v/v and at least one nanotube nanoparticle having a volume concentration of between 0.1%-5% v/v. This first layer forms the friction reducing member. Thereafter, a second layer of at least a polymeric material is applied on the first layer of the polymeric matrix. The second layer forms a body member made of at least a polymeric material. The mold is then closed and heated with the polymeric material to a temperature below the melting point of the polymeric material. Pressure is applied to the mold such that air contained in the mold is sucked out and the polymeric material forms in the shape of the polymeric liner. Finally, the mold is opened and the polymeric liner is removed from the mold. The resulting polymeric liner comprises a friction reducing member and a body member which are conjoined by compression molding. 
         [0016]    In another embodiment of the disclosed method of production, before the procedure of closing the mold, a third layer of polymeric matrix may be applied on the second layer. This third layer contains a polymeric material having a volume concentration of between 95%-99.9% v/v and at least one nanotube nanoparticle having a volume concentration of between 0.1%-5% v/v. The resulting polymeric liner according to this embodiment is composed of a skin made of homogeneously distributed nanotube nanoparticles in a polymeric matrix and a body member made of a polymeric material. Preferably, the resulting skin should substantially cover the body member. 
         [0017]    In an additional embodiment of the disclosed method of production the method comprises the procedures of providing a mold with a cavity in a shape of the polymeric liner and loading a required amount of a mixture of a polymeric material having a volume concentration of between 95%-99.9% v/v and a nanotube nanoparticle having a volume concentration of between 0.1%-5% v/v. The mold with the mixture is then heated to a temperature below the melting point of the polymeric material. Pressure then is applied to the mold such that air contained in the mold is sucked out. A polymeric matrix is obtained in the shape of the polymeric liner. Finally, the mold is opened and the polymeric liner is removed from the mold. The resulting polymeric liner is thus composed of substantially uniformly distributed nanotube nanoparticles in a polymeric matrix. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0018]    The disclosed technique will be understood and appreciated more fully from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the drawings in which: 
           [0019]      FIG. 1  is an exploded side perspective view of a total hip replacement implant, as is known in the prior art; 
           [0020]      FIG. 2  is a side perspective view of a total knee replacement implant, as is known in the prior art; 
           [0021]      FIG. 3  is a side perspective view of a total disc replacement implant, as is known in the prior art; 
           [0022]      FIG. 4  is a side perspective view of a total ankle replacement implant, as is known in the prior art; 
           [0023]      FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional side view of a first polymeric liner, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosed technique; 
           [0024]      FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional side view of a second polymeric liner, constructed and operative in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosed technique; 
           [0025]      FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional side view of a third polymeric liner, constructed and operative in accordance with a further embodiment of the disclosed technique; 
           [0026]      FIGS. 8-10  are cross-sectional side views of a fourth, fifth and sixth polymeric liners, constructed and operative in accordance with embodiments of the disclosed technique. 
           [0027]      FIG. 11  is an exploded side perspective view of a total hip replacement implant wherein a polymeric liner, constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosed technique is attached to the head. 
           [0028]      FIG. 12  is an exploded side perspective view of a total hip replacement implant wherein a polymeric liner, constructed and operative in accordance with a further embodiment of the disclosed technique, is attached to the stem. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
       [0029]    The disclosed technique overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art by providing a wear resistant polymeric liner for joint implants. The polymeric liner disclosed herein can be manufactured for use in medical joint implants such as a hip joint, a knee joint, an ankle joint, an intervertebral disc, a shoulder joint, an elbow joint, a wrist joint, a finger joint, a finger metacarpal joint, a toe joint, a toe-metatarsal joint, a carpometacarpal joint and the like. In addition, the polymeric liner of the disclosed technique can also be used in other types of medical implants (such as, intramedullary nails, where UHMWPE washers are used to eliminate interlocking screw movement relative to the nail implant) where an enhanced wear resistance and long durability of the implant is required. The description herein of the disclosed technique as it relates to polymeric liners for joint implants such as hip and knee implants should be viewed as merely an example of the uses of the disclosed technique. The disclosed technique relates to any situation where artificial joints are used and is not limited to artificial joints used in humans. 
         [0030]    A polymeric liner for a medical joint implant is constructed to be positioned in between a head (or a top plate) and a stem (or a base plate) of a medical joint implant. The polymeric liner has two contacting surfaces constructed to closely contact the bottom surface of the head (or top plate) from one side and the upper surface of the stem (or base plate) from the other side. In particular, the two contacting surfaces of the polymeric liner are located in very close proximity to the respective friction areas of the upper and lower portions of the joint, up to a point of full contact therewith. Since according to this embodiment, the contacting surfaces of the polymeric liner are not firmly attached (affixed) to the respective joint surfaces, these contacting surfaces are operative to move relative to the respective joint surfaces, in any direction permissible by mechanical design of the joint (e.g., laterally, radially, rotationally). For example, in reference to  FIG. 1 , polymeric liner  12  is positioned between the bottom surface  15  of head  11  and the upper surface  14  of stem  13  thus reducing the friction between the contacting surfaces ( 15 ,  14 ) of head  11  and stem  13 , if positioned one (head) in contact with the other (stem) without a liner. Alternatively, the polymeric liner can be affixed to either a head (or a top plate) or a stem (or a base plate) of a medical joint implant or to both. The resulted embodiment being a polymeric liner conjoined with the bottom surface of a head (as can be seen in  FIG. 11 ) or a polymeric liner conjoined with the upper surface of a stem (see  FIG. 12 ). Preferably, the polymeric liner is affixed to a head and/or a stem of the medical implant by compression molding. Alternatively, any other method that results in a permanently fixed liner to a head or a stem of a joint implant can be used. In this embodiment, where the polymeric liner is affixed to the medical implant, the width and/or thickness of the polymeric liner can be reduced in comparison with a polymeric liner that is not affixed to the medical implant. For example, a polymeric liner for this specific embodiment may have a reduced mean depth or thickness in the range of between about 0.5 and 10 millimeters (mm). In another embodiment of this embodiment, the thickness of the polymeric line may even be reduced to about 0.2 mm. It should be appreciated that other mean depths or thicknesses are possible, depends on the required features of the specific liner and medical implant. 
         [0031]    The terms “medical implant,” “prosthesis,” “artificial implant,” “polymeric implant,” “replacement implant,” “joint implant” and “medical joint” are used interchangeably throughout the description and refer to artificial joints. The term “component”, where used in connection with the polymeric liner disclosed herein, is referring to any element that constitutes part of the polymeric liner such as a friction reducing member and a body member. If the polymeric liner is composed of a single component, this component is the polymeric matrix (the friction reducing member). The term “polymeric matrix” herein refers to a mixture of a polymer material and at least one nanotube nanoparticle, both bind together (with heat or chemical reaction) into a rigid structure. This polymeric matrix which is a composite material is used as a liner or a bearing positioned between two hard surfaces such as metals and/or ceramics to reduce friction between two adjacent moving components. The term nanoparticle within the context of the disclosed technique refers to a microscopic particle with at least one dimension (length, width and/or thickness) less than 100 nanometers (herein abbreviated nm). The term nanotube refers to a nanometer-scale tube-like structure. Examples of nanoparticles having a nanotube configuration which are useful in the disclosed technique are fullerene-like (IF) nanoparticles which are either organic or inorganic and organic nanotubes such as carbon nanotubes. Terms such as “inorganic fullerene-like (IF) particles” and “inorganic fullerene-like (IF) nanoparticles” used within the context of the specification of the disclosed technique include hollow and non-hollow nanoparticles of transition metal chalcogenides and dichalcogenides, made up of single layers or multi-layers and having structures such as spheres, tubes, nested polyhedra, onion-like and the like. A “chalcogen” as used herein refers to any one of the following elements: S (sulfur), Se (selenium) or Te (tellurium). The metal chalcogenides and dichalcogenides are preferably selected from TiS 2 , TiSe 2 , TiTe 2 , WS 2 , WSe 2 , WTe 2 , MoS 2 , MoSe 2 , MoTe 2 , SnS 2 , SnSe 2 , SnTe 2 , RuS 2 , RuSe 2 , RuTe 2 , GaS, GaSe, GaTe, InS, InSe, HfS 2 , ZrS 2 , VS 2 , ReS 2  and NbS 2 . More preferably, the metal chalcogenides and dichalcogenides are selected from WS 2  and MoS 2 . 
         [0032]    Molybdenum disulfide, tungsten disulfide and graphite are currently used in industrial, manufacturing, mining, marine, agriculture and automotive applications to reduce friction and wear. Tungsten disulfide (WS 2 ) is a dry-film lubricant that was developed for NASA by Stanford University in the 1960s. Following its initial debut, tungsten disulfide found its way into industrial applications, primarily in aerospace and defense applications. Tungsten disulfide is known to improve wear properties and to enhance lubricity. When applied to a substrate material, tungsten disulfide forms a very thin layer due to the fact that it does not bond to itself. As a result, the dimensions and tolerances of treated parts are not compromised or appreciably affected when a substrate is treated with tungsten disulfide. 
         [0033]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,390,992 to Morris et al., entitled “Intraluminal device with lubricious surface” describes a guidewire with a tenacious lubricious coating on its surface comprising finely divided lubricious particulate selected from the group consisting of tungsten disulfide, molybdenum disulfide and the like. Tungsten disulfide or molybdenum disulfide are applied as a surface treatment in order to provide lubricious properties to the guidewire. As stated above, surface treatment provides a film that tends to be unstable and break off from the joint implant. 
         [0034]    According to the disclosed technique a matrix prepared from a polymer such as UHMWPE with nanotube nanoparticles of tungsten disulfide (WS 2 ), for example, forms a composite material possessing superior wear resistant properties. The mechanism of such a matrix formed from polymer and nanotube nanoparticles appears to be somewhat similar to that of high tin bronze alloys which are stronger and have a high wear resistance and low friction resistance than plain bronze. The rolling friction is the force resisting the motion when a body (such as a ball, tire, or wheel) rolls on a surface. With respect to joint implants such as hip replacement implant  10  (shown in  FIG. 1 ), head  14  moves within a cup-shaped depression of liner  12  which fits into cup  11 . If, for example, liner  12  is replaced with a polymeric liner according to the disclosed technique, the circular/rotational movement of the nanoparticles within the matrix in response to the forces transmitted in hip replacement implant  10 , will reduce the rolling friction in the implant, thereby enhancing the wear resistance of the prosthesis. 
         [0035]    The disclosed technique provides a polymeric liner for use in joint implants such as a hip joint, a knee joint, an ankle joint, an intervertebral disc, a shoulder joint, an elbow joint, a wrist joint, a finger joint, a finger metacarpal joint, a toe joint, a toe-metatarsal joint, a carpometacarpal joint and the like. The polymeric liner comprises at least one component, at least one of said at least one component is prepared from a polymeric matrix. The polymeric matrix includes a polymeric material and at least one nanotube nanoparticle. The polymeric material may be selected from crosslinked or uncrosslinked UHMWPE, PEEK, carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK or polyimides (PI). However, any other known polymeric material currently used in the production of liners can be used in the preparation of the polymeric liner disclosed herein. 
         [0036]    According to the disclosed technique, the polymeric matrix comprises a polymeric material having a volume concentration of between 95%-99.9% v/v (volume per volume) and at least one nanotube nanoparticle having a volume concentration of between 0.1%-5% v/v (volume per volume). For example, a polymeric matrix having a concentration of 99% v/v polymeric material further includes a volume concentration of 1% v/v of the at least one metal chalcogenides or dichalcogenides nanotube nanoparticle. Preferably, the volume concentration of the at least one nanotube nanoparticle in the polymeric matrix is 0.5%-2% v/v. The polymeric matrix can further comprise 0.05-2% additives and residues. In addition, the polymeric matrix can comprise a free radical scavenger (antioxidant). 
         [0037]    Preferably, the nanoparticles are nanotube nanoparticles selected from organic or inorganic fullerenes. An embodiment of the disclosed technique includes nanotube nanoparticles such as inorganic IF particles and inorganic IF nanoparticles selected from the list consisting of: TiS 2 , TiSe 2 , TiTe 2 , WS 2 , WSe 2 , WTe 2 , MoS 2 , MoSe 2 , MoTe 2 , SnS 2 , SnSe 2 , SnTe 2 , RuS 2 , RuSe 2 , RuTe 2 , GaS, GaSe, GaTe, InS, InSe, HfS 2 , ZrS 2 , VS 2 , ReS 2  and NbS 2 . More preferably, the nanotube nanoparticles are selected from WS 2 , MoS 2  or any other organic or inorganic nanotube particle. 
         [0038]    Reference is now made to  FIG. 5  which is a cross-sectional side view of a first polymeric liner, generally referenced  500 , constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosed technique. This embodiment includes two components ( 510 ,  520 ), one of which is made of a polymeric matrix. Polymeric liner  500  includes a friction reducing member  510  and a body member  520 . For example, polymeric liner  500  can be applied instead of prior art liners, such as liners  12 ,  22 ,  32  and  42  (see  FIGS. 1-4 ). Friction reducing member  510  comprises an outer surface  512  and an inner surface  514 . Friction reducing member  510  is produced from a polymeric matrix including a polymeric material and at least one nanotube nanoparticle. Preferably, the polymeric material is selected from UHMWPE, PEEK, carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK or PI. However, any other known polymeric material currently used in the production of liners can be used. The polymeric matrix in several embodiments of the disclosed technique may include at least one nanotube nanoparticle in different volumes of concentration, such as 0.1%-5% v/v. In these embodiments, the polymeric material should have a volume concentration of 95%-99.9% v/v; however other volume concentrations, such as 70%-90% v/v, 60%-90% v/v, 40%-70% v/v or 5%-50% v/v, are possible. Furthermore, the polymeric matrix can include additives and residues in the amount of 0.05%-2% v/v. In addition, the polymeric matrix can also include at least one free radical scavenger (antioxidant), such as vitamins A, C and E, or any other compound that reacts with free radicals in a biological system. Friction reducing member  510 , which is composed of the polymeric matrix, may have a mean depth or thickness in the range 0.2 millimeters (herein abbreviated mm) to whole liner thickness although other mean depths or thicknesses are possible. 
         [0039]    Preferably the dimensions of the friction reducing member are 3%-50% of the total mean depth (i.e., thickness) of the polymeric liner. More preferably, the mean depth of the friction reducing member is about 5% of the total mean depth of the polymeric liner. For example, a polymeric liner for a total hip replacement will have a friction reducing member having a mean depth or thickness in the range of 24-28 mm and a body member with a mean depth or thickness in the range of 38-50 mm. 
         [0040]    Body member  520  has at least one inner surface (referenced  522  in  FIG. 5 ). Inner surface  522  of body member  520  is conjoined with inner surface  514  of friction reduction member  510 . Body member  520  can be manufactured from any polymeric material currently used in the production of liners. Preferably, body member  520  is produced from a polymer selected from UHMWPE, PEEK, carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK or PI. 
         [0041]    Reference is now made to  FIG. 6  which is a cross-sectional side view of a second polymeric liner, generally referenced  600 , constructed and operative in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosed technique. Polymeric liner  600  includes three layers (i.e. three components): a first friction reducing member  610 , a body member  620  and a second friction reducing member  630 . To the ease of understanding: reducing member  610  may be referred to as a “first layer” or “layer one,” body member  620  may be referred to as a “second layer” or “layer two” and friction reducing member  630  may be referred to as a “third layer” or “layer three.” Friction reducing members  610  and  630  are produced from the same polymeric matrix as friction reducing member  510  ( FIG. 5 ). Body member  620  is produced from the same material used for the preparation of body member  520 . Friction reducing member  610  comprises an outer surface  612  and an inner surface  614 . Friction reducing member  630  comprises an inner surface  632 . Body member  620  includes first inner surface  622  and second inner surface  624 . When all layers are conjoined, body member  620  is sandwiched between friction reducing member  610  and friction reducing member  630  such that first inner surface  622  of body member  620  is conjoined with inner surface  614  of friction reduction member  610 . Similarly, second inner surface  624  is conjoined with inner surface  632  of friction reducing member  630 . 
         [0042]    Reference is now made to  FIG. 7  which is a cross-sectional side view of a third polymeric liner, generally referenced  700 , constructed and operative in accordance with a further embodiment of the disclosed technique. For illustration purposes only,  FIG. 7  shows that polymeric liner  700  includes a friction reducing member  710  and a body member  720 . In fact, both members are made of the same polymeric matrix i.e, made of a polymeric matrix including polymeric material and at least one nanotube nanoparticle. Being made of the same composition it is not possible to differentiate between the two members in this embodiment. In fact, polymeric liner  700  is a single component material, i.e. made of a composite material. The resulting polymeric liner is composed of substantially uniformly distributed nanotube nanoparticles in a polymeric matrix. Alternatively, it is also possible to produce a liner having a varying distribution of the nanotube nanoparticles by applying magnetic and/or electric fields to the polymeric liner during production. For example, in an embodiment of the disclosed technique, the polymeric liner is manufactured such that the density of the nanotube nanoparticles is higher on the outer surface of polymeric liner  700  than the density in the center region, i.e., density decreases with depth. This can be achieved similarly with the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , with the density of the nanoparticles in friction reducing members  510  ( FIG. 5 ),  610  and  630  (both from  FIG. 6 ) being higher than the density of nanoparticles in the body members  520  ( FIG. 5 ) and  620  ( FIG. 6 ). Optionally, the density of the nanoparticles can vary as a function of the distance from the center of the polymeric liner. For example, the density of the nanoparticles on the outer surface of the liner can be around 99% whereas the density in the center portion (the innermost portion) of the liner can vary between 0-5%. 
         [0043]    Reference is now made to  FIG. 8  which is a cross-sectional side view of a fourth polymeric liner, generally referenced  800 , constructed and operative in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosed technique. Polymeric liner  800  includes a plurality of friction reducing members  810 ,  812 ,  814 ,  816  and  818  and a plurality of body members  820 ,  828  and  824 . The body members are placed one on top of the other such that friction reducing member  810  forms one (outer skin) contacting surface and friction reducing member  818  forms another (inner skin) contacting surface of polymeric liner  800 . Friction reducing members  812 - 816  are interspersed between body members  820 - 824  as shown in  FIG. 8 . It would be appreciated that the plurality of friction reducing members and the plurality of body members are conjoined in a similar manner as illustrated in detail with respect of  FIGS. 5 and 6  whereas an inner surface of one member is conjoined with an outer surface of another member. 
         [0044]    Reference is now made to  FIG. 9  which is a cross-sectional side view of a fifth polymeric liner, generally referenced  900 , constructed and operative in accordance with a further embodiment of the disclosed technique. As shown, polymeric liner  900  is assembled from vertically positioned friction reducing members  910  and body members  920 . In this specific embodiment the body members and friction reducing members are made of pre-preg carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK which undergo compression molding so that all members are conjoined. 
         [0045]      FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional side view of a sixth polymeric liner, generally referenced  1000 , constructed and operative in accordance with a further embodiment of the disclosed technique. Polymeric liner  1000  is assembled from a plurality of L-shaped sections of friction reducing members  1010  constructed to be interjoined with a plurality of body members  1020  to result in the desired structure of the polymeric liner. It will be appreciated that any other combination of complementing structures can be used for the construction of the polymeric liner and that the embodiment shown in  FIG. 10  is only one example for a combination of a plurality of different possible structural constructions of the friction reducing members, body members and a combination thereof which can form the polymeric liner. 
         [0046]      FIG. 11  is an exploded side perspective view of a total hip replacement implant, generally referenced  1100 , wherein a polymeric liner  1120 , constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosed technique, is affixed to head  1110 . While in use, the upper surface  1140 , of stem  1130 , is in contact with polymeric liner  1120  and not directly with head  1110 . This reduces the wear of the medical implant and subsequently the formation of debris as a result of excessive friction on a damaged implant. 
         [0047]      FIG. 12  is an exploded side perspective view of a total hip replacement implant ( 1200 ) wherein a polymeric liner  1220 , constructed and operative in accordance with a further embodiment of the disclosed technique, is affixed to the upper surface  1240  of stem  1230 . In particular, in both embodiments shown in  FIGS. 11 and 12 , one side of the polymeric liner is permanently fixed to a respective joint surface such as a bottom surface of a head or upper surface of a stem of the medical implant, therefore this side of the liner is not moving against the respective surface of the medical joint implant to which it is affixed. With reference to  FIG. 12 , polymeric liner  1220  is affixed to the upper surface  1240  of stem  1230 , and as a result the surface  1225  of the liner is moving against cup  1210  while the medical joint implant is in use. Since surface  1225  is composed of a polymeric matrix comprising a polymeric material and at least one metal nanotube nanoparticle, it can reduce the rolling friction in the implant, thereby enhancing the wear resistance of the prosthesis. Preferably, the disclosed polymeric liner is affixed to the respective surface of the medical joint implant by compression molding. However, any other method of coupling such as mold injection, 3D printing, adhesion or any other suitable method can be utilized. 
         [0048]    According to a further aspect of the disclosed technique, there is thus provided a method of production of a polymeric liner for joint implants. By way of example, the following is a method for preparing a polymeric liner for medical joint implants by compression molding in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosed technique. The method comprises the following: providing a mold with a cavity in a shape of the polymeric liner. For example, the cavity in the mold can be designed to form the polymeric liner shown in  FIG. 1  as liner  12 . Then, applying a first layer made of a polymeric matrix in the cavity of the mold, wherein the first layer contains a polymeric material having a volume concentration of between 95%-99.9% v/v and at least one nanotube nanoparticle having a volume concentration of between 0.1%-5% v/v. In an embodiment of the disclosed technique, the volume concentration of the at least one nanotube nanoparticle in the polymeric matrix is between 0.5%-2% v/v. This first layer forms the friction reducing member, referenced as  510  in  FIG. 5 . Thereafter, a second layer of a polymeric material is applied on the first layer of the polymeric matrix. The second layer forms a body member made of a polymeric material, referenced as  520  in  FIG. 5 . The mold is closed and heated with the polymeric material to a temperature below the melting point of the polymeric material. Pressure is applied to the mold such that air contained in the mold is sucked out and the polymeric material forms in the shape of the polymeric liner. The final procedure is opening the mold and removing the polymeric liner from the mold. The resulting polymeric liner comprises a friction reducing member and a body member which are conjoined by compression molding. 
         [0049]    In an embodiment of the disclosed method of production, before the procedure of closing the mold, a third layer of polymeric matrix is applied to the second layer. This third layer contains a polymeric material and at least one nanotube nanoparticle. The polymeric material has a volume concentration of 95%-99% v/v and the at least one nanotube nanoparticle has a volume concentration of between 0.1%-5% v/v. The resulting polymeric liner according to this embodiment is composed of a skin made of homogeneously distributed nanoparticles in a polymeric matrix and a body member made of a polymeric material. Preferably, the resulting skin substantially covers the body member. In an additional embodiment of the disclosed method of production, which refers to all above-disclosed methods, the nanotube nanoparticle is selected from nanoparticles of tungsten disulfide (WS 2 ) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) having a volume concentration of between 0.1%-5% v/v. 
         [0050]    A further embodiment of the disclosed method of production includes the procedures of providing a mold with a cavity in a shape of the polymeric liner and thereafter, loading a required amount of a mixture of a polymeric material and at least one nanotube nanoparticle in the cavity of the mold, wherein the mixture contains a polymeric material having a volume concentration of between 95%-99.9% v/v and at least one nanotube nanoparticle having a volume concentration of between 0.1%-5% v/v. In an embodiment of the disclosed technique, the volume concentration of the at least one nanotube nanoparticle in the mixture is between 0.5%-2% v/v. The mold is closed and heated with the mixture of polymeric material and nanotube nanoparticles to a temperature below the melting point of the polymeric material. Pressure is applied to the mold such that air contained in the mold is sucked out. A polymeric matrix is obtained in the shape of the polymeric liner. The final procedure is opening the mold and removing the polymeric liner from the mold. The resulting polymeric liner is composed of substantially uniformly distributed nanotube nanoparticles in a polymeric matrix. 
         [0051]    The polymer is provided as a powder or grinded material. The polymer is then mixed with the nanotube nanoparticles and the mixture is transferred into a mold. For example, the mixing procedure can be conducted by dispersing the nanotube nanoparticles in a solution in combination with stirring, sonication in a sonication bath, sonication with a sonication finger, for the required time until the desired mixture is obtained. The temperature and pressure of the mold determine the melting and cooling of the polymeric material in the mold. Both temperature and pressure can be controlled and revised to accord with the specific melting temperature and solidification time required for the specific material. With respect to the concentration gradient of the nanoparticles, this can be controlled by an electric or magnetic field which can be formed during the stages of preparation of the polymeric liner. The electric or magnetic field will determine the concentration of the nanoparticle on a specific surface/layer and the viscosity of the polymer is determined by temperature and time. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0052]    APV Meyer Press was used for compression molding of UHMWPE GUR 1020. Four samples of medical liner were prepared: 
       Liner 1—Pure UHMWPE 
       [0053]    Liner 2—UHMWPE with 0.5% nanotubes of SW 2  
 
Liner 3—UHMWPE with 1% nanotubes of SW 2  
 
Liner 4—UHMWPE with 1.5% nanotubes of SW 2  
 
         [0054]    Process Parameters: 
         [0055]    The as received GUR1020 reactor powder (or each mixture with SW 2 ) was directly sintered at 200° C. in air press (Model APV, Meyer) for 30 minutes with 20 MPa pressure. The samples were then quenched to ambient temperature using air flow. The sizes of the liners obtained were: Diameter=25 mm; Thickness: 1 and 3 mm; Weight: 480 gr+/−5%, 1440 gr+/−, 5% respectively. 
         [0056]    Tribo-Meter Apparatus 
         [0057]    A tribo-meter apparatus was used for studying the particular tribo-behavior of different nano-composite polymer liners in comparison with a pure polymeric liner. The focus of this equipment is to reach high accuracy measured signals for the sliding motion, load applied and frictional response of the rubbed material. 
         [0058]    The Technical Specifications of the Study: 
         [0000]    Normal load: up to 10N
 
Sliding speed: up to 500 mm/sec
 
Sliding amplitude: up to 25 mm
 
Counter body: 6 mm ceramic any type, mostly acidic/water environment.
 
         [0059]    The Results 
         [0060]    Liner 1—Pure UHMWPE 
         [0000]    400 g vertical load is applied on the tested sample. The sample is moving back and forth against the surface of the load in a velocity of 40 mm/sec and in a frequency of 3 Hz.
 
Measurements obtained: Coefficient of friction 0.16 for dry and Coefficient of friction 0.24 in water.
 
Higher coefficient of friction is observed under water lubricated condition.
 
Measurements of the depth of cracks in the liner revealed maximum depth of 10.9 μm (micrometer) and area of hole of 3595 μm.
 
         [0061]    Liner 2—UHMWPE with 0.5% Nanotubes of SW 2    
         [0000]    400 g vertical load is applied on the tested sample. The sample is moving back and forth against the surface of the load in a velocity of 40 mm/sec and in a frequency of 3 Hz.
 
Measurements obtained: Coefficient of friction 0.2 for dry
 
Coefficient of friction 0.28 in water
 
The coefficient of friction goes up and down in dry condition.
 
         [0062]    Liner 3—UHMWPE with 1% Nanotubes of SW 2    
         [0000]    Coefficient of friction 0.16 for dry
 
Coefficient of friction 0.24 in water
 
The warm surface is wrinkled with wavy morphology and the wrinkling is denser with small grooves for dry condition. This is due to the high temperature reaching the polymer surface and wrinkles present on the surface.
 
Measurements of the depth of cracks in the liner revealed maximum depth of 9.67 μm (micrometer) and area of hole of 3383 μm.
 
         [0063]    Liner 4—UHMWPE with 1.5% Nanotubes of SW 2    
         [0000]    400 g vertical load is applied on the tested sample. The sample is moving back and forth against the surface of the load in a velocity of 40 mm/sec and in a frequency of 3 Hz.
 
Measurements obtained: Coefficient of friction 0.15 for dry with lower rate and stable rate. In this liner the wear mechanism is different. The surface has no wavy morphology and exhibits only small grooves due to the low friction. This is a result of the low temperature reaching the polymer&#39;s surface.
 
Measurements of the depth of cracks in the liner revealed maximum depth of 9.23 μm (micrometer) and area of hole of 3131 μm.
 
         [0064]    Summary of Feasibility Results 
         [0065]    The friction coefficient of the composite material of UHMWPE and nanotubes was reduced by a factor of 2 and more in comparison with the friction coefficient of pure UHMWPE. In addition the friction coefficient remained stable throughout duration of the test both in dry and aqueous media. The composite material of UHMWPE and nanotubes demonstrated lower surface temperature at the local area of the test during the complete duration of the test. Furthermore, observations of the behavior of liners with different thickness revealed that the liner thickness did not affect the test results. 
         [0066]    It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the disclosed technique is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather the scope of the disclosed technique is defined only by the claims, which follow.