Abstract:
An optical membrane element for an optical device in lithography, especially EUV (extreme ultraviolet) lithography, includes at least one membrane layer and a frame, which at least partially surrounds the membrane layer and at which at least part of the rim of the membrane layer is mounted. At least one tautening element is provided, which facilitates tautening of the membrane layer and wherein the optical membrane element can be used in a projection exposure system, especially for EUV lithography, such that the membrane layer of the membrane element can be adjustably tautened, such that the membrane layer is flat. A method for manufacturing a corresponding optical membrane element includes generating a tautening element lithographically together with the membrane layer.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of, and claims benefit under 35 USC 120 to, international application PCT/EP2008/063170, filed Oct. 1, 2008, which claims benefit of German Application No. 10 2007 047 149.3, filed Oct. 2, 2007 and U.S. Ser. No. 60/976,900, filed Oct. 2, 2007. International application PCT/EP2008/063170 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
       FIELD 
       [0002]    The disclosure relates to an optical membrane element for an optical device in lithography, especially EUV (extreme ultraviolet) lithography, including at least one membrane layer and a frame, which at least partially surrounds the membrane layer and at which at least part of the edge of the membrane layer is mounted, as well as a projection exposure system, especially for EUV lithography, in which a corresponding membrane element is provided, and also a method for the use of such a membrane element and a method for making such an optical membrane element. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    For the production of the finest structures in electrotechnical and/or micromechanical components on the nanometer scale, it is desirable for light or generally electromagnetic radiation of ever decreasing wavelengths be used for the lithography method underlying the manufacturing process. Accordingly, projection exposure systems for illuminating and imaging a reticle containing the desired microstructure or nanostructure are known that employ electromagnetic radiation in the range of extreme ultraviolet light. For this technique, called EUV lithography, optical membranes are used in order that they may serve, for example, as spectral filters, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,154,666 B2. In addition, there are other applications in the field of EUV lithography, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,153,615, U.S. Pat. No. 6,749,968, U.S. Pat. No. 6,683,936 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,150,060. Because the application areas referred to in these documents constitute potential applications for the optical membrane element of the disclosure, the disclosure content of these publications is incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
         [0004]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,068,203 furthermore discloses how, for example, a thin silicon membrane may be produced. Its disclosure content, too, is incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0005]    The membranes usually have a very low thickness in the range of 50 to 500 nm and are desirably planar and smooth in order that they may be used in optics without causing aberrations. The extended area of the membranes can range from 0.5 mm edge length or diameter to several 100 mm edge length or diameter. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an optical membrane or an optical membrane element which has the desired planarity, i.e. membrane flatness, for use in optics and thus especially avoids wrinkling and the like. In addition, the membrane element can be easy to produce and use while meeting the desired optical properties such as transmission, etc. 
         [0007]    The disclosure proceeds from the fundamental idea that a planar, smooth arrangement of an optical membrane is possible if the membrane can be selectively tautened. In the case of optical membranes, such as those made from silicon or zirconium, which inherently have very little or no membrane tension due to the way they are manufactured, the planarity or flatness is impaired because the lack of tension leads to wrinkling Other membranes, such as those made from silicon nitride, have high production-related membrane tensions, whose unevenness is due to internal tensions or to the membrane&#39;s being arranged on a support structure. All these problems can be resolved through selective tautening of the membrane. For example, wrinkling, too, which is due to internal tensions created by coatings, such as zirconium on silicon, can be removed by selective tautening. 
         [0008]    The disclosure provides an optical membrane element, which has at least one membrane layer and a frame, which at least partially surrounds the membrane layer and to which is attached or mounted at least part of the edge of the membrane layer. Through the provision of a least one tautening element which can act upon the membrane layer, selective tautening of the membrane layer can be achieved. 
         [0009]    Several tautening elements can be distributed around the circumference of the membrane layer and/or the frame in order that an uneven state of tension in the membrane layer may be compensated for by corresponding actuation of individual tautening elements in each direction. Especially, it is advantageous to provide at least two tautening elements for the purpose of introducing tensile forces into the membrane layer in independent spatial directions. A high number of tautening elements makes for more selective and more accurate tautening of the membrane layer. 
         [0010]    If the tautening of the membrane layer proceeds via deformation of the frame at which the membrane layer is arranged, it is advantageous for the frame to be capable of corresponding elastic deformation. 
         [0011]    Alternatively, or additionally, the frame can be formed from or include a plurality of separate retaining elements, such that the membrane layer can be tautened by a movement of separate, individual retaining elements. 
         [0012]    The frame of the membrane layer can be accommodated in a holder, with the tautening elements capable of being provided between the frame and the holder. The tautening elements can be formed as longitudinally adjustable connecting elements between the frame and holder, such that a change of length of the connecting elements generates forces and the tension of the membrane layer is adjustable. Candidate longitudinally adjustable connecting elements may especially be adjusting screws and the like. In addition, however, other actuators, such as piezoelectric elements, and the like may be provided. The tautening elements can also be spring elements, such as tension springs or linear springs. 
         [0013]    In some embodiments, the desired tensile forces can be generated on the membrane layer by generating torque in connection with swivel joints, rather than by direct linear movements or displacements. For example, between a holder on one hand and frame or retaining elements on the other, at least one, preferably several swivel joints can be provided which transform a generated torque into a linear force. The desired torque may, for example, be generated in turn by a longitudinally adjustable spacer especially in the form of an adjusting screw or a piezoelectric actuator. Here, too, other actuators which can generate torques may be used. 
         [0014]    In addition to a torque, which is converted into a linear tensile force on the membrane layer via a rotary axis parallel to the plane of the membrane layer, other deformations or types of force application can be used to apply tension in the plane of the membrane layer. For example, the frame may be formed as two parts, with a first, inner part is connected to the membrane layer and the second outer part connectable to a holder. The two parts may be connected via spring bars, which, upon elastic deformation, cause the inner part of the frame to expand and thus in turn generate tensile forces in the plane of the membrane layer. 
         [0015]    Through the various ways of generating tensile forces or tensile stresses in the plane of the membrane layer, it is possible to stretch the membrane layer and thus to generate a smooth and planar shape of the membrane layer. Especially, the tension of the membrane layer of the membrane element is thus adjustable, with the adjustment relating to both the magnitude and the direction and thus the local distribution of the tension. As a result, unevenness and wrinkling, whether due to an absence or deficiency of tension or to unevenly distributed (inherent) tension, are avoided or compensated for. 
         [0016]    The membrane element with corresponding tautening elements thus also allows readjustment of the tension as time passes, for example when relaxation has occurred or when different environmental conditions, such as radiation-induced heating and the like, involve changes. 
         [0017]    The optical membrane element can be generated especially by a lithographic manufacturing method in order that, for example, at low membrane dimensions of 0.5 mm edge length or diameter, the correspondingly involved micromechanical components for the tautening elements may be produced. Correspondingly, the membrane layer and the frame as well as the holder and the frame plus the holder, frame and membrane layer can be formed as one piece. 
         [0018]    The membrane layer can have a thickness of 50 nm to 500 nm (especially 100 nm to 250 nm), and edge lengths or diameters ranging from 0.5 mm to 200 mm (especially 1 mm to 100 mm). 
         [0019]    The membrane layer can have multiple plies and/or include functional elements such as lattice structures and the like as well as filter layers. Accordingly, an optical membrane element can be provided in a projection exposure system, especially an EUV projection exposure system where it may serve as transmission reticle, debris filter, attenuator, spectral filter, pellicle, transmission grid, or transmission filter. 
         [0020]    Especially preferred is a use of corresponding membrane elements in connection with measuring devices for recording the optical imaging properties. 
         [0021]    The membrane layer can include silicon, zirconium, ruthenium, rhodium, niobium molybdenum, boron and/or silicon nitride. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0022]    Further advantages, characteristics and features of the disclosure are apparent from the following detailed description of embodiments using the enclosed drawings. The drawings show in purely schematic form: 
           [0023]      FIG. 1  is a plan view of a first embodiment of an optical membrane element; 
           [0024]      FIG. 2  is a plan view of a second embodiment of an optical membrane element; 
           [0025]      FIG. 3  is a cross-section through a membrane element according to  FIGS. 1  or  2 ; 
           [0026]      FIG. 4  is a plan view of a third embodiment of an optical membrane element; 
           [0027]      FIG. 5  is a partial cross-section through the membrane element of  FIG. 4 ; 
           [0028]      FIG. 6  is a plan view of a fourth embodiment of an optical membrane element; 
           [0029]      FIG. 7  is a partial cross-section of the membrane element from  FIG. 6 ; 
           [0030]      FIGS. 8   a - 8   c  show the sequences involved in lithographic manufacturing of a silicon membrane via an SOI (Silicon On Insulator) wafer; 
           [0031]      FIG. 9  is a cross-section of a multi-ply membrane layer; 
           [0032]      FIG. 10  is a cross-section of a membrane layer with functional elements; 
           [0033]      FIG. 11  is an illustration of a projection exposure system, in which an membrane element is used; 
           [0034]      FIG. 12  is an illustration of a part of an illumination system for a projection exposure system with membrane elements; 
           [0035]      FIG. 13  is a projection exposure system with application areas for membrane elements; and 
           [0036]      FIG. 14  is a part of a projection exposure system in the wafer stage with an membrane element. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0037]      FIG. 1  is a plan view of a first embodiment of an optical membrane element  1 , in which the membrane layer  2  has a rectangular base area or basic shape when the layer thickness is ignored. 
         [0038]    The membrane layer  2  is held at the sides of the rectangular basic shape, i.e. the end faces, by retaining elements  3 ,  4 ,  5  and  6 , which together form a frame  7 . Provided in each of the retaining elements  3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6 , is a coupling element in the form of an opening  8 ,  9 ,  10 ,  11 , with which a tautening element, not shown in detail, can engage. Via the tautening element and in accordance with the arrows shown at openings  8 ,  9 ,  10  and  11 , forces are generated which place the membrane layer  2  under tensile stress. 
         [0039]    In order that the forces may be generated, the tautening elements can be counter-mounted in a holder, not shown, which, for example, can also be formed by a housing of an optical device, such that, for example, by shortening the tautening elements, for example in the form of adjusting screws and the like, the tension in the membrane layer  2  can be produced. 
         [0040]      FIG. 2  shows in an illustration similar to  FIG. 1  a further embodiment of a membrane element  1 , in which similar or identical components are labelled with the same reference symbols. The embodiment of the membrane element of  FIG. 2  differs from that of  FIG. 1  in that the membrane layer has an octagonal base area or basic shape instead of a rectangular area. Correspondingly, instead of the four retaining elements  3 ,  4 ,  5  and  6  according to the embodiment of  FIG. 1 , retaining elements  3  to  6  and  17  to  20  are provided, which, depending on the dimension of the longitudinal extension of the side of the membrane layer  2  at which they are arranged, are also formed differently. However, the retaining elements  3  to  6  and  17  to  20  also have corresponding coupling elements  8  to  15  in the form of an opening for engagement with a tautening element, like the retaining elements  3  to  6  of the embodiment of  FIG. 1 . 
         [0041]      FIG. 3  shows schematically in a cross-sectional view the functioning of the optical membrane elements, as illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 .  FIG. 3  shows a cross-section through the retaining elements  3  and  5 , more precisely, through the corresponding openings  8  and  10 , which serve the purpose of engagement with the tautening elements. If, for example, force, as indicated by the arrows, is exerted on the retaining elements  3  and  5  by shortening the tautening elements (not shown) arranged between the retaining elements  3 ,  5  and a surrounding holder (not shown), the retaining elements  3  and  5  are caused to move apart. Since the retaining elements  3  and  5 , however, are firmly connected to the membrane layer  2 , the membrane layer  2  is placed under tensile stress and is pulled apart or is elastically and/or plastically stretched. Typically, the force should be large enough to produce planar smoothing and elastic tautening only, but not to induce plastic strain on the membrane layer. 
         [0042]    The arrangement of the membrane layer  2  at the retaining elements  3  to  6  or  17  to  20  can be effected by a positive-locking, or force closure or bonded connection (material continuity), with especially the membrane layer attachable by a clamp, a weld or an adhesive bond. It is also conceivable for the retaining elements to form one piece with the membrane layer, for example in the case of lithographic production of silicon membranes. 
         [0043]    Moreover, it is also conceivable for a membrane element to be formed so as to be gastight, with, for this purpose, a holder is provided around the membrane layer  2  and the retaining elements  3  to  6 , such as shown in the embodiment of  FIG. 4 . The holder (not shown) is formed such that the holder can be accommodated gastight in a housing of the projection exposure system. The membrane layer  2 , such as provided in embodiments of  FIGS. 1 to 3 , is also arranged gastight at the holder, such that no membrane-free space remains between the points of attack of the retaining elements  3  to  6  or tautening elements at the membrane and the holder. The tautening elements act in such a manner that an inner area of the membrane layer  2  is tautened by the tautening elements, while the outer area of the membrane layer is connected gastight to the holder  32 , but rather than being tautened serves to accommodate the folded parts of the membrane. 
         [0044]      FIG. 4  shows a further embodiment of an optical membrane element in which the membrane layer  2  has a circular base area. Correspondingly, the surrounding frame  7  is formed as a circular ring. The frame  7  is surrounded by a holder  32 , which includes a plurality of tautening elements  30 , which are spaced equidistantly around the membrane layer  2  and the frame  7 . The mechanical tautening elements  30  each have a swivel or bending joint  31 , which, as a one-piece solid-body joint in the form of a film hinge, connects the holder  32  to the frame  7 . Accordingly, the swivel joint  31  is essentially formed by a thin, flexible bar, which connects the frame  7  to the holder  32  as one piece. 
         [0045]    The holder  32  is also formed as a circular ring, with an extension  34  being formed in the zone of the mechanical tautening elements  30  in order that an adjusting screw  33  may be arranged at a distance from the swivel joint  31  such that the screw interacts with that part of the frame  7  which is remote from the swivel joint. The interaction proceeds in such a way that the adjusting screw  33  is fed in through a threaded hole in the extension  34  and one of its ends stops against that part of the frame  7  which is spaced apart from the swivel joint  31 . Through turning the adjusting screw  33 , the distance between the frame part  7  and the extension  34  of the holder  32  can be modified, such that swivelling about the swivel joint  31  occurs. If, as a result, that part of the frame  7  which is spaced apart from the swivel joint  31  moves towards the membrane layer  2 , the opposite part of the frame  7  to which the membrane layer  2  is attached, moves outwards and thus exerts a tensile force which acts on the membrane layer  2 . Correspondingly, a tensile strain can be exerted on the membrane layer  2 . Through adjustment of the adjusting screw  33  at the mechanical tautening elements  30  provided around the membrane layer, a desired tensile strain can be adjusted. Especially, the mechanical tautening elements can be individually adjusted such that a planar, smooth formation of the membrane layer  2  is ensured. 
         [0046]      FIG. 6  shows a fourth embodiment of an optical membrane element  1 , which has an essentially rectangular membrane layer  2 . The membrane layer  2  is held in a frame  7  which includes an outer frame part  40  in the form of a rectangular ring and an inner frame part  41  with individual retaining elements, which are firmly connected to the membrane layer  2 . Between the outer frame part  40  and the inner frame part  41  or the retaining elements  41  are provided spring bars  42 , which, as shown in more detail in  FIG. 7 , are formed so as to be elastically deformable. 
         [0047]    The holder  32 , too, consists of a rectangular ring structure in which accommodation elements  35  are provided which can accommodate the outer frame part  40  by clamping. Formed on the inner side of the holder ring  32  is a circumferential bar  36 , which interacts with the inner frame part  41  or the retaining elements such that the spring bars  42  are bent perpendicularly to the plane of the membrane layer  2 . This leads to expansion of the membrane layer  2  and to the introduction of a corresponding tensile stress. 
         [0048]    Through appropriate choice of the height of the circumferential bar  36 , a defined stress can be set. In addition, the peripheral bar  36  is formed such that, for example, oblique sliding surfaces or the like ensure that the tension is maintained permanently. 
         [0049]    Instead of the circumferential bar  36 , it is also conceivable to provide adjusting screws, which are fed, for example, through the holder ring perpendicular to the plane of the membrane layer  2  and, upon accommodation in corresponding threaded holes, can form a defined stop for the inner frame part  41  or the individual separate retaining elements. 
         [0050]      FIGS. 8   a - 8   c  show the procedural method adopted in the lithographic manufacture of a thin silicon membrane with a layer thickness of, for example, 100 nm. 
         [0051]    To this end, in the first step, which corresponds to the image of  FIG. 8   a ), a so-called SOI wafer (Silicon-On-Insulator wafer) is provided in which two silicon partial layers  50  and  52  are separated by a partial layer of silicon dioxide  51 . A photoresist  53  is applied to the surface of the partial silicon layer  52  so that zone  54  has no photoresist, so that the partial silicon layer there can be etched away in a sub-step in accordance with  FIG. 8   b ). The structure of the photoresist with the resist-free zone  54  is produced by corresponding lithographic exposure of the photoresist and subsequent removal of the uncured photoresist. 
         [0052]    After the etch-stop layer of silicon dioxide  51  is reached during etching of the silicon in zone  54 , photoresist  53  and the partial silicon dioxide layer  51  in the window area  54  are removed, such that a free-standing silicon membrane remains in zone  54 . 
         [0053]    Similarly, further steps can be introduced before, after and/or during the membrane production to effect structuring in those zones which surround the window area  54  and which can find use as a frame, in order that mechanical tautening elements may be generated, such as those shown in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0054]      FIGS. 9 and 10  show the basic structure of membrane layers, as can be used in accordance with the disclosure. For example,  FIG. 9  shows a two-layer membrane  2 , which includes the partial layers  60  and  61 , which consist, for example, of silicon and zirconium. 
         [0055]      FIG. 10  shows a membrane layer  2  which includes a basic layer  62 , for example, of silicon, on which functional elements, such as lattice structures  63  and the like, have been applied. 
         [0056]    The optical membrane elements can be used in projection exposure systems for microlithography, that is, in illumination systems or projection optics, more especially in projection exposure systems which work with light, that is, electromagnetic radiation in the extreme ultraviolet range. One possible wavelength here, for example, is 13.5 nm. 
         [0057]    The optical membrane elements can be used as transmission reticles  102 , wherein a structured absorber  112  is applied to a free-standing membrane  111  from transmitting material, such as silicon or silicon nitride (see  FIG. 11 ). Due to the absorbent structure  112 , a structure to be produced on a wafer  104  can be created, which is imaged in miniature onto the wafer via projection optics  103 .  FIG. 11  further shows the EUV light source  100  and the illuminating system  101 . 
         [0058]    The transmission reticle  102  includes, in addition to the membrane  111  and the absorber  112  deposited thereon, a tautening device  110  in accordance with the disclosure, which ensures that the membrane  111  is smooth and planar under tension. 
         [0059]    Another possible application consists in using corresponding optical membrane elements as debris filters, which serve to isolate one zone of a projection exposure system in which contamination exists or may arise from other zones. For instance, the light source can be segregated from the rest of the projection exposure system through a corresponding debris filter. The debris filter allows passage of the light used for imaging, for example, EUV radiation, but neutral particles or ions cannot pass through the filter. 
         [0060]    Another possible use of the optical membrane elements is as spectral filter for filtering out a certain wavelength of the light employed or electromagnetic radiation generally. 
         [0061]    Corresponding membrane elements can also be used in combination, such as debris filter and spectral filter. This is shown in  FIG. 12  for a part of an illumination system for an EUV lithography system. The light of an EUV light source  100  is collected via a so-called Wolter collector  150  and focussed onto a mirror  154 , from where it is directed to a further mirror  160  via an intermediate image  155 . 
         [0062]    A plasma position sensor  153  and an intermediate image position sensor  159  are provided for the purpose of monitoring the illumination system. Corresponding membrane filters  151  and  158  are provided to protect such sensors. Moreover, another debris filter  156  is provided in the vicinity of the intermediate image. 
         [0063]    The combined debris spectral filter  151  is arranged in front of a mirror  152 , which blocks a portion of the light  150  collected by the Wolter collector from the light source  100  in the direction of the plasma position sensor  153 . The plasma position sensor serves to monitor and check the state of the EUV light source  100 . 
         [0064]    The same applies to the intermediate image position sensor  159 , by which the location of the intermediate image can be monitored. To this end, a portion of the light from the beam is blocked via the mirror  157  and deflected to the intermediate image position sensor  159 . Provided between mirror  157  and intermediate image position sensor  159  is, again, a combined debris spectral filter  158 . 
         [0065]    Through the combined debris-spectral filters  151  and  158 , unwanted contamination can, for example, be prevented from reaching the sensor and, moreover, a wavelength range of light which is unfavourable for the sensor can also be blocked. 
         [0066]    The debris filter  156 , in contrast, only takes on the function of preventing contamination from spreading out along the beam. 
         [0067]      FIG. 13  shows an EUV projection exposure system with an EUV light source  100 , whose light is directed to a reticle  200  via the mirror elements M 0  to M 5 , which constitute the illumination system. The reticle  200 , which is configured not as a transmission reticle but rather as a reflection reticle, reflects the illumination light, with the structure provided at the reticle  200  being imaged onto a wafer  300  via projection optics having mirror elements M 6  to M 10 . 
         [0068]    In the projection exposure system of  FIG. 13 , various membrane elements in accordance with the present disclosure are provided in the form of debris filters, graduated grey filters, pellicle, spectral filters or in connection with inline measuring technology. 
         [0069]    Thus, according to  FIG. 13 , a first debris filter  201  is arranged relative to the light source  100 , such that the particles formed in the light source, such as ions, neutral particles and the like, cannot reach the rest of the projection exposure system. 
         [0070]    While the debris filter  201  can be arranged only in the area of the beam, it is advantageous for the debris filter  201  to be formed such that gas-tight separation obtains. 
         [0071]    Accordingly, a gastight arrangement of the membrane with its frame or its holder in a housing or housing component may be provided. 
         [0072]    Since the membrane is usually formed so as to be very thin, the thermal conductivity of the membrane itself is low, such that the membrane heats up upon corresponding absorption of electromagnetic radiation. It is therefore advantageous for the filters or membranes to be placed where the light output per surface element is as low as possible in order that the temperature load may be kept low. It follows therefrom that the corresponding membranes can be formed so as to have a very large surface, a fact which in turn involves the tension for achieving a smooth membrane is particularly important. 
         [0073]    Although such debris filters can be used throughout the system, as  FIG. 12  has already shown, use with respect to segregation of the light source, as with the debris filter  201 , as well as segregation of the projection exposure system relative to the wafer  300  via a debris filter  206  is preferred. 
         [0074]    Irradiation of the photosensitive layer on the wafer  300  causes the release of possibly aggressive chemical components, which may lead to impairment of the optical components of the projection system. The debris filter  206  hinders these released chemical components of the wafer or of the layers provided thereon. 
         [0075]    In addition, an optical membrane element can also serve as a pellicle  203  for protecting the reticle. 
         [0076]    Where the optical membrane serves as pellicle  203 , the membrane element is provided in connection with the reticle to protect the latter against particles, which could reach the reticle, especially during handling of the reticle, such as during reticle changing or during transport of the same. Since the pellicle is arranged so as to be spaced apart from the reticle and firmly connected to it, any particles can be deposited on the pellicle only, with, due to the arrangement outside the reticle plane, the particles not being imaged to the same level of sharpness as the structures of the reticle and thus unfolding a less harmful effect. A pellicle membrane could, for example, be made of silicon or zirconium, as these facilitate maximum possible transmission of the EUV light. 
         [0077]    A further application for optical membrane elements in accordance with the present disclosure is the use as graduated grey filter  202 ,  204  for averaging the illumination. The graduated grey filters can be used here either for uniform illumination of the field (graduated grey filter  202 ) or the pupil (graduated grey filter  204 ). In the case of the graduated grey filters  202 ,  204 , an absorber layer is provided on the membrane with a gradient across the thickness of the layer, such that non-uniformity of the intensity distribution is compensated. Even lattice structures which lead to averaging of the intensity through a refractive effect are conceivable. The absorber layer can be made of aluminium, chromium, tantalum nitride, carbon or other elements of low transmission for EUV light. 
         [0078]    Instead of an absorber layer with thickness gradient or with lattice structure, it is also conceivable for averaging of the light intensity to be adjusted by a dynamic filter, which is formed so as to be displaceable. 
         [0079]    Another application area is characterised by the spectral filter  205  intended to filter out light of certain wavelengths. This is for example true for so-called deep ultraviolet radiation, which, for example, is detrimental to the photosensitive layer of the wafer. The spectral filter can basically be provided anywhere in the projection exposure system or, as the embodiment of  FIG. 12  shows, be combined with other filters. 
         [0080]    There are also possible applications in connection with measuring technology, as already described for  FIG. 12 . Aside from measurements in the illumination system, as shown in  FIG. 12 , the optical membranes can also be used for so-called inline measuring technology in the area of the wafer, as illustrated by the membrane element  216 , which is shown in detail in  FIG. 14 . 
         [0081]    The so-called inline measuring technology of the wafer stage  212  can take the form of transmission image sensors (TIS) and so-called Ilias sensors (integrated lens interferometers at scanner, ILIAS). Such sensors are described, for example, in EP 1 510 870 A1, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
         [0082]      FIG. 14  is a cross-sectional view of the arrangement of a corresponding membrane element  216  with the frame or the tautening device  218  as well as the membrane  219  and the absorber  210  deposited thereon. Below the membrane  219  in the area of the wafer stage  212  (substrate holder) is provided, for example, an intensity sensor or an EUV camera  217 . 
         [0083]    The structuring of the absorber  210  on the membrane  219  in the form of a lattice, for example, enables the wave front aberration of the EUV radiation  211  to be determined. 
         [0084]    In addition to the application possibilities which have been shown in relation to  FIGS. 11 to 14 , further applications of corresponding membrane optical elements are also possible. These arise for a person skilled in the art from the depiction of the described possible uses and the cited advantages of the optical membrane elements. 
         [0085]    Although the present disclosure has been described in detail using the sample embodiments, it is clear to a person skilled in the art that the disclosure is not restricted to these embodiments, but that in the context of the attached claims modifications or amendments are possible. For example, all kinds of different combinations of individual characteristics of the present disclosure can be realized or individual characteristics may be omitted.