Abstract:
A method and system for characterizing blocks of printed material. A digital image of printed material, such as an address block, on an object is obtained, and the image is processed to abstract characterizing information descriptive aspects of the other printed material. The characterizing information is combined with other information, such as postal information and the combined information is then cryptographically authenticated with a digital signature or the like. An indicium representative of the authenticated information is then printed on the object. The object&#39;s relationship to the indicium can be verified by regenerating the characterizing information from the other printed material and comparing the regenerated characterizing information with characterizing information recovered from the indicium. Thus, copies of the indicium cannot easily be used, without detection, on other objects which do not include the other printed material. A combination of algorithms is selected from a predetermined group of characterizing algorithms by determining an estimate for the robustness of each algorithm and selecting a combination having high overall robustness.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     The present application relates to similar subject matter as, and shares elements of disclosure with, commonly assigned application entitled “Method and System for Estimating The Robustness Of Algorithms For Generating Characterizing Information Descriptive Of Selected Printed Material Such As A Particular Address Block” (Attorney Docket F-707) in the names of Matthew J. Campagna and Danny Lelli. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The subject invention relates to the problem of providing a robust, compact characterization of a block of printed text which will distinguish the selected block of text from other such blocks. More particularly, it relates to the problem of providing an image-based characterization of a printed address block which can be incorporated into a digital postal indicium. (By “robust and compact” herein is meant information which is small enough in quantity to be incorporated into postal indicia yet will identify a text block, and distinguish it from other text blocks, with sufficient reliability to deter “rubber stamp” counterfeiting; despite errors introduced by the printing and/or scanning processes.)  
         [0003]     Postage metering systems account for postage and other values such as parcel delivery service charges and tax stamps, and print indicia representative of such values as proof of payment. To protect against counterfeiting of indicia, modern digital postage metering systems use encryption technology. The postage value and other information relating to an indicium, preferably, are digitally signed or otherwise cryptographically authenticated, and the information and signature are incorporated into the digital postal indicium.  
         [0004]     Digital postal indicia using encryption technologies are extremely secure. In general, without knowledge of the proper encryption keys, it is essentially impossible to produce a counterfeit digital indicium. However, digital indicia are subject, as are all postal indicia, to “rubber-stamp” counterfeiting when a valid indicium is scanned and reproduced on multiple mail pieces. To prevent such “rubber-stamp” counterfeiting, it is known to incorporate information from the address block of the mail piece into the postal indicium. Because space on an envelope is limited, typically only a small portion of the information in the address block will be incorporated into the indicium.  
         [0005]     In  FIG. 1 , prior art mailing system  10  includes address printer controller  12 , address printer  14 , postage meter  16 , and indicia printer  20 . Address printer controller  12  receives address information from a data processing system (not shown), generates a bitmap representative of the nominal, or “pristine”, image of the address block, and controls address printer  12  to print address block A, representative of the address, on envelope E. Meter  16  receives postage information, and other information, from the data processing system. Meter  16  also receives characterizing information descriptive of block A from address printer controller  12 . The information received can be either text-based or image-based. Text-based information is descriptive of the words or characters making up to the address, (e.g., ASCII code) while image-based information is descriptive of the actual printed image in the address block. Meter  16  combines the characterizing information with the postage value and other information, typically digitally signs the combination, generates a bitmap representative of an indicium including the digitally signed combination, and controls indicia printer  20  to print indicium IN on envelope E. When the mail piece is sent to a postal service location the address block can be scanned again, and the information regenerated from the scanned address block compared to information recovered from indicium IN, without the need to communicate with the remote mailing system; thus tying indicium IN to the particular mail piece. (Note that since indicium IN is cryptographically linked to the address on the mail piece, printer  20  need not be a secure printer; but can be a general purpose printer which can be controlled by other devices for other uses.) Commonly assigned, provisional application No. 60/386,868 filed Jun. 7, 2002, entitled System And Method For Mail Destination Address Information Encoding Protection And Recovery In Postal Payment in the name of Leon A. Pintsov (Attorney Docket F-520) discloses a system similar to that of the  FIG. 1  using text-based characterizations of the address block.  
         [0006]     While useful for its intended purpose, problems remain with the system of  FIG. 1  and similar systems. It has proven difficult to reliably recover textual information from address blocks during the validation process using available optical character recognition (OCR) techniques. Attempts to increase the robustness of text-based systems by incorporation of additional information and/or the use of error correcting codes has resulted in undesirable increases in indicia size and computational complexity. Use of image-based characterizing systems, such as those described in the above mentioned co-pending application Ser. No. 60/386,868 has been proposed and is believed to substantially overcome some of the problems of text-based systems. However, to date, no characterizing algorithm is known to be sufficiently robust for all possible applications. This problem is exacerbated by the variation in robustness of characterizing algorithms with respect to the particular text block to be characterized. This is an object of the present invention—to provide a robust and flexible method and system for characterizing particular text blocks.  
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007]     The above object is achieved and the disadvantages of the prior art are overcome in accordance with the subject invention by a method and system for generating characterizing information for a selected block of printed material (such as an address printed on an envelope or other mail piece), in which said printed material is to be scanned from an object and compared with said characterizing information at a location distant from where said block is printed. The system of the subject invention is controlled in accordance with the method to: a) print said block on an object; b) determine estimates of robustness for each algorithm in a predetermined set of algorithms; and c) select, as a function of said estimates, a combination of descriptors generated by a corresponding combination of said algorithms as said characterizing information.  
         [0008]     In accordance with one aspect of the subject invention the estimates are determined by: a) filtering a pristine digital image of said block of printed material with a print/scan filter to create a filtered image, said print/scan filter simulating the expected transformation of said pristine image by printing and scanning processes; b) applying each algorithm from said predetermined set of characterizing algorithms to said filtered image to generate a plurality of corresponding second characterizing information descriptors for said filtered digital image; and c) for each algorithm from said predetermined set of characterizing algorithms, comparing corresponding said first and said second descriptors to determine said estimates of robustness.  
         [0009]     In accordance with another aspect of the subject invention the estimates are determined by: a) filtering a pristine digital image of said block of printed material with a print/scan filter to create a filtered image, said print/scan filter simulating the expected transformation of said pristine image by printing and scanning processes; b) further filtering said filtered image with one or more defacing filters, said defacing filters simulating simulate blots, smudges, failure of print elements or scanner sensors, or other, similar occasional events which can not easily be incorporated into said print/scan filter to create one or more defaced images; c) applying each algorithm from said predetermined set of characterizing algorithms to said filtered image and to said one or more defaced images to generate a plurality of corresponding second characterizing information descriptors for said filtered digital image and one or more pluralities of defaced image descriptors corresponding to each of said one or more defaced images; and d) for each algorithm from said predetermined set of characterizing algorithms, comparing corresponding first characterizing information descriptors with corresponding second characterizing information descriptors and with each of said one or more corresponding defaced image descriptors to determine said estimates of robustness.  
         [0010]     In accordance with another aspect of the subject invention the selected descriptor is one of the second descriptors.  
         [0011]     In accordance with yet another aspect of the subject invention an indicium including the characterizing information is verified by: a) scanning images of said indicium and said other printed material from said object; b) inputting a combination of first descriptors comprising the characterizing information from said indicium image; c) identifying characterizing algorithms used to generate said first descriptors; d) applying said identified algorithms to said image of said other material to generate second descriptors; e) comparing said first and second descriptors; and f) if said first and second descriptors do not match, diverting said object for further inspection.  
         [0012]     Other objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the detailed description set forth below and the attached drawings.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0013]     The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which:  
         [0014]      FIG. 1  shows a schematic block diagram of a prior art mailing system.  
         [0015]      FIG. 2  shows a schematic block diagram of a mailing system and a verification system in accordance with the subject invention.  
         [0016]      FIG. 3  illustrates a method for abstracting characterizing information descriptive of an address block from an image of the address block.  
         [0017]      FIG. 4  illustrates another method for abstracting characterizing information descriptive of an address block from an image of the address block.  
         [0018]      FIG. 5  illustrates another method for abstracting characterizing information descriptive of an address block from an image of the address block.  
         [0019]      FIG. 6  shows a flow diagram of the operation of the mailing system of  FIG. 2  in determining the robustness of algorithms for abstracting characterizing information in accordance with one embodiment of the subject invention.  
         [0020]      FIG. 7  shows a flow diagram of the operation of the mailing system of  FIG. 2  in selecting a robust combination of descriptors.  
         [0021]      FIG. 8  shows a flow diagram of the operation of the mailing system of  FIG. 2  in determining the robustness of algorithms for abstracting characterizing information in accordance with another embodiment of the subject invention.  
         [0022]      FIG. 9  shows a flow diagram of the operation of the mailing system of  FIG. 2  in determining the robustness of algorithms for abstracting characterizing information in accordance with another embodiment of the subject invention.  
         [0023]      FIG. 10  shows a flow diagram of the operation of the verification system of  FIG. 2  in verifying an indicium. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0024]     In  FIG. 2 , mailing system  22  includes address printer controller  13 , address printer  14 , postage meter  16 , and indicia printer  20 , which are substantially similar to the corresponding prior art elements shown in  FIG. 1 . System  22  differs in including data stores  21  and  23  communicating with controller  13  and in the manner in which controller  13  generates characterizing information. Data store  21  stores a plurality of characterizing of characterizing algorithms, as will be described further below, and data store  23  stores at least a print/scan filter which, when applied to the pristine image generates a filtered image which approximates the transformation of the pristine image by the printing and scanning processes. In other embodiments, data store  26  stores one or more defacing filters which simulate blots, smudges, failure of print elements or scanner sensors, or other, similar occasional events which can not easily be incorporated into said print/scan filter to create one or more defaced images. Together, meter  16 , printer  20 , form secure postal indicia printing system  22 .  
         [0025]      FIG. 2  also shows verification controller  25 , camera  27 , data store  28 , storing the characterizing of characterizing algorithms used in system  22 , and diverter  29 ; which together comprise verification system  30  for comparing address block A with information recovered from indicium IN and diverting mail pieces which do not match, as described above. (System  30  is typically located at a postal facility distant from system  22 .) Except as to programming of controller  25  to carry out the comparison algorithm of the subject invention, as will be described further below, operation of verification system  30  is substantially conventional and need not be described further here for an understanding of the subject invention.  
         [0026]     Three methods for generation of image-based characterizing information which are believed to provide improved compactness and robustness in accordance with the above object of the invention, have recently been developed by the assignee of the present application and are described below as illustrative of the type of characterizing algorithms which can be used with the subject invention. Numerous other algorithms will be apparent to those skilled in the art and particular choices of algorithms to be used form no part of the subject invention, except as may be recited in the claims below and equivalents.  
         [0027]     A characterizing algorithm where the characterizing information comprises measurements of the lengths of the individual words which make up address A, is shown in  FIG. 3 . Address block A is parsed to identify individual words by first identifying line spaces Is by determining the occurrence of large amounts of horizontal white space between blocks of printed text, and then identifying word spaces ws by determining the occurrence of large amounts of vertical white space between blocks of printed text (as shown with respect the first line of address A). Word lengths /1 through /9 are then determined for address A. Preferably, word lengths are taken (measured in pixels) from the edges of word spaces ws (or the address edges) as shown, but can be taken in any convenient manner, such as along the midline of the words.  
         [0028]     It is believed that using four or fewer bits per word would not be useful in postal applications. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the number of bits used can be selected to encode all words in the address, and two control bits will be sufficient to indicate selection of five to eight bits per word to encode the length of the word. In other embodiments, a fixed number of words in the address, for example the first eight, can be scanned at a fixed number of bits per word; eight in this case, since control bits would not be needed to specify the number of bits per word.  
         [0029]     Another algorithm, where the characterizing information comprises measurements of the number of “outliers” in each word (or each line) which make up address A, is shown in  FIG. 4 . (By “outliers” herein is meant ascenders or descenders and portions capitals of which project beyond thresholds, which are preferably determined by the upper and lower bounds of lower case letters without ascenders or descenders, such as “a”, “c”, “e”, etc.) Address A is parsed to identify individual words, if necessary, by first identifying line spaces Is by determining the occurrence of large amounts of horizontal white space between blocks of printed text, and then identifying word spaces ws by determining the occurrence of large amounts of vertical white space between blocks of printed text (as shown with respect the first line of address A). Otherwise only the lines need be identified.  
         [0030]     Assuming six bits are allocated per word, the number of upwards (+) and downwards (−) outliers per word can be encoded as “xxx/yyy” where x and y are binary digits and xxx is the number of (+) outliers and yyy is the number of (−) outliers.  
         [0031]     Another algorithm in which the characterizing information comprises a description of the shape of the address block is shown in  FIG. 5 . The shape is determined by using a conventional “best fit” scanning algorithm which encloses address block A with “best fit” closed curve  50 . (It should be understood that various algorithms for generating a best fit curve will generate different curves. These differences do not affect the subject invention so long as the same algorithm is used to generate the curve whose description is incorporated into the indicium and to recover the curve from the address block when the indicium is validated.) Preferably, curve  50  is constrained. That is the manner in which a curve can be generated is limited so that the resulting curve is simplified and can be described with limited information. In  FIG. 5 , curve  50  is formed from linked straight line segments, such as segment  51 , which are limited to eight “directions”, up (U), down (D), left (L), right I, up-right (UR), up-left (UL), down-right (DR), and down-left (DL); viewed as being generated starting in the upper left corner of address block A and traveling clockwise around address block A. Preferably the curve  50  also accounts for spaces between characters, words and lines, treating these spaces as equivalent to printed space, so that curve  50  does not become too convoluted and require extensive descriptive information. It is within the skill of a person skilled in the art to provide an algorithm which will generate robust and compact characterizing information, as described above.  
         [0032]     The characterizing information, i.e. the description of curve  50 , can be encoded in a number of ways. In the present example, the characterizing information consists of only the directions, without lengths, of each successive line segment.  
         [0033]     Programming of a data processor to analyze scan data to perform imaging operations such as identifying lines and words, measuring the dimensions of letters and words or fitting a curve to an image in accordance with predetermined constraints are well known. Such operations are substantially routine in the character and general pattern recognition arts, for example. Techniques for carrying out such operations are also taught in:  Handbook of Pattern Recognition and Image Processing  edited by T Young and K-S Fu, Academic Press, 1986 and need not be discussed further here for an understanding of the subject invention.  
         [0034]     Bit streams such as those describe above comprise ordered sequences of values which are typically, though not necessarily, numeric values associated with words in the address block. (Such bit streams are hereinafter sometimes “characterizing information descriptors” or “descriptors” and such values are hereinafter sometimes “characterizations”.) As described above, when an indicium is validated, i.e., tied to the mail piece on which it is printed, at a distant postal facility the descriptor generated from the pristine image and incorporated into the indicium is compared with a descriptor recovered from an image scanned from the address block printed on the mail piece. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the recovered image will be transformed with respect to the pristine image by the characteristics of the printing and scanning processes, as well as possibly by the occurrence of occasional events such as blots. Thus, it is important that the algorithm used to characterize the address block be robust; that is that it produces descriptors that match sufficiently when an indicium is valid, and do not match for invalid indicia, despite small differences between the scanned image and the pristine image. It will also be apparent that the robustness of a particular characterizing algorithm can vary for different address blocks. (As a hypothetical example, the above described algorithm based on word length may be less robust for address blocks printed in a small font while algorithms based on the number of outliers, or address block shape may be relatively insensitive to font size.)  
         [0035]      FIG. 6  shows a flow diagram of the operation of controller  13  in accordance with one embodiment of the subject invention. At step  60 , controller  13  obtains a pristine digital image, P, of address block A from a conventional source (not shown) such as a data processing system for preparing a bulk mailing. At step  62 , controller  13  carries out printing of address block A in a conventional manner. Preferably, this printing process is carried out concurrently with the selection of a characterizing algorithm but, in other embodiments of the subject invention, printing of address block A can be carried out sequentially or by a separate processor.  
         [0036]     At step  64 , controller  13  inputs a print/scan filter which simulates the printing process of printer  14  and the scanning process to be carried out at a remote postal facility from data store  26  and applies it to image P to generate a filtered image, F, which approximates the image which will be scanned from the mail piece at the postal facility. And at step  66  sets index i equal to 1 and variable R equal to 0.  
         [0037]     At step  66  controller  13  sets index i=1 and variable R=0, and at step  70  applies the ith characterizing algorithm C i  to images P and F to generate corresponding descriptors C i (P) and C i (F); each comprising a sequence of M characterizations, or values, C i (P) 1  through C i (P) M ; C i (F) 1  through C i (F) M . Then at step  72 , controller  13  compares descriptors C i (P) and C i (F) to estimate a robustness value R i  for the ith algorithm C i , with respect to a particular image P.  
         [0038]     The comparison at step  72  is carried out using a comparison algorithm associated with characterizing algorithm C i  and which preferably is the same comparison algorithm used at the postal facility to compare the descriptor recovered from the scanned image with the descriptor incorporated into indicium IN. Preferably, the comparison is carried out on a characterization by characterization basis, comparing each C i (P) j  with the corresponding C i (F) j  to determine if the characterizations match; i.e., if they are “close enough” as defined by the particular comparison algorithm used. (As a hypothetical example, where the characterizations are word lengths they may be considered to “match” if the lengths differ by no more than one or two units; while if the characterizations are the number of outliers in a word a “match” may require exact equality.)  
         [0039]     In a preferred embodiment, once descriptors C i (P) and C i (F) have been compared an estimate R i  for the robustness of algorithm C i , with respect to particular image P, is calculated as: 
 
 R   i =Total no. of [ C   i ( P ) j  matching  C   i ( F ) j   ]/M  (for j=1 through M); 
 
 where M is the number of characterizations generated by C i . (Note that since robustness is defined with respect to small changes in the image, in normal use the filters, and the printing and scanning processes, will be such that the descriptors C i (P) and C i (F) will have the same number of characterizations. Otherwise an error condition is generated.) 
 
         [0040]     Once estimate R i  is determined at step  74 , controller  13  stores R i  and C i (X); where, in different embodiments of the subject invention, X can be P or F. That is, the descriptors incorporated into indicium IN can be based on either pristine image P or filtered image F. Then, at step  78 , controller  13  sets i=i+1 and, at step  80  determines if i&gt;N, where N is the number of algorithms to be evaluated. If so, controller  13  returns to step  66  to process the next algorithm; and otherwise goes to  FIG. 7 .  
         [0041]     In  FIG. 7 , at step  90  controller  13  determines the size of all descriptors which have been generated, i.e. the number of bytes required to express each descriptor, and at step  92  sets index j=1 and variable OR=0.  
         [0042]     Then, at step  94  controller  13  tests the jth combination, COMBJ=C a (X), C b (X), . . . C y (X) against predetermined rules. In a preferred embodiment, this is carried out by a table look-up which determines whether or not COMB j  is permitted. Such table can be up dated off-line in response to accumulated experience or heuristic experimentation. As a hypothetical example, the rules might require that a particular descriptor be included in permitted combinations while prohibiting other particular sub-combinations of descriptors. In other embodiments, each combination is logically tested against the rules to determine if the combination is permitted.  
         [0043]     Then at step  96 , if it is determined that COMB j  is permitted, then at step  100  controller  13  determines if the size of COMB j  is small enough to fit in the available space in indicium IN. If so, then at step  102  controller  13  calculates OR j , the overall robustness of COMB j . Preferably: 
 
 OR   j   =avg ( R   a   ,R   b   , . . . R   y ) 
 
 Then, at step  106  controller  13  determines if OR j &gt;OR, and if so at step  108 , sets OR=OR j . 
 
         [0044]     Then, or if the results at steps  96 ,  100  or  106  are negative, at step  110  controller  13  sets j=j+1, and at step  112  determines if j&gt;2 N −1, that is if all combinations have been processed. If not, controller  13  returns to step  94  to process the next combination, and otherwise at step  116  sends J and COMB J  to meter  16  for incorporation into indicium IN. The postal facility can then recover J to identify COMB J  and use COMB J  to validate indicium IN as will be described below.  
         [0045]      FIG. 8  shows a flow diagram of the operation of controller  13  in accordance with another embodiment of the subject invention. Similar to the above described embodiment, at step  90 , controller  13  obtains pristine digital image, P, of address block A, at step  94  carries out printing of address block A concurrently with the selection of a characterizing algorithm and, at step  96  inputs a print/scan filter.  
         [0046]     At step  100  controller  13  inputs defacing filters D 1  through D T  (described above) and applies each of these filters to filtered image F to generate defaced images F*D 1  through F*D T  which approximate scanned images of address blocks which have been defaced by occasional events such as blots. At step  102  controller  13  sets index i equal to 1 and variable R equal to 0.  
         [0047]     At step  104  controller  13  applies the ith characterizing algorithm C i  to images P, F and F*D 1  through F*D T  to generate corresponding descriptors C i (P), C i (F) and C i (F*D 1 ) through C i (F*D T ); each comprising a sequence of M characterizations, or values, C i (P) 1  through C i (P) M ; C i (F) 1  through C i (F) M , etc. Then at step  108 , controller  13  compares descriptors C i (P) with descriptors C i (F) and C i (F*D 1 ) through C i (F*D T ) to estimate a robustness value R i  for the ith algorithm C i , with respect to a particular image P.  
         [0048]     In a preferred embodiment, once descriptors C i (P) and C i (F) have been compared an estimate R i  for the robustness of algorithm C i , with respect to particular image P, is calculated as: 
 
 R   i =Total no. of: [ C   i ( P ) j  matching  C   i ( F ) j  (for j=1 through M)+ C   i ( P ) j  matching  C   i ( F*D   k ) j   /M  (for j=1 through  M, k= 1 through  T )]/ M ( T+ 1); 
 
 where M is the number of characterizations generated by C i . 
 
         [0049]     Again similar to the embodiment described above, once estimate R i  is determined at step  110  controller  13  stores C i (X) (where again X can be either P or F depending upon the embodiment) and R i . At step  112 , controller  13  sets i=i+1, and at step  116  determines if i+1 is greater than N, the number of characterizing algorithms stored. If not, controller  13  returns to step  104  to test the next algorithm. Otherwise, at step  120 , controller  13  goes to  FIG. 7  and continues as described above.  
         [0050]      FIG. 9  shows a flow diagram of the operation of controller  13  in accordance with another embodiment of the subject invention in which estimates of the robustness of algorithms C i  have been previously obtained and stored. Such estimates can be predetermined on the basis of experience with use or heuristic experimentation, or in any other convenient manner. Again, at step  120  controller  13  obtains pristine digital image, P, of address block A, at step  122  carries out printing of address block A concurrently with the selection of a characterizing algorithm and, at step  124  sets index i=1.  
         [0051]     In a preferred embodiment, at step  126 , controller  13  applies algorithm C i  to image P to generate descriptor C i (P). In another embodiment, additional step  125  is carried out immediately after step  124  to generate filtered image F, and step  126   a  is substituted for step  126  to generate descriptor C i (F). At step  130 , controller  13  stores C i (X) (where again X can be either P or F depending upon the embodiment). At step  132  controller  13  sets i=i+1 and at step  136  determines if i+1 is greater than N, the number of characterizing algorithms stored. If not, controller  13  returns to step  126  (or  126   a  depending upon the embodiment) to test the next algorithm. Otherwise, at step  136 , controller  13  goes to  FIG. 7  and continues as described above.  
         [0052]     It is anticipated that other estimates for robustness of characterizing algorithms will be developed as experience with different applications is gained or will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it should be understood that, except for particular recitations in the claims below and equivalents thereof, details of particular estimates used form no part of the subject invention.  
         [0053]      FIG. 10  shows a flow diagram of the operation of verification system  30  in verifying indicium IN. After envelope E is scanned by camera  27 , at step  140  verification controller  125  inputs a digital scanned image Si of address block A, and at step  142  inputs COMB j =C a (X), C b (X), . . . C y (X) and index value J. At step  144  controller  25  identifies algorithms C a , C b , . . . C y  from index value J, at step  146  calculates descriptors C a (SI), C b (SI), . . . C y (SI), and at step  150  compares corresponding descriptors. At step  152 , if the descriptors do not match controller  25  activates diverter  29  at step  154  to divert envelope E for inspection; and otherwise, at step  158  sends envelope E on for normal processing.  
         [0054]     At step  150 , in a preferred embodiment, the descriptors are determined not to match if any pair of characterizations do not match. That is if for any i,k the characterizations C i (X) k , C i (SI) k  do not match then at step  152  no match is found. Preferably comparisons are made using comparison algorithms associated with each of characterizing algorithms Ci, and stores in data store  28 . In other embodiments, a predetermined threshold number of characterizations which fail to match is required before no overall match is found. In still other embodiments, this threshold may vary between 1 and another predetermined value or values associated with particular combinations j and stored in data store  28 . In other embodiments threshold values are specified in indicium IN.  
         [0055]     The embodiments described above and illustrated in the attached drawings have been given by way of example and illustration only. From the teachings of the present application those skilled in the art will readily recognize numerous other embodiments in accordance with the present invention. Accordingly, limitations on the present invention are to be found only in the claims set forth below.