Abstract:
Methods for routing a call involving an Internet Protocol (IP) Multimedia Subsystem Centralized Services (ICS) subscriber accessing an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network using a circuit switched (CS) access network are provided. The method includes receiving an incoming call request for a user at a gateway Mobile Switching Centre (GMSC); accessing a Location Register storing information relating to the user to determine if the user is an ICS subscriber; and generating and forwarding a SIP INVITE message to the IMS to establish the call if it is determined that the user is an ICS subscriber. Related Gateway Mobile Switching Centres (GMSCs) and Home Location Registers (HLR) are also provided herein.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority to PCT Application No. PCT/EP2011/059064, filed Jun. 1, 2011, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in its entirety. 
     FIELD 
     The invention relates to the field of communications networks, and in particular to the routing of call/sessions using IP Multimedia Subsystem Centralized Services networks. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is the technology defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to provide IP Multimedia services over mobile communication networks. IP Multimedia services provide a dynamic combination of voice, video, messaging, data, etc. within the same session. The IMS is defined in the 3GPP Specification 23.228. 
     The IMS makes use of the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) to set up and control calls or sessions between user terminals (or user terminals and application servers). The Session Description Protocol (SDP), carried by SIP signalling, is used to describe and negotiate the media components of the session. Whilst SIP was created as a user-to-user protocol, IMS allows operators and service providers to control user access to services and to charge users accordingly. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates schematically how the IMS  3  fits into the mobile network architecture in the case of a GPRS/PS access network. Although numerous network entities, or nodes are depicted, only those relevant to the present discussion have been assigned reference numerals. As shown in  FIG. 1  control of communications occurs at three layers (or planes). The lowest layer is the Connectivity Layer  1 , also referred to as the bearer, or traffic plane and through which signals are directed to/from user terminals accessing the network. Access to the IMS  3  by IMS subscribers is performed through an IP-Connectivity Access Network (IP-CAN). In  FIG. 1  the IP-CAN is a GPRS network including entities linking the user equipment to the IMS  3  via the connectivity layer  1 . The GPRS network includes various GPRS Support Nodes (GSNs). 
     The IMS  3  includes a core network  3   a , which operates over the Control Layer  4  and the Connectivity Layer  1 , and a Service Network  3   b . The IMS core network  3   a  includes various network nodes that include Call/Session Control Functions (CSCFs)  5 . The CSCFs  5  include Serving CSCFs (S-CSCF) and Proxy CSCFs (P-CSCF), which operate as SIP proxies within the IMS in the middle, Control Layer  4 . Other IMS core network entities shown include a Media Resource Function Controller (MRFC), a Border Gateway Control Function BGCF and a Media Gateway Control Function, (MGCF)  5   a . The IMS also includes a Home Subscriber Server (HSS)  6 , which supports the IMS nodes that handle calls and performs authentication and authorization of the user. The HSS  6  may include or share access of data from a Home Location Register (HLR—not shown), which is a master user database that contains subscription-related information (subscriber profiles). 
     At the top is the Application Layer  7 , which includes the IMS service network  3   b . Application Servers (ASs)  7   a  are provided for implementing IMS service functionality. Application Servers  7   a  provide services to end-users on a session-by-session basis, and may be connected as an end-point to a single user, or “linked in” to a session between two or more users. Certain Application Servers  7   a  will perform actions dependent upon subscriber identities (either the called or calling subscriber, whichever is “owned” by the network controlling the Application Server  7   a ). 
     The IMS relies on Internet Protocol (IP) as a transport technology. Using IP for voice communications, however, presents some challenges, especially in the mobile community where Voice Over IP (VoIP) enabled packet switched (PS) bearers may not always be available. To allow operators to start offering IMS-based services while voice enabled PS-bearers are being built out, the industry has developed solutions that use existing Circuit Switched (CS) networks to access IMS services. These solutions are referred to as IMS Centralized Services (ICS). ICS is described in 3GPP TS 23.292 (with further aspects described in 3GPP TS 24.292 and 3GPP TS 29.292) and is also the name of the Work Item in 3GPP Release 8 addressing these matters. ICS allows a User Equipment (UE) to connect to a CS access network and to have access to Multimedia Telephony services. ICS allows for the delivery of consistent IMS services to the user regardless of the attached access type (e.g. CS domain access or IP-CAN). 
       FIG. 1  also shows a Circuit Switched (CS) domain  8 . A call from a User Equipment (UE) is routed by a Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)  8   a . The MSC where a subscriber is currently located is referred to as the visited MSC (V-MSC), while the Gateway MSC (G-MSC)  8   b  is the MSC that determines which MSC is the V-MSC that currently serves the subscriber who is being called. The V-MSC has an associated Visitor Location Register (VLR) which is a database of subscriber data for the subscribers currently being served by the V-MSC. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , where the equivalent entities have the same reference numerals as  FIG. 1 , an ICS-enabled UE  9  can access an MSC Server  8   a  via a CS Access network  10 . It also accesses a CSCF  5  via a Gm reference point, and a Service Centralization and Continuity Application Server (SCC AS)  11  via a Gm reference point. SIP is used to perform service control between the ICS UE  9  and the SCC AS  11  over the Gm interface. For a speech service, the ICS UE  9  can use its CS access to transfer voice media. The ICS procedures include mechanisms whereby the MSC Server  9  is enhanced for ICS so that it can communicate directly with the IMS (e.g. CSCF  5 ) via the  12  interface. This is used, for example, for call origination, call termination and registration. 
     The SCC AS  11  is a home network based IMS Application Server that provides the functionality required to enable IMS Centralized Services. The SCC AS  11  is inserted in the session path using originating and terminating initial Filter Criteria (iFC); it is configured as the first AS in the originating iFC chain and as the last AS in the terminating iFC chain The SCC AS  11  may also be invoked through the use of Public Service Identifier (PSI) termination procedures when using CS access. 
     An incoming call for an ICS subscriber with a service provided by the IMS can be received either through the CS domain or via the IMS. Some, or all calls for an ICS subscriber that are received through the CS domain need to be routed to the IMS for service execution, prior to onward routing of the call to the subscriber. This is sometimes referred to as Terminating Service Domain Selection (T-SDS), or more informally to establish a terminating leg. Although the 3GPP ICS specifications do not stipulate any specific procedures, an informative annex in 3GPP TS 23.292 release 10 (Annex F.2) includes a number of procedures based on techniques available in the current CS networks. The following 5 procedures (reproduced in italics below) have been extracted from that annex. However, each of the 5 procedures has drawbacks, as explained after each one below. 
     1. Use of CAMEL for Call Diversion to IMS 
     This option applies to configurations requiring handling of incoming calls at the GMSC function. Upon receipt of an incoming call, the GMSC queries the HSS for routing information via the Send Routing Information (SRI) query. The user profile in the HSS is configured to return T-CSI including a gsmSCF address to the GMSC in response to the SRI query. When handling calls for a subscriber with a service provided by the IMS, the subsequent processing at the gsmSCF and the GMSC results in routing of the call to the IMS using the IMRN. The call is routed to the SCC AS according to standard IMS routing procedures. In order to determine the necessary information to complete the call, the SCC AS uses the IMRN or the ISUP information mapped to SIP headers. 
     CAMEL is short for Customised Applications for Mobile networks Enhanced Logic (see ETSI TS 123 078). In the extract above T-CSI is short for Terminating CAMEL Subscription Information; gsmSCF is short for GSM Service Control Function; IMRN is an IP Multimedia Routing Number; and ISUP is short for ISDN User Part. Use of CAMEL for call diversion to IMS, requires provisioning of CAMEL trigger information in subscriber data as well as configuration of associated routing data. It also involves an overhead in the form of additional call signalling of a CAMEL trigger invocation and (as described in the Annex) a PSI-routed leg within IMS from the MGCF  5   a  (see  FIG. 1 ) to the SCC AS  11 . 
     2. HSS Directed Call Diversion to IMS 
     This option also applies to configurations requiring handling of incoming calls at the GMSC function. Upon receipt of an incoming call, the GMSC queries the HSS for routing information using the MAP Send Routing Information (SRI) procedure (as defined in TS 29.002). Based on a non-standardized mechanism, the user profile in the HSS is configured to return an IP Multimedia Routing Number (IMRN) to the GMSC in response to the SRI query, when the call is directed to a subscriber with a service provided by the IMS. The subsequent processing at the GMSC results in routing of the call to IMS using the IMRN. Two methods can then be used to ensure correlation between the IMRN and the original called party.
         a Cooperative allocation/deallocation: In this method, the IMS is made aware of the assigned IMRN and when a call is received for that number, the original number is retrieved. This method is similar to the Provide Roaming Number procedure in MAP (see TS 29.002).   b Algorithmic: In this method, a known algorithm is used to derive the IMRN at the CS [i.e. in the CS network], and to deduce the original called number from the IMRN at the IMS. One method of performing such an algorithm could be use of a prefix.       

     MAP is short for the Signaling System 7 protocol Mobile Application Part. HSS-directed call diversion to IMS is based on a non-standardized mechanism used to configure the user profile in the HSS to return an IMRN to the GMSC in response to the SRI query. It also requires specific routing data configuration to handle the routing to IMS using the IMRN. Sub-option a. requires that the IMS is made aware of the IMRN and is able to replace the IMRN with the original called number when the call reaches the IMS, but it no procedures to handle this are described. 
     3. Static Diversion from GMSC with Dedicated Trunk Groups 
     This option also applies to configurations requiring handling of incoming calls at the GMSC function. Dedicated trunk groups can be used at the GMSC to divert CS terminations to the MGCF. 
     The drawback with this procedure is that it requires dedicated trunk groups to be configured and managed. 
     4. Static Diversion Using Local Number Portability 
     This option can be used for routing of calls originating in PSTN networks to IMS. A Local Number Portability database dip can be used to reroute incoming calls to a subscriber with a service provided by the IMS with calls to the MGCF. 
     In the extract above PSTN stands for Public Switched Telephone Network. The drawback with this procedure is that it requires porting procedures to be used when enabling ICS for a subscriber, which may impact on the operator&#39;s Business Support System and incur interruption in service delivery to the user. 
     5. Direct Routing to IMS 
     Translations can be set up in the PSTN network to route the incoming call to a subscriber with a service provided by the IMS to the MGCF. This way the normal IMS routing technique specified in TS 23.228 can be used. 
     The drawback with this procedure is that it requires specific number series to be used for ICS subscribers. 
     SUMMARY 
     In a first aspect, the invention provides a method of routing a call involving an ICS subscriber accessing an IMS network via a CS access network. The method includes receiving an incoming call request for a user at a GMSC. A Location Register storing information relating to the user is accessed to ascertain whether the user is an ICS subscriber. On ascertaining that the user is an ICS subscriber, a SIP INVITE message is generated and forwarded to the IMS to establish the call. 
     In some embodiments the GMSC is integral with a V-MSC, serving the user, and accessing the Location Register comprises checking a VLR of the V-MSC to determine if an ICS indicator indicating that the user is an ICS subscriber has been provided for the user. Alternatively, or additionally, accessing the Location Register may comprise checking the VLR of the V-MSC to determine if the user has registered with the IMS. 
     Accessing the Location Register may comprise sending a request for routing information to be provided by the user&#39;s HLR and sending a response to the GMSC, which includes an ICS indicator indicating that the user is an ICS subscriber. 
     Embodiments may further comprise converting a destination number in the incoming call request into a global format for inclusion in a Request URI of the SIP INVITE. The converted destination number may be included either as a tel URI or as a tel URI embedded within a SIP URI. 
     In some embodiments, the GMSC is enhanced for ICS, and generates and forwards the SIP INVITE to the IMS. 
     In some embodiments, where the request for routing information is sent to the user&#39;s HLR, the response sent to the GMSC includes both the ICS indicator and an IP Multimedia Routing Number, IMRN. If the GMSC is not enhanced for ICS, on receiving the response, the GMSC routes the call using the IMRN. Alternatively, on receiving the ICS indicator in the response, the GMSC routes the call via a trunk to a Media Gateway Control Function, MGCF, connected to the IMS. 
     The ICS indicator may be stored with the subscriber&#39;s profile data in the subscriber&#39;s HLR. The subscriber&#39;s HLR may be part of the subscriber&#39;s Home Subscriber Server, HSS, the request for routing information being sent to the HSS. 
     It is an advantage that because the GMSC determines that the user is an ICS subscriber, the T-SDS routing from CS to IMS is greatly simplified. Hence, there is no need for the HLR to provide an IMRN in the response to the SRI query. There is no requirement for any additional CAMEL triggering, or for any new/non-standardized subscriber data as the already standardized ICS indicator can be used. There is no requirement for any dedicated trunk groups, or for use of number portability mechanisms, or for a dedicated number series to be allocated to ICS users. 
     In another aspect, the invention provides a GMSC in a telecommunications network. On receiving an incoming call request for a user requesting services provided by an IMS network, the GMSC accesses a Location Register storing information relating to the user, to ascertain whether the user is an ICS, subscriber. On ascertaining that the user is an ICS subscriber, the GMSC initiates generation of a SIP INVITE message to be forwarded to the IMS network to establish the call. 
     The GMSC may be integral with a V-MSC serving the user, and configured to access a VLR, of the V-MSC to determine if an ICS indicator indicating that the user is an ICS subscriber has been provided for the user. The GMSC may be configured to access the VLR of the V-MSC to determine if the user has registered with the IMS. The GMSC may be configured to send a request for routing information to the user&#39;s HLR, wherein a response to the request that includes an ICS indicator indicating that the user is an ICS subscriber. The GMSC may be further configured to generate and send the SIP INVITE message to the IMS. Alternatively, the GMSC may be configured to use the ICS indicator as a trunk selector and to route the call via a trunk to a MGCF connected to the IMS. The MGCF may be an internal component of the GMSC. 
     In another aspect the invention provides a HLR in a telecommunications network. On receiving a request from a GMSC to provide routing information for an incoming call request for a user, the HLR is configured to ascertain whether the user is an ICS subscriber. On ascertaining that the user is an ICS subscriber, the HLR includes an indicator of that in a response to the GMSC. The HLR may be further configured to provide an IMRN in the response to the GMSC. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates schematically in a block diagram an IP Multimedia Subsystem network; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates schematically in a block diagram an IMS Centralized Services network; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates schematically in a block diagram the signalling for implementing a procedure for routing an ICS call/session; 
         FIG. 4  is a flow diagram illustrating the method steps used in a procedure for routing an ICS call/session. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying figures, in which embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many alternate forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. 
     Accordingly, while the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intent to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”, “comprising,” “includes” and/or “including” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. As used herein the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items and may be abbreviated as “/”. It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and, similarly, a second element could be termed a first element without departing from the teachings of the disclosure. 
     The present invention is described below with reference to block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations of methods, apparatus (systems) and/or computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It is understood that a block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, and/or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer and/or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the block diagrams and/or flowchart block or blocks. 
     These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function/act specified in the block diagrams and/or flowchart block or blocks. 
     The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer-implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the functions/acts specified in the block diagrams and/or flowchart block or blocks. 
     Accordingly, the present invention may be embodied in hardware and/or in software (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.). Furthermore, the present invention may take the form of a computer program product on a computer-usable or computer-readable storage medium having computer-usable or computer-readable program code embodied in the medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system. In the context of this document, a computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be any medium that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. 
     The computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be, for example but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer-readable medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, and a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM). 
     It should also be noted that in some alternate implementations, the functions/acts noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the flowcharts. For example, two blocks shown in succession may in fact be executed substantially concurrently or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality/acts involved. Moreover, the functionality of a given block may be separated into multiple blocks and/or the functionality of two or more blocks may be at least partially integrated. 
     Referring first to  FIG. 3   a , in one embodiment, a call set-up request  301  is received at a GMSC  32  from an ICS user in a CS network  30  such as a public switched telephone network (PSTN) or a public land mobile network (PLMN). Upon receipt of the incoming call, the GMSC  32  sends a MAP SRI  302  to the user&#39;s HLR  34 . This is a request for the HLR  34  to provide routing information using the MAP Send Routing Information (SRI) procedure (as defined in 3GPP TS 29.002). The MAP SRI  302  may be directed to the HLR  34  via the user&#39;s HSS (not shown), for example if the HLR  34  is co-located or integrated with the HSS. The user profile in the HLR  34  is provisioned with an ICS indicator indicating that the subscriber is an ICS user (as specified in 3GPP TS 23,008). Currently this is specified for the purposes of registration. When an ICS user attaches to a V-MSC the V-MSC sends a MAP_UPDATE_LOCATION request to the user&#39;s HLR and receives the ICS indicator from the HLR in a MAP Insert Subscriber Data message (see 3GPP TS 29.002). The V-MSC, which is enhanced for ICS, then performs registration in the IMS on behalf of the user via the  12  interface. 
     In the present situation, the HLR  34  on receiving the MAP SRI  302  from the GMSC  32  is configured to return a MAP SRI response  303  to the GMSC  32 . The response now includes the ICS indicator, indicating to the GMSC that the user is an ICS subscriber. The GMSC is configured to recognise the ICS indicator, and to generate a SIP INVITE  304 , which is forwarded to the IMS  35  to establish a terminating call leg. The SIP INVITE  304  can be routed via the  12  interface (see  FIG. 2 ). 
     Another embodiment is shown in  FIG. 3   b , where equivalent features have the same reference numerals as  FIG. 3   a . Here the incoming call, IAM  301 , is received at the GMSC  32 , which is part of an MSC  31  that also includes the V-MSC and VLR  33  that was used when the user attached and registered. In this case, the GMSC  32  does not need to send a request to the user&#39;s HLR, because the ICS indicator would already have been provided to the MSC  31 , when acting as the V-MSC and stored in the V-MSC/VLR  33 . So instead, the GMSC  32  can ascertain that the user is an ICS user from the ICS indicator stored in the VLR. Thus, when the GMSC  32  receives the I AM  301  it checks if it is also the V-MSC for the called user and if it is, it performs a check  302   a  to see if the VLR data contains the ICS indicator. If that is the case the GMSC  32  skips the SRI steps  302  and  303  shown in  FIG. 3   a  and proceeds directly to generate and send the SIP INVITE  304  routed to the IMS  35  (assuming it is an ICS-enabled GMSC). Because use of the ICS indicator in the registration procedure is not mandated, alternatively, or additionally, the GMSC  32  could use the check  302   a  to see whether the V-MSC  33  has an IMS registration for the user, and use this as a basis for the decision to generate the SIP INVITE  304  routed to the IMS  35 . 
       FIG. 3   a  illustrates an embodiment in which the GMSC  32  ascertains that the served user is an ICS subscriber by querying the user&#39;s HLR  34 , whereas  FIG. 3B  illustrates an embodiment in which the GMSC  32  queries the VLR of the V-MSC of the user to ascertain that the user is an ICS subscriber. Accordingly, the GMSC  32  may be configured to query any Location Register that would have the information it needs. Note, however, that in general the embodiment of  FIG. 3   b  would need to be implemented in combination with that of  FIG. 3   a  so that the GMSC  32  would only query the VLR in the situation where the GMSC  32  and V-MSC/VLR  33  are part of the same MSC  31 , but would otherwise send the query to the HLR  34 . This is because calls may arrive even when the user is not attached (or, for example, the user&#39;s cell phone is switched off). Also, being a mobile system the user can attach to V-MSCs other than his “at home” MSC. 
     The GMSC  32  determining, when it receives an incoming call request, that the user is an ICS user greatly simplifies the T-SDS routing from CS to IMS. Hence, there is no need for the HLR to provide an IMRN in the response to the SRI query. There is no requirement for CAMEL triggering (as in procedure 1 above). There is no requirement for any new/non-standardized subscriber data (as in procedure 2 above), instead use is made of the already standardized ICS indicator. There is no requirement for any dedicated trunk groups (as in procedure 3 above), for use of number portability mechanisms (as in procedure 4 above), or for a dedicated number series to be allocated to ICS users (as in procedure 5 above). 
     The incoming call request  301  will include a destination number (i.e. number of the served user). When generating the SIP INVITE  304 , the destination number is converted to a global format and included in the Request-URI either as a tel URI or as a tel URI embedded within a SIP URI, in which case the domain name used is the same as 3GPP TS 24.292 specifies that an MSC enhanced for ICS should for registration, i.e. the home network domain name of the served user as defined in 3GPP TS 23.003. 
     In an optional alternative embodiment, the HLR may return both an IMRN (as in procedure 2 above) and the ICS indicator. Depending on the capabilities of the GMSC  32 , it could either recognise the ICS indicator to generate a SIP INVITE as described above or, if it did not have the ICS-enhanced capabilities, could act on the IMRN (e.g. as described in procedure 1 or procedure 2 above). 
     In another alternative embodiment, where the GMSC  32  is not enhanced for ICS, on receiving the ICS indicator in the MAP SRI response  303 , the GMSC  32  uses this as a trunk selector and routes the call via a trunk to an MGCF connected to IMS. 3GPP TS 24.292 states that if the MSC Server is not enhanced for ICS, interworking between the CS domain and the IMS is provided by an MGCF in accordance with 3GPP TS 29.163. This MGCF may be an internal component of the GMSC  32 , and so would be configured to generate the SIP INVITE  304  itself. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , the flow chart illustrates an embodiment of the procedure combining that shown in  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b . At step  401  an incoming call is received at the GMSC. At step  402 , if the GMSC is part of an MSC that is integral with the V-MSC of the served user, then at step  403  the GMSC checks with the VLR to see if there is an ICS indicator, or if the user registered with the IMS. If at step  402  or  403  the answer is No, then at step  404  the GMSC sends a request (e.g. MAP SRI) requesting routing information from the user&#39;s HLR. At step  405  the HLR sends a response to the GMSC, including the ICS indicator. If at steps  402  and  403 , the answers are Yes, or when the GMSC receives the response with the ICS indicator from the HLR at step  405 , then at step  406 , if the GMSC is enhanced for ICS, it proceeds to step  407 , and generates and sends a SIP INVITE to the IMS to establish the call leg. If at step  406  the GMSC is not enhanced for ICS, then, in this embodiment, it proceeds to step  408  where it routes the call via trunk to an MGCF that is connected to the IMS.