Abstract:
(EN) The invention concerns a device for controlling an internal combustion engine ( 601 ), comprising means ( 600 ) for generating a signal for controlling the internal combustion engine ( 601 ), a sensor ( 602 ) for supplying a pressure measurement signal of a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine ( 601 ), and a filtering device ( 603 ) for generating a filtered pressure signal, said filtering device ( 603 ) being made from analog electronic components. The invention is characterized in that the filtering device ( 603 ) has a closed loop configuration with a direct portion ( 201, 202, 203, 204 ) and a return portion ( 205 ), the return portion comprising a module for re-injecting ( 205 ) said filtered pressure signal (P) and the direct portion including: a first subtracting module ( 201 ) generating the difference between said pressure measurement signal (P r ) and the output of said re-injection module ( 205 ), a static non-linear module ( 202 ) in output of said subtracting module, an integrating module ( 204 ) generating said filtered pressure signal (P) by integration from the output of said non-linear module.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The invention relates to a device for controlling an internal combustion engine. 
     In the field of motor vehicles it is important to be able to have precise control over the combustion phase of the thermodynamic cycle of these engines. To do that, it is commonplace to measure the pressure in the combustion chamber and, on the basis of this measurement, to determine a certain number of characteristic parameters, particularly parameters that can be used for feedback control of the engine. These parameters are, for example, the combustion start time, the power of acoustic emissions from the engine, or the power supplied by the engine. However, the pressure signal obtained by measurement in a combustion chamber cannot be used without prior processing because it exhibits measurement noise in the form of parasitic fluctuations. An example of such a raw pressure signal p(t) measured in a combustion chamber of a car engine is depicted as a function of time in  FIG. 1A ,  FIG. 1B  being an enlarged detail of the signal depicted in  FIG. 1A , this detail corresponding to the start of combustion. The fluctuations present on such a signal do not correspond to variations in the pressure in the combustion chamber but are due to parasitic mechanical fluctuations. The measured pressure signal must therefore be filtered before it can be used to determine parameters that can be used for feedback control. 
     Simple solutions involving linear filtering allow the undesirable fluctuating components in the pressure signal to be reduced. However, this type of filtering has the disadvantage of also attenuating the frequency component, located at around 10 kHz, which corresponds to a sharp increase in the pressure at the start of combustion (in  FIG. 1A  or  1 B, this sharp increase occurs at around t=0.015). Precise detection of the start of combustion is therefore in particular not possible with such a method. 
     Other known solutions rely on the use of wavelet transforms. Hence, patent application US 2003/0 145 829 A1 describes a method allowing the start of combustion to be detected in a combustion chamber from a measurement of the pressure obtaining in this chamber. The pressure signal is filtered by applying a wavelet transform. The start of combustion is detected by analyzing the wavelet coefficients thus obtained, in that it manifests itself in an abrupt jump in the absolute value of the wavelet coefficients. 
     Another source, patent application EP 1 209 458 A1 describes a method for determining the level of noise relative to the combustion noise of an internal combustion engine. The measured pressure signal is also filtered by wavelet transforms. The energy of the starting time-based signal may, on the basis of Parseval&#39;s theorem, be estimated from the wavelet coefficients obtained and it is possible from this to deduce the noise level. This noise level can be used as a feedback control parameter for an engine combustion control module. 
     However, these methods provide only partial solutions to the problem that is that of determining the parameters needed for controlling combustion. These methods are not, in particular, able to calculate directly and accurately the apparent energy release, as defined by the following relationship: 
                         ⅆ   Q       ⅆ   t       ⁢     |   t       =         1     γ   -   1       ⁢     V   ⁡     (   t   )       ⁢       ⅆ   P       ⅆ   t         ⁢     |   t     ⁢       +     γ     γ   -   1         ⁢     P   ⁡     (   t   )       ⁢       ⅆ   V       ⅆ   t         ⁢     |   t               (   1   )               
where γ is the ratio of the specific heat capacities of the combustion gases (the ratio of the specific heat capacity at constant pressure to the specific heat capacity at constant volume), V(t) is the volume of the combustion chamber, P(t) is the pressure in the combustion chamber and t is the time. To this end, it is therefore necessary, the volume of the combustion chamber being known, to be able to determine the instantaneous pressure actually obtaining in the combustion chamber and the derivative of this pressure with respect to time and therefore to greatly reduce or eliminate the parasitic fluctuations contained in the measured pressure signal usually available.
 
     French patent application FR 04 07060 itself describes a method for processing a measured pressure signal from a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine using a wavelet-based filtering technique and nonlinear filtering functions and able to yield a filtered pressure signal which is suitable for determining parameters such as the apparent energy release or the combustion start time. This method does, however, entail an embodiment based on a digital processor of the DSP type or based on an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) and is therefore a relatively expensive embodiment. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a device for processing a measured pressure signal from a combustion chamber that does not exhibit the disadvantages of the anterior solutions just described, is able to yield a filtered pressure signal suitable for determining parameters such as the apparent energy release or the combustion start time and also has a low cost of embodiment. 
     This problem is solved according to the invention by a device for controlling an internal combustion engine, comprising means for generating a signal for controlling the internal combustion engine, a sensor for supplying a measured pressure signal for the pressure measured in a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine, and a filtering device for generating a filtered pressure signal, said filtering device being produced from analog electronic components, characterized in that the filtering device has a closed-loop configuration with a direct part and a return part, the return part comprising a reinjection module for reinjecting said filtered pressure signal and the direct part of the loop comprising:
         a first subtractor module generating the difference between said measured pressure signal and the output from said reinjection module,   a static nonlinear module on the output side of said subtractor module,   an integrator module generating said filtered pressure signal by integrating the output of said nonlinear module.       

     According to one particularly advantageous embodiment, the device according to the invention further comprises:
         a second subtractor module generating the difference between said measured pressure signal and said filtered pressure signal,   a low-pass filtering module on the output side of said second subtractor module,   an adder module generating a corrected filtered pressure signal in the form of the sum of said filtered pressure signal and the output from said low-pass filtering module.       

     The device according to the invention may further exhibit one or more of the following advantageous features:
         the signal input into the integrator module is, disregarding the gain factor, the signal corresponding to the derivative with respect to time of the filtered pressure signal;   the device comprises at least one multiplier module for adjusting the gain applied to said filtered pressure signal before it is reinjected;   the function performed by said nonlinear module is a soft or hard thresholding function;   said nonlinear module is made from at least one resistor and at least two diodes which are connected back-to-back and in parallel;   said first subtractor module or the second subtractor module or the adder module is made from an operational amplifier and at least one resistor;   said integrator module is made from at least one resistor and one capacitor;   said low-pass filtering module is made from at least one resistor and one capacitor.       

    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the detailed description which will follow. In the appended drawings to which reference is made: 
         FIG. 1   a , already described, depicts an example of a pressure signal measured in a combustion chamber, 
         FIG. 1   b , already described, depicts a detail of the signal depicted in figure la, 
         FIG. 2   a  depicts a block diagram of a first exemplary embodiment of the filtering device of an engine control device according to the invention, 
         FIG. 2   b  depicts a block diagram of a second exemplary embodiment of the filtering device of the engine control device according to the invention, 
         FIGS. 3   a  to  3   d  depict exemplary embodiments of various modules of the filtering device of the engine control device according to the invention, 
         FIG. 4  depicts the appearance of the function performed by the module of  FIG. 3   b,    
         FIG. 5  depicts a block diagram of the engine control device of the invention using feedback control, 
         FIG. 6  depicts the appearance of the pressure signal with and without the filtering according to the invention being applied, 
         FIG. 7  depicts the appearance of the derivative of the pressure signal of  FIG. 6  with and without the filtering according to the invention being applied to the pressure signal. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 5  depicts a device for controlling an engine  601  controlled by a unit  600  corresponding to means for controlling the engine  601  generating a control signal Com. The pressure in the combustion chamber of the engine is measured by a sensor  602 . The analog signal generated there by the sensor is transmitted to a filtering device  603  according to the invention. The control means  600  are typically used as computation means of a motor vehicle computer intended to control the combustion of the vehicle engine. In this case, the signals from the filtering device  603  are digitized before being injected into the control module  600 . 
       FIG. 2   a  depicts a block diagram of a first exemplary embodiment of the filtering device of the control device according to the invention. As will be described in greater detail, each of the modules used is made from analog electronic components. The filtering device comprises a closed-loop configuration with at least one direct filtering branch and at least one return branch allowing the filtered pressure signal to be reinjected. The raw measured pressure signal P R , which signal comes from a measurement sensor positioned in the combustion chamber is input into the filtering device. 
     In this first exemplary embodiment, the filtering device according to the invention comprises a direct branch, comprising, in series:
         a first subtractor module  201 ,   a nonlinear static module  202 ,   a multiplier module  203 , and   an integrator module  204  generating the filtered pressure signal P.       

     The filtering device according to the invention comprises a return branch formed by a reinjection module  205  allowing the filtered pressure signal p available on the output side of the integrator module  204  to be reinjected into the first subtractor module  201 . 
     The first subtractor module  201  generates a difference signal ε corresponding to the difference between the measured pressure signal P R  and the filtered pressure signal P. This pressure difference signal ε undergoes a nonlinear operation by means of the nonlinear module  202 . The purpose of this nonlinear module is to attenuate the low-amplitude fluctuations contained in the difference signal ε. The nonlinear function NL is preferably a soft thresholding or hard thresholding function. 
     The soft thresholding function NL(x) is mathematically defined by: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               { 
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         NL 
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           x 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       = 
                       
                         x 
                         - 
                         σ 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         if 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         x 
                       
                       &gt; 
                       σ 
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         NL 
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           x 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       = 
                       0 
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         if 
                         - 
                         σ 
                       
                       &lt; 
                       x 
                       &lt; 
                       σ 
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         NL 
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           x 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       = 
                       
                         x 
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                         σ 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         if 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         x 
                       
                       &lt; 
                       
                         - 
                         σ 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The hard thresholding function NL(x) is mathematically defined by: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               { 
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         NL 
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           x 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       = 
                       x 
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         if 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         x 
                       
                       &gt; 
                       σ 
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         NL 
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           x 
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                       = 
                       0 
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         if 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         - 
                         σ 
                       
                       &lt; 
                       x 
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                       σ 
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         NL 
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           x 
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                       = 
                       x 
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         if 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         x 
                       
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                         - 
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     After the nonlinear operation, the filtered pressure difference signal is optionally adjusted by a multiplier module  203  which applies a gain K to the signal output from the nonlinear module  202  before it is injected into an integrator module  204  the function of which is to generate, at output, a signal representing the integration with respect to time of the filtered pressure difference signal. The output from the integrator module  204  which is formed by the filtered pressure signal p is reinjected via the reinjection module  205  into the first subtractor module  201  on the input side of the filtering device. The Laplace transfer function F(s) applied by the reinjection module  205  is preferably F(s)=1, applied as a simple unit gain or a simple looping back. 
     The multiplier module  203  has been depicted in  FIG. 2   a  on the input side of the integrator module; however, it could equally be placed on the output side of the integrator module or be placed in the return branch on the input side of the reinjection module. The gain may also, depending on the embodiments chosen for the various modules  202 ,  203 ,  204  or  205 , equally be incorporated into one of these modules. The essential feature is, as is known, for the static gain of the open-loop transfer function of the filtering device and that of the return branch to be adjusted so that the cutoff frequencies of the nonlinear filter meet the specifications. 
     Because of the succession of connected modules in the direct branch and because of the closed-loop configuration with reinjection of the filtered pressure signal P on the output side of the integrator, the signal input into the integrator module  204  corresponds, disregarding the gain factor, to the derivative of the filtered pressure signal. As a result, there is no need to use additional means other than those of the filtering device generating the filtered pressure signal for generating the derivative of the filtered pressure signal. This makes the circuit configuration according to the invention particularly advantageous and simple. 
       FIG. 2   b  is a block diagram of a second embodiment of the filtering device of the device for controlling an engine  601  according to the invention. The modules  201  to  205  are identical to those of the first embodiment and are connected in the same way. In addition, this embodiment comprises a subtractor module  206  that calculates the difference between the measured pressure signal P r  input to the filtering device and the filtered pressure signal output from the integrator module  204 . The difference signal is obtained on the output side of the subtractor module  206  and is filtered by means of a low-pass filter F 1    207 . The difference between the filtered pressure signal P on the output side of the integrator module  204  and the output signal from the low-pass filter is calculated using an adder module  208  which generates a corrected filtered pressure signal P out  in the form of the sum of said filtered pressure signal P and the output from said low-pass filtering module  207 . This second embodiment through the presence of the elements  206 ,  207  and  208 , makes it possible to compensate for the voltage shift introduced by the nonlinear function of the nonlinear module  202 . Such a correction is not, however, strictly indispensable if the shift on the filtered pressure signal does not impede the processing operations that will be applied to the filtered pressure signal. The first embodiment will be chosen over the second embodiment in all instances where simplicity of embodiment are required. 
     Exemplary embodiments of the modules  201 ,  202 ,  204 ,  206 ,  207  for the first and second embodiment are given in  FIGS. 3   a  to  3   d.    
       FIG. 3   a  provides an exemplary embodiment of a subtractor module  201  or  206 . In this embodiment, the subtractor module is made from an operational amplifier A s  and four resistors R S1 , R S2 , R S3 , R S4  for adjusting the gain across the inputs V 1 , V 2  of the subtractor module. Its transfer function is given by the following relationship: 
     
       
         
           
             
               V 
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             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     R 
                     
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                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
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                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
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                       1 
                     
                   
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                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
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                   . 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Other embodiments of the subtractor module involving more or fewer resistors or other basic analog components are also conceivable. 
       FIG. 3   b  gives an embodiment of a nonlinear module  202 . In this embodiment, which is simple but none the less exhibits a good cost/performance trade off, the nonlinear module  202  is made from a resistor R D , for adjusting the output gain of the module, and two diodes D 1  and D 2  connected in parallel and back-to-back. The assembly formed by the two diodes in parallel is placed in series with the resistor R D , the input voltage being connected across the terminals of this series configuration. The output voltage V out  is picked off the terminals of the resistor R D .  FIG. 4  illustrates the transfer function obtained using such an embodiment. This here is a soft thresholding function. This solution has the advantage of being very simple and inexpensive. A more complicated embodiment, for example allowing a hard thresholding function to be performed, is also conceivable. 
       FIG. 3   c  gives an embodiment of an integrator module  204 . In this embodiment, the integrator module  204  is made from an operational amplifier A I , a resistor R I  and a capacitor C I . Other embodiments with more or fewer resistors or other basic analog components are also conceivable. The Laplace transfer function for such an integrator module is generally of the type 
     
       
         
           
             
               G 
               ⁡ 
               
                 ( 
                 s 
                 ) 
               
             
             = 
             
               - 
               
                 
                   1 
                   
                     
                       R 
                       I 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       C 
                       I 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     s 
                   
                 
                 . 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     A passive integrator the transfer function of which is 
                 G   ⁡     (   s   )       =     k     1   +     τ   ⁢           ⁢   s           ,         
where τ is a time constant, is also conceivable. Embodiments of the first type of transfer function are generally less expensive because, unlike embodiments of the second type, they do not require a follower module for integrator module impedance matching.
 
       FIG. 3   d  gives an embodiment of a low-pass filtering module  207 . In this embodiment, the low-pass filtering module is made in the form of a first order low-pass filter, from a resistor R F  and a capacitor C F . Its Laplace transfer function is 
     
       
         
           
             
               F 
               ⁡ 
               
                 ( 
                 s 
                 ) 
               
             
             = 
             
               1 
               
                 1 
                 + 
                 
                   
                     R 
                     F 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     C 
                     F 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   s 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Other embodiments with more resistors or capacitors are also conceivable. Any embodiment able to yield a low-pass filter is likely to be suitable, particularly higher order filters. 
       FIGS. 6 and 7  respectively illustrate the appearance as a function of time t of the raw pressure signal P R    700  and filtered pressure signal P  701  and the appearance of the derivative of these same signals dP R /dt  800  and dP/dt  801 . The effectiveness of the filtering device can be observed at the same time as can the ability of this device to keep intact the steep rising edge of the raw pressure signal, which edge corresponds to the start of combustion, at the time t=0.015 s in  FIGS. 6 and 7 . Precise determination of the start of combustion can therefore be achieved on the basis of the filtered pressure signal as generated by the method according to the invention. 
     Using the derivative dP/dt of the filtered pressure signal and/or the filtered pressure signal itself it is possible in particular to determine one or more characteristic parameters of the combustion, particularly parameters that can be used for feedback control of the combustion in the engine. 
     For example, the apparent energy release dQ/dt is determined using the relationship: 
                         ⅆ   Q       ⅆ   t       ⁢     |   t       =         1     γ   -   1       ⁢     V   ⁡     (   t   )       ⁢       ⅆ   P       ⅆ   t         ⁢     |   t     ⁢       +     γ     γ   -   1         ⁢     P   ⁡     (   t   )       ⁢       ⅆ   V       ⅆ   t         ⁢     |   t               (   1   )               
already described.
 
     The start-of-combustion time t 0  is, for example, given by the following formula: to such that 
                 ⅆ   Q       ⅆ   t       ⁢     |     t   ⁢           ⁢   0       ⁢     &gt;     St   ⁢           ⁢   0             
where St 0  is a predetermined threshold.
 
     The power of the acoustic emissions of the engine is, for its part, determined directly from the derivative of the filtered pressure signal dP/dt. 
     Input into the control unit  600  are both a setpoint signal or vector y r  and a feedback signal or vector x generated by the filtering device  603  according to the invention, that is to say the signal P of  FIG. 2   a  or P out  of  FIG. 2   b  according to the embodiment chosen. The setpoint vector y r  for example comprises a setpoint value of the engine power and a setpoint value of the power of acoustic emissions. The setpoint values are preferably mean values established for one thermodynamic cycle or established over several cycles. The feedback vector x comprises for example the instantaneous value of the filtered pressure p filtered by the filtering device according to the invention and the derivative dP/dt of this pressure value, which are data items on the basis of which a true engine power value and a true value for the power of acoustic emissions can be determined so that these can be compared against the corresponding values in the setpoint vector. On the basis of this comparison, the control module  600  can then determine the command to be issued to the engine. 
     Using the method according to the invention that allows the measured pressure signal measured in the combustion chamber to be filtered, it thus becomes possible precisely and inexpensively to control the combustion phase of the thermodynamic cycle of an engine. When there is only one pressure sensor available for the engine, feedback control will be performed on the basis of the measured pressure signal it provides. In the case of a multi-cylinder engine, and if several sensors are available for detecting the pressure in several of the cylinders, feedback control may be performed taking account of the various measured pressure signals each filtered by the method according to the invention.