Abstract:
A transmission method for use in a wireless communication system is provided. The wireless communication system includes a source apparatus and a destination apparatus, where at least transmission from the source apparatus to the destination apparatus is conducted via an intermediate apparatus. The source apparatus is arranged to transmit an identification message to identify itself to the system. The method includes, in the intermediate apparatus, determining whether an identification message from the source apparatus is received and if so, informing the destination apparatus of the reception of the identification message. The method also includes, in the destination apparatus, detecting any identification message received directly at the destination apparatus from the source apparatus, detecting whether the intermediate apparatus has informed the destination apparatus of the reception of the identification message, and using said detections to decide whether to send a response to the source apparatus.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims foreign priority benefits under 35 U.S.C. § 119 of United Kingdom Application No. GB 0617756.2, filed on Sep. 8, 2006, entitled “Communication Systems.” 
       TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    This invention relates in general to communication systems, and more particularly to a network entry procedure. 
       Overview 
       [0003]    Currently there exists interest in the use of multihop techniques in packet based radio and other communication systems, where it is purported that such techniques will enable both extension in coverage range and increase in system capacity (throughput). 
         [0004]    In a multi-hop communication system, communication signals are sent in a communication direction along a communication path from a source apparatus to a destination apparatus via one or more intermediate apparatuses.  FIG. 1  illustrates a single-cell two-hop wireless communication system comprising a base station BS (known in the context of 3G communication systems as “node-B” NB), a relay node RN (also known as a relay station RS), and an item of user equipment UE (also known as a mobile station MS or subscriber station SS; below, the term MS/SS is used to denote either of these types of UE). In the case where signals are being transmitted on the downlink (DL) from a base station to a destination user equipment (UE) via the relay node (RN), the base station comprises the source station (S) and the user equipment comprises the destination station (D). In the case where communication signals are being transmitted on the uplink (UL) from the user equipment (UE), via the relay node, to the base station, the user equipment comprises the source station and the base station comprises the destination station. The latter form of communication includes signals transmitted by the user equipment to identify itself to the base station (and hence to the network) as part of a network entry procedure. This is explained below. 
         [0005]    The relay node is an example of an intermediate apparatus and comprises: a receiver, operable to receive data from the source apparatus; and a transmitter, operable to transmit this data, or a derivative thereof, to the destination apparatus. 
         [0006]    Simple analogue repeaters or digital repeaters have been used as relays to improve or provide coverage in dead spots. They can either operate in a different transmission frequency band from the source station to prevent interference between the source transmission and the repeater transmission, or they can operate at a time when there is no transmission from the source station. 
         [0007]      FIG. 2  illustrates a number of applications for relay stations. For fixed infrastructure, the coverage provided by a relay station may be “in-fill” to allow access to the communication network for mobile stations which may otherwise be in the shadow of other objects or otherwise unable to receive a signal of sufficient strength from the base station despite being within the normal range of the base station. “Range extension” is also shown, in which a relay station allows access when a mobile station is outside the normal data transmission range of a base station. One example of in-fill shown at the top right of  FIG. 2  is positioning of a nomadic relay station to allow penetration of coverage within a building that could be above, at, or below ground level. 
         [0008]    Other applications are nomadic relay stations which are brought into effect for temporary cover, providing access during events or emergencies/disasters. A final application shown in the bottom right of  FIG. 2  provides access to a network using a relay positioned on a vehicle. 
         [0009]    Relays may also be used in conjunction with advanced transmission techniques to enhance gain of the communications system as explained below. 
         [0010]    It is known that the occurrence of propagation loss, or “pathloss”, due to the scattering or absorption of a radio communication as it travels through space, causes the strength of a signal to diminish. Factors which influence the pathloss between a transmitter and a receiver include: transmitter antenna height, receiver antenna height, carrier frequency, clutter type (urban, sub-urban, rural), details of morphology such as height, density, separation, terrain type (hilly, flat). The pathloss L (dB) between a transmitter and a receiver can be modelled by: 
         [0000]        L=b+ 10 n log d   (A) 
         [0011]    Where d (meters) is the transmitter-receiver separation, b(db) and n are the pathloss parameters and the absolute pathloss is given by l=10 (L/10) . 
         [0012]    The sum of the absolute path losses experienced over the indirect link SI+ID may be less than the pathloss experienced over the direct link SD. In other words it is possible for: 
         [0000]        L ( SI )+ L ( ID )&lt; L ( SD )  (B) 
         [0013]    Splitting a single transmission link into two (or more) shorter transmission segments therefore exploits the non-linear relationship between pathloss verses distance. From a simple theoretical analysis of the pathloss using equation (A), it can be appreciated that a reduction in the overall pathloss (and therefore an improvement, or gain, in signal strength and thus data throughput) can be achieved if a signal is sent from a source apparatus to a destination apparatus via an intermediate apparatus (e.g. relay node), rather than being sent directly from the source apparatus to the destination apparatus. If implemented appropriately, multi-hop communication systems can allow for a reduction in the transmit power of transmitters which facilitate wireless transmissions, leading to a reduction in interference levels as well as decreasing exposure to electromagnetic emissions. Alternatively, the reduction in overall pathloss can be exploited to improve the received signal quality at the receiver without an increase in the overall radiated transmission power required to convey the signal. 
         [0014]    Multi-hop systems are suitable for use with multi-carrier transmission. In a multi-carrier transmission system, such as FDM (frequency division multiplex), OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplex) or DMT (discrete multi-tone), a single data stream is modulated onto N parallel sub-carriers, each sub-carrier signal having its own frequency range. This allows the total bandwidth (i.e. the amount of data to be sent in a given time interval) to be divided over a plurality of sub-carriers thereby increasing the duration of each data symbol. Since each sub-carrier has a lower information rate, multi-carrier systems benefit from enhanced immunity to channel induced distortion compared with single carrier systems. This is made possible by ensuring that the transmission rate and hence bandwidth of each subcarrier is less than the coherence bandwidth of the channel. As a result, the channel distortion experienced on a signal subcarrier is frequency independent and can hence be corrected by a simple phase and amplitude correction factor. Thus the channel distortion correction entity within a multicarrier receiver can be of significantly lower complexity than its counterpart within a single carrier receiver when the system bandwidth is in excess of the coherence bandwidth of the channel. 
         [0015]    Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a modulation technique that is based on FDM. An OFDM system uses a plurality of sub-carrier frequencies which are orthogonal in a mathematical sense so that the sub-carriers&#39; spectra may overlap without interference due to the fact they are mutually independent. The orthogonality of OFDM systems removes the need for guard band frequencies and thereby increases the spectral efficiency of the system. OFDM has been proposed and adopted for many wireless systems. It is currently used in Asymnmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) connections, in some wireless LAN applications (such as WiFi devices based on the IEEE 802.11a/g standard), and in wireless MAN applications such as WiMAX (based on the IEEE 802.16 standard). OFDM is often used in conjunction with channel coding, an error correction technique, to create coded orthogonal FDM or COFDM. COFDM is now widely used in digital telecommunications systems to improve the performance of an OFDM based system in a multipath environment where variations in the channel distortion can be seen across both subcarriers in the frequency domain and symbols in the time domain. The system has found use in video and audio broadcasting, such as DVB and DAB, as well as certain types of computer networking technology. 
         [0016]    In an OFDM system, a block of N modulated parallel data source signals is mapped to N orthogonal parallel sub-carriers by using an Inverse Discrete or Fast Fourier Transform algorithm (IDFT/IFFT) to form a signal known as an “OFDM symbol” in the time domain at the transmitter. Thus, an “OFDM symbol” is the composite signal of all N sub-carrier signals. An OFDM symbol can be represented mathematically as: 
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         [0017]    where Δf is the sub-carrier separation in Hz, Ts=1/Δf is symbol time interval in seconds, and c, are the modulated source signals. The sub-carrier vector in (1) onto which each of the source signals is modulated c ε C n , c=(c 0 , c 1  . . . c N−1 ) is a vector of N constellation symbols from a finite constellation. At the receiver, the received time-domain signal is transformed back to frequency domain by applying Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) or Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm. 
         [0018]    OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) is a multiple access variant of OFDM. It works by assigning a subset of sub-carriers, to an individual user. This allows simultaneous transmission from several users leading to better spectral efficiency. However, there is still the issue of allowing bi-directional communication, that is, in the uplink and download directions, without interference. 
         [0019]    In order to enable bi-directional communication between two nodes, two well known different approaches exist for duplexing the two (forward or download and reverse or uplink) communication links to overcome the physical limitation that a device cannot simultaneously transmit and receive on the same resource medium. The first, frequency division duplexing (FDD), involves operating the two links simultaneously but on different frequency bands by subdividing the transmission medium into two distinct bands, one for forward link and the other for reverse link communications. The second, time division duplexing (TDD), involves operating the two links on the same frequency band, but subdividing the access to the medium in time so that only the forward or the reverse link will be utilizing the medium at any one point in time. Both approaches (TDD &amp; FDD) have their relative merits and are both well used techniques for single hop wired and wireless communication systems. For example the IEEE 802.16 standard incorporates both an FDD and TDD mode. IEEE Std 802.16-2004 “Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems” is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
         [0020]    In a single-hop communication system in which communication takes place directly between an MS/SS and a BS, a network entry procedure is followed by the MS/SS in conjunction with the BS. However, the known network entry procedure is not sufficient for a multi-hop system in which communication between the BS and MS/SS takes place via one or more relay stations RS. There is consequently a need for an improved network entry procedure applicable in such a case. 
       SUMMARY OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS 
       [0021]    According to one embodiment of the present invention, a transmission method for use in a wireless communication system is provided. The wireless communication system includes a source apparatus and a destination apparatus, where at least transmission from the source apparatus to the destination apparatus is conducted via an intermediate apparatus. The source apparatus is arranged to transmit an identification message to identify itself to the system. The method includes, in the intermediate apparatus, determining whether an identification message from the source apparatus is received and if so, informing the destination apparatus of the reception of the identification message. The method also includes, in the destination apparatus, detecting any identification message received directly at the destination apparatus from the source apparatus, detecting whether the intermediate apparatus has informed the destination apparatus of the reception of the identification message, and using said detections to decide whether to send a response to the source apparatus. 
         [0022]    Particular embodiments of the invention may provide a communication method, communication system, intermediate apparatus (e.g., a relay station RS) and a base station (BS) employing a novel protocol adopted as a network entry procedure followed by the BS and RS, to enable entry of a legacy MS or SS into a relaying enabled communication network. The protocol of particular embodiments may allow centralized control of the overall process. The protocol may be implemented as an adaptation of the current network entry procedure followed in the IEEE 802.16 standard and is primarily designed for the case of the transparent style of relaying (i.e. a relay that does not broadcast control signals such as the preamble or MAP). Embodiments of the present invention also embrace computer software for executing the novel protocol on a BS or RS. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0023]    For a more complete understanding of the present invention and its advantages, reference is now made to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0024]      FIG. 1  shows a single-cell two-hop wireless communication system; 
           [0025]      FIG. 2  shows applications of relay stations; 
           [0026]      FIG. 3  shows standard MS network entry procedure; and 
           [0027]      FIG. 4  shows a BS ranging code detection procedure in a relay enabled network. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0028]    In legacy single hop systems (e.g. 802.16-2004 and 802.16e-2005), standard network entry procedures already exist to support entry of an MS or SS into a communication network. However, when the network is modified to support relaying functionality, of which a legacy MS or SS has no knowledge, a modified network entry procedure is required from the network point of view to facilitate fast and efficient support of MS/SS network entry. 
         [0029]    Particular embodiments of the present invention relate to a protocol that is intended to be adopted as the modified network entry procedure from the network point of view, i.e. adopted in the RS and BS. In particular it is designed with application to the IEEE 802.16 standard in mind and requires no changes to the procedure from the MS or SS point of view. It is also designed for the case of transparent relaying where it is assumed that control of network entry will be predominately performed in a centralized manner (i.e. in the BS, with some limited assistance from the RS). 
         [0030]      FIG. 3  illustrates the network entry procedure described in the IEEE 802.16 standard which supports network entry of an MS or SS into a single-hop communication system. 
         [0031]    Here, it is assumed that any RS with which the MS is communicating during the network entry procedure is already known to the network (incidentally, in this specification, the terms “network” and “system” are used interchangeably). For example, the RS may have already completed entry into the network following a separate procedure, such as the one described in one of applicant&#39;s UK Patent Application No. 0616475.0. It is also assumed that, as the network is required to support legacy users, the MS or SS still follows the same network entry procedure from its point of view, as illustrated in  FIG. 3 . However, the procedure followed by the RS is defined here and the one followed by the BS is modified from that followed for the case of a single hop network. For ease of explanation, a two-hop configuration as in  FIG. 1  will be considered although the present invention is not limited to this. 
         [0032]    Referring to  FIG. 3 , the following operations take place during the identified stages: 
       Scan for Downlink Channel 
       [0033]    During this stage the MS/SS scans for BS preamble transmissions (note RS will not transmit preamble in this case). Once all potential preambles are detected, the MS will select which channel it wishes to use from the available set of channels, in line with the standard procedure. It will then synchronize its receiver with the transmitter. 
         [0034]    Note that no new operations are required on the network side. 
       Obtain Uplink Parameters 
       [0035]    During this stage the MS/SS obtains uplink parameters which includes location of the uplink control information transmission region that will be used by the MS/SS in the next stage. Note that according to the frame structure for this mode of operation, the uplink parameters advertised by the BS must be common for the MS to RS uplink. 
         [0036]    Note that no new operations are required on the network side. 
       Ranging &amp; Automatic Adjustments 
       [0037]    The MS/SS will transmit a ranging code or ranging message, as defined in the IEEE 802.16 standard, as a form of identification information to identify itself to the network. (Incidentally, the term “ranging message” is more correct when OFDM is being used, and “ranging code” more appropriate to OFDMA, but in the following description “ranging code” is used for both). It is possible that a number of receivers in the multi-hop network receive this transmission. 
         [0038]    The BS attempts to detect the transmission of a ranging code during this stage. However, if the transmit power used by the MS/SS was too low, detection may not occur. Further, if the BS detects the code but the received signal power is too low, it may ignore or ask the MS/SS to continue ranging such that it retransmits using a higher transmission power or applies some other adjustment to its transmission to make detection more reliable. In the standard procedure, once the BS successfully detects the code and is satisfied with the transmission parameter setting (synchronization, received signal power, etc), it will inform the MS/SS of completion of the ranging process. The MS and the BS then continue the remainder of the network entry procedure in the known manner. 
         [0039]    Referring now to  FIG. 4 , in a relay enabled system, some modification is required to the operations on the network side, as described in the preceding paragraph. As the BS knows that an RS exists, not only will it check for direct ranging code reception from an MS, it will also check for ranging code detection at the RS, before deciding on whether or not to transmit a ranging code related response to the MS. 
         [0040]    Any of the following three different mechanisms may be employed to inform the BS of the reception of a ranging code at the RS: 
         [0041]    (a) The RS simply receives and retransmits the ranging code on to the BS. In doing so, it is assumed that the RS ensures that the transmission power at the RS is reasonable. For example, the received carrier-to-interference plus noise ratio—CINR—on the ranging code at the BS should be similar to the received CINR on the ranging code at the RS. Such a situation will automatically occur if the invention in the applicant&#39;s EP Application No. 05253783.4 is applied. If this is not ensured then the detection probability will not correctly represent the conditions at the RS receiver. If this situation (i.e. lack of CINR balance) is known at the BS, which could be the case as described in the just-mentioned European application, it is possible that the BS can then correct for this knowledge following detection by adjusting the observed CINR appropriately. Received signal strength—RSSI—may be used as an alternative to CINR. 
         [0042]    (b) The RS detects the code and rather than forwarding the code, instead it forwards the detection information on to the BS. The detection information could include, but is not limited to, the code index used by the transmitter and the received CINR at the RS. It could also include information about the timing or frequency accuracy of the received signal from the MS. 
         [0043]    (c) Alternatively, the BS informs the RS of a ranging acceptance threshold (i.e. the level of CINR that must be observed) and then the RS simply informs the BS when it is has detected a user. 
         [0044]    Once the BS has the appropriate information from the RS via one of the mechanisms detailed above, the BS then combines the relayed information regarding code detection with that of any information relating to direct code detection at the BS during the normal uplink ranging transmission interval. Note that it is possible that it receives relayed detection information from a number of relays so it may actually have more than two sets of information to arbitrate. The relays may be from multiple RS receiving the same ranging code in parallel from the MS/SS. 
         [0045]    Alternatively, in a multi-hop configuration, multiple RS may be interposed in the communication path between the MS/SS and BS. In such a case, the above procedure is modified to include one RS receiving, and/or relaying, a ranging code or detection information from/to another RS. 
         [0046]    The procedure in the BS for managing the process is illustrated in  FIG. 4 . 
         [0047]    Once ranging is complete the remainder of the existing network entry procedure is followed by the BS and MS with the flow of data taking place through the selected route. The transmission route may vary between the uplink and the downlink; in particular, there may be no need for information on the downlink to be relayed via the RS, so that the response from the BS can be transmitted directly to the MS. Alternatively a plurality of RS may be include in the uplink with fewer or no RS involved in the downlink. 
         [0048]    In summary, particular embodiments of the present invention define an initial ranging procedure that enables a network to support entry of a legacy MS or SS into a relaying enabled communication network. Only a minimal number of modifications are required in the BS to the legacy network entry procedure. Particular embodiments of the present invention may provide three different approaches for relaying MS detection information at the RS to the BS, such that it is possible to select the technique that is most appropriate for the system into which the technique is to be employed (i.e. signaling overhead, RS complexity, BS complexity, protocol reliability). 
         [0049]    In the above description, it is assumed that the network could consist of some legacy BS (i.e., base stations operating in compliance with existing protocols) and some relaying enabled BS (i.e., base stations modified so as to be able to operate as described herein). It is also assumed that a relaying enabled BS may be operating in a legacy mode until it receives a request from an RS for it to enter the network. The reason the BS may operate in such a mode would be to preserve transmission resources by not having to broadcast relay specific information when there are no relays benefiting from the transmission. 
         [0050]    Embodiments of the present invention may be implemented in hardware, or as software modules running on one or more processors, or on a combination thereof. That is, those skilled in the art will appreciate that a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) may be used in practice to implement some or all of the functionality of a transmitter embodying the present invention. The invention may also be embodied as one or more device or apparatus programs (e.g. computer programs and computer program products) for carrying out part or all of any of the methods described herein. Such programs embodying the present invention may be stored on computer-readable media, or could, for example, be in the form of one or more signals. Such signals may be data signals downloadable from an Internet website, or provided on a carrier signal, or in any other form. A program embodying the invention could also be used to add the functionality of the RS as described above to a MS/SS having suitable hardware. 
         [0051]    Although the present invention has been described with several embodiments, a myriad of changes, variations, alterations, transformations, and modifications may be suggested to one skilled in the art, and it is intended that the present invention encompass such changes, variations, alterations, transformations, and modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.