Abstract:
A system for providing a graphical interface to a user includes a server platform and an operating system and application software running thereon. The system includes a client device capable of running a standard web browser that accesses the software application on the server platform for displaying information to the user in a display area on the client device. The web browser displays the information without requiring additional software to be installed, downloaded or run on the client device, and without requiring a scripting language to be enabled in the web browser on the client. The application software facilitates user manipulation of unstructured data in the display area for detailed inspection, and facilitates the user selectively causing to display annotations within the display area. The application software facilitates the user inserting annotations within the display area, thereby causing an action to occur in this system or an external system.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/805,857, filed May 24, 2007, the benefit of which is claimed and the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. This application also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/802,970, filed May 24, 2006. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to graphical user interfaces, and more particularly, to techniques for displaying information and providing user interaction with respect to various types of data such as structured and unstructured data. 
         [0003]    Prior art software applications are limited in several respects. For example, when a user requires both structured and unstructured information, prior art software applications often take the approach of providing the structured information in one window, and the unstructured information in a different window. This is particularly true in business software applications that involve presenting structured information from a big “back-end” enterprise application (referred to herein as an “ERP” system) along with unstructured information in the form of “attached documents” (such as images of original source documents, that may have been scanned or faxed in or received via other electronic means). Structured information is typically displayed in one window, and if the user wants to review the unstructured information (e.g., the original document, an “attachment”), they click on a link to open the original document (the “attachment”) in another window. This two-window approach leads to several problems. First, it can be difficult to review both the structured and unstructured information at the same time, difficult to compare the two, and difficult to get the “complete” picture at one time. Second, users often do not bother to open and review the unstructured information, either because it is a “hassle” or because they are not forced to do so (software applications typically allow the user to simply interact with the transaction in the “structured” window, only reviewing the unstructured information in the attachment if they choose to). This leads to less informed decisions, and in scenarios involving the review and approval of transactions can allow users to approve transactions that they have not fully reviewed. 
         [0004]    Another prior art limitation can be seen when users are presented with unstructured information (such as images of business documents that were originally in paper format and have subsequently been scanned into images or faxed into a system). Such users often need to be able to manipulate the unstructured information in order to properly view and review it. For example, typical user display screens often require that a user zoom in on an image to be able to read the text on the image of the document, or pan and scroll around the document once it is zoomed in, or rotate the image of the document to read information that may have been in a different orientation, or flip to another page of the document. When software applications allow users to manipulate unstructured information (such as document images) in this fashion, they frequently require that special software be installed on the user&#39;s computer. This software may be in various forms (from “native” applications (such as a “Windows” executable on the “Windows” operating system), to browser “plug-ins”, to “Java” programs, to “ActiveX” controls, to “Javascript” and more). The problem with this approach is that installing such software on a user&#39;s computer is often problematic or undesirable for several reasons, such as:
       1. Security concerns downloaded software may introduce computer viruses or “spy-ware.”   2. Involvement of IT (Information Technology) department—configuration control policies can make it difficult or impossible to download software. For example, the user&#39;s desktop may be “locked down” and not allow users to install software locally without proper authorization. The software download consequently requires coordination and/or assistance with the IT department, and subsequent support to deal with issues that arise.   3. Configuration problems/conflicts—problems may arise due to the interaction of the downloaded software with other programs and software on the user&#39;s computer.   4. System instability—over time, as other software programs are installed, operating system or web browser patches or upgrades are applied, thus degrading or disabling the application software.   5. Platform limitations—compatibility limitations may exist with various platform components, such as operating systems, operating system versions, web browser types, web browser versions, etc. Also, the requirement to install software in order to access the application limits the number and types of devices from which the application can be accessed. For example, Internet accessible cell phones or PDAs are typically unavailable as points of access unless the software has been specifically designed to work on the given device.   6. Accessibility issues—the user is typically only able to access the application if they have first installed the required software, something that they may not have the authorization, ability—or time—to do on given computer. For example, a user may wish to access a particular application while at a public Internet kiosk at an airport or an Internet café. However, the user may not have the time or authority (or both) to first install the required software on the given computer.       
 
         [0011]    It is often useful for users to be able to annotation or “mark up” an image of a document, by placing annotations directly onto the image of the document itself, for subsequent viewing by themselves or by other users. However, when this capability is provided to users in prior art systems, it typically requires the installation of special software on the user&#39;s computer. This approach has all of the same problems identified above. 
         [0012]    In prior art systems, when software applications present both unstructured information (such as images of documents) and structured information to a user, often the structured information is not “live” or “real time” information from the true, definitive source of that information. Rather, this information is typically either a “copy” that is prone to becoming “stale” (i.e., out of date and inaccurate), or isn&#39;t even from the definitive source of that information (e.g., it may be from a second computer system, such as the “indexing” data entered into a document imaging system, rather than the actual data from the definitive source—the company&#39;s “ERP” system). Both of these approaches have problems, such as:
       1. Users can be, and often are, viewing information that is “out of date” and inaccurate.   2. Because two copies of the data exist (one in the ERP system and one in the application), it becomes easy for the copies of the data to get “out of sync”   3. Because two copies of the data exist, extra effort is typically required to enter information into these two separate systems.   4. Since extra effort is involved to enter data into the two separate systems, typically only a subset of the full amount of data is entered into the application, and therefore only that subset of the full amount of data is available for display to the user in the application.       
 
         [0017]    Prior art systems often lack real-time validation of data. When applications of prior art systems allow the user to enter data, they often don&#39;t validate this entered data in real-time against the definitive source of validation, such as a back-end ERP system. This requires extra subsequent steps to either manually verify the data or resolve problems occurring from data that subsequently fails validation against the definitive system, such as the ERP system. 
         [0018]    Prior art systems typically do not provide substantial interaction with back-end ERP systems. When applications allow users to take actions (such as “approving” a vendor invoice, for example), the result is often that another person must then manually update the back-end ERP system to reflect the fact that the original user has taken the particular action. This is problematic for several reasons. On the one hand, extra effort required. Further, the procedure introduces opportunities for accidental error. Also, the procedure is not an automated, controlled process. For example, the second (updating) person may not accurately reflect the decision of the first person (the user). 
         [0019]    Prior art systems do not provide a user with a context-sensitive display of information. Typically, the information displayed to a user is “fixed” in nature—that is, all users typically see the same information, regardless of the state of the particular business process, regardless of who they are, and any number of other factors. With this approach, too much data may be presented to a given user (more data than they will bother to review). Further, insufficient data may be presented to a given user (for example, at times only data that is common across all scenarios is displayed). Also, inappropriate data may be presented to a given user (possibly violating security or information access policies). 
         [0020]    Similarly, prior art systems do not provide context-sensitive instructions. “Casual” users are often unsure of why they are being asked to review a given transaction, what their options are, and how to go about taking one of those options or actions. Generic and static instructions are sometimes provided, however these are often not helpful enough to allow a given user to be able to understand what they are being asked to do, why, and how to do it. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0021]    The embodiments described herein include software, executing on a computer platform, which can be used in a variety of application scenarios, to provide an improved application user interface. The scenarios in the exemplary embodiments are directed to business-related applications, but are not intended to be limiting. The concepts described by the exemplary embodiments also apply to other application scenarios. 
         [0022]    In one aspect, the system is a system for providing a graphical interface to a user, including a server platform and an operating system and application software running thereon. The system also includes a client device capable of running a standard web browser that accesses the software application on the server platform for displaying information to the user in a display area on the client device. The web browser does not require additional software to be installed or downloaded or run on the client device and does not require a scripting language to be enabled in the web browser on the client device. The application software facilitates manipulation by the user of unstructured data in the display area for detailed inspection, and facilitates the user selectively causing to display annotations within the display area. 
         [0023]    In one embodiment, the manipulation includes at least one of zooming, panning and rotating of the unstructured data. In another embodiment, the client device is one of a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a wireless mobile device, a PDA device, or a computing platform within a public kiosk. In another embodiment, the additional software further includes web browser plug-ins, extensions, enabled scripting language, enabled applet support or other enabled adjunct code support. 
         [0024]    In one embodiment, the application facilitates the user inserting one or more annotations within the display area. In another embodiment, the user inserting one or more annotations causes an action to occur in either this system or an external system. 
         [0025]    In another aspect, a system for providing a graphical interface to a user includes a server platform and an operating system and application software running thereon, and a client device capable of running a standard web browser that accesses the software application on the server platform for displaying information to the user in a display area on the client device. The application simultaneously provides structured information and business document images within the display area, and conditionally provides context-dependent information within the display area. 
         [0026]    In another embodiment, the application provides the context-dependent information conditional on at least one of (i) the user&#39;s identity, (ii) one or more details of the structured information or business documents, (iii) one or more details of a business transaction associated with at least one of the structured information or the business documents, (iv) a current state of the business transaction, and (v) one or more preferences of the user. 
         [0027]    In another embodiment, the application receives the context-dependent information from an source external to the system. In one embodiment, the external source is a standard packaged, off the shelf application. 
         [0028]    In another aspect, a system for providing a graphical interface to a user includes a server platform and an operating system and application software running thereon, and a client device capable of running a standard web browser that accesses the software application on the server platform for displaying information to the user in a display area on the client device. The application software simultaneously provides structured information and business document images within the display area. The application software also facilitates the user performing context-dependent actions related to a transaction associated with at least one of the structured information and the business documents. The application prompts the user for context-dependent information related to the actions, and the context-dependent actions triggers operations in one or more other systems external to the computer platform. 
         [0029]    In one embodiment, the application prompts the user for context-dependent information in a single-step input process. In another embodiment, the application prompts the user for context-dependent information in a multiple-step input process. In yet another embodiment, the application is accessed from a client device capable of running a standard web browser that accesses the software application on the server platform for displaying information to the user in a display area on the client device. The web browser does not require additional software to be installed or downloaded or run on the client device, and does not require a scripting language to be enabled in the web browser on the client device, or web browser plug-ins, extensions, enabled scripting language, enabled applet support or other enabled adjunct code support. 
         [0030]    In another aspect, a system for providing a graphical interface to a user includes a server platform and an operating system and application software running thereon, and a client device capable of running a standard web browser that accesses the software application on the server platform for displaying information to the user in a display area on the client device. The application software simultaneously provides structured information and business document images within the display area, and provides one or more lists of valid choices based on data from another system external to the computer platform. 
         [0031]    In one embodiment, the data is real-time data. 
         [0032]    In another aspect, a system for providing a graphical interface to a user includes a server platform and an operating system and application software running thereon, and a client device capable of running a standard web browser that accesses the software application on the server platform for displaying information to the user in a display area on the client device. The application software simultaneously provides structured information and business document images within the display area, and validates information provided by the user with respect to data provided by another system external to the computer platform. 
         [0033]    In one embodiment, the web browser displays the information to the user without requiring additional software to be installed or downloaded or run on the client device and without requiring a scripting language to be enabled in the web browser on the client device. 
         [0034]    In another aspect, a system for providing a graphical interface to a user includes a server platform and an operating system and application software running thereon, and a client device capable of running a standard web browser that accesses the software application on the server platform for displaying information to the user in a display area on the client device. The web browser does not require additional software to be installed or downloaded or run on the client device and without requiring a scripting language to be enabled in the web browser on the client device, or web browser plug-ins, extensions, enabled scripting language, enabled applet support or other enabled adjunct code support. The application simultaneously provides structured information and business document images within the display area, and the application conditionally provides context-dependent information within the display area, the context-dependent information originating from an source external to the system, the external source being a standard packaged, off the shelf application. The application software facilitates manipulation by the user of unstructured data in the display area for detailed inspection, provides one or more lists of valid choices based on data from another system external to the computer platform, and facilitates the user selectively causing to display annotations within the display area. The application facilitates the user inserting one or more annotations within the display area, and inserting the one or more annotations causes an action to occur in either this system or an external standard, off the shelf system. The application software facilitates the user performing context-dependent actions related to a transaction associated with at least one of the structured information and the business documents. The application prompts the user for context-dependent information related to the actions, wherein validates information provided by the user with respect to data provided by another system external to the computer platform, and the context-dependent actions may trigger operations in one or more other systems external to the computer platform. 
         [0035]    In another aspect, a method of providing a graphical interface to a user includes providing application software running on a first platform, and running a standard web browser on a second platform separate from the first platform. The web browser accesses the software application for displaying information to the user in a display area on the second platform, without requiring additional software to be installed or downloaded or run on the second platform and without requiring a scripting language to be enabled in the web browser on the second platform or web browser plug-ins, extensions, enabled scripting language, enabled applet support or other enabled adjunct code support. The method further includes using the application software to facilitate manipulation by the user of unstructured data in the display area for detailed inspection. The method also includes using the application software to facilitate the user selectively causing to display annotations within the display area. 
         [0036]    In one embodiment, the method further includes using the application software to facilitate the user inserting one or more annotations within the display area. In another embodiment, the method further includes causing an action to occur in either this system or an external system as a result of the user inserting the one or more annotations within the display area. 
         [0037]    In another aspect, a system for providing a graphical interface to a user includes a server platform and an operating system and application software running thereon, and a client device capable of running a standard web browser that accesses the software application on the server platform for displaying information to the user in a display area on the client device. The application simultaneously provides structured information and business document images within the display area. The user inserting one or more annotations causes an action to occur in either this system or an external system. 
         [0038]    In one embodiment, the external system is a standard packaged, off the shelf application. 
         [0039]    In another aspect, a system for providing a graphical interface to a user includes a server platform and an operating system and application software running thereon, and a client device capable of running a standard web browser that accesses the software application on the server platform for displaying information to the user in a display area on the client device. The web browser does not require additional software to be installed or downloaded or run on the client device and without requiring a scripting language to be enabled in the web browser on the client device. The application software simultaneously provides structured information and business document images within the display area, and facilitates manipulation by the user of unstructured data in the display area for detailed inspection. 
         [0040]    In one embodiment, the application software facilitates the user selectively causing to display annotations within the display area. In another embodiment, the application facilitates the user inserting one or more annotations within the display area. In yet another embodiment, the user inserting one or more annotations causes an action to occur in either this system or an external system. 
         [0041]    In another aspect, a system for providing a graphical interface to a user includes a server platform and an operating system and application software running thereon, and a client device capable of running a standard web browser that accesses the software application on the server platform for displaying information to the user in a display area on the client device. The web browser does not require additional software to be installed or downloaded or run on the client device and without requiring a scripting language to be enabled in the web browser on the client device or web browser plug-ins, extensions, enabled scripting language, enabled applet support or other enabled adjunct code support. The application software simultaneously provides structured information and business document images within the display area, and facilitates manipulation by the user of unstructured data in the display area for detailed inspection. The application facilitates the user inserting one or more annotations within the display area. 
         [0042]    In one embodiment, the user inserting one or more annotations causes an action to occur in either this system or an external system. 
         [0043]    In another aspect, a system for providing a graphical interface to a user includes a server platform and an operating system and application software running thereon, and a client device capable of running a standard web browser that accesses the software application on the server platform for displaying information to the user in a display area on the client device. The web browser does not require additional software to be installed or downloaded or run on the client device and without requiring a scripting language to be enabled in the web browser on the client device, or web browser plug-ins, extensions, enabled scripting language, enabled applet support or other enabled adjunct code support. The application software simultaneously provides structured information and business document images within the display area, and facilitates the user inserting one or more annotations within the display area. 
         [0044]    In one embodiment, the user inserting one or more annotations causes an action to occur in either this system or an external system. 
         [0045]    In another aspect, a system for providing a graphical interface to a user includes a server platform and an operating system and application software running thereon, and a client device capable of running a standard web browser that accesses the software application on the server platform for displaying information to the user in a display area on the client device. The web browser does not require additional software to be installed or downloaded or run on the client device and without requiring a scripting language to be enabled in the web browser on the client device, or web browser plug-ins, extensions, enabled scripting language, enabled applet support or other enabled adjunct code support. The application software simultaneously provides structured information and business document images within the display area, and facilitates the user inserting one or more annotations within the display area. The user inserting one or more annotations causes an action to occur in either this system or an external system. 
         [0046]    In one embodiment, the other systems external to the computer platform are running at least one standard packaged, off the shelf application. In another embodiment, the application software provides one or more lists of valid choices based on data from another system external to the computer platform. In yet another embodiment, the application software validates information provided by the user with respect to data provided by another system external to the computer platform. 
         [0047]    In one embodiment, the application software facilitates manipulation by the user of unstructured data in the display area for detailed inspection. In another embodiment, the other systems external to the computer platform are running at least one standard packaged, off the shelf application. In still another embodiment, the applications software provides one or more lists of valid choices based on data from another system external to the computer platform. 
         [0048]    In one embodiment, the applications software validates information provided by the user with respect to data provided by another system external to the computer platform. 
         [0049]    In another aspect, a system for providing a graphical interface to a user includes a server platform and an operating system and application software running thereon, and a client device capable of running a standard web browser that accesses the software application on the server platform for displaying information to the user in a display area on the client device. The application simultaneously provides structured information and business document images within the display area. The user inserting one or more annotations causes an action to occur in either this system or an external system. 
         [0050]    In one embodiment, the applications software facilitates the user performing context-dependent actions related to a transaction associated with at least one of the structured information and the business documents. The application prompts the user for context-dependent information related to the actions, and the context-dependent actions triggers operations in one or more other systems external to the computer platform. 
         [0051]    In another embodiment, the other systems external to the computer platform are running at least one standard packaged, off the shelf application. In another embodiment, the application software provides one or more lists of valid choices based on data from another system external to the computer platform. 
         [0052]    In one embodiment, the application software validates information provided by the user with respect to data provided by another system external to the computer platform. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0053]      FIGS. 1A and 1B  show one embodiment of a system for providing a user interface for a computer-based software application. 
           [0054]      FIG. 2-11  show various user interface displays of one embodiment of a system for providing a user interface. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0055]      FIGS. 1A and 1B  show one embodiment of a system for providing a user interface for a computer-based software application according to the present invention.  FIG. 1A  is a simplified component view of the system  100 , and  FIG. 1B  is a block diagram view of the system  100 . For simplicity and clarity, only the components of the system  100  that are necessary for the description herein are shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B . It should be understood that other components, although not shown, are generally present in the system  100  to provide functionality not directly related to the described embodiments. 
         [0056]    The system  100  includes a client device  102  capable of storing and executing a standard web browser  104  known in the art. In general, the client device  102  is a computing platform capable of storing and executing software code, and providing input/output facilities for a user. The client device  102  may be, for example, a desktop or laptop computer, a wireless mobile device, a PDA device, or a computing platform within a public kiosk, although other such computing platforms may also be used. The client can be any device that runs a web browser  104  capable of accessing and displaying Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML). 
         [0057]    The client device  102  communicates with a server platform  106 . The client device  102  and the server platform  106  may be positioned in geographically remote locations with respect to one another, or they may be relatively close to one another. Communication between the client device  102  and the server platform  106  may occur through a network  108  (e.g., the Internet or a corporate intranet) as shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , although the communication may alternatively occur through a dedicated channel or other communication path known in the art. The communication protocol used to convey information over the communication path between the client device  102  and the server platform  106  may be any protocol suitable for the communication path being used. 
         [0058]    The client device  102  accesses a software application  110  that resides on the server platform  106 . The software application  110  provides functionality for displaying information to the user in a display area on the client device  102 , without requiring additional software (beyond the standard web browser  104 ) to be installed, downloaded or executed on the client device  102 . The browser does not require additional “plug-ins” or other extensions to utilize the display functionality of the software application  110 . Further, the browser  104  does not require any scripting language to be enabled (e.g., no “Javascript” or “VBScript” or other scripting language support is required) or any “applet” support or similar adjunct code support to be enabled (e.g., no “Java applets” or “ActiveX” controls or other “controls” or non-HTML-only browser capabilities or extensions are required) to utilize the display functionality (including interactive operations) of the software application  110 . In at least one embodiment, only plain HTML 1.0 support is required for the client device  102  to utilize the display functionality of the software application  110 . 
         [0059]    In general, the client device  102  includes a processor  112 , memory  114  and input/output functionality  116  accessible to the user, although the client device  102  typically includes other components. The processor  112  can include any computing engine known in the art that is capable of executing software code. 
         [0060]    The memory  114  can include any storage medium that is capable of storing software code. The memory  114  may include, but is not limited to, disk drives, CD ROM, flash memory, and other storage media known in the art. 
         [0061]    The input/output functionality  116  may include a display device such as a flat-panel display, an LCD array, a CRT display, or other such displays. The input/output functionality  116  may also include data entry mechanisms such as a keyboard or keypad, a mouse or similar functionality, voice or optical input, or input windows or fields implemented via the display device. 
         [0062]    In general, the server platform  106  includes a processor  120  and memory  122 . As with the client device, the processor  120  for the server platform  106  can include any computing engine known in the art that is capable of executing software code, and the memory  122  can include any storage medium that is capable of storing software code. Since the server platform  106  typically has different processing and memory requirements as compared to the client device  102 , the actual processor  120  and memory  122  used for the server platform  106  may be different than that used for the client device  102 . 
         [0063]    In the described embodiments, the client device  102  utilizes the application software  110  as described above to provide one or more of the following functionalities:
       1. Dual mode display—The display of both “structured” and “unstructured” information in the same page of a web browser  104  on the client device  102 . In general, “structured information” is content that also includes some indication of what role that content plays in the overall document. “Markup languages” such as Extensible Markup Language (XML) and Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) are mechanisms for identifying structures in a document, i.e., for identifying the roles the content plays. “Unstructured information” is data that does not include any such role indications, and typically includes “as-is” scanned images of documents.   2. Stand-alone Operation—The display of information and provision of interactive fields within the display, without requiring additional software to be installed on the client device  102  other than a standard web browser. Additional software includes any browser supporting software such as plug-ins, scripting support, Java applets, ActiveX controls, among others. For example, the web browser does not need to have scripting enabled to provide the described functionality.   3. Manipulation of Unstructured Data—The provision of tools or other agencies that provide the user with the capability to manipulate unstructured information in the browser display. Such manipulation may include zooming, panning, rotating and other transformations that allow the user to more closely and accurately inspect the unstructured data.   4. Insertion of Annotations—The provision of tools or other agencies that provide the user with the capability to place various types of annotations (i.e., markups) on the document in the browser display.   5. Annotation Actions—The linking of annotation insertions to operations in external systems. For example, a user may place an annotation in a document stating “review required by John Doe.” In one embodiment, this annotation triggers an external system (e.g., an e-mail system) to forward a request for review to John Doe.   6. Annotation Screening—The provision of tools or other agencies that provide the user with the capability to control the display of annotations (i.e., markups) on the document. The screened annotations may be those created by the user or by other users. The annotation screening tools/agencies operate under security control, so that the user must have proper authorization screen the annotations.   7. Conditional Presentation of Context-Dependent Information Displaying information that is relevant to the task at hand, conditionally based on various parameters. Such parameters may include, but are not limited to (i) the identity of the user, (ii) the details of the business transaction the user is handling, (iii) the current state of the transaction, (iv) personal preferences of the user.   8. Retrieval of Context-Dependent Information—Accessing an external system (i.e., a system beyond the immediate functionality of the client device  102  and the server platform  106 ) retrieve context-dependent information. Such retrieval can be either “canned” (i.e., sampled and stored for retrieval, and only periodically refreshed) or “live/real-time” (i.e., information sampled from the source at the time the information is required). In some embodiments, the external system is a standard “packaged” application, such as an “ERP” system, Financials system, “CRM” system, “HR” system or other standard packaged application known in the art that is used by a company in the operation of part of or all of its business.   9. Conditional Presentation of Context-Dependent Instructions—Displaying instructions that are relevant to the task at hand, conditionally based on various parameters. Such parameters may include, but are not limited to (i) the identity of the user, (ii) the details of the business transaction the user is handling, (iii) the current state of the transaction, (iv) personal preferences of the user.   10. Context-dependent Input—The provision of tools or other agencies that provide the user with the capability to take context-dependent actions on a transaction associated with the browser display. In one embodiment, the context-dependent actions include providing various context-dependent input, where the user is prompted for that input in single-step or multi-step input processes. The user actions can trigger or otherwise cause other operations in other external systems. In some embodiments, the operations in the other external systems occur in real time. In some embodiments, the external systems are standard “packaged” applications, such as an “ERP” system, Financials system, “CRM” system, “HR” system or other standard packaged application used by a company in the operation of part of or all of its business.   11. Valid Choice Lists—Displaying lists of valid choices to the user based on data from other external systems. In some embodiments, the provision of the valid lists from the external systems occurs in real time.   12. User Input Validation—Validating input provided by the user with respect to one or more external systems. In some embodiments, the validation occurs in real time.   13. Operation Security—Evaluating each operation performed by the user via the browser, and only allowing the user to perform a particular operation if the user is authorized to perform that operation. In some embodiments, the evaluation includes determining if the user has authorization to data or other items related to the operation. Can (optionally) integrate security and authorization functions with an external system   14. Security Coordination With External Systems—Integrating security and authorization functions with an external system, where that system is a standard “packaged” application, such as an “ERP” system, Financials system, “CRM” system, “HR” system or other standard packaged application used by a company in the operation of part of or all of its business       
 
         [0078]    In the described embodiments, the client device  102  uses the application software  110  to accomplish various different process scenarios, depending on a specific combination of functionalities described above. 
         [0079]    In an exemplary embodiment, the application software  110  is used in a business process that involves the review and approval of vendor invoices. Through this software application  110 , a business user is presented with information about an invoice that requires his or her review and approval. The information can include both “unstructured” information (e.g., an image of the original invoice document as it was received from the vendor) plus “structured” information (such as the invoice amount, invoice date, vendor name, GL account information, etc.—all accessed in real time from the company&#39;s “ERP” (financial) system). The user inspects the image of the original invoice by, for example, flipping through document pages, zooming in and out on a particular page, rotating a page, etc. The user reviews other related information that is presented about the invoice. The user reads context-sensitive instructions that explain why the user is being requested to review this invoice, what options are available at this point in the business process, and how to take various actions. If the scenario requires it, the user can add annotations to the document (e.g., virtual “sticky notes,” text, etc.) as notes to themselves or to others in the business process. The user can ultimately take an action such as “approving” or “rejecting” the invoice by clicking on an “approval” or “rejection” tool, which will cause the invoice to be approved or rejected as appropriate, communicate this information automatically to the company&#39;s “ERP” (financial) system, and allow the user to proceed with their next item of work. 
         [0080]    In another exemplary embodiment, a user receives an email notification  200  that they have items awaiting their review, as shown in  FIG. 2 . The user selects (e.g., by “clicking” with a mouse-controlled cursor) a link  202  in the email message, which opens a list  204  of the items awaiting their review in a browser display, as shown in  FIG. 3 . The user selects one of the items  206 , which opens a page that displays, in a single browser window, all of the relevant information (both structured data and unstructured data) relating to that item, as shown in  FIG. 4 . In this embodiment, the structured data is “live” (i.e. retrieved and displayed real-time from an external system, not copied from a periodically-refreshed source), and is context-dependent (i.e. the information shown depends on the item, who the user is, the state within the business process, and other “contextual” information). Context-dependent instructions  208  are displayed to the user, which explain why the user is being presented with this item, what his options are, and how to select or use one or more of those options. 
         [0081]    The user may manipulate the unstructured information (for example, they may zoom in or out on the image of the document, pan/scroll around the image, rotate it, flip pages, etc.), as shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 . Additional context-sensitive structured information  210  is displayed at other locations within the single window (bottom half of window shown in  FIG. 7 ). As shown in  FIG. 8 , the user has the ability to show and hide annotations  212  (i.e., markups) created by other users and/or himself, under security control. 
         [0082]    The user may be authorized to hide or show annotations on the document created by prior users or by himself, with proper security control. The user may create additional annotations directly on the document image, with proper security. As shown in  FIG. 9 , the user creates a “sticky note”  214  on the document image. 
         [0083]    The user may take an authorized, context-sensitive action on the item, under security control, as shown in  FIG. 10 . Here placing an “Approved” stamp  220  on the document, thus “approving” the invoice for payment, which can automatically cause a related operation (such as paying the vendor) to occur within an external system (e.g., the company&#39;s financial system). In some embodiments, user actions can further prompt confirmations or other validations, which require a user response or additional input (e.g., “are you sure you want to approve this item?”). 
         [0084]    As shown in  FIG. 11 , the user receives confirmation of their successful action. After taking an action, in some embodiments the user is automatically presented with the next item  222  awaiting their attention. 
         [0085]    The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of the equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.