Abstract:
In this invention we are disclosing a process for the synthesis of hydrochlorofluoro olefins (HCFO) and/or hydrofluoroolefins (HFO). The process is based on the following steps of liquid phase, noncatalytic fluorination of hydrochloropropenes to form hydrochlorofluoropropenes and/or hydrofluoropropenes, followed by gas phase, catalytic fluorination of the hydrochlorofluoropropenes to form hydrofluoropropenes.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a process for the manufacture of a hydrofluoropropenes. More particularly, the present invention relates to a process for manufacturing the hydrofluoropropenes such as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropene (“HFO-1234yf”) from a chloropropene material such as 1,1,2,3-tetrachloropropene (“HCO-1230xa”). The process comprises two reactions, the first being a liquid phase, noncatalytic fluorination of the hydrochloropropene to form a hydrochlorofluoropropene (HCFO) and the second a catalyzed gas phase fluorination of the hydrochlorofluoropropene to form a hydrofluoropropene. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The Montreal Protocol for the protection of the ozone layer, signed in October 1987, mandate the phase out of the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Materials more “friendly” to the ozone layer, such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) eg HFC-134a replaced chlorofluorocarbons. The latter compounds have proven to be green house gases, causing global warming and were regulated by the Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change. The emerging replacement materials, hydrofluoropropenes, were shown to be environmentally acceptable i.e. has zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and acceptable low GWP. This present invention describes process for manufacturing of hydrofluoroolefins such as hydrofluoropropenes and/or hydrochlorofluoroolefins. The process of the present invention is based on a multi reaction process including a liquid phase, noncatalytic fluorination and a catalytic gas phase fluorination to produce desirable fluoroolefins. 
         [0003]    Methods of preparing hydrofluoroalkenes are known. For example, WO2007/079431 discloses processes for the production of fluorinated olefins, including hydrofluoropropenes. The processes which are broadly described as a single reaction or two or more reactions involve fluorination of compound of the formula C(X) m CCl(Y) n C(X) m  to at least one compound of formula CF 3 CF═CHZ, where each X, Y and Z is independently H, F, Cl, I or Br and each m is independently 1, 2 or 3 and n is 0 or 1. The examples and preferred embodiments are disclose multi-step process such a reaction sequence wherein a feedstock of 1,1,2,3 tetrachloropropene (1230xa) is fluorinated in a catalyzed, gas phase reaction to form a compound such as 2-chloro-3,3,3-tri-fluoropropene (1233xf). The 2-chloro 3,3,3-tri-fluoropropene is then converted to 2-chloro-2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropane (244bb) via a liquid phase, catalyzed reaction. The 2-chloro-2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropane is than dehydrochlorinated to 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (1234yf) via a catalyzed, gas phase reaction. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    The present invention provides a process for producing a hydrofluoropropene of the formula C 3 H (a+x−1) F 7−(a+x)  where a=0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, x=0, 1, 2 or 3 and a+x is greater than or equal to 1, from “feedstock” of a tetrachloropropene comprising the steps of
       a) liquid phase, noncatalytic fluorination of the tetrachloropropene to form hydrochlorofluoropropene of the formula C 3 F 3 H (a+x−1) Cl 4−(a+x)  and thereafter   b) gas phase, catalytic fluorination of the hydrochlorofluoropropene to form a hydrofluoropropene of the formula C 3 H (a+x−1) F 7−(a+x)  preferably 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene.       
 
         [0007]    The first step of the present invention relates to liquid phase, uncatalyzed fluorination of a hydrochloropropene to form a hydrochlorofluoropropene of the formula C 3 F 3 H (a+x−1) Cl 4−(a+x) . The uncatalyzed liquid phase process comprises contacting a hydrochloropropene of the formula C 3 H (a+x−1 Cl 7−(a+x)  with HF. The HF to hydrochloropropene molar ratio is from at least about 3 to 1 to about 500 to 1, preferably from about 10 to 1 to about 200 to 1. The reaction temperatures can vary from about 20° C. to about 300° C., preferably from about 50° C. to about 150° C. Operating pressures can range from about 100 to about 900 psig, preferably from about 250 to about 700 psig. Residence time is normally from about ¼ to 24 hours, preferably from about ½ hour to about 2 hours. Any unreacted feedstock can be easily separated from the desired product due to the large difference in their boiling points. The reaction produces the desired hydrochlorofluoropropene which is essentially oligomer free. The reaction vessel is preferably constructed from material resistant to HF, known in the art such 316L stainless steel, Inconel or Hastelloy. The reaction can be carried out via a continuous or batch process. The principal by-product of this reaction is hydrogen chloride (HCl), which may be removed by conventional means known in the art (such as absorption or distillation). After removal of HCl, the product stream contains the desired hydrochlorofluoropropene product, such as HCFC-1233xf, and may include co-products and unreacted starting materials including but not limited to: HF, pentafluoropropane such as 245cb and chlorotetrafluoropropane such as 244bb. This stream provides the feedstock for the final reaction step. 
         [0008]    The final reaction step of the present invention relates a gas phase, catalytic fluorination of the hydrochlorofluoropropene from the first reaction step, to form a hydrofluoropropene of the formula C 3 H (a+x−1) F 7−(a+x) . The process involves contacting the hydrochlorofluoropropene with HF in a first reaction zone under conditions sufficient to produce a three carbon hydrofluoroolefin of the formula C 3 H (a+x−1) F 7−(a+x) . The HF:hydrochlorofluoroolefin molar ratio is typically from about 0.5:1 to 40:1, but is preferably at least about 1:1 to enhance conversion and preferably no more than about 10:1 in order to produce lower levels of HF which are recovered downstream. Temperatures of from about 250° C. to about 600° C. are typically used, preferably from about 300° C. to about 500° C. Pressures are typically from about atmospheric to about 400 psig, preferably from about 50 to 200 psig. Co-products formed such as 245cb and/or 244bb can be recycled back to the gas phase reactor. 
         [0009]    A variety of fluorination catalysts can be used, such as aluminum fluoride or a chromium-based catalyst (such as chromium oxide, Cr 2 O 3 ), which chromium-based catalyst is either unsupported or supported. The support is selected from fluorided alumina, activated carbon and the like. The chromium catalyst being used alone or in the presence of a co-catalyst such as zinc, manganese, cobalt or nickel. Three such preferred chromium catalysts are pure chromium oxide, chromium/nickel with nickel co-catalyst and chromium/nickel supported on fluorinated alumina. Preparation of this latter catalyst being disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,731,481. The chromium-based catalysts are preferably activated before use, typically by a procedure wherein the catalyst bed is heated to about 370°-380° C. (normally with a continuous flow of nitrogen), after which a mixture of approximately equal volumes of HF and air or nitrogen (preferably nitrogen) are fed over the catalyst bed for about 18 hours at higher pressure, varied between 100-200 psig. US 2007/0299286 sets out a suitable catalyst activation process. 
         [0010]    An oxygen, oxygen containing compound, chlorine, or other oxidizer can be used as a co-feed to extend the catalyst lifetime, typically in an amount of from about 0.005 to about 1 mole % of chlorine or oxygen per mole of organic in the feed. The oxygen being introduced as an oxygen-containing gas such as air, oxygen, or an oxygen/nitrogen mixture. Contact times (catalyst volume divided by the total flow rate of reactants and cofeeds at the operating temperature and pressure of the process) are preferably from about 1 to about 250 seconds, more preferably from about 1 to about 50 seconds. 
         [0011]    The reaction product of the gas phase, catalytic fluorination step will include, in addition to the desired hydrofluoropropene, unreacted hydrochlorofluoropropene, and fluro- and chlorofluor-substituted propane such as 245cb and 244bb. These byproducts can be separated from the desired hydrofluoropropene in a series of two or more separation columns with the by products being recycled to the gas phase, catalytic fluorination reaction. 
         [0012]    The tetrachloropropene feedstock of the present invention can be formed via variety of ways as would be know by a person skilled in the art. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0013]    The data presented in the examples was calculated based upon results obtained in comparable reactions with closely related materials. 
       Example 1 
     Uncatalyzed Liquid Phase Fluorination of 1,1,2,3 tetrachloropropene (HCO-1230xa) to 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233xf) 
       [0014]      CCl 2 ═CCl(CH 2 Cl)+3HF→CF 3 CCl═CH 2 +3HCl 
         [0015]    0.28 moles of HCO-1230xa can be loaded into a 300 ml Hastelloy C autoclave equipped with gas inlet valve, mechanical stirrer and an outlet cooling tower. 3.5 moles of HF gas can be condensed in the autoclave. The reaction mixture would be gradually heated up to 120° C., with continuous stirring for approximately ½ hour. Excessive gas pressure resulted from the formation of HCl can be vented through a 400 psi pressure relief valve on the cooling tower. The high boiling material would be trapped at room temperature. The volatile organic products could be dried over anhydrous calcium sulfate and collected in a cold trap. Nearly 0.28 moles of the 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene product, would be found in the cold trap. Examples 1, 2 and 3, summarized in Table 1, were calculated based upon comparable reactions with closely related materials. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of the results, uncatalyzed liquid 
               
               
                 phase fluorination of 1230xa to 1233xf 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Example 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Temperature ° C. 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 Pressure psig 
                 300 
               
               
                   
                 Mole Ratio HF/1230za 
                 166 
               
               
                   
                 Residence time, hours 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 % Conversion 1230xa 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 % 1234yf 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 % 245cb 
                 0.16 
               
               
                   
                 % 1233xf 
                 97.2 
               
               
                   
                 Other 
                 2.39 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 1234yf is CF 3 CF═CH 2   
               
               
                   
                 245cb is CF 3 CF 2 CH 3   
               
               
                   
                 1233xf is CF 3 CCl═CH 2   
               
               
                   
                 244bb is CF 3 CFClCH 3   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Examples 2-4 
     Gas Phase Fluorination of HCO-1233xf at High Temperature 
       [0016]    An activated catalyst, 15 cc, could be loaded into a vertical fix bed reactor (20 inches by 1 inch Hastelloy C). HF could be fed as a liquid, and converted to a gas using vaporizer. HCO-1233xf could be fed to the fix bed reactor using a syringe pump and heated up to 365° C. The reaction would be run at a pressure of between 42-162 psi. Table 3 summarizes the calculations of expected results using a variety of molar ratio of HCO-1233xf/HF and contact times based upon comparable reactions with closely related materials. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of fluorinating 1233xf to 1234yf, 
               
               
                 using unsupported Cr 2 O 3  catalyst 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Example 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Temp ° C. 
                 365 
                 365 
                 365 
               
               
                   
                 Pressure psig 
                 48.5 
                 48.5 
                 169 
               
               
                   
                 O 2 /1233xf ratio 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 HF/1233xa Molar Ratio 
                 10.6 
                 21.1 
                 21.1 
               
               
                   
                 Contact Time sec. 
                 3.9 
                 4 
                 14 
               
               
                   
                 % Conversion 
                 54.8 
                 64.1 
                 73.6 
               
               
                   
                 % 1234yf 
                 58.3 
                 56.4 
                 40.6 
               
               
                   
                 % 245cb 
                 36.6 
                 36.5 
                 59.4 
               
               
                   
                 % 244bb 
                 5.1 
                 7.1 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 1234yf is CF 3 CF═CH 2   
               
               
                   
                 245cb is CF 3 CF 2 CH 3   
               
               
                   
                 244bb is CF 3 CFClCH 3   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0017]    While the present invention has been described with respect to particular embodiments thereof, it is apparent that numerous other forms and modifications of this invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art. The appended claims and this invention generally should be construed to cover all such obvious forms and modifications which are within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.