Abstract:
A phase-lock loop (PLL) filter architecture includes a first charge pump ( 508 ) and a second change pump ( 510 ). The second charge pump ( 510 ) operates in opposite phase of the first charge pump ( 508 ) in order to take away excess charge from the loop filter capacitor(s) . By using a second charge pump as described, the PLL filter does not require the use of a large capacitor and can therefore be integrated.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
         [0001]    This invention relates in general to the field of filters, and more specifically to a PLL loop filter that can be integrated. The loop filter can be used in a fully integrated PLL design such as a PLL synthesizer, etc.  
         BACKGROUND  
         [0002]    The biggest component in a type  2  PLL (using a three-state charge-pump) is the capacitor that provides the zero in the PLL transfer function. Given this capacitor&#39;s typical large capacitance value, it is not possible to integrate it, which in turn adds extra cost in manufacturing the PLL circuit. A need thus exist in the art for a filter architecture that allows for the integration of this capacitor and therefore provides for improved and manufacturability of the PLL. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0003]    The features of the present invention, which are believed to be novel, are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention, may best be understood by reference to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in the several figures of which like reference numerals identify like elements, and in which:  
         [0004]    [0004]FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a prior art radio frequency synthesizer.  
         [0005]    [0005]FIG. 2A shows an electrical model of a prior art loop filter.  
         [0006]    [0006]FIG. 2B shows an electrical model of a loop filter in accordance with the invention.  
         [0007]    [0007]FIG. 3 shows an AC simulation model used in simulating the present invention.  
         [0008]    [0008]FIGS. 4A and 4B show the AC response of the simulation model of FIG. 3.  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 5 shows a transient simulation model that uses the same PLL parameters as those used in the AC simulation model of FIG. 3 in accordance with the invention.  
         [0010]    [0010]FIGS. 6A shows a transient response simulation data at node CPout of FIG. 5.  
         [0011]    [0011]FIGS. 6B and 6C show transient response simulation data at node “cntr” of FIG. 5. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0012]    The present invention provides a way of reducing the value of the passive components used in a filter such as a type two, third order PLL loop filter. This in turn allows in many cases the complete integration of the loop filter. The architecture proposed in the preferred embodiment uses two charge-pumps that work with opposite phase and different values. Generally, in the invention an on-chip current source (e.g., charge pump) provides the functionality of a large value (non-integratable) capacitor in a filter.  
         [0013]    While the specification concludes with claims defining the features of the invention that are regarded as novel, it is believed that the invention will be better understood from a consideration of the following description in conjunction with the drawing figures, in which like reference numerals are carried forward.  
         [0014]    Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a schematic of a prior art radio frequency (RF) synthesizer architecture  100 . The series resistor R 2  and capacitor C 2  provides a zero in the loop filter during the transient. The large value capacitor, C 2  works like a big accumulator that receives any excess charge given from the charge pump to the capacitor C 1 . Capacitor C 1  is generally an order of magnitude smaller than capacitor C 2 . Since capacitor C 2  is located in parallel to the charge pump, it receives almost all the charge given by the charge pump. When the charge pump is in its third state, any excess charge is shared among all the capacitors (C 1  and C 2 ), with the time constant defined by the values of the capacitors and resistors.  
         [0015]    In accordance with the present invention, capacitor C 2  in FIG. 1 is eliminated or at least its value reduced enough so that it can be integrated into an integrated circuit. This is accomplished by using an additional current source such as a charge pump that works in the opposite phase as the charge pump in FIG. 1. It is worth noting that the complete elimination of capacitor C 2  is not necessary, what is required is the reduction of its capacitance value enough so that it can be integrated. To show how this is accomplished, two loop filters are reviewed. The first loop filter is the one used in FIG. 1 and is highlighted in FIG. 2A, and the new loop filter in accordance with the invention is shown in FIG. 2B.  
         [0016]    If the same current pulse is applied to the circuits in FIG. 2A and 2B we will need to calculate the pulse of current of the same length but opposite phase to be given to the circuit in FIG. 2B, shown by current  16 , in order to get the same output voltage variation for the two circuits in the steady state condition of the capacitor, where C=C 2 /K. Given this, we set i 0 =I 2 , C 3 =C 1  and C 2 =K*C 0 . This gives the result of:  
           I   6       I   0       =         K   -   1     k     .                           
 
         [0017]    If for example, we want to reduce the capacitance value of capacitor C 2  by a factor of  10 , we have to use a current I 6 =0.9I 0 .  
         [0018]    The above result is proved using two simulation models of a PLL loop used in an synthesizer, one model is for the open loop AC simulation used to test the loop stability which is shown in FIG. 3. A second model is used for a transient simulation which is shown in FIG. 5. In the AC model shown in FIG. 3, the main charge pump providing current Ip works in opposite phase compared with an auxiliary charge pump providing current Ir and exchanges charge with the loop filter though the node labeled “PIPPO.” The parameters used with the AC model of FIG. 3 include, Icp=400 micro-ampere (uA), Kv=60 MHz/V, a=0.75 and N=2000. The values of all the capacitors used in the loop filter are small enough to be capable of being integrated.  
         [0019]    Results for the AC model shown in FIG. 3 are shown in FIG. 4A and 4B. In FIG. 4A the AC response in dB (decibels) versus frequency (Hertz) is shown, while in FIG. 4B the relationship of phase (degrees) versus frequency (Hertz) is shown. The simulation results show that the PLL is stable with 50 degrees of phase margin and 15 kHz of bandwidth.  
         [0020]    In FIG. 5 there is shown a RF synthesizer used for transient simulation model. The PLL parameters used for this model are the same used in the AC simulation in FIG. 3. The radio frequency synthesizer model  500  shown in FIG. 5 includes an oscillator  502 . The output of the oscillator is then coupled to a divider  504  for reducing the frequency of the signal. A phase/frequency detector (PFD)  506  has an input port for receiving the output signal from divider  504 . A main charge pump (CP)  508  is then coupled to the outputs of PFD  506 , while a current source in the form of a second auxiliary charge pump  510  is coupled at its inputs in opposite fashion to CP  508  so that it can operate in opposite phase to CP  508 .  
         [0021]    Synthesizer  500  includes a loop filter section  520  in accordance with the invention section that uses a second charge pump  510  in order to reduce the value of one of the capacitors of the loop filter so that it may be integrated. A conventional VCO  516  is then coupled to the output of the loop filter and a second divider  518  is coupled between the VCO output and the return loop input to the PFD  506 .  
         [0022]    The results of the transient simulation model of FIG. 5 are shown in FIGS.  6 A- 6 C.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 6A shows the transient response at node CPout while FIGS. 6B and 6C show the transient response at node “cntr”  514 . Although looking at the transient simulation data of FIG. 6C  300  it is is not enough to lock the PLL in-phase, the control voltage at that point is very close to the final steady state voltage at the PLL locked condition.  
         [0024]    The present invention provides a solution to the problem of how to integrate the large capacitor found in a filter such as some types of PLL loop filters. The invention allows for the reduction of at least a factor of 10 the size of the capacitor used, by using an a current source such as an auxiliary charge pump matched with the main one, but operating with opposite phase. Allowing for the integration of the loop filter&#39;s large capacitor, in turn allows for the design of a fully integrated PLL or RF synthesizer that are typically less expensive to manufacture than those using a prior art design requiring an off-chip capacitor. By using a second charge pump and no other active components, means less noise sources and hence better phase noise performance.  
         [0025]    While the preferred embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it will be clear that the invention is not so limited. Numerous modifications, changes, variations, substitutions and equivalents will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.