Abstract:
The present invention relates to pneumatic tube systems generally. More specifically, it relates to an automated system for the storage and distribution of empty carriers for a pneumatic tube system. The system comprises an easy to use one-touch process and includes the following apparatus: storage cabinets and pneumatic tube system comprising a blower, controller, retrieval cabinets, and main station. According to the invention there is provided an automated storage and distribution system comprising a pneumatic tube system; a first diverter with blower, and a storage cabinet with a second diverter. The system comprises several methods which are currently in the market place, and is useful in many places, such as hospitals, where the automated processing of pharmaceutical products via robot devices is used. Such a system is disclosed in co-pending application Parenteral Products Automation System (PPAS), application Ser. No. 08/513,569.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/513,569, filed Aug. 10, 1995. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0002]     The present invention relates to pneumatic tube systems generally. More specifically, it relates to an automated system for the remote storage and automatic distribution of empty carriers for a pneumatic tube system. The system comprises an easy to use one-touch process which includes the following apparatus: storage pipes and pneumatic tube system comprising a blower, a controller, diverters, and a main zone diverter. Further, the system comprises the ability to use a process whereby empty carriers can be stored for later automatic retrieval and distribution from individual storage units housed in retrieval cabinets which have separate pneumatic tube blowers, integrated controllers, and a robotics interface, all contained within a pneumatic tube system.  
         [0003]     Pneumatic tube transportation systems are currently used to transfer Pharmaceuticals, blood samples, medicines, intravenous bags, viral samples or other biological or chemical matter between locations within a hospital, laboratory, etc., quickly and reliably. Manual delivery can be slow and unreliable, causing a number of problems, such as harm to patients in hospitals. Thus, it is an object of this invention to combine the pneumatic tube system with an automated storage and distribution apparatus to provide a complete automated system for the efficient operation of a pneumatic tube system. Another object of this invention is to provide an automatic storage, retrieval and distribution system for empty pneumatic tube carriers from a central storage area to either a robotics interface or a predetermined station within the pneumatic tube system, all without any manual intervention.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0004]     According to the invention there is provided an automated storage and distribution system comprising a pneumatic tube system, a connecting diverter with blower, and storage piping with diverters. The system comprises several methods which are currently in the market place, and is useful in many places, such as hospitals, where the automated processing of pharmaceutical products via robot devices is used. Such a system is disclosed in co-pending application Parenteral Products Automation System (PPAS), application Ser. No. 08/513,569. There, a system is disclosed wherein robot devices are employed having gripping means presentable to a plurality of stations, each station being adapted to cooperate with the robot device in a sequence of operations such as to produce a measured pharmaceutical dose from a supply of a pharmaceutically acceptable substances, and one of the stations comprising means for locating in parallel a plurality of medical hypodermic syringes for containing a said substance and for operating said syringe. The substance might comprise a medication to be administered to a patient, or a potentially biologically damaging substance, such as a radionuclide or a cytotoxin. The measured dose might be retained in a said syringe, or in a medical vial. Preferably, means are provided for controlling the apparatus in a predetermined sequence of operations.  
         [0005]     Sterility is an essential characteristic of injectable and ophthalmic pharmaceutical products. This characteristic is imparted to the product by virtue of the type of manufacturing process. If during the process, all components, solutions and equipment are pre-sterilized and assembled aseptically, that is, using techniques which exclude microorganisms, the product is deemed an “aseptic fill”. Other injectable products, in addition to the aseptic processing, undergo sterilization when in the final container, typically using steam under pressure. This procedure, if properly designed and executed, results in a terminally sterilized product.  
         [0006]     One solution to the problems incurred through human contamination is through automation of the processing procedure. A paper entitled, “A Robotics System for the Sterility Testing of Injectables,” Barbara J. Zlotnick and Michael L. Franklin, Pharmaceutical Technology, May 1987, describes a robotics system for sterility testing of vials. According to this paper a robot is used to perform sterility testing and minimize the manipulations performed by the analyst, thereby reducing the potential for technical contamination attributable to personnel. Since human intervention is minimized during testing, the environment of the test remains cleaner with respect to viable particulate matter. There is a lower level of human activity and less potential for contamination from shedding or from disruption of the laminarity of the air flow under the hood. A cleaner environment can then be used for a greater proportion of the work day.  
         [0007]     In general, robotics dispensing devices known in the art include a dispensing apparatus comprising a base, and a robot device on the base. A number of stations are located on the base which cooperate with the robot device in a sequence of operations such as to produce a measured pharmaceutical dose from, a supply of pharmaceutically acceptable substances. Robotics dispensing apparatus systems are used for the rapid and efficient processing of a wide variety of pharmaceutical products, as well as perform various mechanical functions. Further, use of the robot device provides an efficient manner in which to maintain a sterile environment to produce the pharmaceutical products.  
         [0008]     The transporting of articles via pneumatic tubes is old and well known. Basically, an object is placed within a container which is then transported by air under either positive or negative pressure from one destination to another. The transport is moved within a closed tube. The interior of the closed tube and the outer dimension of the carrier form a seal, so that the carrier can be propelled between the destinations by a vacuum.  
         [0009]     In general, pneumatic tube systems known in the art include a closed continuous passageway having a predetermined inner cross-sectional dimension where the passageway includes a plurality of curves or bends having a predetermined radius. A fluid, such as air, is controllably forced through the passageway in a loop to move a carrier through the passageway. In order for the carrier to move freely through the passageway, the dimensions, and in particular the length, of the carriers being used have been limited by the inner cross-sectional dimension and curvature radius of the passageway. Pneumatic delivery systems are used extensively for the rapid and efficient transportation of a wide variety of articles. These delivery systems are used in a number of business operations, including banks, hospitals, office buildings, industrial plants, and truck terminals as a few examples.  
         [0010]     One area of commerce which currently uses the pneumatic tube and the transporting of material via the pneumatic tube on a fairly regular basis is the hospital or biomedical research/manufacturing industry. One particular application of this technology is in the area of transporting blood samples, medicines, intravenous bags, viral samples or other biological or chemical matter between locations within a hospital or laboratory.  
         [0011]     In that environment, for example, test tubes or vials of liquids are placed within a tube carrier, and are typically secured by foam or clamps within the carrier. The purpose of securing the samples (which are often contained within glass test tubes with rubber stoppers) is to help prevent breakage. When glass breaks or stoppers become dislodged (as can happen when hospital workers fail to properly secure the stoppers in the first place), chemical or biological substances can leak into the interior of the carrier. In turn, said substances can leak out of the interior of the carrier, thereby contaminating the interior walls of the tube system.  
         [0012]     The vials or vessels of liquids, solids or gasses within the carrier can move or shift during transport, which can also lead to breakage. This problem is especially acute, as the carriers, are often traveling at speeds in excess of 25 feet per second. Because of the rapid acceleration and deceleration of pneumatic tube carriers, the carrier contents can easily become dislodged, and can break within the carrier, if not for clamps, foam securing means, and the like. Nonetheless, accidents can happen, whereby despite the best efforts toward securing or protecting the interior vessels, they can break, or their stoppers can become dislodged. In fact, dislodged stoppers are a primary problem, due mainly to workers who may inadvertently fail to secure them properly in the first place.  
         [0013]     If the leaking substance is of a sufficient quantity, the substance (often a fluid) can leak out of the carrier. In that case; the entire tube transport system could become contaminated with the substance. For example, if fluids containing a virus or bacteria sample (for example, the HIV virus or the Ebola bacteria) were to leak out of a carrier, the interior of the vacuum transport tubes could become breeding grounds for the biological specimens—thus contaminating the exteriors of all carriers that pass through the system. Also equally important is that fluids escaping from the carrier can “gum up” the interior of the vacuum tubes, making the smooth passage of the carrier difficult, resulting in enhanced downtime, increased maintenance expense, and increased power consumption (that is, friction would increase within the tube system).  
         [0014]     Of course, other problems can result. For example, a hospital worker may cut his or her hands on a broken vial or syringe when they proceed to open the carrier, and dangerous substances contained within the carrier may come in contact with the hospital worker. Also, in the case where toxic, aromatic substances such as toluene or benzene are being transported within vessels contained within the carriers, obviously, the worker would be placed in great danger if he or she opened the carrier under those circumstances. Basically, if a hospital worker opens a carrier expecting to remove sealed vessels and/or containers, and conversely, is presented with spilled contents (which may often be accompanied by broken glass, for example), then, the possibility of infecting the hospital worker or the overall tube system is great. For that reason, a watertight or airtight carrier could facilitate containing the hazardous substances within the carrier, so that vessels that may break or become unsealed in the transport process are contained within the carrier. Of course, problems can still result if workers open a carrier without knowledge of the hazardous circumstances within. To safeguard against that event, the carrier could contain an indicator on its exterior that notifies the carrier handler of the interior circumstances—before the carrier is opened. In that case, if the interior contents are, for example, toxic gasses, the carrier may be opened in a controlled, safe environment.  
         [0015]     It is preferable in the present invention to use a carrier with suitable watertight and airtight properties, such that matter from within the carrier cannot escape to the outside, and matter that has become uncontrollable within the carrier can activate a warning indicator on the exterior of the carrier, so that hospital or other workers who use the carriers will not open carriers with uncontrolled contents (without ample warning that proper measures should be taken). That could be facilitated by a warning signal indicative of a spill or other abnormal condition within the carrier. Such a warning signal may even be a digital output, which can be decoded, to indicate what type of hazard lies within the carrier. Such a warning signal could also trigger a locking mechanism, making the opening of a carrier with spilled interior substances impossible, without authorization and a form of key, electronic or otherwise. Also, based on the contents of the carrier, the locking mechanism may be activated so that only certain parties may be able to open the carrier, regardless of whether an uncontrolled substance is contained within. For example, if a dangerous controlled substance such as morphine is being transported, the carrier may be locked, and only certain authorized persons would be able to open the carrier.  
         [0016]     Pneumatic tube carriers for use with the present invention as well as in such pneumatic tube systems come in a wide range of sizes and shapes to accommodate the physical articles to be transported in the system. As an example, pneumatic carriers are provided for transporting cash, messages, stock transaction slips, letters, blueprints, electronic data processing cards, x-rays, pharmaceutical supplies, blood samples, narcotics, viral and bacteria cultures, and a variety of other small physical objects.  
         [0017]     In the past, various mechanisms have been utilized as, closure devices for pneumatic tube carriers. For example, many such carriers include an end cap that is hinged with respect to a cylindrical hull on one side of the hull and which has a latch that fastens the end cap to the opposite side of the hull in a closed position. Such carriers employ a variety of fasteners, such as snap fasteners, elastic straps with holes that fit over hooks, or straps that may be secured to bendable posts.  
         [0018]     Other types of pneumatic tube carriers are of the side opening variety. One conventional form of such a carrier employs two generally semi-cylindrical sections that are hinged along one longitudinal edge. The hinged sections may be swung toward or away from each other to effectuate opening and closing of the carrier hull. Locking is achieved by virtue of the end caps, which may be twisted to effectuate threaded engagement of the caps onto the carrier hull ends when the hinged hull sections have been closed. That is, the end caps are rotated in such a fashion as to be drawn towards each other onto the ends of the hull, thereby immobilizing the hull sections relative to each other. Rotation of the end caps in the opposite direction releases the hull sections and allows them to be opened.  
         [0019]     One preferable configuration is that of a side opening, wherein the two sides are hinged together, and the two sides are held together when the carrier is closed by use of a hook, or detent or indented type locking lip. Such carriers include latching mechanisms to prevent the door from coming ajar or opening during transit, which could cause the carrier to become lodged in the pneumatic tubes and would also allow the contents of the carrier to spill out into the tube system. In addition, the instructions for latching such side opening containers or carriers are simple to follow, so that the container can be easily placed within the tube system. Such hinging and locking mechanisms make waterproofing or sealing the carrier a particularly difficult task, as the hinges and locks are embedded within the mold of the carrier, which is generally formed of plastic.  
         [0020]     In another type of side opening pneumatic carrier, the access to the carrier is gained by simultaneously pulling and twisting the ends of the carrier to allow the side opening door to be opened. The instructions for such a two-step process are often difficult for many users to follow, and the physical effort and manual dexterity needed to simultaneously pull and twist both ends of the carrier against a spring resistance is often troublesome for many hospital workers.  
         [0021]     The present invention displays a preference for a pneumatic carrier which can be easily opened, but which also maintains a watertight and airtight seal. Also, the carrier should be able to maintain its air and water tightness, despite, the fact that it is subjected to a vacuum transport system, and despite the fact that it will be subjected to extreme environmental conditions, such as repeated use, frequent drops, dust and dirt particles, high speed travel and acceleration, and the like. The carrier should also have a supplemental sensor mechanism to indicate that abnormal interior conditions have developed.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0022]     The present invention relates to an automated system for the storage and distribution of empty carriers for a pneumatic tube system. The system comprises an easy to use one-touch process and includes the following apparatus: storage piping and pneumatic tube system comprising a blower, controller, diverters, and a main zone diverter.  
         [0023]     Pneumatic tube transportation systems are currently used to transfer Pharmaceuticals, blood samples, medicines, intravenous bags, viral samples or other biological or chemical matter between locations within a hospital, laboratory, etc., quickly and reliably. Manual delivery can be slow and unreliable, causing a number of problems, such as harm to patients in hospitals. Thus, it is an object of this invention to combine a conventional pneumatic tube system with an automated storage and distribution apparatus to provide a completely automated system for the efficient operation of a pneumatic tube system.  
         [0024]     According to the invention there is provided an automated storage and distribution system comprising a pneumatic tube system, a connecting diverter with blower, and a storage cabinet with diverter. The system comprises several methods which are currently in the market place, and is useful in many places, such as hospitals where the automated processing of pharmaceutical products via robot devices is used. There, robot devices are employed having gripping means presentable to a plurality of stations, each station being adapted to cooperate with the robot device in a sequence of operations such as to provide a measured dose of a specific pharmaceutical substance. The substance might comprise a medication to be administered to a patient, or a potentially biologically damaging substance, such as a radionuclide or a cytotoxin. The measured dose might be retained in a said syringe, or in a medical vial. Preferably, means are provided for controlling the apparatus in a predetermined sequence of operations.  
         [0025]     In the present invention, a computer interface provides bi-directional communication between the storage piping, pneumatic tube system, peripheral devices and a computer. The storage piping employed by the system are responsive to computer commands and capable of holding a plurality of carriers per pipe. Also attached to the storage piping may be a carrier auto-indexing unit which would catalog the carrier activity, keep record of the carriers in storage, i.e., how many are currently stored there along with their identification numbers, the users who request carriers, etc. The system described will receive its instructions from a computer interface established at the facility where the invention is in place. These instructions would be communicated to the storage piping located at the processing stations.  
         [0026]     Although the embodiment of the present invention will be further described as used in hospitals to supply parenteral products, it is not limited to such a use. Other expressions of its use include dietary, laboratory and central supply systems. Additionally, motorized carts may be used for the transport of the empty pneumatic tube carriers from the storage cabinets to the receiving station or nurses&#39; station or some other designated location. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0027]     The invention will be better understood with reference to the drawings, in which:  
         [0028]      FIG. 1  shows functional block diagram of the present invention;  
         [0029]      FIG. 2  shows a perspective diagrammatic representation of an automatic specimen receiving station;  
         [0030]      FIG. 3A  shows a perspective diagrammatic representation of an automatic pharmacy distribution system for injectable products;  
         [0031]      FIG. 3B  shows a perspective diagrammatic representation of an automatic pharmacy distribution system for oral/solid products;  
         [0032]      FIG. 4  shows a block diagram of the pneumatic tube carrier loading station using a turret style loader;  
         [0033]      FIG. 5  shows a pneumatic tube loading carousel with a capacity of 50 carriers, a 4 zone inbound and outbound line system;  
         [0034]      FIG. 6  shows an overall view of a carrier suitable for use with the present invention;  
         [0035]      FIG. 6A  shows a cross-section of both the end and side views of a preferable carrier for this invention;  
         [0036]      FIG. 7A  shows the interiors of both halves of a preferable carrier for use with the present invention;  
         [0037]      FIG. 7B  is a side view of a half of a carrier for use with the present invention, which shows a latch to lock the carrier in its closed position, and an indicator for signaling conditions interior to a carrier;  
         [0038]      FIG. 7C  is an end view of a carrier for use with the present invention, which shows an end bumper, and an end opening which allows the photo eyes to detect the contents of the carrier;  
         [0039]      FIG. 8  is a perspective diagrammatic representation of a multi-zone pneumatic tube system.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0040]     The purpose of the present invention is to provide a secure storage and retrieval system for pneumatic tube carriers, in a plurality of different compartments wherein the carriers can be retrieved from any compartment.  
         [0041]     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , an schematic overview of the present invention is shown, including a representation of how it may be positioned within an overall pneumatic tube system.  FIG. 1  shows the present invention comprising, first, storage compartment  18  which comprises diverter  20 , empty line  22 , stored carriers  24 , and auto-indexing unit  26 . Connecting storage, compartment  18  to the pneumatic tube system  10 , an example of such system is shown in  FIG. 8 , are blower  14  and diverter  16 . Optionally, an AutoaceptorTube (as described in application Ser. No. 08/632,020) with pneumatic tube interface  12  can be used to include an automatic inspection station as well as an automatic product insertion/removal station.  
         [0042]     The present invention includes blower  14  and diverter  16  which are necessary to coordinate and direct the transportation of carriers  24  from storage compartment  18  to pneumatic tube system  10 , and vice versa. Within storage compartment  18  there are a plurality of storage lines  22 , each of which can store at least ten carriers  24 . Also, auto-indexing unit  26  allows the system to recognize and keep track of every carrier that is stored in storage compartment  18 , including the time of storage, the name of the user who stored carrier  24 , and any other information pertinent to the storage and retrieval of carrier  24 .  
         [0043]     By means of a touch key, only authorized employees can send to and retrieve from this storage cabinet. Even when the cabinet is installed in an unsecured location, the carriers cannot be retrieved by anyone, thus creating a secure storage unit. Several applications and locations for the present invention are available, such as large supermarkets, department stores or even where the storage of valuable goods or paperwork is crucial.  
         [0044]     To better understand the present invention, it is helpful to look at through an example of a toll plaza. A tool plaza is a collection point on a highway where money has to be paid to cross a certain section of that road. A toll plaza comprises a main building and several toll booths, for example ten. Similarly, the present invention comprises a “main building”and several “toll booths”.  
         [0045]     Here, most of the equipment, the blower, the controller, the retrieval cabinet and the main/rejection station is located in the “main building”. The “toll booths” each have a send/receive tube, a box with a PSMA/PLCD-T card and a touch key reader. These all operate together to provide enhanced security for the storage and retrieval of the carriers.  
         [0046]     The system of the present invention works by the user initializing a touch key. Before the start of a shift, the user gets a touch key with a destination number and an entrance level. An entrance level is described as an access level providing for security within the system. For example, there may be three entrance levels, such as “User Level”, “Operator Level” and “Supervisor Level”. Each level would grant certain access rights or capabilities. For example, someone with access under any level may send a carrier from the stations, while the “User Level”and “Operator Level” may be restricted to only opening the retrieval compartment when the destination number on the touch key is the same as the user number on the compartment. “Supervisor Level”, however, would not be restricted, and could access any compartment. Similarly, with respect to the controller of the storage cabinets, the “User Level” would be restricted the most, only allowing viewing of the “overall look” of the system, while the “Operator Level” could, in addition, do the manual and the full purge, as well as look at the unit information. Of course, the “Supervisor Level”would then have full access rights to all the menus of the controller.  
         [0047]     For further security, a specific user number could be designated and programmed in an operator touch key to prevent a user from opening any compartment, something such as “000”. Additionally, the various levels assigned to each touch key, as well as the names of each of the designated users, can be programmed by the touch key program through any personal computer.  
         [0048]     After the touch key initialization, the user can then make a shipment. First, the user loads the carriers with f.e. coins, and sends the carrier to either the main station or to an individual compartment. If it is to the main station, then, on the touch keypad, the user dials the destination code of the main station, and loads the carrier in the send/retrieve tube. The system then asks for the user to touch the touch key to read the name of the user. After this, the carrier will be sent automatically and the transmission list of this shipment will be recorded with the name of the user on the touch key.  
         [0049]     If, on the other hand, shipment is to the individual compartment, the process is slightly varied. First, after each shipment, the destination code will be updated to “000”. When this code appears on the screen and the user is loading the carrier in the send/retrieve tube, the system will ask for the users touch key to read the destination of the user&#39;s compartment, as well as the name of the user. Then, the carrier will be sent automatically and the transmission list of this shipment will be recorded with the name of the user on the touch key.  
         [0050]     With the above described procedure, it is irrelevant which “toll booth” station the user made the shipment from, the carrier will always go to his own compartment. In the embodiment of the present invention, a maximum of ten carriers can be stored per compartment. When more than ten carriers are sent to an individual compartment, the station will indicate that the compartment is full and that the carrier must be sent to the main station. In another embodiment, the system may automatically send the carrier to the main station when it determines the compartment to be full, while notifying the user of said action.  
         [0051]     The next step involved is the retrieval process. After the user&#39;s shift, the user goes to the retrieval compartment and touches the reader on the compartment with his touch key. When the destinations code in the touch key is equal with the usernumber of the compartment, the door will be opened and the carriers will roll out. When all of the carriers are out, the user touches the reader with his touch key again, and the compartment door closes. All of the actions of the cabinet are recorded with the date/name and the name on the touch key. When the compartment is opened and closed, the controller will reset the counter of that compartment to “0” and new carriers can be sent to the compartment.  
         [0052]     The supervisor can open any compartment and is allowed to open the cabinet itself. On a side of the cabinet is provided an extra touch key reader which activates, after reading a supervisor key, two solenoids which keep the door of the cabinet closed. Of course, every interference of a supervisor will be recorded in the transmission list.  
         [0053]     Additionally, a printer or personal computer can be connected on the controller to store and view the transmission list and maintenance information. This can provide recordings of the time and location of the origination and destination of all shipments made. Also, a modem can be connected to the controller for immediate service response.  
         [0054]     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , shown is an automatic receiving station  28  for use in conjunction with the present invention.  FIG. 2  shows an automatic receiving station  28  for receiving products sent through a pneumatic tube system in a carrier. Like  FIGS. 3A and 3B ,  FIG. 2  shows an automated system comprising three stages, here, a carrier opening stage  30 , a product removal stage  32 , and a carrier closing stage  34 . The empty carrier first enters the opening stage  30 , after coming from the pneumatic tube system, and is opened. The carrier is then moved to the removal stage  32  where the appropriate product is automatically removed from the carrier. Once the product is removed from the carrier, the carrier is moved to the third stage where the carrier can be, inspected and closed securely. The carrier would then be sent back to the empty carrier storage cabinet  18  of the present invention.  
         [0055]      FIG. 3A  shows an automatic loading and inspection station for injectable products to be loaded into carrier and sent to their destinations through the pneumatic tube system.  FIG. 3A  shows an automated system comprising a carrier opening stage  36 , a carrier loading stage  38 , and an inspection/closure stage  40 . The empty carrier first enters the opening stage  36 , after coming from the empty carrier storage and distribution system, where it is opened. The carrier is then moved to the loading stage  38  where the appropriate injectable product is automatically placed into the carrier. The injectable product is brought to the carrier via an incoming conveyor  42  from the product production station. The product enters the carrier through an opening in the top of the system. Once the product is loaded into the carrier, the carrier is moved to the third stage where the product and carrier are inspected. If approved, the carrier is closed securely and sent into the pneumatic tube system where it is delivered to the proper location.  
         [0056]     Similarly,  FIG. 3B  shows an automatic loading and inspection station for oral/solid products to be loaded into carrier and sent to their destinations through the pneumatic tube system. Like  FIG. 3A ,  FIG. 3B  shows an automated system comprising a carrier opening stage  36 ′, a carrier loading stage  38 ′, and an inspection/closure stage  40 ′. The empty carrier first enters the opening stage  36 ′, after coming from the empty carrier storage and distribution system  18 , and is opened. The carrier is then moved to the loading stage  38 ′ where the appropriate oral/solid product is automatically placed into the carrier. The oral/solid product is brought to the carrier via a robot system  42 ′which selects the appropriate oral/solid product from a product storage station. The robot system  42 ′ then inserts the oral/solid product into the carrier through an opening in the top of the system. Once the product is loaded into the carrier, the carrier is moved to the third stage where the product and carrier are inspected. If approved, the carrier is closed securely and sent into the pneumatic tube system where it is delivered to the proper location.  
         [0057]      FIG. 4  represents a fifty carrier carousel loading station for the pneumatic tube system. It shows a fifty carrier carousel  50 , conveyor  44 , loading dock  52 , four outbound tubes  54 , four inbound tubes  56 , and photo eyes  58 . The transport bin containing the prepared product is transported to loading dock  52  via conveyor  44  from the inspection station. There a carrier  10  is presented to loading dock  52  as the fifty carrier carousel rotates past loading dock  52 . A carrier  10  is presented to loading dock  52  in a closed position where photo eyes  58  verify that the carrier is the appropriate style carrier, that the carrier has an insert, and that the carrier insert is empty. If verified, the carrier  10  is removed from the carousel and the product is inserted into carrier  10 . Carrier  10  is then inserted into an open member of carousel  50 , which then rotates to the appropriate position to send carrier  10  containing the product to its proper destination via the pneumatic tube system.  
         [0058]     However, if rejected, carousel  50  rotates so the photo eyes can check the next carrier, while keeping record of the rejected carrier and the reason for the rejection. This process continues until a useful carrier  10  is found. The system could notify the control system of the reject status of any carrier through a numbering or other labeling system distinguishing each carrier  10 , and any rejected carrier  10  could be sent to a predetermined location to correct the defective condition.  
         [0059]      FIG. 5  represents an alternative loading station for the system. It shows a loading-device with a rotating turret  48 . The transport bin containing the prepared product is transported to loading dock  52  via conveyor  44  from the inspection station. There a carrier  10  is selected from the rotating turret  48  after being verified as described above. Once verified, the carrier  10  is removed from turret  48  and the product is inserted into carrier  10 . Carrier  10  is then inserted back into an open member of turret  48 , which then rotates to the appropriate position to send carrier  10  and product to its proper destination via the pneumatic tube system.  
         [0060]     Turret  48  can have a single rotatable turret with access to all zone of the pneumatic tube system, or it can have multiple rotatable turrets each corresponding to a single zone within the pneumatic tube system. Also, each turret can have the capacity to hold many carriers at a time.  
         [0061]     In each of the above described loading systems (as shown in  FIGS. 4 &amp;5 ), a robot arm could be used as the means for removing the carrier from the turret, inserting the product into the carrier, and returning the carrier to the appropriate turret opening. Further, in the case of syringe products, a plunger style loading system could be used wherein the robot arm or other device can insert the syringe into the appropriate carrier through an opening in its end without having to remove it from either the turret or the carousel.  
         [0062]     Once the product and carrier are loaded, the carousel rotates to the appropriate outbound pneumatic tube. Four of such tubes could be used in this invention, one for each zone in the system. The carrier is then inserted into the tube and then sent to its predetermined destination. A series of diverters present in the system allow inter-zone communication, thus allowing the pneumatic tube system to be used for station to station delivery.  
         [0063]      FIG. 6  is an overall view of carrier  60  preferred for use with the present invention. It shows carrier  60  consisting of first and second shells  62 ,  62 ′ which extend longitudinally and which are interconnected by hinges  64  and rod locking members  68 . Members  68  lock the rod in place, so that hinges  64  can provide for the opening and closing of the carrier  60  halves  62  and  62 ′. The carrier  60  halves  62  and  62 ′ are formed of plastic, for example, and raised areas are formed along the exterior surface, around the transverse perimeter of the carrier, as shown as glide, or travel or accelerator rings  66 . Two accelerator or glide or travel rings  66  are use for each carrier  60 , and may consist of Velcro® secured plastic or rubber strips. A suitable felt material or Neoprene® material may also be used to make the seals  66 , which may also be cut from a sheet of the material such that moisture will tend to cause dimension changes substantially in the direction longitudinal with respect to the carrier, rather than radially. The seals  66  may be adhesively attached to the shells  62  and  62 ′ at respective raised portions. The purpose of the rings  66  is so that carrier  60  forms a tight, consistent and secure fit within the interior of the carrier tubes, so that the carrier  60  may travel effectively through the carrier tubes. As the carriers  60  often reach speeds in excess of 25 feet per second, the rings  66  serve to form an air barrier around the carrier  60 , so that the carrier  60  does not jam. Also, by minimizing air leakage around the carrier, rings  66  can minimize the air required to propel carrier  60 . Felt insert is provided, as well, so that the rings  66  appear as continuous concentric circles—and no air can escape the seal the rings  66  form in relation to the interior of the carrier tubes, even where the hinge assemblies  64  are concerned. Ends of the carrier are defined by respective resilient bumpers  72 . Each of the bumpers  72  is preferably larger than half the diameter of the pneumatic tube to avoid possible jamming of one carrier  60  with a second carrier within the pneumatic tube. The shells  62  and  62 ′ are substantially identical in shape and are preferably molded in the same or a similar mold form from a suitable plastic material such as LEXAN® (a trade mark for a polycarbonate plastic sold by GE Plastics). Because the shells  62  and  62 ′ are substantially identical and can often be made from even the same mold, molding costs can be significantly reduced.  
         [0064]     In order to simplify this description, parts of shell  62  will be described, but it should be understood that corresponding part&#39;s of shell  62 ′also may exist, as desired. The shell  62  is generally semi-cylindrical over the major portion of its length, with the exception, for example, of the raised portions under rings  66 . Those raised portions may also correspond to internally concave zones, which may contribute to the overall structural integrity of the carrier  60 .  
         [0065]     The portions of carrier  60  that support the seals  66  are positioned intermediate the ends of the carrier  60  at positions which maximize the available length and diameter dimensions of the carrier. The shells  62  and  62 ′ further includes tapered or frusto-conical end portions  70 .  
         [0066]     Hinge assemblies  64  are preferably molded as a part of the shells  62  and  62 ′ and the pivot points of the hinges  64  are offset from mating edges of the shells  62  and  62 ′ to permit the ends of the rings  66  and shells  62  and  62 ′ to securely mate together when closed, without damage to the seal halves  66 . The hinges  64  are preferably located so that they will not contact the interior of the carrier tube walls. Although the carrier tube walls are often made of steel, and the carriers  60  are often made of plastic, it is generally desirable to have only smooth, continuous surfaces contacting the interior of the carrier tube walls. For example, if a metallic hinge  64  were to scratch the interior of the carrier tube wall, ruts could result, which will facilitate air seepage, and a loss of system efficiency, as air passes through said ruts.  
         [0067]      FIG. 7A  shows the interiors of both halves ( 62  and  62 ′) of a preferred carrier  60  for use with the present invention.  FIG. 7B  is a side view of a half of a carrier  60  according to the present invention, which shows a latch  66 ′ to lock the carrier  60  into its closed position, and an indicator for signaling conditions interior to a carrier  60 .  FIG. 7C  is an end view of a carrier  60  according to the present invention, which shows the bumper, and openings  76  and  78  for use with the photo eyes.  
         [0068]     Shells  62  and  62 ′ form an internal cavity when closed together. That internal cavity is the usually the entire reason why the carrier  60  exists in the first place. However, certain exceptions may exist. For example, carrier  60  may be not a cavity bearing carrier at all, but rather a sophisticated monitoring vehicle, which contains video or other sensors, to inspect the interior workings of a pneumatic system. In that case, carrier  60  would be sent through a tube system, and could transmit or record information indicative of the interior walls of the pneumatic tube system. More usually, the carrier  60  with its internal cavity in place will be used to carry articles between remote points.  
         [0069]     Carrier  60  is capable of carrying papers, such as drawings, business documents cash, X-ray negatives and the like. Carrier  60  is often used to carry vessels, wherein the vessels often contain liquid, solid or gaseous materials that should ideally remain within the vessels. That is, the carrier  60 , which moves at high speeds, is often used to carry vessels that contain various liquid substances, which are prone toward leaking out of the carrier  60 , if the vessels should break within the carrier  60 , or should the vessels become opened in transit (because, for example, a rubber stopper was not securely seated in the first place, or otherwise failed). Specifically, when the carrier  60  is used within the hospital environment, problems can result when vessels break or open within the carrier  60 . The vessels in hospitals often include test tube with rubber stoppers, intravenous (“IV”) bags, blood samples, viral or bacteria cultures, chemicals or other drugs, medicines, acids, or other materials that must be controlled or contained at all times. Indeed, the vessels may even contain biohazardous materials, such as HIV infected blood, cultures of various viral infections, toxic chemicals such as cyanide, and the like.  
         [0070]     Naturally, whenever fragile objects (such as glass test tubes) are to be placed in the carrier  60 , these objects are typically mounted in a container or retaining unit, which has been formed to fit snugly within the cavity defined by the interior surfaces of shells  62  and  62 ′, thereby limiting the possibility of damage to the contents as the carrier passes through the pneumatic tube system. To safeguard against the leakage of such materials, and others, the carrier  60  according to the present invention has been designed with an internal perimeter wall  74 . Perimeter wall provides an additional layer of protection against exposure to the outside world.  
         [0071]     Perimeter wall  74  outlines the entire perimeter of carrier  60 —more specifically, the boundaries of shells  62  and  62 ′, as set forth in  FIG. 7A . Also as shown in  FIG. 7A , projections and receptors  72  (on both shells  62  and  62 ′) are adapted to engage each other, as opposed on the opposing shells  62  and  62 ′), to retain the shells  62  and  62 ′ in a closed position as shown in  FIG. 6 , with the use of detent latches or locks (not shown). The projections  72  have respective inclined leading faces for deflecting the projections radially inwards as the shells  62  and  62 ′ are brought together. As the shells  62  and  62 ′ move into a closed position, the projections and receptors  72  move radially outward into respective openings, to retain the shells  62  and  62 ′ in the closed position. One major advantage of this arrangement is that the closing of the shells  62  and  62 ′ is a natural actions and requires no teaching. Anyone wishing to close the carrier  60  will naturally bring the shells  62  and  62 ′ together resulting in a snap-action as the detent or interlocking latches move into their mating openings. Respective longitudinal edges of the shells  62  and  62 ′ define interlocking recesses and projections indicated generally by the numerals  72 . These edges locate the shells  62  and  62 ′ relative to one another when the shells are in the closed position. Also, because of their shape, the projections/receptors  72  align corresponding edges of the shells on closing the carrier and also prevent closing the carrier unless the contents are entirely inside the shells. Further advantages of these projections  72  include increased torsional stability because of the interlocking arrangement; and an incidental advantage that because a carrier which is not completely closed will not fit into a pneumatic tube, an operator is forced to ensure that none of the contents project out of the carrier.  
         [0072]     In use, it will be evident that unless the shells  62  and  62 ′ are closed, the carrier  60  cannot be entered into a pneumatic tube. This is a significant advantage of the carrier because in the past, if carriers are entered into a tube without first closing the carrier, the result may be to lose the contents of the carrier  60  within the pneumatic tube system or in fouling the system to the extent that it no longer functions satisfactorily. Once the shells  62  and  62 ′ are brought together so that the projections  72  engage in respective openings, the carrier  60  can be locked by inserting a key in, for example, a tumbler lock  66 ′ (shown in  FIG. 7B ) and turning a key, or setting a combination. The carrier  60  can then be opened only by further use of the key. However, reference is again made to  FIG. 7B  to describe the lock switch  66 ′. Alternatively, only authorized persons having a key for an actual lock  66 ′ could be established, to open the carrier, for example, if a controlled substance such as morphine is contained within the carrier  60 . As shown in  FIG. 7B , latch switch (or lock)  66 ′ is used to depress the detent locking mechanism, so that the shells  62  and  62 ′ can be separated, and the carrier  60  opened. Locking latches  66 ′ are provided for retaining shells  62  and  62 ′ in the closed position. In addition, electronically activated locks with pins (not shown) may be disposed between shells  62  and  62 ′, so that latch switch  66 ′ may be overridden, or defeated, so that the user of a carrier  60  will not open it if a vessel has become opened or broken in travel. To facilitate this function, an indicator is provided on the exterior of the carrier  60 . The indicator is connected to internal sensor unit. The indicator will serve to inform the user that a spill or leak has occurred within the cavity of carrier  60 . When the sensor unit detects the presence of a leak or spill (blood, gas, chemicals, liquids, etc.), the indicator, which may be a digital display, LED, or even an RS  232  communications port, will inform the user or an external computer, that something has become uncontrolled within the carrier  60 . Then, proper precautions may be taken when opening the carrier  60 . For example, if toluene has become released within carrier  60 , the sensor will identify it as such (via, for example, gas chromatography), and will output its result to the indicator. Then, the indicator, which may be an LED, series of LEDs (which may indicate, for example, the severity of the interior condition), or an RS  232  port, can then output the result to a computer (not shown). In automated carrier tube systems, the carrier could even inform the receiving station (the opening to the vacuum tubes) of the condition, so that a user will be presented by, for example, a warning light, so that they will not open the carrier  60  until, in the case of toluene, the carrier  60  is brought to a ventilation hood, so that hazardous fumes may be vented safely away.  
         [0073]     It will be appreciated that although the above parenteral products automation system description is limited to use in a hospital, the invention is not limited to such use. For instance, if found suitable, the invention could be used in other businesses or enterprises. While the foregoing embodiments of the invention have been set forth in considerable detail for the purposes of making a complete disclosure of the invention, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that numerous changes may be made in such details without departing from the spirit and the principles of the invention.  
         [0074]      FIG. 8  is an overall view of a pneumatic tube system  80 . It shows a three-zone system comprising one blower, package  84  per zone, pneumatic tubes  88 , inter-zone diverters  86 , computer  82 , and receiving stations  90 , all connected via single transmission tubing. Carriers move through the system shown in  FIG. 8  under vacuum or pressure as supplied by blower package  84 . As the carriers move through the system, the diverters  86  change position to change the direction of the carrier. Also, diverters  86  make inter-zone communications possible.  
         [0075]     Although  FIG. 8  demonstrates a three zone system with a limited number of receiving stations  90 , a system with numerous zones and virtually unlimited stations  90  is possible.  
         [0076]     It will be appreciated that although the above description is limited to a system for use in a hospital pharmacy, the invention is applicable for other similar purposes. For instance, the invention may be used with dietaries, laboratories, central supply areas, etc. While the foregoing embodiments of the invention have been set forth in considerable detail for the purposes of making a complete disclosure of the invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that numerous changes may be made in such details without departing from the spirit and the principles of the invention.  
         [0077]     Although the invention herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications may be made to the embodiments described herein and that other arrangements and techniques may be devised without departing from the intended scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.