Abstract:
Apparatus for determining a distance of a target, the apparatus comprising a pulse transmitter, a gatable beam detector, and a comparator, the gatable beam detector being operable to obtain gated and calibration beam energy information of a pulse transmitted by the beam pulse transmitter for reflection from the target, and to pass the beam energy information to the comparator, thereby to obtain a ratio between the gated and the calibration beam energy, the ratio being inversely proportional to the distance. Also an array thereof for simultaneously obtaining distances of a multiplicity of points of a three-dimensional object in real time, in particular to obtain movement information of the target.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to active target distance measurement and more particularly but not exclusively to active distance measurement to a target using reflection of electromagnetic pulses.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    Distance measurement to a target object is necessary for a wide range of applications. Methods for distance measurements include both active and passive methods. Passive methods are generally based on the observation of the object to be measured from at least two points and then calculation based on the observations using triangulation techniques. Active methods generally involve reflecting a beam from the object and measuring the time delay in the round trip. The distance may then be calculated using the identity  
           speed=distance/time.  
           [0003]    In this case,  
           distance=beam speed×measured delay/2.  
           [0004]    The measured delay is referred to hereinbelow as Time of Fly.  
           [0005]    Other methods measure the phase of the transmitted pulse in order to determine the distance.  
           [0006]    The time of fly method requires extremely high measurement accuracy and thus relatively complex electronics. It is thus impractical to produce time of fly based apparatus as an array to obtain spatial information from a plurality of points on an object. For applications such as robotics and robot navigation, and for multimedia applications, distance to a given point needs to be known from many points of a three dimensional object.  
           [0007]    Currently, obtaining three dimensional location information of an object is possible using two cameras whose intervening distance is known in three dimensions, and then carrying out triangulation, generally separately for each dimension. However, such a method requires considerable calculation and is difficult to carry out in real time.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0008]    The present embodiments overcome the problem of the prior art by measuring the energy of the reflected beam over a gating interval to produce a gated energy. The gated energy is compared with a calibration energy to produce a ratio which is inversely proportional to the object distance.  
           [0009]    Energy of a beam is the integral of the brightness or amplitude of the beam and is a measurement which can easily be obtained from a detector such as a charge coupled device (CCD).  
           [0010]    According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of measuring distance to a target comprising  
           [0011]    reflecting a pulse off a target,  
           [0012]    retrieving energy from the reflected pulse over a predetermined gating period and measuring a level of the retrieved energy,  
           [0013]    determining a distance of the target by comparing the measured retrieved energy level from the target over the predetermined gating period with a calibration energy level.  
           [0014]    Preferably, the method comprises carrying out the step of retrieving at each one of a plurality of sensors.  
           [0015]    Preferably, the step of retrieving energy comprises detecting a brightness of the reflection and integrating the brightness over the predetermined gating period.  
           [0016]    Preferably, the predetermined gating period is a length of the pulse.  
           [0017]    Preferably, the step of determining comprises forming a ratio between the calibration energy level and the gated energy, which ratio is inversely proportional to the distance.  
           [0018]    Preferably, the duration of the pulse is set at a time taken by light to travel the maximum distance it is intended to measure.  
           [0019]    Preferably, the calibration is carried out by measuring a total energy of a pulse reflected from the object.  
           [0020]    Preferably, the calibration and the gated energy retrieval are carried out on a single reflected pulse.  
           [0021]    Preferably, the method comprises a step of splitting the reflected pulse into two, one part being used for calibration energy retrieval and one part being gated for gated energy retrieval.  
           [0022]    Preferably, two successive pulses are reflected one after the other, a first beam being used for calibration energy retrieval and the second being gated for gated energy retrieval.  
           [0023]    Preferably, the method comprises splitting incoming light into two parts, one part for analysis of the reflected pulse to determine distance information and a second part being used to obtain image information.  
           [0024]    Preferably, the image information is color information.  
           [0025]    Preferably, the pulse is any one of a group comprising a light beam, an ultra-violet beam, an infra-red beam, a microwave beam and an ultra-sound beam.  
           [0026]    According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided apparatus for determining a distance of a target, the apparatus comprising a pulse transmitter, a gatable beam detector, and a comparator, the gatable beam detector being operable to obtain gated and calibration beam energy information of a pulse transmitted by the beam pulse transmitter for reflection from the target, and to pass the beam energy information to the comparator, thereby to obtain a ratio between the gated and the calibration beam energy, the ratio being inversely proportional to the distance.  
           [0027]    Preferably, the pulse beam transmitter is operable to transmit a pulse having a predetermined width and the gatable beam detector is operable to be gated at at least twice the predetermined width and at the predetermined width, thereby to produce a total reflected energy of the pulse for the calibration energy, and the gated pulse energy.  
           [0028]    Preferably, the detector comprises two sub-detectors, one gated at the at least twice the predetermined width and the other gated at the predetermined width.  
           [0029]    The apparatus preferably comprises a beam splitter for splitting the reflected pulse between the first and the second sub-detectors.  
           [0030]    The apparatus preferably comprises a beam splitter for splitting light incoming to the apparatus between a first sub-detector gated to obtain distance information and a second sub-detector for obtaining general image information.  
           [0031]    The apparatus preferably comprises compensation factors to correct for built-in errors.  
           [0032]    Preferably, the detector is part of an array of detectors.  
           [0033]    Preferably, the array is a three-dimensional array.  
           [0034]    According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided an array of distance sensors for sensing distance to multiple points of a target object by detecting pulses reflected off a target object, each sensor comprising a gatable detector for detecting incident energy levels of said pulses to produce an output indicative of the distance of a respective point.  
           [0035]    Preferably, the sensor is gatable to a time delay equaling at least twice of a length of the pulse to obtain a calibration energy, and the sensor is further gatable to a time delay equaling a length of the pulse to obtain an energy level indicative of the distance. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0036]    For a better understanding of the invention, and to show how the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, purely by way of example, to the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a prior art distance measuring system,  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing a second prior art distance measuring system,  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 3 is a simplified schematic diagram showing a first embodiment of an energy based distance measuring system operable in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention,  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 4 is a simplified graphical diagram of a pulse for use in the embodiment of FIG. 3,  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 5 is a simplified graphical diagram of amplitude against time of a slightly distorted pulse as may be received following reflection of a pulse of the type shown in FIG. 4 from a very nearby object, the pulse being gated by gating signal shown along the bottom of the graph,  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 6 is a simplified graphical diagram of amplitude against time of the pulse shown in FIG. 5, reflected from a more distant object and thus delayed with respect to the gating signal,  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 7 is a simplified graphical diagram of received energy ratio against distance of an object for a reflected pulse which has been gated using a fixed gating signal,  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 8 is a simplified schematic diagram of a device according to the embodiment of FIG. 3, adapted for use with an optical pulse,  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 9 is a simplified block diagram of a device for distance determination according to a further embodiment of the present invention,  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 10 is a simplified block diagram of an array of distance sensors for use with any of the above-mentioned embodiments, and  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 11 is a simplified block diagram of a device for obtaining both an image and a distance measurement of a three-dimensional object. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0048]    Reference is now made to FIG. 1, which is a generalized diagram showing a prior art passive detection system in which two passive detectors  10  and  12  observe an object  14 . The angles between each of the detectors and the object is fed into a triangulation calculation and the distance of the object from a point between the two detectors  10  and  12  is determined.  
         [0049]    Reference is now made to FIG. 2, which is a generalized diagram showing a prior art active detection system in which a transceiver  16  transmits a beam towards an object  18 . The beam is reflected off the object  18  and the reflection is received by the transceiver  16 . The time delay between the sending and the receiving of the signal is used to determine the distance of the object  18  from the transceiver  16  using the time of fly identity referred to above.  
         [0050]    Reference is now made to FIG. 3, which is a generalized diagram showing a first embodiment of the present invention. A transmitter  20 , which may typically be an infra-red diode, a laser diode, an ultrasonic transducer or an RF or microwave transmitter, emits a pulse  22  towards an object  24 . The pulse  22  is reflected, by the object  24 , over a range of directions such that a particular signal energy is emitted in any given direction. The distance of the object  24  defines a beam path from the transmitter  20  via the object  24  to the receiver  26  and the length of the beam path defines a delay of the pulse. The total energy of the reflected beam, as received by the receiver, depends on numerous factors including the reflectivity of the surface of the object  24 , the presence of reflecting bodies such as dust bodies in the beam path etc.  
         [0051]    As will be described below, the total energy of a reflected beam is compared against energy reflected from the beam gated timewise using a gating device  30 , so that an energy ratio between the ungated and gated beam gives an indication of the distance of the object.  
         [0052]    Reference is now made to FIG. 4, which shows a square wave pulse  22 , suitable for use as the square wave pulse  22  of FIG. 3. The pulse preferably has a known rise time Tr, a known fall time Tf and a known duration T.  
         [0053]    Returning now to FIG. 3, and a receiver  26  is placed at a given angle from the object. The receiver  26  may comprise a detector compatible with the transmitter  20 . For example if the transmitter is a laser diode then the detector may be a photodiode. The receiver  26  picks up the particular signal energy emitted in its respective direction. The particular signal energy may be determined by integrating the received signal. Alternatively, a separate step of integration may not be required, in particular if the detector is a CCD whose output is proportional to the input energy level. The time of arrival of the signal will be in accordance with the above referred to time of fly. If the distance is already approximately known then the approximate time of fly is also known.  
         [0054]    In a first embodiment of the present invention, a first pulse  22  is transmitted towards the object and reflected. The pulse is gated over a gating width which is preferably twice the width of the pulse so that all of the reflected pulse energy is measured. The gating interval preferably starts at zero, and the pulse width is preferably chosen such that the travel time to a target at a maximum distance to be measured equals the pulse width duration.  
         [0055]    The energy measured over the gating interval is preferably taken as a calibration energy level, and this first pulse is referred to as the calibration pulse.  
         [0056]    Reference is now made to FIG. 5, which is a time—amplitude graph showing a slightly distorted but otherwise idealised received signal which is an echo of the transmitted pulse. It will be appreciated that the amplitude of the received signal is likely to be considerably lower in any given direction as the energy of the originating pulse is diffused in three dimensional space.  
         [0057]    Returning again to FIG. 3 and a further pulse  22  is transmitted, but this time the received signal is gated against a narrow timing signal  30 , as shown graphically in FIGS. 5 and 6. Preferably, this time, the gate duration is equal to the pulse duration so that the total received energy depends on any offset between the gate period and the duration of receipt of the pulse, i.e. the delay due to the time of flight. The gating signal is preferably aligned so that for a distance of zero, the full energy of the pulse is received (FIG. 5) but as the object recedes the pulse is more and more delayed so that less and less of the pulse is aligned with the gating signal (FIG. 6). Consequently, less and less of the energy of the pulse is received.  
         [0058]    A ratio of the energies of the two pulses (the calibration pulse and the gated pulse) is determined, the ratio being inversely proportional to the distance of the object. For example, in the case in FIG. 5 the ratio would be 1:1, indicating a distance of zero. In FIG. 6, by contrast the offset is such that the gate duration covers only the first 50% of the period of receipt of the pulse. Thus the total received energy is 50% of the energy received from the first pulse. The detected ratio is two to one and the distance of the object may thus be determined.  
         [0059]    Reference is now made to FIG. 7, which shows the variation in received signal energy over a fixed gating period as the distance to an object changes. As the distance of the object varies, the timing of receipt of the echoed pulse varies and the ratio of the gated and ungated signals is inversely proportional to the distance.  
         [0060]    The measurement of the pulse energy and the creation of the ratio is a relatively easy operation requiring simpler electronics than that required for measuring actual delays in the pulse as done in the prior art. The present invention is therefore suitable for measuring distances over numerous points of three dimensional objects to build three-dimensional images, as will be explained in more detail below.  
         [0061]    Reference is now made to FIG. 8, which is a simplified diagram showing an implementation of the embodiment of FIG. 3 adapted for use with an optical pulse. In the diagram of FIG. 8, a transmitter  40 , for example a laser diode, emits a pulse  22  which strikes an object  42  over a surface thereof. As will be appreciated the surface is not a point surface but is rather part of a three-dimensional shape. The signal is reflected and strikes a lens  44  where it is focused onto a detector  46 . The detector  46  preferably comprises a plurality of individual detection pixels, onto each of which is focused light from a different point on the object surface.  
         [0062]    Substantially the total energy that arrives at the lens  44  is focused onto the detector  46 .  
         [0063]    A first or calibration pulse is preferably gated with a gating signal which is at least twice the pulse duration T, so as to obtain a calibration energy level reflected in the given direction. The pulse width is set to correspond to the time of flight to the maximum distance to be measured and the initial gating period is set to twice the thus determined pulse width. This first pulse gives target reflection information, that is to say it tells us about the total reflection information in the given direction.  
         [0064]    A second pulse is then transmitted and preferably gated at the receiver with a gating signal which is only the length of the pulse duration. A ratio is formed, as described above, of the two energies, and a distance to the object is inferred therefrom. Each pixel thus receives both calibration and measurement pulse energy from the same point on the surface. The two pulses are preferably close together so that even if the target moves, the energy received is still substantially from the same point.  
         [0065]    In the case of a fast moving target, the received signal may contain the difference between two continuous pulses. The distance may thus be determined by the ratio between the two received energy levels multiplied by the wave speed.  
         [0066]    In order to improve the accuracy of the measurement it is preferable to make use of correction tables and constants as will be well known to the skilled man. This may correct for the speed of certain of the electronic components, gate time setting and the like.  
         [0067]    Reference is now made to FIG. 9, which is a simplified schematic diagram showing a further embodiment of the present invention. Parts which are the same as those previously discussed are given the same reference numerals and are not described again except as necessary for an understanding of the present embodiment. A transmitter  20  emits a single pulse  22  as before at an object  24 . The beam  22  is reflected from the object in a plurality of directions and the part of the beam energy that is transmitted in a given direction is picked up by a lens  50 . The lens passes the energy to a beam splitter  52  where it is split into two and sent to two separate detectors  54  and  56 , for correlation and measurement respectively. The energy is detected in full by the correlation detector  54 , gated by a gating signal  58  that is at least twice as long as the pulse length, as described above. The measurement detector  56  at the same time gates the reflected signal with a gating signal  60  having a width that is the same as the length of the pulse, as described in the previous embodiment in respect of the second pulse. The ratio of the energies detected by each of the detectors  54  and  56  respectively may be used to determine the position of the object, as in the previous embodiment.  
         [0068]    Thus, a single pulse serves both for calibration and distance measurement, and the distance of the object  24  from the detector  50  may be obtained following reflection of just a single pulse.  
         [0069]    Reference is now made to FIG. 10, which is a simplified schematic diagram showing a further embodiment of the present invention. In the embodiment of FIG. 10, in place of the single receiver  26  there is provided an array  60  of receivers or sensors  62 . Although the array is here shown as flat it is appreciated that the sensors may be placed in a three-dimensional array around the area of the object. In the array  60 , each sensor  62  independently detects reflections of the beam by the object, so as to obtain distances to a plurality of points on the surface. Thus an array of distances are detected giving positions of different parts of the object and allowing a three-dimensional model of the object to be obtained. Substantially the only tasks that are necessary are two integrations and the calculation of a ratio for each sensor  62 .  
         [0070]    The array of FIG. 10 may be used in conjunction with the two-pulse measurement described in respect of FIG. 3 or in conjunction with the one-pulse method described in respect of FIG. 9. The sensors used in the array may be CCD based or CMOS based or may use any other suitable technology. Gating may be carried out using a fast optical shutter or the fast electronic shutter schematically represented in FIG. 3.  
         [0071]    Reference is now made to FIG. 11, which is a simplified block diagram showing a further embodiment of the present invention, adapted both to image an object and to obtain distances of points on a surface thereof. A combined imager and distance measurer  70  comprises a lens  72 , a beam splitter  74 , a first CCD array detector  76  and a second CCD array detector  78 . The second CCD array detector is preferably connected to a gating arrangement  80  operable to provide gating signals of the kind mentioned in the preceding embodiments.  
         [0072]    The beam splitter  72  is operable to split incoming light so that the majority of the incoming light is routed to the first CCD  76  which carries out regular imaging. The first CCD  76  is preferably continuously operable. During operation of the distance measuring pulse, the beam splitter  72  passes some of the light to the second CCD array  78 , where gating is carried out as with the embodiment of FIG. 9 to determine the distance of points on the surface of an object.  
         [0073]    The beam splitter may continuously send light to both CCD arrays. In a preferred embodiment, however, it may be an electronically operated active beam splitter which sends all light to the first array  76  most of the time but sends some or all of the light to the second array when the distance measuring pulse is active. Generally, even with continuous measurement, the pulse is active only a small fraction of the time.  
         [0074]    An alternative to the device of FIG. 11 may use a single array for both imaging and distance measurement by using incoming color information to generate an image but using black and white information in energy measurement of the reflected pulse.  
         [0075]    There is thus provided a method and apparatus for providing three-dimensional depth information of an object, including a moving object. The method uses calculations based on energy, that is to say on the integrals of received signals, and specifically the ratio between the energies of a time gated measurement and a calibration measurement. This makes the method more robust to inaccuracies. Embodiments provide a method and apparatus for obtaining distance information to a plurality of points on a three-dimensional object, relatively inexpensively and using a single relatively compact detector.  
         [0076]    It is appreciated that features described only in respect of one or some of the embodiments are applicable to other embodiments and that for reasons of space it is not possible to detail all possible combinations. Nevertheless, the scope of the above description extends to all reasonable combinations of the above described features.  
         [0077]    The present invention is not limited by the above-described embodiments, which are given by way of example only. Rather the invention is defined by the appended claims.