Abstract:
A variable view imaging system for observation of micro object with variable view orientation and position includes a telecentric lens group, a scanning mirror, wedge prisms, a deformable mirror and related optical elements. The combination of a scanning mirror and a telecentric lens group decouples the motion of scanning mirror and the view angle. The view angle is determined only by the angle of the wedge prisms. This design increases the zenith angle of the view and simplifies the kinematics of the system. The wedge prisms and the scanning mirror can supply a flexible view in a compact way. The wavefront error induced by the wedge prisms is corrected by the deformable mirror. In order to achieve the desired view state during operation, the scanning mirror angle and the wedge prisms angle are calculated iteratively based on the kinematics and Jacobian matrix of system.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to Korean patent application No. 10-2009-0010154, filed on Feb. 9, 2009, and all the benefits accruing therefrom under 35 U.S.C. §119, the contents of which in its entirety are herein incorporated by reference. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    1. Field 
         [0003]    The present invention relates to an imaging system for observation of micro objects with variable view and a method thereof, and more specifically to an imaging system for observation of three-dimensional micro objects and dynamic micro objects with variable zenith angle, azimuth angle and position of view and an operation method thereof capable of steering view parameters by controlling active optical elements, such as a scanning mirror, wedge prisms and a deformable mirror. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    With the development of the micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and biotechnology, there is a growing interest in observation of dynamic targets in three-dimensional (3D) space. However it is still very difficult due to many reasons. One of the important reasons is insufficient vision information using the traditional vision system with fixed optical parameters. Occlusion, low depth resolution and small field of view (FOV) are three main difficulties. In occlusion case, some important features are occluded by the object itself or other objects. Low depth resolution refers to the low reservability along the depth direction. The small FOV issue often occurs when the workspace is larger than the FOV of the optical system. Keeping the region of interest (ROI) on a moving target from the best view direction is critical for observation. Especially for the cases of microassembly and micromanipulation, the two-directional interaction between a micromanipulator/microrobot and a vision system is an important factor for the success of these applications. The vision system must adjust its optical parameters corresponding to the variation of the observed targets. 
         [0006]    Although multiple fixed microscopes (Probst, M., Vollmers, K., Kratochvil, B. E. and Nelson, B. J., “Design of an Advanced Microassembly System for the Automated Assembly of Bio-Microrobots,” presented at 5th International Workshop on Microfactories, Besancon, France, 25-27, 2006) and moving stages (Hui, X., Weibin, R. and Lining, S. “A Flexible Experimental System for Complex Microassembly under Microscale Force and Vision-based Control,”  Int. J. Optomechatronics  1, 81-102, 2007) are often applied, they are not suitable for general applications. Such approaches do not provide sufficient flexibility and calibrations for different configurations are required. With moving stages, both the manipulation and assembly systems need to be installed on the stage and move together to change the FOV. This also generates agitation in the specimen. Therefore, development of a smart vision system with adjustable optical parameters by integration of optical and robotics technologies will be a promising solution. 
         [0007]    As one of these technologies, U.S. Patent Publication No. US 2007/0253057 A1, discloses “Adaptive-Scanning Optical Microscope (ASOM)”, which can steer a sub field of view in a large area through the integration of a scanning mirror and a scanning lens group. The wavefront error induced by the scanning lens group is corrected by a deformable mirror. It can be considered as a two degrees-of-freedom active optical system which has a variable view position. 
         [0008]    Another active optical system was proposed, which can interact with the environment by changing optical system parameters such as the view position and orientation with four degrees-of-freedom in a compact manner (Korean Patent Application No. 10-0839871, “Variable View Active Optical System and Control of Deformable Mirror Surface Image for the Same”, Jun. 13, 2008). The system integrates a pair of wedge prisms, a scanning mirror, a deformable mirror and off-the-shelf optical elements. However, because of the coupling effect between the scanning mirror angle and view angle, the view angle also varies when the scanning mirror operates, which decreases the zenith angle of view and makes the kinematics complex. Because of the coupled Jacobian matrix, the singularity of Jacobian is difficult to identify. The numerical inverse kinematics algorithm is difficult to achieve a solution when the system is near the singularity configuration. The coupled design also makes the calibration of system difficult. The position error between the scanning mirror and the wedge prisms will cause a large error in view state. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0009]    In Korean Patent Application No. 10-0839871, because of the coupling effect between the scanning mirror angle and view angle, the view angle varies when the scanning mirror operates, which decreases the zenith angle of view and makes the kinematics complex. Because of the coupled Jacobian matrix, the singularity of Jacobian is difficult to identify. The numerical inverse kinematics algorithm is difficult to achieve a solution when the system is near the singularity configuration. The coupled design also makes the calibration of system difficult. The position error between the scanning mirror and the wedge prisms will cause a large error in view state. 
         [0010]    In order to solve those problems, the present invention combines a telecentric scanner in the system, which can keep light ray before the scanner lens always parallel to the optical axis. Therefore the view angle will be kept constant when the scanning mirror operates. In this case, the zenith angle and azimuth angle of view only relate to the angle of prisms, which decouples the system kinematics. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]    The above and other aspects, features and advantages of the disclosed exemplary embodiments will be more apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
           [0012]      FIG. 1  shows the definition of the work space of the variable image system; 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  shows the coupling effects between the scanning mirror motion and zenith angle of view; 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  is the layout of the present invention; 
           [0015]      FIG. 4  shows the concept of the telecentric lens; 
           [0016]      FIG. 5  is the design result of the scanning system including scanning mirror, telecentric lens group and wedge prisms; 
           [0017]      FIG. 6  shows the variation of view orientation with the change of scanning angle for the present invention and the system with coupled design disclosed in Korean Patent Application No. 10-0839871; 
           [0018]      FIG. 7  is the configuration of the two axis scanning mirror; 
           [0019]      FIG. 8  is the ray tracing diagram for the double wedge prisms; 
           [0020]      FIG. 9  is the adaptive optics diagram used in the system; 
           [0021]      FIG. 10  shows the simulation result for comparison of the present invention and the system with coupled design.  FIG. 10(   a ) is the image from top view,  FIG. 10(   b ) is the image from the system with coupled design, and  FIG. 10(   c ) is the image from the system for the present invention; 
           [0022]      FIG. 11  shows the multi views of a micro chip in five different directions; and 
           [0023]      FIG. 12  shows the microassembly experiment result using the present invention.  FIG. 12(   a ) shows the microassembly task, and  FIG. 12(   b )-( f ) show the images captured during microassembly. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0024]    Exemplary embodiments now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which exemplary embodiments are shown. This disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the exemplary embodiments set forth therein. Rather, these exemplary embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of this disclosure to those skilled in the art. In the description, details of well-known features and techniques may be omitted to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the presented embodiments. 
         [0025]    The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of this disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, the use of the terms a, an, etc. does not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denotes the presence of at least one of the referenced item. The use of the terms “first”, “second”, and the like does not imply any particular order, but they are included to identify individual elements. Moreover, the use of the terms first, second, etc. does not denote any order or importance, but rather the terms first, second, etc. are used to distinguish one element from another. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising”, or “includes” and/or “including” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
         [0026]    Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. 
         [0027]    In the drawings, like reference numerals in the drawings denote like elements. The shape, size and regions, and the like, of the drawing may be exaggerated for clarity. 
         [0028]    From a robotics standpoint, the variable view image system can be realized by a camera-robot system with eye-in-hand configuration, where a camera is mounted on a robot&#39;s end effector. As shown in the  FIG. 1 , the view state can be defined as a vector: 
         [0000]      V=[x w y w γφ] T    (1) 
         [0029]    Here, (x w , y w ) is the view position. The view orientation (γ, φ) is composed of the azimuth angle γ and the zenith angle φ. The world coordinate frame O w X w Y w Z w  and the local coordinate frame O v X v Y v Z v  are defined, as shown in  FIG. 1 . In the world coordinate frame, the X w Y w  plane is located at the object plane of the system. The local coordinate frame O v X v Y v Z v  is fixed on the observed target. The azimuth angle γ and zenith angle φ are defined with respect to the local coordinate frame O v X v Y v Z v . In Korean Patent Application No. 10-0839871, the rotation angle of the scanning mirror  21  and view angle are coupled as shown in  FIG. 2 . The zenith angle decrease in order to observe the object in the center of the object plane. 
         [0030]    To decouple the rotation angle of the scanning mirror and view angles, a telecentric scanner is designed and introduced to the system, which includes a two axis scanning mirror  21  and a telecentric lens group  20 . The system layout is shown in  FIG. 3 . The view position can be steered by the telecentric scanner. The view direction can be steered by double wedge prisms  10  and  11 . A first intermediate image is formed by the first imaging optics element  31 . Optics elements  32  and  33  integrate a deformable mirror  40  into the system. The deformable mirror  40  is used for correction of aberration induced by the wedge prisms. The optics elements  34  and  33  relay the active aperture of the deformable mirror to the system aperture. A final imaging optics element  35  forms a final image on the image sensor  60 . The concept of the telecentric system is shown  FIG. 4 , where the telecentric lens group is simplified as a lens  20 . A stop  70  is located at the focal point of the telecentric lens. It makes an entrance pupil infinitely. Therefore in the object side, the chief rays are always parallel to the optical axis. When the telecentric lens is integrated to the system, the scanning mirror is located at the focal point of the telecentric lens. The azimuth angel and zenith angle of view are only related to the rotation angle of the prisms. 
         [0031]    The telecentric scanner is designed separately from the whole system. A preliminary design for the experiment setup is shown in  FIG. 5 . Diffraction limit is achieved in the design. A two axis scanner includes an X axis scanning mirror  210  and a Y axis scanning mirror  211 . A telecentric lens group consists of two lenses, a plano-convex lens  200  and an achromatic doublet lens  201 . The maximum peak-valley wavefront error of the whole system including wedge prisms is less than 2.6 λ (λ=660 nm). The zenith and azimuth variation with the change of the scanning mirror angle when θ p1 =θ p2 =−90° is shown in  FIGS. 6(   a ) and ( b ). As can be seen, the zenith angle φ equals 18.9°. The azimuth angle γ equals 90°. The motion of the scanning mirror and view orientation are decoupled. And a larger zenith angle is achieved. 
         [0032]    During the operation of the system, the angle of wedge prism and scanning mirror can be determined based on the kinematics and Jacobian matrix of the system. The kinematics of the system can be defined as: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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         [0033]    where (x w , y w , φ, λ) is the vector for work space variables. The position (x s , y s ) of ray after the telecentric lens group can be defined by the following equations: 
         [0000]        x   s   =d  tan(θ sx )/cos(θ sy )+ a  tan(θ sx ) 
         [0000]        y   s   =d  tan(θ sy )   (3) 
         [0034]    where d is the distance between the principal plane of the telecentric lens group and the Y scanning mirror  211 . a is the distance between the two mirrors. The configuration of two mirror scanning system is shown in  FIG. 7 . 
         [0035]    The ray tracing of the wedge prisms is shown in  FIG. 8 . By applying ray tracing through each surface, the final azimuth angle γ, zenith angle φ, and the view position (x w , y w ) can be determined by the following equations: 
         [0000]      φ=cos −1 ( X   5 (3)); γ=π− a  tan 2( X   5 (1), X   5 (2)); 
         [0000]        x   w   =−e   5 (1),  y   w   =e   5 (2).   (4) 
         [0036]    where X 5  is the vector of ray between the last surface of the second wedge prism  11  and the object plane. e 5  is the cross point between X 5  and the object plane. 
         [0037]    In actual operation of the system, determination of joint variables given the position and orientation of view is more important. The relationship between the joint space and working space is nonlinear and complex. An analytical inverse relationship is difficult to obtain. Therefore a numerical solution to inverse kinematics is applied in the present invention. The Jacobian of the system can be divided to four parts as shown as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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         [0038]    Because of the decoupled design, the inverse Jacobian can be expressed as: 
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         [0039]    The inverse kinematics algorithm is shown as follows: 
         [0040]    (1) Desired working space variable is set as V d =[x w,d  y w,d  γ d  φ d ]′. 
         [0041]    (2) Initial joint variables are P 0 =[x s  y s  θ p1  θ p2 ] T   0 . 
         [0042]    (3) Calculate J at P i . 
         [0043]    (4) Update P i+1  by the following equations: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
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               ] 
             
           
         
       
     
         [0044]    where λ r  and λ t  are the gain factors. δ is the damping factor. δ=δ 0  (1−ω/ω 0 ) 2 , if ω&lt;ω 0 ; otherwise, δ=0, where ω=√{square root over (det(JJ T ))}. 
         [0045]    (5) If V d −F(P i+1 )&lt;ε, then P i  is the result, else go to (3). 
         [0046]    Although the integration of active components in the present invention can achieve new functions, it also introduces aberrations that can degrade the quality of the image. In the present invention, a deformable mirror device  40  is applied to correct the aberration. Instead of using a wavefront sensor, the system calculates the focus measure of the image captured from the camera. The control system uses focus measure as metric to represent the aberration of the image. The control signal is generated to change the surface of the deformable mirror iteratively during operation. As can be seen, because no wavefront sensor or laser source is used, the present invention becomes simple and robust to different kind of targets. The control diagram is shown in  FIG. 9 . 
         [0047]    In order to compare the present invention with the earlier approach with the coupled design, one simulation result is shown in  FIG. 10 . Both systems apply double wedge prisms with 18° 8′ vertex angle. In the initial state, the top view of micro gear can be achieved from the both system.  FIG. 10(   a ) shows the top view of a micro gear. Because of self occlusion, the hole in the gear can not be observed. In order to observe the hole in the gear, the view with maximum zenith angle need to be achieved. The current system can change the zenith angle φ up to 18.9°. The captured image is shown in  FIG. 10(   b ), where the hole in the gear can be observed. However the earlier approach with the coupled design can only achieve the zenith angle φ up to 13.8°. The captured image is shown in  FIG. 10(   c ). As can be seen, a larger interested area is achieved in the present system. 
         [0048]    The ability of the present invention to change the view without moving the object was tested using multi views of a micro chip. The top view of the micro chip is shown in  FIG. 11(   a ), when θ sx =0°, θ sy =−0.37°, θ r1 =180° and θ r2 =0°. The zenith angle φ is 0.43°. The side of the chip cannot be observed due to self-occlusion. Using a conventional optical system, it is difficult to observe every side of an object. However, in the present invention, by changing the configuration of the prisms and the scanning mirror, images with a different zenith angle φ and azimuth angle γ can be achieved.  FIG. 11(   b ) shows the view with a zenith angle φ=18.9° and an azimuth angle γ=0° when θ sx =−1.16°, θ sy =0°, θ r1 =90° and θ r2 =90°. The left side of the chip and the solder joint can be observed.  FIG. 11(   c ) shows the view with a zenith angle φ=18.9° and an azimuth angle γ=90° when θ sx =0°, θ sy =1.28°, θ r1 =0° and θ r2 =0°.  FIG. 11(   d ) shows the view with a zenith angle φ=18.9° and an azimuth angle γ=270° when θ sx =1.16°, θ sy =0°, θ r1 =−90° and θ r2 =−90°.  FIG. 11(   e ) shows the view with a zenith angle φ=18.9° and an azimuth angle γ=270° when θ sx =0°, θ sy =−1.28°, θ r1 =−180° and θ r2 =−180°. The dash lines indicate that every side of the chip can be observed with a different configuration of the wedge prisms and the scanning mirror. 
         [0049]    As can be seen, the present invention can obtain more vision information compared to a conventional optical system. As the scanning mirror also changes the zenith angle, the maximal zenith angle is different at different view positions. 
         [0050]    A microassembly application is shown in  FIG. 12 . The micro shaft need to be inserted into the hole of the micro gear as shown in  FIG. 12(   a ).  FIG. 12(   b ) shows the top view of the micro gear and micro shaft. From the top view, the micro shaft can be moved near the micro gear first as shown in  FIG. 12(   c ). However, it is impossible to make an insertion without information of the hole in the gear. With the present invention, the system can change the zenith angle and azimuth angle of view to 18.9° and −90°. The captured image in this configuration is shown in  FIG. 12(   d ). Then, the micro shaft can be aligned with the hole as shown in  FIG. 12(   e ). 
         [0051]    The present system has a simple kinematics. The inverse kinematics is easy to get a solution, which is important for automation of the system. The zenith angle of view can achieve a large value compared to the previous system, which can provide more vision information when occlusion happens. 
         [0052]    While the exemplary embodiments have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure as defined by the appended claims. 
         [0053]    In addition, many modifications can be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of this disclosure without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that this disclosure not be limited to the particular exemplary embodiments disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this disclosure, but that this disclosure will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.