Abstract:
A virtualized blockchain forest includes a plurality of individual blockchains. Each individual blockchain of the plurality includes a blockchain height, a genesis block, and at least one additional block. The virtualized blockchain forest further includes a plurality of participating processors that make up a consensus pool, and a blockchain forest height having a time-sequenced start-to-finish length of blocks among the collective plurality of individual blockchains. The virtualized blockchain forest is configured to aggregate different ones of the plurality of individual blockchains, and is further configured to terminate individual ones of plurality of individual blockchains.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/376,375, filed Dec. 12, 2016, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No.  62 / 266 , 592 , filed Dec. 12, 2015, and also U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/345,411, filed Nov. 7, 2016, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/252,097, filed Nov. 6, 2016, all of which disclosures are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. This application further claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/315,835, filed Mar. 31, 2016, the disclosure of which is also herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The field of the disclosure relates generally to network transaction security systems, and more particularly, to mechanisms for virtualization and scalability using blockchain technology. 
         [0003]    A large amount of transactions performed over a network are not considered to be secure, and conventional transaction security solutions can be extremely complex. Moreover, conventional mechanisms for transaction security that may be considered secure at the present are likely to be considered less secure in the future as new exploitation techniques are discovered. When one security for a transaction has been breached, it can be especially difficult to prove that the transaction itself was compromised, or when the compromise occurred. 
         [0004]    Blockchaining technology takes transaction information, encapsulates it in a digital envelope or “block” and then the block is cryptographically added (using cipher chaining techniques) to the end of a chain of other transactions. This cryptographic addition incorporates information from prior blocks on the chain to calculate the digital chain or “hash” for this new block. The calculations for cryptographic addition can vary widely in complexity based on the rules of the blockchain. This complexity is purposeful though, in order to prevent modification of the existing blockchain to which is being added. That is, in order to modify an earlier block in the chain, the entire chain from that point forward would need to be recalculated. It is through this technique that the immutability of the chain, and permanency of its public ledger, is maintained. 
         [0005]    The blockchain is a core component of the digital currency bitcoin (sometimes referred to as “crypto-currency”), where the blockchain serves the public ledger for all transactions. Bitcoin transactions allow every compatible client to connect to a network, send transactions to the network, verify the transactions, and compete to create blocks of the blockchain. The bitcoin transaction, however, involve only the exchange of currency between client and the network. Bitcoin transactions to not involve transactions and negotiations between two individual clients directly, and bitcoin clients do not transfer content beyond the currency value itself. Customers and users of media service providers, on the other hand, are increasingly sharing access to media services between each other. A common form of such access sharing is exhibited where two customers and/or users share account credentials (logon IDs and passwords) between one another. In the cable industry, this type of sharing is often referred to as “cord cheating.” 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0006]    In an aspect, a virtualized blockchain forest includes a plurality of individual blockchains. Each individual blockchain of the plurality includes a blockchain height, a genesis block, and at least one additional block. The virtualized blockchain forest further includes a plurality of participating processors that make up a consensus pool, and a blockchain forest height having a time-sequenced start-to-finish length of blocks among the collective plurality of individual blockchains. The virtualized blockchain forest is configured to aggregate different ones of the plurality of individual blockchains, and is further configured to terminate individual ones of plurality of individual blockchains. 
         [0007]    In another aspect, a method of establishing a lifecycle of a blockchain in a virtualized blockchain forest is provided. The virtualized blockchain forest includes a first processor, an observer node, and a broker node. The method includes steps of initiating a genesis transaction to the first processor, the genesis transaction defined by a set of user-specified requests, creating, by the first processor, a genesis block to instantiate the blockchain, adding, by the first processor, at least one additional block to the blockchain, monitoring, by the observer node, a status of the blockchain, alerting, by the observer node, the broker node of a change in status of the blockchain, and determining, by the broker node, an action on the blockchain based on the alert from the observer node. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]    These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present disclosure will become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the following accompanying drawings, in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings. 
           [0009]      FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary blockchain implementation for a content transaction, according to an embodiment. 
           [0010]      FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of an alternative blockchain implementation for the content transaction depicted in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0011]      FIG. 3  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary blockchain implementation for the content transaction depicted in  FIGS. 1 and 2  according to a distributed model. 
           [0012]      FIG. 4  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary blockchain implementation for the content transaction depicted in  FIGS. 1 and 2  according to a centralized model. 
           [0013]      FIG. 5  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary blockchain implementation for the content transaction depicted in  FIGS. 1 and 2  according to a linear model. 
           [0014]      FIG. 6  is a sequence diagram for an exemplary blockchain implementation for a content transaction, according to an embodiment. 
           [0015]      FIG. 7  is a sequence diagram illustrating a consumer sharing content utilizing an exemplary blockchain process, according to an embodiment. 
           [0016]      FIG. 8  is a sequence diagram illustrating a consumer purchasing content utilizing an exemplary blockchain process, according to an embodiment. 
           [0017]      FIG. 9  is a sequence diagram illustrating an interaction with an exemplary blockchain process by a content distributor, according to an embodiment. 
           [0018]      FIG. 10  is a sequence diagram illustrating an interaction with an exemplary blockchain process by a content provider, according to an embodiment. 
           [0019]      FIG. 11  is a schematic illustration of a conventional blockchain ecosystem. 
           [0020]      FIG. 12  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary blockchain ecosystem, according to an embodiment. 
           [0021]      FIG. 13  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary message flow that can be implemented with the ecosystem depicted in  FIG. 12 . 
           [0022]      FIG. 14  is a schematic illustration of a conventional vertical blockchain ecosystem. 
           [0023]      FIG. 15  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary vertical blockchain ecosystem, according to an embodiment. 
           [0024]      FIG. 16  illustrates a transaction table for exemplary transactions performed utilizing the blockchain of the ecosystem depicted in  FIG. 15 . 
           [0025]      FIG. 17  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary flow process implementing the blockchain ecosystem depicted in  FIG. 15  for the transactions depicted in  FIG. 16 . 
           [0026]      FIG. 18  is a sequence diagram illustrating an exemplary media content deployment that can be implemented with the ecosystem depicted in  FIG. 15 . 
           [0027]      FIG. 19  is a sequence diagram illustrating an exemplary media content purchase that can be implemented with the ecosystem depicted in  FIG. 15 . 
           [0028]      FIG. 20  is a sequence diagram illustrating an exemplary media content usage that can be implemented with the ecosystem depicted in  FIG. 15 . 
           [0029]      FIG. 21  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary blockchain implementation having a plurality of participating processors. 
           [0030]      FIG. 22  is schematic illustration of an exemplary blockchain forest having the plurality of participating processors depicted in  FIG. 21 . 
           [0031]      FIG. 23  is a schematic illustration of the lifecycle of an exemplary blockchain embodiment. 
           [0032]      FIG. 24  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary blockchain virtualization utilizing a registration architecture. 
           [0033]      FIG. 25  is a sequence diagram illustrating an interaction with an exemplary blockchain instantiation process, according to an embodiment. 
           [0034]      FIG. 26  is a sequence diagram illustrating an interaction with an exemplary blockchain join process, according to an embodiment. 
           [0035]      FIG. 27  is a sequence diagram illustrating an interaction with an exemplary blockchain observe process, according to an embodiment. 
           [0036]      FIG. 28  is a sequence diagram illustrating an interaction with an exemplary blockchain termination process, according to an embodiment. 
       
    
    
       [0037]    Unless otherwise indicated, the drawings provided herein are meant to illustrate features of embodiments of this disclosure. These features are believed to be applicable in a wide variety of systems including one or more embodiments of this disclosure. As such, the drawings are not meant to include all conventional features known by those of ordinary skill in the art to be required for the practice of the embodiments disclosed herein. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0038]    In the following specification and the claims, reference will be made to a number of terms, which shall be defined to have the following meanings. 
         [0039]    The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. 
         [0040]    “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where the event occurs and instances where it does not. 
         [0041]    Approximating language, as used herein throughout the specification and claims, may be applied to modify any quantitative representation that could permissibly vary without resulting in a change in the basic function to which it is related. Accordingly, a value modified by a term or terms, such as “about,” “approximately,” and “substantially,” are not to be limited to the precise value specified. In at least some instances, the approximating language may correspond to the precision of an instrument for measuring the value. Here and throughout the specification and claims, range limitations may be combined and/or interchanged; such ranges are identified and include all the sub-ranges contained therein unless context or language indicates otherwise. 
         [0042]    As used herein, the terms “processor” and “computer” and related terms, e.g., “processing device”, “computing device”, and “controller” are not limited to just those integrated circuits referred to in the art as a computer, but broadly refers to a microcontroller, a microcomputer, a programmable logic controller (PLC), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), and other programmable circuits, and these terms are used interchangeably herein. In the embodiments described herein, memory may include, but is not limited to, a computer-readable medium, such as a random access memory (RAM), and a computer-readable non-volatile medium, such as flash memory. Alternatively, a floppy disk, a compact disc—read only memory (CD-ROM), a magneto-optical disk (MOD), and/or a digital versatile disc (DVD) may also be used. Also, in the embodiments described herein, additional input channels may be, but are not limited to, computer peripherals associated with an operator interface such as a mouse and a keyboard. Alternatively, other computer peripherals may also be used that may include, for example, but not be limited to, a scanner. Furthermore, in the exemplary embodiment, additional output channels may include, but not be limited to, an operator interface monitor. 
         [0043]    Further, as used herein, the terms “software” and “firmware” are interchangeable, and include any computer program storage in memory for execution by personal computers, workstations, clients, and servers. 
         [0044]    As used herein, the term “non-transitory computer-readable media” is intended to be representative of any tangible computer-based device implemented in any method or technology for short-term and long-term storage of information, such as, computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules and sub-modules, or other data in any device. Therefore, the methods described herein may be encoded as executable instructions embodied in a tangible, non-transitory, computer readable medium, including, without limitation, a storage device and a memory device. Such instructions, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform at least a portion of the methods described herein. Moreover, as used herein, the term “non-transitory computer-readable media” includes all tangible, computer-readable media, including, without limitation, non-transitory computer storage devices, including, without limitation, volatile and nonvolatile media, and removable and non-removable media such as a firmware, physical and virtual storage, CD-ROMs, DVDs, and any other digital source such as a network or the Internet, as well as yet to be developed digital means, with the sole exception being a transitory, propagating signal. 
         [0045]    Furthermore, as used herein, the term “real-time” refers to at least one of the time of occurrence of the associated events, the time of measurement and collection of predetermined data, the time for a computing device (e.g., a processor) to process the data, and the time of a system response to the events and the environment. In the embodiments described herein, these activities and events occur substantially instantaneously. 
         [0046]    The present inventors have discovered that blockchaining techniques can be utilized better secure content sharing and transactions between users and customers of a content provider. Although the principles described herein may be applicable to simple currency transactions or negotiations (e.g., bitcoin) between 2 parties, the embodiments described below are even more advantageously applied to transactions where the non-financial content itself is the “currency” of the exchange between customers/users. Such nonfinancial content, for purposes of this discussion, includes, but is not limited to, shared media, software, copyrighted works, licenses, security credentials and other forms of transferable content that are not strictly currency only. Such content is also referred to as “licensed-burdened content,” and or “valuable encumbered content.” For simplification of discussion of the embodiments described herein, this concept will also be referred to as “Content as Currency,” or CAC. 
         [0047]    As described above, blockchaining utilizes cryptographic techniques to create digital ledgers of transactions. According to the systems and methods described herein, the application of blockchaining CAC transactions, and to increase transaction security over networks in general has wide applicability to the cable industry, as well as other networks over which transactions occur. These blockchaining techniques are further useful in measurement and isolation of content and bandwidth piracy. In addition to CAC transactions, the present embodiments also significantly increase transactional security in areas of, without limitation: enhanced content protection, by improving measurability and traceability of how media flows through networks; digital rights management (DRM); secure imaging; distributed denial of service (DDoS) mitigation and/or attacks; scalable Internet of Things (IoT) security solutions; supply chain integrity; device registration, and enhanced DRM and data over cable service interface specification (DOCSIS) security; enhanced content protection; connectivity negotiation; dynamic service creation or provisioning; service authentication; virtualization orchestration; and billing transformation. 
         [0048]    With respect to CAC transactions in particular, the present embodiments allow the blockchain to be implemented to secure media sharing for customer driven applications. As explained further below, such implementations are applicable to both centralized and decentralized models, and can also be applied to secure hardware/software binding in virtualized environments and virtualization orchestration using secure hardware/software binding. 
         [0049]    The present embodiments serve to both incentivize and monetize media sharing in significantly new ways that are not considered by conventional blockchain techniques. The present embodiments are further advantageous over conventional blockchain transactions in that the content itself can function as a currency transaction (CAC). Accordingly, the disclosed blockchain techniques are applied to enable, track, and report content transactions. Subscribers of media services, for example, can receive credits from a content provider for transactions. When such subscribers choose to view or buy content (in the case of media), the subscribers expend credits using a cipher transaction, which records on or more of the time, device ID, user ID, content ID, content license level, and other information related to the transaction and the respective electronic devices utilized to purchase or view the content. The transaction will then be reported by both the service provider and the user&#39;s device (hardware or software system) to a blockchain processing system (distributed, centralized, or other) that will add the cipher transaction to a blockchain ledger. Users can thus share content with other subscribers using a similar process. The rate of exchange of credits can vary when sharing according to the service providers marketing goals. Furthermore, the service provider may grant new credits to users who share content. 
         [0050]    The value of the blockchain ledger in this CAC transaction environment is significant. The blockchain ledger can be used in reconciliation of content agreements between content providers and service providers. The embodiments herein are therefore further useful for data analytics on viewing practices, distribution patterns, media interest levels, communities of interest, and similar analytics that are applicable to CAC transactions. Under the embodiments herein, a particular subscriber&#39;s reputation and/or history can be a factor in granting media credits from a provider. Conversely, subscribers with a negative payment history can be restricted or prevented from receiving or sharing content, and users in communities of interest that have a lower payment probability can be similarly restricted, or alternatively receive fewer credits. 
         [0051]      FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary blockchain system  100  implementing a content transaction between parties. System  100  includes a blockchain  102 , a blockchain processor  104 , a first party  106  (party A), and a second party  108  (party B). In an exemplary embodiment, system  100  further includes a data science subsystem  110 . Data science subsystem  110  is, for example, an external memory device or a decentralized data storage center, as blockchains typically do not store large amounts of data. In the exemplary embodiment, first party  106  is an electronic device that further includes a first memory  112  and a first processor  114 , and second party  108  is also an electronic device that includes a second memory  116  and a second processor  118 . 
         [0052]    In operation, system  100  utilizes blockchain  102  and blockchain processor  104  to secure a transaction  120  between first party  106  and second party  108 . In an exemplary embodiment, transaction  120  is a CAC transaction, as described above, and transaction  120  represents a negotiation between first party  106  and a second party  108  which, for example, may involve an offer from one of the parties to the other to deliver content, and acceptance by the other party, and a transfer of consideration therebetween. In the exemplary embodiment, first memory  112  and second memory  116  each are configured to store certificates and other information, including, without limitation, at least one of an envelope ID or transaction ID, a certificate of the respective party A or B, a user ID, a device ID, a media ID or hash, a media uniform resource identifier (URI), timestamps, ratings of the particular party and/or the content to be transferred, terms of agreement between the parties, licenses that may encumber the transferred content, and exchange rate information related to a monetary exchange between parties for the transfer of content. 
         [0053]    In further operation, blockchain processor  104  is configured to electronically communicate, for example, over a cable, wired, or wireless electronic network, with respective first and second processors  114 ,  118 . In an exemplary embodiment, party A (i.e., first party  106 ) initiates transaction  120  as an offer or invitation to share, sell, or transfer (e.g., by gift, information, or other transfer means) encumbered financial or non-financial content with party B (i.e., second party  108 ). In an alternative embodiment, party B initiates transaction  120  as a request for party A to transfer the encumbered content. In an exemplary embodiment, party B is a subscriber to party A, or vice versa. Alternatively, neither party is a subscriber of the other, but may opt in to transaction  120  upon receiving the initial offer, invitation, or request. 
         [0054]    Once transaction  120  is initiated, party A compiles a body of information contained within memory  112  into an envelope, and processor  114  encrypts the envelope, including a media key, with a private key of party A, and submits the encrypted envelope to blockchain processor  104 . In an alternative embodiment, party B also compiles and encrypts a similar envelope from information contained within memory  116 , and processor  118  submits this other encrypted envelope to blockchain processor  104  as well. 
         [0055]    In the exemplary embodiment, blockchain  102  and blockchain processor  104  add unique value to the sharing of CAC content between parties A and B over transaction  120  by actively providing the parties a stake in the supply chain. In conventional blockchain transactions involving only currency (e.g., bitcoin), parties A and B would merely be individual endpoints of a financial transaction with blockchain processor  104 . That is, parties A and B would only interact directly blockchain processor  104  in the conventional system, and would not interact with each other, nor would they share encumbered and non-financial CAC content. 
         [0056]    According to the exemplary embodiment, in the negotiation of certificates and information, transaction  120  may further include, without limitation, one or more of the following: existing policy terms encumbering, or license rights burdening, the CAC content; active communication between the parties; a transaction scaler or discount (which may apply to special offers are repeated transactions between the parties); a reputation of the parties; and automated policy driven applications that establish boundaries through which the negotiation between the parties can occur. 
         [0057]    In an exemplary embodiment, the CAC content may be media content such as a video recording, an audio recording, or other copyrighted or copyrightable work, and the transfer of the CAC content from party A would allow party B the rights to view or otherwise experience the CAC content under the negotiated terms. For transaction  120 , blockchain processor  104  is configured to utilize blockchain  102  to allow party A (the assignor, seller, or transferor) to: (a) confirm the negotiated payment or payment terms from party B; (b) verify that any licenses burdening the transferred CAC content are honored; (c) apply a temporal window within which transaction  120  must be completed or which transferred content may be experienced by party B; and (d) render the transferred CAC content transferable a third party by party B. The immutability of blockchain  102  further renders both transaction  120  and the transferred CAC content resistant to piracy and/or other unauthorized uses. 
         [0058]    Additionally, utilization of blockchain  102  for transaction  120  also renders it significantly easier for party B (the buyer or transferee) to: (a) legally receive licensed content; (b) confirm the negotiated payment or payment terms to party A; (c) easily determine how long or how many times the transferred CAC content may be viewed or experienced; and (D) further transfer, sell, or gift the received CAC content to third parties subject to the negotiated terms, licenses, and other nonfinancial content transferred over transaction  120 . According to the advantageous systems and methods disclosed herein, blockchain technology may be implemented such that the transferred CAC content itself is the “currency” verified by the immutable ledger of the blockchain (e.g. blockchain  102 ). In one embodiment, the transaction ID associated with transaction  120  may itself be considered the “coin” of the blockchain. 
         [0059]      FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of an alternative blockchain system  200  to implement upon and verify a content transaction between parties. Similar to  FIG. 1 , system  200  includes a blockchain  202 , a blockchain processor  204 , a first party  206  (party A), and a second party  208  (party B). In an exemplary embodiment, system  200  further includes a data science subsystem  210 , and first party  206  is an electronic device that further includes a first memory  212  and a first processor  214 , and second party  208  is also an electronic device that includes a second memory  216  and a second processor  218 . 
         [0060]    In operation, system  200  utilizes blockchain  202  and blockchain processor  204  to secure a CAC transaction  220  between first party  206  and second party  208 , similar to system  100  ( FIG. 1 ). In the embodiment illustrated, CAC transaction  220  is similar to transaction  120 , depicted in  FIG. 1 , and may include all of the parameters and considerations described above. System  200  expands upon system  100  in that it depicts a relationship of CAC transaction  220  between parties A and B, and further consideration of a content owner  222  of a master content  224  that is the subject of transaction  220 , and also the presence of a service provider  226 , which may be a portion of content owner  222 , or a separate entity. In an exemplary embodiment, service provider  226  includes a media storage center  228 , an account database  230 , and a provider memory  232 . Media storage center  228 , account database  230 , and provider memory  232  may all be integrated into the single media storage center  228 , or be separate entities from one another within the control of service provider  228 . 
         [0061]    In the exemplary embodiment, provider memory  232  is similar to first memory  212  and second memory  216 , in that provider memory  232  is configured to store certificates and other information, including, without limitation, at least one of an storage provider ID, a device ID, a media ID, a media uniform resource identifier (URI), timestamps, ratings of the parties (the parties are clients or subscribers of service provider  226 ) and/or master content  224 , as well as licenses that may encumber the transferred content. Alternatively, ratings of the parties may be stored within account database  230 , which may also store policy information that may be attached to master content  224  and thereby encumber CAC transaction  220 . Optionally, account database  230  may include a processor (not shown) configured to create one or more accounts for individual clients (e.g., parties A, B) and populate the client credentials within account database  230 . 
         [0062]    In an exemplary embodiment, data science subsystem  210  is configured to be in electronic communication with one or more of content owner  222  and service provider  226 . In operation, data science subsystem  210  is further configured to interactively communicate behaviors and/or statistics  234  with content owner  222 . Optionally, data science subsystem  210  may also be configured to interactively communicate exchange rates, behaviors, and/or statistics  236  with service provider  226 . 
         [0063]    In further operation, system  200  may function much like system  100 , in that the transaction ID (the “coin”) and an envelope may be created by the initiation of transaction  220  between parties A and B. Alternatively, a media ID  238  (the “coin”) and the envelope may be created by content owner  222  upon providing master content  224 . According to this alternative embodiment, service provider  226  is further configured to provide a registration link  240  to register media ID  238  is a blockchain processor  204 . In an exemplary embodiment, first party  206  further includes a first submission link  242  configured to allow first party  206  to submit transaction  220  to blockchain processor  204 , and second party  208  further includes a second submission link  244  configured to allow second party  208  to also submit transaction  222  blockchain processor  204 . 
         [0064]    In the exemplary embodiment depicted in  FIG. 2 , for CAC transaction  220 , implementation of blockchain  202  and blockchain processor  204  for system  200  confers upon parties A (assignor/seller) and B (buyer) all of the benefits and advantages realized by implementation of system  100 , depicted in  FIG. 1 , above, except for the consideration of transaction  220  specifically including third parties, such as content owner  222  and service provider  226 . System  200  further confers similar benefits specifically on these third parties. For example, utilization of blockchain  102  allows content owner  222  to: (a) confirm the payment or payment terms of its share of CAC transaction  220  that is transferred from party A to party B (or additional parties); (b) verify that any licenses burdening master content  224  are honored in CAC transaction  220 ; (c) apply a temporal window within which transaction  220  must be completed or which master content  224  may be experienced by parties A and/or B; and (d) set the transferability terms of the transferred CAC content. As with system  100 , the immutability of blockchain  202  renders both transaction  220  and the transferred CAC content resistant to piracy and/or other unauthorized uses, which is of particular interest to content owner  222 . Additionally, utilization of blockchain  202  significantly enhances the ability of content owner  222   2  audit the uses of master content  224  and track which parties may be experiencing such content. 
         [0065]    Furthermore,, utilization of blockchain  202  for CAC transaction  220  also renders it significantly easier for service provider  226  to: (a) legally receive licensed content from content owner  222 ; (b) confirm the payment or payment terms of its share of CAC transaction  220  that is transferred from party A to party B (or additional parties); (c) easily determine how long or how many times the transferred CAC content has been viewed or experienced; and (D) more easily allow for the transfer, sale, or gifting of the licensed CAC content to additional users, devices, and/or peers, and all subject to the negotiated terms, licenses, and other nonfinancial content transferred over transaction  220 . 
         [0066]    Through implementation of blockchain  202 , service provider  226  further gains the benefit of additional control of the distribution of master content  224 , as such content is encumbered and transferred among clients and subscribers of service provider  226 . Service provider  226  can rely on the immutability of blockchain  202  to provide content owner  222  verifiable information regarding the use of master content  224 , but without necessarily having to share statistics regarding individual viewers or users which may be subscribers to service provider  226 . In an exemplary embodiment, service provider  226  may further offer its subscribers, according to the terms of a subscription or purchase (which may also encumber the CAC content of CAC transaction  220 ), a media budget against which individual subscribers (e.g. parties A, B) may exchange media in further consideration of such parameters as a variable exchange rate, and exchange rate that is negotiated or based on demand, or an exchange rate based on the particular licensing and/or burden restrictions on the CAC content. 
         [0067]      FIG. 3  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary blockchain system  300  that may be implemented for the CAC transactions depicted in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , according to a distributed model. For ease of explanation, some of the elements from  FIGS. 1 and 2  are not shown in  FIG. 3  (or  FIGS. 4 and 5 , below), but a person of ordinary skill in the art, after reading and comprehending the present disclosure, will understand how and where such additional elements to be implemented within system  300 , and the system is further described below. 
         [0068]    In an exemplary embodiment, system  300  includes a first blockchain processor  302 , a second blockchain processor  304 , a first node  306 , a second node  308 , a first party  310  (party A), and a second party  312  (party B). System  300  utilizes a distributed model to verify a negotiated CAC transaction  314  between parties A and B. System  300  further includes broadcasts  316  of CAC transaction  314  containing an envelope, acknowledgments  318  of the transaction validity, transaction propagations  320  between the several entities, and iteration propagations  322  of each processing iteration of the blockchain. 
         [0069]    In the distributed model illustrated in  FIG. 3 , blockchaining technology is thus applied to enable, track, and report CAC content transactions between parties (i.e., parties A and B). The advantageous model of system  300  thereby allows for the enabling, providing, exchanging, and/or transferring of the rights to view/experience content subject to CAC transaction  314 . For example, in operation, when a party chooses to view or buy content, a negotiation occurs between party A and party B that may result in one or more of a cipher transaction, the recordation of the time, and/or communication of a device ID, user ID, content ID, content license level, and/or other information that enables the providing, exchanging, or transferring the right to view CAC content. In an exemplary embodiment, details of CAC transaction  314  will be compiled into an envelope by Party A, and then submitted to distributed blockchain processing system  300  according to the illustrated model, and then add relevant details of transaction  314  to a distributed blockchain ledger (not shown). 
         [0070]    In an exemplary operation of system  300 , party A chooses to share, sell, or transfer CAC content to party B. A negotiation (i.e., CAC transaction  314 ) occurs, which can be based upon policies and/or rules, and parties A and B agree to terms. Party A then compiles a body of information into an envelope, which may include a media key, and may encrypt the envelope, body of information, and media key using a private key of party A. In this example, the envelope may thus form the basis for establishing CAC transaction  314 , and the envelope is broadcast (i.e., broadcast  316 ) to blockchain nodes and parties to which party A is connected. The parties may then further relay details of CAC transaction  314  to other connected nodes and parties (i.e., transaction propagations  320 ). 
         [0071]    Upon receipt of details of CAC transaction  314 , first node  306  and second node  308  are configured to validate the transaction using the public key of party A. Once the transaction is validated, first node  306  and second node  308  are configured to transmit an acknowledgment (i.e., acknowledgment  318 ) to submitting parties A and B. Also upon receipt of details of CAC transaction  314 , first blockchain processor  302  and second blockchain processor  304  are further configured to add the details of the transaction to a pending block of the associated blockchain. At an appropriate time interval, processors  302 ,  304  are also configured to determine the appropriate blockchain among those which may be stored and propagated, which may be, for example, the longest or highest chain. Processors  302 ,  304  may then append new transactions to the determined blockchain and estimate the next hash. If solved within the appropriate time interval, the solution is propagated (i.e., iteration propagation  322 ) to connected processors, nodes, and parties, where appropriate. In some instances, parties may not be directly connected to blockchain processors, and thus may not receive iteration propagations. 
         [0072]      FIG. 4  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary blockchain system  400  that may be implemented for the CAC transactions depicted in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , according to a centralized model. In an exemplary embodiment, system  400  includes a blockchain processor  402 , a node  404 , a first party  406  (party A), and a second party  408  (party B). System  400  utilizes a centralized model to verify a negotiated CAC transaction  410  between parties A and B. For ease of explanation, system  400  is illustrated as a simplified architecture featuring a single node and a single blockchain processor. In practice, system  400  may include a plurality of redundant nodes and blockchain processors to enhance reliability of the system. In such expanded embodiments, each transaction may be propagated to at least two nodes and at least two blockchain processors, and utilizing reliable transmission protocols. 
         [0073]    According to the exemplary centralized model, system  400  further includes a broadcast  412  of CAC transaction  410 , containing an envelope, from party A to node  404 , acknowledgments  414  of the transaction validity from node  404  to parties A and B, a transaction propagation  416  from node  404  to blockchain processor  402 , and transaction acceptances  418  from blockchain processor  402 , to node  404 , and to parties A and B. This centralized model of system  400  differs from the distributed model of system  300  in that the centralized model allows all information from the parties (e.g., first party  406  and second party  408 ) to first pass through the node (e.g., node  404 ) before reaching the blockchain processor (e.g., blockchain processor  402 ). The centralized model can provide significantly more consistency, and also more control by a content owner and/or service provider over CAC transactions between their subscribers. 
         [0074]    In the exemplary centralized model illustrated in  FIG. 4 , blockchaining is implemented to advantageously enable, track, and report CAC content transactions between parties (i.e., parties A and B). This implementation thus allows for the enabling providing, exchanging, and/or transferring the right to view content. For example, in operation, when a party chooses to view or buy content, a negotiation occurs between Party A and Party B which may result in one or more of a cipher transaction, the recordation of the time, and/or communication of a device ID, user ID, content ID, content license level, and/or other information that enables the providing, exchanging, or transferring the right to view CAC content. In an exemplary embodiment, details of CAC transaction  410  may be reported by both parties A and B, or alternatively only by party A, to centralized blockchain processing system  400  according to the illustrated model, and then add relevant details of transaction  410  to a distributed blockchain ledger (not shown). 
         [0075]    In an exemplary operation of system  400 , party A chooses to share, sell, or transfer CAC content to party B. A negotiation (i.e., CAC transaction  410 ) occurs, which can be based upon policies and/or rules, and parties A and B agree to terms. Party A then compiles a body of information into an envelope, which may include a media key, and may encrypt the envelope, body of information, and media key using a private key of party A, similar to the distributed model of system  300 . In this example, the envelope may similarly form the basis for establishing CAC transaction  410 , and the envelope is submitted (i.e., broadcast  412 ) to blockchain node  404 . Alternatively, both parties A and B may submit envelopes to blockchain node  404 . 
         [0076]    Upon receipt of details of CAC transaction  410 , node  404  is configured to validate the transaction using the public key of party A. Once the transaction is validated, node  404  is configured to transmit an acknowledgment (i.e., acknowledgments  414 ) to submitting parties A and B, and then relay (i.e., transaction propagation  416 ) the details of validated transaction  410  to blockchain processor  402 . In the alternative embodiment, where both parties A and B submit envelopes to node  404 , each such envelope must be separately validated and compared to determine its validity. 
         [0077]    Also upon receipt of details of CAC transaction  410 , blockchain processor  402  is further configured to add the details of the transaction to a pending block of the associated blockchain. At an appropriate time interval, blockchain processor  402  is also configured to process the pending block and append the relevant transaction information to the prior blockchain while computing and/or estimating the appropriate hash. Similar to system  300 , the solution may then be propagated. In an alternative embodiment, the use of time intervals and hash estimations may be further implemented to increase the security of the blockchain. The time of the transaction and its processing thus become significant advantageous security features of the blockchain using the centralized model of  FIG. 4 . 
         [0078]    In an alternative embodiment, for security purposes, blockchain processor  402  is configured to share and elect additional blockchains similar to the distributed architecture of  FIG. 3 , but still subject to the centralized model as illustrated. In a further alternative, system  400  may be implemented with cryptographic acceptance by party B, and may also be implemented in both symmetric and asymmetric blockchain processing systems and methods. 
         [0079]      FIG. 5  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary blockchain system  500  that may be implemented for the CAC transactions depicted in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , according to a linear model. In an exemplary embodiment, system  500  includes a blockchain processor  402 , a first party  504  (party A), a second party  506  (party B), a third party  508  (party C), and a fourth party  510  (party D). System  500  utilizes a linearized model to verify a series of negotiated CAC transactions  512 ,  514 ,  516  among the several parties. 
         [0080]    For ease of explanation, system  500  is illustrated as a simplified architecture featuring no nodes and a single blockchain processor. In practice, system  500  may include a plurality of redundant nodes and blockchain processors to enhance reliability of the system. Additionally, system  500  is illustrated with  4  parties, however, the series of linear CAC transactions  512 ,  514 ,  516  will be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art to apply to more or fewer parties to implement the linear model structure. 
         [0081]    In an exemplary embodiment, system  500  further includes a time server  518 , which represents a secure time distribution (dashed lines) over an operable electronic communication network with each of blockchain processor  502 , and parties  504 ,  506 ,  508 ,  510 . In an exemplary embodiment, the linear model represented by system  500  may consider the time of the respective transactions and their processing as important security features, similar to the centralized model represented by system  400 . In an alternative embodiment, time may be relayed in the linear model rather than sent directly to each node (not shown) may be included with system  500 . In a further alternative embodiment, where a high degree of trust may exist among the parties and processors in the environment of system  500 , time server  518  may be omitted, and each node within system  500  may use its own local time. Where a lower degree of trust exists in the environment of system  500  between the parties, the system architecture, or the cryptography, each respective party can iteratively send details of the relevant one of CAC transactions  512 ,  514 ,  516  to one or more nodes, and only the last party involved in the particular transaction need report the transaction to the node (or to blockchain processor  502 ). 
         [0082]    According to the exemplary linear model depicted in  FIG. 5 , system  500  further includes a plurality of submissions  520 ,  522 ,  524 ,  526  of the respective CAC transactions, containing an envelope, from party A, up the linear chain to party D, and then on to blockchain processor  502  (which may include an intervening node, not shown). System  500  further includes an acknowledgment  528  of the transaction validity from blockchain processor  502  to the last party in the linear chain of transactions (party D in this example) and a transaction acceptance  530  from blockchain processor  502  to party D (the final party in the transaction). 
         [0083]    This linear model of system  500  differs from the distributed and centralized models ( FIGS. 3 and 4 , respectively) in that a single party (i.e., party D) serves as the “final node” in the series of transactions, or alternatively, is the sole party this series of transactions to broadcast a node. The particular party that is selected to be the final node can be predetermined, for example, by being the first licensee of a particular master content from a content owner or service provider, or alternatively, the party can be determined in real time according to time limitations encumbering rights of content transfer, or by a limit on the number of transfers allowed, of which may be transmitted to system  500  by a content owner or service provider as part of the CAC content. This linear model is particularly advantageous in implementations where a single master content be shared, gifted, sold, or otherwise transferred to multiple parties without requiring a separate negotiation between all the parties of the chain and or the service provider. 
         [0084]    In the exemplary linear model illustrated in  FIG. 5 , blockchaining is implemented to advantageously enable, track, and report CAC transactions between multiple parties (i.e., parties A, B, C, D). This implementation thus further allows for the enabling, providing, exchanging, and/or transferring of the right to view or otherwise experience licensed content. For example, in operation, when a party chooses to view or buy content, a negotiated CAC transaction  512  occurs between party D and party C, which may result in one or more of a cipher transaction, the recordation of the time, and/or communication of a device ID, user ID, content ID, content license level, and/or other information that enables the providing, exchanging, or transferring the right to view CAC content. In the example shown, party C then initiates with, or responds to a request from, party B for negotiated CAC transaction  514  regarding the same CAC content, which may be further encumbered after being received by party C. A similar negotiated CAC transaction  516  may occur between party B and party A over the same CAC content, in the event where the linear transfer continues beyond party B. In each respective CAC transaction, the respective parties agree to terms, and the transactions may be based upon policies and/or rules. 
         [0085]    In this example, party A will first compile the body of information into an envelope, which may include a media key, and may encrypt the envelope, body of information, and media key using a private key of party A. Similar to the examples discussed above, the envelope may form the transaction basis, and the envelope is then submitted (i.e., submission  520 ) next party in line, which is party B in this example. This process will then be iterated until the CAC transaction arrives at the final node, which is party D in this example. 
         [0086]    Upon receipt of the respective CAC transaction, the respective receiving party is configured to validate the transaction using the public key of party A. Once the transaction is validated, the receiving party may acknowledge the transaction to the submitting party or parties. When reaching the final transaction (i.e., CAC transaction  512 ) in the linear architecture, the final node party (i.e., party D) is configured to relay (i.e., submission  526 ) the transaction to blockchain processor  502 . If the transaction is not the final transaction linear chain (e.g., CAC transaction  514 ), the receiving party is configured to append the prior transaction to a new transaction, which may then be submitted to the next party in the linear chain. 
         [0087]    In an exemplary embodiment, upon receipt the transaction by blockchain processor  502  (i.e., from submission  526 ), blockchain processor  502  is configured to verify the validity of the transaction. Once a validated, blockchain processor is configured to acknowledge (i.e., by acknowledgment  528 ) the validity to the providing party (party D in this example) and add the details of the transaction to a pending block of the associated blockchain. At an appropriate time interval, blockchain processor  502  is further configured to process the pending block and append the relevant transaction information to the prior blockchain while computing and/or estimating the appropriate hash. The solution may then be propagated. In an alternative embodiment, the final party may relay the transaction acknowledgment and acceptance through the linear architecture. 
         [0088]    In an alternative embodiment, each party in the linear chain of system  500  may function as a blockchain processor, thereby itself creating a blockchain and propagating the created blockchain according to any of the embodiments described above, in cooperation with this linear model. 
         [0089]      FIG. 6  is a sequence diagram for an exemplary blockchain process  600  which may be implemented for a CAC transaction according to the embodiments described herein. In an exemplary embodiment, process  600  includes a content owner  602 , a content distributor  604 , a blockchain node  606 , and a blockchain processor  608 . Similar to the embodiments described above, the CAC transaction may include, without limitation, one or more of an envelope ID, content owner data, content owner device data, content distributor data, content distributor device data, time and timestamps, media ID, media URI, license and policy information, and exchange rate information. 
         [0090]    When implemented, process  600  may execute the following steps, which are not necessarily required to be in the order listed, except where so clearly designated as being dependent on a prior step. In step S 610 , content owner will create media metadata to append to a master content (not shown). In step S 612 , content owner  602  will negotiate terms with content distributor  604 . In step S 614 , content distributor  604  agrees to terms with content owner  602 . In step S 616 , content owner compiles an envelope containing encrypted data and a private key. In step S 618 , content owner  602  transmits a transaction message to content distributor  604  and also, in step S 620 , a transaction message blockchain node  606 . In step S 622 , blockchain node  606  validates the transaction with a public key of content owner  602 . In step S 624 , content distributor  604  relays the transaction message to blockchain node  606 , and blockchain node  606  validates this transaction as well in step S 626 . Blockchain node  606  transmits the validation to content owner  602  in step S 628 , and to content distributor  604  in step S 630 . 
         [0091]    In step S 632 , blockchain node  606  transmits a message regarding the validated transaction to blockchain processor  608 . Blockchain processor  608  then adds the transaction to a pending block in the blockchain in step S 634 . In step S 636 , blockchain processor  608  may optionally include blockchain information from other processors. In step S 638 , blockchain processor  608 , at the appropriate time, may determine the appropriate blockchain from among those stored and/or propagated, such as the longest or highest chain, for example. Blockchain processor  608  will append the pending block to the blockchain and compute the next blockchain iteration in step S 640 . Blockchain  608  may then transmit the block changes to other processors in step S 642 , and to the blockchain node  606  in step S 644 . Blockchain node  606  may then relay the blockchain to content distributor  604  in step S 646 , and to content owner  602  in step S 648 . Content distributor may verify the blockchain transaction in step S 650 , and content owner  602  may verify the blockchain transaction in step S 652 . 
         [0092]      FIG. 7  is a sequence diagram for an exemplary blockchain subprocess  700  which may be implemented for a CAC transaction between two parties/consumers according to the embodiments described herein. In an exemplary embodiment, subprocess  700  illustrates steps relating to a CAC transaction  702 , between a first party  704  (party A) and a second party  706  (party B), to share content  708 , utilizing a blockchain  710 , and with respect to a parent transaction  712  and an envelope  714 . In the example illustrated, subprocess  700  assumes that party A has already purchased, rented, or otherwise has rights to content  708  and is entitled to share content  708  with party B. 
         [0093]    When implemented, subprocess  700  may execute the following steps, which are not necessarily required to be in the order listed, except where so clearly designated as being dependent on a prior step. In step S 716 , party A initiates CAC transaction  702 , which includes information such as the basis for sharing, the shared content  708 , and destinations to which content  708  may be transmitted, downloaded, viewed, or otherwise experienced. In step S 718 , party A submits information regarding CAC transaction  702  to blockchain  710 . Step  5720 , blockchain  710  searches for the transaction and all prior blocks, and returns once locating parent transaction  712 , starting from the most recent block in blockchain  710 . 
         [0094]    In step S 722 , blockchain  710  communicates with parent transaction  712  to get envelope  714 , and in step S 724 , blockchain  710  indicates with envelope  714  to get further details regarding the transaction. In step S 726 , blockchain  710  evaluates a script of envelope  714 . In some instances, the evaluated script may warrant collection and evaluation of other parent transactions. A single parent transaction (i.e., parent transaction  712 ) is illustrated in this example for ease of explanation. In an exemplary embodiment, the evaluation performed in step S 726  may further include breadth and depth limits established for sharing content  708  that may be established by one or more of the content creator, owner, and distributor (not shown). Other criteria which may be considered in evaluation step S 726  include, without limitation permissions for the particular consumer being allowed to share (party A in this example), among other restrictions. For further ease of explanation, subprocess  700  presumes that party A is successfully allowed to share content  708 . 
         [0095]    In step S 728 , blockchain  710  creates a block, which is explained further below with respect to  FIG. 10 . In step S 730 , blockchain  710  is configured to generate notifications for observers of subprocess  700 , including parties A and B. In an exemplary embodiment, blockchain  710  will also generate notifications for a distributor and/or a content creator or owner in step S 730 . Blockchain  710  transmits a notification party B in step S 732 , and to party A in step S 734 . 
         [0096]      FIG. 8  is a sequence diagram for an exemplary blockchain subprocess  800  which may be implemented for a CAC transaction involving a consumer purchasing content according to the embodiments described herein. In an exemplary embodiment, subprocess  800  illustrates steps regarding how a consumer  802  may evaluate offered content  804 , utilizing a blockchain  806 , through a negotiated CAC transaction  808 , which progresses into a final transaction  810 , for purchased content  812 , which may further include an envelope  814 , a distributor  816 , and at least one block  818  of blockchain  806 . 
         [0097]    When implemented, subprocess  800  may execute the following steps, which are not necessarily required to be in the order listed, except where so clearly designated as being dependent on a prior step. In step S 820 , blockchain  806  notifies consumer  802  of an offer for purchase. In this example, subprocess  800  presumes that consumer  802  is already registered to receive notifications from blockchain  806  (or distributor  816 ). In step S 822 , consumer  802  communicates with blockchain  806  to get block  818 . In step S 824 , consumer  802  communicates with block  818  to get negotiated CAC transaction  808 . In step S 826 , consumer  802  communicates with negotiated CAC transaction  808  to get offered content  804 . In step S 828 , consumer  802  gets envelope  814  from offered content  804 . In step S 830 , consumer  802  communicates with envelope  814  to get details regarding envelope  814  and the information compiled therein. 
         [0098]    In step S 832 , consumer  802  evaluates envelope  814  to determine if a contract (established, for example, by the content creator) is desirable to purchase rights to view or experience the content. In an exemplary embodiment, the contract by the content creator may be further refined by distributor  816 , through allowable changes, which will be reflected in envelope  814 , which will include a digital contract. Step S 834  presumes consumer  802  has determined contract terms evaluated in step S 832  acceptable, and agrees to purchase offered content  804 . Accordingly, in step S 834 , consumer  802  accepts the terms to create purchased content  812 . In step S 836 , consumer  802  initiates final transaction  810  to obtain rights to purchased content  812 . 
         [0099]    In step S 838 , consumer  802  submits final transaction  810  to blockchain  806 . In step S 840 , blockchain  806  generates a notification to observers of final transaction  810 . In an exemplary embodiment, the generated notification from step S 840  is transmitted distributor  816  in step S 842  in the case where consumer  802  is agreeing to receive purchased content  812  from distributor  816 . Additionally, the generated notification from step S 840  may be further sent as an alert to the content creator (not shown), who may have subscribed to events indicating purchase of content from the content creator. 
         [0100]      FIG. 9  is a sequence diagram illustrating an exemplary subprocess  900  of an interaction by a content distributor with a content creator or owner, utilizing a blockchain according to the embodiments described herein. In an exemplary embodiment, subprocess  900  illustrates steps regarding how a content distributor  902  may evaluate offered content  904  from a content creator/owner (not shown), utilizing a blockchain  906 , through a negotiated CAC transaction  908 , which progresses into a final transaction  910 , for distributed content  912 , which may further include an envelope  914 , and at least one block  916  of blockchain  906 . 
         [0101]    When implemented, subprocess  900  may execute the following steps, which are not necessarily required to be in the order listed, except where so clearly designated as being dependent on a prior step. In step S 918 , blockchain  906  notifies content distributor  902  of an offer from a content creator to distribute content. In this example, subprocess  900  presumes that content distributor  902  is already registered to receive notifications from blockchain  906  (or for the content creator) about blocks posting new content for distribution. 
         [0102]    In step S 920 , content distributor  902  communicates with blockchain  906  to get block  916 . In step S 922 , content distributor  902  communicates with block  916  to get negotiated CAC transaction  908 . In step S 924 , content distributor  902  communicates with negotiated CAC transaction  908  to get offered content  904 . In step S 926 , content distributor  902  gets envelope  914  from offered content  904 . In step S 928 , content distributor  902  communicates with envelope  914  to get contract information from the content creator/owner. 
         [0103]    In step S 930 , content distributor  902  evaluates envelope  914  to determine if a contract (established, for example, by the content creator) is desirable to purchase distribution rights to offered content  904 . In an exemplary embodiment, the envelope  914  may include a digital contract. Step S 932  presumes content distributor  902  has determined contract terms evaluated in step S 930  acceptable, and agrees to distribute offered content  904 . Accordingly, in step S 932 , content distributor  902  accepts the terms to create distributed content  912 . In step S 934 , content distributor  902  initiates final transaction  910  to obtain rights to distributed content  912 . 
         [0104]    In step S 936 , content distributor  902  submits final transaction  910  to blockchain  906 . In step S 938 , blockchain  906  generates a notification to observers of final transaction  910 , to be sent as an alert to the content creator/owner. In an alternative embodiment, the notification from step S 938  may also generate an alert for relevant consumers, which may occur at substantially the same time, or at a later time. In a further alternative embodiment, the creation of block  916  (discussed below with respect to  FIG. 10 ) may occur with the transaction generation in subprocess  900 , or at the time envelope  914 , which includes the contract, is generated to wrap the transaction. 
         [0105]      FIG. 10  is a sequence diagram illustrating an exemplary subprocess  1000  of and interaction by a content provider with a distributor, utilizing a blockchain according to the embodiments described herein. In an exemplary embodiment, subprocess  1000  illustrates steps regarding how a content provider  1002  may implement configurable consensus to provide content  1004 , utilizing a blockchain  1006 , through a CAC transaction  1008 , to a distributor  1010 , and generating at least one block  1012  of blockchain  1006 . 
         [0106]    When implemented, subprocess  1000  may execute the following steps, which are not necessarily required to be in the order listed, except where so clearly designated as being dependent on a prior step. In step S 1014 , content provider  1002  creates content  1004  to submit for transaction  1008 . In step S 1016 , content provider  1002  creates transaction details to submit to blockchain  1006 , and submits transaction  1008  to blockchain  1006  and step S 1018 . In step S 1020 , blockchain  1006  notifies observers the presence of the new transaction  1008  which, in an exemplary embodiment, includes alerts to relevant nodes (not shown). 
         [0107]    In step S 1022 , blockchain  1006  creates block  1012  which may include a collection of transaction  1008 . In an exemplary embodiment, block  1012  is created after a configurable consensus criteria has been met. For example, such criteria may include, without limitation, a specified time limit after a previous block has been added, a determination that a specified number of minimum transactions are ready to be processed, and/or other mechanisms for triggering block creation. In step S 1024 , blockchain  1006  is configured to calculate the Merkle Root. In an exemplary embodiment, blockchain  1006  utilizes hashing to perform the Merkle operation on a transaction tree, thereby arriving at a single hash representing the entire transaction graph. 
         [0108]    In step S 1026 , blockchain  1006  notifies that a new block (i.e., block  1012 ) has been created for the particular node associated with the new block. In step S 1028 , blockchain  1006  utilizes the configurable consensus mode in order to determine and achieve network agreement as to which block is to be accepted as the next block in blockchain  1006 . Such network agreement may be achieved, for example, by utilization of algorithms including, without limitation, a calculation of the most transactions in a block, a voting operation between the nodes, a fiat from a central evaluation source, the maximization of values of weighted attributes of transactions, or by combinations of one or more of these algorithms. In step S 1030 , blockchain  1006  generates a notification for observers of the achieved agreement, and transmits a notification to distributor  1010  in step S 1032 . 
         [0109]    Hardware/Software Binding for Virtualized Environments, Software-Based Infrastructure 
         [0110]    A key goal of virtualized environments is to allow specialized software to be implemented on generalized hardware. However, some hardware may not be deployed in locations (physically, logically, or geographically) suitable for secure operation of some software. Moreover, some software should only be run on particular hardware, or in cooperation with additional software packages on particular hardware. 
         [0111]    Therefore, in accordance with the embodiments described herein, the present inventors have further developed a cryptographic binding mechanism that ensures particular software can only be run on particular hardware. This cryptographic binding mechanism is of particular advantageous use with respect to the present embodiments with respect to providing further security to receipts using blockchain. Such implementations for blockchain embodiments may further incorporate variations including, without limitation: single level challenges; multi-level (recursive) challenges; and durations of challenge validity. 
         [0112]    The present inventors further envision that such cryptographic binding mechanisms are of further utility with respect to encryption as a domain or VM separation mechanism, and also with regard to use of the hardware/software bindings as a seed for encryption scheme, including, but not limited to, the encryption schemes described above. 
       Frictionless Content 
       [0113]      FIG. 11  is a schematic illustration of a conventional blockchain ecosystem  1100 , which may, for example, represent a digital entertainment content ecosystem. Ecosystem  1100  includes a content publisher  1102 , a coordinator  1104 , a retailer  1106 , and at least one electronic device  1108 . Content publisher  1102  is responsible for content and metadata creation, and also packaging and encryption of the published content. Coordinator  1104  is responsible for user and account management, device management, digital rights management (DRM), and user authentication and authorization. Retailer  1106  is responsible for content management, as well as content downloads and content streaming to device  1108 . 
         [0114]    In operation, metadata, content, and keys  1110  are transferred from content publisher  1102  to retailer  1106 . Content metadata  1112  is transferred from content publisher  1102  to coordinator  1104 . Rights token  1114  is transferred from retailer  1106  to coordinator  1104 , device  1108  obtains license acquisition  1116  from coordinator  1104 , and fulfillment  1118  occurs between retailer  1106  and device  1108 . 
         [0115]    Conventional ecosystem  1100  requires a common digital content container and encryption with multiple DRMs, content portability across compliant consumer devices, and a centralized content rights coordinator. One drawback from conventional ecosystem  1100  is that the container and DRM technology predated the eventual technological standards experienced today. Further drawbacks include: unspecified interfaces (represented by dashed lines, with solid lines representing interfaces designated by conventional ecosystem  1100 ) require unique business-to-business deals between content producers, retailers, and users (e.g., by device  1108 ); and the centralized coordinator and necessary business-to-business deals still present limits to usefulness of conventional ecosystem  1100 . 
         [0116]      FIG. 12  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary blockchain ecosystem  1200 , according to an embodiment. Ecosystem  1200  includes a content creator  1202 , a blockchain  1204 , a content provider  1206 , a user agent  1208 , and a storefront  1210 . Ecosystem  1200  represents an implementation of “frictionless content” to address the shortcomings of conventional ecosystem (i.e., ecosystem  1100 ,  FIG. 11 ). Some advantageous improvements provided by the frictionless content of ecosystem  1200  include, without limitation: DASH, or Dash cryptocurrency, may be substituted for the proprietary media container; implementation of blockchain technology decentralizes the requirement for the conventional coordinator (i.e., coordinator  1104 ,  FIG. 11 ); and utilization of bitcoin (or an alternative crypto currency) further decentralizes the financial model of the conventional ecosystem. 
         [0117]    In operation, content distribution  1212  occurs between content creator  1202  and content provider  1206 . Content acquisition  1214  occurs between content provider  1206  and user agent  1208 . Content purchase  1216  by user agent  1208  is submitted to blockchain  1204 , and blockchain  1204  establishes purchase verification  1218  with content creator  1202 . In an exemplary embodiment, user agent  1208  may directly obtain license acquisition  1220  from content creator  1202 , and may perform a content browse  1222  from storefront  1210 . In the exemplary embodiment, metadata and location information  1224  may be shared between content creator  1202  and storefront  1210 . In the example illustrated in  FIG. 12 , solid lines may represent interfaces governed by blockchain  1204 , and dashed lines may represent, for example, a web service or an HTML webpage or web application. 
         [0118]    According to the embodiment of  FIG. 12 , content creator  1202  may be responsible for content creation, packaging and encryption of the content, and also establishment of the rights to use, license, and/or distribute the content. Blockchain  1204  is responsible for cryptocurrency management and content ID. In an exemplary embodiment, ecosystem  1200  utilizes frictionless content to resolve the high barriers to participation experienced according to the conventional ecosystem. For example, present business-to-business requirements typically allow only the largest content creators, distributors, and consumer device vendors to participate. Content is not generally portable across user devices, and usage rights for the content tend to be rigid. 
         [0119]    According to the exemplary embodiment depicted in  FIG. 12 , on the other hand, content distribution may utilize blockchain and DRM technology to remove such participation barriers, and also decentralize financial and rights management such that enable even the smallest content creators may participate within ecosystem  1200  on substantially more equal footing with the significantly larger creators and distributors. Embodiments according to ecosystem  1200  further allow content to be portable across substantially all consumer devices, and the relevant usage rights can be expressed in software enabling dynamic distribution models. 
         [0120]    As described in the embodiments above, blockchain technology provides an advantageous payment system and public ledger of content transactions. Such technology further may utilize the use of, without limitation: colored coins, for purchased content metadata on the ledger; DASH, for a universally supported content container; HTML encrypted media extensions and clear key content; and also decryption schemes of universally supported content protection. The frictionless content of ecosystem  1200  is further advantageous to potential new distribution models, including, but not limited to: secondary content markets where content rights can be resold; dynamic aggregation, including an aggregator financial transaction wrapping the content transaction; and “smart content contracts” involving programmatic usage rights that more efficiently may replace paper contracts. 
         [0121]    In the exemplary embodiment, implementation of ecosystem  1200  allows for significant simplification of storefront  1210 , easier use of packaging and encryption by content creator  1202 , a clear key DRM license server, and JavaScript implementation of rights and key management on top of the clear key DRM. 
         [0122]      FIG. 13  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary message flow process  1300  that can be implemented with the ecosystem depicted in  FIG. 12 . Process  1300  includes a content publisher  1302  responsible for content and metadata creation and storefront management, a packaging and encryption service  1304 , a content provider  1306 , an electronic device  1308 , and utilizes a blockchain  1310 , such as a colored coin network. 
         [0123]    In operation, process  1300  may execute the following steps, which are not necessarily required to be in the order listed, except where so clearly designated as being dependent on a prior step. In step S 1312 , electronic device  1308  performs a content search of the storefront of content publisher  1302 . In step S 1314 , content publisher  1302  transmits a blockchain address and/or currency cost to electronic device  1308 . In step S 1316 , presuming a user of electronic device  1308  chooses to purchase content from content publisher  1302  and accepts the transmitted cost, electronic device  1308  initiates a blockchain transaction, which may be a colored coin transaction to blockchain  1310 , including the content ID, and payment for the content. 
         [0124]    In step S 1318 , the content ID and other identifications are transferred between content publisher  1302  and electronic device  1308 . In step S 1320 , the transaction is verified between content publisher  1302  and blockchain  1310 . In step S 1322 , the purchased content is pushed from content publisher  1302  to packaging and encryption service  1304 . In step S 1324 , a URL for the content is shared between content publisher  1302  and electronic device  1308 . In step S 1326 , electronic device  1308  gets the content from content provider  1306 . In step S 1328 , a license request and relevant license keys are shared between content publisher  1302  and electronic device  1308 . In the exemplary process  1300  depicted in  FIG. 13 , solid lines represent interfaces governed by blockchain  1310 , dashed lines may represent interfaces utilizing a web service, or HTML webpages/web applications (including HTMLS), and double lines may represent unspecified interfaces. 
         [0125]      FIG. 14  is a schematic illustration of a conventional vertical blockchain ecosystem  1400 . Ecosystem  1400  includes a content creator  1402 , a content packager  1404 , a content deliverer  1406 , a retailer  1408 , and at least one user electronic device  1410 . Ecosystem  1400  is similar to ecosystem  1100 , depicted in  FIG. 11 , except that system  1400  provides vertically integrated services. Retailer  1408  is not responsible for content management or delivery to user electronic device  1410 . Blockchain technology is implemented within ecosystem  1400  merely to verify payment. That is, a blockchain processor does not include content as currency. 
         [0126]    In operation, a purchase transaction is initiated from user electronic device  1410  to retailer  1408 , and then metadata, content, rights tokens, and/or keys are transferred from content creator  1402  to user electronic device  1410  through content packager  1404  and content deliverer  1406 . In an exemplary embodiment, a software application on user electronic device  1410  interacts with a web application of retailer  1408 . Vertically integrated ecosystem  1400  otherwise operates similarly to ecosystem  1100 . Ecosystem  1400 , however, represents a paid digital media ecosystem having participation barriers similar to those described above with respect to  FIG. 11 . Smaller content creators and distributors have difficulty selling content directly to end users due to the need to utilize a third party intermediary for content delivery network (CDN) and DRM services. 
         [0127]    Performance by the third party intermediary is difficult to verify, and smaller creators/distributors generally have little leverage with which to negotiate terms. Other such third party intermediary barriers include: use of a centralized rights store, where shared rights and portability across multiple devices and/or retailers are limited; unspecified payment terms or fixed payment models; limited fulfillment and device support options; requirements to use particular proprietary technology; difficulty utilizing ecosystem off-line; and lack of rights controls or verification on end devices. 
         [0128]    More particularly, conventional vertically integrated distribution processes for monetizing digital media require fixed costs that limit participation, pricing, usage rights, and media use. Examples include cable networks, large-scale online media providers, digital media distributors, and online sites for displaying and distributing user-generated content. The content creators have little control over the content distributed through these channels, and the content users face a variety of restrictions in their use of purchased content. Additionally, the costs associated with large distribution channels limit their availability to only content that is considered high-value. Existing smaller distribution channels have lower, but still fixed costs, and the array of media that is distributed through the smaller distribution channels limited. Pricing and usage flexibility is limited for both large and small distribution channels. 
         [0129]      FIG. 15  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary vertical blockchain ecosystem  1500 , according to an embodiment. Similar to ecosystem  1400  ( FIG. 14 ), ecosystem  1500  includes a content creator  1502 , a content packager  1504 , a content deliverer  1506 , a retailer  1508 , and at least one user electronic device  1510 . Different from ecosystem  1400 , ecosystem  1500  further includes a DRM  1512  and a blockchain  1514 . In an embodiment, content packager  1504 , content deliverer  1506 , and DRM  1512  are integrated portions of a single content creator service (not separately numbered). Ecosystem  1500  represents an alternative implementation of frictionless content, or frictionless media, to address the shortcomings of ecosystem  1400 . That is, blockchain  1514  functions as a shared database to verify not only financial payments, but also content usage and rights. 
         [0130]    Ecosystem  1500  is similar to ecosystem  1200  ( FIG. 12 ) in that ecosystem  1500  is also capable of utilizing DASH cryptocurrency, HTML encrypted media extensions and clear key content, JavaScript, decryption schemes, a decentralized coordinator and financial model, and utilization of bitcoin or alternative cryptocurrencies. For simplicity of explanation, other shared similarities with ecosystem  1200  are not illustrated in  FIG. 15 . 
         [0131]    In operation, blockchain  1514  functions as the “third party” intermediary by providing the shared database to confirm verification  1516  of payment and content distribution to each of the several parties. More particularly, a blockchain transaction utilizing blockchain  1514  includes the rights for a content asset purchased through the transaction, such as a rights expression, and/or an asset ID. A transaction utilizing ecosystem  1500  is initiated when a user (i.e., through user electronic device  1510 ) chooses to purchase content from retailer  1508 , as described further below respect to  FIGS. 16 and 17 . Similar to ecosystem  1200  ( FIG. 12 ), content creator  1502  and the content creator service ( 1504 ,  1506 ,  1512 ) may be responsible for content creation, packaging, and encryption, and also establishment of the rights to use, license, and/or distribute the content. Blockchain  1514  is responsible for cryptocurrency management and content ID. 
         [0132]    Through use of the advantageous frictionless media ecosystem  1500 , essentially any set of parties are able to execute a financial transaction without first having to establish prior trust with an intermediary, or an existing relationship with a trusted third party. As with the embodiments described above, ecosystem  1500  is further capable of realizing implementation of blockchain technology to include digital assets (e.g., content ID, commitment to deliver a service, and associated rights) as part of the blockchain transaction. Additionally, according to this exemplary embodiment, content protection can be based on publicly viewable rights, and the transaction database of blockchain  1514  is distributed, secure, immutable, transparent, and visible to all parties. 
         [0133]    A frictionless media ecosystem according to  FIG. 15  thereby decentralizes the paid media distribution model by eliminating, or reducing the significance of, a third party intermediary digital media transactions with respect to payment, rights, and verification. Content creators may advantageously utilize ecosystem  1500  to sell content directly to users, and then verify content usage by the users. 
         [0134]      FIG. 16  illustrates a transaction table  1600  for exemplary transactions  1602  performed utilizing blockchain  1514  of ecosystem  1500 , as depicted in  FIG. 15 . In accordance with the embodiments described above, each of transactions  1602  may be a CAC transaction. For each transaction  1602 , blockchain  1514  receives payer inputs  1604  from a content user  1608 , and transmits payee outputs  1606  to one or more payees  1610 . In the example illustrated, a user (e.g., user electronic device  1510 ,  FIG. 15 ) purchases from a content creator (e.g., content creator  1502 ,  FIG. 15 ) N number of views/uses/streams of media content for $ 4 . 00 . In an exemplary embodiment, N is a predefined number set by the content creator (or distributor) to limit the number of times a user, or secondary purchaser of the content from the user, may experience the purchased media content. In one example, in the event that the content creator may desire that a user have effectively “unlimited” usage of the content, N may be set to an arbitrarily large value. 
         [0135]    In operation, as illustrated in  FIG. 16 , when the user purchases content (e.g., purchase transaction  1702 ,  FIG. 17 , below), blockchain  1514  receives $4.00 of cryptocurrency as payer input  1604 . Blockchain  1514  may then distribute the $4.00 cryptocurrency payment among several payees  1610  according to predefined distribution agreements and has payee outputs  1606 . In the example shown, the content creator receives $3.50, the CDN (e.g., CDN  1708 ,  FIG. 17 , below) receives $0.45, and the DRM (e.g., DRM  1512 ,  FIG. 15 ) receives $0.05. According to an exemplary embodiment, utilizing the content as currency model of the present disclosure, blockchain  1514  further distributes to the user, as payee outputs  1606 , N number of CDN credits and N number of DRM credits. In an embodiment, blockchain  1514  additionally creates a purchase token as a payee output  1606 . The purchase token may, for example, include one or more of a media ID, usage rights, and a public key of the content creator, as described above. 
         [0136]    Using a similar process, when a user wishes to stream purchased content (e.g., access transaction  1704 ,  FIG. 17 , below), for example, blockchain  1514  receives 1 CDN credit from the user (as payer  1608 ), and then transmits as payee outputs  1606  1 CDN credit to the CDN and N-1 CDN credits to the user. That is, blockchain  1514  verifies to the CDN that the content has been streamed one time, while verifying to the user that the user has one fewer streams available of the original N purchased. The process is effectively the same when a user wishes to play purchased content (e.g., play transaction  1702 ,  FIG. 17 , below) on an electronic device (e.g., user electronic device  1510 ,  FIG. 15 ). When the purchased content is played, blockchain  1514  receives 1 DRM credit from the user, and then transmits 1 DRM credit to the DRM and N-1 DRM credits to the user. 
         [0137]    According to the advantageous systems and methods herein, the media credits (CDN and/or DRM) are themselves used as some of the cryptocurrency of blockchain  1514 . The immutable nature of blockchain  1514  therefore provides a decentralized payment system and public ledger of content transactions and rights. Content sellers and buyers, as well as other ecosystem parties, are thus able to more easily monetize media distribution without having to establish prior and/or untrusted business relationships. By establishing a predetermined number N of verifiable content uses, a user may freely use or sell the purchased content, and over a number of devices or technologies, and the content creator may nevertheless easily verify each such use. By defining a finite number of content usages, a content creator may also more easily prevent or limit theft or unauthorized use of its intellectual property. 
         [0138]      FIG. 17  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary flow process  1700  implementing blockchain ecosystem  1500 , depicted in  FIG. 15 , for transactions  1602 , depicted in  FIG. 16 . In an exemplary embodiment, flow process  1700  includes one or more of a purchase transaction  1702 , an access transaction  1704 , and a play transaction  1706 , each utilizing blockchain  1514  for verification. In the example illustrated in  FIG. 17 , dashed flow lines represent payer inputs  1604  ( FIG. 16 ) and solid flow lines represent payee outputs  1606 . 
         [0139]    In an exemplary embodiment, purchase transaction  1702  is created by user electronic device  1510  (e.g., through a software application) to purchase content from content creator  1502 . Once purchase transaction and  1002  is initiated, a license server (not shown) of DRM  1512  verifies that user electronic device  1510  initiated purchase transaction  1702 . Content creator  1502  then creates a purchaseToken, which may include one or more of an asset ID, content rights, a public key of user electronic device  1510 , a user authentication token, a signature of content creator  1502 , and a public key of content creator  1502 . Content creator  1502  then signs the purchaseToken with a private key. In an exemplary embodiment, the purchaseToken is verified as payee output  1606  by blockchain  1514  (e.g., OP_RETURN output in a payment system transaction, such as bitcoin). 
         [0140]    After the purchase transaction is completed, a user of user electronic device  1510  may use the purchased content by implementing access transaction  1704  and/or play transaction  1706 . In an exemplary embodiment, to initiate either transaction  1704 ,  1706 , the user transmits a license request including a useToken (not shown). In an exemplary embodiment, useToken is created by user electronic device  1510 , and may include one or more of a transaction ID, the purchaseToken, a user authentication token, and a user signature. In an embodiment, the useToken may be signed with a private key of the blockchain transaction  1704  and/or  1706 . Once received, DRM  1512  verifies the useToken signature with the public key, contained in the purchaseToken, of content creator  1502  according to the respective transaction referenced. These purchase and use tokens are embedded by blockchain  1514  in the respective transaction, and thus codify the link between the respective transaction and each use of the purchased content. 
         [0141]    According to this advantageous frictionless media blockchain ecosystem, the enhanced flexibility of use and verification of purchased content renders the ecosystem additionally applicable useful to secondary markets, for example, where users of purchased content may legitimately sell/transfer media rights to one another. The embodiments disclosed herein allow the content creator to easily track and verify the usage of its distributed content, as well as the payments resulting therefrom, without requiring a third party intermediary. The ease and flexibility of the systems and methods disclosed herein allow the parties in the ecosystem to operate more independently of one another, and encourage competition among content distributors of various sizes. 
         [0142]    The present systems and methods further allow more reliable portability of content without sacrificing ease of verification. According to the advantageous frictionless media ecosystem, a common encryption scheme may be implemented for multiple DRMs, online retailers may utilize a significantly simplified storefront for content purchase playback applications, and a single blockchain purchase transaction can be easily executed with multiple payees. By utilizing a shared database of the blockchain, the content creators, users, and delivery/license servers may all easily access transaction information, whereas only the users need to create the transactions. 
         [0143]      FIG. 18  is a sequence diagram illustrating an exemplary media content deployment process  1800  that can be implemented with ecosystem  1500 , depicted in  FIG. 15 . In an exemplary embodiment, process  1800  is implemented with respect to user electronic device  1510 , payment system/blockchain  1514 , storefront/retailer  1508 , content creator  1502 , DRM  1512 , CDN  1708 , and content packager  1504 . For simplicity of explanation, payment system and blockchain  1514  referred to collectively, together. In actuality, the person of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the payment system is the cryptocurrency (e.g., like bitcoin), whereas the blockchain is the technology on which the cryptocurrency is used. 
         [0144]    Process  1800  may begin, for example, at step S 1802 . In step S 1802 , content packager  1504  receives raw content from content creator  1502 . In step S 1804 , content creator  1502  receives package content, along with at least one key, from content packager  1504 . In step S 1806 , CDN  1708  receives the packaged content from content creator  1502 . In step S 1808 , retailer  1508  receives content purchase data from content creator  1502 . In an exemplary embodiment, the content purchase data includes one or more of a URL for CDN  1708 , a URL for DRM  1512 , a blockchain address for the seller, a purchase price for the packaged content, and the purchase token. As described above, the purchase token may include one or more of an asset ID, content rights, and a public key of content creator  1502 , and may also be signed by content creator  1502 . In step S 1810 , DRM  1512  receives the key ID and the content key from content creator  1502 . 
         [0145]      FIG. 19  is a sequence diagram illustrating an exemplary media content purchase process  1900  that can be implemented with ecosystem  1500 , depicted in  FIG. 15 . In an exemplary embodiment, process  1900  is also implemented with respect to user electronic device  1510 , blockchain  1514 , retailer  1508 , content creator  1502 , DRM  1512 , CDN  1708 , and content packager  1504 . 
         [0146]    Process  1900  may begin, for example, at step S 1902 . In step S 1902 , user electronic device  1510  browses content from the storefront retailer  1508 . In step S 1904 , user electronic device  1510  initiates and creates a purchase transaction (e.g., purchase transaction  1702 ,  FIG. 17 ) with the payment system of blockchain  1514 . As described above, and depicted in  FIGS. 16 and 17 , the user provides payment to blockchain  1514 , which is then distributed, according to predetermined agreement, to content creator  1502 , CDN  1708 , and DRM  1512 . 
         [0147]    In an exemplary embodiment, the blockchain transaction (purchase transaction  1702  in this example) contains the purchase token (e.g., purchaseToken). According to this example, the user receives one or more colored coins in their user wallet (e.g., payer  1608 ,  FIG. 16 ) which may then be further used for CDN and DRM credits. By using colored coins in the user&#39;s payer wallet of blockchain  1514 , the use of CDN and DRM become stateless. That is, a purchase (by the user) is required for each CDN or DRM request. In an alternative embodiment, the respective number of CDN and DRM credits may be encoded directly in the content purchase transaction  1702 , and CDN  1708  and DRM  1512  and thereby better able to audit and keep track of how many uses have occurred of the purchased content which may engender payment. 
         [0148]      FIG. 20  is a sequence diagram illustrating an exemplary media content usage process  2000  that can be implemented with ecosystem hundred, depicted in  FIG. 15 . In an exemplary embodiment, process  2000  is also implemented with respect to user electronic device  1510 , blockchain  1514 , retailer  1508 , content creator  1502 , DRM  1512 , CDN  1708 , and content packager  1504 . 
         [0149]    For online streaming usage of purchased content, process  2000  may begin, for example, at step S 2002 . In step S 2002 , user electronic device  1510  initiates an access transaction (e.g., access transaction  1704 ,  FIG. 17 ) with the payment system of blockchain  1514 . As described above, and depicted in  FIGS. 16 and 17 , the user provides 1 CDN credit to blockchain  1514  as payer input  1604 . In step S 2004 , CDN  1708  receives a content request and the use token (e.g., the useToken) from the user electronic device  1510 . In an exemplary embodiment, the use token includes an asset transaction ID, a CDN transaction ID, and the purchase token signed with a private key of the transaction used to purchase asset/content. In step S 2006 , CDN  1708  verifies the use token by one or more of: (1) validating of the token signature with a transaction ID and/or the public key; (2) validating the purchase token signature with the public key of content creator  1502  contained in the purchase token; and (3) verifying the CDN transaction. In step S 2008 , streaming content is viewable by user electronic device  1510  from CDN  1708 . 
         [0150]    For device playback usage of purchased content, process  2000  may alternatively begin, for example, at step S 2010 . In step S 2010 , user electronic device  1510  initiates a play transaction (e.g., play transaction  1706 ,  FIG. 17 ) with the payment system of blockchain  1514 . As described above, and depicted in  FIGS. 16 and 17 , the user provides  1  DRM credit to blockchain  1514  as payer input  1604 . In step S 2012 , DRM  12  receives a license request, which may include the key ID and the use token, from the user electronic device  1510 . In an exemplary embodiment, the use token includes an asset transaction ID, a DRM transaction ID, and the purchase token signed with a private key of the transaction used to purchase asset/content. In step S 2014 , DRM  1512  verifies the use token by one or more of: (1) validating use of the token signature with a transaction ID and/or the public key; (2) validating the purchase token signature with the public key of content creator  1502  contained in the purchase token; and (3) verifying the DRM transaction. In step S 2016 , streaming content is viewable by user electronic device  1510  upon receipt of a key from DRM  1512 . 
         [0151]    The embodiments described herein significantly improve the security of transactions involving licensed or otherwise encumbered content over electronic networks utilizing blockchain technology. These embodiments facilitate individual customers, users, and subscribers to be active participants in the blockchain network, and not merely just end points of the blockchain. The systems and methods described herein further provide greater ease-of-use at the consumer level, while also allowing content creators/owners and service providers enhanced ability to monitor and audit transactions involving CAC content to which the owners and service providers enjoy continuing rights. 
         [0152]    The embodiments disclosed herein further significantly improve the availability and verifiability of CAC transactions using blockchain technology utilizing a frictionless media ecosystem. The frictionless media ecosystem eliminates or substantially reduces all of the fixed costs presently required distribution from the content creator to the user by replacing it with the system that distribute costs for each content distribution instance. The embodiments disclosed herein enable the content creator (of any size) to more easily set its own pricing and media use rights while also providing for the protection media use and content rights across all platforms. 
         [0153]    The frictionless media ecosystems illustrated and described herein efficiently leverage cryptocurrency for financial transactions and blockchain technology in order to provide trusted, verifiable accounting, but without requiring a third party intermediary. The systems and methods described herein thereby allow for significantly greater independence among the parties (e.g., content creators, users, deliverers, DRM, etc.), while still providing for easy verification, visibility, and transparency for all parties. The present embodiments further allow for a universal system that can be utilized by any number of existing, or future, technologies that can access the blockchain. Conventional systems (such as HTMLS, DASH, Silverlight, Flash etc.), however, are typically limited to the technical environment in which they were created, and may not be utilized with ecosystem platforms. The present embodiments overcome such limitations. 
       Blockchain Virtualization and Scalability 
       [0154]    As described above, blockchain technology fundamentally underlies digital currencies, and enables the new transaction processing solutions featured herein. In some embodiments, blockchain technology utilizes cipher-chaining to cryptographically link blocks of transactions. However, conventional blockchain implementations suffer scalability problems which severely limit their application. The systems and methods described below, on the other hand, implement a novel distributed ledger technology (DLT) environment that supports both spontaneous genesis and controlled elimination of multiple concurrent blockchains among a community of blockchain processors. These embodiments thus provide the benefits of virtualization to ecosystem environments that can utilize distributed ledgers. 
         [0155]    A blockchain creates a distributed ledger of transactions that is cryptographically secure from being changed. A blockchain process may include the following steps: (1) transactions are submitted through a protocol to a blockchain network; (2) the submitted transactions are subsequently received by blockchain processors and validated against a list of unspent, that is, spendable, transactions; (3) the received transactions are collected by blockchain processors, queued at a given time interval, hashed using a Merkle process, and then compiled into a group which is then cryptographically hashed to create a block; and (4) the created block is then committed to the blockchain and unspent/spendable transactions are confirmed by adding to a list of unspent transactions. In some embodiments, the process of committing blocks to the blockchain may also involve a consensus process and some form of merit requirement, such as proof-of-work, proof-of-stake, etc. Security of a blockchain can be typically achieved through three particular mechanisms: (i) the computational complexity necessary to create a block and commit it to the blockchain; (ii) the “height” of the blockchain, that is, how many blocks are contained within the chain; and (iii) the size of the consensus pool, that is, the number of processors, participating to create the blockchain as a distributed ledger. 
         [0156]      FIG. 21  is a schematic illustration of an implementation of an exemplary blockchain  2100 . Blockchain  2100  includes a plurality of individual blocks  2102  having a blockchain height  2104  and a consensus pool size  2106  having a plurality of participating processors P 1 , P 2 , . . . P N . In the exemplary embodiment illustrated, blockchain  2100  utilizes the three security mechanisms described above, namely, (i) a computational complexity  2108  (symbolically represented by dashed ellipse) for creating blocks and committing the created blocks to the blockchain, (ii) blockchain height  2104 , and (iii) consensus pool size  2106  including N number of participating processors P to create the blockchain as a distributed ledger. 
         [0157]    In an exemplary embodiment, computational complexity  2108  may be achieved through one or more of a variety of cryptographic techniques that are linked block-to-block. Consensus pool size  2106  achieves particular benefits through Byzantine Fault Tolerance, assuming, of course, that the several participants in blockchain  2100  are sufficiently decoupled to reduce the likelihood of collusion between the parties, to a sufficient acceptable degree. 
         [0158]    In conventional blockchains, both the scale, and the scalability are limited by the very mechanisms that provide security to the blockchain. For example, the size of the transactions can be limited, as may be the volume of the transactions utilizing the blockchain technology. Additionally, the necessary bandwidth required to connect clients through a network to multiple processors may also be substantial, or significantly limited, and the blocks themselves may also be limited according to the number of transactions which can be included in a single block. Furthermore, individual block size may be further limited with respect to the number of bytes contained within each block. Moreover, the response time to confirm the transaction on the block change can be long, and the size of the block itself can render the block change unwieldy, thereby inflicting unreasonable resource requirements to execute a blockchain. Such resource requirements can also be unreasonably encumbered by a large number of transactions in a valid transaction list, in that it may take significant amounts of time to perform searches in order to validate transactions on a blockchain. 
         [0159]    In one embodiment, a difficulty (e.g., a hash target where the hash must be less than a specified number) can be selected to increase the computation required by participants (nodes) to calculate a sufficiently small hash by altering a special aspect of a transaction (the nonce in Bitcoin). 
         [0160]    Although a block chain is theoretically perpetual, at a fundamental level, the notion that a particular blockchain is eternally viable (or even liable for many decades or longer) is likely an unreasonable assumption, even as technology continues to improve. Furthermore, it is an unlikely expectation that all spendable transactions within a blockchain will stand on a queue or list indefinitely. Lastly, it is reasonable to assume, given the state of modern technology, that corruption of a monolithic blockchain is inevitable, and a recovery, or at least a damage containment mechanism, is considered a necessary precaution. 
         [0161]    The systems and methods illustrated and described herein advantageously improve all of the scale, the scalability, and security of the given blockchain solution by fostering a concurrent operation of multiple blockchains operating independently or co-dependently among a consensus pool. As described herein, such multiple block chains operating among a particular consensus pool referred to herein as “a blockchain forest.” Each distributed ledger of the forest, represented by individual blockchains, is capable of optimizing blockchain features appropriate for a given supported application, such as tuning the transaction size, the block size, the work interval, the consensus size, and the cryptographic algorithm, and the implementation choice. These novel systems and methods are advantageous over conventional alt-coin solutions, such as those that leverage Bitcoin by implementing side chains to effectively overhaul the Bitcoin transaction interface. The embodiments described herein are also different than the Coin Sciences multi-chain solution in that the present embodiments are optimized to support operation of concurrent chains on the same consensus network. 
         [0162]    Within this disclosure, the phrases “distributed ledger” and “blockchain” are used. In conventional practice literature, these two concepts are generally deemed to be synonymous. However, within this application, the two different phrases differ in terms of their respective use and implementation. For purposes of the following discussion, the phrase “distributed ledger” refers to how the blockchain is used, that is, as a distributed ledger that proves the facts of a transaction by virtue of being distributed amongst a consensus pool. “Blockchain”, on the other hand, refers to the process by which the distributed ledger is created and operated. 
         [0163]    According to the embodiments described herein, the scale, the scalability, and the security of blockchain solutions are further improved by allowing a concurrent operation of multiple blockchains operating independently or co-dependently amongst a consensus pool, as shown in  FIG. 22 , below. 
         [0164]      FIG. 22  is schematic illustration of an exemplary blockchain forest  2200  having the plurality of participating processors P, as depicted in  FIG. 21 . Blockchain forest  2200  includes a plurality of individual blockchains  2102  that collectively have a blockchain forest height  2204  and a forest consensus pool size  2206  for a plurality of participating processors P 1 , P 2 , . . . P 10 . As illustrated in  FIG. 22 , for ease of explanation, ten processors P are shown, and each individual block chain  2202  (each having, in this example, a genesis block g, described further below with respect to  FIG. 23 ) is shown to utilize three processors each. Nevertheless, a person of ordinary skill in the art will, in light of the present disclosure and accompanying figures, understand that blockchain forest  2200  may implement more or less than ten processors P, and more or less than seven blockchains  2202 , without departing from the scope of the application. 
         [0165]    In the exemplary embodiment illustrated, blockchain forest  2200  utilizes three security mechanisms similar to those described above with respect to  FIG. 21 , namely, (i) computational complexity (not numbered in  FIG. 22 ) for creating blocks and committing the created blocks to the blockchain, (ii) blockchain forest height  2204 , and (iii) forest consensus pool size  2206 , including N number (ten shown in this example) of participating processors P to create the blockchain as a distributed ledger. 
         [0166]    In operation of  FIG. 22 , each blockchain  2202  of blockchain forest  2200  will effectively produce and maintain a distinct distributed ledger. Each distributed ledger produced thereby will then be able to optimize blockchain features appropriate for a given supported application. Features of blockchain forest  2200  capable of optimization include, without limitation, tuning transaction size, block size, work interval, consensus size, and choice of cryptographic algorithm and implementation. Blockchain forest  2200  thereby realizes his significant advantages over conventional multi-chain systems, in that blockchain forest  2200  supports operation of concurrent chains on the same consensus network. Blockchain forest  2200  is further advantageous over conventional alt-coin solutions, such as those that leverage Bitcoin, by implementing side chains to effectively overhaul the Bitcoin transaction interface. Blockchain forest  2200  thus effectively results in an ecosystem of blockchains  2202  which conveys the security and scalability benefits of virtualization. 
         [0167]      FIG. 23  is a schematic illustration of the lifecycle  2300  of an exemplary blockchain  2202  of blockchain forest  2200 , depicted in  FIG. 22 . Blockchain  2202  includes a genesis block  2302  processed to confirm a genesis transaction  2304 . As described herein, genesis transaction  2304  indicates a first submission of a digital asset that can create a new distributed ledger, and genesis block  2302  confirms genesis transaction  2304 , thereby becoming the root of trust for the ledger through, for example, a Merkle process. Blockchain forest  2200  utilizes these genesis components to implement consensus participation protocols, for example, as well as ledger aging and deletion processes for blockchain  2202 , as described further below. In an exemplary embodiment, the ledger aging and deletion processes include an archiving subprocess. 
         [0168]    In an exemplary embodiment, creation of a new distributed ledger is coordinated through a consensus participation protocol. The consensus participation protocol is executed between blockchain processors P ( FIGS. 21, 22 ) that represent the available servers that enable the blockchain network. Blockchain forest  2200  further includes a ledger aging and deletion subprocess, which functions to trigger removal of a distributed ledger using the consensus participation protocol. 
         [0169]    In an embodiment, blockchain  2202  is created, managed, and terminated for blockchain forest  2200  according to lifecycle  2300 , which may include one or more of the following steps. (1) A user (not shown) defines a new asset that will become the basis for a series of related transactions, and then compiles and submits the defined asset as genesis transaction  2304  to a blockchain network. (2) Genesis transaction  2304  propagates through the blockchain network by an implementation similar to the propagation implementations used in conventional in blockchain networks such as Ethereum or Bitcoin. (3) Once received by one or more blockchain processors P (sometimes referred to as “miners” in Bitcoin processing), blockchain processors P will initiate a consensus participation negotiation that solicits additional processors to participate in a new chain. In some embodiments, multiple processors P independently receive genesis transaction  2304  to solve for glare. (4) Using information extracted from genesis transaction  2304 , blockchain processors P negotiate a minimal sized (e.g., forest consensus pool size  2206 ,  FIG. 22 ) consensus pool and key characteristics necessary to create the pool for the defined security requirements. In an exemplary embodiment, the key characteristics include, without limitation, one or more of a transaction payload size, a block size, a processing interval (period of work), a cryptographic algorithm selection, and ledger aging and deletion terms. Once the consensus pool is established, blockchain processors P within the pool negotiate a start time to start blockchain processing of transactions. 
         [0170]    (5) Blockchain transaction processing begins with genesis block  2302  (at time t), which confirms genesis transaction  2304 , and renders the asset available to subsequent blocks  2306  be spent by subsequent transactions  2308 . (6) After each block  2306  is processed, and pending transactions  2308  are confirmed, the ledger aging and deletion terms are consulted. The ledger aging and deletion terms include, without limitation, time (duration or an absolute time), period between transactions (reflecting interest in the asset), and number of unspent transactions  2310  currently valid on the ledger. If the ledger deletion terms are met, blockchain processors will execute the blockchain participation protocol to negotiate termination of the ledger, as described in greater detail further below. The termination of the ledger results in deletion of the ledger from the consensus pool. In some embodiments, where deemed appropriate, the ledger is further archived of to “offline” resources after termination. 
         [0171]    As described above, some fundamental components of a virtualized blockchain, or blockchain forest, include genesis transactions, genesis blocks, a consensus participation protocol, and ledger aging and deletion, which may include archiving in some embodiments. A genesis transaction is the first submission of a digital asset that can create a new distributed ledger, and a genesis block confirms the genesis transaction and becomes the root of trust for the ledger by a Merkle process. The creation of a new distributed ledger is coordinated through a consensus participation protocol, and the protocol is executed between blockchain processors representing the available servers that enable the blockchain network. In an exemplary embodiment, the consensus participation protocol utilizes a registration process, as described below, which operates through a centralized or overlay of control elements. Alternatively, the protocol implements a consensus process similar to that utilized by the blockchains themselves. Ledger aging and deletion is a decisions process that triggers removal of a distributed ledger using the consensus participation protocol. 
         [0172]    In an exemplary embodiment, a virtualized blockchain, or blockchain forest (e.g., blockchain forest  2200 ,  FIG. 22 ), is created as follows. Once the need for a new blockchain is discovered, a request for a blockchain is sent to a network of processors. The request may be transmitted, for example, through a registration process (described below), or alternatively, through a distributed consensus process. The request contains necessary details regarding the nature of the blockchain. After the request is sent, processors will consider the request and determine whether or not to participate (e.g., through a registration process or as part of a consensus process). The blockchain (e.g., blockchain  2202 ,  FIG. 22 ) is then created and begins operation, upon which the requester is notified and appropriate advertisements may be disseminated so that the blockchain may be used by a target user community. 
         [0173]    Once operational, the blockchain may continue to operate as long as realistically possible, or as long as it is needed. Monitoring of the operational blockchain may be performed to ensure that predetermined security and performance goals are satisfied. That is, if the monitoring process determines that specific thresholds are not met, a registrant authority or consensus body may intervene to mitigate such shortfalls. Once the blockchain is no longer needed, the blockchain may be terminated, and then optionally archived. According to the multi-thread, multi-process operational embodiments disclosed herein, a significant plurality of blockchains may be simultaneously, or near simultaneously, operating within the same blockchain forest. 
         [0174]    In an exemplary embodiment, an archival subprocess is implemented for a blockchain that has been closed to new transactions, that is, the blockchain has been terminated or issued a “destruct” message, as described further below. In the archival subprocess, the entire blockchain is evaluated and verified by the consensus pool as to satisfactory proof of hashing (e.g., equivalence to previously computed hashes), as well as to the version of the blockchain held by a node. Whereas hashing proof requires recalculation of the entire blockchain, version proof may be accomplished more quickly, such as by verifying a hash of the topmost block with that of the version held by the local node. 
         [0175]    In the exemplary embodiment, once all participant nodes have verified the blockchain tree computationally, thus agreeing with the final state, the blockchain, the hash, and the archival location(s) are shared across all other blockchains in the blockchain forest. Through this advantageous archival subprocess, the blockchain is verifiably stored and prevented from further alterations, and any subsequent recovery can be computed to determine if the underlying transaction data or blocks have been altered. 
         [0176]      FIG. 24  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary blockchain virtualization  2400  for a blockchain forest (e.g., blockchain forest  2200 ,  FIG. 22 ) utilizing a registration architecture. The architecture of blockchain virtualization  2400  includes an optional node  2402 , a user  2404 , a broker  2406 , a registrar  2408 , a network  2410 , a consensus pool  2412 , an observer  2414 , and a destruct unit  2416 , which includes a trash  2418  and an optional archive  2420 . The virtualization architecture interacts with such conventional elements of blockchain implementations including a processor  2422 , for processing a transaction  2424 , including individual blocks  2426  of a blockchain  2428 . In this example, single instances of processor  2422 , transaction  2424 , blocks  2426 , and blockchain  2428  are illustrated for ease of explanation. Nevertheless, as described above with respect to  FIG. 22 , a plurality of each of these elements may be present in a blockchain forest according to the present embodiments. In this example, processor  2422  is considered substantively similar to processors P ( FIGS. 21, 22 ), blocks  2426  are similar to blocks  2102  ( FIG. 21 ), and blockchain  2428  is similar to blockchain  2202  ( FIG. 22 ). 
         [0177]    In operation of the exemplary embodiment, node  2402  is deemed “type” or “class” employed by user  2404 , broker  2406 , and processor  2422 . User  2404  is the requester of blockchain  2428 , and in some embodiments, represents a wallet or the source of transaction  2424 . Alternatively, the wallet/source may be separate from user  2404 . Broker  2406  functions to process blockchain instantiation requests (described further below). In some embodiments, broker  2406  further functions to manage and/or arbitrate blockchain  2428 , in order to ensure that blockchain instantiation or changes to blockchain  2428  meet standards requested by user  2404 . Registrar  2408  functions to maintain a list of nodes (e.g., including node  2402 ). Alternatively, registrar  2408  represents a discovery protocol. Network  2410  represents a collection of all nodes interacting with virtualization  2400 , and consensus pool  2412  represents a collection of processors (e.g., processor  2422  that participate with a specific blockchain ( 2428 ), is created, through negotiation, by broker  2406 . Observer  2414  functions to maintain the state of each blockchain  2428 , and additionally to signal when a blockchain  2428  changes, or is no longer needed. Destruct unit  2416  functions to destruct consensus pool  2412  and block new participation from processor(s)  2422  upon termination of blockchain  2428  (described further below). 
         [0178]    Virtualization  2400  is illustrated as an exemplary architecture to implement the blockchain forest embodiments of the present disclosure. Other architectures are contemplated by the present inventors, which do not depart from the scope of the embodiments. Furthermore, for ease of explanation, redundant components in virtualization  2400  are not illustrated. Additionally, link level objects/implementations are not shown, nor are security authentication objects/sequences/implementations or other components that might be utilized for security or availability. In the example depicted in  FIG. 24 , observer  2414  is not illustrated as a node. In some embodiments, observer  2414  may be a node. 
         [0179]    In further exemplary operation, virtualization  2400  functions by creating an architecture that allows blockchains to be requested, instantiated, maintained, and destroyed through a registration process. Virtualization  2400  illustrates a registrar (e.g., registrar  2408 ) and a broker (e.g., broker  2406 ) to orchestrate the process flows that implement the blockchains (e.g., blockchain  2428 ). In virtualization  2400 , transaction  2424  is submitted in step S 2430  by user  2404  and processed in step S 2432  by processor  2422  (sometimes referred to as a miner). Processor  2422  aggregates transactions  2424  and creates blocks  2426  in step S 2434 , which are then added to blockchain  2428 . Some of these steps are known in conventional blockchain implementations, however, the present systems and methods and several new and additional elements to allow network  2410  to host multiple blockchains in a blockchain forest. 
         [0180]    The addition of broker  2416  to virtualization  2400  is one such element. In an exemplary embodiment, broker  2416  is a broker node, which operates separately and distinctly from a user node (e.g., user  2404 ) and a processor node, processor  2422 ). Broker  2416  represents one or more brokers, or broker Notes, each process block chain instantiation requests received from user  2404  in step S 2436 . As each node  2402  joins blockchain network  2410 , the particular node  2402  registers with registrar  2408  in step S 2438 . In some embodiments, registration step S 2438  includes vetting and or authentication substeps (not shown) to verify that the nodes are legitimate, authentic, and authorized. 
         [0181]    In some embodiments, after user  2404  sends requests (e.g., step S 2436 ) for new blockchains to broker  2406 , broker  2406  may then validate each such request. In the exemplary embodiment, broker  2406  queries registrar  2408  for available processors  2422 , and then creates consensus pool  2412  in step S 2438 . In this example, consensus pool  2412  includes a necessary minimum number of processors for the associated block chain  2428 , as well as at least one observer  2414 . In some embodiments, processor(s)  2422  may be directed by broker  2406  to participate in new blockchains, or a negotiation process may be invoked to allow processors  2422  to choose. Once consensus pool  2412  is created (e.g. step S 2438 ), and observer  2414  assigned there to, broker  2406  directs instantiation ( FIG. 25 , below) of new blockchain  2428 , which resultantly creates a genesis transaction (e.g., genesis transaction  2302 ,  FIG. 23 ), and subsequently a genesis block (e.g., genesis block  2304 ,  FIG. 23 ). 
         [0182]    Observer  2414  then monitors blockchain  2428 , consensus pool  2412 , and processor(s)  2422  in step S 2440 . In some embodiments, blockchain advertisement and/or addressing are managed by broker  2406  or observer  2414 . Once blockchain  2428  is no longer needed (as determined by a requesting user  2404 , or by another indicator, such as no new transactions in a unit of time), consensus pool  2412  may direct destruct unit  2416  to destroy blockchain  2428 . Upon receiving such direction, destruct unit  2416  will invoke one or both of trash  2418 , which results in complete erasure of blockchain  2428 , and archive  2420 , which results in storage of blockchain  2428  for propriety purposes. 
         [0183]    In alternative embodiments, at least some portions of the architecture of virtualization  2400  may be realized by aggregating some of the individual elements therein. For example, strike  2408 , broker  2406 , and observer  2414  may be consolidated into a single entity. These entities, whether taken alone or individually, implement one or more of the following processes—instantiation, join, observe, and termination—described further below with respect to  FIGS. 25-28 . Through these novel systems and methods, the present embodiments are advantageously capable of supporting multiple concurrent blockchains. 
         [0184]      FIG. 25  is a sequence diagram illustrating an interaction with an exemplary blockchain instantiation process  2500 . Blockchain instantiation can be the most involved process of blockchain virtualization. In some embodiments, instantiation process  2500  includes failure conditions, which are not illustrated in  FIG. 25 . Instantiation process  2500  is described with respect to the architecture of virtualization  2400 ,  FIG. 24 , and operates utilizing the same components described above. For ease of explanation, instantiation process  2500  is illustrated with the assumption that relay or aggregation nodes are not used, and that requested blockchain features and instantiation operate as normal. Other blockchain elements and processes not specifically described with respect to  FIG. 25  can be assumed to operate as described above with respect to the several embodiments featured herein. 
         [0185]    In operation, instantiation process  2500  may execute the following steps, which are not necessarily required to be in the order listed, except where so clearly designated as being dependent on a prior step. In step S 2502 , user  2404  sends a blockchain request, BCRequest, message, including a description of required features, to broker(s)  2406 . In some embodiments, broker  2406  may know what processors  2422  are available based on information provided previously by registrar  2408 . In alternative embodiments, in step S 2504 , a broadcast message, BCSolicitation, is sent from broker  2406  to the entire network of processors  2422 . In step S 2506 , processor(s)  2422  evaluate the request and respond, such as with a BCSolicitationAccept message, according to their ability to satisfy the required features. In step S 2508 , if processor participation is sufficient to meet user request needs, user  2404  receives and accept message, BCAccept, which includes an identifier of blockchain  2428  (BCID), a list of participating processors  2422 , and the corresponding observer  2414 . 
         [0186]    In step S 2510 , broker  2406  creates and/or sends a message, BCObserver, to observer  2414  regarding the sum of participating  2422  that become consensus pool  2412 , which is then monitored by observer  2414 , which monitors the blockchain status and reports to registrar  2408  (not shown in  FIG. 25 ). In step S 2512  user  2404 , when ready, creates genesis transaction  2424 , including the BCID. In step S 2514 , a genesis transaction message is sent to observer  2414 . In some embodiments, the genesis transaction message includes one or more of the BCID, a sendID, and a receiveID. In step S 2516 , observer  2414  relays a broadcast message, e.g., BCInstantiate, to processor(s)  2422 , which may include the BCID, the included processors, and user-specified features of the blockchain. In step S 2518 , processor(s)  2422  subsequently process block  2426  as the first, or genesis, block (e.g., genesis block  2304 ,  FIG. 23 ), and in step S 2520 , create blockchain  2428 . 
         [0187]    Once blockchain  2428  is created, the following steps may be implemented for operation and management thereof. For example, in step S 2522 , block  2426  is confirmed for transaction  2424  and, in step S 2524 , the confirmation is received by user  2404 . In some embodiments, these confirmations are passively observed by transaction  2424  and user  2404 . In step S 2526 , observer  2414  monitors blockchain  2428  and, in step S 2528 , receives updates from blockchain  2428 . In step S 2530 , user  2404  submits an additional transaction  2424  (e.g., transaction  2308 ,  FIG. 23 ), including the BCID, which is then sent, in step S 2532 , to processor(s)  2422 . Processor  2422  then validates the additional transaction in step S 2534 , creates a new block  2426  (e.g., block  2306 ,  FIG. 23 ) in step S 2536 , which is then added to blockchain  2428  in step S 2538 . In step S 2540 , the additional block  2426  is confirmed for transaction  2424  and, in step S 2542 , the additional confirmation is received by user  2404 . In some embodiments, as described above, these confirmations are passively observed by transaction  2424  and user  2404 . In step S 2544 , observer  2414  monitors and receives updates from blockchain  2428 . 
         [0188]      FIG. 26  is a sequence diagram illustrating an interaction with an exemplary blockchain join process  2600 . A processor (e.g., processor  2422 ) needs to join the blockchain forest network before the processor can participate in any blockchain processing. Additionally, once part of the network (e.g., network  2410 ), the processor may further want to join already existing blockchains, as opposed to a newly created blockchain. Join process  2600  advantageously allows processors to join either type of blockchain. In an exemplary embodiment, it is assumed that instances of objects necessary to operate the blockchain are already in existence, unless an instantiation process (e.g. instantiation process  2500 ,  FIG. 25 ) is pending for a genesis transaction. 
         [0189]    In operation, instantiation process  2600  may execute the following steps, which are not necessarily required to be in the order listed, except where so clearly designated as being dependent on a prior step. In step S 2602 , a first processor  2422 ( 1 ) wishing to join the blockchain forest sends a request, e.g., BCListRequest, to registrar  2408 . In step S 2604 , registrar  2408  stores first processor  2422 ( 1 ) as a node and responds to the request, e.g., with a BCListResponse message. In an exemplary embodiment, the response message includes a list of existing blockchains and associated features, as indicated by a BCID. In step S 2606 , first processor  2422 ( 1 ) uses the information provided by registrar  2408 , and decides to join one or more new or existing blockchains (or none at all). In step S 2608 , first processor  2422 ( 1 ) joins a chosen blockchain  2428  by sending a request, e.g., BCJoinRequest, to broker  2406  including a BCID for each chosen blockchain  2428 . 
         [0190]    In step S 2610 , broker  2406  decides to accept the join request and, in step S 2612 , advises observer  2414 , e.g., by a BCObserver message, of the acceptance. In an exemplary embodiment, the acceptance message includes one or more of the BCID, the included processors, and user requested features for each joined blockchain  2428 . Observer  2414 , in step S 2614 , updates participating second processors  2422 ( 2 ), and in step S 2616 , joining first processor  2422 ( 1 ) of the join by, for example, a BCUpdate message. In step S 2618 , joining first processor  2422 ( 1 ) notifies participating second processors  2422 ( 2 ), e.g., by a CopyBC message, to receive the entirety of current blockchain  2428  to which it has joined. Second processors  2422 ( 2 ), in step S 2620 , request a copy of the current block chain  2428  and, in step S 2622 , receive a copy. In step S 2624 , first processor  2422 ( 1 ) receives a download of the entirety of joined blockchain  2428  and, once the download is complete, first processor  2422 ( 1 ) may begin processing blockchain transactions  2424  from user(s)  2404 . Join process  2600  and then process additional transactions and blocks similarly to step S 2522  et seq.,  FIG. 25 . 
         [0191]      FIG. 27  is a sequence diagram illustrating an interaction with an exemplary blockchain observe process  2700 . In operation, observe process  2700  may execute the following steps, which are not necessarily required to be in the order listed, except where so clearly designated as being dependent on a prior step. In step S 2702 , observer  241 ) is created or assigned by broker  2406  to monitor each created blockchain  2428  and, in step S 2704 , processor  2422  is so notified, and may receive from observer  2414 , for example, the results of blockchain instantiation (e.g., instantiation process  2500 ,  FIG. 25 ), including the BCID, included processors, and user requested features each blockchain  2428  being observed. In step S 2706 , observer  2414  observes blockchain  2428 . In step S 2708 , observer  2414 , in an exemplary embodiment, passively participates in the blockchain network (e.g., network  2410 ), such as by receiving BCUpdate messages, or the equivalent, from blockchain  2428  as if the observer was a processor. 
         [0192]    Observer  2414  monitors blocks  2426  as they are created, and ensures that the processing network  2410  and consensus pool  2412  are correct and satisfy the original blockchain features specified by the requesting user  2404 . For example, in step S 2710 , observer  2414  checks blockchain  2428  and, in step S 2712 , receives a BCUpdate message. In an exemplary embodiment, a blockchain check by observer  2414  includes tests to determine whether there are changes in the blockchain status, including, without limitation, one or more of a UTXO list, time bounding, or lack of blockchain updates from processor  2422 . In step S 2714 , observer  2414  checks blockchain  2428  again and, if a problem or discrepancy is discovered, in step S 2716 , observer  2414  sends an alert, e.g., a BCStatusChange message, to broker  2406  for mediation. In step S 2718 , broker  2406  attempts to validate blockchain  2428  and, based on the validation, broker  2406  may choose to (i) rebuild consensus pool  2412 , (ii) terminate blockchain  2428  (see  FIG. 28 , below), or (iii) take no action. 
         [0193]      FIG. 28  is a sequence diagram illustrating an interaction with an exemplary blockchain termination process  2800 . In theory, blockchains may exist for an unlimited duration. In practice, however, “eternal blockchains” are problematic. At some point in its existence, given blockchain may be corrupted, or no longer useful, and must be terminated. Termination process  2800  advantageously allows such blockchains to be destroyed. In operation, termination process hundred may execute the following steps, which are not necessarily required to be in the order listed, except where so clearly designated as being dependent on a prior step. 
         [0194]    In step S 2802 , broker  2406  attempts to validate blockchain  2428  (similar to step S 2718 ,  FIG. 27 ) and recognizes the need to terminate blockchain  2428 . In step S 2804 , broker  2406  transmits a destruct message, including the BCID and a flag for trash  2418  or archive  2420 , to observer  2414 , which then relays the destruct message, in step S 2806 , to the consensus pool (e.g., consensus pool  2412 ) of processors  2422 . Each processor will then, in step S 2808 , initiate destruct unit  2416  to either archive or delete blockchain  2428  according to the flag originally transmitted by broker  2406 . 
         [0195]    In  FIG. 28 , both of trash  2418  and archive  2420  outcomes are illustrated. In the exemplary embodiment, however, only one of the two outcomes will occur. For example, to delete blockchain  2428 , in step S 2810 , destruct unit  2416  has trash  2418  destroy the blockchain and, in step S 2812 , an acknowledgment of the destruction is received by processor  2422 . Alternatively, to archive blockchain  2428 , in step S 2814 , destruct unit  2416  (which may reside processor  2422  as a hardware or software component) forwards the destruct message to archive component  2420 , which then, in step S 2816 , requests a copy of block chain  2428  from processor  2422 . In step S 2818 , processor  2422  copies blockchain  2428  and, in step S 2820 , forwards the copy of the blockchain  2428  to archive  2420 . In step S 2822 , processor  2422  receives an acknowledgment that blockchain  2428  is archived and, in step S 2824 , deletes blockchain  2428 . In step S 2826 , processor  2422  sends an acknowledgment of the deleted blockchain, e.g., a DestructAck message, to observer  2414 . In step S 2828 , observer  2414  forwards the DestructAck message to broker  2406 , and observer  2414  then terminates. 
         [0196]    In the exemplary embodiments described above, blockchain virtualization is illustrated to be orchestrated and maintained using a registration model. Centralization achieved according to the registration model advantageously provides both stability and predictability to a blockchain ecosystem. In an alternative embodiment, a consensus model can be applied to the embodiments described above instead of the registration model, in order to provide additional security ecosystem. According to the consensus model alternative, registrar, broker, and observer roles (e.g., registrar  2408 , broker  2406 , and observer  2414 , respectively) are integrated into processors (e.g., processor  2422 ). These integrated processors thereby are capable of negotiating participation and feature fulfilment operations collectively, utilizing either another blockchain (e.g., a management blockchain), or a consensus driven database (such as Cassandra). 
         [0197]    The blockchain virtualization systems and methods described herein thus provide the ability to create, maintain, and destroy blockchains within a single blockchain infrastructure. The present embodiments therefore realize significant advantages over conventional monolithic blockchain architectures (i.e., one infrastructure per blockchain), and particularly with respect to security, scalability, optimization, and adaptability of the blockchain forest. For example, different use cases require different levels of security, but it monolithic architecture is not adaptable for different levels of security. Moreover, blockchains do not lend themselves to recovery in the event they are compromised or corrupted. 
         [0198]    According to the embodiments described herein, on the other hand, blockchain virtualization allows users to request the security features they need in terms of, for example and without limitation, the minimum size of the consensus pool, location or geographic dispersion of processor physical locations, cryptographic algorithms, consensus mechanisms, and code bases. Conventional multichain blockchains provide users the ability to request some of these features, but only for creation of a single blockchain. In the event a blockchain or its transaction records are compromised, conventional blockchain systems do not allow for the destruction of the legacy chain and bootstrapping of a new blockchain. In contrast, the present blockchain virtualization systems and methods are advantageously able to reestablish security and/or terminate a blockchain that is no longer viable as the users migrate to a new solution. 
         [0199]    In some embodiments, security of new blockchains may be improved by including a blockchain hash from another chain, either from within the blockchain forest, or from an independent blockchain (such as Bitcoin). The hash may be included as part of the archival process (e.g., archive  2420 ,  FIG. 24 ), or can also be included prior to archival from within the lifecycle of a blockchain (e.g.,  FIG. 23 ). Accordingly, milestones of one blockchain may then be communicated and distributed to other blockchains as transactions. These new transactions can be performed at defined time intervals, at defined block heights (e.g., as part of instantiation and/or user request requirements), or associated with other activity within the blockchain forest (e.g., when another blockchain is instantiated or destroyed). This additional blockchain forest mechanism thus advantageously creates a lattice of blockchains that is more secure than conventional monolithic implementations because adversaries of the blockchain are now required to attack multiple blockchains to perform a history attack, for example. 
         [0200]    According to the systems and methods described herein, the role of nodes and brokers in the blockchain forest may also include verification of both their blockchain, as well as other blockchains, in the forest against the recorded historical record of hashes stored in other chains. Under this structure, matching concerns might not necessarily indicate a problem with a blockchain being stored, but nevertheless might indicate tampering in other blockchains in the forest. Through this mechanism, consistency and/or parity of all blockchains in the forest are better supported through distribution and collaboration among the forest. 
         [0201]    As described above, blockchain virtualization advantageously realizes the ability to create blockchains as necessary, and terminate such blockchains in a straightforward manner when they are no longer needed. In contrast, conventional monolithic blockchains have been known to grow in an unbounded manner. After years of operation, the height of such conventional blockchains, their number of unspent transactions, their network performance of the consensus pool, etc. have been seen to grow to the point that the blockchain does not perform well. Other blockchains may be less successful, and have a small number of participants. As described herein, blockchain virtualization allows conventional blockchains to operate collectively, with the ability to terminate those that are corrupted are no longer useful, while improving the security of blockchains having a smaller number of participants. 
         [0202]    In conventional blockchain implementations, security and scalability improvements tend to result in trade-offs against performance. According to the systems and methods described herein, on the other hand, blockchain virtualization allows the forest to utilize only the resources needed to achieve particular security goals of a specific blockchain use case. By operating collectively in a blockchain forest, processors of many different types (e.g., CPU, GPU, FPGA, or ASIC-based processors, etc.) are able to advantageously participate as necessary to support blockchain implementations for which they are optimal (e.g., according to cryptographic computational complexity, consensus approach, etc.). 
         [0203]    The systems and methods described herein also provide significant improvements over conventional implementations with regard to adaptability. For example, through use of an observer process (e.g., observe process  2700 ,  FIG. 27 ) advantageously allows the virtualization (e.g., virtualization  2400 ,  FIG. 24 ) to grow or contract the consensus pool as needed. In some embodiments, the virtualization and even require increases or decreases to the consensus pool based on predetermined conditions. Additionally, the present blockchain virtualization embodiments provide an improved system/method of orchestrating a fork from or migration of the code base of a blockchain than is available to conventional implementations. 
         [0204]    As described herein, blockchain virtualization can be achieved by an orchestration environment that advantageously enables multiple blockchains to run concurrently, that is, in parallel, on a single networked infrastructure. Such virtualization systems and methods thereby provide improved opportunities to optimize security, scalability, and performance to specific blockchain use cases. Processors in this improved blockchain forest may thus be particularly optimized to support such specific use cases, and achieve a more graceful experience through participation in one or more concurrent consensus groups. 
         [0205]    Although specific features of various embodiments may be shown in some drawings and not in others, this is for convenience only. In accordance with the principles of the systems and methods described herein, any feature of a drawing may be referenced or claimed in combination with any feature of any other drawing. 
         [0206]    Some embodiments involve the use of one or more electronic or computing devices. Such devices typically include a processor, processing device, or controller, such as a general purpose central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a microcontroller, a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic circuit (PLC), a programmable logic unit (PLU), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a digital signal processing (DSP) device, and/or any other circuit or processing device capable of executing the functions described herein. The methods described herein may be encoded as executable instructions embodied in a computer readable medium, including, without limitation, a storage device and/or a memory device. Such instructions, when executed by a processing device, cause the processing device to perform at least a portion of the methods described herein. The above examples are exemplary only, and thus are not intended to limit in any way the definition and/or meaning of the term processor and processing device. 
         [0207]    This written description uses examples to disclose the embodiments, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the embodiments, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the disclosure is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims.