Abstract:
A portion of a first paraboloid collects and concentrates randomized light from a lamp into parallel beams directed to a portion of a second paraboloid which refocuses the light onto a homogenizer. The second paraboloid has a shape that is substantially similar to the first paraboloid reflector. The source and the target are located at the respective foci of the paraboloids such that the optical flux from the source is imaged to the target with minimal distortion in an approximately no magnification imaging system. The system may be configured to control wavelength and intensity by inserting an additional filter. In addition, a retro-reflector may be added to increase the overall flux density at homogenizer. The output is particular suitable for providing light to the light engine of projectors.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to a system and method for collecting and condensing electromagnetic energy to provide bright, uniform illumination to a small target in an image projection system.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    It is well known in the art of visual projectors systems to use a spatial light modulator (“SLM”) positioned in a light stream. The SLM is a semi-transparent device that contains a pattern of clear and opaque regions that modify the light stream to form a projected image. In particular, the SLM consists of numerous small areas (pixels) of controllable light transparency that are electronically adjusted to produce the projected image from the light stream.  
           [0003]    In one type of SLM, a liquid crystal modifies the light emissions from the projection system at each pixel. Transmission of light through a liquid crystal depends on the polarization state of the liquid crystal, which may be adjusted to either transmit or block light to form the equivalent of a bright or dark spot in the output. The polarization state of the liquid crystal can be electronically controlled to allow very accurate control of the light emissions. Because the liquid crystals defining the pixels are relatively small and because the electronic control allows precise control of the liquid crystals, the resulting projected image may be very accurate and sharp.  
           [0004]    Alternatively, each pixel employs a digital mirror to modify the light emissions. The digital mirror consists of a movable mirror in which the light is either reflected toward or away from the screen, thus forming the bright or dark spots. Again, the positioning of the digital mirrors is electronically controlled to allow very accurate control of the light emissions.  
           [0005]    Accordingly, the use of the SLM in an image projection system is advantageous because it allows precise electronic control of light emissions through the pixels. Thus, a projection system containing an SLM may produce a precise, high-resolution projected image.  
           [0006]    However, the performance of an SLM projection system depends critically on the collection and focusing of light energy from the lamp to the SLM. In particular, to illuminate the spatial modulator and project the output onto the screen, it is necessary for the light to be uniform over the SLM and to have sufficient amount brightness.  
           [0007]    There are several known systems for collecting and condensing light from a light source, such as a lamp, in a projection system. In an “on-axis” system, the light source and the target are located on the optical axis. In these on-axis systems, it is known to use one or more reflectors having either an ellipsoidal and parabolic shape, together with an imaging lens to direct the light from the light source. However, the on-axis systems suffer from the basic limitation of losing brightness when coupling the light source to the SLM. This loss of brightness degrades the overall efficiency and performance of the projection system.  
           [0008]    U.S. Pat. No. 4,757,431 (“the &#39;431 patent”) describes an improved light condensing and collecting system employing an off-axis spherical concave reflector to enhance the flux illuminating a small target and the amount of collectable flux density reaching the small target. A further improved light condensing and collecting system is provided by U.S. Pat. No. 5,414,600 (“the &#39;600 patent), which discloses the use of an ellipsoid concave reflector. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 5,430,634 (“the &#39;634 patent) discloses the use of a toroid concave reflector. The systems of the &#39;431, the &#39;600 and the &#39;634 patents provide a near 1 to 1 (magnification free) image and conserve brightness from the light source. However, these systems lose the 1 to 1 (unitary) magnification, which degrades overall projection system performance, as the amount of collected light is increased by raising the collection angle of the reflector. Therefore, in these systems, increasing the brightness of illumination decreases the quality of the produced image.  
           [0009]    In the related field of spectroscopy, there is also a need to collect and condense light from a light source. In particular, light from a light source is focused into at a sample. The sample is then tested by collecting and evaluating the radiation from the sample.  
           [0010]    In spectroscopy, it is common to use an off-axis reflection system. The off-axis systems have reflecting mirrors that are positioned and oriented such that the target is off the optical axis. It is further known in the field of spectroscopy to use parabolic-shaped reflecting mirrors in off-axis reflecting systems to focus the light emissions from the light source. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 3,986,767 describes a parallel beam being focused into a small spot directly onto the test sample using an off-axis paraboloid reflector. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 4,591,266 (Re 32,912) discloses a spectroscopy system that uses a matched pair of off-axis paraboloid reflectors that have their foci optically imaged on the sample, either at a common point or at two points which are optically imaged on each other, and having relative locations and orientations such that each ray of radiation from the light source strikes the two reflectors at points on the reflectors having approximately the same focal lengths. U.S. Pat. No. 4,473,295 illustrates the configuration of another spectroscopy system using paraboloids to collect and focus light onto a test sample.  
           [0011]    Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 5,191,393 (“the &#39;393 patent”) and corresponding European Patent No. EP 0 401 351 B1 relate to the transmission of light from the outside of a cleanroom into the cleanroom for optical measurement of small features. One of the configurations presented in the &#39;393 patent is the use of an arc lamp, two paraboloids reflectors, a single fiber, and the use of transmissive dichroic filters for filtering the needed wavelengths.  
           [0012]    The use of off-axis paraboloid, as described in the above-cited patents, intrinsically does not provide efficiently coupling from the light source to the output target.  
           [0013]    Therefore, there remains a need for a methodology of coupling light from a small source to a projection system that overcomes these disadvantages.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0014]    In response to these needs, the present invention provides a system that uses two substantially symmetrically placed sections of a paraboloid, one at the source, and the other one at the target. The parabolic reflectors are substantially symmetrically configured so that each ray of light emitting from the source will be collimated and refocused onto the target of the projection system by the curvature at the corresponding surfaces of the two paraboloids, thus producing a substantially unit magnification and achieving maximum concentration of light. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING  
       [0015]    Embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the following figures in which like components or features in the various figures are represented by like reference numbers:  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 1 (PRIOR ART) is a schematic illustration of a projection device using a known collecting and condensing optical system;  
         [0017]    FIGS.  2 - 4  are schematic diagrams of various embodiments of a collecting and condensing optical system in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 5 is an isometric plot of an output flux from a typical light source.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a tapered homogenizer used in a preferred embodiment of the collecting and condensing optical system of the present invention; and  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a collecting and condensing optical system for use in the projection system of FIG. 1 in accordance within an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIGS. 8 a - 8   f  are schematic views of a plurality of polygonal lightguide (waveguide) targets in cross-sections which may be employed in embodiments of the present invention.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 9 is a schematic view of a circular cross-section target which may be a single fiber, bundle of fibers, or lightguide (waveguide) utilized in the present invention.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 10 a  is a schematic side view illustrating an increasing taper lightguide target according to one embodiment of the invention.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 10 b  is a schematic side view illustrating a decreasing taper lightguide target in accordance with another embodiment.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-section of a hollow pipe lightguide homogenizer which may be utilized in the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0026]    With reference to the figures, exemplary embodiments of the invention will now be described. These embodiments illustrate principles of the invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 1 illustrates a projection system that uses a known illumination assembly  10  for condensing and collecting electromagnetic radiation. The illumination assembly  10  includes a light source  20  housed into an on-axis reflector  11  having an elliptical shape, such that the light emitted from the light source  20  at a first focus  12  is collected and focused into a waveguide  60  with the input placed at a second focus  13  of the elliptical reflector  11 . The waveguide  60  is typically an integrator that collects the light from the input at the second focus  13  and, through multiple reflections inside the integrator, mixes the light to produce a more uniform intensity profile at a waveguide output  14 .  
         [0028]    Generally, an ultraviolet-infrared (UV-IR) filter  15  receives the output of the waveguide output  14  and filters out much of the UV and IR radiations. The UV and IR radiations levels can be further reduced by a cold mirror  16  that reflects only radiation from the visible light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The illumination assembly  10  may further contain a set of relay lenses  17  that collimate the light into a substantially parallel beam for illuminating a projection light engine  100 .  
         [0029]    Inside the light engine  100 , the input beam is split into three colored beams, red, green and blue, using multiple dichroic filters  102 , as well known by those in the art. Each of the beams is then polarized and passed through a spatial light modulator (SLM)  104  in which the intensity of each pixel of the SLM  104  is modulated by changing the polarization, as described in the above text. The three modulated output beams will then be combined by a color combiner  106  and projected onto the screen through a projection lens  108 .  
         [0030]    The amount of light that can be collected and projected through the SLM  104  depends on the surface area of the modulator and the numerical aperture N of the system defined by the etendue of the system given by: 
         Etendue=π×area of illumination×N 2    (1) 
         [0031]    Regardless the total amount of light is available from the light source collected by the reflector, only the amount of light within this etendue will be usable by the light engine.  
         [0032]    One of the functional purposes of the illumination assembly  10  is to produce an optical output that has the maximum amount of light energy within the etendue. Brightness within the etendue may be improved, for example, by using a concentrated light source or by preserving constant magnifications in the reflector.  
         [0033]    Furthermore, the known illumination assembly system  10  the uses the single on-axis elliptical reflector  11 , as illustrated in FIG. 1, or an on-axis parabolic reflector (not illustrated) has an intrinsic variation of “magnification-over-angle” that degrades the etendue of the light before it reaches the target  60 , thus degrading the output from the light engine  100 .  
         [0034]    The system described in this invention overcomes this fundamental limitation. Referring to FIG. 2, the present invention is a light collection and condensing system with the following four main components:  
         [0035]    1. Electromagnetic Source  
         [0036]    The electromagnetic source  20  is preferably a light source having an envelope  22 . Most preferably, the source  20  comprises an arc lamp such as a xenon lamp, a metal-halide lamp, a HID lamp, or a mercury lamp. For certain applications, filament lamps, e.g. halogen lamps, can be used, provided the system is modified to accommodate the non-opaque filaments of the lamp, as will be described in more detail below.  
         [0037]    2. Collimating Reflector  
         [0038]    The collimating reflector  30  comprises a portion of a paraboloid of revolution having an optical axis  38  and a focal point  36 . The collimating reflector  30  preferably has a reflective coating (e.g., aluminum or silver) and the surface is highly polished. For certain applications, the collimating reflector  30  can be made from glass coated with a wavelength-selective multilayer dielectric coating. For example, a cold coating with high reflectiveness only in the visible wavelengths can be used for visual light applications. With the source  20  placed at the focal point  36  of the collimating reflector, electromagnetic radiation that contacts the reflector  30  will be reflected as a collimated beam parallel to the optical axis  38  of the reflector  30 . Where the source  20  is an arc lamp, the arc gap is preferably small compared to the focal length of the collimating reflector  30 .  
         [0039]    3. Focusing Reflector  
         [0040]    The focusing reflector  40  comprises a portion of a paraboloid of revolution having an optical axis  48  and a focal point  46 . As will be described in more detail below, the focusing reflector  40  should, however, be of substantially the same size and substantially the same shape as the collimating reflector  30 .  
         [0041]    The focusing reflector  40  is positioned and oriented so that the collimated electromagnetic radiation reflected by the collimating reflector  30  impinges the parabolic surface of the focusing reflector  40  and is thereafter focused toward the focal point  46  of the focusing reflector  40 . In order to achieve substantially unit (1 to 1) magnification between the collimating reflector  30  and the focusing reflector  40  (i.e., a focused image that is substantially the same size as the source), it is important that substantially each ray of electromagnetic radiation reflected and collimated by a surface portion of the collimating reflector  30  be reflected and focused by a corresponding surface portion of the focusing reflector  40  in order to achieve a focus at the focal point  46  that is of the maximum possible brightness. In the context of the present disclosure, orienting and positioning the collimating reflector  30  and the focusing reflector  40  with respect to each other so that substantially each ray of electromagnetic radiation collimated by a surface portion of the collimating reflector  30  is focused by a corresponding surface portion of the focusing reflector  40  will be referred to as positioning the reflectors in substantial “optical symmetry” with respect to each other.  
         [0042]    4. Target  
         [0043]    The target  60  is a small object requiring illumination with substantially the highest intensity possible. In the preferred embodiment, the target  60  is a waveguide, such as a single core optic fiber, a fused bundle of optic fibers, a fiber bundle, or a homogenizer.  
         [0044]    Suitable targets  60  can be polygonal in cross-section as shown in FIGS. 8 a - 8   f  or circular in cross-section as shown in FIG. 9. Further, target  60  can be an increasing taper lightguide as shown in FIG. 10 a  or a decreasing taper lightguide as shown in FIG. 10 b . Additionally, target  60  can be a hollow pipe homogenizer as shown in FIG. 11 having reflective inner walls R.  
         [0045]    An input end  62  of the target  60 , e.g. a proximal end of the optic fiber, is positioned at the focal point of the focusing reflector  40  to receive the focused rays of electromagnetic radiation reflected by the focusing reflector  40 , and the light exits the target at the output end  64 .  
         [0046]    While the target and the source are intimately associated with the collecting and condensing system of the present invention, according to its broader aspects, the invention relates to the use of two parabolic reflectors of substantially the same size and shape arranged so as to be substantially optically symmetric with respect to each other.  
         [0047]    Continuing with the description of the collecting and condensing system, in the arrangement shown in FIG. 2, the collimating reflector  30  and the focusing reflector  40  are positioned in an opposed, facing relation with respect to each other so as to be concave toward each other. Optical symmetry is achieved in the arrangement of FIG. 2 by arranging the collimating reflector  30  and the focusing reflector  40  so that their respective optical axes  38  and  48  are optically collinear and so that the reflective surface of the collimating reflector  30  is an opposed, facing relation with the corresponding reflecting surface of the focusing reflector  40 .  
         [0048]    To facilitate the description of the present invention, two rays a and b are illustrated in FIG. 2 to show two different possible direction of the radiation emitted from the light source  20 . While the distance from the light source  20  to the collimating reflector ray  30  is less along the path of the ray a, the divergence of the collimated light is relatively large. In comparison, ray b has a greater distance from the light source  20  to the collimating reflector ray  30  but has a smaller divergence beam for a finite size of the area of illumination in the light source  20 . Due to the substantial symmetry of the reflectors, the rays a and b are reflected at the corresponding positions in the second parabolic reflector such that the distance for each ray between the reflector and the target has substantially the same corresponding distance between the arc and the first parabolic reflector. Thus, both the rays a and b are substantially focused onto the target  60  with substantially the same divergence and, as a result, with substantially the same magnification to preserve the brightness at the target.  
         [0049]    It is highly desirable that the collimating reflector  30  and the focusing reflector  40  are substantially identically shaped. For instance, the collimating reflector  30  and the focusing reflector  40  may be formed using the same mold. Then, the performance of optical collecting and condensing system is further improved as the focusing reflector  40  corrects for imperfections in the collimating reflector  30 .  
         [0050]    As illustrated in FIGS.  2 - 4 , one or more optical elements  80 , such as various lenses and filters known in the art, may be inserted in the spacial distance separating the collimating reflector  30  and the focusing reflector  40 . Because the electromagnetic radiation transmitted between the reflectors  30  and  40  is collimated, such optical elements can be of simple shape and design.  
         [0051]    As illustrated in FIG. 3, the collecting and condensing system of the present invention may further incorporate the use of a retro-reflector  50  that has a generally spherical shape with a center  56  located proximate to the focal point  36 . The retro-reflector  50  is positioned to capture electromagnetic radiation emitted by the source  20  that would not otherwise impinge on the collimating reflector  30 . More particularly, the spherical retro-reflector  50  is constructed and arranged so that radiation emitted by the source  20  in a direction away from the collimating reflector  30  is reflected back by the retro-reflector  50  through the focal point  36  of the collimating reflector  30  and thereafter toward the collimating reflector  30 . This additional radiation reflected by the collimating reflector  30  is collimated and is added to the radiation that impinges the collimating reflector  30  directly from the source  20  to thereby increase the intensity of the collimated radiation reflected toward the focusing reflector  40 . Consequently, the intensity of the radiation at the focal point  46  of the focusing reflector  40  is also increased.  
         [0052]    If a filament lamp is employed as the source  20 , the retro-reflector  50  cannot be oriented so that it focuses radiation back through the focal point  36  of the collimating reflector  30 , because the retro-reflected radiation would be blocked by the opaque filaments located at the focal point  36 . In this case, the position of the retro-reflector  50  should be adjusted so that the retro-reflected radiation does not pass precisely through the focal point  36 .  
         [0053]    An alternate arrangement of the collecting and condensing system of the present invention is shown in FIG. 4. In the arrangement of FIG. 4, the spherical retro-reflector  50  is replaced by a secondary collimating reflector  70  comprising a paraboloid of revolution having an optical axis  78  and focal point  76  that preferably substantially coincide with the optical axis  38  and the focal point  36 , respectively, of the collimating reflector  30 . The secondary collimating reflector  70  is preferably substantially of the same size and shape as the collimating reflector  30 .  
         [0054]    A flat reflector  72  is positioned substantially perpendicularly to the optical axis  78  at an output end of the secondary collimating reflector  70 . As shown in FIG. 4, radiation emitted by the source  20  away from the collimating reflector  30  is reflected and collimated by the secondary collimating reflector  70 . The collimated radiation reflected by the reflector  70 , which is parallel to the optical axis  78 , reflects off the flat reflector  72  back into the secondary collimating reflector  70  and is thereafter reflected back through the focal points  76  and  36  toward the collimating reflector  30 , to thereby increase the intensity of the collimated radiation reflected toward the focusing reflector  40 . Thus, the secondary collimating reflector  70  and the flat reflector  72  function together as a retro-reflector.  
         [0055]    [0055]FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of an illumination assembly  10  suitable for coupling to light engines  100 , as illustrated in FIG. 1. It comprises light collecting and condensing system of FIG. 2, combined various optical elements to complete the illumination assembly  10 . In particular, light source  20  is positioned at substantially the focus of the first parabolic reflector, collimating reflector  30 . The light emitted by the light source  20  is collected, collimated, and directed to the second parabolic reflector, the focusing reflector  40 . The target  60  is positioned with the input end  62  at substantially the focus  48  of the focusing reflector such that majority of the light is collected by the target. The output intensity is further increased by using a retro-reflector, such as the circular retro reflector  50 , positioned at the light source  20  on the opposite side of the collimating reflector  30  such that the light collected by the retro-reflector is imaged back into the light source  20 , thus increasing the brightness of the light source  20 .  
         [0056]    The “angle of illumination” is determined by the angular distribution of the light source and the two parabolic reflectors,  30  and  40 . The angle in the direction of the lamp axis is generally about 180 degrees and the angle in the other direction is generally about 90 degrees. At the same time, the length of the image is generally longer along the lamp axis direction than the other direction.  
         [0057]    The ideal output of the waveguide  60  is rectangular with a ratio of the sides equal to that of the screen having a height to width ratio of about 4-to-3 or about 16-to-9, depending on the format of the display. The angular distribution should extend substantially equally in both directions such that a circular projection lens  108  can be used efficiently.  
         [0058]    At the input end of the target  60 , the intensity profile bears substantially the shape of the light source  20  and is generally close to rectangular. As shown in FIG. 5, the spot of the resulting light output is approximately rectangular with sides of lengths in the neighborhood of about 1.6 mm and about 2.7 mm. The projection lens  108  is typically about an F/3 lens, which is equivalent to a numerical aperture of about 0.165, as known in the art. To achieve substantially the same numerical aperture in both direction at the output of the tapered homogenizer and using the invariance of the product of the length and the numerical aperture, the output dimensions of the homogenizer are in the neighborhood of about 11.6 mm and about 9.7 mm which has an aspect ratio of about 1.2 which is very close to the desire aspect ratio of about 1.33 for a normal TV format. To achieve substantially the exact output aspect ratio, the input dimension can be changed accordingly such that substantially maximum output can be obtained.  
         [0059]    Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the target  60  is an increasing taper waveguide, as illustrated in FIG. 6. The tapered homognizer is dimensioned so that the height to width ration (h/w) at the imput target surface  62  is substantially equal to the height to width ration (h′/w′) at the output target surface  64 . In the tapered homogenizer  60 , the numerical aperture in both directions and the input/output areas are transformed. This homogenizer  60  can be made with quartz, glass or plastic, depending on the amount of power being used. For certain applications, the homogenizer can also be cladded in which the rod is coated with a lower index cladding materials. In another embodiment, the homogenizer can be a hollow light pipe in which the inside surfaces are highly reflective and the shape of the side walls is designed to provide the transformation required.  
         [0060]    In view of this description of the invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the same may be varied in many ways without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Any and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.