Abstract:
A method of dewatering a mixture of coal tailings, water and contaminants comprising the steps of (a) providing a tank having a base surface and introducing said mixture of coal, tailings, water, and contaminants to said tank and allowing said coal tailings to settle on said base surface, (b) removing the coal tailings from said base surface of said tank along with water and contaminants and then separating said water and at least some of said contaminants from said coal tailings wherein said separated contaminants are suspended in said separated water, (c) adding an agent selected from one or more of the group consisting of a coagulant and a flocculent to said water and suspended contaminants separated from the coal tailings in step (b), (d) allowing the agent added in step (c) to coagulate or flocculate with the suspended contaminants to form a coagulated or flocculated mass and a quantity of supernatant water, and (e) separating the coagulated or flocculated mass formed in step (d) from the quantity of supernatant water formed in step (d). An apparatus for practicing the method is also enclosed. A similar method and apparatus for dewatering and recovering process water from substantially clean coal slurry products and mineral slurries is also disclosed.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is related to U.S. Application Ser. No. 60/269,550 filed on Feb. 16, 2001. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Technical Field 
     The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for separating solids from liquids and other solids and, in particular, to dewatering and decontaminating coal tailings, clean coal products, and mineral slurries. The present invention also relates to methods and apparatus for liquid purification and, in particular, to methods and apparatus for recovering decontaminated process water from coal tailings, clean coal products and mineral slurries. 
     2. Background Information 
     In the cleaning or washing of coal for commercial use as a fuel and the like, the uncombustible ash content of coal is usually removed to enhance the heat content of the coal. Reduction in the ash content results in savings in transportation and ash disposal costs. Other materials frequently occurring with coals that may be removed in washing operations include various clays and sulfides. Such clays commonly include aericite (KAl 2 (AlSi 3 O)(OH) 12 , smectite (Al 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH 12 )H 2 O, and kaolinite clays (Al 2 Si 4 O 5 (OH) 4 . Sulfides are usually pyrite (FeS 4 (isometrical)). 
     During the processing of coal to effect such washing, a coal refuse slurry is generated. This slurry comprises coal fines known as tailings, and contaminants such as clay and mud suspended in plant process water. Due to the high volume of water used in the processing of coal, it is necessary to reclaim the wash water for recirculation in the plant. The concentrated solids are sent to an impoundment pond for disposal. In some cases in which coal washing plants have been operating for years, such slurry ponds may occupy hundreds of acres and may contain millions of tons of coal fines. These slurry ponds may also contain coal slurry to a depth of 70-150 feet. Such slurry ponds not only occupy a great deal of valuable land, but they also contain a considerable amount of energy and water resources. 
     Clean coal slurries are also used as, for example, an effective and cost effective means for transporting coal over distances from the place of production to the place of use. 
     The prior art discloses various methods and apparatuses for dewatering and decontaminating refuse pond coal slurries and for dewatering clean coal slurries. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,128,474 to Ennis discloses a wet mechanical process for cleaning, upgrading and dewatering fine coal. The process provides for forming an aqueous feed slurry of fine coal and its associated contaminant particles wherein all particles have a particle portion size of less than about 6 mm. ranging to zero. The feed slurry is separated into coal slurry and refuse slurry portions in a spiral gravity concentrator by removing contaminants having a particle size greater than about 0.15 mm. The concentrated coal slurry is then fed to a hydrocyclone separator where all the. ultra-fine silt material having a particle size of less than 0.15 mm. is removed and the coal particle fraction 6 mm. to 0.15 mm. is accumulated and thoroughly dewatered. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,257,879 to Bogenschneider, et al. discloses a coal slurry dewatering process in which the fine grain content is regulated to keep the filter cake at a constant level. A separation of the slurry into a predominantly relatively fine grain fraction and a relatively coarse grain fraction, with the division point being between about 0.03 and 0.15 mm. is carried out with a formation. if a coal agglomerate from the fine grain fraction is accomplished. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,526,121 to Shudo, et al. discloses a ship for treating a coal slurry comprising a pair of opposed trays disposed in the vicinity of the upper deck for causing the coal slurry supplied thereto to flow forward and delivering the slurry, a slanting dewatering screen disposed below each of the trays for dewatering the coal slurry delivered from the tray to separate a particulate coal fraction having relatively large particle sizes and conveyors for transporting to a specified position on the upper deck the particulate coal fraction dewatered and falling off the screen. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,620,672 to Liebson, et al. discloses a system for converting a coal slurry flowable through a pipeline to a coal water mixture capable of being rendered suitable for direct combustion in a boiler. The system includes a pipeline extending from a region adjacent to a mine or source of a coal to a region adjacent to a boiler or furnace at which combustion is to take place. In the furnace region, the slurry from the pipeline is directed into a holding space, such as a pond, from which it is directed to a grinding apparatus. On the way to the grinding apparatus from the pond, a side stream of the slurry is directed through a dewatering apparatus where the concentration of the side stream is increased form 50-55 weight percent of solids to about 70-80 weight percent of solids. The outlet of the dewatering apparatus is directed back to the main flow of slurry from the pond, and the main flow enters the grinding apparatus where the slurry is ground to a particle size suitable for combustion, such as 70-80% weight percent of solids at 200 mesh. The ground slurry can then be directed into a small agitated. tank and from this tank it can be directed into the boiler or furnace for combustion. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,371 to Fonseca discloses a process for automating fine coal cleaning including monitoring the operation of a flotation cell for separating coal from ash impurities by automatically detecting the coal content of the tailings from the cell and controlling the supply of additives to the cell to optimize slurry coal recovery and automatically monitoring the fluid level of the coal slurry in a dewatering filter tub to control the supply of additives to the filter tub and functioning of a dewatering filter. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,236,596 to Greenwald, Sr. discloses a method and apparatus for dewatering an aqueous coal slurry which includes imparting high shear forces to the aqueous coal slurry in the presence of a peptizing agent to render coal particles hydrophobic by stripping clay from the coal particles and peptizing the clay in the aqueous medium of the slurry. The slurry is separated to recover coal particles and the aqueous medium is drained from the coal particles. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,169 to Roe discloses a process for dewatering and agglomerating fine coal. The process consists of treating an aqueous fine coal slurry with a chemical binding agent prior to filtration or drying. The preferred chemical binding agent is an emulsifiable process oil. Efficiencies in dewatering and in low dustiness of the treated coal are disclosed. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,346,630 to Kenney discloses a process for the vacuum filtering of coal slurries. Dewatering of a filter cake is achieved by contacting the coal with a C 8 -C 20  aliphatic carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof, especially sodium oleate. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,476,522 to Kerr, et al. discloses a method for concentrating coal tailings and for dewatering coal products employing a copolymer of diallyldimethlylammonium halide and a vinyl alkoxysilane, preferably a copolymer of diallyldimethlylammonium chloride and vinyltrimethoxysilane as a coagulant. The method for concentrating coal tailings comprises steps of feeding the coal tailings to a thickener; treating the coal tailings with the coagulant, discharging substantially concentrated tailing; and withdrawing substantially clarified liquid from the thickener. A method for dewatering coal products containing water comprising the steps of feeding the clean coal containing water to a twin belt filter press; treating said coal with an effective amount of a copolymer coagulant of diallyldimethlylammonium halide and vinyl alkoxysilane, preferably diallyldimethlylammonium chloride and vinyl trimethoxysilane is also disclosed. The method encompasses removing water from the coal product through the addition of the subject polymer coagulant; removing the dewatered clean coal product from the filter; and withdrawing the recycled water through the filter. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,622,647 to Kerr, et al. discloses a method for dewatering coal tailings, clean coal products and mineral slurries, as well as for the clarification of water contained in coal refuse slurries, employing a copolymer of diallyldimethylammonium halide and a vinyl alkoxysilane, which is preferably a copolymer of diallyldimethyl-ammonium chloride and vinyltrimethoxysilane as a coagulant. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,795,484 to Greenwald, Sr. discloses a method and apparatus for dewatering an ultra-fine coal particle fraction forms a coal product with particles that are dilatant due to the mechanical stripping of the clay contaminants from the coal surface and the subdividing of the clay to clay platelets which are peptized to maintain discreetness in an aqueous slurry. The coal particles are unflocculated and can produce an aqueously permeable barrier on a sieve. The ultrafine coal product has an increase of 100-150 BTU per pound and when combusted reduced NO x  production of 20-40% is realized. In a 15×0 micron coal fraction, the sulphur content is significantly reduced. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,042,732 to Jankowski, et al. discloses a method for dewatering coal tailings, clean coal products and mineral slurries with an effective coagulating amount of a combination of a cationic polymer and a starch. A preferred cationic polymer is poly(dimethylaminoethylaerylate methyl chloride quaternary salt) and preferred starches are unmodified. 
     A need still exists for a further improved method and apparatus for dewatering and decontaminating coal tailings and recovering water therefrom. 
     A need also still exists for a further improved method and apparatus for dewatering and decontaminating clean coal slurry products and mineral slurries and reconveying process water therefrom. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide an efficient and cost effective method and apparatus for dewatering coal tailings and for removing contaminants therefrom. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide an efficient and cost effective method and apparatus for dewatering substantially clean coal slurries and to remove any contaminants present therefrom. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide an efficient and cost effective method and apparatus for dewatering other mineral slurries and to remove any contaminants therefrom. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide an efficient and cost effective method and apparatus for reclaiming valuable water from coal refuse slurry ponds. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide an efficient and cost effective method and apparatus for reclaiming valuable process water from substantially clear coal slurry products. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide an efficient and cost effective method and apparatus for reclaiming valuable process water from other mineral slurries. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide an efficient and cost effective method and apparatus for reclaiming valuable land resources from land previously occupied by coal refuse slurry ponds. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide an efficient and cost effective method and apparatus for a ameliorating or eliminating any environmental risk to soils and water tables which may be presented by coal refuse slurry ponds. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for efficiently and cost effectively dewatering coal tailings and removing contaminants therefrom which is mobile and can readily be moved to 
     It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for efficiently and cost effectively dewatering coal tailings and removing contaminants therefrom which is compact and adapted to being used on sites where the available land for such operations is limited or where such available land is located on hilly, mountainous or otherwise uneven terrains. 
     These and other objects of the present invention are provided by the method of the present invention, which is a method of dewatering a mixture of coal tailings, water and contaminants comprising the steps of (a) providing a tank having a base surface and introducing said mixture of coal, tailings, water, and contaminants to said tank and allowing said coal tailings to settle on said base surface, (b) removing the coal tailings from said base surface of said tank along with water and contaminants and then separating said water and at least some of said contaminants from said coal tailings wherein said separated contaminants are suspended in said separated water, (c) adding an agent selected from one or more of the group consisting of a coagulant and a flocculant to said water and suspended contaminants separated from the coal tailings in step (b), (d) allowing the agent added in step (c) to coagulate or flocculate with the suspended contaminants to form a coagulated or flocculated mass and a quantity of supernatant water, and (e) separating the coagulated or flocculated mass formed in step (d) from the quantity of supernatant water formed in step (d). 
     This coal slurry cleanup is unique in that it does not matter as to the size or volume of a pond. The system consists of a completely portable plant and can be moved from one location to another in a matter of days. It operates on air, hydraulics and electric generator, and can be put in very remote areas. A dredge is put into a slurry pond to pump the material. This material consists of coal, water, clay, mud, or whatever else may have been deposited. The dredge must be adequate in size to pump the volume of material and water needed to operate the plant. In most cases, a volume of 800 GPM to 1500 GPM will be required. This coal slurry cleanup consists of a method where a portable plant is assembled wherever coal slurry is found to be recoverable, normally where coal prep plants have been operating for a period of time. The slurry will then be brought to the plant and processed to where there will be a steady stream of coal from a discharge belt to a stockpile. A backflow of waste water will flow to a clarifier tank which will allow the clay, mud and other heavy materials to settle out. The heavy material will then be pumped to a hydraulic press where the water is separated from solids. The solids will then be discharged to a stockpile and the water will return to the pond for use or can be let into a water stream. 
     Also encompassed within the present invention is a method of dewatering substantially clean coal slurry products comprising the steps of (a) providing a tank having a base surface and introducing the substantially clean coal product into said tank and allowing fine coal to settle on said base surface, (b) removing the fine coal from said base surface of said tank along with water and contaminants and then separating said water and at least some of said contaminants from said fine coal wherein said separated contaminants are suspended in said separated water, (c) adding an agent selected from one or more of the group consisting of a coagulant and a flocculent to said water and suspended contaminants separated from the fine coal in step (b), (d) allowing the agent added in step (c) to coagulate or flocculate with the suspended contaminants to form a coagulated or flocculated mass and a quantity of supernatant water, and (e) separating the coagulated or flocculated mass formed in step (d) from the quantity of supernatant water formed in step (d). 
     Also encompassed within the present invention is a method of dewatering other mineral slurries comprising the steps of (a) providing a tank having a base surface and introducing said mineral slurry into said tank and allowing said mineral fines to settle on said base surface, (b) removing the mineral fines from said base surface of said tank along with water and contaminants and then separating said water and at least some of said contaminants from said coal tailings wherein said separated contaminants are suspended in said separated water, (c) adding an agent selected from one or more of the group consisting of a coagulant and a flocculent to said water and suspended contaminants separated from the mineral fines in step (b), (d) allowing the agent added in step (c) to coagulate or flocculate with the suspended contaminants to form a coagulated or flocculated mass and a quantity of supernatant water, and (e) separating the coagulated or flocculated mass formed in step (d) from the quantity of supernatant water formed in step (d). 
     Also encompassed within the present invention is an apparatus for use in processing a liquid and at least one solid particulate material mixed with in said liquid said apparatus comprising a tank having a front end and a rear end, a base surface and a peripheral wall, an input point positioned adjacent the rear end of the tank extending generally upwardly from and surrounding the base wall, an output point positioned adjacent the front end of the, a particle collection area positioned on the base surface beneath the input point, and means for conveying the particles extending from adjacent the particle collection area to the output point. 
     Also encompassed within the present invention is an apparatus for use in processing a liquid and at least one solid particulate material mixed with liquid. This apparatus includes a tank having a front rear end, a base surface and a lateral wall having an upper rim. An input point is positioned adjacent the rear end of the tank adjacent the upper rim of the tank. An output point is positioned adjacent the front end of the tank. A particle collection area is positioned on the base surface beneath the input point, and a particle conveyor means extends from adjacent the particle collection area to the output point. There is a means for separating particles and water removed from the tank, a means for adding a coagulant or flocculant to the water, a second tank directly connected to the first tank, and means for removing a coagulated or flocculated mass from clarified water. 
     Also encompassed within the present invention is an apparatus for reducing the concentration of a particulate material and a liquid. The apparatus has a flow cavity having an input opening for the liquid with suspended particulate material and a restricted output opening for particulate material. The flow cavity has at least one perforated wall having an outer surface from which liquid having a reduced concentration of particulate material is collected. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The preferred embodiment of the invention, illustrative of the best mode in which applicant contemplated applying the principles, is set forth in the following description and is shown in the drawings and is particularly and distinctly pointed out and set forth in the appended claims. 
     FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the apparatus used in a preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a detailed vertical cross sectional view of a preferred embodiment of the drag tank similar to the one shown in FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 is a top plan view of the drag tank apparatus shown in FIG. 2; 
     FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view through  4 — 4  in FIG. 3; 
     FIG. 5 is a cutaway front elevational view similar to the settling tank shown in FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 6 is a top plan view of the hydraulic press similar to the hydraulic press shown in FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 7 is a side elevational view of the hydraulic press shown in FIG. 6; 
     FIG.  8 . Is a front elevational view of the hydraulic filter press shown in FIG. 6; 
     FIG. 9 is a detailed view of circle  9  in FIG. 8; 
     FIG. 10 is a detailed view of circle  10  in FIG. 6; and 
     FIG. 11 is a flow chart illustrating the method of dewatering coal tailings and slurries and removing contaminants therefrom in accordance with the present invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring to FIG. 1 there is a pond  10  with coal fine washing tailings or “coal tailings” having dimensions from about 0.25 inch down to about 0.001 inch. Along with these coal tailings, there are contaminants which may include clay, silt, mud and pyrite. These coal tailings are removed from pond  10  by a dredge  12  along with water in line  14  to a tank  16  which is referred to herein at various points as a “drag tank”. Preferably, the amount of water in the mixture of fine coal, contaminants and water in line  14  is adjusted to from about 60 percent to about 90 percent by weight. The drag tank  16  has an input point  18  and is mounted on a truck mount  20  so as to be mobile. The tank  16  contains a water, fine coal and contaminant mixture  22  and has an output point  24  for removal of fine coal and contaminants mixed with water. The tank  16  also has a discharge trough  26  for removal of water  22  adjacent a rim  28 . There is a conveyor system  30  which extends from the output point  24  of the tank  16  to remove fine coal and water  32  to a centrifuge  34 . Preferably, the amount of water in the mixture of fine coal, contaminants and water  34  is from about 10 percent to about 40 percent by weight. This centrifuge  34  separates clean fine coal  36  and deposits this fine coal on a conveyor belt  38  for removal to a stored fine coal deposit  40 . Preferably the centrifuge is a model no. EBW-36 centrifuge manufactured by CMI, Inc. of St. Louis, Mo. which is preferably operated at from about 1800 RPM to about 4200 RPM. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other equivalent means of separating particles from water such as a filter press, a screw press, a belt filter, or a screen may be substituted for the centrifuge  34 . It is believed, however, that the centrifuge  34  would be the preferred means of separating such fine coal from water since clay contaminants may tend to adhere to coal particles, and centrifuging the fine coal and water may create sufficient shear to remove the clay from the coal particles. Such clay, which may be in a platelet shape, may become suspended in the water once removed from coal particles. Extending from the centrifuge  34  there is a centrifuge output line  42  which removes water and contaminants to a settling tank  44 . A settling tank discharge line  46  removes water and suspended contaminants to a polymer addition tank  48  from where polymer addition tank output line  50  extends to the discharge trough  26  from the tank  16  by means of which a coagulating or flocculating agent is added to the water in discharge trough  26 . This coagulating or flocculating agent may be an anionic or cationic polymer or a nonionic emulsion polymer. Such flocculents are preferably introduced into the total amount of water being introduced to the clarifier tank in an amount of from about 2 percent to about 6 percent by weight. The polymer may also be used with a starch in the manner disclosed, for example, in the aforesaid U.S. Pat. No. 6,042,732 to Jankowski, et al. which also discloses suitable flocculent polymers for use in the method of this invention. Specific suitable flocculent polymers for use in the method of the present invention are also disclosed in the aforesaid U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,476,522 and 5,622,647 both to Kerr, et al. Inorganic coagulants which are known in the art such as alum and iron salts may also be used. The discharge trough  26  empties into a clarifier tank  52  at a tank input  54 . The clarifier tank  52  is set on a truck mount  58  to allow the clarifier tank  52  to be mobile. The clarifier tank  52  has three settling sections  60 ,  62  and  64  which empty respectively into discharge lines  66 ,  68  and  70  which connect to hydraulic filter press  72 . The hydraulic filter press  72  has a water output line  74 . The hydraulic filter press  72  also has a plurality of solid output apertures as at aperture  76  where clay and other contaminants  78  are outputted as solids onto conveyor belt  80 . The structure and operation of this hydraulic filter press  72  is essentially the same as the embodiment shown in FIGS. 6-10 and described in greater detail hereafter. While the centrifuge  34 , settling tank  44 , polymer addition tank  48 , and hydraulic filter press  72  are not shown with a trailer mount, it will be understood that these components of the entire assembly, along with their associated piping and belting systems, may be readily disassembled and loaded onto a trailer for transporting such components to remote operation sites. Such sites may be located in hilly, mountainous, or uneven terrain and the entire apparatus may be readily and quickly reassembled for operation in an area where only relatively small amounts of level land are available. In practice, it is found that the entire assembly may be transported to an operations site on from about 3 to 5 tractor trailer combinations. It is also found that the entire apparatus may be assembled for use on only about 5,600 to 15,600 square feet of relatively level land. 
     Referring to FIGS. 2-4, another embodiment of the drag tank described is shown generally at numeral  82 . This tank has a pair of sidewalls  84  and  86 , a rear end wall  88 , front oblique walls  90  and  92 , a front end wall  94 , and a base wall  96 . The tank  82  also has a water and coal fine mixture input point  98  by means of which the mixture is added to water  100  in the tank  82  which is maintained beneath the rim  102  of the tank  82  by a water discharge ramp  104 . Directly beneath the water and coal fine input  98  there are collected fine coal  106  on a collection area  108  on the base wall  96 . There is a continuous conveyor chain  110  with a plurality of outwardly extending paddles as at paddle  112  for moving the collected fine coal  106  to a solids discharge point  114 . As an alternative to using the conveyor chain  110 , a conveyor belt may be used. As an alternative to using the paddles as at paddle  112 , scoop or shovel shaped devices may be used to move the collected fine coal  106  to the solids discharge point  114 . The continuous conveyor belt  110  moves on rollers  116 ,  118 ,  120 ,  122 ,  124 ,  126 ,  128 , and  130 . In parallel spaced relation to the conveyor belt is a central ramp  132  which is angled upwardly and has a terminal downwardly angled section  134 . Preferably the angle of this central ramp  132  will be from about 20° to about 40° above the horizontal. Referring particularly to FIG. 4, it will be seen that the sidewalls  84  and  86  have inwardly sloped sections  136  and  138  respectively. Preferably the side walls  84  and  86  from angled inwardly from the vertical by from about 40° to about 60°. 
     Referring to FIG. 5, another embodiment of the clarification tank is shown generally at numeral  140  which includes a tank input line  142  and a tank output line  144 . In this embodiment, there are four settling sections  146 ,  148 ,  150 , and  152 . These settling sections have high floc density areas  154 ,  156 ,  158 , and  160 . Above these high floc density areas there is a clarified supernatant water area  162 . The settling sections are respectively discharged in lines  164 ,  166 ,  168 , and  170 . The concentration of floc will be greatest in settling section  146 , and will decrease from section  148  to section  150 , and wherein the floc concentration will be the lowest in section  152 . It will be appreciated that more of fewer settling sections may be used to optimize results in particular situations. 
     Referring to FIGS. 6-10, another embodiment of the hydraulic filter press element is shown generally at numeral  172  which has an input side  174  and a discharge side  176 . On the input side  174  there are input line connections  178 ,  180 ,  182 , and  184 . Adjacent the input side  174  there is a transverse trough  186  from which a water discharge line  188  extends for discharge of purified water from the system. The hydraulic filter press  172  also has lateral walls  190  and  192 , and longitudinal troughs  194 ,  196 ,  198 ,  200 ,  202 ,  204 ,  206 , and  208  are interposed. Extending between the lateral walls  190  and  192  there is a transverse wall  210 . On the discharge side  176  of the hydraulic filter press  172 , there are restricted output apertures  212 ,  214 ,  216 ,  218 ,  220 ,  222 ,  224 , and  226 . The hydraulic filter press  172  also has a base wall  228  and a top wall  230 . The hydraulic filter press  172  is supported by piston and cylinder combination  232  which rests on a base  234  and is connected to a axle  236 . At its opposed side the hydraulic filter press  172  is supported by piston and cylinder combination  238  which is mounted on a base  240  and attached to an axle  242 . These piston and cylinder combinations  232  and  238  cooperatively adjust the height of the hydraulic filter press  172  from a lowered position as shown in solid lines and to an elevated inclined position as is shown at  172 ′ in phantom lines in FIG.  7 . The angle of inclination of the position of the elevated hydraulic position of hydraulic filter press  172  will be in the range of 0° to about 40° and depending on the concentration of the particles in the water often more preferably in the range of about 20° to about 40°. 
     The hydraulic filter press  172  includes a flow cavity  244  which is bonded by the bottom wall  228 , the top wall  230 , side wall  246 , side wall  248 , front wall  250  and rear wall  252 . The top wall  230  has a perforated section  254  with a plurality of vertical perforations connecting to the flow cavity  244 . Such perforations are shown as, for example, perforations  256  and  258  in FIG.  10 . Preferably, these perforations are circular and about one inch in diameter and are separated from each other by about ¼ inch so that there are about 108 perforations per square foot on the perforated section  254  of top wall  230 . Positioned in parallel arrangements perpendicularly to wall  230  there are a plurality of longitudinal walls  262 ,  264 ,  266 ,  268 ,  270 ,  272 , and  274  which define longitudinal troughs  194 ,  196 ,  198 ,  200 ,  202 ,  204 ,  206 , and  208 . Referring particularly to FIG. 9, it will be seen that the top wall  230  is comprised of a rigid top section  276 , a rigid bottom section,  278  and a medial textile section  280  which is preferably comprised of a woven synthetic material. It will also be seen that there are perforations as at perforation  282  in the top section  276  and perforations as at perforation  284  in the bottom section. Each perforation in the top section as at perforation  282  is vertically aligned with another perforation as at perforation  284  in the bottom section  278 . The transverse end trough  186  is comprised of a front wall  286 , a rear wall  288 , end wall  290 , end wall  292 , and base wall  294 . It will be appreciated that the trough has an open top side. There is a gap  296  between the bottom of the front wall  286  and the top wall  230  of the flow cavity  244 . Because of this gap  296 , water flows from longitudinal troughs  194 ,  196 ,  198 ,  200 ,  202 ,  204 ,  206 , and  208  into the transverse trough  186  and is then outputted through line  188 . It will also be seen that there are transverse pipes  298 ,  300 ,  302 , and  304  for conveying water and suspended particles respectively from input line connections  178 ,  180 ,  182  and  184  to flow cavity  244 . Positioned in the flow cavity  244  there is also a movable plunger  306  which includes a head  308  and an extendable rod  310 . There are apertures  312 ,  314 ,  316 , and  318  through the head  308  to allow water with suspended particles to pass from the rear to front side of the head  308 . The plunger  306 would be extendable to move particles to the front wall  250  of the flow cavity  244 . It will be understood that ordinarily the use of this plunger would be optional and that in many situations water and suspended particles will move to the front wall  250  merely by applying sufficient pressure from the rear wall  252 . It will also be understood that the angle of inclination of the filter press can be selected to most efficiently remove the particles from the water. It will also be appreciated that greater angles of inclination will ordinarily be required when the concentration of particulate matter in the water increases while at low concentrations it may be possible to use a 0° inclination. It will be appreciated that other equivalent means of separating the floc from the water such as a centrifuge, a screw press, a belt filter, or a screen could, within the scope of this invention, be substituted for the filter press  172 . 
     EXAMPLE 
     A mixture of water and fine coal as well as clay, silt, mud, and pyrite contaminants are removed from a coal refuse slurry pond resulting from an industrial coal washing operation. This coal refuse slurry pond contained coal tailings from the No. 4 and No. 5 Upper Kittanning and Middle Kittanning seams mined in Tuscarawas County, Ohio. The mixture was removed from the coal refuse slurry pond by means of a 8 inch perforated dredge at the rate of 1,200 gallons/minute. This mixture of water, fine coal and contaminants varied from about 60-80% by weight water. The fine coal in this mixture varied from about 0.25 inch down to about 0.001 inch. A typical sample of this input mixture of coal tailings, contaminants and water was recovered and analyzed as recovered and after drying. The results of this analysis are shown in Table 1, wherein the ASTM method of analysis for each material is indicated adjacent the material and all reported percentages are percent by weight. The coal tailings, contaminant and water mixture was moved in a 8 inch diameter pipe at a speed of 1200 gallons/minute over a distance of 500 feet to the input point of a drag tank generally as shown in FIGS. 2-4 above. In this drag tank the chain conveyors had flights that were 12 inches high and 24 inches wide inset at the bottom of the tank. The tank was approximately 8 feet wide and 18 feet long at water level and had a capacity of 80 gallons. The conveyor continued above water level so at least 10 feet of conveyor was used to dewater the coal before it was discharged. The tank was approximately 8 feet in depth at its rear end. The chain conveyor was operated at a speed of 10 feet/minute. The water discharge trough at the rear end of the tank was 6 feet wide and 10 inches deep at the rim of the rear end of the tank. Partially dewatered fine coal along with contaminants were removed by the conveyor from the drag tank at a rate of about 8 tons/hour (266 pounds/minute) to an EB-48 centrifugal dryer which was procured from CMI, Inc. of St. Louis, Mo. Before being introduced to the centrifuge, this mixture of fine coal, contaminants and water had a water content of about 80 percent by weight. The centrifugal dryer was operated at a rate of 2,600 RPM to allow the fine coal to fluff out and be discharged to a conveyor belt at a rate of about 8 tons/hour (266 pounds/minute). Water effluent with suspended contaminants was removed from the centrifugal dryer at a discharge pipe at a rate of 10 gallons/minute to a 1,000 gallon capacity settling tank. Water along with settling contaminants were removed from this settling tank at a rate of 4 gallons/minute to a polymer addition tank where CALGON POL-E-Z 652 nonionic emulsion polymer which is commercially available from Nalco Chemical Company located at Naperville, Ill. so that the overall amount of polymer used in the water and contaminants introduced to the clarifier was 3% by weight. Water along with suspended contaminants and the added polymer are then moved to the tank discharge trough at a rate of 1,100 gallons/minute and added to the water being removed from the discharge tank and the water, contaminants and polymers were then added to the clarifier tank at a rate of 1,100 gallons/minute. The clarifier tank had a length of 10 feet and a capacity of 500 gallons and was similar to that shown in FIG. 5 above. Clarified supernatant water was removed from the tank outlet type at a rate of 30 gallons/minute. Floc and water were removed from each of the settling sections of the tank at a rate of about 4 pounds/minute to a hydraulic filter press by a 3 inch diaphragm pump operated by air. The hydraulic filter press was similar to the one shown in FIGS. 6-10. The overall length of this hydraulic filter press was 11 feet whereas the longitudinal troughs were 10 feet in length and 1 foot in width. The overall width of the hydraulic filter press was 8 feet. The overall height of the filter press was 18 inches while the height of the longitudinal troughs of 12 inches. The metal insert for the hydraulic press serves as a strainer and was made of ¼ inch punch plate which was kept 2 inches from all sides and the bottom so that the water can easily discharge to the clear water. On the inside of the ¼ inch punch plate, a polyester and vinyl textile material was held to the sides with plastic strips. The hydraulic filter press was positioned horizontally, i.e. with a 0° incline between its input and output ends. The hydraulic plunger was lined on the outside ends with a tube filled with grease so that it could clean the cloth and not tear. The plunger operated only when the press no longer took in material from the 3 inch diaphragm pumps. The plunger then pushed and caused the water left in the insert to discharge leaving dry solid clay and dirt to be removed to the stock pile area. Removal to the stock pile area was accomplished on discharge belts which was 24 inches wide and approximately 20 feet long at a rate of 4 pounds/minute. The purified water discharged from both the hydraulic filter press and the clarifier tank was found to be substantially free of both fine coal and suspended clay and other contaminants. A typical sample of the moist solid output material was recovered and analyzed as recovered and after drying. The results of this analysis are shown in Table 2 wherein the ASTM method of analysis for each material is indicated adjacent to the material and all reported percentages are percent by weight. For the purposes of this disclosure, “ash” is considered to be the solid incombustible material present within the meaning of the cited ASTM method. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Material 
                 As Recovered 
                 After Drying 
                 ASTM Method 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Moisture 
                 32.34% 
                 — 
                 D-2961 M, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 D-3173 
               
               
                 Ash 
                 29.07% 
                 42.96% 
                 D-3174 
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                  1.80% 
                  2.66% 
                 D4239 
               
               
                 Heat Content 
                 4.987 BTU/lb 
                 7,371 BTU/lb 
                 D-1989 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Material 
                 As Received 
                 After Drying 
                 ASM Method 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Moisture 
                 13.00% 
                 — 
                 D-2961 M, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 D-3173 
               
               
                 Ash 
                  9.27% 
                 10.66% 
                 D3174 
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                  2.00% 
                  2.30% 
                 D-4239 
               
               
                 Heat Content 
                 10,918 BTU/lb 
                 12,550 BTU/lb 
                 D-1989 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the method and apparatus described herein may be used to dewater substantially clean coal slurry products which are used in the art to transport fine coal from the point of production to the point of use. It will also be understood that the method and apparatus of the present invention will have the advantage of removing a residual portion of any solid contaminants which may be present in the coal slurry product so that such contaminants are not present in either the fine coal or the process water recovered from the coal slurry product. 
     In addition to the treatment of fine coal, dewatering is also necessary in other areas of mineral processing. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the method and apparatus of the present invention may be used to dewater and/or decontaminate a variety of such mineral slurries. Non-limiting examples of such slurries include sand and gravel, slurries of limestone, and ores, including, for example, taconite, trona, and titania. Guidance to those of ordinary skill in the art in coagulating or flocculating specific materials is contained, for example, in  Coagulation and Flocculation. Theory and Applications , edited by Bohuslav Dobias, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (published by Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1993), particularly at pages 126-137, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     The term “particle” as it is used herein, means any small piece of a solid material, wherein that material may be one which is referred to as a particulate material as well as those materials which may be otherwise referred to in the art as a fine, powdered, pulverized, fragmented, or granular material or by like terms. For the purposes of this disclosure, a “particulate material” is a material comprised at least in part of particles. 
     The term “suspended” as it is used herein refers to the condition of a particle of a certain material or group of materials as being mixed within a liquid in a generally dispersed manner. The fact, however, that some particles of a material are heavier than other particles of the same material and may tend, therefore, to collect nearer the bottom of a liquid body than such lighter particles, is not intended to mean that the overall group of particles of the material does not fall within this definition. 
     The term “slurry”, as it is used herein, means any free flowing or flowable suspension of particles in a liquid. It is not intended that a mixture of particulate material and a liquid should be excluded from this definition merely because of the existence of a minor proportion of oversized particles in this mixture. 
     It will be appreciated that the method and apparatus described in this application is a simple and cost effective means for treating water and fine coal and contaminants found in tailing ponds from commercial coal washing operations. Water at ambient pressure which is substantially free of both fine coal and clay and other contaminants is recovered. Substantial amounts of dry, combustible fine coal are also recovered. 
     It will also be appreciated that the present invention provides an efficient and cost effective method and apparatus for dewatering substantially clean coal slurries and removing any contaminants present therefrom. 
     It will also be appreciated that the present invention provides an efficient and cost effective method and apparatus for dewatering other mineral slurries and removing any contaminants therefrom. 
     It will also be appreciated that the present invention provides an efficient and cost effective method and apparatus for reclaiming valuable process water from substantially clean coal slurry products. 
     It will also be appreciated that the present invention provides an efficient and cost effective method and apparatus for reclaiming valuable process water from other mineral slurries. 
     It will also be appreciated that the present invention provides an efficient and cost effective method and apparatus for reclaiming valuable land resources from land previously occupied by coal refuse slurry ponds. 
     It will also be appreciated that the present invention provides an efficient and cost effective method and apparatus for a ameliorating or eliminating any environmental risk to soils and water tables which may be presented by coal refuse slurry ponds. 
     It will also be appreciated that the present invention provides a method and apparatus for efficiently and cost effectively dewatering coal tailings and removing contaminants therefrom which is mobile and can readily be moved to coal refuse slurry ponds in remote, hilly or mountainous locations. 
     It will also be appreciated that the present invention provides a method and apparatus for efficiently and cost effectively dewatering coal tailings and removing contaminants therefrom which is compact and adapted to being used on sites where the available land for such operations is limited or where such available land is located on hilly, mountainous or otherwise uneven terrains. 
     Accordingly, the improved METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DEWATERING COAL TAILINGS AND SLURRIES AND REMOVING CONTAMINANTS THEREFROM is simplified, provides an effective, safe, inexpensive, and efficient device which achieves all the enumerated objectives, provides for eliminating difficulties encountered with prior devices, and solves problems and obtains new results in the art. 
     In the foregoing description, certain terms have been used for brevity, clearness, and understanding; but no unnecessary limitations are to be implied therefrom beyond the requirement of the prior art, because such terms are used for descriptive purposes and are intended to be broadly construed. 
     Moreover, the description and illustration of the invention is by way of example, and the scope of the invention is not limited to the exact details shown or described. 
     Having now described the features, discoveries, and principles of the invention, the manner in which the METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DEWATERING COAL TAILINGS AND SLURRIES AND REMOVING CONTAMINANTS THEREFROM is practiced, constructed and used, the characteristics of the construction, and the advantageous new and useful results obtained; the new and useful structures, devices, elements, arrangements, parts, and combinations are set forth in the appended claims.