Abstract:
A method controlling toner age in a developer housing including: recording a latent image in a predefined image frame on an imaging surface; and generating a purge patch in an unused portion of the predefined image frame. Other features include generating an inline purge signal to initiate generating of the purge patch; recording the purge patch includes scaling the purge patch to fit in the unused portion of the predefined image frame; activating or inactivating the generating of the purge patch based upon an amount of unused portion of the image frame.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application claims the benefit of Provisional Patent Application No. 60/582,481, filed Jun. 24, 2004. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND  
       [0002]     The present invention generally relates to a digital imaging system. More specifically, the present invention provides an improved method and apparatus for maintaining toner age to ensure image quality by anticipating or diagnosing problems in image quality, which may be caused by toner age.  
       INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE  
       [0003]     The following is specifically incorporated by reference: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,404,997; 6,175,698; 6,169,861; 6,167,214; 6,167,213 and 6,790,573.  
         [0004]     Modern electronic copiers, printers, facsimile machines, etc. are capable of producing complex and interesting page images. The pages may include text, graphics, and scanned or computer-generated images. The image of a page may be described as a collection of simple image components or primitives (characters, lines, bitmaps, colors, etc.). Complex pages can then be built by specifying a large number of the basic image primitives. This is done in software using a page description language such as POSTSCRIPT™. The job of the electronic printer&#39;s software is to receive and interpret each of the imaging primitives for the page. The drawing, or rasterization must be done on an internal, electronic model of the page. All image components must be collected and the final page image must be assembled before marking can begin. The electronic model of the page is often constructed in a data structure called an image buffer. The data contained is in the form of an array of color values called pixels. Each actual page and the pixel&#39;s value provide the color which should be used when marking. The pixels are organized to reflect the geometric relation of their corresponding spots. They are usually ordered to provide easy access in the raster pattern required for marking.  
         [0005]     In the prior art, a copier, printer or other document-generating device typically employs an initial step of charging a photoconductive member to substantially uniform potential. The charged surface of the photoconductive member is thereafter exposed to a light image of an original document to selectively dissipate the charge thereon in selected areas irradiated by the light image. This procedure records an electrostatic latent image on the photoconductive member corresponding to the informational areas contained within the original document being reproduced. The latent image is then developed by bringing a developer material including toner particles adhering triboelectrically to carrier granules into contact with the latent image. The toner particles are attracted away from the carrier granules to the latent image, forming a toner image on the photoconductive member, which is subsequently transferred to a copy sheet. The copy sheet having the toner image thereon is then advanced to a fusing station for permanently affixing the toner image to the copy sheet.  
         [0006]     The approach utilized for multicolor electrophotographic printing is substantially identical to the process described above. However, rather than forming a single latent image on the photoconductive surface in order to reproduce an original document, as in the case of black and white printing, multiple latent images corresponding to color separations are sequentially recorded on the photoconductive surface. Each single color electrostatic latent image is developed with toner of a color corresponding thereto and the process is repeated for differently colored images with the respective toner of corresponding color. Thereafter, each single color toner image can be transferred to the copy sheet in superimposed registration with the prior toner image, creating a multi-layered toner image on the copy sheet. Finally, this multi-layered toner image is permanently affixed to the copy sheet in substantially conventional manner to form a finished copy.  
         [0007]     With the increase in use and flexibility of printing machines, especially color printing machines which print with two or more different colored toners, it has become increasingly important to monitor the toner development process so that increased print quality, stability and control requirements can be met and maintained. For example, it is very important for each component color of a multi-color image to be stably formed at the correct toner density because any deviation from the correct toner density may be visible in the final composite image. Additionally, deviations from desired toner densities may also cause visible defects in mono-color images, particularly when such images are half-tone images. Therefore, many methods have been developed to monitor the toner development process to detect present or prevent future image quality problems.  
         [0008]     For example, it is known to monitor the developed mass per unit area (DMA) for a toner development process by using densitometers such as infrared densitometers (IRDs) to measure the mass of a toner process control patch formed on an imaging member. IRDs measure total developed mass (i.e., on the imaging member), which is a function of developability and electrostatics. Electrostatic voltages are measured using a sensor such as an ElectroStatic Voltmeter (ESV). Developability is the rate at which development (toner mass/area) takes place. The rate is usually a function of the toner concentration in the developer housing. Toner concentration (TC) is measured by directly measuring the percentage of toner in the developer housing (which, as is well known, contains toner and carrier particles).  
         [0009]     As indicated above, the development process is typically monitored (and thereby controlled) by measuring the mass of a toner process control patch and by measuring toner concentration (TC) in the developer housing. However, the relationship between TC and developability is affected by other variables such as ambient temperature, humidity and the age of the toner. For example, a three-percent TC results in different developabilities depending on the variables listed above. Therefore, in order to ensure good developability, which is necessary to provide high quality images, toner age must be considered.  
         [0010]     Consequently, there is a need to provide a method and apparatus for calculating or determining toner age to ensure image quality by anticipating or diagnosing problems in image quality, which may be caused by toner age. These problems include low developability, high background, and halo defects appearing on sheets of support material. One method of managing the residence time of toner in the developer housing is to use a minimum area coverage (MAC) patch in the inter-page zone to cause a minimum amount of toner throughput which is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,047,142 which is hereby incorporated by reference.  
         [0011]     As taught in that patent, during low area coverage runs, the development and transfer systems are stressed beyond their operating limits resulting color drift, streaks, and development loss. The initial xerographic control implementation included a Minimum Area Coverage (MAC) patch algorithm. The minimum throughput is determined by calculating the average residence time of the toner in the development housing and is referred to as the toner age. The MAC patch algorithm starts printing patches in the IDZ whenever the toner age reaches an upper limit and then stops printing when the toner age reached a lower limit. It has been found that there are instances when the MAC patch algorithm&#39;s capability is insufficient to maintain material health during extended low area coverage runs, requiring additional material management control schemes to maintain adequate development and transfer performance. Consequently the auto toner purge algorithm (ATP) is implemented to better manage the material state during low area coverage. With auto toner purge enabled, the system will enter a dead cycle whenever the toner age exceeds an upper limit. The ATP routine will develop a predetermine number of high area coverage patches to cause the developer sump to be refreshed with new toner. The routine takes between 3 and 4 minutes to complete. This routine has been shown to be very effective at maintaining development and transfer performance during long runs of low area coverage. However, in order to maintain the system performance during low area coverage runs, the system requires frequent ATPs. A major drawback to auto toner purge mode is that the print productivity of the printing machine is substantially reduced as a result of image frames being lost in the deadcycle, for example, it has been found that the average machine performs an ATP deadcycle every 2500 images. The productivity impact of the ATP deadcycle can be as great as 15%, thereby reducing the 100 ppm print engine to approximately 85 ppm.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0012]     Briefly, in the present invention, the impact of the above problems is significantly reduced and the overall machine productivity is increased by provided a method controlling toner age in a developer housing including: recording a latent image in a predefined image frame on an imaging surface; and generating a purge patch in an unused portion of said predefined image frame. Other features include generating an inline purge signal to initiate generating of said purge patch; recording said purge patch includes scaling the purge patch to fit in the used portion of said predefined image frame; activating or inactivating the generating of the purge patch based upon an amount of unused portion of said image frame.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0013]      FIG. 1  is a partial schematic of an example of a print engine for a digital imaging system, which can employ the purge while run process of the present invention.  
         [0014]      FIG. 2  is a flow chart showing the toner age calculation and the utilization of purge while run process of the present invention.  
         [0015]      FIG. 3  is a layout showing one implementation of customer images, process control patches, MAC patches and purge patches on a photoreceptor.  
         [0016]      FIG. 4  is experimental data of printing machine of the type of shown in  FIG. 1  employing principles of the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0017]      FIG. 1  is a partial schematic view of a digital imaging system, such as the digital imaging system of U.S. Pat. No. 6,505,832 which is hereby incorporated by reference. The imaging system is used to produce color output in a single pass of a photoreceptor belt. It will be understood, however, that it is not intended to limit the invention to the embodiment disclosed. On the contrary, it is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims, including a multiple pass color process system, a single or multiple pass highlight color system, and a black and white printing system.  
         [0018]     In this embodiment, printing jobs are submitted from the Print Controller Client  620  to the Print Controller  630 . A pixel counter  640  is incorporated into the Print Controller to count the number of pixels to be imaged with toner on each sheet or page of the job, for each color. The pixel count information is stored in the Print Controller memory. Job control information, including the pixel count data, and digital image data are communicated from the Print Controller  630  to the Controller  490 . The digital image data represent the desired output image to be imparted on at least one sheet.  
         [0019]      FIG. 1  additionally shows an alternative embodiment in which an Output Management System  660  may supply printing jobs to the Print Controller  630 . Printing jobs may be submitted from the Output Management System Client  650  to the Output Management System  660 . A pixel counter  670  is incorporated into the Output Management System  660  to count the number of pixels to be imaged with toner on each sheet or page of the job, for each color. The pixel count information is stored in the Output Management System memory. The Output Management System  660  submits job control information, including the pixel count data, and the printing job to the Print Controller  630 . Job control information, including the pixel count data, and digital image data are communicated from the Print Controller  630  to the Controller  490 . In this alternative embodiment, pixel counting in the Print Controller  630  is not necessary since the data has been provided with the job control information from the Output Management System  660 .  
         [0020]     The printing system preferably uses a charge retentive surface in the form of an Active Matrix (AMAT) photoreceptor belt  410  supported for movement in the direction indicated by arrow  412 , for advancing sequentially through the various xerographic process stations. The belt is entrained about a drive roller  414 , tension roller  416  and fixed roller  418  and the drive roller  414  is operatively connected to a drive motor  420  for effecting movement of the belt through the xerographic stations. A portion of belt  410  passes through charging station A where a corona generating device, indicated generally by the reference numeral  422 , charges the photoconductive surface of photoreceptor belt  410  to a relatively high, substantially uniform, preferably negative potential.  
         [0021]     Next, the charged portion of photoconductive surface is advanced through an imaging/exposure station B. At imaging/exposure station B, a controller, indicated generally by reference numeral  490 , receives the image signals from Print Controller  630  representing the desired output image and processes these signals to convert them to signals transmitted to a laser based output scanning device, which causes the charge retentive surface to be discharged in accordance with the output from the scanning device. Preferably the scanning device is a laser Raster Output Scanner (ROS)  424 . Alternatively, the ROS  424  could be replaced by other xerographic exposure devices such as LED arrays.  
         [0022]     The photoreceptor belt  410 , which is initially charged to a voltage V 0 , undergoes dark decay to a level equal to about −500 volts. When exposed at the exposure station B, it is discharged to a level equal to about −50 volts. Thus after exposure, the photoreceptor belt  410  contains a monopolar voltage profile of high and low voltages, the former corresponding to charged areas and the latter corresponding to discharged or background areas.  
         [0023]     At a first development station C, developer structure, indicated generally by the reference numeral  432  utilizing a hybrid development system, the developer roller, better known as the donor roller, is powered by two developer fields (potentials across an air gap). The first field is the ac field which is used for toner cloud generation. The second field is the dc developer field which is used to control the amount of developed toner mass on the photoreceptor belt  410 . The toner cloud causes charged toner particles  426  to be attracted to the electrostatic latent image. Appropriate developer biasing is accomplished via a power supply. This type of system is a noncontact type in which only toner particles (black, for example) are attracted to the latent image and there is no mechanical contact between the photoreceptor belt  410  and a toner delivery device to disturb a previously developed, but unfixed, image. A toner concentration sensor  100  senses the toner concentration in the developer structure  432 .  
         [0024]     The developed but unfixed image is then transported past a second charging device  436  where the photoreceptor belt  410  and previously developed toner image areas are recharged to a predetermined level.  
         [0025]     A second exposure/imaging is performed by device  438  which comprises a laser based output structure is utilized for selectively discharging the photoreceptor belt  410  on toned areas and/or bare areas, pursuant to the image to be developed with the second color toner. At this point, the photoreceptor belt  410  contains toned and untoned areas at relatively high voltage levels and toned and untoned areas at relatively low voltage levels. These low voltage areas represent image areas which are developed using discharged area development (DAD). To this end, a negatively charged, developer material  440  comprising color toner is employed. The toner, which by way of example may be yellow, is contained in a developer housing structure  442  disposed at a second developer station D and is presented to the latent images on the photoreceptor belt  410  by way of a second developer system. A power supply (not shown) serves to electrically bias the developer structure to a level effective to develop the discharged image areas with negatively charged yellow toner particles  440 . Further, a toner concentration sensor  100  senses the toner concentration in the developer housing structure  442 .  
         [0026]     The above procedure is repeated for a third image for a third suitable color toner such as magenta (station E) and for a fourth image and suitable color toner such as cyan (station F). The exposure control scheme described below may be utilized for these subsequent imaging steps. In this manner a full color composite toner image is developed on the photoreceptor belt  410 . In addition, a mass sensor  110  measures developed mass per unit area. Although only one mass sensor  110  is shown in  FIG. 1 , there may be more than one mass sensor  110 .  
         [0027]     To the extent to which some toner charge is totally neutralized, or the polarity reversed, thereby causing the composite image developed on the photoreceptor belt  410  to consist of both positive and negative toner, a negative pre-transfer dicorotron member  450  is provided to condition the toner for effective transfer to a substrate using positive corona discharge.  
         [0028]     Subsequent to image development a sheet of support material  452  is moved into contact with the toner images at transfer station G. The sheet of support material  452  is advanced to transfer station G by a sheet feeding apparatus  500 , described in detail below. The sheet of support material  452  is then brought into contact with photoconductive surface of photoreceptor belt  410  in a timed sequence so that the toner powder image developed thereon contacts the advancing sheet of support material  452  at transfer station G.  
         [0029]     Transfer station G includes a transfer dicorotron  454  which sprays positive ions onto the backside of sheet  452 . This attracts the negatively charged toner powder images from the photoreceptor belt  410  to sheet  452 . A detack dicorotron  456  is provided for facilitating stripping of the sheets from the photoreceptor belt  410 .  
         [0030]     After transfer, the sheet of support material  452  continues to move, in the direction of arrow  458 , onto a conveyor (not shown) which advances the sheet to fusing station H. Fusing station H includes a fuser assembly, indicated generally by the reference numeral  460 , which permanently affixes the transferred powder image to sheet  452 . Preferably, fuser assembly  460  comprises a heated fuser roller  462  and a backup or pressure roller  464 . Sheet  452  passes between fuser roller  462  and backup roller  464  with the toner powder image contacting fuser roller  462 . In this manner, the toner powder images are permanently affixed to sheet  452 . After fusing, a chute, not shown, guides the advancing sheet  452  to a catch tray, stacker, finisher or other output device (not shown), for subsequent removal from the printing machine by the operator.  
         [0031]     After the sheet of support material  452  is separated from photoconductive surface of photoreceptor belt  410 , the residual toner particles carried by the non-image areas on the photoconductive surface are removed therefrom. These particles are removed at cleaning station I using a cleaning brush or plural brush structure contained in a housing  466 . The cleaning brush  468  or brushes  468  are engaged after the composite toner image is transferred to a sheet. Once the photoreceptor belt  410  is cleaned the brushes  468  are retracted utilizing a device incorporating a clutch (not shown) so that the next imaging and development cycle can begin.  
         [0032]     Controller  490  regulates the various printer functions. The controller  490  is preferably a programmable controller, which controls printer functions hereinbefore described. The controller  490  may provide a comparison count of the copy sheets, the number of documents being recirculated, the number of copy sheets selected by the operator, time delays, jam corrections, etc. The control of all of the exemplary systems heretofore described may be accomplished by conventional control switch inputs from the printing machine consoles selected by an operator. Conventional sheet path sensors or switches may be utilized to keep track of the position of the document and the copy sheets. The steps in the flow chart in  FIG. 2  are repeated for each developer in  FIG. 1  to measure the toner age.  
         [0033]     Now referring to  FIG. 2  which is a flow chart showing the process that calculates toner age and takes appropriate action based upon the results of the toner age calculation. Preferably, the control unit  30  reads the toner concentration (TC) every n seconds, wherein n is a positive number, and this number is stored in memory (step  205 ). The control unit  30  reads the pixel count (step  210 ), and the pixel counter is reset to zero (step  215 ). The control unit  30  reads the developed mass per unit area (DMA), sensed by mass sensor  110 , and stores the DMA in memory (step  220 ). The control unit  30  calculates the toner amount used since the last toner concentration was read (step  225 ) by using the DMA stored in memory.  
         [0034]     Subsequently, the current toner mass in developer unit  90  is calculated by control unit  30  (step  230 ) by using the following formula: 
 
Current Toner Mass=(toner concentration/100)*carrier mass  (Equation 2) 
 
         [0035]     The carrier mass varies depending upon the print engine, and is generally determined by the manufacturer based on a number of factors including size of print engine, toner stability, speed of print engine, etc.  
         [0036]     Then, the new toner age is calculated by the control unit  30  (step  240 ) using the following formula: 
 
New Toner Age=[(Current Toner Mass−Toner Used)*(Previous Toner Age+ n  seconds*prints/second)]/Current Toner Mass  (Equation 3) 
 
         [0037]     After the new toner age is calculated, the new toner age is compared to a predetermined maximum toner age, which is based on the appearance of image defects (step  245 ). An image is considered defective when the quality of the image does not meet predetermined customer, user or manufacturer print quality standards. If the current toner age is greater than the maximum toner age, then the control unit  30  recognizes a toner age fault (step  250 ). Print controller determines if a sufficient sized purge patch can be generated in an unused image area of an image frame (step  290 ). If not then the controller interrupts the current job (step  255 ). If a purge patch can be generated then the size of the control patch is determined (step  300 ) and the purge patch is printed along with the current job ( 305 ). The inline purge routine (also known as purge while run) creates patches in the unused area of the customer image panel increasing the material throughput in the system. The increase in material throughput is sufficient such that most of the problems associated with extended runs of low area coverage are mitigated without the need to call the auto toner purge routine, thereby significantly improving system productivity. The ability to selectively place patches in the customer image area increases the amount of space available for control patches and enables a significant improvement in productivity. Preferably, the system uses the MAC patch and the purge while run capability for all situations under which the customer&#39;s job and image content enables the purge while run capability to execute. Under the circumstances in which the customer&#39;s job and image content do not allow for purge while run to execute, then the system will need to call upon the auto toner purge capability via a system deadcycle. When the toner age decreases the system moves back to step  205 .  
         [0038]     During the course of a print job, a toned purge patch is printed in the area on the image panel that is not used by the customer image. At least two possibilities exist: When a customer is running images that less than the maximum process width, there is area on the inboard side of the photoreceptor belt that is available for writing a toned image to maintain toner throughput. A second possibility is when a print job is utilizing a 4-pitch mode there is considerable space on the trailing edge of the document for writing a toned image to maintain toner throughput. In this pitch mode, the patch size could be independent of customer image width. This is a desirable to have capability that allows the customer to run on large paper for multiple-ups without having to rely on auto toner purge.  
         [0039]     Returning back to  FIG. 2 , if there is no space for a purge patch then the print engine, then the system will raise a machine condition (fault) and automatically enter a toner purge routine when the toner age exceeds the toner purge routine threshold. The toner age continues to be recalculated during the toner purge routine, as in run-time, except that during the purge routine an out-of-range toner age does not trigger a fault. The toner purge routine decreases the toner age, for example, by running a high area coverage image. At the end of the toner purge routine, the operator may reinitiate the interrupted job.  
         [0040]     If the new toner age is less than the predetermined maximum toner age, then the new toner age is compared to a predetermined toner age range (step  270 ). If the new toner age is less than a predetermined minimum toner age in the toner age range, the quality of the images is not affected by toner age (step  275 ). The toner age calculation process is repeated at the next scheduled toner concentration read by returning to step  205 . The predetermined minimum toner age is based on a variety of factors including cost to customer, productivity and image quality.  
         [0041]     If the new toner age falls within the toner age range, then a minimum area coverage (MAC) patch area is calculated based on the current toner age (step  280 ). The preferred MAC patch calculation minimizes toner usage and maximizes print engine productivity, while ensuring that toner age is maintained within the safe range, avoiding the necessity for toner purging and job interruption. The MAC patch area may be calculated automatically based on toner age in a number of different ways such as utilizing a look-up table. An interprint zone with appropriate MAC patch(es) is scheduled (step  285 ).  
         [0042]      FIG. 3  shows examples of a layout of customer images, process control patches, MAC patches and purge patches on a photoconductive surface (e.g. surface of photoreceptive belt  50 ) over time. A print zone on the surface dedicated to the customer image  300  is followed by an interprint zone  310  in which control patches are laid out to be read by electrostatic or development sensors. Another customer image within image frame  320  is laid out, followed by an interprint zone  330  in which one or more MAC patches are laid out, for the purpose of maintaining toner age. Purge patches are laid out in unused portion of the customer image frame  320 . In  FIG. 3 , the MAC patch. interprint zone  330  contains patches for two different colors. The MAC patch interprint zone is followed by another customer image  340 . Purge patches are laid out in unused portion of the customer image within image frame  340  purge patches can be two different colors. It is understood that  FIG. 3  is just one example of the many different types of layouts that can be utilized.  
         [0043]     Example of purge patches that could be used in the commercially available IGEN3® printing press manufactured by Xerox Corporation. Considering images widths 12″ and less developed on the imaging surface of the photoreceptor belt. The 10 pitch mode image panel is approx. 228 mm×364 mm. If one leaves a 3 mm space between the customer image and the patch area to account for registration tolerance, etc, and a 3 mm on the LE and TE of the patch, this leaves a patch size of approximately 56 mm×222 mm. This equates to an area coverage of ˜16% for writing the purge while run patches. This would allow ˜4% per color; with a patch size of approximately 56 mm wide by 50 mm long). This is close to the area coverage (including MAC Patch) at which low area coverage problem is mitigated. The patch size can be scale by the print controller in the process direction for the other pitch modes. For instance in 5 pitch mode the patch size would automatically scale to 56 mm wide by 100 mm long.  
         [0044]     The principles of the invention were tested in an IGEN3® Machine manufactured by Xerox Corporation.  FIG. 4  illustrates test results from four developer housings when single layer color patches are run in the non-image area of each panel for pages up to 12″ wide. PWR adds a maximum of ˜4% AC to each panel, based on an 8.5×14 page. Two pass cleaning is provided for image sizes&gt;12″ when job streaming. Each pitch mode has a unique set of patches PWR is triggered at TPTonerAge#=90 min., and turns off at a set value below the trigger point (presently set to 20 min.) Only scheduled when ATA (transfer overdrive) is OFF.  
         [0045]     In the IGEN3® implementation, the three means to control toner age (MAC patch, PWR, and toner purge) have been integrated into a system control system. This is accomplished by carefully selecting the thresholds at which each toner age control element is enabled. In the IGEN3® implementation, the MAC patch capability threshold is lower than the purge while run thresholds, which in turn is lower than the toner purge threshold. This approach maximizes the system lower area coverage performance while minimizing the impact to customer productivity.  FIG. 4  illustrates a system level implementation where the PWR threshold is set trigger PWR patches at a lower toner age than the toner purge routine (ATP) threshold.  
         [0046]     While the invention has been described in detail with reference to specific and preferred embodiments, it will be appreciated that various modifications and variations will be apparent to the artisan. All such modifications and embodiments as may occur to one skilled in the art are intended to be within the scope of the appended claims.