Abstract:
Ethylene is oligomerized by reacting ethylene in methanol under oligomerization conditions in contact with a nickel ylide defined by the following Formula I: ##STR1## wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7  and R 8  are either alike or different members selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl radicals having from about one to about 24 carbon atoms, preferably from about one to about 10 carbon atoms; aryl radicals having from about six to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably from about six to about 10 carbon atoms; alkenyl radicals having from about two to about 30 carbon atoms, preferably from about two to about 20 carbon atoms; cycloalkyl radicals having from about three to about 40 carbon atoms, preferably about three to about 30 carbon atoms; aralkyl and alkaryl radicals having from about six to about 40 carbon atoms, preferably from about six to about 30 carbon atoms; a halogen radical selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, preferably chlorine; a hydroxyl group; an alkoxy or aryloxy group; and a hydrocarbyl group, such as defined above, carrying halogen, hydroxyl or alkoxy or aryloxy; provided that at least one, preferably from about one to about four, of each of R 1  to R 8  is a sulfonato group (--SO 3   - ) or an alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or alkaryl group carrying a sulfonato group; M is sulfur or oxygen, preferably oxygen; E is phosphorus, arsenic, antimony or nitrogen, preferably phosphorus; and F is phosphorus, arsenic or antimony, preferably phosphorus. There is thus obtained a reaction product containing (A) a methanol phase having dissolved therein the nickel ylide catalyst and (B) an alpha olefin phase. These two phases are then separated from each other to recover the alpha olefin phase. The use of methanol as the solvent medium causes the reaction product to resolve itself into two phases, an upper phase containing most of the oligomer product and a lower methanol phase carrying the catalyst dissolved therein. This permits easy separation of the product from the reaction mixture and also permits effective recycle of methanol with dissolved catalyst. The product obtained contains normal alpha olefins having from about four to about 100 carbon atoms, generally from about four to about 50 carbon atoms.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     Reference is made to applicants&#39; following U.S. applications: 
     U.S. Patent application Ser. No. 179,079, filed Aug. 18, 1980, entitled &#34;Nickel Ylides&#34;. 
     U.S. Patent application Ser. No. 179,075, filed Aug. 18, 1980, entitled &#34;Process for the Preparation of Nickel Ylides Containing Sulfonated Group V Ligands&#34;. 
     U.S. Patent application Ser. No. 179,080, filed Aug. 18, 1980, entitled &#34;Process for the Preparation of Nickel Ylides Containing Ylide Ligands With a Sulfonated Group V Component&#34;. 
     U.S. Patent application Ser. No. 179,078, filed Aug. 18, 1980, entitled &#34;Process for the Preparation of Nickel Ylides Containing Directly Sulfonated Ylide Ligands&#34;. 
     U.S. Patent application Ser. No. 179,076, filed Aug. 18, 1980, entitled &#34;Process for the Oligomerization of Ethylene&#34;. 
     The disclosures of the foregoing applications are hereby incorported by reference. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the use of nickel ylides to oligomerize ethylene in methanol as the solvent medium. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART 
     It is well known in the art to use a variety of catalysts to oligomerize ethylene to higher molecular weight olefins. The term &#34;oligomerize&#34; has been employed, and is employed herein to describe the conversion of lower olefins such as ethylene to olefinic products of higher molecular weight, e.g., to dimer, trimer, tetramer and the like. The reaction rate and product distribution obtained are highly dependent on the exact catalyst composition and the reaction conditions employed. Two such general classes of catalysts are the &#34;Ziegler&#34; types consisting of aluminum trialkyls and the &#34;Ziegler-Natta&#34; types consisting of aluminum alkyls or alkyl halides and titanium halides. Major disadvantages of aluminum alkyl catalysts are their highly reactive and pyrophoric nature and the fact that they must be used at relatively high temperatures, e.g., 200°-275° C. and pressures, e.g., 2000-4000 psig (13,790 to 27,580 kPa). Although much milder reaction conditions are used when the aluminum alkyls are used in conjunction with titanium halides, product quality and ease of catalyst separation from products of both of these prior art types of catalysts are not as high as desired. 
     An article by W. Keim, F. H. Kowaldt, R. Goddard and C. Kruger entitled &#34;Novel Coordination of (Benzoylmethylene)triphenylphosphorane in a Nickel Oligomerization Catalyst&#34;, in Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. (1978) No. 6, page 466, discloses that a nickel ylide having the structure: ##STR2## converts ethylene into alpha olefins or polyethylene. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It has now been found that ethylene can be oligomerized at relatively low operating temperatures and pressures by reacting ethylene in methanol under oligomerization conditions in contact with a nickel ylide defined by the following Formula I: ##STR3## wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7  and R 8  are either alike or different members selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl radicals having from about one to about 24 carbon atoms, preferably from about one to about 10 carbon atoms; aryl radicals having from about six to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably from about six to about 10 carbon atoms; alkenyl radicals having from about two to to about 30 carbons atoms, preferably from about two to about 20 carbon atoms; cycloalkyl radicals having from about three to about 40 carbon atoms, preferably from about three to about 30 carbon atoms; aralkyl and alkaryl radicals having from about six to about 40 carbon atoms, preferably from about six to about 30 carbon atoms; a halogen radical selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, preferably chlorine; a hydroxyl group; an alkoxy or aryloxy group; and a hydrocarbyl group, such as defined above, carrying halogen, hydroxyl or alkoxy or aryloxy; provided that at least one, preferably from about one to about four, of each of R 1  to R 8  is a sulfonato group (--SO 3   - ) or an alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or alkaryl group carrying a sulfonato group; M is sulfur or oxygen, preferably oxygen; E is phosphorus, arsenic, antimony or nitrogen, preferably phosphorus; and F is phosphorus, arsenic or antimony, preferably phosphorus. There is thus obtained a reaction product containing (A) a methanol phase having dissolved therein the nickel ylide catalyst and (B) an alpha olefin phase. These two phases are then separated from each other to recover the alpha olefin phase. 
     Specific examples of such nickel ylides are set forth in Table I. In this table and as used elsewhere herein, &#34;Ph&#34; represents phenyl and &#34;Et&#34; represents ethyl. 
     
         TABLE I  Com-            pound R.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3 R.sub.4 R.sub.5 R.sub.6 R.sub.7 R.sub.8 E F M   1 Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph SO.sub.3.sup.- Ph P P O 2 Ph Ph Ph  ##STR4##  Ph Ph H Ph P P O 3 Ph Ph  ##STR5##  Ph Ph Ph H Ph P P O 4  ##STR6##  Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph H Ph P P O 5  ##STR7##  Ph Ph Ph  ##STR8##  Ph H Ph P P O 6 Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph  ##STR9##  SO.sub.3.sup.- Ph P P O 7 Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph SO.sub.3.sup.- Ph As P O 8 Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph SO.sub.3.sup.- Ph P P S 9 Ph Ph Ph CH.sub.2 Ph CH.sub.2 Ph CH.sub.2 Ph SO.sub.3.sup.- Ph P P O 10 Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph SO.sub.3.sup.- H P P O 11 Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph SO.sub.3.sup.- CH.sub.3 P P O 12 Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph SO.sub.3.sup.- PhPh P P O 13 Et Et Ph  ##STR10##  Ph Ph H Ph P P O 14 Ph Ph Ph Et Et Et SO.sub.3.sup.- Ph N P O 15 Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph SO.sub.3.sup.- Ph Sb P O 16 Ph Ph Ph  ##STR11##  ##STR12##  ##STR13##  SO.sub.3.sup.- Ph P P O 17 Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph (CH.sub.2).sub.3  CH.sub.2SO.sub.3.sup.- Ph P P O 18 H H H Ph Ph Ph SO.sub.3.sup.- Ph P P O 19 Ph Ph Ph Ph  ##STR14##  Ph SO.sub.3.sup.- Ph P As O 20 Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph  ##STR15##  Ph CH.sub.3 P As S 21 Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph H OCH.sub.3 P P O 22 Ph  ##STR16## Ph Ph Ph Ph H OCH.sub.3 P P O 23 Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph SO.sub.3.sup.- OEt As P O 24 Ph CH.sub.3  ##STR17##  Ph Ph Ph H OC.sub.4 H.sub.9 P P S 25 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 Ph  ##STR18##  Ph SO.sub.3.sup.- OCH.sub.3 P As O 26 Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph H  ##STR19##  P P O 27 Ph  ##STR20##  Ph Ph Ph Ph SO.sub.3.sup.-  ##STR21##  P P O 28 Ph Ph Ph  ##STR22##  Ph Ph H OC.sub.3  H.sub.7 As P S 29 Ph ##STR23##  Ph Ph Ph Ph H CH.sub.3 P As O 30 Ph Ph Ph cyclo- cyclo- cyclo- SO.sub.3. sup.- CH.sub.3 As P O     hexyl hexyl hexyl 31 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 Et Et Et SO.sub.3.sup.- OC.sub.4 H.sub.9 P P O 32 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3  ##STR24##  Et Et H OC.sub.4 H.sub.9 P P O 33 Ph CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 SO.sub.3.sup.- CH.sub.3 As As S 34 Ph  ##STR25##  Ph Ph Ph Ph H  ##STR26##  P P O 35 CH.sub.3 Et Ph  ##STR27##  Ph Ph SO.sub.3.sup.-  ##STR28##  As P S 36 H Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph SO.sub.3.sup.- H P P O 37 Ph Et Et Ph  ##STR29##  Ph SO.sub.3.sup.- CH.sub.3 As As S 38 Ph H H H H H SO.sub.3.sup.- H P P O 39  ##STR30##  ##STR31##  ##STR32##  Ph Ph Ph H OCH.sub.3 As P O 40 Ph Ph Ph butyl butyl butyl SO.sub.3.sup.-  Ph P As O 
    
     The use of methanol as the solvent medium causes the reaction product to resolve itself into two phases, an upper phase containing most of the oligomer product and a lower methanol phase carrying the catalyst dissolved therein. This permits easy separation of the product from the reaction mixture and also permits effective recycle of methanol with dissolved catalyst. The product obtained contains normal alpha olefins having from about four to about 100 carbon atoms, generally from about four to about 50 carbon atoms. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The only components required in the reaction zone are ethylene, the nickel ylide catalyst and methanol as carrier or solvent. If desired methanol need not be used alone as solvent but can be used with up to about 50 weight percent, preferably from about five to about 30 weight percent, of the oligomer product dissolved therein. The order of addition of these components (ethylene, catalyst and methanol) to the reaction zone is not critical, although it is preferred that catalyst and methanol first be heated to reaction temperature and then to add rapidly ethylene to the desired pressure. The reaction can be carried out in any manner that assures contact between ethylene and catalyst, for example, in a batch reactor or in a continuous stirred tank reactor. 
     The amount of nickel ylide catalyst used, which is soluble in the methanol solvent, will be such that its concentration therein will be in the range of about 0.0001 to about 1.0 moles per liter of solvent, preferably in the range of about 0.0005 to about 0.1 moles per liter of solvent. Ethylene is added to the reaction zone as needed, but throughout the reaction the ethylene pressure is maintained in the range of about 10 to about 700 pounds per square inch gauge (68.9 to 4826 kPa), preferably about 300  to about 600 pounds per square inch gauge (2069 to 4137 kPa), most preferably about 350 to about 550 pounds per square inch gauge (2413 to 3792 kPa). The reaction temperature can be in range of about -20° to about 200° C., preferably in the range of about 20° to about 100° C. The contact time (the length of time between the exposure of catalyst to ethylene and the separation of unreacted ethylene and/or reaction product from the catalyst) can be in the range of about one minute to about 72 hours, preferably in the range of about 10 minutes to about 24 hours. Throughout the reaction period the reaction mixture is agitated. Ethylene conversion under optimum reaction conditions can be in excess of about 90 percent and can reach up to about 99 percent. 
     At the end of the reaction period, the gaseous components that may be present in the reaction product, for example, unreacted ethylene, C 4  olefins, etc., are flashed therefrom and ethylene recycled to the reaction zone if desired. The remainder of the reaction product will consist of two liquid phases, an upper phase containing the bulk of the desired ethylene oligomerization product and, possibly, traces of methanol, while the lower phase will contain methanol, catalyst and, possibly, up to about 50 weight percent, based on the total lower phase, of ethylene oligomer product, but generally from about five to about 30 weight percent of ethylene oligomer product. These two phases can be separated from each other by any conventional means, for example, by decantation, by centrifuging, etc. In a preferred embodiment the lower methanol phase is recycled to the reaction zone for use therein. The components of the upper liquid phase can be separated into any suitable fraction by any suitable means, for example, by fractional distillation. 
     The nickel ylide catalyst used in the process of this invention can be prepared using several different procedures. The following procedures, Procedure I, relates to the preparation of nickel ylides wherein the sulfonato group is located in R 4 , R 5  and/or R 6  and at least one of R 4 , R 5  and R 6  is aryl. 
     The first step in Procedure I involves sulfonating a ligand defined by the formula: ##STR33## wherein R 4  to R 6  and E are as defined above, provided that at least one of R 4 , R 5  and R 6  is an aryl group as defined above using SO 3  in the presence of a strong inorganic mineral acid, such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, etc. Specific examples of such ligands that can be used include: allyldiphenylphosphine; benzylidiphenylphosphine; bis(3-aminopropyl)phenylphosphine; bis(2-cyanoethyl)phenylphosphine; bis(m-fluorophenyl)phosphinous chloride; 4-bromophenyldiphenylphosphine; n-butyldiphenylphosphine; t-butyldiphenylphosphine; 2-cyanoethyldiphenylphosphine; cyclohexyldiphenylphosphine; n-decylphenylphosphine; diallylphenylphosphine; di-n-amylphenylphosphine; di-sec-butylphenylphosphine; dicyclohexylphenylphosphine; di-ethylphenylphosphine; di-n-heptylphenylphosphine; di-n-hexylphenylphosphine; dimethylphenylphosphine; dimethyl-p-tolylphosphine; di-phenyl-n-butoxyphosphine; diphenylchlorophosphine; di-phenylenephenylphosphine; diphenylethoxyphosphine; di-phenylmethoxyphosphine; diphenylphosphine; beta-diphenylphosphinoethyltriethoxysilane; di-iso-propylphenylphosphine; di-o-tolylphenylphosphine; divinylphenylphosphine; ethyldiphenylphosphine; n-hexyldiphenylphosphine; o-methoxyphenyldiphenylphosphine; (2-methylbutyl)diphenylphosphine; methyldiphenylphosphine; methylethylphenylphosphine; methylphenylphosphine; neomenthyldiphenylphosphine; pentafluorophenyldiphenylphosphine; (2-phenylbutyl)diphenylphosphine; phenyldi-n-butoxyphosphine; phenyldichlorophosphine; phenyldiethoxyphosphine; phenyldimethoxyphosphine; phenylphosphine; isopropyldiphenylphosphine; n-propyldiphenylphosphine; o-tolyldiphenylphosphine; p-tolyldiphenylphosphine; tribenzylphosphine; tris(m-chlorophenyl)phosphine; tris(p-chlorophenyl)phosphine; tri(1-naphthyl)phosphine; triphenylphosphine; tris(4-dimethylaminophenyl)phosphine; tris(p-fluorophenyl)phosphine; tris(o-methoxyphenyl)phosphine; tris(p-methoxyphenyl)phosphine; tri-o-tolylphosphine; tri-m-tolylphosphine; tri-p-tolylphosphine; vinyldiphenylphosphine; sodium diphenylphosphinebenzene-3-sulfonate; disodium phenylphosphine-bis(benzene-3-sulfonate); dimethylphenylarsine; methyldiphenylarsine; triphenylarsine; tri-p-tolylarsine; di-phenylchloroarsine; triphenylantiomony; triphenylamine; tribenzylamine; methyldiphenylamine; and dimethylphenylamine. 
     It is preferred to use fuming sulfuric acid (H 2  SO 4 .xSO 3 , where x can be, for example, from about 0.1 to about 0.6, preferably from about 0.2 to about 0.4). The amount of SO 3  is not critical and can vary over a wide range, for example, at least about one mole per mole of ligand, preferably from about two to about 20 moles per mole of ligand. The two reactants are stirred and heated at a temperature of about 0° to about 200° C., preferably about 40° to about 100° C., for about one minute to about 48 hours, preferably for about 30 minutes to about four hours. Any suitable pressure can be used, although atmospheric pressure is preferred. At the end of this period the reactor contents are cooled to a temperature of about -30° to about 50° C., preferably about room temperature (about 26° C.), after which sufficient water and a suitable base, such as an alkaline metal hydroxide, an alkali metal alkoxide, ammonium hydroxide, a hydrocarbyl-substituted ammonium hydroxide, etc. are added thereto to crystallize the sulfonated ligand out of solution. For example, the amount of water used can range from about 10 milliliters to about 10 liters per mole of sulfonated ligand. The crystals can be recovered in any suitable manner, for example, by filtration, decantation or by centrifuging. 
     In the second step of Procedure I, the sulfonated ligand obtained in the first step is reacted with any zero valent nickel compound, or any nickel compound convertible to a zero valent nickel compound in situ, and a ylide defined by the following Formula II: ##STR34## wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 7 , R 8 , M and F are as defined above. Specific examples of such nickel compounds which can be used include: tris(triphenylphosphine)nickel; bis(cyclooctadiene)nickel; tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)nickel; bis(norbornadiene)nickel; (cycloocta-1,5-diene)duroquinone nickel; (dicyclopentadiene)duroquinone nickel; bis(tetracyclone)nickel; tetrakis(triethylphosphine)nickel; tris(triethylphosphine)nickel; bis(triphenylphosphine)nickel dicarbonyl; nickel carbonyl; nickel(II)acetylacetonate; nickelocene; bis(triethylphosphine)nickel(II)chloride; tetrakis(trifluorophosphine)nickel; nickel acetate; nickel bromide; nickel carbonate; nickel chloride; nickel fluoride; nickel iodide; nickel nitrate; nickel sulfate; nickel 2,4-pentandionate; bis π-allyl nickel; and nickel di-chloride hexaamine. Specific examples of ylides coming within the definition of Formula II are set forth in Table II. 
     
                                           TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________Com-poundR.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3                    R.sub.7                        R.sub.8  F M__________________________________________________________________________1    Ph      Ph      Ph  H   Ph       P O2    Ph      Ph      Ph  H   Ph       P S3    Ph      Ph      Ph  SO.sub.3.sup.-                        Ph       P O4    Ph      Ph      Ph  SO.sub.3.sup.-                        Ph       P S ##STR35##        Ph      Ph  H   Ph       P O6    Ph         ##STR36##                Ph  SO.sub.3.sup.-                        Ph       P S7    Ph      Ph      Ph  H   OCH.sub.3                                 P O8    Ph      Ph      Ph  SO.sub.3.sup.-                        OCH.sub.3                                 R O9    Ph      Ph      Ph  H   OCH.sub.3                                 P S10 ##STR37##        Ph      Ph  H   OCH.sub.3                                 P O11   Ph         ##STR38##                Ph  SO.sub.3.sup.-                        OCH.sub.3                                 P O12   Ph      Ph      Ph  H   CH.sub.3 P O13   Ph      Ph      Ph  SO.sub.3.sup.-                        OCH.sub.3                                 P O14 ##STR39##        Ph      Ph  H   CH.sub.3 P O15   Ph         ##STR40##                Ph  SO.sub.3.sup.-                        CH.sub.3 P O16   Ph      Ph      Ph  SO.sub.3.sup.-                        CH.sub.3 P S17   Ph      Ph      Ph  H   CH.sub.3 P O18   CH.sub.3        CH.sub.3                CH.sub.3                    H   Ph       P O19   CH.sub.3        CH.sub.3                CH.sub.3                    SO.sub.3.sup.-                        Ph       P O20   CH.sub.3        CH.sub.3                CH.sub.3                    H   Ph       P S21   CH.sub.3        CH.sub.3                CH.sub.3                    SO.sub.3.sup.-                        Ph       P S22   Et      Et      Et  SO.sub.3.sup.-                        Ph       P O23   CH.sub.3         ##STR41##                Et  H   Ph       P O24   CH.sub.3        Cyclo-  Ph  SO.sub.3.sup.-                        Ph       P S        hexyl25   CH.sub.3        CH.sub.3                CH.sub.3                    H   OCH.sub.3                                 P O26   CH.sub.3        Ph      Et  SO.sub.3.sup.-                        CH.sub.3 P O27 ##STR42##        Ph      Et  H   OCH.sub.3                                 P S28   CH.sub.3        CH.sub.3                CH.sub.3                    H   CH.sub.3 P O29   Ph      CH.sub.3                Et  SO.sub.3.sup.-                        CH.sub.3 P O30   Ph         ##STR43##                CH.sub.3                    H   CH.sub.3 P S31   Ph      Ph      Et  SO.sub.3.sup.-                        CH.sub.3 P S32 ##STR44##        CH.sub.3                Et  SO.sub.3.sup.-                        CH.sub.3 P O33 ##STR45##        Ph      Ph  SO.sub.3.sup.-                        Ph       P O34 ##STR46##        Ph      CH.sub.3                    H   Ph       P S35   CH.sub.3        CH.sub.3                Et  SO.sub.3.sup.-                         ##STR47##                                 P O36   Ph      Ph      Ph  H   Ph       As                                   O37   Ph      Ph      Ph  H   Ph       As                                   S38   Ph      Ph      Ph  SO.sub.3.sup.-                        Ph       As                                   O39   Ph      Ph      Ph  SO.sub.3.sup.-                        CH.sub.3 As                                   O40   CH.sub.3        CH.sub.3                CH.sub.3                    H   Ph       As                                   O41   Ph      CH.sub.3                CH.sub.3                    SO.sub.3.sup.-                        Ph       As                                   O42   Ph         ##STR48##                CH.sub.3                    H   Ph       As                                   O43   Ph      Ph      Ph  H   Ph       Sb                                   O44   Ph      Ph      Ph  SO.sub.3.sup.-                        Ph       Sb                                   O45   Ph         ##STR49##                Ph  H   Ph       Sb                                   O46   Ph         ##STR50##                Ph  SO.sub.3.sup.-                        Ph       Sb                                   O47   Ph      Ph      Ph  H   Ph       Sb                                   O48   Ph      Ph      Ph  SO.sub.3.sup.-                        Ph       Sb                                   S49   CH.sub.3        CH.sub.3                CH.sub.3                    H   Ph       Sb                                   O50   CH.sub.3        Ph      CH.sub.3                    SO.sub.3.sup.-                        Ph       Sb                                   O51   Ph      Ph      Ph  H                         ##STR51##                                 P O52   Ph      Ph      Ph  H                         ##STR52##                                 P S53   Ph         ##STR53##                Ph  H   OC.sub.3 H.sub.7                                 P O54   Ph      Ph      Ph  SO.sub.3.sup.-                        OC.sub.4 H.sub.9                                 P O55   Ph      Ph      Ph  SO.sub.3.sup.-                         ##STR54##                                 P O56   Ph      Ph      Ph  H                         ##STR55##                                 As                                   O__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     In this second step approximately equal molar amounts of each of the three reactants defined above are dissolved in any suitable unreactive solvent, such as toluene, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, or other unreactive hydrocarbon solvents, and stirred while maintaining a temperature of about 0° to about 100° C., preferably room temperature, for about one-half hour to about 48 hours, preferably about three to about 20 hours, sufficient to ensure complete reaction. Any suitable pressure can be used, although atmospheric pressure is preferred. The solvent can be removed from the reaction mixture in any suitable manner, for example, by distillation, including vacuum distillation, if necessary, leaving behind the compound defined above. On the other hand, a second solvent in which the desired product is insoluble, such as heptane, can be added to the reaction product to precipitate the compound therein. The compound can be recovered, for example, by filtration, decantation or by centrifuging. 
     The following procedure, Procedure II, relates to the preparation of nickel ylides wherein the sulfonato group is located in R 1 , R 2 , and/or R 3 . In this procedure, the first step involves reacting a ligand, defined by the formula: ##STR56## wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and F are as defined above, provided that at least one of R 1 , R 2  and R 3  is a sulfonato group or an alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or alkaryl, as defined above, carrying a sulfonato group, with an alpha substituted ketone or aldehyde or an alpha substituted thioketone or thioaldehyde defined by the following formula: ##STR57## wherein R 7 , R 8  and M are as defined above and X is a halogen radical selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, preferably chlorine and bromine, a tosyl group (a toluene sulfonate group), or a acetate group. The sulfonated ligand can be obtained in any conventional manner by sulfonating the appropriate trihydrocarbyl phosphine, arsine or stibine or by sulfonating using the procedure employed in Procedure I. Specific examples of ligands that can be used include: allyldiphenylphosphine; benzyldiphenylphosphine; bis(3-aminopropyl)-phenylphosphine; bis(2-cyanoethyl)phenylphosphine; bis(m-fluorophenyl)phosphinous chloride; 4-bromophenyldiphenylphosphine; n-butyldiphenylphosphine; t-butyldiphenylphosphine; 2-cyanoethyldiphenylphosphine; cyclohexyldiphenylphosphine; n-decylphenylphosphine; diallylphenylphosphine; di-n-amylphenylphosphine; di-sec-butylphenylphosphine; dicyclohexylphenylphosphine; di-ethylphenylphosphine; di-n-heptylphenylphosphine; di-n-hexylphenylphosphine; di-methylphenylphosphine; dimethyl-p-tolylphosphine; diphenyl-n-butoxyphosphine; diphenylchlorophosphine; diphenylenephenylphosphine; diphenylethoxyphosphine; diphenylmethoxyphosphine; diphenylphosphine; beta-diphenylphosphinoethyltriethoxysilane; di-iso-propylphenylphosphine; di-o-tolylphenylphosphine; divinylphenylphosphine; ethyldiphenylphosphine; n-hexyldiphenylphosphine; o-methoxyphenyldiphenylphosphine; (2-methylbutyl)diphenylphosphine; methyldiphenylphosphine; methylethylphenylphosphine; methylphenylphosphine; neomenthyldiphenylphosphine; pentafluorophenyldiphenylphosphine; (2-phenylbutyl)diphenylphosphine; phenyldi-n-butoxyphosphine; phenyldichlorophosphine; phenyldiethoxyphosphine; phenyldimethoxyphosphine; phenylphosphine; isopropyldiphenylphosphine; n-propyldiphenylphosphine; o-tolyldiphenylphosphine; p-tolyldiphenylphosphine; tribenzylphosphine; tris(m-chlorophenyl)phosphine; tris(p-chlorophenyl)phosphine; tri(1-naphthyl)phosphine; triphenylphosphine; tris(4-dimethylaminophenyl)phosphine; tris(p-fluorophenyl)phosphine; tris(o-methoxyphenyl)phosphine; tris(p-methoxyphenyl)phosphine; tri-o-tolylphosphine; tri-m-tolylphosphine; tri-p-tolylphosphine; vinyldiphenylphosphine; sodium diphenylphosphinebenzene-3-sulfonate; disodium phenylphosphinebis(benzene-3-sulfonate); dimethylphenylarsine; methyldiphenylarsine; triphenylarsine; tri-p-tolylarsine; diphenylchloroarsine; and triphenylantimony. Specific examples of such alpha substituted ketones or aldehydes and of alpha substituted thioketones or thioaldehydes that can be used herein include: phenacylchloride; phenacylbromide; alphaacetoxyacetophenone; alpha-bromo-2&#39;-acetonaphthone; alphabromoacetone; 3-bromocamphor; alpha-bromo-p-chloroacetophenone; alpha-bromo-2&#39;,4&#39;-dimethoxyacetophenone; alpha-bromoiosbutyrophenone; alpha-bromo-o-methoxyacetophenone; alpha-bromo-m-methoxyacetophenone; alpha-bromo-p-methoxy-acetophenone; alpha-bromo-4&#39;-methylacetophenone; p-bromophenacrylbromide; alpha-bromopropiophenone; chloroacetone; alpha-chloro-p-fluoroacetophenone; alpha-chlorobutyrophenone; p-chlorophenacylchloride; alpha-chloropropiophenone; alpha-chlorothioacetophenone; alpha-bromothioacetophenone; alpha-chloroethylnaphthylketone; alphachloromethylacetate; alpha-bromomethylacetate; alphachloroethylacetate; alpha-bromoethylacetate; alpha-chloropropylacetate; alphachlorobutylacetate; alpha-chlorophenylacetate; alpha-chloro-p-sulfonatophenylacetate; alpha-bromopropylacetate; alpha-bromobutylacetate; alphabromophenylacetate; and alpha-bromo-p-sulfonatophenylacetate. 
     The reaction between the sulfonated ligand and the ketone or aldehyde is carried out using about equal molar amounts of each reactant while they are dissolved in an appropriate hydrocarbon solvent, such as toluene or tetrahydrofuran, and the reaction is carried out at a temperature of about 20° to about 200° C., preferably about 50° to about 150° C., and any suitable pressure, preferably atmospheric, for about one to about 24 hours, preferably for about two to about eight hours. The reaction mixture is then cooled, preferably to room temperature. If a solid results from such cooling it is recovered in any suitable manner, for example, by filtration, decantation or by centrifuging. If solids do not form, the reaction mixture can be subjected to distillation to remove solvents therefrom, leaving behind solid material, which is a salt defined by the following Formula III: ##STR58## wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 7 , R 8 , F, M and X are as defined in the previous paragraph. 
     To convert the above salt to the corresponding ylide, the salt is reacted with a stoichiometric amount of a base, such as an alkali metal hydroxide (sodium or potassium hydroxide), an alkyl or aryl lithium (n-butyl lithium, methyl lithium or phenyl lithium), an alkoxide (sodium methoxide or potassium t-butoxide), a hydrocarbyl-substituted ammonium hydroxide (benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide), ammonium hydroxide, ammonia, etc. This can be done, for example, by suspending or dissolving the salt in a suitable liquid, such as water, an alcohol (ethanol or isopropanol), an aromatic (benzene or toluene), a hydrocarbon (hexane or heptane), etc. The reaction temperature can range from about room temperature to about 200° C., preferably from about room temperature to about 50° C., and the reaction time from about one minute to about four hours, or even longer, but preferably from about one to about two hours. Elevated pressures can be used, although atmospheric pressure will suffice. If the ylide obtained is a solid, recovery can be effected by filtration, decantation or by centrifuging. If the ylide is dissolved in the solvent, simple distillation is sufficient to remove the solvent, leaving behind the solid ylide. In some cases in association with the ylide so recovered will be the salt corresponding to the base that was used. For example, use of sodium hydroxide produces the corresponding sodium salt. The salt and the desired ylide can be separated from each other in any convenient manner, for example, by extraction with a solvent that will dissolve one and not the other. For example, aromatics, such as toluene, can be used to dissolve the ylide, while water can be used to dissolve the salt. The ylide obtained can be defined by the following Formula IV: ##STR59## wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 7 , R 8 , F and M are as defined in Formula III. 
     The above identified ylide (Formula IV) is then reacted with (1) a ligand defined by the formula: ##STR60## where R 4 , R 5 , and R 6  can be a hydrocarbyl, as defined above, a sulfonated hydrocarbyl or a sulfonato group, and E is as defined above; and (2) a zero valent nickel compound, following the procedure of Procedure I. Specific examples of ligands that can be used include: allyldiphenylphosphine; benzyldiphenylphosphine; bis(3-aminopropyl)-phenylphosphine; bis(2-cyanoethyl)phenylphosphine; bis(m-fluorophenyl)phosphinous chloride; 4-bromophenyldiphenylphosphine; n-butyldiphenylphosphine; t-butyldiphenylphosphine; 2-cyanoethyldiphenylphosphine; cyclohexyldiphenylphosphine; n-decylphenylphosphine; diallylphenylphosphine; di-n-amylphenylphosphine; di-sec-butylphenylphosphine; dicyclohexylphenylphosphine; diethylphenylphosphine; di-n-heptylphenylphosphine; di-n-hexylphenylphosphine; dimethylphenylphosphine; dimethyl-p-tolylphosphine; di-phenyl-n-butoxyphosphine; diphenylchlorophosphine; diphenylenephenylphosphine; diphenylethoxyphosphine; diphenylmethoxyphosphine; diphenylphosphine; beta-diphenylphosphinoethyltriethoxysilane; di-iso-propylphenylphosphine; di-o-tolylphenylphosphine; divinylphenylphosphine; ethyldiphenylphosphine; n-hexyldiphenylphosphine; o-methoxyphenyldiphenylphosphine; (2-methylbutyl)diphenylphosphine; methyldiphenylphosphine; methylethylphenylphosphine; methylphenylphosphine; neomenthyldiphenylphosphine; pentafluorophenyldiphenylphosphine; (2-phenylbutyl)diphenylphosphine; phenyldi-n-butoxyphosphine; phenyldichlorophosphine; phenyldiethoxyphosphine; phenyldimethoxyphosphine; phenylphosphine; isopropyldiphenylphosphine; n-propyldiphenylphosphine; o-tolyldiphenylphosphine; p-tolyldiphenylphosphine; tribenzylphosphine; tris(m-chlorophenyl)phosphine; tris(p-chlorophenyl)phosphine; tri(1-naphthyl)phosphine; triphenylphosphine; tris(4-dimethylaminophenyl)phosphine; tris(p-fluorophenyl)phosphine; tris(o-methoxyphenyl)phosphine; tris(p-methoxyphenyl)phosphine; tri-o-tolylphosphine; tri-m-tolylphosphine; tri-p-tolylphosphine; vinyldiphenylphosphine; sodium diphenylphosphinebenzene-3-sulfonate; disodium phenylphosphine bis(benzene-3-sulfonate); dimethylphenylarsine; methyldiphenylarsine; triphenylarsine; tri-p-tolylarsine; di-phenylchloroarsine; triphenylantimony; triphenylamine; tribenzylamine; methyldiphenylamine; dimethylphenylamine;   bis(2-cyanoethyl)phosphine; bis(dimethylamino)methylphosphine; t-butyldichlorophosphine; 2-cyanoethylphosphine; cyclohexylphosphine; di-t-butylchlorophosphine; dicyclohexylphosphine; diethylethoxyphosphine; diethyl-iso-propoxyphosphine; diethylphosphine, triallylphosphine; tri-iso-butylphosphine; tri-n-butylphosphine; tri-sec-butylphosphine; tri-t-butylphosphine; triethylphosphine, tri-n-hexylphosphine; trimethylphosphine; trifluorophosphine; tri-iso-propylphosphine; tri-n-propylphosphine; tris(2-cyanoethyl)phosphine; tris(dimethylamino)phosphine; tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine; tri-n-butylantimony; triethylarsine; trimethylarsine; methyldiiodoarsine; trimethylamine; triethylamine; tributylamine; tripropylamine; dimethylamine; di-n-hexylamine; dicyclohexylamine; diethylamine; tricyclohexylamine; ammonia; and phosphine. 
     The following procedure, Procedure III, relates to the preparation of nickel ylides wherein the sulfonato group is in R 7 . In the first step, the ylide defined by the following Formula V: ##STR61## wherein each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 8  are hydrocarbyl radicals as defined above, and each of F and M is an element as defined above, is sulfonated to obtain the following sulfonated ylide defined by the following Formula VI: ##STR62## wherein each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 8 , M and F is as defined in Formula V. In some cases, for example, where R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 8  are phenyl, M is oxygen and F is phosphorus the following Formula VII may more accurately describe the structure: ##STR63## 
     This first step can be done, for example, by dissolving the ylide of Formula V in a suitable solvent, for example, a halogenated hydrocarbon, such as chloroform, dichloroethane, methylene chloride or methyl chloroform, or a hydrocarbon solvent, such as heptane or hexane and then adding SO 3  to the resulting solution. The ylide and sulfonating agent are generally employed in equal molar amounts, although excess sulfonating agent can be present, if desired. Temperatures can be in the range of about 0° to about 200° C., preferably from about 20° to about 100° C., pressures can be elevated, although atmospheric pressure is preferred, and reaction times can vary from about five minutes to about 24 hours, preferably from about ten minutes to about four hours. 
     At the end of the reaction time the compounds defined by Formula VI or VII are recovered by any suitable means. If the sulfonated desired product is solid, recovery can be effected by filtration, decantation or by centrifuging. If the desired product is dissolved in the reaction medium, recovery can be effected by distillation to remove the solvent therefrom. 
     The sulfonated product is converted to the corresponding ylide by reacting the same with a base, such as an alkali metal hydroxide (sodium or potassium hydroxide), an alkyl or aryl lithium (n-butyl lithium, methyl lithium or phenyl lithium), an alkoxide (sodium methoxide or potassium t-butoxide), a hydrocarbyl-substituted ammonium hydroxide (benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide), ammonium hydroxide, ammonia, etc., to produce the following ylide defined by Formula VIII: ##STR64## wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 8 , F and M are as defined in Formula VI and A is the cationic portion of the base used. This can be done, for example, by suspending or dissolving the sulfonated ylide in a suitable liquid, such as water, an alcohol (ethanol or isopropanol), an aromatic (benzene or toluene), a hydrocarbon (hexane or heptane), etc. The reaction temperature can range from about room temperature to about 200° C., preferably from about room temperature to about 50° C., and the reaction time from about one minute to about four hours, or even longer, but preferably from about one to about two hours. Elevated pressures can be used, although atmospheric pressure will suffice. If the ylide obtained is a solid, recovery can be effected by filtration, decantation or by centrifuging. If the ylide is dissolved in the solvent, simple distillation is sufficient to remove the solvent, leaving behind the solid ylide. 
     The sulfonated ylide defined by Formula VIII is then reacted with (1) a ligand defined by the formula: ##STR65## wherein R 4 , R 5 , and R 6  can be hydrocarbyl, as defined above, a sulfonated hydrocarbyl or a sulfonato group, and E is as defined above; and (2) a zero valent nickel compound, following the procedure of Procedure I. Specific examples of ligands that can be used include those previously set forth in Procedure II as examples of the ligand: 
    
    
     The following examples illustrate the invention, and are not intended to limit the invention, but rather, are presented for purposes of illustration. Examples I through III illustrate the preparation of nickel ylides useful in the process of this invention; and Example IV illustrates the use of nickel ylides to oligomerize ethylene in accordance with the process of this invention. 
     EXAMPLE I 
     This example is illustrative of Procedure I. To 20 milliliters of 30 percent fuming sulfuric acid there were added slowly with cooling 10 grams of triphenylphosphine. The solution was then heated to 80° C. and every five minutes the solution was tested by adding one drop of the solution to water until a clear solution was obtained. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, poured into 200 cc of water and neutralized with 10 percent aqueous sodium hydroxide. After setting the solution overnight at room temperature, the desired product separated by crystallization and was recovered by filtration. The recovered product, sodium diphenylphosphinobenzene-3-sulfonate has the following structure: ##STR67## 
     To 1.40 grams of bis(cyclooctadiene)nickel (5.1 millimoles) in 30 milliliters of toluene under an argon atmosphere there was added a solution of 1.86 grams of Compound 1 (5.1 millimoles) and 1.94 grams (5.1 millimoles) of benzoylmethylenetriphenylphosphorane: ##STR68## in 20 milliliters of toluene. After stirring for 18 hours at room temperature, the reaction mixture was heated to 50° C. to remove the solvent under a reduced pressure of 10 to 100 millimeters of mercury. The reaction mixture was transferred to an argon filled dry box and dissolved in toluene. Hexane was added to precipitate the product identified below as Compound 3. A total of 3.13 grams in 76 percent yield of the compound was recovered. ##STR69## 
     EXAMPLE II 
     This example is illustrative of Procedure II. To 4.65 grams of alpha-chloroacetophenone (0.03 mole) in 150 milliliters of toluene there were added 10.92 grams of Compound 1 (0.03 mole). This was heated to reflux under argon for five hours and then cooled and filtered. A total of 14.52 grams of the phosphonium salt: ##STR70## was obtained which was suspended in ethanol/water and titrated with 10 percent sodium hydroxide to a phenolphthalein end point. The ethanol was removed in vacuo and the product was washed with toluene to remove a small amount of unsubstituted benzoylmethylene triphenylphosphorane (1.2 grams). A total of 12.89 grams of the following phosphonium compound: ##STR71## was obtained in 89 percent yield. 
     To 1.38 grams of bis(cyclooctadiene)nickel (five millimoles) in 70 milliliters of tetrahydrofuran there was added a mixture of 1.31 grams of triphenylphosphine (five millimoles) and 2.41 grams of Compound 5 (five millimoles) dissolved in 70 milliliters of tetrahydrofuran. This was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours, after which the solvent was removed in vacuo. The resulting product was dissolved in toluene and filtered. Heptane was then added to precipitate the following nickel ylide: ##STR72## 
     EXAMPLE III 
     This example is illustrative of Procedure III. To 4.01 grams of pyridine (0.05 mole) in 250 milliliters of dichloroethane there was added 6.97 grams of sulfur trioxide (0.087 mole) of 0° C. under nitrogen. After stirring for 0.5 hour, a solution of 19.05 grams of unsubstituted benzoylmethylenetriphenylphosphorane (0.05 mole) in 200 milliliters of dichloroethane was added. This was then heated to reflux for one hour. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and the solvent removed in vacuo. The resulting product was then suspended in ethyl alcohol and filtered to give 19.7 grams of a white solid of the following phosphonium salt in 86 percent yield: ##STR73## 
     Compound 7 was also prepared as follows. To 29 grams of benzolylmethylenetriphenylphosphorane (0.076 mole) in 500 milliliters of dichloroethane at 25° C. under nitrogen there was added 5.47 milliliters of sulfur trioxide (0.132 mole). After stirring for 18 hours the solvent was removed in vacuo. Then 450 milliliters of ethanol and 50 milliliters of water were added and the mixture stirred for one-half hour. The product was filtered and washed with ether to give 31.8 grams, 87 percent yield, of Compound 7. 
     Compound 7 was then suspended in water and titrated with 10 percent aqueous sodium hydroxide to a phenolphthalein end point. The water was then removed in vacuo and final traces removed via ethanol azeotrope to give 20.7 grams of the following ylide in 86 percent yield: ##STR74## 
     The nickel ylide, defined below as Compound 9, was prepared as follows. To 1.38 grams of bis(cyclooctadiene)nickel (five millimoles) in 30 milliliters of tetrahydrofuran there was added a mixture of 1.31 grams of triphenylphosphine (five millimoles) and 2.41 grams of Compound 8 (five millimoles) dissolved in 70 milliliters of tetrahydrofuran. The reaction mixture was stirred for 18 hours at room temperature, after which solvent was removed in vacuo. The resulting solid was dissolved in toluene and filtered. A yellow solid, which precipitated upon addition of heptane, was recovered by filtration. A total yield of 3.65 grams of Compound 9 was recovered in 91 percent yield. ##STR75## 
     When Example III above was repeated except that Compound 7 was titrated with potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide and trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide in place of 10 percent aqueous sodium hydroxide the following nickel ylides, respectively, were obtained: ##STR76## 
     In producing Compounds 10, 11 and 12 identified above, it is apparent that the following ylides corresponding to Compound 8, respectively, will also be obtained: ##STR77## 
     EXAMPLE IV 
     Into a reactor there was charged 0.2 gram (0.25 millimole) of the specific nickel ylide compound identified as Compound 9 in Example III hereof dissolved in 100 milliliters of methanol. During the reaction precautions were taken to exclude air contamination by performing the reactions in an argon atmosphere. The reaction mixture was then heated to 50° C. and pressured with ethylene to obtain a partial pressure therein of 500 pounds per square inch gauge (3447 kPa). The reaction mixture was stirred during the reaction period of 18 hours, during which period the pressure and temperature were maintained at the indicated level. At the end of the 18-hour reaction period the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and unreacted ethylene removed therefrom. Two separate and distinct phases were obtained, an upper liquid phase containing the desired ethylene oligomer and a lower methanol phase containing dissolved catalyst. The two phases were separated from each other by decantation. Several additional runs were carried out in which reaction temperature was varied and several wherein the reaction pressure was varied. The data obtained are tabulated below in Tables III and IV. In Run No. 4, 0.437 gram (0.52 millimole) of catalyst was used. 
     
                       TABLE III______________________________________                    Activity (Moles of     Reaction       Ethylene ReactedRun No.   Temperature, °C.                    Per Mole of Catalyst______________________________________1         50             22,0402         40             44,9893         60             10,732______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE IV______________________________________    Reaction Pressure,                    Activity (Moles of    Pounds Per Square                    Ethylene ReactedRun No.  Inch Gauge (kPa)                    Per Mole of Catalyst______________________________________4        200 (1379)       8,7285        400 (2758)      16,7481        500 (3475)      22,0406        600 (4137)       5,8797        800 (5516)         88        900 (6206)      Trace______________________________________ 
    
     The data in Table IV are unusual in that, contrary to expectations, the catalyst activity decreased, above a certain level, as pressure increased. 
     Additional runs were carried out following the procedure of Run No. 1 except that (1) in place of the methanol the following solvents were used: triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, 2-propanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethyl ether, n-butanol, (2-ethoxy)ethoxyethanol and propylene carbonate, and (2) 0.08 gram (0.1 millimole) of the same catalyst was dissolved in each of the solvents. Also, additional runs were carried out following the procedure of Run No. 4 except that (1) in place of the methanol the following solvents were used: tetrahydrofuran, 50/50 toluene/butanediol, toluene, acetone, anisole, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, dioxane and ethylene glycol, and (2) 0.08 gram (0.1 millimole) of the same catalyst was dissolved in each of the solvents. The uniqueness of the present process was shown by the fact that in none of the cases wherein the above solvents were used did the reaction product resolve itself into two well-defined liquid phases as illustrated above wherein methanol was used as solvent. 
     Although the invention has been described in considerable detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention as described hereinbefore, and as defined in the appended claims.