Abstract:
A semiconductor memory includes multi-mode reporting signals, a state register, and parity detectors. The parity detector determines whether signals received on a communication bus contain a desired parity. The multi-mode reporting signals enable reporting of communication faults without adding additional signals to the semiconductor memory by being configured in a normal operating mode or a parity fault mode for reporting communication faults to an external memory controller. The state register enables storing of received values from the communication bus. With the state register, a memory controller may determine correctly received signal patterns and failing signal patterns. Parity may be defined as even or odd and may be generated based on various signal configurations. The embodiments may be configured as a computing system comprising a processor, an input device, an output device, the memory controller, and at least one semiconductor memory.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/311,808, filed Dec. 6, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,296,639, issued Oct. 23, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/823,347, filed Jun. 25, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,074,159, issued Dec. 6, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/186,713, filed Jul. 21, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,747,933, issued Jun. 29, 2010, the disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated herein by this reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure relate generally to semiconductor integrated circuits and, in particular, to error detection and remedial measures in the context of integrated circuits transmitting and receiving multi-bit address and data information. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     Encoders and Decoders for detection and correction of data errors have long been used in integrated circuits, particularly in Dynamic Random Access Memories (DRAMs), which may be susceptible to data storage errors. Methods of parity generation, storage, and checking have often been implemented in an attempt to discover where and when storage errors occur. Generally, parity is defined as the calculation of a number of asserted signals, or bits, in a collection of signals generally referred to as a bus. Typically, a “1” is considered the asserted state. In a characteristic application, a data byte containing 8 bits may be used as the base collection. As an example, if the data byte has the value “1100 1011” five bits contain the value of “1” and three bits contain the value of “0.” To track the parity of a data byte, an additional bit may be added to the byte to indicate the parity of the byte. In this case, if odd parity is desired, the parity bit is placed in the appropriate state to make the total number of asserted bits in the collection of bits including the data byte and the parity bit an odd number. Therefore, for the case of five asserted bits in the data byte, the parity bit is de-asserted to keep the total number of asserted bits odd. If, as another example, the data byte contains two asserted bits, the odd parity bit is asserted to make the total number of asserted bits in the combination of the data byte and the parity bit an odd number, namely three in this case. Parity may also be generated and checked as even parity. In even parity, the parity bit is asserted or de-asserted to make the total number of asserted bits in the collection of the data byte and parity bit equal to an even number. 
     In many conventional memory systems containing parity for the detection of storage errors, the additional parity bit is stored in memory along with the data byte requiring 9 bits of memory storage for each byte of data. With this extra storage bit, if the data byte and parity are stored with odd parity, when the read occurs a check is performed to verify that odd parity is present on the read data. If not, then an error has occurred in either storage or retrieval of the data. 
     Additionally, systems have been developed to check that an address, or other signals, communicated from a transmitter to a receiver are received correctly. In the case of address signals, detecting and possibly attempting to correct address errors is important to prevent data from being read or written to the wrong storage location. In these address fault detection systems error detection is desired for the transmission of signals, not storage. Therefore, there is no need to store the parity bit(s). Instead valid parity is generated at the transmission end, the parity and data signals are transmitted, and a check is performed to ensure that valid parity is still present at the receiving end. In addition, using additional bits beyond the parity bit, error correction codes can be combined with the parity bit. The error correction codes accompany the transmission of data and parity, allowing correction of certain errors at the receiving end that may occur in transmission. One approach to dealing with this problem of signal transmission errors and correction techniques is seen in U.S. Pat. No. 5,173,905 to Parkinson et al. 
     As the need for higher speed and bandwidth to memory increases, engineers push closer to the speed and signaling boundaries where transmission errors may occur. Signals between modern semiconductor devices may have very low voltage swings or may be configured as current mode signals. The smaller voltage swings reduce the acceptable margin of error even with more precise input signal level sensors. Also, pushing the signal transmissions to higher speeds means that a shorter time period exists when the signal is in a steady state of a high or a low when it can be sensed before the signal makes a transition to the next state. Computer graphics controllers and the graphics DRAMs used in graphics memory systems are particularly high consumers of memory bandwidth and therefore vulnerable to signal transmission errors. 
     As a result, there is a need for simple low cost detection of signal transmission and reception errors on high speed buses, particularly graphics buses, to allow for remedial measures to be taken. Additionally, there is a need to perform this operation without adding additional Input/Output (IO) signals to devices already under severe signal count constraints. 
     SUMMARY 
     One embodiment of the invention comprises a semiconductor memory comprising at least one multi-mode reporting signal, a state register, and a parity detector for determining if a set of signals received on a communication bus contains a desired parity. The multi-mode reporting signal enables reporting of communication faults without adding additional signals to the semiconductor memory. The multi-mode reporting signal may be configured in a normal operational mode, or it may be configured in a fault reporting mode for signaling the communication fault to an external device. An external device, such as a memory controller or graphics memory controller, may place the multi-mode reporting signal in the fault reporting mode by writing to an enable unit within the semiconductor memory. 
     Additionally, the state register enables the storing of received values from the communication bus. This storing of received values allows an external memory controller to read the state register to determine which signals were received incorrectly. With the state register, an external device may determine what type of signal patterns are received correctly and what type of signal patterns may fail. In this error detection system, parity may be defined as even or odd. Also, parity may be generated based on various signal collections depending upon the type of signals present on the communication bus and the desired data patterns to be placed on the bus. 
     Another embodiment of the invention comprises a system including a memory controller and at least one semiconductor memory. In this embodiment, the memory controller may generate the proper parity for the set of signals on the communication bus and transmit the signals and parity to the at least one semiconductor memory. The at least one semiconductor memory then checks for expected parity and stores the received signal values in the state register. If a parity fault is detected and the at least one semiconductor memory is configured to report the fault, the fault is indicated to the memory controller. The memory controller may then read the state register in the at least one semiconductor memory to determine which signal was not received correctly. As a result of the determination, the memory controller may then attempt to modify various transmission characteristics in an attempt to remedy the faulty communication. 
     Yet another embodiment of the invention comprises a computing system including a processor, at least one input device, at least one output device, the memory controller, and at least one semiconductor memory. In this embodiment, the memory controller may physically be separate from the processor or may be on the same semiconductor device as the processor. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In the drawings, which illustrate what is currently considered to be the best mode for carrying out the invention: 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a system comprising a memory controller and a semiconductor memory connected by a communication bus; 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing details of the communication bus in an exemplary implementation using a graphics DRAM; and 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram showing semiconductor memories and a memory controller in a computer system. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In one embodiment of the invention, depicted in  FIG. 1 , a memory controller  300  is connected to a semiconductor memory  100  by a communication bus  200 . The semiconductor memory  100  contains a conventional memory array  190  with all the associated addressing logic, reading logic, and writing logic required to access the memory array  190 . In addition, the semiconductor memory  100  contains modules for detecting, storing, and reporting communication faults. 
     For detecting the communication faults, a parity detector  110  is connected to the communication bus  200 . A parity fault may be reported if the received parity does not match a desired parity. The desired parity may be configured as even or odd parity. As described previously, parity is defined as the calculation of a number of asserted signals, or bits, in a collection of signals generally referred to as a bus. In a characteristic application, a data byte containing 8 bits may be used as the base collection. As previously noted, if the data byte has the value “1100 1011” five bits contain the value of “1” and three bits contain the value of “0.” For odd parity, the parity bit is de-asserted to make the total number of asserted signal in the combination of the data byte and parity bit equal to an odd number. On the other hand, for even parity, the parity bit is asserted to make the total number of asserted signal in the combination of the data byte and parity bit equal to an even number. This is a simple example of a typical parity implementation for a single data byte. The present invention comprises many more signals in more flexible parity arrangements. 
       FIG. 2  shows an exemplary embodiment of the invention using a graphics memory controller  300 ′ and graphics DRAM  100 ′. Typical address, data, and control signals are shown for a  256  Megabit graphics synchronous DRAM  100 ′ with a 32 bit wide data bus. When the semiconductor memory  100  is placed into the parity detection mode, various signal partitioning is possible and various signals may be used as the parity bit. For example, in a straightforward implementation, the signals may be logically segmented in to a data portion  210 , an address portion  220 , a control portion  230 , and a parity portion defined as a logical collection of all the parity bits for all the defined portions. 
     In this straightforward partitioning, it may be desirable to separate each of the four data bytes ( 211 ,  212 ,  213 , and  214 ) into separate parity checking collections. The parity bit associated with each data byte ( 211 ,  212 ,  213 , and  214 ), while in the parity checking mode may be, for example, the write enable signals  218  for each byte, denoted in  FIG. 2  as Write Data Strobes (WDQS 0 - 3 ). Additionally, the address portion  220  may be defined as the address signals  222  denoted as A 0 -A 11 . Any one of the address signals  222  may be selected as the address parity bit  228 . In this embodiment, A 11  is selected as the address parity bit  228 . Finally, the control portion  230  may be defined as any additional signals required for control of the memory device. A non-exhaustive list of these type of signals may be signals typical of any DRAM or graphics DRAM  100 ′ well known to those skilled in DRAM design such as; Row Address Strobe (RAS), Column Address Strobe (CAS), Write Enable (WE), Chip Select (CS#), Clock Enable (CKE#), input Data Masks (DM 0 - 3 ), and Bank Addresses (BA 0 - 1 ). In a control portion  230  such as this, any signal may be chosen as the control parity bit  238 . For the implementation shown in  FIG. 2 , RAS is selected as the control parity bit  238 . 
     Many other collections are contemplated within the scope of the invention. For example, the data bytes ( 211 ,  212 ,  213 , and  214 ) may be organized into 16 bit words with one parity bit. In this configuration, as an example, WDQS 0  may be associated with the 16 bit word containing data byte zero  211  and data byte one  212 . WDQS 2  may be associated with the 16 bit word containing data byte two  213  and data byte three  214 . In another configuration for the data portion, the entire data bus may be configured with a single data parity bit such as WDQS 0 . Similarly, the address portion  220  may contain additional signals such as the bank addresses BA 0 - 1 . In this address portion  220  configuration it may be desirable to designate BA 0  as one address parity bit  228  and BA 1  as an additional address parity bit  228 . The address bus may then be split into two portions, such as A 0 -A 5  as one portion with BA 0  as a first address parity bit  228  and A 6 -A 11  as the other portion with BA 1  as a second address parity bit  228 . Yet another configuration may move the Data Mask signals DM 0 - 3 , from the control portion  230  to the data portion  210  either as data bits or possibly as data parity bits. It will be clear to a person skilled in the art that many different combinations are possible. Additionally, allowing configuration in different modes is desirable for flexibility in analysis of communication faults. 
     Reporting the communication fault is performed by at least one multi-mode reporting signal  240 . In the exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 , the multi-mode reporting signals  240  are implemented as the Read Data Strobes (RDQS 0 - 3 ) on a graphics DRAM  100 ′. Implementing a plurality of multi-mode reporting signals  240  allows multiple parity errors to be reported for different signal portions such as the address portion  220 , control portion  230 , and data portion  210 . Segmenting the parity faults this way may assist the memory controller  300  in determining where the communication fault exists. Clearly, a single multi-mode reporting signal  240  is also possible to report a communication fault anywhere on the communication bus  200 . 
     Communication fault reporting may be disabled. When communication fault reporting is disabled, by writing to a control register in the graphics DRAM  100 ′, the multi-mode reporting signal  240  is configured to perform its normal operational function. Additionally, when the system is configured to operate in a normal, non-parity mode, the address, data, and control signals designated as parity bits may be configured, in the memory controller  300 , to perform normal operational functions rather than performing the parity bit function. 
     However, if detection of communication faults is desired, the multi-mode reporting signal  240  may be placed in a fault reporting mode whereby the multi-mode reporting signal  240  is asserted whenever a communication event contains a parity error. As long as communication events are received with proper parity, the multi-mode reporting signal  240  will remain de-asserted. The assertion level of the multi-mode reporting signal  240  in the fault reporting mode may be defined as high or low depending on the system application and requirements of the memory controller  300 . 
     To track where and when a communication fault occurs, a state register  120  ( FIG. 1 ) stores the values of the set of signals on the communication bus  200  for each communication event. The state register  120  may be enabled, by the enable unit  130 , to begin collecting communication events independent of whether communication faults are reported on the multi-mode reporting signal  240 . When enabled, the state register  120  reloads the state of the communication bus  200  for each communication event until the parity detector  110  detects a communication fault. At the point where a communication fault is detected, storage of further communication events is disabled so that the state register  120  contains the signal values for the faulty communication event. A memory controller  300  may then read the state register  120  to determine which signal was not received correctly. The state register  120  may then be re-armed by the enable unit  130  to collect additional communication events. 
     If communication event errors are detected, they may be reported to a memory controller  300 . The memory controller  300 , as shown in  FIG. 1 , comprises a parity generator  310 , a transmitter  320 , a fault receiver  330 , and a remediation unit  340 . When in a mode of checking for communication errors, the parity generator  310  creates proper parity, either even or odd, for the communication bus  200  using the desired partitioning described above. The transmitter  320  sends the data and parity signals on the communication bus  200 . When communication faults are detected by the semiconductor memory  100 , they may be reported to the fault receiver  330  on the multi-mode reporting signal(s)  240 . 
     If desired, the system comprising a memory controller  300  and semiconductor memory  100  may be configured to attempt remedial measures for repairing communication errors by modifying various transmission characteristics of the communication bus  200 . Memory controllers  300  and semiconductor memories  100  typically contain components for modifying the impedance levels of output drivers. Adjusting these impedance levels may help reduce signaling problems such as ringing and overshoot. Some memory buses are configured with current mode outputs. In these systems, in addition to adjusting output impedance, the communication bus  200  may have termination resistors on the signals of the communication bus  200 . Adjusting the value of these resistors may reduce signaling problems. Input pins are often configured to sense the switch from a high to low, or low to high, at a specific voltage level supplied by the system. Adjusting this voltage level may reduce communication errors. 
     Finally, various timing adjustments are possible, such as when various outputs are triggered to switch state. For example, the switching of a plurality of outputs may be staggered such that not all the outputs of the plurality switch at the same time. Also, the various signal types (e.g., data, control, address) may be varied slightly in when they switch relative to each other to assist in timing issues such as input setup and hold problems. Other timing relationships and methods to modify signal transmission characteristics are also within the scope of the present invention. 
     Another embodiment of the invention, as shown in  FIG. 3 , comprises a computer system  500  comprising a processing module  510 , at least one input device  520  and at least one output device  530 . The processing module  510  comprises a processor  515 , a memory controller  300 , and at least one semiconductor memory  100  containing the communication fault detection apparatus according to the present invention. In this system, the memory controller  300  may be a standard memory controller  300  or a graphics DRAM controller  300 ′. Additionally, the memory controller  300  may be configured such that it is physically located within the processor  515  (not shown). 
     Although this invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments, the invention is not limited to these described embodiments. Rather, the invention is limited only by the appended claims, which include within their scope all equivalent apparatuses and methods that operate according to the principles of the invention as described.