Abstract:
A method is disclosed for removing water from an alkylation process system using a water removal column to remove water from a re-run column (catalyst regeneration column) overhead stream.

Description:
The present invention relates to the alkylation of olefinic hydrocarbons with isoparaffin hydrocarbons in the presence of an alkylation catalyst mixture comprising hydrofluoric acid (HF) and, optionally, a volatility reducing additive. More particularly, the invention relates to the removal of water from an alkylation process system by use of a water removal column. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The use of catalytic alkylation processes to produce branched hydrocarbons having properties that are suitable for use as gasoline blending components is well known in the art. Generally, the alkylation of olefins by saturated hydrocarbons, such as isoparaffins, is accomplished by contacting the reactants with an acid catalyst to form a reaction mixture, settling the mixture to separate the catalyst from the hydrocarbons and further separating the alkylation reactor effluent, for example, by fractionation, to recover the separate product streams. Normally, the alkylation reactor effluent of the alkylation process contains hydrocarbons having five to sixteen carbon atoms per molecule, preferably seven to nine carbon atoms per molecule. In order to have the highest quality gasoline blending stock, it is preferred for the alkylate hydrocarbons formed in the alkylation process to be highly branched and contain seven to nine carbon atoms per molecule. 
     Recent efforts to improve conventional hydrogen fluoride catalyzed alkylation processes have resulted in the development of new catalyst compositions that contain hydrogen fluoride and a volatility reducing additive. These new catalyst compositions have been found to be quite effective as alkylation catalysts and provide many other favorable benefits. 
     Regeneration of an alkylation catalyst mixture containing water, HF, acid soluble oil (ASO), and, optionally, a volatility reducing additive generally includes stripping HF from the catalyst mixture using a combination of elevated temperature and isoparaffin or paraffin stripping gas, for inclusion of the stripped HF with the alkylation catalyst mixture. The overhead stream also contains water. The bottoms stream from such a stripper (commonly referred to as a re-run column) contains the ASO and, if present, the volatility reducing additive. Where a volatility reducing additive is used, the re-run column bottoms stream is then separated into an ASO stream and a volatility reducing additive stream, and the volatility reducing additive stream is combined with the alkylation catalyst. Water which enters the unit with the hydrocarbon feed must be removed. Elevated levels of water in the alkylation catalyst can result in increased corrosion of process equipment and alkylate quality degradation. Removal of this water is currently done either by adjusting operation of the stripper to force the water and HF out the bottom with the ASO or if the volatility additive is present, removing a vapor product from the side of the stripping column. Both options involve loss of significant quantities of HF. Therefore, development of an efficient process for removing water from the alkylation process system would be a significant contribution to the art. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention, an olefin can be alkylated with a first isoparaffin in the presence of an alkylation catalyst mixture comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of HF and water in an alkylation reactor to thereby produce an alkylation reaction effluent comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of an alkylate product, an ASO reaction by-product, and the alkylation catalyst mixture. 
     In another embodiment, the alkylation catalyst mixture comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of HF, water and a volatility reducing additive. 
     The olefin can be any olefin suitable for alkylation. Preferably, the olefin comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of at least one olefinic hydrocarbon having at least 3 carbon atoms per molecule and, more preferably, 3 to 4 carbon atoms per molecule. The first isoparaffin preferably comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of at least one isoparaffinic hydrocarbon having at least 4 carbon atoms per molecule, and, more preferably, 4 to 5 carbon atoms per molecule. Most preferably, the olefin is selected from the group consisting of propylene, butene-1, isobutene, 2-butenes, methyl butenes, pentenes and combinations of any two or more thereof; and the first isoparaffin is selected from the group consisting of isobutane, isopentane, and combinations thereof. 
     The volatility reducing additive can be any compound effective in reducing the volatility of a mixture resulting from the addition of the volatility reducing additive to hydrofluoric acid. More particularly, the volatility reducing additive can be a compound selected from the group consisting of sulfone, ammonia, methylamines, ethylamines, propylamines, butylamines, pentylamines, pyridine, alkylpyridines, melamine, hexamethylene-tetramine and the like, and combinations of any two or more thereof. 
     The sulfones suitable for use in this invention are the sulfones of the general formula
 
R—SO 2 —R 1  
 
wherein R and R 1  are monovalent hydrocarbon alkyl or aryl substituents, each containing from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and wherein R and R 1  can be the same or different. Examples of suitable sulfones include, but are not limited to, dimethylsulfone, di-n-propylsulfone, diphenylsulfone, ethylmethylsulfone and alicyclic sulfones wherein the SO 2  group is bonded to a hydrocarbon ring. In such a case, R and R 1  are forming together a branched or unbranched hydrocarbon divalent moiety preferably containing from 3 to 12 carbon atoms. Among the latter, tetramethylenesulfone or sulfolane, 3-methylsulfolane and 2,4-dimethylsulfolane are more particularly suitable since they offer the advantage of being liquid at process operating conditions of concern herein. These sulfones may also have substituents, particularly one or more halogen atoms, such as for example, chloromethylethylsulfone. These sulfones may advantageously be used in the form of mixtures of any two or more thereof. The most preferred volatility reducing additive is sulfolane.
 
     As used within this description and in the appended claims, the term “acid soluble oil”, or “ASO”, means those conjunct polymers which are highly olefinic oils produced by acid-catalyzed reactions of hydrocarbons. An extensive description and characterization of certain types of conjunct polymer oils is provided in the  Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data  article entitled “Molecular Structure of conjunct Polymers”, pages 150-160, Volume 8, Number 1, (January 1963) by Miron and Lee. This article is incorporated herein by reference. 
     The physical properties of ASO depend upon the particular hydrocarbon feed processed, the catalyst utilized in the process, feed contaminants such as hydrogen sulfide, butadiene, oxygenates and other compounds, and the alkylation process reaction conditions. 
     The alkylation reaction effluent can be passed from the alkylation reactor to a separator wherein a phase separation occurs. The phase separation produces a hydrocarbon phase. The hydrocarbon phase can comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of the alkylate product and unreacted isoparaffins and can be removed from the separator for further downstream processing. 
     The phase separation in the separator also produces an alkylation catalyst mixture phase which can be used, at least in part, as the alkylation catalyst mixture. The alkylation catalyst mixture phase comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of the alkylation catalyst mixture and at least a portion of the ASO reaction by-product produced. 
     To regenerate the alkylation catalyst mixture, at least a portion of the alkylation catalyst mixture phase (which can also be referred to as a slip stream) is passed to a re-run column, which provides means for separating the alkylation catalyst mixture phase into a re-run column bottoms stream and a re-run column overhead stream. The remaining portion of the alkylation catalyst mixture phase is recycled to the alkylation reaction zone for use as the alkylation catalyst mixture. The slip stream of the alkylation catalyst mixture phase is contacted, within the re-run column, with an upwardly flowing gas stream comprising a hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of a second isoparaffin, a paraffin, and combinations thereof, to provide the re-run column bottoms stream comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of at least a portion of the ASO reaction by-product and, where a volatility reducing additive is present in the alkylation catalyst mixture, the re-run column bottoms stream comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of at least a portion of the ASO reaction by-product and at least a portion of the volatility reducing additive. Also provided is the re-run column overhead stream comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of HF, at least a portion of the gas stream, and water. 
     A portion of the first isoparaffin can be used as the second isoparaffin. 
     The second isoparaffin preferably comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of at least one isoparaffinic hydrocarbon having at least 4 carbon atoms per molecule, and, more preferably, 4 to 5 carbon atoms per molecule. Most preferably, the second isoparaffin is selected from the group consisting of isobutane, isopentane, and combinations thereof. The paraffin preferably comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of at least one paraffinic hydrocarbon having 3 or 4 carbon atoms per molecule. 
     At least a portion of the re-run column overhead stream can be added to the remaining portion of the alkylation catalyst mixture phase recycled to the alkylation reactor prior to alkylating the olefin with the first isoparaffin, or, added to the alkylation catalyst mixture phase in the separator, in either case for eventual use as part of the alkylation catalyst mixture. 
     The re-run column bottoms stream can be passed downstream for further processing. 
     Optionally, a re-run column side draw stream can be removed from the re-run column at a location between the locations for removal of the re-run column bottoms stream and the re-run column overhead stream. The re-run column side draw stream comprises a portion of said gas stream, HF, water and contaminants selected from the group consisting of amides, oxygenates, sulfides and aromatics. Such contaminants either come in with the feed or are produced in the alkylation process system. The re-run column side draw stream can be passed to a condenser from which isoparaffins or paraffins can be recycled for use in the alkylation process system, and which produces a condensed acid phase which typically contains greater than 60 wt. % HF. 
     A portion of the re-run column overhead stream is used as a bottoms feed to the bottom section of a water removal column which also comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a bottom section, an intermediate section and a top section. 
     The bottom section and intermediate section can each contain a mass transfer medium for mass transfer between liquids and vapors. The mass transfer medium is selected from the group consisting of distillation trays, distillation packing, and combinations thereof. 
     The top section has a top section temperature and can contain a condenser for condensing water out of any material entering into the top section. The condenser can comprise at least one conduit through which cooling water is passed. 
     A stripping stream comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of the vaporous portion of the bottoms feed is allowed to upwardly flow to the intermediate section and the top section. 
     Water is condensed out of the material entering into the top section forming a condensed stream comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of water. The amount of water condensed out of the material entering the top section can be controlled by a procedure selected from the group consisting of: 1) adjusting the flow rate of the cooling water; 2) adjusting the temperature of the cooling water; and 3) combinations thereof. 
     The condensed stream is then allowed to flow downwardly from the top section to the intermediate section and the bottom section for contact with the upwardly flowing stripping stream to thereby strip HF and hydrocarbons from the condensed stream into the stripping stream; and to condense and transfer water contained in the stripping stream to the condensed stream. 
     A water removal column overhead stream, having a water removal column overhead stream temperature and which comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of hydrocarbons and HF, is removed from the top section and passed to the separator. A water removal column bottom effluent comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of water is removed from the bottom section. The water removal column bottom effluent can also comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of water and HF, and have a mass ratio of HF to water less than about 7, more preferably less than about 6, and most preferably less than about 5. 
     Optionally, a portion of the re-run column overhead stream can be charged to the water removal column at a location just below the intermediate section as an intermediate section feed which has an intermediate section feed temperature. The vaporous portion of the intermediate section feed joins with and becomes a part of the stripping stream which is upwardly flowing to the intermediate section and the top section. 
     The amount of water removed from the alkylation process system in the water removal column bottom effluent can be controlled by a procedure selected from the group consisting of: 1) altering the top section temperature (controlling the amount of water condensing in the top section); 2) altering the flow rate of the bottoms feed; 3) altering the flow rate of the intermediate section feed; and 4) combinations thereof. 
     A target overhead temperature for the water column overhead stream can be established based on the desired level of water removal. The top section temperature can be adjusted in response to the intermediate section feed temperature and the water column overhead stream temperature in order to move the water column overhead stream temperature toward the target overhead temperature. 
     Alternately, a target differential temperature between the water column overhead stream temperature and the intermediate section feed temperature can be established based on the desired level of water removal. The top section temperature can be adjusted in response to the intermediate section feed temperature and the water column overhead stream temperature in order to move the differential temperature between the water column overhead stream temperature and the intermediate section feed temperature toward the target differential temperature. 
     Example 
     The following computer model examples demonstrate the advantages of the present invention. These examples are for illustration purposes only and they are not intended to limit the invention as set out in the specification and the appended claims. 
     The following processes were modeled using a computer modeling program. 
     Control Model 
     In this Control Model, an acid catalyst feed and a stripping gas feed, having the compositions and mass flows as shown in Table 1, were fed to a re-run column. A re-run column bottoms stream, a re-run column overhead stream, and a re-run column side draw stream were removed from the re-run column. The weight percent of water removal (based on the amount of water entering the re-run column), and mass ratio of HF to water, for the re-run column side draw stream are shown in Table 2. 
     Inventive Process—Model 1 
     In this Model 1, the re-run column overhead stream from the Control Model was sent to a water removal column from which a water removal column overhead stream and a water removal column bottom effluent were removed. The mass ratio of the water removal column bottom effluent to the water removal column overhead stream for this Model 1 was set at 0.005. The weight percent of water removal (based on the amount of water entering the re-run column), and mass ratio of HF to water, for the water removal column bottom effluent are shown in Table 2. 
     Inventive Process—Model 2 
     In this Model 2, the re-run column overhead stream from the Control Model was sent to a water removal column from which a water removal column overhead stream and a water removal column bottom effluent were removed. The mass ratio of the water removal column bottom effluent to the water removal column overhead stream for this Model 2 was set at 0.010. The weight percent of water removal (based on the amount of water entering the re-run column), and mass ratio of HF to water, for the water removal column bottom effluent are shown in Table 2. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acid 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Mass 
                 Catalyst 
                 Stripping 
                 Combined 
               
               
                   
                 Fraction 
                 Feed 
                 Gas Feed 
                 Feed 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Propane 
                 0.00 
                 0.02 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
                 Isobutane 
                 0.05 
                 0.82 
                 0.41 
               
               
                   
                 n-butane 
                 0.01 
                 0.16 
                 0.08 
               
               
                   
                 HF 
                 0.78 
                 0.00 
                 0.41 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 0.02 
                 0.00 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
                 Additive 
                 0.10 
                 0.00 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 ASO 
                 0.04 
                 0.00 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
                 Mass Flow 
                 37,903 
                 33,920 
                 71,823 
               
               
                   
                 lb/hr 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
                 Water Removal 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Re-run Column 
                 Column Bottom 
                 Overall 
               
               
                   
                 Side Draw Stream 
                 Effluent 
                 (combined) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 HF/ 
                   
                 HF/ 
                   
                 HF/ 
               
               
                   
                 Wt. % 
                 water 
                 Wt. % 
                 water 
                 Wt. % 
                 water 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 Mass 
                 Water 
                 Mass 
                 Water 
                 Mass 
               
               
                 Model 
                 Removal* 
                 Ratio 
                 Removal* 
                 Ratio 
                 Removal* 
                 Ratio 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Control 
                 0.9 
                 6.4 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
                 0.9 
                 6.4 
               
               
                 Model 
               
               
                 Inven- 
                 0.9 
                 6.4 
                 11.3 
                 2.8 
                 12.2 
                 3.1 
               
               
                 tive 
               
               
                 Model 1 
               
               
                 Inven- 
                 0.9 
                 6.4 
                 17.1 
                 4.0 
                 18.0 
                 4.1 
               
               
                 tive 
               
               
                 Model 2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         *= 
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     weight 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     of 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     water 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     removed 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     by 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     this 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     stream 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     or 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     combination 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     of 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     streams 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     Combined 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     weight 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     of 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     water 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     fed 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     to 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     the 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     re 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       - 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     run 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     column 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     in 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     the 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     acid 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     catalyst 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     and 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     stripping 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     gas 
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     feeds 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           × 
                           100 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As can be seen from the calculated data in Table 2, the inventive process results in a much higher water removal weight percentage, 12.2% and 18% for Models 1 and 2, respectively, as compared to the control process which was 0.9% for the Control Model. Also, the overall mass ratio of HF to water in the water removal streams is much lower for the inventive process, 3.1 and 4.1 for Models 1 and 2, respectively, as compared to the control process which was 6.4 for the Control Model. 
     Reasonable variations, modifications, and adaptations can be made within the scope of the disclosure and the appended claims without departing from the scope of this invention.