Abstract:
A protocol for optimizing the use of coded transmissions such as over wireless links. In this technique, interframes are split into segments selected to be an optimum size according to transmission characteristics of the radio channel. The inverse process is applied at the receiver. Using this scheme, segments containing erroneous data may be resent.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/917,008, filed Nov. 1, 2010, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/563,466, filed Sep. 21, 2009, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,826,437 on Nov. 2, 2010, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/263,358, filed Mar. 5, 1999, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,593,380 on Sep. 22, 2009, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The widespread availability of personal computers at low cost has led to a situation where the public demands access to the Internet and other computer networks at the lowest possible cost. This demand is being transferred to the need to also provide network access for portable devices such as laptop computers, personal digital assistants, and the like. Users of such portable devices even now expect to be able to access such computer networks with the same convenience that they have grown accustomed to when using wire line connections. 
         [0003]    Unfortunately, there is still no widely available satisfactory solution for providing low cost wireless access to the Internet at high speed. At the present time, the users of wireless modems that operate with the existing cellular telephone network often experience a difficult time when trying to, for example, view Web pages. This is at least in part due to the fact that the architecture of cellular telephone networks was originally designed to support voice communication and not the packet-oriented data communication protocols in use for the Internet. In addition, the protocols used for connecting users of wide area networks do not lend themselves to efficient transmission over wireless interfaces. 
         [0004]    Certain protocols have been proposed that provide multiple data links over a wireless communication system such as one that uses code division multiple access (CDMA). For example, one such system was described in our co-pending United States patent application entitled “A Protocol Conversion and Bandwidth Reduction Technique Providing Multiple nB+D ISDN Basic Rate Interface Links Over a Wireless Code Division Multiple Access Communication System,” Ser. No. 08/992,759 filed Dec. 17, 1997 and assigned to Tantivy Communications, Inc., the assignee of the present application. With such techniques, high speed data service can be provided over digital cellular connections through a more efficient allocation of access to the wireless channels. In particular, a number of sub-channels are defined within a standard CDMA channel bandwidth, such as by assigning a different code to each sub-channel. The instantaneous bandwidth needs of a given connection are then met by dynamically allocating multiple sub-channels on an as-needed basis for each session. For example, sub-channels can be granted during times when the subscriber bandwidth requirements are relatively high, such as when downloading Web pages. The bandwidth is then released during times when the content is relatively light, such as when the user is reading a previously downloaded Web page. 
         [0005]    However, to implement such a system requires careful planning of various modulation and coding schemes in order to accomplish the maximum possible bit rate while minimizing the effects of noise, multipath, and other sources of errors. For example, modulation codes and pseudorandom spreading codes must be carefully selected to minimize interference among channels occupying the same radio frequency carrier. In addition, it is necessary for framing bits to be inserted in data streams so that higher layered data protocols such as transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP) communication can take place. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Statement of the Problem 
       [0006]    While the above-mentioned systems work well in relatively noise-free environments, they are not optimal in certain respects. 
         [0007]    For example, although a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) error can indicate that a TCP/IP frame is received in error, use of a CRC is not optimum in that reception of an erroneous frame requires retransmission of the entire frame. Unfortunately, access techniques which require retransmission are particularly troublesome in shared access wireless environments such as CDMA where access must be specifically granted to accommodate the retransmission. For example, in CDMA systems, the errors can actually have a non-linear effect, reducing system capacity by an amount which is greater than the retransmission bandwidth. It is therefore desirable to minimize the need to retransmit data as much as possible. 
         [0008]    Certain techniques known as forward error correction (FEC) are generally used with CDMA and other multiple access modulation schemes applied to voice transmission. Such techniques accept a group of bits, or “block,” to be sent over a wireless channel and then, according to sophisticated mathematical algorithms, determine values for additional redundant bits. The number of redundant bits may be quite significant. For example, it is common to use so-called one-half rate, one-third rate, or even one-quarter rate codes whereby the number of bits in a block actually transmitted increases by a factor of two, three, or four respectively. 
         [0009]    The forward error correcting code can therefore be used to not only detect that a particular string of bits has been received in error, but also to implement error correction. This eliminates the need to retransmit an entire packet due to an error in one or more bits. Forward error correction has thus been widely used in implementations such as satellite broadcast where retransmission is impractical and/or expensive. 
         [0010]    Unfortunately, implementation of forward error correction leads to lower overall throughput as measured by the number of packets transmitted per megahertz of available channel bandwidth. In addition, the need to obtain the best error performance typically dictates that a relatively large block size be used for the highest performance algorithms. Implementation of such error correction algorithms therefore incurs latencies in that the entire block must be available at the receiver before it can be decoded. In addition, if an error is detected which cannot be recovered through the forward error correction process, additional latencies are incurred while the block is retransmitted. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0011]    The present invention is implemented using a protocol converter disposed between the physical communication layers, such as may be associated with implementing a wireless communication protocol, and a network layer, such as may be associated with implementing a network communications protocol. 
         [0012]    Briefly, in the present invention, the protocol converter on the transmitter side first splits a network layer frame, such as a TCP/IP frame, into smaller portions referred to as segments. The segment size is variable in length according to an observed error rate. A minimum segment size, for example, is two bytes and a maximum segment size is 512 bytes in a preferred embodiment. All segments across a frame are equal in size. 
         [0013]    Information is then added to each of the segments to permit their reassembly into the frame at the receiver. In particular, a segment position number is added to permit the segment to be placed into the proper position when reconstructing the network layer frame at the receiver. 
         [0014]    At this point, the segments are arranged into groups referred to herein as blocks. A forward error correction (FEC) algorithm is then applied to the block as a whole. In a preferred embodiment, a block contains 1331 information bits. Therefore, using a one-third rate code, the FEC encoding process provides an output FEC block of 4096 bits. 
         [0015]    The protocol also preferably makes use of multiple physical layer connections referred to herein as sub-channels to transmit the encoded FEC blocks at an overall desired transmission rate. The FEC block is then split among the allocated sub-channels such as on a bit-by-bit basis. The bits comprising the FEC block are then sent over the sub-channels. In this case, a link sequence identifier may typically also be added to identify the order in which the outgoing blocks are sent over the sub-channels. 
         [0016]    On the receiver side, which in effect includes a protocol converter that performs the inverse function, bits received over the various sub-channels are first assembled into an FEC block. The FEC block, in the preferred embodiment as a block of 4096 bits, are then presented to the inverse FEC algorithm to strip off the redundant code bits and perform error correction. 
         [0017]    The output of the FEC decoding process is then split into segments. The cyclic redundancy check information within each segment is then compared to determine whether a particular segment was received in error. If this is the case, then a request is made to retransmit the erroneously received segment. 
         [0018]    Eventually, the received segments are reassembled into a complete network layer frame. 
         [0019]    The protocol converters at both the transmitter and receiver ends may also dynamically adjust the size of the segments based upon an observed received segment error rate in order to optimize overall throughput. For example, at the receiver side, a segment with the bad cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is discarded and counted as a “bad” segment. By keeping track of the sequence numbers of the received segments, the receiver can determine that a particular segment, namely a segment with a sequence number between the last good segment and the next good segment is missing. The receiver then can explicitly request retransmission of the bad segment by sequence number. This so-called selective reject feature permits both the receiver and the transmitter to know the number of frames received in error from the tally of selectively rejected segments. 
         [0020]    From the count of the number of frames sent and the number of selective reject orders received over a given radio channel, the transmitter can then dynamically adjust the size of later transmitted segments for that channel. Preferably, the segment size is adjusted based upon a formula that depends upon the ratio of total number of data bits transferred to the number of bits successfully used to carry information. 
         [0021]    By performing forward error correction on a group of segments, rather than on individual segments, the channel bandwidth allocations can thus remain optimized. 
         [0022]    The invention is particularly advantageous in an environment which requires the use of packet-oriented protocols such as TCP/IP. Because the number of channels needed to carry a single data stream can be varied efficiently, burst rates can also be efficiently adapted. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0023]    The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis being instead placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. 
           [0024]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a system in which a portable data processing device uses a protocol converter according to the invention to connect to a network. 
           [0025]      FIG. 2  is a more detailed diagramming depicting the architecture of the protocol converter and multichannel transceiver. 
           [0026]      FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating how network layer frames are divided into segments by a protocol converter located at a transmitter. 
           [0027]      FIG. 4  is a detailed diagram of an individual segment and how multiple segments are assembled into a forward error correction block. 
           [0028]      FIG. 5  is a diagram illustrating how a protocol converter at a receiver reassembles the network layer frames. 
           [0029]      FIG. 6  is a series of steps performed by a protocol converter located at the transmitter to implement the invention. 
           [0030]      FIG. 7  is a continuation of the diagram of  FIG. 6 . 
           [0031]      FIG. 8  is a diagram of the steps performed by a protocol converter located at a receiver to implement the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       [0032]    Turning attention now to the drawings more particularly,  FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a system  10  for providing high speed data communication service according to the invention. The system  10  consists of a remote subscriber unit  20 , multiple bidirectional communication links  30 , and a local or service provider unit  40 . 
         [0033]    The subscriber unit connects to terminal equipment  12 , such as a portable or laptop computer, hand held personal digital assistant (PDA), or the like. The subscriber unit  20  includes a protocol converter  25  which in turn provides data to a multichannel digital transceiver  26  and antenna  27 . 
         [0034]    The protocol converter  25  receives data from the computer  20 , and together with appropriate hardware and/or software, converts it to a format suitable for transmission such as in accordance with known communication standards. 
         [0035]    The protocol converter  25  implements an intermediate protocol layer that coverts the data to a format appropriate for use by the multichannel transceiver  26  according to the invention. As will be described in much grater detail below, at a network layer, the data provided by the protocol converter  25  is preferably formatted in a manner consistent with suitable network communication protocols, such as TCP/IP, to permit the terminal equipment  12  to connect to other computers over networks such as the Internet. This description of the protocol converter  25  and protocols is exemplary only and it should be understood that other network layer protocols can be used. 
         [0036]    The multichannel digital transceiver  26  provides access to one or more physical communication links such as the illustrated radio channels  30 . The physical links are preferably further encoded using known digital multiplexing techniques such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) to provide multiple traffic on a given radio channel  30  or sub-channels  31 . It should be understood that other wireless communication protocols may also be used to advantage with the invention. 
         [0037]    The communications channels may be implemented by providing multiple coded sub-channels  31  on a single wide bandwidth CDMA carrier channel  30  such as having a 1.25 MegaHertz bandwidth. The individual channels are then defined by unique CDMA codes. Alternatively, the multiple channels  31  may be provided by single channel physical communication media such as provided by other wireless communication protocols. What is important is that the sub-channels  31  may be adversely effected by significant bit error rates that are unique to each radio channel  30 . 
         [0038]    The service provider equipment  40  includes an antenna  42 , a multichannel transceiver  46 , a protocol converter  45 , and other interface equipment  48  such as modems, bridges, gateways, routers, and the like, which are needed to provide connections to the Internet  49  or other network. 
         [0039]    At the service provider  40 , the multichannel transceiver  46  provides functions analogous to the multichannel transceiver  26  of the subscriber unit, but in an inverse fashion. The same is true of the protocol converter  45 , that is, it provides inverse functionality to the protocol converter  25  in the subscriber unit  20 . Data is accepted from the protocol converter  45  in the TCP/IP frame format and then communicated to the Internet  49 . It should be understood that the configuration of the remaining equipment  40  may take any number of forms such as a local area networks, multiple dial up connections, T1 carrier connection equipment, or other high speed communication links to the Internet  49 . 
         [0040]    Turning attention now to the protocol converters  25  and  45  more particularly, they provide bandwidth management functionality  29  implemented between a physical layer such as provided by the CDMA protocol in use with the multichannel transceivers  26  and a network layer protocol such as TCP/IP providing connections between the terminal equipment  22  and the network  49 . 
         [0041]    The bandwidth management function  29  performs a number of tasks in order to keep both the physical layer and network layer connections properly maintained over multiple communication links  30 . For example, certain physical layer connections may expect to receive a continuous stream of synchronous data bits regardless of whether terminal equipment at either end actually has data to transmit. Such functions may also include rate adaption, bonding of multiple channels on the links, spoofing, radio channel setup and teardown. The details for implementing a protocol converter specifically for ISDN terminal equipment  22  and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) modulation techniques in use by the multichannel transceiver  26  are more specifically described in a pending patent application by Thomas E. Gorsuch and Carlo Amalfitano, entitled “A Protocol Conversion and Bandwidth Reduction Technique Providing Multiple nB+D ISDN Basic Rate Interface Links Over A Wireless Code Division Multiple Access Communication System,” filed Dec. 17, 1997 and given Ser. No. 08/992,759, which is assigned to Tantivy Communications, Inc., the assignee of the present application, and which application is hereby incorporated by reference. 
         [0042]    The present invention is more particularly concerned with the techniques used by the protocol converters  25  and  45  for formatting the data to be transmitted over implementing multiple logical sub-channels  31 - 1 , 31 - 2 , . . . ,  31 - n  each of the multiple radio channels  30  in order to improve the effective throughput rate between a transmitter and a receiver in a bit error rate prone environment. It should be understood in the following discussion that the connections discussed herein are bidirectional, and that a “transmitter” may either be the subscriber unit  22  or the service provider unit  40 . 
         [0043]    In addition, an “error” as described herein is a bit error perceived at the higher layer such as the network layer. The invention only strives to improve the overall system level bit error rate, and does not attempt to guarantee absolute data integrity. 
         [0044]    Turning attention now to  FIG. 2 , there is shown in more detail a block diagram of a forward link and reverse link implemented according to the invention, more particularly showing the protocol converter  25  and multichannel transceiver  26  associated with the subscriber side unit and the multichannel transceiver  46  and protocol converter  44  associated with the service provider unit  40 . 
         [0045]    Beginning with the lower portion of the diagram in the reverse link direction, that is, in the direction of transmission from the subscriber unit  20  to the service provider unit  40 , the reverse link protocol converter  25  consists of a buffer  61 , segment framer  62 , and forward error correction (FEC) unit  63 . The multichannel transceiver  26  consists of a pseudonoise (PN) code generator  64 , modulator  65 , and radio frequency (RF) up converter  66 . The buffer  61  receives input data in a manner which will be described in more detail further. Segment framer  62  arranges data received from the buffer in an appropriate format to be fed to the FEC unit  63 . The FEC unit  63  applies a forward error correction algorithm to the data using a known error correction technique such as Reed Solomon, Turbo Codes, or other codes. 
         [0046]    The transceiver  66 , in this instance using it as a transmitter, spreads the resulting data by the PN sequence, modulates the PN spread data with appropriate channel coding per the assigned sub-channels  31 , and the up converts the result to the desired radio frequency. 
         [0047]    On the receive side of the reverse link, that is, at the service provider  40  side, the transceiver  44  performs a receiver function. In this instance, the RF down converter  71  feeds multiple receiving units that each include an equalizer  72 , a PN code despreader  73 , and demodulator  74 . Each demodulated output is provided to a protocol converter block that includes an FEC decoder  75 , an inverse segment framer  76 , and buffer  77 . A controller  78  may be used to control and/or implement each of the protocol converter functions as described in further detail below. 
         [0048]    In the preferred embodiment, the FEC decoder  75  makes use of a so-called trellis decoder. Because a trellis decoder is a type of decoder which compares multiple bits in groups to arrive at an estimate of the correct received bits, when a trellis decoder does produce errors, they tend to occur in groups. 
         [0049]    The analogous functions are provided on the forward link. In this instance, the protocol converter  45  receives input data, processing it through a buffer  61 , segment framer  62 , and FEC unit  63 . The transceiver  46  performs a transmitting function over multiple sub-channels  31 , including multiple spreaders  64 , modulators  65 , and RF up converters  66 . 
         [0050]    On the receiver side of the forward link, the inverse process is provided by an RF down converter  71 , equalizer  72 , despreader  73 , and channel separator  79  and demodulator  74  for each channel. Forward error correction unit  75 , segment framer  76 , and buffer  77  complete the implementation of the protocol converter  25 . 
         [0051]    Turning attention now more particularly to  FIG. 3 , the operations of an exemplary protocol converter  25 , at the transmit side will briefly described. As shown, an input frame  80  as received from the network layer is relatively large, such as for example 1480 bits long, in the case of the TCP/IP protocol. 
         [0052]    The input frame  80  is first divided into a set of smaller pieces or segments  81 - 1 ,  81 - 2 . The size of the individual segments  81  are chosen based upon an optimum segment length determined for each of the channels  30 . For example, a bandwidth management function may make only a certain number of sub-channels  31  available at any time. A subset of the available sub-channels  31  is selected, and then the optimum number of bits for each segment intended to be transmitted over respective one of the sub-channels, is then chosen. Thus as illustrated in the figure, a given frame  80  may be divided into segments associated with four sub-channels  31 . At a later time, there may be nine sub-channels  31  available for a frame, with different optimum segment sizes for the segment  81 - 2 . 
         [0053]    An optimum subframe size can thus be determined for each channel  30  for these parameters described in our previously referenced co-pending patent application. In the preferred embodiment, for example, this is set equal to 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             X 
             = 
             
               
                 - 
                 H 
               
               + 
               
                 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         X 
                         current 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         H 
                         current 
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                   × 
                   
                     H 
                     R 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where H is the frame overhead in bytes, including any shared frame synchronization flags (7e) between subframes, X c  is a current number of data bytes assigned to a subframe, H c  is the current frame overhead, and R is the observed subframe error ratio. 
         [0054]    In the preferred embodiment, the segment size is the same for segments  81  associated with each associated radio channel  30  and frame  80  to minimize overhead, although that is not an absolute requirement. 
         [0055]    After the frame  80  is divided into segments  81 , each of the segments  81  has additional information appended to it. For example, each of the segments  81  consists of at least a position identifier  82   a  and an integrity check sum such as in the form of a cyclic redundancy check (CRC)  82   b . Position identifier  82   a  serves to indicate the position of each segment  81  within its associated large frame  80 . The integrity check sum  82   b  serves to permit the receiver to determine whether particular segments  81  are received in error. 
         [0056]    The segments  81  are then further prepared for transmission over each sub-channel  31 . In particular, the segments  81  are next grouped into blocks  86 . The number of segments in each block  86  is selected to a convenient number depending upon the forward error correction  63 ,  75  to be applied. For example, in a preferred embodiment, forward error correction block  86  consists of a sufficient number of segments  81  to total 1331 bits. If the FEC algorithm being applied is a one-third rate code, this results in a FEC block  86  length of 4096 bits. Finally, the FEC block  86  is divided among the sub-channels  31  allocated to the particular connection and transmitted. 
         [0057]      FIG. 4  is a more detailed view of the format of a segment  81 . Segment  81  consists of a number of fields, including the position field  82   a  and the CRC field  82   b  previously mentioned. A number of other fields are also evident in the exemplary segment  81 . In particular, there is a data field  82   c  which carries the associated source data taken from the input large frame  80 . This data field  82   c  is a variable size and can be changed according to optimized parameters as specified by an observed error rate. In a preferred embodiment, the number of data bits may vary from 2 up to 512 in a given segment  81  depending upon observed error rates. As previously mentioned, all segments across a given input frame  80  are selected to be equal in size, e.g., they have an equal sized data field  82   c.    
         [0058]    Furthermore, while a given input frame will be transmitted over multiple sub-channels  31 , it will only be divided into segments which are to be transmitted over a given radio channel  30 . 
         [0059]    In addition, a frame offset field  82   d  may be used to identify which of a number of frames each segment  81  pertains to. This frame offset field is of particular use because of latencies involved in the system. In particular, segments  81  are not necessarily guaranteed to arrive at the receiver in the same order as they were transmitted. Furthermore, if particular segments  81  are received in error, it may be necessary to request retransmission. Therefore, it is possible that segments  81  associated with more than one block need to be operated upon at the receiver at a given time. The frame offset field  82   d  therefore permits the receiver to distinguish which large frame  80  each segment  81  belongs to. 
         [0060]    A code sequence field  82   e  may be used to identify a sequence number related to each sub-channel  31  at the beginning of each frame. This permits lower order channel processing to route segments  81  more efficiently. 
         [0061]    Finally, a message data field  82   f  may be used to indicate whether the segment  81  contains source data, i.e., active traffic data, or control information for the intended recipient. 
         [0062]      FIG. 5  illustrates the operations performed at the receiver side. Data bits received from the multiple sub-channels  31  are first collected in order to reconstruct the FEC block  86 . 
         [0063]    Next, the FEC algorithm is applied to detect and correct one or more bits using error correction coding. The resulting information is split into segments  81  using the known segment size. The segments  81  are then examined and the position field  82  is used to reconstruct the large frame  80 . Any segments  81  that are missing can thus be detected by comparing the received position fields  82   a . If a sequence position field in a frame in a particular position or particular sequence number  82   e  is missing, it is assumed that the associated segment  81  was not received. It should be understood that appropriate buffering of data and segments  81  is typically required in order to properly receive the segments  81  and determine if any are missing. The buffer size will depend upon the transmission rates, number of sub-channels  31 , and propagation delays in effect. 
         [0064]    Upon detection of a missing segment  81 , retransmission of the missing segment  81  is requested by the receiver. At this point, the transmitter re-performs transmission of the missing segment  81 . Once all of the segments  81  in a particular large frame  80  are received, the position information  82   a  can then be used to arrange the data from the segments  81  in the proper order to reconstruct the original large frame  80 . 
         [0065]    At this point, if any piece of the large frame  80  is still missing such as when an end of frame command is encountered, retransmission of the corresponding segment  81  can be requested at the indicated position, specifying a length for the missing piece. 
         [0066]    Because of the use of both the position field  82   a  and sequence field  82   e , both the transmitter and receiver know the ratio of the number of subframes  81  received with errors to the number of subframes  81  received without errors. Also, the receiver and transmitter know the average subframe length for each channel. 
         [0067]      FIG. 6  is a detailed flow diagram of a set of operations performed by the transmitter in order to implement the invention. In a first state  100 , the large frame  80  is obtained from an upper communication layer such as the network layer. In a next state  102 , the transmitter computes an optimum segment size from past observations of frame error rates on the individual sub-channels  81 , preferably calculating an optimum segment size for all communication channels available. 
         [0068]    In a next state  104 , the network layer frame  80  is divided into an appropriate number of segments  81  according to the optimum size for each associated sub-channel available. This division is also based upon the available sub-channel estimated throughput. A list of segments is then created. 
         [0069]    In a next state  106 , a position identifier and a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code is added to each segment  81 . The position identifier offset within the large frame  80 , as described above, is then added to allow correct positioning of the segment  81  when reconstructing the frame  80  at the receiver end. 
         [0070]    Next, an FEC block  86  is assembled from the multiple segments  81 . Following that, in state  108 , the FEC block  86  is demultiplexed and the bits in the FEC block are assigned to respective ones of the multiple sub-channels  31 . 
         [0071]    When the transmitter receives a retransmission request for a segment  81  missing at the receiver, a state  110  is entered in which an optimum segment size is computed from the observed frame averages for the available communications sub-channels  31 . The segment list is then used to requeue the segment for retransmission in state  112 . Processing then continues at state  108  for retransmission of the missing segment  81 . 
         [0072]      FIG. 7  shows the remainder of the steps performed at the transmitter. In a state  114 , a channel-related sequence number is added to each segment  81 . In a next state  116 , segment separators such as flags in the form “7E” are inserted into the segments. In addition, any zero insertion such as mandatory setting of a data bit to a 1 after a sequence of five zeros, is performed. Other synchronization, separation, and coding techniques may require that bits be inserted into the segments  81  at this point. For example, a given channel  30  may make use of convolutional coding as specified by the IS-95 standard, and if so, this is performed here. 
         [0073]    In a next state  118 , the segments  81  are sent over the available channels  31 . Non-data frames such as logical start, logical end and other control frames may be inserted at this point as well. 
         [0074]    In a final state  120 , the transmitter operates on any segment retransmission requests or positive acknowledgments of a large frame being received correctly. Another frame transmission may be initiated, for example, at this point before completion of a frame in transit. 
         [0075]      FIG. 8  shows a detailed sequence of the steps performed at the receiver. In a first state  200 , a received FEC frame  86  is assembled from the bit streams taken from multiple sub-channels  31 . In the next state  201 , the FEC frame is then split into segments  81  according to the current segment size. 
         [0076]    In the next state  202 , the subframes  81  are examined. Any segment with a good CRC is passed to the next following state  203 . Any other received segment  81  with a bad CRC is discarded. 
         [0077]    Continuing with state  203 , the receiver determines any missing sequence numbers. The receiver then requests retransmission of segments  81  for the missing pieces based upon sequence number by sending back a retransmission request to the transmitter. 
         [0078]    In a next state  204 , from the position identifier and the known length of each original large frame  80 , the receiver attempts to rebuild the original frame  80 . In state  206 , if any pieces of the frame  80  are still missing after the retransmission requests are all processed, accommodating the fact that a retransmission request itself may be lost, the receiver requests the missing portion of the large frame  80  by position and size. 
         [0079]    In state  208 , once the frame  80  is completely received, a positive acknowledgment is returned back to the transmitter. 
         [0080]    It can now be understood that by applying the sub-channel segmentation step first, prior to error correction encoding, the full benefit of the error correction code is obtained while minimizing the amount of data that needs to be re-transmitted. In particular, because bit errors in the output of the trellis-implemented FEC decoder  75  tend to occur together, they will also therefore tend to affect a single segment  81 . 
       EQUIVALENTS 
       [0081]    While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described specifically herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed in the scope of the claims.