Abstract:
An armored land vehicle comprising a first hull portion and an engine compartment which form a central chassis (CC) adapted to receive second hull portions on both sides and the rear of the CC. The CC and hull portions have generally V-shaped undersides with slanted, upwardly extending sides to create multiple blast venting paths to deflect blast energy away from the vehicle occupants. These blast paths comprise one or more blast vents through the vehicle for further reducing occupant exposure to blast energy. The engine compartment and front and rear tractive units can comprise an open framework, allowing significant under vehicle blast venting between the hull portions, through the engine compartment, and around the hull portions, thereby increasing survivability of the crew. The hull portions can be designed to rotate and/or be frangible to increase the blast-venting through the vehicle.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 12/344,630 filed on Dec. 29, 2008, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,205,703 on Jun. 26, 2012; and PCT application PCT/US09/69122, filed on Dec. 22, 2009; the disclosures of both applications being incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH 
     Not applicable. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The present disclosure relates to motorized vehicles suitable for military use and more particularly to a modular military vehicle that can also be adapted for non-military uses and law enforcement purposes. 
     A multi-purpose vehicle, suitable for military, homeland security, border patrol, disaster/emergency response, and other uses, should be versatile. It should be able to protect the operators and be highly deliverable to any site, adaptable, maintainable, and agile. Also, it should be armored and operable over rugged terrain and hostile environments, including, for example, desert, jungle, and frigid conditions. Such vehicle further should be highly maneuverable. 
     It is such a vehicle that the present disclosure is addressed. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     The disclosed modular vehicle is able to be compartmentalized through modular, severable, frangible sub-systems or components with a view to reducing effects of under-vehicle shock/blast, ballistic, and other undesirable kinetic forces acting on the vehicle occupants. 
     Modularity includes a central driver module and engine module with chassis, which form a central chassis module or CCM. The driver module is capable of carrying, for example, 1 or more occupants, and can be common in design regardless of function and/or use. Pods, then, can be attached to the CCM to provide different functions including, for example, troop carrier, ambulance, cargo, etc. Such design allows the army/agency to transport pods and not fully dedicated (i.e., single use) vehicles. Pods are more readily transported to other field areas of need, so long as at the new site has the means to attach/detach such pods to the CCM. For present purposes, “multipurpose pod” means a pod that can function as a trooper carrier, ambulance (e.g. litter for a person in need of medical attention), cargo carrier, and the like. There really is no limitation on what a multipurpose pod can transport and, thus, such term should be construed broadly. 
     In some vehicle variants, the pods may be permanently attached to create a single occupant space. The principles behind the design of the pods remain the same whether attached or integrated into the vehicle. 
     The CCM architecture has a blast deflecting V-shaped hull that directs blast energy around each of the occupant areas. As used herein “V-shaped” means that the hull has a relatively narrow flat bottom with upwardly extending sides to create a generally V-shape. Such upwardly extending sides may be flat, curvilinear, or a combination of flat and curvilinear surfaces. For present purposes, such upwardly extending sides aid in directly blast energy upwardly around occupant spaces. Both curvilinear and V-shape will be used herein for convenience with the understanding of their meaning as set forth herein. 
     This V-shape hull combined with an open framework for the engine module creates multiple blast paths around and through the vehicle, which significantly increases protection in a blast event. For definitional purposes, curvilinear shaped, as used herein, includes V-shaped, which includes asymmetric V, a V-shape that has curved sides, combination of V shapes, multifaceted, or any other shape that reduces the strike face and deflects the blast effectively around the occupant spaces of the vehicle. Unlike in existing vehicles, the flat surface area on the underside of the chassis below the pods/modules facing the ground now can be minimized, reducing the likelihood that the vehicle is turned over or that this surface area is penetrated in a blast event. Additionally the CCM incorporates materials, component frangibility, and energy absorption systems to increase occupant protection by reducing energy imparted onto the occupants and minimizing fragmentation effects. 
     Providing one or more chimneys through the vehicle may enhance this shape. For present purposes, a “chimney” is a blast energy venting path through the vehicle—not just around the modules/pods—in order to reduce occupant exposure to such blast energy. For example, the engine module, and front and rear tractive units, can manufactured with an open framework, allowing significant under vehicle blast venting between the side pods, through the engine module, and forward and rearward of the vehicle; thereby, increasing survivability of the crew. The pods can be designed to rotate and/or be frangible to increase the blast-venting path through and around the vehicle. Such blast energy venting through the engine module is a “chimney” for present purposes 
     In a mid engine variant, placing the engine module close to the center of the vehicle between the side pods reduces the possibility of these components being damaged and disabling the vehicle with small arms fire. By simply creating small top and rear armored panels these drive elements become well protected. In summary, this open framework design allows for excellent blast venting and provides good small arms fire protection. 
     Engine (or motor) and gearbox together are separate and located to the front, side, or rear of the driver module. This design isolates heat, noise, fumes etc., from the driver module and personnel therein significantly increasing the ability of the occupants to perform their duty when they leave the vehicle. Additionally, where possible, locating the cooling and engine air inlet high allows for less contamination of air with dust, and when using the vehicle in hot environments this high inlet position allows the air temperature to the cooling systems to be substantially lower than using air adjacent to the road surface, etc 
     The basic design admits of carrying from 1 to 5 people. Additional crew can be carried in additional occupant pods at the rear of the CCM or the wheelbase can be increased to extend the length of the side occupant pods and the track width can be increased to extend the width of the vehicle. 
     Each person in the vehicle further can be fitted with a helmet protective collar, such as is used in high speed automobile racing, to help reduce acceleration effects on the lower neck during an explosion. Similarly, the occupants can wear an extended rear ballistic panel (SAPI panels—small arms protection inserts) to allow for increased protection and also to act as helmet support (with straps) to avoid the possible separation of the top spinal cord in the event of extreme accelerations on the head relative to the body. This extension located behind the helmet can serve three functions. The first function is to act as a ballistic barrier for the area of the neck and upper torso. The second function is to serve as helmet support should the soldier be exposed to forces, which may serve to separate the head from the spinal cord in a vehicular accident or similar. Third, soldiers&#39; helmets can often withstand direct rounds on the helmet, but it is desirable for there to be some means to reduce the energy the neck experiences, so that any additional support from the lower torso will help the soldier survive the impact of this round on a helmet. It is thought that this SAPI panel will be secured with Velcro® into position within the soldier&#39;s ballistic vest and with the soldiers&#39; ballistic collar. It is thought that a pivot at the top of this extended SAPI panel should be incorporated to allow the head to be turned easily and with comfort. 
     The military vehicle advantages carry over to law enforcement utilization of the disclosed vehicle. For present purposes, “law enforcement” purposes comprehends (non-military) traditional law enforcement (for example, local police, state police, and the like), homeland security including border patrol and anti-terrorist uses, disaster/emergency uses, and other like non-military law enforcement uses. Thus, law enforcement, for present purposes, includes rescue and emergency uses. 
     The modular vehicle disclosed herein also has a commercial application wherein the design results in a more fuel efficient vehicle because of the increased aerodynamic efficiency and reduction of weight (no side pods—narrow CCM). Having removable side pods will allow the user to only use the pods that are needed at that time. With the resultant weight reduction and narrow aerodynamic shape, fuel economy is improved. Typical US pickups are adaptable as multi-use vehicles carrying 4 to 5 people and cargo. The disclosed modular vehicle achieves such uses with a side-to-side split of functionality. That is, the modular vehicle has a CCM capable of carrying 2 people and which is common in all configurations. The side pods, which attach to this CCM, have different functions including, for example, carrying people in people pods on a single side or both, carrying cargo in pods that are relatively low to the ground and tall in height, sleeping pods, etc. If required, as with the military design, the commercial modular vehicle can include 4-wheel drive. 
     The driver module can be narrow and aerodynamic with aerodynamic suspension attachment legs and wheel aerodynamic pods to reduce drag. The rear aerodynamic pods can be removed when adding any side pod, which also will incorporate an aerodynamic covered surface. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantages of the present modular vehicle, reference should be had to the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is an isometric view of the modular military vehicle carrying a pair of occupant side pods and 3 cantilevered cargo pods; 
         FIG. 2  is a front view of the modular military vehicle of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 2A  is a simplified schematic view of the modular military vehicle of  FIG. 2  showing the blast venting path resulting from the V-design of the bottoms of the side pods and driver module in this case showing blast venting between the CCM and the side pods shown; 
         FIG. 2B  is a simplified schematic sectional view of the modular military vehicle showing the blast venting paths, not only around the pods and CCM, but also through the open framework of the engine module (a blast venting chimney); 
         FIG. 3  is a side view of the modular military vehicle of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 4  is an overhead view of the modular military vehicle of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 5  is an underside view of the modular military vehicle of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 6  is a front view like that in  FIG. 1  with the side pods deployed; 
         FIG. 6A  is an enlarged view of the frangible coupling system of the side pods to the CCM; 
         FIG. 6B  is an isometric of the shock absorbed element of the frangible coupling system depicted in  FIG. 6A ; 
         FIG. 7  is an underside view of the pod-deployed vehicle in  FIG. 6 ; 
         FIG. 7A  is an isometric view of one of the tether assemblies seen in  FIG. 7 ; 
         FIG. 7B  is a side view of the tether assembly shown in  FIG. 7B ; 
         FIG. 8  is a side view of the modular military vehicle of  FIG. 1  showing seated personnel, engine, and the like in phantom; 
         FIG. 9  is an isometric view of the modular military vehicle fitted with ambulance side pods; 
         FIG. 10  is a front view of the modular ambulance vehicle of  FIG. 9 ; 
         FIG. 11  is a side view of the modular ambulance vehicle of  FIG. 9 ; 
         FIG. 12  is a top view of the modular ambulance vehicle of  FIG. 9 ; 
         FIG. 13  is a rear isometric view of the modular ambulance vehicle of  FIG. 9 ; 
         FIG. 14  is an isometric view of the modular military vehicle with only 1 side pod, but with a rear occupant pod; 
         FIG. 15  is a sectional view taken along line  15 - 15  of  FIG. 12 ; 
         FIG. 16  is an isometric view of the modular military vehicle fitted with cargo side pods; 
         FIG. 17  is a rear view of the modular cargo vehicle of  FIG. 16 ; 
         FIG. 18  is an isometric view of the modular military vehicle without side pods, but fitted with top-mounted armament and a movable rear storage module; 
         FIG. 19  is an isometric view of the modular military vehicle fitted with side armament that includes missiles, and a rear storage module for carrying, for example, extra armament, missiles, or the like; 
         FIG. 20  is an isometric view of a side pod transport for conveying electrical generators and fuel drums; 
         FIG. 21  is an isometric view of a side pod transport configured as a storage cabinet; 
         FIG. 22  is an isometric side view of the modular military vehicle adapted as a fuel tanker by configuring with side and rear fuel tanks; 
         FIG. 23  is an isometric view of a side pod configured to convey 3 soldiers; 
         FIG. 24  is an isometric view of the short wheelbase modular military vehicle with a pair of single soldier side pods, a single drive CCM module and a rear shelter; 
         FIG. 25  is the short wheelbase shelter modular military vehicle of  FIG. 24  with no soldier side pods; 
         FIG. 26  is an isometric view of another modular military vehicle embodiment having a one-person driver module, side pods for soldiers, and a rear cargo shelter; 
         FIG. 27  is an overhead view of another modular military vehicle embodiment designed only for troop transport; 
         FIG. 28  is a side isometric view of a standing soldier (medic from  FIG. 15 ) fitted with a SAPI (small arms protection inserts) panel affixed to his helmet; 
         FIG. 29  is a rear view of the medic of  FIG. 28  showing the back-carried SAPI unit; 
         FIG. 30  is a side view of the medic seated, but still wearing the extended SAPI unit; 
         FIG. 31  is a rear view of the seated medic of  FIG. 30 ; 
         FIG. 32  is an isometric view of a streamlined modular passenger vehicle without side pods; 
         FIG. 33  is an isometric view of a streamlined modular passenger vehicle with side passenger pods; 
         FIG. 34  is an isometric view of a streamlined camping modular vehicle with side pods; 
         FIG. 35  is an isometric view of a streamlined passenger modular vehicle with cargo side pods; 
         FIG. 36  is an isometric view of a troop carrier embodiment of the modular military vehicle having an enlarged driver module suitable for multiple occupants, as well as troop side pods and rear troop pod; 
         FIG. 37  is an isometric view of a troop carrier embodiment of the modular military vehicle with enlarged driver module, troop side pods, and rear storage pod; 
         FIG. 38  is an isometric view of an alternate design for light tactical wheeled vehicle having 3 primary seats and two single-seat side pods; 
         FIG. 39  is an exploded view of the vehicle of  FIG. 38 ; 
         FIG. 40  is a top view of the vehicle of  FIG. 38 ; 
         FIG. 41  is a side elevational view of the vehicle of  FIG. 38 ; 
         FIG. 42  is a bottom view of the vehicle of  FIG. 38 ; 
         FIG. 43  is a front view of the vehicle of  FIG. 38 ; 
         FIG. 44  is a sectional view taken along line  44 - 44  of  FIG. 41 ; 
         FIG. 45  is a sectional view taken along line  45 - 45  of  FIG. 42 ; 
         FIG. 46  is an isometric view of a tracked vehicle embodiment of the modular military vehicle; 
         FIG. 47  is an exploded view of the tracked vehicle of  FIG. 46 ; 
         FIG. 48  is an isometric view of an alternate embodiment of the tracked vehicle embodiment; 
         FIG. 49  is an exploded view of the an alternate embodiment of the tracked vehicle embodiment of  FIG. 48 ; 
         FIG. 49B  is an underside view showing the open framework of the CCM as applied to a tracked vehicle; 
         FIG. 50  is a section view along line  50 - 50  of  FIG. 48 ; 
         FIG. 51  is a section view along line  51 - 51  of  FIG. 48 ; 
         FIG. 52  is an isometric view of yet another embodiment of the disclosed blast venting technology as adapted for a wheeled tactical vehicle; 
         FIG. 53  is an isometric view from beneath the vehicle of  FIG. 52 ; 
         FIG. 54  is an exploded view of the vehicle of  FIG. 52 ; 
         FIG. 55  is a section view along line  55  of  FIG. 56  for the vehicle of  FIG. 52 ; 
         FIG. 56  is a section view along line  56  of  FIG. 55 ; 
         FIG. 57  is an isometric view from beneath the occupant pod of the vehicle of  FIG. 54 ; 
         FIG. 58  is a bottom view of the occupant pod of  FIG. 57 ; 
         FIG. 59  is a sectional view along line  59  of  FIG. 60  of the vehicle of  FIG. 52 ; 
         FIG. 60  is a sectional view along line  60  of  FIG. 59 ; 
         FIG. 61  is an isometric view of yet another embodiment of the disclosed blast venting technology as adapted for a HMMWV type vehicle; 
         FIG. 62  is a front view of the vehicle of  FIG. 61 ; 
         FIG. 63  is a sectional view along line  63  of  FIG. 62 ; 
         FIG. 64  is a section view along line  64  of  FIG. 63 ; 
         FIG. 65  is an isometric view of the occupant pod of the vehicle of  FIG. 61 ; 
         FIG. 66  is an isometric view from beneath the occupant pod of  FIG. 65 ; 
         FIG. 67  is an isometric view of the occupant pod of a HMMWV type vehicle, like that in  FIG. 61 , but with a full with a full front windscreen; and 
         FIG. 68  is a side elevational view of the vehicle of  FIG. 67 . 
     
    
    
     The drawings will be described in greater detail below. Like components will carry the same numerical identification in different drawings and embodiments. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The disclosed modular vehicle primarily is designed for military use to reduce occupant injury during an under-vehicle blast event. “Blast events” for present purposes primarily are under vehicle blasts (e.g., roadside blasts), which also include roadside, blasts adjacent to the vehicle. For such use, however, the modular vehicle needs to be readily transported by air (e.g., cargo plane, helicopter, etc.) to remote hostile territory; withstand explosive blasts, bullets, and like insults; be easy to maintain and repair; readily convertible for cargo use, troop transport, wounded soldier (ambulance) transport; provide cover and support for ground soldier advancement; and the like. The disclosed modular vehicle accomplishes each of these tasks and more, as the skilled artisan will appreciate based on the present disclosure. Its design flexibility further enables the disclosed modular vehicle to be adapted for passenger use, civilian ambulance use, civilian cargo use, and the like. 
     Referring initially to  FIGS. 1-5 , a modular military vehicle,  10 , is shown to include a central chassis module or CCM,  12  (see  FIG. 18 ), composed of a driver module,  14 , and an engine module,  16 , which contains a powertrain for powering vehicle  10 . Vehicle  10  also includes two side pods,  18  and  20 , and three rear pods,  22 ,  24 , and  26 . Equally these three pods could be a single pod across the rear of the vehicle. In these figures, side pods  18  and  20  carry personnel, while rear pods  22 ,  24 , and  26  carry cargo. Vehicle suspension, steering, wheels/tires, transmission, headlights, windows (glass or polymer, often bullet-proof), and the like will be provided in conventional fashion adapted to the intended use of vehicle  10 . Driver module  14  and side modules  18  and  20  all are fitted with doors, such as doors,  28  and  30 , on side pod  18 , and a door,  32 , on driver module  14 , for ingress and egress of personnel. Driver module  14  is adapted for in-line front-to-back seating of two personnel with the driver entering module  14  through door  32  and the rear personnel entering module  14  via an overhead opening,  34  or through door  32  without the driver in position and the driver seat having the capacity to tilt forward. Access to cargo modules  22 ,  24 , and  26  can be gained by side or rear doors, such as, for example, a side door,  36 , for module  22 . Desirably, driver module  14  has a rear bulkhead to allow for ease of building the internal elements of the module  14 . 
     A retractable/extendable cooling and engine air inlet duct,  38 , is seen in an extended position from the top of engine module  16  (two engine configuration forms shown in  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 9 ). Air inlet duct  38  can be retracted or removed. The air vent location atop modular vehicle  10  keeps it above much of the dust created by vehicle  10  and events occurring on the ground in the vicinity of vehicle  10 . An exhaust port,  37 , for the engine exhaust can be disposed rearward of air inlet  38  or air can exit down over the engine and exit via holes away from the CCM. In one configuration, a grate,  39 , allows air to exit the engine compartment. Not only will air be cleaner atop vehicle  10 , but it will be cooler than air next to or underneath vehicle  10  particularly when in a hot environment. Such air inlet and exhaust ports also could be located in the sides of engine module  16  close to the top and these same benefits realized. For present purposes, the air inlet and/or exhaust ports are located “about the top” of the engine module by being located in the top of the module or in a side of the module very close to the top thereof. 
     The bottoms of each module can be designed with upward slanting sides to aid in deflecting any blasts occurring from underneath modular military vehicle  10  to minimize damage. This under-vehicle blast energy can dissipate upward through the vehicle center and outwardly in more of a conventional format on either side of the vehicle. Arrows  4 ,  5 ,  6 , and  7  in  FIG. 2  represent blast energy paths along which the disclosed vehicle design should urge such blast energy to follow; around the vehicle for arrows  4  and  7 , and through the vehicle for arrows  5  and  6 . Such blast energy paths avoid direct impact on vehicle occupants. Such blast energy arrows will be used in the drawings as illustrative blast energy paths, but they should not be construed as limiting the disclosure, as such disclosed blast energy paths may not be the exclusive blast energy paths or that all such paths are followed in each blast event or that the blast energy may follow some different paths. 
     A blast energy dissipation pattern,  1 , (see  FIG. 2A ) for driver module  14 ; a blast energy dissipation pattern,  2 , for side module  18 ; and a blast energy dissipation pattern,  3 , for side module  20 , show the blast energy being diverted around the sides of the modules to lessen injury of occupants of vehicle  10 . Such pattern along with side modules  18  and  20  that can be controllably blown away from CCM  12  will help in minimizing occupant injury from blasts occurring underneath virtually any area beneath vehicle  10 .  FIG. 2B  additionally shows how the open framework of the engine module allows a blast energy venting paths,  2 B- 5 B, through the vehicle (a blast venting chimney) not just around the modules/pods. Venting paths  1 B and  6   b  are blast venting paths around the outside of the vehicle. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 6 and 7 , side pods  18  and  20  are seen in partially deployed condition up and away from CCM  12  using hydraulic pistons and supporting strut assemblies,  40  and  42 , which are conventional in design and operation. Deployment of side pods  18  and  20  enjoys several advantages, including, inter alia, reducing the footprint size subject to road explosions, adding increasing distance from ground blasts, isolating pods subject to damage from blasts and explosions, and providing foot soldier protection between the side pods and CCM  12  (potentially with platforms that deploy for the soldiers to stand on upon deployment of the side pods). The blast deflecting V-shape hull design also has a small horizontal flat section with substantially angled sections that extend upwards creating in this case a V-shaped hull. Such design presents a minimal footprint to explosions and allows for excellent blast energy deflection. The slanted sections and space created between the deployed side pods and CCM  12  deflect the brunt of the explosive force upwards through and away from the vehicle to minimize occupant injury. Additionally the open framework of the engine module and forward and rearward tractive units creates additional blast path and chimney through the vehicle further minimizing the blast energy imparted on the occupants. The modular design permits any damaged pod to be readily replaced in the field and the vehicle put back in operation. 
     It should be observed that the hydraulic system for deploying the side pods or modules also could be adapted to move the side pods from an operating position adjacent to the CCM to the ground for removing the side pods and from the ground to an operating position. Thus, the hydraulic system could be adapted for putting on and taking off the side pods from the DMACS without the need for extra equipment. 
     In the event of an explosion, the side pod coupling to the central element can be “frangible”, permitting the side pod to be dislodged by the explosion. It is thought that, to absorb some of the energy of the blast explosion, it is possible that an attenuation system can be placed between the side pod and the CCM as part of the frangible system. The addition of this dampening mechanism may allow the pod to still remain attached to the CCM without breaking the frangible coupling and, yet, still allow the blast energy to vent upwardly between the pods. 
     With reference to  FIGS. 6A ,  6 B, and  7 , side module  18  is illustrated affixed to engine module  16  using an interlocking bracket assembly,  201 , a cylinder assembly,  203 , and a tether assembly,  43 . Together, these items make up the frangible coupling of the central element to the side pod. Interlocking bracket assembly  201  is composed of a pair of “L” brackets,  213  and  215 , which are retained in interlocked relationship by gravity. Additionally, blast-attenuating assembly  203  (such as a cylinder assembly) is composed of a cylinder,  205 , associated bracket,  207 , a handle,  217 , and interlining rod,  209 , and associated bracket,  211 . Hooking a side pod to the CCM is quick and easy by dint of the design of the frangible coupling assembly. Handle  217  is rotatable to cause pressure from cylinder  205  to be exerted on inserted rod  209 . This ensures that the side pod will stay attached during travel, such as, for example, over rough roads. The force of a blast, however, will cause rod  209  to withdraw from cylinder  205  and the tethers will limit the distance of travel of the dislodged pod. 
     The side pod also can be retained to the CCM by means of tether assemblies (see also  FIGS. 7A and 7B ),  41  and  43 , whose ends are retained on both the CCM and the side pod by brackets,  45  and  47 . The straps,  49 , most likely will be in the form of webbing having a degree of elasticity and stitched together in a snaked or accordion pattern so that when the pod moves away from the CCM the stitching is broken as the tether unfolds. 
     The frangible coupling assembly and tether, then, are able to further absorb some of the explosion energy during an explosion, beneath the vehicle. In particular, the cylinder assembly pulls apart with some force as is typical for a cylinder and rod assembly, and by the tether stretching in much the same way that seat belts absorb energy during an accident. Here, however, in order for the pods not to decelerate too violently at the end of the straps, most likely some elasticity will be incorporated into the straps. As shown in  FIGS. 7 ,  7 A, and  7 B, at least one pair of straps (for example, 3 pairs per side module) can be used for each side pod. This number is arbitrary and could be greater or lesser in number. 
     Personnel,  44  and  46 , seated in driver module  14  are seen in  FIG. 8 . Also seen is an engine,  48 , a radiator,  50 , and a exhaust assembly,  52 . Air for engine  48  and to cool radiator  50  is admitted through air inlet duct  38 . Exhaust passed through exhaust assembly  52  passes to the atmosphere through port  37 . Fresh air for personnel  44  and  46  is admitted via air inlets  38  on each side of the CCM above the engine ( FIG. 14  rectangular hole above engine module  16 ). As observed earlier, locating the air inlets and exhaust atop vehicle  10  will minimize dust entry into vehicle  10 . 
     In  FIGS. 9-13 , litter side pods,  52  and  54 , have been attached to CCM  12  to create a modular ambulance. CCM  12  remains unchanged from the previous drawings, except for an air intake,  38 ′, and exhaust,  37 ′. Litter side pods  52  and  54  may or may not be deployable. Litter side pod  52  is fitted with a door,  56 , while litter side pod  54  also is fitted with a door,  58  (see  FIG. 13 ). Medic personnel can enter litter side pods  52  and  54  through doors  56  and  58 . Wounded soldiers can be placed in litter side pods  52  and  54  conveniently through rear access openings in litter side pods  52  and  54 , such as is illustrated in  FIG. 13 . Doors, netting, or other restrictions will be provided to keep the litters in litter side pods  52  and  54 . In  FIG. 15 , a medic,  60 , is seen in medic pod  52  where he can attend to the needs of wounded soldiers on litters,  68  and  70 , or can be seated on a seat,  62 . A storage bin,  64 , is provided to house medicines, instruments, and like items. 
     Illustrated in  FIG. 14 , the narrow aspect of litter side pods  52  and  54  permit medic to easily only treat the upper torso and head of the wounded soldier, pod  24  is an occupant pod for carrying an additional medic,  72 , which can treat the legs and lower torso of the wounded soldiers. In order to accomplish such treatment, an access,  74 , is created in pod  24  which mates with a similar access,  76 , in pod  52 . Similar accesses are provided for medic  72  to treat wounded soldiers in pod  54 . 
     Medic  60  is fitted with a SAPI panel,  61 , affixed to his helmet,  63 . Personnel  44  and  46  seated in driver module  14  also could be fitted with a SAPI panel, as, indeed, could any personnel confined within military module vehicle  10 .  FIGS. 28-31  illustrate medic  60  again, standing and sitting. SAPI panel  61  is seen affixed to helmet  63  in addition to medic  60 , regardless of whether in a seated or standing position. Such extended panel  61  from the SAPI pack will be secured with, for example, Velcro® into position within the soldier&#39;s ballistic vest and with the soldiers&#39; ballistic collar. It is thought that a pivot at the top of this extended SAPI panel should be incorporated to allow the head to be turned easily and with comfort. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 16 and 17 , an extended version of the modular vehicle is illustrated. Such extended modular vehicle includes an extended central element composed of a driver module,  78 , and engine module,  80 , either of both of which can be extended in length compared to modular vehicle  10 . Engine module  80  carries a rear cargo pod,  82 , while side pods,  84  and  86 , are disposed alongside driver pod  78  and engine pod  80 . Pods  82 ,  84 , and  86 , all are cargo pods that can be adapted to carry, ammunition, food, supplies, petrol, water, medical supplies, etc. Access is gained to side pod  84  via a door assembly,  88 . Rear doors,  90 ,  92 , and  94 , can be provided for each of the modules also. 
     CCM  12  is illustrated in  FIG. 18 . In this embodiment a portable missile launcher,  96 , is disposed atop driver module  14  and is desirably controlled by personnel  46 , so that driver  44  can concentrate on driving CCM  12 . Pod  24  is mounted on rails, such as a rail,  25 , and another rail on the far side of CCM  12  that is not seen in  FIG. 18 . Moving pod  24  away from CCM  12  rearwardly also permits repair/maintenance access to the powertrain in engine module  16  and to the transmission and other drive train elements disposed therein. A cover conveniently at the rear of CCM  12 , for example, could be opened to provide such servicing access. Powertrain for present purposes includes an engine or motor, transmission, and other components necessary to power the disclosed vehicle. 
     That CCM  12  can be operated as a stand-alone vehicle is an advantage of the design disclosed herein. For that reason, CCM  12  and all disclosed pods can be manufactured from aluminum or composite material for weight reduction. Also, a layer “up armor” can be provided as a ballistic layer from a variety of composite materials presently used to shield military vehicles. When the side modules/pods are attached, they provide additional shielding for CCM  12  and drive components from being struck by ballistic impact. The engine module can incorporate sacrificial paneling covering the engine module open framework. These panels are designed to not withstand significant blast pressure and shatter in a blast event allowing significant blast venting through the engine compartment. 
     From the front, a narrow profile is presented, thus reducing the area vulnerable to being struck by bullets, shrapnel, or the like. Aligning personnel in a single row permits such narrow front profile. Similarly having each occupant in a narrow pod allows the effective use of occupant side curtain and front air bags deployed in the event of a blast or accident. Basically being able to encase the occupants between inflated air bags and the seat should increase their likelihood of survival during a blast or accident. Additionally, the narrow profile of the occupant pod will help to contain the occupants&#39; legs during a blast event, resulting in fewer lower leg injuries. 
     Virtually all surfaces of all occupant modules/pods are designed to be manufactured from relatively flat, planar material (stressed skin) which contributes to reduced manufacturing costs. 
     Engine  48  can be any internal combustion engine powered by gasoline, diesel fuel, or the like, optionally turbocharged or supercharged; or can be a turbine engine; or any other power plant designed to propel vehicle  10 . While the suspension is conventional for this type of vehicle, independent suspension is advantageous. It is possible that the vehicle also could incorporate an alternative drive system like electric or hydraulic motor. 
       FIG. 19  illustrates a mobile missile launcher version,  100 , of the vehicle disclosed herein. In particular, a pair of side missile pods,  102  and  104 , is affixed on either side of a CCM,  106 . Personnel located within CCM  106  can control missile launch and target, or the target can be fed into an onboard computer remotely, say, for example, from air or ground reconnaissance. A rear storage pod,  108 , can convey spare missiles, for example or additional armament, such as, for example, an air-to-ground or air-to-air, or anti-tank, etc., missile. Armament, such as missiles, may require elevation to clear the CCM during firing. 
       FIG. 20  shows an additional side pod,  110 , for transforming the modular combat vehicle into a mobile generator unit, conveying fuel drums,  112 ,  114 , and  116 ; along with generators,  118  and  120 . One or two such mobile generator side pods enable power to be brought into remote field or other locations. 
       FIG. 21  shows another cargo side pod,  121 . One or two of such side pods can be carried by the CCM. Again, the user can use almost any combination of pods on the CCM for extreme flexibility and utility. These non-occupant pods are all sacrificial and frangible during an under-vehicle blast event, further reducing the blast energy transferred to the vehicle occupants. 
       FIG. 22  illustrates a fuel tanker,  122 , where fuel tanks are the side pods. In particular, upper side pods,  124  and  126 , have upper rear access for fuel. A pair of lower fuel pods,  128  and  130  (not seen), can be in fuel connection with upper fuel pods  124  and  126 , or separately accessible. 
       FIG. 23  illustrates yet another troop occupant pod,  132 , for conveying 3 soldiers per side pod. Again, one or both side pods could be the 3-troop versions. 
       FIG. 24  illustrates a military vehicle,  140 , configured with a short wheelbase, so as to accommodate only a single soldier (driver) in a CCM,  142 . Side pods,  144  and  146 , carry but a single soldier. Military vehicle  140 , then, carries only 3 soldiers. At the rear, is a shelter,  148 , for transport into the field (e.g., combat zone).  FIG. 25  illustrates vehicle  140  without side pods. An engine module,  150 , is revealed also. 
       FIG. 26  illustrates a military vehicle having a driver module,  151 , seating only the driver. A pair of side pods,  153  and  155 , is attached to an engine module,  157 . Shelter  148  is carried at the rear of the vehicle. 
     The design flexibility of the disclosed modular military vehicle is enveloped in  FIG. 27 . A troop transport only modular military vehicle,  161 , is illustrated. In order to increase the troop capacity, a driver module,  163 , has been widened behind the driver in order to accommodate additional instruments, material, goods, etc. Occupant side pods,  165  and  167 , accommodate another 2 soldiers each and are carried by an engine module,  169 . Finally, a rear occupant pod,  171 , accommodates another  6  soldiers. The total troop capacity of modular military vehicle  161  is 11 troops. In this view, the blast venting chimney exit area in the center of the vehicle is through the engine module and between pods  165 ,  167 ,  163 , and  171 . 
       FIG. 36  expands upon the embodiment in  FIG. 27  for a modular military vehicle,  300 , which has an expanded driver module,  302 , which has been widened for accommodating a driver in the forward position and 2 soldiers seated side-by-side behind the driver for a total of 3 troops in driver module  302 . Side modules or side pods,  304  and  306 , are troop pods adapted for 2 soldiers to be seated in each module. A rear module,  308 , also can seat 3 soldiers. A spare tire,  310 , is shown affixed to the side of rear pod  308 .  FIG. 37  depicts the same basic vehicle  300 , except that rear troop pod  308  has been replaced with a cargo or armament pod,  312 . In both embodiment of vehicle  300 , an overhead hatch  314 , is located in the roof of driver module  302  for permitting a soldier to rise up for providing cover fire using rifle or other armament. 
     Commercial or civilian (non-military) versions of the modular vehicle are illustrated in  FIGS. 32-35 . When not in use, pods can be removed from the vehicle, decreasing the vehicle weight and improving aerodynamics and, therefore, increasing gas mileage and overall performance. In particular, a civilian modular vehicle,  200 , is seen to be streamlined in design, but again using the in-line seating design to present a narrow head-on profile for vehicle  200 . The rear module contains the engine, with a possible storage disposed behind the engine. 
     In  FIG. 33 , side pods,  202  and  204 , are hung onto the sides of vehicle  200 . Entry for passengers in pods can be gained though doors,  206  and  208 , placed in pod  204 . Similar doors can be provided for side pod  202  and for the driver. A camping version,  210 , is illustrated in  FIG. 34 , where camp stretcher pods  212  and  214  (fitted with skylights), are hung onto the sides of vehicle  200 . In this embodiment, the sides of vehicle  200  will be open to side pods  212  and  214  in order to provide such treatment. 
     A “pickup” version of the disclosed modular vehicle is illustrated in  FIG. 35  where a side storage pod,  216 , is carried on one side of vehicle  200  and entry/exit doors are provided on the side opposite for ingress and egress of people into vehicle  200 . Again, depending upon the design goals, a rear storage pod can be carried at the rear of vehicle  200 . 
       FIG. 38  shows an alternate tactical wheeled vehicle design,  218 , having 3 primary seats and two single-seat side pods. This vehicle also maintains the modular design of the prior embodiments as well as the blast survivability features. A driver,  220 , and two additional personnel (only one of which,  222 , is visible in  FIG. 38 ) sit across width of vehicle  218 . The rear of vehicle  218  is adapted in this embodiment for cargo and/or occupant with a variety of cargo and/or additional occupant pods adaptable to be carried at the rear of vehicle  218 . 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 39-41 , vehicle  218  is formed from a plurality of pods as seen in exploded view. A pod,  224 , carries driver  220  and the two additional personnel seated on either side of driver  220 . Alternatively, one of any of these three seating positions can be replaced with a gunner either with a remote or manual weapon station. A pair of single-person side pods,  226  and  228 , are disposed immediately behind driver pod  224 . A front tractive unit,  230 , can be considered an extension of the chassis and contains the drive system for the front wheels, and is located forward of driver pod  224  and transmits power to the front wheels of vehicle  218 . A hood,  232 , covers the front tractive unit  230 . A rear tractive unit,  234 , can be considered an extension of the chassis and houses the drive system for the rear wheels and transmits power the rear wheels of vehicle  218 . The front and rear tractive units  230  and  234  respectively may have an open framework design. A chassis,  236 , is the platform upon which all of the other modules/pods are carried. Chassis  236  also houses an engine/motor,  238 , which supplies power to front and rear tractive units  230  and  234 , respectively, as well as for electrical and other systems in vehicle  218 . Chassis  236  may be constructed from an open framework, such as from tubular members. Such an embodiment of a modular wheeled military vehicle, then, has a central module (“CM”) for present purposes. 
     A cooling tower,  240 , exhausts heat from vehicle  218 , including from engine  238  and emits a “cooled” heat signature from vehicle  218  that could be used for tracking the location of vehicle  218 . Heat exchangers located within cooling tower  240  aids in vehicle  218  emitting a “cooled” exhaust from engine  238 . Note, the direction of airflow through the cooling core is from the top downward and the cooling air exits through the bottom of the engine bay area potentially through a central, apertured skid plate under the engine—this skid has many lightening holes for this purpose. 
     Referring now also to  FIG. 42 , the underside of chassis framework  236  and cooling tower  240  are designed to improve blast survivability and blast management from in ground buried explosives or the like. Basically, the underside of chassis  236  under each occupant area exhibits a V-shaped or blast deflecting design creating a V-shape shape to the hull that channels the blast energy in multiple directions through and around the vehicle while providing the structural underpinning for protecting the occupants. This includes channeling the blast up into cooling tower  240 , which acts like a chimney through which the blast is vented up and away from vehicle  218 . In particular an apertured skid plate,  241 , if necessary, could serve as a structural chassis member and provide venting for a blast through its open surface and also act as the vehicle&#39;s heat exchanger cooling exit in the reverse flow direction during normal vehicle operation. Panels,  242  and  244 , situated on either longitudinal side of skid plate  241  are sacrificial panels, such as, for example, composite material panels, i.e. panels made from material that cannot support much deformation before they fragment into small parts during the high pressure experienced during an under-vehicle blast. These sacrificial panels  242  and  244  only serve the purpose of protecting all of the mechanical elements of the vehicle from brush, rocks, and the like—they serve no other purpose than that and may not be necessary. The solid structural area of items  246  and  248 , have minimal horizontal surface area and a reduced blast footprint limiting transfer of blast energy directly to occupants. It should be observed that panels  246  and  248  slope upwardly and outwardly from the vehicle underside. The same is true for forward chassis areas,  250  and  252 . This makes it possible for the underside of chassis  236  to have multiple V-shapes or angled hull shapes to maximize blast deflection away and through the vehicle  218 . It is worth noting that the apertures in skid plate  241  not only reduces weight but also provides cooling air to flow downwardly past engine  238 . 
     In a broader sense, venting blast events through a “chimney” can be broadly applied in that the chimney does not have to pass through the engine compartment. For example, vehicles having the engine located in a forward position still can provide a centrally located chimney to vent blast events. Moreover, a non-modular vehicle can combine a central chimney with a blast deflecting hull design by shaping the underside of the occupant and driver space to be V-shape (for example multiple V-shapes) while minimizing the surface area most likely to be impacted by blast in order to improve occupant survivability. 
     The V-shape or blast deflecting chassis design under the side pod occupant also can be seen in  FIGS. 43 and 44 . In  FIG. 43  blast arrows  254  and  256  show venting to the outside of the vehicle. In  FIG. 44 , a second blast path through the center of the vehicle is depicted by arrows,  258  and  260 . Blast venting around the vehicle is shown by arrows  259  and  261 .  FIG. 45  shows multiple blast venting paths through arrows  260 ,  264 ,  266 ,  268 , and  270 . In particular, a blast event immediately underneath vehicle  218  passes through the engine compartment  238 . The blast, then, continues up through cooling tower  240  and to the atmosphere outside of vehicle  218 . All mechanical elements in this blast venting path, including engine  238  and cooling tower  240 , are frangible and become sacrificial, reducing the loads imparted to the occupants. 
     In  FIG. 44 , side pods  226  and  228  also may be pivotally connected at their bottoms to chassis  236 , in similar fashion as described in connection with the other vehicle embodiments disclosed herein. A tethering system,  274  and  276 , are attached to the side pods and to driver pod  224  (see  FIG. 41 .) to permit additional blast energy to be absorbed by such side pod rotation without ejecting the side pods and risking additional injury to the personnel seated in each side pod. This rotation also serves to very rapidly increase the cross-sectional area of the center chimney, allowing the blast to vent rapidly upward, reducing the loads imposed on the vehicle occupants. It also is possible to affix driver pod  224  by a similar pivotal connection and with a tether permitting driver pod  224  to rotate forwardly during a blast/shock event to absorb additional energy. It also is possible that the driver pod and side pods do not pivot at all and are joined together for form a single occupant volume. In this design, while the blast venting path through the center chimney is reduced, this may be adequate to meet the military&#39;s requirement. Additionally, the front and rear tractive units are designed to have an open framework allowing the blast venting path to propagate through each tractive unit framework and outward above and beyond the vehicle. 
     In  FIG. 45 , a bulkhead,  272 , is seen to run upwardly at an angle from the forward end of chassis  238  and, thence, at a less severe angle along the rear of driver pod  224  to provide additional blast protection to the occupants of cab  224 . In  FIG. 44 , the blast deflecting and through vehicle venting shape of the chassis  236  underside is evident. Interior chassis volumes,  282  and  284 , under side pods  226  and  228 , respectively, and chassis sides  278  and  280  provide additional shock/blast attenuation and ballistic protection for side pods  226  and  228 . Finally, an attenuation system,  286  and  288 , disposed underneath side pods  226  and  228  and atop volumes  282  and  284 , respectively, provide additional shock/blast attenuation by isolating the occupants of side pods  226  and  228  from blasts effects for increased occupant survivability. Driver pod  224  can have a tube pass through pod  224  allowing a structural member to pass connecting bulkhead  272  (not indicated in the drawings) of chassis  236  to bolt (or other fastening system that is reversible) directly to front tractive unit  232 . Such tube would allow sufficient clearance to permit chassis  236  to move vertically if an impulse load was imparted to the bottom of chassis  236 , i.e., when shock attenuating system of layers  282  and  284  become active and collapse somewhat. It also is likely that the shock attenuation material could be placed within chassis volumes  282  and  284 . 
     Referring now to the multi-wheeled vehicle embodiments illustrated in  FIGS. 46-49 , the same modular concept with blast/shock attenuating system and deflecting features has been designed into multi-wheeled vehicle,  290 , and tracked vehicle,  292  (see  FIG. 48 ). Vehicles  290  and  292  have the same design but for the inclusion of tracks for vehicle  292 ; thus, only a single description will be given herein. Side pods,  294  and  296 , carried by vehicle  290 , and side pods,  298  and  300 , are designed to carry 1 to 5 soldiers or other passengers in each such side pod. Cabs,  302  and  304 , of vehicles  290  and  292 , respectively, are designed for 1 to 3 soldiers to be seated with one of the soldiers being a driver. Referring additionally to  FIGS. 47 and 49 , exploded views of vehicles  290  and  292  are illustrated to be modular in design. In particular with reference to vehicle  290  in  FIG. 47 , a pair of fuel tanks,  306  and  308 , are located on each side of driver pod  302  are sit atop a chassis,  310 . Chassis  310  has the same design features as chassis  236 , described above. Thus, chassis  310  has a blast deflecting shape (quad “V” hull) with a centrally-disposed engine forming a chimney through the vehicle and providing multiple blast venting paths around the vehicle for under vehicle blast events. A rearwardly and centrally located storage pod,  312 , is located between side troop pods  294  and  296 . A cooling tower,  314 , is located over the engine compartment is designed to be part of the chimney through which blast venting occurs protecting vehicle occupants, much in the manner as described in connection with vehicle  218 . The problem that exists with the current vehicles used is that the vehicle design places the occupants between the wheels or tracks in close proximity to the ground and, because of the vehicle widths, there is very little possibility of there being any substantial blast deflecting elements and or venting possibilities. The disclosed design creates a blast deflecting design under each of the occupant spaces placing the occupant further from the blast source and substantially above the chassis. A shock attenuation system, like layers  286  and  288 , are placed between chassis and occupant pods and also as with the light tactical wheeled vehicle, shock attenuation material can be placed within the chassis. This shock attenuation system also is placed between the driver cab modules and the chassis elements. Occupant pods can readily be replaced with other pods or functional elements including a mobile gun system. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 48 and 49  and tracked vehicle  292 , fuel tanks,  316  and  318 , are located beside a driver pod,  304 , and atop a chassis,  320 . Side occupant pods  298  and  300 , and a cooling tower,  322 , are provided in the same manner as described in connection with vehicle  290 . The underneath side of tracked vehicle  292  is revealed in  FIG. 49B . The large opening for blast events to travel around where the occupants are seated can be seen. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 50 and 51 , vehicle  292  of  FIG. 48  is illustrated in side-to-side and longitudinal cross-section views, respectively. In particular, blast paths,  323 ,  324 ,  326 , and  327 , are shown to direct the blast energy and debris upwardly and behind driver pod  304  due to an upwardly sloping blast plate,  328 , located beneath driver pod  304 , for blast path  324 ; and due to the upward sloping forward design of blast plate  328 . A bulkhead,  330 , located on the rear of driver pod  304  continues to keep the cab occupants safe as the blast energy and debris continues upwardly along blast plate  328  and then beside bulkhead  330 . Any equipment and vehicle components placed centrally in the vehicle and rearwardly of bulkhead  330  are sacrificial to keep the occupants in driver pod  304  safe from any underneath road blasts. 
     Referring now to the wheeled light-tactical vehicle shown in  FIGS. 52-60 , a WLTV,  332 , embodies the modularity and blast venting technology disclosed and described above. In particular with reference to  FIGS. 52-54 , vehicle  332  is composed of a front and rear tractive unit,  334  and  338  respectively and an occupant pod,  336 . The basic components and construction of vehicle  332  is quite similar to the vehicles described above. A lower V-shape portion is represented in  FIGS. 52-60  by numeral 337. 
     Of importance for present purposes is the blast paths designed into vehicle  332  to deflect blast energy and blast debris around occupant pod  336 . Referring now to  FIGS. 55 and 56 , which are cross-sections through vehicle  332 , the V-shaped curvilinear design of the underside of vehicle  332  is revealed in the same manner as described above for the other vehicle embodiments. Also shown is the central vent chimney created to permit the blast energy and debris to travel along such chimney and outside of the confines of vehicle  332 . The blast paths are designed as  340 - 346 . Any vehicle components within the central blast chimney are considered sacrificial for the benefit of saving the pod occupants. Reinforced occupants spaces, as shown in  FIGS. 55 and 56  are helpful in defining the deflected blast paths, as well as in contributing to the safety of the vehicle occupants. The entry of the central blast chimney is revealed in  FIGS. 57 and 58  and is identified by item  348 . 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 59 and 60 , two occupant spaces,  350  and  352 , for the occupants of occupant pod  336  are shown in further detail. In particular, blast attenuating material,  354  and  356 , are seen disposed beneath each occupant space  350  and  352 , respectively, and such material is retained, in part, by the triangular shaped chassis member,  358  and  360 , which provide a lower V-shape or blast deflecting shape to deflect blast energy and blast debris around each occupant space. 
     Referring now to the HMMWV wheeled vehicle embodiments depicted in  FIGS. 61-66 , a wheeled vehicle  362 , is rather conventional in component locations, having a front engine  400  (schematically shown in  FIG. 63 ), central occupant space, and rear storage area. It, however, is very unconventional in design, because it has blast-deflecting venting designed into it, as more particularly seen in  FIGS. 63 and 64 . In  FIG. 63 , blast paths,  364  and  366 , are seen to go upwardly being deflected away from the occupant space. Any vehicle components in the blast path are deemed sacrificial in order to avoid occupant injury. 
     By the same token, in  FIG. 64  the design of the underside of the occupant pod creates multiple blast paths  366 ,  370 ,  372  and  368  around the occupant space. Blast paths  368  and  370  traverse upwardly through a blast chimney inwardly within vehicle  362 , again with any components within the chimney being deemed sacrificial. 
     Vehicle  362  has a rolling chassis supporting 3 pods: a forward engine pod, a central occupant pod, and a rear, carrier pod. An occupant pod,  374 , is illustrated in  FIGS. 65 and 66 . A pair of longitudinal rails,  376  and  378 , support occupant pod  374 . Rails  376  and  378  similarly can support the forward engine module, as well as a rear cargo module. Note the large opening on the underneath side of pod  374  between rails  376  and  378  for a blast to travel safely. 
       FIGS. 67 and 68  depict an alternative HMMWV wheeled vehicle design with a full front windscreen. To that end, an occupant pod,  380 , has a full front windscreen,  383 . Blast paths,  384  and  386 , are seen to go upwardly being deflected away from the occupant space. Any vehicle components in the blast path are deemed sacrificial in order to avoid occupant injury. The remainder of the design of this HMMWV variant is like that disclosed above. 
     While the apparatus has been described with reference to various embodiments, those skilled in the art will understand that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope and essence of the disclosure. Additionally, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the disclosure without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the disclosure may not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but that the disclosure will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims. In this application the US measurement system is used, unless otherwise expressly indicated. Also, all citations referred to herein are expressly incorporated herein by reference.