Abstract:
Methods and systems are disclosed for the generation and use of merchant-customizable token formats that define tokens that represent credit card and other payment numbers in online transactions. The tokens, which are used instead of the card numbers themselves for security, can be specified by the token format to have a certain number of characters, have certain fields reserved for major card identifiers, use encryption and/or randomization, be alphanumeric, and have other formatting. The customized tokens can be used with legacy equipment that uses longer or shorter card numbers than the standard sixteen-digit payment card number format and can be less likely to be recognized as related to card numbers by identify thieves.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     NOT APPLICABLE 
     COPYRIGHT 
     A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field of the Art 
     Generally, the present application relates to financial data processing and presentation thereof. Specifically, methods, systems, and devices are presented for merchant-customizable token codes used for online shopping and preventing identity theft. 
     2. Discussion of the Related Art 
     Accepting credit card, debit card, prepaid card, and other payment cards is a given for many retail merchants. For online merchants, accepting PayPal® payments, Google Checkout™ payments, and other alternate electronic payment types in addition to traditional credit card payments is becoming more common. Interfacing with the plethora of payment brands that customers expect to be available for payment transactions can be daunting, especially given the regulatory burden of financial regulations, industry standards, and security considerations. 
     Some merchants contract with third-party payment services in order to facilitate interfacing with the different types of payment networks. CyberSource of Mountain View, Calif., is one such third party payment service. 
     Third-party payment services not only take care of maintaining interfaces between a contracting merchant and payment networks, they also offer other services such as risk management, hosted order pages (e.g., redirected online checkout web pages), and silent order posts (e.g., secure fields for a merchant&#39;s online checkout web page). These services are in addition to servicing the day-to-day payment transactions of merchants. 
     In a typical payment transaction, a merchant sends an authorization request for a customer&#39;s payment to the third-party payment service, and the third-party payment service forwards the authorization request to the proper entity. This entity often is one of many third-party vendors with which the third-party payment service contracts. The entity then obtains an approval for the authorization request—an “authorization”—from the customer&#39;s bank, etc. The authorization confirms that the customer indeed has money (or credit) in his or her account to pay for the transaction and also locks down or otherwise reserves the money (or credit) in the account. 
     For example, for a merchant whose bank is Wells Fargo, an authorization request for payment from a customer&#39;s Visa credit card is forwarded to Wells Fargo (i.e., the acquirer). Wells Fargo then obtains an authorization for the request through VisaNet™ from the customer&#39;s bank that issued the credit card (i.e., the issuer). 
     Hosted order pages and silent order posts allow a merchant to avoid collecting customers&#39; credit card numbers and related specifics. Instead, the third-party payment service presents the credit card entry web page or fields for the user to enter his or her information. Because the merchant does not collect the information, it can avoid the burdens related to being payment card industry (PCI) data security standard (DSS) compliant. 
     There are difficulties associated with hosted order pages and silent order posts. For one, customers prefer a seamless interface so that it appears that he or she is not being redirected to a third party in order to make a purchase. It has also been found that seeing the order specifics on the payment page helps remind the customer of why he or she is spending money, perhaps easing the purchase along. If order specifics are to be shown on a third party web site, then that information must be packaged and sent to the third party web site. There is also the complication of robustly handling a user who clicks a Back or Cancel button on his or her web browser. With all of the difficulties, it may be easier to keep as much of the payment selections on the merchant&#39;s web site as possible. 
     A need exists in the art for better coordination of merchant web sites and third-party vendors that facilitate payments. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     Methods and systems are disclosed for creating and using payment tokens—which represent credit card or other payment account numbers—whose format is customized. The customizable formats of the tokens can include the number of characters in the token such that the token can be a different length than the standard 16-digit format of payment cards. The format can include using a combination of letters and numbers, specifying certain characters for specific card brands, and using encryption and/or randomization for other areas of the token. 
     Some embodiments of the present application are related to a method of generating merchant-customizable payment tokens. The method includes receiving from a secure web site a payment account number from a customer for a first transaction with a merchant web site, retrieving a token format from a database, the token format configured by a merchant associated with the merchant web site, and generating, using at least one processor operatively coupled to a memory, a token representing the payment account number, the token including a plurality of characters, a portion of the token generated using a random number generator and a format of the token conforming with the token format. The method further includes receiving from the merchant web site an indication for a second transaction from the customer, sending to the merchant web site the token representing the payment account number, receiving a selection of the token from the merchant web site, and initiating a payment transaction using the payment account number based on the selection 
     Some embodiments are related to a method of generating customizable payment tokens. The method includes receiving from a merchant a payment token format specifying an alphanumeric field, the token format specifying a character length of a payment token, generating, using at least one processor operatively coupled with a memory, a payment token representing a payment account number, a field of the generated token representing an encrypted portion of the payment account number and having at least one letter, the generating conducted in response to a first transaction, receiving a selection of the token from a merchant web site, and initiating a payment transaction using the payment account number based on the selection 
     Other embodiments relate to machine-readable tangible storage media and computer systems that employ or store instructions for the methods described above. 
     A further understanding of the nature and the advantages of the embodiments disclosed and suggested herein may be realized by reference to the remaining portions of the specification and the attached drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a merchant shopping cart page of the prior art. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a secure third-party credit card entry web page of the prior art. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a secure third-party web page for selecting a previously-used card of the prior art. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a merchant web page for selecting a previously-used card in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a merchant defining a token format for a secure third-party in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a customer&#39;s submitting a credit card number to a secure third party and generation of a token in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a customer&#39;s selection of a token through a merchant in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 8  is a system sequence diagram of customer&#39;s first use of a card in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 9  is a system sequence diagram of customer&#39;s subsequent use of a card in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a token customization interface in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates a token format in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a token format in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates a token format in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates a token format in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 15  is a flowchart of a process in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 16  is a flowchart of a process in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 17  illustrates payment authorization in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 18  shows a block diagram of an exemplary computer apparatus that can be used in some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     The figures will now be used to illustrate different embodiments in accordance with the invention. The figures are specific examples of embodiments and should not be interpreted as limiting embodiments, but rather exemplary forms and procedures. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Payment tokens whose format is customized by merchants are described. In the prior art, the focus was toward further standardization of card number formats and related payment account identifiers. The length, character set, subset positions, and other attributes of account identifiers were standardized in order to facilitate transactions across computer systems. 
     Generating a payment token that corresponds to an account number, but has no mathematical relation to the account number, is an unclassified way to refer to the account number without mentioning the account number. The token can be passed from PCI DSS-compliant parties to non-PCI DSS-compliant merchants so that the merchants can ‘store’ representatives of card numbers for a customer for when he or she returns. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a merchant shopping cart page of the prior art. A customer uses web browser  101  in order to visit merchant web site  103 . In the exemplary embodiment, web site  103  is at uniform resource locator (URL)  102 . Merchant web page  103  is unsecure as indicated by broken lock icon  104 . At this point, the customer has merely selected some items to purchase from the web site, and no financial data has been given. Therefore, it is not necessary for the web page to be secure. 
     The user can click on linked button  105  in order to “check out” and give financial payment data to order the selected items. Checking out takes the customer&#39;s web browser to a secure web page of a third-party secure web site. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a secure third-party credit card entry web page of the prior art. Secure URL  202  is through a domain of the third-party, and its secure nature is indicated by lock icon  204 . The user is prompted to enter his or her payment card information in entry area  209 . After the user enters a credit card number and expiration date and hits the submit button, the credit card number is sent securely to the third-party, bypassing the merchant. The merchant does not need to see the credit card data, and—to avoid having to be PCI DSS-compliant—it typically does not want to see the credit card number. The merchant merely needs to be informed by the third party whether the credit card was authorized for the transaction amount. 
     After the customer&#39;s credit card is used for a purchase of the selected items, the credit card number is stored by the third-party web site in case the customer visits again. The customer can come back to the same merchant web site and select items for another order. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a secure third-party web page for selecting a previously-used card of the prior art. After the customer has selected items from the merchant&#39;s web site, his or her web browser is redirected to the third-party secure site. URL  302 , to which the customer&#39;s web browser is redirect, is a secure URL, as indicated by lock icon  304 . 
     On the secure third-party&#39;s web site, list  311  of prior cards is presented for the user to select from. In the exemplary embodiment, the user has used three cards previously with the same merchant. To use one of the previously used cards, the user merely needs to select the radio button for the appropriate card and hit the submit button. 
     Additionally, linked button  312  can be pressed in order to bring up a ‘new card’ dialog, similar (or the same) as the web page shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     Because the third-party collects and keeps the credit card numbers, and the merchant is not privy to the card numbers, the merchant&#39;s web site is unable to provide the list of previously used credit card numbers such as list  311  in the third-party secure web site. Thus, the customer must be redirected to the third-party&#39;s secure web site at URL  302  in order to see the list of previously used payment cards. It would be useful if the list of previously used credit cards could be selected from the merchant&#39;s web site so that other details of the transaction could be shown next to the list. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a merchant web page for selecting a previously-used card in accordance with an embodiment. URL  402  points to a location on the merchant&#39;s web site, and it is unsecure as indicated by broken lock icon  404 . Information summary  410  about the customer&#39;s purchase is shown on the same web page as list  411  of previously used cards. The showing of previous cards as well as information on the current purchase can be accomplished by the use of tokens that represent the card number but are not actually the card number. 
     In the exemplary embodiment, three tokens, each representing a different, previously-used payment account, are sent from the third-party vendor to the merchant. The tokens contain the last four digits of the true card number but are otherwise each random sets of characters. The merchant can display the last four digits of the card number for the customer so that the customer can determine which card he or she would like to use for the next purchase. If the customer selects one of the cards, then the selected token can be sent back to the third-party secure web site, and the third party uses the associated card number to initiate the purchase processing. 
     The token formats can be customized by the merchant. For example, the length of characters of the token can be set by the merchant, or the character set can be specified. 
     Technical advantages of customizable, configurable payment tokens are many. Common sixteen-digit card numbers are constantly being sought by identity thieves. Sixteen-digit card numbers are relatively easy to spot as card numbers, especially if they comply with the Luhn algorithm (i.e., the “mod 10” algorithm). Numbers of lengths other than sixteen are less likely to be associated with card numbers and are thus more likely to be overlooked by thieves. If different merchants have their own, different token formats, then it is more difficult for identify thieves to identify tokens from intercepted data that relate to card numbers. Customizable card numbers also can help when using computer equipment in different countries that were once standardized on different card formats. The computer systems can be re-used to work with tokens that are formatted to the old, legacy formats instead of the new card numbers. For example, in some European countries card numbers were ten digits long. The token formats can be customized to aide internal billing practices. For example, all Visa-branded cards can include a ‘V’ in the first position so that employees of the merchant can track which cards are being used the most. Alphanumerics can be customized for tokens so that there is a greater character set than just the numbers from ‘0’ to ‘9’ in the tokens. 
     An “alphanumeric” field includes a field that has letters and numbers, letters only, numbers only, or as otherwise known in the art. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a merchant defining a token format for a secure third-party in accordance with an embodiment. Merchant  520  submits token format  523  to third-party payment processor  521 . Token format  523  is saved by payment processor in database  522 . This can be done securely through the Internet to an online web site, by way of telephone to a trusted customer service representative, or otherwise. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a customer&#39;s submitting a credit card number to a secure third party and the generation of a token in accordance with an embodiment. After a customer has selected items on merchant  520 &#39;s web site, he or she selects a checkout link that takes him or her to a secure web site of third-party payment processor. The customer uses computer  625  to enter information from card  626  on the third-party&#39;s secure web site, such as card number  627 . Upon submission, the user&#39;s card number  627  is received through a secure connection by payment processor  521 . 
     Card number  627  is used to create authorization request message  680  in order to complete the present sale. Authorization response message  681  indicates whether the card payment has been accepted by an issuer. Generating the token and/or saving the token to the database can be dependent upon whether authorization response message  681  actually authorizes the purchase or not. For example, the token may only be generated if the card purchase goes through. 
     Upon receipt of card number  627 , token generator  624  retrieves token format  523  from database  522 . The token generator generates token  629 , which is associated with and represents card number  627 . Token  629  includes a portion generated using a random number generator so that it is not in any way mathematically related to the card number that it represents. Token  629  is saved in table  625 , where its association with card number  627  is memorialized for the next time that the user orders something from the merchant. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a customer&#39;s selection of a token through a merchant in accordance with an embodiment. The customer uses computer  725  to select items from merchant  520 &#39;s web site and goes to the merchant&#39;s check out. The merchant requests tokens from the third-party so that it can determine the cards used for the customer&#39;s previous purchases. In the exemplary embodiment, tokens  729  that are associated with payment account numbers used in the past are sent from table  625  to merchant  520 . Merchant  520  redacts the tokens (i.e., X&#39;s out all but the last four digits) and presents them as a list of options  730  to the user for using previous cards. 
     The customer uses his or her computer to select item  731  from list  730 . Item  731  represents a previously-used credit card number. Item  731  is sent to merchant  520 , where it is associated with the full token. For example, if the user selected the third item in the list of previously used payment cards, the merchant associates the selection with the third token. Selected token  732  is sent back by merchant  520  to third-party payment processor  521 . The card number associated with selected token  732  is looked up in table  625 , and the card number is used for payment authorization request message  780 . If all goes well, then authorization response message indicates that the card purchase is (again) approved. 
     Note that at no time in the figure did a card number pass among the customer, merchant, and payment processor. Only ten-character tokens were used. 
       FIG. 8  is a system sequence diagram of customer&#39;s first use of a card in accordance with an embodiment. A customer&#39;s computing device sends message  841  to a merchant, indicating that the customer is ready to check out and pay for his or her selected merchandise. In response, the merchant sends message  842  to the secure third party to get any previously used cards that the customer might have used. In this case, it is determined that the customer has not used any cards before. The third party sends message  843  back to the merchant indicating that the customer has not used any cards before. The merchant then sends message  844  to the third party requesting that it make a connection with the user and prompt the user for a (new) payment account number. 
     The third party sends credit card entry form  845  directly to the customer, bypassing the merchant. In response, the user dutifully types in his or her credit card number, expiration date, etc. and his or her web browser posts the information in message  846  back to the third party. The third party then uses the card number to initiate a payment transaction by way of authorization request  880 . Authorization response message  881  can indicate that the payment transaction is authorized by the associated issuer. 
     Third party requests a token format associated with the merchant from database  822  in message  849 , and token format  850  is sent back to the third party. Database  822  can be owned by the third party&#39;s, the merchant, or another party. 
     The fact that the payment was authorized is sent from the third party to merchant in message  851  in order to complete the current sale. Optionally, newly generated token  852  can be sent to the merchant as well. The merchant then sends order confirmation  853  to the customer so that the customer knows that the card number was valid and will be charged for the selected merchandise. 
       FIG. 9  is a system sequence diagram of customer&#39;s subsequent use of a card in accordance with an embodiment. A customer&#39;s computing device sends message  941  to the merchant indicating that the customer is ready to check out. In response, the merchant sends message  942  to the secure third party to get any previously used cards. In this case, it is determined that the customer has used one or more cards before with the merchant. Customized tokens  955  representing the previously-used card numbers are sent from the third party to the merchant. The merchant can then send a ‘redacted’ list of cards, based on the received tokens, in message  956  (e.g., a web page) to the customer. The customer can then select a particular token, and his or her browser informs merchant through message  957  (e.g., an Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) POST). Selected token  958  is sent from the merchant to the third party, and the third party initiates a transaction based on the card number associated with the token by authorization request message  980 . Authorization response message  981  may be received in response, indicating that the card is accepted. 
     Payment authorization message  961  is sent from the third party to the merchant, and the merchant informs the user through order confirmation  962 . 
     Note that no account number was sent among the customer, merchant, or third party in the figure. Only tokens were used. Furthermore, the customer was able to select from a list of previously used cards, recognizing the cards by the last four digits of the true card number, through the merchant even though the merchant never had possession of the full card number. 
     The token formats are customized for the merchant according to the merchant&#39;s preferences. The tokens are difficult for identity thieves to recognize because they are different from the standard card numbers that are used. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a token customization interface in accordance with an embodiment. A merchant can select a number of characters in section  1065  of form  1000 . The merchant can select whether the token will use numbers only, letters only, or numbers and letters in section  1066 . In section  1067 , a character can be used to indicate major payment networks. For example, a ‘V’ can represent Visa. Other characters can be used for other major payment networks. 
     The last four digits of the true card number can be replicated in the last four digits of the token in section  1068 . This has become a standard way for users to recognize their own card numbers. In section  1069 , the remaining portions of the token can be a random number or an encryption of the whole or part of the card number. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates a token format in accordance with an embodiment. The first twelve digits of a sixteen-digit card number are encrypted as other digits and pre-pended on the last four digits of the card number. This results in a sixteen-digit number that is similar in format to standard payment account numbers. 
     The encryption may break the checksum for card number. The checksum, calculated through the Luhn algorithm, is sometimes referred to as “mod 10 compliance,” and ensures the integrity of a card number. If a hacker searches for sixteen-digit sequences of numbers that are mod 10 compliant, the hacker will not find those associated with these sixteen-digit tokens. Meanwhile, the sixteen-digit tokens can be used with legacy equipment on the merchant&#39;s end. 
     The first six digits of a standard sixteen-digit card number are sometimes referred to as an Issuer Identification Number (IIN) (formerly Bank Identification Number (BIN)). Like the last four digits of the card number, the IIN digits can be preserved, encrypted, or replaced with random characters. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates a token format in accordance with an embodiment. The format of the token includes both numbers and letters. A random sequence of numbers and letters is generated for the first twelve characters of the token, and the last four digits are again the same digits as those in the card number. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates a token format in accordance with an embodiment. A twenty-two character token includes both characters and numbers as well as a character (i.e., the thirteenth character) reserved to indicate the major payment network. The last four digits of the card number are not copied to the token. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates a token format in accordance with an embodiment. The first character is reserved to indicate the major payment network, and the last four digits are those of the card number. Characters two through six of the ten-character token are an encrypted version of the first twelve digits of the card number. 
     Other formats are possible using different selections. For example, a merchant may wish to add mod 10 compliance to numeric tokens, or a merchant may wish for non-number and non-letter characters, such as ‘*,’‘],’ and ‘˜,’ to be available for use in the tokens. Characters can include those specified by the American Standard Code for Information Exchange (ASCII) or as otherwise known in the art. 
       FIG. 15  is a flowchart of a process in accordance with an embodiment. Process  1500  can be implemented by a computer or other machine. In operation  1501 , a payment account number from a customer for a first transaction with a merchant web site is received from a secure web site. In operation  1502 , a token format is received from a database, the token format configured by a merchant associated with the merchant web site. In operation  1503 , a token representing the payment account number is generated using at least one processor operatively coupled to a memory, the token including a plurality of characters, a portion of the token generated using a random number generator and a format of the token conforming with the token format. In operation  1504 , an indication for a second transaction from the customer is received from the merchant web site. In operation  1505 , the token representing the payment account number is sent to the merchant web site. In operation  1506 , a selection of the token is received from the merchant web site. In operation  1507 , a payment transaction is initiated using the payment account number based on the selection. 
       FIG. 16  is a flowchart of a process in accordance with an embodiment. Process  1600  can be implemented by a computer or other machine. In operation  1601 , a payment token specifying an alphanumeric field is received from a merchant, the token format specifying a character length of a payment token. In operation  1602 , a payment token representing a payment account number is generated using at least one processor operatively coupled with a memory, a field of the generated token representing an encrypted portion of the payment account number and having at least one letter, the generating conducted in response to a first transaction. In operation  1603 , a selection of the token is received from a merchant web site. In operation  1604 , a payment transaction is initiated using the payment account number based on the selection. 
     Example embodiments are typically implemented in the context of a payment transaction. Therefore, prior to further discussing exemplary systems for enriching transaction data with interchange data for transactions conducted across multiple payment processing networks, a brief description of typical payment processing using a standard payment processing system is presented below. 
       FIG. 17  illustrates payment authorization in accordance with an embodiment. A standard payment processing system  1710  may include a user  1710 , a consumer device  1712 , a merchant computer  1714 , a payment processor  1715 , an acquirer computer  1716 , a payment processing network  1718 , and an issuer computer  1720 . In a typical purchase transaction, a user  1710  may purchase goods or services at a merchant using a consumer device  1712  such as a laptop computer, smart phone, etc. 
     An authorization request message may then be transmitted in response to instructions from a merchant computer  1714  from a payment processor computer  1715  to an acquirer computer  1716 . After receiving the authorization request message, the acquirer computer  1716  may then transmit the authorization request message to a payment processing network  1718 . The payment processing network  1718  may then forwards the authorization request message to an issuer computer  1722  associated with the portable consumer device  1712 . 
     After the issuer computer  1722  receives the authorization request message, the issuer computer  1722  may generate and send an authorization response message to the payment processing network  1718  indicating whether or not the transaction was approved. The payment processing network  1718  may transmit the authorization response message to the acquirer computer  1716  which may then transmit the authorization response message back to the payment processor  1715 . 
       FIG. 18  shows a block diagram of an exemplary computer apparatus that can be used in some embodiments. The subsystems shown in the figure are interconnected via a system bus  1810 . Additional subsystems such as a printer  1808 , keyboard  1818 , fixed disk  1820  (or other memory comprising tangible computer readable media), monitor  1814 , which is coupled to display adapter  1812 , and others are shown. Peripherals and input/output (I/O) devices, which couple to I/O controller  1802 , can be connected to the computer system by any number of means known in the art, such as serial port  1816 . For example, serial port  1816  or external interface  1822  can be used to connect the computer apparatus to a wide area network such as the Internet, a mouse input device, or a scanner. The interconnection via system bus allows the central processor  1806  to communicate with each subsystem and to control the execution of instructions from system memory  1804  or the fixed disk  1820 , as well as the exchange of information between subsystems. The system memory  1804  and/or the fixed disk  1820  may embody a tangible computer readable medium. 
     It should be understood that the present invention as described above can be implemented in the form of control logic using computer software in a modular or integrated manner. Based on the disclosure and teachings provided herein, a person of ordinary skill in the art will know and appreciate other ways and/or methods to implement the present invention using hardware and a combination of hardware and software. 
     Any of the software components or functions described in this application, may be implemented as software code to be executed by a processor using any suitable computer language such as, for example, Java, C++ or Perl using, for example, conventional or object-oriented techniques. The software code may be stored as a series of instructions, or commands on a computer readable medium, such as a random access memory (RAM), a read only memory (ROM), a magnetic medium such as a hard-drive or a floppy disk, or an optical medium such as a CD-ROM. Any such computer readable medium may reside on or within a single computational apparatus, and may be present on or within different computational apparatuses within a system or network. 
     The above description is illustrative and is not restrictive. Many variations of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of the disclosure. The scope of the invention should, therefore, be determined not with reference to the above description, but instead should be determined with reference to the pending claims along with their full scope or equivalents. 
     One or more features from any embodiment may be combined with one or more features of any other embodiment without departing from the scope of the invention. 
     A recitation of “a”, “an” or “the” is intended to mean “one or more” unless specifically indicated to the contrary. 
     All patents, patent applications, publications, and descriptions mentioned above are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. None is admitted to be prior art.