Abstract:
A system is provided for providing patient treatment values in real-time, including: a database module comprising a database having a plurality of predetermined categories of patient selection criteria, patient condition categories, treatment types and precalculated treatment doses based on the predetermined categories and patient selection criteria; an input module in communication with the database module for inputting one or more of patient selection criteria, patient condition categories and treatment type at time of patient treatment; and a display module in communication with the database module and the input module for displaying a precalculated treatment dose based on one or more inputted patient selection criteria, patient condition categories and treatment type at time of patient treatment.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/203,218 filed Sep. 3, 2008 and entitled Method for Determining Medical Treatment Values Without Data Entry, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Acute emergencies in Children are relatively rare. However, when they do occur, they are usually treated in a general practice setting rather than in a specialized children&#39;s practice or hospital, and the child&#39;s care is usually administered by paramedics, physicians, nurses and pharmacists, most of whom have little experience with the complex demands of ordering, preparing or administering drugs acutely to children. Adults&#39; medications are standardized and frequently come in “amps” that allow immediate accurate dosing, administering pediatric drugs require multiple layers of complex, error prone calculations where misplacing a decimal point can lead to fatal, 10-fold errors (so-called “death by decimal point”). Despite the relative infrequency of acute emergencies in children, adverse drug events happen to children three times as often as to adults. Simulated studies demonstrate that when under pressure, nurses can commit errors 25% of the time when making IV drug calculations for children and errors are often only caught 20% of the time. Even the most sophisticated emergency care providers can feel uncomfortable when treating life-threatening emergencies in children. They know what to do, but they are afraid of making mistakes because of size and age-related variables. As a result, emergency healthcare providers are forced not to act or to delay needed treatment in order to check and recheck appropriate treatments so as to avoid doing harm. Hospitals have a critical need to reduce errors and treatment time in emergency pediatric care. Dosing calculations for children are notoriously error-prone. 
         [0003]    The very process of medication administration to children under even normal circumstances is complex. First, the dose itself must be calculated based on the weight of the child, which can vary from 500 gms for neonatal infants to several hundred kilograms for older children. Each drug dose is calculated by formulas, typically expressed in mgs/kg/dose per day. Once the dose is calculated in mgs, it must be delivered in mLs of various concentrations which represent the ordered dose. In addition and further complicating the issue, a given drug may have multiple doses for different treatments. For example, Diazepam is a drug that is given to stop seizure activity in a dose of 0.2 mg/kg, but is also given to sedate a child in a different dose of 0.1 mg/kg. Once the dose is ordered for the correct treatment, a nurse would look at the concentration of the drug in the vial and set up a ratio to determine the correct volume that represents the dose ordered. 
         [0004]    Once that volume is determined the nurse needs to know, or lookup, whether the drug needs additional dilution prior to administration. For instance, a drug such as amiodarone given for acute cardiac arrhythmias can lead to a dangerous blockage if not sufficiently diluted or if pushed too fast through the line. Other drugs can be administered without dilution, but the rate of administration varies from drug to drug. Also, the amount of fluid used to further dilute the drug can vary with the size of the child as well. 
         [0005]    Nurses that treat adults tend to know this information because the doses tend to be standardized and acute emergencies are treated in adults on a regular basis. This is not the case with pediatric emergencies outside of pediatric ICUs and some very busy pediatric emergency departments. Even there, rare emergencies requiring special treatments such as very high potassium level in a child with renal failure and in cardiac arrest, or administering a complicated infusion such as an alprostadil to a neonate with a critical heart lesion, are still rare occurrences. Not only must these drugs be given error free, but time is of the essence. Finally, it is important that the steps leading to the correct preparation and administration of a drug are transparent to all members of the team so that errors can be recognized immediately and corrected. 
         [0006]    A particular concern is the correct administration of continuous infusions to children. These drugs are ordered in micrograms per kilograms per minute. Until recently, a single formula utilizing a child&#39;s weight was utilized to calculate how to prepare the infusion. Recent regulations now prohibit the use of this formula in hospitals so that standard concentrations need to be utilized. Also, it is not enough to merely set the infusion at a rate that provides the proper dose, but it is also critical that the dose given is not so small that an infusion pump cannot be used to administer the dose, or too large a volume for the size of the child. Because of these issues, complex software systems have been designed to determine the concentrations to be carried in the pharmacy for a large number of standardized infusions. The standard concentrations are stored in the pharmacy so that they are already prepared beforehand. Unfortunately, certain drugs cannot be mixed in advanced. For instance, a rarely administered infusion of nor-epinephrine may be need at the bedside of a child in shock and must be mixed and delivered immediately and in real time. A pharmacist receiving an order for this drug, (if there is a pharmacist there) would be expected to be familiar with the preparation administration information for adults, but may have never mixed the particular drug for a child. Although a software system may be available in one of their pharmacy programs, it may still take a pharmacist additional time to locate and verify the proper administration. Then, even if this computer program is a simple one, the pharmacist would still need to determine exactly how to enter the information to calculate how to mix the drug. It would not be unusual for this process to take an hour in a community hospital, especially at night when there may be less help available. Once the drip has been mixed, it must be delivered to the bedside. At this point, it may not be clear to those at the bedside that it was mixed correctly and the medication is typically just administered without knowing how it was mixed or whether the calculations are correct. This is exacerbated by the fact that transport teams from children&#39;s hospitals almost always throw away the infusions that are mixed at a community hospital and remix them themselves prior to transfer. 
         [0007]    There have been many attempts to impact these issues with various types of technologies and software solutions. Many physicians carry PDAs or smart phones that access the proper doses of medications for various indications. Even these systems require that the formula then be calculated to get the exact dose. Even if there is a calculator function in the program, it usually requires data entry to set the weight and also the drug itself needs to be found. Once this process is done, the physician can call out the dose to be given. However it is not clear to the nurse administering the dose that it was ordered correctly. A recent study determined that a nurse is not likely to recognize 80% of ten-fold errors for drugs that are not commonly given to children. Even if the dose is correct, the nurse would then need to calculate the volume in milliliters that represented that dose. In practice, this calculation is often done by hand, on the bed sheet, or on a paper towel. Once the calculation is complete, it is still not always clear to another nurse checking the dose that it was done correctly. It is also common for nurses not to know exactly how rapidly a dose must be given, whether the dose needs further dilution, and if so, exactly how much diluents are needed, all of which also change with the size of the child. To answer these questions, nursing references should be checked prior to administration, but these resources are typically not available at the bedside and if accessed, tends to be encyclopedia in scope. It takes time to find the correct medication, and takes additional time to look up in a book or scroll down in a software system to find the relevant facts. All of these safeguards take additional time and are typically not done when time is of the essence. 
         [0008]    There is clearly a need to simplify and standardize this process to improve care and reduce medical errors for acute medication administration in children. Data entry should be minimized or eliminated entirely because it is error prone, takes time and is not transparent to others in the team. Also, even the simplest software system takes time to get oriented on how to enter data correctly. This again, takes critical time and can be quite challenging when dealing with a life threatening emergency in a child. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0009]    Therefore, it is an object of the invention to provide a system that permits the determination of medical treatment values without data entry. 
         [0010]    It is another object of the invention to provide a system that permits the determination of medical treatment values at bedside, and in a manner that can be verified by others involved in medical care of the patient. 
         [0011]    It is another object of the invention to provide a system that permits the determination of medical treatment values that includes administration instructions and techniques provided with the medical treatment value. 
         [0012]    It is another object of the invention to provide a system that permits the determination of medical treatment values with a language that describes the clinical indication relating to each dose. 
         [0013]    It is another object of the invention to provide a system that permits the determination of medical treatment values where multiple sources of information are distilled into a preferred source for the administration of a particular drug in a given clinical circumstance. 
         [0014]    It is another object of the invention to provide a system that permits the determination of medical treatment values where all of that information is presented in a standard format allowing rapid orientation to content. 
         [0015]    It is another object of the invention to provide a system that permits the determination of medical treatment values where standard formats are stored as a graphic unit and accessed as a whole with only one or two keystrokes to allow rapid access. 
         [0016]    It is another object of the invention to provide a system that permits the determination of medical treatment values where all data is pre-determined and easily verified by all members of a clinical team. 
         [0017]    It is another object of the invention to provide a system that permits the determination of medical treatment values to be displayed at the bedside or the operating room with access preferably by touch screen and a large computer display. 
         [0018]    It is another object of the invention to provide a system that permits the determination of medical treatment values with a system that is uploaded with text indicia rather than calculated indicia. 
         [0019]    These and other aspects of the invention are provided in a method of providing patient treatment values for predetermined medical treatments without the need for treatment value calculations at the time of treatment, includes the steps of providing a database provided with predetermined categories of patient selection criteria and patient condition categories, and determining treatment values for patients based on the selection criteria. The data is entered into a database programmed to receive the treatment values correlated to the selection criteria at a time in advance of patient treatment. To treat a patient, the patient selection criteria is determined and selected, a patient condition is determined and selected, and the database returns a treatment value correlated to the patient selection criteria. 
         [0020]    According to one embodiment of the invention, the predetermined categories of patent selection criteria are patient body weight ranges. 
         [0021]    According to another embodiment of the invention, the predetermined categories of patent selection criteria are a range of selectable different colors. 
         [0022]    According to another embodiment of the invention, the predetermined categories of patent selection criteria are arranged in rows and the patient condition categories are arranged in columns. 
         [0023]    According to another embodiment of the invention, the treatment values are selected from the group consisting of equipment sizes, drug dosages, drug dosage prescribing and sequencing values. 
         [0024]    According to another embodiment of the invention, the method includes the step of programming the database to white out columns containing non-selected patient selection criteria. 
         [0025]    According to another embodiment of the invention, the method includes the step of providing an entry screen that allows entry into a desired patent condition category with a single selection activity. 
         [0026]    According to another embodiment of the invention, the predetermined categories of patent selection criteria are the predetermined patient condition categories selected from the group consisting of Resuscitation, Infusions, Anaphylaxis, RSI, Seizures, Respiratory Medicines, Fluid and Blood Therapy, Rehydration Therapy, Electrolyte Therapy, D.A., Burns and Toxicology. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0027]    Some of the objects of the invention have been set forth above. Other objects and advantages of the invention will appear as the description of the invention proceeds when taken in conjunction with the following drawings, in which: 
           [0028]      FIG. 1  is an illustration of a workflow method according to an embodiment; 
           [0029]      FIG. 2  is a representation of an entry screen according to an embodiment; 
           [0030]      FIG. 3   a  is a representation of a weight selection step according to an embodiment; 
           [0031]      FIG. 3   b  is a representation of a color selection step according to an embodiment; 
           [0032]      FIG. 4  is a representation of a treatment selection step according to an embodiment; 
           [0033]      FIG. 5  is a representation of a medication selection step according to an embodiment; 
           [0034]      FIG. 6  is a representation of a chart showing the selected treatment doses for a selected medication and weight range according to an embodiment; 
           [0035]      FIG. 7  is a representation of a diagnosis and treatment guide displaying a treatment flowchart according to an embodiment; 
           [0036]      FIG. 8  is a representation of a listing of common medications for a given weight range according to an embodiment; 
           [0037]      FIG. 9  is a representation of a listing of dosages common medications for a given weight range according to an embodiment; 
           [0038]      FIG. 10  is a representation of a prescribing guide according to an embodiment; 
           [0039]      FIG. 11  is a representation of an antibiotics guide according to an embodiment; 
           [0040]      FIG. 12  is a representation of a listing of common antibiotics according to an embodiment; 
           [0041]      FIG. 13  is representation of a listing of dosages common antibiotics for a given weight range according to an embodiment; 
           [0042]      FIG. 14  is a representation of a diagnosis and treatment guide displaying a treatment flowchart according to an embodiment; 
           [0043]      FIG. 15  is a representation of a diagnosis and treatment guide displaying a treatment flowchart according to an embodiment. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       [0044]    Embodiments describes herein set out a process for solving the problems of the prior art. First, the pharmacology of each acute drug is reviewed in advance as it relates to acute administration in children. Next, an interface is developed that allows all relevant information to be conveyed on a single screen. Third, a “dosing grid,” is accessed with an exact grid for a particular child size by determining a code, for example scanning an NDC barcode, from the drug. Scanning the drug helps to prevent transcription, reading and other human errors that can contribute to administering a dangerous or even fatal dose. A child&#39;s weight may also be entered, for example scanned from a barcode on the armband or patient chart. If no weight barcode is present, putting the weights in zones would allow a single click or touched access that corrects grid. The zones, may be represented by colors for example. For all drugs with a single indication, these two scans would access the exact dose, conversion in milliliters, preparation and administration information, and other information. For a drug with multiple indications or treatments, scanning would then access as a screen that asks first to identify the correct indication or treatment. For example, dexamethasone is a steroid that is used in different doses for cerebral edema, airway edema croup, anti-inflammatory, anaphylaxis, etc. The screen would list these indications or treatments and could be selected by a mouse or touch screen to access all of the relevant information. Even if these complex operations. In general, a single entry at most would be all that is required to determine the or verify a correct dose. A dosing grid would include that same indication so that anyone looking at the grid could see the drug name, patient weight, conversion in milliliters, dilution and administration time for that particular drug for that exact indication. With minimal searching, complex infusion mixing instructions could be simplified by simply stating how much to draw out of the vile and put into a bag of fluid. These instructions would be direct and simple without needing additional data entry and to a standard infusion calculation program. 
         [0045]    A major advantage of scanning the MDC code is to ensure that all conversions and dilutions are based on the actual concentration and the amp. A recent well publicized error occurred in newborn twins, for example, when a huge dose of heparin was administered by mistake because a nurse thought the concentration of the vile was the concentration that she usually used, but in fact she put the wrong in the drawer. Scanning the vile as above would have prevented this error. Also recently, a child died in a children&#39;s hospital due to a ten-fold error in calcium being given. Again, a system such as the embodiments described above would have avoided this error. Indeed, the term “death by decimal point” has described this particular hazard that children face when being given medications. 
         [0046]    Referring now specifically to the drawings, an entry screen is shown in  FIG. 1  that permits the user to quickly determine a selected one of many values. The values are entered into the system as text during system development and maintenance. The system contains no values that are calculated by the system or that must be entered by the user during patient treatment. This prevents miscalculated values resulting from hasty, careless or mistaken data entry. The text values are entered, double-checked and verified in a controlled, non-patient, stress-free environment. The user is thus freed from the task of remembering and correctly entering values in an emergency situation. 
         [0047]    The system is thus passive and user-friendly, highly graphical and operates in real time. Standardized formatting means that the user can quickly become familiar with the layout, thus further increasing speed and accuracy. 
         [0048]    The application shown is a system and method particularly adapted for use in pediatric emergency situations commonly found in hospital emergency rooms and in EMS facilities or vehicles. Other applications of the system and method include general medical practice, geriatric care and veterinary care. A color-coding regime based on variables such as weight ranges may be used. Example embodiments are weight-based, but can be based on length correlated to lean body mass. In the application illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the user may start on the entry screen by picking a category, such as “resuscitation” based on the immediate observation by the user of the patient&#39;s condition and the needed intervention and “clicking” on the “Resuscitation” Category. The system may be further entered by knowing that the patient is a coded “purple”, or may weigh or estimate the weight of the patient without regard to color coding. Clicking on the “Purple” box at the top of the chart immediately opens a table. Knowing the “color” of the patient, i.e., purple, yellow, etc., permits a wide range of treatment selections to be made without calculations, weight or age estimates. 
         [0049]    Turning now to the drawings,  FIG. 1  is an illustration of a workflow method according to an embodiment of the invention. Beginning with entry screen  102  either a weight range  104  or a color corresponding to that weight range  106  is selected. A condition or therapy is then selected at which point a number of options are available. The most common option would be to simply select the medication  110 , at which point a grid is displayed for that particular weight range  112  and inapplicable doses are whited out or otherwise hidden  114 . It is then a simple matter of selecting the dosage  115  at which point an administration flowchart  118  or prescription guide  128  for example can be displayed. Another option is to select a diagnosis or treatment guide  116  based on known symptoms, a flowchart showing next steps  118  can be displayed. If a medication is required, a link to the medication selection screen may be provided  110 . Another option is to select a dose list for common medications  120  once the weight range is determined, a dose list of common medications for that weight range  122  may be displayed. That screen may link to a medication selection screen as well  110 . Another option is to select a prescription guide  124  for a specific range of medications or categories. Once the medication or category is selected  126 , guide information for that particular medication or category is displayed  128 . Another option is to select an anthriotic guide  130  similar to selecting medication or dose list, a medication or category can be selected  132  and guide information for that particular antibiotic or family of antibiotics can be displayed  134 . At this point, a specific antibiotic may be selected in the medication selection screen  110 . 
         [0050]      FIG. 2  is a representation of an entry screen  102  according to the above embodiment. In a single interface, weight ranges, color codes, common conditions and treatments and other options are available in a single screen.  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b  illustrate the selection process for weight ranges  104  and color codes  106 , respectively. Once the weight range is selected, additional options such as prescribing guides for children of that particular weight range of color code are provided.  FIG. 4  shows additional options, for example through a drop-down menu.  FIG. 5  discloses a selection of condition or therapy  108 . In this figure, a list of common medications for each selection condition or therapy is presented.  FIG. 6  shows a medication selection grid that includes the display of the correct dosage for a given drug and weight range  112  and also hides, whites out, or otherwise deemphasizes other inapplicable ranges  114  to prevent errors. 
         [0051]      FIG. 7  shows a flowchart for diagnosis and treatments of specific symptoms  118 , as well as referenced medications which link to the medication selection  110 .  FIG. 8  shows a selection of the dose list for a 15-18 kg child  120 . As shown in  FIG. 9 , selecting this option will list common medications for the child&#39;s weight range and symptoms or treatment  122 . 
         [0052]      FIG. 10  shows a prescribing guide for common medications for a given weight range  126 .  FIG. 11  discloses an antibiotic guide  134  for a given weight range along with prescription and dosage information. Finally,  FIG. 12  discloses a listing of specific antibiotics for different weight ranges, child types, and conditions  132 . Once the antibiotic is selected  110 , the grid is displayed  112  for that particular weight range and drug, while hiding other inapplicable doses  114 . 
         [0053]      FIG. 14  shows a representation of a diagnosis and treatment guide displaying a treatment flowchart according to an embodiment, such as a clinical algorithm for diagnosis and/or treatment of, for example, respiratory depression/desaturation.  FIG. 15  shows a representation of a diagnosis and treatment guide displaying a treatment flowchart according to an embodiment, such as a flowchart  118  for the administration of midazolam followed by ketamine. 
         [0054]    Various details of the invention may be changed without departing from the scope of the invention. Furthermore, the foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the invention and best mode for practicing the invention are provided for the purpose of illustration only and not for the purpose of limitation, the invention being defined by the claims.