Abstract:
A liquid thermal interface (LTI) including a mixture of a linearly structured polymer doped with crosslinked networks and related method are presented. The LTI exhibits reduced liquid polymer macromolecule mobility, and thus increased surface tension. An embodiment of the method includes mixing a crosslinker with a linearly structured polymer to form a mixture, wherein the crosslinker includes a base agent including a vinyl-terminated or branched polydimethylsiloxane, and a curing agent including a hydrogen-terminated polydimethylsiloxane; and curing the mixture. The crosslinker functions as cages to block linear or branched linear macromolecules and prevents them from sliding into each other, thus increasing surface tension of the resulting LTI.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    1. Technical Field 
         [0002]    The disclosure relates generally to integrated circuit (IC) chip packaging and testing, and more particularly, to a liquid thermal interface and related method. 
         [0003]    2. Background Art 
         [0004]    During integrated circuit (IC) chip fabrication and packaging, IC chips are tested and burned in at high power to determine whether they perform as required. The high power testing results in the IC chip being exposed to high temperatures. As IC chip feature sizes have continually decreased, more power is required for driving a unit area of silicon (Si) devices, resulting in more heat generation. In addition, higher burn-in powers result in heat gradients (e.g., of up to 50° C.) across the IC chip. 
         [0005]    The burn in testing tool comprises a test socket and heat sink as well as related mechanical structures and electronics. During burn-in testing, the tester heat sink is thermally coupled to the IC chip to dissipate heat. Previous generations of IC chips were burned in using heat sinks that were coated with a flat, soft alloy to improve thermal contact. Helium may have also been injected into the interface between the IC chip and heat sink to improve the thermal interface because helium has a better thermal conductivity than air. The advantage of the dry helium interface is the heat sink is easily removed from the chip when burn-in is complete. A dry interface for burn-in testing, however, is inadequate for future IC chips due to the increased heat generation. PAO oil has been used as a liquid thermal interface (LTI) to increase heat transfer. However, PAO oils can degrade at the high temperatures and long times necessary for burn-in testing. Water based fluids have been used as LTI in test; they have excellent thermal performance but are not suitable for high temperatures and can cause corrosion of sensitive devices. Improved LTI is also needed in the final package between the IC chip and lid or between the lid and heat sink. 
         [0006]    When the heat sink is pressed into contact with the chip with a force there will generally be a few actual points of contact. The remainder of the area will have a gap which is defined by the flatness of the two surfaces and the force applied. The average thickness of the gap may be on order of 2 microns if great care is taken in the manufacture of the chip and heat sink. The LTI fills these gaps resulting in improved contact between the chip and heat sink. LTIs can be used to thermally couple any two surfaces, for example, heat exchangers or engine components. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0007]    A liquid thermal interface (LTI) including a mixture of a linearly structured polymer doped with crosslinked networks and related method are presented. The LTI exhibits reduced liquid polymer macromolecule mobility, and thus increased surface tension. An embodiment of the method includes mixing a crosslinker with a linearly structured polymer to form a mixture, wherein the crosslinker includes a base agent including a vinyl-terminated or branched polydimethylsiloxane, and a curing agent including a hydrogen-terminated polydimethylsiloxane; and curing the mixture. The crosslinker functions as cages to block linear or branched linear macromolecules and prevents them from sliding into each other, thus increasing surface tension of the resulting LTI. 
         [0008]    A first aspect of the disclosure provides a liquid thermal interface (LTI) comprising: a mixture of a linearly structured polymer doped with crosslinked networks. 
         [0009]    A second aspect of the disclosure provides a method comprising: mixing a crosslinker with a linearly structured polymer to form a mixture, wherein the crosslinker includes a base agent including a vinyl-terminated or branched polydimethylsiloxane, and a curing agent including a hydrogen-terminated polydimethylsiloxane; and curing the mixture. 
         [0010]    A third aspect of the disclosure provides a liquid thermal interface (LTI) comprising: a linearly structured polymer doped with crossed-linked networks, the LTI having the following chemical structure: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0011]    The illustrative aspects of the present disclosure are designed to solve the problems herein described and/or other problems not discussed. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]    These and other features of this disclosure will be more readily understood from the following detailed description of the various aspects of the disclosure taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings that depict various embodiments of the disclosure, in which: 
           [0013]      FIGS. 1A-1B  show an illustrative IC chip package to which the LTI according to the disclosure may be applied. 
           [0014]      FIG. 2  shows a linearly structured polymer base resin according to the disclosure. 
           [0015]      FIG. 3  shows a schematic of un-linked strands of the linearly structured polymer. 
           [0016]      FIG. 4  shows a crosslinker including a base agent and a curing agent for mixing with the linearly structured polymer of  FIG. 3 . 
           [0017]      FIGS. 5A-D  show various embodiments of a base agent. 
           [0018]      FIG. 6  shows a resulting polymer blend system LTI according to the disclosure. 
           [0019]      FIG. 7  shows a schematic of strands of a LTI including a mixture of a linearly structured polymer doped with crosslinked networks according to the disclosure. 
       
    
    
       [0020]    It is noted that the drawings of the disclosure are not to scale. The drawings are intended to depict only typical aspects of the disclosure, and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope of the disclosure. In the drawings, like numbering represents like elements between the drawings. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0021]      FIG. 1A  shows an integrated circuit (IC) chip package  100  including an IC chip  101  inserted into a test socket  102  which is part of the burn-in tester (not shown). A liquid thermal interface (LTI)  104  is applied to the device.  FIG. 1B  shows tester heat sink  106  pressed into contact with IC chip  101  by force F. The force may be applied by parts of the socket or tester which are not shown. Thus, LTI  104  thermally couples IC chip  101  to test heat sink  106 . 
         [0022]      FIG. 2  shows a linearly structured polymer  130 , which is used as a base resin for an improved LTI  150  ( FIG. 5 ) according to the disclosure. In one embodiment, linearly structured polymer  130  may include a linear siloxane, such as polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS). In  FIG. 2 , n is an integer of Si 2 O 2 (CH 3 ) 4  units. In another embodiment, linearly structured polymer  130  may include silicone oil. The silicone oil or linear siloxane is used as a base resin for an improved LTI according to the disclosure for a number of reasons. First, both are thermally stable chemical fluids due to their semi-inorganic covalent bonds with a bonding energy of silicon-oxygen-silicon (Si—O—Si), i.e., approximately 450 kilo-Joules per mol (kJ/mol) compared to carbon-carbon bonds of approximately 300 kJ/mol. In addition, each exhibits excellent wetting on the surfaces of an IC chip  101  (i.e., silicon (Si die) and lid  110  ( FIG. 1A ). Furthermore, each are chemically inert, soluble (dispersible) in Xylene or an isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and Xylene mixture, which may allow removal in non-toxic solutions, e.g., a water based surfactant solution. Silicone oil or a linear siloxane also exhibit a wide range of viscosity selections that facilitate dispensing and cleaning needs, e.g., 0.65-2.5 McSt (dynamic viscosity units, centistroke) depending on molecular weight. One challenge is that silicon oil or linear siloxane have a low surface tension, such that they move around too much and cannot be used as a LTI materials.  FIG. 3  shows a schematic of un-linked strands of linearly structured polymer  130 , its linear chemical structure with bulky methyl groups extending out along both sides of Si—O—Si backbond contribute to its low surface tension. In order to address this situation, a silicone crosslinking network system is employed in linearly structured polymer  130  (e.g., silicone oil) so as to approach its wetting-control onset point while still maintaining its cleanability and mobility. 
         [0023]      FIG. 4  shows a crosslinker  140  for mixing with linearly structured polymer  130  to form a mixture. The type of polymerization is an additional reaction such that no byproducts are generated in the course of polymerization. As illustrated, crosslinker  140  comprises a base agent  142  including a vinyl-terminated or branched polydimethylsiloxane and a curing agent  144  including a hydrogen-terminated polydimethylsiloxane. For base agent  142 , m=1-10,000, n=1-10,000, p=0-10,000; q=0-10,000 for curing agent  144 , n=1-1,000. In one embodiment, base agent  142  may include at least one of: a) a silicone with alkylvinyl terminals or branches ( FIG. 4 ), or b) a silicone with acrylate vinyl terminates or branches ( FIG. 5A ), or c) a silicone with arylvinyl terminates or branches ( FIG. 5B ); or d) any combinations of the above three (examples in  FIGS. 5C and 5D ). In another embodiment, base agent  142  may include a vinylmethyl dimethyl copolymer. With regard to curing agent  144 , in one embodiment, curing agent  144  may include methylhydro phenylmethyl siloxane or methylhydro dimethyl siloxane, having trimethylsiloxyl terminals. In another embodiment, curing agent  144  may include at least one of: a hydrogen terminated siloxane, a hydrogen branched siloxane, methylhydro phenymethyl siloxane or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, a ratio between base agent  142  and curing agent  144  may be within the range of approximately 30:1 to approximately 1:20. A ratio between linearly structured polymer  130  and crosslinker  140  in the mixture may be within the range of approximately 30:1 to approximately 1:30. 
         [0024]    Curing of the mixture results in a polymer blend system LTI  150  as illustrated in  FIG. 6 . As illustrated, LTI  150  includes a linearly structured polymer doped with crossed-linked networks. Alkyl groups employed may be methyl, ethyl, phenyl or aryl groups. In one embodiment, curing may occur at a temperature between approximately 80° C. and approximately 165° C. In another embodiment curing may occur at a temperature of approximately 125° C.  FIG. 7  shows a schematic of strands of LTI  150 , which illustrates that the polymer exhibits reduced liquid polymer macromolecule mobility, thus improved surface tension compared to linearly structured polymer  130  ( FIG. 2 ). As a result, polymer  150  can be used as an LTI. 
         [0025]    The methods and structures as described above are used in the fabrication of integrated circuit chips. The resulting integrated circuit chips can be distributed by the fabricator in raw wafer form (that is, as a single wafer that has multiple unpackaged chips), as a bare die, or in a packaged form. In the latter case the chip is mounted in a single chip package (such as a plastic carrier, with leads that are affixed to a motherboard or other higher level carrier) or in a multichip package (such as a ceramic carrier that has either or both surface interconnections or buried interconnections). In any case the chip is then integrated with other chips, discrete circuit elements, and/or other signal processing devices as part of either (a) an intermediate product, such as a motherboard, or (b) an end product. The end product can be any product that includes integrated circuit chips, ranging from toys and other low-end applications to advanced computer products having a display, a keyboard or other input device, and a central processor. 
         [0026]    The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
         [0027]    The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of the present disclosure has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the disclosure in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the disclosure. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the disclosure and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the disclosure for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.