Abstract:
Provisioning resources into the cloud is a constantly increasing technical challenge as more cloud service providers emerge, each offering disparate computing platforms, services, assets, supported technical components, and other features. A cloud computing provisioning architecture implements a sequence of complex technical analyses that successfully provisions complex cloud computing services.

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to provisional application Ser. No. 62/088,474, filed 5 Dec. 2014, titled Hybrid Cloud Management, which is entirely incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    This application relates to analysis, control, and provisioning of technical components into a complex global network architecture of virtualized resources. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    The processing power, memory capacity, network connectivity and bandwidth, available disk space, and other resources available to processing systems have increased exponentially in the last two decades. Computing resources have evolved to the point where a single physical server may host many instances of virtual machines and virtualized functions. These advances had led to the extensive provisioning of a wide spectrum of functionality for many types of entities into specific pockets of concentrated processing resources that may be located virtually anywhere, that is, relocated into a cloud of processing resources handling many different clients, hosted by many different service providers, in many different geographic locations. Improvements in cloud system control, deployment, and provisioning will drive the further development and implementation of functionality into the cloud. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0004]      FIG. 1  shows an example of a global network architecture. 
           [0005]      FIG. 2  illustrates an example implementation of a hybrid cloud architect. 
           [0006]      FIG. 3  shows an example of type definition tables. 
           [0007]      FIG. 4  shows logic for establishing type definition tables. 
           [0008]      FIG. 5  shows database tables for equivalency mapping. 
           [0009]      FIG. 6  shows logic for equivalency mapping. 
           [0010]      FIG. 7  shows database tables for type-to-type translation. 
           [0011]      FIG. 8  shows logic for type-to-type translation. 
           [0012]      FIG. 9  shows a metadata architecture within the hybrid cloud architect. 
           [0013]      FIG. 10  shows logic for metadata collection, creation, and derivation. 
           [0014]      FIG. 11  shows another view of the metadata architecture within the hybrid cloud architect. 
           [0015]      FIG. 12  shows placement pipeline circuitry. 
           [0016]      FIGS. 13-19  show logic for determining feasible placement options from candidate placement options. 
           [0017]      FIG. 20  shows another example of placement pipeline circuitry. 
           [0018]      FIG. 21  shows another example of a placement pipeline circuitry. 
           [0019]      FIG. 22  shows two placement pipelines working in sequence. 
           [0020]      FIG. 23  shows an example of a hybrid cloud architect that supports dynamic re-placement. 
           [0021]      FIG. 24  shows an example of dynamic re-placement. 
           [0022]      FIG. 25  shows a logical flow for dynamic re-placement. 
           [0023]      FIG. 26  shows an example of offline dynamic re-placement. 
           [0024]      FIG. 27  shows a cloud computing placement and provisioning architecture. 
           [0025]      FIGS. 28 and 29  show logical flow for a cloud computing placement and provisioning architecture. 
           [0026]      FIG. 30  shows an example execution of the cloud computing placement and provisioning architecture. 
           [0027]      FIG. 31  shows an example baseline technical service template and a concretized technical service template. 
           [0028]      FIG. 32  provides an illustration of service provider metadata defining types, networks, and assets for a specific service provider. 
           [0029]      FIG. 33  shows an example region roll-up. 
           [0030]      FIG. 34  shows an example network roll-up. 
           [0031]      FIG. 35  shows an example of network equivalence. 
           [0032]      FIG. 36  shows an example asset roll-up. 
           [0033]      FIG. 37  shows an example of asset equivalence. 
           [0034]      FIG. 38  shows a VM resource definition in a baseline technical service template. 
           [0035]      FIG. 39  shows a multiple stage type-to-type translation architecture. 
           [0036]      FIG. 40  shows logical flow for multiple stage type-to-type translation. 
           [0037]      FIG. 41  shows a cloud resource provisioning architecture with template aggregation. 
           [0038]      FIG. 42  shows a logical flow for a cloud resource provisioning architecture with template aggregation. 
           [0039]      FIG. 43  shows an additional logical flow for a cloud resource provisioning architecture with template aggregation. 
           [0040]      FIG. 44  shows an additional logical flow for a cloud resource provisioning architecture with template aggregation. 
           [0041]      FIG. 45  shows another example of a cloud resource provisioning architecture with template aggregation. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0042]      FIGS. 1 and 2  provide an example context for the discussion of technical solutions for complex cloud architecture control and provisioning described in detail below. The examples in  FIGS. 1 and 2  show one of many possible different implementation contexts. In that respect, the technical solutions are not limited in their application to the architectures and systems shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , but are applicable to many other cloud computing implementations, architectures, and connectivity. 
         [0043]      FIG. 1  shows a global network architecture  100 . Distributed through the global network architecture  100  are cloud computing service providers, e.g., the service providers  102 ,  103 ,  104 ,  106 , and  108 . The service providers may be located in any geographic region, e.g., United States (US) East, US West, or Central Europe. The geographic regions that characterize the service providers may be defined according to any desired distinctions to be made with respect to location. A service provider may provide cloud computing infrastructure in multiple geographic locations. 
         [0044]    The service providers may provide computing resources via platforms that are generally publicly available. Service providers may additionally or alternatively provide computing resources “on-premises”, which typically refers to a location with increased privacy and security compared to public cloud resources. An on-premises location may be within a secure facility owned by an entity which has moved computing functionality to a cloud based implementation, for instance. Examples of service providers include Amazon, Google, Microsoft, and Accenture, who offer, e.g., Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Compute Engine (GCE), Microsoft Azure (Azure), and Windows Azure Pack (WAP) for on-premises cloud implementations, as just a few examples. 
         [0045]    Throughout the global network architecture  100  are networks, e.g., the network  110 , that provide connectivity within the service providers, and between the service providers and other entities. The networks  110  may include private and public networks defined over any pre-determined and possibly dynamic internet protocol (IP) address ranges. A hybrid cloud architect (HCA)  112  makes complex cloud architectural provisioning and execution decisions across multiple cloud services, taking into account the global network architecture  100 , the various service provider locations and capabilities, and other factors. The provisioning and execution decisions are discussed in detail below, and include, as examples, determining what resources to instantiate, determining placement options for where (e.g., in which service provider regions) to instantiate the resources, and determining possible alternative implementation options for the resources. Specific aspects of the HCA  112  are described in more detail below. 
         [0046]    As an overview, the HCA  112  may include metadata circuitry  114  configured to collect, store, and analyze cloud service metadata. The HCA  112  implements equivalency and type-to-type (TTT) circuitry  116  that is configured to determine equivalency between assets and networks within resources, and map cloud resource types between disparate service providers. A resource is a managed object, and types are prototypes of the managed objects. A ‘region’ may refer to a unit of hosting capacity in a particular geographic region, where types may be deployed. 
         [0047]    The HCA  112  also includes placement circuitry  118  which is configured to determine where, how, and with which service provider the functionality requested by a particular resource requester  150  may be instantiated in the global network architecture  100 . In other words, the HCA  112  determines placement options for requested resources. The dynamic placement circuitry  120  facilitates review and update of the placement circuitry decisions. The HCA  112  may also implement an end-to-end provisioning architecture  122  that is configured to, among other features, accept resource requester requests for cloud services, determine placement options, and execute provisioning actions once a placement option is selected. The provisioning actions are described in more detail below, and may include, as examples, determining which resources to deploy, and providing instructions to resource providers to instantiate the resources. 
         [0048]    The actions taken by the HCA  112  are influenced by many technical factors, including metadata collected from various sources, including service provider metadata  152  that describes service provider offerings and capabilities, and requester metadata  154  that describes the cloud functionality requests  156  made to the HCA  112  by the resource requester  150 , and the service requirements (e.g., PCI data compliance) for the functionality requests made by the resource requester  150 . 
         [0049]    In its role as the architect, the HCA  112  analyzes cloud service requests and makes decisions about implementation and provisioning of the requested services. This technical role is a complex one, due in part to the disparate cloud computing services offered by each service provider. That is, each service provider has a widely varying set of technical characteristics. 
         [0050]    For instance,  FIG. 1  shows a particular data center  124  for the service provider  108  running many different virtual machines (VMs), each running many different virtual functions (VFs). The data center  124  may include a high density array of network devices, including routers and switches  126 , and host servers  128 . The host servers  128  support a specific set of computing functionality that is offered by the service provider  108  from the data center  124 . As just one of many examples, the service provider  108 , through the data center  124  and its other infrastructure, may support many different types of virtual machines, differing by number of processors, amount of RAM, and size of disk, graphics processors, encryption hardware, or other properties; multiple different types of web front ends (e.g., different types and functionality for websites); several different types of database solutions (e.g., SQL database platforms); secure data storage solutions, e.g., payment card industry (PCI) data (or any other secure data standard) compliant storage; several different types of application servers; and many different types of data tiers. Further, the service provider  108  and the data center  124  may have further characteristics for the HCA to analyze, including whether the data center  124  is an on-premises or public location; which networks can provide connectivity to the data center  124 ; which assets the service provider  108  supports; and other characteristics. 
         [0051]      FIG. 2  shows an example implementation of the HCA  112  configured to execute complex cloud architectural provisioning and execution decisions across multiple cloud services. The HCA  112  includes communication interfaces  202 , system circuitry  204 , input/output interfaces  206 , and a display  208  on which the HCA  112  generates a user interface  209 . 
         [0052]    The user interface  209  and the input/output interfaces  206  may include a graphical user interface (GUI), touch sensitive display, voice or facial recognition inputs, buttons, switches, speakers and other user interface elements. Additional examples of the input/output interfaces  206  include microphones, video and still image cameras, headset and microphone input/output jacks, Universal Serial Bus (USB) connectors, memory card slots, and other types of inputs. The input/output interfaces  206  may further include magnetic or optical media interfaces (e.g., a CDROM or DVD drive), serial and parallel bus interfaces, and keyboard and mouse interfaces. 
         [0053]    The communication interfaces  202  may include wireless transmitters and receivers (“transceivers”)  210  and any antennas  212  used by the Tx/Rx circuitry of the transceivers  210 . The transceivers  210  and antennas  212  may support WiFi network communications, for instance, under any version of IEEE 802.11, e.g., 802.11n or 802.11ac. The communication interfaces  202  may also include wireline transceivers  214 . The transceivers  214  may provide physical layer interfaces for any of a wide range of communication protocols, such as any type of Ethernet, data over cable service interface specification (DOCSIS), digital subscriber line (DSL), Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), or other protocol. 
         [0054]    The system circuitry  204  may include any combination of hardware, software, firmware, or other logic. The system circuitry  204  may be implemented, for example, with one or more systems on a chip (SoC), application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), microprocessors, discrete analog and digital circuits, and other circuitry. The system circuitry  204  is part of the implementation of any desired functionality in the HCA  112 . As just one example, the system circuitry  204  may include one or more instruction processors  216  and memories  218 . The memory  218  stores, for example, control instructions  220  and an operating system  222 . The processor  216  executes the control instructions  220  and the operating system  222  to carry out any desired functionality for the HCA  112 . The control parameters  224  provide and specify configuration and operating options for the control instructions  220 , operating system  222 , and other functionality of the HCA  112 . 
         [0055]    The HCA  112  also includes storage devices (e.g., hard disk drives (HDDs) and solid state disk drives (SDDs)). For instance, the storage devices may define and store databases that the control instructions  220  accesses, e.g., through a database control system, to perform the functionality implemented in the control instructions  220 . In the example shown in  FIG. 2 , the databases include a metadata database  226 , an equivalency database  228 , and a TTT database  230 . Each of the databases  226 ,  228 , and  230  define tables storing records that the control instructions  220  read, write, delete, and modify to perform the processing noted below. 
         [0056]    In that regard, the system circuitry  204 , e.g., through the control instructions  220 , may include metadata processing  232  configured to collect, store, and analyze cloud service metadata; equivalency and TTT processing  234  that is configured to determine equivalency between assets and networks, including TTT processing configured to map cloud resource types between disparate service providers; a placement engine  236  configured to determine where the functionality requested by a particular resource requester may be instantiated in the global network architecture  100 ; and dynamic placement instructions  238  configured to review and update the decisions previously made by the placement engine  236 . 
         [0057]    Equivalency and Type-to-Type (TTT) 
         [0058]    The discussion below uses the example of a resource requester that has submitted a request for a bundle of services to be hosted in the cloud. The bundle of services may be defined by a service template that identifies the requested services, along with metadata that describes the requested services. In this example, the bundle of services is for a new SharePoint site, which the service template defines as including three web front ends on three VMs, two application servers on two VMs, and a data tier of two SQL database servers on two additional VMs. The requester metadata  154  indicates that the applications will work with PCI data, which calls for enhanced security and on-premises provisioning of the data tier, rather than provisioning into the public cloud. Further, the example assumes that the service template identifies public cloud Blue VMs (from the hypothetical Blue service provider) as the baseline template type for each of the VMs. 
         [0059]      FIG. 3  shows an example of type definition tables  300 , and  FIG. 4  shows a corresponding logical flow  400  for establishing the type definition tables  300 . The type definition tables  300  may be manually populated, e.g., with expert determinations of how to map the parameters of one resource to the parameters of another resource, and determinations of which resources offered by a given provider are considered equivalent to the resources offered by a different provider. In other implementations, automated analysis processes may add records to the tables  300 , e.g., in response to real-world testing or pre-defined rules that determine when two resources offered by different service providers are equivalent, and how the parameters map between the resources. The same types of automated testing/rule based, and expert manual processes may also add records to the equivalency mapping tables shown in  FIG. 5 , and the translation tables shown in  FIG. 7 , which are discussed below. 
         [0060]    The TTT processing  234  defines a type table  302  ( 402 ) and populates the type table  302 . The type table  302  includes, e.g., a type name field  304  ( 404 ) and a type identifier field  306  ( 406 ). In this example, the type table  302  defines four VMs types from four different service providers: Blue, Green, Black, and Red. Each VM type has been assigned a type identifier ( 408 ), for instance the Blue VM is type 2, and the Red VM is type 5. The type table  302  may define and identify any number of VMs of different types. In addition, the type table  302  may define and identify any number and type of other technical components of a computing service to be provisioned in the cloud. For example, the type table may define and assign types to websites, storage accounts, networks, load balancing hardware, databases, monitoring systems, or any other type of technical component that serves the same function in different service provider systems. 
         [0061]      FIG. 3  also shows a type properties table  320  that the TTT processing  234  defines ( 420 ) and populates. The type properties table  320  includes, e.g., a property field  322  ( 422 ) and a type identifier field  324  ( 424 ) for establishing the various properties that characterize any given type for any given service provider. That is, the type properties table  320  links types to properties ( 426 ). In this example, the type properties table  320  links the Red VM, type 5, to properties: VM Name, Processors, RAM, Disk Size, and OS Disk. The type properties table  320  links the Blue VM, type 2, to properties: Identifier, Size, and OS Disk. 
         [0062]    The type properties table  320  may also include a property type field  326 . The property type field  326  may include an identifier for each property that provides additional information of the type of that property ( 428 ). For instance, the property type for OS Disk is set to 2, which indicates in this example that OS Disk is an ‘asset’, and may be subject to equivalence mapping as described below. Similarly, the property type for Network Name is set to 1, which indicates that Network Name is a ‘network’, and may also be subject to equivalency mapping. The other property types may be set to NULL to indicate that no special processing (e.g., equivalency mapping) is applied to them prior to TTT translation. 
         [0063]    In one implementation, the TTT processing  234  is implemented with an asset equivalency mapping followed by a TTT translation. Regarding asset equivalency mapping, for instance, the TTT processing  234  may determine an asset, e.g., OS Disk, of the first component type, and an asset value, e.g. “DiskA-27.vhd” for the asset. The TTT processing  234  may then determine an asset substitution, e.g., GUID3 for the asset, for provisioning the asset in the second service provider. The TTT processing  234  then replaces the asset value with the asset substitution, e.g., in the bundle of data defining the services to provision, such as in a Java Script Object Notation (JSON) file. In that regard, the equivalency mapping is configured to determine which service providers offer equivalent assets to the baseline assets specified, e.g., in a technical service template, and may provide identifiers of the service providers to other processing circuitry in the HCA  112 , such as the placement engine  236 . Once the equivalency mappings are executed, the TTT processing  234  performs TTT translation. 
         [0064]      FIG. 5  shows database tables for equivalency mapping  500 , with  FIG. 6  providing a corresponding logical flow. Continuing the example above regarding the SharePoint site, the TTT processing  234 , reads the metadata to determine to place the data tier in a PCI compliant cloud service. The metadata architecture, including the sources of metadata and how it is stored, is described in detail below. As such, the TTT processing  234 , staring with the template Blue VM and OS Disk (e.g., for SQL server for the data tier), searches for an equivalent OS Disk for a secure environment. 
         [0065]    The equivalence mapping may execute for any asset included in the resource requester request for a bundle of services, such as disk images and also for networks. The equivalence mapping may be a single asset to single asset translation stage, pre-defined for specific assets. 
         [0066]      FIG. 5  shows an asset equivalence table  502  ( 602 ) and an asset table  504  ( 604 ) for use in equivalence mapping for assets. The asset equivalence table  502  stores a unique identifier for the asset, and groups assets together as being functionally equivalent. The asset table  504  stores an asset equivalency identifier  506  and an asset name  508 . The value for the asset equivalency identifier  506  in the asset table  504  is a foreign key to the value in the asset equivalence table  502 . Thus, when specific asset share the same asset equivalency identifier  506 , those specific assets are defined as equivalent assets by the tables  502  and  504 . The asset name  508  may provide asset values that can be used for asset substitutions. For OS Disk assets, the asset name  508  may provide a location, e.g., a file path or globally unique identifier (GUID), at which to find a disk image. 
         [0067]    The equivalence mapping process obtains the asset name specified, e.g., “Disk A-27.vhd”, for the OS Disk asset in the template VM ( 606 ). The equivalence mapping performs a lookup on the asset table  504  with the asset name ( 608 ), and obtains the records from the asset table with the matching asset equivalency identifier  506  ( 610 ). In this case, the results are “abc.ami” and GUID3. The equivalence mapping determines a region for each result, e.g., by searching a region table ( 612 ), and determines which regions are compatible with provisioning the resource, e.g., based on the metadata ( 614 ). The result in this example is GUID3, which corresponds to a disk image in the Red VM on-premises region ( 616 ). In other words, the equivalence mapping process has determined the asset substitution GUID3 for the asset name “Disk A-27.vhd”. Having determined GUID3 as the asset substitution, the equivalency mapping replaces “Disk A-27.vhd” with GUID3 ( 618 ). 
         [0068]    For networks, the equivalence mapping takes the value of the Network Name ( 620 ), e.g., “Network 1” for the Blue VM template. The equivalence mapping performs a lookup of the network name value in a network table  520  to find the parent network ( 622 ), e.g., Parent Network A. The network table  520  defines Networks 1, 2, and 3 as roll-up members of the parent network A ( 624 ). The members were added due to their equivalence, and thus the equivalence mapping may select from Network 2 (Green region) or Network 3 (Red region) as a substitution for Network 1. In this example, the equivalence mapping selects Network 3 as belonging to a region compatible with PCI data ( 626 ), and makes the asset substitution by replacing Network 1 with Network 3, e.g., in the JSON description of the service request ( 628 ). 
         [0069]    Each network might have, for instance, a different IP address range, but for the purposes of determining equivalence, any of Networks 1, 2, and 3 are equivalent to each other, because they all belong to Network A. In that respect, Network A is an abstraction in the architecture that the architecture may use to attach custom metadata to actual virtual networks that are the children of Network A, and that are defined to be equivalent by virtue of their inclusion under Network A. Roll-up networks may be nested inside one another as well. Each network within a set of networks within a specific network may be considered equivalent. Network equivalency may determine network options that place the network in a different region than that specified in the technical resource template. Expressed another way, network equivalency defines equivalence between multiple networks from multiple providers. The equivalency analysis makes the equivalency decisions automatically, rather than bombard a user with questions. When multiple network options are available, the equivalency processing may make a selection based on a precedence order defined and linked to the networks or assets, for instance. 
         [0070]    After the assets, networks, and other special types are mapped, the TTT processing  234  proceeds with TTT translation ( 630 ). As one aspect, the TTT processing  234  translates baseline technical component types to substitute technical component types, e.g., when the baseline technical component type may be implemented by a different service provider that defines a different type that performs equivalent functionality. In that regard, the TTT processing  234  is configured to determine which service providers offer equivalent types to the baseline type, as described above with respect to  FIGS. 1-6 , and may provide identifiers of the service providers to other processing circuitry in the HCA  112 , such as the placement engine  236 . 
         [0071]      FIG. 7  shows database tables for TTT translation  700 , with  FIG. 8  providing a corresponding logical flow. In one implementation, the TTT translation references an input table  702 , a translation table  704 , and an output table  706 . The input table includes a translation identifier  708 , an input property identifier  710 , and an input parameter name  712 . The input property identifier  710  corresponds to the properties identified in the type properties table  320 , the translation identifier  708  provides a translation path to follow as will be explained more below. The input parameter name  712  specifies an input parameter to a script (if any) to execute to assist with TTT translation. 
         [0072]    The translation table  704  includes a translation identifier  714  to match against the translation identifier  708 , and a path field  716 . The path field  716  specifies a script to execute, if any, to facilitate TTT translation, taking input from the input parameter identified in the input table  702 . The path field  716  may specify the script by providing a path to the script and a name for the script in a given file system. The scripts may be implemented in a wide variety of scripting languages, including PowerShell, Ruby, or Python, e.g., by resource translation experts who determine how to map parameters back and forth between specific resource types. The output table  706  includes a translation identifier  718 , and an output identifier  720 . The output identifier  720  specifies an output property to which the input property maps. The translation table  704  links the input table  702  and the output table  706  through the translation identifier  714 . 
         [0073]    The particular example given in  FIG. 7  is specific to several examples of translating between Blue VMs, Type 2, to Red VMs, Type 5. Similar tables may be prepared for translating properties between any other types defined in the type table  302 . Furthermore, any of the tables used for type-to-type translation and equivalency determinations may be resource requester specific. In other words, any particular resource requester may control or specify to the HCA  112  how to translate types for that particular resource requester, and which assets are considered equivalent for that particular resource requester. Accordingly, the TTT circuitry  116 , in its analysis, may access and retrieve data from tables in the equivalency database  228  and TTT database  230  responsive to the specific entity that is requesting the hosted services. 
         [0074]    In some implementations, the TTT circuitry  116  performs translation to a final type through a reference type. The two step translation avoids the exponential increases in translation tables and the associated complexity and memory requirements that would be defined for all possible combinations of direct translation from ‘n’ types to any of ‘n−1’ other types.  FIGS. 39 and 40  provide additional details of the two step translation. 
         [0075]      FIG. 39  shows a multiple stage type-to-type translation architecture  3900 . First, however,  FIG. 39  shows one possible baseline approach  3902 .  FIG. 39  compares the baseline approach  3902  to the two step translation model  3918  preferably executed by the TTT circuitry  116  in the translation architecture  3900 . In this example, there are five different VM types defined from different service providers and that have different characteristics: a Red VM  3906 , a Blue VM  3908 , a Green VM  3910 , a White VM  3912 , and a Black VM  3914 . The VM types differ according to how they parameterize their hardware feature set. In some instances, such as for the White VM  3912 , the type includes specific parameters for number of processors and amount of RAM. In other examples, such as for the Black VM  3914 , the feature set is represented in a text string, e.g., “High Performance”. The baseline approach defines a set of translation and equivalency tables in the equivalency database  228  and TTT database  230  for directly converting from any of the five types to any other of the five types. That is, each of the five VMs has four sets of translation tables  3916 , leading to a significant investment in underlying preparation time, resource consumption, and infrastructure for translation. 
         [0076]      FIG. 39  also shows how the multiple stage architecture  3900  defines a two-step translation reference model  3918 , and  FIG. 40  shows a corresponding logical flow  4000  for multiple stage type-to-type translation. The types to include in the reference model  3918  are identified ( 4002 ). The reference model  3918  designates a specific type as the reference type ( 4004 ). In the example shown in  FIG. 39 , the Green VM  3910  is chosen as the reference type  3920 . The reference type  3920  may be any selected type. In some implementations, the reference type  3920  is chosen to be the type most commonly represented type in the technical service templates  908 . 
         [0077]    The HCA  112  sets up translation and equivalency tables for each type to the reference type  3920  ( 4006 ). Similarly, the HCA  112  sets up translation and equivalency tables from the reference type  3920  to each other type ( 4008 ). As indicated by the two-step translation reference model  3918 , a conversion from a Red VM type to a Black VM type passes through the reference type  3920 . The translation is from source type, the Red VM  3906 , to the reference type  3920  (the Green VM  3910 ), and then from the reference type  3920  to the destination type, the Black VM  3914 . 
         [0078]    The TTT circuitry  116  determines a source type to translate ( 4010 ) and a destination type to which to translate ( 4012 ). If they are the same, then no translation is needed ( 4014 ). Otherwise, when the source type is the reference type  3920 , then the TTT circuitry  116  preforms a single step translation from the reference type to the destination type ( 4016 ). When the destination type is the reference type, the TTT circuitry  116  also performs a single step translation from the source type to the reference type ( 4018 ). When the reference type is neither the source type nor the destination type, then the TTT circuitry  116  performs a two-step translation: first from the source type to the reference type ( 4020 ), then from the reference type to the destination type ( 4022 ). 
         [0079]    That is, the two-step translation model  3918  sets up a mechanism by which, at most, the TTT circuitry  116  performs two translations to move from a source type, e.g., specified in a baseline technical service template, to a destination type to be deployed in a selected location. The two-step translation reference model  3918  achieves a significant decrease in the underlying preparation time, resource consumption, and infrastructure for translation between types. The reference model  3918  avoids the exponential increases in translation tables and associated complexity and memory requirements that would be defined for all possible combinations of direct translation from ‘n’ types to any of ‘n−1’ other types. 
         [0080]    Several examples follow with reference to  FIGS. 7 and 8  concerning converting from Type 5 to Type 2. The TTT translation finds in the type properties table  320  the next property to translate for the type being analyzed. The next property in this example is the VM Name property, property identifier 1 ( 802 ). The TTT translation searches the input table  702  with the property identifier 1 as the input property ID ( 804 ) and thereby locates the translation(s) identified by translation identifier 1 ( 806 ). In this instance, the translation is the single instance of translation identifier 1. 
         [0081]    Next, the TTT translation searches the translation table  704  with the translation identifier of 1 to determine whether to execute a script ( 808 ). In this instance, the path field  716  is NULL, signifying that there is no script to run. The TTT translation also searches the output table  706  with the translation identifier of 1 to find the corresponding output identifier ( 810 ). In this case the output identifier is 6, corresponding to the Identifier field as noted in the type properties table  320 . Because there is no script to execute, the TTT translation directly copies the value form input property 1, VM Name, into output property 6, Identifier. That is, in the Type 2 VM, the Identifier field stores the value that the Type 5 VM stores in its VM Name field. 
         [0082]    Similarly, in converting from Type 2 to Type 5, the input property will at some point be Identifier, property 6. The input table  702  identifies translation identifier 3 for this input property. Translation identifier 3 has no script identified in the translation table  704 , and has an output property of 1, VM Name, as identified in the output table  706 . According, the TTT translation copies the value of the Identifier property directly into the VM Name property when converting from Type 5 to Type 2. 
         [0083]    The process repeats for each property ( 814 ). After each property is translated, the TTT translation has produced a translated object that may be provided to subsequent processing, e.g., a provisioning engine ( 816 ). 
         [0084]    Taking another example, the next property is Processors, property identifier 2. The TTT translation finds two instances of a matching translation identifier of 2 in the input table  702 . The two instances of translation identifier 2 reference the Processors property, ID 2, and the RAM property, ID 3. In addition, the translation table  704  indicates to run ‘script1’ for translation identifier 2, and the output table indicates to place the output into output identifier 7, the Size property for the Type 2 VM. Accordingly, the TTT translation extracts the Processors and RAM property values from the template and provides the Processors and RAM property values as parameters to the script ( 818 ), determines the destination property ( 820 ), and executes the script which writes the script output to the destination property ( 822 ). In this example, the script accepts the Processors and RAM values from the input properties, and outputs a value for the Size property corresponding to the Processors and RAM values. For instance, if Processors is the value 4 and RAM is “8 GB”, then the script may determine that the Size is ‘Standard A1’ and output, e.g., {“Size”: “Standard A1”} as a JSON conversion for obtaining a Type 2 equivalent VM property for the Type 5 number of processors and amount of RAM. The script may implement any such pre-defined mapping of input variables to output variables. 
         [0085]    Similarly, in converting from Type 2 to Type 5, the input property will at some point be property 7, Size. The input table  702  specifies a translation identifier of 4 for the Size property, and that an input parameter called SizeInput is used by a script to run for the translation. The translation table  704  indicates that the name of the script to run is ‘script2’, and the TTT translation executes the script with the SizeInput set to the value of the Size property, e.g., ‘Standard A1’. The script implements a predetermined mapping of the Size property to the output parameters 2 (Processors) and 3 (RAM) as identified in the output table  706 . In this instance, the script translates ‘Standard A1’ to the value ‘4’ for the processors property and the value ‘8 GB’ for the RAM property. That is, the TTT translation converts the single property {“Size”: “Standard A1” } to two properties: {“Processors”: 4}, and {“RAM”: “8 GB”}. 
         [0086]    Expressed another way, the TTT circuitry  116  includes type definition circuitry configured to assign (e.g., via the type table  302 ) a first type specifier (e.g., Type 5) to a first component type (e.g., Blue VMs) available from a first service provider, and assign a second type specifier (e.g., Type 2) to a second component type (e.g., Red VMs) available from a second service provider. 
         [0087]    The TTT circuitry  116  also includes property linking circuitry configured to link (e.g., via the type properties table  320 ) a first set of technical properties (e.g., Processors and RAM) to the first component type and link a second set of second technical properties (e.g., Size) to the second component type. Property translation circuitry establishes a translation correspondence (e.g., via the input table  702 , translation table  704 , and the output table  706 ) between the first set of technical properties for the first component type and the second set of technical properties for the second component type. 
         [0088]    Type mapping circuitry is configured to make equivalency substitutions, by determining a first asset (e.g. OS Disk) of the first component type, and an asset value for the first asset (e.g., “Disk A-27.vhd”). The mapping circuitry also determines an asset substitution (e.g., GUID3) for the first asset, for provisioning the first asset to the second service provider. The mapping circuitry also replaces the asset value with the asset substitution. After the equivalency substitutions, the type mapping circuitry translates the first component type into the second component type according to the translation correspondence. As a result, the type mapping circuitry prepares a technical description (e.g., a JSON document) for provisioning the first component type at the second service provider as the second component type. 
         [0089]    Execution of the TTT circuitry  116  may follow, e.g., a placement engine that determines in which regions cloud resources that implement a functionality request may be instantiated. When the resource requester  150  makes a decision on region, the TTT circuitry  116  may then translate the resource template descriptions for the cloud resources for compatibility with the service provider hosting the services in that region. If the cloud resources will be deployed to the region and service provider already specified in the resource template, then no translation needs to be performed. 
         [0090]    Returning to the SharePoint example, the service template defined three web front ends on three Blue VMs, two application servers on two Blue VMs, and a data tier of two SQL database servers on two additional Blue VMs. The requester metadata  154  indicated that the applications will work with PCI data, which calls for enhanced security and on-premises provisioning of the data tier, rather than provisioning into the public cloud. As such, the TTT translation converted the data tier from Blue VMs to Red VMs which, through the metadata, are known to be PCI compliant. 
         [0091]    At deployment time, the service template will specify three web front ends in Blue VMs, and two application servers in Blue VMs, all connected to the same network, Network 1. However, the two VMs for the data tier are in Red VMs with a different servicer provider under Network 3. But Network 1, Network 2, and Network 3 were defined under the same Parent Network A, indicating that all three networks can communicate with one another, allowing the complete set of VMs to interoperate as needed. 
         [0092]    Metadata 
         [0093]    The HCA  112  implements a metadata architecture that helps address the technical challenge of finding viable placement options for implementing technical service requests. The metadata architecture links various types of metadata to technical components, e.g., types and assets, to technical service templates, and to a container hierarchy. The HCA  112  injects specific metadata subsets into a placement analysis pipeline that determines where the technical components that make up the service request may be placed in the extensive and complex service provider space. 
         [0094]      FIG. 9  shows a metadata architecture  900 , including an example implementation of metadata circuitry  114  within the hybrid cloud architect  112 . The metadata database  226 , in this implementation, stores requester metadata  902  characterizing the resource requester service request, e.g., what, if any, data security features does the requested service need; service provider metadata  904  characterizing the service provider capabilities with respect to technical component types, assets, region characteristics, and other service provider aspects; and metadata for the container metadata  906 , that characterizes the sections, technical component types  910  (e.g., VMs, websites, and DBs), assets  912  (e.g., OS disks) networks, and other features of the technical service templates  908  that define a baseline implementation for the available service sets that a resource requester may order. The technical service templates  908  may also be referred to as catalog items. A templates database  909  may store the technical service templates  908 . In that regard, the templates database  909  may provide a pre-defined library of technical service templates  908 , each of which provides an initial or baseline specification of one or more resources (e.g., a VMs, DBs, and networks) that implement a technical service request (e.g., a SharePoint site), including the parameters for the resources (e.g., the size of the VM), and placement options (e.g., to be placed as a default in the Blue provider E.U. north region). The HCA  112  may use additional, different, or fewer types of metadata in other implementations. 
         [0095]      FIG. 10  shows a corresponding logical flow  1000  for metadata collection, creation, and derivation. The communication interface  202  receives, e.g., from a service provider or another metadata source, service provider metadata  904  that characterizes a virtualized hosting region controlled by the service provider ( 1002 ). The service provider metadata  904  may describe, as just a few examples, the technical component types supported by the service provider in the service provider regions, the assets supported by the service provider; the types of data security available from the service provider; which resource requesters have subscriptions to the service provider; for which service provider regions, networks, or other features the subscriptions apply, and whether the service provider regions are public or private (e.g., on-prem regions). 
         [0096]    The communication interface  202  also receives, e.g., from a resource requester  150 , requester metadata  902  ( 1004 ). The requester metadata  902  may be provided by a particular employee at the resource requester  150  who is submitting the resource request, may be automatically provided by the resource requester processing systems (e.g., by providing pre-established metadata for particular resources commonly requested by the resource requester), or in other ways. The requester metadata  902  characterizes a technical service request made by the resource requester  150  for virtualized hosting, e.g., a request for a new toy development environment. As a few examples, the requester metadata  902  may indicate which, if any, aspects of the resource requester service request have specific data security requirements, e.g., requirements for PCI compliance; how many users are expected to use the servers, programs, and databases in the development environment; where the users reside and from where they are expected to access the services (this may drive placement decisions for locating technical component types in regions close to the employees, for instance, or as another example, ensuring that technical components that handle data on a European Union (EU) citizen are placed within EU boundaries and meet all EU data handling requirements); the level of criticality of the development environment; applicable service level objectives (SLOs) and service level agreements (SLAs); and other resource requester specific aspects of the technical service request. The requester metadata  902  may also characterize the resource requester itself, including, as one example, identifiers of the service providers, service provider regions, and service provider networks to which the resource requester  150  has active subscriptions. Given the potentially immense array of possible placement options, the metadata architecture  900 , in conjunction with the processing described above and below, significantly increases the efficiency with which placement options are identified. 
         [0097]    To obtain the requester metadata  902 , the HCA  112  may present the resource requester  150  with a series of metadata questions for the resource requester  150  to answer, e.g., through a metadata completion template  916  generated in the GUI  209  and displayed locally at the resource requester  150 . The metadata architecture  900  may store the enterprise metadata  902  in many different manners in the metadata database  226 . As one example, the enterprise metadata  902  may take the form of tag and value pairs, e.g., {“Number of Users”, “500”}, or {“Data Type”, “PCI”}, in XML, JSON, or another format, or as data records stored in a database with columns pre-defined to hold the metadata answers for each metadata question. That is, the technical service templates  908  may broadly apply across a wide range of implementations, with customization performed in response to the specific requester metadata  902 . In that respect, the HCA  112  may include mapping rules  914 . The mapping rules  914  obtain derived metadata from, e.g., the requester metadata ( 1006 ). The mapping rules  914  may also specify storing the derived metadata into specific parameter fields of the technical service template for the service request made by the resource requester  150 . As one example, a mapping rule may convert a resource requester metadata answer of “300 expected users” into derived technical metadata of a VM Size of “Standard A0” or “4 Processors, 8 GB RAM”, and save the derived metadata into the technical service template that the placement circuitry  118  will process for the particular technical service request. A technical service template with its variable parameter fields completed may be referred to below as a ‘concretized’ template ( 1008 ). 
         [0098]    The mapping rules  914  generate additional technical metadata, e.g., from the resource requester metadata  902 . The additional technical metadata becomes part of the concretized technical service template for consideration by other processes in the HCA  112 , including the placement engine  236 . For instance, a mapping rule may specify that the enterprise metadata  902  of {“Number of Users”}&gt;200 maps to additional technical metadata such as “{Size, A1}” or {“Processors”:  4 }, and {“RAM: 8 GB”}. This rule avoids asking the resource requester a highly technical question that they are unlikely to understand or have an answer for—namely how to specify a particular size of VM for a given service provider. The rule translates the more understandable answer concerning number of users into the technical size specification of a VM as understood by the service provider. As such, the placement engine  236  has additional information on which to make placement decisions, while maintaining the specific requester metadata  902  separately from the additional technical metadata that may be inserted into the template. 
         [0099]    The metadata database  226  may also define a container metadata  906  ( 1010 ).  FIG. 11  shows another view of the metadata architecture  1100  within the hybrid cloud architect  112 , with additional detail of the container metadata  906 . The container metadata  906  defines a view of the resource requester and the types of structures applicable to the resource requester and its activities. That is, the container metadata  906  is a pre-defined real-world mapping of the operational structure of a particular resource requester to a metadata hierarchy. An example is given below of a toy company that uses particular services and environments (e.g., test and development environments). However, the container metadata  906  may of course change to align with any particular internal structure of a given resource requester, for instance, by adding or removing new environments specifically used by that resource requester. As such, the implementation of the container metadata  906  may vary widely between resource requesters. The container metadata  906  serves the technical purpose of defining relationships between resources and the containers or owners of those resources, prior to provisioning. The metadata architecture thereby facilitates a metadata driven policy placement that solves the difficult technical challenge of finding placement options for complex technical service requests in an automated way, and without subjecting the resource requester to repetitive trial and error approaches to tweaking service requests to find a successful placement. 
         [0100]      FIG. 11  shows an example of a toy company container hierarchy  1102 . The container hierarchy  1102  defines a multiple level technical container structure ( 1010 ). The structure includes container levels that optionally inherit properties from prior container levels. Each container level may be populated with specific container metadata ( 1012 ), e.g., as a pre-execution step performed by individuals having knowledge of the internal structure of the resource requester; as an automated step using pre-defined metadata values assigned to the multiple level technical container structure, and established, e.g., when the multiple level technical container structure was designed and implemented for the resource requester; or as a combination of automated and manual metadata entry. An example of a multiple level technical container structure is provided below. 
         [0101]    The container hierarchy  1102  includes a resource requester level  1104 . At the resource requester level  1104 , the container metadata may describe aspects of the resource requester in general, or as a whole. For instance, the container metadata may describe the type of resource requester, its products, locations, number of employees, employee locations, and other resource requester characteristics. 
         [0102]    In the example of  FIG. 11 , the container hierarchy  1102  includes a service level  1106  as the next container level. The service level  1106  may represent particular functions or processes in place within the resource requester, e.g., new toy design, research and development, toy marketing, and toy inventory and freight logistics. In other implementations, the container hierarchy  1102  may define a resource requester unit or division level as the next container level instead. In the service level  1106 , the attached container metadata may include, as just a few examples, a level of criticality for the service (from which the mapping rules  914  or placement engine  236  may derive or imply SLAs and SLOs and affect placement decisions, for instance); cost centers that pay for the service; administrator IDs; service descriptions; cost approval personnel; dollar thresholds for automatic approval without contacting the cost approval personnel; available budget for the service; employment restrictions; and more specific SLOs and SLAs (e.g., that roll-up into the SLOs and SLOs from the level above). 
         [0103]    The container hierarchy  1102  also includes an environment level  1108 . The environment level  1108  may define specific operational types that help provide the services defined at the service level  1106  for the toy company. As examples, the operational types may include production environments, test environments, and development environments. The container metadata attached at the environment level  1108  may include, as examples, a description or identification of the environment (from which the mapping rules  914  or placement engine  236  may derive or imply additional metadata affecting placement decisions, e.g., data security restrictions on production environments); identification of regulatory issues and data security requirements (e.g., compliance with PCI, PII, or ITAR); the owner of environment; charge codes, budget allocation, or other financial characteristics; and more specific SLOs and SLAs (e.g., a more specific level of availability or reliability for the production environment). 
         [0104]    The topology level  1110  may include topology metadata that identifies a related group of resources at the resource level  1112 . For instance, a topology group of resources may be defined to include members that correspond to a collection of resources implemented by a particular service provider. That is, the topology level  1110  may establish a collection of resources having a predefined meaning to the service provider. As one example, the topology metadata may define a Sharepoint site as a collection of several VMs, DBs, and a connecting network. 
         [0105]    The resource level  1112  represents specific technical components that implement a topology and an environment. For instance, the resource level  1112  may include container metadata that specifies properties for technical component types, such as VM properties, e.g., properties for size, processors, RAM, or other hardware components, database properties, or web front end properties; properties for networks; properties for assets, such as names or other identifiers for websites and disk images. 
         [0106]    Any of the metadata components of the container hierarchy and any fields of the technical service templates may be pre-defined and fixed or may be variable parameter fields. The HCA  112 , e.g., via the mapping rules  914 , may derive a technical component value from any portion of the requester metadata  902 , existing container metadata  906 , or service provider metadata  904 , and store the technical component value in any of the parameter fields, whether in the technical service templates  908  or in the container hierarchy. Accordingly, when the resource requester  150  requests implementation of a technical service, the HCA  112  may retrieve the baseline technical service template pre-defined for that particular technical service, populate parameter fields specific to the resource requester  150  according to the metadata, and pass the specific template (and the metadata) to the placement engine  236  for determining placement options. That is, while pre-defined technical service templates are available and specify one possible baseline implementation for one or more resources, that baseline template service template changes to a specific template according to the particular resource requester and the metadata. For example, the baseline technical service template may include an empty parameter field for number of users, or size. The HCA  112  creates the specific template by inserting, e.g., matching instances of provider metadata  904 , into the baseline template to obtain the specific template, also referred to as a concretized technical service template. 
         [0107]    As a specific example, the technical service template for a development environment for the toy company may define a webserver, application server, and a database as the technical component types that makeup the development environment. The technical service template may further specify assets. Examples of the assets include a deployment package that deploys content onto webservers and into SQL databases, and OS disk images specified by image names for the images that provide the webserver, application server, and database functionality. 
         [0108]    Expressed another way, in some implementations, the technical service templates  908  are hierarchical files, e.g., JSON files. The files specify and identify each resource, the relationship between resources, and the technical metadata for the resources. The technical service templates  908  may include parameterized values. The requester metadata  902  and service provider metadata  904  provide sources of metadata for deriving additional metadata. The derived metadata may be stored in the fields for the parameterized values. 
         [0109]    In addition, the HCA  112  may derive implementation aspects from the relationships between resources. For instance, a technical service template may indicate that a database is used by a website, and that both are part of an application. The HCA  112  may automatically derive a monitoring relationship and monitoring implementation for the database and website in response. That is, knowing the relationships allows the HCA  112  to determine, e.g., which resources to monitor together, given, e.g., likely operational and failure interrelationships. As one example, a technical service template may specify that a web server relies on a particular database and a particular network. The defined relationship of the database to the web server and the network to the web server allows the HCA  112  to prioritize a troubleshooting analysis for the web server to the database and network resources. 
         [0110]    That is, the HCA  112 , using metadata obtained prior to provisioning, initiates execution of a placement engine  236  (e.g., implemented as a placement analysis pipeline) on the concretized technical service template. The service provider metadata, container metadata, and requester metadata are inputs to the placement engine  236  and available at all pipeline stages, to determine feasible placement options for implementing the technical service request ( 1014 ). One technical advantage is that the placement engine  236  has the technical data available to it for deciding placement options in a very complex field of service providers, and for automatically determining options for placement that are not literally specified in the baseline technical service template. The placement pipeline circuitry may implement a sequence of pipeline stages. Each pipeline stage is a localized unit of processing that accepts data inputs and produces data outputs based on the specific set of processing tasks allocated to and implemented in that particular pipeline stage. 
         [0111]    Placement Engine and Re-Placement 
         [0112]      FIG. 12  shows an example implementation of a placement engine  1200  by the placement circuitry  118 .  FIGS. 13-19  show corresponding logical flows for the placement engine  1200 . The placement engine  1200  takes as input a technical service template  1202  which is typically fully concretized with respect to the particular resource requester  150  and all or part of the metadata in the metadata database  226 . The placement engine  1200  starts with a set of candidate placement options  1204  for each resource defined in the technical service template  1202  and determines the feasible placement options  1206  for each resource. In one implementation, the placement engine  1200  eliminates, stage-by-stage, placement options from the candidate placement options  1204  that do not pass the filter defined in any particular stage. 
         [0113]    The placement engine  1200  also performs filtering to impose an ordering (e.g., by cost, usage popularity, reliability, or other metric) that results in an ordered set of feasible placement options  1208 . The placement engine  1200  generates a GUI  1210  which the resource requester  150  renders on a display  1212 . The GUI  1210  presents the ordered set of feasible placement options for selection by the resource requester  150 . The selection of placement options may drive TTT processing to convert the baseline technical service template into a specific service template for the resource requester  150  and for the technical services the resource requester  150  requested. 
         [0114]    The placement engine  1200  performs a placement analysis for each resource  1214  defined in the technical service template  1202 . One aspect of the placement engine  1200  is hard technical decision processing stages that make specific determinations on whether specific service provider regions are feasible placement options. In that regard, the HCA  112  may define roll-up regions (some examples are described below in  FIGS. 32-37 ) including two or more regions that the HCA  112  considers equivalent, e.g., with respect to geographic location or connectivity speed and reliability. That is, regions may be members of region collections, and each region in the collection may be considered equivalent such that if one region is a feasible placement option, the other regions in the collection are also feasible placement options. 
         [0115]    Another aspect of the placement engine  1200  is a metadata processing stage. The metadata processing stage may make resource requester specific placement determinations. These determinations may turn on the requester metadata  902 . For instance, regions that cannot meet the data security requirements specified by the resource requester  150  may be eliminated from consideration. That is, the metadata processing stage may include resource requester specific rulesets that encode resource requester policies, e.g., data governance policies and employee location policies that affect placement decisions. 
         [0116]    In the example shown in  FIG. 11 , the processing aspects of the placement engine  1200  are implemented by the placement pipeline circuitry  1216 . The placement circuitry  118  includes multiple sequential pipeline processing stages. There may be additional, different, or fewer pipeline processing stages, and the pipeline processing stages may be arranged in a different sequence than shown in  FIG. 12  and with different logical flows shown in  FIGS. 13-19 . 
         [0117]    The placement pipeline circuitry  1216  includes a subscription stage  1220  configured to determine to which service provider regions and networks the resource requester  150  has active subscriptions. The subscription stage  1220  receives the initial set of candidate placement options  1204 , e.g., the set of service provider regions known to the HCA  112  ( 1302 ), and receives the next resource to analyze in the technical service template  1202  ( 1304 ). The subscription stage  1220  also receives metadata that characterizes to which regions the resource requester currently has active subscriptions ( 1306 ). This may include the requester metadata  902  and the service provider metadata  904 , as examples. The subscription stage  1220  determines which of the candidate placement options are actually available to the resource requester in view of the subscription information ( 1308 ), and eliminates from further consideration those regions that are not subscribed ( 1310 ). The elimination may happen because, e.g., the resource requester  150  does not subscribe to the service provider at all, because the resource requester  150  does not subscribe to any service provider networks currently offered, or for other subscription reasons. The subscription stage  1220  communicates the updated set of placement options to the next processing pipeline stage, the type stage  1222  ( 1312 ). 
         [0118]    Expressed another way, associated with the resource requester  150  are subscriptions or accounts, e.g., to cloud service providers such as Amazon or Microsoft. If the resource requester  150  does not have a subscription with, e.g., Amazon Web Services, then the resource requester  150  cannot provision services there. The subscription stage  1220  accordingly eliminates all Amazon regions from consideration. The subscription analysis applies to private clouds as well. In the private cloud scenario, the subscription information may be the credentials used to connect to the private cloud system manager (as one example). If the credentials are not in place in the available metadata, then the subscription stage  1220  may consider that private cloud region unavailable. 
         [0119]    The placement pipeline circuitry  1216  also includes a type stage  1222  that receives the current candidate set of placement options from the previous pipeline stage ( 1402 ). The type stage  1222  determines a baseline technical component type for the resource under consideration in the technical service template  1202  ( 1404 ). For example, the type stage  1222  may identify within the technical service template  1202  the parameter fields that define a virtual machine resource type, e.g., the parameter fields for type, name, location, properties such as size, OS profile, storage profile, and a network profile. 
         [0120]    The type stage  1222  also receives service provider metadata  904  ( 1406 ). Given the baseline technical component type, and the service provider metadata  904 , the type stage  1222  determines which service provider regions support the baseline technical component type ( 1408 ). This determination may be made in view of metadata in addition to the service provider metadata  904 , as well, such as the requester metadata  902  and container metadata  906  that may specify particular limitations or characteristics of acceptable types. 
         [0121]    In addition, the type stage  1222  is configured to initiate processing by the TTT circuitry  116  ( 1410 ). The TTT circuitry  116  analyzes the baseline technical component type, e.g., as described above with respect to  FIGS. 2-8 . The TTT circuitry  116  determines whether equivalent types exist to the baseline technical component type, and if so, in which regions. As such, the type stage  1222  may receive, in response to the TTT processing, additional service provider regions that support an equivalent for the baseline technical component type ( 1412 ). The type stage  1222  retains those service provider regions in the candidate set of placement options ( 1414 ) (that is, those regions are not eliminated from consideration) and communicates the updated set of placement options to the next processing pipeline stage ( 1416 ). 
         [0122]    Expressed another way, for every region, there is a relation defined, e.g., in database tables, between type (e.g., VM, website, or SQL database) and region for that type. Not every type is available in every region. The type stage  1222  looks at, for the current resource the placement pipeline circuitry  1216  is trying to place, the relation between the specified type that implements that resource, and the regions remaining after the subscription filter. The type stage  1222  determines whether the service provider has available the specified type in that region. The type filter retains subscribed regions that support the specified type. In addition, the TTT processing also runs to check whether the specified type in the technical service template  1202  is available elsewhere, and whether it is available as an equivalent type in other regions. 
         [0123]    In the example of  FIG. 12 , the placement pipeline circuitry  1216  includes an asset stage  1224  after the type stage  1222 . The asset stage  1224  receives the current candidate set of placement options from the previous pipeline stage ( 1502 ). The asset stage  1224  determines a baseline technical asset for the resource under consideration in the technical service template  1202  ( 1504 ). For example, the type stage  1222  may identify within the technical service template  1202  the parameter fields that define an OS disk or other asset. 
         [0124]    The asset stage  1224  also receives the service provider metadata  904  ( 1506 ). Given the identified baseline technical asset, and the service provider metadata  904 , the asset stage  1224  determines which service provider regions support the baseline technical asset ( 1508 ). This determination may be made in view of other metadata in addition to the service provider metadata  904 , such as the requester metadata  902  and container metadata  906 . Any of the metadata may specify particular limitations or characteristics for acceptable assets. 
         [0125]    In addition, the asset stage  1224  is configured to initiate processing by the TTT circuitry  116  ( 1510 ). In particular, the equivalency analysis performed by the TTT circuitry  116  analyzes the baseline technical asset, e.g., as described above with respect to  FIGS. 2-6 . The equivalency analysis determines whether equivalent assets exist to the baseline technical asset, and if so, in which regions. As such, the asset stage  1224  may receive, in response to the equivalency analysis, additional service provider regions that support an equivalent for the baseline technical asset ( 1512 ). The asset stage  1224  retains those service provider regions in the candidate set of placement options ( 1514 ) (rather than eliminating them) and communicates the updated set of placement options to the next processing pipeline stage ( 1516 ). 
         [0126]    In other words, assets are associated with regions and subscriptions. Assets are referenced in the technical service template  1202  as supporting a particular resource e.g., a disk image asset. The asset stage  1224  analyzes the asset to make sure there is a relation between that asset and the regions under consideration. The asset stage  1224  eliminates regions that do not have a relationship with the asset. If the asset (or type or network) in the technical service template is a Blue provider asset, but the resource requester does not have a Blue subscription, then unless the asset stage  1224  finds an equivalent in, e.g., a Red provider asset, then the asset cannot be placed and there are no placement options. 
         [0127]    Asset metadata, e.g., reflected in the container metadata  906 , may include precedence information. That is, if a newer or updated version of a particular asset (e.g., a Windows™ server disk image) is available then it may be used (or considered an equivalent), even if the template specifically calls out an older version. 
         [0128]    The placement pipeline circuitry  1216  may also consider networks in its search for feasible placement options. Accordingly, the placement pipeline circuitry  1216  includes a network stage  1226  after the asset stage  1224 . The network stage  1226  receives the current candidate set of placement options from the previous pipeline stage ( 1602 ). The network stage  1226  determines a baseline network in the technical service template  1202  ( 1604 ). For example, the network stage  1226  may identify within the technical service template  1202  the parameter fields that specifically define a network. 
         [0129]    The network stage  1226  may receive the service provider metadata  904  ( 1606 ). Given the identified baseline network, and the service provider metadata  904 , the network stage  1226  determines which service provider regions support the baseline network ( 1608 ). This determination may be made in view of metadata in addition to the service provider metadata  904 , as well, such as the requester metadata  902  and container metadata  906  that may specify particular limitations or characteristics for acceptable networks. 
         [0130]    In addition, the network stage  1226  may initiate processing by the TTT circuitry  116  ( 1610 ). In particular, the equivalency analysis performed by the TTT circuitry  116  analyzes the baseline network, e.g., as described above with respect to  FIGS. 2-6 . The equivalency analysis determines whether an equivalent network exists to the baseline network, and if so, in which regions. The equivalency analysis provides the additional regions to the network stage  1226  ( 1612 ). The network stage  1226  retains those service provider regions in the candidate set of placement options ( 1614 ) and communicates the updated set of placement options to the next processing pipeline stage ( 1616 ). 
         [0131]    Even though certain regions are otherwise feasible options for placement of a resource, those regions may not have the capacity to accept the placement. Accordingly, in some implementations, the placement pipeline circuitry  1216  may include a capacity stage  1228  to also consider capacity when searching for feasible placement options. 
         [0132]    Like the prior pipeline stages, the capacity stage  1228  receives the current candidate set of placement options from the previous pipeline stage ( 1702 ). The capacity stage  1228  determines the implementation requirements for the resource under consideration ( 1704 ). For example, the capacity stage  1228  may identify within the technical service template  1202  the parameter fields that identify the number of processors, amount of RAM, VM size, amount of disk space, number of VMs, number of DBs, number of application servers, amount of network bandwidth, number of graphics processing units (GPUs), number of encryption modules, number of network ports or interfaces, and the number or amount of any other components underlying the implementation of a resource. 
         [0133]    The capacity stage  1228  receives, e.g., the service provider metadata  904  ( 1706 ). Given the identified implementation requirements, and the service provider metadata  904 , the network stage  1226  determines which service provider regions have sufficient capacity ( 1708 ) to meet the demands of the implementation requirements. In that regard, the capacity stage  1228  may request or receive updated service provider metadata  904  to obtain an updated snapshot of current capacity. The capacity stage  1228  eliminates regions from further consideration which no not have the capacity to implement the resource ( 1710 ) and communicates the updated set of placement options to the next processing pipeline stage ( 1712 ). 
         [0134]    In the example of  FIG. 12 , the next pipeline stage is the metadata stage  1230 . The metadata stage  1230  receives the current candidate set of placement options from the previous pipeline stage ( 1802 ). The metadata stage  1230  is configured to determine which service provider regions qualify, with regard to the particular input obtained from the resource requester  150 , to provision the implementation of the resource under consideration. The metadata stage  1230  thereby eliminates placement options responsive to the disqualified service provider regions. 
         [0135]    In that regard, the metadata stage  1230  may receive, e.g., the requester metadata  902  specifying particular requirements of the resource requester ( 1804 ), the service provider metadata  904  specifying capabilities of service providers ( 1806 ), and the container metadata  906  specifying the properties of the technical service template ( 1808 ). The metadata stage  1230  implements a set of metadata evaluation rules, including evaluation rules that may be resource requester specific ( 1810 ). That is, each resource requester  150  may have a customized metadata stage  1230  that handles issues and concerns specific to that resource requester (as represented, e.g., within the requester metadata  902 ) as well as issues and concerns that may be applicable across multiple resource requesters. 
         [0136]    The metadata stage  1230  executes the metadata evaluation rules to determine whether a given service provider region passes the metadata evaluation rules ( 1812 ). Some examples are provided below. If not, the metadata stage  1230  eliminates the region from further consideration ( 1814 ). After its analysis, the metadata stage  1230  communicates the updated set of placement options to the next processing pipeline stage ( 1816 ). 
         [0137]    The metadata stage  1230 , via the evaluation rules, analyzes resource requester constraints on placement. For instance, the resource requester  150  may specify that certain data is subject to data security rules, e.g. for PII, PCI or ITAR data. If so, the metadata stage  1230  may eliminate from consideration, as examples, those regions that cannot provide the requisite level of data security, and regions that are not in an allowed geographic space (e.g., in the United States or in the EU). Note also that some of the parameters in the concretized technical service template derive from requester metadata  902 . Accordingly, the metadata stage  1230  may also analyze the parameters in the concretized technical service template and responsively make further decisions on placement. For instance, information on required geographic placement locations may be derived metadata in the concretized template and obtained from data originally provided as requester metadata  902 . 
         [0138]      FIG. 12  also shows a filtering and presentation pipeline stage  1232 . The filtering and presentation pipeline stage  1232  receives the current candidate set of placement options from the previous pipeline stage ( 1902 ). At this final stage (for this example implementation), the current candidate set of placement options have been reduced to the feasible placement options. 
         [0139]    The filtering and presentation pipeline stage  1232  is configured to determining an ordering to apply (1904) and impose the ordering upon the feasible placement options ( 1906 ). The filtering and presentation pipeline stage  1232  may also generate a GUI composing the ordered placement options ( 1908 ) and transmit the GUI to the resource requester  150  through the communication interface  202  ( 1910 ). 
         [0140]    Note that the ordering may vary widely. In some implementations, the ordering is determined by other metadata, such as the requester metadata  902 . For instance, the requester metadata  902  may specify a preferred ordering of alphabetical order, ordering by cost, ordering by preferred service providers, ordering by location, ordering by experience or length of subscription, or any other mechanism for ranking the feasible placement options. Additionally or alternatively, the filtering and presentation pipeline stage  1232  may impose an ordering based on service provider metadata  904 , including an ordering by perceived reliability, percentage of prior placement decision made to select a particular service provider, service provider reviews or rankings, or other criteria. The ordering may be visualized with a “star” rating, numeric rating, or some other ranking indicia. 
         [0141]    The resource requester  150  selects a placement option for each resource. Selections may be provided manually, though a GUI, or automatically, e.g., according to a pre-defined set of ordered placement preferences for the resource requester  150 . The placement options return to the HCA  112 . In response, the HCA  112  may execute the TTT processing to actually transform the technical service template into a form suitable for execution by service providers for the selected placement options to instantiate the services requested by the resource requester  150 . Note that this may include splitting a baseline technical service template into multiple technical service templates, with the HCA  112  sending each to the corresponding service provider hosting the selected regions. That is, the HCA  112  may determine which service providers host the specific resources identified in the baseline technical service template. When different service providers are involved, the HCA  112  may split the baseline technical service template into an individual technical service template for each service provider. The HCA  112  places, in the individual technical service templates, the resource definitions from the baseline technical service template for those resources that each particular service provider will instantiate. 
         [0142]    The placement pipeline circuitry  1216  is a flexible, modifiable, customizable mechanism for making placement decisions.  FIG. 20  shows another example of a placement engine  2000 . In this example, the placement engine  2000  includes a cost stage  2002  added just before the filtering and presentation pipeline stage  1232 . The cost stage  2002  may determine the expenditure expected for placing the resources in any given placement location. This analysis may be done based on the figures provided by the service providers and represented in the service provider metadata  904 , for instance, for each resource, type, asset, network, or other technical component. 
         [0143]      FIG. 21  shows another example of pipeline placement circuitry  2100 . In this example, the placement engine  2000  includes a template modification stage  2102  added as the first stage. The template modification stage  2102  may insert, delete, or change portions of the concretized technical service template in response to any of the metadata in the metadata database  226  according to pre-defined transformation rules. For instance, a transformation rule may specify that if the container metadata  906  specifies a ‘Production’ environment, then adds a disaster recovery section to the concretized technical service template. The disaster recovery section may define, for example, a set of resources to provide automated backup for the databases defined elsewhere in the concertized technical service template for the production environment. 
         [0144]      FIG. 22  shows another implementation of pipeline placement circuitry  2200 . In this example, a second pipeline  2202  follows the first pipeline  1216 . The second pipeline implements the template modification stage  2102 , with modification done after the filtering and presentation pipeline stage  1232 . The modification may implement, for instance, a resource distribution pattern by specifying implementation of resources to specific service providers in specific orders, e.g., round-robin, or fill-to-completion orders. There may be any number and type of additional pipeline stages in any number of additional pipelines following each other in sequence. In any of the placement pipelines, individual pipeline stages may be turned on or off and bypassed according to configuration changes made by the HCA  112 . 
         [0145]    Returning to the toy company example, the technical service template for a development environment for the toy company may define three VMs for webservers, two VMs for application servers, and two VMs for databases as the technical component types that makeup the development environment. The technical service template may further specify assets. Examples of the assets include a deployment package that deploys content onto webservers and SQL databases, and OS disk images specified by image names for the images that provide the webserver, application server, and database functionality. 
         [0146]    As another example of how metadata influences placement, assume that the metadata database  226  establishes that the SharePoint application servers will be memory intensive, and need more RAM rather than disk space or processor speed. 
         [0147]    The placement circuitry  118  may implement a metadata policy, e.g., in the type stage  1222 , that memory intensive servers preferably map to Green VMs, because the Green service provider allows much more flexibility in specifying instance types for memory. The placement circuitry  118  may responsively map the two application servers away from the Blue VMs to the Green VMs, as long as TTT circuitry  116  has established a type mapping from Blue to Green. As a result of such a mapping defined by the TTT databases, the SharePoint provisioning may result in three Blue VMs for web front ends, two Green VMs for application servers, and two Red VMs for the data tier. 
         [0148]    Re-Placement 
         [0149]    The HCA  112  described above supports dynamic re-determination of placement options and initiating re-placement of resources specified in the technical service templates  908 . As one example, the HCA  112  may receive specific re-placement requests from the resource requester  150 , and in response, re-evaluate the feasible placement options for individual resources or sets of resources, e.g., those defined in a technical service template. To do so, the HCA  112  may re-execute the placement pipeline circuitry to determine whether there are any updated placement options that specify a new possible placement location for any of the resources. In connection with the re-evaluation, the HCA  112  may obtain updated container metadata  906 , requester metadata  902 , service provider metadata  904 , or any other input data prior to re-executing the placement pipeline circuitry. 
         [0150]      FIG. 23  shows an example of a HCA  2300  that supports dynamic re-placement. In the HCA  2300 , the system circuitry  204  is extended to include re-evaluation circuitry  2303  for dynamic re-determination of placement options and initiating re-placement of resources. For instance, the processor  216  may execute dynamic placement instructions  238 , described in more detail below, for dynamic re-determination and re-placement. 
         [0151]    The HCA  2300  also includes extended metadata  2304 . In particular, the extended metadata  2304  includes re-placement metadata  2306 . The re-placement metadata  2306  may specify re-evaluation timing  2308 , re-evaluation trigger conditions  2310 , maintenance or update windows  2312 , or other re-placement variables. These variables may be set by an individual responsible for setting up the re-evaluation properties for any given resource request, or, for example, a pre-defined set of baseline re-evaluation properties may be inserted as the re-placement metadata  2306 . The HCA  2300  may attach the re-placement metadata  2306  to technical service templates, resources, assets, types, service requests, resource requesters, service providers, or at other granularities. 
         [0152]    Expressed another way, the re-placement metadata  2306  may be attached to the technical service templates  908  as a whole, or to individual components within the technical service templates  908 . That is, the HCA  2300  may define a link between the re-placement metadata  2306  and the technical service template, between the re-placement metadata  2306  and individual resources in the technical service template, or at another level of granularity. The link may be, e.g., a database record that ties all or part of the re-placement metadata  2306  to another object, such as the technical service template. As examples, the re-placement metadata  2306  may be linked to resources, assets, types, or other individual components defined within the technical service templates  908 . The re-placement metadata  2306  may also extend or link to any other metadata in the HCA  2300 , such as the requester metadata  902 , container metadata  906 , and service provider metadata  904 . 
         [0153]      FIG. 24  shows an example of dynamic re-placement  2400 , and  FIG. 25  shows a corresponding logical flow  2500 . In this example, the re-evaluation circuitry  2302  determines re-evaluation timing  2402  attached to a VM resource, VMa  2404  ( 2502 ) and determines a re-evaluation trigger  2406  attached to the VMa  2404  ( 2504 ). The re-evaluation circuitry  2302  may determine these parameters by reading the re-placement metadata  2306  linked to the VM resource. The re-evaluation timing  2402  specifies when to perform re-evaluation. As just a few examples, the re-evaluation timing  2402  may specify a regular interval, e.g., nightly, or weekly; a specific date, e.g., on June 25th; a specific time, e.g., at 11 pm each night; or some other time or date specifier or combination of time and date. The re-evaluation trigger specifies a particular condition that will cause re-evaluation regardless of the re-evaluation timing. As one example, the re-evaluation trigger may be a metadata update, for instance, a service provider update of service provider metadata  904 . Another example of a re-evaluation trigger is a request for re-evaluation received from the resource requester  150 . Another example is an update made to a technical service template used to define or provision resources for the resource requester  150 . 
         [0154]    The re-evaluation circuitry  2302  determines when to initiate re-evaluation in response to the re-evaluation timing and the re-evaluation triggers ( 2506 ). That is, when the re-evaluation timing is met, or the re-evaluation trigger fires, the re-evaluation circuitry  2302  initiates re-evaluation of the resource, preferably using the current updated metadata and technical service template ( 2508 ).  FIG. 24  shows three example instances of re-evaluation: timing instance  2408 , trigger instance  2410 , and timing instance  2412 . 
         [0155]    Initiating re-evaluation may include providing the technical service template  908 , current metadata in the metadata database  226 , and identification of the resource (VMa  2404 ) to the placement circuitry  118  ( 2510 ). The re-evaluation circuitry  2302  receives in response an updated set of placement options ( 2512 ), e.g., the updated placement options  2414 ,  2416 , and  2418  in the example of  FIG. 24 . The re-evaluation circuitry  2302  also determines whether the updated set includes any new placement locations for the resource, e.g., the new placement option  2420  for the VMa  2404  ( 2514 ). 
         [0156]    If new locations are available for placing the resource ( 2516 ), then the re-evaluation circuitry  2302  may determine whether to actually initiate the re-placement ( 2518 ), and if multiple new locations are possible, the selected new location. For instance, the re-evaluation circuitry  2302  may send a re-placement authorization request to the resource requester  150  and receive an acceptance response or denial response. As another example, the re-evaluation circuitry  2302  may automatically determine whether to re-place the resource by evaluating a pre-defined re-placement rule. Examples of a re-placement rule include: always perform re-placement; perform re-placement if the resource belongs to specific resource requesters; perform re-placement if the new location is with a preferred service provider; perform re-placement if the new location is a preferred location; and perform re-placement if the expected cost saving for hosting the resource at the new location exceeds a cost threshold. As an example, assume that VMa, which implements a data server, is initially placed in the Blue service provider region U.S. West. After the initial placement, the Red service provider implements a higher-speed VM resource connected to higher-speed networks. The re-placement process may move VMa from the Blue service provider region to the Red service provider region to take advantage of the faster VM and network connectivity. 
         [0157]    Re-placement may be accomplished in different ways. For instance, when a decision is made to re-place the resource, the re-evaluation circuitry  2302  may initiate instantiation and provisioning of a replacement resource first, at the selected new location ( 2520 ). The re-evaluation circuitry  2302  read the re-evaluation metadata to determine a maintenance window for the resource requester ( 2522 ).  FIG. 24  shows example maintenance window metadata  2422  defining a maintenance window  2424 . The maintenance window defines, for the particular resource requester, when service may occur on its resources. When the window is open, the re-evaluation circuitry  2302  initiates switch-over to the new resource ( 2524 ), and shut down of the existing resource. Switch-over may include pausing the existing resource, and copying the current state of the resource to the newly instantiated replacement.  FIG. 24  shows switchover  2426  to the new resource, VMb  2428 . The switch-over may be accomplished by initiating an update of routing tables to point to the new resource, after the existing machine state is replicated at the new resource, for instance. 
         [0158]    Expressed another way, the re-evaluation circuitry  2302  determines and takes action on maintenance windows attached to resources. Each resource in the HCA  112  may have re-placement metadata attached to it (e.g., through a database table link) that defines the maintenance window when the resource requester will accept some amount of outage or downtime to, e.g., move resources. The re-evaluation circuitry  2302  wait until the window opens for switch-over to avoid major interruptions. The maintenance window may be part of the requester metadata  902  collected from the resource requester  150 . Re-evaluation may be performed on any basis, including timing and triggers defined in the re-placement metadata  2306 . As one example, the re-evaluation circuitry  2302  may evaluate, for example, every resource in every workload every week and return recommendations to each resource requester. 
         [0159]    If moving the resource is authorized, then re-placement is performed, with actual switch-over occurring, e.g., in the migration window. That is, the re-evaluation circuitry  2302  may setup the switch beforehand by provisioning new resources in a new region ahead of time, because in some cases significant time is needed to setup the replacement resource. Once the new resources are provisioned, the actual switch to the new resource may wait until the migration window is open. Alternatively, the re-evaluation circuitry  2302  may perform an offline migration during the maintenance window by shutting down the resource, copying over to the new location, and restarting the resource. 
         [0160]      FIG. 26  shows an example of offline dynamic re-placement  2600 , continuing the example shown in  FIG. 24 . In  FIG. 26 , the updated placement decisions  2602 ,  2604 , and  2606  result from re-evaluating placement options. The updated placement decisions  2602  include a new placement location  2608 . When the maintenance window  2610  opens, the re-evaluation circuitry  2302  initiates shut-down  2612  of the resource (the VMa  2404  in this example). The re-evaluation circuitry  2302  then copies  2614  the resource to the new placement location  2608 . The copied resource reboots  2616 , and the re-evaluation circuitry  2302  initiates switch-over  2618 , e.g., by updating routing tables. The re-placement need not complete within the maintenance window  2610 . 
         [0161]    The HCA  2300  includes placement pipeline circuitry comprising multiple processing stages configured to determine initial placement options for a technical component (e.g., a type like a VM, or assets like OS disks) of a specified service request. The HCA  2300  stores (e.g., as re-placement metadata  2306 ), timing metadata linked to the technical component. The timing metadata defines a dynamic re-evaluation timing specifier for re-evaluating placement of the technical component. The re-evaluation circuitry  2302  is responsive to the dynamic re-evaluation timing specifier to re-execute the placement pipeline circuitry on the technical component and determine updated placement options including a new placement location for the technical component. 
         [0162]    Note that the specified service request is linked to a specific resource requester. Placement execution metadata for the specific resource requester defines an update time window (e.g., a maintenance window) for making adjustments to the specified service request. The re-evaluation circuitry  2302  initiates instantiation of a replacement component for the technical component at the new placement location responsive to determining the updated placement options. Further, the re-evaluation circuitry initiates switchover to the replacement component within the update time window. 
         [0163]    Several examples follow of changes that may cause new placement locations to become available. The placement pipeline circuitry  1216  includes a subscription stage  1220  that may determine to a change to which service provider regions the resource requester has active subscriptions, and thereby determine new placement locations. The placement pipeline circuitry  1216  also includes a type stage  1222  and an asset stage  1224  configured to determine a change to which service provider regions support the technical components, and thereby determine the new placement locations. Similarly, the capacity stage  1228  may determine a change in which service provider regions have capacity to provision the technical component, and thereby determine the new placement locations. In addition, the metadata stage  1230  may determine a change to which service provider regions qualify to provision the technical component and thereby determine the new placement locations. 
         [0164]    The HCA  2300  receives a technical service template for implementing a service request for a resource requester. The HCA  2300  identifies a resource (e.g., a VM) within the technical service template, and executes, for the resource, placement pipeline circuitry comprising multiple processing stages configured to determine initial placement options for the resource. The HCA  2300  also executes re-evaluation circuitry  2302  configured to determine when to re-execute the placement pipeline circuitry for the resource and determine updated placement options including a new placement location for the resource. 
         [0165]    Timing metadata linked to the resource provides a timing specifier for re-evaluating placement of the resource. The HCA  2300  also obtains placement execution metadata linked to the resource requester. The placement execution metadata defining an update time window for implementing the new placement location. Accordingly, the HCA  2300  may initiate provisioning of a replacement for the resource at the new placement location responsive to determining the updated placement options and initiate switchover to the replacement within the update time window. 
         [0166]    Placement and Provisioning Architecture 
         [0167]      FIG. 27  shows a cloud computing placement and provisioning architecture  2700 . This particular example of the cloud computing placement and provisioning architecture  2700  is grouped for purposes of illustration into placement circuitry  2750  and provisioning circuitry  2752 . Other implementations may vary widely.  FIGS. 28 and 29  show corresponding logical flows  2800  and  2900 , respectively. The HCA  112  generates a GUI  2702 , e.g., rendered locally at the resource requester  150 . The GUI  2702  displays, in this example, the services available to the resource requester  150  as reflected in a service catalog  2704  maintained for the resource requester  150  ( 2802 ). The resource requester  150  issues a technical service request (TSR)  2706  for virtualized hosting, e.g., for the toy company development environment. The HCA  112  receives the technical service request (TSR) ( 2804 )  2706  and initiates end-to-end placement and provisioning analysis and actions ( 2806 ), examples of which are shown in  FIG. 27 . 
         [0168]    For instance, the HCA  112  may retrieve the baseline technical service template for the development environment, and the requester metadata  902 , container metadata  906 , and service provider metadata  904  ( 2808 ). The HCA  112  provides these inputs to the placement circuitry  118  ( 2810 ), which determines the placement options  2708  for each resource in the baseline technical service template ( 2812 ). If there are no placement options for a particular resource, then it may not be possible to provision the development environment. However, if each resource has a placement option, then the HCA  112  may request the resource requester  150  to make placement decisions  2710  ( 2814 ). 
         [0169]    The TTT circuitry  116  transforms the baseline technical service template to meet the technical component specification details expected by the regions where the resources will be placed ( 2816 ). As discussed above, the TTT circuitry  116  may perform equivalency analysis to find equivalent assets and may also perform type translation to identify and specify equivalent types (e.g., VMs). When the service request will provision resources to multiple different regions or service providers, then the TTT circuitry  116  may also split the baseline technical service template into multiple individual templates  2712 , each specifying resources for a particular servicer provider or region ( 2818 ). 
         [0170]    A first dispatcher  2714  receives the templates ( 2820 ) and decides, responsive to, e.g., the service provider or region, which provisioning system should receive the template ( 2822 ). That is, the HCA  112  may handoff a template to an external service provider system ( 2824 ), e.g., a Microsoft™ Azure™ stack.  FIG. 27  shows an external service provider  2716  that receives a particular template. In response to receiving the particular template, the external service provider  2716  performs the provisioning actions that lead to instantiation of the resources specified in the template in the Black region  2718 . 
         [0171]    The HCA  112  may process templates by passing them to the job preparation circuitry  2720 , which may be referred to as a job manager or shredder ( FIG. 29, 2902 ). The HCA  112  executes the job preparation circuitry  2720  to prepare new jobs and tasks that implement the jobs for provisioning the resources in the template ( 2904 ). The job preparation circuitry  2720  stores the new provisioning job and the tasks in a pending job database  2722  ( 2906 ). These represent pending provisioning jobs implemented with pending tasks. In this regard, the job preparation circuitry  2720  reads the dependencies in the template, and specifies tasks in the reverse order to satisfy the dependencies. For instance, when the template specifies that a development environment relies on a web tier and a data tier for operation, the job preparation circuitry  2720  may create a development environment job, including a task to provision the web tier first, then a task to provision the data tier, then a task to instantiate the development environment itself. 
         [0172]    The polling circuitry  2724 , on a pre-determined schedule, queries the job preparation circuitry  2720  for pending tasks ( 2908 ). The polling circuitry  2724  may continue to query for new provisioning jobs as long as the polling circuitry  2724  remains running. When a new provisioning job is found, the polling circuitry  2724  obtains the underlying pending tasks in the order specified for implementation by the job preparation circuitry  2720  ( 2910 ). 
         [0173]    The polling circuitry passes the pending tasks to the dispatcher circuitry  2726  ( 2912 ). The dispatcher circuitry  2726  decides to which workflow to send the pending tasks ( 2914 ), and sends the pending tasks for execution ( 2916 ). The workflows are defined, e.g., by runbooks, in the provisioning workflow circuitry  2728 . The runbooks may be implemented as a pre-defined set of procedures and operations carried out by a system to accomplish a task. The provisioning workflow circuitry  2728  may execute service management automation (SMA) or other tools for executing any pending task, e.g., via by calling a selected runbook for that task ( 2918 ). The provisioning workflow circuitry  2728  communicates with the service providers, responsive to the provisioning actions carried out under direction of the runbooks. As a result, the resources specified in the templates, and the resources that constitute the requested development environment, become provisioned in any number of service provider regions, e.g., the Red region  2730 , the Green region  2732 , and the Blue region  2734 . 
         [0174]      FIG. 30  shows another example of the cloud computing placement and provisioning architecture  3000 , including placement circuitry  3002  and provisioning circuitry  3004 . In this example, the resource requester  150  has requested a development environment. The baseline template  3006  defines that the development environment includes resources corresponding to four VMs, two of size 1 for the data tier, one of size 2 for the application tier, and one of size 3 for the web front end. 
         [0175]    The requester metadata  3008  specifies PCI data security, applicable to the data tier. The service provider metadata  3010  specifies that: the Red region supports PCI data, and size 1 and 2; the Green region does not support PCI data, and supports size 1 and 2 VMs; and the Blue region does not support PCI data, and supports size 2 and 3 VMs. 
         [0176]    Responsive to the baseline template  3006 , service provider metadata  3010 , and requester metadata  3008 , the placement circuitry  118  determines placement options for each resource in the baseline template  3006 . In this scenario, the placement circuitry  118  determines that both VMs in the data tier must be provisioned in the Red region, because only the Red region supports PCI data for the size 1 VMs that constitute the data tier. The placement circuitry  118  also determines that the size 2 VM for the application tier may be placed in any of the Red, Green, or Blue regions. In this example, the resource requester chooses the Green region. Finally, the placement circuitry determines that only the Blue region can host the size 3 VM for the web front end. 
         [0177]    In other words, the placement circuitry  3002  has found a way to locate the set of resources needed for the development environment within the large search space of multiple different providers and regions. The provisioning circuitry  3004  may then coordinate instantiation of the size 1 VMs for the data tier into the Red region  2730 , the size 2 VM for the application tier into the Green region  2732 , and the size 3 VM for the web front end into the Blue region  2734 . To that end, the placement circuitry  3002  may split the baseline template into multiple, e.g., 3, concretized technical service templates, one for each region. The placement circuitry  3002  passes each concretized technical service template to the job preparation circuitry  2720  for processing. 
         [0178]    The example above addressed VMs and data security requirements. However, as noted above, the placement circuitry  3002  may address other technical component types as well, in addition to different types of assets, such disk images. 
         [0179]    Expressed another way, the HCA  112  includes a communication interface configured to receive a selection of a computing environment (e.g., a development environment) for provisioning from a resource requester. The HCA  112  also includes placement circuitry in communication with the communication interface that determines placement options (e.g., the Red region, Blue region, or Green region) for a resource type (e.g., a Green VM) for implementing part of the computing environment. The placement circuitry  118  also obtains from the resource requester  150  a selected placement chosen from among the placement options. TTT circuitry  116  in the HCA  112  determines a service provider region corresponding to the selected placement and translates the resource type to a destination type (e.g., a Blue VM) for provisioning in the service provider region. Provisioning circuitry  2752  initiates provisioning of the destination type within the service provider region. The provisioning circuitry  2752  may vary widely in implementation, for instance including the job preparation circuitry  2720 , polling circuitry  2724 , dispatcher circuitry  2726 , and provisioning workflow circuitry  2728 . Other implementations of the provisioning circuitry  2752  may include the additional dispatcher  2714 , or have additional or different circuitry. 
         [0180]    As noted above, for determining the placement options, the placement circuitry  118  may receive a technical service template for the computing environment, with the technical service template specifying the resource type. The placement circuitry  118  may also receive container metadata characterizing a structural organization of the resource requester, requester metadata specifying implementation options of the resource requester for the computing environment, and service provider metadata specifying available technical components available from different service providers. 
         [0181]    The job preparation circuitry  2720  prepares a new job and tasks that implement the new job for provisioning the destination type. The job preparation circuitry  2720  stores the new job and the tasks in a pending job database as pending jobs with pending tasks. The polling circuitry  2724  is configured to query the job preparation circuitry  2720  for the pending jobs with the pending tasks. As explained above, the dispatcher circuitry  2726  obtains the pending tasks and provides the pending tasks to the provisioning workflow circuitry  2728 . The provisioning workflow circuitry  2728  initiates provisioning of the destination type within the service provider region by sending the pending tasks to a service provider system responsible for instantiating resources in the service provider region. 
         [0182]      FIG. 31  shows an example  3100  of a baseline technical service template  3102  and a concretized technical service template  3104 . The baseline technical service template  3102  identifies resource types, parameters applicable to the resource types, placement specifications for the resource types, and optionally other parameters that describe and characterize a resource or set of resources supported by a service provider. In this example, the baseline service template  3102  defines two resources: a VM resource  3106  and a website resource  3108 . Note that the baseline technical service template  3102  specifies that a VM resource  3106  is located in the West US region (the placement specification for the resource), and has a size parameter  3110  and instance parameter  3112  (the parameters that describe the VM resource). The website resource  3108  parameterizes its location via the region parameter  3114 . Turning ahead briefly,  FIG. 38  shows one of many examples of coding  3800  to define a VM resource in a baseline technical service template. 
         [0183]    Returning to  FIG. 31 , the concretized technical service template  3104  specifies values for the parameters in the baseline technical service template  3102 . In this example, the size of the VM resource is ‘A4’, which implies specific technical features to the service provider, e.g., number of processors and RAM, while the number of instances has been set to ‘2’. In the concretized technical service template  3104 , the region parameter for the web site resource  3108  has been set to ‘West US’. 
         [0184]      FIG. 32  provides an illustration of service provider metadata  3200  defining types, networks, and assets for the Blue service provider  3202 . In this example, the service provider metadata  3200  describes the West US region  3204 . The service provider metadata  3200  establishes that the West US region  3204  supports: VM resources  3206  and storage resources  3208 ; a corporate network  3210  and an open network  3212 ; and assets including a 2012 server disk image  3214  and a 2014 server disk image  3216 . 
         [0185]      FIG. 33  shows an example of a region roll-up  3300 . In this example, the top level West region  3302  defines two sub-region roll-ups, the primary region roll-up  3304  and the secondary region roll-up  3306 . The primary region roll-up  3304  includes the Red provider ‘West US’ region  3308  and the Blue provider ‘Pacific NW’ region  3310 . The secondary region roll-up  3306  includes the Red provider ‘Northwest’ region  3312  and the Green provider ‘California’ region  3314 . With regard to the placement circuitry  118  and the TTT circuitry  116 , regions under a common roll-up (e.g., the Northwest region  3312  and the California region  3314 ) are treated as equivalent regions, and the placement circuitry  118  and the TTT circuitry  116  may substitute one for another in terms of finding feasible placement locations. 
         [0186]      FIG. 34  shows an example network roll-up  3400 . In this example, the network roll-up  3400  has defined three networks under the top level network ‘Corpnet’  3402 . The network equivalence processing discussed above with regard to the network pipeline stage  1226  may consider any of the Red West US network  3404 , the Blue California network  3406 , or the Blue Seattle network  3408  equivalent by virtue of their membership under the Corpnet network  3402 . Accordingly, even if the specifically designated network, e.g., the Red West US network  3404 , is not available, then placement options include those regions where any of the other networks are available, i.e., the Blue California network  3406  or the Blue Seattle network  3408 . 
         [0187]      FIG. 35  further illustrates network equivalence  3500 . In the example  3502 , the baseline service template  3504  specifies ‘Vnet x as the network. The TTT circuitry  116  parses the network roll-up  3400  to find that any of the the Blue California network  3406 , or the Blue Seattle network  3408  are equivalent and may be substituted, due to their inclusion under the Corpnet  3402  abstraction with ‘Vnet x’  3404 . In the example  3506 , the baseline service template  3508  specifies ‘vlan  432 ’ as the network. Similarly, the TTT circuitry  116  parses the network roll-up  3400  to find that both the Red West US network  3404  and the Blue California network  3406  are equivalent and may be substituted. 
         [0188]      FIG. 36  shows an example asset roll-up  3600 . In this example, the asset roll-up  3600  has defined, as the top level asset, the disk image for the Server 2012 operating system  3602 . The asset roll-up  3600  includes four alternative disk images: Red region, /path/s2012R2.vhd  3604 ; Red region, /path/s2012R3.vhd  3606 ; Blue region/path/server2012.ami  3608 ; and Green region/path/srv2012R2.vhd  3610 . The asset equivalence processing discussed above considers a designation of the Server 2012 R2 Base OS Image  3602  satisfied by (e.g., equivalent to) the images  3604 - 3610 . 
         [0189]      FIG. 37  further illustrates asset equivalence  3700 . In the example  3702 , the baseline service template  3704  specifies Server 2012 R2 Base OS Image  3602  as the baseline disk image. The TTT circuitry  116  parses the asset roll-up  3600  to find that any of the alternative disk images: Red region, /path/s2012R2.vhd  3604 ; Red region, /path/s2012R3.vhd  3606 ; Blue region/path/server2012.ami  3608 ; and Green region/path/srv2012R2.vhd  3610  are equivalent and may be substituted. In the example  3706 , the baseline service template  3708  specifies the disk image Red region, /path/s2012R2.vhd  3604 . Similarly, the TTT circuitry  116  parses the asset roll-up  3600  to find that Red region, /path/s2012R3.vhd  3606 ; Blue region /path/server2012.ami  3608 ; and Green region/path/srv2012R2.vhd  3610  are equivalent and may be substituted. 
         [0190]    Provisioning Architecture with Template Aggregation 
         [0191]      FIG. 41  shows a cloud resource provisioning architecture  4100  (architecture  4100 ) with template aggregation. This particular example of the architecture  4100  is divided, for purposes of explanation, into placement circuitry  4102  and provisioning circuitry  4104 . Other implementations may vary widely.  FIGS. 42, 43, and 44  show corresponding logical flows  4200 ,  4300 , and  4400  that the architecture  4100  may implement. 
         [0192]    The placement circuitry  4102  may operate as described above with respect to  FIGS. 27, 28, 29, and 30 , for example. For instance, the HCA  112  receives a technical service request (TSR)  2706  ( 4202 ) and initiates a placement analysis and provisioning ( 4204 ) for the resources in the corresponding baseline technical service template  4106  for the technical resource request  2706 . As noted above, the placement analysis may include determining the placement options for the resources specified in the template, obtaining placement decisions for service provider regions from the resource requester  150 , and executing TTT circuitry  116  to transform baseline resources to the form expected by the selected service provider regions ( 4206 ). 
         [0193]    In this example, the TSR  2706  is for a development environment, and for the purposes of discussion below the corresponding baseline template  4106  specifies an instance of a Machine Learning (ML) service, and four VMs: Two of size 1 and two of size 2. It is also assumed that (whether through placement options selected by the resource requester  150 , or due to other constraints) the two size 1 VMs will be placed in the Red service provider region  2730  (a public region), the two size 2 VMs will be placed in the Black service provider region  4108  (an on-premises region), and the ML instance will be placed in the Blue service provider region  2734  (a public region). 
         [0194]    The provisioning circuitry  4104  in the architecture  4100  includes template dispatcher circuitry  4108 , job preparation circuitry  4110 , and resource correlation circuitry  4112 . The job preparation circuitry  4110  communicates with a source of templates, such as the template database  4114 . The templates follow a predefined format, for instance, the format of Azure Resource Management (ARM) templates, and specify the set of resources needed to instantiate the TSR  2706 . 
         [0195]    The resource correlation circuitry  4112  facilitates provisioning of resources to both public clouds and on-premises clouds. To that end, the provisioning circuitry  4104  includes a public cloud queue  4116 , on-premises (private) cloud queues  4118 , and a return queue  4120 . In addition, the provisioning circuitry  4104  includes a public cloud provisioning workflow engine  4122 , which is in communication with a source of provisioning scripts, such as the public cloud script database  4124 . 
         [0196]    As will be explained in more detail below, the resource correlation circuitry  4112  may issue resource queries  4126  to a source of resource information, such as the TTT circuitry  116 . As examples, the resource queries may be made through a request interface, such as the correlation API  4128 , or may be made as database management system queries. The request interface returns resource characteristics  4128  to the resource correlation circuitry  4112 . Examples of resource characteristics  4128  include: the service provider region in which the resource will be placed, whether the resource may be aggregated together with other resources for provisioning, whether the resource is template deployable, and a script locator (e.g., a uniform resource indicator (URI)) that specifies a script that handles provisioning of the resource. The template deployability characteristic may specify whether the service provider region has the ability to natively deploy the resource, given a resource template that specifies the resource in the format defined by the specific service provider region. Not all resources are template deployable by the service provider region; in this example, the ML instance is not template deployable. Non-template deployable resources may be instantiated by calling specific pre-defined API functions exposed by the service provider region, to cause the service provider region to take the specific deployment actions needed to instantiate the resource. 
         [0197]      FIG. 41  also shows an on-premises service provider  4130 . The on-premises service provider  4130  locally handles provisioning of resources in the private on-premises environment. In support of local provisioning, the on-premises service provider  4130  includes a provisioning workflow engine  4132 . The provisioning workflow engine  4132  is in communication with a source of provisioning scripts, such as the on-premises script database  4134 . There may be any number of on-premises service providers  4130 , and each may be in communication with a private cloud queue specific to that on-premises service provider. That is, the private cloud queues  4118  may define tenant specific queues for the on-premises service providers. 
         [0198]    The job preparation circuitry  4110  is in communication with the template dispatcher circuitry  4108  and receives a provisioning request message for a system deployment (e.g., for the TSR  2706 ) from the template dispatcher circuitry  4108  ( 4208 ). The provisioning request message may be, or may include, a template identifier URI. The job preparation circuitry  4110  obtains the template identifier ( 4210 ), and retrieves a provisioning template specified by the template identifier for implementing the system deployment ( 4212 ). In that regard, for example, the URI may point to a specific provisioning template in the template database  4114 . 
         [0199]    To continue the example of the deployment of the development environment,  FIG. 42  shows that the provisioning template  4214  specifies the set of resources included with the development environment. That is, the provisioning template  4214  includes resource specification sections  4216  that enumerate each of the resources in the development environment. In this case, the resource specification sections  4216  specify the characteristics for two VMs of size 1, two VMs of size 2, and instance of ML. The provisioning template  4214  may include any number and type of resources. 
         [0200]    The job preparation circuitry  4110  disaggregates the resources in the provisioning template  4214  into separate resource provisioning tasks  4218 ,  4220 ,  4222 ,  4224 , and  4226  for corresponding disaggregated resources ( 4220 ). That is, the job preparation circuitry  4110  prepares a separate provisioning task for each resource in the provisioning template  4214 . The job preparation circuitry  4110  may assign correlation identifiers to each of the separate provisioning tasks  4218 - 4226 . The correlation identifiers may identify the separate provisioning  4218 - 4226  tasks as belonging to the instantiation of the system requested by the TSR  2706 . 
         [0201]    The resource correlation circuitry  4112  communicates with the job preparation circuitry  4110 , and determines each of the disaggregated resources for instantiating the requested system. In one implementation, the resource correlation circuitry  4112  receives and analyzes the separate provisioning tasks, or otherwise obtains an identification of each resource involved in the system deployment ( FIG. 43, 4302 ). In the development environment example, the disaggregated resources are: 1) VM Size 1, 2) VM Size 1, 3) VM Size 2, 4) VM Size 2, and 5) ML. 
         [0202]    The resource correlation circuitry  4112  queries the correlation data request interface (e.g., the correlation API  4128 ) to determine characteristics of each resource ( 4304 ). The resource characteristics provide information from which the resource correlation circuitry  4112  determines whether to aggregate resources. As examples, the characteristics may include the resource provider region for deployment of the resource, and whether the disaggregated resource may be aggregated with other resources for deployment. As another example, the characteristics may include the resource provider region for deployment of the resource, and whether the disaggregated resource is template deployable. The characteristics may also include a provisioning script identifier for each disaggregated resource for executing the provisioning steps for the resource. 
         [0203]    As will be described further below, the resource correlation circuitry  4112  may communicate the provisioning script identifier to the public cloud queue  4116  for processing by the public cloud provisioning workflow engine  4122 , or to the private cloud queue  4118  for processing by the on-premises provisioning workflow engine  4132 . The provisioning script identifier may be or may specify a resource locator (e.g., a URI) for a provisioning script in a script repository in communication with the provisioning workflow circuitry. 
         [0204]    For the development environment example, the resource characteristics  4306  that the correlation API  4128  returns to the resource correlation circuitry  4112  are: 
         [0205]    1) VM Size 1: Red Region, Aggregate=True; 
         [0206]    2) VM Size 1: Red Region, Aggregate=True; 
         [0207]    3) VM Size 2: Black Region, Aggregate=True; 
         [0208]    4) VM Size 2: Black Region, Aggregate=True; and 
         [0209]    5) ML: Blue Region, Aggregate=False. 
         [0210]    The resource correlation circuitry  4112  determines correlated resources among the disaggregated resources ( 4308 ). The resource correlation circuitry  4112  may apply any pre-defined correlation test to make this determination. For instance, the correlation test may be that disaggregated resources are correlated resources when they will be placed in a common resource provider region, and when each of the disaggregated resources is template deployable in the common resource provider region. As another example, the correlation test may be that disaggregated resources are correlated resources when they will be placed in a common resource provider region, and when the resource characteristics directly specify that the resource may be aggregated together. 
         [0211]    For the development environment example, the two VMs of Size 1 are correlated. Also, the two VMs of Size 2 are correlated. The ML instance is un-correlated with any other resource because it has been flagged by the TTT circuitry  116  as a resource that cannot be aggregated, e.g., because that resource is not template deployable. That is, the resource correlation circuitry  4112  also determines the un-correlated resources among the disaggregated resources ( 4310 ). 
         [0212]    The resource correlation circuitry  4112  aggregates sets of correlated resources into common resource provisioning template blocks ( 4314 ). For the development environment example, the two VMs of Size 1 are aggregated into a template block  4316  and the two VMs of Size 2 are aggregated into the template block  4318 . The ML instance remains separate. The template blocks  4312  and  4314  may be single files, data structures, or other composite data entities that include resource characteristics and provisioning data for each resource aggregated into the template block. 
         [0213]    The resource correlation circuitry  4112  submits the common resource provisioning template blocks to the provisioning workflow circuitry tasked with facilitating provisioning of the correlated resources ( 4320 ). For the development environment example, the resource correlation circuitry  4112  submits the VM Size 1 template block  4316  to the public cloud queue  4116 , because these VMs will be placed in the Red service provider region, which is a public cloud region. For un-correlated resources, for which there is no template block, the resource correlation circuitry  4112  may submit a separate provisioning message to the provisioning workflow circuitry. For the development environment example, the resource correlation circuitry  4112  submits a provisioning message to the public cloud queue  4116  for the ML instance, for placement in the Blue public cloud service provider region. 
         [0214]    Because the template block  4318  specifies resources for the Black on-premises service provider region, the resource correlation circuitry  4112  submits the template block  4318  to the private cloud queue  4118 . Both the submission of a template block for correlated resources and the submission of a provisioning message for an un-correlated resource may include a provisioning script identifier. The provisioning script identifier may be, e.g., a URI into the script database  4124  or the script database  4134  that locates the particular provisioning script to run to cause deployment actions for the resource or template bock of resources. 
         [0215]    The public cloud provisioning workflow engine  4122  and the on-premises provisioning workflow engine  4132  facilitate deployment of resources. The public cloud provisioning workflow engine  4122  may be implemented, as one example, as a C# .net component in an Azure web job, with an attached schedule. The on-premises provisioning workflow engine  4132  may be implemented as a Windows™ service running under Windows™ server, also operating under a schedule. 
         [0216]    The public cloud provisioning workflow engine  4122  checks the public cloud queue  4116  according to the attached schedule ( FIG. 44, 4402 ), and retrieves messages specifying new tasks to execute ( 4404 ). Similarly, the on-premises provisioning workflow engine  4132  connects to its tenant specific on-premises cloud queue  4118  to check for and retrieve messages specifying new tasks ( 4402 ,  4404 ). In that regard, the on-premises provisioning workflow engine  4132  is configured with the access credentials (e.g., login ID and password and encryption keys) to access its tenant specific queue. 
         [0217]    As explained above, the tasks may be directed to deployment of multiple resources within a template block or to the deployment an individual resource. Each of the messages specifying a task may include a script identifier for a script that the particular provisioning workflow engine will execute to provision the resources.  FIG. 44  shows an example script identifier  4406  attached to the template block  4316 , a script identifier  4408  attached to the provisioning message  4312 , and a script identifier  4410  attached to the template block  4318 . The provisioning workflow engines  4122  and  4132  obtain the provisioning script (e.g., from the script database  4124  and  4134 ) and execute the script ( 4412 ). 
         [0218]    In the example implementation discussed above, one condition for creating the template blocks was that the individual resources in the template block were template provisionable by the host service provider region. As such, the provisioning script for template blocks may be a pass-through execution instruction  4414  that forwards the template block to the resource provider region, with a provisioning request or instruction to the resource provider region to natively instantiate the correlated resources specified in the template block. The provisioning script for uncorrelated resources, however, may call service providers interfaces (e.g., the Blue interface API  4416 ) to invoke the specific functions made available by the service provider to instantiate resources. 
         [0219]    The on-premises provisioning workflow engine  4132  and the public provisioning workflow engine  4122  save, in the return queue  4120 , provisioning result messages  4420  that specify completions, failures, error conditions, or any other result information for the resource provisioning actions ( 4418 ). The return queue  4120  makes the result messages available for tracking status of resource provisioning requests back through the provisioning chain, to the resource correlation circuitry  4112 , job preparation circuitry  4110 , and dispatcher circuitry  4108 . In that regard, the result messages may include a correlation identifier that identifies to which resources the result messages apply. 
         [0220]    Expressed another way: a cloud resource provisioning architecture with template aggregation includes template dispatcher circuitry configured to prepare a provisioning request message. The provisioning request message includes a template identifier of a provisioning template that specifies implementation of a first resource and a second resource. The template dispatcher circuitry submits the provisioning request message to job preparation circuitry to initiate provisioning of the first resource and second resource. 
         [0221]    Job preparation circuitry in communication with the template dispatcher circuitry receives the provisioning request message from the template dispatcher circuitry and obtains the template identifier from the provisioning request message. The job preparation circuitry also retrieves the provisioning template specified by the template identifier, the provisioning template specifying implementation for both the first resource and the second resource. The job preparation circuitry disaggregates the first resource from the second resource, by preparing separate resource provisioning tasks for the first resource and the second resource. 
         [0222]    Resource correlation circuitry in communication with the job preparation circuitry queries a resource service (e.g., the correlation API  4128 ) on the first resource and obtains a first service provider region identifier and a first aggregation indicator. The resource correlation circuitry also queries the resource service on the second resource and obtains a second service provider region identifier and a second aggregation indicator. The resource correlation circuitry determines that the first service provider region identifier and the second service provider region identifier both identify a common service provider region, determines that the first aggregation indicator is True, determines that the second aggregation indicator is True, and then aggregates the first resource and the second resource into a common resource provisioning template block. The resource correlation circuitry also submits the common resource provisioning template block to workflow provisioning circuitry tasked with facilitating provisioning of the correlated resources. 
         [0223]    The cloud resource provisioning architecture also includes tenant-specific queues for on-premises cloud regions. The tenant-specific queues are configured for secure access by on-premises cloud regions through access credentials specific to a given on-premises cloud region. The cloud resource provisioning architecture also includes a public cloud queue for a public cloud region. The public cloud region is configured to allow access by a provisioning workflow circuitry that communicates provisioning instructions to multiple different public cloud service providers. 
         [0224]    The resource correlation circuitry is further configured to route the common resource provisioning template block to the public cloud queue for retrieval by the public cloud provisioning workflow circuitry, when the common service provider region is the public cloud region. The resource correlation circuitry is also configured to route the common resource provisioning template block to the tenant-specific queue for retrieval by the on-premises cloud region, when the common service provider region is the on-premises cloud region. 
         [0225]    Expressed yet another way, the dispatcher circuitry  4108  calls the job preparation circuitry  4110  to initiate deployment of a resource set. The dispatcher circuitry  4108  may, e.g., call a method defined by the job preparation circuitry  4110  and pass a URI to the template that contains deployment instructions. 
         [0226]    The job preparation circuitry  4110  uses the URI to retrieve the template, e.g., from the template database  4114 . The job preparation circuitry  4110  breaks the template down (disaggregates them) into a series of tasks. For instance, each resource may have its own task for individual execution, e.g., by an automation script or runbook written for the resource type. 
         [0227]    The resource correlation circuitry  4112  re-aggregates resources based on predefined correlation criteria. Multiple resources may be combined into template blocks of correlated resources. The resource correlation circuitry  4112  also decides whether the resources will be placed in a public cloud region or an on-premises region, based on the region resource characteristic associated with each resource. As noted above, there are tenant specific private cloud queues for on-premises regions and public cloud queues for public regions. That is, the resource correlation circuitry  4112  re-aggregates individual resources into a larger template (a template block), which are passed into the cloud queue as a queued item. The provisioning workflow engines read the messages on their queues and determine that they specify provisioning action. The provisioning workflow engines retrieve a script for that action, and the input data for the script includes the template. 
         [0228]    The script, e.g., a PowerShell script, performs the deployment. For public cloud deployment using a template block, one advantage is that the public cloud provisioning workflow circuitry  4122  need not make calls to native APIs to deploy the resources. Instead, the workflow circuitry  4122  passes the template block through to the service provider, and requests the service provider to use its native templating ability to cause instantiation of the resources in the template block. This avoids an implementation in which there are many different scripts to write and maintain for each type of resource, and also avoids executing multiple scripts when resources can be combined into a template block. Instead, the workflow circuitry  4122  passes the template block through to the native provider deployment process. 
         [0229]    In one implementation, the resource correlation circuitry  4122  obtains resource characteristics from the TTT circuitry  116 . That is, the TTT circuitry  116  may be extended to store and define (e.g., in the type databases  230 ) whether a type can be aggregated, and a script to execute for deploying a template block that includes the resource type. If the resource cannot be aggregated, then the resource correlation circuitry  4122  keeps the resource separate, and sends a separate deployment message for that uncorrelated resource to the cloud queue. One test for setting the aggregate flag to true for a given type is that the service provider can natively deploy the resource given a template for it. 
         [0230]    The cloud resource provisioning architecture may work internally with templates having a given format. For instance, the architecture may internally use Azure Resource Manager (ARM) templates for specifying resources to deploy individually or in a template block. The provisioning workflow engines  4122  and  4132  may deploy to regions hosted by many different service providers. In some implementations, the provisioning workflow engines  4122  and  4132  may include template conversion circuitry, e.g., the template conversion circuitry  4502  shown in  FIG. 45 . 
         [0231]    The template conversion circuitry  4502  converts the internal template format, e.g., ARM templates, to the format used by the service provider where the resources will be deployed when the formats are incompatible. For instance, the template conversion circuitry  4502  may convert ARM templates to cloud formation templates (CFTs), or any other template format. The TTT circuitry  116  may provide the translation, e.g., by converting resource types, such as an Azure VM, between service providers, e.g., to an Amazon Web Services VM. 
         [0232]    In the return direction, the provisioning workflow circuitry retrieves provisioning messages saved on the cloud queues  4116  and  4118  by the resource correlation circuitry  4112 . The provisioning messages specify what script the provisioning workflow circuitry should run, and what the data payload is. The provisioning workflow circuitry retrieves the script, passes the data payload to the script, and runs the script. The provisioning workflow circuitry need not know whether the data payload is a template block, or a specifier of an individual resource. 
         [0233]    On the other hand, the resource correlation circuitry  4122  knows whether it has built a template block, and creates the provisioning message to give the instructions to the provisioning workflow engine to execute a specific script for the resource type. As noted above, the TTT circuitry  116  may be extended to include, as just one example set of resource characteristics: 1) whether the resource type may be aggregated; 2) if it can be aggregated then the URI of a script used to deploy a template block for a given service provider region; and 3) if the resource type cannot be aggregated, then the script for deploying the resource type as an uncorrelated resource. 
         [0234]    For a template deployable resource, the script may simply pass the template block to the service provider, and instruct the service provider to instantiate the resources in the template block. In that respect, the template block may specify a single resource or multiple resources, each of which is template deployable by a given service provider region. The resource correlation circuitry  4112  may specify native service provider deployment for even a single resource, by passing the template for the resource to the service provider, and requesting the service provider to perform its native instantiation service on the template. For non-template enabled resources, the provisioning script may specify a sequence of calls to the native APIs of the service provider to provision the resource. 
         [0235]    Note that even on-premises regions may deploy resources based on template blocks. For instance, an on-premises version of Azure Stack™ for software defined infrastructure may provide template deployment functionality. Other template interpreters may be implemented to provide on-premises template deployment functionality. 
         [0236]    The provisioning workflow circuitry  4122  and  4132  pass return messages to the return queue  4120 . The resource correlation circuitry  4112  monitors the return queue  4120  to determine that the specified provisioning actions have completed or failed. The return messages may include a correlation identifier. The resource correlation circuitry  4112  pulls return messages off of the return queue  4120 , and sends them to the job preparation circuitry  4110  to inform the job preparation circuitry  4110  that the deployment associates with the correlation identifier is completed or failed. That is, the job preparation circuitry  4110  tracks when each resource is deployed, and when all resources in a specific deployment are completed. The dispatcher circuitry  4108  polls the job preparation circuitry  4110  to determine when the whole deployment is complete or has failed, and provides that status information back to the rest of the architecture. 
         [0237]    The methods, devices, processing, circuitry, and logic described above may be implemented in many different ways and in many different combinations of hardware and software. For example, all or parts of the implementations may be circuitry that includes an instruction processor, such as a Central Processing Unit (CPU), microcontroller, or a microprocessor; or as an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), Programmable Logic Device (PLD), or Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA); or as circuitry that includes discrete logic or other circuit components, including analog circuit components, digital circuit components or both; or any combination thereof. The circuitry may include discrete interconnected hardware components or may be combined on a single integrated circuit die, distributed among multiple integrated circuit dies, or implemented in a Multiple Chip Module (MCM) of multiple integrated circuit dies in a common package, as examples. 
         [0238]    Accordingly, the circuitry may store or access instructions for execution, or may implement its functionality in hardware alone. The instructions may be stored in a tangible storage medium that is other than a transitory signal, such as a flash memory, a Random Access Memory (RAM), a Read Only Memory (ROM), an Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM); or on a magnetic or optical disc, such as a Compact Disc Read Only Memory (CDROM), Hard Disk Drive (HDD), or other magnetic or optical disk; or in or on another machine-readable medium. A product, such as a computer program product, may include a storage medium and instructions stored in or on the medium, and the instructions when executed by the circuitry in a device may cause the device to implement any of the processing described above or illustrated in the drawings. 
         [0239]    The implementations may be distributed. For instance, the circuitry may include multiple distinct system components, such as multiple processors and memories, and may span multiple distributed processing systems. Parameters, databases, and other data structures may be separately stored and managed, may be incorporated into a single memory or database, may be logically and physically organized in many different ways, and may be implemented in many different ways. 
         [0240]    Example implementations include linked lists, program variables, hash tables, arrays, records (e.g., database records), objects, and implicit storage mechanisms. Instructions may form parts (e.g., subroutines or other code sections) of a single program, may form multiple separate programs, may be distributed across multiple memories and processors, and may be implemented in many different ways. Example implementations include stand-alone programs, and as part of a library, such as a shared library like a Dynamic Link Library (DLL). The library, for example, may contain shared data and one or more shared programs that include instructions that perform any of the processing described above or illustrated in the drawings, when executed by the circuitry. 
         [0241]    Various implementations have been specifically described. However, many other implementations are also possible.