Abstract:
Polymers and copolymers of formula I: 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
     in which m is typically 30 to 500 and n is 0 to 500; Ar is for example, 1,2-phenylene, 1,3-phenylene, 1,4-phenylene, or 2,6-pyridylene; Ar 2  and Ar 3  are selected from various bivalent aryl and heteroaryl groups; and X is for example, the bivalent SO 2  or CO, have high temperature properties which make them useful as films, matrices in carbon fiber reinforced composites and high performance adhesives; processes for preparing the polymers and copolymers employ a novel C—N coupling reaction.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This invention claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional application 60/935,959 filed Sep. 7, 2007. 
     
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0002]    Novel poly(arylenebenzimidazole) compounds, such as those derived from di(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)arene and derivatives thereof, are obtainable from a novel C—N coupling reaction at elevated temperatures. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Polybenzimidazoles (PBI) are among the most thermally stable polymers known. 1-5  As well as high temperature stability, the polymers have excellent flammability resistance and high chemical resistance. They are very expensive polymers but have found uses as a high performance fiber and as a film, foam, paper and in membranes for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. The most common structure is synthesized by reaction of biphenyl-3,3′,4,4′-tetraamine with isophthalic acid and these conversions have been carried out under a wide variety of conditions. 4   
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0004]    Poly (N-phenylbenzimidazoles) 6-8  have also been synthesized. They are more soluble and are reported to be more thermooxidatively stable than the parent PBI polymers since the NH group has been replaced by a phenyl group. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0005]    Several years ago, the present inventors found that high molecular weight polymers could be prepared from 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)phthalazin-1(2H)-one by reaction with activated halides. 9,10  The N—C coupling reaction was unexpected since the NH group behaves like a phenolic OH group in this reaction. These polymers are excellent high temperature thermoplastics and are currently being commercialized in China. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0006]    The present inventors subsequently prepared bisphthalazinone structures from the monomers shown in Scheme 1 11 , however, these polymers were very difficult to process because of crystallinity and very high glass transition temperatures. This problem was recently alleviated by the synthesis of the more flexible monomers shown in Scheme 2. 12,13    
         [0007]    There has been a great deal of recent effort centered on Pd-catalyzed C—N coupling reactions of NH groups with unactivated halides, 26,27  as well as methods to improve the standard Ullmann-type, copper-catalyzed, reactions. 28, 29  These reactions generally require the use of aryl bromides or iodides and quite high yields have been obtained. These reactions have not been reported for the formation of high molecular weight polymers. 
         [0008]    In a series of papers and patents, Hergenrother and associates described the synthesis of high performance polymers, poly(aryl ether)benzimidazoles, by the reaction of bisphenols containing benzimidazole moieties with activated halides. 14-17  The synthesis, properties and potential applications of this class of polymers has been extensively reviewed. 18   
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0009]    Connell found that isophthaloyl-containing poly(aryleneether benzimidazoles (PAEBI) exhibited high mechanical properties in the form of unoriented thin films and carbon fiber reinforced composites. 22    
         [0010]    Poly (arylene ether)s containing N-arylenebenzimidazole groups were also prepared by the aromatic nucleophilic displacement reaction of two new bis(hydroxyphenyl-N-arylenebenzimidazole)s with activated aromatic difluorides in sulfolane at 200° C. in the presence of anhydrous potassium carbonate. 14,15,19-24  The polymers exhibited glass transition temperatures ranging from 264 to 352° C. and inherent viscosities from 0.79 to 1.99 dl g-1 and had very good thermal stability. 5,14   
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0011]    The polymers exhibited lower Tgs, tensile properties, and moisture uptake than poly(arylene ether benzimidazole)s, presumably due to the lack of hydrogen bonding. The preparation of these polymers, as illustrated in the example immediately below, is a very lengthy and expensive process and some of the intermediates are carcinogenic. 8   
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    It is an object of this invention to provide novel polymers and copolymers. 
         [0013]    It is another object of this invention to provide methods for the manufacture of the novel polymers and copolymers. 
         [0014]    Novel polymers and copolymers of this invention have value resulting from their thermal stability and their ability to form films, including flexible films, by casting from solution, which films may be employed in a variety of applications, including high performance applications, for example as electrolyte membranes in fuel cells. In particular the excellent high temperature properties of the polymers and copolymers make them useful as films, matrices in carbon fiber reinforced composites and high performance adhesives. 
         [0015]    A first aspect of the invention relates to novel polymers and copolymers thereof. The novel polymers are of the formula I 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein Ar, Ar 2 , Ar 3 , and X are defined as follows: 
         [0000]                                                                                                                                                                                                          
 o-, m-, p-                                                                                                                                   
 1,4-, 1,5-, 2,7-                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                            
                                                                                   
and (m+n) ranges from 1 to 10,000, preferably 1 to 1000, and more preferably 30 to 500, where m is an integer of at least 1, and preferably 30 to 500, and n is an integer from 0 to 9999, preferably 0 to 999, and more preferably 0 to 500.
 
         [0016]    In another aspect of the invention there is provide a process for preparing the novel polymers and copolymers by a novel carbon-nitrogen (C—N) coupling of benzimidazoles to activated halides at temperatures not below 160° C., ie a temperature of at least 160° C. The polymers are prepared by a process which comprises the reaction step at a temperature of no less than 160° C., ie. a temperature of at least 160° C., wherein Ar, Ar 2 , X, m and n are as defined above, and Halogen is selected from F, Cl, Br and I, preferably F or Cl. 
         [0017]    The copolymers are prepared by a process which comprises the reaction step 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    at a temperature of no less than 160° C., ie. a temperature of at least 160° C., wherein Ar, Ar 2 , Ar 3 , X, m and n are as defined above, and Halogen is selected from F, Cl, Br and I, preferably F or Cl. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0018]    In the preparation discussed supra in the Background of the Invention, of poly(arylene ether benzimidazole)s and poly(N-arylenebenzimidazole)s 21,22  both NH and OH groups are present in the monomers but only the OH reacts under the conditions used. 
         [0019]    Surprisingly, it has now been found that, under similar conditions, but at higher temperatures, to those used for the preparation of poly(arylene ether benzimidazole)s and poly(N-arylenebenzimidazole)s, the NH group in benzimidazoles will undergo a C—N coupling reaction with activated halides to give novel polymers of high molecular weight, of the invention, as illustrated in the example below. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0020]    Accordingly, one aspect of the invention relates to a process which comprises the reaction step 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    at a temperature of no less than 160° C., as described above. 
         [0021]    The process of this aspect of the invention is typically performed at a temperature of at least about 170° C. and typically at a temperature up to 320° C., such as at least about 180° C. or about 190° C., such as at about 200° C. or 210° C. Higher temperatures may be required depending on the halogen, in the starting compound, for example when the halogen is Cl, higher temperatures are typically required than for the corresponding reaction where the Halogen is F. The halogen may be selected from the group consisting of Br, Cl, I, and F, and more typically is selected from the group consisting of F and Cl. 
         [0022]    Preferably, if X is SO 2  or CO, the halogen will be F, so as to avoid the higher temperatures required for other values of halogen, especially Cl. In the case where X is SO 2  or CO, and the Halogen is Cl, the reaction is typically carried out at a temperature of 250° C. to 320° C., in diphenylsulphone or benzophenone as solvent. 
         [0023]    The process is suitably carried out in the presence of a base, such as K 2 CO 3  and further typically comprises the use of a solvent such as sulfolane or other aprotic dipolar solvents, or diphenylsulphone or benzophenone. The size of the polymer synthesized, as known to the skilled person, may vary depending on stoichiometries and concentration. Suitably, in the process of this aspect of the invention, m is an integer between 1 and 10,000, and preferably 1 to 1000, and more preferably m is 30 to 500. 
         [0024]    In general the properties of the polymer depend on the total chain length and in particular the end to end distance. The terminal groups of the polymer will typically be NH groups of the benzimidazole, or cyclics may form. 
         [0025]    A further aspect of the invention relates to copolymers of the formula 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    as described above. 
         [0026]    A further aspect of the invention relates to a process which comprises the reaction step: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    at a temperature of no less than 160° C., as described above. 
         [0027]    The process of this latter aspect of the invention is typically performed at a temperature of at least about 170° C. and typically at a temperature up to 320° C., such as at least about 180° C. or about 190° C., such as at about 200° C. or 210° C. Higher temperatures may be required depending on the halogen, in the starting compound, for example when the halogen is Cl, higher temperatures are typically required than for the corresponding reaction where the Halogen is F. The halogen may be selected from the group consisting of Br, Cl, I, and F, and more typically selected from the group consisting of F and Cl. 
         [0028]    Preferably, if X is SO 2  or CO, the Halogen will be F, so as to avoid the higher temperatures required for other values of Halogen, especially Cl. In the case where X is SO 2  or CO, and the halogen is Cl, the reaction is typically carried out at a temperature of 250° C. to 320° C., in diphenylsulphone or benzophenone as solvent. 
         [0029]    The process is suitably carried out in the presence of a base, such as K 2 CO 3  and further typically comprises the use of a solvent such as sulfolane or other aprotic dipolar solvents, or diphenylsulphone or benzophenone. The size of the polymer synthesized, as known to the skilled person, may vary depending on stoichiometries and concentration. Suitably, under the process of this aspect of the invention, 
         [0000]    (m+n) can range from 1 to 10,000 wherein m must be at least 1, preferably 1 to 1000, and more preferably m is 30 to 500, and n can vary from 1 to 9999, preferably 1 to 999, and more preferably 1 to 500. 
         [0030]    In general the properties of the copolymer depend on the total chain length and in particular the end to end distance. The terminal groups of the polymer will typically be NH groups of the benzimidazole, or cyclics may form. 
         [0031]    Advantageously, the polymers and copolymers of the present invention have very high Tgs and they are very thermally stable. The T d-5%  (5% weight loss in N 2 ) for the copolymer of example 7 below is 539° C., similar to the properties of polymers prepared by Hergenrother et al. 
         [0032]    The molecule 4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)phenol has been used as an end-cap in the synthesis of poly(arylene ether benzimidazole)s and poly(N-arylenebenzimidazole)s to control the molecular weight of the polymers. 17  In this reaction it is reported that it acts as a monofunctional compound, i.e. with only the OH group entering the reaction. In the present invention it has been found, surprisingly, that 4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)phenol can behave as a bifunctional compound and that high molecular weight polymers (n=0) can be prepared by reaction with activated dihalides, as shown below. Copolymers can also be synthesized by copolymerization with bisphenols as shown below with 4,4′-biphenol. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0033]    Accordingly a further aspect of the invention relates to copolymers of the formula 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    where Ar 2 , m and n are as defined above. 
         [0034]    High molecular weight copolymers are produced by copolymerizing the bisbenzimidazoles with bisphenols as shown in the example below with 4,4′-biphenol. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0035]    Copolymers with 2,6-bisbenzimidazolylpyridine are synthesized as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0036]    Accordingly, a further aspect of the invention relates to copolymers of the formula 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    where Ar, Ar 2 , m and n are as defined supra. 
         [0037]    A further aspect of the invention relates to compounds obtainable by a process of the invention. In particular, an interesting aspect of the invention relates to polymers are of the formula I 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein m and n are as defined above and Ar, Ar 2 , Ar 3 , and X are defined as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                                           
 o-, m-, p- 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                                           
 1,4-, 1,5-, 2,7- 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                                           
                                  
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                                           
                                  
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLES 
     Characterization 
       [0038]    Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectra were recorded on a Kratos Kompact MALDI-III TOF mass spectrometer with the instrument set in positive reflection mode to get higher resolution. The melting points were taken on a Fisher-Johns melting point apparatus. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectra were recorded on a CARY 50 spectrophotometer. Fluorescent spectra were taken on a Fluoro Max-2 spectrophotometer. Monitoring the progress of the reaction and purity of the isolated monomers was done by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, Milton Roy, CM 4000) with methanol as an eluent and a UV detector at 254 nm. The T g s of the polymers were obtained using a Seiko 220 DSC at a heating rate of 20° C./min. The T g  was taken from the midpoint of the change in slope of the baseline, while melting temperature were taken from the onset of the change in slope to a minimum of the endotherm of peak. The weight loss data were obtained from a Seiko 220 TGA/DTA instrument at a heating rate of 20° C./min in nitrogen. Inherent viscosity data were obtained with a calibrated Ostwald viscometer. A water bath with a Julabo (Model type PC) heater was employed to control the temperature. 
       Homopolymers 
     Example 1 
     Polymerization of 1,3-dibenzimidazolylbenzene with bis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone 
       [0039]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0040]    The following procedure is typical for the preparation of homopolymers. 
         [0041]    A 25 mL three-necked round-bottom flask was equipped with an argon inlet, magnetic stirrer, a Dean-Stark trap and condenser. The flask was flushed with argon, and then charged with 1, 3-dibenzimidazolylbenzene (0.62 g, 2.0 mmol), bis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone (0.51 g, 2.0 mmol), cesium carbonate (0.65 g, 2.0 mmol), calcium carbonate (0.20 g, 2.0 mmol), sulfolane (2.5 g), and chlorobenzene (3 mL). The mixture was heated to azeotrope off the resulting water with chlorobenzene. After chlorobenzene was removed, the reaction mixture was brought up to 210° C. for 2 h. Additional 1 mL of sulfolane was then added to dilute the solution and the reaction was kept at 210° C. for 6 h. When the color of the reaction system changed and the viscosity increased significantly, the reaction mixture was cooled down and diluted with 2 mL of solvent. The resulting solution was poured into 200 mL of methanol and 2 mL of acetic acid to precipitate out the polymer. The resulting polymer was partially soluble in chloroform or dichloromethane and was redissolved. The polymer solution was filtered through a thin layer of Celite (trademark) to remove inorganic materials, and the resulting polymer was precipitated out by pouring into methanol. The polymer was collected and dried in vacuo at 80° C. for 24 h. Yield 90%. 
       Co-bisbenzimidazoles 
     Example 2 
     Copolymer of 1,3-dibenzimidazolylbenzene and 1,4-dibenzimidazolylbenzene 50/50 
       [0042]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0043]    The polymer was prepared in a manner similar to Example 1. The resulting polymer was not very soluble in chloroform and gave a brittle film by casting from its DMSO-solution. 
       Example 3 
     Copolymer of 1,3-dibenzimidazolylbenzene and 2,6-bisbenzimidazolylpyridine 50/50 
       [0044]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0045]    A 25 mL three-necked round-bottom flask was equipped with an argon inlet, magnetic stirrer, a Dean-Stark trap and condenser. The flask was flushed with argon, and then charged with 1, 3-dibenzimidazolylbenzene (0.20 g, 0.64 mmol), 2,6-bisbenzimidazolylpyridine (0.20 g, 0.64 mmol), bis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone (0.33 g, 1.3 mmol), calcium carbonate (0.13 g, 1.3 mmol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.20 g, 1.4 mmol), sulfolane (2 mL), and chlorobenzene (3 mL). The mixture was heated to azeotrope off the resulting water with chlorobenzene. The chlorobenzene was then removed, and the reaction mixture was brought up to 180-190° C. for 2 h, and then at 210° C. for 2 h additional. 1 mL of sulfolane was added to dilute the solution that was kept at 210° C. for 4 h. When the viscosity significantly increased the reaction mixture was cooled down and diluted. The resulting solution was poured into 200 mL of methanol and 2 mL of acetic acid to precipitate out the polymer. The resulting polymer was redissolved in DMSO. The polymer solution was filtered through a thin layer of Celite (trademark) to remove inorganic materials, and the polymer was precipitated out by pouring into methanol. The polymer was redissolved in chloroform, and reverse precipitated in methanol. The polymer was collected and dried in vacuo at 80° C. for 24 h. Yield 90%. 
         [0000]    Copolymerization Reactions with Bisphenols 
       General Procedure 
       [0046]    The synthesis of most of the copolymers were carried out in sulfolane. The polymerization was conducted initially at 160-170° C. for 1.5-2 h to remove the water with chlorobenzene and then at 180-200° C. to effect the polymerization reaction. 
       Examples 4-6 
     Copolymerization of 1,3-dibenzimidazolylbenzene with 4,4′-biphenol 
       [0047]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0048]    Example 4 is typical of the procedure used. 
         [0049]    To a 25 mL three-necked round-bottom flask equipped with a Dean-stark trap, a water condenser, a magnetic stirrer and a nitrogen inlet were added 4,4′-biphenol (0.056 g 0.30 mmol), 1,3-dibenzimidazolylbenzene (0.22 g, 0.70 mmol), bis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone (0.25 g, 1.0 mmol), calcium carbonate (0.15 g, 1.5 mmol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.28 g, 2.0 mmol), sulfolane (2 mL), and chlorobenzene (3 mL). The mixture was heated to azeotrope off the resulting water with the chlorobenzene. The chlorobenzene was then removed, and the reaction mixture was brought up to 180-190° C. for 1-2 h. When the reaction mixture became too viscous to be stirred, an additional 2 mL of sulfolane was added to dilute the solution and it was kept at that temperature for 20 min. When the viscosity increased, the reaction mixture was cooled down, and diluted with dichloromethane. The solution was poured into 200 mL of methanol and 2 mL of acetic acid to precipitate out the polymer. The resulting polymer was redissolved in chloroform. The polymer solution was filtered through a thin layer of Celite (trademark) to remove inorganic materials, and the polymer was precipitated out by pouring into methanol. The polymer was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo at 80° C. for 24 h. Yield 97%. 
         [0050]    The property data for the copolymers is shown in the table. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Tg (° C.) 
                 TGA-5% (° C.) 
                 ξ inh (dL/g) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1 
                 100% 
                   
                 295 
                 530 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 4 
                  70% 
                 30% 
                 274 
                 519 
                 0.44 
               
               
                 5 
                  50% 
                 50% 
                 260 
                 533 
                 0.34 
               
               
                 6 
                  30% 
                 70% 
                 248 
                 521 
                 0.75 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Examples 7-10 
     Copolymerization of 1,3-dibenzimidazolylbenzene with 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone 
       [0051]    Example 7 is typical of the reaction conditions used. 
         [0052]    To a 25 mL three-necked round-bottom flask equipped with a Dean-stark trap, a water condenser, a magnetic stirrer and a nitrogen inlet were added 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone (0.13 g, 0.60 mmol), 1,3-dibenzimidazolylbenzene (0.43 g, 1.4 mmol), bis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone (0.51 g, 2.0 mmol), calcium carbonate (0.22 g, 2.2 mmol), anhydrous 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    potassium carbonate (0.28 g, 2.0 mmol), sulfolane (2 mL), and chlorobenzene (3 mL). The mixture was heated to azeotrope off the resulting water with chlorobenzene. The chlorobenzene was then removed, and the reaction mixture was brought up to 180-190° C. for 1-2 h. When the reaction mixture became too viscous to be stirred, an additional 2 mL of sulfolane was added to dilute the solution that was kept at that temperature for 20 min. When the viscosity was increased, the reaction mixture was cooled down and diluted with dichloromethane and then the solution was poured into 200 mL of methanol and 2 mL of acetic acid to precipitate out the polymer. The resulting polymer was redissolved in chlorofomm. The polymer solution was filtered through a thin layer of Celite (trademark) to remove inorganic materials, and the polymer was precipitated out by pouring into methanol. The polymer was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo at 80° C. for 24 h. Yield 95%. 
         [0053]    The property data for the copolymers are shown in the table. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Tg (□C) 
                 TGA-5% (□C) 
                 ηinh (dL/g) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                  7 
                 70% 
                 30% 
                 265 
                 539 
                 0.28 
               
               
                  8 
                 50% 
                 50% 
                 247 
                 540 
                 0.32 
               
               
                  9 
                 40% 
                 60% 
                 240 
                 537 
                 0.44 
               
               
                 10 
                 30% 
                 70% 
                 230 
                 536 
                 0.43 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Examples 11-12 
     Copolymer of 4,4′-bisbenzimidazolyldiphenyl ether with 4,4′-biphenol 
       [0054]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0055]    The copolymers were prepared as in Example 4. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Tg (□C) 
                 TGA-5% (□C) 
                 η inh  (dL/g) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 11 
                 70% 
                 30% 
                 255 
                 524 
                 0.43 
               
               
                 12 
                 50% 
                 50% 
                 268 
                 535 
                 0.60 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 13 
     Copolymer of 1,2-dibenzimidazolylbenzene with 4,4′-biphenol 
       [0056]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0057]    The copolymer was prepared as in Example 4. 
       Example 14 
     Copolymer of 1,4-dibenzimidazolylbenzene with 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone 
       [0058]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0059]    The copolymer was prepared as in Example 4. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Tg (□C) 
                 TGA-5% (□C) 
                 η inh  (dL/g) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 14 
                 30% 
                 70% 
                 260 
                 440 
                 ND 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Examples 15-17 
     Copolymers from 2,6-bisbenzimidazolylpyridine 
       [0060]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0061]    The polymers were prepared as in example 4. 
         [0000]                                                    Ex- amples                                                                                             Tg (□C)   TGA (□C)   η inh  (dL/g)                   15   30%       70%   ND   521   0.68       16   50%   50%       242   524   0.33       17   70%   30%       253   536   0.23                    
Polymers from 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazole
 
       Example 18 
     Copolymerization of 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazole with 4,4′-biphenol 
       [0062]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0063]    To a 25 mL three-necked round-bottom flask were added 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazole (0.15 g, 0.71 mmol), bis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone (0.36 g, 1.4 mmol), calsium carbonate (0.22 g, 2.2 mmol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.28 g, 2.0 mmol), sulfolane (1.5 mL), and chlorobenzene (3 mL). The mixture was heated to azeotrope off the resulting water with chlorobenzene. The chlorobenzene was then removed, and the reaction mixture was brought up to 180-190° C. for 1-2 h. The resulting mixture was analyzed by HPLC and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The MALDI-TOF-MS spectrum showed the product was oligomeric with all the OH &amp; NH groups reacted. 4,4′-biphenol (0.13 g, 0.71 mmol) and cesium carbonate (0.19 g, 0.58 mmol) were added and the reaction mixture was brought up to 180-190° C. for 1 h. When the reaction system became too viscous to be stirred, an additional 2 mL of sulfolane was added to dilute the solution and it was maintained at 180° C. for 0.5 h. When the viscosity increased, the resulting mixture was cooled down and diluted with dichloromethane and the solution was poured into 200 mL of methanol and 2 mL of acetic acid to precipitate out the polymer. The resulting polymer was redissolved in chloroform. The polymer solution was filtered through a thin layer of Celite (trademark) to remove inorganic materials, and the polymer was precipitated out by pouring into methanol. The polymer was collected and dried in vacuo at 80° C. for 24 h. 
         [0064]    Yield 95%. A flexible thin film was cast from its chloroform-solution. Tg 251° C., TGA-5% weight loss at 532° C. 
       Example 19 
     Copolymerization of 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazole with bisphenol A (BPA) 
       [0065]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0066]    To a 25 mL three-necked round-bottom flask equipped with a Dean-Stark trap, a water condenser, a magnetic stirrer and a nitrogen inlet were added BPA (0.16 g, 0.71 mmol), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazole (0.15 g, 0.71 mmol), bis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone (0.36 g, 1.4 mmol), calcium carbonate (0.22 g, 2.2 mmol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.28 g, 2.0 mmol), cesium carbonate (0.19 g, 0.58 mmol), sulfolane (1.5 mL), and chlorobenzene (3 mL). The mixture was heated to azeotrope off the resulting water with chlorobenzene. The chlorobenzene was then removed. The reaction mixture was brought up to 180-190° C. for 1 h. When the reaction mixture became too viscous to be stirred, an additional 2 mL of sulfolane was added to dilute the solution and it was kept at that temperature for 30 min. When the viscosity increased, the reaction mixture was cooled down and diluted with dichloromethane and the solution was poured into 200 mL of methanol and 2 mL of acetic acid to precipitate out the polymer. The resulting polymer was redissolved in chloroform. The polymer solution was filtered through a thin layer of Celite (trademark) to remove inorganic materials, and the polymer was precipitated out by pouring into methanol. The fibrous polymer was collected and dried in vacuo at 80° C. for 24 h. Yield 97%. A good film was cast from its chloroform-solution. Tg 230° C., TGA −5% weight loss 489° C. 
       Example 20 
     Copolymer of 1,3-dibenzimidazolylbenzene with BPA: polyetherketone 
       [0067]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0068]    To a 25 mL three-necked round-bottom flask equipped with a Dean-stark trap, a water condenser, a magnetic stirrer and a nitrogen inlet there were added BPA (0.22 g, 0.97 mmol), 1,3-dibenzimidazolylbenzene (0.30 g, 0.97 mmol), 4,4′-difluorobenzophenone (0.42 g, 1.9 mmol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.28 g, 2.0 mmol), cesium carbonate (0.19 g, 0.58 mmol), sulfolane (1.5 mL), and chlorobenzene (3 mL). The mixture was heated to azeotrope off the resulting water with the chlorobenzene. The chlorobenzene was then removed. The reaction mixture was brought up to 180-190° C. After heating for 3 h, the reaction mixture became too viscous to be stirred. An additional 2 mL of sulfolane was then added to dilute the solution, and the resulting mixture was kept at this temperature for an additional 30 min. The viscous solution was cooled down and diluted with dichloromethane and the solution was poured into a mixture composed of methanol (100 mL)/water (100 mL)/acetic acid (2 mL) to precipitate out the polymer. The resulting polymer was redissolved in chloroform. The polymer solution was filtered through a thin layer of Celite (trademark) to remove inorganic materials, and the polymer was precipitated out by pouring into methanol. The fibrous polymer was collected and dried in vacuo at 80° C. for 24 h. Yield 98%. A good film was cast from its chloroform-solution. 
         [0069]    The polymer was soluble in THF. Tg 119° C., TGA −5% weight loss 545° C., Mn 18000, Mw 49000, MWD 2.8, η inh  0.38 dL/g. 
       Example 21 
     Copolymer of 2,6-bisbenzimidazolylpyridine with 4,4′-(perfluoropropane-2,2-diyl)diphenol: polyethersulfone 
       [0070]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0071]    To a 25 mL three-necked round-bottom flask equipped with a Dean-stark trap, a water condenser, a magnetic stirrer and a nitrogen inlet were added 4,4′-(perfluoropropane-2,2-diyl)diphenol (0.32 g, 0.96 mmol), 2,6-bisbenzimidazoylpyridine (0.30 g, 0.96 mmol), bis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone (0.49 g, 1.9 mmol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.28 g, 2.0 mmol), sulfolane (1.5 mL), and chlorobenzene (3 mL). The mixture was heated to azeotrope off the resulting water with chlorobenzene. The chlorobenzene was then removed, and the orange colored reaction mixture was brought up to 180-190° C. After heating for 2 h, the reaction mixture became reddish, and too viscous to be stirred. An additional 2 ml of sulfolane was then added to dilute the mixture, and the resulting mixture was kept at this temperature for an additional 30 min. When the reaction mixture changed into dark red and the viscosity increased significantly, the resulting mixture was cooled down, and diluted with dichloromethane. The resulting mixture was poured into a mixture composed of methanol (100 mL)/water (100 mL)/acetic acid (2 mL) to precipitate out the polymer. The precipitated polymer was redissolved in chloroform. The polymer solution was filtered through a thin layer of Celite (trademark) to remove inorganic materials. The polymer was precipitated out by pouring the chloroform solution into methanol. The polymer was collected by filtration, and dried in vacuo at 80° C. for 24 h. Strong cast films were obtained from its chloroform-solution. The polymer was soluble in THF. Tg 245° C., TGA −5% weight loss 534° C., Mn 35000, Mw 79000, MWD 2.2, η inh  0.29 dL/g. 
       UV Absorption and Fluorescence 
       [0072]    All of the homopolymers and copolymers containing the benzimidazole groups strongly absorb UV light and are fluorescent as shown in Table 1. 
         [0000]                                                                TABLE 1                   UV absorption and fluorescence properties of polymers                Examples   λ abs, nm   a     λ ex, nm   b     λ em, nm   c                              4   282   327   387           5   282   278   379           6   278-281   319   378           7   288   331   387           8   285   327   382           9   285-287   319   381           10   285-290   314   380           12   283   300   408           13   279   314   401           14   282   328   375, 395, 417           15   281   315, 329   378           16   286   314   376           17   286-287   341   379                         a Maximum absorption wavenumber in UV-vis spectra             b Excitation wavenumber.             c Emission wavenumber.            
Copolymers from bis(4-chlorophenyl)sulfone with 4,4′-biphenol
 
       Examples 22-26 
       [0073]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0074]    Example 22 is typical of the reaction conditions used. 1,3-Dibenzimidazolylbenzene g, 1.0 mmol), 4,4′-biphenol (0.19 g, 1.0 mmol), cesium carbonate (0.20 g, 0.60 mmol), potassium carbonate (0.21 g, 1.5 mmol), diphenylsulfone (1.5 g), and chlorobenzene (3 mL) were charged into a 25 mL three-necked round-bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer, an Ar inlet, and a Dean-Stark trap with a condenser under Ar atmosphere. The mixture was heated and stirred at 170° C. for 1 h to azeotrope off water. After the removal of chlorobenzene, the reaction mixture was cooled. To the cooled reaction mixture was added bis(4-chlorophenyl)sulfone (0.59 g, 2.0 mmol). The mixture was heated and stirred at 280° C. for 0.5 h, and then was heated to 300° C. for 15 h with the frequent addition of another 1 g of diphenyl sulfone, each time the reaction system became too viscous to be stirred. The resulting mixture was cooled, quenched by addition of acetic acid, and then poured into methanol. The precipitated polymer was collected by filtration and washed with boiling methanol. The crude polymer was redissolved in chloroform. The chloroform solution was filtered through a thin layer of Celite (trademark) to remove inorganic materials. The polymer was further purified by reprecipitation from chloroform solution into methanol. The polymer collected by filtration was washed thoroughly with boiling methanol, and dried in vacuo at 40° C. overnight. Yield 90%. The resulting polymer was soluble in various organic solvents such as chloroform. Flexible, and transparent films were obtained by casting from its chloroform solution. 
       Example 23 
       [0075]    The copolymer was prepared in the same manner to Example 22, except that potassium hydroxide (3.6 mmol) and cesium carbonate (0.40 mmol) were used as base instead of potassium carbonate (1.5 mmol) and cesium carbonate (0.60 mmol). The polymerization was completed by heating at 250° C. for 7 h. Yield 84%. The resulting polymer was soluble in various organic solvents such as chloroform. Creasable, colorless and transparent films were obtained by casting from its chloroform solution. 
       Example 24 
       [0076]    The copolymer was prepared in the same manner to Example 22, except that potassium hydroxide (3.6 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.40 mmol) were used as base instead of potassium carbonate (1.5 mmol) and cesium carbonate (0.60 mmol). The polymerization was completed by heating at 256-258° C. for 20 h. Yield 91%. The resulting polymer was soluble in various organic solvents such as chloroform. Creasable, colorless and transparent films were obtained by casting from its chloroform solution. 
       Example 25 
       [0077]    The copolymer was prepared in the same manner as Example 24, except that benzophenone was used as solvent instead of diphenylsulfone. The polymerization was completed by heating at 260° C. for 66 h. Yield 99%. The resulting polymer was soluble in various organic solvents such as chloroform. Yellow, and slightly brittle films were obtained by casting from its chloroform solution. 
       Example 26 
       [0078]    The copolymer was prepared in the same manner as Example 22, except that sulfolane was used as solvent instead of diphenyl sulfone, and that potassium hydroxide (3.6 mmol), cesium carbonate (0.20 mmol), and potassium carbonate (4.0 mmol) were used as base instead of potassium carbonate (1.5 mmol) and cesium carbonate (0.60 mmol). The polymerization was completed by heating at 170-180° C. for 3.5 d. Yield 93%. The resulting polymer was soluble in polar organic solvents such as NMP. Yellow, and slightly brittle films were obtained by casting from its DMAc solution. 
         [0000]                                                                                    Examples                 Solvent                                                                  
               22   Diphenyl   50%   50%           sulphone       23   Diphenyl   30%   70%           sulphone       24   Diphenyl   30%   70%           sulfone       25   Benzophenone   30%   70%       26   Sulfolane   30%   70%                                Examples                                       Tg (° C.)         TGA-5% (° C.)         η inh  (dL/g)                       22   100%   254   543   0.35           23   100%   242   541   0.34           24   100%   242   548   0.36           25   100%   235   548   0.29           26   100%   241   517   0.36                        
Homopolymers from 4,4′-difluorobenzophenone
 
       Example 27 
       [0079]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0080]    1,3-Dibenzimidazolylbenzene (0.62 g, 2.0 mmol), cesium carbonate (0.098 g, 0.30 mmol), potassium carbonate (0.25 g, 1.8 mmol), sulfolane (1 g), and chlorobenzene (3 mL) were charged into a 25 mL three-necked round-bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer, an Ar inlet, and a Dean-Stark trap with a condenser under Ar atmosphere. The mixture was heated and stirred at 170° C. for 1 h to azeotrope off water. After the removal of chlorobenzene, the reaction mixture was cooled. To the cooled reaction mixture was added 4,4′-difluorobenzophenone (0.44 g, 2.0 mmol) and calcium carbonate (0.21 g, 2.1 mmol). The mixture was heated and stirred at 215° C. for 2.5 h with the frequent addition of another 1 g of sulfolane each time the reaction system became too viscous to be stirred. The resulting mixture was cooled, quenched by addition of acetic acid, and then poured into methanol to precipitate a light yellow fiber. The precipitated polymer was collected by filtration and washed with boiling methanol. The crude polymer was purified by extraction with boiling distilled water to remove any salt. The polymer collected by filtration was washed with boiling methanol, and dried in vacuo at 40° C. overnight. Yield 93%. The resulting polymer was soluble in polar organic solvents such as NMP or DMAc. Flexible, and light yellow films were obtained by casting from its NMP solution. 
         [0000]    Copolymers from 4,4′-difluorobenzophenone and bis(4-chlorophenyl)sulfone with 4,4′-biphenol 
       General Procedure 
       [0081]    All the polymerizations of bisbenzimidazoles with 4,4′-difluorobenzophenone were carried out in sulfolane. The copolymerization was conducted by one-pot two-step procedures: (1) reaction of bisbenzimidazole and 4,4′-difluorobenzophenone; (2) the reaction of bis(4-chlorophenyl)sulfone and 4,4′-biphenol. 
       Example 28-29 
       [0082]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0083]    Example 28 is typical of the reaction conditions used. 1,3-Dibenzimidazolylbenzene (0.43 g, 1.4 mmol), cesium carbonate (0.068 g, 0.21 mmol), potassium carbonate (0.17 g, 1.3 mmol), sulfolane (1 g), and chlorobenzene (3 mL) were charged into a 25 mL three-necked round-bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer, an Ar inlet, and a Dean-Stark trap with a condenser under Ar atmosphere. The mixture was heated and stirred at 180° C. for 1 h to azeotrope off water. After the removal of chlorobenzene, the reaction mixture was cooled. To the cooled reaction mixture was added 4,4′-difluorobenzophenone (0.32 g, 1.5 mmol) and calcium carbonate (0.15 g, 1.5 mmol). The mixture was heated and stirred at 220° C. for 3.5 h with the frequent addition of another 1 g of sulfolane each time the reaction system became too viscous to be stirred. The resulting mixture was cooled. To the cooled resulting mixture was added 4,4′-biphenol (0.11 g, 0.60 mmol), cesium carbonate (0.029 g, 0.090 mmol), potassium carbonate (0.075 g, 0.54 mmol), sulfolane (0.5 g), and chlorobenzene (2 mL). The mixture was heated and stirred at 180° C. for 1 h to azeotrope off water. After the removal of chlorobenzene, the reaction mixture was cooled. To the cooled reaction mixture was added bis(4-chlorophenyl)sulfone (0.16 g, 0.54 mmol). The mixture was heated and stirred at 215° C. for 3 h with the frequent addition of another 1 g of sulfolane each time the reaction system became too viscous to be stirred. The resulting mixture was cooled, quenched by addition of acetic acid, and then poured into methanol to precipitate a light yellow fiber. The precipitated polymer was collected by filtration and washed with boiling methanol. The crude polymer was purified by extraction with boiling distilled water to remove any salt. The polymer collected by filtration was washed with boiling methanol, and dried in vacuo at 40° C. overnight. Yield 95%. The resulting polymer was mostly soluble in chloroform, and completely soluble in polar organic solvents such as DMAc. Creasable and light yellow cast films were obtained by casting from either its chloroform-solution or DMAc solution. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                               Examples 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                                                  
 
                                                  
 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 27 
                 100% 
                 100% 
                   
               
               
                 28 
                  70% 
                  73% 
                 30% 
               
               
                 29 
                  50% 
                  51% 
                 50% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                         Examples 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                       Tg (° C.) 
                       TGA-5% (° C.) 
                       η inh  (dL/g) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 27 
                   
                 269 
                 565 
                 0.21 
               
               
                   
                 28 
                 27% 
                 258 
                 545 
                 0.33 
               
               
                   
                 29 
                 49% 
                 250 
                 543 
                 0.56 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 30 
       [0084]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0085]    The polymer was prepared in a manner similar to Example 28. Yield 92%. The resulting polymer was soluble in polar organic solvents such as DMAc. Creasable and light yellow cast films were obtained by casting from either its chloroform solution or DMAc solution. 
         [0000]                                                                                      Examples                                  
                                                                  
               30   10%   60%   73%                                Examples                              
                                       Tg (° C.)         TGA-5% (° C.)         ηinh (dL/g)                       30   30%   27%   259   554   0.28                        
Poly(arylene ether ketone)s copolymers containing hydroquinone (HQ) moieties
 
       Examples 31-36 
       [0086]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0087]    The procedure for the copolymer from 1,3-dibenzimidazolylbenzene (Example 32: 20 mole %) is typical. 
         [0088]    To a three-necked round-bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer, a Dean-Stark trap, a condenser, and a nitrogen inlet were added 4,4′-difluorobenzophenone (0.44 g, 2.0 mmol), HQ (0.18 g, 1.6 mmol), 1,3-dibenzimidazolylbenzene (0.12 g, 0.40 mmol), potassium carbonate (0.25 g, 1.8 mmol), cesium carbonate (0.098 g, 0.30 mmol), calcium carbonate (0.21 g, 2.1 mmol), diphenyl sulfone (2 g), and chlorobenzene (3 mL). The mixture was heated and stirred at 170° C. for 1 h to azeotrope off water under nitrogen atmosphere. After the removal of chlorobenzene, the mixture was carefully brought up to 180-200° C. for 1 h, then heated at 230-250° C. for 0.5 h, and finally heated at 300-313° C. for 1 h, with the frequent addition of another 1 g of diphenyl sulfone, each time the reaction system became too viscous to be stirred. The viscous reaction mixture was cooled, and quenched by addition of acetic acid. The reaction mixture was ground into fine powder in a blender with methanol. The fine powder was boiled in a mixture of methanol/water (3/1 v/v) for 1 h. The powder collected by filtration was boiled in acetone for 1 h. These extraction procedures were repeated twice. The resulting powdery polymer was washed with 5% HCl aqueous solution, with distilled water, and finally with acetone. The polymer was dried in vacuo at 40° C. for 24 h. Yields 94-98%. Flexible films were obtained with heating the powdery polymer sandwiched by glass plates at 300° C. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Copolymer 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ex- 
                 (mole % of 
                 Tg 
                 Tm 
                 Tc 
                 TGA-5% 
               
               
                 amples 
                 dibenzimidazolylbenzene) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (° C.) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 31 
                 1,3-dibenzimidazolylbenzene 
                 156 
                 308 
                 196 
                 501 
               
               
                   
                 (10%) 
               
               
                 32 
                 1,3-dibenzimidazolylbenzene 
                 180 
                 295 
                 182 
                 475 
               
               
                   
                 (20%) 
               
               
                 33 
                 1,3-dibenzimidazolylbenzene 
                 173 
                 — 
                 — 
                 456 
               
               
                   
                 (30%) 
               
               
                 34 
                 1,4-dibenzimidazolylbenzene 
                 150 
                 297 
                 180 
                 520 
               
               
                   
                 (10%) 
               
               
                 35 
                 1,4-dibenzimidazolylbenzene 
                 173 
                 302 
                 233 
                 495 
               
               
                   
                 (20%) 
               
               
                 36 
                 1,4-dibenzimidazolylbenzene 
                 188 
                 — 
                 — 
                 539 
               
               
                   
                 (30%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Tg, Tm, and Tc were taken from the second heating scan. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       REFERENCES 
       [0000]    
       
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