Abstract:
Herein described is a collection of traffic classifiers communicatively coupled to a classification aggregator. Traffic classifiers may use conventional techniques to classify network traffic by application name, and thereafter may construct mappings that are used to more efficiently classify future network traffic. Mappings may associate one or more characteristics of a communication flow with an application name. In a collaborative approach, these mappings are shared among the traffic classifiers by means of the classification aggregator so that one traffic classifier can leverage the intelligence (e.g., mappings) formulated by another traffic classifier.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to methods, devices and computer readable media for classifying a communication flow according to its application name, and more specifically relates to an infrastructure that facilitates collaboration between a collection of traffic classifiers in the classification of a communication flow. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    There are various devices that can be used to classify a communication flow according to its application name. One such device is PacketShaper™ from Blue Coat Systems Inc.™ based in Sunnyvale, Calif. For example, PacketShaper™ can analyze network traffic, separate the network traffic into various communication flows, and classify each communication flow by application name. One flow might be identified as Skype™ communication, while another flow might be identified as LinkedIn™ communication. Other example application names include Facebook™, Zynga™, Twitter™, BitTorrent™, etc. A communication flow generally refers to the network traffic between a source and a destination, or more generally between any two network devices. A communication flow may be initiated by a handshake (such as the well known TCP handshake) and may conclude with another handshake. A communication flow typically involves the transfer of information between a source and destination, the information divided into many individual data packets while the information is being transferred from the source to the destination. 
         [0003]    Classification of network traffic is useful in that it allows policies and/or rules to be applied to the classified network traffic. For instance, a company may restrict its employees from using Facebook™ on work machines, and accordingly may drop all data packets associated with communication flows classified as Facebook™ communication. As another example, a company may prioritize certain applications over other applications. For instance, Skype™ related communication might be prioritized over YouTube™ communication, due to the low latency requirements of Skype™. Thus, classification of network traffic can provide certain controls and efficiencies such as application blocking, application prioritization, etc. At the same time, the classification of network traffic is a computationally intensive operation, requiring a very large quantity of network traffic to be classified almost instantaneously. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    In various embodiments, the present invention provides techniques to increase the efficiency and scalability of network traffic classification. One focus of the present invention is a collaborative approach for classifying a communication flow by application (i.e., classifying a communication flow according to its application name). In a communication network, there may be a number of traffic classifiers (e.g., PacketShapers™) configured to classify network traffic by application name. These traffic classifiers typically classify network traffic (by application name) in isolation of one another (i.e., a first traffic classifier does not share information with a second traffic classifier to assist the second traffic classifier with its classification of network traffic by application). 
         [0005]    There are, however, inefficiencies present in such prior approaches, as traffic classifiers may unnecessarily perform analysis that another traffic classifier has already performed. Suppose a first traffic classifier classifies a first communication flow as “application X”, according to a traditional classification approach. According to one embodiment of the invention, the first traffic classifier then generates a “mapping” for application X, the mapping including abstracted characteristics of the first communication flow that are sufficient to identify any given communication flow as “application X”. One such set of abstracted characteristic is the destination Internet protocol (IP) address, destination port number and protocol of the classified communication flow. Example protocols include the transmission control protocol (TCP), the user datagram protocol (UDP) and the Internet protocol (IP). The mapping can be expressed in mathematical notation as follows: (destination IP address, destination port number, protocol)-&gt;application name. Thereafter, if the first traffic classifier intercepts a second flow that matches the abstracted characteristics of the first flow, the first traffic classifier can instantly classify the second flow as application X, without any further processing. 
         [0006]    Of course, such mapping can be utilized by other traffic classifiers as well, and therein lies the increase in efficiency through collaboration between the traffic classifiers (i.e., mappings being shared between traffic classifiers). That is, if a second traffic classifier intercepts a third flow that matches the abstracted characteristics of the first flow, the second traffic classifier can instantly classify the third flow as application X (by using the mapping provided by the first traffic classifier), without any further processing. 
         [0007]    In many cases, the abstracted characteristics (or “signature”) of an application are not unique, and an application in fact can have many signatures. Herein lies another advantage of the collaborative approach. If a first traffic classifier identifies a first signature for application X, a second traffic classifier identifies a second signature for application X, and third classifier identifies a third signature for application X, all these signatures can be pooled together to better identify application X. That is, once the classification information (e.g., in the form of mappings) is collected and compiled, a traffic classifier can classify a flow as application X, if the flow matches the first, second or third signatures of application X. This example illustrates that this instant collaborative approach not only benefits from the collaboration between traffic classifiers, but also from an increased number of traffic classifiers that collaborate with one another. 
         [0008]    One focus of the present invention is providing a framework that facilitates the collaboration between the collection of traffic classifiers. In one approach, classification information from one traffic classifier may be broadcast directly to all other traffic classifiers (i.e., in a peer-to-peer manner). Such an approach, however, may not scale well, as the number of connections between traffic classifiers increases rapidly with the number of traffic classifiers. In a preferred embodiment, traffic classifiers are interfaced with one another via a “central hub”, hereinafter referred to as a classification aggregator. The classification aggregator is tasked with transferring classification information from one traffic classifier to another traffic classifier. In one embodiment, the classification aggregator stores, in a central data store, classification information generated by each traffic classifier. Individual traffic classifiers may query the classification aggregator for classification information on an as-needed basis. Additionally or alternatively, classification information may be maintained locally in a cache at each traffic classifier and the cache may be periodically refreshed with up-to-date classification information stored at the classification aggregator. 
         [0009]    These and other embodiments of the invention are more fully described in association with the drawings below. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]    The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which: 
           [0011]      FIG. 1  depicts a system diagram with a collection of traffic classifiers communicatively coupled to a classification aggregator, according to one embodiment of the invention; 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  depicts a table storing classification information, according to one embodiment of the invention; 
           [0013]      FIG. 3  depicts a system diagram with classification aggregators organized in a hierarchical manner, according to one embodiment of the invention; 
           [0014]      FIG. 4  depicts a process for aggregating and distributing classification information, according to one embodiment of the invention; 
           [0015]      FIG. 5  depicts a process for aggregating and distributing classification information, according to another embodiment of the invention; 
           [0016]      FIG. 6  depicts a process for aggregating and distributing classification information, according to yet another embodiment of the invention; 
           [0017]      FIG. 7  depicts a flow chart describing a decision process governing whether an intercepted flow should be classified using classification information (e.g., mappings) or should be classified using conventional techniques, according to one embodiment of the invention; and 
           [0018]      FIG. 8  depicts components of a computer system in which computer readable instructions instantiating the methods of the present invention may be stored and executed. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0019]    In the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and in which are shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. It is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. Where possible, like steps or similar structure are labeled with identical reference numerals for clarity. 
         [0020]      FIG. 1  depicts a system, according to one embodiment of the invention, in which a collection of network devices ( 12 ,  14 ,  16 ,  18 ,  28 ,  30 ,  32  and  34 ) are interfaced with one another via a collection of traffic classifiers ( 20 ,  22 ,  24  and  26 ) and the collection of traffic classifiers ( 20 ,  22 ,  24  and  26 ) are in turn interfaced with one another via a classification aggregator  36 . For clarity, the former connections (between network devices and traffic classifiers) are shown in dashed lines, while the latter connections (between traffic classifiers and the classification aggregator) are shown in solid lines. Traffic classifiers intercept and classify the network traffic of the network devices. For instance, traffic classifier  24  intercepts and classifies the network traffic of network devices  16 ,  18  and  32 . 
         [0021]    Network devices ( 12 ,  14 ,  16 ,  18 ,  28 ,  30 ,  32  and  34 ) represent any of a variety of components of a network, and may include a client, a server, a client with a browser application, a web server, a mobile device (e.g., smartphone, iPhone™ iPad™ laptop), a tethered device (e.g., desktop computer), etc. A traffic classifier may be a proxy, a firewall, a router, a gateway, a PacketShaper™, or any other device that classifies network traffic according to application name. Regardless of the specific embodiments of a network device and a traffic classifier, what is important is that a traffic classifier is able to intercept and classify the network traffic between two (or more) network devices. In the instances where a traffic classifier is implemented as a PacketShaper™, the interception is generally transparent to the network devices (i.e., the network devices are not aware that its respective communication is being monitored and classified by an intermediary device). 
         [0022]    As previously described, the collection of traffic classifiers ( 20 ,  22 ,  24  and  26 ) are interfaced with one another via a classification aggregator  36  so that classification information may be shared between the traffic classifiers. It is contemplated that traffic classifiers may also be directly interfaced with one another, although these connections have not been depicted so as not to unnecessarily clutter the diagram. 
         [0023]    A simplified example will now be provided to illustrate the present collaborative application classification approach. Suppose network device  16  is a Facebook™ server, and network devices ( 28 ,  30 ,  32  and  34 ) are client devices executing Facebook™ applications or browsing the Facebook™ website. When network device  16  communicates with network device  32 , traffic classifier  24  may intercept and classify the communication flow according to a conventional classification process and in doing so, determine that the communication flow is associated with Facebook™. According to one embodiment of the invention, traffic classifier  24  abstracts this classification in the form of a mapping so that knowledge from this classification may readily be applied to classify other communication flows. The mapping generally associates one or more characteristics of the classified flow with the application name (in this instance Facebook™). The one or more characteristics should be a sufficient condition for the named application. That is, if any given communication flow matches the one or more characteristics, the mapping indicates that the communication flow is associated with Facebook™. A mapping generated by traffic classifier  24 , for example, may be (destination IP address=66.220.144.0, destination port number=80, protocol=TCP)-&gt;Facebook. This mapping is then distributed (or otherwise made accessible) to the other traffic classifiers ( 20 ,  22  and  26 ) via classification aggregator  36 . 
         [0024]    Subsequently, when traffic classifier  22  intercepts a communication flow between network device  16  and network device  28 , it determines the destination IP address, destination port number and protocol associated with the intercepted flow. Traffic classifier  22  may then communicate with classification aggregator  36  to determine whether any other traffic classifier has intercepted a flow with the same destination IP address, destination port number and protocol. If so, traffic classifier  22  can rely upon a previously generated mapping to identify the application name. Suppose traffic classifier  22  determines that the destination IP address=66.220.144.0, destination port number=80, and protocol=TCP. In this case, traffic classifier  22  can rely upon the mapping generated by traffic classifier  24  and conclude that the intercepted flow is also a Facebook™ communication. If no prior mapping for the identified communication flow characteristics is available, traffic classifier  22  may need to classify the intercepted flow according to conventional methods. 
         [0025]    In one embodiment, each traffic classifier generates mappings and temporarily stores the mappings in a buffer, before periodically sending these mappings to the classification aggregator  36  in batches at predetermined time intervals (e.g., once every hour, once every day, etc.) Alternatively, each time a traffic classifier creates a new mapping, it can immediately send that mapping to classification aggregator  36 . Mappings may be selectively shared with the classification aggregator. For instance, a traffic classifier may decide (for privacy reasons, etc.) that a mapping is not to be shared with the classification aggregator. More specifically, rules concerning the sharing of one or more mappings from a traffic classifier to the classification aggregator (or from the classification aggregator to a traffic classifier) may be configured by a network administrator. 
         [0026]    In one embodiment, classification aggregator includes a database that compiles and stores the mappings provided by the traffic classifiers.  FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary table of classification mappings, with each row recording a mapping in terms of its destination IP address, destination port number, communication protocol, and application name. 
         [0027]    Certain processing may be performed at the classification aggregator. For example, duplicate entries (e.g., duplicated mappings) may be deleted. Further, mappings may be organized in a certain fashion. For instance, all mappings that map to a common application name may be grouped together. In addition, entries that map to a common application name may be combined. For instance, the two entries (destination IP address=66.220.144.0, destination port number=80, protocol=TCP, Application Name=Facebook) and (destination IP address=66.220.144.0, destination port number=443, protocol=TCP, Application Name=Facebook) may be combined into the single entry (destination IP address=66.220.144.0, destination port number=80 &amp; 443, protocol=TCP, Application Name=Facebook). Likewise, a range of destination IP addresses may be recorded in a mapping. Stale mappings may be deleted. For instance, a mapping that has not be utilized and/or queried by any traffic classifier over a certain time period (e.g., 1 week, 1 month, 1 year, etc.) may be deleted. 
         [0028]    Access to the aggregated classification information (i.e., mappings) may be provided in several ways. In one embodiment, the aggregated classification information is only maintained at the classification aggregator and traffic classifiers access the aggregated classification information by submitting queries to the classification aggregator. The query may include the destination IP address, destination port number and protocol of an intercepted communication flow. The classification aggregator may search its collection of mappings to determine whether the information from the query matches any of the mappings. If there is a matching mapping, the application name specified by the matching mapping may be provided to the traffic classifier. If there is no matching mapping, the classification aggregator may notify the traffic classifier that there is no match. 
         [0029]    In one embodiment, when a traffic classifier queries the classification aggregator for the application name of an intercepted flow, the classification aggregator, in addition to transmitting the application name, may also transmit one or more of a security risk associated with the application associated with the application name and suggested policy information for the application. More specifically, the suggested policy information may specify one or more of admission control, traffic prioritization and bandwidth allocation for the application. 
         [0030]    In another embodiment, when a traffic classifier queries the classification aggregator for the application name of an intercepted flow, the classification aggregator, in addition to transmitting the application name, may also transmit one or more of the security risk associated with a host associated with the intercepted flow and suggested policy information for the host associated with the intercepted flow. More specifically, the suggested policy information may specify one or more of admission control, traffic prioritization and bandwidth allocation for the host associated with the intercepted flow. 
         [0031]    In another embodiment, aggregated classification information may be maintained both at the classification aggregator and locally in a cache at each traffic classifier. Upon the cached information becoming stale, the traffic classifier may request up-to-date classification information from the classification aggregator. Alternatively, the classification aggregator may periodically push classification information to each traffic classifier without need for a request. 
         [0032]    In one embodiment, all mappings collected by the classification aggregator are provided to each traffic classifier. In another embodiment, only selected mappings are provided to each traffic classifier. For instance, the classification aggregator may monitor the number of traffic classifiers that apply a particular mapping to classify communication flows. If a mapping is applied by a large number of traffic classifiers (e.g., number exceed a threshold), that mapping may be pushed to all traffic classifiers. In another embodiment, the classification aggregator may monitor the percentage of traffic classifiers (out of a total number of traffic classifiers interfaced with the classification aggregator) that apply a mapping. If that percentage exceeds a threshold, that mapping may be pushed to all traffic classifiers. In yet another embodiment, the classification aggregator may monitor the number of times a mapping is applied. If the number of times exceeds a threshold, that mapping may be pushed to all traffic classifiers. 
         [0033]    In another embodiment, mappings associated with certain application classes (or only certain application classes) may be pushed to all traffic classifiers interfaced with the classification aggregator. For instance, all mappings associated with peer-to-peer applications may be pushed to all traffic classifiers interfaced with the classification aggregator. 
         [0034]      FIG. 3  depicts a hierarchy of classification aggregators, according to one embodiment of the invention. In contrast to the system illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the system shown in  FIG. 3  includes three classification aggregators  64 ,  66  and  68  ( 64  and  66  being subordinate to  68 ). A hierarchy of classification aggregators may be useful in system where the network traffic of multiple enterprises (or different divisions or groups of a single enterprise) is classified. In the present example, oval  70  designates a network belonging to one enterprise (hereinafter, “Enterprise A”) and oval  72  designates a network belonging to another enterprise (hereinafter, “Enterprise B”). It is noted that network devices have not been depicted for ease of illustration, while it is understood that each traffic classifier depicted is still interposed between network devices, as previously described. The mappings created by Enterprise A may be useful for Enterprise B and vice versa, and these mappings may be shared by means of the hierarchy of classification aggregators. On the other hand, there may be mappings unique to Enterprise A that would never be useful for Enterprise B, and further, there may be mappings that Enterprise A does not desire to share with Enterprise B (for reasons of privacy, competition, etc.). In these cases, classification aggregator  64  may still collect these mappings and make these mappings accessible to traffic classifiers  52 ,  54  and  56  within Enterprise A. Further, classification aggregator  64  may choose not to share these mappings with classification aggregator  68 , and accordingly these mappings are never made known to traffic classifiers  58 ,  60  and  62 . In another embodiment, a subordinate classification aggregator may share (or may not share) classification information associated with a particular application class. For example, classification aggregator  64  may not share classification information associated with peer-to-peer applications. In one embodiment, one enterprise determines whether to share or not share one or more mappings with another enterprise based on rules configured by a network administrator. 
         [0035]      FIGS. 4 ,  5  and  6  depict certain processes associated with the aggregation, storage and distribution of classification information.  FIG. 4  begins with traffic classifier  52  intercepting a communication flow (step  102 ), followed by traffic classifier  52  classifying the communication flow by application name (step  104 ) according to conventional methods. Classification may proceed according to conventional methods for a variety of reasons. For instance, no existing classification information (e.g., mappings) may be available to assist traffic classifier  52  with its classification. Even if classification information were available, it is possible that it is stale and cannot be used. At step  106 , traffic classifier  52  may transmit abstracted classification information in the form of a mapping (e.g., (destination IP address=x, destination port number=y, protocol=z)-&gt;application name=w) to classification aggregator  64 . At step  108 , classification aggregator  64  may store the received mapping in a data store. The data store may include a plurality of entries, each entry including a mapping received from the traffic classifiers. While not depicted, steps  102 ,  104 ,  106  may be repeated by traffic classifier  52 , and also may be performed by traffic classifiers  54  and  56 , resulting in a large number of mappings being stored at classification aggregator  64 . In steps  110  and  112 , classification aggregator  64  distributes the mappings (all or a selection thereof) to traffic classifiers  54  and  56 . The distributed mappings may refresh a local cache of mappings maintained at traffic classifiers  54  and  56 . 
         [0036]      FIG. 5  depicts an alternate embodiment in which traffic classifiers may access individual mappings stored at classification aggregator  64  via a query-based approach. Steps  102 ,  104 ,  106  and  108  proceed as in  FIG. 4 , and as a result of such steps, classification information is stored at classification aggregator  64 . In step  116 , traffic classifier  54  transmits a query to the classification aggregator  64 . The query may include the destination IP address, destination port number and protocol of a communication flow intercepted by traffic classifier  54 . Classification aggregator  64  may search through its data store (step  118 ) to determine whether or not the destination IP address, destination port number and protocol identified in the query correspond to that of any previously classified flow (e.g., any mapping present in the data store). If so, classification aggregator  64  transmits the corresponding application name to traffic classifier  54  (step  120 ). 
         [0037]      FIG. 6  depicts an alternate scenario in which classification aggregator  64  searches through the data store (step  118 ), but fails to find a corresponding mapping. If this happens, classification aggregator  64  may inform traffic classifier  54  that the destination IP address, destination port number and protocol identified in the query were not found (step  122 ). As a result, the traffic classifier  54  may classify the intercepted communication flow using conventional methods (step  104 ). Upon classifying the intercepted communication flow, traffic classifier  54  may share the newly determined classification information (e.g., in the form of a mapping) with classification aggregator  64  (step  106 ). The classification aggregator  64  may store the newly determined mapping as an entry in its data store, if such entry does not already exist (step  108 ). 
         [0038]      FIG. 7  depicts a flow diagram which provides additional detail as to how a traffic classifier may determine whether an intercepted communication flow should be classified using existing classification information (e.g., mappings) or whether an intercepted communication flow should be classified by conventional methods.  FIG. 7  shares certain steps of  FIGS. 4-6 , indicating that certain steps of  FIGS. 4-6  can be understood as specific traversals through the flow diagram of  FIG. 7 . 
         [0039]    At step  102 , a traffic classifier intercepts a communication flow. At step  150 , the traffic classifier may determine whether classification information (e.g., mappings) at a local cache (e.g., a cache local to the traffic classifier) can be used to classify the intercepted flow. A match in the destination IP address, destination port number and protocol of the intercepted flow and an entry in the local cache may indicate that classification information of the cache may be used to classify the intercepted flow. Upon finding a match, it may also be necessary to retrieve a TTL (time-to-live) parameter associated with the cached entry that indicates whether the cached entry is “still fresh” and can be used, or whether the entry is “stale” and cannot be used. If a match is found that is not stale, the intercepted flow is classified using classification information from the local cache (step  152 ). 
         [0040]    If a match is not found, or if a match is found that is stale, the traffic classifier may determine whether classification information (e.g., mappings) at the classification aggregator can be used to classify the intercepted communication flow (step  154 ). A match in the destination IP address, destination port number and protocol of the intercepted flow and an entry in the classification aggregator may indicate that classification information of the classification aggregator may be used to classify the intercepted flow. If a match is found, classification information from the classification aggregator may be stored at the local cache ( 156 ) and further may be used to classify the intercepted communication flow ( 158 ). 
         [0041]    If a match is not found, the intercepted flow may be classified using conventional methods (step  104 ). The classification of the intercepted flow may be abstracted into classification information (e.g., mappings), which may be stored at a local cache (step  156 ) and may further be shared with the classification aggregator ( 106 ). As previously described, such sharing of classification information with the classification aggregator may be performed periodically or immediately after the classification information is generated. 
         [0042]    As is apparent from the foregoing discussion, aspects of the present invention involve the use of various computer systems and computer readable storage media having computer-readable instructions stored thereon.  FIG. 8  provides an example of a computer system  200  that is representative of any of the network devices, traffic classifiers and classification aggregators discussed herein. Note, not all of the various computer systems may have all of the features of computer system  200 . For example, certain of the computer systems discussed above may not include a display inasmuch as the display function may be provided by a client computer communicatively coupled to the computer system or a display function may be unnecessary. Such details are not critical to the present invention. 
         [0043]    Computer system  200  includes a bus  202  or other communication mechanism for communicating information, and a processor  204  coupled with the bus  202  for processing information. Computer system  200  also includes a main memory  206 , such as a random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device, coupled to the bus  202  for storing information and instructions to be executed by processor  204 . Main memory  206  also may be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed by processor  204 . Computer system  200  further includes a read only memory (ROM)  208  or other static storage device coupled to the bus  202  for storing static information and instructions for the processor  204 . A storage device  210 , which may be one or more of a floppy disk, a flexible disk, a hard disk, flash memory-based storage medium, magnetic tape or other magnetic storage medium, a compact disk (CD)-ROM, a digital versatile disk (DVD)-ROM, or other optical storage medium, or any other storage medium from which processor  204  can read, is provided and coupled to the bus  202  for storing information and instructions (e.g., operating systems, applications programs and the like). 
         [0044]    Computer system  200  may be coupled via the bus  202  to a display  212 , such as a flat panel display, for displaying information to a computer user. An input device  214 , such as a keyboard including alphanumeric and other keys, is coupled to the bus  202  for communicating information and command selections to the processor  204 . Another type of user input device is cursor control device  216 , such as a mouse, a trackball, or cursor direction keys for communicating direction information and command selections to processor  204  and for controlling cursor movement on the display  212 . Other user interface devices, such as microphones, speakers, etc. are not shown in detail but may be involved with the receipt of user input and/or presentation of output. 
         [0045]    The processes referred to herein may be implemented by processor  204  executing appropriate sequences of computer-readable instructions contained in main memory  206 . Such instructions may be read into main memory  206  from another computer-readable medium, such as storage device  210 , and execution of the sequences of instructions contained in the main memory  206  causes the processor  204  to perform the associated actions. In alternative embodiments, hard-wired circuitry or firmware-controlled processing units (e.g., field programmable gate arrays) may be used in place of or in combination with processor  204  and its associated computer software instructions to implement the invention. The computer-readable instructions may be rendered in any computer language including, without limitation, C#, C/C++, Fortran, COBOL, PASCAL, assembly language, markup languages (e.g., HTML, SGML, XML, VoXML), and the like, as well as object-oriented environments such as the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA), Java™ and the like. In general, all of the aforementioned terms are meant to encompass any series of logical steps performed in a sequence to accomplish a given purpose, which is the hallmark of any computer-executable application. Unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be appreciated that throughout the description of the present invention, use of terms such as “processing”, “computing”, “calculating”, “determining”, “displaying” or the like, refer to the action and processes of an appropriately programmed computer system, such as computer system  200  or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within its registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within its memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices. 
         [0046]    Computer system  200  also includes a communication interface  218  coupled to the bus  202 . Communication interface  218  provides a two-way data communication channel with a computer network, which provides connectivity to and among the various computer systems discussed above. For example, communication interface  218  may be a local area network (LAN) card to provide a data communication connection to a compatible LAN, which itself is communicatively coupled to the Internet through one or more Internet service provider networks. The precise details of such communication paths are not critical to the present invention. What is important is that computer system  200  can send and receive messages and data through the communication interface  218  and in that way communicate with hosts accessible via the Internet. 
         [0047]    The various databases described herein are computer-based record keeping systems. Stated differently, these databases are each a combination of computer hardware and software that act together to allow for the storage and retrieval of information (data). Accordingly, they may resemble computer system  200 , and are often characterized by having storage mediums capable of accommodating significant amounts of information. 
         [0048]    Thus, methods, devices and computer-readable media for performing collaborative application classification have been described. It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The scope of the invention should, therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.