Abstract:
An electrochemical cell having an enclosure comprised of an enclosure body portion composed of a relatively high electrical resistivity material and an enclosure lid portion composed of a ductile material is discussed. The body portion of the enclosure preferably comprises Grade 5 or 23 titanium and the lid portion preferably comprises Grade 1 or 2 titanium. The enclosure lid is joined to the body of the enclosure through a welding process such as laser welding. The combination of these differing materials provides an enclosure that effectively retards the occurrence of eddy current induced heating as well as provides an enclosure that is more mechanically robust.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/483,319, filed May 6, 2011. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]    The present invention relates to the art of electrochemical cells, and more particularly, to an improved electrochemical cell comprising dissimilar metals. More specifically, the present invention is of an electrochemical cell and manufacturing process thereof comprising an electrochemical enclosure composed of dissimilar metals. 
       PRIOR ART  
       [0003]    The recent rapid development in small-sized electronic devices having various shape and size requirements requires comparably small-sized electrochemical cells of different designs that can be easily manufactured and used in these electronic devices. Preferably, the electrochemical cell has a high energy density of a robust construction. Such electrochemical cells are commonly used to power automated implantable medical devices (AIMD) such as pacemakers, neurostimulators, defibrillators and the like. 
         [0004]    One commonly used cell configuration is a secondary or rechargeable electrochemical cell. These secondary electrochemical cells are designed to reside within the medical device and remain implanted within the body over long periods of time of up to 5 to 10 years or more. As such, these secondary electrochemical cells are required to be recharged from time to time to replenish electrical energy to the cell and power the medical device. 
         [0005]    Secondary electrochemical cells, such as those used to power automated implantable medical devices, are commonly recharged through an inductive means whereby energy is wirelessly transferred from an external charging device through the body of the patient to the cell residing within the AIMD. Electro-magnetic (EM) induction, in which EM fields are sent by an external charger to the cell within the AIMD is a common means through which the electrochemical cell is recharged. Thus, when the electrochemical cell requires recharging, the patient can activate the external charger to transcutaneously (i.e., through the patient&#39;s body) recharge the cell. 
         [0006]    During the recharging process, a portion of the external charging unit comprising a plurality of charging coils is generally placed near the AIMD outside the patient&#39;s body. Due to this close proximity, the magnetic field produced by the charge coil(s) may induce eddy current heating of the electrochemical cell enclosure or casing. Eddy current heating of the electrochemical cell enclosure generally occurs when eddy currents, emanating from the charging coil, interact with the conductive material of the enclosure. This interaction generates heat therewithin. 
         [0007]    Eddy current heating results when a conductive material experiences changes in a magnetic field. In the case of recharging an electrochemical cell within an implanted medical device, eddy current heating occurs as the varying magnetic fields emanating from the coils of the external charging unit move past the stationary cell enclosure. Eddy current heating is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field and the thickness of the conductive material. In addition, eddy current heating is inversely proportional to electrical resistivity and density of the material. Therefore, eddy current heating can be reduced by lowering the intensity of the magnetic field and the use of a material of increased electrical resistivity and reduced thickness. 
         [0008]    Over a period of time, as the AIMD is recharged, the phenomena of eddy current heating therefore may result in excessive heating of the cell enclosure. This, therefore, could adversely affect the function of the electrochemical cell and/or the AIMD within which it resides. 
         [0009]    Currently, device recharging rates and recharge time intervals must be limited to minimize the possibility of excessive heating. This results in reduced battery charge capacities which, therefore, increases the charging time interval. In addition, the number of electrochemical cell recharging events may need to be increased to compensate for the reduced charge capacity. Therefore, the patient is required to recharge the electrochemical cell more frequently and for longer periods of time equating to an overall longer period of recharging time. 
         [0010]    Therefore, what is desired is an electrochemical enclosure that minimizes eddy current heating and thus allows for increased charge rates and reduced charging times. In an embodiment of the present invention, the reduction of eddy current heating is accomplished through the use of an enclosure composed of a material comprising a relatively high electrical resistivity. Examples of such materials include Grades 5 and 23 titanium which comprise various amounts of vanadium and aluminum. Specifically, these grades of titanium comprise about four percent vanadium and about six percent aluminum. As such, these materials exhibit relatively high electrical resistivity, which minimize eddy current heating. 
         [0011]    However, these grades of titanium are generally known to be more refractive as compared to other materials, particularly other titanium alloys and, therefore, to exhibit an increased brittleness and hardness. As a result, forming an enclosure of Grade 5 or 23 titanium is difficult. For example, forming processes used during the manufacture of an electrochemical cell enclosure such as drawing, forming, rolling, stamping and punching are limited due to the material&#39;s increased brittle properties. 
         [0012]    Furthermore, the ability to withstand case deformation caused by normal swelling of the electrochemical cell over time is also limited. Such swelling and repeated stress cycling due to repeated charge-discharge cycles may crack the enclosure or cell case, which may result in a breach of the cell&#39;s hermetic seal. Such a loss of hermeticity could allow for leakage of material from within the cell that could damage the AIMD. 
         [0013]    Therefore, what is needed is an electrochemical cell enclosure that is both mechanically robust and resistive to eddy current heating. The present invention addresses the shortcomings of the prior art by providing an electrochemical cell comprising an enclosure that is both resistive to eddy current heating, mechanically robust and easily manufacturable. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0014]    The present invention relates to an electrochemical cell and method of manufacture thereof comprising an enclosure composed of a combination of dissimilar materials. Specifically, the enclosure of the electrochemical cell comprises a main enclosure body portion composed of a relatively high electrical resistivity material, such as Grade 5 or 23 titanium and an enclosure lid portion composed of a more ductile material, such as Grade 1 or 2 titanium. The enclosure lid is joined to the body of the enclosure through a welding process such as laser welding. 
         [0015]    The combination of these differing materials provides an enclosure that effectively retards the occurrence of eddy current heat as well as provides an enclosure that is more mechanically robust. Specifically, the electrochemical cell enclosure of the present invention is a combination of eddy current resistive Grade 5 or 23 titanium metals with that of the more ductile Grade 1 or 2 titanium metals, thereby providing an electrochemical enclosure that is both resistive to eddy currents and mechanically tough. 
         [0016]    The joining of a more ductile material, such as Grade I or 2 titanium, to the more brittle Grade 5 or 23 titanium, blends the added benefits of each of the opposing material properties. Specifically, the eddy current induced heating is retarded by use of an enclosure body portion of increased ductility joined to a lid portion in a hermetic manner. In particular, the titanium alloy formed at the weld joint between these two diverse materials exhibits mechanical properties that lie between the extremes of the two opposing titanium grades. A titanium composite material that is both mechanically strong and durable is formed where the different titanium grades are joined. Therefore, the enclosure of the electrochemical cell is more able to expand and contract to withstand the mechanical stresses of cell swelling as well as provide a more robust cell design that is able to endure subsequent processing steps. 
         [0017]    Within the enclosure body of the electrochemical cell resides the cell components which generate electrochemical energy therewithin. These components may comprise at least one of an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte. A perspective view of a typical prismatic electrochemical cell  10  is shown in  FIG. 1 . The cell  10  includes an enclosure or casing  12  having spaced-apart front and back walls  14  and  16  joined by curved end walls  18  and  20  and a curved bottom wall  22 . The enclosure has an opening  24  provided in a lid portion  26  used for filling the enclosure  12  with an electrolyte after the cell components have been assembled therein. In its fully assembled condition shown in  FIG. 1 , a closure means  28  is hermetically sealed in opening  24  to close the cell. A terminal pin  30  is electrically insulated from the lid portion  26  and casing  12  by a glass-to metal seal  32 , as is well known to those skilled in the art. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0018]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an electrochemical cell  10 . 
           [0019]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view illustrating an exemplar electrochemical cell  50  comprising an enclosure of the present invention. 
           [0020]      FIG. 3  is a top view of an enclosure lid of the present invention. 
           [0021]      FIG. 3A  is a side view of the enclosure body of the electrochemical cell of the present invention. 
           [0022]      FIG. 4  illustrates a perspective view of the enclosure lid being joined to the enclosure body of an electrochemical cell. 
           [0023]      FIG. 5  is a micrograph showing the microstructure of the weld joint between an enclosure lid composed of grade 5 titanium and an enclosure body composed of grade 5 titanium. 
           [0024]      FIG. 6  is a micrograph showing the microstructure of a weld joint between an enclosure lid composed of grade 2 titanium and an enclosure body composed of grade 5 titanium. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0025]    Referring now to  FIG. 2  there is shown an exemplar electrochemical cell  50  incorporating an electrochemical cell enclosure  52  of the present invention comprising two dissimilar materials. Specifically, the enclosure  52  comprises an enclosure body portion  54  and an enclosure lid portion  56  that are joined together. In a preferred embodiment, the enclosure body  54  is composed of a material of a relatively high electrical resistivity such as Grade 5 or Grade 23 titanium and the enclosure lid portion  56  is composed of a more ductile material such as Grade 1 or Grade 2 titanium. 
         [0026]    Within the enclosure  52  resides at least one of an anode electrode  58  and a cathode electrode  60  providing an electrode assembly  62  that produces electrical energy therewithin. The anode and cathode electrodes  58 ,  60  are activated by an electrolyte. 
         [0027]    In a first embodiment of the present invention, the body portion  54  of the enclosure  52  is formed similarly to that of a container. The body portion  54  of the enclosure  52  comprises a sidewall  64  that encompasses an enclosure space  66  therewithin. The enclosure sidewall  64  extends from a bottom enclosure end  68  to a top open end  70 . 
         [0028]    In an embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 4 , the body portion  54  of the enclosure  52  may have a curved cross-section. Alternatively, the body portion  54  may comprise a cross-section of a shape that is rectangular, elliptical or circular. In a preferred embodiment, the body portion  54  of the enclosure  52  has a body height  72  ranging from about 0.5 inches to about 2 inches, a body width  74  ranging from about 0.1 inches to about 0.5 inches and a body depth  76  ( FIG. 4 ) ranging from about 0.5 inches to about 2.0 inches. In addition, the body portion  54  comprises a body sidewall thickness  78  ranging from about 0.01 inches to about 0.10 inches. The thickness of the sidewall  64  is designed to reduce the occurrence of eddy current heating. 
         [0029]    The lid portion  56  of the enclosure  52  is designed to cover and seal the open end  70  of the enclosure  52  therewithin. In an embodiment, the lid portion  56  is of an elongated length  80  with curved ends  82  ( FIG. 3 ). Preferably, the ends  82  of the lid portion  56  have a radius of curvature  84  ranging from about 0.01 inches to about 2.0 inches. Alternatively, the ends of the lid portion  56  may be non-curved with a rectangular or square end. These curved ends  82 , which are joined to the body portion of the enclosure  52 , reduce mechanical stresses and provide a more robust design. 
         [0030]    In a preferred embodiment, the length  80  of the lid portion  56  ranges from about 0.5 inches to about 2 inches, a lid width  86  ranges from about 0.1 inches to about 0.5 inches and a lid thickness  88  ranges from about 0.01 inches to about 0.25 inches. 
         [0031]    As previously mentioned, the body portion and lid portions  54 ,  56  are comprised of biocompatible conductive materials. In a preferred embodiment, the body portion  54  is composed of a material of a relatively high electrical resistivity. Preferably, the electrical resistivity of the body portion  54  ranges from about 1.0×10 −4  ohm-cm to about 2.0×10 −1  ohm-cm measured at about 37° C. Most preferably, the body portion  54  of the enclosure  52  is composed of Grade 5 or 23 titanium. 
         [0032]    In comparison, lid portion  56  of the enclosure  52  is composed of a biocompatible material that is relatively more ductile, i.e. of a material that is less hard than the material comprising the body portion  54 . Preferably, the lid portion  56  is composed of a material having a Vickers hardness (HK100) value ranging from 100 to 300. Most preferably, the lid portion  56  is composed of Grade 1 or 2 titanium. 
         [0033]    Although it is preferred that the body portion  54  is composed of a material having a greater electrical resistivity than the material comprising the lid portion  56 , it is contemplated that the lid portion  56  could be composed of a material having a greater electrical resistivity than the body portion  54 . In this alternate embodiment, the lid portion  56  is composed of Grade 5 or 23 titanium and the body portion  54  is composed of Grade 1 or 2 titanium. 
         [0034]    Grade 1 titanium, as defined by ASTM specification B348, is a conductive material of a composition comprising the following weight percentages: carbon (C) less than about 0.10, iron (Fe) less than about 0.20, hydrogen (H) less than about 0.015, nitrogen (N) less than about 0.03, oxygen (O) less than about 0.18, and the remainder comprising titanium (Ti). 
         [0035]    Grade 2 titanium, as defined by ASTM specification B348, is a conductive material of a composition comprising the following weight percentages: carbon (C) less than about 0.10, iron (Fe) less than about 0.30, hydrogen (H) less than about 0.015, nitrogen (N) less than about 0.03, oxygen (O) less than about 0.25, and the remainder comprising titanium (Ti), 
         [0036]    Grade 5 titanium, as defined by ASTM B348, is a conductive material of a composition comprising the following weight percents: carbon (C) less than about 0.10, iron (Fe) less than about 0.40, hydrogen (H) less than about 0.015, nitrogen (N) less than about 0.05, oxygen (O) less than about 0.20, vanadium (V) ranging from about 3.5 to about 4.5, and the remainder comprising titanium (Ti). 
         [0037]    Grade 23 titanium, as defined by ASTM B348, is a conductive material of a composition comprising the following weight percents: carbon (C) less than about 0.08, iron (Fe) less than about 0.25, nitrogen (N) less than about 0.05, oxygen (O) less than about 0.2, aluminum (Al) ranging from about 5.5 to about 6.76, vanadium (V) ranging from about 3.5 to about 4.5, hydrogen (H) less than about 0.015, the remainder titanium (Ti). 
         [0038]    Grade 1 titanium has an electrical resistivity of about 4.5×10 −5  ohm-cm and Grade 2 titanium has an electrical resistivity of about 5.2×10 −5  ohm-cm. In comparison, Grade 5 titanium has an electrical resistivity of about 1.78×10 −4  ohm-cm and Grade 23 titanium has an electrical resistivity of about 1.71×10 −1  ohm-cm ( ASM Material Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys , Rodney Boyer, Gerhard Weisch, and E. W. Collings, p. 180, 497-498, 2003). As given by the data above, Grades 5 and 23 have an electrical resistivity that is greater than Grades 1 and 2 titanium. 
         [0039]    Once the body portion  54  and the lid portion  56  of the enclosure  52  are formed to the desired form and dimensions, the lid portion  56  is positioned over the top open end  70  of the body portion  54 . Thus, the positioning of the lid portion  56  with the enclosure body  54  seals the enclosure space  66  therewithin. Alternatively, the lid portion  56  may also be positioned at the bottom end of the body portion  54  of the enclosure  52 , sealing the enclosure space  66  therewithin if desired. 
         [0040]    Prior to joining the lid portion  56  to the body portion  54  of the enclosure  52 , the electrode assembly  62  is positioned within the enclosure space  66  of the body portion  54 . Once the assembly  62  is appropriately positioned therewithin, the lid portion  56  is fit over the opening of the body portion  54  of the enclosure  52 . In a preferred embodiment, the outer perimeter of the lid portion  56  is positioned within an interior body perimeter formed by the interior wall surface of the body portion  54 . Alternatively, the lid portion  56  may be positioned such that the bottom surface of the lid portion  56  contacts the sidewall of the body portion  54 . 
         [0041]    As shown in  FIG. 4 , the lid portion  56  is joined to the body portion  54  of the enclosure  52  by welding. In a preferred embodiment, a laser beam  90 , emanating from a laser weld instrument  92 , is focused between the perimeter of the lid portion  56  and an inner perimeter of the sidewall forming a weld joint  94  therebetween. Alternatively, other joining methods such as resistance welding, arc welding, magnetic pulse welding, or soldering may also be used to join the lid portion  56  to the body portion  54 . It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that conventional welding parameters may be used in joining the two portions  54 ,  56  together. 
         [0042]      FIGS. 5 and 6  illustrate embodiments of the microstructure of the weld joint  94  between the lid and body portions  56 ,  54  of the enclosure  52 . Specifically,  FIG. 5  shows the microstructure of a laser weld joint  94  formed between a lid portion  56  and the body portion  54  both of Grade 5 titanium.  FIG. 6  shows the microstructure of the weld joint  94  formed between the lid portion  56  comprised of Grade 1 titanium and the enclosure body portion  54  comprised of Grade 5 titanium. More specifically,  FIG. 6  shows the microstructure of a laser weld joint  94  formed between the Grade 1 titanium lid  56  and the Grade 5 titanium body portion  54 . 
         [0043]    As can be seen in the micrograph of  FIG. 5 , the microstructure exhibits a mirror planes area  96  inter-dispersed with titanium grain structures  98 . In comparison, the microstructure shown in  FIG. 6 , exhibits a random titanium grain structure, which is structurally stronger in terms of its tensile strength than the mirror planes of  FIG. 5 . 
         [0044]    A series of micro-hardness measurements were taken o weld joints shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 . Table I shown below, details the micro-hardness measurements of the weld joint  94  formed between the lid and body portions  56 ,  54  of the enclosure  52 . 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Body Portion 
                 Lid Portion 
                 Weld Joint 
               
               
                   
                 HK100 
                 Hardness 
                 Hardness 
                 Hardness 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Grade 5 Ti Body 
                 350-400 
                 320-440 
                 410-440 
               
               
                   
                 Grade 5 Ti Lid 
               
               
                   
                 Grade 5 Ti Body 
                 350-400 
                 100-200 
                 220-320 
               
               
                   
                 Grade 1 Ti Lid 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0045]    As shown above, the micro-hardness measurements of the weld joint between the Grade 5 titanium body portion  54  and Grade 1 titanium lid portion  56  are lower in comparison to the micro-hardness measurements of the weld joint between the Grade 5 Ti body and lid portions  54 ,  56 . As shown by the data above, the weld joint between the body portion and lid portion composed of titanium Grades 5 and 1 respectively are less brittle and therefore are more robust than the weld joint between the Grade 5 titanium body and lid portions  54 ,  56 . 
         [0046]    Based on the measured micro-hardness values above, a weld joint between Grades 5 or 23 titanium to that of Grades 1 or 2 titanium is preferred to that of a weld joint between two pieces of Grade 5 titanium. As shown above, a weld joint, specifically a laser weld joint, formed between the different grades of titanium having a HK100 Vickers micro-hardness ranging from about 150 to 350 is preferred. 
         [0047]    In addition, a pressure test was performed which compared the strength and integrity of the different weld joints  94  of the cell enclosures  52 . A total of ten enclosures  52  were tested. Five enclosures were constructed with Grade 5 titanium body and lid portions  54 ,  56 , and five enclosures  52  were constructed with a combination of Grade 5 titanium body portion  54  and a Grade 1 titanium lid  56 . A laser weld  94  was used to join and seal the lid portion.  56  to the body portion  54  for all enclosure samples. 
         [0048]    During the test, a stream of water was introduced into the enclosure space  66  of each of the enclosures  52  until the weld joint  94  ruptured. The increasing pressure, in pounds per square inch (PSI), was measured and the resulting rupture pressure was recorded. Results of the pressure test showed that the weld joint  94  between the Grade 5 titanium body portion  54  and the Grade 1 lid portion  56 , withstood an average pressure of about 1,497 PSI, whereas, the weld joint  94  between the Grade 5 titanium enclosure body and lid portions  54 ,  56 , withstood an average of about 767 PSI. Thus, the enclosure  52  comprising the Grade 5 titanium body portion  54  and the Grade 1 titanium lid.  56 , with the greater rupture pressure, is considered to be more robust than the enclosure  52  comprising the Grade 5 titanium body and lid portions  54 ,  56 . 
         [0049]    Referring back to  FIG. 2  of the exemplar electrochemical cell  50  of the present invention the cell  50  is constructed in what is generally referred to as a case negative orientation with the anode components  58  electrically connected to the enclosure or casing body or lid portions  54 ,  56  via the anode current collector  94  while the cathode components  60  are electrically connected to a terminal pin  30  via a cathode current collector  96 . Alternatively, a case positive cell design may be constructed by reversing the connections. In other words, terminal pin  30  is connected to the anode components  58  via the anode current collector  94  and the cathode components  60  are connected to the casing body or lid portions  54 ,  56  via the cathode current collector  96 . 
         [0050]    Both anode current collectors  94  and the cathode current collector  96  are composed of an electrically conductive material. It should be noted that the electrochemical cell  50  of the present invention, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , can be of either a rechargeable (secondary) or non-rechargeable (primary) chemistry of a case negative or case positive design. The specific geometry and chemistry of the electrochemical cell  50  can be of a wide variety that meets the requirements of a particular primary and/or secondary cell application. 
         [0051]    As previously mentioned, the present invention is applicable to either primary or secondary electrochemical cells. A primary electrochemical cell that possesses sufficient energy density and discharge capacity for the rigorous requirements of implantable medical devices comprises a lithium anode or its alloys, for example, Li—Si, Li—Al, Li—B and Li—Si—B. The form of the anode may vary, but preferably it is of a thin sheet or foil pressed or rolled on a metallic anode current collector  34 . 
         [0052]    The cathode of a primary cell is of electrically conductive material, preferably a solid material. The solid cathode may comprise a metal element, a metal oxide, a mixed metal oxide, and a metal sulfide, and combinations thereof. A preferred cathode active material is selected from the group consisting of silver vanadium oxide, copper silver vanadium oxide, manganese dioxide, cobalt nickel, nickel oxide, copper oxide, copper sulfide, iron sulfide, iron disulfide, titanium disulfide, copper vanadium oxide, and mixtures thereof. 
         [0053]    Before fabrication into an electrode for incorporation into an electrochemical cell  50 , the cathode active material is mixed with a binder material such as a powdered fluoro-polymer, more preferably powdered polytetrafluoroethylene or powdered polyvinylidene fluoride present at about 1 to about 5 weight percent of the cathode mixture. Further, up to about 10 weight percent of a conductive diluent is preferably added to the cathode mixture to improve conductivity. Suitable materials for this purpose include acetylene black, carbon black and/or graphite or a metallic powder such as powdered nickel, aluminum, titanium and stainless steel. The preferred cathode active mixture thus includes a powdered fluoro-polymer binder present at about 3 weight percent, a conductive diluent present at about 3 weight percent and about 94 weight percent of the cathode active material. 
         [0054]    The cathode component  60  may be prepared by rolling, spreading or pressing the cathode active mixture onto a suitable cathode current collector  96 . Cathodes prepared as described above are preferably in the form of a strip wound with a corresponding strip of anode material in a structure similar to a “jellyroll” or a flat-folded electrode stack. 
         [0055]    In order to prevent internal short circuit conditions, the cathode  60  is separated from the anode  58  by a separator membrane  100 . The separator membrane  100  is preferably made of a fabric woven from fluoropolymeric fibers including polyvinylidine fluoride, polyethylenetetrafluoroethylene, and polyethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene used either alone or laminated with a fluoropolymeric microporous film, non-woven glass, polypropylene, polyethylene, glass fiber materials, ceramics, polytetrafluoroethylene membrane commercially available under the designation ZITEX (Chemplast Inc.), polypropylene membrane commercially available under the designation CELGARD (Celanese Plastic Company, Inc.) and a membrane commercially available under the designation DEXIGLAS (C. H. Dexter, Div., Dexter Corp.). 
         [0056]    A primary electrochemical cell includes a nonaqueous, ionically conductive electrolyte having an inorganic, ionically conductive salt dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent and, more preferably, a lithium salt dissolved in a mixture of a low viscosity solvent and a high permittivity solvent. The salt serves as the vehicle for migration of the anode ions to intercalate or react with the cathode active material and suitable salts include LiPF 5 , LiBF 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiSbF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiO 2 , LiAlCl 4 , LiGaCl 4 , LiC(SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 , LiN(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiSCN, LiO 3 SCF 3 , LiC 6 F 5 SO 3 , LiO 2 CCF 3 , LiSO 6 F, LiB(C 6 H 5 ) 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , and mixtures thereof. 
         [0057]    Suitable low viscosity solvents include esters, linear and cyclic ethers and dialkyl carbonates such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), methyl acetate (MA), diglyme, trigylme, tetragylme, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), 1,2-diethoxyethane (DEE), 1-ethoxy,2-methoxyethane (EME), ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, and mixtures thereof. High permittivity solvents include cyclic carbonates, cyclic esters and cyclic amides such as propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), butylene carbonate, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl, formamide, dimethyl acetamide, γ-valerolactone, γ-butyrolactone (GEL), N-methyl-pyrrolidinone (NMP), and mixtures thereof. The preferred electrolyte for a lithium primary cell is 0.8M to 1.5M LiAsF 6  or LiPF 6  dissolved in a 50:50 mixture, by volume, of PC as the preferred high permittivity solvent and DME as the preferred low viscosity solvent. 
         [0058]    By way of example, in an illustrative case negative primary cell, the active material of cathode body is silver vanadium oxide as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,310,609 and 4,391,729 to Liang et al., or copper silver vanadium oxide as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,472,810 and 5,516,340 to Takeuchi et al., all assigned to the assignee of the present invention, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
         [0059]    In secondary electrochemical systems, the anode  58  comprises a material capable of intercalating and de-intercalating the alkali metal, and preferably lithium. A carbonaceous anode comprising any of the various forms of carbon (e.g., coke, graphite, acetylene black, carbon black, glassy carbon, etc.), which are capable of reversibly retaining the lithium species, is preferred. Graphite is particularly preferred due to its relatively high lithium-retention capacity. Regardless of the form of the carbon, fibers of the carbonaceous material are particularly advantageous because they have excellent mechanical properties that permit them to be fabricated into rigid electrodes capable of withstanding degradation during repeated charge/discharge cycling. 
         [0060]    The cathode  60  of a secondary cell preferably comprises a lithiated material that is stable in air and readily handled. Examples of such air-stable lithiated cathode materials include oxides, sulfides, selenides, and tellurides of such metals as vanadium, titanium, chromium, copper, molybdenum, niobium, iron, nickel, cobalt and manganese. The more preferred oxides include LiNiO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiCoO 2 , LiCo 0.92 Sn 0.08 O 2  and LiCo 1-x Ni x O 2 , LiFePO 4 , LiNi x Mn y Co 1-x-y O 2 , and LiNi x Co y Al 1-x-y O 2 . 
         [0061]    The lithiated active material is preferably mixed with a conductive additive selected from acetylene black, carbon black, graphite, and powdered metals of nickel, aluminum, titanium and stainless steel. The electrode further comprises a fluoro-resin binder, preferably in a powder form, such as PTFE, PVDF, ETFE, polyamides and polyimides, and mixtures thereof. The current collector  94 ,  96  is selected from stainless steel, titanium, tantalum, platinum, gold, aluminum, cobalt nickel alloys, highly alloyed ferritic stainless steel containing molybdenum and chromium, and nickel-, chromium- and molybdenum-containing alloys. 
         [0062]    Suitable secondary electrochemical systems are comprised of nonaqueous electrolytes of an inorganic salt dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent and more preferably an alkali metal salt dissolved in a quaternary mixture of organic carbonate solvents comprising dialkyl (non-cyclic) carbonates selected from dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), methyl propyl carbonate (MPC) and ethyl propyl carbonate (EPC), and mixtures thereof, and at least one cyclic carbonate selected from propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), butylene carbonate (BC) and vinylene carbonate (VC), and mixtures thereof. Organic carbonates are generally used in the electrolyte solvent system for such battery chemistries because they exhibit high oxidative stability toward cathode materials and good kinetic stability toward anode materials. 
         [0063]    The enclosure lid portion  56  comprises an opening to accommodate the glass-to-metal seal/terminal pin feedthrough for the cathode electrode. The anode or counter electrode is preferably connected to the body portion  54  of the enclosure  52  or the lid portion  56 . An additional opening is provided for electrolyte filling. The cell is thereafter filled with the electrolyte solution described hereinabove and hermetically sealed such as by close-welding a titanium plug over the fill hole, but not limited thereto. 
         [0064]    Now, it is therefore apparent that the present invention has many features among which are reduced manufacturing cost and construction complexity. While embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, that is for the purpose of illustration, not limitation.