Abstract:
A universal fitting for in-line fluid measurement in a process application. The fitting including an inlet and outlet port. The fitting also having a body with a fluid flow passage providing fluid communication between the ports. A sensor housing is provided that extends outwardly away from a wall of the body, wherein the housing is sized to receive a sensor assembly, which assembly measures at least one characteristic of the fluid. A base of each housing integrally formed with the wall and including a sensor seat for receiving a portion of the sensor assembly. A probe aperture receives a probe portion of the sensor assembly, each housing having the probe aperture disposed in the wall and extending from the fluid passage through its respective sensor seat. A filtering assembly being disposed between the inlet and outlet ports.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application claims priority to provisional patent Application Ser. No. 60/810,464, filed Jun. 3, 2006, as well as non-provisional patent application Ser. No. 11/757,981, filed Jun. 4, 2007. These earlier filed applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Process applications generally involve a series of actions or steps that are taken in a prescribed sequence in the development and/or manufacturing of a product. Such processes are repeatable and predictable, or at least are generally intended to be. In a wide range of fluid handling process applications knowledge of process pressure or other fluid characteristics is a valuable piece of information. Such measurements are of particular interest in the technology field of biopharmaceutical process applications for both product development and manufacturing. For example, in order to measure pressure in a fluid stream or vessel, a pressure gauge is traditionally used. In some automated systems, a stainless steel pressure measurement device with an integral transmitter is also common. However, the use of an in-line gauge or stainless steel pressure transmitter it not optimal in some process applications, such as when using lightweight flexible tubing, such in-line devices can be bulky, weighty or too intrusive. 
         [0003]    Additionally, many fluid process applications in biotechnology and chemistry require fluid handling environment with minimal microbial contamination. It is important to ensure that an uncontaminated environment has been maintained throughout the process. Thus, in critical processes, such as production in bioreactors, filtration, and chromatography, knowledge of the fluid pressure in the process is critical, but an uncontaminated environment must be maintained. 
         [0004]    One method of maintaining an uncontaminated environment is to employ critical assembly elements that are designed for single-use (or limited use). Thus, in such an assembly the flow path could contain a large variety of components such as single use process containers (plastic/polymeric containers/bags), tubing, filters, and connectors. Frequently, peristaltic tubing pumps where the pump parts only contact the outside of process tubing but does not touch the fluid stream are used for different processes. Furthermore a single use flow path can be delivered to an end-user assembled and even gamma-irradiated or sterilized by other means such as chemical sterilization. However, if sterilization is required, many single-use process components are not compatible with moist heat sterilization temperatures so there may be requirement for separate sterilization of the process sensors such as a stainless steel pressure transmitter device and possibly non-optimal connection to a pre-sterilized disposable assembly. Even if the process is only sanitary (not sterile) and tubing is to be utilized in the process and the tubing inner diameter (ID) is small, it can be cumbersome to connect a pressure measurement device with a sanitary fitting flange(s) to a process stream. Also, even if only sanitary, critical cleaning would be required of all product contacts parts of a process sensor such as a pressure a measurement device and associated fittings used to connect it to the process. 
         [0005]    It is therefore desirable to provide an apparatus and/or system that is suitable to maintain an environment with minimal microbial contamination, while providing the ability to measure pressure and other characteristics of the fluid itself. Also, the apparatus and/or system must be easy to use, inexpensive and universally adaptable to numerous applications. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    One aspect of the present invention relates to a universal fitting for in-line fluid measurement in a process application. The fitting includes an inlet and outlet port. The fitting also has a body with a fluid flow passage providing fluid communication between the ports. A sensor housing is provided that extends outwardly away from a wall of the body, wherein the housing is sized to receive a sensor assembly, which assembly measures at least one characteristic of the fluid. A base of each housing integrally formed with the wall and including a sensor seat for receiving a portion of the sensor assembly. A probe aperture receives a probe portion of the sensor assembly, each housing having the probe aperture disposed in the wall and extending from the fluid passage through its respective sensor seat. A filtering assembly being disposed between the inlet and outlet ports. 
         [0007]    Another aspect of the present invention relates to a universal fitting for in-line fluid measurement in a process application. The fitting includes an inlet and outlet port for in-line coupling to the process application. Also, a fluid flow passage provides fluid communication between the ports. At least one sensor housing extends outwardly away from a wall of the fluid passage. Also, the housing is sized to receive a sensor assembly which assembly measures at least one characteristic of the fluid. A base of the housing is integrally formed with the wall and includes a sensor seat for receiving a portion of the sensor assembly. Further, at least one probe aperture is provided for receiving a probe portion of the sensor assembly. The probe aperture is disposed in the wall of the fluid passage and extends from the fluid passage through the sensor seat into the housing. 
         [0008]    Additionally, at least a portion of the housing can be formed to maintain a unique mounting orientation between the sensor assembly and the fluid passage, when the sensor assembly is inserted in the housing. Also, the sensor seat can be formed by a depression in an outer portion of the fluid passage wall. Further, the fluid passage can have a substantially constant cross-section between the inlet and outlet ports. Further still, an outer portion of the fluid passage wall can include at least one hose barb or threaded portion for maintaining a coupling between the fitting and the process application. 
         [0009]    The fitting can further include an annular flange for limiting a length of application process tubing that can be directly mounted on the fitting, the flange protruding radially from the an outer portion of the fluid passage wall. Also, at least a portion of the annular flange can form a portion of the housing. Further, the at least one sensor housing can include at least two sensor housings. Further, the at least one sensor housing can include at least two sensor housings. Further still, the at least two sensor housings can be disposed in series and/or in parallel relative to the fluid flow passage. Additionally, an outer portion of the fluid passage wall can include a hose barb, threading, port plate and/or sanitary flange coupling structure for maintaining a coupling between the fitting and the process application. 
         [0010]    Another aspect of the present invention relates to a universal fitting including a port, a fluid flow passage, a sensor housing, a sensor assembly and a probe aperture. The port is for coupling to the process application. The fluid flow passage is in open communication with the port. The sensor housing is integrally formed with and extends outwardly away from a wall of the fluid passage. Also, a portion of the housing includes a sensor seat. The sensor assembly measures at least one characteristic of the fluid. Also, the sensor assembly includes at least one fluid probe. Additionally, the sensor assembly is sized to be at least partially inserted into the sensor seat, wherein the probe is exposed to the fluid when so seated. Further, the probe aperture receives the sensor probe. Also, the probe aperture is disposed in the wall of the fluid passage and extends from the fluid passage through the sensor seat into the housing. 
         [0011]    Additionally, the sensor seat can be formed by a depression in an outer portion of the fluid passage wall. Also, the measured fluid characteristic can include at least one of fluid pressure, temperature and flow rate. Further, the measured fluid characteristic can also include at least one of fluid pH, dissolved oxygen, absorption, capacitance, conductivity and turbidity. The fitting can further include a housing cap for substantially enclosing the sensor assembly. The cap can be sized to matingly secure to the housing. Also, the housing cap can secure the sensor assembly relative to the housing. Additionally, the housing can substantially enclose and stabilize the sensor assembly. Further, the sensor assembly can provide real-time measurements of the fluid characteristic. 
         [0012]    These and other objectives, features, and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments thereof, which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0013]      FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a universal fitting in accordance with the subject invention. 
           [0014]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of the universal fitting of  FIG. 1 , with a sensor assembly cap secured to the sensor housing, in accordance with the subject invention. 
           [0015]      FIG. 3  is a side view of the universal fitting and sensor assembly cap shown in  FIG. 2 . 
           [0016]      FIG. 4  is a bottom view of an alternative embodiment of the universal fitting, in accordance with the subject invention. 
           [0017]      FIG. 5  is a bottom view of another alternative embodiment of the universal fitting, in accordance with the subject invention. 
           [0018]      FIG. 6  is a bottom view of yet another alternative embodiment of the universal fitting, in accordance with the subject invention. 
           [0019]      FIG. 7  is a bottom view of yet another alternative embodiment of the universal fitting, in accordance with the subject invention. 
           [0020]      FIG. 8  is a bottom view of an alternative embodiment of the universal fitting with more than one sensor housing, in accordance with the subject invention. 
           [0021]      FIG. 9  is a bottom view of another alternative embodiment of the universal fitting with more than one sensor housing, in accordance with the subject invention. 
           [0022]      FIG. 10  is a bottom view of another alternative of the universal fitting with a filter included in the fitting, in accordance with the subject invention. 
           [0023]      FIG. 11  is a bottom view of a further alternative of the universal fitting with a filter included in the fitting, in accordance with the subject invention. 
           [0024]      FIG. 12  is a partial cross-sectional view of the universal fitting of  FIG. 1 , with a sensor assembly and cap secured to the sensor housing, in accordance with the subject invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0025]    With reference to the drawings,  FIG. 1  shows a fitting  10  in accordance with the present invention that is easily integrated in-line to most fluid process applications. Preferably the fitting  10  is made of lightweight plastic, however other materials can be used that suit a particular application. For example, the fitting  10  can be made of parts that are compatible with both gamma radiation (using doses high enough for sterilization of process assemblies used in the industry, i.e, up to 45 KGy) or chemical sterilization (such as ethylene oxide (ETO)). While the fitting body  45  is shown to be a particular thickness, it should be understood that the thickness, color, opacity or other such features could be modified as would be known by one in the art. The universal fitting of the present invention could be easily integrated to a process application fluid path by attaching it to existing tubing or other common process conduits or containers. 
         [0026]    The fitting  10  includes inlet  20  and outlet  30  ports for coupling to the process. The central fitting body  45  includes a fluid flow passage  40 , which allows fluid to communicate or flow from the inlet  20  to the outlet  30 . The inner diameter (ID) of the fluid flow passage  40  can be formed to numerous dimensions and adapted for specific application requirements. The ID can potentially be formed and sold in different size ranges, incrementing for example by 1/16 of an inch to 1 inch or larger. 
         [0027]    Additionally, the fitting  10  includes a sensor housing  50 , which is preferably integrally formed with the rest of the fitting body. The sensor housing  50  is sized to receive at least a portion of a sensor assembly (not shown) associated with a probe or other means of measuring one or more fluid characteristics. The housing  50  includes a sensor seat  55  for receiving and preferably engaging a portion of the sensor assembly. Also, a probe aperture  60  is located in the housing  50 , and preferably penetrates the fitting body through the sensor seat  55 . The aperture  60  passes through an outer wall of the central fitting body, thereby coupling an inner chamber  80  of the housing  50  with the fluid flow passage  40 . A bottom view of alternative fittings having similar housing  50 , sensor seat  55  and aperture  60  configurations is shown in  FIGS. 4-10 , discussed more fully below. 
         [0028]      FIGS. 2 and 3  show the fitting  10  with a sensor assembly cap  75  secured to the sensor housing  50 . The sensor housing  50  is formed to protrude from a portion of the fitting body outer wall  49 . A base portion  51  of the housing  50  proximal to the fluid passage  40  is preferably integrally formed with the central fitting body  45 . The opposite end of the housing  59  is preferably open for receiving the sensor assembly and cap  75 . An alignment groove  57 , as also shown in  FIG. 7 , can also be provided to ensure a unique orientation between the fitting  10  and the sensor cap  75 . 
         [0029]    A sensor assembly is preferably contained within the inner chamber  80  of the housing  50  and covered by the cap  75 . Wiring (an example of which is shown in  FIG. 12 ) can then extend from the sensor assembly enclosed in the housing  50  to a controller, power source or other sensor assembly elements remote from the fitting  10 . In addition to pressure, it is often desirable to measure many other fluid characteristics, such as flow rate, pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, conductivity, clarity, absorption (using spectroscopy, laser or fiber optic techniques), capacitance or turbidity. Thus, in accordance with the present invention, the housing  50  is universally adapted to contain a select sensor for at least one of these measurements. Also, by providing more than one housing  50  in a single fitting, multiple fluid characteristics can potentially be measured together. 
         [0030]    Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) is the technology of the very small. Currently, numerous MEMS sensors on a chip are available that have only a small surface that is required to be in direct or indirect contact with the process (for example a 1 mm diameter surface) could be mounted in the aperture  60  between the fluid passage  40  and the housing  50  to measure the fluid. While the sensor sits in the aperture  60 , the microprocessor chip controlling the sensor preferably sits in the adjacent sensor seat  55  and/or the housing  50 . For example, there exist pressure sensors that meet such criterion, that employ a silicone diaphragm in a wheatstone bridge circuit and the applied voltage to the circuit gives a voltage output directly proportional to pressure. A further example of such sensors includes the “NPC-100 Series Disposable Medical Pressure Sensor,” manufactured by General Electric®. Alternatively, the flow rate can be measured by using two MEMS pressure chips, taking advantage of the change in pressure across the space between the sensors. This might require a larger aperture  60 , or perhaps two apertures, as shown in  FIG. 9 . However, flow can also be measured using vortex flow measurement devices in the form of a MEMS chip. Similarly, conductivity is generally the measurement of the conductance between two metal probes, placed a short distance apart, typically 1 cm. Thus, once again a dual aperture  60  configuration is desirable. If the spacing between probes or more or less than the 1 cm, the distance is generally normalized back to 1 cm. However, conductivity also requires temperature to be measured, to correlate the measurement back to 25° C., which then demands one or two additional aperture  60 /housing  50 . Temperature can be measured by thermistor, thermocouple or an RTD. Alternatively, one sensor housing could be used to measure conductivity or other characteristics, using a sensor aperture sized to fit the desired sensing elements. For example, a conductivity sensor and a temperature sensor can be incorporated into a surface coating of a substrate and made small enough to be seated together in a single sensor aperture. Such small sensors, particularly ones having sensing surfaces smaller than 1 cm, can be accommodated in relatively small sensor apertures. However, it should be understood that larger sensors could be used, as long as the sensor aperture is appropriately sized for it. 
         [0031]    Other micro-sensors are available which can measure pH or dissolved oxygen through the use of optical fluorescing membranes (in the form of a dot) placed into a compartment. One side of the dot contacts the fluid and a detector is placed on the other side (away form fluid contact). The detector measures fluorescence via fiber optic cable and that correlates the light to pH or dissolved oxygen concentration. It should be noted that o-rings or other supplemental securing elements can also be used, particularly with these types of systems, to ensure a proper seal, alignment and orientation, as well as to keep the sensor in place. A seal can be maintained within the aperture  60  and/or between the sensor seat  55  and the portion of the sensor assembly engaged thereon. Such a seal could be provided by adhesives, chemical bonding, ultrasonic welding, o-rings, gaskets and other known means. 
         [0032]    Further, optical fiber sensors are useful for measurements through spectroscopy. The fiber is inserted into the aperture  60  and a light shown into the fluid. The opposite side of the fluid path can either include a reflective surface, such as a mirror, or can include a photo-detector. The path length of the light from the fiber(s) to the detector must generally be known for proper measurements to be accurate. Similarly, spectroscopy can be used for turbidity measurements. 
         [0033]    Thus, whether using MEMS chips, probes or fiber optics, by placing the sensor in the housing  50 , different inlet  20  and outlet  30  sizes can be readily used to optimize adaptation to the process based on process requirements and there can even be a T- or a Y-junction, not limited to just one inlet/one outlet, reducer fitting, and an elbow fitting. By using one size/diameter housing part for many different inlet and outlet combinations, the user can use the subject fitting in place of an existing fitting. In this way, the fittings of the present invention can be used in place of a traditional in-line coupling or transition fitting. The present invention can provide the optional capability to take one or more measurements at the fitting location. Also, incorporating the sensor housing of the present invention into a fitting with various inlet and outlet configurations, provides flexibility and can reduce costs by avoiding custom tooling and/or molds. 
         [0034]    A cap is preferably placed on the end  59  of the housing  50  to cover the sensor assembly and any wires, cables or tethers required to control or power the sensor, or carry a signal to/from the sensor mounted in the housing  50 . The housing  50  and cap  75  can guide the cable away or toward the fitting. Alternatively, the cap  75  can be used to secure and/or stabilize the sensor assembly, either alone or in combination with further interior housing supports. Also, to housing  50  can be notched  57  in specific locations to limit and/or guide the orientation of the cap  75  and/or the wiring. Also, the cap  75  can be permanently secured to the housing  50 , such as through chemical bonding or a one-way snap-fit union. However, less permanent fastening techniques can be employed, such as a mating threading or other coupling between the housing  50  and the cap  75 . A removable cap  75  might be reusable, while a permanently secured one would more likely be intended for single or limited-use along with the rest of the fitting  11 . The mounting between the housing  50  and the cap  75  may need to be sealed, depending on whether a seal is not already provided around the aperture  60  or between the sensor seat  55  and the sensor assembly seated therein. For a removable cap  75 , a seal can be provided by a gasket, o-ring or other known means. A permanently secured cap  75  can be chemically bonded, ultrasonic welding or other known means. 
         [0035]    As shown, the outer walls adjacent the ports  20 ,  30  are preferably formed as hose barbs  21 ,  31 , for easily coupling with flexible tubing. Additionally, as shown in  FIGS. 4-10 , ribs  47  can be provided on the outer surface of the fitting, just behind the hose barb for improved engagement between the fitting  10  and the attached tubing. Alternatively, the outer port walls could be threaded, or the ports could be provided with a combination of one be threaded and the other having hose barbs. The fitting  10  is also preferably provided with radially extending flanges  70 , which are also integrally formed with the housing  50 . The flanges  70  are suitable as stops or limits for how far the process tubing (not shown) can be mounted onto the fitting. 
         [0036]    As shown in  FIGS. 4-10 , the sensor housing  50  preferably has a circular cross-section, while the sensor seat  55  preferably has a rectangular cross-section. The sensor seat  55  is also preferably formed as a recess or depression in the outer wall central portion  49 . The rectangular shape of the sensor seat  55 , along with the offset (non-centered) position of aperture  60  provide a mechanism for ensuring the sensor is installed in a predictable position relative to the fitting  10 . Nonetheless, such features could be removed or altered to suit the application. For example, other shapes and proportions could be used for the housing  50 , seat  55  or even the aperture  60 . Additionally, the housing  50  and/or aperture  60  could alternatively be provided with inner threading for threaded engagement with the sensor portions inserted therein. Additionally, the inner walls of housing  50  could alternatively be grooved or shaped to mate with, stabilize and/or secure a portion of the sensor assembly. 
         [0037]    Specifically,  FIG. 4  shows fitting  11 , with a blank on one port  30  and a hose barb on the other port  20 . Such a blank could be used to measure static pressure on a piece of tube such as measuring the liquid pressure head in a system.  FIG. 5  includes a fitting  12  with a port plate  35  that secures to a bag or container at port  30 . As shown in  FIG. 5 , fitting  12  can be integrated into or onto a bag port of a process application bag or container. Thus, the fitting  12  can be used to directly measure pressure at the bag port  30 . The hose barb port  20  on the other side can be used to connect tubing to the bag or container. In other words, fluid flowing into or out of the container can be measured. Alternatively by connecting a cap (not shown) on the opposite side  20  of the bag port  30 , static fluid characteristics, such as pressure, pH, temperature, etc., can be measured in the container/bag.  FIG. 6  shows a hose barb/sanitary flange  36  combination.  FIG. 7  shows a hose barb/threading configuration. The threaded portion  37  of the fitting  14  can also be coupled to a matching female threading with a washer or other sealer to prevent leaks. Also, note that  FIG. 7  illustrates the orienting grooves/notches  57  in the housing  50 .  FIGS. 8 and 9  show fittings  15 ,  16  that include more than one housing  50 . It should be noted that in such multi-housing configurations, extra housing portions  50 , that are not used (i.e., filled with a sensor assembly or a portion thereof) can be plugged or closed-off. 
         [0038]      FIGS. 10 and 11  show a fittings  17 ,  18  that include an in-line filter  90 . It should be understood that filter  90  could alternatively be a T-line, cross-flow or other form of filter.  FIG. 10  includes a sensor housing  50  closer to one of the two ports, namely port  20 , but alternatively a second sensor housing could be provided on the other side of the filter  90  as well.  FIG. 11  includes the sensor housing  50  disposed on the filter  90 . It should be understood that the one or more sensor housings could be disposed almost anywhere on the filter  90 . Also, multiple sensor housings could be provided with one or more on the filter and one or more off the filter. 
         [0039]    It should be noted that while hose barbs, threaded fittings and some others coupling portions are described for the fittings, other options for the inlets  20 /outlets  30  of the fitting could be used for interchangeability (such as sanitary fittings) and flexible tubing is mentioned but this invention could also be adapted to plastic and metal rigid piping. As a further alternative, luer fittings could be incorporated onto the outer region of the inlets  10  and outlets  20 . However, luer fittings tend to require narrow flow paths, which can alter fluid flow characteristics or just impede the fluid flow. Also, luer adapters tend to loosen and/or leak when manipulated and are not always suited for industrial process operation. 
         [0040]      FIG. 12 , shows the universal fitting  10  and cap  75  of  FIG. 2 , with a sensor assembly  100  inserted within the housing  50 . As described above, the sensor assembly  100  can measure numerous specific fluid characteristics. The particular assembly  100  shown in  FIG. 12  is in the style of a MEMS chip sensor with a probe  105  inserted within the aperture  60 . Also, the sensor assembly includes wires, cables or tether  110  that extend(s) to a coupling element  115 . In this way the assembly can be linked to nearby monitoring equipment that might record and/or control the system. It should be understood that while a particular configuration of sensor assembly is shown, any one of the fluid measurement systems discussed above could preferably be incorporated to fit within the housing  50 , in accordance with the present invention. In this way, fiber optic, RF transmitting/powered or other systems could be used. 
         [0041]    Further, to determine reliability of placement of the sensor during manufacturing and overall integrity of the part, a leak test of the part that does not damage the fitting to later be used by the customer should be conducted. A rubber stopper (or other acceptable material), flat gasket or similar components could be placed into all inlets/outlets except one. They could be manually inserted or be mounted to a fixture. The part could be placed into a fixture that would hold the stopper like component in place if manually inserted, or the fixture would align the part to secure the stopper or flat gasket in place. An air line, would come within the interior of another rubber stopper like component that would be inserted into the remaining inlet/outlet and this rubber stopper like component would be secured into place within the fixture. Air pressure could be then be applied to the part and either a gauge on the air line or the pressure sensor itself could measure pressure decay to indicate leaks when the air pressure was isolated on the part. Pressure up the highest acceptable values could be used and the values would depend on factors such as the part size, material, sensor mounting method, and sensor itself. With the same set-up a leak “sniffer” could be used if the part was pressurized with a gas such as helium or hydrogen to look for leaks. Another quality test could involve having a sensor housing design that would allow attachment of a hose or fixture without causing any wear or damage to the hose barb that will later be used by the customer. 
         [0042]    Furthermore the fitting design of the present invention can be used for other sensors to gain access to many different process streams for analytical measurements with a similar circuit and even two pressure sensors could be used in a special center sensor mounting part design and be used as a differential mass and/or volumetric flow sensor. 
         [0043]    In a preferred embodiment, the fittings  10 - 17  are designed as disposable units for single or very limited use. Thus, by providing an easily manufactured and low cost fitting along with only limited sensor elements that get contaminated by the process, the overall process costs can be reduced. Also, the light-weight fitting of the present invention, along with the minimal sensor elements held within the housing, have a small profile which can be more easily incorporated into existing process applications. 
         [0044]    As mentioned earlier, the fittings described can be made from inexpensive plastic, ceramic or metal materials designed for single or limited use, such as those discussed in 1997 Association of the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation Technical Information Report designated—TIR17-1997 (hereinafter referred to as “AAMI 1997”). Thus, the fitting is preferably disposed or discarded after it has been contaminated during use as a fluid handling element. It should be noted that references herein to the term “disposable” or “single use” are to elements that are designed to be thrown away or discarded after a very limited number of uses and preferably used with a process only once. The universal fitting can be made or formed by machining, stamping, molding or other known techniques for forming such items. 
         [0045]    As will be recognized by one of skill in the art, many variations are possible and within the scope of this invention. For example, the fittings  10 - 17  can be made to any convenient size, from relatively small bench top type systems to large, industrial scale pumping systems. The sensors and related portions of the system described herein throughout can likewise be increased in size and/or capacity to provide appropriate measurement for systems of various sizes and performance capabilities. 
         [0046]    In addition, with the low cost, the pressure sensor could be disposed of with the process tubing. This could make it a cleaner and safer process because remaining contents in the tubing would not leak as happens when a gauge or transmitter is removed. 
         [0047]    While various embodiments of the present invention are specifically illustrated and/or described herein, it will be appreciated that modifications and variations of the present invention may be effected by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and intended scope of the invention.