Abstract:
Pressure-actuated bi-stable optical switching is provided. In this regard, a pressure-actuated bi-stable optical switch includes an optical path and a cavity intersecting the optical path. The cavity defines a first position along the optical path and a second position displaced from the optical path. An index-matching liquid, which exhibits an index of refraction closer to an index of refraction of the optical path than to that of a vacuum, is arranged within the cavity. A pressure generator generates pressure that selective moves the liquid between the first and second positions. Additionally, a potential profile maintains the liquid in the one of the first and second positions to which it was most recently moved while the pressure generator is not generating pressure. Methods, systems and other switches also are provided.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to optics and, more particularly, to optical switches. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART 
     Much of modern progress is associated with advances in computer and related technologies that generate exponentially increasing amounts of data, often exceeding the data-handling capacity of available communications channels. Accordingly, there has been a trend toward optical communications systems, which tend to offer greater capacity or “bandwidth” than electrically based communications systems. 
     One of the challenges confronting the development of optical communications is to develop optical analogues of devices used in electrical communications systems. For an example in which an analog has been successfully developed, optical fibers serve as an analogue for electrical cables. On the other hand, matrix switching is an area where further work is required in the optical domain. 
     Matrix switches are used for selectively routing individual input channels to individual output channels. While it is possible to convert optical signals to electrical signals and back to allow electrical matrix switches to be used, there are costs and latencies involved in the conversions. Accordingly, optical matrix switches have been developed that avoid the need for the conversion to the electrical domain. 
     Optical matrix switches have been developed having grids of intersecting waveguides. Switch elements at the intersections determine whether an optical signal is transmitted straight through the intersection or reflected along an orthogonal waveguide. To this end, the intersection may alternatively be filled with index-matching (for transmission) or non-index-matching (for reflection) fluid. 
     For example, Agilent Technologies has introduced its “Champagne” photonic switch platform. In this case, a chamber at a waveguide intersection is filled with index-matching fluid. The fluid can be heated so that a non-index-matching bubble is formed. Thus, the presence of the bubble causes light to be reflected, while the absence of the bubble causes light to be transmitted. Capillary geometry and wetting properties can stabilize the bubble to establish the desired switching condition. However, such switches require a constant supply of power to maintain the vapor bubble, although power need not be continually supplied to maintain the non-bubble condition. In this sense, then, the optical switch is stable only in the non-bubble condition, and is non-stable in the bubble condition. Such bubble-based switches are therefore problematic in applications where power consumption and/or power supply reliability are a problem. In addition, bubble switches can suffer from vapor lock caused by inadequate bubble removal. Champagne photonic switches are disclosed in European Patent Application No. 1,014,140, claiming priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/221,655, filed Dec. 23, 1998, both of which references are incorporated by reference. NTT Electronics has recently offered a thermo-capillary optical switch that is “self-latching.” The switch relies on an oil latching interfacial variation effect, or “OLIVE,” where index-matching oil is injected into a micro driving slit at the point where two waveguides intersect. When the surface tension of the oil is decreased by heating, thermo-capillary forces move the oil column towards the lower-temperature side of the slit. Once the oil is away from the intersection of the waveguides, the light path is switched by total internal reflection on the slit side wall. Although the OLIVE switch provides for latched operation, the actuation mechanism is inherently slow due to the large thermal mass that must be heated in order to change the state of the switch. 
     Thus, it should be appreciated that fast bi-stable optical switches are needed that preferably do not suffer from vapor lock. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides for pressure-actuated bi-stable optical switching. Thus, an inventive switch and method uses pressure to move an index-matching liquid into and out of an optical path. Pressure is generated to move the liquid within a cavity that intersects the optical path. When the pressure moves the liquid into the optical path, light is transmitted; when the liquid is moved out of the optical path, light is reflected. In the absence of pressure, the liquid position can be maintained using a number of different phenonema. In addition to providing an individual switch element and a method, the invention provides for a matrix switch with pressure-actuated bi-stable switch elements, optical systems incorporating such switches, and corresponding methods. 
     The pressure can be applied by heating gas within the cavity. For example, the cavity can include gas reservoirs at opposite ends of the cavity; the liquid can be moved by heating the reservoir adjacent the fluid. In some embodiments, not all the liquid is moved; instead the pressure cleaves a slug of liquid forcing only a portion to move. When the liquid motion is reversed, the portion of the liquid that did not move helps stablize the returned liquid using surface tension. In addition to or in lieu of this mechanism, various embodiments of the invention use capillary shape or wettability profile or both to achieve latching. 
     The present invention differs in part from the Champagne technology described in the previous section in that the “motivating” gas is not generated from the index-matching liquid, but can be separate. Accordingly, the gas need not be created and removed, but simply expands and contracts. Thus, the problem of vapor lock facing Champagne technology can be avoided by the present invention. In addition, since a bubble need not be sustained to make the intersection non-index-matching, the inventive switch is bi-stable (self-latching in both conditions). In comparison to the OLIVE technology, the invention can provide for much faster switching, as the thermal mass that must be heated to move the index-matching fluid can be much less. Other advantages, in addition to or in lieu of the foregoing, are provided by certain embodiments of the invention as is apparent from the description below with reference to the following drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention can be better understood with reference to the following drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of the present invention. Moreover, like reference numerals have been used in the drawings to designate corresponding parts throughout the several views. 
     FIG. 1 is a conceptional block diagram of an embodiment of an optical communication system that can incorporate a pressure-actuated bistable switch of the invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a vertical cross-section of an embodiment of a pressure-actuated bistable switch of the invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a partial horizontal cross-section taken along section III—III in FIG.  2 . 
     FIG. 4 is a partial horizontal cross-section of another embodiment of a pressure-actuated bistable optical switch of the invention. 
     FIG. 5 is a partial horizontal cross-section of yet another embodiment of a pressure-actuated bistable optical switch of the invention. 
     FIG. 6 is a partial horizontal cross-section of yet another embodiment of a pressure-actuated bistable optical switch of the invention. 
     FIG. 7 is a flow diagram for a method of switching an optical signal. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 1 is a conceptual block diagram of an optical communication system  100  of the invention for exchanging information via light wave signals. In FIG. 1, an input signal  110  is provided to a driver  120  that controls an optical source  130 . Light waves from the optical source  130  are provided to an optical switch  140  that connects the optical source  130  to one of the optical waveguides  150 ,  155 . Light is transmitted by the selected waveguide  150  or  155  to a second optical switch  200 , where it is directed to one of the optical detectors  160 ,  165 . The output from the selected detector  160  or  165  is then sent to an output circuit  170  that produces an output signal  180 . Of course, optical switches  140 ,  200  may also be utilized in other parts of the communication system  100 , such as between waveguides  150  and  155 , and in other systems where lightwave signals need to be switched between sources, waveguides, detectors, and/or other devices. The switching speed of the optical switches  140  and  200  is a significant factor in determining the capacity of the network  100 . 
     FIG. 2 is a vertical cross-section of an embodiment of the pressure-actuated bistable optical switch  200  shown in FIG.  1 . The detailed description of switch  200  also applies (to some extent) to switch  140  of FIG.  1 . The switch  200  includes three layers—a silicon driver layer  202 , a heater layer  204 , and a waveguide layer  206 . These layers allow the switch  200  to be fabricated from conventional materials using well-known fabrication technology. For example, the driver layer  202  is preferably a semiconductor material while the heater layer  204  may be glass, or other insulating material. The waveguide layer  206  can be formed from a transparent material, such as glass or plastic, preferably matched to a refractive index of optical waveguides that may be coupled to the waveguide layer  206 , but are not shown in the FIGs. 
     Bond pads  208  are arranged on one side of the silicon driver layer  202  in order to provide electrical power and/or other signals that are conducted through the vias  210  in heater layer  204  for reception by transducers  212 . Each of the transducers  212  is arranged in its own reservoir  214  that is connected by a conduit  216  to a corresponding reservoir for the other transducer. However, a different number of transducers, reservoirs and/or conduits may also be used. As discussed below, the conduit  216  is preferably sized so that capillary effects predominate for fluid(s) in the conduit. The conduit  216  is therefore sometimes also referred to as a “capillary.” 
     However, conduits  216  with larger sizes may also be used. The spaces between the walls of the reservoirs  214  and their transducers may also be sized similarly or differently from the conduit  216 . 
     The transducers  212  convert electrical energy from the vias  210  into other forms. The converted energy is then used to move a fluid in the conduit  216 . For example, the transducers  212  pump, compress, or otherwise pressurize the fluid in the reservoirs  214  in order to move the same or a different fluid in the conduit  216 . In one embodiment, one or both of the transducers  212  move fluid in the reservoirs  214  without significantly changing a physical phase of the fluid in the reservoirs  214  near the transducers  212 . For example, a liquid may be moved without significant vaporization since the formation of bubbles in the capillary may decrease the positional stability of the liquid. However, a portion of the fluid in the reservoir  214  near a heater-type transducer  212  may be vaporized or cavitated if bubble-jet type fluid pumping is used. Similarly, liquid in the reservoir is preferably moved without the formation of ice crystals that could interfere with the desired flow in the capillary. For example, the liquid may be an oil and/or a solvent with a known and stable wettability in connection with the materials that coat the capillary. The fluid in the conduit  216  will preferably have a refractive index that is matched to any optical waveguides (not shown) that are attached to the switch  200 . 
     In yet another embodiment, the transducers  212  move fluid in the capillary by changing a surface tension of the fluid in the reservoirs  214 . The change in surface tension is preferably, but not necessarily, reversible. For example, the transducers  212  may be heaters (and/or coolers) for increasing (and/or decreasing) a temperature of liquid (or semi-liquid) fluid and causing a corresponding decrease (and/or increase) in surface tension. However, various other types of fluids and energy output from the transducers  212  may also be used to affect the cohesive forces between the molecules in the fluid and/or adhesive forces between the fluid and the walls of the capillary. For example, certain liquid metals (including mercury) and semimetals (including high-temperature gallium) will exhibit a change in surface tension under an applied voltage. Other liquid and/or semi-liquid substances (such as gel polymers) will exhibit a change in surface tension when subject to mechanical energy, such as high-frequency vibrations. The transducers  212  may therefore provide any form of energy (including nuclear, mechanical, chemical, electrical, and/or electromagnetic energy) that will change a surface tension of the corresponding fluid in the reservoirs  214 , preferably without changing the phase of the fluid (such as by vaporizing or solidifying). 
     “Surface tension” is a term that is often used to explain various capillary effects. The surface tension in a drop of liquid typically acts like an elastic skin to pull the liquid into a sphere in order to minimize the surface area of the drop. This phenomenon arises from the inward attractive “cohesion” forces of the liquid being much stronger than the outward attractive forces of the surrounding vapor. For liquids, surface tension generally decreases with increasing temperature and the addition of impurities in the fluid. For example, “surfactants,” such as detergents, that congregate at the surface of the liquid are particularly effective at reducing surface tension. 
     When a liquid or semi-liquid is in contact with a solid, however, the attractive “adhesion” forces between the liquid and solid can be greater than the cohesive forces between the molecules of the liquid. The resulting “capillarity” will affect the shape of the liquid surface near the liquid-solid interface. For example, water will form a “meniscus” curved surface near the edges of a glass container. For solid surfaces that are close together, these capillary effects can extend completely across a narrow channel of liquid. In that case, the liquid will either be drawn into the capillary channel or repelled by the capillary depending upon the “wettability” of the solid surface inside the capillary for that particular liquid (or semi-liquid). For example, a highly wettable, or “hydrophillic,” capillary surface will draw liquid into the capillary. In contrast, a capillary having a “hydrophobic” surface will generally resist the flow of liquid into the capillary. The terms “fluidphillic” and “fluidphobic” are also used when describing capillary topographies associated with fluids that may include gases, vapors, liquids and/or semi-liquids similar to hydrofillicities for just liquids. 
     In one embodiment, the fluid in the conduit  216  is a liquid slug  218  (shown in FIGS. 2 and 6) bounded at one or both ends by a gas (or vapor) which experiences a transient rise (or drop) in temperature and corresponding rise (or drop) in pressure caused by electrical pulse (or other energy source) applied to a heater-type transducer  212  in the reservoir  214 . This rise (or drop) in pressure causes gas in the reservoir  214  to expand and move the fluid from one position to another position further from (or closer to) the pressure source. The gas is preferably inert, has low solubility (or is immiscible) with the liquid slug  218 , and/or does not contain oxygen. For example, nitrogen may be used. In switch  200 , the pressue actuation is done by heating a gas in the reservoirs by resistive heating. As an alternative to a resistive heater, another type of transducer might be used for heating the gas. 
     The liquid slug  218  is positionable in the capillary so as to affect light transmission through that portion of the capillary. For example, the conduit  216  may be positioned in a light transmission path (not shown), such as in a gap between two sections of an optical waveguide in a planar lightwave circuit. The liquid slug  218  is then positioned in the conduit  216  so as to affect light transmission from one section of the waveguide to the other, such as by attenuation, dispersion, refraction, polarization, wavelength filtering, and/or other effects. For example, the light from one section of waveguide is preferably transmitted to the other section of the waveguide, or reflected from the walls of the capillary, depending upon the position of the liquid slug  218  in the conduit  216 . 
     The liquid slug  218  will have at least one, but preferably two or more, position(s) in the conduit  216  where it will exhibit stability. These portions are sometimes referred to as “potential wells” and are separated by a “potential ridge.”Preferably, the liquid slug  218  will be maintained in one of these equilibrium configurations, even when subjected to small perturbations. For example, when the liquid is slightly displaced from one of these equilibrium positions, it will tend to restore itself to the equilibrium position. The fluid may also exhibit positional stability with regard to small perturbations in temperature, pressure, and/or surface tension. In this equilibrium position, the fluid will affect light transmission through the fluid as discussed above. 
     The stable positioning of the fluid may be implemented by a variety of capillary topographies and/or other structures affecting capillarity. For example, a change in capillary topography may include a change in fluidphilicity and/or a change in geometry of the capillary. In a preferred embodiment, the capillary topography will include a change in wettability and/or size of the capillary. For example, the inside wall of the capillary may switch from hydrophillic to hydrophobic (or merely less hydrophillic) or from narrow to wide. 
     FIG. 3 is a partial horizontal cross-section of one embodiment of a pressure-activated bistable optical switch  300  taken along section line E-III in FIG. 2, without the liquid slug  218 . FIG. 3 is an example of a capillary topography including a change in size of the capillary. In particular, the switch  300  has enlarged portions  350  arranged near a central portion of the capillary and, optionally, near the reservoir  214 . For round capillaries, the enlarged portions  350  will have a larger diameter. For capillaries of other shapes, the enlarged portions will have at least one larger dimension in comparison to the smaller portions of the capillary. This dimension (e.g., diameter) is generally referred to as a “width” and may be provided in any angle relative to an axis of the capillary. 
     Although FIG. 3 illustrates a channel  216  with three enlarged portions  350 , any other number of enlarged portions may also be provided. Also, the enlarged portions  350  may be provided at other positions along the capillary, including in the reservoir  214  and/or conduit  216 . Furthermore, the transition between different widths (or other geometries) in the capillary may be step-wise or continuous so as to provide a more gradual transition between the different widths. For example, FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of a pressure-actuated bistable switch  400  in which two enlarged portions  450  are provided in the conduit  216  rather than a single enlarged portion  350  (FIG.  3 ). 
     FIG. 5 illustrates yet another embodiment of a pressure-actuated bistable optical switch  500  in which the change in capillary geometry includes two portions  560  having a different wettability than other portions of the capillary. The term “change in wettability” is broadly used here to include increases, decreases, and/or reversals of fluidphilicity, fluidphobilicity, hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, and/or other aspects of the internal surface of the capillary that will increase and/or decrease the adhesion forces between the fluid, or fluids, and the walls of the capillary. As with geometric changes in capillary topography, any number of wettability changes may be provided at various positions, and for various distances, along the capillary. These changes may also be step-wise or gradual. They may also occur around the entire internal perimeter of the capillary or just a portion of the internal perimeter. For example, the change in wettability may be provided as a strip of coating material, such as a linear, circular, or helical strip, on the capillary wall. Alternatively, the wettability of the capillary  216  may be changed by using different materials, coatings, and/or surface textures for the interior surface of the capillary. 
     FIG. 6 illustrates yet another embodiment of a pressure-actuated bistable switch  600  including both geometric and wettability changes in its capillary topography. In particular, FIG. 6 illustrates the capillary conduit  216  including an enlarged central portion  350  and two sections  560  having a different wettability than a remainder of the capillary. The portions  560  will be highly wettable, or hydrophillic while the remainder of the capillary is non-wettable, or hydrophobic, for the chosen liquid slug  218 . 
     In the configuration shown in FIG. 6, a fluid, such as nitrogen gas, in the reservoir  214  on one side is heated, or otherwise pressurized, by transducer  212  in the reservoir. As the gas pressure in the reservoir  214  rises, the liquid slug  218  is forced out of the highly wettable section  560 , through the enlarged central portion  350 , and into the highly-wettable section  560  on the opposite side. At that point, the pressure of the nitrogen gas (or other fluid) in the opposite reservoir  214  rises and resists further movement of the slug  218 . In addition, the liquid slug  218  is drawn into the opposite (left) highly-wettable section  560 . 
     When power to the heated transducer  212  is switched off, the gas in the corresponding reservoir  214  will begin to cool and the gas pressure on one side of the liquid slug  218  will begin to drop. However, the liquid slug  218  will be prevented from moving back to its original position by the high-wettability of section  560 . In addition, any portion of the liquid slug  218  that is drawn out by the highly-wettable section  560  will be prevented from moving to the other side of the switch  600  by the enlarged central portion  350 . 
     In this way, the liquid slug  218  can be stably positioned in either of two locations in the capillary  216  due to the wettability and/or geometry of the capillary. In addition, since the liquid slug  218  is moveable in the capillary  216  by heat-pressurized gas on one side of the slug  218 , the slug can be moved quickly using relatively little energy as compared to devices that require heating and/or vaporization of a liquid in order to provide adequate pressure variations. One possible optical path through the slug  218  is shown by the bold arrows in FIG.  6 . 
     FIG. 7 is a flow diagram for one embodiment of a method for switching an optical signal  700 . The method  700  includes the step of providing an optical path at step  710 . At step  720 , an index-matching fluid is provided so that it is selectively movable between a first position and a second position where the first position is arranged along the optical path and the second position is displaced from the optical path. For example, potential wells may be arranged at each of the first and second positions with a potential ridge disposed there between. At step  730 , the fluid is selectively moved from the first position to the second position, such as by a pressure generator. 
     The foregoing description has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The embodiment or embodiments discussed, however, were chosen and described to provide the best illustration of the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. All such modifications and variations are within the scope of the invention as determined by the appended claims.