Abstract:
A semiconductor device has a structure of contacts whose size and pitch are finer that those that can be produced under the resolution provided by conventional photolithography. The contact structure includes a semiconductor substrate, an interlayer insulating layer disposed on the substrate, annular spacers situated in the interlayer insulating layer, first contacts surrounded by the spacers, and a second contact buried in the interlayer insulating layer between each adjacent pair of the first spacers. The contact structure is formed by forming first contact holes in the interlayer insulating layer, forming the spacers over the sides of the first contact holes to leave second contact holes within the first contact holes, etching the interlayer insulating layer from between the spacers using the first spacers as an etch mask to form third contact holes, and filling the first and second contact holes with conductive material. In this way, the pitch of the contacts can be half that of the first contact holes.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/367,436, filed Mar. 6, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,855,408, titled “SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE HAVING FINE CONTACTS. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a semiconductor device and to a method of fabricating the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to a contact of a semiconductor device and to a method of fabricating the same. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     A typical semiconductor device includes several layers of circuitry, an insulating layer interposed between the layers, and contacts that extend through the insulating layer to connect the different layers of circuitry. Conventionally, photolithography has been used to remove portions of the insulating layer and form contact holes. These holes are then filled with conductive material to form the contacts. However, in recent years, the spacing between such contacts has been decreased to meet the demand for more highly integrated semiconductor devices. Moreover, the resolution provided by conventional photolithography technology is not sufficient to produce the finer contacts required of today&#39;s highly integrated semiconductor devices. 
     However, fine features of a semiconductor device can be formed through the use of spacers as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,063,688. More specifically, in this method, a first spacer is formed on a region of a semiconductor substrate. Then, a second spacer having a thickness less than that of the first spacer is formed on the sidewalls of the first spacer, and the first spacer is removed. This process is repeated until the spacing between the sidewalls of the spacer corresponds to the desired dimension of the feature to be formed. 
     Although the method disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,063,688 can be used to form a pattern of fine lines, the method cannot be used to form a pattern of contact openings. Furthermore, the process of forming one of the spacers may damage the underlying semiconductor substrate. Furthermore, the method cannot be used to realize a structure having various types of contacts such as a memory device having both a contact for a capacitor lower electrode and a contact for a bit line. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device having contacts whose size and pitch are finer than those that can be produced under the resolution provided by a conventional photolithography process. 
     Likewise, another object of the present invention is to provide a method of forming contacts of a semiconductor device whose size and pitch are finer than those that can be produced under the resolution provided by a conventional photolithography process. 
     According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a semiconductor device having a substrate, an interlayer insulating layer disposed on the substrate, first annular spacers situated in the interlayer insulating layer and arrayed in a row, first contacts extending through the interlayer insulating layer and surrounded by the first spacers, respectively, and a respective second contact buried in the interlayer insulating layer between each pair of the first spacers that are adjacent to each other in the row. Accordingly, the first and second contacts are aligned and alternately disposed in the row. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, the contact structure is employed in a semiconductor device having gate lines of different widths, such as a flash memory device. According to this aspect of the present invention there is provided a semiconductor device having a semiconductor substrate, first gate lines and second gate lines running along the semiconductor substrate, a first interlayer insulating layer disposed on the semiconductor substrate over the gate lines, first annular spacers situated in the interlayer insulating layer and arrayed in a row, first contacts extending through the interlayer insulating layer and between a pair of adjacent ones of the first gate lines and each of which is surrounded by a respective one of the first spacers, and a respective second contact buried in the interlayer insulating layer between each pair of the first spacers that are adjacent to each other in the row. Each second contact also extends between the pair of adjacent ones of the first gate lines. Thus, the first and second contacts are aligned and alternately disposed the row. 
     In each of these contact structures, the width of the first contacts in the direction of the row is preferably three times the width of the second contact in the direction of the row, and the pitch of the first contacts along the row is two times the pitch of the first and the second contacts along the row. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of forming a contact structure of a semiconductor device, comprising forming an interlayer insulating layer on a semiconductor substrate, forming first contact holes in the interlayer insulating layer, forming first spacers that cover the sides of the first contact holes, respectively, and leave second contact holes within the first contact holes, removing the interlayer insulating layer from between the first spacers to thereby form at least one third contact hole, and filling the second contact holes and the at least one third contact hole with conductive material. Thus, first contacts are formed in the second contact holes, respectively, and a respective second contact is formed in each third contact hole. 
     Again, this method may be applied to the forming of a semiconductor device having gate lines of different widths, such as a flash memory. In this case, the present invention provides a method of forming a semiconductor device, comprising: forming a first interlayer insulating layer on a semiconductor substrate over the first and second gate lines that run along the substrate, forming first contact holes constituted by recesses in an upper portion of the first interlayer insulating layer, forming first spacers that cover the sides of the first contact holes, respectively, and leave second contact holes within the first contact holes, forming third contact holes that expose the semiconductor substrate at locations between adjacent ones of the first gate lines by extending the second contact holes downward through the first interlayer insulating layer, removing the first interlayer insulating layer from beneath locations between the first spacers to form at least one fourth contact hole, and filling the third and the fourth contact holes with conductive material. Thus, first contacts are formed in the third contact holes and a second contact is formed in each fourth contact hole. 
     In addition, an etch stop layer and a second interlayer insulating layer may be formed on the first interlayer insulating layer. In this case, a photoresist pattern is formed on the first interlayer insulating layer. The photoresist pattern fills the second contact holes and exposes the second interlayer insulating layer between adjacent ones of the first spacers. Then, the second interlayer insulating layer is removed from between the adjacent ones of the first spacers by etching the second interlayer insulating layer using the photoresist pattern as an etch mask. Subsequently, the first interlayer insulating layer is etched to complete the forming of the fourth contact hole(s). 
     According to still another aspect of the invention, the interlayer insulating layer exhibits a high degree of etch selectivity relative to the material of the first spacers with respect to a first etch process. The interlayer insulating layer is etched using the first etch process to remove a portion(s) of the interlayer insulating layer, especially the portion(s) extending between the first spacers, to form one or more contact holes. The first etch process may be a dry etch in which the etch gas is CHF 3 /O 2 , CH 2 F 2 , CH 3 F or C 4 H 8 . In the case in which the interlayer insulating layer is a nitride layer, and the first spacers are of an oxide, the first etch process may be a wet etch process in which the interlayer insulating layer is etched with a phosphoric acid solution. On the other hand, in the case in which the interlayer insulating layer is an oxide layer, and the first spacers are of a nitride, the interlayer insulating layer may be etched with a hydrofluoric acid solution, a sulfuric acid solution, SC-1, or LAL. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments thereof made with reference to the attached drawings in which: 
         FIGS. 1A through 6B  illustrate a first embodiment of a method of forming a contact structure according to the present invention, wherein  FIGS. 1A ,  2 A . . .  6 A are plan views and  FIGS. 1B ,  2 B . . .  6 B are corresponding sectional views of the structure during the course of its manufacture; 
         FIGS. 7A through 8B  illustrate alternative versions of a second embodiment of a method of forming a contact structure according to the present invention, wherein  FIGS. 7A and 8A  are plan views and  FIGS. 7B and 8B  are corresponding sectional views of the structure during the course of its manufacture; 
         FIGS. 9A and 9B  illustrate a third embodiment of a method of forming a contact structure according to the present invention, wherein  FIG. 9A  is a plan view and  FIG. 9B  is a corresponding sectional view of the structure during the course of its manufacture; 
         FIGS. 10A through 11C  illustrate a fourth embodiment of a method of forming a contact structure according to the present invention, wherein  FIGS. 10A and 11A  are plan views,  FIGS. 10B and 11B  are corresponding sectional views of the structure during the course of its manufacture as taken in a first direction, and  FIGS. 10A and 11A  are plan views,  FIGS. 10C and 11C  are corresponding sectional views of the structure during the course of its manufacture as taken in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction; and 
         FIGS. 12A through 20B  illustrate a fifth embodiment of a method of forming a contact structure according to the present invention, wherein  FIGS. 12A ,  13 A . . .  20 A are plan views and  FIGS. 12B ,  13 B . . .  20 B are corresponding sectional views of the structure during the course of its manufacture as taken in a first direction, and  FIGS. 12C ,  13 C . . .  20 C are corresponding sectional views of the structure during the course of its manufacture as taken in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A first embodiment of the present invention will now be described with reference to  FIGS. 1A through 6B . In these figures, line A-A of  FIG. 2A  shows the first direction along which the sectional views of  FIGS. 1B ,  2 B . . .  7 B are taken. 
     Referring first, though, to  FIGS. 1A and 1B , a first etch stop layer  102  and an interlayer insulating layer  104  are sequentially formed on a substrate  100 , for example, a silicon substrate, having a conductive region (not shown). The first etch stop layer  102  may be formed by depositing material, having a high etch selectivity with respect to the interlayer insulating layer  104 , on the substrate  100 . The interlayer insulating layer  104  may be of a low-k dielectric material, for example, silicon oxide. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 2A and 2B , a first photoresist pattern  110  is formed on the uppermost layer of the interlayer insulating layer  104 . Then, a portion of the interlayer insulating layer  104  is etched, using the first photoresist pattern  110  as an etch mask, to form first contact holes  106  that extend through the interlayer insulating layer  104 . The first contact holes  106  can be formed using a typical photolithographic technique because the diameters of the first contact holes  106  are relatively large. Specifically, the diameter of each first contact hole  106  is three times greater than the widths of second contacts  124  that will be described with reference to  FIGS. 6A and 6B . Also, at this time, the pitch P 1  of the first contact holes  106  is relatively large. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 3A and 3B , a blanket deposition process is used to from a layer of first spacer material over the bottom and sides of the first contact holes  106 . Then, the layer of first spacer material and the first etch stop layer  102  are etched to form first spacers  112  defining second contact holes  114  that expose the substrate  100 . In the case in which the interlayer insulating layer  104  is an oxide layer, the layer of first spacer material is preferably a nitride layer. On the other hand, in the case in which the interlayer insulating layer  104  is a nitride layer, the layer of first spacer material may be an oxide layer. The oxide layer may be a thermal oxide layer, a CVD oxide layer, a high density plasma (HDP) oxide layer, or a layer of undoped silicate glass (USG). The nitride layer may be a layer of SiON, SiN, SiBN, or BN. 
     In any case, the interlayer insulating layer  104  must have a high etch selectivity with respect to the layer of first spacer material from which the first spacers  112  are formed. For example, the interlayer insulating layer  104  has a high etch selectivity with respect to the layer of first spacer material in a dry etch carried out using an etch gas of CHF 3 /O 2 , CH 2 F 2 , CH 3 F or C 4 H 8 . In the case of a wet etch, a nitride layer may have a high etch selectivity with respect to an oxide layer when etched with a phosphoric acid solution, whereas an oxide layer may have a high etch selectivity with respect to a nitride layer when etched with a hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, SC-1, or LAL solution. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 4A and 4B , a second photoresist pattern  118  in the form of a series of line-shaped openings is formed on the interlayer insulating layer  104 . The line-shaped openings extend in a first direction ‘a’ and expose portions of the first spacer  112  and the interlayer insulating layer  104 . The width of a line-shaped opening of the second photoresist pattern  118  may be less than the diameter of the first spacers  112  such that the line-shaped opening extends across only middle portion of the first spacers  112 . Furthermore, a line-shaped opening of the second photoresist pattern  118  is preferably wide enough to expose the entirety of each second contact hole  114 . Then, the portions of the interlayer insulating layer  104  interposed between the first spacers  112  are removed using the second photoresist pattern  118  as an etch mask, thereby forming third contact holes  116 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 5A and 5B , a layer  120  of conductive material is formed on the interlayer insulating layer  104  to bury the second contact hole  114  and the third contact hole  116 . The conductive material may be polysilicon, tungsten, copper, or aluminum. The layer  120  of conductive material may be formed by an atomic layer deposition method, CVD or PVD. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 6A and 6B , the conductive material layer  120  is planarized using a CMP or etch-back process to separate the portions of the layer  120  that are buried in the second contact hole  114  and the third contact hole  116 , thereby forming first contacts  122  and second contacts  124 . At this time, the first contacts  122  and the second contacts  124  are alternately disposed in one or more rows, as best seen in  FIG. 6B . As was mentioned above, the diameter of the first contact holes  106  ( FIG. 2 ) is three times the width of the second contacts  124  as taken in the longitudinal direction of the row, i.e., along the first direction ‘a’. Also, the width of the first contact  122  is dictated by the thickness to which the first spacer  112  is formed. Thus, if the first spacer  112  is formed to a thickness that will equal the width of the second contact  124 , the first contact  122  and the second contact  124  aligned therewith in the first direction ‘a’ will have the same width. If the first spacer  112  is formed to a thickness that will be greater than the width of the second contact  124 , the width of the first contact  122  will be smaller than the width of the second contact  124 . On the contrary, if first spacer  112  is formed to a thickness that will be smaller than the width of the second contact  124 , the width of the first contact  122  will be greater than the width of the second contact  124 . 
     According to the first embodiment of the present invention, a contact is formed in the region where portions of the interlayer insulating layer  104  extending between the first spacers  112  are removed. Thus, the pitch P 2  of the contacts is half of the pitch P 1  of the contact holes  106  that are formed using a typical photolithographic technique. 
     Second Embodiment 
     This embodiment is intended to prevent the regions of the substrate  100  exposed by the second contact holes  114  from being damaged when the third contact holes  116  are being formed. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 7A and 7B , an insulating layer  126  having a good gap-filling property is formed to fill the second contact holes  114  before the third contact holes  116  are formed. The insulating layer  126  may be an SOG layer, a layer of hydrogen silsesquiozane (HSQ), a field oxide layer, or an inorganic SOG layer of the polysilazane group (TOSZ layer). The insulating layer  126  can be formed using a spin-coating method because the material of the insulating layer  126  has high mobility. 
     Alternatively, as shown in  FIGS. 8A and 8B , the second contact holes  114  can be filled with a CVD oxide layer  128  before the third contact holes  116  are formed. The CVD oxide layer  128  may be a USG, PE-Oxide or PE-TEOS layer. Note, reference numeral  130  designates voids that may be produced inside the CVD oxide layer  128  as CVD oxide layers do not have an excellent gap-filling property. 
     According to the second embodiment of the present invention, the insulating or CVD oxide layer  126  or  128  prevents the substrate  100  from being damaged while the third contact holes  116  are being formed. The insulating or CVD oxide layer  126  or  128  is removed with portions of the interlayer insulating layer  104  during the process of forming the third contact holes  116 . 
     Third Embodiment 
     In this embodiment, a photoresist pattern  132  having a series of discrete contact-shaped openings is formed instead of the photoresist pattern  118  having a series of line-shaped openings. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 9A and 9B , the contact-shaped openings of the photoresist pattern  132  expose portions of the interlayer insulating layer  104  at both sides of the first spacer  112  with respect to the first direction ‘a’. Then, the portions of the interlayer insulating layer  104  exposed at both sides of the first spacer  112  are removed, using the photoresist pattern  132  as an etch mask, to form the third contact holes  116 . 
     According to the third embodiment of the present invention, the second contact holes  114  are occupied by the third photoresist pattern  132  during the forming of the third contact holes  116 . Thus, regions of the substrate  100  at the bottom of the second contact holes  114  are prevented from being damaged during the process of forming the third contact holes  116 . 
     Fourth Embodiment 
       FIGS. 10A through 11C  illustrate a fourth embodiment of the present invention. In these figures, line B-B of  FIG. 10A  shows the first direction in which the sectional views of  FIGS. 10B and 11B  are taken. Line C-C of  FIG. 10A  shows the second direction in which the sectional views of  FIGS. 10C and 11C  are taken. In this embodiment, first and second contacts are formed in the interlayer insulating layer  104  in a row(s) extending in the first direction ‘a’ as in the previous embodiments. However, third contacts are also formed in the interlayer insulating layer  104  in a row(s) extending in a second direction ‘b’ that is perpendicular to the first direction ‘a’. In these 
     Referring to  FIGS. 10A through 11C , a photoresist pattern  134  having a series of line-shaped and contact-shaped openings is formed on the interlayer insulating layer  104  to expose an upper surface of the interlayer insulating layer  104 . The line-shaped openings extend in the first direction ‘a’ parallel to each other. The contact-shaped openings are aligned with each other in one or more rows, with each row of aligned contact-shaped openings extending in the second direction ‘b’. Then, the portions of the interlayer insulating layer  104  interposed between the first spacers  112  and exposed by the line-shaped openings of the photoresist pattern  134  are removed using the photoresist pattern  134  as an etch mask, thereby forming the third contact holes  116 . At the same time, the portions of the interlayer insulating layer exposed by the contact-shaped openings are removed using the photoresist pattern as an etch mask, thereby forming fourth contact holes  136 . The fourth contact holes  136  are filled with conductive material at the same time as the third contact holes  116 , thereby forming a third set of contacts  138 . 
     Note, although this embodiment has been described with respect to the use of a photoresist pattern  134  having both a series of line-shaped openings as described with respect to the photoresist pattern  118  of the first embodiment, and contact-shaped openings, the present invention is not so limited. Rather, this embodiment of the present invention may be implemented by sequentially forming first and second photoresist patterns on the interlayer insulating layer  104 , with one of the photoresist patterns having the line-shaped openings and the other of the photoresist patterns having the contact-shaped openings. In this case, the interlayer insulating layer may be etched using the first photoresist pattern as an etch mask to form the third contact holes  116  or the fourth contact holes  136 . Then the first photoresist pattern is removed, the second photoresist pattern is formed on the interlayer insulating layer  104 , and the interlayer insulating layer  104  is etched using the second photoresist pattern as an etch mask to form the fourth contact holes  136  or the third contact holes  116 . 
     According to the fourth embodiment of the present invention, contacts which are aligned along the first direction ‘a’ and contacts which are aligned along the second direction ‘b’ can be formed. Also, as is best seen in  FIG. 11A , contacts can be easily formed as lying along a zigzagging path, i.e., along a path the zigzags about a straight line extending in the direction ‘b’ in the fourth embodiment. Thus, the fourth embodiment of the present invention can be used to form a structure that has both contacts for capacitor lower electrodes and bit line contacts. 
     Fifth Embodiment 
       FIGS. 12A through 20C  illustrate a fifth embodiment of the present invention. In these figures, line D-D of  FIG. 12A  shows the direction along which the sectional views of  FIGS. 12B ,  13 B . . .  20 B are taken, and line E-E of  FIG. 12A  shows the direction along which the sectional views of  FIGS. 12C ,  13 C . . .  20 C are taken. In this embodiment, a method of forming a fine contact will be described in connection with a flash memory. 
     Referring first to  FIGS. 12A through 12C , a semiconductor substrate  200  having a conductive region  202 , for example, an active region, is prepared. Then, a first gate line  204  and a second gate line  206  having different widths are formed on the semiconductor substrate  200 . For example, the first gate line  204  may be a select gate line and the second gate line  206  may be a drive gate line of a flash memory. Generally, the width of the select gate line  204  is greater than the width of the drive gate line  206  in a flash memory. Also, although not shown in detail in the drawings, the first and second gate lines  204 ,  206  may have structures typical of gate lines. For example, each of the gate lines  204 ,  206  may comprise a gate insulating layer, a floating gate, and a control gate, which are sequentially stacked one atop the other, and spacers formed on the sidewalls of the stacked structure. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 13A through 13C , a first interlayer insulating layer  208  is formed on the semiconductor substrate  200  to cover the first gate line  204  and the second gate line  206 . The first interlayer insulating layer  208  may be of a low-k dielectric material, for example, silicon oxide. A second etch stop layer  210  and a second interlayer insulating layer  212  are formed on the first interlayer insulating layer  208 . However, in some cases, the second etch stop layer  210  and the second interlayer insulating layer  212  may be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 14A through 14C , a first photoresist pattern  214  having a series of contact-shaped openings is formed on the second interlayer insulating layer  212 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 15A through 15C , portions of the second interlayer insulating layer  212 , the second etch stop layer  210 , and the first interlayer insulating layer  208  are removed, using the first photoresist pattern  214  as an etch mask, to form first contact holes  216 . The pitch P 3  of the first contact holes  216  is relatively large. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 16A through 16C , a layer of first spacer material is formed over the second interlayer insulating layer  212  using a blanket deposition method to conform to the topology presented by the second interlayer insulating layer  212 , the second etch stop layer  210 , and the first interlayer insulating layer  208 . Then, the layer of first spacer material is etched to form first spacers  218  along the sides of the first contact holes, and second contact holes  219  that expose the interlayer insulating layer  208 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 17A through 17C , a second photoresist pattern  222  is formed to expose the portions of the second interlayer insulating layer  212  extending between the first spacers  218 . Then, the exposed portions of the second interlayer insulating layer  212  are etched using the second photoresist pattern  222  as an etch mask. The etching is controlled by the etch stop layer  210 . Then, the second photoresist pattern is removed. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 18A through 18C , the structure is etched to extend the second contact holes  219  downward, thereby forming third contact holes  224  that expose the semiconductor substrate  200 . At the same time, the portions of the first interlayer insulating layer  208  extending between the first spacers  218  are removed, thereby forming fourth contact holes  226  that also expose the semiconductor substrate  200 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 19A through 19C , a layer  228  of conductive material is formed on the first interlayer insulating layer  208  by a deposition process to bury the third contact holes  224  and the fourth contact holes  226 . Specifically, the layer  228  conductive material may be formed by atomic layer deposition, CVD or PVD. The conductive material of layer  228  may be polysilicon, tungsten, copper, or aluminum. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 20A through 20C , the layer  228  of conductive material is planarized using a CMP or etch-back process to separate portions of the conductive material layer  228  inside the third contact holes  224  from portions of the conductive material layer  228  inside the fourth contact holes  226 , thereby forming first contacts  230  and second contacts  232 . At this time, the first contacts  230  and the second contacts  232  are alternately disposed in a row. Preferably, the width of the first contact hole  216  ( FIGS. 15A and 15B ) is three times the width of the first contact  230  in the direction in which the contacts  230 ,  232  are aligned. The width of the first contacts  230  is dictated by the thickness to which the first spacer  218  is formed. In this case, the pitch P 4  of the contacts  230 ,  232  is half the original pitch P 3  of the first contact holes  216 , i.e., the contact holes that are formed by a typical photolithographic technique. 
     Also, according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention, the first spacers  218  and the second etch stop layer  210  are not present during the process of forming the first contacts  230  and the second contacts  232 . Therefore, this process can be performed without being affected by the permeability of the first spacers  218  and the second etch stop layer  210 . 
     The method of forming a contact structure of a semiconductor device according to the present invention does not require a chemical attack process (CAP) or a photoresist flow process, which have been conventional in the forming of fine contacts. Furthermore, contacts having a uniform size can be formed throughout the entire cell region according to the present invention, unlike a conventional method in which dummy contacts formed at the outer periphery of the cell region are enlarged. That is, the first spacers protect all of the portions of the cell region where the contacts will be formed. Thus, contacts can be simultaneously formed in the middle of the cell region and at the outer periphery of the cell region. 
     Also, according to the present invention as described above, spacers are formed over the sidewalls of contact holes in an interlayer insulating layer. As a result, the pitch of the contacts (first and second) ultimately formed in the interlayer insulating layer can be half the pitch of the contact holes themselves. 
     Still further, (third) contacts can be formed in the interlayer insulating layer as arrayed in a second direction skewed relative to a first direction in which (first and second) contacts having a fine pitch are aligned. Thus, the present invention can be used to form the contact structures of various types of semiconductor devices. 
     Finally, although the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, various changes may be made to the preferred embodiments without departing from the true spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims.