Abstract:
A system for determining whether a mail piece has been opened including mail pieces that have the ability indicate a previously opened and never opened state, such as with a state change element, an interrogator unit, such as an RFID reader, for receiving state information, and a data center that receives the state information from the interrogator unit. Also, a method for determining whether a mail piece has been opened including receiving mail pieces at a recipient location, receiving at an interrogator unit, such as an RFID reader, state information from the mail pieces, and transmitting the state information from the interrogator unit to a data center. In either the system or method, each mail piece may have an RFID tag that communicates with the state change element and transmits the state information to the RFID reader. Bar code or other technologies may be substituted for RFID technology.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The invention disclosed herein relates to mail processing systems, and more particularly to a system and method for determining and reporting whether, and preferably when, a mail piece has been opened by a recipient. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The ability to determine whether a recipient of a mail piece actually opened the mail piece would be useful in many contexts. For instance, marketing mailers, i.e., entities that send large volumes of mail for purposes of marketing products and/or services, would likely find it very useful to know for a group of recipients that were sent a particular mail piece, how many those recipients simply discarded the mail piece unopened and how many of those recipients actually opened the mail piece and considered the contents thereof. The openability of a mail piece, i.e., the likelihood that it will actually be opened, is very important to such mailers and is a key factor in determining how mail pieces used for marketing purposes are designed. Currently, the effectiveness of a particular mail piece design in terms of its openability is measured only by the response rate to the mail piece. Response rate is not a very good gauge of openability as many recipients may have actually opened the mail piece, considered the contents, and simply chosen not to respond. Thus, the ability to capture more accurate information relating to openability can be used to more accurately evaluate the effectiveness of a mail piece that was used in a mailing or to test market a variety of mail piece designs prior to a mailing (and prior to investing the sums required for the mailing) to determine which have the highest openability. In addition, information relating to which particular recipients actually opened a mail piece of a certain design can also be useful to mailers such as marketing mailers to assist them in updating and refining their mailing lists to better target mail pieces to those recipients who are likely to have an interest in the mail piece. Recipients that routinely discard mail pieces unopened can be removed from the list, thereby saving the mailer on the cost of mail piece preparation and postage. 
   In addition, for some types of mail it would be useful for the mailer to know that the recipient opened the mail piece for legal reasons. For example, if a remittance was not received on time and the payer claims to have not received a notice of payment due and therefore protests late charges and the like, it would be beneficial for the mailer/payee to be able to have confirmed information that the recipient not only received the notice of payment due, but actually opened the mail piece and reviewed the contents. In addition, there is also value in the mailer having evidence that a specific mail piece was received by the intended receiver, even if the mail piece is never opened. 
   Radio frequency identification, or RFID, is a general term used to describe technologies that use radio waves to automatically identify individual objects. Typically, a serial number or the like that uniquely identifies an object (and possibly other information relating to the object) is stored on a microchip that is attached to an antenna. The microchip and antenna together are commonly referred to as RFID transponders or RFID tags. The antenna enables the microchip to transmit the stored information to an RFID reader. An RFID reader is a device that includes an antenna, a processor, a memory component and a power source, and is used to collect and compile information from RFID tags. An RFID reader converts radio waves it receives from one or more RFID tags into a form that can be stored in memory, and then be communicated to one or more computers for subsequent use thereby. 
   There are generally two types of RFID tags, active tags and passive tags. Active RFID tags have a battery, which provides the power required to run the microchip&#39;s circuitry and to broadcast a signal to an RFID reader. Passive RFID tags do not have a battery. Instead, they draw power from the RFID reader, which periodically transmits electromagnetic waves that induce a current in the passive RFID tag&#39;s antenna. The RFID tag&#39;s microchip modulates the waves and transmits or reflects a signal back to the RFID reader which in turn converts the signal into useful digital data. Active and passive RFID tags can be read as long as they are within the range of an RFID reader. RFID tags and RFID readers are commercially available from several well known sources such as Tagsys located in Fort Washington, Pa. and ActiveWave, Inc. located in Boca Raton Fla. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to a system for determining whether a mail piece has been opened including one or more mail pieces each having the ability to indicate a previously opened and a never-opened state of the mail piece, an interrogator unit for receiving first information relating to each of the mail pieces, wherein the first information includes the state information, and a remote data center in communication with the interrogator unit that receives the first information from the interrogator unit. Each mail piece may include a state change element for indicating the state thereof. In one embodiment, the interrogator unit is an RFID reader and each of the mail pieces have an RFID tag attached thereto in electrical communication with the state change element. The RFID tag transmits the first information to the RFID reader. The state change element may be a photodetector, in which case each of the mail pieces further includes an opaque piece for covering the photodetector when the mail piece is in the closed state. The opaque piece is removed from the photodetector when the mail piece is in the opened state. The RFID tag may also have second information stored therein that includes a unique code, information relating to a mailer of the mail piece and information relating to an intended recipient of the mail piece, in which case the first information includes this second information. The second information for each of the mail pieces may further include information relating to a date or time the mail piece was mailed. The RFID reader periodically transmits one or more interrogation signals and receives the first information in response to the one or more interrogation signals from those mail pieces located within the range of the RFID reader. 
   In an alternate embodiment, the mail receiver may activate a feature of the RFID reader to generate a removal request for each of one or more of the mail pieces that requests that the recipient be removed from a mailing list associated with the mail piece. The removal requests are transmitted to the data center and subsequently sent to the proper mailers. 
   The present invention also relates to a method for determining whether a mail piece has been opened including receiving one or more mail pieces at a recipient location, receiving at an interrogator unit at the recipient location first information from each of one or more of the mail pieces, wherein the first information includes the previously opened or never-opened state of the mail piece, and transmitting the first information from the interrogator unit to a remote data center. Preferably each of the mail pieces includes the ability to indicate an opened and closed state of the mail piece, such as with a state change element. In one embodiment, the interrogator unit is an RFID reader and each of the mail pieces have an RFID tag attached thereto in electrical communication with a state change element. In this embodiment, the RFID tags are used to transmit the first information for each of the mail pieces to the RFID reader. As will be appreciated, the method of the present invention may be practiced in connection with and using various combinations of the system components described above. 
   The information that may be collected for each mail piece using the system or method of the present invention includes the unique code for the mail piece, the information relating to the mailer and/or intended recipient, the date and/or time it was mailed, the date and/or time it enters the recipient location, whether and when it was opened, the interval between mailing and opening, the interval between entering the recipient location and opening, whether or when it was discarded, whether it was opened before being discarded, and how long it remained at the recipient location prior to being discarded. Alternately, rather than being stored in the RFID tag, the information related to the mailer and/or intended recipient and the date and/or time a mail piece was mailed could be stored in a database at the mailer&#39;s location, or anywhere else, and linked to the unique code on the mail piece. In addition, the data center may collect such information from numerous interrogator units located at numerous recipient locations and then aggregate, manipulate, analyze and/or report (in various forms) the information to various parties such as the mailers that mailed one or more of the mail pieces. 
   Therefore, it should now be apparent that the invention substantially achieves all the above aspects and advantages. Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description that follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. Moreover, the aspects and advantages of the invention may be realized and obtained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. 

   
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The accompanying drawings illustrate presently preferred embodiments of the invention, and together with the general description given above and the detailed description given below, serve to explain the principles of the invention. As shown throughout the drawings, like reference numerals designate like or corresponding parts. 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a system for determining whether a mail piece has been opened according to the present invention, and 
       FIGS. 2A and 2B  are plan views of a mail piece, opened and closed, forming a part of one embodiment of the system shown in  FIG. 1 . 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   Referring to  FIG. 1 , a block diagram of a system  10  for determining and reporting whether a mail piece has been opened is shown. System  10  includes at a recipient location  15 , such as a home or an office, one or more mail pieces  20  that have been mailed to the recipient by a mailer. Each mail piece  20  has attached thereto RFID tag  25 , which may be an active RFID tag or, a passive RFID tag. RFID tag  25  is in electrical communication (wired or wireless) with state change element  30 , which is also attached to mail piece  20 . State change element  30  is a component that is able to automatically detect the fact that mail piece  20  has been opened. Specifically, state change element  30  undergoes a change of state when the mail piece  20  to which it is attached is opened, which change of state registers the fact that the mail piece  20  has been opened. One of state change element  30  or RFID tag  25  is provided with a memory cell that is used to record the change of state. In particular, the memory cell records at least the following two states: (i) mail piece  20  has not been opened, and (ii) mail piece  20  has been opened. Initially, when mail piece  20  is prepared, the memory cell is set to state (i), and when state change element  30  detects that mail piece  20  has been opened, the memory cell is set to state (ii). Thus, RFID tag  25  and state change element  30  are together able to automatically detect and record whether mail piece  20  has been opened. In one embodiment, once a change of state has been stored in the memory cell, no further changes of state will be recorded. For example, if after opening envelope  20  and considering the contents, the recipient then closes the envelope, thereby changing the state a second time, this second change of state will not be recorded or stored in the memory cell. In this embodiment, it is important only to know if the envelope has been opened by the recipient, not what happens thereafter. 
   In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , state change element  30  is a photodetector or some other photo-sensitive element that is connected to or incorporated into the circuitry of RFID tag  25 . RFID tag  25  and photodetector state change element  30  are embedded inside mail piece  20  either as part of the envelope  35 , or, alternatively, as part of the contents  40  of mail piece  20 . Mail piece  20  is also provided with an opaque piece  45  which, when mail piece  20  is closed as shown in  FIG. 2B , abuts photodetector state change element  30  so as to prevent light from impinging on photodetector state change element  30 . When mail piece  20  is prepared, envelope  35  is closed (wherein opaque piece  45  abuts photodetector state change element  30 ), and the memory cell provided in either photodetector state change element  30  or RFID tag  25  is set to the state indicating that mail piece  20  has not yet been opened. When mail piece  20  is subsequently opened, opaque piece  45  is removed from photodetector state change element  30 , thereby allowing light to impinge on photodetector state change element  30 . As a result, sufficient power may be provided for purposes of registering a change of state in the memory cell to the state that indicates that mail piece  20  has been opened. 
   As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, numerous alternatives may be utilized for state change element  30  without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, conductors such as conductive bands could be provided around the height and width of envelope  35  which create a closed circuit when the envelope is closed and which may become an open circuit when envelope  35  is opened. RFID tag  25  would in this example monitor the circuit and effect a change in a memory cell when an open circuit condition is detected. As another example, first and second electrical contacts may be provided on opposite sides of envelope  35 , which electrical contacts are separated by the contents  40  of mail piece  20 . When the contents  40  are removed, the two electrical contacts are able to come in contact with one another and close a circuit. As in the previous example, RFID tag  25  would in this example monitor the state of the circuit and would effect a change in the memory cell when the circuit is detected to be in a closed position. It should be noted that both of these alternative mechanisms would require some way to provide power to the circuits in question, such as a battery provided as part of an active RFID tag or a solar cell or the like. As still another example, a compressible sensor could be provided within envelope  35  that is in a first compressed condition when envelope  35  is closed and is able to go to a second uncompressed condition when envelope  35  is opened. RFID tag  25  would monitor this sensor and effect a change of state in the memory cell when the sensor is detected to have moved to the uncompressed condition. As still another alternative example, a tab, such as a plastic tab, may be connected to the flap of envelope  35  or the contents  40  wherein the tab is inserted between one of the terminals of a battery and a metal contact provided on envelope  35 . The act of opening the flap of the envelope and/or removing the contents  40  of the mail piece  20  would remove the tab from between the battery terminal and the contact, thereby allowing the circuit to be closed and power to be transmitted. Again, RFID tag  25  could monitor the status of this circuit and effect a change in a memory cell when the closing of the circuit and supply of battery power is detected. In this example, and in the example where two contacts are provided on opposite sides of envelope  35 , it is preferable to include some type of biasing element that forces the electrical contacts to come into contact with one another when the barrier provided in between is removed. With any of the examples or alternatives described herein or contemplated hereby for state change element  30 , the important thing is that it be able to provide a detectable condition that indicates the fact that the mail piece  20  has been opened. 
   Returning to the description of system  10  in  FIG. 1 , when each mail piece  20  is prepared, certain identifying information is programmed into or stored in RFID tag  25  attached to mail piece  20 . The identifying information preferably includes a unique code such as a serial number that uniquely identifies mail piece  20 . The identifying information may further include information that identifies or indicates the mailer of mail piece  20 , and information that identifies or indicates the intended recipient of mail piece  20 . Alternatively, this information identifying the mailer and intended recipient could also be stored in a database and linked to the unique code or serial number. Each RFID tag  25  may also have time related information programmed or stored therein which indicates the date and/or time that the associated mail piece  20  was prepared and/or induced into the mail stream. This information can be used in combination with information relating to the time each mail piece  20  was opened by the recipient, which may be determined in the manner described below, to determine for each mail piece  20  an interval between the mailing and opening thereof. Alternatively, in an RFID tag  25  having a clock functionality, a timer could be started when the associated mail piece  20  was prepared and/or induced into the mail stream and stopped when each mail piece  20  was opened by the recipient, with the elapsed time representing the interval between mailing and opening. Such information can be useful to mailers in designing mail pieces and evaluating the effectiveness of designs. 
   As shown in  FIG. 1 , user location  15  also includes RFID reader  50 . RFID reader  50  is programmed to periodically, such as once every hour, interrogate all RFID tags  25  attached to mail pieces  20  that are within the transmission range of RFID reader  50 . In particular, each interrogation session begins with a first step in which RFID reader  50  sends out a first signal that requests each RFID tag  25  within range to identify itself. In response, each RFID tag  25  that is within range will return a signal that includes the information that has been stored in RFID tag  25 , including, preferably, the unique code, the information relating to the mailer and the intended recipient, and, in one specific embodiment, the information relating to the date and/or time the mail piece  20  was mailed. According to one aspect of the present invention, the responses from the RFID tags  25  can be used to establish an approximate time that each particular mail piece  20  entered user location  15 . Specifically, this time may be determined by RFID reader  50 , which preferably includes a clock component, by recording the time at which the RFID tag  25  of each mail piece  20  first responds to an interrogation signal sent by RFID reader  50 . In the next step in each interrogation session, RFID reader  50  sends out a second signal that requests each RFID tag  25  that is within range to return a signal indicating whether it has been opened. The signal that is returned by each RFID tag  25  will depend on the state of the memory cell associated therewith as established by state change element  30 . Although two separate interrogation steps have been described, it will be appreciated that a single step rather than multiple steps may be used for gathering the same information. All of the information received by RFID reader  50  is preferably stored by RFID reader  50  in the memory that is associated therewith. 
   In addition, RFID reader  50  may also record the time at which each RFID tag  25  that is within range first responds with a signal that it has been opened. This information may be useful as an estimate of the time at which the associated mail piece  20  was opened. In one embodiment, the time of the first previously-opened state response may be used as the estimated time of opening. In another embodiment, the time when each mail piece  20  was opened may be bracketed to the frequency at which interrogation sessions occur, e.g., once an hour. For example, if during the first three interrogation sessions of a day the RFID tag  25  of a particular mail piece  20  responds with a signal indicating that it has not been opened, and during the fourth interrogation session it responds with a signal indicating that it has been opened, the time of opening can be bracketed to somewhere between the third and fourth interrogation sessions. As an alternative for determining the time that a particular mail piece has been opened, each RFID tag  25  may be provided with an internal clock that is used to record the time that state change element  30  changes state (i.e., the time that the associated mail piece  20  was opened). That time could then be transmitted to RFID reader  50  during an interrogation session along with the signal that indicates that the mail piece  20  has been opened. This alternative embodiment would require the RFID tags  25  to have some way of independently powering the internal clock, such as the battery that forms a part of active RFID tags. An additional feature of RFID tags  25  having independently powered internal clocks is that multiple changes of state could also be recorded, stored in memory, and transmitted to the RFID reader during the interrogation cycle. Thus, for example, the length of time that the mail piece remained opened may be ascertained by recording the time interval between two changes of state. Additionally, this embodiment could record multiple changes of state that would occur if the recipient, for example, opened the mail piece, considered the contents, then shortly thereafter re-inserted the contents back into the envelope, and then re-opened the envelope at a later time. Data on these time intervals may be of significant interest to the mailer in helping to determine the behavior patterns of the mail recipients. 
   In yet another embodiment, RFID reader  50  may be used to determine whether and, if so, when each mail piece  20  has been discarded, and whether it was opened prior to being discarded. Specifically, RFID reader  50  in this embodiment is provided with a transmission range approximately equal to the size of user location  15  and keeps track of each mail piece  20  that is within range of RFID reader  50  (and thus responds as described above during each interrogation session). When a mail piece  20  that was at one time within range and thus responded during one or more interrogation sessions no longer responds with a signal when interrogated, RFID reader  50 , by implication, considers that mail piece  20  to have been discarded. The time at which a mail piece  20  no longer responds, i.e., the time of the first such interrogation session, may be used as an estimate of the time the mail piece  20  was discarded. In addition, the time the mail piece  20  was discarded may be compared to the time it first responded to an interrogation signal (i.e., the time it entered recipient location  15 ) to estimate the period of time the mail piece  20  remained at user location  15  before being discarded. RFID reader  50  in this embodiment will also store for each such mail piece  20  all of the other information collected during the interrogation sessions as described above, including the unique code for the mail piece  20 , the mailer and intended recipient information for the mail piece  20 , and whether and when the mail piece  20  was opened. 
   In yet another alternative embodiment, one or more additional RFID readers  50  could be placed in various locations such as in or near a trash can at recipient location  15 , on trash collection trucks, or at a local trash dump. These additional RFID readers  50  would periodically interrogate all RFID tags  25  within range to determine and/or confirm whether one or more of mail pieces  20  have actually been discarded, and whether and when the mail pieces  20  were opened prior to being discarded. 
   Thus, as has been described, RFID reader  50  is able to collect and store a large amount of information relating to mail pieces  20  that are sent to and received at recipient location  15 . This information would be of great value to mailers and/or other third parties, and therefore, according to a further aspect of the present invention, a mechanism is provided for further collecting such information from multiple RFID readers  50  located at multiple recipient locations  15  and distributing the information to interested parties. Referring again to  FIG. 1 , RFID reader  50  is provided with communications unit  55  for communicating information to remote data center  60  that includes a computer such as a PC or a server using communications link  65 . Communications unit  55  may be any type of device capable of communicating information over communications link  65 , such as a cell phone, a pager or a computer or cable modem, and may be integrated within or separate from but in communication with RFID reader  50 . In addition, communications link  65  may take any of several known forms depending on the form of communications unit  55 , such as a wireless link, a wired connection such as land phone lines or TV cables, a combination of both, or the Internet. Thus, the information collected by RFID reader  50  during the interrogation sessions may be communicated periodically, such as once a day, to data center  60 . This information may include for each mail piece  20  one or more of the unique code for the mail piece  20 , the information relating to the mailer and/or intended recipient, the date and/or time it was mailed, the date and/or time it enters the recipient location  15 , whether and when it was opened, the interval between mailing and opening, the interval between entering recipient location  15  and opening, whether or when it was discarded, whether it was opened before being discarded, and how long it remained at the recipient location  15  prior to being discarded. Data center  60  may collect such information from numerous RFID readers  50  located at numerous recipient locations  15  and then consolidate/aggregate, manipulate, analyze and/or report (in various forms) the information to various parties such as the mailers that mailed one or more of mail pieces  20 . As described above, such mailers may find this information particularly useful in designing mail pieces and/or evaluating mail piece designs. 
   In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, RFID reader  50  may be provided with functionality to enable the recipient to remove himself, herself, or itself from a mailing list associated with a particular mail piece  20 . Specifically, RFID reader  50  may be provided with a button or the like that when depressed interrogates the RFID tag  25  of each mail piece  20  within range, and for each RFID tag  25  and mail piece  20  that responds, causes RFID reader  50  to create and store a request to remove the recipient from the mailing list associated with the mail piece  20 . These requests would then be communicated to data center  60  along with the other information described above. The requests would ultimately be sent by data center  60  to the mailer or mailers in question. Alternatively, instead of creating and storing a removal request for all mail pieces  20  that happen to be within range of RFID reader  50 , RFID reader  50  may first list all such responding mail pieces  20  on a display provided on RFID reader  50  and allow the recipient to select, such as with a keyboard or touch screen, the particular mail pieces  20  for which they would like to be removed from an associated mailing list. Requests as described above would then be created for only the selected mail pieces. As an alternative, instead of selecting from a display, each mail piece  20  could have a unique code, such as a four digit code, associated with it (for example, printed on envelope  35 ) that is entered in RFID reader  50  by the recipient to select particular ones of the responding mail pieces  20  for which removal requests are to be generated. As still another alternative, each mail piece  20  could be provided with a bar code and RFID reader  50  could be provided with a bar code scanner or reader. A recipient could then collect selected ones of mail pieces  20  for which they would like to be removed from associated mailing lists and use the bar code scanner or reader to read the bar codes of such mail pieces  20 . RFID reader  20  would then create requests as describe above for each mail piece  20  that had its bar code read. As a further option, the button and other technologies just described may be used to communicate other messages to mailers in addition to a request to remove the recipient from a mailing list, such as a message to renew a subscription associated with a mail piece  20 . 
   As an alternative to the embodiment of the present invention shown in  FIG. 1  that utilizes RFID technology, technologies other than RFID technology may be used to communicate previously opened versus unopened states of mail pieces and other relevant information to an interrogator unit similar in functionality to RFID reader  50 . For example, mail pieces  20  could be provided with a first piece of information on the outside of envelope  35  and a second piece of information on either the inside of envelope  35  or contents  40 . The interrogator unit in this example would include a mechanism for reading and/or accepting entry of either the first piece of information (for unopened mail pieces  20 ) or the second piece of information (for opened mail pieces  20 ). In one embodiment, the first and second pieces of information may be bar codes, and the interrogator unit may include a bar code scanner. In another embodiment, the first and second pieces of information may be text, and the interrogator unit may include an OCR (optical character recognition) reader or a manual entry system such as a keypad for reading or entering the first piece of information (for unopened mail pieces  20 ) or the second piece of information (for opened mail pieces  20 ) into the interrogator unit. In any of these alternatives, the interrogator unit would further include a processor and a memory, and a communications unit similar to communications unit  55 . As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, each of these alternatives, unlike the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 , requires active participation by the recipient. 
   While preferred embodiments of the invention have been described and illustrated above, it should be understood that these are exemplary of the invention and are not to be considered as limiting. Additions, deletions, substitutions, and other modifications can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be considered as limited by the foregoing description but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims.