Abstract:
This invention provides Ddz-amino acid pentafluorophenyl esters and Ddz-amino acid 3,4-dihydro-3-hydroxy-4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazine (ODhbt) esters and their side-chain protected derivatives. Preferred esters and derivatives are crystalline solids. The invention also provides (α,α-Dimethyl-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-p-methoxycarbonylphenylcarbonate, an improved reagent for the introduction of the Ddz group. Pfp and ODhbt esters of this invention have favorable coupling to racemization ratios and are particularly suited for automated solid-phase peptide synthesis. The invention relates in addition to methods of making the esters of this invention and to methods of using these esters in peptide synthesis.

Description:
This application claims priority under 35 USC 119(e) to application 60/021,254 filed Jul. 10, 1996. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to N.sup.α -Ddz-amino acid compounds (Ddz=α,α-dimethyl-3,5-dimethoxy-benzylcarbonyl), namely Ddz-amino acid pentafluorophenyl (Pfp) esters and Ddz-amino acid 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-3-yl (ODhbt) esters, their preparation and their use in peptide, polypeptide and protein synthesis. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The Ddz group was introduced by Birr in 1972 6  as an N.sup.α -urethane protecting group labile to dilute solutions of TFA in CH 2  Cl 2 . The use of this group allowed a milder overall procedure for the synthesis of peptides in the solid phase, compared to Boc-based strategies. 1-2  The Ddz group is cleaved within 15 minutes on the solid phase in 1-5% TFA (V/V) in CH 2  Cl 2 . With smaller peptides, 1% TFA in CH 2  Cl 2  is adequate for quantitative removal of the Ddz group. With longer peptides, 5% TFA in CH 2  Cl 2  is required, due to the larger number of amide bonds relative to the N.sup.α -Ddz group. Amide bonds are able to form hydrogen bonds with the reagent acid, effectively reducing its concentration to a point where cleavage is incomplete. 
     Birr and coworkers have demonstrated the applicability of Ddz-amino acids to solution and solid-phase peptide synthesis by synthesizing peptide fragments on the solid phase for subsequent fragment condensation in solution. In this manner, the mast-cell-degranulating peptide was synthesized both as the fully-protected peptide 35  and the free peptide. 36  Ddz-amino acids were also used to construct a protected insulin A-chain, 40-41  which upon deprotection was combined with natural B-chain from Bovine insulin to yield fully active semisynthetic insulin. Thymosin α 1 , 43-45  a 28-amino acid peptide, was synthesized completely in solution from fragment condensations. 
     Of particular note is the application of Ddz-amino acids to large scale solution-phase synthesis of five fragments of thymosin α 1  and twin α 1  peptides in amounts of 400 g or more. 45  In this synthesis, DCC/HOBt mediated couplings were used for the preparation of small peptide fragments that were then condensed using the azide method. 
     Zanotti and colleagues 48  applied Ddz-amino acids throughout their synthesis of amaninamides, analogs of the highly toxic mushroom amatoxins. Use of Boc-amino acids was not feasible, due to the presence of the acid-labile cysteine(S-trityl) residue, and use of Fmoc-amino acids was prohibited due to the protection of the C-terminal γ-hydroxyamino acid as the lactone, this functionality being sensitive to ring opening by amines. Hence, Birr has established coupling and deprotection for the employment of N.sup.α -Ddz amino acids in both solution and solid phase peptide synthesis. 
     In previous work, 6  most of the Ddz-amino acids were prepared as their corresponding dicyclohexylamine salts. These salts must be manually liberated and combined with an appropriate acylating agent prior to use in solid phase peptide synthesis. 
     Active esters (hydroxysuccinimide, nitrophenyl, 2,3,5-trichlorophenyl, or pentachlorophenyl) 15-16 , 19-20, 49-50 of the acid-labile Bpoc-group have been synthesized, but were shown to be too inefficient for application to solid-phase synthesis. The Pfp and ODhbt esters of N.sup.α -Fmoc amino acids have also been prepared. 
     Kovacs noted the favorable properties of Pfp esters in his study of N.sup.α -urethane-protected cysteine derivatives, 50  in which Pfp esters were identified as having the highest k coup  /k rac  ratio out of a wide range of active esters. Fmoc amino acid Pfp esters were first prepared in Kisfaludy 51  and were later applied to solid phase synthesis in an Fmoc/polyamide continuous flow system by Atherton and Sheppard. 52  Hudson, 53  in a comparison of couplings of active esters, stated that Pfp esters were the most suitable for routine use in SPPS, as they are usually crystalline, are prepared in high yield, and are stable to long periods of storage. 
     ODhbt esters have generally higher reactivity compared to OPpf esters, though their stability is said to be marginal. The in situ preparation of 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-3-yl (ODhbt) esters of certain urethane protected amino acids was disclosed by Konig and Geiger (43), but did not gain favor due to the formation of an o-azidobenzoic acid ester as a by-product of their preparation. Fmoc amino acid ODhbt esters, however, have been prepared as crystalline solids in acceptable yields by Atherton, et al, 54  and their use was demonstrated through the synthesis of the acyl carrier protein decapeptide sequence 65-74 and a nonadecapeptide sequence. 
     A recent review of solid-phase peptide synthesis is provided in Barany, G. et al. 2  This reference is specifically incorporated by reference in its entirety herein to provide details of solid-phase synthetic methods. 
     The present work relates to Pfp and ODhbt activated esters of N.sup.α -Ddz amino acids, particularly those that are crystalline, which have apparently not been reported previously. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of this invention is to provide active amino acid ester reagents for solution and solid-phase peptide synthesis. Preferred reagents must be sufficiently reactive to be practical for use in automated synthesis methods. Preferred reagents must also have a reasonably long shelf-life to be practical for commercial applications. Reagents that are crystalline solid materials are preferred for stability. Preferred reagents should also be resistant to racemization and their use should generate minimal undesirable side-products or by-products that would interfere with peptide synthesis. Preferred reagents and methods of synthesis using them should also be complimentary to existing technology and instrumentation for automated peptide synthesis. 
     More specifically, this invention provides Ddz-Xxx-Pfp and Ddz-Xxx-ODhbt amino acid esters (where Xxx represents any derivitized or non-derivitized amino acid), particularly those esters of amino acids, including side-chain protected amino acids, commonly employed in solution and solid-phase peptide synthesis. Preferred side-chain protecting groups are those that are removed under reaction conditions distinct from those used to remove the Ddz group itself. More preferred for solid-phase synthesis are side-chain protecting groups that are removed under reaction conditions distinct both from those used to remove the Ddz group and also distinct from those used to remove the synthesized peptide chain from the solid resin employed. 
     Another object of this invention is to provide procedures for the preparation of substantially pure, preferably crystalline, stable Ddz-Xxx-OPpf and Ddz-Xxx-ODhbt esters of amino acids. 
     This invention also extends to improved methods of solution and solid-phase peptide synthesis using the Ddz-Xxx-OPpf and Ddz-Xxx-ODhbt esters of this invention. 
     N.sup.α -Ddz amino acid Pfp esters and N.sup.α -Ddz amino acid ODhbt esters are stable, storable, solid materials, many of which are crystalline and, therefore, facilitate and simplify both solid and solution phase peptide synthesis, especially in automated peptide synthesizers, by eliminating the need for activations, filtrations, and couplings prior to the peptide bond forming reaction. The purification of peptides prepared in solution is greatly facilitated by the use of these compounds because of the substantial lack of by-products produced by coupling agents. 
     N.sup.α -Ddz amino acid Pfp, esters and N.sup.α -Ddz amino acid ODhbt esters can be used in combination with resin linkages (e.g. oxime, phenyl ester, thioester, allyl ester, p-hydroxybenzyl ester and PAL linkers, that are not stable to the repetitive basic reagents (typically 20% piperidine in DMF) used to remove N.sup.α -Fmoc groups. 
     N.sup.α -Ddz amino acid Pfp esters and N.sup.α -Ddz amino acid ODhbt esters can be used in combination with side-chain protecting groups and resin-linkages that are removable with trifluoroacetic acid/scavenger mixtures, distinguishing them from N.sup.α -Boc amino acid derivatives that require side-chain protecting groups and resin-linkages that are removable only with stronger acid (e.g., HF or trifluoromethanesulfonic acid)/scavenger mixtures. 
     N.sup.α -Ddz amino acid Pfp esters and N.sup.α -Ddz amino acid ODhbt active esters greatly facilitate peptide synthesis with N.sup.α -Ddz amino acids in comparison to the use of non-activated, storage stable salts for peptide couplings. 
     N.sup.α -Ddz amino acid Pfp esters and N.sup.α -Ddz amino acid ODhbt esters greatly facilitate peptide synthesis with N.sup.α -Ddz amino acids in comparison to the use of other N.sup.α -Ddz amino acid active esters (e.g. hydroxysuccinimide, pentachlorophenyl, 2,3,5-trichlorophenyl, or p-nitrophenyl) whose reactivity is too sluggish to be useful in practical application to solid-phase peptide synthesis. 
     This invention provides amino acid Pfp esters and amino acid ODhbt esters of the general formula: ##STR1## where B represents the ester moieties: ##STR2## Xxx represents an amino acid, including a side group-protected amino acid, and R 1  and R 2  are small alkyl groups having from one to six carbon atoms. 
     Activated, N-protected amino acids of this invention can have the structures: ##STR3## where R and R&#39; most generally are any of the side groups of amino acids commonly used in peptide synthesis, including protected side groups commonly employed in peptide synthesis and R 1  and R 2 , independently of one another are small alkyl groups having 6 or fewer carbon atoms. More specifically, R and R&#39; are selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted alkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, or substituted aryl. R 1  and R 2  are preferably methyl or ethyl groups and more preferably are methyl groups. Substitution on alkyl cycloakyl and aryl groups includes substitution with halogens and other non-carbon atoms, including heterocyclic alkyl and aryl groups. Substitution includes, in particular, the substituents found in the amino acids that are naturally occuring, including those found in peptides. 
     This invention includes those esters of formula I and II in which one of R or R&#39; is H and the other is the side chain on the α-carbon atom of an amino acid such as glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, arginine, lysine, histidine, serine, threonine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, cystine, methionine, ornithine, norleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, β-alanine, homoserine, homoarginine, isoglutamine, pyroglutamic acid, γ-aminobutryic acid, citrulline, sarcosine, statine and the like, including derivatives with appropriate side group protection. 
     Storage stable Ddz esters of this invention include: Ddz-Gly-Pfp, Ddz-Val-Pfp, Ddz-Leu-Pfp, Ddz-Ile-Pfp, Ddz-Met-Pfp, Ddz-Phe-Pfp, Ddz-Tyr(allyl)Pfp, Ddz-Glu(tBu)-Pfp, Ddz-Asn(Trt)-Pfp, Ddz-Asp(tBu)-Pfp, Ddz-Gln(Trt)-Pfp, Ddz-Lys(Tfa)-Pfp, Ddz-Cys(tButhio)-Pfp, Ddz-Gly-OI)hbt, Ddz-Ala-ODhbt, Ddz-Val-ODhbt, Ddz-Ile-ODhbt, Ddz-Pro-ODhbt, Ddz-Trp-ODhbt, Ddz-Asn(Trt)-ODhbt, Ddz-Gln(Trt)-ODhbt, Ddz-Thr(tBu)-ODhbt, and Ddz-Ser-ODhbt. 
     The R and R&#39; side chains of the amino acid may be protected as required, using common techniques and protecting groups well known to one skilled in the art, such as the commonly employed amino, hydroxy, thiol and carboxy protecting groups. Preferred side-chain protecting groups are those that are removed under conditions distinct from that of the Bpoc group. More preferred side-chain protecting groups for the compounds of this invention are t-butyl type and benzyl-type groups. For use herein, a t-butyl-type protective group includes those protective groups with similar deprotection chemistry as a t-butyl group, i.e., those protective groups that will be removed in approximately the same time as a t-butyl group, in acidolytic deprotection mixture. Similarly, for use herein, a benzyl-type group includes those protective groups that will be removed in approximately the same time as a benzyl group, in acidolytic deprotection mixture. 
     The compounds of this invention also include those of formula I and II in which both R and R&#39; are side chains attached to the α-carbon of an amino acid as, for example, in the case of isovaline where one of R or R&#39; is ethyl and the other is methyl. 
     The compounds of the invention also include esters of formula I and II wherein carbon atoms from the R or R&#39; groups are part of a cyclic ring such as ortho-amino benzoic acid or 1-amino-2-carboxy cyclohexane. 
     As indicated in formulas I and II and as appreciated in the art, amino acids may be optically active. In most cases, L-amino acids (the form occurring in proteins) will be used in polypeptide synthesis. The activated N-protected amino acids of this invention can, however, be optically active in either the L- or D-form, including mixtures of enantiomers in which one form is in excess, or racemic mixtures of enantiomers. 
     The esters of this invention include among others Ddz-protected: Pfp and ODhbt esters of: Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Pro, Met, Phe, Trp, Tyr(Allyl), Lys(Alloc), Asp(tBu), Glu(tBu), Ser(tBu), Thr(tBu), Asn(Trt), Gln(Trt), His(Trt), and Arg(Pmc). 
     This invention also provides method for preparing the Ddz amino acid reagents of this invention. In particular, α,α-dimethyl-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl-p-methoxycarbonylphenyl-carbonate, an improved reagent for the introduction of the Ddz group is provided. 
     The invention also includes the improvement in the synthesis of a polypeptide chain wherein an N-protected amino acid component is deprotected and the deprotected amino acid component is allowed to react with a second similar or dissimilar activated N-protected amino acid component and the process repeated until the desired polypeptide is obtained, said improvement comprising using as the activated N-protected amino acid component in at least one of said reactions a compound having the structure of Formula I or II where R 1 , R 2 , R and R&#39; are defined above. 
     Yet another aspect of the invention involves an improvement in the solid phase synthesis of a polypeptide chain on an insoluble solid support wherein an N-protected amino acid component is coupled by condensation reaction to an insoluble solid support containing substituent groups reactive with the carboxyl terminus end of said amino acid component, the coupled N-protected amino acid component is deprotected, a second similar acid component in at least one of said reactions a compound or dissimilar activated N-protected amino acid component is coupled to said deprotected amino acid compound, and the process repeated until the desired polypeptide is obtained, said improvement comprising using as the activated N-protected amino having the structure for formula I or II, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R and R&#39; are defined above. Preferred solid-phase methods of this invention are those in which the conditions for removal of the Ddz groups, side-chain protecting groups and for cleavage of the resin linkage are substantially orthogonal, i.e., substantially distinct. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Synthesis. The synthesis of Ddz-Xxx-OH was first reported by Birr, 6  Pro, Cysteine, and Trp being prepared as the free acids, while Gly, Ala, Val, Ile, Phe, Tyr(OBzl), Cys(StBu), and Ser(tBu) were prepared and characterized as their dicyclohexylamine salts. As shown in Scheme 1, Ddz-Xxx-OH can be prepared from either Ddz-phenyl carbonate (Ddz-O-Ph), Ddz-p-methoxycarbonylphenyl carbonate (Ddz reagent), or Ddz-Azide. Some of the tert-butyl and trityl protected derivatives require a more reactive acylating such as Ddz-Azide. The free acid is immediately esterified in an appropriate solvent (EtOAc, THF, or Dioxane) to form the active ester. ##STR4## The Pfp esters of Ddz aliphatic amino acids: Gly, Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, and Met were crystalline solids, while Ala, Pro, and Trp esters were oils or foams. In addition, the Pfp ester of many trifunctional amino acids, including: Asn(Trt), Gln(Trt), Asp(tBu), Glu(tBu), Lys(Tfa), Tyr(OAllyl), Cys(St(tBUthio)Bu), and Arg(Pcm) were also obtained as crystalline solids. The more hydrophobic derivatives, Lys(Alloc), Ser(tBu), and Thr(tBu) gave oils as the Pfp esters, resisting all attempts at crystallization. 
     The inability to crystallize some of the above-mentioned derivatives led to the preparation of corresponding 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazine-3-yl (ODhbt) esters. The Ddz-Xxx-ODhbt esters of Ala, Pro, and Trp were easily prepared as crystalline solids, followed by Gly, Val, and Ile. In addition, the ODhbt esters of Ser and Thr were crystallized upon preparation, whereas Leu, Met, Phe, Cys(Stbu), Asp(tBu), and Glu(tBu) were obtained as foams. Ddz-Arg-(Pmc)Dhbt was isolated in about 92% purity including 5-6% of the γ-lactam impurity. Ddz-Arg(Pmc)Pfp was also isolated, but with somewhat less γ-lactam impurity. Examples of derivatives prepared are summarized in Table 1 and the examples. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________         Mol  Compound Wt. mp (° C.) [α].sub.D .sup.21 1 HPLC.sup.2______________________________________Ddz-Gly-Pfp   467.37   92-95    --     10.24  Ddz-Ala-Pfp 477.40 oil -35.6 11.34  Ddz-Val-Pfp 505.45 79-80 -39.3 14.56  Ddz-Leu-Pfp 519.48 82.5-83.5 -35.8 15.58  Ddz-Ile-Pfp 519.48 66-68 -30.7 15.85  Ddz-Pro-Pfp 503.43 oil -23.3 14.65  Ddz-Met-Pfp 524.49 105-106 -25.4 13.41  Ddz-Cys(StButhio)-Pfp 597.62 65-75 -70.0 17.31  Ddz-Phe-Pfp 553.49 130-132 -12.5 15.12  Ddz-Tyr(OAllyl)-Pfp 609.56 94-96 -12.4 16.50  Ddz-Trp-Pfp 592.53 foam -21.9 13.20  Ddz-Ser(tBu)-Pfp 549.50 oil -16.8 16.29  Ddz-Thr(tBu)-Pfp 563.53 oil -23.5 17.48  Ddz-Asp(tBu)-Pfp 577.51 88-90 -24.6 15.00  Ddz-Glu(tBu)-Pfp 591.54 83-85 -25.4 15.80  Ddz-Asn(Trt)-Pfp 762.74 133-136 -15.3 18.23  Ddz-Gln(Trt)-Pfp 776.77 157-158 -15.5 18.80  Ddz-His(Trt)-OH 607.64 176-178 +27.8 5.42  Ddz-Lys(Tfa)-Pfp 630.50 109-110 -18.9 11.82  Ddz-Val-ODhbt 484.50 109-112 -104.2 12.24  Ddz-Leu-ODhbt 498.54 foam -93.5 15.2  Ddz-Ile-ODhbt 498.54  95-100 -95.2 14.3  Ddz-Pro-ODhbt 482.49 112-116 -81.4 11.12  Ddz-Met-ODhbt 516.57 foam -69.5 10.63  Ddz-Cys(StButhio)-ODhbt 576.68 foam -101.39 16.88  Ddz-Phe-ODhbt 532.56 foam -60.2 14.93  Ddz-Tyr(OAllyl)-ODhbt 588.62 foam -37.69 14.80  Ddz-Trp-ODhbt 571.60 110-112 -49.1 13.84    d.  Ddz-Ser(tBu)-ODhbt 528.60 133-136 -36.6 14.40  Ddz-Thr(tBu)-ODhbt 542.59 71-73 -22.4 15.68  Ddz-Asp(tBu)-ODhbt 556.50 foam -65.2 13.36  Ddz-Glu(tBu)-ODhbt 570.60 foam -77.07 13.65  Ddz-Asn(Trt)-ODhbt 741.80 111-116 -46.4 16.8  Ddz-Gln(Trt)-ODhbt 755.83 amorph. -43.3 17.40  Ddz-Lys(Tfa)-ODhbt 609.86 foam -67.8 10.60  Ddz-Ala-ODhbt -- 127-131 -124.2 9.74  Ddz-Gly-ODhbt -- 139-142 --  8.43______________________________________ .sup.1 All of the optical rotation values are reported for c = 1 in DMF. c = 0.5 in DMF. .sup.2 All HPLC values were obtained on a Vydac C18 HPLC column using an eluent 60% B to 100% B over twenty minutes. Eluent B = 0.1% TFA in 90% CH.sub.3 CN containing 10% water. Eluent A = 0.1% TFA in water. 
    
     The synthesis of N.sup.α -Ddz-Arg(Pmc)-Pfp and Ddz-Arg(Pmc)-ODhbt presented a special problem, as has been reported in conjunction with other N.sup.α -amino acid active esters. 54  Ddz-Arg(Pmc)-OH was prepared by reaction of H-Arg(Pmc)-OH with Ddz-Azide at 50° C. in DMF as shown in Scheme 1. The free acid was then immediately esterified in EtOAc or THF, and after removal of the DCU and concentration, a white solid was obtained from ether. Varying amounts of γ-lactam formation (5-15%) can be seen upon analysis of the product by HPLC and  1  H-NMR. The  1  H-NMR peaks are all broadened due to transformation to the lactam. The  1  H-NMR shows complete lactam formation after 5 h in CDCl 3 . 
     A variety of side-chain protecting groups can be employed with the Ddz esters of this invention. Among preferred side-chain protecting groups are those that are stable to repetitive treatments of 1% TFA in CH 2  Cl 2 , while being labile to 95% TFA scavenger cocktails. The use of tert-butyl esters and ethers in conjunction with N.sup.α -Ddz-amino acids has already been proven convincingly by Birr and coworkers. The incompatibility of the side-chain protected derivatives Lys(Boc) and Tyr(tBu) with these conditions has been mentioned elsewhere in relation to the Bpoc group, which may be cleaved in 0.5% TFA in CH 2  Cl 2 . In exemplary peptide syntheses described herein the side-chain protected derivatives Lys(Tfa) and Tyr(OAllyl) have been employed. The Tfa group here is cleaved under orthogonal conditions using a solution of piperidine in aqueous DMF or a solution of 0.1 M Ba(OH) 2  in 1:1 MeOH/H 2  O. 
     In addition to tBu, TrE, tBu-thio, Pmc, Tfa, Bum and alloc and allyl side group-protecting group that are specifically exemplified in the examples herein, Dnp (dinitrophenyl), Mtr (methoxytrimethylbenzenesulfonyl), Adoc (adamantyloxycarbonyl), Tmse (trimethylsilylethyl) groups can be employed as is known in the art amino acid side group protecting groups. The choice of a particular protecting group depends, as is well understood in the art, upon the amino acid side group to be protected and upon the conditions (deprotection conditions, coupling conditions, etc.) that are to be used in a given polypeptide synthesis. 
     Compounds of this invention where R 1  and R 2  are alkyl groups other than methyl groups can be readily synthesized by those of ordinary skill in the art employing the methods described herein, or routine adaptation of those methods by routine choice of starting materials or reaction conditions. 
     Scheme 2 illustrates the synthesis of Ddz acetylating reagents that are provided herein for synthesis of Ddz esters. Details of this synthesis are provided in the Examples. 
     Solution Phase Couplings with Ddz-Xxx-Pfp and Ddz-Xxx-ODhbt. The efficiency of acylation of ODhbt esters, in terms of both coupling and racemization, was examined through the acylation of a simple amino acid alkyl ester, i.e., the acylation of H-Tyr-OMe with Ddz-L-Val-Dhbt and Ddz-D-Val-ODhbt in DMF at 0.1M. The dipeptides Ddz-L-Val-Tyr-OMe and Ddz-D-Val-Tyr-OMe were obtained in high yield (&gt;90%) after a simple extractive workup and the Ddz-L-Val-Tyr-OMe gave a clean, single peak HPLC trace. Ddz-D-Val-ODhbt was not obtained as a solid, as it was contaminated with 5% of the azidobenzoate impurity, as mentioned by Atherton, et al., 54  which showed up in the HPLC trace. Both dipeptides gave clean  1  H-NMR spectra. The attempted separation of the diastereomeric dipeptides by HPLC was unsuccessful over a wide range of isocratic gradients. In the  1  H-NMR spectra, however, there is a slight difference in shift of the Val α-CH between the two dipeptides, hence there is no evidence in either spectra of any measurable amount of racemization. 
     Solid Phase Synthesis with Ddz-Xxx-Pfp and Ddz-Xxx-ODhbt. A highly sterically hindered test sequence  +  H 3  N-Lys-Ile-Ile-Ile-Ile-Ile-NH 2 , Met-Enkephalin, H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-NH 2 , and Neurokinin A, H-His-Lys-Thr-Asp-Ser-Phe-Val-Gly-Leu-Met-NH 2  were synthesized using the Ddz amino acid esters of this invention. All peptides were assembled on an MBHA 1  resin , using 4 equiv. of Ddz-Xxx-Pfp or Ddz-Xxx-ODhbt. The highly hindered sequence vias constructed with ODhbt esters since Pfp esters are reported to couple slowly in similar situations. The peptide was obtained in 50% yield upon cleavage from the resin with 1M Triflic acid/TFA/thioanisole and trituration (7×) with ether. ESI mass spectrometry confirmed the identity of the product. ##STR5## 
     A mixture of Pfp and ODhbt esters was used in the synthesis of Met-Enkephalin, H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-NH 2  and Neurokinin A, H-His-Lys-Thr-Asp-Ser-Phe-Val-Gly-Leu-Met-NH 2 . For Met-Enkephalin, the side-chain protected Tyr(OAllyl) was used. The allyl group was removed on the resin by treatment with PdCl 2  and tri-n-butyltinhydride. The peptide was then cleaved with 1M Triflic acid/TFA/thioanisole to yield 63% of the expected product. HPLC showed a product of 52% purity, although an impurity of 31% corresponded to the allyl group still intact on the peptide, as shown by ESI mass spectrometry. Neurokinin A was synthesized using stepwise solid phase peptide synthesis on a methionine loaded MBHA resin, using the side-chain protection Ser(tBu), Asp(tBu), Thr(tBu), and His(Trt). The tert-butyl and trityl protecting groups were cleaved from the resin with neat TFA. Removal of the Tfa group from the resin-bound peptide was largely incomplete after overnight treatment with 3:1:1 DMF/H 2  O/piperidine. However, quantitative removal of the Tfa group could be achieved by treatment of the cleaved peptide with 20% piperidine in 1:1 MeOH/H 2  O. Alternately, the cleaved peptide could be treated with a solution of 0.1 M Ba(OH) 2  in 1:1 MeOH/H 2  O. The crude peptide was recovered in 54% yield, giving a peak of 79% purity by HPLC. ESI mass spectrometry confirmed the identity of both Neurokinin A and the Lys(Tfa)-protected analog. 
     Pentafluorophenyl esters and 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazine-3-yl esters of the N.sup.α -Ddz-amino acid derivatives useful in solid phase synthesis can be prepared by the methods disclosed herein or by routine adaptation of those methods. Most of these esters, especially the Pfp esters, are well-behaved crystalline solids with shelf lives of well over a year when stored in parafilm sealed vials at -20° C. Application of these esters to several short syntheses demonstrates their usefulness in solution and solid-phase synthesis. These active esters require no further activation, although HOBt is normally added with the pentafluorophenyl esters to speed up the coupling rate to a point where it is comparable with that of symmetrical anhydrides. Thus, the active: ester protocol lends itself well to automation. The N.sup.α -Ddz-Xxx-Pfp and N.sup.α -Ddz-Xxx-ODhbt strategies are commercially viable methods for solid phase peptide synthesis. 
     While the Ddz-amino acid Pfp or ODhbt esters of the invention can be used in the synthesis of polypeptides by classical methods using a series of deprotection and coupling reactions, they are particularly well adapted for use in solid phase polypeptide synthesis. It should be understood that the, term &#34;polypeptides&#34; as used herein is meant to include peptides, glycopeptides, depsipeptides, peptidomimetic molecules, and proteins. Also, it should be understood that the present invention contemplates sequential peptide synthesis wherein N-protected amino acids other than Ddz-amino acid Pfp or ODhbt esters are employed as well as at least one Ddz-amino acid Pfp or ODhbt ester of the invention. In practice, however, the activated N-protected amino acid components used in each sequence are preferably the Ddz-amino acid Pfp or ODhbt esters of this invention. 
     In solid phase polypeptide synthesis, an insoluble solid support or matrix, advantageously in bead form, is used. Such solid supports can be any of the solid phase polymeric substrates conventionally employed for the synthesis of polypeptides. Typical of such polymeric resins are crosslinked polystyrene resins, glass beads, clays, Celite, crosslinked dextran, polyacrylamides, polyamide resins, polyethylene glycol grafted polystyrene, and similar insoluble solid supports which either naturally contain reactive sites for coupling with the amino acid components or which can be provided with such reactive sites. 
     If desired, the solid phase polypeptide synthesis of the invention can be carried out in a flow reactor under pressure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,192,798, incorporated by reference in its entirety herein, but the use of supratmospheric pressures is not essential. 
     Several preliminary operations are necessary before the solid phase synthesis of a peptide can be started. First the, supporting resin containing the C-terminal amino acid component of the proposed peptide chain must be prepared. This can be accomplished by any of a number of procedures known to one skilled in the art. Many of these solid supports, derivatized with N-protected amino acids, are articles of commerce and may be purchased as desired. Many of the common resin linkages (for the preparation of C-terminal peptide amides, peptide acids, and the like) can be prepared with Bpoc-amino acids as easily as with the other N-protected amino acids, and this may be accomplished by any of a number of procedures known to be skilled in the art. 
     The remaining synthesis to form the desired polypeptide sequence is carried out in the following manner. Before coupling of the second amino acid can take place, the first residue already on the support must be deprotected. Deprotection of the first amino acid residue on the resin as well as of each of the subsequently coupled amino acid residues can be carried out by contacting, the protected amino acid residue with an appropriate deprotecting agent. The deprotecting agents employed for this purpose are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art of peptide synthesis and the particular deprotecting agent employed in any given instance will depend, of course, upon the deprotecting group on the amino acid/resin. For example, if the protecting group is t-butyloxycarbonyl, trifluoroacetic acid (usually 50% or higher) in dichloromethane or hydrochloric acid in a suitable solvent such as dioxane may be used. On the other hand, if the protecting group is 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl, basic conditions such as piperidine (usually 20%) in DMF will be the preferred method. If the protecting group for the first amino acid attached to the resin is Bpoc, the deprotecting agent of choice will be 0.5% TFA in dichloromethane. If the protecting group for the first amino acid is a Ddz group then the preferred deprotection agent is 5% TFA in dichloromethane. 
     After the deprotecting step, the resin is washed with a suitable solvent in order to remove excess deprotecting agents. The resin-bound free amine, thus prepared, is now ready for coupling with the next N-protected amino acid. 
     If the next N-protected amino acid is a Ddz-amino acid Pfp or ODhbt ester of the invention, it need not be activated and can be reacted directly in the presence of a non-nucleophilic tertiary amine base with the support now containing an unprotected resin bound amino acid. If, however, the N-protected amino acid component is to be coupled by more conventional procedures, it will be necessary to first activate, that is, convert it into a reactive form by any of a number of accepted procedures known to those of ordinary skill in the art of peptide synthesis. In general, an excess of the activated N-protected amino acid component is employed in the reaction. Concentration of the activated N-protected amino acid component is usually 0.1 M or greater. 
     After the coupling of the, second protected amino acid component to the first amino acid component, the attached protected dipeptide is then deprotected, neutralized if necessary, and washed as described above before coupling of the next amino acid derivative is effected. This procedure is repeated until the desired sequence of amino acids has been assembled on the insoluble support. The completed peptide can be removed from the insoluble support by any of the standard methods as, for instance, by cleavage with trifluoroacetic acid (for appropriately functionalized alkoxybenzyl alcohol, alkoxybenzyl amine, or alkoxybenzhydrylamine resins), Pd 0  /tributyltin hydride mixtures in dichloromethane (for appropriately functionalized allyl-type linkers), aminolysis, alcoholysis, or hydrolysis (for appropriately functionalized of the phenyl ester or oxime type). 
     After cleavage from the solid support, the resulting peptide is found to be remarkably homogenous and to require no or minimal purification. Because of the very low contamination of byproducts overall yields are found to be surprisingly high and whatever purification is necessary can be carried out with relative ease. Such purifications are preferably carried out by partition chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography or a combination of both. Such procedures are well-known to one skilled in the art of peptide synthesis. 
    
    
     The following examples illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Materials and Methods. All amino acids and amino acid derivatives were purchased from either Peptides International (U.S.A.) or Advanced Chemtech (U.S.A.) and used without further purification. All other chemicals were purchased from Aldrich. Mass spectra were obtained on a Sciex API-1 single quadrupole instrument in the electrospray ionization mode. Routine  1  H NMR spectra were obtained on Brucker AM-250 FT (250 MHz) or AM-300 FT (300 MHz) spectrometers.  13  C NMR spectra were obtained on the same instruments (62.9 and 75.5 MHz). Chemical shifts are reported in ppm downfield from tetramethylsilane. THF was distilled over sodium and benzophenone. Analytical HPLC was performed on a Vydac 218TP54 reversed-phase C-18 column and preparative HPLC was performed on a Vydac 218 TP1022 reversed-phase C-18 column. All gradients reported are linear using two buffers, Eluent A (0.1% TFA aq.) and Eluent B (0.1% TFA in 90% MeCN aq.). 
     Abbreviations used for amino acids and the designations of peptides follow the rules of the IUPAC-IUB Commission of Biochemical Nomenclature, see: J. Biol. Chem. (1972) 247, 977-983. Other abbreviations used are those generally known to those in the art including: Acm (acetamidomethyl); EtOAc (ethyl acetate); Boc (tert.-butyloxycarbonyl); tBu (tert.-Iutyl); DCC (N,N&#39;-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide); DCU (N, N&#39;-dicyclohexylurea); DIC (diisopropylcarbodiimide); DIEA (N,N-diisopropylethylamine); DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide); Fmoc (9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl); TFA (trifluoroacetic acid); TFMSA (trifluormethanesulfonic acid); Tfa (trifluoroacetate); Trt (trityl); Pmc (pentamethylchroman); MBHA (4-methylbenzhydrylamine resin); MeCN (acetonitrile); as well as other abbreviations identified, for example, in Barany et al. (47). 
     Ethyl 3,5-Dimethoxylbenzoate. A 500-mL round bottom flask that was flame dried and swept with N 2  was fitted with a drying tube and pressure-equalizing addition funnel. To the flask was added 100% ethanol (270 mL) which was cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath. SOCl 2  (26.2 mL, 0.36 mol) was added to the ethanol with vigorous stirring over 15 minutes. This mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature, at which point 3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid (59.6 g, 0.327 mol) was added to the flask. The reaction mixture was heated in an oil bath (45-50° C.) overnight. During this time the solution changed from a cream-colored suspension to an orange-brown solution. The solvent was removed at reduced pressure (40° C.) to yield a brown oil, which was taken up in ether (250 mL) and washed with ice-cold 10% KHCO 3  (4×), water (2×), dried over Na 2  SO 4 , and the solvent removed in vaciao to give an orange brown oil (67.1 g, 97.6%). The oil was purified by Kugelrohr distillation, a clear oil (63.4 g, 92.2%) being collected at 120° C./1.0 torr. TLC: Rf=0.72 in 3/1 hexanes/ethyl acetate. 
     2-(p-3,5-Dimethoxyphenylyl)-2-propanol, Ddz alcohol. To a 1 liter 3-necked flask (flame-dried, N 2 ) was added a 3.0 M solution of methylmagnesium bromide (136 mL, 480 mmol). While cooling to 0° C. in an ice bath, a solution of ethyl 3,5-dimethoxybenzoate (40 g, 190 mmol) in ether (190 mL) was added through a pressure-equalizing addition funnel over a period of one hour. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and was stirred overnight (12-15 h). During this time the solution changed from a brown to cloudy grey. TLC: Rf=0.38 in 3/1 hexanes/EtOAc. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and cold water was slowly added until bubbling ceased. More water was then added to total 400 mL. The solution was then acidified to pH 4 with solid citric acid. The phases were separated and the aqueous phase extracted with ether (3×150 mL) then washed with 10% KHCO 3  (4×), water (4×), dried over Na 2  SO 4 , and the solvent removed at reduced pressure to yield a pale yellow oil. The product crystallized as white needles (33.6 g, 90.3%) after being placed under high vacuum. The product was recrystallized from benzene/hexanes to yield 30.3 g in the first crop and 1.2 g in the second crop. Overall yield: 31.5 g, 84.6%. mp 51-53° C. (lit. 55° C.). 
     4-methyloxycarbonylphenyl chloroformate. A 20% solution of phosgene (170 mL, 0.33 mol) in toluene was added to a 500 mL pear-shaped flask (flame-dried, N 2 ). To the flask was added methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate (42.6 g, 0.28 mol) with stirring. Through an addition funnel was added pyridine (26.7 mL, 0.33 mol) in toluene while the reaction mixture was cooled in an ice bath so that the temperature did not exceed 20° C. The solution turned a yellowish color during the addition. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h, at which point the mixture was filtered on a buchner funnel. The pyridinium salts were washed with toluene (150 mL) and the combined organic phase washed with 1 N HCl (2×), water (2×), dried over CaCI 2  and Na 2  SO 4 , and the toluene removed in vacuo to yield yellowish crystals. After continued drying, the product (38 g, 63%) turned a greyish color. m.p. 52-53° C. (lit. 51-52° C.). 
     (α,α-Dimethyl-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-p-methoxycarbonylphenyl-carbonate. To a 250 mL flask (flame-dried, N 2 ) fitted with an addition funnel was added a solution of the above prepared Ddz-OH (5.0 g, 25.4 mmol) in CH 2  Cl 2  (25 mL). While the solution was cooled to -5° C. in an ice/salt bath, dry pyridine (2.56 mL, 31.6 mmol) was added with stirring. To the stirred solution was added p-acetyl-phenyl chloroformate (6.0 g, 27.9 mmol) in CH 2  Cl 2  (12-13 mL) over a period of 30 minutes. During the addition, the reaction mixture turned from clear yellow to a greyish suspension. The solution was allowed to stir overnight (15 h) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was then filtered into 50 mL ice-cold water and the precipitate washed with CH 2  Cl 2  until colorless. The phases were separated and the organic phase washed with 1N HCl (2×), water (2×), dried over Na 2  SO 4 , and the solvent removed at reduced pressure to yield greyish crystals (7.7 g, 81.1%). The product was recrystallized from a benzene/hexanes mixture. mp 64-67° C. 
     (α,α-Dimethyl-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-phenylcarbonate, Ddz-O-Ph. To a 250 mL flask (flame-dried, N 2 ) fitted with an addition funnel was added a solution of the above prepared Ddz-OH (25.5 g, 0.13 mmol) in CH 2  Cl 2  (130 mL). While the solution was cooled to -5° C. in an ice/salt bath, dry pyridine (12.5 mL, 0.15 mmol) was added with stirring. To the stirred solution was added phenyl chloroformate (16.9 mL, 0.135 mmol) in CH 2  Cl 2  (70 mL) over a period of 30 minutes. During the addition, the reaction mixture turned from a clear to bright yellow solution. The solution was allowed to stir overnight (15 h) at 0° C. during which time a white precipitate formed. The reaction mixture was filtered into 400 mL ice-cold water and the precipitate washed with CH 2  Cl 2  (40-50 mL) until colorless. The phases were separated and the organic phase washed with water (5×), dried over Na 2  SO 4 , and the solvent was removed at reduced pressure to yield a pale yellow oil, which crystallized as a white solid (40.0 g, 98.0%) when left under high vacuum. The product was recrystallized from benzene/hexanes to yield long, white needles (31.1 g, 76.2%). mp 61.5-63° C. 
     2-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenylyl)-2-propyloxycarbonylhydrazide To a stirred solution of Ddz-O-Ph (10 g, 0.0316 mol) in DMF (15 mL) at 0° C. was added 64% Hydrazine (10.9 ml., 0.221 mol). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at 0° C., then poured into 75 mL ice water and allowed to stir for 8 hours at 0° C. The white precipitate was collected, washed with cold 1N NaOH (40 mL), and washed with cold water until the washings were neutral. The yield upon drying under vacuum was 7.25 g, 90%. The solid was recrystallized from methanol. Yield: 6.3 g, 78%. mp 110-111° C., Lit: 108° C. 
     Ddz-azide. A suspension of the above prepared Ddz-Hydrazide (7.0 g, 0.027 mol) in acetonitrile (90 mL) was cooled to -25° C. in a dry ice-35% methanol-65% H 2  O bath. Upon cooling, a mixture of 6N HCl (15 mL) in acetonitrile (30 mL) was added to the solution in one portion. The cloudy suspension cleared upon addition of the acid. After cooling to -25° C. again, a 5M NaNO 2  solution (6.0 mL, 0.030 mol) was added over a period of 10 min, the temperature being kept below -15° C. After 10-15 min of stirring, the solution was neutralized to pH paper with 2N Na 2  CO 3 . A small amount of a white precipitate formed at this point. The solution was poured into cold H 2  O (350 mL), the aqueous layer extracted with ether (3×), and the combined ether layers washed with H 2  O (1×), dried over Na 2  SO 4 , and concentrated under high vacuum to yield a white solid (6.07 g, 84.8%). mp 68-73° C. (lit. 70° C.). 
     General Procedure for preparation of Ddz-Xxx-OH with Triton B. The free acid, Ddz-Xxx-OH, was prepared according to the procedure of Kemp et. al. (23) for Bpoc-Xxx-OH amino acids with the following modifications. The amino acid zwitterion (20 mmol) was solubilized in Triton B (22 mmol of a 40% solution in MeOH) and then concentrated on a high vacuum rotary evaporator to remove any excess H 2  O and CH 3  OH. The white syrupy solid was mixed well with DMF (3-4 mL) and the suspension concentrated to a syrup on a high vacuum rotary evaporator. This step was repeated three times. The resulting heavy syrup was mixed with a minimum amount of DMF (5 mL) and Ddz-O-Ph (20 mmol), and placed in a 55° C. silicon oil bath. After stirring for 3 h, the DMF was removed with the high vacuum rotovap. The pasty solid was diluted with H 2  O (20 mL), Na 2  SO 4  (0.5 g, helps to prevent emulsions in some cases), and then overlayered with ether (20 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous phase extracted twice more with ether. The combined ether washes were back extracted with 5% NaHCO 3  aq. and the aqueous phases combined, cooled in a 0° C. ice bath and overlayered with ether (40 mL). Dropwise addition of 1.0 M pH 3.5 citrate buffer to the biphasic mixture caused clouding in the aqueous layer that was cleared upon swirling. Addition was continued until pH 3.5 was reached in the mixture. The aqueous phase was extracted with ether (3×25 ml,) and the ether combined and washed with citrate buffer (2×25 mL), water (2×25 ml,), brine (1×25 mL), dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuo to an oily solid (Yields: 60-95%). 
     General Procedure for preparation of Ddz-Xxx-OH with tetramethylguanidine. To a solution of the amino acid zwitterion (20 mmol) and Ddz-azide (20 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added tetramethylguanidine (40 mmol). After stirring under N 2  for 4 h, the reaction was poured into cold 5% NaHCO 3  (40 mL) and extracted with ether (4×20 mL). The combined ether layers were back-extracted with 5% NaHCO 3  (1×10 mL). The combined aqueous layers were cooled to 4° C. in an ice bath, overlayered with EtOAc (25 mL), and acidified to pH 3.5 by addition of 1.0 M pH 3.5 citrate buffer. The acidic aqueous layer was extracted twice more with EtOAc (25 mL), and the EtOAc layers were combined and washed with citrate buffer (1×), water (2×), brine (1×), dried over MgSO 4 , and concentrated in vicuo. 
     General Procedure for the Esterification with Pentafluorophenol. The Ddz-Xxx-OH (20 mmol) prepared above was dissolved in THF (20 mL) and cooled to OC in an ice bath. Pentafluorophenol (19.5 mmol) and DCC (20 mmol) were added sequentially in one portion and the reaction allowed to stir for 2 h. The reaction was then filtered to remove DCU, the THF removed in vacuo, and the reaction taken up in ether (10 mL) and allowed to sit overnight in a -20° C. freezer. Residual DCU was removed by filtration and the ether was removed in vacuo to an oil that either crystallized in isopropanol/hexanes or remained as an oil. 
     General Procedure for the Esterification with 3,4-Dihydro-3-Hydroxy-4-Oxo-1,2,3-Benzotriazineone, HODhbt. The Ddz-Xxx-OH (20 mmol) prepared above was dissolved in THF (20 mL) and cooled to -10° C. in an acetone ice bath. DCC (20 mmol) was added in one portion, and after stirring 5 min, HODhbt (19.5 mmol) was added and the reaction was allowed to stir at -10° C. for 30 min followed by stirring at 0° C. for 3 h. The reaction was then filtered to remove DCU, the THF removed in vacuo, and the reaction taken up in ether, if soluble, and allowed to sit overnight in a -20° C. freezer. Iesidual DCU was removed by filtration and the ether was removed in vacuo to an oil that either crystallized in EtOAc/hexanes, ether/hexanes, or remained as a foam upon removal of the ether and placement under high vacuum. For those derivatives insoluble in ether, the reaction was taken up in EtOAc and allowed to sit overnight in a -20° C. freezer. Sifter removal of residual DCU and EtOAc, the resulting oil was crystallized from EtOAc/hexanes or by addition of ether with the aid of a sonicator when necessary. 
     Ddz-Gly-ODhbt. General procedure w/Triton B used to prepare Ddz-Gly-OH. Esterification in THF, -10° C. Crystallization from THF/ether. Yield 23%. mp 5.139-142° C. HPLC (55% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =8.43. Crystallization from ether. Yield 76.8%. mp 127-131° C. [α] 21  589=-124.2. HPLC (55% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =9.74. 
     Ddz-Val-ODhbt. General procedure w/Triton B used to prepare Ddz-Val-OH. Esterification in THF, -10° C. Crystallization from ether/hexanes. Yield 76.0%. mp 109-112° C. [α] 21  589=-104.2. HPLC (55% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =112.2 
     Ddz-Ile-ODhbt. General procedure w/Triton B used to prepare Ddz-Ile-OH. Esterification in THF, -10° C. Crystallization from EtOAc/hexanes. Yield 71.0%. mp 95-100° C. [α] 21  589=-95.2. HPLC (55% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =14.3. 
     Ddz-Leu-ODhbt. General procedure w/Triton B used to prepare Ddz-Leu-OH. Esterification in THF, -10° C. Yield 54.4%. [α] 21  589=-93.5. HPLC (55% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =15.2. 
     Ddz-Pro-ODhbt. General procedure w/Triton B used to prepare Ddz-Pro-OH. Esterification in dioxane, 5° C. Crystallization from ether/hexanes. Yield 50.0%. mp 112-116° C. [α] 21  589=-81.4. HPLC (55% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =11.1. 
     Ddz-Asn(Trt)-ODhbt. General procedure w/tetramethylguanidine used to prepare Ddz-Asn(Trt)-OH. Esterification in THF, -10° C. Crystallization from ether. Yield 66.0%. mp 111-116° C. [α] 21  589=-46.4. HPLC (55% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =16.8. 
     Ddz-Gln(Trt)-ODhbt. General procedure w/tetramethylguanidine used to prepare Ddz-Gln(Trt)-OH. Esterification in THF, -10° C. Crystallization from ether. Yield 81.4%. mp [α] 21  589=-43.28. HPLC (55% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =17.4. 
     Ddz-Asp(tBu)-ODhbt. General procedure w/tetramethylguanidine used to prepare Ddz-Asp(tBu)-OH. Esterification in THF, -10° C. Yield 60.0%. [α] 21  589=-65.2. HPLC (55% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =13.4. 
     Ddz-Glu(tBu)-ODhbt. General procedure w/tetramethylguanidine used to prepare Ddz-Glu(tBu)-OH. Esterification in THF, -10° C. Yield 58.1%. [α] 21  589=-77.1. HPLC (55% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =13.6. 
     Ddz-Ser(tBu)-ODhbt. General procedure w/tetramethylguanidine used to prepare Ddz-Ser(tBu)-OH. Esterification in dioxane, 5° C. Crystallization from ether. Yield 57.0%. mp 133-136° C. [α] 21  589=-36.6. HPLC (55% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =14.4. 
     Ddz-Thr(tBu)-ODhbt. General procedure w/tetramethylguanidine used to prepare Ddz-Thr(tBu)-OH. Esterification in THF, -10° C. Crystallization from ether/hexanes. Yield 65.0%. [α] 21  589=-22.4. HPLC (55% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =15.7. 
     Ddz-Cys(tButhio)-ODhbt. General procedure w/tetramethylguanidine used to prepare Ddz-Cys(tButhio)-OH. Esterification in THF, -10° C. Yield 66.2%. [α] 21  589=-101.4 HPLC (55% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =16.9. 
     Ddz-Met-ODhbt. General procedure w/Triton B used to prepare Ddz-Met-OH. Esterification in THF, -10° C. Yield 62.7%. [α] 21  589=-69.5. HPLC (55% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =10.6. 
     Ddz-Tyr(Allyl)-ODhbt. General procedure w/tetramethylguanidine used to prepare Ddz-Tyr(Allyl)-OH. Esterification in THF, -10° C. Yield 73.0%. [α] 21  589=-37.7. HPLC (55% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =14.8. 
     Ddz-Phe-ODhbt. General procedure w/Triton B used to prepare Ddz-Phe-OH. Esterification in THF, -10° C. Yield 65.4%. [α] 21  589=-60.2. HPLC (55% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =13.7. 
     Ddz-Lys(Tfa)-ODhbt. General procedure w/tetramethylguanidine used to prepare Ddz-Lys(Tfa)-OH. Esterification in THF, -10° C. Yield 73.7%. [α] 21  589=-67.8. HPLC (55% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =10.6. 
     Ddz-Trp-ODhbt. General procedure w/tetramethylguanidine used to prepare Ddz-Trp-OH. Esterification in THF, -10° C. Crystallization from EtOAc/ether. Yield 47.0%. mp 110-112° C. dec. [α] 21  589=-49.1. HPLC (55% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =13.8. 
     Ddz-His(Trt)-OH. General procedure w/tetramethylguanidine used to prepare Ddz-His(Trt)-OH. Yield 60.0%. mp 176-178° C. [α] 21  589=+27.8. HPLC (55% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =5.42. 
     Ddz-Gly-Pfp. General procedure w/Triton B used to prepare Ddz-Gly-OH. Esterification in THF, 0° C. Crystallization from isopropanol/hexanes. Yield 71.4%. mp 92-95° C. HPLC (60% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =10.24. 
     Ddz-Ala-Pfp. General procedure w/Triton B used to prepare Ddz-Ala-OH. Esterification in THF, 0° C. Yield 76.9%. [α] 21  589=-35.6. HPLC (60% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =11.34. 
     Ddz-Val-Pfp. General procedure w/Triton B used to prepare Ddz-Val-OH. Esterification in THF, 0° C. Crystallization from ethanol/water. Yield 38.6%. mp 79-80° C. [α] 21  589=-39.3. HPLC (60% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =14.6. 
     Ddz-Ile-Pfp. General procedure w/Triton B used to prepare Ddz-Ile-OH. Esterification in THF, 0° C. Crystallization from isopropanol/hexanes. Yield 42.6%. mp 66-68° C. [α] 21  589=-30.7. HPLC (60% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =15.8. 
     Ddz-Leu-Pfp. General procedure w/Triton B used to prepare Ddz-Leu-OH. Esterification in THF, 0° C. Crystallization from isopropanol/hexanes. Yield 48.8%. mp 82.5-83.5° C. [α] 21  589=-35.8. HPLC (60% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =15.58. 
     Ddz-Pro-Pfp. General procedure w/Triton B used to prepare Ddz-Pro-OH. Esterification in THF, 0° C. Yield 93.0%. [α] 21  589=-23.3. HPLC (60% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =14.6. 
     Ddz-Asn(Trt)-Pfp. General procedure w/tetramethylguanidine used to prepare Ddz-Asn(Trt)-OH. Esterification in THF, 0° C. Crystallization from isopropanol/hexanes. Yield 46.1%. mp 133-136° C. [α] 21  589=-15.3. HPLC (60% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =18.2. 
     Ddz-Gln(Trt)-Pfp. General procedure w/tetramethylguanidine used to prepare Ddz-Gln(Trt)-OH. Esterificatior. in THF, 0° C. Crystallization from isopropanol/hexanes. Yield 59.8%. mp 157-158° C. [α] 21  589=15.5. HPLC (60% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =18.8. 
     Ddz-Asp(tBu)-Pfp. General procedure w/tetramethylguanidine used to prepare Ddz-Asp(tBu)-OH. Esterification in THF, 0° C. Crystallization from Hexanes. Yield 70.6%. mp 88-90° C. [α] 21  589=-24.6. HPLC (60% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =15.0. 
     Ddz-Glu(tBu)-Pfp. General procedure w/tetramethylguanidine used to prepare Ddz-Glu(tBu)-OH. Esterification in THF, 0° C. Crystallization from ether/hexanes. Yield 76.9%. mp 83-85° C. [α] 21  589=-25.4. HPLC (60% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =15.8. 
     Ddz-Ser(tBu)-Pfp. General procedure w/tetramethylguanidine used to prepare Ddz-Ser(tBu)-OH. Esterification in THF, 0° C. Yield 51.6%. [α] 21  589=-36.6. HPLC (60% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =16.3. 
     Ddz-Thr(tBu)-Pfp. General procedure w/tetramethylguanidine used to prepare Ddz-Thr(tBu)-OH. Esterification in THF, 0° C. Yield 75.0%. [α] 21  589=-15.5. HPLC (60% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =17.48. 
     Ddz-Cys(tButhio)-Pfp. General procedure w/tetramethylguanidine used to prepare Ddz-Cys(tButhio)-OH. Esterification in THF, 0° C. mp 65-75° C. Yield 74.0%. [α] 21  589=-70.0. HPLC (60% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =17.3. 
     Ddz-Met-Pfp. General procedure w/Triton B used to prepare Ddz-Met-OH. Esterification in THF, 0° C. Crystallization from isopropanol/hexanes. Yield 41.1%. mp 105-106° C. [α] 21  589=-25.4. HPLC (60% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =13.4. 
     Ddz-Tyr(Allyl)-Pfp. General procedure w/tetramethylguanidine used to prepare Ddz-Tyr(Allyl)-OH. Esterification in THF, 0° C. Crystallization from isopropanol/hexanes. Yield 65.3%. [α] 21  589 =-12.4. HPLC (60% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =16.5. 
     Ddz-Phe-Pfp. General procedure w/Triton B used to prepare Ddz-Phe-OH. Esterification in THF, 0° C. Crystallization from isopropanol/hexanes. Yield 61.7%. mp 130-132° C. [α] 21  589=-12.5. HPLC (60% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =15.1. 
     Ddz-Lys(Tfa)-Pfp. General procedure w/tetramethylguanidine used to prepare Ddz-Lys(Tfa)-OH. Esterification in THF, 0° C. Crystallization from isopropanol/hexanes. Yield 82.3%. mp 109-110° C. [α] 21  589=-67.8. HPLC (60% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =10.6. 
     Ddz-Trp-Pfp. General procedure w/tetramethylguanidine used to prepare Ddz-Trp-OH. Esterification in THF, 0° C. Yield 53.4%. [α] 21  589=-21.9. HPLC (60% B to 100% B over 20 min.): t R  =13.2. 
     Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that methods, techniques, procedures, syntheses, starting materials, side-chain protecting groups, reagents and reaction conditions other than those specifically described herein can be employed with expense of undue experimentation to achieve the objects of this invention. All such routine adaptation or modifications or functional equivalents of the specific embodiments and examples disclosed herein are considered to fall within the spirit and scope of this invention. 
     All references cited herein are incorporated in their entirety by reference herein. 
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