Abstract:
A method, system and program product for replacing isotropic hole shapes in a wiring layout with non-equiaxial hole shapes that are arranged in a direction of current flow, which increases current flow along the wire&#39;s longitudinal axis while decreasing current flow along the wire&#39;s transverse axis. One aspect of the invention includes a method including determining a direction of electrical current flow in a portion of a wiring layout; and placing at least one non-equiaxial hole shape within the portion of the wiring layout, wherein the non-equiaxial hole shape is arranged in the direction of electrical current flow. The invention accommodates the limitations of copper CMP within an automated tool without sacrificing the efficiency of a hand-tuned layout. The invention also includes a semiconductor device including at least one non-equiaxial hole shape.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Technical Field 
     The present invention relates generally to semiconductor devices and more particularly to a method for optimizing the current-carrying and/or shielding capabilities of wide wires. 
     2. Related Art 
     In semiconductor applications, aluminum wires are often designed to be very wide, particularly in those instances where high current or electrical shielding is needed. Copper wires are favored over aluminum wires because of copper&#39;s higher conductivity and reliability. However, very wide copper wires are difficult to produce because the common manufacturing finishing process, i.e., chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), dishes the copper wire. 
     Two approaches have been taken to solve this problem: a) constraint of linewidths and pattern densities during circuit design, and b) filling of a fraction of the metal from the centers of very wide copper wires with dielectric studs, which is oftentimes referred to as ‘cheesing’. 
     The first approach forces designers to grapple with the linewidth and pattern density limitations of copper CMP directly. Maximum linewidth and wide-line/wide-space rules combined with maximum local density rules require designers to manually adjust a large variety of high-current, sensitive, and/or analog circuits so as to avoid metallization layouts that are known to be unmanufacturable in copper. The specific limits of the manufacturing process and the form of these rules vary from generation to generation and from manufacturer to manufacturer. As a result, it is difficult for designers to both automate and optimize the layout of wide copper features. This approach is also problematic for semiconductor manufacturers because different customers often find very different ways to work around these constraints. One advantage of this approach, however, is that it is possible to obtain layouts that satisfy all of the constraints of copper CMP and maximize the current-carrying and/or shielding capability of the circuit. 
     The second approach shifts the burden of accommodating the limitations of the copper CMP process from the designers to an automation tool. There are a number of benefits to this approach: a designer can use a simple layout because linewidth and pattern-density limitations are largely or completely eliminated; the resulting layout is manufacturable and reliable; and the effects of the automated treatment on the final electrical behavior of the layout are straightforward and predictable. However, layouts resulting from this approach are less efficient than the hand-tuned layouts of the first approach. This inefficiency derives from the requirement that the automated treatments must be robust for all possible current flows through a circuit without any prior knowledge of the current vectors that are possible during operation of the semiconductor device. That is, the effect of the automated treatment must be completely or nearly isotropic with regard to current flow. For example, referring to  FIG. 1 , a prior art device  10  is shown comprising a copper wire  20  having a horizontal portion  22  and a vertical portion  24 . Along a length of each portion  22 ,  24  are cut square equiaxial hole shapes  40 . Hole shapes  40  are not placed where they would obstruct a non-redundant via, but may be allowed to impinge upon a via that is part of a large redundant array. 
     Current flow in both a longitudinal direction  50  and a transverse direction  60  is decreased by “current crowding” (the need of current lines to bend around hole shapes  40 ), to approximately the same degree. That is, the effect of the automated treatment is isotropic with respect to current flow. Such an arrangement permits automated removal of portions of wire  20  without knowledge of any branching of or interconnects with wire  20 . However, along longer uninterrupted and unbranched lengths of wire, the accommodation of current flow in the transverse direction is not only unnecessary, but undesirable. 
     In view of the foregoing, there is a need in the art for a method of providing hole shapes in wide copper wires that increases current flow along the wire&#39;s longitudinal axis while decreasing current flow along the wire&#39;s transverse axis. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention includes a method, system and program product for replacing isotropic hole shapes in a wiring layout with non-equiaxial hole shapes that are arranged in a direction of current flow, which increases current flow along the wire&#39;s longitudinal axis while decreasing current flow along the wire&#39;s transverse axis. One aspect of the invention includes a method including determining a direction of electrical current flow in a portion of a wiring layout; and replacing at least one substantially equiaxial hole shape with a non-equiaxial hole shape within the portion of the wiring layout, wherein the non-equiaxial hole shape is arranged in the direction of electrical current flow. The invention accommodates the limitations of copper CMP within an automated tool without sacrificing the efficiency of a hand-tuned layout. The invention also includes a semiconductor device including at least one non-equiaxial hole shape. 
     A first aspect of the present invention provides a method comprising: determining a direction of electrical current flow in a portion of a wiring layout; and replacing at least one previous substantially equiaxial hole shape with a non-equiaxial hole shape within the portion of the wiring layout, wherein the non-equiaxial hole shape is arranged in the direction of electrical current flow. 
     A second aspect of the present invention provides a system comprising: means for determining a direction of electrical current flow in a portion of the wiring layout; and means for replacing at least one previous substantially equiaxial hole shape with a non-equiaxial hole shape within the portion of the wiring layout, wherein the non-equiaxial hole shape is arranged in the direction of electrical current flow. 
     A third aspect of the present invention provides a computer program product comprising a computer readable medium having computer program code embodied therein, the program product comprising: program code for determining a direction of electrical current flow in a portion of the wiring layout; and program code for replacing at least one previous substantially equiaxial hole shape with a non-equiaxial hole shape within the portion of the wiring layout, wherein the non-equiaxial hole shape is arranged in the direction of electrical current flow. 
     A fourth aspect of the invention includes a semiconductor device comprising: a metal wiring portion including at least one non-equiaxial hole shape. 
     The foregoing and other features of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of embodiments of the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The embodiments of this invention will be described in detail, with reference to the following figures, wherein like designations denote like elements, and wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic representation of a prior art device having equiaxial hole shapes. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a system for placing non-equiaxial hole shapes in a wiring layout according to the invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a flow diagram of a method of placing non-equiaxial hole shapes in a wiring layout according to the invention. 
         FIG. 4  is schematic representation of a device of the invention having elongated hole shapes in a portion of the copper wire. 
         FIG. 5  is a detailed view of a portion of the device of  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 6  is a detailed view of a portion of an alternate embodiment of the device of  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 7  is a detailed view of a portion of another alternate embodiment of the device of  FIG. 4 . 
         FIGS. 8A-B  are schematic representations of devices of the invention having transitional non-equiaxial hole shapes. 
         FIGS. 9A-C  are schematic representations showing the addition of non-equiaxial, elongated hole shapes to a wiring layout having extant equiaxial hole shapes. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , a block diagram of a computer system  100  capable of placing at least one non-equiaxial hole shape in a wiring layout in accordance with the  112 , a processor  114 , an input/output (I/O) interface  116 , and a bus  118 . Computing device  110  is shown in communication with an external I/O device/resource  124  and a storage system  120 , which together comprise a computer infrastructure  104 . As is known in the art, in general, processor  114  executes computer program code such as a non-equiaxial hole shape placing system  130 , that is stored in memory  112  and/or storage system  120 . While executing computer program code, processor  114  can read and/or write data, such as that of hole shape placing system  130 , to/from memory  112 , storage system  120 , and/or I/O interface  116 . Bus  118  provides a communication link between each of the components in computing device  110 . I/O device  124  may comprise any known type of device that enables a user to interact with computing device  110  or any device that enables computing device  110  to communicate with one or more other computing devices, including a network system, modem, keyboard, mouse, scanner, voice recognition system, CRT, printer, disc drive, etc. Additional components, such as cache memory, communication systems, system software, etc., may also be incorporated into system  100 . 
     In any event, computing device  110  can comprise any general purpose computing article of manufacture capable of executing computer program code installed by a user (e.g., a personal computer, server, handheld device, etc.). However, it is understood that computing device  110  is only representative of various possible computing devices that may perform the various process steps of the invention. To this extent, in other embodiments, computing device  110  can comprise any specific purpose computing article of manufacture comprising hardware and/or computer program code for specific functions, any computing article of manufacture that comprises a combination of specific purpose and general purpose hardware/software, or the like. In each case, the program code and hardware can be created using standard programming and engineering techniques, respectively. 
     Similarly, computer system  100  is only illustrative of various types of systems for implementing the invention. For example, in one embodiment, system  100  comprises two or more computing devices (e.g., a server cluster) that communicate over any type of wired and/or wireless communications link, such as a network, a shared memory, or the like, to perform the various process steps of the invention. When the communications link comprises a network, the network can comprise any combination of one or more types of networks (e.g., the Internet, a wide area network, a local area network, a virtual private network, etc.). 
     As previously mentioned, non-equiaxial hole shape placing system  130  enables computing device  110  to place at least one non-equiaxial hole shape in a wiring layout. To this extent, system  130  is shown including a determining system  132  having a divider  134  and shape analyzer  136 , and a replacing system  138  including a placement analyzer  142  and a replacer  144 . It should be understood that some of the various systems of  FIG. 2  can be implemented independently, combined, and/or stored in memory for one or more separate computing devices  110  that communicate over a network. Further, it should be understood that some of the systems and/or functionality may not be implemented, or additional systems and/or functionality may be included as part of system  100 . 
     Turning to  FIG. 3 , a flow diagram is shown depicting a method of operation of non-equiaxial hole shape placing system  130  for replacing substantially equiaxial hole shapes in a wiring layout, i.e., an electronic representation of a wiring structure. 
     First, at step S 1 , current direction determining system  132  determines a direction of electrical current flow in a portion of wiring layout  150  ( FIG. 1 ). In one embodiment, this step may include sub-step S 1 A in which divider  134  of determining system  132  divides metal features of wiring layout  150  ( FIG. 1 ) into geometric shape groups. One preferred geometric shape group is wiring layout direction. For example, wiring layout direction groups can be divided by orthogonal directions in which wiring structures extend such as a first direction and a second direction orthogonal to the first direction. In this case, wiring layout  150  may be divided into rectangles extending in one of the particular directions. Wiring layout  150  ( FIG. 1 ) may also be divided into other geometric shape groups such as 45° rectangles and trapezoids. All such divisions should tend to minimize cut-lengths so as to generate the most simple collection of shapes. In any event, sub-step S 1 B includes shape analyzer  136  analyzing a portion of wiring layout  150 , e.g., a particular geometric shape group or larger portion, to determine the electrical current direction flow. For a long section of wire (length&gt;&gt;width) with no branches or connections, it can be assumed that all current flow will be along the length of the wire and no current flow will occur in the transverse direction. Accordingly, since many portions of a typical wiring layout  150  can be categorized as a long section, a current flow direction for many portions can be determined by analyzing which is a long section. In sections of a wiring layout for which the direction of current flow cannot be so determined, equiaxial hole shapes would be retained in order to ensure that the true current flow is not inappropriately inhibited by wrong-way slotting. 
     Next, in step S 2 , replacing system  138  places at least one non-equiaxial hole shape within the portion of wiring layout  150  in a direction of electrical current flow. In particular, placement analyzer  142  determines whether one or more equiaxial previous hole shape in wiring layout should be replaced with a non-equiaxial hole shape. For example, substantially equiaxial hole shapes lying within rectangles configured in the first direction, e.g., horizontal are identified at step S 2 . In step S 2 A, placement analyzer  142  identifies ‘previous hole shapes’ in wiring layout  150 , which include substantially equiaxial hole shapes that have been inserted previously in any now known or later developed fashion. At step S 2 B, placement analyzer  142  determines whether each previous hole shape is sufficiently distant from a via. If it is determined that the previous hole shape is not sufficiently distant from a via, i.e., NO at step S 2 B, then the previous hole shape is left unchanged at step S 2 C. If it is determined that the previous hole shape is sufficiently distant from a via, then placement analyzer  150  determines at step S 2 D whether the previous hole shape is sufficiently distant from a ‘line end’, which includes macroscopic line ends as well as line ends that connect an edge of the portion in question. If it is determined that the previous hole shape is not sufficiently distant from a line end, the previous hole shape is left unchanged at step S 2 C. If it is determined that the previous hole shape is sufficiently distant from a line end, then replacer  144  replaces the previous hole shape at step S 2 E with a non-equiaxial hole shape, as will be described in further detail below. 
     Via step S 3 , the process may be repeated for hole shapes lying within second direction rectangles, replacing those, as appropriate, with second direction non-equiaxial hole shapes, e.g., extended slots. The process may also be similarly repeated for hole shapes lying within 45° rectangles and trapezoids, replacing the previous hole shapes, as appropriate, with extended slots aligned with the direction of current flow of the portion. 
     Turning to  FIGS. 4-9C , different non-equiaxial hole shape implementations will now be described. Referring to  FIG. 4 , a device  180  is shown comprising a wide copper wire  182  having horizontal  184  and vertical  186  portions. As in  FIG. 1 , a number of previous substantially equiaxial hole shapes  188  have been made in an area where horizontal  184  and vertical  186  portions meet. However, unlike the device of  FIG. 1 , non-equiaxial hole shapes  190  in the form of extended slots have been made along a length of wire portion  184  where wire portion  184  is uninterrupted by branching or another wire. Extended slots  190  permit less restricted current flow in a longitudinal direction  192 ,  194  and a more restricted flow in a transverse direction  196 . That is, along the length of wire portion  182 , where current flow is ideally unrestricted, the use of extended slots  190  increases effective conductance and decreases current crowding, as compared to known devices, such as that of  FIG. 1 . Similarly, along the width of wire portion  182 , where current flow is ideally eliminated, the use of extended slots  190  decreases effective conductance and increases current crowding. Where horizontal portion  182  and vertical portion  184  meet, however, elongated slots would undesirably restrict longitudinal current flow in one or both portions. Accordingly, in branched areas of wire portion  182  or where wire portions interconnect, current flow should remain isotropic. In such areas, therefore, previous substantially equiaxial hole shapes  188  should still be employed to permit current flow in each portion  184 ,  186  in as unrestricted a manner as possible. 
       FIG. 5  shows a vertical portion  224  of the device of  FIG. 4  in greater detail. As can be seen, extended slots  242  permit relatively unrestricted current flow in a longitudinal direction  252  but significantly more restricted flow in a transverse direction  260 , as compared to the prior art device of  FIG. 1 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 6 , an alternate embodiment of the present invention is shown, wherein every n out of m previous substantially equiaxial hole shapes (where n&lt;m) have been replaced by non-equiaxial hole shapes in the form of long extended slots  344  and the remaining portion (m−n) of the previous substantially equiaxial hole shapes have been removed entirely. The effect is a larger effective conductance in a longitudinal direction due, in part, to the greater crowding effect of transverse current flow  360 . Because of this more severe penalty for transverse current flow  360 , long extended slots  344  must be placed further away from disruptive features such as branch points and vias. 
     Another alternate embodiment of the present invention is shown in  FIG. 7 . Here, it is possible to utilize non-equiaxial hole shapes in the form of wide and long extended slots  446  in a very wide wire  420 . As used herein, ‘wide’ indicates a slot that is significantly wider than the narrowest enclosed opening allowed for a given technology (e.g., 0.14 μm for 90 nm technology). This is in contrast to the previously-described slots, which are intended to be as narrow or nearly as narrow as the smallest enclosed opening allowed for a given technology. Similar to the embodiment of  FIG. 6 , a wide and long extended slot  446  may be substituted for one of every m previous substantially equiaxial hole shapes and the remaining hole shapes (m−1) removed entirely. In this embodiment, the process window for copper CMP is improved relative to the devices in  FIGS. 4 and 6 . In addition, longitudinal current flow  452  is greatly enhanced and transverse current flow  460  greatly impaired. Because of this more severe penalty for transverse current flow, wide and long extended slots  446  must be placed quite far away from disruptive features such as branch points and vias. As such, wide and long extended slots  446  are most appropriate for the centers of very wide wires. It is possible, therefore, to combine the benefits of the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 . For example, previous substantially equiaxial hole shapes may be replaced by long extended slots  344  ( FIG. 6 ) near a line edge or disruptive element and by the more efficient wide and long extended slots  446  ( FIG. 7 ) in areas sufficiently far from a line edge or disruptive element. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 8A-B , another alternate embodiment of the present invention is shown. Here, non-equiaxial hole shapes in the form of semi-directional slots  548  are employed in regions of different current flow direction in order to create a more uniform metal density in such regions. Semi-directional slots  548  comprise elongate hole shapes oriented in each of the directions of current flow and are meant to transition between the elongate and previous substantially equiaxial hole shapes  540 . These semi-directional slots  548  increase current crowding only slightly while producing much more uniform metal density. The penalty for transverse current flow through semi-directional slots  548  is minor when used in regions of different current flow direction. By way of comparison, if semi-directional slots  548  were used throughout the body of a wire portion with well-defined directionality, the current crowding would be intermediate between that of previous substantially equiaxial hole shapes  40  of  FIG. 1  and extended slots  190  of  FIG. 4 . 
       FIGS. 9A-C  show how it is possible to derive the proper locations of extended slots  190  ( FIG. 4 ), long extended slots  344  ( FIG. 6 ) and wide and long extended slots  446  ( FIG. 7 ) from the locations of previous substantially equiaxial hole shapes  40  ( FIG. 1 ) in existing wire layouts. The only additional information required is the directionality of current flow for each line segment. In the absence of vias and side-branches, this directionality only depends on the macroscopic directionality of the line itself, as described above with reference to the flow diagram of  FIG. 3 . Referring to  FIG. 9A , in the absence of vias and side-branches, extended slots  642  have been substituted one-to-one for previous substantially equiaxial hole shapes  640 . In  FIG. 9B , long extended slots  644  have similarly been substituted for some of the previous substantially equiaxial hole shapes  640 . Specifically, a long extended slot  644  has been substituted for three of the five substantially equiaxial hole shapes  640  making up each repeating unit of five previous substantially equiaxial hole shapes. In  FIG. 9C , wide and long extended slots  646  have been substituted for one of the five previous substantially equiaxial hole shapes  640  making up each unit of five previous substantially equiaxial hole shapes. Here, it may also be necessary to evaluate the widths of horizontal portion  622  and vertical portion  624  to ensure that the use of wide and long extended slots  646  is appropriate, as explained above. 
     The present invention provides significant improvements in the conductivity and/or shielding of wide wire portions as compared to methods known in the art. Known methods typically carry an approximately 50% conductivity penalty for the removal of wire mass. For example, using a method comprising the placing only of substantially equiaxial hole shapes, such as that shown in  FIG. 1 , wherein approximately 20% of the total wire mass is removed, the wire&#39;s conductivity is typically reduced by approximately 30%. That is, the reduction in conductivity is approximately 50% greater than the percentage of mass removed. However, using a method of the present invention, the penalty is reduced to approximately zero. That is, the removal of the same approximately 20% of wire mass reduces the wire&#39;s conductivity by an approximately equal amount, i.e., approximately 20%. 
     While shown and described herein as a method and system for placing non-equiaxial hole shapes in a wiring layout, it is understood that the invention further provides various alternative embodiments. For example, in one embodiment, the invention provides a computer-readable medium that includes computer program code to enable a computer infrastructure to place non-equiaxial hole shapes in a wiring layout. To this extent, the computer-readable medium includes program code, such as system  130 , that implements each of the various process steps of the invention. It is understood that the term “computer-readable medium” comprises one or more of any type of physical embodiment of the program code. In particular, the computer-readable medium can comprise program code embodied on one or more portable storage articles of manufacture (e.g., a compact disc, a magnetic disk, a tape, etc.), on one or more data storage portions of a computing device, such as memory  112  and/or storage system  120  (e.g., a fixed disk, a read-only memory, a random access memory, a cache memory, etc.), and/or as a data signal traveling over a network (e.g., during a wired/wireless electronic distribution of the program code). 
     In still another embodiment, the invention provides a method for generating a system for placing hole shapes in a wiring layout. In this case, a computer infrastructure, such as computer infrastructure  104 , can be obtained (e.g., created, maintained, having been made available to, etc.) and one or more systems for replacing the process steps of the invention can be obtained (e.g., created, purchased, used, modified, etc.) and deployed to the computer infrastructure. To this extent, the deployment of each system can comprise one or more of (1) installing program code on a computing device, such as computing device  110 , from a computer-readable medium; (2) adding one or more computing devices to the computer infrastructure; and (3) incorporating and/or modifying one or more existing systems of the computer infrastructure to enable the computer infrastructure to perform the process steps of the invention. 
     As used herein, it should be understood that the terms “program code” and “computer program code” are synonymous and mean any expression, in any language, code, or notation, of a set of instructions intended to cause a computing device having an information processing capability to perform a particular function either directly or after either or both of the following: (a) conversion to another language, code, or notation; and/or (b) reproduction in a different material form. To this extent, program code can be embodied as one or more types of program products, such as an application/software program, component software/a library of functions, an operating system, a basic I/O system/driver for a particular computing and/or I/O device, and the like. 
     The foregoing description of various aspects of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously, many modifications and variations are possible. Such modifications and variations that may be apparent to a person skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the invention as defined by the accompanying claims.