Abstract:
A hybrid electric vehicle with two separate drive systems. Low speed operation is powered by hydraulic motors directly coupled to the drive wheels. The hydraulic oil is pressurized by direct current motors energized by a battery pack. High speed operation is powered by poly phased alternating current motors with-in the wheel rims. The alternating current motors are energized by mechanical or electronically generated alternating current. The hybrid power source is either a combustion engine driving an alternator or a fuel cell providing direct current. In the case of the combustion engine, a helper direct current motor/generator will augment the engine with power from the battery pack under large demands and charge the battery pack under small demands. In the case of a fuel cell, the cell is augmented by the battery pack under large demands and charges the battery pack under small or no demands.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 U.S. Patent documents 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 5697466 
                 December 1997 
                 Moroto, et. al. 
                 180/65.2 
               
               
                 6048289 
                 April 2000 
                 Hottori, et. al. 
                 477/15 
               
               
                 6719080 
                 April 2004 
                 Gray 
                 180/165 
               
               
                 6823954 
                 November 2004 
                 Skimabukuro, et. al. 
                 180/65.2 
               
               
                 6945345 
                 September 2005 
                 Meaney 
                 180/65.2 
               
               
                 6959545 
                 November 2005 
                 Lippert 
                  60/430 
               
               
                 7011051 
                 March 2006 
                 Epshteyn 
                 123/46R 
               
               
                 7041030 
                 May 2006 
                 Kuroda, et. al. 
                 477/21 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED R &amp; D 
       [0002]    None 
       REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING, ETC 
       [0003]    None 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0005]    The invention relates to hybrid vehicles having a fuel consuming source of power and a power storage unit. The vehicle is primarily driven by the power storage unit at low speeds and the fuel consuming unit at high speeds with the ability of using both the fuel consuming source of power and the power storage unit for extended low or high speed operation. The invention also relates to different types of fuel sources for power. The fuel ranges from conventional gas/diesel internal combustion engines, hydrogen combustion engines to hydrogen fuel cells (referred to herein collectively as “constant power source”). The constant power source will charge the batteries when the vehicle drive system has little or no requirement for power. 
         [0006]    The invention also relates to a vehicle that utilizes hydraulic motors for the low speed drive system and alternating current motors for the high speed drive system. 
         [0007]    The invention also relates to direct drive vehicles that produce the mechanical energy, which is required to propel the vehicle, at the wheels. In this case hydraulic energy to mechanical energy for low speed propulsion and electrical energy to mechanical energy for high speed propulsion. 
         [0008]    2. Description of Prior Art 
         [0009]    Typically hybrid and electric vehicles produce their mechanical energy on the chassis and then transfer that mechanical energy to the wheels through a transmission, drive shaft, differential and continuous velocity/universal joints. The vehicle drive system described below is unique because all mechanical energy is developed at the wheels. The required energy to power the wheels is transferred via electrical energy in wires or hydraulic energy in hoses. This not only eliminates the heavy, expensive and energy consuming power train; but also allows the various components to be arranged any where on the vehicle. 
         [0010]    Most of the US patented drive systems do not address, in detail, the modifications required to the chassis to allow installation of their inventions. Commercially marketed hybrid vehicles have crammed additional components into an already overloaded engine compartment. The components of their drive system are inaccessible and difficult to maintain or remove. This invention is designed to be used on any existing chassis. Everything is removed from engine compartment with the exception of the brake master cylinder and wind shield wiper system. All components installed are modular and are very accessible. They are easily removed by unplugging wires and/or disconnecting hoses. 
         [0011]    Many of the patented hybrids use components not yet readily available to the vehicle industry. These patents are in anticipation of the development of such components (e.g. fuel cell) that can be used in a commercial vehicle. This invention&#39;s first embodiment utilizes “off the shelf” readily available components. The second embodiment progresses to a special combustion engine designed for hybrid vehicle use. The third embodiment modifies the vehicle to an all electric vehicle in anticipation of a low yield fuel cell and a safe hydrogen storage system. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
       [0012]    The invention discloses a unique hybrid vehicle that replaces any standard vehicle drive with a four module drive. 
         [0013]    The power storage system is the first module and may consist of a battery bank, on board charger and a DC to DC converter. The battery bank will produce a voltage higher than conventional vehicles (approximately 100 volts). The onboard charger will use external 120 volt alternating current house current to charge the battery bank. The DC to DC converter will reduce the high DC voltage of the battery pack to approximately 12 volts for all the existing electrical and electronic equipment already installed on the chassis selected for installation or conversion. 
         [0014]    The hydraulic low speed drive system is the second module. Most electric and hybrid vehicles use DC series or compound motors for drives because of their relatively good starting torque. Hydraulic motors have their best torque when starting. Thousands of pounds per square inch is available to accomplish this task. In this invention, the hydraulic system will go to standby any time the vehicle is not calling for low speed power. This is accomplished with a “Free Wheeling” feature that functions like a bicycle. 
         [0015]    The constant power source system is the third module. The power provided by this module may be generated by a mechanical source (internal combustion engine) or a static source (fuel cell). During peak power requirements the constant power source will augment the power storage system and during small power requirements the constant power source will charge the power storage system. Most commercially available hybrid vehicles boast of an unlimited range but require large heavy engines and heavy expensive batteries. The target range for this invention is 250 miles before the power storage system requires charging. The engine in this invention is less than half the size and weight of those in commercially available hybrids and utilizes standard off the shelf automotive batteries. 
         [0016]    The alternating current (AC) drive system is the fourth module. An AC motor&#39;s maximum torque is near (induction) or at (synchronies) its&#39; operating frequency. When the AC is developed on board the vehicle, the frequency of the AC can be set as a function of the speed of the vehicle. Therefore the drive motors are always at their best torque at that frequency. When an alternator is used with a mechanical constant power source, it has a great advantage over the direct current (DC) drive systems commonly used in hybrids. That advantage is the large current used to drive the high speed system can be controlled by adjusting the relatively small alternator field current. When solid state power amplifiers are used with a fuel cell, the current is controlled by individual power amplifiers for each AC motor field pole (about 24). The unique design of either AC drive systems eliminates the requirement for an expensive “Controller” presently used on all commercially available hybrids. 
         [0017]    The electronic AC drive system (fuel cell) has two advantages over the mechanical AC drive System (internal combustion engine). The first is the ability to operate the high speed system without using the constant power source (as long as the batteries last). A vehicle may be converted using three modules (power storage, low speed drive and electronic high speed drive) and operate as an electric vehicle awaiting fuel cell technology to catch up. The second advantage of an electronic AC drive system is the ability to shut off the power amplifiers when the vehicle is coasting. This can be accomplished by using “Push-Pull” configured amplifiers biased below cut-off. 
         [0018]    The modular construction is the greatest advantage over the present vehicle drive systems. Each module (power storage, hydraulic drive, constant power source and AC drive) require different types of expertise. Each discipline of engineering can work independently on increasing the efficiency of their module while decreasing the size and weight. The common goal is to use less fuel. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0019]    The included figures present a visual depiction of the unique method of powering a hybrid vehicle. They functionally illustrate the four sub-systems and the relationship they have to each other. 
           [0020]      FIG. 1  is a notional arrangement of the major components of the drive systems on an existing chassis and a functional block diagram illustrating the major components of the four modules. 
           [0021]      FIG. 2  is a detailed functional block diagram of the, “Power Storage module”. 
           [0022]      FIG. 3  is a detailed functional block diagram of the, “Low Speed Hydraulic Drive module”. 
           [0023]      FIG. 4  is a detailed functional block diagram of a, “Constant Power Source module” with an Internal Combustion Engine. 
           [0024]      FIG. 5  is a detailed functional block diagram of the, “High Speed Alternating Current Drive module”. 
           [0025]      FIG. 6  is a detailed functional block diagram of the changes required to update the “Constant Power Source module” from an internal combustion engine to a fuel cell. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0026]    The pictorial potion of  FIG. 1  is a notional depiction of an existing chassis with the conventional front wheel drive system removed and the invented systems installed. The hydraulic motors  2  are mounted on the front wheels were the drive shafts were removed. The hydraulic pumps and controls  1  are located in the engine compartment forward of the front wheels. The constant power source  3  and the alternating current source  4  are located in the space vacated by the conventional combustion engine and transmission. The battery bank  6  and onboard charger  5  are located behind the rear seat. The alternating current motors  7  are located between the oversized tire rims and the brakes. The power receptacle  8 , for externally charging the batteries, is located behind a spring loaded number plate bracket. The existing fuel tank  9  is used for liquid fuel applications but must be replaced for hydrogen. Again the pictorial is a notional arrangement to an existing chassis, the component location is flexible and at the discretion of the installing activity. 
         [0027]    The functional block diagram portion of  FIG. 1  illustrates the units that make up the four modules of the power drive system and the flow of energy between them. The battery bank  6 , on board charger  5 , and power receptacle  8  along with their associated circuitry make up the “Power Storage module”  10 . The constant power source  3 , fuel tank  9  and their associated circuitry and fuel delivery make up the “Constant Power Source module”  11 . The hydraulic pumps  1  and hydraulic motors  2  along with their associated circuitry and piping make up the “Hydraulic Drive module”  13 . The alternate current source  4 , alternate current motors  7  and their associated circuitry make up the “Alternate Current Drive module”  12 . The energy required to operate the low speed hydraulic module  13  is provided by the power storage module  10  via cable  101 . During excessive low speed demands, the constant power source  11  augments the power requirement via cable  100 . The energy required to operate the high speed alternating current drive module  12  is provided mechanically by the constant power source  11  via shaft  300 . The power storage system  10  can augment the power requirement via cable  100  during excessive high speed demands. During low or no power demand from the drive system, the constant power source  11  charges the power storage system  10  via cable  100 . 
         [0028]    The power storage module functional block diagram  FIG. 2  is shown with the mode switch  15  in the external charge position. The 120 volt AC house current enters the system at receptacle  8 , passes through cable  105 , to the onboard charger  5 . When the charger  5  is energized, the charging current will pass through cable  106 , the contacts of the mode switch  15  and cable  107  to the battery bank  6 . When the mode switch  15  is placed in the operate position, the power leaves the battery bank  6  through cable  107  in the other direction to mode switch  15 . The current will then be delivered to the other modules via cable  108 . The final component of the power storage system, the DC to DC converter  16 , also receives its&#39; power from cable  108 . The function of the DC to DC converter  16  is to reduce the high voltage of the battery bank  17  to the customary 13.6 volts (hereafter called “low DC voltage) used by the conventional automotive chassis. 
         [0029]    The two stage low speed hydraulic drive module is functionally illustrated in  FIG. 3 . The primary motor/pump  21  is a relatively low power consuming unit for normal driving at low speeds. The back-up motor/pump  29  is a more powerful unit and is used to augment the primary motor/pump  21  during high demand periods of low speed operation. The system utilizes the standard key switch existing in all vehicles. When the key is turned to the “Start” position low DC voltage is sent to the relay unit  23  via cable  114 . The relay unit  23  will energize and will remain energized until the key switch is turned to the “Off” position. The relay unit  23  will then allow low DC voltage to the primary motor contactor  20  via cable  112 . When the primary motor contactor  20  energizes the power from the power storage module, available by cable  110 , will be sent to the primary motor/pump  21  via cable  111 . At the same time, the relay unit  23  will allow low DC voltage to the pressure switch  30  via cable  115 . The energy will pass through the normally closed contacts of the pressure switch  30  to the back-up motor contactor  31  via cable  118 . When the back-up motor contactor  31  is energized the power from the power storage module, available by cable  116 , will be sent to the back-up motor/pump  29  via cable  117 . Both the primary motor/pump  21  and the backup motor/pump  29  will start to charge the hydraulic oil in the high pressure hose assembly  200 . Before the pressure in the high pressure hose assembly  200  reaches normal operating pressure, the pressure switch  30  will open the normally closed contacts. This will disconnect the energy from cable  118  causing the back-up system to shut down. The primary motor/pump  21  will continue to bring the hydraulic pressure to its&#39; normal operating range. Hydraulically, the high pressure oil will be contained in hose assembly  200  and the oil will be returned to the pumps via hose assembly  201 . Flow valve  24  is mechanically connected to the existing accelerator pedal. Foot pressure on the pedal determines how much hydraulic oil will be allowed to flow from the high pressure hose assembly  200  to the directional valve  25  via hose  203 . The directional valve  25  is mechanically connected to the existing shift lever. When the shift lever is placed in the low position, high pressure hydraulic oil will be applied to the hydraulic motors  26  via hose assembly  204  where the pressure will be converted to mechanical motion. The expended oil will return from the hydraulic motors  26  via hose assembly  205  to the directional valve  25  where it will be ported to the return hose assembly  201 . Conversely, when the shift lever is in the reverse position, the directional valve  25  will port high pressure oil to the hydraulic motors  26  via hose assembly  205  and port the expended oil from hose assembly  204  to the return hose assembly  201 . This will cause the hydraulic motors  26  to rotate in the opposite direction. The last unit of the hydraulic drive system is the pressure reducing valve  27 . It receives high pressure hydraulic oil from the high pressure oil hose assembly  200  and reduces the pressure to meet the requirement of the existing hydraulic power steering systems (if installed in target chassis). 
         [0030]    The constant power source module illustrated in  FIG. 4  utilizes a mechanical internal combustion engine to provide the constant power. The engine is started by placing the mode switch  43  (A&amp;B) in the “Start” position. The power storage module will then apply power to the helper motor/generator  40  shunt field via cable  126 . At the same time power is applied to the field present relay  42  via cable  127 . The field present relay  42  accomplishes the critical function of preventing power to be applied to the helper motor/generator  40  armature with-out a magnetic field present. When the field present relay senses a field is present, it allows power to the armature contactor  41  via cable  137 . The armature contactor will energize allowing power, provided by the power storage module via cable  138 , to the helper motor/generator  40  armature via cable  136 . The helper motor/generator  40  will now turn over the combustion engine  36  until it starts. Upon starting, the combustion engine  36  will increase in speed until helper motor/generator  40  becomes a generator and provides a voltage that is approximately 15% higher than the normal battery bank voltage. At that time the helper motor/generator  40  will provide charging power to the power storage system via cable  136 , armature contactor  41  and cable  138 . A sample of the generated voltage will be provided to the voltage regulator  39  via cable  136 . When the voltage regulator  39  senses a voltage greater than the above mentioned level; a signal will be sent to the throttle servo unit  37  via cable  135 , mode switch  43  B and cable  133  to reduce the throttle pressure. Conversely, when the voltage regulator  39  senses a voltage less than above mentioned level, a signal will be sent to the throttle servo unit  37  to increase the throttle pressure via the same route. When the mode control switch  43  (A&amp;B) is placed in the “Idle” position, the field present relay  42  will sense a loss of power and will remove the power to the armature contactor  41  causing it to de-energize. Likewise, the throttle servo unit  37  will lose its&#39; signal and will automatically reduce the throttle pressure to the lower limit causing the combustion engine  36  to reduce its&#39; speed to an idle. When the mode control switch  43  (A&amp;B) is placed in the “Run” positing, the throttle servo unit  37  is controlled by the engine/wheel synchronizing unit  38  via cable  134  and  133 . The throttle pressure is now dependant on the speed of the wheels. An alternating current signal, whose frequency is proportional to the speed of the wheels, is provided to the engine/wheel synchronizing unit  38  from the alternating current drive module via cable  131 . A sample of the frequency being generated by the alternator in the alternating current drive system is also provided to the engine/wheel synchronizing unit  38  via cable  132 . Now that the speed of the helper motor/generator  40  is controlled solely by the speed of the wheels, an other unit is required to adjust the shunt field to maintain the counter EMF (electro motive force) at the power storage system&#39;s voltage level + or −15%. A signal proportional to the throttle pressure is sent from the throttle servo unit  37  to the shunt field control unit  35  via cable  129 . When the combustion engine  36  is under high demand (accelerating in high speed) the throttle pressure will increase. The signal from the throttle servo unit  37  will cause the shunt field control unit  35  to decrease the power to the helper motor/generator  40  shunt field via cable  128 . The reduction in shunt field strength will turn the unit into a motor to augment the combustion engine  36 . Conversely, when the combustion engine  36  has little or no demand the throttle pressure will decrease. The signal sent from the throttle servo unit  37  via cable  129  will cause the shunt field control unit  35  increase the power to the helper motor/generator  40  shunt field via cable  128 . The increase in magnetic field strength will turn the unit into a generator to charge the battery bank. 
         [0031]    The alternating current drive module functionally illustrated in  FIG. 5  receives it operating power from the constant power source via mechanical coupling  301 . This high speed drive can not operate without an operating constant power source module. This is unlike the aforementioned low speed hydraulic drive system that can function from the power storage system alone. The power output of the poly-phase alternator  49  is controlled by the alternator field control unit  45 . The alternator field control unit  45  is energized only when the shift lever is in the “High” position via cable  140 , high speed enable switch  50  and cable  141 . Potentiometer  51  develops a direct current signal proportional to the position of the accelerator. The alternator field control unit  45  receives the accelerator position signal via cable  143  and in turn proportionally controls the field strength of the poly-phase alternator  49  via cable  145 . The electrical power generated by the poly-phase alternator  49  must pass through the current transformer  48  before it reaches the poly-phase wheel motors  46  via cables  148  and  147 . The current transformer  48  monitors the alternating current being used and sends a negative feedback to the alternator field control unit  45 , via cable  144 , to keep the current with-in the poly-phase wheel motors  46  specifications. The poly-phase wheel motors  46  not only drive the wheels but also are mechanically coupled to the alternating current tachometer  47 . The tachometer produces an alternating current feedback signal, to the constant power source module, via cable  131 , with a frequency that is proportional to the wheel speed. Likewise, cable  132  provides a feedback signal to the constant power source module with a frequency that is proportional to the poly-phase alternator&#39;s speed. The two above signals effect on the constant power source module was previously explained during the explanation of that module. 
         [0032]    The updated constant power source system illustrated in  FIG. 6  utilizes a fuel cell  55  that eliminates the need of any drive system mechanical devices on the chassis. All required drive system mechanical energy is generated at the wheels. The fuel cell  55  feeds its&#39; power directly to the power storage module via cable  150 . This update required no changes to the hydraulic drive module or power storage module. The only components retained in the old constant power source and alternating current drive modules are the high speed enable switch (piece  40  of  FIG. 5 ) and the poly phase wheel motors (piece  46  of  FIG. 5 ). 
         [0033]    The alternating current drive module illustrated in  FIG. 6  uses a poly-phase tachometer  57  to supply the reference signal with a frequency that is proportional to the wheel speed via cable  153 . The potentiometer unit  58  (one potentiometer per phase) supplies a signal to the pre-amplifiers  59 , via cable  154 , with amplitude that is proportional to the accelerator position. The pre-amplifiers  59  increase the power of the signal to drive the power amplifiers  56  via cable  151 . The power amplifiers  56  (one per field pole of the poly-phase wheel motors) now supply the electrical energy to the existing poly-phase wheel motors  46 .