Abstract:
The present invention provides methods for purifying insoluble bone gelatin and uses for insoluble bone gelatin. The process for isolating insoluble bone gelatin from bone tissue includes grinding the bone tissue into bone powder; washing the bone powder with saline; demineralizing the bone tissue; contacting the bone powder with a neutral salt; and contacting the bone powder with a stabilizer. The present invention also discloses an insoluble bone gelatin including about 10 percent growth factor. Insoluble bone gelatin is useful, for example, in preparing impaction bone grafts.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/317,097, filed Sep. 4, 2001 and is a continuation-in-part of co-pending application Ser. No. 10/234,618 filed Sep. 4, 2002, titled “Methods for purifying insoluble bone gelatin”; both of which applications are incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. 
     
    
     FIELD 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to methods for isolation and purification of Insoluble Bone Gelatin (ISBG) and the application of ISBG produced by the present invention, for example, for impaction bone grafting, non-union fracture and dental conditions. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    With the exception of blood, bone is the most frequently transplanted tissue in humans. With an aging population and with an increasing number of younger and more active patients undergoing, for example, hip replacement, revision surgery is often required. Currently, fresh frozen donor bone is the most effective graft material available for difficult clinical situations. Although bone transplantation has been used as the standard approach for reconstruction following excision of diseased bone, some problems remain unsolved. Among these, non-union fracture and loosening are major problems responsible for the failure of operations (especially for more extensive operations or after multiple operations), due to poor incorporation of allografts into host bone. 
         [0004]    Bone formation in adult humans is a complex and closely regulated process. All bone is remodeled by the coordinated actions of bone resorbing (osteoclasts) and bone forming (osteoblasts) cells that are under the regulatory control of local cytokines generated in the environment of the remodeling cells. These local factors are comprised of peptides and non-peptides. These factors are often incorporated into non-collagenous protein of bone matrix, released in an active form when bone is remodeled. Complex interactions between these factors and their target cells are responsible for the normal delicate balance between bone resorption and bone formation. 
         [0005]    Unlike most other organ systems, the specific cellular components of bone only account for a minor portion of tissue weight. The major component of bone is matrix, which accounts for 90-95% of the tissue weight. Bone matrix includes mineral phases and protein phases, which are portioned 60-65% and 40-35%, respectively, of non-cellular bone weight. The non-collagenous proteins are heterogeneous in origin and some appear to be produced by bone cells while others are incorporated from or are concentrated from serum. The non-collagenous proteins are laid down into bone matrix by binding to the mineral phase, collagen or other matrix proteins. 
         [0006]    There are two fractions of non-collagenous bone proteins—soluble and insoluble non-collagenous bone proteins. The fraction of insoluble non-collagenous bone proteins consist of bone growth factors - the growth factor ‘cocktail’, which is responsible for regulating bone formation. In the 1970&#39;s, M. Urist established procedures to isolate soluble and insoluble bone morphogenetic proteins from animal bones (for example, as described in “Bone morphogenesis in implants of insoluble bone gelatin” Urist M R, Iwata H, Ceccoth P L, Doriman R L, Boyd S D, McDowell R M and Chien C. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1973:351 1-351 5, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety (the Urist 1973 article). The method taught in Urist begins with crushed bone, and does not have a pre-washing step. A chloroform-methanol extraction is performed to remove blood, cells, and other debris from the bone. The method also includes a treatment step with lithium chloride, and treatment with HCl, CaCl 2 , and EDTA at 2° C. The duration of the process is about 3.5 days, and the resulting ISBG contains BMP-2 only. 
         [0007]    Bone morphogenetic activities were observed in implants of insoluble bone gelatin in several animal models described by Urist and other researchers including the present inventors. It has now been well accepted that bone gelatin can induce bone formation and control bone morphogenetic reaction. 
         [0008]    It is believed that Gie et al. was first to describe the use of impaction bone allografting in revision surgery (for example, as described in “Contained morselized allograft in revision total hip arthroplasty” Gie G A, Linder L, Ling R S, Simon J P, Slooff T J, Timperley A J Orthop Clin North Am 1993 24:717-725, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) and this technique has been used widely since then. Even with the improvement of techniques and materials used in this field, loosening still remains a big problem. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0009]    The present invention discloses methods for isolating and purifying insoluble bone gelatin (ISBG). The present invention teaches isolation and purification of ISBG and its clinical application, for example, in impaction bone grafts and non-union fracture healing. 
         [0010]    In general terms, the invention involves methods for preparing bone powder and, isolating and purifying ISBG, and the resulting purified ISBG and use of it in, for example, impaction bone grafts and non-union fracture healing. 
         [0011]    An insoluble bone gelatin including about 10 percent growth factor is also included in the present invention. In one embodiment of the present invention, the growth factors are BMP-2, FGF, TGF-beta, and IGF, or any combination thereof. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    To meet clinical requirements, Perth Bone &amp; Tissue Bank has recently established a primary technique of purification of ISBG as described herein. The ISBG containing about 10 percent by weight of non-collagenous proteins represents a growth factor “cocktail” which is believed to enhance new bone formation and could also provide mechanical stability when mixed with milled bone (Zheng M H, Wood D J, Papadimitriou J M, “What&#39;s new in the role of cytokines on osteoblast differentiation?” Pathol. Res. Pract. 188:1104-1112). Consequently, we purified ISBG and used it with milled bone to induce bone formation and mechanical stability suitable for impaction grafts. 
         [0013]    In one embodiment, the present technique for purification of ISBG differs from the prior art in terms of preparation of bone powder (for example, as described below), the pre-treatment procedure, temperature and the chemicals used. A method for isolating bone gelatin was established by Urist (for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,294,753, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). 
         [0014]    In an embodiment of the present invention, a novel ISBG containing one or more of BMP-2, FGF, TGF-beta, IGF, and IGF binding protein, or any combination thereof, is produced by milling bone powder to up to about 1.0 millimeter particles and pre-washing the bone powder with saline at a temperature between 5° C. and 35° C., preferably between 10° C. to 30° C., more preferably about 25° C. for 5 minutes. The purpose of the pre-washing step is to remove lipids without using chloroform or methanol as used in the method of Urist. The milled bone powder is treated with HCl, CaCl 2 , and EDTA at 4° C., as described in detail below, and the entire procedure takes approximately 48 hours. No chloroform or methanol extraction process is used, and no lithium chloride solution is used in the process for obtaining the novel ISBG of this particular embodiment. The ISBG produced is useful in preparing impaction bone grafts. 
         [0015]    In one embodiment, the present invention includes the steps of screening and testing human bones to determine suitability for human transplantation, preparing bone powder (preferably having a particle size up to 1.0 millimeter, more preferably 0.5-1.0 millimeter), isolating and purifying insoluble bone gelatin from the bone powder, and using the purified insoluble bone gelatin, for example, for impaction bone grafting, non-union fracture, and dental use. 
         [0016]    In one embodiment of the isolation and purification procedure according to the present invention, bone powder prepared according to the present invention was demineralized using an acid such as hydrochloric acid or acetic acid, then treated with a neutralizing salt such as calcium chloride or calcium phosphate, and then treated with a stabilizer such as ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). The resulting gelatin was then treated with sterilized water. 
         [0017]    Three protocols (described below) were designed and tested based on the concept that ISBG contains a growth factor “cocktail” that includes one or more of BMP-2, FGF, TGF-beta, IGF, and IGF binding proteins, and provides mechanical stability in impaction bone grafts. Protocol 1 is according to the Urist 1973 article. Protocols 2 and 3 are according to the present invention. 
         [0018]    Protocol 1 
         [0019]    Bone powders without any pre-washing (preparation) step were subjected to the following procedure for ISBG extraction. 
         [0020]    Step 1 chloroform and methanol (1:1 ratio) for 4 hours at 25° C.; 
         [0021]    Step 2 0.6 N HCl for 24 hours at 4° C.; 
         [0022]    Step 3 2.0 M CaCl 2  for 24 hours at 4° C.; 
         [0023]    Step 4 0.5 M EDTA for 24 hours at 4° C.; 
         [0024]    Step 5 8.0 M LiCl for 4 hours at 4° C.; and 
         [0025]    Step 6 sterilized H 2 O for 4 hours at 55° C. 
         [0026]    Protocol 2 
         [0027]    Bone powders prepared by the method described below were subjected to the following procedure for ISBG extraction. 
         [0028]    Step 1 0.6 N HCl up to 24 hours at 4° C.; 
         [0029]    Step 2 2.0 M CaCl 2  up to 24 hours at 4° C.; 
         [0030]    Step 3 0.5 M EDTA up to 24 hours at 4° C.; 
         [0031]    Step 4 8.0 M LiCl for 4 hours at 4° C.; and 
         [0032]    Step 5 sterilized H 2 O for 4 hours at 55° C. 
         [0033]    Protocol 3 
         [0034]    Bone powders prepared by the method described below were subjected to the following procedure for ISBG extraction. 
         [0035]    Step 1 0.6 N HCl up to 24 hours at 4° C.; 
         [0036]    Step 2 2.0 M CaCl 2  up to 24 hours at 4° C.; 
         [0037]    Step 3 0.5 M EDTA for 4 hours at 4° C.; and 
         [0038]    Step 4 sterilized H 2 O for 4 hours at 55° C. 
         [0039]    Instead of using chloroform and methanol solution as described by Urist, a washing procedure was developed to remove lipids and bone marrow cells in the tissue for Protocols 2 and 3 according to the present invention. In the step prior to treatment with HCl, the bone powder was washed with normal saline at a temperature of between 5° C.-55° C., preferably between 15° C.-35° C., more preferably about 25° C. for 5 minutes. Using this procedure, 80% of lipids and bone marrow cells were removed at the end of washing. The bone powder rinsed with saline appeared to be clear, moist and not overly dry as is bone powder treated with a solution of chloroform and methanol. 
         [0040]    To eliminate non-crucial chemicals, a series of experiments was conducted to examine if the use of solutions of chloroform and methanol, and lithium chloride (LiCl) are necessary for isolating and purifying ISBG. Based on the results of rat models, it was found that neither a solution of chloroform and methanol, nor a solution of LiCl is essential to produce ISBG that is suitable for induction of bone formation. By eliminating one or both of these chemicals from the isolation and purification procedure, the duration of ISBG extraction is reduced by up to approximately one-half according to the present invention. 
         [0041]    The present invention provides very promising results to meet clinical requirements, such as osteoinductive activities and mechanical stability for impaction bone grafts. Indeed, there was no significant difference between protocols 2 &amp; 3 as to the degree of new bone formation produced. An embodiment as described in Protocol 3 is preferable from an economic standpoint as this protocol includes fewer steps and chemicals and provides a desirable product. No adverse effects were observed using this protocol. 
         [0042]    In one embodiment, using the protocol 3 according to the present invention, the extraction period was reduced from 3.5 days to about 2 days, and produced an ISBG material having potent osteoinductive activity as evidenced in rat models in which bone formation was observed after the implantation of ISBG. Mechanical stability in impaction bone grafts was also observed, and is thought to be related to the osteoinductivity of the ISBG. Moreover, an injectable ISBG material can be generated by using the ISBG produced according to the present invention with any acceptable pharmaceutical carriers. In one embodiment, 1% alginate gel with distilled water can be used as a pharmaceutical carrier. 
         [0043]    In short, the ISBG isolated and purified according to the present invention has preferred biological properties, such as osteoinductivity, and mechanical stability. It will provide exceptional benefits for example, for impaction bone graft, non-union fracture and dental implantation. The results provided herein regarding the present invention indicate that the process of bone repair can be improved by introducing insoluble bone gelatin (ISBG) into a site of the operation, for example, for impaction bone grafting. 
         [0044]    The invention is now described with reference to the following Example. 
       EXAMPLE 
       [0045]    Classifying and Grouping Donated Bone 
         [0046]    The donors of human bones were screened and tested to determine suitability for human transplant according to international standards (e.g., American Association of Tissue Banks, European Association of Tissue Banks, Therapeutic Goods Administration of Australia). 
         [0047]    Preparation of Bone Powder 
         [0048]    Bone powder with a particle size of up to 1.0 millimeter was produced with a bone mill. Bone powder was collected in a sterile container and rinsed thoroughly with sterile normal saline at 50° C. to remove as much as possible blood, fat and bone marrow. Important aspects of using a fine particle size of the bone powder include enabling the success of further purification procedure for ISBG and the ability to produce an injectable form of ISBG. 
         [0049]    Isolation and Purification of ISBG 
         [0050]    After bone powder was prepared as described above, the bone powder was then treated sequentially as follows: 
         [0051]    Step 1 0.6 N HCl up to 24 hr; 
         [0052]    Step 2 2.0 M CaCl 2  up to 24 hr; and 
         [0053]    Step 3 0.5 M EDTA for 4 hr. 
         [0054]    The above steps were carried out at 0° C.-4° C. and the bone powder was rinsed twice with sterilized double distilled water each time the solution was changed. In a final step, the gelatin was treated with sterilized H 2 O for 4 hr at 55° C. In one embodiment, the ISBG materials were then maintained below −70° C. to be used for further assessments such as osteoinductivity and mechanical stability. 
         [0055]    Assessment of Osteoinductive Activity of ISBG 
         [0056]    Rat models were used to assess the biological activities of each ISBG material produced according to the present invention. The so called attribute of osteoinductivity was assessed by introducing ISBG produced according to the present invention into two rat models. In test groups, ISBG was implanted into the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle or under skin of anterior abdominal wall of the animals. In the TA model, the skin over the TA muscle was cut to expose the muscle and the TA muscle was then cut longitudinally half way through the muscle. ISBG prepared according to the present invention was then implanted into the site and the muscle closed by suturing the cut muscle with silk sutures. The skin was then sutured using silk thread and the animal was left to recover. 
         [0057]    In the abdominal wall model, the skin over the anterior abdominal wall was opened and the ISBG produced according to the present invention was implanted into the pocket. The skin was then closed by suturing the cut skin with silk thread and the animal left to recover. A control group was produced using the same procedures, expect bone powder was implanted rather than ISBG produced according to the present invention. 
         [0058]    Samples were then taken 3 weeks post operatively and histopathological tests were carried out to identify scientific evidence of new bone formation induced by the bone gelatin. 
         [0059]    It was discovered new bone appeared in the muscle where the ISBG was implanted but not in the control group where bone powder was implanted. The different results obtained using ISBG versus using bone powder clearly indicated that bone formation in the muscle was induced by the bone gelatin produced according to the present invention. To our knowledge, we are the first and the only group indicating that ISBG may be used in impaction bone grafting. The ISBG material produced by the present invention has potent osteoinductivity and mechanical stability so that we indicate that it can be used in impaction bone grafting. 
         [0060]    Characteristics and advantages of the present invention covered in this document have been set forth in the foregoing description. It will be understood, however, that this disclosure is in many respects, only illustrative. Modifications may be made in details, particularly as to concentrations, volumes and weights of materials, and duration and ordering of steps without exceeding the scope of the present invention.