Abstract:
Techniques for processing a substrate are disclosed. In one exemplary embodiment, the technique may be realized with an ion implantation system for processing a substrate. The ion implantation system may comprise: an ion source comprising an ion source chamber, the ion source chamber including an ion source chamber wall that define an ion generation region and an extraction aperture, through which ions generated in the ion generation region are extracted; an extraction system positioned downstream of the ion source near the extraction aperture; a material source comprising a fist source containing first material, a second source containing the second material, and a first and second conduits, where the first conduit may be in communication with the first source and the ion source chamber to provide the first material from the first source to the ion source chamber, and where the second conduit may be in communication with the second source and a first region outside of the ion source chamber to provide the second material from the second source to the first region.

Description:
PRIORITY 
     This Application is a Non-Provisional Application of and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/617,904, filed on Mar. 30, 2012, and entitled “Techniques For Improving The Performance And Extending The Lifetime Of An Ion Source.”The U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/617,904 is incorporated in its entirety by reference. 
    
    
     RELATED APPLICATION 
     This Application is also a related Application to co-pending U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 13/832,578, filed on Mar. 15, 2013, entitled “Technique For Processing a Substrate,” and which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/617,904, filed on Mar. 30, 2012, and entitled “Techniques For Improving The Performance And Extending The Lifetime Of An Ion Source.” 
     FIELD 
     Present disclosure relates generally to techniques for processing a substrate, more particularly to techniques for processing a substrate using an ion implantation with improved ion source. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Ion implantation process is used in manufacturing of, among others, electrical and optical devices. It is used for implanting impurities or dopants to alter one or more properties of a substrate. In integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing, the substrate may be a silicon substrate, and the process may be used alter the electrical property of the substrate. In solar cell manufacturing, the process may be used to alter the optical and/or electrical property of the substrate. As the impurities or dopants implanted into the substrate may affect the performance of the final device, a precise and uniform implant profile is desired. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , there is shown a conventional indirectly heated cathode (IHC) ion source  100  and an extraction system  112  of a conventional ion implantation system that may be used to implant impurities or dopants. As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , a typical IHC ion source  100  includes an ion source chamber  102  comprising one or more conductive chamber walls  102   a  defining an ion generation region  104 . The ion source chamber  102  also includes an extraction aperture  102   b . At one side of the ion source chamber  102 , there may be a cathode  106  and a filament  108 . Opposite to the cathode  108 , there may be a repeller  110 . 
     A feed source  114  containing feed material may be coupled to the ion source chamber  102 . The feed material may contain desired implanter species (e.g. dopant species). 
     Near the extraction aperture  102   b  of the ion source chamber  102 , there may be an extraction system  112 . The extraction system  112  may comprise a suppression electrode  112   a  positioned in front of the extraction aperture  102   b  and a ground electrode  112   b . The suppression electrode  112   a  may be electrically coupled to a suppression power supply  116   a , whereas the ground electrode  112   b  may be electrically coupled to an extraction power supply  116   a . Each of the suppression electrode  112   a  and the ground electrode  112   b  has an aperture aligned with the extraction aperture  102   b  for extraction of the ions  20  from the ion source chamber  102 . 
     In operation, the feed material is introduced into the ion source chamber  102  from the feed source  110 . The filament  108 , which may be coupled to a power supply (not shown), is activated. The current supplied to the filament  108  may heat the filament  108  and cause thermionic emission of electrons. The cathode  106 , which may be coupled to another power supply (not shown), may be biased at much higher potential. The electrons emitted from the filament  108  are then accelerated toward and heat the cathode  106 . The heated cathode  106 , in response, may emit electrons toward the ion generation region  104 . The chamber walls  102   a  may also be biased with respect to the cathode  106  so that the electrons are accelerated at a high energy into the ion generation region  104 . A source magnet (not shown) may create a magnetic field B inside the ion generation region  104  to confine the energetic electrons, and the repeller  110  at the other end of the ion source chamber  102  may be biased at a same or similar potential as the cathode  106  to repel the energetic electrons. 
     Within the ion generation region  104 , energetic electrons may interact and ionize the feed material to produce plasma  10  containing, among others, ions of desired species  20  (e.g. desired dopants or impurities). The plasma  10  may also contain undesired ions or other fragments of the feed materials. 
     The extraction power supply  116   b  may provide an extraction voltage to the ground electrode  112   b  for extraction of the ion beam  20  from the ion source chamber  102 . The extraction voltage may be adjusted according to the desired energy of the ion beam  20 . The suppression power supply  116   a  may bias the suppression electrode  112   a  to inhibit movement of electrons within the ion beam  20   
     In order to manufacture devices with optimal performance, it is generally desirable to process the substrate with uniform ion beam with high beam current (i.e. high concentration or dose of desired ions). Moreover, it is desirable to implant the substrate with an ion beam having low beam glitch rate. A glitch is defined as a sudden degradation in the beam quality during an ion implantation operation. If the implantation process is interrupted or affected by a glitch, the substrate may be negatively affected or even potentially rendered unusable. A low beam current may increase the time necessary to achieve proper implant dose in the substrate and lead to lower throughput. Meanwhile, non-uniform beam and/or high glitch rate may result in non-uniform dopant profile. Such deficiencies which are observed often in the ion implantation system with conventional IHC ion sources may lower the throughput and/or increase the manufacturing cost of the devices. 
     The above deficiencies may be caused by, among others, films or deposits formed on the inner wall of the ion source chamber  102 , extraction aperture  102   b , and the extraction electrodes  112 . As noted above, the plasma  10  generated in the ion generation region  104  contains highly reactive ions and other fragments of the feed material. Such ions and fragments may etch, sputter, or otherwise react with the materials in the ion source chamber  100 . The etched materials may then condense to form films or deposits on the ion source chamber wall  102   a , the extraction aperture  102   b , and the extraction electrodes  112 . The films or deposits may block the extraction aperture  102   b  to cause a non-uniform ion beam  20  having different doses in different regions of the ion beam  20 . In addition, the ion beam  20  extracted may have low beam current. In some cases, the films or deposits may be electrically conductive and provide ignition points in which micro/macro arcing may occur. Such arcing may lead to beam glitches. 
     One way to decrease the rate of such a defective ion beam  20  is to periodically replace the ion source  100  with a new/clean ion source  100 . However, replacement of ion source  100  requires the entire ion source  100  and vacuum pumping system attached to the ion source  100  to be powered down. Moreover, the ion source  102  must be manually replaced. Further, the process by which the ion source  100  may be cleaned is a labor intensive process. Accordingly, frequent replacement of the ion source  100  may lower the efficiency of the ion implantation process. 
     With increased need for higher ion beam current for manufacturing advanced electronic and solar cell devices, greater amount of feed material is introduced and ionized in the ion source chamber  100 . As a result, higher rate of defective beam is observed during ion implantation process. The conventional IHC ion sources may have low performance and low lifetime, and processing substrates in a system containing the conventional IHC ion source may be less than optimal. 
     In view of the foregoing, it would be desirable to provide a new technique is needed. 
     SUMMARY 
     Techniques for processing a substrate are disclosed. In one exemplary embodiment, the technique may be realized with an ion implantation system for processing a substrate. The ion implantation system may comprise: an ion source comprising an ion source chamber, the ion source chamber including an ion source chamber wall that define an ion generation region and an extraction aperture, through which ions generated in the ion generation region are extracted; an extraction system positioned downstream of the ion source near the extraction aperture; a material source comprising a fist source containing first material, a second source containing the second material, and a first and second conduits, where the first conduit may be in communication with the first source and the ion source chamber to provide the first material from the first source to the ion source chamber, and where the second conduit may be in communication with the second source and a first region outside of the ion source chamber to provide the second material from the second source to the first region. 
     In accordance with other aspects of this particular exemplary embodiment, the first region may be positioned downstream of the ion source, between the ion source and the substrate. 
     In accordance with further aspects of this particular exemplary embodiment, the first region is proximate to the extraction aperture. 
     In accordance with other aspects of this particular exemplary embodiment, the extraction system may comprises a suppression electrode and a ground electrode disposed downstream of the suppression electrode. 
     In accordance with additional aspects of this particular exemplary embodiment, the first region may be positioned between the extraction aperture and the suppression electrode. 
     In accordance with further aspects of this particular exemplary embodiment, the first region may be positioned between the ground electrode and the suppression electrode. 
     In accordance with other aspects of this particular exemplary embodiment, the first region may be positioned downstream of the suppression electrode. 
     In accordance with further aspects of this particular exemplary embodiment, the first material may be B containing material and the second material may be one of P containing material and As containing material. 
     In accordance with further aspects of this particular exemplary embodiment, the first material may be one of BF 3  and B 2 F 4 , and the second material may be one of PF 3  and PH 3 . 
     In accordance with additional aspects of this particular exemplary embodiment, the first material may be one of P containing material and As containing material, and the second material may be B containing material. 
     In accordance with further aspects of this particular exemplary embodiment, the first material may be one of PF 3  and PH 3 , and the second material may be one of BF 3  and B 2 F 4 . 
     In accordance with other aspects of this particular exemplary embodiment, the ion implantation system may further comprise one or more beam-line components positioned between the extraction system and the substrate, the one or more beam-line components being configured to mass analyze ions passing therethrough. 
     In accordance with further aspects of this particular exemplary embodiment, the ion implantation system may further comprise at least one controller configured to control the amount of first material and second material introduced into the ion source chamber and the first region, respectively. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, the technique may be realized as a method for processing a substrate, the method may comprise: ionizing a feed material in an ion source chamber and generating the ions of the feed material; extracting the ions of the feed material from the ion source chamber through an extraction aperture of the ion source chamber; providing a diluent outside of the ion source chamber near the extraction aperture; and implanting the ions of the feed material into the substrate. 
     In accordance with other aspects of this particular exemplary embodiment, the implanting the ions of the feed material may comprise implanting the ions of the feed material without implanting ions of the diluent. 
     In accordance with further aspects of this particular exemplary embodiment, the feed material and the diluent may be chosen from a group consisting of B containing material, P containing material, and As containing material. 
     In accordance with additional aspects of this particular exemplary embodiment, wherein the feed material is one of BF 3  and B 2 F 4 , and wherein the diluent is one of PH 3  and AsH 3 . 
     The present disclosure will now be described in more detail with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof as shown in the accompanying drawings. While the present disclosure is described below with reference to exemplary embodiments, it should be understood that the present disclosure is not limited thereto. Those of ordinary skill in the art having access to the teachings herein will recognize additional implementations, modifications, and embodiments, as well as other fields of use, which are within the scope of the present disclosure as described herein, and with respect to which the present disclosure may be of significant utility. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In order to facilitate a fuller understanding of the present disclosure, reference is now made to the accompanying drawings, in which like elements are referenced with like numerals. These drawings should not be construed as limiting the present disclosure, but are intended to be exemplary only. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a conventional indirectly heated cathode (IHC) ion source. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary ion implantation system according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3A  illustrates an exemplary ion source that may be included in the ion implantation system of  FIG. 2  according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3B  illustrates another exemplary ion source that may be included in the ion implantation system of  FIG. 2  according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3C  illustrates another exemplary ion source that may be included in the ion implantation system of  FIG. 2  according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4A  illustrates another exemplary ion source that may be included in the ion implantation system of  FIG. 2  according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4B  illustrates another exemplary ion source that may be included in the ion implantation system of  FIG. 2  according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4C  illustrates another exemplary ion source that may be included in the ion implantation system of  FIG. 2  according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates another exemplary ion source that may be included in the ion implantation system of  FIG. 2  according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates another exemplary ion source that may be included in the ion implantation system of  FIG. 2  according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Herein, several embodiments of improved techniques for processing substrates are disclosed. For clarity and simplicity, the present disclosure may focus on techniques for processing a substrate using an ion implantation system with IHC ion source or RF ion source. However, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the present disclosure may be just as applicable to system with other types of ion sources including Bernas ion source or microwave ion source. 
     In addition, the present disclosure focuses on the techniques for performing p-type or n-type doping on silicon (Si) substrate. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the present disclosure is not limited thereto, 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , there is shown a simplified block diagram of an ion implantation system  200  according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The ion implantation system  200  may comprise an ion source  100  for generating ions  30  of desired species. Downstream of the ion source  100 , there may be an extraction system  112 . A substrate  232 , to which the ions  30  may be directed, may be disposed downstream of the extraction system  112 . Although not required, the ion implantation system  200  may include one or more of beam-line components  222  which may focus, filter, or otherwise manipulate the ions  30  into an ion beam having desired properties (e.g. desired ion species, beam current, beam energy, implant angle, etc . . . ). Examples of the beam-line components (not shown) may include a mass analyzer magnet, acceleration/deceleration stage (not shown), and a corrector magnet (not shown). The mass analyzer magnet may be configured with a particular magnetic field such that only the ions with a desired mass-to-charge ratio are able to travel through the analyzer. As such, the mass analyzer may be able to separate the ions of desired implant species and undesired species and selective direct the ions of desired implant species toward the substrate  232 . The corrector magnet, meanwhile, may be energized to deflect the ion beam in accordance with the strength and direction of the applied magnetic field to provide a beam with desired size and orientation. 
     The ion implantation system  200  may also include a material source (not shown) coupled to the ion source. As discussed in detail below, the material source may contain feed material and/or diluent. The feed material provided into the ion source  202  from the material source may be converted into, among others, the ions of desired implant species. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3A-3C  there are shown several exemplary ion sources  302   a - 302   c  according to several embodiments of the present disclosure. Each of the ion sources  302   a - 302   c  illustrated in  FIG. 3A-3C  may be the ion source  202  shown in  FIG. 2 . For clarity and simplicity, the ion sources  302   a - 302   c  shown in  FIG. 3A-3C  incorporate several components in the ion source  100  shown in  FIG. 1  and the ion implantation system  200  shown in  FIG. 2 . As such, the ion sources  302   a - 302   c  should be understood in relation to  FIGS. 1 and 2 . A detailed description of the same components may be omitted. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 3A-3C , the ion sources  202   a - 202   c  may comprise, among others, the ion source chamber  102 . The ion source chamber  102  may be coupled to the material source  310 . In the present disclosure, the material source  310  may comprise a feed source  312   a  that provides the feed material into the ion source chamber  102 . The material source  310  may also comprise a diluent source  312   b  that provides diluent into the ion source chamber  102 . Although a single feed source  312   a  and a single diluent source  312   b  are illustrated in the figure, the present disclosure does not preclude additional feed sources and/or additional diluent sources. Those of ordinary skill in the art will also recognize that the present disclosure does not preclude a scenario where the feed material and the diluent are provided in a single container and provided into the ion source chamber  102  simultaneously. 
     In the present disclosure, the feed material in the feed source  312   a  and diluent in the diluents source  312   b  may preferably be in gaseous or vapor form. However, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that some feed material as well as diluent may in solid, liquid, or other form. If in liquid or solid form, a vaporizer (not shown) may be provided near the feed source  312   a  and/or the diluents source  312   b . The vaporizer may convert solid/liquid feed material and/or diluent into gaseous or vapor form and provide the feed material and diluent into the ion source chamber  102  in such a form. To control the amount of feed material and the diluent introduced into the ion source chamber  102 , one or more controllers  314   a  and  314   b  may be optionally provided. 
     In one embodiment, as depicted in  FIG. 3A , the feed material and the diluent may be contained separately in separate the feed source  312   a  and the diluent source  312   b . The feed material and the diluent may then be pre-mixed in a first conduit  316  and provided into the ion source chamber  102  together. In another embodiment, as depicted in  FIG. 3B , the feed material from the feed source  312   a  may be provided into the diluent source  312   b  via the first conduit  318   a . The feed material and the diluent may be provided into the ion source chamber  102  via the second conduit  318   b . Alternatively, the diluent from the diluent source  312   b  may be provided into the feed source  312   a . Yet in another embodiment, a single source containing a mixture of feed material and diluent may be provided, and the feed material and the diluent may be provided into the ion source chamber  102  simultaneously. In one embodiment, as depicted in  FIG. 3C , the feed material and the diluent may also be provided into the ion source chamber  102  via separate conduits  316   a  and  316   b.    
     In the present disclosure, various feed materials may be used. In some embodiments, the feed material may comprise two or more species, at least one of which may be the implant species (or the first feed species) to be implanted into the substrate  232 . Depending on the substrates and applications, different implant species may be used. In the present disclosure, the implant species may be the multivalent species found in Group  13 - 16 . Herein, the multivalent species may refer to as species capable of bonding with two or more univalent atoms or ions (e.g. H or halogen species) found in Group 1 or 17 of the Periodic Table to form, in a stable state, a molecule represented by XY n . The symbol X may represent the multivalent species and the symbol Y may represent the univalent species. For p-type doping of silicon (Si) substrate, the implant species in the feed material may be one or more species in Group 13 of the Periodic Table, such as boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), and thallium (Tl). For n-type doping of Si substrate, the implant species may be a species in Group 15 and/or 16 in the Periodic Table, such as phosphorous (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), and tellurium (Te). 
     The species in other groups may also be used. For example, the species in Group 14 in the Periodic Table such as carbon (C), Si, germanium (Ge), antimony (Sn), and lead (Pb) may be used as the implant species in implanting, for example, a compound semiconductor substrate, such as gallium nitride (GaN) or gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrate. Meanwhile, species C, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb, or nitrogen (N) or oxygen (O) implant species may be also used to alter chemical and/or mechanical property of other substrate or target. 
     In some embodiments, the feed material may contain at least one second feed species which may be different from the implant species. In the example of p-type doping of Si substrate, the second feed species in the feed material may preferably be one of fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), and hydrogen (H) species. In other embodiments, the second feed species may be some other species. In the present disclosure, the second feed species may be univalent or multivalent species. 
     Several examples of preferred feed material for p-type doping of Si substrate may include boron trifluoride (BF 3 ), diboron tetrafluoride (B 2 F 4 ), borane (BH 3 ), diborane (B 2 H 6 ), carborane (C 2 B 10 H 12 ), and other materials containing B, and one or both of H and F. In the above examples, B may be the implant species, whereas H and/or F may be the second feed species. For n-type doping of Si substrate, the examples of the preferred feed material may include phosphine (PH 3 ), phosphorous trifluoride (PF 3 ), arsine (AsH 3 ), arsenic trifluoride (AsF 3 ), arsenic pentafluoride (AsF 5 ), and other materials containing one or both of P and As, and one or both of H and F. In such examples, P and/or As may be the implant species, whereas H and/or F may be the second feed species. Other feed material containing other species may also be used for other substrate and/or other applications. Examples of such other feed materials may include silane (SiH 4 ), tetrafluorosilane (SiF 4 ), germane (GeH 4 ), and germanium fluoride (GeF 4 ). Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the above list is not exhaustive. There may be other feed materials that may be used for Si substrate doping applications, other substrate doping applications, and other applications. Moreover, the feed materials listed above for Si substrate doping may also be used for non-Si substrate doping, and vice versa. 
     The diluent, in the present disclosure, may also include one or more various species. If two or more species are included in the diluent, the first species may be multivalent species found in Group 13-16. In addition, the first diluent species may be different from the first feed species. If included, the second diluent species may also be different from the first feed species. However, the second diluent species may be the same as or different from the second feed species. For example, if the second feed species is H, the second diluent species may be F, or vice versa. In another example, both the second feed species and the second diluent species may be H or F. 
     Using BF 3  as an example of the feed material, the first diluent species of the present disclosure may be at least one of C, N, O, Al, Si, P, S, Ga, Ge, As, Se, In, Sn, Sb, Te, Tl, Pb, and Bi. Although various species may be used, examples of the preferred first diluent species may be N, C, Si, P, and As. Meanwhile, the second feed species may be H and/or F. Several specific examples of such diluent may include methane (CH 4 ), carbon tetrafluoride (CF 4 ), ammonia (NH 3 ), nitrogen trifluoride (NF 3 ), water vapor (H 2 O), oxygen difluoride (OF 2 ), aluminum hydride (AlH 3 ), aluminum fluoride (AlF 3 ), silane (SiH 4 ), silicon tetrafluoride (SiF 4 ), phosphine (PH 3 ), phosphorous trifluoride (PF 3 ), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), digallen (Ga 2 H 6 ), gallium fluoride (GaF 3 ), germane (GeH 4 ), germanium tetrafluoride (GeF 4 ), arsine (AsH 3 ), arsenic trifluoride (AsF 3 ), hydrogen selenide (H 2 Se), indium hydride (InH 3 ), indium fluoride (InF 3 ), stannane (SnH 4 ), tin fluoride (SnF 2 ), tin tetrafluoride (SnF 4 ), stibine (SbH 3 ), antimony trifluoride (SbF 3 ), hydrogen telluride (H 2 Te), tellurium tetrafluoride (TeF 4 ), thallene (TlH 3 ), thallium fluoride (TlF), plumbane (PbH 4 ), lead tetrafluoride (PbF 4 ), bismuthane (BiH 3 ), and bismuth trifluoride (BiF 3 ). Using PH 3  as an example of the feed material, examples of the first diluent species may include B, C, N, O, Al, Si, S, Ga, Ge, As, Se, In, Sn, Sb, Te, Tl, Pb, and Bi, but preferably B, C, and Si. Meanwhile, the second diluent species may be H and/or F. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the above list is not exhaustive. Other hydride or fluoride of the first diluent species noted above may be just as applicable. 
     Although the examples provided above include diluent in a compound form, the present disclosure does not preclude diluent in the form of mixture form. For example, the diluent in some embodiments may be a mixture of N 2  gas (containing the multivalent species) and H 2  gas. The present disclosure also does not preclude the scenario of utilizing diluent that contains multiple multivalent species, such as one or more of B, C, N, O, Al, Si, P, S, Ga, Ge, As, Se, In, Sn, Sb, Te, Tl, PB, and Bi. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the above examples are not exhaustive. Several of the exemplary diluent may exist in solid form at room temperature. Such diluent may preferably be vaporized in the ion source chamber  102 , or vaporized and provided into the ion source chamber  102  in gaseous or vapor form. 
     Referring back to  FIG. 3A-3C , the feed material and the diluent may be introduced, concurrently or sequentially, into the ion source chamber  102 . The feed material and diluent may be ionized to form a plasma  22  containing, among others, the ions and other fragments of the feed material and the diluent. The ions  30  of the feed material and the diluent, among others, are then extracted from the ion source chamber  102  by the extraction system  112  through the extraction aperture  102   b.    
     If the ion implantation system is capable of mass analysis ( FIG. 2 ), the desired implant species may be selectively directed to the substrate and implanted. Meanwhile, species other than the implant species may be separated from the implant species and be discarded. In the example of p-type doping of Si substrate using BF 3  feed material and PH 3  diluent, the ions containing H, B, F, and P may be mass analyzed, and the ions containing B may be separated. Thereafter, the ions containing B may selectively be directed toward the substrate  232 . Meanwhile, other ions may preferably be prevented from reaching the substrate  232 . 
     If the ion implantation system is incapable of mass analysis, the ions of the implant species and other species may also be directed and implanted into the substrate  232 . In some cases, the implantation of the diluent species may cause loss of effective dose of the implant species. Using BF 3  feed material and PH 3  diluent in p-type doping of Si substrate may result in the implantation of P, an n-type dopants, along with B. Such a co-implantation p-type dopants and n-type dopants may reduce the effect of the B implant due to compensation. As a result, loss of effective dose of B may be observed. 
     The loss, however, may be minimal if the amount of diluent provided into the ion source chamber  102  is low (e.g. 5%-20% of the total volume of the feed material and the diluent). In addition, the effect may not be significant if the diluent species chosen has much greater or much smaller mass/diameter. In the above example, implanting P into the substrate may result implant profile that is greater near the surface of the substrate. Meanwhile, B, with much less mass/diameter, may result in implantation at greater depth. Moreover, the activation temperature of P may be lower than that of B. As such, co-implantation of P may have a very small effect on the overall property of the Si substrate. The detrimental effect may be reduced by additional B implant. 
     To further reduce the effect, it may be desirable to select the second feed species and the first and second diluent species that are inert to the substrate  232 . Using BF 3  feed material in p-type doping of Si substrate, it may be desirable to use N 2 , SiH 4 , SiF 4 , GeH 4 , or GeF 4  as diluent. The ions of N, Si, and Ge species, even if introduced into the Si substrate, may have minimal effect on the electrical property of the substrate. Meanwhile, H and/or F species implanted into the substrate  232  may be removed from the substrate  232  via diffusion during a post-implantation process (e.g. annealing process). 
     In the present disclosure, ionizing the diluent noted above with the feed material can result in significant improvement in reducing glitch rates and extending the lifetime of the ion source  202 . Without wishing to be bound to a particular theory, it is believed that the ions and other fragments of the second feed species may readily react with the components in the ion source chamber  102  (e.g. the ion source chamber wall  102   a , the cathode  106 , and the repeller  110 ) to form a byproduct capable of condensing readily. As a result, films or deposits may form on the ion source chamber wall  102   a , the extraction aperture  102   b , and the extraction system  112 . By introducing ions and other fragments of the diluent species that react readily with those of the second feed species, it is believed that the reaction between the ions and other fragments of the second species with the components in the ion source chamber  102  may be suppressed. Meanwhile, the reaction between the ions and other fragments of the diluent species and the second feed species may result in formation of the byproducts in vapor phase that may be evacuated readily from the ion source chamber  102 . 
     It is also believed that the first diluent species may react with the materials already etched or sputtered from the components within the ion source chamber  102  to form the byproducts in vapor phase. Removing these byproducts may suppress the reaction between the ions and other fragments of the second feed species and the components in the ion source chamber  102  and the formation of materials that can condense to form the films and deposits. With this reduction, micro/macro arcing that leads to the beam glitches may be reduced. Moreover, the lifetime of the ion source  202  in the ion implantation system  100  may be extended. 
     In several experiments, significant reduction in the glitch rate and increase in the lifetime of the ion source have been observed. Compared to an ion source ionizing only BF 3 , ionization of BF 3  and a small amount of PH 3  (e.g. 30% or less of total volume) resulted in reduction of glitch rate by a factor of 20 and increase in the lifetime of the ion source by a factor of 10. A significant reduction in the glitch rate and increase in the lifetime have also been observed after using other diluent described in the present disclosure. Accordingly, use of diluents described above may significantly improve the performance of ion source despite high beam current. 
     In the present disclosure, the amount of feed material and diluent that may be introduced into the ion source chamber  102  may vary. In one embodiment, the amount of diluent may be about 5%-30%, preferably about 10-15%, of the total volume of the feed material and the diluent. Although present disclosure does not preclude providing additional amount of diluent, additional amount may not be preferable. Excessive amount of the diluent may decrease the ion beam current of the implant species. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4A-4C , there are shown several exemplary ion sources  402   a - 402   c  according to several embodiments of the present disclosure. Each of the ion sources  402   a - 402   c  illustrated in  FIG. 4A-4C  may be the ion source  202  shown in  FIG. 2 . For clarity and simplicity, the ion sources  402   a - 402   c  shown in  FIG. 4A-4C  incorporate several components in the ion sources  100  and  302   a - 302   c  shown in FIGS.  1  and  3 A- 3 C, and the ion implantation system  200  shown in  FIG. 2 . As such, the ion sources  402   a - 402   c  should be understood in relation to  FIGS. 1 ,  2 , and  3 A- 3 C. A detailed description of the same components will not be provided. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 4A-4C , the ion sources  402   a - 402   c  may comprise, among others, the ion source chamber  102 . The ion source chamber  102  may be coupled to the material source  410 . In the present disclosure, the material source  410  may comprise a feed source  412   a  that provides the feed material into the ion source chamber  102 . The material source  410  may also comprise a diluent source  412   b  that provides diluent into the ion source chamber  102 . Although a single feed source  312   a  and a single diluent source  312   b  are illustrated in the figure, the present disclosure does not preclude including additional feed sources and additional diluent sources. 
     As depicted in  FIG. 4A , the feed material and the diluent may be contained separately in separate feed source  412   a  and the diluent source  412   b . The feed material from the feed source  412   a  may be introduced into the ion source chamber  102  via a first conduit  416   a . Unlike the embodiments shown in  FIG. 3A-3C , the diluent may be provided outside of the ion source chamber  102  via the second conduit  416   b . As shown in  FIG. 4A , the diluent may be provided downstream of the ion source chamber  102 , between the ion source chamber  102  and the extraction system  112 . For example, the diluent may be provided near the extraction aperture  102   b , near the aperture of the suppression electrode  112   a , or both. In another embodiment, as depicted in  FIG. 4B , the diluent may be provided in the extraction system  112  via the second conduit  416   b , preferably between the suppression electrode  112   a  and the ground electrode  112   b . In this embodiment, the diluent may be provided near the aperture of the suppression electrode  112   a , the aperture of the ground electrode  112   b , or both. Yet in another embodiment, as depicted in  FIG. 4C , the diluent may be provided downstream of the extraction system  112  via the second conduit  416   b , preferably near the aperture of the ground electrode  112   b . Although not shown, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the diluent may be directed toward the extraction aperture  102   b , the aperture of the suppression electrode  112   a  and/or the aperture of the ground electrode  112   b.    
     By providing the diluent outside the ion source chamber  102 , formation of the ions containing the implant species, taking place within the ion source chamber  102 , may be decoupled from the glitch suppression, which may take place outside the ion source chamber  102  and near the extraction electrode  112 . By introducing the diluent outside the ion source chamber  102 , the ions of the implant species and its density would not likely to be decreased significantly. As such, the current of the implant species may be maximized at given ion source parameters. At the same time, ionization of the diluent may be minimized and the flow of the diluent may suppress formation of film or deposit outside of the extraction aperture and the extraction electrode  12 . Thus, the glitching may be reduced. 
     Reducing the ionization of the diluent may be advantageous in a non-mass analyzed ion implantation system. By reducing ionization of diluent species, implantation of the diluent species, which may otherwise reduce the effective dose of the implant species, may also be reduced. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , there is shown another exemplary ion source  502  according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. The ion source  502  illustrated in  FIG. 5  may be the ion source  202  shown in  FIG. 2 . For clarity and simplicity, the ion source  502  shown in  FIG. 5  incorporates several components in the ion sources  100 ,  302   a - 302   c , and  402   a - 402   c  shown in  FIGS. 1 ,  3 A- 3 C, and  4 A- 4 C, and the ion implantation system  200  shown in  FIG. 2 . As such, the ion source  502  should be understood in relation to  FIGS. 1 ,  2 ,  3 A- 3 C, and  4 A- 4 C. A detailed description of the same components will not be provided. 
     In the present embodiment, the ion source chamber  102  may contain a solid source  522  therein. If the ion source  502  is an IHC or Bernas source, the solid source may be provided in the interior of the ion source chamber wall  102   a . If the ion source  502  is an RF plasma/ion source, the solid source  522  may also be provided in the dielectric window facing the ion generation region  104 . 
     The solid source  522 , in the present embodiment, may contain one or both of the feed material and the diluent. If only one of the feed material and the diluent is contained in the solid source  522 , the other one of the feed material and the diluent may be provided into the ion source chamber  102  from the material source  522 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , there is shown another exemplary ion source  602  according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. In this figure, an RF plasma/ion source is shown, and this RF plasma/ion source may the ion source  202  shown in  FIG. 2 . For clarity and simplicity, the ion source  602  shown in  FIG. 6  incorporates several components in the ion sources  100 ,  302   a - 302   c ,  402   a - 402   c , and  5  shown in  FIGS. 1 ,  3 A- 3 C,  4 A- 4 C, and  5 , and the ion implantation system  200  shown in  FIG. 2 . As such, the ion source  602  should be understood in relation to  FIGS. 1 ,  2 ,  3 A- 3 C,  4 A- 4 C, and  5 . A detailed description of the same components will not be provided. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , the ion source  602  of the present embodiment may comprise an ion source chamber  612 . The ion source chamber  612  may comprise one or more conductive chamber walls  612   a  and a dielectric window  616  defining an ion generation region  104 . The ion source chamber  602  also includes an extraction aperture  612   b . The ion source chamber  612  may be coupled to the material source  512 . In the present disclosure, the material source  512  may be one of feed source and a diluent source that provides one of the feed material and diluent into the ion source chamber  602 . The feed material or the diluent from the material source  512  may be provided by a conduit  516 . Unlike the ion source shown in  FIG. 1 ,  2 - 5 , the ion source  602  comprises RF plasma source  614  for generating the plasma  20 . 
     In the present embodiment, a solid source  622  may be provided on the ion source chamber wall  612   a  and/or the dielectric window  616 . The solid source  622 , in the present embodiment, may contain one or both of the feed material and the diluent. Meanwhile, the other one of the feed material and the diluent may be provided into the ion source chamber  102  from the material source  512 . 
     Herein, several embodiments of improved techniques for processing substrates are disclosed. It should be appreciated that while embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to introducing one or more diluent gases for improving performance and lifetime of ion sources in beam-line ion implantation systems, other implementations may be provided as well. Indeed, other various embodiments of and modifications to the present disclosure, in addition to those described herein, will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying drawings. Thus, such other embodiments and modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the present disclosure. Further, although the present disclosure has been described herein in the context of a particular implementation in a particular environment for a particular purpose, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that its usefulness is not limited thereto and that the present disclosure may be beneficially implemented in any number of environments for any number of purposes.