Abstract:
A detachable surface flow enhancement device is provided, comprising: an aerodynamic structure configured to deflect moving air incident upon the aerodynamic structure; and an attaching element configured to attach the aerodynamic structure to a surface of a vehicle and to detach he aerodynamic structure from the surface of the vehicle without altering the surface of the vehicle.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present claimed invention relates in general to increasing fluid flow as it moves across moving vehicles. More specifically it relates to surface flow enhancement devices that can be placed upon the surfaces of vehicles to enhance the circulation of the fluid across the surface area by increasing its flow rate to reduce frictional resistance, vortices or drag, eliminating the vacuum at the trailing edge. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    All vehicles pass through a fluid environment as they move. For example, cars and airplanes move through air, boats move through air and water, and submarines move through water. As these vehicles move through their fluid environment, the fluid (e.g., air or water) is slowed down by the frictional resistance of the surface area of the body of the vehicle. This creates a layer of turbulent fluid flow that circulates along the vehicle slower than the fluid flow that is not in contact with the surface area of the vehicle. The varying speeds of fluid layers meet behind the vehicle, or any protuberances thereon, such as mirrors, wheel wells, rudders or propellers, as the vehicle moves through the fluid at differential rates so as to form a low pressure area, or vacuum immediately behind the vehicle, or its protuberances. The turbulent layer and vortices create a drag force, which opposes the motion of the vehicle through the fluid environment. In this way, the front, sides, top, bottom, and even rear of a vehicle can contribute to the drag that vehicle suffers while in transit through the fluid environment. 
         [0003]    One aspect of the drag force caused by fluid resistance is that caused by trailing vortices that result from the vehicle moving through the fluid, the so-called turbulent flow. Depending upon the shape and form of the vehicle, a variety of vortices can be formed along all surfaces of the vehicle. These vortices in the fluid hold the vehicle back, increasing the energy needed to move the vehicle forward. Another aspect of the drag force caused by fluid resistance involves the frictional resistance of the fluid as it passes over the various surfaces of the vehicle. 
         [0004]    As a result of this, the speed and efficiency of a vehicle moving through the fluid environment is limited not only by the drag forces created by turbulent flow, but also by drag forces caused by frictional fluid resistance to the surface of the vehicle, which depends on the amount of fluid traveling along and past the vehicle. 
         [0005]    Furthermore, the amount of drag caused by these sources is directly related to the amount of fuel needed to move the vehicle. As a result, much effort is made to design aerodynamic or hydrodynamic vehicles that minimize the amount of drag on the vehicle. 
         [0006]    Unfortunately, compromises must be made in vehicle design to accommodate other parameters than just fluid resistance. Engine design, passenger comfort, safety requirements, cargo space, and even aesthetics can mean that a vehicle&#39;s design creates many undesirable vortices as it passes through its fluid environment. 
         [0007]    It would therefore be desirable to provide a device to control the flow of a fluid as it flows past the surface of a vehicle to retard the creation of vortices that create drag against the vehicle. It would be further desirable to make this device easily attachable or detachable so that it could be more effectively added to existing vehicles or added after market. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    A detachable surface flow enhancement device is provided, comprising: an aerodynamic structure configured to deflect moving air incident upon the aerodynamic structure; and an attaching element configured to attach the aerodynamic structure to a surface of a vehicle and to detach the aerodynamic structure from the surface of the vehicle without altering the surface of the vehicle. 
         [0009]    In some embodiments, the attaching element does not pass through the surface of the vehicle. In some embodiments, the attaching element does not employ an adhesive material to attach the aerodynamic structure to the surface of the vehicle. In some embodiments, the surface of the vehicle is a substantially smooth surface without perforations. 
         [0010]    The aerodynamic structure has a teardrop shape. In some embodiments, the teardrop shape may have a length between 1 and 5 inches, and the teardrop shape may have a width between 0.5 and 2.5 inches. 
         [0011]    The aerodynamic structure may also have one of a fin shape and an oval shape with a rear fin. 
         [0012]    A surface flow enhancement device is provided, comprising: an aerodynamic portion having a teardrop shape; and an attachment portion having a substantially flat surface configured to attach to a surface of a vehicle, wherein the teardrop shape has a length between 1 and 5 inches, and wherein the teardrop shape has a width between 0.5 and 2.5 inches. 
         [0013]    The aerodynamic portion may form a concavity. The attachment portion may be formed at least as a peripheral portion around a lip of the concavity. The aerodynamic portion may comprise a first material, and the attachment portion may comprise a second material softer than the first material. The first material comprises one of flexible polyurethane, flexible thermal plastic urethane, flexible silicone, or flexible polyvinylchloride, and the second material may comprise one of flexible urethane, flexible silicone, flexible polyvinylchloride. 
         [0014]    An attachment element may be formed in the concavity and may be configured to attach to the surface of the vehicle. The attachment element may include a securing magnet configured to attach to the surface of the vehicle when the surface of the vehicle comprises a magnetic metal. The concavity formed by the aerodynamic surface may be surrounded by a substantially coplanar lip, and the attachment element may be configured not to rise to a level of the substantially coplanar lip. The securing magnet may be a rare-earth magnet. 
         [0015]    A method of altering a position of a removable surface flow enhancement device on a vehicle surface is provided, comprising: attaching the removable surface flow enhancement device to the surface of the vehicle at a first position; removing the removable surface flow enhancement device from the surface of the vehicle without damaging the surface of the vehicle; moving the removable surface flow enhancement device to a second position on the surface of the vehicle; attaching the removable surface flow enhancement device to the surface of the vehicle at the second position. 
         [0016]    The vehicle may be on one of: an automobile, a boat, a ship, a submarine, an airplane, or a helicopter. When the vehicle is an automobile, the first position may be one of: on a roof of the car, on a front hood of the car, on a side door of the car, or on a back hood of the car. When the vehicle is a boat, the first position may be on the hull of the boat. When the vehicle is an airplane, the first position may be one of: the fuselage of the airplane, or the wing of the airplane. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0017]    The accompanying figures where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements and which together with the detailed description below are incorporated in and form part of the specification, serve to further illustrate an exemplary embodiment and to explain various principles and advantages in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0018]      FIGS. 1A to 1E  are diagrams of a surface flow enhancement device according to a disclosed embodiment; 
           [0019]      FIG. 2  is a perspective view of the surface flow enhancement device of  FIGS. 1A to 1E  from above; 
           [0020]      FIG. 3  is perspective view of the surface flow enhancement device of  FIGS. 1A to 1E  from below; 
           [0021]      FIG. 4A  is a cross-section of the surface flow enhancement device of  FIGS. 1A to 1E  along line I-I from  FIGS. 1D and 1E  according to a disclosed embodiment; 
           [0022]      FIG. 4B  is a cross-section of the surface flow enhancement device of  FIGS. 1A to 1E  along line I-I from  FIGS. 1D and 1E  according to an alternate embodiment; 
           [0023]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view of the surface flow enhancement device of  FIGS. 1A to 1E  from above and affixed to a surface of a vehicle; 
           [0024]      FIG. 6  is a perspective view of multiple copies of the surface flow enhancement device of  FIGS. 1A to 1E  from above and affixed to a surface of a vehicle; 
           [0025]      FIGS. 7A to 7E  are diagrams of a surface flow enhancement device according to another disclosed embodiment; 
           [0026]      FIGS. 8A to 8E  are diagrams of a surface flow enhancement device according to another disclosed embodiment; 
           [0027]      FIG. 9  is a rear view of a vehicle showing a placement of an array of the surface flow enhancement device of  FIGS. 1A to 1E  on a top of the vehicle, according to a disclosed embodiment; 
           [0028]      FIG. 10  is an overhead view of a vehicle showing a placement of an array of the surface flow enhancement device of  FIGS. 1A to 1E  on a top of the vehicle, according to a disclosed embodiment; 
           [0029]      FIG. 11  is a diagram showing air flow from above of a vehicle using an array of the surface flow enhancement device of  FIGS. 1A to 1E , according to a disclosed embodiment; 
           [0030]      FIG. 12  is a diagram showing air flow from the right and rear of a vehicle using an array of the surface flow enhancement device of  FIGS. 1A to 1E , according to a disclosed embodiment; 
           [0031]      FIG. 13  is a diagram showing air flow from the rear of a vehicle using an array of the surface flow enhancement device of  FIGS. 1A to 1E , according to a disclosed embodiment; 
           [0032]      FIG. 14  is a diagram showing isoturbulence from the right and rear of a vehicle using an array of the surface flow enhancement device of  FIGS. 1A to 1E , according to a disclosed embodiment; 
           [0033]      FIG. 15  is a diagram showing isoturbulence from the rear of a vehicle using an array of the surface flow enhancement device of  FIGS. 1A to 1E , according to a disclosed embodiment; 
           [0034]      FIG. 16  is an overhead view of a vehicle showing a placement of an array of surface flow enhancement devices on a top of a vehicle, according to disclosed embodiments; 
           [0035]      FIG. 17  is an overhead view of a vehicle showing a placement of an array of surface flow enhancement devices on a top of a vehicle, according to disclosed embodiments; 
           [0036]      FIG. 18  is an overhead view of a vehicle showing a placement of an array of surface flow enhancement devices on a side of a vehicle, according to disclosed embodiments; and 
           [0037]      FIG. 19  is an overhead view of a vehicle showing a placement of an array of surface flow enhancement devices on a front of a vehicle, according to disclosed embodiments. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0038]    The instant disclosure is provided to further explain in an enabling fashion the best modes of performing one or more embodiments of the present invention. The disclosure is further offered to enhance an understanding and appreciation for the inventive principles and advantages thereof, rather than to limit in any manner the invention. The invention is defined solely by the appended claims including any amendments made during the pendency of this application and all equivalents of those claims as issued. 
         [0039]    It is further understood that the use of relational terms such as first and second, and the like, if any, are used solely to distinguish one from another entity, item, or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities, items or actions. It is noted that some embodiments may include a plurality of processes or steps, which can be performed in any order, unless expressly and necessarily limited to a particular order; i.e., processes or steps that are not so limited may be performed in any order. 
         [0040]    Surface Flow Enhancement Device 
         [0041]      FIGS. 1A to 1E  are diagrams of a surface flow enhancement device  100  according to a disclosed embodiment.  FIG. 1A  is a front view;  FIG. 1B  is a rear view;  FIG. 1C  is a left side view;  FIG. 1D  is a top view; and  FIG. 1E  is a bottom view. 
         [0042]    As shown in  FIGS. 1A to 1E , the surface flow enhancement device  100  has a generally half-teardrop shape, curved at a front end, pointed at a rear end, and flat on the bottom. The surface flow enhancement device  100  of this embodiment includes a main surface  110 , a concavity  120 , a protrusion  130 , and a magnet  140 . 
         [0043]    The main surface  110  forms the half-teardrop shape with a flat bottom. This flat bottom allows it to be placed on a relatively flat surface of a vehicle and allows the main surface  110  to deflect fluid (e.g., air or water) moving past the surface of the vehicle. 
         [0044]    In the disclosed embodiments, the length (L) of the surface flow enhancement device  100  is about 2.5 inches; the width (W) of the surface flow enhancement device  100  is about 1.2 inches; and the height (H) of the surface flow enhancement device  100  is about 1 inch. However, this is by way of example only. The length (L), width (W), and height (H) may vary depending upon the size of the body of the vehicle they are used on and the expected speed of the vehicles. For example, on a mid-sized automobile that will travel at speeds of between 40 and 80 miles per hour, the length (L) may vary between approximately 1 and 5 inches; the width (W) may vary between approximately 0.5 and 2.5 inches; and the height (H) may vary between approximately 0.5 and 2 inches. 
         [0045]    In more general terms, the shape of the main surface should be chosen such that it is proportionally wider at the front end than at the trailing end, and that its overall surface area is approximately twice that of its footprint. 
         [0046]    In the disclosed embodiments, the main surface  110  is made out of polyurethane. However, in alternate embodiments any similar tough, flexible material can be used. In other alternate embodiments a fixed material, such as metal or hard plastic can be used. 
         [0047]    The concavity  120  is a hollow area formed inside of the main surface  110 , and serves to make the surface flow enhancement device  100  both lighter and cheaper to manufacture. In the disclosed embodiments, it also allows the main surface to deform slightly as the surface flow enhancement device  100  is affixed to the surface of a vehicle, expelling some of the air from the concavity  120 , and creating a low-pressure seal with the surface of the vehicle. 
         [0048]    The protrusion  130  extends from the main surface  110  into the concavity  120  and forms a holder for the magnet  140 . In this embodiment, the protrusion extends toward, but not quite reaching, the flat end of the main surface. 
         [0049]    The magnet  140  is contained securely in the protrusion  130 , and is provided to attach securely to the surface of the vehicle when the surface is a magnetic metal. In the disclosed embodiments, the magnet  140  is a rare-earth magnet, though alternate embodiments could use other types of magnets. In addition, although only one magnet  140  is provided in this embodiment, alternate embodiments could employ two or more magnets  140 , each secured by the same or a different protrusion  130 . Furthermore, although one or more magnets  140  are shown as an affixing element in the disclosed embodiments, alternate elements for affixing the surface flow enhancement device  100  to the surface of a vehicle can be employed. 
         [0050]      FIG. 2  is a perspective view of the surface flow enhancement device  100  of  FIGS. 1A to 1E  from above, while  FIG. 3  is perspective view of the surface flow enhancement device  100  of  FIGS. 1A to 1E  from below. Taken in conjunction with  FIGS. 1A to 1E ,  FIGS. 2 and 3  show further details of the shape of the main surface  110  of the surface flow enhancement device  100 , and the arrangement of the protrusion  130  and the magnet  140  within the concavity  120  formed by the main surface  110 . 
         [0051]      FIG. 4A  is a cross-section of the surface flow enhancement device  100  of  FIGS. 1A to 1E  along line I-I from  FIGS. 1D and 1E . As shown in  FIG. 4A , in this embodiment, the protrusion  130  and the magnet  140  are formed within the concavity  120  such that the magnet  140  is substantially coplanar with the bottom surface of the main surface  110 , but is recessed in the concavity  120  by a gap (G). Because of this, when the surface flow enhancement device  100  of  FIG. 4  is placed on a magnetic metal surface of a vehicle in an above-water environment (i.e., in air, not in water), the magnet  140  will pull the main surface  110  down slightly as it makes contact with the surface of a vehicle, slightly deforming the main surface  110 , and expelling air from the concavity  120 . This will make the pressure in the concavity  120  slightly lower than the outside pressure, creating a low-pressure seal that will increase the holding power of the surface flow enhancement device  100  onto the surface of the vehicle, beyond that provided by the magnet alone. 
         [0052]    In addition, by employing this structure to affix the surface flow enhancement device  100  to the surface of a vehicle, the surface flow enhancement device  100  can be made more secure during normal operation of the vehicle, but also more easily removable when desired. 
         [0053]      FIG. 4B  is a cross-section of an alternate embodiment of the surface flow enhancement device  100  of  FIGS. 1A to 1E  along line I-I from  FIGS. 1D and 1E . As shown in  FIG. 4B , this embodiment is similar to the embodiment of  FIG. 4A , except that the main surface  110  comprises an aerodynamic portion  450  and an attachment portion  460 . The aerodynamic portion  450  is made of a material that is hard enough to withstand the pressure of fluid against it without deforming. In various embodiments aerodynamic portion  450  may be made of flexible polyurethane, flexible thermal plastic urethane, flexible silicone, or flexible polyvinylchloride, or any other suitable material. The attachment portion  460  is made of a material that can easily connect with the surface of a vehicle, simultaneously creating a seal and not damaging the vehicle&#39;s surface. In various embodiments attachment portion  460  may be made of flexible polyurethane, flexible thermal plastic urethane, flexible silicone, or flexible polyvinylchloride, or any other suitable material. The aerodynamic portion  450  may be made of the same material as the attachment portion  460 , or a different material. 
         [0054]    In some embodiments, the attachment portion  460  is formed to be softer than the aerodynamic portion  450  (i.e., having a durometer lower than the aerodynamic portion  450 ). The can be particularly advantageous when the surface of the vehicle on which the surface flow enhancement device  100  is to be used may be susceptible to scratching. 
         [0055]    As described in the embodiments above, the surface flow enhancement device  100  is affixed to the surface of a vehicle by a combination of magnetism and a low-pressure seal between the concavity  120  and the surface of the vehicle. This combination of forces can provide a very secure attachment of the surface flow enhancement device  100  to the surface of the vehicle during normal operation. This secure attachment will be sufficient to allow the surface flow enhancement device  100  to resist being moved by the force of fluid pressing against it as the vehicle moves. 
         [0056]    However, should a user desire to remove the surface flow enhancement device  100  (e.g., to relocate it, replace it, repair it, etc.), the user can deform the main body  110  by simple pressure between two fingers. This will break the seal between the concavity  120  and the surface of the vehicle, leaving only the magnetic affixing between the magnet  140  and the surface of the vehicle. The user can then simply pull the surface flow enhancement device  100  off of the surface of the vehicle. 
         [0057]    Fluid flowing against the surface flow enhancement device  100  during normal operation of the vehicle will not provide the pinpoint pressure that a user&#39;s fingers can, and so will not distort the main body  110  or break the seal between the concavity  120  and the surface of the vehicle. As a result, during normal operation of the vehicle, the surface flow enhancement device  100  will remain affixed to the surface of the vehicle by both magnetic force and the low-pressure seal between the concavity  120  and the surface of the vehicle, and will be able to withstand a great deal of force exerted against it by fluid passing over the surface of the vehicle. 
         [0058]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view of the surface flow enhancement device  100  of  FIGS. 1A to 1E  from above and affixed to a surface of a vehicle. As shown by  FIG. 5 , the surface flow enhancement device  100  is affixed to the surface  510  of a vehicle such that the flat side of the main surface  110  is pressed against the surface of the vehicle. 
         [0059]      FIG. 6  is a perspective view of multiple copies of the surface flow enhancement device  100  of  FIGS. 1A to 1E  from above and affixed to a surface  510  of a vehicle. As shown by  FIG. 6 , more than one surface flow enhancement device  100  can be used in an array to increase their efficiency.  FIG. 6  shows the surface flow enhancement devices  100  placed in a linear array. However, alternate embodiments could place them in any sort of regular or irregular array as desired to reduce the formation of vortices. 
         [0060]    Alternate Surface Flow Enhancement Device Shapes 
         [0061]    Although a single surface flow enhancement device  100  is described above, this is only by way of example. Alternate shapes can be used for the surface flow enhancement device  100  in other embodiments.  FIGS. 7A to 7E  and  FIGS. 8A to 8E  show two exemplary alternate embodiments. However other shapes can be used in alternate embodiments that serve to align circulation and retard the formation of vortices. 
         [0062]      FIGS. 7A to 7E  are diagrams of a surface flow enhancement device  700  according to another disclosed embodiment.  FIG. 7A  is a front view;  FIG. 7B  is a rear view;  FIG. 7C  is a left side view;  FIG. 7E  is a top view; and  FIG. 7E  is a bottom view. 
         [0063]    As shown in  FIGS. 7A to 7E , the surface flow enhancement device  700  is generally fin-shaped, with a curved front, a pointed rear, and a flat bottom. The surface flow enhancement device  700  of this embodiment includes a main surface  710 , a concavity  720 , a protrusion  730 , and two magnets  740 . 
         [0064]    The main surface  710  forms the fin shape with a flat bottom. This flat bottom allows it to be placed on a relatively flat surface of a vehicle and allows the main surface  710  to deflect fluid (e.g., air or water) moving past the surface of the vehicle. 
         [0065]    In the disclosed embodiments, the length (L 2 ) of the surface flow enhancement device  700  is about 2.5 inches; the width (W 2 ) of the surface flow enhancement device  700  is about 1.75 inches; and the height (H 2 ) of the surface flow enhancement device  100  is about 1.75 inches. However, this is by way of example only. As noted above, the length (L), width (W), and height (H) may vary depending upon the size of the body of the vehicle they are used on and the expected speed of the vehicles. For example, on a mid-sized automobile that will travel at speeds of between 40 and 80 miles per hour, the length (L) may vary between approximately 1 and 5 inches; the width (W 2 ) may vary between approximately 0.75 and 3.5 inches; and the height (H) may vary between approximately 0.75 and 3.5 inches. 
         [0066]    The concavity  720  is a hollow area formed inside of the main surface  710 , and serves to make the surface flow enhancement device  700  both lighter and cheaper to manufacture. In the disclosed embodiments, it also allows the main surface to deform slightly as the surface flow enhancement device  700  is affixed to the surface of a vehicle, expelling some of the air from the concavity  720 , and creating a low-pressure seal with the surface of the vehicle. 
         [0067]    The protrusion  730  extends from the main surface  710  into the concavity  720  and forms a holder for the magnets  740 . In this embodiment, the protrusion extends toward, but not quite reaching, the flat end of the main surface. 
         [0068]    The magnets  740  are contained securely in the protrusion  730 , and are provided to attach securely to the surface of the vehicle when the surface is a magnetic metal. In the disclosed embodiments, the magnets  740  are rare-earth magnets, though alternate embodiments could use other types of magnets. In addition, although two magnets  740  are provided in this embodiment, alternate embodiments could employ one magnet  740  or three or more magnets  740 , each secured by the same or a different protrusion  730 . Furthermore, although one or more magnets  740  are shown as an affixing element in the disclosed embodiments, alternate elements for affixing the surface flow enhancement device  100  to the surface of a vehicle can be employed. 
         [0069]      FIGS. 8A to 8E  are diagrams of a surface flow enhancement device  800  according to another disclosed embodiment.  FIG. 8A  is a front view;  FIG. 8B  is a rear view;  FIG. 8C  is a left side view;  FIG. 8D  is a top view; and  FIG. 8E  is a bottom view. 
         [0070]    As shown in  FIGS. 8A to 8E , the surface flow enhancement device  800  is generally oval, with a back fin, and a flat bottom. The surface flow enhancement device  800  of this embodiment includes a main surface  810 , a concavity  820 , a protrusion  830 , two magnets  840 , and a fin  850 . 
         [0071]    The main surface  810  forms the oval shape and fin with a flat bottom. This flat bottom allows it to be placed on a relatively flat surface of a vehicle and allows the main surface  810  to deflect fluid (e.g., air or water) moving past the surface of the vehicle. 
         [0072]    The concavity  820  is a hollow area formed inside of the main surface  810 , and serves to make the surface flow enhancement device  800  both lighter and cheaper to manufacture. In the disclosed embodiments, it also allows the main surface to deform slightly as the surface flow enhancement device  800  is affixed to the surface of a vehicle, expelling some of the air from the concavity  820 , and creating a low-pressure seal with the surface of the vehicle. 
         [0073]    The protrusion  830  extends from the main surface  810  into the concavity  820  and forms a holder for the magnets  840 . In this embodiment, the protrusion extends toward, but not quite reaching, the flat end of the main surface. 
         [0074]    The magnets  840  are contained securely in the protrusion  830 , and are provided to attach securely to the surface of the vehicle when the surface is a magnetic metal. In the disclosed embodiments, the magnets  840  are rare-earth magnets, though alternate embodiments could use other types of magnets. In addition, although two magnets  840  are provided in this embodiment, alternate embodiments could employ one magnet  840  or three or more magnets  840 , each secured by the same or a different protrusion  830 . Furthermore, although one or more magnets  840  are shown as an affixing element in the disclosed embodiments, alternate elements for affixing the surface flow enhancement device  100  to the surface of a vehicle can be employed. 
         [0075]    The fin  850  is attached to the rear of the main body  810  and is both thinner and higher than the main body  810 . 
         [0076]    In the disclosed embodiments, the length (L 3B ) of the surface flow enhancement device  800  including the main body  810  and the fin  850  is about 2.5 inches, while the length (L 3A ) of the main body  810  alone is about 1.65 inches. The width (W 3A ) of the main body  810  is about 1 inch, while the width (W 3B ) of the fin  850  is about 0.2 inches. The height (H 3A ) of the main body  810  is about 0.5 inches, while the height (H 3B ) of the fin  850  is about 0.75 inches. However, this is by way of example only. As noted above, the length (L), width (W), and height (H) may vary depending upon the size of the body of the vehicle they are used on and the expected speed of the vehicles. For example, on a mid-sized automobile that will travel at speeds of between 40 and 80 miles per hour, the length (L 3A ) may vary between approximately 0.8 and 3 inches; the length (L 3B ) may vary between approximately 1.25 and 5 inches; the width (W 3A ) may vary between approximately 0.5 and 2 inches; the width (W 3B ) may vary between approximately 0.1 and 0.4 inches; the width (H 3A ) may vary between approximately −0.25 and 1 inches; and the height (H 3B ) may vary between approximately 0.3 and 1.5 inches. 
         [0077]    Placement and Operation of Surface Flow Enhancement Devices 
         [0078]    As noted above, the surface flow enhancement devices  100 ,  700 ,  800  can be placed on the surfaces of vehicles to divert the flow of fluid (e.g., air or water) around the surface of the device and increase the circulation of the fluid around the vehicle when it is moving and prevent the friction resistance that can increase the drag that the vehicle suffers as it moves. 
         [0079]      FIGS. 9 and 10  show the placement of multiple surface flow enhancement devices  100  on the roof of a car, by way of example.  FIGS. 11 to 15  then show how the presence of these surface flow enhancement devices  100  influences the flow of air past the car. 
         [0080]      FIG. 9  is a rear view of a vehicle showing a placement of an array of the surface flow enhancement device  100  of  FIGS. 1A to 1E  on a roof  510  of the vehicle  920 , according to a disclosed embodiment, while  FIG. 10  is an overhead view of a vehicle  920  showing a placement of an array of the surface flow enhancement device  100  of  FIGS. 1A to 1E  on a roof  510  of the vehicle  920 , according to a disclosed embodiment. 
         [0081]    As shown in  FIGS. 9 and 10 , multiple surface flow enhancement devices  100  are placed on the roof  510  of a vehicle  920 . In this embodiment, they are placed in a line  1040  that is formed a distance A from the rear of the roof  510 . One of the surface flow enhancement devices  100  is placed along a centerline  1030  of the roof  510 , and the others are placed a distance B from the others along the line  1040 . In this embodiment A is set to be about 7.5 inches, and B is set to be about 2.5 inches. However, this is by way of example only. In other embodiments the placement of the surface flow enhancement devices  100  can vary dramatically. 
         [0082]    In normal operation, without the surface flow enhancement devices  100 , air would flow over the roof  510  of the vehicle  920 , forming vortices behind the vehicle  920  as it moved forward, and these vortices would increase the drag suffered by the vehicle  920 . However, as shown in  FIGS. 11 to 15 , the inclusion of the surface flow enhancement devices  100  on the roof  510  of the vehicle  920  significantly reduces the formation of these vortices. 
         [0083]      FIG. 11  is a diagram showing air flow from above of a vehicle using an array of the surface flow enhancement device of  FIGS. 1A to 1E , according to a disclosed embodiment;  FIG. 12  is a diagram showing air flow from the right and rear of a vehicle using an array of the surface flow enhancement device of  FIGS. 1A to 1E , according to a disclosed embodiment; and  FIG. 13  is a diagram showing air flow from the rear of a vehicle using an array of the surface flow enhancement device of  FIGS. 1A to 1E , according to a disclosed embodiment. As shown in  FIGS. 11 to 13 , the surface flow enhancement devices  100  break up the flow of the air as it passes over the roof  510  of the vehicle, inhibiting the formation of vortices behind the car. 
         [0084]    Similarly,  FIG. 14  is a diagram showing isoturbulence from the right and rear of a vehicle using an array of the surface flow enhancement device of  FIGS. 1A to 1E , according to a disclosed embodiment; and  FIG. 15  is a diagram showing isoturbulence from the rear of a vehicle using an array of the surface flow enhancement device of  FIGS. 1A to 1E , according to a disclosed embodiment. As shown in  FIGS. 14 and 15 , the surface flow enhancement devices  100  break up the flow of the air as it passes over the roof  510  of the vehicle, reducing the amount of isoturbulence behind the car. 
         [0085]    As shown in  FIGS. 11 to 15 , the presence of the surface flow enhancement devices  100  on the roof  510  of the vehicle  920  reduces both the presence of vortices and the isoturbulence behind the vehicle  920 . This reduces the drag on the vehicle  920 , and so the amount of energy required to move it forward. As a result, this also increases the fuel efficiency of the vehicle  920 . 
         [0086]    Furthermore, although  FIGS. 9 to 15  show an embodiment in which several surface flow enhancement devices  100  are placed on the back of a roof  510  of a vehicle  920 , the placement of one or more surface flow enhancement devices  100  on other surfaces of the vehicle  920 , or any other vehicle that passes through a fluid atmosphere (e.g., air or water). For example, surface flow enhancement devices  100  could be placed on the front hood, on the back hood, on the sides, or even the bottom of a car; they could be placed on the hull of a ship, they could be placed on the fuselage or wings of an airplane, etc. Any vehicle that passes through a fluid atmosphere can benefit from the attachment of one or more surface flow enhancement devices. 
         [0087]    In addition, since surface flow enhancement devices are easily attachable and detachable, they can be added after market, and placed wherever they are needed. And should a better location be found, they can be easily moved to new locations. In fact, it would be possible for users without access to sophisticated sensors to simply place one or more surface flow enhancement devices on their vehicle and measure whether gas mileage decreases. The user can then adjust the number and placement of the surface flow enhancement devices as desired until a most efficient configuration is determined. 
         [0088]    The user can also adjust the shape of surface flow enhancement devices used, if multiple shapes are available. For example, if one shape is particularly effective on one part of a vehicle, and another shape is more effective on another part of the vehicle, the user can mix and match as needed. And if an improved surface flow enhancement device shape becomes available, the user can replace the surface flow enhancement devices  100  as desired. 
         [0089]    The easy attachment and detachment of the surface flow enhancement devices also allows for easy maintenance, cleaning, replacement, and removal. The user need not fear that the surface flow enhancement devices  100  will detract from the value of the vehicle, nor inhibit a resale, nor that they will wear out and be difficult or expensive to replace. 
         [0090]    Alternate Placement of Surface Flow Enhancement Devices 
         [0091]    As noted above, many alternate placement positions are possible for surface flow enhancement devices.  FIGS. 16 to 19  disclose several possible alternate placement schemes for an automobile embodiment. 
         [0092]      FIG. 16  is an overhead view of a vehicle showing a placement of an array of surface flow enhancement devices on a top of a vehicle, according to disclosed embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 16 , surface flow enhancement devices  100  can be placed on the front hood of a vehicle  920  in an arc curving away from the front of the vehicle  920 . They can also be placed in a line on the rear roof and sides of the vehicle  920 . 
         [0093]      FIG. 17  is an overhead view of a vehicle showing a placement of an array of surface flow enhancement devices on a top of a vehicle, according to disclosed embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 17 , surface flow enhancement devices  100  can be placed on the front hood of a vehicle  920  in an arc curving toward the front of the vehicle  920 . They can also be placed in a line on the rear roof and sides of the vehicle  920 . 
         [0094]      FIG. 18  is an overhead view of a vehicle showing a placement of an array of surface flow enhancement devices on a side of a vehicle, according to disclosed embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 18 , surface flow enhancement devices  100  can be placed on the front hood of a vehicle  920  in a line. 
         [0095]      FIG. 19  is an overhead view of a vehicle showing a placement of an array of surface flow enhancement devices on a front of a vehicle, according to disclosed embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 19 , surface flow enhancement devices  100  can be placed in a line on the side of the of a vehicle  920 , in a line on a door of the vehicle  920 , or in a line on the rear side of the vehicle  920 . 
         [0096]    Various combinations of these and other arrangements can also be made. In addition, although the embodiments above all show an automobile by way of example, surface flow enhancement devices can be used on any vehicle that passes through a fluid environment. For example, they can be used on automobiles, trucks, motorcycles, airplanes, space planes, helicopters, missiles, drones, ships, boats, and submarines. 
       CONCLUSION 
       [0097]    This disclosure is intended to explain how to fashion and use various embodiments in accordance with the invention rather than to limit the true, intended, and fair scope and spirit thereof. The foregoing description is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The embodiment(s) was chosen and described to provide the best illustration of the principles of the invention and its practical application, and to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. All such modifications and variations are within the scope of the invention as determined by the appended claims, as may be amended during the pendency of this application for patent, and all equivalents thereof, when interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly, legally, and equitably entitled. The various circuits described above can be implemented in discrete circuits or integrated circuits, as desired by implementation.