Abstract:
An improved chlorination system for pools, spas, potable water supplies, and the like, provides a vertically oriented electrolytic cell connected between a pump and a lightly salinated pool. The cell preferably contains a metallic electrode, such as titanium, and a precious metal coated titanium electrode, and has means for passing an electric current through the cell. The present invention further provides a novel electrode stack design, conducive for forming an efficient chlorinator comprising a plurality of interconnecting electrode stacks of separate electrical cells.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     To the fullest extent permitted by law, the present continuation-in-part application claims priority to and the full benefit of U.S. non-provisional patent application 2005/0061662 filed Oct. 18, 2004, U.S. non-provisional patent application Ser. No. 10/173,359 filed Jun. 17, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,821,398, U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/145,537 filed Jul. 26, 1999, U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/148,452 filed Aug. 12, 1999, and U.S. non-provisional patent application Ser. No. 09/592,719 filed Jun. 13, 2000, now abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Technical Field 
     The present invention relates generally to systems used to chlorinate bodies of water, and more specifically to systems utilizing electrolysis for the electrolytic chlorination of water. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     As is well known, swimming pools, spas, and the like, must be chlorinated to prevent accumulation of algae and bacteria, transfer of disease, and the like. Heretofore, such chlorination has been accomplished by depositing relatively large quantities of sodium hypochlorite into the water to be gradually dissolved over time. 
     Unfortunately, because this procedure is essentially a periodic single batch operation, the concentration of chlorine is never constant. In order to minimize the number of times necessary to deposit sodium hypochlorite in order to replenish depleted sodium hypochlorite, a significant amount of sodium hypochlorite, often much greater than that recommended for efficacy, is often added to allow a longer time between additions. 
     These batch addition operations result in high quantities of chlorine being released immediately after the sodium hypochlorite has been added and often causes the water to give off a strong and offensive odor that can make swimming unpleasant. Additionally, the high concentration of chlorine often results in bleaching bathing suits, towels, and the like. Further, a high concentration of chlorine often results in eye and skin irritation, and may even discolor the swimmers&#39; hair. 
     On the other hand, before the next batch of sodium hypochlorite is added, the chlorine level may fall below a biologically effective level, thus allowing a buildup of bacteria and algae and facilitating the possible transfer of disease. Obviously, none of these effects are desirable. 
     In addition to the problems caused by batch methods of chlorine control, the particular application and requirements often vary from system to system or within the same system over a period of time, thus requiring a water treatment system capable of multiple configurations or capacities. To accommodate this need, a system may consist of either multiple water treatment systems with each system having specific operating characteristics, or a single water treatment system capable of variable operating characteristics. 
     Due to concerns about the space required to house multiple systems and the increasing energy costs necessary to operate such a system, it is often most economical, and thus preferable, to put into operation a single, configurable water treatment system capable of handling multiple chlorine output requirements. 
     Various attempts have been made to provide systems for improving the effective treatment of such bodies of water. Such systems may comprise electrolytic cells for dissociation of a salt to yield a bioactive agent, or may provide for periodic infusion into a body of water of chlorine, provided, for example, by a floating reserve of chlorine tablets. Examples of such systems may be seen with reference to British Patent Number 1,426,017 to Miles; U.S. Pat. No. 3,792,979 to Clinton; U.S. Pat. No. 4,869,016 to Diprose et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,460,706 to Lisboa; U.S. Pat. No. 5,468,360 to David et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,821,398 to Von Broembsen. 
     Because of the variations in chlorine concentration caused by using the batch method, and the limitations in the ability of current art chlorination systems to be adapted to various applications, current chlorine treatments systems have not been entirely satisfactory. 
     Due to their generally simple design and construction, floating reserve systems are often limited in their capacity to handle multiple requirements. Even though small changes in chlorine output requirement may require simply adding or removing chlorine tablets, the process nonetheless presents many problems. For example, the volume and surface area of chlorine tablets contained within an operating floating reserve system change over a period of time, making it difficult to pre-determine the effect of a subsequent removal or addition of chlorine tablets. 
     Thus, to change the capacity of a floating reserve system within a specified range, it may become necessary to open the system several times to either add additional chlorine tablets or to remove excess chlorine tablets. This increases the amount of exposure the user has to the chlorine, the amount of time necessary to bring a system back online, the possibility of damaging the system, and the wear and tear on the seals separating the hazardous inner contents of the reserve from the general public. 
     Additionally, large changes to the capacity may require changing the volume of the floating reserve container, requiring further testing to determine a new baseline of operation to ensure that the changes made have produced the desired effect. This procedure also has the undesired effects mentioned previously with the added costs due to the additional tests. 
     Current art systems comprised of electrolytic cells for dissociation of a salt provide for increased variability and safety over floating reserve systems. One way to change the chlorine output capacity in an electrolytic cell system is to change the current and voltage across the electrolytic plates. This eliminates the chlorine exposure problem found in floating reserve systems and alleviates the requirement to open the system more than once. 
     Even so, changing the voltage and current often create undesired secondary effects. For example, increasing the plate current may cause current leakage between cells, or if leakage is already occurring, may exacerbate the problem by increasing the amount of leakage, further decreasing the efficiency of the system. Additionally, increasing the voltage and current increases the power consumption for a given configuration. 
     If changing voltage and current are not sufficient for a particular need, or the secondary effects described above become unacceptable, another means in which chlorine production capacity in an electrolytic system may be changed is to increase or decrease the total surface area of the electrolytic plates. This is normally accomplished by increasing or decreasing the number and/or size of the plates in the system. Changing the number or size of plates in currently known systems causes both physical and electro-chemical issues that must be addressed. 
     For instance, if a large increase in chlorine production capacity is required in currently known systems, a significant number of plates may have to be added, the size of the plates may be increased, or additional electrolytic chlorinators may need to be added in series, each approach being problematic. If electrolytic plates have been added or resized, the system itself may become too bulky or large to fit within a specific area. This may create an inefficient or ineffective use of space and may also reduce the possibility of standardizing overall system and/or housing size, increasing production costs. 
     In currently known systems, adding additional or resized plates may also cause a significant divergence in the physical stresses placed on the plate support system from one plate to another. Additionally, resizing or adding additional plates in currently known systems is often problematic in that the electrical requirements may be increased to a point beyond the capacity of the currently installed electrical power unit. The addition or resizing of plates in currently known systems may also create variations in fluid flow patterns between the cells, possibly creating uneven reaction rates from plate-to-plate, further reducing the efficiency of the system. Finally, if additional electrolytic chlorinator systems are added, the purchase and installation cost, the electrical and control requirements, the plumbing/piping needs, and the cooling requirements may all be significantly increased. 
     It will be apparent that none of the above-available water treatment systems provide the several benefits, features and advantages of the present invention. Specifically, none are seen to provide an electrode stack arrangement and design conducive to efficient electrode operation in a baseline configuration and, subsequently, upon further addition of electrode plates. Through the use of such a chlorinator, more efficient control of bioactive chlorination within a body of water may be maintained, while providing for multiple chlorine capacities and while utilizing space in a more efficient manner. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Briefly described, in a preferred embodiment, the present invention overcomes the above-mentioned disadvantages and meets the recognized need for such a device by providing an improved apparatus and method of chlorinating swimming pools, spas, potable water supplies, and the like, wherein the present invention functions to constantly maintain the water at a desired level of chlorination without significant variation and which reduces fading of clothing, discoloration of hair, irritation of skin and eyes, and other disagreeable and dangerous side effects apparent under prior art methods and devices. The present invention further discourages growth of bacteria and algae, and provides that the water will be safe for bathers. The present invention further conveniently and efficiently accommodates the user&#39;s need to reconfigure the system based upon desired changes in output capacity. 
     These advantages of the present invention are preferably attained by providing an improved chlorination system for pools, spas, potable water supplies, and the like, comprising means for maintaining an approximate 0.7% saline solution in said body of water and providing a vertically-oriented electrolytic cell connected between the pump and the body of water. The electrolytic cell comprises metallic electrodes, such as titanium, with the electrodes comprising the cathodic portion of the cell preferably being coated with an oxide of ruthenium and the electrodes comprising the anodic portion of the cell preferably being coated with an oxide of titanium. Means for passing an electric current through the cell is further provided. 
     The present invention provides a novel electrode stack design, conducive for forming an efficient electrolytic cell comprising a plurality of electrically interconnected electrode stacks, each stack physically separated into quadrants. Non-conductive divider elements are provided between electrode stacks to prevent current leakage and shorting therebetween. 
     The present invention further provides that the electrode stacks are physically positioned in a non-linear, preferably progressively adjacent 90 degree arrangement contained within a circular housing, separation being provided through the use of the non-conductive divider elements. The dividers eliminate or reduce inter-quadrant fluid flow, and, thereby, current leakage, by preventing horizontal or circular fluid flow while allowing vertical fluid flow within each quadrant. The dividers are sized in a manner that permits the water input to be separated amongst the quadrants. 
     Still further is provided is an electrode having a tab adjacent its top for electrical interconnection with other like-charged electrodes, and for offsetting oppositely charged, but similarly interconnected, electrodes in a staggered manner. A plurality of electrically interconnected electrode stacks within a common housing form a plurality of independent, but electrically interconnected, cells within a single chlorinator. In accordance with the present invention, the electrically interconnected electrode stacks are arranged into a plurality of cells in series, which provides a highly efficient, low current, high yield, readily configurable, space-saving chlorinator previously unknown in the art. 
     Accordingly, a feature and advantage of the present invention is its ability to provide an improved chlorination system for pools, spas, potable water supplies, and the like. 
     Another feature and advantage of the present invention is its ability provide an improved chlorination system for pools, spas, potable water supplies, and the like, which continuously maintains the water at a desired concentration of chlorine without significant variation. 
     Still another feature and advantage of the present invention is its ability to provide an improved chlorination system for pools, spas, potable water supplies, and the like, which reduces fading of clothing. 
     Yet another feature and advantage of the present invention is its ability provide an improved chlorination system for pools, spas, potable water supplies, and the like, which reduces discoloration of hair. 
     Yet still another feature and advantage of the present invention is its ability provide an improved chlorination system for pools, spas, potable water supplies, and the like, which reduces irritation of skin and eyes and other disagreeable and dangerous side effects. 
     A further feature and advantage of the present invention is its ability to provide an improved chlorination system for pools, spas, and the like, which reduces disagreeable side effects while discouraging growth of bacteria and algae, thus making the water safer for its intended use. 
     Still a further feature and advantage of the present invention is its ability to provide an improved chlorination system for pools, spas, and the like, comprising means for maintaining an approximate 0.5% saline solution in said pool and providing an electrolytic cell connected between a pump and the pool, and containing a metallic electrode, such as titanium, and having means for passing an electric current through said cell. 
     Yet still a further feature and advantage of the present invention is its ability to provide an improved chlorination system for pools, spas, and the like, comprising a novel electrode stack design, conducive for forming an efficient electrolytic cell comprising a plurality of interconnecting electrode stacks spatially arranged to reduce the footprint of the electrode stack. 
     Yet still another feature and advantage of the present invention is its ability to provide an improved chlorination system for pools, spas, and the like, wherein the chlorinator comprises an electrode having a tab adjacent its top for electrical interconnection with other like-charged electrodes, and for offsetting oppositely charged, but similarly interconnected, electrodes in a staggered manner. 
     Yet still another feature and advantage of the present invention is its ability to provide an improved chlorination system for pools, spas, and the like, wherein the chlorinator further comprises non-conductive spacer elements provided between electrodes, and, further, non-conductive divider elements between electrode stacks, to prevent current leakage and shorting therebetween. 
     Still a further feature and advantage of the present invention is its ability to provide an improved chlorination system for pools, spas, and the like, wherein the chlorinator comprises a plurality of electrically interconnected electrode stacks within a common housing to form a plurality of independent, but electrically interconnected cells, within a single chlorinator, and wherein electrical connection of this plurality of cells in series provides a highly efficient, low current, high yield chlorinator. 
     Yet a further feature and advantage of the present invention is to provide a chlorinator effectively utilizing space, both in a present configuration and in contemplating any modifications wherein plates may be added or removed, by using a non-linear cell quadrant arrangement, most preferably, a progressively adjacent 90 degree arrangement contained within a circular housing or “horse shoe” arrangement. 
     Yet a still further feature and advantage of the present invention is its ability, through the use of dividers separating cells into quadrants, to be reconfigured to maintain or change the output of the system while reducing or minimizing changes in power consumption. 
     Yet another further feature and advantage of the present invention is its ability, through the use of dividers separating cells into quadrants, to reduce or eliminate current leakage between cells by minimizing or eliminating horizontal or inter-cell ion flow. 
     Yet an additional feature and advantage of the present invention is its ability, through the use of dividers separating cells into quadrants arranged in a non-linear or progressively adjacent 90 degree arrangement contained within a circular housing, to be reconfigured to maintain or change the output of the system while utilizing the system space in a more efficient manner. 
     Yet an extra feature and advantage of the present invention is its ability, through the use of dividers separating cells into quadrants, to cause a more consistent fluid flow pattern within each quadrant and from quadrant to quadrant, thus providing a more uniform and predictable reaction rate across the system. 
     Yet a still further feature and advantage of the present invention is the minimization of penetrations into the system through the use of a novel stack design in combination with optimally configured external electrical connectors. 
     These and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will become more apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art after reading the following Detailed Description and Claims in light of the accompanying drawing Figures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Accordingly, the present invention will be understood best through consideration of, and reference to, the following Figures, viewed in conjunction with the Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment referring thereto, in which like reference numbers throughout the various Figures designate like structure and in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective elevation view of a four (4) quadrant chlorinator assembled according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a partial vertical section and exploded view through an electrolytic cell of the chlorination system of  FIG. 1  showing a single electrode of each polarity; 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective elevation view of an electrode assembly showing the spatial placement of the electrode stacks in accordance with the chlorination system of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a perspective, exploded elevation view of the cathode assembly in accordance with the chlorination system of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective, exploded elevation view of the anode assembly in accordance with the chlorination system of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 6  is a perspective elevation view of both the anode and cathode assemblies showing in greater detail the electrical and mechanical connectivity between the two assemblies in accordance with the chlorination system of  FIG. 1 ; and, 
         FIG. 7  illustrates the connectivity of active and non-active plates in accordance with the chlorination system of  FIG. 1 . 
     
    
    
     It is to be noted that the drawings presented are intended solely for the purpose of illustration and that they are, therefore, neither desired nor intended to limit the invention to any or all of the exact details of construction shown, except insofar as they may be deemed essential to the claimed invention. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In describing preferred embodiments of the present invention illustrated in the Figures, specific terminology is employed for the sake of clarity. The invention, however, is not intended to be limited to the specific terminology so selected, and it is to be understood that each specific element includes all technical equivalents that operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose. 
     A particularly advantageous feature of the present invention is the spatial arrangement of the anode and cathode sections, allowing for multiple electrode stacks to be arranged around a common axis. Prior art systems teach a chlorinator having multiple electrode stacks to be arranged in a linear fashion, wherein the addition of electrodes extends the size of the electrode stack along a linear path. Additionally, and in order to accommodate this arrangement of cells around a common axis, another advantageous feature of the present invention are the dividers separating flow between the electrode stacks, reducing current leakage between stacks and also increasing efficiency. 
     In that form of the present invention chosen for purposes of illustration,  FIG. 1  shows a chlorinator  100  connected to a source of water (not shown) by inlet pipe  102  and return pipe  104  to cause water from pipe  102  to pass through chlorinator  100  for chlorination. Chlorinator  100  preferably is a hollow cylindrical member, having cell stack containment housing  106  formed of electrically insulating material, such as clear polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”) tubing. Other housing arrangements, including rectangular, are contemplated to be within the scope of the present invention. 
       FIG. 1  shows the stack containment housing  106  to be vertically oriented, though it should be appreciated that the present invention can be mounted in any orientation, ranging from horizontal to vertical. It should also be appreciated that in alternative designs, stack containment housing  106  may be designed in various shapes, such as rectangular, depending on the specific application. Additionally, inlet pipe  102  is shown to be a common inlet feeding all electrolytic cells, though it should be understood that an alternate embodiment may comprise separate water inlets for each quadrant of the chlorinator. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, stack containment housing  106  is provided with a flanged union  108 , or other suitable, removable cap sufficient for supporting chlorinator internal assembly  114 , preferably also of PVC. Union  108  is provided atop housing  106 . It should be noted that in certain applications, it may be more efficient to configure the system without flanged union  108 . As an example, it may be more efficient to operate without flanged union  108  in systems that provide adequate ventilation above the present invention to remove any potentially explosive gases. Accordingly, union  108  is considered to be entirely optional in practicing the invention hereof. 
     Through housing  106  are mounted a pair of current header connector rod assemblies  110 ,  112  which connect electrode assembly  114  to direct current power supply, supplied through wires  124 ,  126  to current header connector rod assemblies  110 ,  112  in order to cause a low voltage (less than 12 volts) direct current to flow within electrode assembly  114 . The electrodes forming electrode assembly  114  are preferably formed of titanium, with those electrodes connected to the positive power supply being coated with an oxide of Ruthenium and those electrodes connected to the negative power supply being coated with an oxide of titanium, as discussed in further detail below. It will be recognized by those ordinarily skilled in the art that the just-described normal operating polarity may be electrically reversed in order to provide touch-free cleaning of electrode assembly  114 . 
     In further detail, the electrode assembly  114  is shown having electrode stacks  116 ,  118 . Electrode stacks  116 ,  118  have electrodes which are electrically connected in a manner described further in  FIGS. 4 and 5 . Dividers  120 ,  122  may extend essentially from the inner bottom of housing  106  to the inner top of housing  106  and essentially to the full inner dimension of housing  106 . Dividers  120 ,  122  are sized and mounted in a manner to partition electrode assembly  114  fluid flow into quadrants, such that each quadrant contains an electrode stack  116 ,  118  and that fluid and ion flow between quadrants is reduced or eliminated. Though the flow of fluid through the electrode stacks is partitioned into quadrants, it should be understood that the electrode stacks remain electrically connected in a manner described in further detail below. 
     This method of arranging electrode stacks around a common point provides for a smaller chlorinator footprint for the same output capacity. As shown in  FIG. 1 , electrode stacks  116 ,  118  are essentially wrapped around an invisible common axis, reducing the area and volume of electrode assembly  114  while maintaining chlorinator  100  chlorine output capacity. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates the construction of current header connector rod assemblies  110 ,  112 . Due to their similar construction, current header connecter rod assemblies  110 ,  112  are described without reference to polarity, though it should be understood that during operation, one current header connector rod assembly will be used as a cathode and the other current header connector rod assembly will be used as an anode. Low voltage direct current is applied to connector rods  146   a ,  146   b  through wires  124 ,  126 , flat tongue lug code conductor  136   a ,  136   b , through metallic threaded rod  142   a ,  142   b . Particularly advantageous to the present invention, metallic threaded rod  142   a ,  142   b  engages with connector rod  146   a ,  146   b  through the use of threads (not shown) internal to connector rod  146   a ,  146   b.    
     Current header connector rod assembly  110 ,  112  is secured to flange union  108  by non-conducting nut  140   a ,  140   b , metallic flat washer  138   a ,  138   b , metallic lock washer  134   a ,  134   b  and metallic nut  132   a ,  132   b . To prevent fluid leakage, and to accommodate dimensional variation due to thermal cycling and resistive heating, o-ring  144   a ,  144   b  is, seated between connector rod  146   a ,  146   b  and flange union  108 . In the preferred configuration, metallic threaded rod  142   a ,  142   b , metallic nut  132   a ,  132   b , metallic flat washer  138   a ,  138   b  and metallic lock washer  134   a ,  134   b  are constructed of brass. 
     Turning now to the details of a preferred layout of electrode assembly  114 ,  FIG. 3  illustrates a 4 quadrant electrode assembly. Electrode stack  116 ,  118 ,  150 ,  152 , described in further detail in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , is electrically and mechanically connected via connector assembly  154 ,  156 , described below in further detail in association with  FIGS. 4 and 5 . Electrical power is supplied to electrode assembly  114  via current header connector rod assembly  110 ,  112 . Particularly advantageous to the present invention, dividers  120 ,  122  partition fluid flow through electrode assembly  114  such that inter-quadrant fluid and ion flow is reduced or eliminated, increasing the efficiency of electrode assembly  114 . Electrodes in electrode stack  116 ,  118 ,  150 ,  152  are additionally mechanically connected by titanium threaded rod (not shown) which is carried by nut  158 , described below in further detail in association with  FIGS. 4 and 5  below. 
       FIG. 4  further illustrates construction of cathode assembly  178  of electrode assembly  114 . It should be noted that where components are redundant, only one component is described for clarity and simplicity. Additionally, depending upon the specific application, including space or output requirements, the physical arrangement of electrode assembly  114 , linkages, and materials used may vary. 
     As shown, electrode stacks  116 ,  152  are comprised of a plurality of metallic plate electrodes  182 ,  184 . Metallic plate electrodes comprising the cathode assembly  178  of the cell are preferably coated with an oxide of Ruthenium and the metallic plate electrodes forming the anode assembly  180 , as well as inactive plates not connected to either polarity, are preferably coated with an oxide of titanium, as shown further in  FIG. 5 . 
     A particularly advantageous feature of the invention are non-conducting dividers  120 ,  122  which act to isolate one electrode stack fluid flow from another electrode stack fluid flow to prevent channeling of current between cells. For example, non-conducting dividers  120 ,  122  essentially isolates the fluid and ion flow in electrode stack  116  from the fluid flow in electrode stack  152 . 
     Current connector tabs  190  preferably are formed integrally with electrodes  182 ,  184 . In the preferred configuration, metallic plate electrodes  182 ,  184  are aligned in an alternating manner such that connector tab  190  location is diametrically opposed to connector tab  194 , and further aligned such that connector tab  190  can be mechanically connected to connector rod  146   b , thus serving as an active, or electrically charged, electrode plate. Furthermore, metallic electrode plate  184  having connector tab  194  acts as an inactive, or electrically neutral, plate. Connecting hole  186   a  is provided within each tab  190 ,  194 . Additional connecting holes  188  are provided within each electrode  182 ,  184  for purposes described more fully hereinbelow. 
     To provide for mechanical rigidity of cathode assembly  178 , a plurality of non-conducting spacers  176  are disposed between each electrode  182 ,  184  at additional connecting holes  188 . Non-conducting threaded rod  160  is carried within hole  188  of electrodes  182 ,  184 . Non-conducting threaded rod  160  further carries non-conducting spacer  176  and non-conducting nuts  172  which are provided to assemble the cathode assembly  178  in order to provide electrode stack  178  with sufficient structural rigidity for operation and handling of stack  178 , while maintaining electrical separation of electrodes  182 ,  184 . 
     To provide for electrical connectivity of active electrodes, a titanium spacer  196  is disposed between current connector tabs  198 ,  202  of electrodes  182  at connecting holes  186   a  so as to electrically connect electrodes  182 , while bridging and separating electrodes  182  from electrodes  184 . To provide for electrical connectivity of inactive electrodes  184 , a plurality of metallic spacers  174  are disposed between current connector tabs  194  of electrodes  184  at connecting holes  186   b  so as to electrically connect electrodes  184 , while bridging and separating electrodes  184  from electrodes  182 . 
     To provide further electrical connectivity between inactive electrode plates  184  in cathode assembly  178  and anode assembly  180 , as shown in  FIG. 5 , threaded titanium rod  170  is carried within hole  200  of electrodes  184  situated in the quadrant opposite to those electrodes  184  situated within the quadrant containing connector rod  146   b . Threaded titanium rod  170  further carries metallic spacer  168  through hole  204   a , wherein a threaded titanium rod  206 , as shown in  FIG. 5 , contained within the anode assembly  180 , as shown in  FIG. 5 , of the electrode assembly  114 . 
     In a preferred embodiment, the mechanical and electrical configuration of cathode assembly  178  and anode assembly  180  will be essentially identical, with each being mirror images of each other, as shown in  FIG. 6 . Cathode assembly  178  has active electrodes  182  whereas anode assembly  180  has active electrodes  186 . Cathode assembly  178  has inactive electrodes  184  whereas anode assembly  180  has inactive electrodes  208 . Metallic spacer  168  is shown connecting inactive plates  184  from cathode assembly  178  to inactive plates  208  from anode assembly  180 . Additionally, active electrodes  186 , comprising a titanium substrate, will be coated with an oxide of titanium rather than an oxide of ruthenium, as in active electrodes  182 . Such arrangement provides the ability to design an optimal number of electrodes  182 ,  184  and spatial arrangement of electrode stacks  116 ,  152 , resulting in a large number of adjacent, insulated, and separate, but electrically interconnected, electrolytic cells within a minimal size of containment housing  106 . 
       FIG. 7  illustrates the electrical connectivity of electrode assembly  114  submerged within electrolytic solution  210 . Shown are cathode assembly  178  and anode assembly  180  with active electrodes  182 ,  186  electrically connected to their respective connector rod  146   b ,  146   a . Inactive plates  184 ,  208  are electrically connected via connector assembly  156 ,  154  as well as metallic spacer  168 . 
     Such features render the present invention more economical, efficient, and safe than other prior art devices, and therefore, represent a distinct advance over other prior art devices. 
     It should also be noted that electrode stack positioning refers to the physical, not electrical, arrangement of the electrode stacks. For instance, a four quadrant electrolytic cell system may comprise two active electrode stacks, one cathodic and one anodic, and two non-active or neutral stacks. It is contemplated to be within the scope of the present invention to have the active electrode stacks positioned adjacent to one another, positioned “caddy corner” to each other, or any other arrangement. Additionally, it is contemplated to be within the scope of the present invention to have varying number of cathodic or anodic electrode stacks. For instance, a four quadrant electrolytic cell may have two anodic electrode stacks, one cathodic electrode stack and one neutral electrode stack. Finally, it is contemplated to be within the scope of the present invention to have a varying number of sections depending on the type of non-conductive housing used. For instance, a 6 section electrolytic cell may be used, wherein three sections are anodic and three sections are cathodic, with no neutral section. 
     Having, thus, described exemplary embodiments of the present invention, it should be noted by those skilled in the art that the within disclosures are exemplary only and that various other alternatives, adaptations, and modifications may be made within the scope and spirit of the present invention. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments as illustrated herein, but is only limited by the following claims.