Abstract:
The annealing process at 400° C. or more required for the wiring process for a phase change memory has posed the problem in that the crystal grains in a chalcogenide material grow in an oblique direction to cause voids in a storage layer. The voids, in turn, cause peeling due to a decrease in adhesion, variations in resistance due to improper contact with a plug, and other undesirable events. After the chalcogenide material has been formed in an amorphous phase, post-annealing is conducted to form a (111)-oriented and columnarly structured face-centered cubic. This is further followed by high-temperature annealing to form a columnar, hexagonal closest-packed crystal. Use of this procedure makes it possible to suppress the growth of inclined crystal grains that causes voids, since crystal grains are formed in a direction perpendicular to the surface of an associated substrate.

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
     The present application claims priority from Japanese application JP 2004-330537, filed on Nov. 15, 2004, and Japanese application JP 2005-010199, filed on Jan. 18, 2005, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference into this application. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a technique applied to and effective for a semiconductor device having a phase change memory cell formed using a phase change material such as chalcogenide. 
     2. Description of the Related Arts 
     Mobile devices represented by hand-held phones use a semiconductor memory such as a DRAM, SRAM, or flash memory. Although large in capacity, DRAMs are low in access speed. Conversely, SRAMs are high in access speed, whereas they are unsuitable for use as a large-capacity memory, since they require as many as four to six transistors per cell and are therefore difficult to integrate with high density. 
     Also, DRAMs and SRAMs require constantly continued electrical energization for data retention. In other words, both are volatile. Flash memories, however, are nonvolatile, so although they require no electrical energization for memory retention, memories of this type have drawbacks in that the maximum permissible number of their rewriting/erasing operations is limited to about 10 5  times and in that their rewriting speeds are several orders-of-magnitude lower than other memories. As described above, the three types of memories have the respective advantages and disadvantages, and currently, each type of memory is selectively used according to the particular features and characteristics of the memory. 
     If a universal memory is realized that combines the advantages of a DRAM, an SRAM, and a flash memory each, it is possible to integrate plural types of memories into one chip and thus to implement the miniaturization and functional sophistication of hand-held phones and other various mobile devices. 
     Additionally, there will be very significant impacts if all types of semiconductor memories become replaceable with a single type of memory. The requirements of a universal memory include: (1) an integration density (large capacity) comparable to that of a DRAM, (2) an access (read/write) speed as high as that of an SRAM, (3) nonvolatility equivalent to that of a flash memory, and (4) electric power consumption low enough to withstand compact-battery driving. 
     A phase change memory is currently catching the most attention among all nonvolatile memories of the next generation, called the universal memories. The phase change memory employs the chalcogenide material used in a CD-RW, a DVD, or other optical disks, and similarly to these media, the phase change memory stores data by utilizing the differences in characteristics between the crystal state and amorphous state of the memory. These differences exist in read/write methods: whereas CD-RWs and DVDs utilize the transmission and reflection of the light represented by laser light, the phase change memory writes in data using the Joule heat generated by an electric current, and reads out data according to a particular resistance difference due to a change in phase. 
     The principles of operation of the phase change memory (an abbreviated name of a semiconductor storage device: hereinafter, the same) are described below with reference to  FIG. 3 . When a chalcogenide material is amorphized, such a reset pulse is applied that causes the chalcogenide material to be rapidly quenched after it is heated to a melting point (glass transition point Tg) or more. The melting point is, for example, 600° C. The rapid-quenching time (t 1 ) required is, for example, 2 nsec. When the chalcogenide material is crystallized, such a set pulse is applied that retains the temperature of the chalcogenide material at a crystallization temperature or more, and less than a melting point. The crystallization point is, for example, 400° C. The time (t 2 ) required for the crystallization is, for example, 50 nsec. 
     A feature of the phase change memory is that since the chalcogenide material, depending on its crystal state, changes in resistance value by no less than two to three orders of magnitude and this resistance value is used as a signal, a high reading signal level can be obtained and this facilitates sensing operation and allows high-speed reading. Also, this memory has 10 12  repetition cycles of rewritability, and other performance characteristics compensating for the drawbacks of flash memories. In addition, features such as low-voltage/low-power operability and the ease in embedding with logic circuit elements make this memory suitable for use as a mobile device. 
     An example of manufacturing processes for the phase change memory will be briefly described below using  FIGS. 4 to 6  which are sectional process diagrams of major constituent elements. First, with reference to  FIG. 4 , a well-known manufacturing method is used to form a select transistor on a semiconductor substrate not shown. The select transistor includes, for example, an MOS transistor and a bipolar transistor. Next, a well-known manufacturing method is used to deposit an interlayer dielectric film A 11  made of, for example, a silicon oxide film, and then form a plug A 12  made of, for example, tungsten, inside the interlayer dielectric film A 11 . This plug functions to electrically connect a lower select transistor and an upper phase-change layer. Then, a chalcogenide layer A 13  made of, for example, a germanium-antimony-tellurium (GeSbTe) mixture or alloy, an upper electrode A 14  made of, for example, tungsten, and a hard mask A 15  made of, for example, a silicon oxide film, are deposited in that order. This state is shown in  FIG. 4 . The film thickness of the chalcogenide layer A 13  depends on the specifications of the resistance value read out as a signal. However, the layer A 13  is formed with a film thickness of 100 nm, for example. 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 5 , the hard mask A 15 , the upper electrode A 14 , and the chalcogenide layer A 13  are patterned using a well-known lithographic method and dry-etching method. 
     Next depositing an interlayer dielectric film A 16  is deposited such a state as shown in  FIG. 6 . After that, an interconnection layer for electrical connection to the upper electrode A 14  is formed at the upper section of the interlayer dielectric film A 16 , and a plurality of interconnection layers are further formed at the upper section of the above interconnection layer in order to complete the phase change memory (not shown). When these processes are finished, a phase change memory cell is approximately completed. Information associated with this type of phase change memory cell is disclosed in, for example, the “Technical Digest of International Electron Devices Meeting, pages 803-806 (2001),” and information on the phase changes of chalcogenide materials is disclosed in, for example, the “Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 87, Issue No. 9, page 4130, May 2000.” 
     Additionally, JP-A 11-514150 and JP-A 2001-502848 disclose the information given below. That is, in the phase change memories described in these Publications, a very small phase-change cell with an MOS transistor connected thereto is defined as a basic memory cell (one-bit), and information is recorded and erased by applying a pulse current to a phase change material and utilizing self-heating based on the resulting Joule heat. During the recording, the phase change material is crystallized by applying such a pulse current (set pulse) that heats the phase change material to a temperature region in which its rapid crystallization is achievable at a relatively low temperature. During the erasure, the phase change material is amorphized by applying such a pulse current (reset pulse) that causes the phase change material to be rapidly quenched after being heated to a high temperature. The phase change material has high electrical conductivity when in a crystal phase, and relatively low electrical conductivity when in an amorphous phase. During reading, a low voltage is applied to the phase change material and then the resulting electric current is converted into a voltage, whereby information is read. 
     The transistor reported by Mr. Hosaka et al. of Gunma University at the Symposium on Phase Changes, 2003, is known as a phase-change transistor (refer to (S, Hosaka, K. Miyauchi, T. Tamura, Y. Yin, and H. Sone: “Proposal of memory transistor using a phase change and nano-size effects for high density memory array; Proc. of PCOS2003, Shizuoka, Japan, pp. 52-55, 2003)). The crystallization of a chalcogenide film and the amorphization thereof causes the phase change memory to exhibit a memory action, and the same also applies to a phase change memory. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The phase change memory employs the chalcogenide material used in a CD-RW, a DVD, or other optical disks, and similarly to these media, the phase change memory stores data by utilizing the differences in characteristics between the crystal state and amorphous state of the memory. However, the heretofore unrevealed difficulty with temperature control during manufacturing processes is surfacing as a problem since a manufacturing method differs between optical disks and semiconductor memories. 
     In traditional manufacturing processes, the crystallization of a chalcogenide film which is an information-retaining section (memory) is performed during deposition by heating, or alternatively, by heating in a memory element preparation process after deposition. In the former deposition method based on substrate heating, however, since the substrate temperatures that allow the deposition without causing surface roughness are limited to a narrow temperature-range in the neighborhood of 100° C., process temperature margins are very narrow and temperature control is difficult. Large, nonuniform crystal grains are also generated. In the latter after-deposition in-process heating method, large crystal grains are formed and thus a large number of very small clearances occur between the crystal grains and electrodes or dielectric substances. These clearances have presented the problem in that a decrease in adhesion makes the chalcogenide film prone to peel. 
     Additionally, in both the substrate-heating deposition method and the after-deposition in-process heating method, the difference in crystallized state between the central and edge portions of the substrate (silicon wafer) has resulted in a lack of uniformity. At the edge portions, in particular, the crystallized state has been very bad, which has made the desired electrical characteristics unobtainable and the film difficult to use. During the crystallization, whether it be by the substrate-heating deposition or by after-deposition in-process heating, since the crystal form obtained differs significantly from that obtained during memory rewriting. This difference has posed the further problem in that since the large resistivity of the chalcogenide film at the stages with a small number of rewriting cycles has resulted in unstable recording from the very first cycle. Moreover, since the crystal grain size is substantially the same as or greater than the size of the lower electrode, the characteristics obtained depend on where in the crystal grains the lower electrode is formed. Such dependence has caused the nonuniformity of characteristics between elements. 
     The above-mentioned heat treatment is described in further detail below. Typical examples of the chalcogenide materials used for optical disks at present include GeSbTe. It is known that when annealed, an amorphous GeSbTe film is crystallized into a face-centered cubic (“fcc”) structure at about 150° C. and that when further reheated to a high temperature of 350° C. or more, the “fcc” crystal undergoes a phase transition into a hexagonal closest- or close-packed (“hcp”) structure. This phase transition is described in, for example, Non-Patent Reference 2 (Journal of Applies Physics, Vol. 87, Issue No. 9, page 4130, May 2000). That is to say, the “fcc” crystal is of a low-temperature phase, and the “hcp” crystal is of a high-temperature phase. Optical disks use a polycarbonate substrate low in heat resistance, so their manufacturing process temperatures are limited to about 120° C. or less. For this reason, GeSbTe films are formed in an amorphous pahse. These films are crystallized into an “fcc” structure when irradiated with a set pulse by means of a laser, and become amorphous when irradiated with a reset pulse. 
     Phase change memories, however, require the formation of metallic interconnects, so these memories necessarily need to go through annealing at 400° C. or more. As a result, GeSbTe films are formed into an “hcp” crystal structure. These crystals become amorphous when a reset pulse is applied, and are recrystallized into an “fcc” structure when a set pulse is applied. That is to say, the “hcp” crystals of GeSbTe films are of a structure specific to the manufacturing processes for phase change memories. 
     The present inventors test-produced phase change memories to find that when a GeSbTe film is annealed at 400° C., “hcp” crystal grains tend to grow in an oblique direction. Hereinafter, the crystal grains that have grown in the oblique direction are described as inclined crystal grains. A sectional schematic representation of inclined crystal grains is shown in  FIG. 7 . 
       FIG. 7  indicates that the “hcp” crystal grains A 3  of the GeSbTe film formed on a substrate A 1  grow in an oblique direction, voids A 4  occur particularly at the interface between the substrate A 1  and the crystal grains A 3 . The voids A 4  cause the peeling of the GeSbTe film due to a decrease in the adhesion thereof, the nonuniformity of resistance due to improper contact with a plug, or other undesirable events. Accordingly, means for suppressing the occurrence of the voids has been demanded. 
     No such events are observed in the “fcc” crystals of GeSbTe films. This indicates that only phase change memories require suppressing the growth of inclined crystal grains. 
     The present invention is therefore intended to solve the above problem specific to phase change memories. More specifically, an object of the invention is to provide a semiconductor storage device having a highly reliable phase change memory, and a method and apparatus for manufacturing the semiconductor storage device. 
     The following describes typical means for solving the above problem according to the present invention: 
     (1) A feature of first means for forming a phase change memory cell in the semiconductor storage device of the present invention is that the deposition process of forming a chalcogenide layer on a semiconductor substrate is conducted under conditions which render the chalcogenide layer amorphous. In general, this deposition process uses a sputtering method. However, sputtering is not always required. The deposition process can use any other well-known deposition method, for example, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or the sol-gel method, only if the deposition method permits the formation of an amorphous chalcogenide layer. 
     In the manufacture of conventional phase change memories, chalcogenide layers, unlike those of optical disks, have been formed in a crystal state. The reasons for this are first described below. 
     As described earlier, it is known that GeSbTe, a typical chalcogenide material, is crystallized into an “fcc” structure when annealed at about 150° C. 
     During the formation of a film by sputtering, since they have a high energy level, sputtered particles can move in the film surface to a certain extent in search of a position stable in terms of energy. During the formation of the film by sputtering, therefore, the GeSbTe film is crystallized, even at a substrate temperature lower than a post-annealing crystallization temperature of 150° C. The crystallization during film formation with sputtering is called in-situ crystallization. The in-situ crystallization temperature of the GeSbTe film depends on sputtering conditions. It can be considered, however, that this temperature is about 100° C. 
     In general, during the manufacture of a semiconductor integrated circuit, before a thin film is formed by sputtering, moisture that has adsorbed onto the surface of a semiconductor substrate needs to be removed by heating the substrate in a vacuum (this heating process is called preheating). In general types of sputtering apparatus, a preheating chamber and a sputtering chamber are separated from each other, in which case, the substrate after being preheated is carried in a vacuum from the preheating chamber to the sputtering chamber. A temperature from about 200° C. to 300° C. and a time of 30 seconds can be presented as an example of specific preheating conditions. In phase change memories, preheating is performed to prevent moisture from remaining between the plug and chalcogenide layer of the memory. 
     When preheating is immediately followed by the formation of the GeSbTe film, this film will be crystallized in situ since the substrate temperature will have reached or exceeded 100° C. Even if preheating is omitted or the substrate, after being preheated, is sufficiently cooled down and then the GeSbTe film is formed, in-situ crystallization of the GeSbTe film will also occur since the substrate temperature will be increased by the conversion of the high energy of sputtered particles into heat on the substrate surface. 
     For optical disks, preheating is not required because of no effects of any moisture left on the substrate surface. In addition, temperature increases during sputtering become almost no problem since the film thickness of GeSbTe is as small as about 10 nm, which is about 1/10 of the film thickness required of a phase change memory. Therefore, it is the characteristic phenomenon of phase change memories that the GeSbTe film crystallizes in situ when formed by sputtering. The film thickness of the GeSbTe film in a phase change memory generally ranges from about 50 to 200 nm. 
     Next, the problems arising from the in-situ crystallization of the chalcogenide layer are described below. A sectional schematic representation of a GeSbTe film which was crystallized in situ during sputtering-based formation of the film is shown in  FIG. 9 . The chalcogenide layer A 5  on substrate A 1  becomes a grain-shaped “fcc” crystal. Also, an X-ray diffraction pattern diagram is shown in  FIG. 10 . This diagram indicates that the “fcc” crystal is a randomly oriented crystal not exhibiting any specific orientation. 
     A sectional schematic representation of the in-situ crystallized GeSbTe film after being subjected to the annealing process of 400° C., required for the manufacture of phase change memories, is shown in  FIG. 7 . In the chalcogenide layer A 3  formed on substrate A 1 , “hcp” crystal grains grow in an oblique direction and voids A 4  are formed. Also, an X-ray diffraction pattern diagram is shown in  FIG. 8 . This diagram indicates that the since diffraction lines due to crystal faces (005), (009), (0010) are observed, the “hcp” crystal is preferentially oriented on face (00L). In the range of the data which was measured this time, numerals 5, 9 and 10, is assigned to L. In a wider measuring range, however, diffraction lines from the crystal faces expressed by other numerals will, of course, be observed. Hereinafter, these equivalent crystal faces are referred to collectively as (00L). 
     The problems discussed above can be summarized as follows: in-situ crystallization of GeSbTe forms randomly oriented “fcc” crystal grains, the annealing of which then results in the growth of inclined “hcp” crystal grains oriented on (00L); the growth of the inclined “hcp” crystal grains generates voids at the interface to the substrate, thus causing the peeling of the GeSbTe film due to reduced adhesion, the nonuniformity of electrical resistance due to improper contact with a plug, or other undesirable events. 
     Accordingly, the present inventors found that forming GeSbTe under the conditions where it becomes amorphous is effective as the means for suppressing the growth of the inclined crystal grains. More specifically, the inventors found it to be effective to suppress the in-situ crystallization of GeSbTe when depositing it on the substrate, and then perform the deposition under the conditions that render GeSbTe amorphous. 
     A sectional schematic representation of a GeSbTe film A 2  after it was formed on a substrate A 1  in amourphous phase and then subjected to 400° C. annealing required during the manufacturing processes for the phase change memory is shown in  FIG. 1 . In the chalcogenide layer A 2  formed on the substrate A 1 , “hcp” crystal grains grow in a direction vertical to the surface of the substrate and form a continuous columnar structure in the direction of film thickness. Also, an X-ray diffraction pattern diagram of the chalcogenide layer A 2  of the columnar structure is shown in  FIG. 2 . This diagram indicates that unlike the (00L) oriented “hcp” crystal as shown in  FIG. 8 , the “hcp” crystal is a randomly oriented crystal not exhibiting any specific orientation. 
     In other words, when the GeSbTe film A 2  is to be formed by sputtering, if the GeSbTe film A 2  is formed under the conditions where it becomes amorphous, it is possible to keep inclined crystal grains from growing during the annealing treatment (of at least 400° C.) that is required in the manufacturing processes for the phase change memory. 
     The reasons for this are described below. The difference between the X-ray diffraction patterns in  FIGS. 2 and 8  is that diffraction lines due to the crystal faces (012), (013), (016), (110), (023) observed in  FIG. 2  are not observed in  FIG. 8 . That is, for the in-situ crystallized GeSbTe film in  FIG. 8 , annealing at 400° C. causes crystal grains to grow by adhering to one another, and at the same time, crystal face (00L) is preferentially oriented in a direction horizontal to the substrate surface. Since crystal face (00L) is the hexagonal closest-packed (“hcp”) face, it stands to reason that the crystal grains grow in the horizontal direction with respect to the substrate surface. When crystal face (00L) is preferentially oriented, other crystal faces, namely, crystal faces (012), (013), (016), (110), (023), and the like each grow with a certain angle with respect to the substrate surface. Theoretically, the GeSbTe film has an inclination of about 57 degrees between, for example, crystal face (00L) and the crystal face (013) exhibiting the greatest peak in  FIG. 2 . For this reason, it is probable that when crystal face (00L) is preferentially oriented, inclined crystal grains grow. 
     After GeSbTe has been formed in an amorphous phase, however, even when 400° C. annealing is provided, the “hcp” crystal is not preferentially oriented and becomes a randomly oriented crystal. This indicates that as shown in  FIG. 2 , not only crystal face (00L), but also crystal faces (012), (013), (016), (110), (023), and the like can grow horizontally with respect to the substrate surface. It is therefore probable that the growth of these crystal faces suppresses the growth of the inclined crystal grains and forms the columnar structure. 
     One specific means for forming GeSbTe under the conditions where it becomes amorphous would be by adding a process of cooling the substrate down below the crystallization temperature of the chalcogenide layer after the substrate has been preheated. Substrate cooling may be conducted continuously in the preheating chamber, or it may be conducted in a cooling chamber equipped with sputtering apparatus, or conducted after the substrate has been carried to the sputtering chamber. 
     Another means would be by controlling the temperature of the substrate below the crystallization temperature of the chalcogenide layer (i.e., below glass transition point Tg) during the formation of the chalcogenide layer. The control target temperature can be any value below the crystallization temperature. To allow for the simplicity and convenience of the apparatus configuration and for its throughput, however, it is desirable that the target temperature be within a range of 50° C. to 100° C. 
     Since the use of these means allows the chalcogenide layer to be formed in an amorphous phase, inclined growth of the “hcp” crystal grains can be suppressed, even when 400° C. annealing is conducted that is required for the manufacture of the phase change memory. 
     (2) A feature of second means for forming a phase change memory cell in the semiconductor storage device of the present invention is that the deposition process of forming an amorphous chalcogenide layer by sputtering is followed by conducting the annealing process of forming an “fcc” crystal of a columnar structure by annealing the chalcogenide layer. 
     A sectional schematic representation of a GeSbTe film after it was formed in an amorphous phase and then annealed at 200° C. for three minutes is shown in  FIG. 11 . In the chalcogenide layer A 6  formed on the substrate A 1 , “fcc” crystal grains grow in a direction vertical to the surface of the substrate, and form a continuous columnar structure in the direction of film thickness. The X-ray diffraction pattern obtained at this time is shown in  FIG. 12 . It can be seen that compared with the randomly oriented “fcc” crystal shown in  FIG. 10 , the above “fcc” crystal has a significantly oriented crystal face (111). Since the crystal face (111) is the closest-packed “fcc” face, it stands to reason that the crystal grains readily grow in the horizontal direction with respect to the substrate surface. 
     When the “fcc” crystal of a columnar structure that has been obtained by annealing at 200° C. is further subjected to 400° C. annealing required during the manufacturing processes for the phase change memory, the “fcc” crystal assumes substantially the same sectional shape as the sectional schematic representation in  FIG. 1 . That is, in the chalcogenide layer A 2  formed on the substrate A 1 , “hcp” crystal grains grow in a direction vertical to the surface of the substrate, and form a continuous columnar structure in the direction of film thickness. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the “hcp” crystal is also much the same as the pattern shown in  FIG. 2 . In other words, the “hcp” crystal is a randomly oriented crystal not exhibiting any specific orientation. This indicates that if GeSbTe is annealed at about 200° C. to form an “fcc” crystal of a columnar structure, it is possible to keep inclined crystal grains from growing during the annealing process of about 400° C., required in the manufacturing processes for the phase change memory. That is because, if crystal grains of a columnar structure are formed at the stage of the “fcc” crystal, phase transition from “fcc” to “hcp” occurs with that columnar structure remaining maintained. 
     A temperature of 100° C. or more and up to 400° C., a time of 30 seconds or more, and up to 10 minutes, and an atmosphere of an inert gas such as an argon (Ar) gas, or of a non-oxidizing gas such as a nitrogen or hydrogen gas, can be presented as an example of the above annealing process conditions. 
     As described above, the use of the first means or the second means allows the inclined growth of the “hcp” crystal grains to be suppressed, even when 400° C. annealing is conducted that is required for the manufacture of the phase change memory. More specifically, the rate of the columnar crystal grains which grow in the vertical direction with respect to the substrate surface remarkably increases above the rate of the inclined crystal grains which grow in a direction oblique to the substrate surface. 
     While the features of the first means and the second means have been described above, it goes without saying that a combination of these means is further effective in the present invention. 
     That is, combining the first means and the second means makes it possible to further suppress the growth of the inclined crystal grains. The first step in this case is to form the chalcogenide layer so as to be amorphous, and then crystallize this layer in the “fcc” state of a columnar structure by post-annealing. Using this method allows the rate of the columnar crystal grains to be increased to at least 80% or more of all crystal grains (columnar crystal grains+inclined crystal grains). 
     Combining the first means and the second means in addition to the above also makes it possible to improve substrate in-plane nonuniformity of electrical characteristics. With the first means alone, since crystallization abruptly progresses from an amorphous phase to a high-temperature “hcp” phase, the ratio between columnar crystal grains and inclined crystal grains may differ, for example, between the central and peripheral portions of the substrate. The progress rate of the crystallization, however, can be smoothed by combining the first means and the second means and forming a high-temperature “hcp” phase from an amorphous phase via the low-temperature “fcc” phase. This method makes it possible to suppress substrate in-plane nonuniformity of electrical resistance and other characteristics. 
     Third means, which will be detailed in an embodiment, is by forming a chalcogenide film in which the average width of crystal grains in the film when cut in parallel to the surface thereof centrally in the direction of film thickness, at a section vertical to the film surface, is smaller than the maximum contact region width of either one of two electrodes formed across the film (that is, of the two electrodes each having a contact region in direct or indirect contact with the film, the electrode smaller in the maximum width of the contact region). Indirect contact refers to contact via a thin dielectric layer or electroconductive layer having a film thickness of 20 nm or less. A combination with the composition of a chalcogenide film not causing a significant change in crystal form during a process of 400° C. after initial crystallization is conducted during the formation of the film. Surface protection with a thin electroconductive layer or dielectric layer is provided during the initial crystallization. The initial crystallization is conducted under specific high-temperature short-time process conditions by electric furnace heating. 
     For example, according to F. Pellizzer et al.: “2004 Symposium on VLSI Technology Digest of Technical Papers”, IEEE, 2004, pp. 18-19, although the contact section between the electrode (heater) portion and the chalcogenide film portion is of an elongated shape, even if the crystal grains are larger than the width of the smaller portion, provided that the crystal grains are smaller than the width of the larger portion, the nonuniformity in characteristics between elements can be suppressed since any effects of the crystal grains are averaged. 
     The apparatus that causes laser crystallization has a high-power laser, a laser head for irradiating the surface of a silicon wafer with the laser light emitted from the laser, and a conveyance mechanism for moving the silicon wafer in at least one direction, wherein the laser crystallization apparatus has a pulsed-light irradiation capability to ensure a laser spot area of 10 −6  cm 2  or more and up to 10 −3  cm 2 , on the irradiated silicon wafer surface and an irradiation time of 100 ns or more and up to 1 second. Use of the above apparatus makes it possible to give high-density appropriate irradiation energy to the phase change material of a phase change memory, and uniformly crystallize the entire surface of the phase change material of a nonvolatile phase change memory. In addition, the use of the above apparatus makes it possible to heat only a phase change material within a short time and increase the temperature of the phase change material to a crystallization temperature. Furthermore, a crystal structure approximate to that of a set state can be formed without causing thermal damage (due to a volumetric change) to the stacked layers neighboring the phase change material. The object mentioned earlier in this document can thus be fulfilled. 
     The above means is also effective for the chalcogenide film of a phase change transistor. 
     The advantageous effects obtained from typical features and characteristics of all those disclosed by the present invention are briefly described below. 
     The occurrence of voids due to the growth of the crystal grains of a chalcogenide film in an oblique direction can be suppressed during the manufacturing processes for a semiconductor storage device. This, in turn, makes it possible to suppress the nonuniformity of electrical characteristics and deterioration of reliability that are due to manufacturing process factors relating to phase change memories. 
     In-process peeling induced by crystallization can also be prevented. The initial crystallization state and the crystal structure of a set state are close to each other, and characteristics stabilize from the first rewriting operation. The nonuniformity in characteristics between elements due to a large crystal grain size can be reduced. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
         FIG. 1  is a sectional schematic view of a columnar, hexagonal close-packed (“hcp”) crystal chalcogenide layer which constitutes a memory cell of a semiconductor storage device of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is an X-ray diffraction pattern diagram of the columnar “hcp” crystal GeSbTe layer shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  shows electric-current pulse specifications for changing the phase state of the chalcogenide layer constituting the memory cell; 
         FIG. 4  is a sectional view of a phase change memory cell in certain manufacturing process steps; 
         FIG. 5  is a sectional view of the above phase change memory cell in additional manufacturing process steps; 
         FIG. 6  is a sectional view of the above phase change memory cell in further additional manufacturing process steps; 
         FIG. 7  is a sectional schematic representation of a conventional chalcogenide film (inclined “hcp” crystal); 
         FIG. 8  is an X-ray diffraction pattern diagram of the inclined “hcp” crystal GeSbTe layer shown in  FIG. 7 ; 
         FIG. 9  is a sectional schematic representation of the chalcogenide layer crystallized in situ (as a grain-shaped “fcc” crystal) during deposition; 
         FIG. 10  is an X-ray diffraction pattern diagram of the grain-shaped “fcc” crystal GeSbTe layer shown in  FIG. 9 ; 
         FIG. 11  is a sectional schematic representation of the columnar “fcc” crystal GeSbTe layer obtained by annealing the chalcogenide layer constituting the memory cell of the semiconductor storage device of the present invention; 
         FIG. 12  is an X-ray diffraction pattern diagram of the columnar “fcc” crystal GeSbTe layer shown in  FIG. 11 ; 
         FIG. 13  is a sectional view of a phase change memory cell in certain manufacturing process steps according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 14  is a sectional view of a phase change memory cell in certain manufacturing process steps according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 15  is a sectional view of major constituent elements of a semiconductor circuit device which is a third embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 16  is a sectional view of major constituent elements of a substrate in certain manufacturing process steps for the semiconductor circuit device shown in  FIG. 15 ; 
         FIG. 17  is a sectional view of the major constituent elements of the substrate in additional manufacturing process steps for the semiconductor circuit device shown in  FIG. 15 ; 
         FIG. 18  is a sectional view of the major constituent elements of the substrate in further additional manufacturing process steps for the semiconductor circuit device shown in  FIG. 15 ; 
         FIG. 19  is a sectional view of the major constituent elements of the substrate in still further additional manufacturing processes for the semiconductor circuit device shown in  FIG. 15 ; 
         FIG. 20  is a sectional view of the major constituent elements of the substrate in still further additional manufacturing processes for the semiconductor circuit device shown in  FIG. 15 ; 
         FIG. 21  is a sectional view of the major constituent elements of the substrate in still further additional manufacturing processes for the semiconductor circuit device shown in  FIG. 15 ; 
         FIG. 22  is a sectional view of major constituent elements of a substrate in certain manufacturing processes for the semiconductor circuit device shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 23  is a sectional view of the major constituent elements of the substrate in still further additional manufacturing processes for the semiconductor circuit device shown in  FIG. 15 ; 
         FIG. 24  is a sectional view of the major constituent elements of the substrate in still further additional manufacturing processes for the semiconductor circuit device shown in  FIG. 15 ; 
         FIG. 25  is a sectional view of the major constituent elements of the substrate in still further additional manufacturing processes for the semiconductor circuit device shown in  FIG. 15 ; 
         FIG. 26  is a sectional view of the major constituent elements of the substrate in still further additional manufacturing processes for the semiconductor circuit device shown in  FIG. 15 ; 
         FIG. 27  is a sectional view of the major constituent elements of the substrate in still further additional manufacturing processes for the semiconductor circuit device shown in  FIG. 15 ; 
         FIG. 28  is a layout view of the major constituent elements of the semiconductor circuit device shown in  FIG. 15 ; 
         FIG. 29  is another layout view of the major constituent elements of the semiconductor circuit device shown in  FIG. 15 ; 
         FIG. 30  is a basic structural diagram of a memory cell in a phase change memory; 
         FIG. 31  is a diagram showing an example of cyclic-rewriting characteristics of the phase change memory; 
         FIG. 32  is a schematic diagram showing an example of a laser crystallization apparatus; 
         FIGS. 33A and 33B  are diagrams that explain scanning with a laser beam; 
         FIG. 34  is a diagram (photo) showing the crystal grains formed in a chalcogenide film in the first embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 35  is a diagram (photo) showing the crystal grains formed down to midway positions in a film thickness direction of the chalcogenide film in the first embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 36  illustrates the relationship between a set pulse width and resistance value of the phase change memory by way of example. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The typical embodiments of the present invention that can achieve the object thereof are enumerated below. 
     (1) A first feature of a manufacturing method for a semiconductor storage device according to the present invention exists in that in the semiconductor storage device manufacturing method including a deposition process of forming a chalcogenide layer on a semiconductor substrate as a storage layer to store information by producing a reversible phase change between a crystal phase and an amorphous phase, the deposition process for the chalcogenide layer includes a deposition process of forming the chalcogenide layer by using a sputtering method under conditions that render the chalcogenide layer amorphous. 
     (2) A second feature of a manufacturing method for a semiconductor storage device according to the present invention exists in that in a memory device manufacturing method including a deposition process of forming a chalcogenide layer on a semiconductor substrate as a storage layer to store information by producing a reversible phase change between a crystal phase and an amorphous phase, the deposition process for the chalcogenide layer includes the deposition process of forming the chalcogenide layer under conditions that render the chalcogenide layer amorphous, and an annealing process of, after the above deposition process, crystallizing into a face-centered-cubic structure the chalcogenide layer that has been formed during the deposition process. 
     (3) A third feature of a manufacturing method for a semiconductor storage device according to the present invention exists in that in a memory device manufacturing method including the deposition process of forming a chalcogenide layer on a semiconductor substrate as a storage layer to store information by producing a reversible phase change between a crystal phase and an amorphous phase, the deposition process for the chalcogenide layer includes the deposition process of forming the chalcogenide layer by using a sputtering method under conditions which render the chalcogenide layer amorphous, and the annealing process of, after the above deposition process, crystallizing into a face-centered-cubic structure the amorphous chalcogenide layer that has been formed during the deposition process. 
     (4) A feature of a semiconductor manufacturing apparatus of the present invention exists in that the manufacturing apparatus that manufactures a semiconductor storage device having a chalcogenide layer on a semiconductor substrate as a storage layer to store information by producing a reversible phase change between a crystal phase and an amorphous phase includes a preheating chamber to heat the semiconductor substrate in a vacuum, a cooling chamber to cool the semiconductor substrate, and a sputtering chamber to form the chalcogenide layer. 
     (5) A feature of a semiconductor storage device of the present invention exists in that the semiconductor storage device includes a semiconductor substrate, a select transistor formed on a major face of the semiconductor substrate, and a storage layer electrically connected to the select transistor in order to store information by producing a reversible phase change between a crystal phase and an amorphous phase, wherein the storage layer includes a chalcogenide layer formed up of hexagonal and columnarly structured crystal grains. 
     Other features are described in embodiments. 
     EMBODIMENTS 
     Embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below in accordance with the accompanying drawings. 
     First Embodiment 
     A first embodiment of the present invention is described below with reference to  FIGS. 13 and 14 . This embodiment intends to suppress a growth of inclined crystal grains by forming a chalcogenide layer under the conditions that render the chalcogenide layer amorphous and is an example in which first means for forming phase change memory cells in a semiconductor storage device of the present invention is shown in detail. 
     As shown in  FIG. 13 , a semiconductor substrate A 101  is prepared for use and an MOS transistor for use as a select transistor is produced. To this end, an inter-element isolation oxide film A 102  for isolating the MOS transistor is first formed on the surface of the semiconductor substrate A 101  by using a well-known selective deposition method or trench isolation method. The present embodiment employs the trench isolation method that allows surface planarization. 
     First, an isolation trench is formed in the substrate by using a well-known dry-etching method, and after any damage due to dry etching has been removed from sidewalls and bottom of the trench, oxide films are deposited using a well-known CVD method. Next, an oxide film present in a non-trench section is selectively polished using a well-known chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) method, and only the inter-element isolation oxide film A 102  embedded in the trench is left. 
     Next, although this is not depicted in the figure, two kinds of electroconductive wells different from each other are formed by high-energy impurity implantation. 
     Next after surface washing of the semiconductor substrate, a gate oxide film A 103  of the MOS transistor is grown by a well-known thermal oxidizing method. A gate electrode A 104 , made of polycrystal silicon, and a silicon nitride film A 105  are deposited on the surface of the gate oxide film A 103 . 
     This is followed by gate patterning in a lithographic process and a dry-etching process. After this, a diffusion layer A 106  is formed by implanting impurities with a gate electrode and a resist as masks. 
     While the present embodiment uses a polycrystal silicon gate as the gate electrode A 104 , a polymetal gate that is a stacked structure of a metal/barrier metal/polycrystal silicon can also be used as a low-resistance gate. 
     Next, for self-limited contact application&#39;s sake, a silicon oxide film A 107  is deposited using a CVD method. 
     Next, an interlayer dielectric film A 108  formed of a silicon oxide film is deposited on the entire surface, and surface roughness due to the gate electrode A 104  is removed by planarizing with a well-known CMP method. 
     The above is followed by forming a plug contact hole in a lithographic process and a dry-etching process. At this time, in order to avoid exposure of the gate electrode, the interlayer dielectric film A 108  is dry-etched under so-called self-limited conditions, namely, under the conditions that the dry-etching rate of the silicon oxide film is higher than that of the silicon nitride film. 
     Misalignment of the plug contact hole from the diffusion layer A 106  can be prevented by using two process steps. First, the silicon nitride film on an upper face of the diffusion layer A 106  is left by dry-etching the interlayer dielectric film A 108  under the conditions that the dry-etching rate of the silicon oxide film is higher than that of the silicon nitride film. Next, the silicon nitride film on the upper face of the diffusion layer A 106  removed by dry-etching under the conditions that the dry-etching rate of the silicon nitride film is higher than that of the silicon oxide film. 
     After the interlayer dielectric film A 108  has been patterned, tungsten is embedded in the plug contact hole and a tungsten plug A 109  is formed using a well-known CMP method. 
     Next, 100-nm-thick tungsten is deposited using a sputtering method, then the tungsten is patterned in a lithographic process and a dry-etching process, and a first electrical interconnect layer A 110  is formed. After this, an interlayer dielectric film A 111  made of a silicon oxide film is deposited on the entire surface, and roughness of this surface due to the first electrical interconnect layer is removed by planarizing with a well-known CMP method. 
     The above is followed by forming another plug contact hole in a lithographic process and a dry-etching process. After this, tungsten is embedded in this plug contact hole and a tungsten plug A 112  is formed using a well-known CMP method. 
     Next, a chalcogenide layer A 113  formed of a 100-nm-thick GeSbTe film is deposited in a deposition process using a sputtering method. More specific process conditions within the sputtering apparatus used in the deposition process are described below. 
     First, the semiconductor substrate is preheated in a vacuum for 30 seconds at 200° C. to remove all moisture adsorbed on the surface of the substrate. Next, the semiconductor substrate is carried into a cooling chamber having the sputtering apparatus, and cooled to 100° C. or less. After this, the semiconductor substrate is carried into a sputtering chamber, where a GeSbTe film is then formed by sputtering with the substrate being controlled to a temperature of 100° C. or less. The chalcogenide layer A 113  can be formed in an amorphous phase by using these processes. 
     Next as shown in  FIG. 14 , an upper electrode A 114  made of a 50-nm-thick tungsten film is deposited using a well-known sputtering method. This is followed by depositing a silicon oxide film A 115  using a well-known CVD method, and then patterning the silicon oxide film A 115 , the upper electrode A 114 , and the chalcogenide layer A 113 , in that order, by means of a well-known lithographic process and dry-etching process. 
     Next, an interlayer dielectric film A 116  made of a silicon oxide film is deposited on the entire surface, and roughness of this surface is removed by planarizing with a well-known CMP method. This is followed by forming yet another plug contact hole in a lithographic process and a dry-etching process, then embedding tungsten in this plug contact hole, and forming a tungsten plug A 117  using a well-known CMP method. After this, a 200-nm-thick aluminum film is deposited and a second electrical interconnect layer A 118  is formed by processing the aluminum film. Of course, copper of low resistance can be used instead of aluminum. 
     The phase change memory cell of the present embodiment, shown in  FIG. 14 , is approximately completed by the above processes. In the processes of forming plugs and electrical interconnects (e.g., the upper electrode A 114  to the second electrical interconnect layer A 118 ), since annealing at 400° C. or more is required, the chalcogenide layer A 113  that was formed in an amorphous phase is crystallized into an “hcp” phase by the phase-change memory manufacturing processes. 
     According to the first embodiment, the chalcogenide layer A 113  is formed in an amorphous phase. As a result, even when 400° C. annealing required for the manufacture of the phase change memory is conducted, the “hcp” crystal takes such a columnar structure as shown in  FIG. 1 . Inclined crystal grains can therefore be kept from growing. 
     While GeSbTe is used to form a chalcogenide layer in the above-described embodiment, it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited thereto, and a chalcogenide material containing at least two elements selected from the group consisting of Ge, Sb, and Te, may be used instead. Alternatively, the chalcogenide material used may contain at least two elements selected from the group consisting of Ge, Sb, and Te, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of a group-2b element in the periodic table, such as Zn, a group-1b element such as Ag, an element of groups 3a to 7a, such as Ti, and a group-8 element such as Co. 
     Since the GeSbTe film is about 100° C. in in-situ crystallization temperature, the substrate temperature during the formation of the film by sputtering is controlled to 100° C. or less to form an amorphous film. However, since a change in the combination of the elements constituting the chalcogenide layer also changes the in-situ crystallization temperature, there is a need to select an appropriate substrate temperature correspondingly. In any case, a substrate temperature lower than glass transition temperature Tg must be maintained to form an amorphous chalcogenide layer. 
     Second Embodiment 
     A second embodiment of the present invention is described below with reference to  FIGS. 13 and 14 . This embodiment intends to suppress a growth of inclined crystal grains by post-annealing a chalcogenide layer and forming an “fcc” crystal of a columnar structure, and is an example in which the second means for forming phase change memory cells in the above-mentioned semiconductor storage device of the present invention is shown in detail. 
     The description of  FIG. 13  is omitted since processes up to forming a tungsten plug A 112  are the same as in the first embodiment. After the formation of the plug A 112 , a chalcogenide layer A 113  formed of a 100-nm-thick GeSbTe film in an amorphous phase is deposited using a sputtering method. 
     The deposition is followed by 200° C. three-minute annealing in an argon (Ar) atmosphere. This annealing process forms GeSbTe into such an “fcc” crystal of a columnar structure as shown in  FIG. 11 . A temperature of 100° C. or more and up to 400° C. can be presented as an example of the annealing process conditions. Also, although an Ar atmosphere is used to conduct the annealing process in the present embodiment, any other inert gas or a non-oxidizing gas such as a nitrogen or hydrogen gas may be used instead. 
     Next, an upper electrode A 114  made of a 50-nm-thick tungsten film is deposited using a well-known sputtering method. This is followed by depositing a silicon oxide film A 115  using a well-known CVD method. 
     While the post-annealing process for crystallizing the chalcogenide layer into an “fcc” crystal phase of a columnar structure precedes the deposition of the upper electrode in the present embodiment, an equivalent effect can likewise be obtained by performing the post-annealing process after the deposition of the upper electrode. 
     Alternatively, an equivalent effect can likewise be obtained just by controlling the substrate temperature existing during the deposition of the upper electrode A 114 , to the temperature required for the post-annealing process. Subsequent processes are not described hereinafter since these processes are the same as in the first embodiment. 
     The phase change memory cell of the present embodiment, shown in  FIG. 14 , is approximately completed by the above processes. In the processes of forming the plug A 117  and electrical interconnect A 118 , since annealing at 400° C. or more is required, the chalcogenide layer A 113  that was formed into an “fcc” crystal of a columnar structure is recrystallized into an “hcp” phase by phase-change memory manufacturing processes. 
     According to the second embodiment, the chalcogenide layer A 113  is formed into an “fcc” crystal of a columnar structure by the post-annealing process. As a result, even when 400° C. annealing required for the manufacture of the phase change memory is conducted, the “hcp” crystal takes such columnar structure as shown in  FIG. 1 . Inclined crystal grains can therefore be kept from growing. 
     While GeSbTe is used to form the chalcogenide layer A 113  in the above-described embodiment, it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited thereto, and as mentioned in the first embodiment, a chalcogenide material containing at least two elements selected from the group consisting of Ge, Sb, and Te, may be used instead. Alternatively, the chalcogenide material used may contain at least two elements selected from the group consisting of Ge, Sb, and Te, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of a group-2b element in the periodic table, a group-1b element, an element of groups 3a to 7a, and a group-8 element. 
     A crystallization temperature of the GeSbTe film during annealing is about 150° C., and a phase transition temperature of the film from “fcc” to “hcp” is about 350° C. Post-annealing is therefore conducted at 200° C. However, since a change in the combination of the elements constituting the chalcogenide layer also changes the crystallization temperature and the phase transition temperature, there is a need to select an appropriate post-annealing process temperature correspondingly. 
     While the invention by the present inventors has been described in detail above in accordance with embodiments, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments and it goes without saying that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. 
     Also, an example of forming an amorphous chalcogenide layer has been described as the first embodiment, and an example of forming an “fcc” crystal of a columnar structure by post-annealing a chalcogenide layer has been described as the second embodiment. These embodiments, however, can be combined with each other as appropriate. More specifically, the chalcogenide layer is first formed so as to be amorphous, and then this layer is crystallized into a columnarly structured “fcc” phase by post-annealing. 
     The present invention can be used for a semiconductor integrated circuit device having phase change memory cells formed using a phase change material such as chalcogenide. 
     Third Embodiment 
     A structure of a semiconductor integrated circuit device relating to a third embodiment will now be described. This construction is, of course, applicable to the first and second embodiments.  FIG. 15  is a sectional view of major elements in a semiconductor integrated circuit device of the third embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 15  shows a sectional view of a logic-mixed memory, a logic circuit region, and a phase change memory cell region. Of the regions shown in  FIG. 15 , symbol “lgc” denotes the logic circuit region. An n-channel type of MISFET QN is formed in the logic circuit region “lgc”. The n-channel type of MISFET QN is formed at an upper portion of a p-well B 2 , as spaced from each other, and has a semiconductor region DN of a lightly doped drain (LDD) structure, a gate dielectric film B 4  formed on a semiconductor substrate B 1 , and a gate electrode GN formed on the gate dielectric film B 4 . 
     A p-channel type of MISFET QP is also formed in this logic circuit region. The p-channel type of MISFET QP is formed at an upper portion of an n-well B 2   a , as spaced each other, and has a semiconductor region DP of a lightly doped drain (LDD) structure, a gate dielectric film B 4  formed on semiconductor substrate B 1 , and a gate electrode GP formed on the gate dielectric film B 4 . The n-channel type of MISFET QN and the p-channel type of MISFET QP are isolated by a shallow trench-embedded type of element isolation region  3   a . A logic circuit, a memory cell sense amplifier circuit, and other elements are arranged in the logic circuit region. 
     Also, a memory cell region “mmry” in which phase change memory cells are to be formed is positioned next to the logic circuit region. For example, an n-channel type of MISFET QM for memory cell selection is formed in the memory cell region. The n-channel type of MISFET QM is formed at the upper portion of the n-well B 2 , as spaced from each other, and has semiconductor regions DN, DNC, of a lightly doped drain (LDD) structure, a gate dielectric film B 4  formed on semiconductor substrate B 1 , and a gate electrode GN formed on the gate dielectric film B 4 . The semiconductor region DNC is shared by adjacent, n-channel, memory selection MISFETs formed in one element active region. 
     Such n-channel MISFET QM for memory cell selection, p-channel MISFET QP, and n-channel MISFET QN are covered with the interlayer dielectric films B 11   a  and B 11   b  deposited on the semiconductor substrate B 1 . The interlayer dielectric films B 11   a , B 11   b  are each made of, for example, a silicon oxide film, and formed using, for example, a well-known plasma CVD method or the like. The interlayer dielectric film B 11   b  has an upper face formed evenly so that its height is approximately the same in the memory region and the logic circuit region. Both the interlayer dielectric films B 11   a  and B 11   b  in the memory cell region “mmry” have such a pierced connection hole that exposes an upper face of the semiconductor region DN of the MISFET QM for memory cell selection. A barrier metal M 12  made of, for example, a titanium film or a titanium nitride film, and a conductive material B 13  made of, for example, tungsten, are embedded in the connection hole. A lower contact electrode TP of a memory cell with an embedded high-resistance conductive material B 20  made of, for example, a titanium nitride film, is further formed on the barrier metal M 12 . The lower contact electrode TP of the memory cell is electrically connected to the semiconductor region DN of the memory cell selection MISFET QM. An interlayer dielectric film B 11   c  is deposited on an upper face of the interlayer dielectric film B 11   b . The interlayer dielectric film B 11   c  is formed of a silicon oxide, for example. 
     A resistive element R to function as a memory element is formed in the interlayer dielectric film B 11   c  of the memory cell region. The resistive element R is formed into a plate shape and includes a film anti-peeling film B 21  made of, for example, a silicon nitride, a laser-crystallized phase-change recording film B 27  surface-covered with the film B 21 , a memory cell upper plate electrode interfacial layer B 23  made of, for example, tungsten and, for example, surface-covered with the film B 27 , and a memory cell upper plate electrode B 24  made of, for example, tungsten and surface-covered with the film B 23 . The phase-change recording film B 27 , one of the components of the resistive element R, includes, for example, chalcogenide materials Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 , Ge 3 Sb 2 Te 6 . A lower portion of the resistance element R is electrically connected to a memory cell lower contact electrode TP, through which the resistance element R is further electrically connected to the semiconductor region DN of the n-channel MISFET QM for memory cell selection. 
     The interlayer dielectric film B 11   c  in the memory cell region “mmry” has such a pierced connection hole that exposes an upper face of the memory cell upper plate electrode B 24 . A barrier metal B 25  made of, for example, a titanium film and a titanium nitride film is embedded in the connection hole. A metal film made of tungsten B 26  is further embedded to form a memory cell upper electrode contact VM. A bit line contact BC constituted by a barrier metal B 25   a  and tungsten B 26   a  is formed in the semiconductor region DNC of the memory cell region “mmry”. The bit line contact BC is electrically connected to the semiconductor region DNC shared by memory cell section n-channel MISFET QM 1 , QM 2 . 
     The semiconductor region DP in the logic circuit region “lgc” has a formed via electrode contact VL constituted by a barrier metal B 25   a  and tungsten B 26   a . The via electrode contact VL is electrically connected to the semiconductor region DP of the p-channel MISFET QP. The semiconductor region DN in the logic circuit region “lgc” has a formed via electrode contact VL constituted by a barrier metal B 25   a  and tungsten B 26   b . This via electrode contact VL is electrically connected to the semiconductor region DN of the n-channel MISFET QP. 
     The interlayer dielectric film B 11   c  has an upper face formed evenly so that its height is approximately the same in the memory region “mmry” and the logic region “lgc”. An interlayer dielectric film B 11   d  is deposited on an upper face of the interlayer dielectric film B 11   c . The interlayer dielectric film B 11   d  is formed of a silicon oxide, for example. A bit line BL and a first electrical interconnect M 1  are formed in the interlayer dielectric film B 11   d . A barrier metal B 28  made of, for example, a titanium film and a titanium nitride film, and tungsten B 29  are deposited in order from a lower layer to form the bit line. The bit line BL is electrically connected to the bit line contact BC, through which the bit line BL is further electrically connected to the semiconductor region DNC of the memory cell section n-channel MISFET QM. 
     A barrier metal B 28  made of, for example, a titanium film or a titanium nitride film, and a tungsten film B 29  are deposited in order from a lower layer to form the first electrical interconnect M 1  of the logic circuit region. The first electrical interconnect M 1  is electrically connected to the via electrode VL, through which the first electrical interconnect M 1  is further electrically connected to the semiconductor region DP of the p-channel MISFET QP and to the semiconductor region DN of the n-channel MISFET QN. 
     Next, layout of major sections in the memory cell region of the first embodiment is described below referring to  FIGS. 28 and 29 . First as shown in  FIG. 28 , n-channel MISFET active regions (element active regions or element formation regions) L each having a gate electrode GN are formed on a p-well. The gate electrode GN is used as a word line of a memory cell array. Also, memory cell lower contact electrodes TP are formed on the n-channel MISFET active regions. In addition, bit line contacts BC are formed on the n-channel MISFET active regions. Each bit line contact BC is formed so as to be convex with respect to a Y-direction of each n-channel MISFET active region. 
     Also, as shown in  FIG. 29 , bit lines BL are arranged so that they connect to upper sections of the portions of each bit line contact BC that take a convex shape with respect to the Y-direction of each n-channel MISFET active region. Needless to say, the active regions L shown in  FIGS. 28 ,  29  are arranged periodically in the memory cell region. The gate electrodes GN used as the word lines shown in  FIGS. 28 and 29  are continuous in parallel to one another in the memory cell region. That is to say, the gate electrodes GN are, of course, arranged in an X-direction. Also, the bit lines shown in  FIGS. 28 and 29  are continuous in parallel to one another in the memory cell region. That is to say, the bit lines are, of course, arranged in the Y-direction. 
     In accordance with its manufacturing processes, the semiconductor integrated circuit device of the present embodiment will now be described in detail referring to  FIGS. 16 to 27 . In all figures shown to describe the present embodiment, the same reference number is assigned to constituent elements having the same function, and repeated description of these elements is omitted. First, MISFET is formed using a well-known method. A semiconductor substrate B 1  is formed of, for example, an electroconductive p-type silicon monocrystal layer. Also, in a logic circuit region “lgc” and memory cell region “mmry” of the semiconductor substrate B 1 , a p-well B 2  is formed using a well-known method. In addition, in the logic circuit region “lgc” of the semiconductor substrate B 1 , an n-well B 2   a  is formed using a well-known method. On an upper-layer section of the semiconductor substrate B 1 , element isolation regions B 3 , B 3   a , B 3   b  of a shallow trench embedded type are formed using a well-known method. The regions partitioned by these element isolation regions (dielectric films B 3 , B 3   a , B 3   b ) are the so-called active regions, and elements and others are formed in part of these regions. Gate dielectric films B 4  on the semiconductor substrate B 1  are each made of, for example, a silicon oxynitride, and each film B 4  has a thickness set to range from about 1.5 to 10.0 nm, for example. 
     Next, an n-type polycrystal silicon film B 5  and a p-type polycrystal silicon film B 5   a  are formed using a well-known method. This is followed by forming an n-channel MISFET LDD active region B 9  and a p-channel MISFET LDD active region B 9   a  using a well-known method. This is further followed by forming a sidewall spacer B 7  made of, for example, a silicon oxide film, and a sidewall spacer B 8  made of, for example, a silicon nitride film, by use of a well-known method. After this, an n-channel MISFET LDD active region B 10 , a p-channel MISFET LDD active region B 10   a , an n-type polycrystal salicide film B 6 , and a p-type polycrystal salicide film B 6   a  are formed using a well-known method. This is followed by forming interlayer dielectric films B 11   a , B 11   b , by use of a well-known method. In this way, MISFET salicide gate electrode structures GN, GP, diffusion layer regions DN, DNC, DP, sidewall spacers B 7 , B 8 , and interlayer dielectric films B 11   a , B 11   b , by use of well-known methods. The interlayer dielectric film B 11   b  has an upper face formed evenly so that its height is approximately the same in the memory region and the logic region. This state is shown in  FIG. 16 . 
     Next, a photoresist for connection hole forming in the memory cell region is formed on the interlayer dielectric film B 11   b , and with the photoresist as an etching mask, the interlayer dielectric films B 11   a , B 11   b  are each pierced to form such a connection hole (see  FIG. 17 ) that exposes an upper face of a semiconductor region QN of a memory cell section n-type MISFET QM. Next after removal of photoresist patterns, a barrier metal B 12  made of, for example, a titanium film and a titanium nitride film is formed by depositing these films in order from a lower layer by use of a sputtering method. Tungsten B 13 , for example, is stacked on these deposited films using a method such as CVD, whereby the connection hole is filled in. After this, an upper portion of the interlayer dielectric film B 11   b  is exposed using a well-known CMP method. Next, 20 nm, for example, of the tungsten B 13  embedded in this contact hole is etched back. After this, a high-resistance metal B 20  made of, for example, a titanium film and a titanium nitride film is formed by depositing these films in order from a lower layer by use of a method such as sputtering. The contact hole is thus filled in. Next, a memory cell lower contact electrode TP is completely isolated using a known-well CMP method. FIG.  18  shows the isolated state. 
     Although, in the present embodiment, the memory cell lower contact electrode hole is filled in using the high-resistance metal B 20 , a metal of high CMP planarity may be used instead so that the memory cell lower contact electrode has a planar upper face. For example, molybdenum (Mo) of a small crystal grain size can be used as the metal. Metals of high CMP planarity have a suppression effect against local phase changes due to the electric field concentration occurring at rough sections of a contact metal. Uniformity in electrical characteristics of memory cell elements, cyclic rewriting reliability, and high-temperature-resistant operational characteristics improve as a result. 
     Also, the memory cell lower contact electrode TP may use a thin dielectric film on its upper face. This film can be, for example, a silicon oxide, a silicon nitride, a germanium oxide, or an aluminum oxide. Alternatively, tungsten B 13 , for example, may be oxidized or nitrided to form a tungsten oxide or a tungsten nitride, respectively, so that the upper face of the memory cell lower contact electrode TP exhibits high resistance. After this, depositing a phase-change material anti-peeling film B 21  made of a silicon nitride, for example, results in such a state as shown in  FIG. 19 . Further depositing a phase change material B 22  creates such a state as shown in  FIG. 20 . This phase change material assumes a film thickness of 100 nm. Next depositing a metal film B 23  made of, for example, tungsten, creates such a state as shown in  FIG. 21 . Further forming an anneal-crystallized phase change material M 27  by emitting laser light from an upper face of the metal film B 23  creates such a state as shown in  FIG. 22 . 
       FIG. 32  is a schematic view of a laser crystallizing apparatus that is used above. A laser head B 36  includes a high-power semiconductor laser B 47  as a light source, collimator lenses B 35 B, a PBS B 35 A, an objective lens B 35  for converging laser light, an actuator B 49  for moving the objective lens B 35  in optical-axis direction B 5 C, and a focus detector B 40  that detects a focal point at which the laser light is converged by the objective lens B 35 . A wafer tray B 39  for mounting a disc-shaped silicon wafer B 38  is formed in recessed form with a diameter slightly greater than that of the silicon wafer B 38 , and is disposed so as to be orthogonal to optical axis B 5 C of the laser light that passes through the objective lens B 35 . The wafer tray B 39  can be freely moved two-dimensionally in X-axis direction B 46  and Y-axis direction B 45  while maintaining a perpendicular position with respect to the above optical axis. 
     A laser driving circuit B 41  can emit laser light and has a laser pulse driving capability with a frequency from 1 Hz to 10 MHz and a pulse width from 100 ns to 1 s. This circuit can also be driven on DC power. In addition, peak power and bottom power of laser pulsed light are arbitrarily settable. A focus control circuit B 42  has a feedback control function that corrects focusing errors by driving the actuator B 49  according to the out-of-focus signal detected by the focus detector B 40 . An X-Y table control circuit B 44  can drive the wafer tray B 39  along a two-dimensional plane in the X-axis direction B 46  and the Y-axis direction B 45 , and is adapted to allow the wafer tray B 39  to be moved at any speed and to any position, in the X-, Y-directions. Microprocessor (MPU) B 43  is connected to major sections, namely, the laser driving circuit B 41 , the X-Y table control circuit B 44 , a signal processing circuit B 48 , the focus control circuit B 42 , and a head driving circuit (not shown). The MPU B 43  is designed so as to operate as preprogrammed, and can control all major sections at the same time. When high laser power density is unnecessary, laser light does not need converging by the objective lens or the like and may be parallel light. In addition, the kind of light source is not limited to a semiconductor laser and may be a YAG laser, a CO 2  laser, or any other suitable solid-state laser or gas laser. Flash light from a xenon flash lamp may be converged via a reflecting mirror or the like before emission. 
       FIGS. 33A and 33B  illustrate on-wafer laser beam scanning.  FIG. 33A  is a diagram illustrating a scheme of linearly scanning a stage at a constant rate only in the X-direction while repeating continuous reflection of a laser beam in longitudinal and perpendicular directions of a spot, that is, in a longitudinal direction of the paper. At this time, a path of a central point of the beam always bends at the same angle. The beam spot bends immediately after arriving at an end of a crystallization region on the wafer. When the entire optical head is driven, however, the path bends with slight roundness, not sharply in completely linear form, because of great inertia. Speed and bending positions are predetermined to ensure that the beam spot (range up to 1/e 2  of maximum power) always passes through all points in the crystallization region on the wafer at least one time.  FIG. 33B  shows the path that the central point of the beam takes when the optical head and the X-stage are actuated in an alternate fashion for on-wafer scanning with the beam spot.  FIG. 33B  is a view of a silicon wafer B 50  in a crystallization process when the wafer is seen from the laser head B 36 , and in this view, a horizontal direction is taken as an X-axis, and a vertical direction, as a Y-axis. The crystallization at a given time is shown in  FIGS. 33A ,  33 B, wherein the laser spot B 59 A, B 69 A moves in Y-direction B 59 , B 69  and a left half of the silicon wafer B 50  is a crystallized section B 56  and a right half is an uncrystallized section B 57 . Initially, the laser spot B 59 , B 69  is positioned at B 52 , B 62 . Laser light is emitted at a required pulse frequency and with required output, and focus is controlled. The laser head is moved in the Y-direction for the silicon wafer B 50  to be scanned in direction B 53  with the laser spot while being crystallized. When the laser spot arrives at an edge of the silicon wafer B 50 , the movement of the laser head in the Y-direction is stopped and the silicon wafer B 50  is moved in X-direction B 54  through a distance shorter than laser spot width B 58 . After this, the laser head is moved in Y-direction B 55 . The entire surface of the silicon wafer B 50  can be crystallized by repeating the above steps and scanning the wafer from a left face thereof with the laser spot so as not to allow uncrystallization clearances to occur. The silicon wafer itself may be moved in lieu of the laser head. Crystallization with a laser spot area of 10 −6  cm 2  or more and up to 10 −3  cm 2 , and a pulse width (passing time of the spot in the range up to 1/e 2  of its maximum power) from 100 ns to 1 s, was confirmed in the present embodiment. 
     The linear-scanning laser crystallizing apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 32  is constructed so that the laser head B 36  moves in the Y-direction and so that the silicon wafer B 38  mounted on the wafer tray B 39  moves in the X-direction. The crystallizing apparatus, however, is not always limited to this type and may have a laser head X-Y plane moving mechanism (not shown) that moves the laser head B 39  in both X-axis and Y-axis directions to crystallize the entire surface of the silicon wafer B 50  similarly to laser spot scanning illustrated in  FIGS. 33A ,  33 B. Otherwise, similarly to laser spot scanning illustrated in  FIGS. 33A ,  33 B, the entire surface of the silicon wafer B 50  can be crystallized by making the laser head B 36  movable only in the X-axis direction and the above-mentioned silicon wafer B 38  only in the Y-axis direction or by making the laser head B 36  movable only in the Y-axis direction and the above-mentioned silicon wafer B 38  only in the X-axis direction. 
     In the example of  FIG. 32 , the laser head B 36  is disposed above the silicon wafer B 38 , that is, with a vertical direction as a reference. To provide against dropping dust particles, however, the laser head B 36  may be disposed below the silicon wafer B 38 . Also, a clearance between the silicon wafer B 38  and the laser head B 36  may be separated by a transparent plate. Additionally, an integrated unit of the silicon wafer B 38  and the wafer tray B 39  or the entire structure including the laser head B 36 , the silicon wafer B 38 , and the wafer tray B 39 , may be installed inside a vacuum deposition apparatus or set up in a container sealed with a specific gas. The laser head may be installed outside a vacuum region of the vacuum deposition apparatus, and the laser beam may be introduced into the vacuum region. 
     After laser crystallization of the wafer in the above manner, a longitudinally elongated crystal with a width smaller than its film thickness of 100 nm, that is, with a width of about 20-50 nm, was observed through a transmission electron microscope. The width of the crystal in this case is smaller than about 80 nm, a width of the lower electrode. As detailed later herein, therefore, a favorable device can be obtained without a variation in element characteristics according to a particular relationship in relative position between the crystal and the lower electrode. After that, layered deposition of a metal film B 24  made of, for example, tungsten, yields such a state as in  FIG. 23 . Subsequent processing of a phase-change material anti-peeling film B 21 , a laser-crystallized phase change material B 27 , tungsten B 23 , and tungsten B 24 , as a resistive element R, yields such a state as in  FIG. 24 . Further depositing an interlayer dielectric film B 11   c  yields such a state as in  FIG. 25 . This is followed by lithographic and dry-etching processes. These processes are conducted to form a connection hole in memory cell region “mmry” by piercing the interlayer dielectric film B 11   c , form additional connection holes in memory cell region “mmry” by piercing interlayer dielectric films B 11   a , B 11   b , B 11   c , form further connection holes in logic circuit region “lgc” by piercing interlayer dielectric films B 11   a , B 11   b , B 11   c , and deposit a barrier metal B 25  first and then tungsten B 26 . Next, each such connection hole is filled in and the interlayer dielectric film B 11   c  is processed to have an exposed upper face, etching-back is provided for upper faces of the tungsten B 26  within the hole and the interlayer dielectric film B 11   c  to be flush with each other. After this, the upper electrode contact VM in the memory cell region, the bit line contact BC in the memory cell region, and the via electrode contact VL in the logic circuit region are completely isolated from one another. This creates such a state as in  FIG. 26 . Next after deposition of a dielectric film B 11   c  made of, for example, a silicon oxide, a logic circuit first layer electrical interconnect and a photoresist for forming bit lines are formed on the interlayer dielectric film B 11   c , and with the photoresist as an etching mask, a logic circuit first layer electrical interconnect trench and a bit line trench are formed such that the interlayer dielectric film B 11   c  has an exposed upper face. Next, a barrier metal B 29  made of, for example, a titanium film and a titanium nitride film, is formed by depositing these films in order from a lower layer by use of a sputtering method or the like. A conductor film is formed by stacking, for example, a tungsten film B 28  on the above-deposited films by use of a method such as CVD. Next, the conductor film is etched back using a known CMP method in order for the upper face of the interlayer dielectric film B 11   c  to be exposed and for the bit line BL in the trench and the upper face of the first layer electrical interconnect M 1  to be flush. Complete isolation of the bit line BL and the first layer electrical interconnect M 1  creates such a state as in  FIG. 27 . At an upper portion of the electrical interconnect M 1  and that of the electrical interconnect layer of the bit line BL, a plurality of electrical interconnect layers are formed using a known method. However, these layers are not shown. 
     A semiconductor memory device is completed after 400° C.-450° C. hydrogen annealing with a well-known method. The relationship between the materials and preparation conditions, and memory characteristics of the above memory is discussed below. A ratio between a maximum width of a contact section of the electrode smaller in the maximum width of its contact section in a region in contact with a chalcogenide film, and the average width of crystal grains, obtained when the film was cut in parallel to the film surface, was varied to obtain the following results. The average width of the film in sections parallel to the film surface of the crystal grains was defined as the average width value obtained centrally in a thickness direction of the film when a total of 20 pieces, 10 in each of left and right directions from any central point, likely to be identifiable as crystal grains in terms of contrast were selected from the sectional TEM photo shown as an example in  FIG. 34 . 
     Initially, when a reset pulse is applied, the chalcogenide film closer to the electrode smaller in the maximum width of the contact section is heated by electric current and becomes fused. The heated film is rapidly quenched to become amorphized. The crystal that has been formed by laser crystallization using the above method, however, remains intact at periphery. In addition, since its fusion time is very short, the atomic arrangement existing in the amorphized region is not completely disturbed and a history of the past slightly remains. When a set pulse is next applied, therefore, the electric current has its path affected by a crystal grain boundary, whereby a shape of the crystal grains when they were laser-crystallized is affected (see Table 1). 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ave. width of crystal grains:Max. 
                 Difference in set resistance 
               
               
                 width of contact section 
                 average value between elements 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1.5:1 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 (1-digit) 
               
               
                 1.2:1 
                 3 
               
               
                   1:1 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 0.8:1 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 0.5:1 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     That is to say, the phase change memory needs to have a base substance, a first electrode formed on the base substance, a chalcogenide film formed on the first electrode and capable of recording information by causing reversible phase changes between a crystal phase and an amorphous phase, and a second electrode formed on the chalcogenide film. The average width of the film when it is cut in parallel to the film surface of the crystal grains needs to be smaller than the maximum width of the electrode whose contact region with respect to the chalcogenide film is the smaller of the electrodes at both sides of the film in terms of maximum width. 
     When judged from such a sectional transmission electron microscopic photo as in  FIG. 34 , the average width in sections parallel to the film surface of the crystal grains of the above 100-nm-thick chalcogenide film (i.e., the average width of any 20 crystal grains adjacent to one another) was smaller than the average width of the film in a vertical direction (film thickness direction) with respect to the film surface. The average width in sections parallel to the film surface of the crystal grains is about 20 nm. Although the formation of columnar crystal grains can occur even during normal annealing, individual columns are thicker than those formed by laser crystallization. During laser light irradiation, since the chalcogenide film is large in extinction coefficient, absorption occurs mainly near the surface of the light-incident side of the film and the resulting heat conduction increases the internal temperature of the film in sequence. This is considered to make it easy for the crystal to grow in the vertical direction with respect to the film surface. The crystal grains do not need to reach both interfacial regions of the film. It is estimated, for example, from the photo of  FIG. 34  that the crystal grains started growing from the interfacial region at the incident side of the light and stopped growing immediately before reaching the interfacial region at the opposite side. A leading end of the crystal grains is seemingly round or polygonal at the section where they stopped growing. An example of crystallization from the incident side of light to substantially a half of film thickness with reduced laser power is shown in  FIG. 35 . 
     An example of a relationship between resistance value and set pulse width is shown in  FIG. 36 . This example applies to a chalcogenide film heavily laden with the nitrogen that is low in crystallization rate. Analyses were performed on changes in the ratio between the average width in sections parallel to the film surface of the crystal grains of the above chalcogenide film (i.e., the average width that was judged from a sectional transmission electron microscopic photo of crystal grains not prone to change in width, but prone to change in height), and the average width of the film in the vertical direction (film thickness direction) with respect to the film surface. As a result, since, as the crystal that was not fused during the application of the reset pulse is longer in the direction of the film thickness, the crystal is crystallized more readily by the action of electric current, the shortest set pulse width changed as in Table 2. 
     Table 2 below shows the relationship between the ratio between the average width in sections parallel to the film surface of the crystal grains of the chalcogenide film, and the average width of the grains in the vertical direction (film thickness direction) with respect to the film surface, and the shortest set pulse width. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Aspect ratio 
                 Shortest set pulse width 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 1:1 
                 1000 ns  
               
               
                   
                   1:1.5 
                 500 ns 
               
               
                   
                 1:2 
                 200 ns 
               
               
                   
                 1:3 
                 100 ns 
               
               
                   
                  1:10 
                  50 ns 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     That is to say, to reduce the difference in characteristics between memory elements to a practical level, it is preferable that the aspect ratio of average width in sections parallel to the film surface of the crystal grains and the grain height should be greater than 1:2. An greater aspect ratio than 1:3 is more preferable. A composition of the chalcogenide film is also important since, even after going through the memory preparation process, the film maintains the required shape of the crystal grains. For example, for a film of a well-known Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5  composition, the crystal grains obtained after laser crystallization were elongated in a direction of film thickness and sectional aspect ratios were 1:5 or more. Once the film has gone through a 400° C. annealing process, several crystal grains are seemingly merged. The relationship between the composition (in terms of the number of atoms) and the crystal grain size (in a direction parallel to the film surface) after 400° C. annealing, is as shown in following Table 3: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Composition 
                 Crystal grain size 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5   
                 90 nm 
               
               
                   
                 In 20 Ge 15 Sb 15 Te 50   
                 40 nm 
               
               
                   
                 Zn 20 Ge 15 Sb 15 Te 50   
                 20 nm 
               
               
                   
                 Ag 5 Ge 25 Sb 22 Te 50   
                 40 nm 
               
               
                   
                 Ge 20 Sb 15 Te 50 N 15   
                 50 nm 
               
               
                   
                 Ge 20 Sb 15 Te 50 O 15   
                 40 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The same results can likewise be obtained by replacing Zn with Cd, a homologous element, or replacing Ag with any other transition metal element such as Co. In terms of addition quantity, the effect of reducing the crystal grain size is observed in a content range from 1 atom-% to 30 atom-%. A more preferable range is from 2 atom-% to 25 atom-%. In the films and others that contain Zn and/or Cd prone to diminish in crystal grain size, the crystal is nucleated centrally in the film and crystal grains not reaching both interfacial regions are present in great quantities. 
     The above results are summarized here. Preferably, the above chalcogenide film is formed of a material which is constituted by at least three elements. The three elements refer to at least one element selected from the group consisting of Te and three elements (Ge, Sb, and Bi), and further at least one element selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, In, N, and O as transition metal elements, wherein the latter one element includes at least 1 atom-% to 30 atom-% or less. Such composition is preferable since crystal grains of a desired shape are formed and since this shape is almost maintained even after a 400° C. annealing process. 
     An example of measurements on resistance values of a non-laser-crystallized memory when its contents were cyclically rewritten very often is shown in  FIG. 31 . The memory was both set and reset at 5 V.  FIG. 31  shows the changes observed during the 11th and subsequent rewriting test cycles. During the first to tenth rewriting test cycles, however, a set resistance value decreases by about one order of magnitude from 5×10 5 O, in a fluctuating fashion. It is necessary to select high enough a laser-heating temperature for minimum dangling bonds and voids and for minimum changes in characteristics during initial rewriting and after repetition of the setting and resetting operations. Laser irradiation is characterized in that film deformation, oxidation, and other adverse effects of temperature rises can be minimized by shortening an irradiation time and a subsequent high-temperature retention time. Even so, it is difficult to completely prevent oxidation. More preferably, therefore, a protective film not prone to obstruct laser heating is formed before laser irradiation. The protective film functions as an interfacial layer after the phase change memory has been completed. This film, therefore, must not be such that it completely interrupts electrical conduction (see Table 4). 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Existence and material of 
                 Change in resistance value 
               
               
                   
                 protective film 
                 after 10,000 rewrite cycles 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Absent 
                 5 times 
               
               
                   
                 SiO 2   
                 3 times 
               
               
                   
                 Cr 2 O 3   
                 Twice 
               
               
                   
                 W 
                 No change 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The same results can likewise be obtained by replacing W with a material, such as W 80 Ti 20 , that contains W as its principal constituent (exceeding 50 atom-% in content). Therefore, the same protective film as, or a protective film of a composition close to that of, the metal film of the electrode formed on the protective film, is particularly preferable. To ensure a desired advantageous effect and sufficient absorption of light, it is preferable that this layer should have a film thickness of at least 2 nm and up to 20 nm. 
     Compared with a method of rewriting all elements of a completed memory device a large number of times during its aging, forming a dangling-bond-free or void-free crystal state by creating a high-temperature state by laser irradiation without a deposited film on the phase change film or only with a thin film formed thereon makes defective memory elements less prone to occur, since this method not only saves time but also facilitates relaxation of strains due to volumetric changes. In experiments equivalent to 100 cycles of rewriting of all memory elements during the aging process, rewrite-resistance values reached stability in many of the memory elements. However, since an upper structure was formed in presence of strains and film defects due to the large crystal grain size and thus since electrically energized sections only were heated with the film structure totally remaining relaxed too much to move, a lot of elements suffered destruction or damage or deterioration during in-aging-process rewriting test cycles. That is to say, the phase change memory preferably has a base substance, a first electrode formed on the base substance, a chalcogenide film formed on the first electrode and capable of recording information by causing reversible phase changes between a crystal phase and an amorphous phase, an interfacial layer formed on the chalcogenide film, and a second electrode formed on the interfacial layer. 
     The following results are obtained when laser light spots to be irradiated are varied in shape and in passing time. During experimentation on spot areas, two kinds of light spots were used and defocusing was included. Experiments indicate that with the smaller of the two types of spots, spot effects up to 10 −6  cm 2  at 100 microns×1 micron of a laser of 2-W output can be obtained and that with the larger spot type, spot effects up to about 10 −3  cm 2  at 3.5 mm×30 μm of a laser of 60-W output can be obtained. In particular, at 2×10 −6  cm 2  or more and up to 10 −4  cm 2 , resistance value stabilizes from the very first rewriting test cycle, regardless of the aging process conditions used before shipping. Advantageous effects are obtainable, if the irradiation time (the time required for the light spot to pass through any one point on the disk in a range up to 1/e 2  of peak intensity) is at least 0.1 μs and irradiation power is optimal. With an irradiation time of 1 μs or more, however, partial peeling of interfaces due to heat is difficult to prevent. Preferable characteristics in terms of reproducibility, in particular, can be obtained at 1 μs or more and up to 1 ms. For phase change transistors, laser irradiation onto the chalcogenide film having a memory action can also be conducted similarly and equivalent effects can be obtained. 
     Summarizing the above results allows one to see that: 
     (1) Preferable are: a method of manufacturing a phase change memory, wherein the manufacturing method includes the step of forming a first electrode, the step of forming on the first electrode a phase change recording film which records information by causing reversible phase changes between a crystal phase and an amorphous phase, the step of crystallizing the phase change recording film by laser light irradiation under the conditions of 10 −6  cm 2  or more and up to 10 −3  cm 2  in spot area and 0.1 μs or more and up to 1 s in irradiation time, and the step of forming a second electrode on the phase change recording film, the phase change memory having very small crystal grains in a phase change film. 
     (2) As described above, according to any one of the first to third embodiments, phase change elements can be crystallized vertically and columnarly with respect to a substrate. In the third embodiment, although it is possible to obtain small crystal grains compared with those obtainable in the first or second embodiment, introduction of laser apparatus and other operations are necessary. In the first and second embodiments, however, since the above can be implemented using ordinary semiconductor-manufacturing apparatus, the above is feasible, even without new apparatus such as laser apparatus. Also, it goes without saying that the first to third embodiments can be used in combination. 
     The meanings of the reference numbers and symbols used in the drawings accompanying this Application are listed below.
     A 1  . . . Substrate   A 2  . . . Chalcogenide layer (columnar “hcp” crystal)   A 3  . . . Chalcogenide layer (inclined “hcp” crystal)   A 4  . . . Void   A 5  . . . Chalcogenide layer (grain-shaped “fcc” crystal)   A 6  . . . Chalcogenide layer (columnar “fcc” crystal)   A 11  . . . Interlayer dielectric film   A 12  . . . Plug   A 13  . . . Chalcogenide layer   A 14  . . . Upper electrode   A 15  . . . Hard mask   A 16  . . . Interlayer dielectric film   A 101  . . . Semiconductor substrate   A 102  . . . Inter-element isolation oxidizing film   A 103  . . . Gate oxide film   A 104  . . . Gate electrode   A 105  . . . Silicon nitride film   A 106  . . . Diffusion layer   A 107  . . . Silicon nitride film   A 108  . . . Interlayer dielectric film   A 109  . . . Tungsten plug   A 110  . . . First electrical interconnect layer   A 111  . . . Interlayer dielectric film   A 112  . . . Tungsten plug   A 113  . . . Chalcogenide layer   A 114  . . . Upper electrode   A 115  . . . Silicon oxide film   A 116  . . . Interlayer dielectric film   A 117  . . . Tungsten plug   A 118  . . . Second electrical interconnect layer   B 1  . . . Semiconductor substrate   B 2  . . . p-well   B 2   a  . . . n-well   B 3 , B 3   a , B 3   b  . . . Element isolation trench   B 4  . . . gate dielectric film   B 5  . . . n-type polycrystal silicon film   B 5   a  . . . p-type polycrystal silicon film   B 6  . . . n-type polycrystal salicide film   B 6   a  . . . p-type polycrystal salicide film   B 7  . . . Sidewall spacer (silicon oxide film)   B 8  . . . Sidewall spacer (silicon nitride film)   B 9  . . . LDD active region of n-channel MISFET   B 9   a  . . . LDD active region of p-channel MISFET   B 10  . . . Active region of n-channel MISFET   B 10   a  . . . Active region of p-channel MISFET   B 11   a , B 11   b , B 11   c , B 11   d  . . . Silicon oxide films (interlayer dielectric films)   B 12  . . . Barrier metal   B 13  . . . Tungsten   B 20  . . . High-resistance conductive material   B 21  . . . Phase-change material anti-peeling film (dielectric film)   B 22  . . . Phase change layer   B 27  . . . Anneal-crystallized phase change layer   B 23 , B 24 , B 26 , B 28  . . . Tungsten (metal film)   B 25 , B 29  . . . Metal barrier   mmry . . . Memory cell formation region   lgc . . . Logic circuit formation region   DN . . . Active region of n-channel MISFET   DNP . . . Active region of n-channel MISFET   DP . . . Active region of p-channel MISFET   GM . . . Gate electrode of n-channel MISFET for memory cell selection   GN . . . Gate electrode of n-channel MISFET   GP . . . Gate electrode of p-channel MISFET   QM . . . n-channel MISFET for memory cell selection   QN . . . n-channel MISFET   QP . . . p-channel MISFET   TP . . . Memory cell lower contact electrode   BC . . . Bit line contact electrode   BL . . . Bit line   R . . . Resistive element   VM . . . Memory cell region via   VL . . . Logic circuit region via   M 1  . . . First electrical interconnect   L . . . Element active region of MISFET   B 31  . . . Phase change material   B 35  . . . Objective lens for converging laser light   B 35 A . . . PBS   B 35 B . . . Collimator lens   B 35 C . . . Optical-axis direction   B 36  . . . Laser head   B 40  . . . Focus detector   B 41  . . . Laser driving circuit   B 42  . . . Focus control circuit   B 43  . . . Microprocessor   B 44  . . . X-Y table control circuit   B 45  . . . Y-axis direction   B 46  . . . Y-axis direction   B 47  . . . High-output semiconductor laser   B 48  . . . Signal processing circuit   B 49  . . . Actuator   B 50  . . . Silicon wafer   B 56  . . . Crystallized section   B 57  . . . Uncrystallized section   B 58  . . . Laser spot width   B 59  . . . Laser spot   B 59 A . . . Laser spot