Abstract:
An antenna array comprises a surface comprising a replicated pattern of conductive tracks, the tracks defining a plurality of ports. A plurality of antennae are located at ports distributed about the surface. A plurality of radiative transceivers are electrically connected to a respective antenna. A plurality of reference transceivers are electrically connected to a non-radiative impedance located at a respective port so that each reference transceiver is surrounded by a group of antennae and electrically coupled to the group of antennae by the tracks. At least one antenna from at least one group of antennae belongs to one other group of antennae. Calibration circuitry includes a controller associated with each reference transceiver, each controller being arranged to transmit a calibration signal through an associated reference transceiver and to receive and store a received calibration signal from a selected transceiver for the group of antennae coupled to the reference transceiver. Each controller is further arranged to receive and store a calibration signal from the selected transceiver for the group of antennae coupled to the reference transceiver. The calibration circuitry further includes for each other transceiver for the group of antenna, circuitry for adjusting the phase and amplitude of signals transmitted and received by the radiative transceivers relative to the stored calibration signals for the selected radiative transceiver.

Description:
[0001]    This application is a 35 U.S.C. 371 national phase application of PCT/EP2007/004432 filed May 18, 2007, which claims the benefit of Irish application S2006/0482 filed Jun. 27, 2006, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to antenna arrays and in particular a method for calibrating an antenna array. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    An antenna array comprises a plurality of elements, here, each including an antenna and an associated transceiver. The antennae are arranged in a manner and the transceivers driven such that radiation emanating from the array may be steered electrically. This is known as beamforming. 
         [0004]    The difficulty in employing antenna arrays is that, in order avoid beamforming errors, the individual antennae each require stimulation at a correct radio frequency (RF) amplitude and phase. This requires an electrical path between transceivers and antenna elements to be equivalent. 
         [0005]    Antenna array calibration is the process by which operation of the antenna elements at the correct amplitude and phase is established. For convenience, we categorise antenna array calibration schemes as either radiative (where the calibration is effected by an RF signal radiated in free space) or wired systems. 
         [0006]    Typically, wired calibration schemes use internally generated calibration signals which are routed to an internal transceiver.  FIG. 1  illustrates the basic principles of a wired calibration scheme. A transmitter calibration system  10  assumes operation at a single known and accurate frequency and comprises a first transceiver  12 , a second transceiver  14  and a reference transceiver  16 . Output power from the first transceiver  12  is coupled to the reference transceiver  16 , which performs and records an amplitude and phase measurement. Output power from the second transceiver  14  is coupled to the reference transceiver  16 , which performs an amplitude and phase measurement. A feedback path  18  is provided between an input of the second transceiver  14  and the reference transceiver  16  by which the amplitude and phase of the second transceiver  14  is modified until the measurement is equal to the recorded measurement of the first transceiver  12 . 
         [0007]    Thus, accurate amplitude and phase control may be attained provided that a calibration path, Cal Err  1 , between the first transceiver  12  and the reference transceiver  16  and a calibration path, Cal Err  2  between the second transceiver  14  and the reference transceiver  16  are equal, i.e. Cal Err  1 −Cal Err  2 =0. 
         [0008]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,339,339 discloses a similar scheme to that of  FIG. 1 . A common reference transceiver is employed to measure amplitude and phase of distributed antenna element transceivers of an antenna array, and to apply correction factors in order to calibrate transmission of the antenna array. 
         [0009]    The drawback associated with wired calibration schemes is that they are impractical for use with large antenna arrays because of the need to connect all of the elements of the array back to a reference transceiver. Thus for large arrays, manual or radiative calibration techniques are often implemented. 
         [0010]    Radiative calibration schemes involve the emission of RF energy into free space to ensure accurate element amplitude and phasing. 
         [0011]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,657,023 discloses a radiative calibration scheme whereby mutual coupling between array elements is employed to derive an error signal. This involves an interleaved lattice of transceivers, which once phased form an operational antenna. 
         [0012]    While practical in simplex systems, for example, radar systems, such a scheme has the disadvantage of requiring complex transceiver hardware in a full duplex communication system. 
         [0013]    It is an object of the present invention to mitigate the disadvantages associated with the prior art. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0014]    The present invention provides an antenna array as claimed in claim  1 . 
         [0015]    The present invention has the advantage that it avoids the complexity of the prior art by employing low-cost, hard-wired and easily replicated reference transceivers. 
         [0016]    Furthermore, the combination of multi-reference calibration and the exploitation of wired calibration result in increased spectral efficiency. 
         [0017]    Thus, the present invention enables the production of spectrally efficient and scalable antenna arrays for use in, for example, mobile phone base stations and the like. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES 
         [0018]    Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0019]      FIG. 1  illustrates a wired calibration system according to the prior art; 
           [0020]      FIG. 2  illustrates schematically a portion of an antenna array including 3 array elements interconnected according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0021]      FIG. 3  shows one example calibration path through an array comprising elements of  FIG. 2 ; 
           [0022]      FIG. 4  shows an arrangement of array elements according to the present invention indicating a mitigation of the effects of path imbalance; 
           [0023]      FIG. 5   a  shows a frequency calibration portion of the array according to the invention in more detail; 
           [0024]      FIG. 5   b  shows a calibration processor portion of the array of  FIG. 5   a  in more detail; 
           [0025]      FIG. 6  shows a six port EM coupler element for use in the preferred embodiment of the invention; 
           [0026]      FIG. 7  shows a tower top comprising a plurality of antenna arrays according to the present invention; and 
           [0027]      FIG. 8  shows a circuit layout for a portion of the antenna array in which the EM coupler element of  FIG. 6  is replicated. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0028]    Referring now to  FIG. 2 , there is depicted a portion  20  of an antenna array according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0029]    This portion  20  comprises first and second transceivers and their antenna  21  and  22  and the antennae for third and fourth transceivers  23  and  24 , respectively, as well as a dedicated non-radiative reference transceiver  26 . 
         [0030]    In the preferred embodiment, a coupled electromagnetic calibration path  28  is provided between the first transceiver  21  and the reference transceiver  26 . Similarly, a coupled electromagnetic calibration path  34  is provided between the second transceiver  22  and the reference transceiver  26 . 
         [0031]    In addition, a feedback path  30 , is provided between the second, third and fourth transceivers  22 ,  23  and  24  and the reference transceiver  26 . To ensure all of the elements of the array are frequency coherent, a single signal generator signal (Fref) is distributed through a network  36  between all of the array transceivers. This signal drives frequency conversion elements, described in more detail later, within each transceiver. Likewise, a second distribution network  38  for digital timing, using a single digital clock (Clk) is employed. 
         [0032]    Distribution networks  36 ,  38  are only shown with reference to the tranceivers  21 ,  22  and  26 , however, it will be appreciated that these extend (not shown) to provide frequency generator (Fref) and clocks (Clk) to the third and fourth transceivers  23 ,  24 . These distribution networks ensure that the array may be accurately calibrated, as otherwise a frequency or timing error will influence the calibration accuracy. It is important to note that the lengths of paths within the networks  36 ,  38  is not critical, thus simplifying their production. 
         [0033]    Similarly, a coupled electromagnetic calibration path  29  is provided between the third transceiver  23  and the reference transceiver  26 , and a coupled electromagnetic calibration path  33  is provided between the fourth transceiver  24  and the reference transceiver  26 . 
         [0034]    In the preferred embodiment, the calibration paths  28 ,  29 ,  33  and  34  each comprise a non-radiative coupled RF path. The calibration paths can, however, be any non-radiative divided, switched or coupled RF path or any other suitable feedback path. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that feedback path can operate at any RF frequency including microwave. 
         [0035]    In  FIG. 2 , the reference transceiver  26  is shown as being selectively connected to one of the four coupled electromagnetic calibration paths  28 ,  29 ,  33 ,  34 , by a switch  25 . By altering the state of the switch  25 , the reference transceiver  26  is then connected to the coupled electromagnetic path  34 , so that when, say calibration path  28  is selected, the reference transceiver  26  receives, measures and stores the signal (not shown) from the first transceiver  21 . In the preferred embodiment of the invention, a directional coupler is used (see  FIGS. 5 ,  6 &amp; 8 ). So for example, in the case of transmit calibration, the reference transceiver  26  receives a signal (not shown) from the second transceiver  22  via the coupled electromagnetic path  34 . An error signal (not shown), is generated by the reference transceiver  26  and represents the phase and amplitude difference between the signal received from transceiver  21  and transceiver  22 . This error signal is fed back through  30  to alter the amplitude and phase of a baseband signal transmitted by the transmitter portion of the transceiver  22 . 
         [0036]    In this way, the phase and amplitude of the second transceiver  22  of the antenna array  20 , can be matched to the phase and amplitude of the first transceiver  21  of the antenna array  20 , via the reference transceiver  26 . 
         [0037]    Similarly, the third and fourth transceivers  23 , and  24 , are calibrated with respect to the reference transceiver  26 . 
         [0038]    Referring now to  FIG. 3 , there is illustrated a more complete antenna array  20 ′ including a plurality of replicated portions  20  as described in  FIG. 2 . In this array, each reference transceiver Ref 1 , Ref 2 , Ref 3  corresponds to a transceiver  26  of  FIG. 2 . The reference transceivers Ref 1 , Ref 2 , Ref 3  are interconnected so that they operate their calibration in sequence beginning with a first transceiver, in this case Ref 1 . 
         [0039]    The reference transceiver, Ref 1 , is calibrated with respect to a first transceiver,  1 —which corresponds, for example, with  21  in  FIG. 2 . Transceivers  2 ,  3  and  4  are then calibrated in turn with respect to the reference transceiver, Ref 1  as described for  22 ,  23  and  24  of  FIG. 2  above. 
         [0040]    Reference transceiver Ref 2  is then calibrated from newly calibrated transceiver  3 , again corresponding to transceiver  21  of  FIG. 2 . Reference transceiver Ref 2  is then used to calibrate fourth, fifth and sixth transceivers  4 ,  5 , and  6 . Similarly, reference transceiver Ref 3  is calibrated from newly calibrated transceiver  2 . Reference transceiver Ref 3  is then used to calibrate fourth, seventh and eight transceivers  4 ,  7 , and  8 . 
         [0041]    This array calibration process is continued throughout the array  20 ′ ensuring accurate amplitude and phasing of the array. This process is repeated across the extent of the array thus allowing the whole array to be calibrated and re-calibrated when required to for example negate the deleterious short term effects of instability due to heating and long term effects of drift of component values, for example, due to ageing. 
         [0042]    An exemplary implementation of the electronics of the array  20 ′ with additional detail illustrating frequency distribution for the calibration scheme is shown in  FIG. 5   a.    
         [0043]    Here, the calibration scheme enables static beamforming, i.e. a single main lobe output from the array pointing in a predefined direction. Although with minor modification, the scheme could be used for dynamic beamforming wherein the radiation from the array may be steered. 
         [0044]    Whilst any conceivable transceiver architecture may be employed, this embodiment of the calibration scheme comprises multiple reference and radiative, direct conversion transceiver elements. The supporting transceiver electronics for two radiative elements  21  and  22  are shown along with that for one of the non-radiative reference elements  26  whose purpose is calibration signal generation and measurement. Each radiative element  21 ,  22  has an antenna element  51  whereas the reference element  26  has its antenna port terminated in a matched impedance  47 . 
         [0045]    Each transceiver  21 - 24  includes a frequency conversion element  41  fed by the signal Fref via a divider  43  and its associated distribution sub-network  44 . Although a single source for Fref can be employed, in this specific embodiment a second source  45 , distribution sub-network  45  and set of frequency conversion elements  49  are employed for the transmit chain. 
         [0046]    In this example, calibration processor  40  along with the associated digital baseband processing system, are implemented within an FPGA. 
         [0047]    In more detail, each transceiver  21 - 24  and  26  comprises a diplexer  52  essentially dividing the spectrum into transmit and receive bands. Note that for the reference transceiver  26  the diplexer is reversed so that its receive band corresponds with the transmit bands of the other transceivers  21 - 24  and vice versa. 
         [0048]    For the transceivers  21 - 24 , data supplied by the converters  46  which are clocked from the common clock Clk is mixed with the signal Fref in conversion elements  49  before being pre-filtered, amplified, further filtered and fed to an antenna  51 . In the receive paths of the transceivers, data is amplified, de-modulated with signal Fref, and filtered before being received by data converters  46 . 
         [0049]    In the case of the reference transceiver  26 , the modulated signal is fed or received along the calibration paths  28 ,  29 ,  33 ,  34  for reception or when transmitted by an adjacent coupled transceiver  21 - 24 . 
         [0050]      FIG. 5   b  illustrates the operation of the calibration processor  40  and data converters  46  in more detail. Here the common timing signal Clk is shown driving the analog-to-digital (AD) and digital-to-analog (DA) components of the data converters  46 . 
         [0051]    In this embodiment, mutual coupling is calculated and corrective amplitude and phase weightings are applied via additive feedback to the calibration error signal, thereby compensating for the mutual coupling error. 
         [0052]    For each reference transceiver  26 , the calibration processor includes a controller  4  which selectively controls a signal generator  3  to produce reference signals at frequencies for which the array elements are to be calibrated. The signal generator  3  is in turn connected to the DA port of the reference transceiver data converter  46 . Controllers for each reference transceiver are interconnected (not shown) to properly configure their surrounding transceivers  21 - 24  in sequence both relative to the transceivers surrounding a given reference transceiver and also across the entire array. 
         [0053]    The data converter  46  for the transceiver selected as a first transceiver  21  is connected via a multiplexer  2 ′ controlled by the controller  4  to the data bus. In the present embodiment, a calibration circuitry module  50 ( 2 ) . . .  50 ( 4 ) is duplicated for each of the second to fourth transceivers respectively surrounding a reference transceiver. Each calibration circuitry module includes a further multiplexer  2 ″ for selective connection of a module  50  to any of the second to fourth transceivers  22 - 24 . Thus, calibration may be performed relative to any selected first transceiver on the  3  other transceivers surrounding a single reference transceiver. This means that there can be arbitrary selection of the first transceiver element  21  and thereafter calibration of the remaining transceivers. It will be seen that the architecture of  FIG. 5   b,  allows for the simultaneous calibration of transmit and receive paths. 
         [0054]    For the receiver portions of the array transceivers to be accurately calibrated, a signal is generated  3  orthogonal (in this case in frequency, but code or temporal orthogonality, for example, is also viable) to those normally in use by the communication uplink. The calibration controller  4  determines the frequency to be used. The calibration signal is listened for at first transceiver element  21  (as selected through the multiplexer  2 ′) through calibration path  28 . A suitably long sample containing the signal is stored  5  for the first transceiver  21 . When the stored signal from the first transceiver  21  is re-generated, discrimination between the wanted calibration and unwanted communications traffic is made by filtering the signal with a tuneable channel select filter  14 ′ and decimating  14 ″ the filtered signal to reduce the calibration routine&#39;s processing requirements. The signal received by the reference transceiver  22  and fed through its calibration circuitry module  50 ( 2 ) is received, processed in a similar manner to the reference signal received by the first transceiver element  21  and compared both in amplitude and phase with the re-generated signal from the first element  21 . The difference between the two is used to generate a digital baseband error signal (Rx Err) which may then be stored  7  and subsequently applied to the receive signal for the transceiver  22  to ensure accurate phase and amplitude between the received signals from the two elements. The calibration error signal is stored between calibration runs  7  to ensure that only valid error signals influence the received signal. This process is repeated for the two adjacent receivers  23 ,  24 . Calibrated received signals from the first to fourth transceivers surrounding the shown reference transceiver are added  9 ′ together as well as to the received signals for the remaining transceivers of the array as required once all transceivers have been calibrated for the required frequencies. 
         [0055]    By reciprocity, transmit calibration is the reverse of receive calibration, the principle differences being that, the transmit signal itself may be used (with minor modification) as a calibration signal source  9 ″ and that simultaneous calibration of multiple transceiver elements, which share a reference transceiver  26 , is not possible. 
         [0056]    In more detail, the transmit signal  9 ″ coupled to the array is transmitted through the first transceiver  21  and received by the reference element  26  through the selected calibration path  28  and stored  10 . When re-generated, this signal is then filtered and decimated  11 . 
         [0057]    Subsequently at T+1, a signal transmitted by transceiver element  22  and received by the reference transceiver  26  through calibration path  34  once filtered and decimated can be compared  12  with the re-generated and similarly processed reference signal from the first transceiver  21 . The error signal Tx Err for this frequency generated by this comparison is then stored  13  and applied to the baseband signal  9 ″, thus eliminating the phase and amplitude imbalance between the pair of radiative elements  21 ,  22 . This process is then repeated for the other elements  23 ,  24  surrounding the shared reference element  26 . 
         [0058]    The above description provides a frequency orthogonal calibration scheme which allows calibration during operation of the array with negligible effect on the array&#39;s capacity as a communication link. 
         [0059]    Using the preferred embodiment, optimal calibration performance may be achieved by subsequent selection of other reference transceivers (different calibration paths), averaging or annealing techniques. 
         [0060]    In the preferred embodiment, the surface of the antenna array is implemented with electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structures including planar micro-strip line antenna structures in order to improve directionality and help mitigate mutual coupling.  FIG. 6  shows the physical embodiment of the internal surface of a single array element coupler implemented in strip-line (i.e. this structure is sandwiched between two layers of conductive sheet, one of which forms the ground plane of the antenna). Here an I/O port for transceivers  21 - 24  is connected to port TRX 1  whilst the corresponding antenna  51  is connected to port ANT 2 . In the case of a reference transceiver  26 , the matching impedance  47  is connected to port ANT 2 . Mounted between terminals R 1 -R 9  are matching impedances for reducing reflectance. Translating and replicating this pattern from TRX 1  each of ports CPL 3 - 6  allows an entire antenna array surface of a required size to be defined.  FIG. 8  shows how this pattern is replicated for multiple couplers to form a scalable structure for an array to be calibrated as described with reference to  FIGS. 2-5 . Here four radiative transceiver elements  21 - 24  are connected to respective couplers  55  and these are in turn connected to one central reference transceiver  26  via coupler  56 , port  57  of which, is terminated in a matched impedance (not shown) as described previously. Thus, the interconnection of four single couplers to a single central coupler for the reference transceiver  26  forms the basic unit of the antenna array. 
         [0061]    It will be seen from  FIG. 6  that the arrangement of individual couplers is not symmetrical and it might be thought that this and other sources of path imbalance may cause a propagation of error through the array. However,  FIG. 4  shows how phase and amplitude imbalance (Err  1 +Err 2 ) through each element of the calibration scheme through either axis is nearly identical. Thus, using the present scheme, accuracy of the amplitude and phase balance of the array is increased by distributing the error as indicated, because of the geometry of the calibration paths, a substantial portion of the error is cancelled, thus improving the overall calibration accuracy of the array. 
         [0062]      FIG. 7  illustrates a plurality of antenna arrays  20 ( 1 ),  20 ( 2 ),  20 ( 3 ) calibrated using the present invention, deployed at a tower-top. In this implementation, the calibration process is completely self-contained. Radiative antenna elements (example  58 ) are calibrated by reference elements (example  59 ) to form a working communication link. Data is transferred from tower-top to tower-bottom by fibre-optic cable, thus negating the need for coaxial feeder cables. 
         [0063]    It will be seen that the present invention is not limited to calibrating telecommunications antenna arrays. The present invention may equally be employed in medical imaging, radar or similar EM imaging techniques. 
         [0064]    The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described herein, which may be amended or modified without departing from the scope of the present invention.