Abstract:
A method and apparatus for producing steel bars that are cut to length in response to a customer order. The method includes producing a continuous length of steel bar from a rolling mill, cutting the continuous length of steel bar into successive segments, each representing a multiple of the length of the bar of the customer order, cutting the segments in in-line cold shears first into two times the length of the bar of the customer order and then in half into lengths equal to the length of the bar of the customer order while maintaining the production of the continuous length of steel bar produced by the rolling mill, and bundling the bars of the length of the customer order for discharge from the mill.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention relates to methods and apparatus for producing bundles of steel bars which are cut to length and particularly in a continuous operation. 
         [0002]    More particularly, the invention relates to producing such bundles which are customer-ordered and are of specific length 
         [0003]    Steel bars, whether they are for concrete reinforcement or specialty steel, all have a fundamental flaw in the business model: they are all commodities, yet they require substantial capital investment in the setting up of a steel rolling mill for their production. This invention will transform the inherent “commodity” nature of the business into a “mass customization” business, capturing more values in the process. This invention will allow a rolling mill to produce Cut to Length steel bars in-line and at the same time substantially reduce end losses. It can be incorporated into any existing rolling mill with minimum additional investment. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0004]    Steel bars are supplied in “standard lengths” of 12 m, 15 m, or 18 m and in “standard bundle weights” of generally 2 ton bundles for the same size bars. In the case of concrete-reinforcing bars, they still have to be cut into shorter lengths according to the design of the building structure for a specific column, beam or floor slab. These short specific lengths are generally not designed to be multiples of any standard lengths and therefore will result in end losses when cut. Such cut-to-length operation is normally performed in a “Cut and Bend” yard, on or off the construction site. In a “Cut and Bend” operation, it is typical to expect a 5% loss in the steel bar ends, even with the best computer aided optimization programs. This 5% is very substantial in the building project, especially with the current high prices of steel bars. 
         [0005]    The standard lengths of 12 m, 15 m and 18 m are selected to make maximum use of the size of the cargo holds of ships and trucks, while the standard bundle weight also serves for optimizing the capacity of the lifting apparatus of the ships and trucks. 
         [0006]    There is an existing technology call “Flash Welding” of hot billets in which the tail end of a billet is welded to the front end of the next billet, in-line as they exit from the reheating furnace. Such operation will enable the rolling of bars continuously without any end; this is similar to “sequence casting” in a continuous casting machine. The primary objective of this process of endless rolling is to minimize the head and tail crops in the rolling mill and the short end losses at the cooling bed. In employing this flash welding process together with the very high accuracy of the modern flying shear before the cooling bed, one is able to achieve an accuracy of +50/−00 mm consistently for 120 m long bars on the cooling bed. This is about 0.05% end losses versus an industrial norm of 2.5%. 
         [0007]    The flash welding process produces elevated temperature at each of the flash welded joints of the billet. Due to the temperature dependence of draft/spread characteristics, the joints, being at a higher temperature than the rest of the billet, will have more elongation than spread, resulting in “necking”—smaller cross sectional area than the nominal area in the finished product. This means that the area of the joint can fall below the minimum area specified by the Steel Standard. U.S. Pat. No. 6,929,167 B2 Pong et al. teaches a method which will eliminate such effect of such necking. In the actual operation, gauges were set up in the rolling line to monitor the dimension of the steel bars and the results show that this method is able to maintain a uniform cross section throughout the length of the bar including the flash welded joints. 
         [0008]    With the use of flash-welding and uniform cross-section at the weld joints, “In-Line Cut to Length” steel bars are produced by the rolling mills with no loss of production and with substantial reduction in material losses. 
         [0009]    Steel bars are generally rolled from a 150 mm (6 inches) square billet of 12 meter (40 feet) length. These billets will be rolled into finished steel bars of various diameters from 50 mm (2 inches) to 10 mm (⅜ inch). Because of the starting weight of the billet is finite, it will end up with various finished lengths of the steel bars of each diameter. The total lengths of the steel bars from each piece of billet will not be exact multiples of the normal finished bar length of 12 m (40 feet) and one will have end losses. This is usually 2.5%. With endless rolling as described above, the billet is welded end to end to form a continuous infinite piece and there will be no end losses. 
         [0010]    In the specifications of steel bar standards BS4449 or ASTM 615, a size tolerance is permitted, provided it does not compromise the strength of the steel bar. Typically, BS4449 (2005) such allowable size tolerance is plus or minus 4.5%. The aim is to target at minus 3%, i.e. a lighter bar, but without affecting the strength of the bar at the nominal diameter. With single billet rolling, the minus 3% of the finished bar diameter will end up with a longer end piece by the same 3%. This will go to waste. With the endless rolling of welding the billets, the longer end piece will go into and become part of the next incoming piece and therefore this minus 3% is completely recovered as usable steel and is not waste. 
         [0011]    For shipping or trucking reasons, such finished steel bars are usually cut to 12 m (40 feet), 15 m (50 feet), or 18 m (60 feet) lengths. Because of different lengths of columns, beams or slabs, the actual length requirement at the building site is never exactly 12 m, 15 m or 18 m. These bars have to be cut in a separate operation. A typical end loss of cutting to specific bar lengths is 5%. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    An object of the invention is to provide a method and apparatus for cutting any arbitrary specific lengths of steel bars in line in a continuous rolling operation. 
         [0013]    A further object of the invention is to enable such method and apparatus to continuously produce short lengths of steel bars which would normally require interruption of the continuous operation. 
         [0014]    A particular object of the invention is to provide a method and apparatus which can produce cut to length short pieces according to a customer order, in line, without affecting rolling speed. 
         [0015]    In accordance with the invention, this is achieved by correlating a first cut of the continuous bar into a length which is a multiple of the short length of the finished bar and cutting the first cut length into its multiple lengths during continuous operation of the mill. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         [0016]      FIG. 1  is a diagrammatic illustration of a portion of a steel mill in which rolled bar is formed into cut to specific length bundles. 
           [0017]      FIG. 2  diagrammatically shows a central processing unit (CPU) which controls operation to form the cut to length bundles. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0018]    In  FIG. 1  there is shown the exit end  10  of a rolling mill  11  from which rolled bar  12  is continuously discharged at a determined high rate of speed. The rolled bar  12  has been rolled from continuous billet joined front to rear and has been hot rolled in the rolling mill. Downstream of the end  10  of the rolling mill is a flying shear  13  which is activated by a central processing unit (CPU) to cut the bar  12  on the fly and form a cut bar  14  of a given length which is deposited on the rollers  15  of a roller table  16 . 
         [0019]    As previously explained, current practice is limited to producing bars at the end of the mill of lengths of about 120 m as these are the minimum lengths which the current mill construction can be produced at the high rate of rolling speeds. 
         [0020]    The invention permits producing specific arbitrary shorter lengths without reducing the production rate and in particular cutting the length of the bars to the customer order in correspondence to the length needed on the job thereby completely eliminating end cut waste on the job site as well as the need for production cutting at the job site. This will be explained more fully later. 
         [0021]    The cut bar  14  is then displaced laterally into a notch in a cooling bed  16  to undergo cooling. The bar  14  is advanced stepwise, notch by notch until it reaches the last notch where it is now cooled and ready to be displaced laterally to a shuffle device SD where a given number of bars e.g 10 or so are collected and formed in a layer of a batch of bars  14 . 
         [0022]    The construction and operation of the cooling bed and shuffle device is conventional and not described in detail. 
         [0023]    The batch of bars  14  on the shuffle device are then moved sideways onto a roller table  17  disposed adjacent to the shuffle device SD. The roller table  17  has rollers  18  which are driven to advance the batch  14  of bars in reverse to the direction it was advanced on the roller table  17 . 
         [0024]    In order to keep up with the production rate and make the short cut-to-length cuts, two cold shears  19 , 20  and respective movable gauges  21 ,  22  are placed in sequence along the roller table  17  to cut the bars  14  into the desired lengths. The cold shears are massive in size to develop forces of 1000 tons or more and they are fixedly secured in a rigid foundation. The two cold shears are secured at a spacing of 20 meters to handle the largest contemplated cut-to-length size. Specifically, the bars  14  are moved to a stopped position controlled by the gauge  21  at which cold shears  19  is spaced at a distance from the end of the bars by an amount equal to twice the length of the desired cut-to-length piece. The cut pieces advance to the gauge  22  at which the cold shear  20  cuts the pieces in half to the final desired length. When both cold shears  19 ,  20  have cut the bars, there are pieces  23  equal to the desired cut length. The movable gauges  21 ,  22  permit adjustment of the position at which the cold shears cut the bars  14  to change the length of the pieces to be cut. By this double cut of the bars, the rate of production can be maintained. Also, when the length of the cut pieces is to be changed for a subsequent batch, the movable gauges are adjusted to correspond to the desired new length. 
         [0025]    The cut to length pieces are next moved sideways to a bundling station  24  where the pieces  23  are bundled and made ready for shipment. 
         [0026]    The bundling station  24  includes a roller table  25  on which the cut pieces  23  are deposited. The pieces  23  advance into a conventional collector  26  where rollers are arranged in a predominantly circular array to collect the pieces in a circular bundle. 
         [0027]    In order to tie the bundle of cut pieces when they are of short length i.e. of substantially less than 12 m e.g. 8 m or less, three spaced ties are needed. When the length of the short pieces is changed based on a new customer order, the spacing or pitch of the ties must be changed correspondingly. Furthermore, according to the invention, the tying operation is carried out in one stop to keep up with the mill speed. Generally, two end ties are made at a given distance from the ends of the bundle and a central tie is made midway therebetween. The collected pieces are fed into three spaced conventional bundlers  27 ,  28 ,  29  which tie the bundle of pieces at ties  30 ,  31 ,  32  at appropriate spaced locations. The ties  30 ,  31 , and  32  are made simultaneously and the bundle is then advanced from the bundling station  24 . 
         [0028]    In accordance with the invention, the first and third bundlers  27  and  29  are movably supported so that they can be quickly adjusted to adjust the space when the length of the cut piece is changed. The movable bundlers  27 ,  29  are drivingly connected to respective hydraulic cylinders  33 ,  34  which are connected to the CPU to control the position of the bundlers. 
         [0029]    The invention makes it possible to be able to provide cut to specific short lengths required by the building site and recover all the losses associated with existing technology and at the same time, does not slow down the production of the mill. 
         [0030]    A key component of the invention is the CPU which controls with the charging of the billets, the following elements 
         [0031]    a) flying shears  13   
         [0032]    b) rake and shuffle bars 
         [0033]    c) roller table  17   
         [0034]    d) roller table  25   
         [0035]    e) cold shears  19 ,  20   
         [0036]    f) gauge stops  21 ,  22   
         [0037]    g) bundlers  27 ,  28 ,  29   
         [0038]    h) hydraulic cylinders  33 ,  34   
       Example 
       [0039]    The following Example will explain in detail the operation of the mill to obtain cut-to-length bars. 
         [0040]    The weight of each billet is recorded as it is being charged into the reheat furnace. These charge weights will be compared with the end product weights to obtain material losses for that shift, which will primarily be oxidation losses. There will be minimal front end crop losses and no tail end crop losses because of the use of the flash welding proves as explained previously. 
         [0041]    The operator keys in the exact number and exact specific lengths as per the order of that particular size of bar being rolled for the command of the flying shear  13 . 
         [0042]    With conventional methods; 
         [0043]    If one were to cut for an order of 6.4 m bar from a standard length of 12 m, one will end up with a 6.4 m bar and a short piece of 5.6 m. 
         [0044]    If it were to cut from a standard length of 15 m, it will have two pieces of 6.4 m and a short piece of 2.2 m. 
         [0045]    If it were to cut from a standard length of 18 m, it will have two pieces of 6.4 m with a short piece of 5.2 m. 
         [0046]    These short lengths are usually kept on the side for another part of the building project which may require a length shorter than these end cuts, or they will be disposed of as scrap. All these options are undesirable. 
         [0047]    With the invention, the operator will set in the programable logic of the CPU sequence for the flying shears  13  to produce lengths of cut as multiples of the specific lengths of the final product. Assuming that a typical cooling bed is able to accept 120 m long bars, the programable logic at the CPU will allow the operator to set the flying shear to cut lengths of 115.2 m, which is 18 multiples of 6.4 m. If the order is for 500 pieces of 6.4 m, the setting will be 27 cuts of 115.2 m with the last cut of 89.6 m, making a total length of 3,200 m or 500 pieces of 6.4 m. 
         [0048]    A command signal to the cooling bed will move a double step after the last cut of 89.6 m to separate this batch from the next. 
         [0049]    If the next order is for 5.2 m, the operator will input 109.2 m, which makes 21 pieces of 5.2 m to follow the previous 6.4 m batch. If this order of 5.2 m is, for example, 400 pieces, the number of cuts for 109.2 m, will be 18, with the last cut at 114.4 m. The total length of this order is 2,080 m making 400 pieces of 5.2 m finished length. Again a double step motion of the cooling bed will separate this new batch from the next. The same process will be repeated for any other specific lengths and quantities for the same size bar. 
         [0050]    As each batch of bars leaves the cooling bed  16  by the raking motion and the shuffle bars the batch of bars will be side shuffled to roller table  17  in the conventional way. Each batch will be conveyed separately to the cold shears  19 ,  20  for final cutting to the ordered lengths. In this case, the first batch will be 115.2 m with the last piece 89.6 m, for a final cut length of 6.4 m and the second batch will be 109.2 m with the last piece 114.4 m, for the final cut length of 5.2 m. The cutting capacity of the cold shear will determine how many bars from the same batch length are presented for cutting each time. It is worth noting that since the tail end of each bar running to the cooling bed is being run in reverse direction to the cold shears, these tail ends having been cleanly cut by the flying shears  13  will not require head trimming by the cold shears. This contributes to additional material saving. 
         [0051]    Two stationary in-line cold shears  19 ,  20  are utilized in order to keep up with the rolling capacity of the mill for the cutting of such short bars. Each cold shear will have its respective movable gauges stop  21 ,  22 . In this example, the first a gauge stop  21 , will be set for 12.8 m, which is 2×6.4 m, and the cut bars will move along to the next gauge stop  24  which has been set for 6.4 m and are cut to 6.4 m by the second cold shear. After completing each batch of specific lengths, the gauge stops  21 ,  22  will be moved automatically by a signal from the CPU to the next required length and locked. In this example, the first gauge stop  21  will move to 10.4 m, which is 2×5.2 m, while the second gauge stop  22  will move to 5.2 m. 
         [0052]    Steel bars of each specific length will be collected separately in a conventional manner and tied into bundles in bundle weights convenient for handling. Additional commands in the programable logic of the CPU will be sent to the in-line bundlers  27 ,  28 ,  29  so that the ties will be made at the appropriate spaced positions along he length of the short bars. The first and third bundlers  27 ,  29  are movable and the central bundler  28  is fixed so as to set the proper pitch for the ties and enable all ties to be made simultaneously. Each tied bundle is weighed and tagged with the appropriate bar code label specifying contract number, size, length, number of pieces and bending schedules. It may be necessary to install more bundling stations to increase the bundling capacity for such short bars to match that of the production capacity of the mill. 
         [0053]    In a separate operation, these bundles of specific length are transferred to a bending yard near the mill. This bending yard will make the necessary bending of each of the bars to a bending bar schedule. These cut and bend bars will then be ready to be delivered to the construction site for installation in the various beams or columns or slabs. 
         [0054]    In total, the rolling operation of the invention should save as much as 10% of losses in conventional manufacture and be able to supply cut to length bars in a specific number to customers with no additional cost. 
         [0055]    Although the invention has been described with reference to a disclosed embodiment, it will become apparent to those skilled in the art that numerous modifications and variations can be made within the scope and spirit of the invention as defined in the claims.