Abstract:
Methods and apparatuses to activate, modify, and sanitize the surfaces of granular, powdered, or seed material placed in a continuous flow of a low-temperature, reduced-pressure gas plasma. Said plasma may be created with radio-frequency power, using capacitive-inductive, or a combination of both types of discharge. The plasma is generated at pressures in the 0.01 to 10 Torr range. RF frequency ranges from 0.2 to 220 MHz, and correspond to a plasma density between about n e ×10 8 −n e ×10 12  or 0.001 to 0.4 W/cm 3 . Inserts and electrodes may be temperature controlled to control process conditions. RF discharge may be pulsed or modulated by different frequency in order to stimulate energy exchange between gas plasma and process material. The apparatuses may be grounded, biased and mechanically activated (e.g., vibration, rotation, etc.).

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/113,819, filed on Feb. 9, 2015, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present disclosure is directed to methods and apparatuses used in the treatment of matter. More particularly, the present disclosure is directed to methods for treating agricultural matter, such as seeds, with plasma. Further, the present disclosure is directed to apparatuses for treating agricultural matter with plasma. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Treating agricultural matter for sanitation and germination purposes is known. Known treatments include washing, scrubbing, and applying substances (e.g., powder) to agricultural matter. The treatments may be modified to produce various activation, modification, and sanitization results. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    In one embodiment, a treatment module comprises an airtight cylindrical housing comprising an external wall and an internal chamber, the housing having a structural integrity to withstand a low-pressure environment, at least one inlet for loading plant seeds into the chamber, wherein the inlet is sealable and distal to the chamber, and at least one port for creating a low-pressure environment substantially free of gas and introducing gas into the chamber. The treatment module further comprises at least one plasma generator, selected from the group consisting of an electrode pair, a coil, and electrode pair and coil, for creating a plasma from gas introduced into the chamber, a plurality of discs, disposed substantially linearly within the chamber, and at least one egress for unloading plant seeds from the chamber, wherein the egress is sealable and distal to the chamber. 
         [0005]    In another embodiment, an apparatus comprises a hopper having an upper opening, a lower opening, and at least one side wall that connects the upper and lower openings, an elongated, airtight seed-processing chamber that receives seeds fed through the hopper, a load lock seal, disposed between the hopper and the airtight chamber, a vacuum, operably connected to the chamber, for removing gas from the chamber, and a gas supply, operably connected to the chamber, for delivering gas to the chamber. The apparatus further comprises at least one pair of electrodes, disposed about the chamber, capable of generating a plasma environment, a temperature regulator comprising a temperature sensor, a temperature control unit, a temperature control element, a plurality of first inserts, disposed in the chamber, each first insert having an annular passage and a cross sectional area that substantially coincides with the cross sectional area of the chamber, a plurality of second inserts, disposed in the chamber, each second insert having apertures and a cross sectional area that substantially coincides with the cross sectional area of the chamber, and an outlet, through which seeds processed in the chamber pass, and a load lock seal, disposed between the chamber and the outlet. 
         [0006]    In a different embodiment, a method for treating agricultural matter comprises providing seeds to a cascading treatment apparatus, introducing seeds into a chamber in the cascading treatment apparatus, hindering the vertical flow of seeds within the chamber with encumbrance structures, evacuating gas from the chamber, introducing gas to the chamber, ionizing gas introduced into the chamber, monitoring and regulating ionizing energy within the chamber, and monitoring and regulating temperature within the chamber. The method may further comprise the steps of introducing seeds into a second chamber in the cascading treatment apparatus, hindering the vertical flow of seeds within the second chamber with encumbrance structures, evacuating gas from the second chamber, introducing gas to the second chamber, ionizing gas introduced into the second chamber, and monitoring and regulating temperature within the second chamber. 
         [0007]    For apparatuses and methods used for treating seeds, a wide variety of seeds may be used. In one embodiment, the seeds are broadcasting- or row-crop seeds. In another embodiment, the seeds are selected from the group consisting of sorghum, tomato, corn, and alfalfa. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]    In the accompanying drawings, structures are illustrated that, together with the detailed description provided below, describe exemplary embodiments of the claimed invention. Like elements are identified with the same reference numerals. It should be understood that elements shown as a single component may be replaced with multiple components, and elements shown as multiple components may be replaced with a single component. The drawings are not to scale and the proportion of certain elements may be exaggerated for the purpose of illustration. For the methods disclosed, the steps described need not be performed in the same sequence discussed or with the same degree of separation. Likewise, various steps may be omitted, repeated, or combined, as necessary, to achieve the same or similar objectives 
           [0009]      FIG. 1 a    is a perspective view of one embodiment of a treatment apparatus; 
           [0010]      FIG. 1 b    is a perspective view of one embodiment of an insert with an aperture; 
           [0011]      FIG. 1 c    is a perspective view of one embodiment of an insert; 
           [0012]      FIG. 1 d    is a perspective view of one embodiment of an apparatus utilizing a coil; 
           [0013]      FIG. 2 a    is a perspective view of an embodiment of the temperature control element shown in  FIG. 1   a;    
           [0014]      FIG. 2 b    is a front elevational view of an alternative embodiment of the temperature control element shown in  FIG. 2   a;    
           [0015]      FIG. 2 c    is a isometric view of an alternative embodiment of the temperature control element shown in  FIG. 2   a;    
           [0016]      FIG. 2 d    is a perspective view of select components of an alternative embodiment of a treatment apparatus; 
           [0017]      FIG. 2 e    is an alternative embodiment of the components shown in  FIG. 2   d;    
           [0018]      FIG. 2 f    is an alternative embodiment of the components shown in  FIG. 2 d    and  FIG. 2   e;    
           [0019]      FIG. 3  is a perspective view of one embodiment of a modular treatment apparatus; 
           [0020]      FIGS. 4 a - h    are top views of discs and inserts used in the apparatuses of  FIGS. 1-3 ; 
           [0021]      FIGS. 5 a -5 d    are block diagrams depicting RF power source systems used to create and maintain plasma environments; 
           [0022]      FIGS. 6 a -6 b    are flowcharts depicting generalized processes for treating matter; and 
           [0023]      FIGS. 7 a -7 b    are flowcharts depicting processes for treating matter using a cascade treatment apparatus. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0024]    The following includes definitions of selected terms employed herein. The definitions include various examples and/or forms of components that fall within the scope of a term and that may be used for implementation. The examples are not intended to be limiting. Both singular and plural forms of terms may be within the definitions. 
         [0025]    “Etching” refers to a process for removing a layer of material from the surface of an object. 
         [0026]    “Surface activation,” when used in conjunction with plasma treatments, refers to increasing the reactive properties (e.g. hydrophilic properties) on an object&#39;s surface. 
         [0027]    While similar terms used in the following descriptions describe similar components, it is understood that because the terms carry slightly different connotations, one of ordinary skill in the art would not consider any one of the following terms to be purely interchangeable with any other term used to describe a common component. 
         [0028]      FIG. 1 a    is a perspective view of one embodiment of a treatment apparatus  100 . The treatment apparatus  100  includes a hopper  105 . Agricultural matter for treatment is placed in hopper  105 . As shown, hopper  105  is a cone with an upper opening, a lower opening, and a side wall that connects the upper and lower openings. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the hopper is pyramidal. In another alternative embodiment, the hopper can be made airtight. 
         [0029]    Hopper  105  connects to load lock seal  110  and chamber  120 . Load lock seal  110  allows agricultural matter from hopper  105  to travel to chamber  120  without breaking vacuum conditions in chamber  120 . In an alternative embodiment (not shown), a valve, such as a four-way valve, replaces the load lock seal. It should be understood that many valves are suitable. Examples of suitable valves include without limitation, quarter-turn valves, sliding gate valves, and solenoid valves all applicable valves. 
         [0030]    Apparatus  100  further comprises a housing  115  that surrounds chamber  120 . Housing  115  supports an airtight cylinder that defines the boundaries of chamber  120 . In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the housing does not define the boundaries of the chamber. As an example, additional components could be disposed between the housing and the chamber. In additional embodiments, the housing and/or chamber are prisms. In further embodiments, the housing includes an energy shield. As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand, a variety of shapes may be used for the housing and/or chamber. 
         [0031]    As shown, a plurality of first inserts  125  are disposed within chamber  120 . The first inserts  125  are circular and have a diameter that substantially coincides with the cross-sectional area of chamber  120 . The diameter of the first inserts  125  substantially coincides with the cross-sectional area of chamber  120  such that agricultural matter cannot pass between the edge of the first inserts  125  and a chamber wall. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the first inserts have a cross-sectional area between about 75-95% of the cross-sectional area of the chamber. In another embodiment, the first inserts have a cross-sectional area between about 50-70% of the cross-sectional area of the chamber. 
         [0032]    In one embodiment, the first inserts  125  are inclined or angled with respect to the horizon ( FIG. 2 b    and  FIG. 2 e    depict inclined inserts). Suitable inclination angles include, without limitation, 5-60° with respect to the horizon. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), only a portion of a first insert is inclined. In another embodiment, a first insert is curved with respect to a horizontal plane. 
         [0033]    The first inserts  125  feature apertures  130  (as shown in  FIG. 1 b   ). Agricultural matter passes through apertures  130  as its progresses through chamber  120 . As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand, a wide variety of cross-sectional shapes are suitable for apertures  130 . Additionally, apertures  130  can be tuned to accommodate different applications. For example, the cross sectional area of aperture  130  can be decreased to slow the passage of material through chamber  120 . Conversely, the cross sectional area of apertures  130  can be increased to promote the passage of material through chamber  120 . In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1   a,  apertures  130  are disposed at the edges of the first inserts  125 . In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the apertures are disposed on an interior portion of the plates. In additional alternative embodiments, apertures are scattered across the inserts. In another embodiment, the apertures are omitted so that the apparatus lacks apertures and only has edges allowing agricultural matter to spill off an edge. 
         [0034]    In addition to the first inserts  125 , a plurality of second inserts  135  are disposed within chamber  120 . As shown in  FIG. 1   c,  the second inserts  135  are inclined or curved and contain an inner ring that allows agricultural matter to pass through chamber  120  near the center (i.e., the core) of the chamber. When the first inserts  125  and the second inserts  135  are both curved, the second inserts  135  may be curved opposite of the first inserts  125 . In another embodiment (not shown), the second inserts are flat. 
         [0035]    In  FIG. 1   a,  first and second inserts  125 , 135  are arranged in alternating fashion. When the first and second inserts are inclined and interspersed, material is directed between the periphery and the core of the apparatus  100  as it proceeds through the apparatus. In embodiments where the inserts are flat, movement produced by, without limitation, vibration, rocking, or gas diffusion, is used to direct material to proceed through the apparatus. For embodiments utilizing mechanical movement, an axis running through the apparatus could be used as a driving shaft for the mechanical motion. Additionally, mechanical arms or appendages may be used to direct material over the inserts or through the chamber. 
         [0036]    The first and second inserts are not permanently attached as to allow for removal and maintenance. The first and second inserts may be made from a variety of materials, including, without limitation, dielectrics, metals, and metals coated with dielectric. 
         [0037]    Apparatus  100  further comprises a vacuum  140 , which removes gas from apparatus  100 . In one embodiment, the vacuum removes gas from the apparatus to a pressure between 0.01 and 730 torr. In another embodiment, the vacuum removes gas from the apparatus to a pressure of between 0.01 and 10 torr. In yet another embodiment, the vacuum removes gas from the apparatus to a pressure of between about 500 and 1,000 mTorr. 
         [0038]    In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1   a,  vacuum  140  connects to chamber  120  via a hose and port and removes gas from chamber  120 . As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand, vacuum  140  may evacuate gas from chamber  120  via various airtight pathways (including intermediate pathways) between chamber  120  and vacuum  140 . In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the apparatus further includes a valve that seals the port. In an embodiment where the hopper  105  is airtight, the vacuum may also connect to the hopper  105 . In yet another embodiment, the vacuum is provided separately from the apparatus. 
         [0039]    Apparatus  100  further comprises a gas supply  145 . Gas supply  145  connects to chamber  120  via a hose and port and provides gas to chamber  120 . In one embodiment, the gas supply provides a variety of gasses to the chamber, including without limitation, air, water vapor, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, hydrogen, noble gasses, and various combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the gas supply provides nitrogen and oxygen in various combinations. In a different embodiment, the gas supply provides ambient gas to the chamber. 
         [0040]    As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand, the gas supply may provide gas to the chamber via various airtight pathways (including intermediate pathways) between the gas supply and chamber. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the apparatus further includes a valve that seals the port. In another alternative embodiment, the gas supply and vacuum share a port. In yet another embodiment, the gas supply is provided separately from the apparatus. An exemplary flow rate is, without limitation, 0-2,000 sccm. 
         [0041]    Apparatus  100  further comprises at least a first electrode  150  and a second electrode  155 . First electrode  150  and second electrode  155  are powered by an RF generator. The electrodes are located on an opposite sides of exterior surface of chamber  120 . The RF frequency generated ranges from 0.2 to 220 MHz, corresponding to a plasma density between about n e ×10 8 −n e ×10 12  or 0.001 to 0.4 W/cm 3 . The electrodes may be used to generate capacitively coupled plasma, helicon, helicoil, inductively coupled plasma, or a combination of the aforementioned. The electrodes are used in conjunction with a plasma control unit and RF circuit matching network (discussed below). In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the electrodes are separate from the apparatus and do not form a part of the apparatus. 
         [0042]    Apparatus  100  further comprises a temperature control unit  160 . In  FIG. 1   a,  temperature control unit  160  is depicted as a block temperature display; one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that temperature control unit  160  comprises a temperature sensor  165 , a processor  170  that regulates temperature, and a temperature control element  175  (temperature control element  175 , which is shown in  FIGS. 2 a   - c,  is omitted from  FIG. 1 ). In one embodiment, the temperature control unit holds temperature within the chamber and on most surfaces between room temperature (20-26° C.) and 50° C. In another embodiment, the temperature control unit holds temperature within the chamber between room temperature and 45° C. In a different embodiment, the temperature control unit holds temperature within the chamber between 0° C. and room temperature. 
         [0043]    Temperature sensor  165  senses the temperature in chamber  120 . Suitable sensors include, without limitation, analog and digital sensors. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the temperature sensor senses the temperature of a component of the apparatus, such as a chamber wall, which is then used to estimate the temperature in the chamber. 
         [0044]    Processor  170  is programmed to control the temperature of the chamber. A desired chamber temperature is selected and then input into the processor  170 . Processor  170  obtains or receives the temperature from temperature sensor  165 , and then compares the temperature to the desired chamber temperature. If the desired chamber temperature is lower than the sensed temperature, then processor  170  sends a signal to temperature control element  175  to adjust the temperature utilizing the control devices in the system. If the desired chamber temperature is higher than the sensed temperature, then processor  170  sends a signal to temperature control element  175  to turn off (passive cooling). In an alternative embodiment, if the desired chamber temperature is higher than the sensed temperature, then processor  170  sends a signal to temperature control element  175  to remove energy from the system (active cooling). In another embodiment, the processor sends a signal to the temperature control element without receiving the sensed temperature. 
         [0045]    Apparatus  100  further includes a collector  180 . Collector  180  channels agricultural matter that has passed through chamber  120 . As shown, collector  180  is a cone-shaped funnel. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the collector is a pyramid-shaped funnel. In another embodiment, the collector is a rectangular receptacle. As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand, a variety of structures may be used for the collector. 
         [0046]    Apparatus  100  further includes a second load lock seal  185 . Collector  180  bridges load lock seal  185  and chamber  120 , although collector  180  need not bridge the second load lock seal  185  and chamber  120 . Similar to load lock seal  110 , second load lock seal  185  allows agricultural matter to exit chamber  120  without breaking vacuum conditions in chamber  120 . 
         [0047]    Apparatus  100  further comprises an actuator  190 . In one embodiment, actuator  190  ultrasonically vibrates at least one first insert  125 , a plurality of first inserts  125 , at least one second insert  135 , a plurality of second inserts  135 , or a combination of the inserts. In a second embodiment, actuator  190  moves apparatus  100  or any subpart, thus promoting the movement of agricultural material through apparatus  100 . As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand, in this embodiment, actuator  190  may be configured to, without limitation, rock, vibrate, or rotate apparatus  100 . Apparatus  100  and actuator  190  may also be configured so that certain components of apparatus  100  move while other components remain still or relatively still. In additional alternative embodiments, the chamber or components of the apparatus are vibrated mechanically. 
         [0048]    Apparatus  100  further comprises a hood  195 . Hood  195  prevents ambient matter from interacting with matter exiting chamber  120 . Hood  195  is an inverted cone. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the hood further comprises a bag attachment. In additional embodiments, the hood is a pyramid-shaped funnel or a rectangular chute. As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand, a variety of structures may be used for the hood. 
         [0049]      FIG. 1 b    is a perspective view of one embodiment of a first insert  125  with an aperture  130 . 
         [0050]      FIG. 1 c    is a perspective view of one embodiment of a second insert  130 . Second insert  130  features a slope to a central collection exit point that directs agricultural material movement to the next insert below. 
         [0051]      FIG. 1 d    is a perspective view of one embodiment of an apparatus  100  that features a coil C. The coil winds around the chamber and is used in applications utilizing inductive plasma generation techniques. Various elements depicted in  FIG. 1 a    are omitted for simplification. 
         [0052]      FIG. 2 a    is a perspective view of an embodiment of the temperature control element  175  for use in the apparatus  100  shown in  FIG. 1   a.  While inserts  125 ,  135  from apparatus  100  are shown, various elements depicted in  FIG. 1 a    are omitted for simplification. 
         [0053]    Temperature control element  175  features at least one supply line  205   a.  Supply line  205   a  runs vertically and contains a circulating bath fluid (the connection between the line at the top of the apparatus and the line on the side of the apparatus is not shown). Optionally, a second supply line  205   b  may be used to deliver a circulating bath medium. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), a supply line spirals with respect to the vertical direction. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that a suitable medium for the circulating bath includes, without limitation, liquid, steam, or gas. 
         [0054]    Temperature control element  175  further features a plurality of feeder paths  210 . The feeder paths  210  extend annularly from the supply lines  205  into the chamber. In one embodiment, the feeder paths extend linearly from a supply line until forming an annulus. In another embodiment, the feeder paths extend annularly. The elements of the temperature control element  175 , such as the supply line  205  or the feeder paths  210 , may be used to support the inserts. 
         [0055]    In a specific embodiment (not explicitly shown in  FIG. 2 a   ), at least one supply line  205  or one feeder path  210  of the temperature control element  175  connects into at least one first insert  125 . Alternatively, a plurality of feeder paths  210  connect into a plurality of first inserts  125 . The supply line  205  or feeder paths  210  may also connect into at least one second insert  135  or a plurality of second inserts  135 . 
         [0056]    In another embodiment (also not shown), the fluid in a temperature-controlled circulating bath can be run through or around, without limitation, a volume associated with the housing, the chamber, and the inserts. 
         [0057]      FIG. 2 b    is a front elevational view of an alternative embodiment of the temperature control element  175  shown in  FIG. 2 a   . In comparison to  FIG. 2 a   , the feeder path  210  shown in  FIG. 2 b    connects into at least one first insert  125 . Thus, in this embodiment, the fluid within the feeder path also circulates into at least one first insert  125 . 
         [0058]      FIG. 2 c    is an isometric view of an alternative embodiment of the temperature control element shown in  FIG. 2 a   . In comparison to  FIG. 2 a   , the feeder path  210  shown in  FIG. 2 c    runs down the center of the apparatus. 
         [0059]      FIG. 2 d    is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of select components utilized in a treatment apparatus  200 . Various elements from the apparatus  100  depicted in  FIG. 1 a    are omitted for simplification. 
         [0060]    In  FIG. 2 d   , apparatus  200  features a first connection  215  and a second connection  220  that extend from apparatus  200 . First connection  215  and second connection  220  are connected to an RF generator (not shown). First connection  215  also connects to first line  225 , which extends axially down an outer section of apparatus  200  (the connection between first connection  215  and first line  225  is not depicted). Second connection  220  also connects to second line  230 , which extends axially down an outer section of apparatus  200 . In the illustrated embodiment, connections  215 ,  220  and lines  225 ,  230  are made of conductive materials. Like first electrode  150  and second electrode  155 , the first line  225  and second line  230  may be used in connection with other components to generate plasma. 
         [0061]    In another embodiment, the first inserts  125  connect to the first line  225 , and the first inserts  125  are utilized for an internal RF connection, to generate plasma. When connected in this manner, the first inserts  125  are charged independently of the second inserts  135 . Optionally, the second line  230  may be connected to the second inserts  235  for plasma generation purposes. As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand, connections to ground have been omitted for simplicity. 
         [0062]      FIG. 2 e    is a front elevational view of an alternative embodiment of the select components utilized in a treatment apparatus  200  shown in  FIG. 2 d   . In comparison to  FIG. 2 d   , only the first line  225  is shown, and it is shown as connecting to a first insert  125  at connection  240 . 
         [0063]      FIG. 2 f    is an isometric view of an alternative embodiment of the select components utilized in a treatment apparatus  200  shown in  FIG. 2 d   . In comparison to  FIG. 2 d   , only the first line  225  is shown, and it is shown as running down the center of apparatus  200 . 
         [0064]      FIG. 3  is a perspective view of one embodiment of a modular treatment apparatus  300 . Modular treatment apparatus  300  comprises, inter alia, treatment modules  305 . Each treatment module  305  may include any of the components discussed above. As shown, modular treatment apparatus  300  features three treatment modules  305 . In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the modular treatment apparatus features two treatment modules. In another embodiment, the modular treatment apparatus features four treatment modules. In additional embodiments, the modular treatment apparatus features five or more treatment modules. In a different embodiment, the modular treatment apparatus features a single (replaceable) treatment module. As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand, the treatment modules in modular treatment apparatus need not be identical. 
         [0065]    Modular treatment apparatus  300  features a holding receptacle  310 . Agricultural matter is placed into holding receptacle  310 . Holding receptacle  310  is a simple receptacle with no sensors, agitators, or regulators. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the holding receptacle features a sensor that measures the amount of agricultural material in the receptacle. The sensor may be digital or analog. In another embodiment, the holding receptacle features an agitator that agitates agricultural material in the receptacle. Examples of agitators include, without limitation, stirrers, vibratory actuators, and pneumatic agitators. In yet another embodiment, the holding receptacle includes a regulator, such as a wheel, that regulates the amount of agricultural material that enters a treatment module. In further embodiments, the holding receptacle contains a combination of sensors, agitators, and regulators. 
         [0066]    Modular treatment apparatus  300  further comprises a first seal  315 . First seal  315  is resealable, airtight, and distal to treatment module  305 . First seal  315 , as shown, is disposed between holding receptacle  310  and treatment module  305 . In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the first seal is incorporated into at least one treatment module. In another embodiment, the first seal is incorporated into the holding receptacle. 
         [0067]    Module  305  further comprises an inlet  320  and a chamber  325 . Inlet  320 , as shown, is a cylindrical passageway disposed between holding receptacle  310  and chamber  325  of treatment module  305 . Inlet  320  is airtight and distal to treatment module  305 . Optionally, inlet  320  may be sealable. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the inlet is formed in a treatment module wall and does not extend from the treatment module. In another embodiment, the cross sectional area of the inlet opening is adjustable. As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand, the inlet may be made of a variety of materials, including without limitation, ceramic, glass, plastic, quartz, rubber, or zirconia. 
         [0068]    As shown, chamber  325  is an airtight cylinder, yet chamber  325  is not limited to a cylindrical form. Regardless of the shape of chamber  325 , chamber  325  is durable enough to withstand low pressure environments and the creation and containment of plasma. Suitable materials for chamber  325  include, without limitation, quartz, glass, plastic, ceramic, and metal. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the chamber further includes a cage. In another embodiment, the chamber further includes an opening that allows access to the chamber. 
         [0069]    Treatment module  305  features porous discs  330 . The perimeter of each porous disc  330  is coextensive with the interior of the chamber  325 , but the perimeter of porous disc  330  does not need to be coextensive with the interior of chamber  325 . Porous discs  330  are suspended within the interior of chamber  325 , and porous discs  330  may be secured by attachment to an internal, axial column (not shown). In an alternative embodiment, the porous discs rest on cantilevers. The cantilevers may extend into the chamber from an external wall or an internal, axial column. In yet another embodiment, the porous discs slide into a structure having compartments that is disposed within the treatment module or chamber. 
         [0070]    Each porous disc  330  is sloped so that gravity pulls agricultural matter through the chamber. Varying the slope of the porous disc between adjacent plates allows agricultural matter to be directed through different regions of the chamber (e.g., from an interior toward a perimeter, and vice versa). Likewise, varying the slope of the porous disc allows agricultural matter to pass through the chamber at different rates. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), each porous disc is flat and motion is applied to modular treatment apparatus  300  so that agricultural material passes through the pores of the porous discs. 
         [0071]    Each treatment module  305  contains a plurality of porous discs  330 . While  FIG. 3  shows each treatment module  305  having multiple porous discs, treatment module  305  does not require a specific number of porous discs, and different treatment modules within modular treatment apparatus  300  can have varying numbers of porous discs. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), at least one solid disc is disposed between two porous discs. In yet another embodiment, the plurality of discs is replaced with a plurality of spokes disposed throughout the chamber. 
         [0072]    Each treatment module  305  features at least one pair of electrodes  335 . Electrodes  335  are positioned on the exterior of treatment module  305 . In the embodiment shown, electrodes  335  are permanently attached to treatment module  305  and connected to the RF power source. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the electrodes are separate from the treatment module and do not form a part of the treatment module. In another embodiment, multiple electrode pairs are individually associated with two or more treatment modules within the modular treatment apparatus. 
         [0073]    As shown, each treatment module  305  also features a port  340 . Port  340  is positioned distal to treatment module  305 , although it could be positioned anywhere on treatment module  305 . In an alternative embodiment (not shown), each treatment module contains two ports—preferably disposed at opposite distal ends of the chamber. In another embodiment, only one treatment module in the modular treatment apparatus contains a port. In a different embodiment, only two treatment modules in the modular treatment apparatus contain ports. As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand, a port can be used to remove gas from the chamber or add gas to the chamber. 
         [0074]    Each treatment module  305  also features an egress  345 . In the illustrated embodiment, egress  345  is a funnel that is positioned distal to the chamber. Optionally, egress  345  may be sealable. In another embodiment (not shown), the egress is a cylindrical passageway disposed between the chamber and an exterior of treatment module. In an alternative embodiment, the egress is formed in a treatment module wall and does not extend from the treatment module wall. In another embodiment, the cross sectional area of a portion of the egress is adjustable. As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand, the egress may be made of a variety of materials, including without limitation, glass, plastic, rubber, or metal. 
         [0075]    Modular treatment apparatus  300  further comprises a second seal  350 . Second seal  350  is resalable, airtight, and distal to treatment module  305 . Second seal  350 , as shown, is disposed between an egress and an exterior of treatment module  305  or modular treatment apparatus  300 . In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the second seal is incorporated into at least one treatment module. In another embodiment, the second seal is incorporated into a base. 
         [0076]    Modular treatment apparatus  300  also features a base  355 . The base provides stability to modular treatment apparatus  300 . Agricultural material may exit modular treatment apparatus  300  through the bottom of base  355  or via a side chute (not shown). As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand, a variety of structures may be used for the base, and the base may also be used to house or store various components or materials used in connection with modular treatment apparatus  300 . 
         [0077]    When multiple treatment modules  305  are used in modular treatment apparatus  300 , as shown in  FIG. 3 , inlet  320  connects to egress  345  to form an airtight pathway between adjacent chambers  325 . Inlet  320  and egress  345  feature smooth surfaces (which may be lubricated, for example, with vacuum grease). In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the inlet and egress screw together. In another embodiment, a bridge passage, such as a tube, is used to join adjacent chambers. The bridge may be rigid or flexible, and it may be sealable. 
         [0078]      FIGS. 4 a - h    are top views of discs and plates  405 , which are two types of encumbrance structures. 
         [0079]    As shown in  FIG. 4 a   , the apertures  410  in disc  405  are uniform, circular holes. The apertures  410  are disposed along an interior perimeter of disc  405 , and the dimensions of apertures  410  may be selected so that multiple seeds of a given plant species can simultaneously pass through an aperture  410 . Alternatively, the dimensions of the apertures may be selected so that only one seed of a given plant species can pass through an aperture at a given time. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the apertures are randomly disposed throughout the disc. 
         [0080]    As shown in  FIG. 4 b   , the apertures  410  in disc  405  may vary in size. The large pores allow multiple seeds within a single seed species to pass through the disc, while the small holes allow a single seed within a single seed species to pass through the disc. When the variation in seed size is large between plant species, the disc shown in  FIG. 4 b    can be used to accommodate treating multiple plant species without having to change discs  405 , because larger seeds will pass over the smaller apertures without passing through a plate. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), all of the apertures are the same size. 
         [0081]    As shown in  FIG. 4 c   , the apertures  410  in disc  405  are slits. In alternative embodiments (not shown), the slits may be triangular, rectangular, trapezoidal, or any other similar elongated shape. In an alternative embodiment, two thin discs with slits are stacked on top of each other. At least one disc is rotatable in relation to the other disc, such that the size of apertures may be adjusted. This arrangement allows a user to adjust the apertures without substantial modifications or replacement of various components. 
         [0082]    As shown in  FIG. 4 d   , the apertures  410  in disc  405  are disposed along an interior ring  415 . The interior ring  415  may form part of internal, axial column. Disposing the apertures along an interior ring allows the agricultural material, such as seeds, to move from an outer edge of a disc to an interior edge of the disc. Further, interspersing discs having apertures disposed along an interior ring with discs having apertures disposed along an outer perimeter allows the agricultural material to move across the discs, thus facilitating movement of material. 
         [0083]    As shown in  FIG. 4 e   , the apertures  410  in disc  405 , along with disc  405 , may be ovals. Interior ring  415  may also be an oval. 
         [0084]    As shown in  FIG. 4 f   , disc  405  may be a square. Disc  405  may also be solid, as shown. When disc  405  is solid, seeds may pass through the disc via a passage along an interior edge ring (not shown) or along an exterior edge ring (also not shown). 
         [0085]    As shown in  FIG. 4 g   , disc  405  is triangular and contains hexagonal apertures  410 . The edges of angular discs, such as the example shown in  FIG. 4 g   , may also be rounded. 
         [0086]    As shown in  FIG. 4 h   , disc  405  is rectangular and has an interior square  420 . Similar to the interior edge ring discussed above, an internal, axial column may be disposed within interior square  420 . Alternatively, the area of interior square  415  may be left void. 
         [0087]      FIGS. 5 a -5 d    are block diagrams depicting various RF power source systems used to create and maintain capacitively coupled or inductively coupled plasma environments. The RF frequencies generated by RF power sources of  FIGS. 5 a -5 d    may range from about 0.2-220 MHz. In one embodiment, a plasma ionization device generates plasma at a frequency range between 11-16 MHz. In another embodiment, the plasma ionization device generates plasma at a frequency range between 0.2-2.0 MHz. 
         [0088]    In yet another embodiment, the plasma ionization device generates plasma at a frequency range between 25-30 MHz. In a different embodiment, the plasma ionization device generates plasma at a frequency range between 38-50 MHz. Additional frequencies may be utilized with shielding equipment. 
         [0089]    In  FIG. 5 a   , RF power source system  500   a  features a controller  505  that controls RF generator  510  and matching network  515 . RF generator  510  provides the voltage source to strike gas into plasma. Matching network  515  provides impedance matched to the impedance of the RF generator. As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand, matching the impedance of the network to the impedance of the RF generator optimizes power transfer. 
         [0090]    RF power source system  500   a  strikes the gas within reactor  520  into plasma. Plasma within reactor  520 , in turn, is monitored by the controller  505 . Similarly, the impedance of matching network  515  is also monitored by controller  505 . 
         [0091]    In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 5 b   , RF power source system  500   b  creates plasma within a first reactor  520   a,  a second reactor  520   b,  and a third reactor  520   c.  The first, second, and third reactors  520   a - c  can be operated in series or in parallel. 
         [0092]    In the depicted configuration, RF generator  510  and matching network  515  provide a power source that power splitter  525  splits between first reactor  520   a,  second reactor  520   b,  and third reactor  520   c.  Controller  505  monitors the RF generator, the matching network  515 , and the reactors  520   a - c  to ensure optimal plasma conditions at each reactor. 
         [0093]      FIG. 5 c    depicts an RF power source system  500   c  with additional matching networks that allow for further control functions. In the illustrated embodiment, three matching networks are shown—first matching network  515   a,  second matching network  515   b,  and third matching network  515   c.  In this embodiment, power splitter  525  is disposed between RF generator  510  and the matching networks  515   a - c.  Each matching network  515   a - c  pairs with a reactor  520   a   c . Matching networks  515   a - c  and reactors  520   a - c  may be connected in series or in parallel with the controller  505 . 
         [0094]      FIG. 5 d    depicts an RF power source system  500   d  featuring a controller  505  and a power oscillator  530 . When power oscillator  530  is utilized, reactor  520  forms a part of the resonant circuit. In this embodiment, controller  505  mitigates efficiency and frequency control issues. 
         [0095]      FIGS. 6 a -6 b    are flowcharts describing a generalized processes for treating agricultural matter. 
         [0096]    In  FIG. 6 a   , method  600   a  starts with setting and regulating  610  the temperature in the treatment compartment. In setting and regulating step  610 , a temperature control unit is activated. Setpoint regulation, or feedback control, is used to ensure that the temperature remains within a desired range. 
         [0097]    Method  600   a  continues with loading  620  agricultural matter into a treatment compartment. In loading step  620 , matter may be loaded from a source external to the treatment compartment or from a source connected to the treatment compartment. 
         [0098]    Method  600   a  then continues with evacuating  630  gas from the treatment compartment. In evacuating step  630 , a vacuum is used to remove existing gas from the treatment compartment. 
         [0099]    Method  600   a  then continues with providing  640  a specific gas to the treatment compartment. Exemplary gases and the pressures at which they are provided are discussed above. 
         [0100]    After providing step  640  occurs, method  600   a  continues with creating  650  a plasma environment. In creating step  650 , the plasma environment is created using the RF power source systems and electrodes. 
         [0101]    Once a plasma environment is created in creating step  650 , the matter within the plasma environment is agitated  660 . In agitating step  660 , the matter may be stirred within the treatment compartment. Alternatively, the matter may be agitated by, without limitation, rocking, vibrating, rotating, or tilting the treatment chamber. 
         [0102]    In agitating step  660 , the matter within the treatment compartment is treated with plasma. In one embodiment, the surface of the matter is activated such that the contact angle of the matter is increased. In another embodiment, the surface of the matter is activated such that the contact angle of the matter is decreased. 
         [0103]    Method  600   a  then continues, and concludes with, unloading  670  the matter from the treatment compartment. In unloading step  670 , material may be, without limitation, directed into packaging or storage, set aside for testing, or directed into another treatment compartment. 
         [0104]      FIG. 6 b    shows an alternative embodiment of method  600   a.  In method  600   b,  loading step  620 , evacuating step  630 , and providing step  640  are performed prior to creating step  650 . Loading step  620 , evacuating step  630 , and providing step  640  may be performed in any order prior to creating step  650 , and they may also be performed concurrently. Agitating step  660  and unloading step  670  are then performed subsequent to creating step  650 . In method  600   b,  setting and regulating step  610  (shown in dashed lines) is optional. Setting and regulating step  610  may be performed at any time in connection with method  600   b.    
         [0105]      FIG. 7 a    and  FIG. 7 b    are flowcharts describing processes for treating agricultural matter using a cascade treatment apparatus. 
         [0106]    In  FIG. 7 a   , method  700   a  starts with providing  705  seeds to a cascade treatment apparatus. In providing step  705 , seeds may be provided (continuously or semi-continuously) to a storage receptacle or directly to a treatment chamber. 
         [0107]    Method  700   a  continues with monitoring and regulating  710  the temperature in the cascade apparatus. In one embodiment, the temperature in the treatment chamber may be monitored and regulated. In another embodiment, a temperature sensor senses the temperature of a component of the apparatus, such as a treatment chamber wall, which is then used to estimate and regulate the temperature in the treatment chamber. 
         [0108]    Method  700   a  then continues with evacuating step  715 , introducing step  720 , and ionizing step  725 . Evacuating step  715 , introducing step  720 , and ionizing step  725  are substantially similar to evacuating step  630 , providing step  640 , and creating step  650 . After ionizing step  725 , method  700   a  continues with monitoring and regulating  730  the ionizing energy used in ionizing step  725 . 
         [0109]    Once a plasma environment is created, seeds are introduced  735  into a treatment chamber. In one embodiment of introducing step  735 , seeds are introduced in batches. In an alternative embodiment, seeds are introduced continually. 
         [0110]    As seeds are introduced in introducing step  735 , the flow of seeds within the chamber is hindered  740  with the use of encumbrance structures such as inserts or porous discs. Optionally, gas may be injected  745  through an encumbrance structure to generate a force that momentarily opposes gravity. This force further hinders the flow of seeds within the chamber. Likewise, an optional agitation step  750  may also be practiced as the seeds are introduced or hindered. Agitation step  750  is substantially similar to agitating step  660 . 
         [0111]    Method  700   a  then continues, and concludes with, removing  755  seeds from the cascade treatment apparatus. In removing step  755 , material may be, without limitation, directed into packaging or storage, set aside for testing, or directed into another treatment compartment. The material may be removed, directed, or set aside continuously or semi-continuously. 
         [0112]      FIG. 7 b    shows an alternative embodiment, method  700   b,  of method  700   a.  Like method  600   b,  method  700   b  shows that various steps in method  700   a  may be performed concurrently or in more than one order. 
         [0113]    To the extent that the term “includes” or “including” is used in the specification or the claims, it is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as that term is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “or” is employed (e.g., A or B) it is intended to mean “A or B or both.” When the applicants intend to indicate “only A or B but not both” then the term “only A or B but not both” will be employed. Thus, use of the term “or” herein is the inclusive, and not the exclusive use. See, Bryan A. Garner, A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage 624 (2d. Ed. 1995). Also, to the extent that the terms “in” or “into” are used in the specification or the claims, it is intended to additionally mean “on” or “onto.” Furthermore, to the extent the term “connect” is used in the specification or claims, it is intended to mean not only “directly connected to,” but also “indirectly connected to” such as connected through another component or components. 
         [0114]    While the present disclosure has been illustrated by the description of embodiments thereof, and while the embodiments have been described in considerable detail, it is not the intention of the applicants to restrict or in any way limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail. Additional advantages and modifications will readily appear to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the disclosure, in its broader aspects, is not limited to the specific details, the representative apparatus and method, and illustrative examples shown and described. Accordingly, departures may be made from such details without departing from the spirit or scope of the applicant&#39;s general inventive concept.