Abstract:
A capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) is provided that includes a substrate, a bottom conductive layer disposed on a bottom surface of the substrate, a cavity disposed into a top surface of the substrate, a nonconductive layer disposed on the substrate top surface and on the cavity, a CMUT plate disposed on the nonconductive layer and across the cavity, a top conductive layer disposed on a top surface of the CMUT plate, a pressure control via that spans from the cavity to an ambient environment, and an active pressure controller connected to the pressure control via, wherein the active pressure controller is capable of actively varying a pressure differential across the CMUT plate.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/768,050 filed Feb. 22, 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates generally to Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasound Transducers (CMUTs). More particularly, the invention relates to CMUTs with pressurized cavities for operating in environments with extreme pressure variations. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasound Transducers (CMUTs) are increasingly being considered as a better alternative to traditional piezoelectric ultrasound transducers. In airborne applications, CMUTs offer the advantage of better impedance matching to the medium than piezoelectric transducers. One such application for CMUTs is in transit-time ultrasound flowmeters used for flare gas metering. Flare gas metering presents unique challenges due to the large variation in the flow velocities, gas pressures and gas composition. Ultrasound flowmeters are ideal for use in this application. However conventional CMUTs with vacuum backed plates cannot be used under widely varying ambient pressures. The pressure differential across the plate changes the static deflection of the plate, and as a result, the electric field through the gap. In a varying ambient pressure, the transmit and receive sensitivities and the operating frequency would vary considerably. Beyond a certain pressure, the CMUT plates would collapse onto the substrate and would drastically change their operating frequency. 
         [0004]    In one attempt to address this problem, one group proposed operating CMUTs in a permanent contact mode even under 1 atm pressure. This would enable a more stable operating point over a wider operating pressure range. However, even such a CMUT would still be limited by the mechanical strength of the structure. Beyond a certain pressure, such a CMUT would fail mechanically. 
         [0005]    What is needed is a CMUT that is capable of operating in environments ranging from relatively low pressure to several atmospheres of pressure. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    To address the needs in the art, a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) is provided that includes a substrate, a bottom conductive layer disposed on a bottom surface of the substrate, a cavity disposed into a top surface of the substrate, a nonconductive layer disposed on the substrate top surface and on the cavity, a CMUT plate disposed on the nonconductive layer and across the cavity, a top conductive layer disposed on a top surface of the CMUT plate, a pressure control via that spans from the cavity to an ambient environment, and an active pressure controller connected to the pressure control via, wherein the active pressure controller is capable of actively varying a pressure differential across the CMUT plate. 
         [0007]    In one aspect of the invention, the CMUT plate is capable of operating at multiple resonance modes, where the resonance modes are a result of the interaction between the resonant mode of the plate and the acoustic resonance in the medium of the cavity and vias. 
         [0008]    In a further aspect of the invention, the pressure control via spans from the cavity through the bottom conductive layer, or from the cavity through the CMUT plate. 
         [0009]    According to another aspect of the invention, the active pressure controller is capable of controlling the signal gain of the CMUT, the signal bandwidth of the CMUT, or the signal gain and the signal bandwidth of the CMUT. 
         [0010]    In another aspect of the invention, the signal gain and signal bandwidth of the CMUT are determined by parameters that include the size of the CMUT, the shape of the CMUT, the location of the pressure control vias and the number of the pressure control vias. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]      FIGS. 1   a - 1   h  show a fabrication process flow for CMUTs with vented cavities, according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0012]      FIGS. 2   a - 2   d  show different arrangements of vias to vent CMUT cavity, according to embodiments of the invention. 
           [0013]      FIGS. 3   a - 3   b  show individual vented CMUT dies mounted on chip carriers with drilled recesses, according to one embodiment of the current invention. 
           [0014]      FIG. 4  shows a graph of two resonance modes by the CMUT, where the effect of via arrangement on CMUT&#39;s frequency response spectrum (Plate radius=750 μm, plate thickness=10 μm, gap height=11.2 μm, via radius=20 μm, via length=500 μm), according to one embodiment of the current invention. 
           [0015]      FIG. 5  shows as the plate radius is increased, the acoustic (Helmholtz) resonance dominated mode becomes stronger than the plate dominated mode, where the effect of plate radius on CMUT&#39;s frequency response spectrum (Plate thickness=10 μm, gap height=11.2 μm, via radius=20 μm, via length=500 μm, vias in type-2 arrangement), according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0016]      FIG. 6  shows the effect of plate radius on the acoustic (Helmholtz) resonance dominated mode frequency (Plate thickness=10 μm, gap height=11.2 μm, via radius=20 μm, via length=500 μm), according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0017]      FIGS. 7   a - 7   b  show graphs of a pitch-catch signal (Plate radius=750 μm, plate thickness=20 μm, gap height=5.6 μm, via radius=20 μm, via length=500 μm, pressure=15 bar, DC bias=300 V), according to embodiments of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0018]    The current invention includes venting the cavities of CMUTs for environments with extreme pressure variations. In one embodiment, the CMUT has zero differential pressure across the plate at any ambient pressure, thus ensuring a stable operating point and preventing mechanical failure. The venting vias are etched through the substrate or throughout the CMUT plate (see  FIG. 2   d ). In one exemplary embodiment, two resonances are observed from the vented CMUTs—the mechanical resonance of the plate and an acoustic Helmholtz resonance associated with the cavity and the venting vias. Examples are provided of a variety of fabricated CMUTs having varied plate radii, thicknesses, gap heights and via arrangements to study these two resonances. In one example, a pair of CMUTs were characterized in a pitch-catch setup under varying ambient pressure. Here, the CMUTs were successfully able to transmit and receive ultrasound under an ambient pressure of up to 20 bar. As the pressure increases, the plate resonance dominated mode becomes weaker while the Helmholtz resonance dominated mode becomes stronger. The 
         [0019]    Helmholtz resonance dominated mode maintains its frequency and bandwidth under varying ambient pressure. 
         [0020]    A CMUT cavity vented to the ambient environment ensures a zero differential pressure across the plate, and provides a stable operating point for the CMUT under varying ambient pressure. Also, with no pressure across the plate, such a CMUT is able to operate under any pressure condition with no risk of mechanical damage or failure. 
         [0021]    According to embodiments of the current invention, the CMUT cavity is vented by etching via holes through the CMUT plate or through the substrate. According to one embodiment, the fabrication process for the CMUT  100  starts with a low resistivity silicon wafer  102  (see  FIG. 1   a ). The wafer  102  is patterned and cavities  104  are etched in the silicon  102  using wet TMAH (Tetra methyl Ammonium Hydroxide) (see  FIG. 1   b ). The wet TMAH etch has good uniformity across the wafer and the etch depth can be controlled quite accurately after the etch rate is characterized for the setup. A thermal oxide layer  106  is applied to the top surface and bottom surface of the etched silicon wafer  102  (see  FIG. 1   c ). The wafer is patterned on the backside and through-wafer vias  108  are etched from the back using deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) (see  FIG. 1   d ). The oxide used as the masking layer is then stripped and 1.5-μm thick thermal oxide is grown again as an insulation layer  110  as well as for oxide posts for bonding (see  FIG. 1   e ). A plate SOI wafer  112  is then bonded on top using direct fusion bonding (see  FIG. 1   f ) and annealed in nitrogen at 1050° C. for 4 hours. The handle layer  114  and the buried oxide layer  110  of the plate SOI wafer are then etched away to release the CMUT plates  114  (see  FIG. 1   g ). A 500-nm thick layer of aluminum  116  is evaporated on the front and back of the wafer to provide better electrical contact. The aluminum and plate silicon is then patterned to define each transducer unit (element), where the vias are also connected to a pressure controller  118  (see  FIG. 1   h ). 
         [0022]    The signal gain and signal bandwidth of the CMUT are determined by parameters that include the size of the CMUT, the shape of the CMUT, the location of the pressure control vias and the number of the pressure control vias. 
         [0023]    In some exemplary embodiments, a variety of CMUTs were fabricated using this process by varying the plate thickness, plate radius and gap height. The dimensions of the vias were kept the same for ease of fabrication however the number of vias and the arrangement of these vias were varied as shown in  FIGS. 2   a - 2   d.    
         [0024]    The fabricated CMUTs  100  were singulated by dicing, mounted on chip carriers and wirebonded (see  FIGS. 3   a - 3   b ). Small recesses were drilled in the chip carriers so as to connect the via holes to ambient air. The CMUTs with vented cavities inherently have two resonances. The first resonance is dominated by the CMUT plate with its associated mass and stiffness, loaded by the air medium on top and backed by a squeeze film of the gas/fluid in the cavity. The second resonance is made up of the gas/fluid inside the via and CMUT cavity which form an acoustic Helmholtz resonator-like structure. The effective response of the CMUT is a result of the interaction between these two resonances. 
         [0025]    In an exemplary embodiment, the CMUTs were initially characterized under 1 atm pressure. The CMUTs were biased with a DC voltage and excited with an AC voltage while sweeping the frequency. The displacement amplitude was measured under a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV; OFV-511, Polytec GmbH, Waldbronn, Germany). As expected, the CMUTs exhibit two resonant modes (see  FIG. 4 ). The plate dominated resonant mode is unaffected by the number of venting vias or their arrangement. However the Helmholtz resonance dominated mode is strongly dependent on the number of vias and becomes stronger as more vias are used. The frequency of the Helmholtz mode is independent of the number of vias or their arrangement. 
         [0026]    Keeping all other parameters the same, as the plate radius is increased, the Helmholtz dominated mode becomes stronger than the plate dominated mode (see  FIG. 5 ). Despite the decrease in the plate stiffness the frequency of the plate dominated mode increases slightly. This could be due to increased stiffness from the squeeze film. 
         [0027]    The frequency of the Helmholtz dominated mode decreases as the plate radius is increased. This trend conforms to the theoretical frequency [6] for a pure Helmholtz resonator of similar dimensions (see  FIG. 6 ). 
         [0028]    In another exemplary embodiment, a pair of identical devices was arranged in a pitch-catch setup in a pressure chamber at a distance of 7 cm from each other. Since these CMUTs have a relatively large bandwidth, the short circuit resonance frequency of the transmitting CMUT and the open circuit resonance frequency of the receiving CMUT need not be matched perfectly by adjusting the bias voltage. 
         [0029]    Ideally both the CMUTs can be biased closer to their collapse voltage to optimize the transmitting and receiving sensitivity. For this example, both the transmitting and receiving CMUT were biased at 300 V (˜65% of collapse). The bias voltage was limited to protect the devices against any dielectric breakdown. The wider bandwidth of these CMUTs allows for a shorter transmit burst signal. In this case, the transmitting CMUT was excited by a 3 cycle AC burst and the signal from the receiving CMUT was recorded (see  FIGS. 7   a - 7   b ). The frequency of the transmit burst signal was varied to get the frequency spectrum of the pitch-catch measurement. 
         [0030]    The pressure in the chamber was varied from 1.01 bar (1 atm) up to 20 bar and the frequency spectrum of the pitch-catch signal was studied. At lower pressure the devices show a stronger signal at the plate dominated mode (at ˜130 kHz for this design). However as the pressure is increased, the plate dominated mode loses strength. Also its frequency and bandwidth decrease. On the contrary the Helmholtz resonance dominated mode (at ˜35 kHz for this design) becomes stronger with increasing pressure. Also, it maintains its frequency and bandwidth over the varying pressure. 
         [0031]    Exemplary fabricated CMUTs are presented with cavities vented to the ambient atmosphere. Such CMUTs exhibit two peaks in their harmonic response, owing to the resonance of the plate and the acoustic Helmholtz resonance of the gas/fluid in the cavity and the venting via holes. The strength of the Helmholtz resonance peak strongly depends on the number of vias venting the CMUT cavity. The relative strength of the two modes also depends on the ambient pressure. With an increase in ambient pressure, the Helmholtz resonance mode becomes stronger while the plate resonance dominated mode weakens. Although its strength varies with the ambient pressure, the Helmholtz resonance mode maintains its frequency and bandwidth under varying pressure. This makes it quite attractive for use in transit-time flowmeters under varying pressure. 
         [0032]    The present invention has now been described in accordance with several exemplary embodiments, which are intended to be illustrative in all aspects, rather than restrictive. Thus, the present invention is capable of many variations in detailed implementation, which may be derived from the description contained herein by a person of ordinary skill in the art. All such variations are considered to be within the scope and spirit of the present invention as defined by the following claims and their legal equivalents.