Abstract:
In accordance with embodiments, there are provided mechanisms and methods for creating an application within a system. These mechanisms and methods for creating an application within a system can enable improved application diversity and productivity, enhanced customer experience, increased user flexibility, etc.

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/739,104, entitled “STANDALONE APPS,” by Toens et al., filed Dec. 19, 2012 (Attorney Docket No, 1084PROV), the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     COPYRIGHT NOTICE 
       [0002]    A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    One or more implementations relate generally to application development, and more particularly to creating an application within a system. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0004]    The subject matter discussed in the background section should not be assumed to be prior art merely as a result of its mention in the background section. Similarly, a problem mentioned in the background section or associated with the subject matter of the background section should not be assumed to have been previously recognized in the prior art. The subject matter in the background section merely represents different approaches, which in and of themselves may also be inventions. 
         [0005]    Many current systems utilize applications within the system to perform one or more actions. Unfortunately, techniques for creating such applications have been associated with various limitations. Just by way of example, many current application development techniques may allow access to secure system data and may therefore be restricted only to providers of system resources. Accordingly, it is desirable to provide techniques for conditionally performing garbage collection. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0006]    In accordance with embodiments, there are provided mechanisms and methods for creating an application within a system. These mechanisms and methods for creating an application within a system can enable improved application diversity and productivity, enhanced customer experience, increased user flexibility, etc. 
         [0007]    In an embodiment and by way of example, a method for creating an application within a system is provided. In one embodiment, a request to create an application is received at a system. Additionally, the application is created within the system, based on the request. Further, access to the created application is regulated within the system. 
         [0008]    While one or more implementations and techniques are described with reference to an embodiment in which creating an application within a system is implemented in a system having an application server providing a front end for an on-demand database system capable of supporting multiple tenants, the one or more implementations and techniques are not limited to multi-tenant databases nor deployment on application servers. Embodiments may be practiced using other database architectures, i.e., ORACLE®, DB2® by IBM and the like without departing from the scope of the embodiments claimed. 
         [0009]    Any of the above embodiments may be used alone or together with one another in any combination. The one or more implementations encompassed within this specification may also include embodiments that are only partially mentioned or alluded to or are not mentioned or alluded to at all in this brief summary or in the abstract. Although various embodiments may have been motivated by various deficiencies with the prior art, which may be discussed or alluded to in one or more places in the specification, the embodiments do not necessarily address any of these deficiencies. In other words, different embodiments may address different deficiencies that may be discussed in the specification. Some embodiments may only partially address some deficiencies or just one deficiency that may be discussed in the specification, and some embodiments may not address any of these deficiencies. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]    In the following drawings like reference numbers are used to refer to like elements. Although the following figures depict various examples, the one or more implementations are not limited to the examples depicted in the figures. 
           [0011]      FIG. 1  illustrates a method for creating an application within a system, in accordance with one embodiment; 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary system organization, in accordance with another embodiment; 
           [0013]      FIG. 3  illustrates a block diagram of an example of an environment wherein an on-demand database system might be used; and 
           [0014]      FIG. 4  illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of elements of  FIG. 5  and various possible interconnections between these elements. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     General Overview 
       [0015]    Systems and methods are provided for creating an application within a system. 
         [0016]    As used herein, the term multi-tenant database system refers to those systems in which various elements of hardware and software of the database system may be shared by one or more customers. For example, a given application server may simultaneously process requests for a great number of customers, and a given database table may store rows for a potentially much greater number of customers. 
         [0017]    Next, mechanisms and methods for creating an application within a system will be described with reference to example embodiments. 
         [0018]      FIG. 1  illustrates a method  100  for creating an application within a system, in accordance with one embodiment. As shown in operation  102 , a request to create an application is received at a system. In one embodiment, the system may include a multi-tenant system. For example, the system may include a multi-tenant on-demand database system. In another embodiment, the request may be received from an entity of the system. For example, the request may be received from a user associated with an organization registered within the system, where the organization is associated with a tenant of the system. 
         [0019]    Additionally, in one embodiment, the request may include data associated with the application. For example, the request may include code used for creating the application. In another example, the request may include metadata describing one or more aspects associated with the application. In another embodiment, the request may be created utilizing an interface of the system. For example, the request may be created by an entity utilizing a graphical user interface (GUI) provided by the system. 
         [0020]    Further, it should be noted that, as described above, such multi-tenant on-demand database system may include any service that relies on a database system that is accessible over a network, in which various elements of hardware and software of the database system may be shared by one or more customers (e.g. tenants). For instance, a given application server may simultaneously process requests for a great number of customers, and a given database table may store rows for a potentially much greater number of customers. Various examples of such a multi-tenant on-demand database system will be set forth in the context of different embodiments that will be described during reference to subsequent figures. 
         [0021]    Further still, as shown in operation  104 , the application is created within the system, based on the request. In one embodiment, the application may include a standalone application. For example, the application may be isolated from one or more other elements of the system. For instance, the application may be created within (and associated with) an organization of the system and may be isolated from all other applications and/or organizations within the system, such that the data accessed by the application may not be accessed by any other applications and/or organizations within the system (or such access by other applications may be regulated). In another embodiment, the application may be associated with an identifier. For example, the application may include a manifest that includes one or more details of the application, including an identifier of the application. 
         [0022]    Also, in one embodiment, the isolation of the application may be enabled by providing a namespace for the application. For example, the application may include a module that dictates a namespace for the application, where such namespace is provided and stored within the module. In another embodiment, the module may include a container containing metadata, where such metadata is named, organized, and called utilizing the namespace for the application. For example, the metadata may include configuration information that dictates how the application may be used. In another example, the metadata may include one or more schemas or programmatic elements (e.g., pages, classes, etc.) associated with the application. 
         [0023]    In addition, in one embodiment, the namespace may include an identifier associated with the module that limits a scope of calls made using the namespace to only the module associated with the namespace. For example, the namespace may allow objects and/or components associated with the namespace to only be called by an application that includes a module containing that namespace. In this way, the naming constraints provided utilizing the namespace may provide uniqueness and may avoid conflicts between multiple applications. Additionally, an application may have an object that shares a name with a different object of a different application, and such object may be distinguished from the different object through the use of the namespace of the application. 
         [0024]    Furthermore, as shown in operation  106 , access to the created application is regulated within the system. In one embodiment, access may be regulated to the created application utilizing one or more permission sets. For example, the application may include a permission set containing one or more rules for regulating access associated with the created application. In another embodiment, providing access to the created application may include providing access to one or more components within the application. For example, the one or more permission sets may provide one or more levels of access, where the access is associated with one or more components within the module of the application. 
         [0025]    Further still, in one embodiment, the access to the one or more components of the application may be provided to one or more other components contained within one or more other applications (e.g., applications within the same organization, applications within other organizations, applications having a different namespace, etc.). In another embodiment, the access may include a plurality of access levels. For example, the access may include a global access level, a public access level, a private access level, a standalone access level, etc. 
         [0026]    In this way, access to the created application, as well as resource sharing associated with the application, may be regulated within the system. Additionally, access and permissions may be easily managed by a tenant of the system. 
         [0027]      FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary system organization  200 , in accordance with another embodiment. As an option, the system organization  200  may be carried out in the context of the functionality of  FIG. 1 . Of course, however, the system organization  200  may be carried out in any desired environment. The aforementioned definitions may apply during the present description. 
         [0028]    As shown, the exemplary system organization  200  includes an application  202 . In one embodiment, the system organization  200  may be associated with a single tenant of the system. For example, the system organization  200  may be created and registered by a single tenant of the system. In another embodiment, the application  202  may be developed by the tenant associated with the system. For example, the single tenant associated with the organization  200  may create the application  202  by providing code, metadata, and other components of the application  202  to the system. In yet another embodiment, the application  202  may be developed utilizing an interface (e.g., a GUI, etc.) provided by the system (e.g., when the tenant is logged into the organization of the system, etc.). 
         [0029]    Additionally, in one embodiment, the application  202  may include an administrative unit. In another embodiment, the application  202  may have an entry point (e.g., a point of entry into the application  202  that may be selected from an application picker, etc.). 
         [0030]    Further, the application  202  includes a manifest  204 . In one embodiment, the manifest  204  may include one or more header details associated with the application  202 . Further, the application includes a module  206 . In one embodiment, the module  206  may include a single standalone module. For example, the module  206  may be both private (e.g., it cannot be referenced from components in other namespaces, etc.) and self-contained (e.g., it cannot reference any component outside of its own namespace, etc.). 
         [0031]    In another embodiment, the module  206  may include metadata and other objects associated with the application  202 . In yet another embodiment, the module  206  may dictate a namespace associated with the application  202 . For example, the module may contain metadata having a unique namespace associated with the application  202 . In this way, the module  206  may allow a developer of the application  202  to ensure uniqueness and ownership of all components of the application  202  within the organization  200  of the system. 
         [0032]    In another example, the module  206  may include a metadata container with a namespace. This may provide internal only references to metadata and may prevent an access of global resources outside of the namespace of the module  206 . Table 1 illustrates an exemplary overview of namespace usage. Of course, it should be noted that the usage shown in Table 1 is set forth for illustrative purposes only, and thus should not be construed as limiting in any manner. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Component name: “developerName ( —— c)” 
               
               
                   
                 Global namespace: “globalNs” 
               
               
                   
                 Module namespace: “moduleNs” 
               
               
                   
                 Call within module namespace: 
               
               
                   
                 “globalNs —— moduleNs —— developerName ( —— c)” 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0033]    In this way, the utilization of the namespace within the module  206  may provide a generic container for metadata and coding. In another embodiment, each component of the module  206  may only belong to one module. In yet another embodiment, the module  206  may have one or more dependencies. In one embodiment, the containment of metadata including code within the module  206  may be one or more of a design and run-time constraint. For example, at design time, any reference to external resources (e.g., resources outside of the application  202  within the system, etc.) may be blocked. In another example, at run time, use of dynamic tools such as dynamic queries or code may be blocked from discovering metadata that is out of context from the application  202  (e.g., metadata that uses a namespace different from the namespace dictated by the module  206  of the application  202 , etc.). 
         [0034]    Additionally, in one embodiment, components in the module  206  may not reference components of other modules (e.g., modules of other applications, etc.). In another embodiment, components of other modules may not reference components of the module  206 . 
         [0035]    Further, the application  202  includes a permission set  208 . In one embodiment, the permission set  208  may include one or more access controls associated with the application  202  (e.g., granular access controls for the application  202 , etc.). In another embodiment, the permission set  208  may include a module access level. For example, the module access level may dictate how components within the module  206  may be used by components in other namespaces (e.g., components associated with other applications, etc.). 
         [0036]    Further still, in one embodiment, the permission set may provide one or more access levels. Table 2 illustrates exemplary access levels. Of course, it should be noted that the access levels shown in Table 2 are set forth for illustrative purposes only, and thus should not be construed as limiting in any manner. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 global: 
                 the module&#39;s components can be referenced from 
               
               
                   
                 any other namespace. 
               
               
                 public: 
                 the module&#39;s components can only be referenced from 
               
               
                   
                 within the module&#39;s global namespace. 
               
               
                 private: 
                 the module&#39;s components can only be referenced from 
               
               
                   
                 within the module&#39;s own namespace. 
               
               
                 standalone: 
                 private + the module&#39;s components perceive all other 
               
               
                   
                 namespaces as private (no outbound references). 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0037]    Table 3 illustrates exemplary access level results. Of course, it should be noted that the access level results shown in Table 3 are set forth for illustrative purposes only, and thus should not be construed as limiting in any manner. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Components 
                 Components 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Components 
                 outside the 
                 inside a 
                 Components 
               
               
                   
                 inside the 
                 module (in the 
                 private 
                 inside the 
               
               
                   
                 module may 
                 global name- 
                 module may 
                 module may 
               
               
                   
                 reference 
                 space) may 
                 reference 
                 reference 
               
               
                   
                 components 
                 reference com- 
                 components 
                 components 
               
               
                   
                 outside the 
                 ponents inside 
                 inside the 
                 in a private 
               
               
                   
                 module 
                 the module 
                 module 
                 module 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Global 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 Public 
                 Yes 
                 Yes 
                 No 
                 No 
               
               
                 Private 
                 Yes 
                 No 
                 No 
                 No 
               
               
                 Standalone 
                 Mo 
                 No 
                 No 
                 No 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0038]    In one embodiment, the access level within the permission set  208  may be tracked as an enumltem on the module  206 . For example, if there are circular dependencies between components in different modules, it may be beneficial for those components to be in the same module to begin with. This is one exemplary way of enforcing developers to build their systems in such a way that is loosely coupled. In another embodiment, circular dependencies may not be allowed between modules. In yet another embodiment, a setting may be provided within the application  202  for allowing or prohibiting extensions. For example, a global module may disallow extending, such that any user may reference and/or use objects within the module but may not add fields to such objects. 
         [0039]    Additionally, in one embodiment, references at namespaces at save and/or compile time and runtime may be blocked for any component. This may be applied to children of objects (e.g., a custom field in one module may not be able to be added to an object in another private module, etc.). 
         [0040]    Further, in one embodiment, the module  206  may include a metadata container within a namespace. In another embodiment, the namespace may be unique within the organization  200 . In yet another embodiment, all components within the module  206  may be scoped by the namespace of the module  206 . For example, the organization  200  may have two modules, “core.sales” and “core.hr,” where each module has a custom object with the name “cost_c,” another embodiment, the namespace of the module  206  may be a flat string, and may not be a folder hierarchy later collapsed to a flat string. In yet another embodiment, a component may only belong to a single module  206 . 
         [0041]    Further still, in one embodiment, the application  202  may reference one or more modules, and may have at least one module  206 . In order to allow shared components between applications, the module  206  may be referenced by more than one application. In another embodiment, the application  202  may have one or more of a unique name, application specific UI components (e.g., page layouts, tabset, etc.), permission sets, publisher metadata, etc. For example, permission sets may be defined at the application level and may contain permissions for components in the application  202 . In another embodiment, the permission sets may be assigned to users in the organization  200 . 
         [0042]    Also, in one embodiment, when the application  202  is created within the organization  200  of the system, a default module may be created automatically for the application  202 . In another embodiment, users may create more modules within the application  202  to organize their application components. In yet another embodiment, components in different modules may reference each other according to one or more visibility rules. References between components in different modules may introduce dependencies between modules; modules are the most granular entity at which we dependencies are tracked. Dependent modules may be automatically added to applications. Applications may be moved between sandbox and production. 
         [0043]    Additionally, in one embodiment, all components that are not part of any specific module may be treated as being in a legacy module. In another embodiment, standard objects may be able to be referenced from modules without establishing a dependency on the legacy module. 
         [0044]    Further, in one embodiment, design-time component CRUD access may be controlled at the module level (e.g., sysadmin per module  206 ) or at a component granularity (e.g., delegate admin, etc.). A new permission may allow a user to create modules. The user may automatically become a sysadmin of the created module and may own all the metadata in the module. The user may make other users in the org sysadmins of the module(s) they own. The sysadmin of modules may also be the developer of the components in the module—“module sysadmin” and “developer” may be used interchangeably. 
         [0045]    Further still, in one embodiment, a sysadmin of a module  206  may make another user a delegate admin of one or more component(s) in the module  206 . For example, the sysadmin of the module  206  may give CRUD access to specific metadata in the module  206  to a user in the organization  200  who is not a sysadmin of the module  206 . In another embodiment, complex rules may be implemented that specify when a user can be a delegate admin (e.g., only on weekdays during East Coast Business Hours, etc). 
         [0046]    Also, in one embodiment, users may be given profiles at the application  202  level. This profile may list all components that are part of the application  202 , and a sysadmin may then grant users specific rights to specific components. With profiles at the app level, it may be possible for a user to have different permissions on the same component. For example, App1 and App2 may both use a core module, in which custom object Foo_c lives. The user may be given a profile for each app, in which his App1 profile dictates read only access on Foo_c, whereas his App2 profile gives him full CRUD. In this scenario, the different permissions may be unioned, such that the user may have CRUD access on Foo_c regardless of which application they are in. Another possibility is to introduce the notion of app context in the API. 
         [0047]    In addition, in one embodiment, in addition to an application profile, a user may also be given a platform license. These platform licenses may not be transferable between applications. 
         [0048]    Furthermore, in one embodiment, a new column (e.g., “module_namespace VARCHAR2(120),” etc.) may be added to all setup entities that can be added to a module  206 . Additionally, relevant indices may be updated as well. Table 4 illustrates an updated “core.custom_field_definition” index. Of course, it should be noted that the updated index shown in Table 4 is set forth for illustrative purposes only, and thus should not be construed as limiting in any manner. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 EXEC upgdata.uUpgradeUtils.add_column(upgdata.string_array(‘Eugene 
               
               
                 Li’), ‘core’, ‘custom_field_definition’, ‘module_namespace’, 
               
               
                 ‘VARCHAR2(120)’); 
               
               
                 DROP INDEX core.akcustom_field_definition; 
               
               
                 EXEC 
               
               
                 upgdata.uUpgradeUtils.create_partitioned_index(upgdata.string_array(‘ 
               
               
                 Eugene Li’), ‘akcustom_field_definition’, ‘core’, 
               
               
                 ‘custom_field_definition’, ‘organization_id, table_enum_or_id, 
               
               
                 UPPER(DEVELOPER_NAME), namespace_prefix, CASE WHEN 
               
               
                 DELETED=“P” 
               
               
                 THEN 
               
               
                 0 ELSE 1 END, app_namespace’, 5); 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0049]    Further still, in one embodiment, one or more new entities may be added to the system. For example, one or more of an application entity, a module entity, a modulemember entity, and an application module entity may be added to the system. 
         [0050]    Also, in one embodiment, a module  206  namespace may add a new name between a global namespace and a component developer name. For example, the fully qualified name of a component in a module may be “globalNs_moduleNs_developerName.” In another embodiment, the separator between namespace and component may change in some places depending on a type of the component being referenced. For example, the fully qualified name of a component in a module may be “globalNs.moduleNs.apextype.” 
         [0051]    Additionally, in one embodiment, a component in a module may not have to (but may) fully qualify references to other components that live in the same module. References to components across module boundaries may have to be fully qualified. Legacy components that live at the org/global ns level may be considered to be part of the special “legacy module”. This “null” module may not have a name. 
         [0052]    Table 5 illustrates three exemplary references. Of course, it should be noted that the references shown in Table 5 are set forth for illustrative purposes only, and thus should not be construed as limiting in any manner, 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Example 1: 
               
               
                 Imagine a namespaced org with namespace orgns, with the following components: 
               
             
          
           
               
                  • 
                 The standard object Account 
               
               
                  • 
                 A legacy custom object called co1_c 
               
               
                  • 
                 An installed package with namespace ff and a custom object co1_c 
               
             
          
           
               
                 References from some component in the legacy module (== org, so same as what we have 
               
               
                 today): 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Account 
                 // std object 
               
               
                   
                 co1_c 
                 // legacy co 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 orgns_co1_c // legacy co (optionally fully qualified) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ff_co1_c 
                  // packaged co in legacy module (has to be fq) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Example 2: 
               
               
                   
                 Same components as above, with a module called ff, and co1_c, a custom object in ff. 
               
               
                   
                 Reference from the org&#39;s legacy module to co1_c in the org&#39;s ff module: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 orgns_ff_co1_c 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 From a component in the org&#39;s ff module: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 co1_c 
                 // co in ff 
               
               
                   
                 orgns_ff_co1_c 
                 // co in ff (optionally fully qualified) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 orgns_co1_c 
                  // legacy co (has to be fully qualified) 
               
               
                   
                 ff_co1_c 
                  // packaged co in legacy module (has to be fq) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Account 
                 // std object 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Example 3: 
               
               
                   
                 Same components as above + 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                  • 
                 a module called core, and co1_c, a custom object in core 
               
               
                   
                  • 
                 an installed package with global ns bmc and a module called and co1_c and a 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 module called core. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 References from a component in the org&#39;s ff module: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 orgns_core_co1_c { 
                 // co in the org&#39;s core module { 
               
               
                   
                 bmc_core_co1_c 
                 // co in the installed core module 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 From a component in the org&#39;s core module: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 co1_c 
                 // co in core 
               
               
                   
                 orgns_core_co1_c 
                 // (optionally fully qualified) 
               
               
                   
                 orgns_ff_co1_c 
                 // co in ff 
               
               
                   
                 orgns_co1_c 
                 // legacy co 
               
               
                   
                 ff_co1_c 
                 // packaged co in legacy module 
               
               
                   
                 bmc_core_co1_c 
                 // package co in the core module 
               
               
                   
                 Account 
                 // std object 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 If the org doesn’t have a namespace (orgns in above examples), we need some other 
               
               
                   
                 reserved identifier to use fully qualified names to mean the “root” of the component 
               
               
                   
                 hierarchy. 
               
               
                   
                 For example: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 orgns_ff_co1_c 
                 // co in ff, equivalent to 
               
               
                   
                 local_ff_co1_c 
                 // better name? 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Alternatively we can force an org to be namespaced before it can create modules. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0053]    Additionally, in one embodiment, “describeGlobal( )” for new API clients may return not only legacy components but also components in modules, using fully qualified names. Old API clients may not see components in modules. In another embodiment, the default namespace may work with a new namespace syntax. 
         [0054]    Further, in one embodiment, urls may contain the global namespace in the host part of the url for security reasons. However sites resolve requests for a page that has the same name as an installed page by using the API name of the page in the org. Table 6 illustrates exemplary URL implementations. Of course, it should be noted that the URL implementations shown in Table 6 are set forth for illustrative purposes only, and thus should not be construed as limiting in any manner. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Example: 
               
               
                 Assuming the following org setup: 
               
               
                 Vf page foo in module ModA 
               
               
                 Vf page foo in installed package ff 
               
               
                 Vf page foo legacy 
               
               
                 Vf page foo in installed module ModA, global ns: ff 
               
               
                 In the app: 
               
               
                 http://c.na1.visual.force.com/apex/foo = legacy foo 
               
               
                 http://ff.na1.visual.force.com/apex/foo = installed foo in package ff 
               
               
                 http://c.na1.visual.force.com/apex/ModA_foo = foo in module ModA 
               
               
                 http://ff.na1.visual.force.com/apex/ModA_foo = foo in installed module ModA from 
               
               
                 package ff 
               
               
                 For sites, your domain could be simon.force.com 
               
               
                 http://simon.force.com/foo = legacy page foo 
               
               
                 http://simon.force.com/ff_foo = installed page foo from package ff 
               
               
                 http://simon.force.com/orgNS_ModA_foo = page foo in Module ModA in local org 
               
               
                 http://simon.force.com/ff_ModA_foo = page foo in Module ModA from installed package ff 
               
               
                 “Note - we&#39;re assuming that org has a global namespace registered. If they don&#39;t, we 
               
               
                 could use “local”, but we&#39;re now leaning towards forcing org to register a namespace 
               
               
                 when creating a module. 
               
               
                 My-domain: 
               
               
                 http://mydomain-c.na1.visual.force.com/foo = legacy foo 
               
               
                 http://mydomain-ff.na1.visual.force.com/foo = installed foo in package ff 
               
               
                 http://mydomain-c.na1.visual.force.com/ModA_foo = foo in module ModA 
               
               
                 http://mydomain-ff.na1.visual.force.com/ModA_foo = foo in installed module ModA from 
               
               
                 package ff 
               
               
                 My-domain on sandbox - same as above. The domain part includes the sandbox name, but 
               
               
                 isn&#39;t affected by modules in a different way from above. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0055]    Further still, in one embodiment, most components may be “published” in the Java interface sense. For example, if col_c is created with field fl_c, any user in your org (e.g., organization, etc.) can reference this custom object, regardless of your intentions. If you want to delete fl_c and it is being referenced, a user may need to find the reference and convince whoever added it to get rid of it. This gets harder if the object is part of an uploaded managed package—the custom object may be locked down and a user may never modify/delete it because somebody on the service may be using it. In this way, everything may be “published” and accessible. At the same time, it makes it impossible to separate implementation details from a published interface. 
         [0056]    Also, in one embodiment, two types of hard dependencies on components may be distinguished. For example, a reference to a component may be established when the component is used (e.g., referenced, etc.) in code-like places (e.g., apex/vf/formula fields, etc.). Changing the component may break the reference. A customization of a component may happen when a child component is added to a parent component in a different namespace (e.g., adding a custom field to an installed custom object or to a standard object, etc.). 
         [0057]    Additionally, in one embodiment, references may have a static impact. It may be identified at compile time (statically) if a reference is broken. Customizations may be more subtle because they may alter runtime behavior of the parent object. For example, a validation rule or a trigger added to a custom object may now exist globally on the custom object and may always run when the custom object is manipulated. 
         [0058]    Further, in one embodiment, access control may be added to components in a module. A new module may start in the most restrictive state. All components in the module may be accessible to each other, hut the components may not be visible from components in other namespaces. In another embodiment, a module may designate other modules as friends now these modules may access all components in the module. Optionally, a module may have a rule to designate all modules under the same global namespace as friends. In yet another embodiment, friendship at the global namespace level may be allowed to facilitate integrations between ISVs. In still another embodiment, any components of the system may see the components in a public module. 
         [0059]    Further still, in one embodiment, if a component is visible, it may be referenced and/or customized. In another embodiment, a distinction may be made between referenceable and customizable. In yet another embodiment, a module with private access that doesn&#39;t reference components outside of itself may be guaranteed to be self contained no other modules can depend on it. Any higher access level may allow dependencies between modules to be introduced. Although these dependencies may be ultimately between components, dependencies may be tracked only at the module level. If module B references a custom object from module A, B may now depend on A. An application that uses B also has A. When B is moved to sandbox, A has to come along. 
         [0060]    Also, in one embodiment, the system.core namespace may encapsulate the concept of namespace in the code base of the system. That class may have a string, the global namespace. Another string may be added to this class, the module namespace (and adjusting equals/hashCode etc). Namespace may now be constructed from two strings instead of one, and as components are moved into the new module world, they will instantiate the namespace with two strings, typically loaded from plsq1. A new method, getFullyQualifiedName, may return the “global_module” syntax, with a default value for global if it is null. The default value may be required to be able to distinguish a custom object in the ff global namespace from a custom object in the ff module. 
         [0061]    Most clients of Namespace.getName may be switched to call Namespace.getFullyQualifiedName. getName may be renamed to getGlobalPart. In another embodiment, unpackaged, unmanaged packages, and Managed packages may be retrieved via the Metadata API. Table 7 illustrates exemplary sample outputs. Of course, it should be noted that the sample outputs shown in Table 7 are set forth for illustrative purposes only, and thus should not be construed as limiting in any manner. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 In an org with a custom object called legacyObject_c: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 /retrieveUnpackaged 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 /objects 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 legacyObject_c.object 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 package.xml 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 where legacyObject_c.object&#39;s contents are: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“UTF-8”?&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;CustomObject xmlns=“http://soap.sforce.com/2006/04/metadata”&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;actionOverrides&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;actionName&gt;Accept&lt;/actionName&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;type&gt;Default&lt;/type&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;/actionOverrides&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;actionOverrides&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;actionName&gt;Clone&lt;/actionName&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;type&gt;Default&lt;/type&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;/actionOverrides&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;actionOverrides&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;actionName&gt;Delete&lt;/actionName&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;type&gt;Default&lt;/type&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;/actionOverrides&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;actionOverrides&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;actionName&gt;Edit&lt;/actionName&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;type&gt;Default&lt;/type&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;/actionOverrides&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;actionOverrides&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;actionName&gt;List&lt;/actionName&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;type&gt;Default&lt;/type&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;/actionOverrides&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;actionOverrides&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;actionName&gt;New&lt;/actionName&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;type&gt;Default&lt;/type&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;/actionOverrides&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;actionOverrides&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;actionName&gt;Tab&lt;/actionName&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;type&gt;Default&lt;/type&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;/actionOverrides&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;actionOverrides&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;actionName&gt;View&lt;/actionName&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;type&gt;Default&lt;/type&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;/actionOverrides&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;deploymentStatus&gt;Deployed&lt;/deploymentStatus&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;enableActivities&gt;false&lt;/enableActivities&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;enableFeeds&gt;false&lt;/enableFeeds&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;enableHistory&gt;false&lt;/enableHistory&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;enableReports&gt;false&lt;/enableReports&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;label&gt;legacyObject&lt;/label&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;nameField&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;label&gt;legacyObject Name&lt;/label&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;type&gt;Text&lt;/type&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;/nameField&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;pluralLabel&gt;legacyObjects&lt;/pluralLabel&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;searchLayouts/&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;sharingModel&gt;ReadWrite&lt;/sharingModel&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/CustomObject&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 and package.xml&#39;s contents are: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“UTF-8”?&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;Package xmlns=“http://soap.sforce.com/2006/04/metadata”&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;types&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;members&gt;*&lt;/members&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;name&gt;CustomObject&lt;/name&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;/types&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;version&gt;23.0&lt;/version&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/Package&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                 With a managed package containing legacyObject_c, we see the same 
               
               
                 legacyObject_c.object. file, a new legacyObject_c Layout.layout file, and a different 
               
               
                 package.xml. This package.xml shows: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“UTF-8”?&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;Package xmlns=“http://soap.sforce.com/2006/04/metadata”&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;fullName&gt;managedPackage&lt;/fullName&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;apiAccessLevel&gt;Unrestricted&lt;/apiAccessLevel&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;namespacePrefix&gt;appcde3&lt;/namespacePrefix&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;types&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;members&gt;legacyObject_c&lt;/members&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;name&gt;CustomObject&lt;/name&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/types&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;types&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;members&gt;legacyObject_c-legacyObject Layout&lt;/members&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;name&gt;Layout&lt;/name&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/types&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;version&gt;23.0&lt;/version&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/Package&gt; 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0062]    Note that the only place where namespace is shown is in the resulting package.xml of a managed package, and the dev name of components are not shown in package.xml. Table 8 illustrates a method for revealing a module namespace during retrieval. Of course, it should be noted that the method shown in Table 8 is set forth for illustrative purposes only, and thus should not be construed as limiting in any manner. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Method 1 - Show modules as additional sub-directories: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 /retrieveUnpackaged 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 /module1 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 /objects 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 customObjectsInModule1_c.object 
               
               
                   
                 ... 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 /module2 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 /classes 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 apexClassInModule2.c1s-meta.xml 
               
               
                   
                 apexClassInModule2.c1s 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 /objects 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 legacyObject_c.object 
               
               
                   
                 legacyObject2_c.object 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 /classes 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 legacyApexClass.c1s 
               
               
                   
                 legacyApexClass.c1s-meta.xml 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ... 
               
               
                   
                 package.xml 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0063]    This may introduce an additional level of directories for modules while leaving old behavior the same. To handle situations where module names dash with component type names (since they are all directories at the same level), a mapping of modules to module directories may be specified in package.xml (or some other manifest file) or each module directory may be prefixed with something that will be disallowed in component type names. 
         [0064]    Table 9 illustrates another method for revealing a module namespace during retrieval. Of course, it should be noted that the method shown in Table 9 is set forth for illustrative purposes only, and thus should not be construed as limiting in any manner. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Method 2 - Put module directories inside a “modules” directory 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 /retrieveUnpackaged 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 /modules 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 /module1 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 /objects 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 customObjectsInModule1_c.object 
               
               
                   
                 ... 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 /module2 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 /classes 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 apexClassInModule.c1s 
               
               
                   
                 apexClassInModule.c1s-meta.xml 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 /objects 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 legacyObject_c.object 
               
               
                   
                 legacyObject2_c.object 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 /classes 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 legacyApexClass.c1s 
               
               
                   
                 legacyApexClass.c1s-meta.xml 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 ... 
               
               
                   
                 package.xml 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0065]    This method may provide an extra level of indirection for the 16 modules directory. This may solve an issue where module names conflict with component type names. 
         [0066]    Table 10 illustrates a method for modifying a package.xml to reflect all retrieved components. Of course, it should be noted that the method shown in Table 10 is set forth for illustrative purposes only, and thus should not be construed as limiting in any manner. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Method 1 - Add components that belong to modules to the existing types 
               
               
                 node. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“UTF-8”?&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;Package xmlns=“http://soap.sforce.com/2006/04/metadata”&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;fullName&gt;managedPackage&lt;/fullName&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;apiAccessLevel&gt;Unrestricted&lt;/apiAccessLevel&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;namespacePrefix&gt;appcde3&lt;/namespacePrefix&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;types&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;module name=“module1”&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;members&gt;customObjectsInModule1_c&lt;/members&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/module&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;module name=“module2”&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;members&gt;customObjectsInModule2_c&lt;/members&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/module&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;members&gt;legacyObject_c&lt;/members&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;name&gt;CustomObject&lt;/name&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/types&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;types&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;module name=“module1”&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;members&gt;ApexClassInModule1&lt;/members&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/module&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;members&gt;ApexClassLegacy&lt;/members&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;name&gt;ApexClass&lt;/name&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/types&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;version&gt;23.0&lt;/version&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/Package&gt; 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0067]    Table 11 illustrates another method for modifying a package.xml to reflect retrieved components. Of course, it should be noted that the method shown in Table 11 is set forth for illustrative purposes only, and thus should not be construed as limiting in any manner. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Method 2 - Introduce a new file “module.xml” in each module 
               
               
                 subdirectory and leave 
               
               
                 package.xml unchanged. module.xml will contain all information about 
               
               
                 the module 
               
               
                 including its members. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“UTF-8”?&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;Module xmlns=“http://soap.sforce.com/2006/04/metadata”&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;name&gt;module1&lt;/name&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;namespacePrefix&gt;appcde3&lt;/namespacePrefix&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;types&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;members&gt;customObjectsInModule1_c&lt;/members&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;name&gt;CustomObject&lt;/name&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/types&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;types&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;members&gt;ApexClassInModule1&lt;/members&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;name&gt;ApexClass&lt;/name&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/types&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/Module&gt; 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0068]    This approach may allow viewing all of the components in a particular module easily. It also leaves the existing package.xml unchanged which is nice if customers had custom parsing logic for the file. In addition, it may be easier to add more details about modules in a dedicated module.xml file. 
         [0069]    Table 12 illustrates a hybrid method for modifying a package.xml to reflect all retrieved components. Of course, it should be noted that the method shown in Table 12 is set forth for illustrative purposes only, and thus should not be construed as limiting in any manner. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Method 3 - A hybrid of the first two approaches. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“UTF-8”?&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;Package xmlns=“http://soap.sforce.com/2006/04/metadata”&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;fullName&gt;managedPackage&lt;/fullName&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;apiAccessLevel&gt;Unrestricted&lt;/apiAccessLevel&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;namespacePrefix&gt;appcde3&lt;/namespacePrefix&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;types&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;members&gt;legacyObject_c&lt;/members&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;name&gt;CustomObject&lt;/name&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/types&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;types&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;members&gt;ApexClassLegacy&lt;/members&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;name&gt;ApexClass&lt;/name&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/types&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;modules&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;module&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;name&gt;module1&lt;/name&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;types&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;members&gt;coInModule1_c&lt;/members&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;name&gt;CustomObject&lt;/name&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/types&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;types&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;members&gt;ApexClassInModule1&lt;/members&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;name&gt;ApexClass&lt;/name&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/types&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/module&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;module&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;name&gt;module2&lt;/name&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;types&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;members&gt;coInModule2_c&lt;/members&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;name&gt;CustomObject&lt;/name&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/types&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/module&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/modules&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;version&gt;23.0&lt;/version&gt; 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 &lt;/Package&gt; 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0070]    Deploy commands may include deployUnpackaged, deployCode, and other variants of 18 deployCode. The command deployUnpackaged may deploy unpackaged components, where deployCode deploys the entire contents of some package specified. 
         [0071]    Additionally, in one embodiment, users may be allowed to move applications between environments. The change set infrastructure may be reused, and the module boundaries may be used to determine what metadata to move. This may allow for the moving of “deletes.” In another embodiment, metadata will always be replaced in the target org. 
         [0072]    Further, in one embodiment, users may be able to publish (e.g., upload) an application (and all modules it references), and an application may be installable into a different org in a similar way as a package. In another embodiment, a module may be internally mapped to a managed package. For, example, when a user installs an application, the required modules may be automatically installed. This may allow pushing at the module level. Versions may also be tracked at the module level, which would be required for an installed application that shares modules with another installed application. 
       System Overview 
       [0073]      FIG. 3  illustrates a block diagram of an environment  310  wherein an on-demand database system might be used. Environment  310  may include user systems  312 , network  314 , system  316 , processor system  317 , application platform  318 , network interface  320 , tenant data storage  322 , system data storage  324 , program code  326 , and process space  328 . In other embodiments, environment  310  may not have all of the components listed and/or may have other elements instead of, or in addition to, those listed above. 
         [0074]    Environment  310  is an environment in which an on-demand database system exists. User system  312  may be any machine or system that is used by a user to access a database user system. For example, any of user systems  312  can be a handheld computing device, a mobile phone, a laptop computer, a work station, and/or a network of computing devices. As illustrated in  FIG. 3  (and in more detail in  FIG. 4 ) user systems  312  might interact via a network  314  with an on-demand database system, which is system  316 . 
         [0075]    An on-demand database system, such as system  316 , is a database system that is made available to outside users that do not need to necessarily be concerned with building and/or maintaining the database system, hut instead may be available for their use when the users need the database system (e.g., on the demand of the users). Some on-demand database systems may store information from one or more tenants stored into tables of a common database image to form a multi-tenant database system (MTS). Accordingly, “on-demand database system  316 ” and “system  316 ” will be used interchangeably herein. A database image may include one or more database objects. A relational database management system (RDMS) or the equivalent may execute storage and retrieval of information against the database object(s). Application platform  318  may be a framework that allows the applications of system  316  to run, such as the hardware and/or software, e.g., the operating system. In an embodiment, on-demand database system  316  may include an application platform  318  that enables creation, managing and executing one or more applications developed by the provider of the on-demand database system, users accessing the on-demand database system via user systems  312 , or third party application developers accessing the on-demand database system via user systems  312 . 
         [0076]    The users of user systems  312  may differ in their respective capacities, and the capacity of a particular user system  312  might be entirely determined by permissions (permission levels) for the current user. For example, where a salesperson is using a particular user system  312  to interact with system  316 , that user system has the capacities allotted to that salesperson. However, while an administrator is using that user system to interact with system  316 , that user system has the capacities allotted to that administrator. In systems with a hierarchical role model, users at one permission level may have access to applications, data, and database information accessible by a lower permission level user, but may not have access to certain applications, database information, and data accessible by a user at a higher permission level. Thus, different users will have different capabilities with regard to accessing and modifying application and database information, depending on a user&#39;s security or permission level. 
         [0077]    Network  314  is any network or combination of networks of devices that communicate with one another. For example, network  314  can be any one or any combination of a LAN (local area network), WAN (wide area network), telephone network, wireless network, point-to-point network, star network, token ring network, hub network, or other appropriate configuration. As the most common type of computer network in current use is a TCP/IP (Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) network, such as the global internetwork of networks often referred to as the “Internet” with a capital “I,” that network will be used in many of the examples herein. However, it should be understood that the networks that the one or more implementations might use are not so limited, although TCP/IP is a frequently implemented protocol. 
         [0078]    User systems  312  might communicate with system  316  using TCP/IP and, at a higher network level, use other common Internet protocols to communicate, such as HTTP, FTP. AFS, WAP, etc. In an example where HTTP is used, user system  312  might include an HTTP client commonly referred to as a “browser” for sending and receiving HTTP messages to and from an HTTP server at system  316 , Such an HTTP server might be implemented as the sole network interface between system  316  and network  314 , but other techniques might be used as well or instead. In some implementations, the interface between system  316  and network  314  includes load sharing functionality, such as round-robin HTTP request distributors to balance loads and distribute incoming HTTP requests evenly over a plurality of servers. At least as for the users that are accessing that server, each of the plurality of servers has access to the MTS′ data; however, other alternative configurations may be used instead. 
         [0079]    In one embodiment, system  316 , shown in  FIG. 3 , implements a web-based customer relationship management (CRM) system. For example, in one embodiment, system  316  includes application servers configured to implement and execute CRM software applications as well as provide related data, code, forms, webpages and other information to and from user systems  312  and to store to, and retrieve from, a database system related data, objects, and Webpage content. With a multi-tenant system, data for multiple tenants may be stored in the same physical database object, however, tenant data typically is arranged so that data of one tenant is kept logically separate from that of other tenants so that one tenant does not have access to another tenant&#39;s data, unless such data is expressly shared. In certain embodiments, system  316  implements applications other than, or in addition to, a CRM application. For example, system  316  may provide tenant access to multiple hosted (standard and custom) applications, including a CRM application. User (or third party developer) applications, which may or may not include CRM, may be supported by the application platform  318 , which manages creation, storage of the applications into one or more database objects and executing of the applications in a virtual machine in the process space of the system  316 . 
         [0080]    One arrangement for elements of system  316  is shown in  FIG. 3 , including a network interface  320 , application platform  318 , tenant data storage  322  for tenant data  323 , system data storage  324  for system data  325  accessible to system  316  and possibly multiple tenants, program code  326  for implementing various functions of system  316 , and a process space  328  for executing MTS system processes and tenant-specific processes, such as running applications as part of an application hosting service. Additional processes that may execute on system  316  include database indexing processes. 
         [0081]    Several elements in the system shown in  FIG. 3  include conventional, well-known elements that are explained only briefly here. For example, each user system  312  could include a desktop personal computer, workstation, laptop, PDA, cell phone, or any wireless access protocol (WAP) enabled device or any other computing device capable of interfacing directly or indirectly to the Internet or other network connection. User system  312  typically runs an HTTP client, e.g., a browsing program, such as Microsoft&#39;s Internet Explorer browser, Netscape&#39;s Navigator browser, Opera&#39;s browser, or a WAP-enabled browser in the case of a cell phone, PDA or other wireless device, or the like, allowing a user (e.g., subscriber of the multi-tenant database system) of user system  312  to access, process and view information, pages and applications available to it from system  316  over network  314 . Each user system  312  also typically includes one or more user interface devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, trackball, touch pad, touch screen, pen or the like, for interacting with a graphical user interface (GUI) provided by the browser on a display (e.g., a monitor screen, LCD display, etc.) in conjunction with pages, forms, applications and other information provided by system  316  or other systems or servers. For example, the user interface device can be used to access data and applications hosted by system  316 , and to perform searches on stored data, and otherwise allow a user to interact with various GUI pages that may be presented to a user. As discussed above, embodiments are suitable for use with the Internet, which refers to a specific global internetwork of networks. However, it should be understood that other networks can be used instead of the Internet, such as an intranet, an extranet, a virtual private network (VPN), a non-TCP/IP based network, any LAN or WAN or the like. 
         [0082]    According to one embodiment, each user system  312  and all of its components are operator configurable using applications, such as a browser, including computer code run using a central processing unit such as an Intel Pentium® processor or the like. Similarly, system  316  (and additional instances of an MTS, where more than one is present) and all of their components might be operator configurable using application(s) including computer code to run using a central processing unit such as processor system  317 , which may include an Intel Pentium® processor or the like, and/or multiple processor units. A computer program product embodiment includes a machine-readable storage medium (media) having instructions stored thereon/in which can be used to program a computer to perform any of the processes of the embodiments described herein. Computer code for operating and configuring system  316  to intercommunicate and to process webpages, applications and other data and media content as described herein are preferably downloaded and stored on a hard disk, but the entire program code, or portions thereof, may also be stored in any other volatile or non-volatile memory medium or device as is well known, such as a ROM or RAM, or provided on any media capable of storing program code, such as any type of rotating media including floppy disks, optical discs, digital versatile disk (DVD), compact disk (CD), microdrive, and magneto-optical disks, and magnetic or optical cards, nanosystems (including molecular memory ICs), or any type of media or device suitable for storing instructions and/or data. Additionally, the entire program code, or portions thereof, may be transmitted and downloaded from a software source over a transmission medium, e.g., over the Internet, or from another server, as is well known, or transmitted over any other conventional network connection as is well known (e.g., extranet, VPN, LAN, etc.) using any communication medium and protocols (e.g., TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTPS, Ethernet, etc.) as are well known. It will also be appreciated that computer code for implementing embodiments can be implemented in any programming language that can be executed on a client system and/or server or server system such as, for example, C, C++, HTML, any other markup language, Java™, JavaScript, ActiveX, any other scripting language, such as VBScript, and many other programming languages as are well known may be used, (Java™ is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.). 
         [0083]    According to one embodiment, each system  316  is configured to provide webpages, forms, applications, data and media content to user (client) systems  312  to support the access by user systems  312  as tenants of system  316 . As such, system  316  provides security mechanisms to keep each tenant&#39;s data separate unless the data is shared. If more than one MTS is used, they may be located in close proximity to one another (e.g., in a server farm located in a single building or campus), or they may be distributed at locations remote from one another (e.g., one or more servers located in city A and one or more servers located in city B). As used herein, each MTS could include one or more logically and/or physically connected servers distributed locally or across one or more geographic locations. Additionally, the term “server” is meant to include a computer system, including processing hardware and process space(s), and an associated storage system and database application (e.g., OODBMS or RDBMS) as is well known in the art. It should also be understood that “server system” and “server” are often used interchangeably herein. Similarly, the database object described herein can be implemented as single databases, a distributed database, a collection of distributed databases, a database with redundant online or offline backups or other redundancies, etc., and might include a distributed database or storage network and associated processing intelligence. 
         [0084]      FIG. 4  also illustrates environment  310 . However, in  FIG. 4  elements of system  316  and various interconnections in an embodiment are further illustrated.  FIG. 4  shows that user system  312  may include processor system  312 A, memory system  312 B, input system  312 C, and output system  312 D.  FIG. 4  shows network  314  and system  316 .  FIG. 4  also shows that system  316  may include tenant data storage  322 , tenant data  323 , system data storage  324 , system data  325 , User Interface (UI)  430 , Application Program Interface (API)  432 , PL/SOQL  434 , save routines  436 , application setup mechanism  438 , applications servers  400   1 - 400   N , system process space  402 , tenant process spaces  404 , tenant management process space  410 , tenant storage area  412 , user storage  414 , and application metadata  416 . In other embodiments, environment  310  may not have the same elements as those listed above and/or may have other elements instead of, or in addition to, those listed above. 
         [0085]    User system  312 , network  314 , system  316 , tenant data storage  322 , and system data storage  324  were discussed above in  FIG. 3 , Regarding user system  312 , processor system  312 A may be any combination of one or more processors. Memory system  312 B may be any combination of one or more memory devices, short term, and/or long term memory. Input system  312  may be any combination of input devices, such as one or more keyboards, mice, trackballs, scanners, cameras, and/or interfaces to networks. Output system  312 D may be any combination of output devices, such as one or more monitors, printers, and/or interfaces to networks. As shown by  FIG. 4 , system  316  may include a network interface  320  (of  FIG. 3 ) implemented as a set of HTTP application servers  400 , an application platform  318 , tenant data storage  322 , and system data storage  324 . Also shown is system process space  402 , including individual tenant process spaces  404  and a tenant management process space  410 . Each application server  400  may be configured to tenant data storage  322  and the tenant data  323  therein, and system data storage  324  and the system data  325  therein to serve requests of user systems  312 . The tenant data  323  might be divided into individual tenant storage areas  412 , which can be either a physical arrangement and/or a logical arrangement of data. Within each tenant storage area  412 , user storage  414  and application metadata  416  might be similarly allocated for each user, For example, a copy of a user&#39;s most recently used (MRU) items might be stored to user storage  414 . Similarly, a copy of MRU items for an entire organization that is a tenant might be stored to tenant storage area  412 . A UI  430  provides a user interface and an API  432  provides an application programmer interface to system  316  resident processes to users and/or developers at user systems  312 . The tenant data and the system data may be stored in various databases, such as one or more Oracle™ databases. 
         [0086]    Application platform  318  includes an application setup mechanism  438  that supports application developers&#39; creation and management of applications, which may be saved as metadata into tenant data storage  322  by save routines  436  for execution by subscribers as one or more tenant process spaces  404  managed by tenant management process  410  for example. Invocations to such applications may be coded using PL/SOQL  434  that provides a programming language style interface extension to API  432 . A detailed description of some PL/SOQL language embodiments is discussed in commonly owned co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/828,192 entitled, PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR EXTENDING APIS TO EXECUTE IN CONJUNCTION WITH DATABASE APIS, by Craig Weissman, filed Oct. 4, 2006, which is incorporated in its entirety herein for all purposes. Invocations to applications may be detected by one or more system processes, which manages retrieving application metadata  416  for the subscriber making the invocation and executing the metadata as an application in a virtual machine. 
         [0087]    Each application server  400  may be communicably coupled to database systems, e.g., having access to system data  325  and tenant data  323 , via a different network connection. For example, one application server  400   1  might be coupled via the network  314  (e.g., the Internet), another application server  400   N-1  might be coupled via a direct network link, and another application server  400   N  might be coupled by yet a different network connection. Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) are typical protocols for communicating between application servers  400  and the database system. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that other transport protocols may be used to optimize the system depending on the network interconnect used. 
         [0088]    In certain embodiments, each application server  400  is configured to handle requests for any user associated with any organization that is a tenant. Because it is desirable to be able to add and remove application servers from the server pool at any time for any reason, there is preferably no server affinity for a user and/or organization to a specific application server  400 . In one embodiment, therefore, an interface system implementing a load balancing function (e.g., an F5 Big-IP load balancer) is communicably coupled between the application servers  400  and the user systems  312  to distribute requests to the application servers  400 . In one embodiment, the load balancer uses a least connections algorithm to route user requests to the application servers  400 . Other examples of load balancing algorithms, such as round robin and observed response time, also can be used. For example, in certain embodiments, three consecutive requests from the same user could hit three different application servers  400 , and three requests from different users could hit the same application server  400 . In this manner, system  316  is multi-tenant, wherein system  316  handles storage of, and access to, different objects, data and applications across disparate users and organizations. 
         [0089]    As an example of storage, one tenant might be a company that employs a sales force where each salesperson uses system  316  to manage their sales process. Thus, a user might maintain contact data, leads data, customer follow-up data, performance data, goals and progress data, etc., all applicable to that user&#39;s personal sales process in tenant data storage  322 ). In an example of a MTS arrangement, since all of the data and the applications to access, view, modify, report, transmit, calculate, etc., can be maintained and accessed by a user system having nothing more than network access, the user can manage his or her sales efforts and cycles from any of many different user systems. For example, if a salesperson is visiting a customer and the customer has Internet access in their lobby, the salesperson can obtain critical updates as to that customer while waiting for the customer to arrive in the lobby. 
         [0090]    While each user&#39;s data might be separate from other users&#39; data regardless of the employers of each user, some data might be organization-wide data shared or accessible by a plurality of users or all of the users for a given organization that is a tenant. Thus, there might be some data structures managed by system  316  that are allocated at the tenant level while other data structures might be managed at the user level. Because an MTS might support multiple tenants including possible competitors, the MTS should have security protocols that keep data, applications, and application use separate. Also, because many tenants may opt for access to an MTS rather than maintain their own system, redundancy, up-time, and backup are additional functions that may be implemented in the MTS. In addition to user-specific data and tenant specific data, system  316  might also maintain system level data usable by multiple tenants or other data. Such system level data might include industry reports, news, postings, and the like that are sharable among tenants. 
         [0091]    In certain embodiments, user systems  312  (which may be client systems) communicate with application servers  400  to request and update system-level and tenant-level data from system  316  that may require sending one or more queries to tenant data storage  322  and/or system data storage  324 . System  316  (e.g., an application server  400  in system  316 ) automatically generates one or more SQL statements (e.g., one or more SQL queries) that are designed to access the desired information. System data storage  324  may generate query plans to access the requested data from the database. 
         [0092]    Each database can generally be viewed as a collection of objects, such as a set of logical tables, containing data fitted into predefined categories. A “table” is one representation of a data object, and may be used herein to simplify the conceptual description of objects and custom objects. It should be understood that “table” and “object” may be used interchangeably herein. Each table generally contains one or more data categories logically arranged as columns or fields in a viewable schema. Each row or record of a table contains an instance of data for each category defined by the fields. For example, a CRM database may include a table that describes a customer with fields for basic contact information such as name, address, phone number, fax number, etc. Another table might describe a purchase order, including fields for information such as customer, product, sale price, date, etc. In some multi-tenant database systems, standard entity tables might be provided for use by all tenants. For CRM database applications, such standard entities might include tables for Account, Contact, Lead, and Opportunity data, each containing pre-defined fields. It should be understood that the word “entity” may also be used interchangeably herein with “object” and “table”. 
         [0093]    In some multi-tenant database systems, tenants may be allowed to create and store custom objects, or they may be allowed to customize standard entities or objects, for example by creating custom fields for standard objects, including custom index fields, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/817,161, filed Apr. 2, 2004, entitled “Custom Entities and Fields in a Multi-Tenant Database System”, and which is hereby incorporated herein by reference, teaches systems and methods for creating custom objects as well as customizing standard objects in a multi-tenant database system. In certain embodiments, for example, all custom entity data rows are stored in a single multi-tenant physical table, which may contain multiple logical tables per organization. It is transparent to customers that their multiple “tables” are in fact stored in one large table or that their data may be stored in the same table as the data of other customers. 
         [0094]    While one or more implementations have been described by way of example and in terms of the specific embodiments, it is to be understood that one or more implementations are not limited to the disclosed embodiments. To the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements as would be apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements.