Abstract:
The present invention discloses an oral cancer biomarker and an inspection method using the same. The biomarker is Mca-2 binding protein (Mac-2BP), which can be directly detected in the specimen of the body fluid of a testee, and which can realize a fast and effective clinical diagnosis of oral cancer.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application is a Divisional of co-pending application Ser. No. 12/460,656, filed on Jul. 22, 2009, and for which priority is claimed under 35 U.S.C. §120, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to a cancer biomarker and an inspection method, particularly to an oral cancer biomarker and an inspection method using the same. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Oral cancer is the 11th most common human neoplasm in the world and is a complex disease arising in various organs, including tongue, buccal, hypopharynx, oropharynx, gum, palate, lips, and the floor of the mouth. Different parts of the tumor have distinct clinical presentations and outcomes, and are treated with different strategies. More than 90% of oral cancer cases are oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC), which are associated with a very poor prognosis. Previous studies have indicated the involvement of multiple genetic, epigenetic and metabolic changes in the evolution of OSCC, and these changes are strongly associated with environmental carcinogens such as tobacco, alcohol and betel quid chewing. In Taiwan, approximate 85% of OSCC patients have the custom of betel quid chewing, which has been suspected to be involved in the etiology of OSCC. Approximately 50-70% of OSCC patients die within 5 years of diagnosis, mainly due to local recurrence, metastasis to the esophagus or lungs, and/or the development of additional primary cancers. Late presentation, lack of suitable markers for early detection and failure of advanced lesions to respond to chemotherapy contribute to the poor outcome of this cancer. The overall 5-year survival rate and morbidity for patients with OSCC has not improved over the past two decades, and the World Health Organization predicts that the incidence of oral cancer will continuously increase worldwide, extending this trend into the next several decades. 
         [0004]    Currently, OSCC is diagnosed through physical examination and excisional biopsies, and the treatment strategies rely on traditional surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Radiologic or physical examination requires 1 to 2 cm of tumor mass for detection, and the clinical stages of OSCC determine the severity and prognosis of the cancer. Unfortunately, one study indicated that more than 50% of oral cancer patients in Taiwan presented with stage III or stage IV tumors. Despite the notable advantage of earlier diagnosis of head and neck cancers, and the fact that visual inspection or dye staining of the mouth can be useful for early detection of oral cancer and precancerous lesions, there is no currently accepted strategy for early diagnosis of OSCC. 
         [0005]    Regarding biomarker research for OSCC, although studies have identified altered expression levels of many gene products in OSCC tissues, such gene products have yielded negligible definitive prognostic or predictive information to date. Recently, genomic (microarray) techniques have been used to identify the genes and molecular pathways involved in the progression of oral cancer, in an effort to support better classification of normal, pre-malignant and OSCC specimens, or improved prediction of patient outcomes. In contrast, relatively few studies have sought to systematically identify protein biomarkers for OSCC. Some studies have used 2D-gel protein profiling to identify proteins showing differential expression in OSCC tissue specimens. Subsequent protein identification using mass spectrometric analysis has led to the identification of approximately 40 proteins that are differentially expressed in OSCC tissues, but these proteins are not necessarily detectable in accessible body fluids, such as plasma, serum or urine. For practical usage in tumor screening, biomarkers should be measurable in body fluid samples. 
         [0006]    Thus, the present invention proposes an oral cancer biomarker and method for detecting oral cancer to overcome the above-mentioned problems. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    The primary objective of the present invention is to provide an oral cancer biomarker and an inspection method using the same, wherein the oral cancer biomarker can be directly detected in the specimen of the body fluid of a testee and thus can realize a fast and effective clinical diagnosis of oral cancer. 
         [0008]    To achieve the abovementioned objective, the present invention proposes a biomarker for oral cancer diagnosis—Mca-2 binding protein (Mac-2BP), which is proved to exist in the body fluid of testees. 
         [0009]    The present invention also proposes an oral cancer inspection method, which detects the Mac-2BP expression level of the body fluids of the testees suspected to have oral cancer. 
         [0010]    The present invention further proposes an oral cancer inspection method using an oral cancer biomarker, which comprises steps: cultivating cell lines of oral cancer in a serum-free environment, and respectively collecting the proteins secreted by the cell lines; using 9-15% gradient electrophoresis to separate the proteins and staining the proteins with silver ion; cutting off the electrophoresis gel containing stained proteins, and using trypsin to hydrolyze in-gel proteins; using MALDI-TOF (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time Of Flight) to analyze the hydrolyzed proteins to identify the identities of the proteins respectively secreted by the cell lines; performing analysis to find out the proteins that have been identified in different cell lines simultaneously and using the proteins identified in different cell lines simultaneously as biomarkers. 
         [0011]    Below, the embodiments are described in detail to make easily understood the objective, characteristics and accomplishes of the present invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]    The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. 
           [0013]      FIG. 1  Flow chart of the strategy used to identify potential OSCC markers on the basis of cancer cell secretome analysis. 
           [0014]      FIG. 2 . SDS-PAGE analysis of conditioned media from two OSCC cell lines. (A) The conditioned media of SCC4 and OEC-M1 cells (25 μg protein) were resolved on 9-15% gradient SDS gels and silver stained. (B) The viability of SCC4 and OEC-M1 cells grown for 24 h in complete (Com) or serum-free (SF) media was assayed as described in Materials and Methods. (C) Western blot analysis (20 μg protein) of the conditioned media (CM) and cell extracts (CE) from both cell lines, using an anti-β-tubulin antibody. 
           [0015]      FIG. 3 . Confirmation of secreted proteins by Western blot analysis. 
           [0016]      FIG. 4 . Overexpression of Mac-2 BP in OSCC tissues. 
           [0017]      FIG. 5 . Elevated Mac-2 BP levels in OSCC serum samples. 
           [0018]      FIG. 6 . Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of the diagnostic efficacy of Mac-2 BP in discriminating oral cancer patients from healthy controls. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0019]    The present invention adopts Mac-2 BP binding protein (Mac-2BP) as a biomarker for detecting oral cancer. 
         [0020]    Mac-2 Binding Protein (Mac-2 BP) 
         [0021]    Mac-2 BP is a secreted glycoprotein of 90-100 kDa, originally discovered as a tumor-associated antigen 90K (1, 2) and as a ligand of galectin-3 (formerly Mac-2) (3, 4). The functions of Mac-2 BP are not yet fully understood, although it is known to enhance cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion (5) and induce production of IL-1, IL-6, and other cytokines from blood monocytes (4). Elevated expression levels of Mac-2 BP have been observed in tissues and sera of patients with different types of cancer, including breast cancer (2), non-Hodgkin&#39;s lymphoma (6), ovarian cancer (7), lung cancer (8), colon cancer (9) and NPC (10). Several evidences support that endogenous ligands of galectins including laminin, fibronectin, lysosome-associated membrane proteins and Mac-2 BP have been reported the altered expression in various cancer type were associated with patients clinical outcome. Mac-2BP was found as a tumor-associated antigen in human breast cancer originally and mostly expressed on the surface of tumor cells. It is synthesized and secreted in many cell type and serum level of Mac-2 BP in patient&#39;s peripheral blood have been found elevated in several human disease including infection by hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus (11), human immunodeficiency virus (12) and cancers. The level of high Mac-2 BP is associated with a poor prognosis (13-15). In a previously study of 310 patients with breast cancer, Mac-2 BP serum level was not correlated with tumor size, tumor histology or estrogen receptor status, but strongly associated with liver metastasis (16). Similarly, its expression was significantly associated with worse outcome and distant metastasis in stage I non-small cell lung cancers (17). 
         [0022]    Although the following detailed description contains many specific details for the purposes of illustration, anyone of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that many variations and alterations to the following details are within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the examples of embodiments of the invention described below are set forth without any loss of generality to, and without imposing limitations upon, the claimed invention. 
       Example 
     Identification of Proteins Released from the Two OSCC Cell Lines 
       [0023]    The inventor used a secretome-based strategy to identify potential OSCC biomarker(s) that might be detectable in body fluids such as serum or plasma.  FIG. 1  denotes the schematic diagram of this strategy. In  FIG. 2A , the inventor cultured two OSCC cell lines, OEC-M1 and SCC4, in serum-free medium for 24 hr, collected the conditioned media, and analyzed their protein profiles using 9-15% SDS-PAGE followed by silver staining. Protein bands were marked, numbered, and excised for further protein identification using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Lane ‘M’ denotes molecular weight markers. In  FIG. 2B , both cell lines grew continuously in serum-free medium, and the viability of both cell lines remained &gt;96% following incubation in serum-free medium for 24 hr. The results showed that serum-starvation for 24 h had a little effect on the viability of the two OSCC cell lines. The relative distribution of β-tubulin, an abundant cytosolic protein, in the conditioned media and in the extracts of residual cells attached on the culture dishes was examined by Western blot analysis. As shown in  FIG. 2C , β-tubulin was detected in the total cell extracts but not in the conditioned media, suggesting that the release of proteins into the conditioned media was not caused by cell lysis. The protein bands were individually excised, in-gel digested with trypsin, and analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS. The resulting peptide mass fingerprints were used to search protein identities against the NCBInr database, with the help of the Mascot engine. A total of 37 proteins were identified (Table 1); among them, 27 proteins were detected from OEC-M1 cells and 23 from SCC4 cells, and 17 proteins were detected in both cell lines. The SignalP 3.0 and SecretomeP 2.0 bioinformatics programs predicted that 19 of the identified proteins (51.4%) were likely to be secreted proteins (Table 1). In addition, published reports indicated that 11 of the proteins (29.5%) could be released from cells by the exosome pathway, a non-classical secretion mechanism (18-20) (Table 1). Overall, these analyses predicted that ˜80% of the MS-identified proteins could be secreted from OSCC cells, and also suggested that the strategy used here could be an appropriate approach for enriching and identifying the secretome of OSCC cell lines. 
         [0024]    Among the 17 proteins identified in both OSCC cell lines, 14 had been previously reported as being dysregulated in certain cancer types (Table 2). It is interesting to note that six of the 14 proteins (moesin, alpha enolase, fascin, glutathione s-transferase P, peroxiredoxin 1 and 14-3-3 zeta) were previously demonstrated as being overexpressed in oral cancer tissues in studies using immunohistochemistry, ELISA and/or Western blot analysis (Table 2). In addition, six proteins (heat shock protein 90, pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2, alpha enolase, glyceraldehyde 3-phophate dehydrogenase, triosephosphate isomerase and glutathione s-transferase P) were recently shown to be up-regulated in OSCC tissues by mass spectrometry-based proteomic approaches (21, 22, 23, 24). These observations suggest that identification of the proteins selectively enriched in the secretome of OSCC cell lines could be an efficient and convenient strategy for discovering proteins overexpressed in OSCC. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Oral Cancer Cell-Secreted Proteins Identified by MALDI-TOF MS 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Band no. b (score c /% seq cov d / 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Accession 
                 no. of masses matched) 
                 Protein 
                 SignalP HMM 
                 secretomeP 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Protein identified 
                 number a   
                 OEC-M1 
                 SCC4 
                 ontology e   
                 probaility f   
                 NN-score g   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTPase-activating protein Spa-1 
                 Q96FS4 
                  1(82/17%/12) 
                   
                 Signaling 
                 0.004 
                 0.375 
               
               
                 Thrombospondin-1 h   
                 P07996 
                  2(94/13%/16), 37, 38 
                   
                 Cell adhesion 
                 0.994 
                 0.345 
               
               
                 Protein tyrosine phosphatase, 
                 Q86WS0 
                  3(79/17%/21) 
                   
                 Signaling 
                 1.000 
                 0.420 
               
               
                 receptor type F 
               
               
                 Sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (Quiescin Q6) 
                 O00391 
                  6(77/24%/14) 
                   
                 Enzyme 
                 1.000 
                 0.611 
               
               
                 Mac-2-binding protein i   
                 Q08380 
                  6(71/24%/13), 4 
                 46(75/24%/12), 47~51 
                 Cell adhesion 
                 1.000 
                 0.738 
               
               
                 Fibronectin 1 h   
                 P02751 
                  5(107/15%/24) 
                   
                 Cell adhesion 
                 0.997 
                 0.371 
               
               
                 Heat shock protein 90-alpha h   
                 P07900 
                  7(74/25%/17) 
                 52(124/28%/21) 
                 Protein 
                 0.000 
                 0.173 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 folding 
               
               
                 BiP protein h   
                 P11021 
                 10(110/39%/22) 
                 53(187/48%/24), 68 
                 Protein 
                 1.000 
                 0.745 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 folding 
               
               
                 Moesin h   
                 P26038 
                 11(90/35%/19) 
                 54(134/39%/24) 
                 Protein 
                 0.000 
                 0.530 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 folding 
               
               
                 Disulfide-isomerase ER60 h   
                 P30101 
                   
                 55(121/37%/16) 
                 Enzyme 
                 1.000 
                 0.707 
               
               
                 HSP70 family HSPA8 protein h   
                 Q961S6 
                 13(111/44%/18), 12 
                 65(114/27%/16) 
                 Protein 
                 0.000 
                 0.129 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 folding 
               
               
                 HSP70-2 h   
                 P08107 
                   
                 57(103/40%/14), 58 
                 Protein 
                 0.049 
                 0.280 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 folding 
               
               
                 TGF beta-induced protein BIGH3 h   
                 Q15582 
                 15(150/43%/22), 16, 17, 
                 56(67/24%/12) 
                 Cell adhesion 
                 1.000 
                 0.454 
               
               
                   
                   
                 20 
               
               
                 Pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 h   
                 P14618 
                 18(64/26%/10) 
                 61(178/36%/22), 62 
                 Metabolism 
                 0.089 
                 0.420 
               
               
                 Ezrin h   
                 P15311 
                   
                 63(84/19%/13) 
                 Protein 
                 0.000 
                 0.563 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 folding 
               
               
                 Fascin 
                 Q16658 
                 20(67/39%/12) 
                 64(152/38%/16) 
                 Protein 
                 0.001 
                 0.385 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 folding 
               
               
                 Glutathion synthase 
                 P48637 
                 21(82/35%/11) 
                   
                 Enzyme 
                 0.000 
                 0.484 
               
               
                 Cathepsin D h   
                 P07339 
                 22(61/24%/8) 
                   
                 Enzyme 
                 1.000 
                 0.758 
               
               
                 Alpha enolase h   
                 P06733 
                 23(146/49%/18), 22 
                 76(64/21%/9), 66, 73 
                 Enzyme 
                 0.000 
                 0.536 
               
               
                 Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 
                 P05121 
                 26(127/60%/17), 24, 25 
                   
                 Protein 
                 0.999 
                 0.644 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 folding 
               
               
                 Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 h   
                 P00558 
                 28(109/36%/11), 29 
                 70(68/36%/10) 
                 Metabolism 
                 0.000 
                 0.389 
               
               
                 PKCq-ineracting protein PICOT 
                 O76003 
                 29(75/40%/11) 
                   
                 Protein 
                 0.182 
                 0.542 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 folding 
               
               
                 Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A h   
                 P04075 
                 31(92/50%/14), 30 
                 71(69/28%/7), 72 
                 Metabolism 
                 0.000 
                 0.356 
               
               
                 Glyceraldehyde 3-phophate 
                 P04406 
                 32(68/36%/7) 
                 74(80/32%/11), 75 
                 Enzyme 
                 0.000 
                 0.467 
               
               
                 dehydrogenase h   
               
               
                 Nebulin 
                 Q14215 
                 35(84/36%/35) 
                   
                 others 
                 0.000 
                 0.224 
               
               
                 Tropomyosin alpha-4 chain isoform 2 
                 P67936 
                   
                 79(73/38%/13) 
                 Protein 
                 0.000 
                 0.417 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 folding 
               
               
                 14-3-3 protein sigma 
                 P31947 
                   
                 81(84/48%/11) 
                 Signaling 
                 0.000 
                 0.345 
               
               
                 Heat shock 27 kDa protein 1 
                 Q96E17 
                   
                 83(70/36%/8) 
                 Protein 
                 0.000 
                 0.731 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 folding 
               
               
                 14-3-3 protein zata, chain A h   
                 P63104 
                 40(59/44%/9) 
                 82(75/35%/11) 
                 Signaling 
                 0.000 
                 0.252 
               
               
                 Triosephosphate isomerase h   
                 P60174 
                 39(80/44%/10), 41 
                 84(107/44%/12), 98 
                 Metabolism 
                 0.013 
                 0.390 
               
               
                 Glutathione s-transferase P h   
                 P09211 
                 42(96/53%/11) 
                 85(103/56%/8) 
                 Enzyme 
                 0.084 
                 0.545 
               
               
                 Peroxiredoxin-1 
                 Q06830 
                   
                 87(83/41%/9) 
                 Enzyme 
                 0.000 
                 0.528 
               
               
                 Neutrophil gelatinase-associated 
                 P80188 
                 44(75/51%/9), 43 
                 86(48/33%/5) 
                 others 
                 1.000 
                 0.924 
               
               
                 lipocalin 
               
               
                 Nucleoside diphosphate kinase, 
                 Q08WT6 
                   
                 91(58/38%/5) 
                 Enzyme 
                 0.000 
                 0.514 
               
               
                 chain R 
               
               
                 Peptidylprolyly isomerase A 
                 P62937 
                 45(84/58%/10) 
                 93(43/30%/4), 92 
                 Protein 
                 0.001 
                 0.339 
               
               
                 (cyclophilin A) h   
                   
                   
                   
                 folding 
               
               
                 Profilin chain A h   
                 P07737 
                   
                 95(54/39%/5) 
                 Protein 
                 0.000 
                 0.469 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 folding 
               
               
                 Tetraubiquitin 
                 Q9ZSW0 
                   
                 99(89/81%/8) 
                 unknown 
                 0.001 
                 0.477 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Swiss-Prot accession numbers of identified proteins. 
               
               
                   b Numbering of the protein bands corresponds to that in FIG. 1. 
               
               
                   c Mascot scores of proteins identified by peptide mass fingerprints. 
               
               
                   d Percent sequence coverage (% seq cov) of matched peptides in the identified proteins. 
               
               
                   e The ontologies of identified proteins were analyzed using the Java application, GoMiner. 
               
               
                   f The signal peptides were predicted using the hidden Markov model of SignalP 3.0. 
               
               
                   g The nonclassical secretion of proteins was evaluated by the neural network output score of SecretomeP 2.0. 
               
               
                   h The protein has been reported to be present in exosomes. 
               
               
                   i Protein identified in both cell lines are denoted in bold. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 OSCC Cell-Secreted Proteins Known to Be Dysregulated in Other Cancer Types 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Protein identified 
                 Cancer type (detection method a ) (Ref. No.)b   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Thrombospondin-1 
                 Cervical cancer(RT-PCR), 34  prostate cancer(IHC), 35-37  colorectal cancer 
               
               
                   
                 (IHC), 38  gastric cancer (IHC), 39  lung cancer (IHC), 40  breast cancer 
               
               
                   
                 (IHC), 41  bladder cancer (IHC), 42  head and neck cancer (ELISA) 43   
               
               
                 Mac-2 binding protein 
                 Pancreatic cancer (ELISA), 44,45  lung cancer (IHC), 46  hepatocellular 
               
               
                   
                 carcinoma(ELISA), 47  nasopharyngeal carcinoma(IHC, ELISA), 48  prostate 
               
               
                   
                 cancer (IHC), 49  colon cancer (IHC), 50  gastric cancer (IHC) 51   
               
               
                 Fibronectin 
                 Gastric cancer(IHC), 52  ovarian cancer(IHC), 53  breast cancer(IHC), 54,55   
               
               
                   
                 gastrointestinal cancer (ELISA), 56  head and neck cancer (ELISA), 56   
               
               
                   
                 laryngeal cancer (IHC) 57   
               
               
                 Moesin 
                 Ovarian adenocarinoma (cDNA microarray, IHC), 58 , oral cancer (IHC) 59   
               
               
                 Heat shock protein 90 
                 Bladder cancer (IHC), 60  prostate cancer (IHC), 61  breast cancer (IHC) 62   
               
               
                 TGF β -induced 
                 Colorectal carcinoma (Q-PCR), 63  pancreatic cancer (NB), 64  esophageal 
               
               
                 protein BIGH3 
                 squamous carcinoma (cDNA microarray) 65   
               
               
                 Alpha enolase 
                 Hepatocellular carcinoma(WB, IHC), 66  lung cancer(IHC), 67  oral cancer 
               
               
                   
                 (IHC) 68   
               
               
                 Fascin 
                 Ovarian cancer (IHC), 69  panceratic adenocarcinoma (cDNA 
               
               
                   
                 microarray), 70  lung cancer(IHC), 71  astrocytoma(IF, WB), 72  breast cancer 
               
               
                   
                 (IHC), 73  colorectal cancer (IHC), 74  renal cell carcinoma (IHC), 75   
               
               
                   
                 esophgeal carcinoma (IHC), 76  oral cancer (IHC) 77   
               
               
                 Plasminogen 
                 Breast cancer (IHC, ELISA), 78,79  lung cancer (IHC), 80  gastric 
               
               
                 activator 
                 cancer(IHC), 81,86  colorectal cancer(IHC), 82  head and neck cancer 
               
               
                 inhibitor 1 
                 (NB), 83,87  esophageal squamous cell carcinnoma (RT-PCR), 84   
               
               
                   
                 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (IHC, ELISA) 85   
               
               
                 Glutathione 
                 Oral cancer(ELISA), 88  lung cancer(ELISA), 89,90  gastric cancer(IHC), 91   
               
               
                 s-transferase P 
                 bladder cancer(ELISA), 92  nasopharyngeal cancer(IHC), 93  breast cancer 
               
               
                   
                 (IHC), 94  prostate cancer (IHC) 95   
               
               
                 Peroxiredoxin I 
                 Oral cancer (IHC), 96  breast cancer (WB), 97  lung cancer (IHC, WB) 98,99   
               
               
                 Phosphoglycerate 
                 Lung cancer (IHC, ELISA, RT-PCR), 100,101  pancreatic ductal 
               
               
                 kinase 1 
                 adenocarinoma (IHC, ELISA), 102  prostate cancer (ELISA) 103   
               
               
                 Fructose-bisphosphate 
                 Lung squamous carcinoma (IHC) 104   
               
               
                 aldolase A 
               
               
                 14-3-3 zeta 
                 Lung cancer (RT-PCR, IHC), 105,106  oral cancer (IHC, WB), 107  stomach 
               
               
                   
                 cancer (2DE/MALDI-TOF MS) 108   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Detection method: IHC, immunohistochemistry; Q-PCR, quantitative PCR; RT-PCR, reverse transcription-PCR; WB, Western blot; NB, Northern blot; 2DE, two dimesional gel electrophpresis. 
               
               
                   b References are denoted in Supporting Information. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0025]    Confirmation of Secreted Proteins by Western Blot Analysis 
         [0026]    To verify the mass spectrometry-based protein identification, conditioned media from the two OSCC cell lines were subjected to Western blot analysis for 15 selected targets, using antibodies available commercially or produced in the laboratory. The selected targets primarily consisted of proteins that had been shown to be dysregulated in at least one cancer type and were detected by mass spectrometry in the secretomes of the two OSCC cell lines; these included fibronectin, Mac-2 binding protein (Mac-2 BP), HSP90, moesin, ezrin, TGF beta-induced protein BIGH3, fascin, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), alpha enolase, phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), glyceraldehyde 3-phophate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A, glutathione s-transferase P (GST-pi), 14-3-3 zeta and cyclophilin A. Proteins (30 μg) from the conditioned medium of the two OSCC cell lines were resolved in 8 or 12.5% SDS gels, transferred to a PVDF membrane, and then probed with specific antibodies against the indicated target proteins. As shown in  FIG. 3 , all of the target proteins were clearly detected in the conditioned media from the two oral cancer cell lines. 
         [0027]    Elevated Expression of Mac-2 BP in OSCC Specimens 
         [0028]    Among the 15 proteins confirmed by Western blot analysis, the inventor chose the cell adhesion-related protein Mac-2 BP for further evaluation in terms of its clinical relevance in OSCC. Dysregulation of Mac-2 BP has been reported in many cancer types, but has not be investigated in OSCC. The inventor herein examined the expression of Mac-2 BP in 146 OSCC patients, using immunohistochemistry to test tissue specimens containing both tumor and non-tumor cells. The clinicopathological characteristics of the 146 OSCC patients enrolled in this study are shown in Table 3. The inventor detected positive Mac-2 BP staining of tumor cells in 111 (76.3%) cases, whereas only 43 (29.5%) cases showed positive staining of adjacent non-tumor cells (Table 4). Among the 111 cases that harbored Mac-2 BP-positive tumor cells, 72 cases (64.9%) were negative for Mac-2 BP expression in their adjacent non-tumor cells (Table 3). Among the 35 cases harboring Mac-2 BP-negative tumor cells, most (−90%, 31 out of 35) showed adjacent non-tumor cells that were also negative for Mac-2 BP expression (Table 3). One representative case of positive Mac-2 BP staining in tumor cells is shown in  FIG. 4 . In  FIG. 4 , Immunohistochemical staining of Mac-2 BP in OSCC specimens. OSCC specimens containing tumor (T) and adjacent non-tumor cells (N) were stained with a specific antibody against Mac-2 BP; one representative case is shown. The T and N areas indicated in upper panel (original magnification, ×40; scale bar, 1 mm) are enlarged and shown in lower panels (original magnification, ×200; scale bar, 200 μm). Clearly, the antibody significantly stained the cytoplasm of tumor cells, but showed little or no staining of adjacent non-tumor epithelial cells. These observations indicate that Mac-2 BP is overexpressed in OSCC tissues. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Clinicopathological characteristics of the 
               
               
                 146 OSCC patients enrolled in this study. 
               
               
                 Characteristics 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Age (year, mean SD) 
                 50.7 ± 10.9 (rang 29-77) 
               
               
                   
                 SEX[n %] 
                 Male 137 (93.84) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Female 9 (6.16) 
               
               
                   
                 Site of primary tumor [n %] 
                 Lip 3 (2.06) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Oral cavity 128 (87.67) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Oropharynx; Hypopharynx 15 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (10.27) 
               
               
                   
                 Clinical stage [n %] 
                 StageI 13/143 (9.09) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Stage            37/143 (25.87) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 StageIII 19/143 (13.29) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Stage IV 74/143 (51.75) 
               
               
                   
                 Regional lymph nodes [n %] 
                 TNM-N0 76/121 (62.8) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TNM-N1.N2 45/121 (37.2) 
               
               
                   
                 Cigarette smoker [n %] 
                 130 (98.66) 
               
               
                   
                 Alcohol drinker [n %] 
                  86 (59.31) 
               
               
                   
                 Betel quid chewer [n %] 
                 122 (84.14) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Expression of Mac-2 BP in 146 OSCC tissue specimens. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Case No. 
                 Case No. 
                   
               
               
                   
                 for Mac-2 BP (+) 
                 for Mac-2 BP (−) 
                 Total 
               
               
                   
                 in tumor cells 
                 in tumor cells 
                 cases (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Case No. for Mac-2 
                 39 
                 4 
                  43 (29.5) 
               
               
                 BP (+) in adjacent 
               
               
                 non-tumor cells 
               
               
                 Case No. for Mac-2 
                 72 
                 31 
                 103 (70.5) 
               
               
                 BP (−) in adjacent 
               
               
                 non-tumor cells 
               
               
                 Total cases (%) 
                 111 (76.3) 
                 35 (23.7) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0029]    Elevated Serum Levels of Mac-2 BP in OSCC Patients Versus Healthy Controls 
         [0030]    As mentioned, proteins upregulated in tumor tissues may or may not be detectable in accessible body fluids such as plasma and serum. However, proteins secreted by cancer cells could represent good serum/plasma biomarker candidates. The inventor previously developed a sensitive fluorimetric sandwich ELISA for Mac-2 BP that could be used to measure its level in blood samples (10). Here, the inventor used this method to examine whether the levels of Mac-2 BP were increased in the sera of OSCC patients versus healthy controls. The clinicopathological characteristics of the 88 OSCC patients and 106 healthy controls that provided serum samples in this study are shown in Table 5. In  FIG. 5 , Serum levels of Mac-2 BP in healthy controls and OSCC patients. The serum levels of Mac-2 BP in healthy controls (n=106) and OSCC patients (n=91) were measured by ELISA using 0.5 μl of serum. Data are presented as the upper and lower quartile and range (box), the median value (horizontal line), and the middle 90% distribution (dashed line). The inventor found that the serum levels of Mac-2 BP were significantly higher in OSCC patients (n=106) versus those in healthy controls (n=91) (mean±SD, 8.06±5.76 vs. 5.54±5.1 μg/ml; p&lt;0.0001). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Clinicopathological characteristics of the 88 OSCC patients and 
               
               
                 106 healthy controls that provided serum samples in this study. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Characteristics 
                 OSCC patients 
                 Healthy controls 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Age (years, mean ± SD) 
                 48.9 ± 10.8 
                 56.0 ± 8.3 
               
               
                   
                 (range 29-74) 
                 (range 40-72) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sex[n (%)] 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Male 
                 88 
                 (100) 
                 106 
                 (100) 
               
               
                 Female 
                 0 
                 (0) 
                 0 
                 (0) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Site of primary tumor[n (%)] 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lip 
                 0 
                 (0) 
                 — 
               
               
                 Oral cavity 
                 75 
                 (85.2) 
                 — 
               
               
                 Oropharynx; Hypopharynx 
                 13 
                 (14.8) 
                 — 
               
               
                 Clinical stage [n %] 
               
               
                 StageI 
                 5/85 
                 (5.9) 
                 — 
               
               
                 Stage           
                 21/85 
                 (24.7) 
                 — 
               
               
                 StageIII 
                 11/85 
                 (12.9) 
                 — 
               
               
                 StageIV 
                 48/85 
                 (56.5) 
                 — 
               
               
                 Regional lymph nodes[n (%)] 
               
               
                 TNM-N0 
                 59/86 
                 (68.6) 
                 — 
               
               
                 TNM-N1.N2 
                 27/86 
                 (31.4) 
                 — 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Cigarette smoker[n (%)] 
                 82 
                 (93.2) 
                 59 
                 (55.7) 
               
               
                 Alcohol drinker[n (%)] 
                 58 
                 (65.9) 
                 35 
                 (33.0) 
               
               
                 Betel quid chewer[n (%)] 
                 78 
                 (88.6) 
                 43 
                 (40.6) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0031]    Based on this finding, the inventor then examined the diagnostic efficacy of Mac-2 BP by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was determined to be 0.72 (95% CI, 0.64-0.78) for Mac-2 BP ( FIG. 6 ). When applied a cut-off value of 4.45 μg/ml for Mac-2 BP to discriminate OSCC patients from healthy controls, the sensitivity and specificity values were 76.9% and 60.4%, respectively. These results indicate that Mac-2 BP is a potential serum biomarker for OSCC, and suggest the possible use of serum Mac-2 BP levels as a supplementary tool to aid oral cancer detection or monitoring. 
         [0032]    Materials and Methods 
         [0033]    Cell Culture 
         [0034]    OEC-M1 is an oral epidermal carcinoma cell line derived from the gingiva of a Chinese patient (25), whereas SCC4 is a tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line derived from a 55-year-old male (ATCC No. CRL-1624). The two cell lines were grown in RPMI medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 25 mM HEPES and antibiotics at 37° C. in 5% CO 2 . 
         [0035]    Harvest of Conditioned Media from Cancer Cell Lines 
         [0036]    OEC-M1 and SCC4 cells were grown to confluence in 15-cm tissue culture dishes, and then washed twice with serum-free medium and incubated in serum-free medium for 24 hr. The conditioned media were harvested, centrifuged for elimination of intact cells, and concentrated by centrifugation in Amicon Ultra-15 tubes (molecular weight cutoff 5,000 Da; Millipore, Billerica, Mass.) three times at 4,000×g for 35 minutes each time. The concentrated samples were dried by Speed-Vac and resuspended in 100 deionized water for further use. The cells remaining on the dishes were washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and cell extracts were prepared as previously described (10, 26, 27). The protein concentrations of samples were determined using the BCA protein assay reagent from Pierce (Rockford, Ill.). 
         [0037]    Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Gel-Fractionated Proteins 
         [0038]    Proteins were resolved on 9-15% gradient SDS gels and subjected to silver staining, and images were captured using a Personal Densitometer SI (Molecular Dynamics, Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.). Protein bands were excised, destained and subjected to trypsin digestion as previously described (10, 26). Briefly, gel pieces were destained in 1% potassium ferricyanide and 1.6% sodium thiosulfate (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.), dehydrated in acetonitrile and dried in a Speed Vac. The proteins were then reduced with 25 mM NH 4 HCO 3  containing 10 mM dithiothreitol (Biosynth AG, Staad, Switzerland) at 60° C. for 30 min, and alkylated with 55 mM iodoacetamide (Amersham Biosciences) at room temperature for 30 min. After reduction and alkylation, the proteins were digested with sequencing-grade modified porcine trypsin (20 μg/ml) (Promega, Madison, Wis.) overnight at 37° C. The resulting peptides were extracted with acetonitrile containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (v/v), and loaded onto an MTP Anchor Chip™ 600/384 TF (Bruker-Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany). MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was performed on an Ultraflex™ MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany). Peptide mass fingerprints were acquired in reflectron mode (26.7 kV accelerating voltage) with 300 laser shots per spectrum. 
         [0039]    Database Search and Protein Identification 
         [0040]    Masses were automatically annotated using the Bruker Daltonics FlexAnalysis 2.2 software package (peak detection algorithm ═SNAP; signal-to-noise threshold=2; maximal number of peaks=200; peak width=0.75 m/z; and quality factor threshold=50) and calibrated internally to a mass accuracy within 50 ppm, using a peptide mixture of bovine serum albumin (BSA) (m/z 927.49), human angiotensin II (m/z 1046.54), and ACTH-(18-39) (m/z 2465.198). Annotated and calibrated peaks were searched against the National Center for Biotechnology&#39;s non-redundant (NCBInr) database (released April 2005; 2,506,589 sequences and 850,049,330 residues) using the BioTools 2.2 software (Bruker Daltonics) and the Mascot search engine (version 2.1, Matrix Science, London, UK). Mascot searches were restricted to the human taxonomy (134,728 sequences), and with ‘trypsin digestion allowing a carbamidomethyl cysteine’ given as a fixed modification, and ‘oxidized methionine’ given as a potential variable modification. One trypsin-missed cleavage was allowed, and the peptide mass tolerance was set to 50 ppm. The known peptide masses of keratins were excluded. Positive identification was accepted when the data satisfied the following criteria: (i) targets were obtained with statistically significant search scores (greater than 95% confidence interval, equivalent to Mascot expected value &lt;0.05); and (ii) the peptide ions of the identified proteins accounted for the majority of the ions present in the mass spectra. If the available peptides matched multiple members of a protein family in a Mascot search, the member with the highest ranked hit was selected. MS spectra with multiple matches were manually inspected to ensure the correct peptide-mass-fingerprint (PMF) assignment. Identified proteins were further analyzed using various software programs, including SignalP for predicting the presence of secretory signal peptide sequences (SignalP probability≧0.90) (28, 29), and SecretomeP for examining non-signal peptide-triggered protein secretion (SignalP probability&lt;0.90 and SecretomeP score≧0.50) (30). 
         [0041]    Production of Antibodies 
         [0042]    Anti-Mac-2 BP (120) and anti-heat shock protein 90 antibodies were produced in rabbits as previously described (10, 31). The antibody against BIGH3 was produced in rabbits using the peptide TQLYTDRTEKLRPEMEG(C), which corresponds to residues 118 to 134 of human BIGH3 (GenBank accession No. NM — 000358). This peptide was synthesized by Kelowna International Scientific Inc. (Taipei, Taiwan). A cysteine residue was added to the C-terminus to facilitate coupling of the peptide to BSA (Sigma). The antibodies were produced and affinity purified according to previously described procedures (10). 
         [0043]    Western Blot Analysis 
         [0044]    The prepared samples (20 μg protein) were separated by SDS-PAGE, transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (Millipore), and then probed with various antibodies as previously described (10, 26). The utilized antibodies included anti-fibronectin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, Calif.), anti-Mac-2 BP (120), anti-fascin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-heat shock protein 90, anti-moesin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-Ezrin (Abcam, Cambridge, Mass.), anti-BIGH3, anti-PAI-1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-alpha enolase (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-PGK1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-G3PDH (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-aldolase A (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-GST-pi (Chemicon, Billerica, Mass.), anti-14-3-3 zeta (Upstate, Charlottesville, Va.), anti-cyclophilin A (Abcam) and anti-β-tubulin (MDbio, Taipei, Taiwan). Proteins of interest were detected with alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and visualized with the CDP-Star™ chemiluminescent substrate (Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany), according to the manufacturer&#39;s protocol. 
         [0045]    Patient Population and Clinical Specimens 
         [0046]    Tumor specimens were obtained from 146 OSCC patients diagnosed at the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China) in 1999-2000. The demographic data for these patients are shown in Supplementary Table S1. Serum samples were collected from 106 healthy controls [106 men ranging from 41 to 72 years of age (mean age 56.2±8.3)] and 91 OSCC patients [88 men and 3 women ranging from 29 to 74 years of age (mean age 49.1±10.8)] at the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in 1999-2000. The enrolled cases included 5 stage-T1, 22 stage-T2, 11 stage-T3, 50 stage-T4 and 3 unknown stage patients. The study was approved by the Medical Ethics and Human Clinical Trial Committee at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. 
         [0047]    Immunohistochemistry 
         [0048]    Tissue specimens were fixed with 10% formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, and cut into 4-μm-thick sections. Staining for Mac-2 BP was carried out using the Envision-kit (DAKO Corp., Carpinteria, Calif.). The sections were deparaffinized with xylene, dehydrated with ethanol and then retrieved by boiling in 10 mM citrate buffer (pH 6.0) for 20 min. Endogenous peroxidase activities were inactivated with the Dual Endogenous Enzyme Block (DAKO Corp.) for 15 min at room temperature, and then the sections were blocked using the Antibody Diluent with Background Reducing Components (DAKO Corp.) for 30 min. The sections were incubated with rabbit polyclonal antibodies to Mac-2 BP (120) (50 μg/ml) overnight at 4° C., and then washed, and exposed to a peroxidase-conjugated secondary anti-rabbit antibody (DAKO Corp.) for min at room temperature, followed by treatment with substrate-chromogen solution (DAKO Corp.) and a further incubation for 5-10 min at room temperature. Finally, the sections were counterstained with hematoxylin (DAKO Corp.), dehydrated and mounted. Immunohistochemistry (1HC) staining intensity and percentage were evaluated by a pathologist (Li-Yu Lee). The staining intensity was scored as 0 (no stain) or 1 (weak to strong), and the staining percentage was scored as 0 (0˜49%) or (≧50%) (17). The two scores were multiplied by each other to get the final score. Positive staining was defined as a final score=1. 
         [0049]    Fluorimetric Sandwich ELISA of Mac-2 BP 
         [0050]    ELISA measurement of Mac-2 BP was performed as previously described (10). Briefly, white polystyrene microtiter plates (Corning, N.Y., USA) were coated with rabbit anti-Mac-2 BP (120) (10 μg/ml in PBS, 50 μl/well) antibodies overnight. The plates were then washed with TTBS and blocked with 200 μl of ovalbumin (Sigma) (1 mg/ml in TTBS). Recombinant MAC-2 BP (MedSystems Diagnostics GmbH, Vienna, Austria) was used as a standard. The serum samples comprised 0.5 μl of serum diluted to 50 μl in PBS containing 1% BSA were added and incubated at 37° C. for 1 h; the plates were then washed with TTBS. Subsequently, mouse anti-Mac-2 BP (BMS146, MedSystems Diagnostics GmbH, Vienna, Austria) (10 μg/ml in PBS, 50 μl/well) antibodies were applied and incubated for 1 h. After washing, 50 μl of alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) (diluted 2000-fold in TTBS) was added and incubated for 1 h. Substrate 4-Methylumbelliferyl phosphate (100 μM; 100 μl/well, Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg., USA) was added, and then fluorescence was measured with a time-resolved fluorometer (the Plate Chameleon, Hidex, Turku, Finland) (λ excitation : 355 nm, λ emission : 460 nm). 
         [0051]    Statistical Analysis. 
         [0052]    The SAS® software package (version 8.2, SAS Institute, Cary, N.C.) was used to manage patient data and for statistical analysis. Mean between-group values were compared using the Chi-square or Fisher&#39;s exact tests. Wilcoxon Scores were used for ELISA group analysis. All statistical tests were two-sided, and p values less than 5% were considered significant. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed by plotting sensitivity versus (1-specificity), considering each observed value as a possible cutoff value. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated as a single measure for the discriminative efficacy of each marker (32, 33). 
         [0053]    Those described above are only to exemplify the present invention but not to limit the scope of the present invention. Any modification or variation according to the spirit of the present invention is to be also included within the scope of the present invention, which is based on the claims stated below. 
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