Abstract:
A harmonic system for use with metals and alloys such as titanium, steel, copper, gold, aluminum, etc. is disclosed. The harmonic laser system includes an oscillator cavity having a first end mirror and a harmonic separator mirror, an active medium positioned in the oscillator cavity, an electro-optic pump device for optically pumping the active medium to produce a first optical beam at a fundamental wavelength and a non-linear optical crystal positioned in the oscillator cavity to generate a second optical beam at a harmonic wavelength of the first optical beam, wherein the harmonic separator mirror outputs the second optical beam and reflects the first optical beam.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention generally relates to optical harmonic generators and, more particularly relates to an optical harmonic generator for generating a laser output beam for use in a laser spot or seam welding system.  
         BACKGROUND  
         [0002]    Recently, lasers have been used in industrial production, particularly for welding, cutting, and surface treatment. In practice laser welding technology is increasingly gaining importance because of the high precision and processing speeds that can be achieved, the low thermal stress on the workpiece, and the high degree of automation which is possible. Current laser welding systems often use a CO 2  (carbon dioxide) laser which produces a light beam having a wavelength of 10.6 μm (micro meters), or a solid-state device such as the Nd:YAG laser (Neodymium Yttrium Aluminum Garnet) laser, which produces a light beam having a wavelength of approximately 1.064 μm.  
           [0003]    However, light from a CO 2  laser may not couple with or be efficiently absorbed by certain metals and alloys. For example, the higher wavelength light of typical CO 2  lasers may be significantly reflected by metals and alloys such as titanium, steel, etc. at room temperature. Similarly, YAG lasers that are often used for low power (&lt;500 W (watts)) welding applications may not couple well or be efficiently absorbed by metals such as copper, gold, aluminum, etc. at room temperature.  
           [0004]    Current laser welding systems typically compensate for poor absorption by increasing the peak power of the laser pulse to overcome the metal&#39;s initial resistance to coupling at room temperature. The absorption significantly increases when the metal reaches its melting temperature. However, before reaching the melting temperature the use of a high energy pulse may result in considerable inefficiency in that a significant portion of the laser beam may not be absorbed during the onset of the pulse. In addition, once the laser pulse couples with the material, the high peak power may add too much energy and cause the material to splash (radiate drops of molten metal) or cause unwanted vaporization of the metal and alloy components. The undesirable inefficiency and splashing may lead to inconsistent weld results.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0005]    In an exemplary embodiment according to the present invention, a laser welding system includes an oscillator cavity having a first end mirror and a harmonic separator mirror, an active medium positioned in the oscillator cavity, an electro-optic pump device for optically pumping the active medium to produce a first optical beam at a fundamental wavelength and a non-linear optical crystal positioned in the oscillator cavity to generate a second optical beam at a harmonic wavelength of said first optical beam, wherein the harmonic separator mirror outputs the second optical beam and reflects the first optical beam.  
           [0006]    In another exemplary embodiment according to the present invention, a method of generating a second optical beam having a harmonic wavelength of a wavelength of a first optical beam is provided. The method includes: generating the first optical beam having the fundamental wavelength by optically pumping an active medium; directing the first optical beam to a non-linear optical crystal to generate the second optical beam having the harmonic wavelength; and directing the first and second optical beams to a harmonic separator mirror that passes through the second optical beam and reflects the first optical beam. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0007]    These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings where:  
         [0008]    [0008]FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of an optical harmonic generator in a folded cavity optical resonator for use in a laser welding system in an exemplary embodiment according to the present invention;  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of an optical harmonic generator in a folded cavity optical resonator for use in a laser welding system in another exemplary embodiment according to the present invention; and  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram of an optical harmonic generator in a co-linear cavity optical resonator for use in a laser welding system in yet another exemplary embodiment according to the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0011]    An exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides a method and apparatus for generating an Nth harmonic frequency beam (N≧2). In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the harmonic, optical generator may comprise an electro-optic pumping device (e.g., laser diode, flash lamp, etc.) that produces an output pumping radiation which is optically coupled into an active medium disposed within an optical resonator to pump the active medium and to excite the optical resonator at a fundamental wavelength. In the described exemplary embodiment a non-linear electro-optic medium may be coupled to the excited, fundamental optical mode of the optical resonator to produce a non-linear interaction with the fundamental wavelength producing harmonic wavelength photons. The advantages of the present invention may be best understood in the context of an exemplary application, such as, for example, a laser welding system.  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic diagram of an exemplary optical harmonic generator  10  for generating an optical beam to weld a workpiece  190 . The optical beam may either be pulsed or may be a continuous wave. The described exemplary optical generator may comprise an electro-optic pumping device  20  optically coupled to an active medium  30  such as, for example, an Nd:YAG rod, disposed within a folded cavity optical resonator to pump the active medium and to excite the optical resonator at a fundamental wavelength. In an exemplary embodiment, the electro-optic pumping device may be a flash lamp. In other embodiments, the active medium  30  may be excited by a laser diode or other suitable pumping device known to those skilled in the art.  
         [0013]    According to the exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the active medium may be selected in accordance with the desired laser characteristics such as laser fluorescent lifetime and optical and mechanical properties. For example, the active medium may include a lasing crystal, gaseous medium, or any other suitable lasing medium known to those skilled in the art.  
         [0014]    In an exemplary embodiment according to the present invention, a non-linear electro-optic medium  40  such as a KTP (Potassium Titanyl Phosphate) or LBO (Lithium Triborate) crystal may be coupled to the excited, fundamental mode of the optical resonator to produce a non-linear interaction with the fundamental wavelength producing a harmonic. The harmonic of a laser light may be defined as another laser light with a frequency that is multiple of the fundamental frequency (i.e., the frequency of the original laser light). In other words, a whole number integer times the wavelength of the harmonic equals the fundamental wavelength (i.e., λ f =Nλ h ).  
         [0015]    In operation electromagnetic radiation propagating through the non-linear crystal  40  interacts with dipoles in the crystal causing them to oscillate. In practice the amplitude of the vibration and eventually the harmonics produced increases with increasing power density of the radiation. Therefore, conventional harmonic systems used, for example, in Q-switching applications, typically utilize high peak (e.g., 20-100 kW) power, low divergence, and short pulsewidth (e.g., &lt;1 μsec, and typically in the nano seconds range) optical beams that may be efficiently converted from a fundamental optical wavelength to a harmonic. Due to the short pulse width, the heat input necessary for most welding situations is not generated.  
         [0016]    However, harmonic generators utilized in applications such as, for example laser welding systems that utilize a long pulse width (e.g., &gt;200 μsec) or continuous wave, relatively low peak (1-10 kw) power, relatively high divergence, output beam provide a relatively low conversion efficiency. Therefore, an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may further comprise a focusing lens  50  within the resonator that increases the power density of the optical beam at the fundamental wavelength incident upon the non-linear crystal  40  to increase the conversion efficiency from the fundamental wavelength to a harmonic wavelength. The focusing lens  50  compensates for high divergence and increases conversion efficiency. For example, the conversion efficiency may be less than 0.01% without the focusing lens  50  while about 40% with the focusing lens  50 . This way, harmonics having increased power density may be realized without imposing the limitation to the pulsewidth associated with using a Q-switch inside the laser cavity in the lasing path. In other words, while Q-switches can be used to generate optical signal having harmonic wavelength, they can typically generate only pulses having widths of less than 1 μsec, which may be suitable for precision drilling or marking, but not typically for laser welding. In the exemplary embodiments of the present invention, harmonics are generated using one or more non-linear crystals without using a Q-switch, thus providing capabilities to generate harmonics with long pulse widths (e.g., &gt;200 μsec and typically about 3 msec) or continuous wave output. The increased pulse widths allow for long interaction with the workpiece while maintaining sufficient laser energy to melt the material, thus better allowing for laser welding.  
         [0017]    In the described exemplary embodiment, the active medium  30  and the non-linear crystal  40  are disposed on the optical beam paths of a triangular oscillator cavity defined by three reflectors (or mirrors)  60 ,  70  and  80 . In the described exemplary embodiment, an end mirror  60  may have a concave reflective surface  90  coupled with a first output surface  100  of a rod shaped active medium  30  (e.g., lasing crystal). In one embodiment, the concave reflective surface  90  of the end mirror  60  may be coated with a high reflectivity coating at the fundamental wavelength (e.g. 1.064 μm).  
         [0018]    For example, in the described exemplary embodiment, the concave reflective surface  90  may be coated with a multi-layer dielectric coating having a reflectivity greater than about 99% at the fundamental wavelength. In addition, the concave reflective surface  90  of the end mirror  60  may be anti-reflective at the wavelength of the electro-optic pumping device  20 . Further, output surfaces  100  and  110  of the active medium  30  may be substantially planar and may be coated with an anti-reflective coating at the fundamental wavelength (e.g. 1.064 μm).  
         [0019]    In the described exemplary embodiment, the output face  110  of the active medium  30  may be optically coupled to a harmonic separator output mirror  70 . In the described exemplary embodiment the harmonic separator mirror  70  may be oriented at an angle  120  in the range of about 20-160 degrees with respect to the optical axis of the active medium  30 . Further, the harmonic separator output mirror  70  may comprise optical quality glass, such as polished high purity fused silica (SiO 2 ) or other materials known in the art such as for example, molded optical grade plastic, GaAs (Gallium Arsenide), CaF 2  (Calcium Fluoride), or the like. In an exemplary embodiment, a surface  130  of the harmonic separator output mirror  70  may be highly reflective at the fundamental wavelength (e.g. 1.064 μm) and substantially transmissive at the harmonic wavelength (e.g. 532 nm (nanometer)).  
         [0020]    Since the exemplary optical generator  10  generates output at 532 nm, it may be referred to as a green laser since the wavelength of 532 nm corresponds to green light. The harmonic wavelength of 532 nm (½ the fundamental wavelength) results because the non-linear crystal  40  in the exemplary embodiment is a doubling crystal (N=2) that doubles the laser frequency. In other embodiments, a tripling crystal (N=3), a 4× crystal (N=4), or the like may be used as the non-linear crystal to triple or quadruple the laser frequency, respectively, to result in the respective wavelengths of 355 nm and 266 nm. Further, in still other embodiments, in order to achieve quadrupling effect (N=4), two doubling crystals (N=2) may be used in series.  
         [0021]    For example, in the exemplary embodiment, the surface  130  may be coated with a high reflectivity coating at the fundamental wavelength and an anti-reflective coating at the harmonic wavelength. In addition, a surface  140  of the harmonic separator output mirror  70  may also be coated with an anti-reflective coating at the harmonic wavelength to further improve transmission through the harmonic separator mirror  70  at the harmonic wavelength.  
         [0022]    In the described exemplary embodiment, the focusing lens  50  may be optically coupled to the surface  130  of the harmonic separator output mirror  70  to focus optical beams at the fundamental wavelength into the non-linear electro-optic crystal  40 . The focusing lens  50  may comprise for example a plano-convex lens formed from optical quality glass, such as polished high purity fused silica (SiO 2 ) or other materials known in the art such as for example, molded optical grade plastic, GaAs, CaF 2 , or the like. In one exemplary embodiment, surfaces  145  and  150  of the focusing lens  50  may be highly transmissive at both the fundamental wavelength and the harmonic wavelength. For example, in said exemplary embodiment, the surfaces  145  and  150  may be coated with dielectric anti-reflective coatings at the fundamental wavelength and the harmonic wavelength.  
         [0023]    In the described exemplary embodiment, the focal length of the focusing lens  50  may be in the range of about 50-500 millimeters (mm), and more specifically between about 100 mm to 150 mm. In addition, in the described exemplary embodiment the focusing lens  50  and the non-linear crystal  40  may be separated by a distance approximately equal to the focal length of the focusing lens  50  to increase the power density of the optical beam incident upon a substantially planar surface  160  of the non-linear electro-optic crystal  40 .  
         [0024]    In an exemplary embodiment, the non-linear electro-optic crystal  40  interacts with the fundamental wavelength generally producing an Nth harmonic of the frequency of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the active medium  30 . In one exemplary embodiment, a KTP or LBO crystal may be coupled to the fundamental mode to produce a second harmonic. For example, in the described exemplary embodiment, the active medium  30  may comprise a Nd:YAG laser with a fundamental wavelength of approximately 1064 nm and the non-linear crystal  40  may generate an output harmonic at approximately 532 nm.  
         [0025]    In the described exemplary embodiment, a second end mirror  80  may have a concave reflective surface  170  coupled with a second substantially flat surface  180  of the non-linear electro-optic crystal  40 . In one exemplary embodiment, the reflective surface  170  of the second end mirror  80  may be coated with a high reflectivity coating at the fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm and a high reflectivity coating at the harmonic wavelength (e.g. 532 nm in this example). Therefore, optical beams exiting the non-linear crystal  40  at the fundamental and harmonic wavelength are reflected by the second end mirror  80  back to the non-linear crystal  40  where they are passed through the focusing lens  50  to the harmonic separator mirror  70 .  
         [0026]    In the described exemplary embodiment, the high reflectivity coating at 1064 nm on the surface  130  of the harmonic separator mirror  70  reflects optical beams at the fundamental wavelength back through the active medium  30  to the end mirror  60  capturing beams at the fundamental wavelength within the optical resonator. However, the harmonic separator mirror  70  is transmissive to optical beams at the harmonic wavelength, which are therefore passed out of the optical resonator. The output beam may then be incident upon the workpiece  190  for performing the desired weld operation.  
         [0027]    The present invention is not limited to the disclosed triangular resonator configuration. Rather, one of skill in the art will appreciate that a variety of resonator configurations may be used to provide a suitable optical path between the active medium and non-linear electro-optic crystal.  
         [0028]    For example, in one exemplary embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 2, a harmonic separator output mirror  71  of an optical harmonic generator  11  may comprise a concave reflecting surface  131  to focus optical beams at the fundamental wavelength into the non-linear electro-optic crystal  40  without using a focus lens. In this embodiment, the harmonic separator mirror  71  may have a radius of curvature that produces a focal length of about 50-500 mm without a focus lens. In addition, in the described exemplary embodiment the concave harmonic separator mirror  71  and the non-linear crystal  40  may be separated by a distance approximately equal to the focal length of the concave separator mirror  71 .  
         [0029]    The surface  131  may be coated with a high reflectivity coating at the fundamental wavelength and an anti-reflective coating at the harmonic wavelength. A surface  141  of the harmonic separator output mirror  71  may also be coated with an anti-reflective coating at the harmonic wavelength to further improve transmission through the harmonic separator mirror  71  at the harmonic wavelength.  
         [0030]    For another example, referring to FIG. 3, the active medium  30  and the non-linear electro-optic crystal  40  may be disposed in a co-linear optical resonator  200  wherein the harmonic separator mirror  70  may again function to split the optical beam into its fundamental and harmonic components. As can be seen FIG. 3, the optical beams at fundamental wavelength and harmonic wavelength are normally (i.e., at 90 degree angle or perpendicular to) incident upon the harmonic separator mirror  70 .  
         [0031]    Although an exemplary embodiment of the present invention has been described, it should not be construed to limit the scope of the appended claims. Those skilled in the art will understand that various modifications may be made to the described embodiment and that numerous other configurations are capable of achieving this same result. Moreover, to those skilled in the various arts, the invention itself herein will suggest solutions to other tasks and adaptations for other applications. It is the applicants intention to cover by claims all such uses of the invention and those changes and modifications which could be made to the embodiments of the invention herein chosen for the purpose of disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.  
         [0032]    For example, the exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been described mainly in reference to laser welding herein, however, the present invention may also be applied to other laser applications such as, for example, laser bending, laser heat treating and the like, as well as many other physical processes. Since laser light produces heat, and the interaction time is longer than systems using a Q-switch due to longer pulse widths or continuous wave, the present invention is suitable for various different laser applications where application of heat is needed.