Abstract:
An optical interconnect system having a GRIN rod lens, the GRIN rod lens having a first end and a second end, and further having a preselected length, a preselected width and a preselected index of refraction. Means are fixedly secured to the first end of the GRIN rod lens for emitting electromagnetic radiation and means are fixedly secured to said second end of said GRIN rod lens for receiving the emitted electromagnetic radiation. The GRIN rod lens forms an image of the emitting means onto the receiving means and overcomes problems associated with misalignment. Further embodiments of this optical interconnect system are capable of use in even further applications in an environment where alignment problems are at issue.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/425,551 entitled RELAXED TOLERANCE OPTICAL INTERCONNECT SYSTEMS, filed on Oct. 22, 1999, which claims priority of U.S. provisional application S.No. 60/105,251 entitled OPTICAL DATA PIPE filed Oct. 22, 1998 by the present inventor. 
     
    
     STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST  
       [0002] This invention was made with U.S. Government support under Contract Nos. F08630-97-C-0048, and F08630-98-C-0027 awarded by the U.S. Air Force. The Government has certain rights in the invention. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    The present invention relates generally to interconnection systems, and, more particularly, to alignment tolerant dense optical interconnect systems which incorporate the use of rod lenses.  
           [0004]    With the advent of substantial new performance levels in high bandwidth digital and analog electro-optic systems, there exists a greater need to provide dense, alignment tolerant interconnection capability. This is especially true in digital computing systems; in analog systems such as phased array radar; and in high bandwidth optical carriers in communication systems. However, it should be realized that these are just several of numerous systems which benefit from application of high-bandwidth electro-optic interconnection.  
           [0005]    In many current and future systems light beams are modulated in a digital and/or analog fashion and used as “optical carriers” of information. There are many reasons why light beams or optical carriers are preferred in these applications. For example, as the data rate required of such channels increases, the high optical frequencies provide a tremendous improvement in available bandwidth over conventional electrical channels such as formed by wires and coaxial cables. In addition, the energy required to drive and carry high bandwidth signals can be reduced at optical frequencies. Further, optical channels, even those propagating in free space (without waveguides such as optical fibers) can be packed closely and even intersect in space with greatly reduced crosstalk between channels.  
           [0006]    Conventional electrical interconnection over wires or traces is reaching severe performance limits due to density, power, crosstalk, time delay, and complexity. For example, chip scaling continues to provide for a doubling of transistors on a chip every 18 months. A 2 cm×2 cm chip currently requires 2 km of wires or traces for interconnection with 6 layers of metal and the complexity exponentiates with the number of metal layers. With designs using 0.18 micron wires, 60% of the delay is from the interconnects themselves. In shrinking from 0.5 micron wires to 0.18 micron wires on chip, the rc time constant increases by a factor of 10. Using optical interconnection, the power dissipation does not scale with the length of interconnection, and optical interconnects are superior for short signal rise times. Similar advantages of optical interconnection over electrical interconnection pertain to longer range interconnection, e.g., from chip-to-chip, intra-board, inter-board, and computer-to-peripheral.  
           [0007]    Other optical interconnect approaches suffer from critical alignment tolerances; restrictive focusing, component separation and vibration tolerance requirements; insertion loss which limits speed and power efficiency; bulky and large-footprint optical systems; limited density and scalability; lack of physical flexibility and compliance of the interconnect, and the need to provide an excessively protective environment in order to maintain optical alignment over time.  
           [0008]    It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a high density (many parallel interconnected channels in a small volume) optical interconnect system that can optically interconnect tens, hundreds, or thousands of high-bandwidth channels with a technology that is flexible and alignment tolerant.  
           [0009]    It is another object of this invention to provide a high density optical interconnect system in which the component optical and electro-optical components are arranged in a single monolithic unit.  
           [0010]    It is another object of this invention to provide a high density optical interconnect system that provides a nearly lossless one-to-one optical interconnection from a set of input channels to a set of output channels.  
           [0011]    It is another object of this invention to provide a high density optical interconnect system that, by virtue of its low insertion loss, can provide very high-speed bidirectional interconnection among dense two-dimensionally packed interconnected channels.  
           [0012]    It is another object of this invention to provide a high density optical interconnect system that can interconnect over distances spanning millimeters to tens of meters or longer.  
           [0013]    It is further an object of this invention to provide a high density optical interconnect system that can be pre-aligned during manufacture and is thus readily fieldable by non-optically trained personnel.  
           [0014]    It is further an object of this invention to provide a high density optical interconnect across single die or integrated circuit substrate, inside multi-chip modules, between die, between modules or components, between boards, between computers, between computers and peripherals, or between peripherals.  
           [0015]    It is still further an object of this invention to provide a high density optical interconnect system that uses a small fraction of device area that would be required for arrays of traces, wires, or waveguides.  
           [0016]    It is still further an object of this invention to provide a high density optical interconnect system that is capable of bending and flexing to accommodate components that shift relative to each other while maintaining interconnection of many parallel optical channels among the shifting components.  
           [0017]    It is still further an object of this invention to provide a high density optical interconnect system that interconnects many parallel optical channels among components while maintaining relative insensitivity to longitudinal and lateral shifts between the interconnected components.  
           [0018]    It is still further an object of this invention to provide a high density optical interconnect system that can be disconnected and reconnected simply while maintaining alignment among many parallel optical channels.  
           [0019]    It is still further an object of this invention to provide a high density optical interconnect system that provides for a uniform delay for all channels, thus minimizing relative signal skews.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0020]    The objects set forth above as well as further and other objects and advantages of the present invention are achieved by the embodiments of the invention described hereinbelow.  
           [0021]    The present invention overcomes problems associated with size, power, crosstalk, and speed associated with conventional electrical interconnects, and overcomes problems with alignment tolerance in conventional optical interconnection. In a preferred embodiment of The optical interconnect system or optical data pipe approach of the present invention, although not limited thereto, mating emitter and detector arrays are pre-aligned and fixed on or near the ends of a gradient index rod imager, and this flexible pre-aligned structure is then mounted to the host. Using this technology, which includes the various embodiments of this invention, hundreds or thousands of high bandwidth channels can be interconnected for short distances (intra-die, between neighboring chips or MCMS) or over relatively long distances (full board wrap-around, board-to-board, computer to peripheral, computer to computer, etc.). The optical interconnect system of this invention provides a nearly lossless one-to-one optical interconnection from a set of input channels to a set of output channels, and supports extreme density, low power, and low crosstalk for high bandwidth signals.  
           [0022]    One of many advantages of the system of this invention is that it can be pre-aligned and fixed during manufacture (e.g., using automated alignment and cementing procedures) to produce optical interconnects that have greatly relaxed alignment tolerances and are thus readily usable in the field by non-optical personnel. The interconnection systems of the present invention are thus tolerant of handling, bending and displacements among interconnected components without losing their function of interconnecting many closely packed (dense) optical channels. Other advantages of this invention relate to the fact that it is tolerant of misalignments, vibrations, etc.  
           [0023]    For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further objects, reference is made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and its scope will be pointed out in the appended claims. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0024]    [0024]FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the problem addressed by the optical interconnect systems of the present invention;  
         [0025]    [0025]FIGS. 2 and 3 represent prior art approaches;  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a fixed point-to-point monolithic optical interconnect system of the present invention;  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of an interconnection of The optical interconnect system of this invention;  
         [0028]    [0028]FIGS. 6A and 6B schematically and pictorially, respectively represent a dense hexagonally packed emitter array utilized with the present invention, with FIG. 6B being an exploded view thereof;  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of a prism used with one embodiment of the optical interconnect system of this invention;  
         [0030]    FIGS.  8 A- 8 D are photographs of alignment of channels during bending of The optical interconnect system of the present invention;  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of a circuit board application of the optical interconnect system of this invention;  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 10 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of this invention illustrating a curved optical interconnect (optical data pipe) used with this invention;  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 11 is a schematic representation of micro-optic lens arrays used with the optical interconnect systems of this invention;  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 12 is a schematic representation of another embodiment of the optical interconnect system of this invention;  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 13 is a schematic representation of a relaxed tolerance interconnect system of this invention linking channels between boards or MCM&#39;s;  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 14 is a schematic representation of yet another embodiment of the optical interconnect system of this invention;  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 15 is a schematic representation of an emitter array and a receiver array utilized in a detailed embodiment of the optical interconnect system of this invention;  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 16 a  is a schematic representation of an optical raytrace for an embodiment of the optical interconnect system of this invention including substantially aligned components;  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 16 b - d  are schematic representations of an image of one emitter from emitter array projected onto a detector from the receiver array;  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 17 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of the optical interconnect system of this invention including slightly misaligned components;  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 18 a  is a schematic representation of an optical raytrace for an embodiment of the optical interconnect system of this invention including slightly misaligned components;  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 18 b - d  are schematic representations of an image of one emitter from emitter array projected onto a detector from the receiver array for the embodiment of FIG. 17; and,  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 19 is a schematic representation of hexagonally packed arrays of emitters and detectors (receivers).  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0044]    If an optical interconnect approach is to have a significant impact in practice, it must possess a variety of desirable characteristics including in particular a tolerance for misalignments and alignment variations among the interconnected components. These areas are highlighted and described briefly hereafter:  
         [0045]    Alignment Tolerance, with the ability to function in a practical computer environment which is subject to vibrations, thermal variations, misalignments between interconnected components and devices, etc.  
         [0046]    High channel density: allowing for hundreds of parallel channels to be interconnected with a small footprint.  
         [0047]    High channel bandwidth: allowing for data rates in the megahertz and gigahertz regimes.  
         [0048]    Low insertion loss: allowing for high speeds with low power consumption.  
         [0049]    Uniform delay for all data channels, therefore introducing little or no relative skew in the switched signals.  
         [0050]    Miniaturized opto-electronics interconnecting many parallel optical channels in a compact package. The ability to densely pack channels in a volume (e.g., a slender flexible rod) rather than along planar substrate or circuit board surface will be a distinct advantage.  
         [0051]    Low crosstalk between neighboring optical data channels.  
         [0052]    Monolithic packaging for ruggedness and low insertion loss.  
         [0053]    Scalability to large numbers of data channels.  
         [0054]    The terms detectors and receivers are used interchangeably hereinbelow.  
         [0055]    The general optical interconnection problem addressed by the present invention is shown in FIG. 1. Here there are two planes A 1  and A 2  of densely packed emitters and detectors that are interconnected by an optical interconnect  20 . For clarity, not shown are the drivers for the emitters and amplifiers for the detectors. In general, each of the planes contain both emitters and detectors to enable bi-directional communication. The emitters are sources of electromagnetic radiation (in this application equivalently referred to as optical radiation, optical signals, or light). The electromagnetic radiation can be modulated to carry information that originated, for example, on electrical signals, and the electromagnetic radiation has a higher frequency than that of the information it carries. For example, the emitters can be sources of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible, or ultraviolet spectral bands. This emitted electromagnetic radiation can then be modulated with information including frequencies and data rates ranging from DC to many gigahertz and higher. The detectors then receive the electromagnetic radiation and extract the information usually in the form of electrical signals. The terms electromagnetic radiation, optical signals, and light are used to refer to the high frequency electromagnetic radiation carrier described above and are distinguished from the information carried by the optical interconnect system and the input and output electrical signals, which can also be electromagnetic in nature. The optical interconnect systems described below of the present invention couple electromagnetic radiation from corresponding optical channels or among mating emitters and detectors with the features described above.  
         [0056]    One of the two primary limiting approaches to this optical interconnect problem is the macro-optical approach. In macro-optics, a single optical system is used to simultaneously image the entire array of optical channels from emitter array to detector array. A typical prior art macro-optical imaging approach is illustrated in FIG. 2. Here a single lens system  30  is used to simultaneously image many optical channels  42  between planes  51  and  52 . The optical channels are arrayed in the optical field extent  40  of width W. Key parameters for such a system are the field extent W, field angle  44  of width β, spot size or resolution  46  or d, and stop  48  of diameter D.  
         [0057]    In the classic or prior art macro-optic approach, the tradeoffs are very well defined. The lens required to maintain small spot sizes d over a large device field W grows rapidly in complexity. For example, the spot size d of even a perfect lens is limited by diffractive spreading of the light through the finite aperture of the lens. If there were no aberrations in the lens, the spot size can be shrunk as far as to the order of a wavelength of the imaged light by increasing the stop diameter D, or equivalently by increasing the numerical aperture of the system (which is proportional to the sine of θ).  
         [0058]    However, in practice there are always aberrations present. A major goal of the design of this prior art type of interconnect lens system is to reduce the magnitude of sum of the aberrations present to the order or magnitude of the desired spot size. Rather than attempting to eliminate each of the aberrations, they are balanced so that they form a net aberration magnitude that is acceptable. In order to accomplish this difficult task, many degrees of freedom are introduced including split and multiple elements, refractive surface curvatures, spacings, glass choice, apertures, etc.  
         [0059]    Perhaps the largest limitation in the macro-optic approach is the lack of scalability of a given lens system. If there is a diffraction limited lens system that performs acceptably with spot size d over a field of extent W, a natural approach to increasing the covered field (and thus the number of optical channels that can be interconnected) is to scale up the size of the lens system by a factor s. In this process, linear dimensions are scaled and angles are preserved. Accordingly, the larger field with the same spot size should, in principle, provide for more independent optical channels. After scaling the lens, the diffraction limited spot size remains the same. However when scaling is performed, the forms of the aberrations remain the same but their magnitude is scaled by s. As a result, the balance of aberrations that was acceptable prior to scaling is no longer adequate. The net aberration magnitudes (which were in balance with the spot size prior to scaling) can scale larger than the desired spot size. As a result of the larger actual spot sizes, the scaled up field extent W can in practice eliminate any net increase of optical channels that are interconnected. The only alternative is to redesign the scaled lens in hope of reducing the magnitude of aberrations of the larger lens to the same magnitude which the lens had prior to scaling.  
         [0060]    A further drawback for the macro-optic approach remains. If a single lens is used to image, using finite conjugates, arrays of emitters and detectors, there is still the unreasonable alignment sensitivity between the two planes. Relative motions between either of the planes, on the order of the detector sizes, will be catastrophic.  
         [0061]    The other major limiting approach to the optical interconnect problem described above is the micro-optic approach. With micro-optics, many much-simpler parallel optical systems are used to image the many optical channels one at a time. These micro-optic elements are therefore arrayed in the parallel optical channels. This prior art approach is illustrated in FIG. 3, where two arrays of devices A 1  and A 2  are imaged with an array of simple refractive or diffractive micro lenses  56 . The channels are interconnected by many isolated optical beams  58 .  
         [0062]    In this micro-optic limit, there is an imaging lens for each device. Since the device can be placed on the axis of symmetry of the simple lens elements, the performance of the lens does not need to be maintained over an extended field as was the case with the macro-optic limit. As a result, the complexity and size of the lens can be greatly scaled down. Further, another distinct advantage here is that there is a trivial scaling requirement, which now simply amounts to extending the size of the device array and corresponding size of the microlens array. This is in sharp contrast to the complex scaling problems in the macro-optic approach described previously.  
         [0063]    There remains a significant problem, however, with the micro-optic approach to high density optical interconnection. This is due to the presence of diffractive crosstalk among neighboring optical channels. Diffractive spreading from the aperture of each of the microlenses causes light to couple into neighboring channels, resulting in crosstalk. The larger the aperture of the microlenses, the smaller is this diffraction spreading effect. However, since the neighboring lenses cannot overlap, reducing diffractive crosstalk forms a major performance tradeoff with density of the interconnection.  
         [0064]    From a geometrical analysis augmented by results from diffraction theory, it can be shown that the optical signals in the parallel channels can propagate a critical distance L c  before the beam, augmented by diffraction, will cross over into the neighboring channel—i.e., until the crosstalk becomes significant. This critical distance is given by: 
           L   c   =D   2 /2λ,  (1) 
         [0065]    where D is the microlens aperture and λ is the communication wavelength.  
         [0066]    Thus for a device spacing and microlens aperture of 100 microns, the beams can only propagate for a few millimeters before crosstalk is significant. Increasing the aperture of the microlenses results in a squared effect on the crosstalk free propagation distance, but if a large relay distance is required for the signals, the sought after high density of the optical channels must be sacrificed in order to prevent diffractive crosstalk.  
         [0067]    A first preferred embodiment of the relaxed tolerance optical interconnect system of the present invention is the fixed point-to-point monolithic optical data pipe  100  illustrated in FIG. 4, where the term optical data pipe may also be referred to herein on occasion as optical interconnect  100 . Here mating interconnection planes  10  and  14  are affixed preferably by an adhesive “cement” on the ends of a gradient index (GRIN) rod imager  102 , and this flexible pre-aligned structure is then mounted to the components  106  and  108  of host  104  which provides dense interconnection. The interconnection planes  10  and  14  can contain emitters, detectors, or general optical channel ports such as arrays of free-space channels or guided wave (fiber) channels, or the like. This device is capable of very high channel densities, on the order of hundreds along a cross section of only a few millimeters. Using demonstrated Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Microlaser (VCSEL) technology, each of these channels is capable of multi-gigahertz data rates at these high spatial densities. The small insertion loss allows high data rates and low power consumption. Negligible temporal skews are generated once the optical signals are generated in the optical data pipe  100 , independent of the length of the link (millimeters to feet). A distinct advantage of the monolithic construction of the optical data pipe  100  is that it is very tolerant of flexure and relative misalignments between the components being interconnected.  
         [0068]    In the optical interconnect system of the present invention, also referred to as an optical data pipe  100 , a gradient index (GRINO rod  102  is used as a data pipe for conducting hundreds of high bandwidth optical interconnections with little crosstalk. This high density optical data pipe  100  is formed by pre-aligning and permanently affixing mated emitter and detector arrays to or near the ends of a gradient index (GRIN) rod lens imager. This rod lens images the optical channels, emitters, or detectors onto each other as conjugate image planes. The magnification can be unity or non-unity in this imaging operation. The monolithic end-to-end connection of device planes  10  and  14  and rod lens  102  forms a flexible pre-aligned structure capable of interconnecting hundreds of high bandwidth optical channels in a digital computer environment.  
         [0069]    The gradient index rod lens  102  forms the backbone of the relaxed tolerance optical interconnect system  100  of the present invention. The rod lens  102  can be made with a broad range of diameters and lengths by controlling the gradient of the refractive index profile. The rod lens  102  is typically 0.2 mm-5.0 mm in diameter and can image with high resolution from rod face-to-rod face over distances from millimeters to many meters.  
         [0070]    In the optical data pipe  100 , the interconnected planes  10  and  14  of optical channels are rigidly fixed as an integral part of the system. This link can then be mounted to interconnect multichip modules (MCMs), dies, or boards. This type of interconnection is illustrated in FIG. 5 where MCMs  112  and  114  are interconnected with optical data pipe  100 . Similarly, drivers amplifiers, and supporting electronics can be grouped in place of MCMs  112  and  114  to form a plug-replaceable optical interconnect component  110  which is flexible and alignment tolerant. This flexible device offers relaxed alignment sensitivities with very high density of interconnected channels. For example, hundreds of multi-GHz channels can be interconnected through a cylinder that is ˜2 mm in diameter and which can be several millimeters to meters long. The optical data pipe can be used for short-range or long-range (e.g., board wrap-around) high density communication that is established with transceiver modules  110  that include drivers, amplifiers, and other support for the pre-aligned emitter and detector arrays and rod lens.  
         [0071]    The data pipe or optical interconnect system of the present invention has the benefit of relaxed alignment sensitivity since the critical elements are rigidly pre-aligned on the gradient index rod lens. Further, since the rod is flex-tolerant as shown below, misalignments and vibrations can be tolerated without interrupting the optical data communication. Additional benefits include a high channel density of high-bandwidth optical channels with negligible crosstalk or optically added signal skews, and sparse use of board real estate. This device can be used for dense short-range and long-range interconnection. An important part of the present invention is to pre-align and rigidly couple the emitters and detectors to ends only of the flexible gradient index (GRIN) rod lens thus forming a robust data pipe which is tolerant of stresses, vibrations, and misalignments typical in high performance computer and application environments.  
         [0072]    The optical data pipe  100 , while only typically on the order of several mm&#39;s in diameter, can relay hundreds of channels over distances spanning millimeters (for MCM-to-MCM communication); several tens of centimeters (for processor array wrap-around across a board, etc.); or even meters for applications such as linking supercomputers to external memory. This high density interconnection is accomplished with low loss, and clean imaging, and extreme densities.  
         [0073]    The channels in the optical data pipe  100  can be packed with extreme density. For example, the optical channel pitch for emitters such as vertical cavity surface emitting microlasers (VCSELs) can be 125 microns or closer and still permit simultaneous operation due to recent VCSEL technology innovations. If a 32×32 VCSEL array has a 62.5 micron pitch, 1024 optical channels could fit in a 2 mm square. The key to these higher densities lies in reducing the heat and thermal crosstalk between neighboring channels. It is expected that simultaneous CW operation of arrays such as these with smaller pitches, e.g., 125 or 62.5 micron pitches are possible.  
         [0074]    Higher densities may also be achieved through arranging the VCSEL devices on a hexagonally packed grid. The VCSEL array may be hexagonally packed in a circular array, and for bi-directional links, emitters and detectors may be tiled in some fashion on a single die.  
         [0075]    [0075]FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate a dense circular hexagonally packed emitter array  120 . Relaxed alignment tolerances are provided by either the natural flexibility of the slender GRIN rod lens, or flexure mountings  122  can be used to absorb misalignments between the MCMs and the pre-aligned optical components.  
         [0076]    The fieldability and ruggedness of the optical data pipe or optical interconnect system of the present invention can be increased in several ways. For example, the ends of the GRIN rod lens may be rigidly affixed to the hosting MCMs. In this way, the natural flexibility of the data pipe can be used to absorb misalignments and vibrations among the circuit component ends. Accordingly the strain relief clamps  124  shown in FIG. 6A can be used to fix the GRIN rod lens rigidly to the transceiver modules, and since the GRIN rod lens is flexible, it can be used to absorb flexures and misalignments.  
         [0077]    For many applications it is natural for the optical data pipe or optical interconnect system of this invention to lie parallel to a circuit board, and in those cases it may be more practical to have the emitter and detector arrays mounted parallel to the board rather than at an angle to it. This need can be accommodated by modifying the gradient profile of the rod lens so that conjugate planes are imaged off the end face of the rod. This permits the device arrays to be mounted on prisms or sub-assemblies as shown in FIG. 7. Here the end of the rod lens  102  is affixed to a prism/mirror  136  which directs the light toward the board. While the optical channel plane  14  is remote from the end of the rod  102  it is still fixed with respect to the rod end such as by cementing it to the prism/mirror  136 . An array of drivers and receivers  130  can also be attached with interleaving flexible electrical connectors  132  optionally used to provide further alignment tolerance to component contact pads  134 .  
         [0078]    In FIG. 7, a prism  136  is used to fold the optical path at a right angle so the die can be more easily electrically connected to the host. Flexure connections  132  such as “s” springs can optionally be used to allow for small displacements as may be generated thermally.  
         [0079]    Making use of the natural flexibility of the GRIN rod lens  102  is an important feature of this invention. The GRIN rod lens  102  of The optical interconnect system  100  of this invention can be bent and the alignment of the channels is maintained as illustrated in the photograph sequence of FIG. 8. Optical channels  140  remain fixed with respect to the rod lens end  142  as the long rod lens is bent with end-displacements of 0.1, 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0 mm in photographs  8 A,  8 B,  8 C, and  8 D, respectively. As the GRIN rod lens is deflected while carrying the image of an array of  8  VCSELs, the output face of the lens was photographed with a CCD camera and the output image remains essentially fixed in position on the output face. Thus when a detector array is pre-aligned and affixed on the face, deflections and misalignments of this order of magnitude can be tolerated without appreciable deleterious effects on the dense interconnection of the optical channels.  
         [0080]    Quantitative data was also obtained where it was shown that for a deflection of 6 mm, the optical channels are deflected by less than 10 microns, if at all. Insensitivity of optical channel location with vibrations and misalignments are accommodated by the present optical interconnect system is a major feature of this invention.  
         [0081]    A typical circuit board application for The optical interconnect system of this invention is illustrated schematically in FIG. 9. Here remote MCMs or devices  152  are interconnected with hundreds of high bandwidth, low crosstalk, low skew channels using optical data pipes  100  on board  150 , and with very efficient use of board real-estate. In each case, the optical data pipe  100  is flexible and connected rigidly at its ends only to the interconnected components. Other board placement variations which can be accomplished by the optical interconnect system of this invention similarly include, for example, board-to-board side connection, board-to-board edge connection, and system-to-system interconnection.  
         [0082]    A further embodiment  160  of this invention involves the use of a GRIN rod lens  102  which is curved and still interconnect optical channel planes  10  and  14  as shown in FIG. 10. This curving rod may be obtained by heating a straight rod lens.  
         [0083]    In FIG. 11 micro-optic lens arrays are shown to reduce the divergence angle (numerical aperture) of the light beams (channels)  172  emanating from optical channel plane  10 . The smaller numerical apertures of the light beams  174  incident on the rod lens  102  can improve the transmission through the rod lens and lower the required numerical aperture of the rod lens used in the optical data pipe  100 . This same technique is useful for an optical interconnect system of this invention where the planes  10  and  14  are spaced apart from the ends of the rod lens. In such as case, the light beams  172  can be nearly collimated and directed toward the rod lens  102  face thereby reducing or eliminating light loss.  
         [0084]    Another embodiment of the relaxed tolerance interconnect system  198  of the present invention is shown in FIG. 12, which relaxes alignment tolerances by mounting symmetric infinite conjugate rod lens imagers  200  and  202  (which may be in the form of GRIN rod lenses) in pairs in front of mating optical channel planes  10  and  14 . This inherently relaxes alignment sensitivities to gap width and lateral translation because beams from each channel are wide, collimated plane waves in the gap region  210 . Lateral shifts of the order of channel spacing in plane  10  are usually devastating in micro-optic interconnection schemes, but result in very little loss with this embodiment of the present invention. Similarly, longitudinal motions that increase or decrease the gap region  210  produce only a slow walk-off of channel throughput and do not alter the tightly focused conjugate channel imaging in planes  10  and  14 . An optional alignment sleeve or collar  220  can be used to make the interconnect easily disconnectable and reconnectable. A keyed groove  222  in collar  220  can be used to prevent rotational misalignment.  
         [0085]    The relaxed tolerance approach of this invention as shown in FIG. 12 results in wide insensitivity to lateral and longitudinal misalignments (parallel and perpendicular to the direction of the alignment gap), which is critical for practical application. However there is still pronounced sensitivity to tilts between the two interconnection planes. Spacers may be used (see below) in some configurations to reduce the presence of tilts. Alternatively if the collar  220  is used but kept much shorter than the rod lens lengths, the same type of flexure benefit obtained in the optical data pipes described in earlier embodiments is retained since the rods can flex. Such flexure here too is with no ill effects since the collar maintains the alignment at the infinite conjugate interface region where gap width tolerances are also relaxed. This “cutting” of the optical data pipe or optical interconnect system  198  at infinite conjugate locations of the internal imaging adds an additional longitudinal alignment compliance to the system described earlier.  
         [0086]    The relaxed tolerance interconnect  198  of FIG. 12 can be used to provide parallel optical interconnection from board to board and similar scenarios. For example, FIG. 13 illustrates the relaxed tolerance interconnect system  198  linking channels between boards or MCMs  232  and  234 . If no collar  220  is used, spacers  230  may be used to keep the boards parallel and thus angularly aligned.  
         [0087]    Another embodiment of the present invention is the infinite-conjugate relaxed-tolerance optical interconnect system  300  shown in FIG. 14. This system includes a pair of transceiver modules each comprising a carrier  312 , transceiver die  310 , and infinite conjugate rod lens  330 . The rod lens  330  is pre-aligned over the transceiver array  310  and cemented in place using an optical polymer  314  or similar cement, which also acts as a structural potting compound. The transceiver die may be wirebonded, solder bump bonded, or electrically contacted by similar means to the carrier. The carrier may be a ceramic pin grid array, ball grid array, or leadless chip carrier, or other means for electrically connecting the transceiver die. There is a gap  318  between the two modules. These mating modules can be mounted on separate boards for board-to-board interconnection, or alternatively they may be mounted on neighboring circuits, chips, MCMs (multi-chip modules), etc., in which case the carrier  312  may be eliminated or replaced with a carrier also holding the circuits to be interconnected (e.g., incorporated directly in a MCM).  
         [0088]    A breakthrough degree of angular tolerance between the optical data pipe transceiver modules of system  300  can be achieved by proper choice of detector element sizes with respect to the imaged spot size on the detectors in this optical interconnect system. A detailed example of the wide angular tolerance available in this infinite-conjugate relaxed-tolerance optical interconnect system  300  is described in FIGS.  14 - 18 .  
         [0089]    The transceiver die  310  of FIG. 14 can consist of tiled arrays of emitters and detectors together with supporting circuitry for driving of the emitters and amplifying the output of the detectors (See FIG. 19). These transceiver die consisting of both emitters and detectors allows for bi-directional interconnection. For simplicity in the following angular alignment tolerance discussion, however, FIG. 15 illustrates the uni-directional case of an emitter array  410  which is imaged onto a detector (receiver) array  420 .  
         [0090]    Other parameters chosen for this case study include: commercial off-the-shelf gradient index rod lenses with a diameter of 4 mm; rod lens lengths of 10.24 mm; VCSEL wavelength 830 nm; VCSEL emission cone angle +/−15 degrees (air). A gap has been provided between die and lens surfaces to allow wire bond relief. The boards on which the transceiver modules of FIG. 14 are mounted are not shown in FIG. 16-FIG. 18.  
         [0091]    The operation of this Broad Angle Tolerant Optical Data Pipe is illustrated in FIG. 16-FIG. 18. Additional parameters chosen for this numerical case study are shown in FIG. 15. The VCSEL array  410  consists of individual VCSELs  412  that are located on an array pitch  430  of 250-microns. The lateral extent of the array is 2 mm full width, sup-porting 9 VCSELs in that dimension. This can represent, for example, a cut through a circularly apertured hexagonally packed array of elements or alternatively a 9×9 array of VCSELs. As described earlier, the VCSELs and receivers may be tiled in the corresponding 2-D array for bi-directional interconnection. In FIG. 15 the emitters and detectors are shown to scale in 1 dimension, and are located in arrays with a 250-micron pitch. The active VCSEL apertures have been exaggerated in the figure.  
         [0092]    The detectors are modeled with a 240-micron wide active area, and a 10 micron dead space separating the active areas. For reference later in the example, six special elements have been identified in FIG. 15: the top edge VCSEL  414  and top edge detector  424 ; the bottom edge VCSEL  418  and bottom edge detector  428 ; and the central VCSEL  416  and central detector  426 . The size and location of imaged spots, defined through raytrace calculations, will be illustrated in FIGS. 16 and 18 for each of these three limiting cases.  
         [0093]    The parameters of this case study were chosen as a typical example with which to demonstrate the very large angular alignment tolerances. Related scenarios with other parameters, e.g., with larger or smaller detector sizes, follow accordingly. For example, if very large single channel bandwidths are required, smaller detector active areas may be desirable and will be accompanied by reduced angular alignment tolerances. Experiments were performed, however, illustrating a wide angular alignment tolerance even with 100 micron detector apertures.  
         [0094]    [0094]FIG. 16A illustrates real optical raytrace data for aligned (no tilt) rod lenses  330 , and an air gap  318  of 2.6 mm between Optical Data Pipe module ends. On-axis VCSEL  416  emits a fan of rays  460  that are imaged onto spot  450 . Similarly top edge VCSEL  414  emits a fan of rays  465  that are imaged on to spot  454 . Due to symmetry, the spot  452  on the top-edge detector element  424  shown in FIG. 16( b ) is identical to the bottom-edge spot  454  imaged onto detector element  428  as shown in FIG. 16( d ). FIG. 16( c ) shows the spot  450  on detector element  426 . The locations of the spots and their sizes are shown to scale in FIG. 16. The corresponding detector size is also shown to scale. Here the sizes of the spots represent the dimension enclosing 95% of the optical energy in the imaged spot. Clearly the channels are linked with negligible crosstalk. Further, it is seen in this calculation that there are no vignetted rays even with an air gap of 2.6 mm. When the modules are separated with larger air gaps than these (for this case), the throughput of the edge optical channels will begin to slowly degrade.  
         [0095]    Now the case where one of the modules is tilted with respect to the other is considered. This tilt represents an angular alignment error between the modules or the boards that they are mounted on. FIG. 17 illustrates the board-to-board ODP modules used to interconnect circuit boards that are tilted by 1.4 degrees. The air gap  318  between the modules is maintained at 2.6 mm, and the second module is tilted with respect to the first by 1.4 degrees as shown in FIG. 17. In this figure, the 1.4-degree tilt between the modules is clearly visible.  
         [0096]    As a result of the tilt, the spots imaged by the interconnect translate across the detector plane. This translation of the imaged spots is shown to scale in FIG. 18, and is based on real raytrace data. The tilt angle of 1.4 degrees was chosen since it still allows for essentially all the light from the optical channels to fall on their respective detector elements (i.e., no vignetting). This tilt represents a total tilt budget. In practice, this 1.4-degree angular alignment budget can be distributed between tilt of the boards themselves, and other tilt sources including tilt of the carriers in their sockets, etc.  
         [0097]    [0097]FIG. 18( a ) illustrates real optical raytrace data for rod lenses  330  which are misaligned (tilted) by 1.4 degrees with respect to each other. Air gap  318  of 2.6 mm between Optical Data Pipe module ends is maintained. On-axis VCSEL  416  emits a fan of rays  460  that are imaged onto spot  450 . Similarly top edge VCSEL  414  emits a fan of rays  465  that are imaged on to spot  454 . Further, bottom-edge VCSEL  418  emits the fan of rays  470  which are imaged onto top-edge detector spot  452 . The tilt has broken the symmetry and spots  452  and  454  are no longer identical.  
         [0098]    [0098]FIG. 18( b ) shows that the top-edge detector spot  452  has been displaced 100 microns from the no-tilt case, and has a 95% energy full-width of 55 microns. It clearly lands on detector element  424  as required. Similarly, FIG. 18( c ) shows that the center element spot  450  also clearly falls on its targeted detector element  426  and is displaced by 99.8 microns with a 95% energy full width of 30 microns. Finally, FIG. 18( d ) shows the spot  454  also resides on the targeted bottom-edge detector element  428 . Here the spot center is displaced by 93 microns, with a 95% full-width of 50 microns. The locations of the spots and their sizes are shown to scale in FIGS.  18 ( b )- 18 ( d ), where the sizes of the spots shown represents the dimension enclosing 95% of the optical energy in the images spot. The size of the corresponding detector is also shown to scale. As can be seen from FIGS.  16 ( b )- 16 ( d ) and  18 ( b )-! 8 ( d ) the detector size is larger than the spot size. As expected, the on-axis VCSEL is imaged to the smallest spot, while aberrations increase the spot sizes of the edge elements. Clearly the channels are still linked with negligible crosstalk. There is an edge of the edge spot that falls on the 10-micron guard band separating detector elements, but very little crosstalk into the neighboring detector is evident. The crosstalk should be very low since, of the 5% of the energy outside of the spot shown, only a tiny fraction will fall past the guard band into the neighboring detector element. Further, it is seen in this calculation that there are essentially no vignetted rays even with an air gap of 2.6 mm.  
         [0099]    The calculation described above illustrates that a remarkable angular misalignment of +/−1.4 degrees can be tolerated between the two Optical Data Pipe modules while still allowing for nearly lossless (non-vignetted) imaging in the optical interconnect.  
         [0100]    As described above, both a longitudinal separation of several millimeters between paired ODP transceiver modules, and an angular tilt allowance of 1.4 degrees between such modules, can be simultaneously tolerated. These wide angular tolerances have a very important impact for practical optical interconnect applications. For example, consider a pair of computer boards, each measuring 10-20 inches in length, inserted in a computer with a separation that is 2-4 mm larger on one end of the board than the other. This magnitude of “board parallelism” tolerance is not difficult to maintain with simple conventional connectors and manufacturing practices. For this case, the angular tilt between the neighboring board planes is on the order of 0.5 degrees, or just more than ⅓ of the tilt tolerance of 1.4 degrees. Further, typical carriers, such as pin grid arrays or leadless chip carriers, can also be inserted repeatedly with small angular tolerances. Further it is straightforward to cement or “pot” the rod lens in an alignment jig during manufacture that assures angular misalignments of a fraction of a degree. Taken together with the lateral and gap tolerances of millimeters, these results indicate that the Optical Data Pipe modules can simply be mounted on neighboring boards and will allow 60 to hundreds of channels to be reliably optically interconnected without the need to introduce special high precision alignment aids-current off-the-shelf tolerances for backplanes and computers are typically sufficient.  
         [0101]    Similarly, the approach is practical in terms of board-to-board separation. In addition to the several millimeters or more tolerance on separation, the interconnected boards can be spaced by relatively large distances, since rod lenses can be used with integral multiples of additional half-pitch lengths incorporated with little deleterious effect.  
         [0102]    Further optimization in performance can be obtained with hexagonally packed arrays of emitters and detectors (receivers), as mentioned earlier. One of many such hexagonally packed device layouts is shown in die layout  500  of FIG. 19. Here the centers of VCSELs  520  and detectors  510  are located on a regular hexagonal grid. The detector apertures are shown to scale assuming a 300-micron diameter and are shown inside a 4 mm circle representing the edge of a typical off-the-shelf rod lens. The tiling shown including both emitters and detectors allows for bi-directional interconnection. Variations that are not centered in a device allow for a single mask set for both sides of the interconnect. Alternatively the unidirectional form contains a hexagonal grid of emitters facing a matching hexagonal grid of detectors (receivers). The hexagonal packing o the devices gives the advantages of simple conformity to the circular fields of typical lenses, and improved crosstalk performance. Since the distance to the nearest neighbor is more uniform than in Cartesian grids, a higher density can often be obtained with a given level of acceptable crosstalk.  
         [0103]    Although the invention has been described with respect to various embodiments, it should be realized this invention is also capable of a wide variety of further and other embodiments within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.