Abstract:
The present invention is directed to compositions of matter, systems, and methods to manufacture nanowires. In an embodiment, a buffer layer is placed on a nanowire growth substrate and catalytic nanoparticles are added to form a catalytic-coated nanowire growth substrate. Methods to develop and use this catalytic-coated nanowire growth substrate are disclosed. In a further aspect of the invention, in an embodiment a nanowire growth system using a foil roller to manufacture nanowires is provided.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/103,642, filed Apr. 12, 2005, which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application, Application No. 60/566,602, filed Apr. 30, 2004, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention relates to nanowires, and more particularly, to nanowire manufacturing. 
         [0004]    2. Background of the Invention 
         [0005]    Nanowires have the potential to facilitate a whole new generation of electronic devices. A major impediment to the emergence of this new generation of electronic devices based on nanowires is the ability to mass produce nanowires that have consistent characteristics. Current approaches to produce nanowires are often done manually and do not yield consistent nanowire performance characteristics. 
         [0006]    What are needed are compositions of matter, systems, and methods to cost effectively manufacture nanowires. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    Compositions of matter, systems, and methods to manufacture nanowires are provided. In one aspect of the invention, a buffer layer is placed on a nanowire growth substrate. The buffer layer can then be treated, for example, by boiling it in water. Catalytic nanoparticles are then placed on the treated buffer layer to form a catalytic-coated nanowire growth substrate. In an embodiment, nanowires can then be grown on the catalytic-coated nanowire growth substrate. In embodiments, various compositions of matter are provided that include a nanowire growth substrate, a buffer layer and catalytic nanoparticles that use a wide range of materials for the substrate, buffer layer, and catalytic nanoparticles. In other embodiments, compositions of matter are provided that include a nanowire growth substrate, a buffer layer, and nanowires or nanoribbons with catalytic particles at one end of the nanowire or nanoribbons. Methods to produce and use these compositions of matter are provided. 
         [0008]    In a further embodiment, a nanowire growth system is provided. The nanowire growth system includes a roller that provides for continuous and semi-continuous production of nanowires. In an embodiment, the roller advances through a catalyst spray dispenser, a plasma cleaner, a nanowire growth chamber and a nanowire harvest sonicator. In one example, the roller is an Al 2 O 3  foil. 
         [0009]    Further embodiments, features, and advantages of the invention, as well as the structure and operation of the various embodiments of the invention are described in detail below with reference to accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0010]    The invention is described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. The drawing in which an element first appears is indicated by the left-most digit in the corresponding reference number. 
           [0011]      FIG. 1A  is a diagram of a single crystal semiconductor nanowire. 
           [0012]      FIG. 1B  is a diagram of a nanowire doped according to a core-shell structure. 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  is a flowchart of a method for growing nanowires using a catalytic-coated nanowire growth substrate, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0014]      FIG. 3A  is a diagram of a catalytic-coated nanowire growth substrate on a planar surface, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0015]      FIG. 3B  is a diagram of a catalytic-coated nanowire growth substrate using a vessel, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0016]      FIG. 3C  is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) photo of a nanowire growth substrate with an Al 2 O 3  buffer layer and Au catalytic nanoparticles, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0017]      FIG. 3D  is a set of SEM photos at different magnifications of a nanowire growth substrate with an Al 2 O 3  buffer layer and Au catalytic nanoparticles where the Au catalytic nanoparticles are arranged in a dot pattern, according to embodiments of the invention. 
           [0018]      FIG. 4A  is a flowchart of a method for growing Si nanowires using a catalytic-coated nanowire growth substrate with an Al 2 O 3  buffer layer, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0019]      FIG. 4B  is a flowchart of a method for growing oriented Si nanowires using a catalytic-coated nanowire growth substrate with a ZnO buffer layer, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0020]      FIG. 5A  is a diagram of a nanowire growth substrate with nanowires, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0021]      FIG. 5B  is a scanning electron microscope (“SEM”) photo of a Si nanowire growth substrates with Al 2 O 3  buffer layers with short Si nanowires, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0022]      FIG. 5C  is a SEM photo of a Si nanowire growth substrates with Al 2 O 3  buffer layers with long Si nanowires, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0023]      FIG. 5D  is a SEM photo of Si nanowire growth substrates with Al 2 O 3  buffer layers within a quartz capillary with full grown Si nanowires, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0024]      FIG. 5E  is a SEM photo of Si nanowire growth substrates with Al 2 O 3  buffer layers within a quartz capillary with partially grown Si nanowires, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0025]      FIG. 5F  is a SEM photo of a foam surface with a reticulated aluminum foam structure. 
           [0026]      FIG. 5G  is a SEM photo of a reticulated aluminum foam structure coated with Si nanowires, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0027]      FIG. 6  is a diagram of a nanowire growth system, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0028]    It should be appreciated that the particular implementations shown and described herein are examples of the invention and are not intended to otherwise limit the scope of the present invention in any way. Indeed, for the sake of brevity, conventional electronics, manufacturing, semiconductor devices, and nanowire (NW), nanorod, nanotube, and nanoribbon technologies and other functional aspects of the systems (and components of the individual operating components of the systems) may not be described in detail herein. Furthermore, for purposes of brevity, the invention is frequently described herein as pertaining to nanowires. 
         [0029]    It should be appreciated that although nanowires are frequently referred to, the techniques described herein are also applicable to other nanostructures, such as nanorods, nanotubes, nanotetrapods, nanoribbons and/or combinations thereof. It should further be appreciated that the manufacturing techniques described herein could be used to create any semiconductor device type, and other electronic component types. Further, the techniques would be suitable for application in electrical systems, optical systems, consumer electronics, industrial electronics, wireless systems, space applications, or any other application. 
         [0030]    As used herein, an “aspect ratio” is the length of a first axis of a nanostructure divided by the average of the lengths of the second and third axes of the nanostructure, where the second and third axes are the two axes whose lengths are most nearly equal to each other. For example, the aspect ratio for a perfect rod would be the length of its long axis divided by the diameter of a cross-section perpendicular to (normal to) the long axis. 
         [0031]    The term “heterostructure” when used with reference to nanostructures refers to nanostructures characterized by at least two different and/or distinguishable material types. 
         [0000]    Typically, one region of the nanostructure comprises a first material type, while a second region of the nanostructure comprises a second material type. In certain embodiments, the nanostructure comprises a core of a first material and at least one shell of a second (or third etc.) material, where the different material types are distributed radially about the long axis of a nanowire, a long axis of an arm of a branched nanocrystal, or the center of a nanocrystal, for example. A shell need not completely cover the adjacent materials to be considered a shell or for the nanostructure to be considered a heterostructure. For example, a nanocrystal characterized by a core of one material covered with small islands of a second material is a heterostructure. In other embodiments, the different material types are distributed at different locations within the nanostructure. For example, material types can be distributed along the major (long) axis of a nanowire or along a long axis of arm of a branched nanocrystal. Different regions within a heterostructure can comprise entirely different materials, or the different regions can comprise a base material. 
         [0032]    As used herein, a “nanostructure” is a structure having at least one region or characteristic dimension with a dimension of less than about 500 nm, e.g., less than about 200 nm, less than about 100 nm, less than about 50 nm, or even less than about 20 nm. Typically, the region or characteristic dimension will be along the smallest axis of the structure. Examples of such structures include nanowires, nanorods, nanotubes, branched nanocrystals, nanotetrapods, tripods, bipods, nanocrystals, nanodots, quantum dots, nanoparticles, branched tetrapods (e.g., inorganic dendrimers), and the like. Nanostructures can be substantially homogeneous in material properties, or in certain embodiments can be heterogeneous (e.g., heterostructures). Nanostructures can be, for example, substantially crystalline, substantially monocrystalline, polycrystalline, amorphous, or a combination thereof. In one aspect, each of the three dimensions of the nanostructure has a dimension of less than about 500 nm, for example, less than about 200 nm, less than about 100 nm, less than about 50 nm, or even less than about 20 nm. 
         [0033]    As used herein, the term “nanowire” generally refers to any elongated conductive or semiconductive material (or other material described herein) that includes at least one cross sectional dimension that is less than 500 nm, and preferably, less than 100 nm, and has an aspect ratio (length:width) of greater than 10, preferably greater than 50, and more preferably, greater than 100. 
         [0034]    The nanowires of this invention can be substantially homogeneous in material properties, or in certain embodiments can be heterogeneous (e.g. nanowire heterostructures). The nanowires can be fabricated from essentially any convenient material or materials, and can be, e.g., substantially crystalline, substantially monocrystalline, polycrystalline, or amorphous. Nanowires can have a variable diameter or can have a substantially uniform diameter, that is, a diameter that shows a variance less than about 20% (e.g., less than about 10%, less than about 5%, or less than about 1%) over the region of greatest variability and over a linear dimension of at least 5 nm (e.g., at least 10 nm, at least 20 nm, or at least 50 nm). Typically the diameter is evaluated away from the ends of the nanowire (e.g. over the central 20%, 40%, 50%, or 80% of the nanowire). A nanowire can be straight or can be e.g. curved or bent, over the entire length of its long axis or a portion thereof. In certain embodiments, a nanowire or a portion thereof can exhibit two- or three-dimensional quantum confinement. Nanowires according to this invention can expressly exclude carbon nanotubes, and, in certain embodiments, exclude “whiskers” or “nanowhiskers”, particularly whiskers having a diameter greater than 100 nm, or greater than about 200 nm. 
         [0035]    Examples of such nanowires include semiconductor nanowires as described in Published International Patent Application Nos. WO 02/17362, WO 02/48701, and WO 01/03208, carbon nanotubes, and other elongated conductive or semiconductive structures of like dimensions, which are incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0036]    As used herein, the term “nanorod” generally refers to any elongated conductive or semiconductive material (or other material described herein) similar to a nanowire, but having an aspect ratio (length:width) less than that of a nanowire. Note that two or more nanorods can be coupled together along their longitudinal axis so that the coupled nanorods span all the way between electrodes. Alternatively, two or more nanorods can be substantially aligned along their longitudinal axis, but not coupled together, such that a small gap exists between the ends of the two or more nanorods. In this case, electrons can flow from one nanorod to another by hopping from one nanorod to another to traverse the small gap. The two or more nanorods can be substantially aligned, such that they form a path by which electrons can travel between electrodes. 
         [0037]    A wide range of types of materials for nanowires, nanorods, nanotubes and nanoribbons can be used, including semiconductor material selected from, e.g., Si, Ge, Sn, Se, Te, B, C (including diamond), P, B—C, B—P(BP 6 ), B—Si, Si—C, Si—Ge, Si—Sn and Ge—Sn, SiC, BN/BP/BAs, AlN/AlP/AlAs/AlSb, GaN/GaP/GaAs/GaSb, InN/InP/InAs/InSb, BN/BP/BAs, AlN/AlP/AlAs/AlSb, GaN/GaP/GaAs/GaSb, InN/InP/InAs/InSb, ZnO/ZnS/ZnSe/ZnTe, CdS/CdSe/CdTe, HgS/HgSe/HgTe, BeS/BeSe/BeTe/MgS/MgSe, GeS, GeSe, GeTe, SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbO, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, CuF, CuCl, CuBr, CuI, AgF, AgCl, AgBr, AgI, BeSiN 2 , CaCN 2 , ZnGeP 2 , CdSnAs 2 , ZnSnSb 2 , CuGeP 3 , CuSi 2 P 3 , (Cu, Ag)(Al, Ga, In, Tl, Fe)(S, Se, Te) 2 , Si 3 N 4 , Ge 3 N 4 , Al 2 O 3 , (Al, Ga, In) 2  (S, Se, Te) 3 , Al 2 CO, and an appropriate combination of two or more such semiconductors. 
         [0038]    The nanowires can also be formed from other materials such as metals such as gold, nickel, palladium, iradium, cobalt, chromium, aluminum, titanium, tin and the like, metal alloys, polymers, conductive polymers, ceramics, and/or combinations thereof. Other now known or later developed conducting or semiconductor materials can be employed. 
         [0039]    In certain aspects, the semiconductor may comprise a dopant from a group consisting of: a p-type dopant from Group III of the periodic table; an n-type dopant from Group V of the periodic table; a p-type dopant selected from a group consisting of: B, Al and In; an n-type dopant selected from a group consisting of: P, As and Sb; a p-type dopant from Group II of the periodic table; a p-type dopant selected from a group consisting of: Mg, Zn, Cd and Hg; a p-type dopant from Group IV of the periodic table; a p-type dopant selected from a group consisting of: C and Si; or an n-type dopant selected from a group consisting of: Si, Ge, Sn, S, Se and Te. Other now known or later developed dopant materials can be employed. 
         [0040]    Additionally, the nanowires or nanoribbons can include carbon nanotubes, or nanotubes formed of conductive or semiconductive organic polymer materials, (e.g., pentacene, and transition metal oxides). 
         [0041]    Hence, although the term “nanowire” is referred to throughout the description herein for illustrative purposes, it is intended that the description herein also encompass the use of nanotubes (e.g., nanowire-like structures having a hollow tube formed axially therethrough). Nanotubes can be formed in combinations/thin films of nanotubes as is described herein for nanowires, alone or in combination with nanowires, to provide the properties and advantages described herein. 
         [0042]    It should be understood that the spatial descriptions (e.g., “above”, “below”, “up”, “down”, “top”, “bottom”, etc.) made herein are for purposes of illustration only, and that devices of the present invention can be spatially arranged in any orientation or manner. 
         [0043]    Types of Nanowires and Their Synthesis 
         [0044]      FIG. 1A  illustrates a single crystal semiconductor nanowire core (hereafter “nanowire”)  100 .  FIG. 1A  shows a nanowire  100  that is a uniformly doped single crystal nanowire. Such single crystal nanowires can be doped into either p- or n-type semiconductors in a fairly controlled way. Doped nanowires such as nanowire  100  exhibit improved electronic properties. For instance, such nanowires can be doped to have carrier mobility levels comparable to bulk single crystal materials. 
         [0045]      FIG. 1B  shows a nanowire  110  doped according to a core-shell structure. As shown in  FIG. 1B , nanowire  110  has a doped surface layer  112 , which can have varying thickness levels, including being only a molecular monolayer on the surface of nanowire  110 . 
         [0046]    The valence band of the insulating shell can be lower than the valence band of the core for p-type doped wires, or the conduction band of the shell can be higher than the core for n-type doped wires. Generally, the core nanostructure can be made from any metallic or semiconductor material, and the shell can be made from the same or a different material. For example, the first core material can comprise a first semiconductor selected from the group consisting of: a Group II-VI semiconductor, a Group III-V semiconductor, a Group IV semiconductor, and an alloy thereof. Similarly, the second material of the shell can comprise a second semiconductor, the same as or different from the first semiconductor, e.g., selected from the group consisting of: a Group II-VI semiconductor, a Group III-V semiconductor, a Group IV semiconductor, and an alloy thereof. Example semiconductors include, but are not limited to, CdSe, CdTe, InP, InAs, CdS, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, HgTe, GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InSb, Si, Ge, AlAs, AlSb, PbSe, PbS, and PbTe. As noted above, metallic materials such as gold, chromium, tin, nickel, aluminum etc. and alloys thereof can be used as the core material, and the metallic core can be overcoated with an appropriate shell material such as silicon dioxide or other insulating materials 
         [0047]    Nanostructures can be fabricated and their size can be controlled by any of a number of convenient methods that can be adapted to different materials. For example, synthesis of nanocrystals of various composition is described in, e.g., Peng et al. (2000) “Shape Control of CdSe Nanocrystals”  Nature  404, 59-61; Puntes et al. (2001) “Colloidal nanocrystal shape and size control: The case of cobalt”  Science  291, 2115-2117; U.S. Pat. No. 6,306,736 to Alivisatos et al. (Oct. 23, 2001) entitled “Process for forming shaped group III-V semiconductor nanocrystals, and product formed using process”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,225,198 to Alivisatos et al. (May 1, 2001) entitled “Process for forming shaped group II-VI semiconductor nanocrystals, and product formed using process”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,505,928 to Alivisatos et al. (Apr. 9, 1996) entitled “Preparation of III-V semiconductor nanocrystals”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,751,018 to Alivisatos et al. (May 12, 1998) entitled “Semiconductor nanocrystals covalently bound to solid inorganic surfaces using self-assembled monolayers”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,048,616 to Gallagher et al. (Apr. 11, 2000) entitled “Encapsulated quantum sized doped semiconductor particles and method of manufacturing same”; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,479 to Weiss et al. (Nov. 23, 1999) entitled “Organo luminescent semiconductor nanocrystal probes for biological applications and process for making and using such probes.” 
         [0048]    Growth of nanowires having various aspect ratios, including nanowires with controlled diameters, is described in, e.g., Gudiksen et al (2000) “Diameter-selective synthesis of semiconductor nanowires”  J. Am. Chem. Soc.  122, 8801-8802; Cui et al. (2001) “Diameter-controlled synthesis of single-crystal silicon nanowires”  Appl. Phys. Lett.  78, 2214-2216; Gudiksen et al. (2001) “Synthetic control of the diameter and length of single crystal semiconductor nanowires”  J. Phys. Chem. B  105, 4062-4064; Morales et al. (1998) “A laser ablation method for the synthesis of crystalline semiconductor nanowires”  Science  279, 208-211; Duan et al. (2000) “General synthesis of compound semiconductor nanowires”  Adv. Mater.  12, 298-302; Cui et al. (2000) “Doping and electrical transport in silicon nanowires”  J. Phys. Chem. B  104, 5213-5216; Peng et al. (2000) “Shape control of CdSe nanocrystals”  Nature  404, 59-61; Puntes et al. (2001) “Colloidal nanocrystal shape and size control: The case of cobalt”  Science  291, 2115-2117; U.S. Pat. No. 6,306,736 to Alivisatos et al. (Oct. 23, 2001) entitled “Process for forming shaped group III-V semiconductor nanocrystals, and product formed using process”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,225,198 to Alivisatos et al. (May 1, 2001) entitled “Process for forming shaped group II-VI semiconductor nanocrystals, and product formed using process”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,036,774 to Lieber et al. (Mar. 14, 2000) entitled “Method of producing metal oxide nanorods”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,897,945 to Lieber et al. (Apr. 27, 1999) entitled “Metal oxide nanorods”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,997,832 to Lieber et al. (Dec. 7, 1999) “Preparation of carbide nanorods”; Urbau et al. (2002) “Synthesis of single-crystalline perovskite nanowires composed of barium titanate and strontium titanate”  J. Am. Chem. Soc.,  124, 1186; and Yun et al. (2002) “Ferroelectric Properties of Individual Barium Titanate Nanowires Investigated by Scanned Probe Microscopy”  Nanoletters  2, 447. 
         [0049]    Growth of branched nanowires (e.g., nanotetrapods, tripods, bipods, and branched tetrapods) is described in, e.g., Jun et al. (2001) “Controlled synthesis of multi-armed CdS nanorod architectures using monosurfactant system”  J. Am. Chem. Soc.  123, 5150-5151; and Manna et al. (2000) “Synthesis of Soluble and Processable Rod-, Arrow-, Teardrop-, and Tetrapod-Shaped CdSe Nanocrystals”  J. Am. Chem. Soc.  122, 12700-12706. 
         [0050]    Synthesis of nanoparticles is described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,690,807 to Clark Jr. et al. (Nov. 25, 1997) entitled “Method for producing semiconductor particles”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,156 to Al-Shall, et al. (Oct. 24, 2000) entitled “Nanoparticles of silicon oxide alloys”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,413,489 to Ying et al. (Jul. 2, 2002) entitled “Synthesis of nanometer-sized particles by reverse micelle mediated techniques”; and Liu et al. (2001) “Sol-Gel Synthesis of Free-Standing Ferroelectric Lead Zirconate Titanate Nanoparticles”  J. Am. Chem. Soc.  123, 4344. Synthesis of nanoparticles is also described in the above citations for growth of nanocrystals, nanowires, and branched nanowires, where the resulting nanostructures have an aspect ratio less than about 1.5. 
         [0051]    Synthesis of core-shell nanostructure heterostructures, namely nanocrystal and nanowire (e.g., nanorod) core-shell heterostructures, are described in, e.g., Peng et al. (1997) “Epitaxial growth of highly luminescent CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals with photostability and electronic accessibility”  J. Am. Chem. Soc.  119, 7019-7029; Dabbousi et al. (1997) “(CdSe)ZnS core-shell quantum dots: Synthesis and characterization of a size series of highly luminescent nanocrysallites”  J. Phys. Chem. B  101, 9463-9475; Manna et al. (2002) “Epitaxial growth and photochemical annealing of graded CdS/ZnS shells on colloidal CdSe nanorods”  J. Am. Chem. Soc.  124, 7136-7145; and Cao et al. (2000) “Growth and properties of semiconductor core/shell nanocrystals with InAs cores”  J. Am. Chem. Soc.  122, 9692-9702. Similar approaches can be applied to growth of other core-shell nanostructures. 
         [0052]    Growth of nanowire heterostructures in which the different materials are distributed at different locations along the long axis of the nanowire is described in, e.g., Gudiksen et al. (2002) “Growth of nanowire superlattice structures for nanoscale photonics and electronics”  Nature  415, 617-620; Bjork et al. (2002) “One-dimensional steeplechase for electrons realized”  Nano Letters  2, 86-90; Wu et al. (2002) “Block-by-block growth of single-crystalline Si/SiGe superlattice nanowires”  Nano Letters  2, 83-86; and U.S. patent application 60/370,095 (Apr. 2, 2002) to Empedocles entitled “Nanowire heterostructures for encoding information.” Similar approaches can be applied to growth of other heterostructures. 
         [0053]    Buffer Layer on a Nanowire Growth Substrate and Methods of Use 
         [0054]    Catalytic nanoparticles deposited on a nanowire growth substrate are used to promote nanowire growth. Unfortunately, often the nanowire growth structure and catalytic nanoparticles are negatively charged. For example, Au catalytic nanoparticles and an SiO 2  coated Si nanowire growth substrate both are negatively charged. Therefore a buffer coating, which brings positive charges to the nanowire growth surface is needed for the nanoparticles to effectively adhere to the surface. Several alternative processes exist for attaching small molecules to a nanowire growth substrate. However, these approaches are often tedious, difficult to control impurity levels, and lead to agglomeration of the catalytic nanoparticles. Similar shortcomings and challenges arise when different substrate materials and catalyst particles are used, as would be known by individuals skilled in the relevant arts. Method  200  described below provides an alternative approach that addresses these shortcomings. Method  200  describes a process using a buffer layer to address these shortcomings. 
         [0055]      FIG. 2  is a flowchart of method  200  for growing nanowires using a catalytic-coated nanowire growth substrate, according to an embodiment of the invention. Method  200  begins in step  210 . In step  210 , a buffer layer is deposited on a nanowire growth substrate. The buffer layer provides a charged surface that attracts catalyst particles. Additionally, the buffer layer provides a protection layer that can prevent reactions between a nanowire growth substrate and catalyst particles. In embodiments, the nanowire growth substrate can include, but is not limited to, one of the following types of materials: semiconductors, metals, ceramics, glass, and plastics. These materials can be in a variety of forms including wafers, thin sheets or foils, blocks, tubes with various inner diameters and foams with various cell sizes. In embodiments, various types of deposition techniques can be used to deposit the buffer layer on the nanowire growth substrate including, but not limited to oxidation, nitridation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), sputtering, spraying, dip coating, e-beam evaporation, spin coating and roll-to-roll coating. In embodiments the buffer layer can include, but is not limited to one of the following materials: Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , MgO, or ZnO. 
         [0056]    In step  220  the buffer layer is treated to enhance interactions between the buffer layer and catalytic particles, which will be deposited on the buffer layer in a subsequent step. In embodiments, the buffer layer can be treated by boiling the buffer layer in water, stream treating the buffer layer, providing an acid treatment of the buffer layer, providing a base treatment of the buffer layer and/or performing surface functionalization of the buffer layer. In other embodiments, the buffer layer may not be treated. 
         [0057]    In step  230  catalytic nanoparticles are deposited on the buffer layer. In embodiments the catalytic nanoparticles can include, but are not limited to one of the following materials: Au, Pt, Pd, Cu Al, Ni, Fe, an Au alloy, a Pt alloy, a Pd alloy, a Cu alloy, an Al alloy, a Ni alloy or an Fe alloy. In embodiments, the catalytic nanoparticles can be deposited through charge induced self assembly, chemical functional group assembly, spin coating or dip coating. 
         [0058]    In step  240  nanowires are grown as will be known by individuals skilled in the relevant arts based on the teachings herein. In step  250  method  200  ends. 
         [0059]      FIG. 3A  is a diagram of catalytic-coated nanowire growth substrate  300  on a planar surface, according to an embodiment of the invention. In an embodiment catalytic-coated nanowire growth substrate  300  can be produced using method  200  above through step  230 . Catalytic-coated nanowire growth substrate  300  includes nanowire growth substrate  310 , buffer layer  320  and layer of catalyst particles  330 . Nanowire growth substrate  310  forms the foundation of catalytic-coated nanowire growth substrate  300 . In embodiments nanowire growth substrate  310  can include, but is not limited to one of following materials: semiconductors, metals, ceramics, glass or plastic. 
         [0060]    Buffer layer  320  is deposited on the surface of nanowire growth substrate  310 . In embodiments buffer layer  320  can include, but is not limited to one of the following materials: Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , MgO, or ZnO. The buffer layer provides a charged surface that attracts catalyst particles. Additionally, the buffer layer provides a protection layer that prevents reactions between a substrate and catalyst particles. 
         [0061]    Catalyst particles within layer of catalyst particles  330  are distributed on the surface of buffer layer  320 . In embodiments layer of catalyst particles  330  can include, but is not limited to one of the following nanoparticles: Au, Pt, Pd, Cu Al, Ni, Fe, an Au alloy, a Pt alloy, a Pd alloy, a Cu alloy, an Al alloy, a Ni alloy or an Fe alloy. 
         [0062]      FIG. 3B  is a diagram of catalytic-coated nanowire growth substrate  335  using a vessel, according to an embodiment of the invention. Catalytic-coated nanowire growth substrate  335  includes vessel  340 , nanowire growth substrate  345 , buffer layer  350  and catalyst particles  355 . Nanowire growth substrate  345  forms the foundation of the catalytic-coated nanowire growth substrate  335 . Nanowire growth substrate  345  is placed within the interior of vessel  340 . Example materials contained within nanowire growth substrate  345  can include, but are not limited to metals, semiconductors, plastics, ceramics, or glass. 
         [0063]    Buffer layer  350  is deposited on the surface of nanowire growth substrate  345 . In embodiments buffer layer  320  can include, but is not limited to one of the following materials: Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , MgO, or ZnO. 
         [0064]    Catalyst particles  355  are distributed on the surface of buffer layer  350 . Catalyst particles  355  can include, but is not limited to one of the following types of nanoparticles: Au, Pt, Pd, Cu Al, Ni, Fe, an Au alloy, a Pt alloy, a Pd alloy, a Cu alloy, an Al alloy, a Ni alloy or an Fe alloy. 
         [0065]      FIG. 3C  is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) photo of a Si nanowire growth substrate with a nanostructured Al 2 O 3  buffer layer and 40 nm diameter Au catalytic nanoparticles, according to an embodiment of the invention. The photo illustrates the Au nanoparticles, such as Au nanoparticle  361 , which are the light colored dots shown throughout the photo. The photo also illustrates the textured Al 2 O 3  buffer layer, such as Al 2 O 3  texture  362 , which are the light colored elongated images throughout the photo. 
         [0066]      FIG. 3D  is a set of SEM photos at different magnifications of a nanowire growth substrate with an Al 2 O 3  buffer layer and Au catalytic nanoparticles, where the Au catalytic nanoparticles are arranged in a dot pattern, according to embodiments of the invention. Specifically, the upper photo shows a silicon substrate with a Al 2 O 3  dot pattern in which 5 mm diameter nanostructured dot patterns of 40 nm Au nanoparticles are spaced 40 mm apart. In this photo, circular patterns of Al 2 O 3  are used, such as Al 2 O 3  dot  363 . In other embodiments, the Au nanoparticles can be structured in squares, rectangles, triangles or other structures. The patterning of the Al 2 O 3  or other buffer layer materials can be selected based on the application, and the type of nanowires that need to be grown. The lower photo provides a photo of one of the dot patterns at a higher magnification. 
         [0067]      FIG. 4A  is a flowchart of method  400  for growing Si nanowires using a catalytic-coated nanowire growth substrate, according to an embodiment of the invention. Method  400  represents one embodiment of Method  200 . Method  400  begins in step  410 . In step  410 , in an embodiment an Al 2 O 3  coating is deposited on a nanowire growth substrate. In an embodiment, e-beam evaporation can be used to deposit Al 2 O 3  with high purity levels. 
         [0068]    In embodiments, in laboratory tests the thickness of the Al 2 O 3  coating has ranged from 5 to 70 nanometers. These ranges are provided as exemplary and not intended to limit the invention. In step  420  the Al 2 O 3  coated nanowire growth substrate is treated in boiling water. The treatment with boiling water induces crystallization, highlights grain boundaries and introduces —OH groups on the surface of the Al 2 O 3  coating. 
         [0069]    In step  430 , the Al 2 O 3  coated nanowire growth substrate is soaked in a colloid solution. The colloid can be Au, but is not limited to Au. The density of the gold particles can be controlled by varying the concentration of gold colloid solution, and soaking time. 
         [0070]    In laboratory tests analysis of SEM images were used to gather information on the distribution, density and morphology of gold particles on substrates. The results showed that distribution of gold particles on the substrate was quite uniform. For example, for 40 nanometer diameter gold particles, the density of gold particles can be controlled to be between 2 and 35 particles/μm 2 . Significantly, more than 90% of the gold particles were singles (i.e., the gold particles were not agglomerated). 
         [0071]    In step  440  nanowires are grown on the Al 2 O 3  coated substrate with colloid particles distributed over the surface. Methods of growth will be known to individuals skilled in the relevant arts based on the teachings herein. In step  450  method  400  ends. 
         [0072]      FIG. 4B  is a flowchart of method  460  for growing oriented Si nanowires using a catalytic-coated nanowire growth substrate with a ZnO buffer layer, according to an embodiment of the invention. Method  460  is an embodiment of Method  200  that provides for oriented nanowire growth through the use of ZnO as the buffer layer. 
         [0073]    Method  460  begins in step  465 . In step  465  ZnO is deposited on a Si substrate in which the Si has Miller indices of &lt;111&gt;. As in Method  200 , the substrate can be a variety of types of materials, and the Si can have different orientations. The ZnO buffer layer provides a charged surface that attracts catalyst particles. Additionally, the ZnO buffer layer facilitates epitaxial-oriented nanowire growth. In embodiments the ZnO layer is less than about 10 nm thick. In step  470  the ZnO coated Si &lt;111&gt; nanowire growth substrate is soaked in an Au colloid solution. In other embodiments Pt, Fe, Ti, Ga, or Sn nanoparticles can be used, for example. 
         [0074]    In step  475 , SiCl4 is introduced to stimulate the growth of oriented Si nanowires. In an alternative embodiments SiH 2 Cl 2  or SiCl can also be used to stimulate nanowire growth. During nanowire growth the ZnO is etched by the Cl ions enabling the nanowires to align themselves with the Si &lt;111&gt; nanowire growth substrate surface, thereby providing for the growth of oriented Si nanowires. In step  480 , method  400  ends. 
         [0075]      FIG. 5A  is a diagram of nanowire growth substrate with nanowires  500 , according to an embodiment of the invention. Catalytic-coated nanowire growth substrate  500  includes nanowire growth substrate  510 , buffer layer  520 , nanowires  530  and catalytic nanoparticles  540 . Nanowire growth substrate  510  forms the foundation of catalytic-coated nanowire growth substrate  500 . In embodiments nanowire growth substrate  510  can include, but is not limited to one of following materials: semiconductors, metals, ceramics, glass or plastic. 
         [0076]    Buffer layer  520  is applied on the surface of nanowire growth substrate  510 . In embodiments buffer layer  520  can include, but is not limited to one of the following materials: Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , MgO, or ZnO. The buffer layer provides a charged surface that attracts catalyst particles. Additionally, the buffer layer provides a protection layer that prevents reactions between a substrate and catalyst particles. 
         [0077]    Nanowires, such as nanowire  530 , extend out of the surface of buffer layer  520  or in the case of an Al nanowire growth substrate directly out of the Al nanowire growth substrate. The nanowires can include, but are not limited to one of the following: Si, Ge, Si x-1 Ge x , GaN, GaAs, InP, SiC, CdS, CdSe, ZnS or ZnSe. In an embodiment, nanowires, such as nanowire  530  will have catalytic particles, such as catalytic particle  540  at one of their ends. The material of catalytic particle  540  can be, but is not limited to one of the following types of nanoparticles: Au, Pt, Pd, Cu Al, Ni, Fe, an Au alloy, a Pt alloy, a Pd alloy, a Cu alloy, an Al alloy, a Ni alloy or an Fe alloy. In embodiments, the nanowires can be grown perpendicular, at a preferred angle, or with a random orientation to the nanowire growth substrate. Additionally, in embodiments the nanowires can be grown with various wire diameters and lengths. 
         [0078]      FIG. 5B  is a SEM photo of a Si nanowire growth substrates with Al 2 O 3  buffer layers with short Si nanowires, according to an embodiment of the invention.  FIG. 5C  is a SEM photo of a Si nanowire growth substrates with Al 2 O 3  buffer layers with long Si nanowires, according to an embodiment of the invention.  FIGS. 5B and 5C  provide actual images of an embodiment of nanowire growth substrate with nanowires  500  that was provided in  FIG. 5A . 
         [0079]      FIG. 5D  is a SEM photo of Si nanowire growth substrates with Al 2 O 3  buffer layers within a quartz capillary with full grown Si nanowires, according to an embodiment of the invention.  FIG. 5E  is a SEM photo of Si nanowire growth substrates with Al 2 O 3  buffer layers within a quartz capillary with partially grown Si nanowires, according to an embodiment of the invention.  FIGS. 5D and 5E  provide actual images of an embodiment of nanowire growth substrate with nanowires  500  that was provided in  FIG. 5A . In both  FIGS. 5C and 5D , a nanostructured Al 2 O 3  buffer layer was used to grow Si nanowires. The nanowires have a diameter of about 40 nm. In this case, however, the nanowire growth substrate is provided within a quartz capillary in an arrangement as was illustrated in  FIG. 3B . 
         [0080]      FIG. 5F  is a SEM photo of a foam surface with a reticulated aluminum foam structure.  FIG. 5G  is a SEM photo of a reticulated aluminum foam structure coated with Si nanowires, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         [0081]    Roll-to-Roll Continuous Nanowire Synthesis 
         [0082]      FIG. 6  is a diagram of nanowire growth system  600 , according to an embodiment of the invention. Nanowire growth system  600  includes catalyst spray dispenser  605 , plasma cleaner  610 , nanowire growth chamber  615 , gate dielectric deposition chamber  620 , nanowire harvest sonicator  625 , roller cleaner  635  and boiling water bath chamber  650 . Roller  665  couples each of these elements to each other. Spindles, such as spindles  655  and  660 , drive roller  665 . Additionally, wire harvest sonicator  625  includes a nanowire product chamber  630 , and roller cleaner  635  includes solvent dispenser  640  and waste removal chamber  645 . 
         [0083]    Nanowire growth system  600  can operate in a continuous or semi-continuous mode to produce nanowires. Nanowire growth system  600  provides greater throughput of nanowires and greater control of nanowire product than current wafer based methods of producing nanowires. In an embodiment, roller  665  is an aluminum foil. Nanowire growth system  600  produces nanowires by growing nanowires on an aluminum foil roller, such as roller  665  and transferring the roller through different chambers as the growth of the nanowires progress. 
         [0084]    For example, in an embodiment catalyst spray dispenser  605  sprays Au colloid on an aluminum foil roller, such as roller  665 , to stimulate nanowire growth. Spindles, such as spindles  655  and  660 , advance roller  665  to the next stage in the system, which is plasma cleaner  610 . Plasma cleaner  610  removes excess Au colloid solution and cleanses roller  665 . Roller  665  advances to nanowire growth chamber  615 , where nanowire growth occurs. Nanowire growth chamber  615  can, for example, use low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LP-CVD) or a pure gas phase chamber to grow nanowires. In embodiments, gas concentrations can be varied to change the desired characteristics of a nanowire, as would be known by individuals skilled in the relevant art based on the teachings herein. 
         [0085]    Following nanowire growth chamber  615 , roller  665  advances to gate dielectric deposition chamber  620 . In gate dielectric deposition chamber  620 , gate dielectrics are deposited on the nanowires that are affixed to the aluminum foil on roller  665 . Once gate dielectrics are deposited, roller  665  advances the nanowires on roller  665  to wire harvest sonicator  625 , where the nanowires are freed from roller  665  and deposited in nanowire product chamber  630 . In an example, the nanowires on roller  665  are exposed to an ultrasound signal that releases the nanowires. A solution is contained within wire harvest sonicator that receives the released nanowires and transports them to nanowire product chamber  630 . 
         [0086]    Roller  665  continues to advance through nanowire growth system  600  to be cleaned in preparation for another round through the nanowire growth section of nanowire growth system  600 . In particular, roller  665  advances through roller cleaner  635 . In roller cleaner  635 , a solvent is dispensed from solvent dispenser  640  to clean the roller. Waste products are removed from roller cleaner  635  and deposited in waste chamber  645 . Roller  635  advances through roller cleaner  635  to boiling water bath chamber  650  where roller  635  is rinsed and boiled to prepare the roller for another round through the nanowire growth sections. 
         [0087]    In an embodiment, roller  665  can move continuously through nanowire growth system  600 . In another embodiment, roller  665  can move semi-continuously through growth system  600 . Spindles, such as spindles  655  and  660 , control the rate of movement of roller  665 . In embodiments, the rate of movement of roller  665  can be varied based on the desired characteristics of the nanowires to be produced. For example, the rate of movement can be a function of the nanowire material, the type and level of doping, and the dimensions of the nanowires. In a continuous mode of operation the distance between elements, such as plasma cleaner  610  and nanowire growth chamber  615  can be varied to allow for time differences needed in the different portions of nanowire growth system  600 . 
         [0088]    Nanowire growth system  600  has been described using an embodiment in which an aluminum foil is used. However, the invention is not limited to the use of a aluminum foil roller. Other metal foils for the roller can be used, such as, but not limited to, stainless steel, titanium, nickel, and steel. Moreover, any type of metal foil with or without a buffer layer can be used provided that the foils or buffer layer is oppositely charged to the particular colloid that is being used. 
       CONCLUSION 
       [0089]    Exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been presented. The invention is not limited to these examples. These examples are presented herein for purposes of illustration, and not limitation. Alternatives (including equivalents, extensions, variations, deviations, etc., of those described herein) will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein. Such alternatives fall within the scope and spirit of the invention.