Abstract:
A frequency scanning method to locate a carrier frequency of a base station in a CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) communication system, the method comprising a cell detection step ( 76 ) to determine if a listening frequency is the carrier frequency of a base station by identifying a synchronization code within a radio signal received at the listening frequency, wherein after having located an initial carrier frequency, the cell detection step is only performed for listening frequencies that are spaced apart from the initial carrier frequency by an integer multiple of the channel spacing, this channel spacing being equal to the frequency bandwidth of spreading codes used by base stations in the CDMA communication system.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a frequency scanning method, a memory and a terminal to implement the method. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Frequency scanning methods are used in CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) communication systems. Each CDMA communication system works within a predefined frequency space. Typically, the frequency space has a bandwidth W. For example, in WB-CDMA (Wideband-CDMA) systems, one of the bandwidths W is equal to 60 MHz. The frequency space can be continuous or not. Different CDMA communication systems implemented in different world regions have different frequency spaces. For example, the frequency space in Europe is different from the frequency space in the USA. 
         [0003]    Cellular communication systems typically include a plurality of base stations. In CDMA communication systems, the base stations are differentiated by their frequency and scrambling code. In addition, neighboring base stations often utilize different carrier frequencies. One base station may use one or more carrier frequencies. 
         [0004]    Carrier frequencies are also called “cell frequencies” or “center carrier frequencies”. In fact, a carrier frequency is in the middle of a base station bandwidth. The base station bandwidth corresponds to a channel spacing W c . The term “channel spacing” is defined in CDMA standards such as standards 3GPP (third generation partnership project), document n o  25.101. In short, the channel spacing W c  is equal to the bandwidth of spreading codes used by base stations in the CDMA system. In WB-CDMA systems, the channel spacing W c  is equal to 5 MHz, for example. 
         [0005]    CDMA standards also define the minimum spacing W r , called “raster channel”, between two possible carrier frequencies. In WB-CDMA systems, the raster channel is equal to 200 kHz. 
         [0006]    Periodically, mobile user equipment, such as a mobile terminal, needs to acquire a base station, for example when switching on or when travelling near the boundary of an already acquired base station. Acquisition begins by locating one or more carrier frequencies used by a base station. Subsequently, the scrambling code and its phase must be identified to communicate with any particular base station. Systems based on IS-95 (defined in the standard “TIA/EIA-95-B Mobile Station-Base Station Compatibility Standard for Dual-Mode Wideband Spread Spectrum Cellular System”) and their progeny use a common scrambling code. The base stations are differentiated by a unique offset in the common scrambling code. Systems such as WB-CDMA (defined by the 3GPP consortium) differentiate base stations with unique scrambling codes. 
         [0007]    Various frequency scanning methods are known in the art for acquiring base stations at a given listening frequency. Acquisition time is a function of the time required to locate the carrier frequency of a base station as well as the time required to search and acquire the scrambling code of the base station. 
         [0008]    It is desirable for a mobile terminal to acquire the scrambling code of base stations as rapidly as possible. 
         [0009]    US 2003/0231605 in the name of Amarga et al. discloses frequency scanning methods to locate a carrier frequency of a base station. The existing methods have a cell detection step to determine if a listening frequency is the carrier frequency of a base station by identifying synchronization code within a radio signal received at the listening frequency. 
         [0010]    The cell detection step is performed for listening frequencies that are spaced apart by 200 kHz. In some embodiments, once a carrier frequency has been detected, the method skips the frequencies that are within the base station bandwidth corresponding to the detected carrier frequency. However, even when skipping frequencies within the base station bandwidth, further frequencies are then scanned with a resolution of 200 kHz. 
         [0011]    Scanning possible carrier frequencies with a resolution equal to the channel raster, i.e. 200 kHz, is a long process that should be minimized as much as possible to render base station acquisition faster. 
         [0012]    US 2003/0231605 discloses other methods to minimize the time to scan the bandwidth W with a resolution of 200 kHz. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide a faster frequency scanning method to locate a carrier frequency of a base station. 
         [0014]    The invention provides a frequency scanning method wherein after having located an initial carrier frequency the cell detection step is only performed for listening frequencies that are spaced apart from the initial carrier frequency by an integer multiple of the channel spacing, this channel spacing being equal to the frequency bandwidth of spreading codes used by base stations in the CDMA communication system. 
         [0015]    Therefore, contrary to the frequency scanning methods of US 2003/0231605, once an initial carrier frequency has been located, the frequency scan is only incremented in steps which are equal to the channel spacing. Thus, a scanning resolution equal to the channel raster is no longer used after detection of the initial carrier frequency. As a result, the number of steps necessary to scan the whole frequency space used by the CDMA communication system is reduced and the above method is faster than the methods of US 2003/0231605. 
         [0016]    The embodiments of the above frequency scanning method may comprise one or several of the following features: 
         [0017]    the cell detection step is not performed within a frequency range [F min ; F min +W c /2] and/or a frequency range [F max −W c /2; F max ], where:
       F min  is the smallest frequency of a frequency space allocated to the CDMA communication system,   F max  is the highest frequency of the frequency space,   W c  is the channel spacing;       
 
         [0021]    at least the currently used carrier frequency is stored in a non-volatile memory upon switch-off of a mobile terminal, and, upon switch-on of the mobile terminal, the cell detection step is first carried out for a listening frequency that is equal to the stored frequency or spaced apart from the stored frequency by an integer multiple of the channel spacing. 
         [0022]    The above embodiments of the frequency scanning method offer the following advantages: 
         [0023]    skipping the frequency ranges [F min ; F min +W c /2] and [F max −W c /2; F max ] saves time and renders the frequency scanning method faster; and 
         [0024]    using information on the carrier frequency used before switching off the mobile terminal saves time because it is likely that switch-off and switch-on of the mobile terminal occur in the same CDMA communication system. 
         [0025]    The invention also relates to a terminal designed to scan the frequency for locating a carrier frequency of a base station in a wireless CDMA communication system, the terminal being able to perform a cell detection step to determine whether a listening frequency is the carrier frequency of a base station by identifying synchronization codes within a radio signal received at the listening frequency, wherein the terminal is designed to perform the cell detection step only for listening frequencies that are spaced apart from an initially located carrier frequency by an integer multiple of a channel spacing once the initially located carrier frequency has been located, the channel spacing being equal to the frequency bandwidth of spreading codes used by base stations in the CDMA communication system. 
         [0026]    The embodiments of the above terminal may comprise one or several of the following features: 
         [0027]    the terminal is designed to perform cell detection steps only within a frequency range [F min +W c /2; F max −W c /2], where:
       F min  is the smallest frequency of a frequency space allocated to the CDMA communication system,   F max  is the highest frequency of the frequency space, and   W c  is the channel spacing.       
 
         [0031]    the terminal is able to:
       store a currently used carrier frequency in a non-volatile memory upon switch-off of the terminal, and   upon switch-on of the terminal, first carry out a cell detection step for a listening frequency that is equal to the stored frequency, or spaced apart from the stored frequency by an integer multiple of the channel spacing.       
 
         [0034]    The invention also relates to a memory having instructions to execute the above frequency scanning method when the instructions are executed by an electronic calculator. 
         [0035]    These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent form the following description, drawings and claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0036]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of the structure of a part of a wireless CDMA communication system; and 
           [0037]      FIG. 2  is a flowchart of a frequency scanning method to locate a carrier frequency of a base station of the system of  FIG. 1 . 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0038]      FIG. 1  shows a part of a wireless WB-CDMA communication system  2 . For example, system  2  complies with UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) standards. 
         [0039]      FIG. 1  shows only the details necessary to understand the invention. 
         [0040]    In the following description, the functions or constructions known to a person of ordinary skill in the art are not described in detail. 
         [0041]    System  2  has many base stations and mobile terminals. For simplicity, only one base station  4  and one mobile terminal  6  are shown. 
         [0042]    Base station  4  and terminal  6  communicate through wireless radio signal  8 . 
         [0043]    The embodiment of terminal  6  is similar to the one disclosed in  FIG. 2  of US 2003/0231605, for example. Terminal  6  is a mobile phone, for example. 
         [0044]    Briefly, terminal  6  has an antenna  10  to receive radio signal  8 . Antenna  10  is connected to a tunable radio frequency down converter  12  that converts radio signal  8  down to a baseband signal. 
         [0045]    Terminal  6  has a searcher  16  to detect scrambling codes and/or offsets in the baseband signal generated by converter  12 . 
         [0046]    A demodulator  20  receives samples from converter  12  and produces demodulated data. 
         [0047]    Searcher  16  and demodulator  20  are implemented in a baseband processor  18 . 
         [0048]    Processor  18  is designed to implement the frequency scanning method of  FIG. 2 . For example, processor  18  contains a programmable electronic calculator that can execute instructions recorded in a memory  22 . To this end, memory  22  records instructions to execute the method of  FIG. 2 . 
         [0049]    Processor  18  is also connected to a non-volatile memory  24  that stores a list  28  of currently located carrier frequencies and a list  30  of CDMA system frequency spaces. 
         [0050]    List  28  includes at least the currently used carrier frequency necessary to communicate with base station  4 . List  28  may also include detected carrier frequencies of neighboring base stations. 
         [0051]    List  30  includes a definition of the frequency space bandwidth W of each CDMA system wherein terminal  6  can work. For example, for each continuous frequency space list  30  stores the lowest frequency F min  and the highest frequency Fmax of the frequency space. The frequency range [F min ; F max ] is equal in width to bandwidth W for continuous frequency spaces. Bandwidth W is equal to 60 MHz, for example. 
         [0052]    Other variables used by processor  18  can be stored in memory  24 . 
         [0053]    Processor  18  controls a tuner  34  which is able to tune the frequency generated by converter  12 . 
         [0054]    The operation of terminal  6  for acquiring the scrambling code of base station  4  will now be described with reference to  FIG. 2 . 
         [0055]    Upon switch-off of terminal  6 , in step  40 , list  28  of the currently located carrier frequencies is stored in memory  24 . 
         [0056]    Subsequently, upon switch-on of terminal  6 , a first scanning phase  42  is executed. 
         [0057]    At the beginning of phase  42 , in step  44 , processor  18  chooses a frequency to listen to a first group of frequencies. The first group includes the currently used carrier frequency stored in list  28  as well as frequencies that are spaced apart from the stored currently used carrier frequency by an integer multiple of W c . W c  is the channel spacing defined by standards relating to WB-CDMA systems. 
         [0058]    Then, in step  46 , tuner  34  tunes converter  12  to listen to the frequency chosen in step  44 . 
         [0059]    Subsequently, in step  48 , terminal  6  detects if the listening frequency is a carrier frequency. 
         [0060]    More precisely, in step  48 , during an operation  50 , converter  12  transforms radio signal  8  received at the listening frequency into a baseband signal. Then, in operation  52 , searcher  16  correlates the baseband signal with a primary synchronization code. Primary synchronization codes are defined in standards relating to CDMA systems like UMTS standards. More precisely, this is known as P-SCH (Primary Synchronization Channel) detection in UMTS standards. 
         [0061]    In operation  54 , for example, the maximum peak in the correlation calculated in operation  52  is used to synchronize terminal  6  with base station  4 . 
         [0062]    Thereafter, in operation  56 , the baseband signal is correlated with secondary synchronization codes. This is known as S-SCH (Secondary Synchronization Channel) detection in UMTS standards. 
         [0063]    In operation  58 , a primary scrambling code is detected. The primary scrambling codes (P-CPICH) are defined in the UMTS standards. 
         [0064]    In step  60 , if a primary scrambling code has been correctly detected in operation  58 , this means that the listening frequency is a carrier frequency of a base station. Thus, in a step  62 , the listening frequency is stored in list  28 . 
         [0065]    Otherwise, if no primary scrambling code has been detected, the method proceeds from step  60  directly to step  64  without executing step  62 . 
         [0066]    In step  64 , processor  18  checks whether there are frequencies in the first group that have not yet been listened to. If there are, the method returns to step  44 . Otherwise, the method proceeds to step  66 . 
         [0067]    In step  66 , processor  18  checks whether list  28  is empty. If it is not, at least one carrier frequency has been located and the method stops in step  68 . 
         [0068]    Otherwise, this means that it is likely that terminal  6  has been switched off in a world region corresponding to a first CDMA communication system and switched on in another world region corresponding to a second CDMA communication system that used a frequency space different from the one of the first system. 
         [0069]    In this situation, from step  66 , terminal  6  proceeds to a second scanning phase  70 . 
         [0070]    At the beginning of phase  70 , in step  72 , a frequency F to be listened to is chosen and a variable step is set to W r , i.e. the raster channel. Frequency F to be listened to is chosen according to the following relation: 
         [0000]        F=F   min   +W   c /2   (1) 
         [0071]    where: 
         [0072]    F is the frequency to be listened to, 
         [0073]    F min  is the lowest frequency of one of the frequency spaces defined in list  30 . 
         [0074]    W c  is the channel spacing. 
         [0075]    In step  72 , the definition of the chosen frequency space is different from the one used before switching off terminal  6 . 
         [0076]    Subsequently, in step  74 , converter  12  is tuned to listening frequency F chosen in step  72 . 
         [0077]    Thereafter, in step  76 , a cell detection step is carried out. For example, step  76  is identical with step  48 . 
         [0078]    At the end of step  76 , in step  78  it is checked whether a primary scrambling code was correctly detected during step  76 . If it was, in step  80 , the frequency currently listened to is stored in list  28  and, in step  82 , the variable step is set to 5 MHz, i.e. the channel spacing. 
         [0079]    At the end of step  82  or if no primary scrambling code has been correctly detected, the frequency to be listened to is incremented by the value of the variable step in step  84 . 
         [0080]    In step  86  it is checked whether the incremented frequency to be listened to meets the following condition: 
         [0000]        F≦F   max   −W   c /2   (2) 
         [0081]    where: 
         [0082]    F max  is the highest frequency of the chosen frequency space; and 
         [0083]    W c  is the channel spacing. 
         [0084]    If relation (2) is met, the method returns to step  74 . 
         [0085]    Otherwise, the second scanning phase  70  ends. 
         [0086]    Subsequently, in step  88 , it is tested whether list  28  is still empty. If it is not, the method stops in step  90 . 
         [0087]    Otherwise, the method proceeds to a third scanning phase  92 . During phase  92 , the frequency space of the systems where terminal  6  was switched off is scanned similar to phase  70 . Thus, phase  92  comprises the same steps as the ones defined with respect to phase  70  with the exception that during step  72 , the chosen frequency space is the one corresponding to the place where terminal  6  was switched off. 
         [0088]    Many additional embodiments are possible. For example, the method of  FIG. 2  may be adapted to non-continuous frequency space. This means that the frequency space is formed from at least two non-adjacent sub-spaces W 1  and W 2 . The definitions of frequency of sub-spaces W 1  and W 2  are stored in list  30 , for example. 
         [0089]    Many other methods can be used to locate the first carrier frequency. For example, the method disclosed in US 2003/0231605 can be used to this end. 
         [0090]    It is also possible to scan the frequency space from the highest frequency F max  to the lowest frequency F min .