Abstract:
A device for detecting the peak value of a signal with crest factor not known a priori includes a pair of peak detectors, each of which includes a rectifier element and a discharge-current generator and generates a respective output signal that is a function of the ratio between a physical dimension of the rectifier element and the intensity of discharge current produced by the generator. The ratio is different for the two detectors, and a combination network combines the output signals of the two peak detectors with one another and produces a combined signal indicating the peak value sought with high accuracy.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    The present application is a continuation of, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/762,249 filed on Jun. 13, 2007 claims priority of Italian Patent Application No. TO2006A000515 filed Jul. 14, 2006, and entitled Device for detecting THE PEAK VALUE OF A SIGNAL, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to peak-detector devices and regards in particular a device for detecting the peak value of a signal the crest factor of which is not known a priori. The invention has been developed with particular attention paid to its possible use in the field of telecommunications. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The measurement of the peak value of a repetitive signal plays an important role in different applications, above all in the field of telecommunications. Said task is entrusted to circuits that assume the name of peak detectors. They are used, for example, in gain-control feedback systems in radio receivers and in optical-fibre connections, or else in power amplifiers with “envelope elimination and restoration”. 
         [0004]    Peak detectors can be effectively used also for protection of power transistors from the high overvoltages that arise in the case of high output mismatch. A circuit of this sort must be integrated together with the power transistor, since it has the task of monitoring the effective maximum voltage at the output terminal (drain/collector) of the transistor and producing a control signal for activating the protection circuitry readily and in a precise way. 
         [0005]    However, traditional solutions suffer from various problems, such as the ones listed below:
       the crest factor of the voltage at the output terminal (drain/collector) can vary considerably as a function of the phase of the load reflection coefficient; however, known circuit topologies are very sensitive to the effective waveform of the voltage to be detected, in effect producing an output that is all the more underestimated, the higher the crest factor of the voltage to be measured; and   the output signal is a non-linear function of the input peak value.       
 
         [0008]    The above phenomena lead to the need for overprotection of the power transistor, causing a sensible drop in the nominal performance. In addition, the same phenomena are more accentuated in the case of MOSFET (Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor) implementations having the topologies traditionally adopted. In addition to this, the design of said circuits is rendered particularly critical in the case of high-frequency signals and/or in the presence of constraints of power dissipation. 
         [0009]    The solutions proposed in the literature for peak detection normally comprise an element for rectifying the input voltage and a capacitor for holding the peak value. 
         [0010]    Described in J. Millman, et al., “Microelettronica”, McGrawHill (1994), p. 60, is a first peak-detector circuit, reproduced in  FIG. 1   a . The rectifier element is in this case represented by a diode D 1 , the current i O  of which depends upon the voltage applied according to the function indicated by f D . The accumulation element is instead represented by a capacitance C. The generator I DIS  has the purpose of discharging the capacitance C and determines how rapidly the circuit detects negative variations of the peak value of the signal. In said topology, the charge current i O  of the capacitance C comes from the input signal, which can constitute a problem because it makes necessary oversizing of the upstream signal-conditioning stages. 
         [0011]    In order to solve this problem, described in R. G. Meyer, “Low-Power Monolithic RF Peak Detector Analysis”, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 30, pp. 65-67, (1995), is a second type of peak detector, reproduced in  FIG. 1   b , in which the diode D 1  is replaced by a generic transistor T 1 . Operation is similar to that of the first circuit, but in this second case the charge current i O  no longer comes from the input, thanks to the current gain of the transistor T 1 . 
         [0012]    Both of the circuits are used with a weak discharge current; consequently, it is justifiable to neglect the residual ripple of the output voltage and to make v O (t) to coincide with its mean value V O . On said hypothesis, it is possible to obtain an implicit and general relation between the input waveform and the output voltage. In fact, in periodic conditions, the temporal average of the charge current must coincide with the discharge current: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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         [0000]    Eq. (1) is an implicit relation that defines the mean value VO of the output voltage. 
         [0013]    The effective input waveform markedly affects proper operation of the circuit, in so far as v I  appears in the integrand and affects the value of α1 and α2, which are the initial conduction angle and final conduction angle, respectively. In other words, given the same peak value, the output V O  is affected in an undesirable way by the effective waveform of v I . 
         [0014]    The dependence of V O  upon the waveform applied at input is all the smaller, the closer the rectifying characteristic of the diode or of the transistor approaches the ideal situation. For this reason bipolar devices are better than FETs (Field-Effect Transistors), given their exponential transconductance. 
         [0015]    As will be shown hereinafter, the error committed in the detection is greater if the input voltage has a higher crest factor. 
         [0016]    In order to improve the accuracy of peak detection, described in J. Millman, A. Grabel, “Microelettronica”, McGrawHill (1994), p. 834, is a detector belonging to the class of feedback detectors. The circuit of the feedback detector is shown in  FIG. 2 . A high-gain stage A is used for rendering the transconductance of the rectifier element closer to the ideal situation. In correct conditions of operation, the current i O  is other than zero only for a few instants around the peak of v I , compensating for the discharge current throughout the period. However, the solution is practicable only at relatively low frequencies, an additional propagation delay being present due to the gain stage. 
         [0017]    It should be pointed out that in the circuits of  FIGS. 1 and 2  the generator I DIS  is sometimes replaced by a resistor, a fact that changes only to a minimal extent the equations obtained and in no way solves the problem in question. 
       SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
       [0018]    From the foregoing description of the current situation, it may be readily understood that there exists the need to define peak detectors with a reduced sensitivity to the crest factor of the input voltage. 
         [0019]    The purpose of the present invention is to meet the aforesaid need. 
         [0020]    In accordance with the present invention, the above purpose is achieved by means of a device having the characteristics recalled in the ensuing claims. 
         [0021]    The claims form an integral part of the description of the invention provided herein. 
         [0022]    In the currently preferred embodiment, the solution described herein regards a device for detecting the peak value of a signal with crest factor not known a priori. The device comprises a pair of peak detectors, each in turn comprising a rectifier element and a discharge element, in which the ratio between a physical dimension of the rectifier element and the intensity of discharge current produced by the discharge element is different for the two detectors of the pair. Each of the detectors generates a respective output signal that is a function of the aforesaid ratio between a physical dimension and the current intensity. The device further comprises a combination network for combining with one another the respective output signals and producing a combined signal indicating the peak value. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0023]    The invention will now be described, purely by way of non-limiting example, with reference to the annexed plate of drawings, in which: 
           [0024]      FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  illustrate two peak-detector circuits according to the known art, with  FIG. 1   a  illustrating a diode peak detector and  FIG. 1   b  illustrating a transistor peak detector; 
           [0025]      FIG. 2 , illustrates a known feedback peak detector; 
           [0026]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a peak detector according to the solution described herein; 
           [0027]      FIG. 4  is an example of embodiment of a block that can be inserted in the block diagram of  FIG. 3  for implementing the solution described herein; 
           [0028]      FIG. 5  is an example of a circuit embodiment with MOSFETs of the block diagram of  FIG. 4 ; 
           [0029]      FIG. 6  shows the detection error for a triangular-wave input in the case of a single detector and in the case of the solution described herein; 
           [0030]      FIG. 7  shows the detection error for a square-wave input in the case of a single detector and in the case of the solution described herein; 
           [0031]      FIG. 8  shows the difference between detection of the square wave and the triangular wave (in absolute value) in the case of a single detector and in the case of the solution described herein. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
       [0032]    With reference to the diagram of  FIG. 3 , an input voltage v I  supplies two peak detectors R 1  and R 2 , constituted by the two rectifier blocks M 1  and M 2  (which can be two rectifier elements, as likewise two diodes or two generic transistors), two capacitors C 1  and C 2 , and two discharge elements I DIS1  and I DIS2 . The discharge elements I DIS1  and I DIS2  can be two current generators or two resistors or other devices capable of bringing about discharge of the capacitors C 1  and C 2 . 
         [0033]    The two blocks R 1  and R 2  are located on two circuit branches in parallel to which the voltage v I  is applied. Flowing out of the two blocks are two currents i O1  and i O2 , which supply, respectively, two branches comprising the two capacitors C 1  and C 2 , and the two discharge elements I DIS1  and I DIS2 , generating the voltages v O1  and v O2 , respectively. 
         [0034]    The two peak detectors R 1  and R 2  have a different ratio between a physical dimension of the rectifier element and the respective discharge current, and in particular it will be assumed in what follows that said ratio is higher for R 2 . In addition, it is not essential for the values of capacitance of C 1  and C 2  to be equal; the important thing is that they should be large enough. 
         [0035]    The output voltages v O1  and v O2  of the two detectors R 1  and R 2  are processed by a combiner block F, which generates at output a combined signal v O . 
         [0036]    As will emerge more clearly from what follows, by combining the two outputs it is possible to correct the error committed by each of the two detectors R 1  and R 2 , causing the result of the combination, v O , to be an estimation of the peak value of v I  that is more accurate (i.e., more linear and less sensitive to the crest factor). Said combined signal v O  is compared with a reference voltage V REF  by a comparator block COMP, the output of which V COMP  is at a high potential if the mean value of v O  exceeds V REF . 
         [0037]    In particular, the function of the combiner block F can be simply obtained as represented in  FIG. 4 , in which the components that are identical to the ones represented in  FIG. 3  are designated by the same reference numbers. In particular, the combiner block F of 
         [0038]      FIG. 3 , as represented in  FIG. 4 , comprises a subtractor node S 1 , which receives at input the two voltages v O1  and v O2 , an amplifier stage Gain, which amplifies by a factor N and is supplied by the difference signal v DIFF  at output from the node S 1 , and an adder node S 2 , which receives at input the output of the first detector v O1  and the output of the amplification stage. The output v O  of the adder node S 2  is equal to v O =v O1 +N(v O2 −v O1 ). 
         [0039]    Following for simplicity the diagram of  FIG. 4 , the principle of operation is now described in the particular case where the rectifier elements M 1  and M 2  are two short-channel MOSFETs. Reference to said components (which suffer more from problems of linearity and accuracy in peak detection on account of their more linear transconductance) aims at highlighting that the solution described herein can also be applied to other cases. 
         [0040]    By way of example, in what follows it is assumed that M 1  and M 2  are equal, and hence I DIS1 &gt;I DIS2 . 
         [0041]    In order to understand the reasons for the better accuracy of the voltage v O , it is possible to estimate the behaviour of the two detectors R 1  and R 2  when the input voltages v I  have the same peak value but considerably different crest factors. In particular, as representative cases, a square wave and a triangular wave will be chosen. 
         [0042]    In general, added to the voltage v I  is a d.c. component V DC  and a zero-mean periodic component v AC . 
         [0043]    Without this implying any loss in generality and in order to simplify the analysis, all the voltages that appear in  FIG. 4  are referred to the voltage V DC , which thus disappears from the equations. 
         [0044]    On the hypothesis of short channel (and neglecting for simplicity the body effect), the current i O1,2  supplied by the transistors R 1  and R 2  can be expressed, as a function of the voltages v I  and v O  in the figure, approximately as: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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         [0000]    where W 1,2  is the channel width of the transistors, and L 1,2  is the channel length. 
         [0045]    If the input voltage is a square wave with maximum amplitude V AC , by applying Eq. (1) it is found that the mean output voltage of the two detectors V O1,2   (square)  is 
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         [0046]    If, instead, the input voltage is a triangular wave of the same amplitude V AC , it is found that 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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         [0047]    Eqs. (3) and (4) show that the output signal of each of the detectors depends, amongst other things (in general according to an inverse law), upon the ratio between the width W 1,2  and the current intensity I DIS1,2  (or, rather, upon the ratio between the width W 1,2  divided by the length L 1,2  and the current intensity I DIS1,2 ). 
         [0048]    This is precisely the ratio between a physical dimension of the rectifier element and the intensity of discharge current produced by the generator, which, according to the solution described herein, is chosen different for the two detector blocks R 1  and R 2 . In the specific case of the example illustrated herein, it is assumed that W 1,2 /L 1,2  is equal for the two detectors R 1  and R 2 , whilst the current intensity I DIS1,2  is different in the two cases. It will be appreciated that what has been said here continues to be valid in the case where the quantity W 1,2 /L 1,2  is different for the two detectors R 1  and R 2 , whilst the current intensity I DIS1,2  is identical in the two cases. 
         [0049]    From Eqs. (3) and (4) it is likewise found that:
       the error committed by each of the two detectors R 1  and R 2  depends upon the particular input waveform;   the estimation of the peak of the triangular wave is affected by an error by defect that is higher (it is a general fact that the maximum of waveforms with higher crest factor is underestimated by peak detectors);   the detector with smaller current always commits a smaller error; and   in the case of a triangular wave, the output is a non-linear function of V AC .       
 
         [0054]    There now follows a calculation of the difference between the outputs of the two detectors R 1  and R 2 , in the two cases considered: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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                           ( 
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                                     1 
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                                     2 
                                   
                                 
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                                   L 
                                   
                                     1 
                                     , 
                                     2 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
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                                     DIS 
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                   ( 
                   6 
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         [0055]    In effect, it is possible to show that the quantity expressed in Eq. (6) is greater than the quantity in Eq. (5). In fact, said statement is equivalent to stating that 
         [0000]      √{square root over ( V   AC   kW   1,2   /L   1,2 )}(√{square root over ( I   DIS1 )}−√{square root over ( I   DIS2 )})&gt;( I   DIS1   −I   DIS2 )  (7)
 
         [0000]      whence 
         [0000]      √{square root over ( V   AC   kW   1,2   /L   1,2 )}&gt;(√{square root over ( I   DIS1 )}+√{square root over ( I   DIS2 )})  (8)
 
         [0056]    Eq. (8) is true since the discharge currents are certainly smaller than the peak charge current, which is 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     max 
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                   9 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    and moreover V AC &gt;(V AC −V O1,2 −V t ) since certainly V O1,2 &gt;−V t . 
         [0057]    It is hence justifiable to generalize and state that the difference between the outputs of the two detectors R 1  and R 2  is greater the higher the crest factor of the input voltage. 
         [0058]    On the basis of this, in the solution proposed, said difference is read, amplified, and summed to the output of the first detector, obtaining as result:
       a decrease in the non-linearity of the response, which is more marked for inputs with higher crest factor (as may be inferred from Eqs. (3) and (4)); and   a decrease in the error committed by each of the two detectors R 1  and R 2  as the waveform of the input voltage varies.       
 
         [0061]      FIG. 5  regards a circuit implementation with MOSFETs of the block diagram of  FIG. 4 . 
         [0062]    In particular, the two peak detectors R 1  and R 2  are obtained using as rectifier elements two MOSFETs M 1  and M 2 . The two MOSFETs M 1  and M 2  are supplied with the input signal v I  on their respective gate terminals and have their drain terminals connected to a voltage V DD . Furthermore, in the example considered herein, the ratios between the channel width and the channel length of the transistors M 1  and M 2  are equal: (W/L) 1 =(W/L) 2 . 
         [0063]    The two outputs v O1  and v O2  are connected to two differential-amplifier stages, which comprise, respectively, four MOSFETs. 
         [0064]    The first of the two differential-amplifier stages comprises the transistors M 3 , M 4 , M 5  and M 6 . The first non-inverting input (gate of the transistor M 5 ) is supplied with the signal v O1 , whilst the inverting input (gate of the transistor M 6 ) is supplied with the reference voltage V REF . The second differential-amplifier stage comprises the transistors M 7 , M 8 , M 9  and M 10 . In order to implement the function of the gain stage Gain in  FIG. 4 , the ratio between the channel width and the channel length (W/L) 7,8,9,10  of each transistor M 7 , M 8 , M 9  and M 10  is N times the ratio (W/L) 3,4,5,6  of the corresponding transistor M 3 , M 4 , M 5  and M 6 . The non-inverting input of the stage (i.e., the gate of the transistor M 9 ) is supplied with the signal v O2 , whilst the inverting input (gate of the transistor M 10 ) is supplied with the signal v O1 . 
         [0065]    The two source terminals of the aforesaid transistors M 5  and M 6  of the first amplifier stage are connected to ground via two current generators I SS , and connected to one another by a resistance R S . Instead, in order to implement the function of the gain stage Gain in  FIG. 4 , the two source terminals of the transistors M 9  and M 10  of the second amplifier stage are connected to ground via two current generators NI SS , and connected to one another by a resistance R S /N. 
         [0066]    In this way, the two differential stages implement the functions of subtraction (S 1 ), addition (S 2 ), gain (Gain), and comparison (COMP). 
         [0067]    In order to test the actual effectiveness of the solution proposed, presented hereinafter are some results obtained with a harmonic-balance experiment. 
         [0068]    Two detectors were implemented in CMOS technology made available by the present applicant. The input voltage was a square wave or triangular wave with d.c. value of 1.5 V and an a.c. voltage V AC  that varied from 0 to 1 V. The supply voltage was fixed at 2.5 V. The capacitors C 1  and C 2  had a value of 5 pF. In addition, it was possible to estimate kW 1,2 /L 1,2 =4.2 mA/V. The amplification factor N was fixed and equal to 5. The currents had the value I DIS1 =100 μA and I DIS2 =25 μA. The frequency was fixed at 1 GHz. 
         [0069]      FIGS. 6 and 7  show the detection error committed by the two detectors taken individually, together with the voltage processed according to the solution described herein, in the case of input with triangular and square wave, respectively. 
         [0070]    It may be noted that:
       the non-linearity of the response of the individual detectors is worse for triangular-wave inputs, as expected from the theory; and   the non-linearity is markedly corrected, in both cases, by the solution described herein.       
 
         [0073]    Since the residual error of approximately 400 mV is constant as V AC  varies and has a low dependence upon the waveform, it can be readily corrected by altering the value of V REF  accordingly. 
         [0074]    Given in  FIG. 8  is the difference between the value detected for the square wave and triangular wave. 
         [0075]    It may be noted that:
       both of the detectors commit an error that increases with the input voltage;   the detector with less current (squares) generally commits a smaller error, as expected from the theory; and   the solution described herein succeeds in correcting considerably the maximum error committed in the detection of the two waveforms.       
 
         [0079]    In particular, in  FIGS. 6 ,  7  and  8  the line that joins the triangles refers to the detector R 1 , the line that joins the squares refers to the detector R 2 , whilst the line that joins the circles refers to the solution described herein. 
         [0080]    Use of the solution described herein enables detection of the effective peak value of the input voltage with a greater precision, hence facilitating design of robust and efficient power amplifiers. In addition, in the embodiment that uses MOSFETs, the peak value at input is detected better and, at the same time, there is a comparison with a reference voltage. 
         [0081]    The solution described herein can be used effectively not only for implementing protection circuits for power amplifiers, but also in all the situations in which it is necessary to compare the peak value of a voltage the crest factor of which is not known a priori with a reference voltage. 
         [0082]    Consequently, without prejudice to the principle of the invention, the details of construction and the embodiments may vary, even significantly, with respect to what is described and illustrated herein, purely by way of non-limiting example, without thereby departing from the scope of the invention, as defined in the ensuing claims.