Abstract:
A wind powered generating device comprises a tube cluster, a collector assembly, and a turbine assembly. The collector assemblies utilize sails that can be rotated to direct wind down through an inlet tube to a central outlet tube. The central outlet tube is narrowed at a portion, and a turbine is mounted at this narrowed portion to take advantage of the Venturi effect that accelerates the air as it passes the turbine. This permits reliable and efficient operation in areas that were not formerly considered windy enough to be economically feasible for the deployment of wind powered generating devices. Alternative embodiments of the invention include mechanisms for dealing with violent weather conditions, a first of which allows excess wind to bleed off beneath and between the sails, and a second which collapses and covers the sail with a protective sheath/sock.

Description:
[0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part of copending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/672,923, filed Sep. 28, 2000. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0003]    The invention is directed to a wind powered generating device comprising a tube cluster, a collector assembly, and a turbine assembly which improves the efficiency of such devices.  
           [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art  
           [0005]    Wind-powered generators have been around for some time. In conventional wind-powered generators, a sustained ambient wind speed of 11-13 mph is required to attain “cut-in” speed (the point at which the turbine is generating sufficient power to be safely and efficiently placed on the grid). At cut-in speed, conventional turbines are generating only about 20% of their rated power, and they do not reach their peak rated power output until wind speeds reach 25-30 mph. This means that there are relatively few places in the world in which wind generators can be considered a reliable source of electricity.  
           [0006]    Over the years, sophisticated control systems and blade designs have been developed to assure relatively stable output characteristics over a wide range of wind conditions, but despite a steady flow of incremental improvements, the need for an ambient wind speed of at least 11-13 mph persists. Before a site is considered to be commercially viable, it must reliably be subject to wind speeds much higher than those necessary for cut-in speed, consistently bringing the turbine up to or at least close to its full rated power. In the United States, there are limited areas where such conditions exist.  
           [0007]    The problem of finding suitably windy sites is not presently the only issue that is hindering the growth of the wind power industry. With the height of the latest wind generators approaching 230 ft., wind farms utilizing present designs are increasingly becoming a hazard to migratory birds and private air traffic. Construction and maintenance costs are skyrocketing as these new machines tower to ever increasing heights, and discussions about noise and visual effects on the landscape are also becoming contentious.  
           [0008]    A widely accepted, practical formula for estimating the power output of a wind turbine is as follows:  
           [0009]    [0009] P= 0.5×rho× A×CP×V   3    
           [0010]    where  
           [0011]    P=power in watts (746 watts=1 hp)(1,000 watts=1 kilowatt)  
           [0012]    rho=air density (about 1.225 kg/m 3  at sea level, less at higher altitudes)  
           [0013]    A=the swept area of the rotor exposed to the wind (m 2 )  
           [0014]    CP=Coefficient of performance (0.59 {the Betz Limit} is the maximum theoretically possible; 0.35 is considered to be a good design)  
           [0015]    V=wind speed in meters/sec (20 mph=9 m/s)  
           [0016]    Other related variables include:  
           [0017]    Ng=generator efficiency (50% for a car alternator, 80% or possibly more for a permanent magnet generator or grid-connected induction generator)  
           [0018]    Nb=gearbox/bearing efficiency (good designs can yield an efficiency as high as 95%)  
           [0019]    From the above formula, it can be seen that the easiest way to increase the power output of a wind turbine is to increase the velocity of the air passing the capture area (the area swept by the turbine blades). Because power increases by the cube of V, even small increases in wind velocity within the capture area yield relatively large increases in power output. Unfortunately, manipulating the wind speed using conventional free-air designs is not possible, since, by definition, the wind speed is the ambient wind speed. If, however, the air speed passing the turbine blades could be accelerated, the following benefits would result:  
           [0020]    1.) Wind generators would reach both cut-in speed and full rated power at lower ambient wind speeds. This could result in raising large parts of the world by as much as a whole power class (as defined by the United States Department of Energy), meaning that many areas which are now considered unsuitable as wind sites would become available as viable sites. The resultant decentralization of generators would insure that the grid as a whole was less vulnerable to the uncertainties of local weather conditions.  
           [0021]    2.) Intermittency (the time that the turbine spends below its cut-in speed) would be reduced, and conversely, availability would increase, resulting in an increase in annual energy output. This increase in efficiency would lower the average cost of power generation, making wind even more competitive with other sources of electricity.  
           [0022]    Furthermore, conventional free-air turbines are engineered to have a service life of between 20 and 24 years, with scheduled periodic maintenance and one major overhaul at some point in time near mid-life. One of the most persistent problems that has plagued the industry has been a rate of component failure, especially blade failure, which is higher, sometimes much higher, than that predicted by computer models. This disparity between predicted and actual component life has been suggested by engineers to be due in great measure to the sheer number of unpredictable variables in a free-air system. The speed of the wind typically increases as one rises above the frictional elements close to the ground. This means that the forces that are exerted on the blade components traveling through the top of the rotor arc are significantly greater than those at the bottom of the arc. In addition to the cyclic flexing of the blades as they are subjected to these differences in wind speeds, they are also subject to alternating states of compression and tension as they travel around the hub. Wind gusts, off-axis buffeting, and structural harmonics provide additional sources of chaotic loading to the system, stressing not just the blade set, but the rotor hub, gearbox, and all associated bearings.  
           [0023]    The cost of refitting a 1 megawatt free-air turbine with a new blade set, which typically has a diameter of approximately 60 meters, can easily exceed $300,000 U.S. (1999), which is about one third of the installed cost of the unit. From this we can see that any improvements which are capable of extending the service life of the system have the potential to make wind energy a more competitive alternative to other forms of power generation.  
           [0024]    Present tower designs also produce the undesirable effect of stroboscopic flicker, which occurs to a stationary viewer on the ground when each blade passes between the viewer and the sun. This effect can be annoying to residents living within view of the towers, especially at those times of day when the sun is low in the sky.  
           [0025]    Early designs in power generating devices have taken various approaches to maximizing efficiency while considering related design parameters. U.S. Pat. No. 1,600,105 issued to Fonkiewicz in 1923 shows a power generating device with a vertical stack having a turbine within, and radially extending tunnels that communicate with the stack, the tunnels being located below the ground surface and having openings in the ground. U.S. Pat. No. 4,036,916 issued to Agsten in 1977 shows a wind driven electric power generator with an updraft natural draft cooling tower having a hyperbolic veil with a wind driven electric generator system positioned at a narrowed area of the hyperbolic veil. U.S. Pat. No. 581,311 issued to Scovel in 1897 shows a rotatable hood positioned on top of a tube containing fans, which rotates to capture wind and direct wind to the fans. U.S. Pat. No. 4,049,362 issued to Rineer in 1977 shows airfoil panels utilizing fabric to capture wind to generate power. Finally, U.S. Pat. No. 4,779,006 issued to Wortham in 1988 shows a hybrid solar-wind energy conversion system having a “J” shaped tubular stack with a generator fan positioned in a tube below the surface of the ground.  
           [0026]    In general, however, none of these related art references utilize strong lightweight structures that are self-regulating and easily turn to face the incoming wind, redirecting a substantial portion of the kinetic energy present in the ambient air stream into a tube set, where the air is channeled into a below-ground turbine located at a narrowing in an output tube which takes advantage of the Venturi effect, enabling significant efficiency and operating capability even at low wind speeds.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0027]    An object of the invention is to create a device that will collect, redirect, and accelerate ambient air, then channel it to the capture area of a turbine, thereby surpassing the performance of a conventional wind turbine operating in free air, and other conventional designs, with minimal noise and environmental impact, allowing economical operation in areas that were infeasible with previous designs.  
           [0028]    This object is achieved with a wind-powered generation device comprising a tube cluster, collector assemblies, and a turbine assembly where the tube cluster and turbine assembly are primarily underground, and the central outlet tube is narrowed/pinched at the center to increase the rate of airflow past the turbine by taking advantage of the known Venturi effect. Lightweight, self-regulating collector assemblies gather a much greater volume of air than could be captured by a turbine rotor assembly in free air while greatly reducing the variability in the speed of the wind passing the blades. The tube set which channels the collected air and accelerates it as it passes the rotor, combined with the rotor which operates on a plane parallel to the ground, creates a system which significantly reduces the amount of buffeting, tension-compression variability, asymmetrical loading, and other elements of component stress, both cyclic and non-periodic, that are major sources of fatigue-related structural failure. The resultant increase in reliability and service life, and the reduction in maintenance costs, effectively lower the per-kilowatt cost of generating energy. Additionally, the present design eliminates the flicker effect produced by existing tower designs because its turbine blade is underground.  
           [0029]    In areas where wind energy may be marginal or intermittent but heat energy is abundant and readily available, an additional mechanism may be used to boost the efficiency of the system. The rising of warm air is a well-known phenomenon and hence heat injected into the air stream at the proper place in the main outlet tube would serve to boost the performance of the system. Two potential sources of heat are solar and geothermal.  
           [0030]    Well-planned combinations of functions provide investors with an extra measure for profit, thus encouraging more investment in environmentally sound generating sources such as wind. For example, during periods of high wind and low demand, generators placed next to coastlines could be taken off of the power grid and put to other tasks, such as the purification and desalination of seawater, the creation of oxygen gas or hydrogen fuel for fuel cells and other hydrogen-powered equipment, and other valuable commodities that can be produced by way of electrolytic reactions.  
           [0031]    The system may be tuned by varying parameters on the open tubes to promote phase cancellation of low-frequency acoustic energy (ranging from below 8 Hz to above 20 Hz). This may be needed for the following reason: because of the low rotational speeds of the turbine blades, the peak acoustic energy radiated by the current generation of turbines is in the infrasonic range (8-12 Hz) for large diameter turbines, and in the low-frequency end of the audible spectrum (20 Hz) for smaller turbines or those with multiple blades. Although powerful infrasonic waves were found by the U.S. military to have deleterious effects such as nausea, vomiting, and dizziness on humans, acoustic pulses at these frequencies are generally considered to be more of an annoyance than anything else and the problems they create are generally overcome by the use of ear plugs. Other mechanisms for dealing with this issue may be considered as well. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0032]    The invention, together with further advantages, is explained in greater detail below with reference to the drawings.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the overall wind powered generator device;  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the tube cluster;  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the collector assembly with a sail cover deployed;  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the central outlet tube showing the turbine and generator nacelle;  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a flattened central outlet tube and turbine;  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the collector assembly;  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an inlet tube having an oval cross-section, with a support and an adjoining duct;  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the inlet tube of FIG. 7 without the adjoining duct;  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 9 is a perspective view of an inlet tube having a rectangular cross-section, with an adjoining duct;  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 10 is a perspective view of the inlet tube of FIG. 9 without the adjoining duct and having a support;  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the collector assembly with the two-piece sail deployed;  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 12 is a perspective view of the drum tensioner;  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 13 is a perspective view of the collector assembly with the rod tensioner;  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 14 is a perspective view of the rod tensioner;  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 15 is a perspective view of the collector assembly with the spring tensioner;  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 16 is a perspective view of the spring tensioner;  
         [0049]    [0049]FIG. 17 is a perspective view of the collector assembly with the elastic tensioner;  
         [0050]    [0050]FIG. 18 is a perspective view of the elastic tensioner;  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 19 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment comprising a steering sail; and  
         [0052]    [0052]FIG. 20 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the wind powered generator device. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0053]    [0053]FIG. 1 shows the overall wind powered generator device  1  that comprises a tube cluster  20 , collector assemblies  60 , and a turbine assembly  45 .  
         [0054]    According to FIG. 2, the tube cluster  20  comprises a number of inlet tubes  21 , and a central outlet tube  40 . In operation, tube clusters may be substantially buried underground, eliminating the hazard to migrating birds and private air traffic that current free-air turbine designs present. The sum of the cross-sectional areas of the inlet tubes should be greater than the cross-sectional area of the outlet tube for the system to operate efficiently. The central outlet tube  40  is pinched to provide a narrow center  23  with a smaller radius than the remainder of the tube in order to invoke the known Venturi effect which states that at any given pressure and rate of air inflow through the system, air must accelerate as it passes through a narrower portion of a tube. With the addition of a few simple collector assemblies  60  (FIG. 6) mounted on top of the inlet tubes  21 , ambient air is redirected, thereby pressurizing this system of tubes. This management and redirection of airflow is an important element for increasing the efficiency of the system. The inlet tube collector ends  22  are arranged in a staggered manner in order to minimize the occurrence of multiple tubes aligning with the wind, causing one collector assembly  60  to form a “wind shadow” in front of another, resulting in a pressure drop in the system and a resultant drop in output power.  
         [0055]    In FIG. 4, the central outlet (main) tube  40  is shown with the turbine assembly  45  which comprises the turbine  41  having turbine blades  42 , and a generator nacelle  43  suspended vertically in the central outlet tube  40 . Air captured and redirected by the collectors  60  is accelerated as it passes the narrow section  46  of the central outlet tube  40  and the plane of the turbine blades  42 . The transition from a vertical to a horizontal axis turbine should be possible with only minor modifications to the design of existing turbine and generator assemblies.  
         [0056]    [0056]FIG. 5 illustrates an alternative embodiment having a flattened central outlet tube that may be used where minimal excavation is desired. Like the central outlet tube  40 , the flattened central outlet tube  50  comprises a turbine  51  having turbine blades  52  and a generator nacelle  53 , all elements being designed to accommodate the shortened dimensions of the flattened central outlet tube  50 . The air flow is introduced by an inlet tube  21  having a flattened profile, such as those exemplified by the inlet tubes in FIGS. 7 and 8 having an oval cross section, or by those exemplified by the inlet tubes in FIGS. 9 and 10 having a rectangular cross section. In FIG. 7, the oval inlet tube  21  has a support  71  to provide structural integrity to the tube, and an adjoining duct  72  which allows tubes to be connected together and arranged without resorting to customized bending, etc. FIG. 8 shows the oval inlet tube  21  of FIG. 7 without the adjoining duct  27 . FIG. 9 shows a rectangular inlet tube  21  with a rectangular cross section having an adjoining duct  72 . FIG. 10 shows the rectangular tube of FIG. 9 having a support  71 , but without the adjoining duct  72 . One particular advantage of the tube sections shown in FIGS.  7 - 10  is that these sections can actually be manufactured as individual modular components so that they could be cast in concrete or extruded from recycled plastic and transported to the site by truck. Note that the central outlet tube  40  containing the turbine and generator assembly could be similarly precast in pie-shaped slices and transported to the site for assembly. These low-profile components could greatly reduce installation costs. It may even be possible to assemble them right on the ground and build a small berm around them, eliminating the requirement for digging altogether.  
         [0057]    In FIG. 6, one preferred embodiment for the collector assembly  60  comprises a frame having a vertical mast  61  and a braced, wheel-like boom  64  used to help shape the sail  62  and transfer loads to the wall  66  of the inlet tube  21  by way of a sub-frame  65 . This arrangement allows the mast  61 , boom  64 , and sail  62  to spin freely around a vertical axis, much like a weather vane on its mount, and helps assure that when the sail is fully deployed, the collector assembly  60  will always face the wind.  
         [0058]    The sail  62  covers an arc of approximately 180° across the rim  67  of the inlet tube  21 . The purpose of the collector assembly  60  is to capture ambient breezes and redirect them into the inlet tube  21 . The sail area for each collector assembly  60  should be greater than the cross-sectional area of the inlet tube  21  for the system to work efficiently. Because the cut of the sail  62  will determine the final shape of the working surfaces of the collector assembly  60 , on-site fine tuning of the optimal collector shape will be practical long after the initial installation has been completed. Sails  62  can be easily cut into a wide variety of shapes to take advantage of prevailing local wind conditions, making it a relatively simple matter to implement improved collector designs in a cost-efficient manner. Although the sails  62  will most likely have to be replaced every year or so, the cost of replacement would be a tiny faction of the costs typically incurred during the normal operation of a conventional fuel burning plant, such as the costs of fuel, emission control, maintenance, and toxic waste disposal.  
         [0059]    In order to prevent damage to the collector assemblies  60  during storms and other high wind situations, the collector assemblies  60  comprise a mechanism for managing wind loads. FIGS. 11 and 12 show a preferred embodiment for this mechanism comprising a spring loaded, damped, drum-style tensioner  120  having two lengths of wound cable  121 , preferably made of steel for strength. The cable  121  ends opposite the drum  122  are attached to the sail  62 , providing a constant tension on the sail and helping to maintain its optimal shape, in a manner similar to the operation of the spring loaded roller on a window shade. The cable ends are attached to the drum  122  on one end, and to grommets  123  on the sail  62 , possibly using hooks, on the other end.  
         [0060]    As the wind load on the system increases past that needed for peak output of the turbine, pressure on the sail  62  increases and the tensioning cables on the drum  122  begin to unwind, causing the sail  62  to move in an upward direction, which creates a gap between portions of the sail  62  and between the sail  62  and the braced boom  64 , causing air to spill through the back of the collector assembly  60 . This mechanism provides adequate wind load management in all but the most violent weather. In an alternative embodiment, the tensioner could utilize counterweights in a gravity powered sail tensioner in place of the springs to maintain tension on the sail  62 .  
         [0061]    [0061]FIGS. 13 and 14 show an alternative embodiment for the tensioner utilizing a flexible rod assembly to maintain tension on the sail  62 . A fixed track  80  is mounted along one spoke of the braced boom  64 . A traveler  81  is affixed to the midpoint of a flexible tensioning rod  83  and is mounted on the fixed track  80  and can slide along the fixed track  80  from the mast  61  to a traveler stop  82 . Roller guides  84  affixed to the braced boom  64  restrict the movement of the ends of the tensioning rod  83 . Flexible lines  85  are affixed on one end to the traveler  81 , run through a line guide  86  affixed to the rim of the braced boom  64 , and are attached on the other end to the bottom of the sail  62 . As load on the sail  62  increases, tension on the lines  85  will cause the tensioning rod  83  to flex, allowing the bottom of the sail to move upward creating a gap A between portions of the sail  62  and a gap B between the sail  62  and the braced boom  64 , allowing air to spill through the back of the collector assembly  60 .  
         [0062]    [0062]FIGS. 15 and 16 depict another alternative embodiment of the tensioner using a spring  87  affixed to the mast  61  to maintain tension on the sail  62 . Flexible lines  88  run from the spring  87 , through the line guide  86  and are attached to the bottom of the sail  62 . FIGS. 17 and 18 depict another alternative embodiment of the tensioner using elastic cords  91  to maintain tension on the sail  62 . The elastic cords  91  are affixed on one end to the mast  61 , run through the line guide  92 , and are attached to the bottom of the sail  62 .  
         [0063]    According to FIG. 3, if wind loads increase past the point where they could be managed by the tensioning mechanism, an emergency strain relief system may be provided under critical load conditions. When such a situation occurs, the wind powered generator device may employ an emergency sail collector  30  comprising a collector loop  31  attached to a sock-like piece of sailcloth  32  at the top of the mast  61 . This sock  32  operates as a sail cover and is basically a cloth tube which is deployed and functions in a manner similar to an umbrella cover.  
         [0064]    When the strain on the collector assembly  60  reaches some predetermined critical point, the collector loop  31  falls or is pulled down the mast  61  on a collector loop track  33  (which runs the full length of the front of the mast  61 , where the assembly is free to move without fouling the sails), taking the sock  32  with it and effectively dousing the sail. The collector loop  31  collects the sail as it travels down the track  33  and pulls the sock  32  along with it, thus relieving pressure on the collector assembly  60 . The collector loop  31  ring release may be tripped either mechanically, (for instance, by a mechanical load sensor attached to the sail tensioners and connected by cable to a release at the top of the mast), or electronically (for instance, by radio signal transmitted to the release when the site anemometer detects a predetermined wind level). Likewise, the collector loop  31  could be motivated by gravity, using a weighted ring, or electrically, using an electric motor to pull the ring down the track. A reset of the collector loop could be achieved manually by way of cables and pulleys (much like a traditional sail), or by electric motor. An electrically operated system could be reset remotely or in an automated manner. Although this action takes take the generator off line, it provides substantial protection to the collector assembly  60  against permanent damage. Since the collector loop  31  is only deployed under critical load conditions, it would rarely cause a shutdown of the system.  
         [0065]    [0065]FIG. 19 shows another preferred embodiment in which a steering sail  68  is provided that is oriented in a direction perpendicular to the sail  62 . The steering sail  68  permits improved sensitivity and response time of the collector assembly  60  without adding drag to the system.  
         [0066]    [0066]FIG. 1 shows a typical installation using a wind-thermal hybrid, with heat for a liquid thermal transfer medium, which is preferably non-toxic, supplied by conventional solar collectors  11 . Unlike conventional geothermal power plants, no steam is required to provide turbine boost, so areas which are now volcanically active but produce insufficient heat to produce steam could easily provide more than enough heat energy to boost the efficiency of this system. FIG. 4 illustrates a preferred placement of heat radiating surfaces/elements  44  within the main tube.  
         [0067]    [0067]FIG. 20 shows an alternative embodiment of the wind powered generator device. Airflow captured and redirected by the collector assembly  60  is accelerated as it passes a turbine assembly  103  located in the narrowed center  102  of a tube  101 . Exhaust vents  104  provide a path for the airflow to escape after it has passed the turbine assembly  103 . A deflector ring  105  redirects ground level winds into the collector assembly  60  and away from the exhaust vents  104 , helping to prevent a buildup of pressure at the windward side of the exhaust vents from impeding the flow of air through the system.  
         [0068]    The above-described wind-powered generating device is illustrative of the principles of the present invention. Numerous modifications and adaptations thereof will be readily apparent to those skilled in this art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.