Abstract:
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention make it possible to ensure an actual aperture ratio with respect to an electro-optical device provided with an active element, and to manufacture with ease. A method for manufacturing an electro-optical device of exemplary embodiments of the present invention includes forming an active element on one substrate, as an element formation; forming an insulating layer on one substrate provided with the active element, the insulating layer having an aperture reaching a conductive junction of the active element, as an insulating layer formation; forming an asperity shape through transfer on the surface of the insulating layer by pressing a mold against the insulating layer having the aperture, as an asperity formation; and forming a reflection layer on the insulating layer in order to provide a scattering reflection surface incorporating the asperity shape and, in addition, conductive-connecting an electrode constructed by the reflection layer or constructed separately from the reflection layer to the active element directly or indirectly via the aperture, as an upper layer processing.

Description:
BACKGROUND  
       [0001]     Exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate to a method for manufacturing an electro-optical device, an electro-optical device, and electronic equipment. In particular, exemplary embodiments relate to a method for manufacturing an electro-optical device provided with a reflection layer to reflect the light incident from the outside, and relate to a structure corresponding thereto.  
         [0002]     The related art includes reflective liquid crystal display devices or transflective liquid crystal display devices used for display portions of portable data terminals, e.g., mobile phone/cellular phone and PDA (Personal Digital Assistance), in order to reduce the power consumption. These reflective liquid crystal display devices are provided with reflection layers to reflect the light incident from the display surface side so as to perform display. The transflective liquid crystal display device is provided with a window, which becomes a light-transmission region, on the above-described reflection layer, so that reflective display and transmissive display can be performed. In general, a scattering reflection surface provided with many fine asperities is formed on the surface of this reflection layer. When the scattering reflection surface is disposed on the surface of the reflection layer, as described above, since the external light is scattered and the direction of reflection is decentralized, the amount of reflected light in the direction of the line of sight can be increased compared with that in the case where the surface of the reflection layer is formed to become a flat mirror surface. Consequently, the display can become well-lit and, in addition, the dazzling due to illumination light, shown through the background, and the like can be reduced or prevented.  
         [0003]     The scattering reflection surface of the above-described reflection layer is formed by various related art methods. In general, examples of the methods include a method in which a fine asperity shape is formed on the surface of a substrate by etching or the like, a metal thin film made of Al or the like is formed thereon, so as to form a reflection surface incorporating the asperity shape on the substrate surface. A method in which a photosensitive resin is applied on the surface of a substrate, a fine surface asperity shape is formed on the insulating layer through photolithography for performing exposure and development of the resulting photosensitive resin by the use of a predetermined mask, and a metal thin film is formed thereon, so as to form a reflection surface incorporating the above-described surface asperity shape. Additionally a method in which a fine surface asperity shape is formed on the insulating layer on a substrate through, for example, photolithography similar to that described above, the insulating layer is heated to be softened in order that the surface asperity shape is made to become a smooth shape and, thereafter, a metal thin film is formed thereon, so as to form a reflection surface incorporating the above-described surface asperity shape.  
         [0004]     However, with respect to the method in which the surface of the above-described substrate is etched and the method in which the insulating layer provided with the surface asperity shape is formed through photolithography, the asperity shape of the scattering reflection surface of the reflection layer significantly fluctuates in accordance with the circumstances of the etching and the photolithography and, thereby, the controllability of the light reflection property of the scattering reflection surface is not always good. Consequently, it is difficult to address or achieve the scattering property suitable for the above-described scattering reflection surface, and there is a problem of low reproducibility thereof as well.  
         [0005]     In consideration of the above-described circumstances, related art documents Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 10-232303 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-23181 disclose a method for manufacturing a reflection plate, in which an insulating layer is applied to a substrate and, thereafter, a mold having a predetermined shape of asperity surface is pressed against the above-described insulating layer so as to transfer the asperity surface of the above-described mold to the surface of the above-described insulating layer.  
         [0006]     Related art document Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 10-232303 describes a method in which a photosensitive insulating layer is applied to a substrate, a mold having an asperity surface is pressed against the resulting photosensitive insulating layer, light is applied under this condition to effect curing, so that an insulating layer provided with the asperity surface is formed and, thereafter, a reflection layer is formed on the asperity surface of this insulating layer.  
         [0007]     Related art document Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-23181 describes a method in which a mold provided with a predetermined asperity surface on a portion where a reflection pixel electrode is to be formed and provided with a flat surface on the other portion is pressed against the surface of an insulating resin substrate to form an asperity surface portion and a flat surface portion, a reflection layer is formed on the resulting asperity surface, and an active element and wirings are formed on the flat surface portion.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0008]     However, with respect to the above-described related art methods, it is predicted that various problems occur in construction of an electro-optical device provided with an active element. For example, in the method described in related art document Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 10-232303, since the insulating layer is formed by applying the light to effect the curing while the mold is pressed against the uncured photosensitive insulating layer, the active element must be formed as a layer on the insulating layer as in disclosed in related art document Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-23181, or a contact hole must be formed in the insulating layer in order to conductive-connect the active element formed as a layer under the insulating layer to the pixel electrode.  
         [0009]     In this case, when the active element is formed as the layer on the insulating layer, as in the former, since any scattering reflection surface cannot be formed in the active element formation region, there is a problem in that the aperture ratio is decreased and the display is darkened. In particular, when a TFT (thin film transistor) is used as the active element, a storage capacitor is simultaneously disposed in many cases. Since the scattering reflection surface cannot be formed in the storage capacitor formation region as well, the actual aperture ratio becomes smaller and, therefore, the display becomes even more darkened. With respect to the transflective liquid crystal display device having above-described structure, since a transmission region must be disposed in a pixel, the area of the scattering reflection surface becomes further smaller. Consequently, it becomes very difficult to ensure the brightness of the reflective display.  
         [0010]     On the other hand, in the latter case, it is very difficult to form a contact hole in the insulating layer after being cured in terms of manufacture, and there are problems in that the number of steps is increased, and the manufacturing cost is increased.  
         [0011]     exemplary embodiments of the present invention address the above-described and/or other problems. Accordingly, the object of exemplary embodiments of the present invention is to provide a method and a device structure, wherein an actual aperture ratio can be ensured in an electro-optical device provided with an active element and the manufacture can be performed with ease.  
         [0012]     In order to address the above-described and/or other problems, a method for manufacturing an electro-optical device, according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention, is the method for manufacturing an electro-optical device in which a pair of substrates are disposed facing each other with an electro-optical layer therebetween. An active element and a reflection layer are provided on one substrate of the above-described pair of substrates. The method includes the steps of forming the above-described active element on the above-described one substrate, as an element formation; forming an insulating layer on the above-described one substrate provided with the above-described active element, the insulating layer having an aperture reaching a conductive junction of the above-described active element, as an insulating layer formation; forming an asperity shape through transfer on the surface of the above-described insulating layer by pressing a mold against the above-described insulating layer having the above-described aperture, as an asperity formation; and forming the above-described reflection layer on the above-described insulating layer in order that a scattering reflection surface incorporating the above-described asperity shape is provided and, in addition, conductive-connecting an electrode constructed by the above-described reflection layer or constructed separately from the above-described reflection layer to the above-described active element directly or indirectly via the above-described aperture, as an upper layer processing.  
         [0013]     According to exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the active element is formed and, thereafter, the insulating layer having an aperture reaching the conductive junction of the active element is formed, so that since the scattering reflection surface can be formed in the region superposed on the active element, when viewed from above, the actual aperture ratio can be increased, and a well-lit display can be addressed or achieved. Since the insulating layer having the aperture is formed and, thereafter, the asperity shape is formed on the surface of the insulating layer, the aperture to conductive-connect the active element and the electrode can be readily formed in the insulating layer. Furthermore, the mold is pressed against the insulating layer, the asperity shape is transferred to the surface of the insulating layer and, thereby, the scattering reflection surface of the reflection layer can be formed with excellent controllability. Consequently, the viewability can be further enhanced.  
         [0014]     The electrode conductive-connected to the active element via the aperture may be constructed as a reflection electrode by the above-described reflection layer or be constructed separately from the reflection layer. In the latter case, the electrode may be conductive-connected to the active element via the reflection layer. Preferably, the electrode is formed from a transparent electrode. For example, the transparent electrode is formed over the entire pixel and, in addition, a transmission region where no reflection layer is formed is disposed in a part of the pixel, so that a transflective electro-optical device can be constructed.  
         [0015]     In exemplary embodiments of the present invention, preferably, a protrusion to be inserted into the above-described aperture is disposed on the mold surface of the mold, at the location corresponding to the above-described aperture. In this manner, in the asperity transfer since a transfer pressure is applied to the insulating layer while the above-described protrusion is inserted in the aperture, crushing of the aperture due to pressurization of the insulating layer can be reduced and/or prevented. Here, it is desirable that the end of the above-described protrusion is configured not to contact the active element during the transfer. Specifically, with respect to the protrusion, desirably, the amount of protrusion is smaller than the depth of the aperture of the insulating layer. In this manner, it is reduced or prevented that the protrusion is brought into contact with the active element so as to damage the active element during the asperity transfer. It is significant only that the protrusion is configured to be capable of at least supporting the aperture edge and, in particular, it is desirable that the protrusion is configured to be brought into contact with the entire aperture edge during the transfer.  
         [0016]     In exemplary embodiments of the present invention, preferably, a concave portion lower than the surrounding is disposed on the mold surface of the above-described mold, at the location corresponding to the above-described active element. In this manner, the transfer pressure applied to the active element during the asperity transfer can be reduced and, therefore, the active element is reduced or prevented from being damaged. Here, it is desirable that a concave portion lower than the surrounding is also disposed in the plane region corresponding to the wiring connected to the active element. In this manner, the transfer pressure applied to the wiring can also be reduced and, thereby, break defect in the wiring and the like can be reduced or prevented as well.  
         [0017]     In exemplary embodiments of the present invention, preferably, the above-described aperture is disposed in order that at least a portion of the above-described active element is exposed, the portion performing the switching function (for example, a channel region and a MIM junction region). In this manner, the aperture is disposed in order that at least a portion of the active element is exposed, the portion performing the switching function, and thereby, the transfer pressure is not applied to the portion to perform the switching function during the asperity transfer, so that the active element can be reduced or prevented from being damaged. Here, the above-described aperture may be formed to expose the entire active element.  
         [0018]     In exemplary embodiments of the present invention, preferably, a transmission region not provided with the above-described reflection layer is disposed, and the above-described aperture includes a portion formed corresponding to the above-described transmission region. In this manner, since the aperture of the insulating layer includes the portion formed corresponding to the transmission region, no insulating layer is present in the transmission region. Consequently, the light transmittance ratio of the transmission region can be increased and, in addition, a coloring material or a light-shield material can be used for the insulating layer as well. Therefore, the flexibility in selection of the material for the insulating layer is increased. Since the insulating layer is used as the light-shield layer, a light-shield pattern to reduce or prevent the light from entering the active element is not necessarily formed separately. Furthermore, in the case where the electro-optical device is a liquid crystal display device, it becomes possible to adopt a multi-gap structure, described below, through the use of the height difference of the insulating layer and, therefore, a higher performance transflective liquid crystal display device can be constructed.  
         [0019]     In exemplary embodiments of the present invention, preferably, the above-described upper layer processing includes a sub-step of forming the above-described reflection layer on the above-described insulating layer and a sub-step of forming the above-described electrode as a layer on or under the above-described reflection layer, the electrode at least overlapping the reflection layer. In this manner, the scattering reflection surface incorporating the asperity shape of the insulating layer can readily be formed and, in addition, the reflection layer and the electrode can be mutually conductive-connected. When a transmission region provided with an electrode but provided with no reflection layer is constructed, a transflective electro-optical device can be constructed.  
         [0020]     In exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the above-described insulating layer formation sequentially includes applying a photosensitive resin, of exposing the photosensitive resin, and of developing the above-described photosensitive resin to form the above-described aperture. In this manner, the insulating layer having the aperture can be very readily formed by usual photolithographic technology. In this case, it is desirable that the above-described asperity transfer is performed and, thereafter, the photosensitive resin is subjected to a heat treatment so as to be cured. In this manner, the transfer property can be ensured during the asperity transfer by treating the photosensitive resin in the condition in which the plastic deformation can be performed to some extent and, in addition, after the asperity transfer is performed, the insulating layer can be provided with an appropriate hardness by being subjected to a heat treatment.  
         [0021]     An electro-optical device of exemplary embodiments of the present invention is the electro-optical device in which a pair of substrates are disposed facing each other with an electro-optical layer therebetween and an active element and a reflection layer are provided on one substrate of the above-described pair of substrates. An insulating layer has an aperture is disposed between the above-described active element and the above-described reflection layer. The above-described insulating layer has a surface asperity shape transferred by a mold being pressed against the above-described insulating layer, the above-described reflection layer is provided with a scattering reflection surface incorporating the above-described surface asperity shape, and an electrode constructed by the above-described reflection layer or constructed separately from the above-described reflection layer is conductive-connected to a conductive junction of the above-described active element directly or indirectly via the above-described aperture.  
         [0022]     According to exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the insulating layer having the aperture reaching the conductive junction of the active element is formed between the active element and the reflection layer and, thereby, the scattering reflection surface can also be formed in the region superposed on the active element, when viewed from above, so that the actual aperture ratio can be increased, and the well-lit display can be addressed or achieved. Furthermore, the mold is pressed against the insulating layer, the asperity shape is transferred to the surface of the insulating layer and, thereby, the surface asperity shape of the insulating layer is formed. Consequently, the controllability of the scattering reflection surface of the reflection layer can be enhanced, so that the viewability can be further enhanced.  
         [0023]     In exemplary embodiments of the present invention, preferably, the above-described aperture is disposed in order that at least a portion of the above-described active element is exposed, the portion performing the switching function. When the aperture is disposed in order that at least a portion of the active element is exposed, the portion performing the switching function, as described above, the transfer pressure is not applied to the portion to perform the switching function during the asperity transfer, so that the active element can be reduced or prevented from being damaged. Here, the above-described aperture may be formed to expose the entire active element.  
         [0024]     In exemplary embodiments of the present invention, preferably, a transmission region not provided with the above-described reflection layer is disposed, and the above-described aperture includes a portion formed corresponding to the above-described transmission region. In this manner, since the aperture of the insulating layer includes the portion formed corresponding to the transmission region, no insulating layer is present in the transmission region. Consequently, the light transmittance ratio of the transmission region can be increased and, in addition, a coloring material or a light-shield material can be used for the insulating layer as well. Therefore, the flexibility in selection of the material for the insulating layer is increased. Since the insulating layer is used as the light-shield layer, a light-shield pattern to reduce or prevent the light from entering the active element is not necessarily formed separately. Furthermore, in the case where the electro-optical device is a liquid crystal display device, it becomes possible to adopt a multi-gap structure, described below, through the use of the height difference of the insulating layer and, therefore, a higher performance transflective liquid crystal display device can be constructed.  
         [0025]     Electronic equipment of exemplary embodiments of the present invention is provided with any one of the above-described electro-optical devices in a display portion. Examples of the electronic equipment include image display devices, e.g., various monitors, mobile phones, and computer equipment. In particular, mobile communications equipment, e.g., mobile phones, and other mobile information equipment are preferable. In general, the above-described equipment is provided with a control device (for example, a display control system) to control the electro-optical device, as described below.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0026]      FIG. 1  is a magnified partial sectional view schematically showing the magnified structure of the liquid crystal display device in the first exemplary embodiment;  
         [0027]     FIGS.  2 ( a ) and  2 ( b ) are magnified partial layout schematic plan views showing a part of the first exemplary embodiment under magnification;  
         [0028]     FIGS.  3 ( a ) to  3 ( d ) are schematic sectional views of the steps, showing the manufacturing process of the element substrate in the first exemplary embodiment;  
         [0029]     FIGS.  4 ( a ) to  4 ( c ) are schematic sectional views of the steps, showing the manufacturing process of the element substrate in the first exemplary embodiment;  
         [0030]      FIG. 5 ( a ) is a magnified schematic partial sectional view showing the liquid crystal display device in the second exemplary embodiment, and  FIG. 5 ( b ) is a schematic magnified partial layout plan;  
         [0031]     FIGS.  6 ( a ) to  6 ( c ) are schematic sectional views of the steps, showing the manufacturing process of the element substrate in the third exemplary embodiment;  
         [0032]     FIGS.  7 ( a ) and  7 ( b ) are schematic sectional views of the steps, showing the manufacturing process of the element substrate in the third exemplary embodiment;  
         [0033]      FIG. 8 ( a ) is a schematic configuration diagram of the fourth exemplary embodiment, FIGS.  8 ( b ) and  8 ( c ) are schematic sectional views of the steps, showing the manufacturing process of the element substrate, and FIGS.  8 ( d ) and  8 ( e ) are schematic plan views showing the steps;  
         [0034]      FIG. 9 ( a ) to  9 ( c ) are schematic sectional views of the steps, showing the manufacturing process of the element substrate in the fourth exemplary embodiment, and FIGS.  9 ( d ) and  9 ( e ) are schematic plan views showing the steps;  
         [0035]      FIG. 10  is a schematic configuration diagram showing the display control system of the fifth exemplary embodiment;  
         [0036]      FIG. 11  is a schematic perspective view showing the appearance of the fifth exemplary embodiment. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS  
       [0037]     The exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described below in detail with reference to the attached drawings. In each exemplary embodiment described below, an example constructed as a liquid crystal display device is shown. However, exemplary embodiments of the present invention are not limited to liquid crystal display devices, and exemplary embodiments of the present invention can be similarly applied to various electro-optical devices, for example, electroluminescence devices, organic electroluminescence devices, plasma display devices, electrophoresis display devices, and devices through the use of electron emission elements (Field Emission Display, Surface-Conduction Electron-Emitter Display, and the like).  
       FIRST EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT  
       [0038]      FIG. 1  is a magnified partial vertical schematic sectional view showing the rough configuration of the panel structure of an electro-optical device in the first exemplary embodiment according to the present invention. The present exemplary embodiment is a transflective liquid crystal display device  100 , and a liquid crystal  130  as an electro-optic material, is disposed between a element substrate  110  and a facing-substrate  120 . The element substrate  110  and the facing-substrate  120  are fixed by adhesion with a sealing component therebetween, although not shown in the drawing, while a spacing is ensured between them. Polarizers  101  and  102  are disposed on the outer surfaces of the element substrate  110  and the facing-substrate  120  in order that the polarization axes mutually satisfy a predetermined positional relationship (for example, cross Nicol arrangement).  
         [0039]     The element substrate  110  is provided with a TFT (Thin Film Transistor)  112  formed as an active element on the surface of a substrate  111  composed of glass, plastic, or the like, an insulating layer  113  formed on the substrate  111  and the TFT  112 , a reflection layer  114  formed on the insulating layer  113 , and a transparent electrode  115  formed on the reflection layer  114 . An alignment layer  116  composed of a glancing angle deposition film, a polyimide resin, or the like is formed on the transparent electrode  115 .  
         [0040]     The TFT  112  includes a gate  112   a  conductive-connected to a scanning line, an insulating thin film  112   b  formed from SiO 2  or the like on this gate  112   a,  a semiconductor layer  112   c  composed of amorphous silicon or the like and disposed facing the gate  112   a  with the insulating thin film  12   b  therebetween, a source electrode  112   d  conductive-connected to a data line and the semiconductor layer  112   c,  and a drain electrode  112   e  conductive-connected to the semiconductor layer  112   c.    
         [0041]     The insulating layer  113  formed on the TFT  112  can be composed of, for example, a resin raw material, e.g., an acrylic resin or a silicon resin, or an inorganic raw material, e.g., silicon oxide, silicon nitride, or silicate glass. This insulating layer  113  has an aperture  113   a.  The above-described drain electrode  112   e  is conductive-connected to the above-described reflection layer  114  and the transparent electrode  115  via this aperture  113   a.    
         [0042]     The surface of the insulating layer  113  has a fine asperity shape. The surface asperity shape of this insulating layer is made by transfer through the use of a predetermined mold, as described below. When the asperity shape is thus transferred through the use of a mold, the tilt angle distribution, the curved surface, the depths of asperities, and the like of the surface asperity shape, can be addressed or achieved precisely with excellent reproducibility.  
         [0043]     The reflection layer  114  is composed of a metal thin film of Al, an Al alloy, Ag, a Ag alloy, or the like. The reflection layer  114  is formed on the surface asperity shape of the above-described insulating layer  113  and, thereby is provided with a scattering reflection surface incorporating the above-described surface asperity shape. The reflection layer  114  is conductive-connected to the drain electrode  112   e  serving as a conductive junction of the above-described TFT  112  via the aperture  113   a  of the insulating layer  113 . In the example shown in the drawing, a reflection region R and a transmission region T are disposed in a pixel G, while the optical state of the pixel can be independently controlled. In this case, the reflection layer  114  is formed in the reflection region R, and is not formed in the transmission region T.  
         [0044]     The transparent electrode  115  is composed of a transparent conductor, e.g., ITO (indium tin oxide), tin oxide, or the like. The transparent electrode  115  is formed on the insulating layer  113  and the reflection layer  114 . In the example shown in the drawing, the transparent electrode  115  is formed on the entire region of the pixel G. The transparent electrode  115  is conductive-connected to the above-described reflection layer  114  and, thereby, is conductive-connected indirectly to the conductive junction of the TFT  112  (drain electrode  112   e ).  
         [0045]     On the other hand, a substrate  121  composed of glass or plastic, a coloring filter  122  formed on the inner surface of the substrate  121 , light-shield portions  123  formed in the regions between the pixels, a protective film  124  formed on the coloring filter  122  and the light-shield portions, and a transparent electrode  125  formed on the protective film  124 , are disposed on the facing-substrate  120 . The coloring filter  122 , light-shield portions  123 , and the protective film  124  constitute a color filter. An alignment layer  126  composed of a glancing angle deposition film, a polyimide resin, or the like is formed on the transparent electrode  125 .  
         [0046]      FIG. 2 ( a ) is a magnified partial layout schematic plan view showing an example of the two-dimensional structure in the present exemplary embodiment. In the present exemplary embodiment, the configuration of the surface asperity shape of the insulating layer  113  and the scattering reflection surface of the reflection layer  114  in an element formation region S (the range thereof is indicated by arrows in  FIG. 1  and by hatch patterns in  FIG. 2 ( a )) in which the TFT  112  is formed, is different from the configuration in the surface region other than this element formation region S. That is, in the element formation region S, the surfaces of the insulating layer  113  and the reflection layer  114  are constructed to become convex in order to be somewhat protruded from the surrounding. In the element formation region S, a fine asperity shape is hardly formed in contrast to the surface region other than that. An asperity shape may be constructed in the element formation region S. In this case, the asperity shape in the element formation region S is formed in order that the level of the bottom thereof becomes higher than the level of the bottom of the fine asperity shape formed in the other surface region. This is a result of constructing the mold surface in order that the transfer pressure applied to the element formation region S is made lower than the pressure applied to the surrounding surface region when the asperity shape is transferred to the surface of the insulating layer  113  by the mold, as described below. In this manner, the TFT  112  can be reduced or prevented from being damaged or broken. The surface configuration of the above-described element formation region S may be formed in at least a portion of the TFT  112 , the portion performing the switching operation, for example, in only a channel region of the semiconductor layer  112   c  (the portion at which the semiconductor layer  112   c  and the gate  112   a  overlap one another when viewed from above). In this manner, the effect of the transfer pressure can be reduced to the level at which the switching operation of the TFT  112  is not affected or lower.  
         [0047]     As shown in FIGS.  2 ( a )-( b ) scanning lines  117  and data lines  118  connected to the TFT  112  are formed on the element substrate  120  of the present exemplary embodiment. In this case, not only the element formation regions S shown in  FIG. 2 ( a ), but an electric field application structure region S′ including furthermore a wiring formation region provided with the scanning lines  117  and the data lines  118  shown in  FIG. 2 ( b ), may have the surface configuration similar to that of the above-described element formation regions S. In this case, wiring defect due to the above-described transfer pressure (break, increase in wiring resistance, and the like) can be reduced or prevented as well.  
         [0048]     A method for manufacturing the above-described liquid crystal display device  100  will be described below with reference to  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4 .  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4  are schematic sectional views of steps showing the manufacturing process of the element substrate  110  of the above-described liquid crystal display device  100 . Initially, as shown in  FIG. 3 ( a ), the TFT  112  is formed on the inner surface of the substrate  111  (element formation). Here, an insulating film may be formed between the substrate  111  and the TFT  112  in order to enhance the adhesion. The TFT  112  is formed as described below, for example. The gate  112   a  is formed together with the scanning line, although not shown in the drawing. An insulating thin film  112  is formed thereon from SiO 2  or the like and, thereafter, the semiconductor layer  112   c  is formed from amorphous silicon or the like. Finally, the source electrode  112   d  and the drain electrode  112   e  are formed together with the data line, although not shown in the drawing. In each of the above-described steps, a vapor deposition method, a sputtering method, a CVD method or the like is used as a means of film formation, and after the film is formed, patterning is performed appropriately by photolithography.  
         [0049]     An uncured photosensitive resin  113 A is applied to the substrate  111  and the TFT  112  by a spin coating method, a roll coating method, or the like. If necessary, the resulting photosensitive resin  113 A is dried by vacuum drying or the like, and furthermore, if necessary, pre-baking is performed, for example, at about 60° C. to 100° C. for about 30 minutes. Thereafter, a light source in accordance with the photosensitivity of the photosensitive resin is used, and an exposure treatment at about 150 mJ/cm 2 , for example, is performed by the use of a predetermined mask. Development is performed with an inorganic alkaline solution or the like and, thereby, as shown in  FIG. 3 ( c ), an insulating layer  113 B having an aperture  113   a  is formed (insulating layer formation).  
         [0050]     Here, in the forming the aperture  113   a  in the insulating layer  113  during this insulating layer formation, preferably, the insulating layer  113  disposed in the area other than the display area is removed simultaneously. In this manner, when the element substrate  110  and the facing-substrate  120  are bonded together with a sealing component therebetween, the mechanical strength (adhesion between the sealing component and the substrate) of the sealing portion can be increased without increasing the number of man-hours.  
         [0051]     A mold  10  shown in  FIG. 3 ( d ) is pressed against the insulating layer  113 B (asperity transfer). This mold  10  is provided with a mold surface  12   a  having a fine asperity surface. Specifically, the mold  10  includes a mold material  12  on a base  11 , and the mold material  12  is provided with the above-described mold surface  12   a  having a predetermined surface asperity shape. The mold material  12  is formed by, for example, transferring the surface asperity shape from a master provided with a surface substantially corresponding to the scattering reflection surface to be produced finally. The mold material  12  can be composed of a synthetic resin, a metal, or the like.  
         [0052]     The mold surface  12   a  is provided with a protrusion P at the location corresponding to the aperture  113   a  of the above-described insulating layer  113 B. This protrusion P is to support the aperture  113   a  in order that the aperture  113   a  is not crushed during the transfer by the use of the mold  10 . That is, as shown in  FIG. 4 ( a ), when the mold  10  is pressed against the insulating layer  113 B, the protrusion P is inserted into the aperture  113   a  and, thereby, a state in which the protrusion P supports the inner surface of the aperture  113   a  from the inside is brought about. Therefore, when the mold  10  is pressed against the insulating layer  113 B and the transfer pressure is applied to the insulating layer  113 B, it can be reduced or prevented that the aperture  113   a  is crushed and the range of aperture constructed by the aperture  113   a  of the insulating layer  113  is reduced.  
         [0053]     Here, the amount (height) of protrusion of the protrusion P is constructed to become smaller than the depth of the aperture  113   a  during the transfer. That is, the protrusion P is constructed in order that the end thereof is not brought into contact with the conductive junction (drain electrode  112   e ) of the active element (TFT  112 ) exposed due to the aperture  113   a  during the transfer. Therefore, the conductive junction of the active element can be reduced or prevented from being damaged by the protrusion P during the asperity transfer.  
         [0054]     The description will be made with reference to  FIG. 3 ( d ). The mold surface  12   a  is provided with an asperity surface portion X having a fine asperity shape corresponding to the surface shape of the scattering reflection surface to be formed on the reflection layer  114  and an avoidance surface portion Y dented to become somewhat concave compared with this asperity surface portion X. On the asperity surface portion X, a fine asperity shape is arranged randomly and two-dimensionally, for example. The surface configuration of the asperity surface portion X is different from the surface configuration of the avoidance surface portion Y. This avoidance surface portion Y is disposed corresponding to the element formation region S or the electric field application structure region S′ in the above-described exemplary embodiment (that is, in order that the location and the range agree during the transfer). The avoidance surface portion Y may be constructed to become concave as a whole, or be constructed in order that although a fine asperity shape is provided, the height of the crest of the asperity shape or the average height of the asperity shape becomes lower than the height of the crest of the surrounding asperity shape or the average height of the surrounding asperity shape.  
         [0055]     When the avoidance surface portion Y is provided with the above-described protrusion P, the portion other than the protrusion P is constructed as described above. This is because even when the protrusion P is disposed in the avoidance surface portion Y, since the protrusion P is arranged at the location corresponding to the aperture  113   a  of the insulating layer  113 , the transfer pressure is not applied to the insulating layer  113  due to the protrusion P.  
         [0056]     In the asperity transfer shown in  FIG. 4 ( a ), the avoidance surface portion Y is lower than the surrounding asperity surface portion X and, thereby, the transfer pressure applied to the element formation region S corresponding to this avoidance surface portion Y becomes lower than the transfer pressure applied to the surrounding region. Consequently, the pressure applied to the active element (TFT  112 ) is reduced and, thereby, occurrence of damage and other defects in the active element can be suppressed. In the case where the avoidance surface portion Y is disposed corresponding to the electric field application structure region S′, occurrence of defect in not only the active element, but also the wirings (scanning line and data line) can be reduced as well.  
         [0057]     The above-described mold  10  is peeled off the insulating layer  113 B. In order to enhance the mold release property at this time, a coating layer may be formed beforehand on the mold surface  12   a  of the above-described mold  10 , or the above-described asperity transfer may be performed while an appropriate mold release agent is interposed between the mold surface  12   a  and the insulating layer  113 B. When the mold  10  is peeled off in this manner, the surface shape of the mold surface  12   a  is transferred, as described above, and thereby, the asperity shape is formed on the surface of the insulating layer. Subsequently, if necessary, the insulating layer  113 B is fired (post-baked), and finally, the insulating layer  113 B having a desired hardness is formed as shown in  FIG. 4 ( b ). In this firing, for example, a heat treatment (a treatment preferably at a temperature higher than that in the above-described pre-baking) is performed at 200° C. to 250° C. for about 30 minutes.  
         [0058]     As shown in  FIG. 4 ( b ), the reflection layer  114  is formed on the insulating layer  113 . The reflection layer  114  is formed by a film formation method, e.g., a vapor deposition method or a sputtering method. In the present exemplary embodiment, the reflection layer  114  is constructed to have a pattern separated on a pixel G basis. More specifically, the reflection layer  114  is formed only within the reflection region R in the pixel G, and is not formed in the transmission region T. Such a pattern of the reflection layer  114  is formed by performing an appropriate etching treatment (for example, wet etching).  
         [0059]     As shown in  FIG. 4 ( c ), the transparent electrode  115  composed of a transparent conductor, e.g., ITO, is formed on the insulating layer  113  and the reflection layer  114 . The film of this transparent electrode  115  can be formed by a sputtering method. This transparent electrode  115  is formed to have patterns mutually independent on a pixel G basis. The transparent electrode  115  is formed almost all over the pixel G (that is, in both the reflection region R and the transmission region T).  
         [0060]     Another metal film may be interposed between the above-described reflection layer  114  and the transparent electrode  115 . The transparent electrode  115  is not necessarily formed all over the reflection layer  114 , as long as the transparent electrode  115  is conductive-connected to the reflection layer  114  to such an extent that the driving of the electro-optical material (liquid crystal  130 ) is not hindered.  
       SECOND EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT  
       [0061]      FIG. 5 ( a ) is a schematic configuration schematic sectional view showing the rough structure of an liquid crystal display device  200  in the second exemplary embodiment, and  FIG. 5 ( b ) is a schematic layout plan view showing the two-dimensional structure of the element substrate  210 . In this second exemplary embodiment, in place of the TFT  112  serving as the active element in the above-described first exemplary embodiment, a TFT  212  having a different structure is included. In this liquid crystal display device  200 , an element substrate  210  is provided with a substrate  211 , an insulating layer  213 , a reflection layer  214 , a transparent electrode  215 , and an alignment layer  216 , as in the above-described first exemplary embodiment. A facing-substrate  220  is provided with a substrate  221 , a transparent electrode  223 , and an alignment layer  224 , as in the above-described first exemplary embodiment. Furthermore, polarizers  201  and  202  are disposed on the outer surfaces of the element substrate  210  and the facing-substrate  220 , respectively.  
         [0062]     Here, a light-shield film  222  covering the region for forming the above-described TFT  212  and the region between pixels is formed on the inner surface of the substrate  221 . The TFT  212  is formed on the insulating film  211 X disposed on the substrate  211 . The insulating film  211 X is a substrate layer to enhance the adhesion of the TFT  212  to the substrate  211  and to reduce or prevent the diffusion of impurities into a semiconductor layer  212   c.    
         [0063]     The TFT  212  of this liquid crystal display device  200  is provided with a gate  212   a  conductive-connected to a scanning line  217 ; an insulating thin film  212   b  formed from SiO 2  or the like, disposed thereunder; a semiconductor layer  212   c  composed of polysilicon or the like, including a portion (channel region) disposed as a layer under the gate  212   a  so as to face the gate  212   a  with the insulating thin film  212   b  therebetween; a source electrode  212   d  conductive-connected to a data line  218  and the source region of the semiconductor layer  212   c;  and a drain electrode  212   e  conductive-connected to the reflection layer  214 , transparent electrode  215 , and the drain region of the semiconductor layer  212   c.    
         [0064]     In the region adjacent to this TFT  212 , the drain region of the semiconductor layer  212   c  is formed through extension, and a capacitor electrode  212   f  disposed facing this drain region with the insulating thin film  212   b  therebetween is included. This capacitor electrode  212   f  constitutes a storage capacitor together with the opposite drain region of the semiconductor layer  212   c,  and is composed of a part of a capacitor line  219 . The interlayer insulation film  212 X insulates the scanning line  217 , the gate  212   a,  and the capacitor line  219  from the data line  218  in the thickness direction.  
         [0065]     In this liquid crystal display device  200 , as in the first exemplary embodiment described above, the element formation region S of the surface of the insulating layer  213  has a surface configuration different from that of the other surface region. Specifically, in the element formation region S, the surface of the insulating layer  213  is constructed to become flat, whereas a surface asperity shape as in the first exemplary embodiment is formed in the surface region other than the element formation region S. Therefore, the reflection layer  214  has a substantially flat reflection surface in the element formation region S, whereas a scattering reflection surface is formed in the surface region other than that and including the range in which the above-described storage capacitor is disposed. In the present exemplary embodiment, the electric field application structure region including not only the element formation region S, but also the wiring formation region, may be constructed to become flat, as described above, similarly to that in the first exemplary embodiment.  
         [0066]     In order to form the above-described flat surface portion on the insulating layer  213 , the mold surface of the mold may be constructed to become flat. Alternatively, the mold surface may be constructed to avoid contact with the surface of the insulating layer  213  in the asperity transfer. In particular, in the latter case, since substantially no transfer pressure is applied to the active element and wirings, defects in the active element and the wiring can be further reduced.  
         [0067]     In the present exemplary embodiment, since the region (element formation region S) in which the reflection surface of the reflection layer  214  is constructed to become flat, is shielded against light by the light-shield film  222 , the optical properties thereof cause no problem in display.  
       THIRD EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT  
       [0068]     The third exemplary embodiment according to the present invention will be described with reference to  FIG. 6  and  FIG. 7 . A liquid crystal display device of this third exemplary embodiment is different from the first exemplary embodiment only in the structure of an element substrate  310 , and other configurations are similar to those in the first exemplary embodiment. Therefore, only the element substrate  310  will be described below.  
         [0069]     With respect to the element substrate  310  of the present exemplary embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 6 ( a ), a TFT  312  is formed on a substrate  311  as in the first exemplary embodiment. Here, the structure and the manufacturing method of the TFT  312  is similar to those in the first exemplary embodiment and, therefore, the explanations thereof will not be provided.  
         [0070]     As shown in  FIG. 6 ( b ), a photosensitive resin  313 B having an aperture  313   b  is formed in a manner similar to that in the first exemplary embodiment. The aperture  313   b  of this photosensitive resin  313 B is not formed simply as a contact hole, but is formed corresponding to the transmission region, in contrast to the first exemplary embodiment. That is, the aperture  313   b  is not formed simply in the contact hole portion constructed to expose a conductive junction (drain electrode  312   e  in the drawing) of the TFT  312 , but is formed almost all over the transmission region. With respect to the aperture  313   b  shown in the drawing, the above-described contact hole portion and the portion disposed in the transmission region are constructed to be integrated.  
         [0071]     As shown in  FIG. 6 ( c ), a fine asperity shape is transferred to the surface of the insulating layer  313 B by the use of a mold  30  in a manner similar to that in the first exemplary embodiment. With respect to this asperity transfer step, since the point that the mold  30  is composed of a base  31  and a mold material  32  provided with a mold surface  32   a  and other points except for the following different points are similar to those in the first exemplary embodiment, the explanations thereof will not be provided.  
         [0072]     In the mold  30  of the exemplary embodiment, since the aperture  313   b  is formed in the transmission region as well, the protrusion P is protruded over a wide range in accordance with the range of the aperture formed. The protrusion P may have a shape corresponding to the entire aperture  313   b,  as in the example shown in the drawing. However, the protrusion P may be constructed to become in the shape of, for example, a closed curve (in the shape of a soma) along the aperture edge of the aperture  313   b.  The protrusion P is constructed in order that the protrusion P is not brought into contact with the conductive junction of the active element during the transfer, as in the first exemplary embodiment.  
         [0073]     As in the first exemplary embodiment, an avoidance surface portion Y is disposed at the portion corresponding to the element formation region S on the mold surface  32   a  of the mold  30  as well. This avoidance surface portion Y is constructed to become concave at the portion other than the portion corresponding to the range in which the aperture  313   a  is disposed (that is the portion in which the protrusion P is disposed) in the element formation region S. As a result, the avoidance surface portion Y is constructed in order that the transfer pressure applied to the active element (TFT  312 ) during the transfer is reduced. The insulating layer  313 B provided with the asperity shape by the transfer is fired as in the first exemplary embodiment and, thereby, the insulating layer  313  is produced.  
         [0074]     As shown in  FIG. 7 ( a ), a transparent electrode  314  similar to that in the first exemplary embodiment is formed on the surface of the insulating layer  313 . This transparent electrode is formed not only on the surface of the insulating layer  313 , but also on the inner bottom of the aperture  313   b  (on the surface of the substrate  311  and the insulating thin film).  
         [0075]     Finally, as shown in  FIG. 7 ( b ), a reflection layer  315  similar to that in the first exemplary embodiment is formed on the surface of the portion, which is formed on the insulating layer  313 , of the transparent electrode  314 . This reflection layer  315  is not formed on the inner bottom of the aperture  313   b.  In this manner, the region in which the reflection layer  315  is formed becomes the reflection region R, and the region in which the reflection layer  315  is not formed becomes the transmission region T, in the pixel G.  
         [0076]     In the present exemplary embodiment, since the insulating layer  313  is not disposed in the transmission region T, the insulating layer  313  can be composed of a coloring material or a light-shield material. Even in the case where the insulating layer  313  having transparency to some extent is used, there is an advantage that the light transmittance ratio of the transmission region T can be further increased. Furthermore, in the present exemplary embodiment, since a height difference corresponding to the thickness of the insulating layer  313  is formed between the transmission region T and the reflection region R, the thickness of the liquid crystal layer can be configured in order that the thickness becomes large in the transmission region T and the thickness becomes small in the reflection region R, through the use of this height difference. When such a multi-gap structure is adopted, the brightness of the transmissive display and the reflective display can become mutually compatible at a higher level.  
         [0077]     In the above-described exemplary embodiment, the transparent electrode  314  is formed as a layer under the entire reflection layer  315 . However, since it is essential only that the reflection layer  315  is conductive-connected to the transparent electrode  314 , the transparent electrode  314  is not necessarily formed as the layer under the entire reflection layer  315 . As in the first exemplary embodiment, the reflection layer may be formed initially on the insulating layer  313  and, thereafter, the transparent electrode may be formed. Conversely, in the above-described first exemplary embodiment, the transparent electrode may be formed initially and, thereafter, the reflection layer may be formed, as in the present exemplary embodiment. Furthermore, other items listed in the above-described first exemplary embodiment, for example, the configuration shown in  FIG. 5 , can be similarly adopted in this third exemplary embodiment.  
       FOURTH EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT  
       [0078]     A liquid crystal display device of the fourth exemplary embodiment according to the present exemplary invention will be described with reference to  FIG. 8  and  FIG. 9 . As shown in  FIG. 8 ( a ), the liquid crystal display device  400  of the present exemplary embodiment is an electro-optical device including a TFD (Thin Film Diode) as an active element. This liquid crystal display device  400  is constructed by disposing a liquid crystal  430  between an element substrate  410  and a facing-substrate  420 , and is provided with polarizers  401  and  402  as in each of the above-described exemplary embodiments.  
         [0079]     The element substrate  410  is provided with a substrate  411 , a TFD  412  serving as an active element, an insulating layer  413 , a transparent electrode  414 , a reflection layer  415 , and an alignment layer  416 . Here, those other than the TFD  412  are composed of raw materials basically similar to the raw materials in the above-described exemplary embodiment.  
         [0080]     On the other hand, the facing-substrate  420  is composed of a substrate  421 , a plurality of transparent electrodes  422  disposed in the shape of stripes on this substrate  421 , light shield films  423  disposed between the transparent electrodes  422 , and an alignment layer  424 . The present exemplary embodiment is different from each of the above-described exemplary embodiments in the point that the transparent electrodes  422  are constructed in the shape of bands extending in the direction perpendicular to the drawing shown in  FIG. 8 ( a ).  
         [0081]     The TFD  412  includes a two-terminal nonlinear element having a MIM (Metal Insulator Metal) structure. This TFD  412  is disposed on a substrate layer  411 X disposed on the substrate  411 . This substrate layer  411 X enhances the adhesiveness between the substrate  411  and the TFD  412 , and is composed of, e.g., Ta 2 O 5  formed by a method in which, for example, a Ta layer is formed and, thereafter, an oxidation treatment is performed. As shown in FIGS.  8 ( d ) and  8 ( b ), the TFD  412  including a first electrode layer  412   a  connected to a wiring  417 , a second electrode layer  412   b  connected to this first electrode layer  412   a  with an insulating thin film  412   c  therebetween, and a third electrode layer  412   d  connected to this second electrode layer  412   b  with an insulating thin film  412   c  therebetween, is formed on the substrate layer  411 X.  
         [0082]     With respect to more specific manufacturing procedure, for example, the second electrode layer  412   b  is formed from a metal, e.g., Ta, by a vapor deposition method, a sputtering method, or the like, and the surface thereof is oxidized by an anodization method, so that the above-described insulating thin film  412   c  composed of Ta 2 O 5  is formed. Subsequently, a film of a metal, e.g., Cr, is formed by the vapor deposition method, the sputtering method, or the like on the second electrode layer  412   b  covered with this insulating thin film  412   c,  so that the above-described first electrode layer  412   a  and the third electrode layer  412   d  are formed.  
         [0083]     The above-described TFD  412  is constructed by one pair of two-terminal nonlinear elements being connected in series, each element having the MIM structure in which different types of metal are joined with the insulating thin film  412   c  therebetween. The publicly known symmetry of the potential polarity in the nonlinear characteristics of the TFD  412  can be addressed or achieved by symmetrically constructing the junction structure of different types of metal, as described above.  
         [0084]     As shown in FIGS.  8 ( e ) and  8 ( c ), application of a photosensitive resin, pre-baking, if necessary, and formation of an aperture  413   a  by exposure and development are performed sequentially and, thereby, an insulating layer  413  having the aperture  413   a  is formed, as in the above-described exemplary embodiment. Here, in the present exemplary embodiment, the aperture  413   a  is formed in order that a conductive junction (third electrode layer  412   d ) of the active element (TFD  412 ) is exposed. However, the aperture  413   a  is constructed not only to expose the above-described conductive junction, but also to include the region to become the transmission region as well. Furthermore, the aperture  413   a  is constructed to expose a portion (MIM structure portion) of the active element (TFD  412 ) as well, the portion performing the switching function. In particular, the aperture  413   a  is formed in order that all the portion to expose the above-described conductive junction, the transmission region, and the portion to perform the switching function of the active element are constructed integrally in the present exemplary embodiment.  
         [0085]     As shown in  FIG. 9 ( a ), a fine asperity shape is transferred to the surface of the insulating layer  413  by the use of a mold  40 . The transferring method in this asperity transfer is similar to that in each of the above-described exemplary embodiments. The mold  40  including a base  41  and a mold material  42  provided with a mold surface  42   a  is substantially similar to that in the above-described third exemplary embodiment as well. Here, a protrusion P is formed at the portion of the mold surface  42   a,  the portion corresponding to the aperture  413   a.  In this manner, when the mold  40  is applied, a state in which the protrusion P supports the aperture edge of the aperture  413   a  from the inside is brought about. In the present exemplary embodiment, a concave portion Q is disposed at a part of the protrusion P in order to avoid the element formation region. As described above, the protrusion P is constructed in order that the end thereof is not brought into contact with the active element and the inner bottom of the aperture  413   a  during the transfer.  
         [0086]     As shown in FIGS.  9 ( d ) and  9 ( b ), a transparent electrode  414  similar to that in each of the above-described exemplary embodiments is formed to overlap the third electrode layer  412   d.  Here, the transparent electrode  414  is formed almost all over the entire pixel from the inner bottom of the aperture  413   a  to the surface of the insulating layer  413 .  
         [0087]     As shown in FIGS.  9 ( e ) and  9 ( c ), a reflection layer  415  is formed on the transparent electrode  414 . Here, the reflection layer  415  is formed only on the surface of the insulating layer  413 , and is not formed on the inner bottom of the aperture  413   a.  That is, the portion at which the insulating layer  413  is disposed becomes the reflection region on which the reflection layer  415  is disposed, and the portion at which the insulating layer  413  is not disposed becomes the transmission region because the reflection layer  413  is not disposed.  
         [0088]     In the present exemplary embodiment, the aperture  413   a  of the insulating layer  413  is formed to expose a portion (MIM structure portion) of the active element (TFD  412 ) as well, the portion performing the switching function. Consequently, the transfer pressure is not applied to the portion to perform the switching function during the following asperity transfer. Therefore, the active element can be reduced or prevented from being damaged.  
         [0089]     In the above-described exemplary embodiment, the transparent electrode  414  is formed as a layer under the entire reflection layer  415 . However, the transparent electrode  414  is not necessarily formed as the layer under the entire reflection layer  415  as long as the reflection layer  415  is conductive-connected to the transparent electrode  414 . As in the first exemplary embodiment, the reflection layer may be formed initially on the insulating layer  413  and, thereafter, the transparent electrode may be formed.  
         [0090]     Furthermore, an insulating layer having an aperture similar to that in this fourth exemplary embodiment (that is, the aperture which exposes the element formation region as well) can be adopted in the element substrate including the TFT serving as the active element (the configuration shown in  FIG. 5  is included.) described in the first exemplary embodiment to the third exemplary embodiment.  
       FIFTH EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT  
       [0091]     Finally, electronic equipment including the electro-optical device according to the above-described exemplary embodiment will be described with reference to  FIG. 10  and  FIG. 11  as the fifth exemplary embodiment according to the present invention. In the present exemplary embodiment, electronic equipment provided with the above-described liquid crystal display device  100  as the display device will be described. However, other exemplary embodiments can be applied to the present exemplary embodiment as in the liquid crystal display device  100 .  
         [0092]      FIG. 10  is a schematic configuration diagram showing the entire configuration of a control system (display control system) with respect to the liquid crystal display device  100  of the electronic equipment according to the present exemplary embodiment. The electronic equipment shown here has a display control circuit  1100  including a display information output source  1110 , a display information processing circuit  1120 , a power supply circuit  1130 , a timing generator  1140 , and a light source control circuit  1150 . The above-described liquid crystal display device  100  is provided with a liquid crystal display panel  100 P having the above-described configuration and a driving circuit  100 D to drive this liquid crystal display panel  100 P. This driving circuit  100 D can also be constructed by an electronic component (semiconductor IC or the like) directly mounted on the liquid crystal display panel  100 P, a circuit pattern disposed on the panel surface, a semiconductor IC chip or a circuit pattern mounted on a circuit substrate conductive-connected to the liquid crystal panel, or the like. Furthermore, the liquid crystal display device  100  is provided with a backlight  140  disposed at the rear of the above-described liquid crystal display panel  100 P.  
         [0093]     The display information output source  1110  is provided with memory composed of ROM (Read Only Memory), RAM (Random Access Memory), or the like, a storage unit composed of magnetic recording disk, optical recording disk, or the like, and a tuning circuit to perform tuning and output of digital image signals, and is configured to supply the display information in the form of image signals and the like in a predetermined format to the display information processing circuit  1120  based on various clock signals generated by the timing generator  1140 .  
         [0094]     The display information processing circuit  1120  is provided with various known circuits, e.g., a serial-parallel converter, an amplifying and inverting circuit, a rotation circuit, a gamma correction circuit, and a clamping circuit, performs processing of the input display information, and supplies the image information together with clock signals CLK to the driving circuit  100 D. The driving circuit  100 D includes a scanning line driving circuit, a signal line driving circuit, and an inspection circuit. The power supply circuit  1130  supplies predetermined respective voltages to the above-described constituents.  
         [0095]     The light source control circuit  1150  supplies an electric power supplied from the power supply circuit  1130  to the light source portion  141  of the backlight  140  based on the control signals introduced from the outside. The light emitted from the light source portion  141  is incident into a light guide plate  142 , and is applied from the light guide plate  142  to the liquid crystal display panel  100 P. This light source control circuit  1150  controls lighting/non-lighting of each light source of the light source portion  141  in accordance with the above-described control signals. Furthermore, the luminance of each light source can also be controlled.  
         [0096]      FIG. 11  shows an appearance of a mobile phone as an exemplary embodiment of electronic equipment according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention. This electronic equipment  1000  includes a control portion  1001  and a display portion  1002 , and a circuit substrate  1003  is disposed in the inside of the cabinet of the display portion  1002 . The above-described liquid crystal display device  100  is mounted on the circuit substrate  1003 . In the configuration, the display screen of the above-described liquid crystal panel  100 P can be visually identified on the surface of the display portion  1002 .  
         [0097]     The electro-optical device with a sounding body and the electronic equipment are not limited to the above-described exemplary examples shown in the drawings. As a matter of course, various exemplary modifications can be made within the scope of exemplary embodiments of the present invention. For example, in each of the above-described exemplary embodiments, the insulating layer having the aperture is formed by photolithography through the use of the photosensitive resin. However, exemplary embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the above-described insulating layer, and insulating layers composed of not only the resin raw materials, but also various insulating raw materials, e.g., inorganic oxides, can be used. With respect to the method for providing the aperture in the insulating layer, various methods, e.g., an etching method, a laser boring method, and a screen printing method, can be used.