Abstract:
Disclosed is a stereo acoustic signal encoding apparatus in which the signal quality does not deteriorate if there are a plurality of sound sources. A peak tracing unit ( 401 ) splits frames of a right channel signal and a left channel signal into a plurality of sub frames; detects the peaks of wave shapes of the split sub frames; and estimates a frame delay time D for each frame of the right channel signal and the left channel signal by comparing the positions of the detected peaks. A time adjusting unit ( 402 ) adjusts the time of the right channel signal on the basis of the frame time delay D. A down-mix operation is carried out using the right channel signal which has been subjected to the time adjustment and the left channel signal to generate a mono signal and a sub signal. A mono signal encoding unit ( 403 ) encodes the mono signal. A sub signal encoding unit ( 404 ) encodes the sub signal. The time delay encoding unit ( 405 ) encodes the frame time delay D.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a stereo acoustic signal encoding apparatus, a stereo acoustic signal decoding apparatus, and methods for the same. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     With a global drift towards broadband, expectations of users for communication systems have increased from just clarity to stereo feeling and naturalness. Accordingly, stereo acoustic sound signals have been provided as a trend. As a result, an effective encoding method has been desired for storing and transmitting stereo acoustic sound signals. 
     As the stereo encoding method, for example, there are a number of stereo encoding methods which adopt Mid-Side (sum-difference) (hereinafter referred to as M/S) and use the redundancy of stereo included in stereo signals, like extended adaptive multi-rate-wideband (AMR-WB+) (for example, Non-Patent Literature 1). 
     In M/S stereo encoding, in many cases, since a correlation between two channels is considerably high, the sum and difference between two signals (a left channel signal and a right channel signal) are computed. As a result, the redundancy of two signals is eliminated, and then a sum (monaural or mid) signal and a difference (sub or side) signal are encoded. Therefore, it is possible to allocate (relatively) more bits to the monaural signal having high energy than the side signal having low energy, and to implement high-quality stereo acoustic sound signals. 
     A problem of the M/S method using the redundancy of stereo acoustic sound signals is that, in a case the phases of two components are deviated from each other (one side is temporally delayed with respect to the other side), merits of the M/S encoding are lost. Since time delays frequently occur in actual audio signals, this is a fundamental matter. Also, a stereoscopic effect perceived when a stereo signal is listened depends heavily on a temporal difference between a left channel signal and a right channel signal (particularly, at a low frequency). 
     In order to solve this problem, in Non-Patent Literature 2, an adaptive M/S stereo encoding method in which a phase is based on a time-aligned signal component has been proposed. 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an encoding apparatus based on a principle of an adaptive M/S stereo encoding method for stereo signals. 
     In an encoding process of the encoding apparatus shown in  FIG. 1 , time delay estimation section  101  estimates time delay D corresponding to a time delay between left channel L(n) and right channel R(n) of a stereo signal by using a time domain cross correlation technique, like equation 1. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   1 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         C 
                         LR 
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         τ 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               ∑ 
                               
                                 n 
                                 = 
                                 0 
                               
                               
                                 N 
                                 - 
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                                 - 
                                 τ 
                               
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 L 
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                                   ( 
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                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
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                   and 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     D 
                     = 
                     
                       
                         C 
                         LR 
                           
                           
                         τ 
                         
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                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           max 
                         
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
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                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     τ 
                     ∈ 
                     
                       [ 
                       
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                         , 
                         b 
                       
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                   [ 
                   1 
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In equation 1, [a, b] represents a predetermined range, and N represents a frame size. 
     Time delay encoding section  105  encodes time delay D, and multiplexing section  106  multiplexes encoded parameters so as to form a bit stream. 
     Next, time alignment section  102  aligns right channel signal R(n) according to time delay D. The aligned right channel signal is denoted by R a (n). 
     Down mix is performed on the aligned signal component so as to obtain monaural signal M(n) and side signal. S(n), like equation 2. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   2 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   { 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             M 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               L 
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 n 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             
                               
                                 R 
                                 a 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 n 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             S 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
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                           = 
                           
                             
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                               R 
                               a 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   2 
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     From equation 2, a temporally aligned signal can be generated according to equation 3. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   3 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   { 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
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                               a 
                             
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                               ( 
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                           = 
                           
                             
                               0.5 
                               * 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
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                                   ⁡ 
                                   
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                                   ⁡ 
                                   
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                             ⁡ 
                             
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                           = 
                           
                             
                               0.5 
                               * 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
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                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     n 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
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                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     n 
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                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   3 
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Monaural encoding section  103  encodes monaural signal M(n), and side signal encoding section  104  encodes side signal S(n). Multiplexing section  106  multiplexes the encoded parameters input from both sides of monaural encoding section  103  and side signal encoding section  104 , so as to form the bit stream. 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a decoding apparatus based on the principle of the adaptive M/S stereo encoding method for stereo signals. 
     In a decoding process shown in  FIG. 2 , de-multiplexing section  201  separates all of the encoded parameters and quantized parameters from the bit stream. Specifically, monaural decoding section  202  decodes the encoded parameters of the monaural signal so as to obtain a decoded monaural signal. Further, side signal decoding section  203  decodes the encoded parameters of the side signal so as to obtain a decoded side signal. Furthermore, time delay decoding section  204  decodes the encoded time delay so as to obtain decoded time delay D. 
     Next, a stereo signal is generated according to equation 4 by using the decoded monaural signal and the decoded side signal. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   4 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   { 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
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                                 ~ 
                               
                               a 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             0.5 
                             * 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     M 
                                     ~ 
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     n 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                                 - 
                                 
                                   
                                     S 
                                     ~ 
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     n 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               L 
                               ~ 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
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                           = 
                           
                             0.5 
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                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     M 
                                     ~ 
                                   
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                                     n 
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                                 + 
                                 
                                   
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                                     ~ 
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     n 
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                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   4 
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where: 
     {tilde over (M)}(n) represents the decoded monaural signal; 
     {tilde over (S)}(n) represents the decoded side signal; and 
     {tilde over (R)} a (n) represents the input signal of time restoring section  205 . 
     Time restoring section  205  de-aligns the phase of the input signal of time restoring section  205  in a reverse direction by using decoded time delay D, so as to obtain an output signal of time restoring section  205 . 
     CITATION LIST 
     Non-Patent Literature 
     NPL 1 
     
         
         Extended AMR Wideband Codec (AMR-WB+): Transcoding functions, 3GPP TS 26.290.
 
NPL 2
 
         Jonas Lindblom, Jan H. Plasberg and Renat Vafin “Flexible Sum-difference Stereo Coding Based on Time-aligned Signal Components,” IEEE Workshop on Application of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics, 2005.
 
NPL3
 
         C. Faller and F. Baumgarte, “Binaural cue coding-part Schemes and applications,” IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Processing, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 520-531, 2003 
       
    
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     Technical Problem 
     The method of Non-Patent Literature 2 functions well on the assumption that input signals are from a single sound source; however, it does not function successively in a case where there are a plurality of sound sources (for example, voices by a plurality of speakers, music by a plurality of different musical instruments, a voice or music with background noise, etc.). 
     In the case where there are a plurality of sound sources, a time delay cannot be accurately calculated by a cross-correlation method, which may result in a deterioration of the quality of a signal. In the worst case, the stereo feeling becomes unstable. It has been reported that, according to Non-Patent Literature 2, the stereo feeling was unstable in some tests. 
     Here, in the case of a single sound source, a signal of the sound source is denoted by s 1 (n). In this case, a stereo signal can be expressed as equation 5. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   5 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   { 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             L 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               
                                 A 
                                 L 
                               
                               * 
                               
                                 
                                   s 
                                   1 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     n 
                                     - 
                                     
                                       D 
                                       L 
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             
                               
                                 N 
                                 L 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 n 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             R 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               
                                 A 
                                 R 
                               
                               * 
                               
                                 
                                   s 
                                   1 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     n 
                                     - 
                                     
                                       D 
                                       R 
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             
                               
                                 N 
                                 R 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 n 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   5 
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where: 
     A L  represents an attenuation factor until s 1 (n) reaches a left channel sound recording apparatus; 
     A R  represents an attenuation factor until s 1 (n) reaches a right channel sound recording apparatus; 
     D L  represents an arrival time until s 1 (n) reaches the left channel sound recording apparatus; 
     D R  represents an arrival time until s 1 (n) reaches the right channel sound recording apparatus; 
     N L  represents background noise in the left channel sound recording apparatus; and 
     N R  represents background noise in the right channel sound recording apparatus. 
     If the background noise is ignorable in both sides of the left channel sound recording apparatus and the right channel sound recording apparatus in equation 5, the stereo signal can be expressed as equation 6. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   6 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   { 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             L 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               A 
                               L 
                             
                             * 
                             
                               
                                 s 
                                 1 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   n 
                                   - 
                                   
                                     D 
                                     L 
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             R 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
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                           = 
                           
                             
                               A 
                               R 
                             
                             * 
                             
                               
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                                 1 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   n 
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                                     D 
                                     R 
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   6 
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In this case, R(n) can be expressed by using L(n), as equation 7. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   7 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     R 
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       n 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           A 
                           R 
                         
                         
                           A 
                           L 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     * 
                     
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                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           n 
                           - 
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
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                                 R 
                               
                               - 
                               
                                 D 
                                 L 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   7 
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     If the background noise is ignorable in the case of a signal sound source, from equation 7, one channel (for example, R(n)) of the stereo signal can be regarded as obtained by delaying and attenuating the other channel (L(n)). Therefore, it can be said that the adaptive M/S encoding method functions effectively. 
     Meanwhile, in the case where there are a plurality of sound sources, it is assumed that M sound sources exist and are denoted by s 1 (n) to s M (n). In this case, the stereo signal can be expressed as equation 8. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   8 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   { 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             L 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               
                                 ∑ 
                                 
                                   i 
                                   = 
                                   1 
                                 
                                 M 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
                                   A 
                                   Li 
                                 
                                 * 
                                 
                                   
                                     s 
                                     i 
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       n 
                                       - 
                                       
                                         D 
                                         Li 
                                       
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             
                               
                                 N 
                                 L 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 n 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             R 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
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                           = 
                           
                             
                               
                                 ∑ 
                                 
                                   i 
                                   = 
                                   1 
                                 
                                 M 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
                                   A 
                                   Ri 
                                 
                                 * 
                                 
                                   
                                     s 
                                     i 
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       n 
                                       - 
                                       
                                         D 
                                         Ri 
                                       
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             
                               
                                 N 
                                 R 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 n 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   8 
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where: 
     A Li  represents an attenuation factor until s i (n) reaches a left channel sound recording apparatus; 
     A Ri  represents an attenuation factor until s i (n) reaches a right channel sound recording apparatus; 
     D Li  represents an arrival time until s i (n) reaches the left channel sound recording apparatus; 
     D Ri  represents an arrival time until s i (n) reaches the right channel sound recording apparatus; 
     N L (n) represents background noise in the left channel sound recording apparatus; and 
     N R (n) represents background noise in the right channel sound recording apparatus. 
     If the background noise is ignorable in both sides of the left channel sound recording apparatus and the right channel sound recording apparatus in equation 8, the stereo signal can be expressed as equation 9. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   9 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   { 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             L 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               
                                 ∑ 
                                 M 
                               
                               
                                 i 
                                 = 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 A 
                                 Li 
                               
                               * 
                               
                                 
                                   s 
                                   i 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     n 
                                     - 
                                     
                                       D 
                                       Li 
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             R 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               ∑ 
                               
                                 i 
                                 = 
                                 1 
                               
                               M 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 A 
                                 Ri 
                               
                               * 
                               
                                 
                                   s 
                                   i 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     n 
                                     - 
                                     
                                       D 
                                       Ri 
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   9 
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In the case where there are a plurality of sound sources, unlike the case of a single sound source, even when the background noise is ignorable, from equation 9, one channel (for example, right channel signal R(n)) of the stereo signal cannot be regarded as obtained by delaying and attenuating the other channel (left channel signal L(n)). Therefore, it can be said that the adaptive encoding method is not effective in the case where there are a plurality of sound sources. 
     An object of the present invention is to provide a stereo acoustic sound signal encoding apparatus, a stereo acoustic sound signal decoding apparatus, and methods for the same, capable of remarkably reducing an amount of computational complexity by using only peak information, as compared to a time estimation method according to the related art which uses a cross correlation or another time estimation method according to the related art which uses a time-to-frequency transform. 
     Solution to Problem 
     The stereo acoustic sound signal encoding apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: a peak tracking section that divides a frame of a right channel signal and a left channel signal into a plurality of sub frames, detects peaks in waveforms of the divided sub frames, and compares the positions of the detected peaks, thereby estimating a frame time delay of each frame of the right channel signal and the left channel signal; a time alignment section that performs time alignment on one of the right channel signal and the left channel signal on the basis of the frame time delay; and an encoding section that encodes the other of the right channel signal and the left channel signal, the time-aligned one of the right channel signal and the left channel signal, and the frame time delay. 
     A stereo acoustic sound signal decoding apparatus comprising: a separation section that separates a bit stream into a right channel signal, a left channel signal, and a frame time delay, the bit stream generated by dividing a frame of the right channel signal and the right channel signal into a plurality of sub frames, detecting peaks in waveforms of the divided sub frames, estimates the frame time delay of each frame of the right channel signal and the left channel signal by comparing the positions of the detected peaks, performing time alignment on one of the right channel signal and the left channel signal on the basis of the frame time delay, and encoding and multiplexing the other of the right channel signal and the left channel signal, the time-aligned one of the right channel signal and the left channel signal, and the frame time delay; a decoding section that decodes the separated right channel signal, the separated left channel signal, and the separated frame time delay; and a time restoring section that restores the right channel signal to a time before the time alignment, on the basis of the separated frame time delay. 
     The stereo acoustic sound signal encoding method according to an embodiment of the present invention includes the steps of: dividing a frame of a right channel signal and a left channel signal into a plurality of sub frames, detecting peaks in waveforms of the divided sub frames, and comparing the positions of the detected peaks, thereby estimating a frame time delay of each frame of the right channel signal and the left channel signal; performing time alignment on one of the right channel signal and the left channel signal on the basis of the frame time delay; and encoding the other of the right channel signal and the left channel signal, the time-aligned one of the right channel signal and the left channel signal, and the frame time delay. 
     The stereo acoustic sound signal decoding method according to an embodiment of the present invention includes the steps of: separating a bit stream into a right channel signal, a left channel signal, and a frame time delay, the bit stream generated by dividing a frame of the right channel signal and the right channel signal into a plurality of sub frames, detecting peaks in waveforms of the divided sub frames, estimates the frame time delay of each frame of the right channel signal and the left channel signal by comparing the positions of the detected peaks, performing time alignment on one of the right channel signal and the left channel signal on the basis of the frame time delay, and encoding and multiplexing the other of the right channel signal and the left channel signal, the time-aligned one of the right channel signal and the left channel signal, and the frame time delay; decoding the separated right channel signal, the separated left channel signal, and the separated frame time delay; and restoring the right channel signal to a time before the time alignment, on the basis of the separated frame time delay. 
     Advantageous Effects of Invention 
     According to the present invention, since only peak information is used, it is possible to remarkably reduce an amount of computational complexity, as compared to a time estimation method according to the related art which uses a cross correlation or another time estimation method according to the related art which uses a time-to-frequency transform. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an encoding apparatus according to the related art; 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a decoding apparatus according to the related art; 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating an example in which a pattern of exc L (n) is different from a pattern of exc R (n); 
         FIG. 4  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an encoding apparatus according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a decoding apparatus according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a peak tracking section according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of another peak tracking section according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention; 
         FIG. 8  is a diagram illustrating a process of the peak tracking section according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention in detail; 
         FIG. 9  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an invalid-peak discarding section according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention; 
         FIG. 10  is a diagram for explaining an operation of the invalid-peak discarding section according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention; 
         FIG. 11  is a block diagram illustrating a variation of the configuration of the encoding apparatus according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention; 
         FIG. 12  is a block diagram illustrating a variation of the configuration of the decoding apparatus according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention; 
         FIG. 13  is a block diagram illustrating another variation of the configuration of the encoding apparatus according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention; 
         FIG. 14  is a block diagram illustrating a further variation of the configuration of the encoding apparatus according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention; 
         FIG. 15  is a block diagram illustrating a variation of the configuration of the peak tracking section according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention; 
         FIG. 16  is a block diagram illustrating another variation of the configuration of the peak tracking section according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention; 
         FIG. 17  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an encoding apparatus according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention; 
         FIG. 18  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a peak tracking section according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention; 
         FIG. 19  is a block diagram illustrating a variation of the configuration of the peak tracking section according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention; 
         FIG. 20  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an encoding apparatus according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention; 
         FIG. 21  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a switch according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention; 
         FIG. 22  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an encoding apparatus according to Embodiment 4 of the present invention; 
         FIG. 23  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a switch according to Embodiment 4 of the present invention; 
         FIG. 24  is a block diagram illustrating another example of the configuration of the switch according to Embodiment 4 of the present invention; 
         FIG. 25  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an encoding apparatus according to Embodiment 5 of the present invention; 
         FIG. 26  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a switch according to Embodiment 5 of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 27  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a time delay selection section according to Embodiment 5 of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention relates to a peak tracking method. The peak tracking is a method of estimating a time delay between a left channel signal and a right channel signal by using a waveform characteristic of a stereo input signal. The peak tracking is also usable for checking on the validity of a time delay derived from a cross correlation method or another time delay estimation method. 
     An uttered voice can be modelized as a signal output as a result when a time-varying vocal tract system is excited by a time-varying excitation signal. In general, a main form exciting the vocal tract system is the vibration of vocal cords (hereinafter referred to as glottal vibration). An excitation signal generated by the glottal vibration can be approximated by an sequence of impulses. 
     In the case of a single sound source, as described in ‘Technical Problem’, if the background noise is ignorable, one channel (for example, right channel signal R(n)) can be regarded as a signal obtained by delaying and attenuating the other channel (left channel signal (L(n)). 
     Therefore, a time-varying excitation signal (referred to as a first sequence of impulses) of right channel signal R(n) can be regarded as a signal obtained by delaying and attenuating a time-varying excitation signal (referred to as a second sequence of impulses) of left channel signal L(n). 
     On the basis of the above-mentioned principle, in the peak tracking method, a time delay is estimated by comparing the positions of corresponding pulses in the first sequence of impulses and the second sequence of impulses. 
     However, in most of the cases where there are a plurality of sound sources, as described in ‘Technical Problem’, one channel (for example, R(n)) of the stereo signal cannot be regarded as a signal obtained by delaying and attenuating the other channel (L(n ). This will be described with reference to  FIG. 3  in detail. 
     Here, a case where there are two speakers speaking at the same time is considered. Two signals are denoted by s 1 (n) and s 2 (n), and excitation signals thereof are denoted by exc 1 (n) and exc 2 (n). In this case, a stereo signal can be expressed as equation 10. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   10 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   { 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             L 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               
                                 A 
                                 
                                   L 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   1 
                                 
                               
                               * 
                               
                                 
                                   s 
                                   1 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     n 
                                     - 
                                     
                                       D 
                                       
                                         L 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         1 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             
                               
                                 A 
                                 
                                   L 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   2 
                                 
                               
                               * 
                               
                                 
                                   s 
                                   2 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     n 
                                     - 
                                     
                                       D 
                                       
                                         L 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         2 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             
                               
                                 N 
                                 L 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 n 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             R 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               
                                 A 
                                 
                                   R 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   1 
                                 
                               
                               * 
                               
                                 
                                   s 
                                   1 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     n 
                                     - 
                                     
                                       D 
                                       
                                         R 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         1 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             
                               
                                 A 
                                 
                                   R 
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   2 
                                 
                               
                               * 
                               
                                 
                                   s 
                                   2 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     n 
                                     - 
                                     
                                       D 
                                       
                                         R 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         2 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             
                               
                                 N 
                                 R 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 n 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   10 
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where: 
     A Li  represents an attenuation factor until s i (n) reaches a left channel sound recording apparatus; 
     A Ri  represents an attenuation factor until s i (n) reaches a right channel sound recording apparatus; 
     D Li  represents an arrival time until s i (n) reaches the left channel sound recording apparatus; 
     D Ri  represents an arrival time until s i (n) reaches the right channel sound recording apparatus; 
     N L (n) represents background noise in the left channel sound recording apparatus; and 
     N R (n) represents background noise in the right channel sound recording apparatus. 
     Left channel excitation signal exc L (n) and right channel excitation signal exc R (n) can be expressed by using the excitation signal exc 1 (n) of the first speaker and the excitation signal exc 2 (n) of the second speaker, as equation 11. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   11 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   { 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               exc 
                               L 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               
                                 exc 
                                 1 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   n 
                                   - 
                                   
                                     D 
                                     
                                       L 
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       1 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             
                               
                                 exc 
                                 2 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   n 
                                   - 
                                   
                                     D 
                                     
                                       L 
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       2 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               exc 
                               R 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               
                                 exc 
                                 1 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   n 
                                   - 
                                   
                                     D 
                                     
                                       R 
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       1 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             
                               
                                 exc 
                                 2 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   n 
                                   - 
                                   
                                     D 
                                     
                                       R 
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       2 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   11 
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In general, in equation 11, a pattern of exc L (n) is different from a pattern of exc R (n). If the excitation signals are regarded as sequence of impulses and the magnitudes of impulses are ignored, the following explanation will be made with reference to  FIG. 3 . 
       FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating an example in which the pattern of exc L (n) is different from the pattern of exc R (n). The contents of  FIG. 3  are as follows. 
     In  FIG. 3 , (a) shows a pattern of exc 1 (n). 
     In  FIG. 3 , (b) shows a pattern of exc 2 (n). 
     In  FIG. 3 , (c) shows a signal state in which exc 1 (n−D L1 ) and exc 2 (n−D L2 ) are mixed (wherein, in order make the description understandable, it is assumed that pulse positions where pulses of exc 1 (n−D L1 ) stand are the same as pulse positions where pulses of exc 2 (n−D L2 ) stand). 
     In  FIG. 3 , (d) shows a signal state in which exc 1 (n−D R1 ) and exc 2 (n−D R2 ) are mixed. 
     In  FIG. 3 , (e) shows a state of finally obtained left channel excitation signal exc L (n) (wherein, since the pulse positions where the pulses of exc 1 (n−D L1 ) stand are the same as the pulse positions where the pulses of exc 2 (n−D L2 ) stand, only the pulses of exe 2 (n−D L2 ) are shown). 
     In  FIG. 3 , (f) shows a state of finally obtained right channel excitation signal exc R (n). 
     From  FIG. 3 , it can be seen that, in the case where there are a plurality of sound sources, the pattern of exc L (n) ((e) of  FIG. 3 ) may be completely different from the pattern of exc R (n) ((f) of  FIG. 3 ). In this multiple-sound-source environment, even when the related art as disclosed in Non-Patent Literature 2 is applied to two input channel signals, an obtained time delay is invalid and causes a deterioration of the acoustic quality of a decoded signal. In this case, the peak tracking method disclosed in the present invention sets a time delay to zero or a time delay derived from a previous frame, thereby discarding an invalid time delay. The peak tracking method can be used to discard an invalid time delay, thereby preventing a deterioration of the acoustic quality. Here, whether to set the invalid time delay to zero or the time delay derived from the previous frame can be determined by the characteristics of the input signals. For example, in a case where the stereo feeling of the input signals does not significantly vary, the time delay is set to the time delay derived from the previous frame. Meanwhile, in a case where the stereo feeling of the input signals varies significantly, the time delay is set to zero. 
     There are cases where a plurality of sound sources may be regarded as a single sound source. It is possible to exemplify a case where different signal sources have the same time delay between a left channel signal and a right channel signal, a case where only one sound source of a plurality of sound sources is dominant, etc. In these cases, the peak tracking estimates the time delay by using the same principle as that in a case of a single-sound-source scenario. 
     Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will each be described. Those skilled in the art can modify and adapt the present invention without deviating from the scope of the present invention. 
     (Embodiment 1) 
       FIG. 4  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an encoding apparatus which estimates a time delay by applying a peak tracking method. Also,  FIG. 5  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a decoding apparatus which estimates a time delay by applying a peak tracking method. 
     In an encoding process shown in  FIG. 4 , peak tracking section  401  estimates time delay D corresponding to a time delay between left channel signal L(n) and right channel signal R(n) of a stereo signal by using the peak tracking method. 
     Time delay encoding section  405  encodes time delay D, and multiplexing section  406  multiplexes encoded parameters so as to form a bit stream. 
     Time alignment section  402  aligns right channel signal R(n) according to time delay D. Temporally aligned right channel signal is denoted by R a (n). 
     Down mix is performed on the temporally aligned signals according to equation 12. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   12 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   { 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             M 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               L 
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 n 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             
                               
                                 R 
                                 a 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 n 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             S 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               L 
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 n 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             - 
                             
                               
                                 R 
                                 a 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 n 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   12 
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     From equation 12, the temporally aligned signals can be generated according to equation 13. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   13 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   { 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               R 
                               a 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               0.5 
                               * 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   M 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     n 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                                 - 
                                 
                                   S 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     n 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             L 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               0.5 
                               * 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   M 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     n 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   S 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     n 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   13 
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     It is also possible to perform the down mix on the temporally aligned signals according to equation 14. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   14 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   { 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             M 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               0.5 
                               * 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   L 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     n 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     R 
                                     a 
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     n 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             S 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               0.5 
                               * 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   L 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     n 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                                 - 
                                 
                                   
                                     R 
                                     a 
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     n 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   14 
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     From equation 14, the temporally aligned signals can be generated according to equation 15. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   15 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   { 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               R 
                               a 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               M 
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 n 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             - 
                             
                               S 
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 n 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             L 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               M 
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 n 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             
                               S 
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 n 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   15 
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Monaural encoding section  403  encodes a monaural signal M(n), and side signal encoding section  404  encodes a side signal S(n). Multiplexing section  406  multiplexes the encoded parameters input from both sides of monaural encoding section  403  and side signal encoding section  404  so as to form the bit stream. 
     In a decoding process shown in  FIG. 5 , de-multiplexing section  501  separates all of the encoded parameters and equalization parameters from the bit stream. Monaural decoding section  502  decodes the encoded parameters of the monaural signal so as to obtain a decoded monaural signal. Side signal decoding section  503  decodes the encoded parameters of the side signal so as to obtain a decoded side signal. Time delay decoding section  504  decodes the encoded time delay so as to obtain decoded time delay D. 
     The decoded monaural signal and the decoded side signal are used to generate a stereo signal according to equation 16. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   16 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   { 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 R 
                                 ~ 
                               
                               a 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               0.5 
                               * 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     M 
                                     ~ 
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     n 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                                 - 
                                 
                                   
                                     S 
                                     ~ 
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     n 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               L 
                               ~ 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               0.5 
                               * 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     M 
                                     ~ 
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     n 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     S 
                                     ~ 
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     n 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   16 
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where: 
     {tilde over (M)}(n) represents the decoded monaural signal; 
     {tilde over (S)}(n) represents the decoded side signal; and 
     {tilde over (R)} a (n) represents the input signal of time restoring section  505 . 
     In a case where the down mix is performed according to the following equation 17, up mix is performed according to equation 18. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   17 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   { 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             M 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               0.5 
                               * 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   L 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     n 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     R 
                                     a 
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     n 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             S 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               0.5 
                               * 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   L 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     n 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                                 - 
                                 
                                   
                                     R 
                                     a 
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     n 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   17 
                   ] 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   18 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   { 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 R 
                                 ~ 
                               
                               a 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               
                                 M 
                                 ~ 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 n 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             - 
                             
                               
                                 S 
                                 ~ 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 n 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               L 
                               ~ 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               n 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               
                                 M 
                                 ~ 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 n 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             + 
                             
                               
                                 S 
                                 ~ 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 n 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   18 
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Time restoring section  505  aligns the phase of the input signal of time restoring section  505  according to decoded time delay D so as to generate an output signal of time restoring section  505 . 
       FIG. 6  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of peak tracking section  401  and shows the principle of the peak tracking method. Frame division section  601  divides every input frame of input left channel signal L(n) and right channel signal R(n) into a plurality of sub frames. Here, the number of sub frames is set to N. 
     Peak tracking sections  602 ,  603 , and  604  apply the peak tracking to each sub frame so as to obtain sub-frame time delays D 0  to D N−1 . Frame delay estimation section  605  estimates frame time delay D by using sub-frame time delays D 0  to D N−1 . 
     One of methods of estimating the frame time delay is to compute an average of the time delays of the sub frames as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   19 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   D 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           i 
                           = 
                           0 
                         
                         
                           N 
                           - 
                           1 
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         D 
                         i 
                       
                     
                     N 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   19 
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     As another method, a method of making the frame time delay equal to a sub-frame time delay whose appearance frequency is the maximum is exemplified. For example, in a case where, among sub-frame time delays D 0  to D N−1 , only one time delay is 2 and all the other time delays are 0, 0 is selected as the frame time delay (D=0). Also, as expressed by the following equation, D may be a median value of D i .
 
D=median{D i }  Equation 20
 
     However, the frame time delay estimation method is not limited to those two examples. 
     Next, time-delay validity checking section  606  checks on the validity of frame time delay D. 
     Time-delay validity checking section  606  compares time delay D with every sub-frame time delay, and counts the number of sub frames in each of which the difference between time delay D and the sub-frame delay is out of a predetermined range. In a case where the number of sub frames out of the predetermined range exceeds threshold value M, time-delay validity checking section  606  regards time delay D as invalid. Here, threshold value M is defined as a predetermined value or a value adaptively computed according to the signal characteristics. In a case where the time delay is valid, time-delay validity checking section  606  outputs the time delay computed in a current frame. Meanwhile, in a case where the time delay is not valid (invalid), time-delay validity checking section  606  outputs the time delay of the previous frame. Also, in the case where the time delay is invalid, instead of the time delay computed in the current frame, zero (in this case, it is regarded that there is no phase difference between left channel signal L(n) and right channel signal R(n)) or an average of time delays of some previous frames may be used. These values may also be alternately output for every frame. 
       FIG. 7  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of peak tracking sections  602 ,  603 , and  604 , and shows detailed steps of the peak tracking applied to each sub frame. As an example, a case of a sub frame i will be described. 
     Input signal L i (n) of sub frame i is an input signal of an i-th sub frame of L(n), and input signal R i (n) of sub frame i is an input signal of the i-th sub frame of R(n). Further, output signal D i  is the sub-frame time delay of the i-th sub frame. 
     Peak analysis section  701  obtains the positions of peaks of inputs L i (n) and R i (n) of the sub frame. Invalid-peak discarding section  702  outputs indicator F i  indicating whether the peaks are valid. In a case where the peaks are valid, peak-position comparing section  703  compares the positions of the peaks of two channels, and outputs sub-frame time delay D i . 
       FIG. 8  is a view explaining details of a process of peak analysis section  701 . 
     First, peak tracking sections  602 ,  603 , and  604  compute the absolute values of L(n) and R(n) before the process. 
     Also, peak tracking sections  602 ,  603 , and  604  divides absolute values |L(n)| and |R(n)| into N sub frames. In  FIG. 8 , three sub frames are shown as examples. Peak tracking sections  602 ,  603 , and  604  find the positions of the maximum values in each sub frame (P L ( 0 ) to P L (N−1) and P R ( 0 ) to P R (N−1)). Next, peak tracking sections  602 ,  603 , and  604  estimate sub-frame time delays D 0  to D N−1  by differences in the positions of the peak values. If sub frame i is taken as an example, time delay D i  is estimated as follows.
 
 D   i   =P   R ( i )− P   L ( i )  Equation 21
 
       FIG. 9  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of invalid-peak discarding section  702 . 
     In some sub frames, any excitation impulses may not exist. In this case, peaks specified in those sub frames do not correspond to excitation impulses. In this case, the time delays derived from the sub frames are not appropriate time delays. 
     Invalid-peak discarding section  702  prevents those time delays from being used for estimating the frame time delay. 
     One of methods of checking whether a peak of a sub frame corresponds to an excitation impulse is to compare the value of the peak with a predetermined threshold value. This threshold value can be determined from the peak value of the previous frame or the peak value of another sub frame of the same frame. 
     In  FIG. 9 , peak value extracting section  901  obtains peak values |L(P L (i))| and |R(P R (i))| by using inputs L i (n) and R i (n) and peak positions P L (i) and P R (i) of the sub frame. Next, threshold value comparison section  902  compares those two peak values with the predetermined threshold value. In a case where the peak values are larger than the threshold value, output flag F i  output from threshold value comparison section  902  becomes 1 (indicating that the peaks are valid). In a case where the peak values are smaller than the threshold value, output flag F i  output from threshold value comparison section  902  becomes 0 (indicating that the peaks are invalid). In this case, sub-frame time delay D i  is not used for estimating the frame time delay. 
       FIG. 10  is a diagram for explaining an operation of invalid-peak discarding section  702 . 
     In  FIG. 10 , since any excitation impulses do not exist in the second sub frame, the peak values of the second sub frame (in which sub-frame index is 1) are much smaller than the peak values of the other sub frames. Therefore, invalid-peak discarding section  702  discards the sub-frame time delay of the second sub frame. 
     According to Embodiment 1, a stereo input signal frame is divided into a plurality of sub frames and the positions of the peaks of each sub frame are obtained. Further, the positions of the peaks are compared so as to obtain estimated sub-frame time delays. Furthermore, a finally estimated time delay is obtained by using the plurality of sub-frame time delays. This peak tracking is a signal-dependent method using the waveform characteristic of the input signal, and is an effective and accurate time delay estimation method. Therefore, according to Embodiment 1, since the peak tracking uses only peak information, it is possible to significantly reduce the amount of computational complexity, as compared to a time estimation method using a cross correlation according to the related art, or a time estimation method using a time-to-frequency transform according to the related art. 
     Also, according to Embodiment 1, the process of discarding invalid peaks is added. Discarding invalid peaks is performed by comparing the peak values with the predetermined threshold value such that the peaks obtained in the sub frames necessarily correspond to excitation impulses. When a peak value is smaller than the predetermined value, the peak is discarded. Since invalid peaks are discarded, only peaks corresponding to the excitation impulses are used for estimating the frame time delay. Therefore, it is possible to obtain a more accurate time delay. 
     In Embodiment 1, the right channel signal is time-aligned. However, Embodiment 1 is not limited thereto. The left channel signal may be time-aligned. Also, as variations of Embodiment 1, the following variations 1 to 6 can be considered. 
     (Variation 1) 
     One of the left channel signal and the right channel signal can be aligned according to the sign of the time delay. 
       FIG. 11  is a block diagram illustrating Variation 1 of the configuration of the encoding apparatus of Embodiment 1, and  FIG. 12  is a block diagram illustrating Variation 1 of the configuration of the decoding apparatus of Embodiment 1. This codec has a configuration different from the encoding apparatus ( FIG. 4 ) and the decoding apparatus ( FIG. 5 ) proposed in Embodiment 1. 
     In the encoding apparatus shown in  FIG. 11 , in a case where a time delay computed by peak tracking section  1101  is positive, that is, right channel signal R(n) is later than left channel signal L(n), time alignment section  1103  aligns the phase of right channel signal R(n). In a case where a time delay computed by peak tracking section  1101  is negative, that is, left channel signal L(n) is later than right channel signal R(n), time alignment section  1102  aligns the phase of L(n). Since time alignment section  1103  performs the same process as time alignment section  402 , a description thereof is omitted. Also, since monaural encoding section  1104  performs the same process as monaural encoding section  403 , a description thereof is omitted. Further, since side signal encoding section  1105  performs the same process as side signal encoding section  404 , a description thereof is omitted. Furthermore, since time delay encoding section  1106  performs the same process as time delay encoding section  405 , a description thereof is omitted. Moreover, since multiplexing section  1107  performs the same process as multiplexing section  406 , a description thereof is omitted. 
     In the decoding apparatus shown in  FIG. 12 , in a case where the decoded time delay is positive, time restoring section  1206  aligns the phase of right channel signal R(n) in a reverse direction. In a case where the decoded time delay is negative, time restoring section  1205  aligns the phase of left channel signal L(n) in the reverse direction. Since de-multiplexing section  1201  performs the same process as the de-multiplexing section  501 , a description thereof is omitted. Further, since monaural decoding section  1202  performs the same process as monaural decoding section  502 , a description thereof is omitted. Furthermore, since side signal decoding section  1203  performs the same process as side signal decoding section  503 , a description thereof is omitted. Moreover, since time delay decoding section  1204  performs the same process as time delay decoding section  504 , a description thereof is omitted. 
     Effects of Variation 1 are as follow. First, it is possible to express the stereo signal as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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     where: 
     A L  represents an attenuation factor until s 1 (n) reaches a left channel sound recording apparatus; 
     A R  represents an attenuation factor until s 1 (n) reaches a right channel sound recording apparatus; 
     D L  represents an arrival time until s 1 (n) reaches the left channel sound recording apparatus; 
     D R  represents an arrival time until s 1 (n) reaches the right channel sound recording apparatus; 
     N L  represents background noise in the left channel sound recording apparatus; and 
     N R  represents background noise in the right channel sound recording apparatus. 
     Here, in the relationship between D L  and D R , there are three cases of D L &gt;D R , D L =D R , and D L &lt;D R . 
     In the case of D L =D R , a time delay between the two channel signals is 0. 
     In the case of D L &gt;D R , since left channel signal L(n) is later than right channel signal R(n), left channel signal L(n) is aligned. 
     In the case of D L &lt;D R , since right channel signal R(n) is later than left channel signal L(n), right channel signal R(n) is aligned. 
     Therefore, if Variation 1 is applied, it is possible to flexibly align the time delays of the right channel signal and the left channel signal according to the time delays of the input signals. 
     (Variation 2) 
     Before the peak tracking section computes time delay D, a linear prediction process is performed on left channel signal L(n) and right channel signal R(n). 
       FIG. 13  is a block diagram illustrating Variation 2 of the configuration of the encoding apparatus of Embodiment 1. 
     In the encoding apparatus shown in  FIG. 13 , linear prediction (LP) analysis sections  1301  and  1303  perform the linear prediction process on left channel signal L(n) and right channel signal R(n), respectively. Peak tracking section  1305  estimates the time delay by using residual signals res L (n) and res R (n) obtained by linear prediction (LP) reverse-filter sections  1302  and  1303 . 
     Since peak tracking section  1305  performs the same process as peak tracking section  401 , a description thereof is omitted. Also, since time alignment section  1306  performs the same process as time alignment section  402 , a description thereof is omitted. Further, since monaural encoding section  1307  performs the same process as monaural encoding section  403 , a description thereof is omitted. Furthermore, since side signal encoding section  1308  performs the same process as side signal encoding section  404 , a description thereof is omitted. Moreover, since time delay encoding section  1309  performs the same process as time delay encoding section  405 , a description thereof is omitted. Moreover, since multiplexing section  1310  performs the same process as multiplexing section  406 , a description thereof is omitted. As for a decoding apparatus, since it is identical to the decoding apparatus shown in  FIG. 5 , a description thereof is omitted. 
     According to this configuration, a linear prediction residual is derived from the input signals by using a linear prediction coefficient (LP coefficient), and a correlation between samples of the signal is eliminated by the linear prediction such that a large change in the amplitude is obtained in the vicinity of a timing of large excitation. Therefore, it is possible to well detect the position of a peak by the linear prediction residual. 
     (Variation 3) 
     Before the peak tracking section estimates the time delay, low-frequency pass filters process left channel signal L(n) and right channel signal R(n). 
       FIG. 14  is a block diagram illustrating Variation 3 of the configuration of the encoding apparatus of Embodiment 1. 
     In the encoding apparatus shown in  FIG. 14 , left channel signal L(n) and right channel signal R(n) are processed by low-frequency pass filters  1401  and  1402 . Peak tracking section  1403  estimates the time delay by using output signal L LF (n) of low-frequency pass filter for the left channel signal and output signal R LF (n) of low-frequency pass filter for the right channel signal 
     Since peak tracking section  1403  performs the same process as peak tracking section  401 , a description thereof is omitted. Also, since time alignment section  1404  performs the same process as time alignment section  402 , a description thereof is omitted. Further, since monaural encoding section  1405  performs the same process as monaural encoding section  403 , a description thereof is omitted. Furthermore, since side signal encoding section  1406  performs the same process as side signal encoding section  404 , a description thereof is omitted. Moreover, since time delay encoding section  1407  performs the same process as time delay encoding section  405 , a description thereof is omitted. Moreover, since multiplexing section  1408  performs the same process as multiplexing section  406 , a description thereof is omitted. As for a decoding apparatus, since it is identical to the decoding apparatus shown in  FIG. 5 , a description thereof is omitted. 
     According to this configuration, it is possible to well detect the position of a peak in a low-frequency signal. 
     (Variation 4) 
     The number of sub frames is variable for each frame. The number of sub frames is determined according to a pitch period obtained from the monaural encoding section. 
       FIG. 15  is a block diagram illustrating Variation 1 of the configuration of the peak tracking section of Embodiment 1. 
     In an encoding apparatus shown in  FIG. 15 , adaptive frame division section  1501  divides left channel signal L(n) and right channel signal R(n) into a variable number of sub frames. The number of sub frames is determined by the pitch period of the previous frame from the monaural encoding section. Since peak tracking sections  1502  and  1503  perform the same process as peak tracking sections  602 ,  603 , and  604 , a description thereof is omitted. Also, since frame delay estimation section  1504  performs the same process as frame delay estimation section  605 , a description thereof is omitted. Further, time-delay validity checking section  1505  performs the same process as time-delay validity checking section  606 , a description thereof is omitted. 
     Therefore, since the pitch period obtained from the monaural encoding section can be used to more accurately detect the positions of the pitches from the sub frames synchronized with the pitch period, it is possible to well estimate the time delay. 
     (Variation 5) 
     The boundaries of the sub frames are variable for each frame. The boundaries of the sub frames are defined according to the pitch period obtained from the monaural encoding section. 
       FIG. 16  is a block diagram illustrating Variation 2 of the configuration of the peak tracking section of Embodiment 1. 
     In the peak tracking section shown in  FIG. 16 , adaptive frame division section  1601  divides left channel signal L(n) and right channel signal R(n) into a plurality of sub frames. The number of sub frames is defined by the pitch period of the previous frame from the monaural encoding section. Since peak tracking sections  1602 ,  1603 , and  1604  perform the same process as peak tracking sections  602 ,  603 , and  604 , a description thereof is omitted. Further, since frame delay estimation section  1605  performs the same process as frame delay estimation section  605 , a description thereof is omitted. Furthermore, time-delay validity checking section  1606  performs the same process as time-delay validity checking section  606 , a description thereof is omitted. 
     Therefore, since the pitch period obtained from the monaural encoding section can be used to more accurately detect the positions of the pitches from the sub frames synchronized with the pitch period, it is possible to well estimate the time delay. 
     (Variation 6) 
     A plurality of sub-frame lengths are defined, and the peak tracking is performed in parallel in each sub-frame length setting. Time delay D is determined by every time delay D obtained from the peak tracking in each sub-frame length. 
     Therefore, it is possible to better estimate the time delay by using the plurality of sub-frame lengths. 
     (Embodiment 2) 
     The peak tracking method can also be used for the purpose of checking on the validity of the time delay derived from another time delay estimation method (for example, a cross correlation method). 
       FIG. 17  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an encoding apparatus according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention, and most of this encoding apparatus is identical to the encoding apparatus of Embodiment 1 shown in  FIG. 4 . In  FIG. 17 , time delay estimation section  1701  estimates the time delay by an encoding method other than the encoding method which estimates the time delay by applying the peak tracking method. Also, peak tracking section  1702  checks on the validity of the time delay computed in time delay estimation section  1701 . 
       FIG. 18  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of peak tracking section  1702  when peak tracking section  1702  is applied for checking on the validity of the time delay computed by time delay estimation section  1701 . 
     First, frame division section  1801  divides the input frame of left channel signal L(n) and right channel signal R(n) into a plurality of sub frames. The number of sub frames is denoted by N. 
     Next, peak tracking sections  1802 ,  1803 , and  1804  obtain sub-frame time delays D 0  to D N−1  of the N sub frames. Time-delay validity checking section  1805  checks on the validity of frame time delay D computed by time delay estimation section  1701  by using sub-frame time delays D 0  to D N−1 . Since time alignment section  1703  performs the same process as time alignment section  402 , a description thereof is omitted. Also, since monaural encoding section  1704  performs the same process as monaural encoding section  403 , a description thereof is omitted. Further, since side signal encoding section  1705  performs the same process as side signal encoding section  404 , a description thereof is omitted. Furthermore, since time delay encoding section  1706  performs the same process as time delay encoding section  405 , a description thereof is omitted. Moreover, since multiplexing section  1707  performs the same process as multiplexing section  406 , a description thereof is omitted. 
     Time-delay validity checking section  1805  compares time delay D computed by time delay estimation section  1701  with each of sub-frame time delays D 0  to D N−1 , and counts the number of sub frames in each of which the difference between time delay D and the sub-frame delay is out of a predetermined range. In a case where the number of sub frames out of the predetermined range exceeds threshold value M, time-delay validity checking section  1805  regards time delay D computed by time delay estimation section  1701  as invalid. Here, threshold value M is defined as a predetermined value or a value adaptively computed according to the signal characteristics. 
     In a case where it is determined that time delay D is invalid, time-delay validity checking section  1805  outputs the time delay of the previous frame. Meanwhile, in a case where it is determined that time delay D is valid, time-delay validity checking section  1805  outputs time delay D computed by time delay estimation section  1701 . Also, in the case where it is determined that the time delay is invalid, instead of the time delay computed in the current frame, zero (in this case, it is regarded that there is no phase difference between left channel signal L(n) and right channel signal R(n)) or an average of time delays of some previous frames may be used. These values may also be alternately output for every frame. 
     &lt;Variation of Embodiment 2&gt; 
     In Variation of Embodiment 2, before division into a plurality of sub frames, L(n) and R(n) are aligned according to derived time delay D. 
       FIG. 19  is a block diagram illustrating Variation of the configuration of the peak tracking section of Embodiment 2. 
     In  FIG. 19 , alignment section  1901  aligns input signals L(n) and R(n) according to derived time delay D (alignment section  1901  aligns R(n) as an example in  FIG. 19 ). Frame division section  1902  divides aligned signals L(n) and R a (n) into a plurality of sub frames. Here, the number of sub frames is denoted by N. 
     Peak tracking sections  1903 ,  1904 , and  1905  obtain sub-frame time delays D 0  to D N−1  by applying the peak tracking. Time-delay validity checking section  1906  checks on the validity of frame time delay D by using sub-frame time delays D 0  to D N−1 . In a case where the number of sub-frame time delays exceeding the predetermined value is larger than M (M can be a predetermined value or be adaptively derived according to the signal characteristics), time-delay validity checking section  1906  determines that D is invalid. In this case, time-delay validity checking section  1906  outputs the time delay of the previous frame. Meanwhile, in a case where the number of sub-frame time delays exceeding the predetermined value is M or less, time-delay validity checking section  1906  regards D as valid, and outputs D of the current frame. 
     According to Embodiment 2, the stereo input signal frame is divided into a plurality of sub frames, and the positions of the peaks are obtained in each sub frame. An estimated sub-frame time delay is obtained by comparing the positions of the peaks. The validity of the time delay computed by another time delay estimation method is checked by the plurality of sub-frame time delays. If it is determined that the time delay is valid, the time delay is intently used, and if it is determined that the time delay is invalid, the time delay is discarded. Therefore, according to Embodiment 2, in addition to the effects of Embodiment 1, it is possible to maintain the validity of another time delay estimation method for a single-sound-source environment, without deteriorating the stereo feeling of the input signal in a multiple-sound-source environment. Further, according to Embodiment 2, since the peak tracking method is combined with another time delay estimation method, it is possible to more accurately derive the time delay between stereo inputs. At this time, the amount of computational complexity of the original method by the peak tracking does not significantly increase. Also, in a case where the input signals L(n) and R(n) are aligned according to derived time delay D, it is possible to prevent corresponding peaks (for example, P L(1)  in L(n) and P R(1)  in R(n)) from being divided into two different sub frames. Further, in the case where input signals L(n) and R(n) are aligned according to derived time delay D, since it is unnecessary to consider the time delay, the frame division section is very easily implemented. 
     (Embodiment 3) 
     In Embodiment 3, two different time delays are derived. One time delay is derived by the peak tracking method of momentarily tracking a time delay. The other time delay is derived by another time delay estimation method (for example, a low-passed cross correlation method introduced in Non-Patent Literature 3) of more stably tracking a time delay. Between the peak tracking method and the other method, a final time delay is selected. 
       FIG. 20  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an encoding apparatus of Embodiment 3. Most of the encoding apparatus shown in  FIG. 20  is identical to the encoding apparatus of Embodiment 1 shown in  FIG. 4 . In  FIG. 20 , identical components to those in  FIG. 4  are denoted by the same reference symbols, and a description thereof is omitted. Peak tracking section  2002  estimates time delay D′ by the peak tracking method, and another time delay estimation section  2001  derives time delay D″ by another time delay estimation method. Switch  2003  selects and outputs a better time delay of D′ and D″. 
       FIG. 21  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of switch  2003 . Time-delay validity checking section  2101  checks time delay D′ by the same method as the time-delay validity checking method applied in time-delay validity checking section  606  of  FIG. 6 . In a case where time delay D′ is valid, time-delay validity checking section  2101  outputs time delay D′ as final time delay D. Meanwhile, in a case where time delay D′ is invalid, time-delay validity checking section  2101  outputs D″ as final time delay D. 
     According to Embodiment 3, since a time delay is selected between the peak tracking method of momentarily tracking an input time delay and another time delay estimation method of stably tracking the input time delay, it is possible to achieve fast and stable time delay estimation. 
     (Embodiment 4) 
     In Embodiment 4, two different time delay are derived by using two time delay estimation methods, not the peak tracking method. One method can momentarily track an input time delay, while the other method stably tracks the input time delay. Also, the peak tracking is used as a validity checking method in a switch module. 
       FIG. 22  is a block diagram illustrating an encoding apparatus of Embodiment 4. Most of the encoding apparatus of Embodiment 4 is identical to the encoding apparatus shown in  FIG. 20 . In  FIG. 22 , identical components to those in  FIGS. 4 and 20  are denoted by the same reference symbols, and a description thereof is omitted. Time delay estimation section  2202  estimates time delay D′ by another time delay estimation method, not the peak tracking method. 
     In this encoding apparatus, time delay estimation section  2202  is a method capable of momentarily tracking a time delay. One example is a single-frame cross correlation method. Cross correlation coefficients are derived only in the current frame. The maximum cross correlation coefficient is found and a corresponding time delay is obtained. 
     Time delay estimation section  2201  is a method of updating a time delay slowly but stably. One example is the low-passed cross correlation method introduced in Non-Patent Literature 3, and computes cross correlation coefficients on the basis of the current frame and the previous frame. In the low-passed cross correlation method, the maximum cross correlation coefficient is found and a corresponding time delay is obtained. Therefore, the derived time delay very stably tracks the input time delay. Switch  2203  selects and outputs a better time delay of D′ and D″. 
       FIG. 23  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of switch  2203 . Peak tracking section  2301  checks time delay D′ by the peak tracking method (which is the same as the case of  FIG. 18  or  19  in Embodiment 2). In a case where time delay D′ is valid, peak tracking section  2301  outputs D′ as final time delay D. Meanwhile, in a case where time delay D′ is invalid, peak tracking section  2301  outputs D″ as final time delay D. 
       FIG. 24  is a block diagram illustrating another example of the configuration of the switch of Embodiment 4. Peak tracking section  2401  checks both of time delay D′ and time delay D″ by the peak tracking method (which is the same as the case of  FIG. 18  or  19  in Embodiment 2). In a case where one of the two time delays is valid, peak tracking section  2401  outputs the valid time delay as final time delay D. Further, in a case where both of the two time delays are valid, peak tracking section  2401  outputs a time delay more appropriate for the peak tracking method, as the final time delay. Furthermore, in a case where both of the two time delays are not valid, peak tracking section  2401  outputs the time delay of the previous frame as the final time delay. 
     According to Embodiment 4, since a time delay is selected between a time delay estimation method of momentarily tracking an input time delay and another time delay estimation method of stably tracking the input time delay, it is possible to achieve fast and stable time delay estimation. 
     (Embodiment 5) 
     In Embodiment 5, a plurality of time delays are derived by a plurality of different methods. Further, in Embodiment 5, the peak tracking is used as a validity checking method in a switch module, and the best time delay of time delay candidates is selected. 
       FIG. 25  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an encoding apparatus of Embodiment 5. Most of the encoding apparatus is identical to the encoding apparatus shown in  FIG. 22 . In  FIG. 25 , identical components to those in  FIGS. 4 ,  20  and  22  are denoted by the same reference symbols, and a description thereof is omitted. Time delay estimation sections  2501 ,  2502 , and  2503  derive K (K is 2 or more) number of time delays by the plurality of different methods. The derived time delay can be used for aligning the left signal or the right signal according to the signs thereof. 
     In this encoding apparatus, it is recommended that time delay estimation sections  2501 ,  2502 , and  2503  have different estimation characteristics. 
     Time delay estimation section  2501  obtains a time delay by a method capable of most momentarily tracking a time delay. One example of the method capable of most momentarily tracking a time delay is the single-frame cross correlation method. The single-frame cross correlation method derives cross correlation coefficients only in the current frame. Then, the single-frame cross correlation method finds the maximum cross correlation and obtains a corresponding time delay. 
     Time delay estimation section  2503  obtains a time delay by a method of updating a time delay slowly but stably. One example of the method of updating a time delay slowly but stably is the low-passed cross correlation method introduced in Non-Patent Document 3. The low-passed cross correlation method computes cross correlation coefficients on the basis of the current frame and the previous frame. Then, the low-passed cross correlation method finds the maximum cross correlation coefficient and obtains a corresponding time delay. Therefore, the derived time delay very stably tracks the input time delay. Switch  2504  selects and outputs the best time delay of time delay candidates D 1  to D K . Alignment section  2505  aligns the left signal or the right signal according to the sign of the time delay selected by switch  2504 . For example, in a case where the time delay is positive, alignment section  2505  aligns the left signal, and in a case where the time delay is negative, alignment section  2505  aligns the right signal. 
       FIG. 26  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of switch  2504 . As an example, time delay D k  is used. Alignment section  2601  aligns input signals L(n) and R(n) according to derived time delay D k . Frame division section  2602  divides aligned signals L ka (n) and R ka (n) into a plurality of sub frames. The number of sub frames is denoted by N. 
     The peak tracking (using peak analysis sections  2603 ,  2606 , and  2609 , invalid-peak discarding sections  2604 ,  2608 , and  2611 , and peak-position comparing sections  2605 ,  2607 , and  2610 ) is applied to each sub frame, so as to obtain sub-frame peak differences |P Lk ( 0 )−P Rk ( 0 )| to |P Lk (N−1)−P Rk (N−1)|. Addition section  2612  adds up these sub-frame peak differences. 
       FIG. 27  is a′block diagram illustrating a configuration of time delay selection section  2701 . 
     Time delay selection section  2701  receives the sum of the sub-frame peak differences of time delays D 1  to D K , and can select a time delay according to equation 23. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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                   23 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
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                               P 
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                               ( 
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                               P 
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                   [ 
                   23 
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     A reference is not limited to the above, but another reference is possible. 
     According to Embodiment 5, since the best time delay candidate is selected among the plurality of time delay estimation methods, it is possible to well estimate a time delay. 
     The above description illustrates preferable Embodiments of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. The present invention is also applicable to any systems having a stereo acoustic sound signal encoding apparatus or a stereo acoustic sound signal decoding apparatus. 
     Also, the stereo acoustic sound signal encoding apparatus and the stereo acoustic sound signal decoding apparatus according to the present invention can be mounted in a communication terminal apparatus and a base station apparatus in a mobile communication system. Therefore, it is possible to provide a communication terminal apparatus, a base station apparatus, and a mobile communication system having the same effects as described above. 
     Also, although cases have been described where the present invention is configured by hardware, the present invention can also be realized by software. For example, an algorithm according to the present invention may be written in a programming language, and the program may be stored in a memory and be executed by an information processing unit, whereby it is possible to implement the same functions as the stereo acoustic sound signal encoding apparatus and so on according to the present invention. 
     Each function block employed in the description of each of the aforementioned embodiments may typically be implemented as an LSI constituted by an integrated circuit. These may be individual chips or partially or totally contained on a single chip. 
     “LSI” is adopted here but this may also be referred to as “IC,” “system LSI,” “super LSI,” or “ultra LSI” depending on differing extents of integration. 
     Further, the method of circuit integration is not limited to LSI&#39;s, and implementation using dedicated circuitry or general purpose processors is also possible. After LSI manufacture, utilization of a programmable FPGA (Field. Programmable Gate Array) or a reconfigurable processor where connections and settings of circuit cells within an LSI can be reconfigured is also possible. 
     Further, if integrated circuit technology comes out to replace LSPs as a result of the advancement of semiconductor technology or a derivative other technology, it is naturally also possible to carry out function block integration using this technology. Application of biotechnology is also possible. 
     The disclosures of Japanese Patent Application. No. 2009-12407, filed on Jan. 22, 2009, and Japanese Patent Application No. 2009-38646, filed on Feb. 20, 2009, including the specifications, drawings, and abstracts, are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     Industrial Applicability 
     The stereo acoustic sound signal encoding apparatus, the stereo acoustic sound signal decoding apparatus, and method for the same according to the present invention are suitable, in particular, for storing and transmitting stereo acoustic sound signals.