Abstract:
The present invention provides a method and an apparatus for generating periodic patterns by step-and-align interference lithography, wherein at least two coherent light beams with a pattern are controlled to project onto a substrate to be exposed to form an interference-patterned region on the substrate. Thereafter, by means of moving the substrate or the light beams stepwisely, a patterned region with a large area can be formed on the substrate. According to the present invention, the optical path and exposure time may be shortened to reduce defect formation during lithographic processing and to improve the yield.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    The present invention generally relates to a method and an apparatus for generating periodic patterns and, more particularly, to a method and an apparatus for generating periodic patterns by step-and-align interference lithography, using at least two coherent light beams with controlled intensity distribution to project onto a photo-resist coated substrate to form an interference-patterned region on the substrate. Thereafter, by means of moving the substrate or the light beams stepwisely, a large area composed of continuous patterned regions can be formed on the substrate. 
         [0003]    2. Description of the Prior Art 
         [0004]    Interference lithography uses at least two light beams to overlap on a substrate so as to form periodic patterns on the photoresist layer on the substrate. Thereby, periodic micro-scale structures such as lines, holes, rods and the like can be manufactured. Using interference lithography, short wavelength light sources and photo-resist, instead of conventional photo-lithography equipments and photo-masks, are required to obtain periodic patterns with small line width, and enables large depth of focus. Therefore, interference lithography has been widely used in various applications such as manufacturing of Bragg gratings for optical fiber communication, opto-electronics and semiconductor light sources such as distributed feedback (DFB) lasers, distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers and photonic crystal structures. Furthermore, interference lithography can also be used along with thermal treatment on a thin film to re-grow the grains and magnetize the grids on a magnetic thin film for data storage applications. 
         [0005]    Recently, with the increasing demand of large-area applications in displays, flexible electronic devices and solar cells, it is required that opto-electronic devices are manufactured with a large area. Most of these devices are formed of periodic sub-micro structures. For example, one-dimensional grating structures are used as polarizers for liquid crystal displays. Two-dimensional periodic structures are used as anti-reflection layers to enhance the transmission efficiency of solar cells, and light uniformity of backlight modules in display devices. Therefore, it is crucial to efficiently manufacture large-area periodic structures for consumer electronics industries, and lots of efforts have been made on research and development of large-area periodic structures. 
         [0006]    Conventional interference lithography is used for generating small-area periodic sub-micro structures due to the limitation of the optical configuration. In the prior art, Andreas Gombert, et al in Fraunhofer Institute use interference lithography to manufacture large-area periodic sub-micro structures, which is disclosed in “Large-area origination and replication of microstructures with optical functions,” SPIE Vol. 5454, pp. 129, 2004 and “Some application cases and related manufacturing techniques for optically functional microstructures on large areas,” Opt. Eng. 43 (11) 2525-2533, 2004. As shown in  FIG. 1 , a one-step exposure is used to manufacture periodic structures. The interference lithography system uses a laser  10  to generate a light beam  100 , which is split by a beam splitter  11  and reflected by reflectors  12  to generate two coherent light beams  101  and  102 . The coherent light beams  101  and  102  overlap on a substrate  14  with a photo-resist layer thereon after passing through lenses  13  to form an interference-patterned region. 
         [0007]    However, in  FIG. 1 , a large space is required for implementation because it takes a distance (21 meters as disclosed by Andreas Gombert, et al.) long enough for the spherical wave from the point light source to travel and expand to an approximate planar wave. Moreover, it takes a considerably long exposure time (for hours) to expose the photo-resist because the power per unit area decreases with the distance. Accordingly, the environment has to be precisely controlled during exposure to prevent disturbance; therefore the exposure conditions such as temperature gradient, airflow, humidity and mechanical vibration need to be stabilized. 
         [0008]    Moreover, U.S. Pat. No. 6,882,477 discloses a method and system for interference lithography utilizing phase-locked scanning beams, wherein large-size periodic patterns are formed by partially overlapping sequential boustrophedonic scans of a Gaussian beam. However, in this method, high-precision positioning control is required and the process time is long. Moreover, since the light intensity profile is a Gaussian distribution, each of the overlapped regions has to occupy 60% of a previous scanning region so as to achieve pattern uniformity. 
         [0009]    Furthermore, U.S. patent Pub. No. 2007/0023692 discloses an interference lithography method, in which an alignment window is formed by exposing a photo-resist layer on a transparent substrate (such as a glass substrate or a quartz substrate) to form large-area interference patterns by overlapping sequential scans through an alignment means under the transparent substrate. However, since the light intensity profile is a circular Gaussian distribution, uniform exposure dosage is hard to achieve because the areas of overlapped regions after multi-exposure processing are varied. Moreover, selectivity in photo-resist materials is limited, and the use of the transparent substrate makes the method less compatible with the existing Si-based semiconductor industry. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and an apparatus for generating periodic patterns by step-and-align interference lithography, using at least two coherent light beams with controlled intensity distribution to project onto a substrate to form an interference-patterned region on the substrate. The period of the periodic patterns can be adjusted by varying the incident angle of the coherent light beams. 
         [0011]    It is another object of the present invention to provide a method and an apparatus for generating periodic patterns by step-and-align interference lithography, by moving the substrate or the light beams stepwisely to form a patterned region with a large area on the substrate. Thereby, environment can be precisely controlled during exposure to prevent disturbance such as temperature gradient, airflow, humidity and mechanical vibration. 
         [0012]    It is still another object of the present invention to provide a method and an apparatus for generating periodic patterns by step-and-align interference lithography, using one or multiple beam shapers to convert the non-uniform intensity profiles such as of Gaussian distribution into light beams with uniform intensity profiles so that a large-area interference patterned region can be formed by stepwisely scanning small-size interference patterns formed on the substrate. 
         [0013]    It is still another object of the present invention to provide a method and an apparatus for generating periodic patterns by step-and-align interference lithography, using four coherent light beams to form two-dimensional periodic patterns on a cylindrical substrate. 
         [0014]    In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for generating periodic patterns by step-and-align interference lithography, comprising steps of: (a) providing at least two coherent light beams with a pattern and a substrate to be exposed; (b) exposing the substrate to the coherent light beams simultaneously to form a patterned region on the substrate; (c) adjusting a next exposing position stepwisely; and (d) repeating step (b) to step (c) until a large area of the patterned region is formed on the substrate. 
         [0015]    In another embodiment, the present invention provides an apparatus for generating periodic patterns by step-and-align interference lithography, comprising: a light generating unit, capable of generating at least two coherent light beams with a pattern; a carrier unit, capable of carrying a substrate to be exposed to the coherent light beams simultaneously to form a patterned region; and a driver unit, coupled to the carrier unit to provide a driving force to move the carrier unit stepwisely. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0016]    The objects, spirits and advantages of the preferred embodiment of the present invention will be readily understood by the accompanying drawings and detailed descriptions, wherein: 
           [0017]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram showing a conventional interference lithography apparatus in the prior art; 
           [0018]      FIG. 2  is a flow-chart showing a method for generating periodic patterns by step-and-align interference lithography according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0019]      FIG. 3A  and  FIG. 3B  are examples of patterns according to the present invention; 
           [0020]      FIG. 4A  and  FIG. 4B  are examples of substrates to be exposed according to the present invention; 
           [0021]      FIG. 5A  is a schematic diagram showing an apparatus for generating periodic patterns by step-and-align interference lithography according to a first embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0022]      FIG. 5B  is a schematic diagram showing a substrate after multi-step exposure; 
           [0023]      FIG. 5C  is a schematic diagram showing exposed regions on a substrate according to another embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0024]      FIG. 6A  to  FIG. 6D  are examples of patterned regions on a substrate according to the present invention; 
           [0025]      FIG. 7A  is a schematic diagram showing an apparatus for generating periodic patterns by step-and-align interference lithography according to a second embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0026]      FIG. 7B  is a schematic diagram showing a cylindrical substrate for multi-step exposure by employing step-and-align interference lithography; 
           [0027]      FIG. 8  is a schematic diagram showing four coherent light beams incident on a substrate to form a patterned region with a large area; 
           [0028]      FIG. 9A  and  FIG. 9B  are examples of large-area two-dimensional periodic patterns formed by four coherent light beams; and 
           [0029]      FIG. 10  is a flow-chart showing a method for generating periodic patterns by step-and-align interference lithography according to another embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       [0030]    The present invention can be exemplified by the preferred embodiment as described hereinafter. 
         [0031]    Please refer to  FIG. 2 , which is a flow-chart showing a method for generating periodic patterns by step-and-align interference lithography according to one embodiment of the present invention. The method  2  comprises steps described hereinafter. First, in Step  20 , at least two coherent light beams with a pattern and a substrate to be exposed are provided. Referring to  FIG. 3A , the pattern described in Step  20  can be polygonal. For example, the pattern is exemplified by but not limited to a triangle, a quadrangle and a hexagon. As shown in  FIG. 3B , the pattern described in Step  20  can also be arc-sided. Please refer to  FIG. 4A  and  FIG. 4B , showing examples of substrates to be exposed according to the present invention. In  FIG. 4A , the substrate  80  to be exposed is planar; and in  FIG. 4B , the substrate  81  to be exposed is arc-surfaced. For example, the arc-surfaced substrate  81  is a cylindrical substrate. In the present invention, the substrate to be exposed is one of a semiconductor substrate, a glass substrate, a plastic substrate, a metal substrate, a flexible substrate and a rubber substrate. 
         [0032]    Afterwards, in Step  21 , the substrate is exposed to the coherent light beams simultaneously so as to form a patterned interference region on the substrate. In Step  22 , a next exposing position is adjusted stepwisely. The exposing position is adjusted by varying the position of the substrate stepwisely or by adjusting the incident position of the coherent light beams stepwisely. Then, retuning to Step  21  again, the substrate is exposed to the coherent light beams simultaneously to form another patterned region, which is adjacent to the previously formed patterned region. By repeating Step  21  to Step  22 , a large-area interference patterned region is thus formed on the substrate. 
         [0033]    Please refer to  FIG. 5A , which is a schematic diagram showing an apparatus for generating periodic patterns by step-and-align interference lithography according to a first embodiment of the present invention. The apparatus  3  comprises a light generating unit  31 , a carrier unit  32 , and a driver unit  33 . The light generating unit  31  is capable of generating at least two coherent light beams with a pattern. The light generating unit  31  further comprises: a beam generator  310 , a beam shaper  311  and a beam splitter  312 . The beam generator  310  is capable of generating at least a light beam  90 . In the present embodiment, the beam generator  310  is a laser generator. The beam shaper  311  is capable of receiving and shaping the light beam  90  to form a shaped light beam  91 . The light beam  90  generated from the beam generator  310  has a Gaussian distribution profile and the intensity of the light beam  90  is non-uniform. Therefore, the beam shaper  311  is used to convert the light beam  90  to a shaped light beam  91  with uniform intensity. The shape of the shaped light beam is exemplified by the examples as shown in  FIG. 3A  and  FIG. 3B . The beam splitter  312  is capable of splitting the shaped light beam into the at least two coherent light beams  92  and  93 . 
         [0034]    The carrier unit  32  is disposed on one side of the light generating unit  31  and is capable of carrying a substrate  80  to be exposed. In the present embodiment, the carrier unit  32  is a movable platform. The substrate  80  comprises a plate  800  with a coating  801  thereon to be exposed. The driver unit  33  is coupled to the carrier unit  32  to provide a driving force to move the carrier unit  32  stepwisely. In the present embodiment, the driver unit  33  is exemplified by but not limited to a stepping motor capable of driving the carrier unit  32  to move in three dimensions. A plurality of reflectors  34  are disposed between the beam splitter  312  and the substrate  80 . The reflectors  34  are disposed at adjustment positions  35  where the rotating angle and the position are adjustable. By adjusting each of the adjustment positions  35 , the incident angle of the coherent light beams  92  and  93  onto the substrate  80  is adjustable to further adjust the period of the periodic patterns. 
         [0035]    The light generating unit  31 , the carrier unit  32 , the driver unit  33  and the adjustment positions  35  are coupled respectively to a control unit  30  to respond to a signal generated by the control unit  30 . More particularly, the operation of the apparatus for generating periodic patterns by step-and-align interference lithography is described hereinafter. The control unit  30  uses the signal to control the light generating unit  31  to generate two coherent light beams  92  and  93 , and issues the signal to control the driving unit  33  to adjust the position of the carrier unit  32 , and controls the adjustment position  35  to adjust the position of the reflectors. Then, the coating  801  on the substrate  80  is exposed to the two coherent light beams  92  and  93  simultaneously so as to form an interference patterned region on the coating  801 . 
         [0036]    Afterwards, the control unit  30  controls the driving unit  33  to stepwisely adjust the carrier unit  32  to a next exposure position. When the carrier unit  32  is moved to the next exposure position, the substrate  80  is exposed to the two coherent light beams  92  and  93  to form interference patterns as shown in  FIG. 5B . The interference-patterned region  950  is formed after a first-step exposure. The interference-patterned region  951  is formed after a second-step exposure. The number  96  indicates the stepping path. In order to control the precision of the interference patterns, the position of the substrate to be exposed is controlled to move stepwisely so that the current interference-patterned region is partially overlapped with the previous interference-patterned region to form a large-area periodic patterned region. 
         [0037]    Please refer to  FIG. 5C , which is a schematic diagram showing exposed regions on a substrate according to another embodiment of the present invention. In the present embodiment, a spacing region is formed between adjacent patterned regions. In  FIG. 5C , a spacing region  970  is formed between adjacent patterned regions  952  and  953  on the plate  800 , and a spacing region  971  is formed between adjacent patterned regions  952 ,  953  and  954 . In the present embodiment, the interference-patterned region is a two-dimensional structure. Such a large-area periodic patterned structure with a spacing region can be used in various manufacturing processes and products, for example, photonic crystal waveguides, conductive wires, biological micro/nano paths, etc. Taking a photonic crystal waveguide for example, the spacing regions  970  and  971  can be waveguide regions and the patterned regions  952 ,  953  and  954  can be photonic crystal regions. 
         [0038]      FIG. 6A  to  FIG. 6D  are examples of patterned regions on a substrate according to the present invention. Large-area patterned regions  40 ,  41 ,  42 , and  43  can be formed by multi-step exposure to stitch adjacent interference-patterned regions formed by coherent light beams with different patterns. Since the area of the patterned region is determined by the overlapped regions of the light beams  92  and  93  in  FIG. 5A , sub-micron scale periodic patterned regions having an area of several square centimeters or larger can be formed after a first-step exposure. Then, the periodic patterned regions can be stitched after stepwise exposure. Therefore, a large-area periodic patterned region can be formed by using multi-step exposure. 
         [0039]    Please refer to  FIG. 7A , which is a schematic diagram showing an apparatus for generating periodic patterns by step-and-align interference lithography according to a second embodiment of the present invention. The elements in  FIG. 7A  are identical to those in  FIG. 5A  except that the substrate  81  to be exposed carried by the carrier unit  36  is a cylindrical substrate comprising a cylindrical plate  810  with a coating  811  thereon to be exposed. Moreover, the motor unit  37  is exemplified by but not limited to a stepping motor capable of driving the substrate  81  to rotate and driving the carrier unit  36  to move in three dimensions. By controlling the exposure position stepwisely, a large-area interference patterns can be formed on the substrate  81 , as shown in  FIG. 7B . 
         [0040]    Please refer to  FIG. 8 , which is a schematic diagram showing a plurality of pairs of coherent light beams incident on a substrate to form large-area periodic patterns. In the present embodiment, the apparatus in  FIG. 5A  or  7 A can be used for implementation. However, the apparatus in  FIG. 5A  or  7 A comprises a plurality of light generating units so as to generate at least four coherent light beams  92 ,  93 ,  92   a , and  93   a  for interference lithography to form large-area two-dimensional patterns  7   a  and  7   b  (as shown in  FIG. 9A  and  FIG. 9B ). For example, the two-dimensional patterns are periodic micro-scale structures such as lines, holes, rods and the like. The angle θ 1  between the coherent light beams  92  and  93  and the angle θ 2  between the coherent light beams  92   a  and  93   a  can be adjusted to be equal or not according to the adjustment position  35  in  FIG. 5A  or  FIG. 7A . 
         [0041]    In addition to forming two-dimensional periodic patterns by using at least four coherent light beams in  FIG. 8 , two-dimensional periodic patterns can also be formed by using the carrier unit  32  or  36  in  FIG. 5A  or  7 A. 
         [0042]    Please refer to  FIG. 10 , which is a flow-chart showing a method for generating periodic patterns by step-and-align interference lithography according to another embodiment of the present invention. The method can be implemented by using  FIG. 5A . The method  6  comprises described hereinafter. Firstly, in Step  60 , at least two coherent light beams with a pattern and a substrate to be exposed are provided. The pattern and the substrate are identical to those described in the previously embodiments and thus described thereof is omitted. 
         [0043]    Afterwards, in Step  61 , the substrate is exposed to at least two coherent light beams simultaneously to form a patterned region on the substrate. In Step  62 , the carrier unit  32  rotates to drive the substrate  80  to a fixed angle. In the present embodiment, the angle is exemplified by but not limited to 90°. In Step  63 , the substrate is exposed to the two coherent light beams simultaneously so as to form a two-dimensional patterned region on the substrate. In Step  64 , the carrier unit is controlled to move stepwisely so as to adjust the substrate to a next exposure position. By repeating Step  61  to Step  64 , a large-area two-dimensional periodic interference patterned region is thus formed on the substrate. 
         [0044]    According to the above discussion, it is apparent that the present invention discloses a method and an apparatus for generating periodic patterns by step-and-align interference lithography to form large-area periodic patterns. The features and advantages are summarized hereinafter: 
         [0045]    1. efficiency: hundreds or thousands of interference fringes formed simultaneously in an interference region, which is unlike one-by-one formation by the conventional e-beam direct write or diamond cut; 
         [0046]    2. reliability: fast exposure to prevent disturbance and unstable conditions such as temperature gradient, airflow, humidity and mechanical vibration; 
         [0047]    3. seamless stitching of small-area patterns: using a beam shaper to convert the Gaussian light beam with non-uniform intensity profile into a light beam with uniform intensity; 
         [0048]    4. availability for large-area periodic sub-micro scale structures: by using small-area interference patterned regions as steps to move the carrier unit stepwisely for multi-step exposure to stitch small-area interference patterned regions; 
         [0049]    5. manufacturing flexibility: capability in forming two-dimensional patterns and periodic patterns on a cylindrical substrate. 
         [0050]    Although this invention has been disclosed and illustrated with reference to particular embodiments, the principles involved are susceptible for use in numerous other embodiments that will be apparent to persons skilled in the art. This invention is, therefore, to be limited only as indicated by the scope of the appended claims.