Abstract:
An electronic circuit including a microchip for use as an intelligent user interface also comprises touch sensor technology that differentiates between proximity and physical contact events to activate and control various loads including light bulbs, products with radio frequency circuitry or electric motors. An input to the microchip is connected to a switch or sensing structure that does not form a serial link between the power source and the load. The electronic circuit controls various functions in response to user actions including automatic delayed shut-off functions, find-in-the-dark indicator and power source level/product state indications. The microchip allows the user to select specific functions based on the time duration of activation signals, the time duration between activation signals and the number of activation signals at the input. The microchip is further configured to interpret and react to the signals received from a user in a way that enhances ease of use of the product and to use the indicators to provide information to the user that is influenced by the signals received as well as the state of the product.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/849,093, filed Aug. 3, 2010, which is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/785,063, filed Apr. 13, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,772,781, which is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/961,373, filed Oct. 12, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,265,494, which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/806,860, filed Jul. 2, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,984,900, which is a U.S. National Stage of International Application No. PCT/ZA99/00107, filed Oct. 8, 1999, which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/169,395, filed Oct. 9, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,249,089. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to new intelligent electrical user interface structures that includes capacitive sensor technology. The invention further relates, in one embodiment, to intelligent switches having embedded therein a microchip for use with a variety of electrical devices to add heretofore unknown functionality to existing electrical devices. The invention also relates, according to another embodiment, user interfaces with capacitive sensing technology that differentiates between proximity and physical contact events in order to achieve a higher level of interpretation of the user actions by the switch and specifically to provide information to the user about the product, the state of the product or guidance towards possible (likely) next actions. In another embodiment, the invention relates to low current switches controlled by microchips of the present invention for use in building lighting systems. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    In conventional flashlights, manually-operated mechanical switches function to turn the flashlight “on” and “off.” When turned “on,” battery power is applied through the closed switch to a light bulb; the amount of power then consumed depends on how long the switch is closed. In the typical flashlight, the effective life of the battery is only a few hours at most. Should the operator, after using the flashlight to find his/her way in the dark or for any other purpose, then fail to turn it off, the batteries will, in a very short time, become exhausted. Should the flashlight be left in a turned-on and exhausted condition for a prolonged period, the batteries may then leak and exude corrosive electrolyte that is damaging to the contact which engages the battery terminal as well as the casing of the flashlight. 
         [0004]    When the flashlight is designed for use by a young child the likelihood is greater that the flashlight will be mishandled, because a young child is prone to be careless and forgets to turn the flashlight “off” after it has served its purpose. Because of this, a flashlight may be left “on” for days, if not weeks, and as a result of internal corrosion may no longer be in working order when the exhausted batteries are replaced. 
         [0005]    Flashlights designed for young children are sometimes in a lantern format, with a casing made of strong plastic material that is virtually unbreakable, the light bulb being mounted within a reflector at the front end of the casing and being covered by a lens from which a light beam is projected. A U-shaped handle is attached to the upper end of the casing, with mechanical on-off slide switch being mounted on the handle, so that a child grasping the handle can readily manipulate the slide actuator with his/her thumb. 
         [0006]    With a switch of this type on top of a flashlight handle, when the slide actuator is pushed forward by the thumb, the switch “mechanically” closes the circuit and the flashlight is turned “on” and remains “on” until the slide actuator is pulled back to the “off” position and the circuit is opened. It is this type of switch in the hands of a child that is most likely to be inadvertently left “on.” 
         [0007]    To avoid this problem, many flashlights include, in addition to a slide switch, a push button switch which keeps the flashlight turned on only when finger pressure is applied to the push button. It is difficult for a young child who wishes, say to illuminate a dark corner in the basement of his home for about 30 seconds, to keep a push button depressed for this period. It is therefore more likely that the child will actuate the slide switch to its permanently-on position, for this requires only a momentary finger motion. 
         [0008]    It is known to provide a flashlight with a delayed action switch which automatically turns off after a pre-determined interval. The Mallory U.S. Pat. No. 3,535,282 discloses a flashlight that is automatically turned off by a delayed action mechanical switch assembly that includes a compression spring housed in a bellows having a leaky valve, so that when a switch is turned on manually, this action serves to mechanically compress the bellows which after a pre-determined interval acts to turn off the switch. 
         [0009]    A similar delayed action is obtained in a flashlight for children marketed by Playskool Company, this delayed action being realized by a resistance-capacitance timing network which applies a bias to a solid-state transistor switch after 30 seconds or so to cut off the transistor and shut off the flashlight. Also included in the prior art, is a flashlight previously sold by Fisher-Price using an electronic timing circuit to simply turn off the flashlight after about 20 minutes. 
         [0010]    It is also known, e.g. as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,875,147, to provide a mechanical switch assembly for a flashlight which includes a suction cup as a delayed action element whereby the flashlight, when momentarily actuated by an operator, functions to connect a battery power supply to a light bulb, and which maintains this connection for a pre-determined interval determined by the memory characteristics of the suction cup, after which the connection is automatically broken. 
         [0011]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,138,538 discloses a flashlight having the usual components of a battery, and on-off mechanical switch, a bulb, and a hand-held housing, to which there is added a timing means and a circuit-breaking means responsive to the timing means for cutting off the flow of current to the bulb, which further has a by-pass means, preferably child-proof, to direct electric current to the light bulb regardless of the state of the timing means. The patent also provides for the operation of the device may be further enhanced by making the by-pass means a mechanical switch connected so as to leave it in series with the mechanical on-off switch. Furthermore, the patent discloses a lock or other “child-proofing” mechanism may be provided to ensure that the by-pass is disabled when the flashlight is switched off. 
         [0012]    Most conventional flashlights, like those described above, are actuated by mechanical push or slide button-type switches requiring, of course, mechanical implementation by an operator. Over time, the switch suffers “wear and tear” which impairs operation of the flashlight as a result of, for example, repeated activations by the operator and/or due to the fact that the switch has been left “on” for a prolonged period of time. In addition, such mechanical switches are vulnerable to the effects of corrosion and oxidation and can cause said switches to deteriorate and to become non-functioning. In addition, these prior art devices having these mechanical switches are generally “dumb,” i.e. they do not provide the user with convenient, reliable, and affordable functionalities which today&#39;s consumers now demand and expect. 
         [0013]    The prior art switches typically provide two basic functions in prior art flashlights. First, the mechanical switches act as actual conductors for completing power circuits and providing current during operation of the devices. Depending upon the type of bulb and wiring employed, the intensity of electrical current which must be conducted by the switch is generally quite high leading to, after prolonged use, failure. Second, these mechanical switches must function as an interface between the device and its operator, i.e. the man-machine-interface (“MMI”) and necessarily requires repeated mechanical activations of the switch which over time mechanically deteriorate. 
         [0014]    Also, currently the electrical switches used in buildings/houses for control of lighting systems are of the conventional type of switches which must conduct, i.e. close the circuit, upon command, thus also providing the MMI. These prior art switches suffer from the same disadvantages as the switches described above in relation to portable electronic devices, like flashlights. Moreover, the switches are relatively dumb in most cases and do not provide the user with a variety of functions, e.g. but not limited to timing means to enable a user, for example, a shop owner or home owner to designate a predetermined shut off or turn on point in time. 
         [0015]    There is a need for inexpensive, reliable, and simple intelligent electronic devices which provide increased functionality and energy conservation. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0016]    According to one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a microchip controlled switch to manage both the current conducting functions and the MMI functions in an electronic device, such as a flashlight, on a low current basis i.e. without the MMI device having to conduct or switch high current. According to one aspect of the invention, the MMI functions are controlled by very low current signals, using touch pads, or carbon coated membrane type switches. These low current signal switches of the present invention can be smaller, more reliable, less costly, easier to seal and less vulnerable to the effects of corrosion and oxidation. Moreover, since the switch is a solid state component, it is, according to the present invention, possible to control the functions of the device in an intelligent manner by the same microchip which provides the MMI functions. Thus, by practicing the teachings of the present invention, more reliable, intelligent, and efficient electrical devices can be obtained which are cheaper and easier to manufacture than prior art devices. 
         [0017]    According to another embodiment of the invention, there is provided a microchip which can be embedded in a battery that will lend intelligence to the battery and thus, the device it is inserted into, so that many functions, including but not limited to, delayed switching, dimming, automatic shut off, and intermittent activation may be inexpensively realized in an existing (non intelligent) product, for example a prior art flashlight. 
         [0018]    According to a further embodiment, the invention provides a power saving microchip which, when operatively associated with an electronic device, will adjust the average electric current through a current switch, provide an on and off sequence which, for example, but not limited to, in the case of a flashlight, can be determined by an operator and may represent either a flash code sequence or a simple on/off oscillation, provide an indication of battery strength, and/or provide a gradual oscillating current flow to lengthen the life of the operating switch and the power source. 
         [0019]    According to one embodiment of the invention, an intelligent flashlight, having a microchip controlled switch is provided comprising a microchip for controlling the on/off function and at least one other function of the flashlight. According to a further embodiment of the invention, an intelligent flashlight having a microchip controlled switch is provided comprising an input means for sending activating/deactivating signals to the microchip, and a microchip for controlling the on/off function and at least one other function of the flashlight. According to a further embodiment of the invention, there is provided an intelligent flashlight having a microchip controlled switch comprising an input means for selecting one function of the flashlight, a microchip for controlling at least the on/off function and one other function of the flashlight, wherein the microchip control circuit may further comprise a control-reset means, a clock means, a current switch, and/or any one or combination of the same. 
         [0020]    According to another embodiment of the invention, there is provided a battery for use with an electrical device comprising a microchip embedded in the battery. According to still a further embodiment of the invention, a battery for use with an electronic device is provided comprising a microchip embedded in the battery wherein said microchip is adapted such that an input means external to the microchip can select the on/off function and at least one other function of the electronic device. 
         [0021]    According to one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an intelligent battery for use with an electronic device, the battery having positive and negative terminal ends and comprising a microchip embedded in the battery, preferably in the positive terminal end, for controlling on/off functions and at least one other function of the electronic device. 
         [0022]    According to another embodiment of the invention, there is provided a portable microchip device for use in serial connection with a power source, e.g. an exhaustible power source, and an electronic device powered by said source wherein said electronic device has an input means for activating and deactivating said power source, and said microchip comprising a means for controlling the on/off function and at least one other function of the electronic device upon receipt of a signal from said input means through said power source. 
         [0023]    According to a still further embodiment of the invention, there is provided a microchip adapted to control lighting in buildings. According to this embodiment, the normal switch on the wall that currently functions as both a power-switch, i.e. conduction of electricity, and MMI can be eliminated, thus eliminating the normal high voltage and high current dangerous wiring to the switch and from the switch to the load or light. Utilizing the present invention, these switches can be replaced with connecting means suitable for low current DC requirements. 
         [0024]    According to another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a battery comprising an energy storage section, a processor, e.g. a microchip and first and second terminal ends. The first terminal end being connected to the energy storage section, the second terminal end being connected to the processor, and the processor being connected to the second terminal end and the energy storage section. The processor controls the connection of the second terminal end to the energy storage section. 
         [0025]    According to another embodiment, the present invention provides an electronic apparatus which includes an electrical device, comprising a power supply, an activating/deactivating means, and a processor. The activating/deactivating means is connected to the processor and the processor is connected to the power supply. The processor controls the on/off function of the device and at least one other function of the device in response to signals received from the activation/deactivation means. 
         [0026]    The present invention, according to a still further embodiment, provides a flashlight comprising a light source, an energy storage means, a switch means, and a processor means. The switch means being in communication with the processor means and the processor means being in communication with the energy storage means which is ultimately in communication with the light source. The processor controls the activation/deactivation of the light source and, in some embodiments, further functions of the flashlight, in response to signals received from the switch means. 
         [0027]    While the present invention is primarily described in this application with respect to either a flashlight or a battery therefore, the embodiments discussed herein should not be considered limitative of the invention, and many other variations of the use of the intelligent devices of the present invention will be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0028]      FIG. 1  is a schematic of a device having a microchip controlled push button or sliding type input activation/deactivation switch according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0029]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a microchip for use in association with a push button or sliding input activation/deactivation switch according to one embodiment of the invention; 
           [0030]      FIG. 3  is a schematic of a second type of intelligent device having a microchip controlled push button or sliding type input activation/deactivation switch according to another embodiment of the invention; 
           [0031]      FIG. 4  is a schematic of a device having a microchip controlled touch pad or carbon coated membrane activation/deactivation switch according to a still further embodiment of the invention; 
           [0032]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram of a microchip for use in association with a touch pad or carbon coated membrane activation/deactivation switch according to one embodiment of the invention; 
           [0033]      FIG. 6  is a schematic of a second type of device having a microchip controlled touch pad or carbon coated membrane activation/deactivation switch according to one embodiment of the invention; 
           [0034]      FIG. 7  is a schematic of a battery having embedded therein a microchip according to a further embodiment of the invention; 
           [0035]      FIG. 8A  is a block diagram of a microchip for use in a battery according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0036]      FIG. 8B  is a block diagram of a second type of microchip for use in a battery according to another embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0037]      FIG. 9  is a schematic of a device having a microchip controlled switch according to one embodiment of the invention; 
           [0038]      FIG. 10  is a schematic of a device having a microchip controlled switch according to one embodiment of the invention; 
           [0039]      FIG. 11  is a schematic of a device having a microchip controlled switch according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0040]      FIG. 12  is a schematic of a flashlight having therein a microchip controlled switch according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0041]      FIG. 13  illustrates a possible position, according to one embodiment of the present invention of a microchip in a battery; 
           [0042]      FIG. 14  is a schematic of one embodiment of the present invention of a low current switching device suitable for lighting systems in buildings; 
           [0043]      FIG. 15  is a block diagram of one embodiment of the present invention, i.e. microchip  1403  of  FIG. 14 ; 
           [0044]      FIG. 16  is a flow diagram for a microchip as shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5  for a delayed shut off function embodiment of one embodiment of the present invention; and 
           [0045]      FIG. 17  is a flow diagram for a microchip as shown in  FIGS. 7 and 8   a  for a delayed shut off function embodiment of one embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0046]    According to one embodiment or aspect of the present invention, and referring to  FIG. 1 , a schematic depiction of main circuit  100  of an electronic device, for example, a flashlight, is provided, wherein the device has a microchip  103  and a microchip controlled input activator/deactivator  102 , for example, a push button or sliding switch. Main circuit  100  of the device is powered by a current supplied by power source  101 . Power source  101  may be any power source, e.g. a DC battery, as is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. While the following discussion is limited to specific electronic devices, that is flashlights, it is to be understood that the following description is equally applicable to other electronic devices including portable radios, toys, for example but not limited to battery operated cars, boats, planes, and/or other electrically powered toys. 
         [0047]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , when an operator activates input push button or sliding command switch  102  to the “on” position, the microchip  103  receives a signal. Switch  102  is a direct electrical input to microchip  103 . Microchip  103  is grounded by grounding means  104 . Microchip  103  is in series between power source  101  and load  105 . Microchip  103  also transfers sufficient power through means of a current switch (not shown in  FIG. 1 ) to load  105  which can be, for example, a resistor-type bulb in the case of a flashlight to provide illumination. 
         [0048]    The microchip  103 , and other microchips of the present invention, can have its/their intelligence embedded in combinational or sequential logic, a PLA or ROM type structure feeding into a state machine or a true microcontroller type structure. The memory for the above will normally be non-volatile, but should there be a need for selectable options, EE or flash memory structures may be used. 
         [0049]    The structure and operational parameters of such a microchip  103  are explained in greater detail below with respect to  FIG. 2 . As shown in  FIG. 1 , power is supplied to microchip  103  by power source  101 . When an operator activates input switch  102  to the “on” position it represents a command which is communicated to microchip  103 . Input means  102  requires very low current in preferred embodiments. In one embodiment of the invention, microchip control/reset means  201  simply allows the current switch  202  to pass current provided from power source  101  to load  105  in an unimpeded manner when the MMI switch  102  is activated, and, in the case of a flashlight, illumination is obtained. It is important to recognize, however, that it is control circuit  201  which activates current switch  202  upon acting on an input from MMI switch  102 . Unlike heretofore known prior art devices, activating switch  102  does not conduct current to load  105 , but is only a command input mechanism which can, according to the invention, operate on very low current. For example, according to the invention, touch sensor input or carbon coated membrane type switch devices are preferred. 
         [0050]    If, for example, an emergency notification function is desired, the flashlight may be designed to alternately flash on and off every second. First, the operator activates input  102  into the appropriate position to indicate such a function is desired. During the “on” segment of the flashing routine, control/reset means  201  commands current switch  202  to close and let current flow through to load  105 , thereby causing, in the case of a flashlight, the bulb to illuminate. Simultaneously, control/reset means  201  uses the timing means  203  as a clock for timing. After control/reset means  201  determines one second has elapsed, control/reset means  201  instructs current switch  202  to open and interrupt the current flow through to load  105 , and bulb illumination is discontinued. It is important to note that both control/reset means  201  and current switch  202  are still active and fully powered; however, current delivery is now latent with respect to load  105 . When another second has elapsed, a command is passed from control/reset means  201  which again allows current to be delivered through current switch  202  to load  105 , and in the case of a flashlight, bulb illumination is immediately resumed. The device continues an alternating current delivery routine until either the operator switches the setting of the activating input switch  102  to the “off” position, or until the conditions pre-programmed into the microchip, e.g. into the control/reset means  201 , are satisfied and current delivery is permanently discontinued. 
         [0051]    Similar operating routines can be employed to generate other conspicuous flashing functions such as the generation of the universal distress signal S.O.S. in Morse code. Again, such a function would require that the microchip, e.g. control/reset means  201 , be pre-programmed with the appropriate code for creating such a signal, and to permit current transmission from switch  202  to load  105  in accordance with the code with the assistance of timing means  203 . For example, it may be desirable to have an S.O.S. sequence wherein flashes representing each individual letter are separated by time intervals ranging from one-half (½) second to one (1) full second, while the interval between each letter in the code comprises two (2) full seconds. After a certain number of repetitions of the routine, again determined by the operator or as pre-programmed within the microchip, e.g. within the control/reset means  201 , the signal is discontinued. 
         [0052]    As shown in  FIG. 3 , it is possible to remove grounding means  104  from main circuit  100 . However, it is then necessary to intermittently provide an alternative power source for microchip  103  and to create a virtual ground reference level. A suitable microchip  103  for this configuration is described in greater detail below with respect to  FIGS. 8A and 8B . 
         [0053]    Referring now to  FIG. 4 , utilizing the circuits in the microchip of some embodiments of the present invention, carbon coated membrane or touch pad type switches are preferred. Carbon coated membrane switches and touch pad switches have many advantages over conventional high current switches, such as those currently used in flashlights. According to the present invention, carbon coated membrane type switches, low current type switches, and touch pad type switches can be used which may be smaller, less costly, easier to seal, and less vulnerable to corrosion and oxidation than conventional switches which also transfer energy or current to the load. Moreover, according to one embodiment of the present invention, carbon coated membrane type switches, touch pad switches, or low current type switches can be formed structurally integral with the product, for example, with the casing of a flashlight. 
         [0054]    A block diagram showing microchip  103  for use, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, in association with a carbon coated membrane, a touch pad switch, or a low current type switch  106  is now explained in greater detail in respect to  FIG. 5 . According to this one embodiment of the present invention, current switch  202  is powered directly by grounded power source  101 . However, output of current from current switch  202  to load  105  is dependent on control/reset means  201 . When an operator depresses touch pad  106 , carbon coated membrane switch  106  or low current type switch  106 , control/reset means  201  allows current switch  202  to flow current through to load  105 . However, in more intelligent applications according to certain embodiments of the present invention, control/reset means  201  will coordinate, based on clock and/or timing means  203 , to execute timing routines similar to those described above such as, but not limited to, intermittent flashing, the flashing of a conspicuous pattern such as Morse code, dimming functions, battery maintenance, battery strength/level, etc. 
         [0055]      FIG. 16  is a flow diagram for a microchip  103  as shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5  and provides a delayed shutoff function. The flow sequence commences at START when the power source  101  is connected to the microchip  103 , as shown in  FIG. 4 . The sequence of operation is substantially self-explanatory and is not further elaborated herein. 
         [0056]    As shown in  FIG. 6 , grounding means  104  can be removed from the system as a matter of design choice. A more detailed description of a suitable microchip  103  for this type of configuration is provided below with respect to  FIGS. 8A and 8B . 
         [0057]    Referring to  FIG. 7 , certain embodiments of the present invention also provide for a battery having a microchip embedded for use in association with an electronic device. As shown, direct current is provided to microchip  103  by power source  101 . When activating input switch  102  is closed, current is complete and power is transferred to load  105  at the direction of microchip  103 . Microchip  103  embedded in the battery can have any number of intelligent functions pre-programmed therein, such as, for example but not limited to, battery strength monitoring, recharging, adjustment of average current through a current switch, intermittent power delivery sequences, and so on. Examples of suitable microchips  103  for this type of application are discussed below with reference to  FIGS. 8A and 8B . 
         [0058]      FIGS. 8A and 8B  are block diagrams of two different further embodiments of the present invention. Microchip  803  is especially suitable for applications wherein microchip  803  is not grounded through the body of the electrical device or where a ground cannot otherwise be established because of design considerations. This embodiment is useful to provide sufficient operating power to the microchip and can be achieved by periodically opening and closing current switch  202  when activation input switch  102  is closed. For example, referring to  FIG. 8A , when input switch  102  is closed but current switch  202  does not conduct (that is, the switch is open and does not allow current to flow to load  105 ), then voltage drop over load  105  is zero and in the case of a flashlight, no illumination is provided from the bulb. Instead, the full voltage drop is over current switch  202  and in parallel with the diode  204  and capacitor  205 . Once capacitor  205  becomes fully charged, current switch  202  can close and circuit  103  will be powered by capacitor  205 . When circuit  803  is adequately powered, it functions in a manner identical to the circuits described previously with respect to the functions provided by control/reset means  201  and timing means  203 . 
         [0059]    When the charging capacitor  205  starts to become depleted, control/reset means  201  will recognize this state and reopen the current switch  203 , thus briefly prohibiting the flow of current to load  105 , in order to remove the voltage drop from load  105  and allow capacitor  205  to recharge and begin a new cycle. In a flashlight application, the time period wherein current flow from current switch  202  is discontinued can be such that the dead period of the light is not easily or not at all detectable by the human eye. In the case of a high current usage load, such as a flashlight, it means the ratio of the capacitance of the capacitor having to power the microchip and the current consumption of the microchip, must be such that the capacitor can power the microchip for a long time relative to the charging time ( 202  open). This will enable the flashlight&#39;s “off” time to be short and the “on” time to be long, thus not creating a detectable or intrusive switching of the flashlight to the user. 
         [0060]      FIG. 17  is a flow diagram for a microchip as shown in  FIGS. 7 and 8  which also provides a delayed shutoff function. The flow diagram is substantially self-explanatory and the flow sequence commences at START when closure of the switch  102  takes place from an open position. 
         [0061]    According to another embodiment of the present invention, e.g. in relation to another product of low current consumption, such as a FM radio, the designer may opt for a capacitive (reservoir) device externally to the microchip (see  FIG. 11 ). In this case, the electrical device may function for a time longer than the time required for charging the capacitor ( 205 ,  207 ) which is when the current switch ( 202 ) is open and not conducting current. 
         [0062]    According to another embodiment of the present invention, an output may be provided to indicate a condition, e.g. a battery is in good or bad condition. It may also be suitable to assist in locating a device, e.g. but not limited to a flashlight, in the dark. This may be a separate output pin or may be, according to another embodiment, shared with the MMI switch input. (See  FIG. 11 ) This output or indicator may be a LED. Referring to  FIG. 11 , indicator/output device  1104  may, for example, be an LED. When microchip  1113  pulls the line  1114  to high, the LED  1104  shines. LED  1104  may also shine when switch  1111  is closed by the user. However, since that is only a momentary closure, this should not create a problem. 
         [0063]    According to a further specific embodiment of the invention, referring to  FIG. 11 , microchip  1113  can activate the LED  1104  for a short time, e.g. for 100 milliseconds, every 10 seconds. This indication will let potential users know the device is in a good state of functionality and will enable fast location of the device in the dark, e.g. in times of emergency. The low duty cycle will also prevent unnecessary battery depletion. 
         [0064]    With an alternative embodiment of the present invention,  FIG. 8B  illustrates the charging and discharging of capacitor  207  to provide power to circuit  803 , wherein the diode and capacitor structure establishes a ground reference for circuit  803 . 
         [0065]    Each of the embodiments explained with respect to  FIGS. 8A and 8B  are suitable for use, according to the present invention, depending upon the application. Indeed, the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 8A and 8B  can be directly embedded into a battery and/or can be separately constructed in another portable structure, e.g. but not limited to, in the shape of a disc, about the size of a quarter, to be inserted at the end of the battery between the output means or positive terminal of the battery and the current receiving structure of the electronic device. As described, the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 8A and 8B  can be utilized with the prior art high current switches currently being utilized in simple non-intelligent electronic devices, for example flashlights, radios and toys. For example, in the case of a portable simple radio without any intelligence, an automatic shut “off” may be achieved by using the intelligent battery or portable microchip of the present invention having a timing function to automatically shut off the radio after a given period of time, i.e. after the user is asleep. 
         [0066]    The architecture of the two embodiments of the present invention shown in  FIGS. 8A and 8B  provide certain advantages over the simple dumb architecture in current simple electrical devices, for example, flashlights. Due to the unique design of the microchips, as shown in  FIGS. 8A and 8B , after the device (into which the microchip is incorporated) is shut off the microchip remains powered for an additional period of time which allows for said microchip to thus receive additional commands, for example, a second “on” activation within a given period after a first “on” and “off” activation, may be programmed into the microchip (control/reset means) to indicate a power reduction or dimming function or any other function as desired by the designer of said device. This is accomplished by the inventive designs of the present invention without having to utilize substantial energy from what are typically small exhaustible power sources, e.g. DC batteries in the case of flashlights. 
         [0067]    According to some embodiments of the present invention, more intelligent devices include many other useful functions pre-programmed within the microchip, e.g. in control/reset means  201  and may, e.g. be assisted by a timing means  203 . Referring to  FIG. 2 , commands can be entered through switch  102  in several different ways. First, various time sequences of closed and open activations may represent different commands. For example, but not limited to, a single closure may instruct microchip  103  to activate current switch  202  continuously for a pre-determined length of time. Alternatively, two successive closures may instruct the microchip  103  to intermittently activate current switch  202  for a pre-determined length of time and sequence, for example, a S.O.S. sequence. 
         [0068]    Secondly, referring to  FIG. 9 , commands may be communicated to microchip  903  through the use of various voltages recognizable by microchip  903  to represent various commands. For example, but not limited to, according to one embodiment of the present invention, it may include multiple activating switches  901  and  902  connecting different voltages to the command input structure of microchip  903 . 
         [0069]    Thirdly, referring to  FIG. 10 , commands may be communicated to microchip  1103  through the use of multiple specific switches ( 1004 ,  1005 ,  1006 ,  1007 ) which when activated either singularly or in combination is/are recognizable by microchip  1103  as representing various different commands. 
         [0070]    As can be seen by  FIG. 9 , switch  901  and  902  and in  FIG. 10 , switches  1004 ,  1005 ,  1006 , and  1007 , power or ground may be used as a command reference voltage level. For example, the switches in  FIG. 10  may be connected to another ground instead of point  1008  depending on the internal structure of the microchip. 
         [0071]    The control/reset means included in the inventive microchips of the present invention may and in some instances, depending upon the application, should in addition to the many possible user functions described above, include means for adjusting the average current over a switch and/or a means for providing a gradual “on”/“off” current flow, so that the operator does not appreciably perceive the increase and decrease in light provided by the device. These features allow for an ongoing variable level of lighting as desired by an operator, and may also lengthen the life span of the activation switch, the bulb, and the power source. Moreover, several functions can now be added to an existing device, like a flashlight, through the use of a battery having embedded therein a microchip according to the present invention. 
         [0072]    In another embodiment of the invention, the microchip is adapted to control lighting in buildings. The normal switch on the wall that currently functions as both a power-switch and MMI can be replaced by a low current switching device like a membrane switch, touch pad or carbon coated switching device. Since very low currents are required by the MMI switch (device) that replaces the normal wall mounted (NC) switch, it is possible to replace the normal high voltage/current (dangerous) wiring to the switch and from the switch to the lead (light), with connectivity means suitable to the new low current DC requirements. As such, in the case of normal A/C wiring (110V/220V), the dangerous wiring can now be restricted to the roof or ceiling and all switches (MMI&#39;s) can inherently be safe. This may make the expensive and regulated safety piping required for the wiring of electricity to wall switches redundant. 
         [0073]    In a specific embodiment, the traditional wiring between the light and the wall switch is replaced by flexible current conducting tape that can be taped from the roof and down the wall to the required location. In another embodiment, the connections can be made by current conducting paint or similar substances. In both cases above, it can be painted over with normal paint to conceal it. This makes changing the location of a wall switch or the addition of another switch very easy. 
         [0074]    The microchip according to the present invention can be located in the power fitting of the light. The microchip having the low current (MMI) input and a power switch to block or transfer the energy to the load (light, fan, air conditioner). It reacts to the inputs received to activate or disable, or control other functions, of whatever device it is controlling. 
         [0075]    The microchip may be adapted to contain the high current/voltage switch or control an external switching device or relay. The microchip may also, as in the other embodiments discussed, have some intelligence to control functions like dimming, delayed shut off, timed activation/deactivation, timed cycles, flashing sequences and gradual on/off switching. The microchip may also be adopted, as in a specific flashlight embodiment discussed, to provide a location/emergency signal for lighting/flashing an LED. 
         [0076]      FIG. 12  shows a flashlight  1200  with a housing  1202 , batteries  1204 , a bulb  1206 , a reflector and lens  1208 , a switch  1210  and a microchip  1212 . The flashlight has a conventional appearance but its operation is based on the microchip  1212  controlling the operation of the switch  1210 , as described hereinbefore. 
         [0077]      FIG. 13  illustrates that a battery  1300  with positive and negative terminals  1302  and  1304  respectively, and of substantially conventional shape and size, can be fabricated with an integral microchip  1306 , of the type described hereinbefore. Alternatively the microchip can be mounted to the battery, for example by being inserted into a preformed cavity. As the microchip is inserted into the cavity it makes contact with the positive and negative terminals on the battery. The microchip also carries external terminals so that when the battery is inserted into an appliance (not shown) it makes direct contact with corresponding terminals on the appliance so that the microchip is automatically connected in circuit. 
         [0078]    The power input  101  in  FIG. 14  may be DC (e.g. 12V) as is commonly used for some lights or A/C (110V or 240V). The device shown as  1403  may be monolithic or be a multichip unit having a relay (solid state or mechanical), a regulator (e.g.: 110 AC volt to 12V DC) and a microchip as discussed in this application. 
         [0079]    In a specific embodiment, Ic pin  1406  can normally be high and a closure of input means  1402 , e.g. any of the low current switching devices described above, can be detected as Ic pin  1405  also goes too high. To flash the LED  1404  the microchip will reverse the polarities so that Ic pin  1405  becomes high with regards to Ic pin  1406 . During this time, it may not be possible to monitor the closure of the input  1402  switch and the LED  1404  may not shine should the input  1402  be closed. In another embodiment, microchip  1403  is able to detect closure of input  1402  before reversing the voltage polarity as discussed and if it detects closure, it does not proceed with reversing the polarity. 
         [0080]    Reference  1407  denotes an MMI wall unit, and reference  1408  denotes a high voltage roof unit. 
         [0081]    In  FIG. 15 , microchip  1503  does not contain a current switch (e.g. switch  102 ) as shown in  FIG. 2 . However, if desired the regulator and relay can be integrated into a single monolithic microchip  1503 . In case of a 12V (DC) local voltage this may be done in any event unless the current/power considerations is too high to make it practical. 
         [0082]    In another embodiment, the microchips  1403  and  1503  are adapted to receive commands not only via the MMI input but also over the load power (electricity) wiring. This would allow a central controller  1506  to send out various commands to various power points, controlled by a microchip according to this invention, by using address information of specific microchips or using global (to all) commands. 
         [0083]    Referring again to  FIG. 1 , and this being done purely for the sake of example, the microchip  103  is activated by sliding or activating a switch  102 . It is apparent that different switches can be provided for different functions of the microchip. However, in order to enhance the user-friendliness of the device, a single switch may be capable of controlling different functions of an appliance such as a flashlight to which the microchip is mounted. 
         [0084]    Assume for the sake of example that the switch  102  is used to turn the microchip on in the sense that a flashlight is turned on. A switch  110  may then be used at any time to turn the flashlight off, by appropriately controlling operation of the microchip. This is a conventional approach to controlling operation of the microchip. As an alternative the operation of the switch  102  can be sensed by means of a timing device  112 . The timing device is started when the switch  102  is closed and after a short time period, say on the order of 5 seconds or less, which is measured by the timing device, the mode or function of the switch  102  changes so that, upon further actuation of the switch  102 , the switch duplicates the function of the switch  110  which can therefore be dispensed with. Thus, initially the switch  102  functions as an on-switch while, a short period after its actuation, the switch  102  functions as an off-switch. It follows that with minor modifications to the circuitry of the microchip a single switch can exhibit multi-mode capabilities with the different modes being distinguished from each other or being exhibited on a time basis or, if necessary, on any other basis. 
         [0085]    Multimode capabilities can for example be incorporated in a microchip wherein the function of a switch is also linked to time. In this sense the word “function” means the action which ensues or results upon the detection of the closure of the switch. For example a single switch may, from an off state of a flashlight, enable (a) the switching on of the flashlight and (b) the selection of one of a number of various modes like dimming level, flashing rate/sequence etc. when the switch is closed a number of times. 
         [0086]    If however a certain time is allowed to pass (say five seconds) without any further closure of the switch taking place (indicating a mode has been selected), the function resulting from the next closure may be changed. Thus instead of selecting another mode, the closure may be interpreted as an “off” command. 
         [0087]    In other words a sequence of switch closures within five seconds of each other will continue to step the microchip through a number of predefined modes. However should at any stage a time of more than five seconds elapse between consecutive presses or closures of the switch then the next switch operation will switch the flashlight off rather than stepping the microchip to another mode. 
         [0088]    Clearly these characteristics are not confined to the use of the chip with a flashlight for the chip can be used with other applications to vary the mode of operation thereof in an analogous way. Thus, for the flashlight, the function of the switch will affect the operation of the flashlight in a manner which is dependent on the time period between successive actuations of the switch. More generally, in any electrical device which is controlled by means of the microchip the operation of the device will be regulated by the function which is exhibited by a switch which is in communication with the microchip. The switch function in turn is dependent on the duration of a time period between successive operations of the switch. 
         [0089]    Other modes can also be exhibited by a single switch. For example, depending on requirement, a switch can be used for on and off operation, for initiating the transmission of an emergency signal, for initiating the gradual dimming of a flashlight or the like. The scope of the invention is not limited in this regard. 
         [0090]    In the preceding description reference has been made to a touch sensor and to a non-latching push button or latching MMI switch. These components and technologies relating thereto may be combined in certain embodiments to achieve specific operational features that may be attractive to the user in that certain comforts or user friendliness may be facilitated. 
         [0091]    In certain embodiments the touch sensor interface/switch  106  (see  FIGS. 4 and 6 ) that allows the user to operate and select functions may also allow the user to select or give a signal to the microchip  103  based on proximity and not necessarily physical touch or contact. This feature is an inherent characteristic of some touch sensor or touch pad technologies, for example of the type described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,730,165 and 6,466,036. 
         [0092]    It is then also feasible to define a user interface that accepts both touch sensor signals as well as electromechanical switch and specifically push button switch signals. The signals may be used to select the same functions or in some embodiments the different MMI technologies may be used to select different functions or operational modes. 
         [0093]    In a specific embodiment in accordance with the general concepts of this invention, a module comprises the energy consuming load  105  (for example a bulb, LED or other light generating element), and the microchip  103 , which in accordance with principles already described controls the various functions or operational modes at least in response to signals received from the touch sensor and (traditional) switch interfaces as well as a find-in-the-dark (FITD) indication. The FITD indication may be the energy consuming load  105  or another separate element creating a visible, audible or other human detectable signal that would assist a person to locate a product containing the abovementioned elements or the MMI switch in particular, for example in the dark. 
         [0094]    An example, that is not to be regarded as limiting the scope of this invention, may be an interior light for passenger convenience of an automobile or other transportation vehicle such as a boat or a plane. 
         [0095]    In one embodiment the interior (courtesy) light is interfaced with the user (MMI) via either a touch sensor and/or an electromechanical switch, such as a push-to-make (push button) type switch, hereinafter called a pb switch. The interior light can be placed in various operational modes and functions under control of the microchip  103 : for example the arrangement may provide an automatic delayed shut off function; and a FITD indicator function that also gives an indication of inputs which are received via the MMI interface and which enables the selection of an operational mode based on the various activation and/or deactivation (of the MMI switch) time sequences. 
         [0096]    In another embodiment of this example the module comprising the light generating element, the microchip  103  and the FITD indicator have at least a pb MMI as well as a touch sensor MMI. The latter may be a capacitive technology based sensor as is known in the art (See for example the disclosures in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,730,165 and 6,466,036). This touch sensor is capable of giving an indication of, for example, a human hand being in the proximity of the sensor even if no physical contact between the sensor and the hand is made. 
         [0097]    As an example of possible operation, the microchip  103  may use the signals received from the touch sensor indicating proximity of part of the body of the user, such as a hand, to activate the FITD indicator in a way that is different from when no proximity detection is occurring. Thus the FITD indicator that is normally off or flashing with a low duty cycle or activated in a low energy mode, may be activated in a constant on mode of a higher energy level. It is also possible in an embodiment to control the energy level, and hence the intensity of light or sound of the FITD indicator in some relationships to the proximity distance, say the closer the hand, the brighter or more intense is the FITD indicator. The FITD indicator may be part of the button to be pressed when activating the pb switch. 
         [0098]    This proximity based FITD indication may continue for a period of time and may be discontinued a certain period of time after the proximity signal has disappeared. Of course the operation may be simpler and the proximity signal may be an indication upon which the microchip activates the FITD indicator for a predetermined period, at a predetermined level or only while the user is within a given proximity and the proximity signal is present. 
         [0099]    If the user then proceeds and activates the pb MMI switch, the FITD indicator in a preferred embodiment may be deactivated or switched to another level or functional mode under control of the microchip, and the main energy consuming load may be activated by this pb switch activation. The microchip controlling the operational modes may, in a preferred case, be integrated with the microchip interpreting the MMI signals and realizing the touch sensor implementation. 
         [0100]    Both the touch sensor and the pb switch signals may be interpreted in terms of time duration of activation and/or deactivation signals and/or sequences of signals. 
         [0101]    In simple terms the physical switch (pb) surface that a user must press, may glow (in the dark) when the user brings his/her hand close to the switch. Specific illumination of the pb switch, under these conditions, assists the user in the location of the switch that must be activated in order to start operation. The pb switch in a specific embodiment must still be pressed to activate the light or main energy consuming load. 
         [0102]    The FITD indicator may also be active (at a higher level) after an automatic shut-off has occurred or at least for a short period thereafter. 
         [0103]    In another embodiment the activation by proximity results in a different operational mode or for a different time duration than activation by the pb switch. 
         [0104]    In a specific embodiment the switching circuit including a module which houses or comprises the pb switch, the touch sensor, the microchip, the energy consuming load and a FITD indicator that is active when the load is not activated by the user. All the elements may be in close proximity of each other. In another embodiment the elements are each attached to and/or enclosed in the module which may be of any suitable shape or form which depends, at least, on the specific application. 
         [0105]    The energy consuming load may for example, but not limited to, be an electric motor, a light generating element or a heat generating unit. The power source may be mains power or an exhaustible power source such as a battery or a fuel cell. 
         [0106]    In a further embodiment, in accordance with a preceding description, the microchip controls an automatic delayed shut-off function resulting in the load being deactivated a predetermined period after it was activated. The microchip also gives a warning of such imminent shut-off a short period prior to the shut-off. This advance auto shut-off warning may be a single indication, a reduction in power and/or a sequence or repetitive sequence of warning indications. In a specific embodiment the microchip accepts a proximity signal as enough or sufficient indication that the user wishes to extend operation. This may be specifically during or after the warning signals have been activated. In simple terms, for example, once the warning has been given that auto-shut-off is imminent, but before auto-shut-down occurs, the user can reset the auto-off timer by the wave of a hand past the sensor and an actuation of the pb switch is then not necessarily required to extend the period of operation. Feedback may be given to the user that the extension of operation has been accepted by varying operation of the load or some other indication. An example may be that during the advance auto-off warning period the power to the load is reduced and upon resetting the timer, the original power level is restored. In a variation of this embodiment the FITD indicator that operates in response to the proximity signal(s) also gives an indication of the power source level. For example an activating/deactivating sequence or varying colors may be used to indicate the power level. 
         [0107]    The combined touch sensor and pb switch technology may also be used in a headlamp or flashlight technology. Again proximity may activate the load or FITD indicator. The load may for example be activated at a reduced power level, or any activation may only be for a very short period of time. In some embodiments the proximity or touch sensor may be used for some commands but not for others, for example in a specific embodiment the touch sensor may not activate or deactivate the flashlight but it can cancel an imminent auto-shut-down. The same techniques can be implemented for the interior light (or map light) in a vehicle. 
         [0108]    It is also possible that the pb switch can affect or activate functions concerning the general operation of the touch sensor. For example, the touch sensor may be forced to adjust its calibration by activations of the pb switch. 
         [0109]    In another embodiment a power source (battery) level indicator may be activated whilst a proximity signal is active. This may enable a person to immediately notice the battery level when a product such as an electric tooth brush, shaver, flashlight or other battery operated product is picked up. Again, this indication may be switched off after a period of time. It is also possible that a low power indication or warning is given only when a proximity detection is made, to specifically stand out, when the proximity sensor is triggered. 
         [0110]    In a further embodiment the electronics for the proximity touch sensor and a find-in-the-dark indicator are embedded in the casing of a traditional switch mechanism. This may be for example a switch for the defrosting of a window in a vehicle, a turn signal indicator activation mechanism or a window wiper activation lever. When the proximity of a body part (e.g. finger) or another element is detected, the find-in-the-dark indicator is activated in a mode different from normal. For example, it may be normally off and upon the proximity detection the find-in-the-dark indicator may be activated; or it may normally be on in a low mode and upon the proximity detection, the find-in-the-dark indicator may be activated in a higher power or more prominent mode. The find-in-the-dark indicator may be specifically designed to illuminate the contact area of the switch in the vicinity where the user must physically make contact to activate the switch. In some cases, e.g. a lever used to operate a wiper or turn signal indicator, the illumination may be on a front side of the lever to be visible, whilst the contact from the user may be from the bottom, top, side, back or any other direction. An important aspect is that the location of a specific selection mechanism, which enables a specific function to be activated, is indicated to the user before the mechanism is actuated. Alternatively expressed the specific function to be activated by a specific selection mechanism is indicated to the user before the function is selected. This may help prevent accidental activation of a wiper when a turn signal was desired and vice versa. Of course another indication (e.g. audio) may also be used to alert the user as to what switch is being approached or in proximity of a body part. In each instance a second indicator can be used in place of the FITD, or in addition to the FITD. The second indicator is under the control of the microchip and is used to give the user information about a switch near, or combined with, the proximity detection sensor. 
         [0111]    It is also proposed that the proximity switch be used to guide the user towards a button or a sequence of buttons likely to be operated next. For example if a radio is installed with this invention and in an off state, the detection of a user finger in proximity of the radio will illuminate the on switch and possibly no other switch, whereas a proximity detection when already on, will illuminate the off switch or volume control switch but not the on switch. In a sense this invention will intuitively lead the user through the next logical options when the switches are approached. 
         [0112]    It is also possible for a function or load be temporally selected, say whilst the proximity detection is made, but to activate the load permanently or for an extended period of time even if the proximity detection is cancelled, the pb switch must be operated. 
         [0113]    The aforementioned functions also apply to a mains system with a mains switch fitted with a find-in-the-dark indicator and touch sensor interface or with mains and the system as described previously ( FIGS. 14 ,  15 ) wherein dc Voltage is used to interface with the user and this switch, that is typically a pb switch, is then augmented with a touch sensor interface that functions in combination as described above. 
         [0114]    It is also possible for the touch sensor proximity interface plus electronics to control some of the other described functions to be built into a traditional type switch that is for example typically found in a car or in a house. In some embodiments the touch sensor may switch the load on but not off or vice versa. 
         [0115]    While the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that further changes and modifications may be made to the embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as claimed.