Abstract:
A medical device that is at least partially formed of a bioabsorbable metal alloy that includes a majority weight percent of magnesium and at least one metal selected of calcium, rare earth metal, yttrium, zinc, and/or zirconium.

Description:
[0001]     The present invention claims priority on U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/658,400 filed Mar. 3, 2005. 
     
    
       [0002]     The invention relates generally to medical devices, and particularly to a medical device that is at least partially formed of a novel bioabsorbable, and more particularly to a graft that is at least partially formed of a novel bioabsorbable metal which graft is useful in treating a body passageway.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     Medical treatment of various illnesses or diseases commonly includes the use of one or more medical devices. Two types of medical devices that are commonly used to repair various types of body passageways are an expandable graft or stent, or a surgical graft. These devices have been implanted in various areas of the mammalian anatomy. One purpose of a stent is to open a blocked or partially blocked body passageway. When a stent is used in a blood vessel, the stent is used to open the occluded vessel to achieve improved blood flow which is necessary to provide for the anatomical function of an organ. The procedure of opening a blocked or partially blocked body passageway commonly includes the use of one or more stents in combination with other medical devices such as, but not limited to, an introducer sheath, a guiding catheter, a guide wire, an angioplasty balloon, etc.  
         [0004]     Various physical attributes of a stent can contribute directly to the success rate of the device. These physical attributes include radiopacity, hoop strength, radial force, thickness of the metal, dimensions of the metal and the like. Cobalt and chromium alloys and stainless steel are commonly used to form stents. These materials are commonly used since such materials having a known history of safety, effectiveness and biocompatibility. These materials however have limited physical performance characteristics as to size, strength, weight, bendability, biostability and radiopacity.  
         [0005]     The materials commonly used to formed prior stents are biostable materials that remained in the blood vessel long after the stent had achieved its function. As such, the continued presence of the stent in the blood vessel increased the risks associated with thrombosis, in-stent restenosis, vascular narrowing and/or restenosis in the blood vessel at the location of the stent. The presence of the stent in the blood vessel also created a potential obstruction to later medical procedures that attempted to correct problems in a body passageway upstream from the stent. The stent was also prone to fracturing overtime, especially when the stent was located in regions exposed to bending (e.g., leg, arms, neck, etc.). The repeated bending of the stent could eventually fatigue the stent, thereby resulting in one or more portions of the stent fracturing and/or becoming loose from the stent. These fractures (e.g., strut fractures, etc.) and/or loose portions of the stent could result in damage to the blood vessel and/or one or more regions of the vascular system downstream of the stent.  
         [0006]     The current invention is generally directed to a medical device that is at least partially formed of novel bioabsorbable metal that enhances one or more of the physical properties of a medical device so as to improved the success rate of such medical device and to overcome the several of the past problems associated with such medical devices.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007]     The previously mentioned shortcomings of prior art medical devices are addressed by the novel medical device of the present invention. The medical device of the present invention is generally directed to a bioabsorbable device that at least partially dissolves in the body and/or is absorbed by the body. The medical device in accordance with the present invention can be in the form of many different medical devices such as, but are not limited to, stents, grafts, surgical grafts (e.g., vascular grafts, etc.), orthopedic implants, staples, sheaths, guide wires, balloon catheters, hypotubes, catheters, etc. In one non-limiting embodiment, the medical device is directed for use in a body passageway. As used herein, the term “body passageway” is defined to be any passageway or cavity in a living organism (e.g., bile duct, bronchiole tubes, nasal cavity, blood vessels, heart, esophagus, trachea, stomach, fallopian tube, uterus, ureter, urethra, the intestines, lymphatic vessels, nasal passageways, eustachian tube, acoustic meatus, etc.). The techniques employed to deliver the medical device to a treatment area include, but are not limited to, angioplasty, vascular anastomoses, transplantation, implantation, subcutaneous introduction, minimally invasive surgical procedures, interventional procedures, and any combinations thereof. For vascular applications, the term “body passageway” primarily refers to blood vessels and chambers in the heart. The stent can be an expandable stent that is expandable by a balloon and/or other means. The stent can have many shapes and forms. Such shapes can include, but are not limited to, stents disclosed in U.S. Pat. or Publication Nos. 6,206,916; 6,436,133; 2004/0093076 and 2004/0093077; and all the prior art cited in these patents and patent publications. These various designs and configurations of stents in such patents and patent publications are incorporated herein by reference. These various designs and configurations of stents in such patents are incorporated herein by reference. When the medical device is in the form of a stent, the stent is designed to be insertable into a treatment area (e.g., body passageway, etc. ) and then expanded in the treatment area to enable better or proper fluid flow through the body passageway. Once the stent has achieved its function, the stent can be formed of a material that at least partially dissolves in and/or is at least partially absorbed by the body over time so that the body passageway is eventually free of one or more portions of the stent. As such, after the stent has at least partially fixed or repaired the block or partially blocked body passageway, the stent can be designed to at least partially dissolve in and/or be at least partially absorbed by the body so that the body passageway is at least partially free of the stent. By at least partially removing the stent from the body passageway, potential problems with thrombosis, in-stent restenosis, vascular narrowing and/or restenosis in the body passageway in and/or around at the treatment location of the stent is reduced or eliminated. Such removal or partial removal of the stent from the body passageway also can result in the complete or partial removal of a potential obstruction in the body passageway for potentially future procedures in the body passageway. The bioabsorbability of one or more portions of the medical device can also fully or partially solve problems associated with fracturing of one or more portions of the medical device. For instance, when the medical device is the form of a stent that is located in a region subjected to bending (e.g., leg, arms, neck, etc.), the repeated bending may cause one or more portions of the stent to eventually fatigue. Over time, one or more fatigued portions of the stent can fracture and/or become dislodged from the stent. These fractures (e.g., strut fractures, etc.) and/or dislodged portions of the stent can result in damage to the body passageway and/or one or more regions of the body passageway down stream of the stent. The bioabsorbability of one or more portions the stent can facilitate in at least partially overcoming this problem since such fractures and/or dislodged sections of the stent can be formed of a material that at least partially degrade over time, thus at least partially removing itself from the body passageway of the patient. The bioabsorbable material is formulated to at least partially dissolve in the body and/or be at least partially absorbed by the body after some period of time (e.g., one month, one year, ten years, etc.) and/or after one or more events (e.g. microfracture, fracture, break, exposure to one or more forms of electromagnetic radiation, exposure to a certain voltage and/or current, exposure to certain sound waves, exposure to certain chemicals and/or biological agents, etc.). As can be appreciated, the stent could be at least partially formed of a material that can be caused to dissolve and/or be bodily absorbed and/or cause accelerated rates of dissolving and/or bodily absorption. In such a situation, the stent could be caused to begin and/or be caused to accelerate in dissolving and/or bodily absorption so as to at least partially remove the stent from a body passageway to enable another medical device to be inserted in the body passageway. As can be appreciated, after the other stent is inserted, a new stent could be reinserted if so needed. As has been illustrated in these few non-limiting examples, there are numerous applications of the medical device of the present invention. It will be appreciated that medical devices other than stents can have many advantages by being partially or fully formed by a bioabsorbable metal alloy.  
         [0008]     In one non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the medical device that is at least partially made of a bioabsorbable metal alloy has improved physical properties as compared to past medical devices. The new metal alloy used to at least partially form the medical device can be radiopaque; however, this is not required. The new bioabsorbable metal alloy used to at least partially form the medical device can also improve one or more physical properties of such medical device (e.g., strength, durability, hardness, biostability, bendability, coefficient of friction, radial strength, flexibility, tensile strength, tensile elongation, longitudinal lengthening, stress-strain properties, improved recoil properties, radiopacity, heat sensitivity, biocompatibility, etc.); however, this is not required. These one or more improved physical properties of the novel metal alloy can be achieved in the medical device without having to increase the bulk, volume and/or weight of the medical device, and in some instances these improved physical properties can be obtained even when the volume, bulk and/or weight of the medical device is reduced as compared to medical devices that are at least partially formed from traditional stainless steel or cobalt and chromium alloy materials; however, this is not required. The novel metal alloy that is used to at least partially form the medical device can thus 1) cause one or more portions of the medical device to be biodegradable and/or bioabsorbable, 2) increase the radiopacity of the medical device, 3) increase the radial strength of the medical device, 4) increase the yield strength and/or ultimate tensile strength of the medical device, 5) improve the stress-strain properties of the medical device, 6) improve the crimping and/or expansion properties of the medical device, 7) improve the bendability and/or flexibility of the medical device, 8) improve the strength and/or durability of the medical device, 9) increase the hardness of the medical device, 10) improve the longitudinal lengthening properties of the medical device, 11) improved the recoil properties of the medical device, 12) improve the friction coefficient of the medical device, 13) improve the heat sensitivity properties of the medical device, 14) improve the biostability and/or biocompatibility properties of the medical device, and/or 15) enable smaller, thinner and/or lighter weight medical devices to be made. The medical device generally includes one or more materials that impart the desired properties to the medical device so as to withstand the manufacturing processes that are needed to produce the medical device. These manufacturing processes can include, but are not limited to, laser cutting, etching, crimping, annealing, drawing, pilgering, electroplating, electro-polishing, chemical polishing, cleaning, pickling, ion beam deposition or implantation, sputter coating, vacuum deposition, etc.  
         [0009]     In another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the medical device is generally designed to include at least about 25 weight percent of the novel metal alloy; however, this is not required. In one non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the medical device includes at least about 40 weight percent of the novel metal alloy. In another and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the medical device includes at least about 50 weight percent of the novel metal alloy. In still another and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the medical device includes at least about 60 weight percent of the novel metal alloy. In yet another and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the medical device includes at least about 70 weight percent of the novel metal alloy. In still yet another and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the medical device includes at least about 85 weight percent of the novel metal alloy. In a further and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the medical device includes at least about 90 weight percent of the novel metal alloy. In still a further and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the medical device includes at least about 95 weight percent of the novel metal alloy. In yet a further and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the medical device includes about 100 weight percent of the novel metal alloy.  
         [0010]     In still another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the novel metal alloy that is used to form all or part of the medical device 1) is not clad, metal sprayed, plated and/or formed (e.g., cold worked, hot worked, etc.) onto another metal, or 2) does not have another metal or metal alloy metal sprayed, plated, clad and/or formed onto the novel metal alloy. It will be appreciated that in some applications, the novel metal alloy of the present invention may be clad, metal sprayed, plated and/or formed onto another metal, or another metal or metal alloy may be plated, metal sprayed, clad and/or formed onto the novel metal alloy when forming all or a portion of the medical device.  
         [0011]     In yet another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the novel metal alloy that is used to form all or a portion of the medical device includes a majority weight percent of one or more metals selected from rare earth metal, Group 2, Group 3, Group 4 and/or Group 12 metals. In one non-limiting composition, the bioabsorbable metal alloy includes at least about 40 weight percent rare earth metal, Group 2, Group 3, Group 4 and/or Group 12 metals. In another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the bioabsorbable metal alloy includes at least about 50 weight percent rare earth metal, Group 2, Group 3, Group 4 and/or Group 12 metals. In still another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the bioabsorbable metal alloy includes at least about 70 weight percent rare earth metal, Group 2, Group 3, Group 4 and/or Group 12 metals. In yet another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the bioabsorbable metal alloy includes at least about 90 weight percent rare earth metal, Group 2, Group 3, Group 4 and/or Group 12 metals. In still yet another and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the bioabsorbable metal alloy includes a majority of magnesium. In a further and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the bioabsorbable metal alloy includes a majority weight percent of an alloy of magnesium and calcium, rare earth metal, yttruim, zinc and/or zirconium. In still a further and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the bioabsorbable metal alloy includes at least about 60 weight percent an alloy of magnesium and calcium, rare earth metal, yttruim, zinc and/or zirconium. In yet a further and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the bioabsorbable metal alloy includes at least about 80 weight percent an alloy of magnesium and calcium, rare earth metal, yttruim, zinc and/or zirconium. In still yet a further and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the bioabsorbable metal alloy includes at least about. 90 weight percent an alloy of magnesium and calcium, rare earth metal, yttruim, zinc and/or zirconium. In a further and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the bioabsorbable metal alloy includes at least about 95 weight percent an alloy of magnesium and calcium, rare earth metal, yttruim, zinc and/or zirconium. In still a further and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the bioabsorbable metal alloy includes at least about 99 weight percent an alloy of magnesium and calcium, rare earth metal, yttruim, zinc and/or zirconium. In yet a further and/or alternative non-limiting composition, the bioabsorbable metal alloy includes about 100 weight percent an alloy of magnesium and calcium, rare earth metal (e.g., neodymium, etc.), yttruim, zinc and/or zirconium. Several specific non-limiting bioabsorbable metal alloy compositions that can form a part of or the complete medical device are set forth below:  
                                                                     Metal/Wt. %   Ex. 1   Ex. 2   Ex. 3   Ex. 4               Ca   0.05-0.9%    0%   0.01-1%       0-0.5%       Mg   93-99%   95-99%   90-99%   95-98%       Rare Earth   0.02-0.8%    0.02-0.9%    0.01-1%     0-4%       Metal       Y   0.1-5%     0%   0.1-8%     0-5%       Zn   0%   0.2-3%     0%     0-1.5%       Zr   0-2%   0-2%   0-2%   0-2%               Metal/Wt. %   Ex. 5   Ex. 6   Ex. 7   Ex. 8               Ca   0.04-2%     0-1%   0-1%   0.01-0.5%        Mg   80-99%   90-99%   92-99%   95-98%       Rare Earth   0-5%   0-7%   0-4%   0-4%       Metal       Y   0-8%   0-8%   0.2-3%     0-5%       Zn   0-4%   0-2%   0-3%     0-1.5%       Zr   0-2%   0.15-2%     0-1%   0%               Metal/Wt. %   Ex. 9   Ex. 10   Ex. 11   Ex. 12               Ca   0%   0%   0.1-2.2%   0%       Mg   91-96%   95-99%   91.6-98.8%   95.5-99.6%       Rare Earth   0.5-4%     0.01-1%     0.1-2.2%   0.1-2.2%       Metal       Y   0.5-5%     0%   1-4%   0%       Zn   0%   0.1-1.5%   0%   0.3-2.3%       Zr   0.1-1.5%   0%   0%   0%               Metal/Wt. %   Ex. 13   Ex. 14   Ex. 15   Ex. 16               Ca   0%   0%   0.1-0.3%   0%       Mg   96-99%   98-99%     90-98.3%   90-99%       Nd   0.05-1%     0.1-0.4%   0.1-0.3%   0.1-4%         Y   0-2%   0%   1.5-2.5%   0.1-5%         Zn   0.1-4%     0.9-1.5%   0%   0%       Zr   0%   0%   0%   0%                        Metal/Wt. %   Ex. 17   Ex. 18                       Ca   0%   0.1-0.5%           Mg   98-99%   97-99%           Nd   0.05-1%     0.05-0.4%            Y   0%   0.5-3%             Zn   0.1-2%     0%           Zr   0%   0%                      
 
         [0012]     In still yet another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the medical device that is at least partially formed from the novel metal alloy can be formed by a variety of manufacturing techniques. In one non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the medical device can be formed from a rod or tube of the novel metal alloy. If a solid rod of the novel metal alloy is formed, the rod can be drilled (e.g., gun drilled, EDM, etc.) to form a cavity or passageway partially or fully through the rod. The rod or tube can be cleaned, polished, annealed, drawn, etc. to obtain the desired diameter and/or wall thickness of the metal tube. After the metal tube has been formed to the desired diameter and wall thickness, the metal tube can be formed into a medical device by a process such as, but not limited to, laser cutting, etching, etc. After the medical device has been formed, the medical device can be cleaned, polished, sterilized, etc. for final processing of the medical device. As can be appreciated, other or additional process steps can be used to at least partially form the medical device from the novel metal alloy. Medical devices that can be formed from a rod or tube include, but are not limited to, stents, grafts, vascular grafts, valves, orthopedic implants, sheaths, guide wires, balloon catheters, hypotubes, catheters, electrophysiology catheters, cutting devices, etc. In one non-limiting process for manufacturing a medical device in accordance with the present invention, the process includes the following process steps: 1) forming a novel metal alloy rod or tube; 2) resizing the rod or tube, 3) cleaning and/or pickling the surface of the rod or tube prior to annealing the rod or tube; 4) annealing the rod or tube; and 5) repeating steps 2-4 until the rod or tube has been sized to the desired size. In another and/or alternative non-limiting process for manufacturing a medical device in accordance with the present invention, the process includes the following process steps: 1) forming a novel metal alloy rod or tube; 2) resizing the rod or tube by use of a mandrel and/or plug drawing process, 3) cleaning and/or pickling the surface of the rod or tube prior to annealing the rod or tube; 4) annealing the rod or tube prior to a 85% outer diameter size reduction of the rod or tube; 5) repeating steps 2-4 until the rod or tube has been sized to the desired size; 6) cutting and/or etching the rod or tube to at least partially form the medical device; and 7) cleaning and/or electropolishing the medical device. In still another and/or alternative non-limiting process for manufacturing a medical device in accordance with the present invention, the process includes the following process steps: 1) consolidating metal powder of the novel metal alloy and/or metal powder of metals that form the novel metal alloy into a tube; 2) resizing the tube one or more times by use of a plug drawing process, 3) cleaning and/or pickling the surface of the tube after each plug drawing process; 4) annealing the tube prior to a 75% outer diameter size reduction of the tube; 5) repeating steps 2-4 until the tube has been sized to the desired size; 6) laser cutting the tube to at least partially form the medical device; and 7) cleaning and/or electropolishing the medical device. As can be appreciated, other or additional process steps can be used to form the medical device from a novel metal alloy. In each of the non-limiting processes set forth above, the medical device can be further processed to include 1) a marker material, 2) one or more biological agents, 3) one or more polymer coatings, and/or 4) one or more surface or micro-structures.  
         [0013]     In another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the invention, the medical device can include a bistable construction. In such a design, the medical device has two or more stable configurations, including a first stable configuration with a first cross-sectional shape and a second stable configuration with a second cross-sectional shape. All or a portion of the medical device can include the bistable construction. The bistable construction can result in a generally uniform change in shape of the medical device, or one portion of the medical device can change into one or more configurations and one or more other portions of the medical device can change into one or more other configurations.  
         [0014]     In yet another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the medical device can include, contain and/or be coated with one or more biological agents that facilitate in the success of the medical device and/or treated area. The medical device can include, contain and/or be coated with one or more biological agents that inhibit or prevent in-stent restenosis, vascular narrowing, and/or thrombosis during and/or after the medical device is inserted into a treatment area; however, this is not required. In addition or alternatively, the medical device can include, contain and/or be coated with one or more biological agents that can be used in conjunction with the one or more biological agents that inhibit or prevent in-stent restenosis, vascular narrowing, and/or thrombosis that are included in, contained in and/or coated in the medical device. As such, the medical device, when it includes, contains, and/or is coated with one or more biological agents, can include one or more biological agents to address one or more medical needs. The term “biological agent” includes, but is not limited to, a substance, drug, or otherwise formulated and/or designed to prevent, inhibit and/or treat one or more biological problems, and/or to promote the healing in a treated area. Non-limiting examples of biological problems that can be addressed by one or more biological agents include, but are not limited to, viral, fungus and/or bacteria infection; vascular diseases and/or disorders; digestive diseases and/or disorders; reproductive diseases and/or disorders; lymphatic diseases and/or disorders; cancer; implant rejection; pain; nausea; swelling; arthritis; bone diseases and/or disorders; organ failure; immunity diseases and/or disorders; cholesterol problems; blood diseases and/or disorders; lung diseases and/or disorders; heart diseases and/or disorders; brain diseases and/or disorders; neuralgia diseases and/or disorders; kidney diseases and/or disorders; ulcers; liver diseases and/or disorders; intestinal diseases and/or disorders; gallbladder diseases and/or disorders; pancreatic diseases and/or disorders; psychological disorders; respiratory diseases and/or disorders; gland diseases and/or disorders; skin diseases and/or disorders; hearing diseases and/or disorders; oral diseases and/or disorders; nasal diseases and/or disorders; eye diseases and/or disorders; fatigue; genetic diseases and/or disorders; burns; scarring and/or scars; trauma; weight diseases and/or disorders; addiction diseases and/or disorders; hair loss; cramps; muscle spasms; tissue repair; and/or the like. Non-limiting examples of biological agents that can be used include, but are not limited to, 5-Fluorouracil and/or derivatives thereof; 5-Phenylmethimazole and/or derivatives thereof; ACE inhibitors and/or derivatives thereof; acenocoumarol and/or derivatives thereof; acyclovir and/or derivatives thereof; actilyse and/or derivatives thereof; adrenocorticotropic hormone and/or derivatives thereof; adriamycin and/or derivatives thereof; agents that modulate intracellular Ca 2+  transport such as L-type (e.g., diltiazem, nifedipine, verapamil, etc.) or T-type Ca 2+  channel blockers (e.g., amiloride, etc.); alpha-adrenergic blocking agents and/or derivatives thereof; alteplase and/or derivatives thereof; amino glycosides and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., gentamycin, tobramycin, etc.); angiopeptin and/or derivatives thereof; angiostatic steroid and/or derivatives thereof; angiotensin II receptor antagonists and/or derivatives thereof; anistreplase and/or derivatives thereof; antagonists of vascular epithelial growth factor and/or derivatives thereof; anti-biotics; anti-coagulant compounds and/or derivatives thereof; anti-fibrosis compounds and/or derivatives thereof; anti-fungal compounds and/or derivatives thereof; anti-inflammatory compounds and/or derivatives thereof; Anti-Invasive Factor and/or derivatives thereof; anti-metabolite compounds and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., staurosporin, trichothecenes, and modified diphtheria and ricin toxins, Pseudomonas exotoxin, etc.); anti-matrix compounds and/or derivatives thereof(e.g., colchicine, tamoxifen, etc.); anti-microbial agents and/or derivatives thereof; anti-migratory agents and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., caffeic acid derivatives, nilvadipine, etc.); anti-mitotic compounds and/or derivatives thereof; anti-neoplastic compounds and/or derivatives thereof; anti-oxidants and/or derivatives thereof; anti-platelet compounds and/or derivatives thereof; anti-proliferative and/or derivatives thereof; anti-thrombogenic agents and/or derivatives thereof; argatroban and/or derivatives thereof; ap-1 inhibitors and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., for tyrosine kinase, protein kinase C, myosin light chain kinase, Ca 2+ /calmodulin kinase II, casein kinase II, etc.); aspirin and/or derivatives thereof; azathioprine and/or derivatives thereof; β-Estradiol and/or derivatives thereof; β-1-anticollagenase and/or derivatives thereof; calcium channel blockers and/or derivatives thereof; calmodulin antagonists and/or derivatives thereof(e.g., H 7 , etc.); CAPTOPRIL and/or derivatives thereof; cartilage-derived inhibitor and/or derivatives thereof; ChIMP-3 and/or derivatives thereof; cephalosporin and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., cefadroxil, cefazolin, cefaclor, etc.); chloroquine and/or derivatives thereof; chemotherapeutic compounds and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, vinblastine, cisplatin, doxyrubicin, adriamycin, tamocifen, etc.); chymostatin and/or derivatives thereof; CILAZAPRIL and/or derivatives thereof; clopidigrel and/or derivatives thereof; clotrimazole and/or derivatives thereof; colchicine and/or derivatives thereof; cortisone and/or derivatives thereof; coumadin and/or derivatives thereof; curacin-A and/or derivatives thereof; cyclosporine and/or derivatives thereof; cytochalasin and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., cytochalasin A, cytochalasin B, cytochalasin C, cytochalasin D, cytochalasin E, cytochalasin F, cytochalasin G, cytochalasin H, cytochalasin J, cytochalasin K, cytochalasin L, cytochalasin M, cytochalasin N, cytochalasin O, cytochalasin P, cytochalasin Q, cytochalasin R, cytochalasin S, chaetoglobosin A, chaetoglobosin B, chaetoglobosin C, chaetoglobosin D, chaetoglobosin E, chaetoglobosin F, chaetoglobosin G, chaetoglobosin J, chaetoglobosin K, deoxaphomin, proxiphomin, protophomin, zygosporin D, zygosporin E, zygosporin F, zygosporin G, aspochalasin B, aspochalasin C, aspochalasin D, etc.); cytokines and/or derivatives thereof; desirudin and/or derivatives thereof; dexamethazone and/or derivatives thereof; dipyridamole and/or derivatives thereof; eminase and/or derivatives thereof; endothelin and/or derivatives thereof; endothelial growth factor and/or derivatives thereof; epidermal growth factor and/or derivatives thereof; epothilone and/or derivatives thereof; estramustine and/or derivatives thereof; estrogen and/or derivatives thereof; fenoprofen and/or derivatives thereof; fluorouracil and/or derivatives thereof; flucytosine and/or derivatives thereof; forskolin and/or derivatives thereof; ganciclovir and/or derivatives thereof; glucocorticoids and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., dexamethasone, betamethasone, etc.); glycoprotein IIb/IIIa platelet membrane receptor antibody and/or derivatives thereof; GM-CSF and/or derivatives thereof; griseofulvin and/or derivatives thereof; growth factors and/or derivatives thereof(e.g., VEGF; TGF; IGF; PDGF; FGF, etc.); growth hormone and/or derivatives thereof; heparin and/or derivatives thereof; hirudin and/or derivatives thereof; hyaluronate and/or derivatives thereof; hydrocortisone and/or derivatives thereof; ibuprofen and/or derivatives thereof; immunosuppressive agents and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., adrenocorticosteroids, cyclosporine, etc.); indomethacin and/or derivatives thereof; inhibitors of the sodium/calcium antiporter and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., amiloride, etc.); inhibitors of the IP 3  receptor and/or derivatives thereof; inhibitors of the sodium/hydrogen antiporter and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., amiloride and derivatives thereof, etc.); insulin and/or derivatives thereof; Interferon alpha 2 Macroglobulin and/or derivatives thereof; ketoconazole and/or derivatives thereof; Lepirudin and/or derivatives thereof; LISINOPRIL and/or derivatives thereof; LOVASTATIN and/or derivatives thereof; marevan and/or derivatives thereof; mefloquine and/or derivatives thereof; metalloproteinase inhibitors and/or derivatives thereof; methotrexate and/or derivatives thereof; metronidazole and/or derivatives thereof; miconazole and/or derivatives thereof; monoclonal antibodies and/or derivatives thereof; mutamycin and/or derivatives thereof; naproxen and/or derivatives thereof; nitric oxide and/or derivatives thereof; nitroprusside and/or derivatives thereof; nucleic acid analogues and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., peptide nucleic acids, etc.); nystatin and/or derivatives thereof; oligonucleotides and/or derivatives thereof; paclitaxel and/or derivatives thereof; penicillin and/or derivatives thereof; pentamidine isethionate and/or derivatives thereof; phenindione and/or derivatives thereof; phenylbutazone and/or derivatives thereof; phosphodiesterase inhibitors and/or derivatives thereof; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 and/or derivatives thereof; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-2 and/or derivatives thereof; Platelet Factor 4 and/or derivatives thereof; platelet derived growth factor and/or derivatives thereof; plavix and/or derivatives thereof; POSTMI 75 and/or derivatives thereof; prednisone and/or derivatives thereof; prednisolone and/or derivatives thereof; probucol and/or derivatives thereof; progesterone and/or derivatives thereof; prostacyclin and/or derivatives thereof; prostaglandin inhibitors and/or derivatives thereof; protamine and/or derivatives thereof; protease and/or derivatives thereof; protein kinase inhibitors and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., staurosporin, etc.); quinine and/or derivatives thereof; radioactive agents and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., Cu-64, Ca-67, Cs-131, Ga-68, Zr-89, Ku-97, Tc-99m, Rh-105,Pd-103, Pd-109, In-111,I-123,I-125,I-131,Re-186,Re-188,Au-198,Au-199,Pb-203,At-211, Pb-212, Bi-212, H 3 P 32 O 4 , etc.); rapamycin and/or derivatives thereof; receptor antagonists for histamine and/or derivatives thereof; refludan and/or derivatives thereof; retinoic acids and/or derivatives thereof; revasc and/or derivatives thereof; rifamycin and/or derivatives thereof; sense or anti-sense oligonucleotides and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., DNA, RNA, plasmid DNA, plasmid RNA, etc.); seramin and/or derivatives thereof; steroids; seramin and/or derivatives thereof; serotonin and/or derivatives thereof; serotonin blockers and/or derivatives thereof; streptokinase and/or derivatives thereof; sulfasalazine and/or derivatives thereof; sulfonamides and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., sulfamethoxazole, etc.); sulphated chitin derivatives; Sulphated Polysaccharide Peptidoglycan Complex and/or derivatives thereof; T H1  and/or derivatives thereof(e.g., Interleukins-2, -12, and -15, gamma interferon, etc.); thioprotese inhibitors and/or derivatives thereof; taxol and/or derivatives thereof (e.g., taxotere, baccatin, 10-deacetyltaxol, 7-xylosyl-10-deacetyltaxol, cephalomannine, 10-deacetyl-7-epitaxol, 7 epitaxol, 10-deacetylbaccatin III, 10-deacetylcephaolmannine, etc.); ticlid and/or derivatives thereof; ticlopidine and/or derivatives thereof; tick anti-coagulant peptide and/or derivatives thereof; thioprotese inhibitors and/or derivatives thereof; thyroid hormone and/or derivatives thereof; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 and/or derivatives thereof; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 and/or derivatives thereof; tissue plasma activators; TNF and/or derivatives thereof, tocopherol and/or derivatives thereof; toxins and/or derivatives thereof; tranilast and/or derivatives thereof; transforming growth factors alpha and beta and/or derivatives thereof; trapidil and/or derivatives thereof; triazolopyrimidine and/or derivatives thereof; vapiprost and/or derivatives thereof; vinblastine and/or derivatives thereof; vincristine and/or derivatives thereof; zidovudine and/or derivatives thereof. As can be appreciated, the biological agent can include one or more derivatives of the above listed compounds and/or other compounds. In one non-limiting embodiment, the biological agent includes, but is not limited to, trapidil, trapidil derivatives, taxol, taxol derivatives, cytochalasin, cytochalasin derivatives, paclitaxel, paclitaxel derivatives, rapamycin, rapamycin derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof. The type and/or amount of biological agent included on, in and/or in conjunction with the medical device is generally selected for the treatment of one or more medical treatments. Typically the amount of biological agent included on, in and/or used in conjunction with the medical device is about 0.01-100ug per mm2; however, other amounts can be used. The amount of two of more biological agents on, in and/or used in conjunction with the medical device can be the same or different. In one non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the medical device can be partially of fully coated with one or more biological agents, impregnated with one or more biological agents to facilitate in the success of a particular medical procedure. The one or more biological agents can be coated on and/or impregnated in the medical device by a variety of mechanisms such as, but not limited to, spraying (e.g., atomizing spray techniques, etc.), dip coating, roll coating, sonication, brushing, plasma deposition, depositing by vapor deposition.  
         [0015]     In a further and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the one or more biological agents on and/or in the medical device, when used on the medical device, can be released in a controlled manner so the area in question to be treated is provided with the desired dosage of biological agent over a sustained period of time. As can be appreciated, controlled release of one or more biological agents on the medical device is not always required and/or desirable. As such, one or more of the biological agents on and/or in the medical device can be uncontrollably released from the medical device during and/or after insertion of the medical device in the treatment area. It can also be appreciated that one or more biological agents on and/or in the medical device can be controllably released from the medical device and one or more biological agents on and/or in the medical device can be uncontrollably released from the medical device. It can also be appreciated that one or more biological agents on and/or in one region of the medical device can be controllably released from the medical device and one or more biological agents on and/or in the medical device can be uncontrollably released from another region on the medical device. As such, the medical device can be designed such that 1) all the biological agent on and/or in the medical device is controllably released, 2) some of the biological agent on and/or in the medical device is controllably released and some of the biological agent on the medical device is non-controllably released, or 3) none of the biological agent on and/or in the medical device is controllably released. The medical device can also be designed such that the rate of release of the one or more biological agents from the medical device is the same or different. The medical device can also be designed such that the rate of release of the one or more biological agents from one or more regions on the medical device is the same or different. Non-limiting arrangements that can be used to control the release of one or more biological agent from the medical device include a) at least partially coat one or more biological agents with one or more polymers, b) at least partially incorporate and/or at least partially encapsulate one or more biological agents into and/or with one or more polymers, and/or c) insert one or more biological agents in pores, passageway, cavities, etc. in the medical device and at least partially coat or cover such pores, passageway, cavities, etc. with one or more polymers. As can be appreciated, other or additional arrangements can be used to control the release of one or more biological agent from the medical device. The one or more polymers used to at least partially control the release of one or more biological agent from the medical device can be porous or non-porous. The one or more biological agents can be inserted into and/or applied to one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures on the medical device, and/or be used to at least partially form one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures on the medical device. As such, the one or more biological agents on the medical device can be 1) coated on one or more surface regions of the medical device, 2) inserted and/or impregnated in one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures, etc. of the medical device, and/or 3) form at least a portion or be included in at least a portion of the structure of the medical device. When the one or more biological agents are coated on the medical device, the one or more biological agents can 1) be directly coated on one or more surfaces of the medical device, 2) be mixed with one or more coating polymers or other coating materials and then at least partially coated on one or more surfaces of the medical device, 3) be at least partially coated on the surface of another coating material that has been at least partially coated on the medical device, and/or 4) be at least partially encapsulated between a) a surface or region of the medical device and one or more other coating materials and/or b) two or more other coating materials. As can be appreciated, many other coating arrangements can be additionally or alternatively used. When the one or more biological agents are inserted and/or impregnated in one or more internal structures, surface structures and/or micro-structures of the medical device, 1) one or more other coating materials can be applied at least partially over the one or more internal structures, surface structures and/or micro-structures of the medical device, and/or 2) one or more polymers can be combined with one or more biological agents. As such, the one or more biological agents can be 1) embedded in the structure of the medical device; 2) positioned in one or more internal structures of the medical device; 3) encapsulated between two polymer coatings; 4) encapsulated between the base structure and a polymer coating; 5) mixed in the base structure of the medical device that includes at least one polymer coating; or 6) one or more combinations of 1, 2, 3, 4 and/or 5. In addition or alternatively, the one or more coating of the one or more polymers on the medical device can include 1) one or more coatings of non-porous polymers; 2) one or more coatings of a combination of one or more porous polymers and one or more non-porous polymers; 3) one or more coating of porous polymer, or 4) one or more combinations of options 1, 2, and 3. As can be appreciated different biological agents can be located in and/or between different polymer coating layers and/or on and/or the structure of the medical device. As can also be appreciated, many other and/or additional coating combinations and/or configurations can be used. The concentration of one or more biological agents, the type of polymer, the type and/or shape of internal structures in the medical device and/or the coating thickness of one or more biological agents can be used to control the release time, the release rate and/or the dosage amount of one or more biological agents; however, other or additional combinations can be used. As such, the biological agent and polymer system combination and location on the medical device can be numerous. As can also be appreciated, one or more biological agents can be deposited on the top surface of the medical device to provide an initial uncontrolled burst effect of the one or more biological agents prior to 1) the control release of the one or more biological agents through one or more layers of polymer system that include one or more non-porous polymers and/or 2) the uncontrolled release of the one or more biological agents through one or more layers of polymer system. The one or more biological agents and/or polymers can be coated on the medical device by a variety of mechanisms such as, but not limited to, spraying (e.g., atomizing spray techniques, etc.), dip coating, roll coating, sonication, brushing, plasma deposition, and/or depositing by vapor deposition. The thickness of each polymer layer and/or layer of biological agent is generally at least about 0.01 μm and is generally less than about 150 μm. In one non-limiting embodiment, the thickness of a polymer layer and/or layer of biological agent is about 0.02-75μm, more particularly about 0.05-50 μm, and even more particularly about 1-30 μm. When the medical device includes and/or is coated with one or more biological agents such that at least one of the biological agents is at least partially controllably released from the medical device, the need or use of body-wide therapy for extended periods of time can be reduced or eliminated. In the past, the use of body-wide therapy was used by the patient long after the patient left the hospital or other type of medical facility. This body-wide therapy could last days, weeks, months or sometimes over a year after surgery. The medical device of the present invention can be applied or inserted into a treatment area and 1) merely requires reduced use and/or extended use of body wide therapy after application or insertion of the medical device or 2) does not require use and/or extended use of body-wide therapy after application or insertion of the medical device. As can be appreciated, use and/or extended use of body wide therapy can be used after application or insertion of the medical device at the treatment area. In one non-limiting example, no body-wide therapy is needed after the insertion of the medical device into a patient. In another and/or alternative non-limiting example, short term use of body-wide therapy is needed or used after the insertion of the medical device into a patient. Such short term use can be terminated after the release of the patient from the hospital or other type of medical facility, or one to two days or weeks after the release of the patient from the hospital or other type of medical facility; however, it will be appreciated that other time periods of body-wide therapy can be used. As a result of the use of the medical device of the present invention, the use of body-wide therapy after a medical procedure involving the insertion of a medical device into a treatment area can be significantly reduced or eliminated.  
         [0016]     In another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, controlled release of one or more biological agents from the medical device, when controlled release is desired, can be accomplished by using one or more non-porous polymer layers; however, other and/or additional mechanisms can be used to controllably release the one or more biological agents. The one or more biological agents are at least partially controllably released by molecular diffusion through the one or more non-porous polymer layers. When one or more non-porous polymer layers are used, the one or more polymer layers are typically biocompatible polymers; however, this is not required. The one or more non-porous polymers can be applied to the medical device without the use of chemical, solvents, and/or catalysts; however, this is not required. In one non-limiting example, the non-porous polymer can be at least partially applied by, but not limited to, vapor deposition and/or plasma deposition. The non-porous polymer can be selected so as to polymerize and cure merely upon condensation from the vapor phase; however, this is not required. The application of the one or more non-porous polymer layers can be accomplished without increasing the temperature above ambient temperature (e.g., 65-90° F.); however, this is not required. The non-porous polymer system can be mixed with one or more biological agents prior to being coated on the medical device and/or be coated on a medical device that previously included one or more biological agents; however, this is not required. The use or one or more non-porous polymer layers allow for accurate controlled release of the biological agent from the medical device. The controlled release of one or more biological agents through the non-porous polymer is at least partially controlled on a molecular level utilizing the motility of diffusion of the biological agent through the non-porous polymer. In one non-limiting example, the one or more non-porous polymer layers can include, but are not limited to, polyamide, parylene (e.g., parylene C, parylene N) and/or a parylene derivative.  
         [0017]     In still another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, controlled release of one or more biological agents from the medical device, when controlled release is desired, can be accomplished by using one or more polymers that form a chemical bond with one or more biological agents. In one non-limiting example, at least one biological agent includes trapidil, trapidil derivative or a salt thereof that is covalently bonded to at least one polymer such as, but not limited to, an ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer. The ethylene is the hydrophobic group and acrylic acid is the hydrophilic group. The mole ratio of the ethylene to the acrylic acid in the copolymer can be used to control the hydrophobicity of the copolymer. The degree of hydrophobicity of one or more polymers can also be used to control the release rate of one or more biological agents from the one or more polymers. The amount of biological agent that can be loaded with one or more polymers may be a function of the concentration of anionic groups and/or cationic groups in the one or more polymer. For biological agents that are anionic, the concentration of biological agent that can be loaded on the one or more polymers is generally a function of the concentration of cationic groups (e.g. amine groups and the like) in the one or more polymer and the fraction of these cationic groups that can ionically bind to the anionic form of the one or more biological agents. For biological agents that are cationic (e.g., trapidil, etc.), the concentration of biological agent that can be loaded on the one or more polymers is generally a function of the concentration of anionic groups (i.e., carboxylate groups, phosphate groups, sulfate groups, and/or other organic anionic groups) in the one or more polymers, and the fraction of these anionic groups that can ionically bind to the cationic form of the one or more biological agents. As such, the concentration of one or more biological agent that can be bound to the one or more polymers can be varied by controlling the amount of hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomer in the one or more polymers, by controlling the efficiency of salt formation between the biological agent, and/or the anionic/cationic groups in the one or more polymers.  
         [0018]     In still another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, controlled release of one or more biological agents from the medical device, when controlled release is desired, can be accomplished by using one or more polymers that include one or more induced cross-links. These one or more cross-links can be used to at least partially control the rate of release of the one or more biological agents from the one or more polymers. The cross-linking in the one or more polymers can be instituted by a number to techniques such as, but not limited to, using catalysts, using radiation, using heat, and/or the like. The one or more cross-links formed in the one or more polymers can result in the one or more biological agents to become partially or fully entrapped within the cross-linking, and/or form a bond with the cross-linking. As such, the partially or fully biological agent takes longer to release itself from the cross-linking, thereby delaying the release rate of the one or more biological agents from the one or more polymers. Consequently, the amount of biological agent, and/or the rate at which the biological agent is released from the medical device over time can be at least partially controlled by the amount or degree of cross-linking in the one or more polymers.  
         [0019]     In still a further and/or alternative aspect of the present invention, a variety of polymers can be coated on the medical device and/or be used to form at least a portion of the medical device. The one or more polymers can be used on the medical for a variety of reasons such as, but not limited to, 1) forming a portion of the medical device, 2) improving a physical property of the medical device (e.g., improve strength, improve durability, improve biocompatibility, reduce friction, etc.), 3) forming a protective coating on one or more surface structures on the medical device, 4) at least partially forming one or more surface structures on the medical device, and/or 5) at least partially controlling a release rate of one or more biological agents from the medical device. As can be appreciated, the one or more polymers can have other or additional uses on the medical device. The one or more polymers can be porous, non-porous, biostable, biodegradable (i.e., dissolves, degrades, is absorbed, or any combination thereof in the body), and/or biocompatible. When the medical device is coated with one or more polymers, the polymer can include 1) one or more coatings of non-porous polymers; 2) one or more coatings of a combination of one or more porous polymers and one or more non-porous polymers; 3) one or more coatings of one or more porous polymers and one or more coatings of one or more non-porous polymers; 4) one or more coating of porous polymer, or 5) one or more combinations of options 1, 2, 3 and 4. The thickness of one or more of the polymer layers can be the same or different. When one or more layers of polymer are coated onto at least a portion of the medical device, the one or more coatings can be applied by a variety of techniques such as, but not limited to, vapor deposition and/or plasma deposition, spraying, dip-coating, roll coating, sonication, atomization, brushing and/or the like; however, other or additional coating techniques can be used. The one or more polymers that can be coated on the medical device and/or used to at least partially form the medical device can be polymers that considered to be biodegradable, bioresorbable, or bioerodable; polymers that are considered to be biostable; and/or polymers that can be made to be biodegradable and/or bioresorbable with modification. Non-limiting examples of polymers that are considered to be biodegradable, bioresorbable, or bioerodable include, but are not limited to, aliphatic polyesters; poly(glycolic acid) and/or copolymers thereof (e.g., poly(glycolide trimethylene carbonate); poly(caprolactone glycolide)); poly(lactic acid) and/or isomers thereof (e.g., poly-L(lactic acid) and/or poly-D Lactic acid) and/or copolymers thereof (e.g. DL-PLA), with and without additives (e.g. calcium phosphate glass), and/or other copolymers (e.g. poly(caprolactone lactide), poly(lactide glycolide), poly(lactic acid ethylene glycol)); poly(ethylene glycol); poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate; poly(lactide); polyalkylene succinate; polybutylene diglycolate; polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB); polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV); polyhydroxybutyrate/polyhydroxyvalerate copolymer (PHB/PHV); poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate); polyhydroxyalkaoates (PHA); polycaprolactone; poly(caprolactone-polyethylene glycol) copolymer; poly(valerolactone); polyanhydrides; poly(orthoesters) and/or blends with polyanhydrides; poly(anhydride-co-imide); polycarbonates (aliphatic); poly(hydroxyl-esters); polydioxanone; polyanhydrides; polyanhydride esters; polycyanoacrylates; poly(alkyl 2-cyanoacrylates); poly(amino acids); poly(phosphazenes); poly(propylene fumarate); poly(propylene fumarate-co-ethylene glycol); poly(fumarate anhydrides); fibrinogen; fibrin; gelatin; cellulose and/or cellulose derivatives and/or cellulosic polymers (e.g., cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose ethers, cellulose nitrate, cellulose propionate, cellophane); chitosan and/or chitosan derivatives (e.g., chitosan NOCC, chitosan NOOC-G); alginate; polysaccharides; starch; amylase; collagen; polycarboxylic acids; poly(ethyl ester-co-carboxylate carbonate) (and/or other tyrosine derived polycarbonates); poly(iminocarbonate); poly(BPA-iminocarbonate); poly(trimethylene carbonate); poly(iminocarbonate-amide) copolymers and/or other pseudo-poly(amino acids); poly(ethylene glycol); poly(ethylene oxide); poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(butylene terephthalate) copolymer; poly(epsilon-caprolactone-dimethyltrimethylene carbonate); poly(ester amide); poly(amino acids) and conventional synthetic polymers thereof; poly(alkylene oxalates); poly(alkylcarbonate); poly(adipic anhydride); nylon copolyamides; NO-carboxymethyl chitosan NOCC); carboxymethyl cellulose; copoly(ether-esters) (e.g., PEO/PLA dextrans); polyketals; biodegradable polyethers; biodegradable polyesters; polydihydropyrans; polydepsipeptides; polyarylates (L-tyrosine-derived) and/or free acid polyarylates; polyamides (e.g., Nylon 66, polycaprolactam); poly(propylene fumarate-co-ethylene glycol) (e.g., fumarate anhydrides); hyaluronates; poly-p-dioxanone; polypeptides and proteins; polyphosphoester; polyphosphoester urethane; polysaccharides; pseudo-poly(amino acids); starch; terpolymer; (copolymers of glycolide, lactide, or dimethyltrimethylene carbonate); rayon; rayon triacetate; latex; and/pr copolymers, blends, and/or composites of above. Non-limiting examples of polymers that considered to be biostable include, but are not limited to, parylene; parylene c; parylene f; parylene n; parylene derivatives; maleic anyhydride polymers; phosphorylcholine; poly n-butyl methacrylate (PBMA); polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate (PEVA); PBMA/PEVA blend or copolymer; polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon®) and derivatives; poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide (Kevlar®); poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK); poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene) (Translute™); tetramethyldisiloxane (side chain or copolymer); polyimides polysulfides; poly(ethylene terephthalate); poly(methyl methacrylate); poly(ethylene-co-methyl methacrylate); styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene block copolymers; ABS; SAN; acrylic polymers and/or copolymers (e.g., n-butyl-acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, lauryl-acrylate, 2-hydroxy-propyl acrylate, polyhydroxyethyl, methacrylate/methylmethacrylate copolymers); glycosaminoglycans; alkyd resins; elastin; polyether sulfones; epoxy resin; poly(oxymethylene); polyolefins; polymers of silicone; polymers of methane; polyisobutylene; ethylene-alphaolefin copolymers; polyethylene; polyacrylonitrile; fluorosilicones; poly(propylene oxide); polyvinyl aromatics (e.g. polystyrene); poly(vinyl ethers) (e.g. polyvinyl methyl ether); poly(vinyl ketones); poly(vinylidene halides) (e.g. polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene chloride); poly(vinylpyrolidone); poly(vinylpyrolidone)/vinyl acetate copolymer; polyvinylpridine prolastin or silk-elastin polymers (SELP); silicone; silicone rubber; polyurethanes (polycarbonate polyurethanes, silicone urethane polymer) (e.g., chronoflex varieties, bionate varieties); vinyl halide polymers and/or copolymers (e.g. polyvinyl chloride); polyacrylic acid; ethylene acrylic acid copolymer; ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer; polyvinyl alcohol; poly(hydroxyl alkylmethacrylate); Polyvinyl esters (e.g. polyvinyl acetate); and/or copolymers, blends, and/or composites of above. Non-limiting examples of polymers that can be made to be biodegradable and/or bioresorbable with modification include, but are not limited to, hyaluronic acid (hyanluron); polycarbonates; polyorthocarbonates; copolymers of vinyl monomers; polyacetals; biodegradable polyurethanes; polyacrylamide; polyisocyanates; polyamide; and/or copolymers, blends, and/or composites of above. As can be appreciated, other and/or additional polymers and/or derivatives of one or more of the above listed polymers can be used. The one or more polymers can be coated on the medical device by a variety of mechanisms such as, but not limited to, spraying (e.g., atomizing spray techniques, etc.), dip coating, roll coating, sonication, brushing, plasma deposition, and/or depositing by vapor deposition. The thickness of each polymer layer is generally at least about 0.01 μm and is generally less than about 150 μm; however, other thicknesses can be used. In one non-limiting embodiment, the thickness of a polymer layer and/or layer of biological agent is about 0.02-75 μm, more particularly about 0.05-50 μm, and even more particularly about 1-30 μm. As can be appreciated, other thicknesses can be used. In one non-limiting embodiment, the medical device includes and/or is coated with parylene, PLGA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these polymers. In another and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment, the medical device includes and/or is coated with a non-porous polymer that includes, but is not limited to, polyamide, parylene c, parylene n and/or a parylene derivative. In still another and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment, the medical device includes and/or is coated with poly(ethylene oxide), poly(ethylene glycol), and poly(propylene oxide), polymers of silicone, methane, tetrafluoroethylene (including TEFLON brand polymers), tetramethyldisiloxane, and the like.  
         [0020]     In another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the medical device, when including and/or is coated with one or more biological agents, can include and/or can be coated with one or more biological agents that are the same or different in different regions of the medical device and/or have differing amounts and/or concentrations in differing regions of the medical device. For instance, the medical device can a) be coated with and/or include one or more biologicals on at least one portion of the medical device and at least another portion of the medical device is not coated with and/or includes biological agent; b) be coated with and/or include one or more biologicals on at least one portion of the medical device that is different from one or more biologicals on at least another portion of the medical device; c) be coated with and/or include one or more biologicals at a concentration on at least one portion of the medical device that is different from the concentration of one or more biologicals on at least another portion of the medical device; etc.  
         [0021]     In still another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, one or more surfaces of the medical device can be treated to achieve the desired coating properties of the one or more biological agents and one or more polymers coated on the medical device. Such surface treatment techniques include, but are not limited to, cleaning, buffing, smoothing, etching (chemical etching, plasma etching, etc.), etc. When an etching process is used, various gasses can be used for such a surface treatment process such as, but not limited to, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, Freon, helium, hydrogen, etc. The plasma etching process can be used to clean the surface of the medical device, change the surface properties of the medical device so as to affect the adhesion properties, lubricity properties, etc. of the surface of the medical device. As can be appreciated, other or additional surface treatment processes can be used prior to the coating of one or more biological agents and/or polymers on the surface of the medical device. In one non-limiting manufacturing process, one or more portions of the medical device are cleaned and/or plasma etched; however, this is not required. Plasma etching can be used to clean the surface of the medical device, and/or to form one or more non-smooth surfaces on the medical device to facilitate in the adhesion of one or more coatings of biological agents and/or one or more coatings of polymer on the medical device. The gas for the plasma etching can include carbon dioxide and/or other gasses. Once one or more surface regions of the medical device have been treated, one or more coatings of polymer and/or biological agent can be applied to one or more regions of the medical device. For instance, 1) one or more layers of porous or non-porous polymer can be coated on an outer and/or inner surface of the medical device, 2) one or more layers of biological agent can be coated on an outer and/or inner surface of the medical device, or 3) one or more layers of porous or non-porous polymer that includes one or more biological agents can be coated on an outer and/or inner surface of the medical device. The one or more layers of biological agent can be applied to the medical device by a variety of techniques (e.g., dipping, rolling, brushing, spraying, particle atomization, etc.). One non-limiting coating technique is by an ultrasonic mist coating process wherein ultrasonic waves are used to break up the droplet of biological agent and form a mist of very fine droplets. These fine droplets have an average droplet diameter of about 0.1-3 microns. The fine droplet mist facilitates in the formation of a uniform coating thickness and can increase the coverage area on the medical device.  
         [0022]     In still yet another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, one or more portions of the medical device can 1) include the same or different biological agents, 2) include the same or different amount of one or more biological agents, 3) include the same or different polymer coatings, 4) include the same or different coating thicknesses of one or more polymer coatings, 5) have one or more portions of the medical device controllably release and/or uncontrollably release one or more biological agents, and/or 6) have one or more portions of the medical device controllably release one or more biological agents and one or more portions of the medical device uncontrollably release one or more biological agents.  
         [0023]     In yet another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the invention, the medical device can include a marker material that facilitates enabling the medical device to be properly positioned in a body passageway. The marker material is typically designed to be visible to electromagnetic waves (e.g., x-rays, microwaves, visible light, inferred waves, ultraviolet waves, etc.); sound waves (e.g., ultrasound waves, etc.); magnetic waves (e.g., MRI, etc.); and/or other types of electromagnetic waves (e.g., microwaves, visible light, inferred waves, ultraviolet waves, etc.). In one non-limiting embodiment, the marker material is visible to x-rays (i.e., radiopaque). The marker material can form all or a portion of the medical device and/or be coated on one or more portions (flaring portion and/or body portion; at ends of medical device; at or near transition of body portion and flaring section; etc.) of the medical device. The location of the marker material can be on one or multiple locations on the medical device. The size of the one or more regions that include the marker material can be the same or different. The marker material can be spaced at defined distances from one another so as to form ruler like markings on the medical device to facilitate in the positioning of the medical device in a body passageway. The marker material can be a rigid or flexible material. The marker material can be a biostable or biodegradable material. When the marker material is a rigid material, the marker material is typically formed of a metal material (e.g., metal band, metal plating, etc.); however, other or additional materials can be used. The metal which at least partially forms the medical device can function as a marker material; however, this is not required. When the marker material is a flexible material, the marker material typically is formed of one or more polymers that are marker materials in-of-themselves and/or include one or more metal powders and/or metal compounds. In one non-limiting embodiment, the flexible marker material includes one or more metal powders in combinations with parylene, PLGA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these polymers. In another and/or alternative non-limiting embodiment, the flexible marker material includes one or more metals and/or metal powders of aluminum, barium, bismuth, cobalt, copper, chromium, gold, iron, stainless steel, titanium, vanadium, nickel, zirconium, niobium, lead, molybdenum, platinum, yttrium, calcium, rare earth metals, rhenium, zinc, silver, depleted radioactive elements, tantalum and/or tungsten; and/or compounds thereof The marker material can be coated with a polymer protective material; however, this is not required. When the marker material is coated with a polymer protective material, the polymer coating can be used to 1) at least partially insulate the marker material from body fluids, 2) facilitate in retaining the marker material on the medical device, 3) at least partially shielding the marker material from damage during a medical procedure and/or 4) provide a desired surface profile on the medical device. As can be appreciated, the polymer coating can have other or additional uses. The polymer protective coating can be a biostable polymer or a biodegradable polymer (e.g., degrades and/or is absorbed). The coating thickness of the protective coating polymer material, when used, is typically less than about 300 microns; however, other thicknesses can be used. In one non-limiting embodiment, the protective coating materials include parylene, PLGA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these polymers.  
         [0024]     In a further and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the medical device or one or more regions of the medical device can be constructed by use of one or more microelectromechanical manufacturing techniques (MEMS (e.g., micro-machining, laser micro-machining, laser micro-machining, micro-molding, etc.); however, other or additional manufacturing techniques can be used. The medical device can include one or more surface structures (e.g., pore, channel, pit, rib, slot, notch, bump, teeth, needle, well, hole, groove, etc.). These structures can be at least partially formed by MEMS (e.g., micro-machining, etc.) technology and/or other types of technology. The medical device can include one or more micro-structures (e.g., micro-needle, micro-pore, micro-cylinder, micro-cone, micro-pyramid, micro-tube, micro-parallelopiped, micro-prism, micro-hemisphere, teeth, rib, ridge, ratchet, hinge, zipper, zip-tie like structure, etc.) on the surface of the medical device. As defined herein, a micro-structure is a structure that has at least one dimension (e.g., average width, average diameter, average height, average length, average depth, etc.) that is no more than about 2 mm, and typically no more than about 1 mm. As can be appreciated, the medical device, when including one or more surface structures, a) all the surface structures can be micro-structures, b) all the surface structures can be non-micro-structures, or c) a portion of the surface structures can be micro-structures and a portion can be non-micro-structures. Non-limiting examples of structures that can be formed on the medical devices such as stents are illustrated in United States Patent Publication Nos. 2004/0093076 and 2004/0093077, which are incorporated herein by reference. Typically, the micro-structures, when formed, extend from or into the outer surface no more than about 400 microns, and more typically less than about 300 microns, and more typically about 15-250 microns; however, other sizes can be used. The micro-structures can be clustered together or disbursed throughout the surface of the medical device. Similar shaped and/or sized micro-structures and/or surface structures can be used, or different shaped and/or sized micro-structures can be used. When one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures are designed to extend from the surface of the medical device, the one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures can be formed in the extended position and/or be designed so as to extend from the medical device during and/or after deployment of the medical device in a treatment area. The micro-structures and/or surface structures can be designed to contain and/or be fluidly connected to a passageway, cavity, etc.; however, this is not required. The one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures can be used to engage and/or penetrate surrounding tissue or organs once the medical device has been positioned on and/or in a patient; however, this is not required. The one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures can be used to facilitate in forming or maintaining a shape of a medical device (i.e., see devices in U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2004/0093076 and 2004/0093077). The one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures can be at least partially formed by MEMS (e.g., micro-machining, laser micro-machining, micro-molding, etc.) technology; however, this is not required. In one non-limiting embodiment, the one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures can be at least partially formed of a biological agent and/or be formed of a polymer. One or more of the surface structures and/or micro-structures can include one or more internal passageways that can include one or more materials (e.g., biological agent, polymer, etc.); however, this is not required. The one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures can be formed by a variety of processes (e.g., machining, chemical modifications, chemical reactions, MEMS (e.g., micro-machining, etc.), etching, laser cutting, etc.). The one or more coatings and/or one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures of the medical device can be used for a variety of purposes such as, but not limited to, 1) increasing the bonding and/or adhesion of one or more biological agents, adhesives, marker materials and/or polymers to the medical device, 2) changing the appearance or surface characteristics of the medical device, and/or 3) controlling the release rate of one or more biological agents. The one or more micro-structures and/or surface structures can be biostable, biodegradable, etc. One or more regions of the medical device that are at least partially formed by microelectromechanical manufacturing techniques can be biostable, biodegradable, etc. The medical device or one or more regions of the medical device can be at least partially covered and/or filled with a protective material so to at least partially protect one or more regions of the medical device, and/or one or more micro-structures and/or surface structures on the medical device from damage. One or more regions of the medical device, and/or one or more micro-structures and/or surface structures on the medical device can be damaged when the medical device is 1) packaged and/or stored, 2) unpackaged, 3) connected to and/or other secured and/or placed on another medical device, 4) inserted into a treatment area, 5) handled by a user, and/or 6) form a barrier between one or more micro-structures and/or surface structures and fluids in the body passageway. As can be appreciated, the medical device can be damaged in other or additional ways. The protective material can be used to protect the medical device and one or more micro-structures and/or surface structures from such damage. The protective material can include one or more polymers previously identified above. The protective material can be 1) biostable and/or biodegradable and/or 2) porous and/or non-porous. In one non-limiting design, the polymer is at least partially biodegradable so as to at least partially exposed one or more micro-structure and/or surface structure to the environment after the medical device has been at least partially inserted into a treatment area. In another and/or additional non-limiting design, the protective material includes, but is not limited to, sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, sucrose, etc.), carbohydrate compound, salt (e.g., NaCl, etc.), parylene, PLGA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these materials; however, other and/or additional materials can be used. In still another and/or additional non-limiting design, the thickness of the protective material is generally less than about 300 microns, and typically less than about 150 microns; however, other thicknesses can be used. The protective material can be coated by one or more mechanisms previously described herein.  
         [0025]     In still yet another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the present invention, the medical device can include and/or be used with a physical hindrance. The physical hindrance can include, but is not limited to, an adhesive, a sheath, a magnet, tape, wire, string, etc. The physical hindrance can be used to 1) physically retain one or more regions of the medical device in a particular form or profile, 2) physically retain the medical device on a particular deployment device, 3) protect one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures on the medical device, and/or 4) form a barrier between one or more surface regions, surface structures and/or micro-structures on the medical device and the fluids in a body passageway. As can be appreciated, the physical hindrance can have other and/or additional functions. The physical hindrance is typically a biodegradable material; however, a biostable material can be used. The physical hindrance can be designed to withstand sterilization of the medical device; however, this is not required. The physical hindrance can be applied to, included in and/or be used in conjunction with one or more medical devices. Additionally or alternatively, the physical hindrance can be designed to be used with and/or conjunction with a medical device for a limited period of time and then 1) disengage from the medical device after the medical device has been partially or fully deployed and/or 2) dissolve and/or degrade during and/or after the medical device has been partially or fully deployed; however, this is not required. Additionally, or alternatively, the physical hindrance can be designed and be formulated to be temporarily used with a medical device to facilitate in the deployment of the medical device; however, this is not required. In one non-limiting use of the physical hindrance, the physical hindrance is designed or formulated to at least partially secure a medical device to another device that is used to at least partially transport the medical device to a location for treatment. In another and/or alternative non-limiting use of the physical hindrance, the physical hindrance is designed or formulated to at least partially maintain the medical device in a particular shape or form until the medical device is at least partially positioned in a treatment location. In still another and/or alternative non-limiting use of the physical hindrance, the physical hindrance is designed or formulated to at least partially maintain and/or secure one type of medical device to another type of medical instrument or device until the medical device is at least partially positioned in a treatment location. The physical hindrance can also or alternatively be designed and formulated to be used with a medical device to facilitate in the use of the medical device. In one non-limiting use of the physical hindrance, when in the form of an adhesive, can be formulated to at least partially secure a medical device to a treatment area so as to facilitate in maintaining the medical device at the treatment area. For instance, the physical hindrance can be used in such use to facilitate in maintaining a medical device on or at a treatment area until the medical device is properly secured to the treatment area by sutures, stitches, screws, nails, rod, etc; however, this is not required. Additionally or alternatively, the physical hindrance can be used to facilitate in maintaining a medical device on or at a treatment area until the medical device has partially or fully accomplished its objective. The physical hindrance is typically a biocompatible material so as to not cause unanticipated adverse effects when properly used. The physical hindrance can be biostable or biodegradable (e.g., degrades and/or is absorbed, etc.). When the physical hindrance includes or has one or more adhesives, the one or more adhesives can be applied to the medical device by, but is not limited to, spraying (e.g., atomizing spray techniques, etc.), dip coating, roll coating, sonication, brushing, plasma deposition, and/or depositing by vapor deposition, brushing, painting, etc.) on the medical device. The physical hindrance can also or alternatively form at least a part of the medical device. One or more regions and/or surfaces of a medical device can also or alternatively include the physical hindrance. The physical hindrance can include one or more biological agents and/or other materials (e.g., marker material, polymer, etc.); however, this is not required. When the physical hindrance is or includes an adhesive, the adhesive can be formulated to controllably release one or more biological agents in the adhesive and/or coated on and/or contained within the medical device; however, this is not required. The adhesive can also or alternatively control the release of one or more biological agents located on and/or contained in the medical device by forming a penetrable or non-penetrable barrier to such biological agents; however, this is not required. The adhesive can include and/or be mixed with one or more polymers; however, this is not required. The one or more polymers can be used to 1) control the time of adhesion provided by said adhesive, 2) control the rate of degradation of the adhesive, and/or 3) control the rate of release of one or more biological agents from the adhesive and/or diffusing or penetrating through the adhesive layer; however, this is not required. When the physical hindrance includes a sheath, the sheath can be designed to partially or fully encircle the medical device. The sheath can be designed to be physically removed from the medical device after the medical device is deployed to a treatment area; however, this is not required. The sheath can be formed of a biodegradable material that at least partially degrades over time to at least partially expose one or more surface regions, micro-structures and/or surface structures of the medical device; however, this is not required. The sheath can include and/or be at least partially coated with one or more biological agents. The sheath includes one or more polymers; however, this is not required. The one or more polymers can be used for a variety of reasons such as, but not limited to, 1) forming a portion of the sheath, 2) improving a physical property of the sheath (e.g., improve strength, improve durability, improve biocompatibility, reduce friction, etc.), and/or 3 at least partially controlling a release rate of one or more biological agents from the sheath. As can be appreciated, the one or more polymers can have other or additional uses on the sheath.  
         [0026]     In still another and/or alternative aspect of the invention, the medical device can be an expandable device that can be expanded by use of some other device (e.g., balloon, etc.) and/or is self expanding. The expandable medical device can be fabricated from a material that has no or substantially no shape memory characteristics or can be partially fabricated from a material having shape-memory characteristics. Typically, when one or more shape-memory materials are used, the shape memory material composition is selected such that the shape memory material remains in an unexpanded configuration at a cold temperature (e.g., below body temperature); however, this is not required. When the shape memory material is heated (e.g., to body temperature) the expandable body section can be designed to expand to at least partially seal and secure the stent in a body passageway or other region; however, this is not required.  
         [0027]     In still another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the invention, the medical device can be used in conjunction with one or more other biological agents that are not on the medical device. For instance, the success of the medical device can be improved by infusing, injecting or consuming orally one or more biological agents. Such biological agents can be the same and/or different from the one or more biological agents on and/or in the medical device. Such use of one or more biological agents are commonly used in systemic treatment of a patient after a medical procedure such as body wide after the medical device has been inserted in the treatment area can be reduced or eliminated by use of the novel alloy. Although the medical device of the present invention can be designed to reduce or eliminate the need for long periods of body wide therapy after the medical device has been inserted in the treatment area, the use of one or more biological agents can be used in conjunction with the medical device to enhance the success of the medical device and/or reduce or prevent the occurrence of one or more biological problems (e.g., in-stent restenosis, vascular narrowing, thrombosis, infection, rejection of the medical device, etc.). For instance, solid dosage forms of biological agents for oral administration, and/or for other types of administration (e.g., suppositories, etc.) can be used. Such solid forms can include, but are not limited to, capsules, tablets, effervescent tablets, chewable tablets, pills, powders, sachets, granules and gels. The solid form of the capsules, tablets, effervescent tablets, chewable tablets, pills, etc. can have a variety of shapes such as, but not limited to, spherical, cubical, cylindrical, pyramidal, and the like. In such solid dosage form, one or more biological agents can be admixed with at least one filler material such as, but not limited to, sucrose, lactose or starch; however, this is not required. Such dosage forms can include additional substances such as, but not limited to, inert diluents (e.g., lubricating agents, etc.). When capsules, tablets, effervescent tablets or pills are used, the dosage form can also include buffering agents; however, this is not required. Soft gelatin capsules can be prepared to contain a mixture of the one or more biological agents in combination with vegetable oil or other types of oil; however, this is not required. Hard gelatin capsules can contain granules of the one or more biological agents in combination with a solid carrier such as, but not limited to, lactose, potato starch, corn starch, cellulose derivatives of gelatin, etc; however, this is not required. Tablets and pills can be prepared with enteric coatings for additional time release characteristics; however, this is not required. Liquid dosage forms of the one or more biological agents for oral administration can include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, elixirs, etc.; however, this is not required. In one non-limiting embodiment, when at least a portion of one or more biological agents is inserted into a treatment area (e.g., gel form, paste form, etc.) and/or provided orally (e.g., pill, capsule, etc.) and/or anally (suppository, etc.), one or more of the biological agents can be controllably released; however, this is not required. In one non-limiting example, one or more biological agents can be given to a patient in solid dosage form and one or more of such biological agents can be controllably released from such solid dosage forms. In another and/or alternative non-limiting example trapidil, trapidil derivatives, taxol, taxol derivatives, cytochalasin, cytochalasin derivatives, paclitaxel, paclitaxel derivatives, rapamycin, rapamycin derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof are given to a patient prior to, during and/or after the insertion of the medical device in a treatment area. As can be appreciated, other or additional biological agents can be used. Certain types of biological agents may be desirable to be present in a treated area for an extended period of time in order to utilize the full or nearly full clinical potential the biological agent. For instance, trapidil and/or trapidil derivatives is a compound that has many clinical attributes including, but not limited to, anti-platelet effects, inhibition of smooth muscle cells and monocytes, fibroblast proliferation and increased MAPK-1 which in turn deactivates kinase, a vasodilator, etc. These attributes can be effective in improving the success of a medical device that has been inserted at a treatment area. In some situations, these positive effects of trapidil and/or trapidil derivatives need to be prolonged in a treatment area in order to achieve complete clinical competency. Trapidil and/or trapidil derivatives have a half life in vivo of about 2-4 hours with hepatic clearance of 48 hours. In order to utilize the full clinical potential of trapidil and/or trapidil derivatives, trapidil and/or trapidil derivatives should be metabolized over an extended period of time without interruption; however, this is not required. By inserting trapidil and/or trapidil derivatives in a solid dosage form, the trapidil and/or trapidil derivatives could be released in a patient over extended periods of time in a controlled manner to achieve complete or nearly complete clinical competency of the trapidil and/or trapidil derivatives. In another and/or alternative non-limiting example, one or more biological agents are at least partially encapsulated in one or more polymers. The one or more polymers can be biodegradable, non-biodegradable, porous, and/or non-porous. When the one or more polymers are biodegradable, the rate of degradation of the one or more biodegradable polymers can be used to at least partially control the rate at which one or more biological agent that are released into a body passageway and/or other parts of the body over time. The one or more biological agents can be at least partially encapsulated with different polymer coating thickness, different numbers of coating layers, and/or with different polymers to alter the rate at which one or more biological agents are released in a body passageway and/or other parts of the body over time. The rate of degradation of the polymer is principally a function of 1) the water permeability and solubility of the polymer, 2) chemical composition of the polymer and/or biological agent, 3) mechanism of hydrolysis of the polymer, 4) the biological agent encapsulated in the polymer, 5) the size, shape and surface volume of the polymer, 6) porosity of the polymer, 7) the molecular weight of the polymer, 8) the degree of cross-linking in the polymer, 9) the degree of chemical bonding between the polymer and biological agent, and/or 10) the structure of the polymer and/or biological agent. As can be appreciated, other factors may also affect the rate of degradation of the polymer. When the one or more polymers are biostable, the rate at when the one or more biological agents are released from the biostable polymer is a function of 1) the porosity of the polymer, 2) the molecular diffusion rate of the biological agent through the polymer, 3) the degree of cross-linking in the polymer, 4) the degree of chemical bonding between the polymer and biological agent, 5) chemical composition of the polymer and/or biological agent, 6) the biological agent encapsulated in the polymer, 7) the size, shape and surface volume of the polymer, and/or 8) the structure of the polymer and/or biological agent. As can be appreciated, other factors may also affect the rate of release of the one or more biological agents from the biostable polymer. Many different polymers can be used such as, but not limited to, aliphatic polyester compounds (e.g., PLA (i.e. poly(D, L-lactic acid), poly(L-lactic acid)), PLGA (i.e. poly(lactide-co-glycoside), etc.), POE, PEG, PLLA, parylene, chitosan and/or derivatives thereof. As can be appreciated, the at least partially encapsulated biological agent can be introduced into a patient by means other than by oral introduction, such as, but not limited to, injection, topical applications, intravenously, eye drops, nasal spray, surgical insertion, suppositories, intra-articularly, intra-ocularly, intra-nasally, intra-dermally, sublingually, intra-vesically, intrathecally, intraperitoneally, intracranially, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, directly at a particular site, and the like.  
         [0028]     In yet another and/or alternative non-limiting aspect of the invention, the medical device is in the form of a stent. The stent can be an expandable stent that is expandable by a balloon and/or is self-expanding. The stent can have one or more body members. The one or more body members can include first and second ends and a wall surface disposed between the first and second ends. Typically each body member has a first cross-sectional area which permits delivery of the body member into a body passageway, and a second, expanded cross-sectional area. The expansion of one or more body members of the stent can be accomplished in a variety of manners. In one manner, one or more body members are expanded to the second cross-sectional area by a radially, outwardly extending force applied at least partially from the interior region of the body member (e.g. by use of a balloon, etc.). The body member can include shape memory materials; however, this is not required. The second cross-sectional area of the stent can be fixed or variable. The stent can be designed such that one or more body members expand while substantially retaining the original longitudinal length of the body member; however, this is not required. The one or more body members can have a first cross-sectional shape that is generally circular so as to form a substantially tubular body member; however, the one or more body members can have other cross-sectional shapes. When the stent includes two or more body members, the two or more body members can be connected together by at least one connector member. The stent can include rounded, smooth and/or blunt surfaces to minimize and/or prevent potential damage to a body passageway as the stent is inserted into a body passageway and/or expanded in a body passageway; however, this is not required. The stent can be treated with gamma, beta and/or e-beam radiation, and/or otherwise sterilized; however, this is not required. The stent is partially or fully formed from the novel metal alloy. The use of the novel metal alloy to form all or a portion of the stent can result in several advantages over stents formed from other materials.  
         [0029]     In one non-limiting application of the present invention, there is provided a medical device that is at least partially formed of a novel metal alloy that is bioabsodable. The novel metal alloy imparts one or more improved physical characteristics to the medical device (e.g., strength, durability, hardness, biostability, bendability, coefficient of friction, radial strength, flexibility, tensile strength, longitudinal lengthening, stress-strain properties, improved recoil properties, radiopacity, heat sensitivity, biocapatability,-bioabsorbability, biodegradability, etc.). The novel metal alloy includes at least about 80 weight percent magnesium. The novel metal alloy is at least partially bioabsorbable and/or biodegradable. The medical device can be designed to release one or more biological agents in a controlled and/or uncontrolled fashion; however, this is not required. For instance, all of the biological agent on the medical device, when used, can be controllably released from the medical device, all of the biological agent on the medical device, when used, can be uncontrollably released from the medical device, or some of the biological agent on the medical device, when used, can be controllably released and some uncontrollably released from the medical device. The controlled release of the one or more biological agents, when used, can be at least partially accomplished by molecular diffusion through one or more non-porous polymer layers; however, it will be appreciated that other, or additional mechanism can be used to control the rate of release of one or more biological agents from one or more regions of the medical device. The medical device can include one or more layers of polymer and/or biological agent on the surface structure of one or more regions of the medical device; however, this is not required. The one or more polymers, when used, can include parylene (e.g., parylene C, parylene N), PLGA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these polymers; however, other or additional polymers can be used. Many different biological agents, when used, can be used on the medical device. Such biological agents can include, but not limited to, trapidil, trapidil derivatives, taxol, taxol derivatives, cytochalasin, cytochalasin derivatives, paclitaxel, paclitaxel derivatives, rapamycin, rapamycin derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof; however, it will be appreciated that other or additional biological agents can be used. The polymer and/or biological agent, when included on and/or forms a portion of the medical device, can be hydrophobic or hydrophilic so as to facilitate in the controlled release of the one or more biological agents; however, this is not required. The thickness of the one or more polymer layers, when used, can be selected to facilitate in the controlled release of the one or more biological agents; however, this is not required. The molecular weight and/or molecular structure of the one or more biological agents and/or one or more polymers, when used, can be selected to facilitate in the release of the one or more biological agents; however, this is not required. The medical device can have a variety of applications such as, but not limited to placement into the vascular system, esophagus, trachea, colon, biliary tract, or urinary tract; however, the medical device can have other applications. The medical device can have one or more body members, wherein each body member includes first and second ends and a wall surface disposed between the first and second ends. Each body member can have a first cross-sectional area which permits delivery of the body member into a body passageway, and a second, expanded cross-sectional area. The expansion of the medical device body member can be accomplished in a variety of manners. Typically, the body member is expanded to its second cross-sectional area by a radially, outwardly extending force applied at least partially from the interior region of the body member (e.g. by use of a balloon, etc.); however, this is not required. When the second cross-sectional area is variable, the second cross-sectional area is typically dependent upon the amount of radially outward force applied to the body member. The medical device can be designed such that the body member expands while retaining the original length of the body member; however, this is not required. The body member can have a first cross-sectional shape that is generally circular so as to form a substantially tubular body member; however, the body member can have other cross-sectional shapes. When the medical device includes two of more body members, the two of more body members can be connected together by at least one connector member. The medical device can include rounded, smooth and/or blunt surfaces to minimize and/or prevent damage to a body passageway as the medical device is inserted into a body passageway and/or expanded in a body passageway; however, this is not required. The medical device can be treated with gamma, beta and/or e-beam radiation, and/or otherwise sterilized; however, this is not required. The medical device can have multiple sections; however, this is not required. The sections of the medical device can have a uniform architectural configuration, or can have differing architectural configurations. Each of the sections of the medical device can be formed of a single part or formed of multiple parts which have been attached. When a section is formed of multiple parts, typically the section is formed into one continuous piece; however, this is not required. As can be appreciated, the medical device can be formed into other devices such as, but not limited to, an orthopedic device, PFO (patent foramen ovale) device, other types of grafts, guide wide, sheaths, stent catheters, electrophysiology catheters, other type of implant, valve, screw, nail, rod, hypotube, catheter, staple or cutting device, etc. The medical device can include one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures that include one or more biological agents, adhesives and/or polymers; however, this is not required. These structures can be at least partially formed by MEMS (e.g., micro-machining, etc.) technology and/or other types of technology. The structures can be designed to contain and/or be fluidly connected to a passageway that includes one or more biological agents; however, this is not required. These structures can be used to engage and/or penetrate surrounding tissue or organs once the medical device has be position on and/or in a patient; however, this is not required. One or more polymers, adhesive and/or biological agents can be inserted in these structures and/or at least partially form these structures of the medical device; however, this is not required. The structures, when used, can be clustered together or disbursed throughout the surface of the medical device. Similar shaped and/or sized surface structures can be used, or different shaped and/or sized structures can be used. The surface topography of the medical device can be uniform or vary to achieve the desired operation and/or biological agent released from the medical device. As can be appreciated, the medical device or one or more regions of the medical device can be constructed by use of one or more microelectromechanical manufacturing techniques (MEMS (e.g., micro-machining, etc.)); however, this is not required. Materials that can be used by MEMS (e.g., micro-machining, etc.) technology include, but are not limited to, chitosan, a chitosan derivative, PLGA, a PLGA derivative, PLA, a PLA derivative, PEVA, a PEVA derivative, PBMA, a PBMA derivative, POE, a POE derivative, PGA, a PGA derivative, PLLA, a PLLA derivative, PAA, a PAA derivative, PEG, and chitosan, a chitosan derivative, PLGA, a PLGA derivative, PLA, a PLA derivative, PEVA, a PEVA derivative, PBMA, a PBMA derivative, POE, a POE derivative, PGA, a PGA derivative, PLLA, a PLLA derivative, PAA, a PAA derivative, PEG, a PEG derivative, and/or a PEG derivative. The medical device is typically formed of a biocompatible material. The amount of biological agent when used on the medical device can be selected for different medical treatments. When the medical device includes one or more biological agents, the amount of biological agent used in a particular layer of biological agent or included in a polymer layer is about 0.01-100 ug per mm 2 ; however, other amounts can be used. As can be appreciated one or more biological agents and/or polymers, when used, can be placed on different regions of the medical device to achieve the desired operation and/or biological agent release from the medical device. The medical device can include one or more coatings of biological agent on the other surface of the medical device to provide a burst of biological agent to a particular site or region; however, this is not required. The one or more biological agents can be selected so as to be chemically bonded to one or more polymers; however, this is not required. The time period the one or more biological agents, when used, are released from the medical device can vary; however, this is not required. Generally, one or more biological agents, when used, are released from the medical device for at least several days after the medical device is inserted in the body of a patient; however, this is not required. One or more biological agents, when used, can be released from the medical device in a controllably released and/or non-controllably released manner. The time period for the release of two or more biological agents from the medical device can be the same or different. The type of the one or more biological agents used on the medical device, the release rate of the one or more biological agents from the medical device, and/or the concentration of the one or more biological agents being released from the medical device during a certain time period is typically selected to deliver one or more biological agents directly to the area of disease after the medical device has been implanted; however, this is not required. In one non-limiting design of medical device, the medical device releases one or more biological agents over a period of time after being inserted in the body after the medical device has been implanted. In another non-limiting design of medical device, the medical device releases one or more biological agents over a period of time after being inserted in the body so that no further drug therapy is required about two weeks to one month after the medical device has been implanted. In yet another non-limiting design of medical device, the medical device releases one or more biological agents over a period of up to one day after the medical device has been implanted. In still yet another non-limiting design of medical device, the medical device releases one or more biological agents over a period of up to one week after the medical device has been implanted. In further another non-limiting design of medical device, the medical device releases one or more biological agents over a period of up to two weeks after the medical device has been implanted. In still a further non-limiting design of medical device, the medical device releases one or more biological agents over a period of up to one month after the medical device has been implanted. In yet a further non-limiting design of medical device, the medical device releases one or more biological agents over a period of up to one year after the medical device has been implanted. As can be appreciated, the time or release of one or more biological agents from the medical device can be more than one year after the medical device has been implanted. The use of the medical device can be used in conjunction with other biological agents not on and/or in the medical device. For instance, the success of the medical device can be enhanced by infusing, injecting or consuming orally the same and/or different biological agent used for anti-platelet and/or anti-coagulation therapy that is being released from the medical device. The introduction of biological agents from a source other than the medical device can have an additive or synergistic effect which can enhance the success of the medical device. Solid or liquid dosage forms of biological agents for oral administration can be used, and/or liquid dosage forms of biological agents for intravenous administration can be used. When solid dosage forms are used, such solid forms include, but are not limited to, capsules, tablets, effervescent tablets, chewable tablets, pills, powders, sachets, granules and gels. In such solid dosage forms, the biological agent can be admixed with at least one filler material such as, but not limited to, sucrose, lactose or starch; however, this is not required. Such dosage forms can also include additional substances such as, but not limited to, inert diluents (e.g., lubricating agents, etc.); however, this is not required. When capsules, tablets, effervescent tablets or pills are used, the dosage form can also include buffering agents; however, this is not required. Soft gelatin capsules can be prepared to contain a mixture of the biological agent in combination with vegetable oil or other types of oil; however, this is not required. Hard gelatin capsules can contain granules of the biological agent in combination with a solid carrier such as, but not limited to, lactose, potato starch, corn starch, cellulose derivatives of gelatin, etc; however, this is not required. Tablets and pills can be prepared with enteric coatings for additional time release characteristics; however, this is not required. Liquid dosage forms of the biological agent for oral administration can include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, elixirs, etc.; however, this is not required. Typically the introduction of one or more biological agents used for anti-platelet and/or anti-coagulation therapy from a source other than the medical device is about one day after the medical device has been implanted in a patent, and typically up to about one week after the medical device has been implanted in a patent, and more typically up to about one month after the medical device has been implanted in a patent; however, it can be appreciated that periods of up to 2-3 months or more can be used.  
         [0030]     One non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device at least partially formed of a novel metal alloy.  
         [0031]     Another and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that is formed of a material that partially or fully degrades, dissolves and/or is absorbed in the body of a patient.  
         [0032]     Still another and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device having improved procedural success rates.  
         [0033]     Yet another and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that is simple and cost effective to manufacture.  
         [0034]     Another and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that is at least partially formed of, contains, and/or is coated one or more biological agents.  
         [0035]     Still yet another and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that controllably releases one or more biological agents.  
         [0036]     A further and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that is at least partially coated with one or more polymer coatings.  
         [0037]     Yet a further and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that has one or more polymer coatings to at least partially control the release rate of one or more biological agents.  
         [0038]     Still a further and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that at least partially control the release rate of one or more biological agents by molecular diffusion.  
         [0039]     Another and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that is in the form of a stent.  
         [0040]     Still another and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that includes one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures.  
         [0041]     Another and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that includes one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures and a protective coating that at least partially covers and/or protects such structures.  
         [0042]     Yet another and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that includes one or more markers.  
         [0043]     Still yet another and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that includes and/or is used with one or more physical hindrances.  
         [0044]     Still a further and/or alternative non-limiting object of the present invention is the provision of a medical device that can be used in conjunction with one or more biological agents not on or in the medical device.  
         [0045]     These and other advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon the reading and following of this description taken together with the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0046]     Reference may now be made to the drawings, which illustrate various embodiments that the invention may take in physical form and in certain parts and arrangements of parts wherein:  
         [0047]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a section of a medical device in the form of an unexpanded stent which permits delivery of the stent into a body passageway;  
         [0048]      FIG. 2  is a sectional view of the stent of  FIG. 1 ;  
         [0049]      FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view along line  3 - 3  of  FIG. 2  illustrating the novel metal alloy material that forms the medical device;  
         [0050]      FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view along line  3 - 3  of  FIG. 2  illustrating the novel metal alloy that forms the medical device that includes a polymer coating;  
         [0051]      FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view along line  3 - 3  of  FIG. 2  illustrating one type of coating on a medical device;  
         [0052]      FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view along line  3 - 3  of  FIG. 2  illustrating another type of coating on a medical device;  
         [0053]      FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view along line  3 - 3  of  FIG. 2  illustrating another type of coating on a medical device;  
         [0054]      FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view along line  3 - 3  of  FIG. 2  illustrating another type of coating on a medical device;  
         [0055]     FIGS.  9  and 10 are a cross-sectional view along line  3 - 3  of  FIG. 2  illustrating the novel metal alloy that includes one or more micro-needles on the surface of the novel metal alloy;  
         [0056]      FIG. 11  is a cross-sectional view along line  3 - 3  of  FIG. 2  illustrating the novel metal alloy that includes one or more micro-needles on the surface of the novel metal alloy which are formed of one or more polymers and biological agents;  
         [0057]      FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view along line  3 - 3  of  FIG. 2  illustrating the novel metal alloy that includes one or more micro-structures on the surface of the novel metal alloy;  
         [0058]      FIG. 13  is a cross-sectional view along line  3 - 3  of  FIG. 2  illustrating one or more micro-needles on the surface of the novel metal alloy which one or more micro-needles are formed from one or more polymers and/or biological agents and are coated with one or more polymers and/or biological agents;.  
         [0059]      FIG. 14  is a cross-sectional view along line  3 - 3  of  FIG. 2  illustrating micro-needles on the surface of the medical device that are formed of a biological agent;  
         [0060]      FIG. 15  is a cross-sectional view along line  3 - 3  of  FIG. 2  illustrating micro-needles on the surface of the medical device that are formed of a biological agent and polymer;  
         [0061]      FIG. 16  is a cross-sectional view along line  3 - 3  of  FIG. 2  illustrating micro-needles on the surface of the medical device that are formed of a biological agent and coated with a polymer;  
         [0062]      FIG. 17  is a cross-sectional view along line  3 - 3  of  FIG. 2  illustrating micro-needles on the surface of the medical device that are formed of a biological agent and polymer and coated with a polymer;  
         [0063]      FIG. 18  is a cross-sectional view along line  3 - 3  of  FIG. 2  illustrating micro-needles on the surface of the medical device that are formed of a polymer and includes an internal cavity that includes a biological agent; and,  
         [0064]      FIG. 19  is a cross-sectional view of a micro-needle on a that is penetrating into the inner surface of a body passageway or organ. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0065]     Referring now to the drawings wherein the showings are for the purpose of illustrating embodiments of the invention only and not for the purpose of limiting the same,  FIGS. 1-19  disclose a medical device in the form of a stent for use in a body passageway. The stent is particularly useful in the cardiovascular field; however, the stent can be used in other medical fields such as, but not limited to, orthopedic field, cardiology field, pulmonology field, urology field, nephrology field, gastroenterology field, gynecology field, otolaryngology field or other surgical fields. Additionally or alternatively, the medical device is not limited to a stent, thus can be in the form of many other medical devices (e.g., a staple, an orthopedic implant, a valve, a vascular implant, a pacemaker, a spinal implant, a guide wire, nail, rod, screw, etc.).  
         [0066]     The stent, when used for vascular applications, can be used to address various medical problems such as, but not limited to, restenosis, atherosclerosis, atherogenesis, angina, ischemic disease, congestive heart failure or pulmonary edema associated with acute myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, controlling blood pressure in hypertension, platelet adhesion, platelet aggregation, smooth muscle cell proliferation, vascular complications, wounds, myocardial infarction, pulmonary thromboembolism, cerebral thromboembolism, thrombophlebitis, thrombocytopenia or bleeding disorders.  
         [0067]     As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , stent  20  is in the form of an expandable stent that includes at least one tubular shaped body member  30  having a first end  32 , a second end  34 , and member structures  36  disposed between the first and second ends. As can be appreciated, the stent can be formed of a plurality of body members connected together. Body member  30  has a first diameter which permits delivery of the body member into a body passageway. The first diameter of the body member is illustrated as substantially constant along the longitudinal length of the body member. As can be appreciated, the body member can have a varying first diameter along at least a portion of the longitudinal length of the body member. The body member also has a second expanded diameter, not shown. The second diameter typically varies in size; however, the second diameter can be non-variable in size. The stent can be expanded in a variety of ways such as by a balloon. A balloon expandable stent is typically pre-mounted or crimped onto an angioplasty balloon catheter. A balloon catheter is then positioned into the patient via a guide wire. Once the stent is properly positioned, the balloon catheter is inflated to the appropriate pressure for stent expansion. After the stent has been expanded, the balloon catheter is deflated and withdrawn, leaving the stent deployed at the treatment area. One or more surfaces of the stent can be treated so as to have generally smooth surfaces; however, this is not required. Generally, one or more ends of the stent are treated by filing, buffing, polishing, grinding, coating, and/or the like to remove or reduce the number of rough and/or sharp surfaces; however, this is not required. The smooth surfaces of the ends reduce potential damage to surrounding tissue as the stent is positioned in and/or expanded in a body passageway.  
         [0068]     The stent as illustrated in  FIG. 1  is typically designed to be inserted into a diseased area in a body passageway and to expand the diseased area to enable better or proper fluid flow through the body passageway; however, the stent can be used for other or additional reasons. In one specific non-limiting example, the stent can be used to open an obstructed blood vessel. The stent can include and/or be used with one or more biological agents used to inhibit thrombosis, in-stent restenosis, vascular narrowing and/or restenosis after the stent has been inserted into the blood vessel; however, this is not required. The one or more biological agents, when used, can also or alternatively be used to remove and/or dissolve lipids, fibroblast, fibrin, etc. from the blood vessel so as to at least partially clean the blood vessel of such substances in the region of the stent and/or down stream of the stent. As can be appreciated, the one or more biological agents, when used, can have additional or other functions.  
         [0069]     The stent of the present invention is at least partially formed of a novel metal alloy having improved physical properties. The novel metal alloy used to at least partially form the stent improves one or more properties (e.g., strength, durability, hardness, biostability, bendability, coefficient of friction, radial strength, flexibility, tensile strength, longitudinal lengthening, stress-strain properties, improved recoil properties, radiopacity, heat sensitivity, biocapatability, bioabsorbability, biodegradability, etc.) of such stents. The one or more materials used to form the stent include one or more properties selected to form a stent which promotes the success of the stent. The novel metal alloy used is at least a portion of the stent is bioabsorbable and/or biodegradable such that at least a portion of the stent at least partially dissolves and/or absorbs in the body passageway. The bioabsorbability/biodrgradability of at least a portion of the stent can be used to fully or partially solve problems associated with fracturing of one or more portions of the stent such as, but not limited to a stent. For instance, when the stent such as a stent is located in a region that is subject to bending (e.g., leg, arms, neck, etc.), the repeated bending can eventually fatigue the materials that form the stent. Overtime, one or more portions of the stent can fracture and/or become loose from the stent. These fractures (e.g., strut fractures, etc.) and/or loose portions of the stent can result in damage to the blood vessel and/or one or more regions of the vascular system down stream of the stent. The bioabsorbability/biodegradability of the stent overcomes this problem since such fractures and/or loose section of the stent degrade over time and become removed from the vascular system of the patient.  
         [0070]     The novel metal alloy can be formed into a stent by a variety of manufacturing processes. In one non-limiting process, the novel metal alloy is first formed into a solid rod by 1) vacuum arc melting an ingot of the alloy which is then extruded and processed into a rod, or 2) consolidating metal power of the alloy and/or metal powder of metals that form the alloy by cold isostatic pressing (CIP) and then sintering the consolidated metal powder at high temperatures to form a rod having an as-sintered density of about 90% or greater the theoretical density. The formed rod can be up to about 48 inches or greater in length. The solid rod is then drilled (e.g., gun drilled, etc.) to form a tube having the desired inner and outer diameters and wall thickness. The drilled rod can be processed to a final diameter (e.g., pilgering and drawing, etc.). Once the tube has been processed to its final or near final diameter, the tube is then cleaned and polished by an electro-polishing process using sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid. After the tube is polished, the medical device can be formed by cutting the tube (e.g., laser cutting, etc.) and/or by other cutting and/or forming techniques (e.g., machining, chemical modifications, chemical reactions, molding, etching, MEMS (e.g., micro-machining, etc.)). As can be appreciated, other or additional manufacturing processes can be used to form the medical device as illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . The medical device can be made of one piece or multiple pieces.  
         [0071]     The stent can include one or more coating and/or one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures as illustrated in  FIGS. 4-19 . The one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures can be formed by a variety of processes (e.g., machining, chemical modifications, chemical reactions, MEMS (e.g., micro-machining, etc.), etching, laser cutting, etc.). The one or more coatings and/or one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures of the medical device can be used for a variety of purposes such as, but not limited to, 1) increasing the bonding and/or adhesion of one or more biological agents, adhesives, marker materials and/or polymers to the medical device, 2) changing the appearance or surface characteristics of the medical device, and/or 3) controlling the release rate of one or more biological agents.  
         [0072]     Referring again to  FIGS. 1-2 , the stent is an expandable stent that can be used to at least partially expand occluded segments of a body passageway; however, the stent can have other or additional uses. For example, the expandable stent can be used as, but not limited to, 1) a supportive stent placement within a blocked vasculature opened by transluminal recanalization, which are likely to collapse in the absence of an internal support; 2) forming a catheter passage through mediastinal and/or other veins occluded by inoperable cancers; 3) reinforcing a catheter creating intrahepatic communication between portal and/or hepatic veins in patients suffering from portal hypertension; 4) a supportive stent placement of narrowing of the esophagus, the intestine, the ureter and/or the urethra; and/or 5) a supportive stent reinforcement of reopened and previously obstructed bile ducts. Accordingly, use of the term “stent” encompasses the foregoing or other usages within various types of body passageways, and also encompasses use for expanding a body passageway. The stent can be implanted or applied in a body passageway by techniques such as, but not limited to, balloon delivery, sheath catheter delivery, etc.  
         [0073]     Although  FIG. 1  illustrates the medical device in the form of a stent for use in the cardiovascular field, the medical device can be in other forms (e.g., vascular graft, sutures, staples, orthopedic implants, nail, rod, screw, etc.) and/or be used in other medical fields (e.g., orthopedic field, cardiology field, pulmonology field, urology field, nephrology field, gastrointerology field, gynecology field, otolaryngology field, etc.). The medical device, when used in the cardiovascular field, can be used to address various medical problems such as, but not limited to, restenosis, atherosclerosis, atherogenesis, angina, ischemic disease, congestive heart failure or pulmonary edema associated with acute myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, controlling blood pressure in hypertension, platelet adhesion, platelet aggregation, smooth muscle cell proliferation, vascular complications, wounds, myocardial infarction, pulmonary thromboembolism, cerebral thromboembolism, thrombophiebitis, thrombocytopenia and/or bleeding disorders.  
         [0074]     Referring again to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , a plurality of member structures  36  of stent  20  are formed of 98-100% of the novel metal alloy  40 . The bioabsorbable metal alloy that forms the stent typically includes Ca, Mg, Rare Earth Metal, Y, Zn and/or Zr. The density of the novel metal alloy is about 1.5-2.5 g/cc, and more typically about 1.6-2 g/cc, and even more typically about 1.65-1.8 g/cc. One non-limiting metal alloy composition that can be used includes, but are not limited to, about 96-99 weight percent Mg, about 0-0.3 weight percent Ca, about 0-0.3 weight percent Rare Earth Metal, and about 0.1-3 weight percent Y. Another non-limiting metal alloy composition that can be used includes, but are not limited to, about 97.5-99.5 weight percent Mg, about 0-0.3 weight percent Rare Earth Metal and about 0.1-2 weight percent Zn. As can be appreciated, other bioabsorbable metal alloys can be used. The novel metal alloy typically forms at least a majority weight percent of the stent; however, this is not required.  
         [0075]     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , the metal alloy that is used to form at least a portion of stent  20  does not include any coatings. The surface of the metal alloy can be treated so as to have generally smooth surfaces. When the surface of the metal alloy is treated, typically one or more ends of the surfaces are treated by filing, buffing, polishing, grinding, coating, and/or the like to remove or reduce the number of rough and/or sharp surfaces; however, this is not required. The smooth surfaces of the can be used to reduce potential damage to surrounding tissue as the stent is positioned in and/or expanded in a body passageway.  
         [0076]     Referring now to  FIGS. 4-19 , the stent can include one or more coatings and/or one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures. The one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures can be formed by a variety of processes (e.g., machining, chemical modifications, chemical reactions, MEMS (e.g., micro-machining, etc.), etching, laser cutting, etc.). The one or more coatings and/or one or more surface structures and/or micro-structures of the stent can be used for a variety of purposes such as, but not limited to, 1) increasing the bonding and/or adhesion of one or more biological agents, adhesives, marker materials and/or polymers to the stent, 2) changing the appearance or surface characteristics of the stent, and/or 3) controlling the release rate of one or more biological agents.  
         [0077]     Referring to  FIG. 4 , the novel metal alloy  40  can be coated with a layer  50  of one or more biological agents or polymers. The one or more biological agents or polymers can be used to improve the functionality or success of the stent. The one or more polymer coatings can be porous or non-porous polymers. Non-limiting examples of the one or more polymers that can be coated on one or more regions of the novel metal alloy  40  include, but are not limited to, parylene, a parylene derivative, chitosan, a chitosan derivative, PLGA, a PLGA derivative, PLA, a PLA derivative, PEVA, a PEVA derivative, PBMA, a PBMA derivative, POE, a POE derivative, PGA, a PGA derivative, PLLA, a PLLA derivative, PAA, a PAA derivative, PEG, a PEG derivative, or combinations thereof. The one or more biological agents can include, but are not limited to, anti-biotic agents, anti-body targeted therapy agents, anti-hypertensive agents, anti-microbial agents, anti-mitotic agents, anti-oxidants, anti-polymerases agents, anti-proliferative agents, anti-secretory agents, anti-tumor agents, anti-viral agents, bioactive agents, chemotherapeutic agents, cellular components, cytoskeletal inhibitors, drug, growth factors, growth factor antagonists, hormones, immunosuppressive agents, living cells, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, radioactive materials, radio-therapeutic agents, thrombolytic agents, vasodilator agents, etc. Non-limiting examples of biological agents that can be used include a vascular active agent that inhibits and/or prevents restenosis, vascular narrowing and/or in-stent restenosis such as, but not limited to, trapidil, trapidil derivatives, taxol, taxol derivatives, cytochalasin, cytochalasin derivatives, paclitaxel, paclitaxel derivatives, rapamycin, rapamycin derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof. As can be appreciated, other or additional biological agents can be included on the stent to improve the functionality or success of the stent. The amount of biological agent delivered to a certain region of a patient&#39;s body can be controlled by varying the type of biological agent, the coating thickness of the biological agent, the drug concentration of the biological agent, the solubility of the biological agent, the location the biological agent that is coated and/or impregnated on and/in the stent, the amount of surface area of the stent that is coated and/or impregnated with the biological agent, the location of the biological agent on the stent, etc.  
         [0078]     When one or more biological agents are included on and/or in the stent, the one or more biological agents can be controllably released and/or immediately released to optimize their effects and/or to compliment the function and success of the stent. The controlled release can be accomplished by 1) controlling the size of the surface structures, micro-structures and/or internal structures in the stent, and/or 2) using one or more polymer coatings; however, other or additional mechanisms can be used to control the release rate of one or more biological agents from the stent. The controlled release can be accomplished by 1) controlling the size of the surface structures, micro-structures and/or internal structures in the stent, and/or 2) using one or more polymer coatings; however, other or additional mechanisms can be used to control the release rate of one or more biological agents from the stent. For example, the amount of biological agent delivered to a certain region of a patient&#39;s body can be controlled by, but not limited to, one or more of the following: a) selecting the type of biological agent to be used on and/or in the stent, b) selecting the amount of biological agent to be used on and/or in the stent, c) selecting the coating thickness of the biological agent to be used on the stent, d) selecting the drug concentration of the biological agent to be used on and/or in the stent, e) selecting the solubility of the biological agent to be used on and/or in the stent, f) selecting the location the biological agent that is to be coated and/or impregnated on and/in the stent, g) selecting the amount of surface area of the stent that is coated and/or impregnated with the biological agent, h) selecting the location of the biological agent on the stent, i) selecting the size, shape, amount and/or location of the one or more surface structures, micro-structures and/or internal structures of the stent that include and/or are integrated with the biological agent, j) selecting the type and/or amount of polymer to be mixed with the biological agent, k) selecting the type, amount and/or coating thickness of the polymer coating used to at least partially coat and/or encapsulate the biological agent etc. The one or more biological agents can be combined with and/or at least partially coated with a polymer that affects the rate at which the biological agent is released from the stent; however, this is not required. The polymer coating can also or alternatively be used to assist in binding the one or more biological agents to the stent; however, this is not required. The polymer coating, when used, can be biodegradable or biostable. The polymer coating can be formulated to form a bond with the biological agent to the stent; however, this is not required. The one or more polymers used in the polymer coating and the one or more biological agents can be mixed together prior to being applied to the stent; however, this is not required. The one or more biological agents that are used in combination with a one or more polymers in the polymer coating can control the release of the biological agent by molecular diffusion; however, this is not required. The thickness of the polymer coating can be about 0.5-25 μ; however, other coating thickness can be used. The time period the one or more biological agents are released from the stent can vary. The one or more biological agents, when used, can be coated on the surface of the novel metal alloy, on the surface of one or more polymer layers, and/or mixed with one or more polymer layers. One or more biological agents can also be coated on the top surface of stent  20 . At least one biological agent can be entrapped within and/or coated over with a non-porous polymer layer to at least partially control the release rate of the biological rate; however, this is not required. When a non-porous polymer layer is used on the stent, the non-porous polymer typically includes parylene C, parylene N, parylene F and/or a parylene derivative; however, other or additional polymers can be used. Various coating combinations can be used on the stent. For instance, a polymer layer that includes one or more polymers can be coated on the top of the layer of one or more biological agents; however, this is not required. In another example, the novel metal alloy  40  can includes a layer of one or more polymers. A layer of one or more biological agent can be coated on the top of the layer of one or more polymers; however, this is not required. Furthermore, one or more polymers can be coated on the layer of one or more biological agents; however, this is not required. As can be appreciated other coating combinations can be used. Generally, one or more biological agent are released from the stent for at least several days after the stent is inserted in the body of a patient; however, this is not required. Generally, one or more biological agents are released from the stent for at least about 1-7 days after the stent is inserted in the body of a patient, typically at least about 1-14 days after the stent is inserted in the body of a patient, and more typically about 1-365 days after the stent is inserted in the body of a patient; however, this is not required. As can be appreciated, the time frame that one or more of the biological agents are released from the stent can be shorter or longer. The one or more biological agents that are released from the stent can be controllably released and/or non-controllably released. The time period for the release of two or more biological agents from the stent can be the same or different. The type of the one or more biological agents used on the stent, the release rate of the one or more biological agents from the stent, and/or the concentration of the one or more biological agents being released from the stent during a certain time period is typically selected to deliver the one or more biological agents to the area of treatment and/or disease. When the stent is used in the vascular system, the one or more biological agent can be used to inhibit or prevent thrombosis, restenosis, vascular narrowing and/or in-stent restenosis after the stent has been implanted; however, this is not required. When the stent is use in the vascular system, the biological agent that is generally included on and/or in the stent is, but not limited to, trapidil, trapidil derivatives, taxol, taxol derivatives, cytochalasin, cytochalasin derivatives, paclitaxel, paclitaxel derivatives, rapamycin, rapamycin derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof; however, it will be appreciated that other or additional biological agents can be used. In addition, many other or additional biological agents can be included on and/or in the stent such as, but not limited to, the following categories of biological agents: thrombolytics, vasodilators, anti-hypertensive agents, anti-microbial or anti-biotic, anti-mitotic, anti-proliferative, anti-secretory agents, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressive agents, growth factors and growth factor antagonists, chemotherapeutic agents, anti-polymerases, anti-viral agents, anti-body targeted therapy agents, hormones, anti-oxidants, radio-therapeutic agents, radiopaque agents and/or radio-labeled agents.  
         [0079]     The surface of the novel metal alloy  40  can be treated to enhance the coating of the stent and/or to enhance the mechanical characteristics of the stent; however, this is not required. Such surface treatment techniques include, but are not limited to, cleaning, buffing, smoothing, etching (chemical etching, plasma etching, etc.), etc. When an etching process is used, various gasses can be used for such a surface treatment process such as, but not limited to, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, Freon, helium, hydrogen, etc. The plasma etching process can be used to clean the surface of the stent, change the surface properties of the stent so as to affect the adhesion properties, lubricity properties, etc. of the surface of the stent. As can be appreciated, other or additional surface treatment processes can be used prior to the coating of one or more biological agents and/or polymers on the surface of the stent.  
         [0080]     As illustrated in  FIGS. 4-8 , various coating combinations can be used on the stent. As indicated above with reference to  FIG. 4 , the base structure  40  of the stent includes a layer  50  of biological agent and/or polymer. The layer of biological agent and/or polymer can include one or more biological agents and/or polymers. In one non-limiting example, layer  50  includes one or more biological agents that include trapidil, trapidil derivatives, taxol, taxol derivatives, cytochalasin, cytochalasin derivatives, paclitaxel, paclitaxel derivatives, rapamycin, rapamycin derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof. In one non-limiting example, layer  50  includes one or more polymers. The polymer layer can include one or more polymers. The polymer layer can include one or more porous polymers and/or non-porous polymers, and/or biostable and/or biodegradable polymers. When the stent includes and/or is coated with one or more polymers, such polymers can include, but are not limited to, parylene, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F, PLGA, PEVA, PLA, PBMA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these polymers. The polymer layer, when including one or more non-porous polymers, at least partially controls a rate of release by molecular diffusion of the one or more biological agents in layer  50 . The one or more non-porous polymers can include, but are not limited to, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F and/or a parylene derivative.  
         [0081]     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , the base structure  40  of the medical includes a layer  52  of biological agent. The layer of biological agent can include one or more biological agents. In one non-limiting example, the biological agent includes trapidil, trapidil derivatives, taxol, taxol derivatives, cytochalasin, cytochalasin derivatives, paclitaxel, paclitaxel derivatives, rapamycin, rapamycin derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof. A polymer layer  60  is coated on the top of layer  52 . The polymer layer can include one or more polymers. The polymer layer can include one or more porous polymers and/or non-porous polymers, and/or one or more biostable and/or biodegradable polymers. Non-limiting examples of one or more polymers that can be used include, but are not limited to, parylene, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F, PLGA, PEVA, PLA, PBMA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these polymers. In one non-limiting example, the polymer layer includes one or more non-porous polymers to at least partially control a rate of release by molecular diffusion of the one or more biological agents of layer  52  from stent  20 . The one or more non-porous polymers can include, but is not limited to, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F and/or a parylene derivative.  
         [0082]     As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , the base structure  40  of stent  20  includes a layer  70  of polymer and biological agent. Layer  70  can include one or more biological agents mixed with one or more polymers. In one non-limiting example, the one or more biological agents include trapidil, trapidil derivatives, taxol, taxol derivatives, cytochalasin, cytochalasin derivatives, paclitaxel, paclitaxel derivatives, rapamycin, rapamycin derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof. The one or more polymers can include one or more porous and/or non-porous polymers, and/or one or more biostable and/or biodegradable polymers. Non-limiting examples of one or more polymers that can be used include, but are not limited to, parylene, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F, PLGA, PEVA, PLA, PBMA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these polymers. In one non-limiting example, the one or more polymers included in layer  70  include a non-porous polymer to at least partially control a rate of release by molecular diffusion of the one or more biological agents in layer  70 . The non-porous polymer can include, but is not limited to, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F and/or a parylene derivative.  
         [0083]     As illustrated in  FIG. 7 , the base structure  40  of stent  20  includes a layer  80  of polymer. Layer  80  can include one or more porous polymers and/or non-porous polymers, and/or one or more biostable and/or biodegradable polymers. Non-limiting examples of one or more polymers that can be used include, but are not limited to, parylene, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F, PLGA, PEVA, PLA, PBMA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these polymers. The one or more non-porous polymers, when used, can include, but are not limited to, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F and/or a parylene derivative. A layer  90  of one or more biological agents is coated on top of polymer layer  80 . Polymer layer  8  can be used to facilitate in the securing of layer  90  to the stent; however, this is not required. In one non-limiting example, the one or more biological agents include trapidil, trapidil derivatives, taxol, taxol derivatives, cytochalasin, cytochalasin derivatives, paclitaxel, paclitaxel derivatives, rapamycin, rapamycin derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof. The placement of a layer of biological agent on the top surface of the stent can provide a burst of biological agent in the treatment area (e.g., body passageway, etc.) after insertion of the stent. In one non-limiting example, the one or more biological agents include trapidil and/or derivatives thereof.  
         [0084]     As illustrated in  FIG. 8 , the base structure  40  of stent  20  includes a layer  100  of one or more biological agents. In one non-limiting example, the one or more biological agents include trapidil, trapidil derivatives, taxol, taxol derivatives, cytochalasin, cytochalasin derivatives, paclitaxel, paclitaxel derivatives, rapamycin, rapamycin derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof. A polymer layer  110  is coated on the top of layer  100 . The polymer layer can include one or more polymers. The polymer layer can include one or more porous polymers and/or non-porous polymers, and/or one or more biostable and/or biodegradable polymers. Non-limiting examples of one or more polymers that can be used include, but are not limited to, parylene, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F, PLGA, PEVA, PLA, PBMA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these polymers. In one non-limiting example, the polymer layer includes one or more non-porous polymers to at least partially control a rate of release by molecular diffusion of the one or more biological agents of layer  100  from stent  20 . The one or more non-porous polymers can include, but are not limited to, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F and/or a parylene derivative. A layer  120  of biological agent is coated on top of polymer layer  110 . Layer  120  can include one or more biological agents. In one non-limiting example, the one or more biological agents include trapidil, trapidil derivatives, taxol, taxol derivatives, cytochalasin, cytochalasin derivatives, paclitaxel, paclitaxel derivatives, rapamycin, rapamycin derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof. The placement of a layer of biological agent on the top surface of the stent provide can provide a burst of one or more biological agents in the treatment area (e.g., body passageway, etc.) after insertion of the stent. In one non-limiting example, the one or more biological agents include trapidil, trapidil derivatives, taxol, taxol derivatives, cytochalasin, cytochalasin derivatives, paclitaxel, paclitaxel derivatives, rapamycin, rapamycin derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof. As can be appreciated, other combinations of polymer layer and layer of biological agent can be used on the stent. These other combinations are also encompassed within the scope of the present invention.  
         [0085]     Referring now to  FIGS. 9-11 , the novel metal alloy  40  of stent  20  includes one or more needles or micro-needles  200 ,  210 ,  220  formed on the surface of the novel metal alloy. These needles or micro-needles can be formed by MEMS (e.g., micro-machining, etc.) technology and/or by other processes. As illustrated in  FIGS. 8-10 , the needles or micro-needles can have a variety of shapes and sizes. The needles or micro-needles can be at least partially formed from one or more polymers and/or biological agents. It can be appreciated that the needles or micro-needles can be at least partially formed of other of additional material such as, but not limited to one or more adhesives, etc. As illustrated in  FIG. 9 , the needles or micro-needles include a combination of one or more polymers  232  and/or one or more biological agents  230 . As can be appreciated, one or more layer of one or more biological agents and/or polymers can be coated on the needles or micro-needles; however, this is not required. When the one or more needles or micro-needles include and/or are coated with one or more biological agents, such biological agents can include, but are not limited to, trapidil, trapidil derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof; however other or additional biological agents can be used. The use of one or more biological agents to coat the top surface of the needles or micro-needles can provide a burst of biological agent in the interior of the blood vessel and/or the blood vessel itself during and/or after insertion of the stent.  
         [0086]     Referring now to  FIG. 12 , the novel metal alloy  40  of stent  20  includes one or more surface structures or micro-structures  240  in the form of a mound; however, it can be appreciated that other or additional shapes can be used. The mound is formed on the surface of the novel metal alloy. The mound can be formed by MEMS (e.g., micro-machining, etc.) technology and/or by other processes. The mound is shown to be formed of one or more biological agents; however, it can be appreciated that the mound can be formed of one or more polymers or a combination of one or more polymers and biological agents. As can also be appreciated, other or additional materials can be used to at least partially form the mound. The one or more biological agents can include, but are not limited to, trapidil, trapidil derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylnethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof, however other or additional biological agents can be used. The one or more biological agents used to form the mound can provide a burst of biological agent in the interior of a body passageway and/or the body passageway itself during and/or after insertion of the stent in the body passageway; however, this is not required. As can be appreciated, a layer of one or more polymers can be coated on the mound; however, this is not required. The polymer layer can be used to control the release rate of the one or more biological agents from the, mound; however, this is not required. The polymer layer can also or alternatively provide protection to the mound structure; however, this is not required. When the mound includes and/or is coated with one or more polymers, such polymers can include, but are not limited to, parylene, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F, PLGA, PEVA, PLA, PBMA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these polymers.  
         [0087]     Referring now to  FIG. 13 , the novel metal alloy  40  of stent  20  includes one or more needles or micro-needles  300 . The one or more needles or micro-needles are formed on the surface of the novel metal alloy. The one or more needles or micro-needles are formed from one or more polymers  312 . As can be appreciated, the one or more needles or micro-needles also or alternatively be formed from one or more biological agents and/or adhesives. The polymer can be porous, non-porous, biodegradable and/or biostable. Polymers that can be used to at least partially form the one or more needles or micro-needles include, but are not limited to, Non-limiting examples of one or more polymers that can be used include, but are not limited to, parylene, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F, PLGA, PEVA, PLA, PBMA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these polymers; however, other or additional polymers can be used. One or more polymer layers  310  are coated on the top of the one or more needles or micro-needles. As can be appreciated, layer  310  also or alternatively be formed from one or more biological agents and/or adhesives. The one or more polymer layers  310  can include one or more polymers. Layer  310  can include one or more porous polymer and/or non-porous polymers. Layer  310  can include one or more biostable and/or biodegradable polymers. The one or more polymers can include, but is not limited to, parylene, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F, PLGA, PEVA, PLA, PBMA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these polymers; however, other or additional polymers can be used. The one or more polymers that form the layer  310  can be the same or different from the one or more polymers that form the one or more needles or micro-needles  300 . Layer  310  can be used to 1) provide protection to the structure of the one or more needles or micro-needles  300 , 2) at least partially control a rate of degradation of the one or more needles or micro-needles  300 , and/or 3) at least partially control a rate of release of one or more biological agents on and/or in the one or more needles or micro-needles  300 . As can be appreciated, layer  310  can have other or additional functions. The surface of the layer  310  can be or include one or more layers of one or more biological agents to provide a burst of biological agent in the interior of a body passageway and/or in the body passageway itself during and/or after insertion of the stent; however, this is not required. The one or more biological agents that can be used can include, but are not limited to, trapidil, trapidil derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof; however other or additional biological agents can be used.  
         [0088]     Referring now to  FIG. 14 , the base structure  40  of stent  20  includes one or more needles or micro-needles  350 . The one or more needles or micro-needles are formed on the surface of the base structure. The one or more needles or micro-needles are formed from one or more biological agents and/or one or more polymer  360 . A layer  362  of biological agent and/or polymer is also formed on the surface of the base structure. In one non-limiting example, the one or more needles or micro-needles  350  are formed from one or more biological agents that include trapidil, trapidil derivatives, taxol, taxol derivatives, cytochalasin, cytochalasin derivatives, paclitaxel, paclitaxel derivatives, rapamycin, rapamycin derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof. In this non-limiting example, layer  362  is also formed from one or more biological agents that include trapidil, trapidil derivatives, taxol, taxol derivatives, cytochalasin, cytochalasin derivatives, paclitaxel, paclitaxel derivatives, rapamycin, rapamycin derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof. As can be appreciated, the one or more biological agents in layer  362  and forming the one or more needles or micro-needles  350  can be the same or different. The use of one or more biological agents to coat the top surface of the base structure and/or to form one or more needles or micro-needles can provide a burst of one or more biological agent in the treatment area (e.g., body passageway, etc.) after insertion of the stent. In another non-limiting example, the one or more needles or micro-needles  350  are formed from one or more biological agents that include trapidil, trapidil derivatives, taxol, taxol derivatives, cytochalasin, cytochalasin derivatives, paclitaxel, paclitaxel derivatives, rapamycin, rapamycin derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof. In this non-limiting example, layer  362  is formed from one or more polymers. The polymer layer can include one or more polymers. The polymer layer can include one or more porous polymers and/or non-porous polymers, and/or one or more biostable and/or biodegradable polymers. Non-limiting examples of one or more polymers that can be used include, but are not limited to, parylene, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F, PLGA, PEVA, PLA, PBMA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these polymers. When the one or more polymers are non-porous polymers, the one or more non-porous polymers can include, but are not limited to, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F and/or a parylene derivative. The use of one or more biological agents to form one or more needles or micro-needles can provide a burst of one or more biological agent in the treatment area (e.g., body passageway, etc.) after insertion of the stent. In still another non-limiting example, the one or more needles or micro-needles  350  are formed from one or more polymers. The polymer layer can include one or more polymers. The polymer layer can include one or more porous polymers and/or non-porous polymers, and/or one or more biostable and/or biodegradable polymers. Non-limiting examples of one or more polymers that can be used include, but are not limited to, parylene, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F, PLGA, PEVA, PLA, PBMA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these polymers. When the one or more polymers are non-porous polymers, the one or more non-porous polymers can include, but are not limited to, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F and/or a parylene derivative. In this non-limiting example, layer  362  is formed from one or more biological agents that include trapidil, trapidil derivatives, taxol, taxol derivatives, cytochalasin, cytochalasin derivatives, paclitaxel, paclitaxel derivatives, rapamycin, rapamycin derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof The use of one or more biological agents to form layer  362  can provide a burst of one or more biological agent in the treatment area (e.g., body passageway, etc.) after insertion of the stent; however, this is not required.  
         [0089]     Referring now to  FIG. 15 , the base structure  40  of stent  20  includes one or more needles or micro-needles  400 . The one or more needles or micro-needles are formed on the surface of the base structure. The one or more needles or micro-needles are formed from one or more biological agents and one or more polymers  410 . A layer  412  of biological agent and/or polymer is also formed on the surface of the base structure. As can be appreciated, the composition of layer  412  and forming the composition of the one or more needles or micro-needles  400  can be the same or different. In one non-limiting example, the one or more biological agents that at least partially form layer  412  and/or the one or more needles or micro-needles  400  include trapidil, trapidil derivatives, taxol, taxol derivatives, cytochalasin, cytochalasin derivatives, paclitaxel, paclitaxel derivatives, rapamycin, rapamycin derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof. The one or more polymers that at least partially form layer  412  and/or the one or more needles or micro-needles  400  can include one or more porous and/or non-porous polymers, and/or one or more biostable and/or biodegradable polymers. Non-limiting examples of one or more polymers that can be used include, but are not limited to, parylene, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F, PLGA, PEVA, PLA, PBMA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these polymers. In one non-limiting example, the one or more polymers that at least partially form layer  412  and/or the one or more needles or micro-needles  400  include a non-porous polymer to at least partially control a rate of release by molecular diffusion of the one or more biological agents that are mixed with the polymer. The inclusion of one or more biological agents in the one or more needles or micro-needles can provide controlled release of biological agent in the treatment area (e.g., body passageway, etc.) after insertion of the stent; however, this is not required. The use of one or more biological agents to form layer  412  and/or one or more needles or micro-needles  400  can provide a burst of one or more biological agent in the treatment area (e.g., body passageway, etc.) after insertion of the stent; however, this is not required.  
         [0090]     Referring now to  FIG. 16 ,  FIG. 16  is a modification of the arrangement illustrated in  FIG. 14 . In  FIG. 16 , a coating  470 , that is formed of one or more polymers and/or biological agents is placed over one or more needles or micro-needles  450  and layer  462 . Specifically, the base structure  40  of stent  20  includes one or more needles or micro-needles  450 . The one or more needles or micro-needles are formed on the surface of the base structure, The one or more needles or micro-needles are formed from one or more biological agents and/or polymers  460 . A layer  462  of biological agent and/or polymer is also formed on the surface of the base structure. The composition of layer  462  and one or more needles or micro-needles can be the same or different. In one non-limiting example, the one or more biological agents that can at least partially form layer  463  and/or one or more needles or micro-needles  450  include trapidil, trapidil derivatives, taxol, taxol derivatives, cytochalasin, cytochalasin derivatives, paclitaxel, paclitaxel derivatives, rapamycin, rapamycin derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof. The one or more polymers that can at least partially form layer  463  and/or one or more needles or micro-needles include one or more porous polymers and/or non-porous polymers, and/or one or more biostable and/or biodegradable polymers. Non-limiting examples of one or more polymers that can be used include, but are not limited to, parylene, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F, PLGA, PtVA, PLA, PBMA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these polymers. In one non-limiting example, the one or more polymers that can at least partially form layer  463  and/or one or more needles or micro-needles  450  include one or more non-porous polymer such as, but not limited to, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F and/or a parylene derivative. The one or more non-porous polymers can be used to at least partially control a rate of release by molecular diffusion of the one or more biological agents in layer  463  and/or in the one or more needles or micro-needles  450 ; however, this is not required. Layer  470  that is coated on the top of the one or more needles or micro-needles and layer  462  includes one or more biological agents and/or polymers. In one non-limiting example, the one or more biological agents that can at least partially form layer  470  include trapidil, trapidil derivatives, taxol, taxol derivatives, cytochalasin, cytochalasin derivatives, paclitaxel, paclitaxel derivatives, rapamycin, rapamycin derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof. In one non-limiting example, the one or more polymers that can at least partially form layer  470  include one or more porous and/or non-porous polymers, and/or one or more biostable and/or biodegradable polymers. Non-limiting examples of one or more polymers that can be used include, but are not limited to, parylene, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F, PLGA, PEVA, PLA, PBMA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these polymers. When the one or more polymers include one or more non-porous polymers, such non-porous polymer can include, but not limited to, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F and/or a parylene derivative. The one or more non-porous polymers can be used to at least partially control a rate of release by molecular diffusion of the one or more biological agents in layer  463 , layer  470  and/or in the one or more needles or micro-needles  450 ; however, this is not required. When one or more biological agents at least partially form layer  470  and/or are coated on layer  470 , not shown, the one or more biological agents can provide a burst of one or more biological agent in the treatment area (e.g., body passageway, etc.) after insertion of the stent; however, this is not required.  
         [0091]     Referring now to  FIG. 17 ,  FIG. 17  is a modification of the arrangement illustrated in  FIG. 13 . In  FIG. 17 , a coating  520 , that is formed of one or more polymers and/or biological agents is placed over one or more needles or micro-needles  500  and layer  512 . The composition of layer  520  and layer  512  and/or one or more needles or micro-needles can be the same or different. Specifically, the base structure  40  of stent  20  includes one or more needles or micro-needles  500 . The one or more needles or micro-needles are formed on the surface of the base structure. The one or more needles or micro-needles are formed from a mixture of one or more biological agents and one or more polymers  510 . A layer  512  of biological agent and polymer is also formed on the surface of the base structure. As can be appreciated, layer  512  and/or one or more needles or micro-needles  500  can be formed only of one or more polymers or one or more biological agents. The composition of layer  512  and one or more needles or micro-needles  500  can be the same or different. In one non-limiting example, the one or more biological agents that can at least partially form layer  512  and/or one or more needles or micro-needles  500  include trapidil, trapidil derivatives, taxol, taxol derivatives, cytochalasin, cytochalasin derivatives, paclitaxel, paclitaxel derivatives, rapamycin, rapamycin derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof. The one or more polymers that can at least partially form layer  512  and/or one or more needles or micro-needles  500  include one or more porous polymers and/or non-porous polymers, and/or one or more biostable and/or biodegradable polymers. Non-limiting examples of one or more polymers that can be used include, but are not limited to, parylene, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F, PLGA, PEVA, PLA, PBMA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these polymers. In one non-limiting example, the one or more polymers that can at least partially form layer  512  and/or one or more needles or micro-needles  500  include one or more non-porous polymers such as, but not limited to, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F and/or a parylene derivative. The one or more non-porous polymers can be used to at least partially control a rate of release by molecular diffusion of the one or more biological agents in layer  512  and/or in the one or more needles or micro-needles  500 ; however, this is not required. In one non-limiting example, the one or more polymers that can at least partially form layer  520  include one or more porous and/or non-porous polymers, and/or one or more biostable and/or biodegradable polymers. Non-limiting examples of one or more polymers that can be used include, but are not limited to, parylene, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F, PLGA, PEVA, PLA, PBMA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these polymers. When the one or more polymers include one or more non-porous polymers, such non-porous polymer can include, but not limited to, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F and/or a parylene derivative. The one or more non-porous polymers can be used to at least partially control a rate of release by molecular diffusion of the one or more biological agents in layer  512 , layer  520  and/or in the one or more needles or micro-needles  500 ; however, this is not required. When one or more biological agents at least partially form layer  520  and/or are coated on layer  520 , not shown, the one or more biological agents can provide a burst of one or more biological agent in the treatment area (e.g., body passageway, etc.) after insertion of the stent; however, this is not required.  
         [0092]     Referring now to  FIG. 18 ,  FIG. 18  is another modification of the arrangement illustrated in  FIG. 13 . In  FIG. 18 , one or more internal channels  570  are formed in one or more needles or micro-needles  550 . The one or more internal channels  570  can include one or more biological agent and/or polymers. Specifically, the base structure  40  of stent  20  includes one or more needles or micro-needles  550 . The one or more needles or micro-needles are formed on the surface of the base structure. The one or more needles or micro-needles are formed from one or more polymers and/or biological agents  560 . A layer  562  of polymer and/or biological agent is also formed on the surface of the base structure. The composition of layer  562  and one or more needles or micro-needles can be the same or different. The one or more polymers that can at least partially form layer  562  and/or one or more needles or micro-needles  550  include one or more porous polymers and/or non-porous polymers, and/or one or more biostable and/or biodegradable polymers. Non-limiting examples of one or more polymers that can be used include, but are not limited to, parylene, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F, PLGA, PEVA, PLA, PBMA, POE, PGA, PLLA, PAA, PEG, chitosan and/or derivatives of one or more of these polymers. In one non-limiting example, the one or more polymers that can at least partially form layer  562  and/or one or more needles or micro-needles  550  include one or more non-porous polymers such as, but not limited to, parylene C, parylene N, parylene F and/or a parylene derivative. The one or more non-porous polymers can be used to at least partially control a rate of release by molecular diffusion of the one or more biological agents in layer  562 , in the one or more needles or micro-needles  550 , and/or in one or more internal channels  570 ; however, this is not required. One or more of the needles or micro-needles  550  include an internal channel  570 . The internal channel is illustrated as including one or more biological agents  580 ; however, it can be appreciated that one or more channels can include a mixture of one or more polymers and/or biological agents, or only one or more polymers. In one non-limiting example, the one or more biological agents includes trapidil, trapidil derivatives, taxol, taxol derivatives, cytochalasin, cytochalasin derivatives, paclitaxel, paclitaxel derivatives, rapamycin, rapamycin derivatives, 5-Phenylmethimazole, 5-Phenylmethimazole derivatives, GM-CSF, GM-CSF derivatives, or combinations thereof. The top opening of the channel enables delivery of one or more biological agents directly into treatment area (e.g., a wall of a body passageway or organ, etc.). The one or more biological agents in internal channel  570  can pass through and/or molecularly diffuse through the one or more polymers that at least partially form the one or more needles or micro-needles; however, this is not required. The release of the one or more biological agents through the one or more polymers that at least partially form the one or more needles or micro-needles can be a controlled or an uncontrolled release rate. As can be appreciated, a layer of biological agent, not shown, can be coated one or more needles or micro-needles  550 . The layer of biological agent could include one or more biological agents. The placement of the layer of biological agent on the one or more needles or micro-needles  550  can provide a burst of one or more biological agents in the treatment area; however, this is not required. As can be appreciated, other combinations of polymer layer and/or layer of biological agent can be used on the stent. As can also or alternatively be appreciated, a layer of polymer, not shown, can be coated one or more needles or micro-needles  550 . The layer of polymer could include one or more polymers. The placement of the layer of polymer on the one or more needles or micro-needles  550  can be used to a) at least partially control a release rate of one or more biological agents from the stent, and/or 2) provide structural support and/or protection to one or more needles or micro-needles. As can be appreciated, the polymer layer, when used, can have other or additional functions. These other combinations are also encompassed within the scope of the present invention.  
         [0093]     Referring now to  FIG. 19 , there is illustrated an enlarged portion of a surface of a stent  20  which includes a surface needle, micro-needle or other type of structure or micro-structure  600 . The needle is shown to include at least one biological agent  610 ; however, the needle can also or alternatively include one or more polymers, adhesives, etc. The stent, when in the form of a stent, is illustrated as being in an expanded state. When the stent is inserted or expanded in a treatment area, the needle  600  on the outer surface of the stent engages and/or at least partially penetrates into blood vessel or organ V. When the needle includes one or more biological agents, the one or more biological agents are at least partially locally applied to a treatment area. This can be a significant advantage over system wide treatment with one or more biological agents. The locally treatment with one or more biological agent via the needle can more effectively and/or efficiently direct the desired agents to a treated area The release of one or more biological agents from the needle can be controlled, if desired, to direct the desired amount of one or more biological agents to a treated area over a desired period of time. When the stent is expanded in a blood vessel, the one or more needles enable local delivery of one or more biological agents into the wall of the blood vessel. This local delivery is especially advantageous in large and/or thick blood vessels wherein system wide drug treatment is not very effective. In addition, the local delivery of biological agent by the needle directly into the blood vessel can be more effective than only releasing the biological agent from the surface of the stent since diffusion from the surface of the stent to the larger and/or thicker blood vessel may not be as effective as direct delivery by the needles to the blood vessel. The one or more needles on the stent surface can also or alternatively be used to facilitate in securing the stent to the treatment area during the expansion and/or insertion of the stent in a treatment area.  
         [0094]     It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently attained, and since certain changes may be made in the constructions set forth without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. The invention has been described with reference to preferred and alternate embodiments. Modifications and alterations will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the detailed discussion of the invention provided herein. This invention is intended to include all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the present invention. It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described and all statements of the scope of the invention, which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween.