Abstract:
The specification describes an improved approach to suppressing fast transients in optical amplifier systems. The approach relies on operating the amplifier in an automatic power-mode control with an extra loss component. It is applicable to optical amplifiers based on rare earth amplifier media, such as erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs).

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The field of the invention is optical amplifiers. More specifically the invention is directed to methods and systems for controlling optical power transients in constant power-mode erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs). 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Constant power-mode optical amplifiers are becoming increasingly important as high bit-rate (&gt;10 Gbps), reconfigurable optical transmission systems with complex networking architectures, including reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers (ROADM), become more popular. The addition of such ROADM components adds loss and increases the need for terminal-EDFAs immediately preceding receivers beyond the more traditional in-line EDFA&#39;s as shown in  FIG. 1 . High bit-rates (40 Gbps and greater) have more stringent optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) requirements than low bit-rates and also require the deployment of per-channel tunable dispersion compensators as shown in  FIG. 1 , further increasing the need for terminal-EDFA&#39;s. Due to dynamic channel add/drop events from the aforementioned increasing use of ROADMs, the input power levels to terminal-EDFAs can vary in a big range. Transient overshoots at the terminal-EDFA output resulting from a sudden input power surge can cause irreparable damage to the receiver. This receiver input power limit serves to lower the maximum acceptable output power of terminal EDFA&#39;s while the Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) constraint from high bit-rate serves to raise the minimum acceptable output power of the terminal EDFA. Hence, fast overshoot suppression is a useful feature in constant power-mode EDFAs. The OSNR requirements typically prevent users from simply operating the terminal-EDFAs at output power levels low enough to permit the application of conventional constant gain-mode EDFA control techniques. 
     Although constant-gain controlled EDFAs, wherein the inherent gain drift of the amplifier is compensated by adjustments in the pump power, are widely deployed, very fast constant-power controlled EDFAs present a different challenge, and solutions are still being sought. Simple and low-cost solutions are always desirable but challenging. A key problem is to suppress the output power surge that results from an input power transient in a short enough time to ensure that the integrated energy hitting a photodetector is substantially less than that required to cause overload or damage. If any EDFA is added upstream of a PIN photodetector it is important to suppress power transients to avoid overload or damage to the photodetector. 
     One approach to addressing this problem is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,757,099. The solution described in this patent involves the use of a feedfoward and feedback control algorithm to do the power transient suppression. However, this method does not provide sufficiently fast response to very fast transient rise times. 
     Another approach is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,187,610, which describes the use of a lumped loss element at the output of an EDFA to increase the noise figure of merit. However, it is not evident that this solution adequately addresses issues of fast transient performance. 
     Known prior art transient control schemes operate in some fashion by raising and lowering the pump power in response to a change of the input power. These are limited by the characteristic response time of the gain medium. 
     Thus there is a need for improvements in the suppression of fast input power transients. 
     STATEMENT OF THE INVENTION 
     We have developed an improved approach to suppressing fast transients in constant power-mode optical amplifiers. The approach relies on operating the amplifier in an automatic power control mode. It is applicable to optical amplifiers based on rare earth amplifier media, such as erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs). 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
       The invention may be better understood when considered in conjunction with the drawing in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a functional diagram of a typical EDFA with reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers; 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic circuit diagram of a circuit useful for implementing the invention; 
         FIGS. 3   a  and  4   a  are plots of signal power input vs. time for a 50 microsecond rise/fall power transient; and 
         FIGS. 3   b  and  4   b  are plots showing signal power output with and without the circuit modification of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The operation of typical optical fiber amplifiers relies on a gain medium in which rare earth ions are pumped to an inverted state, and then decay to a ground sate by the stimulated emission by the signal wavelength or spontaneous emission. In a constant power-mode EDFA, when the input power increases, the signal gain must decrease in order to keep the output power constant. The decrease of gain is normally achieved by decreasing the population inversion by controlling the pump driving current. However, the decrease of population inversion is not very fast due to the long decay time of the gain medium (erbium in this case). Therefore, shortening the decay time is important to control and suppress the overshoot in the power transient events in constant power-mode EDFAs. It has been discovered that the decay time becomes shorter if the signal power inside the gain medium can be pushed to a higher level 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an in-line EDFA with reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers  11  and associated amplifiers  12 . Such systems typically include bandpass filter  13 , and various compensator elements  14  such as tunable dispersion compensators and /polarization mode compensators. The EDFA output amplifier/receiver is shown at  15 ,  16 . 
       FIG. 2  shows the basic elements of an amplifier operating according to the invention. The input signal is introduced into EDFA amplifier medium  21 . The input signal typically has wavelengths around 1550 nm. The EDFA is optically pumped with pump laser  22  operating typically at 980 nm. The typical EDFA is a length of optical fiber with the core doped with Ge and Er. Other details of the structure and operation of the EDFA are well known and need not be described in detail here. 
     The EDFA according to the invention is operated with an automatic power control system. The power of both the input signal and the signal at the amplifier output is measured. The power data is fed to a controller that adjusts the amplifier pump power to produce an output signal meeting a power level specification. 
       FIG. 2  shows an optical tap  25  for sampling the input signal. The power level of the input signal is measured by photodetector  26 . Likewise optical tap  28  samples the amplifier output signal, and the power level of the amplifier output signal is measured by photodetector  29 . The photodetectors are typically semiconductor photodetectors but can be any suitable electro-optic device for measuring optical power. Preferred detectors are PIN photodiodes. The measurement data is processed by controller  30  to adjust, as needed, the pump power at optical pump  22 . This is an example of an automatic power control system. Other system options for automatically controlling the output power of the EDFA may be used. These are described as operating in an automatic gain/power control mode. Automatic gain/power systems that are useful in the invention are characterized as those that use a sample of the amplifier output for the optical pump control mechanism. These are defined by the term amplifier output signal controlled gain/power control systems and are operated in an amplifier output signal controlled gain/power control mode. 
     According to the invention, an optical attenuator  31  is inserted at the output of the EDFA. The optical attenuator may be a variable optical attenuator, an optical coupler, an optical splitter or tap, a lossy connector, or any other means for reducing the power of the signal at the amplifier output. Generically this element is referred to as an optical attenuator and is defined as any element that significantly reduces the power level at the output of the amplifier, e.g., reduces the power level by at least 10%. Adjustable loss elements, such as variable optical attenuators, may be preferred in cases where variable EDFA output power is required with the same power transient performance. 
     The invention was demonstrated using a 30/70 optical coupler as the optical attenuator element, with the signal in the 30 coupler output. This is an example of a fixed value optical attenuator. The power coupled into the 70 side of the coupler is discarded, resulting in a signal attenuation of approximately 70% (5.3 dB). The effect of the optical attenuator is to deceive the photodiode sensor  29  into artificially causing an adjustment in the pump power to elevate the inversion state of the amplifier. That causes the actual signal power to be very high in the gain medium, which can effectively speed up decay time when the input power increases in a short time. 
     To demonstrate the effectiveness of the invention, fast transient response using the circuit of  FIG. 2  was compared with and without an optical attenuator element. The performance improvement is shown in  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b , and  4   a  and  4   b .  FIG. 3   a  shows a very short transient, i.e. 50 μsec, in a −7 dB input signal operating between 0 and −7 dB, and  FIG. 4   a  shows a similar fast transient in an input signal operating between −13 dB and −20 dB.  FIGS. 3   b  and  4   b  show the variation in the output signal as a consequence of the fast transients of  FIGS. 3   a  and  4   a.    
     The dashed curve in each of  FIGS. 3   b  and  4   b  shows the result of operating the amplifier circuit without an optical attenuator element. Due to the slow response to the fast transient of  FIGS. 3   a  and  4   a , the microcontroller causes an overshoot in the output power of the amplifier of more than 3 dB. 
     The solid curve in these figures shows the result of operating the amplifier circuit with an optical attenuator inserted at the amplifier output as shown in  FIG. 2 . The improvement in performance is evident.  FIG. 3   b  shows a 3.5 db overshoot without the optical attenuator element of the invention, which is reduced to 1.7 dB using the optical attenuator element of the invention. Similarly,  FIG. 4   b  shows a 3.1 dB overshoot without the optical attenuator, but only a 1.5 dB overshoot with the optical attenuator. These results demonstrate a dramatic improvement in fast transient response. 
     Various additional modifications of this invention will occur to those skilled in the art. All deviations from the specific teachings of this specification that basically rely on the principles and their equivalents through which the art has been advanced are properly considered within the scope of the invention as described and claimed.