Abstract:
A cellular communication system includes an array of buoys disposed in a body of water. Each buoy includes a completer cellular system including a cellular transmission/reception site and associated electrical equipment for processing cellular signals. Each buoy also includes a wave energy converter (WEC) responsive to waves in the body of water for generating electrical energy for powering the associated equipment processing the cellular signals, whereby the cellular system can be continuously operated without any additional power source.

Description:
This invention claims priority from provisional application Ser. No. 60/788,691 for Cell Buoy System filed Apr. 3, 2006 whose contents are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to apparatus and methods for enabling the use of cellular phones for communication while at sea (offshore) using a cellular infrastructure. 
     A problem exists in that there is currently no cost effective mobile communication system available for individuals when more than a few miles out at-sea, other than on-board ship radio systems. A need exists for an economical and reliable communication system which allows users of cell phones to use their mobile units when more than a few miles out at sea such that they can communicate with other users out at sea and also reach an on-shore network. Currently, as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the typical range for cellular service at sea is approximately 2 miles off the coastline of the mainland (e.g., the United States). This is possible due to an existing cellular network which consists of cellular towers that transmit/receive located along the shore line, as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . These figures illustrate the deployment of transmit/receive cell towers in a land based cellular system. As shown, a geographic area may be divided into contiguous hexagonal areas (each hexagon defining a “cell”) with transmit/receive cell towers located in the center of the hexagon (cell). In  FIGS. 1 and 2 , by way of example, the distance from the center antenna tower to the coverage edge is shown to be approximately 1.7 miles. Therefore, as shown in  FIG. 2 , a mobile user can access cellular towers located along the coastline for a distance of up to approximately 1.7 miles off the coast. A cell phone can not be used reliably much beyond this limited distance. 
     This presents a very limited range and a significant problem. By way of example, fishermen or any one on any ship going 5-20 miles out to sea can not use their mobile cell phones to communicate with others out at sea or with any one on shore. 
     An object of the invention is to provide a cellular communication system which enables cellular communication over a large expanse of water and between points at a significant distance from shore to other points on-shore and off-shore. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     One aspect of the invention includes the recognition that a buoy with a wave energy converter can be used to power a cellular system mounted on the buoy thereby substantially reducing the need for an external power source and any concern for providing power for the cellular system. As a result, the cellular buoy is essentially self-powered and eliminates or decreases the need to have an external power supply to power the cellular system. As a result, an external power supply (e.g., batteries) is only necessary as a back-up for emergency situation. Consequently, the need to install a heavy duty power supply is essentially eliminated and the need to maintain, service or replace the external supply on a regular basis has been significantly reduced. 
     Another aspect of the invention is that a large number of self-powered cellular buoys may be deployed in a predetermined arrangement over a large body of water to provide cellular (line of sight) communication, over the body of water, between mobile users located far from shore and between users located offshore and onshore. 
     In the discussion to follow and in the appended claims a “cellular buoy” is defined as a buoy on which is mounted cellular transmission/reception equipment and which includes a wave energy converter (WEC) for powering the cellular equipment. 
     A cellular communication system embodying the invention includes a number N of “cellular” buoys, where N is an integer equal to or greater than one (1), where the N buoys are deployed in a body of water, each cellular buoy includes cellular transmission/reception equipment mounted on the buoy and a wave energy converter (WEC) for converting energy in the waves, present in the body of water, into electrical energy to power its associated cellular transmission/reception equipment. The cellular buoys are deployed such that the cellular transmission/reception equipment located on the cellular buoys, deployed in the body of water, enables cellular communication between different off-shore sites (other cellular buoys) and between the off-shore sites and land based cellular transmission/reception sites. 
     A cell-buoy system embodying the invention includes transmission and reception equipment (e.g., a transceiver) housed on a buoy and powered by a wave energy converter (WEC) incorporated in the buoy. Each cellular buoy includes a transmitter/receiver antenna for providing cellular coverage over a predetermined geographical area. There may be one transmitter/receiver antenna. Alternatively there may be more than one transmitter antenna and more than one receiver antenna. The power supplied by the wave energy converter (WEC) enables operation of the cellular equipment for an extended period of time without the need for an external power supply. 
     The cellular buoy includes wave energy converter means for powering the radio frequency (RF) equipment required to receive and transmit cellular service between any number of buoys located off shore and between the offshore buoys and land based communication cells. This includes the receiver, transmitter, processor, antenna, and all the ancillary and associated communication equipment. The cellular buoy also includes means for providing a stable mounting platform for the antenna system to ensure that the antenna(s) remain generally vertical for efficient and reliable transmission. In addition, the cellular buoy provides means for securing and protecting the buoy from damage during heavy sea conditions. 
     Each cellular buoy provides the power necessary to operate a complete cellular system that has the capability to provide cell service to a fixed area. The buoy provides the power source and can also act as a hub or link between the cellular areas serviced by each buoy. That is, the cellular buoys are able to receive a call from any user within its cell area and to transfer the call from buoy to buoy to provide a greater distance for call transmission. The number of buoys and coverage area per buoy may be determined based upon power demand of the RF equipment and the height of the antenna above the water surface. Any number of buoys outfitted with a cellular system may be placed in the ocean. The “grid matrix” of buoys has no limit and therefore any number of buoy cells may be deployed. 
     An important aspect of this invention is that the WEC can provide an offshore power source to cellular transmission system to extend the cellular coverage beyond a limited offshore boundary. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In the accompanying drawings (which are not drawn to scale) like reference characters denote like components; and 
         FIG. 1  is a drawing of a prior art land based cell tower, located along the coast of a land mass abutting a large body of water, showing the limited offshore cellular communication coverage which is provided by the cell tower; 
         FIG. 2  is a simplified drawing of a prior art cellular communication system showing land based cell towers for receiving and transmitting cellular signals arranged to provide cellular coverage over a desired geographical area; 
         FIG. 3  is a pictorial representation of transmitting and receiving antennas mounted on a pole which may be part of a land based tower; 
         FIG. 3A  is a simplified top view of transmit and receive antennas arranged for 360 degree transmit/receive coverage; 
         FIG. 4  is a highly simplified drawing of a portion of a cellular buoy including a wave energy converter (WEC) used to practice the invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a simplified diagram of cellular buoys deployed off shore integrated with a series of land based cellular towers for providing cellular communication over a large body of water and land in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a simplified block diagram of a cellular buoy including a wave energy converter for producing electric power which is distributed to the cellular transmission/reception equipment and other electronic and control systems in accordance with the invention; and 
         FIG. 7  is a simplified drawing of a cellular communication system embodying the invention showing an array of cellular buoys integrated with land based cell towers for receiving and transmitting cellular signals over a large body of water and land. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , there is shown an example of an existing land based cellular tower antenna structure. The antenna arrangement used in the cellular buoys system may be similar to the antenna arrangement of land based cellular towers. The antenna system includes a transmit antenna  31  and a receive antenna  33 , both being mounted on a pole or shaft  35  which, on land, may be part of a tower. To enhance reception and transmission several different antennas may be used as shown in the  FIG. 3 . However, it should be appreciated that a single transmit/receive antenna may be used. Cellular communication requires a line-of-sight transmission environment. The antennas may be mounted on the support structure  35  in an arrangement to allow for reception and transmission of the cellular signal around a 360° radius, as shown schematically in  FIG. 3A . 
       FIG. 4  is a pictorial representation of a cellular buoy  10  with its incorporated antenna system  31 ,  33  mounted on an antenna support (mast)  35   a , serving a similar function as tower  35 . The buoy includes a shell (float)  30  and a spar  40  on which is mounted a platform  50  to which a mast  35   a  is connected.  FIG. 4  shows a cellular buoy  10  which includes a wave energy converter (WEC) system  20  which converts wave motion into useable electricity which may be used to power the receive and transmit antenna system, control electronics and associated electrical equipment. The WEC system includes a power take off (PTO) device coupled between the shell  30  and the spar  40 . The power required by the receive/transmit circuitry is supplied by the WEC system on a continuous basis throughout the lifetime of the off-shore cellular system. In  FIG. 4 , a heave plate  70  is shown attached to the spar in a plane perpendicular to the direction of motion of the spar. The heave plate provides stability to the spar and the antenna, where stability includes maintaining the antennas  31 ,  33  and the antenna support  35   a  relatively vertical and perpendicular to the water surface under all operating and weather conditions. 
     In this application, reference to “mobile units” refers to portable cellular phones people use. Each cellular buoy includes a transmission/reception site which includes at least one transmitter/receiver antenna, although usually there is at least one antenna for transmission and a different antenna for reception. Each antenna provides cellular coverage for a given geographical area. Cellular buoys embodying the invention include means for generating the electrical power for the electrical/electronic equipment. In the operation of the system it should be appreciated that all calls are transmitted and received by receptor sites and sent to a switching office where they are then sent to the appropriate location called by the cellular customer. 
     An important aspect of this invention is that the cellular buoy includes a WEC which can provide an offshore power source to an existing cellular transmission system to extend the cellular coverage beyond a limited offshore boundary. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5  there is shown land based cells  1  through  4 , each having a receive/transmit tower  35  located on land along the shore line  13 . By way of example, it is assumed that any mobile cell user within 1.7 miles of a tower  35  can communicate with that tower  35  and the tower can then transfer the signal to another neighboring tower. The distance of 1.7 miles (approximately 2 miles) is by way of illustration only and, depending on the equipment/power used, the distance of the range from the center of a cell to its outer periphery could be less, or greater, than 2 miles. 
       FIG. 5  shows that an array of cellular buoys  10  can be integrated with a land based cellular system. Thus, in  FIG. 5  there is also shown an array of cellular buoys (cells  5 - 14 ) deployed over a large body of water (ocean). The cellular buoys in cells  5 ,  6 , and  7  (closest to shore) would be located (approximately) within a distance of 1.7 miles plus d 1  miles of the land based towers  35 . The cellular buoys in cells  8  through  11  would be generally located (approximately) within a distance of 2d 1  miles of the buoys in cells  5 - 7  and the cellular buoys in cells  12 - 14  would also be generally located (approximately) within a distance of 2d 1  miles of the buoys in cells  8 - 11 . The distances (e.g., 2d 1 ) between the buoys is a function of the transmit power and of the antenna height. Where the transmit power is greater and the height of the antenna above the water surface is increased, the distances between the cellular buoys can be made greater. Hence, the distances between the different cellular buoys and between the different cellular buoys and the land based towers may be varied (i.e., the distances may be made greater or smaller). 
     By way of example,  FIG. 5  shows a mobile user “A” a distance d 1  from the cellular buoy  10  in cell  13  who can communicate via cellular transmission with the receiver/transmitter on/in cell  13  and which transmission can then be transferred to any of the other cells deployed in the area and which can also be relayed to the costal towers  35 . Similarly, cellular transmission is possible for any other mobile user (e.g., user B) within the range of any cellular buoy. 
     Assume for example that the cellular buoys  10  in cells  5 - 7  closest to the coast line are located within a distance of 1.7 miles plus d 1  miles off the coastline from the existing coastline cellular towers  35 . This distance may be made somewhat longer if the land-based transmitting system is more powerful and/or the height of the land based antenna is increased. A cellular buoy system embodying the invention may be configured to increase the cellular communication range for many miles beyond the prior art maximum transmit coverage area.  FIG. 7  shows, by way of example, the potential extension in the range of coverage off the coast of Atlantic City, N.J. where several coastline cellular towers currently exist. 
     Another important feature of the Cell Buoy system is its capability to provide a stable antenna platform by maintaining the tilt motions of the buoy within 20° from vertical. This reduces losses in the communication link. 
     The range of the cellular buoy system is a function of transmit power and antenna height. That is, the greater the transmit power and the higher the height of the antenna the greater is the communication distance between cell buoys, with acceptable performance. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6  there is shown a cellular buoy  10  having a shell  30  and a spar  40  with a power take off (PTO) device  162  coupled between the shell and spar to convert their relative motion into electric energy. The power take off (PTO) is responsive to the movement of the waves. PTO  162  is coupled to an AC/DC converter  164  to produce a relatively well regulated voltage (DC) which is applied to various system components to power their operation. By way of example, the output lines  166 ,  168  of the converter are shown to distribute power to the transceiver (transmitter/receiver)  170 , a processor/controller  172  and to various sensors and pieces of electronic equipment  174  on, or in, the buoy requiring power. The transceiver  170  is coupled to the receive/transmit antennas  31 ,  33  mounted on a mast  35   a  to receive RF signals from other cells and directly from mobile cell users within its cell area and/or to transmit RF signals to other cells and directly to mobile cell users within its cell area. Transmission and reception may be further controlled by means of the processor/controller  172  which monitors and controls the communication. 
     In addition, the processor/controller may include control means  176  responsive to various sensors for controlling the orientation of the antenna in order to maximize the receive transmit operation. 
     Still further, the processor/controller  172  may include control means  178  responsive to various sensors for controlling the stability of the platform to ensure that the mast supporting the antenna(s) remains relatively vertical at all times to enhance transmission and reception. This is in conjunction with (or separate from) means for adjusting the heave plate  70  which also functions to maintain the stability of the spar and hence of the buoy. 
     It should be appreciated that the invention provides a cost effective mobile communication system available for consumers at-sea and allows consumers to use their cellular phone for communication while at sea using a cellular infrastructure. Consumers are thus able to use their existing cellular phone to communicate between different offshore points and between different offshore points and points on land using cellular buoys integrated with existing land cellular infrastructure. This can proceed without any change to a consumer&#39;s phone plan (no extra charges) and communication from land and over a large body of water is only limited by the quantity of cellular buoys deployed over the body of water. 
     In accordance with the invention, there is now a reliable, readily available, low cost communication system which is not limited to land based equipment. The cellular buoy allows a user to communicate anywhere within their existing calling plan with their cellular provider while at sea. The cellular buoy system provides the necessary cellular receive and transmit antenna system acting as a cellular communication system identical to that which exists on the land. 
     Applicant&#39;s invention incorporates a low power receive/transmit transponder with, for example, an omni antenna system into its wave energy converting buoy to offer a self powering off-shore cellular communication structure. Applicant recognized that at sea (or ocean) there exist fewer obstructions to line of sight communication than on land. Thus, for cellular buoys being spaced apart a similar distance than land base towers, lower transmit power is required. Alternatively, the fewer obstructions allow greater spacing between the buoys for a given transmit power. The low power needs of the communication system, when operating in a large body of water, results in a small, easily deployable buoy, which is designed to provide a maintenance free operating life of many (e.g., 5 or more) years. 
     The use of an omni antenna compensates for the motion of the buoy due to its interaction with the wave climate and doesn&#39;t restrict the direction from which the receive/transmit signal is originating. The omni antenna provides a completed 360-degree communication field. 
     The power generation requirements for a cellular buoy should be sufficient to operate the communication electronics, buoy internal control and monitoring electronics and harness and system losses. The cellular buoy has an internal control system continually monitoring the performance of the communication payload and buoy health and operational status. The buoy provides a constant performance data stream to land to allow the cellular provider to monitor and control the payload and buoy operation. During periods of extreme wave conditions, the buoy operates in a self-protection mode. During the self-protection mode, the buoy monitors the movement of the wave energy conversion system to determine if the wave environment is an extreme condition, which may cause damage to the buoy during its operation. The buoy monitors each reaction to individual waves and protects itself from damage (e.g., temporarily locking the components of the buoy). 
     The cellular buoy design provides a stable antenna platform through the use of a simple mooring system and proper hydrodynamic design properties. The simple mooring system provides the necessary station keeping features that eliminate the drifting or movement of the buoy within the off-shore cellular field. The quantity of cellular buoys within a field is dependent upon the distance from shore where communication capability is required. By way of example, cellular buoys may be placed at a separation distance of 5 miles (or more) and may extend off the shore line covering an entire coast line within the fishing and sport boating regions off the coastline. Cellular buoys could also be placed to cover the shipping lanes used by commercial and entertainment (cruise lines) vessels. 
     Various wave energy converter (WEC) systems are known. For example reference is made to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/379,421 filed Aug. 21, 1999; Ser. Nos. 10/762,800; 10,080,181 filed Feb. 20, 2002; and to Ser. No. 11/030,933 filed Jan. 7, 2005, all assigned to the assignee of the present application and the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.