Abstract:
Systems and methods for generating incremental backups are provided. In one implementation a method is provided. The method includes receiving, while a current view is displayed in a user interface, a first user input requesting that a history view associated with the current view be displayed. The history view is displayed in response to the first user input, the history view including at least a first visual representation of an earlier version of the current view, the earlier version including a first element. A second user input is received while the history view is displayed. The second user input requests that the current view be modified according to the earlier version, at least with regard to the first element.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is generally related to the following jointly owned and co-pending patent applications, each incorporated herein by reference in its entirety:
       U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, for “Application-Based Backup-Restore of Electronic Information,” filed Aug. 4, 2006;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, for “User Interface for Backup Management,” filed Aug. 4, 2006;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, for “Navigation of Electronic Backups,” filed Aug. 4, 2006;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, for “Architecture for Back Up and/or Recovery of Electronic Data,” filed Aug. 4, 2006;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, for “Searching a Backup Archive,” filed Aug. 4, 2006;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, for “Conflict Resolution in Recovery of Electronic Data,” filed Aug. 4, 2006;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, for “System for Multi-Device Electronic Backup,” filed Aug. 4, 2006;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, for “System for Electronic Backup,” filed Aug. 4, 2006;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, for “Restoring Electronic Information,” filed Aug. 4, 2006;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, for “Links to a Common Item in a Data Structure,” filed Aug. 4, 2006;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, for “Event Notification Management,” filed Aug. 4, 2006;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, for “Consistent Back Up of Electronic Information,” filed Aug. 4, 2006.       
 
     
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0014]    The disclosed implementations relate generally to storing and restoring data. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0015]    A hallmark of modern graphical user interfaces is that they allow a large number of graphical objects or items to be displayed on a display screen at the same time. Leading personal computer operating systems, such as Apple Mac OS®, provide user interfaces in which a number of windows can be displayed, overlapped, resized, moved, configured, and reformatted according to the needs of the user or application. Taskbars, menus, virtual buttons and other user interface elements provide mechanisms for accessing and activating windows even when they are hidden behind other windows. 
         [0016]    With the sophisticated tools available, users are encouraged not only to create and save a multitude of items in their computers, but to revise or otherwise improve on them over time. For example, a user can work with a certain file and thereafter save its current version on a storage device. The next day, however, the user could have had second thoughts about the revisions, or could have come up with new ideas, and therefore opens the file again. 
         [0017]    The revision process is usually straightforward if the user wants to add more material to the file or make changes to what is there. But it is typically more difficult for a user who has changed his/her mind about changes that were previously made and wants the file back as it was once before. Application programs for word processing typically let the user “undo” previous edits of a text, at least up to a predefined number of past revisions. The undo feature also usually is configured so that the previously made revisions must be undone in reverse chronological order; that is, the user must first undo the most recently made edit, then the second-most recent one, and so on. If the user saves and closes the document and thereafter opens it again, it may not be possible to automatically undo any previous edits. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0018]    Systems and methods for generating incremental backups for a system (i.e., a computer). A user interface can allow a user to view and navigate the generated backups. A user can invoke the user interface from an application, folder, or using other means. Data from the backups can be selected and restored to the current state. Archive management functions provide for management of stored backup data. Additionally, backup operations can be performed as continuous opportunistic backup operations that can minimize data loss between scheduled backup operations. 
         [0019]    In general, in one aspect, a method relating to modifying a view in a user interface is provided. The method includes receiving, while a current view is displayed in a user interface, a first user input requesting that a history view associated with the current view be displayed. The history view is displayed in response to the first user input, the history view including at least a first visual representation of an earlier version of the current view, the earlier version including a first element. A second user input is received while the history view is displayed. The second user input requests that the current view be modified according to the earlier version, at least with regard to the first element. 
         [0020]    Implementations of the method can include one or more of the following features. The second user input does not request that the modification be limited to the first element, and the modification restores the current view to the earlier version. The second user input can request that the modification be limited to the first element, and wherein the modification modifies the current view to include the first element and does not otherwise modify the current view. The first element can be one selected from the group consisting of: a folder, a file, an item, an information portion, a playlist, a directory, an image, system parameters, and combinations thereof. The first visual representation can be included in a timeline presented in the history view, the timeline including several visual representations of earlier versions of the current view. 
         [0021]    The earlier versions of the current view can be obtained at times defined by a schedule. The earlier versions of the current view can be obtained at times defined by a rule. The earlier versions of the current view can be obtained at times when at least one predefined event occurred. The history view further can include an input control for modifying the timeline to include only at least one of the visual representations whose corresponding earlier version differs from the current view. The history view can include a rollover function providing that the timeline is displayed when a user-controlled cursor is located over the timeline, and that the timeline is not displayed when the user-controlled cursor is not located over the timeline. The history view can further include a preview area that presents at least the first element of the earlier version. 
         [0022]    In general, in one aspect, a method is provided. The method includes defining a criterion for capturing a state of a view of a user interface. The state of the view is captured in accordance with the criterion. A prompt is received to suspend presentation of a current view and present a captured view. The captured view is reinstated into the current view of the user interface. 
         [0023]    In general, in one aspect, a method is provided. The method includes evaluating a current view of a user interface. A determination is made that an undesirable change to the current view of the user interface has occurred relative to a past view of the user interface. The current view of the user interface is suspended. One or more past views of the user interface are presented. The past view of the user interface is reinstated into the current view. 
         [0024]    In general, in one aspect, a method is provided. The method includes defining criteria for capturing a state of a view of a user interface. One or more temporary states of the view are captured prior to the criteria being satisfied. The state of the view is captured in accordance with the criteria. 
         [0025]    Implementations of the method can include one or more of the following features. The method can further include receiving a prompt to suspend presentation of a current view and present a captured view and reinstating the captured view into the current view of the user interface. The method can further include discarding the temporary states of the view after capturing the sate of the view. The criteria can be a time period and where capturing a temporary state of the view occurs when a change in the state of the view is identified. 
         [0026]    In general, in one aspect, a method is provided. The method includes storing a plurality of history views in an archive. Criteria are determined for deleting one or more of the plurality of history views. One or more of the plurality of history views are deleted in accordance with the criteria. 
         [0027]    Implementations of the method can include one or more of the following features. The criteria can include a time period for retaining stored history views in the archive and a history view is deleted when the age of the history view exceeds the time period. The criteria can include an amount of storage space remaining in the archive and a history view is deleted when the amount of storage space falls below a threshold level. The criteria can include one or more pruning rules and one or more history views are deleted according to the pruning rules. 
         [0028]    Particular embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented to realize one or more of the following advantages. Backup data can be stored, allowing a user to retrieve past states of applications or data. The user can easily navigate a set of historical views presented to the user. The user can also easily navigate within each historical view as a hierarchical file structure. The user can restore lost data or a prior version of data after identifying the particular data in a user interface. Lost data can be minimized by frequently performing temporary backups between schedule backup operations. 
         [0029]    The details of the various aspects of the subject matter described in this specification are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0030]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an example of an architecture for modifying a user interface view in a display environment. 
           [0031]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram of an example of an architecture for backing up and restoring application files. 
           [0032]      FIG. 3  shows an example of a desktop user interface for accessing the time machine settings dialog. 
           [0033]      FIG. 4  shows an example of a time machine settings dialog. 
           [0034]      FIG. 5  shows an example of a time machine settings dialog for setting backup storage device options. 
           [0035]      FIG. 6  shows an example of a time machine settings dialog with a pop-up window for a particular storage device. 
           [0036]      FIG. 7  shows an example of a time machine settings dialog for setting archive management options. 
           [0037]      FIG. 8  shows a flow diagram of a method illustrating a backup process scenario. 
           [0038]      FIG. 9  shows a flow diagram of a method illustrating another backup process scenario. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0039]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an architecture  100  for capturing at least one earlier version of a user interface view and allowing a user to initiate a restoration based on it. As used herein, a view refers to an item, element, or other content, capable of being stored and/or retrieved in an interface, that can be subjected to a backup operation by a backup component  117 . For example, a user interface view can contain any number of icons, files, folders, application state information and/or machine state information, preferences, etc. The architecture  100  includes a personal computer  102  communicatively coupled to a remote server  107  via a network interface  116  and a network  108  (e.g., local area network, wireless network, Internet, intranet, etc.). The computer  102  generally includes a processor  103 , memory  105 , one or more input devices  114  (e.g., keyboard, mouse, etc.) and one or more output devices  115  (e.g., a display device). A user interacts with the architecture  100  via the input and output devices  114 ,  115 . 
         [0040]    The computer  102  also includes a local storage device  106  and a graphics module  113  (e.g., graphics card) for storing information and generating graphical objects, respectively. The local storage device  106  can be a computer-readable medium. The term “computer-readable medium” refers to any medium that includes data and/or participates in providing instructions to a processor for execution, including without limitation, non-volatile media (e.g., optical or magnetic disks), volatile media (e.g., memory) and transmission media. Transmission media includes, without limitation, coaxial cables, copper wire, fiber optics, and computer buses. Transmission media can also take the form of acoustic, light or radio frequency waves. 
         [0041]    While modifications of a user interface view are described herein with respect to a personal computer  102 , it should be apparent that the disclosed implementations can be incorporated in, or integrated with, any electronic device that has a user interface, including without limitation, portable and desktop computers, servers, electronics, media players, game devices, mobile phones, email devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), embedded devices, televisions, other consumer electronic devices, etc. 
         [0042]    Systems and methods are provided for searching stored contents that correspond to earlier versions of system information, application information or system, application, or user interface state. The systems and methods can be stand-alone or otherwise integrated into a more comprehensive application. In the materials presented below, integrated systems and methods are provided for viewing and modifying an interface view (e.g., a user interface view) are disclosed. 
         [0043]    Though discussion is made with reference to modifying a user interface view, those of ordinary skill will recognize that such a view can be based on various data structures, files, processes, and other aspects of information management. It follows that modification to file structures, data and the like is also contemplated in order to achieve the modification to the user interface view. In other words, while the restoration of the user interface view from one state to another can be the most apparent change from the user&#39;s perspective, this is accomplished through the corresponding changes in the underlying system content. 
         [0044]    One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the engines, methods, processes and the like that are described can themselves be an individual process or application, part of an operating system, a plug-in, an application, or the like. 
         [0045]    In one implementation, the system and methods can be implemented as one or more plug-ins that are installed and run on the personal computer  102 . The plug-ins are configured to interact with an operating system (e.g., MAC OS® X, WINDOWS XP, LINUX, etc.) and to perform the various functions, as described with respect to the Figures. A system and method for modifying a user interface view can also be implemented as one or more software applications running on the computer  102 . Such a system and method can be characterized as a framework or model that can be implemented on various platforms and/or networks (e.g., client/server networks, wireless networks, stand-alone computers, portable electronic devices, mobile phones, etc.), and/or embedded or bundled with one or more software applications (e.g., email, media player, browser, etc.). 
         [0046]    The computer  102  includes the backup component  117  that allows for the storage of versions of the computer&#39;s files or other items (e.g., restoring a view including past state of a file, application, application data, parameters, settings, and the like), for example within the local storage  106  or in an external storage repository. In one implementation, the backup component  117  also allows a user to select any of the stored versions and use it to initiate a restoration of that version in the computer. 
         [0047]    The computer  102  also includes a system setup component  118  for setting up a computer system. In one implementation, the component  118  is configured for use in setting up the computer  102 . The setup component  118  can then use archival data captured in another system for such setup, the data having been captured in the other system using a backup engine corresponding to the backup component  117 . In another implementation, the component  118  is configured for use in transferring some or all contents of the computer  102  to another system that is being set up. The setup component can then use archival data stored by the backup component  117 . Particularly, the system setup component  118  can use the archival data to fully restore the computer system&#39;s key data files after a catastrophic event which caused the loss or corruption of data within the local storage device  106 . For example, if a malicious software attack, such as a virus, corrupted key system data, the system setup component  118  could restore archived data using a version with a timestamp previous to the event of the attack. 
         [0048]    In another implementation, the system setup component  118  can be used to migrate a user&#39;s data from one computer system to the next. For example, if the user purchased a new computer, the system setup component could be used to copy all important data from one machine to the other by restoring a recent archive. First, data archives can be created of the information stored by computer  102  using the backup component  117 . The data archives could be placed on an external storage device connected to computer  102 , to name one example. Next, the user would connect the external storage device to the new computer system and run the system setup component  118  from within the new computer to migrate all of the data from computer  102  to this new computer system. As another example, the system setup component  118  located on the computer  102  can remotely setup the new computer system using the archived contents from the backup component  117 . 
         [0049]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram of an exemplary architecture  200  for enabling the back up and restoration of data (e.g., application files, application data, settings, parameters or the like), such as those associated with a set of application programs  228 . Backup component  117  provides back up and restoration capability for the system. Many different items or elements can be the subject of a backup operation in the system. For example, folders, files, items, information portions, directories, images, system parameters, playlists, address books, e-mails, e-mail folders, a state of an application or state of the system, preferences (e.g., user or system preferences), and the like all can be candidates for archiving. Other types are also possible. In this example, the backup component  117  includes a local storage device  204  and an external storage device  232 . Versions can be stored on either of them. Any number of local and/or external storage devices can be used by the backup component  117  for storing versions. In this implementation, the backup component  117  views any and all storage device(s) designated for version storage as a single memory bank. 
         [0050]    In one implementation, the backup component  117  runs as a background task on an operating system  230  that is not visible to the user. The backup component  117  can be capable of running across multiple user accounts. 
         [0051]    The backup component  117  includes an activity monitoring engine  212 . In one implementation, the activity monitoring engine  212  monitors for changes within an application view (e.g. files) that are targeted for a backup operation. A change can also include the addition of new files or data or the deletion of the same. In one implementation, the activity monitoring engine  212  is capable of discerning between a substantive change (e.g. the text within a document has been modified) and a non-substantive change (e.g. the play count within an iTunes playlist has been updated, or several changes cancel each other out) through its interaction with the application programs  228 . The activity monitoring engine  212  can, for example, create a list of modified elements to be used when a backup event is eventually triggered. In one implementation, the activity monitoring engine  212  can monitor the system for periods of inactivity. The activity monitoring engine  212  can then trigger a backup event during a period of time in which the backup operations will not cause a system slowdown for an active user. 
         [0052]    A preference management engine  214  specifies some operating parameters of the backup component  117 . In one implementation, preference management engine  214  contains user-specified and/or system default application parameters for the backup component  117 . These can include settings for the details of capturing and storing the earlier versions. For example, the preference management engine  214  can determine the frequency of the backup capture, the storage location for the backup versions, the types of files, data, or other items that are eligible for backup capture, and the events which trigger a backup capture (periodic or event-driven, etc.). In one implementation, the triggering events can be programmatically defined. In another implementation, the triggering event results in a backup capture of only a portion of the changed content. 
         [0053]    In one implementation, the preference management engine  214  can detect that a new storage device is being added to the system and prompt the user whether it should be included as a backup repository. Files and other items can be scheduled for backup due to location (e.g. everything on the a particular drive, for example, a lettered drive such as everything within a C: drive and within D:/photos, or a named drive or location such as “MyBigDisk” or within “/ExtraStorage/Photos”, thus reference in this specification to drives is not limited to lettered drives or paths), a correlation with specific applications (e.g. all pictures, music, e-mail, address book and system settings), or a combination of strategies. Different types of items can be scheduled to be stored on different devices or on different segments of a storage device during a backup operation. In one implementation, the backup component  117  stores the versions in a format corresponding to a file system structure. 
         [0054]    A backup management engine  216  coordinates the collection, storage, and retrieval of view versions performed by the backup component  117 . For example, the backup management engine  216  can trigger the activity monitoring engine  212  to watch for activities that satisfy a requirement specified in the preference management engine  214 . 
         [0055]    In one implementation, a change identifying engine  218  locates specific views or other items within to determine if they have changed. The change identifying engine  218  may be capable of discerning a substantive change from a non-substantive change, similar to the example described above for the activity monitoring engine  212 . In one implementation, the change identifying engine  218  traverses a target set of files, data, or other items, comparing a previous version to the current version to determine whether or not a modification has occurred. 
         [0056]    A backup capture engine  220  can locate files, data, or other items that are to be backed up. The backup capture engine  220  could invoke the activity monitoring engine  212  and/or the change identifying engine  218 , for example, to generate a capture list. The backup capture engine  220  can then store copies of these elements in one or more targeted storage repositories. The backup capture engine  220  can track multiple version copies of each item included in the backup repository. 
         [0057]    The backup component  117  includes a backup restoration engine  222  to restore previous views (e.g. versions of files, data, or other items). In one implementation, the backup restoration engine  222  provides a user interface (e.g., a graphical user interface) where a user can select the item(s) to be restored. 
         [0058]    In one implementation, the backup component  117  manages multiple versions of an item using links. In such an implementation, the backup component  117  can include a link management engine  224  that coordinates the item links between version sets. Within the local storage device  204 , in one implementation, a version A first backup archive  206  (“Version A”) contains three separate archived items called 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Version A may have been captured by the backup capture engine  220  at some point in time. 
         [0059]    After version A is captured, a file associated with item 2 can be modified, for example by a user editing a document that is included within item 2. Another capture event creates a second backup archive  208  (“Version B”). Because item 2 is no longer identical to the copy contained within Version A, a copy of the new or revised item 2 is stored within Version B. However, items 1 and 3 have not changed since Version A. The link management engine  224  creates a link  205  from Version B to item 1 of Version A. Accordingly, only one copy of item 1 is required to be stored within the local storage device  204  at the time Version B is created. Similarly, a link  207  connects item 3 of Version A to Version B. 
         [0060]    At a later time, information associated with items 1 and 3 can be modified. When a third backup archive  210  (“Version C”) is generated, the backup capture engine  220  stores the items 1 and 3. However, the information associated with item 2 remains unchanged from Version B, so the link management engine  224  creates a link  209  from Version C to the archived copy of item 2. 
         [0061]    In one implementation, the link management engine  224  can manage links across multiple version sets. For example, if item 3 had not been modified between the captures of the version B backup archive  208  and the version C backup archive  210 , then the version C backup archive  210  would contain a link to item 3 of the version A backup archive  206 . 
         [0062]    If a user changes the target storage device between backup operations, the link management engine  224 , in one implementation, can perpetuate links across multiple storage devices. For example, assume that backup versions are set to be stored in the external storage device  232  rather than the local storage device  204  and that the first backup archive  206  (“Version A”) therefore has been placed there. If the user then instead selects the local storage device  204  as the target repository before the next capture event, this causes the second backup archive  208  (“Version B”) to be created within local storage device  204 . Version B will now contain links  205  and  207  to Version A within the external storage device  232 . 
         [0063]    In some situations, the storage repository holding a linked version of an item is no longer included within, or accessible from, the system. In one implementation, the link management engine  224  can then require the backup capture engine  220  to generate new copies of an item or items. For instance, if the external storage device  232  contains the first backup archive  206  (“Version A”), and a user disconnects the external storage device  232  previous to the capture of the third backup archive  210  (“Version C”), the link management engine  224  can, upon detecting this condition, require the backup capture engine  220  to capture new copies of item 1 and item 3, even though the items have not changed between backup events. 
         [0064]    A backup preview engine  226  is configured to provide a preview of at least one of the captured earlier versions. The preview can allow a user to peruse the contents of a backup copy of a view (e.g., a file, data, or file set) before opting to restore the element (e.g. file(s)) using the backup restoration engine  222 . 
         [0065]    The archived copies can be compressed and/or encrypted. An example of a compression technique is the ZIP file format for data compression and archiving. An example of an encryption technique is the RSA algorithm for public key encryption. Other compression techniques or encryption techniques can be used. In one implementation, the archive storage structure mimics a typical file system structure, such that the archived versions can be perused using a standard file system viewing utility. 
         [0066]    Access to data elements within the architecture  200  or the computer system  102  can be controlled by a general authorization management engine  229 . The general authorization management engine  229  stores permissions settings for individual data elements, such as a file, folder, or disk drive. Before a user gains access to a data element, the element&#39;s permissions settings would be verified by the general authorization management engine  229 . In one implementation, the general authorization management engine can require a password or other authorization data (e.g. biometric data, etc.) before allowing a user access to a particular data element. 
         [0067]    An archive management engine  225  tracks where archived views are being stored. In one implementation, the archive management engine  225  obtains user options from the preference management engine. Such settings can include, but are not limited to, methods to be used to remove older or otherwise unnecessary archived views. These settings can establish one or more criteria for archived view deletion, for instance in the event of storage capacity being reached or on a regular basis. In one implementation, the archive management engine  225  alerts the user when archives are missing because a device has gone offline. In another implementation, the archive management engine  225  can bar a user from viewing another user&#39;s archival data due to system permissions settings. 
         [0068]    The backup component  117  can include an authorization management engine  227  that controls users&#39; access to archived states, for example by storing permission settings for individual data elements within the data archives. In one implementation, if multiple users make use of the time machine backup component  117  on a single system, each user can choose to keep separate archives. Access to an individual user&#39;s archives can be password protected or otherwise held in a secure manner. In one implementation, the data within the user&#39;s archives contain the same read/write permissions as the original data element. In one implementation, the authorization management engine  227  inherits the data elements&#39; permissions settings from the general authorization management engine  229  and indexes the archived contents accordingly. Using these permissions settings, the authorization management engine  227  can deny a user access to a copy of a data element when the user would not have authorization to view the original data element. In another implementation, the user may establish permissions or encryption techniques specifically for the data archives. User permissions and encryption settings could be user-selectable from within the preference management engine. The preference management engine would then transfer the settings to the authorization management engine for storage. 
         [0069]    There will now be described some exemplary user interfaces that can be used in managing and using a system for backing up versions of views (e.g., including files, data, or other items). In one implementation, the user interfaces can be generated by an operating system and the backup component  117 . 
         [0070]      FIG. 3  is a screen shot  300  depicting a user interface  302  (e.g., a desktop user interface). In this example, the system where the user interface  302  is generated is provided with a component that captures and manages versions of views (including items such as files, folders, etc.). That component is here referred to as a “time machine”. For example, the time machine can be part of the backup component  117 . 
         [0071]    A menu bar  304  within the user interface  302  allows access to the system settings dialog  306 . A time machine icon  308  is available within the system settings dialog  306 . A user can select the time machine icon  308  to open a time machine settings dialog such as the one portrayed within  FIG. 4 . Thus, the time machine icon  308  is here accessible in the context where the user can configure other system aspects, such as hardware peripherals, system utilities, network connectivity, etc. With reference briefly to  FIG. 1 , the setup component  118  could be configured so that it specifies, upon a system being set up, any or all of the settings covered by the features shown in the dialog  306 . In one implementation, the time machine icon  308  also acts as a “hot key” for quick access to performing a backup operation. For example, in one implementation the user could access the time machine settings dialog by right-clicking on the time machine icon  308 , or the user could left-click the time machine icon  308  to trigger a backup event. In other implementations, the time machine engine could be accessible within the user interface  302  itself, through an applications menu or file listing, or as part of the functionality included within another application, etc. 
         [0072]      FIG. 4  shows a screen shot  400  depicting an example of a time machine settings dialog  402  within the user interface  302 . In one implementation, the dialog  402  is generated by the preference management engine  214  ( FIG. 2 ). A general settings tab  404  is selected. A user can select a device name within a drop-down menu  406  to establish backup location. A drop-down menu  408  can be used to set the frequency of making backups (e.g. every day, every week, every other week, every month, etc.). In another implementation, a time of day or other granularity setting could be available. Such a setting would allow the user to request that the utility run during a typically inactive period, such as overnight. In one implementation, an event-driven trigger could be specified, such as having the backup utility run upon system start-up. In another example of an event-driven trigger, the time machine could be set to back up when there has been activity relating to the item that is to be backed up. In one implementation, the backup can be set to run in periods of inactivity when there is little or no user demand on system performance. In another implementation, a backup can be run according to programmatically defined criteria, rules, or dynamically generated criteria. 
         [0073]    A user can select from a set of applications  410  which type(s) of data is eligible for a backup operation. The applications list could contain specific products (e.g. iTunes) and/or general categories (e.g. photos, address book, e-mail inbox). In one implementation, each application name is individually selectable. For example, within an internet browser application, the user can set the bookmarks and personal settings to be backed up but not the history or cookies. One implementation allows a user to select specific disk drives, folders, and/or files for storing backup data. A scroll bar  412  allows the user to view additional applications or candidates that do not fit within the viewing window. 
         [0074]    A user can additionally select a checkbox  409  to enable temporary backup operations to occur between scheduled backup operations. In one implementation, the backup component  117  stores periodic backups of modified data elements such that, if a catastrophic event causes the loss of that element, recent changes are not permanently lost. For example, consider the event in which the most recent backup event took place at 1:00 a.m., and the user modified an important file at 3:00 p.m. If a file corruption occurred at 5:00 p.m., it would cause the present day&#39;s modifications to be permanently lost. However, if temporary backups were enabled, then the backup archives could include a temporary archive containing a more recent copy of the file. The system setup component  118  could use the temporary archive to restore the file. In one implementation, links are used so that only one copy of a changed data element will be retained within the temporary backup archives. When a scheduled backup archive occurs, in one implementation, the temporary backup archives can be deleted. The system may take these measures to ensure that temporary backup archives use a minimal amount of storage space. In some implementations, the temporary backup archives are not accessible (or visible) to the user, in contrast to the scheduled archives. For example, when accessing the backup archives within a file system browser type application, the backup archive files would not be available. 
         [0075]    Temporary archives can be created at a set frequency, e.g. on an hourly basis or every other hour, for example. In one implementation, the frequency of temporary archive creation can be based on the frequency of the user&#39;s scheduled backup archiving events. In another implementation, temporary archives are created upon modification of data elements. The backup capture engine  220  could be triggered by the activity monitoring engine  212  to create a temporary backup during a time of system inactivity. In one implementation, if the system again becomes busy with activity, the temporary archive capture task is suspended. There can be defined a time limit in which the temporary archive capture activity should resume. In an alternative implementation, temporary archives are generated substantially continuously with any detected change to the system (e.g., any file system change). 
         [0076]    During the restoration process, the user might select a previous version of a data element, but then, upon restoration, decide that it would be preferable to revert to the version which had just been overwritten. By creating a temporary archive of the current state of the data element(s) that is about to be restored, in one implementation the backup restoration engine  222  has the ability to facilitate an “undo” operation. 
         [0077]    A message block  414  alerts the user as to the date and time of the last backup event. The timestamp refers to the last scheduled backup event, not the most recent temporary backup that the backup component  117  saved. In one implementation, this information is obtained from the backup capture engine  220  ( FIG. 2 ). The user can select a slide bar control  403  to switch the backup operations on or off. A user can select a backup now button  416  to trigger a backup event. In one implementation, the backup now button  416  calls the backup capture engine  220  ( FIG. 2 ) to initiate a capture event using the settings provided within the time machine settings dialog  402 . 
         [0078]    If a checkbox  418  is selected, the time machine engine provides a status icon  420  within the menu bar  304  of the user interface  302 . The status icon  420  could alter in appearance depending upon the time machine engine&#39;s status, e.g. when the time machine engine is disabled, when it is actively backing up files, or when it is in standby mode, etc. The status icon  420  can provide the user with an additional method of accessing the time machine settings dialog  402 . In one implementation, a different type of status indicator could be used, or a different way of initiating it could be provided. 
         [0079]    If a lock icon  419  is selected, the time machine engine backup configuration is essentially locked into place until the icon  419  is selected again. For example, selecting the lock icon  419  in the settings dialog  402  can ensure daily (automatic) backup operations are performed using a particular backup device (e.g., “Steve&#39;s backup device”) as the storage medium until the lock icon  419  is selected, thus unlocking the current backup configuration. 
         [0080]    A user can select a help button  422  to open a help dialog regarding the time machine engine. The help dialog could be presented within the time machine settings dialog  402  or in a separate pop-up window, for example. In another implementation, a mouse over of individual controls within the time machine settings dialog  402  could provide the user with a brief description of that control&#39;s functionality. 
         [0081]      FIG. 5  shows a screen shot  500  depicting an example of the time machine settings dialog  402  in which a backup devices tab  502  is selected. A backup devices view  503  allows the user to select one or more repositories for storing archived items. In this example, a first device  504  is the only option presently available to the user. A user can select an options button  506  associated with the first device  504  to view a settings dialog for this device. In one implementation, selection of the options button  506  triggers the display of another pop-up window. An information field  508  informs the user of the present size of the archived information. In this example, the backup information is taking up 237 gigabytes of space. 
         [0082]    For the next example, the user selects the options button  506  ( FIG. 5 ). As shown in  FIG. 6 , a screen shot  600  contains a pop-up window  602  overlaying the time machine settings dialog  402 . The pop-up window  602  displays options relating to the first device  504 . An information field  604  contains the storage device name, in this example “Device1”. A bar graph  606  illustrates the amount of free space available on the first device  504 . According to the text beneath the bar graph, 237.04 gigabytes of memory has been used, and 12.96 gigabytes of memory is free on the first device  504 . 
         [0083]    A user can select a checkbox  608  to have the corresponding backup information encrypted. For example, in one implementation, this causes the existing archives within the associated backup device to be placed in an encrypted format. In another implementation, only the archives generated after the time of selecting the checkbox  608  will be generated in an encrypted format. In one implementation, the backup capture engine  220  ( FIG. 2 ) creates the encrypted copies for the archives. A user can select a checkbox  610  to enable the backup component  117  to use the first device  504  as an archive storage location. In one implementation, the name field  604  could be user-selectable to define the storage location in greater detail. For example, a particular segment or segments of a backup device could be selected rather than the entire device. A user can select an OK button  612  to close the popup window  602  and return to the time machine settings dialog  402 . 
         [0084]      FIG. 7  shows a screen shot  700  depicting an example of the time machine settings dialog  402  in which an archive management tab  702  is selected. An archive management view  703  is presented within the time machine settings dialog  402 . Archive management helps the user to control the information contained within the archives, thereby managing storage capacity requirements. A settings subsection  704  allows the user to control archive deletion frequency. The settings subsection  704  contains a first checkbox  708  with an associated drop-down menu  710 . The first checkbox  708  relates to the device threshold capacity. Selection of the first checkbox  708  allows the user to choose a storage device capacity at which archive deletion should occur to clear space. For example, the user can specify that archive deletion should occur when the storage device is 90% full by setting the drop-down menu  710  to the 90% full label. In one implementation, this threshold setting pertains to the cumulative capacity of all storage devices activated as archive devices. In another implementation, archive management settings could be device-specific, user-specific, or application-specific. In one implementation, the user is notified when archive storage is nearing threshold capacity. 
         [0085]    A second checkbox  712  provides that the user can choose to have archival information deleted on a periodic basis. An associated drop-down menu  714  can be used to set the specific time period. The second checkbox  712  allows the user to set a time period for archive data removal, e.g., the current setting of “Every week”. Both the first checkbox  708  and the second checkbox  712  can be activated concurrently such that, for example, archival deletion occurs every other week and unscheduled cleanups are performed if the device reaches threshold capacity between the periodically scheduled removals. In one implementation, archive deletion could be triggered to occur at times of low system activity. In another implementation, the user can schedule the specific time(s) for archive creation in the archive management view  703 . 
         [0086]    In an alternative implementation, the time period selected indicates the age of the archival information prior to deletion. For example, the archival information can be deleted once it has been stored in the archive for a threshold period of time (e.g., an age of the archive information of a period of months or even years). Alternatively, a combination of age and remaining archive space can be used to determine deletion of archive information. 
         [0087]    A help icon  706  provides the user with a description of the archive deletion frequency settings options. In one implementation, activation of the help icon  706  causes a pop-up window to appear. Alternatively, the help information could be provided within the confines of the settings subsection  704  or the archive management view  703 , for example. 
         [0088]    The user can access archive deletion method options through the settings subsection  716 . A first checkbox  720  relates to removing the oldest data stored by the backup component  117 . An associated drop-down menu  722  allows the user to specify the age at which archived data is eligible for deletion. For example, a user can specify that archived data is deleted when it is over one year old. 
         [0089]    Sometimes, it may not be prudent to remove data based on age alone. This can for example be the case when the archived data is comprised of a collection of both relatively static data and very dynamic data. Relatively static data is one that is modified only infrequently; a relatively dynamic data is one that changes value often. If, in such a scenario, the archive deletion method is set for removal at one year old, archives containing copies of information which have not changed for over a year could be deleted from the system. Meanwhile, a large number of versions of a very dynamic piece of data could be using a large amount of archive storage space. A second checkbox  724  allows the user to instead direct the archive management engine  225  to prune data from the archive storage. 
         [0090]    Pruning allows for selectively deleting one or more of the stored backup versions. In one implementation, as the archive views age, fewer views will be retained. For example, assume that incremental archives are created on a daily basis. Once a set of incremental archives thus created reaches a month old, selected ones of the incremental updates can be deleted, for example such that only weekly incremental updates remain. For archive contents that have aged between 1-3 months, only a semi-weekly version is retained from the weekly subset in this example. Contents 2-6 months old can be pruned to a monthly backup version. The user can also choose to remove all archived views that have aged beyond a certain point, for example, those that have been stored within the system for more than a year. A help icon  718  provides the user with a detailed description of the archive deletion method settings. In one implementation, different pruning rules can be used to define a particular pruning scheme similar to, or different from, the pruning scheme described above. 
         [0091]      FIG. 8  is a flow diagram of a method  800  illustrating a backup process scenario. The method  800  can be performed in a computer system with a storage device, to name one example. The method includes an enable backup procedure (step  802 ). The enable backup procedure can be available through a graphical user interface (GUI), for example, and can include a step of recording settings that are entered by the user. During the enable backup procedure, the user could designate a schedule for running the backup process, specify one or more storage devices to use for archival storage, or identify a set of items to be backed up, etc. 
         [0092]    The method includes enabling monitoring for inter-backup data loss (step  804 ). The choice of monitoring for inter-backup data loss can be available through a GUI, for example, and can include a step of recording settings that are entered by the user. During the enable monitoring for inter-backup data loss procedure, the user can designate a schedule for running temporary backup operations such that changes made between scheduled backup events will not necessarily be lost in the event of a catastrophic data loss, for example due to a virus corrupting one or more data elements. 
         [0093]    The method  800  involves performing a regular backup process (step  806 ). During the backup process, the backup engine can identify one or more storage devices for storing the backup archives and then store data from the device on the storage device(s). The stored data can have a format corresponding to a file system structure of the device. For example, this can provide that the stored data can be perused, for instance, using a standard file system navigation application. 
         [0094]    After a predefined time, the backup engine can perform a temporary backup operation (step  808 ). The temporary backup operation can capture changes in the data since the time of the regular backup process. In one implementation, the backup application identifies data on the device that has changed since the regular backup operation. The backup engine could monitor for events indicating a change to data on the device. The backup engine could compare data on the device with the data of the regular backup to discover changes. There can be rules defining change events. For example, an updated timestamp might not be construed as a significant enough modification to define it as a change of the data for the purposes of triggering the archiving of a temporary backup copy. 
         [0095]    A variety of events can trigger a temporary backup operation. For example, the backup engine can monitor system resources to identify a period of system inactivity during which it can initiate a temporary backup operation. Alternatively, the temporary backup operation could be performed according to a schedule (e.g. hourly, every other hour, etc.). A temporary backup operation could, in another circumstance, be performed in response to a change in data on the device. For example, a user could designate that a temporary backup operation be automatically triggered whenever the backup engine recognizes a change in a particular data set. 
         [0096]    A temporary backup event can include storing the changed data outside the view of the user, e.g. in a manner different than the user-viewable regular backup hierarchy. In one implementation, only one temporary version of a particular data element is stored. For example, if a particular data element changes after a temporary backup archive for the element has been created, the backup engine could delete the older temporary archive during the next temporary backup event and only retain the most recent temporary archive. In one implementation, all temporary archives are deleted upon the performance of the next regular backup event. Any number of temporary backup events can occur between regular backup events. 
         [0097]    The method includes monitoring for inter-backup data loss (step  810 ). For example, a user could recognize that a catastrophic event has occurred that causes corruption or permanent deletion of data elements. The user could then initiate a restoration event, for example through a GUI interface, which includes the request to restore a temporary archive if it contains the most recent changes held by the backup component (e.g., backup component  117 ). In another implementation, the computer system could recognize that a data loss event has occurred and initiate a restoration process. If the system has suffered inter-backup data loss, the method involves restoring the data element(s) using the temporary backup (step  812 ). In one implementation, the user could be prompted, through a GUI for example, for authorization before the restoration of any data takes place. Once the data has been restored, the method  800  continues on its present cycle of performing regular and temporary backup operations. 
         [0098]    The method  800  includes determining whether it is time for a regular backup operation (step  814 ). In one implementation, the regular backup operations can be performed on a set schedule, for example a schedule established by the user. If it is not time for a regular backup event to occur, the system can continue its schedule of temporary backup events. If it is time for a regular backup event, the method  800  performs the regular backup event. The method  800  could end upon occurrence of an event, such as a predefined ending time, a user input, or system shutdown. 
         [0099]      FIG. 9  is a flow diagram of a method  900  illustrating a backup process scenario. The method  900  can be performed in a computer system with a storage device, to name one example. The method includes an enable backup procedure (step  902 ). The enable backup procedure can be available through a graphical user interface (GUI), for example, and could include the step of recording settings that are entered by the user. During the enable backup procedure, the user could designate a schedule for running the backup process, specify one or more storage devices to use for archival storage, or identify a set of items to be backed up, etc. 
         [0100]    The method  900  involves performing a regular backup process (step  904 ). During the backup process, the backup engine can identify one or more storage devices for storing the backup archives and then store data from the device on the storage device(s). The stored data could have a format corresponding to a file system structure of the device. For example, the proposed formatting allows the stored data to be perused, for instance, using a standard file system navigation application. 
         [0101]    The method  900  includes pruning some or all of the backup data (step  906 ). Pruning can be done according to any or all of the pruning examples described herein. For example, pruning can be selectively performed on backup versions based on their age. The method  900  could repeat one or more of the steps  904  and  906  as indicated. 
         [0102]    In the above description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that implementations can be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the disclosure. 
         [0103]    In particular, one skilled in the art will recognize that other architectures and graphics environments can be used, and that the examples can be implemented using graphics tools and products other than those described above. In particular, the client/server approach is merely one example of an architecture for providing the functionality described herein; one skilled in the art will recognize that other, non-client/server approaches can also be used. Some portions of the detailed description are presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result. The steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. 
         [0104]    It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the discussion, it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as “processing” or “computing” or “calculating” or “determining” or “displaying” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system&#39;s registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices. 
         [0105]    An apparatus for performing the operations herein can be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it could comprise a general-purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program can be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, and each coupled to a computer system bus. 
         [0106]    The algorithms and modules presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general-purpose systems can be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatuses to perform the method steps. The required structure for a variety of these systems will appear from the description. In addition, the present examples are not described with reference to any particular programming language. It will be appreciated that a variety of programming languages can be used to implement the teachings as described herein. Furthermore, as will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the relevant art, the modules, features, attributes, methodologies, and other aspects can be implemented as software, hardware, firmware or any combination of the three. Of course, wherever a component is implemented as software, the component can be implemented as a standalone program, as part of a larger program, as a plurality of separate programs, as a statically or dynamically linked library, as a kernel loadable module, as a device driver, and/or in every and any other way known now or in the future to those of skill in the art of computer programming. Additionally, the present description is in no way limited to implementation in any specific operating system or environment. 
         [0107]    The subject matter described in this specification can be implemented as one or more computer program products, i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on a computer readable medium for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus. The instructions can be organized into modules (or engines) in different numbers and combinations from the exemplary modules described. The computer readable medium can be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storage substrate, a memory device, a composition of matter effecting a machine-readable propagated signal, or a combination of one or more them. The term “data processing apparatus” encompasses all apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers. The apparatus can include, in addition to hardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computer program in question, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or a combination of one or more of them. A propagated signal is an artificially generated signal, e.g., a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal, that is generated to encode information for transmission to suitable receiver apparatus. 
         [0108]    While this specification contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular implementations of the subject matter. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination. 
         [0109]    Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the embodiments described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products. 
         [0110]    The subject matter of this specification has been described in terms of particular embodiments, but other embodiments can be implemented and are within the scope of the following claims. For example, the actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results. As one example, the processes depicted in the accompanying figures do not necessarily require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. In certain implementations, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Other variations are within the scope of the following claims.