Abstract:
The present invention relates to a new oral pharmaceutical composition having an improved release of the therapeutically active compound present therein, in the lower part of the gastro-intestinal duct having a pH exceeding 4.5, comprising as a core a therapeutically active compound in the form of a weak base, or a weak acid, on which core there is applied a first, inner layer of a diffusion membrane in the form of ethyl cellulose, and/or a copolymer of polyethyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate-trimethylammonium ethyl methacrylate chloride, and thereabove a second layer is applied of at least one anionic polymer and/or fatty acid having a pk a  of 4.5 to 7. 
     The invention further relates to a process for the preparation of said composition, a pharmaceutical composition containing said composition, and a method for the treatment using such a composition.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a new oral, pharmaceutical compositions having an improved release of the therapeutically active compound present therein. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     There exists an everlasting problem within pharmacy to be able to administer a therapeutically active compound as close as possible to the colon or preferably in the colon, in order to thereby to eliminate the risk of adverse influence on the active compound by the gastric juice, or to prevent irritation of the ventricular mucous membranes, or to obtain a therapeutically effect in the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract. A further problem is to obtain a steady, preferably linear release of a therapeutically active compound in order to give an steady blood plasma level of the therapeutically active compound, without an initial release peak, which may cause side-effects due to too high concentrations in the body of the therapeutically active compound. 
     In EP-A-No. 0 040 590 there is disclosed an oral pharmaceutical composition comprising a core containing a therapeutically active compound, which core has been coated with a layer comprising 10 to 85% by weight of an anionic polymer soluble at a pH above 5.5 and 15 to 90% by weight of a water insoluble polymer selected from quaternary ammonium substituted acrylic polymers. Such a product gives, however, too high a permeability in gastric juice and is only suitable for therapeutically active compounds having a relatively low solubility in all acidic environment viz. a solubility of &lt;1 g/100 mi. 
     There is no real method or composition known today within pharmacy which can protect compounds which are very soluble in acidic environment and provide them with an adequate release profile in the more neutral pH of the small intestine and the large intestine after an attack by gastric acid during passage through the ventricle. 
     OBJECT OF THE INVENTION 
     The object of the invention is to provide pharmaceutical compositions which release, in an improved manner which is independent of its solubility, a therapeutically active compound therein which exhibits different solubilities within the pH range of 1 to 8. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It has now surprisingly been shown possible to be able to solve the aforesaid problem by the present invention, which is a pharmaceutical composition in unit dosage from characterized by a core comprising a therapeutically active substance in the form of a weak base or a weak acid, on which core there is provided a first, inner layer of a diffusion membrane in the form of ethyl cellulose and/or a copolymer of polyethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and trimethylammonium ethyl methacrylate chloride, and or which inner layer there is provided a second layer of at least one anionic polymer and/or fatty acid having a pk a  of 4.5 to 7, preferably 6 to 6.5. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     By means of the present invention the core is protected against attack by gastric juice after ingestion by means of the outer layer comprising an anionic polymer and/or fatty acid having a pk a  of 4.5 to 7. When this outer layer has been removed by dissolution upon passage of the composition into the small intestine with its higher pH, a slow but controlled release of the therapeutically active compound from the core by diffusion through the diffusion membrane occurs due to the difference in concentrations on each side of said membrane. The release takes thereby place at such a rate that 80-90% of the therapeutically active compound has been released after 7 to 10 hrs, which means that the release can take place in a constant, pH-independent way, and thereby in a very reproduceable way. 
     The present invention preferably employs therapeutically active compounds which are weak bases or weak acids, and which, in the pH range of 1 to 8, have a varying solubility. Preferably such therapeutically active compounds have a solubility exceeding 1 g/100 ml at maximal solubility in said range. As will be evident from the discussion hereinafter, a diffusion membrane alone, can not prevent from a rapid release of such therapeutically active compounds, e.g., in an acidic environment, when the active compound has a high solubility in acidic environment, so that 40 to 50% of the active compound is released within 2 hrs. 
     Examples of therapeutically active compounds which have a such a varying solubility within pH 1 to 8 and a solubility which maximally exceeds 1 g/100 ml in said range are quinidine sulphate, quinidine bisulphate, quinidine gluconate, quinidine hydrochloride, metoprolol tartate, metoprolol succinate, metoprolol fumarate, furosemide, propranolol, alprenolol, 5-aminosalicylic acid, and other such weak bases and weak acids or salts of these, the pk a  of which is 1 to 8. 
     The core comprising therapeutically active compounds is a granule having a diameter of 0.1 to 2.5 mm, which granule can consist of a therapeutically active compound in the form of a crystalline product, or compacted product only, or can consist of a therapeutically active compound in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as lactose, mannitol, sugar, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, and waxes, etc. 
     The diffusion membrane is ethyl cellulose and/or a copolymer of polyethyl acrylate (63-65%), methyl methacrylate (31.7-32.3%), and trimethylammonium ethyl methacrylate chloride (2.5-5%), which copolymer is sold under the same EUDRAGITE with quality identifications RL and RS, whereby RL denotes a product having 5% of said methacrylate chloride, and RS denotes a product having 2.5% of said methacrylate chloride. Ethyl cellulose is suitably mixed with EUDRAGITE RL and RS in of 20:80 to 80:20. The diffusion membrane can also contain a permeability improving compound, particularly when the therapeutically active compound is difficult to dissolve at a higher pH, i.e. at the pH in the lower part of the gastrointestinal duct including the small intestine. Examples of such permeability improving compounds are hydroxypropyl cellulose (Klucel), methyl cellulose (Methocel), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (Pharmacoat), polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and fatty acids, among others. 
     The outer layer consists of one or more anionic polymers and/or fatty acids having a pk a  of 4.5 to 7. Examples of such anionic polymers are cellulose acetate phthalate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate, methyl methacrylate methylester (such as EUDRAGITE L100). Examples of fatty acids are those having 14 to 20 carbon atoms, suitably, myristic acid, palmitinic acid, and/or stearic acid. 
     The membranes/layers are normally applied in an amount of at least 5 g per m 2  of particle area divided between the two layers, suitably 5 to 80 g/m 2  particle area, using 2.5 to 60 g/m 2  per layer, and at least 2.5 g/m 2 . 
     For flavor and/or identification a flavored or colored layer can optionally be applied outside the two release controlling layers. This is, however, no part of the present invention as such. 
     When dosing the finished product a number of discrete, coated particles/granules corresponding to a therapeutical dose unit of the actual therapeutical compound are administered. 
     When administering, in order to achieve a steady blood plasma level of the therapeutically active compound, a portion of the dosage unit of the therapeutically active compound provided with a coating according to the present invention can be administered together with some particles/granules of the therapeutically active compound which are not coated, and some which are coated with a diffusion membrane only, whereby the release of some of the therapeutically active compound occurs in the gastric juice, and/or a retarded granulate having a release time of 1 or 2 hrs can be used, whereby such granules/particles are coated with an anionic polymer and/or a fatty acid having a pk a  of 4.5 to 7. Thus particles/granules having a laminate type coating according to the present invention can be mixed with particles/granules without any coating and with particles/granules having a diffusion membrane only or an anionic polymer coating only in different relationships, depending on the actual desired blood level of therapeutically active compound. 
     The particles/granules are normally packed in small envelopes, tubular containers, or other capsules comprising a dose unit of a therapeutically active compound. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Granulated quinidine sulphate having a granular size of 0.6 to 1.5 mm and comprising 60% of quinidine sulphate were sprayed with a solution of 50% by weight of ethyl cellulose, and 50% by weight of polyethyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate-trimethylammonium ethyl methacrylate chloride copolymer with the weight-% 65:32.5:2.5, (EUDRAGITE RL) dissolved in methylene chloride/isopropanol in a fluidized bed. The concentration of polymer in the solvent mixture was 4% by weight. 
     The thus produced granules provided with a diffusion membrane were then provided with an outer layer of hydroxypropyl cellulose phthalate (HP-55) dissolved in methylene chloride/ethanol-mixture by the same technique. 
     The inner diffusion membrane was applied in an amount of 12 g/m 2  and the outer layer of anionic polymer was applied in an amount of 16 g/m 2 . 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Granules were coated in accordance with Example 1 above with layers of the same materials and material mixtures. 
     The inner diffusion layer was applied in an amount of 11.3 g/m 2 , and the outer layer of anionic polymer was applied in an amount of 14.3 g/m 2 . 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     In a first test the release rate for a composition according to Examples 1 and 2 above were compared with a composition provided with a diffusion membrane only which had the same composition as the diffusion membranes of the compositions of Examples 1 and 2 above, and was applied in an amount of 11.6 g/m 2 . The quinidine granulate was from the same batch in all three Examples. 
     The release rates were determined in gastric juice pH 1 only; after preexposure in gastric juice of pH 1 for 2 hrs, and then a phosphate buffer of pH 6.5, and in phosphate buffer of pH 6.5 only, resp.. The values obtained are given in table 1 below. 
     
                                           TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Composition Gastric juice  Gastric juice + Phosphate buffer                           Phosphate bufferpH 1           pH 1     pH 6.5 pH 6.5hrs1     2  3 4 5 1  2  3 4  5 9  1 2 3 4 5 6 9__________________________________________________________________________Ex. 1   2  2   4       4         5          1  1   8                  18 29                       65 14                            26                              38                                45                                  53                                    60                                      75Ex. 2   5  7  11      13        15          6  7  16                  24 35                       77 11                            24                              35                                47                                  56                                    64                                      84Ex. 3   24 47 66      78        88          20 40 46                  48 49                       52  6                             9                              12                                15                                  17                                    20                                      30__________________________________________________________________________ The figures are the percent of quibnidine sulphate released 
    
     As evident from the above results a pure diffusion membrane can not prevent a release in gastric juice because the solubility of the quinidine sulphate is very high in all acidic environment and that a concentration difference will occur between the solution which is formed inside the membrane by the penetrating gastric juice and the surrounding solution, viz., the gastric juice. Further, a diffusion membrane only gives a very slow release in pH 6.5-buffer, whereby only about 30% was released in case of only pH 6.5-buffer, and 52% was released in case of preexposure in pH 1, 2 hrs, followed by an accompanying exposure in pH 6.5-buffer. This results in a decreased biological availability of the compound, which is very unsatisfactory. However, a very adequate release is achieved when an outer layer of anionic polymer has been applied. Protection against a release in gastric juice is per se resonable, as this polymer has a pk a  between 4.5 and 7, i.e. it is undissolvable in an acidic pH, but is dissolved and eliminated in a neutral pH. However, it is very surprising that quite another release profile is obtained in pH 6.5 in this case compared with the case of a diffusion membrane only. The difference is there, but can not be explained.