Abstract:
Disclosed are apparatuses and methods for use thereof for loading bulk material into freight containers. One apparatus comprises a hopper configured to receive bulk material that is sized and shaped to be at least partially enclosable by a container to occupy a substantial volume of the container and a ram. The ram comprises a plate and a driver configured to move the plate from a back end of the hopper to an open end of the hopper to expel material into a container. Another apparatus comprises a hopper configured to receive bulk material that is sized and shaped to be at least partially enclosable by a container to occupy a substantial volume of the container and a reciprocating conveyor floor system. Optionally, the apparatuses further include a stand and/or collapsible legs to further support the hopper.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    The present invention relates to methods and apparatuses for loading bulk material into containers. More particularly, the invention relates to methods for loading scrap metal and steel into freight containers, and apparatuses thereof. 
         [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0004]    Efficiency and speed are important in the freighting industry. Decreasing the time necessary to load material into a freight container, transport the container, and unload the material from the container usually translates into greater profits for those involved in the process. One way the industry has increased efficiency has been to standardize the sizes of its freight containers, as defined by the ISO 668 standard. The use of standard sized freight containers allows tractor-trailers, ships, trains, and other freight carriers to quickly load and unload containers and to optimally utilize their available space. While freight containers come in several standard sizes, the most common sizes are the standard 40′, the 40′ high-cube, and the standard. 20′. The minimum internal height of most ISO standard shipping containers is 7′ 8 ½″, while the minimum internal width is 7′ 7 ¾″. 
         [0005]    The use of such standard internal minimum dimensions generally permits quick loading and unloading of standard sized pallets onto freight containers while maximizing the use of available space in the containers. Not all materials, however, are suitable for palletization. For instance, bulk material, such as scrap metal, generally should not be palletized because such material varies widely in shape. As a result, many pieces of the bulk material are too large to fit within a pallet and must be either loaded separately into the container or cut into smaller pieces. Even when the bulk material is small enough to fit within a pallet, the space in the pallet is generally severely underutilized because of the bulk material&#39;s irregular shape. Because of the problems associated with palletizing bulk material, other methods for loading bulk material into freight containers have been developed. 
         [0006]    One method to load bulk into a freight container is to use a conveyer belt. In this way, bulk material is placed on a conveyer belt that leads from outside of the container, through a door in the container, and terminates at an opposite closed end of the container. When the material reaches the end of the conveyer belt, it falls off the belt and is thus placed in the container. There are several problems with this method. First, the size of the conveyer, coupled with the irregular shaped bulk material, makes it difficult to utilize a high percentage of the available space in the container; there simply is not enough clearance in the container to permit stacking bulk material beyond a certain height. Also, the size of the bulk material, particularly Heavy Melting Scrap (“HMS”), is often too large to be properly transported using the conveyer belt, requiring the bulk material to be further shredded or otherwise reduced in size before being loaded. Moreover, it is not uncommon to have irregularly shaped pieces of material to impact with the sidewalls of the container while being loaded. Such impacts can severely damage the sidewalls, which are generally very thin. Such impacts are especially common when loading HMS. 
         [0007]    Another method to load bulk material into a freight container is to use a skid loader. When using a skid loader, the bulk material is carried into the container and then dumped in place. This method is also less than satisfactory. Errors in operation of the skid loader can lead to physical injuries to workmen, and can also easily damage the sidewalls and ceiling of the container. Also, only small skid loaders can be used because of the relatively small size of the containers in which they are to operate. The use of small skid loaders requires operators to make numerous trips between the bulk material pile and the freight container. Furthermore, because the skid loader operates by lifting its bucket and then dropping its load, it is impossible to load material above a certain height within the container, decreasing the effective utilization of the container. 
         [0008]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,172,382 to Frankel (“Frankel”), discloses an additional method and apparatus for loading bulk material into a freight container. Frankel discloses a loading assembly including a support structure, a load bin having a cross section conforming to an open end of a container, and a drive mechanism configured to urge the load bin into and out of the container. When fully inserted, the contents of the load bin are disposed within the container. The loading assembly further includes a barrier configured to keep the load confined within the container while the load bin opens to allow the load to remain within the container upon retraction of the load bin. The barrier projects above the top of the load bin to follow the frame of the support structure, and is not inserted into the container. The device disclosed by Frankel is unsatisfactory, as it is overly complicated and expensive. It has numerous moving parts and drive mechanisms which are susceptible to failure, requiring costly repairs and decreasing loading efficiency. 
         [0009]    Thus, better apparatuses and methods for loading bulk material into freight containers are needed. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    Accordingly, disclosed are apparatuses and methods for use thereof for loading bulk material into freight containers. 
         [0011]    In one embodiment, an apparatus for loading material into a shipping container is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a hopper and a ram. The hopper is sized and shaped to receive the material and be at least partially enclosable by the container to occupy a substantial volume of the container. The hopper comprises a first end and a second, substantially open end positioned opposite the first end. The ram comprises a plate and a driver. The plate has a width less than an internal width of the hopper and a height that does not extend beyond a top of the hopper. The plate is configured to move between the first end and the open end of the hopper. The driver is configured and capable of moving the plate between the first end and the open end to load the material into the shipping container. Optionally, the driver comprises a hydraulic cylinder. 
         [0012]    In another embodiment, the apparatus further comprises a stand mounted near the first end of the hopper. The stand is configured to support the hopper above the ground at a height approximately equivalent to the height of the container above the ground. Optionally, the stand remains stationary with respect to the hopper. 
         [0013]    In one embodiment, the apparatus further includes collapsible legs configured to support the hopper above the ground at a height approximately equivalent to the height of the container above the ground when the collapsible legs are extended. In one embodiment, the collapsible legs are mounted to the hopper. In another embodiment, the collapsible legs are mounted to the ground. In one, embodiment, the collapsible legs are configured to collapse upon impact with the container. Optionally, the apparatus further comprises a hydraulic mechanism attached to the collapsible legs to collapse the legs prior to impacting the container. In another embodiment, the hopper comprises recesses for receiving the collapsible legs, thereby giving the hopper a flat bottom surface when the collapsible legs are collapsed. 
         [0014]    A method of loading a shipping container with material is also disclosed. The method comprises: (a) providing a loader comprising a hopper with a first end and a second, substantially open end opposite the first end; (b) loading the material into the hopper; (c) partially enclosing at least a portion of the hopper within the container; and (d) pushing the material towards the open end while moving the container away from the hopper. 
         [0015]    Optionally, the loader further comprises a hydraulic cylinder coupled to a plate positioned adjacent the material, and step (d) comprises operating the hydraulic cylinder to push the plate towards the open end. In another embodiment, the loader further comprises a walking floor including a plurality of slats and a drive mechanism supporting the material, and step (d) comprises operating the walking floor to push said material towards said open end. 
         [0016]    In an embodiment, the loader comprises support legs and further comprises the step of extending the support legs to support said hopper. 
         [0017]    In one embodiment, the container is attached to a flatbed tractor-trailer. 
         [0018]    Optionally, step (c) comprises: positioning the container in front of the hopper; moving the container backwards towards the hopper; and enclosing at least a portion of the hopper in the container. 
         [0019]    In one embodiment, the material is pushed towards the open end at a predetermined speed and the container is moved away from the hopper at approximately the same speed. 
         [0020]    In yet another embodiment, the support legs are collapsed upon impact with the container. In another embodiment, the support legs are collapsed prior to being impacted by the container. 
         [0021]    In an additional embodiment, step (d) comprises putting the flatbed tractor-trailer in neutral, thereby causing the material to push the flatbed tractor-trailer forward. In another embodiment, step (d) comprises driving the flatbed tractor-trailer forward. 
         [0022]    A hopper for loading material into a shipping container is also disclosed. The hopper comprises: a first end; a second, substantially open end positioned opposite the first end; and a reciprocating conveyor floor system extending from the first end to the second end. The reciprocating conveyor floor comprises a plurality of horizontal slats and a drive mechanism configured to move groups of slats in an alternating manner. The hopper is sized and shaped to be at least partially enclosable by the container to occupy a substantial volume of the container. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0023]    For a more complete understanding of the present invention, the objects and advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in connection with the accompanying drawing in which: 
           [0024]      FIG. 1  illustrates a container and a bulk material loader, according to an embodiment of the invention, for use therewith. 
           [0025]      FIG. 2  illustrates a side view of the container and the bulk material loader of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0026]      FIG. 3  illustrates a top view of the container and the bulk material loader of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0027]      FIG. 4  illustrates top views of a bulk material loader with a reciprocating conveyor floor system, according to an embodiment of the invention, for use therewith. 
           [0028]      FIG. 5  illustrates a side view of the container and the bulk material loader when the bulk material loader is inserted into the container, according to an embodiment. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0029]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , depicted is a bulk material loader  100 , according to an embodiment of the invention, and a container  102  mounted on a flatbed tractor-trailer (only the rear wheels of the flatbed tractor-trailer are shown). In one embodiment, the container  102  is a standard sized container used in the freight industry, and can be a standard 40′, the 40′ high-cube, the standard 20′, or another common sized container. The bulk material loader  100  comprises a hopper  104 . The hopper  104  is suitable to withstand the loading and unloading of bulk material, including HMS, without being damaged. In one embodiment, the hopper  104  is constructed to support and withstand loads in excess of 66,000 pounds, although the loader of the present invention can be constructed to load materials of less than or greater than 60,000 pounds. Referring briefly to  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 , it is apparent that the height and width of the hopper  104  is less than, and preferably slightly less than, the internal height and width of the container  102 . Accordingly, as depicted in  FIG. 5 , the hopper  104  can be at least partially enclosed by the container  102 . The exact height and width of the hopper  104  will depend on its specific application, but in one embodiment, the hopper  104  is slightly less than 7′ 8″ tall and slightly less than 7′ 7″ wide, thereby permitting the hopper  104  to fit within most ISO containers. The length of the hopper  104  will also depend on its specific application. In one embodiment, the hopper  104  is at least 40′ long, thereby permitting the hopper  104  to occupy substantially the entire volume of most standard sized containers, as depicted in  FIG. 5 . The hopper  104  comprises an open end  116  to permit bulk material to be expelled from the hopper  104  into the container  102 . In some embodiments, and as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the hopper  104  further comprises, for example, a steel frame supporting a steel bottom and two steel sides. In other embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the hopper  104  comprises, for example, a steel frame supporting a reciprocating conveyor floor system  400  and two steel sides. 
         [0030]    Referring now to  FIG. 4 , the reciprocating conveyor floor system  400 , also known as a walking floor, is well known to those skilled in the art, and extends from a back end  114  to the open end  116  of the hopper  104 . The floor system  400  comprises a plurality of horizontal floor slats  402  and at least one drive mechanism (not shown), typically mounted below the slats  402 , configured to move groups of slats in an alternating manner. In one embodiment, every third slat is a member of the same group and is moved in unison, and the floor system  400  operates in a four step process. In Step I, all three groups of floor slats  402 ′ are extended out through the open end  116  of the hopper  104  approximately the same distance. This motion causes all the bulk material loaded in the hopper  104  to be pushed slightly forward towards the open end  116  of the hopper  104 . The bulk material closest to the open end  116  of the hopper  104  is moved through the open end  116  and out of the hopper  104  while still being supported by the floor system  400 . In Step II, the first group of floor slats  402  of the floor system  400  is retracted into the hopper  104  to its original position. During this retraction, the first group of floor slats  402  changes its position relative to all of the bulk material supported by the floor system  400 . The bulk material external to the hopper  104  remains supported by the second and third group of floor slats  402 . In Step III, the second group of floor slats  402  is retracted into the hopper  104  to its original position. Again, this retraction causes the second group of floor slats  402  to change its position relative to the bulk material supported by the floor system  400 . At this point, the bulk material external to the hopper  104  is supported only by the third group of floor slats  402 . Finally, in Step IV, the third group of floor slats  402  is retracted into the hopper  104  to its original position. This last retraction causes the third group of floor slats  402  to change its position relative to all of the bulk material, and causes the bulk material external to the hopper  104  to no longer be supported by the floor system  400 . As a result, this external bulk material is expelled into the standard container (not shown). Steps I-IV are repeated until all of the bulk material has been unloaded from the hopper  104 . 
         [0031]    Referring back to  FIG. 1 , the bulk material loader  100 , in some embodiments, further comprises a ram  118 . The ram  118  comprises a plate  106  and a driver  108 . In one embodiment, the plate  106  is sized to fit snuggly to the bottom and sides of the hopper  104 . In a preferred embodiment, the plate  106  is made of a heavy duty steel material. In an embodiment, the plate  106  blocks the back end  114  of the hopper  104  to prevent bulk material from accidentally being expelled from the hopper  104 . The plate  106  is attached to the driver  108 . The driver  108  is a mechanical device configured to move the plate  106  between the back end  114  and the open end  116  of the hopper  104  to load material into the container  102 . In an embodiment of the invention, the driver  108  is capable of moving at least 22,000 pounds. In another embodiment, the driver  108  is capable of moving at least 58,000 pounds. 
         [0032]    In an embodiment of the invention, as depicted in  FIG. 1 , the driver  108  is a hydraulic cylinder. In this embodiment, the plate  106  is attached to the hydraulic cylinder&#39;s adjustable piston rod. Thus, when the piston rod of the driver  108  is extended, the plate  106  is pushed from the back end  114  of the hopper  104  to the front open end  116  of the hopper  104 . The hydraulic cylinder is any standard hydraulic cylinder, well known to those skilled in the art, capable of pushing scrap metal or similar bulk material out of hopper  104 . As is apparent to those skilled in the art, the hydraulic cylinder is part of a hydraulic system (not shown), the main components of which are a hydraulic pump, a hydraulic cylinder, and a series of electrical controls. When the driver  108  is a hydraulic cylinder, the length of the hydraulic cylinder varies based on the length of hopper  104 . In one embodiment, as most clearly depicted in  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 , the hydraulic cylinder is long enough to adjust the position of the plate  106  from the back end  114  of the hopper  104  to the front open end  116  of the hopper  104 . 
         [0033]    Those skilled in the art will recognize that the driver  108  need not be a hydraulic cylinder, and can be any mechanical device(s) capable of moving the plate  106  between the back end  114  and the open end  116  of the hopper  104 . Thus, in one embodiment, the driver  108  comprises a chain or belt drive (not shown) connected to the plate  106 . In another embodiment, the driver  108  comprises a rack and pinion setup (not shown), where the pinion is connected to a motor to drive the rack forward and or backward. The pinion is connected to the plate  106  to move the plate  106  between the back end  114  and the open end  116  of the hopper  104 . In yet another embodiment, driver  108  is a screw system (not shown) designed to move the plate  106  between the back end  114  and the open end  116  of the hopper  104 . All of these configurations including their operations are well known to those skilled in the art. 
         [0034]    In another embodiment, the bulk material loader  100  further comprises a stand  110  onto which the hopper  104  is mounted. In one embodiment, most clearly depicted in  FIG. 2 , the hopper  104  is mounted to the stand  110  such that hopper  104  is off the ground and positioned at approximately the same height as the container  102 . In this way, the hopper  104  can easily be partially enclosed by the container  102  without having to alter the distance between the ground and the container  102  or the hopper  104 . As will be apparent, the exact height of the hopper  104  off the ground will depend on the specific application. In one embodiment, the hopper  104  is mounted to the stand  110  such that the hopper  104  is approximately  5 ′ off the ground. In another embodiment, the hopper  104  is mounted such that it is between approximately 3′ 2″ and 3′ 4″ off the ground. The stand  110  is made from heavy duty steel and, in some embodiments, is capable of supporting the entire weight of the loaded hopper  104 , thereby preventing the bulk material loader  100  from tipping over or otherwise being damaged. In one embodiment, the stand  110  is counterbalanced with concrete blocks or a similar material (not shown) to enable the stand  110  to support the weight of the hopper  104 . All or part of the driver  108  can also be mounted to the stand  110  as necessary, depending on the specific implementation of the driver  108 . Thus, when the driver  108  is a hydraulic cylinder, as depicted in  FIG. 1 , the driver  108  is mounted to the stand  110 . 
         [0035]    Referring to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , in another embodiment, the bulk material loader  100  also comprises collapsible support legs  112 . These support legs  112  prevent the bulk material loader  100  from tipping over under heavy loads and allow the hopper  104  to be loaded quicker in high volume operations. The support legs  112  collapse towards the stand  110 , thereby enabling portions of the hopper  104  beyond the point of the support legs  112  to occupy space within the container  102 . Once the support legs  112  have collapsed, any necessary support is provided by the container  102  and flatbed. In one embodiment, the support legs  112  are hingedly mounted to the bottom of the hopper  104 . In a more detailed embodiment, the bottom of the hopper  104  has recesses configured to receive the collapsed support legs  112 . In this embodiment, when the support legs  112  collapse they are received in complimentary recesses, giving the hopper  104  a flat bottom and preventing the support legs  112  from protruding beyond the bottom of the hopper  104  when collapsed. Thus, the support legs  112  are protected from damage when collapsed, and weight not supported by the stand  110  is transferred through the entire portion of the hopper  104  inside the container  102  to the container  102  and flatbed. In one embodiment, the bottom of the hopper  104  includes multiple rollers to facilitate the movement of the container  102  relative to the hopper  104 . In another embodiment, the collapsible support legs  112  are hingedly mounted to the ground. In this embodiment, the usable space of the hopper  104  is increased because clearance for the support legs  112  inside the container  102  is no longer required. For example, the legs  112  can be mounted to a foundation provided on the ground with a hydraulic line connected to it. 
         [0036]    In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, operation of the bulk material loader  100  proceeds as follows. First, the length of the container  102  must be determined to set the position of the piston rod of the driver  108  and thus the position of the plate  106  in the hopper  104 . For instance, if the container  102  is a standard 20′, then only 20′ of the hopper  104  or less can be used to occupy space within the container  102 . For example, in this case, the piston rod of the hopper  104  must be set so that the plate  106  is 20′ from the front opening of the hopper  104 . If, on the other hand, the container  102  is a standard 40′ and the hopper  104  is 40′ long, then the piston rod must be fully retracted so that the plate  106  is at the back end  114  of the hopper  104 . Once the plate  106  is set in position, and the support legs  112  are extended (if necessary), the bulk material is loaded into the hopper  104 . Any type of material can be loaded, including HMS over 6′ in length. In one embodiment, the bulk material is dumped into the hopper  104  through the open top of the hopper  104 . Once the hopper  104  is loaded, the container  102 , still attached to the flatbed tractor-trailer, is positioned in front of the hopper  104  and is backed up to enclose the hopper  104  within the container  102 . If the support legs  112  are extended, they collapse when impacted by the container  102 . Alternatively, the support legs  112  are set to collapse prior to being impacted by the container  102 . As a result of the flatbed tractor-trailer backing up, the hopper  104  is at least partially enclosed by the container  102 , one embodiment of which is illustrated in  FIG. 5 . At this point, the hydraulic system is activated to push the piston rod of driver  108  forward. The piston rod pushes the plate  106 , which in turn pushes the bulk material out of the front opening of the hopper  104  and into the container  102 . As bulk material is pushed into container  102 , the flatbed tractor-trailer moves forward so as to fill the container  102  with all of the material in the hopper  104 . In one embodiment, at the same time the hydraulic system is activated, the flatbed tractor-trailer is set to neutral. As a result of the bulk material being pushed into the container  102 , the flatbed tractor-trailer is pushed forward. In another embodiment, when the hydraulic system is activated, the flatbed tractor-trailer is slowly driven forward at approximately the same speed the hydraulic piston is pushing the plate  106 . In this manner, when the hydraulic piston of the driver  108  is fully extended, all of the bulk material that was in the hopper  104  is pushed into the container  102 . Once all of the material is loaded in the container  102 , the flatbed tractor-trailer pulls forward, the container  102  doors are closed, and the flatbed tractor-trailer drives away. 
         [0037]    Referring now to  FIG. 1 , embodiments of the invention have several advantages over the prior art. For instance, the bottom and side walls of the hopper  104  prevent the container  102  from coming into contact with the bulk material when the bulk material is moving with respect to the container  102 . Thus, at no point can the container  102  suffer damage from the bulk material. Furthermore, the bulk material loader  100  has few moving parts. In one embodiment, only the driver  108  and the plate  106  move, leading to less wear and tear on the loader  100 , and less chance for damage and costly repairs. In another embodiment, the bulk material loader  100  utilizes a readily available reciprocating conveyor floor system (not shown), reducing costs and deployment time. Also, in some embodiments, a flatbed tractor-trailer engine is used in the loading process to reduce the amount of work to be done by the bulk material loader  100 , again reducing costs and the likelihood of failures. 
         [0038]    While in accordance with the patent statutes, description of the various embodiments and examples have been provided, the scope of the invention is not to be limited thereto or thereby. Modifications and alterations of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. 
         [0039]    Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of this invention is to be defined by the appended claims, rather than by the specific examples which have been presented by way of example.