Abstract:
Disclosed herein is a composite comprising an elastomer with an embedded network of liquid metal inclusions. The composite retains similar flexibility to that of an elastomer but exhibits electrical and thermal properties that differ from the properties of a homogeneous elastomer. The composite has applications for wearable devices and other soft matter electronics, among others.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 of Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/388,614, filed Feb. 2, 2016, and Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/496,288, filed Oct. 10, 2016, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH 
       [0002]    This invention was made with government support under AFOSR No. FA9550-13-1-0123 and NASA No. NNX14A049G. The government has certain rights in this invention. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The invention relates generally to polymer composites. More specifically, the invention relates to a composite having liquid metal inclusions dispersed within an elastic polymer, where the composite has electrical conductivity, permittivity, and thermal conductivity properties that differ from other elastomeric materials. 
         [0004]    High compliance (low E) and elasticity (high ∈ f ) represent key challenges in the development of mechanically robust electronics that are compatible with natural human tissue for wearable computing, implantable devices, and physical human-machine interaction. Presently, soft and stretchable functionality can be introduced through so-called “deterministic” architectures in which thin flexible circuits are bonded to an elastomer substrate and buckled or patterned into wavy/serpentine planar geometries. Alternatively, solid metal wiring can be replaced with metal alloys that are liquid at room temperature. Liquid-phase gallium-indium alloys are popular for this “microfluidics” approach to stretchable electronics since they are non-toxic and form an oxide layer that aids in microcontact printing, electrode alignment, and 3D printing. Lastly, a common approach to stretchable electronics is to embed thin films of elastomer with a percolating network of conductive particulates, such as structured carbon black or silver nanoparticles, for example. However, their volumetric conductivity is poor compared to bulk conductors and improving conductivity by increasing the weight % of conductive filler increases the mechanical stiffness and brittleness of the material. 
         [0005]    Soft electronic systems capable of dielectric behavior are also needed for new technologies such as wearable devices. Traditionally, the electronic properties of rubbery polymers like silicones, polyurethanes, or copolymers such as styrene ethylene butylene styrene are tailored by adding 10-30% by volume of inorganic fillers such as Ag powder, Ag-coated Ni microspheres, structured carbon black (CB), exfoliated graphite, carbon nanotubes, BaTiO3, TiO2, or other metallic, carbon-based, or ceramic micro/nanoparticles. Although rigid particles have been incorporated into silicones, urethanes, and acrylate-based elastomers to increase their dielectric constant, the loadings required to achieve significant electric property enhancement can degrade the mechanical properties of these soft and stretchable material systems. The inherently rigid nature of the inorganic filler particles creates a dramatic compliance mismatch with the soft, stretchable elastomer matrix that leads to internal stress concentrations, delamination, and friction that increase bulk rigidity, reduces extensibility, and results in inelastic stress-strain responses that can limit long term durability at the mesoscale. Other approaches have used fluid fillers to modify mechanical properties, but the electrical properties were not enhanced. 
         [0006]    Similarly, efficient thermal transport is critical for applications involving soft electronics. However, heat transport within soft materials is limited by the dynamics of phonon transport, which results in a trade-off between thermal conductivity and compliance. For example, materials with high thermal conductivity are typically rigid and elastically incompatible with soft and mechanically deformable systems. In the general case of non-metallic and electrically insulating solids, this limitation arises from kinetic theory and the Newton-Laplace equation, which imply that thermal conductivity (k) will increase with a material&#39;s elastic modulus (E). For polymers like polyethylene, thermal conductivity can be enhanced through macromolecular chain alignment (from k˜0.3 to 100 W/m·K), but this also leads to a dramatic increase in elastic modulus from approximately 1 to 200 GPa. Likewise, glassy polymer blends have been engineered to increase thermal conductivity through interchain hydrogen bonding and relatively higher thermal conductivity has been observed in amorphous polythiophene (k˜4.4 W/m·K), but the high elastic modulus (E˜3 GPa) and low strain at failure (&lt;5% strain) of films make them unsuitable for soft functional materials. 
         [0007]    To overcome this fundamental tradeoff with thermal transport in soft materials, attempts have been made to engineer composites with various fillers, including metals, ceramics, carbon fibers, and nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene. Although these composites exhibit increased thermal conductivity, they typically utilize rigid fillers that result in mechanically stiff materials that cannot support stretchable functionality and in the case of carbon based fillers, become electrically conductive even at low volume loadings, which can interfere with functionality. To date, the combination of low elastic modulus on the order of biological tissue, large mechanical deformability, and high thermal conductivity remains elusive. 
         [0008]    It would therefore be advantageous to develop an elastomeric material with enhanced electrical and thermal properties, yet remains flexible. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0009]    According to embodiments of the present invention is a composite comprised of an elastomer having inclusions of a liquid metal. As a conductive filler, the liquid-phase metal alloy represents an alternative to rigid particulates and does not increase the stiffness and brittleness of the elastomeric composite. The composition of the composite eliminates the internal compliance mismatch of rigid fillers and thus preserves the mechanics of the host material, offering a unique combination of low mechanical rigidity and desirable electrical and thermal properties. These liquid-metal embedded elastomer composites can be tailored to match the elastic and rheological properties of soft synthetic materials and biological tissue to enable signal transduction, rigidity tuning, and a rich set of other functionalities for bio-compatible machines and electronics. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]      FIGS. 1A-1C  show the composite according to several embodiments. 
           [0011]      FIGS. 2A-2B  are examples of circuits created from the composite. 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  is a graph comparing the elasticity and viscosity to conductivity of different materials. 
           [0013]      FIG. 4  is a graph comparing the thermal conductivity of the composite, according to one embodiment, to different materials. 
           [0014]      FIG. 5  is an image of the composite according to one alternative embodiment. 
           [0015]      FIG. 6  is an example circuit created from the composite. 
           [0016]      FIGS. 7A-7C  are graphs depicting various electrical properties of the composite. 
           [0017]      FIG. 8  is a graph depicting thermal conductivity properties of the composite. 
           [0018]      FIGS. 9A-9B  and  FIGS. 10A-10C  are graphs showing properties of the composite at various tensile strain. 
           [0019]      FIGS. 11A-11B  are graphs showing electrical properties of the composite. 
           [0020]      FIG. 12  shows the thermal conductivity of various materials at different strain percentages. 
           [0021]      FIG. 13  is a graph showing the thermal conductivity of various composites and other materials. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0022]    According to one embodiment of the present invention is a composite  101  comprising an elastomer  102  embedded with a plurality of liquid metal inclusions  103 . The elastomer  102  can include materials such as polysiloxane (e.g. ‘silicone’, polydimethylsiloxane, RTV silicones), polyurethane, polyacrylate, natural (latex) rubber, block copolymer elastomers (e.g. styrene ethylene butylene styrene), thermoplastic elastomers (e.g. propylene-ethylene co-polymer), and other similar materials. The liquid metal  103  can include materials such as eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn), gallium-indium-tin (Galinstan), Indalloy, NewMerc, mercury, and other metals that are liquid at lower temperatures than other metals. 
         [0023]    In one example embodiment, the composite  101  comprises a thin sheet of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) embedded with microscopic inclusions of liquid-phase gallium-indium-tin (“Galinstan”; electrical conductivity, o=3.46×10 6  S*m −1 , melting point=−19° C.) droplets  103 . (See to  FIGS. 1A-1C ). In this embodiment, the PDMS/Galinstan composite  101  is not initially conductive, but concentrated surface pressure causes a permanent change in the composite&#39;s internal structure and bulk properties, resulting in a volumetric conductivity of σ=1.05×10 4  S*m −1 . Because of this, it is possible to selectively induce conductivity in a sheet of the material, allowing simple circuits to be drawn onto the composite  101 , as shown in  FIGS. 2A-2B . Since the conductive inclusions  103  are liquid-phase, the bulk material is still highly soft (Young&#39;s modulus, E=0.90-1.27 MPa) and elastic, with a strain to failure of ∈ f =133% strain (i.e. over twice its natural length). The modulus of the composite  101  is similar to that of natural human skin (0.4-0.8 MPa) and an order-of-magnitude less than striated muscle (˜10-50 MPa). This biomechanical compatibility allows the composite  101  to easily conform to the contours of the human body and stretch as the body moves for applications involving wearable technology. Additionally, while under tension the resistance remains approximately constant so that the properties of the circuit are unaffected. Compared to other conductive elastomers using solid phase fillers and having a similar modulus (i.e. carbon black-PDMS and Ag-PDMS with E˜1 MPa), this composite  101  exhibits orders of magnitude greater volumetric conductivity, as shown in  FIG. 3 . 
         [0024]    In another example embodiment, the liquid metal embedded elastomer composite  101  comprises a Pt-catalyzed silicone elastomer  102  embedded with a randomly distributed, polydisperse suspension of non-toxic, liquid-phase eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) microdroplets  103 . In this embodiment of the composite  101 , strain creates thermally conductive pathways through the in-situ elongation of the deformable liquid metal inclusions  103 , which significantly enhances thermal conductivity in the stretching direction. For permanent (stress-free) and strain-controlled elongation of the liquid metal inclusions  103 , this enhanced k is nearly 25-50× greater than the unfilled elastomer (0.20±0.01 W/m·K) and approaches the limit for the parallel rule of mixtures of an EGaIn-silicone composition without the aid of percolating networks. Referring to  FIG. 4 , the exceptional combination of thermal conductivity, low elastic modulus, and high strain limit allows the LMEE composites  101  to occupy an uncharted region of the material properties space. 
         [0025]    Fabrication of the elastomer composite  101  comprises mixing the elastomer  102  and liquid metal  103  to ensure an even distribution of the liquid metal  103  within the elastomer  102 . During mixing, the liquid metal  103  can form droplets suspended in the elastomer  102 . Depending on the intended application, the components can be mixed until the metal droplets  103  are reduced to a desired size. 
         [0026]    In one example embodiment, a composite  101  is fabricated by mixing Galinstan (Ga 68.5%, In 21.5%, Sn 10% by weight) with uncured PDMS (Sylgard® 184) using mixing techniques known in the art, such as with a mortar and pestle or through sonication. In this example embodiment, the ratio of the two materials is 1:1 by volume (6.6:1 Galinstan to PDMS by weight) and they are mixed until the Galinstan droplets are 2-30 μm in size, as shown in  FIGS. 1B-1C . Because of its relatively high concentration, the Galinstan liquid metal  103  exhibits uniform dispersion and remains suspended within the PDMS elastomer  102  despite the dramatically different densities of the two components. For materials with low volume percent liquid metal  103 , a higher concentration mixture is prepared first and diluted with the addition of further polymer  102 . After curing on a hotplate at 150° C., the droplets of Galinstan liquid metal  103  are temporarily encapsulated in a closed-cell foam-like matrix of the PDMS elastomer  102 . 
         [0027]    To mix via sonication, in an alternative embodiment, the elastomer  102  (PDMS) and liquid metal  103  (Galistan) are combined at a weight ratio of 0.9 g to 6.6 g in a sealable polypropylene jar. Hexane (anhydrous, 95%) is the added, using 8 mL for a mixture of 1.8 g elastomer  102  and 13.2 g Galinstan. To distribute the polymer  102  and metal  103 , the jar is sealed and shaken vigorously, before being placed in a bath sonicator (i.e. Branson B1510) for several hours. The mixture is checked periodically to ensure that the metal droplets  103  are not settling out. The mixture can be stirred or agitated to redistribute the components, if necessary. After several hours, the lid is removed, sonication continuing until the hexane evaporates. Once solvent free, the elastomer  102  curing agent is added (0.1 g per 0.9 g base) via stirring. This stirring will also disperse any large droplets  103  that have settled to the bottom of the jar. The PDMS-Galinstan composite  101  can then be formed to a desired shape. 
         [0028]    Because the composite  101  is a thermoset with a long working time (≧30 min), multiple fabrication techniques can be used to pattern liquid metal materials, including 3D printing, soft lithography, laser ablation, or stencil lithography techniques. Thin films can also be prepared and, as an example, a stencil patterned EGaIn-silicone composite  101  is presented in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0029]    In a bulk virgin state, the closed-cell geometry of the composite  101  prevents conductivity between adjacent liquid metal inclusions  103 . However, applying concentrated mechanical load, most notably through localized compression, causes the elastomer composite  101  to exhibit volumetric conductivity. Applying pressure to the composite  101  causes tearing or rupturing of the cell walls and the formation of a continuous network of Galinstan droplets (see  FIG. 1C , where the arrows show connectivity between adjacent droplets  103 ). More specifically, the compression forms a conductive channel  104  within the composite  101 , as shown in  FIGS. 2A-2B . In contrast to pre-fabricated open-cell polymer nano-networks, the composite  101  has no pre-defined foam structure and can be patterned for selective conductivity through the application of concentrated surface pressure. 
         [0030]    In one embodiment, the final composite  101  can be prepared using stencil lithography (mask depositon). Laser tape and backing is patterned using a laser cutter and placed tape side down onto a metal substrate prepared with mold release. An applicator is used to distribute the uncured composite  101  over the laser tape mask. Afterwards, the mask is removed and the metal substrate is placed on a hot plate set to 150° C. to cure for at least 1 hour. The cured composite  101  can then be removed with tweezers. An example of a comb capacitor with 1 mm wide fingers and gaps made through the mask deposition process is shown in  FIG. 6 . 
         [0031]    In an alternative embodiment, the composite  101  was fabricated with a 100 μm layer of elastomer  102  on the top and bottom surface, this layer deposited before and after the composite  101  using the thin film applicator. To induce conductivity, the composite  101  is placed between two 0.05 mm sheets of copper and a 9.5 mm steel rod is rolled along the surface. Similarly, the tip of a ball-point pen can be used directly on the surface to target select regions for conduction activation. With a conductive layer of composite  101  disposed between two non-conductive layers of elastomer  102 , a flexible capacitor is created. 
         [0032]    In yet another embodiment, the composite  101  is prepared by mixing the liquid metal  103  (eutectic Ga—In (EGaIn) alloy (75% Ga-25% In, by wt.) with uncured liquid silicone elastomer  102  (Ecoflex® 00-30, Smooth-On) or polyurethane (Vytaflex® 30, Smooth-On) at volume loadings (φ) of liquid metal  103  from 0 to 50%. In this embodiment, EGaIn is selected as the liquid metal  103  due to its low melting point (MP=15° C.), high electrical conductivity (σ=3.4×106 S/m), low viscosity (η=2 mPa·s), and low toxicity (compared to Hg). Additionally, EGaIn oxidizes in air to form a ˜1-3 nm thick Ga 2 O 3  skin that allows the liquid droplets  103  to be broken apart and dispersed in solution without the need for emulsifying agents. 
         [0033]    Optical microscopy and 3d X-ray imaging have shown a disordered but statistically uniform dispersion of liquid metal droplets  103  and the absence of percolating networks that could result in electrical conductivity or shorting. (See  FIG. 1B ). The microdroplets  103  are also generally ellipsoidal-shaped with dimensions measured through two dimensional particle analysis on the order of ˜4-15 μm, in this embodiment. 
         [0034]    The electrical polarizability of the LMEE composites  101  is crucial for their use as soft, stretchable electronic components.  FIG. 7A  presents a plot of effective relative permittivity ∈ r * versus φ for an EGaIn-silicone composite  100  at a frequency of 100 kHz and 0% strain. The plot shows that as the concentration of liquid metal  103  is increased, the effective relative permittivity increases nonlinearly. For the silicone system, the effective relative permittivity of the sample with φ=50% increases to over 400% as compared to the unfilled system over the entire 1-200 kHz frequency range ( FIG. 7B ). In order to evaluate the ability of the dielectric to store charge, the dissipation factor (D) is measured for the same range of frequencies ( FIG. 7C ). Also called the loss tangent, D corresponds to the ratio of electrostatic energy dissipated to that stored in the dielectric. For LMEEs composite  101 , the dissipation factor is measured to be similar to or less than that of the unfilled material (D&lt;0.1) and well within the threshold for dielectric functionality. In contrast, many high-k composites enhanced with conductive particulates (such as Ag, Al, and CB) become lossy and demonstrate large D values due to non-negligible electrical conductivity at volume fractions on the order of 30%. 
         [0035]    For applications where thermal conductivity is required, the composite  101  according to one embodiment can exhibit a combination of high thermal conductivity (4.7±0.2 W/m·K under stress-free conditions; 9.8±0.8 W/m·K at 400% strain) with a low modulus (89±2 kPa after 200% pre-strain) and high strain limit (&gt;600%). This approach overcomes the Newton-Laplace scaling since the inclusions have a thermal conductivity that is dominated by electrons, rather than phonons, and can deform with the surrounding matrix to support strain and thermal-mechanical coupling. Previously, it was shown that LM-embedded elastomer composites  101  can be engineered to exhibit dramatic enhancements in electrical permittivity and conductivity without sacrificing the elastic properties of the matrix elastomer. Others have designed materials that suffer from increased stiffness or lower thermal conductivity. Comparing previous results with the performance of the composite  101  (see  FIG. 4 ) highlights the critical importance of composite&#39;s microstructure (and not just material composition) in enabling elastomers to exhibit metal-like thermal conductivity without altering their natural elasticity. 
         [0036]    To assess the performance of the composite  101 , thermal conductivity is measured using the transient hotwire (THW) method in which an embedded wire simultaneously acts as a resistive heat source and thermometer that measures the change in temperature (ΔT) as a function of time (t), which are related to thermal conductivity through the cylindrical heat diffusion equation. Experimental measurements are presented in  FIG. 8 , which show that as LM  103  volume fraction (φ) increases thermal conductivity increases. 
         [0037]    This configuration enables examination of the thermal-mechanical coupling between thermal conductivity and deformation. Upon stretching the unfilled (φ=0%) homogenous elastomer, the thermal conductivity in the direction of stretch (k y ˜0.20 W/m·K) remains largely unchanged ( FIG. 12 ). However, when stretching the φ=50% LMEE, the thermal conductivity in the longitudinal direction (k y ) dramatically increases and reaches a value of 9.8±0.8 W/m·K at 400% strain. This represents an increase of ˜50× relative to the unfilled material and a value that approaches the thermal conductivity of some metals like bismuth and stainless steel. In addition, the material is robust to cyclical loading, with only a slight increase in thermal conductivity measured after 1000 cycles of 200% strain. 
         [0038]    Furthermore, the composite  101  can be “programmed” to achieve permanently elongated liquid metal  103  inclusions in a stress-free state by stretching a virgin sample of composite  101  to 600% strain and then unloading to zero stress. An unrecoverable plastic strain of 210% is induced, enabling elongated inclusions  103  in an un-loaded (stress-free) state. As shown in  FIG. 8 , thermal conductivity of the programmed composite  101  in the longitudinal direction (k y ) is 4.7±0.2 W/m·K, which is ˜25× greater than that of the base elastomer  102  ( FIG. 13 ). It is important to note that when unstrained, both the φ=0 and 50% composites  101  exhibit values of k that are typically observed in other polymeric composites. 
         [0039]    Such an unprecedented enhancement in k arises from the discovery of a unique thermal-mechanical coupling in which the deformable liquid metal inclusions  103  elongate into needle-like microstructures along the pre-strained or mechanically loaded direction to create enhanced thermally conductive pathways. When composites  101  with φ=30% and 50% liquid metal  103  (by vol.) are subjected to strains ranging from 0% to 400% in increments of 100%, the thermal conductivity in the y (stretching) direction increases by greater than a factor of five beyond 300% strain. 
         [0040]    The observed anisotropic thermal-mechanical response is controlled by the directional change in aspect ratio of the liquid metal inclusions  103 . Lastly, for all volume fractions, the composite  101  materials have an elastic modulus less than 90 kPa and can support uniaxial strains above 600%, properties that are similar to that of the homogeneous elastomer. The modest increase in elastic modulus (&lt;20%) for the composites  101  can be attributed to surface tension at the liquid-solid interface. 
         [0041]    As previously described, electrical conductivity can be induced in the composite  101  through compression, which causes the liquid metal inclusions  103  to coalesce within the elastomer  102 . To assess the pressure-controlled transition from the non-conductive virgin state to a permanently conductive state, the composite  101  is compressed using a 3.2 mm diameter cylindrical probe. The resistance through the axis of loading is then measured. On average, conductivity is initiated with a surface pressure of 1.7 MPa (n=5 samples). Increasing the compressive stress causes the conductivity to monotonically increase due to further degradation of the closed-cell matrix structure. In addition to concentrated loading, conductivity can also be permanently induced by pressing and rolling a rigid cylinder into the sample, altering the electrical properties of the entire composite  101 . In both cases, compression causes the material to darken and trace amounts of liquid metal  103  are sometimes observed to appear on the surface of the composite  101 . Coating the material in a thin layer of elastomer  102  prevents this outflow of the liquid metal  103 . Tension can also induce conductivity, but this occurs at very large strains that are close to the failure limit of of the material. Once compressed, the conductivity of the composite  101  is 1.05×10 4  S*m −1  and exhibits unique electromechanical coupling. 
         [0042]    When loaded in tension, the electrical resistance R through the length of the composite  101  undergoes only modest increase, which implies that the volumetric conductivity σ=L/RA increases significantly with load ( FIG. 9A-9B ). Here, L is the stretched length of the specimen and A is its cross-sectional area. Since the composite  101  is entirely composed of incompressible fluid  103  and elastomer  102  (with no observed voids or air pockets), the composite  101  is assumed to be incompressible, which implies that A=A 0 /λ, where λ=L/L 0  is the stretch and L 0  and A 0  are the natural (unloaded) length and cross-sectional area of the composite  101 . In contrast, a homogenous material with a constant bulk conductivity σ=σ 0  would exhibit a relative increase in electrical resistance ΔR/R 0 =λ 2 −1, where R 0 =L/σ 0 A is the resistance of the specimen prior to stretch (dotted line in  FIG. 3 a   ). The invariance of ΔR/R 0  to stretch that we observe with the composite suggests that the conductivity is achieved through a preserved network of electrical contacts between embedded liquid metal droplets  103 . Three samples were elongated to 30 mm four times, with repeated stretching showing only a modest increase in conductivity. The greatest change in volumetric conductivity occurred after the first loading, with the dependence of σ on λ remaining similar in the subsequent unloading and loading of a sample. 
         [0043]    Tensile tests were performed on the composite  101  and reveal highly nonlinear elastic deformation. As before, the assumption of incompressibility is used to calculate cross-sectional area and true stress. Large strains (100%) of a virgin specimen show strain hardening while loading, with a dramatic decrease in mechanical resistance during unloading ( FIG. 10A-10C ). Interestingly, if the composite  101  is reloaded to this same high strain, the stress-strain curve will be similar to that of its previous unloading: a reduced initial stress response with strain hardening occurring as the composite&#39;s maximum previous load is achieved. Straining the composite  101  further continues the response seen in the virgin material, as well as alters its response to future loadings (by adjusting the maximum previous load). This effect was found to be permanent, correlating to inelastic elongation of the composites  101  at these high strains. Additionally, it mirrors the same hysteretic response observed in the electrical properties, with the maximum previous mechanical load determining the subsequent volumetric conductivity. This observation provides further evidence for the postulate that deformation of the composite  101  alters its interior structure. The elastic modulus measured up to 10% strain of the virgin material was measured to be 1.27 MPa. If the composite  101  had been previously strained to 100% its original length, this 10% strain modulus drops to 0.90 MPa. Compressing the material to induce conductivity causes a similar decrease. When compared to the Young&#39;s modulus of plain PDMS (2.59 MPa when cured at 150° C.), adding Galinstan decreases the stiffness. This is not surprising since the liquid inclusions make up 50% of the composite volume and should have negligible mechanical resistance to stretch. Elongation at break was found to be ∈ f =133% strain on average, allowing for high stretchability in devices made with this material. 
         [0044]    These LMEE composites  101  are also able to undergo significant deformations. The LMEEs composites  101  are able to stretch to strains on the order of 600%, similar to that of the unfilled elastomer. The composite also exhibits very little hysteresis when comparing the loading and unloading curves. This suggests negligible internal friction and losses due to viscoelasticity. 
         [0045]    The electrical response to mechanical deformation is a significant parameter for stretchable dielectrics.  FIGS. 11A-11B  present results for the electrical permittivity and electromechanical coupling of EGaIn-silicone composites (φ=50%). Measurements are performed on a stretchable parallel-plate capacitor composed of a composite  101  and EGaIn electrodes sealed in an additional layer of silicone elastomer  102 . The normalized capacitance, C/C 0 , where C 0  is measured at 0% strain, increases under tensile loading until the composite  101  fails at over 700% strain. 
         [0046]    It is observed that as the composite  101  is loaded in tension the capacitance increases by a factor of over 4.5 while the dielectric constant decreases from 18 to 9 when stretched from 0% to 700% strain. To further study the durability of the composite  101  as a dielectric material cyclic testing experiments were performed to 100% strain under tensile loading over 100 cycles ( FIG. 11B ). During the experiments the capacitance increased slightly at both 0 and 100% strain during the first 10 cycles, but then stayed constant until the test is completed at 100 cycles. The ability to undergo significant strain over 100 cycles without degradation of the electrical or mechanical properties further demonstrates the composite  101  as stretchable dielectric material. 
         [0047]    In addition to exploring composites  101  with silicone elastomers  102 , the composite&#39;s  101  behavior was also investigated using polyurethane elastomer  102  matrixes at high volume loadings (φ=50%). Compared to the silicone elastomer  102 , the polyurethane-based composite  101  has a higher elastic modulus (E=780 kPa) and a lower average strain to break of 182%. However, the dielectric constant of the polyurethane composite  101  is found to be greater. Therefore, if extreme strains and moduli on the order of 100-200 kPa are not required, the general strategy developed for silicone-based composites  101  can be extended to polyurethane-based composites  101 . The dielectric constant across the frequency range from 1-200 kHz for the polyurethane-based composites  101  at φ=50% is above 42. Additionally, the dissipation factor is below 0.1. 
         [0048]    Referring again to  FIGS. 2A-2B , the ability to selectively induce conductivity is highlighted with a simple circuit created using a ball point pen (0.8 mm diameter; 3.6 MPa of required pressure) and a square shaped sample of the composite  101 . Electrical terminals and interconnects can be formed by drawing lines onto the surface of the sample, as seen for the LED circuit in  FIGS. 2A-2B . Connections made in this way have low electrical resistance due the composite&#39;s  101  high conductivity. Multiple unconnected traces on a single sheet of the composite  101  can also function as a capacitor, as electricity is not transferred through the non-compressed region of the material. Spiral geometries can be used if inductance is desired. Circuits created in this fashion can be protected by casting a thick layer of soft polymer  102  on the top and bottom surface of the composite  101 , so that compressive forces dissipate, reducing stress concentrations which can induce conductivity in unwanted regions. 
         [0049]    While the disclosure has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modification can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the embodiments. Thus, it is intended that the present disclosure cover the modifications and variations of this disclosure provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.