Abstract:
A method for making a semiconductor device with vertical electron injection, including: transferring a monocrystalline thin film onto a first face of a support substrate; producing at least one electronic component from the monocrystalline thin film; forming at least one recess in a second face of the substrate to enable electric or electronic access to the electronic component through the monocrystalline thin film; and producing a vertical electron injector configured to inject electrons into the electronic component.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/276,691, filed Nov. 18, 2002, and is based upon and claims the benefit of priority to WIPO Application No. PCT/FR01/01603, filed May 23, 2001 and from the prior French Patent Application No. 00/06761, filed on May 26, 2000, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The present invention relates to a semiconductor device with vertical electron injection. It also concerns a manufacturing method for such a device.  
         [0003]     The semiconductor device with vertical electron injection is produced in an active layer in semiconducting material with a small gap or a big gap. However, the invention proves to be of particular interest in the case of an active layer in semiconducting material with a big gap.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0004]     Semiconductors are characterized by their forbidden band or gap separating the last filled states of the valence band and the following empty states in the conduction band. Among the semiconductors, one can distinguish between semiconductors with a small gap, such as silicon and germanium, and semiconductors with a big gap such as, for example, GaN and SiC.  
         [0005]     At present it is extremely difficult or even impossible to obtain solid substrates in a semiconductor with a big gap. In the case of GaN for example, no solid substrate of electronic quality exists despite intense research carried out in this field. On the other hand, hetero-epitaxial GaN on a solid substrate in sapphire or in SiC exists. This technique was developed for production of blue diode type optoelectronic components.  
         [0006]     Nonetheless, epitaxy of GaN on sapphire is made particularly delicate because of the difference in lattice structure existing between GaN and sapphire (of the order of 16%). Therefore, obtaining crystalline layers of sufficiently high quality for producing optoelectronic devices requires perfecting sophisticated epitaxy methods. The use of the sapphire substrate is essentially explained by its structural and chemical compatibility with GaN, its low cost and its availability under the form of large diameter substrate. The electrically insulating property of sapphire requires production, in the epitaxial GaN, of horizontal components with electrodes located in the front face.  
         [0007]     The other method used for retail components is that of GaN on a solid SiC substrate. SiC substrates remain rare and very expensive. This is the method developed and marketed by the company of Cree Research Inc., profiting from the advantage it has of retailing the major part of SiC substrates. The interest of solid SiC for epitaxy and the production of devices with a GaN base is evident. First of all, the low difference in lattice structure (3.5%) between SiC and GaN makes it possible to simplify epitaxy methods while still producing layers with high crystalline quality. Furthermore, the use of a conducting SiC substrate makes it possible to produce a vertical component for passing current (that is, with an electrode on each face). This structure enables production of components of smaller size than those produced on an insulating substrate, which is of interest from the economic point of view. Moreover, the use of SiC, with its high thermal conductivity, makes it possible to adjust or lower the component temperature during its operation. This is an important point as far as performance, service life and reliability are concerned.  
         [0008]     Other methods are also being studied, but their present state of development restricts them to laboratory use. The general approach consists of using a substrate of solid silicon in order to benefit from the low cost and large size of these substrates. Thus one can obtain GaN on SiC covering silicon. These techniques, developed under laboratory conditions, rely on the use of a film of epitaxial cubic SiC either on an SOI substrate or directly on a solid silicon substrate. This SiC layer must make it possible to facilitate epitaxy by reducing the difference in the lattice parameter between the GaN and the silicon, that is to arrive at a configuration of epitaxial GaN on SiC. Apart from the problem of producing epitaxial GaN, the first epitaxy of SiC poses significant technical problems. However, the growth of GaN on such a structure is of particular interest because it would make it possible to obtain GaN with cubic structure (sapphire obtains a hexagonal structure) which, because of its properties, is interesting for optoelectronic applications. For the moment this method is still at the research stage.  
         [0009]     Finally, a more recent method relates to the direct epitaxy of GaN on silicon, without any buffer film of SiC. For this, one uses silicon (111). This approach, based on a principle equivalent to that adopted for epitaxy on sapphire, suffers at present from being far behind, relative to other techniques. Nonetheless, correct control of the material silicon makes it possible to envisage using electrically insulating or conducting epitaxial support substrates, leaving a certain freedom for the operating mode of the epitaxied device (vertical or horizontal).  
         [0010]     The optoelectronic components produced on the above-mentioned materials therefore have either a lateral structure (with two electrodes located on the front face of the substrate), or a vertical structure with one electrode on the active layer (generally in GaN) and another electrode on the rear face of the solid substrate (in SiC, for example). According to the structure adopted, or imposed by the nature of the substrate, the size of the chip evidently varies. From a strictly economic point of view, the production of a vertically operational chip is clearly more advantageous because it makes it possible to produce more compact devices.  
         [0011]     Furthermore, the nature of the substrate chosen for epitaxy has an influence on the performance of the device via the problem of heat dissipation during operation. From this point of view, solid SiC has a considerable advantage. The limitations recognized concerning devices produced on GaN supported by sapphire, are under study at present. Two methods are described in publications concerning the solution of this problem for sapphire. Each depends on eliminating the sapphire substrate after producing active epitaxial layers.  
         [0012]     The first method depends on eliminating the sapphire substrate and producing a thick epitaxy of GaN (greater than 100 μm) at the rear face in order to obtain a self-supporting rigid membrane. This again means producing a GaN substrate. This approach makes it possible to produce a device with vertical operation and to dissipate the generated heat.  
         [0013]     The second method depends on eliminating the sapphire substrate and adhering the active layer onto an electrically and thermally conducting sole (adhesion on a copper substrate, for example). Thus it would be possible to obtain a vertically operational device enabling dissipation of the produced heat.  
         [0014]     Thus it can be understood that the SiC approach represents a very promising future for developing optoelectronic branches with a GaN base. The trend for growth techniques other than those on SiC is to produce devices with vertical current flow and to eliminate the generated heat as much as possible during operation of the device, whatsoever the epitaxial support. In the case of epitaxy on sapphire, this substrate only plays the role of epitaxial support and no longer limits the operation of devices because it can be eliminated.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0015]     The present invention proposes a new device that can be less costly than prior art solutions, for obtaining a semiconductor device with vertical electron injection.  
         [0016]     A first aim of the invention consists of a vertical electron injection semiconductor device comprising a support substrate, a structure comprising at least one monocrystalline thin film transferred onto the support substrate and integral with the support substrate, at least one electronic component, the support substrate comprising at least one recess enabling electric or electronic access to the electronic component, through the monocrystalline thin film, the device also comprising means enabling vertical electron injection into the electronic component.  
         [0017]     The structure may comprise at least one active layer formed by crystal growth of semiconducting material on the monocrystalline thin film, the electronic component being produced in said active layer. The epitaxial active layer is homogeneous or heterogeneous depending on the applications. The monocrystalline thin film can be an active layer, from which the electronic component is formed.  
         [0018]     Possibly, the device can furthermore comprise a layer called an adhesion layer, situated between the support substrate and the structure and making it possible to solidify the monocrystalline thin film on the support, the adhesion layer allowing electric or electronic access to the electronic component. This adhesion layer can be in SiO 2 .  
         [0019]     Possibly, the adhesion layer is insulating and comprises at least one recess enabling electric or electronic access to the electronic component. The adhesion layer can also be conducting or semiconducting.  
         [0020]     The monocrystalline thin film can comprise at least one recess enabling direct electric or electronic access to the electronic component.  
         [0021]     Advantageously, the support substrate can be in silicon, in SiC, in AlN, in sapphire or in GaN, the monocrystalline thin film can be in SiC, in silicon, in GaN, in sapphire or in ZnO, and the active layer can comprise a semiconducting material selected from among the group consisting of SiC, GaN, the compounds III-V and their derivatives, and diamond.  
         [0022]     The electronic component can comprise at least one junction produced from two semiconductors of the same nature or of different natures. It can comprise at least one metal-semiconductor type junction. Furthermore, it can comprise at least one stack of the semiconductor-metal-oxide type.  
         [0023]     According to an embodiment of the invention, the means enabling vertical electron injection into the electronic component comprise an electrode set on the electronic component and an electrode set under the electronic component, in said recess enabling access to the electronic component. In this case, a ground can be provided in said recess, in contact with said electrode set under the component in order to constitute a heat sink.  
         [0024]     According to another embodiment of the invention, the electron injection being achieved by means of an electron beam directed onto the electronic component by passing through said recess, the means enabling vertical electron injection comprise a conducting coating for guiding the electrons towards the electronic component.  
         [0025]     According to a further embodiment of the invention, the recess in the support substrate comprises cells enabling electric or electronic access to electronic components formed from the structure.  
         [0026]     The electronic component can be selected from among the group consisting of light emitters, light detectors, power electronic components and diodes.  
         [0027]     The structure can be chosen to be vacuum sealed. In this case, if the electronic component is a component able to emit a light beam in response to an electron beam received, the monocrystalline thin film can be such that it allows passage of said electron beam. The structure can form a membrane that is deformable under the effect of a pressure difference, said electronic component being a component providing a signal representative of the deformation undergone by the membrane.  
         [0028]     Another aspect of the invention includes of a manufacturing method for such a semiconducting device with vertical electron injection, including: 
        transferring the monocrystalline thin film onto a first face of the support substrate,     producing at least one electronic component from the monocrystalline thin film,     forming at least one recess in a second face of the substrate to allow electric or electronic access to the electronic component through the monocrystalline thin film, and     producing a vertical electron injector configured to inject electrons into the electronic component.        
 
         [0033]     The method can furthermore comprise a stage for formation of at least one active layer by crystal growth of semiconducting material on the monocrystalline thin film, the electronic component being produced in said active layer, the crystal growth being produced before or after transfer. If the thin film is an active layer, the electronic component can be formed from this monocrystalline thin film.  
         [0034]     Possibly, the electronic component can be partly made before the transfer; especially when the active layer is produced before the transfer.  
         [0035]     According to a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, the transfer stage of the monocrystalline thin film comprises the following operations: 
        defining said monocrystalline thin film in a substrate of monocrystalline material by introducing gaseous species into this substrate of monocrystalline material in order to create a fracture zone, the monocrystalline thin film being located between one face of the substrate in monocrystalline material and the cleavage zone,     solidifying said monocrystalline thin film on the first face of the support substrate, and     fracture separating the monocrystalline thin film from the rest of the substrate of monocrystalline material, the separation being produced before or after the solidifying operation, obtained for example by molecular adhesion.        
 
         [0039]     Preferably, the transfer of said monocrystalline thin film is carried out through the intermediary of an adhesion layer. This adhesion layer can be in SiO 2 .  
         [0040]     According to an application variant, the producing a vertical electron injector configured to inject electrons into the electronic component includes depositing an electrode on the electronic component and depositing an electrode under the electronic component, in said recess enabling access to the electronic component. The method can then comprise the deposit of a ground in said recess, in contact with said electrode set under the component in order to constitute a heat sink.  
         [0041]     According to another application variant, the method comprises the deposit of a conducting coating able to guide an electron beam directed onto the electronic component passing through said recess.  
         [0042]     According to a further application variant, the method also comprises the formation of cells prolonging the recess in the support substrate to enable electric or electronic access to the electronic components formed from the structure. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0043]     The invention will be understood better and other advantages and particularities will become clear by reading the description below, evidently given as a non-limiting example, and accompanied by the attached drawings in which:  
         [0044]      FIGS. 1A  to  1 E show the main stages of a manufacturing method of a semiconductor device with vertical electron injection according to the invention,  
         [0045]      FIG. 2  shows, in cross-section, another semiconductor device with vertical electron injection according to the invention,  
         [0046]      FIG. 3  shows the device of  FIG. 2  installed on equipment provided with a cathode with micro-points, and  
         [0047]      FIG. 4  shows, in cross-section, another semiconductor device with vertical electron injection and with cell structure, according to the invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0048]     The manufacture of a semiconductor device with vertical electron injection according to the invention comprises the transfer of a monocrystalline thin film of very high crystalline quality (semiconducting or not, insulating or electrically conducting) onto the front face of a substrate, semiconducting or not. This transfer can be carried out through the intermediary of an insulating thin film, metallic or semiconducting. The required active layer or layers are obtained by crystal growth before or after transfer. One or several electronic components are thus formed. The rear face of the substrate is machined or micro-machined locally in order to create a membrane. The monocrystalline thin film can possibly be thinned.  
         [0049]     According to an embodiment of the invention, the active layer and the monocrystalline thin film form a single and same layer.  
         [0050]     The electronic component or components can be manufactured before or after the formation of the membrane. Nonetheless, it is preferable to manufacture the electronic components before forming the membrane in order to relax the mechanic stresses in the device during manufacture.  
         [0051]     Advantageously, transfer of the monocrystalline thin film can be carried out using the method known under the name of Smartcut® and described in particular in the document FR-A-2 681 472 (corresponding to the U.S. Pat. No. 5,374,564).  FIGS. 1A and 1B  show this transfer method.  
         [0052]      FIG. 1A  shows the fixation of a first substrate  1  in SiC onto a second substrate  2  in silicon, with an adhesion interface. The substrate  1  possesses a layer  3  of SiO 2  on its junction face with the substrate  2 . An ionic implantation produced through this face has made it possible to create a layer of micro-cavities  5  separating the substrate  1  into a thin film  7  and a remainder part  9  of the substrate. In this example, the substrate  2  also possesses a layer  4  of SiO 2  on its junction face with the substrate  1 . Nonetheless, the two opposite faces can be of different nature on condition that adhesion is possible.  
         [0053]     Advantageously, the junction of the two substrates is obtained by molecular adhesion. Once the junction has been established, one proceeds to the fracture of the substrate  1  along the zone of micro-cavities  5 . This fracture can be obtained by means of heat treatment and/or by application of mechanical stresses. The fracture provides the structure shown in  FIG. 1B  and constituted of a support substrate  2  in silicon supporting first of all a layer  6  in SiO 2  (formed by the combination of layers  3  and  4 ), and then a layer  7  of SiC. It would also be possible to transfer the layer  7  from its initial substrate  9  to the support substrate  2  via at least one intermediary substrate.  
         [0054]     A thin film  10  of GaN is then epitaxied on the layer  7  of SiC with its free face prepared for this. This is shown in  FIG. 1C . The layer  10  of GaN constitutes the active layer in which the electronic component can be formed.  
         [0055]     As above-mentioned, the layer  10  could have been produced before transfer. In this case, the transfer of the structure formed by the layer  7  and the layer  10  must be made either by means of an intermediary support, or directly, the layer  7  needing to be eliminated for certain applications.  
         [0056]     In order to obtain electric or electronic access to the component produced in the layer  10 , a recess is made starting from the rear face of the substrate  2 .  FIG. 1D  shows that the recess  11  made in the substrate  2  is prolonged into the layer  6  of SiO 2 , as far as the layer  7  of SiC. This layer  7  could also possibly be recessed.  
         [0057]     Taking into account the different applications aimed at by the invention, at least two cases of electron excitation can be distinguished. The first case concerns an electron excitation through vertical passage of the current into the component formed in the active layer by two electrodes, one of these electrodes being deposited on the top of the component and the other being deposited under the component. The second case involves electron excitation by vertical passage of current in the component following electron injection by electron bombardment on the rear face of the device.  
         [0058]     The first case requires the presence of electrodes on top of and underneath the device as shown in  FIG. 1E . An electrode  13  has been formed on the front face of the electronic component produced in the layer  10 . A conducting material  14  is deposited on the rear face of the device. It covers the recessed rear face of the substrate  2  as well as the apparent face of the layer  7  of SiC. The electric connection with the component is obtained through the layer  7  of SiC which is electrically conducting. Possibly, the recess is filled with a conducting material advantageously forming a heat sink  15 , making it possible to evacuate the heat produced by the device during operation. An electrode  16  is deposited on the heat sink  15  to allow joining an electric connection wire. In the absence of the material  15 , the second electrode is formed by the conducting material  14 .  
         [0059]      FIG. 2  shows, in cross section, a device  20  according to the invention and with electron excitation by vertical passage of current through the device, the current being due to electron bombardment directed towards the rear face of the device.  
         [0060]     The device  20  is produced as above, from a stacked structure comprising a substrate  21  in silicon, a layer  22  of SiO 2 , and a thin film  23  of SiC. A recess  24  is made in the rear face of the substrate  21  as far as the thin film  23  of SiC. A layer of GaN has been epitaxied from the layer  23  of SiC and an electronic component  25  has been formed from the layer of GaN. In the example shown, the component  25  is a laser source. It is equipped on two opposite flanks with mirrors  26  and  27  enabling optical amplification. The production of such mirrors is known to those skilled in the art.  
         [0061]     In this embodiment, the recess is of truncated shape with circular or polygonal cross sections. In order to guide an electron beam  30 , arriving on the rear face of the device, towards the component  25 , a conducting layer  28  is deposited on the rear face of the device. This conducting layer  28  acts as an anode relative to the electron beam and must allow it to pass. Possibly, a conducting layer  28  can be deposited on the component  25  and connected electrically to the conducting layer  28  in order to define a potential and to direct the injected electrons more efficiently towards the rear face of the device. In response to the excitation by the electron beam  30 , the component  25  will emit a laser beam  31 .  
         [0062]      FIG. 3  shows, as an example of an embodiment, the device  20  shown in  FIG. 2  installed on equipment  40  provided with a micro-point cathode. The equipment  40  comprises a tubular chamber  41  with one end  42  provided with a tip  43  through which the vacuum is formed in the chamber  41 . The tip  43  can contain a getter  44 . The other end  45  of the chamber  41  comprises an opening which is closed by the device  20 , the recess  24  of the device  20  (see  FIG. 2 ) being turned towards the inside of the chamber  41 .  
         [0063]     Inside the chamber  41 , the equipment  40  comprises a cathode with micro-points  46  supplied live in appropriate fashion relative to the earth. The conducting layer  28  of the device  20  is also connected to the earth. When in use, the cathode with micropoints  46  emits an electron beam  30  in the direction of the device  20 .  
         [0064]     As an example, the micro-points can be brought to −10 kV, the extraction grid of the cathode to about 50 or 100 V above this voltage, that is to −9950 or −9900 V. The conducting layer  28  of the rear face of the device  20  ensures that the voltage is well defined and that therefore the electrons will be certain to enter the recess of the device, crossing the thin film in SiC and penetrating the component  25 .  
         [0065]     The thin film  23  of the device  20  provided with the conducting layer  28  and the component  25  plays the role of a sealed vacuum membrane in this application. It is permeable to electrons and serves as epitaxial substrate. The device has the advantages of compactness and of integration into a piece of equipment.  
         [0066]      FIG. 4  shows, in cross section, another semiconductor device with vertical electron injection and cell structure, according to the invention.  
         [0067]     The device of  FIG. 4  comprises, superposed, a substrate  51  in silicon, a layer  52  of SiO 2  and a thin film  53  of SiC. A layer of GaN has been epitaxied from the layer of SiC and two electronic components  54  and  55  (laser sources here) have been formed from the layer of GaN.  
         [0068]     A recess  56  has been made from the rear face of the substrate  51 . This recess is prolonged by two cells  57  and  58  revealing parts of the thin film  53  of SiC situated under the components  54  and  55 . Between the cells  57  and  58  there exists a part  59  of the initial structure acting as strengthener. This strengthener enables the membrane, constituted by the free part of the thin film  53 , to be made mechanically rigid. Thus one avoids risks of the membrane bursting when put under vacuum in equipment such as that of  FIG. 3 . It is to be noted that the cross section of the cells can be hexagonal just like a honeycomb element.  
         [0069]     In particular, the invention has the following advantages. It makes it possible to manufacture a semiconductor device, especially with a big gap, electronic or optoelectronic, on a low cost substrate, for example in silicon, using well known techniques for transfer of layers, deep engraving and metallizing. It allows integration of an electronic device on a monocrystalline membrane. It enables the creation of a vacuum sealed membrane, permeable to an electron beam focused on the rear face of the membrane whose front face supports one or several electronic components. It enables the production of vertical semiconductor devices on a substrate which is not necessarily an electrical conductor throughout the whole of its volume. The substrate can possibly possess an integrated heat sink. The manufacture of vertical structure components allows a reduction in the size of components. The invention makes it possible to manufacture vertical semiconductor devices with low electrical resistance through replacement of the solid substrate by a semiconducting thin film. It makes it possible to integrate a laser on a micro-machined torch through the intermediary of a membrane which assures a three-fold role: sealing, permeability to electrons, and epitaxial substrate for the GaN.