Abstract:
There is provided a skin condition estimating apparatus which allows a user to know a skin condition by more sensory characteristics. In impedance measuring means  101,  a contact impedance and an internal impedance are measured. In biological equivalent model associated parameter estimating means  102,  parameters associated with an equivalent model constituting a living tissue are estimated based on the measured internal impedance. In skin condition estimating means  103,  a skin condition is estimated based on at least one of the measured contact impedance, the measured internal impedance, and the estimated parameters associated with an equivalent model constituting a living tissue.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     (i) Field of the Invention  
         [0002]     The present invention relates to a skin condition estimating apparatus which estimates a skin condition in accordance with an impedance method.  
         [0003]     (ii) Description of the Related Art  
         [0004]     In recent years, as apparatuses which estimate a skin condition, there are disclosed apparatuses which measure the content of water in the skin with electrodes incorporated in a grip applied to the skin (refer to Patent Publications 1 and 2). These apparatuses determine the content of water in the skin by determining a change in the capacitance or resistance of the skin-forming horny layer which is a dielectric or resistor and allow a user to know a skin condition easily. 
    Patent Publication 1 
        Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2003-169784    
        Patent Publication 2 
        Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2003-169785    
       
 
         [0009]     Meanwhile, in the current society which demands information of higher quality, it has been increasingly demanded to know a skin condition by a more sensory characteristic than the water content, e.g., moisture, resilience, texture and oiliness. Such more sensory characteristics as moisture, resilience, texture and oiliness are based not only on the horny layer but also on the overall cellular structure of the skin layer associated with formation of the skin. Therefore, the more sensory characteristics such as moisture, resilience, texture and oiliness cannot be determined by use of apparatuses such as those disclosed in the above Patent Publications 1 and 2 which make a measurement with the horny layer as a dielectric or resistor.  
         [0010]     In view of the above problem of the prior art, an object of the present invention is to provide a skin condition estimating apparatus which allows a user to know a skin condition by more sensory characteristics.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0011]     A skin condition estimating apparatus of the present invention comprises: 
        impedance measuring means, and     skin condition estimating means, 
 
 wherein 
    the impedance measuring means has electrodes to make contact with a body and passes alternating currents of multiple frequencies through the body when the body is in contact with the electrodes to measure a contact impedance and an internal impedance which occur during the energization, and     the skin condition estimating means estimates a skin condition based on at least one of the contact impedance measured by the impedance measuring means and the internal impedance measured by the impedance measuring means.        
 
         [0016]     Further, the apparatus further comprises biological equivalent model associated parameter estimating means, wherein 
        the biological equivalent model associated parameter estimating means estimates parameters associated with an equivalent model constituting a living tissue based on the frequencies of the currents passed by the impedance measuring means and the measured internal impedance, and     the skin condition estimating means estimates a skin condition based on at least one of the contact impedance measured by the impedance measuring means, the internal impedance measured by the impedance measuring means and the parameters estimated by the biological equivalent model associated parameter estimating means.        
 
         [0019]     Further, the parameters associated with the equivalent model constituting the living tissue are an extracellular fluid resistance, an intracellular fluid resistance, distributed membrane capacitance, a parallel combined resistance of the extracellular fluid resistance and the intracellular fluid resistance, and an angle formed by the real part axis and a straight line which connects the real part axis with an internal impedance measured when a vector locus corresponding to the internal impedances measured by the impedance measuring means using the alternating currents of multiple frequencies is drawn on the real part axis and the imaginary part axis based on the arc law representing a vector locus of impedances dependent on frequencies.  
         [0020]     Further, the biological equivalent model associated parameter estimating means estimates the extracellular fluid resistance, the intracellular fluid resistance and the distributed membrane capacitance by use of the following equation:
 
 Z   B (= R   B   +j×X   B )= Re ( Ri+ ½ ×π×f×j×Cm )
 
 /Re+ ( Ri+ ½ ×π×f×j×Cm )
 
 wherein Re represents an extracellular fluid resistance, Ri represents an intracellular fluid resistance, Cm represents distributed membrane capacitance, f represents a frequency, j represents an imaginary number, π represents a pi, and Z B  represents an internal impedance (R B  represents a resistance component and X B  represents a reactance component). 
 
         [0021]     Further, the alternating currents of multiple frequencies are an alternating current of 50 kHz and an alternating current of 6.25 kHz.  
         [0022]     Further, the skin condition estimating means estimates at least one characteristic selected from the group consisting of moisture (or dryness), resilience (or swelling), texture and oiliness (or gloss) as a skin condition.  
         [0023]     Further, the skin condition estimating means estimates moisture (or dryness), resilience (or swelling), texture and oiliness (or gloss) by use of the following equations:
 
 Fw=a   w1   ×R   C50   −1   +a   w2   ×Re   −1   +a   w3   ×Ri/Re+a   w4 
 
 Ft=a   t1   ×Re   −1   +a   t2   ×R   ∞   −1   +a   t3   ×Ri   −1   +a   t4   ×φ+a   t5 
 
 Fs=a   s1   ×φ+a   s2   ×X   B50   /R   B50   +a   s3  
 
 Ff=a   f1   ×R   B6.25   /X   B6.25   +a   f2   ×R   C50   /X   C50   +a   f3  
 
 wherein Fw represents moisture (or dryness), Ft represents resilience (or swelling), Fs represents texture, Ff represents oiliness (or gloss), R C50  represents the resistance component of a contact impedance with an alternating current of 50 kHz, X C50  represents the reactance component of the contact impedance with the alternating current of 50 kHz, R B50  represents the resistance component of an internal impedance with an alternating current of 50 kHz, X B50  represents the reactance component of the internal impedance with the alternating current of 50 kHz, R B6.25  represents the resistance component of an internal impedance with an alternating current of 6.25 kHz, X B6.25  represents the reactance component of the internal impedance with the alternating current of 6.25 kHz, Re represents an extracellular fluid resistance, Ri represents an intracellular fluid resistance, R ∞  represents a parallel combined resistance of the extracellular fluid resistance and the intracellular fluid resistance, φ represents an angle formed by the real part axis and a straight line which connects the real part axis with an internal impedance measured with an alternating current of 50 kHz when an arc corresponding to the internal impedances measured by the impedance measuring means using the alternating currents of multiple frequencies is drawn on the real part axis and the imaginary part axis based on the arc law representing the relationship of impedances dependent on frequencies, and a w1  to a w4 , a t1  to a t5 , a s1  to a s3  and a f1  to a f3  represent coefficients (constants). 
 
         [0024]     The skin condition estimating apparatus according to the present invention passes alternating currents of multiple frequencies through the skin layer so as to measure a contact impedance and an internal impedance based on the overall cellular structure of the skin layer by the impedance measuring means and estimates a skin condition based on at least one of these impedances by the skin condition estimating means. Accordingly, the apparatus allows a user to know a skin condition by more sensory characteristics.  
         [0025]     Further, the apparatus further estimates parameters associated with a living tissue forming the base of a skin condition by the biological equivalent model associated parameter estimating means and estimates a skin condition based on these parameters in addition to the above impedances by the skin condition estimating means. Therefore, the apparatus allows a user to know a skin condition by more sensory characteristics. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0026]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating the functional constitution of a skin condition estimating apparatus.  
         [0027]      FIG. 2  is a bioelectrical equivalent model.  
         [0028]      FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating a vector locus of impedances dependent on frequencies.  
         [0029]      FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating the appearance of the skin condition estimating apparatus.  
         [0030]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram illustrating the structural constitution of the skin condition estimating apparatus.  
         [0031]      FIG. 6  is a circuit model in measuring a body.  
         [0032]      FIG. 7  is a main flowchart illustrating the flow of operations of the skin condition estimating apparatus in the constant acquiring mode.  
         [0033]      FIG. 8  is a main flowchart illustrating the flow of operations of the skin condition estimating apparatus in the measuring mode.  
         [0034]      FIG. 9  is a subroutine flowchart illustrating the flow of operations of the skin condition estimating apparatus in the constant acquiring mode.  
         [0035]      FIG. 10  is a subroutine flowchart illustrating the flow of operations of the skin condition estimating apparatus in the measuring mode. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0036]     A skin condition estimating apparatus according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to a functional constitution block diagram shown in  FIG. 1 , a bioelectrical equivalent model diagram shown in  FIG. 2 , and a diagram shown in  FIG. 3  which illustrates a vector locus of impedances dependent on frequencies. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the skin condition estimating apparatus according to the present invention comprises impedance measuring means, biological equivalent model associated parameter estimating means, and skin condition estimating means.  
         [0037]     The impedance measuring means has electrodes to make contact with a body and passes alternating currents of multiple frequencies through the body when the body is in contact with the electrodes to measure a contact impedance and an internal impedance which occur during the energization. More specifically, the impedance measuring means comprises a measuring section, a computing equation storing section, a constant computing section, a constant storing section, a contact impedance computing section and an internal impedance computing section and measures a contact impedance value and an internal impedance value.  
         [0038]     The measuring section has a plurality of electrodes and an internal standard impedance and measures the following voltage values, i.e., (i) a first external standard voltage value generated between both ends of a first external standard impedance and a first internal standard voltage value generated between both ends of the internal standard impedance when the first external standard impedance is in contact with the electrodes, (ii) a second external standard voltage value generated between both ends of a second external standard impedance and a second internal standard voltage value generated between both ends of the internal standard impedance when the second external standard impedance is in contact with the electrodes, (iii) a third external standard voltage value generated between both ends of the first external standard impedance and a third internal standard voltage value generated between both ends of the internal standard impedance when the first external standard impedance and the third external standard impedance are in contact with the electrodes and (iv) a body voltage value generated between body parts in contact with the electrodes and a fourth internal standard voltage value generated between both ends of the internal standard impedance when a body is in contact with the electrodes. An internal impedance component of a body is assumed for the first external standard impedance and the second external standard impedance, and a contact impedance component is assumed for the third external standard impedance.  
         [0039]     The computing equation storing section stores the following computing equations, i.e., (i) a first external standard impedance computing equation for computing a first external standard impedance value based on variation constants based on impedance variation factors, a first external standard voltage value and a first internal standard voltage value, (ii) a second external standard impedance computing equation for computing a second external standard impedance value based on the variation constants based on impedance variation factors, a second external standard voltage value and a second internal standard voltage value, (iii) an inclination computing equation for computing an inclination constant of an internal external standard impedance relationship based on the first external standard impedance value, the second external standard impedance value, a third external standard impedance value, a third internal standard voltage value and a second internal standard voltage value, (iv) a total impedance computing equation for computing a total impedance in measuring a body based on the inclination constant of the internal external standard impedance relationship, a fourth internal standard voltage value and a section constant (second internal standard voltage value) of the internal external standard impedance relationship, (v) a first provisional internal impedance computing equation for computing a provisional internal impedance in measuring the body based on the variation constants based on impedance variation factors, a body voltage value and the fourth internal standard voltage value, (vi) a body contact impedance computing equation for computing a contact impedance value in measuring the body based on the total impedance value and the provisional internal impedance value in measuring the body, (vii) a second provisional internal impedance computing equation for computing a provisional internal impedance value in measuring the first external standard impedance and the third external standard impedance based on the variation constants based on impedance variation factors, the third internal standard voltage value and a third external standard voltage value, (viii) an external standard contact impedance computing equation for computing a contact impedance value in measuring the external standard impedance based on the provisional internal impedance value in measuring the first external standard impedance and the third external standard impedance, the first external standard impedance value and the third external standard impedance value, (ix) an external standard impedance computing equation for computing a first external standard impedance value based on the provisional internal impedance value in measuring the first external standard impedance and the third external standard impedance, the contact impedance value in measuring the external standard impedance and a correction constant, and (x) an internal impedance computing equation for computing an internal impedance value in measuring the body based on the contact impedance value in measuring the body, the provisional internal impedance value in measuring the body and the correction constant. The first external standard impedance value, the second external standard impedance value, the third external standard impedance value and the internal standard impedance in the first external standard impedance computing equation, the second external standard impedance computing equation, the inclination computing equation, the external standard contact impedance computing equation and the external standard impedance computing equation are default values determined based on values expected in measuring a body.  
         [0040]     The constant computing section computes the following constants. That is, the constant computing section computes (i) the variation constants based on impedance variation factors by substituting the first external standard voltage value and the first internal standard voltage value which have been measured by the measuring section into the first external standard impedance computing equation stored in the computing equation storing section and substituting the second external standard voltage value and the second internal standard voltage value which have been measured by the measuring section into the second external standard impedance computing equation stored in the computing equation storing section, (ii) the inclination constant of the internal external standard impedance relationship by substituting the third internal standard voltage value and the second internal standard voltage value which have been measured by the measuring section into the inclination computing equation stored in the computing equation storing section, and (iii) the correction constant by substituting the provisional internal impedance value in measuring the first external standard impedance and the third external standard impedance and the contact impedance value in measuring the external standard impedance which have been computed by the contact impedance computing section into the external standard impedance computing equation stored in the computing equation storing section.  
         [0041]     The constant storing section stores the following constants, i.e., (i) the variation constants based on impedance variation factors which have been computed by the constant computing section, (ii) the inclination constant of the internal external standard impedance relationship which has been computed by the constant computing section, (iii) the second internal standard voltage value (section constant of the internal external standard impedance relationship) measured by the measuring section, and (iv) the correction constant computed by the constant computing section.  
         [0042]     The contact impedance computing section computes the following impedance values, i.e., (i) the total impedance value in measuring the body by substituting the inclination constant of the internal external standard impedance relationship which has been stored in the constant storing section and the fourth internal standard voltage value and the second internal standard voltage value which have been measured by the measuring section into the total impedance computing equation stored in the computing equation storing section, (ii) the provisional internal impedance value in measuring the body by substituting the variation constants based on impedance variation factors which have been stored in the constant storing section and the body voltage value and the fourth internal standard voltage value which have been measured by the measuring section into the first provisional internal impedance computing equation stored in the computing equation storing section, (iii) the contact impedance value in measuring the body by substituting the above computed total impedance value in measuring the body and provisional internal impedance value in measuring the body into the body contact impedance computing equation stored in the computing equation storing section, (iv) the provisional internal impedance value in measuring the first external standard impedance and the third external standard impedance by substituting the third external standard voltage value and the third internal standard voltage value which have been measured by the measuring section and the variation constants based on impedance variation factors which have been stored in the constant storing section into the second provisional internal impedance computing equation stored in the computing equation storing section, and (v) the contact impedance (resistance component and reactance component) value in measuring the external standard impedance by substituting the provisional internal impedance value in measuring the first external standard impedance and the third external standard impedance into the external standard contact impedance computing equation stored in the computing equation storing section.  
         [0043]     The internal impedance computing section computes the internal impedance (resistance component and reactance component) value in measuring the body by substituting the contact impedance value in measuring the body and the provisional internal impedance value in measuring the body which have been computed by the body contact impedance computing section and the correction constant stored in the constant storing section into the internal impedance computing equation stored in the computing equation storing section.  
         [0044]     The biological equivalent model associated parameter estimating means estimates parameters associated with an equivalent model constituting a living tissue based on the frequencies of the currents passed by the impedance measuring means and the measured internal impedance (resistance component and reactance component). More specifically, the biological equivalent model associated parameter estimating means comprises the computing equation storing section (which is shared by the impedance measuring means) and an equivalent model associated parameter computing section. The equivalent model associated parameter computing section computes the values of an extracellular fluid resistance Re, an intracellular fluid resistance Ri and distributed membrane capacitance Cm as shown in  FIG. 2  as parameters associated with an equivalent model constituting a living tissue by substituting the internal impedance value computed in the internal impedance computing section, the frequency of the current passed by the impedance measuring means and the like into a biological equivalent model associated parameter computing equation stored in the computing equation storing section and computes the value of an angle φ (φ 1  or φ 2 ) formed by the real part axis and a straight line which connects the real part axis with the internal impedance Z B50  measured when a vector locus corresponding to internal impedances measured by the impedance measuring means using alternating currents of multiple frequencies is drawn on the real part axis and the imaginary part axis based on the arc law representing a vector locus of impedances dependent on frequencies and the value of a parallel combined resistance R ∞ (=Re//Ri) of the extracellular fluid resistance and the intracellular fluid resistance as shown in  FIG. 3  as parameters associated with an equivalent model constituting a living tissue by use of the above computed values, the internal impedance value computed in the internal impedance computing section and the frequency of the current passed by the impedance measuring means.  
         [0045]     The skin condition estimating means estimates a skin condition based on at least one of the contact impedance measured by the impedance measuring means, the internal impedance measured by the impedance measuring means and the parameters associated with an equivalent model constituting a living tissue which have been estimated by the biological equivalent model associated parameter estimating means. More specifically, the skin condition estimating means comprises the computing equation storing section (which is shared by the impedance measuring means) and a skin condition computing section. The skin condition computing section computes the values of moisture (or dryness), resilience (or swelling), texture, oiliness (or gloss) and the like as characteristics representing a skin condition by substituting the contact impedance computed in the contact impedance computing section, the internal impedance value measured by the impedance measuring means, the internal impedance value computed in the internal impedance computing section and the values of the extracellular fluid resistance Re, intracellular fluid resistance Ri, distributed membrane capacitance Cm, angle φand parallel combined resistance R which have been computed in the equivalent model associated parameter computing section into skin condition computing equations stored in the computing equation storing section.  
         [0046]     In the above embodiment, it is also possible that the biological equivalent model associated parameter estimating means is omitted and the characteristics representing a skin condition are estimated by use of only the internal impedance (resistance component and reactance component) value measured by the impedance measuring means in the skin condition estimating means.  
         [0047]     Hereinafter, a specific example of the skin condition estimating apparatus according to the present invention will be described.  
       EXAMPLES  
       [0048]     First, a specific constitution of the skin condition estimating apparatus according to the present invention will be described by use of an external view shown in  FIG. 4 , a structural block diagram shown in  FIG. 5  and a circuit model diagram shown in  FIG. 6 .  
         [0049]     The skin condition estimating apparatus comprises a chassis  51 , a grip  52 , and a cord  53  which connects the grip  52  to the chassis  51 . The chassis  51  comprises a measuring section  1  excluding electrodes A  11  and B  12 , an EEPROM  2 , a microcontroller  3 , a display section  4 , an input section  6  (comprising a power key  6   a,  a selection key  6   b  and a setting key  6   c ), and a power supply section  7 . The grip  52  comprises the electrodes A  11  and the electrodes B  12 .  
         [0050]     Of these sections constituting the skin condition estimating apparatus, the measuring section  1  measures a voltage value based on an impedance for a body, an external standard impedance (resistance) or an internal standard impedance (resistance). The measuring section  1  comprises a constant voltage (sinusoidal alternating current) generator  8 , a V/I converter  9 , an internal standard impedance  10 , the electrodes A  11 , the electrodes B  12 , a switcher  13 , an amplifier  14 , a filter  15 , and an A/D converter  16 . In the present example, three 800-Ω resistances and one 200-Ω resistance are used for the external standard impedance, and one 800-Ω resistance is used for the internal standard impedance  10 . These resistance values are determined based on values expected at the time of measurement of body (skin layer).  
         [0051]     Of these sections constituting the measuring section  1 , the constant voltage (sinusoidal alternating current) generator  8  generates a high-frequency constant voltage. The V/I converter  9  converts a constant voltage received from the constant voltage (sinusoidal alternating current) generator  8  into a constant current.  
         [0052]     The internal standard impedance  10  is referred to as a standard for correcting a change in constant current which is caused by a change in the temperature of an environment or the like, stray capacitance and a contact impedance which occurs when a body makes contact with the electrodes.  
         [0053]     The electrodes A  11  are terminals for passing a constant current which is output from the V/I converter  9  and passed through the internal standard impedance  10  through a body or the external standard impedance. The electrodes B  12  are terminals for detecting a voltage generated in the body or external standard impedance. The electrodes A  11  and B  12  are disposed on an end face of the grip  52  which is not connected the cord  53 .  
         [0054]     The switcher  13  switches between detection of voltage value generated between both ends of the internal standard impedance when a constant current passes through the internal standard impedance  10  and detection of voltage value generated between the two electrodes B when a constant current passes through a body between the two electrodes B or the external standard impedance. More specifically, the switcher  13  switches (i) between detection of first external standard voltage value generated between both ends of the first external standard impedance and detection of first internal standard voltage value generated between both ends of the internal standard impedance when the first external standard impedance is in contact with the electrodes, (ii) between detection of second external standard voltage value generated between both ends of the second external standard impedance and detection of second internal standard voltage value generated between both ends of the internal standard impedance when the second external standard impedance is in contact with the electrodes, (iii) between detection of third external standard voltage value generated between both ends of the first external standard impedance and detection of third internal standard voltage value generated between both ends of the internal standard impedance when the first external standard impedance and the third external standard impedance are in contact with the electrodes and (iv) between detection of body voltage value generated between body parts in contact with the electrodes and detection of fourth internal standard voltage value generated between both ends of the internal standard impedance when a body is in contact with the electrodes.  
         [0055]     After the switcher  13 , the amplifier  14  amplifies the voltage value based on the impedance of the internal standard impedance  10  or the voltage value based on the impedance of the body or external standard impedance. The filter  15  removes a noise component from the voltage amplified by the amplifier  14 . The A/D converter  16  digitizes the voltage (analog) denoised by the filter  15 .  
         [0056]     Of these sections constituting the skin condition estimating apparatus, the EEPROM  2  comprises a computing equation storing section  17  and a constant storing section  18  and stores various computing equations and various constants in advance. More specifically, the EEPROM  2  stores: 
    (i) a first external standard impedance computing equation:
 
 Z   o1 =800 =c×V   o1   /V   R1 +os
 
 wherein c and os represent variation constants based on impedance variation factors, V o1  represents a first external standard voltage value, V R1  represents a first internal standard voltage value, and Z o1  (default=800Ω) represents a first external standard impedance value, 
    (ii) a second external standard impedance computing equation:
 
 Z   o2 =200= c×V   o2   /V   R2   +os 
 
 wherein c and os represent variation constants based on impedance variation factors, V o2  represents a second external standard voltage value, V R2  represents a second internal standard voltage value, and Z 02  (default=200 Ω) represents a second external standard impedance value, 
    (iii) an inclination computing equation:
 
 p={ ( Z   o3   +Z   o1   +Z   o3 )−Z o2}/(V   R3   −V   R2 )
 
={(800+800+800)−200}/( V   R3   −V   R2 )
 
 wherein Z o1  (default =800 Ω) represents a first external standard impedance value, Z o3  (default=800 Ω) represents a third external standard impedance value, Z o2  (default=200Ω) represents a second external standard impedance value, V R3  represents a third internal standard voltage value, V R2  represents a second internal standard voltage value, and p represents an inclination constant of an internal external standard impedance relationship, 
    (iv) a total impedance computing equation:
 
 Z   TOTAL   =p×V   R4   +q 
 
 wherein p represents an inclination constant of an internal external standard impedance relationship, V R4  represents a fourth internal standard voltage value, q (=second internal standard voltage value V R2 ) represents a section constant of the internal external standard impedance relationship, and Z TOTAL  represents a total impedance value in measuring a body, 
    (v) a first provisional internal impedance computing equation:
 
 Z   B-TEMP   =c×V   HUM   /V   R4   +os 
 
 wherein c and os represent variation constants based on impedance variation factors, V HUM  represents a body voltage value, V R4  represents a fourth internal standard voltage value, and Z B-TEMP  represents a provisional internal impedance value in measuring a body, 
    (vi) a body contact impedance computing equation:
 
 Z   c =( Z   TOTAL   −Z   B-TEMP )/2
 
 wherein Z TOTAL  represents a total impedance value, Z B-TEMP  represents a provisional internal impedance value in measuring a body, and Z c  represents a contact impedance value in measuring the body, 
    (vii) a second provisional internal impedance computing equation:
 
 Z   01-TEMP   =c×V   o3   /V   R3   +os 
 
 wherein c and os represent variation constants based on impedance variation factors, V R3  represents a third internal standard voltage value, V o3  represents a third external standard voltage value, and Z o1-TEMP  represents a provisional internal impedance value in measuring a first external standard impedance and a third external standard impedance, 
    (viii) an external standard contact impedance computing equation:  
               Z   CO     =       {       (       Z   O3     +     Z   O1     +     Z   O3       )     -     Z     O1   ⁢     -     ⁢   TEMP         }     /   2                         ⁢     =       {       (     800   +   800   +   800     )     -     Z     O1   ⁢     -     ⁢   TEMP         }     /   2                 
 
 wherein Z o1  (default=800 Ω) represents a first external standard impedance value, Z o3  (default=800 Ω) represents a third external standard impedance, Z o1-TEMP  represents a provisional internal impedance value in measuring a first external standard impedance and a third external standard impedance, and Z CO  represents a contact impedance value in measuring an external standard, 
    (ix) an external standard impedance computing equation:
 
 Z   o1 =800=(1+ k×Z   CO )×Z o1-TEMP  
 
 wherein k represents a correction constant, Z CO  represents a contact impedance value in measuring an external standard, Z o1-TEMP  represents a provisional internal impedance value in measuring a first external standard impedance and a third external standard impedance, and Z o1  represents a first external standard impedance value, (x) an internal impedance computing equation: 
    Z B =(1 +k×Z   c )× Z   B-TEMP 
 
 wherein k represents a correction constant, Z c  represents a contact impedance value in measuring a body, Z B-TEMP  represents a provisional internal impedance value in measuring the body, and Z B  represents an internal impedance value in measuring the body, 
    (xi) a biological equivalent model associated parameter computing equation:
 
 Z   B (= R   B+j×X   B )= Re ( Ri+ ½ ×π×f×j×Cm )
 
/ Re+ ( Ri+ ½ ×π×f×j×Cm )
 
 wherein Re represents an extracellular fluid resistance, Ri represents an intracellular fluid resistance, Cm represents distributed membrane capacitance, f represents a frequency, j represents an imaginary number, π represents a pi, and Z B  represents an internal impedance (R B  represents a resistance component, and X B  represents a reactance component), and 
    (xii) skin condition computing equations:
 
 Fw=a   w1   ×R   C50   −1   +a   w2   ×Re   −1   +a   w3   ×Ri/Re+a   w4 
 
 Ft=a   t1   ×Re   −1   +a   t2   ×R   28   −1   +a   t3   ×Ri   −1   +a   t4   ×φ+a   t5 
 
 Fs=a   s1   ×φ+a   s2   ×X   B50   /R   B50   +a   s3  
 
 Ff=a   f1   ×R   B6.25   /X   B6.25   +a   f2   ×R   C50   /X   C50   +a   f3 
 
 wherein Fw represents moisture (or dryness), Ft represents resilience (or swelling), Fs represents texture, Ff represents oiliness (or gloss), R C50  represents the resistance component of a contact impedance with an alternating current of 50 kHz, X C50  represents the reactance component of the contact impedance with the alternating current of 50 kHz, R B50  represents the resistance component of an internal impedance with an alternating current of 50 kHz, X B50  represents the reactance component of the internal impedance with the alternating current of 50 kHz, R B6.25  represents the resistance component of an internal impedance with an alternating current of 6.25 kHz, X B6.25  represents the reactance component of the internal impedance with the alternating current of 6.25 kHz, Re represents an extracellular fluid resistance, Ri represents an intracellular fluid resistance, R ∞  represents a parallel combined resistance of the extracellular fluid resistance and the intracellular fluid resistance, φ represents an angle formed by the real part axis and a straight line which connects the real part axis with an internal impedance measured with an alternating current of 50 kHz when an arc corresponding to internal impedances measured by the above impedance measuring means using alternating currents of multiple frequencies is drawn on the real part axis and the imaginary part axis based on the arc law representing the relationship of impedances dependent on frequencies, and a w1  to a w4 , a t1  to a t5 , a s1  to a s3  and a f1  to a f3  represent coefficients (constants), in the computing equation storing section  17  in advance. Further, the EEPROM  2  also stores a second internal standard voltage value V R2  which has been measured in the measuring section  1  and variation constants c and os based on impedance variation factors, an inclination constant p of an internal external standard impedance relationship and a correction constant k which have been computed in a constant computing section  19  in the constant storing section  18 . 
   
 
         [0069]     The above first external standard impedance computing equation, second external standard impedance computing equation, first provisional internal impedance computing equation and second provisional internal impedance computing equation are derived from the circuit model in  FIG. 6  taking into consideration variations based on impedance variation factors which occur in the measuring section  1 . In  FIG. 6 , Z R  represents an internal standard impedance, Z C  represents a contact impedance in measuring a body, Z B  represents an internal impedance in measuring the body, Z TOTAL  represents a total impedance in measuring the body, Z S  represents an impedance by stray capacitance or the like, Z P  represents a parasitic impedance, V o  represents a voltage occurring over the internal standard impedance and the body, I c  represents a constant current, and AMP represents a circuit related to voltage detection. The variation constant c based on impedance variation factors is a scale factor variation constant, and the variation constant os based on impedance variation factors is an offset voltage variation factor. Further, the biological equivalent model associated parameter computing equation is derived from the bioelectrical equivalent model in  FIG. 2  assumed from a fact that the frequency domain in passing a current through a living body is attributable to a biological structure of extracellular electrolyte/cell membrane/intracellular electrolyte. Further, the skin condition computing equations are derived by classifying skin conditions into sensory characteristics (moisture (or dryness), resilience (or swelling), texture, oiliness (or gloss)) and determining the relationships in between these sensory characteristics and resistance and reactance components in contact and internal impedances and parameters (Re, Ri, Cm, R ∞ , φ) associated with an equivalent model constituting a living tissue for a number of subjects.  
         [0070]     Of these sections constituting the skin condition estimating apparatus, the microcontroller  3  comprises the constant computing section  19  which computes the variation constants, inclination constant and correction constant, a contact impedance computing section  20  which computes the total impedance value in measuring the body, the provisional internal impedance value in measuring the body, the contact impedance value in measuring the body, the provisional internal impedance value in measuring the first external standard impedance and the third external impedance and the contact impedance value in measuring the external standard impedance, an internal impedance computing section  21  which computes the internal impedance value in measuring the body, a biological equivalent model associated parameter computing section  22  which computes the parameters associated with the equivalent model constituting the living tissue, and a skin condition computing section  23  which computes a skin condition and performs various computations, controls and internal storages. Specific operations in the constant computing section  19 , the contact impedance computing section  20 , the internal impedance computing section  21 , the biological equivalent model associated parameter computing section  22  and the skin condition computing section  23  will be described in the following description of the operations of the skin condition estimating apparatus according to the present invention.  
         [0071]     Of these sections constituting the skin condition estimating apparatus, the display section  4  displays results computed by the microcontroller  3  and other data. The input section  6  turns on power and switches to a constant acquiring mode. The power supply section  7  supplies electric power to each section of the electrical system based on a signal from the input section  6 .  
         [0072]     Next, specific operations of the skin condition estimating apparatus according to the present invention will be described by use of a main flowchart in the constant acquiring mode shown in  FIG. 7 , a main flowchart in a measuring mode shown in  FIG. 8 , a subroutine flowchart in the constant acquiring mode shown in  FIG. 9  and a subroutine flowchart in the measuring mode shown in  FIG. 10 .  
         [0073]     The skin condition estimating apparatus acquires various constants prior to measurements of contact impedance and internal impedance. In accordance with the flowchart shown in  FIG. 7 , the apparatus acquires various constants in making measurements with an alternating current of 50 kHz (STEP S 1 ) first and then acquires various constants in making measurements with an alternating current of 6.25 kHz (STEP S 2 ).  
         [0074]     In these steps, the same operations are performed in accordance with the flowchart shown in  FIG. 9  at different frequencies.  
         [0075]     First, when the skin condition estimating apparatus is switched to the constant acquiring mode by the input section  6  and only the first external standard impedance (Z o1 =800Ω) is connected to the electrodes A and B (STEP S 21 ), a voltage value between both ends (i.e., between m and n in  FIG. 5 ) of the internal standard impedance (Z R =800Ω) is measured as the first internal standard voltage value V R1  (STEP S 22 ) and a voltage value between both ends (i.e., between b and c in  FIG. 5 ) of the first external standard impedance (Z o1 =800Ω) is measured as the first external standard voltage value V o1  (STEP S 23 ) in the measuring section  1 .  
         [0076]     Then, when only the second external standard impedance (Z O2 =200Ω) is connected to the electrodes A and B (STEP S 24 ), a voltage value between both ends (i.e., between m and n in  FIG. 5 ) of the internal standard impedance (Z R =800Ω) is measured as the second internal standard voltage value V R2  (STEP S 25 ) and a voltage value between both ends (i.e., between f and g in  FIG. 5 ) of the second external standard impedance (Z o2 =200Ω) is measured as the second external standard voltage value V o2  (STEP S 26 ) in the measuring section  1 . The second external standard voltage value V o2  is stored in the constant storing section  18  (STEP S 27 ).  
         [0077]     Then, in the constant computing section  19 , the first external standard voltage value V 01  and the first internal standard voltage value V R1  which have been measured in the measuring section  1  are substituted into the first external standard impedance computing equation stored in advance in the computing equation storing section  17 , the second external standard voltage value V 02  and the second internal standard voltage value V R2  which have been measured in the measuring section  1  are substituted into the second external standard impedance computing equation stored in the computing equation storing section  17 , and the two computing equations are solved as simultaneous equations so as to compute the variation constants c and os based on impedance variation factors (STEP S 28 ). The variation constants c and os based on impedance variation factors are stored in the constant storing section  18  (STEP S 29 ).  
         [0078]     Then, when the first external standard impedance (Z o1 =800Ω) and the third external standard impedance (Z o3 =800Ω) are connected to the electrodes A and B (STEP S 30 ), a voltage value between both ends (i.e., between m and n in  FIG. 5 ) of the internal standard impedance (Z R =800Ω) is measured as the third internal standard voltage value V R3  (STEP S 31 ) and a voltage value between both ends (i.e., between j and k in  FIG. 5 ) of the first external standard impedance (Z o1 =800Ω) is measured as the third external standard voltage value V o3  (STEP S 32 ) in the measuring section  1 .  
         [0079]     Then, in the constant computing section  19 , the third internal standard voltage value V R3  and the second internal standard voltage value V R2  which have been measured in the measuring section 1 are substituted into the inclination computing equation stored in the computing equation storing section  17  so as to compute the inclination constant p (STEP S 33 ). The inclination constant p is stored in the constant storing section  18  (STEP S 34 ).  
         [0080]     Then, in the contact impedance computing section  20 , the third external standard voltage value V o3  and the third internal standard voltage value V R3  which have been measured in the measuring section  1  and the variation constants c and os based on impedance variation factors which are stored in the constant storing section  18  are substituted into the second provisional internal impedance computing equation stored in the computing equation storing section  17  so as to compute the provisional internal impedance value Z o1-TEMP  in measuring the first external standard impedance and the third external standard impedance (STEP S 35 ).  
         [0081]     Then, in the contact impedance computing section  20 , the provisional internal impedance value Z o1-TEMP  in measuring the first external standard impedance and the third external standard impedance is substituted into the external standard contact impedance computing equation stored in the computing equation storing section  17  so as to compute the contact impedance value Z CO  in measuring the external standard in measuring the first external standard impedance and the third external standard impedance (STEP S 36 ).  
         [0082]     Then, in the constant computing section  19 , the contact impedance value Z CO  and the provisional internal impedance value Z o1-TEMP  which have been computed in the contact impedance computing section  20  are substituted into the external standard impedance computing equation stored in the computing equation storing section  17  so as to compute the correction constant k (STEP S 37 ) which is then stored in the constant storing section  18  (STEP S 38 ), thereby ending the constant acquiring mode.  
         [0083]     After acquiring various constants required to determine a contact impedance value and an internal impedance value, the skin condition estimating apparatus executes processes to determine a skin condition in accordance with the flowcharts shown in  FIGS. 8 and 10 , unless switched to the constant acquiring mode.  
         [0084]     As shown in the flowchart of  FIG. 8 , in the impedance measuring means, a contact impedance value Z C50  (R C50 , X C50 ) and an internal impedance value Z B50 (R B50 , X B50 ) in making measurements with an alternating current of 50 kHz are acquired (STEP S 11 ), and a contact impedance value Z C6.25  (R C6.25 , X C6.25 ) and an internal impedance value Z B6.25  (R B6.25,  X B6.25 ) in making measurements with an alternating current of 6.25 kHz are acquired (STEP S 12 ). Details of these acquiring processes will be described later by use of  FIG. 10 .  
         [0085]     Then, in the biological equivalent model associated parameter computing section  22 , the internal impedance value Z B50  (R B50 , X B50 ) or Z B6.25  (R B6.25 , X B6.25 ) acquired by the impedance measuring means is substituted into the internal impedance Z B  (=R B+j×X   B ) of the biological equivalent model associated parameter computing equation stored in the computing equation storing section  17  and a frequency of 50 kHz or 6.25 kHz is substituted into the frequency f of the above equation so as to formulate four equations, and the four equations are solved as simultaneous equations so as to compute the values of the extracellular fluid resistance Re, intracellular fluid resistance Ri and distributed membrane capacitance Cm. Further, the value of an angle φ (φ 1  or φ 2 ) formed by the real part axis and a straight line which connects the real part axis with the internal impedance Z B50  measured when a vector locus corresponding to internal impedances measured by the impedance measuring means using alternating currents of multiple frequencies (50 kHz and 6.25 kHz) as shown in  FIG. 3  is drawn on the real part axis and the imaginary part axis based on the arc law (cole-cole&#39;s arc law) representing a vector locus of impedances dependent on frequencies, and the value of the parallel combined resistance R ∞  (=Re//Ri) of the extracellular fluid resistance and the intracellular fluid resistance are calculated (STEP S 13 ).  
         [0086]     Then, in the skin condition computing section  23 , the values of the resistance components R C50  and R C6.25  and reactance components X C50  and X C6.25  of the contact impedances and the resistance components R B50  and R B6.25  and reactance components X B50  and X B6.25  of the internal impedances which have been acquired by the impedance measuring means and the values of the extracellular fluid resistance Re, intracellular fluid resistance Ri, distributed membrane capacitance Cm, angle φ (φ 1  or φ 2 ) and parallel combined resistance R ∞  (=Re//Ri) which have been computed in the biological equivalent model associated parameter computing section  22  are substituted into the skin condition computing equations stored in the computing equation storing section  17  so as to compute the values of the moisture (or dryness) Fw, resilience (or swelling) Ft, texture Fs and oiliness (or gloss) Ff (STEP S 14 ) . These values are displayed on the display section  4  (STEP S 15 ), thereby ending a series of operations.  
         [0087]     In the above STEPS S 11  and S 12  in the flowchart of  FIG. 8 , the same operations are performed in accordance with the flowchart shown in  FIG. 10  at different frequencies.  
         [0088]     First, immediately after power is turn on or after the constant acquiring mode, the skin condition estimating apparatus enters the measuring mode and retrieves the variation constants c and os, the inclination constant p, the section constant q and the correction constant k which are stored in the constant storing section  18  in the contact impedance computing section  20  (STEP S 41 ).  
         [0089]     Then, when the grip  52  is applied to the skin so that the skin makes contact with the electrodes, the voltage value of the skin layer is measured as the body voltage value V HUM  (STEP S 42 ) and a voltage value between both ends (i.e., between m and n in  FIG. 1 ) of the internal standard impedance (Z R =800Ω) is measured as the fourth internal standard voltage value V R4  (STEP S 43 ) in the measuring section  1 .  
         [0090]     Then, in the contact impedance computing section  20 , the fourth internal standard voltage value V R4  measured in the measuring section  1  and the inclination constant p and the section constant q (=second internal standard voltage value V R2 ) which have been retrieved from the constant storing section  18  are substituted into the total impedance computing equation stored in advance in the computing equation storing section so as to compute the total impedance value Z TOTAL  in measuring the body (STEP S 44 ).  
         [0091]     Then, in the contact impedance computing section  20 , the body voltage value V HUM  and the fourth internal standard voltage value V R4  which have been measured in the measuring section  1  and the variation constants c and os based on impedance variation factors which have been retrieved from the constant storing section  18  are substituted into the first provisional internal impedance computing equation stored in advance in the computing equation storing section so as to compute the provisional internal impedance value Z B-TEMP  in measuring the body (STEP S 45 ).  
         [0092]     Then, in the contact impedance computing section  20 , the above computed total impedance value Z TOTAL  and provisional internal impedance value Z B-TEMP  in measuring the body are substituted into the body contact impedance computing equation stored in advance in the computing equation storing section so as to compute the contact impedance value Z C  in measuring the body.  
         [0093]     Then, in the internal impedance computing section  21 , the contact impedance value Z C  in measuring the body and the provisional internal impedance value Z B-TEMP  in measuring the body which have been computed in the contact impedance computing section  20  and the correction constant k retrieved from the constant storing section  18  are substituted into the internal impedance computing equation stored in advance in the computing equation storing section so as to compute the internal impedance value Z B  in measuring the body (STEP S 47 ).