Abstract:
A black and white display device having pixels having a density three times higher in the horizontal direction as in the vertical direction.

Description:
This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/941,391 filed Sep. 30, 1997 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,356,322, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to an image display system, and more particularly to an liquid crystal image display system whose dependence on the visual angle and contrast are improved. This invention further relates to an image display system which conforms to the visual sense of viewers. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Liquid crystal displays are widely used in notebook computers, electronic pocketbooks, car navigators and the like. 
     Among such liquid crystal displays, a twisted nematic mode liquid crystal displays are most widely used. The twisted nematic mode liquid crystal display generally comprises a pair of glass substrates having transparent electrodes, liquid crystal cells which are disposed between the glass substrates and contain liquid crystal molecules twisted by 90° and a pair of polarizing plates which are disposed on the outer sides of the respective glass substrates with their directions perpendicular to each other. Display of images is effected by controlling the electric voltage applied across the substrates, thereby changing the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules so that the output of light passing through the liquid crystal cell changes. That is, when the electric voltage applied is lower than a threshold voltage, the polarization direction of linearly polarized light passing through the light incident side polarizing plate is rotated by 90° along twist of the liquid crystal molecules and accordingly the light passing through the light incident side polarizing plate can pass through the light emanating side polarizing plate which is disposed perpendicular to the light incident side polarizing plate, whereby a bright spot is displayed. On the other hand, as the electric voltage becomes higher than the threshold voltage, the major axes of the liquid crystal molecules begin to erect from the middle portion between the electrodes and the optical activity begins to deteriorate. As the electric voltage is further increased, the optical activity is finally nullified, light passing through the light incident side polarizing plate impinges upon the light emanating side polarizing plate without rotated and accordingly cannot pass the light emanating side polarizing plate, whereby a dark spot is displayed. 
     Generally the liquid crystal displays are divided into a simple matrix and an active matrix according to the system for applying an electric voltage to each picture element. Those most widely used at present are a super twisted nematic mode liquid crystal display of the simple matrix and a thin film transistor liquid crystal display of the active matrix. However there have been known liquid crystal displays of other various modes. 
     In the conventional liquid crystal image display systems, there have been a problem that the gradation of the image changes depending on the visual angle and the contrast is low. In order to overcome such a problem, there have been proposed a liquid crystal image display system in which a light guide layer and a light dispersing layer are provided on the cells in order to lessen dependence on the visual angle (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 58(1983)-95378) and a liquid crystal image display system in which parallel light is projected in order to lessen dependence on the visual angle and increase the contrast. 
     However, practically it is very difficult to completely collimate light and actually light containing therein components directed in multiple directions projected onto the liquid crystal display, which results in deterioration in contrast since images by oblique components are superposed on the image by vertical components. 
     Further when light from a light source is completely collimated, the efficiency of utilization of light from the light source deteriorates and brightness is lowered. 
     Further it has been proposed to provide phase-contrast film on the liquid crystal to lessen change in gradation depending on the visual angle. However even this approach cannot completely overcome the problem of dependence on the visual angle. 
     Further conventional image display systems are not designed taking into account characteristics of human visual response. That is, since the eyes are arranged in a horizontal direction, the visual response in the horizontal direction is higher than that in the vertical direction and humans can recognize in more detail in the horizontal direction. However in the conventional image display systems, the density and the shape of picture elements are the same in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction. Accordingly, there sometimes happens that information displayed in the horizontal direction is poor for the human visual response in the horizontal direction and information displayed in the vertical direction is too much for the human visual response in the vertical direction. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In view of the foregoing observations and description, the primary object of the present invention is to provide a liquid crystal display which is free from dependence on the visual angle and can display a high contrast image. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide an image display system which conforms to the visual sense of viewers. 
     In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a liquid crystal display system comprising a liquid crystal cell system formed by sandwiching liquid crystal between first and second transparent electrode substrates and a light source for projecting substantially collimated light onto the first transparent electrode substrate, an image being viewed from the second transparent electrode substrate side, wherein the improvement comprises that 
     an optical compensation means is provided on each of the first transparent electrode substrate side and the second transparent electrode substrate side of the liquid crystal cell system, and 
     a light dispersing layer is provided on the second transparent electrode substrate side of the liquid crystal cell system. 
     The “substantially collimated light” may include components which are at a slight angle to the parallel components. 
     In the liquid crystal image display system in accordance with the first aspect of the present invention, the optical characteristics of the components at a slight angle to the parallel components are corrected to substantially the same as those of the parallel components by virtue of the optical compensation means disposed on the light incident side and the light emanating side of the liquid crystal cell system, whereby a high contrast image can be displayed. Further by virtue of the light dispersing layer provided on the light emanating side of the liquid crystal cell system, the visual angle-dependence is lessened. 
     The liquid crystal may be of various types such as twisted nematic liquid crystal. 
     In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a liquid crystal display system comprising a liquid crystal cell system formed by sandwiching liquid crystal between first and second transparent electrode substrates and a light projecting means for projecting light onto the first transparent electrode substrate, an image being viewed from the second transparent electrode substrate side, wherein the improvement comprises that 
     said light projecting means is disposed on the first transparent electrode substrate side adjacent thereto and comprises a point light source disposed in a position where it is near the first transparent electrode substrate and does not face the first transparent electrode substrate, a collimating optical system which collimates light emitted from the point light source to parallel light travelling in parallel to the first transparent electrode substrate and a reflecting mirror which is disposed facing the first transparent electrode substrate and reflects the parallel light to impinge upon the first transparent electrode substrate in perpendicular thereto, and 
     a light dispersing layer is provided on the second transparent electrode substrate side of the liquid crystal cell system. 
     Said “position where the point light source is near the first transparent electrode substrate and does not face the first transparent electrode substrate” is for example a position beside the reflecting mirror which is disposed facing the first transparent electrode substrate. 
     The collimating optical system may comprise, for instance, a Fresnel lens disposed in perpendicular to the first transparent electrode substrate near thereto and a condenser lens which directs light emitted from the point light source toward the Fresnel lens. 
     An optical compensation means may be provided on the first transparent electrode substrate side of the liquid crystal cell system with another optical compensation means provided on the second transparent electrode substrate side of the liquid crystal cell system between the light dispersing layer and the liquid crystal cell system. 
     The liquid crystal cell system may be divided into a plurality of regions and a light projecting means may be provided for each region. That is, a plurality of light projecting means may be provided for one liquid crystal panel. In this case, two or more point light sources may share one reflecting mirror. 
     The liquid crystal may be of various types such as twisted nematic liquid crystal. 
     In accordance with the second aspect of the present invention, by collimating light emitted from the point source by the optical system, the light projected onto the first transparent electrode substrate can be parallel light containing less oblique components. Further the efficiency of utilization of light from the light source can be high, whereby power consumption can be reduced. 
     Further since the light projecting means comprises a point light source which emits light in parallel to the substrates and a reflecting mirror which reflects the light in perpendicular to the substrates, the light projecting means can be small in thickness. 
     By causing light containing less oblique components to impinge upon the liquid crystal cell system, a high contrast image can be displayed. Further by virtue of the light dispersing layer provided on the light emanating side of the liquid crystal cell system, the visual angle-dependence is lessened. 
     In accordance with a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided an image display system in which an image signal is reproduced as a visual image on a pixelized screen having a number of picture elements arranged in horizontal and vertical directions, wherein the improvement comprises that the density of the picture elements in the horizontal direction is higher than that in the vertical direction. 
     It is preferred that the dimension in the vertical direction of each picture element be larger than that in the horizontal direction. 
     The image signal may be one on which picture element density conversion processing for causing the density of the picture elements in the horizontal direction to be higher than that in the vertical direction has been carried out, one read out in such a manner that the density of the picture elements in the horizontal direction becomes higher than that in the vertical direction, one read out on the basis of picture elements whose dimensions are larger in the vertical direction than in the horizontal direction, or one read out on the basis of picture elements whose dimensions are larger in the vertical direction than in the horizontal direction and at the same time whose density is higher in the horizontal direction than in the vertical direction. 
     Preferably the density of the picture elements in the horizontal direction is at least 1.2 times as high as that in the vertical direction and more preferably three times as high as that in the vertical direction. 
     Preferably the dimension of each picture element in the vertical direction is at least 1.2 times as large as that in the horizontal direction and more preferably three times as large as that in the horizontal direction. 
     The image display system may be of any type including those using liquid crystal, CRT, FED or EL. 
     It is preferred that a maximum brightness exceeds 800 nit. 
     When the density of the picture elements in the horizontal direction is higher than that in the vertical direction and the dimension in the vertical direction of each picture element is larger than that in the horizontal direction, the response in the horizontal direction in a high frequency range becomes higher and display conforming to the visual sense of viewers can be achieved. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal image display system in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention, 
     FIG. 2 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view showing one picture element of the image display system shown in FIG. 1, 
     FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal image display system in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention, 
     FIGS. 4A and 4B respectively show modifications of the image display system shown in FIG. 3, 
     FIG. 5 is a view for illustrating an image display system in accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention, and 
     FIG. 6 is a view for illustrating a modification of the image display system shown in FIG.  5 . 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     As shown in FIG. 1, a liquid crystal image display system in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention comprises a liquid crystal cell system  10 , first and second phase-contrast films (optical compensation means)  21   a  and  21   b  respectively disposed on opposite sides of the liquid crystal cell system  10 , first and second polarizing plates  22   a  and  22   b  which are respectively disposed on the outer sides of the phase-contrast films  21   a  and  21   b , a light dispersing layer  23  formed on the outer side of the second polarizing plate  22   b  and a light projecting means  30  disposed on the outer side of the first polarizing plate  22   a.    
     In this particular embodiment, the liquid crystal cell system  10  is of a tin film transistor type employing twisted nematic liquid crystal. 
     As shown in FIG. 2, which is a cross-sectional view showing one picture element of the liquid crystal cell system  10 , the cell system  10  has a light incident side glass substrate  11   a  on which amorphous silicon tin film transistors  12  and a transparent electrode  13   a  are formed, and a light emanating side glass substrate  11   b  on which black matrix  14 , color filters  15   a ,  15   b  and  15   c  and a transparent electrode  13   b  are formed. The light incident side glass substrate  11   a  and the light emanating side glass substrate  11   b  are located so that the transparent electrodes  13   a  and  13   b  are opposed to each other and twisted nematic liquid crystal  16  is enclosed between the glass substrates  11   a  and  11   b.    
     The light projecting means  30  comprises a point light source  31  which may be, for instance, an incandescent lamp or a fluorescent lamp and a micro-louver  32 . The micro-louver  32  permits only light components, out of light emitted from the point light source  31 , which impinge upon the micro-louver  32  in perpendicular thereto to pass therethrough and absorbs all the light components except the light components. Accordingly, the angular distribution of the light passing through the micro-louver  32  can be limited, whereby substantially collimated light can be projected onto the liquid crystal cell system  10 . 
     The operation of the liquid crystal image display system will be described, hereinbelow. 
     Light emitted from the point light source  31  and passing through the micro-louver  32  is substantially collimated. The substantially collimated light is polarized by the polarizing plate  22   a  and the phase difference in the light is compensated for by the phase-contrast film  21   a . Then the light enters the liquid crystal cell system  10 . The transmittance to light of the liquid crystal cell system  10  changes depending upon the electric voltage applied across the transparent electrodes  13   a  and  13   b . That is, orientation of molecules of the twisted nematic liquid crystal changes depending upon the electric voltage, whereby transmittance to light is varied. The color filters  15   a ,  15   b  and  15   c  are red, green and blue filters, respectively. By controlling the electric voltage applied to picture elements, intensities of light passing through the color filters  15   a ,  15   b  and  15   c  which are mixed to make color display are controlled. The light passing through the cell system  10  is compensated for by the phase-contrast film  21   b  with phase difference generated while passing through the cell system  10 , polarized by the polarizing plate  22   b  and emanates from the light dispersing layer  23  dispersed in every direction by the light dispersing layer  23 . 
     As can be understood from the description above, in the liquid crystal image display system of this embodiment, the substantially collimated light emitted from the light projecting means is compensated for with phase difference and then is caused to enter the liquid crystal cell system  10 . Then the light emanated through the light dispersing layer. Accordingly, an image which is high in contrast and low in dependence on the visual angle can be obtained. 
     A liquid crystal image display system in accordance with an second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 3, hereinbelow. The image display system of the second embodiment is substantially the same as that of the first embodiment except that the light projecting means differs from that of the first embodiment. Accordingly the elements analogous to those of the first embodiment are given the same reference numerals and will not be described here. 
     As shown in FIG. 3, the light projecting means  30 ′ in the second embodiment comprises a point light source  31  disposed in a position where it does not face the liquid crystal cell system  10 , an optical system  32  which collimates light emitted from the point light source  31  into parallel light and causes the parallel light to travel in parallel to the cell system  10 , a reflecting mirror  33  which reflects the parallel light to impinge upon the cell system  10  in perpendicular thereto, and a reflector  34  which reflects light emitted from the light source  31  toward the optical system  32 , thereby improving the efficiency of utilization of light from the light source  31 . The optical system  32  comprises a Fresnel lens  32   b  which collimates the light emitted from the point light source  31  and causes the collimated light to travel straight in parallel to the cell system  10  and a condenser lens  32   a  which condenses the light toward the Fresnel lens  32   b.    
     The operation of the image display system of this embodiment is substantially the same as that of the first embodiment. 
     As shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, a plurality of light sources  31  and a plurality of optical systems  32  may be provided for one liquid crystal panel  40 . In this case, two or more point light sources  31  may share one reflecting mirror. For example, in the case shown in FIG. 4A, the liquid crystal panel  40  is divided into four regions, that is, region a, region b, region c and region d. The point light sources  31  for the regions may be provided with separate reflecting mirrors. However the point light sources  31  for the regions a and b may share one reflecting mirror and similarly the point light sources  31  for the regions c and d may share one reflecting mirror. In the case shown in FIG. 4B, the liquid crystal panel  40  is divided into two regions, region e and region f. The point light sources  31  for the regions may be provided with separate reflecting mirrors or may share one reflecting mirror. 
     In the first and second embodiments, various liquid crystals such as vertical array nematic liquid crystal using ECB effect, super twisted nematic liquid crystal, ferroelectric liquid crystal, anti-ferroelectric liquid crystal, dispersion polymer type liquid crystal in which no polarizing plate is necessary and the like may be used in place of twisted nematic liquid crystal. The drive systems for these liquid crystal are broadly divided into a single matrix system and an active matrix system. Though, in the embodiments described above, a tin film transistor system which is one of active matrix systems is used, other drive systems may be used. 
     An image display system in accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 5, hereinbelow. 
     FIG. 5 shows a display screen  110  and part of picture elements in the screen  110  of the image display system in accordance with the third embodiment of the present invention. The screen  110  may comprise, for instance, a liquid crystal panel. As shown in FIG. 5, in the screen  110 , the density of the picture elements  105  in the horizontal direction (the direction of arrow A) is three times as high as that in the vertical direction (the direction of arrow B) and at the same time, the dimension b in the vertical direction of each picture element  105  is three times as large as the dimension a in the horizontal direction of each picture element  105 . 
     The image signal which is to be reproduced on the screen  110  as a visible image may be one on which picture element density conversion processing has been carried out to conform the image signal to the density of the picture elements and the shape of the picture elements, or one read out on the basis of picture elements whose dimensions in the vertical direction are three times as large as those in the horizontal direction and at the same time whose density in the horizontal direction is three times as high as that in the vertical direction. 
     For example, it is assumed that the number of picture elements  105  on the screen  110  is 2400×600. 
     When an image signal made up of 1760×1760 image signal components is to be reproduced on the screen  110 , picture element density conversion processing for reducing the number of picture elements in the vertical direction to one third while holding the number of picture elements in the horizontal direction as it is is carried out on the image signal and a visible image is reproduced on the basis of the processed image signal. 
     When an image signal made up of 1024×1024 image signal components is to be reproduced on the screen  110 , picture element density conversion processing for doubling the number of picture elements in the horizontal direction while reducing the number of picture elements in the vertical direction to one half is carried out on the image signal and a visible image is reproduced on the basis of the processed image signal. 
     When the screen  110 , where the density of the picture elements  105  in the horizontal direction is three times as high as that in the vertical direction and at the same time, the dimension in the vertical direction of each picture element  105  is three times as large as the dimension in the horizontal direction of each picture element  105 , is for white and black display, the screen can be diverted to a conventional screen for color display by providing red, green and blue filters on each sets of three picture elements adjacent to each other in the horizontal direction. In this case, each set of three picture elements functions as one picture element in the color screen and the color screen is isotropic in the horizontal and vertical directions. 
     In other words, when a conventional color display is diverted to a white and black display, an image display system which can display an image conforming to the visual sense of viewers can be obtained. 
     When a screen for white and black display has a picture element density in the horizontal direction higher than three times that in the vertical direction and a ratio of the dimension in the horizontal direction to that in the vertical direction of each picture element smaller than 1:3, a color display system which can display an image conforming to the visual sense of viewers can be obtained by diverting the white and black display system to a color display system. 
     Though, in the embodiment described above, the screen has a picture element density in the horizontal direction three times as high as that in the vertical direction and picture elements each of which has a dimension in the vertical direction three times as large as that in the horizontal direction taking into account diversion of the screen into a screen for color display, the picture element density and the dimensions of each picture element need not be limited to such. 
     When the picture element density in the horizontal direction is not lower than about 1.2 times that in the vertical direction, an image display conforming to the visual sense can be obtained. Further when the vertical dimension of each picture element is not smaller than about 1.2 times the horizontal dimension, an image display conforming to the visual sense can be obtained. Preferably the picture element density in the horizontal direction is not lower than three times that in the vertical direction, and the vertical dimension of each picture element is not smaller than three times the horizontal dimension. 
     For example, even if the horizontal dimension a′ and the vertical dimension b′ of each picture element  105 ′ are equal to each other as shown in FIG. 6, an image display high in response in the horizontal direction can be obtained so long as the picture element density in the horizontal direction is higher than that in the vertical direction. The shape of the picture element need not be rectangular but may be circular or ellipsoidal. When the picture element is ellipsoidal, the major and minor axes may be considered to be the aforesaid vertical and horizontal dimensions, respectively. 
     When the maximum brightness is not lower than 800 nit, preferably not lower than 1500 nit, an image display excellent in visual contrast can be obtained.