Abstract:
The invention relates to a system for installing or removing foundation elements, such as piles, anchors, and conductors, in a subsea ground formation, comprising an impact weight, an hydraulic circuit in turn comprising an hydraulic cylinder for lifting and/or accelerating the impact weight respectively away from and towards the element, the cylinder comprising a piston connected to the impact weight, and wherein a pump for generating an underpressure in the hydraulic cylinder such as to lift and/or accelerate the impact weight by means of this underpressure.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE AND PRIORITY CLAIM TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to European Patent Application No. EP09176850.7, filed Nov. 24, 2009, entitled “System for and method of installing foundation elements in a subsea ground formation,” which application is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof in its entirety. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Systems (denoted by numeral  1  in  FIGS. 1 and 2 ) of this type are generally known and usually comprise an impact weight ( 2 ), a hydraulic cylinder ( 3 ), a piston ( 4 ) reciprocatingly accommodated in the hydraulic cylinder ( 3 ) and connected to the impact weight ( 2 ), high and low pressure accumulators ( 5 ,  6 ), often also referred to as feed and return accumulators ( 5 ,  6 ), a valve system ( 7 ) for alternately connecting the hydraulic cylinder ( 3 ) to the high and low pressure accumulators ( 5 ,  6 ), a tank ( 8 ) for a hydraulic medium, such as hydraulic oil, and a pump ( 9 ) for pressurizing the hydraulic medium, i.e. for providing the hydraulic energy required to operate the system. 
         [0003]    If the impact weight is accelerated by means of a gas ( FIG. 1 ), a gas spring also known as “cap” ( 10 ) is positioned above the piston ( 4 ). If the impact weight is accelerated by means of the hydraulic medium ( FIG. 2 ), the valve system ( 7 ) comprises a reversing valve for alternately supplying the hydraulic medium to the cylinder spaces above and below the piston ( 4 ). 
         [0004]    The pressure in and hence the ‘stiffness’ of the system, in particular the pressure in the accumulators and, if present, the gas spring, increases with increasing depth. At extreme depths, such as 1500 meters and deeper, the pressure in the system causes several problems. E.g., it is no longer possible to fill the accumulators from pre-filled gas cylinders. High pressure compressors are required instead. 
         [0005]    Further, during acceleration of the impact weight, the pressure in the return accumulator increases to a much greater extent, in turn requiring a higher pressure in the gas spring, if present, and in the feed accumulator. In hydraulically driven systems ( FIG. 2 ), as disclosed in for instance U.S. Pat. No. 4,367,800, to ensure sufficient acceleration at the end of the stroke a very high initial pressure in the feed accumulator is required. 
         [0006]    In general, at higher pressures, variations in the operating pressure are amplified, which complicates setting and maintaining the striking energy at a preselected level. 
         [0007]    It is an object of the present invention to improve the system according to the opening paragraph. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0008]    The invention relates to a system for and a method of installing or removing (decommissioning) foundation elements, such as piles, anchors, and conductors, in a subsea ground formation. 
         [0009]    To this end, the system according to the present invention comprises a pump for generating an underpressure in the hydraulic cylinder such as to lift and/or accelerate the impact weight by means of this underpressure. Examples of suitable pumps include electrically or hydraulically driven piston pumps. 
         [0010]    By generating an underpressure in e.g. the low-pressure (return) accumulator or return conduit, the pressure required for accelerating the impact weight is also reduced, thus reducing the problems discussed above. 
         [0011]    The (relative) underpressure that can be generated by means of the pump increases with increasing depth. Current systems work with pressure differences of at least 50 bar. Accordingly, it is preferred that, during operation, the pump for generating an underpressure is positioned or positionable at a depth of at least 500 meters, preferably at least 1000 meters below sea level. The pump is preferably integrated in a so-called underwater power pack which receives electrical or hydraulic power from a surface vessel or facility via e.g. an umbilical or drill string. 
         [0012]    To further facilitate relatively low operating pressures, it is preferred that the pump for generating an underpressure is positioned or positionable at a depth of less than 1000 meters, preferably less than 500 meters above the hydraulic cylinder and more preferably at substantially the same depth as the hydraulic cylinder. 
         [0013]    In a preferred embodiment, the hydraulic cylinder is connected, e.g. via or in conjunction with a high pressure accumulator and a valve, also to the pressure line of the pump for generating an underpressure, i.e. a single pump is employed to generate both an underpressure on one side of the piston in the hydraulic cylinder and a relatively high pressure on the other side of the piston, obtaining a ‘closed loop’. 
         [0014]    To prevent the free piston typically present in the accumulator(s) from hitting the bottom of the accumulator, it is preferred that the system comprises a regulator for maintaining the amount of hydraulic fluid in the hydraulic circuit at a substantially constant level. Usually, systems for subsea installation and removal of foundation elements comprise a unit, known as scavenger, for withdrawing hydraulic fluid from the circuit and subsequently treating, e.g. cooling, filtering, dewatering, degassing, and/or returning the fluid. It is preferred that the regulator is integrated in this unit. 
         [0015]    The invention further relates to a method of installing or removing foundation elements, such as piles, anchors, and conductors, in a subsea ground formation, by means of a hydraulic driver comprising an impact weight, a hydraulic cylinder, and a piston accommodated in the hydraulic cylinder and connected to the impact weight, which method comprises the steps of mounting the impact driver on a foundation element, driving the foundation element into respectively out of the ground formation by alternately lifting and accelerating the impact weight respectively away from and towards the element, wherein the impact weight is lifted and/or accelerated by means of an underpressure above respectively beneath the piston. 
         [0016]    GB 2 078 148 relates to a drop hammer apparatus, wherein a hammer (E) is interconnected with a piston (B) by means of a piston rod. An upright cylinder (A) is open at its upper end, the piston is slidable within the cylinder and the piston rod is slidable through the lower end of the cylinder. The space within the cylinder below the piston is selectively connected to a source (C) of pressurized liquid e.g. water and exhausted by means of a valve (D). 
         [0017]    GB 1 397 137 discloses an apparatus for the driving of piles underwater and comprising a hollow tube connected to the pile, the tube being sequentially evacuated by pump and filled with ambient water by opening a valve at the end of the tube, the incoming water, when it strikes the lower end of the tube or any residual water therein producing a driving pulse. The embodiment shown in  FIG. 13  involves repetitively and alternately raising a piston ( 160 ) with a winch ( 125 ) and dropping the piston. Raising of the piston evacuates an enclosure defined by the pile tip and side walls. Quick release of the piston and rapid descent thereof through the pile accelerate a mass of water above the piston. As similar system is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,820,346. 
         [0018]    GB 2 069 902 relates to a submersible hammer ( 21 ) for driving piles comprising a piston ( 36 ) and cylinder ( 35 ) assembly provided in conjunction with a ram ( 30 ) to move the same upwardly when the piston is lifted. Sea water is supplied as power medium at a pressure in excess of the ambient pressure and an inlet valve ( 50 ) effects fluid communication between the pressurized sea water and the piston to lift the piston, and thus the ram, and to terminate such communication when the piston reaches a predetermined level. An exhaust valve ( 51 ) vents the sea water allowing the piston and ram to fall until the ram impacts the upper end of a pile to drive the same into the sea bed. 
         [0019]    GB 1 452 777 relates to a gas discharge powered pile driver comprising an “airgun”. WO 2004/051004 discloses a “pile-driving apparatus comprising a pile, a shoe tip coupled to a toe of the pile, and a drill string disposed within the pile.” U.S. Pat. No. 4,964,473 relates to a method for driving a hydraulic submerged tool, wherein the hydraulic pressure energy is generated in a submerged power converter. U.S. Pat. No. 4,089,165 relates to a water pressure-powered pile driving hammer. The piston of the pile driving hammer is raised by hydraulic (water) pressure. In the underwater pile driving apparatus according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,367,800 the hammer is movable upwards and downwards in a housing which, in operation, is filled with a liquid which is present both above and below the hammer, the hammer being driven at least on the upwards direction by a driving liquid which is pressurized by a motor driven pump located on or adjacent the housing and which is the same as the liquid in which the hammer moves. Other prior art relating to underwater pile driving includes EP 301 114, EP 301 116 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,043,405. 
         [0020]    Within the framework of the present invention “underpressure” is defined as a pressure lower than the pressure that prevails in the surroundings of the system. It is noted that in prior art systems underpressure can arise e.g. from inertia of moving components, in particular from the ram at the end of lifting or directly after impact when bouncing upwards. However, these effects are small compared to the underpressure generated by a pump in accordance with the present invention and insufficient to drive the impact weight autonomously. 
         [0021]    The invention will now be explained in more detail with reference to the figures, which show a preferred embodiment of the present system. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0022]      FIGS. 1 and 2  show prior art systems comprising, respectively, a gas spring and a reversing valve for hydraulically operating the system. 
           [0023]      FIGS. 3 and 4  show systems similar to those in 
           [0024]      FIGS. 1 and 2  comprising a pump for generating an underpressure in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0025]      FIGS. 5 and 6  show closed loop systems. 
           [0026]      FIGS. 7 and 8  show systems without a high pressure accumulator. 
           [0027]      FIGS. 9 and 10  show systems wherein the impact weight reciprocates in water and is driven by water as the hydraulic medium. 
       
    
    
       [0028]    It is noted that the figures are schematic in nature and that details, which are not necessary for understanding the present invention, may have been omitted. Elements that are identical or perform the same or substantially the same function are denoted by the same numeral. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0029]      FIG. 3  shows a first embodiment of the system  1  according to the present invention, which comprises an impact weight  2 , a hydraulic cylinder  3 , a piston  4  reciprocatingly accommodated in the hydraulic cylinder  3  and connected to the impact weight  2  by means of a rod  4 A, high and low pressure accumulators  5 ,  6 , and first and second valves  7 A,  7 B for alternately connecting the cylinder space beneath the piston  4  in the hydraulic cylinder  3  to the high and low pressure accumulators  5 ,  6 . The system further comprises a tank  8  for a hydraulic medium, such as hydraulic oil, a first or feed pump  9  for pressurizing the hydraulic medium and connected, via the high pressure accumulator  5  and the first valve  7 A, to the hydraulic cylinder  3 , a gas spring or “cap”  10  above the piston  4 , and a second pump  11  for generating an underpressure in the hydraulic cylinder  3 . 
         [0030]    When the first valve  7 A is open and the second valve  7 B is closed, the high pressure accumulator  5  communicates with the cylinder space beneath the piston  4  and the piston  4  and impact weight  2  are lifted by the hydraulic medium and the medium, typically air or water, surrounding (the tip of) the impact weight against the action of the gas spring  10 . When the first valve  7 A is closed and the second valve  7 B is open, the hydraulic medium is withdrawn from beneath the piston  4  by the underpressure in the return accumulator  6  and the suction line of the second pump  11  and the impact weight  2  is accelerated by the gas spring  10  in opposite direction, i.e. typically towards a foundation element. 
         [0031]    More specifically, with the system including e.g. an IHC Hydrohammer S-90 and an underwater power pack accommodating the pump for generating underpressure both at a depth of e.g. 2000 meters, the pump can generate an underpressure of up to approximately 200 bar, enabling operating pressures in the high and low pressure accumulators and the cap of approximately 180 bar, 2 bar, and 185 bar, respectively. I.e., during lifting the sum of the pressure of the gas surrounding the impact weight and the pressure of the hydraulic medium beneath the piston results in a force greater than the force resulting from the gas pressure in the cap. During acceleration in the opposite direction, the pressure of the hydraulic medium beneath the piston is reduced almost to zero and said sum of pressures results in a force smaller than the force resulting from the gas pressure in the cap. 
         [0032]    If the underwater power pack is positioned at a different depth than the hammer, e.g. at 1000 meters, the pump can generate an underpressure of up to approximately 100 bar, still enabling operating pressures as low as approximately 280 bar, 200 bar, and 100 bar, respectively. 
         [0033]    In comparison, if the pump is located at sea level, e.g. on deck of a ship, the operating pressures are approximately 380 bar, 215 bar, and 200 bar, see also the Table below. This effect becomes more pronounced with increasing depth. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Table for 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 S-90 
                 Pump on deck 
                 at 1000 m 
                 at 2000 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 HP accu (bar) 
                 380 
                 280 
                 180 
               
               
                   
                 LP accu (bar) 
                 200 
                 100 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 Cap (bar) 
                 215 
                 200 
                 185 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0034]      FIG. 4  shows a hydraulically driven system  1  comprising a second pump  11  for generating an underpressure in the low pressure accumulator  6  and a 4/2 valve  7  for alternately connecting the cylinder spaces beneath and above the piston  4  in the hydraulic cylinder  3  to the high and low pressure accumulators  5 ,  6 , thus lifting the impact weight and reversing the connections to accelerate it in opposite direction. In this system, pressures are obtainable similar to those in the Table above, e.g. with the hammer and the pump at a depth of 2000 meters and the pump operating at maximum capacity the pressures in the high and low pressure accumulators amount to approximately 180 bar and 2 bar, respectively. 
         [0035]    As shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , the systems according to the present invention can be simplified by connecting the hydraulic cylinder  3  not just to the suction line of the pump  11  for generating an underpressure but also to its pressure line. I.e., a single pump fulfils the tasks of generating an underpressure on the low pressure (hydraulic fluid outlet) side of the hydraulic cylinder and a relatively high pressure on the high pressure (hydraulic fluid inlet) side of the hydraulic cylinder thus obtaining a ‘closed loop’. 
         [0036]    In such embodiments, a scavenger is preferably added to the system for withdrawing hydraulic fluid from the circuit and subsequently treating, e.g. cooling, filtering, dewatering and/or degassing, the fluid. Further, it is preferred that the scavenger is arranged to maintain the amount of hydraulic fluid in the hydraulic circuit at a substantially constant level, inter alia to prevent the free pistons in the accumulators from hitting the bottoms of the accumulators. 
         [0037]    Also, as shown in  FIGS. 7 and 8 , the system can be simplified even further by omitting the high pressure accumulator and the corresponding valve. In systems comprising a gas spring  10 , the system can be operated merely by means of the valve  7 B between the hydraulic cylinder  3  and the low pressure accumulator  6 . When this valve  7 B is closed, the pressure line of the pump  11  communicates with the cylinder space beneath the piston  4  and the piston  4  and impact weight  2  are lifted by the hydraulic medium against the action of the gas spring  10 . When the valve  7 B is open, the hydraulic medium is withdrawn from beneath the piston  4  by the underpressure in the return accumulator and the suction line of the pump  11 , i.e. the hydraulic medium is circulated through the system by the pump, and the impact weight is accelerated by the gas spring. 
         [0038]    If the system is at a sufficient depth, e.g. at depths greater than 500 meters, preferably greater than 1000 meters, the gas spring can also be omitted by establishing fluid communication between the cylinder space above the piston and the surroundings, e.g. by a hydraulic cylinder that is open at one end. 
         [0039]    In hydraulically operated systems, shown in  FIG. 8 , in a first position of the valve, in this example a 3/2 valve  7 , the low pressure accumulator  6  and the suction line of the pump  11  communicate with the cylinder space beneath the piston  4  but the cylinder space above the piston  4  communicates with the pressure line of the pump  11  and the impact weight  2  is accelerated by the pressure difference. A compensator  12  can be included to guarantee a sufficient supply of hydraulic medium to the cylinder space above the piston  4 . In the other position of the valve  7 , the low pressure accumulator  6  and the suction line of the pump  11  communicate with both the cylinder space beneath and the cylinder space above the piston  4  and the impact weight  2  is lifted by the medium, typically air or water, surrounding the impact weight  2 . 
         [0040]    In further embodiments, the impact weight is accessible for water from the surroundings such that, during operation, the weight reciprocates in water. Although dissipation is thus increased, the system no longer requires the feeding of gas to the hammer. 
         [0041]    In the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 9 and 10 , the hydraulic circuit is arranged to withdraw water from and exhaust water to the surroundings, i.e. seawater is employed as the hydraulic medium for driving the impact weight. In such embodiments, it is preferably that water withdrawn from the surroundings passes through a filter  13  first. 
         [0042]    It is understood that any feature described in relation to any one embodiment may be used alone, or in combination with other features described, and may also be used in combination with one or more features of any other of the embodiments, or any combination of any other of the embodiments.