Abstract:
An apparatus for surveying includes at least one survey cable, each survey cable having a proximal end attached to a mother vessel, a distal end connected to at least one subsurface towing vessel, and at least one survey device connected to the survey cable between the proximal end and the distal end. The survey cable extends in a direction perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the mother vessel during a survey. The survey cables extend a distance E sideways from the mother vessel, for example under an ice cap, e.g. solid ice or ice floes. When surveying in a polar region, the mother vessel needs only to break a narrow channel in order to survey a large area, thus saving energy, time and money.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    The present invention concerns an apparatus and a method for surveying at sea, in particular in a polar region under an ice cap. 
         [0003]    2. Prior Art 
         [0004]    Conventional seismic surveying at sea involves towing an array of cables, called streamers, behind a ship. The streamers are typically aligned parallel to each other, for example with a distance 25, 50 or 100 meters between each streamer, and they comprise at least one acoustic source capable of generating acoustic waves intended to propagate into a formation below the seabed, where the waves are reflected by different rock strata at different depths. The acoustic source is usually one or more airguns, but explosive charges or other signal sources are also known in the art. 
         [0005]      FIG. 4  is a schematic view of an acoustic signal source  120 ′ with one or more airguns  440  arranged in clusters  44 , which in turn are arranged in an array  450 . The airguns  440  are supplied with pressurized air through lines  420 . Each airgun may typically have a volume of 0.3-9.8 litres (20-600 in 3 ), and a typical array may total up to about 50 litres (3000 in 3 ). Each airgun in the array is charged with pressurized air through lines  420 . Typical pressures are in the range 138-207 bar (2000-3000 psi). The air is released abruptly to create acoustic source waves. The characteristics of the source will be input to a mathematical model at a later stage. Optional shields  430 , e.g. stainless steel plates, may be provided to protect a buoyancy element  410  from the full impact of the strong pulse generated when airguns are fired. The shields  430  and/or buoyancy element  410  must be able to withstand repeated loads as the airguns are fired at predetermined intervals during a seismic survey. Several seismic sources with some or all of the features above are available. Well proven sources are valuable due to the design, testing and adaptations required to make them work properly. 
         [0006]    The reflected acoustic waves, or echoes, are received by acoustic receivers and recorded for further analysis.  FIG. 3   a  schematically shows a grid on a seabed, where measuring points are spaced apart a distance X in one direction, and Y in a perpendicular direction. The devices  300  can be simple acoustic receivers or self contained nodes, each node comprising a receiver, a recorder and/or a power source. A full node is more expensive than a receiver, and the distances X, Y in a current array typically vary from 6.5 m between receivers to  300   m  between full nodes.  FIG. 4   b  is a side view of a cable  301  on the seabed. The receivers  302  are connected via the cable  301  to a common recorder  303 , and the distance between the receivers may be as low as 6.5 m using current techniques for seismic surveying. Several alternative embodiments are known, for example receivers on the streamers, different types of receivers or nodes, etc. Selecting the equipment and where to deploy it is left to the skilled person. 
         [0007]    The arrays in  FIG. 3  are disposed on the seabed by a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV). Normally, there are at least two ROVs aboard a surveying ship for this purpose. A typical ROV is powered and/or controlled through a cable known as a ‘tether’. The tether extends from a mother vessel via a Tether Management System (TMS) to the interior of the ROV. The ROV may, for example, have one or two thrusters or propellers that are able to rotate about an axis perpendicular to the thrust force, and thus provide a thrust force having an adjustable angle relative to the body of the ROV. An ROV is standard equipment, and any suitable ROV can be used with the present invention. 
         [0008]    In an entirely different type of survey, bathymetry, a side scan sonar can be used to provide signals that are echoed from the seabed. The signals are typically received, recorded and analyzed to map the topography of the seabed. Further, the signal sources and/or detectors may have known characteristics adapted to the mathematical models used for analysis. 
         [0009]    In other types of survey, measurements may be taken at known points in space to map electro magnetic resistance, salinity, location and velocity of an ocean current, or any other parameter of interest. 
         [0010]    In general, developing and testing equipment for use at sea is relatively expensive, and hence it is desirable to select well proven tools for use in a survey. However, selecting the actual equipment and techniques for measuring the parameters of interest is left to the skilled person. 
         [0011]    Many of the known methods for surveying involve towing equipment at the surface of the sea, for example by providing a buoyancy element such as the element  410  in  FIG. 4   a , with sufficient positive buoyancy to keep the entire assembly  120 ′ floating. 
         [0012]    However, towing equipment at or near the surface of the sea can be a problem in a polar region, where the water can be covered by solid ice or small and large pieces of ice may be floating in the water. For simplicity, the term ‘ice cap’ is used in the following description and claims to denote any solid ice, large and small ice floes and more or less broken ice floating in the water. 
         [0013]    For surveying ice covered water, it has been proposed to use an icebreaker as a mother vessel in the survey. This causes new problems. For example, the propeller(s) and/or contact between the ice and the hull may induce noise in the acoustic signals of a seismic or bathymetric survey. 
         [0014]    In order to prevent the noise from icebreaking from disturbing the signals, NO169743B proposes to use a conventional icebreaker as a towing vessel for a streamer cable, and stop the icebreaker during active survey. The streamer cable is hauled in with a speed corresponding to the desired propulsion speed of the cable during detection. After detection, the vessel again resumes ordinary operational speed, and the streamer is paid out with a speed which maintains the desired advancing speed of the system. 
         [0015]    Further, using an icebreaker to create a passage for a single streamer cable towed behind the vessel can necessitate many passages through the ice to obtain a desired resolution in the survey. This, in turn, requires energy for breaking ice, and hence leads to a more expensive survey. Breaking ice for a vessel towing an array of several, parallel streamer cables implies added cost in a similar manner. 
         [0016]    Still further, the time available from the ice breaks to the water refreezes may be short, and thus limit the time available for a conventional survey. Other problems associated with towing a cable through water with partly broken ice, include, for example, the risk for a cable being unintentionally deviated from its intended course, or even broken, by a floating piece of ice, e.g. an ice floe. 
         [0017]    Similar problems are encountered in other surveys in polar regions, for example surveys using side scan sonar for bathymetry or electro magnetic resistance surveys. 
         [0018]    WO 9912055 A1 og WO 9824685 A1 disclose other apparatuses and methods wherein streamers are towed behind a mother vessel. 
         [0019]    US 2010226204 A1 discloses a method for seismic surveying wherein several parallel streamers are towed behind a mother vessel. Autonomous or remotely controlled vehicles can be attached to the distal ends of the streamers, such that the streamers can be controlled individually in a lateral and vertical direction. The streamers can be towed under ice and debris floating on the surface. Features from US2010226204 A1 appear in the preambles of the independent claims. 
         [0020]    Surveying under an ice cap, e.g. solid ice or ice floes, still poses the problems discussed above, for example requiring breaking ice in order to tow the streamers behind the mother vessel. 
         [0021]    Thus, an objective for the present invention is to solve at least one of the problems above, while using as much as possible of well proven techniques and equipment. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0022]    According to the accompanying independent claim  1 , this is achieved by providing an apparatus for surveying comprising at least one survey cable, each survey cable having a proximal end attached to a mother vessel, a distal end connected to at least one subsurface towing vessel, and at least one survey device connected to the survey cable between the proximal end and the distal end. The apparatus is distinguished in that the survey cable extends in a direction perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the mother vessel during a survey. 
         [0023]    In another aspect, the invention concerns a method for surveying in accordance with the independent claim  7 . In particular the method comprises the steps of attaching at least one survey cable to a mother vessel, connecting a distal end of each survey cable to at least one subsurface towing vessel and connecting at least one survey device to the survey cable between the proximal end and the distal end. The method is further distinguished by deploying the survey cable in a direction perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the mother vessel and obtaining a measurement using the survey device. 
         [0024]    The mother vessel can be an icebreaker breaking a relatively narrow channel through an icecap, or a submarine moving below the ice. In either case, when subsurface towing vessels tow the survey cable under the ice, the energy, time and expenses associated with icebreaking are expected to be substantially reduced. Further, equipment that is already present on the mother vessel may be used without modification, or easily adapted for use with the present invention. This may include using one or more ROVs already present on the mother vessel to tow the survey cable, and/or providing adjustable buoyancy to well proven equipment. Such equipment should preferably have near neutral buoyancy for subsea deployment, and positive buoyancy in order to float on the surface if surveying in open water. 
         [0025]    Other features and advantages appear in the accompanying dependent claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0026]    The invention will be further explained in the following detailed description with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0027]      FIG. 1  is a schematic view of an apparatus according to the invention; 
           [0028]      FIG. 2  is a schematic view of a possible survey pattern; 
           [0029]      FIG. 3  is a schematic view of seismic detector arrays disposed by an ROV; 
           [0030]      FIG. 4  is a schematic view of a conventional seismic signal source; and 
           [0031]      FIG. 5  shows an alternative embodiment where the mother vessel is a submarine. 
           [0032]      FIG. 6  corresponds to  FIG. 1 , and illustrates several vehicles per cable and several cables per side. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0033]    The drawings are only intended to illustrate the principles of the invention. They are not to scale, and numerous details are omitted for the sake of clarity. 
         [0034]    Referring now to the drawings,  FIG. 1  shows a mother vessel  100  moving slowly along its longitudinal axis  101  in the direction indicated by an arrow. The mother vessel can be, for example an icebreaker as illustrated in  FIG. 1  or a submarine as shown in  FIG. 5 . Current icebreakers tend to use their propellers to break the ice, and hence the mother vessel is depicted as moving backwards, i.e. stern first. However, a mother vessel may of course also move with its bow pointing in the direction indicated by the arrow. 
         [0035]    Two survey cables  110 ,  111  extend from the mother vessel  100 . One or more than two cables may be employed. The maximum extension E is determined by the length of the survey cable and other factors, for example the length of a tether connecting an ROV with the mother vessel. Currently, the maximum extension is about 1500 m and rising. 3 km appears to be within reach of today&#39;s technology. 
         [0036]    At least one survey device  120 ,  121  is connected to each survey cable  110 ,  111 . The survey device can be any signal source, receiver, recorder or other detector for measuring a signal or parameter of interest. An airgun array as shown in  FIGS. 4   a  and  4   b  and discussed above is merely one example. As noted above, the signal source may alternatively be a side scan sonar for bathymetry, a device used in an electromagnetic resistance survey, or any other signal source known in the art. Further, the survey device can be a receiver or detector of any conceivable signal, including acoustic and electromagnetic signals ranging from gamma-wavelengths, through visible light, to microwaves and beyond. The term ‘detector’ in the claims is intended to include any device for measuring a parameter of interest, for example receivers, recorders, probes and devices for measuring pressure, temperature, salinity, pH, water velocity, etc. The nature of the survey device itself, i.e. the signal source and/or detector, is not part of the invention. 
         [0037]    The distal end of cable  110 , i.e. the end that is furthest away from the mother vessel  100  during operation, is connected to at least one subsurface towing vessel  130 . For example, two or more ROVs may be required to handle the forces from one survey cable  110  or  111 . For simplicity, the at least one ROV or other subsurface towing vessel is referred to as ‘the subsurface towing vessel’ in the following. The subsurface towing vessel  130  works by extending cable  110  from the vessel, wherein the cable is connected at a proximal end. 
         [0038]    In the schematic  FIG. 1 , the cable is extended in a first direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis  101  of the mother vessel and away from the vessel. Signals are provided or measurements performed at predetermined points  200 . For consistency with existing surveying models, the distance D between the horizontal rows of point  200  may correspond to the distance between conventional parallel streamers, e.g. 25, 50 or 100 m. Further, the distance between points  200  may correspond to the intervals at which the airguns would be fired in a conventional survey. 
         [0039]    In reality, the survey cable may arch due to drag or buoyancy, and the actual direction may very well deviate from the 90° angle shown in  FIG. 1 . In principle, the curvature and direction of the cable is not important as long as the source signals are provided and/or measurements are taken at the predetermined spots  200 . However, for practical reasons it may be desirable to keep the cable as straight as possible, and as near perpendicular to the longitudinal axis as possible. It is also noted that any lateral motion from the mother vessel will have a component in the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. The term ‘first direction’ of the independent claims should be construed as this perpendicular component, and thus includes any lateral movement away from the mother vessel. In ice covered water, the lateral motion is intended to bring the survey cable with its survey device under an icecap, for example beside a narrow channel created by an icebreaker. 
         [0040]    In a similar manner, the direction opposite the first direction is also shown at right angles to the longitudinal axis  101 , and should be construed as the component perpendicular to the longitudinal axis  101  of the actual motion. 
         [0041]    To prevent the cable from imposing an unnecessary or excessive force on the subsurface towing vessel, the cable and its survey device may be provided with near neutral buoyancy. This is discussed below with reference to  FIG. 4 . 
         [0042]    A neutral cable towed by two vessels attached to opposite ends of the cable will tend to arch backwards due to drag forces. Similar drag may be imposed by underwater currents. It is left to the skilled person to provide suitable means for reducing drag, for example in the form of a foil shaped cable cross-section. 
         [0043]    A second cable  111  is connected in a similar manner to a second subsurface towing vessel  131 , which may operate on the other side of the mother vessel  100 . 
         [0044]    In one embodiment, each cable may be spooled onto a rotary drum, e.g. a winch drum, on the mother vessel  100 . When the subsurface towing vessel moves away from the mother vessel, such a drum may rotate slowly in one rotary direction and act as a brake in order to keep the cable as tensioned as possible without risking that the cable break. Similarly, the rotary drum may rotate in the other direction to haul in the cable. In this case, the subsurface towing device acts as brake, and provides a suitable tension in the cable. 
         [0045]    The survey cable  110 ,  111  may comprise a power line for providing power to equipment connected to the cable, i.e. survey devices  120 ,  121  and/or subsurface towing vessels  130 ,  131 . 
         [0046]    In one embodiment, the power line is a tube or pipe used for conducting a compressed gas, for example high-pressure air. Compressed gas can release a comparatively large amount of energy in a relatively short time, which by definition is high power. Hence, a power line for compressed gas is a preferred means for conveying power in some applications, for example for firing an airgun. A power line used for conveying compressed gas may be manufactured from a reinforced polymer or metal as known in the art. 
         [0047]    In another embodiment, the power line is a tube or pipe used for conducting a hydraulic liquid. As known in the art, hydraulic power is useful when a large force is required. A hydraulic power line may be employed instead of, or in addition to, a power line for compressed gas. A hydraulic power line may also be manufactured from a reinforced polymer or metal as known in the art. 
         [0048]    In yet another embodiment, the power line is an electrical conductor used for conducting electric power. 
         [0049]    Any combination of power lines conveying compressed gas, hydraulic power or electric power is anticipated by the present invention. Several designs, tubes and combinations are commercially available, and can be used in the present invention. The choice of types and combinations of power lines depends on the application, and is left to the skilled person. 
         [0050]    A cable comprising one or more power lines is known in the art as an umbilical. It is well known how to determine a suitable least diameter for a drum in order to prevent tubing inside the umbilical from floating due to excessive bending. 
         [0051]    An umbilical cable may also comprise a communications line providing communication between the mother vessel  100  and the equipment  120 ,  121 ,  130 ,  131  connected to the cable. Typical communication transmitted over a communications line include control signals for the devices and/or towing vessels and measurement signals or feedback from the equipment to the mother vessel  100 . 
         [0052]    The subsurface towing vessel can be a specially designed vessel or a conventional remotely operated vehicle (ROV). A typical ROV is controlled through an umbilical known as a tether, and is used to dispose hydrophones and other equipment on the seabed for seismic surveys and other applications. The ROV and its tether are designed to withstand pressures on the seabed, and is thus likely to withstand the shockwaves from an airgun. The tether can have neutral buoyancy, cf. the discussion above. The ROV can typically also provide sufficient force to tow a survey cable as required by the present invention, and may be used as a subsurface towing vessel as specified herein. If one ROV can be used for both purposes, the cost of operation is expected to decrease. 
         [0053]    For the sake of order it is emphasized that the tether in general is a separate cable and different from the survey cable disclosed above. A standard tether may currently be up to 800 meters long, and may limit the maximum extension of the survey cable accordingly. 
         [0054]    The method for using the equipment disclosed above is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The dash-dot line  101  illustrates the movement of the mother vessel  100  and the dotted lines illustrate possible paths for the subsurface towing vessels  130  and  131 . 
         [0055]    In  FIG. 1  the subsurface towing vessel  130  has pulled the survey device  120  connected to survey cable  110  sideways away from mother vessel  100 . During the towing, the survey device  120  may have conducted measurements continuously, or as in seismic surveys, at discrete points  200 . When the survey cable is extended to its maximum length, which may or may not correspond to a tether length of 800 meters, the vessels advances a predetermined distance D, which may correspond to the distance between streamers in a conventional seismic survey. Then the subsurface towing device  130  is pulled back towards the mother vessel  130  as indicated by the dotted line  102 . In this phase, the subsurface towing vessel may act as a brake, and the survey device  120  may perform a number of measurements as indicated by discrete measuring points  200 . 
         [0056]    Once the subsurface towing vessel is pulled back to a minimum distance from the mother vessel  100 , both vessels advance a predetermined distance in the direction indicated by arrow  101 , and the sequence is repeated. A similar dotted line with discrete measuring points illustrates a path for the second subsurface towing vessel  131  providing a tensioning force on survey cable  111 . 
         [0057]    Drag on the cables will generally cause the real path to deviate from the schematic paths shown in  FIG. 1 . Further, it is emphasized that measurements may be performed while the mother vessel  100  advances continuously, and thus that the stops indicated by the square forms of the dotted lines are optional. 
         [0058]    The inventive idea is to use subsurface towing vessels to extend a survey cable sideways from a mother vessel. From prior art it is known to drag the survey cable behind the mother vessel. As any movement in a plane can be decomposed into a component along the longitudinal axis of the mother vessel and an axis perpendicular to said axis, it should be understood that the distal end of a survey cable  110  can be towed along any desired path around the mother vessel  100 , for example in circular, rectangular or helical forms. Again, the vessels  100  and  130 ,  131  may advance steadily or stop at certain intervals to obtain measurements. 
         [0059]      FIG. 2  is a schematic view of a path  140  a mother vessel might follow using the method discussed above. Imagine the mother vessel  100  breaking a narrow channel through an icecap and sending a subsurface towing vessels to each side under an icecap. On the first leg, in the direction toward the top of the drawing, a survey cable fires an airgun or performs some measurement at each discrete point  200 , surveying a field  210 . Continuing the example with an ROV run on a tether up to 800 meters, the field  210  surveyed on the first leg might be up to 1.6 km wide. 
         [0060]    Once the field  210  is surveyed, the mother vessel turns around as illustrated by the horizontal leg of path  140  in  FIG. 2 , to surveys a second field  211  while moving in the opposite direction of the first leg. Continuing the numerical example, the second field  211  might also be 1.6 km wide, and the first and second legs might be parallel narrow channels 1.6 km apart. 
         [0061]    As discussed above, the mother vessels may tow the survey cable in any direction, and follow any path around the ship within a distance determined by the survey cable and, in the case of an ROV run on its tether, the length of the tether. With current available equipment, both lengths can be shorter or longer than the 800 meters in the example above. 
         [0062]    The mother vessel may move continuously during the survey, or it might stop at predetermined intervals, for example in order to make the survey cable travel as straight as possible during a series of measurements. Hence, the pattern of points  200  may vary from the one shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0063]    In either case, the energy required to break widely spaced narrow channels is substantially less than the energy required to break all ice in, for example, the fields  210  and  211  in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0064]    Further, the subsurface towing vessels and the survey cable can be submerged to a depth where there are little or no obstacles. Hence, problems arising from towing cables through more or less broken ice are solved. 
         [0065]      FIG. 3  (prior art) was described in the introduction. 
         [0066]      FIG. 4   a  shows a conventional airgun array  120 ′ with a device  411  providing variable buoyancy for buoyancy control. 
         [0067]    Typical parts of a conventional airgun assembly are briefly described in the introduction with reference to  FIG. 4 .  FIG. 4   a  shows a fixed volume buoyancy  410 , which is typically a plastic pipe with walls that are sufficiently thick to withstand the shock from the airguns. Lines  420  provide compressed air and control signals to the airguns, and shields  430  may optionally protect the buoyancy elements from the pressure shock when the airguns are fired. In  FIG. 4   a , one shield is indicated by a dotted line to illustrate that it is optional. Shields  430  may be provided at all lines  420  or along the entire array if desired. 
         [0068]      FIG. 4   b  depicts an array of airguns as viewed from the plane B-B in the direction indicated by arrows. The schematic drawing is intended to illustrate that individual airguns may be assembled in clusters  441 , and that the clusters are further arranged into an array  450 . 
         [0069]    The fixed buoyancy element  410  is normally designed to keep the airgun array floating. However, in the present application, neutral buoyancy is desired. To illustrate, Archimedes&#39; principle may be stated in terms of forces:
       Any object, wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object
 
Using common terms in the art, ‘positive buoyancy’ means that a net upward force is acting on a submersed object. Similarly, ‘negative buoyancy’ means that a net downward force acts on the object. The object has ‘neutral buoyancy’ or is ‘neutral’ if it is buoyed up by a force that is equal to the weight of the object.
       
 
         [0071]    In the present application, the aim is to provide a signal or perforin a measurement at predetermined spots  200  as discussed with reference to  FIG. 1 . If the survey cable  110 ,  111  and/or its survey device have significant positive or negative buoyancy, the subsurface towing vessel might have to provide an extra force to keep the actual position of the survey device reasonably close to the predetermined spot  200 , cf.  FIG. 1 . Hence, the cable with its survey device(s) should preferentially have near neutral buoyancy. To achieve this, a conventional floating cable or piece of equipment, for example the survey device  120 , can be provided with added weight (not shown in  FIG. 4 ) to make it slightly negative, and a variable gas filled volume for buoyancy control. In practice, a buoyancy control device might be connected to the variable volume, and vary the volume depending on a measured ambient pressure representing depth, and a preset value for the desired depth. Such a buoyancy control device might advantageously also learn not to compensate for changes in depth immediately after an airgun is released. 
         [0072]    The buoyancy system thus comprises a fixed volume  410  that essentially carries the weight of the airguns plus most of the weight added to provide a small downward force or negative buoyancy. The buoyancy system also comprises the element  411  which is adjustable either remotely by an operator or automatically by a sensing and control system, to compensate for changes in forces. 
         [0073]    From the above, it should be clear that much of the existing and well proven equipment used for surveys can be adapted for subsea applications by adding weight until the buoyancy is slightly negative, and an adjustable buoyancy control system to control the buoyancy, for example to level a cable at a predetermined depth. 
         [0074]    Returning once more to the example of seismic surveys, a conventional streamer and airgun may be provided with added weight and adjustable buoyancy in the manner described. Once the mother vessel is out of the ice, the streamers may be towed behind the ship, and the survey continued in a conventional manner. Of course, similar transitions between a ‘surface mode’ and a ‘subsea mode’ may be practical for many surveys, not just seismic surveys. 
         [0075]      FIG. 5  shows an embodiment wherein the mother vessel  100  is a submarine. In general, the submarine breaks less ice than the icebreaker in  FIG. 1 . Both the submarine and the icebreaker also save energy because one or more smaller vessel(s) is/are employed for much of the towing during a survey. 
         [0076]    In the specific example of a seismic survey, power is required in order for the acoustic waves to penetrate, for example, a few km into a subterranean formation. This means that energy must be provided from the mother vessel in a form that allows quick release, and in a sufficient amount to allow repeated shots. Dynamite or other explosive charges need special handling, and they may have adverse effects on the environment, for example by killing fish. For these and other reasons, the preferred energy source is currently compressed air. On a surface vessel with ample deck space and free access to the atmosphere, the compressed air for charging the airguns may be supplied by large compressors when needed. Thus, a surface vessel does not need a large storage facility for compressed air. 
         [0077]    The submarine illustrated in  FIG. 5  does not have free access to the atmosphere when submerged. Hence, it may need to penetrate ice  501  with a snorkel  510  at regular intervals, and store the air in a storage tank  520  for later use in the airguns. 
         [0078]      FIG. 6  illustrates that several subsurface towing vessels  130  can be connected to one conventional streamer  110 , for example if one subsurface towing vessel  130  is unable to provide the power required. Some reference numerals are omitted from  FIG. 6  for clarity. 
         [0079]      FIG. 6  also illustrates an example where several conventional streamers  111  are extended from one side of a stationary mother vessel  100 . In this example, a source  122  is kept near the vessel  100 . However, providing a source  122  near the vessel  100  is not a requirement for deploying cables. 
         [0080]    The rest of the elements on  FIG. 6  correspond to similar elements found in  FIG. 1  and discussed above. Of course, similar streamers can be deployed from both sides of the vessel  100 . For example, up to 6 conventional survey cables could be deployed per side with 25 m spacing and out as far as 3 km per side. The cables could be deployed via chutes in the ships side under the ice level. The configuration would result in good quality data and a high rate of coverage. 
         [0081]    The embodiments above are examples intended to clarify the invention, which is fully defined by the following claims.