Abstract:
A network-based navigation system includes a user interface and a computer server system that can access a map database, an actual imagery database and an advertisement database in order to provide visual route guidance information having virtual drive-thru advertisements integrated with actual imagery from along a physical route. The user interface permits a user to submit a request for navigation information, receive visual route guidance information in response to the request and initiate a drive-thru presentation of at least a portion of a route. The computer server determines at least one route from the map database based on the request from the user and provides route guidance information to the user interface in response. The computer server also identifies actual imagery from the image database associated with the at least one route and selectively replaces at least one polygon region identified in the actual imagery associated with the at least one route with at least one advertisement from the ad database to create a drive-thru presentation with at least one virtual advertisement. At least a portion of the drive-thru presentation is presented to the user interface. In one embodiment, the computer server records a drive-thru charge for the virtual advertisements present in the portion of the drive-thru presentation provided to the user interface.

Description:
PRIORITY APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/678,874, filed May 6, 2005, of the same title, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    This invention generally relates to data processing systems for vehicles, navigation and relative location. More specifically, the present invention is directed to a network-based navigation system for use with a map database system that provides visual route guidance information having virtual drive-thru advertisements integrated with actual imagery from along a physical route. 
         [0004]    2. Background Art 
         [0005]    Computerized route guidance and navigation systems are well known in the art. In-vehicle navigation systems, for example, rely on global positioning satellite (GPS) technology to provide current positional information of a vehicle that is used to control the display of route specific geographic or cartographic information maintained in a map database carried by the vehicle. In contrast, Internet-based navigation and mapping services like MapQuest®, Google Maps, Yahoo! Maps and Microsoft MapPoint® rely on a user request for information about a particular route or destination, instead of GPS data, and then use this information to access various online map databases in order to provide the user with maps and travel instructions over the Internet. 
         [0006]    While most in-vehicle navigation systems display the position of the vehicle or the desired route on conventional cartographic map displays, some in-vehicle navigation systems have been designed to provide additional information beyond the conventional in-vehicle map display. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,115,398 describes an in-vehicle navigation system in which the navigation data is used to superimpose an indication signal on a real-time image of the roadway generated by a forward-looking video image pick-up unit in the vehicle. U.S. Pat. No. 5,982,298 describes an in-vehicle navigation system with a user interface that integrates highway-monitoring video with maps information. U.S. Pat. No. 6,525,768 describes a similar arrangement utilizing a personal digital assistant, instead of a completely in-vehicle based system. Similar kinds of additional information have also been integrated into Internet-based navigation systems, as shown for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,477,460 and 6,498,982. 
         [0007]    Navigation systems have been developed that correlate aerial perspectives of a route (either actual or virtual) with map-based information in order to provide the equivalent of a bird&#39;s-eye view flyover of the route. U.S. Pat. No. 6,653,990 describes an in-vehicle version of this approach. U.S. Publication Nos. 2004/0218910A1 and 2002/0059207A1 describe Internet-based versions of this approach. 
         [0008]    Navigation systems have also attempted to integrate driver perspectives of a route (either actual or virtual) with map-based information in order to provide the equivalent of a first-person drive-thru of the route. U.S. Pat. No. 4,937,950 describes an early attempt to incorporate a three-dimensional presentation of an in-vehicle map-based navigation route. U.S. Pat. No. 5,613,055 describes the use of driver-point-of-view generated animation of a navigation route. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,199,014 and 6,351,710 describe the use of driver-point-of-view photographs for an Internet-based navigation system, while U.S. Pat. No. 6,182,011 describes the same approach used in an in-vehicle navigation system. PCT Publication No. WO 99/39160A1 describes the use of first person-perspective video clips of a route to be navigated, such as displayed on a handheld device. Various techniques for acquiring video and photographic images of a physical roadway from a driver-perspective are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,633,946, 6,449,384, 6,453,056, and 6,526,352, including the recognition of road signs along the roadway. 
         [0009]    In-vehicle navigation systems have been developed that make use of information alongside or near a roadway as part of the navigation system, as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,671,615 and 6,836,724. Other in-vehicle systems as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,664,948, 5,627,549, 6,542,822 and 6,714,860, and U.S. Publication No. 2003/0006911 A1, for example, have been developed to present information about road signs and other forms of advertisements to the occupants of a vehicle as the vehicle passes the vicinity of the road sign or advertisement. One in-vehicle navigation system that provides augmented information in a video display of the current route is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,604,398. 
         [0010]    Even though in-vehicle navigation systems have made use of additional information from road signs and advertisements to augment or supplement the actual experience as a vehicle is traveling along a roadway, there have been very few similar approaches developed for other types of applications. One application where there has been the selective replacement of video images, and particularly billboard advertising images, has been in the context of broadcasting sporting events. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,208,386, 6,292,227 and 6,384,471 describe various techniques for processing video streams acquired by stationary cameras in order to effectively replace actual billboards in a stadium with prerecorded or computer generated advertising images. The techniques for selective replacement of a portion of a video image acquired by a stationary camera are generally well known as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,353,392, 5,491,517, 6,252,632, 6,381,362, 6,525,780, 6,774,908 and 6,778,244 and PCT Publication No. WO 98/24242 A1. While these techniques are well developed with respect to the changing fields of view for a stationary camera, these techniques generally have not been applied in the context of actual imagery captured by a moving camera traversing along a physical roadway. 
         [0011]    It would be desirable to provide a network-based navigation system for use with a map database system that improved upon the current approaches for using actual imagery from along a physical route in conjunction with the navigation instructions for a given route. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    The present invention is a network-based navigation system having a user interface and a computer server system that can access a map database, an actual imagery database and an advertisement database in order to provide visual route guidance information having virtual drive-thru advertisements integrated with actual imagery from along a physical route. The user interface permits a user to submit a request for navigation information, receive visual route guidance information in response to the request and initiate a drive-thru presentation of at least a portion of the route. The computer server determines at least one route from the map database based on the request from the user and provides route guidance information to the user interface in response. The computer server also identifies actual imagery from the image database associated with the at least one route and selectively replaces at least one polygon region identified in the actual imagery associated with the at least one route with at least one advertisement from the ad database to create a drive-thru presentation with at least one virtual advertisement. In one embodiment, at least a portion of the drive-thru presentation is presented to the user interface and the computer server records a drive-thru charge for the virtual advertisements present in the portion of the drive-thru presentation provided to the user interface. 
         [0013]    In practice, the vehicle acquiring the video imagery is equipped with a sufficient number of cameras mounted on the vehicle which after post-processing preferably provide a 360 degree field of view around the location of the vehicle at any given instant of time. The image frames are tagged with absolute and/or relative geo-spatial coordinates. When a user requests a virtual drive through of a particular route, the images corresponding to the geographical coordinates of points on the route are retrieved and replayed with original, replaced or synthetic drive-thru advertisements. 
         [0014]    All the advertisements along the route are flagged as visited by the user as a “drive thru” are played on the user interface. In one embodiment, the “drive thru” provides a metric of the eyeballs that were exposed to the advertisement and therefore a first rate billed to the advertiser associated with each advertisement. Alternatively, the user may “stop” along the route during a drive-thru and click on a particular advertisement to be hyperlinked to the advertiser&#39;s website. The “click thru” is recorded and provides a metric of the eyeballs attracted to a particular advertisement and therefore of a second rate billed to the advertiser for the click thru, as opposed to the drive thru. 
         [0015]    The following figures are not drawn to scale and only detail a few representative embodiments of the present invention, more embodiments and equivalents of the representative embodiments depicted herein are easily ascertainable by persons of skill in the art. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0016]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of illustrating an image of an exemplary roadway environment containing different objects of interest in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0017]      FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of the network-based navigation system having virtual drive-thru advertisements integrated with actual imagery from along a physical route 
           [0018]      FIG. 3  shows a representation of a geo-referenced image N that contains a sign. 
           [0019]      FIG. 4  shows a representation of a geo-referenced image N+1 that contains a sign. 
           [0020]      FIG. 5  shows a representation of a geo-referenced image N+2 that contains a sign. 
           [0021]      FIG. 6  shows a representation of a geo-referenced image N+3 that contains a sign. 
           [0022]      FIG. 7  shows the definitions of the image bounding box and the sign border polygon for a sign completely within the camera&#39;s field of view. 
           [0023]      FIG. 8  shows sign polygon definitions for a sign partially within the camera&#39;s field of view. 
           [0024]      FIG. 9  is an event flow diagram illustrating the operation of a system according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0025]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , there is represented schematically a roadway  20 . The roadway  20  has disposed on either side and in front of it, road sign  22 , an advertisement sign  10 , interspersed along with natural landmark  42  and manmade landmark  44 . Advertisement sign  10  has a first advertisement  52  displayed on the sign. 
         [0026]    A data acquisition vehicle (not shown) is driven along the roadway  20  and is equipped with an image acquisition system. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the image acquisition system preferably comprises six cameras positioned above roadway  20 . Two cameras may be disposed on the right and the left side of the front of vehicle respectively, cameras may also be disposed on the right and the left side of the rear of vehicle respectively, and cameras may desirably be disposed on the right and the left side of the vehicle respectively. In particular, other than views of the objects and scenery on the roadway ahead and behind the vehicle on the roadway, objects and scenery in the lateral view of the vehicle are also acquired. The cameras may be positioned inside of the vehicle and directed to the outside through the windshield for example. 
         [0027]    One of skill in the art will recognize that other configurations of the cameras may be utilized within the scope of the present invention. In particular, the configuration used may be the one disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,453,056, entitled “Method and Apparatus for Generating a Database of Road Sign Images and Positions”, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety. The objective of the image acquisition system is to obtain images, either moving or still, digital or photographic, that can be processed into a visual imagery database containing images of the roadway  20  from a driver&#39;s perspective, the driver&#39;s perspective being generally horizontally oriented and having a field of vision that extends generally laterally from the front, back or sides of the image acquisition vehicle. In a general embodiment of the present invention, the complete imagery generating passes generate imagery corresponding to a 360 degree field of view at each point or the imagery can be composed into a virtual 360 degree view at any point along the roadway after the images have been compiled/processed. The camera system disclosed above takes images of physical scenes and objects along a roadway. The cameras are operably coupled to a computer processor and a database (not shown) as by electrical or fiber optic cables. The processing equipment may be local or remote. 
         [0028]    The sequence of images are processed to generate image frames tagged with meta data such as the location of the vehicle, the orientation and identity of the camera, the speed of the vehicle, the environmental conditions, the time and date of image acquisition and other data of interest. The image processing system detects objects in the image stream and categorizes them into at least one or more of road signs, advertising signs, natural objects, and manmade landmarks. The image-processing unit also extracts other information from the image stream from each camera such as, for example, the distances between the vehicle and the signs/landmarks in the image stream, the three-dimensional configuration of the roadway, and other data that may be of interest. Additionally, each image frame may be augmented with meta data such as positional data locating the vehicle on a computerized map. This is achieved, for example, by coupling the system to a GPS system or by utilizing cell phone tower triangulation or other similar position referencing techniques. A preferred embodiment of the methods, apparatus and systems utilized by the present invention are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,449,384, entitled “Method and Apparatus for Rapidly Determining Whether a Digitized Image Frame Contains an Object of Interest,” which is incorporated herewith in its entirety. One of skill in the art will recognize that the real-time images, such as for example, video imagery, may be viewed, processed, analyzed or stored in any number of known processes, techniques and systems. 
         [0029]    An effective method for gathering ground-based geo-referenced imagery is practiced by attaching digital cameras and a positioning system to a vehicle and operating the vehicle over roadways. As the vehicle traverses the roadways, the cameras periodically capture images that are tagged with positional information. Multiple cameras are typically used in order to provide a rich user experience with the gathered imagery. All geo-referenced images can be uniquely identified by their run ID, camera number, and image number. The run ID refers to a grouping of images collected by a specific vehicle on a given date. Each image “run” will typically start with image number 0 and continue with sequentially numbered images throughout the run. Each camera on a vehicle will produce sequentially numbered images for a given run. The image frame data depict roadside scenes as recorded from a vehicle navigating the road. These scenes will generally contain information about signage and landmarks that may be mined to characterize the signage and landmarks by type, location, orientation, and condition. 
         [0030]      FIG. 2  depicts an information flow diagram illustrating the processing of the image streams and/or image frames in a general embodiment of the present invention. A preferred embodiment of a method and apparatus for processing the objects is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,363,161, entitled “System for Automatically Generating Database of Objects of Interest by Analysis of Images Recorded by Moving Vehicle,” which is incorporated herewith in its entirety. 
         [0031]    In one embodiment, the present invention allows for the identification of ad-spots within geo-referenced imagery by utilizing differentiable characteristics of the portions of the image frame that depict a road sign, ad-spots, and other manmade and natural features. These differentiable characteristics are stored as highly compressed bitmapped files each linked to a discrete data structure containing, but not necessarily limited to, one or more of the following memory fields: sign/landmark type, relative or absolute location of each sign/landmark, reference value for the recording camera, reference value for original recorded frame number for the bitmap of each recognized sign. Locations may be determined from a single image by determining depth information from shading or size estimation. Alternatively, the position may be determined by mathematical methods such as triangulation. Cameras may be calibrated in the factory or may be estimated “in the field” by a variety of well-known techniques. Alternatively, distance-ranging equipment such as a laser can yield an accurate measurement of distance. In other embodiments, locations may be determined or derived from analysis of multiple images using any one or more of these techniques. 
         [0032]    Output signal sets resulting from application of the present method to a segment of image frames can include a compendium of data about each sign/landmark and bitmap records of each sign/landmark as recorded by a camera. Thus, records are created for image-portions that possess (and exhibit) detectable unique differentiable characteristics versus the majority of other image portions of a digitized image frame. In the exemplary sign-finding embodiment herein these differentiable characteristics are coined “sign-ness.” Based on the differentiable characteristics, or sign-ness, information regarding the type, classification, condition (linked bitmap image portion) and/or location of road signs (and image-portions depicting the road signs) are rapidly extracted from image frames. Those image frames that do not contain an appreciable level of sign-ness are categorized as background scenery. The image frames that contain an appreciable level of sign-ness are further processed and separated into two categories—road signs and potential advertisements. 
         [0033]    After the image stream has been processed, it is in effect decomposed into component regions broadly classified according to the objects encountered within. In one embodiment, the present invention utilizes several broad categories exemplified in FIG.  1 —road signs  22 , advertisement signs  10 , natural landmarks  42 , manmade landmarks  44  and pavement  20 . Other broader generalizations or narrow categories may be employed without digressing from the scope of the invention disclosed herein. Each shape is identified at least in regard to its attributes such as shape, color, and orientation with respect to each of the cameras that imaged the object, absolute location, relative location, relation with respect to the pavement. Each of these attributes may be time dependent due to the travel speed of the vehicle. Database of advertising signs may include billboards, storefronts, bus stops, kiosks, signage as well as the typical road signs that warn, inform or direct. A template database used to detect the presence of road signs in a video stream may be augmented with additional templates corresponding to each of the above advertisement signs. Alternately, image recognition or other well-known methodologies may be utilized to decipher the contents of non-road sign objects so as to classify them into advertisement and non-advertisement related categories. 
         [0034]    In one embodiment, the present invention transforms frames of a digital image stream depicting roadside scenes using a set of filters that are logically combined together with OR gates or combined algorithmically and each output is equally weighted, and that each operate quickly to capture a differentiable characteristic of one or more signs/landmarks of interest. The image frames are typically coded to correspond to a camera number (if multiple cameras are used) and camera location data (i.e., absolute location via GPS or inertial coordinates if INS is coupled to the camera of the camera-carrying vehicle). If the location data comprises a time/position database directly related to frame number (and camera information in a multi-camera imaging system) extremely precise location information is preferably derived using triangulation of at least two of the related “images” of a confirmed object (road sign). 
         [0035]    In one embodiment, the present invention handles partially obscured signs, skewed signs, poorly illuminated signs, signs only partially present in an image frame, bent signs, and ignores all other information present in the stream of digital frame data (preferably even the posts that support the signs). Cataloging the location, direction the camera is facing, condition, orientation, and other attributes of objects such as advertisement, road signs and landmarks to assist navigation of vehicles can be successfully completed by implementing the inventive method described herein upon a series of images of said objects. In a general embodiment, the present invention can quickly and accurately distill arbitrary/artificial objects disposed in natural settings and except for confirming at least one characteristic of the object (e.g., color, linear shape, aspect ratio, etc.), the invention operates successfully without benefit of preexisting knowledge about the full shape, actual condition, or precise color of the actual object. 
         [0036]    The image frames that contain an appreciable level of sign-ness and categorized as potential advertisements are further processed to identify the region of the image covered by the advertisement. Each region categorized as an advertisement is assigned a unique identifier the first time it is encountered in a video stream. Typically, the specific region will persist, albeit at different orientations, in a succession of frames corresponding to a travel-rate of the camera(s) along a specific route. All the frames that contain the region correspond to one unit of advertisement space or an ad-spot in the database. The ad-spots will be identified within all images so the placement of the original ads can be tracked. All ad-spots that display the same physical ad-spot will be indexed together in the ad-spot database. Metrics that can be determined for each ad-spot include, but are not limited to, frequency of a message, frequency of an advertiser, number of frames that contain the same physical ad-spot, relative size of the ad-spot compared to the image size, type of road from which the ad-spot appears, density of traffic on the selected roadway, etc. These ad-spots are available for leasing by advertisers. An existing advertisement can be left as-is, replaced by an alternate advertisement or by background scenery to effectively erase the advertisement space from the frames. In an alternate embodiment, the images may be replaced with synthetic data. Images of real-world scenes may have objects removed in order to improve the viewing experience. In addition, the images, at the user request, can be altered to fit the current lighting and weather conditions. 
         [0037]      FIG. 2  schematically illustrates the operative principles governing image acquisition in a first embodiment of the instant invention, which includes acquiring, processing and storing a series of images along a typical route traversed by the vehicle. Notably, the image sequences along a particular roadway are related in that they are images of the physical scenery associated with a particular roadway, acquired by a known camera configuration, by a vehicle traveling along the roadway under a particular set of environmental conditions, and at a specified rate of speed. 
         [0038]    The present invention may be implemented in a single microprocessor apparatus, within a single computer having multiple processors, among several locally-networked processors (i.e., an intranet), or via a global network of processors (i.e., the Internet and similar). Portions of individual image frames exhibiting an appreciable level of pre-selected differentiable characteristics of desired objects are extracted from a sequence of image frame data and portions of the individual frames (and correlating data thereto) are used to confirm that a set of several “images” in fact represent a single “object” of a class of objects. These pre-selected differentiable characteristic criteria are chosen from among a wide variety of detectable characteristics including color characteristics (color-pairs and color set memberships), edge characteristics, symmetry, convexity, lack of 3D volume, number and orientation of side edges, characteristic corner angles, frequency, and texture characteristics displayed by the 2-dimensional (2D) images so that said objects can be rapidly and accurately recognized. In one embodiment, the differentiable characteristics are chosen with regard to anticipated camera direction relative to anticipated object orientation so that needless processing overhead is avoided in attempting to extract features and characteristics likely not present in a given image frame set from a known camera orientation. Similarly, in the event that a scanning recording device, or devices, are utilized to record objects populating a landscape, area, or other space the extraction devices can be preferably applied only to those frames that likely will exhibit appreciable levels of an extracted feature or characteristic. 
         [0039]    In one embodiment, the inventive system taught herein is applied to image frames and an output signal set of location, type, condition, and classification of each identified sign/landmark is produced and linked to at least one bitmap image of the sign/landmark. The output signal set and bitmap record(s) are thus available for later scrutiny, evaluation, processing, and archiving. Of course, pre-filtering or conditioning the image frames may increase the viability of practicing the present invention. Some examples include color calibration, color density considerations, video filtering during image capture, etc. 
         [0040]    The envisioned system can be built for entire geographic entities from cities to countries to the entire planet. Due to the enormity of the data size and the need for rapid geospatial queries, the indexing can be geospatially based. The geospatial indexing also allows for ease of updating of the system by multiple traversals of a location regardless if they are years apart in time. The resulting symmetric decrease in storage size is also a strong feature of the geospatial representation method. 
         [0041]    Viewpoint and viewing angle are best represented by the geospatial indexing process as the computations are then reduced to simple trigonometry versus complex database queries. This method of storage eliminates any difficulties with occluded or bent objects as their “true” extents can be represented even if not visible from the imagery. 
         [0042]    The present invention may be practiced with imaging systems ranging from monochromatic visible wavelength camera/film combinations to full color spectrum visible wavelength camera/memory combinations to ultraviolet, near infrared, or infrared imaging systems, so long as basic criteria are present: object differentiability from its immediate milieu or range data. 
         [0043]    Image frames that are temporally related—i.e. taken at or about a particular instant of time t 1 —may be “stitched” together to obtain a composite image of the environment surrounding the vehicle at the instant of time. Successive composite images representing progression of the vehicle along the roadway, can be further processed to obtain a composite real-time video of the scene unfolding as would appear to a driver of the vehicle viewing the roadway along a specified driver&#39;s line-of-sight from within the vehicle. Those of ordinary skill in the art of machine vision and image processing will recognize that there are numerous schemes for performing such transformations. 
         [0044]    For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,649,032, which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses methods for automatically generating a mosaic from a sequence of images. The invention can construct both, dynamic (i.e. changing over time) and static (no change with time) mosaics. U.S. Pat. No. 6,512,857, which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a system and method for accurately mapping between camera-coordinates and geo-coordinates, called geo-spatial registration. The method utilizes the imagery and terrain information contained in the geo-spatial database to precisely align the reference imagery with input imagery, such as dynamically generated video images or video mosaics, and thus achieves a high accuracy identification of locations within the scene. The geo-spatial reference database generally contains a substantial amount of reference imagery as well as scene annotation information and object identification information. When a sensor, such as a video camera, images a scene contained in the geo-spatial database, the system recalls a reference image pertaining to the imaged scene. This reference image is aligned very accurately with the sensor&#39;s images using a parametric transformation. Thereafter, other information that is associated with the reference image can easily be overlaid upon or otherwise associated with the sensor imagery. 
         [0045]    A specific embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in  FIGS. 3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6 , and  7  which shows four consecutive geo-referenced images gathered from a roadway. A sign  10  next to the actual roadway  20  appears in all four views  30 ,  40 ,  50 , and  60 . As described below, there is created a database model that describes the locations of these sign views  30 ,  40 ,  50 ,  60  in a way that will allow the tracking and replacement of the sign  10  with another advertisement. 
         [0046]      FIG. 7  shows the locations of the four points of the sign border polygon: x 0 ,y 0    100 ; x 1 ,y 1    110 ; x 2 ,y 2    120 ; x 3 ,y 3    130 . If it is assumed that the sign is only seen from the four views  30 ,  40 ,  50 ,  60  shown, the database model for the sign  10  will be as shown in Table 1 below: 
         [0000]                                                TABLE 1               Sign   Run   Cam.   Image#   S 0     S 1     S 2     S 3                     M   K   0   N   x 0 , y 0     x 1 , y 1     x 2 , y 2     x 3 , y 3         M   K   0   N + 1   x 0 , y 0     x 1 , y 1     x 2 , y 2     x 3 , y 3         M   K   0   N + 2   x 0 , y 0     x 1 , y 1     x 2 , y 2     x 3 , y 3         M   K   0   N + 3   x 0 , y 0     x 1 , y 1     x 2 , y 2     x 3 , y 3                      
Each row in the database corresponds to a distinct image  30 ,  40 ,  50 , and  60  that contains the ad-spot. S 0  through S 3  define the corner points for the four-sided polygon that makes up the ad-spot border. Each image  30 ,  40 ,  50 ,  60  will have a unique S 0  through S 3    100 ,  110 ,  120 ,  130  since the ad-spot will inhabit a different location within each frame.
 
         [0047]    For more complete user experiences, image collection vehicles will typically implement multiple cameras as has been noted above. If the vehicle in the example above has a second camera aimed to the right of the forward-facing camera, the sign will possibly be seen in one or more images captured with this second camera. With the second camera, the ad-spot database for this sign would be as shown in Table 2 below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sign 
                 Run 
                 Cam. 
                 Image# 
                 S 0   
                 S 1   
                 S 2   
                 S 3   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 M 
                 K 
                 0 
                 N 
                 x 0 , y 0   
                 x 1 , y 1   
                 x 2 , y 2   
                 x 3 , y 3   
               
               
                 M 
                 K 
                 0 
                 N + 1 
                 x 0 , y 0   
                 x 1 , y 1   
                 x 2 , y 2   
                 x 3 , y 3   
               
               
                 M 
                 K 
                 0 
                 N + 2 
                 x 0 , y 0   
                 x 1 , y 1   
                 x 2 , y 2   
                 x 3 , y 3   
               
               
                 M 
                 K 
                 0 
                 N + 3 
                 x 0 , y 0   
                 x 1 , y 1   
                 x 2 , y 2   
                 x 3 , y 3   
               
               
                 M 
                 K 
                 1 
                 N + 3 
                 x 0 , y 0   
                 x 1 , y 1   
                 x 2 , y 2   
                 x 3 , y 3   
               
               
                 M 
                 K 
                 1 
                 N + 4 
                 x 0 , y 0   
                 x 1 , y 1   
                 x 2 , y 2   
                 x 3 , y 3   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0048]    Many image frames will contain partial views of signs since a portion of the sign will typically be outside the camera&#39;s field of view. In these cases, one or more of the points S 0  through S 3    100 ,  110 ,  120 ,  130  will specify pixels that are outside the image frame.  FIG. 8  introduces the points I 0  through I 3    180 ,  190 ,  200 , and  210  which is the image bounding box that defines the area within the image frame onto which the partial new advertisement should be placed. The overlay software will compute the portion of the desired image that needs to be clipped and placed within the I 0  through I 3  polygon. For ad-spots that are entirely within the image frame, S 0  through S 3    100 ,  110 ,  120 , and  130  will be identical to I 0  through I 3    180 ,  190 ,  200 ,  210 . With the inclusion of partial signs within the image frames, the ad-spot database would be as shown in Table 3 below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sign 
                 Run 
                 Cam. 
                 Image# 
                 S 0   
                 S 1   
                 S 2   
                 S 3   
                 I 0   
                 I 1   
                 I 2   
                 I 3   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 M 
                 K 
                 0 
                 N 
                 x 0 , y 0   
                 x 1 , y 1   
                 x 2 , y 2   
                 x 3 , y 3   
                 x 4 , y 4   
                 x 5 , y 5   
                 x 6 , y 6   
                 x 7 , y 7   
               
               
                 M 
                 K 
                 0 
                 N + 1 
                 x 0 , y 0   
                 x 1 , y 1   
                 x 2 , y 2   
                 x 3 , y 3   
                 x 4 , y 4   
                 x 5 , y 5   
                 x 6 , y 6   
                 x 7 , y 7   
               
               
                 M 
                 K 
                 0 
                 N + 2 
                 x 0 , y 0   
                 x 1 , y 1   
                 x 2 , y 2   
                 x 3 , y 3   
                 x 4 , y 4   
                 x 5 , y 5   
                 x 6 , y 6   
                 x 7 , y 7   
               
               
                 M 
                 K 
                 0 
                 N + 3 
                 x 0 , y 0   
                 x 1 , y 1   
                 x 2 , y 2   
                 x 3 , y 3   
                 x 4 , y 4   
                 x 5 , y 5   
                 x 6 , y 6   
                 x 7 , y 7   
               
               
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         [0049]      FIGS. 3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6 , and  7  illustrate an embodiment of the present invention wherein the ad-spot is a man-made sign along the roadway. For purposes of this invention, an ad-spot can be defined as any geospatial location that can reasonably accommodate an advertisement inserted into the image stream including, but not limited to store windows, building faces, road surfaces, lake surfaces, open fields, mountain tops, rock faces, clouds, trees, car windows, etc. 
         [0050]    In a general embodiment of the present invention, illustrated in the event flow diagram of  FIG. 9 , the data collected in a first context, such as for example, the context of an ad-spot, is leveraged to generate additional revenue streams. As discussed above, the processing of the image stream is expanded to retrieve information about regions that likely are advertisement signs or candidates for placement of advertisements. Each of these regions corresponds to a virtual ad-space and like its real property ad-space counterpart the virtual ad-space may be leased, rented, sold or otherwise transacted as part of revenue generating operations. One of the steps in the transaction is valuation of the virtual ad-space. In this regard, each object in the image stream is further linked to other non-navigation related attributes. For example, each object may be linked to a database of addresses, proximity to business centers, demographics, local attractions, traffic density as a function of the time of day and other decisional criteria employed in valuation of an real-property ad-space. 
         [0051]    In  FIG. 9 , another embodiment of the present invention is shown in which the input data is heterogeneous, in that a simple list of locations  210  having geo-spatial coordinates  220  or a complete route  230  made from a different router and map database may be sent to the system. In the case of a route  230  being received, the system requires at least the intersection locations to be provided. Better quality matching will ensue as more data is supplied. Better quality output will be realized when the inputs to the system include full route points, names of streets, and turn direction information. In one embodiment, input data is sent to a heavily hinted conflation engine  240  that matches the desired route data to the system&#39;s map data  260 . Map data  260  may comprise a map database, weather data, and traffic data, and map data  260  is in communication with a routing engine  250 . This is segment-level matching, so the size difference between similar segments in the different databases is not important. Thus, a route  270  is generated of system data with references to the positions that are intersections and turns in the original route  220 . 
         [0052]    Once route data for a route has been created, the route  270  goes through the imagery matching process  290 . The database can be sampled in a variety of ways from highest possible image density where all available imagery is provided to just cross streets or intersections with route changes (turns). In one embodiment, at each identified position for a requested image the image database  300  is queried for the best match  280 . Based on the match quality parameters of the request there may or may not be a successful match. Match quality parameters include, but are not limited to DISTANCE, FIELD OF VIEW, AGE, QUALITY and 3D. The images are graded and the best is selected for usage. At the same time a geospatial query is performed on the other databases such as Ad Database  310  and Service Area database  320 , with the query parameters including demographic, time of day, service type, buying patterns and potential specific buyer preferences (for example, KFC versus Boston Chicken). A displayable route  330  is then generated, including imagery and applicable advertising. 
         [0053]    In one embodiment, the geospatial query for the Ad Database  310  returns the position of ad areas, and the other databases return the appropriate ads. The images can then have the ads inserted, and the appropriate filtering is done to the images. The filtering may correct for light, weather, leaf on, obscuring objects, and other external factors. The filtering will produce an image of the correct and format for the intended user regardless of its relationship to the original imagery. In one embodiment, the route is updateable, by either reprocessing with a new start node and the rest of the route or by just routing back to the route. 
         [0054]    In one approach, modeled in part upon the disclosure of U.S. Publication No. 2005/0021472 A1, entitled “Transactions in Virtual Property,” and incorporated in its entirety by reference herein, the ad-space transactions may involve end users, advertisers or content site owners, city operators, and a universe operator. End users, who are also termed viewers herein because they may request a destination or a route to a destination or specify a route in the database of roads either for previewing a trip by driving a virtual route on a generic device such as a computer, a hand-held such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), a messaging device, a cellular phone, a game console, interactive TV or the user may request the display on a specialized navigation device, the user may be stationed at a remote location from the requested route or the user may be traveling to the destination along a section of a requested route. In all cases, the present invention will guide the user via the roads in the database to the destination. The guidance takes the form of continually recreating the 3-D imagery surrounding each location along the virtual road as the vehicle travels down the roadway. The imagery displayed is keyed to a line of sight of the driver of the actual or virtual vehicle. Additionally, turn-by-turn instructions may be superimposed on the evolving roadway. 
         [0055]    In one embodiment of the instant invention, the user interacts with a remote repository of information through a user interface connected to a network. The term “network” is used here in a very broad sense to denote an interconnected set of nodes at which one or more resources required to effectuate the present invention may be located. A network therefore, may be an intranet, the Internet, a wireless network or any other communication network. The user interface may be a personal computer, a handheld, a cell phone, a dedicated video terminal, an interactive TV monitor or any other device equipped to accept user input and display the results obtained from a locally or remotely implemented route/advertisement related computation. 
         [0056]    As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the user interacts with a remote server which is in turn connected to a map database, an image database, and an advertisement database. The server or a computing machine connected to the server utilizes code resident on it to process the user request in conjunction with the information in the databases to generate route related imagery and the attendant advertisement that are sent to the user interface for display. In a special embodiment of the present invention, the repository also consists of a database that stores personal demographic/buying preferences. Operationally, the location of the user, the time of day or other user-preference modifiers will be used to select the advertisements to which the user will be exposed. 
         [0057]    In another embodiment, at least one of the databases discussed above is located remotely from the user so as to be accessible over the network, whereas the rest of the databases are located locally, for example, on a cell phone or handheld device from which the user is interacting with a network. In an exemplary embodiment, a cell phone that has an image display with the routing data and personal demographic/buying preferences stored locally. Imagery and signage position data are sent based on requests from the phone, which has positional determination in accordance with any of the previously identified techniques (Pull Data Based on Position). Alternately, the imagery and the map data may reside on the local device or be read into the local device using an external repository of information. The positional data system will cooperate with the personalized demographic data and the advertising databases to determine, based on a plurality of factors such as position/time/previous task(s), the advertisements that will be displayed. 
         [0058]    One of skill in the art will recognize that every recorded image frame does not have to be processed or displayed, as this will incur huge overhead in terms of computational, storage and access costs. Initial images that are acquired in analog video format may be digitized. The digitized images may be converted to a JPEG or MPEG format data stream to conserve bandwidth, or may be presented as a series or sequence of still images. 
         [0059]    As illustrated in  FIGS. 1 ,  3 - 7 , certain locations  10  that carry pre-defined content  52 , and therefore tagged as advertisement signs in the pre-processing discussed above are displayed as is at the same or a different location. If a location has been “sold” to an advertiser other than the one advertising at the location in the physical world, the original real-world ad sign is replaced with a different advertisement. Locations that are not used for advertisement purposes in the real world may be suited to carry an ad in the virtual world. The advertisement and/or the entire environment viewed by the driver may be synthetic in that it is artificially created. 
         [0060]    Methods and systems to replace advertisements in a video stream are well known in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,381,362, entitled “Method and Apparatus for Including Virtual Ads in Video Presentations” and incorporated by reference in its entirety herein, teaches a system for presenting a virtual advertisement or other virtual content in a sequences of frames of a video presentation. The system utilizes data identifying a candidate region in the sequence of frames, a pixel signature for the region, the signature comprising a range of R, G, B values for pixels based on a standard deviation from an average value, and stored virtual content, such as an advertisement, to be implanted in the candidate region or regions. In operation, as frames having the candidate region are processed by an integration system, the alternative virtual content is substituted by default for the candidate region, except if a pixel value in the region falls outside the pixel signature range. The result is an ad that appears to be on a surface in the video presentation, as images that come between the ad and the viewer occlude the advertisement. While it is conceivable to utilize non-polygon shapes and spaces in a video stream for selectively replacement with advertisements, the preferred embodiment of the present invention utilizes polygon shapes having defined boundary edges (e.g., squares, rectangles, etc) to minimize the amount of transformation that is required to map an advertisement from the ad database into the identified replacement region in the actual imagery. 
         [0061]    For purposes of the present invention, the Ad Database refers to a set of information that can be inserted into select locations in the images. The “click-through” functionality of the present invention may or may not rely on the Ad Database. Actual advertisements displayed in the actual imagery can be alternately identified and their presence in the imagery can be monetized by charging the original advertiser for click-thrus and/or eyeballs that view the imagery over the network. 
         [0062]    In one embodiment, the present invention provides for a counter that is incremented each time a user navigates past a virtual ad. In a separate embodiment, the advertisement may be hyperlinked to allow a user to click on the link and follow it to the merchant&#39;s website or place a call to a brick-and-mortar facility. The number of clicks thru an advertisement or the trips down a segment of a roadway where an advertisement is displayed on the virtual roadway is used as a metric to determine the rate the advertiser is charged for the virtual ad. In an alternate embodiment, displayed ads can be tallied and data about views can be stored locally and/or sent for billing determination. Additional revenue streams are generated by providing a gateway for a potential client to navigate to or hyperlink to a particular merchant&#39;s brick-and-mortar operation or website respectively. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,820,277, entitled “Advertising Management System for Digital Video Streams,” incorporated herein in its entirety, teaches an advertisement management system (AMS) in accordance with the principles that consists of one or more subsystems which allow for the characterization of the advertisement, determination of advertising opportunities (avails), characterization of the subscriber, correlation of the advertisement with a subscriber or group of subscribers, and sale of the advertisement, either through a traditional placement (sale), an Internet based sale, or an Internet based auction. The disclosure of this patent may be instructive as to the various ways in which the present invention may be mined for advertisement related revenue generation. 
         [0063]    The complete disclosures of the patents, patent applications and publications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each were individually incorporated. Various modifications and alterations to this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention. It should be understood that this invention is not intended to be unduly limited by the illustrative embodiments and examples set forth herein and that such examples and embodiments are presented by way of example only with the scope of the invention intended to be limited only by the claims set forth herein.