Abstract:
An electrical discharge machining system for machining a workpiece. The system comprises a wire guide support for positioning and guiding a wire electrode into a desired position relative to the workpiece and a source of a liquid dielectric fluid. The supply also provides means for directing the dielectric fluid from the source to a machining site between the electrode and the workpiece, and for atomizing the dielectric fluid in the machining site.

Description:
This application claims the benefit of provisional application No. 60/311,777 filed Aug. 10, 2001. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention is related to a machining process and particularly to an electrical discharge machining (EDM) technique and tooling. 
     BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     EDM is a well-known and widely used machining technique. It operates through the erosion of a workpiece, generally metallic, through electrical discharges from an electrode. The process takes place in the presence of a liquid dielectric fluid, such as de-ionized water. An electrode in the shape of an elongated rod, thin wire, or shaped article is put into close contact with the workpiece. Through an electrical potential difference, arcing occurs between the workpiece and the electrode which causes erosion of the workpiece material in a desired manner. 
     EDM processes are used in numerous machining applications. It is especially desirable for its high forming accuracy, ability to machine extremely hard workpieces, low applied loading of the workpiece, and for deep bores in workpieces. 
     There are various machining projects which pose difficulties in using EDM processes. For example, due to the workpiece configuration, it may be difficult to provide a continuous stream of dielectric fluid at the machining site. An absence of the fluid interrupts the EDM process. This problem may arise in numerous instances. For example, in a case where a small counter bore is to be formed, a larger bore of a limited depth in the workpiece is generally first formed. Thereafter, when it is desired to continue the bore at a smaller diameter, it may be difficult to provide a flow of dielectric fluid at the machining site. In a more specific example, in the machining of internal combustion engine fuel injection nozzles, it may be desirable to provide a stepped bore of this nature. A dielectric fluid stream flowing over the surface of the nozzle may not properly flow into the machining gap. The EDM tools and techniques in accordance with this invention are intended to address this difficulty. 
     In accordance with the teachings of this invention, several embodiments of alternate means for directing the flow of dielectric fluid are described. In one embodiment, an air stream jet is directed at an angle from the direction of dielectric fluid flow which disperses the dielectric fluid and forces it into the machining gap. In a second embodiment, the dielectric fluid is atomized with air and the mixture is thereafter sprayed into the machining gap. In a third embodiment, an ultrasonic generator is used to disperse the dielectric fluid which more readily flows into the machining gap. 
     Additional benefits and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art to which the present invention relates from the subsequent description of the preferred embodiment and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a pictorial representation of an EDM system with a representative workpiece in accordance with the prior art; 
     FIG. 2 is a pictorial representation of an EDM system in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention utilizing an airflow channel through the wire guide assembly; 
     FIG. 3 is a pictorial representation of an EDM system in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention shown with an atomized flushing fluid; and 
     FIG. 4 is a pictorial representation of an EDM system in accordance with a fourth embodiment of the invention utilizing an ultrasonic actuator coupled with the workpiece. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIG. 1 illustrates an EDM system in accordance with the prior art which is generally designated by reference number  10 . EDM system  10  is shown forming a counter bore in a representative workpiece  12  which is the injection tip of a fuel injection nozzle of the type used in certain internal combustion engines, such as diesel engines. As shown, workpiece  12  has a rounded tip  14  and an internal fuel flow passageway  16 . As compared with other elements shown in this figure, as well as the remaining figures of this specification, workpiece  12  is shown in an exaggerated large scale. Passageway  16  may be formed by various machining techniques. Injection orifice  18  is however, formed through EDM processes. Injection orifice  18  includes an enlarged counter bore  20  and a reduced diameter passageway  22 . In a representative workpiece  12 , counter bore  20  would have a diameter in the range of 0.020 to 0.060 inches. Whereas passageway  22  has a diameter ranging from 0.005 to 0.010 inches. 
     The EDM system  10  further includes conventional elements for EDM machining including wire guide support  24  which provides a mounting surface for wire guide assembly  26 . The electrode  32  in the form of an elongated wire is also electrically connected with EDM servo micro slide  28 . EDM servomotor  30  actuates the micro slide  28  to position the terminal tip of electrode  32  in the machining area. 
     The electrode  32  may be formed of various materials conventionally used in EDM machining, including brass, tungsten, copper, graphite, and alloys or mixtures thereof and a host of other materials. In a preferred embodiment, counter bore  20  would be formed of a brass electrode whereas passageway  22  would be formed by a tungsten electrode. 
     During the EDM process, EDM servomotor  30  positions the end of electrode  32  in the machining area. Feedback controls are used to properly position the electrode tip. The electrode is electrically charged and an arc is formed between the electrode and workpiece which causes erosion of the workpiece in a desired controlled manner. 
     In order to support the EDM process, a liquid dielectric flushing fluid is used. A commonly used material is de-ionized water which is directed through dielectric flushing nozzle  34 . A stream of dielectric fluid  36  is shown flowing across the outer surface of workpiece rounded tip  14 . 
     FIG. 1 illustrates conventional elements of an EDM process. Unfortunately, the system as shown in FIG. 1 when operated in accordance with the prior art does not provide an acceptable EDM process for a production environment for workpiece  12 . An electrode sized to form counter bore  20  is loaded into the EDM system and machining occurs in the presence of a flow of dielectric fluid  36 . Little difficulty is encountered in forming counter bore  20 . However, following formation of counter bore  20 , great difficulty is encountered in forming passageway  22  by EDM. Due to the small diameter of passageway  22 , and its recessed location, it is difficult to maintain a constant flow of dielectric fluid  36  at the machining zone. Without the presence of dielectric fluid, the machining operation is interrupted. In addition, debris generated by the EDM erosion process is not properly removed from the machining area when dielectric fluid flow is interrupted. These problems give rise to a slow machining rate, lack of precision of the formed features, and an interruption of the EDM process. 
     FIGS. 2 through 4 illustrate various embodiments of improved EDM systems in accordance with this invention which overcome the problems encountered with the system illustrated in FIG.  1 . In each of FIGS. 1 through 4, elements are shown which are common with those described and shown in FIG.  1  and are identified by like reference numbers. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates EDM system  40  in accordance with a first embodiment of this invention. For this embodiment, numerous elements are common with those shown in FIG.  1 . However, EDM system  40  varies from EDM system  10  in that an auxiliary airflow passageway  42  is formed through wire guide assembly  26   a . Airflow passageway  42  directs a stream of air provided by flow control source  44 . Preferably, air is supplied to passageway  42  at a pressure of about 7 psi. Airflow passageway  42  is directed to orient the flow of air escaping wire guide assembly  26   a  directly at the machining area. 
     The addition of airflow passageway  42  and flow control source  44  creates airflow in the direction of the machining zone. Therefore, dielectric fluid  36  flowing across the outside surface of rounded tip  14  is forced into counter bore  20  and passageway  22  to interact with the electrode in that area to support proper EDM machining action. Thus EDM system  40  provides a flow of dielectric fluid  36  oriented to flow in a direction generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of electrode  32 , whereas the flow of air from passageway  42  is generally aligned with the axis of electrode  32 . With this arrangement, dielectric fluid  36  flows across the bore  20  and passageway  22  and the airflow pushes the fluid into the machining site. 
     Now with reference to FIG. 3, a second embodiment of an EDM system  50  is illustrated. Again, numerous elements are common with those shown in FIG.  1 . In this case, however, dielectric nozzle  34  is replaced by atomized mixture nozzle  52 . Upstream of nozzle  52 , a flow of dielectric liquid and air combine in mixing chamber  54 . This spray  56  of atomized air and dielectric fluid is directed at the electrode  32 . Due to the atomization of the dielectric fluid in accordance with EDM system  50 , the mixture is able to more easily flow into the narrow gaps and flow areas to thereby support proper EDM action. 
     EDM system  60  in accordance with a fourth embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG.  4 . EDM machining system  60  is substantially identical to the prior art structure illustrated in FIG. 1 with the exception of the addition of ultrasonic actuator  62 . Ultrasonic actuator  62  causes a high frequency vibration to occur within workpiece  12 . This vibration serves to agitate and atomize the flow of dielectric fluid  36  flowing from nozzle  34 . The agitation and atomization of the flow caused by the vibration of workpiece  12 , servers in a manner like the prior embodiments to atomize and agitate the dielectric material and force it into the machining site. 
     While the above description constitutes the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it will be appreciated that the invention is susceptible to modification, variation and change without departing from the proper scope and fair meaning of the accompanying claims.