Abstract:
Data is often populated into Configuration Management Databases (CMDBs) from different sources. Because the data can come from a variety of sources, it may have inconsistencies—and may even be incomplete. A Normalization Engine (NE) may be able to automatically clean up the incoming data based on certain rules and knowledge. In one embodiment, the NE takes each Configuration Item (CI) or group of CIs that are to be normalized and applies a rule or a set of rules to see if the data may be cleaned up, and, if so, updates the CI or group of CIs accordingly. In particular, one embodiment may allow for the CI&#39;s data to be normalized by doing a look up against a Product Catalog and/or an Alias Catalog. In another embodiment, the NE architecture could be fully extensible, allowing for the creation of custom, rules-based plug-ins by users and/or third parties.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/685,096, filed Jan. 11, 2010, which claims priority to the U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/145,070, entitled “A Normalization Engine to Manage Configuration Management Database (CMDB) Integrity,” filed on Jan. 15, 2009, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    This disclosure relates generally to the field of ITIL®-based (Information Technology Infrastructure Library) Configuration Management Databases (CMDBs). (ITIL is a registered trademark of The Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty&#39;s Treasury acting through The Office of Government Commerce and Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency, United Kingdom.) ITIL-based CMDBs are emerging as a prominent technology for Enterprise Management Software. 
         [0003]    The usefulness of these CMDBs is dependent on the quality, reliability, and security of the data stored in them. A CMDB often contains data about managed resources known as Configuration Items (CIs) or configuration objects. In general, CIs correspond to real-world elements, components, or objects. ITIL version 3 defines a CI as: “Any Component that needs to be managed in order to deliver an IT Service. Information about each CI is recorded in a Configuration Record within the Configuration Management System and is maintained throughout its Lifecycle by Configuration Management. CIs are under the control of Change Management [systems]. CIs typically include IT Services, hardware, software, buildings, people, and formal documentation such as Process documentation and [Service Level Agreements].” 
         [0004]    The CMDB serves as a point of integration between various IT management processes. Today, data is populated into the CMDB from different sources, such as spreadsheets, management tools, databases—and even manually. Such data, as it may come from a variety of sources, may have inconsistencies, and, in fact, could even be incomplete. These inconsistencies may result in at least the following problems in the CMDB: 1.) poor data quality; 2.) poor data manageability; 3.) poor data consistency; and 4.) the inability to “reconcile” CI&#39;s properly, resulting in duplicate CIs being stored in the CMDB. The process of “reconciliation” is described more fully in the document entitled, “BMC Atrium CMDB 7.5.00 Patch 001: Normalization and Reconciliation Guide,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, as well as U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/204,189, entitled, “Resource Reconciliation,” filed on Aug. 15, 2005 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/669,005, entitled, “Configuration Management Database Reference Instance,” filed on Jan. 30, 2007, which applications are also hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
         [0005]    What is needed to solve the aforementioned problems is a process for ensuring that the representation of entities, e.g., CIs, is consistent across the enterprise environment, regardless of the CI&#39;s data provider. This process is referred to herein as “normalization.” A Normalization Engine (NE) may be able to “normalize” data based on certain rules and knowledge in any of the following ways: “cleaning up” the attribute values of an incoming CI based on preferred values or rule(s); cleaning up an entire collection of CIs at one time based on a preferred configuration or rule(s); or cleaning up one or more relationship CIs based on a preferred configuration or rule(s). Essentially, any attribute or characteristic relating to an entity or collection of entities may be compared to corresponding preferred value(s), configuration(s), or rule(s), and the appropriate remedial action taken, e.g., any inconsistencies found may either be logged in a report, output in the form of a warning, or the CI(s) may be updated accordingly to remove the inconsistencies. This will result in data that is more manageable, more consistent, of a higher quality, and that is able to be reconciled more effectively, along with other benefits that will become clear in light of the teachings of this disclosure. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    This disclosure relates to a field of CMDB data management referred to herein as “normalization.” As mentioned above, when multiple sources provide data to a CMDB, data consistency problems such as the following can occur: 1.) poor quality data, e.g., inconsistent representations of CIs or collections of CIs; and 2.) the creation of duplicate CIs after an attempted reconciliation process. As part of an improved CMDB, and according to one aspect of the present invention, a Normalization Engine provides a centralized, customizable, and uniform way to overcome data quality and consistency problems. 
         [0007]    In one embodiment, the NE may normalize, for example, the following attributes for hardware and software products: name; product categorization attributes, e.g., category, type, and item (CTI); manufacturer name; model; version number; patch; access control information, or other attributes, as may be defined for each class of CI. For example, one data provider may discover a copy of MICROSOFT® WINDOWS® Word software with a “Name” attribute of “MICROSOFT® Word 97,” whereas another provider may find the same software with a “Name” attribute of “MICROSOFT® WINDOWS® Word.” (MICROSOFT and WINDOWS are registered trademarks of the Microsoft group of companies.) An effective normalization of the “Name” attribute may be to change the “Name” attribute to “MICROSOFT Word” for each discovered copy of the software, resulting in no data inconsistencies or unwanted duplication after an attempted reconciliation process. 
         [0008]    In another embodiment, the NE may normalize an entire collection of CIs at one time based on a preferred configuration or rule(s). For example, a single server may be represented by a collection of several CIs (e.g., hardware CIs, software CIs, operating system CIs, central processing unit CIs, etc.), and the NE may want to ensure that each time such a server configuration is encountered, each of the related CIs are modeled and represented in a consistent and/or preferred fashion. 
         [0009]    In yet another embodiment, the NE may normalize one or more relationship CIs based on a preferred configuration or rule(s). For instance, in the multi-CI server example discussed above, the NE may normalize each of the relationships relating the multiple CIs that make up the server to ensure that they match a predetermined and/or preferred configuration for that particular type of server, thus ensuring the related CIs are connected in the same way for each instance of the server stored in the CMDB. 
         [0010]    With a Normalization Engine according to one aspect, a user can specify precisely what data is to be normalized, for example: a specific subset of the overall data; specific collections of related CIs and their attendant relationships; a specific class of CI; or the particular attributes for a specific class of CI. Additionally, data may be normalized either before or after it is written to a data repository in the CMDB. 
         [0011]    In particular, one embodiment may allow for the CI&#39;s data to be normalized by doing a lookup against two or more data stores, e.g., a first data store that has information about various hardware and software products in a customer environment (e.g., product name, manufacturer name, version number, patch number, type, or item) and a second data store that has information about aliases for product names and manufacturer names. The “data store” may comprise storage of any format such as, for example, a database, a flat file, a hierarchically organized file (e.g., an XML file), and the like. 
         [0012]    In another embodiment, the NE could allow for rules-based plug-ins, thus making the architecture of the NE extensible. For example, certain plug-ins could allow for the creation of new rules to: clean up other attributes in a CI (e.g., changing hostname or domain name attributes from lower to upper case); clean up collections of CIs in a particular manner; or clean up relationship instances that describe how to associate CIs of certain classes with each other. The extensibility could be offered through the provision of a Software Development Kit (SDK) or a suitable user interface (UI) that could allow users to specify and implement a virtually limitless set of new rules to normalize data in their enterprise environment as desired. 
         [0013]    Normalizing data may allow different providers with various maturity levels to populate CIs with different information in their own provider data repositories—but still allow the CMDB to have the ability to clean up the CI instances from across the various data repositories into a single, unified resource data repository. This approach aims to ensure data integrity and compatibility with existing and future data providers and consumers by providing the ability to normalize data before, during, or after it is entered into the CMDB. 
         [0014]    In one embodiment, a computer system comprising a programmable control device can be programmed to perform a data normalization method, the method comprising: selecting one or more CIs to be normalized; selecting one or more normalization rules from one or more knowledge bases; applying the one or more selected normalization rules to determine if there are any inconsistencies between the one or more selected CIs and the one or more selected normalization rules; and, for at least one of the one or more selected CIs wherein there is an inconsistency between the one or more selected CIs and the one or more selected normalization rules, taking an appropriate remedial action. 
         [0015]    In another embodiment, the instructions for carrying out the above described method are tangibly embodied on a computer useable memory medium. 
         [0016]    In still another embodiment, a computer network is utilized to carry out the above described method. 
         [0017]    In yet another embodiment, a computer system comprising a programmable control device can be programmed to perform a data normalization method, the method comprising: defining selection criteria for the data normalization method, wherein the defined selection criteria comprises: the selection of one or more classes of Configuration Item (CI); and the selection of one or more attributes from each of the one or more selected classes of CI; selecting one or more CIs that meet the defined selection criteria; and, for at least one of the one or more selected CIs that meet the defined selection criteria: comparing a value for at least one of the one or more selected attributes to a corresponding specified attribute value stored in a first data store; and replacing the value of each compared attribute with the corresponding specified attribute value if the value of the compared attribute does not equal the corresponding specified attribute value. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0018]      FIG. 1  shows, in block diagram form, an exemplary CMDB, an exemplary Normalization Engine, and related components, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0019]      FIG. 2  shows “Inline,” “Continuous,” and “Batch” modes of normalization. 
           [0020]      FIG. 3  shows a table of various normalization statuses and their attendant descriptions. 
           [0021]      FIG. 4  shows, in block diagram form, an exemplary server composed of multiple, related CIs. 
           [0022]      FIG. 5A  shows, in flowchart form, an exemplary normalization process. 
           [0023]      FIG. 5B  shows, in flowchart form, a specific normalization process as applied to a Product Catalog and Alias Catalog. 
           [0024]      FIG. 6  shows, in block diagram form, an exemplary CMDB server, an exemplary Normalization Engine, and related APIs, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0025]      FIG. 7  shows an exemplary enterprise computing environment. 
           [0026]      FIG. 8  shows, in block diagram form, an exemplary computer system comprising a program control device. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0027]    Enhanced techniques to normalize CMDB data relating to various computational resources (e.g., hardware, software, and services) from a number of different sources are described herein. A method to normalize data for a CMDB may include: (1) selecting data to be normalized (or configuring system-wide normalization guidelines); (2) specifying whether the data should be normalized in “inline,” i.e., real time, “continuous,” or “batch” mode; (3) defining what classes, attributes, entities, or collections of entities to normalize; and (4) adding a normalization job and defining when it should be run. The various modes that normalization jobs may run in are presented below in connection with  FIG. 2 . 
         [0028]    Illustrative CIs whose data and attributes may be normalized include, but are not limited to, computer systems, components of computer systems, data storage systems, switches, routers, memory, software applications (both installed products and running applications), operating systems and business services (e.g., order entry or change management and tracking services). The following embodiments, described in terms of a change configuration management system, e.g., a CMDB, are illustrative only and are not to be considered limiting in any respect. 
         [0029]      FIG. 1  illustrates, in block diagram form, an exemplary CMDB  100 , an exemplary Normalization Engine  106 , and related components, in accordance with one embodiment. The CMDB  100  may potentially be populated with configuration items by various different discovery processes  104 . As different discovery processes  104  may encounter the same object, it may be important to identify such situations, and then reconcile the information provided by the different processes for each object to avoid the potential of creating duplicate objects and/or the storage of low-quality data in the CMDB. 
         [0030]    The discovered data may be sent to the CMDB  100 , wherein Normalization engine  106  may attempt to normalize various attributes of various classes of the incoming data, various configurations of CI collections, or various relationships between CIs through the aid of one or more Knowledge Bases  112 . A Knowledge Base  112 , as used herein, is a generic term to represent any repository of information that may contain predetermined and/or preferred attribute values, configurations, or rules. Knowledge Base  112  may comprise any of a number of data stores, for example: a Product Catalog, an Alias Catalog, a Rules Catalog, a Relationship Catalog, or any other source of predetermined and/or preferred configuration information. 
         [0031]    In one particular embodiment, the Knowledge Base  112  utilized by NE  106  may comprise a Product Catalog and/or an Alias Catalog, which may contain information about various products (both hardware and software) in a customer environment. One of the purposes of the Product Catalog may be to define how instances are preferably represented in the CMDB  100 . After being normalized and stored in a data repository  110 , the data may optionally be passed to reconciliation engine  108 , which can initiate a reconciliation process according to specified reconciliation properties and parameters, thereby attempting to identify and merge instances of CIs in data repository  110  within the CMDB  100  that refer to the same “real world” objects. A goal of some reconciliation processes will be to end up with data repositories that are free from duplicated CIs. 
         [0032]    When the NE  106  searches the Product Catalog for information regarding the relevant CI, it may result in one of three potential outcomes: the Product Catalog may return a single match, in which case the corresponding, i.e., matching, specified attribute value is applied to the appropriate attribute of the CI; the Product Catalog may return multiple matches, in which case the NE  106  may reject the CI and report an error; or the Product Catalog may return no matches, in which case, depending on the source of the data, the NE  106  may accept the CI and assign it an appropriate normalization status, as will be discussed below. 
         [0033]      FIG. 2  illustrates various “modes” of normalization, including: “Inline”  200 , “Continuous”  202 , and “Batch”  204  modes, which modes will now be discussed in further detail. With regard to “Inline” (or “real time”) mode  200 , CIs are normalized by NE  106  any time that they are created or modified in the CMDB  100  (not shown in  FIG. 2 ). In this mode, CIs are normalized before they are saved in a data repository, e.g., Data Repository  110 , of the CMDB  100 . If a CI cannot be normalized, it may be rejected, i.e., not saved in the CMDB  100 , or saved but flagged with a normalization status of “not normalized,” so that it could potentially be reviewed further later. With regard to “Continuous” mode  202 , CIs are normalized by NE  106  after they are saved in a data repository of CMDB  100 . When CIs are added or changed in Continuous mode, CMDB  100  notifies the Normalization Engine  106 , which then checks and normalizes the modified CIs appropriately. In Continuous mode, normalization may be configured, for example, to begin either when a specified number of creation and modification events occur or after a specified interval of time. With regard to “Batch” or “Scheduled” mode  204 , CIs are normalized by NE  106  after they are saved in a data repository, e.g., Data Repository  110 , of CMDB  100  based on a particularly defined schedule  206 . This is unlike the Continuous mode, which is based on changes to individual CIs. 
         [0034]      FIG. 3  shows a table  300  of various illustrative normalization statuses and their attendant descriptions. In one embodiment, each CI has a Normalization Status attribute to track the CI&#39;s stages of normalization. Status “Normalization Not Applicable”  302  is for situations in which, e.g., the CI is not normalized but did not fail because, for the CI&#39;s particular classes, normalization is not applicable or possible. Status “Normalization Failed”  304  is for situations in which, e.g., the CI is not normalized because no Knowledge Base  112  entry is found for the CI. Status “Normalized and Approved”  306  is for situations in which, e.g., the CI is normalized and approved because the CI matched a unique entry in the Knowledge Base  112  and the matching entry is approved, i.e., authorized or allowed to be in the enterprise environment. The “approved” attribute may be provided because some enterprises may want the ability to detect unauthorized products being used in their enterprise environment. Status “Normalized Not Approved”  308  is for situations in which, e.g., the CI is normalized but not approved because either the CI matched a unique entry in the Knowledge Base  112  but the matching entry is not approved or the CI did not match a Knowledge Base  112  entry and the Normalization Engine  106  created a new entry for it. If a new entry is created in this manner, its “approved” attribute may be set to “FALSE,” “NO,” or some other comparable value by default. Status “Modified After Last Normalization”  310  is for situations in which, e.g., the CI has been normalized but at least one attribute that can be normalized has been modified. With “Inline” normalization, a CI may not have this status. Typically, the normalization process may work in the following ways: by normalizing all CIs that have a status of not normalized; or by incrementally normalizing CIs that have been modified after normalization or after a normalization job is interrupted and has resumed. The NE may also optionally be instructed to re-normalize an entire data partition, if there is a need to do so. 
         [0035]    In practice, complex real-world objects may commonly be modeled in CMDBs as sets of many related CIs such that the various aspects of the real-world object may be independently monitored and/or configured as desired.  FIG. 4  illustrates, in block diagram form, an exemplary server  400  that is comprised of multiple, related CIs. Potential CIs in this “exemplary server” include: an operating system (OS) CI  410 , a CPU CI  420 , as well as hardware CI  430  and software CI  440  that may represent any of a multitude of hardware and software entities comprising the server that needs configuration management. Each of the CIs comprising a complex, real-world object may be connected via a relationship CI  460  (represented by bi-directional arrows in  FIG. 4 ) to one or more “anchor CIs” (represented by Computer System CI  450  in  FIG. 4 ). While an anchor CI  450  is not necessary for an object represented by multiple CIs, such an arrangement may be a convenient way to group the related CIs together. Relationship CIs  460  may specify various attributes and/or configuration information about how any two or more given CIs are related to each other. Just as aspects of an individual CI or a collection of CIs may be normalized by NE  106 , the relationship CIs  460  themselves may also be normalized according to a predetermined and/or preferred configuration. For example, a given normalization process may check against the relevant Knowledge Base(s) to ensure that each instance of the exemplary server  400  is made up of the correct set of CIs and that they are connected in the correct way by the appropriate relationship CIs  460 . If an inconsistency or anomaly is found in a given server instance, the appropriate remedial action may then be taken, e.g., the NE may either remove the inconsistency, or it may be logged as an error or warning, as will be explained further below. 
         [0036]      FIG. 5A  shows, in flowchart form, a generalized, exemplary normalization process. First, the normalization process may select the current entity or collection of entities to be normalized (Step  500 ). The process may then consult the appropriate Knowledge Base(s) and find the appropriate normalization rule(s) to apply to the selected entity or collection of entities in order to clean up, or normalize, the data as appropriate (Step  505 ). If inconsistencies are found between the selected entity or collection of entities and appropriate rule(s) in the Knowledge Base(s) (Step  510 ), appropriate remedial action may be undertaken in one of two basic ways. Either the process may fix the selected entity or collection of entities according to the appropriate normalization rule and update normalization statuses accordingly (Step  515 ) and optionally make a log entry into a report file or raise a suitable warning of the inconsistencies (Step  520 ), or the process may solely make a log entry into a report file or raise a suitable warning of the inconsistencies (thus skipping step  515 ) (Step  520 ). The report file may be configured such that a system process, user, or administrator may later take the appropriate corrective measures, if so desired. Once the inconsistencies are appropriately dealt with, or if no inconsistencies were found for the current entity or collection of entities (Step  510 ), the process may then check to see if there are remaining entities to be normalized (Step  525 ). If there are remaining entities to normalize, it will repeat the process by selecting the next entity or collection of entities to be normalized (Step  530 ) and return to Step  505 . If there are no further entities to normalize, the process may end. 
         [0037]      FIG. 5B  shows, in flowchart form, one embodiment of a specific normalization process involving a Product Catalog and an Alias Catalog. It should be noted that the Product/Alias example described with reference to  FIG. 5B  is but a single usage of a Normalization Engine given for explanatory purposes only, and should not be taken as a limiting example in any way. First, the process shown in  FIG. 5B  can read in the “Name” attribute of the CI that it is attempting to normalize, e.g., the product name or manufacturer name, and attempt to replace it with a preferred value from the Alias Catalog (Step  550 ). If an entry is found in Alias Catalog (Step  555 ), the preferred value for the particular entry will replace the current CI “Name” attribute value (Step  565 ). If an entry is not found in Alias Catalog (Step  555 ), the current CI “Name” attribute value will not be changed. Next, the process can search for a matching entry in the Product Catalog (Step  560 ). If an entry is found (Step  570 ), the process can then normalize the desired attributes by updating them appropriately, i.e., by replacing them with the corresponding specified attribute values in the product catalog and setting the CI&#39;s normalization status attribute accordingly (Step  575 ) before moving on to process the next CI (Step  595 ). If an entry is not found (Step  570 ), the process can check to see whether the data being normalized is from an authorized data source, that is, whether it is an authoritative or “trusted” source of data (Step  580 ). If the data being normalized is not authorized, the process can set the status of the current CI to “Normalization Failed” (Step  590 ) and then move on to process the next CI (Step  595 ). If instead, the data being normalized is from an authorized source, the NE  106  can create a new entry in the Product Catalog for the current CI and set its normalization status attribute to “Normalized Not Approved” (Step  585 ) and then move on to process the next CI (Step  595 ). 
         [0038]      FIG. 6  shows, in block diagram form, an exemplary CMDB server  608 , an exemplary Normalization Engine  106 , and related APIs, in accordance with one embodiment. In this Normalization Engine infrastructure design, the Normalization Engine  106  is essentially a plug-in to the CMDB server  608 . The Normalization Engine  106  will interface with the CMDB&#39;s native API  604  and the Normalization Engine API  606 . A CMDB Client application  600  may allow a user or computer process to interface with and view the contents of the CMDB. A normalization engine client  602  may allow a user or computer process to, for example: check on normalization job statuses; define normalization system-wide settings; selectively define data for normalization; start normalization jobs manually; and even define their own logic and rules for normalization. For example, a user may be able to define what types of classes are to be normalized (including classes native to the CMDB or user-created classes), as well as which attributes of those classes are to be normalized. In some embodiments, the normalization configuration will not be data provider specific because there can be contradictions between different data provider configurations. Other embodiments for the Normalization Engine infrastructure design, such as using an independent server for the Normalization Engine, are also possible in accordance with the present teachings. 
         [0039]    As mentioned previously, the architecture of the NE could be fully extensible, allowing for rules-based plug-ins to be authored by third party providers as well as users of the CMDB. An SDK or suitable UI could be provided giving users of the CMDB and NE the tools available to specify both the logic and the Knowledge Bases to be used, thus allowing them to extend the NE and normalize whatever CIs, groups of CIs, relationships, and/or specific classes and attributes they so desire according to whatever rule(s) they so desire. 
         [0040]      FIG. 7  illustrates an exemplary enterprise computing environment wherein one embodiment of the present invention may be installed. The CMDB  100  may be installed and running on any one or more of the computing endpoints in communication with the network shown in  FIG. 7 . As shown, the enterprise computing environment may include one or more computers, for example, mainframe computer  702 , which may include one or more storage devices, e.g., file servers  704 , also referred to as direct access storage devices (DASD). A plurality of computer systems or terminals  712  may be coupled to the mainframe computer  702 , wherein the computer systems or terminals  712  access data stored in the storage devices, e.g., file servers  704 , coupled to or part of the mainframe computer  702 . 
         [0041]    The mainframe computer system  702  may be coupled to one or more other computer systems and/or computer networks, including other mainframe computer systems. The mainframe computer system  702  may be coupled locally to a computer system network  720  in a local area network (LAN) configuration, or may be coupled to one or more computer systems and/or networks through a wide area network (WAN)  722 . As shown in  FIG. 7 , the mainframe computer system  702  may be directly coupled to a local area network  720 , such as a PC-based or client/server based network. The LAN  720  may comprise a storage device, e.g., file server  704 , coupled to one or more desktop computer systems  714 , one or more portable computer systems  716  and possibly one or more computer systems or terminals  712 . As also shown in  FIG. 7 , the mainframe computer  702  may also be coupled through a wide area network  722 , to one or more additional local area networks  720 , such as PC-based networks as shown. Each of the PC based networks may comprise one or more storage devices, e.g., file servers  704  and one or more of either desktop computer systems  714  or portable computer systems  716 . The wide area network  722  may be any of various types, such as the Internet. 
         [0042]    Each of the one or more mainframe computer systems  702 , the computer systems  714  and  716 , as well as storage devices, e.g., file servers  704  may include various components as is standard in computer systems. For example, the mainframe computer system  702  may include one or more processors or CPUs, preferably multiple CPUs, as well as non-volatile memory, such as is represented by elements  704 , and various internal buses, etc., as is well known in the art, as well as a display device. In a similar manner, each of the desktop computer systems  714  and/or portable computer systems  716 , or other computer systems included within the enterprise, comprise various standard computer components including one or more CPUs, one or more buses, memory, a power supply, non-volatile memory, and a display, such as a video monitor or LCD display. The computer systems or terminals  712  may comprise standard “dumb” terminals as used with mainframes, i.e., may comprise a display and video hardware and/or memory for displaying data on the display provided from the mainframe computer system  702 . 
         [0043]    The mainframe computer system  702  may store a database comprising data which is desired to be accessible among a portion or all of the enterprise, e.g., is desired to be accessible by one or more of the computer systems  714  and  716 . The database stored in the mainframe computer system  702  may be distributed among one or more of the various storage devices, e.g., file servers  704  connected to the various computer systems  714  and  716 . Thus, it is desired that the data comprising the database be distributed among the enterprise for ready access among multiple users. It is also possible that multiple different database management systems are used within the enterprise, e.g., one or more of the file servers  704  may store its own database which is desired to be replicated among various of the other file servers and/or the mainframe computer system  702 . 
         [0044]    One or more of the computer systems  702 ,  712 ,  714 , and  716  preferably include a memory medium on which computer programs according to the invention may be stored. In addition, the memory medium may be located in a first computer in which the programs are executed, or may be located in a second different computer which connects to the first computer over a network (e.g., LAN  720  or WAN  722 ). In the latter instance, the second computer provides the program instructions to the first computer for execution. Also, the computer systems  702 / 704 ,  712 ,  714 , and  716  may take various forms, including a personal computer system, mainframe computer system, workstation, network appliance, Internet appliance, personal digital assistant (PDA), television system or other device. In general, the term “computer system” can be broadly defined to encompass any device having a processor which executes instructions from a memory medium. 
         [0045]    The memory medium preferably stores a software utility program or programs for graphically displaying database record organization characteristics as described herein. The software program(s) may be implemented in any of various ways, including procedure-based techniques, component-based techniques, and/or object-oriented techniques, among others. For example, the software program may be implemented using ActiveX controls, C++ objects, Java objects, Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC), or other technologies or methodologies, as desired. (ACTIVEX is a registered trademark of the Microsoft Corporation. JAVA is a registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.) A computer system executing code and data from a memory medium comprises a means for graphically displaying database record organization according to the methods and/or block diagrams described below. 
         [0046]    Various embodiments further include receiving or storing instructions and/or data implemented in accordance with the foregoing description upon a memory medium. Suitable memory media include a memory medium as described below. 
         [0047]    Referring now to  FIG. 8 , an exemplary computer system  800  is shown. One or more exemplary computer systems  800  may be included in a mainframe computer (e.g., Element  702  in  FIG. 7 ). Exemplary computer system  800  may comprise a programmable control device  810  which may be optionally connected to input  860  (e.g., a keyboard, mouse, touch screen, etc.), display  870  or program storage device (PSD)  880  (sometimes referred to as direct access storage device or DASD). Also, included with program device  810  is a network interface  840  for communication via a network with other computing and corporate infrastructure devices (See  FIG. 7 ). Note that network interface  840  may be included within programmable control device  810  or be external to programmable control device  810 . In either case, programmable control device  810  will be communicatively coupled to network interface  840 . Also note that program storage unit  880  represents any form of non-volatile storage including, but not limited to, all forms of optical and magnetic storage elements including solid-state storage. 
         [0048]    Program control device  810  may be included in a computer system and be programmed to perform methods in accordance with this disclosure. Program control device  810  comprises a processor unit (PU)  820 , input-output (I/O) interface  850  and memory  830 . Processing unit  820  may include any programmable controller device including, for example, processors of an IBM mainframe (such as a quad-core z10 mainframe microprocessor). Alternatively, in non mainframe systems, examples of processing unit  820  include the Intel Core®, Pentium® and Celeron® processor families from Intel and the Cortex and ARM processor families from ARM. (INTEL CORE, PENTIUM and CELERON are registered trademarks of the Intel Corporation. CORTEX is a registered trademark of the ARM Limited Corporation. ARM is a registered trademark of the ARM Limited Company.) Memory  830  may include one or more memory modules and comprise random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), programmable read only memory (PROM), programmable read-write memory, and solid state memory. One of ordinary skill in the art will also recognize that PU  820  may also include some internal memory including, for example, cache memory. 
         [0049]    In the above detailed description, various features are occasionally grouped together in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments of the subject matter require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. 
         [0050]    Various changes in the details of the illustrated operational methods are possible without departing from the scope of the following claims. For instance, illustrative flow chart steps or process steps of  FIGS. 5A-5B  may perform the identified steps in an order different from that disclosed here. Alternatively, some embodiments may combine the activities described herein as being separate steps. Similarly, one or more of the described steps may be omitted, depending upon the specific operational environment the method is being implemented in. In addition, acts in accordance with  FIGS. 5-6  may be performed by an exemplary computer system  800  comprising a single computer processor, a special purpose processor (e.g., a digital signal processor, “DSP”), a plurality of processors coupled by a communications link or a custom designed state machine, or other device capable of executing instructions organized into one or more program modules. Custom designed state machines may be embodied in a hardware device such as an integrated circuit including, but not limited to, application specific integrated circuits (“ASICs”) or field programmable gate array (“FPGAs”). 
         [0051]    Storage devices, sometimes called “memory medium” or “computer useable medium,” that are suitable for tangibly embodying program instructions may include, but are not limited to: magnetic disks (fixed, floppy, and removable) and tape; optical media such as CD-ROMs and digital video disks (“DVDs”); and semiconductor memory devices such as Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory (“EPROM”), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (“EEPROM”), Programmable Gate Arrays and flash devices. However, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that information may also be maintained as structured text, binary object data (e.g., binary data structures), HTML, XML, or other forms of storing data. 
         [0052]    It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described embodiments may be used in combination with each other. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The scope of the invention should, therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.