Abstract:
An internal voltage generating apparatus adaptive to a temperature change includes a reference voltage circuit including a complementary to absolute temperature (CTAT) type transistor and a proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) type transistor for generating a first to a third initial reference voltage signals. A buffer circuit for buffering a first, a second and a third initial reference voltage signal is included to generate a first, a second, and a third reference voltage signal in response to enable signals. An internal voltage generating circuit is included to generate an internal voltage signal based on the first, the second and the third reference voltage signal by using an inputted power voltage.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to an internal voltage generating apparatus and in particular to an internal voltage generating apparatus capable of controlling various responses to a temperature change.  
       DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART  
       [0002]     Generally, a method of generating an internal voltage through converting an external voltage (e.g., a power supply voltage VDD), which is supplied from an external circuit, into a low voltage level and driving current internally consumed during standby and activation operations using the internal voltage has been employed to meet the demands of high-speed operation and low power dissipation required for dynamic random access memory (DRAM) devices. In addition to the aforementioned memory devices, the above method of generating the internal voltage using the external voltage has been applied to other types of semiconductor devices.  
         [0003]     The internal voltage is generated through a down-conversion operation with respect to the external voltage or a charge pumping operation.  
         [0004]     According to the conventional method, the external voltage is down-converted into a certain level of the internal voltage using a unit gain buffer and an amplifier operating according to a current mirror mode, and the internal voltage is used to drive a necessary amount of current. The internal voltage is used during the standby and activation operations at core and peripheral regions of the DRAM device. Compared with the case of using the external voltage directly, maintaining a certain level of internal voltage at the operation regions of the DRAM device is advantageous on device reliability and power consumption. The internal voltage uses drivers of the DRAM device alone or together depending on an operation state of the DRAM device (i.e., the standby state or the active state) in order to decrease the power consumption.  
         [0000]     With reference to FIGS.  1  to  4 , one conventional internal voltage generating method is described hereinafter.  
         [0005]      FIG. 1  illustrates a block diagram of an internal voltage generating apparatus operating in a down-conversion mode. In more detail,  FIG. 1  illustrates the concept of generating an input voltage signal, i.e., the internal voltage signal V int . A reference voltage circuit  1  generates a first reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum0  to generate the internal voltage signal V int , and an internal voltage generating circuit  3  receives a second reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum0  through a buffer circuit  2  and generates the internal voltage signal V int  through a comparison operation and a feedback operation using a current mirroring device and an amplifier.  FIG. 2  is a schematic circuit diagram of the conventional reference voltage circuit of  FIG. 1 . The conventional reference voltage circuit  1  generates a reference voltage signal, e.g., the first reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum0 , using a band gap mode or a widlar mode in order to maintain a consistent value of the reference voltage signal with regardless of temperature, processes and voltage changes. The first reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum0  is inputted to the buffer circuit  2  illustrated in  FIG. 1  and is used as a reference voltage signal for generating the internal voltage signal V int . Herein, detailed description of the reference voltage circuit  1  will be omitted. The first reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum0  generated from the reference voltage circuit  1  uses a certain level of voltage with respect to changes in process, voltage and temperature (PVT) in the course of designing the reference voltage circuit  1 .  
         [0006]     Generally, a semiconductor temperature sensor uses a base-emitter voltage signal Vbe of a bipolar junction transistor BTJ and generates a voltage using a complementary to absolute temperature (CTAT) type BJT and a proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) type BJT. The CTAT type BJT exhibits a negative response to temperature, whereas the PTAT type BJT exhibits a positive response to temperature.  
         [0007]      FIG. 3  is a schematic circuit diagram of the buffer circuit  2  of  FIG. 1 . The illustrated buffer circuit  2  is one exemplary conventional buffer circuit. The conventional buffer circuit  2  receives the first reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum0  through gates of a first N-channel metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) transistor N 1  and a second NMOS transistor N 3  and generates the second reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum .  
         [0008]     In more detail, when the first reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum0  is enabled, the first NMOS transistor N 1  and the second NMOS transistor N 3  are turned on and operate, which instigates a P-channel metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) transistor P 5  to be turned on and operate. Therefore, as illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the second reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum  is generated from the external voltage, i.e., the poser supply voltage VDD.  
         [0009]      FIG. 4  is a schematic circuit diagram of the internal voltage generating circuit of  FIG. 1 . Particularly,  FIG. 4  illustrates a standby driver that receives the second reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum  outputted from the buffer circuit  2  and generates the internal voltage signal V int .  
         [0010]     The external voltages, i.e., the power supply voltage VDD and the group voltage VSS, are input values for operating the above driver and the second reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum  generated at the buffer circuit  2  is used to generate the internal voltage signal V int . The internal voltage generating circuit  3  outputs the internal voltage signal V int .  
         [0011]     A test signal V int     —     off  is disabled in a logic low level in a normal operation. If the test signal V int     —     off  is enabled in a logic high level, a first PMOS transistor to a fourth PMOS transistor P 1  to P 4  are turned on and supply the external power supply voltage VDD to a first to a third nodes L, R and DRV to thereby disable a current mirror operation.  
         [0012]     Hence, in the normal operation, since the test signal V int     —     off  is disabled in a logic low level, the current mirror operation is normally carried out and can also perform an operation that drives current by generating the internal voltage signal V int  whose level is twice larger than that of the second reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum . However, it should be noted that the second reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum . for generating the internal voltage signal V int  should be precedently set up prior to reaching a power-up level.  
         [0013]     Hereinafter, operation of the internal voltage generating circuit will be described in detail. When the external voltage goes up to a certain level that allows a normal operation as a power-up signal, which indicates circuit initialization, is enabled, a certain level of current is supplied through the first PMOS transistor P 1  and the second PMOS transistor P 2 . The second reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum  that passed through the buffer circuit  2  is inputted to a gate of a first NMOS transistor N 1  and a second NMOS transistor N 3 , which are subsequently saturated to operate the current mirroring device. Afterwards, a reference internal voltage signal V int     —     ref , which takes the second reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum  as a reference value, is low, current flows out of the first node L, thereby decreasing a voltage level of the first node L. As a result, a higher amount of current is supplied to an output terminal through a fifth transistor to a seventh transistor P 5  to P 7 . This operation continues until the second reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum  equals to the reference internal voltage signal V int     —     ref . If a value of the reference internal voltage signal V int     —     ref  is higher than that of the second reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum , current is supplied to the first node L, increasing a voltage level of the first node L. As a result, an amount of current supplied to the output terminal through the fifth transistor to the seventh transistor P 5  to P 7  is decreased.  
         [0014]     By the above sequential sensing operations of the current mirroring device, the reference internal voltage signal V int     —     ref  has the value identical to that of the second reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum  based on the use of the second reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum . Because of this equalization of the voltage level, PMOS diode dividers P 8  and P 9  make the output terminal have a voltage level that is twice higher than that of the reference internal voltage signal V int     —     ref .  
         [0015]     However, according to the conventional reference voltage generating circuit, when the above driver exhibits a temperature characteristic due to device or process characteristics, there is no known method of compensating the temperature characteristic. Especially, the second reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum  supplied to the gate of the second NMOS transistor N 3  is considered the most critical disadvantage. Since the second reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum  has a certain level of voltage with respect to PVT changes, the above driver exhibits a negative or positive temperature characteristic. If the driver has the positive temperature characteristic, the driver has an increased responsiveness at low temperature, which results in high current dissipation, whereas the driver has a decreased responsiveness at high temperature, which decreases the current dissipation. If the driver has the negative temperature characteristic, the driver exhibits the opposite behavior.  
         [0016]     The above result is caused by the fact that the gate voltage of the second NMOS transistor N 3  is affected by a trade-off relationship between the current dissipation of the driver and the response. When the current is dissipated periodically at the output terminal, a voltage of this node changes even if this node has a certain level of capacitance. Thus, the term, “response” is defined as an ability to restore the changed voltage level into the original one, and the response is important when the current is dissipated. In some cases, the current dissipation related to the response may become a direct cause of failures.  
         [0017]     Generally, a method of enhancing the response is to increase a gate voltage of an enabled transistor or increase a size thereof. As a result, an amount of current flowing to the second NMOS transistor N 3  may be increased. However, an amount of standby current may be directly increased, establishing the aforementioned trade-off relationship.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0018]     The present invention provides an internal voltage generating apparatus capable of adjusting a temperature characteristic into a desired level.  
         [0019]     The present invention also provides an internal voltage generating apparatus capable of improving an operation characteristic of a semiconductor device through appropriately responding to a temperature characteristic and of increasing reliability of the semiconductor device.  
         [0020]     In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, an internal voltage generating apparatus of a semiconductor device includes: a complementary to absolute temperature (CTAT) type transistor and a proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) type transistor for generating a first to a third initial reference voltage signals; a buffer circuit for buffering the first to the third initial reference voltage signals to generate a first to a third reference voltage signals in response to enable signals; and an internal voltage generating circuit for generating an internal voltage signal based on the first to the third reference voltage signals by using an inputted power voltage. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0021]     The above and other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments given in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0022]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing a conventional internal voltage generating apparatus operating in a down-conversion mode;  
         [0023]      FIG. 2  is a schematic circuit diagram describing a reference voltage circuit shown in  FIG. 1 ;  
         [0024]      FIG. 3  is a schematic circuit diagram depicting a buffer circuit shown in  FIG. 1 ;  
         [0025]      FIG. 4  is a schematic circuit diagram describing an internal voltage generating circuit shown in  FIG. 1 ;  
         [0026]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram showing an internal voltage generating apparatus operating in a down-conversion mode in accordance with a specific embodiment of the present invention; and  
         [0027]      FIG. 6  is a schematic circuit diagram describing an internal voltage generating circuit shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0028]     An internal voltage generating apparatus adaptive to a temperature change in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.  
         [0029]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram of an internal voltage generating apparatus operating in a down-conversion mode in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Particularly,  FIG. 5  illustrates the concept of the internal voltage generating apparatus according to this embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0030]     The internal voltage generating apparatus includes a reference voltage circuit  11 , a buffer circuit  12 , and an internal voltage generating circuit  13 .  
         [0031]     This embodiment of the present invention is distinctive from the conventional internal voltage generating apparatus in that a first initial reference voltage signal V ref     —     ctat0  outputted from a complementary to absolute temperature (CTAT) bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and a second initial reference voltage signal V ref     —     ptat0  outputted from a proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) BJT are used in addition to a third initial temperature-independent reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum0 , which passed through an adder. Also, a first to a third comparative voltage signals ctat 0 _off, ptat 0 _off and sum 0 _off with respect to the above first to the third reference voltage signals V ref     —     ctat0 , V ref     —     ptat0  and V ref     —     sum0  can be additionally used as well.  
         [0032]     In more detail, compared with the conventional internal generating apparatus, the internal voltage generating apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention is configured to adjust a temperature-dependent response characteristic of the internal voltage generating circuit  13  by employing the third initial reference voltage signal V ref     —     ptat0 , which exhibits a positive temperature characteristic, and the first initial reference voltage signal V ref     —     ctat0 , which exhibits a negative temperature characteristic in addition to the third initial temperature-independent reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum0  which is conventionally employed.  
         [0033]     The first to the third comparative voltage signals ctat 0 _off, ptat 0 _off and sum 0 _off determine whether to use the first to the third initial reference voltage signals V ref     —     ctat0 , V ref     —     ptat0  and V ref     —     sum0  which are inputted to the buffer circuit  12  and, can be signals inputted from outside or signals generated from a temperature sensing circuit. Also, the first to the third comparative voltage signals ctat 0 _off, ptat 0 _off and sum 0 _off can use a test mode. It is determined which response characteristic should be used with respect to a certain temperature using a specific combination of the first to the third comparative voltage signals ctat 0 _off, ptat 0 _off and sum 0 _off.  
         [0034]     The buffer circuit  12  receives the first to the third initial reference voltage signals V ref     —     ctat0 , V ref     —     tat0  and V ref     —     sum0  from the reference voltage circuit  11  and generates a CTAT reference voltage signal V ref     —     ctat , a PTAT reference voltage signal V ref     —     ptat  and a temperature-independent reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum , respectively.  
         [0035]     The internal voltage generating circuit  13  receives the CTAT reference voltage signal V ref     —     ctat , the PTAT reference voltage signal V ref     —     ptat  and the temperature-independent reference voltage V ref     —     sum  and generates an intended internal voltage signal V int  by sequentially going through a comparative operation and a feedback operation using a current mirroring unit and an amplifier.  
         [0036]      FIG. 6  is a circuit diagram of the internal voltage generating circuit in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0037]     The internal voltage generating circuit  13  includes a comparison block  15 , an enabling block  16 , and an internal voltage output block  17 . The comparison block  15  compares the temperature-independent reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum  with a reference internal voltage signal V int     —     ref  and outputs the comparison result. The enabling block  16  enables the comparison block  15  via a combination of the temperature-independent reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum , the CTAT reference voltage signal V ref     —     ctat  and the PTAT reference voltage signal V ref     —     ptat . The internal voltage output block  17  generates an internal voltage signal Vint corresponding to an output value of the comparison block  15  and performs a feedback operation which takes a value corresponding to the internal voltage signal V int  as a value of the reference internal voltage signal V int     —     ref .  
         [0038]     Compared with the conventional internal voltage generating apparatus which is configured with one N-channel metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) transistor and generates the internal voltage signal by receiving only the reference voltage signal, which exhibits a temperature-independent characteristic, the enabling block  16  includes three NMOS transistors N 3 , N 4  and N 5  and connect the CTAT reference voltage signal Vref_ctat, which exhibits a negative temperature characteristic, the PTAT reference voltage signal V ref     —     ptat , which exhibits a positive temperature characteristic, and the temperature-independent reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum  in parallel with gates of the three NMOS transistors N 3 , N 4  and N 5 , respectively. The enabling block  16  operates as an enabling means for the comparison block  15 , so that a temperature-dependent response characteristic of a driver can be adjusted.  
         [0039]     The comparison block  15  includes a differential input unit receiving the temperature-independent reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum  and the reference internal voltage signal V int     —     ref  and compare the received two signals with each other, and the aforementioned current mirroring unit mirroring a current level corresponding to the comparison value outputted from the differential input unit. When one of the three NMOS transistors N 3 , N 4  and N 5  of the enabling block  16  is turned on, the comparison block  15  starts its operation, more specifically, the current mirroring unit outputs a current level corresponding to a difference between two NMOS transistors N 1  and N 2  of the differential input unit.  
         [0040]     At this time, a test signal V int     —     off  inputted to the comparison block  15  is disabled in a logic low level in the case of a normal operation, and thus, the test signal V int     —     off  operates the differential input unit and the current mirroring unit normally and generates an internal voltage whose level is twice higher than that of the reference voltage, which performs an operation of driving current.  
         [0041]     The internal voltage output block  17  includes a current supply terminal and an impedance terminal. The current supply terminal supplies a certain level of current corresponding to an output value from the comparison block  15 . The impedance terminal outputs the internal voltage signal V int  in response to the current level outputted from the current supply terminal and performs a feedback operation, which takes a value corresponding to the internal voltage signal V int  as a value of the reference internal voltage signal V int     —     ref .  
         [0042]     Hereinafter, operation of the internal voltage generating apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail.  
         [0043]     When one of the CTAT reference voltage signal V ref     —     ctat , the temperature-independent reference voltage V ref     —     sum  and the PTAT reference voltage V ref     —     pat , which are supplied to the three transistors N 3 , N 4  and N 5  of the enabling block  16  is enabled, the corresponding transistor among the three NMOS transistors N 3 , N 4  and N 5  is turned on to operate the comparison block  15 .  
         [0044]     If a level of the reference internal voltage signal V int     —     ref  is lower than that of the temperature-independent reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum  inputted to a gate of one NMOS transistor N 1  of the comparison block  15 , current is leaked out of a node L and thus, a voltage level of the node L decreases. As a result, a higher amount of current is supplied to the output terminal through three PMOS transistors P 5 , P 6  and P 7  included in the internal voltage output block  17  connected with the node L.  
         [0045]     In contrast, when the reference internal voltage signal V int     —     ref  is higher than the temperature-independent reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum  inputted to the gate of the NMOS transistor N 1  of the comparison block  15 , current is supplied to the node L, thereby increasing a voltage level of the node L and decreasing current supplied to the output terminal through the three PMOS transistors P 5 , P 6  and P 7  of the internal voltage output block  17  connected with the node L.  
         [0046]     The above operations continue until the temperature-independent reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum  and the reference internal voltage signal V int     —     ref  have the same voltage level. By the above described sequential sensing operations of the current mirroring unit, the reference internal voltage signal V int     —     ref  and the temperature-independent reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum  have the same voltage level and as a result, PMOS diode dividers included in the internal voltage output block  17  increases the above voltage level by approximately 2-fold.  
         [0047]     Since a low level of current flows through other diode drivers P 8  and P 9  of the internal voltage output block  17 , it is possible to prevent a discharge event of the output terminal of the internal voltage output block  17 . Also, capacitors CP and CN can be used to prevent noise.  
         [0048]     In one embodiment of the present invention, an enabling element of a current mirroring unit can be controlled by using the temperature-independent reference voltage signal V ref     —     sum , the CTAT reference voltage V ref     —     ctat  signal and the PTAT reference voltage V ref     —     ptat . Hence, it is possible to adjust a response characteristic of a voltage driver, which varies depending on temperature.  
         [0049]     The present application contains subject matter related to the Korean patent application No. KR 2005-0027398, filed in the Korean Patent Office on Mar. 31, 2005, the entire contents of which being incorporated herein by reference.  
         [0050]     While the present invention has been described with respect to the particular embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.