Abstract:
A system for autonomous direction of an aircraft to emergency/contingency landing sites incorporates a terrain mapping sensor and an onboard processor receiving terrain data from the terrain mapping sensor. The processor employs software modules for processing the terrain data to produce a terrain map and for creating a landing profile based on the terrain map.

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is co-pending with application Ser. No. 12/764,797 entitled Determining Landing Sites For Aircraft filed on Apr. 21, 2010, application Ser. No. 13/196,826 entitled Flight Interpreter For Captive Carry Unmanned Aircraft Systems Demonstration and application Ser. No. 13/196,844 entitled Enhanced Delectability of Air Vehicles for Optimal Operations in Controlled Airspace filed substantially concurrently herewith, all having a common assignee with the present application, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
     1. Field 
     Embodiments of the disclosure relate generally to the field of controlled flight for manned and unmanned aircraft systems, and more particularly a system and method for using on-board sensors to identify areas in the terrain in proximity to a manned aircraft or unmanned aircraft system (UAS) that have reachable landing site(s). The system manages the UAS or manned aircraft to a safe landing site in engine-out or other emergency conditions, and determines the best landing site taking into consideration the aero-performance and kinematic characteristics of the aircraft in its current operational state, the profile and extent of the terrain, and obstacle avoidance. It then generates and displays and/or implements the best path (course) to the landing site. 
     2. Background 
     Aircraft, particularly light aircraft and UAS, often fly over terrain in which a requirement for landing at a location other than the intended landing site due to an in-flight emergency or other situation presents a significant challenge. The problem of selecting a suitable emergency landing site is a complex issue that has been exacerbated by the continued growth of previously undeveloped, underdeveloped, and/or unoccupied areas. During an inflight emergency, pilots have previously been limited to using their planning, experience, vision, and familiarity with a given area to select an emergency landing site. During an emergency situation, a pilot may have little time to determine that an emergency landing needs to be executed, to find or select a suitable landing site, to execute other aircraft emergency procedures, to prepare passengers, and to then pilot the aircraft to the selected landing site. Currently there is no method for autonomously determining an adequate landing site for an aircraft in duress or directing the aircraft there. 
     It is therefore desirable to provide a method and system for autonomously identifying areas in the terrain in proximity to an aircraft that have reachable landing site(s) for contingency operations such as engine-out or other emergency conditions, detecting and determining the best landing site taking into consideration the aero-performance and kinematic characteristics of the aircraft in its current operational state, the profile and extent of the terrain, and obstacle avoidance and providing that information for implementation by the pilot or aircraft systems. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments described herein provide a system for autonomous direction of an aircraft to emergency/contingency landing sites which incorporates a terrain mapping sensor and an onboard processor receiving terrain data from the terrain mapping sensor. The processor employs software modules for processing the terrain data to produce a terrain map and for creating a landing profile based on the terrain map. 
     The embodiment allows a method for autonomous direction of an aircraft to emergency/contingency landing sites wherein an onboard sensor is used for selecting potential landing sites and a landing profile is generated based on a selected one of said potential landing sites. 
     In a particular embodiment, the method provides for initiating a terrain mapping sensor and sensing of local terrain in proximity to the aircraft with the terrain mapping sensor receiving actual terrain environment data. The terrain environment data is then processed into a digital terrain map and potential landing sites are determined based on the sensed terrain identified in the map taking into account surface characteristics corresponding to landing site criteria. Landing sites are then loaded into a landing site library. If a forced landing is imminent a landing site best meeting a set of constraint criteria is chosen. A route to the chosen landing site is calculated employing the constraints data and the calculated route is flown to execute a landing. 
     The features, functions, and advantages that have been discussed can be achieved independently in various embodiments of the present invention or may be combined in yet other embodiments, further details of which can be seen with reference to the following description and drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  is a pictorial view of elements of an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 1B  is a terrain map detail; 
         FIG. 2  is a flow chart showing operation of the embodiment; 
         FIG. 3A  is a horizontal display of landing path routing; 
         FIG. 3B  is a vertical display of landing path routing; 
         FIG. 4A  is a selected first routing path; 
         FIG. 4B  is a modified selected routing path; and, 
         FIG. 5  is an instrument display of a “fly to” path for pilot direction. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The embodiments described herein provide a system and method for using on-board sensors (such as or Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) or a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)) as a means to identify areas in the terrain in proximity to a manned aircraft or unmanned aircraft system (UAS) that have reachable landing site(s) for contingency operations such as engine-out or other emergency conditions. The system detects and determines the best landing site, taking into consideration the aero-performance and kinematic characteristics of the aircraft in its current operational state (e.g. loss of aero performance or loss of engine); the profile and extent of the terrain, and obstacle avoidance. The best path (course to the landing site is then generated and displayed to the pilots, including waypoints and margins. In the case of a UAS, the system will autonomously command and control the aircraft to the optimal landing site. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1A , an example embodiment consists of two primary subsystems. First, a terrain mapping sensor  10  (LIDAR, SAR, etc.) is mounted on an aircraft  12  in such a manner that it has 360 degree view of the local terrain  11 . An onboard processor  14  receives and translates raw data streams from returns by the mapping sensor  10  into a terrain map  16  (shown in greater detail discussed subsequently with respect to  FIG. 1B ) that can be analyzed for profile, extent and obstructions to determine optimal landing sites given the aero-kinematic performance of the aircraft, as will be described in greater detail subsequently. Second, a Safe Area Flight Emergency (SAFE) algorithm represented as  18  and as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,689,328 entitled Determining Suitable Areas for Off-Airport Landings issued. on Mar. 30, 2010 and additionally described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/764,797 entitled “Determining Landing Sites For Aircraft” filed on Apr. 21, 2010 is executed by the onboard processor. 
     Depending on the application, appropriate processing and integration to the flight controls by the onboard processor is accomplished through connection to an autopilot  20 , in either a manned aircraft or a UAS application, or alternatively as visual displays in a cockpit instrument system for a manned aircraft with actual flight control input accomplished by the pilot. The processing power required by the onboard processor is dependent on 1) the efficiency of the SAFE algorithm and 2) the grid size chosen for the calculation to be performed. The finer the grid, the more processing is required. SAFE operates by generating spanning trees from the aircraft position to the desired landing site as described in application Ser. No. 12/764,797 entitled Determining Landing Sites For Aircraft. The best route is chosen based on rules such as staying above the minimum altitude required to make it to the site in a contingency operation. 
     The processing sequence for the embodiment described is shown in detail in  FIG. 2 . Upon takeoff, step  202 , the terrain mapping sensor  10  is initiated, step  204 . Sensing of local terrain in proximity to the aircraft is accomplished by the terrain mapping sensor receiving actual terrain environment data,  205 , and processing it into a terrain map (e.g., digital terrain map), step  206 . As show in  FIG. 1B , the terrain map may be a combination of predetermined geographical data with updates provided by the terrain mapping sensor  10 , General terrain profiles  40 A and  40 B are presented and potential landing sites such as existing airports  42 ,  44 , roads  46 , open flat terrain with minimal vegetation such as areas  48 , and man-made obstacles such as power lines  50 . Potential landing sites are determined based on the sensed terrain identified in the terrain map, step  208 , taking into account surface characteristics corresponding to landing site criteria  210  (flatness, length, vegetation or prepared surface, unpaved, paved, etc). The potential landing sites are loaded into a landing site library,  212 , for use by the on-board processor  14 . The landing site library may also include a set of pre-loaded landing sites,  214 , prior to takeoff based on anticipated route or other predetermined criteria. The determination of potential landing sites also employs current aircraft performance data,  216 , for real-time assessment of which landing sites in the library may be reached by the aircraft for landing under an emergency condition. While preloaded data may include some “unprepared or off-field” landing sites, the availability of accurate real-time sensing of data from the terrain mapping sensors allows confirmation of the status of such landing sites which are not normally maintained. Additionally, seasonal or real time changes to terrain such as crop harvesting, deforestation due to logging, newly added roads or other prepared geographic features that may now provide sufficient length, surface composition and accessibility to act as a landing site can be sensed by the terrain mapping sensors for update/verification of the landing sites data. 
     If a forced landing is imminent, step  218 , the processor chooses a landing site, step  220 , best meeting a set of constraint criteria data,  222 . Constraints may include mission defined criteria (security requirements, material hazards or other exposure constraints), communications link continuity for continued communications between the aircraft and ground controllers, battery longevity (life of communications and control capability), actual winds and weather conditions, actual aircraft performance including degradation based on the emergency condition, runway or landing zone type and length, and obstructions proximate the landing zone. Landing site selection from the landing site library includes both preloaded and real-time data from the terrain mapping sensor. 
     Once the landing site has been selected, the processor calculates a route to the chosen landing site, step  224 , again employing the set of constraint criteria data,  222 . Landing route selection may include determinations of overflight issues due to mission defined criteria (as an example: no populated area overflight), and geographical considerations. As shown in  FIGS. 3A and 3B , from the air vehicle current position  302  to potential landing sites  304 A or  304 B, ground tracks  306 A and  306 B may be established based on geographical or other constraints data while requirements for vertical profiles  308 A and  308 B may be determined based on air vehicle performance constraints. The route determination may be based on spanning tree calculations as described in application Ser. No. 12/764,797 entitled “Determining Landing Sites For Aircraft”. A selected route  402 A may then be modified as shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B  to route  402 B to achieve a specific route point  403  but accommodate requirements imposed by terrain  404  or physical feature avoidance such as a town  406 . Real time terrain mapping sensor data may be employed in the route calculations to update pre-loaded landing site data. 
     The route is then flown, step  226 , by the autopilot  20  in either a UAV or piloted aircraft, or route data may he provided to a cockpit display  500  providing a “fly to” profile  502  with guidance boxes  504  as shown in  FIG. 5  for guidance to the pilot of a piloted aircraft. A landing is then executed at the selected landing site, step 
     Having now described various embodiments of the invention in detail as required by the patent statutes, those skilled in the art will recognize modifications and substitutions to the specific embodiments disclosed herein. Such modifications are within the scope and intent of the present invention as defined in the following claims.