Abstract:
An anti-stall tool in an oil well drilling assembly that controls reciprocation of the drill bit by a controller that alters weight-on-bit (WOB) depending upon measured downhole pressure or torque at the downhole motor. The controller receives preset high and low working pressure limits for the downhole motor and keeps the drill bit rotating by maintaining WOB during normal drilling operations, increasing WOB if sensed working pressure indicates that drill bit loading or torque is undesirably low, and reversing WOB by retracting the drill bit if excessive working pressure or torque is sensed.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE 
       [0001]    This application claims the priority date of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 348,778, filed Jan. 5, 2009, which claims priority to Provisional Applications 61/009,972, filed Jan. 3, 2008, and 61/082,931, filed Jul. 23, 2008. These priority applications are incorporated herein in their entirety by this reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This invention relates to downhole drilling assemblies, and more particularly, to an anti-stall tool for controlling weight-on-bit during drilling operations. 
         [0003]    Coiled tubing drilling requires the use of a downhole positive displacement motor (PDM) to rotate the drill bit. During drilling operations, the unloaded PDM rotates at a constant RPM and achieves a “freespin” motor pressure, with respect to the fluid flow rate. As the drill bit encounters the bottom of the hole and force is transferred to the bit, referred to as weight-on-bit (WOB), the motor will sense an increase in torque. This increase in torque is a result of increased resistance to rotating at the constant RPM (assuming a constant flow rate). In turn, the PDM requires additional pressure to turn the motor at the constant RPM while under increased resistance. If the resistance increases to a condition which prohibits the PDM from rotating (i.e. excessive WOB), a motor stall is encountered. During a motor stall, the motor stops turning, the downhole fluid path is severely restricted, and the surface pump pressure dramatically increases. This event can eventually cause a motor failure, which requires the drilling process to be stopped, and the coiled tubing to be fatigue-cycled as the bit is pulled off bottom and run back into the hole to start drilling again. 
         [0004]    A downhole tool that monitors motor pressure and sharply reduces the occurrence of motor stalls will increase overall drilling efficiency by: 
         [0005]    (1) Increasing the average rate of penetration. This is achieved by reducing the occurrences of pulling off-bottom every time the motor stalls. 
         [0006]    (2) Decreasing the damage to PDMs through repeated motor stalls, thereby decreasing occurrence of downhole failure. 
         [0007]    (3) Decreasing the fatigue cycles on the coiled tubing. This increases the number of wells a coiled tubing string can service. 
         [0008]    By achieving a more efficient drilling operation, the operators can substantially increase the cost savings of drilling a well. 
         [0009]    The present invention provides an anti-stall tool that controls WOB during drilling operations, resulting in improved overall drilling efficiency. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    Briefly, the invention comprises an anti-stall tool for use in a downhole assembly near the bottom of the tubing adjacent a positive displacement motor (PDM) and the drill bit. In one embodiment, the tubing comprises a coiled tubing, although the invention also can be used in rotary drilling applications. The anti-stall tool includes a controller that controls the force applied to the drill bit during drilling to prevent the drill bit from stalling under load. A working pressure range of the PDM is sensed during use by a hydraulic valve control system and is used as an input to the controller. The controller alters weight-on-bit (WOB) if the downhole pressure goes beyond either end of a preset working pressure range of the system. The controller keeps the drill bit rotating by (1) maintaining WOB during normal drilling operations, (2) increasing WOB if sensed PDM working pressure indicates that drill bit loading is low, and (3) reducing WOB which reduces PDM back-pressure to retract the drill bit from the bottom if excessive working pressure is sensed due to increased torque at the PDM. 
         [0011]    The anti-stall tool generally comprises one or more hydraulic cylinders for applying an axial force either in a forward direction or a reverse direction. The controller comprises a system of hydraulic valves adapted to control piston force in either the forward or reverse directions. An active stage of the anti-stall tool reacts to the PDM producing low downhole pressures (e.g. below a preset low pressure) by actuating one or more of the pistons in the downhole direction to increase WOB which increases PDM back-pressure. When the PDM is operating within its normal operating pressure range, the controller locks the pistons in a passive mode, in which the pistons are sealed and the anti-stall tool transfers force from the tubing to the drill bit. If the controller senses a preset high pressure or greater due to high torque at the PDM, the valve system reverses hydraulic flow to the pistons, which reduces WOB to force the drill bit away from the bottom to reduce PDM back-pressure. 
         [0012]    One embodiment of the invention comprises an anti-stall method for controlling drilling operations in a downhole assembly which includes a tubing that extends downhole, a drill bit carried on the tubing, a positive displacement motor (PDM) for rotating the drill bit, and an anti-stall tool adjacent the PDM. The method comprises sensing pressure in the PDM, providing a range of operating pressures for the PDM defined by high and low limits of operating pressures, and operating the anti-stall tool in: (1) an active stage for increasing WOB forces in the downhole direction when the low limit of operating pressure is sensed, (2) a reverse stage for providing a WOB force in the reverse direction when the high limit of operating pressure is sensed, and (3) optional passive stage in which the anti-stall tool is locked to transfer WOB directly from the tubing to the drill bit when the PDM is operating within the limits of its normal operating pressure range. 
         [0013]    Another embodiment comprises an improved anti-stall tool which produces a controlled translational motion of the drill bit that increases drilling efficiency. The anti-stall tool controls the force applied to the drill bit during drilling to prevent the drill bit from stalling under load. The anti-stall tool comprises one or more hydraulic cylinders for applying an axial force in either a forward or reverse direction, and a controller adapted to control the force applied by the one or more hydraulic cylinders to the drill bit in response to sensed working pressure of the drive motor during drilling operations. The controller comprises a system for adjusting WOB when working pressure exceeds either end of a working pressure range of the drive motor. The system includes (1) a passive stage for maintaining WOB when working pressure is within a preset normal operating range, (2) an active stage for applying pressure to the one or more cylinders to increase WOB when sensed working pressure is below a preset limit, and (3) a reverse stage for reversing pressure to the one or more cylinders to reduce WOB and thereby retract the drill bit from the bottom when sensed working pressure is above a preset limit. The tool is normally controlled to apply WOB at pressures within a desired wide range of pressures. When reaching a preset anti-stall pressure, the tool is reversed to reduce WOB and does not resume applying WOB over a preset wide range of PDM back-pressure drop. 
         [0014]    In another embodiment, the tool can apply WOB during the wide range of operating pressures via at least two stages, one where pressure is increasing up to a set desired operating pressure, and then switches the tool to a locked position at that pressure and higher up to a preset anti-stall limit at which flow to the pistons is reversed to lift the drill bit. The two stages can be operated as active/reverse stages as well. 
         [0015]    These and other aspects of the invention, including additional embodiments, will be more fully understood by referring to the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0016]      FIG. 1  is a schematic view showing a downhole assembly containing an anti-stall tool according to principles of this invention. 
           [0017]      FIG. 2  shows a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a hydraulic-operated anti-stall tool. 
           [0018]      FIG. 3  is an elevational view showing a further embodiment of an anti-stall tool. 
           [0019]      FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view showing the anti-stall tool of  FIG. 3  along with a schematic view of an improved controller. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0020]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram illustrating a coiled tubing drilling system for drilling a well bore in an underground formation. The coiled tubing drilling system can include a coiled tubing reel  14 , a gooseneck tubing guide  16 , a tubing injector  18 , a coiled tubing  20 , a coiled tubing connector  21 , and a drill bit  22  at the bottom of the well bore.  FIG. 1  also shows a control cab  24 , a power pack  26 , and an alignment of other BHA tools at  27 . A tractor (not shown), such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,982, may be used to move downhole equipment within the bore. The &#39;982 patent is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference. During drilling, the downhole equipment includes a downhole motor  28 , such as a positive displacement motor (PDM), for rotating the drill bit. An anti-stall tool (AST)  30 , according to principles of this invention, is positioned near the bottom of the coiled tubing, upstream from the downhole motor and the drill bit. In one embodiment, hydraulic back pressure produced within the coiled tubing is measured at the surface. Torque produced at the drill bit during drilling operations is directly related to back-pressure. As a result, hydraulic back-pressure measurements can be sensed and used as inputs to a hydraulic control valve system contained in the anti-stall tool. 
         [0021]    The anti-stall tool  30  incorporates use of a series of hydraulic cylinders and as few as three pressure-actuated valves to control the applied weight-on-bit (WOB) while drilling. This tool will virtually create a real time, downhole motor pressure sensor that will alter the WOB to maintain a relatively constant drilling rate of penetration and provide feedback to the coiled tubing operator to adjust coiled tubing injector rates to match the PDM pressure. 
         [0022]    The invention uses the working pressure range of the downhole positive displacement motor  28  to alter the WOB if the downhole pressure surpasses either end of the working range. During drilling operations, the AST controls WOB through the use of three distinct operations: active WOB, passive WOB and reverse. 
         [0023]      FIG. 2  illustrates one embodiment of the anti-stall tool  30  which includes a series of axially aligned hydraulic cylinders with separate pistons that define piston areas A 1  and A 2 , A 3 A and A 3 B, and A 3 C and A 3 D. The torque section of the tool is shown at  35 .  FIG. 2  also schematically shows a controller  34  contained in the anti-stall tool. The controller includes a pressure reducing valve  36 , a reverser valve  38 , and a vent valve  40 . Hydraulic control fluid passes through a filter  42 . 
         [0024]    In the description to follow, specific operating pressure set points or values are related to operative ranges for coiled tubing equipment. Use of the anti-stall tool in rotary drilling operations, for example, would involve use of different operating pressure ranges or control valve set points. 
         [0025]    The first stage of the hydraulic anti-stall tool is activated when the unloaded PDM produces low downhole pressures. For example, if the PDM creates a back pressure of 200 psi (adjustable to specific motor requirements), the anti-stall tool will be in the active WOB stage. This causes pressure to be supplied to all pistons that will produce a force in the downhole PDM to generate more pressure. As the anti-stall tool senses the increase in pressure to 250 psi (adjustable to specific motor requirements), the pressure reducing valve  36  will shut off additional flow to the pistons and hydraulically lock the pistons in the passive WOB stage. 
         [0026]    In the passive WOB stage, the anti-stall tool transfers the force from the tubing to the bit. The tool is acting as a rigid member and is monitoring the PDM back-pressure. The pressure reducing valve  36  is closed and is sealing the fluid in the pistons (A 3 A and possibly A 3 C) that produce a force in the downhole direction. All of the resultant pressure from the WOB will be contained in the sealed piston volumes. 
         [0027]    During the final stage of the anti-stall tool, the back pressure due to high torque in the PDM triggers the reverser valve  38  and vent valve  40  to reduce WOB. Once the back pressure reaches 1,000 psi (adjustable to specific motor requirements), the reverser valve  38  switches the flow of fluid to the pistons that produce force in the uphole direction (A 2 , A 3 B, A 3 D). At the same time, the vent valve  40  vents the opposite side of those pistons. This allows the tool to travel uphole, reducing WOB and thereby reducing the PDM back pressure. As the PDM back pressure falls below the reverser valve setting (including hysteresis) the reverser valve  38  will switch back to its original position. 
         [0028]    The anti-stall tool is designed to be in the fully expanded position at low pressures. This bias allows the tool to have the full length of stroke available to retract as much as needed until the PDM back-pressure reduces below the lower limit of the vent valve. The anti-stall tool will then try to fully expand, but the pressure may rise to the pressure control valve setting or higher and limit the expansion. Therefore, the long stroke length will allow several retraction steps before the stroke length is used up. The coiled tubing operator can adjust the input speed of the coiled tubing into the hole to prevent the anti-stall tool from fully retracting. The operator will see a change in pump pressure with each retraction to signal the need to reduce the coiled tubing input speed. 
         [0029]    The anti-stall tool operates as an open loop system. Drilling fluid from the surface is pumped down the bore in the tubing through the tool, to the motor for rotating the drill bit. Most of the fluid flow in the system is used for driving the drill bin A small amount of the fluid is used for the controller and is jetted out to the sides and into the annulus during use. 
         [0030]    The anti-stall tool includes splines in a torque section  44  which contains an outer spline housing and splines contained internally on the piston housing. The splines allow the BHA to maintain its orientation relative to the motor and drill bit, without undesired twisting. The splines allow the tool to be used with a steerable BHA. Steerable BHAs can be controlled to drill the hole to a desired location, while changing the direction of the hole while drilling to achieve this goal. The splines allow the PDM and bit to maintain alignment with the orienting tools that would be uphole of the anti-stall tool. The torque load is transferred from the PDM across the outermost housings and across the spline of the anti-stall tool to the tools uphole of the anti-stall tool. The inner shafts do not see direct loading due to torque. The spline section functions in both the expansion and retraction of the anti-stall tool. 
         [0031]      FIGS. 3 and 4  show an improved anti-stall tool  30 ′ which produces a three-stage controlled translational motion to the drill bit that increases drilling efficiency. 
         [0032]    This illustrated embodiment includes a series of axially aligned hydraulic cylinders with pistons that cooperate to form piston areas S 1 , A 1  and A 2 , and A 3 A and A 3 B. The torque section of the tool is shown at  44  along with a hydraulic controller contained in the anti-stall tool and shown schematically at  46 . The controller includes a pressure control valve  48 , a pilot valve  50 , a sequence valve  52 , and a vent valve  54 . A filter for the hydraulic controller is shown at  56 . 
         [0033]    In one embodiment, the controller has the three stages of operation: (1) active, (2) passive, and (3) retraction. The control valves contained in the controller area of the tool are shown schematically in  FIG. 4 : pressure lines are shown as solid lines, pilot lines are shown as dashed lines, and exhaust lines are shown in dotted lines. In the following description, the pressure ranges are used as examples only; they are adjustable to specific motor requirements. 
         [0034]    The active stage applies downward force to the drill bit based on motor back-pressure from the positive displacement motor. If pressure is less than 400 psi, for example, the hydraulic pistons apply a downward force which generates more PDM back-pressure. The vent valve  54  of the controller is open and supplies a pilot signal to the pilot valve  50 . If pressure reaches 400 psi, the vent valve  54  closes and vents the pilot line for the pilot valve  50 . But the detented pilot valve stays in position, and the PDM back-pressure is sensed by the pressure control valve  48 . The pistons apply the downward force until sensed downhole pressure reaches 650 psi, for example, which represents a desired working pressure. 
         [0035]    The pressure control valve then switches the anti-stall tool to the passive mode when sensed pressure reaches the desired drilling pressure of 650 psi, for example. Here the pressure control valve  48  shuts off flow to the pistons and hydraulically locks the pistons in the passive WOB mode. The pressure control valve  48  is closed and no pressure is sent to the pistons. The pistons are sealed, and existing force is transferred to the drill bit. Motor pressure is not increased. Downhole pressure continues to be monitored in the passive mode via the vent valve  54  and sequence valve  52 , which monitor pressure change in the coiled tubing. The passive state continues until sensed back-pressure reaches 800 psi, for example. 
         [0036]    Once downhole pressure reaches the 800 psi level, the anti-stall tool switches to the reverse mode. That is, if torque in the PDM increases, it causes an increase in back-pressure. Motor stall is prevented by sensing and reacting to back pressure at a level below motor stall, e.g., 800 psi, or other pressure below that at which stall can occur. 
         [0037]    When sensed pressure reaches 800 psi, the normally-closed sequence valve  52  is opened, sending a pilot signal to the pilot valve  50  which reverses flow of hydraulic fluid to the pistons to produce a force in the uphole direction, to reduce WOB. 
         [0038]    As back pressure falls below 800 psi, the pilot signal from the sequence valve  52  to the pilot valve  50  is closed. The sequence valve  52  vents the pilot signal, and this continues until sensed PDM pressure falls to 400 psi, where the vent valve  54  opens and sends a pilot signal to the pilot valve  50  to shift back to the active mode, by supplying fluid pressure to the pistons in the forward direction, to apply downward force to increase WOB. 
         [0039]    Thus, in this embodiment, the tool is normally controlled to apply WOB when drilling at pressures within a desired wide range of pressures. These can be from 400 to 800 psi, for example. When reaching a preset anti-stall pressure, such as 800 psi, which would be a safe level below the pressure at which stall actually occurs, the tool is reversed and does not resume applying WOB over a preset wide range of pressure drop, before resuming active WOB operations. This wide range of pressure drop can be from about 200 to about 2,000 psi. In the illustrated embodiment, the range of pressure drop is 400 psi (from 800 to 400 psi), before WOB is resumed. 
         [0040]    The tool applies WOB during the desired wide range of operating pressures via two stages, one stage where pressure is increasing up to a set desired operating pressure, for example 650 psi, and then switches to a second-stage locked position at that pressure and higher up until an anti-stall limit, of say 800 psi is reached, for reversing flow to the pistons and lifting the drill bit. 
         [0041]    A key feature of the anti-stall tool is the single input necessary for the tool to operate. The tool need only sense and respond to the back-pressure created by the PDM. Stated another way, the anti-stall tool operates on constant (although adjustable) working pressure set points. The fixed set points can be fine-tuned to control the thresholds at which the control valves open and close, and as a result, drill bit penetration rate is more uniform. 
         [0042]    An alternate embodiment of the invention comprises a two-phase anti-stall method for controlling drilling operations in a downhole assembly, which includes the tubing that extends downhole, the drill bit carried on the tubing, the positive displacement motor (PDM) for rotating the drill bit, and the anti-stall tool adjacent the PDM. This method comprises sensing pressure in the PDM, providing a range of operating pressures for the PDM defined by high and low limits of operating pressures, and operating the anti-stall tool in: (1) an active stage increasing WOB forces in the downhole direction when the low limit of operating pressure is sensed, and (2) a reverse stage providing a force in the reverse direction, reducing the WOB, when the high limit of operating pressure is sensed. 
         [0043]    This two-phase anti-stall method can be accomplished by adjusting the setting of the sequence valve  52  equal to or lower than the pressure control valve  48 , but still above the setting of the vent valve  54 . 
         [0044]    The anti-stall tool also can be operated by the two-phase method, combined with a passive range that operates (as described above) between a small range of pressure settings. 
         [0045]    Different orifice adjustments can be used to control the speed at which the tool responds. In  FIG. 2 , the orifice is not shown. The orifice can be on the exhaust of the reverser valve  38 . 
         [0046]    Although the schematic in  FIG. 4  depicts a single orifice, those skilled in the art would understand that the two-position/four-way valve contains two exhaust ports. Each of the ports vents a different piston area, either the piston area to produce downhole force (expand) or uphole force (retract). Using the high and low limits of the operating pressures, the orifice sizes can be calculated to restrict the volumetric flow rate of fluid exhausted through the valve and thereby control the speed at which the tool expands or retracts. The expansion and retraction of the tool can be controlled individually by different orifice sizes. 
         [0047]    As an alternative, WOB can be controlled by a combination of control valve settings and adjustments to orifice sizes. 
       EXAMPLE 
       [0048]    The following specifications illustrate one embodiment of the anti-stall tool: 
         [0000]                                            Description   Characteristic                           Tool OD   3.00 in           Tool ID   .75 in           Length - Expanded   8.1 ft           Length - Collapsed   7.4 ft           Stroke   9 in           Max Temp   300° F.           Tensile Strength   50,000 lbs           Max Motor Torque   2,000 ft-lbs           Max Dog Leg   25°/100 ft           Tool Joint   2⅜ PAC                        
The design is flexible in that the pressure settings and orifice size may be changed to fine-tune the tool. If a much larger WOB change is needed, then the shaft can be replaced to allow installation of additional pistons.
 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 # of 
                 Total Downhole Area 
                 Pressure Control 
                 Max WOB from 
               
               
                 Pistons 
                 (sq. in.) 
                 Valve Setting (psi) 
                 AST (lbs) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 4.8 
                 650 
                 3,055 
               
               
                 2 
                 7.9 
                 650 
                 5,135 
               
               
                 3 
                 11.0 
                 650 
                 7,150 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0049]    The anti-stall tool cylinders and valves may be manufactured from various corrosion-resistant materials including tungsten carbide, Inconel, high strength nickel alloyed steel such as MP35, beryllium-copper, and the like. 
         [0050]    Examples of improvements provided by the anti-stall tool are: 
         [0051]    (1) Active WOB: The tool will attempt reset into the filly extended position when the pressure falls below 650 psi. If a motor stall has occurred and the AST has pulled the bit off bottom, the Active WOB stage will produce a minimum WOB and thrust the bit downhole until the PDM pressure exceeds 650 psi. 
         [0052]    (2) Passive WOB: Shuts off the Active WOB stage and allows the coiled tubing to transfer WOB to the bit. Prevents excessive WOB that can be developed as PDM pressure rises and acts on the pistons producing force downhole. 
         [0053]    (3) Reverse: Reduces WOB to prevent motor stalls. 
         [0054]    (4) Torque section will transfer torque through the AST into the coiled tubing. 
         [0055]    A downhole tool that monitors motor pressure and sharply reduces the occurrence of motor stalls will increase the overall drilling efficiency by: 
         [0056]    (1) Increasing the average rate of penetration. This is achieved reducing the occurrences of pulling off bottom for motor stalls. 
         [0057]    (2) Decreasing the damage to PDMs through repeated motor stalls, thereby decreasing occurrence of downhole failure. 
         [0058]    (3) Decreasing the fatigue cycles on the coiled tubing. The increases the number of wells a coiled tubing string can service. 
         [0059]    By achieving a more efficient drilling operation, the operators can substantially increase the cost savings of drilling a well. 
         [0060]    Although the invention has been described in connection with oil well drilling and use with a coiled tubing, the invention has other applications, including: jointed pipe, or rotary drilling; in operations besides drilling where it is useful to retract a tool at high pressures; or where adjustments to the drill bit are made to keep contact with the formation or to pick up the bit completely off the formation. Although the invention has been described with reference to a drill bit used in drilling oil wells in underground formations, the invention also may be used with other pressure-inducing tools such as high pressure jetting tools.