Abstract:
The method and system of the present invention enables Internet businesses to conduct real-time, online experiments on a sample of transactions to determine marketplace sensitivities. Analysis of the results of the experiments reveal optimal values of key market decision variables such as price, content of banner ads, promotion levels, quantity discount schemes, etc. The experiments may be automatically conducted on an on-going basis, or may be conducted on a periodic basis. The method and system of the present invention preferably allow users to modify the nature of the experiment and the propagation of optimal values. The method and system of the current invention can be used for a pure diagnostic purpose or to automate the setting of key market variables.  
     The dynamic experimentation used by the inventive system reveals the relative stability (or instability) of the networked market within which the business operates. The translation of an optimal value for a key variable (for example, amount of a promotion) to the entire market can be done on a real-time basis.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This invention relates to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/188,888, filed Mar. 13, 2000, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     
    
     
       FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH  
         [0002]    Not Applicable.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0004]    The disclosed invention relates to automatically generating marketing promotions for Internet websites based on real-time data obtained through controlled short-term experiments that determine market sensitivity.  
           [0005]    2. Description of the Background  
           [0006]    In traditional commerce, prices and promotions are typically static, with change only occurring with major market changes. This has resulted in part because the costs associated with printing fixed-price catalogs, marking goods with prices and advertising prices in the media. Furthermore, it is difficult to offer different prices to different purchasers in a traditional setting in which prices are published or made publicly available. Likewise, marketing promotions are typically somewhat static, for the same reasons.  
           [0007]    However, e-commerce does not have to be so restricted. The introduction of e-commerce on the Internet has made it easier for Internet merchants to change prices by simply updating a Web page or appropriate database/systems. The costs associated with printing catalogs and marking goods in a bricks-and-mortar setting are typically not present in eCommerce. In addition, it is also possible to offer different prices to different customers without either customer learning the price that has been offered to the other. Likewise, it is possible to simultaneously present different promotional marketing campaigns to different Internet customers.  
           [0008]    Although it is possible for Internet merchants to update prices and other market variables at any time, typically they have not done so. One reason for sticking to static pricing strategies is that merchants are accustomed to keeping prices and promotions static. In some cases, merchants have both brick-and-mortar shops and Web shops, and want to keep prices and promotions in alignment. However, the primary reason why Internet merchants do not dynamically adjust market variables with the ever-changing marketplace is that the merchants do not have the ability to dynamically determine optimal values for the market variables.  
           [0009]    Marketing on the Internet is of a very different character than traditional marketing. Visiting a physical store requires an investment of time on the part of the customer, and there are “switching” costs associated with leaving the store, including the time to locate an alternative store, travel to the alternative store, and developing a new buyer/seller relationship. On the Internet, each of these functions is only a click away, and it may be very difficult to regain a customer once he leaves the website. Such traditional forces as geographic proximity, which draws customers to brick-and-mortar stores, are absent on the Internet.  
           [0010]    Acquiring new Internet customers is presently expensive because of the need to use non-Internet media, such as print or radio advertising, to inform the population of potential customers about the existence of the website.  
           [0011]    To counteract the difficulty of attracting and retaining customers, it is known in the art to offer promotions or incentives for customers to visit a website and continue making purchases. These promotions may take the form of discounts, coupons, prizes, product giveaways, or other free or discounted products or services. Lotteries, sweepstakes, contests and the like are also possible promotions.  
           [0012]    Internet promotions typically differ from traditional promotions in that the offer made via a website to a customer is private and need not be offered to the general public. This is different from a traditional promotion that is offered via a newspaper advertisement, in which anyone possessing the ad is entitled to the discount. It is inefficient to offer promotions to customers who would have bought the product in the absence of the promotion, and therefore the Internet is a perfect place to customize promotions based on the identity of the customer.  
           [0013]    The Internet is a dynamic marketplace. As e-commerce becomes a dominant force, the ability to dynamically adjust to and exploit changes in the Internet marketplace becomes critical. An enormous amount of detailed, disaggregate information is being routinely captured during Internet transactions. The ability to gather real-time information on transactions conducted on the Internet means that Internet merchants could use the information to dynamically update their websites to take maximum advantage of market conditions. In particular, real-time transaction information opens up the possibility of dynamic promotions and marketing.  
           [0014]    However, using the information to determine dynamic, optimal market values is problematic. Although a great deal of real-time transactional information is available, businesses have no current method of being able to analyze the information in a manner that provides guidance to dynamically updating pricing, marketing, promotions and other key market variables.  
           [0015]    As enterprises move into high velocity environments in a networked economy, decisions based on data are ever more critical and can be leveraged to affect the bottom line. In this environment, information is highly valuable but comes with a high discount rate. That is, the value of the information rapidly depreciates. Current generation data analysis and data mining methods do not effectively deal with this type of information, as current methods rely on a time-consuming sequential process of data gathering, analysis, implementation and feedback.  
           [0016]    Current systems including data mining methodologies are retrospective, and there is a significant lag in analysis time. The dynamic nature of the Internet makes even recent information obsolete.  
           [0017]    On the Internet, it is typical to deal with huge numbers of customers in an automated fashion through a webserver. It is impractical to require a human to evaluate the effect a promotion has on an individual customer or group of customers. In particular, it is not known how to the determine whether a specific customer should be offered a promotion or whether that customer would have bought a product at full price without the need for a promotion.  
           [0018]    It is not taught or suggested in the prior art to observe the customer&#39;s behavior dynamically during his period of interaction with the website to anticipate the need for promotion to encourage buying. It is not taught or suggested in the prior art to segment customers into different groups and offer different types of promotions to those groups depending on their observed tendency to respond to such promotions. It is not taught or suggested in the prior art to take real-time data to design Internet promotions.  
           [0019]    In addition, the applicants are not aware of any prior art in which promotion and other market sensitivities are measured directly through use of controlled real-time experiments.  
           [0020]    In view of the foregoing, it can be appreciated that a substantial need exists for a method and system for dynamic optimal pricing of products and services.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0021]    The inability to effectively exploit Internet transaction information is overcome by the method and system of the present invention, which enables Internet businesses to conduct real-time, online experiments on a sample of transactions and determine marketplace sensitivities. Analysis of the results of the experiments reveal optimal values of key market decision variables such as price, content of banner ads, promotion levels, quantity discount schemes, etc. The experiments may be automatically conducted on an on-going basis, or may be conducted on a periodic basis. The system offers total flexibility to the users to conduct and control the experiments. The experimental process is based upon rigorous statistical and econometric principles.  
           [0022]    An Internet merchant using the method and system of the present invention can control the extent and speed with which market strategies are updated. The method and system of the present invention preferably allow merchants to modify the nature of the experiment and the propagation of optimal values. Managers for the Internet merchant make the key business decisions, which are silently and seamlessly translated into the Internet merchant&#39;s eCommerce system.  
           [0023]    The dynamic experimentation used by the inventive system reveals the relative stability (or instability) of the networked market within which the business operates. The translation of an optimal value for a key variable (for example, promotion) to the entire market can be done on a real-time basis.  
           [0024]    Continuous real-time modeling with appropriate integration to existing systems on critical factors like price, promotion, financing, content, discount schemes and product bundling give companies using the method and system of the present invention a huge competitive advantage.  
           [0025]    In particular, the present invention allows for designing and administering Internet promotions via a website based on the observed characteristics and behavior of the customers visiting the website.  
           [0026]    [claim summaries] 
           [0027]    It is a benefit of the present invention that promotions may be designed and implemented without need for human intervention or attention.  
           [0028]    It is a further benefit of the present invention that the promotions can be tailored to be effective based on instantaneous data obtained from the marketplace itself.  
           [0029]    It is a further benefit of the invention that different promotions may be offered to different population segments based on their observed response to promotion parameters.  
           [0030]    With these and other advantages and features of the invention that will become hereinafter apparent, the nature of the invention may be more clearly understood by reference to the following detailed description of the invention, to the appended claims and to the several drawings attached herein. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0031]    The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating the relationship between the sampling engine of the present invention and various applications that use the sampling engine;  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of a system architecture that may be used by the method and system of the present invention;  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 3 illustrates one embodiment of software system data flow in the method and system of the present invention; and  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating the process used to dynamically create and administer an Internet promotion strategy using the method and system of the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0036]    Reference will now be made in detail to the embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like components.  
         [0037]    It is worthy to note that any reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.  
         [0038]    The method and system of the present invention utilize limited sampling to determine real-time market sensitivity. This sampling provides data that can be used to create a real-time model that is analyzed to determine optimal values for many key market variables, such as price, promotions, advertising content and product management. The method and system of the present invention allow for customized dynamic promotions, discounts and bundling.  
         [0039]    The method and system of the present invention enables a company using the system to offer different promotions to different customers. The method and system of the present invention may be used to segment the market, and Internet merchants using the system of the present invention may be informed of an optimal promotion for each market segment.  
         [0040]    Architecture  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of a system architecture for the system of the present invention. In this embodiment, a potential customer visits a website run by an Internet merchant and conducts eCommerce by purchasing one or more products from the Internet merchant through the website.  
         [0042]    In the embodiment shown, the customer uses an Internet browser  201  on his computer to access an eCommerce site operated by an Internet merchant, such as Amazon.com. The Internet browser  201  may be any known to those skilled in the art, such as Microsoft Explorer or Netscape Communicator, for example. Preferably, HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) or its more secure version HTTPS is used to communicate with the website. These are popular communication protocols used on the Internet to exchange information. Other communication protocols are known to those skilled in the art, and are intended to come within the scope of the present invention.  
         [0043]    In an alternative embodiment not shown, the customer may be using a wireless handheld device to access the website.  
         [0044]    Once the customer has accessed the eCommerce website, he can request information, such as current promotions, from the website. The request sent by the browser might include information specific to the customer using the browser. Such information may include, for example, information derived from user logins, cookies stored on the user&#39;s machine and through the user&#39;s IP address. In addition, while the customer is on the website, the customer may be presented with promotions offered by the seller in an attempt by the seller to get the customer to purchase a product, or additional products.  
         [0045]    The customer&#39;s browser  201  communicates with an Internet merchant&#39;s eCommerce system  205 . The eCommerce system  205  is an integrated system that comprises different kinds of hardware and software sub-systems. The eCommerce system performs the functions needed to run the Internet merchant&#39;s Website.  
         [0046]    Webservers are usually the entry point into an eCommerce system  205  from the perspective of a software program. The Webserver  210  on the eCommerce system is mainly responsible for delivering webpages to a browser across the Internet. Webpages are the pages that the user sees in the browser. The Webserver  210  runs software that receives and processes requests for webpages from users. The webpages may be stored as files on a storage disk that the Webserver reads and sends to the requesting browser. This is shown by  216 . Alternatively, Webserver  210  may generate the webpage by gathering information from other sources, such as software programs, and then send it to the browser. For example, Webpages are often generated with data retrieved from an Application Server. In particular, the Application Server may determine content for a dynamic promotion that is to be offered to through the webpage.  
         [0047]    The Webserver  210  may be any type of known webserver, such as Microsoft IIS, or Netscape NES. The architecture shown in FIG. 2 also shows optional database  220 . The database may be used by the eCommerce system  205  to store Internet merchant information, such as customer account records. Database  220  may be any known database type, such as Oracle, Sybase, DB 2 , etc.  
         [0048]    In addition, the Internet merchant may have one or more Legacy Systems  235 . For example, all customer data may be stored on a Legacy System.  
         [0049]    In many cases eCommerce systems interact with external systems, as shown by  240 . For example, a trading exchange may receive catalogs from several external systems and store them in its own system. It may then present items from the catalogs to interested buyers. The eCommerce system  205  may communicate with external systems over the Internet or through a dedicated Frame Relay Circuit, or any other type of connection mechanism.  
         [0050]    Because Webservers usually do not perform business logic data processing, the architecture typically includes an Application Server  230 . The Application Server  230  may perform most business specific logic operations and send data to the Webserver, which processes the data and sends formatted output to the user for display. For example, the Application Server may retrieve a customer&#39;s bank account information, which is used as part of an Order Confirmation webpage generated by the Webserver.  
         [0051]    Interprocess communications between the Application Server and the Webserver are typically supported by the underlying operating system. For example, for JAVA based platforms, the communication protocol may be RMI/IIOP (Remote Method Invocation/Internet Inter-ORB Protocol). The programs communicating via these methods may or may not reside on the same physical computer. Similar methods may be used for the communications between the Application Server and the Client Module, which is described below.  
         [0052]    Communications between a Legacy System and Application Server may be accomplished using commercially available software, such as IBM&#39;s MQ, Microsoft&#39;s MSMQ or Tibco software. The software used depends on the needs and the underlying operating systems.  
         [0053]    The manager&#39;s console  265  contains software similar to browser software for displaying output from the inventive system to an employee of the Internet merchant, typically a management-level employee. It is used to manage the experiments run by the inventive system. It is used to configure experiments and display run-time progress data on the experiment. It may also be used to display data on past experiments.  
         [0054]    The client module  250  of the present invention is integrated in the eCommerce system  205 . Client Module  250  typically consists of an Integration Layer  251  and a Client Side Processing module  252 . Collectively, it takes as input experiment parameter values and sends them to the Server Module  260  for processing. It receives output from the Server Module  260 , and disseminates the output to the Application Server  230  and/or the Manager&#39;s Console  265  for display.  
         [0055]    The Client Side Processing Module  252  is responsible for processing all the input received from the eCommerce System, typically through the Application Server  230 , and delivering it to the Server Module  260 . The input is typically a continuous stream of parameters used to conduct and manage an ongoing experiment. The Client Processing Module  252  establishes and maintains a secure communication channel with the Server Module and may also perform session management.  
         [0056]    The Integration layer  251  helps the Client Side Processing module  252  run on a variety of systems. It acts as an interpreter between the eCommerce System and the Client Side Processing module  252 . It may be different for different systems. This enables the Client Side Processing module  252  to remain the same, no matter what type of operating system is being used. In an alternative embodiment, the Client Side Processing module may be developed for a specific eCommerce system and runs without an Integration Layer.  
         [0057]    Communications between the Client Module  250  and the Server Module  260  typically use HTTPS to ensure security. Data may be transmitted in eXtensible Markup Language (XML) format.  
         [0058]    The Dynamic Promotions System  270  includes sub-systems, computers and communications systems, including Server Module  260 , that are used to perform the sampling and resultant analysis. It receives input data, performs statistical calculations and feeds the output to the eCommerce system  205 . Typically, the output from the Dynamic Promotions System  270  is used by the Application Server  230  in performing the business specific logic.  
         [0059]    Server Module  260  may contain Logic Module  261 , Sampling Engine  262  and Communications Module  263 . Server Module  260  is responsible for receiving input from Client Module  250 , performing the experimentation and analysis, and outputting results to Client Module  250 . These actions are all performed in a secure environment.  
         [0060]    Sampling Engine  262  contains statistical functionality that performs the various experiments. Logic Module  261  contains the algorithms that are used to perform various types of analyses on the sampled data.  
         [0061]    The Communications module  263  is responsible for securely communicating data to and from the Client Module.  
         [0062]    Database  275  may be used to store historical data and other data regarding the experiments for processing, report generation and future retrieval.  
         [0063]    The architecture shown in FIG. 2 is an ASP-based solution, where the Server Module  270  is hosted on a remote system with a network connection to the eCommerce system  205 . In an alternative embodiment, the Dynamic Promotions System  270  may reside within the eCommerce system  205 .  
         [0064]    [0064]FIG. 3 illustrates how data may flow through the inventive system.  
         [0065]    As shown by entity  360 , a management-level employee for the Internet merchant using the inventive system configures the Dynamic Promotions System with parameters. For example, the employee may enter a price range and number of samples to be used in the experiments. The employee may also actively monitor the performance of the experiment(s).  
         [0066]    These parameters are used as input into the Dynamic Promotions System as shown by data  365 . These parameters configure the sampling engine subsystem of the Dynamic Promotions System.  
         [0067]    As shown by entity  301 , a customer uses a browser to access an eCommerce website. When the customer makes a request, several different types of data items may be sent to the Webserver, as shown by  305 . The Webserver processes the information at step  310 . If the request from the customer does not require Application Server processing, then the Webserver can go ahead and generate the appropriate Webpage, as shown by steps  312 - 315 . However, if additional processing is needed, the Webserver will pass on information to the Application Server at step  320 . Based on the information provided by the Webserver, the Application Server processes the input and performs any needed calculations at step  325 .  
         [0068]    During step  325 , the Application Server will determine whether it needs the Dynamic Promotions System to process data. For example, there may be a current ongoing experiment to create an optimal promotion, etc.  
         [0069]    If the Application Server does not need the Dynamic Promotions System to process information, it composes the requested information using input from its own calculations, databases and/or legacy systems, as shown by steps  330 - 335 .  
         [0070]    Otherwise, the Application Server makes a request to the Dynamic Promotions System and passes on any information required by the Dynamic Promotions System for performing the statistical calculations, as shown by step  340 .  
         [0071]    The Dynamic Promotions System may use historical data in its calculations as shown by data  350 . In addition, the parameters  365  entered by the Internet Merchant are used in the calculations that the Dynamic Promotions System performs.  
         [0072]    The Dynamic Promotions System performs the calculations as required, and outputs the resulting data at step  345 . The Application Server composes the requested information at step  335  using the output from  345 .  
         [0073]    If the manager is actively monitoring the progress of the experiment, he will be informed of the progress as shown by steps  370 - 360 .  
         [0074]    The sampling engine  262  may be used by many different applications to obtain information about current market conditions. These applications use the sampling data to determine optimal pricing, promotions, product bundling, lead time discounts, quantity discounts, price versus financing and type and content of banner ads, for example. The Logic Module contains the algorithms to perform the different types of analyses required by different applications. Other applications of the sampling data will be known to those skilled in the art and are intended to come within the scope of the present invention.  
         [0075]    The dynamic sampling engine is the core of the inventive system. As shown by FIG. 5, it can be translated into modules for pricing, promotions, product bundling, yield management, lead time discounts, quantity discounts, price versus financing and banner advertisement content, for example.  
         [0076]    The promotions module is the focus of this application and is described below.  
         [0077]    Dynamically Creating and Administering Internet Promotions  
         [0078]    To maximize the effectiveness of offering a promotion, the space of potential promotions should be ascertained in advance. For example, sales may be increased significantly over a short time space by offering a deep discount (e.g. two-for-one sale), or equivalent coupon or gift certificate. Such promotions typically last only long enough to clear excess inventory or accomplish some other short-term goal. Other promotions may be very long running, such as offering low interest rate automobile financing as a way of ensuring a steady stream of car sales.  
         [0079]    The present invention is particularly well suited to short-term promotions in which effectiveness is highly data-driven and responsive to instantaneous customer preferences.  
         [0080]    It is easy to change eCommerce prices, advertising and promotions by simply updating a Web page. In addition, it is possible to present different prices and promotions to different online customers without either customer learning the price or promotion that has been offered to the other. This may be accomplished by presenting different versions of the Webpage to different potential customers, for example. Because of these reasons, it is possible to perform controlled, real-time experiments on samples of the customer population to determine customer market sensitivities. This information can then be used to determine real-time optimal promotion and marketing strategies for an entire customer population or for selected segments of the customer population. In addition, merchants may learn from the online experiments, and apply this learning to offline counterpart market strategies.  
         [0081]    The sampling experiments conducted by the method and system of the present invention are designed to measure different customer inclinations. For example, one area of measurement may be to measure customer inclination to purchase products when offered differing promotions. In this application, promotions are deliberately varied by the inventive system during a sampling period, and statistics are kept by the system to determine what percentage of customers are likely to buy a product or buy additional products when offered various promotions. The statistics typically include, for example, the number of customers who actually purchased additional products at each offered promotion.  
         [0082]    Given the percentage of customers who buy, or who exhibit a quantifiable interest in buying product with each offered promotion, the system is able to compute an optimal or near-optimal level of promotions. The optimal promotion determined by the system is intended to optimize an economic variable, such as profit. The economic variable to be optimized may be financial, such as profit or revenue. Alternatively, the economic variable may be another quantity of interest, such as market share, customer satisfaction, customer retention at the website, or utilization of manufacturing or shipping resources, for example. The optimization typically determines the promotion for which an economic variable is maximized, although other types of optimization, such as minimizing an economic variable, are possible using the method and system of the present invention.  
         [0083]    In one embodiment, the objective function may weigh multiple criterions. For example, the user may be trying to optimize both profit and market share. The objective function may be defined to be 75% weighted toward profit optimization and 25% toward market share retention. The inventive system in this case will determine which promotion optimizes this weighted multi-criterion function.  
         [0084]    The dynamic promotion application allows companies to determine optimal promotions by running continuous real-time models on an appropriate sample population, which may be determined automatically by the sampling engine.  
         [0085]    Based on the objective, which may be to maximize revenue, or to reach a certain market share or a combination of both, once the demand function is plotted the system will suggest the optimal promotion. By interfacing to appropriate accounting systems to determine variable cost, the objective of maximizing profit (Quantity*(price−variable cost)) can be accomplished in real-time by the inventive system.  
         [0086]    [0086]FIG. 4 illustrates an overall procedure for determining an optimal dynamic promotion scheme. As shown in step  410 , an employee for the Internet merchant first inputs data that is used by the inventive system to determine a sampling and optimization strategy. The employee is typically a manager-level employee for an Internet merchant.  
         [0087]    In this step, a parameterized space of promotions is first selected. For example, the amount of a discount coupon may be reduced may be a single numerical parameter, as can the auto finance interest rate. In some cases, multidimensional promotions are possible. For example, a very large discount may be offered if the customer purchases immediately, a lower discount for a purchase within one day, still lower for purchases within on week, etc. In this example, the parameters are the amount of the discount and the length of time the discount will be offered.  
         [0088]    Other types of input may include the range of promotions that are to be offered, sampling intervals, and desired confidence levels.  
         [0089]    The employee may also input sample promotion points. For example, the sample promotions may include the current promotion amount, if there is a current promotion, and a number of specified promotion amounts both above and below the current promotion amount. Preferably, a sufficiently large number of promotion points are tested so that there are enough points to determine a smooth curve in the objective function. In an alternative embodiment, the employee may enter a range of promotion amounts, and the system may determine the promotions to be sampled. The system may take into account the cost of selling the products at various prices when determining the promotions to be offered in the experiment.  
         [0090]    The system may restrict the input in several ways. For example, the inventive system may require a minimum number of promotion points. As another example, the range of promotion amounts offered may be restricted to a certain interval by the method and system of the present invention. In this case, the sample sizes and desired statistical accuracies may be specified, and various mechanisms for limiting price changes may be implemented. For example, the promotion amount range may be restricted to a high promotion of selling at cost to a low promotion of offering no discount. The inventive system can be configured with preset price limitations to avoid selling or offering products at a loss greater than that desired by the Internet merchant, or can be programmed to require additional user confirmation before selling a price below a predetermined point.  
         [0091]    The employee may specify whether the system is to conduct continuous sampling, or sample at discrete intervals. When the pricing experiment is conducted continuously or at varying closely spaced intervals, the prices match the instantaneous price customers are willing to pay. Alternatively, the experiments may be conducted on a regular basis, for example, the employee may set up the system to run the experiments on a weekly basis.  
         [0092]    The number of customers to sample for each promotion is also determined, given the promotion range and intervals. This may be an absolute number of customers to be presented with each promotion. Alternatively, a time interval over which testing is to be performed may be defined, and the customers who visit the website during that period become the population. A random fraction of the population is the sample for the experiment. In either embodiment, it may be possible that during the accumulation of data it will become apparent prior to the end of the time period or before the absolute number of customers are sampled that a particular promotion is optimal. In this case, since it is not necessary to continue the experiment to its normal completion, the sampling may be stopped.  
         [0093]    The Internet merchant may also determine the customer population. In one embodiment, the population may include every potential customer that visits the website. Alternatively, the customer population may be clustered or segmented, and only customers that meet a certain profile are sampled. As an example, customers may be clustered into socioeconomic groups, and only customers in certain groups are sampled when determining an optimal price. Alternatively, the entire customer population may be segmented, with separate experiments run on each segment determining an optimal price for each segment. As another example, customers may be identified for sampling based upon purchasing history or other accumulated data. For example, the segmentation scheme may cluster customers based on purchase history: heavy buyers, light buyers and non-buyers. Segments may be determined from a combination of demographic variables and prior purchase histories.  
         [0094]    Information used to determine segmenting, or to determine which customers to include in the sample population, may come from outside sources, as shown by data storage  415 .  
         [0095]    During the sampling process, the dynamic sampling engine  430  randomly samples potential customers according the parameters defined at  410 . To accomplish this sampling, the Webserver distributes webpages  435  with the different promotions to the different customers in proportion to the quantities and for the period of time determined in step  410 . These continuous dynamic experiments are used to measure the effectiveness of the promotions over the selected space. Effectiveness depends on how many customers accept the promotion, the direct cost of the promotion to the seller and the opportunity cost borne by the seller by giving promotions to customers who would have bought without a promotion, or at a lesser promotion.  
         [0096]    Experimentation utilizing the dynamic sampling engine  430  may be repeated periodically to ensure that the optimal promotion is dynamically optimized to regularly compensate for market changes. Thus, experiments utilizing the dynamic sampling engine  430  may be run monthly, weekly, daily, hourly, or more often, until the experimentation becomes, practically speaking, continuous. Dynamic optimization, therefore, is a result of continuous experimentation. The optimum promotion may, furthermore, be propagated to the web at  435  for offering to customers each time a new optimum promotion is discovered by the dynamic sampling engine. Alternately either the system or the operator may propagate the optimum promotion each time the optimum promotion changes by a particular amount from the previous price such as, for example, $0.25. Data from the web, such as purchase, timing, and use of promotions by customers may also be provided to the dynamic sampling engine  430  for use in future samples.  
         [0097]    Data is accumulated for each promotion parameter. This data typically include the fraction of customers who purchase the product or additional products at each promotion point.  
         [0098]    This process is repeated until sufficient purchasing information for each promotion point has been obtained. If the population has been segmented, the sampling continues until the demand function can be estimated for each segment.  
         [0099]    Once the absolute number of customers, or the time period determined in step  410 , has been sampled, the data gathered by the dynamic sampling engine  430  is used to compute the promotion point that maximizes the economic variable(s) of interest. If the customers have been segmented into groups via clustering, customers in different clusters may have different optimal promotions, including no promotion at all.  
         [0100]    In an alternative embodiment, the promotion to be offered is not necessarily one of the tested promotions p 1 , . . . p n  but is allowed to lie between two tested promotions. In this case, the appropriate maximization may be performed by using an interpolating function.  
         [0101]    If there are any unusual shifts in the demand function, such as a segment with an incorrect slope—where quantity increases when promotion decreases, or where quantity decreases when promotion increases—the system may automatically reexamine these parts of the demand function either through additional sampling or by taking finer intervals around these parts.  
         [0102]    The responses to various promotions are presented to the user at  460 . In addition, the optimal promotion that is consistent with the objective function is displayed.  
         [0103]    In addition, the confidence intervals may be calculated. Methodologies for calculating confidence intervals are known to those skilled in the art. Confidence intervals may also be displayed to the user.  
         [0104]    If the experiment has not produced results that are conclusive to the manager, he may run the experiment again using different parameters, as shown by decision box  470 . For example, in the experiment, the manager may have entered promotion points of $8, $9, $10 and $11 coupons. The experiment determines that $11 is the optimal amount of these promotions. However, the true optimal promotion may be higher than $11. The manager may run the experiment again using the promotion points of $12, $11.5, $11, $10.5, and $10 to obtain better results.  
         [0105]    In one embodiment, the inventive system is programmed to automatically update the promotion parameters if the optimal promotion calculated by the system is within a predefined threshold. In this case, the web server is then programmed to deliver promotions using the determined optimized parameters, as shown by steps  480 - 485 .  
         [0106]    The promotions that are propagated from the experiment to the customers may be conditioned on supplemental variables, such as length of time a potential customer spends visiting the site, the number of items purchased, total value of items purchased, prior purchasing history and seasonality.  
         [0107]    Consider a specific example of an optimal promotion calculated by the inventive system. The objective function in this example is to maximize profit. The Internet merchant configures the system to automatically change the price of the promotion if the optimal promotion determined by the system increases profit by 5% or more.  
         [0108]    In this example, the current promotion is a $6 coupon for baskets containing at least $50 worth of merchandise. The Internet merchant employee determines that the promotion amounts in the experiment should range from $5.00 to $10.00 at $1.00 intervals. The variable cost for this promotion is estimated to be is 60% of the promotion amount. The minimum basket size for a promotion is set at $50.  
         [0109]    A manager for the Internet merchant estimates that 100,000 customers visit the website in a day. This estimate may be made used internal data or from historical data, for example. The manager enters that the minimum sample size of 6%. (The sample size may be determined to achieve the desired levels of confidence intervals.) Therefore, of the 100,000 customers that visit the website, the dynamic sampling engine will pick out 6,000 to receive the webpages generated with the different promotions used in the experiment. The other customers who are not selected for the experiment receive the standard promotion, if any. In this example, 1,000 random customers will receive webpages for each of the  6  promotion points.  
         [0110]    Other methods of sampling are known to those skilled in the art, and are intended to come within the scope of the present invention.  
         [0111]    Table 1 illustrates a demand table calculated by the system of the present invention for this example.  
                               TABLE 1                               Number of               Promotion   Estimate   promotions   Basket Size   Incremental       Amount   Variable Cost   accepted   (mean value)   Profit                   $5.00   $3.00   144   $77   $1,900.80       $6.00   $3.60   156   $81   $2,340.00       $7.00   $4.20   187   $80   $2,580.60       $8.00   $4.80   290   $83   $4,350.00       $9.00   $5.40   295   $85   $4,602.00       $10.00    $6.00   302   $83   $4,167.60                  
 
         [0112]    Incremental profit is calculated by the equation: 
         profit=(Number of offers promotions accepted)*(basket size−promotion amount−minimum basket size)*(1−variable cost) 
         [0113]    For example, the incremental cost of offering $5 promotions in this example can be calculated by: 
         (144)(77−5−50)(1−0.4)=$1,900.80 
         [0114]    Table 1 shows the estimated incremental profit for each of the promotional amounts offered. As shown in Table 1, the promotional amount of $9 will maximize the profit in this example. This is a 15.5% increase over the current incremental profit of 2,340.00, so the user&#39;s Website is automatically updated to use the optimal promotional amount of $9.  
         [0115]    In a further embodiment of the current invention, the value of the promotion varies based on the perceived need to retain the customer at the website.  
         [0116]    In still a further embodiment, the value of the promotion depends on the value of the items currently in the customer&#39;s market basket. That is, the customer may be offered promotions of ever-increasing value to induce further buying behavior.  
         [0117]    It should be apparent that the present invention is not confined to promotions, but in fact may be used to design and administer any type of alteration in the offer made by a seller to a buyer over the Internet, including but not limited to, promotions, warranty terms, quality levels, delivery terms, quantities or any other contractual term. All that is required is that the response of the customers to the offer be experimentally testable over the Internet and the altered terms be capable of communication over the Internet.  
         [0118]    The above example illustrates one method for sampling the population, other methods are known to those skilled in the art. For example, the size of the random sample may be determined based on the manager&#39;s levels of confidence intervals. Many statistical methods are known to those skilled in the art. Furthermore, the following statistical references are incorporated by reference in their entirety: (a) Ross (1997), A First Course in Probability, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J.; (b) Gelman A., J. B. Carlin, H. S. Stern and D. B. Rubin (1995), Bayesian Data Analysis, Chapman &amp; Hall, New York, N.Y.; (c) Malhotra, N. K. (1993), Marketing Research, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.; (d) Wedel, M and W. A. Kamakura (1998), Market Segmentation: Conceptual and Methodological Foundations, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Mass.; (e) Pudney (1989), Modelling Individual Choice: The Econometrics of Corners, Kinks and Holes, Basil Blackwell Limited, Oxford, United Kingdom; (f) Cinclair E. (1975), Introduction to Stochastic Processes, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.; (g) Kalbfleisch, J. D. and R. L. Prentice, The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data, John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York, N.Y.; and (h) Mitchell, T. M (1997), Machine Learning, McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y. Those references describe statistical methods that may be utilized by the present invention.  
         [0119]    While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.