Abstract:
A method for assembling a device. The method comprises placing a functional element in a first opening formed in a template substrate and transferring the functional element to a device substrate having a second opening formed therein wherein the functional element is held within the second opening and against an adhesive film coupled to the device substrate.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/846,753 filed May 13, 2004, which is now U.S. Pat. No. 7,244,326, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent application Ser. No. 60/471,422 filed May 16, 2003, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     GOVERNMENT RIGHT 
     The United States government may have certain rights to the present application since the present application may be involved in at least one government contract having the following reference: Defense Microelectronics Activity, Contract DMEA90-03-2-0303. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present invention relates generally to the field of fabricating electronic devices with small functional elements depositing in various substrates and apparatuses comprising these electronic devices. 
     BACKGROUND 
     For the fabrication of many electronic devices such as displays or radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, there is a need to distribute functional elements such as integrated circuit chips across large area substrates. The manufacturing of these devices is moving toward using a roll-to-roll processing. In many cases, the majority of the substrate area will not contain active circuitry or functional elements and the functional elements will occupy only a small fraction of the substrates&#39; active areas. Functional elements are typically deposited into a substrate using pick-and-place or a fluidic-self assembly process. These processes are typically expensive. Because of the relatively sparse population of the functional elements on the substrates, it may be advantageous to assemble the functional elements in a different substrate and transfer to the substrates used for the devices. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments of the present invention pertain to a method of transferring functional elements deposited in a template substrate to a device substrate. 
     In one aspect, an exemplary method of transferring includes removing at least one functional element from a second substrate and transferring the functional block to a first substrate. The first substrate includes an adhesive layer deposited on top of the first substrate, and at least one opening. The functional element is transferred from the second substrate into the opening and held in the opening against the adhesive. The method further includes making interconnection to the functional element. 
     In another aspect, another exemplary method is similar to the method above but the adhesive layer also serves as a dielectric layer. In another aspect, the method is similar to the method above but vias are also created into the adhesive layer to establish electrical connection for the functional element. 
     In another aspect, an exemplary method includes using FSA to deposit a plurality of functional elements into the second substrate. The functional elements are arranged in a densely packed array and at least one functional block is selected from the array and transferred to the first substrate. 
     The second substrate is selected from a group consisting of a silicon wafer, a plastic film, a glass sheet, or a multilayer film comprising these materials. 
     Another aspect of the invention pertains to exemplary systems for forming electronic assemblies. An exemplary system includes a first transfer assembly station that includes a transfer mechanism, a first web line that supports a first substrate which has at least one opening cut therethrough, a second web line that supports a second substrate that includes arrays of functional elements packed therein, and a registration station to align the first web line over the second web line such that the opening is aligned over one functional element. The transfer mechanism is configured to transfer the functional element to the first substrate. The transfer mechanism includes a transfer head that can be an inflatable bladder, pins, or a shaped plate with protrusions. 
     In another aspect, another exemplary system further includes a treatment station that uses one of heat, chemicals, light, or radiation to activate an adhesive material deposited on the first substrate to enable the transferring of at least one function elements from the second substrate into the openings in the first substrate. The system may also include an X-Y alignment stage for holding the second substrate. 
     In another aspect, an exemplary method for assembling a device comprises placing a plurality of functional elements in a corresponding plurality of first openings formed in a first substrate and transferring only a portion of the plurality of functional elements to a second substrate having at least one second opening. In yet another aspect, the placing of the functional elements in the corresponding plurality of first openings is accomplished via a fluid self assembly process. A slurry of functional elements is created and dispensed over the first substrate and the functional elements become disposed in the first openings. The transferring of only a portion of the plurality of functional elements to the second substrate comprises preventing at least one functional element from being transferred to the second substrate. In yet another aspect, the method further comprises aligning the first substrate to the second substrate so that only the portion is transferred. And in yet another aspect, the method further includes at least two transferring. The first transferring occurs at a first time and wherein the method further comprises a further transferring of another portion of the plurality of functional elements from the first substrate to the second substrate. 
     The exemplary methods result in an electronic assembly which, in one exemplary embodiment, a functional element is held against an adhesive film in an opening formed in a device substrate wherein the adhesive film is laminated to the device substrate. The functional element is first deposited in a template substrate and transferred to the device substrate. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an example of punched-through substrate which may be a web substrate (e.g., roll to roll processing system). 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an example of punched-through substrate (e.g., a web substrate) having an adhesive layer deposited thereon. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a re-usable substrate having functional elements deposited therein, for example by using a Fluidic Self-Assembly (FSA) process. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of transferring at least one functional element from the re-usable substrate (e.g., there is only a partial transfer of elements from one substrate to another substrate). 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an exemplary embodiment where at least one functional element has been transferred to the punched-through web substrate shown in  FIGS. 1-2 . 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a section of a plurality of functional elements transferred to the punched-through web substrate. 
         FIGS. 7-13  illustrate exemplary embodiments of creating electrical contacts to the functional elements. 
         FIG. 14  illustrate an exemplary scheme of a web station that assembles functional elements to the punched through web substrate. 
         FIG. 15  illustrate another exemplary scheme of a web station that assembles functional elements to the punched through web substrate. 
         FIGS. 16-17  illustrate another exemplary embodiment of transferring functional elements from a re-usable substrate to another substrate. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In several types of integrated circuit fabrication and application, it is advantageous to form the integrated circuit elements in a densely packed array, and then transfer these elements to another surface, where the spacing and density can be quite different than the spacing and density in the densely packed array. 
     For example, Fluidic Self-Assembly (FSA) can be used to place functional elements such as integrated circuit elements (e.g., each functional element may be an integrated circuit) in receptor sites in a substrate. If the functional elements are the control elements in a radio frequency identification tag, then to function properly each of the functional elements must be electrically connected to an antenna element. In one embodiment, each of the functional elements is less than 1 mm on a side, while an antenna element is several square centimeters in area. It is possible to perform FSA on a substrate such that one functional elements is deposited on a web area several square centimeters in area, and then forming the antenna on that web. Such a process can be slow, inefficient, and expensive, however, making the FSA process the rate limiting step. 
     Some embodiments of the present invention relates to improved processes that including using FSA to place functional elements in an area that is approximately 1 square centimeter in area, and providing electrical contact pads on the receiving web. This smaller assembly, called a strap, is then singulated and attached to an antenna, the antenna being several square centimeters in area. The strap assembly is described in a patent application Ser. No. 09/872,985, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,606,247, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     In one embodiment, we perform FSA to create a densely-packed array of functional elements, which are placed in receptors spaced very closely together on a second substrate. Each of the functional elements may be an integrated circuit formed in a semiconductor substrate, such as an integrated circuit (IC) which forms part of a radio frequency (RF) Identification tag or (“RFID”). The second substrate can be a plastic film or sheet, it could also be constructed out of an expensive, reusable material that provides superior performance for FSA, such as a silicon wafer. We then perform at least one transfer step that transfers each individual functional element to a first substrate. In the first substrate, the functional elements are spaced further apart and arranged differently than in the initial densely-packed array on the second substrate. The first substrate does not need to be of high quality and expensive so as to be optimal for FSA as the second substrate (and thus the first substrate need not be as expensive as the second substrate). 
     The transfer process allows for very efficient use of FSA to assemble small integrated circuit elements in a second substrate and then efficiently transfer them to a first substrate. The second substrate is optimized to provide efficient FSA, while the first substrate is optimized for the final form of the application. The first substrate can be a substrate for a device that incorporates the IC elements. Such a process is superior to traditional pick and place methods, in which a robot handles an individual integrated circuit element to place it on one substrate. Additionally, the exemplary embodiments also allow for parallel processing of functional elements (rather than the serial method in pick and place), and can efficiently handle functional elements in the range of 10 microns on a side to 10 mm on a side. The process should increase the throughput of an existing FSA manufacturing process line by up to an order of magnitude. 
     In one embodiment, functional elements are deposited to a substrate in a two-step process: firstly, use FSA to deposit the functional elements (e.g., blocks) into a second substrate and then, secondly, transfer the blocks from the second substrate to deposit the blocks into a first substrate. As mentioned above, the second substrate typically (but not necessarily in all embodiments) has the functional elements arranged in a densely packed array. The first substrate has the functional elements arranged in the final form that is practical for a particular electronic device or application (such as RFID tag or an electronic display). 
     In  FIG. 3 , functional elements  102  are assembled on a second substrate  104  which may be is referred to as a “re-usable substrate” containing receptor sites  106  that are spaced more densely than the final product requires. The functional elements  102  are transferred many at a time to a first substrate  108 , which may have a web (substantially continuous) format such as the roll to roll web format which is often used to make paper, etc. The first substrate  108  may have a form of a plastic web on which further lamination and metalization could occur. Alternatively, the functional elements  102  could come straight from a wafer that has integrated circuits formed thereon, as described below. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the first substrate  108  comprises an array of openings or holes  110  “punched” through the web or material which forms the first substrate. The first substrate  108  may be referred to as a “punched web” in many instances of this discussion. In this example, the hole  110  is completely (rather than a partial opening) through the first substrate. The arrangement of the holes  110  would be the arrangement required of the final product. Prior to the transfer process, an adhesive film  112 , which in one embodiment is an adhesive film  112  that could be used as a dielectric material, is laminated to the punched web. During the transfer process, the laminated, punched web is positioned over the filled re-usable substrate with the adhesive film on the top, sticky side down, such that the punched web is between the adhesive on the laminate and the filled re-usable substrate, except where there is a punched hole in the web as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . The adhesive could be a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA), a heat-activated adhesive, a chemically-activated adhesive, a microwave or radio-frequency activated adhesive, a photochemically-activated adhesive, a radiation-activated adhesive, or other types of suitable adhesive. 
     In one embodiment, the receptor sites  106  in the second substrate  104  are arranged in one or more regular patterns designed to match the pattern of the openings  110  in the first substrate  108 . In one embodiment, the receptor sites  106  in the second substrate  104  are in one or more arrays designed to match the array pattern of the openings  10  in the first substrate  108 . In another embodiment, the receptor sites  106  in the second substrate  104  are in an array in which the pitch between the openings in either of two orthogonal directions is equal to the corresponding pitch of the openings  110  divided by an integer number. 
     In  FIG. 4 , a mechanical transfer  114  (pins, deformable bladder, or other devices as described below) is used to pick up the functional elements  102  and transfer them to the first substrate  108 . The adhesive film  112  can be a type that can be activated locally heat, light, or other conventional methods. As shown in  FIG. 4 , only some of the functional elements are transferred at one point in time (rather than all at the same time), and additional transfers may be subsequently performed at later times. 
     The web may be located with respect to the second substrate  104  such that each hole  110  on the first substrate  108  is above a functional element  102  on the filled re-usable substrate  104 . In  FIG. 4 , to do the transfer process, the adhesive film  112  is pressed through the hole  110  on the first substrate  108  to make contact with at least one functional element  102 . When the pressure is removed on the adhesive film  112 , the film returns to its original position with respect to the punched web or first substrate  108 , and the transferred functional elements  102  are in the holes  110  in the punched web or first substrate  108  as illustrated in  FIG. 5 . An entire frame, or multiple frames, of functional elements  102  could be transferred at once with this process.  FIG. 6  illustrates a section of a transferred frame of functional elements  102  to the first substrate  108 . 
     Once the transfer process is completed, the first substrate  108  is indexed relative to the second substrate  104  forward to the next frame of available (unfilled) punched holes. At the same time, the filled, reusable substrate  104  may be indexed such that another frame of functional elements  102  are ready to be transferred. On the punched web  108  that now contains functional elements  102 , there will be a gap  116  in the hole  110  between the side of the hole  110  and the functional elements  102 , as seen in  FIGS. 5-6 . The gap  116  may or may not be filled in. If necessary, the gap  116  can be filled with a UV epoxy or other thermoset resin. Furthermore, if necessary, a laminate could be applied to the back of the first substrate  108  to lock the functional elements  102  into place. Alternatively, it may not be necessary to fill the gap  116  at all. 
     In some embodiments, the gaps  116  are filled and the first substrate  108  does not include a back laminate to lock the functional elements  102  in place. In some embodiments, the gaps  116  are not filled and the first substrate  108  includes a back laminate, (not shown), which can be made of PSA or a thermal material to lock the functional elements  102  in place. In yet some other embodiments, the gaps  116  are filled and the first substrate  108  includes a back laminate to lock the functional elements  102  in place. 
     Once the functional elements  102  are transferred to the first substrate, which may be a receiving web, it is usually necessary to provide electrical contacts to one or more contact pads on the functional elements  102  if the functional elements include electrical circuitry which requires an external connection. For the purposes of this discussion, we define the “top” of the functional elements  102  as the side facing up, side  118  ( FIG. 3 ), after it has been deposited (through for example an FSA process) into the reusable, densely-filled substrate  104 . The transfer adhesive  112  then adheres to this top functional elements  102  surface  118 . 
     In the case of functional elements  102  in which the contacts are all on the top surface  118 , it is necessary to provide a way to form an electrical contact to the contacts once the transfer to the first substrate or receiving web has taken place. One way of providing this contact is to form via holes  120  in the adhesive layer  112  over the contact pads  122  on the functional elements  102 , and followed by a metallization process (forming conductive traces  124 ) to form interconnections as illustrated in  FIGS. 7-8 . Vias  120  formation can occur by a number of conventional methods, including laser drilling or photolithographic etching. Suitable conductors can include metallic films, conductive polymers, or inks filled with conductive particles. 
     The metallization  124  can either be a subtractive process (using etching/lithography or laser ablation) on a metal film, or an additive process (such as printing) metal traces. 
     Via  120  formation and metallization  124  can occur after the transfer process. 
     Alternatively, the vias  120  could be formed in the adhesive layer  112  before the transferring of the functional elements  102 , and the formation of the metallization  124 . 
     In another embodiment, the vias  120  could be formed in the adhesive layer  112  after the adhesive layer  112  has picked up the functional elements  102 , but before the actual transfer to the first substrate  108 . The formation of the metallization  124  would occur after transfer to the first substrate  108 . 
     In another embodiment, one or more contact pads  126  will be positioned on the bottom of the functional elements  102  as illustrated in  FIG. 9 . In this case electrical contact can be made directly onto the functional elements  102  after transfer, as they will be exposed on the surface of the substrate  108 . 
     Alternatively, a thin polymer layer can be laminated or otherwise formed on top of the first substrate  108  containing the functional elements  102 , with the purpose of locking in the functional elements  102  onto the first substrate  108 , or otherwise protecting them. In this embodiment, the vias  120  can be subsequently formed to allow for contact to the bottom on the functional elements  102 , as described above. 
     In another embodiment, functional elements  102  contain both top and bottom contacts ( 122  and  126 ) as illustrated in  FIG. 10 . In this case a mixture of the above processes can be used to form contacts. 
     In another embodiment, the adhesive film  112  can comprise an anisotropically-conductive adhesive, providing for electrical contact through the adhesive film that is essentially self-aligned with the functional elements  102  contact pads. Subsequent electrical interconnection can then be made to the opposing side of the anisotropically conductive adhesive film  112 . 
     For certain applications (such as radio frequency identification tags) it may not be necessary to provide a direct resistive electrical contact, but it may be sufficient to provide a capacitive or inductive electrical contact to the functional elements  102  contact pads. In this case the thickness of the adhesive, and subsequent conductor placement, can be arranged to allow for these types of connections. 
     In one embodiment, the vias  120  could be drilled through the top layer before transferring the functional elements  102 . 
     Exemplary embodiments of the present invention process can be applied to one or more different types of the functional elements  102 . For example, the transfer process described above can be done with one type of the functional elements  102 . Then the first substrate or web could be indexed forward to a second transfer station which could transfer into a second set of locations either more of the first type of device, or a second type of device. This index and transfer process could be repeated for as many times as necessary to place all of the desired devices in their respective locations. This ability to repeat the index and transfer process solves at least two potential problems. First, it may be necessary, for either product function or process economics reasons, to have the same devices placed on the web in a pattern that is not conducive to completing in one transfer process step. Second, the product may require the functional elements  102  with different functionality and/or different material. Third, the product may require the functional elements  102  to have different shapes or sizes. For example, the first transfer step could transfer the functional elements  102  with digital circuitry, while the next transfer step could transfer devices with analog circuitry. Alternatively, the first transfer step could transfer the functional elements  102  with RF communication capabilities, while the second transfer step could transfer the functional elements  102  with sensing capabilities. Potentially, additional transfer steps could transfer devices with energy storage and delivery capabilities. In yet another example, the first transfer step could transfer individual pixel drivers for a display, while the second transfer step could transfer a display driver chip IC which drives and controls the pixel drivers. Or the first transfer step could transfer GaAs IC&#39;s, while the second transfer step could transfer silicon IC&#39;s. There are plenty of additional examples of how having two or more devices would be beneficial. The last example does point out an important feature of the process, which is that it could work with devices fabricated from any material, including but not limited to, silicon, silicon-on-sapphire, silicon-on-insulator, gallium arsenide, silicon carbide, gallium nitride on silicon, etc. 
     In another embodiment, the transferred material is a diced or otherwise singulated thin film transistor (TFT) circuit on a flexible substrate such as metal foil or high temperature plastic, or a rigid substrate such as glass or quartz. 
     Whether there are one or multiple transfer steps in the process, after the devices are transferred, there need to be openings, called “vias”, for electrical connections to the pads on the tops of the devices if external electrical connections are required for the devices to work. These openings could be made either before the transfer process, or after the transfer process. Before the transfer process, the vias could be made by either laser drilling, wet etching, plasma etching, punching, or mechanically drilling the adhesive film in the appropriate locations to make contact with the devices after they are transferred. The vias could also be made after the transfer process, in which case it is preferable that the adhesive film used in the transfer process be either laser drillable or etchable. 
     In another embodiment, the adhesive film  112  can be a temporary adhesive. Once the gap is filled with the UV cured polymer or thermoset polymer or thermoplastic resin, the adhesive film can be pealed off. Then the functional elements  102  connections can be made by directly screen printing silver ink onto the functional elements  102  contact pads. This temporary adhesive could be UV release tape. This process could eliminate the need for a via. In the case where it is necessary to reduce the capacitance caused by the metal interconnect over the functional element, tall (5-25 um) bumped interconnection pads on the functional elements could be used. The adhesive film would make contact with these bumped pads. The gap filler (UV-cured polymer, thermoset, or thermoplastic resin) would underfill between the adhesive film and the top of the device. Once again, when the adhesive film is removed, bumped metal pads are left, surrounded by a thick film dielectric, and the need for the formation of a via is eliminated. 
     Options for vias include no via, photo vias with laminate, and laser vias with laminate. 
     The assembly of the exemplary embodiments could also be created from functional elements  102  (e.g., IC chips) that are thinned and diced in wafer format (e.g., etched and coupled to a handle substrate), and temporarily held in place on a dicing tape or other adhesives. The adhesive laminated, punched web could be placed over the wafer, and an entire frame could be transferred at once. In one embodiment, a substrate  108  with openings  110  and adhesive film  140  laminated to the substrate  108  is placed over the wafer that have the functional elements  102  that are thinned and diced in the wafer format. The adhesive film  140  is then pressed through the openings to cause the functional elements  102  to be transferred over to the substrate  108 . To reduce the adhesion of the dicing tape, UV release dicing tape could be used, and the UV exposure could be either a flood exposure, or through a stencil or mask so that only the adhesive touching the chips that are to be transferred is UV-treated. 
     In an alternative embodiment, one or more of the functional elements  102  are transferred from the wafer that have the functional elements  102  that are thinned and diced in the wafer format (e.g., etched and disposed on or coupled to a handle substrate) onto a template substrate (e.g., a second substrate  104 ). In one embodiment, the functional elements  102  are singulated, isolated, or separated after being formed into their particular shapes (e.g., thinned). The functional elements  102  are also coupled to or otherwise disposed on the handle substrate which are then transferred onto the template substrate. The functional elements  102  are then transferred again onto a device substrate (e.g., a first substrate  108 ). In one embodiment, the template substrate is fabricated with a pattern of receptor sites that matches the pattern of functional elements  102  that are formed on the wafer. The template substrate is then placed on the wafer, in one embodiment, with relative alignment such that the functional elements  102  are then released into the template substrate. To reduce the adhesion of the dicing tape, UV release dicing tape could be used, and the UV exposure could be either a flood exposure, or through a stencil or mask so that only the adhesive touching the chips that are to be transferred is UV-treated. As the dicing tape releases the functional elements  102 , the elements  102  are released into the template substrate. 
     The layout of the wafer containing the functional elements  102  is important. For the transfer of many devices at one time, it is preferable to layout the functional elements  102  on the wafer such that the spacing between every i functional elements  102  in the x axis and every j functional elements  102  in the y axis matches the x and y spacing between holes on the punched web  108  to which the devices will be transferred. If such a layout is not convenient or practical, then the transfer of the functional elements  102  could be completed in more than one step, as described above. Analogously, the transfer of two or more different functional elements  102  could be completed in a sequential index and transfer process, as described above. 
     Another option would be to first cut the wafer in to square dies that are tiled together (pick and place) to make a square area suitable for transfer, then dice the functional elements  102  in the square all together. This would allow the most of the area of a round wafer. It would also avoid the need to layout the wafer in a special way for transfer. 
     The equipment to accomplish a transfer process from a wafer or from a filled template is relatively similar. First, the equipment needs the appropriate web handling devices to smoothly transfer web into and out of the transfer process area. As described above, the transfer process area comprises one or more transfer process assemblies. Each transfer process assembly consists of the following basic components: 1. A template or wafer holder on a movable stage; 2. The incoming laminated web; 3. A method for positioning the web and the template or wafer with respect to each other; and 4. A transfer head for deforming the adhesive laminate through the web such that it makes contact to the devices on the wafer or in the template. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates that the equipment may include a web line of the first substrate  108 , a template  128  for holding the second substrate  104 , and a transfer mechanism  130  having transfer heads  136  to allow for the transfer of the functional elements  102  from the second substrate  104  to the first substrate  108 . The equipment may also includes one or more registration stations  132  to allow the relative positioning of the first substrate  108  and the second substrate  104 . A vacuum station  134  may be used to hold the second substrate  104  in place. A storage  136  may also be included that holds the second substrate  104  that can be transferred onto the web line  128 . 
     The stage for holding the wafer or the template could be a simple x, y stage, which holds the template or the wafer to it by means of a vacuum. This stage could be automatically translated after every transfer step such that another set of devices are ready for transfer. The stage could be fed fresh wafers or templates automatically from a cassette of wafers or templates. 
     Alternatively, the transfer template could be a filled FSA web in the shape of a belt (which for example, is moved between rolls), which progresses underneath the adhesive laminated transfer web such that a set of IC devices is always ready for transfer as illustrated in  FIG. 15 . The equipment in  FIG. 15  is similar to the equipment in  FIG. 14  except an FSA station  135  is included. 
     The web could be positioned with respect to the transfer template or the IC wafer by the registration station  132  (e.g., a vision system) to align reference marks on the template or wafer with complementary reference marks on the webs. Alternatively, the vision system could align to the devices themselves, or to the punched holes on the laminate web, or both. 
     The transfer head  136  could take many forms. It could be a set of pins laid out in an arrangement to match the layout of the holes punched in the substrate  104  web. Alternatively, it could be a shaped plate, made out of plastic or metal, with protrusions that match the layout of the holes punched in the substrate  104  web. In yet another form, it could simply be a deformable bladder, which could be deformed with air pressure such that it deforms the adhesive laminate. 
     For the transfer head  136 , it would be preferable to not have the web of the first substrate  108  touch the IC wafer or template except during the transfer step itself. This could be accomplished by having the template or wafer stage have z-motion capability, such that it can move down from the transfer position before the web for the first substrate  108  is indexed. Alternatively, the web could be held above the transfer stage. It could be held at a permanent height above, but close to, the template or wafer stage, or it could have z-axis motion, such that it could be brought into contact or close proximity of the template or wafer stage. Or a separate metal or plastic sheet or film could be placed between the web and the transfer template or wafer to ensure that the sliding web does not come in contact with the template or wafer on the stage. 
     In alternative embodiments, any of the equipments shown in  FIG. 14  or  FIG. 15  (or alternative embodiments thereof) can include a filling station (not shown). The filling station that can be used to fill gaps that may be formed in the openings in the first substrate after the functional elements are transferred. The filling station may be equipped with a filler material such as a UV cured polymer or a thermoset polymer or a thermoplastic resin. In addition, the equipment may include an adhesive removal station where the adhesive film (which can be a temporary adhesive film) can be pealed off. In one embodiment, the temporary adhesive is a UV release tape. In these embodiments, the interconnections to the functional elements can be made by directly screen printing silver ink onto the functional elements&#39; contact pads. One advantage for having a temporary adhesive film is that it eliminates the need for vias to establish interconnection to the functional elements. 
       FIGS. 16-17  illustrate that in a further alternate embodiment, the second substrate  104  is flexible. The functional elements  102  may be deposited into the second substrate  104 , either by an FSA-process filled plastic template or devices on flexible dicing tape. The first substrate  108 , to which the functional elements  102  are transferred to can be rigid or flexible depending on applications. In this embodiment, the functional elements  102  can be transferred to a first substrate  108 , which in one embodiment, is rigid, such as a large or small IC device, silicon wafer, wafer of IC devices, glass, etc. The transferred functional elements  102  can be attached to the first substrate  108  using eutectic solder or other flip-chip interconnect methodologies, or an adhesive layer on the substrate or device as discussed above, or a combination of techniques. During the transfer process, the rigid first substrate  108  is positioned in close proximity to, and facing, the functional elements  102  holding side of the flexible second substrate  104 . The functional elements  102  are transferred to the first substrate  108  by deflecting portions of the flexible second substrate  104  such that selected functional elements  102  are brought into contact with and attached to the first substrate  108 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 16 , the second substrate  104  has a plurality of functional elements  102  arranged in a densely packed array. Similar to above, each of the functional elements  102  includes contact pads  122 . The second substrate  104  is flexible. The functional elements  102  may be coupled to the second substrate  104  using methods such as FSA. The first substrate  108 , which in one embodiment, is rigid, includes a patterned conductive leads  138 . The patterned conductive leads can be an antenna leads in one example. The first substrate  108  can be flexible. In one example, the first substrate  108  is a substrate that can support an antenna, such as one used for an RF ID tag. The first substrate  108  thus can include antenna lead formed thereon. At least part of the antenna lead may be the conductive leads  138  shown in  FIG. 16 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 16 , an adhesive layer  140  is disposed over the patterned conductive lead  138 . When the functional elements  102  are transferred to the first substrate  108 , the contact pads  122  will make electrical contacts to the conductive leads  138  either through vias formed into the adhesive layer  140  or by the conductivity characteristic of the adhesive layer  140 . The adhesive layer  140  may be electrically conductive and/or anisotropically conductive such that it is only conductive in one direction, (e.g., Z-direction). That way, the adhesive layer  140  will allow electrical connection between the conductive lead  138  on the first substrate and the contact pads  140  on the functional elements  102 . 
     In  FIG. 16 , a transfer mechanism  142  including at least one transfer pin  144  is place under the second substrate  104 . The second substrate  104  is placed or held on a vacuum station  146  to hold the second substrate  104  in place. The transfer mechanism  142  drives the transfer pin  144  into the second substrate  104 , which is flexible. The transfer pin  144  is able to push the functional elements  102  up toward the first substrate  108  to transfer the functional elements  102  onto the first substrate  108 .  FIG. 17  illustrates the functional elements  102  having been transferred onto the first substrate  108 . 
     In the alternative embodiment, the conductive leads  138  have adhesive characteristic such that the adhesive layer  140  can be eliminated. In this embodiment, at least the portion of the conductive leads  138  that will make contact to the contact pads  122  have adhesive material such that the can adhere to the contact pads  122  and allow mechanical as well as electrical coupling. 
     While the preceding discussions have focused on the use of a transfer method with the functional elements  102  such as integrated circuits assembled using FSA, it is clear to those skilled in the art that such a transfer process can be used to assemble other types of functional elements that are formed in arrays on one substrate, and then transferred to another substrate. 
     For example, it is difficult and costly to form thin film transistors over large areas on flexible substrates. Typically, processing equipment gets very expensive for large area treatments, and few substrates can withstand the processing temperatures and conditions necessary to form thin film transistors. One could inexpensively form small circuit elements on standard, small-to-medium sized substrates, singulated the circuit elements, and then use this transfer process to spread the devices over a large area, or place them on a flexible substrate. 
     As one example, it is possible to form amorphous or polysilicon TFTs on stainless steel foils. Such devices can be formed relatively inexpensively today by using standard semiconductor or flat panel display processing equipment. For example, a group at Princeton University routinely forms amorphous silicon TFTs on four inch steel “wafers” (or flats). The equipment cost is prohibitive, however, to form a similar TFT array on a substrate that is 1 meter across. 
     Using a version of the transfer method described here, however, TFTs could be formed on a wafer, flat, or ribbon on one substrate, and transferred in a simple fashion to another. For example, a ribbon of TFTs could be attached to a carrier substrate and then singulated. The purpose here is to simply hold the singulated transistor elements in place. The transfer tool described here could then select TFTs off of this densely-packed ribbon and transfer them to the final substrate, placing them in an arbitrary pattern and spacing. If the adhesive layer here is an anisotropically conductive adhesive, then interconnection to the TFT (with the steel underlayer still in place) is easily done through the adhesive. Alternatively, vias through a nonconductive adhesive can be used. 
     Transfer methods have been described in the past, typically by providing some sort of sacrificial underlayer on the primary substrate, which is etched away to free a thin, fragile active circuit element. In this case, we take advantage of the ability to slit, cut, or otherwise singulated the steel foil and then transfer the element as a whole. 
     Likewise, this approach could be extended to other substrates that could be singulated. Other circuit elements (besides integrated circuits), that could be transferred, include active elements, passive elements, or even other functional systems, such as sensors (e.g., chemical or biological sensors), MEMs, VCSELS, photodiodes, mechanical elements, thin film transistors, passive electrical elements, capacitors, inductors, resistors, diodes, optical elements, photodiodes, light emitters, microprocessors, memory structures, radio frequency transceivers, communications elements, power sources, energy storages, electromagnetic radiation emitting elements, electromagnetic radiation reflecting elements, and display elements (e.g., display pixel elements and display drivers), to name a few. 
     It is to be appreciated that many of the embodiments discussed the transferring of the functional elements from one substrate (e.g., substrate  104 ) to another substrate (e.g., substrate  108 ) in a web format. But, the embodiments are similarly applicable to other format such as sheet format. Thus, instead of the substrate  104  and the substrate  108  being in the web formats (e.g., roll-to-roll), the substrate  104  and the substrate  108  are in sheet forms. 
     Some of the embodiments described can be used to form the strap assembly described in patent application Ser. No. 09/872,985, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,606,247 which is hereby incorporated by reference.