Abstract:
An electronic package or module is protected by a lid sealed with a thermoplastic or thermosetting adhesive laminate that has been pre-applied onto the lid, including the bonding area of the lid. The adhesive is deposited as wet adhesive or is laminated in sheet format onto a sheet of the material of which the lids are to be formed. The adhesive is dried or B-staged to become a solid sheet preform, as by solvent removal or chemical cross-linking, respectively. The lids are then formed from the laminate of lid material and adhesive, as by thermo-forming or by stamping. The lid and adhesive materials may be electrically insulating, or may be electrically conductive so as to replace soldered lids in providing electromagnetic interference protection. In some cases, the adhesive may be thermally conductive and be utilized in combination with thermally conductive interface material that is in direct contact with heat generating devices covered by the lid. In all of these cases, lid attachment includes adhesive bonding at a temperature substantially lower than the typical temperature at which solder melts.

Description:
This Application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/091,333 filed Jun. 30, 1998. 
    
    
     The present invention relates to lids and, in particular, to lids formed from laminates of adhesive and lid material. 
     There are many approaches to packaging electronic devices and other goods for protection against such hazards as handling, mechanical damage, environmental exposure, chemical attack, and other potentially adverse elements. As a result of both functional and aesthetic requirements, these devices are typically encased in several levels of packaging. The outermost level is most likely the housing or enclosure of the apparatus in which such devices are employed, such as a computer case, TV receiver enclosure, cellular telephone housing and the like. 
     Generally, electronics devices at the electrical component level, such as microprocessors and other semiconductor devices, are packaged with a first level of protection in the form of a metal or ceramic package or by a solid organic encapsulation. Besides the traditional “Dual-In-Line” package in which an electronic component mounted to a lead frame is molded within an epoxy compound, the equivalent may be created by applying a glob of liquid plastic epoxy to form the so-called “glob-top” encapsulation. See, e.g., T. Gabrykewioz, et al,. “Glob-Top Material Selection for Flip Chip Devices”,  Proceedings of the  1986  International Symposium on Microelectronics , 1986, pages 107 et seq., and Paul Collander, et al., “Humidity Testing of Plastic Coated Integrated Test Circuits”,  Proceedings of  1987  International Symposium on Microelectronics , 1987, pages 249 et seq. However, because of substantial differences in the coefficients of thermal expansion between the substrate or device and the encapsulant, substantial peel stress occurs in a coated structure (rather than compressive stress as occurs in a molded structure) which limits the long-term reliability of such devices, as reported by R. Schwartz, “Microelectronic Packaging: 11 ”, Journal of the American Ceramic Society , 63(4). 1984, pages 577-581. In some cases, an electronic semiconductor device may not be able to be encapsulated by a solid encapsulant because of the adverse effects of stress induced in the device by direct contact with the encapsulant. In other cases, the cost of the encapsulation material and/or its application may be too costly. It is interesting to note that in detailed testing of actual devices, packaged devices that allowed reasonable flow or “breathing” of moisture into and out of the packages proved to be more reliable than those molded devices that sought to exclude such moisture penetration, as reported by E. B. Hakim in the “US Army Panama Field Test of Plastic Encapsulated Devices”, AD-A048 413, July 1977. 
     When several packaged electronic devices have been assembled into a functional unit, such as a printed wiring circuit board or other electronic substrate, they are then protected by an exterior lid or cover of the functional unit that forms a housing therefor. These lids or covers may be attached to the functional unit with adhesive, solder, screws or other mechanical fasteners. 
     Certain electronic devices may need a thermal connection to transfer heat away from the device, which need cannot be satisfied by an encapsulant or molding compound. A thermally-conductive metal lid attached with adhesives that also serve as a thermal interface with the device inside the package or laced with another thermally-conductive media between the lid and the heat generating device have been employed to provide such thermal connection, however, the conventional application of such techniques has been imprecise and so the effectiveness and conductivity of the thermal connection may be uncertain. 
     Certain other cases may need the lid or cover to be electrically conductive and connected to the electrical ground of the finished device to provide attenuation of electromagnetic interference (EMI) to and from other devices. This requirement cannot be easily met with an insulating organic encapsulant and soldering may be inconvenient or undesirable because of the effect of the soldering temperature on electronic devices that are attached by soldering. In reworking or repairing a device employing soldered covers, de-soldering the cover may also cause damage to or de-soldering of the covered electronic devices. 
     In fact, most electronic devices used in military, space and other high reliability applications employ a hermetic-seal package to prevent moisture and other contaminants and adverse elements from affecting the electronic devices enclosed thereby. However, hermetic packages are very expensive to implement. In addition, either soldered or brazed metal packages or housings are usually employed in military and space applications requiring an electrically-conductive package or housing for EMI protection. In order to prevent damage to the electronic devices mounted in such hermetic package by the generally high processing temperatures necessary for soldering or brazing, each package has to be selectively heated only in the local area at the package rim to which the lid is soldered or brazed. Thus the processing time and work required to attach the protective lid is high, and therefore costly. 
     In addition, both the sealing material and the lid material of hermetic devices must be selected from materials having coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) that substantially match the CTE of the electronic package and of the electronic device mounted therein. This requirement of matching the respective CTE of the board substrate to that of the sealing materials, and to that of the lids also increases the cost of the finished devices. In general, the cost of both the materials meeting these requirements and processing they require are prohibitive for general application commercial electronics. 
     Lids and covers are used to a certain extent in commercial electronics, for example, where special requirements exist. One such requirement applies to frequency selective electronic devices that are susceptible to stress-induced frequency distortion, such as certain oscillators, crystals, oscillators, acoustic wave filters and other like devices employed in communication equipment. Lids for such devices are generally attached by an adhesive in the form of dispensable paste or die-cut preforms that may be applied to the lid shortly before the lid attachment bonding process. Where the volume of production is high, for example, lids are pre-coated with adhesive or have adhesive preforms pre-applied, and the adhesives employed are those that will flow and cure when heated and applied under pressure during the lid attachment process. 
     However, the cost of pre-coating adhesives and of pre-application of adhesive preforms onto lids or covers by conventional methods is still quite high. Typically, adhesives in liquidous form are dispensed with a programmable automatic dispenser or are roller-coated onto the sealing areas of each lid. The adhesive is subsequently dried or B-staged at a temperature and for a time substantially less than the curing temperature and time of the adhesive. The liquidous adhesive thus becomes solid state adhesive on each lid either through solvent evaporation or through chemical cross-linking, or both, during what is generically termed as “B-staging.” For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,667,884 entitled “Area Bonding Conductive Adhesive Preforms” issued to J. C. Bolger, Example VII thereof describes stamping and cutting copper strip into individual square domed covers, cutting tape adhesive into individual squares slightly larger than the individual covers, and tacking the individual adhesive squares to the individual copper cover squares. These tacked covers are pre-heated and then joined to a pre-heated semiconductor die attached to a preform in a clamshell heating fixture. 
     Thus, there is a need for an efficient method of pre-coating and pre-application of adhesive onto lids and covers to provide a cost-effective solution in protecting sensitive devices such as electronic devices. It may also be desirable that the adhesive attaching the lids be removable at a temperature and with a force low enough that neither the electronic substrate nor the electronic elements under the lid be damaged thereby, for example, at a temperature less than the melting temperature of solder. 
     There is also a need for attachment of EMI-shielding lids or covers at a temperature lower than the melting temperature of solder. This will be even more useful it the adhesive that attaches the lid or cover is electrically conductive and bonds instantly upon reaching a bonding temperature that is substantially below the general melting temperature of solder, or about 220° C. 
     With the advancing of semiconductor technology to produce more powerful microprocessors and other semiconductor components that generate substantial heat, there is also a need for a cost-effective lid attachment that also serves as thermal spreader to facilitate removal of such heat. 
     To this end, the method of making a plurality of laminated lids of the present invention comprises: 
     laminating a sheet of lid material and an adhesive; and 
     stamping the plurality of laminated lids out of the laminated sheet of lid material and adhesive. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, a method of contemporaneously making a plurality of lids having an adhesive laminated thereto comprises: 
     obtaining a sheet of lid material; 
     depositing a layer of adhesive on the sheet of lid material to form a laminated sheet of lid material and adhesive; 
     locating the laminated sheet between a pair of tooling plates, one tooling plate having a plurality of recesses therein at positions at which respective ones of the plurality of lids are to be formed, and the other tooling plate having a plurality of projections therefrom in positions corresponding to the recesses in the first tooling plate; 
     forming the plurality of lids in the laminated sheet by moving the tooling plates together to place the projections of the second tooling plate into the recesses of the first tooling plate, whereby the laminated sheet is formed into the recesses by the projections; and 
     cutting the plurality of formed lids from the formed laminate sheet. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     The detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention will be more easily and better understood when read in conjunction with the FIGURES of the Drawing which include: 
     FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary laminate of lid material and adhesive before lids are formed; 
     FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the laminate of FIG. 1 between a set of complementary tooling plates for forming lids; 
     FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of one of the exemplary lids formed from the laminate of FIG.  1  and the tooling plates of FIG. 2; 
     FIG. 4 is a plan view of an exemplary laminate of lid material with areas of adhesive and interface material thereon; 
     FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view along the cross-sectional line I—I of the exemplary laminate of FIG. 4; 
     FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of one of the exemplary lids formed from the laminate of FIGS. 4 and 5; and 
     FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of an electronic device including exemplary ones of the lids of FIGS. 2 and 6 attached onto a circuit substrate. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     The present invention relates to lids for protecting devices such as electronic components and modules wherein the lids are formed from a laminate including a lid material and a pre-coated adhesive sheet or preforms. Exemplary adhesives employed include B-stageable epoxy or thermoplastic or thermosetting adhesives that, for certain applications, may be filled with specific particulates for rendering the adhesive electrically and/or thermally conductive or for reduction of the coefficient of thermal expansion thereof. 
     Lids having pre-applied adhesive preforms, whether or not having other specific particulate fillers, are formed by an method including deposition of wet adhesive onto a substrate of lid material followed by forming and cutting of a plurality of individual lids therefrom. The sheet of lid material and adhesive is of any convenient size from which a plurality of lids are produced. Areas within any one or more lids may have deposited therein by similar method adhesives with thermally-conductive, electrically-conductive, or dielectric particulate filler material. These applications of adhesive material onto the substrate of lid material may be in a repeating pattern within a larger panel of laminate that is positioned in known predetermined spatial relationship with two or more relational alignment holes for precisely positioning the adhesively-laminated lid material for stamping, thermo-forming and cutting out of individual lids. Lids with adhesive preforms attached may be packaged similarly to electrical components after the wet adhesive preforms are dried and B-staged to a solid state, and may be packaged either before or after the individual lids are formed and cut out. 
     In FIG. 1, a cross-sectional view of an exemplary laminate  10  of lid material and adhesive before lids are formed, a sheet of lid material  20  is obtained and a thin layer of wet adhesive  30  is deposited thereon. The lid material  20  may be an insulating material, such as a thermo-formable plastic, liquid crystal polymer, polyester, poly-ether sulfone, or polyphenylene sulfide, or may be a metal such as copper, aluminum, brass, steel, stainless steel or alloys thereof, and combinations thereof. Lid materials  20  having a thickness of between about 2 mils and 50 mils are preferred, but thicker or thinner materials may be employed. Adhesive  30 , which may be a thermoplastic or thermosetting adhesive, is deposited on the sheet of lid material  20  at a particular thickness by roll or drum coating, stenciling, mesh-, contact- or other screening, ink-jet or other printing, sheet laminating or other suitable means. Adhesive  30  is dried or B-staged to a tack-free solid form, preferably by heating to a temperature less than its melt-flow or bonding temperature, and typically has a particular dry thickness that is in the range between about 25 and 500 microns, but thicker or thinner layers may be employed. Laminated sheets  10  of lid material  20  and dried/B-staged adhesive  30  are used to form a plurality of lids or may be stored for an extended period before being so used. 
     FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the laminate  10  of FIG. 1 positioned between a set of complementary tooling plates  60 ,  70  for forming a plurality of lids  50  of the exemplary sort shown in FIG.  2 . Lids  50  are formed from the laminated sheet  10  of lid material  20  and dried adhesive  30  by shaping the laminated sheet  10  in the plurality of locations at which lids  50  are to be formed. Such shaping may be performed by pressing laminated sheet  10  between a matched set of complementary tooling plates  60 , 70 . A first tooling plate  60  having a pattern of a plurality of shaped recesses  62  therein bears against the lid-material  20  surface of laminated sheet  10  and a second tooling plate  70  having a corresponding pattern of a plurality of shaped projections  72  extending therefrom that are mirror images of the shaped recesses  62  in the first tooling plate  60  bears against the dried-adhesive  30  surface of laminated sheet  10 . When tooling plates  60  and  70  are moved toward one another, the moving together thereof moves the shaped projections  72  into the shaped recesses  62  pressing the laminated sheet  10  into the shaped recesses and thereby forming laminated sheet  10  into the shape of the projections  72  and recesses  63  which define the shape of the lids  50 . Thus, preferably, all of the plurality of lids  50  are formed contemporaneously, i.e. at substantially the same time. 
     In a stamping or embossing operation, the first and second tooling plates  60 .  70  deform or emboss laminated sheet  10  by mechanical deformation of lid material  20  beyond its yield point, as would be employed with a metal lid material  20 . Laminated sheet  10  yields to and retains its deformed shape defined by the recesses  62  and projections  72  of the first and second tooling plates  60 ,  70 , respectively, In a thermo-forming operation, the first and second tooling plates  60 ,  70  are heated to a temperature above the thermo-forming temperature of a thermo-formable lid material  20  and form laminated sheet  10  by mechanically deforming thermo-formable lid material  20  and cooling it so that it retains the formed shape defined by the corresponding recesses  62  and projections  72  of the first and second tooling plates  60 ,  70 , respectively. 
     A cutting die having a pattern of a plurality of cutting edges corresponding to the pattern of the plurality of lids  50  formed by the patterns of recesses  62  and projections  72  of tooling plates  60 ,  70 , respectively, is applied to the formed laminate sheet  10  to cut out each of the plurality of lids  50  formed therein. This die-cutting operation of lids  50  may be performed as an operation separate from the forming operation described in the preceding paragraph, or the pattern of cutting edges may be formed in the tooling plates  60 ,  70  in which case the forming and cutting operations are performed contemporaneously. In addition and preferably, all of the plurality of lids  50  are cut out of the laminated sheet  10  contemporaneously. 
     FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of one of the exemplary lids  50  formed from the laminate sheet  10  of FIG. 1 by the forming and cutting operations described above. Formed lid  50  has an outer layer formed of the lid material  20  and is coated on the interior surface by the layer of adhesive material  30 . Adhesive layer  30  covers a bonding edge  52  formed around the periphery of the open end of lid  50 , which bonding edge  52  and adhesive area  54  are to be used to form a bond between formed lid  50  and the object to which it is attached, such as an electronic circuit substrate. It is noted that the adhesive area  54  is obtained from the portion of adhesive layer  30  that is coated on the area of lid material  20  that becomes bonding edge  52  without the need for any particular application of adhesive. 
     As a result, formed lids  50  and the method described above for producing formed lids  50  have great advantage in that a multiplicity of lids  50  having excellent uniformity may be produced in a mass-production operation at low cost. This method eliminates the handling of individual lids and the application of individual adhesive preforms onto individual lids or the dispensing of adhesive onto individual lids, as in the prior art. Moreover, the adhesive on lids  50  is in solid form and tack free, thereby simplifying the handling of formed lids  50 . 
     FIG. 4 is a plan view of an exemplary laminate  110  of a substrate of lid material  120  with areas of adhesive  130  and interface material  140  thereon. A sheet of lid material  120  is obtained and a pattern of wet adhesive  130  is deposited thereon. The lid material  120  may be an insulating material, such as a thermo-formable plastic, liquid crystal polymer, polyester, poly-ether sulfone, or polyphenylene sulfide, or may be a metal such as copper, aluminum, brass. Lid materials  120  typically having a thickness of between about 2 mils and 50 mils are preferred. A pattern of adhesive  130 , which may be a thermoplastic or thermosetting adhesive, is deposited on the sheet of lid material  120  at a particular thickness by mesh-, contact- or other screening, ink-jet or other printing, laminating an adhesive sheet from a release substrate, or other suitable means. The pattern thereof includes a plurality of deposits of adhesive  130  in a shape corresponding to the shape of the bonding edge  152  of the lids  150  to be formed therefrom, such as a rectangular line shape  130  as illustrated in FIG.  4 . Adhesive  130  is dried or B-staged to a tack-free solid form, preferably by heating to a temperature less than its melt-flow or bonding temperature, and typically has a particular dry thickness that is in the range between about 25 and 500 microns. Laminated sheets  110  of lid material  120  and dried/B-staged adhesive  130  are used to form a plurality of lids by the forming, stamping and cutting operations as described above in relation to FIGS. 2 and 3, or may be stored for extended periods before being so used, e.g., for twelve months or more. 
     Because the pattern of shaped deposits of adhesive  130  must be located in a particular position with respect to the tooling plates that are employed to form and cut the lids  150  that are produced from laminate sheet  110 , it is preferred that at least two relational alignment holes be employed. The pattern of deposited adhesive  130  is positioned in known predetermined spatial relationship with the two or more relational alignment holes  122 ,  124  for precisely positioning the lid material  120  first for positioning the screen or mask by which the pattern of adhesive  130  is deposited thereon and then for positioning the lid material and adhesive laminate  110  for stamping, thermo-forming and cutting out of individual lids. The screen or mask, the tooling plates, or both, preferably employ corresponding relational alignment holes therein that are in the same known predetermined spatial relationship as are the pattern of adhesive deposits  130  on lid material  120  to the relational alignment holes thereon for precisely positioning the adhesively-laminated lid material  110  for stamping, thermo-forming and cutting out of individual lids. 
     Advantageously, the arrangement of FIG. 4 also facilitates the mass production of lids with more complex adhesive patterns that address other requirements placed upon the lids to be formed therefrom. A further pattern of adhesive material  140  is deposited onto lid material  120  inside the area defined by the shape of adhesive material  130 . Adhesive material  140  is, for example, a thermoplastic or thermosetting adhesive that is filled with thermally-conductive particles that with the finished lid will provide a path for thermal conduction from a device covered by the finished lid. Adhesive material  140  may be deposited to the same thickness as is adhesive  130 , but is preferably thicker to ensure that it contacts and conforms to the device from which heat is to be removed. Preferably, lid material  120  is a thermally-conductive metal such as copper or aluminum. In such application, besides the adhesive bonding, additional thermal interface or adhesive will be useful if pre-applied onto such lid. The thermal interface provided by material  140  may be formed of a thermally-conductive adhesive having a reasonable bond strength or may simply be a thermal interface formed of a thermally-conductive material not having adhesive properties, such as a cured thermally-conductive thermosetting or thermoplastic material. 
     FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view along the cross-sectional line I—I of the exemplary laminate  110  of FIG.  4 . The pattern of the plurality of adhesive material  130  are on one surface of the sheet of lid material  110  in known positional relationship to relational alignment holes  122 ,  124 . A pattern of thermally-conductive interface material  140  is deposited on the sheet of lid material  120  inside the areas defined by adhesive material  130  and have substantially the same thickness as does adhesive material  130 . Thermally-conductive interface material  140 ′ is similarly deposited on the sheet of lid material  120  inside the areas defined by adhesive material  130 , but are substantially thicker than are the deposits of adhesive material  130 , such as for more consistently making a given level of thermal contact with the top of the device to be covered by the lids  150  to be formed from laminate sheet  110 . 
     FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of one of the exemplary lids  150  formed from the laminate  110  of FIGS. 4 and 5 by the forming or stamping and cutting operations described above in relation to FIGS. 2 and 3. The exterior of lid  150  is formed by the lid material  120  and the interior thereof is coated by the interface material  140  that was deposited onto the lid material  120  to form laminate  110 . A bonding edge  152  of lid  150 , which is of the same size and shape as is the deposit of adhesive material  130 , has adhesive material  130  attached thereto. It is preferred that the sheet of lid material  120 , the masks and/or screens employed to deposit adhesive  130  and material  140 , and the tooling plates employed in the forming or stamping and the cutting operations to produce lids  150  each have two or more relational guide holes in the same known predetermined relationship to the patterns of adhesive  130  and material  140 . 
     As a result, formed lids  150  and the method described above for producing formed lids  510  have great advantage in that a multiplicity of lids  150  having excellent uniformity and more complex adhesive and interface material pattens may be produced in a mass-production operation at low cost. This method eliminates the handling of individual lids and the application of individual adhesive preforms onto individual lids or the dispensing of adhesive onto individual lids, and also eliminates the dispensing of interface material or individual preforms thereof into individual lids, as in the prior art. Moreover, the adhesive on lids  150  is in solid form and tack free, thereby simplifying the handling of formed lids  150 . 
     FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of an electronic device  200  including exemplary ones of the laminated lids  50 ,  150  of FIGS. 2 and 6, respectively, attached onto a circuit substrate  202 . Substrate  202  is a ceramic circuit substrate or a printed wiring circuit board, for example, having conductive circuit connections including contact pads at least on the top surface  204  thereof. Electronic devices  210  and  220 , which may be, for example, microprocessors, memories or other integrated circuits, or may be resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors or networks thereof, have contact pads on the surface thereof which is proximate top surface  204  of substrate  202 , and are mounted to substrate  202  in a flip-chip manner. A plurality of electrical connections  212 ,  222  between the contact pads of electronic devices  210 ,  220 , respectively, and the corresponding contact pads of substrate  202  are made by electrically-conductive adhesive, solder or other suitable material. 
     Laminated lid  50  covers and protects electronic device  210  and is attached by the bonding of adhesive material  30  between bonding edge  52  of lid  50  and surface  204  of substrate  202 . In like manner, laminated lid  150  covers and protects electronic device  220  and is attached by the bonding of adhesive material  130  between bonding edge  152  of lid  150  and surface  204  of substrate  202 . In addition, interface material  140  of lid  150  contacts the top of electronic device  220  and the lid material  120  of lid  150 , for example, for providing a thermally-conductive path therebetween through which heat generated by electronic device  220  may be removed. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Lids are produced suitable for protecting microprocessor semiconductors that consume substantial power and are attached to a substrate in conventional flip-chip Ball-Grid-Array (BGA) format. Because of the high-power consumption of the microprocessor semiconductor, the backside of the semiconductor die must be linked thermally with the lid by a thermal interface material. A sheet laminate is formed of a 20-mil thick sheet of copper foil and a 6-mil thick film of thermally-conductive adhesive made of a thermosetting epoxy-based adhesive such as type ESP7258 or type ESP7458 which is available from AI Technology, Inc. located in Princeton, N.J., and which is filled with aluminum nitride thermally-conductive particles and exhibits a thermal conductivity of about 4.0 W/m-° C. or less. The laminate is formed by laminating the adhesive film of ESP7258 or ESP7458 epoxy adhesive and the copper foil using a heat laminator set to a temperature of about 130-150° C. The time of the heat lamination should be as short as possible, for example, in the range of several seconds, to prevent over B-staging the adhesive which would result in insufficient adhesive flow during the actual bonding of the lid to the substrate. The lids are produced by stamping this laminate to give the lids the proper lid shape and size, and the lids with the adhesive thereon are storable at ambient temperature for more than 12 months without loss of adhesive properties. The inside depth of the stamped lids is carefully engineered to have a depth dimension such that the adhesive film laminated inside the lids will directly contact the back-side of the high-power semiconductor flip-chip. During the process of bonding of the laminated lids over the semiconductor chip onto the substrate at a temperature of 150-175° C. for about 1-5 minutes, sufficient pressure is applied at the rim of the lid and to press the lid against the semiconductor chip, e.g., a pressure of about 10 psi on average, to achieve sufficient flow of the adhesive at the back-side of the semiconductor flip chip to assure intimate contact and good thermal transfer between the flip chip and the copper foil of the lid. It is noted that type ESP7258 or type ESP7458 epoxy adhesive has a strong bonding strength at temperatures below about 100° C., but advantageously has much lower bond strength above this temperature, thereby to allow easier removal of the lid for rework or repair of the electronic components and connections covered by the lid. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     A laminate is prepared as in Example 1 using a 6-mil thick adhesive film of thermosetting epoxy adhesive such as type ESP7450-SC adhesive also available from AI Technology, Inc. In this example, the active part of the covered electronic device is not desired to be in contact with the adhesive film inside the laminated lid, and so the inside depth of the lid is not as critical so long as it is deeper than the height of the electronic component as mounted to the substrate inside the package. Adhesive type ESP7450-SC, which advantageously can be bonded at much faster rate than can conventional adhesives, is bonded at a temperature of 150° C. with a pressure of 5-10 psi for less than 5 minutes. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     A liquid thermosetting thermally-conductive epoxy adhesive is laminated onto a 20-mil thick copper sheet using a wet lamination process. Type LESP7458 or type LESP7558 epoxy-based adhesive, which are the paste forms of type LESP7458 and type LESP7558 adhesives and are also available from AI Technology, is deposited to about a 9-mil thickness using a wet lamination process by pulling the copper sheet through a roller with one side of the copper sheet being filled with the wet paste adhesive. The wet adhesive paste on the copper foil sheet is then B-staged or dried in a box oven or in a belt oven at 60-80° C. until dry to the touch, typically about 5 minutes. The viscosity of the adhesive paste may be adjusted with suitable solvent such as methyl cyclohexane during the wet lamination process. After the adhesive is B-staged or dried, it is dry to the touch and may be stamped to produce lids, or it may be stored before stamping to produce lids. Storage may be for 12 months or more at ambient temperature without degradation of adhesive properties. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     A laminate is formed of 3-mil thick adhesive and of 3-mil thick thermal interface material on a 30-mil thick sheet of copper. A first stencil patterned to produce lid-bonding adhesive preforms is positioned over the copper sheet using corresponding respective sets of relational alignment holes therein, and a pattern of adhesive shapes for the lids are deposited by stenciling type LESP7675 liquidous adhesive paste onto the substrate copper sheet. The wet adhesive paste is then B-staged at 60-80°C. until fully dry to the touch, typically about 30 minutes. A second stencil patterned to produce interface material preforms inside the areas defined by the lid-bonding adhesive preforms is positioned over the copper sheet using corresponding respective sets of relational alignment holes therein, and a pattern of shapes of interface material for the lids are deposited by stenciling type LCP7138 liquidous adhesive paste onto the substrate copper sheet. The wet interface material is then dried at 60-80° C. for sufficient time so that they are dry to the touch, typically about 30 minutes. Type LESP7675 liquid thermosetting epoxy adhesive and type LCP7138 thermoplastic thermally-conductive interface material are both available from AI Technology, Inc. The sheets of laminate of this combination of materials of the sort illustrated in FIG. 4 are then stamped into lids using the set of relational alignment holes on the copper sheet to align the laminate in the stamping machine that forms and cuts out the laminated lids of the sort illustrated in FIG. 6 from the laminate sheet. The depth of the lid is designed such that upon bonding of the lid to a substrate to cover an active device, and the flow of the lid bonding adhesive, intimate contact will be made between the covered active device and the thermal interface material, which exhibits a thermal conductivity of about 4.0 W/m-° C., so as provide a bridge for the thermal transfer of heat to the lid which then serves as a heat spreader. The lids with bonding adhesive and thermal interface material laminated thereto are then storable at ambient temperature for 12 months or more without degradation of adhesive properties. The lids are attached to the device substrate at a temperature of 150° C. for a time as short as 5 minutes with a pressure of 10 psi applied to the lid in the lid bonding area. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     A 6-mil thick film of electrically-conductive thermoplastic adhesive, such as a film formed of type TP8150 adhesive also available from AI Technology, is hot laminated onto a 20-mil thick sheet of magnetic stainless steel at a temperature of 200° C. and a pressure of  10  psi instantly without curing. The laminate is stamped to produce lids that are electrically-conductive to provide EMI shielding of the devices they cover. Each lid may have one or more small openings in the top thereof produced in the stamping operation, which holes can be utilized for viewing the one or more devices that are covered thereby and for facilitating air flow to assist in cooling such device(s). Apertures of up to 100 mils may be employed without substantially degrading the EMI shielding effect at frequencies of up to 50 GHZ. In this example, the covered device is not in contact with the 6-mil thick adhesive layer inside the top of the lid, which layer exhibits a volume resistivity of about 0.1 ohm-cm or less. The lids are storable at ambient conditions for 12 months or more without degradation of adhesive properties. Attachment of the lids to a substrate to cover electronic devices attached to the substrate is performed at a temperature of 200° C. and with a pressure of 10 psi applied to the contact areas of the lids, for a time as short as one second. Faster bonding is achieved if the device substrate is preheated to 200° C. Lid bonds formed of type TP8150 adhesive exhibit strong bonding at temperatures below 150° C., but have no bond strength at temperatures above 200° C. which allows easier lid removal for rework or repair of the devices covered by the lid. 
     Laminated lids as described in Examples 4 and 5 have been fabricated and found to bond successfully to FR4 electronic substrate materials. Lids having dimensions in the range between 200 by 200 mils and 60 mils deep to 1000 by 1000 mils and 100 mils deep have been fabricated, however, lids of greater and lesser dimensions may be made using the present invention. 
     In each of the examples described above forming lids of the sort described in relation to FIGS. 4-6, the width of the adhesive preforms  130  is generally desired to be the same as the width of the lid bonding areas  152 , i.e. widths in the range of about 10 to 100 mils. This desire is more important for laminating or attaching relatively narrow-width preforms (e.g., less than 100 mils wide) onto the lid material with sufficient bonding area before actual attachment of the lid onto the substrate of an electronic device. However, for lids having a wide bonding edge and therefore sufficient bonding area for secure lamination of the adhesive to the lid material, and particularly for lids including an electrically-conductive adhesive, it may be important to confine the area and volume of the electrically-adhesive preforms on the lids to reduce the likelihood of the adhesive contacting a conductor or component not desired. In some cases, it may be important for the adhesive preforms to be substantially displaced away from the edge of the lids to avoid potential electrical bridging to conductors and other contamination problems. It is noted that lids that have larger bonding areas to the substrate generally form more reliable bonds thereto. 
     While the lids formed by each of the examples above employed a metallic sheet lid material, thermo-formable polymeric sheets may also be employed. Some high temperature thermoplastics such as polyphenylene sulfide, polyesters, poly-ether sulfone, liquid crystal polymers and other suitable high temperature rigid polymers, and suitable thermosetting sheets such as poly prepreg sheets, may also be employed. In addition, the seals formed by the adhesives attaching the lids to the substrates form a barrier that is substantially impermeable to moisture, solvents, and other chemicals and contaminants. 
     In the examples where a sheet or film of adhesive is laminated to the sheet of lid material, the adhesive may be a pressure sensitive adhesive that is deposited, such as by roll coating, screen printing or other suitable method, onto a sheet of release liner material and B-staged sufficiently to leave it tacky so as to exhibit pressure sensitive adhesive properties. The tacky adhesive sheet is then laminated to the lid material and the release liner is removed. 
     Adhesive material  30 ,  130  and interface materials  140  are preferably filled with certain materials to tailor their characteristics to a particular application. Thermal conduction of the adhesive material may be increased by the addition of particles of a high-thermal conductivity material, such as alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), aluminum nitride (AlN), boron nitride (BN), silicon carbide (SiC), or diamond, which fillers may also be employed to modify the coefficient of thermal expansion thereof. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the adhesive may also be reduced by the addition of particles of glass silicates, for example. In addition, polymeric crystallite and molecular crystallite materials may be added to improve the strength of the adhesive and its adhesion to certain substrate materials, and to adjust the modulus of elasticity and coefficient of thermal expansion of the adhesive. 
     It is noted that lids employing adhesives exhibiting strong bonding at lower temperatures, but having little or no bond strength at higher temperatures, allow easier lid removal for rework or repair of the devices covered by the lid. Similarly, adhesives that are more flexible, i.e. those having a lower coefficient of elasticity, tend to facilitate easier lid removal rework and repair. Flexible adhesives have a coefficient of elasticity of about 200,000 psi or less and typically exhibit an elongation of about 10% or more before fracture. A further advantage of certain lids made according to the present invention is that they provide electrically-conductive covers that are electrically connected to the device substrate, such as for providing EMI shielding, without the need for soldering and the risk of damage to electronic components and connections thereof posed by the high temperature required to melt and flow solder. The present invention is particularly advantageous in this regard because the very components and connections most likely to be damaged by the high soldering temperatures are those covered by the lids and therefore difficult or impossible to observe or inspect once the lid is in place. 
     For clarity it is noted that curing of an adhesive can refer to holding the adhesive at an elevated curing temperature for a period of time, as is the case for thermosetting adhesives, and to having the adhesive at a melt-flow temperature while in contact to the objects to be bonded and then reducing the temperature. The terms “lid” and “cover” are used interchangeably herein. It is further noted that the adhesive laminated to the lid may be referred to as a “preform” although it never existed apart from the lid material in its final shape. Bonding patterns of adhesive deposited onto a sheet of lid material may be referred to as a preform as may the adhesive laminated to the lid when it is cut out from the laminated sheet of lid material and adhesive. 
     While the present invention has been described in terms of the foregoing exemplary embodiments, variations within the scope and spirit of the present invention as defined by the claims following will be apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, the sheet of lid material  20 ,  120  may be an elongated strip of material that is fed from a roll to apparatus that continuously deposits adhesive  30 ,  130  thereon, passes the strip through an oven to dry or B-stage the adhesive thereby forming a laminated strip that then passes to apparatus that forms and cuts out individual lids row-by-row or section-by-section from such laminated strip. 
     Alternatively, the thermally-conductive or other material  140  deposited onto the laminate sheet  110  of FIG. 4 need not fill the area defined inside the shape of the adhesive  130 . A material  140 ″ is deposited having a size and shape selected, for example, to correspond to the size and shape of the top of the device that the lids formed from laminate sheet  110  will cover, and is deposited with a thickness sufficient to contact such device. Alternatively, the deposit of material  140 ″ may have a size and shape selected to correspond to the size and shape of the top of the lids to be formed therefrom. Alternatively, material  140 ,  140 ′,  140 ″ may be electrically conductive and may be employed to make an electrical contact to the top of the device that the lids  150  formed from laminate sheet  110  will cover. 
     In addition, laminates of lid material and adhesive from which lids are formed include not only the sheets of metal and sheets of non-metallic material described above, but also laminates including two or more sheets of different metals, two or more sheets of different non-metallic materials, and two or more sheets of metallic and non-metallic materials together. For example, a laminate may include a thin metal foil, a thermo-formable plastic sheet material and a layer of adhesive. 
     Further, laminated lids according to the present invention may be attached to objects of any kind and not only to electronic and other substrates, and may be employed to cover objects other than electronic components, such as mechanical components and elements, holes and apertures, and any other object or space.