Abstract:
Disclosed are a concrete dowel placement devices and a method of utilizing the same. A metallic stud is driven, screwed, or otherwise attached to a form. The stud may be a unitary structure, or may be a hollow tube with conventional fastening means such as nails and screws extending through and holding the hollow tube to the form. A cover having an interior compartment substantially equal in diameter to the stud is slidably placed thereon, and a first enclosed area is developed with a plurality of forms. Concrete is poured into the first enclosed area, and upon curing, the form and the stud are removed, leaving the cover embedded in the concrete. A metallic dowel is inserted into the cover, and a second enclosed area is developed with like configured forms. The metallic dowel extends into the second enclosed area. Upon pouring concrete into the second enclosed area, a cold joint is formed between the concrete of the first enclosed area and the concrete of the second enclosed area, supported and braced by the metallic dowel.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    Not Applicable 
       STATEMENT RE: FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH/DEVELOPMENT 
       [0002]    Not Applicable 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    1. Technical Field 
         [0004]    The present invention relates generally to the art of concrete construction. More particularly, the present invention relates to an apparatus for facilitating the placement of slip dowel rods within adjacent concrete slabs. 
         [0005]    2. Related Art 
         [0006]    In the concrete construction arts, “cold joints” between two or more poured concrete slabs are frequently used for the paving of sidewalks, driveways, roads, and flooring in buildings. Such cold joints frequently become uneven or buckled due to normal thermal expansion and contraction of the concrete and/or compaction of the aggregate caused by inadequate preparation prior to pouring of concrete. As a means of preventing bucking or angular displacement of such cold joints, it is common practice to insert smooth steel dowel rods generally known as “slip dowels” within the edge portions of adjoining concrete slabs in such a matter that the concrete slabs may slide freely along one or more of the slip dowels, permitting linear expansion and contraction of the slabs while also maintaining the slabs in a common plane and thus preventing undesirable bucking or unevenness of the cold joint. 
         [0007]    In order to function effectively, slip dowels must be accurately positioned parallel within the adjoining concrete slabs. The non-parallel positioning of the dowels will prevent the desired slippage of the dowels and will defeat the purpose of the “slip dowel” application. Additionally, the individual dowels must be placed within one or both of the slabs in such a manner as to permit continual slippage or movement of the dowels within the cured concrete slab(s). 
         [0008]    A number of methods of installing smooth slip dowels are popular. According to one method, a first concrete pour is made within a pre-existing form. After the first pour has cured, and edge of the form, usually a wooden stud, is stripped away. A series of holes are then drilled parallel into the first pour along the exposed edge from which the form has been removed. The depth and diameter of the individual holes varies depending on the application and the relative size of the concrete slabs to be supported. As a general rule, however, such holes are at least twelve inches deep and typically have a diameter of approximately five-eighths (⅝) of an inch. 
         [0009]    After the parallel series of holes have been drilled into the first pour, smooth dowel rods are advanced into each hole such that one end of each dowel rod is positioned within the first pour and the remainder of each dowel rod is positioned within the first pour and the remainder of each dowel rod extends into an adjacent area where a second slab of concrete is to be poured. Thereafter, concrete is poured into such adjacent area and is permitted to set with the parallel aligned dowels extending thereto. After the second pour has cured, the slip dowels will be held firmly within the second slab, but will be permitted to slide longitudinally within the drilled holes of the first slab thereby accommodating longitudinal expansion and contraction of the two slabs while at the same time preventing buckling or angular movement therebetween. 
         [0010]    Although the above-described “drilling method” of placing slip dowels is popular, it will be appreciated that such method is extremely labor intensive. In fact, it takes approximately ten minutes to drill a five eighths inch (⅝″) diameter by twelve inch long hole into the first pour and the drilling equipment, bits, accessories, and associated set up time tends to be very expensive. Moreover, the laborers who drill the holes and place the slip dowels must be adequately trained to ensure that the dowels are arranged perpendicular to the joint but parallel to one another so as to permit the desired slippage. 
         [0011]    Another popular method of placing slip dowels involves the use of wax-treated cardboard sleeves positioned over one end of each individual dowel. According to such method, a series of holes are drilled through one edge of the concrete form and smooth dowels are advanced through each such hole. Thereafter, the treated cardboard sleeves are placed over one end of each dowel, with a first pour subsequently being made within the form which covers the ends of the dowels including the cardboard sleeves thereon. After the first pour has set, the previously drilled form is stripped away, leaving the individual dowels extending into a neighboring open space where the second pour is to be made. Subsequently, the second pour is made and cured. Thereafter, the slip dowels will be firmly held by the concrete of the second pour, but will be permitted to longitudinally slide against the inner surfaces of the wax treated cardboard sleeves within the first pour. Thus, the waxed cardboard sleeves facilitate longitudinal slippage of the dowels, while at the same time holding the two concrete slabs in a common plane, and preventing undesirable buckling or angular movement thereof. 
         [0012]    This method was also associated with numerous deficiencies, namely, that after the first pour was made, the free ends of the dowels were likely to project as much as eighteen inches through the form and into the open space allowed for the second pour. Because the drilled section of the form must be advanced over those exposed sections of dowel to accomplish stripping or removal of the form, it is not infrequent for the exposed portions of the dowels to become bent and, thus, non-parallel. Additionally, the drilled section of the form became damaged or broken during the removal process, thereby precluding its reuse. 
         [0013]    Each of the above described known methods of placing slip dowels between concrete slabs often results in the dowels being finally positioned at various angles rather than in the desired parallel array. Therefore, the necessary slippage of the dowels is impeded or prevented. 
         [0014]    In response to such deficiencies in the art, a number of dowel placement sleeves have been developed. One such development is U.S. Pat. No. 5,005,331 to Shaw, et al., which is wholly incorporated by reference herein, teaches a slip dowel positioning device that is extractable from the first concrete slab. The device is comprised of a hollow cylindrical portion with a flange or gusset extending perpendicularly therefrom. The flange permitted the device to be attached to the form, and upon curing, the form was removed, thereby also removing the positioning device. Thereafter, a smooth dowel was inserted in the cavity formed in the space previously occupied by the positioning device, and a subsequent slab of concrete was poured. One of the deficiencies associated with the &#39;331 device was that it was required to be removed from a cured slab of concrete, necessitating extra force during removal. Further, the configuration which enabled the positioning device to be removable resulted in a cavity which was less than ideal, in that slight discrepancies in the angular displacement of the smooth dowel are introduced. Therefore, slip dowel placement which was truly parallel to the concrete surface is not possible. 
         [0015]    Thus, alternatively, the &#39;331 patent and additionally U.S. Pat. No. 5,216,862 to Shaw, et al., which is also incorporated by reference wherein, contemplated a positioning device which remained in the concrete slab. The positioning device was attached to the form via staples or small nail heads, and forcibly stripped upon curing of the first slab of concrete. However, the requirement of forcibly removing the form from the positioning device remained. 
         [0016]    Accordingly there is a need in the art for an inexpensive and readily reproducible dowel positioning device which can remain in the concrete slab after curing. Further, there is a need for a dowel positioning device which can be attached and removed from a form with minimal force and a minimum number of extraneous components. These needs and more are accomplished with the present novel and inventive device, the details of which are discussed more fully hereunder. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0017]    In light of the foregoing problems and limitations, the present invention was conceived. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, provided is a concrete dowel placement device for attachment to a form. More particularly, the device comprises a stud having a generally tubular body, a proximal stud end and a distal stud end, and a cover having a generally tubular body having an outer cover surface, an open proximal cover end, a closed distal cover end, and a hollow cover interior compartment extending axially therein configured to slidably receive the stud. In one embodiment, the stud is of uniform construction and has a form insertion section disposed towards the proximal stud end and encompassed by the form, and a cover insertion section disposed towards the distal stud end and encompassed by the cover. The form insertion section extends beyond the proximal cover end when the cover is placed on the stud. Furthermore, the form insertion section is tapered to a point defining the proximal stud end for ease in driving the stud into the form. Alternatively, the form insertion section is threaded and tapered to a point defined by the proximal stud end for screwing the stud into the form. In order to enable the stud to be screwed into the form, the distal stud end defines a molded surface configured to cooperate with a screwdriver head. 
         [0018]    In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, the distal stud end and the proximal stud end each have an opening and a hollow stud interior compartment extending axially therebetween. The stud is configured to slidably receive a nail having a length greater than that of the hollow stud interior compartment, the nail having a head in an abutting relationship with the distal stud end and a point driven into the form. In another embodiment, the stud is configured to receive a threaded screw having a length greater than that of the hollow stud interior compartment, with the screw having a head in an abutting relationship with the distal stud end and a point screwed into the form. Further, the stud may include threading disposed in the hollow stud interior compartment to cooperatively retain the threaded screw. 
         [0019]    According to yet another aspect of the present invention, the cover includes an integrated flange on the proximal cover end. Preferably, the cover is formed of plastic, and the stud is ¼ inch in diameter. Along these lines, the hollow stud interior compartment is also ¼ in diameter. 
         [0020]    In accordance with still another aspect of the present invention, disclosed is a method for forming a cold joint between adjoining sequentially formed slabs of concrete. The method is comprised of a) securing one or more studs to one or more forms; b) attaching a cover on to a respective one of the studs; c) forming a first enclosed area with the forms; d) pouring a first stab of concrete into the first enclosed area; e) curing the first slab of concrete; f) slidably removing the forms from the slab of concrete thereby concurrently withdrawing the studs from the covers, wherein the covers remains within the first slab of concrete; g) inserting a dowel into each of the covers remaining in the first slab of concrete; h) attaching a cover on to respective ones of the studs on the form; i) forming a second enclosed area adjacent to the first slab of concrete with the forms, wherein at least a part of the second enclosed area is defined by an edge of the first concrete slab and at least one of the dowels extend into the second enclosed area; j) pouring a second slab of concrete into the second enclosed area; and k) curing the second slab of concrete. The dowel is generally cylindrical, and may be constructed of stainless steel, while the covers are constructed of plastic. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0021]    These and other features and advantages of the various embodiments disclosed herein will be better understood with respect to the following description and drawings, in which like numbers refer to like parts throughout, and in which: 
           [0022]      FIG. 1   a  is a perspective view of a first embodiment of a stud and a speed cover in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; 
           [0023]      FIG. 1   b  is a side view of a first embodiment of a speed cover attached to a stud which is inserted into a form; 
           [0024]      FIG. 2   a  is an exploded perspective view of a second embodiment of a stud having an open distal and proximal ends with a nail to be inserted therethrough and a speed cover; 
           [0025]      FIG. 2   b  is a side view of a second embodiment of a speed cover attached to a stud secured by a conventional nail which is inserted into a form; 
           [0026]      FIG. 3   a  is an exploded perspective view of a third embodiment of a stud having an open distal and proximal ends with a screw to be inserted therethrough and a speed cover; 
           [0027]      FIG. 3   b  is a side view of a third embodiment of a speed cover attached to a stud secured by a conventional screw which is inserted into a form; 
           [0028]      FIG. 4  is a perspective view of a plurality of forms defining an enclosed area; 
           [0029]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view of a first slab of concrete surrounded by a plurality of forms, with one form being removed from the concrete; 
           [0030]      FIG. 6  is a perspective view of a first slab of concrete with speed covers within, and the placement of dowels; 
           [0031]      FIG. 7  is a perspective view of a first slab of concrete with speed covers within and dowels extending into a second enclosed area defined by an edge of the first slab of concrete and a plurality of forms; 
           [0032]      FIG. 8  is a perspective view of a first and second slab of concrete supported by a plurality of speed covers and dowels within respective concrete slabs; and 
           [0033]      FIG. 9  is a side view of a first and second slab of concrete supported by a speed cover and a dowel within respective concrete slabs. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0034]    The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of the presently preferred embodiment of the invention, and is not intended to represent the only form in which the present invention may be constructed or utilized. The description sets forth the functions and the sequence of steps for developing and operating the invention in connection with the illustrated embodiment. It is to be understood, however, that the same or equivalent functions and sequences may be accomplished by different embodiments that are also intended to be encompassed within the spirit and scope of the invention. It is further understood that the use of relational terms such as first and second, and the like are used solely to distinguish one from another entity without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities. 
         [0035]    With reference now to the figures, specifically  FIG. 1   a  and  FIG. 1   b , a first embodiment of the present inventive dowel device with a closed end speed cover is shown. A form  30 , which by way of example only and not of limitation, is constructed of wood or any other material well known in the art capable of rigidly defining an enclosed area, and capable of receiving and retaining a fastener such as a stud  20 , a nail  140  as illustrated in  FIG. 2   a  or a screw  240  as illustrated in  FIG. 3   a . Still referring to  FIG. 1   a  and  FIG. 1   b , according to a first embodiment of the present invention, the stud  20  includes a tapered section  26 , which tapers to define a sharp point disposed at a proximal end  24 , a shaft portion  28 , and a distal end  22 . The proximal end  24  is inserted or driven into the form  30 , and is frictionally retained therein. As will be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art, the tapered section  26  enables the stud  20  to be driven into the form  30  with a lesser amount of force. The stud  20  is typically a quarter-inch (¼″) in diameter, and may be constructed of any suitable material such as steel, stainless steel, or other metals having sufficient strength to prevent deformation of the stud  20  upon driving the same into the form  30 . 
         [0036]    After driving the stud  20  into the form  30 , a speed cover  10  is placed on the stud  20 , covering the exposed part of a shaft portion  28 , i.e., the portion not encompassed by the form  30 . The speed cover  10  is defined by a tubular body  12 , a closed distal end  14 , and an open proximal end  16 , and includes an interior compartment  18  which extends axially from an interior distal end surface  19  through a tubular body  12  to the open proximal end  16 . The diameter of the interior compartment  18  is sufficient to enable a sliding relationship between the speed cover  10  and stud  20 . While the preferred configuration is for the distal end  22  of the stud  20  to be in an abutting relationship with the interior distal end surface  19 , and the open proximal end  16  to be in an abutting relationship with the form  30 , strict adherence to this configuration is not necessary. For example, the stud  20  may be inserted further into the form  30 , leaving a slight gap between the distal end  22  of the stud  20  and the interior distal end surface  19  of the speed cover  10  when it is positioned on the stud  20 . Preferably, though not necessarily, the proximal end  16  additionally defines a flange  11  extending arcuately about the speed cover  10 . Further, the speed cover  10  may be integrally formed of a plastic material fabricated by conventional molding techniques. 
         [0037]    In a second embodiment shown in  FIGS. 2   a  and  2   b , a sleeve stud  120  has an open distal end  123 , with an interior compartment  129  extending therethrough. An open proximal end  124  is in an abutting relationship with the form  30 , and a conventional nail  140  having a nail point  143  and a nail head  142  is inserted through the interior compartment  129  and driven through the form  30 . The diameter of the interior compartment  129  is larger than that of the nail  140 , thereby enabling a sliding relation between the sleeve stud  120  and the nail  140 , while smaller than that of the nail head  140  to prevent the sleeve stud  120  from being withdrawn from the nail  140  once inserted. The diameter of the sleeve stud  120  is typically quarter-inch (¼″) and may be constructed of metal or other suitable material. Like the aforementioned first embodiment, the speed cover  10  includes a tubular body  12 , an interior compartment  18 , a closed distal end  14 , and an open proximal end  16 , through which the sleeve stud  120  may be inserted. The proximal end  16  is preferably in an abutting relation to the form  30  once placed on to the stud  120 . Additionally, the proximal end  16  may also define the flange  11 . 
         [0038]    Referring now to  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b , a third embodiment of the present invention is shown, with the sleeve stud  120  having the open proximal end  124 , the open distal end  123 , and the interior compartment  129  extending therebetween. Instead of a nail as in the second embodiment, a screw  240  having a screw point  243  and a screw head  242  is provided. The screw  240  is inserted through the sleeve stud  120 , and screwed or threaded through the form  30 . The screw head  242  preferably includes molding that cooperates with a screwdriver head. Such screw heads include standard Phillips heads, flatheads, hexagonal heads, or any other like configuration well known in the art. Optionally, the screw  240  may be integrally formed with the sleeve stud  120  to eliminate the manual step of inserting the screw  240  through the sleeve stud  120 . As in the previously mentioned first and second embodiments, the speed cover  10  has the open proximal end  16 , the closed distal end  14 , and the interior compartment  18  which is in a sliding relationship with the sleeve stud  120 . Further, the speed cover  10  may be integrally formed of a molded plastic, and may include the flange  11  extending from the speed cover  10  in an arcuate fashion. In general, it is to be understood that any fastening mechanism having an elongate structure with a head or other like feature which directly or indirectly cooperates with the stud  120  to attach the same to form  30  is understood to be encompassed by the present invention. 
         [0039]    While reference has been made to the “stud”  20  as in  FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b , and to the “sleeve stud”  120  as in  FIGS. 2   a ,  2   b ,  3   a , and  3   b , it will be understood that with regard to the relationship to the speed cover  10 , both “stud”  20  and “sleeve stud”  120  include an elongate entity which interfaces with the interior compartment  18 . As used henceforth in describing the formation of a concrete structure, the two terms may be readily interchanged. Further, it is also to be understood that the diameter of studs  20  and sleeve stud  120  are substantially the same as that of a dowel to be used to rigidify the cold joint between a first pour and a second pour of concrete. 
         [0040]    With reference now to  FIG. 4 , four forms  30  are arranged in a quadrangular configuration, forming a first enclosed area  310 . While  FIG. 4  illustrates a quadrangular configuration, it is to be understood that the first enclosed area  310  can be any shape capable of being formed using conventional techniques well known in the art. As will be appreciated, a desired surface is excavated and a base course  305  comprised of larger-sized aggregate is formed prior to forming the first enclosed area  310 . 
         [0041]    As set forth above, preferably each of the forms  30 , or at least one of the forms  30 , have the stud  20  centrally attached thereto by any of the described embodiments, including a unitary stud  20  which includes a tapered section for insertion into the forms  30 , a separate screw/hollow stud combination or the nail/hollow stud combination. The number of the studs  20  attached varies according to the needs of each application, and the proper distribution and spacing will be readily determined by a person having ordinary skill in the art. Further, each of the studs  20  have attached thereto the cover  10  as set forth above. As the height of the forms  30  defines the height of the ultimate concrete structure formed thereby since concrete is poured to be flush with the upper surface of the same, preferably the studs  20  are inserted in the longitudinal center of forms  30  to maximize the compressive strength of the concrete. Typically, the forms  30  are dimensional lumber such as a two-by-four, which is nominally two inches by four inches (2″ by 4″), but can be as small as one and a half inches by three and a half inches (1½″ by 3½″). 
         [0042]    Still referring to  FIG. 4 , and now, additionally to  FIG. 1   a , upon forming an enclosed area  310  on top of a base course  305  in the desired configuration, a slab of concrete  300  is poured therein. Although any well known paving material may be used, concrete comprised of Portland cement and a mineral aggregate such as gravel or sand is preferred. As is understood, concrete is liquid in form before curing, and after pouring, the cement begins to hydrate and glue the aggregate and the cement together, forming a rock-like material. Thus, the outer surface of the speed cover  10  forms a bond with the surrounding concrete slab  300 , and remains embedded therein. Since the proximal end  16  of speed cover  10  abuts the form  30 , and therefore the edge of the concrete slab  300 , the interior compartment  18  does not fill with concrete and remains exposed to the exterior of concrete slab  300 . The occupation of the interior compartment  18  by the stud  20  further reduces the tendency of concrete to flow inside speed covers  10 . 
         [0043]    Now referring to  FIG. 5 , shown is the first cured slab of concrete  300 , with the form  30  being removed. Along with the form  30 , also removed are the studs  20  previously embedded within the speed cover  10 . As a result of the sliding relation, the studs  20  are easily and quickly removed from the speed covers  10 . As illustrated, the speed covers  10  remains in the cured slab of concrete  300 , and the open proximal end  16  of the speed covers  10  forms an edge of the cured slab of concrete  300 . Further, a cavity within the cured slab of concrete  300  is effectively defined by the interior compartment  18  of the speed covers  10 . 
         [0044]    Referring to  FIG. 6 , metallic dowels  80  are inserted into the interior compartment  18  of each of the speed covers  10  embedded within the first cured concrete slab  300 . Essentially, the speed covers  10  eliminate the error-prone drilling step in previously known methods of forming cavities for inserting dowels to brace “cold joints” between two sequentially poured slabs of concrete. The metallic dowels are preferably quarter inch (¼″) in diameter, and constructed of stainless steel. As a person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, a smaller diameter stainless steel dowel possesses the same sheer strength characteristics as that of a larger diameter mild steel dowel. For example, a quarter-inch (¼″) stainless steel dowel has the same sheer strength as that of a half-inch (½″) mild steel dowel. Preferably, the metallic dowels  80  extend fully into speed cover  10 , and extend a substantial distance out of the same. 
         [0045]    With reference now to  FIG. 7 , a second enclosed area  410  is constructed with the forms  30 , with at least one edge defined by the first concrete slab  300  with the metallic dowels  80  extending therefrom. If another slab of concrete in addition to the one formed by the second enclosed area  410  is desired, the forms  30  will again include one or more studs  20  inserted thereon, and one or more covers  10  placed on the studs  20 . A second slab of concrete  400  is poured into the second enclosed area  410 , and is allowed to cure. In this fashion, a cold joint between the first slab of concrete  300  and the second slab of concrete  400  is formed. 
         [0046]    As illustrated in  FIGS. 8 and 9 , the exposed metallic dowels  80  is embedded within the second slab of concrete  400 , and extends into the first slab of concrete  300  via the speed cover  10 . With steel having substantially the same coefficient of thermal expansion as concrete, during temperature shifts the first slab of concrete  300  is permitted to expand and contract about the second slab of concrete  400  and vice versa along axis X of the metallic dowel  80 . Further, the aforementioned molded plastic construction of the speed cover  10  enable the first and the second concrete stabs  300  and  400 , respectively, to expand and contract a limited amount along the Z and Y axes. As a person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, however, metallic dowel  80  is configured to significantly reduce such transformations. Thus, while the flexible characteristics of the speed cover  10  enable miniscule adjustments, large expansions and contractions are diminished by the placement of the metallic dowel  80 . 
         [0047]    The particulars shown herein are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of the embodiments of the present invention only and are presented in the cause of providing what is believed to be the most useful and readily understood description of the principles and conceptual aspects of the present invention. In this regard, no attempt is made to show structural details of the present invention in more detail than is necessary for the fundamental understanding of the present invention, the description taken with the drawings making apparent to those skilled in the art how the several forms of the present invention may be embodied in practice.