Abstract:
The invention relates to a method, a device, a computer program product, a browser and a network element for improved portrayal of navigation objects ( 1 - 1 . . . 1 - 6 ), wherein at least two navigation objects ( 1 - 1 . . . 1 - 6 ) are combined into one combined navigation object ( 4 ), wherein said combined navigation object ( 4 ) is presented, and wherein said at least two navigation objects ( 1 - 1 . . . 1 - 6 ) are presented, if said combined navigation object ( 4 ) is selected.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a method, a device, a computer program product, a browser and a network element for improved portrayal of navigation objects. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The ongoing miniaturization of hand-held multi-media devices such as Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) or mobile phones in recent years appears to be only bounded by the perceptual limits of the human user. This particularly applies to the design of the displays of hand-held devices, with a remarkable trend to increase the relative area of the hand-held device that is consumed by its display. However, the display sizes of hand-held devices are necessarily significantly smaller than the display sizes for which content is usually designed. If for instance content of the World Wide Web (WWW), i.e. web pages formatted according to the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) or derivatives thereof (such as Extensible HTML (XHTML)), is to be displayed on the hand-held device, it has to be considered that these web pages are normally designed for portrayal on a computer monitor, the dimensions of which are by a factor 8-10 larger than the display dimensions of a hand-held device such as a mobile phone. 
     Viewing web pages on the display of a hand-held device requires horizontal and vertical scrolling with scroll bars, which is generally experienced as uncomfortable or even annoying for the user of the hand-held device. Consequently, most browsers that are installed in hand-held devices and provide for the interpretation of the web page content offer the possibility to view web pages in a format that is optimized for the display dimensions of the hand-held device. 
     The well-known technique for this optimization is to scale the web page so that it fits to the width of the display of the hand-held device. This scaling technique for web pages in order to avoid horizontal scrolling is for instance disclosed in US patent publication US 2002/0021308 A1. 
     HTML and XHTML standards specify a so-called image map object, that is used to define selectable areas inside an image. Such an image map is exemplarily depicted in  FIG. 1 . The image map is basically an image  1  that is composed of several image regions  1 - 1  . . .  1 - 6 , where at least some of said image regions  1 - 1  . . .  1 - 6  basically work as image hyperlinks. An image hyperlink is an HTML object defining an image that is selectable by the user and is associated with a web resource, the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) of which being defined in the anchor hyperreference field of the image hyperlink. When the image is selected, the browser fetches the web resource that is defined in the anchor hyperreference, which may be a web page, a sound, video, etc. Quite similar, textual hyperlinks are HTML tags with selectable text instead of selectable images, and voice hyperlinks are HTML tags with speech input options instead of selectable images. 
     Within an image map  1 , it is also possible to include image regions that are not associated with a web resource and serve as inactive image region only. When the user selects an image region  1 - 1  . . .  1 - 6 , either by moving a mouse pointer on the image region  1 - 1  . . .  1 - 6  and clicking, or by using a touchscreen, keyboard input or a voice command, the browser downloads the web resource that is associated with that image region  1 - 1  . . .  1 - 6 . That web resource may contain further images, texts, sounds, videos or scripts that then are executed by the browser. 
     Image maps are widely used on web pages, in particular as web page menus, but also to simplify navigation in huge text documents, e.g. Portable Document Format (PDF) documents and Word documents, or in road maps. In most cases, they are wider/higher than the display width/height of the hand-held device. Consequently, when scaling web pages down to fit to the width/height of the hand-held display, image maps are scaled down as well. 
       FIG. 2  depicts the result achieved when scaling is applied to the image map of  FIG. 1 , which was designed for portrayal on a computer monitor. Apparently, the image regions of the scaled image map, now optimized for portrayal on the display of a hand-held device, are no longer identifiable, and navigation based on the scaled image map is no longer possible. 
     One way to navigate with such a scaled image map is to rely on the definition of so-called alternative texts for each image region. Alternative texts are optional in the definition of image hyperlinks and image hyperlinks within image maps, and specify a text that appears when the mouse pointer is pointed to an image or image region. In the example of  FIG. 2 , when moving the mouse pointer to image region  1 - 4 , the browser displays the text “Mail”, if the alternative text of this image region  1 - 4  was defined as “Mail”, or displays no text, if the alternative text of this image region  1 - 4  was not defined. 
     A further solution to the problem of image maps that have been scaled down beyond recognition is to display the scaled image map in a way that the image hyperlinks within the scaled image map  2  corresponding to image map regions  2 - 1  . . .  2 - 6  are deactivated. Instead, the browser extracts the hyperreferences corresponding to each image region  2 - 1  . . .  2 - 6  and uses said hyperreferences as hyperreferences of textual hyperlinks, that are displayed next to the scaled image map. However, the text representing the textual hyperlinks can only be based on the alternative texts defined for each image region  2 - 1  . . .  2 - 6  within the image hyperlinks, or on the hyperreferences themselves, which are usually Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), which are in general long character strings that do not allow conclusions on the type of target object they refer to. 
     Finally, some browsers support switching between the display of the scaled web page and the original size web page. When displaying the original size (unscaled) web page, usually horizontal and vertical scroll-bars are required for visual inspection of the web page. Thus it is possible for the user to switch to the original size web page when the scaled web page does no longer allow for navigation due to scaled site maps whose image regions can no longer be identified. However, switching between scaled and unscaled web pages requires advanced operating skills of the user, and represents a rather complicated approach. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is thus an object of the present invention to provide a method, a device, a computer program product, a browser and a network element for improved portrayal of navigation objects that overcomes the above-mentioned problems. 
     It is proposed that a method for improved portrayal of navigation objects comprises combining at least two navigation objects into one combined navigation object, presenting said combined navigation object, and presenting said at least two navigation objects, if said combined navigation object is selected. 
     A navigation object may be embodied as an element that is selectable by a user, and is associated with a target object in such a way that the target object is executed or displayed upon selection of said selectable element. At least two navigation objects that can no longer be identified and properly selected when being presented as in the prior art are first combined into one combined navigation object. This step of combining may involve transforming said at least two navigation objects into a representation that can be identified and selected by a user. The combined navigation object is then presented. In said combined navigation object, the property of the at least two navigation objects, i.e., that they can be selected and are associated with a target object, may be maintained or removed. In any case, a possibility to select the combined navigation object itself has to be provided. If the combined navigation object is selected by a user, said at least two navigation objects are presented in a way that they can be identified and selected by a user. 
     According to the method of the present invention, it is preferred that said at least two navigation objects are graphical objects. Graphical objects such as images, parts of images that are contained in image maps or even animated images may be too large to fit the display of a device on which they are to be displayed, so that the graphical objects have to be scaled so that their dimensions fit the display. Scaling may reduce the recognizability of the graphical objects, so that it is advantageous to first combine said at least two graphical objects into a combined graphical object and to present this combined graphical object on the display. The combined graphical object may be branded with an additional icon that indicates that graphical objects have been combined into this combined graphical object. Combining may involve merging said at least to graphical objects into a joint representation, for instance by scaling or other image processing techniques. The combined graphical object then can be selected by a user, for instance by mouse clicking, by a keyboard, by a touchscreen or by voice commands, and only then said at least two graphical objects are displayed, advantageously in a display mode that improves their recognizability. 
     According to the method of the present invention, it is preferred that said at least two navigation objects are voice objects. Voice objects may for instance be embodied as voice tags or speech input tags. When a certain word or phrase is spoken and recognized by a device, the device executes a certain command being associated with said word or phrase. If said at least two voice objects are too long, they can be combined into one combined voice object, which can be selected by a user (e.g., by speaking the combined voice object), and then said at least two voice objects are presented by the device again, in a way that now speaking the phrase associated with each voice object will cause the device to execute a command that is associated with said respective voice object. For instance, two voice objects of a menu, “News” and “Mail”, may be combined into a combined voice object “Menu”. If “Menu” is spoken, the device activates the voice objects “News” and “Mail” and waits for respective spoken input to select one or the other of the voice objects. 
     According to the method of the present invention, it is preferred that said at least two navigation objects are text objects, for instance textual links or text regions in a text document such as a Word document or a PDF document. Similarly, navigation objects may represent parts of tables, diagrams, etc. Said text objects are combined into one combined text object. Said text objects may be character strings that can be selected by a user by mouse clicking, or by keyboard or by touchscreen, or by similar input devices. Combining the text objects into a combined text object then may be accomplished by assigning a more or less descriptive word to said at least two text objects, or by changing the size of the fonts of said at least two text objects and/or by rearranging the text objects. For instance, the word “Menu” may be assigned to the text objects “News” and “Mail” as a combined text object. 
     According to the method of the present invention, it is advantageous that said combined navigation object ( 4 ) is presented in a first display mode, and wherein said at least two navigation objects are displayed in a second display mode, if said combined navigation object is selected. If the navigation objects are of a type that affords display so that a user of a device can recognize a navigation object as such and is able to select it, which is for instance the case with graphical objects, text objects, and may also be the case for voice objects, display of said at least two navigation objects in the standard display mode of the device may cause said at least two navigation objects to be no longer recognizable, for instance if the navigation objects are images that are scaled by the device. It is then advantageous to display the combined navigation object, for instance a scaled representation of said at least two navigation objects, in a first display mode, which may be the device&#39;s standard display mode that may involve scaling of all content that is to be displayed. In said first display mode, said at least two navigation objects may no longer be recognizable due to scaling, however, they may be branded with an icon that indicates that the combined navigation objects only represents said at least two navigation objects and that by selecting the combined navigation object, said at least two navigation objects will be displayed in a second display mode, in which improved portrayal of said at least two navigation objects as compared to said fist display mode is possible. This second display mode may for instance be a mode in which said at least two navigation objects are displayed without scaling. Then vertical and/or horizontal scroll bars may be required so that the navigation objects can be completely explored by a user. 
     According to the method of the present invention, it is further preferred that each of said at least two navigation objects is associated with one respective target object that is displayed or executed upon selection of said respective navigation objects. Navigation in a linked environment is then possible by selection of the navigation object, wherein the target objects may be documents, scripts or multimedia contents. 
     According to the method of the present invention, it is further preferred that said respective target object that is displayed or executed upon selection of said respective navigation objects is displayed or executed in said first display mode. When a navigation object is selected during its display in the second display mode, the first display mode is invoked to display or execute the target object that the navigation object is associated with. However, in some cases it might be advantageous to display or execute the target object in the second display mode. 
     According to the method of the present invention, it is further preferred that said navigation objects are defined according to a markup language, in particular the HyperText Markup Language (HTML) or derivatives thereof, and are interpreted by a browser. The navigation objects then may allow navigation in web pages that represent documents written in HTML, as are used in the World Wide Web (WWW). Interpretation of these documents is performed by a browser, which displays each HTML tag in a way that is suited for the display type of the device the browser is installed in. 
     According to the method of the present invention, it is further preferred that said at least two navigation objects are hyperlinks. Hyperlinks may be image links or voice links or textual links. In particular, image hyperlinks in image maps are to be considered here, i.e. the association of image regions with anchor hyperreferences, so that upon selection of an image region, the content identified by the hyperreference (usually a URL), is displayed or executed by the browser. Also textual hyperlinks in text maps or similar maps may apply here. In the combined navigation object, which may be a scaled representation of the image or text map, the hyperlinks may still be individually selectable or not. In the first case, a user that already knows the structure of the image map can then nevertheless use the individual hyperlinks contained in the map although they are no longer recognizable due to scaling. For selecting the combined navigation object as a whole, then an additional icon may be used. 
     According to the method of the present invention, it is further preferred that said first display mode is a scaled format display mode, and that said second display mode is an unscaled format display mode. Said first display mode may be the standard mode for the presentation of content on the display, wherein the content that is to be displayed on the display is scaled, so that the width and/or height of the content fits the width and/or height of the display. In contrast, the second display mode does not perform this standard scaling operation in a manner that makes the content unreadable or unrecognizable, which results in that the content may no longer completely fit into the display window. Thus the unscaled format display mode is to be understood as a mode where the recognizability of said at least two navigation objects is maintained, wherein nevertheless a small amount of scaling may be included. 
     According to the method of the present invention, it is further preferred that said step of combining said at least two navigation objects into one combined navigation object comprises the step of jointly scaling said at least two navigation objects. Scaling is required so that the combined navigation object is in a scaled format and can be displayed in said first display mode, which is a scaled format display mode. The scaling operation may be the same as performed by the browser when scaling the content, which actually contains the at least two navigation objects that have to be combined. 
     According to the method of the present invention, it is further preferred that in said first display mode, a first display window is used, and wherein in said second display mode, a second display window is used. Said at least two navigation objects are more concisely displayed in a separate region on the display or in a pop-up-window. 
     According to the method of the present invention, it is further preferred that both said first and second display mode are used in the same display window. Thus two display modes may be applicable in one display window. For instance, a region of the display may be in the first display mode, and the remaining region of the display window may be in the second display mode. 
     According to the method of the present invention, it is further preferred that in said second display mode, at least one of a horizontal and a vertical scroll bar is provided. If the width or height of said at least two navigation objects, which are displayed in unscaled (original) format, exceeds the width and/or height of the display or pop-up-window, horizontal and/or vertical scroll bars allow for horizontal and/or vertical panning in the unscaled format display mode, respectively. 
     According to the method of the present invention, it is further preferred that the method further comprises the step of determining whether said at least two navigation objects have to be combined into one combined navigation object or not. The step of combining said at least two navigation objects into a combined navigation objects and the presentation of the combined navigation object is only required if the at least two navigation objects will not be identifiable after scaling according to the scaled format display mode. This can be determined by comparing the dimensions of the original size navigation objects with the dimensions of the display, or by setting a maximum allowable value for the scaling factor that is applied to the at least two navigation objects, or maybe using some pattern recognition algorithm to determine whether the scaled objects are still recognizable for the user, or some algorithm to determine how much visual information is lost in scaling. 
     It is further proposed that a method for improved portrayal of navigation objects comprises combining at least two navigation objects into one combined navigation object, presenting said combined navigation object, and presenting said at least two navigation objects, if said combined navigation object is selected, wherein said at least two navigation objects are image hyperlinks within an image map contained in a web page, wherein said combined navigation object is represented by a selectable scaled graphical representation of said image map, and wherein said image hyperlinks within said image map are displayed in an unscaled format display mode, if said selectable graphical representation is selected. 
     It is further proposed that a device for improved portrayal of navigation objects comprises means for combining at least two navigation objects into one combined navigation object, means for presenting said combined navigation object, and means for presenting said at least two navigation objects, if said combined navigation object is selected. 
     According to the device of the present invention, it is further preferred that said device comprises means of presenting said combined navigation object in a first display mode, and means for presenting said at least two navigation objects in a second display mode, if said combined navigation object is selected. 
     According to the device of the present invention, it is preferred that the device further comprises means for determining whether said at least two navigation objects have to be combined into one combined navigation object or not. 
     It is further proposed that a device for improved portrayal of navigation objects comprises means for combining at least two navigation objects into one combined navigation object, means for presenting said combined navigation object, and means for presenting said at least two navigation objects, if said combined navigation object is selected, wherein said at least two navigation objects are image hyperlinks within an image map contained in a web page, wherein said combined navigation object is represented by a selectable scaled graphical representation of said image map, and wherein said image hyperlinks within said image map are displayed in unscaled format, if said selectable graphical representation is selected. 
     Furthermore, a computer program product directly loadable into a computer readable medium such as the internal memory of a digital computer, comprising software code portions for performing the method steps of any of the above method steps when said product is run on a computer, is proposed. Said digital computer may for instance be the microprocessor that is already integrated in a hand-held device and implements the browser functionality. 
     Furthermore, a browser for improved portrayal of navigation objects is proposed, that comprises means for combining at least two navigation objects into one combined navigation object, means for presenting said combined navigation object, and means for presenting said at least two navigation objects, if said combined navigation object is selected. Said browser may be integrated in a hand-held device such as a mobile phone or a PDA, or it is integrated in a personal computer or similar devices. 
     Furthermore, a network element for improved portrayal of navigation objects is proposed, that comprises means for combining at least two navigation objects into one combined navigation object, wherein said combined navigation object is presented by a browser, and wherein said at least two navigation objects are presented by said browser, if said combined navigation object is selected. In some cases it is very useful to perform webpage optimization by an optimization server in the network. Also in that case, the present invention can be applied. With server optimization, it is possible to save a lot of bandwidth by sending the combined navigation object to a browser, e.g. in reduced quality, and then when the user of the browser selects the combined navigation object, the server can send said at least two navigation objects in high quality. This can also be performed in a way that basic browsers that do not support complicated navigation objects such as image maps can nevertheless use navigation that is based on complicated navigation objects. For instance, the combined navigation object may be an ordinary image link to a page, on which the complicated navigation object, e.g. the image map, is represented by ordinary image links that are aligned using HTML tables. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from and elucidated with reference to the embodiment described hereinafter. In the figures show: 
         FIG. 1 : an unscaled image map according to the prior art; 
         FIG. 2 : a scaled image map formatted for a small display according to the prior art; 
         FIG. 3 : a combined navigation object according to the present invention; 
         FIG. 4 : a presentation of an image map in unscaled format according to the present invention; 
         FIG. 5 : a presentation of an image map in unscaled format in a pop-up window according to the present invention; 
         FIG. 6 : the logical structure of a device for improved portrayal of navigation objects according to the present invention; and 
         FIG. 7 : the logical structure of a network element for improved portrayal of navigation objects according to the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In the figures, the same figure elements will always be denoted by the same numerals. 
       FIGS. 3-5  depict the portrayal of an image map on the display  3  of a mobile phone which can be achieved according to the preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention. 
     When a web page is to be displayed on the display  3  of a mobile phone, the browser that is integrated in the mobile phone first scales the web page to optimally fit it into the display  3 , for instance so that the width of the scaled web page fits into the display  3 . The entire web page then is displayed in scaled format display mode. Now, if this web page contains an image map  1 , the browser has to decide whether the scaled image map  2  will be unreadable after scaling or not. This can for instance be achieved by checking whether a scaled image map  2  would fit the width of the display in the original size of the image map, or by defining a maximum allowable scaling factor. If it is decided that the scaled image map  2  is readable, no further actions are taken, i.e. the scaled image map  2  is displayed by the browser on the display  3 , and if it originally was smaller than the display width, then it is not scaled at all. In determining whether an image map would fit to the display width in its original size, it might be necessary to consider an additional zooming level that has been selected by a user. For instance, if the user has chosen a zooming level of 200%, the original width of the image map has to be multiplied by an additional factor of  2  when determining whether the zoomed image map fits the width of the display. This is because zooming might force an image map to be scaled, even when it would fit the display width in its original (unzoomed) width. Also, when the zoom level is less than 100%, it might be advantageous to open an image map in its original (unzoomed) size after selection, as zooming usually decreases the image quality/recognizability. 
     If it is decided that the scaled image map  2  is no longer readable due to the scaling operation, the whole scaled image map is presented as one selectable item  4 , as depicted in  FIG. 3 . In  FIG. 3 , furthermore the remaining objects  6  of the displayed web page are exemplarily depicted as well. It is graphically presented, for instance with a small icon  5  on top (over the item) or near the selectable item  4 , that the image map is not an ordinary image link, but that selecting it opens it in its original size instead. Said small icon may be shown always, or only when the item is focused for instance by moving the cursor on top of it. The individual image links contained in the image map  1  may be maintained in the selectable item  4  or not. It is then possible for the advanced user that already knows the image map  1  to directly select the image links  2 - 1  . . .  2 - 6  in the scaled image map  2 . However, of course still a possibility is provided to select the selectable item  4  itself, in order to trigger the presentation of the image map  1  in its unscaled format. This property may be assigned to the small icon  5 , i.e. by clicking the small icon  5  the presentation of the unscaled image map  1  is triggered. 
     When the user of the device  9  selects the selectable item  4  by means of mouse pointing and clicking, or by use of a touchscreen, keyboard input or voice command, the image map  1  is opened by the browser in the display  3  in its original format (the unscaled format), as depicted in  FIG. 4 . This can be performed by clearing the display and depicting only the image map  1 , as shown in  FIG. 4 , or, alternatively, by moving the remaining objects  6  on the currently displayed web page in order to create space for the presentation of the unscaled image map  1  within the web page (not shown). In any case, due to the size of the unscaled image map  1 , it may be necessary to provide the display with horizontal and/or vertical scroll bars, so that horizontal and/or vertical panning is possible in order to explore the complete image map  1 . A horizontal scroll bar  7  is exemplarily depicted in  FIG. 4 . 
     As depicted in  FIG. 5 , the unscaled image map  1  may be displayed in a pop-up window  8  as well, so that the selectable item  4 , the icon  5  and the remaining objects  6  of the web page as currently presented in the display  3  remain unaffected, and are only superposed by the pop-up window  8 . This pop-up window may have scroll bars as well, which are exemplarily depicted as horizontal scroll bar  7 . 
     In the unscaled format, the image regions  1 - 1  . . .  1 - 6  of the image map  1  now can easily be identified and selected for navigation. 
     When the viewer closes the view of the unscaled image map  1  without selecting an image region and activating the corresponding image hyperlink, for instance by closing the pop-up window  8  or by pressing the “back” softkey of the browser, the scaled web page with the selectable item  4 , the small icon  5  and the remaining objects  6  is again completely visible. 
     When the viewer selects an image region  1 - 1  . . .  1 - 6  from the unscaled image map  1 , the browser will fetch the document or will execute the script or multimedia content referred to by the image region  1 - 1  . . .  1 - 6  as defined by the anchor hyperreference of the corresponding image hyperlink. In the case of a script, the pop-up window  8  according to  FIG. 5  (or original size view of the image map  1  according to  FIG. 4 ) could be closed if the script starts navigation to another web page or changes the appearance of the web page in which the image map  1  is contained. If the script only changes the appearance of the image map  1  that is currently displayed, the view could stay on the unscaled image map  1  in the pop-up window  8  according to  FIG. 5  (or original size view according to  FIG. 4 ). 
     The step of displaying the unscaled image map  1  either in original size within the scaled web page, original size view according to  FIG. 4  or in a pop-up window may not be included in the browser&#39;s navigation history, i.e. if the viewer navigates between documents in the navigation history (for instance by back/forward commands or a history list), the original size view of the image map  1  may not be available. 
       FIG. 6  depicts the logical structure of a device for improved portrayal of navigation objects according to the present invention. The device  9  comprises the standard components required to implement a browser functionality: The controller  10  controls the function of the browser and receives input from a viewer for example via the keyboard, touchscreen, mouse interaction, or voice commands, e.g. a new URL that is to be loaded. The HTML client  11  provides services to the controller  10 , in particular fetching of new HTML pages via the network interface  12 , which is connected to a remote web server  16 . If the device  9  is a hand-held device, said connection will generally be a wireless connection. The HTML interpreter  13  is responsible for the display of HTML pages on the display  3 , which is controlled by the HTML interpreter  13  via a display driver  14 . The HTML interpreter parses the HTML code and provides the display driver  14  with the corresponding results. In particular, scaling of web pages to fit into the display  3  is performed by the HTML interpreter  13  and display driver  14 . As additional logical component, according to the present invention, an image map controller/interpreter instance  15  is contained in the device  9 , which supports the HTML interpreter  13  and the controller  10  and in particular adds functionality to combine navigation objects into combined navigation objects, to control the display of combined navigation objects in the first (scaled format) display mode and the display of navigation objects in the second (unscaled format) display mode, to determine, together with the controller  10 , if a combined navigation object has been selected by a viewer, and to determine whether said navigation objects have to be combined into a combined navigation object or not. 
       FIG. 7  depicts the logical structure of a network element for improved portrayal of navigation objects according to the present invention.  FIG. 7  basically shows the same logical elements of the device  9  according to  FIG. 6 . However, the device  9  no longer possesses an image map controller/interpreter instance  15 . The functionality of this instance  15  is now shifted to an optimization server  17 , that is located between the network interface  12  and the remote server. In effect, the parsing of web pages for image maps  1  and similar navigation objects is then performed by the optimization server  17 , and accordingly changed HTML pages are then transferred via the network interface  12 , so that image maps  1  that would be unrecognizable when being scaled to fit the display width/height of the device  9  are combined into a combined image map  4  by the optimization server  17 . At the device  9  site, the changed HTML page is parsed by the HTML interpreter  13 , the combined image map  4  is displayed (eventually with an additional icon  5 ), and when the combined image map  4  is selected by a user of the device  9 , the original size image map  1  is fetched via the HTML client  11  and displayed on the display  3 . It may also be possible that the optimization server  17  is implemented as an additional module that interacts with the remote server  16  only and is not logically embedded between the network interface  12  and the remote server  16 .