Abstract:
An integrated image sensor having a conditioned top silicon oxide layer and/or one or more additional insulating layers/structures to reduce optical and/or electrical noise. The image sensor has an array of one or more pixels, each pixel having a photoelement formed on a substrate and configured to generate an electrical signal in response to incident light, and associated circuitry formed on the substrate and configured to process the electrical signal generated in the photoelement. In one embodiment, a portion of a top insulating layer in the integrated image sensor corresponding to each photoelement has a thickness different from the thickness of a portion of the top insulating layer corresponding to its associated circuitry to inhibit the flow of light between the associated circuitry and the photoelement and/or between the pixel and an adjacent pixel in the array. In another embodiment, the image sensor has one or more insulating structures formed on the substrate and configured to inhibit the flow of electricity between a photoelement and its associated circuitry and/or the pixel and an adjacent pixel in the array. The present invention can reduce optical and/or electrical noise and crosstalk to improve image quality and diminish artifacts in the image sensor&#39;s output.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to the field of integrated image sensors. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     An integrated image sensor is used to convert light impinging on the sensor into electrical signals. An image sensor typically includes one or more (e.g., an array of) photoelements such as photodiodes, phototransistors, or other types of photodetectors, where electrical signals are generated via the well-known photoelectric effect. These signals may then be used, for example, to provide information about light intensity, color, or the optical image focused on the sensor. One common type of image sensor is a CMOS image sensor. 
     FIG. 1 shows a schematic top view of a conventional CMOS image sensor  100  implemented in a single integrated circuit or chip. Sensor  100  comprises a photoelement array  102 , a decoding(buffer area  104 , and control, processing, and input(output (I/O) circuitry  106 . Photoelement array  102  comprises an array of photoelements and associated circuitry such as switches and amplifiers. Each photoelement and its associated circuitry are collectively referred to as a pixel. 
     FIG. 2A shows a schematic top view of part of integrated CMOS image sensor  100  of FIG.  1 . In particular, FIG. 2A depicts a representative 2×2 region of individual pixels  202  of photoelement array  102  of FIG.  1 . Each pixel  202  comprises a photoelement  204 , its associated circuitry  206 , an optional microlens  208 , and an optional color filter  209 . Individual pixels are separated by pixel boundaries  210 . 
     FIG. 2B shows a schematic cross-sectional view of part of a single pixel  202  of FIG. 2A comprising a silicon substrate  212 , a silicon oxide layer  214 , and contact and interconnect metal structures  216 . Oxide layer  214  is deposited onto substrate  212  and is typically a few microns thick, with metal structures  216  formed within layer  214 . Representative structures (e.g., various p and n doped regions) for photoelement  204  and for a MOSFET transistor  218  of associated circuitry  206  of pixel  202  are shown in FIG. 2B as well. Filter  209  is attached to layer  214 . Microlens  208  is placed over filter  209  and positioned to have its focal point inside photoelement  204 . 
     The fraction of the layout area of each pixel that detects light is called the optical fill factor. The fill factor is less than 100% because some of the pixel area is used by other circuitry, such as associated circuitry  206  of FIG.  2 A. Microlens  208  concentrates the incoming light onto photoelement  204  thereby improving the fill factor and consequently the sensitivity of image sensor  100 . The area above photoelement  204  is substantially free of interconnect metal structures  216  to improve the quantum efficiency of the pixel (defined as the ratio of the number of collected photoelectrons (or photo-holes) to the number of incident photons). Greater quantum efficiency also improves the sensitivity of image sensor  100 . 
     Image sensors such as image sensor  100  of FIG. 1 are prone to image degradation due to several sources of noise and/or spurious signals. One problem is charge leakage from photoelement  204 , schematically represented in FIG. 2B by arrow  250 . Due to the doping profiles of the edges of the photoelement, its periphery has a disproportionately large capacitance and electrical field. Charge stored in this area of the photoelement is susceptible to leakage into the bulk of the silicon substrate. One other problem associated with the periphery of the photoelement is capture by the photoelement of spurious photocurrent generated by light incident on associated circuitry  206 , schematically represented in FIG. 2B by arrow  260 . Charge leakage out of or into the photoelement can introduce errors into the electrical signal generated by the pixel and degrade the quality of the image captured by the image sensor. 
     One additional problem inherent to the image sensor stricture of FIG. 2B is blooming. Blooming is an overflow of charge from an oversaturated pixel to an adjacent pixel in the pixel array. Because each photoelement has a limit as to how much charge it can store, extra photogenerated charge may flow from the photoelement into the substrate, migrate to the pixel boundary, and transfer to an adjacent pixel where it may eventually be captured by the unsaturated photoelement in that pixel. This process is schematically represented in FIG. 2B by arrow  270 . In particular, blooming is a problem for high contrast images (e.g., a very bright edge against a virtually black background) and is typically visible as either a vertical streak or white halo extending for several pixels. 
     One more problem with the image sensor structure of FIG. 2B is optical crosstalk. One way for the optical crosstalk to be introduced is when light enters a pixel through a color filter of an adjacent pixel (such as filter  209 ′ of FIG. 2B) and strikes the photoelement (such as photoelement  204  of FIG.  2 B). This can result in the loss of color purity in an image. A different way for the optical crosstalk to occur is when light incident at one pixel is deflected or scattered and eventually captured by another pixel. Multiple reflections off of interconnect metal structures (such as metal structures  216  of FIG.  2 B), various interfaces, and microlenses and waveguide properties of the oxide layer are largely responsible for this type of the optical crosstalk. Sample optical paths contributing to the optical crosstalk are schematically shown by certain thin arrows in FIG.  2 B. 
     Optical and electrical noise and spurious signals degrade image quality and create artifacts in the image sensor&#39;s output. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments of the present invention are directed to techniques for reducing noise and spurious signals in integrated image sensors by which at least some of the optical and/or electrical pathways responsible for generating the same are either inhibited or eliminated. Reduction of optical and/or electrical noise and of spurious signals improves image quality and helps to eliminate artifacts in the image sensor&#39;s output. It also boosts the image sensor&#39;s performance in low-light imaging applications where improved signal-to-noise ratio allows for longer exposure times. 
     According to one embodiment, the present invention is an integrated circuit having an image sensor, wherein the image sensor has an array of one or more pixels, wherein at least one pixel in the array comprises (a) a photoelement formed on a substrate and configured to generate an electrical signal in response to incident light; and (b) associated circuitry formed on the substrate and configured to process the electrical signal generated in the photoelement. At least part of the photoelement and at least part of the associated circuitry are formed within a common insulating layer formed on the substrate, wherein a portion of the common insulating layer corresponding to the photoelement has a thickness different from a thickness of a portion of the common insulating layer corresponding to the associated circuitry. 
     According to another embodiment, the present invention is an integrated circuit having a digital image sensor, wherein the digital image sensor has an array of one or more digital pixels, wherein at least one digital pixel in the array comprises (a) a photoelement formed on a substrate and configured to generate a digital electrical signal in response to incident light; (b) associated circuitry formed on the substrate and configured to process the digital electrical signal generated in the photoelement; and (c) one or more insulating structures formed on the substrate and configured to inhibit flow of electricity between at least one of (1) the photoelement and the associated circuitry and (2) the pixel and an adjacent pixel in the array. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Other aspects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following detailed description, the appended claims, and the accompanying drawings in which: 
     FIG. 1 shows a schematic top view of an integrated CMOS image sensor of the prior art; 
     FIGS. 2A-B show schematic top and cross-sectional views of part of the integrated CMOS image sensor of FIG. 1; 
     FIGS. 3A-B show schematic top and cross-sectional views of part of an integrated CMOS image sensor according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIGS. 4A-B show schematic top and cross-sectional views of part of an integrated CMOS image sensor according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIGS. 5A-B show schematic top and cross-sectional views of part of an integrated CMOS image sensor according to another embodiment of the present invention; and 
     FIGS. 6A-B show schematic top and cross-sectional views of part of an integrated CMOS image sensor according to yet another embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Reference herein to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of other embodiments. The description herein is largely based on a particular image sensor based on CMOS pixel sensor architecture. Those skilled in the art can appreciate that the description can be equally applied to other image sensors, including those based on other silicon or even non-silicon technologies. 
     According to one aspect of the present invention, one or more additional oxide layers are introduced into the silicon substrate of an image sensor to reduce or eliminate the electrical pathways for noise and crosstalk propagation across the image sensor. According to another aspect of the present invention, the top silicon oxide layer of an image sensor is conditioned to reduce or eliminate the optical pathways for noise and crosstalk propagation across the image sensor. Although the present invention is described in the framework of these electrical and optical implementations, it will be understood from the following description and the appended claims that the present invention can also be implemented using various combinations thereof. The following four sections provide descriptions of just four of the possible embodiments of the present invention. 
     A. Silicon on Insulator 
     FIG. 3A shows a schematic top view of part of a photoelement array  300  of an integrated CMOS image sensor according to one embodiment of the present invention. Photoelement array  300  comprises an array of individual pixels  302  (a representative 2×2 region is shown). Each pixel  302  comprises a photoelement  304 , its associated circuitry  306 , and an optional microlens  308 . Individual pixels are separated by pixel boundaries  310 . 
     FIG. 3B shows a schematic cross-sectional view of part of a single pixel  302  of FIG. 3A comprising a supporting substrate  330 , an insulating (e.g., oxide) layer  332 , a silicon layer  334  (with various n and p doped regions), lateral insulating structures  336  and  338 , a top insulating (e.g., silicon oxide) layer  314 , and contact and interconnect metal structures  316 , forming photoelement  304  and its associated circuitry  306 . Insulating layer  332  is formed between substrate  330  and layer  334 . Because silicon layer  334  resides on insulating layer  332 , the tern silicon-on-insulator (SOI) is adopted to refer to this type of configuration. Lateral insulating structures  336  and  338  are introduced into silicon layer  334  at pixel boundary  310  and at the periphery of photoelement  304 , respectively. Depending on the implementation, lateral insulating structures  336  and  338  may be oxide structures or they may just be empty space providing electrical insulation between existing structures. Insulating layer  314  is deposited over silicon layer  334  with metal structures  316  formed within layer  314 . Microlens  308  is attached to layer  314  and positioned to have its focal point inside photoelement  304 . 
     The use of buried oxide layer  332  and lateral insulating structures  338  can substantially reduce the periphery component of the capacitance of photoelement  304 . For example, in an embodiment where photoelement  304  is a photodiode, the periphery component of capacitance can be reduced by 80-90% with a corresponding reduction in current leakage  250  of FIG.  2 B and/or in capture of spurious photoelectric current  260  of FIG.  2 B. The use of layer  332  and structures  338  can also substantially reduce the overall capacitance of photoelement  304  resulting in higher light sensitivity for individual pixels  302  and photoelement array  300 . 
     Similarly, lateral insulating structure  336  deposited at pixel boundary  310  can substantially reduce electrical contact between neighboring pixels. Since the resulting photoelements are effectively configured in separate, electrically isolated substrates, the electrical crosstalk between pixels is significantly reduced. In particular, blooming due to current  270  of FIG. 2B can be significantly reduced. 
     Advantages of SOI features of the present invention, such as those shown in FIG. 2B, are as follows: 
     (a) Higher image quality for a CMOS image sensor due to lower electrical noise and the reduction of blooming; 
     (b) Increased sensitivity for a CMOS image sensor due to the reduction in the capacitance of photoelements; and 
     (c) Better performance for a CMOS image sensor in low-light imaging applications due to better signal-to-noise ratio and the availability of longer exposure times. 
     B. Mask over Associated Circuitry 
     FIG. 4A shows a schematic top view of part of a photoelement array  400  of an integrated CMOS image sensor according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention. Photoelement array  400  comprises an array of individual pixels  402  (a representative 2×2 region is shown). Pixel  402  comprises a photoelement  404 , a mask layer  420 , associated circuitry  406  (not visible in FIG. 4A under mask layer  420 ), and an optional microlens  408 . Individual pixels are separated by pixel boundaries  410 . 
     FIG. 4B shows a schematic cross-sectional view of part of a single pixel  402  of FIG. 4A comprising a silicon substrate  412  (with various n and p doped regions), an insulating (e.g., silicon oxide) layer  414 , contact and interconnect metal structures  416 , and mask layer  420 , which form photoelement  404  and its associated circuitry  406 . Insulating layer  414  is deposited onto substrate  412  with metal structures  416  formed within layer  414 . Microlens  408  is attached to layer  414  and positioned to have its focal point inside photoelement  404 . Mask layer  420  is deposited to cover at least a portion of the area above associated circuitry  406 . Layer  420  can be made of any material that either attenuates or blocks the transmission of light capable of producing photogenerated charge either in associated circuitry  406  or photoelement  404 . For example, layer  420  can be a metal film or an opaque polymer layer. 
     Mask layer  420  inhibits light impinging on pixel  402  from entering silicon substrate  412  through the covered area above associated circuitry  406 , thus, reducing the electrical noise component due to spurious photocurrent  260  of FIG. B. Layer  420  may also reduce the optical noise of photoelement array  400  by either absorbing or rejecting at least a portion of stray light responsible for optical noise. 
     C. Top Oxide Layer of Variable Thickness 
     FIG. 5A shows a schematic top view of part of a photoelement array  500  of an integrated CMOS image sensor according to another embodiment of the present invention. Photoelement array  500  comprises an array of individual pixels  502  (a representative 2×2 region is shown). Pixel  502  comprises a photoelement  504 , associated circuitry  506 , an optional microlens  508 , and an optional color filter  509 . Individual pixels are separated by pixel boundaries  510 . 
     FIG. 5B shows a schematic cross-sectional view of part of a single pixel  502  of FIG. 5A comprising a silicon substrate  512  (with various n and p doped regions), an insulating (e.g., silicon oxide) layer  514 , contact and interconnect metal structures  516 , which form photoelement  504  and its associated circuitry  506 . Insulating layer  514  is deposited onto substrate  512  with metal structures  516  formed within layer  514 . Color filter  509  is attached to layer  514 . Microlens  508  is placed over filter  509  and positioned to have its focal point inside photoelement  504 . 
     Insulating layer  514  comprises at least two sections having different thickness, e.g. a thicker section  522  and a thinner section  524 . Thicker section  522  of layer  514  corresponds to at least a first portion of associated circuitry  506  to provide electrical insulation for interconnect metal structures  516  located within associated circuitry  506 . Thinner section  524  of layer  514  corresponds to photoelement  504  and possibly a second portion of associated circuitry  506 . In the example shown in FIG. 5B, the transition from thicker section  522  to thinner section  524  occurs within associated circuitry  506 . In alternative implementations, the transition can occur at the boundary between associated circuitry  506  and photoelement  504 , or even possibly within photoelement  504 . 
     Section  524  of layer  514  can be thinner than section  522 , because photoelement  504  typically has fewer interconnect metal structures  516  than associated circuitry  506 . During fabrication, thinner section  524  can be formed by removing excess oxide from above photoelement  504 , for example, by etching. Section  524  of layer  514  can accommodate microlens  508  and filter  509  as shown in FIG.  5 B. 
     Having thinner insulating layer section  524  over photoelement  504  reduces the distance between microlens  508 /filter  509  and photoelement  504 . This results in a larger solid angle of fight acceptance through microlens  508 /filter  509  for photoelement  504 . Consequently, the angle of acceptance is reduced for the optical crosstalk caused by light that enters a pixel through a color filter of an adjacent pixel (such as filter  209 ′ of FIG. 2B or filter  509 ′ of FIG. 5B) and strikes the photoelement (such as photoelement  204  of FIG. 2B or photoelement  504  of FIG.  5 B). As a result, fewer optical crosstalk photons impinge on the photoelement, thus, reducing the optical crosstalk. 
     In addition, reducing the thickness of the insulating layer above the photoelement in a pixel may increase the sensitivity of the pixel by reducing the amount of absorption of light as it passes through the insulating layer towards the photoelement. 
     Oxide layers such as layer  214  of FIG. 2B may also facilitate optical crosstalk by channeling light from pixel to pixel due to the well-known waveguide effect, similar to that in optical fibers, and also, due to multiple reflections from inserted metal structures, such as interconnect metal structures  216  of FIG.  2 B. Having oxide layer sections of differing thickness, such as sections  522  and  524  of layer  514  of FIG. 5B, introduces an optical mismatch between the sections. A thinner section of the oxide layer, such as section  524  of layer  514 , will have both a smaller cross-sectional acceptance area and a smaller cross-sectional acceptance angle, thereby preventing at least a portion of stray light propagating in a thicker section of the oxide layer, such as section  522  of layer  514 , from entering the thinner section and, thus, from reaching the photoelement As a result, optical crosstalk is reduced due to fewer stray photons impinging on the photoelement. 
     D. Silicon on Insulator Chip with Conditioned Top Oxide Layer 
     FIGS. 6A-B show an embodiment of the present invention that incorporates SOI configurations, similar to those of photoelement array  300  of FIGS. 3A-B, a mask layer similar to that of photoelement array  400  of FIGS. 4A-B, and a silicon oxide layer with variable thickness similar to that of photoelement array  500  of FIGS. 5A-B. As such, FIGS. 6A-B show one possible combination of the features described previously in Sections A, B, and C. 
     In particular, FIG. 6A shows a schematic top view of part of a photoelement array  600  of an integrated CMOS image sensor according to yet another embodiment of the present invention. Photoelement array  600  comprises an array of individual pixels  602  (a representative 2×2 region is shown). Pixel  602  comprises a photoelement  604 , a mask layer  620 , associated circuitry  606 , an optional microlens  608 , and an optional color filter  609 . Individual pixels are separated by pixel boundaries  610 . 
     FIG. 6B shows a schematic cross-sectional view of part of a single pixel  602  of FIG. 6A comprising a supporting substrate  630 , an oxide layer  632 , a silicon layer  634 , lateral insulating structures  636  and  638 , a top oxide layer  614 , mask layer  620 , and contact and interconnect metal structures  616 , which form photoelement  604  and its associated circuitry  606 . Substrate  630 , oxide layer  632 , silicon layer  634 , and lateral insulating structures  636  and  638  are analogous to substrate  330 , oxide layer  332 , silicon layer  334 , and lateral insulating structures  336  and  338  of FIG. 3, respectively. Mask layer  620  is analogous to mask layer  420  of FIG.  4 . Top oxide layer  614  is analogous to top oxide layer  514  of FIG.  5 . As such, the embodiment of FIGS. 6A-B reduces or eliminates both the electrical and optical components of noise and crosstalk described previously in the context of Sections A, B, and C. 
     In general, the present invention may be implemented for image sensors having one or more photoelements arranged in either a one- or two-dimensional pattern, such as an array of elements arranged in rows and columns. The individual pixels within a given sensor can be square, rectangular, or any other shapes forming a close-packed pattern. The individual photoelements and/or pixels within a given sensor array as well as associated circuitry may be the same or different. Although the present invention has been described in the context of CMOS technology for image sensors, it will be understood that the present invention can be implemented using other technologies, such as nMOS, pMOS, or other non-MOS technologies. The substrates used in the image sensors of the present invention may be made of any suitable semiconductor material, such as Si, GaAs, or InP, with wells of different dopant types to form various structures. Each photoelement may be based on any suitable light-sensitive device, such as, for example, a photodiode, a phototransistor, a photogate, photo-conductor, a charge-coupled device, a charge-transfer device, or a charge-injection device. Similarly, as used in this specification, the term “light” refers to any suitable electromagnetic radiation in any wavelength and is not necessarily limited to visible light. Image sensors of the present invention may be implemented with or without microlenses. The sensors may also have color filter arrays to discriminate between different energies of the electromagnetic spectrum. 
     While this invention has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the invention, which are apparent to persons skilled in the art to which the invention pertains are deemed to lie within the principle and scope of the invention as expressed in the following claims. Although the steps in the following method claims, if any, are recited in a particular sequence with corresponding labeling, unless the claim recitations otherwise imply a particular sequence for implementing some or all of those steps, those steps are not necessarily intended to be limited to being implemented in that particular sequence.