Abstract:
Method and system to track, reconcile and administer the values of life insurance policies in separate accounts, including Stable Value Protected funds. Accordingly, targeted returns are translated into unit values on a daily basis for each fund. Additionally the system tracks restrictions (e.g., timing, amount of withdrawal and amount of reallocations) on a premium-by-premium basis, and tracks the book value, market value, duration and targeted return on a client-by-client basis. The system calculates and tracks the payments and credits applicable to a withdrawal or reallocation request, in addition to the liquidation schedules for each fund based on the payment amounts and credits of specific funds. Additionally, daily unit values are calculated given a periodic targeted return (i.e., a quarterly targeted return).

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   This invention relates to an automated system for tracking, reconciling and administering the values of life insurance policies in separate account, including stable value protected funds. 
   2. Discussion of the Background 
   For many years the majority of employee benefits have been funded through the purchase of stocks, mutual funds, corporate owned life insurance (COLI) and annuities. The value of these assets was generally provided on a quarterly or monthly basis, and the liabilities of these benefit plans have generally been made available on an annual or perhaps quarterly basis. Therefore, plan sponsors have had to wait six to twelve months for information about the current funded status of a benefit plan. In addition, changes in the tax code in the past few years have reduced benefits to highly compensated employees (HCE), that is, persons earning over $60,000 to $70,000 per year, as defined in the tax code. 
   In response to this decrease in benefits, companies are installing plans commonly known as Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation (NQDC) plans which offset some of the benefits being lost. By deferring money tax-free from employees and investing the deferred money in Elective Deferral Defined Benefit plans or Elective Deferral Defined Contribution plans, the NQDC plan helps employees regain lost benefits. Elective Deferral Benefit plans offer various fixed returns on the deferred salary (or other benefits) of an employee depending upon the amount of money deferred and the number of years the money is deferred. A deferral of a $1,000 will be used as an example. The plan promises a 7.5% return each year until the normal retirement age of 65. If the deferral is made at 64, then the maturity value is $1,075, and the balance is paid out in a lump sum. If desired, a participant may choose to retire early, at any age after turning 55. If a participant retires before age 65, the account balance promised at 65 is reduced by 7% for each year prior to age 65. If a participant leaves the company prior to attaining age 55, the participant is given the initial deferral plus a 5% interest credit for each year since the initial deferral. If a participant dies prior to retiring, the beneficiary receives the promised age 65 balance immediately. 
   Elective Deferral Defined Contribution plans work like investing in mutual funds. For example, when a deferral of $1,000 is made, the participant elects to invest his money in at least one of several funds sponsored by his employer. (Employers may offer several funds, e.g., a Bond fund, a Balanced fund, a fund which tracks the “Standard &amp; Poor&#39;s 500” average minus a fixed percentage, etc.). At the time of deferral, the employee selects the Bond fund trading at $100/unit. The $1,000 is converted into 10 units based on the value of the fund on the day that the deferral is made. As the plan sponsor hold the liability for the employee/plan participant, the unit value is then adjusted daily to reflect the net value of the fund, plus any dividends or accruals paid. The value of the employee&#39;s investment is equal to the number of units multiplied by the unit value of the fund on the day of conversion. Therefore, if the per unit value of the Bond fund was $175, then the investment would be worth $1,750. Plan participants may also transfer deferred payments between Defined Contribution and Defined Benefit plans and between funds in the Defined Contribution plans. 
   However, the funds are hypothetical funds used to determine the return due to an employee and need not correspond to any real fund directly. For example, when a deferral is made to the bond fund, the plan sponsor may not actually choose to buy any funds relating to bonds, the plan sponsor may actually buy stocks, insurance policies or other annuities instead. The plan sponsor only promises to provide the return of the hypothetical fund (e.g., the rate of increase of the “Standard and Poor&#39;s 500” minus some fixed percentage, the real value of the “Standard and Poor&#39;s 500” minus some fixed dollar amount, etc.). In fact, in cases where an asset group is overfunded (i.e., the assets exceed the liabilities), the excess assets may be transferred to other under-funded plans. 
   Furthermore, the regulations that apply to these plans restrict the manner in which these plans can be funded. In essence, companies may not directly fund the liabilities created by these plans, whereas the companies can directly fund their qualified plans. Instead of providing direct funding, a plan sponsor invests the unsecured deferrals in financial instruments of the plan sponsor&#39;s choosing (e.g., mutual funds, variable policy insurance policies, etc.) to cover the liability corresponding to each participant&#39;s investment choices. Because plan sponsors may not actually be investing in funds similar to the funds requested by the plan participants, plan sponsors need to have more immediate access to information regarding their plans. This enables the sponsor to cover its liabilities by reallocating its assets as participants reallocate their assets. The volume and timeliness of information is critical to a successful NQDC plan, and the traditional methods of providing information quarterly or annually have proven to be unacceptable. Since plan sponsors are receiving information and changes on a daily basis, the chances of a mismatch between the values of plan assets and liabilities have traditionally been high. Finally, participants were previously largely uninformed as to the value of their deferred money and benefits. Participants traditionally received a statement once a year, with no projections, and little information as to how the benefit was calculated. The dearth of information available to sponsors and participants has caused many companies to avoid the use of NQDC plans, thereby denying participants a chance at benefit restoration. 
   In addition to NQDC plans, corporate owned life insurance policies are an efficient funding mechanism for employee benefits. The nature of COLI allows corporations to invest money in mutual fund-type investments and ultimately receive the growth on the investment tax free. Typically, corporations have had to account for this investment on a mark-to-market basis. This means that the underlying investments were valued at market each year and therefore were subject to the volatility of the investment. This has caused some corporations to avoid COLI purchases, even though as a long-term investment it is highly advantageous for corporations. 
   One solution to the above problem is to invest in a new and useful investment division known as a Stable Value Protected Investment. This investment smoothes the return associated with the underlying investment. For example, over the long term, the Standard and Poor&#39;s 500 may be expected to increase by 10% annually. However, during the long term, the annual returns may be +15%, −2%, +8%, −5%, etc. In order to smooth the returns, the investments in a Stable Value Protected Investment would create returns of 10%, 6%, 8%, 6%, etc. Over the long-term, the Stable Value Protected Investment would perform equal to the underlying investment, less the fee for the Stable Value Protection, but would provide smoothing along the way. 
   Another use for the Stable Value Protected Investment is to reduce the impact of initial fees associated with the purchase of COLI. First year fees include Premium Tax, Deferred Acquisition Cost (DAC) Tax and Sales Loads. The assessment of these fees has the effect of decreasing the corporation&#39;s return on its investment for the first few years. A solution to the initial decrease is to increase the return on the Stable Value Protected Investment initially, then use the smoothing nature of the Stable Value Protection in future years to “pay back” the initial increase. For example, the targeted return calculated by the Stable Value Protection writer may be increased by 3% for the first year, 2% for the second year and 1% for the third year in order to reduce the perceived impact of the first year expenses on the cash value of the policy. 
   The Stable Value Protected funds provide an initial targeted return for the first period of an investment. Upon completion of the first period, the value of the fund, the “market value,” is compared with the “calculated” value of the fund which is the “book value.” The “calculated” value of the fund is calculated by multiplying the initial value of the fund by (1+targeted return), wherein the targeted return for the next period is calculated using the formula:
 
TR=[(MV/BV) (1/D) ×(1+YTM)]−1,
 
where CR is the targeted return, MV is the market value of a fund, BV is the book value of a fund, D is the duration of a fund and YTM is the current yield to market. The purpose of this calculation is to insure that the book value and the market value move closer together over a period of time, namely the duration of a fund. The targeted return is reached by investing in a security whose value fluctuates daily and whose purpose is to make up the difference between the actual return and the targeted return.
 
   The duration of a fund was first described by Frederick A. Macaulay in  Some Theoretical Problems Suggested by the Movements of Interest Rates, Bond Yields, and Stock Prices in the United States Since  1866, published by the National Bureau of Economic Research in 1938 and incorporated herein by reference. The duration of security provides a measure of both the coupon of a bond and the term to maturity. Macaulay showed that duration was a more appropriate measure of the time element of a bond than term to maturity because it takes into account not only the ultimate recovery of capital at maturity, but also the size and timing of coupon payments that occur prior to final maturity. Duration is defined as the weighted average time to full recovery of principal and interest payments, using annual compounding. Duration (D) is defined as: 
           D   =         ∑     i   =   1     n     ⁢           ⁢         C   t     ⁡     (   t   )           (     1   +   i     )     t             ∑     l   =   1     n     ⁢           ⁢       C   t         (     1   +   i     )     t                 
where t=the time period in which the coupon and/or principal payment occurs, C t =the interest and/or principal payment that occurs in period t and i=the market yield on the bond. The denominator in the equation for duration is the price of an issue as determined by the present value model, and the numerator is the present value of all cash flows weighted according to the length of time until receipt. This concept of duration is also disclosed in ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF BONDS, Chapter 18— PRINCIPLES OF BOND EVALUATION, by Frank K. Reilly which is incorporated herein by reference.
 
   Using the concepts of duration and targeted return, the actual performance of the underlying securities in the fund is smoothed over time. The funds are created on a client-by-client basis, and therefore each client is subject to its own past performance when its targeted return is calculated. Consequently, each client will have a different targeted return. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   It is therefore an object of the present invention to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art systems. 
   It is another object of the present invention to provide a system capable of tracking and reporting assets and liabilities on a near real-time basis, a system that can project assets and liabilities into the future, and a system that makes the administration of NQDC plans simple, while keeping costs low for plan sponsors. 
   It is a further object of the invention to provide a system capable of tracking liabilities in both Defined Contribution and Defined Benefit plans. 
   It is a further object of the present invention to provide plan participants with timely access to plan information using modem, fax or automated voice response units. 
   It is yet another object of the present invention to provide plan sponsors with timely access to liability information by determining plan participants positions in the Defined Contribution and Defined Benefit plans. 
   It is yet another object of the present invention to provide plan sponsors with a means for calculating the liabilities of a Defined Contribution plan by contacting an external data provider by phone to determine the unit value of funds offered by the plan. 
   It is an additional object of the present invention to provide a means for the plan sponsors to determine plan assets by contacting external data sources to receive the values of insurance policies and financial instruments held by the plan sponsor. 
   It is an additional object of the present invention to provide a means for associating liabilities with assets and measuring an absolute dollar or percentage difference between the liabilities and their associated assets. 
   It is a further object of the present invention to provide a means of reporting to a plan sponsor that the assets and liabilities of a plan have values outside of a specified ratio or differential. 
   It is a further object of the present invention to provide a means of reconciling charges reported by an asset manager with internally calculated values for what the changes should be based on known transaction and management costs. 
   It is an object of the present invention to track, reconcile and administer the values of life insurance policies invested in separate accounts, including Stable Value Protected funds. 
   It is a further object of the present invention to provide a system to track, reconcile and administer life insurance policies in Stable Value Protected funds which smooth the return associated with the underlying investments and which amortize the initial fees associated with each premium payment over several years. 
   The above objects and other objects are achieved according to the present invention, by providing a computer system capable of tracking assets and liabilities for a NQDC plan stored in the computer system. The computer system determines the value of assets in the plan by calling an information warehouse (e.g., the Dow Jones Bulletin Board Service, insurance companies, investment companies, etc.) and requesting the current unit value of each asset held by the plan sponsor. The number of units of each asset times the value of each asset determines the current total asset value of the fund. 
   On the other hand, the total liabilities are calculated so they can be compared against the total assets. The total liability of a Defined Contribution plan is determined by multiplying the number of fund units held by plan participants in each fund by the unit values for the funds for that particular day. The number of fund units a participant buys when a user defers money is calculated in the computer system by converting the dollar amount of a user transaction (deferral, transfer among funds, realignment of fund allocation) into a number of fund units that the user can purchase for that amount on the day the transaction is made. 
   The current system draws on the teachings of actuarial statistics to estimate/predict statistically what assets are needed to cover incurred liabilities. Additional books covering the subject of actuarial statistics/mathematics are  Actuarial mathematics  by Newton L. Bowers, Jr., et al.,  Society of Actuaries&#39; textbook on life contingencies  by Chester Wallace Jordan, Jr. and  The theory of interest  and  Fundamentals of numerical analysis , both by S. G. Kellison; the subject matter of the books is incorporated herein by reference. 
   The above objects relating to tracking, reconciling and administering the values of the life insurance policies in separate accounts, including Stable Value Protected funds, are achieved according to the present invention by providing a computer system for managing an insurance product purchase. According to the present invention, the targeted returns are translated into unit values (UV) on a daily basis for each fund. To perform these functions, the present invention calculates and stores, for each fund, the following: the fund duration, the portfolio allocation, the targeted return given the market value and duration of the fund, the current yield-to-market, and the stored book value. The invention further tracks restrictions (e.g., timing, amount of withdrawal and amount of reallocations) on a premium-by-premium basis, and tracks the book value, market value, duration and targeted return on a client-by-client basis. The invention also calculates and tracks the payments and credits applicable to a withdrawal or reallocation request in addition to the liquidation schedules for each fund based on the payment amounts and credits of specific funds. Additionally, the present invention calculates daily unit values given a periodic targeted return (i.e., a quarterly targeted return). 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
       FIG. 1  is a layout diagram of the system according to an embodiment of this invention; 
       FIGS. 2A and 2B  are flowcharts of the daily operation of the system of the present invention; 
       FIG. 3  is a flowchart showing how current assets are updated for Defined Contribution plans; 
       FIG. 4  is a flowchart showing how liabilities are updated for an Elective Deferral Defined Contribution plan; 
       FIG. 5  is a report showing a hypothetical set of assets and liabilities contained within a Deferral Defined Contribution plan and  FIG. 5  also shows the tolerance parameters defined to indicate now closely the assets should correspond to the liabilities; 
       FIG. 6  is a flowchart showing how current assets are updated for a Defined Benefit plan; 
       FIG. 7  is a flowchart showing how estimated liabilities are updated for an Elective Deferral Benefit plan; 
       FIG. 8  is a report showing a hypothetical set of assets and liabilities contained within a Deferral Defined Benefit Plan; 
       FIG. 9  is a schematic showing devices for remotely receiving information from the present invention by using a telephone as an input/output device or by using a terminal/computer as the interface to the computer system across a telephone line; 
       FIG. 10  is a graphic illustration of the processing cycle used by the present application for NQDC plans; 
       FIG. 11  is a flowchart showing the operation of the present invention when a fund is created; 
       FIG. 12  is a flowchart showing the operation of the present invention on a daily basis; 
       FIG. 13  is a flowchart showing the operation of the present invention on a monthly basis; 
       FIG. 14  is a flowchart showing the operation of the present invention on a monthly policy anniversary basis; 
       FIG. 15  is a flowchart showing the operation of the present invention on a quarterly basis on the last day of the second month of the quarter; 
       FIG. 16  is a flowchart showing the operation of the present invention on a quarterly basis ten days prior to the beginning of a quarter; and 
       FIG. 17  is a flowchart showing the operation of the present invention upon the death of an insured fund participant. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts throughout the several views,  FIG. 1  is a view showing an embodiment of the system of the present invention. Within a computer  2 , there are provided: a central processing unit for a memory subsystem  6 , a fax/modem card  8 , an automated voice response unit  10 , a digital storage means  12 , a low density removable medium storage means (e.g., a floppy disk drive)  14  and a high density removable medium storage means (e.g., compact disc drive or tape drive)  16 . Furthermore, keyboard  18  and monitor  20  are connected to the computer system  2  for inputting and outputting data, respectively. An additional printer  22  for printing reports  24  is also provided. 
   The heart of the computer system  2  is the central processing unit  4  which can comprise any one of the commercially available central processing units (e.g., Intel 80×86, Motorola 680×0, Power PC, etc.) to direct and coordinate the activities of the other components of the present system. The memory subsystem  6  comprises a combination of read only memory (ROM) and random access memory (RAM), and the memory&#39;s subsystem  6  stores commands to be executed by the central processing unit  4 . Together the central processing unit  4  and memory subsystem  6  control the other devices of the system. A fax/modem, connects to a telephone line (now shown) to transfer information between the computer system and fund managers, insurance and annuity carriers, investment companies, plan sponsors and plan participants. The fax half of the fax/modem  8  additionally is used to send confirmations to plan participants when they make trades between funds or between the Defined Contribution and Defined Benefit plans. One such fax/modem that is commercially available is the Practical Peripherals 144FMT, whose technical manual and operations manual are incorporated herein by reference. The modem half of the fax/modem  8  sends and receives information from plan sponsors and participants&#39; remote computers, by using an installed bulletin board service (BBS) program which runs on the computer system  2 . The BBS program in an alternate embodiment is run on a second computer system  2  and exchanges information with the first computer system  2 . In another alternate embodiment (not shown), the fax and modem are separate components of the computer system  2 . In yet another embodiment, multiple fax/modems, fax-boards or modems are installed in the computer system  2  to provide connections to multiple plan participants or sponsors simultaneously. 
   The modem is additionally used to contact outside information providers and asset managers. In another embodiment of the present invention, the modem used to receive census data to update internal life expectancy and early retirement information that is used to calculate liabilities. Such information can be obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau. 
   The automated voice response unit (VRU)  10  likewise is connected to a telephone line (not shown) and is controlled by voice response unit control software. In an alternate embodiment, the VRU control software runs on a different computer and either shares information with the main computer system  2  or receives a snapshot of the data to use when providing information to plan participants and sponsors. Edify Corporation commercially provides such software under the tradename Electronic Workforce. Electronic Workforce runs on IBM compatible machines running OS/2 2.1 or later. Electronic Workforce also interacts with various databases on the digital storage means  12 . In an alternate embodiment, a combination of fax/modem  8  and an automated response unit  10  are used to provide the requested information. By using the automated response unit  10 , a plan sponsor or participant requests information from the computer system  2 . The requested information then is faxed using the fax/modem  8  to a number entered into the automated response unit  10  when the information was requested. This enables the delivery of reports on a near real-time basis. 
   Digital storage means  12  also is used to store both programs (e.g., operating systems and user applications) and a database  13 . The programs are loaded from the digital storage means  12  into the memory subsystem  6 , and they are then executed by the CPU  4 . The database  13  of information describes the assets and liabilities managed by the present invention. Currently available commercial databases such as DB2/2 for OS/2, Microsoft Access for Windows and Oracle&#39;s SQL server are suitable for storing asset and liability information. Their corresponding Users Manuals are incorporated herein by reference. Additional programs and information can be written to the digital storage means  12  having been read from the low density removable medium storage means  14  and high density removable medium storage means (e.g., compact-disc)  16  or having been transmitted the computer system  2  via the fax/modem  8  or the automatic voice response unit  10 . The present invention further includes a computer readable media (e.g., high density removable storage means  16 ) for controlling a computer to manage a non-qualified deferred compensation plan. As is well known, a keyboard  18  additionally is used for entering data into the computer systems, and a computer monitor  20  is used to display both graphical and textual information from the computer systems. A printer  22  prints reports  24  showing plan sponsors and participants their present positions, including any positions of plan sponsors which vary outside of predetermined ranges. 
   Moving now to  FIGS. 2A and 2B , the operation of the system will be described in terms of a daily schedule. In the morning, the computer system  2  performs step  30  and uses the fax/modem  8  to call an information provider (e.g., the Dow Jones Bulletin Board Service, an investment clearinghouse, a money manager, etc.) and downloads the previous night&#39;s net asset values for all hypothetical funds provided by the plan sponsor in the Defined Contribution plan (i.e., “Standard &amp; Poor&#39;s 500”, Stock and Bonds). In step  31 , the downloaded information is used to update the liability side of the database stored on the digital storage medium  12 . In step  32 , outstanding plan sponsor buy and sell instructions are settled with the appropriate clearing houses by sending requests made by the plan sponsor from the computer system  2  to the clearing houses. These requests keep the plan sponsor&#39;s asset allocation matched to the participants&#39; liability allocations. Steps  30  and  32  will be shown in  FIGS. 4 and 7  in more detail. In step  33 , new balances are calculated for each participant based on the per unit values downloaded from the information providers. These balances are provided to the VRU control software to enable the VRU to provide balance information to plan participants and sponsors. Although the data is a snap-shot of a participant&#39;s position, the snap-shot can be updated as frequently during the day as desired in order to reflect changes caused by trades, etc. The computer system, in step  34 , then calls the Asset Manager and downloads the previous night&#39;s net asset values for all asset funds, confirms the previous day&#39;s trades and calculates a number of units per asset fund and their cash values. In step  35 , additional data on charges incurred by the plan sponsor to cover management of funds and trade costs are also downloaded, and the downloaded values are reconciled with internal calculations of what the changes should be. The computer system  2  then updates the asset side of the database  13  for the Defined Contribution and Define Asset plans, in step  36 . Steps  34  and  36  are shown in more detail in  FIGS. 3 and 6  for the Defined Contribution and Defined Benefit plans, respectively. In step  40 , the assets and corresponding liabilities are compared with preset limits to determine if the asset allocation indicates that the differences are beyond preset limits. If any allocations are outside of their limits, the plan sponsor is notified in step  42  about the current asset levels. Whether the plan sponsor is notified or not, the system continues with normal processing in step  43 . Step  43  generates any daily payment instructions which would enable a plan participant to receive benefits from either the Defined Contribution or Defined Benefit plans. To keep plan participants informed about their investments, in step  44  fax confirmation of trades are sent to participants; the faxed information provides the participants&#39; new numbers of units and account balances. To keep plan sponsors informed about the status of the offered plans, fax confirmations of plan participant trades are also sent to the plan sponsor in step  44 . Electronic reports showing asset and liabilities for each asset group are sent monthly via fax/modem transfer to plan sponsors that can receive such information, and printed reports and copies of reports on removable digital storage are sent by mail in step  46  to other plan sponsors. In step  46 , at the end of a day&#39;s transactions, the account information is converted into a format for a commercial database system, and the database is updated with new participant information and mutual fund information in step  50 . To help with calculating liability in the future and to calculate expected returns, census and other information can be retrieved from remote sources in step  51  and stored into the database  13 . In addition, the asset manager and database  13  are updated in step  52  with data received throughout the day from the Bulletin Board Service and the automated voice response unit  10 . 
   The flowchart of  FIG. 3  depicts one implementation of how the current assets are calculated in the computer system of the present invention for Defined Contribution plans. A first asset group is read in step  60  from a list of asset groups stored in a database  13  on the digital storage means  12 . The asset manager is then contacted in step  62  to determine the present cash value of the assets (i.e., stocks, mutual funds, annuities) held by the plan sponsor which are linked to the first asset group. In step  64 , the number of each type of investment is also read from the database  13 . The number of units of each asset is multiplied by the corresponding unit value to create a value of the assets held. In the next step, step  68 , the asset value stored in the database  13  is updated with the calculated value so that it can be compared with the corresponding liabilities of the asset group, as was explained for step  40 . This process of updating and storing asset values for an asset group is performed for each uncalculated asset group if step  70  determines that some asset groups have not been updated. 
   The flowchart of  FIG. 4  depicts a method of calculating the liability of deferrals for each hypothetical fund in an asset group for Defined Contribution plan as was performed in steps  30  and  31 . In step  80 , the computer system selects, from the database  13  stored on the digital storage means  12 , one of the hypothetical funds being offered by the plan sponsor as a current fund. In step  82 , the computer system uses the fax/modem to contact an information service provider to determine the current selling price of the current hypothetical fund offered by the plan sponsor. In step  84 , the number of outstanding units for the current hypothetical fund is read from the database  13 . This number of units is multiplied in step  86  by the current per unit selling price of the current hypothetical units to determine the present liability of the Defined Contribution plan for the current fund. Step  88  stores the calculated value in the database  13  to be compared in step  40  with a corresponding asset value. Step  90  continues the updating process again at step  80  if there are more funds which have not been updated. When all funds have been updated, step  90  ends the updating process. 
   The report of  FIG. 5  is an Allocation Summary for a Defined Contribution plan showing how three sets of assets in an asset group are linked to their corresponding funds. As an example of a fund link  100 , the Income Link has an asset  102  indicated by the name “the XYZ&#39;s fixed income” with a current value of $1,932,315.03, which is 30.05% of the asset group&#39;s total assets. This asset is used to secure a plan sponsor&#39;s position for four funds  104 : Priority Bond, Super Leveraged, Income &amp; Growth and Balanced, totaling $5,250,827.90, which constitutes 47.32% of the liability for the whole asset group. The benchmark  106  for the fund link  100  is shown as 5%; therefore, a report will be generated and sent to the plan sponsor to indicate that the current liability of 47.32% of the fund link is not within 5% of the current asset allocation of 30.05% of the fund for the defined asset group. In this way, the dollar value of an asset for a fund link need not match the dollar value used to secure the liabilities of a fund link. As long as the percentage allocation of total assets for a link match the percentage allocation of total liabilities for the link, the link is considered to be within the benchmark. In this way, if the liability of an asset link of an asset group grows, the corresponding assets of the asset group can grow proportionally. 
   The flowchart of  FIG. 6  shows how the insurance policy asset values of an Elective Deferral Defined Benefit plan are updated in the present system. The computer contacts the asset manager of the Defined Benefit plan in step  110 , and in step  112  requests the current cash values of insurance policies covering employees if the equity were to be removed on the current day. In step  114 , the computer further requests the current cash value of each policy to determine the value of the policy if each employee were to die. Using the information of steps  112  and  114 , the computer system generates an asset range in step  116  which indicates the immediate and potential values of the Defined Benefit plan based on the outstanding insurance policies held by the plan sponsors. The asset range is then stored in the database  13  so the asset value can be compared with the Defined Benefit Liability to determine if there is a mismatch in fund allocation. 
   The flowchart of  FIG. 7  depicts how estimated liabilities are calculated for an Elective Deferral Defined Benefit plan as was performed in steps  30  and  31 . The liability is calculated as an estimated liability based on the probabilities of dying, withdrawing or retiring at each age up to age 65. In the first step of computing an estimated liability, step  120 , the computer system determines the payout for each deferral for a given interest rate if the corresponding participant removes his money at age 65. The payout at age 65 is also the payout should the plan participant prematurely die before removing his money. In step  122 , the age 65 payout is multiplied by the probability of the corresponding participant reaching age 65, thus calculating an expected full payout. Likewise, the age 65 payout is multiplied by the probability of the corresponding participant dying at each age before 65 to determine an expected premature payout. In step  124 , the computer system determines the payout for each age before 55 for each deferral if the corresponding participant withdraws from the program. By multiplying in step  126  the withdrawal payout by the probability of withdrawal at each age before age 55, an early withdrawal payout is calculated. Furthermore, in step  128  an early retirement payout is calculated for each age after 55 and before 65 of a corresponding participant for each deferral. The early retirement payout is multiplied in step  130  by the probability of early retirement for each age after 55 and before 65 to determine the expected/estimated early retirement payout. In step  132 , all expected payouts are summed to determine a total expected/estimated liability for the Defined Benefit plan. This value is updated in the database  13  in step  134 . 
   The report of  FIG. 8  shows a current cash value of a Defined Benefit plan as calculated in  FIGS. 6 and 7 . The current cash value  140  is determined in  FIG. 6 , step  112 , whereas the death benefit value is calculated in  FIG. 6 , step  114 . The estimated liability  144  is calculated according to the method of  FIG. 7 , with the final result being stored in step  134  of  FIG. 7 . In addition, because the benchmark  146  for the Defined Benefit plan is indicated to be $10,000, the computer system, when implementing the process of  FIG. 2A , would determine that an asset allocation is outside of preset limits in step  40  and notify the plan sponsor about the asset level using step  42 . 
   As shown in  FIG. 9 , deferrals and changes to a plan participant&#39;s funds can be made remotely using a telephone  150  or a computer terminal  152 . Likewise, the plan sponsor can get information about the status of asset groups using the telephone  150  or the computer terminal  152 . When connecting to the computer system  2  using the telephone  150 , a plan participant or sponsor is audibly provided with a series of choices in a menu. The plan participant or sponsor responds to the menu items using the keypad on the telephone  150 . Illustrative remote operations which can be performed by plan participants using the telephone  150  include checking the current value of deferrals, trading units between funds in a Deferral Defined Contribution plan, requesting projections about the future value of investments and requesting historical information on plan performance over a period of time. Illustrative remote operations that can be performed by the plan sponsor using the telephone  150  are checking current asset values in an asset group, checking unit values for hypothetical funds linked to the assets in the corresponding asset group, determining the total liability of each hypothetical fund in the corresponding asset group and calculating if the values of the liabilities and assets are within the range specified by the benchmark. 
   Using the computer terminal  152  to correct to the fax/modem  8 , the plan participant or sponsor likewise receives information from the computer system  2 . The information is displayed on the monitor of the computer terminal  152  and data to be sent to the computer system  2  is input using the keyboard of the same computer terminal  52 . Unlike the menu system of the telephone  150 , the computer terminal  152  displays a series of prompts (i.e., menus, dialogue boxes, input screens) for the plan participant or sponsor instead of prompting using voice commands. Informational responses are sent from the computer terminal  152  to the computer system  2 . The computer system  2  responds to requests by the plan participants or sponsor by sending a reply from the fax/modem  8  across the telephone wire, and the results are displayed on the monitor of the computer terminal  152 . The computer terminal  152  can either be a stand-alone or networked computer, capable of general purpose computing but running software to connect to the computer system  2 , or a “dumb” terminal, only capable of terminal interactions. In another embodiment where the terminal is a stand-alone or networked computer, prompts from the computer system are converted from text to speech by the computer terminal and voice recognition software converts voice responses of the plan participant or sponsor into text to be sent to the computer system  2 . 
   Additional information to help calculate liabilities and assets may be received from remote terminals and information resource providers  154  (i.e., the U.S. Census Bureau and insurance/actuarial data providers) as in step  51 . This information is used to update the database  13  and change the values used in steps  122 ,  126  and  130 . Received information (i.e., economic indicators) is used in another embodiment to help plan sponsors predict the value of assets and liabilities in the future. 
   Another system designed according to the present invention is used to track, reconcile and administer the values of life insurance policies in separate accounts, including Stable Value Protected funds. Each separate account contains divisions which correspond to the investment choices of a particular company, and each insurance policy for each of the employees working for the company making the investment may choose an investment. The system gathers information when a fund is created to ensure that the insurance policies issued by an insurance carrier to cover a fund participant conform to government and insurance regulations. As shown in  FIG. 11 , in step  1104 , initially the system processes census information about a fund participant, including the participant&#39;s birth data, name, sex and social security number. Based on this information, tax information and the specific parameters of the selected insurance policy, in step  1108 , the system determines premiums for the participant and a face amount for the policy assigned to the participant. The system of the present invention calculates the face amount for the assigned policy, as well as 7 Pay premiums and guideline premiums for  7702  and  7702 A compliance. 
   In step  1112 , the system also calculates initial premium charges based on premium taxes, DAC taxes, DAC refunds, loads, administration fees and the cost of the insurance. The premium and DAC taxes and the loads are calculated as a percentage of the premium, and the DAC refunds are calculated as a percentage of current and previous premiums paid. In addition, administration costs and cost of insurance amounts are calculated. Typically, the administration costs are flat costs per policy, while the cost of insurance is a factor times the Net amount of Risk. This factor is based on the mortality rate for the employees who are covered by the insurance policies in the fund, and this factor is a published factor which the system can use to track investments. Typically, this factor includes both the percentage needed to cover the policy value when an insured person dies and an extra percentage which represents potential profit for the insurance provider. 
   In step  1116 , after the above calculations have been made, the system receives a notification from the insurance carrier of the payment required to cover the policy, and notifies the investment manager of an amount to invest. Processing then continues with step  1120 . In step  1120 , the system notifies any sub-advisers and transfers the payment to the sub-advisers. Then the sub-advisers purchase securities and report the result back to the system of the present invention in step  1124 . Documentation, e.g., confirmations of buy and/or sell requests, are sent to the investment manager to indicate that the securities have been purchased or sold as requested. 
   When investing in an SVP fund in which an SVP writer is used, the SVP writer contacts the sub-adviser to request information regarding yield-to-maturity (YTM) of the purchased securities, as shown in step  1126 . Using the YTM information, the SVP writer can set the initial targeted return to the YTM plus any adjustments agreed upon by the policy owner and the SVP writer. The system then imports the YTM from the sub-adviser and imports the initial credit rate information and the adjusted credit rate information from the SVP writer in addition to receiving the agreed upon adjustments from the investment manager. The system uses this information to calculate and compare the targeted return and applicable time period versus what was reported by the SVP writer. Any discrepancies are reported to the SVP writer and confirmation of the correct targeted return is reported to the policy owner. 
   Based on these calculations and comparisons, in step  1128 , an initial unit value of the new fund is set and, in step  1130 , the system stores the initial unit value of the policy. 
   In addition to the processing steps required to create or initialize a fund, processing is required at regular intervals to track existing funds. The processing steps shown in  FIG. 12  are repeated frequently, e.g., daily, to support all of the available funds, including the Stable Value Protected funds, but the actual time between processing steps may be adjusted on a frequent or daily basis, step  1204  is performed to calculate the actual fees for Mortality and Expense (M&amp;E) account management by the investment manager, sub-adviser and SVP writer, if applicable. The investment manager, sub-adviser and SVP writer and other entities that help to manage a fund each are members of a group called collectively hereafter a management group. The number of members of the management group depends on how the fund is managed. The M&amp;E fee is calculated as W basis points per year divided by 365 multiplied by the investment value of the prior day. The account management fee is calculated as X basis points per year divided by 365 multiplied by the investment value of the prior day. The sub-adviser&#39;s fee is calculated as Y basis points per year divided by 365 multiplied by the investment value of the prior day, and the SVP writer&#39;s fee is calculated as Z basis points per year divided by 365 multiplied by the investment value of the prior day. These values are calculated by the system of the present invention to track the daily value of the funds. 
   In steps  1212  and  1216 , the system calculates credits due to the targeted return and a present daily investment value. The system imports the daily investment value from the investment manager and compares it with the investment value due according to the policy. Any discrepancies are reported. In step  1218 , the system notifies the SVP writer of the current day&#39;s investment value and the value of the underlying securities. 
   After step  1219 , the system can pass control to either step  1220  or  1222  depending on how the system is configured. Step  1220  provides the management group with their credits right away, and step  1222  delays payment for a given period. In step  1220 , the investment manager removes M&amp;E fees, account management fees, “policy” sub-adviser fees and SVP fees, when applicable, from the value of the underlying securities for the present day and then moves the money to funds designated by fee recipients. The system also imports, in step  1220 , the value of the underlying securities from the investment manager, that is the value before and after the reduction due to fees. The system additionally calculates an independent estimate of the value of the securities and compares it with the imported value. Discrepancies are reported to the policy owner. Alternatively, from step  1219 , control could be passed to step  1222  so that each fee receiving entity may purchase “fee units” each day and accumulate them for a given period, e.g., until the end of the month. 
   In step  1219 , the system calculates a policy value according to the formula: policy value for the present day equals policy value of the previous day multiplied by (investment unit value for the present day divided by investment unit value for the previous day). The system stores the policy value for the present day. Further, in step  1219 , the system calculates the policy unit value for the present day according to the formula: policy unit value for the present day equals policy value of the present day divided by the number of units held. The system stores the policy unit value. 
   As shown in  FIG. 13 , at the end of a first time period, e.g., at the end of each month, the accumulated M&amp;E fee units which were aggregated are processed. In step  1304 , the system sells accumulated M&amp;E fee units to the investment manager at the investment unit value for the present day on behalf of the carrier, Account Manager, SVP writer and sub-adviser, and the investment manager adjusts the number of investment units held by the system. The system imports the units adjusted from the investment manager and independently calculates the number of units to be sold. The reported units and independently calculated units are compared and any discrepancies are reported to the investment manager. Further, if “fee units” were accumulated above in step  1222 , then the account manager, SVP writer and sub-advisor sell “fee units” to the investment manager at the investment unit value for the present day. In step  1308 , the investment manager then adjusts the number of investment units held by each (i.e., the carrier, the account manager, SVP writer and sub-advisor collect their accrued fees). Also, if fee units were purchased, then the investment manager removes the value of the “fee units” from the value of the underlying securities and transfers cash to the account manager, SVP writer and sub-advisor. The system imports the value of the securities transferred and independently calculates the value of the securities transferred. The system compares the reported and independently calculated values of the securities and reports any discrepancies to the investment manager. 
   As shown in  FIG. 14 , various accounting procedures need to be performed at the end of a second time period, e.g., on the monthly anniversary of the creation of the policy. In step  1404 , the policy owners sell policy units to the system to pay for monthly Costs of Insurance (COI) fees and administration fees. Based on the policy units sold, the system adjusts the number of policy units held by the policy holder. The system stores the COI value along with the amount of the administration fees and the number of policy units adjusted. In step  1408 , the system sells an equivalent dollar amount of investment units to the investment manager, and the system adjusts the number of investment units held by the system. The system imports the adjusted number of units from the investment manager and independently calculates the number of units according to the value of the fees. The calculated units are compared with the reported units and any discrepancies are reported to the investment manager. 
   In step  1412 , the account manager (insurance carrier) removes the value of the COI and administration fees from the value of the underlying securities and transfers cash to the system. The system imports the value of the underlying securities prior to and subsequent to removal of fees by the investment manager, and the system calculates the value of the underlying securities after the fees have been removed. The system then compares the reported value of the underlying securities with the calculated value of the underlying securities and any discrepancies are reported to the investment manager. 
   In step  1416 , the system calculates an ongoing mortality reserve activity including cost of insurance, retention and contribution to mortality reserve. The system calculates the cost of insurance, retention and contribution to mortality reserve. 
   As shown in  FIG. 15 , at the end of a third time period, e.g., on the last day of the second month of the quarter, the system of the present invention collects and processes additional information from the investment manager and any sub-advisors. In step  1504 , from the investment manager, the SVP writer collects information regarding the book value and market value of funds, the value of underlying securities and the investment value of the funds. This information is imported by the system of the present invention, and the system then compares the stored value of the underlying securities with the investment value. Any discrepancies are reported to the investment manager. In step  1508 , the SVP writer collects information from a sub-advisor regarding duration of the underlying securities and the yield-to-maturity. The system then imports the duration of securities and yield-to-maturity from the SVP writer. The system independently calculates the duration and yield-to-maturity of the stored securities and compares the calculated and reported duration and YTM. Any discrepancies are reported to the SVP writer. 
   As shown in  FIG. 16 , at the end of a third time period, e.g., ten days prior to the beginning of the quarter, additional processing is performed for SVP funds. As shown in step  1604 , the SVP writer calculates targeted return for the upcoming quarter, and the system imports the calculated rate from the SVP writer. The system then calculates the targeted return based on the stored duration and YTM, and the calculated targeted return is compared with the reported targeted return. Any discrepancies between the two targeted returns are reported to the SVP writer. 
     FIG. 17  is a flowchart which shows the single processing step,  1704 , involved upon the death of an insured fund participant. The system processes the death claim by calculating the net amount at risk, the cash values released, the interest from date of death, the adjustments to each individual fund (with aggregate policies) including COI charges from date of death and administration charges. The system stores the policy data. 
   Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings (i.e., types of assets are interchangeable between the Defined Contribution and Defined Benefit plans). It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.