Abstract:
A system and method to display in graphical form the amount of artifact present in an EEG record is disclosed herein. Displaying in graphical form the amount of artifact present in an EEG record allows a reviewer of the EEG recording to see how much muscle and eye movement is present in the EEG record.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    The Present application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 61/729,775, filed on Nov. 16, 2012, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
       [0002]    Not Applicable 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0004]    The present invention generally relates to a method and system for displaying EEG data. More specifically, the present invention relates to displaying an amount of artifact present in an EEG recording. 
         [0005]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0006]    An electroencephalogram (“EEG”) is a diagnostic tool that measures and records the electrical activity of a person&#39;s brain in order to evaluate cerebral functions. Multiple electrodes are attached to a person&#39;s head and connected to a machine by wires. The machine amplifies the signals and records the electrical activity of a person&#39;s brain. The electrical activity is produced by the summation of neural activity across a plurality of neurons. These neurons generate small electric voltage fields. The aggregate of these electric voltage fields create an electrical reading which electrodes on the person&#39;s head are able to detect and record. An EEG is a superposition of multiple simpler signals. In a normal adult, the amplitude of an EEG signal typically ranges from 1 micro-Volt to 100 micro-Volts, and the EEG signal is approximately 10 to 20 milli-Volts when measured with subdural electrodes. The monitoring of the amplitude and temporal dynamics of the electrical signals provides information about the underlying neural activity and medical conditions of the person. 
         [0007]    An EEG is performed to: diagnose epilepsy; verify problems with loss of consciousness or dementia; verify brain activity for a person in a coma; study sleep disorders, monitor brain activity during surgery, and additional physical problems. 
         [0008]    Multiple electrodes (typically 17-21, however there are standard positions for at least 70) are attached to a person&#39;s head during an EEG. The electrodes are referenced by the position of the electrode in relation to a lobe or area of a person&#39;s brain. The references are as follows: F=frontal; Fp=frontopolar; T=temporal; C=central; P=parietal; O=occipital; and A=auricular (ear electrode). Numerals are used to further narrow the position and “z” points relate to electrode sites in the midline of a person&#39;s head. An electrocardiogram (“EKG”) may also appear on an EEG display. 
         [0009]    The EEG records brain waves from different amplifiers using various combinations of electrodes called montages. Montages are generally created to provide a clear picture of the spatial distribution of the EEG across the cortex. A montage is an electrical map obtained from a spatial array of recording electrodes and preferably refers to a particular combination of electrodes examined at a particular point in time. 
         [0010]    In bipolar montages, consecutive pairs of electrodes are linked by connecting the electrode input  2  of one channel to input  1  of the subsequent channel, so that adjacent channels have one electrode in common. The bipolar chains of electrodes may be connected going from front to back (longitudinal) or from left to right (transverse). In a bipolar montage signals between two active electrode sites are compared resulting in the difference in activity recorded. Another type of montage is the referential montage or monopolar montage. In a referential montage, various electrodes are connected to input  1  of each amplifier and a reference electrode is connected to input  2  of each amplifier. In a reference montage, signals are collected at an active electrode site and compared to a common reference electrode. 
         [0011]    Reference montages are good for determining the true amplitude and morphology of a waveform. For temporal electrodes, CZ is usually a good scalp reference. 
         [0012]    Being able to locate the origin of electrical activity (“localization”) is critical to being able to analyze the EEG. Localization of normal or abnormal brain waves in bipolar montages is usually accomplished by identifying “phase reversal,” a deflection of the two channels within a chain pointing to opposite directions. In a referential montage, all channels may show deflections in the same direction. If the electrical activity at the active electrodes is positive when compared to the activity at the reference electrode, the deflection will be downward. Electrodes where the electrical activity is the same as at the reference electrode will not show any deflection. In general, the electrode with the largest upward deflection represents the maximum negative activity in a referential montage. 
         [0013]    Some patterns indicate a tendency toward seizures in a person. A physician may refer to these waves as “epileptiform abnormalities” or “epilepsy waves.” These include spikes, sharp waves, and spike-and-wave discharges. Spikes and sharp waves in a specific area of the brain, such as the left temporal lobe, indicate that partial seizures might possibly come from that area. Primary generalized epilepsy, on the other hand, is suggested by spike-and-wave discharges that are widely spread over both hemispheres of the brain, especially if they begin in both hemispheres at the same time. 
         [0014]    There are several types of brain waves: alpha waves, beta waves, delta wave, theta waves and gamma waves. Alpha waves have a frequency of 8 to 12 Hertz (“Hz”). Alpha waves are normally found when a person is relaxed or in a waking state when a person&#39;s eyes are closed but the person is mentally alert. Alpha waves cease when a person&#39;s eyes are open or the person is concentrating. Beta waves have a frequency of 13 Hz to 30 Hz. Beta waves are normally found when a person is alert, thinking, agitated, or has taken high doses of certain medicines. Delta waves have a frequency of less than 3 Hz. Delta waves are normally found only when a person is asleep (non-REM or dreamless sleep) or the person is a young child. Theta waves have a frequency of 4 Hz to 7 Hz. Theta waves are normally found only when the person is asleep (dream or REM sleep) or the person is a young child. Gamma waves have a frequency of 30 Hz to 100 Hz. Gamma waves are normally found during higher mental activity and motor functions. 
         [0015]    The following definitions are used herein. 
         [0016]    “Amplitude” refers to the vertical distance measured from the trough to the maximal peak (negative or positive). It expresses information about the size of the neuron population and its activation synchrony during the component generation. 
         [0017]    The term “analogue to digital conversion” refers to when an analogue signal is converted into a digital signal which can then be stored in a computer for further processing. Analogue signals are “real world” signals (e.g., physiological signals such as electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram or electrooculogram). In order for them to be stored and manipulated by a computer, these signals must be converted into a discrete digital form the computer can understand. 
         [0018]    “Artifacts” are electrical signals detected along the scalp by an EEG, but that originate from non-cerebral origin. There are patient related artifacts (e.g., movement, sweating, ECG, eye movements) and technical artifacts (50/60 Hz artifact, cable movements, electrode paste-related). 
         [0019]    The term “differential amplifier” refers to the key to electrophysiological equipment. It magnifies the difference between two inputs (one amplifier per pair of electrodes). 
         [0020]    “Duration” is the time interval from the beginning of the voltage change to its return to the baseline. It is also a measurement of the synchronous activation of neurons involved in the component generation. 
         [0021]    “Electrode” refers to a conductor used to establish electrical contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit. EEG electrodes are small metal discs usually made of stainless steel, tin, gold or silver covered with a silver chloride coating. They are placed on the scalp in special positions. 
         [0022]    “Electrode gel” acts as a malleable extension of the electrode, so that the movement of the electrodes leads is less likely to produce artifacts. The gel maximizes skin contact and allows for a low-resistance recording through the skin. 
         [0023]    The term “electrode positioning” (10/20 system) refers to the standardized placement of scalp electrodes for a classical EEG recording. The essence of this system is the distance in percentages of the 10/20 range between Nasion-Inion and fixed points. These points are marked as the Frontal pole (Fp), Central (C), Parietal (P), occipital (O), and Temporal (T). The midline electrodes are marked with a subscript z, which stands for zero. The odd numbers are used as subscript for points over the left hemisphere, and even numbers over the right 
         [0024]    “Electroencephalogram” or “EEG” refers to the tracing of brain waves, by recording the electrical activity of the brain from the scalp, made by an electroencephalograph. 
         [0025]    “Electroencephalograph” refers to an apparatus for detecting and recording brain waves (also called encephalograph). 
         [0026]    “Epileptiform” refers to resembling that of epilepsy. 
         [0027]    “Filtering” refers to a process that removes unwanted frequencies from a signal. 
         [0028]    “Filters” are devices that alter the frequency composition of the signal. 
         [0029]    “Montage” means the placement of the electrodes. The EEG can be monitored with either a bipolar montage or a referential one. Bipolar means that there are two electrodes per one channel, so there is a reference electrode for each channel. The referential montage means that there is a common reference electrode for all the channels. 
         [0030]    “Morphology” refers to the shape of the waveform. The shape of a wave or an EEG pattern is determined by the frequencies that combine to make up the waveform and by their phase and voltage relationships. Wave patterns can be described as being: “Monomorphic”. Distinct EEG activity appearing to be composed of one dominant activity. “Polymorphic”. distinct EEG activity composed of multiple frequencies that combine to form a complex waveform. “Sinusoidal”. Waves resembling sine waves. Monomorphic activity usually is sinusoidal. “Transient”. An isolated wave or pattern that is distinctly different from background activity. 
         [0031]    “Spike” refers to a transient with a pointed peak and a duration from 20 to under 70 msec. 
         [0032]    The term “sharp wave” refers to a transient with a pointed peak and duration of 70-200 msec. 
         [0033]    The term “neural network algorithms” refers to algorithms that identify sharp transients that have a high probability of being epileptiform abnormalities. 
         [0034]    “Noise” refers to any unwanted signal that modifies the desired signal. It can have multiple sources. 
         [0035]    “Periodicity” refers to the distribution of patterns or elements in time (e.g., the appearance of a particular EEG activity at more or less regular intervals). The activity may be generalized, focal or lateralized. 
         [0036]    An EEG epoch is an amplitude of a EEG signal as a function of time and frequency. 
         [0037]    An EEG report produces tremendous amounts of information about a person&#39;s brain activity. However, there is a need to quickly and easily interpret that information in order to properly analyze the brain activity of a person. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0038]    While developing artifact reduction techniques, the inventors realized that displaying in graphical form the amount of artifact present in an EEG record would be very helpful to a reviewer of the EEG recording. Thus, the inventors invented a method and system to visually display in graphical form the amount of artifact present in an EEG record. 
         [0039]    Displaying in graphical form the amount of artifact present in an EEG record allows a reviewer of the EEG recording to see how much muscle and eye movement is present in the EEG record. 
         [0040]    Displaying in graphical form the amount of artifact present in an EEG record provides an un-complex indication of a patient state in summary form. 
         [0041]    Displaying in graphical form the amount of artifact present in an EEG record indicates if there is artifact remaining in the trends. 
         [0042]    The present invention is a graphical representation of the amount of artifact of various types present in an EEG record displayed over time. 
         [0043]    A preferred implementation of a graphical representation of the amount of artifact of various types present in an EEG record is shown as a series of horizontal lines. One horizontal line each for muscle artifacts, chewing artifacts, vertical eye movement artifacts, and lateral eye movement artifacts. The depth of color of the horizontal line indicates the amount of that artifact detected in a given time period. 
         [0044]    One aspect of the present invention is a method for displaying an amount of artifact present in an EEG recording. The method includes generating an EEG recording from a machine comprising a plurality of electrodes, an amplifier and processor. The method also includes analyzing the EEG recording to determine an amount of artifact present in the EEG recording. The method also includes graphically displaying the amount of artifact present in an EEG recording on a display. 
         [0045]    Another aspect of the present invention is a system for displaying an amount of artifact present in an EEG recording. The system includes electrodes, a processor, and a display. The electrodes generate a plurality of EEG signals. The processor is connected to the electrodes and the processor is configured to generate an EEG recording from the plurality of EEG signals. The display is connected to the processor and displays an EEG recording. The processor is configured to graphically display an amount of artifact present in an EEG recording. 
         [0046]    The amount of artifact present in the EEG recording is preferably graphically displayed as a plurality of horizontal lines. Most preferably, the plurality of horizontal lines comprises a horizontal line for a muscle artifact, a horizontal line for a chewing artifact, a horizontal line for a vertical eye movement artifact, and a horizontal line for a lateral eye movement artifact. 
         [0047]    Having briefly described the present invention, the above and further objects, features and advantages thereof will be recognized by those skilled in the pertinent art from the following detailed description of the invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0048]      FIG. 1  is a graphical display of the amount of artifact present in an EEG recording. 
           [0049]      FIG. 1A  is a graphical display of the amount of artifact present in an EEG recording. 
           [0050]      FIG. 1B  is an enlarged and isolated view of a box  1 B of a seizure probability channel of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0051]      FIG. 1C  is an enlarged and isolated view of horizontal lines of the artifact intensity channel of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0052]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a system for analyzing an EEG recording. 
           [0053]      FIG. 3  is a map for electrode placement for an EEG. 
           [0054]      FIG. 4  is a detailed map for electrode placement for an EEG. 
           [0055]      FIG. 5  is an illustration of a CZ reference montage. 
           [0056]      FIG. 6  is an illustration of an EEG recording containing a seizure, a muscle artifact and an eye movement artifact. 
           [0057]      FIG. 7  is an illustration of the EEG recording of  FIG. 6  with the muscle artifact removed. 
           [0058]      FIG. 8  is an illustration of the EEG recording of  FIG. 7  with the eye movement artifact removed. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0059]      FIGS. 1 ,  1 A,  1 B and  1 C illustrate a graphical display of the amount of artifact present in an EEG recording. An artifact intensity channel  110  is shown as a series of horizontal lines  111 . The plurality of horizontal lines  111  shown comprises a horizontal line  112  for a muscle artifact, a horizontal line  113  for a chewing artifact, a horizontal line  114  for a vertical eye movement artifact, and a horizontal line  115  for a lateral eye movement artifact. Those skilled in the pertinent art will recognize that more or less horizontal lines may be used without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. 
         [0060]    Also shown in  FIGS. 1 and 1A  are a seizure probability channel  120 , a rhythmicity spectrogram, left hemisphere channel  130 , a rhythmicity spectrogram, right hemisphere channel  140 , a FFT spectrogram left hemisphere channel  150 , a FFT spectrogram right hemisphere channel  160 , an asymmetry relative spectrogram channel  170 , a asymmetry absolute index channel  180 , an aEEG channel  190 , and a suppression ration, left hemisphere and right hemisphere channel  200 . 
         [0061]    Rhythmicity spectrograms allow one to see the evolution of seizures in a single image. The rhythmicity spectrogram measures the amount of rhythmicity which is present at each frequency in an EEG record. 
         [0062]    The seizure probability trend shows a calculated probability of seizure activity over time. The seizure probability trend shows the duration of detected seizures, and also suggests areas of the record that may fall below the seizure detection cutoff, but are still of interest for review. The seizure probability trend when displayed along with other trends, provides a comprehensive view of quantitative changes in an EEG. 
         [0063]      FIG. 2  illustrates a system  20  for a user interface for automated artifact filtering for an EEG. A patient  15  wears an electrode cap  31 , consisting of a plurality of electrodes  35   a - 35   c , attached to the patient&#39;s head with wires  38  from the electrodes  35  connected to an EEG machine component  40  which consists of an amplifier  42  for amplifying the signal to a computer  41  with a processor, which is used to analyze the signals from the electrodes  35  and create an EEG recording  51 , which can be viewed on a display  50 . A more thorough description of an electrode utilized with the present invention is detailed in Wilson et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,112,141 for a Method And Device For Quick Press On EEG Electrode, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The EEG is optimized for automated artifact filtering. The EEG recordings are then processed using neural network algorithms to generate a processed EEG recording which is analyzed for display. 
         [0064]    An additional description of analyzing EEG recordings is set forth in Wilson et al., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/620,855, filed on Sep. 15, 2012, for a Method And System For Analyzing An EEG Recording, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
         [0065]    A patient has a plurality of electrodes attached to the patient&#39;s head with wires from the electrodes connected to an amplifier for amplifying the signal to a processor, which is used to analyze the signals from the electrodes and create an EEG recording. The brain produces different signals at different points on a patient&#39;s head. Multiple electrodes are positioned on a patient&#39;s head as shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 . The CZ site is in the center. For example, Fp 1  on  FIG. 4  is represented in channel FP 1 -F 3  on  FIG. 6 . The number of electrodes determines the number of channels for an EEG. A greater number of channels produce a more detailed representation of a patient&#39;s brain activity. Preferably, each amplifier  42  of an EEG machine component  40  corresponds to two electrodes  35  attached to a head of the patient  15 . The output from an EEG machine component  40  is the difference in electrical activity detected by the two electrodes. The placement of each electrode is critical for an EEG report since the closer the electrode pairs are to each other, the less difference in the brainwaves that are recorded by the EEG machine component  40 . A more thorough description of an electrode utilized with the present invention is detailed in Wilson et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,112,141 for a Method And Device For Quick Press On EEG Electrode, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
         [0066]    The EEG is optimized for automated artifact filtering. The EEG recordings are then processed using neural network algorithms to generate a processed EEG recording, which is analyzed for display. During acquisition of the EEG recording, a processing engine performs continuous analysis of the EEG waveforms and determines the presence of most types of electrode artifact on a channel-by-channel basis. Much like a human reader, the processing engine detects artifact by analyzng multiple features of the EEG traces. The preferred artifact detection is independent of impedance checking During acquisition the processing monitors the incoming channels looking for electrode artifacts. When artifacts are detected they are automatically removed from the seizure detection process and optionally removed from the trending display. This results in much a much higher level of seizure detection accuracy and easier to read trends than in previous generation products. 
         [0067]    Algorithms for removing artifact from EEG typically use Blind Source Separation (BSS) algorithms like CCA (canonical correlation analysis) and ICA (Independent Component Analysis) to transform the signals from a set of channels into a set of component waves or “sources.” 
         [0068]    I In one example an algorithm called BSS-CCA is used to remove the effects of muscle activity from the EEG. Using the algorithm on the recorded montage will frequently not produce optimal results. In this case it is generally optimal to use a montage where the reference electrode is one of the vertex electrodes such as CZ in the international 10-20 standard. In this algorithm the recorded montage would first be transformed into a CZ reference montage prior to artifact removal. In the event that the signal at CZ indicates that it is not the best choice then the algorithm would go down a list of possible reference electrodes in order to find one that is suitable. 
         [0069]    It is possible to perform BSS-CCA directly on the user-selected montage. However this has two issues. First this requires doing an expensive artifact removal process on each montage selected for viewing by the user. Second the artifact removal will vary from one montage to another, and will only be optimal when a user selects a referential montage using the optimal reference. Since a montage that is required for reviewing an EEG is frequently not the same as the one that is optimal for removing artifact this is not a good solution. 
         [0070]    The  FIGS. 5-8  illustrate how removing artifacts from the EEG signal allow for a clearer illustration of a brain&#39;s true activity for the reader.  FIG. 6  is an illustration of an EEG recording  4000  containing a seizure, a muscle artifact and an eye movement artifact.  FIG. 7  is an illustration of the EEG recording  5000  of  FIG. 6  with the muscle artifact removed.  FIG. 8  is an illustration of the EEG recording  6000  of  FIG. 7  with the eye movement artifact removed. 
         [0071]    An additional description of analyzing EEG recordings is set forth in Wilson et al., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/684,469, filed on Nov. 23, 2012, for a User Interface For Artifact Removal In An EEG, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. An additional description of analyzing EEG recordings is set forth in Wilson et al., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/684,556, filed on Nov. 25, 2012, for a Method And System For Detecting And Removing EEG Artifacts, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Once an amount of artifact is detected in an EEG, the processor (processing engine) is configured to generate a graphical display of an amount of artifact present in an EEG recording, which is displayed as shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0072]    From the foregoing it is believed that those skilled in the pertinent art will recognize the meritorious advancement of this invention and will readily understand that while the present invention has been described in association with a preferred embodiment thereof, and other embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings, numerous changes modification and substitutions of equivalents may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention which is intended to be unlimited by the foregoing except as may appear in the following appended claim. Therefore, the embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined in the following appended claims.