Abstract:
A manufacturing method for producing ceramic item from a photocurable ceramic filled material by stereolithography. The method compensates for the anisotropic shrinkage of the item during firing to produce a dimensionally accurate item.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/620,104 filed Oct. 19, 2004, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates generally to a method for producing ceramic items utilizing ceramic stereolithography. More specifically, in one form the invention relates to a method for compensating for the anisotropic shrinkage of a ceramic item to produce dimensionally accurate ceramic stereolithography items. 
         [0003]    Engineers and scientists are working in the field of stereolithography to develop additional processes for the production of components. In the area of non-ceramic stereolithography the scientific community is mainly concerned with shrinkage associated with the curing of the polymeric material. The types of materials used in non-ceramic stereolithography generally have very small shrink rates associated with post cure processing; such as by ultraviolet lamps. 
         [0004]    In the area of ceramic stereolithography, there presently does not appear to be significant developmental activity going on associated with the study of dimensional accuracy of sintered ceramic stereolithography items. An interest in producing dimensionally accurate parts through ceramic stereolithography provided motivation for the development of the present inventions. The present invention satisfies this need and others in a novel and unobvious way. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    The present inventions are set forth literally in the claims. The invention generally can be summarized as a method for compensating for the anisotropic shrinkage of a ceramic item when it is sintered. 
         [0006]    One object of the present invention is to provide a unique method for producing a ceramic item. 
         [0007]    Related objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following description. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]      FIG. 1  is an illustrative view of one form of an item being fabricated by a stereolithography process. 
           [0009]      FIG. 2  is an illustrative view of the layer built item of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0010]      FIG. 3  is an illustrative top plan view of a portion of one of the layers of the item of  FIG. 2 . 
           [0011]      FIG. 4  is a perspective view of one embodiment of a shrinkage measurement test item. 
           [0012]      FIG. 5  is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of a system for creating a build file that determines how the item is built. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0013]    For purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended, such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated device, and such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated therein being contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates. 
         [0014]    The general field of ceramic stereolithography is believed known to those of ordinary skill in the art. More specifically, ceramic stereolithography utilizes a photo-polymerizable resin containing ceramic particles that solidifies when exposed to an appropriate energy dose. The present invention contemplates that the photo-polymerizable material including ceramic particles can be described in many ways including, but not limited to filled and loaded. In one form of the present invention the photo-polymerizable material includes ceramic particles within a range of 35% to 65% by volume; however other relationships are contemplated herein. 
         [0015]    The photo-polymerizable ceramic resin after being dosed with energy forms a green state ceramic item. The green state ceramic item is subjected to a burning off act to remove the photo-polymer and then a sintering act is applied to the ceramic material. During the sintering of the ceramic material there is a volumetric change in the item. Further, the inventors have recognized that there is generally very little volumetric change occurring during the burning off act of the photo-polymer. In one form ceramic stereolithography is accomplished in a machine adapted for stereolithography operations and available from 3D Systems of Valencia, Calif. However, the present inventions are applicable with virtually any type of apparatus or techniques for producing an item by stereolithography. Further, information related to selective laser activation and/or stereolithography is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,256,340, 5,556,590, 5,571,471 and in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/462,168, which are all incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0016]    With reference to  FIG. 1 , there is illustrated one embodiment of an item  45  being formed by a ceramic stereolithography process. Ceramic stereolithography as utilized herein should be broadly construed and includes the utilization of ceramic material within a photo-polymerizabele resin. The term item is intended to be read broadly and includes, but is not limited to, molds, parts, components and/or subcomponents. Item  45  is merely illustrative and is shown being formed by the photo-polymerization of the ceramic filled resin into layers (e.g.  50 ,  51 ,  52 ,  53 ) of ceramic particles that are held together by a polymer binder. The reader should understand that there is no intention herein to limit the present application to any particular number of layers unless specifically provided to the contrary. 
         [0017]    Stereolithography apparatus  500  is illustrated in a simplified manner to facilitate the explanation of one method of making ceramic item  45 . In one form the formation of the layers (e.g.  50 - 53 ) utilizes a leveling technique to level each of the layers of photo-polymerizable ceramic filled resin prior to receiving a dose of energy. The present application contemplates the following techniques to level the resin: ultrasonic processing; time delay; and/or mechanically assisted sweep such a wiper blade. However, the present application also contemplates an embodiment that does not utilize express techniques for leveling each of the layers prior to receiving a dose of energy. A three dimensional coordinate system including a first axis, a second axis and a third axis is utilized as a reference for the item being fabricated. In one form the three dimensional coordinate system is a Cartesian coordinate system. More preferably, the Cartesian coordinate system includes an X, Y and Z axis utilized as a reference for the item being fabricated correspond to the axis of the stereolithography apparatus. However, other three dimensional coordinate systems are contemplated herein, including but not limited to polar, cylindrical, spherical. The text will generally describe the present invention in terms of a Cartesian coordinate system, however it is understood that it is equally applicable to other three dimensional coordinate systems. 
         [0018]    In one form stereolithography apparatus  500  includes a fluid/resin containment reservoir  501 , an elevation-changing member  502 , and a laser  46 . The reservoir  501  is filled with a quantity of the photocurable ceramic filled resin from which the item  45  is fabricated. Item  45  is illustrated being fabricated in layer by layer fashion in the stereolithography apparatus  500  in the direction of axis Z; which is referred to as the build direction. The item  45  is built at a build orientation angle as measured from the axis Z. The build orientation angle illustrated is zero°; however there is no limitation intended herein regarding the build orientation angle as other build orientation angles are fully contemplated herein. The three dimensional coordinate system is aligned with the build orientation angle. More specifically, in a preferred form the three dimensional coordinate system of the item being fabricated and the stereolithography apparatus&#39; coordinate system are coextensive. 
         [0019]    With reference to  FIG. 2 , there is illustrated an enlarged view of a portion of the item  45 . The item  45  includes a plurality of cured layers  50 ,  51 ,  52  which define a portion of the item. The present application contemplates that the term cured includes partially or totally cured layers. The layers are contemplated as having the same or different shapes, may be solid or contain voids or holes, may have the same or differing thickness as required by the design parameters. In one form the cured layers have a thickness within a range of about 0.001 to about 0.008 inches. In another form each of the layers has a thickness of about 0.002 inches. However, other cured layer thickness are contemplated herein. 
         [0020]    With reference to  FIG. 3 , there is set forth a purely illustrative plan view of a portion of a layer  53 . Layer  53  represents a portion of a layer formed in a stereolithography apparatus  500  that utilized a wiper blade moved in the direction of axis Y to level the photo-polymerizable ceramic filled resin prior to receiving a dose of energy. The wiper blade interacts with the photo-polymerizable ceramic filled material and affects the homogeneity in at least two dimensions. The inventors have discovered that the shrinkage in the item associated with a subsequent sintering act is anisotropic in the three directions; for example the X, Y and Z directions. Anisotropic shrinkage can be considered to occur when isotropic shrinkage is not sufficient to keep the sintered item within a predetermined geometric tolerance. In the discussion of the anisotropic shrinkage relative to the X, Y and Z axis the Z axis represents the build direction and the Y axis represents the direction of the movement of the wiper blade. The inventors have determined that shrinkage in the Z direction (build direction) is greater than in the X and Y directions. Factors to consider when evaluating the shrinkage are the solid loading in the photo-polymerizable resin, the resin formulation, the build style and orientation and how the item is sintered. 
         [0021]    With reference to  FIG. 4 , there is illustrated one embodiment of a shrinkage measurement test model  300 . In one form the shrinkage measurement test model  300  is created as a solid body model and then generated as an STL file. In one form the item is oriented such that the back corner represents the origin of a Cartesian coordinate system X, Y, Z. The vertical direction of the STL being aligned with the Z axis and the two sides  301  and  302  being aligned with the X and Y axis respectively. The item is than built in a stereolithography apparatus with the Cartesian coordinate system of the item aligned with the coordinate system of the stereolithography apparatus. The present invention can be utilized with any suitable file format and/or hardware. 
         [0022]    The shrinkage measurement test model  300  in the green state is then subjected to a comprehensive inspection to quantify dimensions of the item. The measurements taken during inspection can be obtained with known equipment such as, but not limited to calipers and/or coordinate measuring machines. In one form the shrinkage measurement test model has been designed so that all of the inspection dimensions line up along the X, Y and/or Z axis. The item is then subjected to a firing act to burn off the photo-polymer and sinter the ceramic material. The comprehensive inspection is repeated to quantify the dimensions of the item after being sintered. 
         [0023]    The measured values from the comprehensive inspection after firing are than compared with the inspection values from the green state item. In one form the comparison is done by plotting the measured values of the fired item against the measured values from the green state item. A least squares analysis is performed to obtain a linear equation. The resulting slope of the equations is the shrinkage factors for each of the X, Y and Z direction/dimensions. The shrinkage for each of the X, Y and Z directions/dimensions are applied to one of the STL file or the solid body model to expand the dimensions in the respective directions of the coordinate system. The process will modify one of the STL file or the solid body model in the directions of the coordinate system to account for the anisotropic shrinkage of the item. In one non-limiting example the shrinkage factors to account for shrinkage are 118%, 115% and 120% in the X, Y, Z direction respectively for an item having a length of about two inches. The present application contemplates a wide variety of shrinkage factors and is not limited in any manner to these factors unless specifically provided o the contrary. 
         [0024]    The application of the present invention enables the production of sintered ceramic items having substantially conformity with the item&#39;s design parameters. In one form the dimensional accuracy of the sintered ceramic item to the design parameters is within a range of 0.0% to 1.5% and in another form the dimensional accuracy is within a range of 0.0% to 0.5%. Further, the present invention is also applicable to form sintered ceramic items in either near net shape or net shape. Additionally, other degrees of dimensional accuracy are contemplated herein. 
         [0025]    In an alternate form the comparison utilized to calculate the shrinkage factors of the shrinkage measurement test model is between the inspection values of the fired test model and the dimensional design values from the solid body model. The process as described above is then continued to find the shrinkage factors for the X, Y and Z dimensions/directions. 
         [0026]    With reference to  FIG. 5 , there is illustrated one non-limiting embodiment of a system for creating a build file  1005  that determines how the item  45  is created in the stereolithography apparatus. This process is representative of a technique that can be utilized to produce the build file, but the present application is not intended to be limited to the one embodiment in  FIG. 5  unless specifically stated to the contrary. In act  1000  data defining parameters of the item are collected and processed to define a specification for the item design. The data from act  1000  is utilized in act  1001  to construct an item model using, for example, a computer modeling system. In one embodiment the computer modeling system creates an electronic model such as but not limited to a solid body model. However, other modeling systems are contemplated herein. The item model from act  1001  is then processed in a modified item model act  1002  to create a model of the item taking into account the anisotropic shrinkage. While the present application discusses the process in terms of modification of the item model it is understood that the same type of modification is applicable to the STL/STC files to create a modified item file. The modified item act  1002  utilizes an X shrinkage factor, a Y shrinkage factor and a Z shrinkage factor. The shrinkage factors are used to increase the respective underlaying dimensions to a modified dimension. The X, Y and Z shrinkage factors will be applied so that they correspond to the coordinate system of the stereolithography apparatus. 
         [0027]    In one form a conversion act  1003  is utilized to convert the modified item model, produced in act  1002  to a file format, such as STL or SLC. Next, the file from act  1003  is processed in act  1004  to create discrete two-dimensional slices appropriate for drawing the layers of the item and any required supports. In act  1005  the build file is completed, which will be utilized to drive the energy source of the stereolithography apparatus and produce the green ceramic item. 
         [0028]    In one form the ceramic filled resin comprises a sinterable ceramic material, a photocurable monomer, a photoinitiator and a dispersant. The ceramic filled resin is adapted for use in stereolithography to produce a green ceramic item. In one form the filled resin is prepared by admixing the components to provide a filled resin having viscosity within a range of about 300 centipoise to about 3,500 centipoise at a shear rate of about 0.4 per second; in another form the filled resin has a viscosity of about 2,500 centipoise at a shear rate of about 0.4 per second. However, the present application contemplates filled resins having other viscosity values. 
         [0029]    The loading of ceramic material within the resin is contemplated within a range of 35% to 65% by volume. Another form of the ceramic loading within the resin is contemplated as being about 50.3% by volume. In one preferred resin the ceramic loading has the volume percent of ceramic material substantially equal to the weight percent of ceramic material within the resin. However, resins having other ceramic loadings are fully contemplated herein. More specifically, the present application contemplates that the volume percent of the ceramic material in the resin may be equal to the weight percent of the ceramic material in the resin or that the volume percent of the ceramic material in the resin may be unequal to the weight percent of the ceramic material in the resin. The sinterable ceramic material can be selected from a wide variety of ceramic materials. Specific examples include, but are not limited to, alumina, yttria, magnesia, silicon nitride, silica and mixtures thereof. 
         [0030]    In one example alumina is selected as the sinterable ceramic material. Alumina can be provided as a dry powder having an average particle size suitable for sintering to provide an item having the desired characteristics. In one form the powdered alumina has an average particle size within a range of 0.1 microns to 5.0 microns. In another form the powdered alumina is selected to have an average particle size within a range of 0.5 microns to 1.0 microns. However, other particle sizes for the alumina material are contemplated herein. 
         [0031]    The monomer is selected from any suitable monomer that can be induced to polymerize when irradiated in the presence of a photoinitiator. Examples of monomers include acrylate esters and substituted acrylate esters. A combination of two or more monomers may be used. Preferably at least one of the monomers is a multifunctional monomer. By multifunctional monomer it is understood that the monomer includes more than two functional moieties capable of forming bonds with a growing polymer chain. Specific examples of monomers that can be used with this invention include 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) and 2-phenoxyethyl acrylate (POEA). In one form the photocurable monomers are present in an amount between about 10 wt % to about 40 wt %, and in another form about 10 wt % to about 35 wt %, and in yet another form about 20 wt % to 35 wt % based upon the total weight of the filled resin. However, the present application contemplates other amounts of monomers. 
         [0032]    The dispersant is provided in an amount suitable to maintain a substantially uniform colloidal suspension of the alumina in the filled resin. The dispersant can be selected from a wide variety of known surfactants. Dispersants contemplated herein include, but are not limited to, ammonium salts, more preferably tetraalkyl ammonium salts. Examples of dispersants for use in this invention include, but are not limited to: polyoxypropylene diethyl-2-hydroxyethyl ammonium acetate, and ammonium chloride. In one form the amount of dispersant is between about 1.0 wt % and about 10 wt % based upon the total weight of the ceramic within the filled resin. However, the present application contemplates other amounts of dispersants. 
         [0033]    The initiator is selected from a number of commercially available photoinitiators believed known to those skilled in the art. The photoinitiator is selected to be suitable to induce polymerization of the desired monomer when irradiated. Typically the selection of a photoinitiator will be dictated by the wavelength of radiation used to induce polymerization. Photoinitiators contemplated herein include, but are not limited to benzophenone, trimethyl benzophenone, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, isopropylthioxanthone, 2-methyl-1-[4 (methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinoprophanone and mixtures thereof. The photoinitiator is added in an amount sufficient to polymerize the monomers when the filled resin is irradiated with radiation of appropriate wavelength. In one form the amount of photoinitiator is between about 0.05 wt % and about 5 wt % based upon the total weight of the monomer within the filled resin. However, other amounts of photoiniators are contemplated herein. 
         [0034]    In an alternate form of the ceramic filled resin a quantity of a nonreactive diluent is substituted for a quantity of the monomer. In one form the amount of substituted nonreactive diluent is equal to between about 5% and about 20% (by weight) of the monomer in the resin. However, the present application contemplates that other amounts of non-reactive diluents are considered herein. An illustration of a given ceramic resin composition requires 100 grams of a monomer that in the alternate form will replace about 5-20 wt % of the monomer with a nonreactive diluent (i.e. 95-80 grams of monomer +5-20 grams of nonreactive diluent). The nonreactive diluent includes but is not limited to a dibasic ester or a decahydronaphthalene. Examples of dibasic esters include dimethyl succinate, dimethyl glutarate, and dimethyl adipate, which are available in a pure form or a mixture. 
         [0035]    The filled resin is prepared by combining the monomer, the dispersant and the sinterable ceramic to form a homogeneous mixture. Although the order of addition is not critical to this invention typically, the monomer and the dispersant are combined first and then the sinterable ceramic is added. In one form the sinterable ceramic material is added to the monomer/dispersant combination in increments of about 5 to about 20 vol. %. Between each incremental addition of the ceramic material, the resulting mixture is thoroughly mixed by any suitable method, for example, ball milling for about 5 to about 120 minutes. When all of the sinterable ceramic material has been added, the resulting mixture is mixed for an additional amount of time up to 10 hours or more. The photoinitiator is added and blended into the mixture. 
         [0036]    With reference to Table I there is set forth one example of an alumina filled resin. However, the present application is not intended to be limited to the specific composition set forth below unless specifically stated to the contrary. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 vol 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 wt/g 
                 cc 
                 wt % 
                 vol % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Alumina 
                 1980 
                 500 
                 78.2 
                 48.0 
               
               
                   
                 Monomer 
                 510 
                 500 
                 20.1 
                 48.0 
               
               
                   
                 Dispersant 
                 39.6 
                 38.8 
                 1.56 
                 3.73 
               
               
                   
                 Photoinitiator 
                 2.55 
                 2.32 
                 0.101 
                 0.223 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 2532 
                 1041 
                 100% 
                 100% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0037]    In one form the green ceramic item is sintered to a temperature within a range of 1100° C. to 1700° C. The present invention contemplates other sintering parameters. Further, the present invention contemplates sintering to a variety of theoretical densities, including but not limited to about 60% of theoretical density. The density of the sintered material is preferably greater than sixty percent of the theoretical density, and densities equal to or greater than about ninety-four percent of the theoretical density are more preferred. However, the present invention contemplates other densities. 
         [0038]    The present application contemplates the utilization of a three dimensional coordinate system as a reference for an item being fabricated from the photo-polymerizable ceramic filled resin. As discussed above the inventors have discovered that the shrinkage of the item in a subsequent sintering act is anisotropic in the three directions. Therefore, in one form of the present invention there are utilized three unequal scaling factors to take into consideration the respective shrinkage in the dimensions of the item in all three directions. In another form of the present invention there are utilized only two unequal scaling factors to account for the respective shrinkage in the dimensions of the item in all three directions; that is the dimensions in two of the three directions are adjusted by scaling factors having the same value. 
         [0039]    While the inventions have been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only the preferred embodiment has been shown and described and that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the invention are desired to be protected. It should be understood that while the use of the word preferable, preferably or preferred in the description above indicates that the feature so described may be more desirable, it nonetheless may not be necessary and embodiments lacking the same may be contemplated as within the scope of the invention, that scope being defined by the claims that follow. In reading the claims it is intended that when words such as “a,” “an,” “at least one,” “at least a portion” are used there is no intention to limit the claim to only one item unless specifically stated to the contrary in the claim. Further, when the language “at least a portion” and/or “a portion” is used the item may include a portion and/or the entire item unless specifically stated to the contrary.