Abstract:
The described embodiments relate to laser micromachining a substrate. One exemplary embodiment includes a chamber configured to receive an assist gas from an assist gas source. The chamber is configured to allow a laser beam to pass through the chamber to contact a substrate positioned outside of the chamber. The laser machine also includes a nozzle plate positioned in gas receiving relation with the chamber, the nozzle plate having at least one nozzle opening formed therein, wherein the at least one nozzle opening is substantially coincident a footprint of a feature desired to be formed in the substrate.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
   The market for electronic devices continually demands increased performance at decreased costs. In order to meet these conditions, the components which comprise various electronic devices can be made more efficiently and/or to closer tolerances. 
   Laser micromachining is a common production method for controlled, selective removal of material. However, a desire exists for enhanced laser machining performance. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The same components are used throughout the drawings to reference like features and components. 
       FIG. 1  shows a front elevational view of an exemplary laser machine in accordance with one embodiment. 
       FIG. 2  shows a front elevational view of a portion of an exemplary laser machine in accordance with one embodiment. 
       FIGS. 2   a ,  2   b , and  2   d  show cross-sectional views of a portion of an exemplary laser machine in accordance with one embodiment. 
       FIGS. 2   c  and  2   e  show exemplary laser machined substrates in accordance with one exemplary embodiment. 
       FIGS. 3   a - 3   c  show cross-sectional views of a portion of an exemplary laser machine in accordance with one embodiment. 
       FIG. 3   d  shows an exemplary laser machined substrate in accordance with one exemplary embodiment. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   Overview 
   The embodiments described below pertain to systems for laser micromachining a substrate. Such substrate can be incorporated into various microelectromechanical (MEMs) devices among other uses. Laser micromachining is a production method for controlled, selective removal of substrate material. By removing substrate material laser micromachining can form a feature into the substrate. Such features can be either through features, such as a slot or through via, which pass through the substrate&#39;s thickness, or blind features, such as a trench or blind via, which pass through only a portion of the substrate&#39;s thickness. 
   In one exemplary embodiment, the laser micromachining process utilizes a laser machine that can generate a laser beam for energizing and/or otherwise removing substrate material to form a feature in the substrate. 
   In some embodiments, an assist gas can be supplied to promote substrate removal. In some embodiments, the assist gas can be supplied via a chamber through which the laser beam passes. The chamber can include a nozzle plate which has a nozzle opening. The nozzle opening can define a pattern that represents a footprint of a feature to be formed within a substrate. 
   The various components described below may not be illustrated accurately as far as their size is concerned. Rather, the included figures are intended as diagrammatic representations to illustrate to the reader various inventive principles that are described herein. 
   Exemplary Embodiments 
     FIG. 1  shows an exemplary apparatus or laser machine  102  capable of micromachining a substrate  104  in accordance with one exemplary embodiment. The laser machine can have a laser source  106  capable of emitting a laser beam  108 . In this embodiment, laser machine  102  can further comprise a mirror  110 , a galvanometer  111 , a lens  112 , and a chamber  114 . 
   Chamber  114  can comprise a window  116  and a nozzle plate, shown in  FIG. 2   b . Chamber  114  can be supplied with assist gas via an assist gas source  118 , and laser machining debris can be removed via extraction system  120 . 
   Substrate  104  can be positioned on a fixture  122  for laser machining. Substrate  104  can include any suitable substrate. In this exemplary embodiment, silicon can be a suitable substrate. Examples of other suitable substrates include, among others, gallium arsenide, glass, silica, ceramics, or a semiconducting material. The substrate can comprise various configurations as will be recognized by one of skill in the art. 
   Controller  124  can control various laser machining conditions, examples of which will be described below. In this embodiment, controller  124  is shown coupled to laser source  106 . It can alternatively or additionally be coupled to assist gas source  118  and fixture  122 , among others. 
   In some embodiments, exemplary laser machine  102  can be constructed in part from commercially available laser machines. One such exemplary laser machine is the Xise 200 laser Machining Tool, manufactured by Xsil ltd. of Dublin, Ireland. 
   Exemplary laser machine  102  can utilize various laser sources  106 . A laser source has a crystal or other structure when energized can emit the laser beam  108 . An exemplary laser source is the Coherent AVIA 355-4500 which contains Crystalline Nd YVO4 (also known as Vanadate). Other exemplary crystals include among others, Nd:YAG and Nd:YLF. 
   In one embodiment, each of these materials can produce a laser beam  108  with a fundamental wavelength of about 1064 nanometers (nm). Laser beams of various wavelengths can provide satisfactory embodiments. For example, some embodiments can have a wavelength in the range of less than about 550 nm. 
   In some exemplary embodiments, the wavelength of the laser beam can be modified within the laser source. For example, one embodiment can utilize the Coherent AVIA 355, in which the frequency is tripled to yield a laser beam wavelength of 355 nm. Another exemplary embodiment can utilize a laser source with a wavelength of 532 nm. For example, the Lambda Physik PG532-15 can be utilized as a laser source that can provide a laser beam having such a wavelength. Other exemplary embodiments can utilize laser beams having wavelengths ranging from less than 100 nm to more than 1500 nm. Other satisfactory embodiments can be achieved with laser beams having various properties as will be discussed in more detail below. 
   Suitable laser beams, such as laser beam  108 , can have any suitable power density in the described embodiments. In some exemplary embodiments, the laser conditions can establish a laser beam with a peak power density of greater than 1 GW/cm 2 , with one exemplary embodiment having a peak power density of about 42.5 GW/cm 2 . Exemplary laser machines, such as laser machine  102 , can in various embodiments generate the laser beam in pulses in any suitable range of values. In some embodiments, pulse values range from about 1 kilohertz (kHz) to about 200 kHz. In one embodiment the pulse rate is about 20 kHz. Other satisfactory embodiments can use rates below and above the range given here. The laser beam pulse width can be about 1 to 100 nanoseconds, with one exemplary embodiment using about 20 nanoseconds. 
   The movement of the laser beam  108  relative to substrate  104  per unit of time is referred to in this document as the laser scan rate. Exemplary embodiments can utilize a laser scan rate of about 1 to about 1000 millimeters/second (mm/sec). Some exemplary embodiments can utilize a laser scan rate of about 10 to about 300 mm/sec with other exemplary embodiments utilizing about 100 mm/sec. 
   Exemplary laser beams can provide sufficient energy to energize substrate material at which the laser beam is directed. Energizing can comprise melting, vaporizing, exfoliating, phase exploding, and/or ablating among other processes. Some exemplary embodiments can energize substrate material equal to or above its material removal threshold. The material removal threshold is the energy density level used to remove substrate material by melting, vaporizing, exfoliating, phase exploding, reacting, and/or any combination thereof. 
   One or more lenses  112  can be utilized in some embodiments to focus or expand the laser beam  108 . In some of these exemplary embodiments, laser beam  108  can be focused in order to increase its energy density to more effectively machine the substrate. In some of these exemplary embodiments, the laser beam can be focused with one or more lenses  112  to achieve a desired diameter where the laser beam  108  contacts the substrate  104 . In some of these embodiments, this diameter can range from about 5 micron to more than 100 microns. In one embodiment, the diameter is about 30 microns. Laser beam  108  can be pointed directly from the laser source  106  to the substrate  104 , or indirectly through the use of one or more mirror(s)  110 , and/or galvanometers  111 . 
   Some exemplary embodiments can also utilize extraction system  120  to remove vaporized substrate materials and/or molecules formed from substrate material and a component of the assist gas, as well as various other molecules. In some embodiments, the debris extraction system can comprise a vacuum system and filtration system positioned to evacuate material in proximity to the laser beam  108  and substrate  104 . In some embodiments, chamber  114  can be pressurized above ambient atmospheric pressure while extraction system  120  is maintained at less than ambient atmospheric pressure. Such a configuration can supply assist gas during laser machining and remove various byproducts as will be recognized by the skilled artisan. 
     FIGS. 2 ,  2   a ,  2   b , and  2   d  show a portion of laser machine  102  in more detail, while  FIGS. 2   c  and  2   e  show exemplary laser machined substrates.  FIG. 2  shows a cross-sectional view of chamber  114  taken along a plane containing laser beam  108 .  FIG. 2   a  shows a cross-sectional view as indicated in  FIG. 2  which is transverse to laser beam  108 . Referring to the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 2-2   a , nozzle plate  202  can be positioned against chamber  114  to provide a gas seal therebetween to allow assist gas supplied to the chamber to exit through a nozzle opening  204 . 
   In some embodiments, nozzle plate  202  can be an integral part of chamber  114 , while in other embodiments the nozzle plate is a separate component. In some of these embodiments, nozzle plates can be interchangeable as discussed below. Chamber  114  and nozzle plate  202  can be constructed of any suitable material or materials. For example, chamber  114  and nozzle plate  202  can be formed from anodized aluminum among other materials. 
   In some embodiments, chamber  114  can supply assist gas to a portion of the substrate to increase the speed and/or efficiency at which the laser beam cuts or removes substrate material and related byproducts. 
   Assist gas can be supplied at various delivery pressures and velocities. For example, some embodiments can utilize higher flow rates as feature depth increases. In some of these embodiments, the flow rate can be increased in a linear relationship to feature depth. Other suitable embodiments can use other relationships. Exemplary embodiments can utilize various assist gases. In some embodiments, the assist gas can comprise a halide or a halogen containing gas. Exemplary assist gases can comprise, but are not limited to halocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride. 1,1,1,2 tetrafluoroethane can comprise one such exemplary assist gas. 
   In some embodiments, the assist gas can be supplied at a flow rate sufficient to be an excess reagent in an interface region where the laser beam removes substrate material to form the feature. In one exemplary embodiment, where the assist gas comprises 1,1,1,2 tetrafluoroethane, the gas assist nozzle delivers the assist gas at a flow rate in a range of about 0.5 standard cubic feet per hour to about 20 standard cubic feet per hour. A further embodiment supplies about 5 standard cubic feet per hour of 1,1,1,2 tetrafluoroethane. 
   In some embodiments, the assist gas may comprise a single compound. Other embodiments, may supply an assist gas comprising a combination of gases, such as air, nitrogen and/or water. In one such example, an assist gas, such as a halocarbon, may be delivered with other assist gases such as nitrogen or ambient air. 
   In some embodiments utilizing assist gases comprised of multiple compounds, a reactive assist gas or one that is otherwise consumed by the laser machining process may be supplied at a desired level. The desired level in one example can be a level which maintains the reactive gas as an excess reagent. This compound may be supplied in combination with other assist gas compounds which are not consumed significantly in the laser machining process. 
   In some embodiments, nozzle opening  204  can define a pattern that represents a footprint of a feature  206  within substrate  104 . One such example can be more clearly evidenced in  FIGS. 2   b - 2   c .  FIG. 2   b  shows nozzle plate  202  in more detail, and  FIG. 2   c  shows a top view of substrate  104 . In this embodiment, nozzle opening  204  defines a pattern  208  of a footprint of feature  206  in the substrate&#39;s first surface  210 . In this particular embodiment, the nozzle opening approximates a rectangle. Examples of other suitable nozzle openings will be described below. 
   In this embodiment, nozzle opening  204  also is substantially coincident the feature&#39;s pattern  208  at the substrate&#39;s first surface  210 . In this particular embodiment, nozzle opening  204  also circumscribes pattern  208 . The skilled artisan will recognize that such a configuration in combination with a suitable window  116  can allow laser beam  108   b  to be scanned over the feature&#39;s footprint without moving chamber  114  and/or nozzle plate  202  relative to substrate  104 . 
     FIGS. 2   d - 2   e  show another example of a nozzle opening defining a feature&#39;s footprint pattern. In this example, nozzle plate  202  has been replaced with nozzle plate  202   a . Nozzle opening  204   a  is generally circular and can define a circular feature&#39;s footprint  208   a  at the substrate&#39;s first surface  210   a . Other suitable nozzle plate configurations will be recognized by the skilled artisan. 
   In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2   d , nozzle opening  204   a  comprises less than 50 percent of the surface area of nozzle plate  202   a  that generally lies in the plane of the page. Other suitable nozzle openings can comprise a higher or lower percentage of the nozzle plate area. Further, nozzle plate  202  shown in  FIG. 2 , and nozzle plate  202   a  shown in  FIG. 2   d  provide but two examples of exemplary nozzle opening shapes. The skilled artisan should recognize that in some embodiments, a particular nozzle plate configuration can be installed on the chamber for a desired feature shape. 
     FIGS. 3   a - 3   c  show another exemplary laser machine  102   b . In this embodiment, substrate  104   b  can be positioned proximate to, but outside of the chamber  114   b . Such a configuration can allow chamber  114   b  to supply assist gas to substrate  104   b  to increase laser machining efficiency during feature formation. In this embodiment, assist gas can flow through nozzle opening  204   b  generally coaxially to laser beam  108   b . An example of such coaxial assist gas flow is indicated in  FIG. 3   a  by arrows labeled “ƒ”. 
   As shown in  FIG. 3   a , substrate  104   b , which in this embodiment comprises a silicon wafer, is positioned on fixture  126   b . Any suitable positioning means can be utilized to hold the substrate relative to the fixture. Examples include, but are not limited to, physical clamps and vacuum pressure. In some embodiments, fixture  126   b  can be configured to move the substrate along the x, y and/or z coordinates as desired. 
   In some of these embodiments, laser machine  102   b  can be configured to allow chamber  114   b  to move with the fixture  126   b  to maintain the fixture relative to a portion of the substrate  104   b . In some of these embodiments, fixture  126   b , chamber  114   b  and substrate  104   b  can be moved as a unit relative to laser beam  108   b  to form feature  206   b . Alternatively or additionally, laser beam  108   b  can be moved or scanned relative to fixture  126   b , chamber  114   b  and substrate  104   b  to form feature  206   b.    
     FIG. 3   a  shows a feature  206   b  formed part way through the substrate to a feature depth a. In this instance, feature depth a is less than the substrate&#39;s thickness t so the feature can be termed a blind feature. 
     FIG. 3   b  shows feature  206   b  formed to a second feature depth b. In this instance feature depth b equals the thickness t of the substrate and so the feature becomes a through feature. In this embodiment, feature  206   b  can be formed without moving chamber  114   b  and/or substrate  104   b  relative to one another. 
     FIG. 3   c  shows the chamber repositioned relative to substrate  104   b . Laser beam  108   b  forms another feature  206   c  into substrate  104   b.    
     FIG. 3   d  shows feature  206   c  in more detail. In some embodiments, feature  206   c  can have a generally uniform depth d defining the bottom surface of the feature. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, feature  206   c  can have a generally uniform width w throughout its depth. 
   As mentioned above various suitable laser machining conditions can be utilized in forming a feature. In some embodiments, the laser machining conditions can be changed as a feature is formed into the substrate. Examples of laser machining conditions can comprise one or more of assist gas composition, assist gas flow, assist gas temperature, laser beam scan rate, laser beam frequency, laser beam power, and laser beam wavelength, among others. 
   Still other embodiments may deliver assist gases at a first flow rate during a portion of the laser machining process, and then provide a second different flow rate for another portion of the laser machining process. In one such example, assist gas can be supplied at a first flow rate as substrate is removed to a first feature depth and then the assist gas can be delivered at a second higher rate. In one such example, a feature can be formed utilizing water as an assist gas, either alone, or in combination with other assist gases. Upon reaching a predetermined parameter or condition, such as a given feature depth, the flow of assist gas can be increased. 
   Alternatively or additionally, in some further embodiments, the composition of the assist gas can be changed as feature depth increases. In still other embodiments, the flow rate and composition of the assist gas may remain unchanged after the predetermined condition is met while another laser machining condition such as assist gas composition, assist gas temperature, laser beam scan rate, laser beam frequency, laser beam power, laser beam wavelength, assist gas pressure and/or substrate temperature, among others, is changed. 
   Conclusion 
   The described embodiments can utilize a laser machine configured to form a feature into a substrate. In several embodiments, the laser beam can remove substrate material when directed through a chamber configured to supply assist gas via a nozzle plate. The substrate can be positioned proximate to, but outside of the chamber for laser machining. The nozzle plate can have a nozzle opening which, in some embodiments, allows a feature to be formed without moving the chamber and substrate relative to one another. 
   Although the invention has been described in language specific to structural features, it is to be understood that the inventive aspects defined in the appended claims are not necessarily limited to the specific features described. Rather, the specific features are disclosed as illustrative examples.