Abstract:
The invention relates to a biomaterial and/or a biocomposite based on sunflower seed shells/husks. According to the invention, it is proposed that sunflower seed shells/husks are used instead of wood, bamboo or other wood-like fibre products as the original material for the biocomposite products and are used for the production of such products in order to improve the previous biomaterials, and in particular also to design said materials for improved cost efficiency and to improve their material properties.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application is a U.S. National Stage application of PCT/EP2012/070348, filed Oct. 12, 2012, which claims the benefit of priority to German Patent Application Nos. DE 10 2011 086 319.2, filed Nov. 14, 2011 and DE 10 2012 209 482.2, filed Jun. 5, 2012, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The invention relates to a biocomposite or a biomaterial. These biomaterials or biocomposites are already known by way of example as “wood-plastic composites” (abbreviated to “WPC”), i.e. wood-plastic composite materials. Other terms used for these are “wood(-fiber) polymer composites” and “wood-polymer materials”. The above-mentioned biomaterials are thermoplastically processable composite materials which are produced from various proportions of wood—typically wood flour—plastics, and additives. They are mostly processed by modern processes of plastics technology, for example extrusion, injection molding, rotomolding, or by means of press techniques, or else by the thermoforming process. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Processing for WPCs is known to involve not only wood (in particular wood flour) but also other vegetable fibers, for example kenaf, jute, or flax. 
         [0004]    The present invention aims to improve the WPCs known hitherto, i.e. the natural-fiber-reinforced plastics known hitherto, and in particular to reduce costs for the starting materials in the production thereof. 
         [0005]    In the WPCs known hitherto, the proportion of wood is regularly above 20%, and there are therefore by way of example known WPCs in which the proportion of wood fiber or of wood flour is from 50 to 90%, these materials being embedded in a plastics matrix made of polypropylene (PP) or less frequently of polyethylene (PE). Because the wood is sensitive to heat, the only possible processing temperatures are below 200° C. At higher temperatures the wood suffers thermal changes and decomposition, and this alters the overall properties of the material undesirably. 
         [0006]    Additives are also added in the natural-fiber-reinforced plastics known hitherto, in order to optimize specific properties of the materials. Examples of these properties of the materials are the bonding between wood and plastic, flowability, fire protection, coloring and, particularly for external applications, also resistance to weathering, to UV, and to pests. 
         [0007]    It is also already known that a WPC can be produced by using a mixture of 50% of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and 50% of wood fibers. WPCs of this type based on thermoplastically processable thermosets, such as modified melamine resin, are likewise under development, as is also the processing of products similar to wood, such as bamboo, the term used for these then being “bamboo-plastic composites” (“BPCs”). The classification “BPC” is used for WPCs where bamboo fibers have replaced wood fibers. 
         [0008]    The advantages of the biomaterials described over traditional wood-based materials such as particle board or plywood are the unrestricted, three-dimensional moldability of the material and greater resistance to moisture. In comparison with solid plastics, WPCs offer greater stiffness and a markedly smaller coefficient of thermal expansion. The biomaterials available hitherto also have the disadvantage of lower breaking strength than sawn timber; moldings with inserted reinforcement have greater breaking strength than solid moldings and sawn timber. The water absorption of moldings with no final coating is higher than that of solid plastics moldings or moldings with film coating or with flowable coating. 
         [0009]    It is known that the biomaterials described hitherto can be used as decking or for the production of boards, and it is equally known that WPC can be used particularly in the construction industry, the automobile industry and furniture industry, the outdoor sector for floorcoverings (patios, swimming pools, etc.), facades, and furniture, in particular as replacement for timber from tropical regions. There are also many known seating and shelving systems made of WPCs. Other applications are writing implements, containers, and household equipment, and WPC biomaterials are used in the engineering sector as profiles for electrical insulation, and in the automobile industry in particular as interior door cladding and parcel shelves. 
         [0010]    It is noted that citation or identification of any document in this application is not an admission that such document is available as prior art to the present invention. 
         [0011]    It is noted that in this disclosure and particularly in the claims and/or paragraphs, terms such as “comprises”, “comprised”, “comprising” and the like can have the meaning attributed to it in U.S. Patent law; e.g., they can mean “includes”, “included”, “including”, and the like; and that terms such as “consisting essentially of” and “consists essentially of” have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. Patent law, e.g., they allow for elements not explicitly recited, but exclude elements that are found in the prior art or that affect a basic or novel characteristic of the invention. 
         [0012]    It is further noted that the invention does not intend to encompass within the scope of the invention any previously disclosed product, process of making the product or method of using the product, which meets the written description and enablement requirements of the USPTO (35 U.S.C. 112, first paragraph) or the EPO (Article 83 of the EPC), such that applicant(s) reserve the right to disclaim, and hereby disclose a disclaimer of, any previously described product, method of making the product, or process of using the product. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    It is now an object of the invention to improve the WPC biomaterials available hitherto, and in particular to make these less expensive, and to improve the properties of these materials. 
         [0014]    The invention proposes a biomaterial with the feature as claimed in claim  1 . The dependent claims describe advantageous embodiments. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       [0015]    It is to be understood that the descriptions of the present invention have been simplified to illustrate elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the present invention, while eliminating, for purposes of clarity, many other elements which are conventional in this art. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that other elements are desirable for implementing the present invention. However, because such elements are well known in the art, and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present invention, a discussion of such elements is not provided herein. 
         [0016]    The present invention will now be described in detail on the basis of exemplary embodiments. 
         [0017]    The invention proposes use of sunflower seed shells/husks instead of wood, bamboo, or other fiber products similar to wood as starting material for WPC products, and for the production of products of this type. 
         [0018]    Sunflowers are cultivated in all regions worldwide, and the main objective of sunflower production is to obtain sunflower seeds and in particular the contents thereof. Before the seeds are processed, the sunflower seed has to be shelled, and this means that the actual sunflower seed is freed from its shell/husk. Large quantities of said shells/husks are produced during sunflower seed production, and are a type of waste product of sunflower seed production that can also be used for other purposes, for example as animal feed, in biogas plants, etc. 
         [0019]    The first advantage of sunflower seed shells/husks is not only that large quantities thereof are produced but also that they are intrinsically relatively small and therefore require only a small amount of further processing, such as comminution, in order to form the starting product for an “SPC” (“sunflower-plastic composite”). The energy cost associated with the comminution or grinding of sunflower seed shells/husks is markedly lower than that for the production of wood flour for WPC production. 
         [0020]    Another particular advantage of the use of sunflower seed shells is that these are very suitable for use for an SPC which serves for the production of packaging, for example a bottle or jar, in particular of food packaging. 
         [0021]    However, a first trial has shown in particular that comminuted or ground sunflower seed shells/husks have excellent suitability for processing in the form of SPC and can therefore produce excellent food packaging which in no way causes any disadvantageous or other alteration to the taste of the food that is stored. 
         [0022]    The invention therefore also represents a very sustainable approach to conservation of resources in production of packaging material or the like. 
         [0023]    The processing of the comminuted or ground sunflower seed husks can advantageously proceed in the same way as the production of wood-plastic composites. 
         [0024]    The proportion of the sunflower seed husks here can be from 50 to 90% of the final product, and particular preference is given to a polypropylene material as plastics matrix, but it is also possible to use a polyethylene material or polyvinyl material, although the latter appears to be less suitable. 
         [0025]    The heat-sensitivity of sunflower seed husks (sunflower shells) certainly permits processing thereof at processing temperatures of up to 200° C., and temperatures of up to 210° C. to 240° C., preferably 230° C., are also possible; at higher temperatures, thermal changes or decomposition could occur. 
         [0026]    Additives are added to optimize specific properties of the materials, for example the bonding between the sunflower seed husks and the plastic, the flowability of the sunflower seed husks/plastic mixture, fire protection, coloring and, particularly for food or drink applications, resistance to oil, to UV, and to pests. 
         [0027]    Particular preference is given to a mixture of 50% of PP (polypropylene), PE (polyethylene), or ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) on the one hand and, on the other hand, 50% of sunflower seed husks. This type of mixture therefore uses on the one hand a fraction made of PP and on the other hand a fraction made of (ground) sunflower seed husks (sunflower shells) in the same quantity, where the sunflower shells have the properties described in the present application in respect of grain size, water content, oil content, etc. thereof. It is also possible to use PVC (polyvinyl chloride) or PS (polystyrene) or PLA (polylactide) instead of the plastics described, such as PP, PE, or ABS. The processing temperature is then sometimes determined by the plastics component if the maximum processing temperature thereof is below that of the shell material. 
         [0028]    The inventive sunflower-plastic composite (SPC) here can be processed by a process which is already well established in plastics production. Particular preference is given to processing by means of injection molding, but it is also entirely conceivable and possible that any other type of plastics processing is used. 
         [0029]    In the case of injection molding, the material, i.e. the mixed material composed of plastic on the one hand and of comminuted or ground sunflower seed husks on the other hand has to be homogeneous and amenable to problem free metering, in order that the entire melt has good flowability. 
         [0030]    A desirable grain size of the sunflower seed husk material is therefore from 0.05 mm to 2 mm, preferably less than 1 mm. A particularly advantageous grain size of the sunflower shells (of the sunflower seed husk material) is from 0.01 to 0.5 mm, particularly preferably from 0.1 to 0.3 mm, and compliance with this grain size can also be achieved where necessary in that most of the husk material, e.g. 90%, is within the abovementioned range, and from 10 to 20% is outside of said range (by virtue of tolerance inaccuracies). 
         [0031]    It is preferable that the sunflower seed husk material has a high level of dryness, i.e. that the water content thereof is from 1 to 9%, preferably from 4 to 8%. 
         [0032]    The husk material (shell material) can also have fat content which is up to 6%, preferably at most 4% or less. Because of the geometry of the sunflower seed husks, and because of low impact resistance, the wall thicknesses are designed to be thicker in the injection-molding process than when plastics pellets are used alone. The substantially higher heat distortion temperature is advantageous, and provides stiffness to the composition at higher temperatures. SPC moldings can therefore be demolded at higher temperatures. 
         [0033]    The invention is particularly suitable for use of an SPC for the production of packaging, preferably of food packaging, for example a jar, a bottle, or the like. This type of packaging can also if necessary be provided with an internal and/or external coating, in order to render the entire packaging more robust, and in order to exclude any possible sensory effect on the packaged material, such as oil or drinks, etc., due to the packaging material, i.e. the SPC. 
         [0034]    In the present application, the use of sunflower seed husks/sunflower seed shells is the preferred use of a husk for the production of a “bioplastic composite”. 
         [0035]    The invention can also use, instead of sunflower seed husks or shells of sunflower seeds, other shells and, respectively, husks of other fruits, for example of nuts (in particular hazelnuts, walnuts, brazil nuts, beechmast, acorns) or of cereals, in particular rye, wheat, oats, triticale, barley, maize, rice, millet, or the like. 
         [0036]    As already mentioned, it is already known that wood or wood fibers and the like can be used as compound material for natural-fiber-reinforced polymers, in order to produce a wood-plastic compound material which is then subsequently further processed. During the further processing here, the compound material is melted or in any event greatly heated, in order to render it flowable and therefore processable. However, in the case of wood-plastic composite materials this is very problematic when a temperature of 200° C. is reached, since in the temperature range starting at 200° C. the thermal stress to which the wood is exposed is excessive, and the entire material suffers from the resultant adverse effect. However, the polymers, i.e. polymer matrices such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), have properties such as creep behavior and low heat distortion temperature which make them unsuitable for most structural applications unless they can be processed at high temperatures, namely at temperatures markedly above 200° C., for example in injection molding or the like. Load-bearing elements made of wood-plastic composite material also have to have significantly better mechanical properties than PP- or PE-based wood-plastic composite (WPC). 
         [0037]    As mentioned, the use of high-performance plastics as matrix is subject to very severe restriction from the prescribed melting point (up to 200° C.). Added to this, engineering polymers that might be considered have very high prices which are unlikely to be economically viable. 
         [0038]    Tests have now shown that processing temperatures achievable with the SPC biomaterial of the invention extend as far as 300° C., and that processing in the range from 220° C. to 250° C. is never associated with any degradation of the material, and that it is also possible to offer significant improvements in mechanical properties at an acceptable price. 
         [0039]    The biomaterial or biocomposite of the invention, using sunflower seed shells/husks, can be used with excellent results for plastics parts in the automotive sector, films, and also carrier bags, packaging, industrial products and consumer products, decking, and furniture. Examples of possible uses in the automotive sector are shells of wheelhousings (known as wheel arches), the engine cover and also the underbody cladding. In the sector of films and carrier bags, particular mention may be made of the use of the biomaterial of the invention for the production of silo films, packaging films and carrier bags, and in the packaging and containers sector particular mention may be made in the invention of the production of food-and-drink packaging, trash containers, and plastics jars, and corresponding containers. Another particular possible inventive use of the biomaterial of the invention is the production of drinks crates, breadboxes, and plant pots, and also the production of portable equipment for the household and garden sector, for example chairs, benches, tables, and also of decking and doors. 
         [0040]    Finally, it has been found that the impact resistance of the biomaterial of the invention can be adjusted in a desired manner by varying, on the one hand, the flower content of the sunflower seed shell material and/or, on the other hand, the grain size thereof. 
         [0041]    As mentioned, the biomaterial of the invention or the biocomposite of the invention comprises sunflower seed shells/husks, and the biomaterial of the invention or the biocomposite of the invention therefore comprises sunflower seed shells/husks as base material. Where the expression sunflower seed husk material is used in the present application, this means the same as sunflower shells, sunflower seed shells, and sunflower husks. The material involved is always the shell material of sunflower seeds. 
         [0042]    If, after the shell material has been separated from the seed, i.e. after shelling, the parameters of the material in respect of water content, grain size, or fat content, differ from what is used with particular advantage according to the present application, the material is correspondingly treated and processed. If by way of example the shell material has a water content of 15%, said water content is reduced specifically by drying to the desired value. If the shell material after shelling has a grain size that is too high, the desired grain size is achieved by subsequent grinding. If the shell material after shelling has excessive fat content, the fat content in the shells is specifically reduced by a conventional fat absorption process (also achievable by heat treatment). 
         [0043]    Typical compositions of a biomaterial are mentioned below, and on the one hand comply with desired technical properties, and on the other hand are markedly more advantageous than previous (bio)plastics. 
       1. Embodiment 
     “ABS 300” Bioplastic 
       [0044]    520 kg of PP (polypropylene), 300 kg of shells, 30 kg of additive (odor), 30 kg of additive (impact resistance), 30 kg of additive (moisture), 30 kg of additive (flow property), 30 kg of additive (adhesion promoter), 30 kg of additive (stripping agent). 
         [0045]    A mixture of said material is then introduced in the usual way to a compounding process in such a way that the desired plastic in the desired form can then be produced from the compounded material, an example being extrusion or injection molding or rotomolding or press techniques or thermoforming processes. 
         [0046]    An example of the suitable adhesion promoter additive is the product “SCONA TPPP 8112 FA” (adhesion modifier for polypropylene-natural-fiber compounds and in TPES compounds) from BYK, Additives &amp; Instruments, Technical Data Sheet, Issue July 2011, a product from, and a company of, the ALTANA group. The Technical Data Sheet for this product is listed as table 1. 
         [0047]    A suitable stripping agent additive is the product “BYK-P 4200” (stripping agent for reducing odor and VOC emissions in thermoplastic compounds), Data Sheet X506, Issue March 2010, from BYK Additives &amp; Instruments, a company of the ALTANA group. The Data Sheet for the product is attached as table 2. 
         [0048]    A product that appears to be particularly suitable as additive to counter odor generation is “Ciba IRGANOX 1076” (phenolic primary antioxidant for processing and long-term thermal stabilization), a product from Ciba. The Data Sheet for this product is attached as table 3. 
         [0049]    Another additive suitable for process stabilization is the product “Ciba IRGAFOS 168” (processing stabilizer) from Ciba. A description of this product is attached as table 4. 
         [0050]    A particularly suitable polypropylene material is the product “Moplen EP300K-PP-Lyondell Basell Industries”. A Data Sheet for this product is attached as table 5. 
         [0051]    Another composition (2 nd  embodiment) of a different biomaterial with the in-house name “PP 50” is as follows:
       45% of Moplen EP300K PP pellets   50% of sunflower shells   Irgafos 168, powder, 0.20%   Irganox 1076, powder, 0.30%   BYK P 4200, 2.00%   Scona TPPP 8112 FA, powder, 2.5%       
 
         [0058]    The abovementioned constituents are compounded in the usual way, and can then be processed for the production of the desired plastics product of the present application in processes described, e.g. extrusion, injection molding, thermoforming, rotomolding, press techniques. 
         [0059]    When the term compounding is used in the present application, it means the plastics-compounding process to which the biomaterial or bioplastic of the invention is subjected, and this means specifically the value-added process which describes the specific optimization of the property profiles of the biomaterial of the invention through admixture of additional substances (fillers, additives, etc.). The compounding process takes place by way of example in an extruder (e.g. a twin-screw extruder, but it is also possible to use a contrarotating twin-screw extruder or else a planetary-gear extruder and co-kneader for this purpose) and comprises inter alia the process operations of conveying, melting, dispersion, mixing, devolatilizing, and compression. 
         [0060]    The purpose of the compounding process is to provide, from a raw plastics material, a plastics molding composition with the best-possible properties for processing and use. The objects of the compounding process here are to change the particle size, to incorporate additives, and to remove undesired constituents. 
         [0061]    The compounding process finally produces an outgoing biomaterial which comprises the individual outgoing constituents, i.e. shell material, polypropylene, additives, etc., and specifically in mixed form. The compounded biomaterial product is generally produced in the form of intermediate product taking the form of a pellet or the like, in such a way that it can then be further processed in a plastics-processing machine to produce the desired plastics product, e.g. in an injection-molding machine. 
         [0062]    By means of the invention it is possible to combine a byproduct of sunflower processing with plastic and thus, in a manner that conserves resources and is sustainable, to achieve a reduction of from 30% to 70% in the dependency of plastics production on petroleum. 
         [0063]    Associated with this is the very favorable effect that the processing of the biocomposite or biomaterial of the invention also has on the CO 2  cycle, and also on the life cycle assessment of the products produced therefrom. 
         [0064]    By means of the invention it is also possible to achieve the processing of the biomaterial of the invention—which can also be called biopolymer—at up to 300° C. (this having been found in initial tests) and to provide a novel biomaterial (biopolymer) with significantly improved mechanical properties at an acceptable price. 
         [0065]    The biomaterial (biopolymer) of the invention can in particular be used in all product segments, and existing tooling can be used without difficulty for processing here. 
         [0066]    The aim of the invention, to develop a biomaterial (biopolymer) which has a very high level of biofill and which nevertheless can be processed without difficulty in the form of industrial bioplastic, has been convincingly achieved. Finally, it is also possible, instead of the plastics described (PP, PE, ABS, PVC (polyvinyl chloride), PS (polystyrene)), to admix, or compound, a polylactide (polylactic acid) (abbreviated to PLA) with the plastics shells (the flour from these). The biological content of the entire plastic is thus again increased. PLA plastics per se are already known and are generally composed of many lactic acid molecules chemically bonded to one another, and are members of the polyester class. Polylactide (PLA) plastics are biocompatible. 
         [0067]    The biomaterial of the invention can be used for the production of very different types of products, for example for the production of packaging (food packaging), of an automobile part (e.g. cladding for the wheelhousing), for portable equipment (tables, chairs, benches), decking, or doors, and the like. The biomaterial of the invention can also be used to produce baskets or containers, in particular those used in the food industry. 
         [0068]    Below: Tables 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BYK Additives &amp; Instruments 
               
               
                 Technical Data Sheet Issue July 2011 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 SCONA TPPP 8112 FA 
               
               
                 Adhesion modifier for polypropylene-natural-fiber compounds and in TPES 
               
               
                 compounds 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Chemical structure 
                   
               
               
                 SCONA TPPP 8112 FA 
                 Polypropylene, highly functionalized with maleic 
               
               
                   
                 anhydride 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Properties 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Melt index in 
               
               
                   
                 g/10 min 
                 Loss on 
               
               
                   
                 (MFI 190° C., 
                 drying in % 
                 MA content 
               
               
                   
                 2.16 kg) 
                 3 h/110° C. 
                 in % 
               
               
                 SCONA TPPP 8112 FA 
                 &gt;80 
                 &lt;0.5 
                 1.4 
               
             
          
           
               
                 The values stated are typical, but do not represent a specification. 
               
               
                 Recommended addition quantities 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Addition quantity in % of supply form, based 
               
               
                   
                 on entire formulation 
               
               
                 SCONA TPPP 8112 FA 
                 From 0.8 to 3, dependent on natural fiber content 
               
               
                   
                 and on PP content in TPES compound 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Incorporation and procedure 
               
               
                 Homogeneous dispersion of the modifier in the compound 
               
               
                 Application sectors 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SCONA TPPP 8112 FA 
                 Coupling agent in polypropylene-natural-fiber 
               
               
                   
                 compounds 
               
               
                   
                 Adhesive modifier in TPES compounds 
               
               
                 A member of ALTANA 
               
               
                 Properties and advantages 
               
               
                 SCONA TPPP 8112 FA 
                 Good flow properties in highly filled TPES 
               
               
                   
                 compounds 
               
               
                   
                 Significant improvement in mechanical 
               
               
                   
                 properties in polypropylene-natural-fiber 
               
               
                   
                 compounds 
               
               
                   
                 Reduction of water absorption in polypropylene- 
               
               
                   
                 natural-fiber compounds 
               
               
                   
                 Good suitability for masterbatch production 
               
               
                 Notes 
               
               
                 Supply form: Powder 
               
               
                 Storage and transport 
               
               
                 SCONA TPPP 8112 FA 
                 Storage temperature max. 35° C. 
               
               
                   
                 Relative humidity &lt;80% 
               
               
                   
                 Avoid direct exposure to sunlight and avoid 
               
               
                   
                 contact with water 
               
               
                 BYK Kometra GmbH 
                 ANTI-TERRA ®, ATEPAS ®, BYK ®, BYK ®- 
               
               
                 Value Park: Y 42 
                 DYNWET ®, BYK ®-SILCLEAN ®, BYKANOL ®, 
               
               
                 06258 Schkopau 
                 BYKETOL ®, BYKJET ®, BYKOPLAST ®, 
               
               
                 Germany 
                 BYKUMEN ®, DISPERBYK ®, DISPERPLAST ®, 
               
               
                 Tel: +49 3461 4960-60 
                 ISAROL ®, LACTIMON ®, NANOBYK ®, SCONA ®, 
               
               
                 Fax: +49 3461 4960-70 
                 SILBYK ® and VISCOBYK ® are registered trademarks of 
               
               
                 Info@byk(dot)com 
                 BYK-Chemie 
               
               
                 www(dot)byk(dot)com/additives 
                 AQUACER ®, AQUAMAT ®, AQUATIX ®, 
               
               
                   
                 CERACOL ®, CERAPAK ®, CERAFLOUR ®, 
               
               
                   
                 CERAMAT ®, CERATIX ®, HORDAMER ® and 
               
               
                   
                 MINERPOL ® are registered trademarks of BYK-Cera 
               
               
                   
                 The information above is given to the best of our 
               
               
                   
                 knowledge. Because of the multitude of formulations and 
               
               
                   
                 conditions of production, operation and processing, the use 
               
               
                   
                 of the product must be checked in relation to the specific 
               
               
                   
                 conditions used by the processor, The information 
               
               
                   
                 provided in this Data Sheet is not to be interpreted as 
               
               
                   
                 assurance of any particular property; we bear no 
               
               
                   
                 responsibility for use of the product outside of the 
               
               
                   
                 application sectors recommended; no liability can be 
               
               
                   
                 derived from the above—and this also applies to any patent 
               
               
                   
                 infringement 
               
               
                   
                 This issue replaces all previous versions—printed in 
               
               
                   
                 Germany 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BYK Additives &amp; Instruments 
               
               
                 Data Sheet X506 Issue March 2010 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BYK-P 4200 
               
               
                 Stripping agent to reduce odor and VOC emissions in thermoplastic compounds 
               
               
                 Chemical structure 
               
             
          
           
               
                 BYK-P 4200 
                 Aqueous solution of polymeric, surface-active 
               
               
                   
                 substances adsorbed on a polypropylene carrier 
               
               
                 Properties 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 MVR in accordance 
                 Bulk 
               
               
                   
                 Melting point 
                 with ISO 1133 
                 density 
               
               
                   
                 in ° C. 
                 cm 3 /10 min 
                 kg/m 3   
               
               
                 BYK-P 4200 
                 160 
                 25 
                 370 
               
             
          
           
               
                 The values stated are typical, but do not represent a specification. 
               
               
                 Recommended addition quantities 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Additive quantity in % of supply form, based 
               
               
                   
                 on entire formulation 
               
               
                 BYK-P 4200 
                 From 0.5 to 2.0% 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Incorporation and procedure 
               
               
                 BYK-P 4200 should be added to the plastic during or prior to compounding 
               
               
                 process 
               
               
                 Application sectors 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Polypropylene 
                 Polyethylene 
                 ABS 
               
               
                 BYK-P 4200 
                 ▪ 
                 ▪ 
                 □ 
               
             
          
           
               
                 ▪ particularly recommended application sector 
               
               
                 □ recommended application sector 
               
               
                 Function 
               
               
                 The effect of adding BYK-P 4200 is to reduce the level of compound constituents 
               
               
                 that cause odor and emissions, or even to remove these entirely, during vacuum 
               
               
                 devolatilization. 
               
               
                 A member of ALTANA 
               
               
                 Properties and advantages 
               
             
          
           
               
                 BYK-P 4200 
                 Major reduction in level of odor and VOC 
               
               
                   
                 emissions 
               
               
                   
                 No adverse effect on mechanical and optical 
               
               
                   
                 properties 
               
               
                   
                 No additional capital expenditure necessary for 
               
               
                   
                 plant extensions 
               
               
                   
                 Easy to use 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Notes 
               
               
                 To achieve efficient performance of the additive, vacuum devolatilization using at 
               
               
                 least 100 mbar is recommended. Wherever possible, operations should use only 
               
               
                 one vent shortly before the end of the extruder. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 BYK-Chemie GmbH 
                 ANTI-TERRA ®, ATEPAS ®, BYK ®, BYK ®- 
               
               
                 PO Box 10 02 45 
                 DYNWET ®, BYK ®-SILCLEAN ®, BYKANOL ®, 
               
               
                 46462 Wesel 
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                 Germany 
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                 The information above is given to the best of our 
               
               
                   
                 knowledge. Because of the multitude of formulations and 
               
               
                   
                 conditions of production, operation and processing, the use 
               
               
                   
                 of the product must be checked in relation to the specific 
               
               
                   
                 conditions used by the processor. The information 
               
               
                   
                 provided in this Data Sheet is not to be interpreted as 
               
               
                   
                 assurance of any particular property; we bear no 
               
               
                   
                 responsibility for use of the product outside of the 
               
               
                   
                 application sectors recommended; no liability can be 
               
               
                   
                 derived from the above—and this also applies to any patent 
               
               
                   
                 infringement 
               
               
                   
                 This Issue replaces all previous versions—printed in 
               
               
                   
                 Germany 
               
               
                 Material Data Center 
                 Datasheet Moplen EP300K 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
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                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Home Imprint About 
               
               
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                 This is the free Material Data Center Datasheet of Moplen EP300K-PP- 
               
               
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                 unit conversion, PDF datasheet print, comparison with other plastics, snap 
               
               
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                 Use the following short links to get directly to the properties of interest in 
               
               
                 this datasheet: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 ISO Data 
                 Value 
                 Unit 
                 Test Standard 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Rheological properties 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Melt volume-flow rate (MVR) 
                 5.4 
                 cm 3 /10 min 
                 ISO 1133 
               
               
                 Temperature 
                 230 
                 ° C. 
                 ISO 1133 
               
               
                 Load 
                 2.16 
                 kg 
                 ISO 1133 
               
               
                 Melt flow index (MFI) 
                 4 
                 g/10 min 
                 ISO 1133 
               
               
                 MFI temperature 
                 230 
                 ° C. 
                 ISO 1133 
               
               
                 MEI load 
                 2.16 
                 kg 
                 ISO 1133 
               
               
                 Mechanical properties 
               
               
                 Tensile Modulus 
                 1200 
                 MPa 
                 ISO 527-1/-2 
               
               
                 Yield stress 
                 27 
                 MPa 
                 ISO 527-1/-2 
               
               
                 Yield strain 
                 7 
                 % 
                 ISO 527/-1/-2 
               
               
                 Strain at break 
                 50 
                 % 
                 ISO 527-1/-2 
               
               
                 Charpy impact strength 
                 N 
                 kJ/m 2   
                 ISO 179/1eU 
               
               
                 (+23° C.) 
               
               
                 Charpy notched impact strength 
                 10.5 
                 kJ/m 2   
                 ISO 179/1eA 
               
               
                 (+23° C.) 
               
               
                 Ball indentation hardness 
                 53 
                 MPa 
                 ISO 2039-1 
               
               
                 Thermal properties 
               
               
                 Temp. of deflection under load 
                 75 
                 ° C. 
                 ISO 75-1/-2 
               
               
                 (0.45 MPa) 
               
               
                 Vicat softening point (A) 
                 150 
                 ° C. 
                 ISO 306 
               
               
                 Vicat softening point 
                 71 
                 ° C. 
                 ISO 306 
               
               
                 (50° C./h 50 N) 
               
               
                 Other properties 
               
               
                 Density 
                 900 
                 kg/m 3   
                 ISO 1183 
               
               
                 Characteristics 
               
               
                 Processing 
               
               
                 Injection molding, other 
               
               
                 extrusion, thermoforming 
               
               
                 Special characteristics 
               
               
                 High impact/impact modified 
               
               
                 Features 
               
               
                 Impact copolymer 
               
               
                 Applications 
               
               
                 General purpose 
               
               
                 Regional availability 
               
               
                 Europe, Middle East/Africa 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
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         [0073]    While this invention has been described in conjunction with the specific embodiments outlined above, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the preferred embodiments of the invention as set forth above are intended to be illustrative, not limiting. Various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the inventions as defined in the following claims.