Abstract:
Disclosed herein are protective inserts for sensitive devices, including devices with screen interfaces, which cases provide protection from front, back and edge impacts.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application is a continuation of co-pending and commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/673,654 filed on Nov. 9, 2012, which claims foreign priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to New Zealand Provisional Application No. 596294, which was filed on Nov. 9, 2011; and to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/674,380, which was filed on Jul. 22, 2012; U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/674,844, which was filed on Jul. 23, 2012; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/676,305, which was filed on Jul. 26, 2012. The subject matter of each of the foregoing applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The present disclosure relates to protective cases and, in particular, to impact absorbing cases. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Mobile phones and other similar forms of portable media devices commonly include cameras. However, the cameras provided in these devices do not incorporate high-quality optical elements and are not specifically adapted for photographic applications. 
         [0004]    Many manufacturers have attempted to solve the foregoing problem. Some manufacturers make cell phone camera kits that include lens-attaching cases. Such cases may include integral or attachable lens mounts that align with the built-in lens of the cell phone, to which separate lenses can be releasably attached. However, if a user already has a protective case on their phone, it is necessary to remove the user&#39;s protective case and replace it with the lens-attaching case. During the removal and replacement process, the cell phone is vulnerable to damage and, even with the lens-attaching case in place, the replacement case may not be suitable for everyday use as a protective cover because it provides inferior protection, or the case may be heavy and bulky. 
         [0005]    Other attempts involve lenses that detachably connect directly to a cell phone over the built-in lens of the camera, rather than to a cell phone case. Such attempts involve a variety of fastening means, such as adhesives, magnets, and the like. It has been suggested that magnets interfere with the proper function of the phone, as well as can prevent the use of a protective cover. The use of an adhesive eliminates the necessity for affixing a permanent magnet to the cell phone, but can be less reliable. 
         [0006]    Still other attempts involve case sections or sleeves with integral lenses, which can be removably attached directly to a cell phone. These types of partial cases avoid the use of adhesives or permanent magnets, but also prevent or interfere with the use of a protective case while using the lens, leaving the cell phone vulnerable to damage. 
         [0007]    Still others have integrated lens turrets into a sleeve-style cell phone case. These types of cases are bulky. 
         [0008]    Still other manufacturers make cell phone cases with an integral, slideable lens that moves from a first position adjacent to the built-in lens to a second position disposed over the built-in lens. This type of case only allows the use of a single type of alternate lens. Therefore, a separate case is required for each type of lens that a user would like to use. 
         [0009]    All of the foregoing cases and devices may suffer from problems because they may interfere with the proper function of the cell phone, they may leave the cell phone vulnerable to damage during the replacement process, and they may require additional items to carry around. These and other reasons minimize the use of media device cameras for photographic applications. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0010]    The present disclosure is directed, in one embodiment, to a protective case for a media device with a built-in camera lens, comprising a protective element comprising a base and a sidewall extending upwardly from the base to define an enclosure adapted to receive the media device, a housing element comprising a base and a sidewall extending upwardly from the base to define an enclosure adapted to receive the protective element, and a cover removably connected to the base, and a lens window disposed in the base. When the media device is disposed in the protective case, the built-in camera lens is coaxially aligned with the lens window, and the protective element is sufficiently compressed against the interior of the enclosure to maintain the built-in lens in coaxial alignment with the lens window. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]    The foregoing and other features and advantages will be apparent from the following more particular description of exemplary embodiments of the disclosure, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the disclosure. Referring now to the figures, which are exemplary embodiments, and wherein like elements are numbered alike 
           [0012]      FIG. 1  is a rear perspective view of one embodiment of a housing system for a media device, according to the present disclosure, which includes a housing element and a protective element (shown through a cut-away in the housing element); 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  is a front perspective view of the housing element of the housing system shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  is a rear perspective view of the housing element shown in  FIG. 2 ; 
           [0015]      FIG. 4  is a side view of the housing element shown in  FIG. 1 , in an closed position; 
           [0016]      FIG. 5  is a side view of the housing element shown in  FIG. 1 , in an open position; 
           [0017]      FIG. 6  is a rear perspective view of the protective element of the housing system shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0018]      FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view of the protective element shown in  FIG. 5 , through line  7 - 7 ; 
           [0019]      FIG. 8  is a front perspective view of the housing system shown in  FIG. 1 , with a media device disposed therein; 
           [0020]      FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional view of the housing system shown in  FIG. 8 , showing media device enclosed in the protective element, and the protective element enclosed by the housing element; 
           [0021]      FIG. 10  is a side view of another embodiment of the housing system shown in  FIG. 1 , with a magnetic grommet disposed on the lens window support member, and a corresponding detachable enhancement lens; 
           [0022]      FIG. 11  is a side view of another embodiment of the housing system shown in  FIG. 1 , with a magnetic grommet disposed on the lens window support member, and a corresponding detachable 90 degree enhancement lens; 
           [0023]      FIG. 12  is a side view of another embodiment of the housing system shown in  FIG. 1 , with a recessed lens window support member, and a corresponding detachable enhancement lens; 
           [0024]      FIG. 13  is a perspective view of another embodiment of a protective case according to the present disclosure; 
           [0025]      FIG. 14  is a perspective view of another embodiment of a protective case according to the present disclosure; 
           [0026]      FIG. 15  is a perspective view of a mounting system according to the present disclosure, that includes a mounting sled and a protective case according to  FIG. 13 ; 
           [0027]      FIG. 16  is a perspective view of the mounting system of  FIG. 15 , mounted to the underside of a surface; 
           [0028]      FIG. 17  is a perspective view of an alternative mounting system according to the present disclosure, that includes a mounting sled and a protective case according to  FIG. 13 , showing the mounting sled mounted to the underside of a surface; 
           [0029]      FIG. 18  is an exploded view of a section of the mounting system shown in  FIG. 17 ; and 
           [0030]      FIG. 19  is an exploded cross-sectional view of the mounting system shown in  FIG. 18 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0031]    The present invention relates to a protective housing system that may be adapted to protect a wide range of items of varying shapes, sizes and dimensions. For example, the protected item may be a musical instrument, a wine bottle, a medical instrument, and the like. housing system for use with a broad range of items, such as items for which it may be desirable to provide protection from various conditions, such as impacts, vibration, water, chemicals, and the like. 
         [0032]    In one embodiment, the item to be protected  300  is an exemplary media device, and one of many media devices available in the marketplace, for example, a cell phone with still and/or video media device capability. For ease of illustration, the item to be protected  300  will be referred to hereinafter as media device  300 . 
         [0033]      FIGS. 1-9 , when taken together, illustrate various views of one embodiment of a protective housing system  10  in accordance with the present disclosure. The housing system  10  comprises a housing element  100  and a protective element  200  that together define a protective enclosure  40  for the media device  300 . 
         [0034]    The present protective housing system  10  may also be adapted for a wide range of items of varying shapes, sizes and dimensions. For example, the protected item may be a musical instrument, a wine bottle, a medical instrument, and the like. In the present embodiment, the item to be protected  300  is an exemplary media device, and one of many media devices available in the marketplace, for example, a cell phone with still and/or video media device capability. For ease of illustration, the item to be protected  300  will be referred to hereinafter as media device  300 . 
         [0035]    As shown, housing element  10  comprises a first housing section  20  (for ease of illustration, the first housing section  20  will be referred to hereinafter as “base  20 ”) and a second housing section  30  (for ease of illustration, the second housing section  30  will be referred to hereinafter as “cover  30 ”), both of which together are adapted to mate in complementary fashion to form the protective enclosure  40 . 
         [0036]    The base  20  includes a back face  22  with four sidewalls extending from the back face  22  (i.e. a top side, bottom side, left side, and right side) which together are structured to form the enclosure  40 , which is sized and dimensioned to receive the protective element  200  therein. 
         [0037]    A support member  45  extends upwardly from the back face  22  and a lens window  50  is disposed parallel to the back face  22 , and supported on the support member  45 . The support member  45  may be integrally formed with the base  20 , or interconnected thereto, permanently or temporarily. Similarly, the lens window  50  may be integrally formed with support member  45 , or interconnected thereto, permanently or temporarily. The lens window  50  may be open, such that the enclosure  40  is fluidly connected to the atmosphere outside of the housing element  100 , or it may comprise a window element  52  that provides a seal to prevent or minimize fluid communication between the enclosure  40  and the atmosphere outside of the housing element  100 . 
         [0038]    For example, a seal (e.g., a compressed  0 -ring) can be disposed between the window element  52  and the support member  45  so as provide a water resistant or waterproof seal therebetween, minimizing or preventing fluid communication between the enclosure  40  and the atmosphere. Alternatively, the window element  52  may be integrally formed with, or permanently fixed to the support member  45 . 
         [0039]    In the present embodiment, the support member  45  is cylindrical, and is oriented such that the axis of the cylinder is about perpendicular to the cover  30  and/or back face  22 . As a result, when a media device  300  is disposed in the enclosure  40 , the built-in lens of the media device  300  and the lens window  50  are in coaxial alignment. 
         [0040]    The cover  30  detachably couples with the base  20  opposite the back face  22  of the base  20 . In use, the base  20  and cover  30  are collectively structured to enclose the protective element  200  within the enclosure  40  when the cover  30  is secured to the base  20  in a closed position. 
         [0041]    The housing element  100  may comprise a variety of materials capable of withstanding the conditions in which the housing system  10  may be used. For example, the housing element  100  may comprise a rigid or substantially rigid material such as, but not limited to, plastic, metal, fiberglass, and the like. 
         [0042]    In some embodiments, the housing element  10  may be appropriately configured for impact resistance. Examples of suitable materials for impact-resistance include, but are not limited to, impact resistant engineering plastics such as polycarbonate, ABS, acrylic and the like, composites thereof, and combinations thereof. 
         [0043]    Any or all of the foregoing materials may comprise additives such as fibers, fillers, colorants and the like, including reinforcing fibers and/or fillers, composites thereof, and combinations thereof. 
         [0044]    The wall thickness of the base and cover  20 ,  30  may vary as needed or desired for the application in which the case is intended for use. In the present embodiment, the wall thickness may be approximately 0.125 inches. 
         [0045]    Optionally, the housing element  10  or portions thereof may comprise a transparent material, such that the back face  22  provides a viewing window for visual displays (e.g., menus, picture previews, etc.) on an operational media device  300  disposed in the enclosure  40 . 
         [0046]    Optionally, the housing element  10  or portions thereof may comprise an optical quality material, such as the back face  22  and lens window  50 . For example, the housing element  10  may be formed from polycarbonate, which can be buffed to an optical quality finish in the back face  22  and lens window region  50 . 
         [0047]    Optionally, the housing element  10  or portions thereof may comprise a scratch-resistant film, coating, and the like, or combinations thereof, disposed on the inner surface thereof, the outer surface thereof, or both the inner and outer surface thereof. 
         [0048]    In one embodiment, the protective element  200  comprises a material or structure that is configured and dimensioned to conform to at least a portion of the interior of the housing element  10 . The protective element  200  may be formed from a variety of materials that are capable of being compressed sufficiently to securely accommodate the media device  300  therein e.g., such that the device  300  compresses the protective element  200  against the interior surface of the enclosure  40 . Suitable materials include, but are not limited to, resiliently deformable impact absorbing and/or vibration dampening materials, and the like. One suitable material is an impact-absorbing material, such as a rate dependent material, particularly impact-absorbing foam materials, one of which is Poron XRD. 
         [0049]    In the present embodiment, the protective element  200  is a media device case configured and dimensioned to receive the media device  300  therein. One suitable case is a two-piece media device available from G-Form, LLC, Providence, R.I. 
         [0050]    A variety of fastening assemblies or devices may be used to secure the cover  30  to the base  20  including, but not limited to, a button assembly, a buckle assembly, a clip assembly, a hook and loop assembly, a magnet assembly, a ball and catch assembly, and an adhesive assembly, or any other type of fastening assembly or device. 
         [0051]    The various parts forming the fastening assembly are configured and arranged to secure the cover  30  to the base  20 . In the present embodiment, the housing system  10  comprises a hinged fastener  60  on one side and a releasable fastener  70  on the opposite side, both of which cooperate to allow the cover  30  to move from an open position to a closed position. 
         [0052]    When in an open position, the housing system  10  is adapted to receive the protective element  200  into the enclosure  40 , and to allow an item  300  to be disposed in the protective element  200 , followed by closing the cover  30  and securing it to the base  20  by engaging the releaseable fastener  70 . Alternatively, the item  300  first can be disposed in the protective element  200 , and the protective element enclosing the item  300  can in turn be disposed in the enclosure  40 . 
         [0053]    Once disposed in the enclosure  40 , the protective element  200  can be compressed sufficiently against the interior sidewalls of the enclosure  40 , as in a friction fit, to minimize or prevent movement of the item  300  in the housing system  10 . 
         [0054]    In one embodiment, the housing system  10  may be appropriately configured for use in various elements. For example, the enclosure  40  may be waterproof to protect the media device  300  from water when used, for example, while surfing or scuba diving, by providing a watertight O-ring seal between the body and cover, and in the lens mount, if releasably attached to the base. 
         [0055]    Optionally, in one embodiment, a sealing structure (not illustrated) may be disposed at the perimeter of the base  20  and/or the cover  30 , to provide a water resistant or waterproof enclosure  40 . For example, the base  20  and the cover  30  may be mated with an intervening sealing structure, such as an O-ring, and held together in the closed position by the fastening mechanism while compressing the intervening sealing structure to form a seal between the base  20  and the cover  30 . The sealing structure may be impact-resistant, watertight, or a both. A variety of materials may be used for the sealing structure including, but not limited to, silicone, rubber, TPE, rate dependent materials, foams thereof, composites thereof, and the like, and combinations thereof. 
         [0056]    Alternatively, the base and cover may be semi-permanently sealed with the use of RTV, or the like. 
         [0057]    In one embodiment, cover  30  may comprise vents (not illustrated) to provide airflow and/or cooling to the media device, in situations where water resistance is not a concern. 
         [0058]    The housing system  10  can provide a waterproof and/or impact resistant system with which a user can capture and wirelessly download images and/or video in real-time from the media device  300 , as well as wirelessly control operation of the media device. For example, if the housing system  10  is mounted on a bicycle handlebar, with the protective element  200  disposed in the enclosure  40  and the media device  300  disposed in the protective element  200 , the user can remotely control the media device contained therein using voice commands via Bluetooth enabled devices, Wi-Fi, and the like. 
         [0059]    The housing system  100  is advantageous when using the media device  200  in situations in which it may be susceptible to damage. For example, without the housing  100 , the media device may become scratched or otherwise damaged when used during physical activity. Thereafter, the media device  300  is removable from the housing for normal use as a media device. 
         [0060]    In use, the camera lens  70  of the media device  300  is substantially aligned with the lens window  50  when the media device  300  is secured in the protective element  200 , and in the housing  10 . That is, the lens  60  and the lens window  50  are disposed in coaxial alignment. 
         [0061]    Another aspect of the present disclosure is a housing system with an integral enhancement lens, or that can be used with one or more interchangeable enhancement lenses.  FIGS. 10-12  illustrate other embodiments of housing system  10  in accordance with the present disclosure, which have a similar construction as in the previous embodiment, and additionally comprise at least one enhancement lens  60 . Examples of suitable enhancement lenses include, but are not limited to, wide-angle, telephoto, fisheye, close-up or macro adapters, and the like. The enhancement lens  60  can be integrally formed with, permanently connected to or removably attachable to the base  20  and/or to the support member  45 . The enhancement lens  60  can comprise a variety of removable attachment devices and methods including, but not limited to, magnets, optical lens mounts (such as a C-mount, T-mount, and the like), bayonet mounts, plug-in mounts, side-in mounts, screw-in mounts, and the like. 
         [0062]      FIG. 10  shows a housing system  10 ′ in accordance with the present disclosure, which has a similar construction as in the previous embodiment, and additionally includes at least one detachable enhancement lens  80  with a lens window  52 . The lens enhancement is desirably sized and dimensioned to correspond to the dimensions of the support member  45  and/or lens window  50 , and can comprise a variety of internally disposed lens elements. In the present embodiment, a circular magnet  55   a  is attached to the upper edge of the support member  45  (i.e., by gluing, comolding, and the like) such that it is coaxial with the axis of the support member. The enhancement lens  80  is barrel or cylindrically shaped and comprises a corresponding circular magnet  55   b  disposed at the lower edge to correspond to the circular magnet  55   a  disposed on the upper end of the support member  45  at lens window  50 . Lens  80  is adapted for removable attachment to the lens window  50  at  55   a . Optionally, a variety of such enhanced lenses  60  may be adapted for use with the housing  10 ′, for each of interchangeability. 
         [0063]      FIG. 11  shows a housing system  10 ″ in accordance with the present disclosure, which has a similar construction as in the previous embodiment. In the present embodiment, the enhancement lens  80 ′ comprises a 90 degree lens, which allows a user to change the orientation of the view through the built-in lens of the media device  300 . To accommodate the 90 degree lens, the lens window  52  can be disposed perpendicularly to the axis of lens window  50 . The enhancement lens  80 ′ may comprise a prism disposed at an angle of about ninety (90) degrees to the lens window  50 , with an intermediate device (not illustrated) adapted to receive the image from the lens window  50  and transmit or reflect the image to the media device lens for processing. Optionally, the enhancement lens  60  may swivel or rotate to change the direction of the camera shot. 
         [0064]      FIG. 12  shows a housing system  10 ″ in accordance with the present disclosure, which has a similar construction as housing system  10 ″, and additionally includes a recessed lens window  50 , with a magnetic grommet  55   a  disposed in the recess at the lower edge. Either of enhancement lenses  80 ,  80 ′ may be used by insertion into the recessed lens window  50 ′ and engagement of the magnets  55   a,b  with each other. As in the previous embodiment, a variety of such lenses may be adapted for use with the housing, for each of interchangeability. 
         [0065]    Another aspect of the present disclosure is illustrated in  FIG. 14 , which shows a protective case  400  for a media device (not illustrated) that comprises a body section  410  and an interchangeable detachable lens section  420 , both of which together cover the media device, other than the screen region (not illustrated). As in previous embodiments, the detachable lens section  420  may include an additional lens enhancement  80 , such as a 90 degree lens with lens window  52 , as shown in the present embodiment. 
         [0066]    The body section  410  covers a relatively large region of the cell phone, and the detachable lens section  420  covers a relatively smaller region of the cell phone, in comparison to the body section  410 . The detachable lens sections  420  can comprise an integral or detachable enhancement lens  80  that is supported on the lens section  420 . 
         [0067]    To maximize the protective features of the case  400 , the lens section  420  is designed to cover the built-in lens of the camera and the surrounding adjacent region, such so that when it is removed, the majority of the media device remains on the media device, which is protected by the body section  410 . Therefore, an advantage to the present protective case is its suitability for daily use, particularly with a detachable lens section  420  that comprises a lens window  50  (not illustrated in this embodiment), that does not protrude from the case, for ease of use. 
         [0068]    The body section  410  and detachable lens sections  420  maybe made from any type of material that is suitable for a media case, including any or all of the materials described above with regard to the housing element  100  or the protective element  200 . That is, the present protective case  400  may be made from the same materials and construction as the protective element  200  discussed above, but it is not limited to those materials or that particular construction. 
         [0069]    To assemble the case on the media device, the body section  410  and lens section  420  are interconnected at edges  410   a ,  420   a , and the media device is inserted into the case, such that the built-in camera lens is aligned with the lens window (not illustrated). Alternatively, the body section may be disposed first on the media device, followed by the lens section  420 , which then can be joined to the body section  410  at edges  410   a ,  420   a . When a user wants to take a video or photograph using an enhanced lens, the lens section  420  is removed and/or replaced with an alternative lens section  420 . Therefore, it is not necessary to completely expose the media device, which therefore remains protected during the lens exchange, unlike other lens enhancement kits. 
         [0070]      FIG. 14  shows another embodiment of a protective case  400 ′ for a media device in which the detachable lens section  420  comprises a relatively smaller region of the case than in the previous embodiment. In the present embodiment, the detachable lens section  420  does not form part of the case sidewall, as in the previous embodiment, thereby further improving the protective aspects of the case during the lens interchange. 
         [0071]    Either or both of the foregoing cases  400 ,  400 ′ can be used with one or more one or more interchangeable and detachable lens sections  420 , each with a different enhancement lens  80 . 
         [0072]    Another aspect of the present disclosure is the combination or integration of one or more securing structures for securing the housing systems and/or protective cases to one of a variety of separate mounting structures.  FIG. 15  shows a sled  500  that can be mounted to a surface, in which the cases  400 ,  410  can be disposed such that the screen (not illustrated) of a media device, such as media device  300 , is disposed adjacent to interior surface  510  of the sled. Therefore, the screen is protected by the sled, and the media device is protected by the case  400 ,  410 . This type of arrangement provides a very low profile protective system for still and video photography, particularly action photography. For example, the sled can secured to a helmet, car, bicycle, the underside of a longboard, to the upper side of snowboard or surfboard, and the like, and to various other items.  FIG. 16  shows the sled  500  mounted to the underside of surface S, such that the media screen faces and is protected by the interior surface  510  of the sled, while the opposite surface of the media device is protected by the case. 
         [0073]      FIGS. 17-19  show another embodiment of a protective system  600  that comprises an integrated mounting system. As shown, system  600  comprises a sled  610  and a housing element  620 . 
         [0074]    Housing element  620  comprises a base section  640  and a cover section  630  that corresponds in shape and size to the base section  640 . Base section  640  and a cover section  630  both comprise inner section  642  and an optional section  644  that can be made from any of the materials discussed above with regard to the housing and/or protective elements. In the present embodiment, the inner section  642  comprises a rigid material, such as polycarbonate, and the outer section  644  comprises a relatively softer material, such as a TPU. 
         [0075]    Cover section  630  comprises a screen section  650  d, which may be made from the same material as the inner section, or may be a touchscreen membrane, interactive film, interactive glass (e.g., Xylo glass), and the like. Cover section  630  comprises opposing longitudinal rails  632  that engage channels on the sled  610 . 
         [0076]    Sled  610  has a rectangular shape corresponding to the shape of the housing element  620  and comprises two longitudinal channels  612  spaced part from the edges, for receiving corresponding rails  632  on the housing element  620 . Sled  610  comprises a material with sufficient rigidity to be mounted to a surface S, and can be made from any of the materials discussed above with regard to the housing and/or protective elements. 
         [0077]    In the present embodiment, the housing element  620  is sized and dimensioned to accommodate receiving a protective element therein, such as those described above, and functions in a similar manner to those described above. The base section and cover sections are closed using any of the fastening mechanisms described above in connection with previous embodiments. 
         [0078]    Optionally, in any of the foregoing embodiments, the housing element  10  or portions thereof can comprise impact-absorbing regions (not illustrated) disposed on the outer surface to further improve the impact absorbing capabilities of the systems  100 ,  500 . Thus, the housing element  10  can provide overall protection, and the external impact-absorbing regions can provide additional targeted protection to more vulnerable areas, such as edges and corners. The impact absorbing regions can comprise a variety of materials, including those described above with respect to the protective element  200 . 
         [0079]    Unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. 
         [0080]    It is noted that some embodiments described herein have used the expression “coupled” and “connected” along with their derivatives. It should be understood that these terms are not intended as synonyms for each other. For example, some embodiments may be described using the term “connected” to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with each other. In another example, some embodiments may be described using the term “coupled” to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact. The term “coupled,” however, may also mean that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other, but yet still co-operate or interact with each other. The embodiments are not limited in this context. 
         [0081]    Likewise, as used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present). 
         [0082]    In addition, use of the “a” or “an” are employed to describe elements and components of the embodiments herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the invention. This description should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise. 
         [0083]    Finally, as used herein any reference to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular element, feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. 
         [0084]    It should be noted that the terms “first,” “second,” and the like herein do not denote any order or importance, but rather are used to distinguish one element from another, and the terms “a” and “an” herein do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced items. Similarly, it is noted that the terms “bottom” and “top” are used herein, unless otherwise noted, merely for convenience of description, and are not limited to any one position or spatial orientation. In addition, the modifier “about” used in connection with a quantity is inclusive of the stated value and has the meaning dictated by the context (e.g., includes the degree of error associated with measurement of the particular quantity). The notation “+/−10% means that the indicated measurement may be from an amount that is minus 10% to an amount that is plus 10% of the stated value. 
         [0085]    While the disclosure has been described with reference to an exemplary embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the disclosure. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the disclosure without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the disclosure not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this disclosure, but that the disclosure will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.