Abstract:
Presented is a water propulsion system for ships that enhances the efficiency of both the water propulsor(s) and the ship itself. This is accomplished by location of water inlet(s) for the water propulsor(s) to take advantage of water flow characteristics around a secondary bow of the ship and also proximal a stern of the ship. A primary object is to reduce the energy of the bow and/or stern waves of the ship and hence reduce the ship&#39;s wave making resistance. A secondary object is to reduce the frictional resistance of the ship. The water propulsors are preferably electrically driven with built in stator field windings and armatured rotors. A bow oriented water propulsor(s) would preferably have its discharge into a gas cavity in the underside of the ship. Both bow oriented and stern oriented water propulsor(s) would optimally have steering and/or reversing mechanisms.

Description:
RELATED UNITED STATES DATA 
   This application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 10/827,568 filed Apr. 19, 2004, now abandoned, and Ser. No. 10/846,127 filed May 14, 2004 now abandoned. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Displacement hull ships are very efficient with high Lift/Drag (L/D) ratios up to a point where a very large wave drag component takes president. This is clearly shown upon examination of  FIG. 1  of this application that shows the two predominant hydrodynamic resistance or drag components for typical displacement hull ships. These two drag components are friction drag and wave drag. It can be noted from  FIG. 1  that friction drag is the predominant drag force up to about 18 knots for a ship with a waterline length of 400 feet (122 meters) and up to about 27 knots for a ship with a waterline length of 800 feet (244 meters). As speed is increased beyond those values, powering requirements become excessive for all practical purposes. 
   Various attempts have been made to reduce both the friction drag and wave drag of ships. However, though some small improvements have been made, speeds still remain embarrassingly slow for displacement hulls. One of the methods employed to reduce wave drag has been use of a bulbous bow that normally extends forward of the ship&#39;s main bow. The bulbous bow operates like a sphere submerged in a moving fluid where the oncoming water tends to adhere to forward and upper and side portions of the sphere and curves inward aft of the largest diameter of the sphere before breaking away in eddies. This inward curving of the fluid on the bulbous bow creates a significant hydrodynamic force on the energy of the bow wave of the ship thereby reducing the amplitude and hence the drag of the bow wave. Bulbous bows are most effective at higher speeds where the wave drag component predominates. Reductions of overall ship resistance values of 5 to 15 percent are noted for ships with well designed bulbous bows. It is of interest that bulbous bows can actually increase drag at low speeds since they increase wetted area friction. 
   Additionally, wetted area reducing air layers have been applied to the underside of ships and have been shown to reduce resistance by 10–15 percent or more in lower speed operation where friction drag predominates. However, the air layers, while still effective in reducing frictional resistance, are not noted to provide as high a percentage of efficiency improvement at higher speeds where the wave resistance predominates. These air layered ships are normally known as Air Lubricated Ships or simply ALS. 
   In summary, two successful methods of reducing hydrodynamic resistance of ships are in the prior art. The simple bulbous bow has met with the widest acceptance and is a common feature of larger ships particularly those running at higher speeds. The slightly more complicated ALS requires a blower. The ALS has met with more limited acceptance but does show promise especially for displacement hulls operating at lower speeds. 
   The instant invention combines bow oriented water propulsor(s) with variations of a secondary bow disposed proximal a lower portion of the ship&#39;s main bow. By having a water inlet for the bow oriented water propulsor(s) disposed properly in relation to the secondary bow it is possible to provide an enhanced hydrodynamic force that subtracts from the energy in the ship&#39;s bow wave. The effect is to reduce the amplitude and hence the resistance of the ship&#39;s bow wave. A related feature is to have a pressurized air or gas layer in a recess in the underside of the hull. This gas layer not only reduces wetted area friction of the ship but also allows the water discharge from the bow oriented water propulsor(s) to be discharged into gas rather than water. The effect of discharging the bow oriented water propulsor(s) into gas rather than water is an increase in the efficiency of the bow oriented water propulsor(s). A further advantage is that a steering and/or reversing system(s) may be applied to the bow oriented water propulsor(s). The steering and/or reversing system(s) would be internal to the pressurized gas recess when moving forward so they do not add to resistance. The advantage of having steering and/or reversing capabilities in the bow makes for a much more maneuverable ship at all speeds. 
   The instant invention also offers means to reduce stern wave resistance as well as separation and eddy resistance by providing stern oriented water propulsor(s) proximal to and forward of the stern of the ship. This is accomplished by having the stern oriented water inlet(s) properly located. Additionally, the water inlet(s) of these stern oriented water propulsor(s) are conceived so that they may intake the ship&#39;s boundary layer water which enhances the efficiency of those stern oriented water propulsor(s). The stern oriented water propulsor(s) would normally have steering and reversing capabilities. 
   A discussion of the instant invention and the advantages it offers is presented in detail in the following sections. 
   OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
   A primary object of the invention is to provide an improved means for integrating a water propulsion system into a ship. 
   A related object of the invention is that the water propulsion system include a first bow oriented water propulsor with a water inlet disposed, at least in part, proximal a forward end of a secondary bow of the ship. 
   A directly related object of the invention is that the secondary bow be disposed proximal a lower forward portion of a main bow of the ship and, when the ship is moving forward and the first bow oriented water propulsor is operating, water taken into the water inlet of the first bow oriented water propulsor generates an energy absorbing hydrodynamic force on a bow wave of the ship to thereby reduce the amplitude of said bow wave. 
   A further related object of the invention is that it may include a second bow oriented water propulsor. 
   It is a related object of the invention that bow oriented water propulsors have their water inlets proximal a bow of the ship but may themselves be disposed elsewhere in the ship. 
   It is another object of the invention that, at least in part, a surface of the secondary bow of the ship in way of a water inlet of the first bow oriented water propulsor be closer to a centerline of the secondary bow than forward of at least a majority of the water inlet. 
   It is a further object of the invention that the water inlet for the first bow oriented water propulsor be, at least in its majority, disposed above a horizontal centerline plane of the secondary bow of the ship. 
   It is also possible, dependent upon operating conditions of the ship, that an object of the invention be that the water inlet for the first bow oriented water propulsor be, at least in its majority, disposed below a horizontal centerline plane of the secondary bow of the ship. 
   It is yet another object of the invention that at least part of the enhanced hydrodynamic force exerted on the bow wave of the ship is due to acceleration of water passing inward curving surfaces of the secondary bow of the ship wherein said acceleration of water is at least in part caused by taking water into the water inlet of the first bow oriented water propulsor. 
   It is yet another object of the invention that the ship have a first gas cavity in its underside where said first gas cavity is pressurized with gas supplied by artificial gas pressurization means. 
   A related object of the invention is that the first bow oriented water propulsor may expel at least a majority of its discharge water into the first gas cavity. 
   An optional object of the invention is that the first bow oriented water propulsor may discharge all or part of its discharge water other than into a gas cavity. 
   Still another object of the invention is that it may include a first stern oriented water propulsor disposed such that a water inlet of said first stern oriented water propulsor is disposed, at least in its majority, aft of midship. 
   It is a directly related object of the invention that the water inlet of said first stern oriented water propulsor be disposed proximal to an inward turn of a bilge of the ship. 
   A related object of the invention is that the first stern oriented water propulsor ingest a majority of ship boundary layer water disposed horizontally in-line with and proximal the water inlet of the first stern oriented water propulsor. 
   A further related object of the invention is that the ship boundary layer water ingested into the first stern oriented water propulsor enhance the efficiency of the first stern oriented water propulsor. 
   Yet another related object of the invention is that water taken into the water inlet of the first stern oriented water propulsor create a hydrodynamic force on a stern wave of the ship resulting in a reduction in amplitude of the stern wave of the ship. 
   Still another related object of the invention is that water taken into the water inlet of the first stern oriented water propulsor create an inward directed hydrodynamic force on water flowing alongside the ship to thereby cause a reduction in separation effects of water flowing aft alongside the ship. 
   Another object of the invention is that there may be a second stern oriented propulsor. 
   Still another object of the invention is that the secondary bow of the ship may have, at least in part, a bulbous shape. 
   A further object of the invention is that the secondary bow of the ship may have, at least in part, a hydrofoil shape that is wider in cross dimension horizontally than vertically. 
   Another object of the invention is that the main bow of the ship, at least in its majority, may angle aft going upward from the secondary bow. 
   It is yet another object of the invention that the ship may include a main hull and stabilizing outrigger hulls. 
   Still another object of the invention is that the water propulsors may be driven by electric motors with electricity for the electric motors supplied by on-board generators. 
   It is a directly related object of the invention that the water propulsors may include built in stator electric field windings and armatured rotors so that the water propulsor itself incorporates an integral electric motor drive. 
   It is still another object of the invention that the first bow oriented water propulsor further include steering means where said steering means is, at least in its majority and with the ship moving forward and with the first bow oriented water propulsor producing forward thrust, disposed internal to a pressurized gas cavity in the underside of the ship&#39;s main hull. 
   It is still another object of the invention that the first bow oriented water propulsor further include reversing means where said reversing means is, at least in its majority and with the ship moving forward and with the first bow oriented water propulsor producing forward thrust, disposed internal to a pressurized gas cavity in the underside of the ship&#39;s main hull. 
   It is still another object of the invention that the first stern oriented water propulsor further include steering and/or reversing means. 
   It is a further object of the invention that the bow oriented and/or stern oriented water propulsors may be waterjets. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  present a graph that shows the effects of the two primary resistance factors for prior art ships. These primary resistance factors are friction and wave resistance. The graph presents them as Resistance per Ton of Displacement (R/Δ) vs. Froude Number (Fn) for some typical displacement ships. Corresponding speeds for 400 foot (122 meters) Length WaterLine (LWL) and 800 foot (244 meter) LWL ships are shown for illustrative purposes. The important thing to note here is that frictional resistance predominates at lower speeds while wave resistance predominates at higher speeds. 
       FIG. 2  presents typical wave patterns for a typical prior art displacement ship. These are presented at a Fn of 0.28 which corresponds to a speed of about 18 knots for the 400 foot (122 meter) LWL ship and 28 knots for the 800 foot (244 meter) LWL ship. Note that the bow wave (Wb) at this Fn=0.28 has a second crest at about mid-ship and the stern wave (Ws) superimposes upon the third crest of the Wb. 
       FIG. 3  shows the same typical prior art displacement ship of  FIG. 2  but at a Fn of 0.48. This corresponds to about 33 knots for the 400 foot (122 meter) LWL ship and 45 knots for the 800 foot (244 meter) LWL ship. It is obvious from comparisons of the  FIG. 1  frictional resistance values at a Fn of 0.28 with those at a Fn of 0.48 that frictional resistance predominates at lower speeds and wave drag at higher speeds. 
       FIG. 4  shows the addition of a secondary bow below the main bow of the prior art ship of  FIGS. 2 and 3 . The most accepted secondary bow shape in the prior art is a bulbous shape and hence is generally called a bulbous bow. The prior art secondary bow reduces the amplitude of the bow wave by creating a hydrodynamic force that absorbs some of the potential energy of the bow wave thereby reducing bow wave (Wb) amplitude resulting in a reduction in overall wave resistance. The bulbous bow is mainly effective at higher speeds. It actually increases resistance at low speeds since it adds to wetted area and hence increases frictional resistance. 
       FIG. 5  presents a version of the instant invention where the secondary bow of  FIG. 4  has been improved by addition of a bow oriented water inlet. That bow oriented water inlet accelerates the water passing over surfaces of the secondary bow to further add to the energy absorbing hydrodynamic force on the bow wave. This reduces the amplitude and hence the resistance of the bow wave (Wb) beyond that possible with a secondary bow that is not influenced by water flow accelerated by the instant invention&#39;s bow oriented water inlet. Further shown in  FIG. 5  is a stern oriented water inlet that takes in water proximal the stern of the ship and thereby reduces the amplitude of the stern wave (Ws). Note the reductions in both the bow and stern waves compared to  FIGS. 3 and 4  that show the prior art. 
       FIG. 6  shows yet a further enhancement to the instant invention where the main bow slopes aft. The benefit of this aft sloping main bow concept is to move the bow wave (Wb) further aft and to reduce its amplitude. The  FIG. 5  main bow concept of the instant invention is very workable and certainly within the scope and intention of the instant invention, however, the preferred embodiment is the aft sloping main bow as shown in  FIG. 6 . 
       FIG. 7  presents a cross-section, as taken through horizontal plane  7 — 7  of  FIG. 4 , that shows the friction resistance generating boundary layer of a prior art displacement ship. Note the boundary layer separation aft where the bilge turns inward. 
       FIG. 8  presents a cross-section, as taken through horizontal plane  8 — 8  of  FIG. 5 , that shows how the stern oriented water inlet of the instant invention causes the flow to adhere to the hull aft of the inward turn of the ship&#39;s bilge. The advantage here is that separation and eddy resistance is greatly reduced. 
       FIG. 9  shows a topside view of a preferred embodiment of a monohull version of the instant invention. 
       FIG. 10  presents a starboard side view of the preferred embodiment of  FIG. 9 . 
       FIG. 11  gives a bottom view of the preferred embodiment of  FIGS. 9 and 10 . This view shows a preferred shape of a pressurized air or gas layer in the underside of the hull. Note that, while the preferred embodiment utilizes the converging inward toward the hull&#39;s centerline aft, it is quite within the scope and spirit of the invention, although not shown, to have the aft end of the hull remain parallel and full bodied or essentially so from about midship aft. In such case, the pressurized gas layer may be extended further aft than show in  FIG. 11 . 
       FIG. 12  gives a cross-section, as taken through vertical plane  12 — 12  of  FIG. 11 , that shows a preferred shape of the gas cushion recess in the hull&#39;s underside. Elements of the machinery are also shown. 
       FIG. 13  presents a cross-section, as taken through horizontal plane  13 — 13  of  FIG. 12 , that shows a variation of propulsor water inlets and general machinery arrangements. 
       FIG. 14  presents a partial section enlarged view that shows the preferred embodiment of a secondary bow and a first bow oriented water inlet and how they relate to a main bow. 
       FIG. 15  gives a cross-section, as taken through vertical plane  15 — 15  of  FIG. 14 , that shows a preferred configuration for this area. 
       FIG. 16  presents a cross-section, as taken through vertical plane  16 — 16  of  FIG. 14 , that shows the first bow oriented water inlet proximal the secondary bow. 
       FIG. 17  presents a centerline cross-sectional view as taken through a vertical centerline plane of a preferred embodiment water propulsor. This design may be applied to the bow and/or stern oriented water propulsors. Note the stator electric field windings and the armatured rotor used here. This electric drive water propulsor would normally be a waterjet propulsor. Use of electric drive systems such as shown here results in compact lightweight drive systems that do not require gearboxes, drive shafts, or the like. Electric drive systems are gaining favor for both military and commercial ships. A steering and/or reversing system is also offered on the bow and/or the stern oriented water propulsor(s). 
       FIG. 18  is a similar starboard side view as presented in  FIG. 10  but in this instance outrigger hulls have been added. The outrigger hulls provide stability and increased deck and cargo space. Two or more outrigger hulls may be employed. 
       FIG. 19  gives a cross-section, as taken through vertical plane  19 — 19  of  FIG. 18 . This shows a preferred cross-section shape of a gas cavity and of outrigger hulls. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 1  present a graph that shows the effects of the two primary resistance factors for prior art displacement hull ships. These primary resistance factors are friction and wave resistance. The graph presents them as Resistance per Ton of Displacement (R/Δ) vs. Froude Number (Fn) for some typical displacement ships. By standard Naval Architecture terminology, Fn=(0.3×Vk)/(LWL)^½ where: Vk is ship velocity in knots and LWL is a ship&#39;s Length of WaterLine (LWL) in feet. Corresponding speeds for 400 foot (122 meter) LWL and 800 foot (244 meter) LWL ships are shown for illustrative purposes. The important thing to note here is that frictional resistance predominates at lower speeds while wave resistance predominates at higher speeds. 
     FIG. 2  presents typical wave patterns for a typical prior art ship  39 . These are presented at a Fn of 0.28 which corresponds to speeds of about 18 knots for the 400 foot (122 meter) LWL ship and 28 knots for the 800 foot (244 meter) LWL ship. Note that the bow wave (Wb)  40  first forms proximal the main bow  37  and has a second crest at about mid-ship and the stern wave (Ws)  41  superimposes upon the third crest of the Wb for this Fn=0.28 condition. The ambient calm sea waterline  44  is also shown. 
     FIG. 3  shows the same typical prior art ship  39  of  FIG. 2  but at a Fn of 0.48. This corresponds to about 33 knots for the 400 foot (122 meter) LWL ship and 45 knots for the 800 foot (244 meter) LWL ship. It is obvious from comparisons of the  FIG. 1  frictional resistance values at a Fn of 0.28 with those at a Fn of 0.48 that frictional resistance predominates at low speeds and wave drag at high speeds. Note that the second crest of the bow wave (Wb)  40  extends beyond the stern  62 . 
     FIG. 4  shows the addition of a secondary bow  38  below the main bow  37  of the prior art displacement hull  39  of  FIGS. 2 and 3 . This prior art secondary bow  38  is many times called a bulbous bow due to its preferred bulbous shape. The bulbous bow  38  reduces the amplitude of the bow wave by creating a hydrodynamic force that absorbs some of the energy of the bow wave thereby reducing bow wave (Wb)  40  amplitude. The water flow pattern about the bulbous or secondary bow  38  is indicated by water flow arrows  42 . This secondary bow  38  generated hydrodynamic force that absorbs energy of the bow wave results in a reduction in overall wave resistance of the ship. The bulbous bow  38  is mainly effective at higher speeds. The bulbous bow  38  can actually add some resistance at low speeds since it increases wetted area and hence frictional resistance. 
     FIG. 5  presents a version of the instant invention&#39;s hull  36  where the secondary bow  38  of  FIG. 4  has been improved by addition of a first bow oriented water inlet  50 . That first bow oriented water inlet  50  accelerates the water passing over surfaces of the secondary bow  38  to further add to the energy absorbing hydrodynamic force on the bow wave (Wb)  38 . This reduces the amplitude and hence the resistance of the bow wave (Wb)  38  beyond that accomplished by the prior art secondary bow  38  of  FIG. 4  that has no water accelerating bow oriented water inlet  50 . Further shown in  FIG. 5  is a stern oriented water inlet  52  that takes in water proximal the stern  62  of the ship  36  and thereby reduces the amplitude of the stern wave (Ws)  41 . Note the reductions in both the bow and stern waves compared to  FIGS. 3 and 4  that show the prior art at the same Fn of 0.48. 
     FIG. 6  shows yet a further enhancement to the instant invention where the main bow  37   37  slopes aft. The benefit of this aft sloping main bow  37  concept is to move the bow wave (Wb)  40  further aft and to reduce its amplitude. While the  FIG. 5  main bow  37  variant of the instant invention is very workable and within the scope and intent of the instant invention, the preferred embodiment is as shown in  FIG. 6 . 
     FIG. 7  presents a cross-section, as taken through horizontal plane  7 — 7  of  FIG. 4 , that shows the friction resistance generating boundary layer  60  of a prior art ship. Boundary layer velocity profiles  61  show that water next to the hull  39  surfaces have been accelerated by contact with the ship and are at or near ship speed while those at the outer limit of the boundary layer  60  are not effected by the ship&#39;s movement. Note the boundary layer  60  separation aft where the bilge line  63  turns inward going toward the stern  62  in this example. This flow separation proximal the stern  62  is indicated by flow separation line  64 . The associated flow separation results in what are called separation and eddy resistance. 
     FIG. 8  presents a cross-section, as taken through horizontal plane  8 — 8  of  FIG. 5 , that shows how the stern oriented water inlet  50  of the instant invention causes water flow  42  to adhere to the hull  36  aft of the inward turn of the ship&#39;s bilge line  63 . The advantage here is that separation and eddy resistance is greatly reduced. 
     FIG. 9  shows a topside view of a preferred embodiment of a monohull version of the instant invention ship  36 . Additional items shown here include a blower air inlet  48  and air flow arrows  43 . The air inlet  48  is used when it is elected to employ a pressurized air or gas cavity in the underside of the instant invention ship  36 . A stern oriented water propulsor  53  and its water discharge thrust arrow  46  are also shown. 
     FIG. 10  presents a starboard side view of the preferred embodiment of the instant invention ship  36  of  FIG. 9 . This shows the integrated bow and stern oriented water inlets  50  and  42 . 
     FIG. 11  gives a bottom view of the preferred embodiment of the instant invention ship  36 . This view shows a preferred shape of a pressurized air or gas layer recess  59  in the underside of the hull  36 . Note that, while the preferred embodiment utilizes the converging inward bilge hull shape aft, it is quite within the scope and spirit of the invention, though not shown, to have the aft end of the ship  36  remain parallel and full bodied or essentially so from about midship aft. In such case, the pressurized gas layer  64  may be extended further aft than show in  FIG. 11 . 
     FIG. 12  gives a cross-section, as taken through vertical plane  12 — 12  of  FIG. 11 , that shows a preferred shape of the gas cushion recess  59  in the hull&#39;s underside. Elements of the machinery including a bow oriented water propulsor  51 , air or gas pressurizing blower  47 , electric generator  54 , and stern oriented water propulsor  53  are also shown. This overall concept shows totally electrical powered propulsion machinery as is a preferred approach for both commercial and military ships due to its simplicity and compactness of design. 
     FIG. 13  presents a cross-section, as taken through horizontal plane  13 — 13  of  FIG. 12 , that shows propulsion water inlets and general propulsion machinery arrangements. Note that while only one bow oriented water propulsor  51  and one stern oriented water propulsor  53  are shown that any number of each may be utilized where application dictates. 
     FIG. 14  presents a partial section enlarged view that shows the preferred embodiment of secondary bow  38  and bow oriented water inlet  50  and how they relate, in this variation, to a main bow  37  of the preferred embodiment of the instant invention. 
     FIG. 15  gives a cross-section, as taken through vertical plane  15 — 15  of  FIG. 14 , that shows the preferred construction of the secondary bow  38  in this area. It is important to note that various secondary bow  38  shapes may be utilized and that all are considered within the spirit and scope of the instant invention. Shapes ranging from more or less rounded bulbous to hydrofoil shaped that are wider horizontally than vertically may be applied. A secondary bow vertical centerline plane  69  and horizontal centerline plane  68  are also shown. 
     FIG. 16  presents a cross-section, as taken through vertical plane  16 — 16  of  FIG. 14 , that shows a bow oriented water inlet  50  proximal the secondary bow  38 . Note the water inlet grille bars  65  used to prevent debris ingestion are employed here. 
   At this juncture it is appropriate to take a look at some of the predicted gains to be realized by incorporation of the instant invention propulsor(s) into a typical ship. Assuming a 400 foot (122 meter) ship of 12,000 long tons (12,190 metric tons) displacement we can make some comparisons. Referring back to  FIG. 1  and looking at 25, 35, and 45 knot speeds, we can arrive at some approximate friction and wave resistance forces and then express these in terms of ideal power levels required to overcome these forces. As an example, these are summarized for the 400 foot (122 meter) ship at 12,000 long tons (12,190 metric tons) as follows: 
   
     
       
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
                 
             
             
               Velocity, Knots 
               25 
               35 
               45 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
               Friction 
               6,450(4,810) 
               15,480(11,544) 
               29,850(22,260) 
             
             
               Energy-HP(KW) 
             
             
               Wave 
               4,600(3,430) 
               49,000(36,540) 
               149,250(111,298) 
             
             
               Energy-HP(KW) 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   It is obvious from these numbers that our 400 foot (122 meter) LWL ship at 12,000 long tons (12,190 metric tons) displacement has a practical speed limit of about 25 knots where ideal powers of just over 11,000 HP (8,200 KW) are required to overcome Friction and Wave Energy. Going to 35 knots increases power to 65,000 HP (48,471 KW) and to 45 knots to 180,000 HP (134,228 KW). It is also to be noted that Friction Energy has increased by 240 percent over a speed increase from 25 to 35 knots and 463 percent over a speed increase from 25 to 45 knots. This is surpassed by Wave Energy that has increased by 1,065 percent over a speed increase from 25 to 35 knots and 3,244 percent over a speed increase from 25 to 45 knots. A second point to be noted is that Friction Energy is 140 percent of Wave Energy at 25 knots, 32 percent at 35 knots, and only 20 percent at 45 knots. All of this clearly points out that we need to be reducing Wave Energy to obtain high speeds (high Froude numbers) at acceptable power levels. 
   Assuming we can reduce the frictional drag force by ten percent by means of an air layer under the ship and reduce the wave drag force by fifty percent by use of the instant invention new wave energy absorbing propulsion system, the new ideal power or energy requirements are: 
   
     
       
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
                 
             
             
               Velocity, Knots 
               25 
               35 
               45 
             
             
                 
             
           
           
             
               Friction Energy, 
               5,805(4,329) 
               13,932(10,389) 
               26,865(20,034) 
             
             
               New-HP(KW) 
             
             
               Wave Energy, 
               2,300(1,715) 
               24,500(18,270) 
               74,625(55,649) 
             
             
               New-HP(KW) 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   The rational for assuming a ten percent reduction in frictional resistance by use of an air layer under the hull is established by preceding technology. The rational for assuming a fifty percent reduction in wave energy resistance is based on a series of iterations. First, to drive our 400 foot (122 meter) ship at 45 knots requires a total ideal power of over 100,000 HP (75,000 KW). This means that we would require about 40,000 HP (29,828 KW) in ideal power from the bow oriented propulsor(s) and 60,000 HP (44,743 KW) from the stern oriented propulsor(s). 
   The preceding values are the ideal power levels and do not account for propulsor or drive line inefficiencies. Taking those inefficiencies into account adds about 35 percent in the actual on-board propulsor engine power capabilities to overcome Friction and Wave Energies. Therefore, the actual on-board propulsor power requirements work out to about 61,538 HP (45,890 KW) for the bow oriented propulsor(s) and 94,673 HP (70,599 KW) for the stern oriented propulsor(s). So we are looking at a couple of 30,000 HP (23,372 KW) or so propulsors for the bow and two 45,000 HP (33,557 KW) or so propulsors for the stern. 
   It is apparent that such large water propulsors pump or absorb a tremendous amount of water flow. For example, a 30,000 HP (23,372 KW) waterjet has a water flow rate of about 400,000 cubic feet per minute (11,328 cubic meters of per minute) and two of those are prescribed for the bow alone in the example given. It is these tremendously huge propulsor water flows, combined ideally with the preferred embodiment secondary bow, and the fact that they offer huge energy absorbing hydrodynamic forces on the bow and stern waves that make the instant invention result in such greatly improved overall ship efficiencies. 
   In summary, regarding performance gains to be expected, reductions in overall power requirements at high speeds (high Froude numbers) in the fifty percent area are predicted for ships incorporating the instant invention. 
     FIG. 17  presents a centerline cross section, as taken through a vertical centerline plane, of a preferred embodiment of the bow or stern oriented water propulsor  51 ,  53 . Note the stator electric field windings  55  and the rotor armature  56  used here. Rotor vanes  57  and flow straightening stator vanes  58  are also shown. This electric drive water propulsor would normally be a waterjet propulsor. Use of electric drives system such as shown here results in compact lightweight drive systems that do not require gearboxes, drive shafts, or the like. Also depicted is a steering mechanism  66  and a reversing mechanism  67 . The reversing mechanism  67  is actuated here such that it is in position to provide reversing thrust. 
   There is substantial advantage to placing a steering mechanism  66  and/or a reversing mechanism  67  of the bow oriented water propulsor  51  either partially or fully internal to the gas cavity  64 . First, an advantage is seen when the ship is moving forward in that the steering mechanism  66  and/or reversing mechanism  67  of the bow oriented water propulsor  51  do not make water contact and therefore do not add to ship resistance. A second advantage is that discharging the water from the bow oriented water propulsor  51  into the gas layer  64  enhances the efficiency of the bow oriented water propulsor  51  since this approach avoids the turbulent mixing losses associated with discharge of water into a water medium. A steering mechanism  66  and/or reversing mechanism  67  would normally be applied to the stern oriented water propulsor  53  also. 
     FIG. 18  is a similar starboard side view of an instant invention ship  36  as presented in  FIG. 10  but in this instance outrigger hulls  49  have been added. The outrigger hulls  49  provide added stability and increased deck and cargo space. Two or more outrigger hulls  49  may be employed. 
     FIG. 19  gives a cross-section, as taken through vertical plane  19 — 19  of  FIG. 18 . This shows a preferred cross-section shape of a gas cavity recess  59  and of outrigger hulls  49 . It is to be noted that, while preferred, use of a gas cavity recess  59  as presented here and elsewhere in this document is not necessary to the function of the instant invention. In such case where a gas cavity recess  59  is not used, it is possible for a bow oriented water propulsor to discharge its liquid to the side, rear, or other portions of the ship. 
   As a point of interest, the acronym SWEEP, derived from Ship with Wave Energy Engulfing Propulsors, has been coined for the instant invention. By dictionary definition, SWEEP means overwhelming victory. 
   While the invention has been described in connection with a preferred and several alternative embodiments, it will be understood that there is no intention to thereby limit the invention. On the contrary, there is intended to be covered all alternatives, modifications and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims, which are the sole definition of the invention.