Abstract:
A system and method for presenting information relating to heart data can involve operations including identifying arrhythmia events in physiological data obtained for a living being, receiving human assessments of at least a portion of the arrhythmia events, determining a measure of correlation between the human assessments and the identified events, and selectively presenting information regarding the identified events based on the measure of correlation. The operations can also include identifying atrial fibrillation events in physiological data obtained for a living being, obtaining heart rate data for the living being, and presenting information regarding the heart rate data and duration of the atrial fibrillation events together with a common time scale to pictographically represent heart rate trend with atrial fibrillation burden during a defined time period.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Application entitled “Presenting Arrhythmia Information to Facilitate Heart Arrhythmia Identification and Treatment,” filed Nov. 26, 2003, Application Ser. No. 60/525,386. 

   BACKGROUND 
   The present application describes systems and techniques relating to processing and presenting arrhythmia event information from physiological data, for example, selectively presenting atrial fibrillation events to a medical practitioner. 
   Over the years, various devices have been used for monitoring hearts in living beings. Additionally, systems have been used to collect and report on heart information obtained from patients. 
   SUMMARY 
   In general, in one aspect, a heart monitoring system collects heart data from a monitored individual and stores the data at a monitoring center. Collected data can be processed, and graphical representations of the collected information can be presented to medical practitioners to assist in treating heart arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation. A system and method can involve operations including identifying arrhythmia events in physiological data obtained for a living being, receiving human assessments of at least a portion of the arrhythmia events, determining a measure of correlation between the human assessments and the identified events, and selectively presenting information regarding the identified events based on the measure of correlation. The operations also can include identifying atrial fibrillation events in physiological data obtained for a living being, obtaining heart rate data for the living being, and presenting information regarding the heart rate data and duration of the atrial fibrillation events together with a common time scale to pictographically represent heart rate trend with atrial fibrillation burden during a defined time period. 
   One or more of the following advantages can be realized. The heart monitor can loop every twenty-four hours and can automatically transmit heart data at least every twenty-four hours. The system can automatically generate a daily graphical summary of atrial fibrillation (AF) burden for review by a medical practitioner, which can be presented effectively anywhere using one or more communication networks. The AF burden graph can be used for asymptomatic AF detection, drug therapy (rate, rhythm, anti-coagulants), pre/post ablation monitoring, and CHF (congestive heart failure) decompensation. The system can provide an overall sensitivity of 96%, a positive predictivity of over 99%, and artifact rejection of over 90%. In one implementation, the graph only displays events where AF detection is validated by a technician finding AF in over 50% of the automatically identified events. 
   The details of one or more embodiments are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features and advantages will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims. 

   
     DRAWING DESCRIPTIONS 
       FIG. 1  illustrates, according to an exemplary embodiment, a system for reporting information related to arrhythmia events. 
       FIG. 2  shows, according to one embodiment, a graph presenting an example of atrial fibrillation burden and heart rate trend. 
       FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating, according to an exemplary embodiment, a procedure for monitoring, processing, and reporting information related to arrhythmia events. 
       FIG. 4  shows, according to an exemplary embodiment, one graph presenting an example of atrial fibrillation burden and one graph presenting an example of heart rate trend. 
       FIGS. 5 and 6  are diagrams illustrating, according to another exemplary embodiment, a procedure for monitoring, processing, and reporting information related to arrhythmia events. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 1  illustrates, according to one embodiment, a system for reporting information related to arrhythmia events, such as atrial fibrillation events. In this embodiment, monitoring system  109  can communicate (via devices  101  and  102 ) ECG (electrocardiogram), cardiac event, and other data to monitoring center  104 . The system  109  can include, for example, an implantable medical device (IMD), such as an implantable cardiac defibrillator and an associated transceiver or pacemaker and an associated transceiver, or a monitoring device  101  that a patient  110  wears. Further, monitoring system  109  can include a monitor processing device  102  that can send standard physiological data (received from monitoring device  101 ) to monitoring center  104  and that can detect arrhythmia events (such as atrial fibrillation events). In one implementation, the devices  101  and  102  are integrated into a single device. Moreover, the system  109  can be implemented using, for example, the CardioNet Mobile Cardiac Outpatient Telemetry (MCOT) device, which is commercially available and provided by CardioNet, Inc of San Diego, Calif. 
   Monitor processing device  102  can transmit physiological data (including data related to arrhythmia events) through a communication network  103 , which can be a local area network (LAN), a landline telephone network, a wireless network, a satellite communication network, or other suitable network to facilitate two-way communication with monitoring center  104 . Advantageously, monitoring center  104  can be located in the same location (e.g., in the same room or building) as monitoring system  109  or at some remote location. 
   The monitoring center  104  can include a monitoring (or display) station  105  and a processing system  106 . In one implementation, a cardiovascular technician (CVT) can use the monitoring station  105  to evaluate physiological data received from monitoring system  109 , identifying and reporting, among other things, arrhythmia events (such as atrial fibrillation events). The CVT reports these assessments of the physiological data to the processing system  106 , which also receives information related to the arrhythmia events identified by monitoring system  109 . As will be explained further below, processing system  106  analyzes this arrhythmia event data (both the human-assessed data from the CVT and the data reported by monitoring system  109 ) and determines whether to generate a graph (or other similar presentation) related to these events. In certain circumstances, the processing system will send a report related to both arrhythmia and heart rate data to, for example, a physician or other health care provider  108  via transmission path  107 —which may be part of the network  103 . 
     FIG. 3  illustrates, according to one embodiment, a procedure for monitoring, processing, and reporting arrhythmia event data (such as data associated with atrial fibrillation events). In this embodiment, the monitoring system  109  (illustrated in  FIG. 1 ) monitors and reports physiological data (including data related to heart rate) at  301 . At  302 , various parts of this physiological data can be analyzed (for example, RR variability and QRS morphology) and arrhythmia events can be identified based on predefined criteria—the information relating to these events (among other possible information) constituting a first group of data. In one implementation, the monitoring system  109  identifies certain of the arrhythmia events that are urgent or representative and reports those events to both a CVT at  303  and to the processing system at  304 . Alternatively, the system could simply report the events identified at  302  to the processing system. Further, at  303 , a CVT, using station  105 , evaluates various parts of the physiological data received from  302  and/or  301  and also identifies arrhythmia events—the information relating to these human-assessed events (among other possible information) constituting a second group of data. Here, if needed, the CVT can request additional data from monitoring system  109 . 
   At  304 , the processing system  106  analyzes both the first and second group of data, determining a measure of correlation between these groups. This process can involve, for example, determining whether a correlation measure exceeds and/or equals a predetermined correlation parameter or whether a correlation measure is less than and/or equals that parameter. If, based on the correlation analysis, the information related to the arrhythmia events is determined to be valid, then the system generates a report relating to both heart rate trend and the arrhythmia events at  305 , such as the graph shown in  FIG. 2  or the graphs shown in  FIG. 4 . If, on the other hand, there is insufficient correlation, then the system does not generate a report and monitoring continues. 
   To illustrate, in one implementation, every ten minutes, the monitoring system  109  transmits a “flag” if it has detected an atrial fibrillation (AF) event in the last ten minutes. In this implementation, the processing system  106  only generates a graph (or graphs) related to heart rate trend and atrial fibrillation burden—such as the graph shown in  FIG. 2  or the graphs shown in FIG.  4 —if more than 50% of the ten minute flags (generated at  302 ) match events identified by a CVT (at  303 )—a correlation (with respect to the time period at issue) indicating a high positive predictivity for the identification of AF events. If this 50% threshold is not met, then the system does not generate a graph (or graphs) based on the data at issue and simply continues to process data. 
   The term “atrial fibrillation burden” (or more generally, “arrhythmia event burden”) refers generally to the overall amount of time that a patient is in atrial fibrillation (or arrhythmia) over a specified time period, taking into account the number and duration of episodes. Advantageously, employing pictographic presentations, such as those of  FIGS. 2 and 4 , a medical practitioner can see whether a patient is more likely to experience an arrhythmia, such as AF, at certain times of the day, and this can affect therapeutic approaches in some cases. 
     FIG. 2  represents one example of how to pictographically present both heart rate trend and atrial fibrillation burden on a common time scale (to “pictographically present” such data, however, a graph is not required.). The graph  205  contains information relating to, for example, daily AF incidence and time of occurrence  201 , AF duration  202 , and heart rate ( 203  and  204 ). A scale  204  (in this example) indicates heart rate in average beats-per-minute and the dots and lines shown at  203  (for example) indicate values on that scale, standard deviations associated with these values, and heart rates during AF. Further, graph  205  shows heart rate data at 15 minutes and 45 minutes past the hour. Finally, in this graph, the presence of one or more AF events in a given 10-minute period is graphed as a 10-minute interval. 
   Like  FIG. 2 ,  FIG. 4  represents an example of how to pictographically present heart rate trend and atrial fibrillation burden on a common time scale. Although  FIG. 4 , unlike  FIG. 2 , uses two graphs,  FIG. 4  presents the same information as  FIG. 2 . Specifically, graphs  404  and  405  contain information relating to, for example, daily AF incidence and time of occurrence  401 , AF duration  402 , and heart rate ( 403  and  406 ). A scale  406  (in this example) indicates heart rate in average beats-per-minute and the dots and lines shown at  403  (for example) indicate values on that scale, standard deviations associated with these values, and heart rates during AF. 
     FIGS. 5 and 6  are diagrams illustrating another implementation of the invention. Specifically, at  501 , the system  111 , employing monitoring system  109 , obtains physiological data, including heart rate data. In turn, at  502 , the system identifies the presence of arrhythmia events (such as AF events) in this physiological data, examining this data in time intervals. At  503 , the system assigns flags indicating the presence of arrhythmia events and reports those flags—which represent a first group of data—to the processing system. Similarly, at  504 , the system identifies and reports physiological data, such as ECG data, for a subset of the events identified at  502  and reported at  503 . Notably, the system, in this implementation, need not report physiological data for each flag assigned at  503 , but need only report data associated with the most significant events identified at  502 , thereby minimizing the data sent to a CVT. 
   At  601 , the CVT analyzes this data and reports whether arrhythmia events have occurred, thereby generating a second group of data. The processing system then determines (at  602 ), based on comparing time stamps associated with each group of data, at least one measure of correlation between the first group of data and the second group of data. To illustrate, if enough of the human-assessed events reported at  601  match the events reported at  503 , then the system determines that the data is valid, that is, that there is a high positive predictivity for the identification of arrhythmia events. If such a determination is made, the data associated with each flag reported at  503  is pictographically presented in a form such as  FIG. 2  or  FIG. 4 . Significantly, in this implementation, while this pictographic representation can contain all such data, the CVT need only review a subset of this data. In short, the system achieves increased accuracy in the presentation of information relating to arrhythmia events while minimizing the data that the CVT reviews. 
   The disclosed system and all of the functional operations described and illustrated in this specification can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations of the forgoing. Apparatus can be implemented in a software product (e.g., a computer program product) tangibly embodied in a machine-readable storage device for execution by a programmable processor, and processing operations can be performed by a programmable processor executing a program of instructions to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output. Further, the system can be implemented advantageously in one or more software programs that are executable on a programmable system. This programmable system can include the following: 1) at least one programmable processor coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a data storage system; 2) at least one input device; and 3) at least one output device. Moreover, each software program can be implemented in a high-level procedural or object-oriented programming language, or in assembly or machine language if desired; and in any case, the language can be a compiled or an interpreted language. 
   Also, suitable processors include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory, a random access memory, and/or a machine-readable signal (e.g., a digital signal received through a network connection). Generally, a computer will include one or more mass storage devices for storing data files. Such devices can include magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical disks, and optical disks. Storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying software program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including, by way of example, the following: 1) semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM (electrically programmable read-only memory); EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) and flash memory devices; 2) magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks; 3) magneto-optical disks; and 4) CD-ROM disks. Any of the foregoing can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits). 
   To provide for interaction with a user (such as the CVT), the system can be implemented on a computer system having a display device such as a monitor or LCD (liquid crystal display) screen for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device such as a mouse or a trackball by which the user can provide input to the computer system. The computer system can be programmed to provide a graphical user interface through which computer programs interact with users. 
   Finally, while the foregoing system has been described in terms of particular implementations, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. For example, the disclosed operations can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results. Moreover, the system need not employ 10-minute intervals; many different time intervals are possible (as is no interval at all), including 1 minute, 30 second, and 30-minute intervals. Indeed, because time intervals are not required, the graphs of  FIGS. 2 and 4  could be modified to show continuous heart rate trend (accompanied by corresponding AF data) rather than just specific instances of this trend. Further, while  FIGS. 2 and 4  show examples of (among other things) pictographically presenting atrial fibrillation burden (one type of arrhythmia event burden), one could present the same or similar information for another type of arrhythmia event. In fact, one could employ both the format and procedures associated with generating  FIG. 2  or  FIG. 4  (or a similar figure) to pictographically present information related to a number of different types of arrhythmia event burdens.