Abstract:
The present invention includes a method of determining a relative position of a substrate and a template spaced-apart therefrom, the substrate having substrate alignment marks disposed thereon and the template having template alignment marks disposed thereon, the method including, impinging first and second fluxes of light upon the substrate and template alignment marks, with the substrate and template alignment marks being responsive to the first flux of light defining a first response, and being responsive to the second flux of light defining a second response differing from the first response; and processing the first and second responses to form a focused image of the substrate and template alignment marks on a common plane, with the focused image indicating the relative position of the substrate and the template.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    The present application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/907,512 filed on Jul. 16, 2001 entitled “High Resolution Overlay Alignment Methods and Systems for Imprint Lithography,” which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/218,568 filed on Jul. 16, 2000 entitled “High-Resolution Overlay Alignment Methods and Systems for Imprint Lithography,” both of which are incorporated by reference herein. 
     
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT  
       [0002] The U.S. Government has a paid-up license in this invention and the right in limited circumstances to require the patent owner to license others on reasonable terms as provided for by the terms of N66001-98-1-8914 awarded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    The present invention relates to methods and systems to achieve high-resolution overlay alignment for imprint lithography processes.  
           [0004]    Imprint lithography is a technique that is capable of printing features that are smaller than 50 nm in size on a substrate. Imprint lithography may have the potential to replace photolithography as the choice for semiconductor manufacturing in the sub-100 nm regime. Several imprint lithography processes have been introduced during 1990s. However, most of them have limitations that preclude them from use as a practical substitute for photolithography. The limitations of these prior techniques include, for example, high temperature variations, the need for high pressures and the usage of flexible templates.  
           [0005]    Recently, imprint lithography processes may be used to transfer high resolution patterns from a quartz template onto substrate surfaces at room temperature and with the use of low pressures. In the Step and Flash Imprint Lithography (SFIL) process, a rigid quartz template is brought into indirect contact with the substrate surface in the presence of light curable liquid material. The liquid material is cured by the application of light and the pattern of the template is imprinted into the cured liquid.  
           [0006]    Using a rigid and transparent template makes it possible to implement high resolution overlay as part of the SFIL process. Also the use of a low viscosity liquid material that can be processed by light curing at low pressures and room temperatures lead to minimal undesirable layer distortions. Such distortions can make overlay alignment very difficult to implement.  
           [0007]    Overlay alignment schemes typically include measurement of alignment errors between a template and the substrate, followed by compensation of these errors to achieve accurate alignment. The measurement techniques that are used in proximity lithography, x-ray lithography, and photolithography (such as laser interferometry, capacitance sensing, automated image processing of overlay marks on the mask and substrate, etc) may be adapted for the imprint lithography process with appropriate modifications. The compensation techniques have to be developed keeping in mind the specific aspects of imprint lithography processes.  
           [0008]    Overlay errors that typically need to be compensated for include placement errors, theta error and magnification error. Overlay measurement techniques have been significantly improved during recent years as the minimum line width of photolithography processes have continued to shrink. However, these techniques may not be directly applicable to the imprint lithography processes.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0009]    The present invention includes a method of determining a relative position of a substrate and a template spaced-apart therefrom, the substrate having substrate alignment marks disposed thereon and the template having template alignment marks disposed thereon, the method including, impinging first and second fluxes of light upon the substrate and template alignment marks, with the substrate and template alignment marks being responsive to the first flux of light defining a first response, and being responsive to the second flux of light defining a second response differing from the first response; and processing the first and second responses to form a focused image of the substrate and template alignment marks on a common plane, with the focused image indicating the relative position of the substrate and the template. These and other embodiments are described below.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0010]    Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the accompanying drawings in which:  
         [0011]    [0011]FIGS. 1A and 1B depict a cross-sectional view of the gap between a template and a substrate;  
         [0012]    [0012]FIGS. 2A-2E depict cross-sectional views of an imprint lithography process;  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 3 depicts a process flow chart showing the sequence of steps of the imprint lithography process;  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 4 depicts a bottom view of a patterned template;  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 5 depicts a cross-sectional view of a template positioned over a substrate;  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 6 depicts a cross sectional view of an imprint lithography process using a transfer layer;  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 7 depicts a cross-sectional view of a process for forming an imprint lithography template;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIGS. 8A-8C depict a cross-sectional views of patterned templates;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 9 depicts a cross sectional view of alternate patterned template designs;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIGS. 10A-10B depict a top view of a process for applying a curable fluid to a substrate;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 11 depicts a schematic of an apparatus for dispensing a fluid during an imprint lithographic process;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 12 depicts fluid dispensing patterns used in an imprint lithographic process;  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 13 depicts a fluid pattern that includes a plurality of drops on a substrate;  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 14 depicts a schematic of an alternate apparatus for dispensing a fluid during an imprint lithographic process;  
         [0025]    [0025]FIGS. 15A-15B depict a fluid pattern that includes a plurality of substantially parallel lines;  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 16 depicts a projection view of a substrate support system;  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 17 depicts a projection view of an alternate substrate support system;  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of a 4-bar linkage illustrating motion of the flexure joints;  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram of a 4-bar linkage illustrating alternate motion of the flexure joints;  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 20 is a projection view of a magnetic linear servo motor;  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 21 is a process flow chart of global processing of multiple imprints;  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 22 is a process flow chart of local processing of multiple imprints;  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 23 is a projection view of the axis of rotation of a template with respect to a substrate;  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 24 depicts a measuring device positioned over a patterned template;  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 25 depicts a schematic of an optical alignment measuring device;  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 26 depicts a scheme for determining the alignment of a template with respect to a substrate using alignment marks;  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 27 depicts a scheme for determining the alignment of a template with respect to a substrate using alignment marks using polarized filters;  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 28 depicts a schematic view of a capacitive template alignment measuring device;  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 29 depicts a schematic view of a laser interferometer alignment measuring device;  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 30 depicts a scheme for determining alignment with a gap between the template and substrate when the gap is partially filled with fluid;  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 31 depicts an alignment mark that includes a plurality of etched lines;  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 32 depicts a projection view of an orientation stage;  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 33 depicts an exploded view of the orientation stage;  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 34 depicts a process flow of a gap measurement technique;  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 35 depicts a cross sectional view of a technique for determining the gap between two materials;  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 36 depicts a graphical representation for determining local minimum and maximum of a gap;  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 37 depicts a template with gap measuring recesses;  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 38 depicts a schematic for using an interferometer to measure a gap between a template and interferometer;  
         [0049]    [0049]FIG. 39 depicts a schematic for probing the gap between a template and a substrate using a probe-prism combination;  
         [0050]    [0050]FIG. 40 depicts a cross-sectional view of an imprint lithographic process;  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 41 depicts a schematic of a process for illuminating a template;  
         [0052]    FIGS.  42 A-B depict a projection view of a flexure member;  
         [0053]    [0053]FIG. 43 depicts a first and second flexure member assembled for use;  
         [0054]    [0054]FIG. 44 depicts a projection view of the bottom of an orientation stage;  
         [0055]    [0055]FIG. 45 depicts a schematic view of a flexure arm;  
         [0056]    [0056]FIG. 46 depicts a cross-sectional view of a pair of flexure arms;  
         [0057]    [0057]FIG. 47 depicts a scheme for planarization of a substrate;  
         [0058]    FIGS.  48 A-B depicts various views of a vacuum chuck for holding a substrate;  
         [0059]    FIGS.  49 A-C depict a scheme for removing a template from a substrate after curing;  
         [0060]    FIGS.  50 A-C depict a cross-sectional view of a method for removing a template from a substrate after curing;  
         [0061]    FIGS.  51 A-B depict a schematic view of a template support system; and  
         [0062]    [0062]FIG. 52 depicts a side view of a gap between a template and a substrate. 
     
    
       [0063]    While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawing and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0064]    Embodiments presented herein generally relate to systems, devices, and related processes of manufacturing small devices. More specifically, embodiments presented herein relate to systems, devices, and related processes of imprint lithography. For example, these embodiments may have application to imprinting very small features on a substrate, such as a semiconductor wafer. It should be understood that these embodiments may also have application to other tasks, for example, the manufacture of cost-effective Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (or MEMS). Embodiments may also have application to the manufacture of other kinds of devices including, but not limited to: patterned magnetic media for data storage, micro-optical devices, biological and chemical devices, X-ray optical devices, etc.  
         [0065]    With reference now to the figures, and specifically to FIGS. 1A and 1B, therein are shown arrangements of a template  12  predisposed with respect to a substrate  20  upon which desired features are to be imprinted using imprint lithography. Specifically, the template  12  may include a surface  14  that is fabricated to take on the shape of desired features which, in turn, may be transferred to the substrate  20 . In some embodiments, a transfer layer  18  may be placed between the substrate  20  and the template  12 . Transfer layer  18  may receive the desired features from the template  12  via imprinted layer  16 . As is well known in the art, transfer layer  18  may allow one to obtain high aspect ratio structures (or features) from low aspect ratio imprinted features.  
         [0066]    For the purpose of imprint lithography, it is important to maintain the template  12  and substrate  20  as close to each other as possible and nearly parallel. For example, for features that are about 100 nm wide and about 100 nm deep, an average gap of about 200 nm or less with a variation of less than about 50 nm across the imprinting area of the substrate  20  may be required for the imprint lithography process to be successful. Embodiments presented herein provide a way of controlling the spacing between the template  12  and substrate  20  for successful imprint lithography given such tight and precise gap requirements.  
         [0067]    [0067]FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate two types of problems that may be encountered in imprint lithography. In FIG. 1A, a wedge shaped imprinted layer  16  results because the template  12  is closer to the substrate  20  at one end of the imprinted layer  16 . FIG. 1A illustrates the importance of maintaining template  12  and substrate  20  substantially parallel during pattern transfer. FIG. 1B shows the imprinted layer  16  being too thick. Both of these conditions may be highly undesirable. Embodiments presented herein provide systems, processes and related devices which may eliminate the conditions illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B as well as other orientation problems associated with prior art lithography techniques.  
         [0068]    [0068]FIGS. 2A through 2E illustrate an embodiment of an imprint lithography process, denoted generally as  30 . In FIG. 2A, template  12  may be orientated in spaced relation to the substrate  20  so that a gap  31  is formed in the space separating template  12  and substrate  20 . Surface  14  of template  12  may be treated with a thin layer  13  that lowers the template surface energy and assists in separation of template  12  from substrate  20 . The manner of orientation and devices for controlling gap  31  between template  12  and substrate  20  are discussed below. Next, gap  31  may be filled with a substance  40  that conforms to the shape of treated surface  14 . Alternately, in an embodiment, substance  40  may be dispensed upon substrate  20  prior to moving template  12  into a desired position relative to substrate  20 .  
         [0069]    Substance  40  may form an imprinted layer such as imprinted layer  16  shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. Preferably, substance  40  may be a liquid so that it may fill the space of gap  31  rather easily and quickly without the use of high temperatures and the gap can be closed without requiring high pressures. Further details regarding appropriate selections for substance  40  are discussed below.  
         [0070]    A curing agent  32  may be applied to the template  12  causing substance  40  to harden and assume the shape of the space defined by gap  31 . In this way, desired features  44  (FIG. 2D) from the template  12  may be transferred to the upper surface of the substrate  20 . Transfer layer  18  may be provided directly on the upper surface of substrate  20 . Transfer layer  18  may facilitate the amplification of features transferred from the template  12  to generate high aspect ratio features.  
         [0071]    As depicted in FIG. 2D, template  12  may be removed from substrate  20  leaving the desired features  44  thereon. The separation of template  12  from substrate  20  must be done so that desired features  44  remains intact without shearing or tearing from the surface of the substrate  20 . Embodiments presented herein provide a method and associated system for peeling and pulling (referred to herein as the “peel-and-pull” method) template  12  from substrate  20  following imprinting so that desired feature  44  remain intact.  
         [0072]    Finally, in FIG. 2E, features  44  transferred from template  12  to substance  40  may be amplified in vertical size by the action of the transfer layer  18  as is known in the use of bilayer resist processes. The resulting structure may be further processed to complete the manufacturing process using well-known techniques. FIG. 3 summarizes an embodiment of an imprint lithography process, denoted generally as  50 , in flow chart form. Initially, at step  52 , course orientation of a template and a substrate may be performed so that a rough alignment of the template and substrate may be achieved. An advantage of course orientation at step  52  may be that it may allow pre-calibration in a manufacturing environment, where numerous devices are to be manufactured, with efficiency and with high production yields. For example, where the substrate includes one of many die on a semiconductor wafer, course alignment (step  52 ) may be performed once on the first die and applied to all other dies during a single production run. In this way, production cycle times may be reduced and yields may be increased.  
         [0073]    At step  54 , a substance may be dispensed onto the substrate. The substance may be a curable organosilicon solution or other organic liquid that may become a solid when exposed to activating light. The fact that a liquid is used may eliminate the need for high temperatures and high pressures associated with prior art lithography techniques. Next, at step  56 , the spacing between the template and substrate may be controlled so that a relatively uniform gap may be created between the two layers permitting the precise orientation required for successful imprinting. Embodiments presented herein provide a device and system for achieving the orientation (both course and fine) required at step  56 .  
         [0074]    At step  58 , the gap may be closed with fine vertical motion of the template with respect to the substrate and the substance. The substance may be cured (step  59 ) resulting in a hardening of the substance into a form having the features of the template. Next, the template may separated from the substrate, step  60 , resulting in features from the template being imprinted or transferred onto the substrate. Finally, the structure may be etched, step  62 , using a preliminary etch to remove residual material and a well-known oxygen etching technique to etch the transfer layer.  
         [0075]    In various embodiments, a template may incorporate unpatterned regions i) in a plane with the template surface, ii) recessed in the template, iii) protrude from the template, or iv) a combination of the above. A template may be manufactured with protrusions, which may be rigid. Such protrusions may provide a uniform spacer layer useful for particle tolerance and optical devices such as gratings, holograms, etc. Alternately, a template may be manufactured with protrusions that are compressible.  
         [0076]    In general, a template may have a rigid body supporting it via surface contact from: i) the sides, ii) the back, iii) the front or iv) a combination of the above. The template support may have the advantage of limiting template deformation or distortion under applied pressure. In some embodiments, a template may be coated in some regions with a reflective coating. In some such embodiments, the template may incorporate holes in the reflective coating such that light may pass into or through the template. Such coatings may be useful in locating the template for overlay corrections using interferometry. Such coatings may also allow curing with a curing agent source that illuminates through the sides of the template rather than the top. This may allow flexibility in the design of a template holder, of gap sensing techniques, and of overlay mark detection systems, among other things. Exposure of the template may be performed: i) at normal incidences to the template, ii) at inclined angles to the template, or iii) through a side surface of the template. In some embodiments, a template that is rigid may be used in combination with a flexible substrate.  
         [0077]    The template may be manufactured using optical lithography, electron beam lithography, ion-beam lithography, x-ray lithography, extreme ultraviolet lithography, scanning probe lithography, focused ion beam milling, interferometric lithography, epitaxial growth, thin film deposition, chemical etch, plasma etch, ion milling, reactive ion etch or a combination of the above. The template may be formed on a substrate having a flat, parabolic, spherical, or other surface topography. The template may be used with a substrate having a flat, parabolic, spherical, or other surface topography. The substrate may contain a previously patterned topography and/or a film stack of multiple materials.  
         [0078]    In an embodiment depicted in FIG. 4, a template may include a patterning region  401 , an entrainment channel  402 , and an edge  403 . Template edge  403  may be utilized for holding the template within a template holder. Entrainment channel  402  may be configured to entrain excess fluid thereby preventing its spread to adjacent patterning areas, as discussed in more detail below. In some embodiments, a patterned region of a template may be flat. Such embodiments may be useful for planarizing a substrate.  
         [0079]    In some embodiments, the template may be manufactured with a multi-depth design. That is, various features of the template may be at different depths with relation to the surface of the template. For example, entrainment channel  402  may have a depth greater than patterning area  401 . An advantage of such an embodiment may be that accuracy in sensing the gap between the template and substrate may be improved. Very small gaps (e.g., less than about 100 nm) may be difficult to sense; therefore, adding a step of a known depth to the template may enable more accurate gap sensing. An advantage of a dual-depth design may be that such a design may enable using a standardized template holder to hold an imprint template of a given size which may include dies of various sizes. A third advantage of a dual-depth design may enable using the peripheral region to hold the template. In such a system, all portions of the template and substrate interface having functional structures may be exposed to the curing agent. As depicted in FIG. 5, a template  500  with the depth of the peripheral region  501  properly designed may abut adjacent imprints  502 ,  503 . Additionally, the peripheral region  501  of imprint template  500  may remain a safe vertical distance away from imprints  503 .  
         [0080]    A dual-depth imprint template, as described above, may be fabricated using various methods. In an embodiment depicted in FIG. 6, a single, thick substrate  601  may be formed with both a high-resolution, shallow-depth die pattern  602 , and a low-resolution, large-depth peripheral pattern  603 . In an embodiment, as depicted in FIG. 7, a thin substrate  702  (e.g., quartz wafer) may be formed having a high-resolution, shallow-depth die pattern  701 . Die pattern  701  may then be cut from substrate  702 . Die pattern  701  may then be bonded to a thicker substrate  703 , which has been sized to fit into an imprint template holder on an imprint machine. This bonding may be preferably achieved using an adhesive  704  with an index of refraction of the curing agent (e.g., UV light) similar to that of the template material.  
         [0081]    Additional imprint template designs are depicted in FIGS. 8A, 8B, and  8 C and generally referenced by numerals  801 ,  802 , and  803 , respectively. Each of template designs  801 ,  802  and  803  may include recessed regions which may be used for gap measurement and or entrainment of excess fluid.  
         [0082]    In an embodiment, a template may include a mechanism for controlling fluid spread that is based on the physical properties of the materials as well as geometry of the template. The amount of excess fluid which may be tolerated without causing loss of substrate area may limited by the surface energies of the various materials, the fluid density and template geometry. Accordingly, a relief structure may be used to entrain the excess fluid encompassing a region surrounding the desired molding or patterning area. This region may generally be referred to as the “kerf.” The relief structure in the kerf may be recessed into the template surface using standard processing techniques used to construct the pattern or mold relief structure, as discussed above.  
         [0083]    In conventional photolithography, the use of optical proximity corrections in the photomasks design is becoming the standard to produce accurate patterns of the designed dimensions. Similar concepts may be applied to micro- and nano-molding or imprint lithography. A substantial difference in imprint lithography processes may be that errors may not be due to diffraction or optical interference but rather due to physical property changes that may occur during processing. These changes may determine the nature or the need for engineered relief corrections in the geometry of the template. A template in which a pattern relief structure is designed to accommodate material changes (such as shrinkage or expansion) during imprinting, similar in concept to optical proximity correction used in optical lithography, may eliminate errors due to these changes in physical properties. By accounting for changes in physical properties, such as volumetric expansion or contraction, relief structure may be adjusted to generate the exact desired replicated feature. For example, FIG. 9 depicts an example of an imprint formed without accounting for material property changes  901 , and an imprint formed accounting for changes in material properties  902 . In certain embodiments, a template with features having a substantially rectangular profile  904 , may be subject to deformations due to material shrinkage during curing. To compensate for such material shrinkage, template features may be provided with an angled profile  905 .  
         [0084]    With respect to imprint lithography processes, the durability of the template and its release characteristics may be of concern. A durable template may be formed of a silicon or silicon dioxide substrate. Other suitable materials may include, but are not limited to: silicon germanium carbon, gallium nitride, silicon germanium, sapphire, gallium arsinide, epitaxial silicon, poly-silicon, gate oxide, quartz or combinations thereof. Templates may also include materials used to form detectable features, such as alignment markings. For example, detectable features may be formed of SiOx, where x is less than 2. In some embodiments x may be about 1.5. It is believed that this material may be opaque to visible light, but transparent to some activating light wavelengths.  
         [0085]    It has been found through experimentation that the durability of the template may be improved by treating the template to form a thin layer on the surface of the template. For example, an alkylsilane, a fluoroalkylsilane, or a fluoroalkyltrichlorosilane layer may be formed on the surface, in particular tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl trichlorosilane (C 5 F 13 C 2 H 4 SiCl 3 ) may be used. Such a treatment may form a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on the surface of the template.  
         [0086]    A surface treatment process may be optimized to yield low surface energy coatings. Such a coating may be used in preparing imprint templates for imprint lithography. Treated templates may have desirable release characteristics relative to untreated templates. For example, newly-treated templates may posses surface free energies, λ treated  of about 14 dynes/cm. Untreated template surfaces may posses surface free energies, λ untreated  about 65 dynes/cm. A treatment procedure disclosed herein may yield films exhibiting a high level of durability. Durability may be highly desirable since it may lead to a template that may withstand numerous imprints in a manufacturing setting.  
         [0087]    A coatings for the template surface may be formed using either a liquid-phase process or a vapor-phase process. In a liquid-phase process, the substrate may be immersed in a solution of precursor and solvent. In a vapor-phase process, a precursor may be delivered via an inert carrier gas. It may be difficult to obtain a purely anhydrous solvent for use in liquid-phase treatments. Water in the bulk phase during treatment may result in clump deposition, which may adversely affect the final quality or coverage of the coating. In an embodiment of a vapor-phase process, the template may be placed in a vacuum chamber, after which the chamber may be cycle-purged to remove excess water. Some adsorbed water may remain on the surface of the template. A small amount of water may be needed to complete a surface reaction which forms the coating. It is believed that the reaction may be described by the formula:  
         R—SiCI3+3H2O=&gt;R→Si(OH)3+3HCI  
         [0088]    To facilitate the reaction, the template may be brought to a desired reaction temperature via a temperature-controlled chuck. The precursor may then be fed into the reaction chamber for a prescribed time. Reaction parameters such as template temperature, precursor concentration, flow geometries, etc. may be tailored to the specific precursor and template substrate combination.  
         [0089]    As previously mentioned, substance  40  may be a liquid so that it may fill the space of gap  31 . For example, substance  40  may be a low viscosity liquid monomer solution. A suitable solution may have a viscosity ranging from about 0.01 cps to about 100 cps (measured at 25 degrees C.). Low viscosities are especially desirable for high-resolution (e.g., sub-100 nm) structures. In particular, in the sub-50 nm regime, the viscosity of the solution should be at or below about 25 cps, or more preferably below about 5 cps (measured at 25 degrees C.). In an embodiment, a suitable solution may include a mixture of 50% by weight n-butyl acrylate and 50% SIA 0210.0 (3-acryoloxypropyltristrimethylsiloxane) silane. To this solution may be added a small percentage of a polymerization initiator (e.g., a photo initiator). For example, a 3% by weight solution of a 1:1 Irg 819 and Irg 184 and 5% of sm 1402.0 may be suitable. The viscosity of this mixture is about 1 cps.  
         [0090]    In an embodiment, an imprint lithography system may include automatic fluid dispensing method and system for dispensing fluid on the surface of a substrate (e.g., a semiconductor wafer). The dispensing method may use a modular automated fluid dispenser with one or more extended dispenser tips. The dispensing method may use an X-Y stage to generate relative lateral motions between the dispenser tip and the substrate. The method may eliminate several problems with imprint lithography using low viscosity fluids. For example, the method may eliminate air bubble trapping and localized deformation of an imprinting area. Embodiments may also provide a way of achieving low imprinting pressures while spreading the fluid across the entire gap between the imprinting template and the substrate, without unnecessary wastage of excess fluid.  
         [0091]    In an embodiment, a dispensed volume may typically be less than about 130 nl (nano-liter) for a 1 inch 2  imprint area. After dispensing, subsequent processes may involve exposing the template and substrate assembly to a curing agent. Separation of the template from the substrate may leave a transferred image on top of the imprinted surface. The transferred image may lie on a thin layer of remaining exposed material. The remaining layer may be referred to as a “base layer.” The base layer should be thin and uniform for a manufacturable imprint.  
         [0092]    Imprint processes may involve high pressures and/or high temperatures applied at the template and substrate interface. However, for the purpose of a manufacturable imprint lithography process including high resolution overlay alignment, high pressures and temperatures should be avoided. Embodiments disclosed herein avoid the need for high temperature by using low viscosity photo-curable fluids. Further, imprinting pressures may be minimized by reducing squeezing force required to spread the fluid across the entire imprinting area. Therefore, for the purpose of fluid based imprint lithography, a fluid dispense process should satisfy the following properties:  
         [0093]    1. No air bubble should be trapped between template and substrate;  
         [0094]    2. Direct contact between the dispenser tip and substrate should be avoided to minimize particle generation;  
         [0095]    3. Pressure required to fill the gap between template and substrate should be minimized;  
         [0096]    4. Non-uniform fluid buildup and/or pressure gradients should be minimized to reduce non-uniform localized deformation of template-substrate interface; and  
         [0097]    5. Waste of the dispensed fluid should be minimized.  
         [0098]    In some embodiments, relative motion between a displacement based fluid dispenser tip and a substrate may be used to form a pattern with substantially continuous lines on an imprinting area. Size of the cross section of the line and the shape of the line may be controlled by balancing rates of dispensing and relative motion. During the dispensing process, dispenser tips may be fixed near (e.g., on the order of tens of microns) the substrate. Two methods of forming a line pattern are depicted in FIGS. 10A and 10B. The pattern depicted in FIGS. 10A and 10B is a sinusoidal pattern; however, other patterns are possible. As depicted in FIGS. 10A and 10B a continuous line pattern may be drawn using either a single dispenser tip  1001  or multiple dispenser tips  1002 .  
         [0099]    Dispensing rate, V d , and relative lateral velocity of a substrate, v s , may be related as follows:  
           V   d   =V   d   /t   d  (dispensing volume/dispensing period),  (1)  
           V   s   =L/t   d  (line length/dispensing period),  (2)  
           V   d   =aL  (where, ‘a’ is the cross section area of line pattern),  (3)  
         [0100]    Therefore,  
           V   d   =av   s .  (4)  
         [0101]    The width of the initial line pattern may normally depend on the tip size of a dispenser. The tip dispenser may be fixed. In an embodiment, a fluid dispensing controller  1111  (as depicted in FIG. 11) may be used to control the volume of fluid dispensed (V d ) and the time taken to dispense the fluid (t d ). If V d  and t d  are fixed, increasing the length of the line leads to lower height of the cross section of the line pattern. Increasing pattern length may be achieved by increasing the spatial frequency of the periodic patterns. Lower height of the pattern may lead to a decrease in the amount of fluid to be displaced during imprint processes. By using multiple tips connected to the same dispensing line, line patterns with long lengths may be formed faster as compared to the case of a single dispenser tip. In an embodiment, a displacement based fluid delivery system may include: a fluid container  1101 , an inlet tube  1102 , an inlet valve  1103 , an outlet valve  1104 , a syringe  1105 , a syringe actuator  1106 , a dispenser tip  1107 , an X stage actuator  1109 , a Y stage actuator  1110 , a dispenser controller  1111 , an XY stage controller  1112 , and a main control computer  1113 . A suitable displacement based dispenser may be available from the Hamilton Company.  
         [0102]    [0102]FIG. 12 illustrates several undesirable fluid patterns or dispensing methods for low viscosity fluids. These dispensing patterns may lead to one or more problems, including: trapping air bubbles, localized deformations, and waste of fluid. For example, dispensing a single drop at the center of the imprinting area  1201 , or dispensing irregular lines  1205  may lead to localized deformations of the template and/or substrate. Dispensing several drops  1202 , or lines  1206  in a circumferential pattern may lead to trapping of air bubbles. Other dispensing patterns with nearly closed circumferential patterns  1204  may similarly lead to air bubble trapping. Likewise, spraying or random placement of droplets  1203  may lead to trapping of air bubbles. Spin-coating a substrate with a low viscosity fluid may cause a “dewetting” problem due to the thin film instability. Dewetting may lead to formation of numerous small drops of fluid on the substrate, instead of a thin uniform layer of fluid.  
         [0103]    In an embodiment, a fluid dispensing method may dispense multiple small drops of liquid that may later be formed into a continuous body as they expand. FIG. 13 depicts the case of using five drops of liquid. Here, five drops are used only for the purpose of illustration. Other “open” patterns, such as a sinusoidal line, a ‘W’, or an ‘X’ may be implemented using this method. As the template-substrate gap decreases, circular drops  1301  may become thinner and wider causing neighboring drops to merge together  1302 . Therefore, even though the initial dispensing may not include a continuous form, the expanding liquid may expel air from the gap between the template and substrate. A pattern effective for use in this method should be dispensed in such a way that as droplets expand, they do not trap any air between the template and substrate.  
         [0104]    Small drops of liquid whose volume may be accurately specified may be dispensed using micro-solenoid valves with a pressure-supporting unit. Another type of the liquid dispensing actuator may include a piezo-actuated dispenser. Advantages of a system with a micro-solenoid valve dispenser as compared to a displacement based fluid dispenser may include faster dispensing time and more accurate volume control. These advantages may be especially desirable for larger size imprints (e.g., several inches across). An embodiment of a system including micro-solenoid valves is depicted in FIG. 14. The system may include: fluid container  1401 , an inlet tube  1402 , an inlet valve  1403 , a pump  1404 , an outlet valve  1405 , a pump controller  1406 , a micro-solenoid valve  1407 , a micro-solenoid valve controller  1408 , an X-y stage  1409 , an X-Y stage controller  1410 , and a main computer  1412 . A substrate  1411  may be placed on X-Y stage  1409 . A suitable micro-solenoid valve dispenser system may be available from the Lee Company.  
         [0105]    A dispensing pattern that may be useful for large imprint areas (e.g., greater than several inches 2 ) is depicted in FIG. 15A. In such an embodiment, parallel lines of fluid  1503  may be dispensed. Parallel lines of fluid  1503  may be expanded in such a way that air may be expelled from the gap as template  1501  approaches substrate  1502 . To facilitate expanding lines  1503  in the desired manner, template  1501  may be close to the gap in an intentionally wedged configuration (as depicted in FIG. 15B). That is, the template/substrate gap may be closed along lines  1503  (e.g., the wedge angle may be parallel to the lines  1503 ).  
         [0106]    An advantage of providing a well-distributed initial fluid layer may be that the orientation error between the template and substrate may be compensated for. This may be due to the hydraulic dynamics of the thin layer of fluid and compliance of the orientation stage. The lower portion of the template may contact the dispensed fluid earlier than other portions of the template. As the gap between the template and substrate gets smaller, the imbalance of reaction forces between the lower and higher portions of the template increases. This imbalance of forces may lead to a correcting motion for the template and substrate, e.g., bring them into a substantially parallel relationship.  
         [0107]    Successful imprint lithography may require precise alignment and orientation of the template with respect to the substrate to control the gap in between the template and substrate. Embodiments presented herein may provide a system capable of achieving precise alignment and gap control in a production fabrication process. In an embodiment, the system may include a high resolution X-Y translation stage. In an embodiment, the system may provide a pre-calibration stage for performing a preliminary and course alignment operation between the template and substrate surface to bring the relative alignment to within the motion range of a fine movement orientation stage. This pre-calibration stage may be required only when a new template is installed into the apparatus (also sometimes known as a stepper). The pre-calibration stage may consist of a base plate, a flexure component, and a plurality of micrometers or high resolution actuators coupling the base plate and the flexure component.  
         [0108]    [0108]FIG. 16 depicts an embodiment of an X-Y translation stage in an assembled configuration, and generally referenced by numeral  1600 . The overall footprint may be less than about 20 inches by 20 inches and the height may be about 6 inches (including a wafer chuck). Such an embodiment may provide X and Y-axis translation ranges of motion of about 12 inches.  
         [0109]    A second embodiment of an X-Y translation stage is depicted in FIG. 17, and generally referenced by numeral  1700 . To provide a similar range of motion to that of X-Y stage  1600 , stage  1700  may have a foot print of about 29 inches by 29 inches and a height of about 15 inches (including a wafer chuck). Stages  1600  and  1700  differ mainly in that additional linkages  1701  are oriented vertically, thereby providing additional load bearing support for the translation stage.  
         [0110]    Both X-Y stage  1600  and X-Y stage  1700  are flexure based systems. Flexures are widely used in precision machines since they may offer frictionless, particle-free and low maintenance operation. Flexures may also provide extremely high resolution. However, most flexure based systems may possess limited ranges of motion (e.g., sub mm range of motion). Embodiments disclosed herein may have a range of motion of more than 12 inches. It is believed that such stages may be cost-effective for lithographic applications, particularly in vacuum. Further, for imprint lithography techniques, the presence of imprint forces may give embodiments presented herein significant advantages.  
         [0111]    In general, an X-Y stage may include two types of components: actuation components and load-carrying components. Lead screw assembly mechanisms have been widely used where the positioning accuracy is not a very significant factor. For high accuracy applications, ball screw assemblies have been used for both the actuating and load-carrying components. Both of these designs may be prone to problems of backlash and stiction. Further, the need for lubrication may make these designs undesirable for use in vacuum or in particle-sensitive applications (e.g., imprint lithography).  
         [0112]    Additionally, some designs may utilize air bearings. Air bearings may substantially eliminate problems of stiction and backlash. However, air bearings may provide limited load bearing capacities. Additionally, air bearings may be unsuitable for use in vacuum environments.  
         [0113]    [0113]FIG. 18 shows a schematic of portion of a basic linkage  1800 . Link  1  ( 1804 ) and link  3  ( 1805 ) may be of the same length. When a moving body  1801  moves along the X-axis, all of the joints in linkage  1800  rotate by the same absolute angle. It should be noted that the motion range may be independent of the length of link  2  ( 1803 ). Due to kinematic constraints, link  2  ( 1803 ) may remain parallel to a line between joint  1  ( 1806 ) and joint  4  ( 1807 ). In linkage  1800 , the range of motion, lm, may be given as:  
               l   m     =     2          d   1          [       cos        (       θ   o     -       α   max     /   2       )       -     cos        (       θ   o     +       α   max     /   2       )         ]                 (   5   )                              =     4        d   1          sin        (     θ   o     )            sin        (       α   max     /   2     )           ,                                             
 
         [0114]    where, θ o  is the angle of joint  1  ( 1806 ) when all flexure joints are in their equilibrium conditions, α max  is the maximum rotation range of the flexure pivots, and d l  is the length of links  1  and  3 , ( 1804 ) and ( 1805 ). As shown in Eqn. (5), for given d l , the motion range is maximized when θ o =90 Degree. Therefore, the link length may be given as:  
           d   l   =l   m /[4 sin(α max /2)]  (6)  
         [0115]    Therefore, using an α max  of 60°, the minimum link length for a 12 inch motion range, is 6 inches.  
         [0116]    [0116]FIG. 19 depicts an embodiment of a basic linkage similar to linkage  1800 , but with the addition of two cylindrical disks  1902 . A kinematic study shows that if joint  2   1904  and joint  3   1905  of FIG. 19 rotate in opposite directions by the same angle, the stage may generate a pure translational motion along the X axis. By adding cylindrical disks  1902  at flexure joints  2   1904  and  3   1905 , the resulting rolling contact may rotate link  1   1908  and link  2   1906  in opposite directions. In an embodiment, no additional joints or bearings may be required since cylindrical discs  1902  may be coupled to links  1908  and  1906 . In order to prevent discs  1902  from slipping, an appropriate pre-load may be applied between the two disks. Compared to conventional stages where direct driven mechanisms or bearings may be used, the contact surface here may be relatively small, and relatively easy to maintain. Note that although disks  1902  are not depicted in relation to X-Y stages  1600 , and  1700 , disks  1902  may be present in some embodiments. Links  1602  and  1601  in FIG. 16 may correspond to links  1908  and  1906  of FIG. 19. Thus disks  1902  may be present at location  1603  (as well as other locations not visible in the FIG. 16). Referring to FIG. 17, disks  1902  may be present at location  1702  (as well as other locations not visible in FIG. 17).  
         [0117]    As the actuation system for either of stages  1600  or  1700 , two linear servo motors (as depicted in FIG. 20 and referenced by numeral  2000 ) may be suitable. One linear servo motor may serve each translation axis. Suitable linear servo motors may be available from the Trilogy Systems Corporation. An advantage of such linear servo motors may be the absence of frictional contact. Another advantage of such linear servo motors may be the fact that they may readily produces actuation forces greater than about 100 pounds. Therefore, actuation components may provide only translational motion control in the X and Y directions. It should be noted that in some embodiments, the actuator of the lower stage might need to be more powerful than the actuator of the upper stage. In some embodiments, laser interferometers may provide a feedback signal to control X and Y positioning of the X-Y stage. It is believed that laser interferometry may provide nm level positioning control.  
         [0118]    Placement errors can be compensated using laser interferometers and high resolution X-Y stages (such as X-Y stage  1700 , depicted in FIG. 17). If the orientation alignments between the template and substrate are independent from X-Y motions, the placement error may need to be compensated only once for an entire substrate wafer (i.e., “global overlay”). If orientation alignments between the template and substrate are coupled with X-Y motions and/or excessive local orientation variations on substrate exist, then X-Y position changes of the template relative to the substrate may need to be compensated for (i.e., field-to-field overlay). Overlay alignment issues are further discussed with regard the overlay alignment section. FIGS. 21 and 22 provide global and field-to-field overlay error compensation algorithms, respectively.  
         [0119]    In an embodiment, orientation of template and substrate may be achieved by a pre-calibration stage (automatically, using actuators or manual, using micrometers) and a fine orientation stage, which may be active or passive. Either or both of these stages may include other mechanisms, but flexure-based mechanisms may be preferred in order to avoid particles. The calibration stage may be mounted to a frame, and the fine orientation stage may be mounted to the pre-calibration stage. Such an embodiment may thereby form a serial mechanical arrangement.  
         [0120]    A fine orientation stage may include one or more passive compliant members. A “passive compliant member” may generally refer to a member that gets its motion from compliance. That is, motion may be activated by direct or indirect contact with the liquid. If the fine orientation stage is passive, then it may be designed to have the most dominant compliance about two orientation axes. The two orientation axes may be orthogonal and may lie on the template lower surface (as described with referenced to FIG. 43). The two orthogonal torsional compliance values may typically be the same for a square template. The fine orientation stage may be designed such that when the template is non-parallel with respect to the substrate, as it makes contact with the liquid, the resulting uneven liquid pressure may rapidly correct the orientation error. In an embodiment, the correction may be affected with minimal, or no overshoot. Further, a fine orientation stage as described above may hold the substantially parallel orientation between the template and substrate for a sufficiently long period to allow curing of the liquid.  
         [0121]    In an embodiment, a fine orientation stage may include one or more actuators. For example, piezo actuators (as described with reference to FIG. 46) may be suitable. In such an embodiment, the effective passive compliance of the fine orientation stage coupled with the pre-calibration stage should still be substantially torsional about the two orientation axes. The geometric and material parameters of all the structural and active elements together may contribute to this effective passive stiffness. For instance, piezo actuators may also be compliant in tension and compression. The geometric and material parameters may be synthesized to obtain the desired torsional compliance about the two orthogonal orientation axes. A simple approach to this synthesis may be to make the compliance of the actuators along their actuation direction in the fine orientation stage higher than the structural compliances in the rest of the stage system. This may provide passive self-correction capability when a non-parallel template comes into contact with the liquid on the substrate. Further, this compliance should be chosen to allow for rapidly correcting orientation errors, with minimal or no overshoot. The fine orientation stage may hold the substantially parallel orientation between the template and substrate for sufficiently long period to allow curing of the liquid.  
         [0122]    Overlay alignment schemes may include measurement of alignment errors followed by compensation of these errors to achieve accurate alignment of an imprint template, and a desired imprint location on a substrate. The measurement techniques used in proximity lithography, x-ray lithography, and photolithography (e.g., laser interferometry, capacitance sensing, automated image processing of overlay marks on the mask and substrate, etc) may be adapted for the imprint lithography process with appropriate modifications.  
         [0123]    Types of overlay errors for lithography processes may include placement error, theta error, magnification error, and mask distortion error. An advantage of embodiments disclosed herein may be that mask distortion errors may not be present because the disclosed processes may operate at relatively low temperatures (e.g., room temperature) and low pressures. Therefore, these embodiments may not induce significant distortion. Further, these embodiments may use templates that are made of a relatively thick substrate. This may lead to much smaller mask (or template) distortion errors as compared to other lithography processes where masks are made of relatively thin substrates. Further, the entire area of the templates for imprint lithography processes may be transparent to the curing agent (e.g., UV light), which may minimize heating due to absorption of energy from the curing agent. The reduced heating may minimize the occurrence of heat-induced distortions compared to photolithography processes where a significant portion of the bottom surface of a mask may be opaque due to the presence of a metallic coating.  
         [0124]    Placement error may generally refer to X-Y positioning errors between a template and substrate (that is, translation along the X and/or Y-axis). Theta error may generally refer to the relative orientation error about Z-axis (that is, rotation about the Z-axis). Magnification error may generally refer to thermal or material induced shrinkage or expansion of the imprinted area as compared to the original patterned area on the template.  
         [0125]    In imprint lithography processes, orientation alignment for gap control purposes between a template and substrate corresponding to the angles α and β in FIG. 23 may need to be performed frequently if excessive field-to-field surface variations exist on the substrate. In general, it is desirable for the variation across an imprinting area to be smaller than about one-half of the imprinted feature height. If orientation alignments are coupled with the X-Y positioning of the template and substrate, field-to-field placement error compensations may be necessary. However, embodiments of orientation stages that may perform orientation alignment without inducing placement errors are presented herein.  
         [0126]    Photolithography processes that use a focusing lens system may position the mask and substrate such that it may be possible to locate the images of two alignment marks (one on the mask and the other on the substrate) onto the same focal plane. Alignment errors may be induced by looking at the relative positioning of these alignment marks. In imprint lithography processes, the template and substrate maintain a relatively small gap (of the order of micro meters or less) during the overlay error measurement. Therefore, overlay error measurement tools may need to focus two overlay marks from different planes onto the same focal plane. Such a requirement may not be critical for devices with features that are relatively large (e.g., about 0.5 J.lm). However, for critical features in the sub-100 nm region, the images of the two overlay marks should to be captured on the same focal plane in order to achieve high resolution overlay error measurements.  
         [0127]    Accordingly, overlay error measurement and error compensation methods for imprint lithography processes should satisfy the following requirements:  
         [0128]    1. Overlay error measurement tools should be able to focus on two overlay marks that are not on the same plane;  
         [0129]    2. Overlay error correction tools should be able to move the template and substrate relatively in X and Y in the presence of a thin layer of fluid between the template and substrate;  
         [0130]    3. Overlay error correction tools should be able to compensate for theta error in the presence of a thin layer of fluid between the template and substrate; and  
         [0131]    4. Overlay error correction tools should be able to compensate for magnification error.  
         [0132]    The first requirement presented above can be satisfied by i) moving an optical imaging tool up and down (as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,739) or ii) using illumination sources with two different wavelengths. For both these approaches, knowledge of the gap measurement between the template and the substrate is useful, especially for the second method. The gap between the template and substrate may be measured using one of existing non-contact film thickness measurement tools including broad-band interferometry, laser interferometry and capacitance sensors.  
         [0133]    [0133]FIG. 24 illustrates the positions of template  2400 , substrate  2401 , fluid  2403 , gap  2405  and overlay error measurement tools  2402 . The height of a measuring tool may be adjusted  2406  according to the gap information to acquire two overlay marks on the same imaging plane. In order to fulfill this approach an image storing  2407  device may be required. Additionally, the positioning devices of the template and wafer should be vibrationally isolated from the up and down motions of the measuring device  2402 . Further, when scanning motions in X-Y directions between the template and substrate are needed for high resolution overlay alignment, this approach may not produce continuous images of the overlay marks. Therefore, this approach may be adapted for relatively low-resolution overlay alignment schemes for the imprint lithography process.  
         [0134]    [0134]FIG. 25 illustrates an apparatus for focusing two alignment marks from different planes onto a single focal plane. Apparatus  2500  may use the change of focal length resulting from light with distinct wavelengths being used as the illumination sources. Apparatus  2500  may include an image storage device  2503 , and illumination source (not shown), and a focusing device  2505 . Light with distinct wavelengths may be generated either by using individual light sources or by using a single broad band light source and inserting optical band-pass filters between the imaging plane and the alignment marks. Depending on the gap between the template  2501  and substrate  2502 , a different set of two wavelengths may be selected to adjust the focal lengths. Under each illumination, each overlay mark may produce two images on the imaging plane as depicted in FIG. 26. A first image  2601  may be a clearly focused image. A second image  2602  may be an out-of-focus image. In order to eliminate each out-of-focus image, several methods may be used.  
         [0135]    In a first method, under illumination with a first wavelength of light, two images may be received by an imaging array (e.g., a CCD array). Images which may be received are depicted in FIG. 26 and generally referenced by numeral  2604 . Image  2602  may correspond to an overlay alignment mark on the substrate. Image  2601  may correspond to an overlay alignment mark on the template. When image  2602  is focused, image  2601  may be out-of-focus, and visa-versa. In an embodiment, an image processing technique may be used to erase geometric data corresponding to pixels associated with image  2602 . Thus, the out of focus image of the substrate mark may be eliminated, leaving image  2601 . Using the same procedure and a second wavelength of light, image  2605  and  2606  may be formed on the imaging array. The procedure may eliminate out of focus image  2606 . Thus image  2605  may remain. The two remaining focused images  2601  and  2605  may then be combined onto a single imaging plane  2603  for making overlay error measurements.  
         [0136]    A second method may utilize two coplanar polarizing arrays, as depicted in FIG. 27, and polarized illumination sources. FIG. 27 illustrates overlay marks  2701  and orthogonally polarized arrays  2702 . Polarizing arrays  2702  may be made on the template surface or may be placed above it. Under two polarized illumination sources, only focused images  2703  (each corresponding to a distinct wavelength and polarization) may appear on the imaging plane. Thus, out of focus images may be filtered out by polarizing arrays  2702 . An advantage of this method may be that it may not require an image processing technique to eliminate out-of-focused images.  
         [0137]    It should be noted that, if the gap between the template and substrate is too small during overlay measurement, error correction may become difficult due to stiction or increased shear forces of the thin fluid layer. Additionally, overlay errors may be caused by the non-ideal vertical motion between the template and substrate if the gap is too large. Therefore, an optimal gap between the template and substrate should to be determined, where the overlay error measurements and corrections may be performed.  
         [0138]    Moiré pattern based overlay measurement has been used for optical lithography processes. For imprint lithography processes, where two layers of Moiré patterns are not on the same plane but still overlapped in the imaging array, acquiring two individual focused images may be difficult to achieve. However, carefully controlling the gap between the template and substrate within the depth of focus of the optical measurement tool and without direct contact between the template and substrate may allow two layers of Moiré patterns to be simultaneously acquired with minimal focusing problems. It is believed that other standard overlay schemes based on the Moiré patterns may be directly implemented to imprint lithography process.  
         [0139]    Placement errors may be compensated for using capacitance sensors or laser interferometers, and high resolution X-Y stages. In an embodiment where orientation alignments between the template and substrate are independent from X-Y motions, placement error may need to be compensated for only once for an entire substrate (e.g., a semiconductor wafer). Such a method may be referred to as a “global overlay.” If orientation alignments between the template and substrate are coupled with X-Y motions and excessive local orientation variations exist on the substrate, X-Y position change of the template may be compensated for using capacitance sensors and/or laser interferometers. Such a method may be referred to as a “field-to-field overlay.” FIGS. 28 and 29 depict suitable sensor implementations. FIG. 28 depicts an embodiment of a capacitance sensing system. A capacitance sensing system may include capacitance sensors  2801 , a conductive coating  2802 , on a template  2803 . Thus, by sensing differences in capacitance, the location of template  2803  may be determined. Similarly, FIG. 29 depicts an embodiment of a laser interferometer system including reflective coating  2901 , laser signal  2902  and receiver  2903 . Laser signals received by receiver  2903  may be used to determine the location of template  2904 .  
         [0140]    The magnification error, if any exists, may be compensated for by carefully controlling the temperature of the substrate and the template. Using the difference of the thermal expansion properties of the substrate and template, the size of pre-existing patterned areas on the substrate may be adjusted to that of a new template. However, it is believed that the magnification error may be much smaller in magnitude than placement error or theta error when an imprint lithography process is conducted at room temperature and low pressures.  
         [0141]    The theta error may be compensated for using a theta stage that has been widely used for photolithography processes. Theta error may be compensated for by using two separate alignment marks that are separated by a sufficiently large distance to provide a high resolution theta error estimate. The theta error may be compensated for when the template is positioned a few microns apart from the substrate. Therefore, no shearing of existing patterns may occur.  
         [0142]    Another concern with overlay alignment for imprint lithography processes that use UV curable liquid materials may be the visibility of the alignment marks. For the overlay error measurement, two overlay marks, one on the template and the other on the substrate may be used. However, since it may be desirable for the template to be transparent to a curing agent, the template overlay marks may typically not include opaque lines. Rather, the template overlay marks may be topographical features of the template surface. In some embodiment, the marks may be made of the same material as the template. In addition, UV curable liquids may tend to have refractive indices that are similar to those of the template materials (e.g., quartz). Therefore, when the UV curable liquid fills the gap between the template and the substrate, template overlay marks may become very difficult to recognize. If the template overlay marks are made with an opaque material (e.g., chromium), the UV curable liquid below the overlay marks may not be properly exposed to the UV light, which is highly undesirable.  
         [0143]    Two methods are disclosed to overcome the problem of recognizing template overlay mark in the presence of the liquid. A first method uses an accurate liquid dispensing system along with high-resolution gap controlling stages. Suitable liquid dispensing systems and the gap controlling stages are disclosed herein. For the purpose of illustration, three steps of an overlay alignment are depicted in FIG. 30. The locations of the overlay marks and the patterns of the fluid depicted in FIG. 30 are only for the purpose of illustration and should not be construed in a limiting sense. Various other overlay marks, overlay mark locations, and/or liquid dispensing patterns are also possible. First, in step  3001 , a liquid  3003  may be dispensed onto substrate  3002 . Then, in step  3004 , using the high-resolution orientation stage, the gap between template  3005  and substrate  3002  may be carefully controlled so that the dispensed fluid  3003  does not fill the gap between the template and substrate completely. It is believed that at step  3004 , the gap may be only slightly larger than the final imprinting gap. Since most of the gap is filled with the fluid, overlay correction can be performed as if the gap were completely filled with the fluid. The overlay marks may be placed such that the liquid does not cover them in this first position. Upon the completion of the overlay correction, the gap may be closed to a final imprinting gap (step  3006 ). This may enable spreading of the liquid into the remaining imprint area. Since the gap change between steps  3004  and  3006  may be very small (e.g., about 10 nm), the gap closing motion is unlikely to cause any significant overlay error.  
         [0144]    A second method may be to make special overlay marks on the template that may be seen by the overlay measurement tool but may not be opaque to the curing agent (e.g., UV light). An embodiment of this approach is illustrated in FIG. 31. In FIG. 31, instead of completely opaque lines, overlay marks  3102  on the template may be formed of fine polarizing lines  3101 . For example, suitable fine polarizing lines may have a width about ½ to ¼ of the wavelength of activating light used as the curing agent. The line width of polarizing lines  3101  should be small enough so that activating light passing between two lines is diffracted sufficiently to cause curing of all the liquid below the lines. In such an embodiment, the activating light may be polarized according to the polarization of overlay marks  3102 . Polarizing the activating light may provide a relatively uniform exposure to all the template regions including regions having overlay marks  3102 . Light used to locate overlay marks  3102  on the template may be broadband light or a specific wavelength that may not cure the liquid material. This light need not be polarized. Polarized lines  3101  may be substantially opaque to the measuring light, thus making the overlay marks visible using established overlay error measuring tools. Fine polarized overlay marks may be fabricated on the template using existing techniques, such as electron beam lithography.  
         [0145]    In a third embodiment, overlay marks may be formed of a different material than the template. For example, a material selected to form the template overlay marks may be substantially opaque to visible light, but transparent to activating light used as the curing agent (e.g., UV light). For example, SiOx where x is less than 2 may form such a material. In particular, it is believed that structures formed of SiOx where x is about 1.5 may be substantially opaque to visible light, but transparent to UV light.  
         [0146]    [0146]FIG. 32, depicts an assembly of a system, denoted generally as  100 , for calibrating and orienting a template, such as template  12 , about a substrate to be imprinted, such as substrate  20 . System  100  may be utilized in a machine, such as a stepper, for mass fabrication of devices in a production environment using imprint lithography processes as described herein. As shown, system  100  may be mounted to a top frame  110  which may provide support for a housing  120 . Housing  120  may contain the pre-calibration stage for course alignment of a template  150  about a substrate (not shown in FIG. 32).  
         [0147]    Housing  120  may be coupled to a middle frame  114  with guide shafts  112   a ,  112   b  attached to middle frame  114  opposite housing  120 . In one embodiment, three (3) guide shafts may be used (the back guide shaft is not visible in FIG. 32) to provide a support for housing  120  as it slides up and down during vertical translation of template  150 . Sliders  116   a  and  116   b  attached to corresponding guide shafts  112   a ,  112   b  about middle frame  114  may facilitate this up and down motion of housing  120 .  
         [0148]    System  100  may include a disk-shaped base plate  122  attached to the bottom portion of housing  120 . Base plate  122  may be coupled to a disk-shaped flexure ring  124 . Flexure ring  124  may support the lower placed orientation stage included in first flexure member  126  and second flexure member  128 . The operation and configuration of the flexure members  126 ,  128  are discussed in detail below. As depicted in FIG. 33, the second flexure member  128  may include a template support  130 , which may hold template  150  in place during the imprinting process. Typically, template  150  may include a piece of quartz with desired features imprinted on it. Template  150  may also include other substances according to well-known methods.  
         [0149]    As shown in FIG. 33, actuators  134   a ,  134   b  and  134   c  may be fixed within housing  120  and operable coupled to base plate  122  and flexure ring  124 . In operation, actuators  134   a ,  134   b  and  134   c  may be controlled such that motion of the flexure ring  124  is achieved. Motion of the actuators may allow for coarse pre-calibration. In some embodiments, actuators  134   a ,  134   b  and  134   c  may include high resolution actuators. In such embodiments, the actuators may be equally spaced around housing  120 . Such an embodiment may permit very precise translation of the ring  124  in the vertical direction to control the gap accurately. Thus, the system  100  may be capable of achieving coarse orientation alignment and precise gap control of template  150  with respect to a substrate to be imprinted.  
         [0150]    System  100  may include a mechanism that enables precise control of template  150  so that precise orientation alignment may be achieved and a uniform gap may be maintained by the template with respect to a substrate surface. Additionally, system  100  may provide a way of separating template  150  from the surface of the substrate following imprinting without shearing of features from the substrate surface. Precise alignment and gap control may be facilitated by the configuration of the first and second flexure members,  126  and  128 , respectively.  
         [0151]    In an embodiment, template  5102  may be held in place using a separated, fixed supporting plate  5101  that is transparent to the curing agent as depicted in FIG. 51. While supporting plate  5101  behind template  5102  may support the imprinting force, applying vacuum between fixed supporting plate  5101  and template  5102  may support the separation force. In order to support template  5102  for lateral forces, piezo actuators  5103  may be used. The lateral supporting forces may be carefully controlled by using piezo actuators  5103 . This design may also provide the magnification and distortion correction capability for layer-to-layer alignment in imprint lithography processes. Distortion correction may be very important to overcome stitching and placement errors present in the template structures made by electron beam lithography, and to compensate for distortion in the previous structures present on the substrate. Magnification correction may only require one piezo actuator on each side of the template (i.e. total of 4 piezo actuators for a four sided template). The actuators may be connected to the template surface in such a way that a uniform force may be applied on the entire surface. Distortion correction, on the other hand, may require several independent piezo actuators that may apply independently controlled forces on each side of the template. Depending on the level of distortion control required, the number of independent piezo actuators may be specified. More piezo actuators may provide better control of distortion. The magnification and distortion error correction should be completed prior to the use of vacuum to constrain the top surface of the template. This is because magnification and distortion correction may be properly controlled only if both the top and bottom surfaces of the template are unconstrained. In some embodiments, the template holder system of FIG. 51 may have a mechanical design that causes obstruction of the curing agent to a portion of the area under template  5102 . This may be undesirable because a portion of the liquid below template  5102  may not cure. This liquid may stick to the template causing problems with further use of the template. This problem with the template holder may be avoided by incorporating a set of mirrors into the template holder to divert the obstructed curing agent in such a way that the curing agent directed to the region below one edge of template  5102  may be bent to cure an obstructed portion below the other edge of template  5102 .  
         [0152]    In an embodiment, high resolution gap sensing may be achieved by designing the template such that the minimum gap between the substrate and template falls within a sensing technique&#39;s usable range. The gap being measured may be manipulated independently of the actual patterned surface. This may allow gap control to be performed within the useful range of the sensing technique. For example, if a spectral reflectivity analysis technique with a useful sensing range of about 150 nm to 20 microns is to be used to analyze the gap, then the template may have feature patterned into the template with a depth of about 150 nm or greater. This may ensure that the minimum gap that to be sensed is greater than 150 nm.  
         [0153]    As the template is lowered toward the substrate, the fluid may be expelled from the gap between the substrate and the template. The gap between the substrate and the template may approach a lower practical limit when the viscous forces approach equilibrium conditions with the applied compressive force. This may occur when the surface of the template is in close proximity to the substrate. For example, this regime may be at a gap height of about 100 nm for a 1 cP fluid when 14 kPa is applied for 1 sec to a template with a radius of 1 cm. As a result, the gap may be self-limiting provided a uniform and parallel gap is maintained. Also, a fairly predictable amount of fluid may be expelled (or entrained). The volume of fluid entrained may be predictable based on careful fluid dynamic and surface phenomena calculations.  
         [0154]    For production-scale imprint patterning, it may be desired to control the inclination and gap of the template with respect to a substrate. In order to accomplish the orientation and gap control, a template manufactured with reticle fabrication techniques may be used in combination with gap sensing technology such as i) single wavelength interferometry, ii) multi-wavelength interferometry, iii) ellipsometry, iv) capacitance sensors, or v) pressure sensors.  
         [0155]    In an embodiment, a method of detecting gap between template and substrate may be used in computing thickness of films on the substrate. A description of a technique based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of reflective data obtained from a broad-band spectrometer is disclosed herein. This technique may be used for measuring the gap between the template and the substrate, as well as for measuring film thickness. For multi-layer films, the technique may provide an average thickness of each thin film and its thickness variations. Also, the average gap and orientation information between two surfaces in close proximity, such as the template-substrate for imprint lithography processes may be acquired by measuring gaps at a minimum of three distinct points through one of the surfaces.  
         [0156]    In an embodiment, a gap measurement process may be based on the combination of the broad-band interferometry and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Several applications in current industry utilized various curve fitting techniques for the broad-band interferometry to measure a single layer film thickness. However, it is expected that such techniques may not provide real time gap measurements, especially in the case of multi-layer films, for imprint lithography processes. In order to overcome such problems, first the reflective indexes may be digitized in wavenumber domain, between 1/λ high  and 1/λ low . Then, the digitized data may be processed using a FFT algorithm. This novel approach may yield a clear peak of the FFT signal that accurately corresponds to the measured gap. For the case of two layers, the FFT signal may yield two clear peaks that are linearly related to the thickness of each layer.  
         [0157]    For optical thin films, the oscillations in the reflectivity are periodic in wavenumber (w) not wavelength (λ), such as shown in the reflectivity of a single optical thin film by the following equation,  
       R   =         ρ     1   ,   2     2     +       ρ     2   ,   3     2                 -   2                   α                 d         -     2        ρ     1   ,   2            ρ     2   ,   3                   -              α                   d            cos        (     4                 π                 n                   d   /   λ       )             1   -         (       ρ     1   ,   2            ρ     2   ,   3         )     2                 -   2                   α                 d         +     2        ρ     1   ,   2            ρ     2   ,   3                   -              α                   d            cos        (     4                 π                 n                   d   /   λ       )                                   
 
         [0158]    where ρ i,i+1  are the reflectivity coefficients at the interface of the i−1 and i interface, n is the index of refraction, d is the thickness to measure of the film (material  2  of FIG. 52), and α is the absorption coefficient of the film (material  2  of FIG. 52). Here, w=I/λ.  
         [0159]    Due to this characteristic, Fourier analysis may be a useful technique to determine the period of the function R represented in terms of w. It is noted that, for a single thin film, a clearly defined single peak (P l ) may result when a Fourier transform of R(w) is obtained. The film thickness (d) may be a function of the location of this peak such as,  
           d=P   l /(Δw×2 n ),  (8)  
         [0160]    where Δw=W f −W s ; W f =1/λ min  and W s =1/λ max .  
         [0161]    FFT is an established technique in which the frequency of a discrete signal may be calculated in a computationally efficient way. Thus, this technique may be useful for in-situ analysis and real-time applications. FIG. 34 depicts an embodiment of a process flow of film thickness or gap, measurement via a FFT process of a reflectivity signal. For multi-layer films with distinct reflective indexes, locations of peaks in a FFT process may correspond to linear combinations of each film thickness. For example, a two-layer film may lead to two distinct peak locations in a FFT analysis. FIG. 35 depicts a method of determining the thickness of two films based on two peak locations.  
         [0162]    Embodiments presented herein may enable measuring a gap or film thickness even when the oscillation of the reflectivity data includes less than one full period within the measuring wavenumber range. In such a case, FFT may result in an inaccurate peak location. In order to overcome such a problem and to extend the lower limit of the measurable film thickness, a novel method is disclosed herein. Instead of using a FFT algorithm to compute the period of the oscillation, an algorithm to find a local minimum (W 1 ) or maximum point (W 2 ) of the reflectivity between W s  and W f  may be used to compute the period information: dR/dw=0 at W 1  and W 2 . The reflectivity R(w) of Equation 7 has its maximum at w=0. Further, the wavenumber range (Δw) of typical spectrometers may be larger than W s . For a spectrometer with 200 nm-800 nm wavelength range, Δw={fraction (3/800)} whereas W s ={fraction (1/800)}. Therefore, the oscillation length of the reflectivity data between 0-W s  may be smaller than that of Δw. As depicted in FIG. 36, there may be two cases of the locations of minimum and maximum in the Δw range, given that w=0 is a maximum point of R(w). Therefore, the film thickness can be computed as follows:  
         [0163]    Case 1 WWO: a local minimum exists at WI. Therefore, W 1 =one half of the periodic oscillation, and hence d=0.5/(w 1 ×2n).  
         [0164]    Case 2 WW 1 : a local maximum exists at W 2 . Therefore, W 2 =one period of the periodic oscillation, and hence d=1/(w 2 ×2n).  
         [0165]    A practical configuration of the measurement tool may include a broad-band light source, a spectrometer with fiber optics, a data acquisition board, and a processing computer. Several existing signal processing techniques may improve the sensitivity of the FFT data. For example, techniques including but not limited to: filtering, magnification, increased number of data points, different range of wavelengths, etc., may be utilized with gap or film thickness measurement methods disclosed herein.  
         [0166]    Embodiments disclosed herein include a high precision gap and orientation measurement method between two flats (e.g., a template and a substrate). Gap and orientation measurement methods presented here include use of broad-band interferometry and fringe based interferometry. In an embodiment, a method disclosed herein which uses broad-band interferometry may overcome a disadvantage of broad-band interferometer, namely its inability to accurately measure gaps smaller than about ¼ of the mean wavelength of the broad-band signal. Interference fringe based interferometry may be used for sensing errors in the orientation of the template soon after it is installed.  
         [0167]    Imprint lithography processes may be implemented to manufacture single and multi-layer devices. Single layer devices, such as micron size optical mirrors, high resolution light filters and light guides, may be manufactured by forming a thin layer of material in certain geometric shapes on substrates. The imprinted layer thickness of some of these devices may be less than ¼ of the mean wavelength of a broad-band signal, and may be uniform across an active area. A disadvantage of broad-band interferometer may be that it may be unable to accurately measure gaps smaller than about ¼ of the mean wavelength of the broad-band signal (e.g., about 180 nm). In an embodiment, micrometer size steps, which may be measured accurately, may be etched into the surface of the template. As depicted in FIG. 37, steps may be etched down in the forms of continuous lines  3701  or multiple isolated dots  3702  where measurements may be made. Isolated dots  3702  may be preferable from the point of view of maximizing the useful active area on the template. When the patterned template surface is only a few nanometers from the substrate, a broad-band interferometer may measure the gap accurately without suffering from minimum gap measurement problems.  
         [0168]    [0168]FIG. 38 depicts a schematic of the gap measurement described here. Probes  3801  may also be used in an inclined configuration, such as depicted in FIG. 39. If more than three probes are used, the gap measurement accuracy may be improved by using the redundant information. For simplicity&#39;s sake, the ensuing description assumes the use of three probes. The step size, h s , is magnified for the purpose of illustration. The average gap at the patterned area, h p , may be given as:  
           h   p =[( h   1   +h   2   +h   3 )/3]− h   s ,  (9)  
         [0169]    When the positions of the probes are known ((X i , Y i ), where X and y axes are on the substrate surface), the relative orientation of the template with respect to the substrate may be expressed as a unit vector (D) that is normal to the template surface with respect to a frame whose x-y axes lie on the top surface of the substrate.  
           n=r/∥r∥,   (10)  
         [0170]    where, r=[(X 3 , Y 3 , h 3 )−(X 1 , Y 1 , h 1 )]×[(X 2 , Y 2 , h 2 )−(X 1 , Y 1 , h 1 )]. Perfect orientation alignment between two flats may be achieved when n=(00 I) T , or h 1 =h 2 =h 3 .  
         [0171]    Measured gaps and orientations may be used as feedback information to imprinting actuators. The size of the measuring broad-band interferometric beam may be as small as about 75 μm. For a practical imprint lithography process, it may be desirable to minimize the clear area used only to measure the gap since no pattern can be etched into at the clear area. Further, blockage of the curing agent due to the presence of measurement tool should to be minimized.  
         [0172]    [0172]FIG. 40 depicts a schematic of multi-layer materials on substrates. For example, substrate  4001  has layers  4002 , and  4003 , and fluid  4005  between substrate  4001  and template  4004 . These material layers may be used to transfer multiple patterns, one by one vertically, onto the substrate surface. Each thickness may be uniform at the clear area where a gap measurement may be made using light beams  4006 . It has been shown that using broad-band interferometry, the thickness of a top layer may be measured accurately in the presence of multi-layer films. When the optical properties and thicknesses of lower layer films are known accurately, the gap and orientation information between the template and substrate surface (or metal deposited surfaces for multi-layer devices) may be obtained by measuring the top layer thickness. The thickness of each layer may be measured using the same sensing measurement probes.  
         [0173]    It may be necessary to perform orientation measurement and corresponding calibration when a new template is installed or a machine component is reconfigured. The orientation error between the template  4102  and substrate  4103  may be measured via an interference fringe pattern at the template and substrate interface as depicted in FIG. 41. For two optical flats, the interference fringe pattern may appear as parallel dark and light bands  4101 . Orientation calibration may be performed using a pre-calibration stage as disclosed herein. Differential micrometers may be used to adjust the relative orientation of the template with respect to the substrate surface. Using this approach, if no interference fringe band is present, the orientation error may be corrected to be less than ¼ of the wavelength of light source used.  
         [0174]    With reference to FIGS. 42A and 42B, therein are depicted embodiments of the first and second flexure members,  126  and  128 , respectively, in more detail. Specifically, the first flexure member  126  may include a plurality of flexure joints  160  coupled to corresponding rigid bodies  164 ,  166 . Flexure joints  160  and rigid bodies  164 , and  166  may form part of arms  172 ,  174  extending from a frame  170 . Flexure frame  170  may have an opening  182 , which may permit the penetration of a curing agent (e.g., UV light) to reach the template  150  when held in support  130 . In some embodiments, four (4) flexure joints  160  may provide motion of the flexure member  126  about a first orientation axis  180 . Frame  170  of first flexure member  126  may provide a coupling mechanism for joining with second flexure member  128  as illustrated in FIG. 43.  
         [0175]    Likewise, second flexure member  128  may include a pair of arms  202 ,  204  extending from a frame  206 . Arms  202  and  204  may include flexure joints  162  and corresponding rigid bodies  208 ,  210 . Rigid bodies  208  and  210  may be adapted to cause motion of flexure member  128  about a second orientation axis  200 . A template support  130  maybe integrated with frame  206  of the second flexure member  128 . Like frame  182 , frame  206  may have an opening  212  permitting a curing agent to reach template  150  which may be held by support  130 .  
         [0176]    In operation, first flexure member  126  and second flexure member  128  may be joined as shown in FIG. 43 to form orientation stage  250 . Braces  220 ,  222  may be provided in order to facilitate joining of the two pieces such that the first orientation axis  180  and second orientation axis  200  are substantially orthogonal to each other. In such a configuration, first orientation axis  180  and second orientation may intersect at a pivot point  252  at approximately the template substrate interface  254 . The fact that first orientation axis  180  and second orientation axis  200  are orthogonal and lie on interface  254  may provide fine alignment and gap control. Specifically, with this arrangement, a decoupling of orientation alignment from layer-to-layer overlay alignment may be achieved. Furthermore, as explained below, the relative position of first orientation axis  180  and second orientation axis  200  may provide an orientation stage  250  that may be used to separate the template  150  from a substrate without shearing of desired features. Thus, features transferred from the template  150  may remain intact on the substrate.  
         [0177]    Referring to FIGS. 42A, 42B and  43 , flexure joints  160  and  162  may be notched shaped to provide motion of rigid bodies  164 ,  166 ,  208 ,  210  about pivot axes that are located along the thinnest cross section of the notches. This configuration may provide two (2) flexure-based sub-systems for a fine decoupled orientation stage  250  having decoupled compliant motion axes  180 , 200 . Flexure members  126 ,  128  may be assembled via mating of surfaces such that motion of template  150  may occur about pivot point  252  substantially eliminating “swinging” and other motions that could shear imprinted features from the substrate. Thus, orientation stage  250  may precisely move the template  150  about a pivot point  252 ; thereby, eliminating shearing of desired features from a substrate following imprint lithography.  
         [0178]    Referring to FIG. 44, during operation of system  100 , a Z-translation stage (not shown) may control the distance between template  150  and the substrate without providing orientation alignment. A pre-calibration stage  260  may perform a preliminary alignment operation between template  150  and the substrate surfaces to bring the relative alignment within the motion range limits of orientation stage  250 . In certain embodiments, pre-calibration may be required only when a new template is installed into the machine.  
         [0179]    With reference to FIG. 45, therein is depicted a flexure model, denoted generally as  300 , useful in understanding the principles of operation of a fine decoupled orientation stage, such as orientation stage  250 . Flexure model  300  may include four (4) parallel joints: joints  1 ,  2 ,  3  and  4 , that provide a four-bar-linkage system in its nominal and rotated configurations. Line  310  may pass though joints  1  and  2 . Line  312  may pass through joints  3  and  4 . Angles α 1  and α 2  may be selected so that the compliant alignment (or orientation axis) axis lies substantially on the template-wafer interface  254 . For fine orientation changes, rigid body  314  between joints  2  and  3  may rotate about an axis depicted by Point C. Rigid body  314  may be representative of rigid bodies  170  and  206  of flexure members  126  and  128 .  
         [0180]    Mounting a second flexure component orthogonally onto the first one (as depicted in FIG. 43) may provide a device with two decoupled orientation axes that are orthogonal to each other and lie on the template-substrate interface  254 . The flexure components may be adapted to have openings to allow a curing agent (e.g., UV light) to pass through the template  150 .  
         [0181]    The orientation stage  250  may be capable of fine alignment and precise motion of template  150  with respect to a substrate. Ideally, the orientation adjustment may lead to negligible lateral motion at the interface and negligible twisting motion about the normal to the interface surface due to selectively constrained high structural stiffness. Another advantage of flexure members  126 ,  128  with flexure joints  160 ,  162  may be that they may not generate particles as frictional joints may. This may be an important factor in the success of an imprint lithography process as particles may be particularly harmful to such processes.  
         [0182]    Due to the need for fine gap control, embodiments presented herein may require the availability of a gap sensing method capable of measuring small gaps of the order of 500 nm or less between the template and substrate. Such a gap sensing method may require a resolution of about 50 nanometers, or less. Ideally, such gap sensing may be provided in real-time. Providing gap sensing in real-time may allow the gap sensing to be used to generate a feedback signal to actively control the actuators.  
         [0183]    In an embodiment, a flexure member having active compliance may be provided. For example, FIG. 46 depicts a flexure member, denoted generally as  400 , including piezo actuators. Flexure member  400  may be combined with a second flexure member to form an active orientation stage. Flexure member  400  may generate pure tilting motions with no lateral motions at the template-substrate interface. Using such a flexure member, a single overlay alignment step may allow the imprinting of a layer on an entire semiconductor wafer. This is in contrast to overlay alignment with coupled motions between the orientation and lateral motions. Such overlay alignment steps may lead to disturbances in X-Y alignment, and therefore may require a complicated field-to-field overlay control loop to ensure proper alignment.  
         [0184]    In an embodiment, flexure member  250  may possess high stiffness in the directions where side motions or rotations are undesirable and lower stiffness in directions where necessary orientation motions are desirable. Such an embodiment may provide a selectively compliant device. That is, flexure member  250  may support relatively high loads while achieving proper orientation kinematics between the template and the substrate.  
         [0185]    With imprint lithography, it may be desirable to maintain a uniform gap between two nearly flat surfaces (i.e., the template and the substrate). Template  150  may be made from optical flat glass to ensure that it is substantially flat on the bottom. The template may be patterned using electron beam lithography. The substrate (e.g., a semiconductor wafer), however, may exhibit a “potato chip” effect resulting in micron-scale variations on its topography. Vacuum chuck  478  (as shown in FIG. 47), may eliminate variations across a surface of the substrate that may occur during imprinting.  
         [0186]    Vacuum chuck  478  may serve two primary purposes. First, vacuum chuck  478  may be utilized to hold the substrate in place during imprinting and to ensure that the substrate stays flat during the imprinting process. Additionally, vacuum chuck  478  may ensure that no particles are present on the back of the substrate during processing. This may be especially important to imprint lithography, as particles may create problems that ruin the device and decrease production yields. FIGS. 48A and 48B illustrate variations of a vacuum chuck suitable for these purposes according to two embodiments.  
         [0187]    In FIG. 48A, a pin-type vacuum chuck  450  is shown as having a large number of pins  452 . It is believed that vacuum chuck  450  may eliminate “potato chip” effects as well as other deflections on the substrate during processing. A vacuum channel  454  may be provided as a means of applying vacuum to the substrate to keep it in place. The spacing between the pins  452  may be maintained such that the substrate will not bow substantially from the force applied through vacuum channel  454 . At the same time, the tips of pins  452  may be small enough to reduce the chance of particles settling on top of them.  
         [0188]    [0188]FIG. 48B depicts a groove-type vacuum chuck  460  with a plurality of grooves  462  across its surface. Grooves  462  may perform a similar function to pins  454  of the pin-type vacuum chuck  450 . As shown, grooves  462  may take on either a wall shape  464  or a smooth curved cross section  466 . The cross section of grooves  462  for groove-type vacuum chuck  462  may be adjusted through an etching process. Also, the space and size of each groove may be as small as hundreds of microns. Vacuum flow to each of grooves  462  may be provided through fine vacuum channels across multiple grooves that run in parallel with respect to the chuck surface. The fine vacuum channels may be formed along with grooves through an etching process.  
         [0189]    [0189]FIG. 47 illustrates the manufacturing process for both pin-type vacuum chuck  450  and groove-type vacuum chuck  460 . Using optical flat  470 , no additional grinding and/or polishing steps may be needed for this process. Drilling at determined locations on the optical flat  470  may produce vacuum flow holes  472 . Optical flat  470  may then be masked and patterned  474  before etching  476  to produce the desired features (e.g., pins or grooves) on the upper surface of the optical flat. The surface of optical flat  470  may then be treated  479  using well-known methods.  
         [0190]    As discussed above, separation of template  150  from the imprinted layer may be a critical, final step in the imprint lithography process. Since the template  150  and substrate may be almost perfectly parallel, the assembly of the template, imprinted layer, and substrate leads to a substantially uniform contact between near optical flats. Such a system may usually require a large separation force. In the case of a flexible template or substrate, the separation may be merely a “peeling process.” However, a flexible template or substrate may be undesirable from the point of view of high-resolution overlay alignment. In case of quartz template and silicon substrate, the peeling process may not be implemented easily. However, separation of the template from an imprinted layer may be performed successfully by a “peel and pull” process. A first peel and pull process is illustrated in FIGS. 49A, 49B, and  49 C. A second peel and pull process is illustrated in FIGS. 50A, 50B, and  50 C. A process to separate the template from the imprinted layer may include a combination of the first and second peel and pull processes.  
         [0191]    For clarity, reference numerals  12 ,  18 ,  20 , and  40  are used in referring to the template, transfer layer, substrate, and curable substance, respectively, in accordance with FIGS. 1A and 1B. After curing of the substance  40 , either the template  12  or substrate  20  may be tilted to intentionally induce an angle  500  between the template  12  and substrate  20 . Orientation stage  250  may be used for this purpose. Substrate  20  is held in place by vacuum chuck  478 . The relative lateral motion between the template  12  and substrate  20  may be insignificant during the tilting motion if the tilting axis is located close to the template-substrate interface. Once angle  500  between template  12  and substrate  20  is large enough, template  12  may be separated from the substrate  20  using only Z-axis motion (i.e. vertical motion). This peel and pull method may result in desired features  44  being left intact on the transfer layer  18  and substrate  20  without undesirable shearing.  
         [0192]    A second peel and pull method is illustrated in FIGS. 50A, 50B,  50 C. In the second peel and pull method, one or more piezo actuators  502  may be installed adjacent to the template. The one or more piezo actuators  502  may be used to induce a relative tilt between template  12  and substrate  20  (FIG. 50A). An end of piezo actuator  502  may be in contact with substrate  20 . Thus, if actuator  502  is enlarged (FIG. 50B), template  12  may be pushed away from substrate  20 ; thus inducing an angle between them. A Z-axis motion between the template  12  and substrate  20  (FIG. 50C), may then be used to separate template  12  and substrate  20 . An end of actuator  502  may be surface treated similar to the treatment of the lower surface of template  12  in order to prevent the imprinted layer from sticking to the surface of the actuator.  
         [0193]    In summary, embodiments presented herein disclose systems, processes and related devices for successful imprint lithography without requiring the use of high temperatures or high pressures. With certain embodiments, precise control of the gap between a template and a substrate on which desired features from the template are to be transferred may be achieved. Moreover, separation of the template from the substrate (and the imprinted layer) may be possible without destruction or shearing of desired features. Embodiments herein also disclose a way, in the form of suitable vacuum chucks, of holding a substrate in place during imprint lithography. Further embodiments include, a high precision X-Y translation stage suitable for use in an imprint lithography system. Additionally, methods of forming and treating a suitable imprint lithography template are provided.  
         [0194]    While this invention has been described with references to various illustrative embodiments, the description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the invention, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. It is, therefore, intended that the appended claims encompass any such modifications or embodiments.