Abstract:
A thin-film write head employing pole pieces formed of an electroplated body-centered cubic (BCC) nickel-iron alloy with a saturation flux density (B S ) of 1.9 to 2.3 T (19 to 23 kG) and an acceptable coercivity (H C ) of about 80 to about 160 A/m (1-2 Oe). The iron content of the electroplated nickel-iron alloy is from 64% to 81% by weight. The two-layer pole fabrication process holds magnetic anisotropy and coercivity to useable values while improving saturation flux density and optimizing magnetostriction. This is accomplished by first electroplating a BCC nickel-iron layer onto an underlying seed layer and then annealing the two layers to reduce coercivity to less than about 160 amps/meter and raise magnetization to acceptable levels.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    This invention relates generally to thin-film write heads and more particularly to write heads employing alloys with high saturation flux densities for the magnetic poles in an inductive write element that is useful for writing data to high-coercivity magnetic media.  
           [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art  
           [0004]    The terminology and units used in the magnetic materials arts vary from one region to another. Accordingly, a brief summary of terminology used herein is presented for clarity. Magnetic Flux is expressed in Système International d&#39;unités (SI) units of webers (Wb) or volt-seconds, each of which is exactly equivalent to 100,000,000 maxwells (Mx). Magnetic Flux Density (B) is expressed in SI units of teslas (T), each of which is exactly equivalent to 10,000 gauss (G). Magnetic Field Intensity (H) is expressed in SI units of amperes per meter (A/m), each of which is approximately equivalent to about 0.0126 oersteds (Oe). As used herein, the Permanent Magnetic Moment or Magnetization (B M ) of a material is the magnetic flux density (B) in teslas present in the material with no external magnetic H-field applied. The Saturation Flux Density (B S  )of a material (commonly denominated 4πM S ) is the maximum magnetic flux density (B) in teslas that can be induced in the material by a large external magnetic field (H-field). The Remanence or Retentivity (B R &lt;B S ) of a material is the magnetic moment in teslas remaining in the material after forcing the material into saturation along the easy axis and then removing the external H-field. The Coercivity (H C ) of a material is the magnetic field (H-field) intensity in amperes per meter required to overcome the remanence moment (B R ) to reduce the magnetic flux density (B) in the material to zero along the easy axis. The Anisotropic Field (H K &gt;H C ) of a material is the magnetic field (H-field) intensity in amperes per meter required to induce the saturation flux density (B S ) in the material along the hard axis normal to the easy axis. The permeability of a material (μ) is defined as the ratio B/H with appropriate units and may be shown to be about the same as B S /H K  when large.  
           [0005]    The inductive head and the inductive/magnetoresistive (MR) head are well-known in the art. Both of these heads can write and read signals with respect to a magnetic medium such as a rotating disk medium or a streaming tape medium. The inductive head usually includes first and second poles having first and second pole tips, respectively. The pole tips are separated by a gap at an air bearing surface (ABS) or head surface. A coil is disposed between the first and second poles to couple magnetically thereto. The head assembly uses an inductive write head portion to perform write functions and a MR read head portion to perform read functions. The read head portion includes an MR sensor sandwiched between a pair of read gap layers, which are in turn sandwiched between first and second shield layers. Either type of magnetic head is usually mounted on or embedded in a slider that is supported in a transducing relationship with respect to a magnetic medium. The magnetic medium may be either a magnetic disk or a magnetic tape.  
           [0006]    Considerable effort has been undertaken by practitioners in the art to increase the recording density of magnetic heads. Decreasing the length (i.e., the thickness) of the gap between the first and second pole tips permits writing of more bits per inch of media. Further, increasing the coercivity (H C ) of the magnetic medium allows the medium to accurately retain data with a higher areal bit density with less thermal degradation. A consequence of such higher bit density is a higher data transfer rate for information between the head and the medium.  
           [0007]    These magnetic media coercivity and density improvements require the magnetic pole materials to conduct relatively high magnetic flux densities, especially those portions of the poles (the pole tips) adjacent to the gap at the ABS. However, the ferromagnetic (FM) pole materials have a saturation flux density (B S ) limit beyond which they can conduct no more magnetic flux. Accordingly, there is a need for a pole tip structure having a high saturation flux density (B S ) to operate effectively with newer high-coercivity magnetic media.  
           [0008]    The first and second pole pieces, including the pole tips, are commonly constructed of Permalloy (Ni 81 Fe 19 ), which combines 81% nickel with 19% iron by weight. Permalloy is a desirable material for pole-construction, having good soft magnetic properties (low coercivity H C  and high saturation flux density B S ) and being easy to shape by normal patterning and deposition techniques. Further, Permalloy has good corrosion resistance for head reliability. Permalloy has a saturation flux density (B S ) of about 1.0 T (10 kG) and a coercivity (H C ) of no more than 20 A/m (0.2 Oe) at worst. But it is desirable to increase this saturation flux density (B S ) value so that the pole tips can carry the larger magnetic flux density required to overcome the high coercivity (H C ) of modem recording media without saturating.  
           [0009]    Cobalt-based magnetic alloys have a higher saturation flux density (B S ) than Permalloy. However, cobalt materials have significantly worse corrosion resistance. Another family of high-B S  materials is the sputtered FeNiX materials, where X is from the group of tantalum, aluminum, and rhodium. But sputter-deposition of the pole pieces is not as desirable as frame-plating because ion-milling is required after sputtering to shape the trackwidth of the pole tips. This process is very difficult to implement. And sputtered materials exhibit a high stress that can distort recorded signals. Moreover, magnetically forming a thick film of such materials using sputtering is difficult because the sputtered material has a large magnetocrystalline anisotropy and the crystal grain size of the sputtered film becomes large so the anisotropic field (H K ) is disadvantageously large. An electroplating method is preferred to suppress the crystal grain size to a small value to minimize the anisotropic field (H K ) while retaining the desired high saturation flux density (B S ).  
           [0010]    The commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,589,042 discloses an inductive read/write head wherein the pole tip regions of the magnetic poles are fabricated of a high-B S  nickel-iron alloy material (Ni 45 Fe 55 ) with about 55% iron by weight, while the remainder of the pole structure is made of Permalloy. But the Ni 45 Fe 55  material exhibits high magnetostriction and can be used only if the head design is modified to accommodate the magnetostrictive characteristics of the material.  
           [0011]    The commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,864,450 also discloses a head pole structure using a nickel-iron alloy with 50-60% iron by weight. This material has a saturation flux density (B S  ) in the range of 1.5 to 1.7 T (15 to 17 kG) with high resistivity and a lower permeability than Permalloy. The saturation flux density (B S ) of the pole-tips is further increased by employing a metal-in-gap (MIG) configuration at the pole-tips such that one or more of the pole tips is configured in a bilayer with one of the layers being the higher-B S  Ni 45 Fe 55  material and the other layer having a lower B S . The higher-B S  Ni 45 Fe 55  material is placed adjacent the gap where it is most needed and the remaining material can be selected to mitigate the magnetostriction problem.  
           [0012]    In U.S. Pat. No. 6,262,867, Sano et al. disclose an electroplated thin film pole structure made of a nickel-iron alloy having 38% to 60% nickel by weight and 40% to 62% iron by weight with a crystal grain size smaller than 50 nanometers. Sano et al. teach that the saturation flux density (B S ) drops below 1.5 T (15 kG) when the proportion of nickel in the alloy drops below 38% or rises above 60% and suggest adding one element selected from the group consisting of cobalt, molybdenum, chromium and palladium in an amount less than 3% by weight.  
           [0013]    In U.S. Pat. No. 5,372,698, Liao discloses an electroplated pole structure that includes 90% cobalt and a trace of boron with iron electroplated onto a substrate. A saturation flux density (B S ) of about 1.9 T (19 kG) is achieved by imposing a rotating external magnetic field during the electroplating process or during a subsequent annealing step. The boron is said to lower the coercivity (H C ) of the pole elements to about 80 A/m (1.0 Oe) and an advantageously low anisotropic field (HK) of about 550 A/m (7 Oe) results from the electroplating process.  
           [0014]    Continuing increases in media storage bit densities require continuing improvements in write head performance. It would be desirable to improve the saturation flux density (BS) of the simpler nickel-iron alloy pole layers by adding iron to the alloy to provide more than 62% iron by weight. The prior art generally teaches away from this idea because alloys with higher iron concentrations are known to have too much coercivity (H C =250 A/m or more) and thus cannot handle the high frequencies required to write high-density data to a high-H C  medium. As a result of this widely-held belief, the pole material of choice in the art is currently nickel-iron alloy with about 55% iron by weight (Ni 45 Fe 55 ). But the saturation flux density of this material is limited to about 1.75 T (17.5 kG) at best. Newer high-H C  data recording media are pushing the flux limits for heads using this material. The few known alternative low-H C  materials with higher B S  are substantially more difficult to fabricate into acceptable pole structures.  
           [0015]    These unresolved problems and deficiencies are clearly felt in the art and are solved by this invention in the manner described below.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0016]    This invention resolves these deficiencies by introducing thin-film write head employing pole pieces formed of an electroplated nickel-iron alloy having a body-centered cubic (BCC) structure with a saturation flux density (B S ) of 1.9 to 2.3 T (19 to 23 kG) and an acceptable coercivity (H C ) of about 80 A/m (1 Oe). The iron content of the electroplated nickel-iron alloy is from about 64% to about 81% by weight. The two-layer pole fabrication process of this invention holds magnetic anisotropy and coercivity to useable values while improving saturation flux density and optimizing magnetostriction. This is accomplished by first electroplating a nickel-iron layer onto an underlying seed layer and then annealing the two layers to reduce coercivity to less than about 160 amps/meter and raise magnetization to acceptable levels. The preferred electroplating process is controlled to provide the necessary BCC structure in the electroplated nickel-iron alloy layer.  
           [0017]    It is a purpose of this invention to provide a thin-film write head that can produce higher magnetic flux levels than existing designs. It is an advantage of the write head of this invention that the higher flux levels can be employed to write data to higher-coercivity media, thereby improving data storage density and stability.  
           [0018]    In one aspect, the invention is a magnetic head including first and second pole pieces having first and second pole tips separated by a gap layer, the first and second pole pieces each including a BCC nickel-iron alloy layer containing from about 64% to about 81% iron by weight.  
           [0019]    In another aspect, the invention is a magnetic read/write head including first and second pole pieces having first and second pole tips separated by a first gap layer and a magnetoresistive (MR) sensor sandwiched between second and third gap layers, the second and third gap layers being sandwiched between first and second shield layers, the second shield layer being generally adjacent to the first pole piece, and the first and second pole pieces each including a BCC nickel-iron alloy layer containing from about 64% to about 81% iron by weight.  
           [0020]    In an exemplary embodiment, the invention is a magnetic data storage drive for storing data on a magnetic medium, including a magnetic head with first and second pole pieces having first and second pole tips separated by a gap layer, the first and second pole pieces each including a BCC nickel-iron alloy layer containing from about 64% to about 81% iron by weight, a housing, a support mounted in the housing for supporting the magnetic head, medium moving means mounted in the housing for moving the magnetic medium past the magnetic head in a transducing relationship therewith, positioning means connected to the support for moving the magnetic head to a plurality of positions with respect to the moving magnetic medium so as to process signals with respect to a plurality of data storage tracks on the magnetic medium, and control means connected to the magnetic head, the medium moving means and the positioning means for controlling and processing signals with respect to the magnetic head, controlling movement of the magnetic medium and controlling the position of the magnetic head. The magnetic data storage drive may be embodied as a disk drive or as a tape drive, for example.  
           [0021]    In yet another aspect, the invention is a method of fabricating a magnetic write head including the steps of providing a substrate, forming a first magnetic pole layer over the substrate by performing the steps of forming a first underlying seed layer of a first ferromagnetic (FM) material having a first saturation flux density and electroplating the first underlying seed layer with a second FM material having a second saturation flux density no greater than the first saturation flux density, forming a gap filling layer over the first magnetic pole layer, and forming a second magnetic pole layer over the gap filling layer by performing the steps of forming a second underlying seed layer of a third FM material having a third saturation flux density and electroplating the second underlying seed layer with a fourth FM material having a fourth saturation flux density no greater than the third saturation flux density.  
           [0022]    The foregoing, together with other objects, features and advantages of this invention, can be better appreciated with reference to the following specification, claims and the accompanying drawing. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0023]    For a more complete understanding of this invention, reference is now made to the following detailed description of the embodiments as illustrated in the accompanying drawing, in which like reference designations represent like features throughout the several views and wherein:  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the pole structures of an exemplary thin-film magnetic write head of this invention;  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method of this invention for fabricating the magnetic head of FIG. 1;  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 3 is a plan view of an exemplary magnetic disk drive suitable for use with the magnetic head of this invention;  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 4 is an end view of a slider with an exemplary magnetic head of this invention in the disk drive as seen in plane  4 - 4  of FIG. 3;  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 5 is a schematic elevation view of the magnetic disk drive of FIG. 3 wherein multiple disks and magnetic heads are employed;  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 6 is an isometric illustration of an exemplary suspension system for supporting the slider and magnetic head;  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 7 is an ABS view of the exemplary magnetic head of this invention taken along plane  7 - 7  of FIG. 4;  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 8 is a partial view of the slider and exemplary magnetic head of this invention as seen in plane  8 - 8  of FIG. 4;  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 9 is a partial ABS view of the slider taken along plane  9 - 9  of FIG. 8 to show the read and write elements of the magnetic head;  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 10 is a view taken along plane  10 - 10  of FIG. 8 with all material above the second pole piece removed;  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating a magnetic tape drive useful with the write head of this invention;  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 12 illustrates a front view of the air bearing surface (ABS) of an interleaved head assembly from FIG. 11 in relation to a magnetic tape storage medium; and  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 13 illustrates a cutaway portion of the head assembly from FIG. 12 expanded to illustrate the features of the interleaved thin-film read and write heads, including an exemplary write head of this invention. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0037]    [0037]FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the pole structures of an exemplary thin-film magnetic head embodiment  20  of this invention showing the upper pole piece  22  and the lower pole piece  24  separated at the pole-tip region  26  by a pole-tip gap layer  28 . Upper and lower pole pieces  22 - 24  each include a pole tip in pole-tip region  26  and are joined to one another in the yoke region  30  to complete the magnetic pole flux circuit in the well-known manner. A series of magnetic coil windings exemplified by the coil winding  32  are shown in cross-section separated from upper pole piece  22  and pole-tip gap layer  28  by an insulating structure  34  composed of several intermediate layers (not shown) of nonconducting nonmagnetic material. A writing current (not shown) in coil winding  32  is coupled to the magnetic flux in upper and lower pole layers  22 - 24 ) in the usual manner through yoke connection  30 .  
         [0038]    Upper pole piece  22  includes a seed layer  36  and an electroplated layer  38 . Upper pole piece  24  includes a seed layer  40  and an electroplated layer  42 . Electroplated layers  38  and  42  are formed entirely of a nickel-iron alloy having a body-centered cubic (BCC) structure with from about 64% to about 81% iron by weight. The preferred electroplating process for providing the necessary composition and BCC structure in the electroplated nickel-iron alloy layer is described in the commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ filed on even date herewith (Assignee Docket No. SJ09-2000-0194) entitled “A Method for Electroplating a Body-Centered Cubic Nickel-Iron Alloy Thin Film with a High Saturation Flux Density,” which is entirely included herein by reference.  
         [0039]    Because of the electroplating method used in forming electroplated layers  38  and  42 , the alloy has a small domain size and therefore a relatively low anisotropic field (H K ) with a very high saturation flux density (B S  ) of from about 1.9 to about 2.3 T (19 to 23 kG). Seed layers  36  and  40  are preferably formed of an alloy having an equal or higher saturation flux density (B S  ) value. For example, seed layers  36  and  40  may be formed of a sputtered nickel-iron alloy with 64% to 81% iron by weight. Or, as another example, seed layers  36  and  40  may be formed of a sputtered iron-nitride-X (FeNX) alloy, or a cobalt-iron-X (CoFeX) alloy where X is from the group comprising nickel, nitrogen, rhodium, aluminum, tantalum or other suitable element, as long as the seed layer saturation flux density (B S  ) value is no less than the about 1.9 to about 2.3 T (19 to 23 kG) value of electroplated layers  38  and  42 . Seed layers  36  and  40  may be deposited by sputtering, ion beam deposition or vacuum deposition (evaporation). After plating, a two-hour anneal at 245 degrees Celsius, in an external magnetic field of about 64 kA/m (800 Oe) aligned with the electroplated layer easy axis, is required to reduce the coercivity (H C ) of electroplated layers  38  and  42  from the usual 3 Oe to about 1 Oe and to increase the magnetic moment in the material to the desired level.  
         [0040]    Upper and lower pole layers  22 - 24  can transmit magnetic flux levels of over 2 T (20 kG) without saturating, at high frequencies because of the relatively low coercivity (H C ). Thus, write head  20  is suitable for writing magnetic data onto high-coercivity magnetic storage media at high frequencies required to support the increased areal data storage densities demanded today.  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method of this invention for fabricating magnetic head  20  (FIG. 1). The exemplary process begins with the preparation of a suitable substrate in the step  44 . In step  46 , a first seed layer is sputtered (or evaporated) onto the substrate using an alloy with acceptable saturation flux density (B S  ). A thicker layer of nickel-iron alloy with  81 % iron by weight (for example) is then electroplated over the first seed layer in step  48 . In step  50 , the two lower ferromagnetic (FM) layers are then patterned and etched in any useful manner to define the lower pole piece having pole-tip and yoke regions (FIG. 1). The pole-tip gap layer pattern is deposited in step  52  and the pole-tip gap layer is then deposited over the lower pole piece in step  54  using any suitable nonmagnetic nonconductive material. In step  56 , a series of masking, deposition, and etching procedures are employed to define the coil layers and the intermediate insulating layer structure discussed above (FIG. 1). The last layer formed in step  56  is a coil insulating cover layer disposed to provide a relatively smooth profile on which the second seed layer is deposited (sputtered or evaporated) in step  58 . In step  60 , a thicker layer of nickel-iron alloy with 81% iron by weight (for example) is then electroplated over the second seed layer. In step  62 , the two upper FM layers are then patterned and etched in any useful manner to define the upper pole piece having pole-tip and yoke regions (FIG. 1). In step  64 , the two pole pieces are annealed for two-hours at 245 degrees Celsius in an external magnetic field of about 64 kA/m (800 Oe) aligned with the easy axis of the electroplated layers. Finally, in step  66 , the remaining fabrication steps are performed to complete the closing and packaging of the finished head.  
         [0042]    Magnetic write head  20  (FIG. 1) of this invention is suitable for use in a read/write head assembly such as may be employed in a data storage drive, which may be embodied as a disk drive or as a tape drive, for example.  
         [0043]    FIGS.  3 - 5  illustrate a magnetic disk drive  68 . Magnetic disk drive  68  includes a spindle  70  that supports and rotates a magnetic disk  72 . Spindle  70  is rotated by a motor  74  that is controlled by a motor controller  76 . A slider  78  with a combined read and write magnetic head  80  is supported by a suspension  82  and an actuator arm  84 . A plurality of disks, sliders and suspensions may be employed in a large-capacity direct access storage device (DASD)  86  as shown in FIG. 5. Suspension  82  and actuator arm  84  position slider  78  so that magnetic head  80  is in a transducing relationship with a surface of magnetic disk  72 . When disk  72  is rotated by motor  74 , slider  78  is supported on a thin (typically, 50 nm) cushion of air (air bearing) between the surface of disk  72  and the air bearing surface (ABS)  88 . Magnetic head  80  may then be employed for writing information to multiple circular tracks on the surface of disk  72 , as well as for reading information therefrom. The processing circuitry  90  exchanges signals, representing such information, with the head  80 , provides motor drive signals for rotating the magnetic disk  72 , and provides control signals for moving slider  78  to various tracks.  
         [0044]    In FIG. 6, slider  78  is shown mounted to suspension  82 . The components described hereinabove may be mounted on a frame  92  of a housing, as shown in FIG. 5. FIG. 7 is an ABS view of slider  78  and magnetic head  80 . Slider  78  has a center rail  94  that supports the magnetic head  80 , and side rails  96  and  98 . Rails  94 ,  96  and  98  extend from a cross rail  100 . With respect to rotation of magnetic disk  72 , cross rail  100  is at a leading edge  102  of slider  78  and magnetic head  80  is at a trailing edge  104  of slider  78 .  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 8 is a side cross-sectional elevation view of an exemplary piggyback embodiment of read/write head  80 , which includes a write head portion  106  employing the pole pieces of this invention (FIG. 1) and a read head portion  108 . FIG. 9 is an ABS view of FIG. 8. A magnetic sensor  110  is sandwiched between the nonmagnetic electrically-nonconductive first and second read gap layers  112  and  114 , which are in turn sandwiched between the first (S 1 ) and second (S 2 ) shield layers  116  and  118  made of relatively soft ferromagnetic material. In response to external magnetic fields, a sense current (not shown) conducted through sensor  110  manifests the external field changes as potential changes. These potential changes are then processed as readback signals by processing circuitry  90  (FIG. 5).  
         [0046]    Write head portion  106  of magnetic head  80  includes a coil layer  120  sandwiched between first and second insulation layers  122  and  124 . A third insulation layer  126  may be employed for planarizing the head to eliminate ripples in second insulation layer  124  caused by coil layer  120 . First, second and third insulation layers  122 - 126  are referred to in the art as an “insulation stack.” Coil layer  120  and first, second and third insulation layers  122 ,  124  and  126  are sandwiched between the first (P 1 ) and second (P 2 ) pole piece layers  126  and  128 , which are magnetically coupled at a back gap (yoke)  130 . First (P 1 ) and second (P 2 ) pole piece layers  126  and  128  each include respective seed layers  132  and  134  and electroplated layers  136  and  138  and have first and second pole tips  140  and  142 , which are separated by a write gap layer  144  at the ABS  88 . If desired, an insulation layer  146  may be located between second shield (S 2 ) layer  118  and the first pole piece seed layer  134 , but it is not necessary for proper operation of this invention. Because the second shield layer  118  and the first pole piece layer  126  are separate layers, this head geometry is commonly denominated a “piggyback” read/write head. As shown in FIGS. 4, 6 and  10 , the first and second solder connections  148  and  150  connect leads from magnetic sensor  110  to the leads  152  and  154  on suspension  82 , and the third and fourth solder connections  156  and  158  connect the leads  160  and  162  from coil  120  (see FIG. 10) to the leads  164  and  166  on suspension  82 .  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 11 shows a schematic diagram of a magnetic tape drive  168  useful with a read/write head assembly using magnetic write head  20  of this invention discussed above in connection with FIGS. 1. The controller  170  accepts information from a supply reel tachometer  172 , which is coupled to a supply reel motor  174 , which is controlled by controller  170  to reversibly rotate a supply reel  176  shown within a single supply reel cartridge  178 . A take-up reel tachometer  180  is connected to a take-up reel motor  182  that is reversibly driven by controller  170 . Take-up reel motor  182  drives a take-up reel  184 . The magnetic tape  186  and its leader block moves along a path shown by the dotted line  188 , from supply reel  176  past an idler bearing  190 , the air bearing tape guides  192  and  194 , continuing around a roller  196  coupled to a tension arm transducer  198  under the control of controller  170 , and therefrom to take-up reel  184 , substantially as shown. The resulting output from the read elements in the read/write head assembly  200  is transmitted to controller  170 , which also directs data from an external source to read/write head assembly  200  for transfer onto tape medium  186  through the plurality of write elements in read/write head assembly  200 . Magnetic tape drive  168  may be generally of the one-half inch type having a single reel cartridge. As is well-known in the tape drive industry, other media formats are also available for example, quarter-inch cartridge (QIC), digital linear tape (DLT), digital analog tape (DAT), and the like.  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 12 shows a plan view of the air bearing surface (ABS) of an exemplary embodiment interleaved read/write head assembly  200  from FIG. 11, where the read elements are marked “R” and the write elements are marked “W.” The write elements, exemplified by the write head  202  and the read elements, exemplified by the read head  204 , are disposed in alternating fashion to form a single set of thirtyeight (for example) read/write track-pairs, exemplified by the R/W track-pair  202 - 204 . As used herein, the term “alternating” is intended to include other formats. For example, one format provides that the odd-numbered heads H 1 , H 3 , H 5  etc. are operative during forward tape movement, while the even-numbered heads H 2 , H 4 , H 6  etc. are operative during the opposite direction of tape movement.  
         [0049]    Generally, the length of magnetic tape medium  186  moves in either a forward or reverse direction as indicated by the arrows  206  and  208 . Head assembly  200  is shown in FIG. 1 as if magnetic tape medium  186  were transparent, although such tape medium normally is not transparent. Arrow  206  designates a forward movement of tape medium  186  and arrow  208  designates a reverse direction. Magnetic tape medium  186  and head assembly  200  operate in a transducing relationship in the manner well-known in the art. Other formats usable in the practice of this invention are considered to be within the teaching of this invention.  
         [0050]    Each of the head elements in head assembly  200  is intended to operate over a plurality of data tracks in magnetic tape medium  186 , as may be appreciated with reference to the data tracks T 1 , T 9 , T 17 , etc. in FIG. 1, which shows an exemplary 288-track scheme having a data track density on magnetic tape medium  186  of eight times the recording element density of R/W track-pairs H 1 , H 2 , . . . H 36  in MR head assembly  200 . Tracks T 9 , T 25 , . . . T 281  may be written with one pass of magnetic tape medium  186  in direction  206  over even-numbered R/W track-pairs H 2 , H 4 , . . . H 36  and then tracks T 1 , T 17 , . . . T 273  written on a return pass of magnetic tape medium  186  over the odd-numbered R/W track-pairs H 1 , H 3 .... H 35  by moving the lateral position of MR head assembly  200  in the direction of the arrow  210  by a distance equivalent to one track pitch (T 1 -T 2 ), which is about 12% of the R/W track-pair spacing (H 1 -H 2 ).  
         [0051]    Read/write head assembly  200  includes the thin-film modules  212  and  214  of generally identical construction. Modules  212  and  214  are joined together with an adhesive layer  216  to form a single physical unit, wherein the R/W track-pairs H 1 , H 2 , . . . H 36  are aligned as precisely as possible in the direction of tape medium movement. Each module  212 ,  214  includes a head-gap line  218 ,  220 , respectively, where the individual R/W gaps, exemplified by write head  202  and read head  204 , in each module are precisely located. Each thin-film module  212 ,  214  includes a separate substrate  222 ,  224  and a separate closure piece  226 ,  228 , respectively. Substrate  222  is bonded near head-gap line  218  by adhesive to closure piece  226  to form thin-film module  212  and substrate  224  is bonded near head-gap line  220  by adhesive to closure piece  228  to form thin-film module  214 . As precisely as possible, head-gap lines  218 ,  220  are disposed perpendicular to the directions of tape medium movement as represented by arrows  206 ,  208 . The R/W head-gaps at H 1 -H 36  in thin-film module  212  cooperate with the corresponding R/W head-gaps in thin-film module  214  to provide read-after-write functionality during movement of magnetic tape medium  186 . The read head gaps of one thin-film module are precisely aligned with the write head gaps of the other module along the direction of movement of tape medium  186 . Thus, for example, write head  202  is aligned with read head  204  to form a single R/W track-pair H 1  for read-after-write during magnetic tape movement in the direction indicated by arrow  206 .  
         [0052]    [0052]FIG. 13 shows in detail (not to scale) a portion of substrate  222  from FIG. 12, including portions of three exemplary R/W head gaps on head-gap line  218 , which are aligned with track-pairs H 3 -H 5  substantially as shown. The thin-film elements shown in FIG. 13 are illustrated showing submicron detail in the usual manner and are not to scale. Considering first the read-head  230  at track-pair H 4 , a magnetic sensor element  232  is disposed between the two element (S 2  &amp; S 1 ) shields  234  and  236 , with each sensor end coupled to an electrical lead conductor  238  and  240 . As in FIG. 12, read head  230  is seen to be disposed between the two write heads  242  and  244  positioned for writing data on track-pairs H 3 , H 5 , each adjacent to track-pair H 4 , substantially as shown. Write head  244  is substantially identical to write head  240 , which includes a write-gap  246  defined by two spaced magnetic pole (P 1  &amp; P 2 ) tips  248  and  250 , each including a lower seed layer  252 ,  254  underlying an electroplated layer  256 ,  258 . Write head  242  may also include a write-gap S 1  shield  260  (substantially identical to the write-gap S 1  shield  262  in write head  244 ) substantially in line with MR element S 1  shield  234 . Write-gap S 1  shield  260  may be electrically isolated from magnetic pole P 1  tip  56  by means of an intermediate insulating layer as shown or may be in contact therewith and may be deposited using the same material and deposition cycle as element S 1  shield  234  to improve manufacturability.  
         [0053]    Clearly, other embodiments and modifications of this invention may occur readily to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of these teachings. Therefore, this invention is to be limited only by the following claims, which include all such embodiments and modifications when viewed in conjunction with the above specification and accompanying drawing.