Abstract:
The present invention relates to compositions containing hydrofluoroolefins and to the uses thereof as heat transfer fluids, blowing agents, solvents and aerosols. More particularly, the invention relates to compositions having: 10 to 55% by weight, of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 5 to 50% by weight of HFC-152a and 30 to 55% by weight of HFC-32.

Description:
The present application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/996,207 filed Dec. 3, 2010 now U.S. Pat. No. 8,075,798, which claimed priority to international application serial number PCT/FR09/050890 filed May 14, 2009 which claimed priority to French application serial number 08.53860 filed Jun. 11, 2008. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to compositions including hydrofluoroolefins and to their uses as heat transfer fluids, blowing agents, solvents and aerosols. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The problems posed by substances which deplete the atmospheric ozone layer (ODP: ozone depletion potential) were treated at Montreal, where the protocol imposing a reduction on the production and use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) was signed. This protocol has formed the subject of amendments which have required that CFCs be withdrawn and have extended regulatory control to other products, including hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). 
     The refrigeration industry and that for the production of air conditioning have invested a great deal in the replacement of these refrigerants and thus it is that hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have been marketed. 
     The (hydro)chlorofluorocarbons used as blowing agents or solvents have also been replaced by HFCs. 
     In the motor vehicle industry, the air conditioning systems for vehicles sold in many countries have changed from a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC-12) refrigerant to a hydrofluorocarbon (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane: HFC-134a) refrigerant which is less harmful to the ozone layer. However, from the viewpoint of the objectives set by the Kyoto protocol, HFC-134a (GWP=1300) is regarded as having a high heating power. The contribution to the greenhouse effect of a refrigerant is quantified by a criterion, the GWP (Global Warming Potential), which epitomizes the heating power, a reference value of 1 being taken for carbon dioxide. 
     As carbon dioxide is non-toxic and non-flammable and has a very low GWP, it has been proposed as refrigerant for air conditioning systems as a replacement for HFC-134a. However, there are several disadvantages to the use of carbon dioxide, related in particular to the very high pressure of the use thereof as coolant in existing devices and technologies. 
     The document JP 4110388 describes the use of hydrofluoropropenes of formula C 3 H m F n , with m and n representing an integer between 1 and 5 inclusive and m+n=6, as heat transfer fluids, in particular tetrafluoropropene and trifluoropropene. 
     The document WO 2004/037913 discloses the use of compositions comprising at least one fluoroalkene having three or four carbon atoms, in particular pentafluoropropene and tetrafluoropropene, preferably having a GWP at most of 150, as heat transfer fluids. 
     The document WO 2005/105947 teaches the addition to the tetrafluoropropene, preferably 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, of a coblowing agent, such as difluoromethane, pentafluoroethane, tetrafluoroethane, difluoroethane, heptafluoropropane, hexafluoropropane, pentafluoropropane, pentafluorobutane, water and carbon dioxide. 
     The document WO 2006/094303 discloses an azeotropic composition comprising 7.4% by weight of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (1234yf) and 92.6% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32). This document also discloses an azeotropic composition comprising 91% by weight of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and 9% by weight of difluoroethane (HFC-152a). 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The Applicant Company has now developed compositions including hydrofluoropropenes which do not exhibit the abovementioned disadvantages and which have both a zero ODP and a lower GWP than that of existing heat transfer fluids, such as R404A (ternary mixture of pentafluoroethane (44% by weight), trifluoroethane (52% by weight) and HFC-134a (4% by weight)) and R407C (ternary mixture of HFC-134a (52% by weight), HFC-125 (25% by weight) and HFC-32 (23% by weight)). 
     The compositions according to the present invention are characterized in that they comprise from 2 to 55% by weight of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, from 2 to 55% by weight of HFC-152a and from 30 to 55% by weight of HFC-32. 
     According to a preferred form of the invention, the compositions comprise from 30 to 45% by weight of HFC-32, from 30 to 53% by weight of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and from 2 to 20% by weight of HFC-152a. 
     The compositions comprising 40% by weight of HFC-32, 50% by weight of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and 10% by weight of HFC-152a are particularly advantageous. 
     Advantageously, the compositions according to the present invention essentially comprise 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, HFC-152a and HFC-32 as hydrofluorocarbons (saturated or unsaturated). 
     The compositions according to the present invention can be used as heat transfer fluids, preferably in compression systems, and are particularly suitable for refrigeration, preferably as replacement for R404A and HCFC-22 (chlorodifluoromethane). 
     The compositions according to the present invention are also suitable for compression systems for air conditioning and heating, in particular heat pumps, preferably as replacement for R407C and HFC-134a. 
     The compositions according to the present invention can comprise a stabilizer for 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene. The stabilizer represents at most 5% by weight, with respect to the total composition. 
     Mention may in particular be made, as stabilizers, of nitromethane, ascorbic acid, terephthalic acid, azoles, such as tolutriazole or benzotriazole, phenolic compounds, such as tocopherol, hydroquinone, t-butylhydroquinone or 2,6-di(tert-butyl)-4-methylphenol, epoxides (alkyl, optionally fluorinated or perfluorinated, or alkenyl or aromatic), such as n-butyl glycidyl ether, hexanediol diglycidyl ether, allyl glycidyl ether or butylphenyl glycidyl ether, phosphites, phosphates, phosphonates or thiols and lactones. 
     The compositions according to the present invention can comprise lubricating agents, such as mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyalkylene glycol and polyvinyl ether. 
     The compositions according to the present invention can additionally be used as blowing agents, aerosols and solvents. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The performances of the compositions according to the invention under refrigeration operating conditions are given in Table 1. The values of the constituents (1234yf, 32 and 152a) for each composition are given as percentage by weight. 
     For R404A, the nominal operating pressure is 1829 kPa, the volumetric capacity is 1471 kJ/m 3  and the COP is 1.8 under the following operating conditions:
     Evaporation temperature: −20° C.   Condensation temperature: 40° C.   Compressor inlet temperature: −5° C.   Temperature of the subcooled liquid: 35° C.   Isentropic efficiency of the compressor: 70%   Evap P: pressure in the evaporator   Cond P: pressure in the condenser   Ratio: the compression ratio   T comp outlet: temperature at the compressor outlet   COP: coefficient of performance and is defined, where refrigeration is concerned, as being the useful cold power supplied by the system over the power introduced or consumed by the system.   

     The volumetric capacity and the COP are equivalent to or even greater than the values given by R404A. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 T 
                 Capac- 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Evap P 
                 Cond P 
                 Ratio 
                 comp 
                 ity 
                   
               
               
                 Compositions 
                 (kPa) 
                 (kPa) 
                 (w/w) 
                 outlet 
                 (kJ/m 3 ) 
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 R404A 
                 300 
                 1829.00 
                 6.10 
                 76   
                 1471   
                 1.8 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1234yf 
                 32 
                 152a 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 40 
                 50 
                 198 
                 1737   
                 8.77 
                 131.67 
                 1291.38 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 20 
                 40 
                 40 
                 212 
                 1792   
                 8.45 
                 126.85 
                 1344.26 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 30 
                 40 
                 30 
                 227 
                 1851   
                 8.12 
                 121.99 
                 1404.02 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 40 
                 40 
                 20 
                 244 
                 1917   
                 7.84 
                 117.43 
                 1466.01 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 50 
                 40 
                 10 
                 260 
                 1990   
                 7.64 
                 113.55 
                 1522.01 
                 1.8 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The performances of the compositions according to the present invention in air conditioning and heat pump operating conditions are given in Table 2. The values of the constituents (1234yf, 32 and 152a) for each composition are given as percentage by weight. 
     For R407C, the nominal operating pressure is 3442 kPa, the volumetric capacity is 1461 kJ/m 3  and the COP is 2.1 under the following operating conditions:
     Evaporation temperature: −5° C.   Condensation temperature: 70° C.   Compressor inlet temperature: 5° C.   Temperature of the subcooled liquid: 65° C.   Isentropic efficiency of the compressor: 70%   Evap P: pressure in the evaporator   Cond P: pressure in the condenser   Ratio: the compression ratio   T comp outlet: temperature at the compressor outlet   COP: coefficient of performance and is defined, where a heat pump is concerned, as being the useful hot power supplied by the system over the power introduced or consumed by the system.   

     Under the same conditions, the compositions according to the present invention provide a greater capacity than the capacity of R407C and make possible the use of devices which are smaller in size, a reduction in the amount of the refrigerant to be employed and also a reduction in the cost of the device. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 T 
                 Capac- 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Evap P 
                 Cond P 
                 Ratio 
                 comp 
                 ity 
                   
               
               
                 Compositions 
                 (kPa) 
                 (kPa) 
                 (w/w) 
                 outlet 
                 (kJ/m 3 ) 
                 COP 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 R407C 
                 385.68 
                 3442 
                 8.93 
                 126.60 
                 1461 
                 2.1 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1234yf 
                 32 
                 152a 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 60 
                 40 
                  0 
                 478   
                 3971 
                 8   
                 133   
                 1503 
                 1.9 
               
               
                 55 
                 40 
                  5 
                 467   
                 3884 
                 8   
                 134   
                 1566 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 50 
                 40 
                 10 
                 455   
                 3805 
                 8   
                 136   
                 1607 
                 2.1 
               
               
                 45 
                 40 
                 15 
                 442   
                 3733 
                 8   
                 137   
                 1631 
                 2.1 
               
               
                 40 
                 40 
                 20 
                 429   
                 3668 
                 9   
                 139   
                 1644 
                 2.1