Abstract:
The present invention relates a novel approach to prepare Polymer Modified Bitumen by using terephthalamide additives, derived from PET, for improving bitumen quality. Particularly, the present invention provides a process to utilize waste PET, which is a threat to environment and is available commercially in different physical forms, for conversion into industrially useful additive for bituminous product.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates a novel approach to prepare Polymer Modified Bitumen by using terephthalamide additives, derived from PET, for improving bitumen quality. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Bitumen is a dark-brown to black sticky material, solid or semi-solid in consistency, in which the primary constituents are a mixture of paraffinic and aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen. In view of emerging need to improve bitumen properties, the use of chemical additives, particularly Polymers, is currently a much investigated subject. 
         [0003]    In recent years, one of the important developments in the field of alternate application of virgin or used plastic/rubber material (mainly SBS and EVA type), is their use in making Polymer/Rubber Modified Bitumen (PMBs/RMBs) as value added product of Bitumen. Presently, PMBs/RMBs are used in huge quantities in making road highways infrastructure. PMBs/RMBs offer some definitive advantages over conventional bitumen such as lower susceptibility to daily and seasonal temperature variations, higher resistance to deformation at elevated pavement temperatures, better age resistance properties, better adhesion, less cracking even in heavy traffic conditions etc. The use of PMBs/RMBs, in India, has just begun during last decade particularly under highway development program. 
         [0004]    Disposal of plastic material in general and PET based products like bottles for water/soft drinks etc., in particular, is one of identified factor for current pollution. Global efforts are underway, to recycle PET through both chemical and mechanical routes. Unfortunately, under mechanical recycling route, in particular, many prior art reported processes are not efficient and the quality of derived product remains questionable for recycling purposes. 
         [0005]    On the other hand, “chemical recycling” which includes depolymerization of PET chains has been widely mentioned in the prior art. Five major approaches such as Glycolysis, Alcoholysis, Hydrolysis, Saponification and Aminolysis have been reported in several scientific literatures. 
         [0006]    In aminolysis route our approach consisted of subjecting PET and amines such as ethanol amine, polyamine to temperature conditions from about 100° to 200° C. both under catalytic and non-catalytic conditions. PET on decomposition, as reported in our earlier patent (Application number: PCT/IB2013/050974), converts into product or product mixtures which are mainly terephthalamide derivatives. 
         [0007]    One of the major challenge and a desirable approach in the aminolysis reaction is to develop products that can be used on an industrial scale. In our earlier patent (Application number: PCT/IB2013/050974) we have explored the process for utilization of terephthalamide synthesized from PET via aminolysis reaction as an anti-stripping agent for bitumen. 
         [0008]    Lee, Sang-Yum; recently showed that the dimethylphenol (DMP) was added to the neat asphalt and polymerization carried out autonomously, without adding any external catalyst for the polymerization, only with oxygen molecules in the air. The polymer produced in the asphalt was polyphenyleneoxide (PPO) and it enhanced the mechanical properties of the asphalt. 
         [0009]    EP 0561471 A1 discloses the bituminous composition comprising, block copolymer and conjugated diene and an acrylic monomer such as an alkyl methacrylate to form PMB. WO 2012007418 A1: discloses a Polyurethan-/Polyisocyanurat polymer obtainable from the reaction of an isocyanate-terminated with POLYOL outside of bitumen and then blend with bitumen. EP 0667886 B1 describes bituminous composition comprising a bituminous, conjugated diolefin and an acrylic monomer of a polyfunctional amine having at least two amino groups. 
         [0010]    There arise needs to provide a process to utilize waste PET, which is a threat to environment and is available commercially in different physical forms, for conversion into industrially useful additive for bituminous product. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0011]    An object of the present invention is to provide a process to utilize waste PET, which is a threat to environment and is available commercially in different physical forms, for conversion into industrially useful additive for bituminous product. Another object of the present invention is to provide a process for effective and bulk use of aminolysed product of PET polymers. 
         [0012]    A further object of the invention is to provide a process for preparation of a bituminous cement mixture as per Indian Standard and ASTM Standard as well as the combination of that mixture with an aggregate in a form for road paving, i.e. a bituminous concrete, which has high temperature susceptibility (Table-3), and high temperature performance properties (Table-2). 
         [0013]    Yet another object of the invention is to provide a novel process comprising the reaction of terephthalamide derived from the reactions of amines such as primary, secondary and tertiary amines and PET with isocyanates and more particularly Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI), in bitumen. 
         [0014]    Another object of the invention is to provide a process for improving low temperature susceptibility properties of bitumen with such chemical compounds. 
     
    
     
         [0015]    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ACCOMPANYING DRAWING 
           [0016]      FIG. 1 : Shows Hot Water Stripping Test (ASTM D 3625-96 (Reapproved 2005))
       (a) Neat VG-10 Bitumen Binder;   (b) Polymer Modified Bitumen Binder of the Present Invention.         
           [0019]      FIG. 2 : IR Data of BHETA Terephthalamide(Bis(2-hydroxyethylene) terepthalamide) Derived PMB. 
           [0020]      FIG. 3 : IR Data of TETA Terephthalamide derived PMB. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0021]    The present invention discloses a method of preparation of novel polymer modified asphalt binder compositions that are made by reacting a Poly-isocyanate with amido amine derivative. 
         [0022]    An aspect of the present invention discloses a process for preparing modified bitumen from amido amines or polyamido amines and isocyanate or polyisocyante. 
         [0023]    In an aspect the present invention provides a process for preparing modified bitumen comprising, reacting amido amines or polyamido amines; isocyanate or polyisocyanate; and bitumen in a solvent to obtain modified bitumen. 
         [0024]    In another aspect of the present invention, amido amines or polyamido amines are reacted with isocyanate or polyisocyanate, prior to reacting with bitumen. 
         [0025]    In another aspect of the present invention, amido amines or polyamido amines; isocyanate or polyisocyanate; and bitumen are reacted simultaneously. 
         [0026]    In another aspect of the present invention, amido amines or polyamido amines and isocyanate or polyisocyanate are reacted to obtain a polyureathane. 
         [0027]    In another aspect of the present invention, amido amines or polyamido amines and isocyanate or polyisocyanate are reacted to obtain a polyurea. 
         [0028]    Another aspect of the present invention discloses a bituminous cement mixture comprising polyurethane or polyurea polymers in body of bitumen. 
         [0029]    The polyurethane or polyurea polymers are formed in the body of the bitumen matrix in the following manner: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
           
             where, R=(Ph-CO—NH) 1-5 (CH 2 —CH 2 ) 1-8 (NH) 0-8 ; 
             R′=Ph, Ph-CH 2 -Ph, Ph-CH 3 , (—CH 2 —) 1-10    
           
         
       
     
         [0032]    In an aspect of the present invention, bituminous cement mixture as described herein comprises of a statistical mixture of compounds encompassed by the general structure of formula R′ 1 NCH 2 CH 2 —(CH 2 CH 2 NH) n —CO—C 6 H 4 —CO—(NHCH 2 CH 2 ) n CH 2 CH 2 NR″ 2 , where N is nitrogen, R′ 1  and R″ 2  are each independently a hydrogen or alkyl moiety and n is an independent integer lying in the range of 1 to 10. 
         [0033]    In an embodiment of the present invention, amido amines or polyamido amines are prepared by reacting polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with amines or polyamines. 
         [0034]    In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the terephthalamide and polyisocyanate can be reacted together in a variety of ratios with the range of (0.05 to 30%) and under different set of reaction conditions. 
         [0035]    In an embodiment of the present invention, amido amines or polyamido amines are present in 0.05-30% wt/wt of bitumen, the isocyanates or polyisocyanates are present in 0.05-30% wt/wt of bitumen and the reaction is conducted at a temperature of 50° C. to 190° C. for a period of 10 minutes to 8 hours. 
         [0036]    In accordance with the present invention, modified bitumen is prepared by reacting amido amines or polyamido amines with isocyanate or polyisocyante in bitumen. When the reactant components in bitumen are reacted together, they form a statistical mixture of terephthalamide compounds encompassed by the general structural formula R′ 1 NCH 2 CH 2 —(CH 2 CH 2 NH) n —CO—C 6 H 4 —CO—(NHCH 2 CH 2 ) n CH 2 CH 2 NR″ 2 , where N is nitrogen, R′ 1  and R″ 2  are each independently a hydrogen or alkyl moiety and n is an independent integer lying in the range of 1 to 10. R′ 1 N and or R″ 2 N could also be alkyl or substituted aromatic groups or an oligomer derived from aminolysis of PET. In one embodiment, R′ 1 N and/or R″ 2 N is alkyl or substituted aromatic group or an oligomer derived from aminolysis of PET. 
         [0037]    In accordance with the present invention, amines or polyamines are selected from the group comprising ethylene diamine, triethylene tetramine, propylene diamine, trimethylene diamine, hexamethylene diamine, decamethylene diamine, octamethylene diamine, di(heptamethylene)triamine, tripropylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine, trimethylene diamine, pentaethylene hexamine, di(trimethylene)triamine, N-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine, 1,4-bis(2-aminoethyl)piperazine, an aromatic polyamine such as phenylene and napthylene diamines or hydrazines such as hydrazine, organo-hydrazines having hydrocarbon-based substituents of up to about 30 carbon atoms. 
         [0038]    The isocyantes or polyisocyanates used in accordance with the present invention are selected from the group comprising hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), trimethyl hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), ethylene diisocyanate, ethylidene diisocyanate, propylene, butylene diisocyanate, diisocyanate dichlorohexaméthylène, furfurylidene diisocyanate, Cycloaliphatic polyisocyanates, like isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), cyclopentylene-1,3-diisocyanate, cyclohexylenedimethylene 1 diisocyanate, cyclohexylene-1,2-diisocyanate, and mixtures thereof, aromatic polyisocyanates like the 4,4′-diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and its isomers, such as 2,4′- and 2,2′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and isomers thereof, particularly the 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate, 2,2-diphenylpropane-4′-diisocyanate, p-phenylene diisocyanate, m-phenylene diisocyanate, xylene diisocyanate, 1,4-naphthalene diisocyanate, 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate, azobenzene-4,4′-diisocyanate, diphenyl sulfone-4,4′-diisocyanate, 1-chlorobenzene-2,4-diisocyanate, 4 4′,4″-triisocyanatotriphériyl methane, 1,3,5-triisocyanato-tetraisocyanate, and mixtures thereof. 
         [0039]    The polyisocyante as described herein is diisocyanates, more specifically MDI and its isomers, TDI and its isomers, the HDI, the IPDI and derivatives thereof. 
         [0040]    Various solvents suitable for carrying out the polymerization according to the invention include Dimethyl formamide (DMF), Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), Acetone, Methylethyl ketone, Tetrahydrofuran (THF), Ethyl acetate, Benzene, Toluene, Chlorobenzene, Hexane, Cylohexane, Xylene and Dichloro Methane (DCM) etc. 
         [0041]    In another aspect of the present invention, a bituminous concrete comprising bituminous cement mixture and an aggregate. 
         [0042]    Further, the process of the present invention is performed by way of two alternative processes: 
         [0043]    1. When Isocyanates are Added in Bitumen: 
         [0044]    Different polyamido amines/amido amines from PET were synthesized in a separate reaction vessel using method reported in the earlier patent Application number: PCT/IB2013/050974. For the present invention bitumen, polyamido amines/amido amines/terephthalamide and polyisocyanate are reacted to obtain a bituminous mix. 
         [0045]    2: When Isocyanates are Added Outside Bitumen: 
         [0046]    Polyurethanes were synthesized using a one-step polymerization reaction method. Poly amidoamine and/or terephthalamide derivative prepared by reacting PET and ethanol amine, triethanolamine, amine or polyamine is reacted with Polyethylene glycol (PEG) (PEG200,PEG400,PEG6000) Polyethylene glycol (PEG) suitable for use in the present discloses includes, but is not restricted to, various low molecular weight PEG and also high molecular weight PEG and Dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) in a solvent. After the completion of the reaction, isocyanate/polyisocyanate were added. Removal of solvent was accomplished by using vacuum distillation. The above product was added to bitumen and to form polymer modified bitumen (PMB). 
         [0047]    Having described the basic aspects of the present invention, the following non-limiting examples illustrate specific embodiment thereof. 
       Example 1 
     When Isocyanates are Added in Bitumen 
       [0048]    Different polyamido amines from PET were synthesized in a separate reaction vessel using method reported in the earlier patent Application number: PCT/IB2013/050974. For present invention, a three necked, 500 ml round-bottom flask equipped with a heating mantle, overhead stirrer, water condenser, nitrogen gas sparging tube and a thermo well pocket containing thermometer (40° C. to 300° C. range) was used. The flask was charged with bitumen, polyamido amines in 3% Wt/Wt of bitumen, polyisocyanate in 1.5% Wt/Wt of bitumen to form modified bitumen. The temperature is 140° C. and duration of reaction is 2 hours. The bituminous mix thus prepared was tested for different lab tests. 
         [0049]    Physico-Chemical Properties: 
         [0050]    The physicochemical properties of the modified bitumen samples during this invention indicate that it has met the plastomer specification. The following were used for the experiment: 
         [0051]    VG-10 Bitumen 
         [0052]    Bitumen supplied from Mathura Refinery having viscosity grade-10 (i.e. 80/100 penetration grade). 
         [0053]    Properties of Mathura Refinery having VG-10 Bitumen: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Test 
                   
               
               
                 Properties 
                 values 
                 Referral specifications 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Penetration 
                 85 
                 IS1203/1978 
               
               
                 Absolute Viscosity at 60° C. 
                 1145  
                 IS1206 (PART2) 
               
               
                 Kinematic Viscosity at 135° C. 
                 302  
                 IS1206 (PART3) 
               
               
                 Softening Point in ° C. 
                 46 
                 IS 1205/1978 
               
               
                 Ductility at 27° C. 
                 100+ 
                 IS 1208:1978 Min 
               
               
                 Ductility after TFOT at 25° C. in cm 
                 100+ 
                 IS 1208:1978 Min 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0054]    TEPA-Modified: 
         [0055]    TEPA-Modified Bitumen comprising of terephthalamide [Aminolysis product synthesis of PET with tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA)], isocyanate and Bitumen. 
         [0056]    BHETA Modified: 
         [0057]    BHETA-Modified Bitumen comprising of terephthalamide (synthesis of PET with ethanol amine), isocyanate and Bitumen. 
         [0058]    TEPA-Modified (1): 
         [0059]    TEPA-Modified (1), Bitumen comprising of terephthalamide (Aminolysis product synthesis of PET with tetraethylenepentamine), isocyanate and Bitumen (The Ratio of isocyante, terephthalamide and bitumen are 0.5:1:98.5 wt/wt). 
         [0060]    TEPA-Modified (2): 
         [0061]    TEPA-Modified Bitumen comprising of terephthalamide (Aminolysis product synthesis of PET with tetraethylenepentamine), isocyanate and Bitumen (The Ratio of isocyante, terephthalamide and bitumen are 0.5:1.5:98 wt/wt). 
         [0062]    BHETA Modified (1): 
         [0063]    BHETA-Modified Bitumen comprising of terephthalamide (synthesis of PET with ethanol amine), isocyanate and Bitumen (The Ratio of isocyante, terephthalamide and bitumen are 0.5:1:98.5 wt/wt). 
         [0064]    BHETA Modified (2): 
         [0065]    BHETA-Modified Bitumen comprising of terephthalamide (synthesis of PET with ethanol amine), isocyanate and Bitumen (The Ratio of ISOCYANTE, terephthalamide and bitumen are 0.5:1.5:98 wt/wt). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Physico-Chemical Properties 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 PMB-grade-3 
                   
               
               
                   
                 VG-10 
                 TEPA- 
                 BHETA 
                 (IRC:SP:53- 
               
               
                 Properties 
                 Bitumen 
                 Modified 
                 Modified 
                 2010) 
                 Specification 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Penetration 25° C. 
                 84 
                 67 
                 66 
                 60-120 
                 IS1203/1978 
               
               
                 (100 g, 5 s), 0.1 mm 
               
               
                 Softening Point 
                 46 
                 51.5 
                 52 
                 50 Min 
                 IS 1205/1978 
               
               
                 (Ring and Ball), 
               
               
                 ° C., Minimum 
               
               
                 Ductility at 27° C. 
                 100 
                 90+ 
                 40 
                 — 
                 IS 1208: 
               
               
                 (5 Cm/Min) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1978 Min 
               
               
                 Viscosity (150° C.) 
                 1.57 
                  2.78 
                 2.95 
                 1-3 poise 
                 ASTM:D- 
               
               
                 Using Rotational 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 4402 
               
               
                 Viscometer (Poise) 
               
               
                 Separation 
                 — 
                  2 
                  2.7 
                 3 Max 
                 (IRC:SP 53- 
               
               
                 Difference in 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2010) 
               
               
                 Softening 
               
               
                 Point (R&amp;B) ° C. 
               
               
                 Max 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0066]    Dynamic Shear Rheometer 
         [0067]    DSR method was determined to be the main method for measuring the deformation characteristics of road surfaces in the future. The test procedure used to measure the G*/Sin(δ), a parameter of rutting-assistance of the original bitumen and RTFOT test-aged bitumens. The Superpave specification states that, at the maximum pavement design temperature, the G*Sin(δ) value should be at least 1.0 kPa for original bitumen and 2.2 kPa in order for RTFOT-aged bitumen to resist rutting. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Dynamic Shear Rheometer 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Passing 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 limit of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 VG-10 
                 TEPA- 
                 BHETA 
                 G*/Sin 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bitumen 
                 Modified 
                 Modified 
                 (delta) 
                 PMB-grade-3 
               
               
                   
                 Test 
                 G*/Sin 
                 G*/Sin 
                 G*/Sin 
                 (ASTM:D- 
                 (IRC:SP:53- 
               
               
                 Properties 
                 Temperature 
                 (delta) 
                 (delta) 
                 (delta) 
                 7175) 
                 2010) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 DSR 
                 58° C. 
                 2.14 
                 5.32 
                 4.93 
                 1.0 
                 58° C. 
               
               
                 Neat 
                 64° C. 
                 0.92 
                 2.55 
                 2.35 
                   
                 Min 
               
               
                   
                 70° C. 
                 0.43 
                 1.23 
                 1.16 
                   
                 Required 
               
               
                   
                 76° C. 
                 0.2 
                 0.639 
                 0.519 
                   
                 Temperature 
               
               
                 DSR 
                 58° C. 
                 3.99 
                 11.34 
                 10.67 
                 2.20 
                 58° C. 
               
               
                 RTFO 
                 64° C. 
                 1.71 
                 5.49 
                 4.96 
                   
                 Minimum 
               
               
                 Age 
                 70° C. 
                 0.61 
                 2.84 
                 2.22 
                   
                 Required 
               
               
                   
                 76° C. 
                 0.27 
                 1.27 
                 1.01 
                   
                 Temperature 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0068]    The modified asphalt exhibiting improved stiffness values for original unaged modified bitumen binder as well as RTFO age modified bitumen binder, which when tested with DSR at temperature ranging from 58-82° C., exhibits G*/Sin(delta) values are higher than normal bitumen. The table showed that the modified bitumen has G*/Sin(delta) are 1.23 and 1.16 kPa for unaged and 2.84 and 2.22 kPa at 70° C. for RTFO age, TEPA-Modified and BHETA Modified bitumen respectively. 
         [0069]    Bending Beam Rheometer 
         [0070]    In order to further examine low temperature thermal cracking properties, thin beams of modified bitumen were tested for creep stiffness at low temperature using the Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR). The maximum stiffness criteria of 300 MPa and the minimum m-value criteria of 0.300 recommended in Superpave binder specifications generally appear to be reasonable in mitigating low-temperature cracking 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Bending Beam Rheometer 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 BHETA 
                   
               
               
                   
                 VG-10 Bitumen 
                 TEPA-Modified 
                 Modified 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Properties 
                   
                 m- 
                   
                 m- 
                   
                 m- 
                   
               
               
                 Temperature 
                 Stiffness 
                 Value 
                 Stiffness 
                 Value 
                 Stiffness 
                 Value 
                 Specification 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                  −6° C. 
                 74 
                 0.402 
                 41.3 
                 0.495 
                 35.3 
                 0.508 
                 ASTM:D 6648 
               
               
                 −12° C. 
                 147 
                 0.362 
                 93.3 
                 0.432 
                 110 
                 0.381 
                 Maximum 
               
               
                 −18° C. 
                 395 
                 0.288 
                 256 
                 0.326 
                 280 
                 0.292 
                 Stiffness = 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 300 MPa and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Minimum m- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 value = 0.300 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0071]    The modified asphalt exhibiting improved creep stiffness and m-value were tested at low temperature from −42° C. to 0° C. according to SHARP Bending Beam Creep Stiffness Test AASHTO TP1. The results disclose that the modified binder in this invention were more flexible after aging process. This showed the direct effect of aging on bitumen viscoelastic behaviors and increasing the bitumen plastic behavior. A comparative study of the BBR test data for the modified bitumen is given in the above table. The table showed that the modified bitumen has stiffness 256 and 280 MPa and m-value 0.326 and 0.292 at −18° C. for TEPA-Modified and BHETA Modified bitumen respectively. This discloses the better performance of our modified bitumen than the other PMB available in the market. 
         [0072]    Rutting Characteristics 
         [0073]    Wheel tracking test is a simulative laboratory method of assessing resistance to permanent deformation and correlate their results with in-service pavement rutting. The modified asphalt exhibits improved rutting resistance 3.2 and 1.5 mm and 2.96 and 1.82 for different composition of TEPA-Modified and BHETA Modified bitumen respectively. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Rutting Characteristics 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 TEPA- 
                 TEPA- 
                 BHETA 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 VG-10 
                 Modified 
                 Modified 
                 Modified 
                 BHETA 
               
               
                 Properties 
                 Bitumen 
                 (1) 
                 (2) 
                 (1) 
                 Modified (2) 
                 Specification 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Rut 
                 4.8 
                 3.2 
                 1.5 
                 2.96 
                 1.82 
                 (EN12697- 
               
               
                 Depth 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 22: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2003 + A1) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0074]    Marshall Stability Test 
         [0075]    Marshall Stability test is used for evaluation of the resistance to plastic deformation of a compacted cylindrical specimen of bituminous pavement. Marshall Stability Test has stability-flow tests. The Marshall stability of the bituminous pavement is defined as the maximum load carried by the compacted cylindrical specimen at a standard test temperature of 60° C. The flow value is the deformation that the test compacted cylindrical specimen undergoes during loading up to the maximum load mm units. According to IRC: SP-53 specification the marshall strength and flow value for Hot Climate, Marshall Stability is 12 KN and Flow value is 2.5-4 mm and for Cold Climate the Marshall Stability is 10 KN and Flow value is 2.5-4 mm and for High Rain Fall area Marshall Stability: 12 KN, Flow value is 3.0-4.5 mm at 60° C., respectively. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Marshall Stability Test 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (Marshall Strength KN/ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Flow in mm)* 
               
               
                   
                 Compaction temp: 141° C. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Binder 
                 VG-10 
                 TEPA- 
                 BHETA 
                   
               
               
                 content 
                 Bitumen 
                 Modified 
                 Modified 
                 Specification 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5% 
                  11.9/2.24 
                 14.54/3.66 
                 11.28/2.32 
                 ASTM:D-6927 
               
               
                 5% 
                 12.30/2.43 
                 13.44/3.75 
                 12.47/2.80 
                 ASTM:D-6926 
               
               
                 5% 
                 13.15/2.80 
                 12.55/3.45 
                 10.92/2.12 
                 IRC:53-2010 
               
               
                 Average of 
                 12.45/2.49 
                 13.51/3.62 
                 11.55/2.41 
                 Hot Climate: 
               
               
                 5% dosage 
                   
                   
                   
                 Marshall Stability: 
               
               
                 5.5% 
                 13.55/2.39 
                 17.75/3.45 
                 14.09/3.89 
                 12 KN, Flow at 
               
               
                 5.5% 
                 12.98/2.55 
                 16.25/4.08 
                 14.20/3.46 
                 60° C. = 2.5-4 mm 
               
               
                 5.5% 
                 14.59/2.52 
                  16.8/3.67 
                 13.89/3.21 
                 Cold Climate: 
               
               
                 Average of 
                 13.67/2.48 
                 16.93/3.73 
                 14.06/3.52 
                 Marshall Stability: 
               
               
                 5.5% dosage 
                   
                   
                   
                 10 KN, Flow at 
               
               
                 6% 
                 13.55/2.39 
                 20.15/5.08 
                 15.23/5.23 
                 60° C. = 3.5-5 mm 
               
               
                 6% 
                 14.58/3.59 
                 17.71/4.35 
                 16.82/5.03 
                 For High Rain Fall 
               
               
                 6% 
                 14.09/3.12 
                 20.48/4.05 
                 14.67/4.87 
                 Marshall Stability: 
               
               
                 Average of 
                 14.07/3. 
                 19.44/4.49 
                 15.57/5.04 
                 12 KN, Flow at 
               
               
                 6% dosage 
                   
                   
                   
                 60° C. = 3.0-4.5 mm 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0076]    The modified asphalt exhibits improved Marshall Stability and flow value. The results indicate that stability increases on all formulations meets all types of climatic condition in the IRC:53-2010. 
         [0077]    Hot Water Stripping Test (ASTM D 3625-96 (Reapproved 2005)) 
         [0078]    The Boiling Water Test (ASTM D3625) is a subjective test for the effects of moisture of bituminous mixes. It is used primarily as an initial screening test of anti-stripping agent in bituminous mixes. The results clearly demonstrate the good antistripping behaviour of modified bituminous mixes. The results disclose that the modified binder in this invention shows improved antistripping behavior. 
       Example 2 
     When Isocyanates are Added Outside Bitumen 
       [0079]    Polyurethanes were synthesized using a one-step polymerization reaction method. BHETA 0.04155 mol, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) (0.01785 mol) and DBTDL (0.001167 mol) were dissolved in 250 mL of DMSO in a two-necked round bottom flask equipped with a condenser and stirrer. The temperature was raised to 110° C. Then 1.8 mol of MDI were added and the reaction mixer stirred vigorously. After completion of reaction, removal of solvent was accomplished by using vacuum distillation. 3% of the above product was added to bitumen and stirred for 2 h at 140° C. to formed polymer modified bitumen (PMB). Properties of resultant modified bitumen are shown below. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Physico-Chemical Properties 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 TEPA- 
                 BHETA- 
                 PMB-grade-3 
                   
               
               
                   
                 VG-10 
                 EXSITU 
                 EXSITU 
                 (IRC:SP:53- 
               
               
                 Properties 
                 Bitumen 
                 PMB 
                 PMB 
                 2010) 
                 Specification 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Penetration 25° C. 
                 84 
                 71 
                 69 
                 60-120 
                 IS1203/1978 
               
               
                 (100 g, 5 s), 0.1 mm 
               
               
                 Softening Point 
                 46 
                 50.7 
                 51 
                 50 Min 
                 IS 1205/1978 
               
               
                 (Ring and Ball), 
               
               
                 ° C., Minimum 
               
               
                 Viscosity (150° C.) 
                 1.57 
                 1.96 
                 2.16 
                 1-3 poise 
                 ASTM:D- 
               
               
                 Using Rotational 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 4402 
               
               
                 Viscometer (Poise) 
               
               
                 Separation 
                 — 
                 2.5 
                 2.7 
                 3 Max 
                 (IRC:SP 53- 
               
               
                 Difference in 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2010) 
               
               
                 Softening 
               
               
                 Point (R&amp;B) ° C. 
               
               
                 Max 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0080]    The results indicate that all physico-chemical properties of all polymers modified bitumen binder (made through ex-situ polymerization) and meet all requirements according to the IRC: 53-2010. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Passing limit 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 EXSITU 
                 of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EXSITU- 
                 BHETA 
                 G*/Sin(delta) 
                 PMB-grade-3 
               
               
                   
                 Test 
                 TEPA-PMB 
                 PMB 
                 (ASTM:D- 
                 (IRC:SP:53- 
               
               
                 Properties 
                 Temperature 
                 G*/Sin(delta) 
                 G*/Sin(delta) 
                 7175) 
                 2010) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 DSR 
                 58° C. 
                 4.63 
                 4.89 
                 1.0 
                 58° C. 
               
               
                 Neat 
                 64° C. 
                 1.96 
                 2.01 
                   
                 Min 
               
               
                   
                 70° C. 
                 0.91 
                 0.95 
                   
                 Required 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Temperature 
               
               
                 DSR 
                 58° C. 
                 7.51 
                 10.96 
                 2.20 
                 58° C. 
               
               
                 RTFO 
                 64° C. 
                 3.46 
                 3.84 
                   
                 Minimum 
               
               
                 Age 
                 70° C. 
                 1.72 
                 1.86 
                   
                 Required 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Temperature 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0081]    The Superpave specification states that in alter to provide suitable resistance against rutting at the maximum pavement design temperature of a bituminous product the G*/Sin(δ) value should be at least 1.0 kPa for neat bitumen and 2.2 kPa for RTFOT-aged bitumen samples. DSR studies were done on samples of TEPA-Modified bitumen, BHETA-modified bitumen. The table shows that all modified bitumen have G*/Sin(δ) values of 1.96 and 2.01 kPa for unaged and 3.46 and 3.84 kPa at 64° C. for the RTFO aged TEPA-terephthalamide modified bitumen and BHETA-terephthalamide modified bitumen, respectively. Thus, both modified bitumen samples under un-aged conditions as well as RTFO aged conditions showed acceptable values up to a temperature of 64° C. against a lower value of 64° C. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Bending Beam Rheometer 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Properties 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 TEPA- 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Modified 
                 BHETA Modified 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 m- 
                   
                 m- 
                   
               
               
                 Temperature 
                 Stiffness 
                 Value 
                 Stiffness 
                 Value 
                 Specification 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                  −6° C. 
                 Not Applicable 
                 ASTM:D 6648 
               
             
          
           
               
                 −12° C. 
                 103 
                 0.466 
                 99.7 
                 0.448 
                 Maximum 
               
               
                 −18° C. 
                 296 
                 0.348 
                 250 
                 0.346 
                 Stiffness = 300 MPa 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 and Minimum 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 m-value = 0.300 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0082]    A comparative study of BBR test data for neat and modified bitumen samples is given in the Table 4.4. The table showed that the modified bitumen have stiffness 296, 250 MPa and m-value 0.348 and 0.346 at −18° C. for TEPA-Modified and BHETA-Modified bitumen respectively. This means that, BHETA-modified and TEPA-Modified bitumen samples are consistently matched the desired value limits at −18° C. and thus these modified bitumen binders will be more resistant to low temperature cracking.