Abstract:
A security token includes (a) a personal data memory configured to store digital identity credentials related to personal data of a user; (b) an input appliance configured to check said personal data; (c) a key record data memory configured to store at least one identity credential of an authentication server or of an application operator; (d) a transmitter and receiver unit configured to create a secure channel directly or indirectly to said authentication server or application operator to handle said key record relating to said authentication server or application operator, respectively; (e) a control unit configured to control the transmitter and receiver unit and the key record data memory in view of said handling, wherein the control unit is configured to perform one of: interpreting, deciphering, creating, checking, renewing, withdrawing and further key record handling actions. A method for authentication of a user using the security token is also disclosed.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates to a method and a device to authenticate a user, to give access to a system that is secured and to facilitate the management of personal digital identities. 
     2 . Description of Related Art 
     There are several devices and methods to authenticate the user to a system, which may be a building system, or to a computer network, or to a remote information system. The aim of authentication may be physical access to a building, e.g. to open a door, or logical access to a webservice, e.g. access to a web page or for information retrieval, e.g. from a remote computer system. 
     Thereby the user uses generally his name which is also designated as a user ID in combination with the password or a PIN-Code. After successful authentication the user has access to a computer network or to said system. The weakest link in a secure system is generally the user. This is due to the fact that the user is usually negligent in view of choosing strong passwords. Additionally passwords are often not treated as highly valuable secrets. Furthermore the user may also be a target for social engineering attacks like phishing, where user names and corresponding passwords are stolen or snatched by third parties. 
     A typical user of computer systems and Internet services would have to memorize and manage over 50 UserIDs, passwords and PIN-codes, all this information has to be treated as real secrets as it is supposed by most of today&#39;s authentication systems. It is a well-known fact that users don&#39;t handle such identity credentials as valuable secrets. Users choose either simple passwords or simple rules to memorize passwords. Dictionary attacks can break such alleged password secrets within seconds. To augment the authentication security operators distribute passive or active tokens (cards, OTP-lists, time dependant pass code generators, digital certificates etc). The handling of all these physical and virtual identity credentials makes life not easier for their owner. Many internet services are just not used any more because users forgot how to access the site. Users restrict their business relations to fewer operators which naturally reduces the business opportunities for e-commerce. While many systems offer identity management functions for operators the problem of the user side identity management remains unsolved. 
     The purpose of an authentication at a physical gate or a virtual portal is the same. The access to a restricted site should be limited to authorized persons. Only the security policy should define what identity credentials are acceptable for a specific access control. In the real world however many organizations run different and more or less separated access control systems with independent identity credentials for physical (access to buildings and sites etc) and logical access (access to computer systems and information etc). This inconsistency creates administrative overhead, complications for the users and last but not least a security flaw. 
     Since a number of years Federated identity management (FIM) and Single-sign-on (SSO) systems or enterprise-reduced-sign-on systems are suggested to reduce this burden of multiple authentication for the user. This is correct, however, the main problem of such FIM systems is the necessity that the different firms or service provider have to coordinate their work and accept each other the common users. This is not workable. These efforts are—in the end—ineffective to solve this problem. 
     WO 02/15626 relates to a mobile phone usable as authentication device, wherein the user authenticates himself with the mobile phone in one or more ways including biometric characteristics and then the mobile phone authenticates itself with the requested service. WO 02/15626 strives to obviate the transmittal of a token from the user to the device, wherein one authentication can be used as long as all authentication service provider use the same protocols. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is to provide a method and a device, which allows a user authentication that is more secure than using methods of prior art. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to optimize the user-operator relation in terms of efficiency and security. 
     It is a still further object to provide a simpler and more ergonomic method and device to grant access to a secured system. 
     It is still a further object to provide the user with a personal identity management system (PIMS) that administers his digital identities and identity credentials with a minimum of user interaction. 
     It is still a further object to provide a user with a modular PIMS which can be customized at any time with an additional token that contains information for a new authentication or service delivery process. 
     According to the invention there is provided a security token comprising a personal data memory to store personal and personalized data of the user as digital identity credentials, an input appliance to allow checking of said personal or personalized data, a key record data memory to store identity credentials of an authentication server or application operator, a transmitter and receiver unit for creating a secure channel directly or indirectly to said authentication server or application operator to handle said key record relating to said authentication server or application operator, a control unit to control the transmitter and receiver unit as well as the key record data memory in view of said handling, comprising an action from the group of interpreting, deciphering, creating, checking, renewing, withdrawing and further key record handling actions. It may optionally be equipped with a fixation mechanism which allows the connection to an additional token with customization information (see below). It preferably further comprises a power supply unit and a protected channel for firmware updates. 
     The security token can have the form of a smart-card but can also be a cellular phone or a PDA. It is important that personal data can be entered and stored. Such personal data can be a secret or biometric data. In order to allow authentication a key record data memory is used to store identity credentials of one or more authentication servers. These key records are “handled” after creating a secure channel directly or indirectly to said authentication server, wherein handling comprises a number of actions. 
     Occasionally the security token is used in combination with an additional token to perform an identity check upon creating a new key record. Such an additional token can be a one-time-password, to perform an authentication check of property of said password, or comprise an electronic circuit element with additional transmitter and receiver means to create an additional secure channel to the security token. This enables the entire device to receive a message payload from the authentication server which is processed and forwarded to said control unit, to handle the relevant key record. This option makes the device modular and customizable for the delivery of new authentication services which are not yet known at the time of the delivery to the user. 
     In a preferred embodiment there are provided a plurality of key records, each record attributed to one certification authority or authentication service provider or operator. Several key records may be attributed by the certification authority and later be activated by different authentication service providers. This enables each certification authority to authenticate the identity of the user independently within the token, whereas the user only has this one token and additionally has control over his personal data (biometric data are only stored within the token). It is up to the different organizations to decide, how to handle the different key records by different authentication servers or application operators. The user has a very convenient way to authenticate himself with only one security token and credentials of different providers securely memorized in said token. If one of the authentication servers or application operators wants to renew and change the authorization, this can be done completely independent from the key records of other organizations. 
     The preferred embodiment foresees a secured USB, especially mini-USB or other physical connector that may be used for the reloading of the internal power supply equipment and for the bootstrap or renewal of the firmware. It may also be used to deliver certified information that can not be delivered over the other available channels (e.g. X509 certificate). 
     If some CAs have a lead on the market, it is possible to create two or more key segments comprising different key records which can be enabled and distributed by the different certification authorities to different authentication servers or application operators. Such a CA or an authentication service provider authorized by the CA may operate a portal that gives access to multiple sites and services that need an authentication of their users but that do not want to run an own authentication system. 
     The token and the method is of course intended to provide positive authentication of the security token to allow the user quite a number of actions, as e.g. access to a software application, to effect a payment, to create a ticket or to allow physical access, especially to open a door. Such a user side personal identity management system must always be under the control of the user and it must be protected from any outside malicious manipulation. Therefore a personal identity management system should not be implemented on data terminal equipment (PC, Mobile phone etc) that can come under control of an attacker. 
     The invention is based on the insight of the inventors, that the proposals used in the prior art start from the wrong side of the user-operator relation. Only a user side identity management can handle the multiple identity credentials of the user. 
     The invention enables the user to use federated identities in a highly secured environment, using biometric data to authenticate himself with the device and within the method used, but without giving away such biometric data to third parties. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The drawings will be explained in greater detail by means of a description of exemplary embodiments, with reference to the following figures: 
         FIG. 1  shows a method and a device according to the present invention embedded in a secured environment; 
         FIG. 2  shows the relevant components and the communication channels for the device of  FIG. 1  and while using the method according to the invention; 
         FIG. 3  shows schematically a card for use with the method and the device of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 4  shows the data architecture of a credential management within a card according to the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  shows a possible set up method according to the present invention; 
         FIG. 6  shows schematically the method and device according to the present invention with a user; 
         FIG. 7  shows the interaction of the card with a smart card according to the present invention in combination; 
         FIG. 8  shows schematically a card according to the present invention; 
         FIG. 9  shows schematically a pouch according to the present invention, 
         FIG. 10  shows a stand alone operation mode; 
         FIG. 11  shows a authentication service operation; 
         FIG. 12  shows a certification authority operation; and 
         FIG. 13  shows a federated operation. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIGS. 1 and 2  show schematically a possible arrangement of the method according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
     Thereby  FIG. 1  shows a three functional subsystem  7 . The three functional subsystem  7  comprises a token  8 ,  9 , an authentication platform  6 , and authentication modules  12 . The token  8 ,  9  is a security token and used within the context of a multifactor authentication as “something the user has”. The token  8 ,  9  may be a smart card, a SIM-card or comprise a reader terminal for such a card. In the latter case the security token  8 ,  9  is then the combination of an intelligent card and the reader. A PDA or a mobile phone can therefore be considered to be such a token  8 ,  9 . In the following description it is assumed that the security token is a card  8 ,  9 . 
     The three functional subsystem  7  is responsible to control, restrict and authenticate access to subsequent secured applications  13 . It is understood to the person skilled in the art that such applications  13  are not limited to the one which are shown and mentioned in  FIG. 1 . It is to be noted that the credentials provided by the organizations running the applications  13 , can be separate (and therefore physically to be loaded into the subsystem  7 ) but also included in the authentication modules  12  through a software transfer into a secured memory as will be shown below. 
     Within the entire description, some abbreviations will be used which are defined in the enclosed list of reference numerals at the end of the description. 
     An example of such an authentication platform  6  is illustrated by means of  FIG. 2 . The authentication platform  6  comprises a license server  65 , a certification authority server CA  64 , an authentication service provider server AuSP  63 , optical features,  61  and/or information transmitting means  62 , such as radio frequency identification features (RFID). The authentication platform  6  may be built as a digital portal to enable the authentication service provider to grant access to a computer system or it may be built as a physical portal, which controls for example access to a building. 
     An optical feature  61  may be a plug-in applet or any other graphics generating program that generates a flickering code that is displayed on the screen of the user computer e.g. in a client browser window (e.g. as described in EP1255178) and will be read by an optical channel of the card  8 ,  9 . As input the applet or the program gets an authentication server message with a card, segment and key record address and an encrypted message. (This message is transmitted from the authentication server to the local terminal equipment over a http-, https- or an other secured channel protected by a suitable point-to-point protocol, e.g. SSL-protocol). During a session the operator may authenticate or verify the presence of the authorized user one or several times and link this authentication with transaction specific information that is only accessible through the token  8 , 9 . The channel from the server to the local data terminal is additionally secured by the usual network security mechanisms (VPN, https or other SSL protected protocols). 
     The RFID feature  62  may be an application for the RFID server that transforms the address and the message from the authentication server into an RFID communication dialog for the reader terminal or card  8 ,  9 . Said message will be transmitted using the same protocols as described above. 
     Beside these two communication ways it is also possible that the information is transmitted in an acoustic way or in a simple optic way (IR transmission), with the usual backdraws of such a slower transmission mode. 
     The AuSP-server  63  performs the basic authentication protocol and it generates on request of the operator server  63  the appropriate challenge-response message, encrypts it, signs it and transforms it into a SOAP message (Simple Object Access Protocol). If necessary (first and renewal registration, on-line enrolment) it communicates with the certification authority server (CA server)  64  to get the necessary keys, activation and renewal codes. 
     The CA server  64  allows a certification authority (CA) to initialize cards  8 ,  9  with their private keys and to perform the enrolment process. 
     A license server  65  is the card management system that administrates all circulating cards  8 ,  9  delivers the access codes for the CA server  64  (SAC—segment activation code  53 , KAC—Key Activation Code  54 ) and the license renewal information (KRC—Key Renewal code with a new KED—Key expiration date referenced as  77  in  FIG. 4 ). The license control codes allow the implementation of new, flexible and modular business models with a charge for one or several authentication acts or for a limited or unlimited period (license per sale of the token  8 , 9 ). 
     The basic implementation of the method according to the present invention may be done for applications that are offered over the internet. The whole authentication method however can be also used for the authentication within operating systems (Windows, Solaris, Linux etc) or in applications that need user authentication (SAP, Secure Adobe, CRMs, CSMs etc). If the method according to the present invention is used for operating systems or applications, the standard login and user authentication module of said applications have to be replaced with a corresponding authentication module according to the present invention. 
     The device according to the present invention will be explained by means of  FIGS. 3 ,  4 ,  8  and  9 . 
     A person or user  1  establishes a link to a card  8 ,  9  according to the method as described below. The card  8 ,  9  holds personal (biometric) data  31  (In a multifactor authentication this credential is “something about the user is”), personalized digital data  33  and certified digital credentials  34 ,  34 ′ for the persons identity relative to a certain authentication service provider and establishes a permanent, strong and provable link  35 ,  35 ′ to the AuSP servers  2 ,  2 ′. Together the personalized digital data and the certified credential  33 ,  34  form the essential information of the key record  75 . This may be done once and forever. The digital credentials  33 ,  34  may be initialized and presented to an independent information management system (IMS) and their authentication servers  2 ,  2 ′. However, the credentials  33 ,  34 ,  33 ′,  34 ′ may also be presented to any other system as known by the person skilled in the art.  FIG. 3  also shows the possibility that a plurality of different digital credentials  1  to n may be saved on the card  8  and additionally the card  8  is equipped to verify the identity of the IMS-Servers  2 ,  2 ′ by the credentials  34 ,  34 ′ etc. It is one advantage of the device according to  FIG. 3  that the input of personal data, i.e. biometric data or a secret, is handled through connection  10  and is stored as factor  31 . These entries are used, when creating the private keys  1  to n, but preferably do not necessarily comprise such data as part of the key. This has the advantage that the user remains as owner of the card  8  also physical owner over his biometric data and no distribution of these biometric data outside of the card  8  is contemplated. Therefore no abuse of such data, i.e. through hacking by third parties in a master server storing such biometric data, is possible. This is important since such biometric data cannot be replaced as it is possible with a PIN. 
     On one hand the card  8 ,  9  verifies the identity of the authorized user through a two- or three-factor authentication  7 , on the other hand it processes identity credentials and digital authentication requests that may have various different forms. Such examples of such an authentication service provided by the card may be a response to a challenge-response protocol as explained in EP 1 480 107 from the same inventors, a generation of a digital signature, the delivery of a message authentication code or the activation code for a software certificate. Such a digital authentication request may comprise a challenge relating to “something the user knows”. Depending on the security level one of the mentioned checks may be omitted. 
     The card  8  according to the present invention is preferably preloaded with a set of addresses  51 ,  52  and  73 , keys  33 ,  34 ,  72 ,  79  and codes  53 ,  54 ,  76 ,  77  as it may be seen from an example of such a card shown in  FIG. 4  and examples of manufacturing processes  4 ,  5  as shown in  FIG. 5 . The card  8  is the personal digital identity management assistant. This means that information regarding to the users identity is stored on the card  8  as well as other information that relate to other services. The information relating to the users identity is usually contained in overall data  55  together with the enrolment record  74  etc., represented by reference numeral  31  in  FIG. 3 . The card  8  comprises several key storage segments  71 , wherein each segment can comprise a number for key records  75 . This is equivalent to an internal identity credential management system that contains private keys (part of  34 ) in a key storage record  75  within a key storage section  71  as digital identity credentials, the corresponding public keys of the AuSP (part of  34 ) that uses a specific private key, the public key of the CA  79  that loaded the private keys, optional enrolment  78  and license access information. Key renewal section  77  as well as segment activation codes  53  are also contained in each segment. However, all data stored on the card are externally deliverable via a suitable interface and suitable permissions (license or CA-permissions) and/or can be updated later on through separate uploads. Therefore the structure shown in  FIG. 4  shows a card in use. It is possible to attribute a first CA a segment  71  with only one record  75  and a second CA another segment  71  with e.g. five records  75 . It is later on always possible to extend the allocation of records of card  8  to additional CA&#39;s (a new third CA can receive a newly created segment), or to allocate additional or delete existing records  75  for said first or second CA. The physical place of such information within the memory of the card is controlled by identity numbers as IDT  51  for the token, IDS  52  for a segment and IDX  73  for a key record. 
       FIG. 8  shows a first embodiment of such a card  8  according to the present invention. The card  8  has a similar size as a usual credit card, but is typically thicker than a credit card, usually twice to thrice (the representation within  FIGS. 8 and 9  is exaggerated). Personal information  83  is stored on the card by storage means. Storage means may be a simple picture, a barcode, a radio frequency chip or any other suitable mean. Additionally the card  8  comprises a reception pocket to receive an additional chip card  84  which may be inserted and removed as indicated by arrow  82 . The additional chip card  84  may be a chip card analog to a SIM Card that may be inserted in the card  8 . The chip card  84  may also be designated as additional token. Several different chip cards may be edited by different CA&#39;s, AuSP&#39;s and operators. 
     Besides physically adding the additional security token it is also possible to upload said information into a memory as will be seen in the description relating to  FIG. 7 . An AuSP or an operator may accept such upload as sufficient for access to his services or request the presence of a physical token  84  or  94  within the card  8  or  9 . 
       FIG. 9  shows a second embodiment of a pouch  9  according to the present invention. The pouch  9  has also a similar size as the card  8  in the first embodiment. Personal information  83  is stored on the pouch by storage means. Storage means may be a simple picture, a barcode, a radio frequency chip or any other suitable means. Additionally the pouch  9  comprises a slot  91  in order to receive an additional data card  94 , which may be inserted and removed as indicated by arrow  92 . The additional data card  94  may be a smart card with electrical connectors or RFID interface. However the additional data  94  card may be hooked up to the pouch  9  by some mechanical connector. The additional data card  94  may also be designated as additional token. 
     A third embodiment may consist of the data card  8  alone without additional interfaces to chip cards or smart cards. 
     For the sake of simplicity the card  8  as well as the pouch  9  will now be designated as card  8 ,  9  and the chip card as well as the additional data card will now be designated as additional token  84 ,  94 . 
     Additionally the card  8 ,  9  may comprise several interfaces  85 ,  95 . The interfaces  85 ,  95  may be an optical interface, a radio frequency interface or an electrical interface. However any other interface as know by the person skilled in the art may also be used. The optical interface for example is able to read a flickering code that is provided by a client browser  61 . Furthermore it is also possible that the card  8 ,  9  comprises display means in order to display status and other information to the user. Display means may be LEDs for status information or liquid crystal display for signaling more complex information. 
     In order to transmit data from the additional token  84 ,  94  to the card  8  a secure connection using a secure communication channel or encrypted communication channel  40  between the two will be established. This connection will be established at the first time the additional card  84 ,  94  gets into contact with the token  8 . After this first insertion the use of the additional card  84 ,  94  may be restricted to the token  8 , 9 , depending on the policy of the editor of the additional card. 
     The card  8  as shown in  FIG. 4  contains an internal identity credential management system that contains private keys as identity credentials, the corresponding public keys of the AuSP  63  that uses a specific private key, the public key of the CA  64  that loaded the private keys, enrolment, license access and software update information. 
     To enable multiple independent relations between operators (provider of services etc.) and users (holder of card) a key management and initialization system is necessary. 
     The digital identity services work either with the internal identity credentials alone, as provided within the segments  71  and key records  75 , with the internal identity credentials and some ad-hoc received information that enters the card  8  through one of the available interfaces preferably optical, radio frequency or electrical contact or with the internal identity credentials, some ad-hoc received information that enters the token through one of the available interfaces and some additional information from the replaceable and customizable additional token  84 ,  94  that is hooked up to the token. 
     The additional token  84 ,  94  may contain information that specifies the nature of the authentication service to provide for a business relationship with the editor or provider of the additional token  84 ,  94 . It may also contain additional identity credentials that may only be used by a specific owner of the card  8 . Typically the additional token  84 ,  94  may be issued by a third party. The additional token  84 ,  94  may be issued for example by a commercial institute such as a bank, online shop, insurance company. Or the additional token may be issued by a company to its employees in order to gain access to an internal computer system. The additional token may also be a token that has been issued to the user ahead of the cards  8 , 9 . 
     User  1  of  FIG. 7  uses a card  8  or  9 . The use of a new service necessitates authentication. Such service may be the first service or may be one of a plurality already existing services. According to the biometrical identification the card  8  is linked directly to the user  1 . The provider of the new service now transmits a token  84  to the user  1 . This token  84  can be issued from the AuSU, AXS-CA or AXS-PI. It is only important that the service provider trusts the sender of the token  84 . The delivery of the token  94  has therefore received the reference numeral  47 . The token can be, as suggested by the graphical form in  FIG. 7 , a smart-card, the chip of a SIM-Card or equivalent or a one-time password or link to access a secure web-page. It is only important, that upon the first use of the token  84  the card  8  starts a secure channel  41  between the card and the AuSU as well as a secure access to the new segment  71  or record  75  to be activated. Of course it is possible, that the token is a smart-card  84  creating itself a secure channel  40  between the card  8  and the smart card  84 , but it is also possible that the one-time-token is used inside card  8  without external hardware. 
     Upon opening of this channel  41  a message payload relating to the new identity is channeled to the card  8  and then either processed and validated through the token  84  or validated directly by the one-time-token as mentioned above. In the end, either a new segment  71  is initialized and/or a new record  75  within a existing segment  71 . 
     In the above described platform identity credentials can be pairs of signed asymmetric keys. The private key of the pair is always enclosed in a safe memory of the entity that uses it to authenticate itself. The corresponding public key is distributed and signed by the CA to all instances that want to identify the owner of the private part of the key. All encrypted messages over the network infrastructure are first encrypted with the public key of the receiver and signed with the private key of the sender. The system may run with different asymmetric encryption schemes: RSA, ECC, ElGamal encryption with appropriate key length known by the person skilled in the art. 
     The data architecture of the platform foresees a key record for each business relation the card holder has with an application operator (AuSU,  66 ) that request authentication. The authentication service is provided by the authentication service provider (AuSP,  63 ) that is either integrated in the IMS of the AuSU  66  or a dedicated external service. The AuSP  63  registers the End-User and activates the corresponding Key Record on the card  8 ,  9  with the permission of the CA  64  that owns the key storage segment  71  on the card. The AuSP  63  delivers at the same time his identity credential into the card  8  for mutual authentication purposes. After the registration of the card  8  at the AuSP  63  the key record  75  has an activated private key (within  76 ) as identity credential and (optional) a public key of the AuSP  63  that will be used to authenticate the AuSP  63  server by the card  8 . In the case of a pouch  9  some of the key records contains additional fields for the key information for the communication with the connected smart card. 
     As shown in  FIG. 13 , a card  8  is issued by the producer of the card (AXS-PI,  67 ). Each card  8 ,  9  may be used by several independent CA  64 , each CA  64  using one segment  71  of the card  8  having received a license for such use. Each CA  64  may store a set of identity credentials (initialized key records)  75  on the card  8  upon request of the EndUser. The identity credentials of one CA  64  are all stored in an own allocated segment  71  with a certain number of key records  75  that may be activated at a given time by the CA  64  or an AuSP  63  affiliated to the CA  64 . The card issuing CA  64  delivers the card  8  with the first segment  71  initialised. It also cares about the first enrolment of the user with the card  8  The CA  64  that initialises a further key storage segment  71  afterwards may request the run of a new enrolment protocol or may accept the enrolment of the card issuing CA  64 . The corresponding information (personal enrolment code called FingerCode for the segment  71  and the corresponding fingerprint mapping) is stored inside the segment  71  together with the certificate of the CA (public key). The initialization by a further CA may also happen after the issuing of the card to the user. It is sufficient that the necessary access codes are predefined just after the firmware loading  102  (AXS-PI) into the card. 
     Each key record contains additional handling information which defines the used key length, the cryptographic algorithm and the treatment of the message data. The access to the segments  71  and to each key  75  inside is under the sole control of the corresponding CA  64 . But for the initialization of the segment and the key records the CA  64  has to obtain a segment access (SAC) and key record access (KAC) codes which are delivered by the card producer AXS-PI  67 . For each activated key record an expiration data (KED) is defined. The KED is set at the time of the activation of the key record (registration of the card  8  at an AuSP  63 ). The key record is active until the latest date in the Event and Time Log record is newer than the KED. After that respectively at the next use of the key record credential the KED must be refreshed to a new date. This refreshment request a key renewal code (KRC) that is also delivered by the card producer. These unlock and renewal mechanisms allow a periodic license activation for all identity credentials in use. A similar mechanism allows to revoke a single credential within one card without affecting the usability of the card and the other credentials on the card. 
     The control and metadata parameters allow to realize with the same card  8  completely different use cases and business models without altering the basic firmware. 
     A method for setting up such a card  8  and an additional token  84  as described above is illustrated in  FIGS. 4 and 5  and described as follows. 
     The production of the card  8 ,  9  comprises the following steps:
         hardware production  100 , wherein the card  8  or the pouch  9  will be manufactured.   Load firmware  101 . The firmware will be loaded on the card.   The hardware as well as the firmware will be tested.       

     If all the tests were successful, the card  8 ,  9  is designated as “Anonymous Card” and is then ready to load the different identifier, credentials and codes. 
     The following steps individualize the anonymous card:
         Load card initialization activation and renewal codes  102 .       

     The initialization instance enters an identifier map into the identity credential database and initializes the card  8 ,  9  with the identifiers (IDT, IDS, IDX) and the licence control codes (SAC, KAC, KRC) and sets on each record the key expiration data (KED). After this step the hardware and firmware is only accessible through the standard communication channels (e.g. RFID, optical interface, etc.). 
     After the production and initialization step the individualized cards  8 ,  9  are shipped to the CA  64 . The CA  64  runs on each card  8 ,  9  the following key loading protocol:
         Loading the CA public key (PubCA) for the specific lot PubCA into the segment opened by the SAC-code  103 ,  104 .   Initializing the Key records of the segment with the PrivKey IDX, the key activation code (KAC) and the command controls that define the operations on the messages       

     After that the following steps will be applied:
         User enrollment with the registration of the biometric reference templates in the card  105         

     The CA  64  initializes the card with digital cryptographic identity credentials and produces the corresponding certificates. It delivers them (cards and optionally the certificates) to affiliated enrolment centres (EC). Each certificate contains information on the security level that has been applied for the enrolment process by the issuing CA  64  respectively its EC. There are three enrolment environments with different security levels and with inversely proportional ease of deployment: 
     As a 1 st  level enrolment security a distribution model applies. Enrolment may be at any place after the card and a special enrolment enabling code has been sent to the user through a secure channel (standard security level, e.g. applied with credit card distribution). The card is shipped to the end-user by an unsecured but reliable distribution channel (ground mail, HR offices within an organisation etc). In parallel an enrolment code is shipped to the end-user over a secure channel (e.g. certified Mail). With the enrolment code the end-user can run an enrolment protocol at any computer connected to the Internet. The enrolment protocol is provided by the authentication server of the CA. 
     As a 2 nd  level enrolment security a trusted tree model applies. Enrolment in the presence of a trusted and already enrolled person that is entitled to enroll new users (enhanced security level). The new end-user gets his card  8 ,  9  from an agent who knows him personally and who owns already an enrolled card. The new end-user gets the corresponding enrolment code on a same secure channel than in the distributed model. To run the enrolment protocol for the new card  8 ,  9  the agent has to start it at any internet connected computer with his card  8 ,  9 . Then the new user runs the standard enrolment process from the same computer terminal. The agent knows the new user and thus guarantees that only the right person gets enrolled. He acts as a temporary mobile EC. 
     As a 3 rd  level enrolment security a certified authentication model applies. Enrolment inside a trusted site (EC) under human supervision with a presentation of an official identity pass (high security level). The CA mandates and certifies specific sites in a protected environment to be an enrolment centre (EC). A new End-User receives the card  8 ,  9  in the EC after a verification of his identity through an EC-officer (e.g. presentation of a governmental issued passport). The new End-User then runs the enrolment protocol at a dedicated terminal in the EC. The enrolment code is provided by the EC-officer. 
     A user  1  that later wants an upgrade of the security level of his card  8 ,  9  has to go through a new enrolment process or a verification of his enrolment that is compatible with the aimed security level. The initialization and enrolment process of the CA and the EC may be certified according recognized certification standards (CC, IPSEC, FIPS) to guarantee mutual trust if more than one CA issues cards and certificates. The enrolment process is the same for all three security levels. It establishes a strong 2- or 3-factor link between the user as a person and the card  8 ,  9 . After a proper enrolment each certificate represents an independent certified digital identity credential for the User&#39;s identity. 
     In all authentication systems the enrolment is a critical step that includes a priori knowledge and certitudes on the identity of a person  1 . In most cases the initial identity information comes from a governmental IMS. The registration and management of the identities of their citizens is one of the most important tasks of any state. All IMS have to bootstrap on some sort of official government issued credentials. 
     After completion of the enrolment protocol the enrolment security level is written into the card  8 ,  9  and may be queried in further registration or authentication processes. 
     After the enrollment the card is ready to be used. For this the user (enrolled card holder) makes the following two operations:
         Registration at the AuSP  106  at the first access to a new site or service   Authentication as often as the user needs to proof his identity to access restricted sites or services  107 .       

     After the above mentioned steps, the card  8 ,  9  is an operative card  8 ,  9  for the use with AuSP  66 . However if the credential expires, they may be unlocked with a key renewal code  108 . If the code is valid, the card will be unlocked. If the code is invalid the specific key on the card will be blocked. 
     Additionally if the pouch  9  is used in combination with the additional token  94 , an initialization  110  of the pouch  9  and the additional token  94  is necessary. 
     The pouch  9  option allows an a posteriori customization of the additional token  94  functionality. The specific response to a message payload is processed in the additional token  94  which may be a smart card or another removable token that can be hooked to the card. The pouch  9  (card with a mechanical slot  91  to hold a smart card) serves as a authenticating device that transmits the decrypted message to the SMC over a secure channel  40  between the pouch and the SMC. This secure channel  40  is established the first time the additional token  94  is introduced into the pouch  9  through a symmetric mechanism. After this initialization the additional token  94  can only communicate with the initial pouch  9 . All other communication channels to other devices (card readers) are not altered by this initialization operation. The same is true, if the message payload is processed with the help of the additional one-time-software-token to initialize a given segment  71  or record  75 . 
     The card  8 ,  9  may be registered at AuSP/AuSU. When the user enters into a business relation with an operator (AuSU/AuSP) the next available certificate of the user&#39;s card  8 , 9  has to be delivered to the authentication server of the operator. This certificate is then allocated solely for the authentication of the user in this specific operator network. The authentication server may be part of the IMS of the operator himself or may be operated by an external Authentication Service Provider (AuSP). 
     In the network registration the card  8 , 9  is registered in an IMS of an Authentication Service Provider (AuSP). The card  8 ,  9  registration activates the next unused key in the list of the initially stored keys (IDX). The message also contains the CA-signed PubKey of the AuSP. This allows then mutual authentication between server and card  8 , 9 . 
     The key renewal section in each key record is a license control field. It contains the key renewal code (KRC) that blocks the access to this field for non legitimates messages. In the field is also key expiration code, which defines the validity date of the actual record. After passing the validity date, a new key renewal code (send by the authorized instance) has to be stored in the record and the KED has to be set to the new expiration date. 
     For all edited cards  8 ,  9 , the provider maintains a credential management system. This system delivers the necessary codes to store, initialize and operate the identity credentials in the card. It will also allow reproducing in collaboration with the involved CA lost or stolen cards without excessive user interaction (only the reenrollment of the user is necessary). 
     With reference to  FIG. 7 , no trusted network of operators is necessary to realize identity federation. Many different mutual trusting or non-trusting organizations may use the same card  8 , 9  to authenticate its owner. The only restriction is that the organizations must assure or belief that the card is really in the hand of the alleged user. This can be done by an enrolment check. Every operator can do such a check at any time over the Internet (see enrolment protocol). Normally it is sufficient that the operator gets access to a specific credential inside the card  8 , 9  from the editing CA. The CA then guarantees at a specified security level that the identified card  8 , 9  is in the sole possession of the legitimate owner. A new business relation is then very easy to start. The user just registers his personal card  8 ,  9  in the IMS of the operator. The operator gets the access code for one of the pre-initialized identity credential stored in the card  8 ,  9  and establishes an authentic one-to-one relation with this user based on the specific allocated identity credential. This scheme realizes an unlimited identity federation across all operators that accept the authentication. 
     Thereby the card  8 ,  9  uses the same identity credentials for logical as well as physical access. The separation between logical and physical access systems comes partly from the fact that two different communication concepts are used. For physical access we often use an integrated circuit card (smart cards) that holds an identity credential which we have to present (contact or contactless) to a reader at the entry gate. For logical access we often have to submit a secret code over a keyboard in the authentication process. 
     With the device and method according to the present invention these two forms of authentication are integrated in the same scheme. The same identity credentials are used to deliver the requested identity proofs over appropriate communication channels. The card  8 ,  9  generates the proof (OTP) and delivers it over the internal LCD-screen for the logical access infrastructure. For physical access the same identity credential delivers the identity proof over the built-in RFID communication channel (ISO 14443 Standard) to the reader at the gate. This means that the unification of logical and physical access can be done with minimal changes on the existing infrastructure. 
     ISO uses the term “Integrated Circuit Card” (ICC) to encompass all those devices where an integrated circuit is contained within an ISO 1 identification card piece of plastic of the standard size of a credit card (commonly named smart card). Integrated Circuit Cards come in two forms, contact and contactless. Smart card technology is used increasingly in applications that must protect personal information or deliver fast, secure transactions. 
     The card  8 ,  9  according to the present invention is able to make smart cards accessible at any place. Thereby new applications for business purposes will be created. The use of Smart Cards depends on the availability of a local reader which restricts the mobility and the application fields of the cards. The card,  8 ,  9  is designed to establish a secure connection to smart cards and to serve to some extend as personal mobile reader. With the card  8 ,  9  solution new services may be hooked up to the authentication system even after the roll out. The operator just sends smart card customized for his new service to the users who can access the new service inserting the smart card or additional token  94  into card  8 ,  9 . 
     Instead of a smart card with the standard size only the smart card connection field (chip and connector (like a SIM card) may be used as plug-in into the card  8 . This would allow a simplified solution for the pouch concept as described above. 
     The authentication device and method according to the present invention is flexible to serve different operation models according the authentication needs of the operator or the operator community. This will be illustrated by means of  FIGS. 10 to 13 . 
       FIG. 10  shows the present invention in a stand-alone operation. In this operation one organization combines the roles of the CA, the EC, the AuSP and the AuSU. The organization runs an own IMS using the authentication to control physical and logical access of authorized users to the assets of the organization. It gets the card  8  and the license codes from the producer  67  and distributes it to its users. 
       FIG. 11  shows the present invention in an authentication service operation. In the authentication service operation model an organization  68  delivers to several organizations  66  the service of identity management and identity credential verification. The main application of such service is the authentication of online users for business platform operators. The authentication service provider  68  combines the roles of the CA, the EC and the AuSP. It distributes the cards and manages the identity credentials for the different operators that have a business relation with the EndUser of a card. The AuSP may run a specific Web-based portal to bundle all provided accesses. 
       FIG. 12  shows the present invention in a certification authority operation. In this operation model an already established and recognized public or private organization takes the role of a CA  64 . It runs EC and provides other organizations  69  (AuSP+AuSU) with certified public keys of the cards, so that these organizations can verify the identity of the End Users whenever they get in business relation with the AuSU 
       FIG. 13  shows the present invention in a federated operation. In this model several CA  64  may initialize cards  8  with their certified key as identity credentials. Each card  8  may contain several independent identity credential segments  71  each one allocated to a different CA  64 . Each CA  64  then operates for his client organization  69  as an independent CA  64  for the credential segment on the card  8  that has been certified by the specific CA  4 . Each CA  64  has to purchase a segment activation Code that allows it to store his credentials on a specific card segment  71 . This subsequent loading of keys to a card  8  by a CA  64  does not interfere with the previously loaded credentials of other CA&#39;s  64 . Each CA  64  may request an enrolment verification from the End User according her security policy. 
     In a special privacy enhancing technology embodiment a CA delivers to the end user the signed certificates for the loaded credentials. The end-user then delivers at a registration process the corresponding certificate to the AuSP. The AuSP can the verify the certificate without asking the CA and the those is not able to track the business relations of a user nor can the AuSP verify further personal information than the ones delivered with the certificate. This scheme allows establishing the concept of a trusted and certified pseudonym which may be different for each AuSP. This protects the user from profiling attacks and allows him to keep maximal anonymity in online transactions. 
     The authentication system can run all above described operation models without any modification of the card  8  or the authentication platform. For this, a proprietary data architecture for the virtual storage and the management of the identity credentials has been developed as outlined above.