Abstract:
An amplified MOS biasing apparatus and method for avoiding latch-up within an integrated circuit. An amplifier receives a plurality of voltages and multiplies the voltages by a gain so as to generate a plurality of amplified voltages. A comparator compares the plurality of voltages and generates signals indicating which is greatest and which is smallest. A switch connects the greatest of the voltages to N-wells in PMOS transistors and connects the smallest of the voltages to P-wells in NMOS transistors to discourage parasitic diodes, within the PMOS and NMOS transistors, from conducting excessive amounts of current.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to biasing circuits, and more particularly to an amplified MOS biasing circuit for avoiding latch-up. 
     2. Discussion of Background Art 
     Parasitic diodes are typically formed when MOS devices are created within integrated circuits. For instance, in order to create PMOS transistors on a P-doped silicon substrate, N-doped &#34;wells&#34; must first be created within the substrate, then P-doped sources and drains are created within the wells. As is well known in the art, such a series of dopings creates two parasitic P-N diodes. The first diode is between the P-substrate and the N-well. The second diode is between the N-well and the P-source or P-drain. These parasitic transistors are also created when NMOS devices are formed within an N-doped silicon substrate. 
     When a PMOS transistor and an NMOS transistor are positioned side-by-side within an integrated circuit, a parasitic P-N-P-N Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) circuit is created. As is well known in the art, parasitic SCRs in MOS transistor circuits can cause an undesirable condition called &#34;latch-up.&#34; Latch-up occurs when the parasitic SCRs pass so much current that not only can&#39;t the integrated circuit&#39;s transistors be programmed, but also the integrated circuit could overheat and burn. 
     Designers typically have approached the latch-up danger either by keeping the parasitic diodes reverse biased or by placing guard-rings around each of the MOS transistors. When the diodes are reverse biased, current does not flow through them and the danger of creating a parasitic SCR is significantly reduced. To keep the parasitic diodes, within the PMOS transistor, reverse biased, the PMOS transistor&#39;s N-well must be kept at a higher voltage than the P-substrate, the P-source, and the P-drain. Since many integrated circuits, especially EPROMs, receive a plurality of different voltages, biasing circuits have been created for selecting and applying a maximum voltage to the N-well of the PMOS transistors in that integrated circuit. Note, for NMOS transistors the threat of latch-up is reduced by applying a minimum voltage to a P-well of the NMOS transistors. 
     These biasing circuits however, typically transition to a high-impedance state when the voltages they are comparing are almost equal. High-impedance results when all of the transistors in a biasing circuit are briefly turned off. Thus, instead of applying a maximum voltage to the N-well of a PMOS transistor, the N-well is allowed to float. When the N-well floats there is a much greater possibility that the PMOS transistor&#39;s parasitic diodes will forward bias and the integrated circuit will latch-up. 
     The other prior art approach toward reducing the danger of latch-up has been to place guard-rings around each of the MOS transistors. The guard-rings serve to isolate each PMOS transistor from its neighboring NMOS transistor and thus discourage parasitic SCRs from forming. However, guard rings consume additional space within an integrated circuit&#39;s already very limited area. 
     What is needed is an apparatus and method for avoiding latch-up in MOS based integrated circuits that addresses the prior art problems described above. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is an amplified MOS biasing circuit for avoiding latch-up within an integrated circuit. Within the apparatus of the present invention, an amplifier receives a plurality of voltages. The amplifier multiplies the voltages by a gain so as to generate a plurality of amplified voltages. A comparator compares the plurality of voltages and generates signals indicating which is greatest and which is smallest. A switch, under the control of the signals from the comparator, connects the greatest of the voltages to N-wells of PMOS transistors within the integrated circuit and connects the smallest of the voltages to P-wells of NMOS transistors within the integrated circuit. This discourages parasitic diodes, within the PMOS and NMOS transistors, from conducting excessive amounts of current. 
     While the comparator is only able to resolve two voltages within a fixed tolerance, amplification of the voltages before comparison effectively enables the comparator to resolve voltages differing by a much smaller amount. The present invention&#39;s higher precision thus reduces a risk of latch-up within the integrated circuit, since the greatest and least of the voltages can be applied to the N-well and the P-wells before the parasitic diodes in the transistors conduct significant amounts of current. 
     In another aspect of the invention, the amplifier and the comparator may be replaced with a differential amplifier which assumes their functions. 
     Within the method of the present invention, a first voltage and a second voltage are multiplied by a gain to create an amplified first voltage and an amplified second voltage respectively. The amplified first voltage is compared to the amplified second voltage to determine which is greater. The greater of the first and second voltages is connected to an N-well of an integrated circuit&#39;s PMOS transistors, so that parasitic diodes in the PMOS transistors are reverse biased. The smaller of the first and second voltages is connected to a P-well of the integrated circuit&#39;s NMOS transistors, so that its parasitic diodes are also reverse biased. 
     The circuit of the present invention is particularly advantageous over the prior art because the effective precision of the comparator can be increased by amplifying the voltages before they are compared. 
     These and other aspects of the invention will be recognized by those skilled in the art upon review of the detailed description, drawings, and claims set forth below. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a cross-section of a PMOS transistor within a P-doped substrate; 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an amplified MOS biasing circuit for avoiding latch-up; 
     FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a first exemplary amplified bias generator; 
     FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a second exemplary amplified bias generator; 
     FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of the second exemplary amplified bias generator; and 
     FIG. 6 is a flowchart for using amplification to avoid latch-up in a MOS based circuit. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     FIG. 1 is a cross-section 100 of a PMOS transistor within a P-doped substrate 102. While only one PMOS transistor is shown, a typical integrated circuit contains thousands of PMOS and NMOS transistors in very close proximity. The cross-section 100 includes an N-well 104, a P-doped drain 106, an P-doped source 108, an insulator 110, a gate 112, a drain contact 114, a gate contact 116, a source contact 118, and a well contact 120. The well 104 is diffused into the substrate 102, forming a well-to-substrate parasitic diode 122 all along a boundary between the substrate 102 and the N-well 104. The drain 106 and source 108 are diffused into the well 104, forming a drain-to-well parasitic diode 124 and a source-to-well parasitic diode 126 all along a boundaries between the N-well 104, the drain 106, and the source 108. The insulator 110 covers the substrate 102, the well 104, the drain 106 and the source 108. The gate 112 is disposed over the insulator 112. The drain contact 114 is coupled to the drain 106, the gate contact 116 is coupled to the gate 112, the source contact 118 is coupled to the source 108, the well contact 120 is coupled to the well 120. A drain voltage (V D ) is coupled to the drain contact 114, a gate voltage (V G ) is coupled to the gate contact 116, a source voltage (V S ) is coupled to the source contact 118, and a maximum voltage (V MAX ) is coupled to the well contact 120. V MAX  is the maximum voltage received by an integrated circuit containing the PMOS transistor, and keeps the parasitic diodes 122, 124, and 126 reverse biased. When the parasitic diodes 122, 124, and 126 are reverse biased, they do not conduct current and the threat of latch-up is reduced. In all other respects, those skilled in the art will recognize the cross-section 100 as that of an operable PMOS transistor. While the present invention is discussed with reference to the PMOS transistor, those skilled in the art will recognize that the present invention may also be applied to NMOS transistors. 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an amplified MOS biasing circuit 200 for avoiding latch-up. The circuit 200 includes an amplified bias-generator 202 and MOS devices 204. A programming voltage (V PROG ) is coupled via line 206 to the bias-generator 202 and the MOS devices 204. V PROG  is used to program the MOS devices 204 and is set to either a high voltage (such as 11 Volts) or a low voltage (such as from 0 Volts to 5 Volts). A power supply voltage (V PWR ) is coupled via line 208 to the bias-generator 202 and the MOS devices 204. V PWR  supplies power to the MOS devices 204 and is equal to a medium voltage (such as 5 Volts). A regulator voltage (V REG ) is coupled via line 208 to the bias-generator 202 for controlling the bias-generator 202 amplification. The bias-generator 202 passes V MAX  to the MOS devices 204 via line 212. V MAX  is a greater of either V PROG  or V PWR  and is coupled to the N-well contact 120 of every PMOS transistor within the MOS devices 204. When V PROG  is greater than V PWR  by a first pre-determined tolerance, then the amplified bias generator 202 sets V MAX  equal to V PROG . And, when V PWR  is greater than V PROG  by a second pre-determined tolerance, then the amplified bias generator 202 sets V MAX  equal to V PWR . 
     For the circuit 200 to avoid latch-up, the bias generator 202 must set V MAX  so that the parasitic diodes 122, 124, and 126 in the PMOS transistors are either reverse biased or prevented from conducting significant amounts of current. In most real world devices, the parasitic diodes 122, 124, and 126 begin to conduct significant amounts of current after they are forward biased by about 0.6 Volts. Thus, V MAX  may be not be more than 0.6 Volts less than a greater of either V PROG  or V PWR  else the parasitic diodes will conduct significant amounts of current. The first and second pre-determined tolerances discussed above are typically set equal to this 0.6 Volts, but each may be set to a different voltage should a circuit designer choose to skew the exact voltage where the bias-generator&#39;s sets V MAX  equal to either V PROG  or V PWR . 
     FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a first exemplary amplified bias generator 202. The first exemplary bias-generator 202 includes an amplifier 302, a comparator 304, and switches 306. The amplifier 302 boosts V PROG  and V PWR  by an amount controlled by V REG . The comparator&#39;s 304 compares the amplified V PROG  to the amplified V PWR  and commands the switches 306 to output the greater of the two voltages as V MAX  on line 212. 
     Conventional comparators 304 are only capable of resolving differences of 0.9 Volt or more between two voltages. However, as discussed above, V PROG  and V PWR  must not be allowed to differ by more than 0.6 Volts. The present bias-generator 202 is able to resolve smaller differences between V PROG  and V MAX  because V PROG  and V MAX  are amplified by the amplifier 302 before being compared by the comparator 304. For example, if at a first time V PROG  =4 V and V PWR  =5 V, then the comparator 304 would set V MAX  =V PWR  and the parasitic diodes 122, 124, 126 would be reverse biased. However, if at a second time V PROG  =5.7 V and V PWR  =5 V, then the comparator 304 would not have commanded the switch to set V MAX  =V PROG  since the comparator 304 can&#39;t resolve the 0.7 V difference between V PROG  and V PWR . Thus, the parasitic diodes 122, 124, 126 would be forward biased by 0.7 V and would conduct significant amounts of current that could result in integrated circuit latch-up. However, with the amplifier 302 set to a gain of 2, then the amplified difference between V PROG  and V PWR  would equal 1.4 V and the comparator 304 could easily determine that V PROG  is greater than V PWR . Thus the comparator 304 would set V MAX  =V PROG  and the parasitic diodes 122, 124, 126 would remain reverse biased. 
     Those skilled in the art will recognize that for NMOS transistors, a minimum voltage would be connected to either the P-substrate 102 or a P-well in each of the NMOS transistors. Typically, the minimum voltage on a integrated circuit is 0 V (i.e. ground). 
     FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a second exemplary amplified bias generator 202. The second exemplary amplified bias generator 202 includes a differential amplifier 402 and the switches 306. The differential amplifier 402 replaces the first exemplary amplified bias generator&#39;s amplifier 302 and comparator 304, but nevertheless operates in the same way and under the same constraints. 
     FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram 500 of the second exemplary amplified bias generator 202. The circuit 500 includes the switches 306 and the differential amplifier 402. The switches 306 include PMOS transistor 502 for connecting V PROG  on line 206 to V MAX  on line 212 in response to a signal on line 504. The switches 306 also include PMOS transistor 506 for connecting V PWR  on line 208 to V MAX  on line 212 in response to a signal on line 508. The differential amplifier 402 includes four PMOS transistors 510, 512, 514, and 516 and three NMOS transistors 518, 520, and 522. 
     The N-well of each of the PMOS transistors is coupled to receive V MAX  on line 212. Transistor 510&#39;s source is coupled to V PWR  on line 208. Transistor 510&#39;s drain is coupled to the gate of transistor 502, 510, and 514, to the source of transistor 518, and to the drain of transistor 516. Transistor 512&#39;s source is coupled to V PWR  on line 208. Transistor 512&#39;s drain is coupled to the gate of transistor 506, 512, and 516, to the source of transistor 520, and to the drain of transistor 514. Transistor 514&#39;s source is coupled to V MAX  on line 212. Transistor 516&#39;s source is coupled to V PWR  on line 208. Transistor 518&#39;s gate is coupled to V PROG  on line 206 and transistor 518&#39;s drain is coupled the drain of transistor 520 and the source of transistor 522. Transistor 520&#39;s gate is coupled to V PWR  on line 208. Transistor 522&#39;s drain is coupled to ground on line 524. 
     During operation, transistors 518 and 520 receive V PROG  and V PWR  respectively. If V PROG  is greater than V PWR  by the first predetermined tolerance, then transistor 518 turns on bringing the voltage on line 526 lower. When the voltage on line 526 is lower, then transistors 502 and 514 turn on. When transistor 502 is on V MAX  is set to V PROG . Transistor 510 functions as a resistor. When transistor 514 is on the voltage on line 528 is set to V MAX . When the voltage on line 528 is set to V MAX , then transistors 506, 512, and 516 turn off. When transistor 506 is off V MAX  is not set to V PWR . When transistor 512 is off the voltage on line 528 is not set to V PWR . When transistor 516 is off the voltage on line 526 is not set to V PWR . 
     If V PWR  is greater than V PROG  by the second predetermined tolerance, then transistor 520 turns on, bringing the voltage on line 528 lower. When the voltage on line 528 is lower, then transistors 506 and 516 turn on. When transistor 506 is on V MAX  is set to V PWR . Transistor 512 functions as a resistor. When transistor 516 is on the voltage on line 526 is set to V MAX . When the voltage on line 526 is set to V MAX , then transistors 502, 510, and 514 turn off. When transistor 502 is off V MAX  is not set to V PROG . When transistor 514 is off the voltage on line 528 is not set to V MAX . 
     FIG. 6 is a flowchart for using amplification to avoid latch-up in a MOS based circuit. The method begins in step 600 where the amplifier 302 receives a first voltage (i.e. V PROG ) and a second voltage (i.e. V PWR ). Next in step 602 the amplifier 302 amplifies the first voltage and the second voltage. The comparator 304 compares the amplified first voltage to the amplified second voltage in step 604. In step 606 the comparator 304 identifies the first voltage as a maximum voltage (i.e. V MAX ) and the second voltage as a minimum voltage, if the amplified first voltage is greater than the amplified second voltage by a first predetermined tolerance. Next in step 608 the comparator 304 identifies the second voltage as a maximum voltage and the first voltage as a minimum voltage, if the amplified second voltage is greater than the amplified first voltage by a second predetermined tolerance. The comparator 304 commands the switches 306 to output the maximum voltage on line 212 to an N-well in a PMOS transistor. Alternatively, the comparator 304 could have commanded the switches 306 to output the minimum voltage to a P-well in an NMOS transistor. After step 610 the method for using amplification to avoid latch-up in a MOS based circuit ends. 
     While the present invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, those skilled in the art will recognize that various modifications may be made. Variations upon and modifications to the preferred embodiment are provided by the present invention, which is limited only by the following claims.