Abstract:
A system and method to reduce power consumption in a miniature display system. The system is formed on three distinct substrates with different feature sizes and operating in different power zones. The display controller and other high speed logic are formed on one substrate. The display, DACs and LUTs are formed on a second substrate, and high voltage circuitry for driving the LEDs and the cover glass voltage is formed on a third substrate.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     (1) Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates to a small power efficient display system. More specifically, the invention relates to partitioning the display system into distinct power zones to minimize power consumption and size. 
     (2) Background 
     Liquid crystal displays have been known generally for many years. Initially, liquid crystal displays were formed on amorphous silicon substrates. Amorphous silicon tended to be slow, relatively large, and unsuited for formation of high speed logic and other device types. Liquid crystal displays then evolved into a polysilicon style which still had inadequate speed and logic compatibility characteristics. More recently, crystalline silicon has been employed to manufacture very small liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) displays. These displays are much faster than the displays which use polysilicon to form display devices and can permit high speed driving of the individual pixels on display. In miniature displays, the challenge is to make the displays as small as possible and to also minimize power consumption, as these displays are increasingly used in a mobile environment with limited power resources. 
     The use of lookup tables (LUTs) is generally understood in the art. A LUT is effectively a listing of output codes which correspond to the possible input codes. The LUT performs a mapping of the input code to the output code, though the input code and output code may have different ranges. Typically, when LUTs are used in the context of displaying graphical data, three LUTs are employed to carry output codes corresponding to each of the color components (e.g. red, green, and blue) of a pixel. The subsequent three output codes are all simultaneously driven to the display to create the image of the color specified. Using three LUTs per pixel implies non-trivial die space to form the three LUTs, as well as power consumption by all those tables. In the context of miniature displays, it is desirable to minimize both die space and power consumption. 
     Because driving consecutive positive frames may cause liquid crystal malfunctions, liquid crystal display pixels are invariably driven by an alternating voltage having a positive and negative swing. While this places certain powering constraints on the system, it also necessitates use of frame inversion techniques in which the frame data is inverted to be driven by a negative signal. The required data inversion increases complexity of the display controller as well as power consumption and die are required. 
     It is also known in the art that liquid crystal displays can be damaged if exposed to DC voltage for a significant period of time. Thus, efforts have been made to reduce the risk of such damage. However, in the case of systems where the display is remote from the display controller, improper cable connections, a crash at the controller, or even a damaged cable can cause large and damaging voltages to be driven to a liquid crystal display. The problem arises how to protect the display from damages as a result of likely faults. Solutions to this problem are largely absent in the existing art. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A system and method to reduce power consumption in a miniature display system is disclosed. The system is formed on three distinct substrates with different feature sizes and operating in different power zones. The display controller and other high speed logic are formed on one substrate. The display, DACs and LUTs are formed on a second substrate, and high voltage circuitry for driving the LEDs and the cover glass voltage is formed on a third substrate. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIGS. 1 a  and  1   b  are block diagrams of alternative configurations of a display system of one embodiment of the invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a display system of one embodiment of the invention. 
     FIG. 3 is an exemplary state diagram of one embodiment of the state machine. 
     FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a safety timer of one embodiment of the invention. 
     FIG. 5 is a schematic of a safety timer of one embodiment of the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIGS. 1 a  and  1   b  are block diagrams of alternative configurations of a display system of one embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 1 a,  a video source subsystem  10  includes a video source  12  coupled to a low voltage differential signaling (LVDS) transmitter  14 . LVDS transmitters and receivers are commercially available, and LVDS signaling is generally well-known in the art. A video signal from the video source  12  is converted by the LVDS transmitter and transmitted in a standard manner across a cable to an LVDS receiver  22  in headset subsystem  20 . A display controller with embedded memory  24  receives the output of the LVDS receiver  22  and stores the subframes of the image data in the embedded memory. Subframes are then sent out to display chip  26  which is also within the headset subsystem  20 . A high voltage platform  28  within the headset subsystem  20  is coupled to the display chip  26  and responsible for driving the cover glass voltage (CGV) of the display. In an alternative embodiment, by changing certain design parameters, the CGV may be driven from the display substrate. For example, the CGV range could be restricted to be driven by a voltage range that can be supplied directly from the display substrate such as 0 to 5 volts. 
     FIG. 1 b  shows a system employing the same components in a slightly different configuration. Specifically, video source subsystem  30  has video source  12  coupled to display controller with memory  24  (possibly embedded) which in turn provides its output to the LVDS transmitter  14  to be cabled to the LVDS receiver  22  in the headset subsystem  40 . The display chip  26  then receives the output of the LVDS receiver  22  and is supplied power in the same manner by high voltage platform  28  as described with reference to FIG. 1 a  above. The flexibility of the display controller and memory  24  to provide or receive LVDS signaling and also the display chip  26  to receive LVDS signaling permits significant flexibility in system design. Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/222,230, filed Dec. 29, 1998, describes an example of a display which may be used with embodiments of the invention, including the systems of FIGS. 1 a  or  1   b;  that application is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a display system of one embodiment of the invention. In this diagram, LVDS transmitters and receivers are not shown, but it is within the scope and contemplation of the invention to configure the system of FIG. 2 as shown in  1   a  or  1   b,  or the LVDS components may be omitted entirely. The system is segregated into three distinct power zones,  100 ,  200 ,  300 . Power zone  200  includes a substrate  202  which has a display  204  formed thereon. In one embodiment, display  204  is a liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) display. Also formed on substrate  202  are a plurality of digital to analog converters (DACs)  206  which drive display  204 . Coupled to the DACs and also formed on substrate  202  are a plurality of lookup tables (LUTs)  208  in a one-to-one correspondence with the DACs. A set of control registers  214  are formed on substrate  202  and used to control the function of the other devices formed on substrate  202  and also provide control signals to a high-power platform in power zone  300 . A safety timer  212  is formed on a substrate  202 . Safety timer  212  is used to drive the display into a safe state in the event of certain system malfunctions. Safety timer  212  is described in further detail with respect to FIGS. 4 and 5 below. Interface  210  formed on substrate  202  may be a LVDS compliant interface and is responsible for directing incoming data appropriately to the LUTs  208  or the control register space  214 . The control register space includes registers required to manage display functions and registers to hold control information to be sent to substrate  302  (discussed below). Among the control registers are a DAC standby register to power and remove power from the DACs, a start of frame registers to signal the start of a new frame, LED enable register, and a cover glass voltage register. Additional useful registers will occur to one of ordinary skill in the art. Typically, the display  204  occupies 80-90% of the die space of substrate  202 . It operates at a 5 V level and is driven by TTL level outputs. Thus, the formation of the devices on substrate  202  should be formed with a process having a feature size compatible with these needs. It has been found that 0.8 μ feature size is satisfactory. For even lower power consumption, a 0.45 μ feature size could be used for substrate  202 , while still maintaining 5 V operation if desired. 
     Substrate  202  is coupled to a substrate  302  which resides in power zone  300 . Substrate  302  is manufactured with a much larger feature size because of its voltage requirements. Particularly, the cover glass voltage (CGV) generator  306  generates the voltage for the cover glass of the display  204 . In one embodiment, the cover glass voltage requirements dictate that it be driven between a +6 V and −2 V. Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/801,994, filed Feb. 18, 1997, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/994,033, filed Dec. 18,1997, describe examples of voltages which may be applied to a cover glass in exemplary embodiments, and these applications are hereby incorporated by reference. To supply this range, a larger feature size needs to be employed in the formation of CGV generator  306 . A 3 μ process has been found suitable. Also on substrate  302  is part of an LED driver  308  which enables the red, green and blue LEDs which illuminate the display  204  in a time sequential manner. Because it uses a significantly larger process, operations on substrate  302  occur at a much slower rate than, for example, on substrate  202 . Moreover, for space reasons, it is desirable to keep the circuitry on substrate  302  to a minimum. A simple data interface exists between substrate  202  and substrate  302  consisting of three lines, a data-in line, a clock line, and a load line. The data-in supplies data to a shift register  310  which shifts data into the shift register  310  responsive to the clock. Once the shift register  310  is full, a load signal along the load line causes the data in the shift register  310  to be transferred to control register  304 . Control register  304  is shown exploded out. It contains three LED enables, Red Enable  312 , Green Enable  314 , and Blue Enable  316 . These values are provided to the LED driver  308  and are the basis on which the LED driver  308  drives the corresponding LEDs. CGV  318  is a ten bit value that is provided to the CGV generator  306  from which the CGV generator  306  generates the appropriate voltage for the cover glass over substrate  202 . A final bit of control register  304  is the power bit  320  which causes substrate  302  to be powered or not powered, depending on whether the power bit is active. 
     Also coupled to the substrate  202  is display controller substrate  102  existing within power zone  100 . A coupling of substrate  102  to substrate  202  may be local or via cable through a pair of LVDS interfaces. Substrate  102  includes a logic unit  104  which functions as a display controller for the display. The logic unit  104  includes a state machine  106  which drives data in a color sequential manner to the display. A parser  108  may also be provided which accepts data in an RGB format and converts it to a parallelization of R, and then G, and then B. A storage unit  116 , which may be embedded dynamic random access memory (DRAM), is also formed on substrate  102 . A storage unit should include at least two logically distinct subunits. 
     By using two to six logically or physically distinct subunits, each with its own memory interface, a number of advantages are obtained. By way of example, because the display is driven in a time sequential manner with a clock speed of 100 MHz and four pixels are to be supplied to the display for each clock, a data rate of 400 megapixels from the memory to the display is required. This data rate must be maintained for an entire subframe which, for a 480,000 pixel display of one embodiment of the invention, is approximately 1.2 milliseconds. If no parser is provided such that the data is stored in RGB format, three times the data rate between memory and a temporary storage, such as a FIFO, is required. Moreover, the FIFO must be large enough to supply sufficient subframe data while the incoming image frame occupies the memory interface. Additionally, relatively large FIFOs must be supplied on the incoming side to hold the data while the output side (or another subunit of the input side) is being serviced. Even with the parser present such that the data is stored in separate logical storage areas, first red, then green, then blue, the complexity of the memory controller and FIFO is required for each subunit increase in both power usage and die space. In this example, the memory controller would need to handle four data streams (three in, one out) with different clock rates between the streams in and the streams out. By employing six independently accessible memory subunits (two sets of three, one for each subframe of the current frame, and one for each subframe of the next frame), each with their own memory interface, memory access is significantly simplified such that a simpler memory controller may be employed, smaller or no FIFOs may be used, and the memory to outgoing FIFO operational speed can be significantly reduced. 
     As shown, storage unit  116  is shown composed of six subunits  120  and  118 . Each subunit is presumed to have it own independent memory interface in this embodiment of the invention. Because a frame will be displayed simultaneously with one being loaded, the system ping pongs back and forth between subunits  118  and subunits  120  for loading/displaying. A LUT data storage unit  114  which may be part of storage unit  116  or formed as a separate memory type, such as SRAM, is also provided. LUT data storage  114  retains six LUT data sets, one corresponding to each of R, G, B, {overscore (R)}, {overscore (G)}, {overscore (B)}. This permits the system to use an inverted LUT data set rather than inverting the data itself, providing greater flexibility in the inverting algorithm. Another embodiment permits the use of only three LUT data sets R, G, and B with inverses generated by logic  106 . In such embodiments, a small amount of storage is saved at a cost of more stringent DAC linearity requirements. 
     In one embodiment, interfaces  110  and  112  are both LVDS compliant, allowing greater flexibility in the positioning of the controller relative to the display. Interface  110  may optionally provide conversion from a YUV format to RGB format. Additionally, either interface  110  or parser  108  truncates incoming color data by dropping the two least significant bits thereby changing the resolution from eight bits per color to six bits per color, as stored in a storage unit  116 . This permits the controller chip to send four pixels (of six bits each) simultaneously to the display chip using standard LVDS techniques. The lookup table then maps the six bits into eight bits. A set of LUT data is basically a listing of output codes that correspond to each possible input code. Since the shown embodiment uses six bit input code, that implies 64 output codes selected from a 256 possible output codes. This expansion of codes permits the LUT to perform gamma correction, correct for the non-linearity of the system components, and address other human factors. Notably, since the 64 output codes are of eight bits each, moving a LUT data set in the shown embodiment is accomplished by moving 64 bytes of data. This is a trivial percentage of the data moved in a subframe. Moreover, there is a period of time after the subframe data is loaded into the display during which the liquid crystal is permitted to settle. Then there is a period during which the display is illuminated. During these periods, the LUT and the display controller are mostly unused. Thus, the load of the LUT data set can be accomplished during these periods with no impact on system timing. 
     Though the embodiment above describes a six to eight bit encoding through the LUT, it is within the scope and contemplation of the invention to perform other encodings. For example, a two to eight encoding would permit four colors to be selected from a very large palette and permit extremely high speed pixel throughput as twelve pixels could be processed simultaneously using the current 24 bit data path, assuming the twelve LUTs and twelve DACs are also provided. It is also within the scope and contemplation of the invention that the output coding may be greater than eight bits. Such merely increases the size of the LUT data set and provides a larger palette from which to select output codes. 
     In the typical course of operation, a first frame is loaded into, for example, subunits  118  as three distinct subframes, e.g. a red subframe, a green subframe, and a blue subframe. A state machine  106  then begins feeding the subframes to the display substrate  202  preceded by an appropriate LUT data set. In addition to the  24  data signals moving between controller substrate  102  and display substrate  202 , there are also a mode signal, a reset signal, a clock signal, and a chipselect signal. The chipselect signal permits the display controller to drive multiple displays by selecting only the one to which the frame should be sent. The mode signal selects between a register mode and a data mode. In data mode, four pixels of data are moved across the 24 lines on each clock. In register mode, the data lines become nine address lines, eight data lines, a read line and a write line (with five lines unused). It is in register mode that LUT writes and register writes occur. It will be recognized that these twenty-eight signals are readily transferred using LVDS techniques. 
     The LUT is loaded first with an appropriate LUT data set corresponding to the immediately following subframe and provides the necessary mapping of six bit color data to eight bit display data. The LUT data set is selected to accommodate for non-linearities in the DACs  206  and the liquid crystal response to the particular color. LUTs may also be used to perform gamma correction, for example. While to first order, e.g. R and {overscore (R)} LUT data sets are true inverses of each other, in reality, secondary effects such as the difference in non-linearity of the liquid crystal or the DAC when exposed to a negative voltage may require greater difference between the positive and inversed LUT data set. This ability to compensate for these differences provides improved image quality of standard frame inversion techniques. Because a relatively small amount of data is required for LUTs, moving it from the controller chip to the display chip has a negligible effect on system efficiency. It is also possible to load all four LUTs simultaneously with the same data, thereby increasing the efficiency of the transfer. By loading the LUTs before each subframe, the number of LUTs required on the display chip is reduced. This saves space and reduces power consumption of the overall system. 
     Subsequently, the color data is applied to the LUTs with one pixel to each LUT, thus, four pixels (in the same monochrome subframe) are processed simultaneously and then driven by the DACs onto the display. An entire subframe is driven to the display after which the display is illuminated by the corresponding LED color. Subsequently, the other two subframes are in turn driven to the display and illuminated. It should be recognized that the particular ordering of the red, green, blue subframes may be arbitrary. Additionally, it is desirable, when driving a liquid crystal display, to toggle between driving a positive subframe and driving an inverse subframe to protect the display from deleterious effects of constant voltage difference conditions. Accordingly, as mentioned above, the LUT data set selected to be driven to the LUT will alternate between a positive data set and an inverse data set. 
     FIG. 3 shows an exemplary state diagram of one embodiment of state machine  106 . Upon reset, the state machine enters a load R LUT data state. In this state, the LUT data set corresponding to R is loaded into the LUT on substrate  202 . In the case of FIG. 2, the four LUTs receive the same LUT data for the red subframe in order to drive four separate pixels. Alternatively, when a different number of pixels is being driven (e.g. one pixel), then the substrate  202  would include the same (e.g. one) number of LUTs. A state machine then advances to the load R subframe state  404 . In this state, the R data from the logically distinct R buffer in storage unit  116  is passed through the LUTs and the corresponding values driven to corresponding pixels on the display  204 . The state then advances to the load {overscore (G)} LUT data state  406 . In this state, the LUTs on substrate  202  are loaded with a data set corresponding to {overscore (G)}. The G subframe is then driven to the LUTs and the corresponding encoding is driven to the display four pixels at a time. Then at state  410 , the LUTs are loaded with a B LUT data set and the state advances to the load B subframe  412 . As with the subframes before it, the B subframe is driven to the display. By rapidly displaying the monochrome subframes, the human eye integrates the subframe to perceive a full color image. The incoming and outgoing subunits of storage unit  116  swap for the next series of states. 
     The {overscore (R)} LUT data set is then loaded into the LUTs at state  414  and a next red subframe (in this case, from R subbuffer  120 ) is driven through the LUTs and DACs to the display at state  416 . The state advances to state  418  in which the G LUT data set is loaded into the LUTs. The state then advances to  420  and the G subframe from G subbuffer  120  is driven to the display, and so forth, at states  422  and  424  for the {overscore (B)} LUT data and the corresponding B subframe. The state machine  104  then returns to state  402  and begins driving R LUT data again, as long as state machine  109  remains in the active displaying mode. 
     It is within the scope and contemplation of the invention to redisplay the data in the current subbuffer again before swapping subbuffers if the incoming data rate does not match the outgoing data rate one to one. Thus, if the input rate is one half the output rate, each frame would be displayed twice before a swap. Analogous cases exist for greater disparities between input and output rates. 
     Another embodiment uses only one set of subbuffers in storage unit  116  to hold data to be displayed. In this embodiment, parser  108  allows the subbuffer, e.g.  118 , to be randomly written with new pixel data during the times when the subbuffer is not being accessed to provide data to the display. In this case, the same order as described above with reference to FIG. 3 occurs, but no swap of subbuffers is used. This ordering is repeated over and over, allowing input access during the non-displaying time. 
     While in the embodiment of FIG. 3, only six LUT data sets are used and only a single display loop exists within the state machine, it is within the scope and contemplation of the invention to have multiple display loops and an arbitrary large number of groups of data sets. For example, one embodiment of the invention might use one group of LUT data sets R 1 , G 1 , B 1 , {overscore (R)} 1 , {overscore (G)} 1 , {overscore (B)} 1 for temperatures below a certain threshold and a second group R 2 , G 2 , B 2 , {overscore (R)} 2 , {overscore (G)} 2 , {overscore (B)} 2,  for temperatures above the threshold. The corresponding state machine would look like FIG. 3 duplicated with temperature selecting the loop of states through which the state machine transitions. Similar, different groups of data sets may be used for different frame rates or different contrast settings, environmental conditions, liquid crystal, etc. Other bases for using multiple groups of data sets are also within the scope and contemplation of the invention. For example, for an LED display (rather than a liquid crystal display), the LUT data sets may require R, G, B and no inverted sets. 
     Detection of fault conditions in a display is important to avoid damage to the display. As used herein, fault means anything affecting the status of the circuitry or software driving the display or the display itself. A number of problems may occur that cause the display to become hung up with a constant CGV and a DC voltage across the liquid crystal. Even with small voltage differences between the cover glass and the underlying pixels, damage may occur to the liquid crystal. Examples of fault that my occur include a crash of the display controller or the host video source that causes the display controller to leave its display state machine with the subframe unfinished. Hot plugging the cable or improperly coupling the cable may also cause the system to hang. The safety timer as described below can be used to drive the display into a safe state in the event of potentially damaging faults. Because a pathological condition that causes the power to the display to be wholly disrupted is also a “safe state” for the display, the safety timer need only address the conditions during which power is supplied to the display chip substrate. 
     FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of a safety timer of one embodiment of the invention. An oscillator  450  independent of the clock that drives the remainder of the display chip is employed to provide the safety timer clock. A clock divider  452  may optionally be employed to expand the period during which indicators of proper function will be collected from the fundamental frequency of the oscillator. An arbitrarily large number of indicators ( 0 −N) may be collected during the period and stored in a register  454  or series of flip flops. Individual register positions are then effectively ANDed together or an expected set of indicators may be compared with a set of indicators actually received. Other methods of determining if all indicators have been received are within the scope and contemplation of the invention. If all the indicators are received during the specified period, the system is then deemed to be working properly. If all the indicators were not received during the specified period, a result at the AND  456  is false and the timer drives the display into a safe state. A safe state is defined in one embodiment as having a CGV of zero volts and all the pixels driven to zero volts. Reset, the safe state, is maintained until all the indicators are collected during an appropriate time period. Thus, if the deficiency is a permanent condition, the reset will be permanently maintained until the system is fixed. If the failure to receive an indicator is transient, possibly on the next oscillator cycle, the reset will be released. Significantly, it is important during reset to allow the interface  210  on substrate  202  to continue to receive signals, otherwise, a timer will never come out of reset. 
     FIG. 5 shows a schematic of a safety timer of one embodiment of the invention. A plurality of indicators, IND 0  through IND 5 , are fed into combinational logic  506 . The indicators may be signals available in raw form on the display chip or signals derived from additional combinational logic (not shown) that is also formed on the display chip. The results of combinational logic  506  are retained in flip flops  502  and combined by NAND gate  512  for storage of a single signal in flip flop  504 . The independent oscillator  500  provides all clocking for the safety timer circuit. Oscillator  500  includes a divider circuit which is driven by T signals  508 . The T signal is a two bit signal which provides four possible clock periods from oscillator  500 . The T signal may be provided by a register in the register space. The power on reset (POR) circuit  510  is also provided to ensure that the safety timer provides a reset at power on and allows the system to stabilize before releasing the reset or safety mode. In one embodiment, on reset, all register values on the display chip return to default values when the timer comes out of reset. This is desirable because it is assumed that a pathological condition usually causes the timer to force the chip into safe mode, or reset. Thus, it is reasonable to presume that there may have been some corruption of register values during that pathological condition. By returning the registers to default values, any corrupted values are overwritten. A hard wired enable (HW_ENB) is supplied so that the timer can be permanently disabled if desired for a particular application or system. Safety timer enable (ST_ENB) may be used to temporarily disable the safety timer when such is desired, as is certain test cases. 
     The particular indicators selected may vary between different designs. However, the selection of indicators will affect the combinational logic  506  required. In the shown embodiment, IND 0 , IND 1 , and IND 5 , collectively, indicate whether a write to any register in the control register space of the display chip has occurred. IND 2 , IND 3 , and IND 4  reflect whether a write to specific registers in the control register block has occurred. For example, IND 2  may indicate whether the load register for the high voltage platform has been written to, IND 3  might indicate whether a frame start register has been written to, and IND 4  might indicate whether a standby register has been written. The standby register causes the DACs to power down when not physically driving data to the display. This is desirable because the DACs consume a significant amount of power and also running constantly may exhibit undesirable heat characteristics. All three of the above-noted indicators occur every frame for normal operation. For example, every frame must be started by a write to the frame start register, and it is necessary to load the high power platform to cause illumination of the array via the LED drivers, as well as to adjust the CGV. Thus, if the clock period of safety timer clock (ST_CLK) is equal to the frame rate, it is necessarily the case that all indicators should be received during the ST_CLK period. 
     In addition to selecting signals which would necessarily occur within a frame, in one embodiment of the invention, indicators are selected so that at least one indicator is provided along each channel of the LVDS cable. This has the advantage of permitting identification of errors related to damage to a single channel, for example, as a result of kinking of the cable. The above-described embodiment relies on register writes as the basis for operation of the safety timer. Other suitable indicators include pixel clock activity, LUT writes, selected data wires, and even cover glass switching. It is, of course, possible in principle to examine every incoming signal to ensure that all expected signals are received during each frame. However, that becomes unjustifiably overhead intensive with corresponding circuit size and power costs. Thus, by selecting a subset of indicators reflective of the faults of most concern to the system, a safety timer can be effectively implemented which protects the display subsystem from permanent damage as a result of those faults. Notably, the timer does not merely identify the existence of a fault condition and report, e.g. to the display controller, for corrective action. Rather, the safety timer drives the reset signal that places the display in a safe state. 
     In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes can be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. Therefore, the scope of the invention should be limited only by the appended claims.