Abstract:
A new touch screen design provides for corrections of non-uniformities, more accurate touch point measurement, and multiple simultaneous touch point measurements through the use of a grid of relatively conductive lines.

Description:
INTRODUCTION  
         [0001]    Since their introduction in the early 1970s, touch screens have afforded attractive alternatives to keyboards for certain computer applications. In many situations the keyboard and mouse are eliminated, because the touch screen provides the user with a much easier access to the computer. As a consequence, the market has grown to a substantial size, and a continued rapid growth is anticipated. However, current touch screens are difficult to produce, which creates a price barrier limiting growth into many new areas, such as education.  
           [0002]    In this disclosure, a new concept is discussed that virtually eliminates design constraints and provides more freedom for the configuration of touch screens. Examples are given to illustrate this new freedom in design parameters. These design concepts provide a basis for producing touch screens at a much lower cost, without sacrificing quality. Furthermore, the creation of new designs for special sensor size, shape, or electrical characteristics is greatly simplified with the concept described herein and reduces research and development costs.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    Touch screens based on materials that conduct electricity uniformly have been in use for several decades. One of the first touch screens was made from two sheets of conductive paper so arranged that two independent electrical fields ran orthogonal in a steady state (Hurst and Parks, U.S. Pat. No. 3,662,105). Later improvements consisted of using an array of highly conductive dots as electrodes around the rectangular perimeter and a complementary array of diode switches, or preferably a resistor network, such that only one conductive sheet was required. Potentials were then measured in a timed sequence (Hurst, U.S. Pat. No. 3,798,370) to obtain both an x and a y coordinate. This development, along with a conducting and transparent ‘cover sheet’ with radius of curvature discrimination (Hurst and Colwell, U.S. Pat. No. 3,911,215) helped pave the way to transparent touch screens that could be used on the computer terminal (Talmage et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,071,689 and Gibson et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,220,815).  
           [0004]    When diode switches were replaced with voltage dividers using fixed resistors connected to a pattern of highly conducting dots, the switching required to sample the two time sequenced electrical fields was greatly simplified. This concept evolved into the use of a carefully designed frit pattern in order that equipotentials could be representative of Cartesian coordinates (Talmage et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,797,514) even near the edges of the screen. Recently a bordered electrode design was introduced (Hurst, et al. U.S. Ser. No. 09/262,909) to greatly simplify the production of touch screens. This design consists of a narrow border that encloses the working area and is made of a material that is intermediate in electrical conductivity between the highly conductive electrodes and that of the sensor coating.  
           [0005]    The present disclosure relates to a touch screen whose rectangular area is enclosed with a border that, in the critical case, is divided into a number of smaller rectangular areas using lines of specified width and electrical conductivity. With this technique the coating uniformity requirement is reduced. Essentially, uniformity requirements apply not to the entire area of the touch screen but to the smaller areas defined with the grid of conducting lines. With this innovation, the construction of large touch screens, even wall size or floor size, can be accomplished. This would make possible a number of new applications such as interaction with image projection equipment, input information for robots, position sensitive information for security, or inputs for virtual reality equipment.  
           [0006]    With modern electronics technology, it is economically feasible to apply data corrections to highly-distorted measurements that might be obtained from touch screen with non-uniform coatings, to obtain accurate Cartesian coordinates. For example, Hurst, et al. U.S. Ser. No. 09/262,909 has shown that topological mapping can be advantageously used to build resistive touch screens with relaxed uniformity requirements much more economically, without the loss of performance. In this topological method equipotential pairs are mapped to a pair of Cartesian coordinates even under conditions where individual equipotentials do not map to give unique x and y coordinates. However, with some electrode geometry (for example a spot electrode at each corner of a rectangle) equipotential pair measurements on some regions of the sensor cannot be uniquely mapped to Cartesian coordinates. The use of the border concept provides unique pair mapping over the entire working area of the sensor, even very close to the edges.  
           [0007]    The present invention provides a grid arrangement that makes more screen area available even without electronic data correction. However with extremely large screens which might be prepared with large individual sensing areas defined by grids, then coated with electrically conductive paint, gross non-uniformity would be expected and, when necessary, electronic mapping may be applied.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0008]    It is therefore a purpose of the invention to provide an improved touch screen allowing improved screen yield with inherent tolerance for individual and lot variances. It is a further object of the invention to permit simplified manufacture requirements for touch screens including less-demanding conductive-coating application; fewer electrodes and no divider resistors. It is yet another purpose of the invention to permit manufacture at low additional cost, more than offset by savings in screen manufacture. It is another purpose of the invention to permit liberated design of touch screens with changes readily implemented to accommodate new larger screen configurations. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0009]    [0009]FIG. 1 shows the equipotentials for a grid having the same conductivity as the bordered frame;  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 2 shows the equipotentials for a grid having a conductivity only one-fiftieth ({fraction (1/50)}) of the bordered frame and twice the conductivity of the remaining surface area;  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 3A shows the effect of a grid on reducing the requirement for uniformly conductive coatings when employed with the method of current injection on a substrate having a relatively uniform conductivity;  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 3B shows the addition of a grid having ten times the conductivity of the designated rectangular portion of the screen in a current injection touch screen;  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 4A shows the entire screen with conductivity of 1 except for the designated rectangle having a conductivity of 0.1 and the equipotentials are distorted around that rectangle;  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 4B shows the same screen as FIG. 4A except with the addition of a grid of intermediate conductivity which restores the equipotentials to values close to those achievable with a perfectly uniform coating; and  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 5 illustrates the potential distribution with currents being generated in the individual grid lines that are biased when contact is made between the cover and bottom grid surface. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0016]    Computer simulations of the salient features of the grid invention have been made, with programs that solve boundary-value problems. Mathematical methods of solving equations of continuity coupled with a general relationship between current and electric field are used. These equations work for arbitrary conductivity and reduce to Laplace&#39;s equation for uniform conductivity. This general mathematical treatment leads to solutions for the equipotentials on conducting planes for any prescribed boundary conditions. For instance they can provide equipotential solutions for geometry where bordered frames are held at stationary electrical potentials, as in a resistance touch screen. As another example, solutions for the currents at the four corner electrodes when current is injected at a touch point in a rectangular sensor bounded by the bordered frame can be found. These so-called current injection methods have been used in physics research and for touch screen production for some time. A recent patent application by Babb and Wilson (PCT, publication number 97/34273) describes the method and gives references to some earlier developments. These bordered frame geometries can be modified to incorporate grids to show the advantages of such innovations.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 1 shows the steady-state equipotential solutions for a grid in which the bordered frame is simply extended to the interior regions to create 16 discrete areas or cells. This geometry in which the frame and the interior lines have the same width and electrical conductivity is not successful as a touch screen, without topological mapping, since there is excessive distortion of the equipotential lines. All of the framing materials and the interior grid lines have an electrical conductivity that is 500 times that of the coating (taken to be 1).  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 2 applies to a grid in which the interior lines have a conductivity that is reduced by a factor of 50 over those in FIG. 1. Thus three values of conductivity, 500 for the frame, 10 for the grid lines, and 1 for the coating, are involved. It is seen that the equipotentials are dramatically improved by this combination of conductivities.  
         [0019]    Due to some restrictions in the computer-simulation program, accurate solutions for very narrow lines cannot be obtained. For this reason, it is convenient to work with rather wide grid lines and then to scale the results to narrow lines of higher conductivity. There is a very simple rule for this scaling. To keep the same resistance on the grid lines, the scaling law is that the product of conductivity with the width of the line should remain constant during the transition. For instance, good equipotentials were found by using the prescribed conductivity. For convenience in production it would be much better if all of the lines making up the grid have the same conductivity. If the lines have a width of 0.2 inches, the equipotential quality is maintained for a line width that is reduced by the factor of 50 to 0.004 inches (4 mils), where all of the lines now have the same conductivity. This is very fortunate since the visual appearance of the screen is improved by having very fine lines. However, it is possible to make conducting coatings transparent to light, and in this case lines of appropriate conductivity can have a range of widths.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIGS. 3 a  and  3   b  apply to the method of current injection, and show the effect of the grid on reducing the requirement for uniformly conducting coatings. This was done by taking the conductivity to be 0.1 in the designated rectangular portion of the screen. In FIG. 3 a , the solution for the equipotentials, from which the four corner currents can be derived and processed to obtain Cartesian coordinates, is rather asymmetric. The ‘4 mil’ grid, providing a ten-fold increase in conductivity around the same region in FIG. 3 b , gave much better behaved equipotentials and when processed gave Cartesian coordinates that were much closer to the correct values.  
         [0021]    The advantage of using the grid is much easier to illustrate with the method in which the grid is held at steady-state potentials everywhere on the sensor and coordinates are found just by measuring a pair of potentials at some place on the screen. With the same construction as in FIG. 3, we show these results in FIGS. 4 a  and  4   b . Thus even for the rather drastic reduction of conductivity to  0 . 1  within the designated region, the grid does a good job in restoring the equipotentials to the value they would have had with a perfectly uniform coating.  
         [0022]    While the original concept of the grid was to enable the manufacture of very large screens, it is also useful to try to extend the technology to solve a basic problem with that has been common to all touch screens since their inception. This is the problem of ‘single touch.’ Imagine the use of touch screens in a robotics application, where it might be desirable to give information to a robot on the location of a number of different objects on a table. Or take another application where it might be desirable to know the location of individuals as they walk on a floor. In either case the technical problem is the same—namely, there are multiple contacts on the touch screen; whereas the usual touch screen is designed to be touched at only one point at a time.  
         [0023]    To approach the solution of this problem, imagine the touch screen to be divided into cells with grid lines as described above. But before proceeding, also imagine another use of the grid and this will serve as a basic element of the solution of the multiple contact problem. Therefore, first it is desirable to describe a touch screen that can be used to zoom into smaller areas, thus to obtain greater resolution and accuracy of measurements of the location of a single touch point.  
         [0024]    The idea is implemented by using a grid that is first configured in the standard way with voltages applied to the four corners and then switches in a timed sequence to estimate a coordinate pair (x, y). After a grid cell has been located in this way, the corner voltages are applied to two lines of x and two lines of y so that the appropriate cell is now singled out of the matrix of a large number of cells; the standard measurement sequence is repeated to obtain a much more accurate estimate of the point (x, y).  
         [0025]    Sequential interrogation in large applications involving fast moving multiple contacts may even be too slow. It is therefore helpful to develop algorithms to permit simultaneous interrogation of groups of grid cells so that no more than 8 or 16 current cycles are necessary before the interrogation is complete.  
         [0026]    One solution to the cell interaction problem is to divide the conducting cover sheet commonly used to contact the sensor surface into segments that match the grid cells. This requires the use of insulating strips on the cover sheet and the use of connecting lines from each segment to a matrix switch. In this way all of the cells with a single touch point could be counted and the position within each cell could be approximated. The zoom procedure described above could be applied in a timed sequence to obtain the location of the touch point on each of the segments with improved resolution. In other words, the location of each of the multiple touch points can be obtained with good resolution, provided that each cell has only one touch point.  
         [0027]    The segmented cover sheet greatly simplifies the interrogation of each cell but seems to require a row-column matrix to activate individual or groups of cells. This can be accomplished with some burden on the manufacturing. Successful interrogation or polling of the screen may also be possible without segmenting the cover screen. The burden is placed on the computation.  
         [0028]    For example, if the floor of a room has grid with cells about 1-2 feet on a side, then the locations of several people might be discerned by serial polling and data interpretation. Adjacent pairs of grid elements could be biased to receive current from those standing within (or adjacent to) that row or column. When all pairs of row and column grid lines have been serially biased, the set of data could be analyzed to interpret the number and locations of the people standing (or walking). There should be enough data to do this, but the algorithm may be complicated. FIG. 5 illustrates the potential distribution, if contact is made between the cover and bottom grid surface, then currents are generated in the individual grid lines that are biased.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0029]    The present invention liberates the design of sensors for touch screen applications. Furthermore, this versatility comes with great simplicity and with no sacrifice of quality.  
         [0030]    The invention relies on the fact that the surface area of a touchscreen can be divided into any number of smaller areas using lines of specified width and electrical conductivity. The smaller areas therefore divide the touchscreen into cells that need only be uniform for that particular cell. The conductive borders of each cell tend to normalize some of the non-uniformity within the cell. Furthermore, with this innovation, the construction of large touch screens can be accomplished. Without size restrictions, touchscreens have a number of new applications that were previously unavailable such as interaction with image projection equipment, position sensitive information for security, or inputs for virtual reality equipment.  
         [0031]    In addition to the increasing number of touchscreen technology applications, the present invention also lowers the cost of production. A major expense of manufacturing touchscreens is the precision required to make uniform touchscreens such that current may be distributed evenly along the electrically conductive surface to create the necessary equipotential lines. If any part of the screen becomes non-uniform the screen must be re-processed. The grid decreases the uniformity requirements for touchscreen surfaces and therefore permits less rigorous manufacturing specifications. Other cost savings may be realized by lowering the time and precision required in quality control procedures.  
         [0032]    Thus, it is believed that the overall cost of touch screen production is considerably reduced without the loss of any quality, compared to existing terminology. At the same time, new designs can be implemented without excessive engineering efforts. The combination of design freedom and the reduced production costs should impact the industry in a positive way; especially since there are markets, such as education, personnel use, and home entertainment, that cannot be effectively penetrated with the price structure of existing technology.  
         [0033]    Numerous alterations of the structure and methods herein described will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art. It will be understood that the details and arrangements of the parts that have been described and illustrated in order to explain the nature of the invention are not to be construed as any limitation of the invention. All such alterations which do not depart from the spirit of the invention are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.