Abstract:
The present invention provides structures for an integrated antifuse that incorporates an integrated sensing transistor with an integrated heater. Two terminals connected to the upper plate allow the heating of the upper plate, accelerating the breakdown of the antifuse dielectric at a lower bias voltage. Part of the upper plate also serves as the gate of the integrated sensing transistor. The antifuse dielectric serves as the gate dielectric of the integrated transistor. The lower plate comprises a channel, a drain, and a source of a transistor. While intact, the integrated sensing transistor allows a passage of transistor current through the drain. When programmed, the antifuse dielectric, which is the gate of the integrated transistor, is subjected to a gate breakdown, shorting the gate to the channel and resulting in a decreased drain current. The integrated antifuse structure can also be wired in an array to provide a compact OTP memory array.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to semiconductor memory devices, and particularly, to semiconductor antifuse structures. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Electrical antifuses and fuses are used in the semiconductor industry to store non-erasable information. Once programmed, the programmed state of a fuse or an antifuse does not revert to the original state on its own; that is, the programmed state of the fuse or the antifuse is not reversible. For this reason, electrical fuses and antifuses are called One-Time-Programmable (OTP) memory elements. Thus, fuses and antifuses are conducive to the manufacture of a programmable read only memory (PROM). Programming or lack of programming constitutes one bit of stored information in a fuse or an antifuse. The difference between a fuse and an antifuse is the way the resistance of the memory element is changed during the programming process. A semiconductor fuse has a low initial resistance state that may be changed to a higher resistance state through programming, i.e., through electrical bias conditions applied to the fuse. In contrast, a semiconductor antifuse has a high initial resistance state that may be changed to a low resistance state through programming. 
   Various methods of implementing an antifuse in a semiconductor structure have been known in the prior art. In general, an antifuse includes one insulating layer sandwiched between two electrically conducting plates. In some cases, the insulating layer is a dielectric layer such as silicon dioxide or silicon nitride. In some other cases, the insulating layer comprises a stack of multiple layers including at least one silicon nitride layer and at least one silicon dioxide layer such as an oxide/nitride/oxide (ONO) stack. In a typical antifuse, the three components of the antifuse, i.e., the first electrically conducting plate, the insulating layer, and the second conducting plate, are built in a vertical stack. By supplying a large voltage difference across the two electrically conducting plates, a dielectric breakdown is induced and a current path between the two electrically conducting plates is formed, whereby the high resistance state of the antifuse changes to a low resistance state. Various materials may be used for each of the two electrically conducting plates. Improvements upon the basic structure are also known in the prior art. In one example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,853,049 utilizes a silicide for one electrically conducting plate and polysilicon for the other electrically conducting plate. In another example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,750,530 provides a mechanism for lowering the antifuse programming voltage by providing a resistive heating element adjacent to, but not in contact with the antifuse. 
   Incorporation of electrical antifuses or fuses into a semiconductor chip requires an external sensing circuitry located outside an array of OTP memory elements for detecting the status of each of the OTP memory elements, i.e., electrical antifuses or electrical fuses. Typically, such circuitry needs to supply a high enough voltage to differentiate the voltage output from each OTP memory element in an array. However, such a circuit design requires that the supplied voltage does not droop substantially across the array as well as requiring that the sense output voltage from each of the OTP memory elements does not droop significantly beyond the noise margin of the sense circuitry. In addition, typical external sensing circuitry requires transistors of substantial size to deliver a large current through the wiring of the array and to insure sufficient signal development during sensing operations. 
   Incorporating a sensing mechanism into the antifuse structure can reduce the current and noise margin requirements for the external sensing circuitry. However, adding sensing transistors to each antifuse element typically increases the size of the OTP memory element significantly as exemplified in U.S. Pat. No. 6,927,997 to Lee et al, wherein three transistors are required to constitute one antifuse memory element. 
   Therefore, an antifuse structure with a compact layout area and a built-in sensing mechanism is desired. 
   Furthermore, an antifuse structure with a wide built-in sense margin within such a built-in sensing mechanism is also desired. 
   Also, a general challenge in the incorporation of electrical antifuses into semiconductor chips is a relatively high voltage required to program the dielectric material within an electrical antifuse. This is especially important since semiconductor chips provide only a relatively low supply voltage in many applications such as communication and mobile computing. An electrical antifuse with a low programming voltage is therefore desired. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention addresses the need for an antifuse structure with a compact layout area and a built-in sensing mechanism by providing an antifuse structure incorporating a sensing transistor as part of the antifuse structure. 
   Also, the present invention addresses the need for a compact layout and a wide built-in sense margin by providing a simple resistor attached to an electrical antifuse. 
   Furthermore, the present invention provides a low voltage programming of such an antifuse by providing a heater provided with two terminals, wherein the heater also serves as one plate of the antifuse structure itself and as the gate of a sensing transistor. 
   According to a first embodiment of the present invention, an integrated antifuse is disclosed. The integrated antifuse comprises: 
   a semiconductor substrate; 
   an antifuse dielectric; 
   a gate conductor located on and adjoining the antifuse dielectric; 
   a first upper terminal adjoining the gate conductor; 
   a second upper terminal adjoining the gate conductor and not adjoining the first upper terminal; 
   a channel located directly underneath and adjoining the antifuse dielectric and located within the semiconductor substrate; 
   a source adjoining the channel and located within the semiconductor substrate; and 
   a drain adjoining the channel and not adjoining the source and located within the semiconductor substrate, wherein the gate conductor, the antifuse dielectric, the channel, the source, the drain, and the semiconductor substrate form a MOSFET. 
   Within the structure of the MOSFET, the antifuse dielectric serves the function of a normal gate dielectric. The first terminal and the second terminal are connected to at least two separate voltage supplies. Preferably, a resistor is connected in series between an integrated antifuse and a first voltage supply to provide a compact sensing mechanism. 
   One aspect of the present invention is that the breakdown of the antifuse dielectric is accelerated by an elevated temperature provided by the current through the gate conductor located on and adjoining the antifuse dielectric. To program the antifuse, the voltage across the antifuse dielectric is made to exceed the breakdown voltage of the antifuse dielectric at the elevated temperature achieved by the heating of the gate conductor. 
   The application of two different voltages on the two terminals attached to the gate conductor and the ability to control the temperature of the antifuse dielectric through the heating of the gate conductor are additional aspects of the present invention. 
   The integrated antifuse may operate in a programming mode or in a sensing mode. During the programming mode, a current flows through the gate conductor and raises the temperature of the antifuse dielectric while at the same time, a high voltage differential is applied across the antifuse dielectric. 
   During the sensing mode, the current through the gate conductor is minimized by minimizing the differences between the voltage applied to the first upper terminal and the voltage applied to the second upper terminal. Preferably, the current through the conductor is eliminated by equalizing the voltage applied to the first upper terminal and the voltage applied to the second upper terminal. At the same time, a voltage differential that exceeds the threshold voltage of the MOSFET, which is integrated into each integrated antifuse, is applied across the antifuse dielectric, which is also a gate dielectric for the MOSFET, to turn on the MOSFET. The voltage differential across the antifuse dielectric is less than the dielectric breakdown voltage for the antifuse dielectric at the operating temperature of the MOSFET, which is typically less than 125° C. in most semiconductor applications. 
   According to a second embodiment of the present invention, an integrated antifuse array wherein multiple antifuse memory elements are arranged in rows and columns to form an OTP memory array is disclosed. Each of the multiple antifuse memory elements contains an integrated antifuse according to the first embodiment of the present invention and a semiconductor device capable of changing the voltage at the drain of the connected integrated antifuse. Preferably, the semiconductor device is a resistor. For the description of the present invention, a resistor is used for the semiconductor device. While there are many methods of forming such an array, the present invention is described for a particular circuit configuration. 
   The integrated antifuse array according to the second embodiment of the present invention comprises: 
   multiple antifuse memory elements arranged in rows and columns, wherein each of the antifuse memory elements in turn contains:
         an integrated antifuse according to the first embodiment of the present invention;   a resistor that is electrically connected to the drain in a series connection; and       

   at least two first row wires connecting the first upper terminals of the integrated antifuses located in a same row; 
   at least two second row wires connecting the second upper terminals of the integrated antifuses located in a same row; 
   at least two first column wires connecting the resistors in a same column, wherein one end of each resistor connects to a drain and the other end connects to one of the first column wires; and 
   at least two second column wires connecting the sources in a same column. 
   The first and second row wires select a row of the integrated antifuse array for the purpose of programming and sensing an integrated antifuse. The first and second column wires select a column of the integrated antifuse array for the purpose of programming and sensing an integrated antifuse. Altering the circuit configuration to exchange the rows and columns are within the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1A  is a top-down view of an integrated antifuse with a schematic connection to a resistor according to the first embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 1B  is a cross-sectional view along the plane A-A′ in  FIG. 1A  of an integrated antifuse according to the first embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 1C  is a cross-sectional view along the plane B-B′ in  FIG. 1A  of an integrated antifuse according to the first embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 2  is a graph showing the decrease of breakdown voltage for a breakdown time of 1 ms for silicon oxide of various thickness with increasing temperature. 
       FIG. 3  is a graph of transistor characteristics of a MOSFET with 2.8 nm oxide gate dielectric before dielectric breakdown (B) and after dielectric breakdown (A) along with a simulated circuit load of a 330 Ohm resistor according to the first embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 4  is a circuit diagram for an integrated antifuse with a peripheral circuitry. 
       FIG. 5  is a circuit diagram for a 2×2 integrated antifuse array with a peripheral circuitry. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   As stated above, the present invention relates to semiconductor antifuse structures, which structures will now be described in greater detail by referring to the drawings. 
     FIG. 1A-1C  are diagrams illustrating the physical construction of an integrated antifuse. A schematic for a resistor  190  and a connection  139  to a sense node structure (not shown) are also depicted in  FIG. 1A .  FIG. 1A  should be interpreted such that elements  190  and  139  are only schematic representations, while the rest of the elements constitute a top-down view of a physical integrated antifuse  101 . 
   Referring to  FIG. 1A-1C , an integrated antifuse  101  according to the first embodiment of the present invention is formed on a semiconductor substrate  10  patterned with shallow trench isolation (STI)  12 . A gate dielectric  26  is formed within a semiconductor area surrounded by STI  12  in the same manner as during the formation of a MOSFET. In fact, the integrated antifuse  101  according to the first embodiment of the present invention contains a MOSFET comprising a semiconductor substrate  10 , an antifuse dielectric  26 , which functions as the gate dielectric in the MOSFET, a gate conductor  70  located on and adjoining the antifuse dielectric  26 , a channel  24  located directly underneath and adjoining the antifuse dielectric  26  and located within the semiconductor substrate  10 , a source  20  adjoining the channel  24  and located within the semiconductor substrate  10 , and a drain  30  adjoining the channel  24  and not adjoining the source  20  and located within the semiconductor substrate  10 . The gate conductor, the antifuse dielectric, the channel, the source, the drain, and the semiconductor substrate form a MOSFET. Preferably, the gate conductor  70  further comprises a gate polysilicon  72  and a metal silicide  74 . 
   The integrated antifuse  101  according to the first embodiment of the present invention further comprises a first upper terminal  60  adjoining the gate conductor  70  and a second upper terminal  80  adjoining the gate conductor  70  and not adjoining the first upper terminal  60 . The first upper terminal  60 , the second upper terminal  80 , and the gate conductor  70  together form an upper plate of the integrated antifuse  101 . All elements within the upper plate of the integrated antifuse  101  are electrically connected. However, due to the intentional finite resistance of the gate conductor  70 , the gate conductor  70  may be heated by passing a current through it. Preferably, the first upper terminal  60  and the second upper terminal  80  are formed on shallow trench isolation (STI)  12  to minimize the heat loss to the semiconductor substrate  10 . Preferably, each component of the upper plate, that is, each of the first upper terminal  60 , the second upper terminal  80 , and the gate conductor  70  comprises a stack of a gate polysilicon and a metal silicide. In  FIG. 1B , the first upper terminal  60  comprises a first upper terminal polysilicon  62  and a first upper terminal metal silicide  64 . Similarly, the second upper terminal  80  comprises a second upper terminal polysilicon  82  and a second upper terminal metal silicide  84 . Preferably, contacts are used on the source  20 , on the drain  30 , on the first upper terminal  60 , and on the second upper terminal  80  to make electrical connections.  FIGS. 1A-1C  show a source contact  28 , a drain contact  38 , first upper terminal contacts  68 , and second upper terminal contacts  88 . 
   To program the integrated antifuse  101 , the antifuse dielectric  26  located between the gate conductor  70  and the channel  24  is subjected to a high voltage differential, while the gate conductor is at the same time heated to an elevated temperature by passing a current through it. The heat generated in the gate conductor  70  in turn raises the temperature of the antifuse dielectric  26 , lowering the dielectric breakdown voltage significantly. 
   The magnitude of the voltage differential required across the antifuse dielectric  26  depends on the temperature of the antifuse dielectric  26 , the composition of the antifuse dielectric, the thickness of the antifuse dielectric  26 , and the duration of the voltage differential across the antifuse dielectric  26 .  FIG. 2  shows breakdown voltages, or the magnitude of the voltage differential across the antifuse dielectric that is required to induce a dielectric breakdown within a given time duration of the voltage differential, for silicon oxide of various thickness (7.3 nm, 4.1 nm, and 2.8 nm) and for the voltage differential duration time (pulse time) of 1 ms at various ambient temperatures. The reduction of the dielectric breakdown voltage is significant at elevated temperatures. For a 2.8 nm silicon oxide, the breakdown voltage is reduced from about 6 V at room temperature to about 2 V at 600° C. 
   An aspect of the first embodiment of the present invention is the temperature acceleration of dielectric breakdown of an antifuse dielectric through the use of heating provided to the upper plate, specifically to the gate conductor  70 . The phenomenon, illustrated in  FIG. 2 , is advantageously utilized to enable a low voltage programming of the integrated antifuse  101  according to the present invention. To enable the generation of heat in the gate conductor  70 , two different voltages are provided to the first upper terminal  60  and to the second upper terminal  80  to induce a current through the gate conductor  70 . The current passing through the gate conductor  70  then causes Ohmic heating of the gate conductor  70 . The heat thus generated raises the temperature of the adjoining antifuse dielectric  26 . By subjecting the antifuse dielectric to a voltage differential between the gate conductor  70  and the channel  24 , the antifuse dielectric goes through a dielectric breakdown, thus programming the integrated antifuse  101 . 
   According to the first embodiment of the present invention, to induce the antifuse dielectric breakdown with a low voltage differential across the antifuse dielectric, the voltage at the channel of the MOSFET is also controlled such that there is a high enough voltage differential across the antifuse dielectric  26  at the time of programming. 
   The heating of the antifuse dielectric  26  through the gate conductor  70  is very effective since the gate conductor  70  is in direct contact with the antifuse dielectric  26 . For example, simulation has shown that temperatures exceeding 700° C. can readily be obtained in the gate polysilicon with only 6 mW of power generation from a 1.2 micron long and 93 nm wide gate conductor which consists of polysilicon and cobalt silicide with a sheet resistance of about 10 Ohms per square. The temperature of the antifuse dielectric closely approaches the temperature of the gate conductor  70  since only the portion of the gate conductor  70  that overlaps with the channel is in close proximity to a good thermal conductor, i.e., a silicon material or a metal wiring, and both the first upper terminal  60  and the second upper terminal  80  are on STI  12 , which is a good thermal insulator. 
   The explicit representation of the first upper terminal  60  and the second upper terminal  80  is for the sake of clearly describing the present invention. It is not necessary for the first upper terminal  60  or for the second upper terminal to have distinct shape that can be easily differentiated from the gate conductor  70 . In practice, the widths of the first upper terminal  60  and the second upper terminal  80  can be identical to the width of the gate conductor  70 , so that the entire upper plate can look like one continuous gate line. It is necessary, however that at least two contacts are formed on the upper plate so that current can flow through the gate conductor and the gate conductor can be heated up above the antifuse dielectric  26 . 
   The antifuse dielectric  26  may be any of the material used for gate dielectric provided that dielectric breakdown may be induced by applying a reasonably high voltage across it. Such dielectric material may be silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, a high-K dielectric layer or a stack thereof. A dielectric material with a highly accelerated dielectric breakdown at elevated temperatures is preferred. An example of such a material is silicon oxide. 
   The integrated MOSFET in the integrated antifuse  101  according to the present invention displays two distinct FET characteristics depending on the state of the antifuse dielectric  26 . If the antifuse dielectric  26  is intact, the integrated MOSFET displays normal MOSFET characteristics. If the antifuse dielectric  26  goes through a dielectric breakdown, the integrated MOSFET does not have appreciable drain current. Simply put, the programming of the integrated antifuse  101  breaks the MOSFET and renders it non-functional. Results of a test on a 2.8 nm oxide MOSFET wherein the drain current was measured at various drain bias voltages relative to the source and measured over a wide range of gate voltages between 3 V and 5 V are shown in  FIG. 3 . The MOSFET I-V curve “before” the gate dielectric breakdown is labeled “B” and the MOSFET I-V curve “after” the gate dielectric breakdown is labeled “A” in  FIG. 3 . The MOSFET after a dielectric breakdown is essentially non-functional and does not pass a substantial amount of current. 
   According to the first embodiment of the present invention, the drain of the integrated antifuse  101  is further connected to an external resistor, which is in turn connected to a first voltage supply.  FIG. 3  also shows operation of an exemplary circuit in which the first voltage supply provides 1.5V and the external resistor is a 330 Ohm resistor, which is typical of a resistor consisting of a gate line with a number of squares of about 33. The voltage at the drain, or the “sense output” may be “high” or “low” depending on the state of the integrated MOSFET. Thus, a very compact sense circuit for the integrated antifuse  101  is also provided according to the first embodiment of the present invention. 
   For the purposes of description of the present invention, a connection to ground is also considered a connection to a voltage supply, wherein the supplied voltage happens to be 0V. At the time of programming, different voltages are applied to the first and second upper terminals so that a current flows through the gate conductor  70 , thereby heating the gate conductor  70  and the underlying antifuse dielectric  24 , which is the gate dielectric of the MOSFET structure that is integrated into the integrated antifuse  101  structure. 
   Preferably, a semiconductor device is connected in series between an integrated antifuse  101  and a first voltage supply, Vdd_ 1 . More preferably, the semiconductor device is capable of changing the voltage at the drain  130  of the integrated antifuse  101  depending on the current, such as a diode or a resistor. Most preferably, the semiconductor device is a resistor  190 . The resistor may be a semiconductor resistor built with doped polysilicon, or a silicide resistor, or a metal resistor formed within a back-end-of-the-line wiring level. The purpose of the resistor  190  is to provide a sense output at the node  139  between the integrated antifuse  101  and the resistor  190 . While the present invention is described with a resistor  190 , one of ordinary skill in the art can replace the resistor  190  with another semiconductor device that is capable of changing the voltage at the node  139  depending on the amount of the current flow. 
     FIG. 4  shows a preferred version of the first embodiment of the present invention in a circuit schematic. Although a constant voltage may be directly supplied from the first voltage supply, Vdd_ 1  connected to a resistor  190  in a series connection with an integrated antifuse  101 , a switching element  211  is preferably inserted between the resistor  190  and the first power supply, Vdd_ 1  to reduce standby power consumption. Also, a switching element  211  may be utilized to help control the voltage at the channel  124  of the MOSFET within the integrated antifuse  101  to optimize the operation of the integrated antifuse  101 . The drain  130  or the node  139  between the integrated antifuse  101  and the resistor  190  produces the sense output. Optionally, a sense node structure  261  is attached to the drain  130  of the integrated antifuse  101 . A sense node structure  261  may be a buffer, an inverter, or a level shifter that amplifies or stabilizes the sense output from the node  139  between the integrated antifuse  101  and the resistor  190 . A fifth voltage supply, Vdd_ 5  may be directly tied to the sense node structure  261  since the sensing of the integrated antifuse  101  is independent of programming. 
   Detailed voltage conditions for sensing and programming may be different depending on the circuit implementation but the following principles are used to determine the voltages applied to the first upper terminal  160 , the second upper terminal  180 , and to the channel  124 : 
   (a) During the programming mode, the voltage on the first upper terminal  160  and the voltage on the second upper terminal  180  are different to induce a current flow through the gate conductor  170  and to raise the temperature of the gate conductor  170  and the antifuse dielectric to an elevated temperature.
 
(b) During the programming mode, the voltage differential between the part of the gate conductor  170  located above the channel  124  and the channel  124  exceeds the dielectric breakdown voltage of the antifuse dielectric at the elevated temperature.
 
(c) During the sensing mode, the voltage differential between the first upper terminal  160  and the voltage on the second upper terminal  180  is minimized or eliminated to prevent an acceleration of dielectric breakdown of the antifuse dielectric.
 
(d) During the sensing mode, the voltage differential between the part of the gate conductor  170  located above the channel  124  and the channel  124  is set to turn on the MOSFET within the integrated antifuse  101  while not exceeding the dielectric breakdown voltage at the operating temperature of the MOSFET.
 
   In a preferred version of the first embodiment of the present invention, to facilitate the control of the voltage at the gate conductor  170  and the current through the gate conductor  170 , the first upper terminal  160  is electrically connected to a second voltage supply, Vdd_ 2  or a third voltage supply, Vdd_ 3  through a selectable switching mechanism  220 . The second upper terminal  180  is connected to a fourth voltage supply, Vdd_ 4  through a switching device  241 . Preferably, the selectable switching mechanism  220  is a parallel connection of a first MOSFET  221  and a second MOSFET  231 , wherein the first MOSFET  221  is connected to the second voltage supply, Vdd_ 2  in a series connection and the second MOSFET  231  is connected to the third voltage supply, Vdd_ 3  in a series connection, and the switching device  241  is a third MOSFET. Vdd_ 2  provides a voltage to the first upper terminal  160  of each integrated antifuse  101  during the programming mode and Vdd_ 3  provides a voltage to the first upper terminal  160  of each integrated antifuse  101  during the sensing of each integrated antifuse. 
   According to the second embodiment of the present invention, an integrated antifuse array  300  as shown in  FIG. 5  is disclosed. While  FIG. 5  describes a 2×2 integrated antifuse array  300 , generalization to an arbitrary m×n array, where both m and n are integers greater than 1, is straightforward and within the knowledge of a person of ordinary skill in the art. 
   The integrated antifuse array  300  comprises a two dimensional matrix  303  of multiple antifuse memory elements  302  that are arranged in rows and columns. Each of the multiple antifuse memory elements  302  comprises an integrated antifuse  101  according to the first embodiment of the present invention and a semiconductor device that is connected in series with each of the integrated antifuse  101 . The semiconductor device induces a change in voltage at the drain  130  of the integrated antifuse  101  depending on the current through it. Most preferably, the semiconductor device is a resistor  190 . 
   Furthermore, the integrated fuse array  300  comprises a wiring system that connects various parts of each of the multiple antifuse memory elements  302  in the two dimensional matrix  303 . While there are many methods of wiring such an array to enable the programming of individual integrated antifuses  101 , one particular method is disclosed according to the second embodiment of the present invention. One of ordinary skill in the art can make modification for obvious variations in the method of wiring the array. 
   According to the second embodiment of the present invention, the wiring system in the integrated antifuse array  300  includes: 
   at least two first row wires  320  connecting the first upper terminals  160  of the integrated antifuses  101  located in a same row; 
   at least two second row wires  340  connecting the second upper terminals  180  of the integrated antifuses  101  located in a same row; 
   at least two first column wires  310  connecting the resistors  190  in a same column, wherein one end of each resistor  190  connects to the drain  130  and the other end of each resistor  190  connects to one of the first column wires  310 ; and 
   at least two second column wires  350  connecting the sources  120  in a same column. 
   According to the second embodiment of the present invention, resistors  190  in the same column are connected to one of first column wires  310 , which in turn is electrically connected to the first power supply, Vdd_ 1 . Preferably, each of the first column wires  310  is connected to a first voltage supply, Vdd_ 1  through one of first switching elements  311 ,  312  in a series connection. Preferably, each of the first switching elements  311 ,  312  is an inverter with a PMOSFET and an NMOSFET in a series connection with a common gate. Connecting each of the first column wires  310  to the first power supply, Vdd_ 1  through one of the inverters not only enables a selection of a column during programming of the integrated antifuses  101  but also reduces standby power consumption of the integrated antifuse array  300 . 
   As in the first embodiment of the present invention, the application of two different voltages on the gate conductor  170  and the ability to control the temperature of the antifuse dielectric  26  through the heating of the gate conductor  170  within the integrated antifuses  101  in the integrated antifuse array  300  is necessary to enable the second embodiment of the present invention. 
   According to the second embodiment of the present invention, the control of the temperature of the antifuse dielectric  26  is achieved row by row, that is, all the antifuse dielectrics  26  of the integrated antifuses  101  within the same row are either heated at the same time or remain unheated at the same time. By selecting the first column wire  310  to which the integrated antifuse  101  to be programmed is connected and by applying a proper level of voltage to the selected first column wire  310 , the antifuse dielectric  26  is subjected to both an elevated temperature and a voltage differential across the antifuse dielectric  26 . Both the elevated temperature and the voltage differential are needed to program an integrated antifuse  101 . While all the integrated antifuses  101  connected to the selected first column wire  310  have the necessary voltage condition on the channel  124  of the integrated MOSFET only the integrated antifuse  101  connected to the selected first row wire  320 , the selected second row wire  340 , and the selected first column wire  310  have both the elevated temperature of the gate conductor  370  and the necessary voltage condition on the channel  124  of the integrated MOSFET to create a large enough voltage differential across the antifuse dielectric  26 . 
   The row selection scheme according to the second embodiment of the present invention selects all the gate conductors  170  connected to the same pair of first row wire  320  and the second row wire  340 . However, satisfying the condition of a sufficient voltage differential across the antifuse dielectric is satisfied only in the integrated antifuse  101  that is selected for programming since the voltage conditions of the first column wires  310  are chosen such that the unselected integrated antifuses  101  do not have sufficient voltage differential across the antifuse dielectric  26 . Therefore, despite the elevated temperature of the unselected integrated antifuses  101  that are located within the selected row, the lack of voltage differential across the antifuse dielectric  26  prevents the unselected integrated antifuses  101  from being programmed. The integrated antifuses  101  outside the selected row do not heat up and, therefore, are not programmed. 
   As in the first embodiment of the present invention, each of the first row wires  320 , which are connected to the first upper terminals  160  in the same row, are electrically connected to a second voltage supply, Vdd_ 2  or to a third voltage supply, Vdd_ 3  through a selectable switching mechanism  371 . Similarly, each of the second row wires  340 , which are connected to the second upper terminals  180  in the same row, is connected to a fourth voltage supply, Vdd_ 4  through one of switching devices  341 ,  342 . Preferably, each of the selectable switching mechanism  371 ,  372  is a parallel connection of a first MOSFET  321 ,  322  and a second MOSFET  331 ,  332  wherein the first MOSFET  321  is connected to the second voltage supply, Vdd_ 2  in a series connection and the second MOSFET  331  is connected to the third voltage supply, Vdd_ 3  in a series connection, and each of the switching devices  341 ,  342  is a third MOSFET. Vdd_ 2  provides a voltage to the first upper terminal  160  of each integrated antifuse  101  during the programming mode and Vdd_ 3  provides a voltage to the first upper terminal  160  of each integrated antifuse  101  during sensing of each integrated antifuse. 
   Preferably, instead of grounding the source  120  of all integrated antifuses  101  as described in the first embodiment, second column wires  350  connect the sources  120  of all integrated antifuses  101  located in the same column according to the second embodiment. Each of the second column wires  350  is then connected to ground through one of second switching elements  351 ,  352  in a series connection. Preferably, each of the second switching elements  351 ,  352  is a fourth MOSFET. 
   Preferably, drains  130  in the same column are connected to one of third column wires  360 . Optionally, each of the third column wires  360  is also connected to a sense node structure  361 ,  362 . A sense node structure  361 ,  362  is a device or circuitry that amplifies or stabilizes the sense output signal such as a buffer, an inverter, or a level shifter. A fifth voltage supply, Vdd_ 5  may be directly tied to the sense node structures  361 ,  362  since the sensing of the integrated antifuse array is independent of programming. 
   Preferably, at the time of sensing, a gate voltage high enough to turn on the integrated MOSFET in the integrated antifuse  101  is supplied only to the integrated antifuses  101  in one row by turning on the only one of the selectable switching mechanism  371  is turned on the second MOSFET  331 ,  332  connected to the selected first row wire  320 . Preferably, all of the second switching elements ( 351 ,  352 ) connected to the second column wires  350  are turned on to connect the source  120  of all of the integrated antifuses  101  to ground. Similarly, all of the first switching elements  311 ,  312  are turned on to connect all of the first column wires  310  to the first power supply Vdd_ 1 . Gates of the integrated MOSFETs in integrated antifuses  101  located in unselected rows are not provided with a bias voltage needed to turn on the integrates MOSFETs. Therefore, the sense signal on each of the third column wire  360  is determined only by the state of the integrated antifuse  101  located in the selected row. All integrated antifuses in the same row may be sensed at the same time. 
   The principle for sensing each of the integrated antifuses  101  in the integrated antifuse array  300  is identical in the second embodiment as in the first embodiment of the present invention. A MOSFET in a programmed integrated antifuse  101 , wherein the antifuse dielectric  26  went through a breakdown, does not turn on due to the shorting of the gate conductor  170  to the channel  124 . A MOSFET in an intact integrated antifuse  101 , wherein the antifuse dielectric  26  is still intact, turns on and passes current through the resistor  190  and the drain  130 . Therefore, the voltage at the drain  130  of each integrated antifuse  101  is different depending on the state of the antifuse dielectric  124 . 
   Sensing of the integrated antifuse array  300  according to the second embodiment of the present invention is performed row by row. Only one row is selected for sensing at a time. All antifuse memory elements in the same row may be sensed at the same time. The entire array may be sensed by sensing the state of the integrated antifuses  101  in one row in one operation and repeating the row sense operation after selecting the next row until the entire array is sensed. As many number of sensing operations as the number of rows is needed to sense the entire array. 
   Preferably, one of the first row lines  320  is biased to turn on the integrated MOSFETs within the integrated antifuse array  300  to enable a simultaneous sensing of all the integrated antifuses  101  within a selected row. If the antifuse dielectric  26  in an integrated antifuse  101  went through a breakdown, the integrated MOSFET containing such antifuse dielectric  26  will not turn on. The integrated MOSFET turns on only if the antifuse dielectric  26  in the selected integrated antifuses  101  is also intact. The voltage at the drain  130  of each integrated antifuse  101  in the selected row is transmitted to one of the sense node structures  361 ,  362  attached to the corresponding third column wire  360 . Therefore, multiple third column wires  360  can provide multiple parallel sensing of the integrated antifuses  101  connected to the activated first column wire  320 . Other circuit considerations such as maximum instantaneous power consumption can limit the number of sensed columns as desired. 
   While the invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments, it is evident in view of the foregoing description that numerous alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the invention is intended to encompass all such alternatives, modifications and variations which fall within the scope and spirit of the invention and the following claims.