Abstract:
A resonant energy conversion apparatus may utilize magnetostrictive properties of a toroidal magnet. Electrical current induces periodic, complementary magnetic fields around separate quadrants of a toroidal magnet. The periodic, complementary magnetic fields induce mechanical changes in the toroidal magnet due to magnetostriction, causing mechanical stress in the toroidal magnet. Energy is stored as mechanical stress, and later released as electrical current.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed generally toward energy conversion devices; specifically electronic devices with energy conversion elements utilizing magnetostriction. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The power density of power conversion circuitry (watts per cubic inch) is related to the energy storage capacity of passive components such as inductors and capacitors. The energy density, in joules/cubic inch, of inductors and capacitors requires increases in switching frequency to attain improvements in power density, transferring this stored energy through more charge/discharge cycles per second. As switching frequency increases, switching electronics and passive circuit components lose more energy to heat loss; therefore, at increasing frequencies, the efficiency of the system diminishes. Heat loss based on switching frequency places a hard limit on the possible power density of switching power conversion circuitry. 
     The foundations of electrical energy conversion lie in the ability to store energy within the magnetic field of an inductor or transformer. The ubiquitous switching power converter utilizes a transistor switch to endow a magnetic device element with potential energy in the form of a magnetic field. The switching power converter then releases the potential energy at a different voltage and current, thus performing an energy conversion or transformation. 
     Power converters are ideally small, light, efficient and inexpensive. Based on the physical properties of the components, existing power converter technology is nearing a physical limit. For a given energy density, the losses in a radio frequency (RF) inductor vary in proportion to the ratio of the wavelength of the operating frequency to the cube root of the volume of the inductor. Consequently, to maintain efficiency of the power converter, if the size of the inductive components is decreased, the switching frequency must be increased. However, increased switching frequency leads to greater losses due to heat in the switching components of the converter. Where the heat resulting from overall system losses cannot be removed from the limited surface area of the converter, no further reduction in size is possible. A practical limitation of switching frequency is in the low megahertz (MHz) range. 
     Capacitors have inherently higher energy density than inductors. Switching capacitor power conversion circuits can utilize capacitors to provide superior power density than inductor-based switching circuits. However, switching capacitor circuits can only provide small-integer voltage ratio transformations, limiting their utility to power conversion rather than voltage regulation. 
     State of the art power conversion technology utilizes a resonant piezoelectric structure excited from an alternating voltage to provide a voltage-step-up in a manner loosely analogous to that of a magnetic voltage transformer. Power converters utilizing piezoelectric structures generate high voltages for miniature fluorescent or electroluminescent lighting. Piezoelectric devices are inherently fragile, and therefore not suitable for many applications. 
     Consequently, it would be advantageous if an apparatus existed that is suitable for efficiently converting power at low frequencies with high energy density, and robust enough for most applications. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, the present invention is directed to a novel apparatus for efficiently converting power at low frequencies with high energy density, robust enough for most applications. 
     The present disclosure is directed to a power storage apparatus having a magnetostrictive device such as a toroidal magnet, and an electrically conductive input coil wrapped solenoidally around the minor circumference of the magnetostrictive device along a trajectory defined by the major circumference of the magnetostrictive device. The electrically conductive input coil induces mechanical deformations in the magnetostrictive device. The magnetostrictive device may have regions of varying magnetic handedness along its major circumference, causing non-uniform mechanical strain in each region relative to any adjacent regions. Based on the properties of the magnetostrictive device, varying mechanical strain may create harmonic oscillations in the magnetostrictive device. Harmonic oscillations may create stresses in the magnetostrictive device resulting in a magnetic field. A power converter may include an output coil solenoidally wrapped around the minor circumference of the magnetostrictive device to convert the magnetic field into electrical current. 
     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention claimed. The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate an embodiment of the invention and together with the general description, serve to explain the principles. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The numerous objects and advantages of the present invention may be better understood by those skilled in the art by reference to the accompanying figures in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows a perspective view of one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  shows a perspective view of a toroidal magnet used in the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  shows a perspective view of the toroidal magnet in  FIG. 2  undergoing magnetostrictive mechanical distortion; 
         FIG. 4  shows a side view of the toroidal magnet shown in  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 5  shows a perspective view of another embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6  shows a side view of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 5 ; 
         FIG. 7  shows a side view of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 6  undergoing magnetostrictive mechanical distortion; and 
         FIG. 8  shows a flowchart of another embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a magnetostrictive converter  100  may have a multi-quadrant toroidal magnet  112  overwound with one or more solenoid coils around its minor circumference.  110 . The multi-quadrant toroidal magnet  112  may have quadrants  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108  along its major circumference of alternating magnetic orientation circumferentially oriented around its minor circumference. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , the toroidal magnet may have a first toroidal magnet quadrant  102  and a third toroidal magnet quadrant  106  with remanent, permanent magnetization orientation with polarization corresponding to that produced by an electrical current traveling counterclockwise around the major circumference of the toroidal magnet  100 . The toroidal magnet may have a second toroidal magnet quadrant  104  and a fourth toroidal magnet quadrant  108  with remanent, permanent magnetization with polarization corresponding to that produced by an electrical current traveling clockwise around the major circumference of the toroidal magnet  100 . The magnetic orientation of quadrant  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108  may alternate such that the remanent magnetization of each quadrant  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108  opposes the direction of the remanent magnetization of each adjacent quadrant  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108 . 
     Referring again to  FIG. 1 , a solenoid coil surrounding the minor circumference of the toroid, extending axially along the length of its major circumference  110 , suitable for carrying an alternating electrical current of an appropriate frequency, may wind around the toroidal magnet  112 . The solenoid coil  110  may wind around the toroidal magnet  112  such that a current flowing through the axial solenoid coil  110  may generate a magnetic field along the major circumference of the toroid, orthogonally to the permanent magnetic orientation of the various quadrants  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108  of the toroidal magnet  112 . 
     Application of a magnetic field to a magnetostrictive material results in a change in its dimensions. Similarly, application of a stress to a magnetostrictive material causes a change in its permeability in the direction of the application of the force (magnetoelasticity). The Wiedemann effect manifests when an axial magnetic field is applied to a magnetostrictive body endowed with circumferential magnetization, generating a torsional shear stress. The Garshelis effect is a special case of the inverse-Wiedemann effect wherein a torsional shear stress applied to a magnetoelastic body with a circumferential remnant magnetization results in a helical precession of the domain orientation, creating an axial magnetic field. The Wiedemann and Garshelis effects may be considered reciprocal. 
     Alternating current flowing through the solenoid coil  110  creates an alternating, circular magnetic field within the body of the toroid. The magnetic field is orthogonal to the permanent, circumferential magnetic remanences in each of the quadrants  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108  of the toroidal magnet  112 . The combination of a the magnetic field created by the axial solenoid coil  110  and the minor-circumferential magnetic fields in the toroidal magnet  112  causes helical, torsional mechanical shear stress in the toroidal magnet as localized regions in the toroidal magnet  112  change shape due to the Wiedemann effect. As the magnetic field created by the axial solenoid coil  110  is applied to the toroidal magnet, adjacent quadrants  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108  of the toroidal magnet experience opposing helical, torsional mechanical stresses. The difference in the mechanical stresses of adjacent quadrants  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108  may cause physical deformation of the toroidal magnet. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4 , a stressed toroidal magnet  300  may be physically distorted due to mechanical stress. Circumferential magnetic polarization in two oppositely polarized regions will result in opposite torsional forces within opposite regions causing a saddle-shaped deformation of the toroid. While a first toroidal magnet quadrant  302  and a third toroidal magnet quadrant  306  may undergo in one dimension, a second toroidal magnet quadrant  304  and a fourth toroidal magnet quadrant  308  may undergo deformation in another dimension. The difference in deformation of the quadrants  302 ,  304 ,  306 ,  308  results in mechanical strain in the toroidal magnet  300 . Physical distortion of the toroidal magnet  300  acts as an energy storage mechanism, much like a spring. The potential energy density within a mechanical spring is orders of magnitude greater than potential energy density within electric or magnetic storage media. 
     Toroidal magnets of a certain composition may have natural harmonic oscillation frequencies. Alternating magnetic fields within these magnets at an appropriate frequency may create periodic mechanical stress. If the periodic mechanical stress occurs at a harmonic frequency to the natural harmonic oscillation of the toroidal magnet  300 , magnetic energy may be efficiently converted to mechanical oscillations. It is possible to couple an electronic oscillation via a coil conductor to a magneto-mechanical resonator to excite a mechanically-resonant body to a high amplitude of oscillation. Energy can be transferred through this body at power densities and efficiencies significantly higher than that possible with a purely electromagnetic circuit. 
     Changing mechanical stress in the toroidal magnet may produce its own magnetic field as a result of the Garshelis effect, inducing a counter electromagnetic field (EMF) in an axial solenoid coil. The effect of this counter-EMF effect due to the resonance of the toroidal magnet  112  is to multiply the effective permeability of the magnetic circuit formed by the toroidal magnet  112  significantly above that of the magnetostrictive material alone. Consequently, the toroidal magnet  112  can be much smaller than an equivalent conventional inductor or transformer when applied as an energy conversion device. 
     Deformation of the toroidal magnet  112  through electronic excitation should be limited to reversible or elastic deformation. Because mechanical strain in the toroidal magnet  112  is an energy storage mechanism, irreversible or plastic deformation of the toroidal magnet  112  would compromise its usefulness. Therefore, in any embodiment of the present invention, current applied to the axial solenoid coil  110  should stay within certain voltage and frequency limits defined by the material of the toroidal magnet  112  to prevent plastic deformation. 
     While  FIG. 1  shows a solenoid coil  110  with sixteen turns, the actual number of turns in any particular implementation may be a function of the materials comprising the toroidal magnet  112 , the frequency of current used, and the intended power conversion application. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5  and  FIG. 6 , in a power converter embodiment  500 , multiple independent solenoid coils may overwind the toroidal magnet. One axial solenoid coil  110  may carry a current at a certain voltage or frequency while a converter output coil  502  draws current at a different voltage or frequency. Multiple solenoid coils may behave analogously to a conventional transformer. Referring to  FIG. 7 , in the power converter embodiment  500 , a current at an appropriate frequency may flow through the solenoid coil  110 . The frequency of the current flowing through the axial solenoid coil may be at some harmonic of the natural frequency of the material comprising the toroidal magnet  300 . The harmonic frequency of the current induces oscillating strain in the toroidal magnet  300  because of the varying magnetostrictive response of the different quadrants  302 ,  304 ,  306 ,  308  of the toroidal magnet  300 . Changes in the shape of the toroidal magnet  300  due to the oscillating strain may induce a magnetic field in the toroidal magnet  300 . This may induce a counter EMF in the solenoidal coil  110 . The EMF field may induce an electrical current in the converter output coil  502 . Output voltage and frequency in the converter output coil  502  are governed by relationships known in the art. One skilled in the art will appreciate that while  FIG. 1 ,  FIG. 5 ,  FIG. 6  and  FIG. 7  show toroidal magnets  112 ,  300  with coils  110 ,  502  spaced some distance from the surface of the toroidal magnets  112 ,  300 , in actual application the various coils  110 ,  502  may be tightly wound. 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 , another embodiment of the present invention is a method for converting energy  800  utilizing an apparatus similar to that disclosed herein. The method for converting energy  800  may include generating  802  an oscillating magnetic field with an axial solenoid coil wound around a toroidal magnet comprising four minor-circumferentially magnetized regions of alternating handedness. Generating  802  the oscillating magnetic field may induce  804  oscillating mechanical strain in the toroidal magnet. Oscillating mechanical strain may induce a harmonic oscillation in the toroidal magnet. Harmonic oscillations in the toroidal magnet may create a major-circumferential magnetic field. This magnetic field may induce a counter EMF in the solenoidal coil  110 . The method for converting energy  800  may include converting  806  energy from the EMF field induced by oscillating mechanical strain in the toroidal magnet into electrical current with an axial coil. 
     The present invention to exploit magneto-mechanical energy storage in a power conversion application allows significant decrease in the size required for power conversion components, and reduction in operating frequencies while maintaining the electrical efficiencies of the power electronics. 
     Materials suitable for use as a toroidal magnet  112  in the present embodiment have a high coefficient of magnetostriction, as well as a high magneto-elasticity tensor coefficient. The material may also have a high yield strength and low mechanical hysteresis. Possible materials include structural permanent-magnet alloys such as Vicalloy or FeCoCr, steels such as T250, high-nickel steels such as 4820 or 9310, or magnetic alloys such as 45 Permalloy or nickel. 
     Appropriate material, shaped into a toroid, may be treated to possess a remnant circumferential remanent magnetization in four alternating quadrants of opposite orientation based on the right-hand-rule. Current pulses through four, diametrically opposite points on the toroid induce the appropriate magnetic orientation. Maintenance of the circumferential magnetic remnant may require a highly-coercive alloy, (permanent magnet material) and/or heat treatment to optimize magnetic hardness. Alternately, a low-coercivity material such as Permalloy or nickel, uni-axial circumferential stress anisotropy may endow the surface shell material with a circumferential magnetic easy-axis of permeability. 
     Iron based magnetic materials possess nominally the same high Young&#39;s Modulus characteristic of all steels. Most iron based magnetic materials have high yield strengths as well. As such, iron based magnetic materials are capable of storing potential energy in the form of elastic deformation. The volumetric density of mechanical energy storage is several orders of magnitude greater than the volumetric density of magnetic energy storage within the same volume. 
     It is believed that the present invention and many of its attendant advantages will be understood by the foregoing description, and it will be apparent that various changes may be made in the form, construction, and arrangement of the components thereof without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention or without sacrificing all of its material advantages. The form herein before described being merely an explanatory embodiment thereof, it is the intention of the following claims to encompass and include such changes.