Abstract:
An image container file has at least first and second multimedia streams (MSs). The first MS includes first image data representing an image. The second MS includes arbitrary data, which can for example, correspond to: a different representation of the same image; annotations to the first image data; second image data that together with the first image data form a new image with greater dynamic range, resolution, field of view or other attributes that can be derived from processing two or more independent images; or an executable file related to the first MS. The image container file can also include an extensible metadata to hold information describing one or more multimedia streams of the image container file. Further, the image container file may include DRM information to provide information related to obtaining a license to access encrypted data or verifying the authenticity of encrypted or unencrypted data.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/674,742, filed on Sep. 30, 2003, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. 
     
    
     FIELD 
       [0002]    The present invention relates generally to data processing and, more particularly, to storage and creation of image files. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    In general, conventional image file formats provide for a single image to be stored in an image file. For example, a digital camera using such a conventional image file format would create a separate image file for each photograph taken. Thus, if a photographer used this camera to take several related images to form one overall photograph, each image would be stored in a separate image file, requiring the photographer or other user to manually organize and track the individual image files until they are integrated in a separate process. This manual task can be burdensome and prone to errors, especially if the photographer/user has a large number of images to manage. 
         [0004]    Another shortcoming of conventional image file formats is that they generally do not support digital rights management (DRM) features. Thus, an image owner generally does not have access to the same level of intellectual property protection that is widely available or video and audio content. 
         [0005]    An additional shortcoming of conventional image file formats is that they do not provide convenient integrated support for annotating images. For example, if a photographer or user wanted to provide an audio annotation for an individual image file or a group of related images using conventional image file formats, the photographer/user would typically have to store the audio annotations in a separate file and manually manage the association between these two files. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    In accordance with aspects of the various described embodiments, an image container file has at least a first multimedia stream and a second multimedia stream. The image container file can contain more than two multimedia streams. The first multimedia stream includes first image data representing an image. The second multimedia stream includes arbitrary data, typically related to the image of the first multimedia stream. For example, the arbitrary data can correspond to a different representation of the same image. The arbitrary data can also correspond to image, audio, video, graphics, text, date and time, location, web links, or animation annotations to the first image data. The arbitrary data can also correspond to second image data that is related in some way to the image data in the first multimedia stream. For example, the second multimedia stream may one of multiple multimedia streams corresponding to a series of images captured in over time, or a second image that can be combined with the first image data to form a new image with greater overall quality, such as greater dynamic range, pixel resolution, or field of view. The arbitrary data can also correspond to an application (i.e., an executable file) that can be used to view and/or process the first image data. 
         [0007]    In another aspect, the image container file can also include an extensible metadata object to hold information describing one or more image representations stored in the image container file. The metadata can include information related to the image (or audio or video clip) such as the title; the creator; subject; a description, the publisher; contributor, date, format, language, and other types of information that may be desirable depending on the application. Metadata can also make reference to the other streams in the image file container on a per-container or per-stream basis. 
         [0008]    In still another aspect, the image container file may store one or more image representations and/or other multimedia streams in encrypted format. In this case, the image container file will include digital rights information. For example, the digital rights information may be related to obtaining a license to access encrypted data contained in the image container file. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0009]    Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to the following figures, wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various views unless otherwise specified. 
           [0010]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a system using an image container file, according to one embodiment. 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  is a flow diagram illustrating the formation of an image container file, according to one embodiment. 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating components of an image container file, according to a first embodiment. 
           [0013]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram illustrating components of an image container file, according to a second embodiment. 
           [0014]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram illustrating components of an image container file, according to a third embodiment. 
           [0015]      FIG. 6  is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary computing environment suitable for forming or using an image container file, according to one embodiment. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0016]      FIG. 1  illustrates a simplified system  100  using an image container file, according to one embodiment. In this embodiment, system  100  includes a device  102  and a platform  104 . In a typical application, device  102  is an image generating device such as, for example, a digital camera, scanner, mobile telephone (with camera), a personal computer with camera, personal digital assistant (PDA) with camera, television set-top box with still-image capture, video tape player with still-image capture, digital versatile disc (DVD) player with still-image capture, or other suitable image sensing/capturing device or apparatus. Platform  104  is typically implemented with a personal computer, storage device (e.g., a hard drive, compact disk, digital versatile disc (DVD), tape, network storage, or other storage media), printer, or other suitable device or apparatus for storing or viewing images. Other embodiments of system  100  may be implemented using multiple devices similar to device  102 , or multiple platforms similar to platform  104 , or a combination of such devices and platforms. In this embodiment, the image container file can be transferred between device(s) and/or platform(s) interchangeably. 
         [0017]    In this embodiment, device  102  includes an image container file generator  110 , a data store  114 , and an interface  116  to a communications medium. Platform  104 , in this embodiment, includes an image container file reader  120 , a datastore  124  and an interface  126 . In other embodiments (e.g., when platform  104  is used mainly as storage), image file reader  120  may be omitted. 
         [0018]    Device  102  can send an image container file  106  (generated by image container file generator  110  and stored in datastore  114 ) to platform  104  via interface  116  and a link  108 . By way of example, link  108  can be a direct wired connection, a wireless connection, a network (e.g., a local area network, the Internet, telephone system, etc.), direct transportation of removable media from device  102  to platform  104  (removable disk media, flash memory media, CD-ROM, DVD-RW or DVD+RW), etc. Platform  104  receives image container file  106  via interface  126  and stores it in datastore  124 . Data contained in image container file  106  can then be accessed via image container file reader  120 , as desired by a user. 
         [0019]    Unlike systems that use conventional image file formats, system  100  uses image container file  106  to provide a flexible, extensible, backward-compatible mechanism to store images, image annotations, digital rights management (DRM) information and other arbitrary information in a self-describing manner. Embodiments of image container file  106  are described in more detail below in conjunction with  FIGS. 3-6 . 
         [0020]      FIG. 2  illustrates the formation of image container file  106  ( FIG. 1 ), according to one embodiment. Referring to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , this embodiment of device  102  forms an image container file as follows. In a block  202 , device  102  collects image data. In one embodiment, the image data is collected from an image sensor (not shown). For example, the sensor may be a charge-coupled device (CCD) of a digital camera. The image data is then stored in datastore  114 . In some embodiments, the image data may be processed by the device and then stored in datastore  114 . The image data may be raw sensor data; uncompressed image data (i.e., raw data that is processed into an uncompressed representation of the image); compressed image data (e.g., according to the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) or other suitable compression format). The format of the image data generally depends on the processing performed by the device, and as will be described below, image container file  106  is designed to accept any format. 
         [0021]    In a block  204 , device  102  stores the image data from block  202  as a multimedia stream in image container file  106 . As used herein, a multimedia stream in this context typically refers to (but is not limited to) a single image or information used to represent a single image, a portion of recorded video, a portion of recorded audio, or an executable object or application. In one embodiment, image container file generator  110  obtains the image data from datastore  114  and stores information related to the image data and the overall organization of image container file in a header portion of image container file  106 . Image file generator  110  also stores at least some of the image data (e.g., pixel data) in a data portion of image container file  106 . In this embodiment, the image container file generator may also store location information for the image data stored in the data portion in an index portion of the image container file. For example, this location information may include an offset from a preselected point of the image container file. In some embodiments, the index object may be omitted (e.g., when the image container file contains only image data representing a single image). The header, data, and index portions form components of this embodiment of image container file  106  (e.g., see  FIG. 3  described below). In other embodiments, image container file  106  may include other components. For example, some additional components are described below in conjunction with  FIGS. 4 and 5 . 
         [0022]    In decision block  206 , device  102  determines whether additional information is to be associated with the image data collected in block  202 . For example, device  102  may include a microphone and appropriate processing components for recording audio segments. The user can make an audio annotation to the image data collected in block  202  by activating the audio recording components and speaking into the microphone. In this embodiment, image container file generator  110  is configured to detect when the audio recording feature is activated for annotating the image data collected in block  202 . 
         [0023]    Device  102  may include other features that generate information to be associated with the image data collected in block  202 . Examples of such features include (but are not limited to): (a) automatic generation of proof or thumbnail size images and full scale representations of a single image; (b) generation of a sequence of individual images that will later be processed to create a panoramic image; (c) generation of a single image having multiple representations for different exposure settings, white balance settings, compression settings, pixel resolutions, color space (e.g., a color space for printing and a different color space for display using a monitor), field of view, color context (described further below); (d) generation of other annotations (e.g., video, graphic, text annotations); and (e) appending executable applications (e.g., an application needed to interpret raw image data, or to decode a proprietary compression format). In one embodiment, streams of video and audio data are added to image container file  106  in a manner substantially similar to the advanced systems format (ASF). Each additional piece of data is added an additional multimedia stream with header information about the data stored in the header portion and the data itself stored in the data portion of image container file  106 . 
         [0024]    As used herein, a color space is a mathematical space within which color values can be defined by a (typically) small number of color coordinates. For example, the RGB color space uses three coordinates (labeled R, G and B) to specify a color and the CMYK color space uses four different coordinates (C, M, Y and K) to specify a color. The color values in these two spaces behave differently. RGB is typically used to describe light, which is additive, and CMYK is typically used to describe ink, which is subtractive. Converting color values from one color space to another can be done, but in some cases this will degrade the color values. 
         [0025]    As used herein, a color context defines what the color coordinates actually mean, with reference to some objective standard. For example, several devices can use the RGB color space, but the same RGB color values displayed on each of these devices might not look the same (even under the same viewing conditions). This is caused because each of the devices is using a different color context. 
         [0026]    If in decision block  206  image container file generator  110  determines that no additional information is to be associated with the image data collected in block  202 , the image container file is complete and the operational flow in forming an image container file terminates. Otherwise, the operational flow proceeds to a block  208 . 
         [0027]    Returning to  FIG. 2 , in block  208 , device  104  forms another multimedia stream. If the additional information is image data for another representation of the image, image container file generator  110  performs block  208  in substantially the same manner as previously described for blocks  202  and  204 . That is, in this embodiment, image container file generator  110  generates header information and stores it in the header portion, stores at least some of the image data (e.g. pixel data) to the data portion and stores location information for this new image information in the index portion. If the additional information is not image data, image container file generator  110  will perform substantially the same operations, but the header information will include information specific to the additional information in the header portion of image container file  106 . For example, the header information could include indicating whether the additional information is audio data, video data, an executable application, etc. The operational flow then returns to decision block  206  to determine if another multimedia stream should be formed. 
         [0028]      FIG. 3  illustrates components of image container file  106  ( FIG. 1 ), according to a first embodiment. In this embodiment, image container file  106  includes a header portion  302 , a data portion  304  and an index portion  306 . Header portion  302  includes header information for each multimedia stream contained in image container file  106 . In this illustrative image container file, header portion  302  includes header information  312   1  through  312   N  for a first multimedia stream through an Nth multimedia stream, respectively. Header information includes information such as, for example, the basic properties of the multimedia stream, language present in the multimedia stream, properties of the index information stored in index portion  306  for the multimedia stream, padding information that specifies padding in the header information. Header information may also include information identifying the compression algorithm for this multimedia stream, script commands embedded in the header information, marker information identifying markers embedded in the data (stored in data portion  304 ) for the multimedia stream. In other embodiments, header information may include information about other properties of the multimedia stream. In one embodiment, header information is formed in a manner similar (but simplified) to that of the aforementioned ASF format. The above description for header portion  302  is illustrative of a particular embodiment; however, in other embodiments, header portion  302  can be formed using any suitable format (e.g., different header information formats, definitions etc.). 
         [0029]    Data portion  304 , in this example, includes data  314   1  through  314   N  for the first through Nth multimedia streams, respectively. In one illustrative embodiment, packets are used to store data in data portion  306 . Although a packet data storage embodiment is described in more detail below, in other embodiments different approaches may be used to store data in data portion  304 . In this illustrative embodiment, the packets can have a variable size up to four gigabytes since images can be quite large. In other embodiments, the packets may be of fixed size or of different size. The packets representing data from different streams may be optionally interleaved in some embodiments. That is, a packet from stream A may be followed by a packet from stream B and then additional packets from stream A, allowing device  102  to generate the information in any order. Further, a packet may contain data from more than one multimedia stream. Still further, multiple packets may be used to store the data of a single multimedia stream. This packet approach provides flexibility in storing multimedia data in data portion  304 . As previously described, the data contained in data portion  304  may be, for example, image data (raw, uncompressed and/or compressed). Further data portion  304  may contain image data representing multiple representations of a single image, image data for multiple images to be combined into a single image. Still further, data portion  304  may include audio data, video data, graphics, or text data to annotate image data, and/or executable program code to operate on or process image data contained in the data object. 
         [0030]    Index portion  306  includes index  316   1  through index  316   N  for the first through Nth multimedia streams, respectively. As previously mentioned, the index information is used to locate desired portions of data in the data object. In one embodiment, index object  306  is substantially similar to the index object used in the aforementioned ASF format. In other embodiments, other suitable indexing mechanisms may be used. 
         [0031]      FIG. 4  illustrates components of image container file  106  ( FIG. 1 ), according to a second embodiment. This embodiment is substantially similar to the embodiment of  FIG. 3 , except that this embodiment includes a metadata portion  400  in header portion  302 . Metadata portion  400  provides a mechanism for metadata to be associated with all of the multimedia streams of image container file  106 , or with one or more particular multimedia stream(s) of image container file  106 . In addition, metadata portion  400  allows an end user of image file container  106  to access the metadata without having to process data portion  304  and index portion  306 . Still further, metadata portion  400  provides an extensible metadata format to provide flexibility in adapting image container file  106  for other applications. 
         [0032]    In one embodiment, metadata portion  400  allows for one or more namespaces to be defined, with individual metadata items in each namespace including a self-describing name field and an associated value field. In one embodiment, this metadata content is mapped into extensible markup language (XML). In one embodiment, a namespace may contain metadata items having definitions that are substantially similar to those in the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) Metadata Terms issued Mar. 4, 2003 and the DCMI Type Vocabulary issued Feb. 12, 2003. Alternative or additional metadata namespaces may also include definitions substantially similar to those corresponding to other established metadata standards. For example, these other formats include the exchangeable Image File Format for Digital Still Cameras (EXIF) Version 2.2, April 2002, by the Japan Electronic Industry Development Association (JEIDA) and/or the Information Interchange Model (IIM) version 4.1 issued July 1999 by the International Press Telecommunications Council (IPTC). Other standardized or application-specific self-describing namespace may also be included in metadata portion  400 . 
         [0033]    Metadata portion  400  can include information related to the image (or audio or video clip) such as the title; the creator; subject; a description, the publisher; contributor, date, format, language, and other types of information that may be desirable depending on the application. Because metadata portion  400  is extensible, applications and/or users can define their own metadata and such extensions can be used simultaneously within a single container and metadata portion without conflict. 
         [0034]      FIG. 5  illustrates components of image container file  106  ( FIG. 1 ), according to a third embodiment. This embodiment is substantially similar to the embodiment of  FIG. 4 , except that this embodiment includes a digital rights management (DRM) portion  500  in header portion  302  and encrypted data  514   1  through  514   N  for the first through Nth multimedia streams, respectively (instead of data  314 , through  314   N  as in the embodiment of  FIG. 4 ). In one embodiment, DRM portion  500  includes information related to accessing encrypted data  514   1 - 514   N . For example, DRM portion  500  may include the universal resource locator (URL) of a license server (i.e., from which users may obtain a license to use the image and other data contained in image container file  106 ). The license can include a key for decryption of encrypted data  514   1 - 514   N . The DRM information can also be related to verifying the authenticity the image data. In other embodiments, the encryption can be applied on a per multimedia stream basis. 
         [0035]      FIG. 6  illustrates a general computer environment  600 , which can be used to implement the techniques described herein. For example, device  102  and platform  104  may each include a computer environment substantially similar to general computer environment  600 . The computer environment  600  is only one example of a computing environment and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of the computer and network architectures. Neither should the computer environment  600  be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated in the example computer environment  600 . 
         [0036]    With reference to  FIG. 6 , one exemplary system for implementing the invention includes a computing device, such as computing device  600 . In a very basic configuration, computing device  600  typically includes at least one processing unit  602  and system memory  604 . Depending on the exact configuration and type of computing device, system memory  604  may be volatile (such as RAM), non-volatile (such as ROM, flash memory, etc.) or some combination of the two. System memory  604  typically includes an operating system  605 , one or more program modules  606 , and may include program data  607 . This basic configuration of computing device  600  is illustrated in  FIG. 6  by those components within dashed line  608 . 
         [0037]    Computing device  600  may have additional features or functionality. For example, computing device  600  may also include additional data storage devices (removable and/or non-removable) such as, for example, magnetic disks, optical disks, or tape. Such additional storage is illustrated in  FIG. 6  by removable storage  609  and non-removable storage  610 . Computer storage media may include volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. System memory  604 , removable storage  609  and non-removable storage  610  are all examples of computer storage media. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (“DVD”) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by computing device  600 . Any such computer storage media may be part of device  600 . Computing device  600  may also have input device(s)  612  such as keyboard  622 , mouse  623 , pen, voice input device, touch input device, scanner, etc. Output device(s)  614  such as a display, speakers, printer, etc. may also be included. These devices are well known in the art and need not be discussed at length here. 
         [0038]    Computing device  600  may also contain communication connections  616  that allow the device to communicate with other computing devices  618 , such as over a network. Communication connections  616  are one example of communication media. Communication media may typically be embodied by computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal, such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. The term computer readable media as used herein includes both storage media and communication media. 
         [0039]    Various modules and techniques may be described herein in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, executed by one or more computers or other devices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. for performing particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. These program modules and the like may be executed as native code or may be downloaded and executed, such as in a virtual machine or other just-in-time compilation execution environment. Typically, the functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments. 
         [0040]    Reference has been made throughout this specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” or “an example embodiment” meaning that a particular described feature, structure, or characteristic is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, usage of such phrases may refer to more than just one embodiment. Furthermore, the described features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. 
         [0041]    One skilled in the relevant art may recognize, however, that the invention may be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, resources, materials, etc. In other instances, well known structures, resources, or operations have not been shown or described in detail merely to avoid obscuring aspects of the invention. 
         [0042]    While example embodiments and applications of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the precise configuration and resources described above. Various modifications, changes, and variations apparent to those skilled in the art may be made in the arrangement, operation, and details of the methods and systems of the present invention disclosed herein without departing from the scope of the claimed invention.