Abstract:
An integrated circuit device includes a semiconductor substrate that has a cell region and a peripheral region that surrounds the cell region. A plurality of capacitors that include a plurality of lower electrodes, respectively, are disposed in the cell region. Supporters connect adjacent ones of the plurality of lower electrodes to provide structural support and stability to the lower electrodes.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION  
         [0001]    This application claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 2002-15385, filed Mar. 21, 2002, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.  
         FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The present invention relates generally to methods of forming integrated circuit devices and integrated circuit devices formed thereby and, more particularly, to methods of forming integrated circuit devices including cylindrical capacitors and integrated circuit devices formed thereby.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    To secure a sufficient cell capacitance in a limited area for integrated circuit devices, such as dynamic random access memories (DRAMs), various techniques may be used. Examples of such techniques include using a high dielectric material for a dielectric layer, reducing the thickness of a dielectric layer, and increasing the effective area of lower electrodes. The technique of using the high dielectric material may require the introduction of new equipment, examining the reliability and mass productivity of the dielectric layer, and/or lowering the temperature of succeeding processes, which may require additional material and time. Consequently, because the technique of increasing the effective area of the lower electrodes may allow the existing dielectric layer to be used, and because the technique may be carried out using existing processes, this technique may offer the most promise for application to existing processes.  
           [0004]    To increase the effective area of the lower electrodes, a method of forming three-dimensional lower electrodes, such as cylindrical lower electrodes or fin type lower electrodes, a method of growing hemispherical grain (HSG) on the lower electrodes, and/or a method of increasing the height of the lower electrodes may be used. The method of growing the HSG may obstruct the securing of a critical dimension (CD) between the lower electrodes. In addition, the HSG may detach from the lower electrodes and cause bridges between the lower electrodes, which can make it difficult to apply the method of growing the HSG to an integrated circuit device having a design rule of less than 0.14 μm. Accordingly, the methods of forming three-dimensional lower electrodes and increasing the height of the lower electrodes are commonly used to increase the effective area of lower electrodes.  
           [0005]    Although the method of forming three-dimensional lower electrodes, such as the cylindrical lower electrodes, is generally resistant to errors because it secures a sufficient charge storage area, it may be difficult to form the cylindrical lower electrodes. In an integrated one-cylinder storage (OCS) structure, to increase the height of the lower electrodes to secure a sufficient capacitance for operating the device, a thick mold oxide may be used. In this case, steep slopes may be generated in etching node holes in which the lower electrodes will be formed so that CDs of the bottom portions of the storage node holes are reduced. Consequently, the thin and tall lower electrodes may have narrow bottoms that result in an unstable profile. Furthermore, weak lower electrodes may fall down and break due to thermal stress, which is generated in succeeding processes, thereby causing bridges between cells. As a result, defects may occur in the devices.  
           [0006]    Meanwhile, the method of increasing the height of the lower electrodes may result in a significant step difference between a cell region having capacitors and a peripheral circuit region without the capacitors. Consequently, the method of increasing the height of a lower electrode may involve planarization of an intermetal dielectric (IMD), which is formed on a resultant structure containing the capacitors, to perform a succeeding metal interconnection process.  
           [0007]    A typical method for planarizing the IMD involves the following operations: forming and reflowing a boron phosphorus silicate glass (BPSG) layer as an IMD, forming a thick IMD layer, etching portions of the IMD layer on a cell region to reduce a step difference between the cell region and a peripheral circuit region, and planarizing the remaining IMD layer on the cell region by chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). Because the reflow process is performed at a relatively high temperature, the characteristics of transistors in a highly integrated device may deteriorate due to thermal stress and the resistance of a contact region may increase. In addition, the etching and CMP processes may be complicated.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0008]    According to embodiments of the present invention, an integrated circuit device comprises a semiconductor substrate that has a cell region and a peripheral region that surrounds the cell region. A plurality of capacitors that comprise a plurality of lower electrodes, respectively, are disposed in the cell region. Supporters connect adjacent ones of the plurality of lower electrodes to provide structural support and stability to the lower electrodes.  
           [0009]    In other embodiments, a mold oxide layer is disposed on the peripheral circuit region and a frame is disposed on the mold oxide layer. A frame supporter connects the frame to one or more of the plurality of lower electrodes.  
           [0010]    In still other embodiments, the supporters, the frame supporter, and the frame comprise a material having an etch rate that is different from the etch rate of the mold oxide layer. In particular embodiments, the supporters and the frame supporter comprises silicon nitride.  
           [0011]    In further embodiments, the thickness of respective ones of the supporters and the frame supporter is about 10 Å to 1000 Å.  
           [0012]    In still further embodiments, the supporters are arranged between ones of the plurality of lower electrodes arranged in a same row or column.  
           [0013]    In still further embodiments, the supporters are arranged between ones of the plurality of lower electrodes in adjacent rows or columns.  
           [0014]    In other embodiments, the supporters are arranged in rows and columns of the plurality of lower electrodes.  
           [0015]    In still other embodiments, the supporters comprise a first layer of supporters connecting adjacent ones of the plurality of lower electrodes and a second layer of supporters connecting adjacent ones of the plurality of lower electrodes.  
           [0016]    In further embodiments, the supporters and the plurality of lower electrodes comprise materials that adhere to each other.  
           [0017]    In still further embodiments, the supporters comprise silicon nitride and the plurality of lower electrodes comprises doped polysilicon.  
           [0018]    In still further embodiments, the supporters protrude inward into the outer walls of the lower electrodes.  
           [0019]    In still further embodiments, the supporters connect adjacent ones of the plurality of lower electrodes at points along upper halves of the plurality of lower electrodes where lower halves of the plurality of lower electrodes are adjacent to the semiconductor substrate. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0020]    Other features of the present invention will be more readily understood from the following detailed description of specific embodiments thereof when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 1 is a layout diagram that illustrates a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device comprising a capacitor over bit line (COB) structure according to some embodiments of the present invention;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIGS. 2A, 3A,  4 A,  5 A,  6 A,  7 A, and  8 A are sectional views of intermediate fabrication products that illustrate methods of forming the DRAM device of FIG. 1 according to some embodiments of the present invention;  
         [0023]    [0023]FIGS. 2B, 3B,  4 B,  5 B,  6 B,  7 B, and  8 B are sectional views of of intermediate fabrication products that illustrate methods of forming the DRAM device of FIG. 1 according to some embodiments of the present invention;  
         [0024]    [0024]FIGS. 3C through 3E,  4 C, and  5 C are plan views of of intermediate fabrication products that illustrate methods of forming the DRAM device of FIG. 1 according to some embodiments of the present invention; and  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 9 is a plan view of a DRAM device that illustrates methods of forming the DRAM device according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0026]    While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intent to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout the description of the figures. In the figures, the dimensions of layers and regions are exaggerated for clarity. It will also be understood that when an element, such as a layer, region, or substrate, is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element, such as a layer, region, or substrate, is referred to as being “directly on” another element, there are no intervening elements present.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 1 is a layout diagram that illustrates a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device comprising a capacitor over bit line (COB) structure according to some embodiments of the present invention. The DRAM device comprises sources  95   a , drains  95   b , gates  105 , cell pads  115   a  and  115   b , bit lines  125 , and storage node contact plugs  180 . Specifically, according to some embodiments of the present invention, cylindrical capacitors are contact with the upper surfaces of the storage node contact plugs  180 . A cell region C includes the above elements and a peripheral circuit region P surrounds the cell region C.  
         [0028]    An exemplary method of fabricating or forming an integrated circuit device according to some embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the drawings. FIGS. 2A, 3A,  4 A,  5 A,  6 A,  7 A, and  8 A illustrate the sectional structures of precursors of the integrated circuit device of FIG. 1 cut along a line A-A′ in various stages of manufacture or formation. FIGS. 2B, 3B,  4 B,  5 B,  6 B,  7 B, and  8 B illustrate the sectional structures of precursors of the integrated circuit device of FIG. 1 cut along a line B-B′ in various stages of manufacture or formation. FIGS. 3C through 3E,  4 C, and  5 C illustrate plan views of precursors of the integrated circuit device of FIG. 1 in various stages of manufacture or formation.  
         [0029]    Referring to FIGS. 2A and 2B, a shallow trench isolation region  100  is formed in a semiconductor substrate  90  to define an active region and an inactive region. Gates  105 , which are formed by successively stacking a gate oxide layer  101 , a gate conductive layer  102 , and a mask nitride layer  103 , are formed on the active region. After depositing silicon nitride on the entire surface of the semiconductor substrate  90 , the silicon nitride is anisotropically etched to form dielectric spacers  106  on both sidewalls of the gates  105 . Impurities are then implanted into the entire surface of the semiconductor substrate  90  to form a plurality of sources  95   a  and drains  95   b.    
         [0030]    A first insulating layer  110  is formed on the entire surface of the semiconductor substrate  90  and then the upper surface of the first insulating layer  110  is planarized using chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). The first insulating layer  110  is then etched on both sidewalls of the gates  105  using a cell pad mask until the sources  95   a  and drains  95   b  are exposed to form contact holes for forming cell pads. After removing the cell pad mask, the contact holes are filled with a conductive material. The conductive material is planarized using CMP to make the upper surface of the conductive material approximately level with the first insulating layer  110 . Thus, cell pads  115   a  and  115   b , which are electrically connected to the sources  95   a  and drains  95   b  respectively, are formed.  
         [0031]    A second insulating layer  117  is formed on the entire surface of the semiconductor substrate  90  and then the second insulating layer  117  is etched to form bit line contact holes that expose the cell pads  115   b . The bit line contact holes are filled with a conductive material to form bit line contact plugs  120  (see FIG. 1), and the bit lines  125  are formed to pass over the bit line contact plugs  120  while crossing over the gates  105 .  
         [0032]    In particular, the bit lines  125  are formed by successively stacking bit line conductive layers  121  and cap layers  122 . After depositing a silicon nitride material on the entire surface of the semiconductor substrate  90 , the silicon nitride material is anisotropically etched to form bit line spacers  126  on the sidewalls of the bit lines  125 . A third insulating layer  140  is formed of the resultant structure having the bit line spacers  126 , and the third insulating layer  140  is etched to form storage node contact holes for exposing the cell pads  115   a . The storage node contact holes are filled with a conductive material and the upper surface of the conductive material is planarized to form storage node contact plugs  180 .  
         [0033]    An etch stopper  200  is formed on the entire surface of the third insulating layer  140  having the storage node contact plugs  180 . In some embodiments, the etch stopper  200  is formed by depositing silicon nitride material. A first mold oxide layer  210 , which is formed on the etch stopper  200 , may be a borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) layer or a tetra ethyl ortho silicate (TEOS) layer, which may be formed by plasma enhanced-chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD). Then, a support layer  220  is formed on the entire surface of the first mold oxide layer  210 . It is preferable that the support layer  220  has an etch rate different from those of the first mold oxide layer  210  and a succeeding mold oxide layer when etched by a predetermined etch solution. For example, in some embodiments, the support layer  220  may be formed by depositing the silicon nitride material to a thickness of about 10 to 1000 Å.  
         [0034]    Referring to FIGS. 3A, 3B, and  3 C, the support layer  220  is patterned by a dry etch process to form line type patterns  220   a  that elongate in the lengthwise direction of a gate  105  and a frame  220   b , which is integrally connected to each end of the line type patterns  220   a  for forming supporters. The support layer  220  is patterned to eliminate portions of the support layer  220  through which the upper surface of the first mold oxide layer  210  is exposed. FIGS. 3A and 3B correspond to sectional views formed by cutting FIG. 3C along lines A-A′ and B-B′, respectively.  
         [0035]    Referring to FIG. 3C, portions S, which are illustrated by ellipses with dotted lines, represent the storage node holes where capacitors are to be subsequently formed. Because the capacitors will be formed to be in contact with the upper surfaces of the storage node contact plugs  180  in FIG. 1, the portions S representing the storage node holes are defined after designing a layout as shown in FIG. 1. Consequently, the locations of the line type patterns  220   a  for forming supporters are determined based on the locations of the storage node holes. In some embodiments of the present invention, the line type patterns  220   a  for forming supporters are formed such that the storage node holes cross over line type patterns  220   a  as shown in FIG. 3C. In other embodiments, line type patterns  220   a  for forming supporters are placed between adjacent storage node holes as shown in FIG. 3D. In still other embodiments, line type patterns  220   a  for forming supporters are elongated in the lengthwise direction of a bit line  125 , but not in the lengthwise direction of a gate  105  as shown in FIG. 3E.  
         [0036]    Operations for forming the line type patterns  220   a  for forming supporters and the frame  220   b , which is integrally connected to the ends of the line type patterns  220   a , can be performed more than once. To achieve this, the operations for forming the mold oxide layer  210 , forming the support layer  220 , and patterning the support layer  220  are repeated. As a result, more than one layer of supporters may be formed to support the lower electrodes at the sides of the lower electrodes. As the number of supporters increases, the lower electrodes may be more firmly supported to prevent them from falling down. Therefore, the number of supporters may be determined based on a tradeoff between an increase in the number of operations and a reduction in the effective area of the lower electrodes.  
         [0037]    Referring to FIGS. 4A, 4B, and  4 C, a second mold oxide layer  230  is formed on the line type patterns  220   a  for forming supporters, the frame  220   b , and the first mold oxide layer  210 . The second mold oxide layer  230  may be formed in the same maimer as the first mold oxide layer  210 . In other embodiments, the second mold oxide layer  230  may be formed using a different method from that used to form the first mold oxide layer  210  as long as the second mold oxide layer  230  comprises a material having an etch rate different from that of the support layer  220  when etched by a predetermined etch solution.  
         [0038]    Portions of the second mold oxide layer  230 , the line type patterns  220   a  for forming supporters, and the first mold oxide layer  210  corresponding to the regions S for the storage node holes  240  are etched to form a plurality of storage node holes  240 . In this case, a dry etch process without etching selectivity is performed to evenly etch the first and second mold oxide layers  210  and  230  and the line type patterns  220   a  for forming supporters. In addition, the etch stopper  200  is also etched to expose the upper surfaces of the storage node contact plugs  180 . In particular, with reference to FIG. 4C, the storage node holes  240  are formed while etching the line type patterns  220   a  for forming supporters to form supporters  220   c  between the storage node holes  240 . FIGS. 4A and 4B correspond to sectional views formed by cutting FIG. 4C along lines A-A′ and B-B′, respectively.  
         [0039]    Referring to FIGS. 5A, 5B, and  5 C, the inner walls of the storage node holes  240  may be wet etched. Accordingly, the storage node holes  240  become storage node holes  240   a  with enlarged widths. Consequently, the ends of the supporters  220   c  formed between the storage node holes  240   a  may be exposed inward from the inner walls of the storage node holes  240   a . The wet etch process is optional.  
         [0040]    Referring to FIGS. 6A and 6B, a conductive layer  250  for forming lower electrodes, such as a doped polysilicon layer is formed on the resultant structure comprising the storage node holes  240   a . In some embodiments, the supporters  220   c  and the conductive layer  250  comprise materials having generally good mutual adhesion properties. In some embodiments, the supporters  220   c  comprise a silicon nitride layer and the conductive layer  250  comprises a doped polysilicon layer so that they adhere to each other relatively well. It will be understood, however, that various materials can be used for the supporters  220   c  and the conductive layer  250 . For example, in a case where platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), or an oxide thereof is used for the conductive layer  250  for forming lower electrodes comprising metal or metal oxide lower electrodes, metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors or metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) capacitors can be formed by using a material having excellent adhesion property to Pt, Ru, or an oxide thereof to form the supporters.  
         [0041]    The storage node holes  240   a  are filled with an oxide layer  260 , such as a spin on glass (SOG) layer, a BPSG layer, an undoped silicate glass (USG) layer, or a plasma-enhanced tetra ethyl ortho silicate (PE-TEOS) layer having an excellent filling characteristic. Because the conductive layer  250  is formed on the ends of the supporters  220   c , which protrude inward from the walls of the storage node holes  240   a , the contact area between the conductive layer  250  and the supporters  220   c  increases, which improves adhesion between the conductive layer  250  and the supporters  220   c . Upper portions of the oxide layer  260  and the conductive layer  250  on the second mold oxide layer  230  are eliminated by CMP process or an etch back process to expose the upper surface of the second mold oxide layer  230 . Accordingly, the portion above a line R-R′ in FIGS. 6A and 6B is removed. As a result, separate lower electrodes  250   a  are formed in each cell.  
         [0042]    Referring to FIGS. 7A and 7B, the oxide layer  260  remaining in the lower electrodes  250   a  and the second and first mold oxide layers  230  and  210  are removed by the wet etching process. In this case, the supporters  220   c  are not etched because an etch solution having a greater etch rate on the first and second mold oxide layers  210  and  230  than on the support layer  220  is used. FIG. 7A illustrates the peripheral circuit region P as well as the cell region C. As shown in FIG. 7A, while the oxide layer  260  and the second and first mold oxide layers  230  and  210  are removed from the cell region C, only a portion of the first mold oxide layer  210  is removed at the boundary of the cell region C in the peripheral circuit region P. Consequently, a larger portion of the first mold oxide layer  210  remains under the frame  220   b  because the frame  220   b  operates as an etch stopper and protects the first mold oxide layer  210 .  
         [0043]    Referring to FIGS. 8A and 8B, capacitors  300  are manufactured or formed by successively forming a dielectric layer  280  and an upper electrode  290  on the lower electrodes  250   a . FIG. 8A illustrates the peripheral circuit region P as well as the cell region C. As shown in FIG. 8A, a step difference between the cell region C and the peripheral circuit region P is determined by subtracting the thickness of the first mold oxide layer  210  under the frame  220   b  from the height of the capacitors  300 . Accordingly, in contrast to a conventional method of entirely removing a mold oxide layer, embodiments of the present invention compensate for the step difference by the thickness of the first mold oxide layer  210 .  
         [0044]    As shown in FIGS. 1 and 8A, an integrated circuit device according to some embodiments of the present invention comprises a semiconductor substrate  90  having a cell region C and a peripheral circuit region P that surrounds the cell region C. A plurality of capacitors  300 , comprising cylindrical lower electrodes  250   a , a dielectric layer  280 , and upper electrodes  290 , are connected to the conductive region of the semiconductor substrate  90 , namely, the storage node contact plugs  180 . In this case, the capacitors  300  are arranged in the rows and columns of the cell region C in the semiconductor substrate  90 . The frame  220   b , which is integrally connected to the outermost supporters  220   c  while covering the peripheral circuit region P, protects the first mold oxide layer  210  under the frame  220   b.    
         [0045]    In the case where the line type patterns  220   a  for forming supporters are formed as shown in FIG. 3C or  3 E, the supporters  220   c  are located between the lower electrodes  250   a  that are arranged on the same rows or the same columns. In the case where the line type patterns  220   a  for forming supporters are formed as shown in FIG. 3D, the supporters  220   c  are located between the lower electrodes  250   a  that are arranged on two adjacent rows or columns.  
         [0046]    As the height of the supporters  220   c  position relative to the lower electrodes  250   a  increases, the supporters  220   c  may provide firm support of the lower electrodes  250   a  at sides thereof. A preferred height for positioning the supporters  220   c , e.g., higher than half the height of the lower electrodes  250   a , has to be determined because if the height of the supporters  220   c  is excessively high, then the supporters  220   c  may be removed in the planarization process. In the case where more than two layers of the supporters  220   c  are formed in a vertical direction of the lower electrodes  250   a , the uppermost supporters may be located higher than half the height of the lower electrodes  250   a.    
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 9 is a plan view of a DRAM device that illustrates methods of forming the DRAM device according to some embodiments of the present invention. After finishing forming a support layer  220  as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, the support layer  220  is patterned to form line type patterns  220   a  for forming supporters and a frame  220   b . In this case, the line type patterns  220   a  for forming supporters are elongated in the lengthwise direction of a gate  105  and the lengthwise direction of a bit line  125  and cross over each other. The frame  220   b  is integrally connected to the ends of the line type patterns  220   a  for forming supporters. Portions S in which storage node holes are formed are located at portions where the line type patterns  220   a  cross. As a result, the mechanical strength of the supporters to support the lower electrodes may increase relative to embodiments in which the supporters are arranged along rows or columns of the frame  220   b.    
         [0048]    In the above-described invention, because the supporters support the lower electrodes at the sides of the lower electrodes, the lower electrodes are less likely to fall down even when the height of the lower electrodes increases. Thus, generation of bridges between adjacent capacitors may be avoided. Moreover, the lower electrodes are less likely to be displaced or to fall down in succeeding cleaning processes. In addition, the lower electrodes remain mechanically strong so as not to damage themselves and the capacitors, thereby allowing a relatively high cell capacitance to be obtained. Advantageously, electrical failures in the semiconductor device may be reduced while improving yield of the semiconductor device.  
         [0049]    The frame, which is formed in the peripheral circuit region while being integrally connected to the supporters prevents the underlying mold oxide layer from being etched. Therefore, the step difference between the cell region and the peripheral circuit region on the semiconductor device is determined by subtracting the thickness of the mold oxide layer under the frame from the height of the capacitors. Consequently, the method according to the present invention reduces the step difference between the cell region and the peripheral circuit region compared to the conventional method in which the mold oxide layer is removed substantially in its entirety.  
         [0050]    In concluding the detailed description, it should be noted that many variations and modifications can be made to the preferred embodiments without substantially departing from the principles of the present invention. All such variations and modifications are intended to be included herein within the scope of the present invention, as set forth in the following claims.