Abstract:
There is disclosed a core structure with a very low profile, high power density and lower losses. Higher core surface area and improved core utilization in terms of flux density are other desirable feature in the disclosed design. The disclosed design also allowed for a larger core area where the DC fluxes are added, thereby reducing the air-gap requirements in the cores derived from low saturation density materials such as ferrites. The cellular nature of the design can also be effectively employed in vertically packaged power converters and modules.

Description:
GOVERNMENT INTERESTS  
       [0001] The United States Government has rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No. 48803-8101 (RC) and 44104-8901 (Govt.) between the United States Department of Defense, Office of Naval Research and Rockwell Scientific Co. 
     
    
     
       NOTICE OF COPYRIGHTS AND TRADE DRESS  
         [0002]    A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. This patent document may show and/or describe matter which is or may become trade dress of the owner. The copyright and trade dress owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by any one of the patent disclosure as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright and trade dress rights whatsoever.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0004]    The present invention relates to core structures.  
           [0005]    2. Description of Related Art  
           [0006]    Power converters are key components in many military and commercial systems and they often govern size and performance. Power density, efficiency and reliability are key characteristics used to evaluate the characteristics of power converters. Transformers and inductors used within these power converters may be large and bulky and often limit their efficiency, power density and reliability.  
           [0007]    The magnetic theory controlling the operation of inductors and transformers is well known. The general concepts for combining magnetic functions of inductors and transformers on a single magnetic core structure are also well known. Integrated transformer/inductor devices typically take advantage of a transformer&#39;s magnetizing inductance to combine the function of a transformer and the function of an inductor connected in parallel with the transformer&#39;s secondary winding on a single core structure.  
           [0008]    One type of well-known core is the E-core. An E-core has a cross-section that looks like the capital letter “E.” An E-core is typically disposed on its side, with the long part of the E at the bottom, forming a base. E-cores are commonly used in current doubler circuits. To obtain current of different levels, a number of E-cores may be used in a circuit.  
           [0009]    E-cores typically have one of two configurations—the EI-core or the EE-core. In the EI-core, a flat plate, the “I,” is disposed on top of the basic E-core. In the EE-core, two Es are put together, with the legs of the Es facing each other. The EI-core, the EE-core and other cores incorporating the E core structure are referred to generically as E-cores.  
           [0010]    E-cores are typically used for transformers and inductors, and a single E-core may be adapted for use as both a transformer and an inductor. In one typical design, both of the outer legs have a primary and a secondary winding. Current to the windings is typically switched so that only one outer leg at any given time is acting as a transformer. The device is said to have one or two switching periods during which the inductors charge, and a freewheeling period during which the inductors discharge. In devices having two switching phases, the circuitry provides for one outer leg to act as an inductor while the other outer leg is acting as a transformer. Because of their dual but time-separated nature, the outer legs are said to have a transformer phase and an inductor phase. E-cores can be isolated (without transformers) or non-isolated (with transformers). E-cores may also be used only as transformers.  
           [0011]    When an outer leg of an E-core is acting as an inductor, magnetic flux is stored in the core. Magnetic flux flows through the outer leg which is acting as an inductor, through the top, the base, and through the center leg of the E. To provide increased energy storage, there is typically an air gap between the center leg and the top. Because of the air gap, the center leg is therefore typically shorter than the outer legs. Inductance in an E-core is primarily determined by the area of the center leg. To obtain higher inductance, the area of the center leg is increased.  
           [0012]    One limitation on the area of the center leg is fringing flux. Like bright light from one room leaking under a door into a dark second room, flux from the air gap can spill onto the outer legs. Fringing flux causes current losses in the transformer of the other outer leg. One way to accommodate fringing flux is to place the windings on the outer legs a safe distance from the air gap. To do this, the outer legs may be far from the center leg, or the outer legs may be longer so that the windings may be positioned closer to the base and far enough from the air gap. These two solutions result in either a wider E-core or a taller E-core, both of which can be burdens on mechanical designs. Another way to reduce fringing is to increase the area of the air gap. Fringing varies inversely with the area of the air gap.  
           [0013]    Another problem with most E-cores arises from their inefficiency. In general, the energy losses come in the form of heat. This generated heat can become a significant problem, requiring cooling through fans, air flow and other means. The additional power and cooling needs create additional burdens on electronic and mechanical designs. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0014]    The present invention will be described by way of exemplary embodiments, but not limitations, illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like references denote similar elements.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 1 is an exploded side elevated view of a core having a rectangular design in accordance with the invention;  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 2 is a top view of the core of FIG. 1;  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 3 is a side view of the core of FIG. 1;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 4A is a top view of a core having a radial design in accordance with the invention;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 4B is a side view of the core of FIG. 4A;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 5A is a diagram showing a winding arrangement and some electrical components for a power converting apparatus in accordance with the invention;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 5B is a circuit diagram corresponding to FIG. 5A;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 6 is a top view of a core having a radial design in accordance with the invention; and  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 7 is a top view of a core having a rectangular design in accordance with the invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0024]    Throughout this description, the embodiments and examples shown should be considered as exemplars, rather than limitations on the apparatus and methods of the present invention.  
         [0025]    A core in accordance with the invention is useful in power modules and power converters. These power modules and power converters are well suited for low voltage, high current DC-DC converter applications. A core in accordance with the invention may have ultra-low profile magnetics, resulting in better utilization, higher inductance, improved efficiency and lower temperature. In typical E-cores, increased compactness results in decreased efficiency. In contrast, in a core of the invention, increased compactness may result in increased efficiency. Improved efficiency is an unexpected benefit of the invention.  
         [0026]    Principals of the invention are described below with respect to a half-bridge current doubler rectifier application. The invention is, however, applicable to a wide variety of DC-DC converter topologies and control algorithms. The core of the invention may also be useful in other types of power converters and modules, such as AC-AC and AC-DC. The cellular structure also enables the use of interleaving with multi-phase DC-DC converters to further reduce the current and voltage ripple and higher integration levels for multiple output DC-DC converters with integrated magnetics.  
         [0027]    Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2, there are shown two views of a core  100  having a square design in accordance with the invention. The core  100  comprises a base  180 , a center portion  110 , plural posts  120 ,  130 ,  140 ,  150  and a top  160 . The base  180 , the posts  120 ,  130 ,  140 ,  150  and the center portion  110  may be produced as an integrated unit. Alternatively, some or all of these parts  100 ,  110 ,  120 ,  130 ,  140 ,  150  may be produced separately and joined. The core  100  may be formed of a single material. Alternatively, the materials of the separate components may be different and varied. The materials may be magnetic, such as ferrite, 3F3, powdered iron, nickel-iron alloys, or non-magnetic, or composite.  
         [0028]    Whereas the base of a typical E-core has a linear shape, the base  180  of core  100  has a square shape, with the four posts  120 ,  130 ,  140 ,  150  disposed at the four corners of the square. The posts  120 ,  130 ,  140 ,  150  are disposed on a top region  181  of the base  180 . Post  120  is disposed at the intersection of outer edges  102  and  105 . Post  130  is disposed at the intersection of outer edges  102  and  103 . Post  140  is disposed at the intersection of outer edges  103  and  104 . Post  150  is disposed at the intersection of outer edges  104  and  105 . The base  180  is planar and the top region  181  is flat where exposed, though these configurations are not required.  
         [0029]    The center portion  110  is also disposed on the top region  181  of the base  180 . The center portion  110  includes legs  112 ,  113 ,  114 ,  115  which are between the posts  120 ,  130 ,  140 ,  150 . Leg  112  is disposed between posts  120  and  130 . Leg  113  is disposed between posts  130  and  140 . Leg  114  is disposed between posts  140  and  150 . Leg  115  is disposed between posts  150  and  120 . The legs  112 ,  113 ,  114 ,  115  provide separation between the posts  120 ,  130 ,  140 ,  150 . In the square-shaped core  100  of FIGS. 1 and 2, the center portion  110  has a plus shape.  
         [0030]    The legs  112 ,  113 ,  114 ,  115  and the posts  120 ,  130 ,  140 ,  150  also define respective windows. There is a window  172  between post  120  and center legs  112 ,  115 . There is a window  173  between post  130  and center legs  112 ,  113 . There is a window  174  between post  140  and center legs  113 ,  114 . There is a window  175  between post  150  and center legs  114 ,  115 .  
         [0031]    The top  160  of core  100  comprises a flat plate, similar to the top plate of an EI-core. However, a top in accordance with the invention need not be flat or plate-like, may be similar to that of an EE-core, and its shape may be adapted for the desired characteristics of the core.  
         [0032]    Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown a side view of the core  100 . In this view, the core  100  looks like a typical E-core. In this view, an air gap  310  is apparent. The air gap  310  is defined by the top  160  and the center portion  110 . The height of leg  115  is exaggerated in this view to make the air gap  310  larger and therefore more apparent. The air gap  310  extends the entire space between the center portion  110  and the top  160 —above all of the legs  112 ,  113 ,  114 ,  115 .  
         [0033]    The view of FIG. 3 demonstrates the cellular nature of a core of the present invention. As used herein, a “cell” comprises two posts, the base and the center portion. Although two posts in part define a cell, windings on these posts and their electrical connections provide further definition of a cell. The number of primary and secondary windings on a given post is selected based in part upon the number of cells which are desired to share the post.  
         [0034]    The core  100  may be used in a four cell structure. The combination of the two posts  120 ,  150  with the center portion  110  and the base  180  may be used in one cell of the core  100 . The view taken from any of the four sides  102 ,  103 ,  104 ,  105  of the core  100  has the same appearance. Thus, the four cells of core  100  may be comprised of the center portion  110 , the base  180  and any two adjacent posts: post  120 +post  150 , post  120 +post  130 , post  130 +post  140 , or post  140 +post  150 . Whether such a combination is a cell, however, depends on the windings on each post.  
         [0035]    One of the benefits of the core of the present invention is the presence of a shorter air gap than would be found in a comparable typical E-core or collection of E-cores. Whereas a typical E-core has a center leg between the two outer legs, the core of the invention has a center portion which may be considerably larger in comparison. The larger center portion may result in a shorter air gap. The shorter air gap has reduced fringing flux, meaning that the core may be more compact. In use, a power converter or power module of the invention should be considerably more efficient than a collection of E-cores providing comparable outputs. Thus, power consumption is reduced, heat losses are reduced, cooling requirements are reduced, and overall size requirements are reduced.  
         [0036]    Referring now to FIG. 4A, there is shown a top view of a core  400  having a radial design in accordance with the invention. The radial core  400  is similar to the rectangular core  100  of FIG. 1. The core  400  includes a base  480 , center portion  410 , posts  420 ,  430 ,  440 ,  450  and windows  472 ,  473 ,  474 ,  475 . The base  480  is round and the posts  420 ,  430 ,  440 ,  450  are disposed on its perimeter. The center portion  410  has a round central portion  411  Legs  412 ,  413 ,  414 ,  415  radiate from the central portion  411 .  
         [0037]    The core  400  has a cellular structure. Referring now to FIG. 4B, there is shown a side view of the core  400 . From the side, the core  400  has substantially the same appearance as the rectangular core  100  shown in FIG. 3. In FIG. 4B, the visible cell comprises posts  430 ,  440 , the center portion  410  and the base  480 . The core  400  has three more cells, also comprised of the center portion  410 , the base  480 , and: post  420 +post  430 , post  440 +post  450 , and post  420 +post  450 .  
         [0038]    The desired transformer and inductor behavior, as well as cost and mechanical constraints, determine dimensions of the core, posts, legs, windows and air gap. Although the cores  100 ,  400  are symmetric, a core of the invention may be asymmetric. There may be variations amongst the posts, legs, windows and air gap in their sizes, shapes and placement on the base. The solid geometries of the posts, legs, center portion and base may also be varied. The number of windings on each post may be varied.  
         [0039]    Although some center portion must be included in a core, the legs may be omitted. The legs improve performance of the power conducting device by giving a shorter or more direct path to the center area. The legs also contribute to the larger area of the center portion and the larger area of the air gap.  
         [0040]    Because of the large center portion of a core of the invention, very high inductance can be obtained from a smaller device. The size and shape of the center portion may be determined from the maximum flux density of the material and the total load current. How far the legs extend to, along side and past the posts may be determined from many factors, including performance, cost, and ease of manufacturing.  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 5A is a diagram showing a winding arrangement, wiring and some components for a four cell power converting apparatus  500  in accordance with the invention. A center portion is not shown in FIG. 5. The winding arrangement of FIG. 5A is compatible with both the rectangular core  100  of FIG. 1 and the radial core  400  of FIG. 4. The power converting apparatus  500  includes posts  511 ,  512 ,  521 ,  522 . The posts  511 ,  512 ,  521 ,  522  have respective primary windings P 110 , P 111 , P 120 , P 121 , P 210 , P 211 , P 220 , P 221  and secondary windings S 110 , S 111 , S 120 , S 121 , S 210 , S 211 , S 220 , S 221 . The windings may be, for example, copper, aluminum, gold or silver wire, or formed from alloys, ceramics or other electrically conductive materials. In most embodiments, the winding directions will be chosen so that the magnetic fluxes generated in the posts are additive in the center portion. However, it may also be desirable to have one or more posts generate subtractive flux.  
         [0042]    In the four cell core  500  of FIG. 5, the posts  511 ,  512 ,  521 ,  522  each have two primary windings and two secondary windings. For example, a cell comprising posts  511  and  512  includes primary windings P 110  and P 120 . The other cells include, respectively, posts  521 ,  522  and windings P 210 , P 220 , posts  511 ,  521  and windings P 111 , P 211 , and posts  512 ,  522  and windings P 121 , P 221 . When the primary voltage is of a given polarity, the secondary windings on diagonally opposite posts (e.g.,  511  and  522 , and  521  and  512 ) share the load current. The energy due to the primary current in the posts in their inductor phase is stored in the air gap of the center portion. Thus, the load current is divided into four parallel paths when the power is transferred across the transformer core and into eight parallel paths during the freewheeling period.  
         [0043]    Referring now to FIG. 5B, there is shown a circuit diagram corresponding to the diagram of FIG. 5A. A typical E-core is used in a current doubler circuit. The circuit of FIG. 5B is a current quadruplet.  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 6 shows a diagram of another core  600  having a radial design. Center portion  610  has a round center  611  and radial legs  612 ,  613 ,  614 ,  615 ,  616 ,  617 ,  618 ,  619 . The eight cell structure of core  600  may be derived from the four cell structure of FIG. 3 by adding additional sectors (posts, legs and windows). Like the radial four cell structure, the radial eight cell structure has two primary windings and two secondary windings on each post.  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 7 shows a diagram of a core  700  having a rectangular design in accordance with the invention. In FIG. 7, the center portion  710  has a grid shape, which can be considered an extension of the plus-shaped center portion  110  of the core  100  of FIGS. 1 and 2. The structure of core  700  may be derived by replicating the core of FIG. 2 three times. The number of primaries and secondaries on the posts determine the number of cells. If each post of core  700  is wound with two primaries and two secondaries, a sixteen cell structure results. But if each post of core  700  is wound with four primaries and four secondaries, then posts  720  on the corners will still share with two neighbors, but posts  730  on the edges will share with three neighbors and posts  740  on the interior will share with four neighbors—resulting in a 24 cell structure.  
         [0046]    The core may have other shapes besides square and circle. The desired number of cells may be used to determine the shape. The shape may be rectangular, hexagonal, trapezoidal, oval, T-shaped, L-shaped and other regular and irregular shapes.  
         [0047]    A core in accordance with the invention may be viewed as a combination of typical E-cores. In this way, the E-core may be considered an elementary cell, and a core of the invention may be derived by integrating multiple such cells with a shared center portion. By replicating elementary cells, one can develop higher current modules without compromising performance and power density.  
         [0048]    As can be seen, this cellular structure enables the development of novel interleaving schemes to reduce switching ripple in inductor current and output voltage. It also facilitates higher integration for multiple output, power supplies with integrated magnetics. The invention is applicable to both symmetrical and asymmetrical control schemes.  
         [0049]    Although exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art that a number of changes, modifications, or alterations to the invention as described herein may be made, none of which depart from the spirit of the present invention. All such changes, modifications and alterations should therefore be seen as within the scope of the present invention.