Abstract:
A switching apparatus for grounding an inverter ( 3 ) that converts a direct current voltage into an alternative current voltage at mains frequency, with an inverter housing ( 7 ) and with a safety fuse ( 8 ) that connects a positive or a negative direct current voltage to a grounding terminal, is intended to be provided such that a technician has the possibility of grounding an inverter appliance optionally positively or negatively at little expense, with the possibility for an IP-65 region of the appliance to remain closed. This is achieved in that a safety fuse ( 8 ), which is accessible and can be plugged from the outside, is arranged on said inverter housing ( 7 ) and can be contacted optionally to a positive or a negative direct current voltage in such a manner that either a positive or a negative direct current voltage is grounded through said safety fuse ( 8 ).

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention relates to a switching apparatus for grounding an inverter with a direct current voltage that converts a direct current voltage into an alternative current voltage at mains frequency, with a safety fuse that connects a positive or a negative direct current voltage to a grounding terminal. 
       DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART 
       [0002]    It is known to equip photovoltaic inverters with what is termed a GFDI fuse in the appliance. Through this fuse, a current can be monitored by means of a current converter. As soon as this current exceeds a limit value, the appliance is disconnected from the grid. If the current persists, a current path is interrupted by the blowing of the fuse. The inverter can signalize that a fault current of e.g., more than 1 A has flown and does not switch on the grid as long as the failure has not been eradicated and the fuse replaced. 
         [0003]    The circuits used suffer from the disadvantage that an undesired hard earth connection on the side already grounded by the fuse can only be detected by the technician by means of a measuring instrument. It may happen that the fuse blows as soon as the inverter is added in the circuit of the photovoltaic plant but that the plant does not notice the blowing of the fuse as automatic distinction between a desired and an undesired hard earth connection is not possible. 
         [0004]    The regulations referring to GFID fuses and to the grounding of photovoltaic generators differ from continent to continent or from country to country. For it is possible to ground either the positive or the negative generator voltage. In the USA for example, a GFDI (Ground Failure Detector and Interrupter) safety fuse is required. 
         [0005]    As a standard, for instruments intended for USA the fuse is clamped either on the negative or on the positive side of the grounding terminal PE. 
         [0006]    It is known to accommodate the fuse inside the inverter housing and to ground either the positive or the negative generator voltage through the fuse by changing the plugging. What is referred to as a jumper is helpful to indicate on which voltage side the grounding has to occur. 
         [0007]    To change the type of grounding, the housing lid must be opened. Since photovoltaic inverters are often provided with a high IP rating in terms of contact and water protection and are more specifically rated IP 65, changing and replacing the fuse is cumbersome. 
         [0008]    Methods of determining the insulation resistance Riso are also known, which detect a fault either on the positive side or on the negative side or on both. Switches or measurement shunts are utilized to measure the insulation resistance. 
         [0009]    Inverters having a fuse for grounding the solar generator are known. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    It is the object of the invention to provide a switching apparatus of the type mentioned herein above by means of which a technician can, at little expense, optionally ground an inverter either positively or negatively with the possibility for the IP-65 region of the instrument to remain closed. Whether the inverter is grounded positively or negatively depends on the type of the solar cells used to build the solar generator. 
         [0011]    Moreover, the apparatus is intended to be implemented for a client to have the possibility to ground the inverter at a later stage depending on the solar generator used, a measurement of the isolation resistance Riso being possible in order to also perform a GFDI function, thus allowing ascertaining the condition of the fuse. 
         [0012]    This object is achieved in that a fuse, which is accessible and can be plugged from the outside and which is protected against contact, is arranged on the inverter housing and can be contacted to a positive or negative direct current voltage in such a manner that either a positive or a negative direct current voltage is grounded through the safety fuse. 
         [0013]    Thanks to the safety fuse of the invention, the lid of the instrument can remain closed and different groundings can be readily realized. 
         [0014]    Additionally, it is possible to measure the insulation resistance Riso in order to check the condition of the fuse. 
         [0015]    In the cases in which the fuse is missing, it can be found out whether there is an insulation fault in the measured field. 
         [0016]    For the invention relies on the observation that these circuits have one thing in common with respect to grounding. All the circuits are related to the ground potential which is defined by the pluggable safety fuse of the invention. It relies on the idea not to consider these points or aspects separately but to make use of this common feature and to combine all the three solutions. 
         [0017]    Both the Riso measurement and the fuse are components of a circuit for GFDI (Ground Failure Detector and Interrupter) monitoring. 
         [0018]    Other advantageous implementations of the invention are indicated in the dependent claims. 
         [0019]    In an advantageous development of the apparatus of the invention there is provided that the safety fuse is arranged in a plug connector part to be plugged outside of the inverter housing and having at least three plug connectors and is connected between two of said connectors, at least three mating contacts corresponding to the plug connector part being provided on the inverter housing, namely for the positive, the negative direct current voltage and for the grounding terminal, said plug connector part being configured so that it may be unplugged and plugged somewhere else for either the positive or the negative direct current voltage to be grounded. 
         [0020]    Appropriately, the plug connectors of the fuse are configured to be prongs and those of the instrument to be sockets. Three contacts can for example be arranged one above the other or in a side-by-side relationship. As a result, the safety plug can be readily rotated 180° and plugged in order to change grounding from positive to negative and reverse. This offers an effect of benefit if the plug is intended to be flat. 
         [0021]    It is particularly advantageous that the safety fuse is embedded in a cup-like part carrying the three plug connectors. As a result, high IP rating, e.g., IP-65 can be readily realized. A seal can be easily placed between the cup and the inverter housing. Thus, the socket, which more specifically interrogates a coding to know whether grounding has to be positive or negative and which also establishes the contact with the grounding fuse, can be mounted in the inverter housing. Practically, there is provided a cup with a counterpart for the socket, said cup containing the fuse and being adapted to be plugged in two directions. The first plug direction would be the positive grounding, the second direction, the negative grounding. In cross section, the cup can be circular, flat rounded or have another shape. Moreover, the cup solution offers the advantage that the fuse can be readily replaced. 
         [0022]    In another advantageous implementation of the invention, the plug connector part comprises an electrical and/or mechanical plug coding. It is thus made certain that wrong connection of the ground potential is avoided. A mechanical coding can for example be provided through coding pins or similar. Electric coding of the plug direction can be realized through an additional diode mounted in series with the fuse, said diode being additionally integrated in the cup. As a result, one has two additional contacts. The contacts allow evaluating the flow direction of the diode so as to find out whether it is the positive or the negative side of the generator, which is grounded. This is important in order to know whether there is an unwanted hard earth connection. 
         [0023]    In the inverter, an isolation resistance Riso with at least one shunt lying in the direct current path is preferably measured. There are more specifically provided two shunts, the first shunt lying on a positive current path and the second shunt on the negative current path, two switches being preferably utilized to establish different measurement conditions for determining the isolation resistance Riso, the first switch lying between the positive direct current voltage and the grounding terminal and the second switch between the negative direct current voltage and the grounding terminal. As a result, a first measurement during which the first switch is open and the second switch closed and a second measurement during which the first switch is closed and the second switch is open are possible. The two measurements show isolation faults that are simultaneously directed against a positive and against a negative voltage. A real isolation resistance Riso can thus be acquired with accuracy. 
         [0024]    In order to make it possible to check the fuse, there is provided, in accordance with a development of the invention, to utilize a monitoring unit for monitoring a fault current flowing through the fuse. The fault current can be a wanted or an unwanted hard earth connection. Then, a defective fuse can be detected. In case of a hard fault on the already grounded side, the fuse will blow even before the plant is switched into the grid. Additionally, a distinction can be made between wanted and unwanted grounding. 
         [0025]    The invention is advantageously used in connection with an inverter having a transformer for galvanic isolation. On the direct current side, the grounding induced by the transformer can be made by the fuse. 
         [0026]    An exemplary embodiment will be explained in closer detail with reference to the drawings and other advantageous developed implementations of the invention and advantages thereof will be described. In said drawing: 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         [0027]      FIG. 1  shows a schematic illustration of a photovoltaic inverter, 
           [0028]      FIG. 2  shows an illustration of a first circuit variant of an apparatus of the invention, 
           [0029]      FIG. 3  shows an enlarged schematic diagram of a plug part of a fuse, 
           [0030]      FIG. 4  shows an enlarged perspective illustration of a handwheel shown in  FIG. 3 , 
           [0031]      FIG. 5  shows an illustration of a second circuit variant of the apparatus, 
           [0032]      FIG. 6  shows an illustration of a third circuit variant of the apparatus, 
           [0033]      FIG. 7  shows an illustration of a fourth circuit variant of the apparatus, and 
           [0034]      FIG. 8  shows a synopsis of the properties of the apparatus shown in a table. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0035]    In the Figs., same parts are provided with the same reference numerals. 
         [0036]      FIG. 1  shows a photovoltaic plant  1  with a photovoltaic generator  2 , with an inverter  3  having a transformer  4  for galvanic isolation between the DC side and the AC or grid side. The inverter can be configured to be a string inverter or an individual inverter so that one has the direct current voltages +U and −U. 
         [0037]    The inverter  3  may incorporate a boost and/or a buck converter  5 . A bridge circuit  6  with semi-conductor switch elements serves as the DC/AC converter circuit. The inverter  3  converts the direct current voltage +U/−U into an alternating current voltage at mains frequency U N , which is e.g., rated 110/220/380 V and 50/60 Hz. The inverter  3  can have a pulse-width control as well as an MPP control. 
         [0038]    The generator  2  can be grounded on the positive side or on the negative side. 
         [0039]      FIG. 2  shows a switching apparatus for grounding the inverter  3  or the generator  2 . The inverter  3  incorporates an inverter housing that is indicated at  7 . A safety fuse  8  connects the one positive or negative direct current voltage +Uzwk, −Uzwk to a grounding terminal PE. 
         [0040]    In accordance with the invention, the safety fuse  8 , which is accessible and pluggable from the outside, is disposed on the inverter housing  7 . The fuse  8  is contactable optionally on a positive or negative direct current voltage in such a manner that either the positive or the negative direct current voltage is grounded through the safety fuse  8 , meaning is connected to the PE. 
         [0041]    Further, the circuit shown in  FIG. 2  incorporates a monitoring unit for monitoring a fault current flowing through the safety fuse, in particular for monitoring an unwanted hard earth connection. The circuit consists of two respective voltage dividers (R 1 , R 2 ) that are grounded to earth. By measuring the voltage at R 2 , it may be found out for example whether the fuse  8  is there; when the fuse is there, the voltage is 0 on the grounded side. In the event of a hard grounding fault, meaning when the fuse blows, the voltage of PE will increase to a potential which, in terms of voltage, ranges between the solar generators, meaning the voltage is divided between the solar generators. 
         [0042]    As shown in  FIG. 3 , the safety fuse  8  is preferably disposed in a plug connector part  9  with three plug connectors  11 ,  12 ,  13  that can be plugged outside of the inverter housing  7  and is mounted between two of the connectors  11  and  13 . On the inverter housing  7  there are provided three mating contacts  14 ,  15 ,  16 , which correspond to the plug connector part  9 . The mating contacts  14 ,  15 ,  16  are connected to the positive, the negative direct current voltage +U/−U and to the grounding terminal PE. 
         [0043]    The plug connector part  9  is configured to be plugged either to ground the positive or the negative direct current voltage +U/−U via the fuse  8 . 
         [0044]    The safety fuse  8  is in particular embedded in a cup-like part  17 , which carries the three plug connectors  11 ,  12 ,  13 . Said plug connectors are configured to be plugs, which engage in sockets on the housing  7 . 
         [0045]    The cup-like part  17  or the cup has for example a cylindrical shape that may at least but also partially extend conically. The cup has a closed cup bottom  18  and a detachable cup lid  20  which guide the plug connectors  11 ,  12 ,  13 . Other embodiments such as rectangular implementations of the plug connector part  9  are also possible. The plug connector part  9  has at least a housing  22  for the fuse  8 , which fulfills the IP rating IP-65. This fuse is accessible through the lid  20  or  18 . 
         [0046]    The plug connector part  9  can be plugged so that either the first plug connector  11  encounters the first mating contact  14  or that the plug connector  11  encounters the third mating contact  16 . For this purpose, it merely needs to be rotated. Thus, one can choose between a positive voltage or a negative voltage grounding without a lid of the inverter  3  having to be opened. 
         [0047]    As shown in  FIG. 4 , the plug connector part  9  has at least one mechanical plug coding  23  and/or one electric coding through contacts  25 ,  26 . The electric coding  25 ,  26  incorporates a diode  24  in order to detect whether the grounding is positive or negative. For this purpose, contacts  25 ,  26  are provided in the cup. Through the contacts, the flow direction of the diode is evaluated, which is indicative of whether it is the positive or the negative side of the generator that is grounded. In the event of mechanical coding, which can be made by a pin  23  with a corresponding opening on the housing  7 , the plug connector part  9  can only be plugged in two defined positions. 
         [0048]      FIG. 5  shows a circuit variant that allows for accurate measurement of the isolation resistance and that detects an earth connection of the generator  2 . There are more specifically provided two shunts Sh 1 , Sh 2 , the first shunt Sh 1  lying on the positive current path and the second shunt Sh 2  on the negative current path. These shunts serve to indirectly measure the fuse current. The current flowing through the resistances Sh 1  and Sh 2  causes the voltage to increase to V 1  or V 2 . The switches S 1  and S 2  serve for accurate measurement of the isolation resistance Riso. The first switch S 1  lies between the positive direct current voltage +Uzwk and the earth connection PE and the second switch S 2  lies between the negative direct current voltage −Uzwk and the earth connection PE. In the first condition or step of the measurement, the switch S 1  is open and the switch S 2  closed and in the second condition or step of measurement, the switch S 2  is open and the switch S 1  closed. The switches are controllable switches such as relays. 
         [0049]    According to  FIG. 6 , an alternating current voltage is coupled in through a transformer  27 . The current is divided through diodes D 1  and D 2 , which respectively carry different half-waves. The alternating current voltage can be the grid voltage U N . The alternating current voltage can be added to the circuit through a controllable switch such as a relay R. The voltage dividers shown in  FIG. 2  are kept. As a result, the current is monitored by the fuse  8 . 
         [0050]    In the third circuit variant shown in  FIG. 6 , it is possible to also make the distinction between a wanted and an unwanted earth connection. Here, a defective fuse can always be detected. In the event of a hard earth fault on the already grounded side, the fuse will blow even before intrusion. The circuit incorporates the shunts Sh 1  and Sh 2  of  FIG. 5  and the voltage dividers shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0051]    The embodiment shown in  FIG. 7  is a combination of the circuits shown in  FIG. 6  and in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0052]    In  FIG. 8 , a table summarizes the properties of the respective circuit variants shown in  FIG. 2  (Var  1 ),  FIG. 5  (Var  2 ),  FIG. 6  (Var  3 ),  FIG. 7  (Var  4 ). 
         [0053]    Thanks to the invention, the photovoltaic inverter  3  can be equipped with a GFDI safety fuse in the instrument. Through this fuse, a current can be monitored by means of the current converter. As soon as this current exceeds a limit value, the inverter  3  is disconnected from the grid. If the current continues to flow, a current path is interrupted by the blowing of the safety fuse  8 . The inverter  3  can signalize that a fault current of for example more than 1 A has flown and does not switch over to the grid as long as the fault has not been eliminated and the fuse replaced. 
         [0054]    The circuits used and shown in  FIG. 6  and in  FIG. 7  offer the advantage that an unwanted hard earth connection on the side already grounded by the fuse must no longer be measured with an additional measuring instrument. It can no longer happen that the fuse blows immediately upon adding the inverter to the circuit of the photovoltaic plant and that the plant does not detect the blowing of the fuse. It is always possible to automatically make a distinction between a wanted and an unwanted hard earth connection. 
         [0055]    Thanks to the invention, regulations can be met, in particular in the USA. There, a GFDI safety fuse and the grounding of photovoltaic generators are required. It is also possible to ground the positive as well as the negative generator voltage. 
         [0056]    The invention is not limited to this example; the fuse can be contacted from the outside in a way other than in a cup part. 
         [0057]    Also, any single feature that has been described or shown can be combined with any other feature. 
       LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS 
       [0000]    
       
           1  photovoltaic plant 
           2  photovoltaic generator 
           3  inverter 
           4  transformer 
           5  boost or buck chopper 
           6  bridge circuit 
           7  inverter housing 
           8  safety fuse 
           9  plug connector part 
         
           10 
         
           11 ,  12 ,  13  plug connectors 
           14 ,  15 ,  16  mating contacts 
           17  cup-like part 
           18  cup bottom 
         
           19 
         
           20  cup lid 
         
           21 
         
           22  housing 
           23  plug coding 
           24  electrical coding 
           25  mechanical plug coding 
           26  pin 
           27  current converter