Abstract:
An improved extruder ( 10 ) is provided which permits successful introduction of very high quantities of injected steam into material being processed, on the order of 6-8% or more by weight steam. The extruder ( 10 ) includes an elongated extruder barrel ( 12 ) having at least one elongated, axially rotatable, helically flighted extrusion screw ( 16,18 ) therein. The barrel ( 12 ) is equipped with obliquely oriented steam injection ports ( 44, 46 ) along the length thereof, housing steam injectors ( 48, 50 ). The barrel ( 12 ) includes relatively high free volume steam injection heads ( 32  and  38, 40 ) having therein screw sections ( 78, 82 ) of relatively long pitch length, together with steam restriction heads ( 30, 34 , and  42 ) on opposite sides of the injection heads ( 32 , and  38, 40 ) having therein relatively short pitch length screw sections ( 76, 80, 84 ).

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    The present invention is broadly concerned with cooking extruders of the type used for processing materials into animal feeds or human food products. More particularly, it is directed to such cooking extruders which are specifically designed to permit incorporation of very high quantities of steam into materials being processed, which allows the extruders to successfully process feed mixtures containing inexpensive ingredients such as rice bran with less mechanical energy and shear being required. 
         [0003]    2. Description of the Prior Art 
         [0004]    Extrusion cooking devices are used in a multitude of contexts, e.g., for the fabrication of animal feeds and human food products. Generally speaking, single screw extruders include an elongated barrel having an inlet at one end and an outlet at the other equipped with a restricted orifice die. An elongated, flighted, axially rotatable screw is positioned within the barrel and serves to move material from the inlet toward an through the outlet. Twin screw extruders are also widely used, and include within the extruder barrel a pair of side-by-side, flighted, intermeshed screws. All such extruder devices serve to cook and form initial starting materials into final extruded products. During the course of extrusion the starting materials are subjected to increasing levels of pressure and shear, in order to produce the desired, fully cooked, final extruded products. 
         [0005]    In order to achieve higher levels of cook (commonly measured by the degree of gelatinization of starch-bearing ingredients and/or the level of denaturation of proteinacous ingredients), it is common to inject high pressure steam into the extruder barrel for incorporation into the materials being processed. For this purpose, steam injection ports are formed in the extruder barrel and communicate with the interior thereof. The ports are designed to house conventional steam injectors, coupled with steam lines. Without known exception, the injection ports in prior cooking extruders have been oriented in an orthogonal relationship relative to the barrel interior, or perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the extruder screw(s). However, the extent of possible steam injection with conventional extruder designs is somewhat limited. That is, only about 3-5% by weight steam can be successfully injected and incorporated into the material being processed. If excess steam is injected, it tends to pass directly along the length of the extruder and out the extruder inlet opening (and sometimes the outlet die) without being incorporated into the material being extruded. As such, addition of excess steam serves no useful purpose. 
         [0006]    It is known that steam injection to achieve higher levels of cook, thus avoiding the necessity of excess pressure, shear and mechanical working of the material being processed, can be highly advantageous. For example, some aquatic feed products are sensitive to high levels of pressure, shear and mechanical energy, and thus can be adversely affected using conventional extruders. Additionally, these feeds sometimes make use of relatively inexpensive ingredients such as rice bran, which are best processed using high steam injection levels. 
         [0007]    Accordingly, there is a real need in the art for improved cooking extruder devices which can be used to inject greater quantities of steam into the material being processed, as compared with conventional extruder designs. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    The present invention overcomes the problems outlined above and provides improved cooking extruders capable of successfully incorporating relatively high quantities of steam into material being processed therein. Broadly speaking, the cooking extruders of the invention comprise an elongated, tubular barrel having an inlet, an outlet spaced from the inlet, and an elongated bore extending between the inlet and outlet and presenting a longitudinal axis. At least one elongated, axially rotatable, helically flighted extrusion screw is located within the bore and is operable to convey material from the inlet toward and through the outlet. A plurality of elongated steam injection ports are formed in the barrel between the inlet and the outlet thereof, and communicate with the barrel bore. These ports may be oriented at an oblique angle relative to the barrel longitudinal axis, and preferably in a direction toward the barrel outlet. 
         [0009]    In further preferred aspects of the invention, the extruder barrel and screw(s) are cooperatively formed to present injection zones adjacent the steam injection ports, with steam flow-restricting zones on opposite sides of the injection zones. The injection zones are characterized by relatively smaller barrel fills (i.e., the extent of the free volume within the barrel occupied by material being processed) and long pitch length screw sections, whereas the restriction zones have larger barrel fills and significantly shorter pitch length screw sections. As such, the steam injected in to the injection zones can be incorporated into the material being processed, while the restriction zones serve to inhibit the axially flow of the injected steam toward the barrel inlet or outlet. 
         [0010]    In practice, it has been found that the extruders of the invention can be used to inject at least about 6%, more preferably at least about 8%, and commonly from about 6-8% weight steam into the material being processed, thus achieving the principal aim of the invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]      FIG. 1  is a side elevational view of a cooking extruder in accordance with the invention, equipped with obliquely oriented steam injection ports and injectors; 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  is a front end view of the cooking extruder depicted in  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0013]      FIG. 3  is a vertical sectional view taken along line  3 - 3  of  FIG. 2 ; 
           [0014]      FIG. 4  is a vertical sectional view taken along line  4 - 4  of  FIG. 1 ; and 
           [0015]      FIG. 5  is a schematic illustration of an orthogonal resolution of the longitudinal axis of one of the extruder barrel injection ports, illustrating the resolution components. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       [0016]    Turning now to the drawing, a cooking extruder  10  in accordance with the invention includes an elongated, tubular, multiple-section barrel  12  presenting juxtaposed, intercommunicated chambers or bores  14 ,  16 , and a pair of elongated, helically flighted, axially rotatable, juxtaposed, intercalated screws  18  and  20  within the bores  14 ,  16 . The barrel  12  includes an inlet  22  and a spaced outlet  24  which communicate with the bores  14 ,  16 . Although not shown, it will be appreciated that a restricted orifice die is normally positioned across outlet  24  for extrusion purposes. Additionally, the drive ends  26  of the screws  18 ,  20  are operably coupled with a drive assembly (not shown) for axially rotation of the screws  18 ,  20 , which typically includes a drive motor and gear reduction assembly. 
         [0017]    In more detail, the barrel  12  includes, from right to left in  FIGS. 1 and 3 , a series of tubular sections connected end-to-end by conventional bolts or other fasteners. Specifically, the barrel  12  has an inlet head  28 , a first short steam restriction head  30 , a first steam injection head  32 , a second short steam restriction head  34 , a mid-barrel adjustable valve assembly head  36 , an adjustable steam outlet head  38 , a second steam injection head  40 , and third short steam restriction head  42 . As illustrated, each of the heads  28 - 34  and  38 - 42  is equipped with endmost, radially enlarged connection flanges  28   a - 34   a  and  38   a - 42   a , and all of the heads  28 - 42  have aligned through-bores which cooperatively form the barrel bores  14  and  16 . The head  36  likewise has through bores mating with those of flanges  32   a  and  38   a.    
         [0018]    The heads  32  and  40  of barrel  12  are each equipped with two series of steam injection ports  44  or  46 , wherein each of the ports houses an elongated steam injector  48  or  50 . The two series of ports  44  in head  32  are located so as to respectively communicate with the bores  14  and  16  of the head (see  FIG. 4 ). Similarly, the two series of ports  46  in head  40  also respectively communicate with the bores  14  and  16  of this head. 
         [0019]    Importantly, the ports  44  and  46  are oriented at oblique angles relative to the longitudinal axes of the corresponding bores  14  and  16 . In practice, the ports are oriented at an angle from about 30-85 degrees, more preferably from about 30-60 degrees and most preferably about 45 degrees, relative to these axes. Moreover, the ports  44 ,  46  are preferably oriented in a direction toward the outlet  24 . More specifically, and referring to  FIG. 5 , it will be seen that each representative port  44  presents a longitudinal axis  52 . If this axis  52  is orthogonally resolved into components  54  and  56 , the component  54  extends in a direction toward outlet  24 . 
         [0020]    The mid-barrel adjustable valve assembly head  36  is of the type described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/279,379, filed Apr. 11, 2006 and incorporated by reference herein. Briefly, the head  36  includes opposed, slidable, flow restriction components  58  and  60 , which can be selectively adjusted toward and away from the central shafts of the extruder screws  18  and  20 , so as to vary the restriction upon material flow and thus increase pressure and shear within the extruder  10 . On the other hand, the steam outlet head  38  has a steam outlet  62  with an adjustable cover  64  permitting selective escape of steam during the course of extrusion. In some instances, a vacuum device (not shown) can be used in lieu of cover  64  for more effective withdrawal of steam and/or reduction in processing pressures. 
         [0021]    The screws  18  and  20  are identical to each other, and thus only one of the screws need be described in detail. Referring to  FIG. 3 , it will be seen that the overall screw  20  broadly includes a central shaft  66  with helical flighting  68  projecting outwardly from the shaft  66 . However, the screw  20  is specially designed and has a number of novel features. These features are best described by a consideration of certain geometrical features of the screw  20  and its relationship to the associated bore  16 . In particular, the shaft  66  has a root diameter R D  defined by the arrow  70  of  FIG. 3 , as well as an outermost screw diameter S D  defined by the screw flighting  68  and illustrated by arrow  72 . In preferred practice, the ratio S D /R D  of the of the outermost screw diameter to the root diameter is from about 1.9-2.5, and most preferably about 2.35. 
         [0022]    The individual sections of the screw flighting  68  also have different pitch lengths along screw  20 , which are important for reasons described below. Additionally, along certain sections of screw  20 , there are different free volumes within the bore  16 , i.e., the total bore volume in a section less the volume occupied by the screw within that section differs along the length of the screw  20 . 
         [0023]    In greater detail, the screw  20  includes an inlet feed section  74 , a first short pitch length restriction section  76  within head  30 , a first longer pitch length section  78  within head  32 , a second short pitch length restriction section  80  within head  34 , a second longer pitch length section  82  within heads  38  and  40 , and a third short pitch length restriction section  84  within head  42 . It will thus be seen that the pitch lengths of screw flighting  68  of screw sections  76 ,  80 , and  84  are substantially smaller than the corresponding pitch lengths of the flighting  68  of the screw sections  78  and  82 . In preferred practice, the pitch lengths of screw sections  76 ,  80 , and  84  range from about 0.25-1.0 screw diameters, and are most preferably about 0.33 screw diameters. The pitch length of  78  and  82  range from about 1-2 screw diameters, and are more preferably about 1.5 screw diameters. 
         [0024]    These geometrical features are important in achieving the ends of the invention, and specifically permit incorporation of significantly greater amounts of steam into the material passing through extruder  10 , as compared with conventional designs. In essence, the restriction heads  30  and  34 , and  34  and  42 , together with the short pitch length screw section  76 ,  80  and  84  therein, cooperatively create steam flow restriction zones which inhibit the passage of injected steam past these zones. As such, the zones are a form of steam locks. Additionally, provision of the heads  32 ,  38 , and  40  with the longer pitch length screw sections  78  and  82  therein, between the restriction zones, creates steam injection zones allowing injection of greater quantities of steam than heretofore possible. The longer pitch screw sections  78  and  82  result in decreased barrel fill (not necessarily greater free volume), and thus create steam injection zones. Finally, the orientation of the injection ports  44  and  46 , and the corresponding injectors  48  and  50  therein, further enhances the incorporation of steam into the material passing through extruder  10 . 
         [0025]    This combination of factors within extruder  10  allows significantly greater steam to be injected, as compared with conventional extruder design. In the later case, only about 3-5% steam may be injected, with any excess simply passing through the extruder and exiting the barrel inlet. However, in the present invention, about 6-8% or more by weight steam may be successfully injected without undue injected steam loss, based upon total weight of dry material (i.e., the total weight of the dry ingredients containing only native water, less any water normally added to the dry ingredients prior to passage thereof into the extruder) within the barrel  12  at any instance taken as 100% by weight. This is particularly important in the case of certain animal feeds which are improved by additional cooking within the extruder without imposition of excessive shear and mechanical energy cooking. 
         [0026]    Although the extruder  10  illustrated in the Figures includes the use of an adjustable valve assembly head  36  and steam outlet head  38 , the use of such heads is not required. The head  36  can advantageously be used as a further restriction against steam loss, and the head  38  can be used in instances where mid-barrel steam venting is desired, e.g., where denser products are desired. 
         [0027]    Furthermore, while the illustrated embodiment is in the form of a twin screw extruder, it will be understood that the principles and constructional features of the invention may be used in the context of single screw extruders as well. 
         [0028]    Finally, the extruders of the invention are cooking extruders, which are designed to at least partially or fully cook material passing there through, while also forming the material into discrete shapes. As such, the extruders are equipped with screws which impart shear and mechanical energy as a part of the cooking process, which is augmented by steam injection. Further, although not shown, such cooking extruder barrels may be equipped with external jackets for introduction of heat exchange media to indirectly heat or cool the material passing through the extruders.