Abstract:
This invention provides for a removable/replaceable, wavelength-transforming sleeve/sheath to be placed around a primary UV radiation source that emits a primary UV wavelength spectral distribution; such that at least a portion of the sleeve/sheath transforms at least a portion of the primary UV wavelength spectral distribution to a different secondary wavelength spectral distribution. Additionally, the sleeve/sheath may help to prevent breakage of the primary UV radiation source and to contain the broken pieces in the event of breakage. In some embodiments, a portion of the sleeve/sheath may be coupled with a UV reflective surface to direct radiation in a preferred direction. Individual sleeves/sheaths may have various patterns of wavelength-transforming materials that emit one or more secondary wavelength spectral distributions and the sleeve/sheath may also have one or more sections that allow transmission of the primary UV wavelength spectral distribution.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part of pending U.S. utility application Ser. No. 12/854,160 Titled HANDHELD PORTABLE MULTI PURPOSE STERILIZING WAVELENGTH TRANSFORMING CONVERTER, filed Aug. 10, 2010, and is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein for all purposes. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to ultraviolet radiation (UV) emitting devices used in the fields of mineralogy; scientific research; forensics; ultraviolet sterilization of food, water, air, fluids, and surfaces; area illumination; photo-chemistry, photo-medical treatments, photo-lithotropy, artistic displays of fluorescent materials; and similarly related fields. Specifically, the present invention provides several related methods and devices whereby the wavelength spectral distribution being emitted from a primary UV radiation source may be made variable and adjustable. 
         [0003]    The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from cosmic rays at one end to radio-waves at the other end. The ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum is situated between visible light and x-rays, with the wavelengths of the UV A being shorter and more energetic than violet visible light and the wavelengths of vacuum UV being slightly longer and less energetic than x-rays. The full ultraviolet spectrum ranges from wavelengths of about 100 nanometers (nm) to 400 nm and the ultraviolet spectrum is usually divided into 4 sections; vacuum UV (also called far or very UV, from 100 nm to about 200 nm), UV C (also called germicide or short-wave UV, from 200 to about 280 nm), UV B (also called mid-wave or medium-wave UV, from 280 nm to about 320 nm), and UV A (also called poster lamp, blacklight, or long-wave UV, from 320 nm to 400 nm). 
         [0004]    Vacuum UV reacts with oxygen to produce ozone and free oxygen, both of which are very strong oxidizing agents and which can cause chemical reactions at relatively low temperatures in a process called cold combustion. Air that is contaminated with various odiferous chemicals will be sanitized and rendered odorless via such cold combustion chemical reactions, as a result of the vacuum UV passing through the odiferous/chemically contaminated air and generating the strong oxidizing agents. UV C radiation by itself is used extensively for sterilization, purifying, and deodorizing applications in food, air, water, and general surface sterilization processes because the UV C not only deactivates micro-organisms such as: bacteria, molds, spores, fungi, and viruses (by direct irradiation which damages the DNA such that the micro-organisms cannot reproduce), but the UV C radiation also breaks down the chemical bonds of alcohols, pesticides, chloramines, and other contaminants such as NDMA or MTBE. The process whereby UV radiation breaks chemical bonds is called photolysis. UV B is the agent that causes human skin to “sun-burn” and the UV B is needed to start the sun tanning process. The lamps in sun tanning booths usually emit a combination of UV B and UV A. UV B is also used extensively in various medical treatments—especially for skin diseases. 
         [0005]    The primary wavelength spectral distribution of ultraviolet radiation can be emitted from a variety of sources including but not limited to: light emitting diodes (LED&#39;s), UV lasers, electric arcs (especially as in arc welding), xenon bulbs, halogen bulbs, excimer bulbs, and mercury vapor lamps/tubes of low, medium and high pressures. 
         [0006]    Now with respect to certain high energy light sources such as mercury vapor discharge bulbs, it is well known that the phosphors coated on the interior wall of a mercury vapor discharge bulb suffer from exposure to the electric current, mercury atoms and ions, and short-wave ultraviolet light particularly of wavelengths less than 200 nm, for instance, the 185 nm far UV emission of mercury vapor. The present invention solves the problem of degradation of phosphors and other wavelength-transforming materials, by coupling wavelength-transforming materials with a sleeve/sheath, external to the lamp environment, thereby removing the wavelength-transforming materials from the harsh environment existing inside the primary UV radiation sources. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    One object of the present invention is to provide a removable/replaceable, wavelength-transforming sleeve/sheath that is positioned externally to the outside envelope of the primary UV radiation source, where at least a portion of the sleeve/sheath has wavelength-transforming properties such that in response to illumination by a primary UV radiation source, the sleeve/sheath will selectively transform at least a portion of the primary UV wavelength spectral distribution to a secondary wavelength spectral distribution that is different from the emission of the primary UV radiation source. 
         [0008]    Another object of the present invention is to provide a re-usable removable/replaceable sleeve/sheath thus preventing the phosphors or other wavelength-transforming materials from being discarded, thus making the sleeve/sheath environmentally friendly and allowing the sleeve/sheath materials to easily be sorted from the other components such as the glass envelope, the mercury, and the other metallic components of the primary UV radiation source. 
         [0009]    A further object of the invention is to greatly extend the useful lifetime of the phosphor, or other wavelength-transforming material, by removing it from the harsh environment that exists inside a lamp envelope and relocating the wavelength-transforming material to a sleeve/sheath external to the envelope of the primary UV radiation source. 
         [0010]    Yet another object of the invention is to provide a sleeve/sheath that covers only a portion of the primary UV radiation source thereby providing a combination of both primary and transformed wavelength spectral distributions. 
         [0011]    Another object of the invention is to provide a wavelength-transforming sleeve/sheath that serves as a shield to protect the primary UV radiation source from breakage and also to contain the broken pieces (such as mercury or glass) if such breakage of the primary UV radiation source should occur. 
         [0012]    A further object of the invention is that a portion of the sleeve/sheath may be coupled with a substance to reflect UV to direct and concentrate the various emissions in a preferred radial area. 
         [0013]    Another object of the invention is to provide various patterns of wavelength-transforming material to cause the emission wavelength to vary according to the selected pattern. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0014]      FIG. 1A  is a plan view of a first embodiment showing apparatus  11   a , a removable/replaceable, wavelength-transforming sleeve/sheath with a distribution of wavelength-transforming materials and a cylindrical, tubular shaped primary UV radiation source. 
           [0015]      FIG. 1B  is a cross-sectional view of apparatus  11   a  taken on the line K-K., depicting the removable/replaceable, wavelength-transforming sleeve/sheath positioned around the primary UV radiation source. 
           [0016]      FIG. 1C  is a plan view of an alternate shape of the first embodiment showing apparatus  11   b , a removable/replaceable, wavelength-transforming sleeve/sheath positioned around a primary UV radiation source that is an “H” shaped tube/lamp. 
           [0017]      FIG. 2A  is a plan view of a second embodiment showing apparatus  21   a , a primary UV radiation source and a removable/replaceable, wavelength-transforming sleeve/sheath wherein a portion of the sleeve/sheath has wavelength-transforming materials arranged in a first pattern at one end of the sleeve/sheath and a second portion at the opposite end of the sleeve/sheath lacking wavelength-transforming materials. 
           [0018]      FIG. 2B  is a plan view of the second embodiment showing apparatus  21   b , a partial sleeve/sheath covering only a portion of a primary UV radiation source, wherein the partial sleeve/sheath has wavelength-transforming materials. 
           [0019]      FIG. 2C  is a plan view of the second embodiment showing apparatus  21   c , a primary UV radiation source and a sleeve/sheath, wherein the sleeve/sheath has wavelength-transforming materials arranged in a plurality of patterns coupled to the sleeve/sheath. 
           [0020]      FIG. 3A  is a plan view of a third embodiment showing apparatus  31   a , a primary UV radiation source and a sleeve/sheath, wherein a portion of the sleeve/sheath has wavelength-transforming materials arranged in a pattern having two longitudinal stripes such that one radial side of the sleeve/sheath emits lacks any wavelength-transforming material such that an un-transformed primary wavelength spectral distribution will pass through, and the other radial side having wavelength-transforming material coupled to the sleeve/sheath. 
           [0021]      FIG. 3B  is a cross-sectional view of apparatus  31   a  taken on the line W-W. 
           [0022]      FIG. 3C  is a plan view of the third embodiment showing apparatus  31   b , a primary UV radiation source and a sleeve/sheath, wherein a portion of the sleeve/sheath has wavelength-transforming materials arranged in a pattern with two longitudinal stripes wherein one longitudinal side of the sleeve/sheath has reflective material coupled to the sleeve/sheath and the other longitudinal side is coupled with wavelength-transforming material. 
           [0023]      FIG. 3D  is a cross-sectional view of apparatus  31   b  taken on the line R-R. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0024]    For the purposes of this invention, the primary UV radiation source may be selected from any of the known UV sources such as: light emitting diodes (LED&#39;s), lasers, electric arcs, xenon lamps/bulbs, excimer lamps/bulbs, and mercury vapor tubes/lamps of low, medium and high pressures. 
         [0025]    Although the wavelength-transforming materials used in similar applications are typically phosphors, any of a wide variety of other wavelength-transforming materials may be used in this invention without departing from the teaching. Further, the wavelength-transforming materials may have structural properties such that the material is self supporting, or the wavelength-transforming materials may need to be supported by a structural member—i.e. the sleeve/sheath. As described in the incorporated references, if support is needed, the wavelength-transforming materials may be coupled to either side of a UV transmitting support surface, bonded between UV transmitting support surfaces, sandwiched between two layers of UV transmitting materials, or the wavelength-transforming material may be disposed internally to the UV transmitting support material. Further, the wavelength-transforming material may be constructed of a mat of fibers (similar to fiber-glass matting) or the material may be woven into a screen (similar to fiber-glass cloth). It should be noted that many materials other than phosphors have wavelength-transforming properties. For example, borosilicate glass will block the UV that produces ozone. 
         [0026]    If the sleeve/sheath is to be hard and rigid, the material comprising the sleeve/sheath can be chosen from the group of materials that includes natural or synthetic fused quartz or quartz glass, borosilicate glass, natural or synthetic calcium fluoride (also the other metallic fluorides such as barium, lithium, sodium, magnesium, strontium, and lanthanum fluoride), natural or synthetic sapphire, magnesium oxide, hard glass, lime glass, chemical Pyrex, sapphire glass, or UV transmitting or UV minimizing Plexiglass. If the sleeve/sheath is to be flexible, the material comprising the sleeve/sheath can be chosen from the group of materials that include silicone polymers or fluoropolymers. One such group of fluoropolymers is the Teflon.RTM. family which have acronyms such as ETFE, Tefzel.RTM, PFA, PTFE, FEP and EFEP. 
         [0027]    The present invention is particularly suitable for simplifying the manufacturing process of various fluorescent tubes/lamps. Such mercury vapor discharge lamps are widely available in a variety of sizes and configurations, and are known to provide reliable and effective operation. Currently, a fluorescent lamp/tube manufacturer produces dozens of tubes/lamps each having the same dimensions and power requirements, often with the only difference being the kind of phosphor that coats the inside of the fluorescent tube/lamp or the kind of glass that is used for the outside envelope. Therefore, the manufacturer, the distributors, and the companies that manufacture items containing such various tubes/lamps, all need to stock a supply of each of the various kinds of tube/lamp. With the ability to have the phosphor or other wavelength-transforming material associated with (or coupled with) a protective sleeve/sheath, the variety of tubes/lamps to be manufactured or kept in stock can be minimized as can the space required to store them. For example, instead of stocking 100 UV C tubes, 100 UV B tubes, 100 UV A tubes, and 100 white light tubes, a company could more easily stock 200 UV C tubes/lamps and a selection of sleeves to convert them to the desired wavelength. Further, in the event that the filaments were to burn out in a particular tube/lamp, the wavelength-transforming sleeve/sheath can be removed and placed on a different tube/lamp. Further still, tube/lamp manufacturers do not make some lamps/tubes in certain sizes that emit specific wavelengths (except possibly as an expensive custom ordered item). For one example, Philips lighting currently makes the high output UV C tubes/lamps in a 35 watt version, a 60 watt version and a 95 watt version. However, Philips lighting does not make a similar high output tube/lamp in any other wavelength. In addition to the protective aspects of the sleeve/sheath, the use of a sleeve/sheath as described in this invention will allow any of the Philips high output tubes/lamps to be converted to any other wavelength or plurality of wavelengths as desired, thus providing a product that otherwise would not readily be available. 
         [0028]    Referring now to  FIG. 1A  and  FIG. 1B , the apparatus  11   a  shows a first embodiment with a primary UV radiation source  12  and a sleeve/sheath  13 ; wherein the primary UV radiation source  12  is a low pressure mercury vapor tube of cylindrical shape and the sleeve/sheath  13  is the proper shape and size to fit closely about the primary UV radiation source  12 ; and wherein the sleeve/sheath  13  itself may be made of a wavelength-transforming material  14 , or as previously described, the wavelength-transforming material  14 , such as a phosphor or other material having wavelength transforming properties, may be coupled either on the inner surface of the sleeve/sheath  13 , the outer surface of the sleeve/sheath  13 , inherently within the material of the sleeve/sheath  13 , or sandwiched between two layers making the sleeve/sheath  13  a laminate. Further, the sleeve/sheath  13 , may be constructed as a solid, or it may be a more porous construction as in a mat of fibers or a woven screen or cloth. The sleeve/sheath  13  is coaxially placed in relatively close proximity (or even contiguous) to the outside envelope of the primary UV radiation source  12 . To change the emission spectra from one wavelength band to another band, the sleeve/sheath  13  (having a particular wavelength-transforming material  14 ) has to be removed and replaced with a different sleeve/sheath  13  (having a different wavelength-transforming material  14 ). Arrows show the primary UV radiation emission  17 . Arrows show the transformed radiation emission  18 . Arrows also indicate the preferred direction of emission  20 . The selection method to determine the selected transformed radiation emission  18  wavelength of the apparatus  11   a , is to first determine the desired wavelength of the transformed radiation emission, couple the appropriate wavelength transforming materials ( 14   a, b, c , . . . n—not shown herein) into a sleeve/sheath, and then slide the resultant sleeve/sheath ( 13   a, b, c , . . . n—not shown herein) over the primary UV radiation source  12 . This method enables having multiple sleeve/sheaths  13  at hand such that the user can quickly and easily slide them over the primary UV radiation source  12  in the direction of arrow  16 . In addition to providing a support structure for the wavelength-transforming material  14 , the sleeve/sheath  13 , also acts as a protective barrier to shield the primary UV radiation source  12  from harm and extremes of temperature. Additionally, if the primary UV radiation source  12  were to be broken, the sleeve/sheath  13  would contain any parts or pieces—particularly any broken glass or mercury that may be present. To assist with the containment process, the sleeve/sheath  13  may be coupled to the primary UV radiation source  12  by a coupling ring  38 . Line K-K represents the plane for cross-sectional view K. 
         [0029]      FIG. 1B  is a cross-sectional view at line K-K, of apparatus  11   a  showing the primary UV radiation source  12  is inside the sleeve/sheath  13  which may be coupled with a wavelength-transforming material  14  as previously described. Arrows show the transformed radiation emission  18  and arrows also show the preferred direction of emission  20  which is radially outward and perpendicular to the surface of the primary UV radiation source  12  and therefore also radially perpendicular to the surface of the sleeve/sheath  13 . 
         [0030]      FIG. 1C  is a plan view of apparatus  11   b  showing that the primary UV radiation source  12  is a low pressure mercury vapor lamp/tube of a different shape, commonly referred to as an “H” tube wherein the primary UV radiation source  12  is coaxially surrounded by a sleeve/sheath  13 . As in the previous figures, the sleeve/sheath  13  itself may be made of a wavelength-transforming material  14 , or wavelength-transforming material  14  (such as a phosphor) may be coupled with the sleeve/sheath  13 , as previously described. In this alternate means of the embodiment, the sleeve/sheath  13  is roughly oval in cross section and closed at one end, such that the sleeve/sheath  13  fits closely about the “H” tube primary UV radiation source  12 . As has been previously described, the sleeve/sheath  13  serves as a protective barrier for the primary UV radiation source  12  and the sleeve/sheath is coupled to the primary UV radiation source  12  via coupling ring  38  to assist the sleeve/sheath  13  in containing any pieces if the primary UV radiation source  12  were to break. Additionally, as previously described, the selection method to determine the selected transformed radiation emission  18  wavelength of the apparatus  11   b , is to first determine the desired wavelength of the transformed radiation emission, couple the appropriate wavelength transforming materials ( 14   a, b, c , . . . n—not shown herein) into a sleeve/sheath, and then slide the resultant sleeve/sheath ( 13   a, b, c , . . . n—not shown herein) over the primary UV radiation source  12 . This method enables having multiple sleeve/sheaths  13  at hand such that the user can quickly and easily slide them over the primary UV radiation source  12  in the direction of arrow  16 . To select a different transformed wavelength emission  18   n  (not shown herein), a different sleeve/sheath  13  is placed around the primary UV radiation source  12 . Arrows represent the primary UV radiation emission  17  and arrows represent the transformed radiation emission  18 . Arrows represent the general preferred direction of emission  20 , which is radially outward and perpendicular to the surface of the sleeve/sheath  13  except at the closed end. 
         [0031]    In yet further embodiments, as shown by  FIGS. 2A ,  2 B,  2 C,  3 A,  3 B,  3 C, the wavelength-transforming material  14  is distributed in patterns that can range from simple to fairly complex. Even simple patterns of wavelength-transforming materials  14  will allow some unusual functions to be performed with a single primary UV radiation source  12 . For example, three simple patterns that produce vastly different effects are: a first pattern as shown in  FIGS. 2A ,  2 B,  2 C wherein a plurality of wavelength spectral distributions are emitted longitudinally; a second pattern as shown by  FIGS. 3A &amp; 3B  wherein a plurality of wavelength spectral distributions are emitted radially; a third pattern as shown by  FIGS. 3C &amp; 3D  wherein wavelength spectral distributions are concentrated and emitted in a radial band. It should be noted that these patterns are examples only and that many more patterns are possible without departing from the principles of this invention. 
         [0032]    Referring now specifically to  FIG. 2A , in apparatus  21   a , the wavelength-transforming material  14 , is arranged in a first pattern such that the sleeve/sheath  13  is divided into two lateral portions with each portion being 100% of the circumference and each portion extending for a part of the length of the sleeve/sheath  13 . In this embodiment, the primary UV radiation source  12  is an ozone producing low pressure mercury vapor tube/lamp, that emits wavelength spectral distributions primarily comprising both vacuum UV  17   v  and germicidal UV C  17   c  simultaneously. Arrows show the two primary UV emission wavelengths—vacuum UV  17   v  and germicidal UV C  17   c  respectively. The sleeve/sheath  13  is coupled with the wavelength-transforming material  14  arranged such that, once in place upon the primary UV radiation source  12 , one end of the sleeve/sheath  13  allows the primary UV radiation wavelength spectral distributions of the vacuum UV  17   v  and germicidal UV C  17   c  to be transmitted and the other end only allows the UV C  17   c  to be transmitted through the sleeve/sheath. It should be noted that the process of filtering the UV  17   v  is the process of wavelength transformation as the original spectral distribution comprised both vacuum UV  17   v  and germicidal UV C  17   c  and the wavelength-transforming material  14 , coupled to the sleeve/sheath  13  transforms the spectral distribution to a secondary transformed radiation emission  18 , which in the present embodiment is UV C  17   c . Accordingly, one end of the assembly  21   a  will emit both vacuum UV  17   v  and germicidal UV C  17   c  while the other end of the assembly  21   a  will emit only germicidal UV C  17   c  wavelength spectral distribution, which is the transformed radiation emission  18 . Additionally, as previously described, the selection method to determine the selected transformed radiation emission  17   n  (not shown herein) wavelength of the apparatus  21   a , is to first determine the desired wavelength of the transformed radiation emission, couple the appropriate wavelength transforming materials ( 14   a, b, c , . . . n not shown herein) into a sleeve/sheath, and then slide the resultant sleeve/sheath ( 13   a, b, c , . . . n—not shown herein) over the primary UV radiation source  12 . This method enables having multiple sleeve/sheaths  13  at hand such that the user can quickly and easily slide them over the primary UV radiation source  12  in the direction of arrow  16 . The sleeve/sheath  13  can also be coupled to the primary UV radiation source  12  with coupling rings  38  at each end. Arrows indicate the preferred directions of emission  20  which is radially outward and perpendicular to the surface of the sleeve/sheath  13 . 
         [0033]    Ultraviolet radiation in wavelengths shorter than approximately 240 nm, vacuum UV  17   v , interacts with oxygen molecules in air (O 2 ) to produce ozone (O 3 ) and atomic oxygen (O). Neither the atomic oxygen nor the ozone is stable. Ozone has a half-life measured in hours and, in addition to the natural half-life decay, longer wavelengths of UV (above approximately 240 nm) such as 254 nm germicidal UV  17   c  react with the ozone (O 3 ) and also with the atomic oxygen (O) to break the ozone molecules apart and/or to recombine the atomic oxygen back into oxygen molecules (O 2 ). Both atomic oxygen and ozone are strong oxidizing agents that will kill micro-organisms such as viruses, molds, spores, germs and bacteria. Both ozone and atomic oxygen neutralize harmful, and/or odor causing hydrocarbons, alcohols, and pyrogens (reactive molecules) by oxidizing them as if they were being burned, i.e. converted to carbon dioxide. Ozone can have negative health effects on people and other mammals, therefore the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has set ozone exposure limits for time and concentration amounts in human occupied areas. A particular use of this embodiment is that one end of the apparatus  21   a  produces ozone to cleanse and sanitize proximate air and thus neutralize any odors, while the UV C  17   c  emitted at the other end of the apparatus  21   a  eliminates any excess ozone by recombining the ozone and the free oxygen. 
         [0034]    Referring now specifically to  FIG. 2   b , in apparatus  21   b , the sleeve/sheath  13  is a shortened cylinder that only covers a portion of the primary UV radiation source  12 . Although the embodiment depicts approximately half of the primary UV radiation source  12  being surrounded, more or less of the primary UV radiation source  12  may be covered by extending or shortening the length of the sleeve/sheath  13 . In this embodiment, the primary UV radiation source  12  is an ozone producing low pressure mercury vapor tube/lamp, that emits wavelength spectral distributions primarily comprising both vacuum UV  17   v  and germicidal UV C  17   c  simultaneously. Arrows show the two primary UV emission wavelengths—vacuum UV  17   v  and germicidal UV C  17   c  respectively. The sleeve/sheath  13  is coupled with the wavelength-transforming material  14  arranged such that, once in place upon the primary UV radiation source  12 , uncovered portion of the sleeve/sheath  13  allows the primary UV radiation wavelength spectral distributions of the vacuum UV  17   v  and germicidal UV C  17   c  to be transmitted unimpeded, and the other end only allows the UV C  17   c , as transformed radiation emission  18 , to be transmitted through the sleeve/sheath. It should be noted that the process of filtering the UV  17   v  is the process of wavelength transformation as the original spectral distribution comprised both vacuum UV  17   v  and germicidal UV C  17   c  and the wavelength-transforming material  14 , coupled to the sleeve/sheath  13  transforms the spectral distribution to a secondary transformed radiation emission  18 , which in the present embodiment is UV C  17   c . Accordingly, one end of the assembly  21   a  will emit both vacuum UV  17   v  and germicidal UV C  17   c  while the other end of the assembly  21   a  will emit only germicidal UV C  17   c  wavelength spectral distribution, which is the transformed radiation emission  18 . Additionally, as previously described, the selection method to determine the selected transformed radiation emission  17   n  (not shown herein) wavelength of the apparatus  21   b , is to first determine the desired wavelength of the transformed radiation emission, couple the appropriate wavelength transforming materials ( 14   a, b, c , . . . n not shown herein) into a sleeve/sheath, and then slide the resultant sleeve/sheath ( 13   a, b, c , . . . n—not shown herein) over the primary UV radiation source  12 . This method enables having multiple sleeve/sheaths  13  at hand such that the user can quickly and easily slide them over the primary UV radiation source  12  in the direction of arrow  16 . The sleeve/sheath  13  can also be coupled to the primary UV radiation source  12  with coupling rings  38  at each end. Arrows indicate the preferred directions of emission  20  which is radially outward and perpendicular to the surface of the sleeve/sheath  13 . 
         [0035]    Referring now specifically to  FIG. 2C , apparatus  21   c  shows the primary radiation source  12  is a UV C producing tube/lamp. The arrows as indicated by  17   c  show that the primary radiation source  12  emits a primary wavelength spectral distribution of UV C radiation  17   c . The sleeve/sheath  13  is coupled with two wavelength-transforming materials  14   a  and  14   b  arranged in the first pattern such that one end of the sleeve/sheath  13  transforms the primary radiation UV C radiation  17   c  into UV A  18   a  and the other end transforms the primary radiation UV C radiation  17   c  into UV B  18   b . Additionally, as previously described, the selection method to determine the selected transformed radiation emission  18   n  wavelength of the apparatus  21   b , is to first determine the desired wavelength of the transformed radiation emission, couple the appropriate wavelength transforming materials ( 14   a, b, c , . . . n not shown herein) into a sleeve/sheath, and then slide the resultant sleeve/sheath ( 13   a, b, c , . . . n—not shown herein) over the primary UV radiation source  12 . This method enables having multiple sleeve/sheaths  13  at hand such that the user can quickly and easily slide them over the primary UV radiation source  12  in the direction of arrow  16 . The sleeve/sheath  13  can also be coupled to the primary UV radiation source  12  with coupling rings  38  at each end. Arrows  20  indicate the preferred directions of emission which are radially outward and perpendicular to the surface of the sleeve/sheath  13 . 
         [0036]    Referring now specifically to  FIGS. 3A &amp; 3B , a different pattern of wavelength-transforming materials is shown by both the plan view in  FIG. 3A  and the cross-sectional view in  FIG. 3B . Apparatus  31   a  is shown such that the sleeve/sheath  13  is coupled with wavelength-transforming material  14  arranged in a pattern to uniformly cover only one longitudinal side of the sleeve/sheath  13  (although 50% of the circumference of the sleeve/sheath  13  extending for the whole length of the sleeve/sheath  13  is depicted, lesser or greater percentages of the radial may be utilized without departing from the teaching of the present invention), with the remaining longitudinal side not having wavelength-transforming material  14  (although 50% of the circumference of the sleeve/sheath  13  extending for the whole length of the sleeve/sheath  13  is depicted, lesser or greater percentages of the radial may be utilized without departing from the teaching of the present invention) thus allowing the primary radiation to be emitted from one longitudinal side of the sleeve/sheath  13  and transformed radiation emission  18  to be emitted from the other longitudinal side of the sleeve/sheath  13 . Additionally, as previously described, the selection method to determine the selected transformed radiation emission  18  wavelength of the apparatus  11   b , is to first determine the desired wavelength of the transformed radiation emission, couple the appropriate wavelength transforming materials ( 14   a, b, c , . . . n not shown herein) into a sleeve/sheath, and then slide the resultant sleeve/sheath ( 13   a, b , c, . . . n—not shown herein) over the primary UV radiation source  12 . This method enables having multiple sleeve/sheaths  13  at hand such that the user can quickly and easily slide them over the primary UV radiation source  12  in the direction of arrow  16 . The sleeve/sheath  13  can also be coupled to the primary UV source  12  with coupling rings  38  at each end. Arrows  20  indicate the preferred directions of emission which are radially outward and perpendicular to the surface of the sleeve/sheath  13 . In sum, this embodiment allows a plurality of transformed wavelength spectral distributions to be selected and emitted in a variable and infinite number of combinations. Line W-W shows the plane of the cross-sectional view as shown in  FIG. 3B . 
         [0037]    Referring now specifically to  FIGS. 3C &amp; 3D , an additional pattern as shown by both the plan view in  FIG. 3C  and the cross-sectional view in  FIG. 3D  is presented. Apparatus  31   b  has a sleeve/sheath  13  coupled with two longitudinal stripes, whereby the wavelength-transforming material  14  is arranged in a pattern to uniformly cover one full-length longitudinal side of the sleeve/sheath  13  (although 50% of the circumference of the sleeve/sheath  13  extending for the whole length of the sleeve/sheath  13  is depicted, lesser or greater percentages of the radial may be utilized without departing from the teaching of the present invention), with the remaining longitudinal side of the sleeve/sheath  13  coupled with a reflective material  19  (although 50% of the circumference of the sleeve/sheath  13  extending for the whole length of the sleeve/sheath  13  is depicted, lesser or greater percentages of the radial may be utilized without departing from the teaching of the present invention) thus forcing all of the transformed radiation  18  to be emitted from the opposite side of the sleeve/sheath  13 . In  FIG. 3D , line R-R shows the plane of the cross-sectional view. Additionally, as previously described, the selection method to determine the selected transformed radiation emission  18  wavelength of the apparatus  31   b , is to first determine the desired wavelength of the transformed radiation emission, couple the appropriate wavelength transforming materials ( 14   a, b, c , . . . n not shown herein) into a sleeve/sheath, and then slide the resultant sleeve/sheath ( 13   a, b, c , . . . n—not shown herein) over the primary UV radiation source  12 . This method enables having multiple sleeve/sheaths  13  at hand such that the user can quickly and easily slide them over the primary UV radiation source  12  in the direction of arrow  16 . The sleeve/sheath  13  can also be coupled to the primary UV source  12  with coupling rings  38  at each end. Arrows  20  indicate the preferred directions of emission which are radially outward and perpendicular to the surface of the sleeve/sheath  13  in a desired specific radial pattern as desired. 
         [0038]    It should be noted that similar apparatuses can be made with sleeve/sheath  13  that have additional stripes and or patterns of wavelength-transforming materials  14  without departing from the principles of the invention. 
         [0039]    The terms and expressions which have been employed in the foregoing specification are used therein as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention, in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, it being recognized that the scope of the invention is defined and limited only by the claims which follow. It will doubtless be understood to those of ordinary skill in the art that there are other embodiments employing these principles that are not described in detail herein.