Abstract:
A graphical user interface for displaying hierarchical data, such as extensible markup language (XML) data, in hypertext markup language (HTML) format in a convenient and efficient manner. For data having subordinate data, an actuatable subordinate data indicator is displayed on the user interface. When actuated, the subordinate data is displayed in a similar format as the parent data. Two methods are described for building the tables. A first method initially parses all the data and builds the necessary tables for display. A second method initially parses only the top level of data and then builds subordinate tables as they are requested by a user.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Continuation of prior application Ser. No. 09/883,125, filed Jun. 15, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,868,528. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The systems and methods described herein relate generally to graphical user interfaces for computing systems and, more particularly, user interfaces for displaying hierarchical data (such as extensible markup language (XML) data) in hypertext markup language (HTML). 
     BACKGROUND 
     Extensible markup language (XML) is a more recent of a line of several evolutions of a general markup language that was invented years ago as a common style sheet for technical reports. From this general markup language evolved hypertext markup language (HTML) that made possible the World Wide Web. 
     Before XML, markup languages focused on describing the layout for a page, typically on computer screens. The layout defined such things as text fonts, text location, image location, background color, etc. Web pages written in HTML can be rendered by any web browser application running on almost any kind of computer. The web page will look and function virtually identically without regard for the computing environment. 
     However, HTML has no way of “knowing” the meaning of the data that it displays. It is only capable of describing how the Web page will look and function and what text it will contain. While HTML knows a great deal about words, it knows nothing at all about information. 
     On the other hand, XML differs from those markup languages in that XML focuses on describing data, not pages. Hence, XML makes applications aware of what the application are about. XML makes Web pages intelligent. For example, a spreadsheet application written with XML can link across the Internet into other spreadsheets and into server-based applications that offer even greater power. 
     XML introduced the concept of metadata, i.e., data about data. In XML, each piece of data not only includes the data itself but also a description of the data, what it means. An XML database can have a list of names (data) and a tag on the data saying that the names are customer names (metadata). An XML search engine does not have to pull in all the data and analyze the data to find a list of customer names, it simply queries the metadata to find tags indicating that the names are customer names and only that data has to be retrieved. 
     XML data is hierarchical. In other words, there are different levels of data, some levels subordinate to others. For example, an XML document may contain a first level of data items wherein each data item is a customer name. Each first-level data item (customer name) may have several attributes (contained in fields) and/or one or more second-level, or subordinate, data items. In the example where the first-level data items are customer names, each customer name may have second-level data items that comprise customer orders. The second-level data items may, in turn, have subordinate data levels (third-level data items). In the example described, the second-level data items (customer orders) may have subordinate data items, e.g., order details, and so on. 
     Despite all the advantages that accompany XML, XML cannot format data. Therefore, a formatting language must still be utilized to display XML data. Providing an efficient way to display XML—or, in fact, any hierarchical data—using HTML is an important goal to assist application developers and users of XML-based applications. 
     SUMMARY 
     A graphical user interface for displaying hierarchical data—such as extensible markup language (XML) data—in hypertext markup language (HTML) is described that includes an actuatable subordinate data indicator that, when actuated, causes data that is subordinate to the displayed data to be displayed. 
     Methods are described for parsing the hierarchical data to build the display. One method requires that the complete data be initially parsed to build hierarchical tables that may be displayed on command. Another method describes building the tables on demand, so that only the data that is requested to be viewed must have a table built to display the requested data. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an exemplary computer system on which the described invention may be implemented. 
         FIG. 2  is an illustration of an example display showing first-level data items. 
         FIG. 3  is an illustration of an example display showing second-level data items. 
         FIG. 4  is an illustration of an example display showing third-level data items. 
         FIG. 5  is a flow diagram depicting a recursive method for building a display from hierarchical data. 
         FIG. 6  is a flow diagram depicting a dynamic nested table creation method for building a display from hierarchical data. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an example of a suitable computing environment  100  within which a centralized alert delivery system as described herein, may be implemented (either fully or partially). The computing environment  100  may be utilized in the computer and network architectures described herein. 
     The exemplary computing environment  100  is only one example of a computing environment and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of the computer and network architectures. Neither should the computing environment  100  be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated in the exemplary computing environment  100 . 
     The centralized alert delivery system may be implemented with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, thin clients, thick clients, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like. 
     The centralized alert delivery system may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The centralized alert delivery system may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices. 
     The computing environment  100  includes a general-purpose computing device in the form of a computer  102 . The components of computer  102  can include, by are not limited to, one or more processors or processing units  104 , a system memory  106 , and a system bus  108  that couples various system components including the processor  104  to the system memory  106 . 
     The system bus  108  represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, such architectures can include an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, a Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, an Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, a Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and a Peripheral Component Interconnects (PCI) bus also known as a Mezzanine bus. 
     Computer  102  typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Such media can be any available media that is accessible by computer  102  and includes both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media. 
     The system memory  106  includes computer readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM)  110 , and/or non-volatile memory, such as read only memory (ROM)  112 . A basic input/output system (BIOS)  114 , containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer  102 , such as during start-up, is stored in ROM  112 . RAM  110  typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently operated on by the processing unit  104 . 
     Computer  102  may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer storage media. By way of example,  FIG. 1  illustrates a hard disk drive  116  for reading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media (not shown), a magnetic disk drive  118  for reading from and writing to a removable, non-volatile magnetic disk  120  (e.g., a “floppy disk”), and an optical disk drive  122  for reading from and/or writing to a removable, non-volatile optical disk  124  such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, or other optical media. The hard disk drive  116 , magnetic disk drive  118 , and optical disk drive  122  are each connected to the system bus  108  by one or more data media interfaces  126 . Alternatively, the hard disk drive  116 , magnetic disk drive  118 , and optical disk drive  122  can be connected to the system bus  108  by one or more interfaces (not shown). 
     The disk drives and their associated computer-readable media provide non-volatile storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and other data for computer  102 . Although the example illustrates a hard disk  116 , a removable magnetic disk  120 , and a removable optical disk  124 , it is to be appreciated that other types of computer readable media which can store data that is accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes or other magnetic storage devices, flash memory cards, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, random access memories (RAM), read only memories (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), and the like, can also be utilized to implement the exemplary computing system and environment. 
     Any number of program modules can be stored on the hard disk  116 , magnetic disk  120 , optical disk  124 , ROM  112 , and/or RAM  110 , including by way of example, an operating system  126 , one or more application programs  128 , other program modules  110 , and program data  132 . Each of such operating system  126 , one or more application programs  128 , other program modules  130 , and program data  132  (or some combination thereof) may include an embodiment of a communications layer and a subscription layer of the centralized alert delivery system. 
     A user can enter commands and information into computer  102  via input devices such as a keyboard  134  and a pointing device  136  (e.g., a “mouse”). Other input devices  138  (not shown specifically) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, serial port, scanner, and/or the like. These and other input devices are connected to the processing unit  104  via input/output interfaces  140  that are coupled to the system bus  108 , but may be connected by other interface and bus structures, such as a parallel port, game port, or a universal serial bus (USB). 
     A monitor  142  or other type of display device can also be connected to the system bus  108  via an interface, such as a video adapter  144 . In addition to the monitor  142 , other output peripheral devices can include components such as speakers (not shown) and a printer  146  which can be connected to computer  102  via the input/output interfaces  140 . 
     Computer  102  can operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computing device  148 . By way of example, the remote computing device  148  can be a personal computer, portable computer, a server, a router, a network computer, a peer device or other common network node, and the like. The remote computing device  148  is illustrated as a portable computer that can include many or all of the elements and features described herein relative to computer  102 . 
     Logical connections between computer  102  and the remote computer  148  are depicted as a local area network (LAN)  150  and a general wide area network (WAN)  152 . Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets, and the Internet. 
     When implemented in a LAN networking environment, the computer  102  is connected to a local network  150  via a network interface or adapter  154 . When implemented in a WAN networking environment, the computer  102  typically includes a modem  156  or other means for establishing communications over the wide network  152 . The modem  156 , which can be internal or external to computer  102 , can be connected to the system bus  108  via the input/output interfaces  140  or other appropriate mechanisms. It is to be appreciated that the illustrated network connections are exemplary and that other means of establishing communication link(s) between the computers  102  and  148  can be employed. 
     In a networked environment, such as that illustrated with computing environment  100 , program modules depicted relative to the computer  102 , or options thereof, may be stored in a remote memory storage device. By way of example, remote application programs  158  reside on a memory device of remote computer  148 . For purposes of illustration, application programs and other executable program components such as the operating system are illustrated herein as discrete blocks, although it is recognized that such programs and components reside at various times in different storage components of the computing device  102 , and are executed by the data processor(s) of the computer. 
     Computer-Executable Instructions 
     An implementation of a user interface for displaying hierarchical data may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, executed by one or more computers or other devices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Typically, the functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments. 
     Exemplary Operating Environment 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an example of a suitable operating environment  100  in which a user interface for displaying hierarchical data may be implemented. Specifically, the centralized alert delivery system(s) described herein may be implemented wholly or in part by any program modules  128 - 130  and/or operating system  128  in  FIG. 1  or a portion thereof. 
     The operating environment is only an example of a suitable operating environment and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope or use of functionality of the centralized alert delivery system(s) described herein. Other well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that are suitable for use include, but are not limited to, personal computers (PCs), server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, programmable consumer electronics, wireless phones and equipments, general- and special-purpose appliances, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like. 
     Computer Readable Media 
     An implementation of a user interface for displaying hierarchical data may be stored on or transmitted across some form of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise “computer storage media” and “communications media.” 
     “Computer storage media” include volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by a computer. 
     “Communication media” typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal, such as carrier wave or other transport mechanism. Communication media also includes any information delivery media. 
     The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared, and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above are also included within the scope of computer readable media. 
     Graphical User Interface: First-Level Data Items 
       FIG. 2  is an illustration of an exemplary graphical user interface  200  for displaying first-level data items in a hierarchical data set. The user interface  200  is displayed on a computer monitor screen  202 . Also shown on the screen  202  are a first toolbar  204   a  and a second toolbar  204   b  similar to those typically displayed by a Web browser. 
     The graphical user interface  200  includes several rows  206   a - 206   j  and columns  208   a - 208   h.  Each of the rows  206   a - 206   j  represents a first level of data items in a hierarchical data set, such as an XML document. Each column  208   a - 208   h  includes a heading in a heading row  210 . The headings row  210  includes the heading, respectively, of customer ID (column  208   a ), company name (column  208   b ), contact ( 208   c ), address ( 208   d ), phone ( 208   e ), orders ( 208   f ), order details ( 208   g ) and customer details ( 208   h ). For the present example, most of the contents of the data items are irrelevant. However, for purposes of the following discussion, the customer id of a customer identified in row  206   a , column  208   a  is 3C146HD and the customer id of a customer identified in row  206   b , column  208   a  is 7A654LD. 
     Columns  208   f  (orders),  208   g  (order details) and  208   h  (customer details) include—in some rows—a subordinate data indicator  212 . The subordinate data indicator  212  is an actuatable icon that, when actuated, displays a subordinate level of data in the hierarchical data set. In the present example, a subordinate data indicator  212  is displayed in each row  206   a - 206   j  of column  208   f  (orders). This indicates that there is data regarding orders for each of the customers indicated in column  208   a - 208   h.  As will be discussed in greater detail, below, if any of the subordinate data indicators in column  208   f  is actuated, then a second level of data will be displayed for the orders associated with the customer identified in the row  206   a - 206   j  in which the subordinate data indicator  212  that was actuated is located. 
     If there is no subordinate data associated with a first-level data item, then no subordinate data indicator corresponding to the first-level data item is shown. For example, for customer 3C146HD, there are no order details because no subordinate data indicator  212  is shown in column  208   g  (order details). However, there are customer details associated with customer 3C146HD because a subordinate data indicator  212  is shown in column  208   h  (customer details) associated with that customer. 
     Similarly, for customer 7A654LD, there is subordinate data for orders (column  208   f ) and order details (column  208   g ), but there is no subordinate data for customer details ( 208   h ). This can be seen by the presence or absence of a subordinate data indicator  212  in the aforementioned columns. 
     Graphical User Interface: Second-Level Data Items 
       FIG. 3  is an illustration of the graphical user interface  200  shown in  FIG. 2  after a subordinate data indicator  212  has been actuated in the orders column ( 208   f ) for the customer identified in row  206   a  (customer id 3C146HD). The second-level data is displayed in a table  300  similar to the first-level data, although it should be noted that subordinate level data items may be displayed in a different format that the format in which the first-level data items are displayed. 
     The table  300  includes several rows ( 302 ) and columns ( 304 ), the intersection of which forms fields. A field may contain a subordinate data indicator  212  similar to the subordinate data indicators  212  shown in  FIG. 2 . In this example, the only column  304  that may include a subordinate data indicator  212  is entitled “Details” (column  306 ). As previously discussed, if the subordinate data indicator  212  is shown in a row in column  306 , then the second-level data item in the row associated with the column in which the subordinate data indicator  212  appears has subordinate—or, third-level—data items. 
     Graphical User Interface: Third-Level Data Items 
       FIG. 4  is an illustration of the graphical user interface  200  shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3  after a subordinate data indicator  212  has been actuated in the “details” column ( 306 ) of table  300 . Third-level data items are displayed in a table  400  that is similar to the table  300  shown in  FIG. 3 . Again, the table  400  includes at least one column  402  that may include a subordinate data indicator  212  The subordinate data indicator  212  may be actuated to display subordinate (fourth-level) data items. 
     It is noted that table  300  in  FIG. 3  and table  400  in  FIG. 4  are displayed in a position so that the actuated subordinate data indicator  212  that was actuated to display the table  300 ,  400  and the row associated with the actuated subordinate data indicator  212  remains visible. This is not required to implement the described user interface, but it can be a convenience for a user. 
     Recursive Method For Building Display Tables 
     To build HTML pages from XML data, an extensible style language (XSL) or extensible style (or stylesheet) language transformation (XSLT) script must be created.  FIG. 5  is a flow diagram of a method that may be used to create the user interface described herein for display. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the steps described in  FIG. 5  can be accomplished via an XSL or XSLT script, although the details of such a script will not be discussed herein. 
     The method outlined in  FIG. 5  is a recursive method that is used to parse the entire hierarchical data set and build tables (or some other data structure) for displaying the data in the data set. At block  500 , a current level of data is identified and initially set to 1 (indicating a first level of data in the hierarchical data set). A table representing the first level of data is created and stored at block  502 . 
     At block  504 , a current node (or data item) in the current level is identified. A row is created in the table representing the first level of data for the current node (block  506 ). At block  508 , it is determined whether the current node has subordinate (child) data associated with it. If there is no subordinate data (“No” branch, block  508 ), then it is determined if there is more data to be parsed (block  520 ). If there is more data (“Yes” branch, block  520 ), then a new, or next, node (data item) in the current level is identified. Again at block  506 , a row is created in the table representing the first level of data for the new current node. 
     If the new current node has subordinate data associated with it (“Yes” branch, block  508 ), then the current level is set to the current level plus one (block  510 ), i.e., the second level of data in the hierarchical data. A current node for the new current level is identified at block  512  and the process then reverts to block  508  to determine if the current node has subordinate data associated with it. This process continues recursively until the bottom level of data is reached. After all the data items have been parsed and there is no more data (“No” branch, block  520 ), then the process terminates and a complete representation of the hierarchical data is now stored in memory. 
     It is noted that this recursive method works well for “flat” data that does not have a large number of levels in it, or for data that has relatively few data items, e.g., less than one thousand data items. For deep or more extensive data, a “build on demand” method may be more appropriate for the situation. Such a method is described below with reference to  FIG. 6 . 
     Dynamic Nested Table Creation Method For Building Display Tables 
       FIG. 6  is a flow diagram depicting a method for building the graphical user interface depicted in  FIGS. 2-4 . The described method does not initially parse all of the data in the hierarchical (XML) data set. In the method described in  FIG. 6 , the subordinate data displays are created only upon demand by a user. For example, if the initial user interface ( 200 ,  FIG. 2 ) is displayed, only the first-level data items have been parsed. When a subordinate data indicator  212  is actuated, the second-level data items are parsed and the second-level table  300  is built and displayed. 
     To accomplish the dynamic creation of tables, dynamic X-paths are used to keep track of previous data. X-paths are an XML concept that provide a way to find data. If a level of data items has been previously accessed, a dynamic X-path is stored that keeps track of that level of data items. When a subordinate data level is accessed, a table (or other type of display) is built and displayed. The subordinate data level is appended to the dynamic X-path so that the data items in that data level can be easily located the next time they are required. 
     At block  600 , the first-level—or parent—table is built and displayed by parsing the first-level data items of the hierarchical data set. This may be accomplished using a non-recursive version of the algorithm previously discussed in relation to  FIG. 5 . When a subordinate data indicator is actuated (block  602 ), the parent table is retrieved using the dynamic X-path. A dynamic X-path associated with the parent table is retrieved at block  604 . From the dynamic X-path, it can be determined if the subordinate data level has been previously access and, therefore, parsed and displayed. If the subordinate data level has been previously accessed (“Yes” branch, block  608 ), then the previously built table is displayed or hidden at block  616 . 
     If the subordinate data level has not been previously accessed (“No” branch, block  608 ), then the subordinate data level data items are accessed utilizing the dynamic X-path associated with the hierarchical data set at block  612 . A table (or some other display format) is built (block  614 ). After the table is built, the table is displayed at block  616 . 
     By parsing the data and building the displays in this manner, large data sets can be parsed and displayed more efficiently than if the data is initially parsed prior to the initial display. 
     CONCLUSION 
     Although the invention has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological steps, it is to be understood that the invention defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or steps described. Rather, the specific features and steps are disclosed as preferred forms of implementing the claimed invention.