Abstract:
The present invention relates to a decorative surface covering obtainable by a vulcanisable composition, said composition comprising a first polymer component consisting of styrene butadiene styrene block copolymer (SBS); a second polymer component selected from the group consisting of a random or partially random copolymer of butadiene and styrene (SBR), and nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR); a third polymer component consisting of a high styrene content styrene butadiene copolymer (HSR), a filler, a vulcanisation system and additives selected from the group consisting of processing aids, stabilizers, pigments and compatibilizers.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS 
     This patent application is the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/EP2008/000171, filed Jan. 11, 2008, that claims the benefit of European Application No. 07000622.6, filed Jan. 12, 2007, the entire teachings and disclosure of which are incorporated herein by reference thereto. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a composition for decorative surface coverings and to a manufacturing process for said compositions. 
     INTRODUCTION AND STATE OF THE ART 
     Synthetic decorative surface coverings such as floor coverings are generally based on PVC and have been known for decades. The key features of this kind of materials are essentially abrasion resistance (resistance to scratches), dimensional stability, absence of creeping, low smell, stain resistance and tear resistance. 
     In the last years, environmental issues on PVC coverings such as VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) release, plasticizers and thermal stabilizers toxicity has motivated the floor covering industry to put search efforts on PVC alternatives. These alternative compositions should nevertheless preferably be convertible on conventional PVC equipment in particular on PVC extruders. 
     Vulcanisable standard rubber floor covering compositions generally comprise less than 30 wt % rubber internally mixed with about 60 wt % of fillers and less than about 10 wt % of curing agents and processing aids. Rubber floor coverings are known to be less tear and stain resistant than PVC floorings. Additionally, conventional PVC equipment cannot manage these compositions. 
     Document WO 97/010298 discloses a flooring material based on crosslinked polyolefin&#39;s and unsaturated silane compounds. The floor covering composition comprises various additives and is free of organic fillers. 
     Document WO 2006/005752 discloses a large variety of possible compositions combining a series of elastomers, thermoplastics and a high styrene resin cured with conventional curing systems like TBBS, ZBEC, CBS, sulphur, stearic acid and zinc oxide. The composition disclosed in the examples cannot be extruded on conventional PVC extruders, it sticks on the steel belts and can only be worked in a steel belt press in combination with silicon release paper. Furthermore, the obtained granules have a strong tendency to agglomerate in the transport containers. An additional drawback is the absence of flame retardant filler and the high production cost. 
     US 2002/0168500 A1 discloses an electrically conductive floor covering using a combination of a high styrene resin (HSR) and SBR rubber together with high amounts of carbon black. This composition cannot be worked on conventional extruders, making rubber equipment necessary. 
     EP 1 361 249 A2 discloses a substantially halogen-free thermoplastic elastomer composition for decorative surface coverings comprising a dynamically vulcanized blend of epoxydized rubbers such as natural rubber, EPDM, NBR and SBR, ionomers and diluent polymers. In this composition the use of SBS, SBR or HSR with specific styrene contents are not disclosed and rubber equipment is used for the mixing of the different ingredients. 
     Aim of the Invention 
     The present invention aims to provide an improved composition for a substantially halogen-free decorative surface covering which overcomes the drawbacks of the prior art and which is convertible on conventional PVC extrusion equipment. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention discloses a decorative surface covering obtainable by a vulcanisable composition, said composition comprising:
         a first polymer component consisting of styrene butadiene styrene block copolymer;   a second polymer component selected from the group consisting of nitrile butadiene rubber and a random or partially random copolymer of butadiene and styrene having 40 wt % or less of bound styrene;   a third polymer component consisting of a high styrene content styrene butadiene copolymer containing at least 55 wt % of bound styrene;   a filler;   a vulcanisation system;   additives selected from the group consisting of processing aids, stabilizers, pigments and compatibilizers.       

     According to particular embodiments, the present invention may comprise one or a combination of any of the following characteristics:
         the decorative surface covering further comprises a fourth polymer component consisting of an ionomer.   the ionomer represents between 3 to 12 wt % of the total weight of the polymers.   the ionomer is a partially or totally neutralised ethylene/methacrylic acid incorporating a third comonomer.   the first polymer component is a styrene butadiene styrene block copolymer containing 35 to 45 wt % of bound styrene.   the first polymer component is a styrene butadiene styrene block copolymer containing 40 wt % of bound styrene.   the second polymer component is a random or a partially random copolymer of butadiene and styrene, containing 25 wt % of bound styrene.   The third polymer component is a high styrene content styrene butadiene copolymer containing between 63 and 83 wt % of bound styrene.   the third polymer component is a high styrene content styrene butadiene copolymer containing 63 wt % of bound styrene.   the decorative surface covering composition comprises the following wt % relative to the total amount of the ingredients:
           5 to 30 wt % of the first polymer component;   5 to 20 wt % of the second polymer component;   5 to 30 wt % of the third polymer component.   
           the filler is selected from the group consisting of aluminium trihydrate, silica, clay, dolomite and calcium carbonate.   the decorative surface covering composition comprises between 25 and 45 wt % of filler.   the decorative surface covering composition is substantially halogen-free.   the vulcanisation system is selected from the group consisting of sulphur, stearic acids, zinc oxide, sulfenamides and thiocarbamate or combinations thereof   the surface covering additionally comprises a polyurethane-based top coating.   the polyurethane-based top coating is a polyurethane acrylate.       

     The present invention further discloses a process for manufacturing the decorative surface covering of the invention comprising the following steps:
         performing a first dry mix comprising all the polymer components;   performing a second dry mix comprising the fillers, the vulcanisation system, the stabilisers, the pigments and the processing aids;   mixing the first and second dry mix in an extruder wherein the mass temperature does not exceed 120° C. and granulating it to a specific colour batch;   repeating the extruder mixing step with different colours to achieve various colour batches;   performing a dry mix of the various colour batches;   feeding the dry mix comprising the various colour batches in a double belt press and heat it up to at least 160° C. to vulcanise it.       

     In particular embodiments of the present invention, the step of dry mix comprising the various colour batches comprises the adding of additionally virgin styrene butadiene styrene granules. 
     Advantageously, an additional polyurethane-based top coating is applied as a finish on the decorative surface covering. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Decorative coverings include any design covering that provide an enhanced appearance to a substrate. These can include wall and floor coverings as well as ceilings. 
     The expression “substantially halogen-free” has to be understood as devoid of any halogen-containing polymer. This does not exclude the presence of impurities or additives in a concentration of less than 1%. 
     The expression “polymer component” has to be understood as a distinguishable polymer family which is part of the global composition such as the filler, vulcanisation system and additives. 
     The composition of the decorative surface covering of the present invention is in its final state a vulcanised composition wherein all the vulcanisable components are at least partly vulcanised and wherein a vulcanisation system has reacted and does not any longer exist as such. Therefore the present invention discloses a vulcanisable composition which is the precursor of the vulcanised finished decorative surface covering. 
     One of the key advantages of the invention is the processing of the mixture at the extruding step which is part of a conventional PVC process. Indeed, the usual rubber formulations need to be performed through internal mixers due to the high viscosity below the vulcanisation temperature. A conventional rubber could never be processed using an extruder at temperatures around 120° C., i.e. at temperature ranges that would avoid vulcanisation. The role of the thermoplastic material (thermoplastic rubbers and optionally ionomers) in the composition of the invention is to lower the viscosity of the mix at temperatures below the vulcanisation temperature, and thus to allow the processing through a conventional extruder. 
     Another crucial step of the process of the invention is the grinding or granulating and the blending of granulates. Actually, these steps are only possible if the material after extrusion and cooling does not remain tacky. This is the reason why thermoplastic elastomers were added to the formulation. Thermoplastic elastomers and optionally ionomers are needed to allow the processing through conventional PVC equipments and are selected from the range of those which may enhance the final characteristics of the covering; for instance ionomers can optionally improve the abrasion resistance while high styrene content styrene butadiene copolymer will improve the stiffness of the covering, i.e. a key feature for an easy installation of the floor covering. 
     The percentage of each component will be a fine balance between the processing, the requested features of the covering and the overall price of the whole formulation. 
     Definitions and Raw Material Description 
     1 st  Polymer Component: Block Copolymer of SBS 
     SBS or styrene butadiene styrene is considered as a thermoplastic elastomer that can be converted in extrusion equipments for thermoplastics. 
     The following materials fall under this definition and present possible polymer examples for the present invention:
         Finaclear® 602D —Total Petrochemicals, block copolymer of SBS containing 40 wt % styrene   Tufprene® A—Asahi Kasei Chemicals, block copolymer of SBS containing 40 wt % styrene   Europrene® SOL T 6414—Polimeri Europe, Copolymer of SBS containing 40 wt % styrene   Asaprene® T-438—Asahi Kasei Chemicals, block copolymer of SBS containing 35 wt % styrene   Asaprene® T-439—Asahi Kasei Chemicals, block copolymer of SBS containing 45 wt % styrene   Calprene® C-540—Dynasol, Total Petrochemicals, block copolymer of SBS containing 40 wt % styrene       

     2 nd  Polymer Component: SBR or NBR
         SBR or NBR are traditional rubbers. In the case of SBR, a random or at least partially random copolymer of butadiene and styrene containing generally 40 wt % or less of styrene is meant.       

     The following materials fall under this definition and present possible polymer examples for the present invention:
         Plioflex® 1502—Goodyear, random copolymer of SBR containing 23.5 wt % styrene   Plioflex® 1507—Goodyear, random copolymer of SBR containing 23.5 wt % styrene   Europrene® SOL 1205—Polimeri Europe, Partial random copolymer of SBR containing 25 wt % styrene   Nitriflex® SB 4022—Nitriflex, random copolymer of SBR containing 23 wt % styrene   Europrene® 1509—Polimeri Europe, random copolymer of SBR containing 23.5 wt % styrene   Europrene® 1739—Polimeri Europe, random copolymer of SBR containing 40 wt % styrene   Kralex® 1507—Kaucuk, Polimeri Europe, random copolymer of SBR containing 23.5 wt % styrene   Kralex® 1502—Kaucuk, Polimeri Europe, random copolymer of SBR containing 23.5 wt % styrene   Europrene® 1502—Polimeri Europe, random copolymer of SBR containing 23.5 wt % styrene   KER 1507—Dwory, Polimeri Europe, random copolymer of SBR containing 23.5 wt % styrene       

     Nitrile Butadiene Rubber: NBR
         Europrene® N 2845—Polimeri Europe, nitrile butadiene rubber   Europrene® N 3945—Polimeri Europe, nitrile butadiene rubber   Europrene® N 3330—Polimeri Europe, nitrile butadiene rubber   Nitriclean 3330—Nitriflex, nitrile butadiene rubber   Nitriclean 2830—Nitriflex, nitrile butadiene rubber       

     High Styrene Content Styrene Butadiene Copolymer: HSR 
     In the case of HSR, a high styrene content copolymer of butadiene and styrene is meant. These molecules are close to SBR but contain generally at least 55 wt % of bounded styrene. 
     The following materials fall under this definition and present possible polymer examples for the present invention:
         Europrene® HS 630—Polimeri Europe, random copolymer of SBR containing 63 wt % styrene   KER 1904—Dwory, random copolymer of SBR containing 63 wt % styrene   Krylene® HS 260—Lanxess, random copolymer of SBR containing 63 wt % styrene   Pliolite® S6H—Eliokem, random copolymer of SBR containing 82.5 wt % styrene   Nitriflex® S-6H—Nitriflex, random copolymer of SBR containing 83 wt % styrene       

     Ionomers 
     The ionomer examples according to the present invention are at least partially neutralized acid copolymers or terpolymers.
         Surlyn® 6320—Dupont, ethylene/methacrylic acid incorporating a third comonomer   Surlyn® 8320—Dupont, ethylene/methacrylic acid incorporating a third comonomer   Surlyn® 8120—Dupont, ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymer   Surlyn® 9320—Dupont, ethylene/methacrylic acid incorporating a third comonomer   Iotek® 7510—Exxonmobil, ethylene acrylic acid terpolymer   Iotek® 7520—Exxonmobil, ethylene acrylic acid terpolymer   Iotek® 7410-Exxonmobil, ethylene acrylic acid copolymer       

     Filler (Clays, Aluminium Trihydrate, Carbonates, . . . )
         Kaolin® OT 76—Westcoast Trade Nordic, clay   Devolite®—Imerys, clay   Vulkasil® S/KG—Lanxess, silica   Ultrasil® VN3—Degussa, silica   Perkasil® KS 408-PD—Grace Davidsson, silica   Myanit® A20—Björka Mineral, dolomite   Myanit® A10—Björka Mineral, dolomite   Martinal® char 42—Martinswerk, ATH   Martinal® ON 313—Martinswerk, ATH   Mikhart® 10—Provencale, calcium carbonate   Reasorb® 90—Vereinigte Kreidewerke Dammann, calcium carbonate       

     Vulcanisation Systems
         Vulkacit® ZBEC—Lanxess, ZBEC   Vulkacit® NZ-EGC—Lanxess, TBBS   Perkacit® ZBEC—Flexsys, ZBEC   Perkacit® TBBS—Flexsys, TBBS   Rubenamid® T—General Quimica, TBBS       

     Additives
         Unislip® 1757—Unichema, oleamide   Deolink® TESPT—DOG, silane   HP-669-S—o. Sundström, silane   Hostanox® O10—Clariant, antioxidant.   Irganox® 1076—Ciba, antioxidant   Irganox® 1010—Ciba, antioxidant       

     EXAMPLE 1 
     
         
         
           
             A first dry mix of the following ingredients were performed in wt %: (mixing conditions: 200 kg, 5 min.)
           16% SBS (Finaclear® 602D —Total Petrochemicals)   16% SBR (Kralex® 1507—Kaucuk)   16% HSR (KER 1904—Dwory)   3% ionomer (Iotek® 7510—Exxonmobil)   1% processing aid (Unislip® 1757—Unichema)   1% compatibilizer (Deolink® TESPT—DOG)   
         
             A second dry mix of the following ingredients were then performed in wt %: (mixing conditions: 250 kg, 5 min.)
           27% aluminium trihydrate (Martinal® ON313—Martinswerk)   7% silica (Vulkasil® S/kg—Lanxess)   2% sulfur (SV1905—Univar)   0.4% TBBS (Vulkacit® NZ-EGC—Lanxess)   0.3% ZBEC (Vulkacit ZBEC/C—Lanxess)   3% ZnO (Zinkweiss Harzsiegel CF—Norzinco)   1% polyglycol 3350 P—Clariant   3% silicon oil (Rhodorsil 47 V 30.000—Rhodia)   0.6% antioxidant (Irganox 1076—Ciba)   0.5% stearic acid (Tefacid—Tefac)   2% titanium dioxide   0.2% colour pigments   
         
           
         
       
    
     The first and the second dry mix are fed into a double screw extruder Werner &amp; Pfleiderer ZSK and mixed with various pigments at a material temperature below 120° C. and subsequently granulated and cooled by air to room temperature. 
     The various coloured batches are then mixed again according to the design requests. 
     The mixed colour batches are then fed into a double belt press and heated up to 170° C. to be vulcanised. 
     Remark: This composition exhibits good processing ability and very good scratch resistance (see Table 1). 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     This example was performed in the same way as Example 1 except that the polymer proportions were modified, in particular the SBS content was heavily decreased and the ionomer content heavily increased:
         5% SBS (Finaclear® 602D—Total Petrochemicals),   15% SBR (Kralex® 1507—Kaucuk)   19% HSR (KER 1904—Dwory)   12% ionomer (Iotek® 7510—Exxonmobil)
 
Remark: This composition exhibits good processing ability and excellent scratch resistance.
       

     EXAMPLE 3 
     This example was performed in the same way as Example 1 except that the polymer proportions were modified, in particular the SBS content was heavily increased and the SBR content heavily decreased:
         30% SBS (Finaclear® 602D—Total Petrochemicals),   6% SBR (Kralex® 1507—Kaucuk)   10% HSR (KER 1904—Dwory)   5% ionomer (Iotek® 7510—Exxonmobil)
 
Remark: Good processing ability and acceptable properties.
       

     EXAMPLE 4 
     This example was performed in the same way as Example 1 except that the polymer proportions were modified, in particular a low proportion of HSR were tested:
         19% SBS (Finaclear® 602D—Total Petrochemicals)   15% SBR (Kralex® 1507—Kaucuk)   5% HSR (KER 1904—Dwory)   12% ionomer (Iotek® 7510—Exxonmobil)
 
Remark: Good processing ability and very good scratch resistance.
       

     EXAMPLE 5 
     This example was performed in the same way as Example 1 except that the polymer proportions were modified, in particular a high proportion of HSR and a low proportion of SBR were tested:
         10% SBS (Finaclear® 602D—Total Petrochemicals),   6% SBR (Kralex® 1507—Kaucuk)   30% HSR (KER 1904—Dwory)   5% ionomer (Iotek® 7510—Exxonmobil)
 
Remark: Good processing ability and acceptable properties
       

     EXAMPLE 6 
     This example was performed in the same way as Example 1 except that the polymer proportions were modified, in particular a very high proportion of ionomer and a low proportion of SBR were tested:
         12% SBS (Finaclear® 602D—Total Petrochemicals),   7% SBR (Kralex® 1507—Kaucuk)   12% HSR (KER 1904—Dwory)   20% Ionomer (Iotek® 7510—Exxonmobil)
 
Remark: Not as good processing ability and excellent scratch resistance.
       

     EXAMPLE 7 
     This example was performed in the same way as Example 1 except that the polymer proportions were modified, in particular a very low proportion of an alternative ionomer and a lower proportion of SBR were tested:
         19% SBS (Finaclear 602D—Total Petrochemicals)   11% SBR (Kralex 1507—Kaucuk) was added and   18% HSR (KER 1904—Dwory) and   3% Ionomer (Surlyn® 9320—Dupont)
 
Remark: Good processing ability and acceptable properties
       

     EXAMPLE 8 
     This example was performed in the same way as Example 1 except that the polymer proportions were modified, in particular a lower proportion of SBS and a lower proportion of HSR combined with a higher proportion of SBR were tested:
         11% SBS (Finaclear® 602D—Total Petrochemicals)   25% SBR (Kralex® 1507—Kaucuk)   9% HSR (KER 1904—Dwory)   6% ionomer (Iotek® 7510—Exxonmobil)
 
Remark: Excellent scratch resistance but too low in castor chair test and too soft.
       

     EXAMPLE 9 
     This example was performed in the same way as Example 1 except that the polymer proportions were modified, in particular a high proportion of ionomer and a lower proportion of SBR were tested:
         19% SBS (Finaclear® 602D—Total Petrochemicals)   5% SBR (Kralex® 1507—Kaucuk)   16% HSR (KER 1904—Dwory)   11% ionomer (Iotek® 7510—Exxonmobil)
 
Remark: Good processing ability and very good scratch resistance.
       

     EXAMPLE 10 
     This example was performed in the same way as Example 1 except that the polymer proportions and nature were modified, in particular a high proportion of ionomer and a low proportion of NBR were tested, the NBR replacing the former SBR:
         19% SBS (Finaclear® 602D—Total Petrochemicals)   5% NBR (Europrene® N 2845—Polimeri Europe)   16% HSR (KER 1904—Dwory)   11% ionomer (Iotek® 7510—Exxonmobil)
 
Remark: Good processing ability and very good scratch resistance.
       

     EXAMPLE 11 
     This example was performed in the same way as Example 1 except that the polymer proportions were modified, in particular a very high proportion of NBR and a lower proportion of SBS together with a lower proportion of ionomer were tested:
         13% SBS (Finaclear® 602D—Total Petrochemicals),   20% NBR (Europrene® N 2845—Polimeri Europe)   11% HSR (KER 1904—Dwory)   7% ionomer (Iotek® 7510—Exxonmobil)
 
Remark: Poor processing ability.
       

     EXAMPLE 12 
     Example 12 is identical to Example 1 except that the quantity of filler was increased and the nature of the filler was modified:
         27% ATH (Martinal® ON313—Martinswerk)   7% silica (Vulkasil® S/kg—Lanxess)   11% kaolin (Devolite®—Imerys)       

     In this example, the proportion of polymers is reduced proportionally to the increase of filler. 
     Remark: Not as good in processing ability and in scratch resistance. 
     EXAMPLE 13 
     Example 13 is identical to Example 1 except that the global filler amount was reduced:
         18% aluminium trihydrate (Martinal ON313—Martinswerk)   7% silica (Vulkasil S/kg—Lanxess)       

     In this example the proportion of polymers is increased proportionally. 
     Remark: Not as good in processing ability and in scratch resistance. 
     EXAMPLE 14 
     Example 14 is identical to Example 1 except that Kralex 1507, Kaucuk, containing 23.5 wt % styrene has been replaced by Europrene 1739 containing 40 wt % of styrene. 
     Remark: Correct processing ability and acceptable properties 
     EXAMPLE 15 
     This example was performed in the same way than Example 1 except that the polymer proportions were modified, in particular a lower proportion of SBS and a lower proportion of HSR combined with a higher proportion of SBR were tested:
         13% SBS (Finaclear® 602D—otal Petrochemicals),   20% SBR (Kralex® 1507—Kaucuk)   11% HSR (KER 1904—Dwory)   7% Ionomer (Iotek® 7510—Exxonmobil)
 
Remark: Not as good processing ability, very good scratch resistance.
       

     EXAMPLE 16 
     This example was performed in the same way than Example 1 except that the Ionomer was excluded:
         17% SBS (Finaclear® 602D—Total Petrochemicals),   17% SBR (Kralex® 1507—Kaucuk)   17% HSR (KER 1904—Dwory)
 
Remark: Not as good in scratch resistance.
       

     EXAMPLE 17 
     This example was performed in the same way than Example 1 except that the polymer proportions were modified and the Ionomer was excluded:
         21% SBS (Finaclear® 602D—Total Petrochemicals),   8% SBR (Kralex® 1507—Kaucuk)   22% HSR (KER 1904—Dwory)
 
Remark: Not as good in scratch resistance
       

     EXAMPLE 18 
     This example was performed in the same way than Example 1 except that the polymer proportions were modified and the Ionomer was excluded:
         13% SBS (Finaclear® 602D—Total Petrochemicals),   20% SBR (Kralex® 1507—Kaucuk)   18% HSR (KER 1904—Dwory)
 
Remark: Not as good in scratch resistance.
       

     Test Methods 
     Examples 1 to 15 have been tested according to partially specific testing methods of the inventor that can be shortly described as follows: 
     Scratch Resistance 
     The apparatus with the scratching tool is placed over the sample so that a wagon can be pulled across the surface. The applied force starts with 0.5N and increase 0.5N each time until a scratch appears. The results are expressed as load (N) resulting in a scratch that can be seen corresponding to the first value in Table 1 and load (N) resulting in a scratch that can be felt corresponding to the second value in Table 1. 
     Stiffness 
     The stiffness of a material is measured with a Clash &amp; Berg stiffness tester. The sample is fixed by specimen grips, put in a water container and subjected to rotation. One side of the sample is under the subject of torsional moment. The angle is recorded after the test. 
     Friction 
     Friction is measured with a modified Tortus friction tester. Instead of using the measuring foot, a sled is fastened to the machine by a line. The force required to drag the sled over the surface of the sample with the motor of the machine is recorded as the friction value. 
     Stain Resistance 
     The test is used for determining the stain resistance against water-, alcohol- and oil-soluble colorants of a flooring sample. Put two drops of each staining agent of the surface and cover each staining agent with a watch glass. Remove the watch glasses after the test and clean the surface with the cleaning agents. The remaining stains are visually evaluated. 
     Castor Chair 
     The test is based on EN 425 for determining the change of appearance and stability of a flooring material. The sample is fixed on the moving board by using adhesive, but by not fixing a certain area (10*20 cm), dimensional changes can appear when the material expands. About 25.000 rotations are performed on each sample. Any change of appearance or dimensional changes are recorded. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Test results of the examples 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Properties 
                 Ex. 1 
                 Ex. 2 
                 Ex. 3 
                 Ex. 4 
                 Ex. 5 
                 Ex. 6 
                 Ex. 7 
                 Ex. 8 
                 Demands 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Scratch resistance T8175 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Visible (N) 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2.5 
                 2 
                 2 
                 ≧2 
               
               
                 To be felt (N) 
                 4.5 
                 5 
                 4 
                 5 
                 3.5 
                 5.5 
                 4 
                 5.5 
                 ≧3 
               
               
                   
                 Very 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
                 Very 
                 Good 
                 Excellent 
                 Good 
                 Excellent 
                 ** 
               
               
                   
                 good 
                   
                   
                 good 
               
               
                 Castor chair, T8233 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Not ok 
                 Ok 
               
               
                 Stiffness, T5016 
                 146 
                 121 
                 95 
                 113 
                 90 
                 96 
                 120 
                 159 
                   90-150 * 
               
               
                 Hardness, (Shore A) 
                 84 
                 86 
                 85 
                 84 
                 88 
                 86 
                 85 
                 81 
                 &gt;83  
               
               
                 Friction, T5031 
                 1.3 
                 1.5 
                 2.0 
                 1.7 
                 1.3 
                 1.8 
                 2.0 
                 2.1 
                 1.3-2.0 
               
               
                 Stain resistance, T6002 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 Processing ability 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Less 
                 Good 
                 Less 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 good 
                   
                 good 
               
               
                 Global evaluation of 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Not ok 
                 Ok 
               
               
                 properties 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Properties 
                 Ex. 9 
                 Ex. 10 
                 Ex. 11 
                 Ex. 12 
                 Ex. 13 
                 Ex. 14 
                 Ex. 15 
                 Demands 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Scratch resistance T8175 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Visible (N) 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 ≧2 
               
               
                 To be felt (N) 
                 5 
                 5 
                 4.5 
                 3 
                 4.5 
                 4 
                 5 
                 ≧3 
               
               
                   
                 Very 
                 Very 
                 Good 
                 Less 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Very 
                 ** 
               
               
                   
                 good 
                 good 
                   
                 good 
                   
                   
                 good 
               
               
                 Castor chair, T8233 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
               
               
                 Stiffness, T5016 
                 103 
                 115 
                 140 
                 90 
                 149 
                 130 
                 147 
                   90-150 * 
               
               
                 Hardness, (Shore A) 
                 85 
                 84 
                 84 
                 88 
                 83 
                 84 
                 83 
                 &gt;83  
               
               
                 Friction, T5031 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 1.6 
                 1.30 
                 1.3 
                 1.9 
                 1.3-2.0 
               
               
                 Stain resistance, T6002 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Less 
                 Good 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 good 
               
               
                 Process ability 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Less 
                 Less 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Less 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 good 
                 good 
                   
                   
                 good 
               
               
                 Total evaluation of 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
               
               
                 properties 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Properties 
                 Ex. 16 
                 Ex. 17 
                 Ex. 18 
                 Demands 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Scratch resistance T8175 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Visible (N) 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 ≧2 
               
               
                 To be felt (N) 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 ≧3 
               
               
                   
                 Less 
                 Less 
                 Less 
                 ** 
               
               
                   
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
               
               
                 Castor chair, T8233 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
               
               
                 Stiffness, T5016 
                 147 
                 120 
                 135 
                   90-150 * 
               
               
                 Hardness, (Shore A) 
                 83 
                 86 
                 84 
                 &gt;83  
               
               
                 Friction, T5031 
                 1.7 
                 1.5 
                 1.9 
                 1.3-2.0 
               
               
                 Stain resistance, T6002 
                 Less 
                 Less 
                 Less 
               
               
                   
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
               
               
                 Processing ability 
                 Good 
                 Good 
                 Good 
               
               
                 Global evaluation 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
                 Ok 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 * Low value = stiffer material, High value = softer material 
               
               
                 ** Graduation scale: Not acceptable, Less good, Good, Very good, Excellent