Abstract:
A dielectric layer overlies a semiconductor substrate. The substrate has components and appropriate contacts formed therein. The dielectric layer electrically insulates the substrate and components from overlying conductive interconnect layers. A barrier layer is arranged over the dielectric layer to isolate the interconnect layers from other structures. A copper layer is then deposited over the barrier layer and thick interconnect lines having a first width and a first height are realized. Then, the barrier layer is etched using one of many alternative techniques. The barrier layer has a second width and a second height wherein the second width of the barrier liner is selected to be greater than the first width of the thick copper interconnect.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/142,062, filed Dec. 31, 2008 and entitled “Extended Liner For Localized Thick Copper Interconnect,” hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Technical Field 
     This invention relates to an electrically conductive interconnect in a semiconductor structure and, more particularly, to a liner positioned between the dielectric layer and the conductive interconnect for permitting a localized interconnect. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     With ongoing development of semiconductor device fabrication technology, the critical dimensions of interconnects are designed to provide signal paths that are electrically, mechanically, and cost efficiently robust. The interconnect lines are electrically isolated from other parts of the device. In conventional technology, a 130 nm process, for example, copper damascene, is one process used to form semiconductor device interconnects. 
     In the copper damascene and other device manufacturing processes, several techniques are used to form and shape structures of different material compositions. Such techniques include, but are not limited to, photolithography, anisotropic chemical or ion etching, chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP), plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), and electroplating. 
     Copper damascene, however, has limitations not found in other techniques for forming conductive interconnects. For example, a damascene process is generally limited to very thin interconnects, e.g., 2-5 microns. For both thin and thicker interconnects however, e.g., across the range of 2-50 microns or more in height, other types of interconnect procedures are also available. Often, thick interconnects are about 7-10 microns. 
     In many applications, e.g., power applications, there is a need to pass high power signals. In such applications, the performance characteristics for interconnects are different from the performance characteristics of conventional memory or microprocessor signaling applications. In these power applications and other like applications, conductive films are formed with different dimensions. For example, if a copper interconnect design calls out a 5 or more microns interconnect height, the copper damascene process is no longer suitable. 
     As an alternative to copper damascene, another technique is available. This other technique is called a localized thick interconnect, and generally includes traditional photolithography and electroplating processes. The localized thick interconnect process can generate thick copper or other conductive interconnections from 2 to 50 microns or more in thickness. Traditional localized thick interconnect processes can produce unreliable interconnects. 
       FIGS. 1A-1E  illustrate cross-sectional views of a progression of steps in a prior art conventional localized thick copper process for producing a copper line acting as a localized conductive interconnect. Interconnects are common structures in semiconductor based electronic devices. Several methods are available to produce an interconnect, and some examples known in the art will now be described. 
       FIG. 1A  illustrates a semiconductor substrate wafer having various electronic components and foundational interconnect layers formed thereon. The substrate can be silicon monocrystalline silicon, or any other semiconductor suitable for forming electronic components. 
     In the embodiment of  FIG. 1A , a dielectric layer  12  is formed on a monocrystalline silicon substrate  10  containing various electronic components. The dielectric layer  12  could be a combination of layers or a single layer. In some cases, a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process deposits silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) or silicon oxynitride (SiON) or combinations thereof. A barrier material  14 , also referred to as a barrier liner, is formed on the dielectric layer  12 . The barrier material  14  is generally 0.2 to 0.5 microns thick, but could have other dimensions. 
     Preferably, the barrier material  14  will have sufficient resistance to the diffusive properties of the copper to prevent spoilage of the underlying electronic circuits and surrounding structures. The barrier material  14  should also preferably adhere well to the dielectric layer  12 . In addition, the barrier material  14  will preferably be conductive and electrically bondable to the copper that will form the interconnect. 
     The barrier material  14 , in cooperation with the dielectric layer  12 , is useful to prevent copper atoms from a copper interconnect from diffusing to the surrounding structure and the silicon substrate  10 . Without a proper barrier against copper diffusion, the underlying electronic components formed on the substrate  10  could be contaminated by the copper atoms from the interconnect. 
     In  FIG. 1A , after the liner  14  is formed, a seed layer  16  of interconnect material, copper in this case, is deposited in some processes of the prior art. The seed layer  16  is generally 0.2 to 0.5 microns thick, but could have other dimensions. The seed layer  16 , also called a plating base, is used to cover the wafer where electrical contact will be made with underlying circuitry. Accordingly, the seed layer  16  in this embodiment functions as an adhesion layer for the subsequently plated copper or copper base alloy that will form the interconnect. 
     Alternatively, an integrated physical vapor deposition (PVD) process could also be a method selected to deposit the seed layer  16 . In addition, the PVD process may be used to deposit both the barrier liner  14  and the copper seed layer  16  together. Depositing both the barrier layer  14  and the seed layer  16  is helpful to reduce the possibility of delamination between these layers. 
       FIG. 1B  illustrates a cross section of the structure of  FIG. 1A  after the deposition of the interconnect material  20 . Prior to the deposition of the interconnect material  20 , photoresist masking structures  18  are formed via standard lithography processes. The thickness of the photoresist can range from one micron to sixty microns or more depending on the interconnect thickness called out by the application. 
     After the photoresist mask  18  is formed, the interconnect material  20 , copper in this example, is deposited. In the embodiment of  FIG. 1B , the interconnect material  20  is deposited with an electroplating process, but other techniques can be used. 
       FIG. 1C  illustrates the structure of  FIG. 1B  after further processing. In  FIG. 1C , the photoresist mask  18  has been removed with a solvent strip treatment, which is used to preserve the integrity of the copper interconnect line. The interconnect structure  24  shows a seamless bond between what was the seed layer  16  and the interconnect material  20 . 
       FIG. 1D  illustrates a cross section of the intended interconnect  24  achieved with a localized thick interconnect process after additional etch steps. An etch step has removed the copper seed layer  16  as well as a little bit of the copper on the thick interconnect line  24 . Another etch step has removed the exposed barrier liner  14  by using the copper interconnect line  24  as hard mask. The barrier etch chemistry is particularly selective so as to prevent removal of any further copper from the interconnect line  24 . The remaining barrier material  22  is underlying the thick interconnect line  24 . 
     The copper interconnect line  24  width results from the width of the photoresist mask  18  opening minus the copper material lost during the copper seed layer etch step. Similarly, the copper interconnect line  24  height results from the depth of the photoresist mask  18  opening, the amount of copper material  20  deposited in the photoresist mask  18  opening, and the amount of copper material sacrificed during the copper seed layer  16  etch step. In the embodiment of  FIG. 1D , the final interconnect structure  24  is 5 to 15 microns high and at least 5 microns wide. In other embodiments, the final interconnect structure  24  can be 50 microns or more high and 50 microns or more wide or any other suitable dimensions. 
     In  FIG. 1D , the structure shows a single interconnect line  24 . Many interconnect lines can be formed at the same time. During the seed layer and copper deposition processes, the partially formed interconnects will be electrically shorted together. Following the steps described herein, however, with respect to  FIG. 1D , the formed interconnect lines will be electrically isolated from each other where desired. 
       FIG. 1E  illustrates another step in the formation of the interconnect. An anti-diffusion layer  26  is added over the interconnect line  24 . The anti-diffusion layer  26  completely encapsulates the copper lines  24  and prevents the diffusion of copper atoms to the underlying and surrounding structures. Some typical diffusion barrier  14  materials include pure or alloyed cobalt (Co), tantalum (Ta), tantalum nitride (TaN), titanium nitride (TiN), titanium tungsten (TiW) or silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ). Other suitable materials may also be used. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     According to one embodiment, an electronic device is formed on a semiconductor substrate. The electronic device includes a thick copper interconnect having a first width and a first height. The electronic device further includes a barrier liner positioned beneath the thick copper interconnect. The barrier liner has a second width and a second height wherein the second width of the barrier liner is greater than the first width of the thick copper interconnect. The electronic device also includes a dielectric layer positioned beneath the barrier liner and above the semiconductor substrate. 
     According to one embodiment, sidewall spacers are formed on the copper interconnect layer. The sidewall spacers are formed prior to etching the barrier layer. The sidewall spacers have a known width to provide a set spacing for the barrier layer relative to the copper interconnect layer. After the sidewall spacers are formed, the barrier layer is etched using the sidewall spacers as an etch mask. The barrier layer is therefore self-aligned with respect to the copper layer and has a known additional width beyond the width of the copper layer. 
     According to yet another embodiment, a dielectric layer is formed overlying a semiconductor substrate. The substrate has transistors and appropriate contacts previously formed therein in a manner well known in the art. The dielectric layer electrically insulates the semiconductor substrate and the transistors formed therein from overlying conductive interconnect layers. Preferably, a copper layer is used for the interconnect since it provides a low resistance and high current carrying capability. In order to isolate the copper from other structures, a barrier layer is deposited over the dielectric layer. A copper layer is then deposited over the barrier layer and the copper layer is patterned and etched using a first mask. The barrier layer is then etched. When the barrier layer is etched, it will have a second width, the second width being much wider than the first width of the copper layer. 
     According to another embodiment, the copper interconnect lines have a desired first width according to a desired design rule. A second mask is then used to define the barrier layer. The second mask retains a large width for the barrier layer on either side of the copper layer. The mask openings for the second layer are sized and aligned to leave a large barrier layer on either side of the copper interconnect layers so that the copper has a width that is recessed relative to the barrier layer. When the barrier layer is etched, it will have a second width, the second width being much wider than the first width of the copper layer. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  illustrates a semiconductor substrate wafer having various electronic components and foundational interconnect layers formed thereon. 
         FIG. 1B  illustrates a cross section of the substrate following copper electroplating deposition. 
         FIG. 1C  illustrates the structure of  FIG. 1B  after photoresist removal. 
         FIG. 1D  illustrates a cross section of the intended interconnect achieved with a localized thick interconnect process. 
         FIG. 1E  illustrates another step in the formation of the interconnect. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an embodiment having a problem that may occur with the known techniques of forming localized interconnects. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an imperfect anti-diffusion layer formed over an interconnect. 
         FIG. 4A  illustrates a semiconductor interconnect structure that provides an electrically, mechanically, and cost efficiently robust interconnect line according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 4B  illustrates a cross section of desirable interconnect line according the present invention. 
         FIG. 4C  illustrates one step in the formation of a structure according the present invention. 
         FIG. 5A  illustrates another embodiment according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 5B  illustrates yet another embodiment according to the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIGS. 2 and 3  illustrate a problem the inventor has realized may occur with the known techniques of forming localized thick interconnects. In the embodiment of  FIG. 2 , a thick copper interconnect is constructed as described for  FIGS. 1A-1E . Accordingly,  FIG. 2  illustrates a dielectric layer  12  which overlies the semiconductor substrate  10  and the various transistors and other electronic and mechanical components formed thereon at the stage of  FIG. 1D . In  FIG. 2 , the anti-diffusion layer  26  of  FIG. 1E  has not yet been formed. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates how the conventional etching techniques failed to form the desired shape or boundaries of the final barrier liner  22  ( FIG. 1D ). The copper interconnect line  24  was used as a hard mask, but the barrier etch chemistry was not as selective as desired. Instead, the conventional etch techniques formed barrier liner  22   a.    
       FIG. 2  illustrates a situation where the barrier liner  22   a  undercuts beneath the copper interconnect  24 . In this situation the compromised barrier liner  22   a  has at least two disadvantages. 
     A first disadvantage of the compromised barrier liner  22   a  is the creation of higher mechanical stress between the barrier liner  22   a  and the copper interconnect  24 . In addition to weakening the interconnect line  24 , this problem may also impact the integrity of the underlying dielectric layer  12  or circuitry of the semiconductor wafer  10 . 
     A second disadvantage of the compromised barrier liner  22   a  is illustrated in  FIG. 3 .  FIG. 3  illustrates an imperfect anti-diffusion layer  26  formed over the interconnect  24 . The anti-diffusion layer  26  of  FIG. 3 , however, is imperfect because it has a first area of poor step coverage  28   a  and a second area, void  28   b , where the anti-diffusion layer  26  does not fill. In addition to weakening the structures, the poor step coverage area  28   a  and the void  28   b  caused by the malformed barrier liner  22   a  also create potential copper migration paths. 
     The anti-diffusion layer  26  is often a silicon-nitrogen compound such as SiN, however other elements and compositions may be used. For example, in some cases, polymer based anti-diffusion layers may be used. A PECVD process conventionally forms anti-diffusion layer  26 , and in areas where surfaces are fully exposed to the PECVD gasses, uniform coverage of the anti-diffusion layer  26  results. On the other hand, such as illustrated in  FIG. 3 , an undercut barrier liner  22   a  causes problems for the deposition of the anti-diffusion material. Part of the undercut can prevent full exposure to the PECVD gasses, which in turn can result in an area of poor step coverage  28   a  of the anti-diffusion layer  26 . 
     The problem evidenced as poor step coverage  28   a  is not fixed by lengthening or intensifying the PECVD anti-diffusion layer  26  formation process. That is, even if sufficient anti-diffusion layer  26  material is allowed to form on the exposed surfaces of the interconnect  24  and dielectric layer  12 , the anti-diffusion layer  26  will tend to create voids such as shown by void  28   b.    
     Both poor step coverage area  28   a  and void area  28   b  provide potential paths of copper atom migration. In both cases, area  28   a  and void  28   b , copper atoms may migrate down through the dielectric layer  12  and into the semiconductor substrate  10 . The migration of copper atoms may spoil the underlying electronic and/or electromechanical structures formed on the substrate  10 . 
     A failure to isolate the copper interconnect from the underlying structures may permit copper atoms to migrate into the monocrystalline silicon structure and cause operational defects. Copper atom migration is often induced by electrical fields and assisted by elevated temperatures, both of which occur while the chip is operating. The failure from this type of process may therefore occur after the chip is operating and not be detected in tests when the chip is made. 
     In addition to permitting diffusion of copper atoms into the substrate  10 , the opening in the anti-diffusion layer  26  formed at area  28   a  may cause further problems. For example, copper atoms may diffuse from the interconnect material  24  through opening  28   a  and through a similar opening in another nearby interconnect. In such a case, the copper atom migration path may form a short circuit between one interconnect  24  and the other interconnect structures. 
     To address the disadvantages caused by the localized thick process for forming conductive interconnects, new techniques and structures are now discussed.  FIG. 4A  illustrates a semiconductor interconnect structure that provides an electrically, mechanically, and cost efficiently robust interconnect line according to one embodiment. 
     The structure of  FIG. 4A  has the inventive barrier liner  22   b  having an extended width at regions  30  on both sides of the interconnect line  24 . This additional width  22   c  is made larger than the known tolerance of the masks by a selected amount. Thus, even if the mask performing the barrier liner  22   b  is misaligned by the maximum allowed amount within its tolerance range, the region  30  will still be formed having some width extending on either side of the interconnect  24  so as to form a final barrier layer  22   b  between the interconnect  24  and the dielectric  12  having a region  22   c  extending beyond the copper interconnect  24 . The barrier liner  22   b  is thus much wider than the interconnect  24  on all adjacent sides. 
     Having the wider liner  22   b  of  FIG. 4A  addresses the disadvantages of the conventional localized thick interconnect processes. Barrier liner  22   b  provides reduced mechanical stress of the interconnect  24  over a liner which is exactly the same width as interconnect  24 . Further, barrier liner  22   b  provides surface areas fully exposed to the deposition processes of anti-diffusion layer  26 . Due to the extended width of barrier liner  22   b , undercut regions, such as region  28  of  FIG. 3 , do not have an opportunity to form. 
       FIG. 4B  shows another embodiment that achieves the design of  FIG. 4A  according to a method of the present invention. In the embodiment of  FIG. 4B , the prior art techniques are practiced up until the step of  FIG. 1D , as shown. After the step of  FIG. 1D , a second etch process, also known as a touch-up etch, is carried out. The touch-up etch is highly selective to etch only the interconnect material  24 . In the case where copper is used for the interconnect material, a copper etch is used, preferably an isotropic etch, which etches copper equally on all sides. The isotropic etch of the interconnect  24 , which removes material on the exposed top and sidewalls, causes the interconnect  24  to be shorter and thinner than it was prior to the etch. This causes the barrier material  22   b  to now be wider than the interconnect layer  24  and, thus, avoid the problems of the prior art. 
     The amount of etching carried out of the interconnect metal  24  in the second etch may be based upon the expected undercut that occurred when the barrier material  22  was etched in a previous step such as is shown from  FIG. 1C  to  FIG. 1D . As has been previously described, when the layer  22  is etched, some portion of the layer  22  may be undercut under the interconnect layer due to an undercut during the etching or due to overetching. This undercut or overetching may cause the problems illustrated in  FIG. 3 . 
     In  FIG. 4B , the interconnect material  24  is etched by an amount that somewhat exceeds the expected amount of the underetch of the material  22 . For example, if the underetch is in the range 100 nm, an isotropic etch that etches the interconnect  24  by approximately 300-500 nm will be acceptable. This will be sufficient to ensure that the barrier material  22   b  extends some distance beyond the edges of the metal interconnect  24 . 
     The initial size of metal interconnect  24  can be made larger than the final design size by an amount equal to the expected later etching step. Accordingly, after the final etching has taken place, the interconnect layer  24  will have the desired line width, which will be a width less than that of the barrier material  22   b  over which the interconnect  24  is formed. The various layers in  FIG. 4B  are not shown exactly to scale, but rather the features of interest are somewhat enlarged. 
     In summary, according to an alternative embodiment, the copper etching is carried out at two different times. First, a copper etch is performed to remove the seed layer  16 , which also removes a small portion of the interconnect layer  24 . Subsequently, the barrier layer  14  is etched to form a barrier material layer  22  underneath the interconnect layer  24 . This etch is carried out using the interconnect layer  24  as the mask so the barrier material  22  is self-aligned with respect to the interconnect material  24 . Subsequently, the copper is etched a second time to have a dimension somewhat smaller than the barrier material  22   b  on which it sits. This is also a self-aligned etch, done without a mask, so the edges of the material  24  will have a dimension and location with respect to the edge of layer  22  as determined by an etch rather than a separate masking step. 
       FIG. 4C  illustrates another technique to achieve the extended barrier material layer  22   b  as shown in  FIG. 4A . According to this embodiment, the copper layer is formed according to the techniques of the prior art as shown through  FIG. 1C . The seed layer  16  and interconnect material  24  are not necessarily drawn to scale in  FIG. 1C , since in most instances, the seed layer  16  will be significantly thinner than shown with respect to interconnect layer  24 . Nevertheless, the dimensions of layers in  FIG. 1C  is simplified to more easily illustrate the steps of forming the extended width barrier layer  22   b.    
     After the structure as shown in  FIG. 1C  is formed, different steps are carried out according to principles of the present invention. The copper layer  24 , including the copper layer  16 , is subjected to a highly selective copper etch which does not etch the barrier material  14 . The highly selective copper etch removes the seed layer  16  and a small amount of the interconnect material  24 . After the copper seed layer  16  has been removed, a photoresist or other mask  25  is formed over the interconnect  24  and a selected portion of barrier layer  14 . The mask  25  has a width that is distance d wider than the interconnect layer  24 . 
     The distance d is selected to form the barrier material  22   b  such that barrier material  22   b  extends for a wide distance on either side of the interconnect material  24 . According to one embodiment, the distance d is selected to be equal to the minimum line width available on the semiconductor process, plus an additional width equal to the tolerance of error in the misalignment of the photoresist or mask. Accordingly, when the mask  25  is formed, there is assurance that there will be an overlapping portion  22   c  at least equal to the minimum line width available in that particular process on either side of the interconnect metal  24 . In one alternative embodiment, the width of the entire mask  25  is equal to the width of the interconnect material  24  plus the minimum line width d. In this embodiment, the spacing on either side of the interconnect material  24  will be one-half d or d/2. Of course other processing techniques may also be used. 
     The extended liner  22   b  may extend beyond the boundary of the interconnect line  24  by any desirable amount. For example, in some cases, the extended liner  22   b  extends beyond the interconnect line  24  by 0.25 to 0.3 microns on each side. In some cases, the extended liner  22   b  is 2% to 30% wider than the interconnect line  24 . In other cases, the final dimensions of the barrier layer  22   b  are different. 
     In another alternative embodiment, the seed layer  16  is not present. In this alternative embodiment, the sequence of steps includes a blanket deposition of a conductive layer and then a mask and etch of the blanket deposit conductive layer to form interconnect layer  24 . Next, after interconnect layer  24  is formed, the barrier layer  22  is etched to be self-aligned with the interconnect layer  24 . The barrier layer may be etched using the same mask that was used to create the interconnect layer  24 . After etching the barrier layer  22 , a second self-aligned etch is performed, this time with the interconnect material  24 . 
     In the second self-aligned etch, the barrier layer is not etched. Instead, the interconnect layer  24  is etched in order to slightly reduce the width of the interconnect layer  24 . The amount of material removed by the second self-aligned etch is selected to be an amount slightly more than the amount of undercut which may have occurred during the previous etching of the barrier material  22 . This achieves the barrier material  22   b  having a width greater than the width of the interconnect layer  24 . This self-aligned technique is beneficial in assuring that the barrier material  22  will always be wider than the interconnect material  24  without the use of a mask. 
     The extended liner  22   b  of  FIGS. 4A-4C  addresses disadvantages of the localized thick process described previously. Accordingly, any additional steps taken to extend the liner  22   b  provide an overall cost efficiency by increasing the yield of functional parts. In particular, the extended liner  22   b  allows for better conformal deposition of the anti-diffusion layer  26 . Thus, extended liner  22   b  provides a desirable encapsulation of the copper thick interconnect line  24 , which closes any potential copper migration paths that could emanate from the interconnect line  24 . Further, the extended liner  22   b  reduces the mechanical stress at the copper interconnect  24  edge between the copper interconnect line  24  and the barrier liner  22   b . Thus extended liner  22   b  preserves the integrity of the dielectric and other layers below. 
       FIG. 5A  illustrates another embodiment according to the present invention. A copper interconnect layer  24  is formed using the same techniques used for forming the copper interconnect layer  24  of  FIGS. 4A-4C  as previously described. 
     Referring, for example, to  FIG. 4A , and prior to the formation of the anti-diffusion layer  26 , another dielectric layer (not shown) is deposited over the entire substrate. When deposed, this new dielectric layer has a substantial vertical height that rises above and covers interconnect  24 . The dielectric spacer layer is thereafter anisotropically etched without a separate lithographic step to form sidewall spacers  32  on both sides and adjacent to the copper interconnect layer  24 . The sidewalls  32  are shown in  FIG. 5A . Providing the sidewall spacers permits a uniform coverage of the deposed anti-diffusion layer  26 . 
     An additional feature of the embodiment of  FIG. 5A  addresses cases in which the barrier liner  22   b  is formed with imperfect alignment below interconnect  24 . That is, the interconnect  24  is located closer to one edge of the barrier liner  22   b  than an opposite edge. Nevertheless, the designed tolerances of the etching processes are such that barrier liner  22   b  has a width that extends at least a minimum distance from each side of interconnect  24 . Subsequently, spacers  32  are formed such that any overhangs are covered and a smooth, predominantly solid surface is presented for deposition of the anti-diffusion layer  26 . The encapsulation of the interconnect  24  that is made possible by the combination of sidewall spacers  32  and the extended barrier liner  22   b  prevents migration of the copper atoms to structures formed in the substrate  10  or nearby structures formed above substrate  10 . 
       FIG. 5B  illustrates yet another embodiment according to the present invention. According to the embodiment of  FIG. 5B , a blanket dielectric layer is deposited over the structure at the stage shown in the prior art of  FIG. 1C  or just after the seed layer  16  has been etched, as previously described with respect to the present invention. After the conforming dielectric layer has been deposited, an isotropic etch is carried out which leaves sidewalls  32  adjacent the sidewalls at the interconnect metal  24 . The sidewalls  32  cover a portion of the barrier layer  22  adjacent either sides of the interconnect  24 . 
     After the sidewalls  32  are formed, an etch of the barrier layer  14  is carried out, leaving a barrier material  22   d  underneath the interconnect material  24 . Desirably, the barrier material  22   d  will have an additional width on either side of the interconnect material  24  that is equal to the width of the sidewall spacers. In a preferred etch condition, the barrier material  22   d  will be aligned at the edges with the sidewall spacer  32 , as shown on the left side of  FIG. 5B . 
     In the event of some overetching of the barrier layer  14  during the formation of the barrier material  22   d , there may be some undercutting of the barrier material  22   d  below the sidewall spacer  32 . An example of such an undercutting is shown on the right side of  FIG. 5B . When the antidiffusion layer  26  is later formed, it might, if the undercut edge is great, have a small break in the step coverage at  28   c  as shown. However, even if there is a break in the step coverage at  28   c , the interconnect layer  24  is still completely encased by the antidiffusion barrier  26 , the sidewall  32 , and the barrier material  22   d  so that the interconnect layer  24  is completely surrounded and cannot contaminate the silicon substrate  10 . 
     The solutions presented herein improve the reliability of conductive interconnects. For example, a problem of poor step coverage of an anti-diffusion layer is addressed. In addition, a problem of mechanical stress at the interconnect edges is addressed. The solutions presented herein generate structures that provide improved conductive interconnect encapsulation and improved mechanical strength. 
     In the embodiments described herein, electronic and/or electromechanical elements are formed on a semiconductor substrate, e.g., semiconductor components, active components, passive components, bond pads, vias, and the like. Generally, the semiconductor substrate is comprised of monocrystalline silicon, but any other suitable substrate may be used. 
     Additionally, in the embodiments described herein, the thick conductive interconnect is formed of copper or a copper alloy such as copper cobalt (CuCo), copper titanium (CuTi), and others. Generally, however, the inventive principles described herein apply to any suitable conductive material used for the interconnect. For example, other materials that can be used to form interconnects include, but are not limited to, aluminum, titanium, indium, cobalt, tantalum, ruthenium, and any other suitable conductive element, including alloys thereof. 
     The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of the various patents, applications and publications to provide yet further embodiments. 
     These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.