Abstract:
A network-wide interference cancellation scheme estimates channel impulse responses related to Self Interference and the Mutual Interference, then reduces both the Self Interference and the Mutual Interference in the receiver of an Full Duplex device. Full Duplex gains may be capitalized upon and translated into system gain. The scheme is based on an extended Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) treatment of the whole Full Duplex network. The network-wide interference cancellation may be seen to be feasible when a unique pilot signal design and training structure are in place network-wide.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 62/151,632, filed Apr. 23, 2015, the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. The present application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/617,598, filed Feb. 9, 2015, the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. The present application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/617,679, filed Feb. 9, 2015, the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD 
       [0002]    The present application relates, generally, to full-duplex communication networks and, more specifically, to channel impulse response estimation for such networks. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Full-duplex (FD) radio involves use of the same time and frequency resources for each direction in bidirectional communications. The spectral efficiency can be optimized and there is potential for doubling the capacity for a given resource compared to half-duplex (HD) communications. Because of potential benefits in the physical layers and other benefits in upper layers, FD has been considered one of the enabling technologies for future 5G wireless communication systems. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0004]    A network-wide interference cancellation scheme may be shown to reduce both self interference and mutual interference in the receiver of an FD device to a desired level. The scheme is based on an extended Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) treatment of a whole FD network. The network-wide interference cancellation may be seen to be feasible when a unique pilot signal design and training structure are in place network-wide. 
         [0005]    According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of operating a device. The method includes transmitting, by a transmit antenna of the device, a first pilot signal selected from a plurality of mutually orthogonal pilot signals, receiving, by a receive antenna of the device, a first received signal including the first pilot signal and a second pilot signal selected from the plurality of mutually orthogonal pilot signals, the second pilot signal transmitted by a transmit antenna of a distinct device, estimating, by the device based on the first pilot signal, a first channel impulse response (CIR) for a communications channel between the transmit antenna and the receive antenna and estimating, by the device based on the second pilot signal, a second CIR for a communication channel between the transmit antenna of the distinct device and the receive antenna. In other aspects of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer readable medium for storing instruction that, when executed by a processor in a device, cause the processor to carry out this method. 
         [0006]    According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a device comprising a receive antenna, a transmit antenna, a transmitter configured to transmit, via the transmit antenna, a first pilot signal selected from a plurality of pilot signals, a processor and a receiver operatively coupled to the processor, the receiver configured to receive a first received signal including the first pilot signal and a second pilot signal selected from the plurality of mutually orthogonal pilot signals, the second pilot signal transmitted by a transmit antenna of a distinct device. The processor is configured to estimate, based on the first pilot signal, a first channel impulse responses (CIR) for a communications channel between the transmit antenna and the receive antenna and estimate, based on the second pilot signal, a second CIR for a communications channel between the transmit antenna of the distinct device and the receive antenna. 
         [0007]    Other aspects and features of the present disclosure will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon review of the following description of specific implementations of the disclosure in conjunction with the accompanying figures. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]    Reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings which show example implementations, and in which: 
           [0009]      FIG. 1  illustrates a wireless network; 
           [0010]      FIG. 2  illustrates a full-duplex network having a plurality of base stations; 
           [0011]      FIG. 3  illustrates an example full-duplex subframe structure; 
           [0012]      FIG. 4  illustrates an example sequence of subframes of a frame for a communications system supporting full-duplex operation, the sequence of subframes including special subframes; 
           [0013]      FIG. 5  illustrates an example full-duplex device including a first interference cancellation unit; 
           [0014]      FIG. 6  illustrates example components within the first interference cancellation unit of  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0015]      FIG. 7  illustrates example steps in a method carried out at a device to cancel interference while operating in full-duplex mode; 
           [0016]      FIG. 8  illustrates training periods with length to cover both propagation delay and multipath spread; 
           [0017]      FIG. 9  illustrates allocation of a training period over parts of a first example of the special subframe illustrated in  FIG. 4 ; 
           [0018]      FIG. 10  illustrates allocation of a training period over parts of a first example of the special subframe illustrated in  FIG. 4 ; and 
           [0019]      FIG. 11  illustrates elements of an example communications device. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0020]    One challenge for an FD-capable device (e.g., a full duplex capable base station, hereinafter “FD-BS,” or full duplex capable user equipment, hereinafter “FD-UE”) is how to effectively cancel the self-interference (SI) that includes the leakage and reflections of its own transmitting signal. Notably, the SI can be shown to be more than 100 dB stronger than the sensitivity level in the receiver. In the past few years, the SI cancellation techniques have attracted attention from both industry and academia. Notably, remarkable progress has been made in design, implementation and improved performance. 
         [0021]    An air interface upgrade may be proposed for wireless network systems that both enables FD-BS and is backward compatible with legacy UEs. A unique and non-intrusive training structure for FD-BS may be introduced in the air interface with orthogonal pilot signals. 
         [0022]    The implication and impact of FD-enabled devices on the whole wireless network have been among the subjects of recent studies. One issue that may be shown to be particularly detrimental to system gain is additional mutual interference (MI) among FD-enabled devices when all or some of them are operating in full-duplex mode. The focus of such studies is on the impact of residual MI on the system and generally such studies consider that MI can be, somehow, canceled or mitigated. 
         [0023]      FIG. 1  illustrates a wireless network  100  including two BSs  104 - 1  and  104 - 2 , with respective coverage areas  102 - 1  and  102 - 2 . The BSs may be referenced collectively or individually by reference number  104 . Also illustrated in  FIG. 1  are four UEs: a first UE  106 - 1 ; a second UE  106 - 2 ; a third UE  106 - 3 ; and a fourth UE  106 - 4  (collectively or individually  106 ). 
         [0024]    The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is responsible for standardizing Long Term Evolution (LTE) 4G wireless networks with Time-Division Duplexing (LTE-TDD). In traditional LTE-TDD, with a frequency reuse of one, the network interference may be shown to be based upon BS-UE co-channel interference (IF). Such co-channel interference may be observed on the uplink (UL) slot at a BS (UE-BS IF) and may be observed on the downlink DL slot at a UE (BS-UE IF). In such traditional LTE-TDD networks, inter-cell interferences from BS to BS (BS-BS IF) and from UE to UE (UE-UE IF) are largely avoided due to synchronization on a common UL-DL configuration across the entire network. Similarly, in such traditional LTE-TDD networks, intra-cell interferences from UE to UE (UE-UE IF) are largely avoided due to synchronization on a common UL-DL configuration across the entire network. 
         [0025]    In contrast, in an FD-enabled network (hereinafter, an “FD-Net”), where the BSs in the network may operate in FD mode, the self-interference is most dominant in an FD-BS. The inter-cell interference and the intra-cell interference pertaining to the FD network (BS-BS IF and UE-UE IF) can be relatively significant due to the UL time slot of one device (BS or UE) being the same time slot and resource block (RB) with the DL of another device. 
         [0026]    In  FIG. 1 , the first BS  104 - 1  and the second BS  104 - 2  operate in FD mode while all four of the UEs  106  operate in legacy half duplex mode. 
         [0027]    One type of interference in the FD-Net  100  of  FIG. 1  is self-interference  116 - 0 ,  116 - 1 , which may be considered to arise from coupling and reflection of a transmitted signal back to a receiver in the FD-BS  104 . 
         [0028]    Another type of interference in the FD-Net  100  of  FIG. 1  is BS to BS interference (BS-BS IF)  114 , which may be defined as transmitting signal in a FD-BS  104  received by a neighboring FD-BS  104 . BS-BS IF can be observed simultaneously in all neighboring FD-BSs  104  as a result of mutual interference on the shared RBs. That is, for a given RB that is shared by the first BS  104 - 1  and the second BS  104 - 2 , the first BS  104 - 1  can experience BS-BS IF from the second BS  104 - 2  while, at the same time, the second BS  104 - 2  can experience BS-BS IF from the first BS  104 - 1 . 
         [0029]    A further type of interference in the FD-Net  100  of  FIG. 1  is UE to UE interference (UE-UE IF). When two HD-UEs  106  are scheduled in the same slot by an FD-BS  104  to operate respectively for UL and DL, the transmitting signal (UL) from one UE  106  may be shown to interfere with the receiving of the DL signal at another UE  106 . This interference may be caused by another UE in the same cell (intra-cell UE-UE IF  108 - 21 ,  108 - 43 ) or in a neighboring cell (inter-cell UE-UE IF  108 - 23 ). 
         [0030]    In addition, BS-UE interference (BS-UE IF)  110  and UE-BS interference (UE-BS IF)  112  may be considered to be a type of co-channel interference inherited from the legacy HD network (HD-Net). It can be seen on both BSs  104  and UEs  106  as a result of scheduling two or more UEs  106  in neighboring cells on the same RBs in DL and/or UL. 
         [0031]    In overview, interference observed at the FD-BS  104  in the FD-Net  100  can be, at least partially, cancelled. In particular, the focus is on cancellation of SI  116  and BS-BS IF  114 . Notably, however, aspects of the present application may be applied to cancellation of UE-BS IF  112  and may be found to be applicable to that of UE-UE IF  108  at the UEs  106 . 
         [0032]    In a typical full-duplex device (e.g., a BS  104  or a UE  106 ), cancellation of self-interference has two steps involved. The first step involves establishment of a dedicated half-duplex training period. During the training period, a pilot signal is transmitted by the FD device. A pilot signal may also be known as a training signal. The receiver of the FD device may then estimate the contributions from various mechanisms that lead to the SI. Such mechanisms may include, for example, leakage, coupling and reflections. The second step, which occurs during normal communications, involves reconstruction of a copy of the SI based on the estimated channel and the knowledge of the transmitted signal. The underlying infrastructure for an FD device can be summarized as follows: 
         [0033]    1) A pilot signal for MIMO channel estimation; 
         [0034]    2) An HD training period dedicated to FD channel estimation; and 
         [0035]    3) Availability of transmitting data for interference reconstruction. 
         [0036]    The general approach to the cancellation of BS-BS IF  114  in a full-duplex enabled network is to leverage, to the extent practical, the existing infrastructure for cancellation of SI  116 , while taking into account BS-BS IF  114  from neighboring BSs  104 . There are several differences between cancellation of SI  116  at a BS  104  in an FD-Net and cancellation of SI  116  in a single BS  104 . 
         [0037]    Using the first BS  104 - 1  in  FIG. 1  as an example BS, one of the differences is based upon a difference between the propagation channel that the BS-BS IF  114  undergoes and the propagation channel that SI  116 - 0  undergoes. Furthermore, differences may be seen between the propagation channel that the BS-BS IF  114  undergoes and the propagation channel undergone by other BS-BS IF, say, from a third BS (not shown). Specifically, the delay spread of the channel impulse response (CIR) for BS-BS IF  114  will differ from one BS  104  to another BS  104 . 
         [0038]    The size of the extended MIMO setup to include both SI  116  and BS-BS IF  114  could be significantly larger if multiple neighboring BSs  104  are considered. 
         [0039]    A backhaul (in the case of distributed BSs  104 ) data link or a fronthaul (in the case of centralized BSs, like those employed in a Cloud Radio Access Network, or C-RAN) data link may be employed for tunneling transmit data across BSs  104 . It is understood herein that the capacity of the data link is sufficient and the link is lossless for the data transfer. 
         [0040]    An FD-Net  200  is illustrated in  FIG. 2  to allow consideration of operation of a BS in an environment with both SI and BS-BS IF. In the following sections, a design for pilot signals and an allocation of a training period allow for cancellation of both SI and BS-BS IF in the FD-Net  200 . 
         [0041]      FIG. 2  illustrates a first FD-BS, BS 1    204 - 1 , in the FD-Net  200 . The FD-Net  200  generically includes K b  FD-BSs, however, only two further FD-BSs are illustrated in  FIG. 2 , referenced as a second BS 2    204 - 2  and a K b th BS Kb    204 -KB. Accordingly, the first BS 1    204 - 1  is affected by its own SI as well as BS-BS IF from BSs in neighboring cells. 
         [0042]    The first BS 1    204 - 1  includes a first transmitter  205 - 1  and a first receiver  207 - 1 . The second BS 2    204 - 2  includes a second transmitter  205 - 2  and a second receiver  207 - 2 . The K b th BS Kb    204 -KB includes a K b th transmitter  205 -KB and a K b th receiver  207 -KB. There is first SI  216 - 1  at the first BS 1    204 - 1 . There is second SI  216 - 2  at the second BS 2    204 - 2 . There is K b th SI  216 -KB at the K b th BS Kb    204 -KB. The first BS 1    204 - 1  is also illustrated as experiencing BS-BS IF  214 - 21  from the second BS 2    204 - 2  and BS-BS IF  214 -KB 1  from the K b th BS Kb    204 -KB. 
         [0043]    To support legacy half-duplex devices, existing half-duplex frame structures may be modified to support full-duplex communications, including the transmission of pilot signals to allow for channel estimation. As an illustrative example, the 3GPP LTE TDD frame structure may be modified to support full-duplex communications. 
         [0044]      FIG. 3  illustrates an example full-duplex subframe structure  300 . The full-duplex subframe structure  300  is based on subframe configuration  3  for a 3GPP LTE TDD compliant communications system (see 3GPP TS 36.211: “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access; Physical channels and modulation—Table 4.2-1: Configuration of special subframe). Subframes  0  and  2  of the full-duplex subframe structure  300  may be used for downlink (D) transmissions and uplink (U) transmissions, respectively. Subframe  1  of the full-duplex subframe structure  300  may be a special (S) subframe including a Downlink Pilot Time Slot (a DwPTS) portion  305 , a guard period/training period (GP/TP) portion  310  and an Uplink Pilot Time Slot (UpPTS) portion  315 . The GP/TP portion  310  may serve several purposes. When the full-duplex subframe structure  300  is used in conjunction with a legacy (half-duplex) BS, for example, the GP/TP portion  310  may serve as a GP between the DwPTS portion  305  and the UpPTS portion  315  for the switching from downlink transmission to uplink transmission. However, when the full-duplex subframe structure  300  is used in conjunction with a full-duplex BS, for example, the GP/TP portion  310  may also be used to allow full-duplex devices to perform CIR estimation in accordance with a pilot signal transmitted in half-duplex GP/TP portion  310 . The length of the GP/TP portion  310  may be adjusted using special subframe configurations. 
         [0045]    The seven remaining subframes of the full-duplex subframe structure  300  are flexible (F) subframes, meaning that each subframe may be used for downlink transmissions and/or uplink transmissions. In other words, one or more uplink transmissions and/or one or more downlink transmissions may be scheduled for each subframe. The scheduling for the subframes that may be used in a flexible manner may be optimized based on a number of criteria, such as maximum capacity, interference constraints and the like. From a UE&#39;s perspective, the UE may be well served if it is able to prepare an uplink transmission or a downlink reception based on scheduling assignments received on a control channel or higher layer signaling. Examples of higher layer signaling include radio resource control (RRC) signaling. 
         [0046]      FIG. 4  illustrates an example sequence of subframes of a frame  400  for a communications system supporting full-duplex operation. The frame  400  includes a zeroth special subframe  455 - 0  comprising a DwPTS portion  457 , a GP/TP portion  459  and an UpPTS portion  461 . The frame  400  also includes a fifth special subframe  455 - 5  with a structure consistent with the structure of the zeroth special subframe  455 - 0 . For communications systems supporting full-duplex operation utilizing extensions to certain 3GPP LTE TDD compliant communications systems, a representative frame may be similar. The length, as well as the periodicity, of the training period may be dependent upon environmental and/or communications system factors. As an illustrative example, if there is a need for a signal to noise ratio (SNR) threshold of a channel estimator at a receiver to be exceeded for correct operation, then the length and/or periodicity of the training period is set in manner that allows the SNR threshold to be exceeded. If there is a requirement that the repetition of the training period is less than a time coherence of the channel, for example, then the length of the training period is set to less than the time coherence of the channel. A detailed discussion presenting frame structures supporting full-duplex operation is presented in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/617,679, filed Feb. 9, 2015, which application is commonly assigned and hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0047]      FIG. 5  illustrates an example full-duplex device  500 . The full-duplex device  500  includes a plurality, N b , of antennas shared by transmitters and receivers, three of which are illustrated. The antennas include a first antenna  505 A, a second antenna  505 B and an N b th antenna  505 NB (collectively or individually  505 ). The transmitters include a first transmitter  507 A, a second transmitter  507 B and an N b th transmitter  507 NB (collectively or individually  507 ). The receivers include a first receiver  509 A, a second receiver  509 B and an N b th receiver  509 NB (collectively or individually  509 ). 
         [0048]    The full-duplex device  500  also includes circulators, including a first circulator  511 A, a second circulator  511 B and an N b th circulator  511 NB (collectively or individually  511 ). Each circulator  511  couples an antenna  505  to an associated transmitter  507  and an associated receiver  509 . The self-interference at a receiver  509  may arise from different paths (commonly referred to as multipath). As an illustrative example, a transmitted signal may leak through the circulator  511  and be reflected by the antenna  505  to the receiver  509 . Furthermore, other transmitted signals from nearby antennas  505  may be detected by the receiver  509  together with reflections of the transmitted signals off surrounding structures. In order to effectively remove the self-interference in the receiver  509 , channel estimates (e.g., MIMO channel estimates, CIRs, and the like) from the transmitters  507  to the receiver  509  are determined so that a replica of the self-interference may be reproduced and used to cancel the self-interference at the receiver  509 , for example, at an interference cancellation unit.  FIG. 5  illustrates a first interference cancellation unit  513 A, a second interference cancellation unit  513 B and an N b th interference cancellation unit  513 NB (collectively or individually  513 ). The received signals, after interference cancellation, may be decoded by a signal processing unit  515  to recover transmitted data. Note that units  513  and  515  may be distributed in units  207  in  FIG. 2  or centralized in unit  210  in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0049]      FIG. 6  illustrates example components within the first interference cancellation unit  513 A of  FIG. 5 . The interference cancellation unit  513 A may operate in a multi-phase mode. In a first phase, the interference cancellation unit  513 A may perform channel estimation, such as CIR estimation or MIMO channel estimation, using a channel estimation unit  655 . Channel estimation may be performed, by the channel estimation unit  655 , utilizing the transmitted pilot signals (e.g., x 1,k , x 2,k , . . . , x Nb,k ) to allow for channel estimation. As an illustrative example, referring back to  FIGS. 3 and 4 , the pilot signals may be transmitted in the half-duplex GP/TP portion  459  of the first special subframe  455 . In a second phase, an interference reconstruction unit  660  of the interference cancellation unit  513 A may reconstruct the self-interference and the mutual interference based on known transmitted data symbols (e.g., x 1,k , x 2,k , . . . , x Nb,k ) and a channel estimate (e.g., h p ) produced by channel estimation unit  655 . A combiner  665  may combine (i.e., subtract) the interference reconstruction (as generated by an interference reconstruction unit  660 ) with the received signal (e.g., y p ) to produce an output of the combiner  665  with the interference reconstruction subtracted from the received signal. 
         [0050]    Consider the kth base station, BS k , where the number of transmit antennas is denoted by N k , the number of MIMO receivers is denoted by M k  and the length of the CIR for the interference from BS k  is understood to be L k , where k=1, 2, . . . , K b . A representation of the baseband signal sampled in the pth MIMO receiver, of the M k  (k=0) MIMO receivers of the first BS 1 , may be formulated by 
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         [0000]    where x q,k (n) represents the transmitting pilot signal samples from the qth antenna on the kth BS. h p,q,k (l) represents the CIR taps from the qth antenna on the kth BS. v p (n) is the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) in the receiver. Note that the UE signal is not present in equation (1) because of the half duplex assumption for the training period. A block of N samples collected in the receiver, n=n 0 , n 0 +1, . . . , n 0 +N−1, can be represented as a vector, and equation (1) can be expressed in matrix form: 
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                                       b 
                                     
                                   
                                   , 
                                   
                                     K 
                                     b 
                                   
                                 
                                 T 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ] 
                     
                   
                   , 
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   6 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where h p,q,k  is an L k ×1 CIR vector from the qth antenna on the kth BS to the pth receiver: 
         [0000]        h   p,q,k   =[h   p,q,k (0), h   p,q,k (1), . . . , h   p,q,k ( L   k −1)] T   , q= 1, . . .  N   k   ,k= 1, . . .  K   b.    (7)
 
         [0051]    The pilot signal symbols from all Tx antennas on all BSs may be concatenated into an N×D matrix X with the form of 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     X 
                     = 
                     
                       [ 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 X 
                                 
                                   1 
                                   , 
                                   1 
                                 
                               
                               , 
                               
                                 X 
                                 
                                   2 
                                   , 
                                   1 
                                 
                               
                               , 
                               … 
                                
                               
                                   
                               
                               , 
                               
                                 
                                   X 
                                   
                                     
                                       N 
                                       0 
                                     
                                     , 
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                                  
                                 
                                   X 
                                   
                                     1 
                                     , 
                                     2 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               , 
                               
                                 X 
                                 
                                   2 
                                   , 
                                   2 
                                 
                               
                               , 
                               … 
                                
                               
                                   
                               
                               , 
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 X 
                                 
                                   
                                     N 
                                     1 
                                   
                                   , 
                                   2 
                                 
                               
                               , 
                               … 
                                
                               
                                   
                               
                               , 
                               
                                 X 
                                 
                                   1 
                                   , 
                                   
                                     K 
                                     b 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               , 
                               
                                 X 
                                 
                                   2 
                                   , 
                                   
                                     K 
                                     b 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               , 
                               … 
                                
                               
                                   
                               
                               , 
                               
                                 X 
                                 
                                   
                                     N 
                                     
                                       K 
                                       b 
                                     
                                   
                                   , 
                                   
                                     K 
                                     b 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ] 
                     
                   
                   , 
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   8 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where X q,k  is an N×L k  channel convolution matrix with pilot signal from the qth antenna on the kth BS: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     x 
                     
                       q 
                       , 
                       k 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       [ 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 x 
                                 
                                   q 
                                   , 
                                   k 
                                 
                               
                                
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   n 
                                   0 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 x 
                                 
                                   q 
                                   , 
                                   k 
                                 
                               
                                
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   
                                     n 
                                     0 
                                   
                                   - 
                                   1 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             … 
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 x 
                                 
                                   q 
                                   , 
                                   k 
                                 
                               
                                
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   
                                     n 
                                     0 
                                   
                                   + 
                                   1 
                                   - 
                                   
                                     L 
                                     k 
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 x 
                                 
                                   q 
                                   , 
                                   k 
                                 
                               
                                
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   
                                     n 
                                     0 
                                   
                                   + 
                                   1 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 x 
                                 
                                   q 
                                   , 
                                   k 
                                 
                               
                                
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   n 
                                   0 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             … 
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 x 
                                 
                                   q 
                                   , 
                                   k 
                                 
                               
                                
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   
                                     n 
                                     0 
                                   
                                   + 
                                   2 
                                   - 
                                   
                                     L 
                                     k 
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             … 
                           
                           
                             … 
                           
                           
                             … 
                           
                           
                             … 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 x 
                                 
                                   q 
                                   , 
                                   k 
                                 
                               
                                
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   
                                     n 
                                     0 
                                   
                                   + 
                                   N 
                                   - 
                                   1 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 x 
                                 
                                   q 
                                   , 
                                   k 
                                 
                               
                                
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   
                                     n 
                                     0 
                                   
                                   + 
                                   N 
                                   - 
                                   2 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             … 
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 x 
                                 
                                   q 
                                   , 
                                   k 
                                 
                               
                                
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   
                                     n 
                                     0 
                                   
                                   + 
                                   N 
                                   - 
                                   
                                     L 
                                     k 
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ] 
                     
                     . 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   9 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0052]    Then, a least-square (LS) channel estimation of h p  in equation (2) may be given by 
         [0000]        ĥ   p =( X   H   X ) −1   X   H   y   p .   (10)
 
         [0053]    The interference can be reconstructed at the interference reconstruction unit  660  in  FIG. 6  by 
         [0000]      ŷ p =Xĥ p    (11)
 
         [0000]    such that an interference cancellation residual signal, z p , is 
         [0000]        z   p   =ŷ   p   −y   p .   (12)
 
         [0054]    Notably, the complexity comes mostly from the channel estimation in equation (10). Let 
         [0000]      R x =X H X   (13)
 
         [0000]    be the correlation matrix of the pilot signals with dimension D×D. D in equation (5) could be large, even with some moderate parameters in the system. For example, D=1040 for K b =6, N k =2 and L k =80 except L 0 =40. Accordingly, a real time implementation of equation (10) may be considered difficult for reasonable processing power available in a BS. As an assist to real time implementation of equation (10), R x   −1  may be calculated off-line and saved. However, the approach of calculating R x   −1  off-line and then saving the calculated R x   −1  could become problematic, as noticed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/617,598, filed Feb. 9, 2015, commonly assigned and hereby incorporated herein by reference. In the present application, the design methodology in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/617,598 is extended from cancellation of only SI to cancellation of both SI and BS-BS IF in an FD-Net. 
         [0055]    In general, aspects of the present application involve designing a set of pilot signals for each of the transmit antennas in the neighboring K b  BSs, such that their correlation matrix of equation (13) becomes an identity matrix up to a scalar, that is 
         [0000]      R x =X H X=Nσ x   2 I D ,   (14)
 
         [0000]    where σ x   2 =|x q,k (n)| 2 . The LS estimator would become: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         h 
                         ^ 
                       
                       p 
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         1 
                         
                           N 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           
                             σ 
                             x 
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                        
                       
                         x 
                         H 
                       
                        
                       
                         y 
                         p 
                       
                     
                   
                   , 
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   15 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    which may be viewed as a set of cross-correlations between pilot signals and received samples. Specifically, the individual CIR for any pair of the transmitter and receiver antennas can be estimated independently as 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         h 
                         ^ 
                       
                       
                         p 
                         , 
                         q 
                         , 
                         k 
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         1 
                         
                           N 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           
                             σ 
                             x 
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                        
                       
                         x 
                         
                           q 
                           , 
                           k 
                         
                         H 
                       
                        
                       
                         y 
                         p 
                       
                     
                   
                   , 
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   
                     q 
                     = 
                     1 
                   
                   , 
                   2 
                   , 
                   … 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                   , 
                   
                     N 
                     k 
                   
                   , 
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   
                     k 
                     = 
                     1 
                   
                   , 
                   
                     … 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     
                       K 
                       b 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   16 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where ĥ p,q,k  is in the same form as h p,q,k  in equation (7) and X q,k  is the channel convolution matrix in equation (9). The condition, the correlation matrix becoming an identity matrix—see equation (14), that allows equations (15) and (16) to be realized, is equivalent to conditions for the correlation matrix of a pair of pilot signals on two Tx antennas: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       x 
                       
                         
                           q 
                           1 
                         
                         , 
                         
                           k 
                           1 
                         
                       
                       H 
                     
                      
                     
                       x 
                       
                         
                           q 
                           2 
                         
                         , 
                         
                           k 
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     { 
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     N 
                                      
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                      
                                     
                                       σ 
                                       x 
                                       2 
                                     
                                      
                                     
                                       I 
                                       
                                         L 
                                         
                                           k 
                                           1 
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   , 
                                 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     q 
                                     1 
                                   
                                   = 
                                   
                                     
                                       
                                         q 
                                         2 
                                       
                                        
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                        
                                       and 
                                        
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                        
                                       
                                         k 
                                         1 
                                       
                                     
                                     = 
                                     
                                       k 
                                       2 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     0 
                                     
                                       
                                         L 
                                         
                                           k 
                                           1 
                                         
                                       
                                       × 
                                       
                                         L 
                                         
                                           k 
                                           2 
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   , 
                                 
                               
                               
                                 otherwise 
                               
                             
                           
                           . 
                           
                             
 
                           
                            
                           
                             q 
                             1 
                           
                         
                         ∈ 
                         
                           { 
                           
                             1 
                             , 
                             2 
                             , 
                             … 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                             , 
                             
                               N 
                               
                                 k 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                           
                           } 
                         
                       
                       , 
                       
                         
                           q 
                           2 
                         
                         ∈ 
                         
                           { 
                           
                             1 
                             , 
                             2 
                             , 
                             … 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                             , 
                             
                               N 
                               
                                 k 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                           
                           } 
                         
                       
                       , 
                       
                         
 
                       
                        
                       
                         k 
                         1 
                       
                       , 
                       
                         
                           k 
                           2 
                         
                         ∈ 
                         
                           
                             { 
                             
                               1 
                               , 
                               2 
                               , 
                               … 
                                
                               
                                   
                               
                               , 
                               
                                 K 
                                 b 
                               
                             
                             } 
                           
                           . 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   17 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0056]    From equation (17), it can be noted that one consequence of the pilot signals being orthogonal is that the autocorrelations of all of the pilot signals is ideal (i.e., a Dirac delta function δ(τ)) with all lags |τ|≦L m −1. Another consequence of the pilot signals being orthogonal is that the cross-correlation between pilot signals is all zeros over the same lag interval, where L m =max k∈[0,K     b     ] L k . Such a set of orthogonal pilot signals can be built upon the general zero-correlation-zone (ZCZ) sequences and cyclic prefix (CP). For details of ZCZ sequences and design examples, one may refer to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/617,598 and references therein. 
         [0057]    In the following, a set of ZCZ sequences is constructed with the sequence length being equal to N, the zone size being no less than L m −1 and the set size being at least N b , the total number of Tx antennas from all neighbouring cells: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     N 
                     b 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       ∑ 
                       
                         k 
                         = 
                         0 
                       
                       
                         K 
                         b 
                       
                     
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     
                       
                         N 
                         k 
                       
                       . 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   18 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0058]    If we let the constructed ZCZ sequence set be indexed as 
         [0000]      δ={ s   q,k (0), s   q,k (1), . . . , s   q,k ( N− 1)},  q= 1,2, . . . ,  N   k   ,k= 1, . . .  K   b    (19)
 
         [0000]    then the pilot signal transmitted from the qth antenna on the kth BS would be a (N+N CP )×1 vector 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       x 
                       
                         q 
                         , 
                         k 
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         [ 
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     s 
                                     
                                       q 
                                       , 
                                       k 
                                     
                                   
                                    
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       N 
                                       - 
                                       
                                         N 
                                         CP 
                                       
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                                 , 
                                 
                                   
                                     s 
                                     
                                       q 
                                       , 
                                       k 
                                     
                                   
                                    
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       N 
                                       - 
                                       
                                         N 
                                         CP 
                                       
                                       + 
                                       1 
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                                 , 
                                 … 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 , 
                                 
                                   
                                     s 
                                     
                                       q 
                                       , 
                                       k 
                                     
                                   
                                    
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       N 
                                       - 
                                       1 
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                                 , 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     s 
                                     
                                       q 
                                       , 
                                       k 
                                     
                                   
                                    
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     0 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                                 , 
                                 
                                   
                                     s 
                                     
                                       q 
                                       , 
                                       k 
                                     
                                   
                                    
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     1 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                                 , 
                                 … 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 , 
                                 
                                   
                                     s 
                                     
                                       q 
                                       , 
                                       k 
                                     
                                   
                                    
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       N 
                                       - 
                                       1 
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         ] 
                       
                       T 
                     
                   
                   , 
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   20 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where each of the first N CP  symbols are a cyclic prefix (CP) copied from the end of the original ZCZ sequence. Notably, a condition that N CP ≧L m −1 is to be met to allow the orthogonality to be maintained over the delay spread in equation (17). The CP should also cover the propagation delay from neighboring BS k  to BS 1 , as will be discussed hereinafter. It should also be noted that the CP length should cover the multipath spread and propagation delay of mutual interference between BSs. Furthermore, the CP length need not, necessarily, match the normal or extended CP length specified in the LTE standard. 
         [0059]    Selection of pilot signals for a full-duplex communications system begins with the device selecting a set of signals that meet communications system requirements. The set of signals may, for one example, meet the condition as expressed in equation (14), as well as in equation (17). As an example, a ZCZ sequence may be selected and the ZCZ sequence selected may meet conditions as set in equations (14) and (17). The same ZCZ sequence may, for example, be selected to meet other communications system requirements, such as: the length of the ZCZ sequence being equal to the desired symbol length N (before cyclic prefix being added); the size of the ZCZ sequences set being equal to or greater than the number of transmit antennas N b ; and the ZCZ sequence zone length being equal to or greater than the channel delay spread L b  which may dictate a minimum ZCZ-zone length for auto- and cross-correlations of the sequences in the ZCZ sequence set; and the like. The device may save the ZCZ sequence. The ZCZ sequence (or information about the ZCZ sequence, which may be sufficient to generate a duplicate of the ZCZ sequence) may be saved to a local memory, a remote memory, a local database, a remote database, a local server, a remote server, or the like. 
         [0060]      FIG. 7  illustrates a flow diagram of example steps in a method carried out at a device operating in full-duplex mode. The steps may be indicative of operations occurring at a device, such as a BS capable of full-duplex operation or a full-duplex UE, as the device operates in full-duplex mode. 
         [0061]    The method of  FIG. 7  may begin with the device transmitting pilot signals for full-duplex CIR estimation (step  705 ). The pilot signals may be a ZCZ sequence or any other type of signal satisfying equation (14) selected, for example, according to the method of  FIG. 7 , for meeting communications system requirements. That is, the pilot signal may be configured to allow for an estimation of a CIR for a communications channel between transmit antennas of the K b  BSs and a receive antenna of the device. 
         [0062]    The pilot signals may, for example, be selected by the device, specified by a technical standard, or selected by an operator of the communications system. The device may measure (step  710 ) interference in accordance with the pilot signals. Additionally, as part of step  710 , the device may also estimate the CIRs of the communication channels. The device may then send and receive (step  715 ) signals. The signals sent in step  715  may be signals corresponding to a first transmission. The signals received in step  715  may include signals corresponding to the first transmission, self-interference (SI) arising from further transmissions made by the transmit antennas of the device and mutual interference (BS-BS IF) arising from further transmissions made by the transmit antennas of the other BSs. The device may cancel (step  720 ) interference (at least some of the SI and at least some of the BS-BS IF) present in the received signals by using the estimated CIRs. The device may then process (step  725 ) information contained in the received signals after the interference cancellation. As will be well understood by the person of ordinary skill in the art, such processing (step  725 ) of the information contained in the received signals may include demodulation and decoding. 
         [0063]    The least-square channel estimation of h p  given in equations (10) and (15) may be subject to estimation errors, for example due to observation noise in equation (1). In general, such estimation errors may be included in the channel estimation explicitly by using the expression 
         [0000]      ĥ p   =h   p   +Δh   p ,   (21)
 
         [0000]    where Δh p  is representative of estimation error and can be considered to be normally distributed with a zero mean and certain variance. The variance of the LS estimation of equation (10) reaches the Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) when the observation noise v p (n) is AWGN. It can be shown that the CRLB may be found as the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix 
         [0000]        C   Δh   =E{Δh   p   Δh   p   H }=σ v   2 ( X   H   X ) −1 ,   (22)
 
         [0000]    where σ v   2  is the variance of the observation noise v p (n) in the receiver. For the proposed orthogonal pilots satisfying equation (14), we have 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     C 
                     
                       Δ 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       h 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         σ 
                         v 
                         2 
                       
                       
                         N 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         
                           σ 
                           x 
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                      
                     
                       
                         I 
                         D 
                       
                       . 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   23 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    Accordingly, the cancellation residual of equation (12) may be rewritten as 
         [0000]        z   p   =ŷ   p   −y   p =ε p   −v   p ,   (24)
 
         [0000]    where 
         [0000]      ε p =XΔh p    (25)
 
         [0000]    is the additional noise in the cancellation residual due to channel estimation errors. The average power of the additional noise, P ε , can be evaluated by 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       P 
                       ɛ 
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         
                           1 
                           N 
                         
                          
                         E 
                          
                         
                           { 
                           
                             
                               ɛ 
                               p 
                               H 
                             
                              
                             
                               ɛ 
                               p 
                             
                           
                           } 
                         
                       
                       = 
                       
                         
                           
                             σ 
                             x 
                             2 
                           
                            
                           E 
                            
                           
                             { 
                             
                               Δ 
                                
                               
                                   
                               
                                
                               
                                 h 
                                 p 
                                 H 
                               
                                
                               Δ 
                                
                               
                                   
                               
                                
                               
                                 h 
                                 p 
                               
                             
                             } 
                           
                         
                         = 
                         
                           
                             
                               σ 
                               x 
                               2 
                             
                              
                             
                               Tr 
                                
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   C 
                                   
                                     Δ 
                                      
                                     
                                         
                                     
                                      
                                     h 
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               D 
                               N 
                             
                              
                             
                               σ 
                               v 
                               2 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   , 
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   26 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where Tr(.) denotes the trace of a matrix. D has been defined in equation (5) and N is the length of the observation window for channel estimation. The power of the total cancellation residual of equation (24) is 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     P 
                     z 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         P 
                         ɛ 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         σ 
                         v 
                         2 
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             D 
                             N 
                           
                           + 
                           1 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                        
                       
                         σ 
                         v 
                         2 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   27 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0064]    It is suggested by equation (26) that the cancellation noise due to channel estimation errors or, equivalently, due to reconstruction errors in this case, can be reduced to a level below the observation noise provided that D&lt;N. For the example of D=1040 used above, a reasonable choice of N=2D=2080, which is about the duration of an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol in LTE, would have additional noise that is 3 dB below the observation noise but raise the overall cancellation residual 1.76 dB above the original observation noise. 
         [0065]    One of the advantages of using orthogonal pilot signals that satisfy equation (17) is that only one shared HD training period is employed for completing the training for all the K b  BSs involved in the interference cancellation setup that is represented in equation (1). 
         [0066]    Given the variation in propagation paths among SI (BS 0  to BS 0 ) and mutual interferences (BS k  to BS 1 , k=2 . . . K b ), the CP of the pilot signal of equation (20) may be extended to reduce a likelihood that the regular DL signals, received from other BSs at BS 0 , interfere with the pilot signals in the correlation window for channel estimation. That is, the minimum CP length for the pilot signal in equation (20) should be N CP =L m +T m −1, where T m , is the number of samples corresponding the maximum propagation delay from the farthest BS to BS 0 . Therefore, the minimum length of the training period should be N+L m +T m −1. An example is illustrated in  FIG. 8 , where, at the BS 0 , Rx signals from BS 1  and BS K     b    are considered to have total delays (propagation delay plus multipath delay)≦N CP  and an imaginary Rx signal is expected to have a total delay&gt;N CP  such that the preceding DL signal intrudes into the channel estimation window and invalidates the orthogonal conditions (17) for pilot signals. 
         [0067]    The training period can be, in general, allocated in any of the downlink slots where no control signals such CRS, PSS, SSS, PBCH, PDCCH, PCFICH and PHICH are scheduled. An efficient, and less intrusive, allocation of the training period is proposed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/617,679. In U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/617,679, the training period is suggested to be shared with the Guard Period (GP) for the LTE-TDD system. The allocation of a training period over the GP and part of the DwPTS is exemplified in  FIG. 9  (called an extended TP  925 ). 
         [0068]      FIG. 9  illustrates an example special subframe  900  with an extended half-duplex pilot signal. The special subframe  900  includes a DwPTS portion  905 , a GP/TP portion  910  and an UpPTS portion  915 . In situations where a longer pilot signal is warranted, but legacy compatibility is needed, a subset of DwPTS portion  605  may be reserved by a scheduler and used to carry the pilot signal. As shown in  FIG. 9 , a part of the DwPTS portion  905  (a sym 2 /TP portion  920  and a sym 3 /TP portion  922 ) may be used to carry the pilot signal, yielding the extended TP  925 . Furthermore, in frames with multiple special subframes, all of the special subframes may have extended TPs, a subset of the special subframes may have extended TPs, or none of the special subframes may have extended TPs. 
         [0069]    In the example special subframe  900  of  FIG. 9 , the extended TP  925  is shared with the GP/TP portion  910  and extended to two OFDM symbols (the sym 2 /TP portion  920  and the sym 3 /TP portion  922 ) in the DwPTS portion  905 . An example special subframe  1000  is illustrated in  FIG. 10 . The example special subframe  1000  illustrated in  FIG. 10  includes a DwPTS portion  1005 , a GP/TP portion  1010  and a UpPTS portion  1015 . An extended TP  1025  is shared with the GP/TP portion  1010  and extended to only one OFDM symbol (the sym 2 /TP portion  1020 ) in the DwPTS portion  1005 . Differences between the DwPTS portion  905  in  FIG. 9  and the DwPTS portion  1005  in  FIG. 10  may be familiar to those knowledgeable about special subframe configurations within the LTE TDD standard. 
         [0070]    A selection process may be employed to select the most strongly interfering BSs from the neighboring cells. The selection process can be adaptive and, additionally, may be tailored to complexity and performance specific to a network. In one embodiment, the selection of strongest interfering BSs can be based on the individual channel estimation from (16), which is possible due to the orthogonality of the pilot signals. The interference level from each BS, and even from each Tx antenna of each BS, can be calculated by energy of the CIR, ĥ p,q,k,  estimated for the qth antenna and kth BS in the network. That is, the selection of “strongest interfering BS” may be the BS with the antenna generating the strongest interference. Alternatively, the “strongest interfering BS” may be the BS with the most total interference, with contributions from many antennas. Consequently, the number of antennas N k  selected for cancellation in the kth BS may be less than the number of physical antennas in the kth BS. 
         [0071]    The solution provided herein may be applied to those networks for which there is a mechanism for sharing transmission information among a set of BSs involved in the interference cancellation (see  FIG. 2 ). 
         [0072]    A C-RAN based FD-Net can implement aspects of the present invention in a centralized unit (CU) because the transmission information can be readily available at the CU and the interference cancellation can be done digitally in a centralized baseband unit (C-BBU). Aspects of the present application can be implemented at remote radio units (RRUs) simultaneously for hybrid analog and digital interference cancellation in RRUs where the required transmission plus channel information, or the reconstructed copies of the interference, can be passed from CU to RRUs with proper timing advance. One of the advantages of two-stage hybrid analog/digital and digital cancellation in RRUs and C-BBU is that an improved dynamic range can be achieved for both the interference residual and uplink signal. 
         [0073]    Aspects of the present application are, in principle, applicable to the cancellation of UE-UE IF, as shown in  FIG. 2 , in a HD-UE or an FD-UE. The sharing of transmission information between UEs can be accomplished by communication links between the UEs. Such communication links may be realized using various technologies, such as WiFi (defined in the 802.11 standards published by the Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers), Bluetooth™, Near Field Communication (NFC), etc. The capability for such communication links is widely available in smart UEs. Since the uplink transmission is controlled by the BS, a dedicated training period can be scheduled for a group of UEs involved in interference cancellation setup that can be formulated in a manner consistent with equations (1) to (14). 
         [0074]    Although aspects of the present application have been elaborated for applications in LTE networks, such aspects can be equally suited for other applications, such as for FD-WiFi networks, where the cancellation of Access Point to Access Point Interference (AP-AP IF) and Station to Station Interference (STA-STA IF) can be handled in a manner consistent with aspects of the present application, provided that that suitable infrastructure is either available or can be constructed, for example, in a manner consistent with the FD-Net shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0075]      FIG. 11  illustrates elements of an example communications device  1100 . The communications device  1100  may be an implementation of a full-duplex device, such as a full-duplex BS or a full-duplex UE. The communications device  1100  may be used to implement various ones of the embodiments discussed herein. As shown in  FIG. 11 , a transmitter  1105  may be configured to transmit frames, pilot signals, and the like. The communications device  1100  includes a receiver  1110  that may be configured to receive frames, pilot signals, and the like. Other conventional units, such as encoder, decoder, modulator and demodulator used in the transmitter and the receiver, are not shown here for succinctness. 
         [0076]    A training sequence generating unit  1120  may be configured to generate training sequences used in CIR estimation. Training sequence generating unit  1120  may be configured to generate training sequences from ZCZ sequences or any other type of sequences satisfying the condition expressed in equation ( 14 ). The training sequence generating unit  1120  may be configured to generate training sequences that meet communications system requirements. A mapper  1122  may be configured to map the training sequence to transmit antenna ports. The mapper  1122  may be configured to select a training sequence from the training sequences for each transmit antenna. A cyclic prefix unit  1124 , if necessary, may be configured to add a cyclic prefix to the selected training sequences to produce extended sequences, or to remove the cyclic prefix from the received signals. A multiplexer  1126  may be configured to multiplex the extended sequences with data symbols. A filter  1128  may be configured to filter the multiplex symbols, to ensure that the symbols meet spectral requirements, for example. A measuring/estimating unit  1130  may be configured to measure a channel. Measuring/estimating unit  1130  may be configured to measure the channel in accordance with pilot signals. The measuring/estimating unit  1130  may be configured to estimate CIR of the channel based on the measurement of the channel. An interference cancellation unit  1132  may be configured to cancel interference (self-interference and mutual interference) from received signals. The interference cancellation unit  1132  may be configured to reconstruct interference from known transmitted data and the estimated CIRs. The reconstructed interference may then be subtracted from the received signal to generate an interference cancellation residual signal. A memory  1140  may be configured to store training sequences, received signals, channel measurements, CIR estimates, reconstructed interference, interference cancellation residual signals, and the like. 
         [0077]    The elements of communications device  1100  may be implemented as specific hardware logic blocks. In an alternative, the elements of communications device  1100  may be implemented as software executing in a processor, controller, application specific integrated circuit, or the like. In yet another alternative, the elements of communications device  1100  may be implemented as a combination of software and hardware. 
         [0078]    As an example, receiver  1110  and transmitter  1105  may be implemented as a specific hardware block, while the training sequence generating unit  1120 , the mapper  1122 , the cyclic prefix unit  1124 , the multiplexer  1126 , the filter  1128 , the measuring/estimating unit  1130 , and the interference cancellation unit  1132  may be software modules executing in a microprocessor (such as a processor  1115 ) or a custom circuit or a custom compiled logic array of a field programmable logic array. The training sequence generating unit  1120 , the mapper  1122 , the cyclic prefix unit  1124 , the multiplexer  1126 , the filter  1128 , the measuring/estimating unit  1130 , and the interference cancellation unit  1132  may be modules stored in the memory  1140 . 
         [0079]    Through the descriptions of the preceding embodiments, aspects of the present application may be implemented by using hardware only or by using software and a universal hardware platform. Based on such understandings, the technical solution of aspects of the present application may be embodied in the form of a software product. The software product may be stored in a non-volatile, non-transitory software medium, which can be a compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), USB flash disk, or a removable hard disk. The software product includes a number of instructions that enable a computer device (personal computer, server, or network device) to execute the methods provided in the aspects of the present application. 
         [0080]    Although the present invention has been described with reference to specific features and embodiments thereof, it is evident that various modifications and combinations can be made thereto without departing from the invention. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded simply as an illustration of the invention as defined by the appended claims and are contemplated to cover any and all modifications, variations, combinations or equivalents that fall within the scope of the present invention.