Abstract:
A process for producing coating compositions involving: (a) providing a reactive diluent, (b) providing an inert solvent, (c) providing a polymeric polyol, (d) providing an isocyanate, (e) reacting (a)-(d) in a reactive diluent comprising a ring opening product of a carboxylic acid ester epoxide with a dihycric or higher alcohol.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to the use of oleochemical polyols as reactive diluents in coating compositions. The use of such dilution systems results in a saving of up to 60% of solvent in high-solids polyurethane systems. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Polyurethanes may be used in various forms including, for example, elastomers, foams, casting resins, composite materials, paints and other coatings. Polyurethane-based products such as these are normally produced by reacting aliphatic, aromatic and even heterocyclic isocyanates with high molecular weight polymers containing hydroxy groups. The properties of the resulting polyurethanes are largely determined by the nature and mixing ratio of the basic monomers and by any additives present. One of the most important applications of polyurethanes is in the field of coating compositions. Polyurethane films exhibit, for example, good substrate adhesion, gloss, electrically insulating properties, low gas permeability, resistance to water and solvents and high resistance to weathering. In addition, they can be produced with different degrees of flexibility and under various temperature conditions. 
     In general, any polyhydroxy compound may be used together with a component containing at least two isocyanate groups for the production of polyurethanes. Hydroxyl-terminated polyesters with or without additional hydroxy groups on the polymer chain, hydroxyl-terminated polyethers, copolymers of hydroxyl-functionalized acrylates and/or methacrylates with acrylate and/or methacrylate esters, styrene, copolymers of allyl alcohol and other unsaturated monomers and also alkyd resins are preferably used as the polymeric polyols. Unfortunately, hydroxy-functional polymers such as these are highly viscous resins and require solvents, in some cases considerable quantities of solvents, to obtain a viscosity suitable for application through spray nozzles. 
     One way of reducing the viscosity of coating compositions containing high molecular weight resins is to mix the polymeric polyols with low molecular weight, hydroxyl-terminated low-viscosity polyethers. However, the disadvantage of this is that the polyurethanes formed exhibit low hydrolysis stability, high sensitivity to solvents and poor weathering behavior. Another way of reducing the viscosity of a coating composition is to use low molecular weight isocyanates as reactants for the polymeric polyols. Unfortunately, the volatility and toxicity of these compounds can lead to serious environmental problems and to health problems for people involved in their processing. The stringent safety precautions involved make this method of reducing viscosity uneconomical. 
     Accordingly, most commercially obtainable isocyanates are reaction products of low molecular weight polyols with polyisocyanate compounds in which the volatility of the isocyanate component is reduced by the high molecular weight of the reaction products with the polyols. A disadvantage of the relatively high molecular weight isocyanates described herein is that, in admixture with the polymeric polyols, their viscosity is only slightly reduced so that they are not easy to apply, for example through spray nozzles. As a result, solvent again has to be added in a considerable quantity to reduce the viscosity of the coating composition to a level suitable for application. 
     One method of using reactive solvents is to mix low molecular weight diols, for example ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol and trimethylol propane (TMP) or liquid oligomers thereof, with the coating composition. Unfortunately, the use of low molecular weight reactive solvents as chain extenders for the isocyanate component often leads to fragile, hydrolysis-sensitive polyurethane films which are generally unable to satisfy the performance requirements for modern materials. Problems can also be caused by the incompatibility of most polyisocyanate components with the low molecular weight polyols which often leads to phase separation and hence to inadequacies in the material produced. 
     To reduce the amount of solvent in polyurethane-based coating compositions, it is possible for example to use low-viscosity hydrophobic polyols which, on curing of the coating composition, become part of the coating and thus reduce solvent emission. 
     CA 850,672 describes the use of oleochemical polyols for reducing viscosity in polyurethane-based coating compositions. In this case, the partial incompatibility of the oleochemical polyols with the OH-functionalized polymers is overcome by heating the components at 250° C. The possibility of mixing the coating composition with inert solvents to reduce solvent consumption and to improve the compatibility of the reactants is not mentioned. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,535,142 describes the use of ester-linked diricinoleate derivatives as reactive diluents in high-solids coatings. One of the disadvantages involved in such an application is, for example, the dependence on a single raw material. Another disadvantage is that, because ricinoleic acid is used, the number of OH groups can only be varied at considerable cost, if at all. 
     The problem addressed by the present invention was to provide a reactive diluent which would enable the consumption of conventional solvents inert to isocyanate groups to be reduced, in general distinctly reduced. Another problem addressed by the invention was to enable the reactive diluent to be used together with other solvents in such a way that the components would be compatible with no need for an additional thermal homogenization step and all the required components would be homogeneously miscible. Another problem addressed by the invention was to provide a polyurethane-based coating composition and a process for its production. 
     It has now surprisingly been found that up to 60% by weight of solvent can be saved by using ring opening products of carboxylic acid ester epoxides with dihydric or higher alcohols as reactive diluents in such coating compositions. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the use of ring opening products of carboxylic acid ester epoxides with dihydric or higher alcohols in admixture with polymeric polyols, isocyanates, inert solvents and, optionally, typical additives as reactive diluents for the production of coating compositions. 
     Starting materials for the reactive diluents according to the invention are carboxylic acid esters, carboxylic acid esters of aliphatic or cycloaliphatic carboxylic acids containing 6 to 44 carbon atoms being preferred. Since the carboxylic acid esters are intended to be subjected to epoxidation in a following step, one or more C—C double bonds are advantageously already present in the carboxylic acid. However, it is also possible in accordance with the invention to use carboxylic acids of which the C—C double bond first has to be produced synthetically by a chemical transformation such as, for example, elimination or synthesis of a C—C double bond. 
     Preferred carboxylic acid ester epoxides are those which can be produced from fatty acids and/or fatty acid esters, more particularly from fatty acids and/or fatty acid esters or derivatives of fatty acids and/or fatty acid esters of natural origin. 
     These include, for example, the triglycerides beef tallow, palm oil, peanut oil, castor oil, rapeseed oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, train oil, sesame oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, poppyseed oil, perilla oil, cereal seed oil and linseed oil and also tall oil fatty acids and esters thereof. 
     The fatty acid esters may be obtained both by direct esterification of the fatty acid with the desired alcohol and by transesterification of fatty acid esters of monohydric or polyhydric alcohols. 
     Aliphatic alcohols are generally used for the transesterification, the alcohols normally having a functionality of 1 to 10. Alcohols with a functionality of 1 to 5 are preferably used, alcohols with a functionality of 1 to 2 being particularly preferred for the purposes of the invention. It does not matter whether the alcohol used for the transesterification is linear, branched, saturated or unsaturated. However, saturated alcohols containing 1 to 24 carbon atoms are preferably used for the transesterification. 
     These include, for example, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isobutanol, n-butanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol, nonanol, decanol, 2-ethylhexanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and butylene glycol. 
     Of these alcohols, those containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms are preferred while those containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms are most particularly preferred. According to the invention, the use of methanol is particularly preferred. The unsaturated ester is reacted to form the epoxide in known manner, for example by reaction with formic acid/H 2 O 2  However, any other process which leads to an epoxide of an unsaturated fatty acid ester may also be used. 
     The epoxidation reaction is preferably carried out quantitatively, i.e. until all the olefinic C—C double bonds present have been reacted, in general completely reacted. 
     Aliphatic alcohols containing 2 to 44 carbon atoms and preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms and having a functionality of 1 to 6, preferably 2 to 4 and, more preferably, 2 or 3 are used for opening the oxirane ring. Examples of such alcohols are ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, glycerol and trimethylol propane (TMP) and alkoxylation products thereof with ethylene oxide (EO), propylene oxide (PO) and EO/PO mixtures. The ring opening reaction takes place under the conditions described, for example, in DE-A-32 46 612. Suitable acidic catalysts are typical mineral acids or lower organic carboxylic acids such as, for example, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, formic acid, trifluoromethane sulfonic acid or acetic acid. The acidic catalysts may be used in concentrations of 0.1% by weight, based on the starting materials. 
     The ring opening reaction may be carried out at temperatures of 80 to 120° C. and preferably at temperatures of 90 to 100° C. The catalyst acid is then advantageously neutralized with a base, for example with sodium hydroxide, sodium methylate or tertiary amines. 
     The ratio of OH groups to oxirane rings is generally between 5:1 and 1:5 and preferably between 2:1 and 1:2, a ratio of 1.4:1 to 1:1.4 being particularly preferred for the purposes of the invention. Carboxylic acid ester epoxides containing a C 8-24  fatty acid residue are preferably ring-opened, the use of carboxylic acid ester epoxides containing 14 to 18 carbon atoms generally being preferred for the purposes of the invention. 
     The reactive diluents thus obtainable generally have an OH value of 30 to 800, OH values of 120 to 550 being preferred. The epoxide value should not exceed 9.5 and is generally between 0 and 5.5, epoxide values of 0 to 2.5 being particularly preferred. Normally, the polyols thus obtained are largely water-free, a water content of less than 0.5% by weight being preferred and a water content of less than 0.1% by weight being particularly preferred for the purposes of the invention. 
     The reactive diluents generally have an OH equivalent weight of less than 320, their molecular weight generally not exceeding 5,000 and preferably not exceeding 3,000. 
     In the context of the invention, the equivalent weight is understood to be the molecular weight divided by the number of OH groups. 
     Besides the reactive diluents, the coating composition contains polymeric polyols as resins. In the context of the present invention, a resin is normally understood to be a material which—generally together with a corresponding hardener—represents a binder which forms a macromolecular network with the requisite material properties, preferably by chemical reaction. 
     Polyester polyols, alkyd resins, hydroxyl-containing polyacrylates and/or polymethacrylates may generally be used as polymeric polyols for the purposes of the invention. It is also possible to use polymers and/or copolymers obtained by polymerization, polyaddition or polycondensation of hydroxyl-containing monomers or (co)polymers from which hydroxy groups can be released in a subsequent polymer-analog reaction. Products of the addition of one or more moles of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and/or higher alkylene oxides to at least dihydric alcohols are also polymeric polyols in the context of the present invention. 
     According to the invention, polyester polyols and polyether polyols or mixtures thereof, alkyd resins, hydroxyfunctional polyacrylates and polymethacrylates are used as polymeric polyols. 
     It is particularly preferred to use polyester polyols obtained by condensation of difunctional aliphatic and/or aromatic acids with polyhydric aliphatic alcohols, more particularly from the condensation of phthalic acid and TMP. Among the hydroxyfunctional poly(meth)acrylates, those with an average to high degree of crosslinking are preferred for the purposes of the invention. 
     The polymeric polyols generally have an equivalent weight of more than 320, their molecular weight preferably being higher than 1,500 and, more preferably, higher than 3,000. The polymeric polyols may be present in solid or liquid form. So far as the invention is concerned, it does not matter whether the polymer has first to be converted into the liquid aggregate state by addition of solvent or by heating or whether it is inherently liquid. 
     In addition, other solvents than the polyols obtained by ring opening of carboxylic acid ester epoxides may be used in the coating compositions according to the invention. Any incompatibility between resin, hardener and reactive diluent and additives, if any, can lead to phase separation, clouding and, hence, inferior material properties. Besides reducing viscosity, the addition of other solvents can overcome any incompatibility between the individual components of the coating composition. The percentage content of these “inert” solvents will be determined by the desired viscosity and by the desired homogeneity of the coating composition. Their contribution to the overall diluent content (consisting of reactive diluent and other solvents) may amount to between 1 and 99% by weight, but is preferably between 1 and 80% by weight and more preferably between 1 and 60% by weight. According to the invention, solvents which are substantially or completely inert to isocyanate groups are preferably used. They are generally added irrespective of the presence of other solvents in one of the components of the coating composition. The solvent is preferably used in a quantity of at least 1% by weight, based on the total solvent and reactive diluent content. 
     In a particularly preferred embodiment, solvents completely inert to isocyanate groups are selected from the group consisting of xylenes, toluene and higher alkyl benzenes, such as ethyl benzene and propyl benzene, esters such as, for example, methoxypropyl acetate, ethoxypropyl acetate and 2-methoxy-1-methyl acetate and low molecular weight ketones. 
     The coating composition according to the invention additionally contains polyisocyanates as hardeners. As well-known to the expert, isocyanates react with free hydroxy groups in an addition reaction to form a urethane group. Any of the usual polyfunctional aromatic and aliphatic isocyanates including, for example, any oligomeric and polymeric isocyanate compounds of the type obtainable by oligomerization or cyclization of polyisocyanates in the absence of moisture or by reaction of polyhydric alcohols with polyisocyanates may generally be used as the isocyanate components according to the invention. The polyisocyanates may be used in more than and less than the equivalent quantities. Examples include HDI trimer (tris-(6-isocyanatohexyl)-isocyanurate) (Tolonate® HDT, Rhone-Poulenc), 4,4-diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI) (Desmodur® VL, Bayer AG), HDI biuret (1,3,5-tris-(6-isocyanatohexyl)-biuret), hexamethylene diisocyanate biuret (Desmoduro® N 75, Bayer AG) and an aromatic polyisocyanate based on toluylene diisocyanate (Desmodur® L 67, Bayer AG). The hardener is added in such a quantity that the OH:NCO equivalence ratio is between 1:0.1 and 1:1.5, preferably between 1:0.75 and 1:1.25 and more preferably between 1:0.9 and 1:1.1. 
     The isocyanates may be used both in pure form and in the form of technical mixtures with or without solvent. 
     Other components of the coating compositions are—optionally—additives such as, for example, dyes, pigments, fillers, rheological additives, antioxidants, bactericides, fungicides, corrosion inhibitors, catalysts and UV stabilizers. 
     The present invention also relates to a process for the production of polyurethane-based coating compositions in which ring opening products of carboxylic acid ester epoxides with dihydric or higher alcohols as reactive diluents, inert solvents, polymeric polyols and optionally typical additives are mixed with isocyanates. 
     More particularly, the invention relates to a process for the production of polyurethane-based coating compositions in which ring opening products of carboxylic acid ester epoxides with dihydric or higher alcohols as reactive diluents are mixed with inert solvents, polymeric polyols and optionally typical additives. 
     The invention also relates to coating compositions containing ring opening products of carboxylic acid ester epoxides with dihydric or higher alcohols as reactive diluents, inert solvents, polymeric polyols, isocyanates and optionally typical additives. 
     According to the invention, coating compositions which contain the reactive diluent in a quantity of 1 to 99% by weight, based on the total diluent content, and the inert solvents in a quantity of 1 to 99% by weight and preferably 1 to 50% by weight, based on the total diluent content, are generally preferred. 
    
    
     EXAMPLES 
     Various oleochemical polyols were tested for their suitability as reactive diluents in clear lacquers and finishing lacquers. The trade name is followed in brackets by the abbreviations used in the Examples. 
     The following Henkel products were used as the oleochemical polyols: 
     Sovermol® 750 (750), Sovermol® 815 (815) and Sovermol® 1102/I (1102) 
     These oleochemical polyols are branched polyesters/polyethers based on oleochemicals. 
     The following Bayer products were used as the polyester polyols: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Desmophen ® 650 (650) 
                 branched hydroxyl-containing polyester 
               
               
                 Desmophen ® 651 (651) 
                 branched hydroxyl-containing polyester 
               
               
                 Desmophen ® 670 (670) 
                 lightly branched hydroxl-containing polyester 
               
               
                 Alkydal ® R 35 (R 35) 
                 alkyd resin containing 38% ricinene oil 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The following products of Henkel Corp. were used as the hydroxyl-containing polyacrylates: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 G-Cure ® 105 (105) 
                 hydroxyl-containing polyacrylate with a low to 
               
               
                   
                 average crosslink density 
               
               
                 G-Cure ® 106 (106) 
                 hydroxyl-containing polyacrylate with an 
               
               
                   
                 average crosslink density 
               
               
                 G-Cure ® 109 (109) 
                 hydroxyl-containing polyacrylate with a high 
               
               
                   
                 crosslink density 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The following isocyanates were used for crosslinking: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Desmodur ® L 67 (L 67) 
                 aromatic polyisocyanate based on 
               
               
                   
                 toluylene diisocyanate 
               
               
                 Desmodur ® N 75 (N 75) 
                 hexamethylene-1,6-diisocyanatobiruet 
               
               
                 Desmodur ® VL (VL) 
                 4,4′-diphenyl methane diisocyanate 
               
               
                 Tolonate ® HDT (HDT) 
                 tris-(6-isocyanatohexyl)-isocyanurate 
               
               
                   
                 (trimer) 
               
               
                 Tolonate ® HDT-LV (HDT-LV) 
                 low-viscosity preparation of tris- 
               
               
                   
                 (6-isocyanatohexyl)-isocyanurate 
               
               
                   
                 (trimer) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The weathering tests were carried out in a QUV accelerated weathering tester, ASTM G 53-77, for artificial weathering. The exposure to ultraviolet light was carried out at 350 nm. The test conditions were 4 hours&#39; light at 60° C. and 4 hours&#39; condensation at 50° C. 
     The viscosities were measured with a Brookfield viscosimeter, spindle 4, at 25° C./30 r.p.m. 
     The pendulum hardness values were measured in accordance with DIN 53157. 
     Clear Lacquers I 
     Table 1 below illustrates the effectiveness of the polyols according to the invention when used with polyester polyols in clear lacquers. The particular polyester polyol is shown in the column headed “Polyol”. The column headed “Isocyanate” is self-explanatory. The viscosity of the mixture of the corresponding polyol with the corresponding isocyanate is shown in the column headed “Initial visc.”. The quantity of xylene/methoxypropyl acetate (3:1) in % by weight, based on the coating composition as a whole, which is required to achieve a viscosity of 1,000 mPas in the coating composition is shown in the column headed “Solv. for 1,000 mpas”. Then come three headings “Polyol 750”, “Polyol 815” and “Polyol 1102” each covering three columns. The “+20%” column shows the viscosity of the coating composition after an addition of 20% by weight (based on the coating composition as a whole) of the particular oleochemical polyol. The “% Solv.” column shows the quantity of xylene/methoxypropyl acetate (3:1) which is required to achieve a viscosity of 1,000 mPas after addition of the reactive diluent while the “Δ” column shows the difference in quantity (in parts by weight) for the addition of xylene/methoxypropyl acetate (3:1) for achieving a viscosity of 1,000 mPas without and with oleochemical polyol as reactive diluent. 
     It can clearly be seen that, in virtually every case, the use of 20% by weight of the ring-opened oleochemical polyols in accordance with the invention leads to a distinct reduction in the consumption of solvent required to reach an exemplary application viscosity of 1,000 mPas. The application viscosity of 1,000 mPas selected in the Examples is not intended to limit the invention in any way and, if desired, may be corrected both upwards and downwards in known manner by varying the components. 
     Clear Lacquers II 
     Table 2 illustrates the effectiveness of the polyols according to the invention when used with hydroxyl-containing polyacrylates in clear lacquers. The particular polyacrylate is shown in the column headed “Polyol”. The other column headings have the same meanings as in Table 1. 
     Table 3 compares the pendulum hardnesses (as measured in accordance with DIN 53157) of the clear lacquers according to the invention with the pendulum hardnesses of conventionally produced coating compositions. 
     Finishing Lacquers I 
     Table 4 compares the strengths of the finishing lacquers according to the invention with those of conventional coating compositions. Polyester polyols were used as the polymeric polyol. The combinations polyol/reactive diluent and isocyanate are shown in the uppermost line. The following lines represent the behavior of finishing lacquers according to the invention and comparison finishing lacquers in a QUV accelerated weathering tester. Resistance to methyl ethyl ketone is shown in the last line. 
     The test results show that the use of the reactive diluents in accordance with the invention in various amounts with polyester polyols produces improved results, in some cases distinctly improved results, in regard to the hardness and gloss of the products obtained. Weathering in the QUV accelerated weathering tester shows that the weathering resistance of coatings produced using reactive diluents are almost identical with the values of comparison coatings. 
     Table 5 shows the results of tests identical with Table 4 using hydroxyl-containing polyacrylates as the polymeric polyols. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Saving of Solvent in Clear Lacquers (Polyurethane) 
               
               
                 Containing Reactive Diluent 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Initial 
                 % Solv. for 
                 Reactive diluent 750 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Polyol 
                 Isocyanate 
                 visc. 
                 1000 mPas 
                 +20% 
                 % Solv. 
                 Δ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 650 
                 N 75 
                 2400 
                 8.8 
                 2000 
                 4.8 
                 −4.0 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 6100 
                 13.3 
                 5100 
                 9.6 
                 −3.7 
               
               
                 651 
                 N 75 
                 2300 
                 3.9 
                 1500 
                 2.0 
                 −1.9 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 7600 
                 13.9 
                 4100 
                 7.4 
                 −6.5 
               
               
                 670 
                 N 75 
                 1000 
                 — 
                 950 
                 — 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 2200 
                 8.0 
                 1900 
                 4.6 
                 −3.4 
               
               
                   
                 VL 
                 1850 
                 2.2 
                 1800 
                 6.1 
                 +3.9 
               
               
                   
                 HDT 
                 3000 
                 9.6 
                 2300 
                 9.6 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 HDT-LV 
                 2400 
                 7.1 
                 1600 
                 5.9 
                 −1.2 
               
               
                 R 35 
                 N 75 
                 980 
                 — 
                 600 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 1710 
                 5.5 
                 1200 
                 — 
                 −5.5 
               
               
                   
                 VL 
                 1040 
                 — 
                 700 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 HDT 
                 1610 
                 8.1 
                 1100 
                 — 
                 −8.1 
               
               
                   
                 HDT-LV 
                 1130 
                 — 
                 750 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Reactive diluent 815 
                   
                 Reactive diluent 1102 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Polyol 
                 Isocyanate 
                 +20% 
                 % Solv. 
                 Δ 
                   
                 +20% 
                 % Solv. 
                 Δ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 650 
                 N 75 
                 2300 
                 4.7 
                 −4.1 
                   
                 2200 
                 4.2 
                 −4.6 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 5200 
                 11.5 
                 −1.8 
                   
                 4250 
                 11.6 
                 −1.7 
               
               
                 651 
                 N 75 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                 1600 
                 7.0 
                 −1.9 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                 4300 
                 8.6 
                 −5.3 
               
               
                 670 
                 N 75 
                 950 
                 — 
                 0 
                   
                 850 
                 — 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 1900 
                 4.5 
                 −3.5 
                   
                 1600 
                 4.3 
                 −3.7 
               
               
                   
                 VL 
                 1800 
                 6.3 
                 +4.1 
                   
                 1500 
                 6.3 
                 +4.1 
               
               
                   
                 HDT 
                 2300 
                 9.9 
                 −0.3 
                   
                 2000 
                 9.9 
                 +0.3 
               
               
                   
                 HDT-LV 
                 1600 
                 5.7 
                 −1.4 
                   
                 1500 
                 5.8 
                 −1.3 
               
               
                 R 35 
                 N 75 
                 700 
                 — 
                 0 
                   
                 550 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 1540 
                 — 
                 −5.5 
                   
                 1100 
                 — 
                 −5.5 
               
               
                   
                 VL 
                 900 
                 — 
                 0 
                   
                 650 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 HDT 
                 1500 
                 — 
                 −8.1 
                   
                 950 
                 — 
                 −8.1 
               
               
                   
                 HDT-LV 
                 950 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                 800 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Saving of Solvent in Clear Lacquers (Acrylates) 
               
               
                 Containing Reactive Diluent 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Initial 
                 % Solv. for 
                 Reactive diluent 750 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Polyol 
                 Isocyanate 
                 visc. 
                 1000 mPas 
                 +20% 
                 % Solv. 
                 Δ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 G 105 
                 N 75 
                 4500 
                 10.1 
                 1900 
                 3.8 
                 −6.3 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 10250 
                 17.1 
                 4300 
                 10.6 
                 −6.5 
               
               
                   
                 VL 
                 10800 
                 13.8 
                 5350 
                 12.5 
                 −1.3 
               
               
                   
                 HDT 
                 17000 
                 18.7 
                 7800 
                 16.9 
                 −1.8 
               
               
                   
                 HDT-LV 
                 13600 
                 16.9 
                 4750 
                 16.6 
                 −0.3 
               
               
                 G 106 
                 N 75 
                 1500 
                 2.0 
                 1000 
                 — 
                 −2.0 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 3350 
                 8.2 
                 2600 
                 5.1 
                 −3.1 
               
               
                   
                 VL 
                 3500 
                 7.4 
                 2300 
                 6.0 
                 −1.4 
               
               
                   
                 HDT 
                 5900 
                 13.0 
                 4000 
                 8.9 
                 −4.1 
               
               
                   
                 HDT-LV 
                 3750 
                 6.8 
                 2800 
                 5.3 
                 −1.5 
               
               
                 G 109 
                 N 75 
                 1900 
                 4.0 
                 1200 
                 — 
                 −4.0 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 7600 
                 10.4 
                 3650 
                 7.9 
                 −2.5 
               
               
                   
                 VL 
                 6000 
                 11.4 
                 3700 
                 8.9 
                 −2.5 
               
               
                   
                 HDT 
                 10100 
                 14.8 
                 5950 
                 11.5 
                 −3.3 
               
               
                   
                 HDT-LV 
                 6700 
                 11.7 
                 3750 
                 7.9 
                 −3.8 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Reactive diluent 815 
                   
                 Reactive diluent 1102 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Polyol 
                 Isocyanate 
                 +20% 
                 % Solv. 
                 Δ 
                   
                 +20% 
                 % Solv. 
                 Δ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 G 105 
                 N 75 
                 2400 
                 5.9 
                 −4.2 
                   
                 1900 
                 4.0 
                 −6.1 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 5350 
                 12.3 
                 −4.8 
                   
                 4250 
                 10.8 
                 −6.3 
               
               
                   
                 VL 
                 6100 
                 13.1 
                 −0.7 
                   
                 5300 
                 12.2 
                 −1.6 
               
               
                   
                 HDT 
                 8850 
                 17.6 
                 −1.1 
                   
                 7500 
                 15.8 
                 −2.9 
               
               
                   
                 HDT-LV 
                 6150 
                 16.5 
                 −0.4 
                   
                 4600 
                 15.2 
                 −1.7 
               
               
                 G 106 
                 N 75 
                 1100 
                 — 
                 −2.0 
                   
                 900 
                 — 
                 −2.0 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 3000 
                 7.4 
                 −0.8 
                   
                 2400 
                 5.0 
                 −3.2 
               
               
                   
                 VL 
                 2700 
                 6.0 
                 −1.4 
                   
                 2100 
                 5.9 
                 −1.5 
               
               
                   
                 HDT 
                 4100 
                 10.2 
                 −2.8 
                   
                 3800 
                 8.3 
                 −4.7 
               
               
                   
                 HDT-LV 
                 3100 
                 6.3 
                 −0.5 
                   
                 2650 
                 5.0 
                 −1.8 
               
               
                 G 109 
                 N 75 
                 1300 
                 1.0 
                 −3.0 
                   
                 1000 
                 — 
                 −4.0 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 3850 
                 7.7 
                 −2.7 
                   
                 3400 
                 6.0 
                 −4.4 
               
               
                   
                 VL 
                 3950 
                 10.1 
                 −1.3 
                   
                 3500 
                 7.2 
                 −4.2 
               
               
                   
                 HDT 
                 6100 
                 12.4 
                 −2.4 
                   
                 5750 
                 10.2 
                 −4.6 
               
               
                   
                 HDT-LV 
                 3900 
                 8.2 
                 −3.5 
                   
                 3600 
                 6.5 
                 −5.2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of the Pendulum Hardness Values (DIN 53157) 
               
               
                 of Clear Lacquers Containing Reactive Diluent 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 With no addition 
                   
                 With 20% 750 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Polyol 
                 Isocyanate 
                 Beginning 
                 End 
                   
                 Beginning 
                 End 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 D 650 
                 N 75 
                 14 
                 207 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 213 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 83 
                 179 
                   
                 130 
                 190 
               
               
                 D 651 
                 N 75 
                 80 
                 216 
                   
                 17 
                 207 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 157 
                 178 
                   
                 161 
                 186 
               
               
                 D 670 
                 N 75 
                 &lt;14 
                 &lt;14 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 25 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 38 
                 55 
                   
                 32 
                 104 
               
               
                   
                 VL 
                 14 
                 22 
                   
                 15 
                 32 
               
               
                   
                 HDT 
                 &lt;14 
                 &lt;14 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 29 
               
               
                   
                 HDT-LV 
                 &lt;14 
                 &lt;14 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 17 
               
               
                 Alkydal R 35 
                 N 75 
                 46 
                 199 
                   
                 20 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 119 
                 185 
                   
                 129 
                 169 
               
               
                   
                 VL 
                 100 
                 130 
                   
                 115 
                 150 
               
               
                   
                 HDT 
                 52 
                 146 
                   
                 21 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 HDT-LV 
                 39 
                 133 
                   
                 17 
                 64 
               
               
                 G-Cure 105 
                 N 75 
                 21 
                 203 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 136 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 104 
                 158 
                   
                 101 
                 154 
               
               
                   
                 VL 
                 143 
                 157 
                   
                 123 
                 147 
               
               
                   
                 HDT 
                 22 
                 200 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 171 
               
               
                   
                 HDT-LV 
                 &lt;14 
                 193 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 169 
               
               
                 G-Cure 106 
                 N 75 
                 17 
                 181 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 157 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 130 
                 164 
                   
                 120 
                 165 
               
               
                   
                 VL 
                 158 
                 162 
                   
                 146 
                 146 
               
               
                   
                 HDT 
                 31 
                 193 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 179 
               
               
                   
                 HDT-LV 
                 22 
                 189 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 179 
               
               
                 G-Cure 109 
                 N 75 
                 &lt;14 
                 200 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 188 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 101 
                 174 
                   
                 102 
                 165 
               
               
                   
                 VL 
                 48 
                 168 
                   
                 139 
                 158 
               
               
                   
                 HDT 
                 &lt;4 
                 195 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 174 
               
               
                   
                 HDT-LV 
                 &lt;14 
                 196 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 171 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 With 20% 815 
                   
                 With 20% 1102 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Polyol 
                 Isocyanate 
                 Beginning 
                 End 
                   
                 Beginning 
                 End 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 D 650 
                 N 75 
                 &lt;14 
                 219 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 217 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 119 
                 190 
                   
                 98 
                 182 
               
               
                 D 651 
                 N 75 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                 15 
                 175 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                 158 
                 183 
               
               
                 D 670 
                 N 75 
                 &lt;14 
                 24 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 21 
                 52 
                   
                 25 
                 84 
               
               
                   
                 VL 
                 &lt;14 
                 34 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 120 
               
               
                   
                 HDT 
                 &lt;14 
                 15 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                 HDT-LV 
                 &lt;14 
                 &lt;14 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 &lt;14 
               
               
                 Alkydal R 35 
                 N 75 
                 22 
                 76 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 64 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 99 
                 160 
                   
                 108 
                 169 
               
               
                   
                 VL 
                 80 
                 110 
                   
                 126 
                 137 
               
               
                   
                 HDT 
                 22 
                 84 
                   
                 14 
                 64 
               
               
                   
                 HDT-LV 
                 21 
                 78 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 57 
               
               
                 G-Cure 105 
                 N 75 
                 &lt;14 
                 150 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 111 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 99 
                 155 
                   
                 78 
                 143 
               
               
                   
                 VL 
                 132 
                 148 
                   
                 126 
                 143 
               
               
                   
                 HDT 
                 &lt;14 
                 169 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 148 
               
               
                   
                 HDT-LV 
                 &lt;14 
                 155 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 139 
               
               
                 G-Cure 106 
                 N 75 
                 &lt;14 
                 165 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 155 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 116 
                 171 
                   
                 99 
                 157 
               
               
                   
                 VL 
                 136 
                 152 
                   
                 134 
                 149 
               
               
                   
                 HDT 
                 &lt;14 
                 181 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 177 
               
               
                   
                 HDT-LV 
                 &lt;14 
                 175 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 175 
               
               
                 G-Cure 109 
                 N 75 
                 &lt;14 
                 175 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 167 
               
               
                   
                 L 67 
                 106 
                 168 
                   
                 91 
                 168 
               
               
                   
                 VL 
                 118 
                 143 
                   
                 146 
                 167 
               
               
                   
                 HDT 
                 &lt;14 
                 185 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 160 
               
               
                   
                 HDT-LV 
                 &lt;14 
                 181 
                   
                 &lt;14 
                 164 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of the Strengths of Finishing Lacquers (Polyester) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Polyol/reactive diluent 
                 D 650 
                 D 650/750 
                 651 
                 651/750 
               
               
                 Isocyanate 
                 N 75 
                 N 75 
                 N 75 
                 N 75 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Spraying viscosity 40-80 secs., 
                 34.0 
                 27.0 
                 27.3 
                 21.2 
               
               
                 % solv. 
               
               
                 % Solids 
                 66.0 
                 73.0 
                 72.7 
                 78.8 
               
               
                 Gloss 
                 53 
                 88 
                 86 
                 86 
               
               
                 Whiteness after h QUV 
               
               
                 Beginning 
                 86.0 
                 87.5 
                 85.8 
                 84.9 
               
               
                 500 h 
                 75.5 
                 79.8 
                 79.2 
                 78.1 
               
               
                 Gloss after h QUV 
               
               
                 Beginning 
                 56 
                 92 
                 90 
                 90 
               
               
                 500 h 
                 9 
                 29 
                 66 
                 49 
               
               
                 MEK 
                 &gt;1 h 
                 &gt;1 h 
                 &gt;1 h 
                 ˜1 h 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Polyol/reactive diluent 
                 670 
                 670/750 
                 670 
                 670/750 
               
               
                 Isocyanate 
                 N 75 
                 N 75 
                 HDT-LV 
                 HDT-LV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Spraying viscosity 40-80 
                 22.0 
                 24.5 
                 19.6 
                 16.6 
               
               
                 secs., % solv. 
               
               
                 % Solids 
                 78.0 
                 75.5 
                 80.4 
                 83.4 
               
               
                 Gloss 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Whiteness after h QUV 
               
               
                 Beginning 
                 86.2 
                 87.9 
                 87.3 
                 87.4 
               
               
                 500 h 
                 76.5 
                 76.6 
                 77.4 
                 78.7 
               
               
                 Gloss after h QUV 
               
               
                 Beginning 
                 n.m. 
                 n.m. 
                 n.m. 
                 n.m. 
               
               
                 500 h 
                 n.m. 
                 n.m. 
                 n.m. 
                 n.m. 
               
               
                 MEK 
                 &lt;1 Min. 
                 &lt;1 Min. 
                 &lt;1 Min. 
                 &lt;1 Min. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of the Strengths of Finishing Lacquers (Acrylates) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Polyol 
                 G 105/750 
                 G 105/750 
                 G 105 
                 G 105/750 
               
               
                 Isocyanate 
                 N 75 
                 N 75 
                 HDT-LV 
                 HDT-LV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 % Solv. at spraying visc. 
               
               
                 50-100 secs. 
                 32.7 
                 29.7 
                 30.3 
                 25.5 
               
               
                 % Solids 
                 67.3 
                 70.3 
                 69.7 
                 74.5 
               
               
                 Whiteness after h QUV 
               
               
                 Beginning 
                 89.7 
                 85.1 
                 87.9 
                 83.9 
               
               
                 500 h 
                 81.7 
                 77.8 
                 82.3 
                 77.9 
               
               
                 MEK 
                 ˜1 min. 
                 ˜1 min. 
                 ˜1 min. 
                 ˜1 min. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Polyol 
                 G 106 
                 G 106/750 
                 G 106 
                 G 106/750 
               
               
                 Isocyanate 
                 N 75 
                 N 75 
                 HDT-LV 
                 HDT-LV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 % Solv. at spraying visc. 
               
               
                 50-100 secs. 
                 28.4 
                 27.0 
                 25.3 
                 22.5 
               
               
                 % Solids 
                 71.6 
                 73.0 
                 74.7 
                 77.5 
               
               
                 Whiteness after h QUV 
               
               
                 Beginning 
                 89.2 
                 85.9 
                 88.4 
                 85.8 
               
               
                 500 h 
                 85.2 
                 81.8 
                 84.5 
                 81.6 
               
               
                 MEK 
                 ˜5 mins. 
                 ˜1 min. 
                 ˜1 min. 
                 ˜min. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Polyol 
                 G 109 
                 G 109/750 
                 G 109 
                 G 109/750 
               
               
                 Isocyanate 
                 N 75 
                 N 75 
                 HDT-LV 
                 HDT-LV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 % Solv. at spraying visc. 
               
               
                 50-100 secs. 
                 28.0 
                 27.8 
                 24.9 
                 23.7 
               
               
                 % Solids 
                 72.0 
                 72.2 
                 75.1 
                 76.3 
               
               
                 Whiteness after h QUV 
               
               
                 Beginning 
                 87.9 
                 85.6 
                 89.4 
                 84.6 
               
               
                 500 h 
                 81.7 
                 80.8 
                 82.2 
                 80.9 
               
               
                 MEK 
                 ˜5 mins. 
                 ˜5 mins. 
                 ˜5 mins. 
                 ˜1 min.