Abstract:
A method to teach a language may include the steps of selecting a predetermined letter sound to be evaluated, providing a first predetermined word which exhibits the predetermined letter sound, adding a first predetermined diacritic character to the first predetermined word and generating a predetermined word deleting the letters having the first predetermined diacritic character. The predetermined letter sound may be a short vowel, and the predetermined letter sound may be a long vowel. The predetermined letter sound may a long I, the predetermined letter sound may be a closed A. The predetermined letter sound may be a closed O, and the predetermined letter sound may be a vowel pronounced as a schwa. The predetermined letter sound may be the letter O, and the predetermined letter sound may be an alternate consonant. The predetermined letter sound may be a silent letter.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    This invention refers to a method of teaching how to read and pronounce the English language more particularly by the method of using different diacritical marks. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Alphabetic representation of the English language is not consistent, and sometimes does not seem to follow specific criteria. This is mainly due to the evolution of English, and a lack of agreement on what sounds should be used and how to use the alphabet to represent them. 
         [0003]    One of the main difficulties in learning to read and pronounce the English language, in particular for a non-English language speaker, is to differentiate the many vocalic sounds used in this language. Although some consonant representations are also inconsistent, they are not as numerous as vocal sound inconsistencies. 
         [0004]    In order to better understand the problem of representing vocal sounds, it is helpful to review the origins of the alphabet. 
         [0005]    The alphabet was the initial attempt by man to represent sounds as they were pronounced in words. It was founded on the concept of representing one sound by one symbol, and then combining them to represent different words. In this fashion, the same symbols could be reused to represent any word. 
         [0006]    A human being is capable of producing a high number of different sounds, but it would be difficult to learn and represent all of them. By using and representing a limited number of sounds and symbols, the alphabet helped to simplify and make more accessible the task of reading and writing a language. 
         [0007]    These symbols, called letters, were divided into two main classes: 
         [0008]    Vowels 
         [0009]    These are sounds created when the air flows through the throat and mouth without being interrupted. This allows for the vocal chords to vibrate and emit a sound, which is modified by the change of the relative positions of the mouth and tongue. 
         [0010]    The basic sound created by the air passing through the vocal chords, while the mouth is in a relaxed position, is called the schwa. This sound is modified by changing the relative position of the mouth and tongue and becomes the other vowel sounds normally represented in writing. The schwa is a dull, indefinite sound, which can be easily confused with other vowel sounds. The International Phonetic Alphabet represents this sound using the symbol “         ”. 
         [0011]    The sound waves produced by vowel sounds are similar to musical notes, and provide the loudness of speech. 
         [0012]    Although there are many possible vowel sounds that can be voiced, the creators of the Hebrew, Greek, and in particular the Latin alphabet chose to represent five sounds: A, E, I, O, and U (as in pat, pet, pit, long, and put). These sounds and letters represented very specific positions of the mouth which emit precise and easy to distinguish sounds. 
         [0013]    The differences between vowel sounds can be compared to differences in the colors of the rainbow: there are actually many hues of color, but the eye easily recognizes seven colors only. Borderline graduations can be perceived as being one of these seven colors, but it may differ for each observer. 
         [0014]    It is possible that the original five vowels sounds represented in the Latin alphabet were chosen in order to avoid the potential confusion generated by the use of the schwa. By enforcing the use of these sounds and not the schwa, the vocalic sounds were easy to differentiate and could be used to create different words, as in pat, pet, pit, pot and put. 
         [0015]    Modern English however, uses between 18 and 24 vowel sounds, depending on the local accent of the speaker, and yet these sounds are represented only by the five vowel letters of the Latin alphabet. 
         [0016]    This can create a lot of confusion, in particular for a foreign language speaker, who may be used to a consistent representation of sound in his own language, as in German and Italian. 
         [0017]    Consonants 
         [0018]    These sounds occur when there is a partial or total block of the air passing through the throat, which impedes or limits the use of the vocal chords. The sounds produced are more akin to noises than to musical sounds. 
         [0019]    The name “consonant” means “sounds with” in Latin, and is derived from the fact that it was considered that a consonant could not be pronounced by itself, but needed a vowel sound to be uttered. In fact, vowels were considered the “souls” of words, and if we notice, as mentioned before, that a vowel provides loudness to speech, we can understand why. 
         [0020]    The use of consonants in the English language is more consistent than the use of vowels, and is less of a problem than vowel pronunciation. The problems come when words denote a consonant which is not pronounced, as in debt, or in certain letter combinations where the consonant changes its sound, for example: combination, sure, sugar or tough. 
         [0021]    In the ancient world, the alphabet was taught as the first step in reading, as it provided the pronunciation key to all other words. Once the alphabet was learned, it was easy to read any word, as this pronunciation key allowed to derive the sounds of all words, even if a word was never heard or seen by the reader before. This allowed for the easy and rapid expansion of the Greek and Latin cultures in the ancient world, even at a time when resources such as paper were scarce. 
         [0022]    The Latin alphabet was not taught like the modern day English alphabet, in particular the vowels, which were taught as A (PAT), E (PET), I (PIT), O (LONG) and U (PUT). 
         [0023]    The evolution of English has been explored in many studies, but it is interesting to note that Old English used the same principles as Latin, using the same vowel and consonant sounds. 
         [0024]    Syllable 
         [0025]    A syllable is composed of a combination of vowels and consonants, or a single vowel. Note that a syllable in Latin was never composed of a single consonant. Moreover, a syllable does not have a consonant in between two vowels. 
         [0026]    Long and Short Syllables 
         [0027]    Latin words are made by combining the basic vowel and consonant sounds. When a word had two or more syllables, one of them was usually pronounced slightly different, a difference called “accent” or “stress”. 
         [0028]    In Latin the stressed syllable was considered to have double the duration of the non stressed syllable. Because of their nature, consonants cannot be pronounced for too long; therefore the only way to make a syllable sound longer is to extend its vowel sound. Vowels included in stressed syllables were called “long” vowels, while vowels in the other syllables were called “short”. Theoretically, a long vowel had twice the length of a short vowel but had the same sound, as the mouth was placed in the same position in both cases. 
         [0029]    At the beginning scribes started to represent these sound variations by writing the vowel twice, or using two consonants between the vowels to make them short, and eventually arrived to the practice of using a hyphen on top of the long vowel. 
         [0030]    Old English embraced and used the same principles used in the Latin alphabet, but eventually changed during periods called “Vowel Shifts”. 
         [0031]    The Great Vowel Shift 
         [0032]    According to English linguists, the English pronunciation of long vowels changed during the period called “The Great Vowel Shift”. Instead of extending or making the same vowel sounds louder as the Latin language, the stress was indicated by changing the sound. 
         [0033]    For example, in the word “dinner”, the “I” is considered short because there are two consonants between the vowels, and is equivalent to the old Latin pronunciation. In contrast, in the word “diner”, there is only one consonant which makes the “I” long. Theoretically before the Great Vowel Shift, the long “I” in “diner” was pronounced by extending the sound of the short “I”, but after the change, it was pronounced as “dainer” (using the short sounds of “A” and “I”). 
         [0034]    Because of the vowel changes being described here, it is very difficult to represent specific vowel sounds in English outside of a known word. Therefore when I represent vowels in italics I will be referring to the short sounds as in pat, pet, pit, long, and put. 
         [0035]    Although most of what happened during this period is not clear, and current theories are in question, we can see that this change may have started by the use of the schwa in the pronunciation of stressed vowels. 
         [0036]    This can be observed today in some Old English and Irish pronunciations, where diner is pronounced “dainer”. Eventually the long “I” evolved into “ai” 1  as in “dainer”. 
         [0037]    Alternative Vowel Sounds 
         [0038]    While Old English used the original sounds represented in the Latin alphabet, Modern English uses many vowel sounds. These sounds vary by geographic zone and make it very difficult for a foreign language student to understand the “correct” pronunciation. In many cases, the same word can have many accepted pronunciations. 
         [0039]    Some examples of these different vowel sounds are: 
         [0040]    Pot—in many areas of England the “o” is normally pronounced as in Latin, while in America the “o” is pronounced somewhere between an “o” and an “a”. 
         [0041]    To—in this case the sound of the “o” is close to a short “u” (as in “put”). 
         [0042]    These sounds will be indicated with more detail below. 
         [0043]    Alternative Consonant Sounds 
         [0044]    In English some consonants sounds have evolved to pronunciations that differ from the original. These variations are more regular than vowel pronunciations, and are usually part of a set combination of letters. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0045]    Action—the syllable tion is pronounced as shon 
         [0046]    Usual—the syllable sual is pronounced as shoal 
         [0047]    Silent Letters 
         [0048]    Some letters included in current words were originally pronounced but eventually stopped being pronounced. Examples: knife, debt. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0049]    A method to teach English language pronunciation may include the steps of selecting a predetermined letter sound to be evaluated, providing a first predetermined word which exhibits the predetermined letter sound, adding a first predetermined diacritic character to the first predetermined word and generating a predetermined word deleting the letters having the first predetermined diacritic character. 
         [0050]    The predetermined letter sound may be a short vowel, and the predetermined letter sound may be a long vowel. 
         [0051]    The predetermined letter sound may a long I, the predetermined letter sound may be a closed A. 
         [0052]    The predetermined letter sound may be a closed O, and the predetermined letter sound may be a vowel pronounced as a schwa. 
         [0053]    The predetermined letter sound may be the letter O, and the predetermined letter sound may be an alternate consonant. 
         [0054]    The predetermined letter sound may be a silent letter. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0055]    The invention may be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which, like reference numerals identify like elements, and in which: 
           [0056]      FIG. 1  illustrates a flow chart of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0057]    The method which is the subject of this application will be called “Ad Litteram”. It uses diacritical symbols to represent the different sounds that can be represented by each letter. Unlike other existing methods, which create new symbols to represent sounds based on a particular local accent, this method keeps the original letter in the word and adds diacritic symbols to the existing letters as needed to represent the variation of the sound as a schwa, a long vowel, an alternative vowel, a modified consonant, or a silent letter. 
         [0058]    By simplifying the number of sounds it represents, and keeping the existing words intact, it allows the reader to get used to how the current words are represented and what sounds are used. Once the student understands the concept of the different letter sounds and how they are represented in words by the use of the diacritical symbols, it is easy to go back and read the same words without diacritics, and recognize the sound variations in each of them. 
         [0059]    Another advantage of this method is that it represents short vowels without diacritics. This is consistent with the fact that the short vowel sounds are the original sounds represented in the Latin alphabet, and are consistent with many other European languages. 
         [0060]    By keeping the original letter and sound representations, the “Ad Litteram” method follows the traditional art of spelling, and is compatible with other languages. This is an advantage for foreign language students who are used to pronounce short vowels based on the original Latin definition, and do not have to change the way they pronounce these letters. Conversely, an English speaker who learns the original short vowel sounds unmodified, can more easily learn and read other languages. 
         [0061]    The method includes the following steps: 
         [0062]    Phase I—Basic Symbols and Sounds 
         [0063]    In the first part of this course, the student is introduced to the basic concepts and symbols to be used. Each symbol is defined, with the corresponding mouth position. The actual sound is provided either by the teacher or electronically, so the sound can be identified and learned by the student. Then exercises are given to allow the student to focus on each of the sounds, including the basic positions of the mouth that are used while uttering these sounds. 
         [0064]    1) Introduction 
         [0065]    The basic idea of the alphabet, as explained in the “Background” section of this application, is exposed to the student. He is familiarized specifically with vowel sounds, and their relation to the schwa. The concept of the syllable and the accent are also explained. 
         [0066]    General 
         [0067]    The present invention identifies a predetermined letter based upon a predetermined sound and generates a modified predetermined letter based upon the predetermined sound. The modified predetermined letter may include the predetermined letter modified by a diacritic character or may include only a special diacritic character based upon the modified predetermined letter. 
         [0068]    The different types of letters and sounds are evaluated/selected one by one List examples of words which include the predetermined letter modified by the diacritics character and based upon the predetermined sound are positioned adjacent to the same word but with the predetermined letter missing. This process continues for the entire list of words. 
         [0069]    2) Short Vowels: A, E, I, O, U 
         [0070]    In step  101 , is a vowel being used? The first predetermined original letter is a short vowel as illustrated in step  103 . Short vowels are defined one by one, providing the precise position of the mouth used while uttering each of these sounds. After each definition, examples of words (a first predetermined word) using the symbol and the corresponding sound are provided. 
         [0071]    Exercises for each vowel are provided, by showing the word (the vowel) in one column and only the consonants and a blank space in the next column as in step  105 . The first predetermined original letter and the first diacritic symbol is a blank space (predetermined word without the letters having the diacritics marked letters as illustrated in step  107 . The student is supposed to write the letter and, at the same time, pronounce each word, allowing him to familiarize with the symbols and sounds being represented, and also creating a “link” in his mind between the letter and its sound. 
         [0072]    Additionally, the symbols, sounds, and corresponding mouth positions, can be provided in electronic form. 
         [0073]    Short A 
         [0074]    It is pronounced by opening the mouth and placing the palate and lower jaw forming a predetermined angle in the back of the mouth. The air passing through the vocal chords produces a distinctive sound. Is the sound of A in FAT or APPLE. 
         [0075]    Exercises: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 At 
                 _t 
               
               
                   
                 Bad 
                 B_d 
               
               
                   
                 Bat 
                 B_t 
               
               
                   
                 Cat 
                 C_t 
               
               
                   
                 Fat 
                 F_t 
               
               
                   
                 Mat 
                 M_t 
               
               
                   
                 Pat 
                 P_t 
               
               
                   
                 Rat 
                 R_t 
               
               
                   
                 Sat 
                 s_t 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0076]    Short E 
         [0077]    To pronounce this sound, the palate, and tongue are almost parallel while air passes through the vocal chords. It is the sound of E in PET or SET. 
         [0078]    This letter is also used at the end of many words, such in tape or fate. It is always silent when used in this way, except when it is the only vowel in the word. 
         [0079]    Exercises: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Jet 
                 J_t 
               
               
                   
                 Let 
                 L_t 
               
               
                   
                 Met 
                 M_t 
               
               
                   
                 Set 
                 S_t 
               
               
                   
                 Yet 
                 Y_t 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0080]    Short I 
         [0081]    This sound occurs when the mouth is in a position similar to the Short E, but with the tongue almost touching the lower teeth, and the mouth a little more closed. It is the sound of I in FIT and SIT. 
         [0082]    Exercises: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Did 
                 D_d 
               
               
                   
                 Finish 
                 F_n_sh 
               
               
                   
                 Fish 
                 F_sh 
               
               
                   
                 Fist 
                 F_st 
               
               
                   
                 Fit 
                 F_t 
               
               
                   
                 Sit 
                 S_t 
               
               
                   
                 Hit 
                 H_t 
               
               
                   
                 It 
                 _t 
               
               
                   
                 List 
                 L_st 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0083]    Short O 
         [0084]    The short O is pronounced by forming a tunnel with the mouth, and forming a medium size circle with the lips, a shape suggested by the letter itself. It is the sound of O in AMONG and WRONG. 
         [0085]    Exercises: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Fort 
                 F_rt 
               
               
                   
                 Long 
                 L_ng 
               
               
                   
                 Lost 
                 L_st 
               
               
                   
                 More 
                 M_re 
               
               
                   
                 Or 
                 _r 
               
               
                   
                 Order 
                 _rder 
               
               
                   
                 Sort 
                 S_rt 
               
               
                   
                 Soy 
                 S_y 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0086]    Short U 
         [0087]    This sound is pronounced with the mouth in a position similar to the O but with the lips almost closed. It is a position which is almost the inverse of the position of the short A. It is the sound of U in PUT or BUSH. This sound is also represented by the letter W, as in WATER and WINDOW. 
         [0088]    Exercises: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Bull 
                 B_ll 
               
               
                   
                 Bush 
                 B_sh 
               
               
                   
                 Full 
                 F_ll 
               
               
                   
                 June 
                 J_ne 
               
               
                   
                 Pull 
                 P_ll 
               
               
                   
                 Push 
                 P_sh 
               
               
                   
                 Put 
                 P_t 
               
               
                   
                 Window 
                 _indo —   
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 _ater 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0089]    3) Long Vowels: Ā, Ē, Ī, Ō, Ū 
         [0090]    The original Latin concept of a vowel being pronounced for twice the duration of a short vowel is explained, and how during the “Great Vowel Shift” the concept changed, with possible introduction of the schwa as the catalyst that made the original simple vowel sounds become the varied sound combinations represented by the long vowels today. 
         [0091]    The second predetermined original letter is a long vowel as in step  107 . Each long vowel sound is represented and explained, giving the different positions of the mouth each sound requires in order to be pronounced. The fact that the long A and the long I in particular are pronounced in different ways by English speakers is explained, giving emphasis to the American pronunciation of long vowels as perhaps the most prevalent today. 
         [0092]    The traditional diacritic symbol to represent long vowels is the macron (    ). The second diacritics symbol is the macron (    ) as in step  109 . However, because of its size, it makes it difficult to read some times. For this reason, we may also use the acute (´) accent, as it is used today in many languages to represent an accented or long vowel. 
         [0093]    Examples and exercises for each long vowel are provided, similar to the exercises described for short vowels. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0094]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Tāpe 
                 T_pe 
               
               
                   
                 Sēēd 
                 S__d 
               
               
                   
                 Fīve 
                 F_ve 
               
               
                   
                 Cōde 
                 C_de 
               
               
                   
                 Ūse 
                 _se 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0095]    The Schwa 
         [0096]    It is the sound generated when air passes through the vocal chords and the mouth is in a relaxed position. It is the root of all vowels, as the different vowels are simply variations of this sound produced by the different positions of the mouth. It is considered a dull, indefinite sound. This is due to the fact that changing the mouth position, even slightly, can make the schwa sound like any of the vowel sounds. It is represented in the IPA by the symbol          . This symbol however, seems to be too close to an a or e and can create some confusion. For this method we will use the symbol Ø instead to represent the schwa. 
         [0097]    Long Ā 
         [0098]    The sound of the long Ā seems to come from the addition of a fast schwa before and after the short A, which merges with the A creating a gliding sound. This sound varies by region, and in America it is usually pronounced as “øAø” (as in mate). 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0000]    
       
         
           
             Lāte 
             Fāte 
             Nāme 
             Fāme 
             Sāfe 
             Sāme 
           
         
       
     
         [0105]    Exercises: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Āble 
                 _ble 
               
               
                   
                 Bāse 
                 B_se 
               
               
                   
                 Cāse 
                 C_se 
               
               
                   
                 Cāme 
                 C_me 
               
               
                   
                 Dāte 
                 D_te 
               
               
                   
                 Dānger 
                 D_nger 
               
               
                   
                 Fāce 
                 F_ce 
               
               
                   
                 Fāme 
                 F_me 
               
               
                   
                 Fāte 
                 F_te 
               
               
                   
                 Fāvor 
                 F_vor 
               
               
                   
                 Gāme 
                 G_me 
               
               
                   
                 Lāme 
                 L_me 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0106]    Long Ē 
         [0107]    The long Ē is produced in the same position as the short I, but has double its duration. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0000]    
       
         
           
             Slēēp 
             Dēēp 
             Fēēd 
             Grēēd 
             Nēēd 
             Kēēl 
             Mēēt 
           
         
       
     
         [0115]    Exercises: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Bē 
                 B —   
               
               
                   
                 Bēcause 
                 B_cause 
               
               
                   
                 Bēfore 
                 B_fore 
               
               
                   
                 Bēgan 
                 B_gan 
               
               
                   
                 Bēgin 
                 B_gin 
               
               
                   
                 Bētwēēn 
                 B_tw_n 
               
               
                   
                 Complēte 
                 Compl_te 
               
               
                   
                 Dēēm 
                 D__m 
               
               
                   
                 Dēēp 
                 D__p 
               
               
                   
                 Dēlēte 
                 D_l_te 
               
               
                   
                 Dētect 
                 D_tect 
               
               
                   
                 Dēvelop 
                 D_velop 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0116]    Long Ī 
         [0117]    The third predetermined original letter is the long Ī as in step  111 . The sound of the long Ī is produced by combining the short A and short I sounds. This sound will also represented by the letter ŷ. The third diacritics is by the letter ŷ as in step  113 . 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0000]    
       
         
           
             Tīme 
             Crīme 
             Fīne 
             Shīne 
             Līme 
             Fīght 
             Rīght 
             Flŷ 
           
         
       
     
         [0126]    Exercises: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Advertīse 
                 Advert_se 
               
               
                   
                 Crīme 
                 Cr_me 
               
               
                   
                 Crŷ 
                 Cr —   
               
               
                   
                 Fīght 
                 F_ght 
               
               
                   
                 Fīnd 
                 F_nd 
               
               
                   
                 Flŷ 
                 Fl —   
               
               
                   
                 Īce 
                 _ce 
               
               
                   
                 Julŷ 
                 Jul —   
               
               
                   
                 Kīte 
                 K_te 
               
               
                   
                 Līght 
                 L_ght 
               
               
                   
                 Mīght 
                 M_ght 
               
               
                   
                 Mīght 
                 M_ght 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0127]    Long Ō 
         [0128]    The sound of the long Ō is a created by placing the mouth initially in the position of the short O, and then reducing the circle of the lips, emitting a sound that is close to a short U but softer. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0000]    
       
         
           
             Vōte 
             Whōle 
             Wrōte 
             Hōle 
             Mōle 
           
         
       
     
         [0134]    Exercises: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Vōte 
                 V_te 
               
               
                   
                 Whōle 
                 Wh_le 
               
               
                   
                 Wrōte 
                 Wr_te 
               
               
                   
                 Hōle 
                 H_le 
               
               
                   
                 Mōle 
                 M_le 
               
               
                   
                 Nōte 
                 N_te 
               
               
                   
                 Phōne 
                 Ph_ne 
               
               
                   
                 Zōne 
                 Z_ne 
               
               
                   
                 Tōne 
                 T_ne 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0135]    Long Ū 
         [0136]    The long Ū is a combination of the sound of the schwa and the short U: øU. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0000]    
       
         
           
             Flūte 
             Mūte 
             Tūne 
             Cūte 
             Mūle 
           
         
       
     
         [0142]    Exercises: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Cūte 
                 C _ te 
               
               
                   
                 Eūrope 
                 E _ rope 
               
               
                   
                 Excūse 
                 Exc _ se 
               
               
                   
                 Flūte 
                 Fl _ te 
               
               
                   
                 Fūse 
                 F _ se 
               
               
                   
                 MūIe 
                 M _ le 
               
               
                   
                 Mūte 
                 M _ te 
               
               
                   
                 Refūse 
                 Ref _ se 
               
               
                   
                 Tūne 
                 T _ ne 
               
               
                   
                 Ūnity 
                 _ nity 
               
               
                   
                 Ūniversal 
                 _ niversal 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0143]    4) Vowels Pronounced as Schwa 
         [0144]    The fourth predetermined original letter is the schwa semi-vowel as illustrated in step  115 . Many vowels have lost their original sounds and are pronounced as a schwa, especially when they are close to a semivowel. 
         [0145]    Semivowels are defined as consonants which by their nature imply the brief pronunciation of the schwa, in particular in the case of “R” and “L”. 
         [0146]    In many cases, in particular when the “R” is involved, the schwa in the semivowel takes precedence over the vowel sound, which is then simply pronounced as a scwha. 
         [0147]    The fourth original letter diacritic is the dieresis in top as in step  117 . These cases will be represented by using the dieresis in top: ä, ë, ï, ö, ü, {umlaut over (w)} 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0148]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Bïrd 
                 B _ rd 
               
               
                   
                 Absürd 
                 Abs _ rd 
               
               
                   
                 Cäre 
                 C _ re 
               
               
                   
                 Ans{umlaut over (w)}ër 
                 Ans _ _ r 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0149]    5) Alternative Vowel Sounds 
         [0150]    The following alternative sounds are defined: 
         [0151]    The fifth predetermined original letter is the closed A as in step  119 . The “closed A”, represented by Å, using the ring on top of the A. The fifth original letter diacritic is the ring on the top as in step  121 . 
         [0152]    This sound is produced by placing the mouth in the position of the short A but forming a circle with the lips. It produces a sound that is a mix of the short A and the short O. The use of the ring on top of the Å reminds us that it the “A” is pronounced close to an “O”. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0000]    
       
         
           
             Måll 
             Fåll 
             Åll 
           
         
       
     
         [0156]    Exercises: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Ålternāte 
                 _ lternāte 
               
               
                   
                 Ålthough 
                 _ lthough 
               
               
                   
                 Cåll 
                 C _ ll 
               
               
                   
                 Fåll 
                 F _ ll 
               
               
                   
                 MålI 
                 M _ ll 
               
               
                   
                 TåII 
                 T _ ll 
               
               
                   
                 Wår 
                 W _ r 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0157]    The sixth predetermined original letter is the closed O as in step  123 , and the sixth predetermined diacritic is the breve on top as in step  125 . The “closed O”, represented by {hacek over (O)}, with the breve on top of the O. 
         [0158]    The mouth is placed in the same position as the short O but the lips are more closed, producing a sound similar to a short U but softer. The breve on top of the “{hacek over (O)}” reminds us it pronounced close to a short “U”. 
         [0159]    Examples
       D{hacek over (o)}   D{hacek over (o)}{hacek over (o)}m   F{hacek over (o)}{hacek over (o)}d   G{hacek over (o)}{hacek over (o)}d   R{hacek over (o)}{hacek over (o)}m   S{hacek over (o)}{hacek over (o)}n       
 
         [0166]    Exercises: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 D{hacek over (o)} 
                 D  —   
               
               
                   
                 D{hacek over (o)}{hacek over (o)}m 
                 D _ _ m 
               
               
                   
                 F{hacek over (o)}{hacek over (o)}d 
                 F _ _ d 
               
               
                   
                 G{hacek over (o)}{hacek over (o)}d 
                 G _ _ d 
               
               
                   
                 R{hacek over (o)}{hacek over (o)}m 
                 R _ _ m 
               
               
                   
                 S{hacek over (o)}{hacek over (o)}n 
                 S _ _ n 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0167]    The seventh predetermined original letter is the “open” O as in step  127 , and the seventh diacritic is the caret on top as in step  129 . The “open O”, represented by Ô, using the caret on top of the O. 
         [0168]    This is very similar to the “closed A”, but has a tendency to be pronounced more like a short A. The caret on top of the “Ô” reminds us it is pronounced close to a short “A”. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0000]    
       
         
           
             Bôund 
             Fôund 
             Grôund 
             ôut 
             Rôund 
             Sôund 
           
         
       
     
         [0175]    Exercises: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Bôund 
                 B _ und 
               
               
                   
                 Dôck 
                 D _ ck 
               
               
                   
                 Fôund 
                 F _ und 
               
               
                   
                 Fôx 
                 F _ x 
               
               
                   
                 Grôund 
                 Gr _ und 
               
               
                   
                 Môck 
                 M _ ck 
               
               
                   
                 Môp 
                 M _ p 
               
               
                   
                 Nôt 
                 N _ t 
               
               
                   
                 Ôut 
                 _ ut 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0176]    The “open U”, represented by Û, putting the caret on top of the U. 
         [0177]    This is basically a schwa where the mouth is a little more open creating a sound very close to a dull short “A”. The caret on top of the “Û” reminds us it is pronounced close to a short “A” 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0000]    
       
         
           
             Bût 
             Cût 
             Rût 
             Shût 
             Ûntil 
           
         
       
     
         [0183]    Exercises 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Bût 
                 B _ t 
               
               
                   
                 Cût 
                 C _ t 
               
               
                   
                 Rût 
                 R _ t 
               
               
                   
                 Shût 
                 Sh _ t 
               
               
                   
                 Ûntil 
                 _ ntil 
               
               
                   
                 Ûnderstand 
                 _ nderstand 
               
               
                   
                 Sûn 
                 S _ n 
               
               
                   
                 Sûccess 
                 S _ ccess 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0184]    The O pronounced as UA, such as in once, is represented by using the tilde on top: õnce. 
         [0185]    6) Alternative Consonants 
         [0186]    The eighth predetermined original letter is the alternate consonants as in step  131 , and the eighth predetermined diacritic is the cedilla as in step  133 . The “sh” sound used mostly in syllables such as tion in caution, and su in sugar, will be represented with a cedilla. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0187]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Cåü            ion 
                 Cåü _ ion 
               
               
                   
                             ūgar 
                 _ ūgar 
               
               
                   
                             hance 
                   ——  ance 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0188]    7) Silent Letters 
         [0189]    The ninth predetermined original letter is a silent letter as in step  137 , and the ninth predetermined diacritic is striking the letters out as in step  135 . Silent letters will be represented by striking them. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0190]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                             nīfe 
                 _ nīfe 
               
               
                   
                 De            t 
                 De _ t 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0191]    7) Digraphs 
         [0192]    A digraph is composed of two vowels put together to represent a sound that is different than the original sound represented by each vowel. The original idea was to represent the alternative sounds by using these vowel combinations. Unfortunately the use of digraphs was never standardized, and many digraphs represent more than one sound. 
         [0193]    For example in the word tough, the ou represents the sound of Ō, in sound it is ÔU, in though it is simply OU, and in wound it is {hacek over (O)}U. By noticing that the actual sounds represented by the digraphs are the same sounds described in sections 3 and 5, we will be able to use these same symbols to differentiate them. When a vowel is mute as the U in tough, we will use the dieresis on top of the vowel. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0194]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Tôügh 
                 T _ ügh 
               
               
                   
                 Sôund 
                 S _ und 
               
               
                   
                 Though 
                 Th _ _ gh 
               
               
                   
                 W{hacek over (o)}und 
                 W _ und 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0195]    The main digraphs are:
       Short EÄ—in this case the E is short and the A is not pronounced.       
 
         [0197]    There are only a few cases of this. 
         [0198]    Examples
       Teär   Beär   Reäd       
 
         [0202]    Exercises: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Teär 
                 T _ _ r 
               
               
                   
                 Beär 
                 B _ _ r 
               
               
                   
                 Reäd 
                 R _ _ d 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0203]    Long ĒÄ—in this case the Ē is long and the Ä is not pronounced. 
         [0204]    Examples:
       Dēär   Ēäch   Ēägle       
 
         [0208]    Exercises: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Dēär 
                 D _ ar 
               
               
                   
                 Ēäch 
                 _ ach 
               
               
                   
                 Ēägle 
                 _ agle 
               
               
                   
                 Ēär 
                 _ ar 
               
               
                   
                 Fēär 
                 F _ ar 
               
               
                   
                 Hēär 
                 H _ ar 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0209]    ÅÜ—the Å is pronounced and the Ü is not. It is also represented as ÅW. 
         [0210]    Examples:
       Åuto   Fåwn   Låwn   ÅwkwÅrd       
 
         [0215]    Exercises: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Åuto 
                 _ uto 
               
               
                   
                 Fåwn 
                 F _ wn 
               
               
                   
                 Låwn 
                 L _ wn 
               
               
                   
                 åwkwård 
                 _ wkw _ rd 
               
               
                   
                 dåwn 
                 d _ wn 
               
               
                   
                 påuse 
                 p _ use 
               
               
                   
                 åunt 
                 _ unt 
               
               
                   
                 håunt 
                 h _ unt 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0216]    ÄI—the Ä is pronounced as a schwa, and the I is pronounced very slightly. Some speakers do not even pronounce the “I”. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0000]    
       
         
           
             Agäin 
             Äir 
             Chäir 
             Fäir 
           
         
       
     
         [0221]    Exercises: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Agäin 
                 Ag _ in 
               
               
                   
                 Äir 
                 _ ir 
               
               
                   
                 Chäir 
                 Ch _ ir 
               
               
                   
                 Fäir 
                 F _ ir 
               
               
                   
                 Räin 
                 R _ in 
               
               
                   
                 Säint 
                 S _ int 
               
               
                   
                 Fäint 
                 F _ int 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
       
         
           
             ĒĒ—it has the same pronunciation as the long Ē. 
           
         
       
     
       EXAMPLES 
       [0000]    
       
         
           
             Dēēd 
             Fēēt 
             Kēēl 
             Nēēd 
             Rēēd 
           
         
       
     
         [0228]    Exercises: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Dēēd 
                 D _ _ d 
               
               
                   
                 Fēēt 
                 F _ _ t 
               
               
                   
                 Kēēl 
                 K _ _ l 
               
               
                   
                 Nēēd 
                 N _ _ d 
               
               
                   
                 Rēēd 
                 R _ _ d 
               
               
                   
                 Sēēd 
                 S _ _ d 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0229]    Exception Words 
         [0230]    Some words do not follow any of the guidelines. In many cases because they come from a different language, or because they had two pronunciations and spellings in old English which were consolidated. These words will be listed for memorization. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0231]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Sew 
                 Sow 
               
               
                   
                 Colonel 
                 Kernel 
               
               
                   
                 Buffet 
                 Buffei 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0232]    The first exercise is to place the modified words with the modified letters adjacent to the word without the modified letters as in step  141 . 
         [0233]    Phase II 
         [0234]    Once the student is familiarized with the different basic sounds and symbols, he is ready to start applying them in phrases in step  143 . 
         [0235]    The exercises provided in this section are composed of phrases written using the diacritical marks. The phrase is then written with spaces where the special characters are supposed to be written so the student can u the right characters. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0236]    Thë hôuse is grēēn 
         [0237]    Th_ h_use is gr —— n 
         [0238]    Can y{hacek over (o)}u show mē thë hôuse? 
         [0239]    Can y_u show m_ th_ h_use 
         [0240]    Phase III 
         [0241]    Now we provide more complex examples of conversations in step  145  using the diacritical symbols and letting the student read the phrase with the symbols first and then without them. This allows the student to get used to the normal English representation of words. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0242]    Hellō, mŷ nāme is John. I am an enginēēr and Ī work for the Côunty Manägëment Ôffice. 
         [0243]    Hello, my name is John. I am an engineer and I work for the County Management Office. 
         [0244]    Phase IV 
         [0245]    A) We use the diacritics in lyrics so the student can practice by singing in step  147  along to get more proficient with pronunciation. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0246]    Can&#39;t bûy mē love, love, can&#39;t bûy mē love 
         [0247]    I&#39;ll bûy yôu a dīamond ring mŷ frïend 
         [0248]    If it mākes y{hacek over (o)}u fēēl åll rīght 
         [0249]    Cåüse Ī dōn&#39;t cäre t{hacek over (o)}{hacek over (o)} 
         [0250]    mûch for mônēy 
         [0251]    For môney can&#39;t bûy mē love 
         [0252]    B) We provide the same lyrics without special characters, so the student can now see the words as they are represented normally in English. 
         [0253]    Can&#39;t buy me love, love, can&#39;t buy me love . . . 
         [0254]    While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the description herein of specific embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed.