Abstract:
LED lamp circuitry that emulates an incandescent lamp&#39;s behaviour upon remote verification of the LED lamp. The invention presents a fuse blow-out circuit and a cold filament detection circuit permitting the use of LED lamps in applications, such as railway signal light applications, where there is a need for remote monitoring of the lamps, while keeping the advantageous features of lower power consumption and longer life. The invention also provides a control circuit for enabling/disabling the power supply to LED lamps in relation to the level of the line voltage. The advantage of this embodiment is to avoid unwanted functioning of the LED lamp caused by interference from surrounding electrical cables.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/543,240 of Apr. 5, 2000, now abandoned. 
     
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The present invention relates to the electric supply of light-emitting loads, in particular light-emitting diode (LED) lamps. More specifically, the present invention is concerned with electric circuits and methods required for remote monitoring of LED lamps.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    Light-emitting diode (LED) lamps are becoming more and more popular in automotive traffic lights, railway signal lights and other applications. Their lower power consumption is an attractive feature, but the main reason for their popularity is their long life (100 000 hours) compared to standard incandescent lamps (5 000 hours). Manifestly, these features allow important reduction in maintenance costs.  
           [0004]    In certain applications, such as railway signal lights, these lamps may be used, as those skilled in the art would know, for main line signalling and/or grade crossing signalling. Grade crossing signals are usually situated in populated areas such as road intersections. Remote monitoring of the LED lamps in grade crossing signals is therefore not necessary. Main line signals, on the other hand, can be installed in remote areas, which are not easily accessible. Remote monitoring for checking the integrity of the lamps signals is therefore common practice.  
           [0005]    For lamps equipped with standard incandescent bulb, electrical integrity can be easily verified. If the filament of the incandescent bulb is in normal condition, current flows through the bulb according to Ohm&#39;s law (I=V/R). Otherwise, if the filament is open, no current flows through the bulb and it should be replaced.  
           [0006]    For LED lamps, however, LED current is controlled by a power supply. Current characteristics are therefore not identical in a LED lamp and in an incandescent lamp. In a LED lamp, alternative current (ac) line voltage is rectified and then converted to a suitable level by a dc-dc (direct current) converter, which also regulates LED current. In case of LED failure, or failure of any other electrical component in the LED lamp, it is possible for the power supply to continue drawing current at or near the nominal current value, even if the LED&#39;s are not emitting any light. Remote monitoring systems could therefore see the LED lamp as functioning correctly when in reality it is not. This situation is not acceptable since it can lead to very hazardous train operations and cause major accidents.  
           [0007]    Another problem, related to LED lamps and their power supplies and controllers, is caused by electric components which retain residual voltage differentials after power is removed from the LED lamp. The resulting characteristic is that a LED lamp will effectively light up when the power applied to it reaches a first high level while it will be turned off only when the power reaches a second lower level. The resulting problem is that if a certain power is induced by, for example, other nearby cables, the LED lamp could remain on while in fact it should be off. This could also lead to dangerous situations.  
           [0008]    These particularities of LED lamps limit their widespread use in situations where they need to be remotely monitored such as in railway main line signalling applications.  
         OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION  
         [0009]    An object of the present invention is therefore to allow LED lamps to become compatible with remote detection systems designed for monitoring of incandescent lamps.  
           [0010]    Another object of the invention is to provide LED lamp circuitry which will emulate an incandescent lamp&#39;s behaviour upon remote monitoring of the LED lamp.  
           [0011]    Yet another object of the invention is to provide a control circuit for enabling/disabling the power supply to LED lamps in relation to the level of the line voltage.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0012]    More specifically, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a fuse blow-out circuit for establishing a short circuit between first and second voltage and current supply lines to blow out a protection fuse through which a current supplied to a light-emitting load by the first and second lines flows, this fuse blow-out circuit comprises:  
           [0013]    a timer means responsive to the voltage across the first and second lines for producing a time-representative signal after a certain period of time;  
           [0014]    means connected to the timer means for preventing production of the time-representative signal in response to the current supplied to the light-emitting load; and  
           [0015]    means for establishing a current path between the first and second lines in response to the time-representative signal.  
           [0016]    Accordingly, when no current is supplied to the light-emitting load, the current path is established and provides the short circuit between the first and second lines that will blow out the protection fuse and emulate an open circuit of a defective incandescent lamp.  
           [0017]    Also in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a fuse blow-out circuit for establishing a short circuit between first and second voltage and current supply lines to blow out a protection fuse through which a current supplied to a light-emitting load by the first and second lines flows. This fuse blow-out circuit comprises:  
           [0018]    a resistor and a capacitor connected in series between the first and second lines, this resistor having a given resistance value, and this capacitor having a given capacitance value and a capacitor charge period dependent on the given resistance value and the given capacitance value;  
           [0019]    a trigger circuit connected in parallel with the capacitor, and comprising a first controllable switch member closed in response to the current supplied to the light-emitting load to discharge the capacitor; and  
           [0020]    a second controllable switch member defining a current path between the first and second lines and closed in response to a given voltage amplitude across the capacitor.  
           [0021]    Therefore, in the absence of current supplied to the light-emitting load for a duration equivalent to the capacitor charge period, the given voltage amplitude across the capacitor is reached to thereby close the second switch member, establish the current path and provide the short circuit between the first and second lines that will blow out the protection fuse and emulate an open circuit of a defective incandescent lamp.  
           [0022]    Further in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a power supply unit responsive to alternating voltage and current from an ac source for supplying a dc voltage and current to a light-emitting load, comprising:  
           [0023]    a rectifier unit rectifying the alternating voltage and current from the ac source and supplying the rectified voltage and current to first and second voltage and current supply lines;  
           [0024]    a protection fuse through which the alternating current from the ac source is supplied to the rectifier unit;  
           [0025]    a converter of the rectified voltage and current into the dc voltage and current supplied to the light-emitting load;  
           [0026]    a fuse blow-out circuit as described above, for establishing a short circuit between the first and second voltage and current supply lines to blow out the protection fuse; and  
           [0027]    a controller of the converter in response to the rectified voltage on the first and second lines.  
           [0028]    The present invention also relates to a cold filament detection circuit connected between first and second lines through which a voltage and current supply source supplies voltage and current to a light-emitting load, the voltage and current supply source having a set up time during which no current is supplied to the light-emitting load. This cold filament detection circuit comprises:  
           [0029]    a resistor;  
           [0030]    means for connecting the resistor between the first and second lines in response to the voltage on the first and second lines to thereby establish through this resistor a current path between the first and second lines; and  
           [0031]    means for disconnecting the resistor from between the first and second lines in response to the current supplied to the light-emitting load.  
           [0032]    Accordingly, during the set up time no current is supplied to the light-emitting load and the current path is established through the resistor to emulate the impedance of an incandescent lamp, and when current is supplied to the light-emitting load, the resistor is disconnected from between the first and second lines.  
           [0033]    The present invention further relates to a cold filament detection circuit connected between first and second lines through which a voltage and current supply source supplies voltage and current to a light-emitting load, the voltage and current supply source having a set up time during which no current is supplied to the light-emitting load. The cold filament detection circuit comprises:  
           [0034]    a resistor;  
           [0035]    a controllable switch member: connected in series with the resistor between the first and second lines; responsive to the voltage on the first and second lines; and having a current-conductive junction established in response to the voltage on the first and second lines to thereby establish through the resistor a current path between the first and second lines; and  
           [0036]    a switch control unit responsive to the current supplied to the light-emitting load, connected to the first controllable switch member, and having a switch-disabling circuit which prevents the current-conductive junction to establish as long as current is supplied to the light-emitting load.  
           [0037]    In operation, during the set up time no current is supplied to the light-emitting load and the current path is established through the resistor to emulate the impedance of an incandescent lamp, and when current is supplied to the light-emitting load, the switch-disabling circuit prevents the current-conductive junction to establish whereby the resistor is disconnected from between the first and second lines.  
           [0038]    The present invention still further relates to a voltage and current supply source responsive to alternating voltage and current from an ac source for supplying dc voltage and current to a light-emitting load, comprising:  
           [0039]    a rectifier unit rectifying the alternating voltage and current from the ac source and supplying the rectified voltage and current to first and second voltage and current supply lines;  
           [0040]    a converter of the rectified voltage and current into the dc voltage and current supplied to the light-emitting load;  
           [0041]    a cold filament detection circuit as defined above, connected between the first and second lines through which the voltage and current supply source supplies voltage and current to the light-emitting load; and  
           [0042]    a controller of the converter in response to the rectified voltage on the first and second lines.  
           [0043]    The present invention is also concerned with a voltage control circuit for controlling the amplitude of a voltage signal on a control terminal of a power controller unit itself controlling a voltage and current supply source which supplies a current to a light-emitting load through first and second voltage and current supply lines. This voltage control circuit comprises:  
           [0044]    means for producing a first trigger voltage in response to the voltage across the first and second lines, this first trigger voltage having an amplitude representative of the amplitude of the voltage across the first and second lines;  
           [0045]    first switch means, connected in series with a high impedance element between the control terminal and one of the first and second lines, for establishing a high impedance current path between the control terminal and said one line when the first trigger voltage reaches a given amplitude, wherein the first switch means comprises means for producing a second trigger voltage having a first amplitude when the high impedance current path is not established and a second amplitude when the high impedance current path is established; and  
           [0046]    second switch means, connected in series with a low impedance element between the control terminal and said one line, for establishing a low impedance current path between the control terminal and said one line when the second trigger voltage has the first amplitude.  
           [0047]    Accordingly, when the first trigger voltage has an amplitude lower than the given amplitude, the high impedance current path is not established, a second trigger voltage of first amplitude is produced, and the low impedance current path is established to result in a voltage signal amplitude on the control terminal which disables the power controller unit and, when the amplitude of the first trigger voltage reaches the given amplitude, the high impedance current path is established, a second trigger voltage of second amplitude is produced, and the low impedance current path is not established to result in a voltage signal amplitude on the control terminal which enables said power controller unit.  
           [0048]    The present invention is further concerned with a voltage control circuit for controlling the amplitude of a voltage signal on a control terminal of a power controller unit itself controlling a voltage and current supply source which supplies a current to a light-emitting load through first and second voltage and current supply lines. The voltage control circuit comprises:  
           [0049]    a voltage divider circuit connected between the first and second lines and comprising resistors which divide the voltage on the first and second lines to produce a first trigger voltage signal;  
           [0050]    a first controllable switch member connected in series with a high impedance element between the control terminal and one of the first and second lines to define a high impedance current path between this control terminal and said one line, this first controllable switch member being responsive to the first trigger voltage signal and having a first current-conductive junction established when the first trigger voltage reaches a given amplitude, wherein the high impedance current path produces a second trigger voltage having a first amplitude when the first current-conductive junction is not established and a second amplitude when the first current-conductive junction is established; and  
           [0051]    a second controllable switch member connected in series with a low impedance element between the control terminal and said one line to define a low impedance current path between this control terminal and said one line, this second controllable switch member being responsive to the second trigger voltage and having a second current-conductive junction established when the second trigger voltage has the first amplitude and non established when the second trigger voltage signal has the second amplitude.  
           [0052]    Therefore, when the first trigger voltage has an amplitude lower than the given amplitude, the first current-conductive junction is not established to produce in the high impedance current path a second trigger voltage of first amplitude which establishes both the second current-conductive junction and the low impedance current path to result in a voltage signal amplitude on the control terminal which disables the power controller unit and, when the amplitude of the first trigger voltage reaches the given amplitude, both the first current-conductive junction and the high impedance current path are established to produce in the high impedance current path a second trigger voltage of second amplitude whereby both the second current-conductive junction and the low impedance current path are not established to result in a voltage signal amplitude on the control terminal which enables the power controller unit.  
           [0053]    The present invention is still further concerned with a voltage and current supply source responsive to alternating voltage and current from an ac source for supplying dc voltage and current to a light-emitting load, comprising:  
           [0054]    a rectifier unit rectifying the alternating voltage and current from the ac source and supplying the rectified voltage and current to first and second voltage and current supply lines;  
           [0055]    a converter of the rectified voltage and current into the dc voltage and current supplied to the light-emitting load;  
           [0056]    a power controller unit having a control terminal and controlling the converter in response to the rectified voltage on the first and second lines; and  
           [0057]    a voltage control circuit as described above, for controlling the amplitude of a voltage signal on the control terminal of the power controller unit.  
           [0058]    The embodiments described herein present the advantage that they permit the use of LED lamps in applications, such as railway signal light applications, where there is a need for remote monitoring of the lamps, while keeping the advantageous features of lower power consumption and longer life.  
           [0059]    Other objects, advantages and features of the present invention will become more apparent upon reading of the following non-restrictive description of preferred embodiments thereof, given by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0060]    In the appended drawings:  
         [0061]    [0061]FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram showing a LED lamp assembly including a fuse blow-out circuit, a cold filament detection circuit, and a turn-off voltage circuit;  
         [0062]    [0062]FIG. 2A is a schematic electrical circuit diagram of a first embodiment of a fuse blow-out circuit according to the invention;  
         [0063]    [0063]FIG. 2B is a schematic electrical circuit diagram of a second embodiment of the fuse blow-out circuit according to the invention;  
         [0064]    [0064]FIG. 2C is a schematic electrical circuit diagram of a third embodiment of the fuse blow-out circuit according to the invention;  
         [0065]    [0065]FIG. 3 is a schematic electrical circuit diagram of a cold filament detection circuit in accordance with the present invention; and  
         [0066]    [0066]FIG. 4 is a schematic electrical circuit diagram of a turn-off voltage circuit according to the present invention.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0067]    Referring to FIG. 1, an ac (alternating current) line voltage is supplied to a LED lamp B by a voltage and current supply source  10  through a line  11 . The AC line voltage is EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) filtered and surge suppressed by means of functional block  12  including an EMI filter, a surge suppressor and an input fuse. Then, the line voltage is rectified through a rectifier  14  and subsequently converted to a DC voltage through a DC-DC converter  20 . The DC voltage from the converter  20  is supplied on line  21  to light up a series/parallel LED (light-emitting diodes) array  22 . LEDs are also more generally referred to in the present, specification as light-emitting loads.  
         [0068]    The current flowing through the series/parallel LED array  22  is sensed by a current sensor  100 . This current sensor  100  produces a LED current sense signal  23  supplied to a power factor controller  28 . The function of the power factor controller  28  is to control the DC-DC converter  20  through a line  27 , which in turn controls the DC current and voltage on line  21 .  
         [0069]    In the illustrated example, the series/parallel LED array  22  is formed of a plurality of subsets  26  of five (5) serially interconnected light-emitting diodes  24 . Each subset  26  of serially interconnected light-emitting diodes  24  are connected in parallel to form the series/parallel LED array  22 . A particularity is that the anodes of the first light-emitting diodes of the subsets  26  are interconnected, the cathodes the first light-emitting diodes of the subsets  26  and the anodes of the second light-emitting diodes of the subsets  26  are interconnected, the cathodes of the second light-emitting diodes of the subsets  26  and the anodes of the third light-emitting diodes of the subsets  26  are interconnected, the cathodes of the third light-emitting diodes of the subsets  26  and the anodes of fourth light-emitting diodes of the subsets  26  are interconnected, the cathodes of the fourth light-emitting diodes of the subsets  26  and the anodes of the fifth light-emitting diodes of the subsets  26  are interconnected, and the cathodes of the fifth light-emitting diodes of the subsets  26  are interconnected. Of course, other types of arrangements comprising various numbers of LEDs are possible within the scope of the present invention.  
         [0070]    Various embodiments of EMI filter (block  12 ), surge suppressor (block  12 ), input fuse (block  12 ), rectifier  14  and DC-DC converter  20  can be used. These embodiments are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and, accordingly, will not be further described in the present specification. Also, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, a Motorola® MC33262P integrated circuit (IC) chip is used as power factor controller  28 . However, it is within the scope of the present invention to use other IC chips commercially available on the market, or that will become available on the market in the future.  
         [0071]    [0071]FIG. 1 shows a fuse blow-out circuit  16 , a cold filament detection circuit  18  and a turn-off voltage circuit  30 . These circuits will be described in greater detail hereinafter.  
         [0072]    Fuse Blow-Out Circuit  
         [0073]    Referring to FIG. 2A, a first embodiment of the fuse blow-out circuit is shown and generally designated by the reference  16 . The fuse blow-out circuit  16  receives the rectified voltage from output terminal  15  of the rectifier  14  on an input  48 . The fuse blow-out circuit  16  also comprises a second input  49  to receive the LED current sense signal  23  from the current sensor  100 . As long as no LED current sense signal  23  appears on the input  49 , a FET (Field-Effect Transistor) transistor  42  is turned off. While transistor  42  is turned off, capacitor  34  is being charged through resistor  31  and diode  32  from the voltage supplied on the input  48 . Concurrently, capacitor  41  is being charged through resistor  31 , diode  32  and resistor  37 . When the voltage across capacitor  41  reaches the breakdown voltage of Zener diode  40  having its anode grounded through resistor  47  (while transistor  42  is still turned off), silicon bilateral switch (or triac)  38  turns on to supply a current to a trigger electrode  103  of a thyristor  39  to thereby trigger this thyristor  39 . Triggering of the thyristor  39  into conduction creates a short-circuit between output terminal  15  of rectifier  14  (see FIGS. 1 and 2A) and a ground output terminal  101  of the same rectifier  14 .  
         [0074]    This short-circuit will effectively blow out the input fuse of functional block  12 , thereby opening the circuit. Detection of that open circuit will indicate that the lamp is defective thereby emulating the open circuit of a defective incandescent lamp.  
         [0075]    It is to be noted that the sequence of events described above will only take place after a given period of time (fuse blow-out time) has lapsed during which no current is sensed by current sensor  100 . This given period of time is constant and is dependent on the values of resistor  31 , resistor  33 , resistor  35  and capacitor  34 .  
         [0076]    If, on the other hand, a LED current sense signal  23  is supplied to the input  49  prior to the end of the above mentioned given period of time, this LED current sense signal  23  is applied to the gate electrode  102  of FET transistor  42  through resistor  43  to turn this transistor  42  on. Capacitor  41  then discharges to the ground  101  through resistor  36  and the source/drain junction of transistor  42 . Accordingly, capacitor  41  will never become fully charged, the breakdown voltage of Zener diode  40  will never be reached, and no short circuit will be created between the terminals  15  and  101  of rectifier  14 . Then, the input fuse of functional block  12  will remain intact.  
         [0077]    Referring to FIG. 2B, a second embodiment of the fuse blow-out circuit is shown and still designated by the reference  16 . Again, the fuse blow-out circuit  16  comprises the input  48  to receive the rectified voltage from terminal  15  of the rectifier  14 . The fuse blow-out circuit  16  also comprises the second input  49  receiving the LED current sense signal  23  from the current sensor  100  (FIG. 1). As long as no LED current sense signal  23  appears on the input  491  FET transistor  42  is turned off. when transistor  42  is turned off, capacitor  34  is being charged through resistor  31  and diode  32  from the voltage supplied on the input  48 . when the voltage across the capacitor  34  reaches the breakdown voltage of the Zener diode  44 , (while transistor  42  is still turned off) Zener diode  44  starts conducting current. A current is then supplied to the base of a PNP transistor  45  through resistor  31 , diode  32  and Zener diode  44  to turn this transistor  45  on. When turned on, the collector/emitter junction of the transistor  45  becomes conductive to supply a current to the gate electrode of a FET transistor  46 .  
         [0078]    This turns the FET transistor  46  on to establish a short circuit between output terminals  15  and  101  of the rectifier  14  through the source/drain junction of the FET transistor  46 . As illustrated, the emitter of the transistor  45  and the gate electrode of the transistor  46  are both connected to the ground through a resistor  47 .  
         [0079]    Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 2C, the Zener diode  44 , transistor  45  and resistor  47  have been removed, and resistor  36  connected to the base of transistor  46 .  
         [0080]    This short circuit will effectively blow out the input fuse of block  12 , thereby opening the circuit. Detection of that open circuit will indicate that the LED lamp  8  is defective thereby emulating the open circuit of a defective incandescent lamp.  
         [0081]    It should be noted that the sequence of events described above will only take place after a given period of time (fuse blow-out time) has lapsed during which no LED current sense signal  23  appears on the input  49 . This given period of time is constant and depends on the values of resistor  31 , resistor  33 , resistor  35  and capacitor  34 .  
         [0082]    If, on the other hand, the LED current sense signal  23  appears on the input  49  prior to lapsing of the above mentioned given period of time, this signal  23  is supplied to the gate electrode  102  of FET transistor  42  to thereby turn transistor  42  on. This connects the positive terminal of capacitor  34  to ground  101  through resistor  36  to thereby discharge capacitor  34 . In this case, the breakdown voltage of Zener diode  44  will never be reached, transistor  45  will remain turned off, and no short circuit will be created between output terminals  15  and  101  of rectifier  14 . The input fuse of block  12  will, in this case, remain intact.  
         [0083]    It should be noted that the “fuse blow-out time” must be longer than the “LED current set up time”. For example, in an embodiment, the LED current set up time is approximately 100 msec. Just a word to specify that the “LED current set up time” is the period of time between switching the LED lamp on and appearance of the LED current sense signal  23  at input  49 .  
       Cold Filament Detection Circuit  
       [0084]    The cold filament detection circuit  18  of FIG. 3 is used to simulate an incandescent lamp as seen by a lamp proving system. Lamp proving is usually performed by sending a voltage pulse on the voltage supply line  11 , and verifying that current rises to a certain level, within a certain period of time. This represents the behaviour of an incandescent lamp, which is equivalent to a simple resistor.  
         [0085]    A LED lamp uses a power supply which has a current set up time. Therefore, when sending a pulse on line  11 , the current will not rise immediately, but only after the power factor controller  28  is turned on (for example after about 100 msec in an embodiment). The cold filament detection circuit  18  of FIG. 3 solves this problem.  
         [0086]    As soon as power is supplied on line  11 , the voltage drop across resistor  51 , connected between the output terminal  15  (input  56  of the cold filament detection circuit  18 ) and a gate electrode  104  of a FET transistor, will turn on this transistor  53 . This will connect resistor  52  between the output terminals  15  and  101  of the rectifier  14 .  
         [0087]    When power is applied on line  11  for a period of time which is longer than the LED current set up time, the LED current sense signal  23  will be supplied on an input  57  of the cold filament detection circuit  18 . This signal  23  is applied to the base  105  of a PNP transistor  54  to turn on this transistor  54  thereby turning transistor  53  off by forcing its gate electrode  104  to the ground  101 . The cold filament detection circuit  18  is thereby disabled to enable the LED lamp  8  to operate normally. Biasing resistor  50  and Zener diode  55  are connected in series between the input  56  and the base electrode  105 . Biasing resistor  50  is also used for overvoltage protection.  
         [0088]    The cold filament detection circuit  18  also serves as a back up for the fuse blow-out circuit  16 . If fuse blow-out circuit  16  was to fail (that is, it does not cause a short circuit to blow out the input fuse of block  12  when in fact it should), transistor  53  would remain turned on since no LED current sense signal  23  would appear on input  57 . The current draw through resistor  52  is sufficiently high to blow out the input fuse of block  12  after a certain period of time. For example, in an embodiment of the invention, this time period is of a few minutes.  
         [0089]    Turn Off Voltage Circuit  
         [0090]    The turn-off voltage circuit  30  of FIG. 4 simply inhibits the power factor controller  28  (see FIG. 1) when the input voltage on line  11  of the circuit  30  is below a first predetermined trigger voltage.  
         [0091]    The turn-off voltage circuit  30  comprises an input  70  supplied with the voltage on the output terminal  15  of the rectifier  14 . The first predetermined trigger voltage  72  is determined by a voltage divider comprising resistors  60  and  69  serially connected between the input  70  of the turn-off voltage circuit  30  and the ground  101 . The first predetermined trigger voltage is established after a capacitor  68  has been charged through the resistor  60  and the diode  61 , i.e. after a given period of time following application of the voltage on the input  70 . This period of time is determined by the values of the resistors  60 ,  69  and  107  and of the capacitor  68 .  
         [0092]    The first predetermined trigger voltage  72  is applied to a gate electrode  106  of a FET transistor  65  through the diode  61 . when the first trigger voltage  72  reaches the breakdown voltage of the gate electrode  106  of the FET transistor  65 , transistor  65  is turned on.  
         [0093]    The turn-off voltage circuit  30  comprises a terminal  71  connected to a control terminal  29  of the power factor controller  28 . Before the transistor  65  is turned on, the power factor controller  28  produces a voltage drop across high impedance resistor  62 , to thereby produce a second trigger voltage  73 , which in turn turns on a FET transistor  63 . This in turn creates a low impedance path comprising resistor  67  between terminal  29  of the power factor controller  2  and the ground  101 . As long as transistor  63  is turned on, the voltage on terminal  29  of power factor controller  28  will be lower than the voltage level required to turn on the power factor controller  28 .  
         [0094]    When transistor  65  is turned on, this will modify the second trigger voltage  73  thereby turning off transistor  63 . The voltage on terminal  29  will then reach the level required to turn on the power factor controller  28 , due to the high impedance value of the resistor  62 .  
         [0095]    Note that the LED lamp  8  will not be turned on until the first trigger voltage  72  is reached and once the lamp  8  is lit, it will stay on until the voltage on input  70  produces a first trigger voltage  72  which is below the transistor  65  trigger voltage (breakdown voltage of the gate electrode  106 ).  
         [0096]    Although the present disclosure describes particular types of transistors in the different circuits of FIGS. 2A, 2B,  3  and  3 , it should be kept in mind that these different types of transistors can be substituted or replaced by other available types of transistors.  
         [0097]    Although the present invention has been described hereinabove by way of preferred embodiments thereof, it can be modified, without departing from the spirit and nature of the subject invention as defined in the appended claims.