Abstract:
Described herein is a method for growing InN, GaN, and AlN materials, the method comprising alternate growth of GaN and either InN or AlN to obtain a film of In x Ga 1−x N, Al x Ga 1−x N, Al x In 1−x N, or Al x In y Ga 1−(x+y) N

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This Application claims the benefit as a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/916,724 filed on Jun. 13, 2013 which in turn claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 61/661,016 filed on Jun. 18, 2012. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Among III-nitride semiconductors, indium nitride (InN) has the smallest direct band gap, largest electron saturation velocity and mobility, and smallest electron effective mass. It has long been an attractive semiconductor material for application in optical, electrical, and optoelectronic device technologies such as solar-cells and high electron mobility and high frequency devices. The most thermodynamically stable phase of the InN is a wurtzite structure (a hexagonal phase), however, the growth of zincblende (a cubic phase) InN on InAs/GaAs has been demonstrated at 450° C. by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Cubic InN has a smaller band gap and superior electronic properties as its lattice is isotropic and possesses lower phonon scattering. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0003]    A method for growing InN, GaN and AlN materials includes alternate growth of these III-nitride binaries to obtain a film of In x Ga 1−x N or Al x Ga 1−x N or Al x In 1−x N or Al x In y Ga 1−(x+y) N. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0004]      FIG. 1  shows variation of growth rate (GR) and In/N ratio with a trimethylindium (TMI) pulse of 0.06 seconds. 
           [0005]      FIG. 2  depicts the x-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks from three of the samples—namely InN (60 nm) on GaN/Al 2 O 3  template with T g =183° C. (top) and on a-plane Al 2 O 3  with T g =240° C. (middle) and 183° C. (bottom)). 
           [0006]      FIG. 3  shows a schematic of the possible structure of a face centered cubic (fcc) InN phase and how it would align to an a-plane sapphire unit cell. 
           [0007]      FIG. 4  depicts the variation of Al content in Al x In 1−x N with the AlN/InN cycles ratios in the whole range of x as determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. AlN and InN layers were grown as described herein where the aluminum precursor is trimethylaluminum, for example. First the InN was grown on GaN and then the AlN. Number of layers of InN and AlN were varied to get required concentration of Al content. 
           [0008]      FIG. 5  depicts variation of Ga content in In x Ga 1−x N with GaN/InN cycles ratios in the range x as determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. InN and GaN layers were grown as described herein, but where gallium precursor is trimethylgallium, for example. First the InN was grown, followed by GaN. The number of layers of InN and GaN were varied to obtain the desired concentration of Ga content. 
           [0009]      FIG. 6  depicts variation of Ga content in Al x Ga 1−x N with AlN/GaN cycles and ratios in the range of x as determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. AlN and GaN layers were grown as described herein, but where aluminum precursor is trimethlyaluminum, for example, and the gallium precursor is trimethylgallium, for example. First the AlN was grown, then the GaN. The number of layers of AlN and GaN were varied to obtain the desired Ga content. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0010]    Definitions 
         [0011]    Before describing the present invention in detail, it is to be understood that the terminology used in the specification is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments, and is not necessarily intended to be limiting. Although many methods, structures and materials similar, modified, or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice of the present invention without undue experimentation, the preferred methods, structures and materials are described herein. In describing and claiming the present invention, the following terminology will be used in accordance with the definitions set out below. 
         [0012]    As used herein, “low temperature” means temperatures lower than 400° C., and if otherwise specified can refer to yet lower temperatures such as lower than 300° C., as lower than 280° C., lower than 260° C., lower than 240° C., lower than 220° C., lower than 200° C., lower than 180° C., and so on. 
         [0013]    Indium precursors include trimethylindium (TMI) and others known in the art. 
         [0014]    Aluminum precursor includes trimethylaluminum (TMA) and others known in the art. 
         [0015]    Gallium precursor includes trimethylgallium (TMG) and others known in the art. 
         [0016]    As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an,” and “the” do not preclude plural referents, unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. 
         [0017]    As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. 
         [0018]    As used herein, the term “about” when used in conjunction with a stated numerical value or range denotes somewhat more or somewhat less than the stated value or range, to within a range of ±10% of that stated. 
       DESCRIPTION 
       [0019]    InN layers were simultaneously grown using a Cambridge Nano Tech (CNT) Fiji 200 atomic layer deposition/epitaxy (ALE) system on a-plane sapphire, semi-insulating Si(111), and GaN/sapphire templates. Sapphire substrates were used to ensure unambiguous characterization of the electrical transport properties of the ALE InN layers on an insulator. Wafers were solvent cleaned and rinsed with deionized (DI) water before any further surface pretreatments. Si(111), GaN/sapphire, and sapphire surfaces were pretreated with HF, HF and 15% HCl, and solvents, respectively. The growth was carried out in an ultrahigh purity (UHP) argon (Ar) ambient. After ex situ surface pretreatment, substrates were treated with the 50 sccm N 2  plasma at 300 watts before InN growth. About 150 to 1100 cycles of ALE deposition (see below) were used to synthesize InN films on different substrates simultaneously. The values of parameters given in this paragraph are examples, with other values possible. 
         [0020]      FIG. 1  shows variation of growth rate (GR) and In/N ratio with a trimethylindium (TMI) pulse of 0.06 seconds. The GR was decreased from 0.83 to 0.73 Å with increasing temperature from 160 to 183° C. It remains constant for a small temperature window and decreases again to 0.51 Å at 220° C. For T g  between 220-260° C., the GR remains constant. The temperature range between 220-260° C. is the second atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) window. In the first low temperature ALE window the InN growth is N-rich (In/N&lt;1) and it is In-rich (In/N&gt;1) for the high temperature ALE window. An In/N ratio of 2.8±0.7 has been measured on MBE grown InN (see Piper et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 23, 617 (2005)). Thus, the ALE InN has better stoichiometry. 
         [0021]      FIG. 2  depicts the XRD peaks from three of the samples—namely InN (60 nm) on GaN/Al 2 O 3  template with T g =183° C. (top) and on a-plane Al 2 O 3  with T g =240° C. (middle) and 183° C. (bottom)). In the bottom plot, there are a set of peaks that could be indexed to either a face centered cubic (FCC) structure with the (200) and (400) indices, or a CsCl structure with (110) and (220) indices. Also measured were the 24 hr long Laue diffraction (LD) patterns on this sample in transmission as well as grazing incidence reflection mode. In both modes Laue spots were observed, indicating that this sample has an epitaxial nature and not a powder/polycrystalline nature. This is also confirmed with the second order peak in the bottom plot which has resolved in the Kα 1  and Kα 2  components (inset). This peak is obtained via a 15 summation scan to enhance the signal. The FWHM values are 494 and 371 arc-secs for the first and second order peaks, respectively. The first order peak is a convolution of the two Kα components. In order to confirm the structure, the third order peak was examined, which was not measurable since it occurs at much higher angles and the sample is only 60 nm thick. Also, the d-spacings of the first two peaks do not match to any InN phases in the ICDD database. The results suggest that the InN on a sapphire at 183° C. has a highly oriented epitaxial structure. Further analysis of the data reveals that the d spacings (6.68 Å) of the first peak do not match to any of the known InN phases in the reported international center for diffraction data (ICDD) database and instead corresponds to a face centered cubic (FCC) structure which has not been reported before. The XRD data was corroborated by electron microscopy as described in  Cryst. Growth Des.  2013, 13, 1485-1490, incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0022]      FIG. 3  shows a schematic of the alignment of a face centered cubic (fcc) InN phase unit cell with an a-plane sapphire substrate unit cell. From the measured lattice parameter of the InN film assuming the FCC structure, we see that it has only a 2.8% mismatch with the in-plane c-direction and a 18.9% mismatch with the in-plane m-direction of sapphire. This is further indication that this is the most likely phase of the grown InN film on a-plane sapphire. 
         [0023]    There has been a previous report (see ref. 21) of cubic InN growth at 450° C. by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on InAs/GaAs, but the InN is demonstrated to have a ZnS (zincblende) phase rather than a NaCl-type phase as obtained herein. 
         [0024]    Table 1 summarizes different parameters and their values to synthesize various materials. Each ALE cycle consisted of first a 60 ms trimethylindium (TMI) pulse (which was empirically found as self-limited ALE growth mode, with longer pulses not providing significantly greater growth), which were added to a constant 30 and 100 sccm flow of UHP argon carrier gas. After each TMI pulse, the main pumping valve was closed for 5 sec so that the surface would saturate with In atoms. A 20 second long 300 watt N 2  plasma exposure was used to provide nitrogen precursor to the indium saturated surface. To remove unreacted precursors, the deposition chamber was purged with UHP argon for 10 s after each pulse. The reactor chuck was heated resistively, and the temperature was calibrated using thermocouple and by pyrometer by CNT. The values of parameters given are examples. Other values are possible. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE I 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 growth parameters for ALE of InN 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Parameters 
                 TMI Pulse 
                 Purge 
                 300 W N 2  Plasma 
                 Plasma pulse 
                 Purge 
                 Number of cycles 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Studied range 
                 0.015-0.1 sec 
                 5-15 sec 
                 50-150 sccm 
                 10-30 sec 
                 5-15 sec 
                 150-1100 
               
               
                 Established value 
                     0.06 sec 
                   10 sec 
                   100 sccm 
                   20 sec 
                   10 sec 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0025]    Table II summarizes different parameters and their values to synthesize various materials that contain aluminum. Each ALE cycle consisted of first a 60 ms trimethylaluminum (TMA) pulse (which was empirically found as self-limited ALE growth mode, with longer pulses not providing significantly greater growth), which were added to a constant 30 and 100 sccm flow of UHP argon carrier gas. After each TMA pulse, a 20 second long 300 watt N2/H2 plasma exposure was used to provide nitrogen precursor to the aluminum saturated surface. To remove unreacted precursors, the deposition chamber was purged with UHP argon for 10 s after each pulse. The reactor chuck was heated resistively, and the temperature was calibrated using thermocouple and by pyrometer by CNT. The values of parameters given are examples. Other values are possible. 
         [0026]    For the ALE growth of AlInN, InN and AlN layers were grown layer by layer in the fashion of a digital alloy. To grow Al 0.90 In 0.10 N, AlN and InN were grown alternatively. For an AlN cycle for every two cycles of InN results in Al 0.79 In 0.21 N. For an AlN cycle for every three cycles of InN results Al 0.68 In 0.32 N. Thus by changing the combination of number layers of InN and AlN, Al x In 1−x N films can be obtained in for the full range of x (0 to 1) via atomic layer epitaxy. In this manner, AlInN ternary alloys are realized over the entire desired stoichiometry range—this is believed to be the first time this was accomplished. The values of parameters given are examples. Other values are possible. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE II 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 growth parameters for ALE of A1N 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Parameters 
                 TMA Pulse 
                 Purge 
                 300 W N 2 /H 2  Plasma 
                 Plasma pulse 
                 Purge 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Studied range 
                 0.03-0.1  
                 sec 
                 5-40  
                 sec 
                 N 2  only − N 2 :H 2  = 1:3 
                 10-30  
                 sec 
                 5-40  
                 sec 
               
               
                 Established value 
                 0.06  
                 sec 
                 10  
                 sec 
                 42/8 sccm 
                 20  
                 sec 
                 10  
                 sec 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0027]    Table III summarizes different parameters and their values to synthesize various materials that contain gallium. Each ALE cycle consisted of first a 15 ms trimethylgallium (TMG) pulse (which was empirically found as self-limited ALE growth mode, with longer pulses not providing significantly greater growth), which were added to a constant 30 and 100 sccm flow of UHP argon carrier gas. After each TMG pulse, a 20 second long 300 watt N 2  plasma exposure was used to provide nitrogen precursor to the gallium saturated surface. To remove unreacted precursors, the deposition chamber was purged with UHP argon for 10 s after each pulse. The reactor chuck was heated resistively, and the temperature was calibrated using thermocouple and by pyrometer by CNT. The values of parameters given are examples. Other values are possible 
         [0028]    For the ALE growth of InGaN, InN and GaN layers were grown layer by layer in the fashion of a digital alloy. To grow In 0.60 Ga 0.40 N, GaN and InN were grown alternatively. Conducting two GaN cycles for every InN cycle results in In 0.45 Ga 0.55 N. Conducting three GaN cycles for every InN cycle results in In 0.37 Ga 0.63 N. Thus, by changing the combination of number layers of InN and GaN, In x Ga 1−x N films can be obtained in for the full range of x (0 to 1, inclusive) via atomic layer epitaxy. In this manner, InGaN ternary alloys are realized over the entire desired stoichiometric range—this is believed to be the first time this was accomplished. The values of parameters given are examples. Other values are possible. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE III 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Growth Parameters for ALE of GaN 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Parameters 
                 TMG Pulse 
                 Purge 
                 300 W N 2 /H 2  Plasma 
                 Plasma Pulse 
                 Purge 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Studied Range 
                 0.005-0.1  
                 sec 
                 1-40  
                 sec 
                 N 2  only (5-200 sccm); 
                 1-30  
                 sec 
                 1-30  
                 sec 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 N 2 :H 2  = 1:1 to 7:1 
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Established Value 
                 0.015  
                 sec 
                 10  
                 sec 
                 N 2  only (75 sccm) 
                 20  
                 sec 
                 10  
                 sec 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0029]    For the ALE growth of AlGaN, AlN and GaN layers were grown layer by layer in the fashion of a digital alloy. To grow A 0.85 Ga 0.15 N, AlN and GaN were grown alternatively. For two GaN cycles for every AlN cycle results in Al 0.75 Ga 0.25 N. For three GaN cycles for every AlN cycle results in Al 0.60 Ga 0.40 N. Thus by changing the combination of number layers of AlN and GaN, Al x Ga 1−x N films can be obtained in for the full range of x (0 to 1, inclusive) via atomic layer epitaxy. In this manner, AlGaN ternary alloys are realized over the entire desired stoichiometric range—this is believed to be the first time this was accomplished at temperatures below 700° C. The values of parameters given are examples. Other values are possible. 
         [0030]    InN was grown at temperatures as low as room temperature (about 25° C.) and as high as 300° C., for example at 183° C. GaN was grown at temperatures as low as room temperature (about 25° C.) and as high as 500° C., for example at 400° C. AlN was grown at temperatures as low as room temperature (about 25° C.) and as high as 650° C., for example at 500° C. The ternary materials that mix these binaries can be grown at temperatures suitable for a combination of those binaries. AlGaN ternaries were grown at low as room temperature (about 25° C.) and as high as 500° C., for example at 400° C. AlInN ternaries were grown at low as room temperature (about 25° C.) and as high as 500° C., for example at 260° C. InGaN ternaries were grown at low as room temperature (about 25° C.) and as high as 400° C., for example at 260° C. 
         [0031]    Substrates of silicon, gallium nitride, and sapphire have been employed for the above methods. It is believed that any standard substrate used in the art would be suitable. 
         [0032]    Quaternary alloys of the form Al x In y Ga 1−(x+y) N are also believed to be obtainable using the above techniques. It is expected that the full range of x and y would be achievable. 
         [0033]    The techniques described herein are expected to provide a crystalline material having low oxygen impurity by ex situ and in situ surface treatment. Moreover, in situ surface treatment with the atomic hydrogen, nitrogen, mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen, and/or ammonia plasma is possible. It is possible to vary purge time with the pumping speed in order to control carbon impurities. 
       CONCLUDING REMARKS 
       [0034]    All documents mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference for the purpose of disclosing and describing the particular materials and methodologies for which the document was cited. 
         [0035]    Although the present invention has been described in connection with preferred embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that additions, deletions, modifications, and substitutions not specifically described may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Terminology used herein should not be construed as being “means-plus-function” language unless the term “means” is expressly used in association therewith. 
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