Abstract:
The monoamine oxidase inhibitor drug L-deprenyl (phenylisopropyl methyl propynyl amine) may be safely and conveniently used for the treatment of mental depression, Parkinson&#39;s or Alzheimer&#39;s Disease in a formulation applied to the skin of the patient. In this way the danger of side reaction due to the consumption of foods containing tyramine (the cheese effect) is minimized. Unlike other monoamine oxidase drugs, L-deprenyl does not cause skin irritation when used in this way.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to the therapeutic administration of the drug L-deprenyl (levo phenyl isopropyl methyl propynyl amine), useful in the treatment of depression as well as Parkinson&#39;s and Alzheimer&#39;s disease. For brevity, L-deprenyl will often be denoted below as LDY. 
     2. Technical Background 
     Biochemical Factors: Two general classes of organic pharmaceuticals useful in the treatment of the mental disease depression in humans are recognized: (1) tricyclic antidepressants, as exemplified by amitriptyline and protriptylene, and (2) monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) as exemplified by the commercially available drugs Nardil, Parnate, and L-deprenyl. Both types of drugs are generally regarded as effective, but both have undesirable side effects. For the tricyclic drugs, recognized side effects include dry mouth, orthostatic hypotension, and impotence, and these effects are frequent. The most significant side effect of the MAOI drugs is a rare but serious one: sudden and dangerous life-threatening elevation of blood pressure when the patient taking such drugs also consumes foods high in the naturally occurring substance tyramine. Cheese is the most common food containing large amounts of tyramine, so that this side effect is often known colloquially in the medical profession as the &#34;cheese effect.&#34; Because the cheese effect can cause very serious medical problems, including death in severe cases, MAOI drugs are little used, even though they are generally free from the more common side effects of the tricyclic drugs and are believed to have at least equal effectiveness in the treatment of most types of depression. 
     Tyramine is known to be capable of causing severe hypertension when present in the blood, but it is normally converted in the gastrointestinal tract by the action of a monoamine oxidase enzyme naturally present there, to other substances incapable of causing dangerous hypertension. When a patient is taking an MAOI orally. However, deactivation of the tyramine by gastrointestinal enzymes is at least partially repressed, and serious clinical symptoms may result. 
     Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD) is closely associated with an increase in MAO in the brain and decreased brain concentrations of the key neurohormone dopamine. Inhibition of MAO helps maintain higher levels of dopamine and thereby alleviates the symptomatology of PD. Alzheimer&#39;s Disease (AD), while biochemically and histopathologically less well characterized, shares with PD some common clinical symptoms, as well as an increase in brain MAO. While the exact biochemical relationship between PD, AD, and depression is not known, MAOI drugs can be effective therapy in these diseases if adverse side effects can be controlled. 
     Recent research has recognized a distinction among the MAOI drugs themselves, connected with recognition of the existence of two isozymes of monoamine oxidase itself, denoted simply as A and B. Nardil and Parnate are recognized as primarily inhibitors of the action of monoamine oxidase A, while deprenyl first inhibits the action of monoamine oxidase B and significantly inhibits the action of monoamine oxidase A only at larger doses. The tyramine deactivating monoamine oxidase enzyme is primarily type A, so that deprenyl is less likely than other MAOI&#39;s to cause the cheese effect. The cheese effect is potentially so seriious that the use of L-deprenyl in an oral dosage is nevertheless restrictive. On the other hand, the monoamine oxidases in the brain are primarily of the B type, so that LDY is very effective in inhibiting their action. 
     Modes of Administration: There are three general modes of administration of drugs, such as the antidepressants under consideration, which must reach the blood stream in the course of exerting their therapeutic effects: oral, intravascular, and transdermal. Because of the danger of infection and the need for trained personnel for administration, intravascular administration is disfavored when one of the other two means is effective. Drugs for treating depression have traditionally been administered orally, but transdermal administration of some of the tricyclic antidepressant drugs, and by implication, any suitable drug, has also been taught by U.S. Pat. No. 4,230,105 of Oct. 28, 1980 to Harwood. Transdermal administration of drugs in general has been taught by earlier patents, including some cited in the Harwood reference. 
     One highly restrictive limitation on the transdermal administration of drugs is the possibility of skin irritation or allergic reactions induced by such administration. This is particularly important when considering treatment of depression whereby MAO inhibitors are required at higher dose levels. In whatever dosage form it may be administered, an antidepressant drug must be constantly present in the body for up to six months if the patient is to derive maximum benefit and not revert to a depressed state. If transdermal administration of an antidepressant is to be used, this means very prolonged and constant or near-constant contact between the patient&#39;s skin and the pharmaceutical including the drug. It is well known that long-term exposure of skin to a chemical substance even at low dosages often will result either in a local skin inflammation at the site of contact or a more general immunologically based allergic reaction that can have a serious adverse effect on the entire body. When either of these events occurs, the affected patient should immediately discontinue contact with the offending agent. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It has been found that LDY, applied in a suitable form and amount to human skin, is readily absorbed through the skin into the blood stream to achieve and maintain a level in the blood, including the blood in the brain, which is effective in the treatment of depression. Furthermore, it has been found that LDY causes little or no skin irritation, while other MAO inhibitors, exemplified by Parnate, are strongly irritating to the skin. Thus, transdermal administration of LDY provides a surprisingly unirritating and effective method for treating depression, PD or AD. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     For a normal human adult, about 30 mg of deprenyl per day is normally an effective dose for relief of depression. This may be adjusted to blood volume of a particular patient by calculations well known in the medical arts. The drug is preferably used either as free base or as its hydrochloride. For convenience in dispensing, the drug usually is mixed with other pharmaceutically inert materials. These inert materials, also called excipients, can be formulated by methods known in the prior art so as to promote either rapid absorption of most of the drug content applied to the skin, or a slower absorption over a longer time. 
     In treating most patients for depression, it is preferable to use a formulation which will result in an approximately constant level of the antidepressant drug in the blood supply to the brain. After a possibly different initial treatment, such a constant level of drug in the blood will normally result from a constant rate of absorption from the applied drug mixture through the patient&#39;s skin into the blood stream. 
     A mixture of LDY with appropriate excipients may effectively be utilized in a skin patch structure, of any of several types known to the art, which will maintain the drug mixture in effective contact with the skin, protect against deteriorations in the drug which might be caused by such common causes as air oxidation, moisture absorption or loss, etc., and stay in position under normal conditions of patient mobility and bathing. The prepared patch structure, including a mixture of LDY in contact with the skin, may be applied to the skin of a patient in any of the locations on the body conventionally used fo application of transdermal medications. 
     In order to promote consistent therapy with poorly motivated, easily distracted, or otherwise less-than-ideally-attentive patients--types particularly likely to be encountered in the treatment of depression--it is advantageous for the supply of LDY, in a single therapeutic structure, to last for at least one full day. Structures lasting several days, or even weeks, are still more preferable as they require less patient attention. 
     The scope and nature of the invention may be further appreciated from the following non-limiting examples. In all the examples, all specifications of parts and percentages in formulations refer to parts and percentages by weight, and the dosage specified may be adjusted to the exact needs of an individual patient and accurately dispensed by conventional techniques known in the medical arts. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     A suitable mixture for treatment, according to this invention, consists of 3 parts of L-deprenyl mixed with 97 parts of an ointment base. The composition of the ointment base is as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________Polyethylene glycol 6000 distearate                     5-15%Polyethylene glycol 1540  15-25%Butylated hydroxytoluene preservative                     0.1-0.5%Polyethylene glycol 300   Balance______________________________________ 
    
     An amount of 0.5 to 2.0 grams of this medicated ointment is applied to the forearm of a patient suffering from depression and rubbed into the skin to provide a therapeutically effective amount of Ldeprenyl for at least one day. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     This is the same as Example 1, and is used in the same way, except that the base is a cream rather than an ointment. The composition of the cream base is: 
     
         ______________________________________Glyceryl monostearate NF VII                   10-20%Cetyl alcohol           5-10%Cetyl ester wax         5-10%Polysorbate 60          5-10%Propylene glycol        5-10%Dimethicone 350         0.5-3%Paraban preservative    0.2%Water                   Balance______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 3 
     This is an example of a transdermal patch incorporating LDY. Five to fifty milligrams of this drug is dissolved in a mixture of mineral oil and poly(isobutylene) to provide a liquid-center reservoir of active drug. This reservoir is enclosed in a sealed, flat disc-shaped pouch, one to six centimeters in diameter. The top of the pouch consists of a thin aluminized polyester film that is impermeable to the pouch contents. The bottom of the pouch that will be in contact with the skin in use consists of a thin polypropylene membrane that is slowly porous to LDY, allowing the drug to continuously come into contact with the skin, so long as the bottom of the pouch is in contact with the skin. This bottom of the pouch also includes a thin coat of a hypoallergenic silicone adhesive disposed on the bottom in such a way as to hold the patch firmly to the skin without unduly impeding the permeation of the drug through the membrane. As manufactured, a protective strip of siliconized polyester film covers the polypropylene membrane. This siliconized film is impermeable to the liquid mixture and thus protects the pouch&#39;s therapeutic contents during storage. The protective film is removed by the patient prior to attachment of the patch to the skin. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     The general construction of the therapeutic device for this example is the same as for Example 3, except that (1) the LDY is mixed with 50 mg of lactose, 50 mg of finely divided silicon dioxide, and 0.1 to 0.4 milliliters of medical-grade silicone fluid to form the reservoir of active drug and (2) the bottom of the patch consists of a thin ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer membrane. The product is used in the same manner as in Example 3. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     For this example, a solution or finely divided emulsion of L-deprenyl is prepared in a dispersion in water, or alternatively in a co-dispersion with a binder such as polyvinyl chloride. Geon 576, a product of B. F. Goodrich, is a suitable dispersion of binder into which LDY can be co-dispersed. The emulsion is dried onto a thin solid film of polyvinyl chloride or polypropylene plastic, which is slowly permeable to LDY to give a flat disc 1 to 6 centimeters in diameter. The top surface of the patch, the provision of a protective cover on the bottom for storage, and the optional use of a hypoallergenic adhesive on the outside of the bottom of the patch are the same as in the previous examples. The type of skin patch used for this example is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,284,444. 
     It is well known in the medical arts that a patch maintained in tight contact with the skin will provide an occlusive cover. This will induce changes in the cellular architecture of the skin, including an increase in its water content. These changes allow LDY to migrate from the dried reservoir in the patch through the skin into the systemic blood circulation.