Abstract:
Embodiments relate to systems and methods for the management of secure data in a cloud-based network. A secure data store can store sensitive or confidential data, such as account numbers, social security numbers, medical or other information in an on-premise data facility. Regulatory and/or operational requirements may prohibit the migration or unprotected transmission of the secure data to the cloud. An operator can instantiate a set of virtual machines to access and process the secure data, for example to process online purchase transactions. To prevent unauthorized disclosure of the secure data, the secure data store can receive data access requests via a translation module that translates the secure data. The secure data store can retrieve and transmit the secure data using a protection mechanism such as a masking and/or encryption mechanism, avoiding the unprotected transport or exposure of that data to the cloud.

Description:
FIELD 
       [0001]    The present teachings relate to systems and methods for the management of secure data in a cloud-based network, and more particularly to platforms and techniques for managing secure data in an on-premise data store while establishing data processing resources to operate on that data in an external cloud. 
       BACKGROUND OF RELATED ART 
       [0002]    Networked computer platforms warehouse a variety of sensitive data, including personal information related to customers or other uses. For example, many Web vendors retain customer name, address, and credit card information for the conveniences of their customers. Many other entities securely store sensitive, private or critical information, further including data such as medical information, credit information, tax information, and many other varieties of personal or confidential information. The organization maintaining the data store may in cases be responsible for the integrity of the stored information due to regulatory requirements, such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Health Insurance Privacy and Portability Act of 1996 Act (HIPPA), or other compliance frameworks. 
         [0003]    An organization that manages secure data in an on-premise or other network may choose to migrate that network to a cloud-based environment. In a cloud-based environment, the user can select and establish a set of virtual machines on a comparatively short-term basis to support Web storefronts and other applications. The resources required to support the user&#39;s set of virtual machines can be assembled from a set of resource servers which can supply various components for the user&#39;s specified infrastructure, on a per-component basis. One set of resources servers can supply processor cycles, while another set of resource servers serve operating system or application servers to the set of virtual machines from the cloud. In cloud implementations, the set of instantiated virtual machines however represent transient modules that lack permanent storage, such as allocated disk storage. 
         [0004]    When assembling a cloud-based platform to process secure data, for example a credit card company migrating statement processing to the cloud, it may therefore be not practical or possible to migrate the secure data itself to the cloud. As one consideration, the lack of permanent storage in the cloud may make it impossible for the operator to transmit the secure data store to the cloud for storage. For another, even if storage were available or connected to the cloud, regulator requirements as noted may prohibit the disclosure, duplication or movement of secure data to an off-premise site. It may be desirable to provide methods and systems for management of secure data in cloud-based networks which permits the safe use of secure data from on-premise data stores. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0005]    The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the present teachings and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the present teachings. In the figures: 
           [0006]      FIG. 1  illustrates an overall cloud system architecture in which various embodiments of the present teachings can be practiced; 
           [0007]      FIG. 2  illustrates an overall cloud system architecture including multiple cloud arrangements in which various embodiments of the present teachings can be practiced in another regard, according to various embodiments; 
           [0008]      FIG. 3  illustrates a network configuration in which a cloud management system can perform various secure data management functions, according to various embodiments; 
           [0009]      FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary hardware configuration for a cloud management system, according to various embodiments, and 
           [0010]      FIG. 5  illustrates a flowchart for overall secure data processing in a cloud computing environment, according to various embodiments. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       [0011]    Embodiments of the present teachings relate to systems and methods for the management of secure data in a cloud-based network. More particularly, embodiments relate to a platform for migrating or building a data processing facility to or in a cloud-based environment, while leaving a secure data store in place in an on-premise facility. The set of virtual machines can operate to access and update secure data in the secure data store, while maintaining appropriate safeguards for the data while being accessed, manipulated and stored. In embodiments, the set of instantiated virtual machines in a cloud can transmit requests for secure data to be extracted from an on-premise secure data store, applying one or more protection mechanisms to communicate that data. 
         [0012]    The secure data identified in the request can be translated via a translation module, to extract the secure data using the operative protection mechanism. For instance, the translation module can locate the data within a translation table or other redirection mechanism, and mask that data for transmission to the requesting virtual machine. The masked secure data can, in embodiments, also or instead be encrypted via one or more layers of encryption for transmission via the Internet or other network to the virtual machine. The requesting virtual machine can receive and decode the masked secure data, process that data and act on that data, as appropriate. For example, the requesting virtual machine can receive a credit card number or account number via those protection mechanisms, and process a pending transaction based on that information. Other protection mechanisms can be used. 
         [0013]    Upon completion of the necessary data processing activity, the requesting virtual machine can delete the decoded secure data, or in instances can transmit the secure data or an updated version of the secure data back to the secure data store using the same protection mechanisms. The set of instantiated virtual machines can therefore gain access to secure data stored in an on-premise secure data store from the cloud, while the integrity of that data is securely maintained. These and other embodiments described herein address the various noted shortcomings in known cloud computing technology, and provide a user or network operator with an enhanced ability to make secure data available to sets of instantiated virtual machines. 
         [0014]    Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments of the present teachings, which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Where possible the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. 
         [0015]    Embodiments described herein can be implemented in or supported by a cloud network architecture. As used herein, a “cloud” can comprise a collection of resources that can be invoked to instantiate a virtual machine, process, or other resource for a limited or defined duration. As shown for example in  FIG. 1 , the collection of resources supporting a cloud  102  can comprise a set of resource servers  108  configured to deliver computing components needed to instantiate a virtual machine, process, or other resource. For example, one group of resource servers can host and serve an operating system or components thereof to deliver to and instantiate a virtual machine. Another group of resource servers can accept requests to host computing cycles or processor time, to supply a defined level of processing power for a virtual machine. A further group of resource servers can host and serve applications to load on an instantiation of a virtual machine, such as an email client, a browser application, a messaging application, or other applications or software. Other types of resource servers are possible. 
         [0016]    In embodiments, the entire set of resource servers  108  or other hardware or software resources used to support the cloud  102  along with its instantiated virtual machines is managed by a cloud management system  104 . The cloud management system  104  can comprise a dedicated or centralized server and/or other software, hardware, and network tools that communicate via network  106  such as the Internet or other public or private network with all sets of resource servers to manage the cloud  102  and its operation. To instantiate a new set of virtual machines, a user can transmit an instantiation request to the cloud management system  104  for the particular type of virtual machine they wish to invoke for their intended application. A user can for instance make a request to instantiate a set of virtual machines configured for email, messaging or other applications from the cloud  102 . The request can be received and processed by the cloud management system  104 , which identifies the type of virtual machine, process, or other resource being requested. The cloud management system  104  can then identify the collection of resources necessary to instantiate that machine or resource. In embodiments, the set of instantiated virtual machines or other resources can for example comprise virtual transaction servers used to support Web storefronts, or other transaction sites. 
         [0017]    In embodiments, the user&#39;s instantiation request can specify a variety of parameters defining the operation of the set of virtual machines to be invoked. The instantiation request, for example, can specify a defined period of time for which the instantiated machine or process is needed. The period of time can be, for example, an hour, a day, or other increment of time. In embodiments, the user&#39;s instantiation request can specify the instantiation of a set of virtual machines or processes on a task basis, rather than for a predetermined amount of time. For instance, a user could request resources until a software update is completed. The user&#39;s instantiation request can specify other parameters that define the configuration and operation of the set of virtual machines or other instantiated resources. For example, the request can specify an amount of processing power or input/output ( 110 ) throughput the user wishes to be available to each instance of the virtual machine or other resource. In embodiments, the requesting user can for instance specify a service level agreement (SLA) acceptable for their application. Other parameters and settings can be used. One skilled in the art will realize that the user&#39;s request can likewise include combinations of the foregoing exemplary parameters, and others. 
         [0018]    When the request to instantiate a set of virtual machines or other resources has been received and the necessary resources to build that machine or resource have been identified, the cloud management system  104  can communicate with one or more set of resource servers  108  to locate resources to supply the required components. The cloud management system  104  can select providers from the diverse set of resource servers  108  to assemble the various components needed to build the requested set of virtual machines or other resources. It may be noted that in some embodiments, permanent storage such as hard disk arrays may not be included or located within the set of resource servers  108  available to the cloud management system  104 , since the set of instantiated virtual machines or other resources may be intended to operate on a purely transient or temporary basis. In embodiments, other hardware, software or other resources not strictly located or hosted in the cloud can be leveraged as needed. For example, other software services that are provided outside of the cloud  102  and hosted by third parties can be invoked by in-cloud virtual machines. For further example, other non-cloud hardware and/or storage services can be utilized as an extension to the cloud  102 , either on an on-demand or subscribed or decided basis. 
         [0019]    With the resource requirements identified, the cloud management system  104  can extract and build the set of virtual machines or other resources on a dynamic or on-demand basis. For example, one set of resource servers  108  may respond to an instantiation request for a given quantity of processor cycles with an offer to deliver that computational power immediately and guaranteed for the next hour. A further set of resource servers  108  can offer to immediately supply communication bandwidth, for example on a guaranteed minimum or best-efforts basis. In other embodiments, the set of virtual machines-or other resources can be built on a batch basis or at a particular future time. For example, a set of resource servers  108  may respond to a request for instantiation at a programmed time with an offer to deliver the specified quantity of processor cycles within a specific amount of time, such as the next 12 hours. 
         [0020]    The cloud management system  104  can select group of servers in the set of resource servers  108  that match or best match the instantiation request for each component needed to build the virtual machine or other resource. The cloud management system  104  can then coordinate the integration of the completed group of servers from the set of resource servers  108 , to build and launch the requested set of virtual machines or other resources. The cloud management system  104  can track the combined group of servers selected from the set of resource servers  108 , or other distributed resources that are dynamically or temporarily combined, to produce and manage the requested virtual machine population or other resources. 
         [0021]    In embodiments, the cloud management system  104  can generate a resource aggregation table that identifies the various sets of resource servers that will be used to supply the components of the virtual machine or process. The sets of resource servers can be identified by unique identifiers such as, for instance, Internet protocol (IP) addresses or other addresses. The cloud management system  104  can register the finalized group of servers in the set resource servers  108  contributing to an instantiated machine or process. 
         [0022]    The cloud management system  104  can then set up and launch the initiation process for the virtual machines, processes, or other resources to be delivered from the cloud. The cloud management system  104  can for instance transmit an instantiation command or instruction to the registered group of servers in set of resource servers  108 . The cloud management system  104  can receive a confirmation message back from each participating server in set of resource servers  108  indicating a status regarding the provisioning of their respective resources. Various sets of resource servers may confirm, for example, the availability of a dedicated amount of processor cycles, amounts of electronic memory, communications bandwidth, or applications or other software prepared to be served. 
         [0023]    As shown for example in  FIG. 2 , the cloud management system  104  can then instantiate one or more than one set of virtual machines  116 , or other processes based on the resources supplied by the registered set of resource servers  108 . In embodiments, the cloud management system  104  can instantiate a given number, for example, 10, 500, 1000, or other numbers of virtual machines to be made available to users on one or more networks  106 , such as the Internet or other public or private network. Each virtual machine can be assigned an instantiated machine ID that can be stored in the resource aggregation table, or other record or image of the instantiated population. Additionally the cloud management system  104  can store the duration of each virtual machine and the collection of resources utilized by the complete set of instantiated virtual machines  116 . 
         [0024]    In embodiments, the cloud management system  104  can further store, track and manage a user&#39;s identity and associated set of rights or entitlements to software, hardware, and other resources. Each user that populates a set of virtual machines in the cloud can have specific rights and resources assigned and made available to them. The cloud management system  104  can track and configure specific actions that a user can perform, such as provision a set of virtual machines with software applications or other resources, configure a set of virtual machines to desired specifications, submit jobs to the set of virtual machines or other host, manage other users of the set of instantiated virtual machines  116  or other resources, and other privileges or actions. The cloud management system  104  can further generate records of the usage of instantiated virtual machines to permit tracking, billing, and auditing of the services consumed by the user. In embodiments, the cloud management system  104  can for example meter the usage and/or duration of the set of instantiated virtual machines  116 , to generate subscription billing records for a user that has launched those machines. Other billing or value arrangements are possible. 
         [0025]    The cloud management system  104  can configure each virtual machine to be made available to users of the one or more networks  106  via a browser interface, or other interface or mechanism. Each instantiated virtual machine can communicate with the cloud management system  104  and the underlying registered set of resource servers  108  via a standard Web application programming interface (API), or via other calls or interfaces. The set of instantiated virtual machines  116  can likewise communicate with each other, as well as other sites, servers, locations, and resources available via the Internet or other public or private networks, whether within a given cloud  102  or between clouds. 
         [0026]    It may be noted that while a browser interface or other front-end can be used to view and operate the set of instantiated virtual machines  116  from a client or terminal, the processing, memory, communications, storage, and other hardware as well as software resources required to be combined to build the virtual machines or other resources are all hosted remotely in the cloud  102 . In embodiments, the set of virtual machines  116  or other resources may not depend on or require the user&#39;s own on-premise hardware or other resources. In embodiments, a user can therefore request and instantiate a set of virtual machines or other resources on a purely off-premise basis, for instance to build and launch a virtual storefront or other application. 
         [0027]    Because the cloud management system  104  in one regard specifies, builds, operates and manages the set of instantiated virtual machines  116  on a logical level, the user can request and receive different sets of virtual machines and other resources on a real-time or near real-time basis, without a need to specify or install any particular hardware. The user&#39;s set of instantiated machines  116 , processes, or other resources can be scaled up or down immediately or virtually immediately on an on-demand basis, if desired. In embodiments, the various sets of resource servers that are accessed by the cloud management system  104  to support a set of instantiated virtual machines  116  or processes can change or be substituted, over time. The type and operating characteristics of the set of instantiated virtual machines  116  can nevertheless remain constant or virtually constant, since instances are assembled from abstracted resources that can be selected and maintained from diverse sources based on uniform specifications. 
         [0028]    In terms of network management of the set of virtual machines  116  that have been successfully configured and instantiated, the cloud management system  104  can perform various network management tasks including security, maintenance, and metering for billing or subscription purposes. The cloud management system  104  of a given cloud can  102 , for example, install or terminate applications or appliances on individual machines. The cloud management system  104  can monitor operating virtual machines to detect any virus or other rogue process on individual machines, and for instance terminate the infected application or virtual machine. The cloud management system  104  can likewise manage an entire set of instantiated clients  116  or other resources on a collective basis, for instance, to push or delivery a software upgrade to all active virtual machines. Other management processes are possible. 
         [0029]    In embodiments, more than one set of virtual machines can be instantiated in a given cloud at the same, overlapping or successive times. The cloud management system  104  can, in such implementations, build, launch and manage multiple sets of virtual machines based on the same or different underlying set of resource servers  108 , with populations of different instantiated virtual machines  116  such as may be requested by different users. The cloud management system  104  can institute and enforce security protocols in a cloud  102  hosting multiple sets of virtual machines. Each of the individual sets of virtual machines can be hosted in a respective partition or sub-cloud of the resources of the main cloud  102 . The cloud management system  104  of a cloud can for example deploy services specific to isolated or defined sub-clouds, or isolate individual workloads/processes within the cloud to a specific sub-cloud. The subdivision of the cloud  102  into distinct transient sub-clouds or other sub-components which have assured security and isolation features can assist in establishing a multiple user or multi-tenant cloud arrangement. In a multiple user scenario, each of the multiple users can use the cloud platform as a common utility while retaining the assurance that their information is secure from other users of the overall cloud system. In further embodiments, sub-clouds can nevertheless be configured to share resources, if desired. 
         [0030]    In embodiments, and as also shown in  FIG. 2 , the set of instantiated virtual machines  116  generated in a first cloud  102  can also interact with a set of instantiated virtual machines or processes generated in a second, third or further cloud  102 . The cloud management system  104  of a first cloud  102  can interface with the cloud management system  104  of a second cloud  102 , to coordinate those domains and operate the clouds and/or virtual machines or processes on a combined basis. The cloud management system  104  of a given cloud  102  can track and manage individual virtual machines or other resources instantiated in that cloud, as well as the set of instantiated virtual machines or other resources in other clouds. 
         [0031]    In the foregoing and other embodiments, the user making an instantiation request or otherwise accessing or utilizing the cloud network can be a person, customer, subscriber, administrator, corporation, organization, or other entity. In embodiments, the user can be or include another virtual machine, application or process. In further embodiments, multiple users or entities can share the use of a set of virtual machines or other resources. 
         [0032]      FIG. 3  illustrates a configuration of a cloud management system and associated resources configured to manage secure data, according to embodiments of the present teachings. Cloud management system  104  communicates with secure data store  126  via one or more networks  106 . The one or more networks  106  can include the public Internet, and/or other public or private networks. The secure data store  126  can be an on-premise data store of an operator or other entity that stores secure data  118 . Secure data  118  can include, merely for instance, financial, medical, technical, or other information, such as account or social security numbers, address information, medical history information, or other data. The secure data store  126  for instance can comprise a data store or data warehouse maintained by financial institutions such as banks, mortgage companies, credit card companies, or other entities. In embodiments, secure data  118  may require certain regulatory or operational safeguards due to the nature of the information reflected therein, so that secure data  118  may not be permitted to be transmitted outside secure data store  126  in the clear, or committed to permanent storage in any location other than secure data store  126 . As noted, regulatory compliance may be mandated by laws or regulations such as HIPPA, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or other guidelines. 
         [0033]    Any one of the machines in the set of instantiated virtual machines  116  can make a request for the secure data  118  hosted in secure data store  126 . Virtual machines in the set of instantiated virtual machines  116  can be loaded or provisioned with a set of applications  114  configured to operate on secure data  118  to carry out various processing functions. For example, the set of applications  114  can contain one or more transaction processing applications or logic to permit the set of instantiated virtual machines  116  to execute online transactions at a Web storefront or elsewhere using secure data  118  such as credit card numbers or account numbers. In embodiments, the set of instantiated virtual machines  116  can represent a migrated set of virtual processing resources to which an operator&#39;s data processing facilities have been moved. In embodiments, the set of instantiated virtual machines  116  can represent an original build of a data processing infrastructure configured to operate on secure data  118 . 
         [0034]    A virtual machine in the set of instantiated virtual machines  116  can transmit a data request to cloud management system  104  to access secure data  118  contained in secure data store  126 . The request can contain a reference to secure data  118  by an indirect address or identifier contained in secure data store  126 . The cloud management system  104  can respond by invoking translation module  112  to translate the request for the secure data  118  to locate a corresponding entry in secure data store  126 , such as a table entry. Translation module  112  can locate secure data  118  by reference to the location of that data in secure data store  126 , and access that data along with any associated secure data fields  138 , such as metadata defining the most recent date modified, file type, required permission levels, or other information related to secure data  118 . In embodiments, secure data store  126  can be hosted in the same physical premises or facility as cloud management system  104 . In embodiments, secure data store  126  can be hosted in a separate facility or premise from cloud management system  104 . 
         [0035]    Translation module  112  can then extract secure data  118 , and prepare it for transmission to the requesting virtual machine (or machines) by masking secure data  118  to generate masked secure data  120 . The masking of secure data  118  can comprise performing a masking operation on secure data  118 , to alter the original information so that it will not travel in the clear. Various masking functions can be used. The masking operation can include, merely for example, masking a 16-digit account number or other data against a string or mask of the same length, for instance 16 random 1 or 0 or other digits to alter the original number or other identifier. The result of the masking operation is masked secure data  120  in the form of an altered string of digits. The masking operation can comprise passing or blocking individual digits aligned with 0 or 1 values respectively, adding digits to corresponding digits, or performing other operations. Blocked or concealed digits can be extracted using the mask string and related information, such as encoded values of masked digits. In embodiments, once masking is performed, masked secure data  120  can additionally be encrypted, for example using public or private key encryption techniques. The masked secure data  120  is transmitted by translation module  112  of cloud management system  104  to the requesting virtual machine via one or more networks  106 . In embodiments, other masking techniques can be used. 
         [0036]    The virtual machine within the set of instantiated virtual machines  116  that receives the masked secure data  120  can decode that data via a decoder module  122  configured to de-mask, decrypt, or otherwise decode masked secure data  120  to generate decoded secure data  120 . Decoder module  122  can receive masking strings or other data used to generate masked secure data  120  from cloud management system  104 , to perform decoding or unmasking operations. One or more applications in set of applications  114  installed on the requesting virtual machine can then receive and operate on decoded secure data  120 , for example to process an account number or credit card number to execute a purchase or other transaction. In embodiments, the application in set of applications  114  that operates on decoded secure data  120  can store any updates to that data back to secure data store  126  via cloud management system  104 . In various embodiments, an application in set of applications  114  that captures an initial set of secure data, for example from a user in an online transaction, can likewise transmit that original secure data to secure data store  126  to enter that data into the store. The return transmission of any new or updated information to secure data store  126  can be via decoder module  122  or other logic that performs the same types of translation, masking, encryption or other processing on decoded secure data  120  as translation module  112 . 
         [0037]    In embodiments, during all phases of transit, therefore, secure data  118  is maintained in a masked, encrypted, or otherwise protected state. In embodiments, secure data  118  is likewise never transmitted in the clear, and may only be indirectly referenced by translation to a table location or other address in secure data store  126 . In embodiments, secure data  118  is likewise never stored in permanent storage in cloud  102  or other locations, other than secure data store  126 . Desired processing functions can nevertheless be carried out in the set of instantiated virtual machines  116  using that protected data. 
         [0038]      FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary diagram of hardware and other resources that can be incorporated in a cloud management system  104  configured to communicate with set of instantiated virtual machines  116  via one or more networks  106 , according to embodiments. In embodiments as shown, cloud management system  104  can comprise a processor  130  communicating with memory  132 , such as electronic random access memory, operating under control of or in conjunction with operating system  136 . Operating system  136  can be, for example, a distribution of the Linux™ operating system, the Unix™ operating system, or other open-source or proprietary operating system or platform. Processor  130  also communicates with cloud management store  140 , such as a database stored on a local hard drive. Processor  130  further communicates with network interface  134 , such as an Ethernet or wireless data connection, which in turn communicates with one or more networks  106 , such as the Internet or other public or private networks. Processor  130  also communicates with could management store  140  and management engine  128 , to execute control logic and control the operation of virtual machines and other resources in cloud  102 . Other configurations of cloud management system  104 , associated network connections, and other hardware and software resources are possible. 
         [0039]      FIG. 5  illustrates a flow diagram of overall processing for secure data management in a cloud-based network, according to embodiments. In step  502 , processing can begin. In step  504 , a request for secure data can be received by cloud management system  104  from one or more virtual machines in a set of instantiated virtual machines  116 . The request for secure data can specify the data by, for example, a file name, file type, user name, or other identifier. In step  506 , the translation module  112  of cloud management system  104  can generate a translation of the request for secure data into an address or location in secure data store  126 . For instance, the translation module  112  can use a lookup table to determine a table location or other address, identifier or location for the desired secure data. In step  508 , the translation module  112  or other logic in cloud management system  104  can retrieve the desired secure data from secure data store  126 . 
         [0040]    In step  510 , the translation module  112  or other logic in cloud management system  104  can perform a masking and/or encryption operation on the retrieved secure data. For instance, public or private key encryption can be performed on the retrieved secure data. In step  512 , the cloud management system  104  can transmit the resulting masked secure data  120  to the requesting virtual machine. In step  514 , a decoder module  122  in the requesting virtual machine can receive and decode the masked secure data  120  to generate decoded secure data  124 . In step  516 , the requesting virtual machine can operate on the decoded secure data  124  using set of applications  114 , or other software or modules. For example, the requesting virtual machine can operate on account information as the decoded secure data  124  to execute a purchase or other transaction. 
         [0041]    In step  518 , the requesting virtual machine in embodiments can mask, encrypt, or encode any resulting updated secure data, and transmit that data to secure data store  126 . In step  520 , as understood by persons skilled in the art, processing can repeat, return to a prior processing point, jump to a further processing point, or end. 
         [0042]    The foregoing description is illustrative, and variations in configuration and implementation may occur to persons skilled in the art. For example, while embodiments have been described in which digit masking is employed as a protection mechanism, in embodiments, other or additional protection mechanisms can be used. For further example, while embodiments have been described in which virtual machines access a single secure data store  126 , in embodiments the secure data available to the set of virtual machines can be stored in multiple data stores. For yet further example, while embodiments have been described in which a single set of instantiated virtual machines accesses the secure data store, in embodiments multiple or non-overlapping sets of virtual machines can be configured to access secure data store  126 . In implementations in which multiple sets of virtual machines access secure data store  126 , those various sets can be located in one or more clouds. Other resources described as singular or integrated can in embodiments be plural or distributed, and resources described as multiple or distributed can in embodiments be combined. The scope of the present teachings is accordingly intended to be limited only by the following claims.