Abstract:
With infrared (IR) sensors, repeatability and accuracy can become an issue when there are thermal gradients between the sensor and an underlying printed circuit board (PCB). Conventionally, a large thermal mass is included in the sensor packaging to reduce the effect from such thermal gradients, but this increase costs and size of the sensor. Here, however, a PCB is provided that includes an isothermal cage included therein that generally ensures that the temperature of the underlying PCB and sensor are about the same by including structural features (namely, the isothermal cage) that generally ensure that the thermal time constant for a path from a heat source to the thermopile (which is within the sensor) is approximately the same as thermal time constants for paths through the PCB.

Description:
This Application is a Divisional of prior application Ser. No. 12/878,572, filed Sep. 9, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,411,442, issued Apr. 2, 2013. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The invention relates generally to infrared (IR) sensors and, more particularly, to reducing sensitivity to thermal gradients of a printed circuit board (PCB) when using IR sensors. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Referring to  FIG. 1A  of the drawings, the reference numeral  100  generally designates conventional PCB that is adapted to use for four IR sensors, where the section  101  (for one of the sensors) is shown in greater detail in  FIG. 1B . As shown, there is an integrated circuit (IC) seat  102  that is adapted to receive an IC that includes an IR sensor. For this configuration, the package for the sensor is a wafer level chip scale package (WCSP) that can be secured to the PCB  100  at IC seat  102  (for example) with eight solder balls. For each of the contact pads (which are located within the IC seat  102  and are adapted to be secured to a solder ball), there are traces  108 - 1  through  108 - 8  to provide electrical connections for the IC. Additionally, a capacitor seat  104  and resistor seat  106  are also shown. With this circuit layout, the traces (and all other conductive material) are laid out in a generally linear and symmetrical pattern. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 2 , the response of the four IR sensors, which are secured to the PCB  100 , can be seen. When a black body is swept from 0° C. to 120° C. (as shown in  FIG. 2 ), the average output voltage for the sensors varies by 10-to-1. For example, at 115° C., the sensor outputs vary between 55 μV and 550 μV. Clearly, repeatability is very poor. This drastic variation, however, can be attributed to the sensitivity of IR sensors. In particular, the IR sensors are very sensitive to thermal gradients between the sensor and the underlying PCB (i.e., PCB  100 ). Because the IR sensor is sensitive to changes in temperature between the “cold junction” and “hot junction,” when there are temperature variations or thermal gradients between the package and the underlying PCB (i.e., PCB  100 ), thermal gradients will induce small temperature changes of the hot junction which may cause the IR senor to generate false signals. Thus, thermal transients (which can create large thermal variations across a PCB) can create temperature readings (when detecting IR) that vary wildly. 
     One known solution for this problem is to employ a large thermal mass on the sensor package to reduce the effects of thermal gradients. This type solution is described by: Liess et al., “Reducing thermal transient induced errors in thermopile sensors in ear thermometer applications,”  Sensors and Actuators A , Vol. 154, No. 1, 2009, pgs 1-6. However, using a large thermal mass increases the size and cost of the sensor, which can be prohibitive in some applications. 
     Therefore, there is a need for an improved apparatus and/or system that reduces thermal gradients. 
     Some other conventional systems are: U.S. Pat. No. 5,344,518; U.S. Pat. No. 6,637,931; U.S. Pat. No. 7,275,867; U.S. Pat. No. 7,435,964; and U.S. Patent Pre-Grant Publ. No. 2003/0016729. 
     SUMMARY 
     A preferred embodiment of the present invention, accordingly, provides an apparatus. The apparatus comprises an integrated circuit (IC) seat; a plurality of contact pads located within the IC seat; an isothermal cage that substantially surrounds the IC seat, wherein the isothermal cage is formed at least in part of a thermally conductive material; a plurality of contact vias; a plurality of traces, wherein at least one trace is coupled between at least one of the contact pads and at least one of the contact vias; and a thermal isolation region that substantially surrounds the isothermal cage. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the apparatus further comprises a thermal isolation via that is located along the periphery of the IC seat, wherein the isothermal cage is thermally coupled to the isolation via. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the isothermal cage further comprises a thermally conductive dot that is located at the center of the IC seat and that is thermally coupled to the thermal isolation via. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the apparatus further comprises a top surface, and wherein the isothermal cage further comprises a plurality of metal layers located below the top surface, and wherein each metal layer is substantially parallel to the top surface. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the metal layers and the thermally conductive dot are formed of copper, and wherein the conductive dot, the thermal isolation via, and the isothermal cage are electrically connected together. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the IC seat is about 0.06 in by about 0.06 in, and wherein the conductive dot is about 0.015 in by about 0.15 in. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, each contact via is located along the periphery of the IC seat. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, each contact via is located in the thermal isolation region. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus comprises a circuit board having: an IC seat; a plurality of contact pads located within the IC seat; an isothermal cage that substantially surrounds the IC seat, wherein the isothermal cage is formed at least in part of a thermally conductive material; a plurality of contact vias; a plurality of traces, wherein at least one trace is coupled between at least one of the contact pads and at least one of the contact vias; and a thermal isolation region that substantially surrounds the isothermal cage; and an IC that is secured to each contact pad and that is generally coextensive with the IC seat. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the IC further comprises: a substrate; an infrared (IR) sensor that is located in the substrate; and active circuitry that is located in the substrate. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the apparatus further comprises a plurality of solder balls, wherein each solder ball is secured between the IC and at least one circuit board contact pads. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus comprises an IC having: a substrate; a thermopile located in the substrate; and a first thermal time constant for a first path from a heat source to the thermopile; and a circuit board having: a plurality of circuit board contact pad that are each secured to the IC; and an isothermal cage formed within the circuit board, wherein the isothermal cage adjusts a second thermal time constant for a second path from the heat source to the thermopile through the circuit board so that the second thermal time constant is approximately equal to the first thermal time constant. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the isothermal cage further comprises a thermally conductive dot that is located below the center of the IC. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the circuit board further comprises a top surface, and wherein the isothermal cage further comprises a plurality of metal layers located below the top surface, and wherein each metal layer is substantially parallel to the top surface, and wherein the metal layers and the thermally conductive dot are thermally coupled to one another. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the metal layers and the thermally conductive dot are formed of copper. 
     The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and the specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIGS. 1A and 1B  are block diagrams illustrating the layout for a convention PCB for four IR sensors; 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram of the response of IR sensors secured to the PCB of  FIGS. 1A and 1B ; 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram for the layout on a PCB of an IR sensor in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4A  is a cross-sectional view of the PCB of  FIG. 3  across section line A-A; 
         FIG. 4B  is a cross-sectional view of the PCB of  FIG. 3  across section line B-B; 
         FIG. 4C  is a cross-sectional view of the PCB of  FIG. 3  across section line C-C; 
         FIG. 4D  is a cross-sectional view of the PCB of  FIG. 3  across section line B-B with an IR sensor secured to the PCB; 
         FIG. 5  is a thermal model of operation of the PCB and IR sensor of  FIG. 4D ; 
         FIG. 6  is a block diagram for the layout on a PCB of an IR sensor in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 7  is a diagram of the response of IR sensors mounted to the PCB of  FIG. 3 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Refer now to the drawings wherein depicted elements are, for the sake of clarity, not necessarily shown to scale and wherein like or similar elements are designated by the same reference numeral through the several views. 
     Turning to  FIG. 3 , a PCB  300 -A in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention can be seen. Instead of employing a large thermal mass (as part of the sensor housing), a solution is provided that integrates features substantially seamlessly into a PCB  300 -A that reduce thermal gradients across the IC seat  102 . To accomplish this, PCB  300 -A, preferably, employs an isothermal cage  304  that substantially surrounds an IC seat  102  to substantially thermally isolate the portion of the PCB  300 -A that underlies the sensor (beneath the IC seat  102 ). Generally, this isothermal cage  304  is formed of a thermal conductor  306  (such as copper) arranged at the periphery of the isothermal cage and is thermally coupled to thermal isolation vias  310 - 1  and  310 - 2 , which are also generally formed of a conductive material, like copper. These isolation vias  310 - 1  and  310 - 2  are generally formed along the periphery of the IC seat  102  and extend vertically through the PCB  300 -A. Typically, the thermal coupling is an electrical connection that allows the thermal conductor  306  to be at generally the same electrical potential as vias  310 - 1  and  310 - 2 . In addition to be thermally coupled to vias  310 - 1  and  310 - 2 , contact pads  314 - 1  and  314 - 2  are thermally coupled to isothermal cage  304  through traces  316 - 1  and  316 - 2  (which can also be formed of copper). These contact pads  314 - 1  and  314 - 2  are located within the IC seat  102  and are generally adapted to be electrically connected to the “ground pins” of an IR sensor (not shown). 
     Also, within the isothermal cage  304 , there are several contact vias  308 - 1  to  308 - 6 . These contact vias  308 - 1  to  308 - 6  generally allow for communications between the IR sensor (not shown) and other circuitry. Generally, these contact vias  308 - 1  to  308 - 6  are formed along the periphery of IC  102  and extend vertically through the PCB  300 -A, similar to isolation vias  310 - 1  and  310 - 2 . Preferably, these contact vias  308 - 1  to  308 - 6  are thermally and electrically isolated from the thermal conductor  306 , but are electrically connected to contact pads  314 - 3  to  314 - 8  (which are within the IC seat  102 ) through traces  316 - 3  to  316 - 8  (respectively). Similar to isolation vias  310 - 1  and  310 - 2 , contact pads  314 - 1  and  314 - 2 , and traces  316 - 1  and  316 - 2 , contact vias  308 - 1  to  308 - 6 , contact pads  314 - 3  to  314 - 8 , and traces  316 - 3  to  316 - 8  can also be formed of copper. A reason for including the contact vias  308 - 1  to  308 - 6  within the isothermal cage  304  is to generally ensure that all of the traces  316 - 1  to  316 - 8  are directly connected to a connecting member (i.e., solder ball) at generally the same temperature. 
     In addition to having thermal conductor  306 , the isothermal cage  304  also employs a thermally conductive dot  312 . This conductive dot  312  is, preferably, thermally coupled to thermal conductor  306 , and is generally located near the center of both the IC seat  102  and the IR sensor. As with thermal conductor  306 , conductive dot  312  can also be formed of copper. This conductive dot  312  has a great deal of influence in matching the thermal response time of the IR sensor (not shown) to the PCB  300 -A underling the IR sensor (not shown), even though the conductive dot  312  is relatively small. For example, for an isothermal cage  304  measuring about 0.075 in by about 0.075 in, which can accommodate a IC seat  102  (and IR sensor) with an area of about 0.06 in by about 0.06 in, with vias  310 - 1 ,  310 - 2 , and  308 - 1  though  308 - 6  having a diameter of about 0.015 in, the conductive dot  312  is generally about 0.015 in by about 0.015 in. 
     Finally, there is also a thermal isolation region  302  that isolates the isothermal cage  304 . This isolation region  304  substantially surrounds the isothermal cage  304  along its periphery. Generally, the width of the isolation region  304  is greater than the width of the thermal conductor  306  (which generally extends between the periphery of the IC seat  102  and the periphery of the isothermal cage  304 ). For example, for an isothermal cage  304  measuring about 0.075 in by about 0.075, which can accommodate an IC seat  102  (and IR sensor) with a size of about 0.06 by about 0.06 in, the width of the isolation region  302  can be about 0.05 in wide. 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 4A through 4C  of the drawings, cross-sectional views across section lines A-A, B-B, and C-C of PCB  300 -A can be seen. In  FIG. 4A , the thermal conductor  306  generally comprises several conductive layers or thermal conductors  402 ,  404 , and  406 , which are formed as part of the lamination process used to manufacture PCB  306  and are each substantially parallel to the top surface of PCB  300 -A. Typically, these layers or conductors  402 ,  404 , and  406  (which can be formed of copper) are thermally coupled to isolation vias  310 - 1  and  310 - 2 , while being thermally isolated from contact via  308 - 1 . In  FIG. 4B , contact vias  308 - 6  and  308 - 2  are thermally isolated from layers or conductors  402 ,  404 , and  406 , while being in electrical contact with pads  314 - 8  and  314 - 4  (respectively) through traces  316 - 8  and  316 - 4 . Finally, in  FIG. 4C , contact vias  308 - 3  through  308 - 5  are thermally isolated from layers or conductors  402 ,  404 , and  406 . 
     For  FIG. 4D , a cross-sectional view of an IC  450  that is secured to PCB  300 -A can be seen along section line B-B of  FIG. 3 . As shown, IC  450 , preferably, includes an IR sensor  452  and active circuitry  456  located within a substrate  454  (which is generally formed of silicon). IC  450  is secured to the PCB  300 -A with WCSP package, where the substrate  454  operates as the “cold junction” for the IR sensor  452 . The IC  450  is electrically connected to and secured to solder balls  460 - 8  and  460 - 4  such that the active circuitry  456  extends over the solder balls  460 - 8  and  460 - 4 . As can be seen, the conductive dot  312  is located underneath IC  454  and substantially at near the center of IC  454  and IR sensor  452 . Additionally, because the solder balls (i.e., ball  460 - 4 ) are generally aligned with the contact pads (i.e.,  314 - 4 ) of the PCB  300 -A, the IR sensor  450  is generally aligned or is generally coextensive with the IC seat  102 . Moreover, the substrate  454  can serve as a visible light filter. 
     In order to further illustrate the function of PCB  300 -A (and isothermal cage  304 ), a thermal model of the IR sensor  452  and PCB  300 -A can be seen in  FIG. 5 . Each capacitor and each resistor shown in  FIG. 5  respectively corresponds to a thermal capacitance or a thermal resistance. In order to generally ensure that the difference in temperature between IR sensor  452  (T 1 ) and the portion of the PCB  300 -A underlying the IR sensor  452  (T 2 ) is generally the same, the thermal time constant for the path from a heat source to the thermopile (which is generally located in IC  450 ) is approximately equal to the thermal time constant of the paths (which are shown in  FIG. 4 ) from the heat source through the underlying PCB  300 -A. Thus, the thermal time constants for the paths through the underlying PCB  300 -A are adjusted using the thermal resistances and thermal capacitances (which are provided through the isothermal cage  304 ). 
     Turning now to  FIG. 6 , another example of a PCB  300 -B in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention can be seen. Here, isolation vias (herein after referred to as  310 ) are located within the isothermal cage  304 , while the contact vias (hereinafter referred to as  308 ) are located in the isolation region  302 . While the PCB layout of  FIG. 6  does provide adequate performance, the performance of the layout of  FIG. 3  is better. 
     To illustrate the performance of the layout of PCB  300 -A, which includes four IR sensors that are laid out in a similar manner as PCB  100 , a graph of sensor voltage versus black body temperature is shown in  FIG. 7 . Here, there is a sweep of a black body between about 5° C. and about 115° C., and as compared to  FIG. 2 , there is a relatively small variance near 120° C. Moreover, there is a noticeable increase in the output voltage of the IR sensors (i.e., IR sensor  450 ). For example, with the PCB  100  at 115° C., the output for each of the IR sensors varied between 55 μV and 550 μV, whereas, with PCB  300 -A (using four IR sensors in a similar manner to PCB  100 ) at 115° C., the output for each IR sensor was about 1000 μV. 
     Having thus described the present invention by reference to certain of its preferred embodiments, it is noted that the embodiments disclosed are illustrative rather than limiting in nature and that a wide range of variations, modifications, changes, and substitutions are contemplated in the foregoing disclosure and, in some instances, some features of the present invention may be employed without a corresponding use of the other features. Accordingly, it is appropriate that the appended claims be construed broadly and in a manner consistent with the scope of the invention.