Abstract:
A process to control product throughput in a multi-station manufacturing system is disclosed. The process comprises the steps of: providing the manufacturing system as a plurality of discrete operating stations; separating the plurality of pathways into a plurality of independent pathways; identifying a first constraining throughput capacity corresponding to each of the plurality of independent pathways; adjusting a target rate of each of the discrete operating stations in each of the plurality of independent pathways according to the corresponding first constraining throughput capacity; reconstituting the plurality of independent pathways into an interconnected pathway comprising the discrete operating stations; reforming the plurality of pathways for the object of manufacture to pass from the first operating station to the distal operating station; combining the target rate of each of the discrete operating stations of the interconnected pathways; and, adjusting product throughput according to the combined target rates.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    This invention relates to the art of modeling manufacturing systems and more particularly to the art of developing analytical models for optimizing manufacturing systems in order to optimize process variables within the system. The present invention also relates to a method of operation, control, and system integration of a plant for producing, conveying, and packaging articles. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    In serial manufacturing systems, manufacturing stages are generally separated by storage spaces used for temporary storage and transport, for example conveyors or other queueing techniques. Each manufacturing stage can comprise one or more manufacturing operations for the assembly of, or for the manufacture of, components or products. 
         [0003]    For example, plants for producing and packaging rolls of materials that are convolutely wound upon a support core may comprise a plurality of individual manufacturing operations. These operations then produce rolls, packages, bundles, cases, or pallets of consumer-ready finally wound products. For instance, rolls of materials, such as rolls of paper material or the like, can be wound on a support core, such as a cardboard core tube. Such rolls of consumer-ready finally wound products are preferably rolls of toilet paper, paper toweling, aluminum foiling, and other such materials suitable for personal, domestic, industrial use, or the like. Other examples of serial manufacturing systems can include plants for producing and packaging bags, bottles, and cartons of consumer-ready products such as food, cosmetics, parts, toys, or medicaments. 
         [0004]    Machinery suitable for forming rolls of materials can generally comprise a series of operative sections that produce coils or logs of rolled material where the individual consumer-ready finally wound products are generated. Typically, the starting materials for such consumer-ready finally wound products are provided from a paper mill in the form of large sized rolls of convolutely wound web materials. The machinery used for the production of such consumer-ready finally wound products may have an initial unwind section that unwinds the starting material from the large roll and transfers it to successive sections in which the product can be embossed in order to increase the apparent thickness, or change the appearance, of the web material and the resulting consumer-ready finally wound product. Downstream of such an embossing section, several layers of the starting material (processed or otherwise) may be cooperatively coupled in a face-to-face relationship and presented to a recoiling section that receives elongate support cores upon which the material produced by the upstream sections is convolutely disposed about to a desired diameter corresponding to that of the rolls of consumer-ready finally wound products to be produced. The elongate cores having material convolutely wound thereabout can then be introduced to a successive section for either storing the resulting wound web material as elongate rolls of convolutely wound material or sent directly to another manufacturing system that cuts the elongate roll of convolutely wound material into shorter rolls of consumer-ready finally wound product. 
         [0005]    Machinery that provides for the transverse cutting of the elongate convolutely wound material into shorter pieces of convolutely wound material (known to those of skill in the art as a log saw) may then be followed by an endless variety of packaging machines that can collect the individual rolls of convolutely wound web material and, either individually or in packaged groups, encapsulate the roll or group of rolls with a film of plastic or paper material. The packs can contain a preselected number of the resulting consumer-ready finally wound product ordered in rows which can be arranged in multiple layers or in any other desired arrangement. The packaged groups or individual rolls of convolutely wound web material can then be collected and contained in still larger groups by cartoning processes or in still larger groups by an ensuing palletizing processes. 
         [0006]    Manufacturing operations where the consumer-ready finally wound product sold to consumers is produced and packaged generally use machinery produced by different manufacturers. This may occur because the machinery is acquired at different times or the specific machinery was selected to provide certain advantageous characteristics that relate to the entire manufacturing process and/or to the desired consumer-ready finally wound product. 
         [0007]    In such operations, there can be problems associated with coordinating the operation between different machines for different processes. This can include coordinating the operation between roll forming machines and packaging machines as well as between the packaging machine and the various and extensive conveyor belts connecting them. These issues can cause the actual yield of the manufacturing process to be diminished and may not allow sufficient exploitation of the high working rate potential of the individual components of an entire manufacturing process. 
         [0008]    Also, the various components of a manufacturing process can be subject to equipment malfunction or the requirement of down time in order to facilitate maintenance. In such systems, it is not uncommon to have one unit operation process sufficient product in order to satisfy the in-feed requirements of a plurality of machines connected to its output. Thus, when an operating event occurs, such as a planned intervention of a particular unit operation of a manufacturing system or a failure of such a unit operation, the production rate of a unit operation providing product to a plurality of unit operations must necessarily be adjusted. Exemplary planned interventions can include preventative maintenance, cleaning, changeover, and curtailment. Unit operation failures may be of a mechanical, electrical, process, or operational nature. 
         [0009]    For the sake of comparison, most manufacturing systems operate as a group of unit operations that operate independently of adjacent unit operations. For example, a unit operation may monitor its in-feed status in order to maintain a pre-determined target level or range. Without knowledge of the state and/or speed of any adjacent upstream unit operation(s), the unit operation is unable to determine the best speed to run. Because of this, the unit operation can make unnecessary process speed adjustments. This can result in the unit operation starving itself in one instance or blocking upstream unit operation(s) in another. At times, this can lead to significant, or even perpetual, cycling between the various unit operations comprising the manufacturing system. These non-steady-state conditions have been found to both reduce the speed of the unit operation as well as its reliability thereby greatly impacting throughput of the entire manufacturing system. Traditionally, what has been done to alleviate these non steady-state problems is to increase the amount of conveyor or the size of the queue between the various unit operations. This solution is expensive and reduces operability, introduces greater variability in in-feed conditions (level, backpressure, product distortion), and does not always solve the problem of cycling or unnecessary speed adjustments. This is especially true if the conveyor or queue between the unit operations is not controlled properly. 
         [0010]    Another downfall of today&#39;s systems is that they do not readily adapt to new products or configurations. Typically, control attributes such as unit operation rates, conveyor speeds, so-called photoeye blocked/cleared timer delays, and path/routing logic must be consistently and constantly added or updated. This can require a significant amount of programming, and at times it requires a complete overhaul of a manufacturing system&#39;s control logic. As a result, a significant amount of throughput is lost during the startup and debug of the process on the new product/configuration. Many times this process yields sub-optimal integration of the manufacturing system, and often, the changes have adverse effects on other existing products and manufacturing system configurations. This can cause lost throughput on all future production. Eventually, the manufacturing system and its corresponding control strategy can become too complex and the manufacturing operation is forced to reduce complexity by reducing flexibility, and therefore system capability, in order to achieve some minimum level of system reliability. 
         [0011]    What is clear is that the prior art is remarkably silent in providing solutions that facilitate an in situ change in a manufacturing process, coordinating a simultaneous speed change of the effected unit operations, maximizing product throughput, as well as accommodating the interruption of production capacity caused by the shutdown or malfunction of a particular unit operation, while utilizing an algorithm that can be applied consistently to a broad range of system configurations and interconnectivities. It is believed that providing such a unique process can result in a standard solution that can be applied to both like and unlike systems by providing improved flexibility to run various products and paths, maximize throughput by ensuring the system constraint or constraints are running at or most near their maximum speed(s), maximize reliability by reducing or eliminating unnecessary unit operation speed changes, and reducing conveyor lengths by providing more consistent product flow through the system. The reduction of conveyor length can further lead to the reduction of the manufacturing system capital costs, the reduction of the manufacturing system footprint, and improved manufacturing system productivity. What will be realized is that the invention disclosed herein can provide all of the aforementioned benefits while reasonably accommodating various situations in a manufacturing process that can cause an interruption in production. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    The present invention provides a process to control the product throughput in a multi-station manufacturing system. The process comprises the steps of first, providing the multi-station manufacturing system as a plurality of discrete operating stations. Each of the plurality of discrete operating stations has a known rate capacity and is interconnected to form a plurality of pathways for an object of manufacture to pass through the multi-station manufacturing system from a first operating station to a distal operating station. Next, the plurality of pathways are separated into a plurality of independent pathways. Third, a first constraining throughput capacity corresponding to each of the plurality of independent pathways is identified. Fourth, a target rate of each of the discrete operating stations in each of the plurality of independent pathways is adjusted according to the corresponding first constraining throughput capacity. Next, the plurality of independent pathways is reconstituted into an interconnected pathway comprising the discrete operating stations and the plurality of pathways for the object of manufacture to pass through the multi-station manufacturing system from the first operating station to the distal operating station are reformed. Next, the target rate of each of the discrete operating stations of the interconnected pathway is combined. Finally, the product throughput is adjusted according to the combined target rates. 
         [0013]    The present invention also provides a process to control product throughput in a multi-station manufacturing system. The process comprises the steps of first providing the multi-station manufacturing system as a plurality of discrete operating stations where each of the plurality of discrete operating stations has a known rate capacity and is interconnected to form a plurality of pathways for an object of manufacture to pass through the multi-station manufacturing system from a first operating station to a distal operating station. Second, the plurality of pathways is separated into a plurality of independent pathways. Third, a first constraining throughput capacity corresponding to each of the plurality of independent pathways is identified. Fourth, a target rate of each of the discrete operating stations in each of the plurality of independent pathways is adjusted according to the corresponding first constraining throughput capacity. Fifth, a second constraining throughput capacity for discrete operating stations common to each of the independent pathways is identified. Next, the target rate of each of the discrete operating stations in the multi-station manufacturing system is adjusted according to the second constraining throughput capacity. Then, the plurality of independent pathways is reconstituted into the interconnected pathway comprising the discrete operating stations and the plurality of pathways for the object of manufacture to pass through the multi-station manufacturing system from the first operating station to the distal operating station is reformed. Finally, the product throughput is adjusted according to the combined target rate. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0014]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an exemplary manufacturing system; 
           [0015]      FIGS. 2-8  are block diagrams representing the steps of the instant invention that can maximize production throughput of the exemplary manufacturing system of  FIG. 1  as well as accommodate for the interruption of service due to a planned or unplanned intervention or failure of equipment used to manufacture the consumer-ready finally wound product contemplated herein; 
           [0016]      FIG. 9  is a block diagram of another exemplary manufacturing system; and, 
           [0017]      FIGS. 10-17  are block diagrams representing the steps of the instant invention that can maximize production throughput of the exemplary manufacturing system of  FIG. 9  as well as accommodate for the interruption of service due to a planned or unplanned intervention or failure of equipment used to manufacture the consumer-ready finally wound product contemplated herein. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0018]    The present invention provides a method for maximizing product throughput and determining the optimal operating speeds for a plurality of interconnected machines operating within a manufacturing system. The individual machines of the manufacturing system are typically provided as a plurality of discrete operating stations and may be arranged in any number of configurations and be provided in any desired quantity. In a preferred embodiment, each machine within a manufacturing system has its own local control unit and variable speed control that communicates with a master control unit where the processes described herein are executed, and the user enters certain process variables required by the master control unit via a master operator interface. 
         [0019]    In short, the connectivity of a manufacturing system is defined in the inventive process as the set of independent paths that a consumer-ready finally wound product of manufacture would travel. Referring to  FIG. 1 , an exemplary process  10  could utilize a manufacturing system  12  (also used interchangeably with the term “system  12 ” herein) that is suitable for the manufacture of convolutely wound paper products, for example. Such a system  12  could comprise in an exemplary, but non-limiting, embodiment a log saw  14 , at least one wrapper  16 , a bundler  18 , and a case packer  20 . In principle, an elongate convolutely wound material disposed about a core would be processed first by a log saw  14 . The log saw  14 , in principle, transversely cuts the elongate convolutely wound web material into a plurality of shorter, consumer-ready finally wound lengths of convolutely wound material. An exemplary wrapper  16  could envelop each individual consumer-ready finally wound length of convolutely wound web material with an overwrap. Typically, a polymeric film is used in order to encapsulate each consumer-ready finally wound convolutely wound web material. Next, an exemplary bundler  18  could effectively bundle a plurality of consumer-ready finally wound convolutely wound web materials into an array of products that could be eventually encapsulated in yet another thicker and more durable polymeric film. Such an encapsulated array of products would be suitable for sale at a warehouse or other merchandising operation for the consumer to buy the consumer-ready finally wound convolutely wound product in bulk. Further, an exemplary case packer  20  could be capable of taking a plurality of consumer-ready finally wound convolutely wound products and place them within a carton for containing the individual finally wound consumer-ready products for the eventual transport of individual products to merchandising outlets and the ultimate sale of the individual consumer-ready finally wound products to consumers. 
         [0020]    As can be seen from  FIG. 1 , the output of log saw  14  can feed the input of a plurality of manufacturing unit operations. In the example provided herein, the output of log saw  14  is directed in two streams toward the input of a plurality of wrappers  16 , although it should be realized and readily apparent to one of skill in the art that virtually any number or type of machines (also referred to herein as “unit operations”) and any manner of connecting inputs and outputs of such a unit operations are suitable for use with the present invention. 
         [0021]    Turning now to  FIG. 2 , the process  10  of the instant invention provides that the system  12  be displayed as a plurality of independent paths  24  in which a consumer-ready convolutely wound product may progress through system  12 . By way of example, it was noted with reference to  FIG. 1  above that the output of log saw  14  provided product to the input of a plurality of wrappers  16 . Thus, since one unit operation of system  12  provides for relative distribution of the output therefrom to a plurality of devices, the system  12  can be represented as a plurality of independent paths  24  where each unit operation of the system  12  is represented within each independent path  24  through which the consumer-ready final product may progress through system  12 . In other words, a consumer-ready product may successively progress from the output of log saw  14  to a first wrapper  16  and then to a bundler  18  or the consumer-ready product may successively progress from the output of log saw  14  to a second wrapper  16  and then a case packer  20 . 
         [0022]    Referring to  FIG. 3 , the rate capacity (also used interchangeably herein with “maximum rate” or “capacity”) of each unit operation of system  12  in each independent path  24  is then determined. This information can be provided by the manufacturer of the specific equipment or may be realized through use and experience as an evaluative known output of the specific equipment. By way of non-limiting example, the known output of a log saw  14  (represented as M 1 ) may be 200 units/minute, the throughput of a first wrapper (represented as M 2 ) may be 50 units/minute, and the output of the second wrapper  16  (here represented as M 3 ) may be 150 units/minute. Similarly, the capacity of exemplary bundler shown may be 200 units/minute and the exemplary case packer shown as 200 units/minute. In any regard, the rate capacity at each unit operation of the system  12  is likely the maximum rate for the specific equipment for the given format of consumer-ready product as well as any applicable system conditions. Preferably, the maximum rate is provided by the unit operation automatically and takes into account both mechanical and process limitations, therefore eliminating the possibility of erroneous data entry by an operator or any control scheme utilized to control the unit operation. 
         [0023]    If a specific piece of manufacturing equipment (or unit operation) appears in a plurality of independent pathways  24  (in this example log saw  14  (M 1 )), the maximum capacity of the machinery should be divided according to the number of appearances of that specific equipment per number of independent paths  24  in which that specific machinery appears. Thus, if the capacity of log saw  14  (M 1 ) is 200 units/minute, by way of the example provided herein, the maximum speed per path of the log saw is 100 units/minute. By way of convention, the capacity of each piece of equipment is generally reflected with common units. For example, for a manufacturing system such as that contemplated herein, the common units may be rolls per minute, pieces per minute, articles per hour, and the like. 
         [0024]    Referring again to  FIG. 3 , next the constraining throughput capacity of each independent path  24  is identified. Typically, the constraint is determined by identifying the manufacturing equipment having the lowest rate capacity. By way of example and as shown in  FIG. 3 , the constraint of the upper independent path  26  would be identified as the wrapper  16  (M 2 ). This is because the capacity of the wrapper  16  (M 2 ) has the lowest capacity of all equipment present in the upper independent path  26 . Likewise, the constraint in the lower independent path  28  shown in  FIG. 3  is log saw  14  (M 1 ). This is because the log saw  14  has the lowest capacity of all the equipment present in the lower independent path  28  represented therein. 
         [0025]    Referring to  FIG. 4 , next the target rate of each piece of equipment in each independent path  24  is determined. In other words, at this point in the process, each independent path  24  transitions from understanding the rate capacity of each piece of equipment located in that independent path  24  to determine the target rate to command each piece of equipment in that associated independent path  24  to operate. By way of example, in the upper independent path  26  of  FIG. 4 , since the constraint is wrapper  16  (M 2 ) having a capacity of 50 units/minute, all other equipment located in the independent path  26  should have a target rate that is adjusted to be commensurate in scope with that constraining piece of equipment (here, wrapper  16  (M 2 )). Thus, the target rate of the log saw  14  (M 1 ) is adjusted downward from its initial capacity of 100 units/minute to 50 units/minute. Similarly, since the constraint in the lower independent path  28  of  FIG. 4  is the log saw  14  (M 1 ), the target rates of the wrapper  16  (M 3 ) and case packer  20  (M 5 ) are adjusted accordingly to be commensurate with the constraining capacity of log saw  14  (M 1 ). 
         [0026]    Referring to  FIG. 5 , one next identifies the specific machinery common to more than one independent path  24 . As shown in the figure, the log saw  14  (M 1 ) is common to both the upper independent path  26  and the lower independent path  28 . 
         [0027]    Referring to  FIG. 6 , for machines that are common to more than one independent path  24 , the lowest target rate for the respective independent path  24  to which that machine appears is identified. By way of example and as shown in  FIG. 5 , it can be seen that one portion of the log saw  14  (M 1 ) has a lower target rate in the upper independent path  26  compared to the higher target rate shown in the lower independent path  28 . For each independent path  24  that the common machine occupies, the independent paths where the target rate exceeds the lowest target rate identified previously is scaled so that the output of the common machine provides an even distribution of the consumer-ready finally wound product produced therefore between the independent paths  24  in common. One of skill in the art would recognize that such a step may be required because production machines are often required to distribute such consumer-ready finally wound product in even proportions. Thus, for example, since the lowest target rate was identified as the target rate for the upper independent path  26  comprising log saw  14  (M 1 ), the target rate of the log saw  14  (M 1 ) in the lower independent path  28  is adjusted commensurate in scope with the target rate provided in the upper independent path  26  comprising log saw  14  (M 1 ). As shown in  FIG. 6 , the target rate of log saw  14  (M 1 ) to the lower independent path  28  comprising log saw  14  (M 1 ), wrapper  16  (M 3 ), and case packer  20  (M 5 ) is adjusted to the same rate ( 50 ) as the upper independent path  26  comprising log saw  14  (M 1 ), wrapper  16  (M 2 ), and bundler  18  (M 4 ). In short, the throughput of all machines in system  12  comprising process  10  is adjusted to be the same as the lowest rate of the available components comprising system  12 . It should be realized by one of skill in the art that the preceding steps can be repeated as required to accommodate machinery that may be common to more than independent path  24  and can be utilized in systems  12  that may distribute consumer-ready final product in even proportions. In the non-limiting, but exemplary circumstance that a machine must distribute or receive consumer-ready final product in uneven proportions, these percentages should be defined and are initially applied when distributing the component&#39;s maximum rate among each independent path  24  in which it appears. Subsequently, the process utilized in systems  12  utilizing such uneven proportion distributions should be reconfirmed in this step using a similar process to that described for a system  12  utilizing even proportion distribution. In a second non-limiting, but exemplary circumstance that a machine is able to distribute or receive consumer-ready finally wound product in variable proportions, the maximum rate initially distributed among each independent path  24  in which it appears may be as high as the machine&#39;s throughput capacity in each instance. This is because at any given instance the machine may be able to accept or distribute its full capacity from/to a single independent path. 
         [0028]    Next, referring to  FIG. 7 , the state of each independent path  24  is identified. If any machine on an independent path  24  is stopped, the respective independent path  24  would be considered in a “down” state. As shown in  FIG. 7 , upper independent path  26  comprising log saw  14  (M 1 ), wrapper  16  (M 2 ), and bundler  18  (M 4 ) is down due to some situation affecting the upper independent path  24 . This may include, for example, preventive maintenance occurring on bundler  18  (M 1 ) or an equipment malfunction related to the operation of bundler  18  (M 4 ). In the example shown in  FIG. 7 , the lower independent path  28  comprising log saw  14  (M 1 ), wrapper  16  (M 3 ), and case packer  20  (M 5 ) remains in operation. 
         [0029]    Referring to  FIG. 8 , all of the independent paths  24  are reconstituted or resolved into their pre-process configuration. For a machine common to multiple independent paths  24 , the target rate for that machine is the sum of all target rates for each machine instance among the independent paths, provided the particular independent path  24  is in an operating state. Thus, the target rates for the instantaneous operating capacity of each machine comprising system  12  are then implemented in order to provide for maximum throughput through system  12 . Referring back to  FIG. 7 , if the upper independent path  26  comprising log saw  14  (M 1 ), wrapper  16  (M 2 ), and bundler  18  (M 4 ) is in a down state, the reconstituted machine target rates are then taken into account to adjust the throughput of system  12 . Thus, since the upper independent path  26  comprising log saw  14  (M 1 ), wrapper  16  (M 2 ), and bundler  18  (M 4 ) is not in operation, all output from log saw  14  (M 1 ) is directed toward wrapper  16  (M 3 ), and case packer  20  (M 5 ). This situation requires the output of log saw  14  (M 1 ) to be reduced to a level that is only required to support the equipment present in lower independent path  28 . Thus, even though the capacity of log saw  14  (M 1 ) is far in excess of the realized output according to the process  10  described herein, the output of the log saw  14  (M 1 ) is reduced and the output of all other equipment in system  12  is maintained, thus maintaining the throughput of the lower independent path  28 , to accommodate an instantaneous interruption in production due to a malfunction of one of the components of system  12 . By maintaining the throughput of the lower independent path  28 , the lower independent path  28  is not exposed to a rate-change condition, which could otherwise increase the probability of a failure. Similarly, if the upper independent path  26  having log saw  14  (M 1 ), wrapper  16  (M 2 ), and bundler  18  (M 4 ) is in operation, the reconstituted machine target rates would provide for the log saw  14  (M 1 ) to provide for an equal distribution of consumer-ready finally wound product to the respective wrapper  16  (M 2 ) disposed in each independent path  24 . Thus, using the example shown in  FIG. 8 , the target rate of log saw  14  (M 1 ) could be adjusted to a value of 50 units/minute in order to satisfy the throughput of just the lower independent path  28  as shown in  FIG. 6  since it is the only independent path  24  remaining in operation. 
         [0030]    If a given independent path  28  is to be in a “down” state for an extended time period, or if other process conditions dictate, such as an accumulation or queue level of consumer-ready finally wound product, it may be advantageous to increase the speed of the remaining independent paths  24  to compensate for this situation. This operational mode is referred to herein as “speed-compensating.” In this operational mode it may be deemed necessary to accept the increased risk in reliability to speeding up the operations associated with the remaining independent paths  24  in order to achieve higher throughput. In order to cause this change, it could be necessary to ignore the independent path  28  currently in the “down” state by excluding independent path  28  from the initial distribution of each operating stations&#39;s maximum rate among each independent path  24  in which the operating station occurs. The system  10  may go into a speed-compensating mode either automatically, in which case it is typically triggered by a certain accumulation or queue level, or manually by the operator through the operator interface. 
         [0031]    As shown in  FIG. 9 , exemplary system  12 A suitable for use with process  10 A of the present invention to produce consumer-ready finally wound product provides for a log saw  14  (M 1 ) to feed the input of a plurality of wrappers  16  (M 2 ). The output of two wrappers  16  (M 2 ) feed the input of a bundler  18  (M 3 ). The output of a third wrapper  16  (M 2 ) feeds the input of a case packer  20  (M 4 ). The resulting outputs of both the bundler  18  (M 3 ) and case packer  20  (M 4 ) feed the input of a palletizer  22  (M 5 ). 
         [0032]    Consistent with the process described herein, in this more complex system as shown in  FIG. 10 , the process  10 A of the instant invention provides that the system  12 A be displayed as a plurality of independent paths  24 A in which a consumer-ready finally wound product may progress through system  12 A. As shown, since more than one unit operation comprising system  12 A provides for relative distribution of the output therefrom to a plurality of devices, the system  12 A can be represented as a plurality of independent paths  24 A. In other words, each unit operation comprising system  12 A is represented by each independent path  24 A through which the consumer-ready finally wound product may progress through system  12 A. Thus, upper independent path  26 A can be represented by a consumer-ready finally wound product that can progress from the output of log saw  14  (M 1 ), to a first wrapper  16  (M 2 ), then a bundler  18  (M 3 ), and subsequently a palletizer  22  (M 5 ). Alternatively, the consumer ready finally wound product may progress through system  12 A in middle independent path  30 A from the output of log saw  14  (M 1 ) to a second wrapper  16  (M 2 ), then to bundler  18  (M 3 ), and subsequently palletizer  22  (M 5 ). Yet further still, the consumer-ready finally wound product may progress through system  12 A in lower independent path  28 A from the output of log saw  14  (M 1 ) to a third wrapper  16  (M 2 ) to a case packer  20  (M 4 ) and a subsequent palletizer  22  (M 5 ). 
         [0033]    Referring to  FIG. 11 , the throughput capacity of each unit operation of system  12 A is then determined. As discussed supra, this information can be provided by the manufacturer of the specific piece of equipment or may be realized through use and experience as an evaluative known output of the unit operation. By way of example, the known capacity of log saw  14  (M 1 ) may be 90 units per minute. Similarly, it may be determined that the capacities of each wrapper  16  (M 2 ), the bundler  18  (M 3 ), and the case packer  20  (M 4 ) may be 40 units per minute, respectively. Further, the capacity of palletizer  22  (M 5 ) may be known to be 75 units per minute. As stated above, the throughput capacities at each position of the system  12 A is likely to be maximum rate for the specific equipment for the given format of consumer-ready finally wound product, as well as any system  12 A conditions that may be present. 
         [0034]    Referring to  FIG. 12 , the constraining capacity of each independent path  24 A is identified. As shown, the constraint of the upper independent path  26 A would be identified as the bundler  18  (M 3 ). This is because the throughput capacity of the bundler  18  (M 3 ) is the lowest throughput capacity of all equipment present in the upper independent path  26 A. The constraint in the middle independent path  30 A is likewise the bundler  18  (M 3 ). The observed constraint in the lower independent path  28  A is the palletizer  22  (M 5 ). 
         [0035]    Referring to  FIG. 13 , in the instance where a common operating station is shared over a plurality of independent paths  24 A, it may be useful to shift the constraining capacity from one unit operation in a given independent path  24 A to another unit operation in that same independent path  24 . As shown in  FIG. 13 , since the lower independent path  28 A shares a common operating station (log saw  14  (M 1 )) with both the upper independent path  26 A and the middle independent path  30 A, the constraint is shifted to the log saw  14  (M 1 ). This is because the upper independent path  26 A and middle independent path  30 A have lower constraint values as compared with the constraint value presented by palletizer  22  (M 5 ) shown in the lower independent path  28 A, and assuming the logsaw  14  (M 1 ) is required to split its output proportionally. Thus, for purposes of this example, the constraining rate for the lower independent path  28 A effectively becomes the log saw  14  (M 1 ). Thus, the independent paths  24 A shown in  FIG. 13  can be represented as three independent paths  24 A with the constraining rates displayed as shown in  FIG. 14 . 
         [0036]    Next, a speed trimming percentage is applied to each independent path  24 A because, as would be known to one of skill in the art, many unit operations (e.g., the wrappers  16  (M 2 )) monitor their in-feed level in order to adjust their speed to maintain a consistent throughput level. “Speed trimming” or “speed compensation” as used herein refers to these small speed compensations required to maintain a consistent in-feed level in any given unit operation. The term “high trim” as used herein refers to a state in which any given unit operation has excess product at its in-feed and therefore runs at a speed incrementally higher than a cooperatively associated upstream unit operation. Likewise, the term “low trim” as used herein refers to the state in which a given unit operation has a deficiency of product at its in-feed and therefore runs at a speed incrementally higher than a cooperatively associated upstream unit operation. 
         [0037]    One aspect of the system of the present invention provides for speed trimming to be applied for each independent path  24 A from the constraining unit operation outward. For example, a unit operation positioned downstream of the constraining unit operation on a given independent path  24 A and it detects a high trim or low trim condition, the speed trimming percentage can be applied to that unit operation and then propagate downstream. However, if the unit operation is the constraint, or is upstream of the constraint, and a high or low trim condition is detected, the speed trimming percentage can be applied to the upstream unit operation and then propagate further upstream. In this way, and without desiring to be bound by theory, the speed of the constraint can be maximized. It was found that traditional approaches typically apply speed trimming locally to the downstream detecting unit operation, regardless of the location relative to the constraint, and typically do not propagate downstream, thus requiring the constraint to run below its maximum speed unless the constraint happens to be the upstream-most unit operation. 
         [0038]    Thus, it should be realized that nearly all transfer of consumer-ready finally wound product between each component of the system  12 A would behave as a constant density transport conveyor. In other words, the conveyor starts, stops, and changes speed in conjunction with the upstream machine in order to maintain a constant product density. It should also be realized that this strategy also allows all machines within the system  12 A to change speed simultaneously. It is believed that a key benefit of this approach is that all conveyor states and speeds within system  12 A are calculated based on product density, unit operation speed, and the individualized consumer ready product recipe. In this way, the identical, standard logic is used for every conveyor in the system, enabling a variety of configurations and avoiding custom logic for each conveyor motor. This standard logic allows flexibility and scalability; for example, a conveyor may be added or removed to/from the system  12 A without impacting the logic. The traditional approach of custom logic for each motor requires a significant amount of programming, is prone to errors, and difficult to troubleshoot. 
         [0039]    Without desiring to be bound by theory, it is believed that the following equation is used to calculate the speed for a transport conveyor: 
         [0000]        S   TC   =R   US ×(1 ÷X )/( L×D );       where:   S TC =transport conveyor speed (in distance/minute);   R US =upstream machine rate (in units/minute);   I=product length (in distance/product) in the direction of travel;   X=product roll count (in units/product);   L=number of simultaneous lanes of product (#); and   D=target product density (%).         
         [0047]    In addition to any transport conveyors used in system  12 A, a process constraint may require additional conveyor types, for example accumulating and fixed speed. Accumulating conveyors behave like transport conveyors except that they follow the downstream machine. Fixed speed conveyors always run a fixed speed. Also, a given unit operation may require a certain amount of clean-out when shutting down. If this is the case, the conveyor(s) immediately downstream of the unit operation should continue to run for a certain amount of time after the respective unit operation shuts down. 
         [0048]    In order to account for any variations in rates and product properties, and in order to be certain that a conveyor is operating within an acceptable speed range, the target product density in the equation above may need to be adjusted on a case-by-case basis. Preferably, this adjustment occurs automatically in the algorithm in order to ensure the calculated speed does not fall outside the acceptable range for the motor or drive. If so, the constant density of product on the conveyor will be jeopardized and unnecessary speed changes on the unit operations may occur. 
         [0049]    When restarting the system  12 A, if any active unit operation is starved (i.e. lacking adequate quantity of product at its in-feed or in queue in order to run) for consumer-ready finally wound product, the target speeds for the associated independent paths  24 A are reduced to a low speed as defined in the master operator interface for each consumer-ready finally wound product recipe. The low speed start-up value is typically about half the steady state speed and is defined as a percentage of full speed. As is known to those of skill in the art, low speed start-up is critical in a close-coupled system  12 A because it allows the downstream starved operating station to ramp up to a matched speed with the upstream machine cooperatively coupled and associated thereto without blocking it (i.e., filling the downstream conveyor or queue such that the machine must stop). This “throughput reduction factor” is preferably applied to all discrete operating stations within each associated independent path  24 A in order to facilitate system  12 A trouble-shooting, re-starting, or other conditions consistent with a reduced operation and resulting output of system  12 A. 
         [0050]    Once all the unit operations associated with system  12 A are satisfied and at rate, the machine target rates will increase to full speed after a pre-set time delay as defined in the master operator interface for each consumer-ready finally wound product recipe. Preferably the target rates and acceleration/deceleration rates for all unit operations and conveyors associated with system  12 A are provided from a single master control unit in order to best maintain product density on the conveyors. Note that a unit operation that is starved should use the maximum possible acceleration rate in order to minimize any accumulation at the in-feed as the unit operation ramps up. If any machine in system  12 A starves while in the steady state full speed running condition, the target rates will revert back to the low speed start-up values. This can occur, for example, when off-quality consumer-ready finally wound product is being generated and removed from a conveyor within system  12 A. Depending on process behavior, namely the variation in speeds, rates, and product density upon restart and unit operation reliability during acceleration, it may be desirable to apply low speed startup when recovering from all “down” states. 
         [0051]    In a dual pack system  12 A with a shared unit operation downstream, it may not be possible to have one independent path  24 A at a steady state full speed condition and another independent path  12 A in a low speed start-up mode. This is typically due to the downstream unit operation not being able to merge incoming streams of dramatically different rates. An excellent example of this is two wrappers  16  (M 2 ) feeding a single bundler  18  (M 3 ), as shown in the instant example. If the bundler  18  (M 3 ) is running a format that requires two in-feed lanes, it may not be able to handle dramatically different in-feed rates. On the other hand, for one or three in-feed lanes, the rate variation may be acceptable. For this reason, an operator of system  12 A can select which operational mode, either low speed startup by path or for the entire system  12 A, is desired in the master operator interface. 
         [0052]    Speed trimming occurs in the master control unit and not the individual machinery comprising system  12 A. In order to allow the system  12 A constraint to run at full rate and maximize throughput of consumer-ready finally wound product, the constraint unit operation speed is never trimmed. Rather, when a low trim condition occurs at the constraint, the corresponding upstream module goes into high trim. Likewise, for high trim condition at the constraint or upstream of the constraint, the corresponding upstream module goes into low trim. 
         [0053]    Thus, if a module associated with an independent path  24 A of system  12 A is downstream of the constraint in a particular independent path  24 A, the independent path  24 A uses its local in-feed level to determine its speed trimming mode. If an operating station is upstream of the constraint, it uses the in-feed level of the corresponding downstream unit operation to determine its speed trimming mode. Recall that speed trimming modes are high trim and low trim, where high trim indicates the downstream machine should run faster than the upstream machine, and low trim indicates the upstream should run faster. 
         [0054]    To minimize cycling between the trim modes, a particular unit operation should remain in a high or low trim for a minimum amount of time. The “minimum time in high trim” and “minimum time in low trim” parameters can be set in the master operator interface and are not necessarily specific to the consumer-ready finally wound product. High trim is preferably disabled while in low speed start-up mode, since the in-feed level usually increases after a stop as upstream conveyors run longer to clean-out the unit operation and/or clear back-up or blocked photoeyes. 
         [0055]    Thus, referring to  FIG. 15 , speed trimming is applied working outward from the constraint for each independent path  24 A. By way of example, a proportional consumer-ready product split is applied to the log saw  14  (M 1 ) and the constraint is satisfied on the bundler  18  (M 3 ). This effectively reduces the throughput of the lower independent path  28 A such that the target rate for the log saw  14  (M 1 ) on the lower independent path  28 A is 20 units/min. 
         [0056]    Next, referring to  FIG. 16 , the state of each independent path  24 A is identified. If any machine on an independent path  24 A is stopped, or any conveyor or queue between unit operations on that path is jammed or faulted, that particular independent path  24 A is considered to be in a “down” state. By way of non-limiting example, if the upper independent path  26 A shown in  FIG. 16  comprising log saw  14  (M 1 ), wrapper  16  (M 2 ), bundler  18  (M 3 ), palletizer  22  (M 5 ) is in a “down” state, the reconstituted machine target rates are then taken into account to adjust the throughput of system  12 A. It then follows that the independent paths  24 A are then reconstituted or resolved into their pre-process configuration. For a machine common to multiple independent paths, the target rate for the machine is the sum of all target rates for each machine instance among the independent paths, provided the path is in an operating state. Thus, the target rates for the instantaneous operating capacity of each machine comprising system  12 A are then implemented in order to provide for maximum throughput through system  12 A. Thus, if the upper independent path  26 A comprising log saw  14  (M 1 ), wrapper  16  (M 2 ), bundler  18  (M 3 ), and palletizer  22  (M 5 ) is in a “down” state, the reconstituted machine target rates are then taken into account to adjust the output of system  12 A. Thus, since the upper independent path  26 A comprising log saw  14  (M 1 ), wrapper  16  (M 2 ), bundler  18  (M 3 ), and palletizer  22  (M 5 ) is not in operation, all output from log saw  14  (M 1 ) is directed toward the second wrapper  16  (M 2 ) and the third wrapper  16  (M 2 ) and eventually to bundler  18  (M 3 ), case packer  20  (M 4 ), and palletizer  22  (M 5 ), comprising, respectively, middle independent path  30 A and lower independent path  28 A. Thus, even though the capacity of log saw  14  (M 1 ) is far in excess of the realized output according to the process  10 A described herein, the output of log saw  14  (M 1 ) is reduced and the output of the remaining equipment comprising system  12 A is maintained as possible to accommodate an instantaneous interruption in production due to a malfunction of one of the components of system  12 A. Thus, using the example exhibited in  FIGS. 9 through 17 , the target rate of log saw  14  (M 1 ) could be adjusted to a value of 40 units/minute in order to satisfy the capacity of both independent paths remaining operational as shown in  FIG. 17 . As discussed previously, if the system  12 A were in speed-compensating mode, the outcome could be different in order to maximize throughput instead of maintaining rate on the running, and unaffected, unit operations. 
         [0057]    In a preferred embodiment, special cases can exist where part of an independent path  24 A may be considered “down” and another part of independent path  24 A “operating” for purposes of reconstituting the unit operation target speeds. Exemplary and non-limiting cases can include: (Note: Low Speed Startup should be Applied in these Cases)
       1) Unit operations upstream of a “blocked” unit operation are “down.” Those unit operations downstream are considered “running.” This way the downstream unit operations can attempt to clear the blocked condition.   2) Unit operations downstream of a “starved” unit operation are “down.” Those unit operations upstream are considered “running.” This way the upstream unit operations can provide product to the starved machine. Note that a true starved condition is not part of the normal machine process. For example, some case packers may have a short “waiting” period at the beginning of every cycle as it waits for product to enter the lifting chamber. In this instance, this should not be reported as a “starved” event.   3) A unit operation that is in jog mode is considered to be “down,” therefore causing any independent paths  24 A on which it resides to be “down.” However, if the unit operation is in jog mode and requires additional product at its in-feed (as determined from its in-feed monitoring sensors, typically photoeyes), the unit operations upstream of the jogging machine are considered “running.”   4) For purposes of multiple special cases, “down” takes precedence over “running.” For example, if there was a blocked unit operation on a path and further downstream a starved unit operation, only the unit operations in between would be in the special “running” state.       
 
         [0062]    The dimensions and/or values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact dimension and/or numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension and/or value is intended to mean both the recited dimension and/or value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that recited dimension and/or value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm.” 
         [0063]    Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced, related patent or application, is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimed herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other reference or references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such invention. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern. 
         [0064]    While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.