Abstract:
The present invention relates to plants producing, as their major cannabinoid cannabichromenic acid (CBCA) or its neutral (decarboxylated) form cannabichromene (CBC), hereafter jointly referred to as CBC(A). It additionally relates to: • A botanical material obtainable from said plants; • A botanical raw material (BRM), • An extract including a botanical drug substance (BDS) and a purified BDS; • A formulation comprising the BRM, BDS, purified BDS or other extract; • The use of the BRM, BDS, purified BDS or other extract in the manufacture of a medicament; • A method of deriving plants yielding a high proportion of the cannabinoid CBC (A) at the expense of other cannabinoids; • A method of cultivating plants such that they yield a high proportion of the cannabinoid CBC(A) at the expense of other cannabinoids; and • A method of extracting CBC(A) from said plants.

Description:
INTRODUCTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to plants producing, as their major cannabinoid cannabichromenic acid (CBCA) or its neutral (decarboxylated) form cannabichromene (CBC), hereafter jointly referred to as CBC(A). 
         [0000]    It additionally relates to:
       A botanical material obtainable from said plants;   A botanical raw material (BRM),   An extract including a botanical drug substance (BDS) and a purified BDS;   A formulation comprising the BRM, BDS, purified BDS or other extract;   The use of the BRM, BDS, purified BDS or other extract in the manufacture of a medicament;   A method of deriving plants yielding a high proportion of the cannabinoid CBC(A) at the expense of other cannabinoids;   A method of cultivating plants such that they yield a high proportion of the cannabinoid CBC(A) at the expense of other cannabinoids; and   A method of extracting CBC(A) from said plants.       
 
       TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0010]    There are many different  Cannabis sativa  chemotypes. These comprise both undomesticated plants and cultivated varieties. The cultivated varieties include plants which have been cultivated as fibre producers (namely ones expressing low levels of the cannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and it&#39;s acid (THCA) and high levels of the cannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD) and it&#39;s acid (CBDA); those that have been bred (often illegally) for recreational use (i.e. ones expressing high THC and THCA levels) and more recently medicinal plants which have been selectively bred to express high levels of cannabinoids which are expressed at low levels in nature where typically the cannabinoids THC(A), CBD(A) and cannabinol (CBN) and its respective acid CBNA predominate. 
         [0011]    Indeed, the present applicant has previously described breeding methods for obtaining plants rich in the cannabinoids THC, CBD and Cannabigerol (CBG). Meijer EPM de, Hammond KM (2005) The inheritance of chemical phenotype in  Cannabis sativa  L. (II): cannabigerol predominant plants. Euphytica 145: 189-198. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Cannabinoid Biogenesis 
       [0012]    The  Cannabis  plant synthesises and accumulates cannabinoids as carboxylic acids (e.g., cannabichromenic acid, CBCA). In this specification the designation CBC(A) is used to refer to both the acid and it&#39;s neutral form. 
         [0013]    The most common cannabinoids are those with a pentyl side chain and include:
       Cannabidiol (CBD);   Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC);   Cannabichromene (CBC); and   Cannabigerol (CBG).       
 
         [0018]    The first specific step in the pentyl cannabinoid biosynthesis is the condensation of geranylpyrophosphate (GPP) with olivetolic acid (OA) into CBG, (See  FIG. 1 ). This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme geranylpyrophosphate:olivetolate geranyltransferase (GOT). CBG is the direct precursor for each of the compounds:
       THC;   CBD; and   CBC.       
 
         [0022]    The different conversions of CBG are enzymatically catalysed, and for each reaction an enzyme has been identified:
       THC acid synthase;   CBD acid synthase; and   CBC acid synthase.       
 
         [0026]    Similarly, cannabinoids with propyl side chains result if GPP condenses with divarinic acid (DA) instead of OA. The three cannabinoid synthase enzymes are not selective for the length of the alkyl side chain and convert cannabigerovarin (CBGV) into the propyl homologues of CBD, THC and CBC, which are indicated as:
       Cannabidivarin (CBDV);   Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV); and   Cannabichromevarin (CBCV), respectively.       
 
         [0030]    Cannabinoids are deposited in the non-cellular, secretary cavity of glandular trichomes. 
         [0031]    Sirikantaramas et al 2005 (Plant Cell Physiol 46: 1578-1582) confirmed the presence of the central precursor CBG and an exclusive THC synthase activity in the secretary cavity and concluded that this is not only the site of THC accumulation but also of its biosynthesis. As THC, CBD and CBC all result from CBG conversions, it was suggested that CBD and CBC are also synthesised in the secretary cavity. 
         [0032]    Mahlberg and Kim (2004) (Journal of Industrial Hemp 9: 15-36) reported that glands are exclusively specialised to synthesise high amounts of cannabinoids and that tissues other than glands contain only very low levels. They recognised three types of glandular trichomes:
       A small bulbous form;   A large capitate-sessile form (both of which are present on leaf surfaces throughout the plant) and   A large capitate-stalked form that develops after flower initiation on inflorescence bracts (small leaves) and bracteoles (structures enclosing the ovary).       
 
         [0036]    These authors report that the cannabinoid content of capitate-stalked glands is about 20 times that of capitate-sessile glands. 
         [0037]    De Meijer et al. 2003 (Genetics 163: 335-346) previously concluded that the inheritance of CBD and THC composed chemotypes is controlled by a monogenic, co-dominant mechanism. A single locus referred to as B, with two alleles, B D  and B T , encoding CBD and THC synthase respectively, was postulated, (See  FIG. 2 ). According to this model, a true-breeding, strongly CBD predominant plant has a B D /B D  genotype at the B locus, a true-breeding, strongly THC predominant plant has a B T /B T  genotype and plants with substantial proportions of both CBD and THC are heterozygous B D /B T . 
         [0038]    De Meijer and Hammond 2005 (Euphytica 145: 189-198) also concluded that plants accumulating the precursor CBG have a minimally functional mutation of B D , called B 0 , in the homozygous state, encoding for a weakened CBD synthase enzyme. 
         [0039]    They had considered two possible options for CBC biosynthesis:
       a further allele B C  at the B locus, encoding CBC synthase, or   the involvement of a completely different locus that may or may not be allelic.       
 
         [0042]    There have been occasional reports of high CBC containing plants. Yotoriyama et al. 1980 (Yakugaku Zasshi 100: 611-614) presented a chromatogram of a Japanese THC-predominant fibre strain ‘Tochishi No. 1’, showing only a trace of CBD and a CBC peak with an area similar to the THC peak. 
         [0043]    However, plants reaching substantial CBC proportions at maturity are uncommon. 
         [0044]    Holley et al. 1975 (Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 64: 892-894) list samples from India with CBC proportions of up to 64% of the total cannabinoid fraction and with THC as the major complementary cannabinoid, although it must be stressed that the document does not specify whether these samples originated from mature plants. The applicant is inclined to disregard its relevance as it is most likely that the material examined was immature material. 
         [0045]    For the reason that plants pure in CBC were not available, and the genetic control of CBC biosynthesis was unknown the applicant was not able to approach the development of high CBC containing plants in an obvious manner. 
         [0046]    Accordingly, the applicant undertook a programme of research in order to try and establish a genetic model for CBC(A) chemotype inheritance in  Cannabis . Thus, they set about exploring the mechanism that controls the CBC(A) proportion in the cannabinoid fraction. For that purpose breeding experiments were conducted with chemotypes characterised by contrasting CBC(A) proportions at maturity. 
         [0047]    With the focus on CBC, a study of the ontogenetic variation in chemotype appeared necessary. This feature was examined by monitoring the cannabinoid composition of previously postulated genotypes and of chemotypes with relatively high CBC proportions yet a priori unknown underlying genotypes. 
         [0048]    In the germplasm screening preceding the breeding programme, two accessions showing an unusual CBC proportion at maturity were identified:
       A clone with a CBC proportion of 58%, and a complementary cannabinoid fraction dominated by CBD, was selected from an Afghan hashish landrace, RJ97.11, and   A Korean fibre landrace from Andong, which comprised mainly THC/CBC plants, with variable CBC proportions ranging from 7 to 58%. Two seedlings were selected 2000.577.118 and 2000.577.121. These CBC rich breeding progenitors are shown in Table 1.       
 
         [0051]    A plant bearing the genetic factors responsible for the two different prolonged juvenile phenotypes in the inbred lines RJ97.11 and 2000.577 has been deposited as seeds (NCIMB 41541). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Characteristics of materials used in the chemotype monitoring and the breeding 
               
               
                 experiments. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Cannabinoid 
               
               
                   
                 Source 
                 Putative 
                 composition a   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Code 
                 Generation/type 
                 population 
                 genotype 
                 CBD 
                 CBC 
                 CBGM b   
                 THC 
                 CBG 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Lines used in chemotype monitoring experiment 
               
             
          
           
               
                 55.6.2.6.4.21 
                 S 4  inbred 
                 ‘Haze’, 
                 B T /B T   
                 0.5 
                 1.7 
                 0.4 
                 95.6 
                 1.9 
               
               
                   
                 line 
                 marijuana 
               
               
                   
                   
                 strain 
               
               
                 2001.22.6.20.14 
                 S 3  inbred 
                 (Afghan × 
                 B D /B D   
                 91.2 
                 2.9 
                 1.0 
                 3.7 
                 1.2 
               
               
                   
                 line 
                 Skunk) × (Haze × 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Skunk) 
               
               
                 2002.2.4.42 
                 S 2  inbred 
                 (Afghan × 
                 B O /B O   
                 8.7 
                 3.4 
                 0.1 
                 0.4 
                 87.4 
               
               
                   
                 line 
                 Skunk) × S. Italian 
               
               
                   
                   
                 fibre 
               
               
                   
                   
                 hemp 
               
               
                 RJ97.11.23 
                 S 2  inbred 
                 Afghan hashish 
                 ? c   
                 61.9 
                 30.6 
                 4.2 
                 2.5 
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
                 line 
                 landrace 
               
               
                 2000.577.118.3.5 
                 S 3  inbred 
                 Korean fibre 
                 ? c   
                 0.8 
                 22.4 
                 7.3 
                 69.3 
                 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 line 
                 landrace 
               
             
          
           
               
                 CBC rich breeding progenitors 
               
             
          
           
               
                 2000.577.118 
                 Non-inbred 
                 Korean fibre 
                 ? c   
                   
                 33.0 
                 9.9 
                 57.1 
                   
               
               
                   
                 seedling 
                 landrace 
               
               
                 2000.577.121 
                 Non-inbred 
                 Korean fibre 
                   
                   
                 39.5 
                 7.8 
                 52.7 
               
               
                   
                 seedling 
                 landrace 
               
               
                 RJ97.11 
                 Non-inbred 
                 Afghan hashish 
                 ? c   
                 33.2 
                 57.8 
                 6.8 
                 2.2 
               
               
                   
                 clone 
                 landrace 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a The proportions (% w/w) of the individual cannabinoids in the total cannabinoid fraction assessed at maturity. 
               
               
                   b Cannabigerol-monomethylether. 
               
               
                   c A priori unknown. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0052]    According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a  Cannabis sativa  plant producing as its major cannabinoid CBC(A), characterised in that it comprises at least one genetic factor encoding prolonged juvenile chemotype (PJC) and it has a B 0 /B 0  genotype. 
         [0053]    In one embodiment the at least one genetic factor encoding prolonged juvenile chemotype (PJC) is monogenic. 
         [0054]    The monogenic factor may derive from an Afghan lineage (CBD(A) dominant chemotype) such as, for example, that designated RJ97.11. 
         [0055]    In an alternative embodiment the at least one genetic factor encoding prolonged juvenile chemotype (PJC) is polygenic. 
         [0056]    The polygenic factor may derive from a Korean lineage (THC(A) dominant chemotype) such as, for example, that designated 2000.577.118. 
         [0057]    Indeed, the  Cannabis sativa  plant may comprise a plurality of genetic factors encoding prolonged juvenile chemotype (PJC). 
         [0058]    The  Cannabis sativa  plant additionally comprising a B 0 /B 0  genotype, such as that derived from Italian fibre hemp, isolate ISCI529/72 (also referred to as 2001/25) or more preferably, from a Ukranian fibre hemp, such as isolate USO 31. This cultivar is amongst several varieties of hemp that have been approved for commercial cultivation under subsection 39(1) of the Industrial Hemp Regulations in Canada for the year 2007. 
         [0059]    The  Cannabis sativa  plant phenotypically comprises leafy inflorescences with a few small bracteoles, and bracts that predominantly carried sessile glandular trichomes and substantially no stalked ones as illustrated in  FIGS. 6   d - f.    
         [0060]    Preferably, the  Cannabis sativa  plant comprises, at maturity, greater than 65%, though 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% and 95% by weight CBC(A) based on the total weight of cannabinoids and may comprise as much as 98% or more by weight CBC(A) based on the total weight of cannabinoids. 
         [0061]    Preferably, the  Cannabis sativa  plant comprises, at maturity, greater than 1% (w/w) of total cannabinoids in a Botanical Raw Material. More preferably still it comprises, at maturity, greater than 2% (w/w), more preferably still greater than 3% (w/w) of total cannabinoids in a Botanical Raw Material. 
         [0062]    In yield terms the  Cannabis sativa  plant preferably provides a CBC(A) yield of greater than 5 g/m 2  from plant material grown to maturity, more preferably greater than 10 g/m 2  and most preferrably a yield of greater than 15 g/m 2  from plant material grown to maturity. By maturity is meant the plant is subject to a thirteen week growth period. 
         [0063]    According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a botanical material obtainable from the  Cannabis sativa  plants of the invention. The botanical material may be a botanical raw material (BRM) a botanical drug substance (BDS) or a purified BDS. The BDS may take the form of an extract which is preferably a standardised extract (standardised against characteristic markers). The terms used herein are those referred to in the Guidance for Industry Botanical drug products issued by the US department of health and human services (FDA) Centre for drug evaluation and research June 2004. 
         [0064]    According to a third aspect of the present invention the BDS or extract is formulated into a medicine. The formulation may include one or more excipients and the “active” extract may be formulated in a form suitable to its mode of administration which would include oral delivery, intravenous delivery, sub lingual delivery and all other forms standard in the pharmaceutical industry. 
         [0065]    According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided the use of the BDS or extract in the manufacture of a medicament for use in medicine. 
         [0066]    The BDS or extract may be characterised by, for example:
       HPLC;   LC or;   GC FID MS chromatography.       
 
         [0070]    According to a fifth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of deriving plants yielding a high proportion of the cannabinoid CBC(A) at the expense of other cannabinoids comprising:
       a. Isolating/selecting a first plant comprising at least one genetic factor encoding prolonged juvenile chemotype (PJC);   b. Isolating/selecting a second plant comprising a B 0 /B 0  genotype;   c. Crossing the first plant and second plant to obtain an F 1 ; and   d. Self-fertilising selected F 1  plants to obtain an F 2  generation and selecting those plants with a high proportion of the cannabinoid CBC(A) relative to other cannabinoids.       
 
         [0075]    According to a sixth aspect of the present invention there is provided methodology for cultivating plants such that they yield a high proportion of the cannabinoid CBC(A) at the expense of other cannabinoids comprising:
       a. Growing the plants under a defined reduced light intensity, and/or   b. A defined reduced generative phase.       
 
         [0078]    Light intensity can be defined by the level of photosynthetically active radiation PAR measured in W/m 2  or cumulative PAR measured in MJ/m 2 . A reduced light intensity (for growing  cannabis  plants) would be less than 17.45 MJ/m 2  or 67.4 W/m 2    
         [0079]    Typically a  cannabis  plant which is grown from cuttings is subject to 5 weeks (35 days) of vegetative growth (usually under 24 h light) and then 8 weeks (56 days) of generative growth (usually under 12 h light). Total 13 weeks (91 days). 
         [0080]    A reduced generative phase is thus one of less than 8 weeks (from day 35), and may be measured in days or weeks. Preferably the reduced generative phase is less than 7 weeks, more preferably less than 6 weeks, more preferably still less than 5 weeks and most preferably about 4 weeks in length (See e.g.  FIG. 3   d .) 
         [0081]    According to a seventh aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of extracting CBC(A) from  Cannabis  plant material comprising selectively separating trichomes from plant material and then selecting sessile trichomes. 
         [0082]    The separation of trichomes into sessile trichomes and stalked trichomes may be done based on their size. 
         [0083]    Surprisingly it has been found that these different trichomes contain differing contents of different cannabinoids and sessile trichomes have been found to be a source of highly pure CBC(A). 
         [0084]    Agitating fresh  cannabis  material in e.g. icy water and then sieving the suspension through respectively a 73 μm sieve and a 25 μm sieve separates the glandular (larger) trichomes from the sessile (smaller) ones. 
         [0085]    According to an eighth aspect of the present invention there is provided a plant extract (BDS) comprising at least 64% by weight CBC(A) relative to the total cannabinoid content of the extract. 
     
    
     
         [0086]    The invention will be further described, by way of example only, with reference to the following figures and examples in which: 
           [0087]      FIG. 1  is a diagrammatic representation of the cannabinoid biosynthesis pathways; 
           [0088]      FIG. 2  is a diagrammatic representation of the cannabinoid biosynthesis together with its (postulated) genetic control; 
           [0089]      FIGS. 3   a - e : Illustrate the cannabinoid composition, represented as cumulative proportions of the total, cannabinoid fraction, in the course of the life time of various inbred lines in which. 
           [0090]      FIG. 3   a : is a true-breeding THC predominant inbred line (putative genotype B T /B T ); 
           [0091]      FIG. 3   b : is a true-breeding CBD predominant inbred line (putative genotype B D /B D ); 
           [0092]      FIG. 3   c : is a true-breeding CBG predominant inbred line (putative genotype B 0 /B 0 ); 
           [0093]      FIG. 3   d : is an inbred line directly derived from the Afghan RJ97.11 source clone; and 
           [0094]      FIG. 3   e : is an inbred line directly derived from the Korean 2000.577.118 seedling. 
           [0095]    In each the X-axes represents the sampling time in days from seedling emergence. 
           [0096]    Solid lines under the X-axes specify the tissue that was sampled:
       (a) is the latest expanded apical stem leaves;   (b) is the latest expanded inflorescence leaves;   (c) is bracteoles, bracts and leaves from inflorescences with white, immature stigma; and   (d) is bracteoles, bracts and leaves from inflorescences with brown, mature stigma.       
 
           [0101]      FIG. 4   a - b : are stack bar diagrams showing the cannabinoid composition of: 
           [0102]      FIG. 4   a : parental clone RJ97.11 and its S 1 , S 2  and S 3  inbred offspring; and 
           [0103]      FIG. 4   b : parental seedlings 2000.577.118 and 0.121 and their S 1 , S 2  and S 3  inbred offspring. 
           [0104]      FIGS. 5   a - b : are stack bar diagrams showing the cannabinoid composition of the clone RJ97.11 and a true-breeding THC predominant plant. 
           [0105]      FIG. 5   a  is their hybrid F 1 ; and 
           [0106]      FIG. 5   b  is their hybrid F 2 . 
           [0107]    For the representation of the F 2 , the 244 plants were primarily classified on the basis of their CBD/THC content ratio. Subsequently, within the three resulting groups, individuals were sorted by increasing proportion of CBC. 
           [0108]      FIGS. 6   a - f  are photographs of mature floral tissue of different F 2  segregants: 
           [0109]      FIG. 6   a - c  are of a wild type segregant with negligible CBC(A) in which: 
           [0110]      FIG. 6   a  shows bract surface detail (bar 100 μm); 
           [0111]      FIG. 6   b  shows bract surface overview (bar 5 mm); and 
           [0112]      FIG. 6   c  shows the entire flower cluster. 
           [0113]      FIGS. 6   d - f  are of a PJC segregant relatively rich CBC(A) in which: 
           [0114]      FIG. 6   d  shows bract surface detail (bar 100 μm) 
           [0115]      FIG. 6   e  shows bract surface overview (bar 5 mm) 
           [0116]      FIG. 6   f  shows the entire flower cluster. 
           [0117]      FIG. 7   a - b : are stack bar diagrams showing the cannabinoid composition of the inbred seedling 2000.577.188.3.7 (P1) and a true-breeding CBG predominant plant (P2), 
           [0118]      FIG. 7   a  is their hybrid F 1 ; and 
           [0119]      FIG. 7   b  is their hybrid F 2 . 
           [0120]    For both generations, plants were sorted by increasing proportion of CBC. 
           [0121]      FIGS. 8   a - b : are stack bar diagram showing cannabinoid composition. 
           [0122]      FIG. 8   a  is of a high P CBC  inbred offspring individual P1 selected from a (Korean×CBG predominant) progeny, a high P CBC  inbred clone P2 originating from an (Afghan×CBG predominant) progeny and their hybrid F 1 ; and 
           [0123]      FIG. 8   b  is the F2 obtained from a self fertilised F1 plant; and 
           [0124]      FIG. 9  is a GC-FID-MS chromatogram of a CBC(A) plant of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0125]    The experiments described below were undertaken in order to determine CBC(A) inheritance in  Cannabis sativa . For that purpose breeding experiments were conducted with chemotypes characterised by contrasting CBC proportions at maturity. With the focus on CBC(A), a study of the ontogenetically and environmentally (light intensity) induced variation in chemotype also appeared appropriate. 
         [0126]    From the results, the applicant has been able to breed plants with a novel CBC(A) rich chemotype, and obtain therefrom botanical raw materials (BRM), and novel extracts which can be used in medicine. 
       Example 1 
     Chemotype Monitoring Experiment 
     1.1 Materials and Methods 
       [0127]    Table 1 presents five female inbred lines that were grown for periodic assessments of their cannabinoid contents. Up to five seedlings per line were evaluated under similar glasshouse conditions. 
         [0128]    Plants were kept under permanent light for the first two weeks after emergence. Then, to induce flowering, the 24 h photoperiod was dropped to 19 h and further gradually reduced by 15 minutes per day. When the photoperiod reached the level of 11 h, it was kept constant until the end of the experiment. The onset of flowering was visible in all plants by the day the 11 h photoperiod was reached. Commencing shortly after seedling emergence, at weekly intervals, and always around mid-day, samples were taken from the most recently developed tissues. These were, in order:
       (a) The last expanded apical stem leaves;   (b) The last expanded inflorescence leaves;   (c) Bracteoles, bracts and leaves from inflorescences with white, immature stigma; and   (d) Bracteoles, bracts and leaves from inflorescences with brown, mature stigma.       
 
         [0133]    In addition, the question of whether the same tissue shows changes in cannabinoid composition in the course of ageing was investigated. For this purpose leaflets were periodically sampled from a fixed leaf pair at the 3 th  or 4 th  stem, node (sample type ‘e’). 
         [0134]    Per plant, per sampling date, the samples were individually extracted and analysed as described below. The respective cannabinoid contents were totalised and the individual cannabinoids were quantified as relative proportions of the total content. Per accession, per sampling date, mean cannabinoid proportions were calculated. 
       1.2 Results 
       [0135]      FIGS. 3   a - e  present the cannabinoid composition during the life cycle, as assessed in the latest developed tissues, of:
       True-breeding THC predominant ( FIG. 3   a );   CBD predominant ( FIG. 3   b );   CBG predominant ( FIG. 3   c ); and   Afghan ( FIG. 3   d ) and Korean inbred lines ( FIG. 3   e ) (Both High CBC).         
         [0140]    All the lines considered showed a strong presence of CBC shortly after emergence which declined with ageing. The plants predominant in THC at maturity had a CBC proportion in the total cannabinoid fraction (P CBC ) of about 40% three days after emergence. This proportion gradually decreased over a 10-week period and stabilised at about 1-3% in the immature floral samples ( FIG. 3   a ). 
         [0141]    The first true leaves of the lines predominant in CBD and CBG at maturity had a P CBC  of about 90%. Then the P CBC  rapidly reduced and after only three weeks, still in the stage that primary stem leaves were sampled, a level of about 1-5% was reached. This percentage remained stable for their remaining lifetime ( FIGS. 3   b  and  3   c ). 
         [0142]    The Afghan and Korean inbred lines showed a P CBC  of about 90% shortly after emergence which decreased more slowly than in the aforementioned materials and stabilised at the more substantial level of about 25% of the cannabinoid fraction of the mature floral samples ( FIGS. 3   d  and  3   e ). 
         [0143]    The true-breeding THC, CBD and CBG predominant inbred lines showed an increase in total cannabinoid content during the sampling period from about 0.8-11%, 0.7-10% and 0.25-4%, respectively. This parameter was therefore negatively correlated with the declining P CBC  value (r=−0.80, −0.38 and −0.57 for the three lines respectively). 
         [0144]    In the Afghan and the Korean inbred lines, the total cannabinoid content varied between 1-3% throughout the sampling period and showed little correlation with P CBC . 
         [0145]    The ‘e’ samples which were periodically taken from different leaflets of a fixed primary leaf pair, preserved the same cannabinoid composition throughout the entire sampling period in all the accessions (data not shown). 
       Example 2 
     Breeding Experiments 
     2.1 Method 
       [0146]    The CBC rich breeding progenitors selected for the experiments were:
       A female clone RJ97.11 obtained from HortaPharm B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and   A Korean fibre landrace 2000.577, from the  Cannabis  collection at Plant Research International (formerly CPRO), Wageningen, The Netherlands.       
 
         [0149]    From the later two female seedlings are identified by the suffix:
       0.118; and   0.121.       
 
         [0152]    All progenies were produced from female parents only. In order to self-fertilise or 
         [0000]    mutually cross female plants, a partial masculinisation was chemically induced. Isolating plants in paper bags throughout the generative stage ensured the self-fertilisations. 
         [0153]    The distribution of chemotypes in segregating progenies was determined and X 2  values were calculated to test the conformity of observed segregation ratios to those expected on the basis of hypothesised models. Three sets of breeding experiments were performed:
       2.1.1 Direct inbreeding of the source materials with a high CBC proportion;   2.1.2 Crossing of material with a high CBC proportion (original source material or inbred offspring directly derived from it) with either:
           2.1.2.1 various THC predominant materials (putative genotype B T /B T , de Meijer et al. 2003); and   2.1.2.2 various CBG predominant materials (putative genotype B 0 /B 0 , de Meijer and Hammond 2005) (and inbreeding of the resulting progenies); and   
           2.1.3 Mutual crossing of two different high CBC inbred lines, one based on the Afghan and the other on the Korean parental source and inbreeding the resulting progeny.       
 
       2.2 Results 
       [0159]    2.2.1 Inbreeding of Progenitors with a High Proportion of CBC 
         [0160]    In the RJ97.11 parental plant and in its entire inbred offspring, the proportion of [CBC+CBD] on average accounted for 94.6% of the total cannabinoid fraction. The remaining fraction consisted almost entirely of cannabigerol-monomethyl-ether (CBGM). 
         [0161]    A few individuals also had a trace of THC. 
         [0162]    Within the inbred generations of RJ97.11, the absolute contents of CBC and CBD were uncorrelated: r=0.17, 0.08 and −0.11 for the S 1 , S 2  and S 3  respectively. 
         [0163]    Table 2 gives means and standard deviations for the total cannabinoid content and P CBC  of the successive inbred generations from RJ97.11. In the course of inbreeding there was no systematic trend noticeable in either the mean values or the variabilities of these characteristics. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 The total cannabinoid content and the proportion 
               
               
                 of CBC in the cannabinoid fraction in the successive inbred 
               
               
                 generations from the source materials RJ97.11 and 2000.577. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Total 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cannabinoid 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 content (% 
                 Proportion of 
               
               
                 Source 
                   
                 No. of 
                 w/w) 
                 CBC (%) 
               
               
                 accession 
                 Generation 
                 plants 
                 Mean ± Std. 
                 Mean ± Std. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 RJ97.11 
                 S 0   
                 1 
                 3.88 
                 57.8 
               
               
                   
                 S 1   
                 29 
                 2.93 ± 0.72 
                 66.3 ± 7.4  
               
               
                   
                 S 2   
                 37 
                 2.69 ± 0.84 
                 57.7 ± 13.4 
               
               
                   
                 S 3   
                 5 
                 3.48 ± 0.65 
                 36.0 ± 10.1 
               
               
                 2000.577 
                 S 0   
                 2 
                 1.47 ± 0.22 
                 36.2 ± 3.3  
               
               
                   
                 S 1   
                 20 
                 1.34 ± 0.54 
                 35.0 ± 10.5 
               
               
                   
                 S 2   
                 30 
                 3.71 ± 1.87 
                 26.5 ± 11.7 
               
               
                   
                 S 3   
                 10 
                 2.67 ± 0.97 
                 38.0 ± 9.2  
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0164]    The cannabinoid profile of the RJ97.11 parental plant and the inbred generations are visualised in the stack bar diagram of  FIG. 4   a . The S 1  is based on the single RJ97.11 parent. The fertility in this material declined sharply with the level of inbreeding so in order to evaluate a reasonable number of individuals, the S 2 s and S 3 s in FIG.  4   a  include the inbred progeny from several plants of the previous generation. Within generations, the variation in the cannabinoid proportions was considerable, but discontinuity in the pattern of cannabinoid composition was not observed and the parental plant and the consecutive inbred generations of this line were essentially constant in respect of their CBC/CBD chemotype. 
         [0165]    In the two parental plants from the 2000.577 population that were inbred and in their offspring, CBC and THC together occupied on average 94.7% of the cannabinoid fraction, with CBGM being the single additional cannabinoid. The absolute contents of CBC and THC within the inbred generations of 2000.577 showed limited correlation: r=0.12, 0.21 and 0.66 for the S 1 , S 2  and S 3 , respectively. Means and standard deviations for the total cannabinoid content and P CBC  of the 2000.577 inbred generations did not show a systematic trend (Table 2). Within generations, the variation in the cannabinoid proportions was substantial but gradual and there was no segregation into discrete chemotypes. The parental mixed CBC/THC chemotype was expressed by all individuals of the generations observed ( FIG. 4   b ). 
         [0000]    2.2.2 Crosses of Afghan High P CBC  Plants with Various THC and CBG Predominant Materials 
         [0166]    The total proportion of [CBC+CBD+THC+CBG] in all the parental plants considered and in their hybrid offspring, occupied at least 89.3 and on average 98.9% of the total cannabinoid fraction. The remaining fraction consisted solely of CBGM. All 14 F 1 s, irrespective of whether they resulted from crosses of Afghan derived plants with true breeding THC predominant or CBG predominant plants, were chemotypically uniform and only had a limited P CBC  (Table 3). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Chemotypical data for F 1  and F 2  progenies resulting from crosses between Afghan 
               
               
                 plants (P1) with a high proportion of CBC (P CBC ), and various true breeding THC and CBG 
               
               
                 predominant materials (P2). 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 No. 
                   
                 No. 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 of 
                   
                 of 
               
               
                   
                 P CBC   
                   
                 P CBC   
                 plants, 
                 P CBC   
                 plants, 
               
               
                   
                 values 
                   
                 ranges 
                 F 2   
                 ranges 
                 F 2   
                   
                   
                 R-value c   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 F 1   
                 No. 
                 F 2  low a   
                 low 
                 F 2  high a   
                 high 
                   
                 3:1 
                 Ctot- 
               
               
                   
                 F 2   
                   
                   
                 min-avg- 
                 of F 1   
                 (min- 
                 P CBC   
                 (min- 
                 P CBC   
                 χ 2   
                 accepted 
                 P CBC   
               
               
                 Cross 
                 Progeny 
                 P1 
                 P2 
                 max 
                 plants 
                 max) 
                 group 
                 max) 
                 group 
                 value b   
                 p = 0.05 
                 (F 2 s) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 A 
                 71.4 
                 1.8 
                 3.2-4.2-7.7 
                 32 
                 0.0-5.3 
                 5 
                 38.9-69.5 
                 4 
                 1.81 
                 Yes 
                 −0.70 
               
               
                   
                 B 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                  0.0-14.0 
                 39 
                 27.5-73.6 
                 9 
                 1.00 
                 Yes 
                 −0.51 
               
               
                 2 
                 C 
                 77.5 
                 1.8 
                 1.9-3.1-8.2 
                 24 
                 1.3-9.0 
                 35 
                 30.0-60.6 
                 12 
                 0.01 
                 Yes 
                 −0.66 
               
               
                 3 
                 D 
                 77.5 
                 1.5 
                 3.1-3.5-4.0 
                 2 
                  0.0-12.9 
                 78 
                 18.2-91.8 
                 23 
                 0.27 
                 Yes 
                 −0.62 
               
               
                 4 
                 E 
                 63.9 
                 1.5 
                 4.0-5.0-5.9 
                 2 
                 0.9-6.8 
                 10 
                 25.2-84.5 
                 6 
                 1.33 
                 Yes 
                 −0.66 
               
               
                 5 
                 F 
                 71.4 
                 2.5 
                 3.3-4.3-5.3 
                 9 
                 0.0-7.8 
                 29 
                 15.1-58.7 
                 13 
                 0.79 
                 Yes 
                 −0.70 
               
               
                   
                 G 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.3-7.4 
                 39 
                 17.9-69.1 
                 6 
                 3.27 
                 Yes 
                 −0.66 
               
               
                 6 
                 H 
                 71.4 
                 0.3 
                 — 
                 1 
                 0.0-8.6 
                 19 
                 55.0-90.9 
                 3 
                 1.52 
                 Yes 
                 −0.48 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 7.1- 
               
               
                 7 
                 I 
                 71.4 
                 1.5 
                 — 
                 1 
                  2.7-12.1 
                 27 
                 14.5-95.4 
                 10 
                 0.08 
                 Yes 
                 −0.48 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 8.9- 
               
               
                 8 
                 J 
                 77.5 
                 0.0 
                 2.2-5.2-7.9 
                 7 
                  0.0-11.1 
                 57 
                 14.7-94.6 
                 18 
                 0.04 
                 Yes 
                 −0.32 
               
               
                 9 
                 K 
                 63.9 
                 2.5 
                 2.7-2.9-3.9 
                 4 
                 0.0-5.8 
                 38 
                 22.6-37.4 
                 5 
                 4.10 
                 No 
                 −0.60 
               
               
                 10 
                 L 
                 63.9 
                 2.2 
                 4.9-7.1-10.8 
                 21 
                  0.0-10.9 
                 47 
                 14.1-87.0 
                 31 
                 9.04 
                 No 
                 −0.61 
               
               
                 11 
                 M 
                 58.3 
                 3.5 
                 2.2-3.3-7.2 
                 34 
                  0.0-10.0 
                 40 
                 14.1-71.1 
                 12 
                 0.10 
                 Yes 
                 −0.48 
               
               
                   
                 N 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                  0.0-13.3 
                 77 
                 17.0-78.3 
                 20 
                 0.99 
                 Yes 
                 −0.64 
               
               
                   
                 O 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                  0.0-10.2 
                 69 
                 17.4-82.2 
                 26 
                 0.28 
                 Yes 
                 −0.59 
               
               
                 12 
                 P 
                 41.4 
                 0.0 
                 0.0-2.2-10.1 
                 47 
                  0.0-13.6 
                 71 
                  17.9-100.0 
                 25 
                 0.06 
                 Yes 
                 −0.20 
               
               
                 13 
                 Q 
                 39.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0-1.0-3.6 
                 22 
                  0.0-13.0 
                 52 
                  17.6-100.0 
                 25 
                 2.29 
                 Yes 
                 −0.48 
               
               
                 14 
                 R 
                 57.8 
                 2.9 
                 2.3-4.8-12.3 
                 28 
                  0.0-12.6 
                 13 
                 23.1-36.7 
                 2 
                 1.09 
                 Yes 
                 −0.28 
               
               
                   
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0-4.9 
                 10 
                 23.2-34.9 
                 2 
                 0.44 
                 Yes 
                 −0.41 
               
               
                   
                 All 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 755 
                   
                 252 
                 0.00 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Per F 2  the segregant groups ‘low P CBC ’ and ‘high P CBC ’ were discriminated on the basis of a discontinuity in the range of sorted P CBC  values. 
               
               
                   b χ 2  values were calculated to test conformity to the model of a single Mendelian locus with a recessive allele, encoding ‘high P CBC ’ and a dominant allele encoding ‘low P CBC ’. The χ 2  threshold for acceptance at p = 0.05 is 3.84. 
               
               
                   c The coefficient of correlation between the total cannabinoid content and P CBC . 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0167]    Hybrids resulting from an Afghan×THC predominant cross had chemotypes predominated by CBD and THC and within an F 1  the absolute CBD and THC contents were strongly correlated (r values generally 0.8-0.9). 
         [0168]    All F 1  plants resulting from Afghan×CBG predominant crosses were strongly CBD predominant. 
         [0169]    The stack bar diagram of  FIG. 5   a  presents the chemotypes of the parental plants and the F 1 s of one of the Afghan×THC predominant crosses (Table 3, cross no. 11).  FIG. 5   b  shows the distribution of chemotypes in the large pooled F 2  (Table 3, F 2 s M, N and O) that was based on three randomly chosen inbred F 1  plants from this cross and comprised 244 individuals. Irrespective of the CBC proportion, 59 plants with a THC/CBD content ratio ranging from 0.00 to 0.053 were CBD predominant; 121 contained both THC and CBD in a comparable proportion (THC/CBD content ratio range 0.33-3.88) and 64 plants were THC predominant (THC/CBD content ratio range 18.87-∞). With a X 2  value of 0.22, a 1:2:1 segregation ratio is readily accepted (threshold for acceptance at p=0.05: X 2 &lt;5.99). Within the three discrete segregant groups based on the THC/CBD content ratios, individuals in  FIG. 5   b  are sorted by increasing P CBC . It appears that within each group, the first three quarters of the plants have low P CBC  values up to approximately 8% whereas, after a sudden increase, the latter quarter shows P CBC  values of 15-80%. A higher P CBC  was observed in individuals with relatively low total cannabinoid content. For the 244 F 2  plants presented in  FIG. 5   b , these two characteristics were negatively correlated (r=−0.51). Chemotypical data on P CBC  for all the 14 crosses between Afghan high P CBC  plants and various low P CBC , THC or CBG predominant materials is summarised in Table 3. In all the F 2 s, comparable distributions of the P CBC  values were found as illustrated in  FIG. 5   b , and there was also a consistent negative correlation between P CBC  and the total cannabinoid content. When ranked by P CBC  value, all F 2  progenies showed a clear discontinuity in the P CBC  inclination trend. It separates ca. 75% of the individuals with a narrow range of lower values from ca. 25% with a wide range of higher values. A P CBC  value of 14% can be considered as a general threshold value to demarcate these two groups. Individuals with P CBC ≦14% belong to the low P CBC  group, those with P CBC &gt;14% to the high P CBC  group. For 17 of the 19 F 2 s that were considered, X 2  tests accepted a 3:1 segregation ratio for the low P CBC  versus the high P CBC  group. 
         [0170]    All F 2 s from the Afghan×THC predominant crosses segregated into fairly pure CBD plants, mixed CBD/THC plants and fairly pure THC plants in a 1:2:1 ratio (accepted by X 2  tests, data not shown), based on discontinuities in the THC/CBD ratio of the complementary cannabinoid fraction and irrespective of P CBC . The segregation was clear-cut. General THC/CBD value ranges for the chemotype classes over all F 2 s of this type were: CBD predominant (0≦THC/CBD≦0.09), mixed THC/CBD (0.26≦THC/CBD 3.88) and THC predominant (11.71≦THC/CBD≦∞). 
         [0171]    Data on the dihybrid segregation of the characters, P CBC  value and THC/CBD ratio are summarised in Table 4a. For all F 2 s, X 2  tests accepted a 3:6:3:1:2:1 segregation ratio for the variants (low P CBC -CBD predominant):(low P CBC -mixed THC/CBD):(low P CBC -THC predominant):(high P CBC -CBD predominant):(high P CBC -mixed THC/CBD):(high P CBC -THC predominant). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4a 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Dihybrid segregation in F 2  progenies resulting 
               
               
                 from crosses between Afghan high P CBC  plants, with a 
               
               
                 complementary fraction of mainly CBD, and various low P CBC , 
               
               
                 true breeding THC predominant materials. Per progeny, per 
               
               
                 chemotype category, the number of individuals is given. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 P CBC   
                 P CBC   
                   
                 3:6:3:1:2:1 
               
               
                   
                 low 
                 high 
                   
                 accepted 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Progeny 
                 CBD 
                 CBD/THC 
                 THC 
                 CBD 
                 CBD/THC 
                 THC 
                 Total 
                 χ 2   a   
                 p = 0.05 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A 
                 3 
                 2 
                 0 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 9 
                 7.30 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 B 
                 10 
                 19 
                 10 
                 2 
                 7 
                 0 
                 48 
                 3.78 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 C 
                 8 
                 12 
                 15 
                 2 
                 6 
                 4 
                 47 
                 6.90 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 F 
                 10 
                 10 
                 9 
                 3 
                 7 
                 3 
                 42 
                 3.52 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 G 
                 14 
                 15 
                 10 
                 3 
                 2 
                 1 
                 45 
                 7.68 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 K 
                 10 
                 15 
                 13 
                 1 
                 3 
                 1 
                 43 
                 6.74 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 M 
                 8 
                 22 
                 10 
                 2 
                 5 
                 5 
                 52 
                 2.41 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 N 
                 21 
                 37 
                 19 
                 2 
                 13 
                 5 
                 97 
                 3.45 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 O 
                 16 
                 33 
                 20 
                 10 
                 11 
                 5 
                 95 
                 3.64 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 R 
                 5 
                 3 
                 5 
                 0 
                 2 
                 0 
                 15 
                 6.51 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 S 
                 3 
                 4 
                 3 
                 0 
                 2 
                 0 
                 12 
                 2.22 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 All 
                 108 
                 172 
                 114 
                 26 
                 59 
                 26 
                 505 
                 9.64 
                 Yes 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a χ 2  values were calculated to test conformity to the model of two independent Mendelian loci. According to this model one locus has a recessive allele, encoding ‘high P CBC ’, and a dominant allele encoding ‘low P CBC ’. The other locus has two codominant alleles, encoding either CBD or THC predominance when homozygous, and a mixed CBD/THC chemotype when heterozygous. The χ 2  threshold for acceptance at p = 0.05 is 11.07. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0172]    Based on the predominance of either CBG or CBD in the cannabinoid fraction complementary to CBC, the F 2 s from the Afghan×CBG predominant crosses segregated consistently into CBD predominant versus CBG predominant plants in a 3:1 ratio (accepted by X 2  tests, data not shown). Five plants could not be classified by this criterion (Table 4b, footnote b ). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4b 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Dihybrid segregation in F 2  progenies resulting 
               
               
                 from crosses between Afghan high P CBC  plants, with a 
               
               
                 complementary fraction of mainly CBD and various low P CBC , 
               
               
                 true breeding CBG predominant materials. Per progeny, per 
               
               
                 chemotype category, the number of individuals is given. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 P CBC  high 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 P CBC   
                 Cannabinoid 
                 Cannabinoid 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 low 
                 complement 
                 complement 
                   
                 9:3:3:1 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 CBD 
                 CBG 
                 CBD 
                 CBG 
                   
                   
                 accepted 
               
               
                 Progeny 
                 predominant 
                 predominant 
                 predominant 
                 predominant 
                 Total 
                 χ 2   a   
                 p = 0.05 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 D 
                 62 
                 16 
                 13 
                 10 
                 101 
                 4.95 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 E 
                 7 
                 3 
                 5 
                 1 
                 16 
                 1.78 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 H 
                 16 
                 3 
                 3 
                 0 
                 22 
                 3.05 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 I 
                 18 
                 9 
                 7 
                 3 
                 37 
                 1.20 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 J 
                 43 
                 14 
                 12 
                 6 
                 75 
                 0.69 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 L 
                 43 
                 4 
                 20 
                 11 
                 78 
                 17.41 
                 No 
               
               
                 P b   
                 57 
                 14 
                 16 
                 8 
                 95 
                 1.95 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 Q b   
                 43 
                 9 
                 15 
                 6 
                 73 
                 2.28 
                 Yes 
               
               
                 All 
                 289 
                 72 
                 91 
                 45 
                 497 
                 11.44 
                 No 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a χ 2  values were calculated to test conformity to the model of two independent Mendelian loci. According to this model one locus has a recessive allele, encoding ‘high P CBC ’ and a dominant allele encoding ‘low P CBC ’. The other locus has a recessive allele, encoding CBG predominance and a dominant allele encoding CBD predominance. The χ 2  threshold for acceptance at p = 0.05 is 7.82. 
               
               
                   b From the progenies P and Q, one and four high P CBC  individuals, respectively, were excluded. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0173]    In these plants CBC was the single cannabinoid detected and they could not be further classified on the basis of a complementary cannabinoid fraction. 
         [0174]    Data on the dihybrid segregation of the characters, P CBC -value and predominance of either CBD or CBG in the complementary cannabinoid fraction, are summarised in Table 4b. For seven of the eight F 2 s, X 2  tests accepted a 9:3:3:1 ratio for the variants (low P CBC -CBD predominant):(low P CBC  CBG predominant):(high P CBC -CBD predominant):(high P CBC -CBG predominant). 
         [0175]    As with the Afghan high P CBC  progenitor, the high P CBC  segregants did not produce the usual resinous flower clusters. Instead, they had leafy inflorescences with a few small bracteoles, and bracts that only carried sessile glandular trichomes and no stalked ones ( FIG. 6   d - f ). 
         [0000]    2.1.2.2 Cross of Korean High P CBC  Material with CBG Predominant Material 
         [0176]    The total proportion of [CBC+CBD+THC+CBG] in the parental plants and in their hybrid offspring, occupied at least 91.3 and on average 98.0% of the total cannabinoid fraction. The remaining fraction was purely CBGM. 
         [0177]    The F 1  resulting from the cross of the Korean inbred (S 3 ) line 2000.577.118.3.7 and a true breeding CBG predominant inbred line was uniform for chemotype ( FIG. 7   a ). With a value range of 18.1-39.0%, P CBC  was much higher than in the F 1 s obtained with Afghan plants. The average P CBC  value of the eight F 1  plants was 30.0%, which is close to the parental average P CBC  value of 25.5%. Besides CBC, THC was the major cannabinoid in all F 1  plants and some individuals also had a minor proportion of CBD and/or CBGM. The F 1  individuals were self-fertilised to produce inbred F 2 s. The chemotypes of the pooled F 2  plants, sorted by P CBC  are presented in  FIG. 7   b . The F 2  achieved a much wider P CBC  range than the F 1 : 8.6-69.3%. The average P CBC  of the 122 F 2  plants was 33.1%. In contrast with the F 2 s obtained with Afghan plants, the pattern of P CBC  values did not show any discontinuity and the distribution of individuals over P CBC  classes followed a Gaussian pattern. 
         [0178]    In alignment with the F 2 s obtained with Afghan progenitors, P CBC  in this F 2  was also negatively correlated with the total cannabinoid content (r=−0.58). All Korean based high P CBC  plants had a poor plant habit in respect of drug production. The inflorescences were very open, floral bracts were virtually absent and the bracteoles were small and poorly covered with stalked glandular trichomes. 
         [0179]    In the F 2 , CBC was accompanied by a complementary cannabinoid fraction predominated by either THC (in 90 plants) or CBG (in 32 plants). With a X 2  value of 0.10, a 3:1 segregation ratio for THC-versus CBG predominant is readily accepted (threshold for acceptance at p=0.05: X 2 &lt;3.84). 
       2.2.3 Mutual Cross of Afghan Based- and Korean Based High P CBC  Inbred Material 
       [0180]    A high P CBC  inbred individual selected from the (Korean×CBG predominant) progeny was crossed with a selected high P CBC  inbred clone originating from an (Afghan×CBG predominant) progeny. The total proportion of [CBC+CBD+THC+CBG] in the parental and offspring plants occupied on average 97.9% of the total cannabinoid fraction with CBGM being the single complementary cannabinoid.  FIG. 8   a  presents the chemotypes of the parents and the F 1 . The CBC proportion of the F 1  individuals is greatly reduced in comparison with the parental plants. The minimal, average and maximal P CBC  levels in the F 1  were 3.1-5.3-7.7%. The average total cannabinoid content of the 13 F 1  plants was 9.2% (range 7.4-11.2%) which by far exceeds the parental total cannabinoid contents of ca. 1% (Korean based parent) and ca. 4% (Afghan based parent). Besides CBC, the complementary cannabinoid fraction of the F 1 s was consistently CBG predominant with a residual presence of CBD. In contrast with the parents, the F 1  individuals had fairly dense floral clusters consisting of bracteoles and bracts that were covered with normal densities of stalked glandular trichomes. A large F 2  generation of 195 individuals, obtained from a single F 1  plant, was evaluated. The total cannabinoid content ranged from 0.83 to 10.99% and P CBC  ranged from 6.23 to 100%, and both parameters were negatively correlated (r=−0.46). The ranked P CBC  values showed a slow trend for the majority of the P CBC  values and a somewhat steeper inclination for a minority at the end ( FIG. 8   b ). F 2  individuals with high CBC proportions showed the phenotypical features as illustrated for such plants in  FIG. 6   d - f . As in the F 1 , the complementary cannabinoid fraction was consistently CBG predominant with a residual presence of CBD. Some F 2  plants contained a minor proportion of the CBC degradant cannabicyclol (CBL). 
       Example 3 
     CBC(A) Content and Vegetative State 
     3.1 Methodology 
       [0181]    In order to determine whether a certain presence of CBC is a universal, albeit transitory, characteristic of  Cannabis , early stem leaves from 178 vegetative cuttings from a variety of source populations, were analysed for cannabinoid content. 
       3.2 Results 
       [0182]    The early vegetative leaves from all accessions contained CBC. It was the major cannabinoid in 4.5% of the samples and the second in 78%. 
       Example 4 
     Effect of Light Intensity 
     4.1 Methodology 
       [0183]    It was noticed that plants tended to show higher CBC proportions when, for self-fertilisation, they were grown in paper isolation bags. To investigate this effect systematically, five CBC rich female clones were grown under different levels of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). 
         [0184]    Two clones (M240, M271) were derived from the Afghan breeding source, one (M274) from the Korean breeding source, and two (M272, M273) were selected from Afghan B 0 /B 0 ×Korean B 0 /B 0  cross progenies. 
         [0185]    In M271, the cannabinoid fraction complementary to CBC, was a mixture of CBD and THC in comparable amounts. In the other clones the complementary cannabinoid fraction was dominated by CBG. 
         [0186]    Initially, all cuttings were kept under identical conditions of permanent light: a two week rooting phase under an average PAR level of 7/57 W/m 2  (12/12 h) and, after transplanting to 3 litre pots, another two weeks of vegetative development under an average PAR level of 38/94 W/m 2  (12/12 h). (i.e. 4 week vegetative growth.) 
         [0187]    For generative development and maturation, they were then subjected to a 12 h photoperiod for 60 days. During this stage the cuttings were placed under different levels of PAR, an average of 67.4, 37.9, 23.3 and 0.9 W/m 2  respectively, measured just above the canopy. The four areas with varying light levels were constructed in a single glasshouse compartment with horizontal and vertical shading of different densities. Fans were installed for sufficient air circulation. Temperature and relative air humidity did not differ between the four light levels. Per regime, five to eight cuttings per clone were fully randomised and spaced at a density of 16 plants/m 2 . Edging plants of similar age and size were used to avoid margin effects on the test cuttings. PAR values were automatically recorded at five-minute intervals and for the entire generative stage cumulative PAR was approximated in MJ/m 2  per light regime. 
         [0188]    At maturity, the botanical raw material of each cutting (BRM: the total mass of leaves, floral leaves, bracts and bracteoles) was dried, weighed and homogenised and its cannabinoid content and cannabinoid composition were assessed. Yields of BRM and cannabinoids in g/cutting were multiplied by 16 to obtain yields in g/m 2 . Per clone, treatment effects were tested (Anova F-test, p=0.05) and treatment means were compared pair-wise by Fisher&#39;s LSD method (p=0.05). 
       4.2 Results 
       [0189]    Five CBC rich clones were grown under different light intensities during a 60 days generative period. (Eight and a half weeks) Cumulative PAR values for the four light regimes were estimated at 17.45, 9.82, 6.03 and 0.23 MJ/m 2 , respectively. 
         [0190]    Under the most reduced light level, all plants died within the first two weeks of the experiment. Under the remaining regimes, variable numbers of plants survived until the end of the experiment. Their physiological maturity was demonstrated by a limited seed set due to a slight monoeciousness in one of the clones. Results for these regimes are presented in Table 5. 
         [0191]    With a reduction of light, all five clones showed an upward trend in P CBC . Those from the 6.03 MJ/m 2  area had a significantly (p=0.05) higher P CBC  value than those under 17.45 MJ/m 2 . Mutually, the clones differed considerably in the height and width of their achieved P CBC  range on the full 0-100% scale. No significant effect of light level on the absolute CBC content was found in the dry botanical raw material of four of the clones. Only the CBC content of M271 was significantly affected, but in this case light levels and CBC contents did not show a coherent trend. In contrast, with reduced light, the total cannabinoid content decreased significantly in four clones. With the exception of clone M274, the resultant CBC yield dropped considerably with reducing light, mainly due to a decreasing yield of botanical dry matter. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Means for the yield of dry botanical raw material (BRM), the total cannabinoid- 
               
               
                 (Ctot) and CBC content in the homogenised BRM, the proportion of CBC in the total 
               
               
                 cannabinoid fraction (P CBC ) and the resulting CBC yield, for five clones grown under three 
               
               
                 different light levels during a 60 days generative period. Light levels are indicated by the 
               
               
                 cumulative PAR estimated for the entire generative period. Means are based on the cuttings 
               
               
                 that survived until the end of the experiment. Per column, per clone, means showing a common 
               
               
                 letter are not different at p = 0.05. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 No. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Cumulative 
                 of 
                 No. of 
                   
                   
                 CBC 
               
               
                   
                 PAR 
                 cuttings 
                 surviving 
                 BRM yield 
                 Ctot 
                 content a   
                 P CBC   a   
                 CBC a  yield 
               
               
                 Clone 
                 (MJ/m 2 ) 
                 tested 
                 cuttings 
                 (g/m 2 ) 
                 (% w/w) 
                 (% w/w) 
                 (% w/w) 
                 (g/m 2 ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 M240 
                 17.45 
                 7 
                 7 
                 356 a 
                 2.46 a 
                 1.18 a 
                  49.0 a 
                  4.27 a 
               
               
                   
                 9.82 
                 7 
                 7 
                 174 b 
                 2.55 a 
                 1.40 a 
                  56.3 a 
                  2.50 b 
               
               
                   
                 6.03 
                 7 
                 4 
                 144 b 
                 1.50 b 
                 1.21 a 
                  82.5 b 
                  1.76 b 
               
               
                 M271 
                 17.45 
                 8 
                 8 
                 821 a 
                 2.75 a 
                 1.88 b 
                  68.2 a 
                 15.46 a 
               
               
                   
                 9.82 
                 8 
                 8 
                 483 b 
                 2.98 a 
                 2.10 a 
                  70.3 ab 
                 10.20 b 
               
               
                   
                 6.03 
                 8 
                 8 
                 248 c 
                 2.14 b 
                 1.53 c 
                  71.6 b 
                  3.87 c 
               
               
                 M272 
                 17.45 
                 5 
                 5 
                 258 a 
                 2.04 a 
                 1.85 a 
                  90.7 a 
                  4.79 a 
               
               
                   
                 9.82 
                 5 
                 5 
                 120 b 
                 1.92 a 
                 1.85 a 
                  96.7 b 
                  2.18 b 
               
               
                   
                 6.03 
                 5 
                 1 
                  53 b 
                 1.61 a 
                 1.61 a 
                 100.0 b 
                  0.85 b 
               
               
                 M273 
                 17.45 
                 6 
                 6 
                 257 a 
                 3.61 a 
                 0.53 a 
                  14.7 a 
                  1.35 a 
               
               
                   
                 9.82 
                 6 
                 5 
                 172 ab 
                 2.58 b 
                 0.59 a 
                  24.0 b 
                  0.95 ab 
               
               
                   
                 6.03 
                 6 
                 2 
                 109 b 
                 1.36 c 
                 0.45 a 
                  33.5 b 
                  0.49 b 
               
               
                 M274 
                 17.45 
                 5 
                 5 
                 203 a 
                 1.28 a 
                 0.45 a 
                  35.5 a 
                  0.91 a 
               
               
                   
                 9.82 
                 5 
                 5 
                 126 a 
                 0.92 b 
                 0.39 a 
                  42.8 b 
                  0.48 a 
               
               
                   
                 6.03 
                 5 
                 2 
                 226 a 
                 0.69 b 
                 0.30 a 
                  43.8 b 
                  0.68 a 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a ‘CBC’ refers to the in total detected CBC alkyl homologues and degradants (CBC, CBCV, CBL) 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 5 
     The Assessment of Cannabinoid Composition in Proximal and Distal Parts of Floral Bracts 
     5.1 Methodology 
       [0192]    The possibility that CBC synthase activity is restricted to sessile glandular trichomes was considered as an explanation for the trends in cannabinoid composition observed during plant development. Floral bracts where glandular stalked trichomes were only apparent in the proximal region, close to the petiole, were selected. These bracts also carry sessile trichomes that are fairly evenly distributed over the entire surface so are suitable material to detect possible metabolic differences between sessile and stalked trichomes. The proximal and distal parts of these floral bracts from clones with THC-, CBD- and CBG predominant chemotypes were sampled separately and analysed for their cannabinoid content. Sessile and stalked glandular trichomes on the bract parts were counted using a light microscope at a magnification factor of 40. Per clone, for the distal as well as for the proximal parts of the bract, 20 areas of 16.5 mm 2  each were examined on the upper- and 20 on the lower surfaces, and the mean densities of sessile and stalked trichomes on the distal and proximal parts were calculated. 
       5.2 Results 
       [0193]    Three CBD, three THC and two CBG predominant clones were used for a comparison between the proximal and distal parts of their floral bracts, focusing on the densities of glandular trichomes and the cannabinoid composition. Similar results were found for the different clones. 
         [0194]    The density of glandular stalked trichomes in the proximal area was 100× that of the distal parts (3 per mm 2  vs. 0.03 per mm 2 ). 
         [0195]    Mean densities of sessile trichomes on proximal and distal parts were of the same order of magnitude (0.44 and 0.29 per mm 2 , respectively). 
         [0196]    The CBC content in proximal and distal parts was 0.05 and 0.04% w/w, respectively, but the total cannabinoid contents were higher in the proximal than in the distal parts (1.90 and 0.68% w/w, respectively). The proportion of CBC in the total cannabinoid fraction (P CBC ) was somewhat lower in the cannabinoid-rich proximal parts than in the distal parts (3.34 and 5.56% w/w, respectively). 
       Example 6 
     BDS Analysis 
     6.1 Results 
       [0197]    A GC-FID-MS chromatogram of the BDS obtained from one clone M240 is illustrated in  FIG. 9 . It shows a major CBC peak at around 34 min with a series of lesser peaks, some of which are identified. On analysis, Table 6, the CBC content of the cannabinoids was found to be 89.9%. 
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                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Cannabinoid 
                 Content % pa 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 CBC 
                 89.9 
               
               
                   
                 CBL 
                 4.4 
               
               
                   
                 CBCV 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 CBD 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 CBL2? 
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
                 CBL3? 
                 0.7 
               
               
                   
                 CBG 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 CBDV 
                 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 THC 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 CBC-C1 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 7 
     Trichome Separation Methodology and Comparison of the Cannabinoid Content of Sessile and Glandular Trichomes 
       [0198]    This series of tests evaluated a method of removing trichomes from  cannabis  material described by Jansen and Terris 2002 (Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics 2002; 2(3-4):135-143). The published work described the efficient collection of glandular trichome. However, it did not state if the sessile, as well as glandular stalked, trichomes were removed. In these tests, trichomes were removed. Sessile and large stalked glandular trichomes were separated using appropriate size filters. 
         [0199]    Fresh or dried  cannabis  material was thoroughly mixed with slurry of ice and water, using a domestic food mixer. As manual judgement of texture confirmed, the glandular trichome heads hardened at low temperatures and were readily separated from the trichome stalk cells during mixing. Being heavier than water the resin heads sank, and were then separated from the pulp by pouring the mixture though a fine sieves (220 μm approximate mesh). The resin heads passed through and the ‘spent pulp’ was retained. The resin heads were then efficiently separated from the bulk of the water by pouring the suspension through a 73 μm sieve and then a finer 25 μm sieve. 
         [0200]    In theory, the resin heads from glandular stalked trichomes (reported typical diameter 75-100 μm) should have been trapped on the 73 μm sieve, whilst the sessile trichomes (typically 50 μm) fall through and are caught on the 25 μm mesh. 
         [0201]    The resin heads collected from each sieve were removed and frozen or dried prior to further study or use, as is appropriate. 
         [0202]    The preparation of sessile trichome glandular trichome heads collected from vegetative leaves of clone M240 was dried overnight. The resin proved an extremely potent and pure source of CBC. The CBC potency was 44% w/w and it constituted 94% of the cannabinoid total (Table 7). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 % 
               
               
                   
                 % w/w 
                 Purity 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Cannabinoid 
                 CBC 
                 CBCV 
                 CBG 
                 CBD 
                 CBC 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Mean 
                 44.37 
                 0.57 
                 0.33 
                 0.60 
                 94.18 
               
               
                   
                 sd 
                 4.95 
                 0.07 
                 0.04 
                 0.06 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       CONCLUSIONS FROM THE EXAMPLES 
       [0203]    Whilst in nature there can be found  Cannabis sativa  plants which exhibit a prolonged juvenile chemotype (PJC) the one or more genetic factors responsible for this prolonged expression are expressed together with a range of other cannabinoids leaving mixed cannabinoid extracts. 
         [0204]    As a consequence of identifying and understanding the genetic loci for these PJC plants the applicant has been able to cross these plants with plants having a B 0 /B 0  genotype to selectively breed plants which are highly selective for CBC(A). The utility of such plants in the pharmaceutical industry is readily apparent. 
         [0205]    Additionally, by growing the plants under defined conditions e.g. reduced light intensity and/or for a shortened period, extracts with a higher purity of CBC content can be obtained (albeit at a reduced yield). 
         [0206]    Furthermore, the use of techniques which are selective for e.g. sessile trichomes can additionally be used to improve selectivity in extracts. 
         [0207]    A likely explanation for the benefits derived from the PJC containing Afghan and Korean plants is that in contrast to wild-type plants, where the CBC synthase gene may only be expressed in the juvenile state these plants have an inheritable factor, which causes gene expression of CBC synthase to be maintained throughout the adult stage. 
         [0208]    The crosses between plants with contrasting CBC proportions demonstrated that the genetic factor responsible for PJC has a monogenic, recessive nature as far as the Afghan lineage (based on RJ97.11) is concerned. The dihybrid segregation data indicates that this factor is inherited independently from locus B. 
         [0209]    A contrasting P CBC  cross with the involvement of a Korean high P CBC  parent yielded an F 1  with a gradual range of intermediate P CBC  values and an F 2  that did not segregate for P CBC . This suggests a different, polygenic background for PJC in the Korean material.