Abstract:
An advanced process for moving a Device under Test (DUT) from surface mount to completion and shipping. The process takes a raw populated Printed Circuit Board (PCB) panel or similar article of manufacture and conducts all possible solder, electrical, boundary scan and flashed self-testing. Individual panels are routed out of larger panels and placed into basic electronic device chassis on a motorized and power delivering fixture carrying a fixture adapter to interface with the electronic device. Power is provided as soon as is feasible in order to leverage the DUTs ability to facilitate it&#39;s own functional certification. Without power, the “wake-up” time for an electronic device may be extensive. Additionally, the addition of power would otherwise have to be done numerous times throughout the process. Conditions for impending measurement can be set up on a powered electronic device so that measurements may be made the moment the testing instrumentation is ready to take measurements.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The present invention relates generally to testing of electronic devices. More particularly, the present invention relates to a cellular Radio Frequency (RF) mobile station production/testing and statistical monitoring process. 
     Prior art production methodology relied on centralized testers doing long arduous test plans and catching process problems long after they occurred. The testers were then considered suspect until proven innocent at which point the actual proximate cause could be investigated and corrected. Often after significant numbers of unsound and unreliable product were built, and subsequently a massive rework effort ensued. This results in wasted product, money, and resources. 
     Prior art test/production methodology uses an aging, centralized process with very expensive Automated Test Equipment (ATE) and fixture equipment. ATE is a chassis populated with instruments, controlled by a computer, which controls various measurements and tests on a Device Under Test (DUT), and records results fixture equipment. Because the testing is centralized in RF shielded fixtures, (essentially miniature RF chambers), expensive manipulation systems or more expensive and less reliable human operators are required to pick and place DUTs into testers. Valuable time is wasted as the DUT is drawn into the fixture, interfaces are engaged, and power is applied to the DUT. With some electronic devices such as mobile stations, there is a latency or delay between the application of power and when the device is ready or “awake.” When the DUT is finally “awake” the DUT must be placed in the conditions for the test. Finally, a given ATE instrument may perform an action upon the DUT and then sit idle while all other measurements and actions are performed. Once all actions are complete, the DUT is disengaged, extracted, picked and placed back to the conveyor, and sent to the next stage of production. Actual idle time by the ATE instruments may be around 80%. ATE equipment is expensive with average costs in the six figure range. Therefore, it is desirable to reduce idle time and increase the productivity of any ATE. 
     Prior art processes require automated testing of displays and user interfaces of the DUT in the tester by key press robots. A key press robot is usually contained inside a final user interface test fixture and is used for mechanically interfacing a device under test. The key press robot is RF shielded and is a “drawer-like slide mechanism with a fixture adapter mounted on it. The fixture adapter is specific for the device. The adapter clamps, grabs, or secures the device depending on the type of fixture and the specific attachment surfaces of the device. The adapter also interfaces ear phone jacks, power, etc., and the slide is drawn into the fixture pneumatically. 
     Once inside the fixture, the device is run through a series of functions and responses are measured to ensure it falls within acceptable limits. In an example of an embodiment of the present invention, a mobile station is the electronic device. A display test is run measured with a sophisticated vision system to ensure all the LEDs, display patterns, keypad backlights etc are functionally sound and reliable. Audio tests measure the speakers and microphones. The phone is brought up into a call and it&#39;s transmitter/receiver tuning and power accuracy is measured. A pneumatic robot finger presses each key and ensures that every one functions, does not jam, and the like. Because it&#39;s pneumatic it&#39;s relatively slow. 
     The speed of a key press robot becomes the bottleneck. There is a delay caused by power-up of the Device Under Test (DUT) and the pneumatic fingers. Testing at the point of assembly allows better process verification, and places responsibility with the process or vendor quality. 
     Production and testing systems are monitored by an experienced human. A human supervising the process with undivided attention is still unable to effectively monitor and identify a yield-threatening trend. The intricacy and range of data managed by a single tester in production is currently difficult for less than experienced engineers. The ability for many individuals to further understand and correlate the measurement values and hidden inter-relationships is exponentially complex when stages of 10 testers are aggregated, compounded yet again by correlating inter-relationships between test stages. 
     In the cellular handset production arena, the current production/test methodology to produce cellular handsets will require a 400% increase in current test equipment, manpower, and floor space. 
     Earlier production methodology relied on centralized testers doing long arduous test plans, and catching process problems long after they occurred. The testers were then considered suspect until proven innocent at which point the actual proximate cause could be investigated and corrected. Often after significant numbers of unsound and unreliable product was built, and subsequently a massive rework effort ensued. Testers are often relied upon to “test” quality into the system. There is a need to verify processes at the point of operation, and identify problems early. 
     Prior to the advent of the present invention, monitoring consisted of technicians and supervisors standing in front of a monitor flipping through displays. If experienced, they can identify trends as they became statistically significant. Often that effort is investigative, only drawing attention after the problem becomes significant. Even experienced monitors may have problems monitoring multiple testers with their exponentially increasing complexity as stated above. Other methods for monitoring included exhaustive Statistical Process Control (SPC) tools which required highly trained and competent engineers targeting specific points of data not close to real-time. 
     It is in light of this background information related to the production and testing of electronic devices that the significant improvement of the present invention has evolved. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments of the present invention, accordingly, advantageously provide a cellular RF handset production/testing and statistical monitoring process. 
     Provided is an advanced process for moving a Device under Test (DUT) from surface mount to completion and shipping. The process takes a raw populated Printed Circuit Board (PCB) panel or similar article of manufacture and conducts all possible solder, electrical, boundary scan and flashed self-testing. 
     Individual panels are routed out of larger panels and placed into basic electronic device chassis on a motorized and power delivering fixture carrying a fixture adapter to interface with the electronic device. Power is provided as soon as is feasible in order to leverage the DUTs ability to facilitate it&#39;s own functional certification. Without power, the “wake-up” time for an electronic device may be extensive. For example, the wake-up time for a mobile station is 5 to 15 seconds. Additionally, the addition of power would otherwise have to be done numerous times throughout the process. Conditions for impending measurement can be set up on a powered electronic device so that measurements may be made the moment the testing instrumentation is ready to take measurements. 
     The DUT is interfaced and carried by a fixture adapter modified to mate the specific model DUT. The fixture adapter is mounted aboard a fixture, which serves as vehicular, power source, and communication suite for the adapter. The individual fixture has an addressable code. This code may be an internet address or the like. The code may also be analogous in form and function to a phone number. Using RF communication, the fixtures report to and are directed by a master control system which tracks progress and measurement results through each stage of assembly. 
     Various required measurements, tests, and software instructions are conducted wirelessly in a distributed fashion while the DUT advances through the process. Wireless methods, for example, include Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) BLUETOOTH, and cellular RF out of phase with production. Other distributed tests include image capture verification of component placement within tolerance windows, electrical contact presence and alignments, and display activation. Assembly and component verification is tested at or following the point of assembly wherever possible. All occur while the DUT continues to advance. Speed of the DUT may be regulated to allow a test completion or to “catch-up” within the process. 
     Where actual Baseband, RF, and transmitter power tuning/measuring are required, the DUT enters an RF shielded cell with robotic arms which “jack” into moving fixture adapters. 
     DUT physically moves on its dedicated fixture/fixture adapter during the production process with a goal of never halting until either packed for shipping or out of the process as a failure. Once all standards are met, the DUT is certified. The handset routes to an off-loading, labeling and packaging cell. 
     Overall measurement results are monitored by an Artificial Intelligence (Al) system in near real-time. Yield and process trend patterns are identified/reacted to according to established rule-sets governing process situations and/or notification of human authorities. 
     An aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, tests are distributed, actual centralized test time is limited to absolute minimum and all instruments are efficiently utilized. Because the test time and utilization rate is so much higher, fewer ATE are required. 
     Another object of an embodiment of the invention provides for reduced size ATEs (e.g. from 1.6 meters tall and 800 lbs., to the size of a suitcase and portable). 
     An further object of an embodiment of the invention provides a quick cycle time in production. 
     A still further object of an embodiment of the invention is speed. PXI interface is 100 times faster than current General Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB) interface. 
     Additionally, PXI instruments don&#39;t have to be pulled from production and calibrated yearly, only the communications paths need to be routinely calibrated. Warehouses full of expensive instruments do not have to be stored, transported, integrated into equally expensive racks. Logistics overhead to merely obtain and support the equipment is reduced. 
     Implementation of an embodiment, or various combinations of embodiments of the present invention facilitates the production and testing of an electronic device. The process also provides for statistical monitoring of the Device Under Test (DUT). 
     A more complete appreciation of the present invention and the scope thereof can be obtained from the accompanying drawing which are briefly summarized below, the following detailed description of the presently-preferred embodiment of the invention, and the appended claims. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1A shows a profile view of a Device Under Test (DUT) universal fixture in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 1B shows an overhead view of a Device Under Test (DUT) universal fixture in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2A shows a profile view of a Device Under Test (DUT) dedicated fixture adapter with a Device Under Test (DUT) engaged on fixture adapter and fixture adapter attached to the Device Under Test (DUT) universal fixture of FIGS. 1A and 1B. 
     FIG. 2B shows an overhead view of a Device Under Test (DUT) dedicated fixture adapter with a Device Under Test (DUT) engaged on fixture adapter and fixture adapter attached to the Device Under Test (DUT) universal fixture of FIGS. 1A and 1B. 
     FIG. 3 shows the DUT approaching a test area. 
     FIG. 4 shows a system inside cell for wired coupled communication with DUT through the universal fixture. 
     FIG. 5 shows a system for testing in a RF shielded cell. 
     FIG. 6 show an optical inspection system. 
     FIG. 7 shows an exemplar production/text line. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A novel apparatus and method for the production and testing of an electronic device is provided. The invention verifies processes at the point of operation and identifies problems early to save production yield, time and other resources. 
     FIG. 1 is comprised of FIGS. 1A and 1B. FIG. 1A shows a profile view the system  100  of a Device Under Test (DUT) universal fixture  110  riding on a powered track conveyor  120 . FIG. 1B shows an overhead view of the same. Power may be provided by a central guide with a power source  130 . DUT universal fixture  110  rides on powered track conveyor  120  on wheels  170 . DUT fixture  110  further comprises diagnostics port  140 , fixture adapter interface/mounting assembly  150 , Radio Frequency (RF) galvanic socket  160 , low power addressable RF transmit/receiver (TX/RX)  190 . 
     FIG. 2 is comprised of FIG.  2 A and FIG.  2 B. FIG. 2A is a profile view of a Device Under Test (DUT) dedicated fixture adapter  115  with a Device Under Test (DUT)  210  engaged on fixture adapter  115 . Fixture adapter  115  is mounted on fixture adapter interface/mounting assembly  150 . Fixture provides power, communications to master control system (MCS) and remote sensors. Fixture adapter  115  is modified to per product needs. This provides for a fixture  110  to be able to be used with a multitude of product configurations. 
     DUT enters the process as populated Printed Circuit Board (PCB). Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC)s and other applicable components are boundary scanned. DUT is flashed software, and self-tests itself for solder connectivity and component presence. Passing all self-tests certifies that a populated PCB is a functionally sound and reliable Radio Module with high probability for successfully completing the assembly process and shipping. 
     The DUT is placed into a powered up state as soon as the Radio Module is fitted with a user interface (UI) and handset exterior. It remains powered throughout the rest of production process. 
     Production testing including Baseband and RF tuning/alignment, software flashing, display and user interface testing, all occur in a distributed fashion. DUT physically moves on its fixture during the production process with a goal of never halting until either packed for shipping or out of the process as a failure. A “dummy” calibrator fixture is introduced into the process at regular intervals which verifies, makes correction or reports deviation in communication paths between a notional DUT and all points of inspection, measurement, or tuning. Assembly and component verification is tested at the point of assembly wherever possible. 
     To facilitate testing while in motion, communications between DUT, ATEs, and master control system (MCS) is performed wirelessly using a moving powered fixture and production adapter which physically interfaces DUT. All communication equipment, being specific to the process not the product, resides on board the universal fixtures  110 . Control of multiple (1 to n) fixture/fixture adapter units is via the MCS computer addressing individual fixture/fixture adapter unit unique address. MCS directs each individual DUT through the process, recording process results and monitoring progress using microwave RF above the DUT RF operating range. 
     ATEs consist of small PXI bus chassis and integrated computer. These chassis support function cards effectively allow “virtual instruments”. Size and cost are ⅕ th  that of conventional ATE with no degradation in functionality. 
     Distributed testing occurs through short-range RF communication, such as BLUETOOTH, Ultra Wideband (UWB) and the like, between the DUT&#39;s fixture/fixture adapter unit and remote sensors connected to ATE. FIG. 3 is an illustration showing the DUT approaching a test area  300 . The MOS  360  is in communication  370  and  380  with DUT universal fixture  110 . In order to ensure maximum utilization of ATE instruments, fixture  110 /fixture adapter  115  units signal approach of an impending test. As fixture  110 /fixture adapter  115  unit crosses a designated phase line (ready line)  310 , the MCS  360  directs  370  DUT  210  to place itself in a required state thereby ready when it enters the sensor&#39;s range. When it crosses into effective communication range (trigger line)  320  of remote sensors  350 , selected measurements/actions are performed and transacted between DUT and ATE (through remote sensors  350 ) via BLUETOOTH or similar local wireless communication systems. Concurrently, results of the transaction are communicated  380  to MCS  360 . At this point, the ATE begins testing the next immediate DUT as it comes into range, utilized nearly 100% of the time. The completed DUT remains in the “GO” state and continues advance, or changes to a “NO-GO” state and is directed into a parallel diagnostics and rework process. Measurement processes may cease when DUT passes a limit of advance line  330 . 
     Assembly and installation process verification is monitored at the point of assembly by vision systems which confirm/deny presence and placement of components. Failures due to process instability are fixed onsite along with the affected process. Failures due to imperfect materials/components are routed to quality control. 
     Certain aspects of RF/Baseband tuning, alignment, and measuring still require an unbroken calibrated galvanic connection with the DUT. These actions will occur concentrated in an RF shielded cell where a robotic arm/socket assembly will interface the moving fixture/fixture adapter, move with it for the duration of measurements, and extract when complete. 
     FIG. 4 is a illustration showing a system  400  inside cell for wired coupled communication with DUT through the universal fixture. Robotic telescoping arm  420  extends jack  410  to be receivable contact with Radio Frequency (RF) galvanic socket  160  of universal fixture  110 . 
     FIG. 5 is an illustration of a system  500  for testing in a RF shielded cell. In unison, a DUT  210   a  enters the cell  505  riding on universal fixture  110   a,  a robot  510   a  interfaces the DUT  210   a,  DUT  210   b  which is one preceding DUT  210   a  is disengaged from a robot  510   b,  and the preceding DUT  210   b  and fixture  110   b  exit the cell. The RF paths are calibrated from DUT to socket on the fixture  110 /fixture adapter  115 , and from Jacks  410   a  and  410   b  to ATE  520   a  and  520   b  in the robot arm/cell. The targeted testing will be dramatically shorter than current testing because the conditions for measuring (powering up, going to a specified state or channel, etc.) will be established by the DUT before it enters the cell. 
     Once all standards are met, the DUT is certified a functionally sound and reliable RF handset, issued an electronic serial number (ESN) and powers down, all physical interfaces to the fixture adapter disengage. The handset routes to an off-loading and packaging cell where it is extracted from the fixture adapter, laser “branded”, packaged and shipped. 
     Inspection of the completed handset may be done by an system such as is shown in FIG.  6 . Optical inspection system  600  comprising a optical image capture device  610 , IR fiducial sensor  630 , IR fiducial emitter  620 . Optical image capture device  610  may be camera, Charge Coupled Device (CCD) or the like. Optical image capture device  610  may be moveable to allow for inspection control. Optical image capture device  610  may also be fixed and images DUT as it travels below said optical image capture device  610 . The optical image capture device is activated when DUT on fixture passes pass a trigger line  640 . There may also be ready line  650  wherein DUT and fixture pauses until the inspection area is ready to receive a new electronic device which is to be tested. The optical image capture device replaces an electro-solenoid key press unit allows for user interface verification with time wasting pneumatic key press robots. 
     FIG. 7 is a block diagram representing a production/test line showing the various stations on the line in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. At  710 , multi-panel flash and built-in self-test (BLST) is done. Next at  720  route and place equipment place the PCB in electronic device chassis. At this point, an MCS command link is established with the fixture. 
       740 ,  743 ,  745  may be different verification areas. Verification tools and techniques in these areas may include, inter alia, camera verification of the assembly, User Interface module and display, keypad tests may also be perform at one of these stations. 
     At the line  747 , the Device Under Test is engaged to go through  750 ,  760 ,  765  and  770 . At  750 , galvanic interface as was described above in discussion of FIGS. 4 and 5. The testing in this area depends upon what type of electronic device is under test. To use a mobile station for example, tests included in this area may include baseband tuning, alignment and verification. Radio Frequency tuning and FCC certification may also be performed in these areas. Additionally, if applicable, the electronic device is also provided with an Electronic Serial Number (ESN). At points  760  and  765 , wireless distributed testing and measurements are performed. Voltage levels are measured. If applicable, the audio of the device is checked. Input/output presence and certification are performed at points  760  or  765 . The DUT is disengaged at line  775  and proceeds to the next area. 
     At point  780 , laser branding may be performed and/or physcial labels may be attached to the electronic device. Then the electronic device is packed and made ready for shipping at  790 . 
     Artificial Intelligence decision support systems monitor yields and production trends. This automates the monitoring process at near real-time. For example, updates may occur once every 5 minutes. 
     Yield and process statistics are monitored near real-time by an Artificial Intelligence (AI) package, which incorporates the associative knowledge of Artificial Neural Nets (ANN) with the cognitive rule-based behavior of an Expert System (ES). The AI identifies patterns or trends and reacts according to established rule-sets governing process situations. Reactions range from notification of human authorities to alarms and even process alteration. All facets of this process need to be divided into sub-projects. 
     An example of such an Al system is provided by co-pending application U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/923,215 filed on Aug. 6, 2001, entitled PRODUCTION PATTERN RECOGNITION ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NET WITH EVENT-REPONSE EXPERT SYSTEM. Said application is assigned to assignee of present invention and is incorporated herein by reference. 
     Abbreviations 
     AI—Artificial Intelligence. 
     ATE—Automated Test Equipment. A chassis populated with instruments, controlled by a computer, which controls various measurements and tests on a DUT, and records results. 
     ANN—Artificial Neural Network: a computer model composed of a large number of interconnected, interacting, processing elements organized into layers. Mimics behavior of human nervous system at the neuronic level. ANN reasoning is associative in nature. 
     DUT—Device Under Test: May be any electrical device which is undergoing production and/or testing. In the preferred embodiment, the production of a PCB, radio module, or mobile station depending on the point of assembly. 
     ES—Expert System: A problem solving and decision making system based on knowledge of its task and logical rules and procedures for using the knowledge. Knowledge and logic are codified from the experience of human specialists in the field. ES reasoning is cognitive and rule-based in nature. 
     ESN—Electronic Serial Number. 
     MCS—master control system. 
     These and other features, aspects, and advantages of embodiments of the present invention will become apparent with reference to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It is to be understood, however, that the drawings are designed solely for the purposes of illustration and not as a definition of the limits of the invention, for which reference should be made to the appended claims. The word “a” and “an” may mean one or more.