Abstract:
A tipless arc tube for a high intensity discharge lamp and method of manufacture wherein the arc tube may remain open to an uncontrolled atmosphere during the step of hermetically scaling the arc tube. The novel arc tube and method obviate the need to perform any process steps within a controlled atmosphere. The pressure of the fill gas sealed within the arc tube may be controlled by controlling the temperature of the fill gas during the step of hermetically sealing the arc tube. The novel arc tube and method obviate the need to use a pump to control the fill gas pressure.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention generally relates to high intensity discharge (“HID”) lamps, arc tubes, and methods of manufacture. 
     HID lamps such as metal halide and mercury lamps have found widespread use in lighting large outdoor and indoor areas such as athletic stadiums, gymnasiums, warehouses, parking facilities, and the like, because of the relatively high efficiency, compact size, and low maintenance of HID lamps when compared to other lamp types. Metal halide lamps are often preferred because of the efficiency of such lamps in producing white light. 
     HID lamps include an arc tube supported within an outer lamp envelope. The arc tube comprises a generally tubular body of light transmissive material such as quartz or ceramic material which forms a hermetically sealed light emitting chamber containing the lamp fill material and an inert fill gas. Generally, there are several types of arc tube bodies for HID lamps. One type of arc tube body is a “cylindrical” body formed from quartz tubing having the diameter of the generally cylindrical arc tube chamber in which the chamber is formed by pinch-sealing the end portions of the tubing. Another type of arc tube body is a “formed” body which is formed from quartz tubing of a much smaller diameter in which a bulbous light emitting chamber is formed by expansion under internal pressure between two end portions having the much smaller diameter of the tubing. The aforementioned types of arc tube bodies are used in forming “double-ended” arc tubes, i.e. arc tubes having spaced apart electrodes with one sealed at each end. The arc tubes for HID lamps may also be “single-ended” arc tubes having a bulbous chamber sealed at its only end. 
     An arc tube includes a pair of spaced apart electrodes between which the arc is established during operation of the lamp. In a double-ended arc tube, an electrode lead assembly is sealed in each end portion of the arc tube. The electrode lead assembly typically comprises a tungsten electrode, a molybdenum foil, and an outer molybdenum lead. 
     In the manufacture of double-ended arc tubes for HID lamps, either cylindrical body or formed body arc tubes, the light emitting chamber is sealed by positioning the electrode lead assemblies in each end portion of the arc tube body, heating a portion of each end portion, and then shrinking or pinching the heated portion around the electrode lead assembly positioned therein to thereby fix the position of the assembly relative to the arc tube body and to form a hermetic seal. The temperature of the heated portions typically reaches about 2000° C. or more. At these high temperatures, the metallic components of the electrode lead assembly positioned within the end portion are highly susceptible to corrosion when exposed to an uncontrolled atmosphere such as the air surrounding a factory production line, and any corrosion may significantly degrade the performance of the lamp and possibly lead to the mechanical failure of the lead assembly. Thus it is important to avoid exposure of the electrode lead assemblies to an uncontrolled atmosphere when the temperature of the assemblies is elevated during the manufacturing process. 
     In the context of the present invention, an “uncontrolled atmosphere” is any atmosphere other than one in which the composition of the atmosphere is strictly controlled such as the atmosphere in a glove box. The atmosphere surrounding a factory production line is considered to be an uncontrolled atmosphere even though there may be some control of the temperature, humidity, particulate content etc. of the atmosphere. 
     In the manufacture of HID lamps, the light emitting chamber of the arc tube body is dosed with solid lamp fill material such as one or more metal halides. This material is susceptible to moisture contamination when exposed to an uncontrolled atmosphere which significantly degrades the performance of the lamp. Thus in the manufacturing process, it is also important to avoid exposure of the solid lamp fill material to contaminating atmospheres. 
     In a known method of making arc tubes for HID lamps, an arc tube body is formed from vitreous material such as quartz. A fill/exhaust tube is then fused near the longitudinal center of the body where the light emitting chamber will be formed. The exhaust tube provides a means for communication between the interior of the chamber and the exterior of the arc tube body. The electrode lead assemblies are positioned and then pinch-sealed in the end portions of the arc tube body. During the pinch-sealing process, anon-reactive gas is introduced into the chamber through the fill/exhaust tube to prevent the exposure of the metallic components of the electrode lead assemblies to air when the components are heated during the sealing process, to thereby prevent corrosion of the metallic components. In the context of this invention, a “non-reactive” gas is a gas which is non-reactive with respect to the lamp components including, for example, the electrode lead assemblies and lamp fill material. 
     Once the ends of the arc tube body are sealed, the solid fill material and mercury are introduced into the chamber through the fill/exhaust tube. An inert fill gas is then introduced into the chamber at the desired fill pressure and the fill/exhaust tube is fused closed to thereby hermetically seal the chamber. 
     This prior art method suffers from several disadvantages including the substantial disadvantage that the chamber wall includes an irregularity at the point where the fill/exhaust tube was attached and then fused closed and tipped off. This irregularity may cause a cold spot on the wall of the chamber where halides will condense during operation of the lamp, and the condensation of halides may have a significant effect on the color uniformity of the light emitted from the lamp. The irregularity in the chamber may also disturb the light emitted from the chamber and the condensed halides may create shadows, making it difficult to control and direct the light. This is especially undesirable in optical systems such as fiber optics, projection display, and automotive headlamps. These disadvantages have a greater detrimental effect on lower wattage lamps which are smaller and where the irregularity includes a greater portion of the chamber wall. 
     A further disadvantage of the arc tube having a fused closed fill/exhaust tube applies to arc tubes mounted within a protective shroud or within tubular outer envelopes. The portion of the fill/exhaust tube which has been fused closed protrudes radially from the chamber wall of the arc tube. Thus a cylindrical shroud or tubular envelope must be of a larger diameter to envelope an arc tube with a radially protruding tip. 
     The prior art has developed methods of making “tip-less” arc tubes to obviate the deficiencies of the arc tube having a fused closed fill/exhaust tube. However, the prior art methods of making tipless arc tubes require the use of a controlled environment during at least some of the process steps. 
     Generally, the known methods of making tipless arc tubes include the steps of providing an arc tube body; positioning and then sealing an electrode lead assembly in one end portion of the arc tube body; introducing the solid lamp fill material and an inert fill gas into the interior of the body through the remaining open end portion of the body; and positioning and then sealing another electrode lead assembly in the remaining open end portion of the body to thereby form a hermetically sealed light emitting chamber. 
     To prevent oxidation of the metallic components of the first electrode lead assembly during the sealing process of the first end portion, it is known to introduce a non-reactive gas into the interior of the body through the other end portion to thus create a flow of non-reactive gas past the lead assembly during the sealing process. This prevents exposure of the metallic components to a reactive atmosphere such as moisture laden air during the sealing process. The non-reactive gas is commonly introduced into the interior of the body by conventional means such as fitting a hose over the end of the open end portion or inserting a probe into the interior of the body through the open end portion. 
     The interior of the body is then filled with a non-reactive gas through the open end portion prior to the introduction of the solid lamp fill material. The lamp fill material is typically stored in a dry non-reactive atmosphere and thus may be introduced into the interior of the body without contamination. 
     To prevent oxidation of the metallic components of the second electrode lead assembly during the sealing process of the second end portion, the prior art teaches that the interior of the arc tube body must be isolated from an uncontrolled atmosphere once the solid fill material and mercury are introduced into the interior of the arc tube body and the second electrode lead assembly is positioned in the remaining open end portion. 
     The prior art teaches that the interior of the arc tube may be isolated from an uncontrolled atmosphere by either (i) placing the arc tube body in a controlled atmosphere such as a glove box as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,108,333 to Heider et al. dated Apr. 28, 1992 or (ii) connecting the open end to a vacuum system which provides the necessary seal as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,505,648 to Nagasawa et al. dated Apr. 9, 1996. As illustrated by the prior art, one end portion of the arc tube body must be long enough to enclose the entire electrode lead assembly when the assembly is positioned within the end portion. Once the arc tube is isolated, the arc tube body is filled with the inert fill gas at the desired pressure and then the end portion is fused closed to the outside of the electrode lead assembly to enclose the entire assembly within the body. The arc tube may then be removed from the glove box or vacuum system and the second end portion is sealed by shrinking or pinching, after which the excess portion of the end portion may be removed to expose the outer lead of the electrode lead assembly. 
     The prior art methods suffer from the significant disadvantage of the requirement for isolating the arc tube body from the uncontrolled atmosphere. This has generally required the use of a glove box or vacuum system. Such methods are complex and difficult to automate. 
     Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to obviate many of the deficiencies of the prior art and provide a novel HID lamp, arc tube and method of making arc tubes. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a novel arc tube and method of making arc tubes for HID lamps which obviates the need to perform any process steps within a controlled atmosphere. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide a novel arc tube and method of making tipless arc tubes for HID lamps in which the arc tube remains open to an uncontrolled atmosphere during the step of finally sealing the arc tube. 
     It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a novel arc tube and method of making tipless arc tubes for HID lamps in which communication of an inert fill gas with an uncontrolled atmosphere such as air is maintained until the arc tube is hermetically sealed. 
     It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide a novel arc tube and method of making arc tubes for HID lamps which obviates the need to remove a portion of the end portion to expose the outer portion of the electrode lead assembly. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to provide a novel arc tube and method of making arc tubes for HID lamps in which each end portion of the arc tube body has substantially the same length as the end portions of the finished arc tube. 
     It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a novel apparatus for extending the tubular opening formed by the end portion of an arc tube body and method of making arc tubes for HID lamps. 
     It is often desirable to obtain a final fill gas pressure which is significantly below atmospheric pressure at substantially room temperature, i.e., pressures below 500 torr. Final fill gas pressures below about one-half atmosphere are common and may be as low as about 30 torr. A fill pressure of about 100 torr is common in metal halide lamps. In order to obtain such final subatmospheric fill pressures, the prior art uses mechanical means to evacuate the interior of the arc tube to the desired pressure prior to hermetically sealing the interior of the arc tube, i.e., by fusing closed the fill/exhaust tube or shrinking or pinching the remaining open end portion in a tipless arc tube. Such methods require the use of expensive pumps and/or vacuum systems, are complex, and difficult to automate. 
     The patent to Heider et al. discloses that a “slight” under-pressure of the fill gas may be obtained by heating the fill gas and fusing closed the open end portion within a glove box and then removing the arc tube from the glove box to shrink or pinch seal the remaining unpinched end portion. Heider et al. disclose raising the temperature of the fill gas by only 100° C. prior to fusing closed the arc tube to obtain a slight under-pressure when the fill gas cools. If the fill gas is heated at atmospheric pressure, a temperature differential of 100° C. will provide a final fill gas pressure of greater than 500 torr when the arc tube is sealed and cooled. There is no disclosure in Heider et al. that a significantly subatmospheric fill pressure, i.e., a pressure less than 500 torr, may be obtained by this process, or that the fill gas temperature may be controlled outside of a glove box while open to an uncontrolled atmosphere. 
     Accordingly, it is yet another object of the present invention to provide a novel arc tube and method of making arc tubes for HID lamps which obviates the need to mechanically evacuate the arc tube to obtain a significantly subatmospheric fill pressure. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to provide a novel arc tube and method of making arc tubes for HID lamps in which the temperature of the fill gas is controlled prior to sealing the arc tube in an uncontrolled atmosphere. 
     It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a novel arc tube and method of making arc tubes for HID lamps having significantly subatmospheric fill pressure in which there is no pressure differential at the time of sealing. 
    
    
     These and many other objects and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art to which the invention pertains from a perusal of the claims, the appended drawings, and the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an arc tube body having a bulbous light emitting chamber. 
     FIGS. 2 a-e  illustrate the prior art process steps for forming the arc tube body illustrated in FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 3 a  illustrates the step of heating the end portion of an arc tube body while flushing the interior of the body with an inert gas during the pinch sealing process. 
     FIG. 3 b  is a cross-sectional view of an arc tube body having an electrode lead assembly pinch sealed in one end. 
     FIG. 4 is a schematic illustrating an electrode lead assembly. 
     FIG. 5 illustrates the step of introducing the solid lamp fill material and mercury into the interior of the chamber. 
     FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a prior art arc tube body having its elongated end portion tipped off beyond the electrode lead assembly. 
     FIG. 7 illustrates the step of heating the upper end portion of an arc tube body while maintaining the interior of the body open to the surrounding atmosphere. 
     FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of an arc tube made by one method of the present invention. 
     FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of an arc tube body according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of an arc tube made from the arc tube body illustrated in FIG.  9 . 
     FIG. 11 a  illustrates the step of flushing and filling the arc tube body with the final fill gas according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 11 b  illustrates the step of positioning the electrode lead assembly and pinch sealing the second end portion of the arc tube according to the present invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention finds utility in arc tubes for all types and sizes of HID lamps and methods of manufacture of such lamps generally. By way of example only, certain aspects of the present invention will be described in connection with tipless quartz formed body arc tubes for double-ended metal halide lamps. 
     FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art arc tube body which has been formed from a quartz tube. The arc tube body  10  comprises a bulbous light emitting chamber  12  intermediate open tubular end portions  14 , 16 . The arc tube body  10  may be formed using any suitable conventional method. 
     Formed body arc tubes may be manufactured in the manner described in the Lamouri et al. copending patent application Ser. No. 09/597,547 filed Jun. 19, 2000, and entitled “Horizontal Burning HID Lamps And Arc Tubes” assigned to the assignee of the present invention. FIGS. 2 a-e  illustrate such a method of forming arc tubes from quartz tubing (FIG. 2 a ) by loading the tubing on a lathe and heating the tubing (FIG. 2 b ), gathering the heated tube by axial movement of the tube (FIG. 2 c ), and expanding with internal pressure the gathered tube against a mold (FIG. 2 d ) to obtain the desired shape of the arc tube body (FIG. 2 e ). The thickness of the arc tube body may be adjusted by the amount of quartz accumulated in the gathering process and the shape of the arc tube body is determined by the shape of the mold. 
     As shown in FIGS. 3 a  and  3   b , a first electrode lead assembly  18  is positioned within the open tubular end portion  14  and the end portion  14  is sealed using a conventional pinch sealing process. During the pinch sealing process, a portion of the end portion  14  is heated to soften the quartz, and then the softened portion is pressed together and around the portion of the electrode lead assembly  18  positioned therein using conventional pinch jaws (not shown) forming pinch seal  20 . The pinch seal  20  fixes the position of the assembly  18  relative to the arc tube body  10  and provides a hermetic seal between the interior of the chamber  12  and the exterior of the body  10  through the end portion  14 . 
     The electrode lead assembly  18  may be a conventional lead assembly comprising several metallic components including a tungsten electrode  22 , a molybdenum foil  24 , and a molybdenum outer lead  26  as shown in FIG.  4 . During the pinch sealing process, the metallic components may reach temperatures as high as 2000° C. or more when the quartz is softened. At such high temperatures, the metallic components are highly susceptible to corrosion if exposed to moisture in a reactive atmosphere such as air. To prevent such corrosion, an inert gas is introduced into the chamber  12  through the remaining open tubular end portion  16  and flows past the lead assembly  18  during the pinch sealing process. The gas may be introduced by any conventional means such as insertion of a probe  28  as shown in FIG. 3 a  or the connection of a hose (not shown) to the open end portion  16 . The gas may be any inert gas such as nitrogen or argon or mixtures thereof. 
     The next step is to dose the arc tube body with the desired fill material by introducing the material into the chamber  12  through the remaining open end portion  16 . The solid lamp fill material  30  may be introduced into the chamber  12  through the remaining open end portion  16  by any conventional means such as a pin type dispenser of lamp fill pellets manufactured by APL Engineered Materials, Inc. Mercury  31 , if desired, may also be introduced into the chamber  12  through the end portion  16  by any conventional means. FIG. 5 illustrates an arc tube body  10  having lamp fill pellets  30  and mercury  31  within the chamber  12 . 
     The remaining steps in the process include the flushing and filling of the chamber with the final fill gas, the positioning of the second electrode lead assembly in the remaining open end portion, and the sealing of the remaining open end portion. As discussed with respect to the pinch sealing of the first end portion, it is important to prevent the exposure of the metallic components of the electrode lead assembly to a corrosive atmosphere at high temperature. 
     The prior art methods teach the necessity to isolate the components from an uncontrolled atmosphere by either (i) placing the arc tube body in a glove box, or (ii) connecting the open end of the arc tube body to a vacuum system prior to filling the interior of the arc tube body with the final fill gas and positioning the second electrode lead assembly. As shown in FIG. 6, the open end portion  16  may be fused closed outside the lead assembly  32  once the final fill pressure is obtained to isolate the interior of the chamber  12  containing an inert atmosphere. Thus the prior art prevents corrosion of the metallic components of the lead assembly during the pinch sealing of the end portion  16  by isolating the components in an inert atmosphere within the interior of the arc tube body. 
     It has been discovered that the isolation of the interior of the arc tube from an uncontrolled atmosphere by use of a glove box or vacuum system may be obviated by orienting the arc tube body  10  so that the open end portion  16  extends upwardly as shown in FIGS. 5 and 7, and relying on the relative weight of the fill gas to air to maintain a fill of inert gas within the arc tube body. The final inert fill gas may be introduced into the interior of the chamber  12  by insertion of a suitable conventional probe  34 . The fill gas may be any inert gas such as argon, neon, xenon, krypton, or a combination thereof. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the fill gas comprises a mixture of argon and krypton. The mixture of argon and krypton is heavier than air and will tend to remain within the interior of the arc tube body  10  so long as the body remains in a substantially vertical orientation, thus retarding the influx of the lighter contaminated air of the uncontrolled atmosphere surrounding the arc tube. 
     The interior of the arc tube body  10  is flushed and filled with the fill gas to the tip  38  of the end portion  16  so that all other gases are displaced. Once the arc tube body is flushed and filled, the probe  34  may be removed and the second electrode lead assembly  32  is positioned within the end portion  16  as shown in FIG.  7 . The end portion  16  must extend sufficiently above the lead assembly  32  so that the lead assembly  32  will remain immersed in the column of fill gas within the end portion  16  despite some mixing of the fill gas with the uncontrolled atmosphere surrounding the arc tube body near the tip  38  of the end portion  16 . 
     As shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, the second end portion  16  may then be sealed by a conventional pinch sealing process. A portion of the end portion  16  is heated to soften the quartz, and then the softened portion is pressed together and around the portion of the electrode lead assembly  32  positioned therein using conventional pinch jaws (not shown) forming pinch seal  36 . The pinch seal  36  fixes the position of the assembly  32  relative to the arc tube body  10  and provides a hermetic seal between the interior of the chamber  12  and the exterior of the body  10  through the end portion  16 . In another embodiment, the end portion may be sealed by a shrink sealing process. 
     As further illustrated in FIG. 8, the chamber  12  is now hermetically sealed from the exterior of the arc tube body  10 . The excess portion of the end portion  16  may then be removed to expose the outer lead  42  of the electrode lead assembly  32 . 
     FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate another emdodiment of the present invention. The arc tube body  50  may be formed having a chamber  52  intermediate the open end portions  54 , 56 . The end portions  54 , 56  may have substantially the same length. In the preferred embodiment, the length of the end portions  54 , 56  of the arc tube body  50  may be substantially the length of the end portions of the finished arc tube so that the step of trimming the excess portion of the second end portion once the chamber is sealed may be eliminated. However, it remains necessary to provide a column of fill gas which is sufficiently long so that the second electrode lead assembly  58  positioned within the second end portion  56  is completely immersed in fill gas during the pinch sealing process of the second end portion. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the column of fill gas may be extended beyond the length of the end portion by communication of the open end portion with a mechanical means forming an elongated shaft having substantially the same diameter as the outside diameter of the end portion. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 11 a  and  11   b , a flush and fill block  60  forms a main shaft  62  which communicates with the open end portion  56  of the arc tube body  50  during the steps of positioning the electrode lead assembly  58 , flushing/filling the body  50  with the final fill gas, and pinch sealing the end portion  56 . 
     The block  60  forms the main shaft  62  and one or more auxiliary shafts  64  which provide communication between the main shaft  62  and the surrounding atmosphere. The open end of the end portion  56  may be positioned relative to the block  60  to effect communication of the main shaft  62  with the tubular opening formed by the end portion  56 . The interior of the arc tube chamber  52  and open end portion  56  may be flushed and filled with the final fill gas by insertion of a conventional probe  66  into the chamber  52  as shown in FIG. 11 a.    
     Once the arc tube body  50  is flushed and filled with the final fill gas, the probe  66  may be removed. The fill gas now fills the end portion  56  and the main shaft  62  and tends to remain within the shaft  62  as a result of the relative weight of the fill gas to the surrounding atmosphere. The electrode lead assembly  58  may then be positioned within the end portion  56  and main shaft  62  using a conventional assembly holder  68  as shown in FIG. 11 b . With the fill gas filling the shaft  62  to the top, the electrode lead assembly  58  may be completely immersed in the fill gas to prevent corrosion during the pinch sealing process. Once the electrode lead assembly  58  is positioned, the end portion  56  may be pinch sealed using a conventional pinch seal process. In another embodiment, the end portion  56  may be sealed by a shrink seal process. 
     In many applications, it is desirable to provide an arc tube having a fill gas pressure which is significantly below atmospheric pressure at substantially room temperature, e.g., pressures lower than 500 torr. Arc tubes having fill gas pressure below one-half atmosphere and even as low as 30 torr are common. In order to obtain such subatmospheric fill gas pressures, the prior art methods use mechanical systems such as vacuum pumps to control the fill gas pressure prior to fusing closed the end portion and then pinch or shrink sealing the end portion to finally seal the chamber. Such mechanical systems are expensive and the process steps using such systems are difficult to automate. 
     In one aspect of the present invention, the use of such mechanical systems is obviated in providing significantly subatmospheric fill gas pressures in arc tubes. During the final pinch sealing process to hermetically seal the upper end portion  16 , 56 , communication between the interior of the chamber  12 , 52  and the uncontrolled atmosphere surrounding the arc tube body  10 , 50  is maintained. Thus the pressures of the fill gas and surrounding atmosphere are the same and the fill gas may expand or contract responsive to the temperature of the fill gas relative to the temperature of the surrounding atmosphere. In order to obtain a significantly subatmospheric fill gas pressure at substantially room temperature, the arc chamber may be heated to thereby elevate the temperature of the fill gas during the pinch sealing process to thereby reduce the density of the fill gas within the chamber at the time the chamber is hermetically sealed. The pressure of the fill gas at the time the chamber is sealed will be equal to the pressure of the surrounding atmosphere because communication between the atmospheres is maintained during the sealing process. In the uncontrolled atmosphere of a factory production area, the pressure will be substantially atmospheric pressure and elevating the temperature of the fill gas will result in flow of fill gas from the arc tube through the open end portion to prevent contamination from the mixing of the gases at the end of the tube. When the arc tube and fill gas cools to room temperature, the pressure of the fill gas in the fixed volume of the chamber will be reduced and the final pressure of the fill gas at substantially room temperature may be controlled by controlling the temperature of the fill gas at the time the chamber is sealed. 
     In a preferred embodiment, a burner  70  applies direct heat to the bulbous chamber  52  of the arc tube body  50  during the pinch sealing process to control the temperature of the fill gas within the chamber  52 . The intensity of the burner  70 , and thus the amount of heat applied to the fill gas, may be controlled according to the desired fill gas pressure of the completed arc tube. 
     Alternatively, in another aspect of the invention, the fill gas may be cooled at the time the chamber is hermetically sealed to obtain a superatmospheric fill gas pressure at substantially room temperature. Care must be given to prevent contamination, e.g., by continuing to introduce fill gas into the arc tube during the cooling process. 
     While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described, it is to be understood that the embodiments described are illustrative only and the scope of the invention is to be defined solely by the appended claims when accorded a full range of equivalence, many variations and modifications naturally occurring to those of skill in the art from a perusal hereof.