Abstract:
A data structure includes means for representing a programming type and means for representing an attribute. The specified attribute indicates that an instance of the programming type is to be serialized with XML.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/894,829, filed Jun. 29, 2001, titled “XML SERIALIZATION AND DESERIALIZATION”, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND  
       [0002]     A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.  
         [0003]     Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) is conventionally used for a first program to communicate information to a second program that may be running simultaneously on the same computer as the first program or on two different computers that may or may not be running the same operating system. In that regard, SOAP is used for encoding, or serializing, defined data structures. For example, SOAP specifies exactly how an HTTP header and an XML file are serialized so that one program can send a request to another program, passing information in the request.  
         [0004]     Nevertheless, what is needed is a way to serialize an object having an arbitrary structure into an XML document so that the structure and the information contained in the object can be communicated between two programs that may be running simultaneously on the same computer or may be running on different computers that may or may not be running different operating systems.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0005]     The present invention provides a way to serialize an object having an arbitrary structure into an XML document so that the structure and the information contained in the object can be communicated between two programs that may be running simultaneously on the same computer, or that may be running on different computers that may or may not be running different operating systems. Additionally, the present invention can be used by a single program to save data for later use, such as after the computer on which the program is running has been turned off and then turned back on.  
         [0006]     The advantages of the present invention are provided by a method for serializing an object instance to a serial format in which a mapping is generated between an arbitrary annotated source code file and a schema. The mapping is an internal structure used by the present invention for defining a correspondence between the shape of an object instance and the format of the document having the serial format. The arbitrary annotated source code contains programming types that describe the shape of an object instance, and the schema describes the format of a document having a serial format, such as XML. The mapping can be generated based either on an arbitrary annotated source code file or the pattern of a defined schema. After the mapping has been generated, an object instance corresponding to the arbitrary annotated source code is converted to the serial format based on the mapping by converting public properties, public fields and method parameters of the object instance to a document having the serial format. The serial format contains a shape of each class of the object instance and contains data contained within the object instance. According to the invention, the object instance is preferably converted to an XML document, although the present invention could convert an object instance to a document having a serial format other than XML, such as a custom binary format. Moreover, once the mapping has been defined, an XML document can be converted to an object instance based on the mapping.  
         [0007]     XML schema documents and source code can also be generated from the mapping. The source code generated from the mapping describes only the data portions of programming types and does not include any logic or algorithmic statements. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0008]     The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the accompanying figures in which like reference numerals indicate similar elements and in which:  
         [0009]      FIG. 1  shows a schematic diagram of a conventional general-purpose digital computing environment that can be used for implementing various aspects of the present invention; and  
         [0010]      FIG. 2  shows a data flow diagram for serializing an object instance to a document having a serial format and for deserializing a document having a serial format to an object instance according to the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0011]     The present invention may be more readily described with reference to  FIGS. 1 and 2 .  FIG. 1  illustrates a schematic diagram of a conventional general-purpose digital computing environment that can be used to implement various aspects of the present invention. In  FIG. 1 , a computer  100  includes a processing unit  110 , a system memory  120 , and a system bus  130  that couples various system components including the system memory to processing unit  110 . System bus  130  may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. System memory  120  includes read only memory (ROM)  140  and random access memory (RAM)  150 .  
         [0012]     A basic input/output system  160  (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer  100 , such as during start-up, is stored in ROM  140 . The computer  100  also includes a hard disk drive  170  for reading from and writing to a hard disk (not shown), a magnetic disk drive  180  for reading from or writing to a removable magnetic disk  190 , and an optical disk drive  191  for reading from or writing to a removable optical disk  192  such as a CD ROM or other optical media. Hard disk drive  170 , magnetic disk drive  180 , and optical disk drive  191  are connected to the system bus  130  by a hard disk drive interface  192 , a magnetic disk drive interface  193 , and an optical disk drive interface  194 , respectively. The drives and their associated computer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for personal computer  100 . It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of computer readable media that can store data that is accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, digital video disks, Bernoulli cartridges, random access memories (RAMs), read only memories (ROMs), and the like, may also be used in the example operating environment.  
         [0013]     A number of program modules can be stored on hard disk drive  170 , magnetic disk  190 , optical disk  192 , ROM  140  or RAM  150 , including an operating system  195 , one or more application programs  196 , other program modules  197 , and program data  198 . A user can enter commands and information into computer  100  through input devices such as a keyboard  101  and pointing device  102 . Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to processing unit  110  through a serial port interface  106  that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, game port or a universal serial bus (USB). Further still, these devices may be coupled directly to system bus  130  via an appropriate interface (not shown). A monitor  107  or other type of display device is also connected to system bus  130  via an interface, such as a video adapter  108 . In addition to the monitor, personal computers typically include other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers and printers.  
         [0014]     Computer  100  can operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer  109 . Remote computer  109  can be a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to computer  100 , although only a memory storage device  111  has been illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The logical connections depicted in  FIG. 1  include a local area network (LAN)  112  and a wide area network (WAN)  113 . Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets and the Internet.  
         [0015]     When used in a LAN networking environment, computer  100  is connected to local area network  112  through a network interface or adapter  114 . When used in a WAN networking environment, personal computer  100  typically includes a modem  115  or other device for establishing a communications over wide area network  113 , such as the Internet. Modem  115 , which may be internal or external, is connected to system bus  130  via the serial port interface  106 . In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to personal computer  100 , or portions thereof, may be stored in a remote memory storage device.  
         [0016]     It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other techniques for establishing a communications link between the computers can be used. The existence of any of various well-known protocols such as TCP/IP, Ethernet, FTP, HTTP and the like is presumed, and the system can be operated in a client-server configuration to permit a user to retrieve web pages from a web-based server. Any of various conventional web browsers can be used to display and manipulate data on web pages.  
         [0017]     A primary aspect of the invention provides that when a schema for a document having a serial format is known, the public properties, public fields and method parameters of an object can be converted to a document having the serial format for storage or for transport. Accordingly, deserialization of a document having a serial format recreates an object-in its original state as long as the public properties and public fields of the object comprise the entire state of the object. Preferably, the present invention serializes an instance of an object to an XML document, and deserializes an XML document to an instance of an object.  
         [0018]      FIG. 2  shows a data flow diagram for serializing an object instance  201  to produce a document  202  having a serial format. According to the invention, a mapping  203  between programming language constructs contained in annotated source code  204  and an XML schema  205  (and vice-versa) is used for flowing data between an object instance  201  and an XML document  202 . Similarly, mapping  203  is used for flowing data between an XML document  202  and an object instance  201 . While the present invention will be described in the context of serializing an object instance to an XML document and deserializing an XML document to an object instance, the concepts of the present invention can be applied to serializing an object instance to a document having a serial format, such as a binary format, and deserializing a document having the serial format to an object instance.  
         [0019]     A schema contains information about how the XML should look, or be arranged, when data is serialized. A programming type (a class) contains information about how the object should look, or be arranged, when deserialized. Thus, a class annotated with attributes contains information about what the object instance will look like and about how the data should be serialized into XML. Through custom attributes, these two sets of information are merged into mapping  203 . It should be noted, though, that a complete mapping cannot be made solely by importing (i.e., analyzing) a schema because a schema does not contain complete information about what programming types should be created when serializing. Only the annotated source code has both sets of information. Nevertheless, it is possible to generate a mapping for the appropriate programming types using a set of predefined rules that primarily concern naming and that relate the schema to selected programming types when generating source code from a schema. Types generated from schema will have “default” names, that is, names that are usually the same names used in the schema. Another exemplary rule relates to how arrays are represented. For example, an array in code can be represented by using a conventional array or by using a collection. Each representation could be serialized in the same way in XML.  
         [0020]     An XmlSerializer  206  and related tools, such as an XML Schema Definition (xsd.exe) tool, provide a bridge between programming language constructs/XSD schema (i.e., annotated code  204 /XML schema  205 ) and an object instance/XML document (i.e., object instance  201 /XML document  202 ) at both design time and run time. The XmlSerializer  206  is generated on demand the first time it is necessary to serialize or deserialize an object instance of a given type.  
         [0021]     When the design starting point is a given schema  205  that follows the XML Schema Definition (XSD) language that is proposed by the W3C, the XML Schema Definition (xsd.exe) tool is used for importing schema  205  and for exporting source code  204  based on schema  205 . When the design starting point is annotated source code  204 , annotated source code  204  is compiled at  207  to produce compiled source code  208 . That is, the data in an object is described using programming language constructs such classes, fields, properties, primitive types, or arrays. Customized classes, annotated with attributes, can be also be created by the present invention. A mapping  203  is generated by reflection at  209  based on compiled annotated code  208 .  
         [0022]     Reflection is a facility provided by some programming systems, such as the Common Language Runtime (CLR) provided by Microsoft of Redmond, Wash. in the .NET Framework, for code to inspect the nature of types (classes) available on the system. For example, a programmer can write code that queries the system for a list of methods defined on a given type. The information returned would include the names of the methods, their return types, and the names and types of parameters to the methods. Reflection can also be used to determine what properties and fields exist on a type, or what types have been defined on a system.  
         [0023]     The Common Language Runtime provided by Microsoft for the NET environment allows code to be annotated with “custom attributes,” also called “metadata.” The annotations are expressed by a programmer in source code. When compiled, the annotations are stored as additional information about the classes, methods, fields, properties and parameters defined in the source code. The Runtime may then use the additional information natively, or programs can use reflection to obtain the information.  
         [0024]     Returning to  FIG. 2 , an XSD schema document (.xsd) is exported by xsd.exe from mapping  203  based on the custom classes of compiled annotated code  208 . Thus, an XSD schema is optional and is not needed at design time (or at run time) because the present invention can generate a suitable schema based on annotated source code.  
         [0025]     In either design situation, i.e., starting with a given schema or starting with annotated source code, the classes are annotated with custom attributes that are used by an XmlSerializer  206  for mapping between a XSD schema system to a Common Language Runtime (CLR) environment. The CLR environment is a runtime environment and is part of the NET framework provided by Microsoft of Redmond, Wash. The CLR provides such features as cross-language integration and cross-language exception handling among other features, for developing and executing NET applications.  
         [0026]     At run time, instances of classes contained within an object instance  201  are serialized by XmlSerializer  206  into an XML document  202  based on mapping  203 . Similarly, an XML document  202  is deserialized by XmlSerializer  206  into a run time object instance  201  based on mapping  203 . In this regard, XmlSerializer  206  provides complete and flexible control over how XML is encoded into classes. For example, a public field or public property can be encoded as an attribute or an element. An XML namespace can be specified, and an element name or attribute name can be specified when a field or property name is inappropriate. Only the shape of an object class and the data contained in the object is contained in the serialized data. The type identity and assembly information is not included in the serialized data because only public properties and public fields are serialized by XmlSerializer  206 . In situations when non-public, i.e., private, data is to be serialized, a conventional binary formatting method is preferred.  
         [0027]     The present invention provides the advantages of working with strongly-typed classes while still having the flexibility of XML. For example, by using fields or properties of type XmlElement, XmlAttribute or XmlNode in strongly typed classes, parts of the XML document instance can be read directly into XML objects. Attributes for the application programming interface (API) for XmlSerializer  206  for controlling XML output and XML input are set forth in the following table:  
                                   Attribute Name   Use                   SoapElementAttribute   Allows specification of a field or           property that should be serialized as an           element in the XML document. Allows           specification of the name and namespace           for that element. Applies to SOAP-           encoded XML.       SoapEnumAttribute   Specifies the name to be used in XML           Schema for the annotated enumeration.           Applies to SOAP-encoded XML.       SoapIgnoreAttribute   Specifies that the annotated public field,           property, or parameter should be ignored           by the serializer and should not be           represented in the schema or serial           document. Applies to SOAP-encoded           XML.       SoapIncludeAttribute   Specifies an additional type to be           included in the reflection process. All           types encountered when examining           fields, properties, and parameters are           included automatically.           SoapIncludeAttribute can be used when           subclasses not declared as property types           will be used. Applies to SOAP-encoded           XML.       SoapTypeAttribute   Allows the type definition emitted in the           schema document to be customized.           Applies to SOAP-encoded XML.       XmlAnyAttributeAttribute   When deserializing, the array will be           filled with XmlElement objects that           represent all XML elements unknown to           the schema. Applies to “literal” (XSD-           based) XML.       XmlAnyElementAttribute   When deserialzing, the array will be           filled with XmlAttribute objects that           represent all XML attributes unknown to           the schema. Applies to “literal” (XSD-           based) XML.       XmlArrayAttribute   The members of an array will be           generated as members of an XML array.           Applies to “literal” (XSD-based) XML.       XmlArrayItemAttribute   Derived types that can be inserted into an           array. Applies to “literal” (XSD-based)           XML.       XmlAttributeAttribute   The class will be serialized as an XML           attribute. Applies to “literal” (XSD-based)           XML.       XmlElementAttribute   The field or property will be serialized as           an XML element. Applies to “literal”           (XSD-based) XML.       XmlEnumAttribute   The element name of an enumeration           member. Applies to “literal” (XSD-           based) XML.       XmlIgnoreAttribute   The property or field should be ignored           when the containing class is serialized.           Applies to “literal” (XSD-based) XML.       XmlIncludeAttribute   The class should be included when           generating schemas (and will thus be           recognized when serialized). Applies to           “literal” (XSD-based) XML.       XmlRootAttribute   The class represents the root element of           the XML document. (Use the attribute to           further specify the namespace and           element name. Applies to “literal”           (XSD-based) XML.       XmlTextAttribute   That the property or field should be           serialized as XML. Applies to “literal”           (XSD-based) XML.       XmlTypeAttribute   That the class should be serialized as an           XML type. Applies to “literal” (XSD-           based) XML.                  
 
         [0028]     The XmlAnyElementAttribute or XmlAnyAttributeAttribute attributes can be applied to fields or properties that return arrays of XmlElement, XmlAttribute or XmlNode objects for reading unmapped elements and attributes into these fields or properties. Thus, documents can be processed that have additional elements and attributes that were added after design time and that were not known when the strongly-typed classes were designed.  
         [0029]     When a property or field returns a complex object (such as an array or a class instance), XmlSerializer  206  converts the complex object to an element nested within the main XML document. For example, the first class in the following exemplary C# code returns an instance of the second class:  
                                                                                           public Class MyContainer           {                public MyObject MyObjectProperty;                }           public class MyObject           {                public string ObjectName;                }                      
 
         [0030]     The serialized XML output provided by XmlSerializer  206 , given an instance of the classes MyContainer and MyObject, will be:  
                                                                                           &lt;MyContainer&gt;                &lt;MyObjectProperty&gt;                &lt;ObjectName&gt;My String&lt;/ObjectName&gt;                &lt;/MyObjectProperty&gt;                &lt;/MyContainer&gt;                      
 
         [0031]     For this example, “My String” is a particular value the class ObjectName in the given instance of the classes MyContainer and MyObject.  
         [0032]     When only the states of objects are saved, the class does not need to be modified. When, however, XML documents that conform to an exact XML schema are to be read or written, the XML output of XmlSerializer  206  can be controlled by setting selected attributes of the public properties and fields of the class. As shown in the following exemplary C# code, XmlAttributeAttribute is used for specifying that the Qty field should be encoded as an XML attribute having the name Quantity. Additionally, XmlElementAttribute is used for specifying that the Name field should be encoded as an XML element having the name ProductName.  
                                                                       public class Order           {                [XmlAttribute (AttributeName = “Quantity”)]           public int Qty;           [XmlElement (ElementName = “ProductName”)]           public string Name;                }                      
 
         [0033]     After serialization by XmlSerializer  206 , the XML code appears as:  
                                                                       &lt;Order Quantity = ‘15’&gt;                &lt;ProductName&gt;.NET&lt;/ProductName&gt;                &lt;/Order&gt;                      
 
         [0034]     When XmlSerializer  206  deserializes an instance of the class Order, the ElementName and AttributeName properties describe how to treat the properties named Qty and Name so that XmlSerializer  206  accurately reconstructs the object with the correct field and property values.  
         [0035]     The following exemplary code also illustrates that each public field or public property of an object can be controlled by attributes:  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         using System;       using System.Xml;       using System.Xml.Serialization;       using System.IO;       /* The XmlRootAttribute allows you to set an alternate name                (PurchaseOrder)of the XML element, the element namespace; by           default, the XmlSerializer uses the class name. The attribute           also allows you to set the XML namespace for the element.           Lastly,           the attribute sets the IsNullable property,           which species whether           the xsi:null attribute appears if the class instance is sset to           a null reference. */            [XmlRootAttribute(“PurchaseOrder”,       Namespace=“http://www.cpandl.com”,       IsNullable = false)]       public class PurchaseOrder       {                public Address ShipTo;           public string OrderDate;           /* The XmlArrayAttribute changes the XML element name           from the default of “OrderedItems” to “Items”. */           [XmlArrayAttribute(“Items”)]           public OrderedItem[] OrderedItems;           public decimal SubTotal;           public decimal ShipCost;           public decimal TotalCost;            }       public class Address       {                /* The XmlAttribute instructs the XmlSerializer to           serialize the Name                field as an XML attribute instead of an XML           element (the default           behavior). */                [XmlAttribute]           public string Name;           public string Line1;           /* Setting the IsNullable property to false instructs the                XmlSerializer that the XML element will not appear if           the City field is set to a null reference. */                [XmlElementAttribute(IsNullable = false)]           public string City;           public string State;           public string Zip;            }       public class OrderedItem       {                public string ItemName;           public string Description;           public decimal UnitPrice;           public int Quantity;           public decimal LineTotal;           /* Calculate is a custom method that calculates the           price per item,                and stores the value in a field. */                public void Calculate( )           {                LineTotal = UnitPrice * Quantity;                }            }       public class Test       {                public static void Main( )           {                string filename = “po.xml”;           // Create an instance of the XmlSerializer class;           // specify the type of object to serialize.           XmlSerializer serializer =           new XmlSerializer(typeof(PurchaseOrder));           TextWriter writer = new Stream Writer(filename);           PurchaseOrder po=new PurchaseOrder( );           // Create an address to ship and bill to.           Address billAddress = new Address( );           billAddress.Name = “Rita Hernandez”;           billAddress.Line1 = “1 Main St.”;           billAddress.City = “AnyTown”;           billAddress.State = “WA”;           billAddress.Zip = “00000”;           // Set ShipTo and BillTo to the same addressee.           po.ShipTo = billAddress;           po.OrderDate = System.DateTime.Now.ToLongDateString( );           // Create an OrderedItem object.           OrderedItem i1 = new OrderedItem( );           i1.ItemName = “Widget S”;           i1.Description = “Small widget”;           i1.UnitPrice = (decimal) 5.23;           i1.Quantity = 3;           i1.Calculate( );           // Insert the item into the array.           OrderedItem [ ] items = {i1};           po.OrderedItems = items;           // Calculate the total cost.           decimal subTotal = new decimal( );           foreach(OrderedItem oi in items)           {                subTotal += oi.LineTotal;                }           po.SubTotal = subTotal;           po.ShipCost = (decimal) 12.51;           po.TotalCost = po.SubTotal + po.ShipCost;           // Serialize the purchase order, and close the TextWriter.                serializer.Serialize(writer, po);           writer.Close( );                }                }                      
 
         [0036]     creates the following XML (in the file referred to as po.xml):  
                                                                                                                                   &lt;?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“utf-8”?&gt;           &lt;PurchaseOrder           xmlns:xsi=“http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance”           xmlns:xsd=“http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema”           xmlns=“http://www.cpandl.com”&gt;                &lt;ShipTo Name=“Rita Hernandez”&gt;                &lt;Line1&gt;1 Main St.&lt;/Line1&gt;           &lt;City&gt;AnyTown&lt;/City&gt;           &lt;State&gt;WA&lt;/State&gt;           &lt;Zip&gt;00000&lt;/Zip&gt;                &lt;/ShipTo&gt;           &lt;OrderDate&gt;Tuesday, June 26, 2001&lt;/OrderDate&gt;           &lt;Items&gt;                &lt;OrderedItem&gt;                &lt;ItemName&gt;Widget S&lt;/ItemName&gt;           &lt;Description&gt;Small widget&lt;/Description&gt;           &lt;UnitPrice&gt;5.23&lt;/UnitPrice&gt;           &lt;Quantity&gt;3&lt;/Quantity&gt;           &lt;LineTotal&gt;15.69&lt;/LineTotal&gt;                &lt;/OrderedItem&gt;                &lt;/Items&gt;           &lt;SubTotal&gt;15.69&lt;/SubTotal&gt;           &lt;ShipCost&gt;12.51&lt;/ShipCost&gt;           &lt;TotalCost&gt;28.2&lt;/TotalCost&gt;                &lt;/PurchaseOrder&gt;                      
 
         [0037]     Notice the following general features of source code annotation: 
        Classes, properties, fields, methods, parameters, and other language elements can be annotated with “custom attributes.”    In the C# language, the syntax for annotating these language elements is to place the name of a custom attribute inside square brackets just before the item being annotated. Additional data is provided to the custom attribute inside parentheses following the attribute name.        
 
         [0040]     System.XmlSerialization.XmlSerializer is the main class used for XML Serialization. The previous example illustrates how to use System.XmlSerialization.XmlSerializer for serializing an object instance to XML by calling the Serialize method. Similarly, an object can be deserialized using the Deserialize method, which takes a stream from which to read the XML document and returns the deserialized object.  
         [0041]     An exemplary use of the XML Definition Tool (Xsd.exe) could be that of a developer tasked with developing an application for processing XML documents that must conform to a specific XML schema (.xsd) document, such as a particular purchase order. Orders that conform to the XML schema are processed and a confirmation reply is sent to each customer. The specific XML schema is passed to the XML Schema Definition tool (Xsd.exe) as an argument, and the XML Schema Definition tool creates a set of classes that are precisely matched to the specified XML schema. According to the invention, the XML Schema Definition tool processes only schemas that conform to the www.w3.org Proposed Recommendation XMLSchema specification set forth at http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema. The classes having methods, properties, or fields are annotated, as required, by the reflection portion of the invention (i.e., reflection  209  in  FIG. 2 ) for the specific XML schema.  
         [0042]     Xsd.exe will produce the following schema for the classes used in the previous example:  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         &lt;?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“utf-8”?&gt;       &lt;xs:schema xmlns:tns=“http://www.cpandl.com”       attributeFormDefault=“qualified”       elementFormDefault=“qualified”       targetNamespace=“http://www.cpandl.com”       xmlns:xs=“http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema”&gt;                &lt;xs:element name=“PurchaseOrder” type=“tns:PurchaseOrder” /&gt;           &lt;xs:complexType name=“PurchaseOrder”&gt;                &lt;xs:sequence&gt;                &lt;xs:element minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs=“1”           name=“ShipTo” type=“tns:Address” /&gt;           &lt;xs:element minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs=“1”           name=“OrderDate” type=“xs:string” /&gt;           &lt;xs:element minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs=“1”           name=“Items”            type=“tns:ArrayOfOrderedItem” /&gt;                &lt;xs:element minOccurs=“1” maxOccurs=“1”           name=“SubTotal” type=“xs:decimal” /&gt;           &lt;xs:element minOccurs=“1” maxOccurs=“1”           name=“ShipCost” type=“xs:decimal” /&gt;           &lt;xs:element minOccurs=“1” maxOccurs=“1”           name=“TotalCost” type=“xs:decimal” /&gt;                &lt;/xs:sequence&gt;                &lt;/xs:complexType&gt;           &lt;xs:complexType name=“Address”&gt;                &lt;xs:sequence&gt;                &lt;xs:element minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs=“1”           name=“Line1” type=“xs:string” /&gt;           &lt;xs:element minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs=“1”           name=“City” type=“xs:string ”/&gt;           &lt;xs:element minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs=“1”           name=“State” type=“xs:string” /&gt;           &lt;xs:element minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs=“1”           name=“Zip” type=“xs:string” /&gt;                &lt;/xs:sequence&gt;           &lt;xs:attribute name=“Name” type=“xs:string” /&gt;                &lt;/xs:complexType&gt;           &lt;xs:complexType name=“ArrayOfOrderedItem”&gt;                &lt;xs:sequence&gt;                &lt;xs:element minOccurs=“0”           maxOccurs=“unbounded” name=“OrderedItem”            type=“tns:OrderedItem” /&gt;                &lt;/xs:sequence&gt;                &lt;/xs:complexType&gt;           &lt;xs:complexType name=“OrderedItem”&gt;                &lt;xs:sequence&gt;                &lt;xs:element minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs=“1”           name=“ItemName” type=“xs:string” /&gt;           &lt;xs:element minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs=“1”           name=“Description” type=“xs:string” /&gt;           &lt;xs:element minOccurs=“1” maxOccurs=“1”           name=“UnitPrice” type=“xs:decimal” /&gt;           &lt;xs:element minOccurs=“1” maxOccurs=“1”           name=“Quantity” type=“xs:int” /&gt;           &lt;xs:element minOccurs=“1” maxOccurs=“1”           name=“LineTotal” type=“xs:decimal” /&gt;                &lt;/xs:sequence&gt;                &lt;/xs:complexType&gt;            &lt;/xs:schema&gt;                  
 
         [0043]     Similarly, running xsd.exe on that schema would produce classes that look substantially like the classes originally written for the example.  
         [0044]     The application for processing the XML documents conforming to a specific XML purchase order schema is then created using XmlSerializer  206  for reading and processing XML documents, and for generating new XML documents confirming orders. To do this, XmlSerializer  206  serializes and deserializes the classes created by the XML Schema Definition tool.  
         [0045]     Xml Serialization can serialize the parameters of a method in much the same way that a class is serialized. For example, Xml Serialization of attributes for Web Services also allows flexible sets of Web Services to be created and easily shape the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) that a Web Service expects and responds with. There are two sets of Xml Serialization attributes for Web Services: one attribute set for services described literally by an XSD document, and another attribute set for services that use the SOAP encoding, as defined in Section 5 of the SOAP spec, http://www.w3.org/TR/SOAP/.  
         [0046]     For literal services, the attributes listed above can be used for controlling the shape, or arrangement, of the XML document that is being sent to a web service. For example, the following C# code:  
                                                                                       &lt;%@WebService language=“c#” class=“SimpleTest”%&gt;       using System;       using System.Xml;       using System.Xml.Serialization;       using System.Web.Services;       using System.Web.Services.Protocols;       public class SimpleTest {                [WebMethod]           [SoapDocumentMethod(ParameterStyle=SoapParameterStyle.Bare)]           public Data SendData(Data x) {                return x;                }            }       public class Data {                [XmlElement(“TheInt”)]           public int MyInt;           [XmlAttribute(“str”)]           public string MyString;            }                  
 
         [0047]     Creates the Following Xml for SOAP:  
                                                                                                                                                   Request:       POST /test.asmx HTTP/1.1       Host: localhost       Content-Type: text/xml; charset=utf-8       Content-Length: length       SOAPAction: “http://tempuri.org/SendData”       &lt;?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“utf-8”?&gt;       &lt;soap:Envelope       xmlns:xsi=“http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance”       xmlns:xsd=“http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema”       xmlns:soap=“http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/”&gt;                &lt;soap:Body&gt;                &lt;x str=“string” xmlns=“http://tempuri.org/”&gt;                &lt;TheInt&gt;int&lt;/TheInt&gt;                &lt;/x&gt;                &lt;/soap:Body&gt;            &lt;/soap:Envelope&gt;       Response:       HTTP/1.1 200 OK       Content-Type: text/xml; charset=utf-8       Content-Length: length       &lt;?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“utf-8”?&gt;       &lt;soap:Envelope       xmlns:xsi=“http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance”       xmlns:xsd=“http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema”       xmlns:soap=“http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/”&gt;                &lt;soap:Body&gt;                &lt;SendDataResult str=“string” xmlns=“http://tempuri.org/”&gt;                &lt;TheInt&gt;int&lt;/TheInt&gt;                &lt;/SendDataResult&gt;                &lt;/soap:Body&gt;            &lt;/soap:Envelope&gt;                  
 
         [0048]     For encoded SOAP, the Soap* Attributes found within System.Xml.Serialization can be used for controlling the shape of the XML. For instance, the following C# code:  
                                                                                                               &lt;%@WebService language=“c#” class=“SimpleTest”%&gt;           using System;           using System.Xml;           using System.Xml.Serialization;           using System.Web.Services;           using System.Web.Services.Protocols;           public class SimpleTest {                [WebMethod]           [SoapRpcMethod]           public Data SendData(Data x) {                return x;                }                }           public class Data {                [XmlElement(“TheInt”)]           public int MyInt;           [XmlAttribute(“str”)]           public string MyString;                }                      
 
         [0049]     Creates the Following SOAP:  
                                                                                                                                                                                           Request:       POST /test.asmx HTTP/1.1       Host: localhost       Content-Type: text/xml; charset=utf-8       Content-Length: length       SOAPAction: “http://tempuri.org/SendData”       &lt;?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“utf-8”?&gt;       &lt;soap:Envelope       xmlns:xsi=“http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance”       xmlns:xsd=“http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema”       xmlns:soapenc=“http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/”       xmlns:tns=“http://tempuri.org/”       xmlns:types=“http://tempuri.org/encodedTypes”       xmlns:soap=“http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/”&gt;                &lt;soap:Body           soap:encodingStyle=“http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/”&gt;                &lt;tns:SendData&gt;                &lt;x href=“#id1” /&gt;                &lt;/tns:SendData&gt;           &lt;types:Data id=“id1” xsi:type=“types:Data”&gt;                &lt;MyInt xsi:type=“xsd:int”&gt;int&lt;/MyInt&gt;           &lt;MyString xsi:type=“xsd:string”&gt;string&lt;/MyString&gt;                &lt;/types:Data&gt;                &lt;/soap:Body&gt;            &lt;/soap:Envelope&gt;       Response:       HTTP/1.1 200 OK       Content-Type: text/xml; charset=utf-8       Content-Length: length       &lt;?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“utf-8”?&gt;       &lt;soap:Envelope       xmlns:xsi=“http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance”       xmlns:xsd=“http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema”       xmlns:soapenc=“http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/”       xmlns:tns=“http://tempuri.org/”       xmlns:types=“http://tempuri.org/encodedTypes”       xmlns:soap=“http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/”&gt;                &lt;soap:Body           soap:encodingStyle=“http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/”&gt;                &lt;tns:SendDataResponse&gt;                &lt;SendDataResult href=“#id1” /&gt;                &lt;/tns:SendDataResponse&gt;           &lt;types:Data id=“id1” xsi:type=“types:Data”&gt;                &lt;MyInt xsi:type=“xsd:int”&gt;int&lt;/MyInt&gt;           &lt;MyString           xsi:type=“xsd:string”&gt;string&lt;/MyString&gt;                &lt;/types:Data&gt;                &lt;/soap:Body&gt;            &lt;/soap:Envelope&gt;                  
 
         [0050]     While the invention has been described with respect to specific examples including presently preferred modes of carrying out the invention, those skilled in the art will appreciate that there are numerous variations and permutations of the above described systems and techniques that fall within the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.