Abstract:
A transorally implanted intragastric balloon or treating obesity and for weight control including a variable size balloon with one or interconnected regions acting to exert a pressure on the stomach, to provide a stomach volume occupying effect, and/or to anchor the balloon within the stomach.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/276,182, filed Oct. 18, 2011, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/394,708, filed Oct. 19, 2010, to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/394,592, filed Oct. 19, 2010, and to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/394,145, filed Oct. 18, 2010, the entire contents of which four above cited patent applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The present invention is an intragastric device and uses thereof for treating obesity, weight loss and/or obesity-related diseases and, more specifically, to transorally (as by endoscopy) delivered intragastric devices designed to occupy space within a stomach and/or stimulate the stomach wall and react to changing conditions within the stomach. 
         [0003]    Over the last 50 years, obesity has been increasing at an alarming rate and is now recognized by leading government health authorities, such as the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and National Institutes of Health (NIH), as a disease. In the United States alone, obesity affects more than 60 million individuals and is considered the second leading cause of preventable death. Worldwide, approximately 1.6 billion adults are overweight, and it is estimated that obesity affects at least 400 million adults. 
         [0004]    Obesity is caused by a wide range of factors including genetics, metabolic disorders, physical and psychological issues, lifestyle, and poor nutrition. Millions of obese and overweight individuals first turn to diet, fitness and medication to lose weight; however, these efforts alone are often not enough to keep weight at a level that is optimal for good health. Surgery is another increasingly viable alternative for those with a Body Mass Index (BMI) of greater than 40. In fact, the number of bariatric surgeries in the United States was estimated to be about 400,000 in 2010. 
         [0005]    Examples of surgical methods and devices used to treat obesity include the LAP-BAND® (Allergan Medical of Irvine, Calif.) gastric band and the LAP-BAND AP® (Allergan). However, surgery might not be an option for every obese individual; for certain patients, non-surgical therapies or minimal-surgery options are more effective or appropriate. 
         [0006]    In the early 1980s, physicians began to experiment with the placement of intragastric balloons to reduce the size of the stomach reservoir, and consequently its capacity for food. Once deployed in the stomach, the balloon helps to trigger a sensation of fullness and a decreased feeling of hunger. These devices are designed to provide therapy for moderately obese individuals who need to shed pounds in preparation for surgery, or as part of a dietary or behavioral modification program. These balloons are typically cylindrical or pear-shaped, generally range in size from 200-500 ml or more, are made of an elastomer such as silicone, polyurethane, or latex, and are filled with air, an inert gas, water, or saline. 
         [0007]    One such inflatable intragastric balloon is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,084,061 and is commercially available as the BioEnterics Intragastric Balloon System (“BIB System,” sold under the trademark ORBERA). The BIB System comprises a silicone elastomer intragastric balloon that is inserted into the stomach and filled with fluid. Conventionally, the balloons are placed in the stomach in an empty or deflated state and thereafter filled (fully or partially) with a suitable fluid. The balloon occupies space in the stomach, thereby leaving less room available for food and creating a feeling of satiety for the patient. Placement of the intragastric balloon is non-surgical, trans-oral, usually requiring no more than 20-30 minutes. The procedure is performed gastroscopically in an outpatient setting, typically using local anesthesia and sedation. Placement of such balloons is temporary, and such balloons are typically removed after about six months. Removing the balloon requires deflation by puncturing with a gastroscopic instrument, and either aspirating the contents of the balloon and removing it, or allowing the fluid to pass into the patient&#39;s stomach. Clinical results with these devices show that for many obese patients, the intragastric balloons significantly help to control appetite and accomplish weight loss. 
         [0008]    Some attempted solutions for weight loss by placing devices in the stomach result in unintended consequences. For instance, some devices tend to cause food and liquid to back up in the stomach, leading to symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a condition in which the stomach contents (food or liquid) leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus. Also, the stomach acclimates to some gastric implant devices, leading to an expansion of stomach volume and consequent reduction in the efficacy of the device. 
         [0009]    Therefore, despite many advances in the design of intragastric obesity treatment implants, there remains a need for improved devices that can be implanted for longer periods than before or otherwise address certain drawbacks of intragastric balloons and other such implants. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0010]    A transorally inserted intragastric device of the present invention can be used to treat obesity and/or for weight control. The device can do this by causing a feeling or a sensation of satiety in the patient on several basis, for example by contacting the inside or a portion of the inside of the stomach wall of the patient. In addition, preferably the transoral intragastric device allows for easy and quick placement and removal. Surgery is usually not required or is very minimal. In one embodiment, the transoral intragastric device can be placed in the patient&#39;s stomach through the mouth and the esophagus and then being placed to reside in the stomach. The transoral intragastric device does not require suturing or stapling to the esophageal or stomach wall, and can remain inside the patient&#39;s body for a lengthy period of time (e.g., months or years) before removal. 
         [0011]    Each of the disclosed devices is formed of materials that will resist degradation over a period of at least six months within the stomach. The implantable devices are configured to be compressed into a substantially linear transoral delivery configuration and placed in a patient&#39;s stomach transorally without surgery to treat and prevent obesity by applying a pressure to the patient&#39;s stomach. 
         [0012]    In one embodiment, a transoral intragastric device can be used to treat obesity or to reduce weight by stimulating the stomach walls of the patient. The intragastric spring device can be a purely mechanical device comprising a flexible body which in response to an input force in one direction, may deform and cause a resultant displacement in an orthogonal direction, thereby exerting a pressure on the inner stomach walls of the patient. 
         [0013]    In another embodiment, a transoral orthogonal intragastric device can include a variable size balloon. The balloon may be configured to occupy volume in the patient&#39;s stomach, thereby reducing the amount of space in the patient&#39;s stomach. 
         [0014]    A still further reactive implantable device disclosed herein has an inflatable body with an internal volumetric capacity of between 400-700 ml and being made of a material that permits it to be compressed into a substantially linear transoral delivery configuration and that will resist degradation over a period of at least six months within the stomach. The body has a central inflatable member and at least two outer wings, and a single internal fluid chamber such that fluid may flow between the central inflatable member and the outer wings. The inflatable body is under filled with fluid such that the outer wings are floppy in the absence of compressive stress on the central inflatable member and stiff when compressive stress from the stomach acts on the central inflatable member. The central inflatable member may have a generally spherical shape along an axis. There are preferably two outer wings extending in opposite directions from the generally spherical inflatable member along the axis. In one form, each of the outer wings includes a narrow shaft portion connected to the central inflatable member terminating in bulbous heads. 
         [0015]    An embodiment of the present invention can be an intragastric balloon configured to be implanted transorally into a patient&#39;s stomach to treat obesity. Such an intragastric balloon can comprise an inflatable hollow body, the body having a volume which is substantially the same both before and after inflation of the body with a fluid. The body can be made of a material that permits the body to be compressed into a substantially linear transoral delivery configuration, and that will resist degradation over a period of at least six months within the stomach. Additionally, the body can have a single internal chamber with one or more interconnected regions, such that the fluid can flow between each region, the inflatable body being under filled with the fluid such that the once inflated the body is not rigid, thereby having the capability to confirm to the shape of a the stomach. For this intragastric balloon the volume can be between about 300 ml and about 700 ml. 
         [0016]    An embodiment of the intragastric balloon disclosed in the paragraph can have three regions, a proximal region for inducing satiety by exerting a pressure on the stomach, a larger central region for inducing satiety by providing a stomach volume occupying effect, and a smaller distal region for anchoring the balloon within the stomach. The intragastric balloon can also have an increased thickness of the distal region shapes for preventing migration of the balloon out of the distal stomach. Additionally, the intragastric can also have in the central region a circumferential ring to for help prevent collapse of the balloon. Furthermore, in the proximal region of the balloon there can be a spine for maintaining the shape of the balloon. 
         [0017]    An detailed embodiment of the present invention can be an intragastric balloon configured to be implanted transorally into a patient&#39;s stomach to treat obesity, the intragastric balloon comprising: an inflatable hollow body, the body having a volume between about 300 ml and about 700 mls, which volume is substantially the same both before and after inflation of the body with a fluid, wherein the body is made of a material that permits the body to be compressed into a substantially linear transoral delivery configuration, and that will resist degradation over a period of at least six months within the stomach, wherein the body has a single internal chamber with one or more interconnected regions, such that the fluid can flow between each region, the inflatable body being under filled with the fluid such that the once inflated the body is not rigid, thereby having the capability to confirm to the shape of a the stomach, wherein the body has three regions, a proximal region for inducing satiety by exerting a pressure on the stomach, a larger central region for inducing satiety by providing a stomach volume occupying effect, and a smaller distal region for anchoring the balloon within the stomach, wherein the distal region further comprises an increased thickness for preventing migration of the balloon out of the distal stomach, the central region further comprises a circumferential ring for helping preventing collapse of the inflated or deflated balloon, and the proximal region further comprises a spine for helping to maintain the shape of the balloon. 
     
    
     
       DRAWINGS 
         [0018]    The following detailed descriptions are given by way of example, but not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure solely to the specific embodiments described herein, may best be understood in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
           [0019]      FIG. 1  illustrates a reactive intragastric implant comprising an under filled inflatable member having outer wings that transition between floppy to stiff configurations. 
           [0020]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  show the intragastric implant of  FIG. 1  implanted in the stomach in both relaxed and squeezed states, showing the transition of the outer wings between floppy and stiff configurations. 
           [0021]      FIG. 3A  is diagram illustrating on the left hand side of  FIG. 3A  an unfilled known intragastric balloon. The right pointing arrow in  FIG. 3A  represents filling 700 ml of saline into the unfilled intragastric balloon, resulting as shown on the right hand side of  FIG. 3A  in a balloon shell that is stretched and a balloon that is rigid. The upwards pointing arrow in  FIG. 3A  represents the high pressure that is exerted by the 700 ml filled balloon onto the inside wall of a patient&#39;s stomach by the so filled intragastric balloon. Thus there is a positive differential pressure in the balloon relative to outside of the balloon (i.e. differential pressure&gt;0) 
           [0022]      FIG. 3B  is a corresponding diagram illustrating on the left hand side of  FIG. 3B  an unfilled compliant intragastric balloon. The right pointing arrow in  FIG. 3B  represents filling 700 ml of saline into the unfilled intragastric balloon, resulting as shown on the right hand side of  FIG. 3BA  in a balloon shell that is under minimal strain and a balloon that is compliant. The downwards pointing arrow in  FIG. 3B  represents the lower pressure that is exerted by the 700 ml filled compliant balloon, by a differing or amorphous balloon shell shape, onto the inside wall of a patient&#39;s stomach by the so filled compliant intragastric balloon. Thus, there exists a zero or negligible differential pressure in the balloon relative to the outside of the balloon (i.e. differential pressure is zero or almost zero) 
           [0023]      FIG. 4  is an illustrative, perspective view of a saline containing compliant balloon implanted within a patient&#39;s stomach, with the proximal (near) stomach wall removed to show the balloon therein. 
           [0024]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view of the mandrel (the work piece or mold) over which a liquid polymer (i.e. silicone) dispersion is placed (as by a serial dipping procedure) and then heat cured so as to create the compliant balloon of  FIG. 4 . 
           [0025]      FIGS. 6A to 6G  are diagramatic illustrations of compliant balloon geometries, alternative to those of  FIGS. 4 and 5 , within the scope of the present invention. 
           [0026]      FIG. 7  is an illustrative, perspective view of a further embodiment (kidney shaped), saline containing compliant balloon implanted within a patient&#39;s stomach, with the proximal (near) stomach wall removed to show the balloon therein. 
           [0027]      FIG. 8A to 8C  are diagramatic illustrations of three further embodiments of compliant balloons within the scope of the present invention. 
           [0028]      FIG. 9A  is a diagram of a mandrel useful for making a further embodiment of the present intragastric balloon. 
           [0029]      FIG. 9B  is a diagram of another mandrel useful for making a further embodiment of the present intragastric balloon. 
           [0030]      FIG. 9C  is a diagram of another mandrel useful for making a further embodiment of the present intragastric balloon. 
           [0031]      FIG. 9D  is a diagram of another mandrel useful for making a further embodiment of the present intragastric balloon. 
           [0032]      FIG. 10  is a diagram of an inflated intragastric balloon made using the  FIG. 9A  mandrel. 
           [0033]      FIG. 11  is a perspective photograph of an intragastric balloon of the present invention enclosed by a novel delivery sheath. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION 
       [0034]    The present invention is based on the discovery that an under filled intragastric balloon can be made to have, once so under filed (“inflated”), a geometry (shape upon inflation) which is flexible or “amorphous”, as opposed to having a rigid shape. Unlike the present invention, a rigid upon inflation intragastric balloon does not conform to the shape of the lumen of the stomach into which the balloon is implanted. In one embodiment, an intragastric device described herein can be placed inside the patient, transorally and without invasive surgery, without associated patient risks of invasive surgery and without substantial patient discomfort. Patient recovery time can be minimal as no extensive tissue healing is required. The life span of the intragastric devices can be material dependent and is intended for long term survivability within an acidic stomach environment for a least about six months, although it can be one year or longer. 
         [0035]      FIG. 1  illustrates a reactive intragastric implant  100  comprising an under filled central inflatable member  102  having outer wings  104  that transition between floppy to stiff configurations. The entire implant  100  defines a single fluid chamber therein. In the illustrated embodiment, the inflatable member  102  is substantially spherical, while the outer wings  104  resemble stems with a narrow proximal shaft  106  terminating in a bulbous head  108 . Also, a pair of the outer wings  104  extend from opposite poles of the spherical inflatable member  102 , which is believed to facilitate alignment of the implant  100  within the stomach, though more than two such wings distributed more evenly around the inflatable member could be provided. 
         [0036]      FIG. 2A  shows the intragastric implant  100  implanted in the stomach in a relaxed state, while  FIG. 2B  shows the implant  100  in a squeezed state, illustrating the transition of the outer wings  104  between floppy ( FIG. 2A ) and stiff ( FIG. 2B ) configurations. The shape of the central inflatable member  102  in  FIG. 2B  is a representation of the shape as if squeezed by the surrounding stomach walls, however the illustrated stomach is shown in its relaxed configuration. Transition between the relaxed and squeezed state of the implant  100  occurs when the stomach walls squeeze the central inflatable member  102 , thus pressurizing the outer wings  104 . In other words, fluid is driven from the central member  102  and into the outer wings  104 . 
         [0037]    Initially, the entire implant  100  is under filled with a fluid such as saline or air to a degree that the wings  104  are floppy, and a predetermined compressive force causes them to become stiff. For example, the fully filled volume of the intragastric implant  100  may be between 400-700 ml, though the implant is filled with less than that, thus providing slack for flow into the wings  104 . Additionally, it should be noted that under filling the implant  100  results in lower stresses within the shell wall, which may improve the degradation properties of the material within the stomach&#39;s harsh environment. 
         [0038]    It should also be stated that any of the embodiments described herein may utilize materials that improve the efficacy of the implant. For example, a number of elastomeric materials may be used including, but not limited to, rubbers, fluorosilicones, fluoroelastomers, thermoplastic elastomers, or any combinations thereof. The materials are desirably selected so as to increase the durability of the implant and facilitate implantation of at least six months, and preferably more than 1 year. 
         [0039]    Material selection may also improve the safety of the implant. Some of the materials suggested herein, for example, may allow for a thinner wall thickness and have a lower coefficient of friction than the implant. 
         [0040]    The implantable devices described herein will be subjected to clinical testing in humans. The devices are intended to treat obesity, which is variously defined by different medical authorities. In general, the terms “overweight” and “obese” are labels for ranges of weight that are greater than what is generally considered healthy for a given height. The terms also identify ranges of weight that have been shown to increase the likelihood of certain diseases and other health problems. 
         [0041]    An embodiment of the present invention is an intragastric balloon with a tolerance greater than that of the intragastric balloon shown in  FIGS. 1, 2 and 3A . Greater tolerance can be achieved by having a larger allowable amount of variation of a specified quantity, such as in the volume and/or in the shape, of the intragastric balloon of the present invention. Such a greater tolerance intragastric balloon can also be referred to as a more compliant intragastric balloon. A more compliant intragastric balloon can provide many advantages for the treatment of obesity. Thus, known intragastric balloons require the device be filled with from 400 ml to 900 ml of a fluid (typically saline or air) resulting once so filled in an intragastric balloon with a rigid, spherical implant geometry (as in  FIG. 3A ). Such a geometry can be responsible for one or more of the known post-op (that is after transoral placement [implantation] of the intragastric device into the lumen of the stomach of a patient) adverse effects which can include nausea, intolerance (demanded removal of the device), abdominal pain, vomiting, reflux, and gastric perforation. Thus, when fluid filled, known intragastric devices undergo significant strain, and provide a relatively rigid fluid filled (inflated) balloon. 
         [0042]    An intragastric balloon with increased tolerance (compliance) according to the present invention can provide superior gastric volume occupying benefits as compared to a known intragastric balloon, such as the ORBERA™ bariatric intragastric balloon, (available from Allergan UK, Marlow, England), as well as reduced adverse events in the period following device implantation. ORBERA™ is a saline filled silicone balloon that is placed in the stomach of a patient, filled with 400-700 ml of saline, and then left in the stomach for up to six months to provide a feeling of fullness, reduced appetite and weight loss. 
         [0043]    An embodiment of the present invention is an intragastric balloon with increased tolerance (a “compliant balloon” therefore) with a shell (a volume holding reservoir), and a valve for inflation. Both parts can be made of silicone or other suitable material and can be implanted and explanted transorally, through the esophagus, and into/out of the stomach during a minimally invasive gastroendoscopic procedure. 
         [0044]    Importantly, the compliant balloon of the present invention upon inflation has an amorphous or variable (non-rigid) geometry due to the relationship between the volume of the shell and volume of fluid that is placed into (used to fill) the shell. Additionally, the compliant balloon has a relatively larger and more relaxed silicone shell (as compared to a device such as ORBERA™) thereby making the shell strain and rigidity comparably less than known intragastric balloons (as compared to ORBERA™) which contain the same or a similar fill volume. The increased compliance, with the same volume occupation, provides an improved balloon shape, and the ability of a balloon within the scope of the present invention to readily conform to and/or to contour to individual patient stomach anatomy (that is to the patient&#39;s particular internal stomach lumen volume and/or configuration) thereby reducing adverse events upon implantation, while still providing a treatment of obesity.  FIG. 3  illustrates a principle or feature of an embodiment of the present invention to show an important difference between a known or standard intragastric balloon  200  ( FIG. 3A ) and an embodiment of the present compliant intragastric balloon  300  ( FIG. 3B ). In a standard balloon configuration  200 , a smaller initial shell (the left hand side of  FIG. 3A ) is inflated (eg with a fluid such as saline) which stretches the balloon shell, thereby increasing internal pressure, and creates a rigid sphere, as shown by the right hand side of  FIG. 3A . Contrarily, a compliant balloon  300  has a larger initial shell volume (the left hand side of  FIG. 3B ) and can be inflated to a similar volume, but does not place the shell under major stretch which decreases internal pressure (as compared to the inflated  FIG. 3A  balloon) and produces an inflated intragastric balloon with an amorphous or irregular shape, as shown by the right hand side of  FIG. 3B . 
         [0045]    Another embodiment  400  of the present invention compliant balloon (roughly kidney shaped) is shown by  FIG. 4 , inflated within a stomach. This design  400  incorporates three balloon regions: a proximal medium sized portion  410 , a large central portion  420 , and a smaller distal portion  430 . The medium proximal portion  410  provides a balloon shell surface area which contacts and exerts a pressure on the proximal stomach to thereby induce satiety. The larger central portion  420  functions as a stomach space filling region which sterically reduces appetite by preventing ingested food from occupying the same stomach volume. Smallest of the three compliant balloon regions, portion  430  conforms to the more muscular, narrow antrum region of the stomach helping to maintain (“anchor”) the balloon within the stoma . 
         [0046]    Thus, the embodiment  400  shown in  FIG. 4  that has a larger central sphere  420 , and is overall kidney shaped. The volume compliance aspect of embodiment  400 , as well as it&#39;s anatomically more natural geometry provides a device that better conforms to stomach anatomy which providing maximum stomach volume occupation. 
         [0047]      FIG. 5  shows a dipping mandrel  500  that can used as a mold to create the balloon  400 , using known silicone shell production methods. As shown by  FIG. 5 , the mandrel  500  has radii (shown by the arrows in  FIG. 5 ) connecting the spheres. The radii can be reduced in size (shorter) to thereby making the portions  410 ,  420  and  430  more defined (more spherical). Alternately, the radii can be increased (longer) in size to thereby making the portions  410 ,  420  and  430  less defined (less spherical). Potential benefits of better defined (reduced radii) balloon portions of the implant can include ease of implantation and the filling procedure, or compacting for delivery through the esophagus. Additionally, benefits for less defined (longer radii) balloon portions could include more stomach surface area contact, and fewer stress concentrations on the shell. 
         [0048]    An embodiment of the compliant balloon can be modified in any number of ways, while maintaining the core benefits of a compliant balloon, for example for increased conformance of anatomy, reduced shell stresses, reduced patient adverse events, and equivalent gastric volume occupation and  FIG. 6  illustrates some, but not all, potential alternatives. Thus  FIG. 6  shows seven (A to G) alternative compliant balloon geometries with one or more radii altered. Note the dotted transitions between the individual sections of each design, which represents the variable connecting taper/curve that could be applied between each balloon portion. “Proximal” and “Distal” in  FIG. 6  represent how the device would be placed in a patient&#39;s anatomy (proximal is closer to head). 
         [0049]      FIG. 7  illustrates a kidney shaped embodiment  600  shown within a human stomach. Embodiment  600  has a single balloon shape (only one unity shaped balloon region). Thereby as shown in  FIG. 7  permitting embodiment  600  to have close conformance to internal stomach anatomy, without requiring the stomach to reshape (as would be required with a large spherical geometry intragastric balloon). Embodiment  600  is also graphically illustrated in  FIG. 6D and 6F  with a tangential shell taper. 
         [0050]    Due to the increased compliance of the device  600 , additional features can be applied to the design to prevent, or induce certain physiological and device related occurrences, for example because of the conformity and amorphous shell of device  600 , features may be added to prevent premature passing of the device through the pylorus, as shown by  FIG. 8 . Thus,  FIG. 8  shows features that can be added to a compliant balloon within the scope of the present invention to help maintain certain shapes, or prevent unintentional migration into the pylorus: A in  FIG. 8  shows increased thickness on the distal balloon segment, which would increase rigidity along the section of device that is most likely to enter the pylorus; B in  FIG. 8  shows a circumferential, or series, of rings which would prevent collapse and eventual migration of the device into the duodenum, and; C in  FIG. 8  is one of several spines which can help maintain desired balloon shape. 
       Removal Features 
       [0051]    It is known to use for the manufacture of an intragastric balloon a spherically shaped mandrel that is simply a to scale (i.e. scaled) version of the desired final intragastric balloon spherical shape, once inflated. Thus, a spherical intragastric balloon such as Orbera can be made using a similarly spherical mandrel. It has been thought that anatomical (i.e. the shape of the stomach lumen) and endoscopic insertion (i.e. the physical parameters of the esophagus, and ability to insert with patient safety and comfort maintained) requirements dictate use of a spherical intragastric balloon and hence use of a spherical mandrel mandrel. Significantly, we have invented mandrels with non-spherical shapes so that the resulting inflated intragastric balloons have concomitant non-spherical shapes. One benefit of using a non-spherical mandrel is that the resulting intragastric balloon made thereon can retain the shape of the non-spherical mandrel once the intragastric balloon has been deflated, unlike the situation with an intragastric balloon made on a spherical mandrel . An additional benefit of using a non-spherical mandrel is that the resulting non-spherical intragastric balloon can facilitate easy grasping for improved removal of the non-spherical intragastric balloon from the stomach of the patient. Furthermore, use of a non-spherical mandrel also can facilitate easy grasping and improved removal of completed non-spherical intragastric balloon from the mandrel because a spherical mandrel can be difficult to grasp due to the lack of grasping features on the manufactured shell of the spherical intragastric balloon. An embodiment of our non-spherical intragastric balloon shell is much easier to grasp for removal from the mandrel because the shell has folds or other features in the shell that assist grasping. 
         [0052]      FIG. 9A to 9D  show several non-spherical mandrel embodiments that incorporate features which aid removal of the shell from the mandrel. The geometry of the  FIG. 9A to 9D  mandrels is such that there exist one or more features of the resulting shell formed on the mandrel which make manipulation or grasping of the balloon much easier, as compared to a spherical intragastric balloon shell made on a spherical mandrel . Thus  FIGS. 9A to 9D  illustrate mandrel features that create a shell with a fold or fold-like geometry which result in the shell being more readily grasped and removed from the mandrel. Specifically,  FIG. 9A  is a diagram of a mandrel  700  with a cavity  710  useful for making an embodiment of the present intragastric balloon.  FIG. 9B  is a diagram of another mandrel  800  useful for making another embodiment of the present intragastric balloon. Mandrel  800  has one or more circular or semi-circular latitudinal ridges  810  to assist grasping and removal of the intragastric balloon formed thereon.  FIG. 9C  is a diagram of another mandrel  900  useful for making another further embodiment of the present intragastric balloon. Mandrel  900  has one or more circular or semi-circular longitudinal ridges  910  to assist grasping and removal of the intragastric balloon formed thereon.  FIG. 9D  is a diagram of another mandrel  1000  useful for making another embodiment of the present intragastric balloon. Mandrel  1000  has one or spaced pits  1010  to assist grasping and removal of the intragastric balloon formed thereon. 
         [0053]      FIG. 10  is a diagram showing an embodiment  1100  of an inflated intragastric balloon made using mandrel  700 . 
       Barium Integration: 
       [0054]    Visualization of intragastric balloons in a patient is often done endoscopically. While this offers the greatest visibility, it is also fairly invasive. On the other hand, fluoroscopy or radiographs are far less invasive, but typically provide poor visualization of the lumen of the stomach making eg the intra-stomach lumen location and amount of inflation of the intragastric balloon difficult or impossible to determine. For example using x rays many intragastric balloons being made of thermoplastics and thermoset plastic are difficult to differentiate from surrounding tissue. 
         [0055]    To address and resolve these deficiencies of existing visualization methods of an inserted (in the stomach) intragastric balloon visualization we developed intragastric balloons in which a radiopaque substance is incorporated into the shell of the intragastric balloon thereby dramatically improving intra-luminal visualization. Thus, by optimizing the radiopacity of the entire intragastric balloon visualization with minimally invasive x-ray technologies is greatly improved. A suitable radiopaque substance (such as barium sulfate) can be incorporated into the intragastric balloon homogeneously, or it may be incorporated in different amounts in various layers of the shell of the intragastric device. In a particular embodiment because addition of barium sulfate can reduce the GI/stomach acid resistance of the intragastric device shell material, the barium sulfate is incorporated into the inner layer(s) of the intragastric device shell, while leaving the outer layers of the intragastric device shell as more resistant. 
       Methods of Delivery 
       [0056]    The Orbera intragastric device has a silicone sheath. As the Orbera balloon is inflated, the sheath stretches and tears in areas that are pre-cut. Full inflation of the balloon ensures complete deployment of the Orbera balloon and valve from its sheath. With the present compliant intragastric balloon, this same sheath is unsuitable, because the present intragastric balloon is underinflated (relative to mandrel size) so that present intragastric balloon never exerts enough force on the sheath to allow for full deployment. Therefore an alternative intragastric device delivery (insertion) method was developed as set forth below 
         [0057]    As shown by  FIG. 11  one such method developed involves wrapping the intragastric balloon in a sheath  1200  with a suture that is tied in a series of slip knots  1210 . A slip string  1220  runs along the length of the fill tube and is long enough to pull from outside the body (after the intragastric balloon is placed in the stomach). Pulling on the string  1220  unties all of the knots  1210  and frees the (uninflated) intragastric balloon in the stomach. The string  1220  is then retrieved from the stomach and the intragastric balloon is filled as usual. 
         [0058]    In an alternative embodiment, one can use vision a piece of sheeting that wraps the intragastric balloon. This sheeting can be held closed with a string or some other component that can be activated upon command. Activation of this component (string for example) would loosen the wrap and free the device. The string and wrap could then be retrieved from the stomach. 
         [0059]    To summarize, the compliant balloon provides: a soft, compliant implant that is capable of conforming to patient&#39;s anatomy while providing gastric volume occupation (i.e. resulting in the patient experience a feeling of fullness); greater patient tolerance of the implant, resulting in reduced recorded post-operative adverse events; low level of strain on the compliant balloons thereby increasing device longevity in the stomach and increased implant durability and resistance to degradation in the gastric environment; reduced patient ulcers and lesions that can be associated with known rigid volume occupying intragastric balloon implants; a low pressure device, as opposed to known intragastric balloons that have increased internal pressure proportional to their fill volume. 
       EXAMPLE 
     Example 1 
     Implantation of a Compliant Balloon 
       [0060]    The compliant balloon can be made of a silicone material such as 3206 silicone. Any fill valve can be made from 4850 silicone with 6% BaSo 4 . Tubular structures or other flexible conduits can be made from silicone rubber as defined by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 21 Section 177.2600. The compliant balloon is intended to occupy a gastric space while also applying intermittent pressure to various and changing areas of the stomach; the device can stimulate feelings of satiety, thereby functioning as a treatment for obesity. The device is implanted transorally via endoscope into the corpus of the stomach using endoscopy. Nasal/Respiratory administration of oxygen and isoflurane is used to maintain anesthesia as necessary. 
         [0061]    The compliant balloon within the scope of the present invention can be used for the treatment of obesity as follows. A 45 male patient with a body mass index of 42 who has failed a regime of dieting and exercise, is recalcitrant to oral medication, declines sleeve gastrectomy, or other restrictive GI surgery, has comorbidies including diabetes, high blood pressure and reduced life expectancy sign an informed consent for implantation of the compliant balloon. After an overnight fast, under midazolam conscious sedation (max, 5 mg), endoscopy is performed to rule out any GI abnormalities that would preclude the procedure on the patient. A balloon 400 or 600 is then inserted into the gastric fundus, and 300 ml saline solution is used for balloon inflation, under direct endoscopic vision. The patient remains for 2 hours in the recovery room, to verify full recovery from sedation, before discharge. Weight loss commence almost immediately and the patient reports no nausea, intolerance, abdominal pain, vomiting, or reflux, and no gastric perforation occurs. 
         [0062]    An alternate more detailed implant procedure is as follows:
       a) Perform preliminary endoscopy on the patient to examine the GI tract and determine if there are any anatomical anomalies which may affect the procedure and/or outcome of the study.   b) Insert and introducer into the over-tube.   c) Insert a gastroscope through the introducer inlet until the flexible portion of the gastroscope is fully exited the distal end of the introducer.   d) Leading under endoscopic vision, gently navigate the gastroscope, followed by the introducer/over-tube, into the stomach.   e) Remove gastroscope and introducer while keeping the over-tube in place. Optionally place the insufflation cap on the over-tubes inlet, insert the gastroscope, and navigate back to the stomach cavity. Optionally, insufflate the stomach with air/inert gas to provide greater endoscopic visual working volume.   f) Collapse the gastric implant and insert the lubricated implant into the over-tube, with inflation catheter following if required.   g) Under endoscopic vision, push the gastric implant down the over-tube with gastroscope until visual confirmation of deployment of the device into the stomach can be determined.   h) Remove the guide-wire from the inflation catheter is used.   i) To inflate using 50-60 cc increments of sterile saline, up to about 300 ml fill volume.   j) Remove the inflation catheter via over-tube.   k) Inspect the gastric implant under endoscopic vision for valve leakage, and any other potential anomalies.   l) Remove the gastroscope from over-tube.   m) Remove the over-tube from the patient.       
 
         [0076]    Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. 
         [0077]    All publications cited herein are incorporated herein by reference. Embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are illustrative of the present invention. Other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the invention. Thus, by way of example, but not of limitation, alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described.