Abstract:
A polyolefin resin composition comprising a polyolefin modified with an unsaturated carboxylic acid, at least one member selected from the group consisting of polyepoxides, polyisocyanates, and polyamines, and a reinforcement.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a composite material with improved properties which can provide a molded product having excellent various properties. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Thermoplastic composite materials have excellent mechanical and electrical properties, and investigations for use as industrial materials have recently been developed rapidly. Of polymers constituting the composite materials, polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and so forth have characteristics such as small specific gravity, good moldability and processability, excellent chemical resistance, and so forth, and applications of the thermoplastic composite materials comprising polyolefins as a matrix will now increase. 
     However, since polyolefins constituting the thermoplastic composite materials are nonpolar polymers, they do not have a satisfactory affinity for glass fibers, carbon fibers, carbon black, mica, talc, alumina fibers, silicon carbide fibers, aromatic polyamide fibers, and so forth which are used as a reinforcement. Therefore, a thermoplastic composite material having a further improved reinforcing effect has been demanded. 
     Many investigations have been made to develop a thermoplastic composite material satisfying the above requirement. 
     For example, Japanese patent application (OPI) No. 74649/1977 (the term &#34;OPI&#34; as used herein refers to a &#34;published unexamined Japanese patent application&#34;) describes a material prepared by adding 0.2 to 2 wt% of polyacrylic acid to a composite material composed of 50 to 95 parts by weight of a polyolefin and 5 to 50 parts by weight of an inorganic filler. However, this composite material cannot be said to possess sufficiently improved properties because the affinity of the matrix polymer for the filler has not yet been improved. Japanese patent application (OPI) No. 50041/1980 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,862,265 describe a composite material composed of a graft polyolefin and an inorganic filler which is obtained by blending an unsaturated carboxylic acid, a polyolefin, and an inorganic filler, followed by subjecting the blend to a reaction under heating and mixing in an extruder. This composite material has good affinity of the graft polyolefin for the inorganic filler but has not a sufficient flowability since it contains inorganic fibers. Therefore, a molded product prepared from this composite material has not a sufficient impact strength. Thus, composite materials having improved properties are strongly desired. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a thermoplastic composite material which can provide a molded product having excellent mechanical properties (particularly, impact strength), a small specific gravity and a good water repellency. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a composite material having a good moldability due to its excellent flowability. 
     The composite material of the present invention comprises a modified polyolefin (i.e., a polyolefin modified with an unsaturated carboxylic acid), a reinforcement, and at least one polyfunctional compound selected from the group consisting of a polyfunctional epoxide, a polyfunctional amino compound, and a polyfunctional polyisocyanate compound. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The modified polyolefin used in the present invention can be obtained by graft-polymerizing an unsaturated carboxylic acid onto a polyolefin and has an excellent affinity for reinforcements as compared with unmodified polyolefins. 
     Examples of polyolefins used for preparation of the modified polyolefin include polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(4-methylpentene-1), ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymer, ethylene/propylene/diene copolymer, and so forth. When polypropylene is used, a composite material having particularly various excellent characteristics can be prepared. 
     The modifier used for preparation of the modified polyolefin is unsaturated carboxylic acids and examples thereof include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, and anhydrides of these acids. The amount of these modifiers used is 0.05 to 0.8 part by weight, preferably 0.1 to 0.6 part by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the polyolefin. 
     A modified polyolefin prepared using a small amount of the modifier has not a sufficient affinity for the reinforcement, making it difficult to prepare a composite material having excellent properties. On the other hand, when a modified polyolefin is prepared using a large amount of the modifier, modification of the polyolefin does not proceed sufficiently, and a modified polyolefin contains a large amount of unreacted modifier. Such a product tends to deteriorate with the passage of time. 
     The modified polyolefin can be prepared by mixing a polyolefin, a modifier, and a catalyst in predetermined proportions and reacting the resulting mixture at 150° to 280° C. for 1 to 20 minutes. When the reaction temperature and/or the reaction time exceed(s) the above-described range(s), the modified polyolefin obtained shows unfavorable coloring or unnecessary thermal decomposition. 
     Examples of the catalysts used for the preparation of the modified polyolefin include benzoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, and ketal or dialkyl peroxides which have a decomposition temperature necessary for attaining the half life of 10 hours of at least 80° C. Specific examples of the ketal or dialkyl peroxide catalysts include 1,1-bis(t-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, n-butyl 4,4-bis(t-butylperoxy)valerate, 1,1-bis(t-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, 2,2-bis(t-butylperoxy)butane, 2,2-bis(t-butylperoxy)octane, dicumyl peroxide, t-butylcumyl peroxide, α,α&#39;-bis(t-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexane, and 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexyne-3. 
     When the modified polyolefin is prepared using ketal peroxides or dialkyl peroxides having a decomposition temperature necessary for attaining the half life of 10 hours of at least 80° C., it exhibits a more effective molecular weight-lowering effect as compared with the modified polyolefin prepared using other catalysts. Accordingly, the composite material of the present invention prepared using the modified polyolefin has excellent moldability. Further, in crystallization of the polymer in the process for molding of the composite material of the present invention, the modified polyolefin prepared by using the specified ketal peroxides or dialkyl peroxides and benzoyl peroxide in a weight ratio of 10/1 to 1/10, preferably 1/6 to 6/1, exhibits an effect of inhibiting the growth of spherulites and, as a result, a composite material having good characteristics (a spherulite size of 50μ or less, preferably 5 to 30μ) can be obtained. 
     The amount of the catalyst used is 0.03 to 3 parts by weight, preferably 0.05 to 1 part by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the polyolefin. 
     As a modification reaction of the polyolefins, a solution reaction process using a solvent as a reaction medium or a method in which the reaction is conducted in a heat-melting state can be employed. From the standpoint of prevention of unnecessary coloring of the modified polyolefin obtained, prevention of unnecessary lowering of the molecular weight of the polyolefin, and the choice of an appropriate reaction time, it is preferred to employ a heat-melting reaction using an extruder as a reactor. 
     Polyfunctional epoxy compounds used in the present invention are compounds having two or more epoxy groups in the molecule. Examples thereof include a bisphenol A type epoxy compound, a bisphenol F type epoxy compound, an aliphatic ether type epoxy compound, a novolak type epoxide, an isocyanurate type epoxide and so forth. Specific examples thereof include condensates between bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin; polyglycidyl ethers of polyols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, glycerol, neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, and sorbitol; triglycidyl isocyanurate, N-methyl-N&#39;,N&#34;-diglycidyl isocyanurate, and triglycidyl cyanurate. The molecular weight of these polyfunctional epoxides is, though not particularly limited, about 4,000 or less. 
     Polyfunctional amines used in the present invention are compounds having two or more amino groups in the molecule. Specific examples thereof include hexamethylenediamine, tetramethylenediamine, methaxylenediamine, diaminodiphenylmethane, diaminodiphenyl sulfone, 3,3&#39;-diaminobenzidine, isophthalic acid hydrazide, diaminodiphenyl ether, nanomethylenediamine, and diethylenetetramine. 
     Polyfunctional isocyanates are compounds having two or more isocyanate groups in the molecule. Examples thereof include tetramethylene diisocyanate, toluidine diisocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, naphthalene diisocyanate, and their polyisocyanates obtained by extending them with a chain-extending agent. Of these polyfunctional compounds, polyepoxides having a cyanuric or isocyanuric ring have high reactivity toward the modified polyolefin in the process of preparing the composite material of the present invention and a molding product prepared from the composite material thus-obtained has more excellent impact strength as compared with other molded products. 
     Polyfunctional epoxides, polyfunctional amines, and polyfunctional isocyanates can be used alone or in combination, the amount thereof is each 0.03 to 5 wt% per the weight of the modified polyolefin but the total amount does not exceed 10 wt% per the weight of the modified polyolefin. 
     Molded products prepared from the composite material containing at least one of those polyfunctional amines, polyfunctional isocyanates, and polyfunctional epoxides of the present invention have an excellent strength characteristic as compared with molded products prepared from composite materials containing no those polyfunctional compounds. 
     Reinforcements used in the present invention are fibrous materials such as glass fibers, carbon fibers, graphite fibers, aromatic polyamide fibers, silicon carbide fibers, polysulfone type fibers, polyether ketone fibers, alumina fibers, potassium titanate fibers, asbestos fibers, boron fibers, metal fibers, and so forth. Fibers having the length of 5 mm or less, preferably 0.01 to 3 mm, are preferred. 
     As other reinforcements, powdery or flaky materials such as glass flakes, talc, mica, kaolin, clay, diatomaceous earth, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, magnesium oxide, carbon black, titanium oxide, metal powders, alumina, graphite, white carbon, wollastonite, molybdenum disulfide, and tungsten disulfide can be used. Those reinforcements are incorporated in the modified polyolefin alone or in combination thereof in an amount of 5 to 80 wt% per the weight of the modified polyolefin. If the amount of the reinforcement is too small, a sufficient reinforcing effect cannot be obtained. On the other hand, if the amount of the reinforcement is too large, moldability of the composite material is reduced and the mechanical properties of a molded product prepared from the composite material tend to deteriorate. 
     Other thermoplastic plastics, for example, engineering plastics such as polyamides, unmodified polyolefins, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyacetals, and polysulfones can be incorporated into the composite material of the present invention, if desired. 
     The composite material of the present invention is prepared by blending a modified polyolefin, at least one compound selected from the group consisting of polyfunctional epoxides, polyfunctional amines, and polyfunctional isocyanates, and a reinforcement in the predetermined proportions. This composite material can be molded into the desired molded product by an injection molding method or the like. 
     Moldability of the composite material of the present invention is superior to that of similar kinds of conventional composite materials. Thus, it is believed that a molded product prepared from the composite material of the present invention has sufficiently improved impact strength as compared with that prepared from similar kinds of conventional composite materials. 
     The present invention will now be explained in detail by reference to the following non-limiting examples. Unless otherwise indicated, all percents, parts, ratios and the like are by weight. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     To 100 parts by weight of polypropylene powders having an inherent viscosity of 1.5 (measured in a tetralin solution at 135° C.) were added modifiers and peroxides with the amounts as shown in Table 1, and the mixture was blended in the Henschel mixer. The mixture was then fed into an extruder reactor of 30 φ and L/D=25, and modified in a mixed state under heat-melting at a reaction temperature of 230° C. for a reaction time of 7 minutes. The unreacted modifier was removed by reducing the pressure of the vent portion of the extruder, and then the reaction mixture was extruded into pellets to give modified polyolefins. 
     To 100 parts by weight of the resulting modified polyolefin pellets were each added prescribed amounts of reinforcements and polyfunctional compounds as shown in Table 1. The mixture was blended in a tumbler and melt mixed in an extruder, and extruded therefrom to give pellets of composite materials. 
     These composite materials were formed into 3 kinds of molded products, viz., plates of No. 1 dumbbell, 125×12.5×3.2 (mm), and 125×12.5×6.4 (mm) using a screw on-line type injection machine under molding conditions of a cylinder temperature of 220° C. and a mold temperature of 60° C. 
     The results obtained by measuring fabrication properties of the composite materials and mechanical properties of the molded products therefrom under the following conditions are shown in Table 1. 
     Melt Flow Index (molding flow index): 
     ASTM-D-1238, load 2.16 kg, temperature 230° C. 
     Izod Impact Strength: ASTM-D-256 
     Heat Distortion Temperature (hereinafter referred to as HDT): ASTM-D-648 ##EQU1## 
     
         TABLE 1  Experiment No.  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12   Composition of composite material Polypropylene 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Parts by weight Peroxide Kind -- Benzoyl -- Benzoyl Benzoyl Benzoyl Benzoyl Benzoyl Benzoyl Benzoyl Benzoyl Benzoyl  peroxide  peroxide peroxide peroxide peroxide peroxide peroxide peroxide peroxide peroxide Parts by weight -- 0.3 -- 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.3 1.0 0.3 0.3 Modifier Kind -- Maleic -- Maleic Maleic Maleic Acrylic Acrylic Acrylic Acrylic Maleic Maleic   anhydride  anhydride anhydride anhydride acid acid acid acid anhydride anhydride Parts by weight -- 0.3 -- 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.3 Polyfunctional compound Kind -- -- Hexa- Hexa- Hexa- -- -- -- Hexa- Hexa- 2,4- 4,4&#39;-    methylene methylene methylene diamino   methylene methylene Toluilene Diphenyl- diamine diamine diamine diphenyl   diamine diaminediisocyanate methaneether      diisocyanate Parts by weight -- -- 0.3 0.3 3.0 0.5 -- -- 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Reinforcement Kind Carbon Carbon Carbon Carbon Carbon Carbon Carbon Carbon Carbon Carbon Carbon fiber Carbon fiber  fiber fiber fiber fiber fiber fiber fiber fiber fiber fiber Parts by weight 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Mechanical property of molded product Flexial strength 770 1,140 820 1,470 1,540 1,460 1,160 1,230 1,460 1,570 1,530 1,550 (kg/cm.sup.2) Flexial modulus 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.7 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.4 8.6 (× 10.sup.4 kg/cm.sup.2) Izod impact strength 15 18 16 31 33 28 17 19 29 27 34 33 (kg-cm/cm.sup.2) HDT (°C.) 145 148 145 147 143 145 148 147 147 149 146 145 Ratio of improvement in 1.0 1.5 1.1 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 strength (ratio) Remark Comparative &#34; &#34; Invention Invention Invention Comparative Comparative Invention Invention Invention Invention  Example      Example Example MFI Spherical size (μ) Moldability into flat plate 1 mm thick   Experiment No.  13 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24   Composition of composite material Polypropylene 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Parts by weight Peroxide Kind Benzoyl Benzoyl Benzoyl Benzoyl Benzoyl Benzoyl Benzoyl Benzoyl -- Benzoyl Benzoyl peroxide  peroxide peroxide peroxide peroxide peroxide peroxide peroxide peroxide  peroxide Parts by weight 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 -- 0.3 0.3 Modifier Kind Maleic Maleic Maleic Maleic Maleic Maleic Acrylic Acrylic -- Maleic Maleic anhydride  anhydride anhydride anhydride anhydride anhydride anhydride acid acid  anhydride Parts by weight 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 -- 0.3 0.3 Polyfunctional compound Kind Triglycidyl Bisphenol A Neopentyl- -- Triglycidyl Hexamethylene Hexamethy lene Triglycidyl -- -- 4,4-Diphenyl-  isocyanurate diglycidyl glycol di-  isocyanurate diamine diamine isocyanurate   methylene   ether glycidyl  diisocyanate    ether Parts by weight 0.3 0.3 0.3 -- 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 -- --  0.5 Reinforcement Kind Carbon fiber Carbon Carbon Glass Glass fiber Glass fiber Glass fiber Carbon Talc Talc Talc   fiber fiber fiber   fiber Parts by weight 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Mechanical property of molded product Flexial strength 1,580 1,460 1,500 1,080 1,330 1,280 1,250 1,600 430 500 560 (kg/cm.sup.2) Flexial modulus 8.9 8.6 8.7 5.3 5.5 5.4 5.3 8.5 4.3 4.3 4.3 (× 10.sup.4 kg/cm.sup.2) Izod impact strength 32 28 30 20 25 27 28 30 10 10 19 (kg-cm/cm.sup.2) HDT (°C.) 151 150 151 145 144 145 148 149 80 80 82 Ratio of improvement in 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.4 2.1 1.0 1.0 1.3 strength (ratio) Remark Invention Invention Invention Comparative Invention Invention Invention Invention Comparative Comparative Invention Example     Example Example MFI Spherical size (μ) Moldability into flat plate 1 mm thick   Experiment No.  25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35   Composition of composite material Polypropylene 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Parts by weight Peroxide Kind Benzoyl Benzoyl Benzoyl Benzoyl 1,1-Bis(t- 2,5-Dimethyl- Benzoyl *1 *2 *2 --  peroxide peroxide peroxide peroxide butylperoxy)- 2,5-di(t- peroxide      3,3,5- butylperoxy)-      trimethyl- hexyne-3      cyclohexane Parts by weight 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.2 0. 0.2 0.2 0.2 -- Modifier Kind Maleic Maleic Maleic Maleic Maleic Maleic Maleic Maleic Maleic Maleic --  anhydride anhydride anhydride anhydride anhydride anhydride anhydride anhydride anhydride anhydride Parts by weight 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 -- Polyfunctional compound Kind triglycidyl Triglycidyl Triglycidyl Triglycidyl Triglyjcidyl Triglycidyl Triglycidyl Triglycidyl Triglycidyl Triglycidyl Triglycidyl  isocyanurate isocyanurate isocyanurate isocyanur ate isocyanurate isocyanurate isocyanurate isocyanurate isocyanurate isocyanurte isocyanurate Parts by weight 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Reinforcement Kind Talc Glass fiber Talc/carbon Carbon fiber Carbon fiber Carbon fiber Carbon fiber Carbon fiber Carbon fiber Carbon fiber Carbon fiber    fiber = 1/1 Parts by weight 25 25 50 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Mechanical property of molded product Flexial strength 540 1,320 1,530 1,640 1,480 1,450 770 1,500 1,560 1,470 750 (kg/cm.sup.2) Flexial modulus 4.5 5.4 10.1 8.2 8.7 8.7 8.4 8.6 8.7 8.6 8.3 (× 10.sup.4 kg/cm.sup.2) Izod impact strength 17 27 29 32 29 20 11 35 33 17 13 (kg-cm/cm.sup.2) HDT (°C.) 80 148 149 149 144 146 141 148 149 145 141 Ratio of improvement in 1.3 1.5 2.0 2.1 1.9 1.4 1.0 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.0 strength (ratio) Remark Invention Invention Invention Invention Invention Invention Comparative Invention Invention Invention Comparative    Example    Example MFI      39.9 6.1    5.6 Spherical size (μ)     100 100 100 10 10 100 100 Moldability into flat     Better Best Bad Better Better Better Bad plate 1 mm thick   Experiment No.  36 37 38 39 40 41   Composition of composite material Polypropylene 100 100 100 100 100 100 Parts by weight Peroxide Kind Benzoyl Benzoyl Benzoyl *1 *1 *1 peroxide peroxide peroxide Parts by weight 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Modifier Kind Maleic Maleic Maleic Maleic Maleic Maleic  anhydride anhydride anhydride anhydride anhydride anhydride Parts by weight 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Polyfunctional compound Kind Triglycidyl Hexa- Bisphenol A Triglycidyl Hexamethylene Bisphenol A  isocyanurate methylene  diglycidyl isocyanurate diamine diglycidyl   diamine ether   ether Parts by weight 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Reinforcement Kind Carbon fiber Carbon Carbon Carbon fiber Carbon fiber Carbon   fiber fiber   fiber Parts by weight 25 25 25 25 25 25 Mechanical property of molded product Flexial strength 1,750 1,520 1,510 1,700 1,480 1,470 (kg/cm.sup.2) Flexial modulus 8.6 8.5 8.7 8.7 8.6 8.6 (× 10.sup.4 kg/cm.sup.2) Izod impact strength 40 33 30 38 30 29 (kg-cm/cm.sup.2) HDT (°C.) 145 144 146 146 145 146 Ratio of improvement in 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.2 1.9 1.9 strength (ratio) Remark Invention Inven- Invention Invention Invention Invention   tion MFI Spherical size (μ) 10 10 10 10 10 10 Moldability into flat Good Good Good Best Best Best plate 1 mm thick Notes *1: A mixture of benzoyl peroxide and 1,1bis(t-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane (1:1) *2: A mixture of benzoyl peroxide and 2,5dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexyne-3 (1:1) 
    
     EXAMPLE 2 
     To 100 parts by weight of polypropylene powders having an inherent viscosity of 2.0 (measured in a tetralin solution of 135° C.) were each added peroxides as shown in Table 2 and 0.3 part of maleic anhydride as a modifier, and the mixture was blended uniformly in the Henschel mixer. The mixture was then subjected to a heat-melting reaction under conditions of a reaction temperature of 250° C. and a reaction time period of 7 minutes. 
     The results obtained by measuring the inherent viscosity of modified polypropylenes thus-obtained are shown in Table 2 below. 
     
                       TABLE 2______________________________________        Inherent Viscosity        Amount of Peroxide Added (parts)Peroxide       0      0.05   0.1  0.3  0.4  0.8______________________________________Benzoyl peroxide          1.75   1.73   1.70 1.62 1.6  1.561,1-Bis(t-butylperoxy)-          1.75   1.45   1.3  1.00 0.95 --3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexaneDicumyl peroxide          1.75   1.08   1.32 1.08 0.98 --Benzoyl peroxide/1,1-          1.75   --     1.31 1.09 --   --Bis(t-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethyl cyclohexane(1:1 weight ratio mixture)______________________________________ 
    
     While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.