Abstract:
A repetitive controller scheme with positive feedback and feedforward introduces infinitely many poles on the imaginary axis located at the resonant peaks. The feedforward introduces zeros, which produce notches located in between two consecutive resonant peaks. The latter has the advantage of making the controller more selective, in the sense that; the original overlapping (appearing at the valleys in a simple positive feedback repetitive controller) or interaction between consecutive resonant peaks is removed by the notches. This would allow, in principle, peaks of higher gains and slightly wider bandwidth, avoiding, at the same time, the excitation of harmonics located in between two consecutive peaks. The repetitive controller includes a simple Low Pass Filter (LPF). This modification restricts the bandwidth of the controller and at the same time reinforces stability when the controller is inserted in the closed-loop system.

Description:
BACKGROUND  
       [0001]     The compensation of harmonic disturbances is a subject that has attracted the attention of many researchers in the last decades. In this sense, repetitive control arises as a practical solution to such issue and is based on the well-known internal model principle. For a detailed description of the internal model principle, reference is made to B. Francis and W. Wonham, “The internal model principle for linear multivariable regulators,” Applied Mathematics and Optimization, Vol. 2, pp. 170-194, 1975, which is incorporated by reference. For a description of a stability study of linear infinite dimensional repetitive controllers, reference is made to S. Hara, Y. Yamamoto, T. Omata and M. Nakano, “Repetitive control systems: A new type servo systems and its applications,” IEEE Trans. Automat. Contr., Vol. 33, No. 7, pp. 659-667, 1988 and the numerous references therein. Repetitive control is a potential solution to many precision systems, such as industrial robots, disc drives, numerical control machines, and servo scanners. Roughly speaking, repetitive control is applicable to almost any system that rotates or repeats the same task on a periodic time basis. The harmonic compensation issue can have a special impact in the power electronics and power systems applications where the disturbances to cancel and/or reference signals to track are composed of specific higher harmonics of the fundamental frequency of the power supply. There is a high potential in using repetitive control on power electronic systems such as rectifiers, inverters and active filters.  
         [0002]     The internal model principle states that a controlled output can track a class of reference commands without a steady state error if the generator (or the model) of the reference is included in the stable closed-loop system. Therefore, it can be used to provide exact asymptotic output tracking of periodic inputs or to reject periodic disturbances. It is well known that the generator of a sinusoidal signal (i.e., a signal containing only one harmonic component) is a harmonic oscillator or, in other words, a resonant filter.  
         [0003]     Thus, following this idea, if a periodic signal has an infinite Fourier series (of harmonic components), then an infinite number of harmonic oscillators are required to track or reject such a periodic signal. Fortunately, in the repetitive control approach, a simple delay line in a proper feedback array can be used to produce an infinite number of poles and thereby simulate a bank of an infinite number of harmonic oscillators leading to a system dynamics of infinite dimension. The delay line is also referred to as a transport (digital or analog) delay. The use of repetitive control for a reduction of periodic disturbances with frequencies corresponding to the specific frequencies is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,740,090, where the transfer function of the controller includes an infinite number of poles, with no zeros introduced between the poles.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0004]     A feedback scheme with a delay line may be used to provide positive feedback control. The positive feedback approach is able to compensate for all harmonics. Moreover, a feedforward path may be added to this scheme. The motivation for this modification is to introduce zeros, which lie between the poles, so as to improve the selective nature of the whole controller, which will in principle allow higher gains and better performance. The delay line can be implemented either in a digital or an analog manner. An experimental test for the laboratory to show the performance of such controllers is given. As an example, the delay line has been implemented using an analog integrated circuit (IC). This IC is an analog device that is very simple to tune for the exact delay, and has a high signal-to-noise ratio; such that, precision is not lost during the delay. An IC of this type often is used in the music industry to create reverberation and echo effects in audio equipment.  
         [0005]     Thus, a repetitive controller scheme with positive feedback and feedforward is described. Repetitive controllers can be a useful tool for tracking of periodic reference signals or for rejection of periodic disturbances, in other words, for harmonic compensation. It is shown that the feedforward modification considerably improves the frequency response and performance providing higher gains with enhanced selectivity. Descriptions of the techniques and their corresponding experimental frequency responses are given.  
         [0006]     Other forms, features, and aspects of the above-described methods and system are described in the detailed description that follows. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS  
       [0007]     The invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:  
         [0008]      FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of the proposed repetitive controller with positive feedback and feedforward.  
         [0009]      FIG. 2  shows a block diagram of practical modifications for the repetitive controller described herein.  
         [0010]      FIG. 3  shows theoretical Bode plots of the repetitive controller for different values of K (0.95, 0.75, and 0.5). (top) Magnitude (y-axis dB, x-axis Hz), and (bottom) phase (y-axis deg, x-axis Hz).  
         [0011]      FIG. 4  shows an experimental frequency response for the repetitive controller (x-axis 62.5 Hz/div and y-axis 10 dB/div): (Top) K=0.824, and (Bottom) K=0.955.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0012]     The block diagram of the repetitive controller with positive feedback  103  and including the feedforward path  104  is shown in  FIG. 1 . The resulting transfer function is:  
         G   ⁡     (   s   )       =         Y   ⁡     (   s   )         U   ⁡     (   s   )         =       1   +     ⅇ     -       2   ⁢   s   ⁢           ⁢   π       ω   o               1   -     ⅇ     -       2   ⁢   s   ⁢           ⁢   π       ω   o                     
 
 where Y(s)  102  is the output, U(s)  101  is the input, and ω o  represents, throughout this document, the fundamental frequency of the periodic signal under compensation. An adder  107  outputs a signal  106 , which is the addition of the input signal with the feedback. Another adder  108  outputs a signal, which is the addition of the feedforward, and the signal from the previous adder  106 . Notice that the delay line is represented by a block  105 , with s being the Laplace operator, e being the basic value of the natural logarithm, and the delay time being t d =2π/ω o . 
 
         [0013]     The poles of the representation can be found from e −2sπ/ω     o   =1. Notice that the complex number e −2sπ/ω     o   |s=jω equals 1 for ω=kω o  for every k=0, 1, 2, . . . , and e −2sπ/ω     o   |s=jω equals −1 for ω=(2k− 1)ω   o /2 for every k=1, 2, 3, . . . . Due to the delay line, this transfer function has infinitely many poles on the imaginary axis  109 . Notice that, with the introduction of the feedforward path, an infinite number of zeros also appear on the imaginary axis  109 . The corresponding transfer function for this controller can also be written as:  
         G   ⁡     (   s   )       =         1   +     ⅇ     -       2   ⁢   s   ⁢           ⁢   π       ω   o               1   -     ⅇ     -       2   ⁢   s   ⁢           ⁢   π       ω   o               =         ⅇ       s   ⁢           ⁢   π       ω   o         +     ⅇ     -       s   ⁢           ⁢   π       ω   o                 ⅇ       s   ⁢           ⁢   π       ω   o         -     ⅇ     -       s   ⁢           ⁢   π       ω   o                     
         or   ⁢           ⁢   equal   ⁢           ⁢   to     ⁢     
     ⁢           =         cosh   ⁡     (       s   ⁢           ⁢   π       ω   o       )         sinh   ⁡     (       s   ⁢           ⁢   π       ω   o       )         =           ∏     k   =   1     ∞     ⁢           ⁢     (         s   2           (         2   ⁢   k     -   1     2     )     2     ⁢     ω   o   2         +   1     )             s   ⁢           ⁢   π       ω   o       ⁢       ∏     k   =   1     ∞     ⁢           ⁢     (         s   2         k   2     ⁢     ω   o   2         +   1     )           .           
 
         [0014]     Notice that the positive feedback controller contains harmonic oscillators tuned at all harmonics of the fundamental frequency ω o . That is, for G(s), the first pole lies at the origin and the rest of the poles lie at multiples (higher harmonics) of ω o . Notice also that each zero of G(s) lies exactly in the middle point between two consecutive poles.  
         [0015]     Conversely, if the fundamental frequency is known, then the delay time is computed using τ d =2π/ω o =1/f o , where ω o =2πf o . For instance, if compensation of harmonics of 120 Hz is required, taking f o =120 Hz, then the corresponding delay is t d =8.333 ms.  
         [0016]     The above repetitive controller, however, may be unsuited for use in a real application. The expected Bode plots for the controller consist of a set of peaks centered at the harmonic frequencies. Moreover, thanks to the presence of the zeros, notches appear in the middle points between two consecutive peaks. The gain at the resonant frequencies is, in theory, infinite, while for the notches it goes to zero (minus infinite in dB); therefore, instability problems may arise. To alleviate this issue, damping is added to all the poles/zeros by slightly shifting them to the left of the imaginary axis. As a consequence of this simple pole/zero shifting process, the peaks amplitude becomes bounded. This shifting process is realized as follows: G(s)=G(s+a). Applying the shifting to the exponential term results in e −2(s+a)π/ω     o   =e −2aπ/ω     o   e −2sπ/ω     o   . Notice that this is equivalent to multiplying the exponential function by a gain factor K=e −2aπ/ω     o    as shown in  FIG. 2 . Hence, by proposing a gain K&gt;1, the poles/zeros move to the right, but if 0&lt;K&lt;1 then they move to the left. Moreover, it is easy to show that the resonant peaks, originally of infinite magnitude, reach a maximum magnitude of (1+K)/(1−K), while the notches reach a minimum magnitude of (1−K)/(1+K).  
         [0017]     It can be noticed that without feedforward, the maximum attainable gain is 1/(1−K), which is evidently smaller than the one considering feedforward. Moreover, in this case, there are simply valleys between the peaks whose minimum attainable gain are 1/(1+K), and no longer notches.  
         [0018]     It is also recommended, in repetitive control schemes, to include a simple Low Pass Filter (LPF) as shown in  FIG. 2 , where Y(s)  202  is the output, U(s)  201  is the input, and ω o  represents the fundamental frequency of the periodic signal under compensation. An adder  208  outputs a signal  207 , which is the addition of the input signal with the feedback  203 . Another adder  209  outputs a signal, which is the addition of the feedforward  204 , and the signal  207  from the previous adder  208 . Notice that the block  205  contains the delay line and the gain K and block  206  represents the low pass filter.  
         [0019]     The addition of the LPF restricts the bandwidth of the controller while simultaneously reinforcing stability when the controller is installed. However, it may produce some slight inaccuracies as described next. As a consequence of all these modifications, two side effects appear: first, resonant peaks and notches are slightly shifted with respect to the corresponding harmonic frequency, and second, an almost imperceptible phase shift appears at the tuned harmonic frequencies.  
         [0020]     As observed with respect to  FIG. 1 , the repetitive controller originally contained a pole in the origin, i.e., an integrator, which is in most cases unnecessary and may lead to instability. Notice, however, that this pole at the origin has been shifted to the left and placed at s=−a. Notice also that a=−f o ·ln(K) in r/s, and thus, this zero approaches the origin for values of K approaching the unity. For instance, for f 0 =120 Hz and K=0.95, the resulting value for a is 6.15 r/s (0.98 Hz).  
         [0021]      FIG. 3  shows the theoretical Bode plots of G(s) for the compensation of harmonics of 120 Hz and for several values of K. In this case, the delay time is fixed to t d =8.33 ms. For K=0.95, the plot  301  goes from 31.82 dB at the resonant frequencies to −31.82 dB at the notches. However, if the gain is reduced to K=0.75, the corresponding maximum and minimum magnitudes for the plot  302  are 16.90 dB and −16.90 dB, respectively. A further reduction to K=0.5 results in maximum and minimum magnitudes for the plot  303  of 9.54 dB and −9.54 dB, respectively. These plots show clearly that, as gain K decreases, the peak amplitude is reduced while the bandwidth of each peak increases, thus increasing its robustness with respect to frequency variations. Notice that the corresponding phase plots  304 ,  305  and  306  have the interesting feature that the phase shift is zero exactly at the resonance frequency and is bounded by 90 and −90 degrees.  
         [0022]     An analog circuit implementing the repetitive controller has been implemented in the laboratory for experimental test. The delay line appearing in the repetitive scheme has been implemented using a special purpose delay line IC. In many power electronics applications, compensation of harmonics for 120 Hz and 60 Hz are required, therefore, delays ranging from t d =8.33 ms to t d =16.66 ms should be implemented. For the experimental tests presented here, the compensation of harmonics of 120 Hz has been chosen. Therefore, a delay of t d =8.33 ms is implemented for the repetitive controller. It also is clear that a digital implementation could be implemented. In this case, the discretization of the delay line is a simple task, and it is enough to guarantee a relatively large memory stack where data could be stored to be released after a time delay.  
         [0023]     The experimental frequency responses of output y(t) for the controller are shown in  FIG. 4  for K=0.824 ( 401 ) and K=0.955 ( 402 ). The plot shows that the circuit contains peaks centered at the expected values (i.e., all harmonics of 120 Hz).