Abstract:
A flexible, integrally formed single piece light emitting diode (LED) light wire that provides a smooth, uniform lighting effect from all directions of the LED light wire. The integrally formed single piece LED light wire contains a conductive base comprising first and second bus elements formed from a conductive material. The bus elements distribute power from a power source to LEDs that are mounted on the first and second bus elements so that it draws power from and adds mechanical stability to the first and second bus elements. The flexible, integrally formed single piece LED light wire is assembled so that the first and second bus elements are connected to each other prior to the LED being mounted and such integrally formed single piece LED light wire is formed without a substrate.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This utility application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 11/854,145, filed Sep. 12, 2007 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,988,332, which claims benefit, under 35 U.S.C. §119(e), of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/844,184, filed Sep. 12, 2006, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     Throughout this application, several publications are referenced. Disclosure of these references in their entirety is hereby incorporated by reference into this application. 
    
    
     The present invention relates to light wires and, more specifically, an integrally formed single piece of light wire containing light emitting diodes (“LEDs”), and systems and processes for manufacturing such a light wire, wherein the LEDs and associated circuitry are protected from mechanical damage and environmental hazards, such as water and dust. 
     BACKGROUND THE INVENTION 
     Conventional incandescent or LED light wires are commonly used in a variety of indoor and outdoor decorative or ornamental lighting applications. For example, such conventional light wires are used to create festive holiday signs, outline architectural structures such as buildings or harbors, and provide under-car lighting systems. These light wires are also used as emergency lighting aids to increase visibility and communication at night or when conditions, such as power outages, water immersion and smoke caused by fires and chemical fog, render normal ambient lighting insufficient for visibility. 
     Conventional LED light wires consume less power, exhibit a longer lifespan, are relatively inexpensive to manufacture, and are easier to install when compared to light tubes using incandescent light bulbs. More increasingly, LED light wires are used as viable replacements for neon light tubing. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , conventional light wire  100  consists of a plurality of illuminant devices  102 , such as incandescent light bulbs or LEDs, connected together by a flexible wire  101  and encapsulated in a protective tube  103 . A power source  105  creates an electrical current that flows through the flexible wire  101  causing the illuminant devices  102  to illuminate and create an effect of an illuminated wire. The illuminant devices  102  are connected in series, parallel, or in combination thereof. Also, the illuminant devices  102  are connected with control electronics in such a way that individual illuminant devices  102  may be selectively switched on or off to create a combination of light patterns, such as strobe, flash, chase, or pulse. 
     In conventional light wires, the protective tube  103  is traditionally a hollow, transparent or semi-transparent tube which houses the internal circuitry (e.g., illuminant devices  102 ; flexible wire  101 ). Since there is an air gap between the protective tube  103  and internal circuitry, the protective tube  103  provides little protection for the light wire against mechanical damage due to excessive loads, such as the weight of machinery that is directly applied to the light wire. Furthermore, the protective tube  103  does not sufficiently protect the internal circuitry from environmental hazards, such as water and dust. As a result, these conventional light wires  100  with protective tube  103  are found unsuitable for outdoor use, especially when the light wires are exposed to extreme weather and/or mechanical abuse. 
     In conventional light wires, wires, such as flexible wire  101 , are used to connect the illuminant devices  102  together. In terms of manufacturing, these light wires are traditionally pre-assembled using soldering or crimp methods and then encapsulated via a conventional sheet or hard lamination process in protective tube  103 . Such processes of manufacturing are labor intensive and unreliable. Furthermore, such processes decrease the flexibility of the light wire. 
     In response to the above-mentioned limitations associated with the above-mentioned conventional light wires and the manufacture thereof, LED light strips have been developed with increased complexity and protection. These LED light strips consist of circuitry including a plurality of LEDs mounted on a support substrate containing a printed circuit and connected to separate electrical conductors (e.g., two separate conductive bus elements). The LED circuitry and the electrical conductors are encapsulated in a protective encapsulant without internal voids (which includes gas bubbles) or impurities, and are connected to a power source. These LED light strips are manufactured by an automated system that includes a complex LED circuit assembly process and a soft lamination process. Examples of these LED light strips and the manufacture thereof are discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,848,837, 5,927,845 and 6,673,292, all entitled “Integrally Formed Linear Light Strip With Light Emitting Diode”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,113,248, entitled “Automated System For Manufacturing An LED Light Strip Having An Integrally Formed Connected”; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,673,277, entitled “Method of Manufacturing a Light Guide”. 
     Although these LED light strips are better protected from mechanical damage and environmental hazards, these LED light strips require additional separate parts, such as a support substrate and two separate conductive bus elements, to construct its internal LED circuitry. Also, to manufacture these LED light strips, additional manufacturing steps, such as purification steps, and equipment are required to assemble the complex LED circuit and painstakingly remove internal voids and impurities in the protective encapsulant. Such additional procedures, parts and equipment increase manufacturing time and costs. 
     Additionally, just like the conventional light wires discussed above, these LED light strips only provide one-way light direction. Moreover, the complexity of the LED circuitry and lamination process makes the LED light strip too rigid to bend. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In light of the above, there exists a need to further improve the art. Specifically, there is a need for an improved integrally formed single piece LED light wire that is flexible and provides a smooth, uniform lighting effect from all directions of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire. There is also a need to reduce the number of separate parts required to produce the integrally formed single piece LED light wire. Furthermore, there is also a need for an LED light wire that requires less procedures, parts, and equipment and can therefore be manufactured by a low cost automated process. 
     An integrally formed single piece LED light wire, comprises a conductive base comprising first and second bus elements formed from a conductive material adapted to distribute power from a power source. At least one light emitting diode (LED) having first and second electrical contacts is mounted on the first and second bus elements so that it draws power from and adds mechanical stability to the first and second bus elements. The first and second bus elements are connected to each other prior to the LED being mounted. The integrally formed single piece LED light wire is formed without a substrate. 
     According to an embodiment of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire, an encapsulant completely encapsulating the first and second bus elements, and the at least one LED. 
     According to an embodiment of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire, the encapsulant is textured. 
     According to an embodiment of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire, the encapsulant includes light scattering particles. 
     According to an embodiment of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire, a plurality of LEDs, are connected in series. 
     According to an embodiment of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire, a plurality of LEDs are connected in series and parallel. 
     According to an embodiment of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire, the first and second bus elements are separated after at least one LED is mounted. 
     According to an embodiment of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire, a connection between the LED and one of the first and second bus elements is made using solder, welding, or conductive epoxy. 
     According to an embodiment of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire, a connection between the LED and either the first or second bus elements is made using solder, welding, wire bonding, and conductive epoxy. 
     According to an embodiment of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire, includes a third bus element formed from a conductive material adapted to distribute power from the power source a plurality of LEDs, a first set LEDs are connected in series and parallel between the first and second bus elements and a second set LEDs are connected in series and parallel between the second and third bus elements. 
     According to an embodiment of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire, an anode of a first LED is connected to the first bus element and a cathode of the first LED is connected to the second bus element, an anode of a second LED is connected to the second bus element and a cathode of the second LED is connected to the third bus element, and a cathode of a third LED is connected to the first bus element and an anode of the first LED is connected to the second bus element. 
     According to an embodiment of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire, a cathode of a fourth LED is connected to the second bus element and an anode of the fourth LED is connected to the third bus element. 
     According to an embodiment of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire, the LEDs are selected from red, blue, green, and white LEDs. 
     According to an embodiment of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire includes a controller adapted to vary the power provided to the first, second, and third bus elements. 
     According to an embodiment of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire includes a core about which the conductive base is wound in a spiral manner. 
     According to an embodiment an integrally formed single piece LED light wire includes a first bus element formed from a conductive material adapted to distribute power from a power source, a second bus element formed from a conductive material adapted to distribute power from the power source, a third bus element formed from a conductive material adapted to distribute a control signal, at least one light emitting diode (LED) module, said LED module comprising a microcontroller and at least one LED, the LED module having first, second, and third electrical contacts, the LED module being mounted on the first, second, and third bus elements so that it draws power from the first and second bus elements and receives a control signal form the third bus element, wherein the integrally formed single piece LED light wire is formed without a substrate. 
     According to an embodiment of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire, the LED module has a plurality of LEDs selected from the group consisting of red, blue, green, and white LEDs. 
     According to an embodiment of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire, the LED module includes a fourth contact for outputting the received control signal. 
     According to an embodiment of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire includes an encapsulant completely encapsulating said first, second, and third bus elements, and said at least one LED module. 
     According to an embodiment of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire, each LED module has a unique address. 
     According to an embodiment of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire, the LED module has a static address. 
     According to an embodiment of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire, the LED module address is dynamic. 
     An integrally formed single piece LED light wire, comprising: first and second bus elements formed from a conductive material adapted to distribute power from a power source; at least two conductor segments arranged between the first and second bus elements; and at least one light emitting diode (LED), said LED having first and second electrical contacts, the first electrical contact being connected to a first conductor segment and the second electrical contact being connected to a second conductor segment; wherein the first and second conductor segments are coupled to the first and second bus elements to power the LED. 
     According to an embodiment of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire, includes a flexible substrate, the first and second conductor segments and the first and second bus elements, being supported by the flexible substrate. 
     According to an embodiment of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire, wherein flexible substrate is wound about a core. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  is a representation of a conventional light wire; 
         FIG. 2  is a perspective view illustrating an integrally formed single piece LED light wire according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire according to the present invention; 
         FIG. 4A  is a side view of an integrally formed single piece LED light wire according to another embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4B  is a top view of an integrally formed single piece LED light wire according to another embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire shown in  FIGS. 4A &amp; 4B ; 
         FIG. 6A  is an embodiment of the conductive base; 
         FIG. 6B  is a schematic diagram of the conductive base of  FIG. 6A ; 
         FIG. 7A  is an embodiment of the conductive base; 
         FIG. 7B  is a schematic diagram of the conductive base of  FIG. 7A ; 
         FIG. 8A  is an embodiment of the conductive base; 
         FIG. 8B  is a schematic diagram of the conductive base of  FIG. 8A ; 
         FIG. 9A  is an embodiment of the conductive base; 
         FIG. 9B  is a schematic diagram of the conductive base of  FIG. 9A ; 
         FIG. 10A  is an embodiment of the conductive base; 
         FIG. 10B  is a schematic diagram of the conductive base of  FIG. 10A ; 
         FIG. 11A  is an embodiment of the conductive base; 
         FIG. 11B  is a schematic diagram of the conductive base of  FIG. 11A ; 
         FIG. 11C  depicts a conductive base wrapped on a core prior to encapsulation; 
         FIG. 12A  depicts an embodiment of an LED mounting area of a conductive base; 
         FIG. 12B  depicts a mounted LED on a conductive base; 
         FIG. 13  depicts LED chip bonding in an LED mounting area; 
         FIG. 14  depicts the optical properties of an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIGS. 15A-C  depict a cross-sectional view of three different surface textures of the encapsulant; 
         FIG. 16A  is a schematic diagram of an integrally formed single piece LED light wire; 
         FIG. 16B  depicts an embodiment of an integrally formed single piece LED light wire; 
         FIG. 17  is a schematic diagram of a full color integrally formed single piece LED light wire; 
         FIG. 18  is a schematic diagram of a control circuit for a full color integrally formed single piece LED light wire; 
         FIG. 19  is a timing diagram for a full color integrally formed single piece LED light wire; 
         FIG. 20A  is a timing diagram for a full color integrally formed single piece LED light wire; 
         FIG. 20B  is a timing diagram for a full color integrally formed single piece LED light wire; 
         FIG. 21  depicts an LED module; 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to an integrally formed single piece LED light wire containing a plurality of LEDs that are connected to conductors forming a mounting base or conductors supported on insulating material to provide a combined mounting base. Both types of mounting base provides an (1) electrical connection, (2) a physical mounting platform or a mechanical support for the LEDs, and (3) a light reflector for the LEDs. The mounting base and LEDs are encapsulated in a transparent or semi-transparent encapsulant which may contain light scattering particles. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, as shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , an integral single piece LED light wire, which includes a sub-assembly  310  comprising at least one LED  202  connected to a conductive base  201 , wherein the sub-assembly  310  is encapsulated within an encapsulant  303 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , the LEDs  202  are connected in series. This embodiment offers the advantage of compactness in size, and allows the production of a long, thin LED light wire with an outer diameter of 3 mm or less. The conductive base  301  is operatively connected to a power source  305  to conduct electricity. 
     In another embodiment, as illustrated in  FIGS. 4A ,  4 B, and  5 , the present invention may be an integrally formed single piece LED light wire comprising a plurality of sub-assemblies  510 . Each sub-assembly  510  consists of at least one LED  202  connected to a conductive base  401 . The sub-assemblies  510  are encapsulated within an encapsulant  503 . As shown, the LEDs  202  are connected in parallel. The conductive base  401  is operatively connected to a power source  405  to activate LEDs  202 . 
     AC or DC power from power source  405  may be used to power the integrally formed single piece LED light wire. Additionally, a current source may be used. Brightness may be controlled by digital or analog controllers. 
     The conductive base  201 ,  401  extends longitudinally along the length of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire, and act as an (1) electrical conductor, (2) a physical mounting platform or a mechanical support for the LEDs  202 , and (3) a light reflector for the LEDs  202 . 
     The conductive base  201 ,  401  may be, for example, punched, stamped, printed, silk-screen printed, or laser cut, or the like, from a metal plate or foil to provide the basis of an electrical circuit, and may be in the form of a thin film or flat strip. In another embodiment, the conductive base  201 ,  401 , is formed using stranded wire. Additional circuitry, such as active or passive control circuit components (e.g., a microprocessor, a resistor, a capacitor), may be added and encapsulated within an encapsulant to add functionality to the integrally formed single piece LED light wire. Such functionality may include, but not limited to, current limiting (e.g., resistor), protection, flashing capability, or brightness control. For example, a microcontroller may be included to make the LEDs  202  individually addressable; thereby, enabling the end user to control the illumination of selective LEDs  202  in the LED light wire to form a variety of light patterns, e.g., strobe, flash, chase, or pulse. In one embodiment, external control circuitry is connected to the conductive base  201 ,  401 . 
     The conductive base  201 ,  401  may be flexible or rigid, and is made of, but not limited to, thin film PCB material, conductive rod, copper plate, copper clad steel plate, copper clad alloy, or a base material coated with a conductive material. 
     First Embodiment of the Conductive Base 
     In a first embodiment of the conductive base assembly  600 , shown in  FIG. 6A , the base material of the conductive base  601  is preferably a long thin narrow metal strip or foil. In one embodiment, the base material is copper. A hole pattern  602 , shown as the shaded region of  FIG. 6A , depict areas where material from the conductive base  601  has been removed. In one embodiment, the material has been removed by a punching machine. The remaining material of the conductive base  601  forms the circuit of the present invention. Alternatively, the circuit may be printed on the conductive base  601  and then an etching process is used to remove the areas  602 . The pilot holes  605  on the conductive base  600  act as a guide for manufacture and assembly. 
     The LEDs  202  are mounted either by surface mounting or LED chip bonding and soldered, welded, riveted or otherwise electrically connected to the conductive base  601  as shown in  FIG. 6A . The mounting and soldering of the LEDs  202  onto the conductive base  601  not only puts the LEDs  202  into the circuit, but also uses the LEDs  202  to mechanically hold the different unpunched parts of the conductive base  601  together. In this embodiment of the conductive base  601  all of the LEDs  202  are short-circuited, as shown in  FIG. 6B . Thus, additional portions of conductive base  601  are removed as discussed below so that the LEDs  202  are not short-circuited. In one embodiment, the material from the conductive base  601  is removed after the LEDs  202  are mounted. 
     Second Embodiment of the Conductive Base 
     To create series and/or parallel circuitries, additional material is removed from the conductive base. As shown in  FIG. 7A , the conductive base  701  has an alternative hole pattern  702  relative to the hole pattern  602  depicted in  FIG. 6A . With the alternative hole pattern  702 , the LEDs  202  are connected in series on the conductive base  701 . The series connection is shown in  FIG. 7B , which is a schematic diagram of the conductive base assembly  700  shown in  FIG. 7A . As shown, the mounting portions of LEDs  202  provide support for the conductive base  701 . 
     Third Embodiment of the Conductive Base 
     In a third embodiment of the conductive base, as shown in  FIG. 8A , a conductive base assembly  800  is depicted having a pattern  802  is punched out or etched into the conductive base  801 . Pattern  802  reduces the number of punched-out gaps required and increase the spacing between such gaps. Pilot holes  805  act as a guide for the manufacturing and assembly process. As shown in  FIG. 8B , the LEDs  202  are short-circuited without the removal of additional material. In one embodiment, the material from conductive base  801  is removed after the LEDs  202  are mounted. 
     Fourth Embodiment of the Conductive Base 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 9A , a fourth embodiment of the conductive base assembly  900  contains an alternative hole pattern  902  that, in one embodiment, is absent of any pilot holes. Compared to the third embodiment, more gaps are punched out in order to create two conducting portions in the conductive base  901 . Thus, as shown in  FIG. 9B , this embodiment has a working circuit where the LEDs  202  connected in series. 
     Fifth and Sixth Embodiments of the Conductive Base 
       FIG. 10A  illustrates a fifth embodiment of conductive base assembly  1000  of the conductive base  1001 . Shown is a thin LED light wire with a typical outer diameter of 3 mm or less. As shown in  FIG. 10A , (1) the LEDs  202  connected on the conductive base  1001  are placed apart, preferably at a predetermined distance. In a typical application, the LEDs  202  are spaced from 3 cm to 1 m, depending upon, among other things, at least the power of the LEDs used and whether such LEDs are top or side-emitting. The conductive base  1001  is shown absent of any pilot holes. The punched-out gaps that create a first hole pattern  1014  that are straightened into long thin rectangular shapes. LEDs  202  are mounted over punched-out gaps  1030 . However, as shown in  FIG. 10B , the resultant circuit for this embodiment is not useful since all the LEDs  202  are short-circuited. In subsequent procedures, additional material is removed from conductive base  1001  so that LEDs  202  are in series or parallel as desired. 
     In the sixth embodiment of the conductive base assembly  1100 , conductive base  1101 , as shown in  FIG. 11A , contains a hole pattern  1118  which creates a working circuit in the conductive base  1101  with a series connections of LEDs  202  mounted onto the conductive base  1101 . This embodiment is useful in creating a thin LED light wire with a typical outside diameter of 3 mm or less. 
     LEDs 
     The LEDs  202  may be, but are not limited to, individually-packaged LEDs, chip-on-board (“COB”) LEDs, or LED dies individually die-bonded to the conductive base  301 . The LEDs  202  may also be top-emitting LEDs, side-emitting LEDs, side view LEDs, or a combination thereof. In a preferred embodiment, LEDs  202  are side-emitting LEDs and/or side view LEDs. 
     The LEDs  202  are not limited to single colored LEDs. Multiple-colored LEDs may also be used. For example, if Red/Blue/Green LEDs (RGB LEDs) are used to create a pixel, combined with a variable luminance control, the colors at each pixel can combine to form a range of colors. 
     Mounting of LEDs onto the Conductive Base 
     As indicated above, LEDs  202  are mounted onto the conductive base by one of two methods, either surface mounting or LED chip bonding. 
     In surface mounting, as shown in  FIG. 12 , the conductive base  1201  is first punched to assume any one of the embodiments discussed above, and then stamped to create an LED mounting area  1210 . The LED mounting area  1210  shown is exemplary, and other variations of the LED mounting area  1210  are possible. For example, the LED mounting area  1201  may be stamped into any shape which can hold an LED  202 . 
     Alternatively, the LED mounting area  1220  may not be stamped, as shown in  FIG. 12B . A soldering material  1210  (e.g., liquid solder; solder cream; solder paste; and any other soldering material known in the art) or conductive epoxy is placed either manually or by a programmable assembly system in the LED mounting area  1220 , as illustrated in  FIG. 12A . LEDs  202  are then placed either manually or by a programmable pick and place station on top of the soldering material  1210  or a suitable conductive epoxy. The conductive base  1201  with a plurality of LEDs  202  individually mounted on top of the soldering material  1210  will directly go into a programmable reflow chamber where the soldering material  1210  is melted or a curing oven where the conductive epoxy is cured. As a result, the LEDs  202  are bonded to the conductive base  1201  as shown in  FIG. 12B . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 13 , LEDs  202  may be mounted onto the conductive base  1301  by LED chip bonding. The conductive base  1301  is stamped to create a LED mounting area  1330 . The LED mounting area  1330  shown in  FIG. 13  is exemplary, and other variations of the LED mounting area  1330 , including stamped shapes, like the one shown in  FIG. 12A , which can hold an LED, are envisioned. LEDs  202 , preferably an LED chip, are placed either manually or by a programmable LED pick place machine onto the LED mounting area  1330 . The LEDs  202  are then wire bonded onto the conductive base  1301  using a wire  1340 . It should be noted that wire bonding includes ball bonding, wedge bonding, and the like. Alternatively, LEDs  202  may be mounted onto the conductive base  301  using a conductive glue or a clamp. 
     It should be noted that the conductive base in the above embodiments can be twisted in an “S” shape. Then, the twisting is reversed in the opposite direction for another predetermined number of rotations; thereby, making the conductive base form a shape of a “Z”. This “S-Z” twisted conductive base is then covered by an encapsulant. With its “S-Z” twisted placement, this embodiment will have increased flexibility, as well as emit light uniformly over 360°. 
     In another embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 11C , conductive base (e.g., conductive base  1101 ) delivering electrical current to the LEDs is wound into spirals. The spiraling process can be carried out by a conventional spiraling machine, where the conductive base is placed on a rotating table and a core  9000  passes through a hole in the center of the table. The pitch of the LED is determined by the ratio of the rotation speed and linear speed of the spiraled assembly. The core  9000  may be in any three-dimensional shape, such as a cylinder, a rectangular prism, a cube, a cone, a triangular prism, and may be made of, but not limited to, polymeric materials such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or other similar materials or, in one embodiment, elastomer materials such as silicon rubber. The core  9000  may also be solid. In one embodiment, the conductive base delivering electrical current to the LEDs is wound into spirals on a solid plastic core and then encapsulated in a transparent elastomer encapsulant. 
     Encapsulant 
     The encapsulant provides protection against environmental elements, such as water and dust, and damage due to loads placed on the integral LED light wire. The encapsulant may be flexible or rigid, and transparent, semi-transparent, opaque, and/or colored. The encapsulant may be made of, but not limited to, polymeric materials such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or other similar materials or, in one embodiment, elastomer materials such as silicon rubber. 
     Fabrication techniques concerning the encapsulant include, without limitation, extrusion, casting, molding, laminating, or a combination thereof. The preferred fabrication technique for the present invention is extrusion. 
     In addition to its protective properties, the encapsulant assists in the scattering and guiding of light in the LED light wire. As illustrated in  FIG. 14 , that part of the light from the LEDs  202  which satisfies the total internal reflection condition will be reflected on the surface of the encapsulant  1403  and transmitted longitudinally along the encapsulant  1403 . Light scattering particles  1404  may be included in the encapsulant  1403  to redirect such parts of the light as shown by light path  1406 . The light scattering particles  1404  are of a size chosen for the wavelength of the light emitted from the LEDs. In a typical application, the light scattering particles  1404  have a diameter in the scale of nanometers and they can be added to the polymer either before or during the extrusion process. 
     The light scattering particles  1404  may also be a chemical by-product associated with the preparation of the encapsulant  1403 . Any material that has a particle size (e.g., a diameter in the scale of nanometers) which permits light to scatter in a forward direction can be a light scattering particle. 
     The concentration of the light scattering particles  1404  is varied by adding or removing the particles. For example, the light scattering particles  1404  may be in the form of a dopant added to the starting material(s) before or during the extrusion process. The concentration of the light scattering material  1404  within the encapsulant  1403  is influenced by the distance between LEDs, the brightness of the LEDs, and the uniformity of the light. A higher concentration of light scattering material  1404  may increase the distance between neighboring LEDs  202  within the LED light wire. The brightness of the LED light wire may be increased by employing a high concentration of light scattering material  1404  together within closer spacing of the LEDs  202  and/or using brighter LEDs  202 . The smoothness and uniformity of the light within the LED light wire can be improved by increasing the concentration of light scattering material  1404  may increase such smoothness and uniformity. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 3 and 5  the sub-assemblies  310  and  510  are substantially at the center of the encapsulant. The sub-assemblies  310  and  510  are not limited to this location within the encapsulant. The sub-assemblies  310  and  510  may be located anywhere within the encapsulant. Additionally, the cross-sectional profile of the encapsulant is not restricted to circular or oval shapes, and may be any shape (e.g., square, rectangular, trapezoidal, star). Also, the cross-sectional profile of the encapsulant may be optimized to provide lensing for light emitted by the LEDs  202 . For example, another thin layer of encapsulant may be added outside the original encapsulant to further control the uniformity of the emitted light from the present invention. 
     Surface Texturing and Lensing 
     The surface of the integral LED light wire can be textured and/or lensed for optical effects. The integral single piece LED light wire may be coated (e.g., with a fluorescent material), or include additional layers to control the optical properties (e.g., the diffusion and consistency of illuminance) of the LED light wire. Additionally, a mask may be applied to the outside of the encapsulant to provide different textures or patterns. 
     Different design shapes or patterns may also be created at the surface of the encapsulant by means of hot embossing, stamping, printing and/or cutting techniques to provide special functions such as lensing, focusing, and/or scattering effects. As shown in  FIGS. 15A-C , the present invention includes formal or organic shapes or patterns (e.g., dome, waves, ridges) which influences light rays  1500  to collimate ( FIG. 15A ), focus ( FIG. 15B ), or scatter/diffuse ( FIG. 15C ). The surface of the encapsulant may be textured or stamped during or following extrusion to create additional lensing. Additionally, the encapsulant  303  may be made with multiple layers of different refractive index materials in order to control the degree of diffusion. 
     Applications of Integrally Formed Single Piece LED Light Wire 
     The present invention of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire finds many lighting applications. The following are some examples such as light wires with 360° Illumination, full color light wires, and light wires with individually controlled LEDs. It should be noted that these are only some of the possible light wire applications. 
     The three copper wires  161 ,  162 ,  163  delivering electrical power to the LEDs  202  shown in  FIG. 16A  forming the conductive base may be wound into spirals. The LEDs are connected to the conductors by soldering, ultrasonic welding or resistance welding. Each neighboring LED can be orientated at the same angle or be orientated at different angles. For example, one LED is facing the front, the next LED is facing the top, the third LED is facing the back, and the fourth one is facing the bottom etc. Thus, the integrally formed single piece LED light wire can illuminate the whole surrounding in 360°. 
     An embodiment of the integrally formed single piece LED light wire is shown in  FIG. 16B . As shown there are two continuous conductors corresponding to conductors  161  and  163 . Zero ohm jumpers or resistors couple conductor segments  162  to conductors  161  and  163  to provide power to LED elements  202 . As shown in  FIG. 16B , the integrally formed single piece LED light wire includes a substrate. In a preferred embodiment, the substrate is flexible. In another embodiment, the single piece light wire with flexible substrate is wound about a core  9000  (see, for example,  FIG. 11C ). 
     The integrally formed single piece LED light wire is not limited to single color. For full color application, the single color LED is replaced by an LED group consisting of four sub-LEDs in four different colors: red, blue, green, and white as shown in  FIG. 17 . The intensity of each LED group (one pixel) can be controlled by adjusting the voltage applied across each sub-LED. The intensity of each LED is controlled by a circuit such as the one shown in  FIG. 18 . 
     In  FIG. 18 , L 1 , L 2 , and L 3  are the three signal wires for supplying electric powers to the four LEDs in each pixel. The color intensity of each sub-LED is controlled by a μController  6000  with the timing chart given in  FIG. 19 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 19 , because the line voltage L 2  is higher than the line voltage L 1  over the first segment of time, the red LED (R) is turned on, whereas, during the same time interval, all the other LEDs are reverse biased and hence they are turned off. Similarly, in the second time interval, L 2  is higher than L 3  thus turning on the green LED (G) and turning off all the other LEDs. The turning on/off of other LEDs in subsequent time segments follows the same reasoning. 
     New colors such as cold white and orange apart from the four basic ones can be obtained by mixing the appropriate basic colors over a fraction of a unit switching time. This can be achieved by programming a microprocessor built into the circuit.  FIG. 20A  and  FIG. 20B  show the timing diagrams of color rendering for cold white and orange respectively. It should be noted that the entire color spectrum can be represented by varying the timing of signals L 1 , L 2 , and L 3 . 
     In one embodiment of the invention, each pixel of LEDs can be controlled independently using a microprocessor circuit into the light wire as shown in  FIG. 21 . Each LED module  2100  is assigned a unique address. When this address is triggered, that LED module is lit up. It will be noted that each pixel is an LED module consists of a micro-controller and three (RGB) or four (RGBW) LEDs. The LED modules are serially connected with a signal wire based on daisy chain or star bus configuration. Alternatively, the LED modules  2100  are arranged in parallel. 
     There are two ways to assign an address for each LED module. In a first approach, a unique address for each pixel is assigned during the manufacturing process. In a second approach, each pixel is assigned an address dynamically with its own unique address and each pixel being characterized by its own “address” periodically with trigger signal. Alternatively, the address is assigned dynamically when powered on. The dynamic addressing has the advantage of easy installation, as the integrally formed single piece LED light wire can be cut to any length. In one embodiment, the light wire can be cut into any desired length while it is powered on and functioning. 
     Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that a variety of alternate and/or equivalent implementations may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown and described without departing from the scope of the present invention. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the specific embodiments discussed herein. Therefore, it is intended that this invention be limited only by the claims and the equivalents thereof.