Abstract:
Disclosed are apparatuses and manufacturing methods for a fluid filled lens reservoir system. The eyeglass reservoir system includes a temple piece having a cavity, a bladder positioned within the cavity and configured to repeatedly compress and relax, the bladder being made of a flexible material, and a connecting tube coupled to an inlet port of a lens module and to the bladder, configured to carry a fluid between the bladder and a fluid filled lens cavity of the lens module. The eyeglass reservoir system further comprises a compression arm contacting the bladder and configured to transmit force from an actuator to the bladder to cause movement of the fluid between the bladder and the connecting tube. The bladder and connecting tube are made of a flexible material such as polyvinyledende difluoride. The connecting tube further comprises a flared end configured to couple to the inlet port of the lens module.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/251,819, filed Oct. 15, 2009, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    1. Field 
         [0003]    Embodiments of the present invention relate to fluid-filled lenses and in particular to a reservoir for storing and supplying a fluid. 
         [0004]    2. Background Art 
         [0005]    Basic fluid lenses have been known since about 1958, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,836,101, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. More recent examples may be found in “Dynamically Reconfigurable Fluid Core Fluid Cladding Lens in a Microfluidic Channel” by Tang et al., Lab Chip, 2008, vol. 8, p. 395, and in WIPO publication WO2008/063442, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. These applications of fluid lenses are directed towards photonics, digital phone and camera technology and microelectronics. 
         [0006]    Fluid lenses have also been proposed for ophthalmic applications (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,085,065, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). In all cases, the advantages of fluid lenses including a wide dynamic range, ability to provide adaptive correction, robustness and low cost have to be balanced against limitations in aperture size, possibility of leakage, and consistency in performance. The &#39;065 patent, for example, has disclosed several improvements and embodiments directed towards effective containment of the fluid in the fluid lens to be used in ophthalmic applications, although not limited to them (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,618,208, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety). Power adjustment in fluid lenses has been effected by injecting additional fluid into a lens cavity, by electrowetting, by application of ultrasonic impulse, and by utilizing swelling forces in a cross-linked polymer upon introduction of a swelling agent such as water. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0007]    In one embodiment of the present invention, the state of inflation of a sealed fluid filled lens is controllably altered by compressing a fluid filled reservoir that is sealed at one end and is connected to the cavity of the fluid filled lens on the other. 
         [0008]    In an embodiment, the fluid filled reservoir includes two sections, a wider section providing the space for storage of excess fluid, while a narrower section functions as a connecting tube between said wider section and an inlet to the sealed lens cavity being threaded through the hinge. The reservoir may be fabricated of a polymer that is impermeable to the fluid and foamed to accommodate the bending and unbending of a hinge. 
         [0009]    An embodiment of the present invention includes an eyeglass reservoir system for storing fluid to supply a fluid filled lens of a pair of eyeglasses. The eyeglass reservoir system may include a temple piece having a cavity, a bladder positioned within the cavity and configured to repeatedly compress and relax, the bladder being made of a flexible material, and a connecting tube coupled to an inlet port of a lens module and to the bladder, configured to carry a fluid between the bladder and a fluid filled lens cavity of the lens module. The eyeglass reservoir system may further include a compression arm contacting the bladder and configured to transmit force from an actuator to the bladder. The bladder and connecting tube may be separately formed and joined together or may be two portions of a single tube. The shape of the bladder may be cylindrical or ellipsoidal with the bladder being wider, respectively, than the connecting tube. The bladder and connecting tube are made of a flexible material such as polyvinyledende difluoride. The connecting tube may further include a flared end configured to couple to the inlet port of the lens module. 
         [0010]    An embodiment of the present invention additionally includes an apparatus, including a flexible bladder configured to repeatedly compress and relax, a flexible connecting tube having a flared end and a non-flared end, the non-flared end coupled to the bladder, the connecting tube configured to narrow and extend a passage length of the bladder, wherein the connecting tube is further configured to carry a fluid from and to the bladder; and a compression arm contacting the bladder and configured to apply pressure to the bladder. 
         [0011]    Additionally, an embodiment of the present invention includes a device manufacturing method, including placing a first unprocessed tube of a first processable material having a first diameter and first and second openings at opposite ends over a tubular reservoir profile having a cylindrical or elliptical cross-section, such that one end of the first unprocessed tube associated with the first opening and one end of the tubular reservoir profile are approximately even. The device manufacturing method further includes processing the first processable material such that a first processed tube forms around the tubular reservoir profile and contracts, at the end associated with the second opening, smaller than the tubular reservoir profile to create a reduced diameter opening. Another step of the device manufacturing method includes removing the tubular reservoir profile from the first processed tube and sealing the first opening. Additionally, the device manufacturing method includes placing a first opening of a second unprocessed tube of a second diameter over the reduced diameter opening of the first processed tube, the second unprocessed tube being made of a second processable material. Still another step of the device manufacturing method includes placing an inlet profile in a second opening of the second unprocessed tube and processing the second processable material such that a second processed tube forms around the reduced opening of the first tube and the inlet profile to form a flared opening. The device manufacturing method further includes placing a first adhesive around an inside rim of the first opening of the first processed tube and placing a second adhesive around an outside rim of the reduced diameter opening, or an inside rim of the first opening of the second processed tube, or both. 
         [0012]    Further features and advantages of the invention, as well as the structure and operation of various embodiments of the present invention, are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is noted that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described herein. Such embodiments are presented herein for illustrative purposes only. Additional embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES 
         [0013]    The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form a part of the specification, illustrate the present invention and, together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of the invention and to enable a person skilled in the pertinent art to make and use the invention. 
           [0014]      FIG. 1  partially depicts an exemplary pair of fluid-filled eyeglasses, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0015]      FIG. 2  illustrates an exploded view of one of the temple pieces of the fluid-filled eyeglasses shown in  FIG. 1 , according to an embodiment. 
           [0016]      FIG. 3  illustrates a three dimensional view of a reservoir according to an embodiment, showing a relatively wide section and a relatively narrow section. 
           [0017]      FIGS. 4A-4D  are dimensioned drawings of a reservoir such as the reservoir shown in  FIG. 3 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0018]      FIG. 5  depicts the reservoir in an exploded view of the sealed lens module, showing connecting ends of a narrow section of a reservoir and an inlet port located on a rigid lens of a sealed lens module, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0019]      FIGS. 6A-6D  illustrate an exemplary method for fabricating a reservoir, according to an embodiment. 
           [0020]      FIGS. 7A-7D  illustrate another exemplary method of reservoir fabrication, according to an embodiment. 
           [0021]      FIG. 8  shows results of optical tests performed to calculate the volume of a wide section of a reservoir that is in contact with a compressing means, according to an embodiment of the present invention. The data have been used to calculate the volume of the fluid required to be injected into the fluid filled lens cavity for each diopter of power increase, given a fluid filled lens of geometry shown in  FIG. 5 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0022]    Although specific configurations and arrangements are discussed, it should be understood that this is done for illustrative purposes only. A person skilled in the pertinent art will recognize that other configurations and arrangements can be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. It will be apparent to a person skilled in the pertinent art that this invention can also be employed in a variety of other applications. 
         [0023]    It is noted that references in the specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” etc., indicate that the embodiment described can include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it would be within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to effect such feature, structure or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described. 
         [0024]    Design of a pair of eyeglasses including fluid filled lenses may utilize seamless integration of all of the components of the fluid filled lens into an eyeglass frame without compromising either the adjustability of optical power of the fluid filled lens or the frame and temple designs, both from the ergonomic and aesthetic perspectives. 
         [0025]    A pair of eyeglasses having fluid filled lenses may include, for example and without limitation: (1) two fluid filled lens modules; (2) two connecting tubes, each connecting the inlet port of a lens module to a corresponding reservoir to form a sealed system and threaded through a hinge; (3) two fluid filled reservoirs made of a flexible material that can be compressed and relaxed reversibly for a large number of cycles, connected to the lens modules by means of the connecting tubes; (4) hinges that provide a channel that houses the connecting tube and allows it to flex during the operation of the hinge without causing the connecting tube to crimp; and (5) two actuators that compress the respective reservoirs reversibly and controllably by means of movement of, for example and without limitation, a wheel or a screw, located on the side of each temple piece. 
         [0026]    A design that provides the ability to separately adjust the right and the left optic by the wearer is deemed ergonomically superior than a design that requires adjustment of the optics in tandem, since it leads to direct tactile connection between the extent of adjustment of the actuator position and the clarity and magnification of the retinal image formed by the fluid filled lenses. 
         [0027]      FIG. 1  is a partial illustration of an exemplary eyeglass assembly  100  with a fluid-filled lens, according to an embodiment of the present invention. The eyeglasses  100  include first and second temple pieces  120 , a lens frame  140 , hinges  160  coupling the temple pieces  120  to the frame  140 , and at least one liquid-filled lens assembly  180 . 
         [0028]      FIG. 2  illustrates an exploded detail of one of the temple pieces  120 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. Temple piece  120  includes two outer shell pieces  220   a  and  220   b . When the two outer shell pieces  220   a  and  220   b  are fitted together, they create a cavity  230  within the body of temple piece  120 . A reservoir assembly  240  can be sized, shaped, and placed within cavity  230 . In an embodiment, temple piece  120  also includes an assembly of a compression arm  260 , a flexible tab  270 , a pin  272  holding tab  270  in place, and an actuator  280 . In one example, this assembly movably contacts a wider portion of reservoir assembly  240 . In an embodiment, compression arm  260  is shaped such that in the confined environment of cavity  230  of the assembled temple piece  120 , the contact with the wider portion of reservoir assembly  240  causes compression of the reservoir assembly  240  and pushes fluid out of said reservoir assembly. Conversely, in an embodiment, lessening of the contact between compression arm  260  and reservoir assembly  240  decompresses reservoir assembly  240  and causes fluid to be drawn into reservoir assembly  240 . 
         [0029]      FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary reservoir assembly  240  from multiple perspectives, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Reservoir assembly  240  includes a bladder  310 , a connecting tube  320 , a joint  330 , a sealed end  340 , and an open end  350 . In one embodiment, reservoir  240  is typically of a bladder configuration  310 , shaped to fit within temple piece  120  of an eyeglass assembly. Bladder  310  is positioned in cavity  230  inside temple piece  120 . In an embodiment, bladder  310  contacts a thin, stiff movable metal plate, referred to herein as compression arm  260  (shown in  FIG. 2 ), along its length. In an embodiment, bladder  310  may be cylindrical or ellipsoidal, to better fit the tapered shape of temple piece  120 . In one example, the inner diameter may be 5.0 mm or less, such as 2.0 to 4.5 mm along the major axis and between 1.0 mm to 3.0 mm along the minor axis. In another example, the upper limit of the dimensions of bladder  310  is controlled by the size of temple piece  120  to be used with eyeglasses  100  and also by the maximum amount of force that may reasonably be generated by the mechanical action of an actuator (for example, the assembly in  FIG. 2  including  260 ,  270 ,  272 , and  280 ), and transmitted to compression arm  260  in contact with bladder  310 . If this force is too high, it may cause bending of compression arm  260 , thus dissipating some of the force. In an embodiment, there is also a direct correlation between the wall thickness of bladder  310 , its stiffness under tensile and shear forces, and the dimensions of bladder  310 . 
         [0030]    Bladder  310  of reservoir assembly  240  is connected to a narrower portion, referred to herein as connecting tube  320 , that carries the fluid from bladder  310  to fluid filled lens assembly  180  (as shown in  FIG. 1 ). In an embodiment, bladder  310  and connecting tube  320  may be separately formed and joined together. In another embodiment, bladder  310  and connecting tube  320  are formed from a single tube of the reservoir material. Several processes may be developed to form the reservoir as a single unit and avoid having to form a joint  330 , including, for example and without limitation, heat shrinking provided that the reservoir material is made of a heat shrinkable material; blow or injection molding, for example when the reservoir material is a thermoplastic; or machining, such as for prototype production. 
         [0031]    In one example embodiment, connecting tube  320  has an inner diameter between 1.0 mm to 2.5 mm, such as between 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm. The lower limit controls the time required for the fluid to pass through connecting tube  320 . For example, an inner diameter of the connecting tube of 1.2 mm allows the optical response to an adjustment of the actuator to be completed in less than 5 seconds, and, in an embodiment, less than 2 seconds. Since the wall thickness of connecting tube  320  is between 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm in this embodiment, the outer diameter may be between 3.5 mm and 1.2 mm. The upper limit is controlled by the maximum amount of bend allowance that can be provided by the hinge section, disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ (Atty. Docket No. 2843.0120001) incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and the end piece without making eyeglasses  100  too bulky and stiff, as well as the bend radius that connecting tube  320  can achieve without developing a kink or a blockage. 
         [0032]      FIGS. 4A-4D  provided detailed views and dimensions of an exemplary reservoir assembly  240 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. The top portion of  FIG. 4A  illustrates a side view of reservoir assembly  240 , while the bottom portion of  FIG. 4A  illustrates a top view of reservoir assembly  240 .  FIGS. 4B-4D  illustrate cross-sectional views of reservoir assembly  240  along its length.  FIG. 4B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of open end  350  of connecting tube  320  (without a flared end).  FIG. 4C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of bladder  310  at or near joint  330 .  FIG. 4D  illustrates a cross-sectional view of bladder  310  near sealed end  340 . In this exemplary embodiment, the length from sealed end  340  to joint  330  is 32 mm, the length from joint  330  to open end  350  is 20.5 mm, the length of the joint is 1 mm, and the length of the sealed end  340  is 1.5 mm. Also in this exemplary embodiment, the diameter of cross-section A-A is 1.6 mm and the wall thickness is 0.3 mm. The major axis of elliptical cross-section B-B is 3.75 mm and the minor axis is 2.5 mm with a wall thickness of 0.1 mm. The major axis of elliptical cross-section C-C is 4.5 mm and the minor axis is 1.12 mm with a wall thickness of 0.1 mm. 
         [0033]      FIG. 5  illustrates the reservoir with an exploded view of the sealed lens module according to an embodiment, showing the connecting ends (e.g., flared end  520 ) of connecting tube  320  of reservoir  240  and an inlet port  530  located on rigid lens  550  of sealed lens module  180 . As shown in  FIG. 5 , open end  350  of connecting tube  320  is flared to create flared end  520 , and then fit over inlet port  530  of the fluid filled lens assembly, so that connecting tube  320  may be welded to inlet port  530  prior to any filling operation. 
         [0034]    In each of these embodiments, it is important to select an appropriate material for the reservoir assembly. In an embodiment, this material is chemically inert, with minimum permeability to the fluid being used (e.g., silicone oil), so that no fluid is lost during 2-3 years of use. In an embodiment, the material is processable and highly flexible, because it may undergo tight bends along its length, particularly when the hinge is closed. In one example, the radius of curvature may be as little as 3.0 mm, or as low as 2.5 times the outer diameter of the connecting tube. 
         [0035]    The following Table 1 shows exemplary materials that may be considered for reservoir  240 . 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Plastic 
                 Thermal Properties 
                 Strength 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Abbreviation (chemical name) 
                 Tm 
                 Tg 
                 Td 
                 Cte 
                 Tensile 
                 Compressive 
                 Density 
               
               
                 Brand name 
                 ° C. 
                 ° C. 
                 ° C. 
                 ppm/° C.  
                 psi 
                 psi 
                 g/cc 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 ECTFE (ethylene chlorotrifluoro 
                 220 
                   
                 116 
                 80 
                 6000 
                   
                 1.68 
               
               
                 ethylene copolymer) 
                 245 
                   
                   
                   
                 7000 
                   
                 1.69 
               
               
                 ETFE (ethylene tetrafluoro- 
                 270 
                   
                 104 
                 59 
                 6500 
                 7100 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 ethylene copolymer) Tefzel 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 FEP (fluorinated ethylene- 
                 275 
                   
                 70 
                   
                 2700 
                 2200 
                 2.12 
               
               
                 propylene copolymer) Teflon FEP 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3100 
                   
                 2.17 
               
               
                 PFA (perfluoroalkoxy) 
                 310 
                   
                 74 
                   
                 4000 
                   
                 2.12 
               
               
                 Teflon PFA 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 4300 
                   
                 2.17 
               
               
                 PCTFE (polychlorotrifluoro- 
                 220 
                   
                 125 
                 36 
                 4500 
                 4600 
                 2.08 
               
               
                 ethylene) 
                   
                   
                   
                 70 
                 6000 
                 7400 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) 
                 327 
                   
                 121 
                 70 
                 2000 
                 1700 
                 2.14 
               
               
                 Teflon 
                   
                   
                   
                 120 
                 5000 
                   
                 2.20 
               
               
                 PVF (polyvinylfluoride) Tedlar 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 7000 
                 1.38 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 18000 
                 1.57 
               
               
                 PVDF (polyvinylidenefluoride) 
                 174 
                   
                 138 
                 70 
                 5200 
                 10900 
                 1.77 
               
               
                 Kynar 
                 178 
                   
                   
                 142 
                 7250 
                 14000 
                 1.78 
               
               
                 (polycaprolactam) Nylon6 
                 210 
                   
                 185 
                 80 
                 7400 
                 13000 
                 1.12 
               
               
                   
                 220 
                   
                 190 
                 83 
                   
                 16000 
                 1.14 
               
               
                 PC (polycarbonate) Lexan 
                   
                 150 
                 138 
                 68 
                 9500 
                 12500 
                 1.2 
               
               
                 PET (polyethyleneterephthalate) 
                 245 
                 73 
                 21 
                 65 
                 7000 
                 11000 
                 1.29 
               
               
                 Mylar 
                 265 
                 80 
                 38 
                   
                 10500 
                 15000 
                 1.40 
               
               
                 LDPE (low density polyethylene) 
                 98 
                 −25 
                 40 
                 100 
                 1200 
                   
                 0.917 
               
               
                   
                 115 
                   
                 44 
                 220 
                 4550 
                   
                 0.932 
               
               
                 LLDPE (linear low density 
                 122 
                   
                   
                   
                 1900 
                 0 
                 0.918 
               
               
                 polyethylene) 
                 124 
                   
                   
                   
                 4000 
                   
                 0.940 
               
               
                 HDPE (high density polyethylene) 
                 130 
                   
                 79 
                 59 
                 3200 
                 2700 
                 0.952 
               
               
                   
                 137  
                   
                 91 
                 110 
                 4500 
                 3600 
                 0.965 
               
               
                 UHMWPE (ultra high molecular 
                 125 
                   
                 68 
                 130 
                 5600 
                   
                 0.940 
               
               
                 weight polyethylene) 
                 135 
                   
                 82 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 PI (polyimide) 
                   
                 310 
                 277 
                 45 
                 10500 
                 30000 
                 1.36 
               
               
                   
                   
                 365  
                 360 
                 56 
                 17100 
                 40000 
                 1.43 
               
               
                 PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) 
                   
                 85 
                 79 
                 50 
                 7000 
                 10500 
                 1.17 
               
               
                 Plexiglas 
                   
                 105 
                 107 
                 90 
                 11000 
                 18000 
                 1.20 
               
               
                 PP (polypropylene) 
                 168 
                 −20 
                 107 
                 81 
                 4500 
                 5500 
                 0.900 
               
               
                   
                 175  
                   
                 121 
                 100 
                 6000 
                 8000 
                 0.910 
               
               
                 PS (polystyrene) Styron 
                   
                 74 
                 68 
                 50 
                 5200 
                 12000 
                 1.04 
               
               
                   
                   
                 105 
                 96 
                 83 
                 7500 
                 13000 
                 1.05 
               
               
                 PVC (polyvinylchloride) 
                   
                 75 
                 57 
                 50 
                 5900 
                 8000 
                 1.30 
               
               
                   
                   
                 105 
                 82 
                 100 
                 7500 
                 13000 
                 1.58 
               
               
                 PVDC (polyvinylidenechloride) 
                 172 
                 −15 
                 54 
                 190 
                 3500 
                 2000 
                 1.65 
               
               
                 Saran 
                   
                   
                 66 
                   
                 5000 
                 2700 
                 1.72 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0036]    In an embodiment, fluorocarbon material may be used instead of a chlorofluorocarbon or other halocarbon materials in terms of a combination of impermeability, elasticity, and stiffness. For example, for a given embodiment, TYGON (polyvinyl chloride) is superior in terms of elasticity and stiffness but is not sufficiently impermeable to silicone oil such as DC 702 and DC 704 produced by Dow Corning Corp. of Midland, Mich. For a given embodiment, polyvinyledende difluoride (PVDF) may be used, because it has an optimal combination of elasticity, stiffness, and impeinieability. It is also highly processable, and may be heat shrunk, heat sealed, thermoformed, and injection molded. PVDF possesses excellent resistance to uptake of silicone oil both in heat shrunk and non heat shrunk forms. 
         [0037]      FIGS. 6A-6D  illustrate a reservoir fabrication method according to an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 6A  illustrates an initial step of fabricating a two piece reservoir. Initially, in an embodiment, a tubular profile  610  is formed with a cylindrical or elliptical cross-section. The cross-section of this tubular profile  610  is shaped and sized to fit within the cavity of a temple piece of the fluid-filled lens eyeglasses. Then, a first tubular piece of material  620 , having a length somewhat longer than tubular profile  610 , is placed over tubular profile  610  from one open end  612  of first tubular piece of material  620 . Material  620  may be, for example, PVDF. Tubular profile  610  may be made from, for example, metal. 
         [0038]    As seen in  FIG. 6B , material  620  is then processed. In an embodiment, material  620  is processed using a heat treatment. During such a processing, material  620  shrinks and contracts around tubular profile  610 , except where tubular profile  610  is not supporting material  620 , in which case material  620  continues to contract, forming a small coupling and opening  632  relative to the cross-section of metal profile  610 . The first processed material  630  is the base formation of a bladder. 
         [0039]      FIG. 6C  illustrates another step of fabricating a two piece reservoir, according to an embodiment. Initially, in an embodiment, a second tubular piece of material  640  having a diameter smaller than first tubular piece of material  620  but larger than coupling  632 , is placed over a flare profile  660 . Flare profile may be made from, for example, metal. Flare profile  660  is shaped and sized to create a flared end of the connecting tube such that it will fit over an inlet port of a fluid-filled lens assembly. The other end of second tubular piece of material  640  is placed over coupling  632 . Coupling  632  and the opening of second tubular piece of material  640  may have an adhesive applied to their inside and outside surfaces to connect first and second tubular pieces of material  620  and  640  together. The adhesive may be, for example and without limitation, DELO Duopox 01 Rapid or Duopox AD821 produced by DELO Industrie Klebstoffe GmbH of Windach, Germany. 
         [0040]    As seen in  FIG. 6D , material  640  is then processed, e.g. by heat treatment, such that material  640  shrinks and contracts to form the connecting tube, except where the flare profile  660  is supporting material  640 , in which case material  640  does not fully contract and forms a flared end  670 , relative to the cross-section of processed connecting tube  650 . Processed connecting tube  650  is also now permanently joined to bladder base  630  at joint  680 . As previously stated, joint  680  may be further connected with an adhesive, may be sealed by only the contraction of the processed materials, or both. The final step of this reservoir fabrication method is to remove flare profile  660  and seal, e.g., with a heat treatment, open end  612  of the first tubular piece of material  620 , now the processed base  630  for a bladder. Upon sealing of open end  612 , the bladder becomes fully functional. 
         [0041]      FIGS. 7A-7D  illustrate another reservoir fabrication method, according to an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 7A  illustrates an initial step of fabricating a two piece reservoir. Initially, in an embodiment, a tubular section of a material  740  is placed over an inlet profile  760 . Material  740  may be, for example, PVDF. Inlet profile  760  may be made from, for example, metal. Inlet profile  760  may be shaped and sized to create a flared end of material  740 , such that material  740  will fit over the inlet port of the fluid-filled lens assembly once it has been processed. 
         [0042]    As seen in  FIG. 7B , material  740  is then processed. In an embodiment, material  740  is processed by heat treatment, such that material  740  shrinks and contracts, except where inlet profile  760  is supporting material  740 . In that case, material  740  does not fully contract and forms a flared end  770 , relative to the cross-section of processed connecting tube  750 . 
         [0043]      FIG. 7C  illustrates another step of fabricating a two piece reservoir, according to an embodiment. In an embodiment, a tubular profile  710  is formed with a cylindrical or elliptical cross-section. Tubular profile  710  may be made from, for example, metal. The cross-section of tubular profile  710  may be shaped and sized to fit within the cavity of a temple piece of the fluid-filled lens eyeglasses. Then a tubular piece of material  720 , having a length that is somewhat longer than tubular profile  710 , is placed over tubular profile  710  from one open end  712  of the tubular piece of material  720 . Material  720  may be, for example, VITON®, produced by DuPont Performance Elastomers of Wilmington, Del. The other end of the tubular piece of material  720  is placed over the non-flared end of processed connecting tube  750 . The non-flared end of processed connecting tube  750  and the opening of the other end of the tubular piece of material  720  may have an adhesive, such as, but not limited to DELO Duopox 01 Rapid or Duopox AD821, applied to their inside and outside surfaces to connect the two tubular pieces of material  720  and material  740  together. 
         [0044]    As seen in  FIG. 7D , material  720  is then processed. In an embodiment, material  720  is processed by heat treatment. In such an embodiment, such that material  720  shrinks and contracts around the tubular profile  710 , except where tubular profile  710  is not supporting material  720 , in which case material  720  continues to contract, forming a joint  780  with connecting tube  750 . The processed material  730  is the base formation of a bladder. Processed connecting tube  750  is also now permanently joined to bladder base  730  at joint  780 . As previously stated, joint  780  may be further connected with an adhesive, may be sealed by only the contraction of the processed materials, or both. The final step of this reservoir fabrication method is to remove tubular profile  710  and seal open end  712  of tubular piece of material  720 . This turns the now-processed material  730  into a base for a bladder. The open end may be sealed, for example, with a heat treatment. Upon sealing of the open end  712 , the bladder becomes fully functional. 
         [0045]    While  FIGS. 6A-6D  and  7 A- 7 D are illustrative of two methods to fabricate the fluid-filled lens reservoir, they should not been seen as limiting examples. For example, the two portions of the reservoir can be formed as a single unit. Several processes may be developed to faun the reservoir as a single unit and avoid having to form a joint, including heat shrinking provided that the reservoir material is made of a heat shrinkable material; blow or injection molding, when the reservoir material is, for example, a thermoplastic; or machining, for example in prototype production. 
         [0046]      FIG. 8  shows the results of a test performed to compute the dimensions of the reservoir for one eyeglass design according to an embodiment. This test measured the volume of silicone oil required to create one diopter (1.0 D) increase in optical power of the fluid filled lens. This measurement used a prototype fluid filled lens assembly placed on a lensometer capable of measuring lens power. The fluid filled lens was connected and sealed to a reservoir shaped as shown in  FIG. 3 , by means of a connecting tube of appropriate length and diameter. 
         [0047]    The data shows that fluid is indeed transferred from the reservoir to the lens cavity causing the membrane of the fluid lens to inflate and lens power to increase as predicted. The increase in power was linear with respect to the fluid volume, indicative of a linear response to the movement of the actuator means, such as a wheel or a screw. For this design, about 30 microliters of silicone oil was used to increase the optical power of the fluid filled lens by 1.0 D. Since a full power range of about 2.5 D may be desirable, the reservoir may be sized, in an embodiment, to deliver this amount of fluid without having to squeeze the reservoir out of its elastic zone, leaving approximately 60% of the fluid in the reservoir at the highest point of the power range. 
         [0048]    Although various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art that various changes in form and detail can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents. 
         [0049]    Further, the purpose of the foregoing Abstract is to enable the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally, and especially the scientists, engineers and practitioners in the art who are not familiar with patent or legal terms or phraseology, to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and essence of the technical disclosure of the application. The Abstract is not intended to be limiting as to the scope of the present invention in any way.