Abstract:
Methods and apparatus for using humidity level to adjust the temperature set point of an HVAC system for increased occupant comfort. In one illustrative embodiment, the temperature set point for the inside space is moved downward when the humidity of the inside space rises above a predetermined humidity set point threshold value. In warm climates, this causes the air conditioner of the HVAC system to be activated, which lowers the temperature of the inside space to a new lower temperature set point. In some embodiments, the HVAC system retains the new lower temperature set point for a predetermined time period. The predetermined time period may be dependent on a number of factors, including whether the space is expected to occupied or unoccupied.

Description:
[0001]     The present invention generally relates to the field of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), and more particularly to temperature set point control based on humidity for increased comfort.  
       BACKGROUND  
       [0002]     HVAC systems are commonly used to control the temperature of the inside space of a building or other structure. Many HVAC systems do not attempt to control humidity, even though humidity can play a significant role in occupant comfort. For many residential and commercial HVAC systems, humidity is reduced as merely a by-product of operating the cooling system. While HVAC systems have long been adapted to use temperature as the standard for determining when to provide heating or cooling, new strategies are needed to incorporate humidity effects on perceived comfort.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0003]     The present invention provides methods and apparatus for using humidity level to adjust the temperature set point of an HVAC system for increased occupant comfort. In one illustrative embodiment, the temperature set point for the inside space is moved downward when the humidity of the inside space rises above a predetermined humidity set point threshold value. In warm climates, this causes the air conditioner of the HVAC system to be activated, which lowers the temperature of the inside space to a new lower temperature set point. In some embodiments, the HVAC system retains the new lower temperature set point for a predetermined time period. The predetermined time period may be dependent on a number of factors, including whether the space is expected to occupied or unoccupied.  
         [0004]     When the space is expected to be unoccupied, and occupant comfort is less of a concern, the temperature set point may be allowed to return to the previous higher set point value after a relatively short time period. A relatively short time period can be used because relatively short term temperature cycling in the inside space is less of a concern when no occupants are present, and maintaining a lower temperature set point value for a longer time period may consume additional energy. When the space is occupied, however, and occupant comfort is more of a concern, the temperature set point may remain at the new lower temperature set point for a longer period of time. The longer predetermined time period may help reduce relatively short term temperature cycling in the inside space, which under some circumstances, may be noticeable and somewhat uncomfortable for occupants in the inside space. In addition, the use of a lower temperature set point during periods of high humidity may create better perceived comfort for occupants. In some embodiments, the humidity level may correspond to a relative humidity level. However, any suitable measure of humidity may be used, as desired. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0005]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an illustrative system for controlling an air conditioner in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0006]      FIG. 2  is a graph illustrating set points as modified in response to changes in measured or sensed humidity;  
         [0007]      FIG. 3  is a graph illustrating set points as modified in response to changes in measured or sensed relative humidity depending on whether the controlled space is occupied or unoccupied; and  
         [0008]      FIG. 4  is another graph illustrating set points as modified in response to changes in measured or sensed relative humidity depending on whether the controlled space is occupied or unoccupied. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0009]     The following detailed description should be read with reference to the drawings. The drawings, which are not necessarily to scale, depict illustrative embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.  
         [0010]     The present invention creates conditions within an inside space which are more comfortable for occupants by reducing the set point temperature when humidity is high. In addition, by reducing the temperature when the humidity is high, the supporting air conditioner may run for longer periods of time to maintain the reduced temperature set point, which can remove additional water from the inside space.  
         [0011]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an illustrative system for controlling an air conditioner in accordance with the present invention. The system is generally shown at  2 , and includes a controller  3  for controlling an air conditioner  4  that is adapted to service an inside space  5 . The controller  3  is preferably a microprocessor that is controlled by software stored in memory  7 . However, it is contemplated that controller  3  may be any suitable controller, depending on the application. One or more sensors  6  preferably provide sensor signals to the controller  3  related to one or more environmental conditions of the inside space  5 . One particular sensor is shown at  6   a , which may be a humidity sensor. Other sensors may include, for example, temperature sensors, gas sensors, etc. The controller  3  may provide control signals to air conditioner  4  to control various pre-selected environment conditions in the inside space  5 , such as temperature, humidity, etc.  
         [0012]     As indicated above, memory  7  may store a computer program that is executed by controller  3 . Memory  7  may be, for example, Random Access Memory, Read-Only-Memory, Read/Writable Non-Volatile memory, magnetic media, compact disk, or any other suitable data storage medium. In one embodiment, memory  7  includes both Random Access Memory and Read/Writable Non-Volatile memory.  
         [0013]     In some embodiments, a user interface  8  is coupled to the controller  3 . The user interface may allow a user to enter/change set points, schedules, and other control parameters. In some illustrative embodiments, the control parameters include, for example, temperature set points, humidity set points, upper and lower humidity threshold values, when the space is expected to be occupied and unoccupied, etc. Some or all of the control parameters may be stored in memory  7 , if desired. A user display  9  may be coupled to the controller  3  to display information to the user. This information may include, for example, set points, schedules, other control parameters, and/or any other information that may be useful or informative to the user.  
         [0014]     In one illustrative embodiment, the controller  3  reads a temperature set point for the inside space from the memory  7 , and in some cases an indication of whether the inside space is either expected to be occupied or unoccupied based on a schedule, or actually occupied or unoccupied based on an occupancy sensor. A measure of the humidity level in the inside space  5  may be read by a humidity sensor  6   a , and provided to controller  3 . The controller may then determine if the humidity level of the inside space has risen above an upper humidity threshold level, which may also be stored in memory  7 . The controller may then lower the current temperature set point for a first time period if the inside space is expected to be unoccupied, and lower the current temperature set point for a second time period if the inside space is expected to be occupied. Preferably, the first time period is shorter than the second time period, but this may not be required in all embodiments. The temperature set point is preferably used to control the air conditioner  4  such that the temperature in the inside space  5  is maintained at the temperature set point.  
         [0015]      FIG. 2 a  graph illustrating a temperature set point  12  as modified in response to changes in measured or sensed humidity  10  in an inside space, such as inside space  5  of  FIG. 1 . In one illustrative embodiment, the temperature set point  12  can be modified in response to a sensed humidity level  10 . In the example shown in  FIG. 2 , when the humidity level  10  represented by trace  14 , passes an upper humidity threshold value  16  at time  18 , the temperature set point  20  moves to a lower temperature set point value. The temperature set point  20  is illustrated as a dashed line, with two dark parallel lines on either side. The dark parallel lines represent a region of hysteresis, sometimes referred to as a dead zone, around the temperature set point value.  
         [0016]     After the humidity reaches the upper humidity threshold temperature value  16 , the humidity trace  14  may continue to rise for some time, after the temperature set point  20  has been lowered. This may be particularly true when the humidity trace  14  corresponds to relative humidity, because the initial reduction in air temperature produced by the air conditioner may cause an increase in relative humidity unless and until moisture can be removed from the air. The humidity trace  14  eventually may begin to drop as shown because of the effects the air conditioner has on removing moisture from the air, unless there is a significant infusion of moisture into the controlled space.  
         [0017]     For the illustrative embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 , and after the humidity trace  14  crosses a lower humidity threshold  22 , the temperature set point  18  returns to its original level. The separation between the upper humidity threshold  16  and the lower humidity threshold  22  for the humidity curve  10  is preferably provided to gain some degree of hysteresis in the system.  
         [0018]     The disruption of normal air conditioning equipment cycling caused by the thermostat controlling to a new set point can itself cause discomfort to occupants. Therefore changing of the temperature set point should be minimized during occupied times since it could cancel the comfort afforded by a lower temperature set point to offset higher humidity.  
         [0019]      FIG. 3  illustrates an approach to help reduce quick cycling of an HVAC system of an occupied space, while helping to prevent unnecessary overcooling of an unoccupied space.  FIG. 3  is a graph illustrating temperature set points as modified in response to changes in measured or sensed humidity, depending on whether the controlled space is occupied or unoccupied. Included in  FIG. 3  is a graph  30  representing the humidity level in the inside space, a graph  32  representing the unoccupied temperature set points, and a graph  34  representing the occupied temperature set points. The humidity graph generally shown at  30  includes a humidity trace  36 , which can be seen to cross an upper humidity threshold  38  at time  40 . In such an event, if the space is unoccupied, the illustrative embodiment responds by lowering the unoccupied temperature set point  42 , shown in the unoccupied temperature set point graph  32 . If the space is occupied, the illustrative embodiment responds by lowering the occupied temperature set point  44 , shown in the occupied temperature set point graph  34 . Lowering the temperature set point will tend to increase occupant comfort during a higher humidity level  36  of the inside space.  
         [0020]     After the humidity level  36  crosses the lower humidity threshold  46 , as shown at time  47 , the unoccupied temperature set point  42  remains at the lower temperature set point value for a predetermined time period t 1 . In contrast, the occupied temperature set point  44  remains at the lower temperature set point value for a predetermined longer time period t 2 , where t 2  is greater than t 1 .  
         [0021]     As can be seen, when the inside space is expected to be unoccupied, and occupant comfort is less of a concern, the lower temperature set point may return to the previous higher temperature set point value a relatively short time (e.g. t 1 ) after the humidity level reaches the predetermined lower threshold value. A relatively short time period (e.g. t 1 ) may be chosen because relatively short term temperature cycling in the inside space is less of a concern when no occupants are present, and maintaining a lower temperature set point value for a longer time period may consume additional energy.  
         [0022]     When the space is expected to be occupied, however, and occupant comfort is more of a concern, the lower temperature set point may return to the previous higher temperature set point value a longer time period (e.g. t 2 ) after the humidity reaches the predetermined lower threshold value. The relatively longer time period (e.g. t 2 ) may help reduce relatively short term temperature cycling in the inside space, which under some circumstances, may be noticeable and somewhat uncomfortable for some occupants in the inside space. In addition, use of a lower temperature set point for a longer period of time (e.g. t 2 ) during periods of relatively higher humidity may create better perceived comfort for the occupants. In some embodiments, the humidity level may correspond to relative humidity. However, any suitable measure of humidity may be used, as desired.  
         [0023]     The shorter unoccupied predetermined period of time (e.g. t 1 ) is preferably greater than or equal to zero, but less than the longer occupied predetermined period of time (e.g. t 2 ). In some embodiments, the longer predetermined occupied period of time (e.g. t 2 ) is chosen to correspond roughly to a typical air conditioner cycle, such as twenty minutes (e.g. compressor on for ten minutes and off for ten minutes), to allow for the completion of approximately one full air conditioner cycle once the humidity level reaches the predetermined lower humidity threshold value. This may help dampen the control effects of the space air temperature changes from the equipment cycling as the thermostat controls the dry bulb temperature and also other short term environmental changes that might occur during a typical air conditioning cycle.  
         [0024]     Continuing on with  FIG. 3 , the unoccupied temperature set point  42  returns to its original higher temperature set point value at time  48 , and the humidity trace  36  is shown splitting into an unoccupied trace  50  and an occupied trace  52 . Because the unoccupied temperature set point  42  returns at time  48 , the average unoccupied humidity trace  50  may begin to rise shortly thereafter. The occupied temperature set point  44 , however, remains lower, and may continue to drive the occupied humidity trace  52  down due to the increased run time of the air conditioner compressor. The continued downward trend of the occupied relative humidity trace  52  is illustrative of one circumstance and may, in some instances, level off or begin oscillating around a particular humidity level over time.  
         [0025]     At time  54 , the unoccupied humidity trace  50  again crosses the upper threshold  38  again, causing the unoccupied temperature set point  42  to move to the lower temperature set point again. As discussed above, this may cause a downward slope in the unoccupied humidity trace  50  a second time. The cycling of the unoccupied temperature set point  42  may be quick enough to be annoying to occupants of the inside space, but because the space is unoccupied, is of little concern. For the occupied temperature set point  44 , the longer occupied period of time (e.g. t 2 ) may be set to reduce such an annoyance.  
         [0026]      FIG. 4  is another graph illustrating set points as modified in response to changes in measured or sensed relative humidity depending on whether the controlled space is occupied or unoccupied.  FIG. 4  is similar to  FIG. 3 , except the shorter unoccupied period of time (e.g. t 1 ) and the longer occupied period of time (e.g. t 2 ) are specified relative to when the humidity level initially crosses the upper humidity threshold  38 , and not when the humidity level of the inside space crosses the lower humidity threshold  46  as in  FIG. 3 . In either case, the shorter unoccupied period of time (e.g. t 1 ) is preferably shorter than the longer occupied period of time (e.g. t 2 ).  
         [0027]     Those skilled in the art will recognize that the present invention may be manifested in a variety of forms other than the specific embodiments described and contemplated herein. Accordingly, departures in form and detail may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention as described in the appended claims.