Abstract:
An anti-AIDS viral agent and anticancer agent comprising as an effective ingredient in the extract containing polysaccharides from nutshells of nuts belonging to the genus Juglans or the genus Carya of angiosperm Juglandaceae with an alkali aqueous solution is disclosed. The extract has anti-HIV effect at the concentration ranging from 64 to 512 μg/ml and exhibits an increased life span in animal.

Description:
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/308,213, filed on Sep. 19, 1994, abandoned upon the filing hereof, which is a continuation of 08/015,131 filed Feb. 9, 1993 now abandoned which is a continuation of 07/770,152 filed Oct. 3, 1991 now abandoned, which is a cont. of 07/452,833 filed Dec. 21, 1989 now abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to an anti-AIDS viral agent and anticancer agent comprising polysaccharides which are extracted from nuts, mainly nutshells of deciduous tall trees belonging to the genus Juglans or the genus Cayra of angiosperm Juglandaceae. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     At present, various compounds have been proposed as anti-AIDS viral agents and anticancer agents and developed as drugs. However, it is the actual situation that any decisive drug has not yet been obtained in view of effects, side effects, etc. 
     The present inventors found that substances having an extremely high physiological activity were contained in the extract from nutshells of a pine. 
     It was positively confirmed by vitro tests and the like that in particular, polysaccharides contained in the extract could activate granulocytes in leucocytes contained in blood and were protective against infectious diseases with E. coli and various viruses including herpes virus and against cancer. 
     Therefore, the present inventors have further attempted to extract the effective compound from various natural nutshells. As a result, it has been revealed that polysaccharides similar to the substances extracted from the pine nutshells described above are also contained in the extract from shells of nuts belonging to the genus Juglans or the genus Carya of angiosperm Juglandaceae. It has then been confirmed that the polysaccharides have inhibitory effect to viral infections, that is, an effect of preventing proliferation or virus and further have a carcinostatic activity against cancer. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention aims at providing an anti-AIDS viral agent and anticancer agent comprising polysaccharides as an effective ingredient extracted from nutshells of nuts belonging to the genus Juglans or the genus Carya of angiosperm Juglandaceae. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIGS. 1(a)-(c) are graphs showing the results on the cell growth prevention effect and the cytotoxicity of the extract according to the present invention as an anti-AIDS viral agent. 
     FIGS. 2(a)-(c) are graphs showing the results on the cell growth prevention effect and the cytotoxicity of the extract according to the present invention as an anti-AIDS viral agent. 
     FIG. 3 shows the results obtained by the test on carcinostatic activity. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     As a means for attaining the object described above, nutshells (dry shells) belonging to the genus Juglans or the genus Carya of angiosperm Juglandaceae are finely ground with a grinder, etc. Then, the ground shells are immersed in an alkali aqueous solution and extracted with an alkali water. 
     Next, an appropriate acid such as acetic acid, etc. is added to the extracted liquid to neutralize. Thereafter, salts are removed by dialysis, membrane separation, etc. and at the same time, the mixture is centrifuged by a centrifuging machine, etc. and the extracted substances are precipitated. The precipitates are filtered and the filtrate is concentrated. The resulting solid is freeze dried to recover the powdery extract. 
     Example of extraction treatment: 
     In the example, shells of nuts belonging to the genus Carya were ground with a grinder and 10 l of 0.85% ammonia water was added to 1 kg of the ground shells. The mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 5 hours. 
     Next, the liquid was filtered and acetic acid was added to he filtrate (9.5 l ) to neutralize to pH of 6.5. After dialyzing through a dialysis membrane, the recovered substance was freeze dried. As the result, the powdery extract showing light brown color could be obtained. The yield was 40 g based on 1 kg of the ground shells. 
     1. Anti-AIDS viral test with the extract 
     Using MT-4 cell, a HTLV-I carrying cell line, anti-HIV tests (proliferation of cells or viable cells, viability rate of cells, HIV antigen positive rate by IF) of the extract described above in the cell free viral infection system and cytotoxicity test of HIV-uninfected MT-4 cells described above were performed as described below. 
     Notes: HIV . . . AIDS virus 
     IF . . . immunofluorescence 
     (1) Cells used for the tests 
     Cells for the test were produced as follows. MT-4 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 (RPMI stands for Rosewell Park Memorial Institute) medium plus 10% fetal calf serum. After the cell density was adjusted to 60×10 4  counts/ml, the cells were centrifuged and a fresh medium was added thereto to divide into two equal portions. One was provided for the viral infection test and another was provided for the cytotoxicity test. 
     (2) Virus used in the tests 
     HIV (human immunodeficiency viruses) having a cell density of 3.4×10 5  PFU/ml 
     (3) Method 
     (a) Method for virus infection 
     The cells for the tests prepared in (1) described above were infected with HIV sample of (2) in m.o.i=0.002. After maintaining at 37° C. for an hour to adsorb, centrifugation was again performed. RPMI-1640 medium plus 10% fetal calf serum (culture medium) was added to adjust the respective cell densities of the infected cells and the intact cells to 60×10 4  (finally 30×10 4 ) counts/ml, respectively. 
     (b) Distribution of cells 
     Into each well of a 24-well microplate, 0.5 ml of the infected and unifected cells prepared as in (a) were charged. 
     (c) Dilution and addition of the extract (drug) 
     The extract solution (drug) of the present invention obtained by dissolving the extract in PBS (phosphate buffered saline) in a concentration of 5 mg/ml was sterilized by filtering through a filter having a pore size of 0.22 μm. However, the extract was not fully dissolved but some residue actually remained. Thus, filtration was performed in order using filters having pore sizes of 0.8, 0.45 and 0.22 μm sequentially. The respective solutions collected from the thus filtered extract solutions (drug) were adjusted with RPMI-1640 medium to show concentrations within parentheses. 
     2048 (1020 after the adjustment), 1024 (512), 512 (256), 256 (128), 128 (64), 64 (32), 32 (16), 16 (8), 8 (4), 4 (2), 2 (1), 0 (test standard) 
     From these solutions having these concentrations, 0.5 ml each was taken and added to the 24 wells of microplate, in which the cells had been distributed and the infected and uninfected MT-4 cells had already been charged by the method in (a), to make the minimum cell density 30×10 4  /ml. 
     2. Test on HIV-induced cytotoxicity and on cytotoxicity induced by the extract of the present invention 
     Vital cells were counted and the viability rate was visually observed on Day 3 and Day 6. Furthermore a test to find HIV-specific antigen was performed on Day 3 and Day 6, using indirect immunofluorescence. 
     The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2 below. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________     Extract (Drug)Concentration       HIV (+)           HIV (-)of Drug     Day 3    Day 6    Day 3  Day 6______________________________________1024   cell n    9 + 56  14 + 52                            6 + 39                                  15 + 26  % viab.  86       79     87     63  % IF p.  &lt;0.2     &lt;0.2   &lt;0.2   &lt;0.2512    cell n    6 + 47   8 + 140                            5 + 56                                  12 + 167  % viab.  89       95     92     93  % IF p.  &lt;0.2     &lt;0.2   &lt;0.2   &lt;0.2256    cell n    5 + 65  13 + 146                            5 + 62                                  15 + 167  % viab.  93       92     93     92  % IF p.  &lt;0.2     &lt;0.2   &lt;0.2   &lt;0.2128    cell n    6 + 53  11 + 146                            3 + 65                                  15 + 170  % viab.  90       93     90     92  % IF p.  &lt;0.2     &lt;0.2   &lt;0.2   &lt;0.264     cell n    7 + 70  13 + 93                            5 + 71                                  14 + 177  % viab.  91       88     93     93  % IF p.  &lt;0.2     37     &lt;0.2   &lt;0.232     cell n    7 + 65  40 + 6  4 + 75                                  18 + 205  % viab.  90       13     95     92  % IF p.   1.7     71     &lt;0.2   &lt;0.2______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 2______________________________________     Extract (Drug)Concentration       HIV (+)           HIV (-)of Drug     Day 3    Day 6    Day 3  Day 6______________________________________1024   cell n    3 + 60  36 + 2  7 + 80                                  13 + 185  % viab.  94        5.3   92     93  % IF p.   3.12     8.3   &lt;0.2   &lt;0.2512    cell n    5 + 58  31 + 3  4 + 78                                  19 + 208  % viab.  92        8.8   95     92  % IF p.   4.5      8.72  &lt;0.2   &lt;0.2256    cell n    6 + 69  32 + 2  5 + 81                                  10 + 219  % viab.  92        5.9   94     96  % IF p.   7.7     82     &lt;0.2   &lt;0.2128    cell n    5 + 60  30 + 4  4 + 62                                  16 + 205  % viab.  92       12     94     93  % IF p.   9.6     91     &lt;0.2   &lt;0.264     cell n    4 + 52  21 + 2  6 + 67                                  17 + 198  % viab.  93        8.7   92     92  % IF p.  11.5     92     &lt;0.2   &lt;0.232     cell n   10 + 47  29 + 3  4 + 72                                   6 + 178  % viab.  82        9.4   95     97  % IF p.  12.9     91     &lt;0.2   &lt;0.2______________________________________ 
    
     Notes: cell n . . . The number of cells counted; when it is shown by 4+60, this indicates 4 dead cells and 60 vital cells. 
     (3) Results of test of HIV 
     Cell proliferation in the group added with the extract (drug) of the present invention (1 to 256 μg/ml) was almost equal to that in the intact group without drug (cf. FIG. 1 A). 
     From the results, it is believed that the cytotoxicity of the extract (drug) of the present invention would be extremely low. On Day 6 after the incubation, HIV-infected cells without drug were almost killed but most cells were alive (60 to 90% of the non-infected cells were alive) in the group added with the extract (drug) of the present invention (64 to 512 μg/ml) (cf. FIGS. 2 A and B). Furthermore, on Day 6 after the incubation, the frequency of HIV antigen-positive cells was 90% in the drug-free control group but in the group added with the extract (drug) of the present invention (128 μg/ml or more), the viral antigen-positive cells were almost negative (0.2% or less) (cf. FIG. 2 C). From the foregoing experimental results, it has been proven that the use of the extract according to the present invention as a drug in a concentration of 64 to 512 μg/ml after diluting with PBS showed anti-HIV effect. 
     2. Test for carcinostatic activity 
     Next, the powdery extract obtained by the example was examined as described below, with respect to its carcinostatic activity as a drug. 
     (a) Preparation of cancer-bearing mice 
     Sarcoma 180 cells were intraperitoneally administered to ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice of 5 week age weighing about 25 g in a dose of 1×10 6  to prepare cancer-bearing mice. 
     (b) Preparation of injection from the extract 
     In 5 ml of physiological saline 5 mg of the powdery extract was dissolved. The solution was filtered through a millipore filter for sterilization to make injection A. Injection A was diluted to 10-fold with physiological saline to make injection B. 
     (c) Method for evaluation of carcinostatic effect 
     Injection A or B described above and physiological saline as a control were intraperitoneally administered to the cancer-bearing mice prepared in (a) above, respectively, in a dose of 0.2 ml. The number of days the mice survived and the number of the alive mice were counted. 
     (d) Results of the carcinostatic activity 
     The number of the alive mice and the number of days the mice survived are taken on the ordinate and on the abscissa, respectively. The results are shown in FIG. 3. 
     From the figure, the total number of the survival days is counted as follows, respectively, in the group administered with physiological saline, the group administered with injection A and the group administered with injection B. 
     Group administered with physiological saline=(1×15)+(1×16)+(1×17)+(3×18)+(3×19)+(1×120)=179 
     Group administered with injection A=(1×17)+(2×19)+(2×20)+(1×25)+(1×30)+(3.times.60)=330 
     Group administered with injection B=(1×19)+(2×20)+(1×22)+(1×25)+(1×33)+(4.times.66)=379 
     As described above, the survival day number was 17.9 days in the group administrated with physiological saline, 33.0 days in the group administered with injection A and 37.9 days in the group administered with injection B. The results reveal that the extract (drug) according to the present invention exhibits an effective carcinostatic activity. 
     While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it is apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention.