Abstract:
A smoke detector contains a radiation source for transmitting an illuminating radiation having a time sequence of radiation pulses, a radiation detector for receiving measurement radiation impinging on the radiation detector after at least partial scattering of the illuminating radiation, an amplifier circuit for amplifying an output signal of the radiation detector, an analog to digital converter having a sample and hold circuit for converting an analog output signal of the amplifier circuit into a digital measurement value, and a control device coupled to the radiation source and the sample and hold circuit. The control device is equipped for controlling the radiation source and the sample and hold circuit such that the time of a sampling point in time of the sample and hold circuit relative to a radiation pulse depends on the duration of the radiation pulse. A method for calibrating the described smoke detector is also revealed.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to the technical field of smoke alarm systems. The present invention relates in particular to the signal processing of a device for detecting smoke on the basis of measurements of scattered electromagnetic radiation. The present invention also relates to a method for calibrating a device for detecting smoke on the basis of measurements of scattered electromagnetic radiation. 
     Optical or rather photoelectric smoke alarms generally employ the well-known scattered-light method, making use of the fact that clear air reflects virtually no light. However, if smoke particles are present in a measuring chamber, illuminating light emitted by a light source is at least partially scattered by the smoke particles. Part of this scattered light is then incident on a light detector which is not directly impinged by the illuminating light. In the absence of smoke particles in the measuring chamber, the illuminating light cannot reach the light detector. 
     The light detector of an optical smoke alarm is typically a photodiode which only produces a very small measurement signal. The photodiode is therefore followed by an electronic amplifier circuit which converts a current provided by the photodiode into a voltage and amplifies this voltage such that the signal can undergo further processing in a downstream system. The downstream system comprises, for example, an analog-to-digital converter and a microcontroller for additional signal processing. 
     Amplifier circuits of photodiodes in optical smoke detectors mainly use operational amplifiers which are also incorporated in specific ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) devices and/or microcontrollers. These adversely affect the material costs and power consumption for the amplifier circuit and therefore for the optical smoke detector as a whole. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In device terms, the object of the invention is to create a smoke detector based on the scattered radiation principle which can be manufactured inexpensively and also has a low power consumption. In method terms, the object of the invention is to specify a calibration method for a smoke detector based on the scattered radiation principle. 
     This object is achieved by the subject matters of the independent claims. Advantageous embodiments of the present invention are described in the dependent claims. 
     According to a first aspect of the invention, a device for detecting smoke on the basis of measurements of scattered electromagnetic radiation is described. The smoke detection device described has (a) a radiation source for emitting illuminating radiation comprising a time sequence of radiation pulses, (b) a radiation detector for receiving measuring radiation incident on the radiation detector after at least partial scattering of the illuminating radiation, (c) an amplifier circuit for amplifying an output signal of the radiation detector, (d) an analog-to-digital converter with a sample and hold circuit for converting an analog output signal of the amplifier circuit into a digital measured value, and (e) a control device linked to the radiation source and the sample and hold circuit. According to the invention, the control device controls the radiation source and the sample and hold circuit such that the position in time of a scanning timepoint of the sample and hold circuit relative to a radiation pulse depends on the duration of the radiation pulse. 
     The smoke detector described is based on the recognition that a time shift of the analog output signal of the amplifier circuit relative to a radiation pulse of the radiation source, resulting from a variation in the pulse duration of the illuminating radiation pulses, can be compensated by appropriate time control of the sample and hold circuit. It can thus be ensured that the analog output signal of the amplifier circuit is digitized at a point in time when the level of the output signal has not yet reached its maximum or when the level of the output signal has already dropped again. Digitizing the output signal at a point in time when it is at least approximately at maximum level can significantly help to provide smoke detection that is both reliable and less prone to false alarms. 
     It should be noted that the duration of the radiation pulse or pulses emitted by the radiation source can be adapted e.g. as part of calibrating the smoke detection device described. During such a calibration, alignment of the optical and/or electronic signal path within the smoke detector is usually performed. In this process, a defined scattering body is introduced into a measuring chamber of the smoke detector and the digitized output signal of the analog-to-digital converter is obtained. 
     The optical and/or electronic signal path includes, for example, the control of the radiation source by the control device, the efficiency of the radiation source, the optical scattering conditions inside the measuring chamber, the efficiency of the radiation detector, the gain of the amplifier circuit and the signal conversion of the analog-to-digital converter. If during calibration of a particular smoke detector the digitized output signal of the analog-to-digital converter were to be smaller than intended e.g. as the result of a relatively weak radiation source, this can be inventively compensated by lengthening the pulse duration of the radiation pulses. If e.g. because of a relatively powerful radiation source the output signal of the analog-to-digital converter were to be larger than intended, this can be compensated by shortening the pulse duration of the radiation pulses. 
     It should also be noted that the position in time of the scanning timepoint of the sample and hold circuit can self-evidently also be adapted relative to a control pulse for the radiation source, i.e. control pulses for the radiation source are time-correlated with the actual radiation pulses. The advantage of this is that complete synchronization between control pulse and scanning timepoint can be carried out in the control device of the smoke detector. 
     The control device can determine the scanning timepoint dependent on the respective radiation pulse by means of a function stored in the control device or by means of a table stored in the control device. 
     The radiation source can be controlled by the control device with or without feedback. In the case of a feedback arrangement, the control device could also be termed a closed-loop controller of the radiation source and/or of the behavior of the sample and hold circuit. In this application, the term “control” can mean both open-loop control and closed-loop control. 
     In the context of this application, the term “radiation” is used for any kind of electromagnetic radiation. Said electromagnetic radiation can be a discrete or a continuous spectrum having any wavelengths. The radiation can contain, for example, visible, infrared or ultraviolet light. Even X-ray radiation or microwave radiation can be used for scatter measurements within the scope of the present invention. 
     According to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the amplifier circuit is a circuit made up of discrete components. Said discrete components are in particular bipolar passive components such as resistors and capacitors or active components such as simple transistors. This means that no integrated devices such as operational amplifiers or special ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) devices are used for the amplifier circuit described. 
     The advantage of not using integrated components is that the amplifier circuit described and therefore the smoke detector as a whole can be manufactured particularly inexpensively. As a result of the above described matching of the scanning timepoint to the pulse duration of the radiation pulses or rather to the pulse duration of the control pulses for the radiation source, unwanted artifacts which are more likely to occur in a discrete amplifier circuit than in an op-amp based amplifier circuit, can be at least largely compensated. 
     In addition to reducing the costs, using a discrete amplifier circuit offers the possibility of reducing the power consumption of the smoke detector as a whole. This is particularly advantageous in the case of a battery operated smoke detector. 
     According to another exemplary embodiment of the invention, the smoke detection device additionally has a temperature sensor linked to the control device. Said control device is also designed to control the radiation source and the sample and hold circuit such that the position in time of a scanning timepoint of the sample and hold circuit relative to a radiation pulse additionally depends on a temperature detected by the temperature sensor. The advantage of this is that, e.g. by selectively time shifting the scanning timepoints initiated by the control device, it can be ensured that even after a temperature change the analog output signals of the amplifier circuit are always sampled at least approximately when the output signal has a comparatively high level. Temperature artifacts can thus be advantageously eliminated or at least greatly reduced. 
     According to another exemplary embodiment of the invention, the temperature sensor is a temperature sensor incorporated in the control device. The advantage of this is that it is not necessary to mount a separate temperature sensor in or on the smoke detector and provide appropriate wiring. As modern microprocessors are equipped with a temperature sensor anyway, using a temperature sensor incorporated in the control device is also advantageous for economic reasons. 
     According to another exemplary embodiment of the invention, the analog-to-digital converter and the control device are implemented by means a common integrated component. The common integrated component can be, for example, a simple microprocessor which is less expensive that a separate control device and a separate analog-to-digital converter. 
     According to another exemplary embodiment of the invention, the amplifier circuit has an integrator. 
     The advantage of using an integrator is that the output signal of the radiation detector can be amplified in a simple manner. Said integrator can be regarded as one and preferably the first stage of a multistage amplifier circuit. 
     The integrator can preferably be implemented by a known RC circuit, the output signal of the radiation detector being integrated in known manner by charge accumulation across the capacitor. Obviously, both the capacitance of the capacitor and the resistance of the ohmic resistor must be matched to the relevant conditions in respect of the required time constant. 
     According to another exemplary embodiment of the invention, the sample and hold circuit is a track &amp; hold circuit. 
     In contrast to a sample &amp; hold circuit, which is used in most analog-to-digital converters, with a track &amp; hold circuit the entire network of the analog-to-digital converter is switched in for a longer period. This applies to the entire or at least a comparatively long time segment in which the analog output signal of the amplifier circuit is increasing. 
     The track &amp; hold circuit can be switched in, for example, immediately after the start of the rise of the output signal of the amplifier circuit and switched out again or released when the signal reaches its maximum. This means that not only the maximum but a longer rise of the output signal of the amplifier circuit is used to detect the strength of the output signal. 
     The track &amp; hold circuit can have a capacitor which is charged in known manner by the output signal of the amplifier circuit. The charge accumulated across said capacitor is then a direct measure of the strength of the output signal of the amplifier circuit and therefore also of the density of smoke particles present in the measuring chamber. 
     It should be noted that the load of the analog-to-digital converter network, which is switched in for longer compared to a sample &amp; hold circuit, can already be taken into account when setting the operating point of the amplifier circuit. 
     Compared to using a conventional sample &amp; hold circuit with a sample &amp; hold capacitor, the advantage of using a track &amp; hold circuit is the absence of so-called sample &amp; hold spikes resulting from the sample &amp; hold capacitor being only briefly switched in. 
     According to another aspect of the invention, a method for calibrating a smoke detecting device based on scattered electromagnetic radiation measurements is described. The method can be carried out in particular using a smoke detector of the above mentioned type. The calibration method described involves (a) adjusting a pulse duration of a radiation source for emitting illuminating radiation consisting of a time sequence of radiation pulses which, after at least partial scattering of the illuminating radiation, are received as measuring radiation by a radiation detector, and (b) adjusting a scanning timepoint of a sample and hold circuit of an analog-to-digital converter which converts an analog output signal of an amplifier circuit connected downstream of the radiation detector into a digital measured value, relative to the start and/or end of the pulse duration of the radiation source. According to the invention, the position in time of the scanning timepoint of the sample and hold circuit relative to a radiation pulse depends on the duration the radiation pulse. 
     The calibration method described is also based on the recognition that a time shift of the analog output signal of the amplifier circuit caused by a variation in the pulse duration of the illuminating radiation pulses can be compensated by corresponding time control of the sample and hold circuit. This makes it possible to ensure that the digitization of the output signal takes place at a point in time when it is at least approximately at its maximum level. 
     According to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the pulse duration set depends on a reference measured value for the digital measured value, said reference measured value being determined by means of a scattered radiation measurement on a defined scattering medium. 
     The reference measurement described enables the entire optical and electronic signal path within the smoke detector to be encompassed. Tolerance fluctuations of the corresponding components of the smoke detector such as radiation source control, radiation source, measuring chamber, radiation detector, amplifier circuit and analog-to-digital converter (incl. sample and hold circuit) can therefore be compensated by appropriately adapting the pulse duration of the radiation source. Thus, for example, in the case of a weak radiation source, a comparatively ineffective radiation detector and/or a comparatively weak amplifier, the duration of the radiation pulses is increased in order to obtain nevertheless a reliable scattered radiation signal. 
     It should be noted that embodiments of the invention have been described with reference to different subject matters of the invention. In particular, a number of embodiments of the invention are described using device claims and other embodiments of the invention using method claims. However, it will become immediately clear to the average person skilled in the art when reading this application that, unless explicitly stated otherwise, in addition to a combination of features belonging to one type of subject matter of the invention, any combination of features belonging to different types of subject matter of the invention is also possible. 
     Further advantages and features of the present invention will emerge from the following description of currently preferred exemplary embodiments. The individual figures in the accompanying drawings of this application should only be regarded as schematic and not to scale. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
         FIG. 1  shows a smoke detector based on the optical scattered light principle according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 2  shows a schematic representation of the entire optical and electronic signal path within the optical smoke detector illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3   a  shows a driver circuit for a light source of the optical smoke detector illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3   b  shows an amplifier circuit of the optical smoke detector illustrated in  FIG. 1 , said amplifier circuit containing only discrete components. 
         FIG. 3   c  shows a sample and hold circuit which is incorporated in the control device of the optical smoke detector illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 4  shows, for the optical smoke detector illustrated in  FIG. 1 , a comparison of the timing between the triggering of the light source and the output signal of the amplifier circuit. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     It should be noted at this juncture that, in the drawings, the reference characters of identical or mutually corresponding components differ from one another only in their first digit. 
     It is further pointed out that the embodiments described below only represent a limited selection of possible variants of the invention. In particular, it is possible to combine the features of individual embodiments in a suitable manner, so that, for the average person skilled in the art, using the variants explicitly set out here, a large number of different embodiments must be regarded as self-evidently disclosed. 
     The following description relates to a smoke detector which detects the presence of smoke by means of the occurrence of scattering of light by smoke particles. Said light can be infrared, visible or ultraviolet light. As already stated above, instead of light, any kind of electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength can be used for detecting smoke. 
       FIG. 1  shows smoke detector  100  based on the optical scattered light principle. The smoke detector has measuring a chamber  110  into which smoke penetrates e.g. in the event of a fire. The measuring chamber is also termed the scattering volume  110 . The measuring chamber  110  contains a light source  120  implemented as a photodiode to which control pulses are applied via a control line  170   a  which cause it to emit pulsed illuminating light  120   a.  Additionally present in the edge region of the measuring chamber  110  is a light detector  130  implemented as a photodiode which receives measuring light  130   a  which is incident on the light detector  130  after at least partial scattering of the illuminating light  120   a  by smoke particles. An optical barrier  111  prevents the illuminating light  120   a  from being directly incident on the light detector  130 . 
     Connected downstream of the light detector  130  is an amplifier circuit  140  which converts photocurrent produced in the event of light being incident on the light detector  130  into a voltage signal which can be further processed by a control device  150 . According to the exemplary embodiment presented here, the amplifier circuit  140  comprises only individual discrete electronic components, as will be described in greater detail below with reference to  FIG. 3   b . Operational amplifiers or ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) devices are not included in the amplifier circuit  140  for cost reasons. 
     As can be seen from  FIG. 1 , a sample and hold circuit  152  and an analog-to-digital converter  156  are also incorporated in the control device  150 . These two components are used to convert an analog output signal of the amplifier circuit  140  into a digital measured value  156   a  which can undergo further processing (not shown) and can initiate a fire alarm indication e.g. if a certain limit value is exceeded. 
     According to the exemplary embodiment shown here, the sample and hold circuit is operated as a track &amp; hold circuit  152 . As already stated above in the general description of the invention, with a track &amp; hold circuit the entire network of the analog-to-digital converter remains switched in for a longer period. According to the exemplary embodiment presented here, the track &amp; hold circuit is switched in immediately the output signal of the amplifier circuit  140  begins to rise and is switched out again when the maximum level of the output signal of the amplifier circuit  140  is reached. In this way, not only the signal maximum but a longer rise of the output signal of the amplifier circuit is used to detect the strength of the output signal. 
     The control device  150  also has a driver circuit  170  for the light source  120  which is connected to the control device  150  or more specifically to the driver circuit  170  via a control line  170   a.  The driver circuit  170  will be explained in greater detail below with reference to  FIG. 3   a.    
     As can be seen from  FIG. 1 , the control device  150  also has an internal temperature measuring diode  158  with which the temperature of the control device  150  and possibly also the temperature of the smoke detector  100  as a whole can be measured. Alternatively or in combination, the temperature can also be measured using an external temperature sensor  168 . The external temperature sensor  168  can be e.g. an NTC thermistor. 
     In order to ensure proper operation of the smoke detector  100 , calibration is performed prior to putting it into service. In this process, a defined scattering body (not shown in  FIG. 1 ) is introduced into the measuring chamber  110  and the digitized output signal  156   a  of the analog-to-digital converter  156  is measured and compared with a predetermined response value. By using a defined scattering body, the entire optical and electronic signal path within the smoke detector is automatically encompassed. 
       FIG. 2  schematically illustrates the entire optical and electronic signal path within the optical smoke detector  100 , which is now provided with the reference character  200 . This signal path comprises in particular the triggering of the light source  220  by the control device  250 , the efficiency of the light source  220 , the optical scattering conditions inside the measuring chamber  210 , the efficiency of the light detector  230 , the gain of the amplifier circuit  240  and the signal conversion of the analog-to-digital converter within the control device  250 . 
     If the comparison shows that the digitized output signal of the analog-to-digital converter is smaller than intended, e.g. as the result of a relatively weak light source  220 , this is compensated by corresponding lengthening of the pulse duration of the light pulses. If the output signal of the analog-to-digital converter is larger than intended, e.g. as the result of a particularly powerful light source  220 , this is compensated by shortening the pulse duration of the light pulses. 
     This means that, in contrast to known optical smoke detectors, the smoke detector  100  described is calibrated not by adjusting the gain of the amplifier circuit  240  but by adjusting the pulse durations of the illuminating pulses emitted by the light source  220 . 
     In order to keep the ON-time of the light source  220  within predetermined limits, the light source  220  can come from a preselection of different light sources with defined light outputs, possibly of differing luminous efficiencies. 
       FIG. 3   a  shows a driver circuit  370  for the light source  120  of the optical smoke detector  100  shown in  FIG. 1 . The light source is now provided with the reference character  320 . 
     The driver circuit  370  has a transistor  372  whose collector is connected to a supply voltage Vcc via the light source  320  which emits illuminating light  320   a  when an appropriate current flows. The base of the transistor  372  is connected to an input control signal Uin via an ohmic resistor  374 . The collector of the transistor  372  is connected to ground GND via an ohmic resistor  374 . 
     At an appropriate level of the input control signal Uin, the transistor  372  is turned on and current flows through the light source  320  implemented as a light emitting diode. The amount of current flowing through the light emitting diode  320  depends in known manner on the supply voltage Vcc and on the resistance  376 . 
       FIG. 3   b  shows an amplifier circuit  340  having only discrete components, as is used according to the exemplary embodiment shown here for the amplifier circuit  140  of the optical smoke detector  100  illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The discrete amplifier circuit  340  has a transimpedance R 1  by means of which a flow of current through the photodiode  330  is converted into a primary voltage signal. A capacitor C 1  is used to smooth the voltage signal. The capacitor C 2  together with the resistor R 4  constitutes a current-time integrator  342  which can be regarded as a first amplifier stage. The regions of the amplifier circuit  340  around the transistors T 1 , T 2  and T 3  can be regarded as a second amplifier stage, with T 2  and T 3  constituting a controlled current source. 
     As can be seen from  FIG. 3   b , the entire amplifier circuit  340  is fed by the supply voltage Vcc. Located at the output of the amplifier circuit  340  is a sample and hold circuit (denoted by reference character  352 ) which together with a downstream analog-to-digital converter  356  ensures reliable conversion of the analog output signal of the amplifier circuit  340  into a digital measurement signal. 
     The amplifier circuit  340  shown as well as the output thereof is designed for very low power consumption of around 3 to 5 μA. For this reason, the amplifier circuit  340  and also its output are unable to speedily compensate electrical load variations at the output. However, such load changes may be produced by the switching-in of a typical sample &amp; hold input stage (with a low resistance connected capacitor) for the analog-to-digital converter  356 . The to-be-measured analog output signal of the amplifier circuit  340  would therefore be heavily detuned briefly by at least one spike. Obviously the amplifier circuit  340  could also be designed with lower resistance, but this would again increase the power consumption of the amplifier circuit  340 . 
     In order to overcome this disadvantage and nevertheless prevent detuning of the analog output signal of the amplifier circuit  340  in the case of low power consumption, according to the exemplary embodiment described here the sample and hold circuit is operated as a track &amp; hold circuit  352 . 
       FIG. 3   c  shows the sample and hold circuit  352  operated as a track &amp; hold circuit which is incorporated in the control device of the optical smoke detector  100  shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     The central element of the track &amp; hold circuit  352  is a capacitor  353  which assumes a storage function for the analog values present at an input IN of the track &amp; hold circuit  352 . To this is added an electronic switch  355  which determines the sample and hold phase. At an output OUT, the track &amp; hold circuit  352  provides the signal for digitization by the analog-to-digital converter  356 . 
     If the switch  355  is closed, the capacitor  353  is charged. In order to be able to charge the capacitor  355  quickly, the capacitor  353  can have a small capacitance. However, the disadvantage of a capacitor  353  with low capacitance is that it also discharges rapidly and, as a result, is unable to keep the amplifier circuit  340  for as long at the required level. 
     When the switch  355  is open, it has a high off-state resistance and the isolation of the capacitor  353  is very good, thereby enabling undesirable self-discharging of the capacitor  353  to be counteracted. 
     The charge accumulated across the capacitor  353  is a direct measure of the strength of the output signal of the amplifier circuit  340  and therefore also of the density of smoke particles present in the measuring chamber  110 . 
     Unlike a sample &amp; hold circuit in which the switch  355  is only closed for a comparatively short time span and, due to the brief closing of the switch  355 , undesirable spikes or more specifically brief detunings of the analog signal to be measured occur, with the track &amp; hold circuit  352  the entire network of the analog-to-digital converter  356  is switched in for a comparatively long period. This applies, for example, to the entire or at least for a comparatively long time segment in which the analog output signal of the amplifier circuit  340  is increasing. 
     The track &amp; hold circuit  352  can be switched in, for example, immediately the output signal of the amplifier circuit  340  begins to rise due to closing of the switch  355  and is switched out or disconnected again when the signal reaches its maximum. Thus not only the signal maximum but a longer rise of the output signal of the amplifier circuit  340  is advantageously used for charging the capacitor  353  and therefore for measuring the strength of the output signal. Undesirable spikes which usually occur, as described above, with a sample &amp; hold circuit do not occur with the track &amp; hold circuit  352 . 
     It should be noted that the load of the analog-to-digital converter  356  which in the case of the track &amp; hold circuit  352  described is connected longer than with the sample &amp; hold circuit, can already be taken into account when setting the operating point of the amplifier circuit  340 . 
     For the optical smoke detector  100  shown in  FIG. 1 ,  FIG. 4  shows a comparison of the timing between the triggering of the light source (top) and the output signal of the amplifier circuit  140 ,  340  (bottom). 
     As already explained above, the optical and electronic signal path within the smoke detector  100  is inventively calibrated by suitable adjustment of the time duration T of the trigger pulses. As the illuminating pulses follow at least approximately the pattern of the trigger pulses, by varying the time duration T, the duration of the illuminating light pulses can therefore also be varied. 
     In the lower diagram of  FIG. 4 , the waveforms of three different output signals are plotted resulting from different time durations T for a trigger pulse for the light source. The continuous line  491  represents the output signal of the amplifier circuit in the case of a comparatively long pulse duration T. The dashed line  492  represents the output signal of the amplifier circuit in the case of a medium pulse duration T. The dashed line  493  represents the output signal of the amplifier circuit in the case of a comparatively short pulse duration T. 
     As can be seen from  FIG. 4 , the maximum of the respective output signal is shifted back in time with increasing length of the trigger pulse T. This shift is inventively compensated by correspondingly shifting back the so-called hold instant at which the actual analog to digital conversion takes place, relative to the timepoint t 0  at which the trigger pulse exhibits its rising edge. This adjustment of the hold timepoint is performed by the control device  150  shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     As can also be seen from  FIG. 4 , according to the exemplary embodiment shown here the smoke signal of the smoke detector is determined by taking the difference between the maximum of the output signal of the amplifier circuit at a timepoint t 2  and an offset value of the output signal of the amplifier circuit at a timepoint t 1 . Said timepoint t 1  is preferably selected such that the corresponding measurement of the offset value, which is likewise performed by means of the track &amp; hold circuit and by means of the downstream analog-to-digital converter, is in no way falsified by the scattered light measurement. 
     It should be noted that the temperature of the entire smoke detector  100  and in particular the temperature of the amplifier circuit  140  and/or of the control device  150  may also contribute to a time shift of the maximum of the output signal of the amplifier circuit. By measuring the corresponding temperature with the internal temperature measuring diode  158  and/or with the external temperature sensor  168 , this temperature effect can also be compensated by suitable adjustment of the hold timepoint and therefore contribute to reliable smoke detection. 
     LIST OF REFERENCE CHARACTERS 
     
         
         
           
               100  smoke detector 
               110  measuring chamber/scattering volume 
               111  barrier 
               120  radiation source/light source/LED 
               120   a  illuminating radiation/illuminating light 
               130  radiation detector/light detector/photodiode 
               130   a  measuring radiation/measuring light 
               140  amplifier circuit 
               150  control device 
               152  sample and hold circuit/track &amp; hold circuit 
               156  analog-to-digital converter 
               156   a  measured value 
               158  internal temperature measuring diode 
               168  external temperature sensor/NTC 
               170  driver circuit 
               170   a  control line 
               200  smoke detector 
               210  measuring chamber/scattering volume 
               220  radiation source/light source/LED 
               230  radiation detector/light detector/photodiode 
               240  amplifier circuit 
               250  control device 
               270   a  control line 
               320  radiation source/light source/LED 
               320   a  illuminating radiation/illuminating light 
               330  radiation detector/light detector/photodiode 
               330   a  measuring radiation/measuring light 
               340  amplifier circuit 
               342  integrator 
               352  sample and hold circuit/track &amp; hold circuit 
               353  storage capacitor 
               355  switch 
               356  analog-to-digital converter 
               370  driver circuit 
               372  transistor 
               374  resistor 
               376  resistor 
             Vcc supply voltage 
             GND ground 
             R resistor 
             T 1 -T 3  transistor 
             C 1 -C 6  capacitor 
             R 1 -R 10  resistor 
             IN input 
             OUT output 
             Uin input control signal 
               491  output signal of amplifier circuit for long pulse duration T 
               492  output signal of amplifier circuit for medium pulse duration T 
               493  output signal of amplifier circuit for short pulse duration T 
             T time duration of trigger pulses for LED