Abstract:
A merged power device structure, of the emitter-switching type, in which the emitter of the bipolar power transistor has a minimum-width pattern which is aligned to the trenches of a trench control transistor. Thus the current density of the bipolar is maximized, since the emitter edge length per unit area is increased. The parasitic base resistance of the bipolar can also be reduced.

Description:
This application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/472,337, filed on Jun. 7, 1995 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,710,443 on Jan. 20, 1998, which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/397,710, filed on Feb. 28, 1995 and now U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,655 issued Jan. 7, 1997. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to power semiconductor device structures for high-voltage and/or high-power operating conditions. 
     Emitter switching is a circuit configuration in which a low-voltage power transistor (typically an MOS transistor) cuts off the emitter current of a high-voltage bipolar transistor whose base is connected to a fixed potential. Thus the bipolar&#39;s V BE  is controlled by varying the emitter potential in order to switch the bipolar on and off. 
     An example of this configuration, shown in FIG. 4, is a switched-emitter transistor structure according to commonly-owned U.S. Pat. No. 5,065,213. This U.S. Pat. No. 5,065,213, which is hereby incorporated by reference, is a pioneering disclosure of switched-emitter device structures. In the primary embodiment described in this patent, a power bipolar transistor is overlaid with a VDMOS power device. The VDMOS device is a vertical-current-flow field-effect transistor which is easily switched by an insulated gate at its surface. The drain of the VDMOS device is a buried layer which ALSO functions as the emitter of a power bipolar device. Thus the on or off state of the VDMOS changes the potential of the bipolar device&#39;s emitter (hence the name of the device). The base of the bipolar device is another buried layer (surrounding and deeper than the emitter layer), which is held at constant potential. When the VDMOS is turned on, its conduction pulls up the drain/emitter diffusion. This forward biases the base/emitter junction to turn on the bipolar. Once the bipolar is turned on it provides a lower on-resistance per unit area than would a MOS transistor of the same breakdown voltage (due to bipolar conduction and associated regeneration gain). Thus this structure provides a uniquely advantageous improvement in the tradeoff between on-resistance Ron and breakdown voltage Vmax. 
     Switched-emitter configurations offer several advantages: 
     the negative temperature coefficient of a unipolar control transistor helps protect the bipolar transistor against reverse secondary breakdown (RSBOA); 
     the merged device combines the current and voltage carrying capacity of a bipolar transistor and the high speed of a low-voltage transistor; 
     the merged device can be piloted directly with linear logic circuits, through the MOS gate. 
     The parent application proposed use of a trench FET as the control device in a switched-emitter structure. Trench FETs are particularly well-suited to this, since they provide high current density, though without the high-voltage standoff capabilities of VDMOS devices. (A VDMOS device may itself be analyzed as a composite device, i.e. a lateral DMOS device in series with a vertical JFET, which is gated by the fixed potential of the deep-body diffusion of the VDMOS. A trench FET is not a composite device in this sense.) 
     The present application provides a new switched emitter structure in which the emitter of the bipolar power transistor is patterned (preferably in a substantially minimum-width pattern), in a pattern which is aligned to the trenches of a trench control transistor. Thus the current density of the bipolar is maximized, since the emitter edge length per unit area is increased. 
     The intrinsic base width is defined by the combined doping of the buried n-type and p-type buried layers. A further advantage of the innovative merged structure is that, since large parts of the P-type buried layer are not overlain by the n+ buried layer, the extrinsic base resistance of the power bipolar is reduced (and can be further reduced, without significantly changing the characteristics of the intrinsic base, by increasing the doping per unit area of both buried layers). Thus this structure permits the parasitic resistance of both emitter and base to be reduced. 
     The reduced parasitic resistance of the base further implies that the bipolar gain can be specified at a fairly low value (to increase ruggedness), without an excessive voltage drop in the base (which might lead to emitter-base junction debiasing). The reduced parasitic resistance of the extrinsic base also facilitates fast turn-off and avoidance of &#34;hot-spotting&#34;. (Non-uniform turn-off of a power transistor, especially when connected to an inductive load, can produce regions of transiently increased current density.) 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     The disclosed inventions will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, which show important sample embodiments of the invention and which are incorporated in the specification hereof by reference, wherein: 
     FIG. 1 shows a plan view of the bipolar portion of a switched-emitter transistor structure according to a sample embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a switched-emitter transistor structure according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a detailed view of the trench MOS transistor in the structure of FIG. 2. 
     FIG. 4 shows an existing switched-emitter transistor structure according to commonly-owned U.S. Pat. No. 5,065,213. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The numerous innovative teachings of the present application will be described with particular reference to the presently preferred embodiment (by way of example, and not of limitation), in which: 
     FIG. 1 shows a plan view of the bipolar portion of a switched-emitter transistor structure according to a sample embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a switched-emitter transistor structure according to the present invention. 
     The n+ emitter portions 110, in the presently preferred embodiment, have a pitch in the range of 10-15 μm and a minimum width of e.g. 3-4 μm. (The width is less than half the pitch in order to avoid current crowding between adjacent emitters.) The pitch, in the presently preferred embodiment, is limited by the n+ pitch rather than the trench pitch. (Minimum geometries for buried layers are typically larger than those of overlying structures.) 
     The dopant density (Q) for the buried layers is typically in the range of 5E14-5E16 cm -2  for each (specifically e.g. 5×10 15  cm -2  for the P-type and 2×10 16  cm -2  for the N-type). Many bipolar structures use a heavier doping for the N-type buried layer (and this may be preferable in some implementations of the disclosed structure), but this is not strictly necessary for the practice of the present invention (emitter injection efficiency is not particularly a concern). The P-type doping density is preferably selected to provide a low sheet resistance in the extrinsic base 120E while retaining base width control; the N-type dopant density is preferably selected to provide counterdoping of the P-type dopants, and to provide a heavier doping on the emitter side of the emitter/base junction. 
     Boron is preferred for the p-type buried layer 120. (The greater diffusivity of boron, as opposed to gallium, would provide greater counterdoping, hence a greater ratio of extrinsic base width to intrinsic base width.) A slow diffusing dopant (As or Sb) is preferred for the n-type buried layer, but phosphorus can also be used. 
     The length of the channel 110 of the trench FET, in the presently preferred embodiment, is selected to withstand only a moderate voltage (e.g. about 20 V, which implies a channel length of about 0.5 to 1 μm with typical epitaxial layer doping levels. The epitaxial layer thickness can accordingly be e.g. 5 to 10 microns. 
     The source 132 is shallow and doped N+. 
     The gate 134 of the trench FET is, e.g., N+ polysilicon. 
     A clamp diode is preferably used to protect the switched-emitter structure when inductive loads must be driven. 
     The minimum intrinsic base thickness in this type of structure is selected in accordance with the desired gain and ruggedness, but is typically in the range of 1-4 μm. Larger base widths imply lower gain but greater ruggedness. 
     The bipolar transistor is preferably a fairly low-gain device, e.g. beta of 20-100. (The beta is controlled by selecting the base width; lower base widths produce higher gain, but transistors with lower beta are typically more rugged.) 
     Typical operating voltages on this structure may be, e.g., 3 V constant base voltage (optionally fed through a load impedance); 0 V source voltage on the control device; gate voltage switched between e.g. 0 V and e.g. 10 V; collector voltage 500 V. Of course a wide variety of different operating voltages can be specified, with or without modifications to optimize the device structure, but this example will help to illustrate the advantages of the disclosed structure. 
     FIG. 3 is a detailed view of a sample implementation of a trench MOS transistor for use in the structure of FIG. 2. Details of this implementation are known in the art, such as described in Goodenough, &#34;Trench-Gate DMOS FETs In SO-8 Switch 10A at 30 V,&#34; in the Mar. 6, 1995 issue of Electronic Design at 65. (Of course many other implementations are possible; see e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,893,160 and 4,914,058, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference.) 
     FIG. 4 shows a final structure, as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,065,213, as it appears after addition of the terminals C (collector), B (base), S (source) and G (gate) and the insulating layer 12 of the gate 9 (said gate being connected to the relative terminal by means of the insulated conductor 13). Regions 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the figure constitute, respectively, the collector, the base and the emitter of a bipolar transistor, while region 5 constitutes the drain of the MOS. 
     The emitter 4 represents a completely buried N+ type active region; by growing a second N type epitaxial layer 5 it is thus possible to connect the drain of the MOS to the emitter 4 of the bipolar transistor. 
     MODIFICATIONS AND VARIATIONS 
     As will be recognized by those skilled in the art, the innovative concepts described in the present application can be modified and varied over a tremendous range of applications, and accordingly the scope of patented subject matter is not limited by any of the specific exemplary teachings given. For example, as will be obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art, other circuit elements can be added to, or substituted into, the specific circuit topologies shown. 
     One contemplated alternative embodiment forms the buried emitter without an N-type buried layer, by using an implant into the trench bottom. This embodiment is less preferred, since the required control processing is more difficult (principally because the use of a trench-bottom implant risks base-width variation due to variation in trench depth). However, various processing modifications can be used to address this risk, e.g. using differential implants into the trench bottom. 
     For another example, various termination structures can be used in combination with the primary illustrated structures. For example, additional trench transistors can be used at the edge, without the full corresponding patterned N-type buried layer, to provide a structure analogous to a buried field plate.