Abstract:
The present invention is primarily directed to a method for reducing the amount of sodium chloride in a food product without adversely affecting the salty taste thereof, comprising adding soluble tomato solids (STS) to said food product and reducing the amount of salt normally added thereto. In a preferred embodiment of this method, the STS used is characterized in having an acidity level, formol number and color intensity within certain defined ranges or with defined minimal/maximal values.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a method for reducing the total amount of sodium chloride added to food products without affecting the saltiness of said products, by means of addition of soluble tomato solids thereto. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Sodium plays a key role in human body by maintaining of cellular fluid balance as well as taking part in nerve and muscle function. However, excessive sodium intake—for example, in the form of ingested sodium chloride—can adversely affect blood pressure and cardiovascular health. 
         [0003]    Common Salt (i.e. NaCl—sodium chloride) is a flavoring agent widely used in the food industry. Many processed food products, particularly snack foods, contain relatively high levels of salt. For example, salted potato crisps (commonly known in certain countries as “potato chips”) contain 1.3-2% salt. The addition of salt to potato crisps is generally performed using a tumbler or other, similar, machinery immediately following the frying stage, while the crisps are still hot. Similarly, flavoring and seasoning mixes that include inter alia salt are also added to other fried or baked snack foods using the same methods as employed in the case of potato chips. The salt-containing seasonings are added in a dry form to oil slurry or to coat fried and baked snacks foods, in other cases the seasoning and/or salt are added directly to the product dough, prior to further processing. 
         [0004]    As a result of increasing public health awareness regarding the potential health hazards of the ingestion of too much salt, the manufacturers of potato crisps, snack foods and other foods have been attempting to reduce the salt levels in their products without significantly altering the taste and overall acceptability of said products. Various different approaches have been taken in an attempt to provide a solution to this problem. For example, the complete or partial substitution of sodium chloride with potassium chloride has been attempted. However, this approach has been found to be unsatisfactory, due to the bitter and metallic off-flavor that the potassium chloride imparts to the food. In another approach, the re-organization of the physical form of the sodium chloride (e.g. by granulation or alteration of the particle shape) has been attempted. However, this approach has not provided a satisfactory cost-effective solution for the replacement or partial replacement of salt on a commercial scale. 
         [0005]    Consequently, despite the various prior art attempts, an urgent need for a method of reducing or partially reducing the amount of salt added to food products, still exists. 
         [0006]    It is thus a primary purpose of the present invention to provide a partial salt replacer which may be used to enhance the salty flavor, thus allowing reduction of the amount of salt added to food products without significantly altering their flavor and nature. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    It has now been unexpectedly found that it is possible to partially replace the salt added to food products by means of the addition of soluble tomato solids (hereinafter referred to in the singular as “STS”). By means of controlling the relative amounts of salt and STS in a food product, it has been found that it is possible to reduce the total amount of added salt while retaining the saltiness of said product, and without adding any significant tomato-derived flavors 
         [0008]    The term STS is used throughout this disclosure to refer to the soluble solids that are directly obtainable from tomato serum, which in turn is one of two fractions (along with pulp) that are obtained by means of separating crushed, heat-treated tomatoes. Further details of the preparation of STS are provided hereinbelow. 
         [0009]    In particularly preferred embodiments of the various aspects of the present invention, as will be disclosed and described hereinafter, the STS, which is prepared from separated tomato serum and optionally concentrated and/or dried, is not subjected to any further treatment aimed at removing color or flavor therefrom. 
         [0010]    The present invention is thus primarily directed to a method for reducing the amount of sodium chloride in a food product without adversely affecting the salty taste thereof, wherein said method comprises adding STS to said food product and reducing the amount of salt normally added thereto. 
         [0011]    The phrase “adversely affecting the salty taste thereof” is used to indicate that the method of the present invention generally results in a preservation of the original saltiness of the food product without adversely affecting its flavor profile (i.e. the saltiness associated with the amount of salt usually present in said product), despite the fact that amount of salt used to prepare the product according to the presently disclosed method is significantly reduced. 
         [0012]    The present inventors have also discovered that while STS generally may be used as a flavor enhancer, it is possible to optimize STS for use in partially replacing salt (i.e. salty taste enhancement) by means of controlling certain properties of the STS, such as acidity, formol number and the degree to which the STS becomes non-enzymatically “browned” during its preparation. 
         [0013]    Thus, in one particularly preferred embodiment, the STS used in this method is characterized in having an acidity level within the range of about 3% to about 4%. 
         [0014]    It has further been found by the inventors that that the aforementioned method for partially-replacing salt is preferably performed using STS that has all of the following properties:
       A titratable acidity (measured as an equivalent of citric acid) in the range of about 3-4%, referred to STS at a concentration of 60° Bx.   A formol number of at least 40, preferably more than referred to STS at a concentration of 5° Brix. (The formol number is a measure of the total amino acid concentration of the sample being measured.) This corresponds to a formol number of at least 400, preferred more than 500, in STS at a concentration of 60° Bx.   A browning evaluation index of up to about 20, preferred less than 15, wherein said index is equivalent to the √a 2 +b 2  value obtained from tristimulus colorimeter measurements.       
 
         [0018]    It is to be noted that Degrees Brix (° Bx) is a measurement of dissolved solids content in a solution, which is widely understood and used in the art. It is measured with a refractometer and refers to the refractive index of sucrose. 
         [0019]    It is further to be noted that when the present disclosure, description and claims refer to the aforementioned parameters being “measured in a STS sample having a concentration of 60° Bx” or having values “referred to STS at a concentration of 60° Bx”, the intention is that the measurements of said parameters are made on said STS sample after its concentration has been adjusted (if necessary) to 60° Bx. Moreover, it is to be recognized that the parameter values are expressed in this manner for the purposes of standardization and do not, in any way, restrict the method or product of the present invention to STS having a concentration of 60° Bx (or indeed to any other Brix value mentioned herein). 
         [0020]    The detail of testing these parameters will be described in more detail hereinbelow. 
         [0021]    The present method may be used to partially replace the salt in many different food products, as will be described in more detail, hereinbelow. 
         [0022]    In one preferred embodiment, the STS which is added to the food product, or used to coat the food product, is present in a powder form. In another preferred embodiment, the STS which is added to the food product, or used to coat the food product, is present in a liquid form. In many implementations of the present method, the powdered STS is pre-blended with the reduced amount of salt, prior to addition to the food product. However, in other cases, the salt and the STS (powder or liquid) may be separately added to, or on top of, the food product. 
         [0023]    In one particularly preferred embodiment, the method of the present invention is a method for partially replacing the salt added to potato crisps (potato chips), wherein said method comprises the steps of:
       a) preparing a seasoning pre-blend comprising defined amounts of salt and powdered STS;   b) adding a defined amount of said seasoning pre-blend to a batch of potato crisps and mixing said pre-blend therewith.       
 
         [0026]    In one particularly preferred embodiment, the STS used in this method is characterized in having an acidity level within the range of about 3% to about 4%. 
         [0027]    In another particularly preferred embodiment, the STS used in this method is characterized in having:
       a) an acidity level within the range of about 3% to about 4%;   b) a formol number greater than about 500; and   c) a color intensity of up to 15, wherein said color intensity value is determined as the √a 2 +b 2  value derived from a colorimetric measurement;
 
wherein said acidity level, formol number and color intensity number are measured in a STS sample having a concentration of 60° Brix.
       
 
         [0031]    Preferably, the addition of the pre-blend to the potato crisps and the mixing together thereof is performed in a tumbler. 
         [0032]    In one preferred embodiment, the pre-blend mixture of powdered STS and salt comprises up to about 50% w/w STS, wherein the total amount of said mixture added to the potato crisps is substantially equal to the amount of salt added to regular salted crisps. In another preferred embodiment, the mixture comprises up to 50% w/w STS and more than 50% salt, wherein the total amount of said mixture added to the potato crisps is substantially equal to the amount of salt added to regular salted crisps. 
         [0033]    In another aspect, the present invention provides a reduced salt food product comprising STS and a reduced amount of salt when compared to the regular fully-salted product, wherein said food product has saltiness substantially similar to that of the regular fully-salted product, and is substantially devoid of any additional tomato-derived flavors. In one preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the reduced-salt food product is potato crisps. 
         [0034]    In a further aspect, the present invention provides a reduced-salt food product prepared according to the method disclosed hereinabove. In one preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the reduced-salt food product comprises potato crisps. 
         [0035]    In one preferred embodiment, the reduced-salt product is prepared according to any of the embodiments of the preparative method disclosed hereinabove. 
         [0036]    In one preferred embodiment, the final concentration (w/w %) of STS in the reduced-salt food product is in the range of about 0.05 to about 5%. More preferably, the final STS concentration is in the range of about 0.2 to about 0.8%. 
         [0037]    In other embodiments of the above-disclosed method and reduced-salt food products, said reduced-salt food product may comprise any solid or liquid food or beverage that normally comprises added salt as part of the seasoning. 
         [0038]    Non-limiting examples of such products are described hereinbelow. 
         [0039]    In another aspect, the present invention further provides a salty-taste enhancing composition comprising STS, wherein said STS is characterized in having an acidity level within the range of about 3% to about 4%. 
         [0040]    In another preferred embodiment of this aspect, the present invention further provides a salty-taste enhancing composition comprising STS, wherein the STS in said composition possesses all of the following characteristics: 
         [0000]    a) an acidity level within the range of about 3% to about 4%;
 
b) a formol number of at least 40, preferably more than 43, when said STS is at a concentration of 5° Brix;
 
the formol number is at least 400 preferably more than 500, when said STS is at a concentration of 60° Brix;
 
c) a color intensity value (browning evaluation index) of up to about 20, preferably up to about 15, wherein said color intensity value is determined as the √a 2 +b 2  value derived from a colorimetric measurement.
 
         [0041]    The term “salty taste enhancing composition” as used herein refers to a flavoring composition either consisting of STS alone (in liquid or powder form) or comprising said STS pre-blended with salt and/or other flavoring agents. It is to be noted that the salty taste enhancing composition disclosed above also possesses other flavor-enhancing properties. These will be described in more detail hereinbelow. 
         [0042]    In a further aspect, the present invention is directed to a method for enhancing flavor in foods, wherein said method comprises adding STS to said food product, wherein said STS is characterized by having a titratable acidity equal to or less than about 3%. 
         [0043]    In a preferred embodiment of this aspect, the present invention is directed to a method for enhancing flavor in foods, wherein said method comprises adding STS to said food product, wherein said STS is characterized by having all of the following properties:
       A titratable acidity (measured as an equivalent of citric acid) less than about 3%, referred to STS at a concentration of 60° Bx.   A formol number of at least 40, preferably at least 43, referred to STS at a concentration of 5° Brix. Alternatively, this may be expressed as a formol number of at least 400, preferably at least 500, referred to STS at a concentration of 60° Brix (The formol number is a measure of the total amino acid concentration of the sample being measured.) This corresponds to a formol number of at least 400 in STS at a concentration of 60° Bx.   A browning evaluation index of up to about 20, preferred up to about 10, wherein said index is equivalent to the √a 2 +b 2  value obtained from tristimulus colorimeter measurements.       
 
         [0047]    In a further aspect, the present invention also provides a flavor-enhanced food product comprising STS, wherein said food product is substantially devoid of any additional tomato-derived flavors, and wherein said product is prepared by the method disclosed immediately hereinabove. 
         [0048]    In another aspect, the present invention further provides a flavor-enhancing composition comprising STS, wherein the STS in said composition possesses an acidity level of less than about 3%, referred to STS at a concentration of 60° Bx. 
         [0049]    In a preferred embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a flavor-enhancing composition comprising STS, wherein the STS in said composition possesses all of the following characteristics: 
         [0000]    a) an acidity level of less than about 3%, referred to STS at a concentration of 60° Bx;
 
b) a formol number of at least 40, preferably at least 43, when said STS is at a concentration of 5° Brix. This may also be expressed as a formol number of at least 400, preferably at least 500, referred to STS at a concentration of 60° Brix
 
c) a color intensity value (browning evaluation index) of up to about 20, preferably up to about 10, wherein said color intensity value is determined as the √a 2 +b 2  value derived from a colorimetric measurement.
 
         [0050]    The term “flavor enhancing composition” as used herein refers to a flavoring composition comprising STS (in liquid or powder form) that may be used to enhance the flavor of foodstuffs or beverages. 
         [0051]    All the above and other characteristics and advantages of the present invention will be further understood from the following illustrative and non-limitative examples of preferred embodiments thereof. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0052]    As mentioned hereinabove, the present inventors have previously reported the flavor enhancement properties of an STS preparation (at a 60° Bx concentration). This natural, additive-free product contains significant amounts of sugars (fructose and glucose together account for about 37-39% of the total weight of the STS) and free amino acids (approximately 8.5%, of which 2.5% is Glutamic acid). 
         [0053]    The process for producing STS (at a concentration of 60Bx) is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,890,574, which is incorporated in its entirety into the present disclosure. Briefly, tomatoes are processed (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,311, in order to obtain two fractions—an STS-rich tomato serum and a pulp. Following heat treatment, the serum is then concentrated to a Brix level higher than 4.5°, for example 60° Bx (or any other desired Bx strength). This concentration step is commonly performed using a continuous evaporator, by means of feeding said evaporator with a continuous stream of serum at an elevated temperature, usually for a period of greater than 20 minutes, under vacuum. 
         [0054]    It is to be noted that the clear (i.e. non-opaque) property of the STS (which relates to the absence of insoluble tomato solids) is apparent only when it is diluted to Brix value of about 4.5° Bx. At higher Bx levels (including the 60° Bx level as used in the STS of the examples of the present invention), the product is opaque. 
         [0055]    The process of preparing STS described hereinabove yields at all Bx values, a liquid product that is suitable for addition (at, for example, 60° Bx) to liquid based foods and beverages. However, in order to incorporate the STS into solid food products (in particular, into snack foods such as potato crisps) a powdered form has been developed by the present inventors. This powdered form is produced by drying the STS (by means of either spray drying on a suitable carrier such as maltodextrins (as described in co-owned U.S. Pat. No. 6,890,574), or by using any other suitable dehydration step that is well known to the skilled artisan in this field). In this powdered preparation (as used in the present invention), the water in the STS 60° Bx (approximately 50%) is substituted with maltodextrins. 
         [0056]    It has unexpectedly been found by the present inventors that the powdered form of STS may be used to partially reduce the level of salt normally used to flavor potato crisps and other food products, thereby reducing the total salt concentration in said products. Furthermore, by carefully selecting the relative amounts of STS and salt, products having flavor properties very similar to those containing the regular salt level products (i.e. equivalent levels of saltiness without the significant addition of tomato-derived flavors) may be obtained. The use of the powdered form of the STS to partially replace the salt in potato crisps is described in Example 1, below. 
         [0057]    As mentioned hereinabove, the present inventors have now found that it is necessary to control certain properties of the STS within defined ranges in order to achieve optimal salty-taste enhancing characteristics. These properties include titratable acidity, formol number and color intensity. It is to be noted that the STS compositions having properties that fall within these ranges also possess other flavor-enhancing properties. However, it has been further found by the inventors that when said properties of the STS compositions fall within other defined ranges, said compositions possess flavor enhancing properties only (i.e. they lack the specific ability to replace or partially replace salt). The extensive investigations carried out by the inventors have led them to define the following ranges for the aforementioned properties: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Values for STS as 
                 Values for STS as 
               
               
                   
                 salty-taste and 
                 flavor enhancer 
               
               
                 Properties 
                 flavour enhancer: 
                 only: 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Formol Number 
                 ≧40, preferably ≧43 
                 ≧40, preferably ≧43 
               
               
                 in 5° Bx STS 
               
               
                 Formol Number 
                 ≧40, preferably ≧43 
                 ≧40, preferably ≧43 
               
               
                 in 5° Bx Tomato 
               
               
                 Serum* 
               
               
                 Formol Number 
                 ≧400, preferably ≧500 
                 ≧400, preferably ≧500 
               
               
                 in 60° Bx STS 
               
               
                 % acidity 
                 3%-4% 
                 ≦3.0% 
               
               
                 (expressed as % 
               
               
                 Citric Acid) 
               
               
                 in STS 
               
               
                 % acidity 
                 0.25%-0.33% 
                 ≦0.25% 
               
               
                 (expressed as % 
               
               
                 Citric Acid) 
               
               
                 in Tomato 
               
               
                 Serum* 
               
               
                 Color intensity 
                 ≦20, preferably ≦15 
                 ≦20, preferably ≦10 
               
               
                 √a 2  + b 2   
               
               
                 In STS 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0058]    These defined numerical ranges now permit, for the first time, the manipulation of the indicated properties of STS in order to pre-determine the type of flavor enhancement that is to be obtained using STS-containing compositions. 
         [0059]    Titratable acidity is a measure of the content of acids determined by titration with sodium hydroxide solution to a pH-value of 8.1, The measurement of titratable acidity is well known in the art, and the details of one commonly used method may be found in the protocol (reference number IFUMA03) published by the International Federation of Fruit Juice Produce (Paris, France; obtainable on-line at http://www.ifu-fruitjuice.com/index_commande.php). The titratable acidity determined by this method (expressed in units of mmoles of H +  per liter) may be converted to the equivalent of citric acid by means of multiplying the titratble acidity value mentioned above by the specific conversion factor for citric acid, 0.064, thereby yielding a result expressed in grams per liter. 
         [0060]    The determination of formol number (a measure of the number of amino acid groups) is also well known to all skilled artisans in the field. The method is based on titration of amino acids with formaldehyde in the presence of potassium hydroxide, in accordance with the following reaction: 
         [0000]      RCH(NH 2 )COOH+HCHO+KOH→RCH(NHCH 2 OH)COOK+H 2 O
 
         [0061]    The determination of formol number takes place in three steps: 
         [0000]    1) Neutralisation of titratable acidity by means of an end point titration at pH 8.2 with NaOH 0.1 eq/1
 
2) Addition of an excess of formol (HCHO) to the solution. This operation locks the NH 2  groups of amino acids due to the decrease in pH and allows titration of the COOH groups of amino acids with an end point titration at pH 8.2
 
3) Second endpoint titration at pH 8.2 to determine total amino acid content. The details of one commonly used standard method for determining the formol number may be found in the protocol (reference number IFUMA30) published by the International Federation of Fruit Juice Produce (details given above).
 
         [0062]    A color intensity value (√a 2 +b 2 ) which may be used as a browning evaluation index may be calculated directly using the software associated with most modern tristimulus colorimetric devices (e.g. the HunterLab type ColorQuest XE colorimeter). 
         [0063]    The titratable acidity and the formol number of the STS may be influenced by means of selecting tomato strains having fruit that yield sera having these factors within the desired range. Thus, in one preferred embodiment, the STS may be prepared from a tomato serum having an acidity level within the range of about 0.25% to about 0.33%, and a formol number of at least 40 (at a concentration of 5° Brix). 
         [0064]    Tomato strains suitable for preparing such sera include (but are not limited to):
       H-9780 (Heinz, USA)   AB-2 (A. B. Zeraim Ltd., Israel)       
 
         [0067]    Additional factors which may influence the titratable acidity and the formol number of the STS include the growth conditions use to cultivate the tomato plants (including climate, soil type etc.). These factors are well known to the skilled artisan in this field and may be advantageously selected or altered in order to obtain tomatoes that yield serum having the desired acidity. Further refinement of the acidity and formol number of the STS may also be achieved by blending sera obtained from two or more different strains. 
         [0068]    In addition to the selection of tomato strains yielding serum having the desired formol number, it is important to carefully control the exposure of the serum and of the STS prepared therefrom to heat during processing and storage, in order to prevent an undesirable reduction in said formol number. 
         [0069]    The browning evaluation index (color value) of the STS may similarly be controlled, such that said index has a value of 20 or less, by means of avoiding excessive exposure of the tomato serum to high temperatures with a combination of long time during STS preparation. This reduction in exposure to high temperature with a combination of time may be achieved by means of selecting tomato strains yielding serum having higher Brix levels. In this way the evaporation ratio (i.e. the ratio between the final concentration of the STS—usually 60° Bx—and the concentration of the serum prior to evaporation) is reduced. In such a situation, less harsh conditions of temperature and time may be used in order to obtain the final desired concentration. In one preferred embodiment, the evaporation ratio is not greater than 15. In a still more preferred embodiment, the evaporation ratio is not greater than 10. 
         [0070]    As already mentioned, STS (in either its powdered or liquid forms) may be used to replace the salt in many different products. The following non-exhaustive, non-limiting lists provide examples of such products: 
         [0000]    Food Products in which the Salt May be Partially Replaced by Powdered STS:
 
1 Potato chips and/or crisps (salted or seasoned, with or without added oil)
 
2. Baked snacks (salted and seasoned, with or without added oil)
 
3. Fried snacks (salted and seasoned, with or without added oil)
 
4. Extruded baked and fried snacks (salted and seasoned, with or without added oil)
 
5. Powdered seasonings and flavors
 
7. Powdered spices
 
8. Powdered soups
 
9. Instant powder gravies and sauces
 
10. Table and/or cooking salt
 
11. Dried herbs
 
Food Products in which the Salt May be Partially Replaced by Liquid STS:
 
1. Baked snacks (salted and seasoned, with or without added oil)
 
2. Fried snacks (salted and seasoned, with or without added oil)
 
3. Extruded baked and fried snacks (salted and seasoned, with or without added oil)
 
4. Breakfast cereals
 
5. Gravies and sauces in liquid form
 
6. Soups in liquid form
 
7. Breads and other savory baked products
 
8. Seeds and nuts.
 
9. Meat products
 
         [0071]    The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes and in order to more particularly explain and describe the present invention. The present invention, however, is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed in the examples. 
       Example 1 
     Partial Replacement of Salt in Potato Crisps by Powdered STS 
     Materials and Methods: 
       [0000]    
       
         
           
             1. Unsalted potato crisps (Walkers—Smith UK) were purchased in a local supermarket. 
             2. Salt and powdered STS were blended as follows:
           a. 0.75 g salt (1.5% in finished product)=Reference.   b. 0.625 g Salt+0.125 g STS. (1.25% salt in finished product)   c. 0.5 g salt+0.25 g STS. (1% salt in finished product)   d. 0.325 g salt+0.325 g STS (0.75% salt in finished product   
         
             3. A series of 50 g batches of crisps were put in a laboratory-scale conical tumbler and heated with an electric heat gun for 30 seconds. 
             4. The appropriate salt and powdered STS blends were sprinkled onto each batch of the heated crisps while tumbling for 2.5 minutes. 
             5. An internal taste panel was conducted in order to compare crisps flavored with the various salts and STS blends. The results are presented in the following table: 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 % Salt (w/w) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 in finished 
                   
                 % of salt 
               
               
                   
                 product 
                 Blend 
                 reduction 
                 results 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 1.5 
                 0.75 g salt + 
                 0 
                 Typical salty 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0 g STS 
                   
                 crisps taste 
               
               
                   
                 1.25 
                 0.625 g Salt + 
                 16.6% 
                 Very good 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.125 g STS 
                   
                 taste. Salty 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 taste was not 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 infected. 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 0.5 g salt + 
                 33.3% 
                 Salty taste 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.25 g STS 
                   
                 was not 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 infected. 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Minor tomato 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 taste 
               
               
                   
                 0.75 
                 0.325 g salt + 
                   50% 
                 Minor 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.325 STS 
                   
                 reduction in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 salty taste. 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Minor tomato 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 taste. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0081]    The results of this study indicate that a salt reduction in potato crisps of up to about 50% may be achieved with minimal taste change, by the addition of powdered STS to the seasoning. Furthermore, salt reduction in said crisps of up to about 33.3% may be achieved with no loss whatsoever of saltiness in the product. 
       Example 2 
     Partial Replacement of Salt in Barbecue (BBQ) Flavored Potato Crisps by Powdered STS 
     Materials and Methods: 
       [0000]    
       
         
           
             1. Unsalted potatoes crisps (“Extra”) were obtained from Elite—Frito-Lay Israel. 
             2. The following basic BBQ seasoning composition was used in this study: 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Chili 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                 powder 
               
               
                   
                 (salt 
               
               
                   
                 free) 
               
               
                   
                 Sugar 
                 25 
               
               
                   
                 Citric 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 acid 
               
               
                   
                 Paprika 
                 25 
               
               
                   
                 (sweet) 
               
               
                   
                 Onion 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 powder 
               
               
                   
                 Garlic 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 powder 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
       
         
           
             3. The BBQ seasoning was blended with powdered STS as follows: 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 No. 1 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (control) 
                 No. 2 
                 No. 3 
                 No. 4 
               
               
                 Ingredient 
                 (% w/w) 
                 (% w/w) 
                 (% w/w) 
                 (% w/w) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 BBQ 
                 85 
                 85 
                 85 
                 85 
               
               
                 seasoning 
               
               
                 Salt 
                 15 
                 12.5 
                 10 
                 7.5 
               
               
                 Powdered 
                 0 
                 2.5 
                 5 
                 7.5 
               
               
                 STS 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
       
         
           
             4. 50 g batches of crisps were heated in a microwave oven for 30 seconds. 
             5. The batches of warm crisps were placed in plastic bags. 
             6. 10% (w/w) of the blends 1-4 were sprinkled on the potato crisps with the seasoning blends as follows: 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 In finished 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 product 
                 1 (control) 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 % (w/w) 
                 1.5 
                 1.25 
                 1.0 
                 0.75 
               
               
                   
                 Salt 
               
               
                   
                 % ((w/w) 
                 0 
                 0.25 
                 0.5 
                 0.75 
               
               
                   
                 STS 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
       
         
           
             7. The bags were shaken for 1-2 minutes. 
             8. An internal taste panel was conducted in order to compare crisps flavored with the various salt and STS blends. The results are presented in the following table: 
           
         
       
     
       Results: 
       [0090]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 % powdered 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 % salt in 
                 STS in 
                 Reduction 
               
               
                   
                 finished 
                 finished 
                 of salt 
               
               
                 No. 
                 product 
                 product 
                 (%) 
                 results 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 (control) 
                 1.5 
                 0 
                 0      
                 Typical BBQ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 taste with 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 salt 
               
               
                 2 
                 1.25 
                 0.25 
                 16.6% 
                 Less salty 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 taste than 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1. 
               
               
                 3 
                 1 
                 0.5 
                 33.3% 
                 Salty taste 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 similar to 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1 Minor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tomato 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 taste. 
               
               
                 4 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
                 50%   
                 Reduction 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in salty 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 taste. 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Minor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 tomato 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 taste. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0091]    The results of this study indicate that a salt reduction in potato crisps of up to about 50% may be achieved with minimal taste change, by the addition of powdered STS to the seasoning. Furthermore, salt reduction in said crisps of up to about 33.3% may be achieved with no loss whatsoever of saltiness in the product. 
       Example 3 
     Partial Replacement of Salt in Bread by Liquid STS 
       [0092]    Breads generally contain about 1.5-2% salt. The purpose of this study was to reduce the salt level in bread by substituting part of the salt with liquid STS. 
       Materials and Methods: 
       [0093]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sample 
                 Sample 
                 Sample 
                 Sample 
                   
               
               
                 Materials 
                 1 (g) 
                 2 (g) 
                 3 (g) 
                 4 (g) 
                 Instructions 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Hard winter 
                 450 
                 450 
                 450 
                 450 
                 Place in a 
               
               
                 white wheat 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 dough mixer 
               
               
                 flour 
               
               
                 Hydrogenated 
                 9 
                 9 
                 9 
                 9 
                 Place in the 
               
               
                 vegetable fat 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 dough mixer 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 and mix 
               
               
                 Baking 
                 25 
                 25 
                 25 
                 25 
                 Place in the 
               
               
                 improver 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 dough mixer 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 and continue 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 mixing 
               
               
                 Fresh yeasts 
                 25 
                 25 
                 25 
                 25 
                 Mix together 
               
               
                 Sugar 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                 with the 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 sugar and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 part of the 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 water. 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Add to the 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 mixer and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 keep mixing 
               
               
                 Salt 
                 7.5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 Mix with 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 part of the 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 water. Add 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in the end 
               
               
                 Liquid STS 
                 0 
                 2.5 
                 0 
                 0 
                 Mix together 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with salt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 and water 
               
               
                 Tap water 
                 250 
                 250 
                 250 
                 250 
                 Temperature 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 28-30° C. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Mix the ingredients until a uniform mix is formed. Remove portions of the dough and allow them to rest for 5 minutes. Knead the dough by hand and flatten it with a rolling pin. Roll the dough and put in baking dish and in warm chamber (40° C.) for 35 minutes until it doubles its volume. Pre-warm a baking oven to 220° C. and place the baking dish, lower the temperature to 180° C. and bake for 35 minutes. Remove the bread from the baking dish and place it on a steel net to cool. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Results and Conclusions: 
       [0094]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sample No. 
                 % Salt* 
                 % STS* 
                 Results 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1- 
                 1.66 
                 0 
                 Regular bread taste 
               
               
                   
                 reference 
               
               
                   
                 2 - 
                 1.11 
                 0.55 
                 Taste like the 
               
               
                   
                 33% less 
                   
                   
                 reference 
               
               
                   
                 salt 
               
               
                   
                 3 - 
                 1.11 
                 0 
                 Less salty 
               
               
                   
                 33% less 
               
               
                   
                 salt 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *% of the flour 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 4 
     Partial Replacement of Salt in Roasted Sunflower and Pumpkin Seeds by Liquid STS 
       [0095]    Roasted sunflower and pumpkin seeds, which are consumed as a snack food product in many countries, generally contain about 1.5-2% salt. The purpose of this study was to partially replace the salt in these seeds by liquid STS. 
         [0096]    Materials and Methods:
       1. Fresh de-hulled sunflower and pumpkin seeds were purchased in a local supermarket.   2. Salt and water or/and liquid STS were blended and sprayed on the seeds using a conical laboratory tumbler as follows:
           a. 1.6% salt in finished product−6.2% of saturated (26%) salt solution=Reference.   b. 33% less salt with liquid STS−6.2% of a salt (17.5%) and liquid STS (8.5%) solution.   c. 50% less salt with liquid STS−6.2% of a salt (13%) and liquid STS (13%) solution.   
           3. The seeds were heated and roasted with an electric heat gun for 2.5 minutes.   4. The seeds were cooled in a dish.   5. The samples were tested by a taste panel       
 
       Results: 
       [0105]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 % Salt in 
                 Liquid 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 finished 
                 STS 
                 % of salt 
               
               
                   
                 product 
                 % w/w 
                 reduction 
                 results 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1.6 - 
                 0 
                 0  
                 Salty typically 
               
               
                   
                 reference 
                   
                   
                 taste 
               
               
                   
                 1.07 
                 0.53 
                 33% 
                 More salty than 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 the reference, An 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 attractive tan 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 color 
               
               
                   
                 1.07 
                 0 
                 33% 
                 Similar salty taste 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 as the reference. 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 An attractive tan 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 color 
               
               
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 50% 
                 Similar salty taste 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 as the reference. 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Attractive tan 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 color 
               
               
                   
                 0.8 
                 0 
                 50% 
                 Less salty than the 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 reference. 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Attractive tan 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 color 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 5 
     Effect of STS Acidity on Salty-Taste and Flavor Enhancement of Tomato Juice 
       [0106]    In this study, tomato juice was used as a model for the evaluation of salt and taste enhancement. The basic formulation used had the following composition: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ingredients 
                 Content 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Tomato concentrate 28 bx 
                 15% 
               
               
                   
                 Cold water (15° C.) 
                 85% 
               
               
                   
                 Salt 
                 0.125%*   
               
               
                   
                 STS 
                  1%* 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Added 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0107]    Two separate batches of STS were selected for use in this study: one having an acidity (measured as citric acid equivalent) of 3.5%, while the acidity of the other batch was 2.5%. 
         [0108]    These two batches, together with a third sample from which the STS (but not the salt) was omitted were sampled by a professional taste panel, using a semi-quantitative 1-10 scale (0=none; 10=extensive). The results are presented in the following table: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Overall 
                 Tomato 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Products 
                 taste 
                 flavour 
                 Acidity 
                 Saltiness 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Reference 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 Reference + 
                 8 
                 8 
                 6 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 STS 3.5% 
               
               
                   
                 acidity 
               
               
                   
                 Reference + 
                 8 
                 8 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 STS 2.5% 
               
               
                   
                 acidity 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0109]    It may be seen from the above results that the STS batch with 3.5% acidity resulted in a significantly greater enhancement of the saltiness of the tomato juice than the batch having an acidity of 2.5%. Both batches caused a similar, significant enhancement of other flavours (“overall taste” and “tomato flavour”). 
       Example 6 
     Effect of STS Acidity on Salty-Taste and Flavor Enhancement of Potato Chips 
       [0110]    Four separate batches of potato chips were prepared with different amounts of salt and STS powder, as indicated in the following table. Two different STS samples were selected for use in this study: one having an acidity of 3.5% and the other having an acidity of 2.5%. 
         [0111]    A comparison of these batches with respect to various taste and flavor properties was performed by a panel of professional tasters. Scores are given on a 0-10 scale which 0=none, 10=extensive. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Overall 
                 Potato 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Product 
                 taste 
                 flavour 
                 Acidity 
                 Saltiness 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Potato 
                 10 
                 6 
                 0 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 chips 1.5% 
               
               
                   
                 salt 
               
               
                   
                 ⅓ less 
                 5 
                 5 
                 0 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 salt Potato 
               
               
                   
                 chips (1.0% 
               
               
                   
                 salt) 
               
               
                   
                 ⅓ less 
                 10 
                 8 
                 2 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 salt Potato 
               
               
                   
                 chips + 0.5% 
               
               
                   
                 STS powder** 
               
               
                   
                 3.5% acidity 
               
               
                   
                 ⅓ less 
                 8 
                 8 
                 0 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 salt Potato 
               
               
                   
                 chips + 0.5% 
               
               
                   
                 STS powder** 
               
               
                   
                 2.5% acidity 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 **prepared by spray drying STS on Maltodextrin 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0112]    As will be seen from these results, the batch that included STS with an acidity of 3.5% performed much better as a salt replacer than the batch having an acidity of 2.5%. Both batches caused a similar, significant enhancement of other flavours (“overall taste” and “potato flavour”). 
       Example 7 
     Effect of Browning and Formol Number on STS Efficacy in Salty-Taste Enhancement and Flavor Enhancement in Tomato Juice 
       [0113]    It has been found that a high degree of browning influences the ability of STS to enhance both salty taste and flavor. 
         [0114]    This effect is illustrated in the following study that was performed using tomato juice with and without STS. In one of the batches the tomato juice included 1% browned STS, while another batch included 1% non-browned STS. The browned STS batch was prepared by exposing the tomato serum used to prepare said batch to an excessively high temperature during the evaporation stage. 
         [0115]    Flavor evaluation was performed by a panel of professional tasters. Scores are given on a 0-10 scale in which 0=none and 10=extensive. The panelists were also asked to indicate their preferred product. Preference was scored as percentage against a reference product without STS. In addition, the formol number of each of the STS batches was measured. The results of these tests are shown in the following table: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Color 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 intensity 
                 Formol 
               
               
                   
                 √a 2  + b 2   
                 number 
                 Overall 
                 Tomato 
               
               
                 Products 
                 In STS 1   
                 in STS 
                 taste 
                 flavor 
                 Acidity 
                 Saltiness 
                 Bitterness 
                 Preferences 2   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Reference 
                 — 
                 — 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 without 
               
               
                 STS 
               
               
                 Reference + 
                 13 
                 45 
                 8 
                 8 
                 6 
                 8 
                 2 
                 100% 
               
               
                 1% non 
               
               
                 browned 
               
               
                 STS 
               
               
                 Reference + 
                 25 
                 35 
                 4 
                 4 
                 5 
                 4 
                 4 
                  20% 
               
               
                 1% 
               
               
                 browned 
               
               
                 STS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 Color intensity - browning evaluation index. 
               
               
                   2 preferences - % preferred on reference product. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0116]    The results indicate that the non-browned STS sample (i.e. the sample having a color intensity value of 15 or less and a formol number of 45) was greatly superior to the browned STS sample with regard to the ability of said samples to cause enhancement of saltiness and of other flavors. 
         [0117]    While specific embodiments of the invention have been described for the purpose of illustration, it will be understood that the invention may be carried out in practice by skilled persons with many modifications, variations and adaptations, without departing from its spirit or exceeding the scope of the claims.