Abstract:
A method includes receiving information at an interface circuit and providing the information from the interface circuit to a processing circuit through a direct communications path between the interface circuit and a processing circuit, which processes the information received from the interface circuit. The method further includes providing the information from the interface circuit to the processing circuit via a crosspoint switch in response to a failure of the direct communications path, wherein the direct communication does not pass through the crosspoint switch.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/481,122, filed on Jun. 9, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. ______; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/638,550, filed on Aug. 11, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,558,193; which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/402,761, filed Aug. 12, 2002, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    This invention relates to redundancy in voice and data communications systems. 
         [0003]    An element of a communications system such as a wireless communication system can fail and can require replacement. The failure of the element and the replacement of the element typically require shutdown of the system, which can be highly expensive and time-consuming due to the long time intervals necessary to bring the system to a stable condition following the shutdown. 
         [0004]    If there is no redundancy in the event that the element becomes disabled, or otherwise fails to perform its tasks, the performance and reliability of communications can be compromised. One approach to redundancy is to designate a master element and one or more candidates that would take over as master in a sequential fashion when the existing master fails. That method, although useful for its intended purposes in providing some degree of redundancy, can be cumbersome to configure. The master and the candidate elements may have to be manually selected when the communications system is set up. Another disadvantage is that, once all the candidate elements are exhausted due to multiple failures, the network would again be without a master, causing deterioration or disruption in communications such as wireless communication. 
         [0005]    Although the particular application may vary, the components of a wireless communication system are generally similar, as described in more detail below. For example, a wireless communication system usually includes a radio terminal or mobile station, a radio base station, a switch or network control device, often referred to as a mobile telephone switching office (MTSO), and a network to which the wireless communications system provides access, such as the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). 
         [0006]    The various wireless communication applications use any of multiple modulation techniques for transmitting information to efficiently utilize the available frequency spectrum. For example, frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access modulation techniques are used to build high-capacity multiple access systems. Telecommunication systems designed to communicate with many mobile stations occupying a common radio spectrum are referred to as multiple access systems. 
         [0007]    For example, in an FDMA analog cellular system, such as an AMPS analog cellular radio system, the available frequency spectrum is divided into a large number of radio channels, e.g., pairs of transmit and receive carrier frequencies, each of which corresponds to a message transmission channel. The bandwidth of each transmit and receive frequency channel is narrowband, generally 25-30 kHz. Thus, the FDMA system permits information to be transmitted in a bandwidth comparable to the bandwidth of the transmitted information, such as a voice signal. The cellular service area in the FDMA system is generally divided into multiple cells, each cell having a set of frequency channels selected so as to help reduce co-channel interference between cells. 
         [0008]    Frequency division is often combined with time division so that transmission circuits are distinguished in both the frequency and time domain, e.g., in a FD/TDMA system. In a digital FD/TDMA (commonly referred to as TDMA) cellular system, a narrowband frequency channel is reformatted as a digital transmission path which is divided into a number of time slots. The data signals from different calls are interleaved into assigned time slots and sent out with a correspondingly higher bit rate, the time slot assigned to each mobile station being periodically repeated. Although the TDMA bandwidth may be somewhat larger than the FDMA bandwidth, a bandwidth of approximately 30 kHz is generally used for AMPS-D digital TDMA cellular systems. 
         [0009]    Another approach to cellular multiple access modulation is CDMA. CDMA is a spread spectrum technique for transmitting information over a wireless communication system in which the bandwidth occupied by the transmitted signal is significantly greater than the bandwidth required by the baseband information signal (e.g., the voice signal). Thus, CDMA modulation spectrally spreads a narrowband information signal over a broad bandwidth by multiplex modulation, using a codeword to identify various signals sharing the same frequency channel. Recognition of the transmitted signal takes place by selecting the spectrally-coded signals using the appropriate codeword. In contrast to the narrowband channels of approximately 30 kHz used in FDMA and TDMA modulation techniques, a CDMA system generally employs a bandwidth of approximately 1.25 MHz or greater. 
         [0010]    Typically, the mobile communication systems described above are arranged hierarchically such that a geographical “coverage area” is partitioned into a number of smaller geographical areas called “cells.” Referring to  FIG. 1 , each cell is preferably served by a Base Transceiver Station (“BTS”)  102   a.  Several BTS  102   a - n  are centrally administered via fixed links  104   a - n  by a Base Station Controller (“BSC”)  106   a.  The BTSs and BSC are sometimes collectively referred to as the Base Station Subsystem (“BS”)  107 . Several BSCs  106   b - n  may be centrally administered by a Mobile Switching Center (“MSC”)  110  via fixed links  108   a - n.    
         [0011]    MSC  110  acts as a local switching exchange (with additional features to handle mobility management requirements, discussed below) and communicates with the phone network (“PSTN”)  120  through trunk groups. U.S. mobile networks include a home MSC and a serving MSC. The home MSC is the MSC corresponding to the exchange associated with a Mobile Subscriber (also referred to above as a mobile station or “MS”)  114 ; this association is based on the phone number, such as the area code, of the MS. Examples of an MS include a hand-held device such as a mobile phone, a PDA, a 2-way pager, or a laptop computer, or Mobile Unit Equipment, such as a mobile unit attached to a refrigerator van or a rail car, a container, or a trailer. 
         [0012]    The home MSC is responsible for a Home Location Register (“HLR”)  118  discussed below. The serving MSC, on the other hand, is the exchange used to connect the MS call to the PSTN. Consequently, sometimes the home MSC and serving MSC functions are served by the same entity, but other times they are not (such as when the MS is roaming). Typically, a Visiting Location Register (“VLR”)  116  is co-located with the MSC  110  and a logically singular HLR is used in the mobile network (a logically singular HLR may be physically distributed but is treated as a single entity). As will be explained below, the HLR and VLR are used for storing subscriber information and profiles. 
         [0013]    Radio channels  112  are associated with the entire coverage area. As described above, the radio channels are partitioned into groups of channels allocated to individual cells. The channels are used to carry signaling information to establish call connections and related arrangements, and to carry voice or data information once a call connection is established. 
         [0014]    Mobile network signaling has at least two significant aspects. One aspect involves the signaling between an MS and the rest of the network. In the case of 2G (“2G” is the industry term used for “second generation”) and later technology, this signaling concerns access methods used by the MS (such as TDMA or CDMA), pertaining to, for example, assignment of radio channels and authentication. A second aspect involves the signaling among the various entities in the mobile network, such as the signaling among the MSCs, BSCs, VLRs, and HLRs. This second part is sometimes referred to as the Mobile Application Part (“MAP”) especially when used in the context of Signaling System No. 7 (“SS7”). SS7 is a common channel signaling system by which elements of the telephone network exchange information, in the form of messages. 
         [0015]    The various forms of signaling (as well as the data and voice communication) are transmitted and received in accordance with various standards. For example, the 
         [0016]    Electronics Industries Association (“EIA”) and Telecommunications Industry Association (“TIA”) help define many U.S. standards, such as IS-41, which is a MAP standard. Analogously, the CCITT and ITU help define international standards, such as GSM-MAP, which is an international MAP standard. Information about these standards is well known and may be found from the relevant organizing bodies as well as in the literature, see, e.g., Bosse, SIGNALING IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS (Wiley 1998). 
         [0017]    To deliver a call from an MS  114 , a user dials the number and presses “send” on a cell phone or other MS. The MS  114  sends the dialed number indicating the service requested to the MSC  110  via the BS  107 . The MSC  110  checks with an associated VLR  116  (described below) to determine whether the MS  114  is allowed the requested service. The serving MSC routes the call to the local exchange of the dialed user on the PSTN  120 . The local exchange alerts the called user terminal, and an answer back signal is routed back to the MS  114  through the serving MSC  110  which then completes the speech path to the MS. Once the setup is completed the call may proceed. 
         [0018]    To deliver a call to an MS  114 , (assuming that the call originates from the PSTN  120 ) the PSTN user dials the MS&#39;s associated phone number. At least according to U.S. standards, the PSTN  120  routes the call to the MS&#39;s home MSC (which may or may not be the MSC serving the MS). The MSC then interrogates the HLR  118  to determine which MSC is currently serving the MS. This also acts to inform the serving MSC that a call is forthcoming. The home MSC then routes the call to the serving MSC. The serving MSC pages the MS via the appropriate BS. The MS responds and the appropriate signaling links are set up. 
         [0019]    During a call, the BS  107  and MS  114  may cooperate to change channels or BTSs  102 , if needed, for example, because of signal conditions. These changes are known as “handoffs,” and they involve their own types of known messages and signaling. 
         [0020]      FIG. 2  shows in more detail the signaling and user traffic interfaces between a BS  107  and an MSC  110  in a CDMA mobile network. The BS  107  communicates signaling information using an SS7-based interface for controlling voice and data circuits known as the “A 1 ” interface. An interface known as “A 2 ” carries user traffic (such as voice signals) between the switch component  204  of the MSC and the BS  107 . An interface known as “A 5 ” is used to provide a path for user traffic for circuit-switched data calls (as opposed to voice calls) between the source BS and the MSC. Information about one or more of A 1 , A 2 , A 5  may be found in CDMA Internetworking—Deploying the Open-A Interface, Su-Lin Low, Ron Schneider, Prentice Hall, 2000, ISBN 0-13-088922-9. 
         [0021]    Mobile communications providers are supplying newer services, e.g., “data calls” to the Internet. For at least some of these services, MSCs are not cost effective because they were primarily designed for voice calls. Integration of new services into the MSC is difficult or infeasible because of the proprietary and closed designs used by many MSC software architectures. That is, the software logic necessary to provide the services is not easy to add to the MSC  110 . Often, a switch adjunct is used to provide such services. For example, an Inter-Working Function (“IWF”) is an adjunct to route a data call to the Internet. Either approach—integrating functionality into the MSC or adding a trunk-side adjunct—involves the MSC in the delivery of service. Integrating new services via MSC design changes or through trunk-side adjuncts can increase network congestion at the MSC and consume costly MSC resources. 
         [0022]    Data calls typically make use of the Internet, which is an example of a packet-switching medium. A packet-switching medium operates as follows. A sequence of data is to be sent from one host to another over a network. The data sequence is segmented into one or more packets, each with a header containing control information, and each packet is routed through the network. A common type of packet switching is datagram service, which offers little or no guarantees with respect to delivery. Packets that may belong together logically at a higher level are not associated with each other at the network level. A packet may arrive at the receiver before another packet sent earlier by the sender, may arrive in a damaged state (in which case it may be discarded), may be delayed arbitrarily (notwithstanding an expiration mechanism that may cause it to be discarded), may be duplicated, and may be lost. 
         [0023]    At least one wireless Internet system has been proposed that provides reliable access to tens of megahertz of bandwidth across a wide geographic area, using local wireless transceiver technology (e.g., in a nanocell system). In contrast to the cellular wireless voice system, which relies on tens or hundreds of cells in a region, the local wireless transceiver system relies on thousands or tens of thousands of transceivers in the region. In such a system, each transceiver may cover, e.g., 0.05 square kilometers, which is about one-hundredth the coverage of a conventional cell. High spatial reuse of the radio frequency (RF) spectrum allows the local wireless transceiver system to accommodate many more active devices at a given data rate than a conventional cell system. In addition, since users are closer to access points, the local wireless transceiver system accommodates lower-power transmissions. The local wireless transceiver system can support large numbers of devices, running at high speeds, with relatively little drain on the devices&#39; batteries. 
         [0024]    For example, in a citywide local wireless transceiver system network of 10,000 transceiver access points (cell centers), if each point provides its users with 1-Mb/s collective throughput, 10 active devices per transceiver can be supported at 100 kb/s each, which amounts to 100,000 active devices in the city. If each device is active 10 percent of the time, such a network can support a million devices, although some accounting would need to be made for bandwidth consumed by overhead for channel access, handoffs, and any provision for asymmetric traffic (e.g., in which more bits flow toward a device than from it). 
         [0025]    Each local wireless transceiver system access point may be or resemble access points for wireless local area network (LAN) technology such as IEEE 802.11. An asynchronous digital subscriber line (ADSL), or a cable modem line may be used to provide a link between each access point and the Internet (a wireless link may be used as well or instead). With respect to the siting of access devices, since each device requires electrical power and is preferably elevated for adequate radio frequency coverage, sites on utility poles and buildings are typical candidates, with the high-speed neighborhood Internet access infrastructure serving as a backbone. 
         [0026]    In communications systems as described above, it is desirable to provide redundancy without excessive complexity. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0027]    In an aspect of the invention, a method is provided for communicating both data and voice in a communications system. The method includes receiving information at a line card and providing the information from the line card to an accelerator card through a direct communications path between the line card and the accelerator card, which processes the information. The method also includes providing the information from the line card to the accelerator card via a crosspoint switch in response to a failure of the direct communications path. The direct communication does not pass through the crosspoint switch. 
         [0028]    Implementations of the invention may provide one or more of the following advantages. A method can be provided in a communications system such that any line card regardless of position within in the communication system can serve as a backup for any like line card. 
         [0029]    Other advantages and features will become apparent from the following description, including the drawings, and from the claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0030]      FIGS. 1-2 ,  3 A- 3 B, and  4  are block diagrams of communications systems. 
           [0031]      FIG. 5  is a diagram of a communications channel. 
           [0032]      FIG. 6  is a diagram of a communications system chassis. 
           [0033]      FIGS. 7 ,  10 , and  15  are block diagrams of aspects of a crossbar card. 
           [0034]      FIGS. 8A-8B  are diagrams of crossbar connections. 
           [0035]      FIGS. 9A-9B  illustrate a chart of crossbar connections. 
           [0036]      FIG. 11  illustrates bitstreams for register access. 
           [0037]      FIGS. 12A-12B  and  13  illustrate crossbar card timing diagrams. 
           [0038]      FIG. 14  illustrates crossbar card control values. 
           [0039]      FIG. 16  illustrates a chart of components of a crossbar card. 
           [0040]      FIG. 17  illustrates a chart of control and status lines of a crossbar card. 
           [0041]      FIG. 18  illustrates a functional memory map of a crossbar card. 
           [0042]      FIGS. 19A-1 ,  19 A- 2 , and  19 B illustrate registers of a crossbar card. 
           [0043]      FIG. 20  illustrates a memory map of a crosspoint switch of a crossbar card. 
           [0044]      FIGS. 21A-21B  illustrate a chart of midplane signal connections of a crossbar card. 
           [0045]      FIG. 22  illustrates loopback testing of a crossbard card. 
           [0046]      FIG. 23  is a block diagram of a component placement of a crossbar card. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0047]    In a communication system, redundancy may be implemented in a fixed configuration manner. For example, in a 16 slot chassis as shown in  FIG. 6 , slot # 2  may be redundant for slot # 1 , and slot # 4  may be redundant for slot # 3 , with the rest of the slots being configured in a similar pattern. A limitation of this implementation is that cards are placed in certain predetermined slots to provide redundancy; predetermined signals connect datapaths between the active and redundant cards. Providing such connections for every card in the chassis to every other card in the chassis would create unworkable complexity. 
         [0048]    As described in more detail below, redundancy can provided in a workable way in a communications system that has a chassis having a high speed cross-point switch in a redundant datapath such that any card in the chassis can be connected to any other card in the chassis. Accordingly, a card can be plugged in any slot and be used as a redundant card. The cross-point switch is programmed when needed such that the redundant path is connected as necessary. 
         [0049]    The high speed cross-point switch is provided in a communications system that has an Internet media gateway mechanism (“IMG”) and a Softswitch mechanism as described below.  FIG. 3A  illustrates an example system  400  having an IMG  410 A connected between BSC  415 A and MSC  420 A and communicating with a Softswitch  425 A. IMG  410 A communicates with BSC  415 A by A 1 , A 2 , and A 5  interfaces. As described below, Softswitch  425 A coordinates pathway setup and communication between BSC  415 A and MSC  420 A through IMG  410 A. IMG  410 A also communicates with the Internet  430 , through which IMG  410 A is able to direct messages to a mail server  440 , as described below. Other IMGs and Softswitches may be provided similarly in connection with other BSCs and MSCs as exemplified in  FIG. 3A  by IMG  410 B, Softswitch  425 B, BSC  415 B, and MSC  420 B. MSCs  420 A,  420 B are connected to, and can communicate with each other through, PSTN  460 . SoftSwitches  425 A,  425 B are connected to, and can communicate with each other through, SS7 system  470 . ( FIG. 3B  illustrates an alternative arrangement  402  in which MSC  420 A is connected between IMG  410 A and BSC  415 A, and MSC  420 B is connected between IMG  410 B and BSC  415 B.) 
         [0050]      FIG. 4  illustrates a system  1010  that can support and help to provide voice and data services on one or more mobile wireless networks. In a particular implementation, system  1010  may include Starent Networks Corporation&#39;s ST-16 IMG product, which is a carrier class, high performance platform that can support multiple data types including time division multiplexed (TDM) data, Asynchronous Transfer mode (ATM) cell data, and Internet protocol (IP) packet data. The ST-16 architecture uses accelerator cards (e.g., card  1020 ) such as Packet Accelerator cards (PACs) for packet processing and forwarding, and Telephony Accelerator cards (TACs) for voice and TDM processing. Each PAC can perform data processing and each TAC can perform voice processing. In the ST-16, physical input/output (I/O) interfaces are terminated on industry standard line cards (“LCs”) (e.g., cards  1030 A,  1030 B) and can carry TDM, packet or ATM cell data types in accordance with various physical interface standards. For example, LCs may be compatible with Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, or Telco Interfaces such as OC-3c/OC-12c/OC-48 ATM/POS and DS3. Since TDM interfaces primarily carry voice traffic, TDM line cards communicate with a TAC. Ethernet line cards carry packet data traffic and can communicate with a PAC. An optical line card supports ATM cells, which can carry both voice and data traffic, and can communicate with a PAC or a TAC. 
         [0051]    With respect to redundancy, the ST-16 has Redundant Crossbar Cards (RCCs) (e.g., cards  1040 A,  1040 B) which are used to allow a line card in any slot to communicate with an accelerator cards in any slot in the ST-16, as illustrated in  FIG. 7  and described below. Each RCC provides a redundant path or data/control path link between each line card and all PACs. 
         [0052]    The ST-16 uses a card to card communication system (“STARChannel”) to provide links to connect the accelerator cards to the line cards and the RCCs. In an example implementation, a STARChannel link has 4.0 Gbps data capacity and includes two physical serial links operating in channel locked mode. Each physical serial link is clocked at 2.5 Gbps (8B/10B coded) and can carry 2.0 Gbps data. 
         [0053]      FIG. 5  shows a logical view of a single STARChannel link, which is able to carry voice, data and control traffic simultaneously in separate logical channels. The unit of transmission on the STARChannel link is a STARCell data structure cell (“STARCell”), described below. The STARChannel link uses a STARChannel protocol mechanism, also described below, to carry user data and control traffic between the line cards and accelerator cards and also provide 1:n redundancy support when used in conjunction with RCC cards. 
         [0054]    Each STARCell includes a header field, followed by a payload field, and a trailer field. The header carries information that uniquely identifies the cell on the STARChannel. The payload field carries the voice, data, or control traffic and the trailer field contains a cyclic redundancy check (CRC-16) over the payload field. 
         [0055]    A system side interface of STARChannel supports a defined first in first out (FIFO) interface. Proprietary and standard bus interface standards can be used to communicate across STARChannel by providing the conversion to the standard STARChannel FIFO interface at each end of STARChannel system interface. Accordingly, two incompatible bus standards can be connected across physically separate cards and redundancy connection support can also be supported. 
         [0056]    Since the STARChannel system uses a high-speed serial interconnect, a relatively small number of pins is required for a connector on a back plane of the ST-16 compared to a typical parallel bus interface. For example (see  FIG. 4 ), STARChannel uses 16 pins to implement a full-duplex 4.0 Gbps rate with redundancy support, which would require 140 pins with a typical parallel bus format. The STARChannel system uses high-speed differential lines to signal data between two cards. The clock to sample the data at the receiver is embedded in the signal transmitted by the transmitter, which circumventing a need to separately route the clock from one card to another card. 
         [0057]    In the ST-16, components of STARChannel are implemented on each of the line cards and each of the accelerator cards using a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) (e.g., FPGAs  1050 A- 1050 C) and Serializer/DeSerializer (SERDES) device (e.g., SERDES  1060 A- 1060 D). The FPGA implements STARChannel link management functions, glue logic to convert from standard bus interface to STARChannel system side interface, SERDES command and data interfaces and control, status, and statistics for the STARChannel link. The SERDES provides the parallel-to-serial, serial-to-parallel, and 8B/10B encoding/decoding functions for the STARChannel system. 
         [0058]    In the ST-16, the accelerator card in the front slot connects to two line cards in the corresponding slots on the back plane using primary STARChannel links (e.g., links  1070 A,  1070 B). A secondary set of STARChannel links (e.g., links  1080 A- 1080 D) are used to connect to the RCC. The primary STARChannel links are used to directly connect the PAC and line card; the secondary STARChannel links are used to connect the PACs and the line cards through the RCCs. 
         [0059]    As shown in  FIG. 6 , RCC  6010  provides a redundant path or data/control path link between each LC  6020  and all PACs/TACs  6030  via a crosspoint switch  6040  which is located on the RCC. The RCC facilitates 1:1 or 1:n redundancy of PACs or LCs without slot dependency within the chassis. 
         [0060]    The RCC&#39;s switch  6040  includes a 72×72 port crosspoint switch capable of handling at least 2.5 Gbps of bi-directional data per chip port. Two of the ports are combined to form a logical 5 Gbps link. Each RCC connects to 14 LCs (14 slots) and 14 PACs for a total of 28 links or 56 serial 2.5-Gbps bi-directional lines. 
         [0061]    With reference to  FIGS. 8A-8B , and to  FIG. 9  which illustrates port mapping, in a specific implementation, two RCCs  8010 A,  8010 B (labeled as RCC 1 , RCC 2  respectively) are located in the ST-16, specifically in the rear center of the ST-16 chassis in a slot directly behind switch processing cards (SPCs), which provide system management and switching functions, and below management input output (SPIO) cards which provide cabling and physical ports to the user for the associated SPC. Each RCC is a half height card similar to the LC and SPIO cards. As shown in  FIGS. 8A-8B , RCC 1  is connected to the even numbered LC slots and RCC 2  is connected to the odd numbered LC slots. The second RCC 2  is only required when one of the odd LC slots (second LC slot) is used in the system. In the specific implementation, the RCCs are not redundant to each other. 
         [0062]    As illustrated in  FIG. 10  which shows RCC busses and SPC to RCC control, the primary SPC configures both RCCs  6010  via a simple low-pin count System Control Bus (SCB) to MDIO (802.3ae serial interface) interface. In the specific implementation, two separate SCB busses  7010 A,  7010 B are provided to each RCC  6010 , one SCB bus from each SPC  7020 A,  7020 B for redundancy. 
         [0063]    A primary channel carries periodic background test packets to detect and isolate hardware failures in the event of light traffic. Standby channels pass diagnostic traffic to detect failures to help prevent “silent” failures. Such traffic is generated by the FPGA hardware automatically. 
         [0064]    In a specific implementation, the RCC may use a Velio VC3002 crosspoint switch (by Velio Communications) to provide the redundancy interconnects between the PACs and LCs. The VC3002 has at least the following features:
       72 I/O lanes at 0.95-3.125 Gbps (optionally 0.622-3.125 Gbps)   Clock and Data Recovery (CDRs) on every serial input   Transmit pre-emphasis on each serial output   Serial rate programmable on a per lane connection   Self-Test with Pseudo Random Bit Sequence (PRBS) Generation/Checking on a per port basis.   MDIO/MDC Serial Interface to internal registers   Option to power down any unused lanes for power consumption   3 different PECL clock inputs for increased flexibility on serial rate configuration   1.8V core voltage   1.8V serial I/O voltage (CML serial I/O technology)   2.5-3.3V control I/O voltage (LVCMOS control interface technology)   37.5 mm×37.5 mm array flip-chip BGA   On chip terminations for serial I/O       
 
         [0078]    The VC3002 device provides a serial register access interface that is compatible with MDIO, MDC of 802.3ae. The VSC3002 MDIO interface is accessed by translating commands from SCB format to MDIO format, which translation is performed by a Slave SCB FPGA. 
         [0079]    Each read and write access takes two steps to complete. The first step is an address cycle followed by either the read or write command.  FIG. 11  shows a bitstream format (MDIO command format) for a VC3002 MDIO register access.  FIG. 12  illustrates timing diagrams of sample register accesses (MDIO access). 
         [0080]    In a specific implementation, it is advantageous if: the lower 4 PRTAD bits equal the AD[15:12] self-address pins, for the transaction to be effective; the leftmost PRTAD bit is 0; indirect addressing is used; the 12 lower bits of the 16-bit register are presented during the address cycle at the address/data bits; the upper 4 bits of the 16-bit address/data stream are 1000h; during read or write cycles, the upper 8-bits of data are ignored; and the serial stream&#39;s DEVAD bits match 10000b, for the transaction to be effective. 
         [0081]    With respect to the specific implementation,  FIG. 13  illustrates the timing requirements for a MDIO access (MDIO interface static timing). 
         [0082]    The RCC may use the VC3002&#39;s Built In Self Test (BIST) features. Each port of the VC3002 has BIST generators and checkers which may be used to test the integrity of each link When BIST is enabled, the deserializer module continuously monitors the incoming serial stream for a pseudo random bit sequence (PRBS) pattern. When the desired PRBS pattern is not detected, the VC3002&#39;s TSTR output is set. The PRBS sequence is generated by the polynomial X̂10+X̂7+1. BIST is enabled on a port by setting the TSTI bit HIGH in the GXBSOC register for the corresponding lane; exercising the GXBCSR register for all lanes, waiting, and checking the TSTR pin/bit for errors. 
         [0083]    With reference to  FIG. 14  which illustrates use of pre-emphasis and amplitude control values, the RCC may use the VC3002&#39;s transmit pre-emphasis/transmit amplitude control. The VC3002 has pre-emphasis controls on each of its outputs, which can be helpful in maintaining the signal waveform and data pattern at the receiving device (e.g., Velio VSC7226). In addition to pre-emphasis, each output has signal amplitude control in order to reduce the signal swing along with power and EMI. Pre-emphasis and amplitude controls are programmed by writing M/K/E values into HSM bits in the GXBSOL registers. 
         [0084]    As illustrated in a system control bus (SCB) sub-system block diagram in  FIG. 15 , the SCB provides a means for the SPC to monitor and control the status of the RCC. Each RCC contains an SCB slave device  1510  that receives and responds to messages from the master SPC. The master SPC is determined by a signal on the chassis backplane. 
         [0085]    In general, the SCB commands can communicate with SCB slave registers, I2C (2 wire serial interface proposed by Philips Semiconductor) bus devices, or to add-on SCB functionality such as configuration FLASH memory updates. If the signal header is not corrupted and is determined to be valid, the appropriate interface is enabled. If the command is for the I2C bus, devices such as IDPROM and temperature sensors can be accessed to monitor status. The SCB slave device may be implemented in a Spartan-II FPGA, for compatibility with the SCB master device and to meet hot-swap and gate count requirements. 
         [0086]    Each device on the I2C Bus 0  has a unique I2C address, which is shown in  FIG. 15  in the lower left hand corner of each block (e.g., 0x52 for block  1520 ). In a specific implementation, 0x10010xx may be selected for the FPGA and slave device, as System Management Bus (SMB) protocol defines these addresses for prototyping purposes. In the specific implementation, each of the FPGA and the slave device has a register that allows a default value to be overridden if it conflicts with future addresses.  FIG. 16  identifies, for the specific implementation, parts used and their I2C addresses. 
         [0087]    The SCB slave device has a status and register ports that are used for controlling status LEDs, monitoring board presence and interrupt status, and controlling board resets. In the specific implementation, LEDs and resets are driven from the BD_LED and BD_RST ports, respectively, and the BD_STAT and BD_INT ports are used to monitor board status. Bit and signal definitions for SCB slave control and status lines are shown in  FIG. 17 . 
         [0088]    In the specific implementation, a board status indicator has a red/green LED at the top for a board bad/good indication and a green LED for ACTIVE status indication. 
         [0089]    With respect to the RCC&#39;s functional memory map (see  FIG. 18 ), in the specific implementation, each RCC has  3  different regions of memory which are accessed by the SPC through the SCB bus: local SCB slave memory region; local I2C memory region (e.g., for IDEEPROM, monitor); and VC3002 memory region (SCB to MDIO interface). In the case of the local SCB slave memory region, the address map has functional blocks that can expand as necessary; regions of unused memory may be scattered about. In  FIG. 18 , the format of the table shows main functional blocks in bold with sub-blocks in normal script. For example, all board related information resides in the bottom  32  registers of the memory space; board status resides in register addresses with the MSBs equal to 3′b000. 
         [0090]    In  FIG. 18 , notation “S/C” refers to status/control: for bit 5 , 0 signifies status and 1 signifies control. “Type” refers to the different applications or functions that can map to the space. In the Add-on and Diag. Mailbox space, room remains for more types of services or uses. The diagnostics areas have read-writable registers as well as read only registers. In the specific implementation, addresses with 0x11001xx can only be read by SCB and written by the I2C ports, and addresses with 0x11011xx can only be read by the I2C ports and written to by the SCB port. 
         [0091]    The specific implementation has specific registers as shown in  FIG. 19  (register description) and  FIG. 20  (VC3002 memory map) with address and bit location listed along with name and description. Bit  0  is the LSB and  7  is the MSB. Bit definitions relying on input or output pins can vary from board to board; the values in  FIGS. 19-20  relate to the specific implementation based on line cards. 
         [0092]    With reference to  FIG. 21  which illustrates midplane signal connections, the RCC has several midplane connections to various boards in the chassis. The line cards transmit and receive data from the PAC for the primary data path and the RCC for the secondary data path. The data path connections are provided over two lockstep high-speed serial links capable of supporting in excess of OC- 48  throughput. The RCC also connects to the SPC cards for system control and monitoring via a system control bus (SCB) to each board. The RCC also has connections to the mid-plane for power, board presence detect, and slot identification. 
         [0093]    On the RCC, in the case of clock generation, the VC3002 provides for 3 different LVPECL reference clock inputs: RFCA, RFCB, and RFCC. Each of the clock inputs has a programmable clock multiplier option (4×, 8×, 10×, 16×, and 20×). In order to set the rate for a particular port, the GXBDR register is programmed. Both the Oscillator reference clock input and the clock multiplier value are programmed in the GXBDR register. The VC3002 has the following clock requirements in order for the deserializer (DES) to bit-lock: Local REFCLK is +/−20 ppm for SONET frames and is +/−100 ppm for 8b/10b encoded packets. 
         [0094]    In the specific implementation, each main component of the RCC contains test functionality that allows diagnostics to identify problems on a per component basis. 
         [0095]    As noted above, the VC3002 has BIST capability, which can be used to test many or all of the RCC/PAC/LC high speed serial links on the midplane, and for online diagnostics within the system while operational. With respect to  FIG. 22  which illustrates VC3002 BIST loopback testing, in order to perform a test, the following steps are taken: putting the VSC7226 on LC/PAC in parallel loopback, enabling BIST on VC3002, and monitoring the high speed serial link for errors. 
         [0096]    With respect to space constraints in the specific implementation,  FIG. 23  shows an RCC board floor plan having restricted areas for supply and connectors. It is advantageous if the back of the RCC board is used and critical paths such as the SERDES serial signal path are short and direct. In the specific implementation, miscellaneous items such as ID PROM, temperature sensor, latch, can be placed as convenient. 
         [0097]    In addition, it is advantageous if one or more of the following guidelines are followed at least to some degree: keeping power and ground noise levels below 50 mV; filtering analog power circuits, filtering and shielding DC-DC converters, and oscillators; using 4.7-10 uF between power and ground, using 0.01 uF capacitors to reduce high-frequency noise; avoiding breaks in the ground plane, particularly when shielding signals; routing high-speed signals above a continuous, unbroken ground plane; using signal layer filling; in differential signal layout, keeping traces of the pair identical or nearly identical where possible, avoiding the use of vias and layer changes, spacing apart transmit and receive pairs by running orthogonal traces or separating traces with a ground plane layer; and, in clock layout, keeping traces short, keeping lines point-to-point, and terminating traces with series termination. 
         [0098]    Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. For example, multiple crosspoint switch devices may be used. The RCC may include fully, substantially, or partially autonomous on-board switching determination analysis capability. Wireless or other communication may be used to communicate with the RCC. Generic or special purpose logic circuitry or devices may be used in place of or in addition to at least part of the crosspoint switch device, to perform cross connections.