Abstract:
A method of controlling obesity by injecting bio-compatible bulking material into the pyloric sphincter area of the stomach. The injection of this material bulks the pyloric sphincter, retarding stomach emptying and producing a feeling of satiation in the patient. The method may be supplemental and augmented by inducing flacid paralysis of the stomach by injecting botulinum toxin into the muscle tissue of the antrum or fundus of the stomach.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/343,668 filed Aug. 13, 2003, which is a National Phase Application of International Patent Application No. PCT/US01/24971 filed Aug. 9, 2001, which claims priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/224,324 filed Aug. 11, 2000. 
     
    
       [0002]     The present invention relates to a method of controlling obesity by injecting bio-compatible bulking material into the pyloric sphincter area of the stomach. The injection of this material bulks the pyloric sphincter, retarding stomach emptying and producing a feeling of satiation in the patient.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     Obesity is one of the major causes of heart disease, lipid abnormalities, hypertension and osteoarthritis. Treatment of obesity has the potential to lower the risk of all of these diseases as well as improve the condition of patients who already suffer from such illnesses. In addition, it is well known that a large percentage of Americans and Europeans are considered to be obese based on height and weight ratios issued by the World Health Organization (WHO). These numbers in conjunction with the dangerous diseases affiliated with or caused by obesity indicate that there is a substantial need for effective treatment.  
         [0004]     Current weight reduction programs usually include administration of systemic medications, which suppress the appetite or reduce the fat and/or sugar uptake of the digest track. However, systemic medications often display side effects some of which may be severe. Dietary changes that reduce caloric intake are also prescribed for the treatment of obesity, but such treatment requires rigorous compliance by the patient for effectiveness and is often ineffective as a result of non-compliance. In addition, surgery, which bypasses a portion of the stomach and/or the small intestine, is also used in the treatment of obesity. Surgical methods, however, are highly invasive and subject a patient to all the possible risks involved with major surgery including infection.  
         [0005]     Safe and effective treatment is a long felt need in the treatment of obesity. Because of complications and/or ineffectiveness associated with current treatments a minimally invasive, effective treatment is preferred and is provided by the method of this invention.  
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0006]     The present invention provides a minimally invasive method for controlling obesity comprising injecting a bio-compatible bulking material submucosally or intramuscularly into the pyloric area of the stomach in an amount sufficient to cause the lumen of pylorus to narrow and slow gastric emptying. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007]     The entire disclosure of U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/343,668 filed Aug. 13, 2003 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/224,324 filed Aug. 11, 2000 are expressly incorporated by reference herein.  
         [0008]     The invention is a method of treating obesity in which gastric emptying is slowed by narrowing the pyloric sphincter or pylorus. The invention comprises injecting a bio-compatible bulking material into the pyloric area of the stomach, preferably either submucosally or intramuscularly. By narrowing the pyloric region of the stomach, the stomach will fill more quickly and empty more slowly as a patient eats. The clinical effect of this treatment will be to increase the time the patient feels satiated after eating, therefore decreasing the need and desire to eat and reducing the caloric intake of the patient.  
         [0009]     The pylorus can be caused to narrow by the injection of a bio-compatible bulking material into the mucosal or muscular area around the pylorus. Such an injection can be accomplished by a two step process wherein an endoscopy is performed to locate the pylorus and a needle is placed through the biopsy channel of the endoscope in order to inject the bulking material. Such an injection will increase the bulk of the pylorus and thus narrow the gastric outlet from the stomach to the start of the small intestines.  
         [0010]     The bio-compatible bulking materials suitable for the present invention include collagen, fibrin and elastin as well as other naturally occurring and synthetically derived bio-compatible polymers. Certain polymers such as collagen or fibrin glue have been demonstrated to be well tolerated when injected into lumen in humans. In addition, such materials are commercially available. For instance, collagen may be purchased from FribroGen, Inc., Cohesion Technologies, Inc., Hydromer, Inc., and Bard, Inc., and fibrin glue may be purchased from Abbott Laboratories, Inc. Various other similar products for injection include, but are not limited to, Contigen.®™ (Contigen is a registered trademark of the Collagen Corporation and is a protein composition for medical implants for relief of urinary tract disorders), Zyderm.®™ (Zyderm is a registered trademark of the Collagen Corporation and is a protein composition for dermal implantation), Zyplast.®™ (Zyplast is a registered trademark of the Collagen Corporation and is a collagen implant used for soft tissue augmentation), rh collagen, Dermalogen.®™ (Dermalogen is a registered trademark of Collagenesis, Inc. and is injectable human tissue for treating wrinkles and scars), Autologen.®™ (Autologen is a registered trademark of Autogenesis Technologies, Inc. and is processed collagen for implantation), and autologous fat.  
         [0011]     Collagen for use in the present invention can be from several sources including porcine, bovine, or human. It can be either fibrillar or nonfibrillar. Collagen can be administered in aqueous solution form or in the denatured state as gelatin. In addition, it can be administered in either a crosslinked or a non-crosslinked form.  
         [0012]     Although collagen is preferred as the bio-compatible bulking material to be injected into the pyloric muscle, other materials can be used. For instance, Teflon paste, synthetic polymeric hydrogels, glycoaminoglycans, proteoglycans, silicone microimplants, Durasphere.®™ (Durasphere is a registered trademark of Advanced UroScience, Inc. and consists of biocompatible, implantable microspheres for local tissue augmentation), and microbeads suspended in biological fluid lubricants such as dextran have been demonstrated to be tolerated when injected into human lumen.  
         [0013]     The amount of bio-compatible bulking material injected into the pyloric area of the stomach will be dependent of a variety of factors. For instance, the size of the individual, the severity of the individual&#39;s obesity, and the shape and distension of the pylorus will all be determinative in calculating the amount of bulking material injected. It is estimated that the opening of the pyloric sphincter can be reduced at least 10% and up to 90% by the instant invention.  
         [0014]     The injection of collagen or fibrin glue into the pylorus is expected to last for 3 to 12 months. If the body absorbs the bio-compatible bulking material, it can be re-injected by a repeat of the method described. If the narrowing of the pylorus is found to be too great, the opening can be increased by the use of a balloon, which can be inserted into the pylorus and inflated to increase the opening. This flexibility in adjusting the pyloric opening to accommodate specific patent requirements provides a unique advantage over present surgical procedures.  
         [0015]     While the injection of the bulking bio-compatible bulking material into the pyloric area will control obesity, the invention may encompass additional support procedures. For instance, the pyloric area can also be narrowed by intentionally scarring the pyloric area with either a laser or a thermal device. In such an embodiment of the invention, a laser or heating device could be placed through the biopsy channel of the endoscope and used to cauterize an area of the pylorus. In addition, in another embodiment of the invention, a sewing device could be placed through the biopsy channel of the endoscope and used to sew the pylorus and narrow the opening of the pyloric sphincter.  
         [0016]     In yet another embodiment of the invention, gastric emptying can be further delayed by inducing a flaccid paralysis of the of the stomach. Botulinum toxin will cause a paralysis of the stomach if it is strategically injected into either the muscles of the fundus or the antrum of the stomach. Paralyzing the stomach in this way will prolong satiety by further delaying gastric emptying. The effects of botulinum toxin is expected to last for a period of 9 to 18 months.