Abstract:
A toroidal magnet for confining a high magnetic field for use in fusion reactor research and nuclear particle detection. The magnet includes a series of conductor elements arranged about and fixed at its small major radius portion to the outer surface of a central cylindrical support each conductor element having a geometry such as to maintain the conductor elements in pure tension when a high current flows therein, and a support assembly which redistributes all or part of the tension which would otherwise arise in the small major radius portion of each coil element to the large major radius portion thereof.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention was made in the course of or under a contract with the U.S. Department of Energy. 
    
    
     High strength toroidal magnetic fields are required for a specific class of thermonuclear fusion research devices usually referred to as &#34;closed magnetic confinement machines&#34; such as tokamaks. Machines of this type which have already been built or are now under construction are described in Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory report PPPL-1698 (Princeton, N.J., October 1980) authored by J. File et al. Other uses of toroidal magnetic fields producing devices are: (1) in particle detectors used in high energy physics research and (2) as energy storage devices for the electric power industry. 
     The present practice uses circular or &#34;D-shaped&#34; toroidal field (TF) coils to produce the toroidal field. These fields exert very large forces on the coils involved. For example, the vertical force on each coil in the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory&#39;s &#34;Princeton Large Torus&#34; (PLT) is approximately 2 million pounds when operating with a central field of 47 kilogauss. In order to withstand such forces in a stable manner, it has been advantageous that the coils of the magnet have a moment-free design. 
     Designs for moment-free toroidal conducting and superconducting magnetics for producing high fields at a distance from a high temperature toroidal plasma column in fusion research applications are known. Such a design of which the applicant is a coinventor is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,736,539. The apparatus of that design is a large superconducting moment-free toroidal magnet having a series of substantially &#34;D&#34;-shaped coil elements in pure tension that are supported on an inner cylindrical member. 
     The individual &#34;D&#34;-shaped coil elements disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,736,539, which have a weight on the order of 100,000 pounds, are in uniform tension during operation. For a number of reasons such uniform tension is not completely desirable. As is illustrated in Prior Art FIGS. 1 and 2, uniform tension in the coil element 102 means that the vertical force exerted on the small (inner) major radius portion 104 at R 1  and the larger (outer) major radius portion 106 at R 2  are equal. Thus, the structural strength requirements for withstanding tension forces in portions 104 and 106 are the same. However, as is illustrated in FIG. 1, the cross sectional area available for the coil is less for the inner portion 104 than for the outer portion 106. For example, the PLT toroidal field coil has a copper cross section of 72 square inches at R 1  and 166 square inches at R 2 . The smaller area at R 1  clearly limits the possible tensile strength of the coil and thus the maximum toroidal field which may safely be generated within the coil. 
     Another disadvantage of such coils is that they must be constructed so that they may be disassembled from the central support members and also be capable of withstanding very high uniform stresses. Such disassembly is important for maintenance of the magnetic or fusion device. A difficulty in disassembling prior TF coil elements is that a poloidal field (PF) coil or vacuum chamber is located within and extends perpendicularly through the toroidal coils. In order that individual TF coil elements have the strength to withstand high tensile forces and yet be removable without segmenting the PF coil or vacuum chamber, it has been necessary to construct each TF coil element with very strong joints using pins and hydraulic clamps to connect the inner and outer portions of each TF coil element together, as is disclosed in J. File et al, Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory Report No. PPPL-1698 (Princeton, N.J. Oct. 1980). Such coil joints are very difficult and expensive to manufacture. 
     Previously proposed TF coils in nuclear particle detectors for use in high energy physics research have still further limitations. In such detectors, charged particles originate at the center of the torus (R=0, Z=0, in FIG. 2). The particle properties are determined by the curvature of their trajectories when moving within a magnetic field inside the torus. (Such devices with conventional coils are disclosed in a paper entitled &#34;A Multi-Purpose Central Detector Using A Toroidal Magnetic&#34; by P. Spillantini and T. M. Taylor, presented at the Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Frascati, Italy, ECFA/LEP Working Group SSG/13/7, Aug. 10, 1979, and a publication entitled &#34;Toroidal Magnets&#34; by B. Pope, L. Rosenson and R. M. Taylor, BNL 50885 Brookhaven National Laboratories, July 1978. ) Prior to their detection within the toroidal field, the particles must pass through the small (inner) major radius portion of the coil elements. However, the structural requirements needed to withstand the tensile stresses in the coil provide minimum requirements on the cross section area of the inner portion of the TF coil and thus limits the transparency of the TF coil to the particles, and therefore the efficiency of the detection apparatus. 
     It is an object of this invention, therefore, to provide a moment-free toroidal magnet design providing current carrying elements having a reduced tension at its small (inner) major radius portion. 
     It is also an object of this invention to provide an assembly of conducting or superconducting coils and a supporting assembly, which affords a strong magnetic field for confining a large cross section plasma column, wherein the individual coils are jointed at their respective small major radius portions without affecting the ability of the structure to withstand the large tensile stresses generated by said strong magnetic field. 
     It is still another object of this invention to provide conducting or superconducting coils and a supporting assembly for providing a strong magnetic field, wherein the cross sectional area of their respective small major radius portions are substantially reduced without affecting the ability of the structure to withstand the large tensile stresses generated by said strong magnetic field. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention provides a moment-free toroidal magnet for creating strong toroidal magnetic fields, including high current carrying coil elements having reduced tensile stress in their respective small (inner) major radius portions. In fact, in accordance with the design of the present invention, the tensile force in the inner portions may be reduced to zero, or the inner portions may even be put into compression, when the coil elements are energized with a large current flowing therein. 
     More particularly, the invention provides upper and lower structural support elements respectively symmetrically located above and below the central support cylinder of the magnet and respectively fixed to the inner and outer portions of the coil elements, which reduce the tensile stress in the inner portion when the coil elements are energized by a high current flow therein. In one embodiment of the invention the support elements comprise disks located above and below the central support cylinder, rigid, vertically extending compression cylinders which respectively connect the disks to the respective inner portions of the coil elements, and tension links which tangentially connect the outer portion of the respective coil elements to the disks. The cylinders transmit compression, which would otherwise be transmitted as tension through the coil element inner portions, to the coil element outer portions through tension in the disks and tension links. 
     This design allows relatively simple bolted coil joints to be used at the intersections of the inner and outer portions of the coil elements, which permits the outer portions to be removed for maintenance. When used in a high energy nuclear particle detection device, the cross sectional area of the inner portion of the coil elements may be reduced to improve the particle transparency of the coil elements. 
     Because the tensile force is reduced in the restrictive inner region (r=r 1 ) of a TF coil (see FIG. 3), this design also means that higher magnetic field strengths can be produced. This is advantageous in a thermonuclear fusion reactor and an electrical energy storage device. In a reactor, more intense magnetic fields reduce power losses from thermonuclear plasmas. In an electrical energy storage device, more energy can be stored since the energy stored is proportional to the square of the magnetic field strength. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The above and further features and objects of the invention will be better understood from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment when taken with the appended drawings in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a partial perspective drawing of a toroidal magnet of the prior art; 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing of a coil element of the prior art illustrating the tensile forces thereon; 
     FIG. 3 is a cross sectional drawing of a first embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 4 is a partial perspective drawing illustrating one method by which coils may be attached to an integral disc and compression cylinder. 
     FIG. 5 is a partial perspective drawing illustrating an alternate structure by which coils may be attached to a tension ring using a structural blade. 
     FIG. 6 is a schematic drawing of the top half of a coil element of the first embodiment of the present invention illustrating the coil shape and the tensile forces thereon; and 
     FIG. 7 is a schematic drawing of a second embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring first to FIG. 3, the first embodiment of the magnet of the present invention includes a torus 10 comprising a plurality of bow-shaped ribbon-like superconducting coils 12. Each coil 12 and its support structure is symmetrical with respect to a horizontal mid-plane 22. The composition and cross sectional shape of these coils are well known and illustrated, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,736,539. The cross section may also be &#34;pie section&#34;-shaped as in the Princeton University large torus, illustrated in FIG. 11 of Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory Report PPPL-1698 (October 1980). The coils may be composed of highly conducting materials such as copper or copper and a superconducting material such as Nb 3  Sn or NbTi. The latter two materials are proposed for commercial reactors while copper alone is suitable for coils used in tokamaks and other magnetic plasma confinement devices used in thermonuclear fusion research, now being tested. Each coil element 12 includes a curved outer portion 14, a straight vertical inner portion 16 mounted to an inner central support cylinder 18, and joint members 20 and 21 for releaseably fixing curved outer portion 14 to vertical inner portion 16. Joint members 20 and 21 may be simply bolted between opposite ends of inner portion 16 and curved outer portion 14. Joints in ordinary magnets must normally withstand the tensile load of the magnet. In this embodiment, the force at joints 20 and 21 may be made zero or may be compressive, as described more fully below, so that it is not necessary that the joint provide structural support. Practically, then, the two sides of the joint will be bolted only to achieve electrical conduction and not for any structural reason. It is important that outer portion 14 merge smoothly into vertical slopes at its intersections with joints 20 and 21. 
     The exact shape of each coil element 12, which will be described in greater detail below, is such that a current I in each coil element 12, and a toroidal magnetic field B disposed within the overall torus 10, produce a pure tension stress within each coil element 12. In order to reduce the tension T 0  in inner portion 16 of each coil element 12, there are provided an upper support assembly 24 and a identical lower support assembly 25, which transfer the tension from inner portion 16 to outer portion 14. Support assemblies 24 and 25 respectively include common supports 26 and 27 suitably in the form of solid disks or rings respectively disposed vertically above and below central support cylinder 18. Compression cylinders 28 and 29 which may be integral with disks 26 and 27 are respectively fixed to the inner ends 30 and 31 of each of the coil curved outer portion 14 at joints 20 and 21. Tension links 32 and 33, which may be flexible or rigid elongated members, extend at an angle θ to the horizontal, and are connected at one end to disks 26 and 27 and at corresponding points at their opposite ends to coil outer portions 14. Tension links 32 and 33 are preferably fixed to coil outer portions 14 in tangential relation thereto. Compression cylinders 28 and 29 may be replaced by posts respectively connected to individual coil outer portions 14 at joints 20 and 21. Support assemblies 24 and 25 are suitably composed of steel parts. 
     Compression cylinders 28 and 29 transmit force directed toward the mid-plane 22. Support assemblies 24 and 25 serve to reduce expansive stresses or generate compressive stresses in the straight vertical portions 16 of coil elements 12 by transmitting to the coil elements forces which are tangential thereto. Thus, tension links 32 and 33 may be flexible or rigid, and may, in accordance with the invention, be replaced by an integral sheet connected at various points to the different coil elements 12 or may be replaced by a girdling tension band extending across disk 26 of upper support assembly 24 and below disk 27 of lower support assembly 25. Two of the variety of forms which tension links 32 and 33 may take are illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5. The structure illustrated in FIG. 5 is functionally equivalent to that in FIG. 4. 
     The intersection of tension links 32 and 33 and coil outer portion 14 separates the outer portion 14 into inner curved parts 34 and 35 and an outer curved part 36. If, in the present embodiment, it is desired that there be zero tension (tensile force) in the coil inner portion 16 (T 0  =0), then the compressive force in compression cylinders 28 and 29 must equal the tension T 1  in coil parts 34 and 35. As is apparent from the schematic diagram in FIG. 6, because the vertical component of the tension in tension links 32 and 33 must equal the compression in cylinders 28 and 29: 
     
         (T.sub.2 -T.sub.1) sin θ=T.sub.1,                    (1) 
    
     where T 2  is the tension in part 36 of coil element 12. 
     It is well known that for a toroidal conducting shell having a current I of uniform current density the magnetic field falls linearly through the shell so that the average tension T at a radius r from the axis of symmetry caused thereby is given by: ##EQU1## where ρ is the radius of curvature of the conductor at r. 
     When the conductor is a toroid it is well known that the magnetic field generated by a constant current therethrough varies inversely as the radius r, and may be expressed as: 
     
         B(r)=B.sub.o r.sub.o /r,                                   (3) 
    
     where B o  is the magnetic field strength at r=r o . 
     Thus, the average tension T may be expressed as: ##EQU2## 
     Under the above stated conditions, the total vertical force on the upper portion of a toroidal coil element is known to be given by the expression: ##EQU3## where r 1  and r 2  are respectively the inner and outer radial limits of the toroid. 
     If the tension in inner coil element portion 16 is to be zero, then the tension T 2  in part 36 equals F or: ##EQU4## 
     Comparing equations (4) and (6) it can be seen that the radius of curvature ρ(r) in part 36 is given by: 
     
         ρ(r)=r1n(r.sub.2 /r.sub.1).                            (7) 
    
     Substituting the expressions (4) and (6) into equation (1), it is seen that the radius of curvature ρ(r) in each of parts 34 and 35 is given by: ##EQU5## 
     With a coil element of the above defined shape, and the use of coil support assemblies 24 and 25 as described above, joints 20 and 21 with only bolts for connections, may safely be utilized since no tensile force will be generated therethrough when a current is developed in the coil. 
     If an expensive tensile stress is desired in the vertical inner portion 14 of coil element 12, then ρ(r) defined in equations (7) and (8) should be increased by a constant factor in parts 34 and 35 and decreased by a constant factor in part 36. On the other hand, if a compressive tensile stress is desired in portion 14, then ρ(r) should be decreased by a constant factor in parts 34 and 35 and increased by a constant factor in part 36. 
     A second embodiment of the invention which is illustrated in schematic in FIG. 7 is a central high energy particle detector employing a toroidal magnet 202. Located at the central axis of symmetry of the toroidal magnet is the particle source 206, e.g., a source of pions. The coil elements 202 and supporting structure 204 are in substantially the same configuration as in the plasma confinement device of the first embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 6. The coil elements, however, are preferably composed of aluminum-stabilized superconductors so as to be more transparent to the particles to be detected. 
     In the same manner as is described above with regard to the first embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 6, the configuration of coil elements 202 and supporting structure 204 illustrated in FIG. 7 limits the tensile stress in the inner portion 210 of the coil elements so that cross sectional area of said inner portions can be minimized, and the transparency of the coil element inner portions to the particles to be detected can thereby be increased. 
     Although only two exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed in detail above, for illustrative purposes, it will be understood that variations and modifications of the disclosure which lie within the scope of the appended claims are contemplated.