Abstract:
Silicone mold compositions are provided which exhibit low durometer and high tear strength properties and comprise a main filler of precipitated silica and a reinforcing co-filler selected from acicular CaSiO 3  fillers, fumed aluminum oxide fillers, and spherical ceramic fillers. The co-fillers have large surface areas and small particle sizes. The co-fillers are used with alkoxy silane cross-linking agents of the formula (RO) 4  Si, particularly n-propylsilicate. Two-part silicone cure systems are provided which enable the rapid achievement of full die B tear strengths without the need for prolonged aging of these materials.

Description:
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/934,591, filed on Aug. 24, 1992, now abandoned. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to low durometer and high tear silicone compositions useful as silicone molds for molding wax, polyester and polyurethane figurines. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In molding statues and novelty items made of wax, polyester and polyurethane, silicone molds are used. Among the desired properties of a silicone mold are low durometer and high tear strength. Materials having these properties are also desired by manufacturers who utilize silicone compounds in printing logos on irregular surfaces, known as so-called Print Blocks. 
     Manufacturers have tried to provide silicone molds made of compositions exhibiting these properties but have been not been able to manufacture inexpensive, simple formulations for the task. 
     Attempts to improve the tear strength and durometer of silicones by incorporating fumed silica compounds as the main reinforcing filler have shown only limited success. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to new silicone compositions for silicone molds which exhibit low durometer and high tear strength. The present invention provides silicone compositions which contain a reinforcing co-filler additive preferably, fumed aluminum oxide, in an amount of between about 0.05 and 25% by weight based on the entire silicone composition. 
     In one embodiment, the present invention provides a silicone composition having a main filler comprising precipitated silica at up to about 30% by weight in combination with a reinforcing co-filler. 
     In another embodiment, the present invention provides a silicone composition suitable for use as a silicone mold, which includes a reinforcing co-filler selected from (1) those of acicular morphology, particularly CaSiO 3  having an acicular morphology, (2) those of the spherical morphology such as silica-alumina ceramic spheres having a median diameter of between about 1 and 1.5 microns, and (3) fumed metal oxide fillers such as aluminum oxide having an average particle diameter of less than 20 nanometers, and fumed titanium dioxide. These co-fillers are particularly used over the range of 0.05 to 25% by weight based on the entire silicone composition in combination with a precipitated silica main filler. 
     The present invention also relates to silicone compositions having an alkoxysilane crosslinker of the formula (RO) 4  Si at a level of between 0.1 and 15% by weight wherein R is an organic radical having up to about 20 carbon atoms. R may instead represent condensed versions of the (RO) 4  Si formula. Preferably, the crosslinker is used in conjunction with a co-filler comprising a fumed aluminum oxide formed from the flame hydrolysis of aluminum chloride. In one embodiment, the crosslinker has the formula (RO) 4  Si wherein R is an n-propyl radical. 
     In one specific embodiment, n-propylsilicate is used as a crosslinker in combination with an aluminum oxide co-filler as described above. 
     The compositions of the present invention provide novel two-part curable silicone systems which can be used at a 1:1 ratio to produce silicones of low durometer and high tear strength suitable for the molding of wax, polyester and polyurethane into figurines, statues and print blocks. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIGS. 1 and 2 are graphs showing the average tear strength of silicone compositions according to the present invention which contain different ratios of reinforcing fillers. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Silicone compositions in accordance with the mold compositions of the present invention comprise a polymer system, filler, and a catalyst system which contains both a crosslinking agent and a catalyst. 
     In one group of silicone compositions according to the present invention, blends are formulated which comprise a polymer system containing at least one diorganopolysiloxane fluid having a viscosity of between about 2,000 and about 100,000 centipoise (cps) at 25° C. The fluid or fluids preferably each have a viscosity of between about 20,000 and about 150,000 cps at 25° C. More preferably, mixtures of fluid components are used which mixtures have viscosities of from about 30,000 to about 100,000 cps at 25° C., even more preferably from about 30,000 to about 50,000 cps, and even more preferably from about 35,000 to about 45,000 cps. 
     The fluid or fluids may be (A) free of silanol groups, and/or (B) silanol-stopped. For purposes of clarification, Components (A)-(B) will be explained in greater detail below. 
     The polymer systems of the silicone compositions according to the present invention preferably make up from about 40 to about 80% by weight of the entire silicone composition. 
     Up to 50% by weight of the polymer system may be Component (A), an organopolysiloxane substantially free of silanol and having a viscosity of from about 20 to about 1,000 cps at 25° C. Component (A) may also comprise mixtures of such organopolysiloxanes. 
     A preferred polymer system comprises up to 100% by weight Component (B), a silanol chain-stopped organopolysiloxane, substantially free of silanol-on-chain and vinyl-on-chain, having a viscosity of from about 20,000 to about 150,000 cps at 25° C. More preferably, component (B) comprises the entire polymer system and includes fluids having viscosities of between about 30,000 and about 120,000 cps at 25° C. Component (B) preferably comprises mixtures of such organopolysiloxanes which mixtures have an overall viscosity of between about 30,000 and about 50,000 cps at 25° C., more preferably about 40,000 cps at 25° C. 
     In a preferred embodiment, at least one gum of the polymer system is Component (B), and preferably has the structure: 
     
         HOSiOR.sup.1.sub.2 (SiOR.sup.1.sub.2).sub.x (SiOR.sup.2.sub.2).sub.y SiR.sup.1 2OH; 
    
     wherein each R 1  is independently chosen from monovalent hydrocarbon free radicals free of aliphatic unsaturation and containing 1 to about 8 carbon atoms; each R 2  is independently chosen from monovalent hydrocarbon radicals containing 1 to about 8 carbon atoms; and x and y are integers chosen such that the viscosity is about 20,000 to about 150,000 cps at 25°. In other preferred embodiments, x and y are integers chosen such that Component (B) has a viscosity which ranges from about 30,000 to about 120,000 cps at 25° C. and a hydroxyl weight percent in the range from about 0.06 to about 0.14%, preferably from about 0.08 to about 0.11. 
     The compositions of the present invention may also contain (C) up to about 30% by weight based upon the entire silicone system of a finely divided inorganic filler, preferably a precipitated silica filler. Component (C) preferably comprises from about 5 to about 30% by weight, more preferably from about 15% to about 25%, and even more preferably from about 18% to about 22% by weight precipitated silica filler. The filler (C) may be pretreated or treated in-situ with various agents, for example cyclopolysiloxanes as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,938,009 to Lucas and silazanes as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,635,743 to Smith. The cyclopolysiloxanes may be, for example, a cyclotetramethyl siloxane present in the amount of about 15 to 20 weight percent of the filler (C). 
     Preferred precipitated silica fillers may have a surface area of about 80 m 2  /g to about 300 m 2  /g, preferably about 100 m 2  /gram to about 300 m 2  /gram and more preferably about 125 m 2  /g to about 240 m 2  /g. The higher surface area fillers tend to result in better properties, however, they are more expensive than the lower surface area fillers and require surface treatments or more processing aid to incorporate them into the gum. 
     In order to improve properties or processing, the composition may also contain (D) up to about 10 parts by weight based upon the polymer system of a processing aid comprising low viscosity silanol stopped siloxane fluid of from about 3 to about 500 centipoise at 25° C., or a dimethyl trimethoxy siloxane polymer, or similar compositions such as silanol or methoxy fluids of other viscosities. In one embodiment, Component (D) comprises a polydimethylsiloxane fluid having silanol end stops. 
     In addition to, in conjunction with, or in place of Component (D), small amounts of hexamethyl disilazane may be used to treat the silica filler prior to mixing the filler with the other components, or in-situ. If used, up to about 20 parts by weight of hexamethyl disilazane is added based on 100 parts of Component (C). 
     Precipitated silica is used as a main filler in silicone compositions according to the present invention. In one embodiment, the present invention provides a silicone composition having a precipitated silica main filler at up to 30% by weight based on the entire composition, preferably over the range of 5-30% by weight. More preferably, the precipitated silica fillers are used over the range of 15 to 25% by weight and even more preferably from 18 to 22% by weight based on the total weight of the silicone composition. The precipitated fillers show better improvement in certain properties than fumed silica fillers. When reinforcing co-fillers are used in combination with the precipitated silica filler, consistent batches of low durometer, high tear strength silicones are produced. 
     In a preferred embodiment, finely divided precipitated silica which has been treated with a dimethyl silicone fluid at high temperature to be rendered hydrophobic is used as a main filler. Particularly useful precipitated fillers are Tullanox HM 250D (hexamethyl disilazane (HMDZ)-treated having a pre-treated surface area of 250 m 2  /gram) from Tullanox of Tulco, Inc., Ayer, Massachusetts, FK 160 Or FK 160 from Degussa, Akron, Ohio, HMDZ-treated Sylox 2 from Davidson Chemical Division, Baltimore, Md., and Dumacil 100 or Dumacil 300 available from Dumar Chemicals, Inc., Milwaukee, Wis. Dumacil 100 has an average surface area of 180 m 2  /gram and has been treated with a PDMS unreactive oil having tri-methyl end stops and a viscosity of about 50 centistokes (ctks). Dumacil 300 is similarly treated and has an average surface area of 100 to 120 m 2  /gram and a lower Ph. 
     In one preferred embodiment, n-propylsilicate is used as a crosslinker in combination with the Tullanox HM 250D main filler described above. 
     The morphology of the precipitated silica fillers is not as important as the morphology of the reinforcing co-fillers used in accordance with the present invention. 
     The reinforcing co-fillers of the present invention may be used in combination with a variety of other fillers typically used in silicone compositions having low durometer and high tear strength. The reinforcing fillers used in the present invention are finely divided and morphologically designed. 
     Inorganic finely divided co-fillers having an acicular morphology are preferred according to the present invention. One preferred acicular filler comprises calcium oxide (CaO) and silica (SiO 2 ). Such a filler has the general formula CaSiO 3  and is available, e.g., from NYCO, Willsboro, N.Y., as 10 Wollastokup. 10 Wollastokup is primarily CaO and SiO 2  and has a median particle size of about 3 μm. 
     Another class of reinforcing co-fillers in accordance with the present invention is spherical fillers. Ceramic spherical fillers are particularly preferred. One such filler is composed of spheres comprising a silica-alumina ceramic. A preferred median particle diameter for applications in accordance with the present invention is between about 1.0 and 1.5 microns (μm). Zeospheres 200 are available from Zeelan Industries, Inc., St. Paul, Minn. and comprise silica-alumina ceramic spheres having median particle size by population of 1.3 microns. 
     Preferably, the spherical filler comprises a mixture of ceramic spheres having different diameters. The assortment of diameters enables maximum packing and the spherical morphology provides a lower viscosity and improved flow in compositions containing the filler. 
     Another class of reinforcing co-fillers useful in lowering durometer and raising tear strength in accordance with the present invention are fillers comprising finely divided fumed aluminum oxide. Fumed AlO fillers are preferably made from the flame hydrolysis of anhydrous aluminum chloride. One such filler which is finely divided is available as Aluminum Oxide-C (AlO--C) from Degussa. AlO--C has an average particle size of 20 nanometers and an average surface area of 100+/-15 m 2  /gram. AlO--C is particularly preferred as a filler since a two-part silicone in accordance with the present invention can achieve full Die B tear strength immediately upon compounding whereas most compositions must be aged for about a month to achieve full Die B tear. 
     Another fumed metal oxide co-filler in accordance with the present invention is fumed titanium dioxide. One particular fumed TiO 2  is Titandioxid P-25 from Degussa or Titanox 2090 from NL Industries, Highstown, N.J. 
     The acicular, spherical-ceramic and aluminum oxide fillers described above are used from about 0.05 to about 25% by weight and preferably over the range of 0.05 to about 10% by weight based on the total weight of the silicone composition. More preferably, the co-fillers are used at 0.2 to 5% by weight based on the total weight of the silicone composition, and even more preferably from 0.3 to 1.0% by weight. The co-fillers are preferably used with a main filler comprising precipitated silica. 
     The catalyst system of the present invention comprises both a crosslinking agent and a catalyst. The agent and catalyst are preferably pre-mixed as a masterbatch before being added to the polymer system. In two-part systems according to the present invention the catalyst system is included in one of the parts whereas the polymer system is included in the other of the two parts. In two-part systems used at a 1:1 ratio an unreactive siloxane oil is mixed with the catalyst system to increase the volume of that part. 
     Other components may be added to the catalyst system including pigments, a small amount of filler, a vinyl-containing polymer and diluents such as alcohols, particularly n-propyl alcohol. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the catalyst system comprises a siloxane base component which may comprise from between about 20 and about 60% by weight of the catalyst system. A preferred siloxane base component is vinyl terminated polymer having a viscosity of about 100,000 cps at 25° C. 
     The alkoxysilane crosslinker of the present invention has the formula (RO) 4  Si wherein R is an organic radical having up to about 20 carbon atoms. The crosslinker may alternative be condensed versions of the (RO) 4  Si formula. In one embodiment, the crosslinker has the formula (RO) 4  Si wherein R is an n-propyl radical. 
     In one preferred embodiment, the crosslinker is used in conjunction with a co-filler comprising a fumed aluminum oxide formed from the flame hydrolysis of aluminum chloride. In one particularly preferred embodiment, n-propylsilicate is used as a crosslinker in combination with the Aluminum Oxide-C co-filler described above. 
     The crosslinker is preferably used at a level of between 0.1 and 15% by weight. More preferably, the level of crosslinker is between 1.5 and about 6.0% by weight based on the total weight of the silicone composition and more preferably from about 2.5 and about 4.0% by weight. 
     The catalyst system preferably comprises a catalytic amount, based on the entire silicone composition, of an organotin catalyst. The catalyst system preferably comprises from about 0.1 to about 1.5% by weight of tin catalyst based on the entire weight of the silicone composition. Preferred tin catalysts to be used in the silicone compositions of the present invention, whether added separately or masterbatched with a crosslinking agent in a catalyst system, include dibutyl tin dilaurate (DBTL), and special paste compositions. A first paste composition, defined herein as paste 1, comprises 27.00% by weight M-stopped PDMS oil having a viscosity of about 10,000  cps at 25° C., 58.00% by weight Novaculite L207A ground quartz (from Malvern Minerals Agent Agsco Corp., Wheeling, Ill.), 10.00% by weight titanium dioxide in the form of Titanox 2090 (from NL Industries), and 5.00% by weight dibutyl tin dilaurate. Two other paste compositions, defined herein as Paste 2 and Paste 3, comprise the components listed below. All components are listed in percentages by weight. 
     
         ______________________________________Component           Paste 2 Paste 3______________________________________M-stopped PDMS      4.69    2.69oil-10,000 cps visc.Novaculite L207A quartz               10.07   5.785 micron Minusil Quartz               38.79   42.52M-stopped PDMS oil  42.57   46.7750 cps viscosityAlO-C alumina       1.28    0.73Titanium dioxide    1.74    1.00Dibutyl tin dilaurate               0.87    0.50______________________________________ 
    
     The paste 2 catalyst was used at 1 part per 1.74 parts polymer system. Paste 3 was used at 1 part per 1 part polymer system. 
     When DBTL is used as the catalyst it is preferably present in an amount of between about 0.5 and about 1.0% by weight based on the entire weight of the silicone composition, more preferably between about 0.1 and about 1.0% by weight, and even more preferably about 0.5% by weight. 
     It is believed that the co-fillers described herein affect the properties of durometer and tear by forces generated according to one or more of the following theories. When both a precipitated silica filler and a reinforcing co-filler are used it is believed that the precipitated silica network is favorably reconfigured by 1) electrostatic charges from the co-filler, 2) dipole interactions from the polar alkoxy group of the crosslinker, 3) changes in the rheology due to the addition of either alkoxy silane or co-filler or both that better disperse and control the filler/polymer network, or 4) combinations of these forces. 
     The compositions of the present invention provide novel two-part curable silicone systems which can be used at a 1:1 ratio to produce silicones of low durometer and high tear strength. In one embodiment a two-part room temperature vulcanizable silicone cure compound comprises a first part containing polymers and fillers and a second part containing catalyst, filler and unreactive silicone oil. 
     The unreactive oil may be added to increase the volume of the second part until a 1:1 ratio with the first part may be achieved. The unreactive oil is preferably tri-methyl stopped and has a viscosity of between about 10 and 100 centistokes. Polydimethylsiloxane oils having tri-methyl end stops and a viscosity of about 50 centistokes (ctks) are preferred. 
     In order that those skilled in the art will be better able to practice the invention, the following examples are given by way of illustration and not by way of limitation. 
     EXAMPLES 
     To screen a large number of materials, both a hand mixed formula as well as a machine mixed formula were tested. There was no observable difference between the two formulae. The test formulae were of particular commercial interest since they provide a low durometer, high tear compound. 
     Example I 
     First, an input base masterbatch was made in a 5 gallon doughmixer and comprised: 
     45.20% by weight (A1), a mixture of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) silanol stopped polymers having viscosities of 120,000 and 30,000 cps mixed to provide an overall viscosity of 40,000 cps: 
     20.00% by weight (C1), Tullanox HM250D filler, a hexamethyldisilazane (HMDZ) treated precipitated silica having an average pre-treated particle surface area of about 250 ms/gram; 
     33.59% by weight (E), a PDMS unreactive oil having tri-methyl end stops and a viscosity of about 50 centistokes (ctks); 
     0.92% by weight (F), a PDMS silanol-stopped fluid having a viscosity of between 20 and 30 ctks; and 
     0.30% by weight (G), titanium dioxide having the WERMI designation 06113 (Titanox 2090 from NL Industries). 
     The masterbatch was then mixed with the components as shown below. 
     
         ______________________________________           Parts                Input Add Order______________________________________Masterbatch       68.14  15 micron Minusil  15.19  2Component (E)     16.67  3Degussa Alumina Oxide-C              0.50  4Catalyst 1        10.00  5______________________________________ 
    
     The Minusil is a typical filler used in silicone compositions and comprises crystalline silicon dioxide having an average particle size of 5 μm. Catalyst 1 substantially comprised n-propylsilicate in a vinyl-stopped oil. The exact composition for Catalyst 1 is as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________              Percentage by Weight______________________________________PDMS vinyl terminated polymer                40.0%having a viscosity of 100,000 cpsHMDZ treated Cab-O-Sil MS-7 grade                5.0%or M7D gradeX-1134 Chrome Oxide Green pigment                1.6%(WERMI 06362)Ferro Corp. F-9279 C.I.Blue Pigment                2.4%(WERMI 06856), a pigment of theCo,Al.sub.2 O.sub.3,Zn typen-propyl silicate (WERMI 06580) --                35.0%the x-linkern-propyl alcohol     6.0%Dibutyl tin Dilaurate (WERMI 0682)                10.0%______________________________________ 
    
     The Example I test formula was either hand mixed in a paper cup in the add order shown above, or machine mixed. When the formula was machine mixed, the AlO--C was added last and the mixer is labelled Machine. 
     The physical properties of various compositions results are given below in Table 1, columns A-AB. Column A shows the only experiment to give good tear without AlO--C addition. Other additives or process variables were searched for that would provide immediate and reproducible tears after mixing. In the Examples below, the additive Al 2  O 3  represents finely divided alumina, the additive Quat 188 is N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride at 65% in water, the additive T2909.7 is Huls America&#39;s: N(3-trimethyoxysilylpropyl)-N-methyl N,N,-diallylammonium chloride at 50% in methanol, and the additive GMBS is Scotchlike glass bubbles, A16/500, available from 3M Co., Structural Products Department, St. Paul, Minn. The additive (poly-1) comprised the following inputs: 51.72%, 30,000cps PDMS silanol stopped fluid, 17.85% M7D Cab-O-Sil HMDZ-treated, 29.45% M stopped PDMS oil at 50 cps viscosity, and 0.98% silanol stopped 20 to 30 cps oil. 
     
                       TABLE I-A______________________________________Label      A          B           C______________________________________Mixer used:      Hand Mix   Machine     MachineMix age:   Fresh      1 day old   7 days oldTemp. of mix:      Rm. Temp.  Rm. Temp.   Rm. Temp.% Catalyst 1:       10         10          10Mold used: Teflon cast                 Teflon cast Teflon castAdditive:  --         --          --Shore A     16         13          14Ave Tensile Psi      416        339         400Ave Elong %      334        306         370Die B Tear 1)      116         24          23Die B Tear 2)      111         26          24Die B Tear 3)      131         28          23Ave Tear   119         26          23Ave Sheet  --         --          --Thickness Mils       56         71          35______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE I-B______________________________________Label      D          E           F______________________________________Mixer used:      Hand Mix   Hand Mix    Hand MixMix age:   Fresh      2 days old  FreshTemp. of mix:      Cold       Rm. Temp.   Rm. Temp.% Catalyst 1:       10         10          8.3Mold used: Teflon cast                 Teflon cast Teflon castAdditive:  --         --          --Shore A     17         12          8Ave Tensile Psi      415        360         407Ave Elong %      339        253         295Die B Tear 1)       28        234          29Die B Tear 2)       29         32          36Die B Tear 3)       30         31          31Ave Tear    29         32          32Ave Sheet  --         --          --Thickness Mils       37         37          38______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE I-C______________________________________Label      G          H           I______________________________________Mixer used:      Machine    Machine     Hand MixMix age:   8 days old 8 days old  FreshTemp. of mix:      Rm. Temp.  Rm. Temp.   Rm. Temp.% Catalyst 1:       8.3        5           10Mold used: Teflon cast                 Teflon cast Teflon castAdditive:  --         --          Minusil wet-                             in 8 hoursShore A     11         11          14Ave Tensile Psi      412        376         397Ave Elong %      317        376         293Die B Tear 1)       24         29          30Die B Tear 2)       27         29          30Die B Tear 3)       26         29          32Ave Tear    26         29          31Ave Sheet  --         --          --Thickness Mils       38         68          33______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE I-D______________________________________Label      J          K           L______________________________________Mixer used:      Hand Mix   Hand Mix    Hand MixMix age:   Fresh      Fresh       FreshTemp. of mix:      Rm. Temp.  Rm. Temp.   Rm. Temp.% Catalyst 1:       10         10          12Mold used: 3/8&#34; Cast  Press cure  Teflon castAdditive:  --         --          +0.5% PDMSShore A     16         17          16Ave Tensile Psi      372        401         377Ave Elong %      298        329         301Die B Tear 1)      122K        30          27Die B Tear 2)       36         32          27Die B Tear 3)       33         30          28Ave Tear    64         31          27Ave Sheet  --         --          --Thickness Mils      118         71          92______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE I-E______________________________________Label      M          N           O______________________________________Mixer used:      Hand Mix   Hand Mix    Hand MixMix Age:   Fresh      Fresh       FreshTemp. of mix:      Rm. Temp.  Rm. Temp.   Rm. Temp.% Catalyst 1:       10         10          10Mold used: Teflon cast                 Teflon cast TefloncastAdditive:  +0.5% PDMS +0.5% A10-C +0.8% GMBSShore A     16         15          17Ave Tensile Psi      413        371         328Ave Elong %      318        339         318Die B Tear 1)       27         35          24Die B Tear 2)       29        104K         27Die B Tear 3)       28        104K         23Ave Tear    28         81          25Ave Sheet  --         --          --Thickness Mils       91         82          38______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE I-F______________________________________Label      P          Q           R______________________________________Mixer used:      Hand Mix   Hand Mix    Hand MixMix age:   Fresh      Fresh       FreshTemp. of mix:      Rm. Temp.  Rm. Temp.   Rm. Temp.% Catalyst 1:       10         10          10Mold used: Teflon cast                 Press cure  TefIoncastAdditive:  Al.sub.2 O.sub.3                 +0.5% A10-C +0.5% A10-CShore A     13         15          14Ave Tensile Psi      374        425         412Ave Elong %      344        333         361Die B Tear 1)       26         38          34Die B Tear 2)       25        121K        127KDie B Tear 3)       25        125K        122KAve Tear    25         95          94Ave Sheet  --         --          --Thickness Mils       56         69          56______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE I-G______________________________________Label      S          T           U______________________________________Mixer used:      Machine    Machine     MachineMix age:   Fresh      Fresh       FreshTemp. of mix:      Rm. Temp.  Rm. Temp.   Rm. Temp.% Catalyst 1:       10         10          10Mold used: Press cure Teflon cast Teflon castAdditive:  +0.5% A10-C                 +0.5% A10-C +1.0% Quat188Shore A     15         14          13Ave Tensile Psi      420        437         411Ave Elong %      359        326         368Die B Tear 1)      130K       116K         29Die B Tear 2)      127K        27          29Die B Tear 3)      117K        30          31Ave Tear   125         58          30Ave Sheet  --         --          --Thickness Mils       60         32          57______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE I-H______________________________________Label      V          W           X______________________________________Mixer used:      Machine    Hand Mix    Hand MixMix age:   Fresh      Fresh       FreshTemp. of mix:      Rm. Temp.  Rm. Temp.   Rm. Temp.% Catalyst 1:       10         10          10Mold used: Teflon cast                 Teflon cast Teflon castAdditive:  +1% T2909.7Shore A     16         10          15Ave Tensile Psi      399        277         390Ave Elong %      315        303         321Die B Tear 1)       29         45K         33Die B Tear 2)       26         60K         30Die B Tear 3)       25         51K         32Ave Tear    27         52          32Ave Sheet  --         --          --Thickness Mils       53         70          59______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE I-I______________________________________Label      Y              Z______________________________________Mixer used:      Machine        Hand MixMix age:   Fresh          FreshTemp. of mix:      Rm. Temp.      Rm. Temp.% Catalyst 1:       10             10Mold used: Teflon cast    Teflon castAdditive:                 Poly-1/A10-CShore A     12             21Ave Tensile Psi      415            358Ave Elong %      335            298Die B Tear 1)       26             26Die B Tear 2)       28             28Die B Tear 3)       37             31Ave Tear    30             28Ave Sheet  --             --Thickness mils       38             56______________________________________ 
    
     
         ______________________________________Label      AA             AB______________________________________Mixer used:      Machine        MachineMix age:   15 months      15 monthsTemp. of mix:      Rm. Temp.      Rm. Temp.% Catalyst 1:       10             10Mold used: Press cure     Press cureAdditive:  +0.5% A10-C    --Shore A     15             15Ave Tensile Psi      406            443Ave Elong %      291            322Die B Tear 1)      --             --Die B Tear 2)      --             --Die B Tear 3)      --             --Ave Tear   108            111Ave Sheet  --             --Thickness Mils      --             --______________________________________ 
    
     In column Z shown in Table I--I, the M7D-HMDZ treated filler (from Cabot Corp.) in the Poly-1 additive is not responsive to AlO--C as an additive to improve tear. In fact, Table IV-C, column G, shows that Compound III, which contained the M7D-HMDZ treated filler does not contribute to the tear values as well as the Tullanox and AlO--C filler system. 
     Table II also shows a Two sample T test and is exemplary of the statistically significant effect of using AlO--C as an additive in freshly made base. 
     Both Tables I and II demonstrate that the addition of AlO--C improves the Die B tear values in freshly made base which is either hand mixed or machine mixed. 
     
                       TABLE II-A______________________________________Formula Type: Machine mixed with no AlO--CSpecimen             Tensile, Elong.No.        Shore A   psi      %______________________________________                                Die B                                Tear, pli 1         --        451      385    127 2         11        442      323    109 3         --        453      326    34 4         --        468      307    120 5         14        440      328    116 6         --        417      399    49 7         --        425      292    31 8         14        438      300    132 9         --        406      264    3310         --        --       --     2911         14        --       --     12212         --        --       --     11713         --        --       --     3014         --        --       --     3515         --        --       --     90No. of      4         9        9     15SpecimensMean, m    13        438      325    78Standard   15         19       43    44Dev. s                                Tear, pliPooled     Sp        19.51    35.53  31.5varianceFrom T Table      T16, 0.05 1.746    1.746  --From T Table      T28, 0.05 --       --     1.701Found T    T16, 0.05 -7.4     2.75   --Found T    T28, 0.05 --       --     2.17Significant      --        Yes      Yes    Yes______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE II-B______________________________________Formula Type: Machine Mixed With 0.05% AlO--CSpecimen           Tensile          Die BNo.       Shore A  psi       Elong. %                               tear, pli______________________________________ 1        --       402       281    105 2        15       367       264    117 3        --       358       258    107 4        --       374       276    106 5        13       381       282     91 6        --       357       336     92 7        --       377       263     98 8        15       332       251     99 9        --       380       297    10410        --       --        --     10511        10       --        --     11012        --       --        --     10113        --       --        --     10614        --       --        --     10415        --       --        --     102No. of     4        9         9      15SpecimensMean, m   13       370       279    103Standard   2        20        26     7Dev. s______________________________________ 
    
     Table III shows age testing on the two groups of samples from Table II. The samples shown in Table II-A contain no AlO--C additive whereas the samples shown in Table II-B do contain the AlO--C additive. 
     
                       TABLE III______________________________________  Tensile, psi             Elong %  Die B Tear, pli______________________________________1 Day AgeNo. of    9            9       15ObservationsSample II-AMean     438          325      78Stnd. Dev.     19           43      44Sample II-BMean Base    370          297      103Stnd Dev.     20           26       7for BaseSP (Pooled    19.51        35.53    31.5Variance)T16, 95% -7.4         -2.8     --Conf. LimitT28, 95% --           --        2.17Conf. LimitSignificance    yes          yes      yes19 Day AgeNo. of    9            9       15ObservationsSample II-AMean     423          293      90Stnd. Dev.    29.5         23.8     41.9Sample II-BMean Base    398          290      101Stnd Dev.    70.3         45.3     34.8for BaseSP (Pooled    54.07        36.17    38.49Variance)T16, 95% -0.981       -0.176   --Conf. LimitT28, 95% --           --        0.783Conf. LimitSignificant?    no           no       no42 Day AgeNo. of    9            9       15ObservationsSample II-AMean     410          319      42.7Stnd. Dev.    44.7         51.5     2.9Sample II-BMean Base    430          323      87Stnd Dev.    31.7         27.7     37.2for BaseSP (Pooled    38.78        41.34    26.38Variance)T16, 95%  1.09         0.24    --Conf. LimitT28, 95% --           --        4.59Conf. LimitSignificance    no           no       yes______________________________________ 
    
     Example II 
     Table IV summarizes the use of aging n-propylsilicate (Wermi 06580) in the Tullanox reinforced masterbatch. Compound II comprises 300 parts of a similar masterbatch designated Masterbatch 2 and having 20% by weight Component (C), and 10.5 parts n-propylsilicate. Compound II was both freshly made as in column D, and aged 2 months before the AlO--C was incorporated into the mix by hand mixing (columns B and C). An improvement in tear values by using the AlO--C along with the n-propylsilicate. Also, the 1:1 A:B cure ratio of Column F shows excellent tear values. 
     The catalysts below are dibutyl tin dilaurate (DBTL), and Pastes 1, 2 and 3 described above. 
     Compound III was similar to Compound II except HMDZ-treated fumed silica was used in place of Component (C) and a small bit of titanium dioxide was added. 
     A &#34;K&#34; after the tear value in lbs./in. means tear was defined as &#34;Knotty&#34;. Knotty tears are those that tear at right angles to the cut placed in the rubber. 
     
                       TABLE IV-A______________________________________Label     A           B          C______________________________________Formula:  Compound II Compound II                            Compound IIMix age:  Fresh       Aged 2 mos.                            Aged 2 mos.Temp. of mix:     Rm. Temp.   Rm. Temp.  Rm. Temp.% Catalyst:     0.5% DBTL   Paste 1    Paste 1Mold used:     Teflon cast Teflon cast                            Teflon castAdditive: --          --         +0.4% AlO--CShore A   22          24         18Ave Tensile Psi     439         549        463Ave Elong %     309         377        352Die B Tear 1)     151K        27         144KDie B Tear 2)     47          177K       154KDie B Tear 3)     50          178K       156KAve Tear  83          127        151Ave Sheet --          --         --Thickness Mils     --          38         70______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE IV-B______________________________________Label        D             E______________________________________Formula:     Compound II   Compound IIMix age:     Freshly made  Freshly madeTemp. of mix:        Rm. Temp.     Rm. Temp.% Catalyst:  Paste 1       Paste 2Mold used:   Press cure    Teflon castAdditive:    +0.4% A10-C   +0.6% AlO--CShore A      21            14Ave Tensile Psi        521           381Ave Elong %  392           396Die B Tear 1)        170K          99KDie B Tear 2)        114K          121KDie B Tear 3)        152K          113KAve Tear     145           111Ave Sheet    --            --Thickness Mils        70            76______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE IV-C______________________________________Label        F             G______________________________________Formula:     Compound II   Compound IIIMix age:     Freshly made  Freshly madeTemp. of mix:        Rm. Temp.     Rm. Temp.% Catalyst:  Paste 3       0.5% DBTLMold used:   Teflon cast   Teflon castAdditive:    +0.4% AlO--C  --Shore A      7             33Ave Tensile Psi        360           694Ave Elong %  520           348Die B Tear 1)        87K           41Die B Tear 2)        80K           41Die B Tear 3)        91K           47Ave Tear     86            43Ave Sheet    --            --Thickness Mils        80            --______________________________________ 
    
     Example III 
     Experiments with 10 Wollastokup 10738 and with Zeospheres 200 as co-fillers are given in the graphs designated FIGS. 1 and 2. These graphs of average Die B Tear values versus ratio of Tullanox to co-filler show the impact of co-filler on tear, again at very low loadings of co-filler. At ratios of around 14:1 Tullanox to 10 Wollastokup, and 15:1 or 16:1 Tullanox to Zeospheres, high tears (&gt;100 pli) are obtained. 
     Example IV 
     Table V below shows age testing of a base composition similar to that in Example I with and without an AlO--C additive. 
     
                       TABLE V-A______________________________________Base Aged  4 days  4 days   4 days                             18 days                                    18 days______________________________________% AlO--C    0      0.5      0.5   0      0.5Shore A     12      14       14    13     10Tensile, pli      431     407      413   441    356Elong. %   354     331      333   341    350Die B Tear, psi       29      34       35    33     99______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE V-B______________________________________Base Aged    3 days  3 days    16 days                                16 days______________________________________% AlO--C      0      0.5        0    0.5Shore A       11      11        10    5Tensile, pli 346     337       370   312Elong. %     296     224       240   362Die B Tear, psi         19      24        22    53______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE V-C______________________________________Base Aged    7 days  7 days    16 days                                16 days______________________________________% AlO--C      0      0.5        0    0.5Shore A       11      11        12    6Tensile, pli 404     380       412   358Elong. %     323     281       279   381Die B Tear, psi         28      30        24    69______________________________________ 
    
     Example V 
     A third masterbatch was formulated to test fumed titanium dioxide as a co-filler. Masterbatch 3 contained the following components: 
     
         ______________________________________Polymer at 40,000 cps (A1)                45.21%Tullanox Filler (C1) 20.00%PDMS unreactive oil (E)                33.87%PDMS silanol stopped fluid (F)                 0.92%Total                100.00______________________________________ 
    
     Masterbatch 3 was essentially the same as the masterbatch used in Example 1 except no titanium dioxide (06113) is used in Masterbatch 3. To demonstrate the use of P-25, a material having the components listed below was produced. 
     
         ______________________________________Masterbatch 3     67.79 Parts by WeightWater              0.10 Parts by Weight5 micron Minusil  15.14 Parts by WeightComponent G       16.57 Parts by WeightDegussa P-25       0.40 Parts by WeightCatalyst 1        10.00 Parts by Weight______________________________________ 
    
     Test results shown in Table VI below indicate that the formulations containing fumed titanium dioxide exhibit excellent tear strength properties. 
     
                       TABLE VI______________________________________Physical Properties              Sample 1   Sample 2______________________________________Brookfield Viscosity              38,400 cps 32,800HBF 4 AT 10 RPM (cps)SP. GR.            1.16       1.1410% Beta 1 CureWork life, minutes 203        242Tack free time, minutes              363        360Modified ASTM 2240*              9          824 hr. Shore A topModified ASTM 2240*              5          524 hr. Shore A bottom3 Day PropertiesShore A            12         11Ave Tensile, psi   375        361Ave Elong. %       340        326Ave Die B Tear, pli              81         84Tear 1             110        99Tear 2             109        123Tear 3             25         31______________________________________ *1/4&#34; thick specimen using Shore A type A2 durometer. 
    
     Although the present invention has been described in connection with preferred embodiments, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that additions, modifications, substitutions and deletions not specifically described may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention defined in the appended claims.