Abstract:
A system for secure data storage and transmission is provided. The system comprises a first security module for protecting data in a first data at rest system and a second security moducle for protecting data in a second data at rest system. At least one encryption parameter for the second data at rest system differs from at least one encryption parameter for the first data at rest system so that a datum is reencrypted when the datum is transferred from the first data at rest system to the second data at rest system.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/848,251, filed Sep. 29, 2006, the contents of which are incorporated in its entirety. 
     
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The subject disclosure relates to methods and systems for protecting sensitive electronic information, and more particularly to improved methods and systems for protecting credit card information as such information is processed, stored, and travels across a distributed computing network. 
       BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
       [0003]    As the world of telecommunications, computer networking, and electronics continues to expand, the world as we know provides unprecedented access to information. Sitting in the glow of a computer screen, an individual can instantaneously access information on the opposite side of the planet by the Internet and other means. As companies continue to integrate such capabilities into more and more facets of their business, new and difficult challenges arise. In general, those with access to information are trustworthy and would never consider accessing and/or using information improperly. However, in the area of electronic commerce, credit card fraud and identity theft have become commonplace. 
         [0004]    Such problems have spurred advances in the technology of securing data. Examples of such advances are the commonly-used secure sockets layer (SSL) and S-HTTP security mechanisms. Whereas SSL utilizes handshake-based key distribution with complex public key cryptography techniques, S-HTTP is designed to send individual messages securely. In either case, intermediaries in the process are not able to do more than simply move the incoming file to a subsequent destination, even though the intermediary is an integral part of the ongoing client-server relationship. Hence, the very nature of the security mechanisms presents limitations in that in order for an intermediary to have access, the access criteria must be duplicated in a complex and difficult to maintain manner. 
         [0005]    Despite these advances, sensitive information is still commonly stolen and illicitly used. One area of weakness is the time when data is in transit and, particularly, in transit within a single entity or enterprise such as on an internal network. Similarly, as data passes between organizations, the data can be exposed by weak security measures and other infiltrations such as access data stolen from authorized personnel. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    It should be appreciated that the present invention can be implemented and utilized in numerous ways, including without limitation as a process, an apparatus, a system, a device, a method for applications now known and later developed or a computer readable medium. These and other unique features of the system disclosed herein will become more readily apparent from the following description and the accompanying drawings. 
         [0007]    One embodiment of the invention is directed to a system for secure data storage and transmission comprising a first security module for protecting data in a first data at rest system and a second security module for protecting data in a second data at rest system. At least a subset of data stored in the first data at rest system is encrypted. The first security module is associated with a first key domain defining encryption parameters for the first data at rest system. At least a subset of data stored in the second data at rest system is encrypted. The second security module is associated with a second key domain defining encryption parameters for the second data at rest system. At least one encryption parameter for the second data at rest system differs from at least one encryption parameter for the first data at rest system so that a datum is reencrypted when the datum is transferred from the first data at rest system to the second data at rest system. 
         [0008]    This embodiment may have several features. For example, encryption parameters mau comprise encryption keys or encryption algorithms. The first security module may encrypt data stored on the first data at rest system. The second security module may encrypt data stored on the second data at rest system. 
         [0009]    The system may also include a security management module which promulgates a security policy. The security management module may be communicatively coupled with the first security module and the second security module. The security management module may store an audit log. In some embodiments, encryption parameters in the first key domain may be altered independently of encryption parameters in the second key domain. 
         [0010]    Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a selective data access system comprising a first data field encrypted with a first encryption key and a second data field encrypted with a second encryption key. A first user has access to the first encryption key and a second user has access to a second encryption key. 
         [0011]    This embodiment may have several features. In some embodiments, a third user has access to both the first and the second encryption keys. The first data field and the second data field may reside in the same database. The first data field and the second data field may reside in the same table. 
         [0012]    Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a method of data transfer comprising storing data and encryption status information for the data in a first data at rest system, examining the encryption status information when transferring the data from the first data at rest system to a second data at rest system, and reencrypting the data if the first data at rest system and the second data at rest system are associated with different key domains. In some embodiments, the key domains define encryption parameters. In other embodiments, encryption parameters comprise encryption keys or encryption algorithms. 
         [0013]    Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a method for providing partial access to data comprising generating a report for a third party, the report containing obfuscated sensitive information, allowing the third party to examine the report, and providing access to unobfuscated sensitive information if the third party identifies information of interest. 
         [0014]    This embodiment of the invention can have various features. For example, the obfuscated sensitive information may be pronouncable. The method may include generating a report comprises obtaining obfuscated data from a substitution cipher. The obfuscated sensitive data may be of the same data category as the unobfuscated sensitive data. The report may include obfuscated sensitive data selected from the group consisting of names, social security numbers, indications of treatment, telephone numbers and combinations thereof. 
         [0015]    Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a method of secure data transport comprising encrypting a datum, storing the datum in a first data at rest system, and transferring the datum to a second data at rest system. The datum remains encrypted during transfer and storage. 
         [0016]    This embodiment of the invention can have various features. The first data at rest system can be associated with a first domain and the second data at rest system can be associated with a second domain. The datum may be encrypted in accordance with the second domain before transfer. The datum may be encrypted in accordance with the second domain after transfer. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0017]    The presently disclosed embodiments will be further explained with reference to the attached drawings, wherein like structures are referred to by like numerals throughout the several views. The drawings shown are not necessarily to scale, with emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the presently disclosed embodiments. 
           [0018]      FIG. 1  depicts a sample workflow illustrating the numerous components and communications which can compromise sensitive data. 
           [0019]      FIG. 2  depicts another environment  200  for implementation of the subject technology. 
           [0020]      FIG. 3  depicts a complex data flow diagram, representing some of the possible data flows in an enterprise. 
           [0021]      FIG. 4  is a flow diagram illustrating the flow of data under some embodiments of the invention herein. 
           [0022]      FIG. 5  depicts a data flow in which fields are decrypted in a database. 
           [0023]      FIG. 6  is a graphical depiction of key management system including a database, a security module, and an audit log. 
           [0024]      FIG. 7  depicts a scenario where a central key management system coordinates the use of different encryption formats in a data flow between databases and files. 
           [0025]      FIG. 8  depicts a scenario where a central key management system coordinates the use of different encryption key domains in a data flow between databases and files. 
           [0026]      FIGS. 9 and 10  depict how multiple encryption keys may be used to provide selective access to data. 
           [0027]      FIG. 11  depicts end to end encryption using DTP for data transmitted between a database and a browser. 
           [0028]      FIG. 12  depicts various examples of how data may be encrypted while in storage and in transit between a client, a server, and a database. 
           [0029]      FIG. 13  illustrates examples of format definitions for Data at Rest (Storage Format) and Data in Transit (Transit Format). 
           [0030]      FIG. 14  illustrates additional examples of format definitions for Data at Rest and Data in Transit. 
           [0031]      FIGS. 15 and 16  illustrate how an application/user that is not trusted with clear text data may validate masked data and export data in DTP format. 
           [0032]      FIG. 17  depicts an example of an application, user and/or view accessing a server that is referencing an item with formats defined for data export/import and data storage. 
           [0033]      FIG. 18  depicts an example of a PROTEGRITY® Utilities module accessing a PROTEGRITY® server that is referencing an item with formats defined for data import and data storage. 
           [0034]      FIG. 19  illustrates re-encryption when crossing domains. 
       
    
    
       [0035]    While the above-identified drawings set forth presently disclosed embodiments, other embodiments are also contemplated, as noted in the discussion. This disclosure presents illustrative embodiments by way of representation and not limitation. Numerous other modifications and embodiments can be devised by those skilled in the art which fall within the scope and spirit of the principles of the presently disclosed embodiments. 
       DESCRIPTION  
       [0036]    The present invention overcomes many of the prior art problems associated with transferring sensitive data in a distributed computing network. The advantages, and other features of the system disclosed herein, will become more readily apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art from the following detailed description of certain preferred embodiments taken in conjunction with the drawings which set forth representative embodiments of the present invention and wherein like reference numerals identify similar structural elements. All relative descriptions herein such as upstream, downstream, left, right, up, and down are with reference to the Figures, and not meant in a limiting sense. 
         [0037]    For clarity, certain terms are defined generally as follows. A processor generally is logic circuitry that responds to and processes instructions that drive a computer and can include, without limitation, a central processing unit, an arithmetic logic unit, an application specific integrated circuit, a task engine, and/or any combinations, arrangements, or multiples thereof. 
         [0038]    Software or code generally refers to computer instructions which, when executed on one or more digital data processing devices, cause interactions with operating parameters, sequence data/parameters, database entries, network connection parameters/data, variables, constants, software libraries, and/or any other elements needed for the proper execution of the instructions, within an execution environment in memory of the digital data processing device(s). 
         [0039]    A module is a functional aspect, which may include software and/or hardware. Typically, a module encompasses the necessary components to accomplish a task. It is envisioned that the same hardware could implement a plurality of modules and portions of such hardware being available as needed to accomplish the task. Those of ordinary skill will recognize that the software and various processes discussed herein are merely exemplary of the functionality performed by the disclosed technology and thus such processes and/or their equivalents may be implemented in commercial embodiments in various combinations without materially affecting the operation of the disclosed technology. 
         [0040]    A network can be a series of network nodes (each node being a digital data processing device, for example) that can be interconnected by network devices and communication lines (e.g., public carrier lines, private lines, satellite lines, etc.) that enable the network nodes to communicate. The transfer of data (e.g., messages) between network nodes can be facilitated by network devices such as routers, switches, multiplexers, bridges, gateways, etc. that can manipulate and/or route data from an originating node to a destination node regardless of any dissimilarities in the network topology (e.g., bus, star, token ring, etc.), spatial distance (local, metropolitan, wide area network, etc.), transmission technology (e.g., TCP/IP, Systems Network Architecture, etc.), data type (e.g., data, voice, video, multimedia, etc.), nature of connection (e.g., switched, non-switched, dial-up, dedicated, virtual, etc.), and/or physical link (e.g., optical fiber, coaxial cable, twisted pair, wireless, etc.) between the originating and destination network nodes. 
         [0041]    In view of the challenges discussed herein, a need exists for a system and method that effectively provides protection of sensitive consumer data while allowing access to intermediaries in the e-commerce process. 
         [0042]    Still further, organizations need to allow downstream systems to utilize encrypted data. Typically, extract, transform, and load (ETL) tools cannot utilize encrypted data because the data type is not understood and/or the length control is not maintained. Thus, there is a need to preserve and control the data length and type while maintaining high level of security such as in the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) or Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES) systems. 
         [0043]    In one embodiment, the subject technology balances security and operational needs by employing systems, methods, apparatus and data structures where: 
         [0044]    1. A credit card number (and other sensitive fields) are partially encrypted (e.g., using Data Type Preserving encryption or related methods) at the first point of capture (in the commerce chain); 
         [0045]    2. The sensitive fields stay partially encrypted (with an optional re-encryption of some fields or parts of the fields content) throughout the commerce chain, enabling most applications to process without any field level decryption; and/or 
         [0046]    3. Selected data (at file level and database file level) at rest on disk and backups is additionally and fully (double) encrypted. 
         [0047]    This embodiment results in high transparency and low overhead. 
         [0048]    It is an object of the subject technology to control the data length and type. 
         [0049]    Preferably, data length control (DLC) reduces the need for changes to database and file structures in applications by preserving the length and/or the datatype of the encrypted field. Datatype preservation simply means that each ciphertext field is as valid as the plaintext field it replaces. In one aspect, the method defines an appropriate alphabet of valid characters and performing all operations within the constraints of the defined alphabet. Each different datatype requires a judicious choice of alphabet. An alphabet consisting of numeric digits (“0123456789”) could be used to encrypt most number data, such as social security numbers (e.g. 123-45-6789). (The dashes, not included the chosen alphabet, are copied unchanged to the corresponding positions in the ciphertext output.) Other alphabets, such as all printable ASCII characters, all characters shared by ASCII and EBCDIC, or all hexadecimal digits can be used to encode a variety of common datatypes. 
         [0050]    As a result of DLC, the following advantages are realized: 
         [0051]    DLC reduces the need for changes to database structures and applications by preserving the datatype of the encrypted field; and 
         [0052]    Each ciphertext field is as valid as the plaintext field it replaces. 
         [0053]    It is a further object of the subject technology to provide secure sharing of enterprise information. In business use-cases the invention described minimizes the cost of securing enterprise information and allows for the secure sharing of data within the enterprise and with appropriate individuals outside of the enterprise. 
         [0054]    DTP and DLC can be implemented with different methods, including AES Counter Mode, where numeric in/out can be “compressed” to also include meta data within the original length of an alpha-numeric field. It is a further object of the subject technology to monitor user behavior. In business use-cases, the benefits are usage control for enterprise data and validation of usage behavior for critical applications and data. 
         [0055]    The flow charts herein illustrate the structure or the logic of the present technology, possibly as embodied in computer program software for execution on a computer, digital processor or microprocessor. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the flow charts illustrate the structures of the computer program code elements, including logic circuits on an integrated circuit, that function according to the present technology. As such, the present invention is practiced in its essential embodiment(s) by a machine component that renders the program code elements in a form that instructs a digital processing apparatus (e.g., computer) to perform a sequence of function step(s) corresponding to those shown in the flow charts. 
         [0056]    Referring now to the  FIG. 1 , there is shown a block diagram of workflow through an environment  100  that can employ the systems and methods of the subject technology. The subject technology protects sensitive data in such an environment and the infinite variations thereof. The following discussion describes the structure of such an environment  100  but further discussion of the application&#39;s program and data modules that embody the methodology of the present invention is described elsewhere herein. 
         [0057]    The environment  100  is a client/server network, which can support electronic commerce (e-commerce). The environment  100  includes a plurality of servers which communicate with a distributed computer network via communication channels, whether wired or wireless, as is well known to those of ordinary skill in the pertinent art. In the preferred embodiment, the distributed computer network is the Internet. The servers may be provided by various entities within the environment  100 . For simplicity, the servers are not drawn but rather the illustrative components thereof are shown as would be known to those of ordinary skill in the pertinent art. The servers may host multiple Web sites and house multiple databases  110 ,  112  as necessary for e-commerce and the proper utilization of the subject technology. 
         [0058]    A server is any of a number of servers known to those skilled in the art that are intended to be operably connected to a network so as to operably link to a plurality of clients  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108  via the distributed computer network. As illustration, the server typically includes a central processing unit including one or more microprocessors such as those manufactured by Intel or AMD, random access memory (RAM), mechanisms and structures for performing I/O operations, a storage medium such as a magnetic hard disk drive(s), and an operating system for execution on the central processing unit. The hard disk drive of the server may be used for storing data, client applications and the like utilized by client applications. The hard disk drive(s) of the server also are typically provided for purposes of booting and storing the operating system, other applications or systems that are to be executed on the server, paging and swapping between the hard disk and the RAM. 
         [0059]    The distributed computer network may include any number of network systems well known to those skilled in the art. For example, distributed computer network may be a combination of local area networks (LAN), wide area networks (WAN), or, other network technologies as is well known. For the Internet, the preferred method of accessing information is the World Wide Web because navigation is intuitive and does not require technical knowledge. 
         [0060]    The plurality of computers or clients  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108  can be similarly configured as the servers or simple systems such as desktop computers, laptop computers, personal digital assistants, cellular telephones and the like. The clients  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108  allow users to conduct e-commerce and administrators to access information on the servers. For simplicity, only four clients  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108  are shown. The clients  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108  have displays and an input device(s) as would be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the pertinent art. The display may be any of a number of devices known to those skilled in the art for displaying images responsive to outputs signals from the computers  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108 . Such devices include but are not limited to cathode ray tubes (CRT), liquid crystal displays (LCDs), plasma screens and the like. Although a simplified diagram is illustrated in  FIG. 1  such illustration shall not be construed as limiting the present invention to the illustrated embodiment. 
         [0061]    The client  102  provides consumer access to the environment  100  whereas clients  104 ,  106 ,  108  are associated with vendors and/or an entity that provides the goods and/or services sought by the consumer. It will be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art that the hardware of the clients  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108  would often be interchangeable. A plurality of consumers typically can share the same client  102  and cookie technology can be utilized to facilitate access to the environment  100 . Of course, a plurality of users can utilize the environment  100  simultaneously. 
         [0062]    Similarly to the servers, the clients  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108  typically include a central processing unit including one or more micro-processors, mechanisms and structures for performing I/O operations (not shown), a storage medium such as a magnetic hard disk drive(s), a device for reading from and/or writing to removable computer readable media and operating system software for execution on the central processing unit. In one embodiment, the application programs or software reside on the hard disk drive of a client for performing the functions in accordance with the subject technology. In another embodiment, the hard disk drive simply has a browser for accessing a software application hosted on a server within the distributed computing network. 
         [0063]    Still referring to  FIG. 1 , although not shown, a firewall and other conventional security measures may be employed between the client  102  and database  110 . To administer these security measures and maintain the POS database  110 , the retailer may employ a database administrator (DBA)/software developer. 
         [0064]    The client  102  allows a user to browse a Web site hosted by an entity such as a retailer. To make a transaction, the consumer places one or more desired items in an electronic shopping cart and proceeds to check out. At checkout, the consumer is prompted to provide payment information such as credit card information. The credit card company employs a server to store a point of service (POS) database  110  related to all the transactions. In alternative embodiments, a user may utilize an application on the client  102  other than a Web site to make a transaction. Such an application includes software downloaded from the Internet, installed from a diskette, CD, DVD or other persistent storage device, or pre-installed on the client  102 . 
         [0065]    The records of the POS database  110  must eventually be attended to in terms of payment and passed along to the retailer for storage in a mainframe database  112  stored in a server of the retailer. More particularly, the records are extracted and transferred such as by electronic mail as denoted graphically in area  114 . In area  116 , a file containing the records is uploaded to the mainframe database  112  while area  118  illustrates that data is loaded into the mainframe database  112  for storage and subsequent access as well. Working in the opposite direction, an extract, transform, and load (ETL) application  120  performs a process in data warehousing that involves extracting data from outside sources, transforming it to fit business needs, and ultimately and loading it into the data warehouse. ETL is the way data gets loaded into the warehouse. 
         [0066]    Data may be transferred between the POS database  110  and the mainframe database  112  through a variety of methods. As discussed above, records may be extracted and emailed to the mainframe  112 . Alternatively, data may be transferred through technologies including but not limited to Data Transformation Services, SQL Server™ Transfer Manager and Bulk Copy Program, and SQL Server™ Integration Services, all available as part of Microsoft® SQL Server™, available from Microsoft Corp. of Redmond, Wash.; and Data Integrator™, available from Pervasive Software, Inc. of Austin, Tex. 
         [0067]    Referring now to  FIG. 2 , another more detailed view of an environment  200  for implementation of the subject technology is shown. In brief, the environment  200  has a plurality of clients  208 ,  216  and servers  206  which access and utilize a plurality of databases  202  to conduct e-commerce. The general operation of  FIG. 2  is well-known to one of ordinary skill in the art and, thus, not further described herein for brevity. In general, it will help in understanding of the relationship between applications and data with a Data Flow Diagram. 
         [0068]    DTP (Data Type Preservation) and AES Counter Mode encryption are examples of encryption modes and transformation processes that can be used for data confidentiality in the provided examples. Data Type Preservation is described detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/721,942, filed Nov. 27, 2000, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
         [0069]    A complex data flow diagram, representing some of the possible data flows in an enterprise, is shown in  FIG. 3 . Numerous components are shown including applications  302 , databases  304 , files  306 , networks  308 , data sources  310 , data warehouses  312 , servers  314  and vendors  316 . The connecting lines show that data may flow from any of these components to another component. Data may also flow between two or more of the same type of components. 
         [0070]    Referring now to  FIG. 4 , data  402  is captured. The data  402  may come from any source known now or in the future to one of ordinary skill in the art including but not limited to a web sites, e-commerce applications, electronic data exchange (EDI) and data mining applications. The data  402  is copied to a first file  404  where one or more fields  406  are encrypted with an encryption key  432  which resides in a key repository  434 . Alternatively, captured data may be copied directly to a database  412 ,  420 . Data  408  may be copied from the first file  404  to a first database  412 . One or more fields  410 ,  414  remain encrypted while being transferred and once placed on the first database  412 . This encryption prevents a breach of security during transfer and eliminates the need to frequently de-encrypt and re-encrypt data. Data  416  may also be transferred from the first database  412  to a second database  420 . Again, one or more fields  418 ,  422  remain encrypted while being transferred and once placed on the second database  420 . Data  424  may also be transferred from the second database  420  to a second file  428 . Again, one or more fields  426 ,  430  remain encrypted while being transferred and once placed in the second file  428 . 
         [0071]    Referring now to  FIG. 5 , although selected fields are encrypted at point of data capture and can stay encrypted during the data&#39;s life cycle, another method  500  in which the credit card number contained in one or more fields  518 ,  522  can be decrypted is shown. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the pertinent art, the following methods and depictions utilize similar principles and structures to the method  400  described above. Accordingly, like reference numerals in subsequent series, such as the “500” series instead of the “400” series, are used to indicate like elements whenever possible. The primary difference of the method  500  in comparison to the method  400  is the key  512  being available to the server storing database  520 . As a result, this server is allowed to de-encrypt and access the full credit card number stored in one or more fields  522 . Other servers will not need to install or operationally process encryption operations at all. 
         [0072]    Referring now to  FIG. 5 , data  502  is captured. The data  502  may come from any source known now or in the future to one of ordinary skill in the art including but not limited to a web sites, e-commerce applications, electronic data exchange (EDI) and data mining applications. The data  502  is copied to a first file  504  where one or more fields  506  are encrypted with an encryption key  532  which resides in a key repository  534 . Alternatively, captured data may be copied directly to a database  512 ,  520 . Data  508  maybe copied from the first file  504  to a first database  512 . One or more fields  510 ,  514  remain encrypted while being transferred and once placed on the first database  512 . This encryption prevents a breach of security during transfer and eliminates the need to frequently de-encrypt and re-encrypt data. Data  516  may also be transferred from the first database  512  to a second database  520 . Again, one or more fields  418  remain encrypted while being transferred to the second database  520 . At this point, the one or more fields  522  are de-encrypted using the encryption key  532 . Data  524  may also be transferred from the second database  520  to a second file  528 . Note that one or more fields  526  of the data  524  is reencrypted for transfer and storage in the second file  530 . 
         [0073]    Referring now to  FIG. 6 , a graphical depiction of key management is shown and referred to generally by the reference numeral  600 . To allow access to the key  412 , a domain  530  is created  630 . Although only two databases  610 ,  616  are shown with the domain  630 , the number of databases therein is unlimited. To oversee the distribution of the key  412 , each database  610 ,  616  is monitored by a module  632  to coordinate compliance. Each module  632  stores the activity related to key  412  usage and data access in an audit log database  634 . As a result, a central key management solution is coordinating the use of encryption keys that are used in a data flow of encrypted data elements that are moving between different databases. Although modules  632  are depicted as “Protegrity” modules, such modules are in no way limited to products (e.g., DEFIANCE™ and Secure.Data™ suites) distributed by Protegrity Corp. of Stamford, Conn. 
         [0074]    Referring now to  FIG. 7 , a graphical depiction of another approach to key management is shown and referred to generally by the reference numeral  700 . A primary difference is that each respective file in the different database may use a unique encryption method, i.e., AES or Triple DES. AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cypher adopted as an encryption standard by the United States government. AES is described in Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) Publication  197 , the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. Triple DES is an earlier block cypher still used in a variety of applications including electronic payments. Triple DES, its predecessor DES and AES are all described in Andrew S. Tanenbaum,  Computer Networks  738-45 (4th ed. 2003), the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
         [0075]    Again, to oversee the distribution of the key, each file  714   a,    716   a  is stored in database  714 ,  716 , respectively, and monitored by an application  740  as well as a DTP module  742  to coordinate compliance. The activity is stored in an audit log database  734 . As a result, a central key management solution with a distributed encryption solution is coordinating the use of different encryption keys and encryption formats in a data flow between databases and files. 
         [0076]    Referring now to  FIG. 8 , a graphical depiction of another approach to key management is shown and referred to generally by the reference numeral  800 . A primary difference is several key domains  730   a - c  are created. As a result, a central key management solution is coordinating the use of different encryption key domains in a data flow between databases and files, allowing different policies for managing the key life cycles separately for each domain. 
         [0077]    Referring now to  FIGS. 9 and 10 , two scenarios of how different encryption keys may be given to different parties A, B, C to access different fields are shown. In  FIG. 9 , party A has full access by virtue of having both keys whereas parties B, C only have access to a single key, respectively, and thus can only access the portions of the credit card number encrypted thereby. The method for exchanging keys is very dependent on the existing infrastructure and what may be added. For instance, to use X.509, it is desirable to have some public key infrastructure (PKI). However, using Diffie-Hellman should for safety also include certificate handling. Having certificates allows the use of SSL. See generally Tanenbaum,  Computer Networks  768-70, 791-92, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.0 
         [0078]    Referring now in particular to  FIG. 9 , a schematic represents access to sensitive data for three users A, B, and C. A database  902  exists with two encrypted fields  904 ,  906 . Field  904  is encrypted with Key  1   908  and field  906  is encrypted with a Key  2   910 . User A has access to both Key  1  ( 908 ) and Key  2  ( 910 ). User B only has access to Key  2  ( 910 ). User C only has access to Key  1  ( 908 ). 
         [0079]    Referring now in particular to  FIG. 10 , a schematic represents access to sensitive data for three users A, B, and C. A database  1002  contains one or more sensitive fields  1004 . Separate encryption keys are assigned to sets containing one or more rows  1006 ,  1008 . In a first set of one or more rows containing row  1006 , the sensitive field  1004  is encrypted with Key  1  ( 1010 ). In a second set of one or more rows containing row  1008 , the sensitive field  1004  is encrypted with Key  2  ( 1012 ). User A has access to both Key  1  ( 1010 ) and Key  2  ( 1012 ). User B only has access to Key  2  ( 1012 ). User C only has access to Key  1  ( 1010 ). 
         [0080]      FIG. 11  is end to end encryption using DTP for data transmitted between a database and a browser. A plurality of users  1102 ,  1104 ,  1106 , have varying degrees of access to sensitive data (shaded)  1108  accessed by an application  1112  through a database  1110 . Through plug-ins  1114 ,  1116 , in communication with a key management system  1118 , users  1104  and  1106  have certain rights to access and/or modify sensitive data  1108 . User  1104  may insert data in clear text. User  1106  may read the sensitive data  1108  in clear text. In contrast, user  1102  may only view the sensitive data  1108  in cipher text. 
         [0081]      FIG. 12  depicts examples of DTP with different encryption key alternatives for data stored and in transit between a database, web/application sever and a user client. These examples of DTP with different encryption key alternatives can provide a solution for a virtual private database, client data security, and LAN encryption. In data flow  1202 , data in encrypted by the client  1212  and is encrypted again when stored on the database  1216 , resulting in double encryption. In data flow  1204 , data is encrypted by the client  1212  and stored as encrypted on the databse  1216  (without double encryption). In data flows  1206  and  1208 , system communications are encrypted, but not stored on the server  1214  or database  1216 , respectively. In data flow  1210 , data is encrypted by the server  1214  and reencrypted for storage in the database  1216  (but not necessarily with double encryption). 
         [0082]      FIG. 13  is an example of format definitions for Data at Rest (Storage Format) and Data in Transit (Transit Format). By using the invention herein, organizations can achieve significant performance and security gains by defining a single format such that data remains in the same protected format whether in storage or in transit and therefore need not be reformatted before or after transit. 
         [0083]      FIG. 14  demonstrates the need for a data export/import format. While data masking (e.g., converting 1234 5678 9009 8765 to 1234 XXXX XXXX 8765) could be used in certain situations, the use of masking presupposes that the masked data will not be sent to another application or database. When this occurs, the data is of little use. Accordingly, by defining an export/import format, data  1402  is protected when sents from a database  1404  to an application  1406 . By utilizing an export/import format, a user  1408  may view only a minimal portion of the data  1402  before sending the data  1404  to another application or database (not shown) for further processing. For example, the user  1408  may be a call center employee receiving a customer&#39;s order. In this situation, it is likely sufficient for the user  1408  to view only a few digits of the customer&#39;s credit card to verify that correct credit card will be charged. After the customer approves the transaction, the data  1404  may be transferred to an application for billing. This application (not shown) will need, and be able deencrypted the data  1404  to obtain the entire credit card number. The data export/import format may be implemented through the use of a view  1410 . A view is a read only virtual or logical table composed of the result set of a query. 
         [0084]    The above description is not intended to deprecate masking techniques. Indeed, masking may be a useful component of a data export/import format. Using the above example, if the middle eight digits of a credit card number encrypted, the data export/import format may specify that application  1406  display the number with masking to prevent confusion as to the actual number. This aspect of the invention is depicted in  FIG. 15 . 
         [0085]      FIG. 16  is an example of application/user accessing a view that is referencing an item with formats defined for data export/import and data storage. As will be appreciated,  FIG. 16  is similar to the system presented in  FIG. 14 , and like number is used accordingly. The difference between  FIGS. 14 and 16  is addition of a policy database  1412 . The policy database  1412  contains one or more item policies  1414  defining data export/import formats and data storage formats. 
         [0086]    Referring to  FIG. 17 , the system depicted in  FIG. 16  is further modified to include a module  1416  for coordinating data protection. Although module  1416  is depicted as “Protegrity Server”, module  1416  is in no way limited to products (e.g., DEFIANCE™ and Secure.Data™ suites) distributed by Protegrity Corp. of Stamford, Conn. Rather, module  1416  could be any combination of hardware and/or software capable of interacting with policy database  1412  to produce view  1410 . Module  1416  may also have additional responsibilities including overall supervision of data security and/or the responsibilities of an access control system as described in U.S. Patent Application 2007/0083928, published Apr. 12, 2007, the contents of which are incorporated by reference. 
         [0087]      FIG. 18  depicts an embodiment of the invention in which the policy database and module are used for data import and output. A database  1804  containing sensitive data  1802  is import using an module  1806 . The module  1806 , may be any utility for data import/export including DEFIANCE™ and Secure.Data™, both available from Protegrity Corp. of Stamford, Conn.; Data Transformation Services, SQL Server™ Transfer Manager and Bulk Copy Program, and SQL Server™ Integration Services, all available as part of Microsoft™ SQL Server™, available from Microsoft Corp. of Redmond, Wash.; and Data Integrator™, available from Pervasive Software, Inc. of Austin, Tex. Data  1808  (not necessarily the same data as imported above) may be output to database  1810 . The module  1806  may utilize another module or server  1812  connected to a policy database  1814  as described herein. 
         [0088]    Referring now to  FIG. 19 , two key domains exist, X  1902  and Y  1904 . Plain text data  1906  is entered into database  1908  in key domain X  1902 . The data  1906  is encrypted. The data may be transmitted to database  1910  with out reencryption because database  1910  is also in key domain X  1902 . However, when data  1906  is transferred to database  1912 , data  1906  must be reencrypted because database  1912  reside in key domain Y  1904 . 
         [0089]    Any of the formats discussed including formats for data in transit, data at rest, data import, and data export may be vary based on the user and/or the user&#39;s role. Using data export formats for an example, certain individuals and/or roles may be allowed to view clear text credit card data, while other individuals may only view cipher text credit card data. 
         [0090]    It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the pertinent art that the functions of several elements may, in alternative embodiments, be carried out by fewer elements, or a single element. Similarly, in some embodiments, any functional element may perform fewer, or different, operations than those described with respect to the illustrated embodiment. Also, functional elements (e.g., modules, databases, interfaces, computers, servers and the like) shown as distinct for purposes of illustration may be incorporated within other functional elements in a particular implementation. 
         [0091]    While the invention has been described with respect to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that various changes and/or modifications can be made to the invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.