Abstract:
Samples are analyzed for their trace elemental composition by irradiating the samples with a beam of nearly monochromatic and polarized photons and detecting the fluorescent photons with an energy dispersive solid-state detector. The polarized photon source consists of an X-ray tube which emits characteristic X-rays and whose output is scattered at a right angle by a polarizing disc.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention is a device for improving the sensitivity for elemental analysis by X-ray fluorescence using energy dispersive detectors. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Heretofore, a variety of methods have been used to excite a sample to be analyzed by X-ray fluorescence. The most practical method has been with the use of nearly monochromatic photon sources as described by J. A. Cooper in &#34;Comparison of Particle and Photon Excited X-Ray Fluorescence Applied to Trace Element Measurements of Environmental Samples,&#34; Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, Washington, Report BNWL-SA-4304, Aug. 31, 1972, see also Nuclear Instruments and Method, 1973 Vol. 106, pg. 525. The use of a specially designed X-ray tube, as described by J. M. Jaklevic, R. D. Giauque, D. F. Malone, and W. L. Searles in &#34;Small X-Ray Tubes for Energy Dispersive Analysis Using Semiconductor Spectrometers,&#34; Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory LBL-10 preprint, July 1971, provides the safest, most intense and most convenient source of photons for excitation. Unfortunately the Compton and coherent scattering peaks dominate the spectrum and contribute substantially to the background and detector dead time. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention improves the sensitivity of photon excited, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence by substantially reducing the amount of Compton and coherent scattering relative to the fluorescent peaks in the spectrum. This reduction results from the use of polarized photons in exciting the sample being analyzed. As shown by A. H. Compton and C. F. Hagenow in the Journal of the Optical Society of America, Apr. 1924, pages 487-491, and by A. H. Compton and S. K. Allison in X-Rays in Theory and Experiment, D. Van Norsted, 1935, pages 18, 19 and 116 to 121, polarized X-ray photons are known to have nearly a zero probability of scattering at a right angle from a target if the direction of polarization and detector are properly oriented. 
     It is therefore an object of the present invention to improve the sensitivity for elemental analysis of a sample by X-ray fluorescence. 
     It is an additional object of the present invention to reduce the amount of Compton and coherent scattering present in the X-ray spectrum of a sample being analyzed by X-ray fluorescence, such reduction being relative to the fluorescent peaks in the spectrum. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to analyze a sample by irradiating it with a beam of nearly monochromatic and polarized photons and detecting the fluorescent photons with an energy dispersive solid-state detector. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     These and other objects of the invention will become apparent from the foregoing specification wherein: 
     FIG. 1 shows an example of an X-ray fluorescence analysis system as found in the prior art; 
     FIG. 2 shows an example of an X-ray fluorescence analysis system according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 3 is an isometric view illustrating a preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 4 is a fragmentary vertical sectional view of the upper portion of the device of FIG. 3 taken on the line 4--4; 
     FIG. 5 is a fragmentary vertical sectional view of the lower portion of the device of FIG. 3 taken on the line 5--5; 
     FIG. 6 is an isometric view of a further embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 7 is an enlarged vertical sectional view, taken on the line 7--7 of FIG. 6; 
     FIG. 8 is a vertical sectional view, taken on the line 8--8 of FIG. 7; 
     FIG. 9 shows an example of a typical X-ray spectrum resulting from the prior art analysis shown in FIG. 1; and 
     FIG. 10 shows an example of an X-ray spectrum resulting from analysis according to the device shown in FIG. 2. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     FIG. 1 is a diagram of a typical arrangement of an X-ray tube, sample, and detector of an ordinary X-ray fluorescence system. The source 101 of the irradiating beam is an X-ray tube, the anode of which is composed of a single element, such as molybdenum, of high chemical purity. The tube is operated with a suitable anode potential (40 Kv in the case of molybdenum) so that X-rays which are characteristic of the anode material are efficiently emitted. The filter 103 serves the function of removing unwanted low energy X-rays in order to make the X-ray beam more nearly monochromatic. The filter must be made from the same pure element as is the anode of the X-ray tube. If molybdenum is used, a foil thickness of about 0.002 or 0.003 inches is adequate. The monochromatic photons emanating from the filter irradiates the sample 105, and the scattered and fluorescent x-rays are observed at a 90° angle with an energy dispersive solid state detector 107. Used in conjunction with associated electronic components, i.e. amplifiers and multi-channel analyzer (not shown), the detector 107 resolves the various groups of X-rays and records the spectrum. 
     FIG. 9 shows a typical X-ray spectrum resulting from irradiating a sample with the arrangement shown in FIG. 1. A number of peaks which correspond to elements such as iron (Fe), lead (Pb), bromine (Br), rubidium (Rb), and strontium (Sr) are seen in the spectrum, and the height of each peak is proportional to the concentration of each element in the sample. Note however, that most of the background in such a typical photon induced X-ray fluorescent spectrum is confined to a narrow energy interval at the high energy end. These large Compton scattering peaks (labeled COMP) and coherent scattering peaks (labeled COH) are ten times as high as the rest of the peaks in the spectrum and are due to an intense flux of Compton and coherent scattered photons. 
     FIG. 2 shows a diagram of the arrangement of components of an X-ray fluorescence system according to the present invention. As before the system consists of a source of X-ray photons 101, a filter 103, a sample being analyzed 105, and a detector 107. Interposed between the source 101 and the filter 103 is a polarizer 201. The polarizer 201 has a thickness of about one-half inch or less and is composed of a material having a low atomic number. An example of such material would be pure beryllium metal, carbon, or Lucite plastic. The interposing of the polarizer between the source and the sample requires that the relative orientation of the path of the X-ray beam between the source and the polarizer, the polarizer and the sample, and the sample and the detector be mutually orthogonal. Thus as shown in the three axis Cartesian spacial coordinate system illustrated in FIG. 2, the path of the X-ray beam between the source 101 and the polarizer 201 is along the Z axis; the path of the X-ray beam between the polarizer 201 and sample 105 is along the Y axis; and the path of the X-ray beam between the sample 105 and the detector 107 is along the X axis; all three paths being mutually orthogonal. This mutual orthogonal orientation will be more fully described with reference to FIG. 3. 
     FIG. 3 is an isometric view of a first preferred embodiment of the invention. Sectional views are shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. The device consists of two housings 301 and 303. A coupling 305 is used to couple the two housings together, position the filter before the sample, and still maintain the required orthogonal relationships between the components. Additional couplings 307 and 309, collimate the X-rays passing between the source 101 and the detector 107 while non-scattered radiation passing through the polarizer 201 is channeled outside of the housing 301 by coupling 311. 
     As an example of components used when the device was tested, each of the housings 301, 303 was a one inch pipe tee while each of the couplings 305, 307, 309 and 311 was a one inch nipple. Part of the pipe tee constituting housing 303 was removed to eliminate background. The X-ray source 101 was an X-ray tube having a molybdenum anode operated at a potential of 40,000 V and a power of 15W. As shown in sectional views 4 and 5, one sixteenth inch thick aluminum discs 313 each with a one-half inch bore 315 were inserted and affixed within the passageways of the pipe tees and nipple to collimate the X-rays. The polarizer 201 was a one-half inch thick Lucite disc, the analyzed sample 105 was a 300 mg/cm 2  pellet of compressed orchard leaves, and a lithium drifted silicon energy dispersive detector 107 was used for detection of the X-rays emanating from the sample. 
     The spectrum which resulted from this embodiment of the invention shown in FIGS. 3, 4, and 5 is illustrated in FIG. 10. For the purpose of comparison, FIG. 9 shows a conventional, unpolarized analysis accomplished with the same X-ray tube, filter, sample, and detector but without the polarizer as is illustrated in FIG. 1. A comparison of FIGS. 9 and 10 clearly indicates that the use of polarization reduces the relative height of the unwanted Compton and coherent scattering peaks by a factor of about ten. The signal to background ratio for the peak corresponding to the element strontium is improved by a factor of about three, and the signal to background ratio is also improved for the lead, bromine, and rubidium in the sample. 
     FIG. 6 shows an isometric view of a more compact embodiment of the invention. As shown in FIG. 6, and in the sectional views of FIGS. 7 and 8, a single aluminum housing 601, associated with a source of X-ray radiation 101 and a detector of X-ray radiation 107, has a sample to be analyzed 105 attached thereto. A polarizer 701, consisting of a carbon graphite cylindrical plug is inserted into housing 601 as shown more clearly in FIG. 8. Housing 601 has formed therein a first path 801 between the source of X-ray radiation 101 and the polarizer 701, a second path 803 between the polarizer 701 and the sample to be analyzed 105, and a third path 805 between the sample 105 and the detector 107, which paths are mutually orthogonal. Filters 103 are mounted in the first and second paths, although their number and placement are flexible and depend only on optimization of the device. Since aluminum does its own collimation, it was unnecessary to place additional collimators within the housing 601. An additional collimator might be placed outside the housing just before detector 107, but if the detector is small enough a collimator may not be needed even here. 
     The use of the carbon graphite plug results in a gain of a factor of about 2 in analysis speed over that obtained through the use of the lucite disc. The more compact placement of the components results in a more efficient utilization of the X-rays which originate at the X-ray tube, which in turn results in a gain of a factor of about 15 in analysis speed. In the embodiment of FIG. 7 the X-ray tube would be run at a full power of about 3kW rather than the 15W used in the embodiment shown in FIG. 3. This increased power results in a gain of a factor of 200 in analysis speed. Thus the expected gain in analysis speed of this second embodiment compared with the first embodiment would be a factor of about 6,000. At the same time the improvement in the signal to background ratio which results from the use of polarization would be maintained.