Abstract:
A ceramic material for capacitors using multilayer technology of formula (I): Pb (1−1.5a) A a B b (Zr 1−x Ti x ) (1−c−d−e−f) C e Si c 0 3 +y.PBO wherein A is selected from the group consisting of La, Nd, Y, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er and Yb; C is selected from the group consisting of Ni and Cu; and 0&lt;a&lt;0.12, 0.05≦x≦0.3, 0≦c&lt;0.12, 0.001&lt;e&lt;0.12 and 0≦y&lt;1.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    This disclosure relates to a ceramic material suitable for capacitors using multilayer technology and a capacitor comprising the ceramic material, the capacitor preferably being suitable for high-power applications. The capacitor can be used as a filter element in an AC/DC or DC/DC converter. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Ceramic capacitors comprise at least two electrical conductors between which a dielectric (insulating) ceramic layer is arranged. The properties of ceramic capacitors are essentially determined by the polarization properties of the ceramic dielectric. Materials which have a spontaneous polarization in the absence of an electric field are referred to as pyroelectric. If the direction of the spontaneous polarization can be changed by an electric field (or a mechanical stress) being applied, the materials are called ferroelectric. If, during the phase transition from the paraelectric phase, the ions of a ferroelectric are not displaced parallel to one another, but rather antiparallel to one another, the material is referred to as antiferroelectric. 
         [0003]    One ceramic material that has been used heretofore principally for piezoelements is the lead zirconate titanate system (Pb(Zr x Ti 1−x )O 3  or PZT). The latter constitutes a solid solution (continuous solid solution series) of the antiferroelectric lead zirconate (PbZrO 3 ) and the ferroelectric lead titanate (PbTiO 3 , PTO), which can have both ferroelectric and antiferroelectric properties depending on the composition. The phase diagram in  FIG. 1  shows how the Curie temperature and crystal symmetry of the PZT system depend on the composition thereof. FT and FR are ferroelectric tetragonal and rhombohedral phases, respectively. PC denotes the paraelectric cubic phase. AO and AT stand for antiferroelectric orthorhombic and tetragonal phases, respectively. HT stands for the high-temperature phase, and LT stands for the low-temperature phase. Proceeding from PTO, the Curie point is reduced from 490° C. (Tc (PTO)) to 230° C. (Tc (PZO)) in the case of substitution of titanium ions by zirconium ions; in this case, the symmetry changes from FT through FR to AO (at room temperature). PZT is paraelectric above Tc. When the temperature falls below the Curie temperature, virtually a distortion of the cubic structure takes place, to be precise depending on the Zr/Ti ratio. In other words, the Ti-rich PZT solid solutions are ferroelectric and tetragonal at room temperature, in contrast to the Zr-rich PZT solid solutions, which are antiferroelectric-orthombic (O-phase) or ferroelectric-rhombohedral. PZT materials have been used heretofore principally for piezoelements, e.g., piezoactuators. The piezoelectric properties required therefor are particularly pronounced at the so-called morphotropic phase boundary (MPB), which separates the two FE phases (FT and FR); in this case, two different crystal structures form only after slight variation of the Zr/Ti ratio. The MPB lies between PbZr 0.6 Ti 0.4 O 3  and PbZr 0.55 Ti 0.45 O 3 . 
         [0004]    WO 2011/085932 A1 discloses a capacitor comprising a heating element and a capacitor region comprising dielectric layers and internal electrodes arranged between the dielectric layers, wherein the heating element and the capacitor region are thermally conductively connected to one another. 
         [0005]    It could therefore be helpful to provide a ceramic material suitable for capacitors using multilayer technology and having improved properties. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    We provide a ceramic material for capacitors using multilayer technology of formula (I): Pb (1−1.5a−0.5b+1.5d+e+0.5f) A a B b (Zr 1−x Ti x ) (1−c−d−e−f) Li d C e Fe f Si c O 3  yPBO wherein A is selected from the group consisting of La, Nd, Y, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er and Yb; B is selected from the group consisting of Na, K and Ag; C is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Cu, Co and Mn; and 
         [0007]    0&lt;a&lt;0.12 
         [0008]    0.05≦x≦0.3 
         [0009]    0≦b&lt;0.12 
         [0010]    0≦c&lt;0.12 
         [0011]    0≦d&lt;0.12 
         [0012]    0≦e&lt;0.12 
         [0013]    0≦f&lt;0.12 
         [0014]    0≦y&lt;1, wherein b+d+e+f&gt;0. 
         [0015]    We further provide a ceramic material for capacitors using multilayer technology of formula (I): Pb (1−1.5a) A a B b (Zr 1−x Ti x ) (1−c−d−e−f)  C e Si c 0 3 +y.PBO wherein A is selected from the group consisting of La, Nd, Y, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er and Yb; C is selected from the group consisting of Ni and Cu; and
       0&lt;a&lt;0.12   0.05≦x≦0.3   0≦c&lt;0.12   0.001&lt;e&lt;0.12   0≦y&lt;1.       
 
         [0021]    We also provide a capacitor including at least one ceramic layer composed of the ceramic material; and a conductive electrode formed on the at least one ceramic layer. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0022]      FIG. 1  shows a phase diagram of the PbZrO 3 —PbTiO 3  solid solution series. FT and FR are ferroelectric tetragonal and rhombahedral phases, respectively. PC denotes the paraelectric cubic phase. AO and AT stand for antiferroelectric orthorhombic and tetragonal phases, respectively. HT stands for high-temperature phase, and LT stands for low-temperature phase. 
           [0023]      FIG. 2  shows the sintering shrinkage as a function of the parameter x for the ceramic material Pb 0.895−0.5x La 0.07 Na x Zr 0.86 Ti 0.14 O 3 , which was sintered at 1050° C. 
           [0024]      FIG. 3  shows the sintering shrinkage as a function of the parameter x for the material Pb 0.895+1.105x La 0.07(1−x) (Zr 0.86 Ti 0.14 )1− x Ni x O 3 , which was sintered at 1050° C. 
           [0025]      FIG. 4  shows a comparison of hysteresis curves of the material Pb 0.88−0.5x La 0.08 Na x Zr 0.80 Ti 0.20 O 3 , which was sintered at 1250° C. The hysteresis curves are shown for x=0, x=0.005, x=0.01, x=0.03. 
           [0026]      FIG. 5  shows a comparison of hysteresis curves for the ceramic material Pb 0.895+1.105x La 0.07 (1−x)(Zr 0.86 Ti 0.14 ) 1−x Ni x O 3 , which was sintered at 1050° C. Hysteresis curves for x=0.04 and x=0.05 are shown. 
           [0027]      FIG. 6  shows the hysteresis curve of a multilayer capacitor comprising Cu electrodes for the ceramic material Pb 0.87 La 0.07 Na 0.05 Zr 0.86 Ti 0.14 O 3 . 
           [0028]      FIG. 7  shows the relative permittivity (dielectric constant) for the ceramic material Pb 0.87 La 0.07 Na 0.05 Zr 0.86 Ti 0.14 O 3 , thus resulting from the differentiation of the lower branch of the hysteresis curve from  FIG. 6 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0029]    We provide a particularly Zr-rich PZT solid-solution phase selected from the phase diagram. Moreover, the condition b+d+e+f&gt;0 stipulates that our ceramic material must contain at least one element from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Ag, Fe, Ni, Cu, Co and Mn (lithium, iron and groups B and C) besides a dopant from the defined group A (rare earth element). As a result, a ceramic material which is sinterable at temperatures of 1000° C. to 1120° C. can be provided, which enables a combination with other substances/materials, not stable at relatively high temperatures, as early as during the method of producing the ceramic material. By way of example, it becomes possible to sinter the ceramic material (“co-firing” method) with internal electrodes composed of base metals such as silver or copper, for instance. Moreover, the ceramic material has a higher switching field strength and/or higher relative permittivity (dielectric constant) compared with the PZT material doped only by group A. 
         [0030]    Moreover, low sintering temperatures promote formation of small grain sizes of the ceramic material, which has a favorable influence on the dielectric properties. More precisely, the dielectric properties of PZT ceramics are generally also determined by the domain size. Domains are understood to mean regions in the ceramic with the same polarization. The domain size depends on the grain size. The number of domains per grain increases as the grain size increases. The changed domain size has consequences for the material properties of the ceramic. It is thus desirable to be able to control the grain size or grain growth. 
         [0031]    Typically, the doped lead zirconate titanate ceramic has a perovskite lattice, which can be described by the general formula ABO 3 , wherein A denotes the A-sites and B denotes the B-sites of the perovskite lattice. 
         [0032]    The perovskite lattice is distinguished by a high tolerance toward dopings and vacancies. 
         [0033]    The perovskite structure of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) can be described by the general formula ABO 3 . A unit cell of the PZT crystal lattice can be described by a cube. The A-sites are occupied by Pb 2+  ions situated on the corners of the cube. An O 2−  ion is in each case situated in the center of each cube face. A TO +  ion and a Zr 4+  ion (B-sites) are situated in the center of the cube. This structure has a high tolerance toward substitution of the metal ions by other metal ions and defects, for which reason it can be doped well. 
         [0034]    Distortion of the highly symmetrical coordination polyhedron can occur depending on the difference in size between the ion introduced by doping and the substituted ion. This distortion can change the center of symmetry of the crystal and thus influence polarizability. 
         [0035]    The different doping possibilities can be classified on the basis of the valency of the doping ion. Isovalent doping, that is to say the substitution of one ion by another ion having the same valency, does not affect possible vacancies in the ceramic material. If cations of low valency (acceptors) replace cations having a higher valency, then vacancies are generated in the anion lattice. Cations of higher valency (donors), if they replace cations of lower valency, cause vacancies in the cation lattice. Doping with acceptors and donors leads in each case to characteristic changes in the material properties. Acceptor-doped ceramics are also designated as “hard” ceramics, and donor-doped ceramics as “soft” ceramics. 
         [0036]    A doping, for example, with Nd 3+  (or some other rare earth element from group A), on the A-sites constitutes a donor doping. On account of the ionic radius of neodymium, the latter is incorporated on the Pb 2+  sites. Charge equalization takes place as a result of the corresponding formation of Pb vacancies. The doping brings about metric changes in the lattice and the influencing of longer-acting interactions between the unit cells. 
         [0037]    A doping, for example, with K +  or Fe 3+ , on the A- or B-sites, constitutes an acceptor doping. On account of the ionic radius of potassium, the latter is incorporated on the Pb 2+  sites, while Fe 3+  is incorporated on the Zr 4+  or Ti 4+  sites. The charge equalization takes place as a result of the reduction of Pb 2+  vacancies (A-vacancies) and/or the corresponding formation of oxygen vacancies. The doping brings about grain growth and oxygen vacancy formation which provides sintering densification and which is induced by K acceptors at the sintering temperature. In the cooling process, recombination with the Nd donors with formation of quasi-neutral {Nd/K} defect pairs can take place such that no or only a very low lead or oxygen vacancy concentration is present in the finished ceramic. 
         [0038]    This doping affects the grain growth of the material, which depends on the concentration of the introduced doping. In this case, small amounts of doping contribute to the grain growth, whereas excessively large amounts of doping ions can inhibit the grain growth. 
         [0039]    The properties of donor-doped PZT materials such as are present when Nd occupies Pb sites, is substantially based on an increased domain mobility caused by the Pb vacancies. The vacancies have the effect that the domains can already be influenced by small electric fields. This leads to an easier displaceability of the domain boundaries and thus to higher dielectric constants compared to undoped PZT ceramics. 
         [0040]    Acceptor and donor dopings need to be present simultaneously in the ceramic material. This has the effect that the negative properties which occur when the ceramic was doped with only one of the two types of doping are compensated for. By way of example, if only an acceptor doping were present such that this often leads to decreasing dielectric constants, that is to say that the constants are less than those of the undoped ceramic. If only a donor doping is present, then the grain growth is inhibited and the bodies of the ceramic do not attain the desired size. The combination of the dopings present contrasts positively with the undoped ceramic in these points, however. It has higher dielectric constants, which is the case even at lower sintering temperatures. 
         [0041]    Preferably, 0.1≦x≦0.2 holds true since the polarization curves can be set better in this range. 
         [0042]    Preferably, it holds true that 0≦y&lt;0.05. 
         [0043]    Preferably, it holds true that 0.001&lt;b&lt;0.12, wherein with further preference d=e=f=0 holds true. 
         [0044]    Preferably, it holds true that 0.001&lt;e&lt;0.12, wherein with further preference b=d=f=0 holds true. 
         [0045]    Further preferably, B is sodium (Na). The material properties are influenced particularly advantageously as a result of this. In particular, the sintering temperature is reduced in comparison with PZT material containing only a rare earth element, and the switching field strength is increased at the same time. 
         [0046]    Further preferably, the relative permittivity at an electric field strength of 1 kV/mm, preferably 2 kV/mm, is at least 60% of the relative permittivity at an electric field strength of 0 kV/mm. With further preference, the relative permittivity (dielectric constant) of the ceramic material at a field strength of 2 to 5 kV/mm, preferably 1 kV/mm to 10 kV/mm, is at least 60% of the relative permittivity at an electric field strength of 0 kV/mm. The measurements are preferably carried out at a temperature of the ceramic material of 125° C. 
         [0047]    Further preferably, the ceramic material has a relative permittivity of at least 500, preferably at least 1500, at an electric field strength of 1 kV/mm, preferably 2 kV/mm. With further preference, the ceramic material has a relative permittivity of at least 500, preferably at least 1500, at an electric field strength of 2 to 5 kV/mm, preferably 1 kV/mm to 10 kV/mm. The measurements are preferably carried out at a temperature of the ceramic material of 125° C. 
         [0048]    The measurement of polarization hysteresis is a standard method of determining relative permittivity (dielectric constant). For frequency-independent measurement, quasi-static methods are known wherein the hysteresis loop is measured point by point. By way of example, polarization measurements can be carried out with the aid of the TF Analyser 2000 from aixACCT Systems GmbH. 
         [0049]    Further preferably, the ceramic material is an antiferroelectric dielectric. For this purpose, the basic material PZT is preferably used from the antiferroelectric-orthorhombic phase region (O-phase). The antiferroelectric order is characterized by a superimposition of a plurality of polar sublattices, the electric dipole moments of which cancel one another out. An antiferroelectric crystal thus has no spontaneous polarization, but does have special dielectric properties. If an electric field is applied to the antiferroelectric, it behaves first like a linear dielectric. Starting from a specific critical field strength, an abrupt transition to the ferroelectric phase is induced and the formerly antiparallel dipoles flip over to the then energetically more expedient, parallel, orientation. By contrast, the opposite transition takes place at a lower field strength. This results in a so-called double hysteresis loop (as shown in  FIGS. 4 to 6 , which each show only the hysteresis loops for positive values of the electric field). 
         [0050]    Antiferroelectric ceramic materials have a less highly pronounced polarization-field strength hysteresis compared to ferroelectric ceramic materials. This results in lower energetic losses in use in capacitors. For this reason, the use of antiferroelectric ceramic materials is preferred. 
         [0051]    To produce pure and differently doped lead zirconate titanate (PZT) powders, it is possible to use the traditional mixed oxide method or else solvent-based methods, also called “sol-gel” methods. The starting point is, e.g., solutions of the acetates or alkoxides of the constituent metals, which are converted into granulated xerogels, the ceramic precursor substances, by various drying methods. By way of example, spray drying and spray freeze granulation with subsequent freeze drying are available for the drying. The precursors are subsequently pyrolyzed to form the oxides. Powders produced in this way can be deagglomerated with little outlay and be conditioned for further processing. 
         [0052]    We also provide a capacitor comprising at least one ceramic layer composed of the ceramic material as defined above, and a conductive electrode formed on the at least one ceramic layer. 
         [0053]    Preferably, the conductive electrode is arranged between adjacent ceramic layers. Also preferably, the capacitor is a multilayer capacitor formed as a monolithic sintering body made from alternate ceramic layers and electrode layers. 
         [0054]    Further preferably, the conductive electrode comprises a base metal, preferably Ag or Cu. With further preference, the internal electrodes comprise Cu. With particular preference, the base metals form the main constituent of the internal electrodes. 
         [0055]    Further preferably, the capacitor has a current-carrying capacity of at least 1 A/μF in the range of 80° C. to 150° C., preferably in the range of −40° C. to 150° C. To produce the ceramic capacitor, a thin ceramic sheet is drawn, for example, from a suspension of the unsintered ceramic powder with a suitable binder. The sheet is printed with a metal paste, the future electrodes, by the screen printing method. The metal paste can contain Cu, Ag or Pd. Base metals, such as Ag and Cu, for instance, are preferably used since the production process is made less expensive in this way. The printed sheets are stacked one above another in the number of layers required for the capacitor and are consolidated by pressing. Besides the relative permittivity (dielectric constant) of the ceramic, the number of layers one above another and the layer thickness determine the later capacitance of the capacitor. The printing and stacking can be carried out by the electrodes in the stack being stacked alternately in a manner slightly offset with respect to one another such that they can be contact-connected later in a comb-like manner on one side with the connection areas. 
         [0056]    The stacked and pressed stack is subsequently divided into the individual capacitors. 
         [0057]    After cutting, first the binder is baked from the singulated capacitors. The firing process then takes place. In this case, the ceramic powder is sintered at temperatures of 1000 to 1450° C., preferably at 1000° C. to 1120° C., and acquires its final, predominantly crystalline structure. It is only as a result of this firing process that the capacitors acquire their desired dielectric behavior. The firing process is followed by cleaning and then the outer metallization for the two external electrodes. The internal electrodes connect in parallel by these metallizations at the end faces of the ceramic block. At the same time, the metallizations are the external electrical connection areas. 
         [0058]    The particular properties of the ceramic material are explained below with reference to figures. 
         [0059]      FIGS. 2 and 3  show how the sintering shrinkage can be controlled by the relative amount (parameter x) of Na and Ni, respectively. 
         [0060]    For Na, a sintering shrinkage of more than 15% arises at a temperature of 1050° C. for a value of x=0.06. Without Na, a comparable sintering shrinkage is achieved only at temperatures of 1260° C. ( FIG. 2 ). Consequently, sintering can be carried out low temperatures in the presence of sodium in the ceramic material. 
         [0061]    A similar result arises for the sintering aid Ni. In  FIG. 3 , the ceramic material Pb 0.895+1.105x La 0.07(1−x) (Zr 0.86 Ti 0.14 ) 1−x Ni x O 3  was sintered at 1050° C. A maximum sintering shrinkage of more than 15% arose for values of the parameter x of more than 0.03. Consequently, sintering can be carried out at low temperatures in the presence of nickel in the ceramic material. 
         [0062]    In  FIG. 4 , the influence of the parameter x on the polarizability and the switching field strength is shown for the ceramic material Pb 0.88-0.5x La 0.08 Na x Zr 0.80 Ti 0.20 O 3 , which was sintered at 1250° C. With higher values for x, that is to say a greater proportion constituted by Na in the ceramic material, a lower polarizability and an increase in the switching field strength arise, which is manifested in a flattening of the hysteresis loops. 
         [0063]    A similar result arises in  FIG. 5  for the ceramic material Pb 0.895+1.105x La 0.07(1−x) (Zr 0.86 Ti 0.14 ) 1−x Ni x O 3 , which was sintered at 1050° C. The comparison for the parameter x with 0.04 and 0.05 shows that, when the proportion constituted by Ni in the ceramic material increases, the polarizability decreases and the switching field strength increases. 
         [0064]      FIG. 6  shows a hysteresis curve for a multilayer capacitor comprising Cu electrodes, this capacitor comprising the ceramic material Pb 0.87 La 0.07 Na 0.05 Zr 0.86 Ti 0.14 O 3 . The ceramic material exhibits a high switching field strength of approximately 8 kV/mm. The high switching field strength makes it possible to store a relatively large amount of energy in the capacitor. Moreover, the ceramic material has low polarization-field strength hysteresis, as a result of which the capacitor has only low energetic losses. 
         [0065]      FIG. 7  shows the relative permittivity (dielectric constant) which results from the differentiation of the lower branch of the hysteresis curve from  FIG. 6 . A profile which is characteristic of an antiferroelectric material results. The relative permittivity attains a maximum of 3800 at approximately 8 kV/mm. This maximum corresponds to the switching field strength.