Abstract:
An electromotive machine comprises a stator element and a rotor element, the stator element including at least one set of four toroidally shaped electromagnetic members, the electromagnetic members arranged along an arc a predetermined distance apart defining a stator arc length. Each of the members has a slot, and the rotor element comprises a disc adapted to pass through the slots. The disc contains a plurality of permanent magnet members spaced side by side about a periphery thereof and arranged so as to have alternating north-south polarities. These permanent magnet members are sized and spaced such that within the stator arc length the ratio of stator members to permanent magnet, members is about four to six. The electromagnetic members are energized in a four phase push-pull fashion to create high torque and smooth operation.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The following invention relates to a brushless electromechanical machine for converting electrical energy into mechanical motion and vice-versa. More specifically, the invention relates to an electric motor/generator having self-starting capabilities, high torque and increased efficiency.  
           [0002]    Electric motors employing brushes are characterized by low efficiency and require elaborate starter mechanisms. Recently, a type of brushless motor has been developed which employs an electromagnet having a stator comprised of a plurality of toroidal pole pieces. The pole pieces each have a narrow gap to permit the passage of a disk shaped rotor. The rotor includes a plurality of permanent magnet members spaced about the periphery of the disk. As the permanent magnet members pass through the gap in the stator poles, the magnetic circuit is completed. With appropriate switching circuitry, this combination can be made to function as a brushless electric motor. An example of such construction is shown in the Porter U.S. Pat. No. 5,179,307.  
           [0003]    In the Porter motor, the permanent magnets on the rotor are widely spaced apart. The rotor is a disk having permanent magnet members situated about its periphery and spaced 36° apart. The driving circuitry is triggered by combinations of light emitting diodes and photosensitive transistors arranged on opposite sides of the rotor disk. Apertures in the rotor disk permit light from and LED to fall on a photosensitive transistor at appropriate points in the rotation of the rotor disk. This causes the driving current to cause current to flow in the coil.  
           [0004]    A problem with the motor of the &#39;307 patent is that the permanent magnets are spaced too far apart about the periphery of the rotor disk for the machine to operate efficiently. This wide spacing of permanent magnet members would require a large mass rotor operating as a flywheel with enough energy stored in the rotor to provide considerable rotational momentum. A large mass rotor, however, would be impossible to start without some type of auxiliary starter mechanism. Additionally, this motor cannot easily reverse its direction.  
         BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0005]    The present invention provides a construction for an electromotive machine which can be either an electric motor or a generator. The electromotive machine includes a stator element and a rotor element where the stator element includes at least one set of four toroidally shaped electromagnetic members where the electromagnetic members are arranged spaced apart along an arc to define a stator arc length. Each of the electromagnetic members includes a slot and a rotor element comprising a disk adapted to pass through the aligned slots of the electromagnetic members. The rotor contains a plurality of permanent magnet members spaced side-by-side about a periphery of the disk and arranged so as to have alternating north/south polarities. The permanent magnet members are sized and spaced such that within the stator arc length, the ratio of stator members to permanent magnet members is about 4 to 6.  
           [0006]    Although the electromotive machine of the invention will work with one set of four toroidal electromagnets, a second set may be positioned symmetrically along a circular arc defined by the first set. Additional sets of four toroidal electromagnetic members may be used if desired.  
           [0007]    The machine includes at least one motor drive electronics module for energizing the toroidal electromagnetic members with current according to a predetermined sequence. The sequence is triggered by Hall effect sensors placed adjacent the electromagnetic members along the arc. The Hall effect sensors sense changes in the magnetic field and provides trigger signals to the electronics module so that the electronics module can energize the electromagnetic members in a predetermined sequence. Since the ratio of electromagnet stator members to permanent magnets on the outer periphery of the disk is about 4 to 6, the toroidal electromagnets are operated in push-pull fashion in which switching occurs when a pair of magnets passes the centerline of an electromagnetic member.  
           [0008]    The machine may also be operated in reverse as a generator using the rotor as a mechanical input device. In this configuration current induced in the coils by the turning of the rotor charges a battery. In an automobile, for example, the machine may operate first as a starter motor and then switch over to an alternator.  
           [0009]    The foregoing and other objectives, features, and advantages of the invention will be more readily understood upon consideration of the following detailed description of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0010]    [0010]FIG. 1 is a perspective schematic view of the electromechanical machine of the present invention.  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 2 is a top view of the electromechanical machine of the present invention employing two sets of electromagnetic members.  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 2A is a side cutaway view of FIG. 2 taken along line  2 - 2 .  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a drive module for use when the electromechanical machine is being used as an electric motor.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a Hall effect sensor used in connection with the electronic drive module of FIG. 3.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 5 is a partial plan schematic view of the electromechanical machine of FIG. 1.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 6 is a timing diagram illustrating the switching characteristics of the electronic drive module of FIG. 3.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 7 is a partial perspective view of the electromechanical machine of the present invention configured as a linear actuator.  
         [0018]    FIGS.  8 A- 8 D represents a schematic view of the toroidal electromagnetic members and the permanent magnet members illustrating the four-phase switching characteristics of the electronics driver module of FIG. 3.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 9 is a partial top view of an electromotive machine of the invention.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a circuit employing the invention as a combination starter motor and alternator. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0021]    An electromechanical machine  10  is shown schematically in FIG. 1. The machine  10  includes a plurality of toroidally shaped electromagnets  12 . There are four such electromagnets  12   a ,  12   b ,  12   c  and  12   d . The electromagnets  12   a - d  are arranged along an arc having a predetermined length. Each of the electromagnets is toroidally shaped and each has a gap  14  (refer to FIG. 2A). The gaps  14  are aligned which permits the outer edge of a wheel or disk  16  to pass through them. The disk  16  has an output shaft  18  which may be coupled to any suitable device such as a fan or a tub for a washing machine (not shown). The output shaft could also be coupled to some source of rotational energy such as a drive shaft. In this configuration, the motor is initially used as a starter motor and then switches into a generator or alternator mode.  
         [0022]    The disk includes a plurality of permanent magnet members  13   a ,  13   b  which are arranged in alternate north-south polarity. The magnets  13   a, b  are sized and spaced so that within the stator arc length the ratio of toroid electromagnets  12   a - d  to permanent magnets  13   a, b  is always about 4 to 6. The permanent magnets are closely spaced, having spaces between each adjacent magnet that does not exceed 10% of the diameter of the uniformly sizes magnets  13   a, b.    
         [0023]    Referring to FIG. 2, if desired, two groups of electromagnet members  20  and  22 , respectively, may be used. Each of the sets  20  and  22  contains at least four (4) toroidal electromagnet members  22   a - d  and  20   a - d  respectively. Further, if desired, more sets of electromagnet members may be used depending upon the type of application desired. Each of the electromagnetic members in a set contains a slot and the slots are aligned along an arc allowing the flywheel  24  to pass through the slots. As in the example of FIG. 1, the flywheel  24  includes a plurality of permanent magnet members  26  having alternating north-south polarities about the periphery of the flywheel  24  that are in all respects the same as magnets  13   a ,  13   b.    
         [0024]    The electromechanical machine of the present invention may be configured to operate either as a motor or as a generator. For example, when acting as a motor or a motor/starter, the electromagnets  12   a - d  are electronically switched in polarity to attract and then repel the appropriate permanent magnets  13   a, b  in the flywheel. This applies a rotational force to the flywheel and spins the output shaft  18 . Since there are no mechanical gears needed, the starting action is silent. Conventional automotive starter motors, however, are noisy. Once the engine is running, the machine can be converted to a generator by decoupling the driving electronics module. The permanent magnets  13   a, b  moving past the electromagnets  12   a - d  with the driving circuitry now switched off can be used to generate electrical power.  
         [0025]    Toroidal cores are used for the electromagnets in this machine since they are the most efficient transformer core configuration. Toroidal electromagnets are self-shielding since most of the flux lines are contained within the core. In addition, the flux lines are essentially uniform over the entire length of the magnetic path. The slot  14  that is formed in each of the toroidal electromagnetic members would normally cause a decrease in flux density. However, the action of the moving permanent magnet members keeps the gap filled with permanent magnet material and thus maintains the field integrity within the core.  
         [0026]    Referring to FIG. 3, a pair of integrated circuits IC 1  and IC 2  are coupled to two electromagnet members consisting of electromagnets  12   a  and  12   c . It will be appreciated that an identical electronics module would be used to drive electromagnets  12   b  and  12   d . The ICs, IC 1  and IC 2 , have output gates coupled to transistors Q 1 , Q 2 , Q 3  and Q 4  respectively. IC 1  and IC 2  are half bridge MOSFET drivers which are triggered by Hall effect sensor IC 5 , (refer to FIG. 4). The Hall effect sensor IC 5  has its outputs coupled to the inputs of IC 1  and IC 2 , respectively. Output line IC 5 , pin  2  is coupled to the input line at pin  2  of IC 1 . Similarly, output line IC 5 , pin  3  is coupled to input line  2  of IC 2 . There is another Hall effect sensor (not shown) for electromagnets  12   b  and  12   d  which operates the same way but which is positioned so as to generate its signal at a phase angle which lags the signal from IC 5 . The result is that electromagnetic member pairs are energized 180° out of phase with each other. This is illustrated by the timing diagram of FIG. 6.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 6 shows a four-phase timing diagram that repeats for every 10° of rotation of the rotor  16 . The magnets  13   a, b  are spaced 10° apart while the electromagnetic members  12   a - d  are spaced 15° apart. The timing relationship between the magnets and the coils is shown best in FIG. 8A- 8 D.  
         [0028]    The arrows in FIG. 8 for each phase indicate the lines of attraction and/or repulsion between the permanent magnets and the coils based upon the polarity of the energizing current from the driver module pairs of IC&#39;s of FIG. 3. FIG. 8 illustrates schematically the waveform of FIG. 6. IC 1  and IC 2  generate driver currents 180° out of phase so that when coil  12   a  is high,  12   c  is low and vice versa. Another driver module pair of IC&#39;s (not shown) does the same thing with coils  12   b ,  12   d  but out of phase with respect to toroidal coils  12   a ,  12   c  by 5°. The Hall sensors are placed along the stator in advance of the rotor and are spaced apart by 5° in order to trigger their respective IC&#39;s at a phase angle difference of 5°. The result is a very smooth rotor drive made possible by the sizing and spacing of the magnets so that the ratio of coils to magnets within the arc length of the electromagnet members  12   a - 12   d  is always 4 to 6. Thus, a pair of alternate north-south pole magnets are experiencing opposite polarity fields when they are centered within the gaps of alternate electromagnets  12   a ,  12   c , while north-south pairs of magnets, each halfway within the slots of the other pair of electromagnets  12   b ,  12   d , are experiencing the switching of the polarity of current through those electromagnets  12   b, d.    
         [0029]    Referring to FIG. 7 the machine of the present invention may be operated as a linear actuator. In this embodiment the magnets may be of a rectangular shape. In this case, the stator arc length is measured along a straight line and it should be understood that the term stator arc length need have no particular shape as it may be used with stator/rotor configurations of differing types. In addition, the magnets need have no particular shape to be effective. As long as the ratio of electromagnetic members to permanent magnets is about 4 to 6 within the arc length occupied by the stator coils, the invention will operate as desired.  
         [0030]    Referring to FIG. 9, the Hall sensors IC 5  and IC 6  are spaced apart by 5° radially so that trigger signals will be generated in the proper phase with each other. The Hall sensors are affixed to a stator housing (not shown). It can be appreciated from FIG. 9 that the term “stator arc length” includes an arc that is slightly longer than the length between each end of the 4 electromagnets  12   a - d  and includes areas where the fields generated by those electromagnetic members influence the permanent magnets  13   a, b . In FIG. 9, this area is indicated by the dashed lines. Although the arc in FIG. 9 has been shown as substantially a straight line, it is to be understood that it may represent either a linear device or a circular arc.  
         [0031]    Referring to FIG. 10, a rotor or flywheel  50  is coupled to a shaft  52  which may in turn be coupled to the drivetrain of an automobile (not shown). Permanent magnets  54   a  (North polarity) and  54   b  (South polarity) are situated about the periphery of the rotor  50 . A stator module  56  is situated adjacent the rotor  50  and includes a set of four toroidal electromagnetic members having substantially the same configuration as shown in FIG. 1. A switching module  58  switches between a circuit that accepts an input from a motor drive module  60  and one that provides an output to a rectifier and regulator module  62 . The regulator module  62  charges a battery  64 .  
         [0032]    Signals on input lines labeled “start” and “run” respectively control the function of the switching module  58 . In the start mode a circuit like the circuit of FIG. 3 is turned on in the switching module. Once the motor(not shown) has been turned on, a signal is provided to the “run” line turning off the circuit of FIG. 3 and allowing current from the stator module  56  to flow directly to the rectifier and regulator module  62 .  
         [0033]    The terms and expressions which have been employed in the foregoing specification are used therein as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention, in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, it being recognized that the scope of the invention is defined and limited only by the claims which follow.