Abstract:
A method for using a three-dimensional, woven preform to assemble two components. The woven preform is infused with an adhesive, and at least one surface of the preform is bonded to at least one surface of one of the components using the adhesive within the preform. The other of the components is attached to the preform, and this may occur with fasteners after the adhesive is cured or by bonding the second component to the preform with the adhesive. Use of an adhesive, instead of a resin, creates a stronger joint, especially with fiber-reinforcement of the adhesive. The thickness of the compressible, three-dimensional weave provides for a larger dimensional tolerance at each bond line.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    This invention generally relates to assembly of components using woven preforms and particularly relates to assembly of components into structural joints using adhesive-infused preforms.  
           [0003]    2. Description of the Prior Art  
           [0004]    Typically, laminating resins are used as the matrix material in woven textiles, this also being true for woven preforms used to connect components made of composites or other materials. An example of a commonly-used laminating resin is 977-3, available from Cytec Industries, Inc., of West Paterson, N.J. The laminating resin is infused into a textile product and is cured to form a polymer matrix in the finished composite component. When assembling a joint using a preform, the preform may be co-cured along with uncured composite components or the components may be cured prior to assembly using an uncured preform. Because of the inferior bonding characteristics of laminating resins, an layer of adhesive is placed between the preform and the components. Generally, an adhesive film is used, which is expensive and adds to fabrication time.  
           [0005]    To achieve proper bonding when using adhesive film between pre-cured components, special attention must be paid to the interface at the adhesive layer. This bond line is critical, and, where two surfaces are brought together, the distance between the surfaces must be within a critical tolerance to ensure a proper bonding layer. The thickness of the adhesives are usually about 0.015″ thick with a bond layer tolerance of +/−0.005″.  
           [0006]    Therefore, a need exists for an improved method that reduces the steps in assembly and provides for a stronger joint when joining components using a woven preform. A further need exists for a method of joining components in a structural joint that provides for a larger dimensional tolerance between components when using an adhesive at the bond line.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0007]    A method uses a three-dimensional, woven preform to assemble two components. The woven preform is infused with an adhesive, and at least one surface of the preform is bonded to at least one surface of one of the components using the adhesive within the preform. The other of the components is attached to the preform, and this may occur with fasteners after the adhesive is cured or by bonding the second component to the preform with the adhesive. Use of an adhesive, instead of a resin, creates a stronger joint, especially with fiber-reinforcement of the adhesive. The thickness of the compressible, three-dimensional weave provides for a larger dimensional tolerance at each bond line.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0008]    The novel features believed to be characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself however, as well as a preferred mode of use, further objects and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an assembly using a preform and in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 2 is a front view of the preform of FIG. 1 prior to installation;  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 3 is a front view of a second embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 4 is a front view of a third embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 5 is a front view of a fourth embodiment of the present invention.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0014]    The present invention provides for infusing a resin-free preform with an epoxy-based adhesive to form the matrix. FIGS. 1 through 5 illustrate the preferred embodiments of an adhesive-infused, three-dimensional (3-D), woven textile preform used for assembling parts into structural joints. The preferred adhesive is FM® 300, also available from Cytec Industries, Inc., but other adhesives will work, providing the adhesive can be infused in a way that properly “wets out,” or saturates, the fiber bundles in the preform.  
         [0015]    Various resin systems are sold under the terms “laminating resins” and “adhesives,” though there is no “bright-line,” industry-standard definition by which to distinguish one from the other. The term “adhesive,” as used herein, is meant as a resin system that has a lower modulus of elasticity and/or a higher strain-to-failure than the resin forming the matrix of the parts to be adhered. The combination of these characteristics is described as higher toughness, and adhesives have a higher toughness than laminating resins, which tend to be more brittle and have lower crack-formation loads.  
         [0016]    Results from ASTM tests can be used to distinguish, generally, between laminating resins and adhesives. High-strength, structural laminating resins have a peel strength rating generally ranging from 0-15 pounds per linear inch, whereas the peel strength of adhesives are greater than 15 pounds per linear inch. For example, the Bell Peel test (ASTM D3167 “Standard Test Method for Floating Roller Peel Resistance of Adhesives”) shows that the peel strength of FM® 300 is 23-29 pounds per linear inch at room temperature, but the peel strength of 977-3, which is used to laminate the parts, is 0-6 pounds per linear inch. In addition, laminating resins generally have a tensile strength greater than 7500 pounds per square inch (psi) as tested using ASTM D638 (“Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics”), with high-strength resins ranging to 12000 psi. Adhesives generally have tensile strengths less than 6500 psi. Thus, in the present application, “adhesives” also means resin systems with tensile strengths less than 6500 psi and a peel strength greater than 15 pounds per linear inch. “Laminating resins” is used to mean resin systems having tensile strengths greater than 7500 psi and a peel strength of less than 15 pounds per linear inch.  
         [0017]    To provide higher strain-to-failure characteristics, epoxy-based adhesives usually have rubber modifiers added to them. The higher strain capability improves load distribution through the preform, reducing the crack formation at the outer edges of the bond lines and in the weave that can lead to catastrophic failure of the joint at loads less than those which would cause failure of the parts. Also, adhesives usually have a higher viscosity than laminating resins. Laminating resins easily saturate woven components, whereas adhesives require an infusion process to wet-out the fiber bundles.  
         [0018]    The preforms can be infused with adhesive in many ways, though the preferred method is drawing preforms through a tank containing adhesive dissolved in a solvent, usually acetone or toluene. The preforms are immersed in the solution, then removed from the tank. The solvent is allowed to evaporate, or “flash off,” leaving the adhesive in the preform. To completely wet-out the preforms, this process may be repeated several times. The preform is saturated with the adhesive and is laid up while uncured.  
         [0019]    The parts, or components, to be joined may be formed from composites and may be cured or uncured, or the parts may be formed from other materials, e.g., plastics, metals, etc. If joining uncured composite parts, the entire assembly can be co-cured. However, a disadvantage to using uncured parts is that more elaborate and expensive tooling is required to create dimensionally-accurate parts. The preforms can be used as a connector (FIGS. 1 through 3) or as a bond ply (FIGS. 4 and 5).  
         [0020]    Referring to the figures, FIG. 1 shows a pi-shaped, 3-D, woven preform  11  used to connect two pre-cured, composite, detail parts  13 ,  15 , which may be, for example, a frame member  13  and a skin  15 . Preform  11  has a base  17  on its lower portion that has a continuous, flat lower surface  19 . A pair of spaced-apart planar legs  21  extend vertically upward from base  17 . Each leg  21  is at a position that is offset from, but near to, the center of base  17 . Legs  21  are parallel to each other and generally perpendicular to base  17 . In the installed position, inner surfaces  23  of legs  21  face each other for receiving frame member  13 . A small, upward-facing surface  25  of base  17  lies between the lower ends of legs  21 . Though it is preferable for the outer surface of legs  21  and the upper surface of base  17  to be tapered at their outer ends, as shown, the ends may also be squared.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 2 shows the method used after infusion and prior to installation to keep legs  21  from adhering to the base  17 . A non-stick separator film  27  is laid on the upper surface  29  of base  17 , and each leg  21  is laid over on film  27 . The outer surface  31  of each leg  21  is in contact with film  27 , not with upper surface  29  of base  17 . Separator film  31  is removed prior to installation of preform  11 .  
         [0022]    Referring again to FIG. 1, to connect parts  13 ,  15 , frame member  13  is placed between inner surfaces  23  of legs  21 , lower edge  33  of frame member  13  contacting upward-facing surface  25 . Lower surface  19  of preform  11  is placed against upper surface  35  of skin  15  in the desired position. The adhesive forms a bonding layer at the interface of inner surfaces  23  of legs  21  and outer surfaces  37  of frame member  13  and at the interface of lower surface  19  of preform  11  and upper surface  35  of skin  15 .  
         [0023]    To ensure consistent bonding at the interfaces, the assembly is placed within a vacuum bag (not shown), from which the air is drawn, allowing outside air pressure to apply force to preform  11 . Soft, silicone tooling, such as over-presses  39 , is normally used against preform  11  within the vacuum bag to distribute the forces evenly across preform  11 . If the adhesive is a heat-cured adhesive, the assembly is then placed in an autoclave, or heat is applied through other means, to cause the rapid curing of the adhesive. Alternatively, adhesives used in preform  11  may be cured by other types of cure mechanisms, for example, electron-beam curing.  
         [0024]    In FIG. 3, 3-D woven preform  41  is T-shaped, having a base  43  and a single vertical leg  45 . Preform  41  is infused with adhesive, and lower surface  47  is placed in contact with upper surface  48  of cured piece  49  formed from composites. The assembly is vacuum-bagged, and semi-rigid tooling (not shown) is used to support leg  45  while adhesive is cured. A bond layer forms from the adhesive at the interface of surfaces  47 ,  48 , whereas leg  45  is cured in an upright position. A separate member  50  can be connected to piece  49  by attaching to leg  45 , normally with a fastener  51  passing through the thickness of leg  45 .  
         [0025]    [0025]FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate the larger dimensional tolerance available with the use of 3-D preforms as bond plies. FIG. 4 shows a connection of two planar pieces  53 ,  55  in shear using an adhesive-infused, 3-D, woven preform  57  having a rectangular cross-section and no tapered edges. Upper surface  59  of lower piece  53  is in contact with lower surface  61  of preform  57 , as is lower surface  63  of upper piece  55  with upper surface  65  of preform  57 . Bond layers form at these interfaces, connecting pieces  53 ,  55 . Because the adhesive is infused in preform  57  having a selected thickness, the bond layer tolerance is increased, preform  57  allowing a larger variation in distance between pieces  53 ,  55 . Without preform  57 , the distance between pieces  53 ,  55  must be within a critical tolerance to ensure a proper bonding layer. Preform  57  preferably has at least two warp-fiber layers and a thickness of about 0.050″, or may have more layers, increasing the thickness of preform  57 . The thickness of preform  57  may be increased to ¼″ or beyond and may involve the use of thicker fibers. However, the weight of the extra adhesive used in a thicker preform would likely mean that thicker preforms would be reserved for applications where minimization of weight is not a primary concern, for example, in construction of boats. Though a vacuum bag can be used when a preform is used as a bond ply, mechanical pressure may provide the necessary force during curing of the adhesive.  
         [0026]    In FIG. 5, a metal, T-shaped piece  67  is bonded to a cured, planar piece  69  using a 3-D, woven preform  71  infused with adhesive. The assembly allows for out-of-plane tension loads to be exerted on piece  67  that are transferred to piece  69 . As described above for FIG. 4, the multi-layered, rectangular cross-section of preform  71  allows for a larger dimensional tolerance between pieces  67 ,  69 . Lower surface  73  of piece  67  is bonded to upper surface  75  of preform  71 , while upper surface  77  of piece  69  is bonded to lower surface  79  of preform  71 . Use of preform  71  allows for some misalignment of pieces  67 ,  69  when bonding and can accommodate dimensional variations in pieces  67 ,  69  or surfaces  73 ,  77 . After curing, a second planar piece  79  can be attached to piece  67  using fastener  81 . While piece  67  is shown as being formed from metal, it may also be formed from composites.  
         [0027]    The advantages of the present invention include the increased strength from using an adhesive, rather than a resin, within a 3-D woven preform used to connect components. Another advantage is the reduction of steps needed to complete the assembly. By infusing the adhesive into preforms, pieces can be joined without the need for a separate adhesive film being inserted between a resin-infused connector and the pieces to be joined. Also, the thickness of the preform allows for a larger dimensional tolerance at the bond line, while providing the strength of fiber-reinforced adhesive.  
         [0028]    While the invention has been shown in only some of its forms, it is not thus limited but is susceptible to various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit thereof. For example, a cross-shaped preform may be used, or the preform may have more than two legs extending from the base.