Abstract:
A control system, comprising one or more smoke sensors, each configured to measure a level of smoke at a location within a building and to output a smoke level signal based at least in part upon the measured level of smoke. A controller configured to receive the smoke level signals and to control an operation of one or more energy recovery ventilation systems in a first mode of operation to recover energy when the smoke level signal is below a predetermined value and in a second mode of operation to evacuate smoke when the smoke level signal is above the predetermined value.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional patent application No. 61/612,997, filed Mar. 20, 2012, entitled “ENERGY RECOVERY VENTILATION SMOKE EVACUATION,” which is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes as if set forth herein. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The present disclosure relates generally to air handling systems for buildings, and more particularly to energy recovery ventilation systems, and specifically to methods and systems for smoke evacuation. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Building exhaust fans are used to exhaust air from a building, such as when there is smoke or carbon dioxide. However, operation of such building exhaust fans is independent of other heating, ventilating and air conditioning system components, which can create conflicts and misoperation with such components. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    A control system is provided that includes one or more smoke sensors, each configured to measure a level of smoke at a location within a building and to output a smoke level signal based at least in part upon the measured level of smoke, such as a smoke detector for a fire or security system. A controller receives the smoke level signals and controls the operation of one or more energy recovery ventilation systems in a first mode of operation to recover energy when the smoke level signal is below a predetermined value and in a second mode of operation to evacuate smoke when the smoke level signal is above the predetermined value. 
         [0005]    Other systems, methods, features, and advantages of the present disclosure will be or become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following drawings and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features, and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the present disclosure, and be protected by the accompanying claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0006]    Aspects of the disclosure can be better understood with reference to the following drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of the present disclosure. Moreover, in the drawings, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the several views, and in which: 
           [0007]      FIG. 1  is a diagram of an ERV system in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; 
           [0008]      FIG. 2  is a flow chart of an algorithm for operation of an ERV control system in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; 
           [0009]      FIG. 3  is a flow chart of an algorithm for purge operation of an ERV control system, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; 
           [0010]      FIG. 4  is a flow chart of an algorithm for pressure sequence operation of an ERV control system, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; 
           [0011]      FIG. 5  is a flow chart of an algorithm for exhaust sequence operation of an ERV control system, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; and 
           [0012]      FIG. 6  is a diagram of a system for controlling an ERV system in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    In the description that follows, like parts are marked throughout the specification and drawings with the same reference numerals. The drawing figures might not be to scale and certain components can be shown in generalized or schematic form and identified by commercial designations in the interest of clarity and conciseness. 
         [0014]    The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods which control energy recovery ventilation (ERV) systems of buildings. ERV systems can be used to recover energy and lower utility expenses. In one exemplary embodiment, energy recovery wheels rotate between the incoming outdoor air and the building exhaust air. As the wheel rotates, it transfers a percentage of the heat and moisture differential from one airstream to the other. In this manner, the outdoor air is pre-conditioned, which reduces the capacity and energy needed from the mechanical heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system to process the outdoor air. According to certain guidelines, building environments require a specific amount of fresh air to dilute contaminates in the space and provide ventilation for high concentrations of people. The required amount of fresh air can be useful to provide dilution of contaminates and to minimize the possibility of “sick building syndrome.” Furthermore, increasing the amount of outside air that is introduced into a building intake lowers the carbon dioxide levels in the building, and can help keep the occupants alert and healthier. ERVs can also reduce indoor odors with fresh outside air that is brought into the building, and allow stale air to be exhausted out of the building. An exemplary ERV system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,548,970, which is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes as if set forth herein. 
         [0015]    Despite these potential advantages of ERVs, problems may arise with operating an ERV when smoke is detected in a building. Depending on the outcome desired, different schemes can be used to achieve the desired result, as described herein. One desired outcome can be to evacuate the smoke from the building as quickly as possible. This outcome can be accomplished by using the air handling unit to move the smoke out of the building. Another way to accomplish this outcome is to evacuate the smoke out of the building through the doors or other building portals, such as by creating positive pressure in the building. Other suitable schemes can also or alternatively be implemented. 
         [0016]      FIG. 1  is a diagram of an ERV system  100  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. System  100  can be an air-to-air type heat exchanger that includes wheel  110 , which can also be referred to as an energy recovery ventilation (ERV) wheel, a thermal wheel or an enthalpy wheel. As wheel  110  rotates between the incoming fresh air ventilation stream and outgoing building air exhaust stream, it can pick up heat energy from the building air and release it into the colder fresh air stream. In different seasons, the inside or the outside air may have more heat and moisture, and thereby more energy. 
         [0017]    System  100  can be used where the outside air is warmer than the inside air. As can be seen, the conditioned inside air that is being exhausted can mix with the incoming outside air, via an opening  112  and wheel  110 , to lower the temperature, and raise the relative humidity. This process helps to reduce the amount of energy used by the air conditioning and handling system to bring the temperature down to the set point of the system. 
         [0018]    It will be appreciated that when the outside air is cooler and the building is to be heated, the exhausted inside air can be used to warm the incoming outside air to reduce power consumption of the ERV. 
         [0019]    System  100  can also include one or more fans or blowers, including an outside air intake fan  114 , and a building exhaust fan  116  to aid the exchange of air to and from the building (not shown). 
         [0020]    System  100  can also include an outside air damper  120  to allow or not allow outside air into the system  100 . Similarly, system  100  can include an exhaust damper  122  to allow or not allow air out of the exhaust area of the system  100 . System  100  can also include a bypass damper  124 . As shown, bypass damper is located generally on the side panel of the exhaust damper. By maintaining positive pressure in the building and opening the bypass damper  124 , air can be forced out through the bypass damper  124 . 
         [0021]      FIG. 2  is a flow chart of an algorithm  200  for operation of an ERV control system in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. Algorithm  200  can be implemented in hardware or a suitable combination of hardware and software, and can be one or more software systems operating on a processor. 
         [0022]    As used herein, “hardware” can include a combination of discrete components, an integrated circuit, an application-specific integrated circuit, a field programmable gate array, or other suitable hardware. As used herein, “software” can include one or more objects, agents, threads, lines of code, subroutines, separate software applications, two or more lines of code or other suitable software structures operating in two or more software applications, on one or more processors (where a processor includes a microcomputer or other suitable controller, memory devices, input-output devices, displays, data input devices such as keyboards or touch screens, peripherals such as printers and speakers, associated drivers, control cards, power sources, network devices, docking station devices, or other suitable devices operating under control of software systems in conjunction with the processor or other devices), or other suitable software structures. In one exemplary embodiment, software can include one or more lines of code or other suitable software structures operating in a general purpose software application, such as an operating system, and one or more lines of code or other suitable software structures operating in a specific purpose software application. As used herein, the term “couple” and its cognate terms, such as “couples” and “coupled,” can include a physical connection (such as a copper conductor), a virtual connection (such as through randomly assigned memory locations of a data memory device), a logical connection (such as through logical gates of a semiconducting device), other suitable connections, or a suitable combination of such connections. 
         [0023]    Algorithm  200  begins at  202 , where it is determined whether a current smoke level exceeds a predetermined smoke level. In one exemplary embodiment, the smoke level data can be obtained from an alarm system or other suitable systems that utilize smoke detectors, so as to reduce the cost associated with detecting smoke levels. If it is determined at  202  that the current smoke level does not exceed the predetermined level, the algorithm continues to check the smoke level in the building, and an associated ERV wheel is operated in a first mode of operation to recover energy and lower utility expenses. 
         [0024]    If it is determined at  202  that the smoke level does exceed a predetermined level, the algorithm proceeds to  204 , where the rotation of the ERV wheel is stopped, such as by activating a brake, by interrupting current to a drive motor or in other suitable manners, so as to operate the ERV wheel in a second mode of operation. The algorithm then proceeds to  206 . 
         [0025]    At  206 , it is determined whether to pivot the ERV wheel out of the airstream, such as based at least in part on the amount of smoke detected, airflow, and/or other physical data. If it is determined at  206  that the wheel should not be pivoted, the algorithm proceeds to  208  where a bypass damper is opened, such as by actuating a valve or other suitable actuator, in order to allow a larger amount of air to be relatively quickly evacuated from the building through the exhaust damper without pivoting of the ERV. 
         [0026]    If it is determined at  206  that the ERV wheel should be pivoted out of the airstream, a suitable control signal is generated to an electric motor, pneumatic or hydraulic valve or other suitable devices to cause the ERV wheel to pivot out of the airstream. Once the wheel is pivoted out of the airstream or the bypass damper is opened, the algorithm proceeds to  210  where a sequence is selected. In one exemplary embodiment, the sequence can be selected based on a predetermined jumper setting on a control board, through a user interface, or any other suitable method. The sequence can also or alternatively be selected based on information received from sensors in the system, the type of building, the manner in which the smoke in the building is to be removed from the building or other suitable data. 
         [0027]    If a purge sequence is selected at  210 , the algorithm proceeds to  212  where a purge sequence is initiated. The exhaust sequence may cause negative pressure to occur in the building, such as by closing air intake dampers, turning an outside air intake fan off and turning a building exhaust fan on to exhaust smoke from the building without replenishing the exhausted air, which can be used to create a negative pressure, such as to prevent fresh air from providing oxygen to the fire. 
         [0028]    A pressurization sequence can be started at  214 . The pressurization sequence can maintain positive pressure in critical building areas, such as areas where occupants may require breathing or, or where it is desired to keep contaminants out. Positive pressure can be maintained by increasing the air intake fan speed and decreasing or stopping the building exhaust fan speed to keep fresh air going to areas of the building where people are present. 
         [0029]    An exhaust sequence can be started at  216 . The exhaust sequence can be used to create a negative pressure in the building to both exhaust the smoke and to starve oxygen from any fire or burning. The air intake dampers can be closed and the outside air intake fan can be turned off. The exhaust dampers can be opened and the building exhaust fan can be turned on to exhaust smoke from the building. 
         [0030]    After the smoke detection system indicates that the smoke has dissipated to an acceptable level, the selected sequence can continue for a period of time, such as a minute or two, before normal operation of the system is reinstituted. In this manner, inadvertent cycling of the system due to traces of remaining smoke can be avoided. 
         [0031]    In normal operation, the system can maintain a default air intake and exhaust volume of air. The air intake and building exhaust fans or blowers can increase the airflow if elevated levels of carbon dioxide or other undesirable gases are detected, such as by interfacing with a carbon dioxide detector of a fire detection system or a smoke detection system. The building pressure is maintained as the speed settings of the fans or blowers are changed to satisfy the carbon dioxide level requirements. 
         [0032]      FIG. 3  is a flow chart of an algorithm  300  for purge operation of an ERV control system, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. Algorithm  300  can be implemented in hardware or a suitable combination of hardware and software, and can be one or more software systems operating on a processor. 
         [0033]    Algorithm  300  begins at  302  where the outside air intake damper and building exhaust damper are opened, such as by transmitting a suitable control signal to an electronic or pneumatic damper actuator for each damper, in order to purge the smoke out of the building very rapidly through the ERV system. The algorithm then proceeds to  304 , where air intake fans and building exhaust fans are actuated, such as by transmitting one or more suitable control signals to one or more fan controllers. In one exemplary embodiment, the air intake and building exhaust fans can be ramped up to a predetermined/preprogrammed speed to provide fresh intake air to replace the exhausted smoke, the activation of the air intake and building exhaust fans can be coordinated to prevent over or under pressures, or other suitable controls can be used. The algorithm then proceeds to  306 . 
         [0034]    At  306 , it is determined whether the smoke level in the building exceeds an acceptable level. In one exemplary embodiment, smoke levels can be determined using one or more sensors that are installed at predetermined locations within the building, the smoke content of building exhaust air can be determined from a smoke sensor, or other suitable processes can also or alternatively be used. If it is determined that the smoke level does not exceed an acceptable level, the algorithm returns to  304  where the fans continue to run, the speed of one or more fans is increased to purge more smoke from the building, or other suitable actions are implemented. Otherwise, if it is determined that the smoke level exceeds an acceptable level, the algorithm proceeds to  308 . 
         [0035]    At  308 , it is determined whether to pivot an ERV wheel out of the airstream. In one exemplary embodiment, data from one or more smoke sensors can be used to determine whether a level of smoke exceeds a predetermined level, whether a number of smoke detectors measuring smoke exceeds a predetermined number of smoke detectors, or whether other predetermined levels have been exceeded. If it is determined that the wheel should not be pivoted out of the airstream at  308 , then the algorithm proceeds to  310  where the bypass damper is closed, such as by generating a control signal to actuate an electric or hydraulic damper actuator or in other suitable manners. The algorithm then proceeds to  312 , where normal operation is continued. Likewise, the algorithm proceeds to  312  from  308  if it is determined that the wheel should be pivoted and after the wheel has been pivoted, such as by actuating a pivot valve or motor or in other suitable manners. 
         [0036]    In operation, algorithm  300  allows a controller or other suitable device to control one or more damper actuators, fan controllers or wheel pivot actuators in response to data from smoke detectors, smoke level monitors, smoke sample devices or other suitable data regarding the content or presence of smoke in building air. Algorithm  300  thus allows smoke to be quickly evacuated from a building, based on the location and volume of smoke that is being generated. 
         [0037]      FIG. 4  is a flow chart of an algorithm  400  for pressure sequence operation of an ERV control system, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. Algorithm  400  can be implemented in hardware or a suitable combination of hardware and software, and can be one or more software systems operating on a processor. 
         [0038]    Algorithm  400  begins at  402 , where outside air intake and building exhaust dampers are adjusted. In one exemplary embodiment, data from one or more pressure sensors can be received and processed to determine outside air intake and building exhaust damper configurations and whether a positive pressure exists within a building. If it is determined that a positive pressure does not exist and that the outside air intake and building exhaust damper configurations are open, then control signals can be generated to close the outside air intake and building exhaust dampers, such as by incrementally closing one or more actuators until a positive pressure is achieved, by closing one or more dampers completely, or in other suitable manners. The algorithm then proceeds to  404 . 
         [0039]    At  404 , air intake and building exhaust fans are operated at predetermined and/or preprogrammed speeds to achieve the proper pressurization. In one exemplary embodiment, the operating speed of one or more air intake and building exhaust fans can be increased or decreased to maintain a predetermined positive pressure setting in one or more building areas. In this exemplary embodiment, the air intake fan speed can be increased and the building exhaust fan speed can be decreased in order to increase a pressure in one or more rooms that are contained within a zone that is controlled by the air intake and building exhaust fans, or other suitable processes can also or alternatively be used. The algorithm then proceeds to  406 . 
         [0040]    At  406 , data from one or more smoke detectors, smoke level monitors, air sampling devices or other suitable devices is used to determine a smoke level in the building, and it is determined whether the smoke level exceeds a predetermined acceptable level or levels, such as a number of smoke detectors at which smoke is detected, a level of smoke particulates in one or more locations or at one or more building exhaust dampers, or other suitable levels. If it is determined that the smoke level does not exceed an acceptable level or levels, the algorithm returns to  404  and the fans continue to run, and/or the speed can be increased to achieve the proper pressurization in the critical building areas. If it is determined that the smoke level exceeds the acceptable level or levels, the algorithm proceeds to  408 , where it is determined whether to pivot the ERV wheel out of the airstream. In one exemplary embodiment, a decision to pivot the ERV wheel can be based on whether the dampers and fans are at a maximum possible setting to achieve smoke reduction, whether smoke levels have reached a predetermined level, whether smoke levels are increasing at a rate that exceeds a predetermined rate, or other suitable data. If it is determined at  408  not to pivot the ERV wheel out of the airstream, the algorithm proceeds to  410 , where a bypass damper is closed, such as by generating a bypass damper actuator control signal. The algorithm then proceeds to  412 , where normal operation continues. Likewise, if the ERV wheel is pivoted at  408 , the algorithm proceeds to  412 , where normal operation continues. 
         [0041]    In operation, algorithm  400  allows a controller or other suitable device to control one or more damper actuators, fan controllers or wheel pivot actuators in response to data from smoke detectors, smoke level monitors, smoke sample devices, pressure sensors or other suitable data regarding the content or presence of smoke in building air and air pressure within one or more rooms or zones of the building. Algorithm  400  thus allows smoke to be evacuated based on the location and volume of smoke that is being generated, while maintaining predetermined pressurization levels within the building. 
         [0042]      FIG. 5  is a flow chart of an algorithm  500  for exhaust sequence operation of an ERV control system, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. Algorithm  500  can be implemented in hardware or a suitable combination of hardware and software, and can be one or more software systems operating on a processor. 
         [0043]    Algorithm  500  begins at  502 , where the outside air intake dampers are actuated. In one exemplary embodiment, one or more pressure readings can be obtained and one or more outside air intake dampers can be opened or closed in order to maintain negative pressure in one or more zones of the building relative to other building zones, the outside or in other manners. The algorithm then proceeds to  504 . 
         [0044]    At  504 , a speed setting for one or more building exhaust fans and outside air intake fans are increased or lowered to achieve a predetermined negative pressure level in the one or more zones of the building. In one exemplary embodiment, the building exhaust fan speed can be increased, the air intake fan speeds can be lowered or stopped, or other suitable processes can be used to generate or maintain a negative pressure in one or more building zones. The algorithm then proceeds to  506 . 
         [0045]    At  506 , data from one or more smoke detectors, smoke level detectors, air monitors or other suitable devices is processed to determine whether there is an unacceptable level of smoke in the building. If the smoke does not exceed an acceptable level, such a number of rooms in which smoke is detected, a level of detected smoke particulates or other suitable levels, the algorithm returns to  504  and the fans continue to operate, the building exhaust fan speed can be increased, the air intake fan speed can be decreased, or other suitable fan setting changes are implemented in order to achieve the proper pressurization in the predetermined building zones. If it is determined at  506  that the smoke exceeds an acceptable level, then the algorithm proceeds to  508 . 
         [0046]    At  508 , it is determined whether to pivot the ERV wheel out of the airstream. In one exemplary embodiment, a decision to pivot the ERV wheel can be based on whether the dampers and fans are at a maximum possible setting to achieve smoke reduction, whether smoke levels have reached a predetermined level, whether smoke levels are increasing at a rate that exceeds a predetermined rate, or other suitable data. If it is determined at  508  not to pivot the ERV wheel out of the airstream, the algorithm proceeds to  510 , where a bypass damper is closed, such as by generating a bypass damper actuator control signal. The algorithm then proceeds to  512 , where normal operation continues. Likewise, if the ERV wheel is pivoted at  508 , the algorithm proceeds to  512 , where normal operation continues. 
         [0047]    In operation, algorithm  500  allows a controller or other suitable device to control one or more damper actuators, fan controllers or wheel pivot actuators in response to data from smoke detectors, smoke level monitors, smoke sample devices or other suitable data regarding the content or presence of smoke in building air. Algorithm  500  thus allows smoke to be evacuated from a building based on the location and volume of smoke that is being generated, while maintaining predetermined pressurization levels within the building. 
         [0048]      FIG. 6  is a diagram of a system  600  for controlling an ERV system in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. System  600  includes smoke sensors  602 A through  602 N, controller  604 , thermal wheel controllers  606 A through  606 N, damper controllers  608 A through  608 N, fan controllers  610 A through  610 N and pressure sensors  612 A through  612 N. 
         [0049]    Smoke sensors  602 A through  602 N can sense the presence of smoke in ambient air, can sense the level of smoke in ambient air and can output a signal generally corresponding to the level of smoke sensed, can capture a predetermined volume of ambient air and generate a metric that represents a relative or absolute number of smoke particulates per unit volume that have been detected, or can generate other suitable smoke detection data. In one exemplary embodiment, smoke sensors  602 A through  602 N can be associated with an existing smoke detection system, fire detection system, security system or other suitable systems, so as to facilitate the implementation and reduce the cost of system  600  by utilizing one or more existing ERV wheels, one or more existing dampers, one or more existing fans or one or more existing pressure sensors. Smoke sensors  602 A through  602 N can be coupled to controller  604  using one or more wireless communications media, wire line communications media, fiber optic communications media or other suitable communications media or combinations of communications media. 
         [0050]    Pressure sensors  612 A through  612 N can sense a local air pressure and can output a signal generally corresponding to the local air pressure. Pressure sensors  612 A through  612 N can be coupled to controller  604  using one or more wireless communications media, wire line communications media, fiber optic communications media or other suitable communications media or combinations of communications media. 
         [0051]    Thermal wheel controllers  606 A through  606 N can generate data that defines a position and speed of one or more thermal wheels and can receive control data and generate actuation or power data to control an operation of one or more electrical motors or actuators, hydraulic or pneumatic actuators or other suitable devices that can be used to control a speed and position of one or more thermal or ERV wheels. Thermal wheel controllers  606 A through  606 N can be coupled to controller  604  using one or more wireless communications media, wire line communications media, fiber optic communications media or other suitable communications media or combinations of communications media. 
         [0052]    Damper controllers  608 A through  608 N can generate data that defines a position of one or more dampers and can receive control data and generate actuation or power data to control an operation of one or more electrical motors or actuators, hydraulic or pneumatic actuators or other suitable devices that can be used to control the position of one or more dampers. Damper controllers  608 A through  608 N can be coupled to controller  604  using one or more wireless communications media, wire line communications media, fiber optic communications media or other suitable communications media or combinations of communications media. 
         [0053]    Fan controllers  610 A through  610 N can generate data that defines a speed of one or more fans and can receive control data and generate actuation or power data to control an operation of one or more electrical motors or other suitable devices that can be used to control the speed of one or more fans. Fan controllers  610 A through  610 N can be coupled to controller  604  using one or more wireless communications media, wire line communications media, fiber optic communications media or other suitable communications media or combinations of communications media. 
         [0054]    Controller  604  can be implemented in hardware or a suitable combination of hardware and software, and can be one or more software systems operating on a processor. Controller  604  is coupled to smoke sensors  602 A through  602 N, thermal wheel controllers  606 A through  606 N, damper controllers  608 A through  608 N, fan controllers  610 A through  610 N and pressure sensors  612 A through  612 N using one or more wireless communications media, wire line communications media, fiber optic communications media or other suitable communications media or combinations of communications media. In one exemplary embodiment, controller  604  can receive data from smoke sensors that indicates the presence or quantity of smoke in the air near each smoke sensor, a rate of change of smoke content or air pressure, thermal wheel position data, damper position data, fan speed data and pressure data and can convert the signals into information which can be used by controller  604  to control thermal wheel position controllers, fan speed and damper position controllers. In this exemplary embodiment, controller  604  can implement one or more steps of algorithms  300 ,  400  and  500 , or can implement other suitable algorithms or functions. 
         [0055]    Controller  604  can also control the operation and position of thermal wheels associated with thermal wheel controllers  606 A through  606 N, the position of dampers associated with damper controllers  608 A through  608 N, and the position and operation of fans associated with fan controllers  610 A through  610 N, based at least in part on the data from smoke sensors  602 A through  602 N and pressure sensors  612 A through  612 N. In another exemplary embodiment, controller  604  can receive set point data for fans, dampers and ERV wheels as a function of smoke level data, pressure data and other suitable data, where the set point data is used to determine the operation and control the positions of fans, dampers and ERV wheels. Controller  604  can also receive programming that defines the sequence of operation of the system when smoke is detected, such as to maintain a positive or negative pressure, to expedite evacuation of smoke or for other suitable purposes. 
         [0056]    Although the present disclosure and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions, and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods, and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present disclosure, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present disclosure. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps. The exemplary embodiments disclosed herein may suitably be practiced in the presence or absence of any element that is not specifically disclosed herein.