Abstract:
A system and method for changing an emission pattern of a concave phased array antenna where a ferroelectric material having voltage variable dielectric constant is used as a substrate for a concave radiation surface, and phase delays can be induced by changing voltages applied across the ferroelectric material.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention generally relates to radar and radio antennae, and more particularly relates to antenna systems having electronic steering, and even more particularly relates to methods and systems for providing a ferroelectric phased array antenna with reduced cost. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Phased array theory and technology have been in existence for more than 30 years. Phased array antennae have been used most extensively in the past in military systems, such as airborne and ground-based fire control radar systems. They do have several common problems relating to high cost, including the relatively high cost of: a) phase shifter technology; b) phase shifter beam steering controller networks; and c) the high number of RF and control interconnects required for phased array antennae of even moderate size. As an example, a two-dimensional array of one thousand radiating elements can often require up to one thousand phased shifters, each with commensurate RF interconnect, digital control, and a sophisticated system level beam steering computer. While standard techniques, such as sub-arraying and row/column phase shifter steering, help reduce the interconnect problem with reduced performance, cost is still a major issue. Even state-of-the-art monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) based active phased arrays suffer from excessive cost. 
     Another prior art approach is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,583,524. While this design has considerable benefits, it does have some drawbacks. It is not the most ideal antenna for all applications. 
     Consequently, there is a need for improvements in affordable phased array antenna systems. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a system and method for electronically steering an antenna beam. 
     It is a feature of the present invention to utilize a phased array antenna with a ferroelectric material therein. 
     It is another feature of the present invention to include an antenna conformally shaped to a fuselage of an aircraft. 
     It is an advantage of the present invention to achieve electronic beam steering in an affordable antenna. 
     The present invention is an apparatus and method for electronically steering an antenna, which is designed to satisfy the aforementioned needs, provide the previously stated objects, include the above-listed features, and achieve the already articulated advantages. The present invention is carried out in a “one axis phase shifter module-less” manner in a sense that the use of phase shifter modules to control one axis scanning has been greatly reduced. The present invention is also carried out in a “wasted space-less” manner in the sense that the space that is often wasted when a non-conformal antenna is used has been greatly reduced. 
     Accordingly, the present invention is a system and method for electronically steering an antenna which uses a ferroelectric material as a dielectric in an antenna system. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention may be more fully understood by reading the following description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, in conjunction with the appended drawings wherein: 
     FIG. 1A is a perspective view of a planar antenna of the present invention, which shows a matrix of ferroelectric cells, where the vertical lines represent adhesive material binding the ferroelectric cells. 
     FIG. 1B is an edge-on view of a conformal antenna of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a two-dimensional conformal antenna of the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an alternate conformal antenna of the present invention having a plurality of discrete printed sub-panels where each sub-panel is capable of individual voltage bias. 
     FIG. 4 is a planar projection of the inner surface of the array of FIG.  3 . 
     FIG. 5 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a single sub-panel of the antenna of FIG.  3 . 
     FIG. 6 is an equivalent circuit of the single sub-panel of FIG.  5 . 
     FIG. 7 is an alternate embodiment of the present invention which includes top-side series and corporate feed networks. 
     FIG. 8 is another alternate embodiment of the present invention in which each sub-panel has dual probes. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Now referring to the drawings wherein like numerals refer to like matter throughout, and more specifically referring to FIG. 1A, there is shown a representative one-dimensional planar sub-panel array generally designated  100 , including a slotted radiation surface  102 . Slotted radiation surface  102  is preferably made by masking slots during a metal deposition process to arrive at the thin slotted radiation surface  102 . Opposing slotted radiation surface  102  is ground plane  104 , which is well known in the art. Disposed between slotted radiation surface  102  and ground plane  104  are a plurality of ferroelectric sub-cells  106 , which are held together by adhesive joints  108 . The material in ferroelectric sub-cells  106  is preferably from the tungsten bronze family of materials which have filled structure such as BSTN and related crystals if they are found to have a lower loss characteristic. The term “ferroelectric” is used herein to describe a material having a dielectric constant which is a function of applied voltage. The adhesive joints  108  may be made of any well-known conductive adhesive or any well-known insulating adhesive, depending upon the particular design parameters. Array  100  is shown having a depth of two ferroelectric sub-cells  106 ; this number may be varied, depending upon the size of available ferroelectric sub-cells  106  and the particular design requirements. 
     Now referring to FIG. 1B, there is shown a one-dimensional chamfered sub-panel array  120 , which may be identical to sub-panel array  100  except for the shape and configuration of the elements. Chamfered array  120  is shown having a conformal slotted radiation surface  122  and a conformal ground plane  124  with a plurality of chamfered ferroelectric sub-cells  126  disposed therebetween which are connected via a plurality of adhesive joints  128 . 
     For both FIGS. 1A and 1B, the resulting structure is a one-dimensional sub-panel array of slotted radiators. By proper choice of the slot spacing, substrate thickness, ferroelectric material properties, etc., one-dimensional scanning can be achieved by changing an applied direct current (DC) voltage (static electric bias field) across the ferroelectric substrate. The change in substrate voltage in turn perturbs the relative dielectric constant of the ferroelectric substrate and thereby introduces a phase scan perpendicular to the axis of the radiation slot. 
     Such an antenna may be fed by transverse electromagnetic (TEM) feed manifold. 
     Now referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a two-dimensional arbitrary shaped conformal antenna array  200  of the present invention, which is shown to have curved sides so as to better conform to predetermined shape of an aircraft fuselage section. Arbitrary shaped conformal antenna array  200  includes an arbitrary shaped conformal antenna slotted radiating surface  202  which is similar to conformal slotted radiation surface  122  of FIG.  1 B. Opposing arbitrary shaped conformal antenna slotted radiating surface  202  is arbitrary shaped conformal antenna ground plane  204 , which is similar to conformal ground plane  124  of FIG.  1 . Disposed between arbitrary shaped conformal antenna slotted radiating surface  202  and arbitrary shaped conformal antenna ground plane  204  is arbitrary shaped conformal ferroelectric sub-panel array  206 , which is made of the same material as described above for ferroelectric sub-cells  106  and chamfered ferroelectric sub-cells  126 . Arbitrary shaped conformal antenna array  200  is fed with linear array signal feed  210  having a plurality of phase shifters  212  and a signal input manifold  214 . 
     The phase shift achieved by phase shifters  212  can be realized with a ferroelectric-based device or by conventional phase shifter technology. Also, while phase shifters  212  are shown as discreet phase shifters, the phase shift could be accomplished by distributed phase shifters/techniques as well. 
     Arbitrary shaped conformal antenna array  200  can be fabricated using many techniques; however, the following is believed to be preferred. 
     Two dimensionally arched ferroelectric sub-panels are fabricated with techniques and materials similar to those discussed above for the one-dimensional chamfered and planar arrays. Several of these chamfered ferroelectric sub-panels, with arched groundplanes thereon, are integrated with adhesive joints to form the arbitrary shaped conformal antenna array  200 . Each arched sub-panel, or sub-array of slots of the arbitrary shaped conformal antenna array  200  will be capable of independent phase shift due to the DC isolation between the radiation slots on the arbitrary shaped conformal antenna slotted radiating surface  202 . This will allow for the curvature of the antenna to be compensated for by adjusting the amount of phase shift at each individual sub-panel of the arbitrary shaped conformal antenna array  200 . This flexibility adds to the usefulness of the arbitrary shaped conformal antenna array  200  and allows for tighter radii of curvature. 
     It is anticipated that each sub-panel will be fed through one, or more, coaxially excited E field probes or alternately through slot aperture coupling. The linear array signal feed  210  follows the radius of curvature of the array, and the feed curvature is compensated for to properly excite the sub-panels. 
     An arbitrary conformal shape, as shown in FIG. 2, is a natural extension of the techniques previously described. The chamfered sub-panel approach is extended to conform to arcs in two dimensions. One embodiment of the invention is still a monolithic TEM guide structure with a series of electrically long arbitrary shaped conformal slots  203 , but with two important distinctions: 1) each arbitrary shaped conformal slot  203  is now curved, rather than geometrically linear, and 2) the monolithic TEM traveling wave waveguide radiating from the arbitrary shaped conformal slots  203  is now non-planar. The sub-panels can be constructed with various sized and shaped ferroelectric sub-cells that have chamfers on all four edges. 
     The sub-cell and sub-panel shapes are designed such that any arbitrary shaped panel can be approximated after final assembly. Metallic deposition is performed after the sub-panels are assembled into the final array, arbitrary shaped conformal antenna array  200 . The arbitrary shaped conformal slots  203  are realized by masking selective areas on the arbitrary shaped conformal antenna slotted radiating surface  202 , (the surface opposing the arbitrary shaped conformal antenna ground plane  204 ) of the composite ferroelectric structure during the metal deposition process. Note that it is possible to realize an approximation to a hemispherical dome-shaped array with this approach for wide-angle azimuthal and elevation scan coverage. The non-planar shape of the arbitrary shaped conformal antenna array  200  can be compensated for by adjusting bias voltages applied across the ferroelectric material in the plurality of sub-cells and by inducing a phase shift through phase shifters in the signal feed input mechanism. 
     The arbitrary shaped conformal slots  203  provide DC isolation between the sub-panels, or sub-array of slots. It is possible to have one or more of the arbitrary shaped conformal slots  203  reside within a given sub-panel. It is again anticipated there will be either an E-field probe or aperture coupling between the linear array signal feed  210  and each sub-panel. The linear array signal feed  210  will likely be physically located toward a peripheral edge of the arbitrary shaped conformal antenna array  200  and on the inner surface of the composite assembly. The linear array signal feed  210  will be designed in such a fashion as to follow the radius of curvature of the arbitrary shaped conformal antenna array  200  and properly excite the sub-panels. 
     Now referring to FIGS. 3-6, there is shown an alternative embodiment of the arbitrary shaped conformal antenna array  200  of FIG.  2 . In this case, each ferroelectric sub-cell can be individually biased via an RF impedance matched bias probe assembly. A conformal printed circuit board can then supply DC signals to each bias probe. This approach is attractive for arrays consisting of discrete printed elements, such as printed dipole, or microstrip patches, or resonant slots in a top-side ground plane, where it is desirable to have a non-linear static electric field gradient in one, or more, dimensions across the face of the phased array for additional phase shift control. The general conformal array is shown in FIG. 3, which includes an arbitrary shaped conformal printed surface antenna array  300 , which is shown having an arbitrary shaped conformal radiating top surface mosaic of printed radiation elements  302 , which is comprised of an array of printed radiation elements  303  in a plurality of sub-cells  305 . A planar projection  400  of the inner surface of the arbitrary shaped conformal radiating top surface mosaic of printed radiation elements  302  illustrating the grid of isolated ferroelectric sub-cells  305 , and the array of DC bias probes  402 , is shown in FIG. 4. A cross-sectional view of each sub-cell  305  and its associated DC bias probe  402  is shown in FIG.  5 . FIG. 5 shows a matching structure  502  to resonate probe inductance  402 , which is used to compensate for the effects of DC bias probe  402 . DC bias probe  402  is isolated by ground plane probe isolation areas  504 . Dielectric substrate  506  separates flexible PCB  508  from arbitrary shaped conformal antenna ground plane  204 . Flexible PCB  508  can be a microstrip board which carries the DC bias voltage and possibly the signal feed. Flexible PCB  508  is preferably conformal to the contour shape of the arbitrary shaped conformal printed surface antenna array  300 . The DC bias probe  402  is driven by DC bias voltage source  512  in conjunction with RF choke inductor  510 , which provides an RF block to this DC feed. The equivalent circuit for each of the sub-cells  305  and its DC bias probe  402 , with the required matching circuitry, is shown in FIG.  6 . FIG. 6 depicts a design where the signal feed is accomplished through DC bias probe  402 . In other circumstances, alternate feed approaches are envisioned. 
     Now referring to FIG. 7, there is shown a top signal feeding network  700  which illustrates one such alternate embodiment where the RF signal is not routed to the printed radiation elements  303  through ferroelectric sub-cell DC bias probe  402 . Top-side, series and corporate feed networks are shown in this embodiment. Each of the sub-cells  305  has one or more printed radiation elements  303  thereon which is driven by a microstrip connection line  704  with an adjacent printed radiation element  303 . Series fed linear array section  702  represents a linear section of sub-cells  305  which are driven together. In series fed linear array section  702 , each of the sub-cells  305  has a single printed radiation element  303  and a DC bias probe  402  for providing independent control. In contrast, a large sub-cell having multiple radiating elements  706  is shown having a single DC bias probe  402 . Note that the dielectric constant—locally under each radiating element—can be individually controlled by means of the sub-cell&#39;s applied DC voltage, via DC bias probe  402 . Groups of series fed linear array sections  702  can be fed by a N-way Wilkensen or other standard combiner network or corporate feed network  708  and signal input feed  710 . 
     FIG. 8 is a dual probe variation of the single probe method shown in FIGS. 4-5 (where the DC bias probe  402  used to bias the arbitrary shaped conformal radiating top surface mosaic of printed radiation elements  302  and can also used to distribute the RF signal to the printed radiation elements  303 ). Now referring to FIG. 8, there is shown a dual probe array  800  of sub-cells  305  wherein each of the sub-cells  305  includes a radiating element having dual probes  803 , wherein each of the two DC bias and signal feed probes  802  is used to both provide DC bias and signal feed. The use of two DC bias and signal feed probe  802  per sub-cells  305  allows for the generation of circularly, or more generally elliptically polarized radiation patterns. 
     Throughout this description, reference is made to aircraft, because it is believed that the beneficial aspects of the present invention would be most readily apparent when used in connection with an aircraft; however, it should be understood that the present invention is not intended to be limited to aviation uses and should be hereby construed to include other designs as well. 
     It is thought that the method and apparatus of the present invention will be understood from the foregoing description and that it will be apparent that various changes may be made in the form, construct steps, and arrangement of the parts and steps thereof, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention or sacrificing all of their material advantages. The form herein described is merely a preferred exemplary embodiment thereof.