Abstract:
The spectroscopic instrument includes a plurality of first lenses arranged one-dimensionally or two-dimensionally; an aperture opening provided near a focal plane of each of the plurality of first lenses; a spectroscopic unit that spectrally distribute the light that has passed through the aperture opening; and a light receiving unit that receives the light spectrally distributed by the spectroscopic unit. The image producing device includes: the spectroscopic instrument; an imaging unit that captures an image formed by an imaging optical system; and an image processing unit that acquires a lighting condition from a result of spectroscopy by the spectroscopic instrument and performs color conversion processing depending on the lighting condition on an image captured by the imaging unit.

Description:
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE 
     The disclosure of the following priority application is herein incorporated by reference: 
     Japanese Patent Application No. 2007-100499 filed Apr. 6, 2007. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a spectroscopic instrument and an image producing device equipped with the spectroscopic instrument. Also, the present invention relates to a spectroscopic method and an image producing method utilizing the spectroscopic method. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     In electronic imaging devices such as digital still cameras and the video cameras, light and the lighting of surroundings should be examined closely and some color processings should be done to the image so that more accurate color reproduction is achieved. Among such electronic imaging devices, there is known an electronic imaging device that acquires a multi-spectral image in order to reproduce color information that conventional RGB color images could not express satisfactorily (for instance, see Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. 2003-309747). This conventional device has a construction such that the spectral image is generated based on a captured image by a light flux from a direction of a subject. 
     One or more types of illumination sources are used as the case may be to irradiate light to the subject. When light from a plurality of light sources located in various directions is used, it is necessary to know the direction in which light enters and the spectrum characteristics thereof, and judge what these individual light sources are like in order to specify those illumination light sources. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to a first aspect, the present invention provides a spectroscopic instrument, including: a plurality of first lenses arranged one-dimensionally or two-dimensionally; an aperture opening provided near a focal plane of each of the plurality of first lenses; a spectroscopic unit that spectrally distributes a light flux that has passed through the aperture opening; and a light receiving unit that receives the light spectrally distributed by the spectroscopic unit. 
     According to a second aspect, in the spectroscopic instrument according to the first aspect, the aperture opening may be disposed at a position deviated from an optical axis of the first lens corresponding to the aperture opening in a direction toward the focal plane. 
     According to a third aspect, in the spectroscopic instrument according to the second aspect, an amount of deviation or a direction of deviation of the position at which the aperture opening is disposed from the optical axis may be different for each of the plurality of aperture openings. 
     According to a fourth aspect, in the spectroscopic instrument according to the first aspect, the light receiving unit may include a plurality of light receiving elements, and the spectroscopic unit may input the light that has passed through the aperture opening into different light receiving elements out of the plurality of the light receiving elements depending on wavelength thereof. 
     According to a fifth aspect, in the spectroscopic instrument according to the first aspect, the light receiving unit may include a plurality of light receiving elements, and the spectroscopic unit may include a second lens disposed for each of the aperture opening to collimate the light that has passed through the aperture opening; and a diffracting optical element that diffracts the light from the second lens depending on wavelength thereof and input the diffracted light into different light receiving elements out of the plurality of the light receiving elements depending on the wavelength thereof. 
     According to a sixth aspect, the spectroscopic instrument according to the fifth aspect may further include: a light shielding unit that prevents a zeroth (0th) diffracted light out of the diffracted light diffracted by the spectroscopic unit from entering the light receiving unit. 
     According to a seventh aspect, in the spectroscopic instrument according to the first aspect, the light receiving unit may include a plurality of light receiving elements, and the spectroscopic unit may include a second lens disposed for each of the aperture opening to collimate the light that has passed through the aperture opening; and a spectral prism that spectrally distributes the light from the second lens depending on wavelength thereof and input the spectrally distributed light into different light receiving elements out of the plurality of light receiving elements depending on the wavelength thereof. 
     According to an eighth aspect, the spectroscopic instrument according to the fourth aspect may further include: a member that is disposed between the spectroscopic unit and the light receiving unit to keep the spectroscopic unit and the light receiving unit at a predetermined distance and prevent unnecessary light from entering into the light receiving elements. 
     According to a ninth aspect, the present invention provides an image producing device including: a spectroscopic instrument according to the first aspect; an imaging unit that captures an image formed by an imaging optical system; and an image processing unit that acquires a lighting condition from a result of spectroscopy by the spectroscopic instrument and performs color conversion processing depending on the lighting condition on an image captured by the imaging unit. 
     According to a tenth aspect, the present invention provides a spectroscopic method including: restricting light incident through a plurality of first lenses arranged in a one-dimensional or two-dimensional array via an aperture opening arranged in the vicinity of a focal plane of each of the plurality of first lenses; and spectrally distributing the light that has passed through the aperture opening. 
     According to an eleventh aspect, the present invention provides an image producing method, including: capturing an image formed in an image formation system; spectrally distributing light by restricting the light incident through a plurality of first lenses arranged in a one-dimensional or two-dimensional array via an aperture opening arranged in the vicinity of a focal plane of each of the plurality of first lenses, spectrally distributing the light that has passed through the aperture opening; obtaining a lighting condition from a result of the spectral distributing of light and performing color conversion processing depending on the lighting condition on the captured image. 
     According to this invention, lights from a plurality of directions can be spectroscopically measured separately and simultaneously. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a digital camera equipped with a spectroscopic instrument in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a figure where the skeleton framework of a spectroscopic instrument is shown; 
         FIG. 3  is a figure illustrating arrangement of lenses and openings; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates the direction of the light flux, three-dimensionally; 
         FIG. 5  is a figure illustrating the ray when the position of an opening is moved in front of the focal plane; 
         FIG. 6  is a figure where the arrangement of the opening and two kinds of lenses is shown; 
         FIG. 7  is a graph showing one example of the spectrum curve; 
         FIG. 8  is a figure showing a first modification of the spectroscopic instrument; 
         FIG. 9A  is a figure showing a second modification of the spectroscopic instrument with a different type of partition disposed; 
         FIG. 9B  is a figure showing a second modification of the spectroscopic instrument, with a still different type of partition disposed; 
         FIG. 10  is a figure showing a construction of the spectroscopic instrument when a hologram is used; and 
         FIG. 11  is figure where the composition of spectroscopic instrument  9  when prism array  97  is used is shown. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The following is an explanation of an embodiment of the present invention given in reference to the attached drawings.  FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a digital camera equipped with a spectroscopic instrument in accordance with the present invention. The digital camera shown in  FIG. 1  includes a photographic lens  1 , an image sensor  2 , an analog to digital (A/D) converter  3 , a memory  4 , an image processing circuit  5 , an external recording medium  6 , a control circuit  7 , a CPU  8 , and a spectroscopic instrument  9 . The CPU  8  includes an AWB calculation part  10 . The external recording medium  6 , such as a memory card, is detachably installed in the digital camera. 
     The image sensor  2  is an imaging device of two-dimensional type, which includes various forms such as a CCD type one and a MOS type one. The subject light that has passed a photographic lens  1  forms an image on an imaging side of the image sensor  2 . When the subject image is formed on the imaging side of the image sensor  2 , a signal charge of each pixel is accumulated according to the intensity of the light of the subject image. In the image sensor  2 , the storage time of charge accumulated in each pixel (shutter speed) is controlled by a shutter gate pulse from the control circuit  7 . This is a function called an electronic shutter. 
     The signal charge accumulated in each pixel of image sensor  2  is read one by one as an image output signal, and converted into the digital signal with analog to digital converter  3 . The video signal converted into a digital signal is once stored in the memory  4  as an image data. The image processing circuit  5  includes signal processing circuits such as a ?-correcting circuit, a brightness signal generating circuit, a color difference signal generation circuit, and a data compression/decompression circuit, etc. The image processing circuit  5  reads the image data from the memory  4 , performs various signal processings, converts the processed data into an image data of a prescribed form (for instance, JPEG format), and stores the obtained image data in the memory  4  or the external recording medium  6 . 
     The CPU  8  is connected with the control circuit  7 , the spectroscopic instruments  9 , the memory  4 , etc., and the CPU  8  performs various calculations such as exposure amount and a state of focus according to a prescribed algorithm, and manages the control of AS (automatic exposure) and AF (automatic focus) and the control of the AWB (auto white balance) operation parts  10 , etc., as a whole. In the AWB calculation part  10 , the lighting condition is calculated based on a result of the measurement with the spectroscopic instrument  9 , and R gain and B gain for the white balance adjustment according to the calculated lighting condition are set. The R gain and B gain for the white balance adjustment are stored beforehand in the CPU  8  according to the lighting condition (sunlight, white lamp, and fluorescent lamp, etc.). 
     Colored filters (for instance, R, G, and B filters) are formed in a prescribed array in each photoelectric device of the image sensor  2 , and an R signal, a G signal, and a B signal are output from each photoelectric device. In the image processing circuit  5 , the R signal and the B signal out of the signals of R, G, and B are multiplied by the R gain and the B gain, respectively, for the white balance adjustment mentioned above. As a result, imaging signals of an optimal white balance (R signal, G signal, and B signal) are obtained. Thereafter, the gamma correction processing is performed to the R signal, the G signal, and the B signal of which the white balance is adjusted. In addition, the R signal, the G signal, and the B signal to which the gamma correction is processed are converted into a brightness signal (Y signal) and color-difference signals (Cr and Cb signals). 
     Explanation of Spectroscopic Instrument  9   
       FIG. 2  shows a schematic construction of the spectroscopic instrument  9 . The spectroscopic instrument  9  is provided with a first lens array  91 , an aperture  92 , a second lens array  93 , a diffraction grating  94 , a third lens array  95 , and a light receiving section  96  sequentially from an incident side of the observed light (from above in the figure). In the following, the structure and function of these are sequentially described starting from the first lens array  91 . 
     In the first lens array  91 , there are formed a plurality of microlenses  910  in a two-dimensional array (see  FIG. 3 ). Aback side of the first lens array  91  is planar, and the aperture  92  is integrally formed on the back side of the first lens array  91 . The aperture  92  includes a plurality of minute openings  920  formed in a shading member. Each opening  920  of the aperture  92  is disposed corresponding to the respective microlens  910  of the first lens array  91 , and formed on a focal plane of the microlenses  910 , respectively. Although not shown in  FIG. 2 , a spacer is disposed between the first lens array  91  with the aperture  92  and the second lens array  93  to keep a space therebetween at a predetermined extent. 
       FIG. 3  is a plan view showing the arrangement of the microlenses  910  and the openings  920 , when the first lens array  91  with the aperture  92  formed is seen from the direction of the incidence of light. The microlenses  910  and the openings  920  are arranged like a lattice. Each opening  920  is disposed in a position in which it is deviated by a predetermined extent from an optical axis  911  of the corresponding microlens  910  in a predetermined direction on the focal plane of the microlens  910  except for the opening  920 C corresponding to the microlens  910 C formed at the center of the first lens array  91 . In the example shown in  FIG. 3 , each opening  920  is deviated in the direction toward the center of the first lens array  91 . The gap, referred to as “eccentricity amount” hereafter, is set greater when it is positioned farther from the center. 
     Three microlenses  910  shown in  FIG. 2  indicate the microlens  910 C in the center of  FIG. 4  and the microlenses  910 A and  910 D disposed right and left sides thereof. Similarly to the case of the opening  920 C, the opening  920  corresponding to the microlenses  910 A and  910 B are referred to as  920 A and  920 C. Because open each mouth  920  of squeezing  92  is formed on the focal plane of microlens  910  as mentioned above, the light that enters into each microlens  910  of the first lens array  91  is imaged formation on the plane of squeezing  91 . 
     The opening  920 C of the center is disposed on an optical axis of the microlens  910 C. Therefore, the light flux that enters into an optical axis of the microlens  910 C in parallel as shown by arrow C forms an image on the opening  920 C. Therefore, the light flux that forms an image on the opening  920 C enters the lens in parallel to the optical axis of the microlens  910 C as shown by arrow C. On the other hand, the opening  920 A is disposed as deviated from an optical axis of the microlens  910 A rightward. Therefore, the light flux on the opening  920 A from the direction of A that is inclined leftward by θa relative to the optical axis forms an image. Oppositely, the opening  920 B is disposed as deviated leftward from the optical axis of the microlens  910 B. Therefore, the light flux from the direction of B that is inclined rightward by θb relative to the optical axis forms an image. 
     The amount of eccentricity of opening  920  is greater when the opening  920  is farther from the center as shown in  FIG. 3 . Therefore, when the opening  920  is farther from the center, the light flux from the direction that is more greatly inclined from the optical axis forms an image.  FIG. 4  three-dimensionally indicates the directions of the light fluxes A, B, and C. The microlenses  910 A,  910 B, and  910  C in  FIG. 3  are disposed along the straight line L 1  on the first lens array  91 . Points P show intersections of the light axes of the light fluxes A, B, and C with a hemisphere S. Points P are intersections between (the axes of the light fluxes A, B, and C and hemispheres S. In the example shown in  FIG. 3 , forty nine (49) openings  920  with different amounts of eccentricity and different directions of deviation are formed. Accordingly, 49 points P will be drawn on the hemisphere S of  FIG. 4 . That is, disposing the respective openings  920  so as to be deviated from the optical axes of the corresponding microlenses  910  enables the light fluxes with different angles of incidence to form respective images on separate openings  920 . 
     According to the present embodiment, the openings  920  are formed on the focal plane of the microlenses  910  as mentioned above. However, the openings  920  may be disposed at positions deviated from the focal plane of the microlenses  910  backward and forward to some extent. For example, as shown in  FIG. 5 , when the opening  920  is in a deviated position deviated on the front side (on the upper side in  FIG. 5 ) of the focal plane, light from a predetermined region of solid angle indicated in broken line in the figure enters the opening  920 . As a result, it is possible to capture the light flux from a region as indicated in hatched line in  FIG. 4  by a single microlens  910 , so that light fluxes from a broader region can be observed. The amount of deviation of the opening from the focal plane can be determined based on the relationship between the amount of eccentricity of the opening and the focal length of the microlens  910 . 
     The second lens array  93 , the diffraction grating  94 , and the third lens array  95  are disposed under the aperture  92 . That is, the back surfaces of the second lens array  93  and the third lens array  95  each having a planar surface are connected mutually with the diffraction grating  94  placed therebetween. A transmission grating is used as the diffraction grating  94 . 
       FIG. 6  is a plan view illustrating the disposition of the opening  920 , the microlens  930 , and the microlens  950  in which the aperture  92 , the second lens array  93 , and the third lens array  95  are seen from the side of the first lens array  91 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , respective microlenses  930  are disposed in the same array so as to correspond to the openings  920  to come in superposition in the vertical direction). An optical axis of each microlens  930 ) agrees with an optical axis of each corresponding opening  920 . In addition, each opening  920  is disposed in the focus position of each corresponding microlens  930 . 
     The light collimated to be a parallel pencil by microlens  930  enters into the diffraction grating  94 , and is diffracted by the diffraction grating  94 . The diffracted light is output under  FIG. 2  at a diffraction angle corresponding to the wavelength of the light. Then, this output light enters into the microlens  950  of the third lens array  95 . In this embodiment, the first diffraction ray is used for the measurement. 
     The light diffracted by the diffraction grating  94  forms an image on the light detecting element  960  of the light receiving part  96  by the microlens  950 . The light receiving surface of the light receiving part  96  is in an optically conjugate relation with the aperture  92  mentioned above. The image of the opening  920  will be formed on the light detecting element  960 . To achieve such a position, a spacer (not shown) is disposed between the third lens array  95  and light receiving is part  96  in order to keep the interval therebetween at a specific value. 
     A heavy line SP in  FIG. 6  shows a spectrum of the first diffraction ray projected on the light receiving part  96 . Thus, the spectrum SP is projected on a plurality of light detecting elements  960 . When the relation between the wavelength of light and the output of the light detecting element  960  is obtained, the spectrum curve of the light flux in the specific direction observed through one microlens  910  for one heavy line SP is obtained. Spectra of light from 49 directions are obtained since there are 49 microlenses  910  as mentioned above. 
     Spectra of light from 49 directions are obtained since there are 49 microlenses  910  as mentioned above.  FIG. 7  shows one example of the spectrum curve obtained from the spectra of those microlenses in whole.  FIG. 7  shows two high peaks in the curve at a wavelength of ?11 and a wavelength of ?12. From this spectrum curve, it is possible to recognize what an optical source is present, that is, what the lighting condition is like. 
       FIG. 8  shows a first modification of the spectroscopic instrument  9  mentioned above. In the spectroscopic instrument  9  shown in  FIG. 2 , a zeroth (0-th) light, which goes out as straight advancement from the diffraction grating  94 , enters into the light receiving part  96  through a non-lens unit  951  of the third lens array  95 . As a result, the output of the 0th light is included in the output of the light detecting element  960 . This influences the spectroscopic measurement. Moreover, the light that enters into the non-lens unit  931  of the second lens array  93  also influences the spectroscopic measurement as unnecessary light. 
     Then, in the spectroscopic instrument shown in  FIG. 8 , light absorbing members  932  and  952  are disposed to the non-lens units  931  and  951 . Black chrome, etc. are used for the photoabsorption members  932  and  952 . The black chrome may be deposited to the surfaces of the non-lens units  931  and  951 . By forming the photoabsorption members  932  and  952 , the influence of unnecessary light can be decreased to improve the accuracy of spectroscopy. The 0th light can be prevented from entering into the microlens  950  by providing the photoabsorption members  932  and  95  and setting the diffraction angle so that the microlens  930  will not come in superposition above the microlens  930  as shown in  FIG. 6 . 
     Moreover,  FIGS. 9A and 9B  show a second modification of the spectroscopic instrument  9 . As mentioned above, in the spectroscopic instrument  9  shown in  FIG. 2 , a spacer is disposed that keeps the optical member with the first lens array  91  and the aperture  92  at predetermined intervals from the optical member with the second lens array  93 , the diffraction grating  94 , and the third lens array  95 , so that the opening  920  is in the focus position of the microlens  930 . Similarly, a spacer is provided, which keeps the optical member with the third lens array  95  at a predetermined distance from the light receiving part  96 . 
     Then, in the spectroscopic instrument shown in  FIG. 9A , partitions  100  and  101  are disposed instead of the above-mentioned spacers. The partitions  100  and  101  serve both as the spacer and as the member that prevents unnecessary light from entering. A cylinder space  100   a , in which the opening  920  and the microlens  930  in a pair are enclosed, is formed in the partition  100  disposed between the aperture  92  and the second lens array  93 , respectively. Therefore, only light from the opening  920  enters into the microlens  930  to prevent unnecessary light from entering. Moreover, for the partition  101  disposed between the third lens array  95  and the light receiving part  96 , the cylinder space  101   a  is formed so as to enclose surroundings of microlens  950  and a plurality of light detecting elements into which light from the microlens  950  enters. On the other hand, for the spectroscopic instrument shown in  FIG. 9B , a partition  102  is disposed instead of the partition  101  that has been mentioned above. 
     On the other hand, in the spectroscopic instrument shown in  FIG. 9B , a partition  102  is disposed instead of the partition  101  that has been mentioned above. The shape of the cylinder space  102   a  of the partition  102  is different from that of the cylinder space  101   a  of  FIG. 8A . Since the first diffraction ray goes out from the diffraction grating  94  obliquely toward bottom left, the cylinder space  102   a  is configured to be a cylindrical space that is obliquely inclined so that the direction of the axis of the cylinder space  102  agrees with the direction of the spectrum spectroscopy. This prevents the cylinder space  102   a  from disturbing a region in which the diffracted ray is projected. 
     A straight line lattice-type diffracting grating, for instance, whose grating space is decided from an angle required for a primary (or first order) diffraction ray, a usual shading-type or phase-type diffracting grating can be used as one example of the diffraction grating  94  of the transmission type mentioned above. In this case, a diffracting grating of the type that efficiently diffracts a diffraction ray of a necessary order, such as one of the Echelon type is preferred. As a result, the diffraction ray not used for the measurement can be prevented from entering into the light detecting element  960  to improve the spectrum accuracy. 
     Moreover, the spectroscopy may be performed by using hologram of the phase-change type that has a certain thickness in place of a usual diffraction grating. Especially, the 0th light may be assumed to be theoretically 0 in the case of the hologram of the volume type, and unnecessary multi-order diffraction rays can be controlled. As a result, the utilization efficiency of light can be improved, and the is spectroscopy measurement becomes possible with darker light. In addition, when the hologram is used, the hologram may be adapted to have the functions of spectroscopy function and of the third lens array  95 .  FIG. 10  shows the construction of the spectroscopic instrument  9  when such hologram  110  is used. The diffraction ray forms an image on light detecting element  960  by hologram  110 . 
     Moreover, the prism array  97  instead of diffraction grating  94  may be used as shown in  FIG. 11 . A plurality of microprisms  970  formed in the prism array  97  is disposed on an optical axis of respective microlens  930  of the second lens array  93 . In the construction that includes the prism array  97 , the first lens array  91 , the aperture  92 , and the second lens array  93  are formed as an integrated optical member. Besides, the prism array  97  and the third lens array  95  are formed as an integrated optical member. 
     The optical member consisting of the first lens array  91 , the aperture  92 , and the second lens array  93  and the optical member consisting of the prism array  97  and the third lens array  95  are kept at a predetermined intervals with a spacer (not shown). Light from respective microlens  930  is distributed respectively by microprisms  970  according to the wavelength. The distributed light forms an image on the light detecting element  960  by the microlens  950  of the third lens array  95 . 
     In the embodiment mentioned above, the opening  920  of the aperture  92  has been described as a circle. The shape of the opening  920  may be set so as to match the shape of the light detecting element  960  on which the image of the opening  920  is formed. The opening  920  of the aperture  92  may be, for instance, of a long rectangle in a direction vertical to the direction of the spectroscopy, (direction of right and left in the figure), i.e., the direction vertical to paper, or similarly, of an oval that is elongate in a vertical direction. For circular opening  920 , the cylinder or toric lens instead of the spherical lens may be used as the microlens  950  of the third lens array  95  to lengthen the aperture image in the direction vertical to the direction of spectroscopy. 
     As mentioned above, in the spectroscopic instrument  9  according to this embodiment, light from various directions can be subjected to spectroscopic measurements separately and simultaneously. Then, the photographic image of which lighting conditions have been appropriately taken into consideration can be obtained by performing white balance processing by the AWB calculation part  10  using the results of spectrophotometric processing. Moreover, conventional CCD sensors and CMOS sensors etc. of the black and white photography can be used as the light receiving part  6 , and a low-cost, small spectroscopic instrument can be provided. Therefore, the spectroscopic instrument according to the present invention can be easily installed in imaging devices that take still pictures and video pictures, such as cameras and video cameras, etc. as well as other optical measurement devices. 
     As long as the features and functions of the present invention are realized, the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments. 
     The above-described embodiments are examples, and various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention.