Abstract:
The present invention is directed to a high drug load tablet formulation of [(1R), 2S]-2-aminopropionic acid 2-[4-(4-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-methylpyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy]-1-methylethyl ester, and to methods of using the formulation in the treatment of cancer.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/979,174, filed Jul. 11, 2013, which is a national phase of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2012/021199, filed Jan. 13, 2012, which claims priority to provisional application, U.S. Ser. No. 61/432,801 filed on Jan. 14, 2011 incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The invention relates to a high drug load tablet formulation of [(1R), 2S]-2-aminopropionic acid 2-[4-(4-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-methylpyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy]-1-methylethyl ester, and to methods of using the formulation in the treatment of cancer. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The compound of formula (I), Brivanib, (R)-1-(4-(4-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-methylpyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy)propan-2-ol, is a selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors, and is useful in the treatment of various forms of cancer. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0004]    The L-alanine ester prodrug of Compound I (Compound Ia), known as brivanib alaninate, [(1R), 2S]-2-aminopropionic acid 2-[4-(4-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-methylpyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy]-1 -methylethyl ester, 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    is currently in phase III clinical development as an agent for the treatment of cancer. The compounds of formula (I) and (Ia), a crystalline form of the compound of formula (Ia) and their preparation have been previously described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,869,952, issued Mar. 22, 2005, U.S. Pat. No. 7,265,113, issued Sep. 4, 2007, U.S. Pat. No.7,521,450, issued Apr. 21, 2009, U.S. Pat. No. 7,671,199 which issued Mar. 2, 2010 and U.S. Pat. No.7,932,383 which issued Apr. 26, 2011. 
         [0005]    Clinical studies of brivanib alaninate indicated the need for a high dose (200 Mg-800 mg). For convenient oral administration, generally the tablet weight should not exceed 1000 mg. Thus, brivanib alaninate tablets require a drug loading of 20% w/w to 80% w/w in the formulation for 200 mg to 800 mg dose per tablet. As the number of tablets required per dose can lead to compliance issues, one objective was to find a formulation that could be commercially made that resulted in less tablets required per dose with the resultant expectation that there would be improved patient compliance. 
         [0006]    The overall physical properties and manufacturability of low drug loading formulations is determined predominantly by the inactive ingredients or excipients in the formulation. At high drug loading, the contribution of physical properties of the API to the manufacturability of a formulation becomes predominant. 
         [0007]    Brivanib alaninate is an ester compound that is formulated as a free base. It has a pKa of 6.9 and shows pH dependent solubility with limited solubility at neutral and basic pH, but has increasing solubility at acidic pH. However, it also degrades rapidly at acidic pH and at high pH. 
         [0008]    Brivanib alaninate solid drug substance shows acceptable stability when stored at room temperature protected from moisture. Its main degradation pathway at neutral and basic pH is hydrolysis to the parent compound, brivanib. Under acidic conditions, it can also undergo diaryl ether cleavage in solution as shown below. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0009]    Hydrolytic sensitivity suggests that a solid dosage form, such as a tablet or capsule would be more stable than an aqueous solution or suspension. In addition, a manufacturing process that does not involve the use of water as a processing aid, such as roller compaction, should be preferred over a process that uses water, such as high shear wet granulation or fluid bed granulation. 
         [0010]    Brivanib alaninate exhibits sticking to tablet press tools during compression. This problem increases with increasing drug load and compromises its manufacturability above 25% w/w drug load in a roller compaction formulation. 
         [0011]    Methods known to reduce the sticking tendency of a drug during tablet compression include reduction of ‘fines’ (powder with particle size below a certain particle diameter), increasing the hardness of tablets, or increasing the concentration of the lubricant, magnesium stearate. Fines in powders are conventionally defined as particles below #100 mesh (149 μm), #200 mesh (74 μm), or #325 mesh (44 μm) by nested sieve analysis—depending on the investigator. For example, one investigator defined fines as particles below 45 μm, while another defined fines as particles below 145 μm. In any case, this is the only method in the current state-of-the-art to characterize fines in pharmaceutical granules. 
         [0012]    These measures, however, are usually effective in overcoming ‘borderline cases’ of sticking. For example, when using the roller compaction process, at low (25% w/w) drug concentration, the tendency of brivanib alaninate to stick to tablet compression tools was observed. This tendency was highly sensitive to the quantity of fines and the lubricant concentration in the formulation. Therefore, changing the lubricant concentration and the quantity of fines was used to overcome the sticking tendency. However, as the drug load is increased beyond 25% w/w in the formulation, the sticking tendency is significant and is not easily overcome by these measures in a manner that maintains commercial manufacturability of the formulation. For example, if sticking tendency was to be overcome by using excessive quantity of magnesium stearate in the formulation, it would compromise granule bonding during compaction. 
         [0013]    Brivanib alaninate shows significant sticking during tableting, which has a direct correlation with the amount of fines (reducing the fines reduces sticking tendency) and an inverse correlation with the amount of lubricant (increasing lubricant concentration reduces sticking tendency). 
         [0014]    However, it was unexpected and surprising that for the high drug load formulation of brivanib alaninate, the use of a wet granulation process results in significantly lower sticking tendency than the roller compaction process for the same amount of fines. 
         [0015]    The reason for lower sticking tendency of the wet granulated formulation over the roller compacted formulation is attributed to two factors. First, the granulation process modifies exposed particle surface by causing the agglomeration of particles. Thus, the presence of greater proportion of primary drug particles in the formulation is expected to cause sticking, whereas the presence of agglomerated drug particles would not. ‘Fines’ in wet granulated formulation are agglomerates of primary drug particles, whereas ‘fines’ in roller compacted samples are largely unagglomerated primary drug particles. Second, is the mechanism of sticking for brivanib alaninate, which is attributed to the interaction of the surface of drug particles with metal surface during tableting. Our studies indicate that the polar functional groups on the exposed surface of the brivanib alaninate crystals are responsible for sticking of drug to the tablet tooling steel surface. These polar functional groups are also expected to be involved in hydrogen bonding by interaction with binder during wet granulation. The polar hydrophilic surface of the binder is expected to bind to the electronegative atoms on the drug&#39;s surface. Therefore, particle agglomeration by the wet granulation process would minimize the surface exposure of polar functional groups in brivanib alaninate crystals. This, however, may not be the case with the roller compaction process which does not utilize a binder and a solvent in the manufacturing process. 
         [0016]    The use of wet granulation process for brivanib alaninate was not expected to be suitable because brivanib alaninate degrades by hydrolysis. Therefore, any person skilled in the art of pharmaceutical formulation would logically implement all measures to minimize the exposure of drug to water during handling, formulation, processing, and storage. It was surprisingly found that the use of wet granulation for brivanib alaninate did not really result in significant degradation of the drug and that this process was commercially suitable. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0017]    The present invention is directed to a high drug load tablet formulation of the compound of formula (Ia) and to methods of treating cancer using said formulation. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0018]    The present invention is directed to a high drug load tablet formulation of the compound of formula (Ia) 
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         [0019]    In another embodiment of the invention, there is disclosed a high drug load tablet formulation of Compound Ia of the formula 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    which comprises the active pharmaceutical ingredient and one or more filler, binder, disintegrant, glidant and/or lubricant. 
         [0020]    In another embodiment of the invention, there is disclosed the formulation wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is included in the range of 30-80% w/w, one or more filler is included in the range of 15-65% w/w, the binder is included in the range of 1-20% w/w, one or more disintegrant is included in the range of 1-20% w/w, and the lubricant is included in the range of 0.25-2.5% w/w. 
         [0021]    In another embodiment of the invention, there is disclosed the formulation wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is included in the range of 40-70% w/w, one or more filler is included in the range of 25-55% w/w, the binder is included in the range of 2-12% w/w, one or more disintegrant is included in the range of 2-12% w/w, and the lubricant is included in the range of 0.75-1.5% w/w. 
         [0022]    In another embodiment of the invention, there is disclosed the formulation wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is included in about 50% w/w, one or more filler is included in about 24.5% w/w, the binder is included in about 3% w/w, one or more disintegrant is included in about 3% w/w, the glidant is included in about 0.5% w/w and the lubricant is included in about 1.0% w/w. 
         [0023]    In another embodiment of the invention, there is disclosed the formulation wherein the fillers and disintegrants are intragranular and extragranular. In another embodiment of the invention, there is disclosed the formulation wherein the fillers are selected from lactose monohydrate and microcrystalline cellulose. In another embodiment of the invention, there is disclosed the formulation wherein the binder is hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), starch or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 
         [0024]    In another embodiment of the invention, there is disclosed the formulation wherein the disintegrants are selected from croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, starch and sodium starch glycolate. 
         [0025]    In another embodiment of the invention, there is disclosed the formulation wherein the lubricant is magnesium stearate. 
         [0026]    In another embodiment of the invention, there is disclosed the formulation wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is brivanib alaninate, the fillers are microcrystalline cellulose, the binder is hydroxypropyl cellulose, the disintegrants are croscarmellose sodium or crospovidone, the glidant is colloidal silicon dioxide and the lubricant is magnesium stearate. 
         [0027]    In another embodiment of the invention, there is disclosed a wet granulated tablet formulation of Compound Ia of the formula 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    which comprises the active pharmaceutical ingredient and one or more filler, binder, disintegrant, glidant and/or lubricant. 
         [0028]    In another embodiment of the invention, there is disclosed the wet granulated tablet formulation wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is included in about 50% w/w, one or more filler is included in about 24.5% w/w, the binder is included in about 3% w/w, one or more disintegrant is included in 3% w/w, the glidant is included in about 0.5% w/w and the lubricant is included in about 1.0% w/w. 
         [0029]    In another embodiment of the invention, there is disclosed a method of treating cancer, comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the high drug load tablet formulation wherein the cancer is selected from breast cancer, colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer and prostate cancer. 
         [0030]    In another embodiment of the invention, there is disclosed a method of treating cancer, comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the wet granulated tablet formulation wherein the cancer is selected from breast cancer, colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer and prostate cancer. 
         [0031]    In another embodiment, there is provided a method for treating cancer, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a formulation of the present invention. 
         [0032]    In another embodiment, there is provided a method for preparing the formulation of the invention using a wet granulation process. 
         [0033]    In another embodiment, there is provided the use of the formulation of the present invention in therapy. 
         [0034]    In another embodiment, there is provided the use of the formulation of the present invention in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of cancer. 
         [0035]    The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof. This invention also encompasses all combinations of preferred aspects and examples of the invention noted herein. It is understood that any and all embodiments of the present invention may be taken in conjunction with any other embodiment to describe additional even more preferred embodiments of the present invention. Furthermore, any elements of an embodiment are meant to be combined with any and all other elements from any of the embodiments to describe additional embodiments. 
       Definitions 
       [0036]    “Therapeutically effective amount” is intended to include an amount of a compound of the present invention alone or an amount of the combination of compounds claimed or an amount of a compound of the present invention in combination with other active ingredients effective to inhibit protein tyrosine kinase activity, such as but not limited to VEGF kinase activity, or effective to treat or prevent cancer. 
         [0037]    As used herein, “treating” or “treatment” cover the treatment of a disease-state in a mammal, particularly in a human, and include: (a) preventing the disease-state from occurring in a mammal, in particular, when such mammal is predisposed to the disease-state but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (b) inhibiting the disease-state, i.e., arresting it development; and/or (c) relieving the disease-state, i.e., causing regression of the disease state. 
         [0038]    As used herein, the term “filler” refers to any pharmaceutically acceptable inert material or composition added to a formulation to add bulk. Suitable filler include for example, lactose monohydrate and microcrystalline cellulose. 
         [0039]    As used herein, the term “disintegrant” refers to materials added to the composition to help it break apart and release the medicaments. Examples of disintegrants include, but are not limited to, non-saccharide water soluble polymers, such as cross-linked povidone. Other disintegrants that can be used include, for example, croscarmellose sodium, starch and sodium starch glycolate. 
         [0040]    As used herein, the term “lubricant” refers to any pharmaceutically acceptable agent which reduces surface friction, lubricates the surface of the granule, and decreases the tendency to build up static electricity. Lubricants can also play a related role in improving the compression process by reducing the tendency of the material to adhere to the surface of compression tools. Thus, lubricants can serve as anti-adherents. Examples of suitable lubricants are magnesium stearate, stearic acid or other hydrogenated vegetable oil or triglycerides. 
         [0041]    As used herein, the term “binder” refers to any pharmaceutically acceptable compound or composition that can help bind primary powder particles into agglomerates. Examples of suitable binding agents include, but are not limited to, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), starch or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0042]    The invention is further understood by reference to the following examples, which are intended to be purely exemplary of the invention. The present invention is not limited in scope by the exemplified embodiments, which are intended as illustrations of single aspects of the invention only. Any methods that are functionally equivalent are within the scope of the invention. Various modifications of the invention in addition to those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Such modifications fall within the scope of the appended claims. 
         [0043]    The manufacturing process of this formulation generally involves mixing the drug with dry powder excipients, such as with one or more binder, disintegrant, and filler. Water is then added to this premix while it is being continuously mixed in a mixer such as a high shear granulator. Alternatively, the binder may not be added as a dry powder to the premix, but dissolved in water. Addition of water with continuous mixing leads to the formation of granules, or granulation. The granules are then dried in dry, hot air using equipment and processes such as fluid bed drying or tray drying. Once dried, the granules may be milled using equipment such as comil or Fitzmil to reduce and/or reduce the width of distribution of particle size of granules. The granules are then mixed with extra-granular ingredients, which may include one or more of disintegrant, filler, glidant, and lubricant. The final blend is then compressed on a tablet press into core tablets. The core tablets may optionally be coated with a nonfunctional film coat. 
       Example 1 
     Wet Granulation 
       [0044]    Three wet granulation formulations (as shown below in Table 1) were manufactured using 75% Compound Ia and intra-granular ingredients (microcrystalline cellulose, binder, and disintegrant). After granulation and drying, the granules were characterized for particle size distribution. Dried granules were lubricated with 1% magnesium stearate and compressed into tablets. 
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                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Particle size distribution of granules prepared by wet granulation 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Composition 
                 Mesh Size 
                 100 
                 200 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 75% API; 14% Avicel PH 101; 
                 % w/w granules 
                 47 
                 31 
               
               
                 5% Povidone K-30 (dissolved); 
                 below 
               
               
                 5% Croscarmellose Sodium 
               
               
                 75% API; 15.5% Avicel PH 101; 
                 % w/w granules 
                 27 
                 8 
               
               
                 3.5% HPC EX-F (Dry); 
                 below 
               
               
                 5% Crospovidone 
               
               
                 75% API; 9% Avicel PH 101; 
                 % w/w granules 
                 10 
                 5 
               
               
                 10% Starch 1500 (Dry); 
                 below 
               
               
                 5% Crospovidone 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0045]    No sticking was observed in all formulations, irrespective of the content of fines 
       Example 2 
     Roller Compaction 
       [0046]    Three roller compaction formulations were manufactured using 75% of Compound Ia and intra-granular ingredients (microcrystalline cellulose, disintegrant, and either of talc, calcium silicate, or hydrogenated vegetable oil, or magnesium stearate). All batches exhibited significant sticking and were not useful for manufacture. 
       Example 3 
     Wet Granulation 
       [0047]    The typical and preferred ranges of excipients in a typical wet granulation formulation of brivanib alaninate tablets are listed in Table 2. Optionally, the brivanib alaninate tablets could be coated with a non-functional, fast-disintegrating film coat. 
         [0048]    A tablet formulation of brivanib alaninate was manufactured using the composition listed in Table 3. No sticking was observed. 
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                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 A typical composition of an immediate release tablet formulation. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 S. 
                 Location 
                 Functional 
                   
                 Usable 
                 Preferred 
               
               
                 No. 
                 in tablet 
                 class 
                 Examples of components 
                 Range* 
                 range* 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 Intra- 
                 Active 
                 Brivanib alaninate 
                 30-80 
                 40-70 
               
               
                   
                 granular 
                 pharmaceutical 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ingredient 
               
               
                 2 
                   
                 Filler 
                 Lactose monohydrate, 
                 15-65 
                 25-55 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 microcrystalline cellulose 
               
               
                 3 
                   
                 Binder 
                 Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), 
                  1-20 
                  2-12 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 starch, hydroxypropyl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 methylcellulose (HPMC) 
               
               
                 4 
                   
                 Disintegrant 
                 Croscarmellose sodium, 
                  1-20 
                  2-12 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 crospovidone, starch, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 sodium starch glycolate 
               
               
                 5 
                 Extra- 
                 Filler 
                 Lactose monohydrate, 
                 20-70 
                 30-60 
               
               
                   
                 granular 
                   
                 microcrystalline cellulose 
               
               
                 6 
                   
                 Disintegrant 
                 Croscarmellose sodium, 
                  1-20 
                  2-12 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 crospovidone, starch, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 sodium starch glycolate 
               
               
                 7 
                   
                 Lubricant 
                 Magnesium stearate 
                 0.25-2.5  
                 0.75-1.5  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *of levels that it may be used (% w/w of tablet weight) 
               
             
          
         
       
     
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                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of brivanib alaninate tablet formulation 
               
               
                 used for the assessment of sticking tendency. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 S. 
                 Location 
                 Functional 
                   
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 in tablet 
                 class 
                 Examples of components 
                 % w/w 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 Intra- 
                 Active 
                 Brivanib alaninate 
                 50 
               
               
                   
                 granular 
                 pharmaceutical 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ingredient 
               
               
                 2 
                   
                 Filler 
                 Microcrystalline cellulose 
                 24.5 
               
               
                 3 
                   
                 Binder 
                 Hydroxypropyl cellulose 
                 3 
               
               
                 4 
                   
                 Disintegrant 
                 Croscarmellose sodium 
                 3 
               
               
                 5 
                 Extra- 
                 Filler 
                 Microcrystalline cellulose 
                 15 
               
               
                 6 
                 granular 
                 Disintegrant 
                 Crospovidone 
                 3 
               
               
                 7 
                   
                 Glidant 
                 Colloidal silicon dioxide 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 8 
                   
                 Lubricant 
                 Magnesium stearate 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 * of levels that it may be used (% w/w of core tablet weight) 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 4 
     Bioequivalence Study 
       [0049]    A two-way crossover bioequivalence study was conducted in healthy volunteers to compare proposed commercial 400-mg high drug load (HDL) film-coated tablet manufactured by the wet granulation process with a 50% w/w drug load and two 200-mg low drug load (LDL) film-coated tablets manufactured by the roller compaction process with a 25% w/w drug load. Under fasted conditions, there were no significant differences between the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of the single oral dose 1×400-mg tablet of brivanib alaninate and the single oral dose 2×200-mg tablets of brivanib alaninate. The 90% CIs of the ratios of geometric least squares means and the potency-corrected geometric least squares means for PK parameters [AUC(0-T), AUC(INF), and Cmax] were entirely contained within 80% to 125%. These ratios are within the criterion 90% CI (80%-125%) for establishing bioequivalence. Therefore, the brivanib alaninate 1×400-mg tablet was bioequivalent to the brivanib alaninate 2×200-mg tablets in healthy subjects. 
         [0050]    Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail to facilitate understanding, it will be apparent that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. Accordingly, the described embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention is not to be limited to the details given herein, but may be modified within the scope and equivalents of the appended claims.