Abstract:
Ketoxime- and amide-functionalized nanomaterials. The nanomaterials including a nanomaterial comprising a carbon nanotube or a carbon nanofiber. At least one ketoxime group coupled to a first location on the nanomaterial, and at least one amide group coupled to a second location on the nanomaterial.

Description:
RIGHTS OF THE GOVERNMENT 
       [0001]    The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States for all governmental purposes without the payment of any royalty. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates generally to nanomaterials and, more specifically, to grafted and functionalized carbon nanotubes and nanofibers. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    One-dimensional, carbon-based, nano-structured materials, which are formally derived from the rolling up of single or multiple graphene sheets into tubular structures, are generally divided into three categories (based on diameter dimensions): single-wall carbon nanotubes (“SWNT”) having diameters ranging from 0.7 nm to 3 nm; multi-wall carbon nanotubes or CNT having diameters ranging from 2 nm to 20 nm; and carbon nanofibers (“CNF”) having diameters ranging from 40 nm to 100 nm. The length of vapor grown carbon nanofibers (“VGCNF”) may range from 30 μm to 100 μm. While the length of SWNT and CNT is difficult to determine because of a strong proclivity to aggregate or form ropes, the lengths of SWNTs and CNTs are generally considered to be two-orders of magnitude shorter than VGCNFs. 
         [0004]    Carbon nanomaterials have captivated wide-spread attention in the advanced materials research community because of the predicted extraordinary thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties. To take advantage of their predicted mechanical properties, several studies have been performed on CNT or CNF and reported their reinforcement effects in various thermoplastics and thermoset matrices. 
         [0005]    Great strides have been made in the functionalization of SWNT to impart solubility and processing options. Similar to fullerene derivatization chemistry, the general nature of chemical reactions utilized in conventional CNT functionalization are compatible with the electron-deficient character of the carbon nanotubes. This generalization is understandably applicable to the reaction chemistry involving the perfect graphene framework. However, defect sites, (for example, the pre-existing sp 2  C—H bonds), of these graphene-based nanomaterials may behave differently. 
         [0006]    Graphene-based nanomaterials have such broad applications because of particular thermal, electrical, mechanical, and photonic properties. Therefore, graphene-based nanomaterials are actively investigated with respect to their structural reinforcement, energy/electron transport or storage capabilities, and interactions with electromagnetic waves. 
         [0007]    The chemical medication of graphene-based surfaces and edges is usually quantitatively assessed by using the combination of thermogravimetric analysis (“TGA”) and elemental analysis. Experimentally, under TGA conditions, organic functional groups are thermally degraded at temperatures well below the thermal degradation of carbon nanomaterials (much greater than 600° C.). Therefore, the total amount of the specific organic group in the original test sample can be estimated by the associated weight loss. Such estimation is referred to as degree of functionalization (DF or τ and expressed in terms of atom %). It follows that a rough, empirical formula for the functionalized carbon nanomaterial sample may be derived and elemental analysis based on this empirical formula is used for its confirmation. For example, when VGCNF is functionalized via a Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction, the DF for VGCNF is estimated to be 3 atom %, that is to say, on average for every 100 carbon atoms of a single nanofibers, there are 3 functional group grafted. 
         [0008]    Therefore, it would be desirable to transfer one or more of these properties to polymeric matrices, for example, it is desirable to transfer such electrical, mechanical, and optical properties to bulk materials via the chemical modification of nanomaterial surfaces and edges to promote or enhance specific interactions or bonding strength between the matrix and the functionalized nanomaterial. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    The present invention overcomes the foregoing problems and other shortcomings, drawbacks, and challenges of modifying nanomaterial surfaces for improving transfer of properties to bulk materials. While the invention will be described in connection with certain embodiments, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to these embodiments. To the contrary, this invention includes all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
         [0010]    One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a functionalized nanomaterial, which includes a nanomaterial comprising a carbon nanotube or a carbon nanofiber. At least one ketoxime group is coupled to a first location on the nanomaterial, and at least one amide group is coupled to a second location on the nanomaterial. 
         [0011]    Yet another embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method of synthesizing a ketoxime- and amide-functionalized nanomaterial. The method includes converting a keto-carbonyl group, which is coupled to the nanomaterial to an oxime group. The oxime group then undergoes a Beckmann Rearrangement to an amide group. 
         [0012]    Other embodiments of the present invention are directed to a method of synthesizing a ketoxime- and amide-functionalized nanomaterial. The method includes grafting, with a Friedel-Crafts acylation, the keto-carbonyl group onto the nanomaterial. The keto-carbonyl group is converted to an oxime group and undergoes a Beckmann Rearrangement to an amide group. 
         [0013]    Yet another embodiment of the present invention is directed to a functionalized nanomaterial of which the nanomaterial comprises a carbon nanotube or a carbon nanofiber. At least ketoxime group is coupled to the nanomaterial. 
         [0014]    According to still another embodiment of the present invention, a functionalized nanomaterial includes a nanomaterial comprises a carbon nanotube or a carbon nanofiber. At least amide group is coupled to the nanomaterial. 
         [0015]    Another embodiment of the present invention includes a functionalized nanomaterial having at least one external surface and at least one edge. The nanomaterial is a carbon nanotube or a carbon nanofiber. At least one primary amine group is coupled to the at least one external surface of the nanomaterial. At least one primary amine group is coupled to the at least one edge of the nanomaterial. At least one primary carboxylic acid group is coupled to the at least one external surface of the nanomaterial. And, at least one primary carboxylic acid group is coupled to the at least one edge of the nanomaterial. 
         [0016]    Additional objects, advantages, and novel features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following or may be leaned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0017]    The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the present invention and, together with a general description of the invention given above, and the detailed description of the embodiments given below, serve to explain the principles of the present invention. 
           [0018]      FIG. 1  is a flowchart illustrating a method of functionalizing CNTs according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0019]      FIG. 2  is a flowchart illustrating a Beckmann rearrangement of an oxime group of the CNTs of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0020]      FIG. 3  is a schematic representation of a chemical reaction between a model compound 4-(2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy)benzophenone and hydroxylamine hydrochloride. 
           [0021]      FIG. 4  illustrates a schematic representation of the Beckmann rearrangement of a first isomer product from the reaction of  FIG. 3 . 
           [0022]      FIG. 5  illustrates a schematic representation of the Beckmann rearrangement of a second isomer product from the reaction of  FIG. 3   
           [0023]      FIGS. 6A-6B  illustrates a schematic representation of a chemical reaction between a CNT and hydroxylamine hydrochloride with Beckmann rearrangement of the oxime group. 
           [0024]      FIGS. 7A-7C  illustrates exemplary R groups of the products in  FIGS. 6A-6B . 
           [0025]      FIG. 8  illustrates a schematic representation of a convention chemical reaction for functionalizing a CNT. 
           [0026]      FIG. 9  illustrates a schematic representation of a chemical reaction, according to another embodiment of the present invention, between a CNT and hydroxylamine hydrochloride with Beckmann rearrangement of the oxime group 
       
    
    
       [0027]    It should be understood that the appended drawings are not necessarily to scale, presenting a somewhat simplified representation of various features illustrative of the basic principles of the invention. The specific design features of the sequence of operations as disclosed herein, including, for example, specific dimensions, orientations, locations, and shapes of various illustrated components, will be determined in part by the particular intended application and use environment. Certain features of the illustrated embodiments have been enlarged or distorted relative to others to facilitate visualization and clear understanding. In particular, thin features may be thickened, for example, for clarity or illustration. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0028]    Referring now to the figures, and in particular to  FIG. 1 , a flowchart  20  illustrating a method of synthesizing ketoxime- or amide-functionalized graphene-based nanomaterials according to one embodiment of the present invention are shown, respectively. 
         [0029]    In Block  22  of  FIG. 1 , carbon nanotubes (“CNTs”) are grafted with keto-carbonyl groups via Friedel-Crafts (F-C) acylation in optimized PPA/P 2 O 5  using methods described in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/963,469, entitled NANOCOMPOSITES FROM IN-SITU POLYMERIZATION OF 3-PHENOXYBENZOIC ACID IN THE PRESENCE OF VAPOR-GROWN CARBON NANOFIBERS; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/233,423, entitled NANOCOMPOSITES FROM IN-SITU POLYMERIZATION OF 3-PHENOXYBENZOIC ACID IN THE PRESENCE OF VAPOR-GROWN CARBON NANOFIBERS, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,960,471 on Jun. 14, 2011; and U.S. application Ser. No. 12/079,083, entitled CARBON NANOFIBERS AND NANOTUBES GRAFTED WITH A HYPERBRANCHED POLY (ETHER-KETONE) AND ITS DERIVATIVES, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,173,763 on May 8, 2012, the disclosure of each incorporated herein by reference, in its entirety. The surface keto-carbonyl group may then be then converted to an oxime group (Block  24 ) and followed by effecting a Beckmann rearrangement in sulfuric acid ( FIG. 26 ). 
         [0030]      FIG. 2  is a flowchart further illustrating the Beckmann Rearrangement  26 , with exemplary schemes as applied to a model compound (2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy)benzophenone in  FIGS. 3-5  and to CNT in  FIGS. 6A and 6B . In Block  28 , the compound, whether 4-(2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy)benzophenone 30 of  FIG. 3  or keto-carbonyl grafted CNT  32  of  FIG. 6A  from the reaction noted above with respect to  FIG. 1 ) is reacted with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in pyridine/ethanol at an elevated temperature (for example, 90° C.). With not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that when an unsymmetrical ketoxime is involved, the Beckman Rearrangement is expected to form two structural isomers in the amide product. Accordingly, and as shown in  FIG. 3 , 4-(2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy)benzophenone  30  reacts with hydroxylamine hydrochloride to afford two oxime isomers  34 ,  36 . Otherwise, and if a symmetric ketoxime is involved, then a single ketoxime-functional CNT product is formed, such as oxime-CNT  38  of  FIG. 6A . 
         [0031]    If desired, the products  34  ( FIG. 3 ),  36  ( FIG. 3 ),  38  ( FIG. 6A ) may be collected under filtration and dried (Optional Block  40 ), and before undergoing molecular rearrangement (Block  42 ) in a hot acid solution to form corresponding aromatic amide products  44  ( FIG. 4 ),  46  ( FIG. 5 ),  48  ( FIG. 6B ). The relative yield of a first product  44  ( FIG. 4 ) and a second product  46  ( FIG. 5 ) may be, for example, 83.1% to 16.9%. The degree of functionalization of the amide-CNT  48  ( FIG. 6B ) may be, for example, 1.3 atoms per 100 carbon atoms. 
         [0032]    There are two isomeric forms of secondary amide moieties bonded to graphene surfaces of CNTs or CNFs, including C graphene  C bond or a direct C graphene-N  bond and corresponding to C-amide and N-amide, respectively. Conventional synthesis methods, illustrated in  FIG. 8 , invariably produce C-amide functionalized CNTs and CNFs. However, synthesis according to embodiments of the present invention, and as shown in  FIG. 9 , provides a near-quantitative yield of N-amide (98%) or mixture of N-amide (ranging from 72% to 86%) and C-amide (ranging from 14% to 28%) functionalized CNTs and CNFs, depending on the nature of R group in the starting keto-functionalized carbon nanomaterials. 
         [0033]    The following examples illustrate particular properties and advantages of some of the embodiments of the present invention. Furthermore, these are examples of reduction to practice of the present invention and confirmation that the principles described in the present invention are therefore valid but should not be construed as in any way limiting the scope of the invention. 
       Example 1 
     Confirmation of Functionalized Amide-CNT 
       [0034]    Functionalization of the amide-CNT  48  ( FIG. 6B ) was confirmed by comparing the FT-IR spectra of corresponding products, generally designated as keto-CNT. The corresponding products included Oxime-CNT-R and Amide-CNT-R, wherein R may be one compound selected from the group illustrated in  FIGS. 7A-7C  [4-(2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy)benzoyl (“TMPB”); 1-pyrene; and pentyl, respectively]. 
         [0035]    When R is TMPB, the corresponding Keto-CNT-R showed a ketone-carbonyl characteristic peak at 1664 cm −1 , which is absent in the resulting Oxime-CNT-R having characteristic CN and N—O stretches at 1604 cm −1  and 996 cm −1 , respectively. After rearrangement, the amide-carbonyl peak at 1647 cm −1  and associated N—H stretch at 3321 cm −1  appeared in the Amide-CNT-R spectrum. 
         [0036]    To determine the ratio of these isomers, Amide-CNT-R was hydrolyzed in potassium hydroxide/ethanol under refluxing condition. After work-up, a mixture of the hydrolysis product  50 , carboxylic acid  52 , and amine  54  in solution was separated from the solid product and injected into a GC-MS instrument for analysis. GC peak locations were compared with those of known compounds. The ratios of carboxylic acid  52  and amine  54  were obtained by integration of both GC peak areas. 
         [0037]    The hydrolysis of Amide-CNT-R resulted in 98% of 4-(1,3,5-trimethylphenoxy)benzoic acid  52  and only 2% of 4-(1,3,5-trimethylphenoxy)aniline  54 . It is believed that the carboxylic acid  52  is dominant because anti-Oxime-CNT is encountering much less steric hindrance than its syn-counterpart and the predominant presence of syn-configuration of the ketoxime moiety as the result of the OH group moving away from the nonpolar graphene surface. The significant implication of this observation is that despite being part of a bulky graphene system, the surface sp 2  carbon may be an active participant in the molecular rearrangement of the pendant. 
       Example 2 
     4-(2,4,6-Trimethylphenoxy)benzonitrile 
       [0038]    2,4,6-Trimethylphenol (6.00 g, 44.1 mmol), 4-fluorobenzonitrile (5.34 g, 44.1 mmol), potassium carbonate (7.30 g, 52.8 mmol), a mixture of NMP (100 mL), and toluene (60 mL) were placed into a 250 mL three-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stir-bar, nitrogen inlet, and a condenser. The reaction mixture was then heated and maintained at a temperature of about 140° C. for 8 hr under nitrogen. The dark solution was filtered while warm, and the filtrate was poured into distilled water containing 5% hydrochloric acid. The solution was separated into organic and aqueous layers. The organic layer was diluted with dichloromethane and separated. The solvent was removed from the dichloromethane extract to dryness. The resulting light brown oily residue was freeze-dried to afford 10.1 g (97% yield): 
         [0039]    Analytical calculation for C 16 H 15 NO: C, 80.98%; H, 6.37%; N, 5.90%; 0, 6.74%. 
         [0040]    Found: C, 80.31%; H, 6.37%; N, 5.75%; 0, 6.46%. FT-IR (KBr, cm −1 ): 2226 (CN stretch). 
         [0041]    Mass spectrum (m/e): 237 (M +  100% relative abundance), 222, 204, 194.  1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , ppm) δ 2.05 (s, 6H, CH 3 ), 2.30 (s, 3H, CH 3 ), 6.81-6.84 (d, 2H, Ar), 6.91 (s, 2H, Ar), 7.53-7.56 (d, 2H, Ar).  13 C NMR (CDCl 3 , ppm) δ 16.10, 20.79, 115.48, 129.07, 129.15, 129.88, 130.48, 134.25, 147.84, 150.03, 161.44. 
       Example 3 
     4-(2,4,6-Trimethylphenoxy)benzoic acid 
       [0042]    4-(2,4,6-Trimethylphenoxy)benzonitrile (10.0 g, 42.0 mmol), and phosphoric acid (100 mL) were placed into a 250 mL three-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stir-bar, nitrogen inlet, and a condenser. The reaction mixture was then heated and maintained at a temperature of about 150° C. for 8 hr. After cooling down to room temperature, the mixture was poured into distilled water containing 5% hydrochloric acid. The resulting precipitates were collected by suction filtration, air-dried, dissolved in warm heptane, and filtered. The filtrate was allowed to cool to room temperature to afford 4.5 g (42% yield) of white crystal: m.p. 236-238° C. 
         [0043]    Analytical calculation for C 16 H 16 O 3 : C, 74.98%; H, 6.29%; 0, 18.73%. 
         [0044]    Found: C, 74.76%; H, 6.67%; 0, 18.56%. FT-IR (KBr, cm −1 ): 1650 (C═O stretch), 3385 (O—H stretch). 
         [0045]    Mass spectrum (m/e): 256 (M + , 100% relative abundance), 255.  1 H NMR (DMSO-d 6 , ppm) δ 2.00 (s, 6H, CH 3 ), 2.67 (s, 3H, CH 3 ), 6.74-6.77 (d, 2H, Ar), 6.98 (s, 2H, Ar), 7.82-7.86 (d, 2H, Ar).  13 C NMR (DMSO-d 6 , ppm) δ 15.80, 20.41, 113.80, 127.65, 129.69, 129.81, 130.12, 134.47, 147.95, 159.95, 167.06. 
       Example 4 
     4-(2,4,6-Trimethylphenoxy)benzophenone 
       [0046]    2,4,6-Trimethylphenol (2.72 g, 20.0 mmol), 4-fluorobenzophenone (4.00 g, 20.0 mmol), potassium carbonate (3.32 g, 24.0 mmol), a mixture of DMAc (40 mL), and toluene (10 mL) were placed into a 250 mL three-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stir-bar, nitrogen inlet, and a Dean-Stark trap with a condenser. The reaction mixture was then heated and maintained at a temperature of about 140° C. for 6 hr with nitrogen flow. The brown mixture was filtered while warm, and the filtrate was poured into distilled water containing 5% hydrochloric acid. The solution was phase-separated into an organic layer and an aqueous layer. The organic layer was diluted with dichloromethane and separated. The solvent was removed from the CH 2 Cl 2  extract to dryness to afford 6.00 g (95%) of a light brown oily residue, which solidified upon standing at room temperature: m.p. 52-54° C. 
         [0047]    Analytical calculation for C 22 H 29 O 2 : C, 83.52%; H, 6.37%; 0, 10.11%. 
         [0048]    Found: C, 83.15%; H, 6.51%; 0, 10.52%. FT-IR (KBr, cm −1 ): 3058, 2919, 2859, 1655 (C═O), 1597, 1500, 1307, 1278, 1235, 1165, 847, 700. 
         [0049]    Mass spectrum (m/z): 316 (Ml, 100% relative abundance), 239, 105, 91, 77. 
         [0050]      1 H NMR (CDCl 3 , ppm) δ 2.09 (s, 6H, CH 3 ), 2.31 (s, 31-1, CH 3 ), 6.82-6.84 (d, 21-1, Ar), 6.92 (s, 2H, Ar—H), 7.44-7.48 (t, 2H, Ar—H), 7.54-7.58 (t, 1H, Ar—H), 7.75-7.80 (overlapped d, 4H, Ar—H).  13 C NMR (CDCl 3 , ppm) δ 16.16, 20.76, 114.28, 128.15, 129.69, 129.73, 130.63, 130.73, 131.93, 132.70, 134.98, 138.08, 148.22, 161.67, 195.46. 
       Example 5 
     4-(2,4,6-Trimethylphenoxy)benzophenone oxime 
       [0051]    4-(2,4,6-Trimethylphenoxy)benzophenone 30 ( FIG. 3 ) (3.16 g 10 mmol), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (3.50 g, 50 mmol), pyridine (20 mL), and ethanol (50 mL) were placed into a 250 mL three-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stir-bar, nitrogen inlet. The reaction mixture was then heated and maintained at a temperature of about 90° C. for 8 hr with nitrogen flow. Most solvents were removed by a rotavap, water (100 mL) was added, and the resulting mixture extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated, washed with water 3 times, and finally dried over magnesium sulfate. After filtration to remove MgSO 4 , the filtrate was evaporated to dryness and dried in oven at 100° C. overnight to afford 3.15 g (99%) of white solid, m.p. 175.1-175.4° C. FT-IR (KBr, cm −1 ): 3228 (Br, OH), 3060, 2916, 1601, 1507, 1479, 1328, 1201, 994, 835, 765, 692. 
       Example 6 
     4-(2,4,6-Trimethylphenoxy)-N-phenylbenzamide and N-[4-(2,4,6-Trimethylphenyoxy)phenyl]benzamide 
       [0052]    4-(2,4,6-Trimethylphenoxy)benzophenone oxime (0.50 g, 1.5 mmol) and sulfuric acid (10 mL, 85%) were added into a 50 mL three-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stir-bar and nitrogen inlet. The mixture was heated at a temperature of about 100° C. for 1 hr. After cooling down to room temperature, the resulting mixture was poured into ice. The precipitate was collected to afford 0.43 g (86%) of white powder. FT-IR (KBr, cm −1 ): 3319 (amide, N—H), 3059, 2918, 2857, 1649 (amide, C═O), 1599, 1503, 1440, 1321, 1241, 1167, 751, 691. 
       Example 7 
     Functionalization of CNTs with 4-(2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy)benzoic acid 
       [0053]    4-(2,4,6-Trimethylphenoxy)benzoic acid (0.50 g, 1.95 mmol), CNT (0.50 g of Graphistrengh® C100, Arkema, Colombes Cedex, France), and poly(phosphoric acid) (83% assay, 40 g) were place into a 250 mL resin flask equipped with a high torque mechanical stirrer and nitrogen inlet and outlet and stirred with dried nitrogen purging at 130° C. for 24 hr. P 2 O 5  (10 g) was then added in one portion. The initially dark mixture became dark brown after 24 hr. The temperature was maintained at 130° C. for 72 hr. After cooling down to room temperature, water was added to the reaction vessel and the content was poured into a beaker of water (about 1 L). The resulting precipitates were collected, washed with (1) diluted ammonium hydroxide; (2) Soxhlet-extracted with water for three days and (3) with methanol for three days; (4) and dried over phosphorus pentoxide under reduced pressure at 100° C. for 72 hr to give 0.60 g (95%) of dark brown solid. FT-IR (KBr, cm −1 ): 3435, 2922, 2856, 1659 (keto C═O), 1594, 1389, 1230, 1152, 913. 
       Example 8 
     Functionalization of MWCNTs with 1-pyrenecarboxylic acid 
       [0054]    Keto-CNT-Re ( FIG. 6B ), wherein R is the 1-pyrene of  FIG. 7B , was synthesized from 1-pyrenecarboxylic acid (0.50 g, 2.03 mmol) and MWCNT (0.50 g) using the same procedure as was described in Example 7 to afford 0.57 g (91% yield) of dark brown solid. 
         [0055]    Analytical calculation for C 122.1 H 11.7 O 1.3  (based on the assumption that for every 100 carbon, there are 1.3 1-pyrenecarbonyl groups attached): C, 97.82%; H, 0.79%; 0, 1.39%. 
         [0056]    Found: C, 97.56%; H, 0.88%; 0, 1.42%. FT-IR (KBr, cm −1 ): 3036, 1641 (C═O), 1512, 1277, 840. 
       Example 9 
     Functionalization of MWNTs with 1-hexanoic acid 
       [0057]    Keto-CNT-R ( FIG. 6B ), wherein R is the pentyl of  FIG. 7C , was synthesized from 1-hexanoic acid (0.50 g, 4.31 mmol) and MWCNT (0.50 g) using the same procedure as was described in Example 7 to afford 0.49 g (88%) of dark brown solid. 
         [0058]    Analytical calculation for C 107.8 H 14.3 O 1.3  (based on the assumption that for every 100 carbon, there are 1.3 hexanoyl groups attached): C, 98.32%; H, 1.30%; 0, 1.56%. 
         [0059]    Found: C, 97.94%; H, 1.26%; 0, 1.63%. FT-IR (KBr, cm −1 ): 2928, 2863, 1648, 1458, 1202. 
       Example 10 
     Conversion of Keto-CNT-R to Oxime-CNT-R 
       [0060]    Keto-CNT-R ( FIG. 6B ), wherein R is the TMPB of  FIG. 7A , keto-carbonyl grafted CNT  32  ( FIG. 6A ) (0.50 g), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (2.00 g, 28.6 mmol), pyridine (20 mL), and ethanol (1000 mL) were added into a 250 mL three-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stir-bar, nitrogen inlet. The reaction mixture was then sonicated for 1 hr and heated to a temperature of about 90° C. for 2 d. The solution was then poured into water. The black precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with ethanol, and dried in an oven at 100° C. overnight to afford 0.51 g (99%) of black powder. FT-IR (KBr, cm −1 ): 3420 (oxime O—H), 2920, 1501, 1604 (oxime C═N), 1228, 1163, 996 (oxime N-0). 
       Example 11 
     Conversion of Oxime-CNT-R to Amide-CNT-R 
       [0061]    Oxime-CNT-R (0.20 g), wherein R is the TMPB of  FIG. 7A , and sulfuric acid (10 mL) were placed into a 50 mL three-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stir-bar and nitrogen inlet. The reaction mixture was then sonicated for 1 hr and heated at 100° C. for 1 d. The solution was then poured into ice water. The black precipitate was collected by filtration, washed in water, and dried in oven at 100° C. overnight to afford 0.18 g (90%) of black powder. FT-IR (KBr, cm −1 ): 3321 (amide N—H), 2920, 1647 (amide C═O), 1601, 1499, 1324, 1227, 1154. 
       Example 12 
     Hydrolysis of Amide-CNT-R 
       [0062]    Amide-CNT-R (0.20 g), wherein R is the TMPB of  FIG. 7A , and ethanol (10 mL) were placed into a 50 mL three-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stir-bar and nitrogen inlet. The reaction mixture was then sonicated for 1 hr and potassium hydroxide (2.0 g, 3.6 mmol) was added. The mixture was heated under refluxing for 1 d and then poured into water in a beaker. Dilute HCl solution (2N) was added until pH was about 6-7, followed by addition of ethyl acetate, and the resulting heterogeneous mixture was magnetically stirred. Upon standing, the top organic layer of mixture was separated from the lower aqueous phase with solid particles at the bottom of the beaker and dried over sodium sulfate. After filtration, the solid was dried to afford 0.12 g (75%) of black power (CNT-R′, where R′ is NH 2  or COOH). The ethyl acetate extract of the filtrate was rotary-evaporated to dryness to afford 0.03 g (76%) of white crystalline products included carboxylic acid  52  ( FIG. 6B ) and amine  54  ( FIG. 6B ), which were then dissolved in acetonitrile and injected into GC-MS sample port for quantitative identification. 
       Example 13 
     Hydrolysis of Amide-CNT-R 
       [0063]    Hydrolysis of Amide-CNT-R, wherein R is the 1-pyrene of  FIG. 7B , was performed using the same procedure as was described in Example 12 using Amide-CNT-R (0.16 g), ethanol (10 mL), and potassium hydroxide (2.0 g, 3.6 mmol) to afford 0.09 g (82%) of black power (CNT-R′, where R′ is NH 2  or COOH), and the ethyl acetate extract filtrate was rotary-evaporated to dryness to afford 0.03 g (75%) of yellow crystals (mixture of carboxylic acid  52  and amine  54 ), which were then dissolved in acetonitrile and injected into GC-MS sample port for identification and quantification. 
       Example 14 
     Hydrolysis of Amide-CNT-R 
       [0064]    Hydrolysis of Amide-CNT-R, wherein R is the pentyl of  FIG. 7C , was performed using the same procedure as was described in Example 12 using Amide-CNT-R (0.16 g), ethanol (10 mL), and potassium hydroxide (2.0 g, 3.6 mmol) to afford 0.10 g (78%) of black power (MWCNT-R′, where R′ is NH 2  or COOH), and the ethyl acetate extract was rotary-evaporated to remove the solvent to afford 0.02 g (76%) of a colorless liquid (carboxylic acid  52  and amine  54 ), which was then dissolved in acetonitrile and injected into GC-MS sample port for identification and quantification. 
       Example 15 
     Hydrolysis of Amide-CNT-R 
       [0065]    GC-MS analysis and associated plots were obtained on a CP-3800 Gas Chromatographer and TQ-Mass Spectrometer (Varian Medical Systems, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.). A “25 min” method was used for all the samples, wherein operational parameters included an injector temperature of 250° C.; column helium flow rate of 1.0 mL/min; and flame ionization detector (FID) temperature of 250° C. The column oven temperature was held at 50° C. for 0.5 min after each analyte had been injected. The oven temperature was then raised, at the rate of 20° C./min to 300° C./min for 12.5 min and held at 300° C. for 12 min. 
         [0066]    The carboxylic acid  52  ( FIG. 6B ) and amine  54  ( FIG. 6A ) reference compounds were specially synthesized. Other reference compounds included 1-aminopentane (1-pentylamine), 1-hexanoic ac id, 1-aminopyrene, and 1-pyrenecarboxylic acid. The reference compounds, 4-(1,3,5-trimethoxyphenoxy)benzoic acid and 4-(1,3,5-trimethoxyphenoxy)aniline were prepared as described in Example 3 and Example 16, respectively. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 R group designation 
                 N-amide (%) 
                 C-amide (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 TMPB (FIG. 7A) 
                 98 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 1-pyrene (FIG. 7B) 
                 86 
                 14 
               
               
                   
                 pentyl (FIG. 7C) 
                 100 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 16 
     Synthesis of 4-(1,3,5-trimethoxyphenoxy)aniline for GC-MS analysis 
       [0067]    2,4,6-Trimethylphenol (7.50 g, 55.0 mmol), 4-fluoronitrobenzene (7.10 g, 50.0 mmol), potassium carbonate (7.60 g, 55.0 mmol), and N,N′-dimethylformamide (100 mL) were placed into a 250 mL three-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stir-bar and nitrogen inlet. The reaction mixture was agitated at room temperature for 24 hr with nitrogen flow. The brown mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was poured into distilled water. The solution phase-separated into an organic layer and an aqueous layer. The organic layer was diluted with ethyl acetate and separated. The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation. The semi-solid was purified by a column (basic alumina) chromatography with a 1:9/ethyl acetate:hexane mixture as eluent to eventually afford 7.31 g (58.4%) of 1,3,5-trimethyl-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene as a colorless liquid, which, upon standing in a refrigerator, was solidified to a light yellow solid m.p. 46-48° C. 
         [0068]    Analytical calculation for C 15 H 15 NO 3 : C, 70.02%; H, 5.88%; N, 5.44. 
         [0069]    Found: C, 69.87%; H, 5.78%; N, 5.45%. 
         [0070]    Mass spectrum (m/z): 257.  1 H NMR (DMSO-d 6 , ppm) δ: 1.98 (s, 6H, CH 3 ), 2.24 (s, 3H, CH 3 ), 6.88-6.89 (d, 2H, Ar—H), 6.97 (s, 2H, Ar—H), 8.17-8.19 (d, 2H, Ar—H).  13 C NMR (DMSO-d 6 , ppm) δ: 15.58, 22.28, 114.9, 126.33, 128.6, 129.8, 135.1, 141.7, 147.5, 162.5. 
         [0071]    1,3,5-Trimethyl-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene (4.0 g, 15.6 mmol) was then dissolved in ethyl acetate (100 mL) and palladium on activated carbon (0.20 g) was placed in a hydrogenation bottle. The bottle was tightly secured on a Parr hydrogenation apparatus, flushed four times with hydrogen gas, and pressurized to 60 psi. After agitation at room temperature for 12 hr under the hydrogen pressure of 60 psi, the solution was filtered through Celite. The filter cake was washed with ethyl acetate, and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness on a rotary evaporator and the resulting crude product was recrystallized from ethanol/water to afford 3.25 g (92%) of light brown crystals: m.p. 94-95° C. 
         [0072]    Analytical calculation for C 15 H 17 NO: C, 79.26%, H, 7.54%, N, 6.16%, 
         [0073]    Found: C, 79.19%, H, 7.55%, N, 5.95%. 
         [0074]    Mass spectrum (m/z): 227.  1 H NMR (DMSO-d 6 , δ in ppm): 1.99 (s, 6H, CH 3 ), 2.22 (s, 3H, CH 3 ), 4.63 (s, 2H, NH 2 ), 6.39-6.41 (d, 2H, Ar—H), 6.45-6.48 (d, 2H, Ar—H), 6.89 (s, 2H, Ar—H). 
       Example 17 
       [0075]    Table 2, below, summarizes a degree of functionalization determined based on thermogravimetric analysis and elemental analysis results of pristine and functionalized MWCNTs. The superscript “a” in Table 2 indicates a value less than the detection limit. The subscript “b” in Table 2 indicates the theoretical calculation of C %, H %, and N % were based on the assumption that for every 1000 carbons there are 13 (i.e., degree of functionality or τ=1.3 at. %, based on reported TGA and elemental results) functional groups (C n H m N p O q ) attached from the following equation: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 C 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 % 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       100 
                       + 
                       
                         τ 
                         * 
                         n 
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                   * 
                   12.01 
                 
                 
                   
                     100 
                     * 
                     12.01 
                   
                   + 
                   
                     τ 
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           12.01 
                            
                           n 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           1.01 
                            
                           m 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           14.01 
                            
                           p 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           16.00 
                            
                           q 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             ; 
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                 H 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 % 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   τ 
                   * 
                   m 
                   * 
                   1.01 
                 
                 
                   
                     100 
                     * 
                     12.01 
                   
                   + 
                   
                     τ 
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           12.01 
                            
                           n 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           1.01 
                            
                           m 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           14.01 
                            
                           p 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           16.00 
                            
                           q 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             ; 
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                 N 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 % 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   τ 
                   * 
                   p 
                   * 
                   14.01 
                 
                 
                   
                     100 
                     * 
                     12.01 
                   
                   + 
                   
                     τ 
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           12.01 
                            
                           n 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           1.01 
                            
                           m 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           14.01 
                            
                           p 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           16.00 
                            
                           q 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             ; 
             
                 
             
              
             and 
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                 O 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 % 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   τ 
                   * 
                   q 
                   * 
                   16.00 
                 
                 
                   
                     100 
                     * 
                     12.01 
                   
                   + 
                   
                     τ 
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           12.01 
                            
                           n 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           1.01 
                            
                           m 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           14.01 
                            
                           p 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           16.00 
                            
                           q 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where the subscripts n, m, p, and q are the numbers of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, respectively, in one functional group. The atomic weights of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen are 12.01 g/mol, 1.01 g/mol, 14.01 g/mol, and 16.00 g/mol, respectively. 
         [0076]    Returning again to Table 2, the superscript “c” indicates a CNT content calculated as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               CNT 
                
               
                   
               
                
               Content 
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   100 
                   * 
                   12.01 
                 
                 
                   
                     100 
                     * 
                     12.01 
                   
                   + 
                   
                     τ 
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         12.01 
                         + 
                         16 
                         + 
                         
                           1.01 
                           * 
                           15 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           2 
                           * 
                           16.00 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
               . 
             
           
         
       
     
         [0077]    The superscript “d” in Table 2 indicates a residual weight percent at a temperature ranging from 550° C. to 600° C. from TGA thermograms in air. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Sample 
                 DF 
                 CNT Content (%) 
                 Elemental 
               
             
          
           
               
                 No. 
                 τ 
                 Calculated 
                 Found d   
                 Analysis 
                 C (%) 
                 H (%) 
                 N (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 MWCNT 
                 0 
                 100 
                 95.10 
                 Calculated 
                 100 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Found 
                 95.10 
                 0.40 
                 &lt;0.1 a   
               
               
                 Keto- 
                 1.3 
                 79.4 c   
                 79.4 
                 Calculated for 
                 95.94 
                 1.30 
                 0 
               
               
                 CNT- 
                   
                   
                   
                 C 120.8 H 19.5 O 2.6   b   
               
               
                 TMPB 
                   
                   
                   
                 Found 
                 94.67 
                 1.26 
                 &lt;0.1 a   
               
               
                 Keto- 
                 1.3 
                 80.1 c   
                 80.1 
                 Calculated for 
                 97.82 
                 0.79 
                 0 
               
               
                 CNT-l- 
                   
                   
                   
                 C 122.1 H 11.7 O 1.3   b   
               
               
                 pyrene 
                   
                   
                   
                 Found 
                 97.56 
                 0.88 
                 &lt;0.1 a   
               
               
                 Keto- 
                 1.3 
                 90.3 c   
                 90.3 
                 Calculated for 
                 97.35 
                 1.09 
                 0 
               
               
                 CNT- 
                   
                   
                   
                 C 107.8 H 14.3 O 1.3   b   
               
               
                 pentyl 
                   
                   
                   
                 Found 
                 97.22 
                 1.12 
                 &lt;0.1 a   
               
               
                 Oxime- 
                 1.3 
                 78.4 c   
                 78.2 
                 Calculated for b   
                 94.72 
                 1.37 
                 1.19 
               
               
                 CNT- 
                   
                   
                   
                 C 120.8 H 20.8 N 1.3 O 2.6   
               
               
                 TMPB 
                   
                   
                   
                 Found 
                 94.65 
                 1.39 
                 1.22 
               
               
                 Oxime- 
                 1.3 
                 79.1 c   
                 79.0 
                 Calculated for b   
                 96.57 
                 0.86 
                 1.20 
               
               
                 CNT- 
                   
                   
                   
                 C 122.1 H 13.0 N 1.3 O 1.3   
               
               
                 pyrene 
                   
                   
                   
                 Found 
                 96.43 
                 0.89 
                 1.24 
               
               
                 Oxime- 
                 1.3 
                 89.0 c   
                 89.7 
                 Calculated for b   
                 95.94 
                 1.17 
                 1.35 
               
               
                 CNT- 
                   
                   
                   
                 C 107.8 H 15.6 N 1.3 O 1.3   
               
               
                 pentyl 
                   
                   
                   
                 Found 
                 95.81 
                 1.13 
                 1.32 
               
               
                 Amide- 
                 1.3 
                 78.4 c   
                 78.2 
                 Calculated for b   
                 94.72 
                 1.37 
                 1.19 
               
               
                 CNT- 
                   
                   
                   
                 C 120.8 H 20.8 N 1.3 O 2.6   
               
               
                 TMPB 
                   
                   
                   
                 Found 
                 94.65 
                 1.41 
                 1.17 
               
               
                 Amide- 
                 1.3 
                 79.1 c   
                 79.2 
                 Calculated for b   
                 96.57 
                 0.86 
                 1.20 
               
               
                 CNT- 
                   
                   
                   
                 C 122.1 H 13.0 N 1.3 O 1.3   
               
               
                 pyrene 
                   
                   
                   
                 Found 
                 96.43 
                 0.82 
                 1.15 
               
               
                 Amide- 
                 1.3 
                 89.0 c   
                 89.6 
                 Calculated for b   
                 95.94 
                 1.17 
                 1.35 
               
               
                 CNT- 
                   
                   
                   
                 C 107.8 H 15.6 N 1.3 O 1.3   
               
               
                 pentyl 
                   
                   
                   
                 Found 
                 96.10 
                 1.15 
                 1.32 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0078]    As described in detail herein, chemical attachment of ketone-oxime (or simply ketoxime) moieties onto the surfaces of multi wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and carbon nanofibers (CNF) via sequential Friedel-Crafts acylation in polyphosphoric acid and condensation with hydroxylamine is described according to various embodiments of the present invention. Additional embodiments of the present invention are directed to methods to obtain one-dimensional carbon nanomaterials with directly bound secondary amide (—CONHR) and primary amine (—NH 2 ) via a tandem application of Beckmann Rearrangement in aqueous sulfuric acid and alkaline hydrolysis reaction. 
         [0079]    While the present invention has been illustrated by a description of one or more embodiments thereof and while these embodiments have been described in considerable detail, they are not intended to restrict or in any way limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail. Additional advantages and modifications will readily appear to those skilled in the art. The invention in its broader aspects is therefore not limited to the specific details, representative apparatus and method, and illustrative examples shown and described. Accordingly, departures may be made from such details without departing from the scope of the general inventive concept.