Abstract:
The present invention discloses a nasopharyngeal cancer malignancy biomarker and a method thereof, wherein relative TP expression is used to evaluate the malignancy of nasopharyngeal cancer. The biomarker of the present invention assists the currently-existing inspections to find out cancer in the early stage and achieve early diagnosis and early therapy. The present invention also functions as an effective indicator to monitor the metastasis and relapse of nasopharyngeal cancer.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a technology for testing cancer malignancy, particularly to a TP-based biomarker for testing the malignancy of nasopharyngeal cancer and a method thereof. 
       DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART 
       [0002]    Thymidine phosphorylase (TP), also called PD-ECGF (Platelet-Derived Endothelial Cell Growth Factor), plays a very important role in nucleotide metabolism. TP also induces angiogenesis and metastasis. Thus, TP can inhibit apoptosis. It was reported that the product of TP metabolism 2-deoxy-D-ribose can inhibit the anoxia-induced apoptosis. It has been known that TP is over expressed in many cancers and very useful in prognosis. The over-expression of TP and the activity of enzyme can catalyze the activity of a precursor medicine of capecitabine. TP has been allowed to use in the therapy of the patients of metastatic colorectal cancer and metastatic breast cancer. The TP promoter is regulated by the transcription factors Sp1 and STAT. Besides, the stability of TP RNA is regulated by an interferon on the post-transcription level. 
         [0003]    Nasopharyngeal cancer prevails in the southeast of China. Nasopharyngeal cancer is sensitive to radiotherapy, but a severe patient of nasopharyngeal cancer still needs chemotherapy in addition to radiotherapy. In current medical technology, one-year survival rate of nasopharyngeal cancer patients is 92%, and five-year survival rate is 50%. About 20-25% patients have distant metastasis. The current inspections for nasopharyngeal cancer include nasopharyngoscopy, endoscopy, cephalic X-ray radiography, and histopathology. However, there is no available nasopharyngeal cancer biomarker to effectively prognose patients, evaluate the overall survival rate of patients, and predict the distant metastasis of cancer cells. There is also no existing molecular medicine addressing over-expressed genes of nasopharyngeal cancer in current medical technology. In the case of TP, whether it can be used to evaluate the malignancy of nasopharyngeal cancer is not clearly defined yet in the prior-art technology. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    The primary objective of the present invention is to provide a biomarker for testing the malignancy of nasopharyngeal cancer and a method thereof, wherein TP is used to evaluate the malignancy of nasopharyngeal cancer, whereby is selected a correct therapy method and promoted the therapy effect. 
         [0005]    To achieve the abovementioned objective, the present invention proposes a nasopharyngeal cancer malignancy biomarker and a method thereof, which is based on the fact that TP expression is much more abundant in nasopharyngeal cancer tissue than in normal tissue, and the fact that the expression level of TP correlates with the clinical malignancy indicators, such as the size and depth of cancer tissue, the stage of lymph metastasis, the overall survival rate, and the distant metastasis, wherefore the present invention adopts TP as a biomarker of nasopharyngeal cancer to predict the malignancy of nasopharyngeal cancer, detect metastasis, or estimate the probability of metastasis. 
         [0006]    Below, the present invention is described in detail in cooperation with the attached drawings to make easily understood the objective, characteristics and accomplishments of the present invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0007]    The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. 
           [0008]      FIG. 1  is a flowchart of a method for testing the malignancy of nasopharyngeal cancer according to the present invention; 
           [0009]      FIG. 2  is a flowchart of a method for comparing TP expression of a testee and a control group according to the present invention; and 
           [0010]      FIGS. 3A-3C  are diagrams showing the distributions of cancer cells in tissue specimens attained according to the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0011]    The present invention addresses the malignancy test of nasopharyngeal cancer. As TP is highly expressed in nasopharyngeal cancer and clinically correlates with nasopharyngeal cancer, the present invention adopts TP as a biomarker of nasopharyngeal cancer. Below, a clinical embodiment is used to demonstrate the principle of the present invention and prove the efficacy of the present invention. 
         [0012]    Related experiments proved that heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) and the target thereof—TP are over-expressed in nasopharyngeal cancer. The abnormal hnRNP K expression and TP over-expression in cytoplasm correlates with the shorter overall survival period and the distant metastasis. A multivariate analysis shows that hnRNP K and TP in cytoplasm is the independent factors for prognosis. 
         [0013]    Therefore, the present invention adopts TP as a biomarker of nasopharyngeal cancer to accurately and effectively test the malignancy of nasopharyngeal cancer. Refer to  FIG. 1  a flowchart of a method for testing the malignancy of nasopharyngeal cancer according to the present invention. 
         [0014]    Firstly, in Step S 100 , a specimen is collected from the nasopharynx of a testee. Next, in Step S 110 , the specimen is quantitatively/semi-quantitatively tested to obtain the expression level of TP. Next, in Step S 120 , the TP expression of the testee is compared with the TP expression of a control group, which includes negative specimens of nasopharyngeal tissue (specimens of normal nasopharyngeal tissue), positive specimens of nasopharyngeal tissue, and the combinations thereof. Then, in Step S 130 , the malignancy of the nasopharyngeal cancer of the testee is determined according to the relative TP expression of the testee and the control group. The specimen in the control group may be a normal nasopharyngeal tissue or a cancerous nasopharyngeal tissue. As the specimens of the control group may be a normal nasopharyngeal tissue or a cancerous nasopharyngeal tissue, the relative expression may present a positive correlation or a negative correlation. The cell lines of nasopharyngeal cancer NPC-TW01, NPC-TW02 and NPC-TW04 were cultivated in DMEM (Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s Medium) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin at a temperature of 37° C. in a humidified 5% CO 2  atmosphere. The cells were cultivated in a serum-free DMEM, i.e. treated with a serum deprivation process. 
         [0015]    Refer to  FIGS. 3A-3C . When over 25% cells of the tissue have higher TP expression than normal epidermal cells do, it is a high level TP expression. When less than 25% cells of the tissue have higher TP expression than normal epidermal cells do, it is a low level TP expression. 
         [0016]    Immunohistochemical staining is used in the experiments and performed according to an operation manual of a Bond autostainer (a product of Vision BioSystems, Melbourne, Australia). The retrieval of the tissue slices is undertaken in the Bond Epitope Retrieval Solution 1 (a product of Vision BioSystems). Then, the antibody of TP is stained. A polymer detection system-the Bond polymer refine (a product of Vision BioSystems) is used to reduce non-specific staining noise. The tissue slices are stained with a liquid DAB reagent, which uses 3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride as the chromogen and uses hematoxylin as the counterstaining reagent. 
         [0017]    Refer to  FIG. 2  a flowchart of a method for comparing TP expression of the testee and the control group according to the present invention. Firstly, in Step S 200 , protein samples are extracted from the specimens. Next, in Step S 210 , the protein samples contact a TP-recognizing antibody. The TP-recognizing antibody is a monoclonal antibody or a polyclonal antibody. The protein samples may contact the TP-recognizing antibody with an immunoassay method. The immunoassay method may be the radioimmunoassay method, the Western blot assay method, the immunofluorescent assay, the enzyme immunoassay, the immunoprecipitation method, the chemiluminescent assay method, the immunohistochemical assay method, the dot blot assay method, or the slot blot assay method. Then, in Step S 220 , the complexes of the protein samples and the TP-recognizing antibody are compared. 
         [0018]    Herein, the Western blot assay method is used as the exemplification. The mixture solution of the whole cell protein extract and the NP40 lysis buffer solution (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1% Igepal CA-630, 1 g/ml Leupeptin, 2 g/ml aprotinin, 1 g/ml pepstatin and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) react on ice for 30 minutes. Cell debris is removed from the extract by centrifugation at 12000×g for 10 minutes at a temperature of 4° C., and the supernatant is collected. The concentration of protein is quantitatively measured with the Bradford reagent. Identical amounts (50 g) of protein are separated with electrophoresis and 12% SDS-polyacrylamide gels and then transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. The membranes are blocked with 5% non-fat dry milk in TBS-Tween 20. Nitrocellulose membranes are blocked with 5% non-fat dry milk in TBS-Tween 20, wherein the non-fat dry milk contains the primary anti-TP, anti-hnRNP K, and anti-c-Myc epitope antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and the anti-tubulin and anti-actin antibodies (MDBio Inc.). Next, they react at an ambient temperature for 2 hours. Then, the nitrocellulose membranes react with a secondary antibody coupled to horseradish peroxidase and stained with the ECL detection reagents (products of Amersham Pharmacia Biotec). 
         [0019]    If the specimens of the control group are negative normal nasopharyngeal tissues, the relative TP expression is positively correlated with the malignancy of nasopharyngeal cancer. If the specimens of the control group are positive cancerous nasopharyngeal tissues, the relative TP expression is negatively correlated with the malignancy of nasopharyngeal cancer. If the specimens of the control group are combinations of negative and positive nasopharyngeal tissues, the relative TP expression has different correlations with the malignancy of nasopharyngeal cancer according to the ratio of negative and positive nasopharyngeal tissues. As over-expressed TP correlates with shorter survival period and distant metastasis, the TP expression level of the tissue slice of a patient can function as an effective biomarker to predict the overall survival rate and the metastasis probability of the patient. 
         [0020]    The present invention has been demonstrated with the embodiments described above. However, they are only to exemplify the present invention but not to limit the scope of the present invention. Any equivalent modification or variation according to the spirit of the present invention is to be also included within the scope of the present invention, which is based on the claims stated below.