Abstract:
A canister assembly includes a canister, a plug enclosure, a vent mechanism, a delivery valve mechanism, and a protective handle. The plug enclosure may be attached to the canister at an opening and forms a pressurized seal of the interior cavity of the canister. The vent mechanism automatically reduces pressure when pressure inside the canister exceeds a preset level. The delivery valve mechanism can be automatically and remotely activated subject to a user&#39;s control to provide gaseous flow from the canister. The protective handle is fastened to the canister and includes the handle docking element. A docking assembly includes a canister assembly, a manifold assembly, a docking station, and a docking mechanism. The docking mechanism includes a handle docking element and a port docking element. The manifold assembly includes a manifold and at least one port attached to the manifold. The docking station includes a canister bay, protective housing, and the port docking element.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to pressurized-gas canister assemblies, and more specifically to metal hydride canister assemblies.  
         BACKGROUND INFORMATION  
         [0002]    Canisters containing pressurized-gas are well-known in the art. Enclosures sealing such canisters are also well known in the art. Canister enclosures are frequently designed to permit a canister to be easily filled, emptied, and refilled. Pressurized-gas canisters frequently are hollow, cylindrical shells made in accordance with, for example, U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) specifications, such as DOT  3 AL. At one or both ends of the cylinder, enclosures seal the canister to maintain internal pressure and facilitate transfer of gas into and out of the canister. Depending on the function of the canister, the enclosure may include a resealable valve through which the canister is filled, emptied, and refilled. Typically a regulator or control valve attaches to, or is part of, the resealable valve on the canister.  
           [0003]    Metal hydride canisters differ from typical high-pressure gas canisters in that the metal hydride disassociates within the canister into hydrogen gas and the metal ion, and the metal ion remains in the canister after the hydrogen gas is removed. The metal ion may be re-hydridized as a way to recharge the canister for future use. In comparison to gaseous hydrogen and liquid hydrogen storage, the advantages of metal hydride storage of hydrogen include the high volumetric density of hydrogen in the metal hydride, the ability to operate and store the metal hydride canisters at ambient temperature and pressure, and improved safety features.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0004]    The present invention is directed to pressurized-gas canister assemblies and to docking assemblies of pressurized-gas canister assemblies with manifold assemblies. A docking assembly may include a pressurized-gas canister assembly, a manifold assembly, a docking station, and a docking mechanism. A pressurized-gas canister assembly includes, for example, a canister, a plug enclosure, a heat transfer/decrepitation device, and a protective handle. The canister may be a light-weight, metal container having a narrow opening suitable for enclosure. The plug enclosure may be a hard, durable attachment appropriately sized to provide a tight seal with the opening of the canister capable of withstanding the internal pressure of the canister once pressurized. The plug enclosure may include a vent mechanism, for example, a pressure relief valve, a rupture disk, a fusible plug, or a combination of similar such devices. The plug enclosure also may include a delivery valve mechanism through which pressurized-gas is removed or added to the canister without unintentionally depressurizing the canister. The delivery valve mechanism permits the controlled delivery of gas into or out of canister, whereas the vent mechanism vents gas when the internal pressure of the canister exceeds a prescribed pressure.  
           [0005]    The heat transfer/decrepitation device may reside inside the canister, conducting heat inward from the exterior shell of the canister towards the center of the canister. In addition, it also resists compaction and promotes decrepitation of the hydride alloy. The protective handle may envelop the plug enclosure and attach to the canister assembly for convenience. The protective handle provides a means for carrying the canister assembly, protects the plug enclosure, and facilitates the interconnection of the delivery valve mechanism of the plug enclosure with the valve interface of a manifold.  
           [0006]    In an embodiment of the present invention, the pressurized-gas canisters include metal hydride/hydrogen storage containers for use in, for example, hydrogen fuel cell generators. The products within this family will vary depending on their intended use, fuel storage capability and potential power output capability. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the pressurized-gas canisters are intended to store metal hydride and supply hydrogen to a fuel cell module, wherein one metal hydride canister will produce 1 kW of A.C. electric power for a one hour period of time from a hydrogen-driven fuel cell module.  
           [0007]    In another exemplary embodiment, the canister/manifold docking assembly could operate within a seamless, uninterrupted power source such as a fuel cell generator. For example, when such a generator is plugged into the grid supplied power, A.C. power would be supplied from the grid through the internal control system of the unit to the load. The on-board power source could be maintained in a standby mode until power is lost from the grid. The on-board control system could sense the loss of grid power and switch the load to backup power within, for example, ½ cycle of the 60 Hz waveform. A microprocessor-based control system would supervise the entire operation of the unit and communicate with the microprocessor in the D.C. fuel cell module to maintain proper operation of the unit. The fuel cell module could include all the necessary components (e.g., fuel cell stacks, air compressor, gas sensors, pressure regulators, etc.) to generate electricity from hydrogen. The initial energy to supply power to the load and controls could be derived from on-board batteries. When the load is switched to the standby power source, the control electronics also would activate the fuel cell D.C. power module. When the fuel cell module has completed its start-up sequence and is ready to supply power, it could share the energy burden with the batteries and also supply additional energy to recharge the batteries. Once the fuel cell module is supplying electrical energy, battery energy would only be required for surge loads in excess of the rated 1 kW capability of the unit. These surge loads would be those that might be expected when starting an electric motor. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0008]    [0008]FIG. 1 shows a canister assembly according to an exemplary embodiment;  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 2 shows a canister assembly according to another exemplary embodiment;  
         [0010]    FIGS.  3 A- 3 C show a heat transfer/decrepitation device according to an exemplary embodiment;  
         [0011]    FIGS.  4 A- 4 M show a protective handle according to exemplary embodiments;  
         [0012]    FIGS.  5  shows an exploded view of a canister assembly according to an exemplary embodiment;  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 6 shows a cut-away view of a canister assembly according to an exemplary embodiment;  
         [0014]    [0014] 6  of  23   
         [0015]    FIGS.  7 A- 7 B show two manifold assemblies according to exemplary embodiments; and  
         [0016]    FIGS.  8 A- 8 D show canister assemblies docked with manifold assemblies according to exemplary embodiments. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0017]    Beginning with FIG. 11 a canister assembly  100  is shown according to an exemplary embodiment. Canister assembly  100  shown is one configuration of several possible designs. Canister assembly  100  may include, for example, a canister  1 , a plug enclosure  2 , a vent mechanism  3 , a delivery valve mechanism  4 , a protective handle  7 , and a heat transfer/decrepitation device  8  (shown in FIGS.  3 A- 3 C). Canister  1  may be, for example, an aluminum cylinder, designed to comply with DOT  3 AL regulations. Canister  1  includes a top  1 A and a bottom  1 B with an opening  1 C at top  1 A. The metal hydride formulation (not shown) contained inside canister  1  may be one of many different types, including among others the AB, AB 2 , and AB 5  hydride families which are designed to operate in standard atmospheric conditions with various operating parameters, such as hydrogen storage capacity.  
         [0018]    In FIG. 1, plug enclosure  2  may be fastened to canister  1  at opening  1 C of canister  1 . Attachment mechanism  2 A may fasten plug enclosure  2  to canister  1 . For example, attachment mechanism  2 A may be threads on plug  2  that fit in grooves in opening  1 C whereby plug enclosure  2  may be screwed into opening  1 C of hydride canister  1 . An o-ring seal (not shown) may be used to prevent leaks at the canister/plug interface. Plug enclosure  2  also may include a vent mechanism  3 . Vent mechanism  3  may automatically activate and relieve internal pressure inside the canister if internal pressure exceeds a predetermined level. Examples of vent mechanism  3  include, for example, a pressure relief valve, a rupture disk, a fusible plug, or a combination of similar such devices to comply with Compressed Gas Association Standards.  
         [0019]    The exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1 also shows a female delivery valve mechanism  4  that is recessed, for example, inside plug enclosure  2 . Delivery valve mechanism  4  may be a mechanically-activated valve that acts as the main interconnection between canister  1  and a port  19  of a manifold  13  as shown in FIG. 6. An exemplary embodiment of delivery valve mechanism  4  may be the commercially-available valve known widely as a “Schrader” valve, manufactured by Schrader-Bridgeport, Inc. A male fitting  14  on manifold port  19 , shown in FIG. 7A with an o-ring seal  5 , may be designed to slip into the recessed bore of female delivery valve mechanism  4  within plug  2  and provide a sealed interface. When, for example, solenoid  6  on manifold port  19  is activated, plunger  15  of solenoid  6  may push on valve pin  16  of delivery valve  4  in plug  2 , thereby opening valve  4 . This allows, for example, hydrogen in the canister to flow through delivery valve  4  and plunger  15  into manifold  13 .  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 2 illustrates a canister assembly  200  according to an exemplary embodiment in which solenoid valve  6  has been placed on plug enclosure  2  instead of on manifold port  19 . In this embodiment, plunger  15  of male fitting  14  of solenoid valve  6  may interface with manifold port  21  shown in FIG. 7B. O-ring seal  5  on male fitting  14  would provide a tight seal with manifold port  21 . Manifold port  21  may include, for example, a recessed manifold inlet  22  having an electrical connection  23  that connects to solenoid valve  6  and activates plunger  15 . As shown in FIG. 7A, a check valve  20  may also be present to prevent the back flow of gas.  
         [0021]    The valve arrangements of FIGS. 1 and 2 would provide a redundant fuel shut-off system. Hydrogen gas would be prevented from entering manifold port  19 ,  21 , or leaving canister  1  unless an electronic control device (not shown) has activated delivery valve mechanism  4 . Gas could not flow backwards out of manifold port  19 ,  21  due to the action of a check valve  20  (shown in FIG. 7A). Likewise, gas could not enter manifold port  19 ,  21  unless a canister  1  is properly placed in connection to manifold port  19 ,  21 . Solenoid valve  6  should be properly aligned and activated by control electronics (not shown) to cause canister  1  to release hydrogen. If a system fault is detected, solenoid valve  6  may be deactivated at each canister  1 , shutting off the flow of fuel. By using solenoid valve  6 , delivery valve mechanism  4  may be automatically and remotely controlled by control electronics connected to solenoid valve  6 .  
         [0022]    FIGS.  3 A- 3 C show an exemplary embodiment of a heat it transfer/decrepitation device  8  contained inside canister  1 , along with the metal hydride, to aid in heat transfer from the walls of the cylinder to the hydride bed. Temperature equalization is important to metal hydride canister usage because the metal hydride cools down as hydrogen is released. The release of the hydrogen is an endothermic reaction which rapidly cools the interior of canister  1 . The metal hydride is a poor thermal conductor resulting in a thermal gradient from the center of canister  1  to the walls of canister  1 . Efficient release of the hydrogen from the metal hydride requires equalization of the metal hydride temperature.  
         [0023]    In this example, heat transfer/decrepitation device  8  may include, for example, a brush  8 A having a stem  9  with bristles  10  made of a material with good heat transfer characteristics. Brush  8 A also aids in reducing compaction of the hydride powder. Other means can also be used to produce the same results as brush  8 A. Brush  8 A could be designed so that it may bend as it is inserted into canister  1  through opening  1 C and spring back to its initial shape once past opening  1 C. Bristles  10  should contact the inside of canister  1  when brush  8 A is inside canister  1 . An example of brush  8 A would have bristles  10  made of an aluminum alloy or of brass, crafted into the stiffest and finest wire possible. Stem  9  may be made, for example, of an aluminum wire having the smallest possible diameter. Brush  8 A may be constructed, for example, by twisting stem  9  into a single-wire spiral around bristles  10 , as shown in FIG. 3C, so as to include as many bristles  10  per inch along stem  9  as possible.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIGS. 1 and 2 also depict protective handle  7 , which fits over plug enclosure  2 . Protective handle  7  may, for example, envelope plug enclosure  2  and attach to the canister assembly  100 ,  200 . Protective handle  7  may also shield the vent mechanism  3  and provide a handle with which to grasp canister  1 . Protective handle  7  may be attached to the canister assembly  100 ,  200  via fastening device  18  to act as a carrying device for individual canister assembly  100 ,  200  and as a protection device for the interconnection between manifold port  19  and plug  2 , protecting it from physical damage.  
         [0025]    As seen in FIGS.  4 A- 4 C, protective handle  7  may include a handle docking element  11  to releasably mate with a port docking element  12  above manifold  13 . FIG. 6 shows an exemplary embodiment of plug enclosure  2  and a docking mechanism  400 . Handle docking element  11  may be, for example, a clip  11 A and port docking element  12  may be, for example, a lip  12 A, wherein clip  11 A grips the lip  12 A, thereby holding protective handle  7  in place relative to port  19 . Alternatively, variations of a clip mechanism are shown in FIGS.  4 J- 4 M.  
         [0026]    In FIGS.  4 D- 4 F, an exemplary embodiment of docking mechanism  400  is shown as a barbed latch mechanism. Handle docking element  11  may be, for example, a barb slot  11 B and port docking element  12  may be, for example, a barbed latch  12 B. Barbed latch  12 B may have a barb projecting at an angle, allowing for hands-free operation of docking mechanism  400 . As the barb fills barb slot  11 B, barbed latch  12 B flexes to an upright position, thereby holding protective handle  7  in place relative to port  19 .  
         [0027]    In FIGS.  4 G- 4 I, another exemplary embodiment of docking mechanism  400  is shown as a snap mechanism. Handle docking element  11  may be, for example, a snap  11 C having a flexible tooth with a rounded tip, and port docking element  12  may be, for example, a curved hole  12 C. The flexible tooth forces the rounded tip of snap  11 C into curved hole  12 C as the rounded tip slides over curved hole  12 C, thereby holding protective handle  7  in place relative to port  19 .  
         [0028]    [0028]FIGS. 5 and 6 show how protective handle  7  may fit over plug enclosure  2  and may be fastened via fastening device  18  to plug enclosure  2 . Protective handle  7  may be screwed using, for example, screw  18 A into plug  2  for stability. FIG. 6 shows how operating clip  11 A may engage lip  12 A, which in this case is underside  17  of manifold port  19 , securing canister  1  in place relative to port  19  of manifold  13 .  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 7A illustrates a manifold assembly  13 A according to an exemplary embodiment corresponding to canister assembly  100  of FIG. 1. The illustrated manifold assembly  13 A collects the hydrogen from three hydride canisters and channels it to the inlet solenoid valve of, for example, a fuel cell D.C. module (not shown). Each port  19  of manifold  13 A may contain an electrically-operated solenoid valve  6 , controlled by a system microprocessor (not shown), to provide individual shut-off capability for each hydride canister  1 . In addition, each port  19  of manifold  13 A may contain a check valve  20  to prevent back flow of hydrogen in the event that one canister is removed from the system.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 7B illustrates a manifold assembly  13 B according to an exemplary embodiment corresponding to canister assembly  200  of FIG. 2. FIG. 7B differs from FIG. 7A in that solenoid valve  6  may be placed on plug enclosure  2  instead of on manifold port  19 . As a result, manifold port  21  has a recessed manifold inlet  22  having an electrical connection  23  that connects to solenoid valve  6  and activates plunger  15  of male fitting  14  of solenoid valve  6 . In this design, the mechanically-operated delivery valve  4  in plug  2  may be eliminated and the electrically-operated solenoid  6  may be made a part of canister assembly  200 . A male fitting  14  having an o-ring seal  5  would, for example, pilot into a manifold inlet  22 . Check valve  20 , as previously described, may still be present in the manifold  13 B to prevent the back flow of hydrogen.  
         [0031]    FIGS.  8 A- 8 D show docking assemblies  401 - 404  of canister assembly  100 ,  200  to be, for example, &#39;interconnected to a manifold assembly  13 ,  13 A,  13 B according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention. Canister  1  having plug enclosure  2  and protective handle  7  may rest on a canister bay  24  having a form to easily accept the shape of the canister  1 . A protective housing  25 , separate from or integral with canister bay  24 , may surround the interface of plug enclosure  2  with manifold port  19 ,  21 . Protective housing  25  may be contoured to complement the curvature of the protective handle  7  to minimize room for displacement of the canister assembly or malalignment of the canister/manifold interconnection. Protective housing  25  may include port docking element  12 . FIGS. 8A and 8D show docking assemblies  401  and  404  using handle docking element  11 A and port docking element  12 A as depicted in FIGS.  4 A- 4 C,  4 J- 4 M,  5 , and  6 , whereas FIG. 8B shows docking assembly  402  using handle docking element  11 B and port docking element  12 B. FIG. 8C shows docking assembly  403  using handle docking element  11 C and port docking element  12 C.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 8A depicts a single metal hydride canister assembly as docketed in canister bay  24 . However, additional canisters could be added, as shown in FIGS.  8 B- 8 D, or the physical dimensions of the canisters could be altered to allow for an increase in hydrogen storage capacity of the unit. An easily portable canister size may fuel 1 hour of 1 kw of electricity at 120 V. A fuel cell generator using 1 hr/1 kW canisters may easily accommodate three of these canisters without compromising convenience and mobility.