Abstract:
A network monitoring system for a multimode optical data network includes a filter based splitter and an avalanche photodiode detector-based detection subsystem. The system takes a very small amount of the energy from the main data stream to use as monitoring data signal. The filter based splitter operates in a manner that is fairly uniform among modes and permits very low energy levels to be diverted for monitoring without disrupting either the main or monitor data streams for any modes.

Description:
FIELD 
       [0001]    This disclosure is related generally to monitoring performance of data networks, and specifically to low power tap-off monitoring of multimodal fiber data streams using thin film splitters and avalanche photodiode detectors. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Data networks continue to evolve with ever-higher speeds and more extensive topologies. In order to improve performance of such networks and troubleshoot problems, it is well known to monitor performance of networks through various techniques. 
         [0003]    Conventional monitoring systems often use traffic analysis points (also known as test access points or TAPs) implemented with fused biconical tapered (FBT) devices to divert a portion of a data signal&#39;s power and send it to a monitoring device, while allowing the majority of the signal&#39;s power to continue on to its destination. However, use of conventional TAPs results in significant insertion loss, which can introduce signal degeneration and possibly data errors if the margin on the TAP side is not sufficient—exactly the opposite result intended by introduction of performance monitoring equipment. 
         [0004]    Thus, challenges of network performance monitoring include minimizing the insertion loss that results from the monitoring equipment. Further challenges come from the fact that data networks operate in a multimodal manner, adding complications of mode coupling and modal dispersion. Modal dispersion limits the bandwidth-distance of the network since different modes travel at different speeds. This not only causes a power penalty but also mode partition noise. Mode coupling in multimodal fiber does not typically affect optical transmission, but with certain devices such as FBT splitters, higher order modes get lost in the fusion region of the splitter and as a result the device will be mode dependent, based on launching conditions. More generally, such characteristics result in significant insertion loss. 
         [0005]    Conventional TAPs use transceiver subsystems based on PIN diodes (i.e., diodes having an “intrinsic” semiconductor region between the p-type region and the n-type region). These diodes have been used for decades for photodetection, but conventionally require significant numbers of photons to generate current. Thus, in typical applications, conventional monitoring solutions include TAPs that may sometimes utilize between 30 and 50% of the total power of a data signal for monitoring, essentially cutting the usable power of the data signal in half. Since, at higher transmission speeds, other significant signal strength losses already result from various network components (e.g., inherent loss in the fiber itself, in interconnects, multiplexer/demultiplexer devices, repeaters), the losses resulting from conventional monitoring solutions can impose strict limits on network capabilities. 
         [0006]    For single mode fiber systems, other types of splitters (e.g., thin film splitters) and detectors (e.g., avalanche diode detectors) have variously been used, but such systems are not known to be applicable to multimodal network systems. What is needed is a simple and inexpensive manner to obtain monitoring signals from a multimodal optical network with minimal impact on the data network itself. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0007]    In one embodiment, a thin film splitter is inserted in a multimodal optical network path and used to provide a weak monitoring signal that is provided to an avalanche photodiode detector subsystem. 
         [0008]    Additionally, in some aspects the network path uses an 8.5 gigabit per second (8GFC) applied signal and the splitter is configured such that the weak monitoring signal has a power of approximately 10% of the 8GFC applied signal. In other aspects, the network path uses a 14.025 gigabit per second (16GFC) applied signal and the splitter is configured such that the weak monitoring signal has a power of approximately 20% of the 16GFC applied signal. 
         [0009]    The features and advantages described in the specification are not all inclusive, and particularly, many additional features and advantages will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the drawings, specification and claims herein. Moreover, it should be noted that the language used in the specification has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribe the inventive subject matter, resort to the claims being necessary to determine such inventive subject matter. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]      FIG. 1  is an illustration of a monitoring system according to one embodiment. 
           [0011]      FIG. 2  is an illustration of a filter-based TAP according to the embodiment of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0012]      FIG. 3  is an illustration of an APD detector subsystem according to the embodiment of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0013]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram of a voltage protection circuit for the APD subsystem shown in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0014]      FIG. 5A  is a block diagram of a clock/data recovery circuit for the APD subsystem shown in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0015]      FIG. 5B  is a timing diagram relating to the clock/data recovery circuit shown in  FIG. 5A . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0016]    A preferred embodiment is now described with reference to the figures where like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. 
         [0017]      FIG. 1  is a high level diagram of a monitored network  100 . The network  100  includes a source device  101  providing an applied signal (typically a multiplexed optical signal), at least a portion of which is intended to be sent to a destination device  102 . In one typical embodiment, the source device  101  is a server subsystem and the destination device  102  is a storage subsystem. Monitoring is performed by inserting a TAP  103  between the source device  101  and the destination device  102 . As further described below, the TAP is further connected to an APD subsystem  104  that receives a portion of the signal from the source device  101 , processes the signal and provides a corresponding output to a monitoring subsystem  105 . Typically, source device  101  is connected to TAP  103  via an optical fiber  111 , TAP  103  is also connected to destination device  102  via an optical fiber  112 , and TAP  103  is connected to APD  104  via an optical fiber  113 . 
         [0018]    In actual implementation, network  100  will consist of many additional components, typically with tens if not thousands of interconnected source devices, destination devices and TAPS, and with fibers  111  and  112  being multimodal fibers capable of carrying numerous independent signals at various wavelengths in a frequency-division multiplexed manner. The components shown in  FIG. 1  are thus illustrated in a simplified manner to most clearly illustrate the subject of this disclosure. 
         [0019]    Those skilled in the art will recognize that an avalanche photodiode detector (APD) is a device known for use in applications such as deep space communications, laser range finding and long length fiber optic transmission lines, where received optical signal strengths are extremely low. APDs have some unusual characteristics, however, that have to date limited their attractiveness in other applications. As one example, APDs often operate with extremely weak signals that have correspondingly low signal to noise ratios. If those signals include clocking information, that information can easily be disrupted by noise and so that clocking information can be very difficult to process in a reliable manner. As another example, APDs typically have extreme sensitivity to the manner in which they are powered, making driving APD-based systems somewhat more complicated than conventional (PIN or photomultiplier tube) detectors. 
         [0020]    One characteristic of FBT-based TAPs is that insertion loss with an FBT TAP is both significant and highly variable over the modes of optical signals applied to it. This impacts both the insertion loss (i.e., the signal strength on fiber  112 , sometimes referred to as the “live” output of the TAP) and the monitor signal strength (i.e., the signal strength on fiber  113 , coming from the monitor output of the TAP) in a manner that in some implementations leads to unacceptable bit error rates and confidence levels for both the live and monitor signals. Further, FBT implementations often have significant fiber wraps that result in a “bending” loss that, in practice, can exceed theoretical expected losses. 
         [0021]    Thin film splitters (also known as “TFSs” or, somewhat more broadly, “filter based splitters”) are known for use in single mode TAP applications. They have not, however, been used in implementations for monitoring multimode networks as described herein. For multimode fibers, the dielectric multi-layer coating used in TFSs lead to certain advantageous characteristics compared to FBT-based TAPS. First, operation of such a TFS with the multi-layer dielectric coating helps ensure that the actual power ratio of the splitter closely matches the theoretical value, and is therefore both predictable and consistent among a variety of modes, and in particular handle higher-order modes much more cleanly than FBTs (i.e., the dielectric multilayer coating reflects a desired portion of incoming light as monitoring light and transmits the remaining light to the “live” side). With a multimode system operating at 850 nm, use of TFS rather than FBT allows somewhat lower signal power to be reflected to the monitoring side (thus reserving more power for the “live” side), a factor that becomes particularly important at higher data speeds, e.g., 10G Ethernet and 16GFC. Referring now also to  FIG. 2 , in a preferred embodiment, TAP  103  includes a 50 micron multimode TFS  132  configured to send only a very low power multimodal monitoring signal (e.g., 10% at 8 gigabit/second data speeds and 20% at 16 gigabit/second data speeds) on fiber  113 . 
         [0022]    In addition to starting with a very low power multimodal signal, the fibers in a network are often of a sufficient length (e.g., the length of fibers  112  and  113 ) and configuration that significant additional losses are incurred and it therefore remains a challenge to provide enough signal power on both the operational or “live” side and the monitoring side of the TAP to result in acceptable bit error rates and confidence levels. Conventionally, for a monitoring system as shown and described with respect to  FIG. 1 , there have not been any detectors available that are able to provide a usable multimode monitoring signal, lower than −11 dBm. Commercially available PIN-based detectors have receiver sensitivity on the order of −10 to −11 dBm (stressed), which is insufficient for use at the low signal strengths desired here. Those skilled in the art will recognize that “stressed” in these figures indicates use of a test signal that has random, deterministic and sinusoidal jitter as set forth in standards on which fiber channel specifications are based. 
         [0023]    Known APD-based detector systems are, like most APD applications, intended only for single mode detection. For example, conventional APDs usable for network monitoring are top-illuminated with an optical aperture of 30-50 microns. They are optimized for single mode only, at wavelengths of 1330 nm and 1550 nm. Thus, these devices are not usable for detection of multiple modes. 
         [0024]    Accordingly, APD subsystem  104  employs a different type of APD. Referring now also to  FIG. 3 , in a preferred embodiment, APD subsystem  104  uses an avalance photodiode detector (APD)  141  that is still top-illuminated, but has an aperture  142  an order of magnitude larger than the APDs used for single mode operation, is used. Typically, aperture size of the single mode APD is in the range of 30-50 microns. Specifically, in a preferred embodiment APD  141  has an aperture  142  of an order of magnitude larger than single mode APDs, and is optimized for multimode operation at 850 nm. Typical APDs are designed for maximum possible sensitivity (as low as −32 dBm when operating at a bias of −29 volts), but in this case priority is given to the ability to handle multiple modes, so some loss in sensitivity is accepted. In this embodiment, it is found that adjusting operational characteristics to allow multi mode operation, with some acceptance of mode split noise, still provides usable sensitivity of approximately −20 to −22 dBm with a bit error rate of 1E-12 at 8 gigabits per second operating at a bias of −27.5 volts. This is found to provide commercially acceptable results even with the low monitoring power levels discussed above. In various embodiments, APD subsystem  104  employs an APD  141  with sensitivity better than −19.5 dBm (stressed) for 8.5 gigabit per second data rates and better than −16 dBm (stressed) for 14.025 gigabit per second data rates, with corresponding bit error rates on the order of 1E-12. 
         [0025]    Combining a TFS-based TAP  103  with the multimodal APD subsystem  104  as described above is found to yield a network  100  with monitoring capabilities that meet all applicable standards for commercial data networks, including IEC61280 and IEEE802.3. 
         [0026]    Referring now to  FIG. 4 , as mentioned above APD-based detectors are found to be quite sensitive to timing of the application of operating voltages. In one implementation, dual low voltage and high voltage inputs are required for operation, and application of the high voltage before application of the low voltage is found to cause circuit failure. Therefore, voltage protection circuit  143  is used to ensure that high voltage is applied only after low voltage is applied, and likewise high voltage is disconnected from the APD subsystem before low voltage is disconnected. 
         [0027]    Specifically, and referring now additionally to  FIG. 4 , voltage protection circuit  143  includes a switch S 1 , a low voltage threshold power monitor  401 , a DC-DC convertor  402  to step up low voltage to high voltage, and crowbar transistors Q 1  and Q 2 , as well as corresponding resistors R 1 -R 3 . In operation, when switch S 1  is closed, low input voltage (in a preferred embodiment 3.3 volts) is applied to DC-DC converter  403 , which is used in a preferred embodiment to provide high voltage of 27.5 volts to APD subsystem  104 . Power monitor circuit  401  holds a reset pin of DC-DC converter  402  at reset state until the applied low voltage passes a threshold level (in one embodiment, 3.1 volts). Once that threshold is passed, the reset state of the DC-DC converter  402  is removed and high voltage is provided to APD subsystem  104 . Once power is removed (e.g., switch S 1  is opened), the input voltage begins to decay; when the threshold is again passed the reset state is again asserted, which drives transistors Q 1  and Q 2  to quickly clamp input and output of DC-DC converter  402  to zero volts, thus ensuring that the high voltage input to APD subsystem  104  is not permitted to persist longer than the low voltage input. Those of skill in the art will recognize other techniques to provide similar voltage protection for the APD subsystem  104 . 
         [0028]    At extremely low monitoring signal levels, clocking signals that are supposed to be provided in a highly regular manner may be corrupted by noise. Thus, in one embodiment the avalanche photodiode detector subsystem  104  includes a built-in clock data recovery (CDR) retime, or clock data recovery circuit  144 , configured to regenerate a clock signal imperfectly detected in the weak monitoring signal. Referring now to  FIG. 5A , in one embodiment, a combination of a phase locked loop (PLL) and delay locked loop (DLL) circuit is used to effectively recover such a weak clock and data signal. Referring now to  FIG. 5A , in this embodiment a triple sampler  501  receives the input signal D in  and samples it at every expected clock transition. A half speed nominal reference clock signal is mixed with the output of the sampler. Referring now as well to  FIG. 5B , these samples can help determine whether the reference clock is early (S 1  low, S 2  and S 3  high) or (S 1  and S 2  high, S 3  low) late with respect to the received clock signal. A phase-locked loop module is formed of a PLL phase/frequency detector circuit  504  with associated low pass filter  505  and voltage controlled oscillator  506  in a variable-gain feedback loop and corresponding trimming digital to analog converters  502  and  503 . The PLL phase/frequency detector circuit  504  serves as an error amplifier to minimize phase difference, Δφ, between data and reference clock. Thus phase loop is considered locked if Δφ is constant with time, a result of which is, input and output phase are equal. Similarly in the case of frequency, loop is locked if Δω is constant with time, i.e., input and output frequencies are equal. The two trimming DACs  502  and  503  simultaneously bring the VCO center frequency and PLL closed loop bandwidth to their specified values. 
         [0029]    Further transmitted or retrieve data often suffers from timing jitter. In order to lower the jitter noise, the data can be regenerated or retimed with the help of phase locked clock recovery circuit  144 . Thus in the presence of reference clock, PLL is used along with the edge detection to perform clock data recovery. Finally an additional DLL  507 , or in some embodiments a delay line, is used to optimize the quadrature point of the transition and to align it, such that it helps in the eye opening and meeting the eye mask margin requirement as stated in the corresponding fiber channel specification. 
         [0030]    It is appreciated that the particular embodiment depicted in the figures represents but one choice of implementation. Other choices would be clear and equally feasible to those of skill in the art. 
         [0031]    While the disclosure herein has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment and various alternate embodiments, it will be understood by persons skilled in the relevant art that various changes in form and details can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. 
         [0032]    As used herein any reference to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular element, feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. 
         [0033]    As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present). 
         [0034]    In addition, use of the “a” or “an” are employed to describe elements and components of the embodiments herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the invention. This description should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise. 
         [0000]    Upon reading this disclosure, those of skill in the art will appreciate still additional alternative structural and functional designs for multimodal TAP using TFS and APD through the disclosed principles herein. Thus, while particular embodiments and applications have been illustrated and described, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are not limited to the precise construction and components disclosed herein. Various modifications, changes and variations, which will be apparent to those skilled in the art, may be made in the arrangement, operation and details of the method and apparatus disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope defined in the appended claims.