Abstract:
An active matrix circuit comprises a semiconductor layer, and a p-type impurity region provided in said semiconductor layer, and an interlayer insulating film comprising silicon nitride provided over said semiconductor layer.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/623,581, filed on Jul.22, 2003 which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/016,999, filed on Feb. 2, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,596,572, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/623,506, filed on Mar. 28, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,767,529, which claims the benefit of a foreign priority application filed in Japan on Mar. 28, 1995, as Serial No. 07-096266. This application claims priority to each of these prior applications, and the disclosures of the prior applications are considered part of (and are incorporated by reference in) the disclosure of this application. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a semiconductor formed of a polycrystal silicon thin film, which is formed by crystallizing an amorphous silicon thin film on an insulator, and a thin-film transistor using that semiconductor. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     In recent years, a technique has been popularly researched where an amorphous silicon thin film is formed on an insulator such as a quartz substrate, allowed to grow into a solid-phase crystal (SPC) through a heating treatment or an annealing process due to the irradiation of a laser beam or an intense light to form a polycrystal silicon thin film. 
     A conventional general technique for obtaining a polycrystal silicon thin-film by allowing an amorphous silicon thin film to grow in a solid phase will be described below. 
     First, an amorphous silicon thin film having a thickness of 500 to 5000 Å is formed on a quartz substrate. 
     Thereafter, the amorphous silicon thin film thus formed is heated to 400 to 1100° C. and subjected to an annealing process to make the amorphous silicon thin film grow into crystal. In this situation, a heater, infrared rays or the like is used as heating means. 
     The annealing process may be conducted by the irradiation of a laser beam or an intense light other than heating. 
     In the above-mentioned manner, a polycrystal silicon thin film is obtained. 
     The polycrystal silicon thin film thus obtained is used as an active silicon layer of the thin-film transistor (TFT), to thereby provide a thin-film transistor. As a result, a liquid-crystal display unit, image sensor or the like which is high in operation speed and in image quality is obtained using the above thin film transistor. 
     Up to now, the polycrystal silicon thin film obtained by annealing the amorphous silicon thin film has difficulty in lowering a defect density in crystal. 
     The thin-film transistor using the polycrystal silicon thin film thus formed as the active silicon film is hindered from realizing an improvement in various characteristics of the thin-film transistor, for example, the lowering of a threshold voltage (V th ), an increase in mobility, a decrease in a leak current (I off ), etc., because the defect density in the active silicon layer is high. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and therefore an object of this invention is to make a polycrystal silicon thin film obtained by annealing an amorphous silicon thin film low in defect density and high in quality. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a thin-film transistor using a polycrystal silicon thin film obtained through an annealing process with a lowered threshold voltage (V th ) and leak current (I off ) and an increased mobility. 
     In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, according to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing a semiconductor characterized in that, in polycrystallizing an amorphous silicon thin film formed on a substrate through an annealing process, said amorphous silicon thin film has a plane area of 1000 μm 2  or less. 
     In the above-mentioned method, the amorphous silicon thin film is preferably 1000 Å or more, more preferably 2000 Å to 10000 Å in thickness. 
     Also, according to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a thin-film transistor having an active silicon film which is formed of a plurality of island-like regions arranged in parallel to each other, each of said island-like regions being formed of a polycrystal silicon thin film having a plane area of 1000 μm 2  or less. 
     In the thin-film transistor thus constituted, the island-like regions are formed of a polycrystal silicon thin film which is preferably 1000 Å or more, more preferably 2000 Å to 10000 Å in thickness. 
     Also, according to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing a thin-film transistor comprising the steps of: forming an amorphous silicon thin film on a substrate; processing said amorphous silicon thin film into a plurality of island-like regions having a plane area of 1000 μm 2  or less; polycrystallizing an amorphous silicon thin film that forms said island-like regions through an annealing process; and forming a thin-film transistor having at least one of said plurality of island-like regions as an active silicon layer. 
     In the above-mentioned method, the amorphous silicon thin film is preferably 1000 Å or more, more preferably 2000 Å to 10000 Å in thickness. 
     The present applicant has found that after the amorphous silicon thin film has been formed as island-like regions each has a plane area (an area viewed from an upper surface of the substrate) of 1000 μm 2  or less, it is subjected to an annealing process by heating or the irradiation of a laser light beam or an intense light to form a polycrystal silicon thin film with the result that a polycrystal silicon thin film which is low in defect density and high in quality is obtained. 
       FIG. 1  is a graph showing a relationship between a threshold voltage (V th ) and an area of the island-like regions of the polycrystal silicon thin-film transistor, in which each of the island-like regions is 1250 Åin thickness. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , it has been found that as the area of the island-like regions is small, the threshold voltage approaches 0 (zero) more in both of a p-channel and an n-channel so that the defect density is lowered. 
     In  FIG. 1 , there has been found that an extremely excellent crystalline property is obtained when the plane area of each of the island-like regions is 1000 μm 2  or less. Also, when the plane area of each of the island-like regions is 1000 μm 2  or less, the island-like regions may be of a square, a rectangle or other shapes. Further, when the island-like regions are  1  μm 2  or more in plane area, the semiconductor is satisfactorily available as a device, and also it can be readily manufactured by a usual technique. 
     On the other hand, in the case where the polycrystal silicon thin film is provided as the active silicon layer of the thin-film transistor, because an area of the island-like regions is limited in size, the thin-film transistor using that polycrystal thin film is also limited in size, which causes a limit to the performance of the thin-film transistor. 
     Under the above circumstances, the applicant has found that a plurality of each of the island-like regions a plane area of which is 1000 μm 2  or less is arranged in parallel to each other as active silicon layers that constitute the source region, the drain region and the channel formation region of a thin-film transistor so as to increase a substantial channel width, thereby being capable of obtaining a polycrystal thin-film transistor so as to increase a substantial channel width, thereby being capable of obtaining a polycrystal thin-film transistor which allows a sufficient amount of current to flow therein, which has the channel formation region low in defect density, and which is high in performance. 
       FIG. 3  shows an example of a plane shape of a thin-film transistor using a plurality of island-like regions as an active silicon layer. 
     In  FIG. 3 , a plurality of island-like regions  301  are arranged in parallel to each other to form an active silicon layer  305  of a thin-film transistor. On the island-like regions  301  are disposed a gate electrode  302 , a source electrode  303  and a drain electrode  304  to form one thin-film transistor. Appropriate intervals between the respective island regions is several to several tens μm. As the intervals are small, the plane area of the active silicon layer can be reduced more. 
     In the island-like region, as its plane area is reduced, the defect density is reduced more in a polycrystallized state, thereby being capable of reducing a leak current. 
     Also, the applicant has found that the amorphous silicon thin film is set to preferably 1000 Å or more, more preferably 2000 Å to 10000 Å in thickness, thereby lowering the defect density of the polycrystal silicon thin film obtained by crystallizing that amorphous silicon thin film. 
       FIG. 2  is a graph showing a relationship between the defect density of a polycrystal silicon thin film in a solid-phase growth and the thickness of an initial amorphous silicon thin film. In this case, a temperature of a solid-phase crystal (SPC) is 600° C. 
     It has been found from  FIG. 2  that as the thickness is made thin, the defect density is reduced more. 
     However, in crystallizing the thick initial amorphous silicon thin film through an annealing process, a stress of about 3×10 −9  dyn/cm 2  due to a phase change is developed with the result that the polycrystal silicon thin film formed may be cracked. 
     Accordingly, when the polycrystal silicon thin film formed by crystallizing the thin amorphous silicon thin film is used as an active silicon layer that constitutes the channel formation region of the thin-film transistor as it is, this may cause the defect of the device or the lowering of the performance. However, the applicant has found that even though the thickness of the amorphous silicon thin film is 1000 Å or more, more particularly 2000 Å to 10000 Å, if each of the island-like regions formed of the amorphous silicon thin film are set to 1000 μm 2  or less in area and then annealed for crystallization, a polycrystal silicon thin film is obtained which has no cracks and is lower in the defect density. 
     Also, when the thickness of the amorphous silicon thin film becomes thicker than 10000 Å, cracks are liable to occur. 
     According to the present invention, there can be obtained a polycrystal thin-film transistor that allows a sufficient amount of current to flow therein, has a channel formation region which is low in defect density, and is high in performance. 
     The thin-film transistor like this can reduce power consumption because a threshold voltage (V th ) and a leak current (I off ) are lowered. Also, the thin-film transistor can operate at a high speed and allow a large current to flow therein because the mobility (μ) is increased. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other objects and features of the present invention will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
         FIG. 1  is a graph showing a relationship between a threshold voltage (V th ) and an area of island-like regions of a polycrystal silicon thin-film transistor; 
         FIG. 2  is a graph showing a relationship between the defect density of a polycrystal silicon thin film in a solid-phase growth and the thickness of an initial amorphous silicon thin film; 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram showing an example of a plane shape of a thin-film transistor using a plurality of island-like regions as an active silicon layer; 
         FIGS. 4A to 4D  are diagrams showing a process of manufacturing a semiconductor in accordance with a first embodiment; and 
         FIGS. 5A to 5D  are diagrams showing the upper surfaces of the semiconductor shown in  FIGS. 4A to 4D . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Now, a description will be given in detail of embodiments of the present invention. 
     First Embodiment 
     A first embodiment shows an example in which an active matrix circuit and a peripheral drive circuit both of which are formed of polycrystal silicon thin-film transistors are formed on the same substrate. 
       FIGS. 4A to 4D  show a process of manufacturing the semiconductor in accordance with the first embodiment. 
       FIGS. 5A to 5D  show the upper surfaces of the semiconductor in correspondence with  FIGS. 4A to 4D , respectively.  FIGS. 5A to 5D  are diagrams viewed from the upper portions of  FIGS. 4A to 4D .  FIGS. 4A to 4D  are cross-sectional views taken along a line A-A′ of  FIGS. 5A to 5D , respectively. 
     In  FIGS. 4A to 4D , quartz was first used for a substrate  401 . Instead, a glass substrate such as Corning Corp. 7059 may be used. 
     The substrate  401  is cleaned, and a silicon oxide under film  402  having a thickness of 2000 Å is formed through the plasma CVD technique using TEOS (tetra ethoxy silane) and oxygen as a raw gas. 
     Then, an initial amorphous silicon thin film having a thickness of 1000 Å or more, preferably 2000 Å to 10000 Å, in this example 3000 Å is formed by the plasma CVD technique. 
     Subsequently, the initial amorphous silicon thin film is patterned through the dry etching in such a manner that island-like regions forming active silicon layers  403  to  405  are disposed at positions where thin-film transistors of an active matrix portion and a peripheral drive circuit portion are formed ( FIG. 4A ). 
     As shown in  FIG. 5A , there are formed island-like regions  501  to  507  formed of amorphous silicon thin films to thereby form active silicon layers  403  to  405 . 
     The size of each of the respective island-like regions is 20 μm ×50 μm (width×length) in this example so that the area of the plane shape is set to 1000 μm 2  or less. 
     In the peripheral drive circuit portion requiring a high-speed drive, three island-like regions are provided for one thin-film transistor, and in the active matrix portion demanding a reduced leak current, one island-like region is provided for one thin-film transistor. It is needless to say that the number of island-like regions may be increased in accordance with a required standard. 
     In this example, the respective intervals between each of the adjacent island-like regions that form one thin-film transistor of the peripheral drive circuit portion was set to 4 μm. 
     Also, in the thin-film transistor of the active matrix portion, the active silicon layer  405  is formed by one island-like region in this example, however, it is needless to say that it may be formed by a plurality of island-like regions. 
     Also, the active silicon layer  405  may be formed by a plurality of island-like regions each having a smaller plane area. In this case, the defect density is lowered more so that the leak current can be lowered. 
     Further, the shape of the island-like regions forming a thin-film transistor may be different between the active matrix portion and the peripheral drive circuit portion. 
     Then, the island-like regions formed of those amorphous silicon thin films are crystallized through the annealing process. 
     A substrate temperature was set to 500° C. to 1100° C., in this example 700° C., and a heating time was set to 2 hours to 72 hours, in this example 48 hours. 
     The annealing process may be conducted by the irradiation of a laser beam or an intense light (infrared rays or the like) other than heating. 
     Through that crystallizing process, the island-like regions  501  to  507  were formed into a polycrystal silicon thin film which has been crystallized excellently. 
     Thereafter, through the plasma CVD technique, a silicon oxide film  406  that functions as a gate insulating film was formed at a thickness of 1500 Å. 
     On the silicon oxide film  406 , an aluminum film 6000 Åin thickness is formed through the sputtering technique and then patterned by etching, thereby forming gate electrodes  407  to  409 . 
     Subsequently, the active silicon layers  403  to  405  were doped with impurities giving an n-type conduction type or a p-type conduction type in a self-matching manner with a mask of the gate electrodes  407  to  409  through the ion doping technique. 
     In this example, as the doping gas, phosphine (PH 3 ) was used for the n-type doping, and diborane (B 2 H 6 ) was for the p-type doping. 
     In this example, the thin-film transistor in the pixel region was made the p-channel type. In other words, the active silicon layers  404  and  405  were doped with the p-type impurities, and the active silicon layer  403  was doped with the n-type impurities. 
     As a result, there can be formed p-type impurity regions  413 ,  415 ,  416  and  418 , n-type impurity regions  410  and  412 , and substantially-intrinsic channel formation regions  411 ,  414  and  417 . 
     Thereafter, an annealing process was conducted on those regions at 400° C. to 800° C. for 1 to 12 hours, typically at 600° C. for two hours so that the doped impurities are activated ( FIG. 4B ). 
     Shown in  FIG. 5B  is that in the respective active silicon layers  403  and  404 , the gate electrodes  407  and  408  are disposed on a plurality of island-like regions. 
     Then, an insulating film consisting of a silicon nitride 500 Å in thickness and a silicon oxide 3000 Å in thickness was formed as a first interlayer insulator  419  thereon through the plasma CVD technique. 
     Subsequently, contact holes  420  to  424  are formed in the first interlayer insulator  419 , and electrodes/wirings  425  to  428  were formed using a multi-layer film made of metal material, for example, titanium 500 Å in thickness and aluminum 400 Å in thickness ( FIGS. 4C and 5C ). 
     In the first embodiment, one of the contact holes  420  to  423  of the active silicon layers  403  and  404  is formed for three island-like regions as shown in  FIG. 5C . However, one contact hole may be formed for each island-like region. 
     Thereafter, a silicon oxide thin film 4000 Å in thickness is further formed thereon through the plasma CVD technique as a second interlayer insulator  429 . 
     Then, a contact hole  430  was formed in the impurity region at the active matrix region side where the pixel electrode of a thin-film transistor is formed, and an ITO (indium tin oxide) film 800 Å in thickness was formed thereon. That film was so etched as to form a pixel electrode  431  ( FIGS. 4D and 5D ). 
     In that way, the active matrix portion and the peripheral drive circuit portion can be formed on the same substrate. 
     The active matrix circuit and the peripheral drive circuit thus formed is excellent because it is small in leak current (I off ), low in power consumption, and high in operation speed. 
     That substrate and an opposing substrate having an electrode on one surface thereof are located through liquid crystal, thereby being capable of manufacturing a liquid-crystal electro-optical device. 
     As was described above, according to the present invention, a polycrystal thin-film transistor can be obtained which allows a sufficient amount of current to flow therein, which has the channel formation region low in defect density, and which is high in performance. 
     The thin-film transistor like this allows the threshold voltage (V th ) and the leak current (I off ) to be lowered, the power consumption can be lowered. Also, because the mobility (μ) is increased, the thin-film transistor can operate at a high speed and allow a large current to flow therein. 
     The foregoing description of a preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of the invention. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to enable one skilled in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto, and their equivalents.