Abstract:
The present lighting system adds detection capabilities to perceive the presence and measure the velocity of objects such as automobiles, trucks, pedestrian and other users, to lighting modules for transportation applications like traffic signal, pedestrian control, rails signal, street light, message board and speed monitoring board. For example, a Light Emitting Diode (LED) has the capability to be used as lighting source for illumination as a first function and also be pulsed or modulated as a source for the detection sub-system as a second function.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This patent application claims priority on U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/944,658, filed on Jun. 18, 2007. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE APPLICATION 
       [0002]    The present application relates to lighting systems, and more particularly to a lighting system providing traffic management capabilities by the control of the light output of the lighting system. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE APPLICATION 
       [0003]    Growth in transportation demand causes traffic congestion. The impact of congestion represents inefficient use of fuel and hours of delay. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) using advanced technologies have the potential to increase traffic efficiency of the existing facilities. 
         [0004]    Advanced Management Transportation Systems (ATMS) rely on traffic data from different kinds of detectors divided into two categories: intrusive and non-intrusive. One type of intrusive detectors involves inductive loop detectors that are still a common technology for detecting vehicles even if that technology has disadvantages such as lengthy disruption to the traffic flow during installation and maintenance, relatively high cost, high failure rate and inflexibility. Other detectors, like cameras with video processing, also have their limitations and the market is still searching for alternatives to inductive loops. 
         [0005]    Information from sensors is the base point in the optimization of traffic management, particularly adaptive timing for traffic light signalling. Well managed adaptive timing can result in reductions of fuel consumption, fewer vehicle emissions and a reduction in waste of time. However, sensor mounting requirements are often costly and cause traffic disruption during installation. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    It is an object of the present application to provide a novel lighting system detecting objects and particles for traffic management. 
         [0007]    It is a further object of the present application to provide a novel method for detecting objects and particles in traffic management. 
         [0008]    The present lighting system adds detection capabilities to perceive the presence and measure the velocity of objects such as automobiles, trucks, pedestrian and other users, to lighting modules for transportation applications like traffic signal, pedestrian control, rails signal, street light, message board and speed monitoring board. For example, a Light Emitting Diode (LED) has the capability to be used as lighting source for illumination as a first function and also be pulsed or modulated as a source for the detection sub-system as a second function. Other light sources, such as lasers, can be integrated into the lighting system and used as a source for the detection sub-system. 
         [0009]    In accordance with a first aspect, there is provided a method for controlling traffic signalling, comprising: providing a traffic light with a visible-light source emitting visible light and having a function of actuating alternately at least two different traffic signal states for traffic signalling; driving the visible-light source to emit light in a traffic signal state in a predetermined mode, with visible light in the predetermined mode being emitted so as to be visible to an unaided human eye; receiving a reflection/backscatter of the emitted visible light from an object; identifying at least one of a presence and a position of the object as a function of the reflection/backscatter received and of the predetermined mode; and controlling said traffic signal states actuated by the visible-light source as a function of the at least one of the presence and the position of the object. 
         [0010]    Further in accordance with the first aspect, the method comprises retrofitting an existing traffic light with a source controller for driving the visible-light source and a detector for receiving the reflection/backscatter of the emitted visible light from the object. 
         [0011]    Further in accordance with the first aspect, driving the visible-light source in the predetermined mode comprises at least one of pulsating and modulating the visible light. 
         [0012]    Further in accordance with the first aspect, receiving the reflection/backscatter comprises filtering given light wavelengths. 
         [0013]    Further in accordance with the first aspect, identifying at least one of a presence and a position of the object comprises calculating at least a distance of the object by measuring a time delay between emitting the visible light and receiving the reflection/backscatter from the object. 
         [0014]    Further in accordance with the first aspect, calculating the distance comprises continuously calculating the distance so as to calculate a speed of the object. 
         [0015]    Further in accordance with the first aspect, the method comprises providing an auxiliary light source in association with the traffic light; driving the auxiliary light source concurrently with the visible-light source in another predetermined mode to emit auxiliary light; receiving a reflection/backscatter of the auxiliary light from an object; identifying at least one of the presence and the position of the object as a function of at least the reflection/backscatter received from the auxiliary light and the predetermined modes; and controlling said signal states actuated by the visible-light source as a function of at least one of the presence and the position of the object. 
         [0016]    Further in accordance with the first aspect, driving the auxiliary light source comprises driving the auxiliary light source into emitting light non-visible to an unaided human eye. 
         [0017]    Further in accordance with the first aspect, driving the visible-light source to emit visible light in a predetermined mode comprises pulsating a light emission diode to produce light pulses having a width of less than 50 ns. 
         [0018]    Further in accordance with the first aspect, controlling said traffic signal states comprises switching said traffic signal states as a function of the at least one of the presence and the position of the object. 
         [0019]    In accordance with a second aspect, there is provided a traffic-signal lighting system comprising: a light source emitting visible light and having a function of emitting visible light in an illumination mode for actuation alternately at least two traffic signal states; a source controller for driving the light source into emitting one of the traffic signal states in a predetermined mode with visible light in the predetermined mode being emitted such that the light source maintains said function of emitting traffic signals visible to an unaided human eye in the environment while being driven by the source controller; an optical detector adapted to detect the visible light as reflected/backscattered by an object to produce detection data; and a data/signal processor for receiving detection data from the optical detector, the data/signal processor producing a data output associated to the object as a function of the predetermined mode and the detection data, and for commanding the light source into controlling said traffic signal states as a function of the data output. 
         [0020]    Further in accordance with the second aspect, the traffic-signal lighting system comprises an external traffic-management system connected to the data/signal processor for managing traffic as a function of the detection data received from the data/signal processor. 
         [0021]    Further in accordance with the second aspect, the optical detector comprises a plurality of sub-detectors each detecting a specific zone. 
         [0022]    Further in accordance with the second aspect, the traffic-signal lighting system comprises a scanning mechanism in association with the optical detector so as to cause a scanning motion of a field of view of the optical detector within a range of illumination of emitted light of the light sources. 
         [0023]    Further in accordance with the second aspect, the optical detector has an array of sub-detectors. 
         [0024]    Further in accordance with the second aspect, the source controller comprises a pulse/modulation driver to drive the visible-light source in the predetermined mode. 
         [0025]    Further in accordance with the second aspect, the source controller comprises an illumination driver to drive the light source into emitting light of suitable intensity to illuminate an environment. 
         [0026]    Further in accordance with the second aspect, the light source has a plurality of lights, with at least one of the lights of the light source being driven by the illumination driver to illuminate the environment, while at least another one of the lights of the light source is driven by the pulse/modulation driver to emit the visible light in the predetermined mode. 
         [0027]    Further in accordance with the second aspect, the optical detector has a filtering device to filter given light wavelengths of the reflected/backscattered visible light. 
         [0028]    Further in accordance with the second aspect, the traffic-signal lighting system comprises an auxiliary light source for emitting an auxiliary light in another predetermined mode concurrently with the visible-light source, the reflection/backscatter of the auxiliary light received from an object being used to produce said a data output associated to the object. 
         [0029]    Further in accordance with the second aspect, the auxiliary light source comprises a non-visible light source. 
         [0030]    Further in accordance with the second aspect, said light source comprises a light emitting diode light source. 
         [0031]    Further in accordance with the second aspect, the data/signal processor commands the light source into switching said traffic signal states as a function of the data output. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0032]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a lighting system for traffic management; 
           [0033]      FIG. 2A  is a schematic view of a detector configuration for the lighting system of  FIG. 1 , with multiple detectors; 
           [0034]      FIG. 2B  is a schematic view of overlapping detection zones obtained using the detector configuration of  FIG. 2A ; 
           [0035]      FIG. 3A  is a schematic view of an alternative detector configuration for the lighting system of  FIG. 1 , with a scanning mechanism; 
           [0036]      FIG. 3B  is a schematic view of the detector configuration of  FIG. 3A , in a road application; 
           [0037]      FIG. 4  is a schematic view of an alternative sensor configuration for the object-detecting lighting system of  FIG. 1 , with a detector array; 
           [0038]      FIG. 5  is a schematic view of an alternative sensor configuration for the object-detecting lighting system of  FIG. 1 , using a light source array; 
           [0039]      FIG. 6  is a schematic view a calibration of the lighting system of  FIG. 1 ; and 
           [0040]      FIG. 7  is a schematic view of a street light of the lighting system of  FIG. 1  detecting a vehicle. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0041]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , an example traffic-management lighting system is generally shown at  10 . The lighting system  10  has a processing/driving unit  10 A and a traffic light unit  10 B. It is pointed out that more than one traffic light unit  10 B may be used with a common processing/driving unit  10 A. 
         [0042]    The traffic light unit  10 B has a light source  12 . The visible-light source  12  has as a first function the emission of visible light for visual communication of information, like signalling, for human vision. Accordingly, the light source  12  emits the various light signals associated with a traffic light, such as emitting light of different colors (i.e., green, red, yellow), and in different shapes (e.g., circles, arrows). 
         [0043]    This primary function of emitting light is controlled according to specific criteria like optical power, field of view and light color, to meet requirements defined through a number of regulations for traffic signal applications, and pedestrian control, amongst others. In this example embodiment, the visible-light source  12  has solid-state lighting devices, LEDs or OLEDs for instance, and may be is part of a traffic light unit, for car or for pedestrian signalling, to name a few applications. In one embodiment, the LEDs are regrouped to emit different traffic signals of different colors as required by traffic management signalling. 
         [0044]    The visible-light source  12  is connected to a source controller  14 , so as to be driven into producing visible light. In addition to emitting light, the system  10  performs detection of objects and particles (vehicle, pedestrian, airborne particles, gases and liquids) when these objects are part of the environment/scene illuminated by the light source  12 . Accordingly, the source controller  14  drives the visible-light source  12  in a predetermined mode, such that the emitted light takes the form of a light signal, for instance by way of amplitude-modulated or pulsed light emission. 
         [0045]    These light signals are such that they can be used to provide the lighting illumination level required by the application, through data/signal processor  18  and source controller  14 , while producing a detectable signal. Accordingly, it is possible to obtain a light level equivalent to a continuous light source by modulating the light signal fast enough (e.g., frequency more than 100 Hz) to be generally imperceptible to the human eye and having an average light power equivalent to a continuous light source. 
         [0046]    In an embodiment, the source controller  14  is designed to provide an illumination drive signal, such as a constant DC signal or a pulse-width modulated (PWM) signal, that is normally used in lighting systems to produce the required illumination and control its intensity. The illumination drive signal is produced by the illumination driver sub-module  14 A of the controller  14 . 
         [0047]    The sub-module  14 B emits a modulated/pulsed driving signal which supplies the fast modulation/pulse sequence used for remote, object detection. Using LEDs, the amplitude of short-pulse (typ. &lt;50 ns) can be several time the nominal value (such as 20 times) while the duty cycle is low (typ. &lt;0.1%). The modulator driver sub-module  14 B is used to send data for remote optical detection. 
         [0048]    Both the illumination drive signals and the modulated/pulsed driving signals can be produced independently or in combination. Sequencing of the drive signals is controlled by the data/signal processor  18 . The light source  12  can be monitored and the resulting parameters sent to the data/signal processor  18  for optimization of data processing. For example, a match filter can be done between the light output signal or auxiliary light output signal and input light signal from the optical detector  16 , as will be described hereinafter. 
         [0049]    When a plurality of lighting systems  10  are used in a common environment, a signature modulation is considered. Random pulsing modulation can be used to discriminate each system. 
         [0050]    The visible-light source  12  typically uses LEDs. More specifically, LEDs are well suited to be used in the lighting system  10  as LED intensity can be efficiently modulated/pulsed at suitable speed. Using this possibility, current traffic light units already installed and featuring LEDs for standard lighting applications can be used as the light source  12  for sensing applications. These applications include non-exclusively presence detection for energy savings, distance and speed measurements, fog, rain, snow or smoke detection, and spectroscopic measurements for gas emission or smog detection. 
         [0051]    The detector  16 , (or detectors  16 ) is an optical detector (or detectors) provided so as to collect light emitted by the light source  12  or auxiliary light source as described hereinafter and back-scattered by the objects/particles A. The light signal can also come from an object A being the direct source of this light (such as a remote control) in order to send information to the data/signal processor through the optical detector  16 . The optical detector  16  is as an example any of photodiodes, avalanche photodiodes (APD), photomultipliers (PMT), cmos or CCD array sensors, amongst others. 
         [0052]    Filters are typically provided with the detector  16  to control ambient light background emitted from sources other than the lighting system  10 . Filters can also be used for spectroscopic measurements and to enhance performance of the light source  12 . For instance, a pulsed visible-light signal from a white LED filtered to blue is faster as compared with an unfiltered light signal but has less power. In the case of white LEDs, the phosphor used converts the blue light of the LED junction into visible light with a certain of the phosphorescence emission lifetime. 
         [0053]    In some applications, the blue part of the emission spectrum of white phosphorescent LEDs is used, with proper wavelength filtering at detection, to allow faster light modulation, since the blue part will not suffer the phosphorescent material usual modulation speed reduction. This would allow either faster modulation speeds or light pulses while keeping the broadband illumination of the white LED for the scene illumination. When the application is used to detect objects farther with less precision, the full bandwidth is more appropriate. With the same source, a combination of blue-filter detector and full-bandwidth phosphorescent LEDs detector can optimize the precision for short distance and long range detection. Many applications do not require the same precision for a longer range. 
         [0054]    A database  20  may be provided in association with the data/signal processor  18  so as to provide historical data, or tabulated data to accelerate the calculation of the object parameters. 
         [0055]    An additional light source for detection involves the auxiliary light source  22 , a visible or non-visible source (e.g., UV or IR light, LEDs or laser) using the modulator driver  14 B. The auxiliary light source  22  adds capabilities for detecting objects and particles, and may be used as a secondary light source to improve the detection performance or range, or to confirm the detection performed using the light source  12 . UV light sources (particularly around 250 nm) can be used to limit the impact of the sunlight when used with a UV detector. IR light can be used to increase the performance and the range of the detection area. IR lights and other types of light can be used to detect several types of particles by selecting specific wavelengths. The auxiliary light source  22  can also be useful during the installation using as a pointer and distance meter reference. 
         [0056]    A front-end and analog-to-digital converter (ADC)  24  is connected to detector  16  and receives detected light data therefrom and controls the detector  16 . For instance, adjusting the V bias  of an APD detector can be one of the detector controls to optimize the gain of the receiver section for an Automatic Gain Control (AGC). 
         [0057]    A detection and ranging processing unit  26  is connected to the ADC  24 , and controls parameters such as gain of amplifier, synchronization and sample rate of the ADC. The deflector and ranging processing unit  26  receives data from ADC and processes the data. Shift control for acquisition can improve accuracy with the same sample rate. For instance, a 20MSPS ADC can have an improved resolution if successive acquisitions are delayed by an equivalent fraction of the acquisition time period. Also, the rise time can be measured with enhanced precision. Averaging is another pre-process treatment to improve signal/noise ratio. Other techniques like a moving-average filter improve the performance. Match filter (input/output signals) improve the resolution. An object can also be locked and followed with FFT processing. A specific processing function can be used for each point of the trace. For instance, more sample can be averaged for a point which represents farther distance (trade-off between signal-to-noise ratio and number of results per second). Accordingly, some environmental/weather conditions like fog, snow, rain, dust (e.g., on the lens  30 ), fog to name a few, can be estimated. For example, this can be used to detect an obstruction of the traffic light by snow accumulated on the light source  12 . 
         [0058]    The data/signal processor  18  is connected to the detection and ranging processing unit  26 , so as to receive the data pre-processed by the ADC  24  and the detection and ranging processing unit  26 . The data/signal processor  18  is also connected to the source controller  14 , so as to receive driving data therefrom. The data/signal processor  18  has a processing unit (e.g., CPU) so as to interpret the pre-processed data from the detection and ranging processing unit  26 , in comparison with the driving data of the source controller  14 , which provides information about the predetermined mode of emission of the light signals emitted by the visible-light source  12 . 
         [0059]    Accordingly, information about detected objects (e.g., presence, distance, speed of displacement, dimension) is calculated by the data/signal processor  18  as a function of the relation (e.g., phase difference, relative intensity, spectral content, time of flight, etc.) between the driving data and the detected light data, as optionally pre-processed by the front-end and ADC  24  and the detection and ranging processing unit  26 . 
         [0060]    In view of the calculation it performs, the data/signal processor  18  controls the source controller  14  and thus the light output of the visible-light source  12 . For instance, the visible-light source  12  may be required to increase or reduce its intensity, or change the parameters of its output. For example, changes in its output power can adapt the lighting level required in daylight conditions versus nightlight conditions, or in bad visibility conditions such as fog, snow or rain. 
         [0061]    The system  10  has a power supply and interface  28 . The interface  28  is connected to the data/signal processor  18  and is in communication with the external traffic management system B (wireless, power line, Ethernet, CAN bus, etc.). 
         [0062]    In the illustrated embodiment, the traffic light unit  10 B has at least one lens  30  through which light is emitted in an appropriate way for traffic signalling, and/or pedestrian control. Input lens section  30   a  of the lens  30  is used for receiving the light signal, for instance reflected or diffused (i.e., backscattered) by the objects/particles A. This input lens section  30   a  can be at a single location or distributed (multiple zone elements) over the lens  30  and have at least one field of view. Several types of lenses  30  can be used, such as fresnel lenses, for instance. Sub-sections of the lens  30  can be used for infrared wavelength, or for optical data reception. 
         [0063]    The data/signal processor  18  sends the calculation output to an external traffic management system B in such a way that the external system B acts upon the information provided by the data/signal processor  18  to control the traffic signal emitted by the traffic light, for instance by switching the traffic signal, or its state (e.g., ON, OFF, flashing). For instance, the external system B may be the processing unit of a traffic-light central controlling unit. The external system B can also give input parameters/commands to be used to the data/signal processor  18 . These parameters can be adjustments to be performed to current calibration, new programs to be implemented for the current application, or data to be added to the database  20 . 
         [0064]    In an example, the traffic light unit  10 B is adapted to emit at least two different signals, such as a green light, a red light and a yellow light. The external system B may eventually command a switching of the signal emitted by the traffic light unit  10 B as a function of the detection of an object (e.g., its presence, its position), such as a car, as detected by the lighting system  10 . 
         [0065]    When used in traffic management, the external traffic management system B commands the lighting system  10  as a function of the presence of vehicles. For instance, in one embodiment, the external system B commands simultaneously the traffic light units  10 B of an intersection as a function of the volume of vehicles. One of the traffic light units  10 B may be kept in a green light state longer than other light units  10 B if the street of that specific light unit  10 B has more vehicles. Therefore, the external system B commands either one processing/driving unit  10 A having a plurality of the traffic light units  10 B, or a plurality of lighting systems  10 . 
         [0066]    In one embodiment, the traffic light unit  10 B is the existing light module of a traffic light, in which the detector  16  is installed. The processing/driving unit  10 A is located for example in the traffic light head or in the control box of the traffic light, accessible from the ground. This configuration allows the retrofitting of existing traffic lights into the lighting system  10 . However, it is also considered to have both the processing/driving unit  10 A and the traffic light unit  10 B positioned in the existing light module. 
         [0067]    The system  10  has sensors  32  connected to the data/signal processor  18 . Sensors  32  are composed with an inclinometer, accelerometer, and/or temperature sensor, day/night sensor, digital compass to name a few type of sensors. Those sensors  32  are useful during the installation and during operation. For instance, data from an inclinometer and accelerometer are useful to compensate for the impact on the field of view by the effect of the wind or any kind of vibration, or to adjust or correct a position and/or an orientation of the traffic light unit  10 B, in view of vibrations from wind, or from the traffic, etc. Temperature sensors are useful to provide information about weather (internal, external or remote temperature with FIR lens). Information from sensors  32  and data/signal processor  18  and light from light source  12  and auxiliary light source  22  can be useful during installation, in particular for adjusting the field of view of the optical receiver. The auxiliary light source  22  can be used as a pointer and distance meter 
         [0068]    The configuration of the detector  16  and of the data/signal processor  18  is dependent on the application&#39;s requirements. One difficulty in many applications is to obtain an appropriate distance measurement when multiple objects are located at different positions within the fields of view of both the light source  12  and the optical detector  16 . In such a case, each object in the field of view will contribute to the final distance value, weighed according to its real distance and reflectivity. One of the ways to get around this issue is to restrict the field of view of the detector(s), which limits the volume of space being probed. Detector configurations are arranged according to the specifications required from the application. 
         [0069]    In an alternative embodiment ( FIGS. 2A and 2B ), a sensor configuration involves a plurality of discrete detectors, each observing a respective fixed field of view (FOVA through FOVD) within a volume of space illuminated by the light source  51  (i.e., that corresponds to the light source  12  in the traffic light unit  10 B) and comprising several objects (A to D). Fields of view of the detectors  16  are narrow or might be a combination of narrow and wide field of views as a trade-off between distance accuracy and number of necessary detectors. The optical detectors  16 A- 16 D are an example any of photodiodes, APD, PMT or cmos array. In traffic management applications, the optical field of views may be oriented so as to monitor lanes of the streets, to anticipate the presence of vehicles at an intersection, so as to provide information used to control the actuation of the traffic light units  10 B. It is noted that the number of detectors  16 A- 16 D may vary. 
         [0070]    Referring to  FIG. 2B , an overlap of the fields of view FOVA to FOVA is illustrated, and shows zones Z 1  to Z 13  resulting from the overlap. Accordingly, the plurality of fields of view can be used to create different zones that will give additional information as to the position of an object. 
         [0071]    In another alternative embodiment, a sensor configuration is depicted in  FIGS. 3A and 3B . In this case, the light source  61  (i.e., that corresponds to the light source  12  in the traffic light unit  10 B) illuminates the same scene enclosing objects A through D, but typically one discrete detector  16  having a narrow field of view FOV is used in combination with a scanning mechanism  63 . The scanning mechanism  63  changes the portion of the illuminated volume being probed by the detector, in essence changing the field of view FOV to FOV′. Again, detector  16  might be any of a photodiode, an APD, a PMT or equivalent thereof. This configuration minimizes the number of components but requires sequential probing of the illuminated volume and the use of a mobile part in the scanning mechanism  63 . Moreover, a motion of the scanning mechanism  63  must be actuated and monitored by the data/signal processor  18  as the orientation of the scanning mechanism  63  will have an effect on the calculation of the position of the objects. Referring to  FIG. 3B , the sensor configuration with the scanning mechanism  63  is illustrated detecting the presence of vehicles on the road. 
         [0072]    In another alternative embodiment, illustrated in  FIG. 4 , a detection array  72  (i.e., that corresponds to the detector  16  in the traffic light unit  10 B) is used with a large field of view FOVM encompassing the whole illuminated scene as illuminated by light source  71  (i.e., that corresponds to the light source  12  in the traffic light unit  10 B). Each pixel of the array  72  acts as a discrete detector with a very narrow field of view and probes a specific portion of the illuminated scene, as determined by any secondary optics in front of the array. The array  72  is any linear or 2D-type array, such as APD or photodiode arrays, CCD and CMOS sensors. CMOS sensors with fast electronic shutter are particularly efficient. 
         [0073]    Another alternative embodiment presented in  FIG. 5  transfers to the source side the need to select a field of detection from within the field of illumination. In this embodiment, the light source is composed of multiple individual lighting elements (e.g., LEDs or small clusters of LEDs) that are driven together by the illumination drive signal (without modulation), providing constant illumination of the scene. A lens  82  is used to alter the emitted light, and sensor  81  detects the input light signal. 
         [0074]    Using a sequencing component within the source controller, each lighting element  83 , 84  can be switched in turn from the illumination signal only to the modulated signal (or a combination of both illumination and modulation drive signals) required by the predetermined driving mode for a specific duration in a cycle. The modulated light element  83  illuminates only a portion of the scene with a narrow field of view FOVS, as determined by the appropriately designed secondary optics, while the other elements (e.g.,  84 ) are fed by the illumination drive signal only, illuminating the rest of the scene without modulation. 
         [0075]    After the specified duration, another element (e.g.,  84 ) is switched to modulated mode and the initial element  83  falls back to the illumination drive signal only. This operation is repeated according to programming of the data/signal processor  18 , which controls drive sequencing (as shown in  FIG. 1 ). In essence, the modulated or pulsed light emission is being scanned in discrete steps in the illuminated spatial volume. 
         [0076]    In such a configuration, discrete detector  81  with a large field of view FOVL encompassing the entire illuminated scene will be sensitive only to objects within FOVS. The discrete detector  81  may be any of a photodiode, an APD, a PMT or equivalent thereof. This configuration is well adapted for applications where the light source is or can be a group of lighting elements and simplifies the detection stage design, at the price of possible lower brightness of the modulated or pulsed source, more sophisticated design of the secondary source optics and sequential probing of the spatial volume of interest. 
         [0077]    In  FIG. 6 , there is illustrated a calibration of the lighting system  10 . In such calibration, the limits of the field of view of the detector  16  are associated with a distance from the traffic light unit  10 B, so as to calibrate the detector  16 . As an example, information may be entered using a user interface of the data/signal processor  18 . The calibration is used to ensure that the lighting system  10  covers a desired region, for instance by adjusting the coverage to the width of the road. Moreover, the calibration will ensure that the position of the stop lines are known, as the actions of the lighting system  10  may have an effect on the stopping of vehicles. 
         [0078]    The system  10  can be used as a road weather information system (RWIS) and thus provide information about temperature, visibility (fog, snow, rain), condition of the road (icy) and pollution (smog). The system  10  can be used to adjust the intensity of light depending on weather conditions. 
         [0079]    Traffic lights are lighting applications that currently use LEDs as a light source. In this case, the increased irradiance, lifetime, switching time and efficiency are beneficial to the application. In this latter case, an improvement would be to add the features of the lighting system  10  to these lights by designing/retrofitting the lights with the various components of the lighting system  10 , rather than to use inductive or capacitive sensors placed into the ground under the road pavement. 
         [0080]    In the case of prior art traffic lights with detection capabilities, sensors are placed under the pavement. Then, when a vehicle arrives at road crossings, it is detected (by electrical induction or capacitive sensing) and the traffic lights are activated with predetermined timing settings. However, to place these sensors under the pavement requires excavation work to be performed for each road crossing. 
         [0081]    With such sensors, the detection occurs only at the level of the sensors, so the speed and the number of cars cannot readily be estimated. The features of the lighting system  10  would allow further intelligence to be implemented into the traffic light systems, and thus more possibility of lowering the risk of car accidents. 
         [0082]    Using an optical detector to detect cars beneath, within or adjacent to the traffic light units  10 B, as proposed by the lighting system  10 , would allow cost-efficient detection, since the pavement would not need to be removed to put the detector into place. Moreover, it is considered to combine the detection of a street light (or other lighting system) to a signaling action with a traffic light. Referring to  FIG. 7 , a street light  90  is shown, and incorporates the components of the lighting system  10  of  FIG. 1 . As such, the street light  90  is adapted to detect the presence of objects, such as vehicles as is illustrated in  FIG. 7 . 
         [0083]    Therefore, upon detecting a vehicle, the street light  90  signals the detection to the external system B ( FIG. 1 ). The external system B forwards the information or commands to an appropriate traffic light, to control the emission of signals. 
         [0084]    Maintenance and repairs would also be less costly. Furthermore, using multiple detectors having different fields of view would allow detection of many vehicles at the same time, as well as evaluation of their speed in the same lane or in separate lanes, making it a useful tool for traffic measurement and control. 
         [0085]    The speed of the vehicles could also be measured with the modulation phase shift measurement (or time of flight of pulsed light with continuous detection signal) technique described previously. 
         [0086]    The visibility changes in different weather conditions could also be measured. In fact, the yellow signal lights seen along roads in the vicinity of rivers to signal poor visibility conditions caused by fog could be used as visible-light sources that would allow such visibility to be measured with proper detection. The lighting system  10  could be used to detect an encoded light source placed on emergency vehicles (that could be the vehicle emergency lights themselves if based on LEDs) having a specific modulation scheme allowing a signal to be sent to the traffic lights to make them turn green in their favor. The optical detector  16  of the lighting system  10  can be used to detect an encoded incoming light signal from external (or other) light sources such as a remote control that would allow communication in order to control, calibrate or configure the lighting unit for the current location and usage requirements. 
         [0087]    The measurement of vehicle speed is also possible either by distance measurement or by measurement of their time of passage at different points along the street lane beneath the LED street-lighting devices. This makes possible gathering of information that would not otherwise be possible, without installing special devices or sensors. 
         [0088]    It is considered to implement spectroscopic detection at two (or more) different wavelengths of gas emission from vehicles or other sources in the vicinity of the streetlights (for homeland security issues). The different wavelengths would then allow detection (with two detectors detecting different wavelengths) of a difference in signals from either different absorption or diffusion levels from gases. Here again, the visibility changes in different weather conditions could also be measured. 
         [0089]    For luminaires or streetlights based on LEDs, the same type of possibility could be implemented, through the use of already installed lighting, allowing the detection of the presence of individuals or vehicles beneath the lights in order to control the light level accordingly. When no circulation is detected, the light level can be lowered to decrease the energy required. 
         [0090]    In fact, traffic light units  10 B streetlights, rail lights, and parking meters equipped with the detection capabilities provided by the lighting system  10  could be the base of a network allowing to manage traffic and vehicle circulation inside cities and emergency situations having impacts on traffic. This could be made possible by putting their data/signal processing units  18  in communication with a central external traffic managing system (i.e., external system B of  FIG. 1 ) through RF links or through power lines. 
         [0091]    Energy consumption is an increasing concern because of the rising costs of energy. Efficient street lighting power consumption, and thus energy budgets of cities, will benefit from LEDs when they reach this application. Controlling the light level is readily achieved with LEDs compared to current sodium luminaires which have a restrike time in the order of minutes. Thus, with LEDs it becomes feasible to control streetlight level when no civilians are circulating under these lights, and this also allows energy savings. 
         [0092]    Current street-lighting systems do not allow the adjustment of light level on demand which would readily be performed using the lighting system  10 . Such adjustment capability would allow a decrease in their energy consumption. For example, sodium lights can hardly be adjusted in intensity. Usually, no detection systems are present, or they are based on movement detection sensors, which are usually based on infrared detectors that can hardly detect moving people or vehicles at hot ambient temperatures or people covered in winter clothes in cold weather. 
         [0093]    Furthermore, such detectors work better at short range and with a limited field of view and, since many streetlights are placed on long posts, they would suffer many calibration problems for that application. Even if streetlights were to show characteristics allowing them to be adjusted in intensity on demand, this would probably be one reason why such detectors would not be placed on streetlights. An adapted detector would need to cover a large field of view, not being sensitive only to heat difference, but being sensitive enough inside the field of view to detect as well pedestrians and trucks. Finally, it would also need to be technologically available and integrated at low costs. 
         [0094]    Lighting system with traffic management capabilities offer the possibility of providing the typical information for a management system (Count, speed, presence, occupancy, classification) and road weather information (visibility in bad weather could also be estimated through light-diffusion measurements on snow, fog, dust or rain). Police or governmental vehicles could even be equipped with more capable detection systems to detect cars with bad gas emissions causing pollution problems. 
         [0095]    Other applications are tunnel lighting (energy saving), traffic sign with lighting device, stop sign for instance (warming signal).