Abstract:
A method and apparatus for estimating a channel efficiently though pilot subcarrier signal transformation and noise reduction in the mobile communication system are provided. The apparatus includes a time domain transformer for transforming received pilot subcarrier signals to time domain signals, a noise reducer for reducing noises of the time domain signals, a frequency domain transformer for transforming the noise-reduced time domain signals to frequency domain signals, and a final channel estimator for estimating channel values of data subcarriers received using the frequency domain signals. The channel estimation method and apparatus of improves performance with the reduction of computational complexity.

Description:
PRIORITY 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) of a Korean patent application filed on Nov. 8, 2010 in the Korean Intellectual Property Office and assigned Serial No. 10-2010-0110306, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention relates to a channel estimation method and apparatus of a mobile communication system. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for estimating a channel efficiently through pilot subcarrier signal transformation and noise reduction in a mobile communication system. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    In Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems, channel estimations are performed in a time frequency domain or a frequency domain. It is well-known in the art that the time domain channel estimation technique based on Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) or Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is superior to the frequency domain channel estimation technique in performance under the same complexity. Channel estimation techniques based on DFT or DCT, according to the related art, require N-point DFT (DCT). Here, N is the total number of subcarriers for data and pilot or the total number of subcarriers for the data, pilot, and guard band. 
         [0006]    In spite of its lower computation requirements, linear polarization has a large channel estimation error. The channel estimation error of the linear polarization technique causes degradation of a channel estimation performance, resulting in degradation of a system throughput. Meanwhile, a Minimum Mean-Square Error (MMSE) estimation guaranteeing an accurate channel requires previous statistical knowledge on the channel. The MMSE estimator also has high computational complexity of matrix inversion, resulting in difficulty of use. In order to implement the DFT (DCT)-based channel estimator according to the related art, N-point DFT (DCT) computations are required once or twice. Accordingly, complexity of the estimator mainly depends on an implementation of the N-point DFT (DCT). As described above, N is the total number of the subcarriers for data and pilot or the total number of the subcarriers for data, pilot, and guard band. 
         [0007]    Mobile communication systems are developed to provide subscribers with voice communication services on the move. With the rapid advance of technologies, the mobile communication systems have evolved to support high speed data communication services as well as standard voice communication services. As N increases, both hardware implementation complexity and computation time increases. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    Aspects of the present invention are to address at least the above-mentioned problems and/or disadvantages and to provide at least the advantages described below. Accordingly, an aspect of the present invention is to provide a channel estimation method and apparatus that is capable of minimizing complexity while improving estimation performance. 
         [0009]    In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, a channel estimation apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes a time domain transformer for transforming received pilot subcarrier signals to time domain signals, a noise reducer for reducing noises of the time domain signals, a frequency domain transformer for transforming the noise-reduced time domain signals to frequency domain signals, and a final channel estimator for estimating channel values of data subcarriers received using the frequency domain signals. 
         [0010]    In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a channel estimation method is provided. The method includes transforming received pilot subcarrier signals to time domain signals, reducing noise from the transformed time domain signals, transforming the noise reduced time domain signals to frequency domain signals, and estimating channel values of data subcarriers using the frequency domain signals. 
         [0011]    Other aspects, advantages, and salient features of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, which, taken in conjunction with the annexed drawings, discloses exemplary embodiments of the invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]    The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0013]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a channel estimation apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0014]      FIG. 2  is a flowchart illustrating a channel estimation method according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0015]      FIG. 3A  is a block diagram of an M-point noise reducer of a channel estimation apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0016]      FIG. 3B  is a flowchart illustrating a method for noise reduction to pilot subcarrier signals according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0017]      FIG. 4A  is a block diagram of a final channel estimator of a channel estimation apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0018]      FIG. 4B  is a flowchart illustrating a method for channel estimation using noise-reduced pilot subcarrier signals according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0019]      FIG. 5  illustrates graphs of a Channel Impulse Response (CIR) in signal transformation from a frequency domain to a time domain according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0020]      FIG. 6  is a graph illustrating a simulation result in a low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and an Extended Typical Urban (ETU) channel environment according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0021]      FIG. 7  is a graph illustrating a simulation result in a high SNR and an ETU channel environment according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0022]      FIG. 8  is a graph illustrating a simulation result in a high SNR and an Extended Vehicular-A (EVA) channel environment according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; and 
           [0023]      FIG. 9  is a graph illustrating a simulation result in a high SNR, an ETU channel and a Band Edge environment according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
       [0024]    Throughout the drawings, it should be noted that like reference numbers are used to depict the same or similar elements, features, and structures 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
       [0025]    The following description with reference to the accompanying drawings is provided to assist in a comprehensive understanding of exemplary embodiments of the invention as defined by the claims and their equivalents. It includes various specific details to assist in that understanding but these are to be regarded as merely exemplary. Accordingly, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that various changes and modifications of the embodiments described herein can be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. In addition, descriptions of well-known functions and constructions may be omitted for clarity and conciseness. 
         [0026]    The terms and words used in the following description and claims are not limited to the bibliographical meanings, but, are merely used by the inventor to enable a clear and consistent understanding of the invention. Accordingly, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the following description of exemplary embodiments of the present invention is provided for illustration purpose only and not for the purpose of limiting the invention as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. 
         [0027]    It is to be understood that the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a component surface” includes reference to one or more of such surfaces. 
         [0028]    In the drawings, certain elements may be exaggerated or omitted or schematically depicted for clarity of the invention, and the actual sizes of the elements are not reflected. The same reference numbers are used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. 
         [0029]    Exemplary embodiments of the present invention provide a channel estimation method and apparatus with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
         [0030]    In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) (Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)) complexity may be reduced with an M-point DFT (DCT) and Minimum Mean-Square Error (MMSE) technique. Here, M denotes a number of pilot subcarriers or the sum of the number of pilot subcarriers and a number of guard band subcarriers. 
         [0031]    A Channel Impulse Response (CIR) can be modeled according to Equation (1). In Equation (1), L denotes a number of channel paths, and h i  denotes an Ith channel impulse response. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     h 
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       n 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       ∑ 
                       
                         l 
                         = 
                         0 
                       
                       
                         L 
                         - 
                         1 
                       
                     
                      
                     
                       
                         h 
                         I 
                       
                        
                       
                         δ 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             n 
                             - 
                             l 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Equation 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     1 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0032]    A received signal y(n) can be expressed in the form of a circular convolution of a transmit signal x(n) and a channel impulse response h(n), i.e. Equation (2). In Equation (2), n(n) denotes noise. 
         [0000]        y ( n )= h ( n )           x ( n )+ n ( n )   Equation (2)
 
         [0033]    Equation (3) represents a signal after removing a guard period from a received signal and performing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) at a receiver. In Equation (3), Y(k) denotes the received signal of a kth subcarrier, X(k) denotes a kth transmit signal, N(k) denotes a kth noise, and H(k) denotes a frequency response of a kth channel. 
         [0000]        Y ( k )= H ( k ) X ( k )+ N ( k )   Equation (3)
 
         [0034]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a channel estimation apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0035]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , the channel estimation apparatus  100  includes an initial channel estimator  110 , a virtual pilot inserter  120 , an M-point noise reducer  130 , and a final channel estimator  190 . 
         [0036]    Operations and configurations of the internal function blocks of the channel estimation apparatus  100  are described below in more detail with reference to  FIG. 2 . 
         [0037]      FIG. 2  is a flowchart illustrating a channel estimation method according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0038]    An initial channel estimator  110  performs initial channel estimation at step  210 . For example, the initial channel estimator  110  performs initial estimation using the received pilot symbols, i.e. Reference Symbol (RS), with a Least Square (LS) method. The initial channel estimator  110  can perform the initial channel estimation using Equation (4). Equation (4) is applied to the pilot symbols. 
         [0000]        Y   RS ( k )= H   RS ( k ) X   RS ( k )+ N   RS ( k ),  k= 1,2, . . .  M   P    
         [0000]        Ĥ   RS ( k )= Y   RS ( k ) /X   RS ( k )   Equation (4)
 
         [0039]    In Equation (4), Y RS (k) denotes a kth received signal, X RS (k) denotes a kth transmit signal, N RS (k) denotes a kth noise, H RS (k) denotes a frequency response of a kth channel, and Ĥ RS (k) denotes the frequency response of the kth channel which is estimated by the LS method, i.e. a channel value. Since the initial channel estimation method is well-known in the art, a detailed description thereof is omitted herein. 
         [0040]    A virtual pilot inserter  120  inserts a virtual pilot into a pilot symbol at step  220 . An exemplary implementation can be facilitated when the number of pilot symbols is square of 2 in a noise reduction process. Accordingly, it is necessary to insert guard bands as the virtual pilots such that the sum of the number of the real pilot symbols and the number of virtual pilot symbols become square of 2. Padding 0s in the guard bands or copying the pilot symbol value of the band-edge can be used as the value of the virtual band. In an exemplary implementation, the sum of the number of virtual pilot symbols, i.e. the guard bands, and the number of real pilot symbols is referred to as M. 
         [0041]    In a case where it is not necessary to make the number of the pilot symbols equal to square of 2 in the noise reduction process, step  220  and the virtual pilot inserter  120  may be omitted. Also, if it is guaranteed that the number of pilot symbols is square of 2, step  220  and the virtual pilot inserter  120  may be omitted. 
         [0042]    The M-point noise reducer  130  performs noise reduction on pilot symbols as the result of the initial channel estimation and the guard bands inserted by the virtual pilot inserter  120  at step  230 . Step  230  and the operation of the M-point noise reducer  130  are described in more detail below with reference to  FIGS. 3A to 4B . 
         [0043]      FIG. 3A  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an M-point noise reducer of a channel estimation apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0044]    Referring to  FIG. 3A , the M-point noise reducer  130  includes a time domain transformer  140 , a delay spread estimator  150 , a noise reducer  160 , and a frequency domain transformer  170 . 
         [0045]    An operation of the internal function blocks of the M-point noise reducer  130  is described in more detail below with reference to  FIG. 3B . 
         [0046]      FIG. 3B  is a flowchart illustrating a method for noise reduction to pilot subcarrier signals according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0047]    Referring to  FIG. 3A , a time domain transformer  140  transforms pilot symbols on an initially estimated channel and virtual pilot symbols inserted by the virtual pilot inserter  120 . The transformation can be done with one of an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT), an Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform, and a Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). As described above, when the virtual pilot symbol insertion is not necessary, only the pilot symbols on an initially estimated channel can be transformed in a time domain. Since the transformation of the signal from the frequency domain to the time domain is well-known in the art, a detailed description thereof is omitted herein. 
         [0048]      FIG. 5  illustrates graphs of a CIR in signal transformation from the frequency domain to a time domain according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0049]    Referring to  FIG. 5 , a first graph (on the left side) illustrates a case in which all signals, i.e. pilot and data symbols, have been transformed in the method according to the related art. In the first graph, the signal transformation takes a long time with a repeated appearance of CIR. A second graph (on the right side) illustrates a case in which the transformation has been performed on the pilot symbols, i.e. the real pilot symbols and the virtual pilot symbols (i.e., guard bands) according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In the second graph, the signal transformation takes a short time with an appearance of the CIR once. 
         [0050]    Returning to  FIGS. 3A and 3B , at step  250 , the delay spread estimator  150  estimates the delay spread of a time domain signal transformed at step  240 . The delay spread estimation of the time domain signal is well-known in the art. Therefore, a detailed description thereof is omitted herein. The estimated delay spread information can be used in the MMSE process at step  280  and the noise reduction process at step  260 . 
         [0051]    At step  260 , the noise reducer  160  performs noise reduction from the time domain signal transformed at step  240 . At this time, multipath information of the channel and the delay spread information can be used for noise reduction. The noise reducer  160  can use Equation (5) to reduce noise: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       y 
                       ′ 
                     
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       n 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     { 
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     y 
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                                       ( 
                                       n 
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                                           ( 
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                                        
                                     
                                     2 
                                   
                                   ≥ 
                                   
                                     μ 
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                                       σ 
                                       2 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
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                                     · 
                                     
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                                     2 
                                   
                                   &lt; 
                                   
                                     μ 
                                      
                                     
                                         
                                     
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                                       σ 
                                       2 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                            
                           
                             
 
                           
                            
                           n 
                         
                         = 
                         0 
                       
                       , 
                       1 
                       , 
                       2 
                       , 
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                        
                       
                           
                       
                       , 
                       
                         M 
                         - 
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                         ≤ 
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                         μ 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Equation 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     5 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where y(n) denotes the time domain signal transformed, and y′(n) denotes the noise-reduced time domain signal. The noise reducer  160  verifies the multipath of the channel and multiplies β to the channel except the channels equal to or greater than a threshold. Here, β is equal to or greater than 0 and equal to or less than 1 (0≦β≦1). β can be set to a value showing the best efficiency according to the simulation. In an exemplary implementation, β may be equal to or greater than 0 and less than 1 (0≦β&lt;1). That is, influence of the channel is estimated as noise by multiplying β greater than 0 and less than 1 to the channel of which power is less than a threshold value. μ denotes a threshold for removing noise components which is set to an appropriate value equal to or greater than 1 in consideration of CIR caused by the guard bands. μ also can be determined through simulation. σ 2  denotes a variance of noise. 
         [0052]    The frequency domain transformer  170  transforms the noised-reduced time domain signal to the frequency domain signal again at step  270 . In order to transform the time domain signal to the frequency domain signal, it is possible to use at least one of a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), and an Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform (IDCT). Since the transformation from the time domain signal to the frequency domain signal is well-known in the art, a detailed description thereof is omitted herein. 
         [0053]    Returning to  FIG. 2 , at step  280 , the final channel estimator  190  estimates the channel value of the data subcarrier using an MMSE method to the frequency domain signal transformed at step  270 . 
         [0054]      FIG. 4A  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a final channel estimator of a channel estimation apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0055]    Referring to  FIG. 4A , the final channel estimator  190  includes a correlation value extractor  192  and an MMSE estimator  194 . 
         [0056]    Configurations and operations of the correlation value extractor  192  and the MMSE estimator  194  are described in more detail below with reference to  FIG. 4B . 
         [0057]      FIG. 4B  is a flowchart illustrating a method for channel estimation using noise-reduced pilot subcarrier signals according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
         [0058]    Referring to  FIG. 4B , the correlation value extractor  192  extracts an auto-correlation value R pp  between the pilot and data subcarriers and the cross-correlation value R pd  between the pilot subcarrier and the data subcarrier at step  282 . 
         [0059]    The values R pp  and R pd  are statistically obtained values of a channel for performing the MMSE-base channel estimation. The correlation value extractor  192  can obtain the approximate values of R pp  and R pd  from the time domain signal y(n). In order to obtain approximate values of R pp  and R pd , the correlation value extractor  192  can use an exponential decade approximation method. Since the exponential decade approximation method is well-known in the art, a detailed description thereof is omitted herein. 
         [0060]    The MMSE estimator  194  estimates a channel value using the R pp  and R pd  based on the Minimum Mean-Square Error (MMSE) method at step  284 . 
         [0061]    The w mmse  used for channel estimation of the MMSE estimator  194  can be expressed as Equation (6): 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           w 
                           mmse 
                         
                         = 
                           
                          
                         
                           
                             
                               R 
                               dp 
                             
                              
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   R 
                                   pp 
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     σ 
                                     2 
                                   
                                    
                                   I 
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           
                             - 
                             1 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         = 
                           
                          
                         
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                                   R 
                                   
                                     1 
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                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               
                                 
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                           ] 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
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                                           1 
                                         
                                       
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                   Equation 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     6 
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         [0062]    The MMSE estimator  194  multiplies the w mmse  calculated using Equation (6) with the received signal y to estimate a channel. The MMSE estimator  194  uses Equation (7) to estimate a channel value: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             h 
                             ^ 
                           
                           mmse 
                         
                         = 
                           
                          
                         
                           
                             w 
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                            
                           y 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         = 
                           
                          
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 R 
                                 dp 
                               
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                                 ( 
                                 
                                   
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                   Equation 
                    
                   
                       
                   
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                     ( 
                     7 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0063]    As described above, R pp  is an auto-correlation value between the pilot and data subcarriers, R pd  is a cross-correlation value between the pilot subcarrier and the data subcarrier, σ 2  denotes a variance of noise, I denotes an Identity matrix, and ĥ mmse  is an estimated channel value. 
         [0064]    The application of the MMSE method in the frequency domain is likely to require high complexity of matrix inversion and previous statistical knowledge. In an exemplary implementation, however, all pilot subcarriers are grouped by 4 (or 6, 8, or 12) to apply the MMSE method to decrease the complexity of the inverse matrix calculation. Equation (6) is a case of calculation in units of 4 subcarriers. That is, the w mmse , which can be applied to the 1st to 12th subcarriers, is calculated using the 1st, 4th, 7th, and 10th pilot subcarriers. The 1st to 12th subcarriers include the 1st, 4th, 7th, and 10th pilot subcarriers and 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 6th, 8th, 9th, 11th, and 12th data subcarriers. 
         [0065]    For example, if two data subcarriers exist between the pilot subcarriers, R pp  is a 4×4 matrix. In order to calculate w mmse , the matrix inversion of the 4×4 matrix is necessary. In this case, w mmse  becomes a 12×4 matrix. Accordingly, the channel estimation values of 12 subcarriers, i.e. 4 pilot subcarriers and 8 data subcarriers, can be estimated using 4 pilot subcarriers. 
         [0066]      FIGS. 6 to 9  are graphs illustrating performances of a channel estimation technique according to the related art and a channel estimation method according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention as depicted in  FIGS. 1 to 4B . In  FIGS. 6 to 9 , the horizontal axis denotes Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and the vertical axis denotes a Block Error Rate (BLER) of Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH). 
         [0067]    In  FIGS. 6 to 9 , a 1024 DFT method transforms data and pilot symbols to time domain signals and sets the signals less than a threshold to 0. A 1024 DFT+LMMSE method transforms the data and pilot symbols to the time domain signals and performs channel estimation on the time domain signals using an interactive localized MMSE algorithm. A 256 DFT+MMSE method performs channel estimation as described with reference to  FIGS. 1 to 4B . With reference to  FIGS. 6 to 9 , the 1024 DFT method is referred to as the first method, and the 1024 DFT+LMMSE method as the second method. 
         [0068]      FIG. 6  is a graph illustrating a simulation result in a low SNR and Extended Typical Urban (ETU) channel environment according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In the low SNR environment, the first and second methods and the method according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention show no significant difference in performance. 
         [0069]      FIG. 7  is a graph illustrating a simulation result in a high SNR and ETU channel environment according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In the high SNR environment, the first method shows significant performance degradation. Although the second method shows slight performance superiority as compared to the method according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, such slight performance degradation is ignorable in consideration of very low complexity. 
         [0070]      FIG. 8  is a graph illustrating a simulation result in a high SNR and Extended Vehicular-A (EVA) channel environment according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In the high SNR environment, the first method shows significant performance degradation. Meanwhile, the method according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention and the second method show no significant difference in performance. 
         [0071]      FIG. 9  is a graph illustrating a simulation result in a high SNR, an ETU channel and a Band Edge environment according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The method according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention is superior to the first method and almost equal to the second method in performance. 
         [0072]    As described above, the channel estimation method and apparatus according to an exemplary of the present invention are capable of improving performance and reducing computational complexity. 
         [0073]    It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
         [0074]    Furthermore, the respective block diagrams may illustrate parts of modules, segments or codes including at least one or more executable instruction for performing specific logic function(s). Moreover, it should be noted that the functions of the blocks may be performed in different order in several modifications. For example, two successive blocks may be performed substantially at the same time, or may be performed in reverse order according to their functions. 
         [0075]    The term “module” according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention, means, but is not limited to, a software or hardware component, such as a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), which performs certain tasks. A module may advantageously be configured to reside on the addressable storage medium and configured to be executed on one or more processors. Thus, a module may include, by way of example, components, such as software components, object-oriented software components, class components and task components, processes, functions, attributes, procedures, subroutines, segments of program code, drivers, firmware, microcode, circuitry, data, databases, data structures, tables, arrays, and variables. The functionality provided for in the components and modules may be combined into fewer components and modules or further separated into additional components and modules. In addition, the components and modules may be implemented such that they execute one or more Central Processing Units (CPUs) in a device or a secure multimedia card. 
         [0076]    The foregoing disclosure has been set forth merely to illustrate the exemplary embodiments of the present invention and is not intended to be limiting. Since modifications of the exemplary embodiments of the present invention incorporating the spirit and substance of the invention may occur to persons skilled in the art, the invention should be construed to include everything within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereof. 
         [0077]    While the invention has been shown and described with reference to certain exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.