Abstract:
A method for managing the flow of a plurality of aircraft at an aviation resource, based upon specified data and operational goals pertaining to the aircraft and resource and the control of aircraft arrival fix times at the resource by a system manager, includes the steps of: (a) collecting and storing the specified data and operational goals, (b) processing the specified data to predict an initial arrival fix time for each of the aircraft at the resource, (c) specifying a goal function which is defined in terms of arrival fix times and whose value is a measure of how well the aircraft meet the operational goals based on achieving specified arrival fix times, (d) computing an initial value of the goal function using the predicted initial arrival fix times, (e) utilizing the goal function to identify potential arrival fix times to which the arrival fix times can be changed so as to result in the value of the goal function indicating a higher degree of attainment of the operational goals than that indicated by the initial value of the goal function, (f) if the utilization step yields a goal function whose value is higher than the initial goal function value, defining requested arrival fix times to be those arrival fix times associated with the higher goal function value; but, if the utilization step does not yield a goal function whose value is higher than the initial goal function value, defining requested arrival fix times to be the predicted, initial arrival fix times, (g) communicating the requested arrival fix times to the system manager to determine whether authorization may be obtained from the system manager for the aircraft to use the requested arrival fix times, (h) if the arrival fix times authorization is obtained, establishing the requested arrival fix times as the targeted arrival fix times of the aircraft; but, if the arrival fix times authorization is not obtained, continuing to use the goal function to identify potential arrival fix times which can be communicated to the system manager until arrival fix times authorization is obtained.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/458,027, entitled “Method And System For Aircraft Flow Management By Airline/Aviation Authorities,” filed Mar. 25, 2003 by R. Michael Baiada and Lonnie H. Bowlin.  
         [0002]    This application is related to the following U.S. Patent Documents: Provisional Patent Application No. 60/332,614, entitled “Method And System For Allocating Aircraft Arrival/Departure Slot Times,” filed Nov. 19, 2001; Regular Patent Application Ser. No. 10/299,640, entitled “Method And System For Allocating Aircraft Arrival/Departure Slot Times,” filed Nov. 19, 2002; U.S. Pat. No. (USPN) 6,463,383, issued Oct. 8, 2002 and entitled “Method And System For Aircraft Flow Management By Airlines/Aviation Authorities;” Provisional Application No. 60/129,563, entitled “Tactical Aircraft Management,” filed Apr. 16, 1999; Regular patent application Ser. No. 09/549074, entitled “Tactical Airline Management,” filed Apr. 16, 2000; Regular patent application Ser. No. 10/238,032, entitled “Method and System For Tracking and Prediction of Aircraft Trajectories,&#39; filed Sep. 6, 2002; and Provisional Patent Application No. 60/493,494, entitled “Method and System For Tactical Gate Management By Airlines, Airport and Aviation Authorities,” filed Aug. 8, 2003; all these applications and patents having been submitted by the same applicants: R. Michael Baiada and Lonnie H. Bowlin. The teachings of these materials are incorporated herein by reference to the extent that they do not conflict with the teaching herein.  
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0004]    The present invention relates to vehicle navigation and flow management. More particularly, this invention relates to methods and systems for airlines or aviation/airport authorities to better manage the flow of a plurality of aircraft into and out of a system or set of system resources.  
           [0005]    2. Description of the Related Art  
           [0006]    The need for and advantages of management operation systems that optimize complex, multi-faceted processes have long been recognized. Thus, many complex methods and optimization systems have been developed. However, as applied to management of the aviation industry, such methods often have been fragmentary or overly restrictive and have not addressed the overall optimization of key aspects of an aviation authority&#39;s regulatory function, such as the flow of a plurality of arrival/departure aircraft to/from a system resource or set of system resources.  
           [0007]    The patent literature for the aviation industry&#39;s operating systems and methods includes: U.S. Pat. No. 6,463,383, issued Oct. 8, 2002 to the present applicants and entitled “Method And System For Aircraft Flow Management By Aviation Authorities;” U.S. Pat. No. 5,200,901, issued Apr. 6, 1993 to Gerstenfeld and entitled “Direct Entry Air Traffic Control System for Accident Analysis and Training;” U.S. Pat. No. 4,196,474, issued Apr. 1, 1980 to Buchanan &amp; Kiley and entitled “Information Display Method and Apparatus for Air Traffic Control;” United Kingdom Patent No. 2,327,517A—“Runway Reservation System,” and PCT International Publication No. WO 00/62234—“Air Traffic Management System.” 
           [0008]    Aviation regulatory authorities (e.g., various Civil Aviation Authorities (CAA) throughout the world, including the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) within the U.S.) are responsible for matters such as the separation of in-flight aircraft. In an attempt to optimize their regulation of this activity, most CAAs have chosen to segment this activity into various phases (e.g., taxi separation, takeoff runway assignment, enroute separation, oceanic separation, arrival/departure sequencing and arrival/departure runway assignment) which are often sought to be independently optimized.  
           [0009]    These optimizations are usually attempted by various, independent ATC controllers. Unfortunately, this situation often appears to result in optimization actions by individual parts of the airspace system (e.g., individual controllers or pilots) which have the effect of reducing the aviation industry&#39;s overall safety and efficiency. There appears to have been few successfull attempts by the various airlines/CAAs/airports to make real-time, trade-offs between their different segments and the competing goals of these segments as it relates to optimizing the safe and efficient movement and flow of aircraft. For example, in the sequencing of the arrival/departure flow of aircraft to an airport, it often happens that some sequencing actions are taken too early (e.g., ground holds on aircraft before enough data is available to determine the validity of an apparent constraint in the arrival flow at the destination airport; see PCT International Publication No. WO 00/62234—“Air Traffic Management System”) or too late (e.g., when an aircraft is within 50 to 100 miles from an airport) to resolve a problem.  
           [0010]    To better understand these aviation processes, FIG. 1 has been provided to indicate the various segments in a typical aircraft flight process. It begins with the filing of a flight plan by the airline/pilot with a CAA. Next the pilot arrives at the airport, starts the engine, taxis, takes off, flies the flight plan (i.e., route of flight), lands and taxis to parking. At each stage during the movement of the aircraft on an IFR flight plan, the CAA&#39;s Air Traffic Control (ATC) system must approve any change to the trajectory of the aircraft. Further, anytime an aircraft on an IFR flight plan is moving, an ATC controller is responsible for ensuring that an adequate separation from other IFR aircraft is maintained. During the last part of a flight, initial arrival sequencing (accomplished on a first come, first serve basis, e.g., the aircraft closest to the arrival fix is first, next closest is second and so on) is accomplished by the enroute ATC center near the arrival/departure airport (within approximately 100 miles of the airport), refined by the arrival/departure ATC facility (within approximately 25 miles of the arrival airport), and then approved for landing by the arrival ATC tower (within approximately 5 miles of the arrival airport).  
           [0011]    For example, current CAA practices for managing arrivals at destination airports involve sequencing aircraft arrivals by linearizing an airport&#39;s traffic flow according to very structured, three-dimensional, aircraft arrival paths, 100 to 200 miles from the airport or by holding incoming aircraft at their departure airports. For a large hub airport (e.g., Chicago, Dallas, Atlanta), these paths involve specific geographic points that are separated by approximately ninety degrees; see FIG. 2. Further, if the traffic into an arrival fix for an airport is relatively continuous over a period of time, the linearization of the aircraft flow is effectively completed hundreds of miles from the arrival fix. This can significantly restrict all the aircraft&#39;s arrival speeds, since all in the line of arriving aircraft are limited to that of the slowest aircraft in the line ahead.  
           [0012]    Unfortunately, if nature adds a twenty-mile line of thunderstorms over one of the structured arrival fixes—the flow of traffic stops. Can the aircraft easily fly around the weather? Many times—yes. Will the structure in the current ATC system allow it? No. To fly around the weather, an arriving aircraft could potentially conflict with the departing aircraft which the system dictates must climb out from the airport between the arrival fixes.  
           [0013]    The temporal variations in the flow of aircraft into an airport can be quite significant. FIG. 3 shows for the Dallas-Ft. Worth Airport the times of arrival at the airport&#39;s runways for the aircraft arriving during the thirty minute time period from 22:01 to 22:30. It can be seen that the numbers of aircraft arriving during the consecutive, five-minute intervals during this period were  12 ,  13 ,  6 ,  8 ,  6  and  5 , respectively. While some of these variations are due to the aircraft&#39;s planned scheduling differences, much of it is also seen to be due to the many decisions, independent in nature, that impact whether a scheduled flight will arrive at its fix point at its scheduled time. These decisions may include whether a customer service agent shuts a departing aircraft&#39;s door at the scheduled time or maybe waits for some late, connecting passengers, or the personal preferences that the pilots exhibit in setting their flight speeds for the various legs of their flights. These types of independent decisions lead to a random distribution of the arrival aircraft, regardless of the schedule, and obviously affect the outcome of the arrival flow. This type of random arrival pattern leads to random spacing of the arrival aircraft as they approach a runway, which leads to wasted capacity.  
           [0014]    Much of the current thinking concerning the airline/ATC delay problem is that it stems from the over scheduling by the airlines of too many aircraft into too few runways. While this may be true in part, it is also the case that the many apparently independent decisions that are made by an airline&#39;s staff and various ATC controllers may significantly contribute to airline/ATC delay/congestion problems.  
           [0015]    These independent actions for each of the arriving flights, without regard to system effects, lead to a variance in the arrival flow, thus assuring a random outcome as the aircraft approach a destination airport. Mitigating the variance to reduce randomness and queuing represents a unique aspect of the present invention.  
           [0016]    For illustrative purposes, one can compare the aircraft arrival flow into a busy airport to the actions of grade school children at the end of class. When the dismissal bell rings, if all of the students rush to the door, fighting to be the first one out, the throughput of the door is lowered. Conversely, if the students file out in an orderly and sequenced fashion, the actual throughput of the door is higher. In either case, the capacity of the door is the same, but by managing the flow through the door, the door&#39;s effective throughput is higher. The same can be said for an airport.  
           [0017]    The explanation of the effects of randomness can be found in the mathematics of queue theory, which states that as the demand approaches capacity the queue waiting time increases at a rate proportional to the inverse of the difference between demand and capacity.  
           [0018]    These delays are especially problematic since they are seen to be cumulative. FIG. 4 shows, for all airlines and a number of U.S. airports, the percentage of aircraft arriving on time during various one hour periods throughout a typical day. This on time arrival performance is seen to deteriorate throughout the day.  
           [0019]    Where there are problems with over scheduling, the optimal, real-time sequencing of the various sizes of incoming aircraft could conceivably offer a possible mechanism for remedying such problems. For example, the consistent flow of aircraft at the runway end can increase effective capacity. Further, current aviation authority rules require different spacing between aircraft based on the size of the aircraft. Typical spacing between the arrivals of aircraft of the same size is three miles, or approximately one minute based on normal approach speeds. But if a small (Learjet, Cessna 172) or medium size aircraft (B737, MD80) is behind a large aircraft (B747, B767), this spacing distance is stretched out to five miles or one and a half to two minutes for safety considerations.  
           [0020]    Thus, it can be seen that if a sequence of ten aircraft is such that a large aircraft alternates every other one with a small aircraft, the total distance of the arrival sequence of aircraft to the runway (5+3+5+3+5+3+5+3+5+3) is 40 miles. But if this sequence can be altered to put all of the small aircraft in positions  1  through  5 , and all of the very large aircraft in slots  6  through  10 , the total distance of the arrival sequence of aircraft to the runway is only 30 miles, since the spacing between the aircraft is consistently 3 miles. If the sequence is altered to the second scenario, the ten aircraft can land in a shorter period of time, thus freeing up additional landing slots behind this group of ten aircraft.  
           [0021]    Unfortunately, to correct over capacity problems in the current art, the controller only has one option. They take the first over-capacity aircraft that arrives at the airport and move it backward in time. The second such aircraft is moved further back in time, the third, even further back, etc. Without a process in the current art to move aircraft forward in time or manage the arrival sequence in real time, the controller has only one option—delay the arrivals.  
           [0022]    The current art of aircraft flow sequencing (to assure proper aircraft separation) to an airport can be broken down into seven distinct tools used by air traffic controllers, as applied in a first come, first serve basis, include:  
           [0023]    1. Structured DogLeg Arrival Routes—The structured routings into an arrival fix are typically designed with doglegs. The design of the dogleg is two straight segments joined by an angle of less than 180 degrees. The purpose of the dogleg is to allow controllers to cut the corner as necessary to maintain the correct spacing between arrival aircraft.  
           [0024]    2. Vectoring and Speed Control—If the actual spacing is more or less than the desired spacing, the controller can alter the speed of the aircraft to correct the spacing. Additionally, if the spacing is significantly smaller than desired, the controller can vector (turn) the aircraft off the route momentarily to increase the spacing. Given the last minute nature of these actions (within 100 mile of the airport), the outcome of such actions is limited.  
           [0025]    3. The Approach Trombone—If too many aircraft arrive at a particular airport in a given period of time, the distance between the runway and base leg can be increased; see FIG. 5. This effectively lengthens the final approach and downwind legs allowing the controller to “store” or warehouse in-flight aircraft. A problem with this approach is that as the number of aircraft increases, the controller is required to handle more and more aircraft, such that his/her communication requirements also increase. The effect of such an increase is that while talking to one aircraft, the controller&#39;s instruction to another aircraft to turn towards the final approach is delayed slightly, which increases the spacing between aircraft on final approach and landing. Even a delay of ten seconds on such a call increases the spacing between such aircraft by approximately one mile. Three such delayed calls and a runway landing slot is missed. As was described above, the runway capacity remained unchanged, but its throughput was decreased.  
           [0026]    4. Miles in Trail—If the approach trombone can&#39;t handle the over demand for the runway asset, the ATC system begins spreading out the arrival/departure flow linearly. It does this by implementing “miles-in-trail” restrictions. Effectively, as the aircraft approach the airport for landing, instead of 5 to 10 miles between aircraft on the linear arrival/departure path, the controllers begin spacing the aircraft at 20 or more miles in trail, one behind the other; see FIG. 6.  
           [0027]    5. Ground Holds—If the separation authorities anticipate that the approach trombone and the miles-in-trail methods will not hold the aircraft overload, aircraft are held at their departure point and metered into the system using assigned takeoff times.  
           [0028]    6. Holding—If events happen too quickly, the controllers are forced to use airborne holding. Although this can be done anywhere in the system, this is usually done at one of the arrival fixes to an airport. Aircraft enter the “holding stack” from the enroute airspace at the top; see FIG. 7. Each holding pattern is approximately 10 to 20 miles long and 3 to 5 miles wide. As aircraft exit the bottom of the stack towards the airport, aircraft orbiting above are moved down 1,000 feet to the next level.  
           [0029]    7. Reroute—If a section of airspace, enroute center, or airport is projected to become overloaded, the aviation authority occasionally reroutes individual aircraft over a longer lateral route to delay the aircraft&#39;s entry to the predicted congestion.  
           [0030]    CAA&#39;s current air traffic handling procedures are seen to result in significant inefficiencies. For example, pilots routinely mitigate some of the assigned ground hold or reroute orders by increasing the aircraft&#39;s speed during its flight, which often yields significantly increased fuel expenses. Also, vectoring and speed control by the ATC controller are usually accompanied with descents to a common altitude which may often be far below the aircraft&#39;s optimum cruise altitude, again with the use of considerable extra fuel. Further, the manual aspects of the sequencing and arrival ATC tasks can result in significantly greater separations between aircraft than are warranted; thereby significantly reducing an airport&#39;s landing capacity.  
           [0031]    Thus, despite the above noted prior art, airlines/CAAs/airports continue to need safer and more efficient methods and systems to better manage the arrival/departure flow of a plurality of aircraft into and out of a system resource, like an airport, or a set of system resources, so as to yield increased aviation safety and airline/airport/airspace operating efficiency.  
           [0032]    3. Objects and Advantages  
           [0033]    There has been summarized above, rather broadly, the prior art that is related to the present invention in order that the context of the present invention may be better understood and appreciated. In this regard, it is instructive to also consider the objects and advantages of the present invention.  
           [0034]    It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and system which allows an aviation system (e.g., an airline, airport or CAA) to better achieve its specified safety and operational efficiency goals with respect to the arrival and departure of a plurality of aircraft at a specified system resource, like an airport, or set of resources, thereby overcoming the limitations of the prior art described above.  
           [0035]    It is another object of the present invention to present a method and system for the real time management of aircraft that takes into consideration a wider array of real time parameters and factors that heretofore were not considered. For example, such parameters and factors may include: aircraft related factors (i.e., speed, fuel, altitude, route, turbulence, winds, and weather) and ground services and common asset availability (i.e., runways, airspace, Air Traffic Control (ATC) services).  
           [0036]    It is another object of the present invention to provide a method and system that will enable the airspace users to increase their safety and efficiency of operation.  
           [0037]    It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a method and system that will allow an airport or other system resource to enhance its overall operating efficiency, even at the possible expense of its individual components that may become temporarily less effective. After the system&#39;s overall operation is optimized, then, as a secondary task, the present invention tries to enhance the efficiency of the individual components (i.e., meets a specific airline&#39;s business needs if provided) as long as they do not degrade the overall, optimized solution.  
           [0038]    It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method and system that analyzes numerous real time information and other factors simultaneously, identifies system constraints and problems as early as possible, determines alternative possible trajectory sets, chooses the better of the evaluated asset trajectory sets, implements the new solution, and continuously monitors the outcome.  
           [0039]    It is still a further object of the present invention to temporally manage the flow of aircraft into or out of a specific system resource in real time to prevent that resource from becoming overloaded. Further, if the outcome of prior events puts demand for that system resource above capacity, it is then the object of the present invention to maximize the throughput of the now constrained system resource with a consistent, more optimally sequenced flow of aircraft to/from that system resource.  
           [0040]    It is an additional object of the present invention to minimize the large temporal variations to arrival/departure flows so as to mitigate the effects of randomness and queuing.  
           [0041]    Such objects are different from the current art, which manages aircraft into or out of a specific resource linearly using distance based processes, or limits access to the entire system, not just the specific constrained system resource.  
           [0042]    These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent as the invention is better understood by reference to the accompanying summary, drawings and the detailed description that follows.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0043]    The present invention is generally directed towards mitigating the limitations and problems identified with prior methods used by CAAs to manage their air traffic control function. Specifically, the present invention is designed to maximize the throughput of all aviation system resources, while limiting, or eliminating completely ground holds, reroutes, doglegs and vectoring by CAAs.  
           [0044]    In accordance with one preferred embodiment of the present invention, a method for managing the flow of a plurality of aircraft at an aviation resource, based upon specified data and operational goals pertaining to the aircraft and resource and the control of aircraft arrival fix times at the resource by a system manager charged with managing the resource, includes the steps of: (a) collecting and storing the specified data and operational goals, (b) processing the specified data to predict an initial arrival fix time for each of the aircraft at the resource, (c) specifying a goal function which is defined in terms of arrival fix times and whose value is a measure of how well the aircraft meet the operational goals based on achieving specified arrival fix times, (d) computing an initial value of the goal function using the predicted initial arrival fix times, (e) utilizing the goal function to identify potential arrival fix times to which the arrival fix times can be changed so as to result in the value of the goal function indicating a higher degree of attainment of the operational goals than that indicated by the initial value of the goal function, (f) if the utilization step yields a goal function whose value is higher than the initial goal function value, defining requested arrival fix times to be those arrival fix times associated with the higher goal function value; but, if the utilization step does not yield a goal function whose value is higher than the initial goal function value, defining requested arrival fix times to be the predicted, initial arrival fix times, (g) communicating the requested arrival fix times to the system manager to determine whether authorization may be obtained from the system manager for the aircraft to use the requested arrival fix times, (h) if the arrival fix times authorization is obtained, establishing the requested arrival fix times as the targeted arrival fix times of the aircraft; but, if the arrival fix times authorization is not obtained, continuing to use the goal function to identify potential arrival fix times which can be communicated to the system manager until arrival fix times authorization is obtained.  
           [0045]    In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, this method further comprises the step of: communicating information about the targeted arrival fix times to the aircraft so that the aircraft can change their trajectories so as to meet the targeted arrival fix times, monitoring the ongoing temporal changes in the specified data and operational goals so as to identify temporally updated specified data and operational goals, processing the temporally updated specified data to predict updated arrival fix times, computing an updated value of the goal function using the updated arrival fix times, assessing the updated goal function value to determine whether its value and associated updated arrival fix times yield a higher degree of attainment of the operational goals than used as the basis for the requested arrival fix times, if the updated goal function value implies a higher degree of attainment of the operational goals than that used as the basis for the requested arrival fix times, defining new requested arrival fix times to be the updated arrival fix times, but if not, utilizing the goal function to identify new, requested arrival fix times to which the targeted arrival fix times can be changed so as to result in the value of the goal function indicating a higher degree of attainment of the operational goals than that indicated by the updated arrival fix times, and communicating the new requested arrival fix times to the system manager to determine whether authorization may be obtained from the system manager for the aircraft to use the new requested arrival fix times as their new targeted, arrival fix times.  
           [0046]    In accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention, a system, including a processor, memory, display and input device, for an aviation system to temporally manage the flow of a plurality of aircraft with respect to a specified system resource, based upon specified data, some of which are temporally varying, and operational goals pertaining to the aircraft and system resource, is comprised of the means for achieving each of the process steps listed in the above methods.  
           [0047]    Additionally, the present invention can take the form of a computer program product in a computer readable memory for controlling a processor to allow an aviation system to temporally manage the flow of a plurality of aircraft with respect to a specified system resource, based upon specified data, some of which are temporally varying, and operational goals pertaining to the aircraft and system resource. This computer program product also includes the means for achieving each of the process steps listed in the above methods.  
           [0048]    Thus, there has been summarized above, rather broadly, the present invention in order that the detailed description that follows may be better understood and appreciated. There are, of course, additional features of the invention that will be described hereinafter and which will form the subject matter of any eventual claims to this invention.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0049]    [0049]FIG. 1 presents a depiction of a typical aircraft flight process.  
         [0050]    [0050]FIG. 2 illustrates a typical arrival/departure flow from a busy airport.  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 3 illustrates an arrival bank of aircraft at Dallas/Ft. Worth airport collected as part of NASA&#39;s CTAS project.  
         [0052]    [0052]FIG. 4 illustrates the December 2000, on-time arrival performance at sixteen specific airports for various one hour periods during the day.  
         [0053]    [0053]FIG. 5 presents a depiction of the arrival/departure trombone method of sequencing aircraft.  
         [0054]    [0054]FIG. 6 presents a depiction of the miles-in-trail method of sequencing aircraft.  
         [0055]    [0055]FIG. 7 presents a depiction of the airborne holding method of sequencing aircraft.  
         [0056]    [0056]FIG. 8 presents a depiction of the preferred method of the present invention for optimizing the control of aircraft approaching a specified airport.  
         [0057]    [0057]FIG. 9 a - 9   e  provides an illustration of the decision processes required to determine an airport&#39;s arrival/departure flow of aircraft.  
         [0058]    [0058]FIG. 10 illustrates the various types of data that are used in the process of the present invention.  
         [0059]    [0059]FIG. 11 a - 11   b  illustrates the optimization processing sequence of the present invention.  
         [0060]    [0060]FIG. 12 illustrates the difference between a random arrival flow of aircraft and a managed arrival flow of aircraft to an arrival fix.  
         [0061]    [0061]FIG. 13 illustrates an aircraft scheduled arrival versus capacity at a typical hub airport. The graph is broken down into 15-minute blocks of time.  
         [0062]    [0062]FIG. 14 illustrates a representative Goal Function of the present invention for a single aircraft.  
         [0063]    [0063]FIG. 15 provides a Table that illustrates the value of a representative Goal Function of the present invention for two aircraft.  
         [0064]    [0064]FIG. 16 illustrates the data flow for a process to coordinate arrival fix times by multiple operators of the present invention.  
         [0065]    [0065]FIG. 17 illustrates the effects of variance, within an aircraft arrival flow to an airport, such that as demand nears capacity, queuing, and therefore delays increase.  
         [0066]    [0066]FIG. 18 illustrates the variance of the arrival paths of a typical aircraft arrival flow to an airport over a twenty-four hour period.  
     
    
     DEFINITIONS  
       [0067]    ACARS—ARINC Communications Addressing and Reporting System. This is a discreet data link system between the aircraft and the airline. This provides very basic email capability between the aircraft and a limited set of operational data and personnel. Functionality from this data link source includes operational data, weather data, pilot to dispatcher communication, pilot to aviation authority communication, airport data, OOOI data, etc.  
         [0068]    Aircraft Situational Data (ASD)—This an acronym for a real time data source (approximately 1 to 5 minute updates) provided by the world&#39;s aviation authorities, including the Federal Aviation Administration, comprising aircraft position and intent for the aircraft flying over the United States and beyond.  
         [0069]    Aircraft Trajectory—The movement or usage of an aircraft defined as a position, time (past, present or future). For example, the trajectory of an aircraft is depicted as a position, time and intent.  
         [0070]    Airline—a business entity engaged in the transportation of passengers, bags and cargo on an aircraft  
         [0071]    Airline Arrival Bank—A component of a hub airline&#39;s operation where numerous aircraft, owned by the hub airline, arrive at a specific airport (hub airport) within a very short time frame.  
         [0072]    Airline Departure Bank—A component of hub aviation&#39;s operation where numerous aircraft, owned by the hub aviation, depart at a specific airport (hub airport) within a very short time frame.  
         [0073]    Airline Gate—An area or structure where aircraft owners/airlines park their aircraft for the purpose of loading and unloading passengers and cargo.  
         [0074]    Air Traffic Control System (ATC)—A system to assure the safe separation of moving aircraft by an aviation regulatory authority. In numerous countries, this system is managed by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). In the United States the federal agency responsible for this task is the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).  
         [0075]    Arrival fix/Cornerpost—At larger airports, the aviation regulatory authorities have instituted structured arrivals that bring all arrival/departure aircraft over geographic points (typically four). These are typically 30 to 50 miles from the arrival/departure airport and are separated by approximately 90 degrees. The purpose of these arrival fixes or cornerpost is so that the controllers can better sequence the aircraft, while keeping them separate from the other arrival/departure aircraft flows. In the future it may be possible to move these merge points closer to the airport, or eliminate them all together. As described herein, the arrival fix cornerpost referred to herein will be one of the points where the aircraft flows merge. Additionally, besides an airport, as referred to herein, arrival fixes can refer to entry points to any system resource, e.g., a runway, an airport gate, a section of airspace, a CAA control sector, a section of the airport ramp, etc. Further, an arrival fix/cornerpost can represent an arbitrary point in space where an aircraft flow merges at some past, present or future time.  
         [0076]    Asset—These include assets such as aircraft, airports, runways, and airspace, etc.  
         [0077]    Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS)—A data link surveillance system currently under development. The system, which is installed on the aircraft, captures the aircraft position from the navigation system and then communicates it to the CAA/FAA and other aircraft.  
         [0078]    Aviation Authority—This is the agency responsible for the separation of aircraft when they are moving. Typically, this is a government-controlled agency, but a recent trend is to privatize this function. In the US, this agency is the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). In numerous other countries, it is referred to as the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). As referred to herein, it can also mean an airport authority which manages the airport  
         [0079]    Aviation System—As referred to herein, meant to represent an airline, airport, CAA, FAA or any other organization or system that has or can provide impact on the flow of a plurality of aircraft into or out of a system resource.  
         [0080]    Block Time—The time from aircraft gate departure to aircraft gate arrival. This can be either scheduled block time (schedule departure time to scheduled arrival/departure time as posted in the aviation system schedule) or actual block time (time from when the aircraft door is closed and the brakes are released at the departure station until the brakes are set and the door is open at the arrival/departure station).  
         [0081]    CAA—Civil Aviation Authority. As used herein is meant to refer to any aviation authority responsible for the safe separation of moving aircraft.  
         [0082]    Cooperative Decision-Making (CDM)—A recent program between FAA and the airlines, wherein the airlines provide the FAA a more realistic schedule of their aircraft. For example if an airline cancels 20% of its flights into a hub because of bad weather, it would advise the FAA. In turn, the FAA compiles the data and redistributes it to all participating members.  
         [0083]    Common Assets—Assets that must be utilized by all airspace/airport/runway users and which are usually controlled by the aviation authority (i.e., CAA, FAA, airport). These assets (i.e., runways, ATC system, airspace, etc.) are not typically owned by any one airspace user.  
         [0084]    CTAS—Center Tracon Automation System—This is a NASA developed set of tools (TMA, FAST, etc.) that seeks to temporally manage the arrival flow of aircraft from approximately 150 miles from the airport to landing.  
         [0085]    Federal Aviation Administration—The government agency responsible for the safe separation of aircraft which are moving in the United States&#39; airspace.  
         [0086]    Four-dimensional Path—The definition of the movement of an object in one or more of four dimensions—x, y, z and time.  
         [0087]    Goal Function—a method or process of measurement of the degree of attainment for a set of specified goals. As further used herein, a method or process to evaluate the current scenario against a set of specified goals, generate various alternative scenarios, with these alternative scenarios, along with the current scenario then being assessed with the goal attainment assessment process to identify which of these alternative scenarios will yield the highest degree of attainment for a set of specified goals. The purpose of the Goal function is to find a solution that “better” meets the specified goals (as defined by the operators of the present invention, as well as the aircraft operators) than the present condition and determine if it is worth (as defined by the operator) changing to the “better” condition/solution. This is always true, whether it is the initial run or one generated by the monitoring system. In the case of the monitoring system (and this could even be set up for the initial condition/solution as well), it is triggered by some defined difference (as defined by the operator) between how well the present condition meets the specified goals versus some “better” condition/solution found by the present invention. Once the Goal function finds a “better” condition/solution that it determines is worth changing to, the present invention translates said “better” condition/solution into some doable task and then communicates this to the interested parties, and then monitors the new current condition to determine if any “better” condition/solution can be found and is worth changing again.  
         [0088]    Hub Airline—An airline operating strategy whereby passengers from various cities (spokes) are funneled to an interchange point (hub) and connect to various other cities. This allows the airlines to capture greater amounts of traffic flows to and from cities they serve, and offers smaller communities one-stop access to literally hundreds of nationwide and worldwide destinations.  
         [0089]    IFR—Instrument Flight Rules. A set of flight rules wherein the pilot files a flight plan with the aviation authorities responsible for separation safety. Although this set of flight rules is based on instrument flying (e.g., the pilot references the aircraft instruments) when the pilot cannot see at night or in the clouds, the weather and the pilot&#39;s ability to see outside the aircraft are not a determining factors in IFR flying. When flying on an IFR flight plan, the aviation authority (e.g., ATC controller) is responsible for the separation of the aircraft when it moves.  
         [0090]    OOOI—A specific aviation data set of; when the aircraft departs the gate (Out), takes off (Off), lands (On), and arrives at the gate (In). These times are typically automatically sent to the airline via the ACARS data link, but could be collected in any number of ways.  
         [0091]    PASSUR—A passive surveillance system usually installed at the operations centers at the hub airport by the hub airline. This device allows the airline&#39;s operational people on the ground to display the airborne aircraft in the vicinity (up to approximately 150 miles) of the airport where it is installed.  
         [0092]    Strategic Management—The use of policy level, long range information (current time up to “nl” hours into the future, where “nl” is defined by the regulatory authority, typically 6 to 24 hours) to determine demand and certain choke points in the airspace system.  
         [0093]    System Resource—a resource like an airport, runway, gate, ramp area, or section of airspace, etc, that is used by all aircraft. A constrained system resource is one where demand for that resource exceeds capacity. This may be an airport with 70 aircraft that want to land in a single hour, with landing capacity of 50 aircraft per hour. Or it could be an airport with 2 aircraft wanting to land at the same exact time, with capacity of only 1 landing at a time. Or it could be a hole in a long line of thunderstorms that many aircraft want to utilize. Additionally, this can represent a group or set of system resources that can be managed simultaneously. For example, an arrival cornerpost, runway and gate represent a set of system resources that can be managed as a combined set of resources to better optimize the flow of aircraft.  
         [0094]    Tactical Management—The use of real time information (current time up to “n” minutes into the future, where “n” is defined by the aviation regulatory authority, typically 0 to 6 hours) to modify future events.  
         [0095]    Trajectory—See aircraft trajectory and four-dimensional path above.  
         [0096]    VFR—Visual Flight Rules. A set of flight rules wherein the pilot may or may not file a flight plan with the aviation authorities responsible for separation safety. This set of flight rules is based on visual flying (e.g., the pilot references visual cues outside the aircraft) and the pilot must be able to see and cannot fly in the clouds. When flying on a VFR flight plan, the pilot is responsible for the separation of the aircraft when it moves.  
       DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0097]    Referring now to the drawings wherein are shown preferred embodiments and wherein like reference numerals designate like elements throughout, there is shown in the drawings the decision steps involved in preferred methods of the present invention. These methods effectively manage the temporal flow of a plurality of aircraft arrivals into an aviation system resource or set of resources.  
         [0098]    For ease of understanding, the ensuing description is based on managing the temporal flow of a plurality of aircraft arrivals into a single system resource (e.g., an airport) based on arrival fix times or enroute speeds as necessary to meet the target arrival fix times that have been assigned to the various aircraft. These fix times are set based upon consideration of specified data, regarding the capacity of the airport and arrival paths, aircraft positions, aircraft performance, user requirements (if available) and the weather, etc. that has been processed so as to identify that set of s arrival fix times which allows the airline flying the aircraft into an airport and/or a CAA controlling the airport to better achieve its specified safety and operational efficiency goals.  
         [0099]    As discussed above, the overall goal of the present invention is to increase aviation safety and efficiency through the real time management of aircraft from a system perspective. It is important to note that the present invention is in some ways the combination of several process steps. These processes or steps include:  
         [0100]    1. An asset trajectory tracking (i.e., three spatial directions and time) process that looks at the current position and status of all aircraft and other system resource assets,  
         [0101]    2. An asset trajectory predicting process that inputs the asset&#39;s current position and status into an algorithm which predicts the asset&#39;s future position and status for a given specifiable time or a given specifiable position,  
         [0102]    3. A goal attainment assessment process that assesses at any given instant, based on the inputted position and status of these assets, the degree of attainment of the system resource&#39;s and aircraft&#39;s specified safety and operational efficiency goals,  
         [0103]    4. An alternative trajectory scenario generation process that generates various alternative trajectories for the set of aircraft arriving and departing at the control airport (or other system resource); with these alternative scenarios then being assessed with the goal attainment assessment process to identify which of these alternative scenarios will yield the highest degree of attainment (i.e., better optimized) of the aviation authority&#39;s and aircraft&#39;s goals,  
         [0104]    5. A process for translating these alternative trajectories into a new set of targeted arrival fix times or enroute speeds as necessary to meet the target arrival fix times for the aircraft,  
         [0105]    6. An optional validation and approval process which entails an airline/CAA or other system operator validating the practicality and feasibility of assigning the new set of optimized arrival fix times or enroute speed as necessary to meet the target arrival fix times to the set of arriving aircraft, then approving the assignment of these new, arrival fix times to the effected aircraft,  
         [0106]    7. A coordination process (FIG. 16), as necessary, such that operators of the present invention can communicate their aircraft&#39;s arrival fix time requests (i.e., government agency, system, or process, see Regular Patent Application filed Nov. 19, 2002, titled, “Method And System For Allocating Aircraft Arrival/Departure Slot Times”, with a Ser. No. 10/299,640) so that such requested arrival fix times can be evaluated in terms of a greater System Goal Function which measures the impact that such arrival fix times would have upon attainment of a greater System Goal/s; wherein, such arrival fixed times can be modified by negotiation/assignment for the greater good of attainment of a greater System Goal/s.  
         [0107]    8. A communication process which involves an airline/CAA, other system operator or automated process communicating these new arrival, fix times to the effected aircraft,  
         [0108]    9. A closed loop monitoring process, which involves continually monitoring the current state of these assets. This monitoring process measures the current state of the assets against system capacity and their ability to meet the new assigned arrival fix times. If at anytime the actions or change in status of one of the aircraft or other system resource assets would preclude the meeting of the arrival fix times, or the measurement of the attainment of the current system solution drops below a specified value, the airline/CAA or other system operator can be notified, or the system can automatically be triggered, at which time the search for better, alternative scenarios can be renewed.  
         [0109]    [0109]FIG. 8 provides a flow diagram that represents the decision steps involved in the control of the aircraft approaching an airport whose operations are sought to be optimized. It denotes (step  801 ) how it must first be determined if the aircraft are sequenced safely and efficiently. In step  802 , this method is seen to evaluate all of the trajectories of the aircraft to determine if temporal changes to these trajectories would yield a solution where a safer, more efficient sequence of arrival times can be found. If this cannot be done, this method involves then jumping to step  805 .  
         [0110]    If temporal modifications to the trajectories of the aircraft can produce a better match to a safer, more efficient arrival/departure sequence, the cost of these changes must be compared to the benefit produced (step  803 ). If the cost does not justify the changes to the trajectory, the process must default to step  805  once again.  
         [0111]    Conversely, if the cost of modifications to one or more of the trajectories of the aircraft is lower then the benefit produced, the method then entails, with the approval of the airline/CAA or other system operator, if required, communicating the new trajectory goals to the individual aircraft (step  804 ).  
         [0112]    Finally, the method involves monitoring the assets to determine if each of the aircraft will meet their current/new trajectory goal (step  806 ). This method continuously analyzes aircraft from present time up to “n” hours into the future, where “n” is defined by the airline/CAA. The overall time frame for each analysis is typically twenty-four hours, with this method analyzing the hub arrival/departure bank at least three to five hours into the future and then continuously monitoring the aircraft as they proceed to approach the airport.  
         [0113]    This method is seen to avoid the pitfall of sub-optimizing particular parameters. It accomplishes this by assigning weighted values to various factors that comprise the airline/CAA&#39;s/airport&#39;s safety and operational goals. While the present invention is capable of providing a linear (i.e., aircraft by aircraft optimization) solution to the optimized control of a plurality of aircraft approaching an airport, it is recognized that a multi-dimensional (i.e., optimize for the whole set of aircraft, airport assets, system resources, etc.) solution provides a better, safer and more efficient solution for the total operation of the airport, including all aspects of the arrival/departure flow. For the sake of brevity, only the aircraft movement aspects into an airport are described herein in detail. It should be understood that the present invention works as well with the flow of aircraft into or out of any aviation system resource (e.g., airspace, runways, gates, ramps, etc.).  
         [0114]    Since the implementation of the method of the present invention uses a multi-dimensional solution that evaluates numerous parameters simultaneously, the standard, yes-no flow chart is difficult to construct for the present invention. Therefore, a decision table has been included as FIG. 9 a - 9   e  to better depict the implementation of the present invention.  
         [0115]    Decisions  1  and  2  (FIG. 9 b - 9   c ) are seen to involve a number of airline/user/pilot defined parameters that contribute to determining an aircraft&#39;s optimal arrival/departure time. Since it would be difficult for a CAA/airport to collect the necessary data to make these decisions, one embodiment of the present invention leaves these decisions to the airline/user/pilot. That said, it would then be incumbent on the airline/user/pilot to coordinate their requirements to the CAA/airport so that they can be used to develop an overall optimization of the flow of a plurality of aircraft traffic into an airport.  
         [0116]    In Decision  1  (FIG. 9 b ), and initially ignoring other possibly interfering factors such as the weather, other aircraft&#39;s trajectories, external constraints to an aircraft&#39;s trajectory, etc., upwards of twenty aircraft parameters must be balanced simultaneously to optimize the overall performance of each aircraft. This is quite different than current business practices within the aviation industry, which includes focusing decision making on a very limited data set (i.e., scheduled on-time arrival, and possibly one other parameter—fuel burn, if any at all).  
         [0117]    In Decision  2  (FIG. 9 c ), an airline&#39;s local facilities at the destination airport are evaluated for their ability to meet the needs and/or wants of the individual aircraft, while also considering their possible interactions with the other aircraft that are approaching the same airport. These requirements of the airline/user/pilot must then be communicated to the CAA/airport.  
         [0118]    The use of this communicated information and other data (e.g., airport&#39;s resource data, weather, and other data compiled by the aviation authority) in the Decision  3  (FIG. 9 d ) phase of this process is the primary area of focus of the current invention. Here, the user of the present invention focuses on airspace/runway/arrival/departure capacity and assigns coordinated, arrival fix times so as to meet the airport&#39;s specified safety and operational efficiency goals.  
         [0119]    For hub airports, this can be a daunting task as thirty to sixty of a single airline&#39;s aircraft (along with numerous aircraft from other airlines) are scheduled to arrive at the hub airport in a very short period of time. The aircraft then exchange passengers are serviced and then take off again. The departing aircraft are also scheduled to takeoff in a very short period of time. Typical hub operations are one to one and a half hours in duration and are repeated eight to twelve times per day.  
         [0120]    And finally, in the Airline/Aviation Authority Control Action  1  process (FIG. 9 e ), the target cornerpost times are transmitted to the aircraft and other interested parties.  
         [0121]    [0121]FIG. 10 illustrates the various types of data sets that are used in this decision making process, these include: air traffic control objectives, generalized surveillance, aircraft kinematics, communication and messages, airspace structure, airspace and runway availability, user requirements (if available), labor resources, aircraft characteristics, arrival/departure and departure times, weather, gate availability, maintenance, other assets, and safety, operational and efficiency goals.  
         [0122]    [0122]FIGS. 11A-11B illustrate the optimization processing sequence of the present invention. In step  1101 A, a set of aircraft is selected whose safe and efficient operation into a specified airport, during a specified “time window,” is sought to be optimized. The “time window” usually refers to the “arrival bank” of aircraft into the specified airport. The aircraft from outside this window are not submitted for optimization in this scheduling process, but they are taken into account as far as they may impose some limitations on those who are in the selected set of aircraft.  
         [0123]    In step  1102 A, the positions and future movement plans for all of the aircraft, including their predicted arrival fix times, are identified with input from databases which include Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS), FAA&#39;s Aircraft Situational Data (ASD), those of the airlines (if available) and any other information (e.g., weather) available as to the position and intent of the aircraft. This calculation of the future movements for the selected set of aircraft can be computed using an assortment of relatively standard software programs (e.g., “Aeralib,” from Aerospace Engineering &amp; Associates, Landover, Md. and/or Attila, Patent Pending #09/549074, from ATH Group) with inputted information for each aircraft that includes information such as filed flight plan, current position, altitude and speed, data supplied from the airline/user/pilot, etc.  
         [0124]    In step  1103 A, these predicted arrival fix times for the aircraft in the set are used to compute the value of a “goal” function which is a measure of how well this set of aircraft will meet their safety and operational goals if they achieve the predicted arrival fix times. This goal function can be defined in many ways. However, a preferred method is to define it as the sum of the weighted components of the various factors or parameters that are used to measure an aircraft&#39;s and/or runway&#39;s operational performance (e.g., factors such as: utilizing all of the runway capacity, difference between scheduled and actual arrival time, fuel efficiency for the flight, landing at a time when the aircraft can be expeditiously unloaded and serviced).  
         [0125]    In step  1104 A, this goal function is optimized with respect to these predicted arrival times by identifying potential changes in these predicted arrival times so as to increase the value of the overall solution as determined by the goal function. The solution space in which this search is conducted has requirements placed upon it which ensure that all of its potential solutions are operational. These requirements include those such as: no two aircraft occupy the same arrival time slot, others take into account the individual aircraft&#39;s performance capabilities (e.g., maximum speed/altitude, and fuel available).  
         [0126]    In step  1105 A, once a solution set of arrival times is generated, these changes are translated into a new set of trajectories and doable tasks or goals for each aircraft. One embodiment of the present invention calculates an arrival fix time or enroute speeds based on the new trajectories, as necessary, so as to meet the target arrival fix times for the aircraft.  
         [0127]    In step  1106 A, the initial targeted arrival fix times are communicated with an outside agency so that each operator of the present invention&#39;s request can be integrated into larger system goal.  
         [0128]    In step  1107 A, this new set of targeted arrival times or enroute speeds to meet the target arrival fix times is communicated to the pilots of the individual aircraft, which make up the set of interest. While as stated in the definitions, the arrival fix is a point some distance from the airport, in the future it can be moved closer to the airport, and can even be the landing point. This communication can be direct to the pilot through the ATC controller using voice or data link, or indirectly, through the airline/operator to the pilot. Additionally, this new set of targeted arrival times can be negotiated between the airline/operator and the CAA, where alterations can be made and sent back to the aviation authority for approval and re-optimization.  
         [0129]    In FIG. 16 is seen an example of the coordination process so that each operator of the present invention&#39;s request can be integrated into larger system goal, if necessary. Here can be seen three operators of the present invention, all with their own initial target arrival fix times. By coordinating the operator&#39; initial targeted arrival fix times through an independent agency (e.g., CAA), a more optimized system solution can be achieved. Absence this process, multiple operators of the present invention trying to better optimize the aircraft flow to the same arrival fix might assign an aircraft an arrival fix time, not realizing that another operator had also assigned that exact arrival fix time to one of their aircraft.  
         [0130]    Even after these new targeted arrival times are established, the status of the various aircraft continues to be monitored, predictions continue to be made for their arrival fix times, and these continue to be compared to the solution set of targeted arrival fix times so as to quickly identify any newly developing conflicts. If such new conflicts do develop, the process begins again and appropriate adjustments are made to the conflicted aircraft&#39;s targeted arrival fix times.  
         [0131]    Thus, the present invention allows for the altering of the aircraft&#39;s landing times forward and backward in time so as to deliver the aircraft to a system resource (i.e., runway) in an orderly fashion. As in the just-in-time manufacturing processes, these aircraft must be delivered not too early, not too late, but right on time to maximize the throughput of the system resource.  
         [0132]    The present invention&#39;s ways of optimizing an airport&#39;s operation differs from the current industry practices in several, important ways. First, the current gate hold process is often negated by the individual actions of the pilot through their various speed control measures once airborne. Additionally, since the typical “gate hold process” does not use all of the available, relevant data or is often implemented too far in advance, the value of such actions is lowered considerably and often leads to less than optimal aircraft flow. Second, since the arrival sequence is left to the controller near the airport or is set by the linear flow requirement of the current ATC system farther from the airport, it is either too late or too difficult to change the sequence by moving the sequence forward in time to allow for a more optimal flow of aircraft.  
         [0133]    To further illustrate the present invention, consider the situation in which an airline/CAA is attempting to maximize the use of a runway—land the most aircraft in the least amount of time. Two parameters that effect runway usage are the consistency of the flow and sequencing of the arrival aircraft.  
         [0134]    As discussed above, in the current art, the flow of aircraft is random and based on numerous independent decisions which lead to wasted runway capacity, excessive queuing times, and broad variances in aircraft arrival flow paths. See FIGS. 12, 17 and  18 . The present invention contributes to reducing wasted runway capacity by identifying and correcting potential arrival bunching or wasted capacity early, typically one to three hours (or more) before arrival. It does this as a result of having predicted the aircraft&#39;s trajectories, so that this flow can be spread both forward and backward so as to resolve the bunching. The decision as to which aircraft are moved forward or backward is based on numerous parameters, including the aircraft&#39;s speed capabilities, the weather along the various flight trajectories, flight connection requirements, etc.  
         [0135]    As also discussed above, the order of the aircraft, or their sequencing, as they approach the airport can also effect a runway&#39;s landing capacity. The present invention allows for the optimum sequencing of these aircraft so as to maximize a runway&#39;s landing capacity. See the bottom, arrival flow illustrated in FIG. 12.  
         [0136]    In conjunction with the goal of efficiently managing the flow and sequencing of the aircraft to increase runway capacity, there are numerous other areas of the arrival process that can be optimized by the real time management of the arrival/departure flow of aircraft to an airport. These include: reduction of low altitude maneuvering, decreased length of the final approach leg, reduced fuel burn, on schedule arrival, decreased controller workload, maximum utilization of the runway asset, minimizing ramp/taxiway congestion, etc.  
         [0137]    The first step is to determine the parameters/goals that the method is trying to optimize. While it is recognized that the present invention can manage and optimize many parameters simultaneously, for the purpose of describing how the system works, it proves instructive to consider a goal or goal function which is comprised of only a limited number of parameters. Consider the goal function comprised of the following parameters or elementary goals: (1) land an aircraft every minute, (2) have the incoming aircraft use a minimum amount of fuel, and (3) have the aircraft land on schedule.  
         [0138]    To achieve the optimization of such a goal function, the present invention continuously determines the current position of all of the aircraft that are scheduled to arrive at a particular airport, or are enroute to that airport, say Atlanta (ATL). It does this by accessing ASD (providing aircraft current position and future flight intent), airline flight plans, or other position data, from numerous available sources. Using this current aircraft position data and stated future intent, the present invention builds a trajectory so that it establishes an estimated time that each of the aircraft will arrive at the runway (or arrival fix). These initial trajectories are built by the present invention without regard to what the controller will do, but built as if the aircraft is the only aircraft in the sky. In other words, these initial trajectories disregard the actions that the controller must take, absence the present invention, to linearize the arrival flow of aircraft as they near the runway.  
         [0139]    After the trajectories are built, the present invention must determine the accuracy of the trajectories. It is obvious that if the trajectories are very inaccurate, the quality of any solution based on these trajectories will be less than might be desired. The present invention determines the accuracy of the trajectories based on an internal predetermined set of rules and then assigns a Figure of Merit (FOM) to each trajectory. For example, if an aircraft is only minutes from landing, the accuracy of the estimated landing time is very high. There is simply too little time for any action that could alter the landing time significantly. Conversely, if the aircraft has filed its flight plan (intent), but has yet to depart Los Angeles for ATL there are many actions or events that would decrease the accuracy of the predicted arrival time.  
         [0140]    It is easily understood that the FOM for these predictions is a function of time. The earlier in time the prediction is made, the less accurate the prediction will be and thus the lower it&#39;s FOM. The closer in time the aircraft is to landing, the higher the accuracy of the prediction, and therefore the higher it&#39;s FOM. Effectively, the FOM represents the confidence the present invention has in the accuracy of the predicted landing times. Along with time, other factors in determining the FOM includes validity of intent, availability of wind/weather data, availability of information from the pilot, etc.  
         [0141]    Once the trajectories are built and their FOMs are determined high enough, the value of goal function is computed based on these predicted arrival times. Such a computation of the goal function often involves an algorithm that assigns a numerical value to each of its parameters based on the predicted arrival times. Often these parameters can be affected in contrasting ways by changing the predicted arrival times one way or another. For example, while it is an assumed goal to land an aircraft every minute, if the aircraft are not spaced properly, one solution is to speed up some of the aircraft, which requires more fuel to be used. Landing every minute is a plus, while burning extra fuel is a minus.  
         [0142]    An example of how these goal function parameters might be defined is provided by considering the goal of landing one aircraft every minute. If the time between the arriving aircraft is more or less than 1 minute, this parameter is assigned a number whereby numbers close to zero reflect closer attainment of the goal. For example, if an aircraft is one minute behind another aircraft, it is assigned a value of zero. If the distance is 2 minutes, it is assigned a value of 10. If the distance is 3 minutes, its value is 100, and so on.  
         [0143]    In the scenario in which we have an aircraft predicted to land at 12:15 (#1), no aircraft predicted to land at 12:16, 12:17, 12:18, or 12:19, and four aircraft (#2 through #5) predicted to land at 12:20, we see that one has an opportunity to optimize that part of the goal function which is dependent on this parameter. A first potential solution for accomplishing this might be to move #2 to 12:16, #3 to 12:17, #4 to 12:18 and #5 at 12:19. Yet to do this requires more fuel to be used by aircraft #2 through #5. Further complicating this problem could be the fact that aircraft #4 is already 5 minutes late, while #2 is 4 minutes early, #3 is on time, while #5 is two minutes late.  
         [0144]    If the goal function is defined simply as the sum of the parameters for the various aircraft whose operation and safety are sought to be optimized, we have what can be thought of as a linear process in which the goal function can be optimized by simply optimizing each aircraft&#39;s parameters. Alternatively, if we define our goal function to be a more complicated, or nonlinear, function so that we take into consideration how changes in one aircraft&#39;s predicted arrival time might necessitate a change in another aircraft&#39;s predicted arrival time, it is not as clear as to how to optimize the goal function. However, as is well known in the art, there exist many mathematical techniques for optimizing even very complicated goal functions. Meanwhile, it is recognized that such a nonlinear (i.e., optimize for the whole set of aircraft, airport assets, etc.) solution will often provide a better, safer and more efficient solution for the total operation of the airport, including all aspects of the arrival/departure flow.  
         [0145]    To provide a better understanding how this goal function process&#39; optimization routine may be performed, consider the following mathematical expression of a typical scheduling problem in which a number of aircraft, 1 . . . n, are expected to arrive to a given point at time values t l  . . . t n . They need to be rescheduled so that:  
         [0146]    The time difference between two arrivals is not less than some minimum, Δ;  
         [0147]    The arrival/departure times are modified as little as possible;  
         [0148]    Some aircraft may be declared less “modifiable” than others.  
         [0149]    We use d i  to denote the change (negative or positive) our rescheduling brings to t i . We may define a goal function that measures how “good” (or rather “bad”) our changes are for the whole aircraft pool as 
           G   1 =Σ i   |d   i   /r   i | K   
         [0150]    where r i  are application-defined coefficients, putting the “price” at changing each t i  (if we want to consider rescheduling the i-th aircraft “expensive”, we assign it a small r i , based, say, on safety, airport capacity, arrival/departure demand and other factors), thus effectively limiting its range of adjustment. The sum runs here through all values of i, and the exponent, K, can be tweaked to an agreeable value, somewhere between 1 and 3 (with 2 being a good choice to start experimenting with). The goal of the present invention is to minimize G 1  as is clear herein below.  
         [0151]    Next, we define the “price” for aircraft being spaced too close to each other. For the reasons, which are obvious further on, we would like to avoid a non-continuous step function, changing its value at Δ. A fair continuous approximation may be, for example, 
           G   2 =Σ ij   P ((Δ−| d   ij |)/ h ) 
         [0152]    where the sum runs over all combinations of i and j, h is some scale factor (defining the slope of the barrier around Δ), and P is the integral function of the Normal (Gaussian) distribution. d ij  stands here for the difference in time of arrival/departure between both aircraft, i.e., (t i +d i )−(t j +d j ).  
         [0153]    Thus, each term is 0 for |d ij |&gt;&gt;Δ+h and 1 for |d ij |&lt;&lt;Δ−h, with a continuous transition in-between (the steepness of this transition is defined by the value of h). As a matter of fact, the choice of P as the Normal distribution function is not a necessity; any function reaching (or approaching) 0 for arguments &lt;&lt;− 1  and approaching 1 for arguments &gt;&gt;+1 would do; our choice here stems just from the familiarity.  
         [0154]    A goal function, defining how “bad” our rescheduling (i.e., the choice of d) is, may be expressed as the sum of G 1  and G 2 , being a function of d 1  . . . d n : 
           G ( d   1    . . . d   n )= KΣ   i   C   i   d   i   2 +Σ ij   P ((Δ−| d   ij |)/ h ) 
         [0155]    with K being a coefficient defining the relative importance of both components. One may now use some general numerical technique to optimize this function, i.e., to find the set of values for which G reaches a minimum. The above goal function analysis is applicable to meet many, if not all, of the individual goals desired by an airline/aviation authority.  
         [0156]    To illustrate this optimization process, it is instructive to consider the following goal function for n aircraft: 
           G ( t   1    . . . t   n )= G   1 ( t   1 )+ . . . + G   n ( t   n )+ G   0 (t 1    . . . t   n ) 
         [0157]    where each G i (t i ) shows the penalty imposed for the i-th aircraft arriving at time t i , and G 0 —the additional penalty for the combination of arrival times t 1  . . . t n . The latter may, for example, penalize when two aircraft take the same arrival slot.  
         [0158]    In this simplified example we may define 
           G   i ( t )= a ×( t−t   S ) 2   +b ×( t−t   E ) 2   
         [0159]    so as to penalize an aircraft for deviating from its scheduled time, t S , on one hand, and from its estimated (assuming currents speed) arrival time, t E , on the other.  
         [0160]    Let us assume that for the # 1  aircraft t s =10, t e =15, a=2 and b=1. Then its goal function component computed according to the equation above, and as shown in FIG. 14, will be a square parabola with a minimum at t close to 12 (time can be expressed in any units, let us assume minutes). Thus, this is the “best” arrival time for that aircraft as described by its goal function and disregarding any other aircraft in the system.  
         [0161]    With the same a and b, but with t S =11 and t E =14, the #2 aircraft&#39;s goal function component looks quite similar: the comparison is shown in FIG. 14.  
         [0162]    Now let us assume that the combination component, is set to 1000 if the absolute value (t 1 −t 2 )&lt;1 (both aircraft occupy the same slot), and to zero otherwise. FIG. 15 shows the goal function values for these two aircraft.  
         [0163]    The minimum (best value) of the goal function is found at t 1 =11 and t 2 =12, which is consistent with the common sense: both aircraft are competing for the t 2 =12 minute slot, but for the #1 aircraft, the t 1 =11 minute slot is almost as good. One&#39;s common sense would, however, be expected to fail if the number of involved aircraft exceeds three or five, while this optimization routine for such a defined goal function will always find the best goal function value.  
         [0164]    Finally, to better illustrate the differences between the present invention and the prior means used for managing an airport&#39;s air traffic, consider the following examples:  
       EXAMPLE 1  
       [0165]    When weather at an airport is expected to deteriorate to the point such that the rate of landings is lowered, the aviation authorities will “ground hold” aircraft at their departure points. Because of rapidly changing conditions and the difficulty of communicating to numerous aircraft that are being held on the ground, it happens that expected 1 to 2 hour delays change to 30 minute delays, and then to being cancelled altogether within a fifteen minute period. Also, because of various uncertainties, it may happen that by the time the aircraft arrives at its destination, the imposed constraint to the airport&#39;s landing rate is long since past and the aircraft is sped up for landing. An example of this scenario occurs when a rapidly moving thunderstorm which clears the airport hours before the aircraft is scheduled to land.  
         [0166]    In an embodiment of the present invention, if an airport arrival rate is expected to deteriorate to the point such that the rate of landings is lowered, the present invention calculates arrival fix times for arriving aircraft based on a large set of parameters, including the predicted landing rate. The arrival fix times are communicated to the aircraft and the pilot departs and manages the flight path as necessary to meet the assigned arrival fix time. This allows the aircraft to fly a significantly more fuel-efficient speed and route. Additionally, this consistent flow of materials (aircraft) to the capacity limited airport/airspace is not only safer, but a consistent flow of materials is easier for the controllers to handle and therefore actual capacity is enhanced over the current, linear flow system.  
         [0167]    Further, if the landing rate rises sooner than expected, the aircraft are already airborne, and therefore can react faster to new arrival fix times or enroute speed as necessary to meet the target arrival fix times to take full advantage of the available capacity  
       EXAMPLE 2  
       [0168]    Numerous aviation delays are caused by the unavailability of an arrival gate or parking spot. Current airline/airport management techniques typically assign gates either too early (i.e., months in advance) and only make modifications after a problem develops, or too late (i.e., when the aircraft lands). In an embodiment of the present invention, gate availability, as provided by the airline/airport, is integrated into the arrival flow solution. By assigning the arrival fix times based on real time gate availability, more aircraft can be accommodated at the airport. This allows those aircraft with gates to land, and slows those aircraft without gates to a more fuel-efficient speed. Additionally, this helps minimize ground congestion, which can be significant at the larger airports like Chicago or Atlanta. For example, if an aircraft lands that does not have a gate available, it must be parked somewhere to wait for its gate and can, during this period, potentially impede the movement of departing aircraft, which further delays the arriving aircraft from getting to their gates. This creates a classic gridlock solution.  
       EXAMPLE 3  
       [0169]    Given the increased predictability of the aircraft arrival/departure time, the process of the present invention helps the airlines/users/pilots to more efficiently sequence the ground support assets such as gates, fueling, maintenance, flight crews, etc.  
       EXAMPLE 4  
       [0170]    Hub operations typically require a large number of actions to be accomplished by an airline in a very short period of time. One such group of events is hub landings and takeoffs. Typically in a tightly grouped hub operation, the departures of an airline&#39;s aircraft from the last hub operation compete for runway assets (a common asset) with the arrivals of the same airline for the next hub operation. It is one embodiment of the present invention to coordinate landing times with takeoff times for the aircraft, thus allowing the aviation authorities to minimize delays for access to the available runway for both takeoffs and landings or, with coordination with the airline/operator, allow delays to accrue to the aircraft that can best tolerate delays.  
       EXAMPLE 5  
       [0171]    Embodied in the current art is the practice of rerouting aircraft around what is perceived as congested airspace. For example, the aviation authorities see a flight from Los Angeles to Philadelphia that is flight planned through what is predicted to be a congested group of ATC sectors just east of Johnstown, Pa. To alleviate this problem, prior to takeoff, the aviation authorities reroute the aircraft such that, instead of flying just south of Chicago, Ill., the aircraft is on a more northerly route over Green Bay, Wis. adding over 100 miles to the lateral path of the aircraft.  
         [0172]    If this reroute is done as the aircraft approaches the runway for takeoff, often the case, not only does it add 12 to 13 minutes (the time necessary to fly the additional 100 miles) to the flight time, it delays the takeoff while the pilot analyzes the new route for fuel, weather, etc, as required by the aviation authorities. Once airborne, to mitigate this reroute, the pilot, assuming enough fuel, speeds up the aircraft to the point that the aircraft crosses over Johnstown on the longer route at the same time it would have on the shorter route based on the scheduled arrival time into Philadelphia.  
         [0173]    The present invention can eliminate this type of rerouting. From prior to takeoff and throughout the flight, the present invention will continually analyze all of the airspace for potential congested areas. After sending an initial PHL arrival fix time, if the present invention continues to show the potential congestion over Johnstown at approximately one to three hours away from Johnstown, the aviation authorities now move to restrict the flow of aircraft through this airspace. The present invention does this by assigning crossing times at Johnstown for these aircraft that comprise the set of aircraft that are approaching Johnstown simultaneously which the aviation authorities have determined exceed capacity. Again, the focus of the present invention is to manage access to the problem, not limit access to the airspace system (i.e., ground holds at the departure airport) as is done in the current art. If the real time, time based sequencing of the present invention does not fully alleviate the congestion, the aviation authorities still have the option of rerouting some aircraft around the congested area as above.  
       EXAMPLE 6  
       [0174]    The current thinking is that the airline delay/congestion problem arises from airline schedules that are routinely over airport capacity. The use of the present invention works to prevent real time capacity overloads by moving aircraft both forward and backward in time from a system perspective.  
         [0175]    Take the example of the arrival flow at a typical hub airport as shown in FIG. 13. During the day, the airport has eight arrival banks that are scheduled above the airport capacity. For example at 8:00 demand is below capacity, but by 8:30, the scheduled arrival demand exceeds capacity by 9 aircraft in good weather and 17 aircraft in poor weather. And then by 9:00, demand is below capacity again.  
         [0176]    It is one embodiment of the present invention to mitigate this actual over capacity in real time by moving aircraft forward in time into an area of less demand. By evaluating the set of aircraft leading up to and in the over capacity state, the present invention can assign earlier arrival fix times to those aircraft that have the ability to speed up. The present invention not only does this by moving over capacity aircraft forward in time, depending on the costs versus benefits. It may also move aircraft just prior to the over capacity period forward in time to accommodate more aircraft earlier.  
         [0177]    Further, through coordination with the airline/operator, the airline/CAA can delay those aircraft that can best accommodate the delay (e.g., aircraft that are early or whose gate is not available until ten minutes after the potential landing time).  
         [0178]    The solution to this example by the present invention can be viewed as clipping the top of a mountain. In the current art, the CAA solution is to move the top of the mountain above a certain altitude into the valley to the right of the mountain. Using the present invention, the offending mountain top (above the selected altitude) can be moved into the valleys left and right of the mountain top. While it is recognized that the movement of aircraft represent the core aviation process as described herein, the real time management of all of the aircraft is important to determining the most safe and efficient solution, for each given scenario.  
         [0179]    The description of the management of the aircraft asset herein is also not meant to limit the scope of the patent. For example, the present invention will just as easily manage passengers as work-in-process assets, or gates, or food trucks, or pilots, etc., all of these, and other assets must be tactically managed to operate the aviation system in the most safe and efficient manner. Additionally, although the description of the current invention describes the time management of aircraft to an arrival fix, it just as easily manages departures or the flow of aircraft into or out of any system resource. These system resources may include a small path through a long line of otherwise impenetrable thunderstorms, an ATC control sector that is overloaded, etc.  
         [0180]    The foregoing description of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. Further, the description is not intended to limit the invention to the form disclosed herein. Consequently, variations and modifications commensurate with the above teachings, and combined with the skill or knowledge in the relevant art are within the scope of the present invention.  
         [0181]    The preferred embodiments described herein are further intended to explain the best mode known of practicing the invention and to enable others skilled in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications required by their particular applications or uses of the invention. It is intended that the appended claims be construed to include alternate embodiments to the extent permitted by the current art.