Abstract:
What is provided is a multi-layer PCB having a plurality of stacked dielectric layers, a conductor disposed on at least one of the plurality of dielectric layers, and a non-conductive via extending through at least a portion of the plurality of dielectric layers to intersect the conductor. A conductive body in an activated state is introduced into the non-conductive via, and upon contacting the conductor, the activated state conductive body adheres to the conductor. The activated state conductive body is then effected to a deactivated state, wherein the conductive body is affixed to the conductor to provide an electrical connection thereto.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to printed circuit boards and more specifically to high speed printed circuit boards that minimize undesirable signal reflections in a via. 
     As is known in the art, conductive traces are formed on a printed circuit board (“PCB”) for carrying data signals and power between components mounted on the board. Space considerations often require the use of multi-layer PCBs including multiple layered dielectric substrates with conductive traces or planes formed on each substrate. The layered substrates are held together to make a PCB that has conductive traces on different levels within the board. 
     In order to interconnect conductive traces on different layers, conductive vias extend between layers of the multi-layer PCB. For this purpose, conductive vias intersect vertically aligned pads joined to conductive traces on different layers. Conductive vias also interconnect components mounted on the board to conductive traces on inner layers of the board. More particularly, a contact of the component, such as a press-fit pin, makes contact with the conductive walls of the via and the conductive walls of the via, in turn, contact one or more pads of conductive traces on inner layers of the board. Vias which extend through all layers of a multi-layer board are sometimes referred to as through-holes. 
     Conductive vias are usually formed after the layered substrates are formed into a board. The vias are typically formed by drilling holes through at least a portion of the board and plating the walls of the holes with a conductive material, such as copper. Typically, a thin layer of copper is applied by an electroless process. An electrical potential is connected to this thin layer of copper and a thicker layer of copper is deposited over the thin layer by an electrolytic deposition process. In order to ensure reliable plating of the via walls, the aspect ratio of the printed circuit board thickness to the via diameter is limited. For example, for a PCB having a thickness on the order of 0.25 inches (6.35 mm), the diameter of a plated via must be on the order of at least 0.018 inches (0.46 mm) requiring the hole to be on the order of 0.020 inches (0.51 mm) for plating thickness on the order of 0.002 inches (0.05 mm). This minimum via diameter limits the number of vias that can be provided in a given circuit board area. 
     An illustrative multi-layer PCB  10  having a conductive via (plated through-hole)  14  as known in the art is shown in  FIG. 1 . The printed circuit board  10  includes dielectric layers  12   a ,  12   b , and  12   c , with a conductive trace  16  formed on layer  12   b . In this example, a three layer PCB is shown. The conductive via  14  extends through a pad  17  of signal trace  16  in order to electrically interconnect to the signal trace  16 . A pin  26  of a component  28  inserted at least partially into the conductive via  14  contacts the conductive walls of the via and thus, is electrically connected to signal trace  16 . 
     One of the disadvantages associated with utilization of conductive vias relate to signal quality at high data rates. For example, portions of a conductive via extending beyond the inner layers of the board which are interconnected to other layers and/or to a component mounted on the board, such as portion  20  of via  14 , can act as a resonant stub, causing undesirable signal reflections at certain frequencies. 
     A solution to this problem is to use “blind” or buried vias for interconnecting traces on inner layers of a PCB. A blind via extends from the surface of a board through only a portion of the layers of a multi-layer PCB. Buried vias are used to interconnect two interior layers of the printed circuit board. Buried vias are formed by first making a subassembly from one or more layers of the PCB. A hole is drilled through these layers and the hole is plated. Additional substrate layers are added to the top and the bottom of the subassembly to make a complete PCB. The resulting buried vias are inaccessible and increase the manufacturing complexity of the multi-layer PCB. 
     An alternative technique for eliminating resonant stubs formed by portions of conductive vias is to remove the stub portions of the via by drilling them out of the board. For example, by drilling a hole through layers  12   b  and  12   c  concentrically around, and with a larger diameter than the via  14 , the via portion  20  extending through layers  12   b  and  12   c  is removed. However, this technique requires additional manufacturing steps that add undesirable cost and complexity. 
     Still another solution provided for eliminating resonant stubs formed by portions of conductive vias is shown in  FIG. 2 . This drawing is FIG. 3 of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/892,045, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,593,535, issued Jul. 15, 2003, that is entitled “Direct Inner Layer Interconnect For A High Speed Printed Circuit Board” and assigned to the assignee of the present invention. A multi-layer PCB  30  having dielectric layers  34 ,  36 ,  38  and  40  is illustrated. At least one of the dielectric layers has a conductive trace  44  formed thereon for carrying a high speed signal. The conductive trace  44  includes a pad  44   a  to facilitate electrical connection to the trace  44 . 
     Unlike the other prior art solutions described above,  FIG. 2  shows a non-conductive via  54  in the form of a non-plated hole extending through at least a portion of the dielectric layers  34 – 40  to intersect the conductive trace  44 . A conductive element  60 , such as a contact of an electrical component (e.g., connector or integrated circuit), is designed to be press-fit into the non-conductive via  54  to make electrical contact with the pad  44   a  of the trace  44 . While this solution offers advantages, it does require manufacturing and design steps to ensure that the conductive element  60  makes satisfactory electrical contact with the desired conductive trace of the PCB. Also, where two inner traces of the PCB are desired to be electrically connected to the conductive element  60 , additional steps and complexities are added. 
     What is desired, therefore, is an easily manufactured structure for making reliable electrical connection to a conductive trace on an inner layer of a multi-layer PCB that minimizes undesirable signal reflections due to resonant stubs. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the invention to minimize undesirable signal reflections caused by resonant stub portions of conductive vias in a multi-layer PCB. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide an easily manufactured structure for making reliable electrical connection to a conductive trace on an inner layer of a multi-layer PCB. 
     It is a further object of the invention to increase the component density achievable with a multi-layer PCB. 
     It is still another object of the invention to provide a multi-layer PCB capable of improved aspect ratios. 
     These and other objects of the invention are achieved in one embodiment by a multi-layer PCB having a plurality of stacked dielectric layers, a conductor disposed on at least one of the plurality of dielectric layers, and a non-conductive via extending through at least a portion of the plurality of dielectric layers to intersect the conductor. A conductive body in an activated state is introduced into the non-conductive via, and upon contacting the conductor, the activated state conductive body adheres to the conductor. The activated state conductive body is then effected to a deactivated state, wherein the conductive body is affixed to the conductor to provide an electrical connection thereto. 
     Because the via does not have conductive plating, resonant stubs are not formed. A further advantage of the non-conductive via is that two conductive elements, such as contacts of two different electrical components, can be inserted into a single non-conductive via from opposite sides of the board in order to make direct electrical connection between the components and conductive traces on inner layers of the board. In this way, the circuit board density could be increased. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing features of this invention, as well as the invention itself, may be more fully understood from the following description of the drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a partial cross-sectional view of a conventional multi-layer PCB having a conductive via; 
         FIG. 2  is a partial cross-sectional view of a multi-layer PCB having a non-conductive via as shown in FIG. 3 of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/892,045; 
         FIG. 3  is a partial cross-sectional view of a multi-layer PCB having a conductor disposed on an inner layer with a non-conductive via intersecting the conductor and a conductive body attached to the conductor, in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIGS. 4A–4E  illustrate the process steps that result in the multi-layer PCB of  FIG. 3 , where  FIG. 4A  is a partial cross-sectional view of a multi-layer PCB having a conductor on an inner layer; 
         FIG. 4B  is a partial cross-sectional view of the multi-layer PCB of  FIG. 4A  with a non-conductive via intersecting the conductor formed in the PCB; 
         FIG. 4C  is a partial cross-sectional view of the multi-layer PCB of  FIG. 4B  with an activated state conductive body being introduced into the non-conductive via; 
         FIG. 4D  is a partial cross-sectional view of the multi-layer PCB of  FIG. 4C  with the activated state conductive body migrating in the direction of the conductor; 
         FIG. 4E  is a partial cross-sectional view of the multi-layer PCB of  FIG. 4D  with the conductive body adhering to the conductor; 
         FIG. 5  is a partial cross-sectional view of the multi-layer PCB of  FIG. 3  with a conductive material and a contact of an electrical component in electrical connection with the conductive body, in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a partial cross-sectional view of a multi-layer PCB having two conductors disposed on separate inner layers with a non-conductive via intersecting both conductors and a conductive body attached to both conductors, in accordance with the present invention; and 
         FIG. 7  is a partial cross-sectional view of a multi-layer PCB having two conductors disposed on separate inner layers with a non-conductive via intersecting both conductors and a separate conductive body attached to each conductor, in accordance with the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       FIG. 3  is a partial cross-sectional view of a multi-layer printed circuit board  100  in accordance with the present invention. The multi-layer PCB  100  includes dielectric layers  102 – 107 , with at least one of the dielectric layers having a conductive trace  110  formed on a surface in a conventional manner, such as by photolithography. The conductive trace  110  is adapted for carrying a high speed signal and has a conductive pad  112  connected thereto for facilitating electrical connection to the conductive trace  110 . 
     A non-conductive via  111  in the form of a non-plated hole extends through at least a portion of the dielectric layers  102 – 107  to intersect at least one conductive trace on an inner layer of the PCB  100 . In the illustrative embodiment of  FIG. 3 , the non-conductive via  111  extends through the entire PCB  100  and intersects the conductive pad  112  of the conductive trace  110 , thereby exposing a portion of the pad  112  along the walls of the non-conductive via  111 . 
     As will be described in greater detail with respect to  FIGS. 4A–4E  and  5 , a conductive body  120  is introduced into the non-conductive via  111  and attaches to the exposed portion of the pad  112  to provide a reliable electrical connection between an electrical component  130  mounted on the PCB  100  and the conductive trace  110 . With this arrangement, electrical connection between the component  130 , such as a connector or an integrated circuit, and an inner layer conductor  110  is achieved with a non-conductive via  111  which does not have plated via portions that can form a resonant stub. 
     Note that each of the dielectric layers  102 – 107  of the multi-layer PCB  100  can be fabricated by conventional techniques. As one example, one or more of the dielectric layers  102 – 107  is made of fiberglass-reinforced epoxy resin with copper cladding. The copper is photolithographically processed to form a desired circuit pattern of conductive traces and pads on the surface of the layer. The individually processed layers  102 – 107  are stacked and pressed into the printed circuit board  100  by known techniques. This is shown in  FIG. 4A , where the conductive trace  110  and the pad  112  are formed on the dielectric layer  104  (or dielectric layer  105 ) of the PCB  100 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4B , a hole is drilled in the PCB  100 , as may be done by a conventional drill bit, by using laser drilling, by water jet drilling or other techniques, in order to form the non-conductive via  111 . Note that it may be desirable to remove the insulator material of the layers  102 – 107  that may be spread along the walls of the via hole  111  during drilling, at least in the vicinity of the inner layer conductor  110 . Various techniques are suitable for this purpose, including plasma and chemical etching. As one example, the epoxy resin material of the layers is removed from the walls by a known cleaning process, such as a chemical reduction process using potassium permanganate. Removing resin in the vicinity of the inner layer conductor serves to expose some of the trace  110  and may leave a small tab of the trace sticking into the via hole  111 . Such a tab would be engaged by the conductive body  120  when it is introduced into the non-conductive via  111 , thereby resulting in a better electrical connection. 
       FIG. 4C  is a partial cross-sectional view of the multi-layer PCB  100  of  FIG. 4B  with a conductive body  120  being introduced into the non-conductive via  111 . The conductive body  120  may be made from a fusible alloy, a conductive adhesive or other material that provides the desired characteristics described herein. In the preferred embodiment, the conductive body  120  is made from powdered solder in liquid flux (also referred to as solder paste). 
     The conductive body  120  is introduced into the non-conductive via  111  in an activated state. As used herein, “activated state” refers to the conductive body in an uncured or liquid or other form to allow the conductive body to migrate. In  FIG. 4D , the activated state conductive body  120  is shown being effected to migrate in the direction of the conductor  110 . Arrow  113  indicates the direction of migration of the activated state conductive body  120 . The migration of the conductive body  120  can be caused by action of gravity, heat, or other external means known in the art. 
     When the activated state conductive body makes contact with the pad  112  of the conductive trace  110 , it adheres to the pad  112 . It appears to the inventors that this is due to the action of surface tension. Based on experiments performed by the inventors using solder paste as the material for the conductive body, the activated state conductive body remains adhered to the pad even if the external influence (e.g., gravity) is not abated for some time after the activated state conductive body has come into contact with the pad. Thus, an added benefit of the present invention is that this characteristic accommodates variabilities inherent in the process and the materials. 
     After the activated state conductive body  120  adheres to the pad  112 , the activated state conductive body is effected to a deactivated state to affix the conductive body  120  to the pad  112 . “Affix” as used herein is not intended to convey a sense of physical permanence in attachment but rather, is only intended to convey a sense of better attachment or adhesion of the conductive body to the pad than when the conductive body is in an activated state.  FIG. 4E  illustrates the conductive body  120  adhering to the pad  112 . Note that the conductive body  120  in the non-conductive via  111  of  FIGS. 3 and 4  is generally spherical in shape (with meniscus created by surface tension). However, the shape of the conductive body is not limited to a generally spherical form. As will be described with respect to  FIG. 6 , the conductive body can also assume a generally oval (or perhaps, rounded rectangle) form. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , following the affixing of the conductive body  120  to the pad  112  of the conductor  110 , an activated state conductive material  122  is introduced into the non-conductive via  111 . The conductive material  122  may be made from a fusible alloy, a conductive adhesive or other material that provides the desired characteristics described herein. In the preferred embodiment, the conductive material  122  is made from solder paste. The conductive material  122  may be disposed directly onto the conductive body  120  or may be effected to move in the direction of the conductor  110 . If effected to migrate, the migration of the conductive material  122  can be caused by action of gravity, heat, or other external means known in the art. The activated state conductive material  122  will migrate until it makes contact with the conductive body  120 . 
     A conductive element, such as a contact pin  124  of the electrical component  130 , is introduced into the non-conductive via  111  so that the conductive element makes an electrical connection with the conductive material  122 . Preferably, the conductive element  124  is introduced into the non-conductive via  111  with the conductive material  122  in the activated state. After the electrical component  130  is mounted on the PCB  100 , the conductive material  122  is effected to a deactivated state. 
     In order to repair or replace the conductive element  124  of the electrical component  130 , the conductive material  122  is subjected to an external factor, such as the application of heat, to allow the conductive element  124  to be removed from the conductive material  122 . For example, where the conductive material used is solder paste, the application of heat will soften the solder paste to allow the conductive element  124  to be removed from the non-conductive via  111 . 
     Multi-layer PCBs generally include many vias—sometimes hundreds. It is within the scope of the invention that a PCB, such as the PCB  100 , includes both non-conductive vias and conventional plated vias or through-holes. Non-conductive vias might be drilled after conventional plated through-holes are drilled and plated. Alternatively, the non-conducting vias might be masked off during the electroless deposition process step to ensure that no conductive material builds up on the inside walls of the holes. 
     It should be noted that in an alternative embodiment (not illustrated), the activated state conductive material  122  may be disposed directly into the non-conductive via to make electrical contact with the pad  112  of the conductor  110 . No conductive body  120  would need to be first introduced into the non-conductive via. This alternative embodiment may be preferable when the non-conductive via does not extend through the entire thickness of the PCB. 
       FIG. 6  is a partial cross-sectional view of a multi-layer printed circuit board  150  in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The multi-layer PCB  150  includes dielectric layers  132 – 138 , with at least two of the dielectric layers having a conductive trace  140 ,  144  formed thereon. The conductive traces  140 ,  144  are adapted for carrying high speed signals and have conductive pads  142 ,  146  connected respectively thereto. 
     A non-conductive via  143  in the form of a non-plated hole extends through at least a portion of the dielectric layers  132 – 138  to intersect the conductive traces  140 ,  144  on the inner layers of the PCB  150 . In the illustrative embodiment of  FIG. 6 , the non-conductive via  143  extends through the entire PCB  150  and intersects the conductive pads  142 ,  146  of the conductive traces  140 ,  144 , respectively, thereby exposing a portion of the pads  142 ,  146  along the walls of the non-conductive via  143 . 
     A conductive body  148  is introduced into the non-conductive via  143  and attaches to the exposed portion of the pads  142 ,  146 . Compared to the generally spherical conductive body  120  in  FIG. 3 , the conductive body  148  in  FIG. 6  is much more elongated in shape (oval or rounded rectangle). This is caused by controlling the amount of the conductive body being introduced into the non-conductive via relative to the size of the via. The arrangement of  FIG. 6  is desirable where the conductors  140 ,  144  are desired to be in electrical contact with one another. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 7 , there is shown a partial cross-sectional view of a multi-layer PCB  190  in accordance with still another embodiment of the present invention. The multi-layer PCB  190  includes dielectric layers  162 – 169 , with at least two of the dielectric layers having a conductive trace  170 ,  174  formed thereon. The conductive traces  170 ,  174  are adapted for carrying high speed signals and have conductive pads  172 ,  176  connected respectively thereto. 
     A non-conductive via  173  in the form of a non-plated hole extends through at least a portion of the dielectric layers  162 – 169  to intersect the conductive traces  170 ,  174  on the inner layers of the PCB  190 . In the illustrative embodiment of  FIG. 7 , the non-conductive via  173  extends through the entire PCB  190  and intersects the conductive pads  172 ,  176  of the conductive traces  170 ,  174 , respectively, thereby exposing a portion of the pads  172 ,  176  along the walls of the non-conductive via  173 . 
     Conductive bodies  180 ,  182  are introduced into the non-conductive via  173  and attach to the exposed portion of the pads  172 ,  176 , respectively. Preferably, the conductive bodies  180 ,  182  are introduced from opposite ends of the non-conductive via  173 . The arrangement of  FIG. 7  provides for greater circuit board density, as an electrical component can be mounted on either end of the non-conductive via  173 . It should be noted that rather than a single through-hole  173 , two non-conductive vias drilled on opposite sides of the PCB can also function in a similar manner. However, this approach will add process steps. 
     It should be appreciated that the number of layers of the illustrated multi-layer printed circuit boards is selected for simplicity of illustration and is not a limitation on the invention. However, the invention will be most useful with thicker boards carrying high speed signals. For example, a 3 Gigabits per second digital signal has significant frequency components in the range of 0 to 6 GHz. A stub 5 mm long in an FR-4 epoxy resin/glass PCB will act as a quarter wavelength stub at approximately 6 to 7 GHz. The reflective characteristics of this resonance extend for a band above and below this frequency of at least +/−1 GHz. Thus, a 5 mm stub creates a noticeable problem at rates of 4 Gigabits per second and an extreme problem at rates of between 5 and 10 Gigabits. Of course, at higher frequencies, proportionately shorter stubs will cause problems. Thus, the invention will typically be used in applications in which high speed signals of greater than approximately 2.5 Gigabits per second are carried by boards. 
     Having described the preferred embodiment of the invention, it will now become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating their concepts may be used. 
     It is felt therefore that these embodiments should not be limited to disclosed embodiments but rather should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims. 
     All publications and references cited herein are expressly incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.