Abstract:
Disclosed is a method for attenuating sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity or onset of migraine in a patient in need of such treatment, by the sublingual, buccal or intranasal administration to such patient of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the formula ##STR1##

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a method for attenuating sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity or onset of migraine by the sublingual, buccal or intranasal administration of selectively metabolized beta-blocking agents. 
     Sympathetic nervous system activation can result in heart rate or blood pressure increases. Activities causing such a result can be physical exertion such as climbing, running or sexual intercourse. Likewise, symptoms such as sweating, tremor and palpitations can result from short-term stressful conditions which might be caused, for example, by &#34;stage fright&#34; because of public speaking, vocal or musical performance or phobias. 
     Control of heart rate or blood pressure during short-term activities is particularly important for patients at risk due to coronary artery disease such as myocardial ischemic disorders. Severe attacks of chest pain, angina pectoris, occur when cardiac work and myocardial oxygen demand exceed the ability of the coronary arterial system to supply oxygen. The major determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption are heart rate, systolic tension or arterial pressure. Any increase in any of these determinants in the presence of reduced coronary blood flow may induce angina. The higher the blood pressure and the faster the heart rate, the greater the unmet myocardial oxygen need. 
     Likewise, sympathetic nervous system activation is also an important component of anxiety states in which patients complain primarily of bodily symptoms. These symptoms include palpitations, tremor, difficulty in breathing, sweating, flushing and dizziness. Such anxiety states include: acute stress disorders, as occur from short-term stressful conditions referred to as &#34;stage fright&#34; as in public speaking, vocal or musical performance or examinations; social phobias and panic disorders. Control of bodily symptoms associated with these conditions can alleviate the anxiety state in such patients. 
     Various drugs have been used to modulate cardiac work in patients with angina pectoris, including vasodilators and beta blockers. Beta blockers are also used in chronic treatment and prophylaxis of anxiety and migraine. 
     Nitroglycerin is the most commonly used vasodilator to treat angina. It is available in a number of different forms: sublingual tablets that dissolve under the tongue; sublingual sprays; chewable tablets; tablets and capsules for oral administration; ointments and patches for topical administration and solutions for intravenous administration. For treating sudden attacks of angina, the sublingual tablets and sprays and some chewable tablets are most effective. The other nitroglycerin dosage forms, and other nitrate medications, are generally used on a chronic basis to prevent angina attacks from occurring. 
     Beta blockers such as propranolol are available for chronic treatment and prophylaxis of angina and for other disease states requiring chronic attenuation of sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity, as well as for chronic prophylaxis of migraine. Only one drug, esmolol, is used for acute treatment of sympathetic hyperactivity by intravenous infusion in a hospital setting. These methods possess significant drawbacks for acute prevention or treatment of sympathetic hyperactivity because: prolonged duration of beta blocking action results in greater likelihood of adverse effects in susceptible individuals, such as those with bronchial disease or in diabetes; onset of action may be too slow; chronic beta blocker administration is costly and subjects patients to chronic, undesirable pharmacological actions and the intravenous dosage route is impractical for out of hospital use. Accordingly, there is a need for a method of treatment of acute sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity using beta-blocking agents which are conveniently administered, rapid acting, and have a relatively short duration of action. 
     Disclosed is a method for administration of selectively metabolized beta-blocking agents to a patient in need of such treatment to attenuate sympathetic nervous system activity or migraine. The method utilizes sublingual, buccal or intranasal administration of such compounds. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Disclosed is a method for the administration of selectively metabolized beta-blocking agents to a patient in need of such treatment, to attenuate sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity or migraine. The method utilizes sublingual, buccal or intranasal administration of the compounds. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to selectively metabolized beta-blocker compounds described by Formula I, which effectively attenuate sympathetic nervous system activity or onset of migraine in mammals when administered by sublingual, buccal and intranasal routes. Because of the relatively rapid metabolism of these compounds, and thereby termination of action by esterases in blood and tissues, rapid onset and rapid offset of systemic beta blocking action can be attained to meet the needs of patients. This can be accomplished by the method described without the undesirable, chronic, pharmacological effects of long-acting agents. 
     Compounds administered by the method of the present invention are represented by the Formula I: ##STR2## wherein X is a direct bond --CH 2  or ##STR3## Z is (CH 2 ) y  B or ##STR4## x is 0-3; y is 0-10; t is 0-3;  B, when y is 0, is lower alkyl, lower hydroxyalkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl or aralkyl; 
     B, when y is 1-10, is --NR 2  COR 3 , --NR 2  CONR 3  R 4 , --NR 2  SO 2  R 3 , --NR 2  SO 2  NR 3  R 4  or --NR 2  COOR 5  ; wherein R 2 , R 3 , R 4  and R 5  may be the same or different and may be hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyaryl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or aralkyl, except that R 3  and R 5  are not hydrogen when B is --NR 2  SO 2  R 3  or --NR 2  COOR 5  ; 
     Y is C 1  -C 6  straight or branched carbon chain, or aralkyl; and 
     R6 is hydrogen or --COJ wherein J is lower alkyl, wherein R1 is lower alkyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkyl carboxymethyl, aryl carboxymethyl, aryl, or aralkyl; 
     A is a direct bond, lower alkylene, or lower alkenylene; provided that when x is greater than 1, different occurrences of the ##STR5##  group may be the same or different; Ar is heterocyclic, unsubstituted aromatic or aromatic substituted with lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkoxy, halogen, acetamido, amino, nitro, lower alkylamino, hydroxy, lower hydroxyalkyl or cyano, lower alkylcarbonyloxy, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 
     Included are compounds of the formula II: ##STR6## 
     Included within the compounds of formula II are the compounds of formula IIa as follows: ##STR7## wherein: R 7  is H, C 1  -C 6  alkyl, C 2  -C 6  alkenyl, C 2  -C 10  alkynyl, halo, C 1  -C 6  alkoxy, C 1  -C 6  cycloalkyl, amino, acylamino, acetamido, nitro, C 1  -C 6  alkylamino, hydroxy, C 1  -C 6  hydroxyalkyl, cyano or arylalkoxy wherein the alkyl group includes 1-6 carbon atoms; 
     R 8 , R 9  and R 10  are hydrogen or hydroxyl groups or the combination of either hydrogen or hydroxyl groups, or R 11  ##STR8##  wherein R 11  is C 1  -C 6  alkyl; G represents straight or branched alkylene of from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms; and 
     K represents hydrogen, --NHCOR 12 , --NHCONR 12  R 13 , or --NHCOOR 13  wherein R 12  and R 13  may be the same or different and represent hydrogen, alkyl of from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, alkoxyalkyl wherein the alkyl groups may be the same or different and contain from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of from 3 to about 8 carbon atoms, alkenyl of from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms, alkynyl of from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms, phenyl which may be unsubstituted or substituted with alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, furanyl, thiophenyl, imidazole, oxazole or indole, aralkyl wherein the alkyl group contains from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms and the aryl group represents phenyl unsubstituted or substituted with alkyl of from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, or R 13  and R 14  may together with N form a pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine ring and except that R 13  is not hydrogen when K is --NHCOOR 13  ; 
     R 12  may be straight or branched lower alkyl, amino, cyclohexyl, morpholino, piperidino, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dioxolanyl, 2,2-dimethyl dioxolanyl, dioxanyl, pyrrolidinyl tetrahydroozazolyl, and dihydrooxazolyl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     Also included within the compounds of formula I are those of formula III: ##STR9## 
     Preferred compounds are those of formula II wherein X is a direct bond, R 6  is H, y is 0, and B is C 1  -C 6  alkyl, as follows: ##STR10## wherein R 14  is a direct bond or C 1  -C 6  straight or branched alkyl or alkenyl and R 15  and B are C 1  -C 6  straight or branched alkyl. 
     Particularly preferred compounds are those wherein B is isopropyl or t-butyl and R 15  is methyl or ethyl. 
     The most preferred compounds are as follows: ##STR11## 
     Compounds useful in the present invention may exist as two stereoisomers due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon atom. This invention includes either stereoisomeric form, as well as racemic mixtures. Where Ar is a substituted aromatic ring, substituents claimed may be in the ortho, meta or para positions to the propoxy side chain. 
     The compounds described in the above formulae may be prepared by any suitable procedure. Compounds prepared as the acid addition salts may be converted to the free base by reaction with an appropriate base such as sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate. The compounds of Formula II or III can be advantageously prepared by reacting an appropriate phenol derivative with epichlorohydrin in the presence of a base to form a 1,2-epoxy-3-aryloxypropane derivative as fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,804,677, issued Feb. 14, 1989. Reference can also be made to U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,454,154; 4,455,317; 4,559,359; 4,578,403; 4,623,652; or 4,692,446. 
     Preparation of compounds of Formula III are more fully described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,810,717 issued Mar. 7, 1989. Reference can also be made to U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,402,974; 4,501,912, 4,582,855; or 4,798,892. 
     For preparation of compounds of Formula II, a reference can be made to U.S. Pat. No. 4,897,417 issued Jan. 30, 1990 or U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,959,390 and 4,966,914. 
     The procedure described by J. E. Shaffer et al. in Drug Development Research 1, 221-232 (1986) was used to assess the potency, onset and duration of beta-blocking action of the compounds of Formula I in anesthetized dogs, except that compositions of Formula I were administered sublingually to the dog instead of by intravenous infusion. Using this method the results shown below were obtained with representative compounds A and B. 
     The chemical structures of Compounds A and B are as follows: ##STR12## 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________                                Time to                                50%   Beta-     Peak      Time to  Recovery   Blockade  Blockade  Peak     fromCompound   Onset     (%        Blockade Blockade(Dose)  (minutes).sup.1             Inhibition).sup.2                       (minutes).sup.3                                (minutes).sup.4______________________________________A       1-2       35 ± 6 10       38(0.16 mpk).sup.5(0.16 mpk)   3-4       39 ± 2 10       43(0.47 mpk)   2-3       65 ± 4 10       81______________________________________ .sup.1 Defined as the time from sublingual dosing to the first detectable decrease in heart rate. .sup.2 Defined as the percent of reduction in isoproterenolinduced tachycardia. .sup.3 Defined as the times from sublingual dosing to the peak blockade o isoproterenol observed. (Isoproterenol dose every ten minuets.) .sup.4 Defined as the time from peak blockade to the decay of blockade by 50% of the peak. .sup.5 Dose mpk is mg/kg. 
    
     Pharmaceutical compositions for use in accordance with the present invention may be formulated in a conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers or excipients. 
     Thus, the compounds of Formula I and their physiologically acceptable salts and solyates may be formulated for sublingual or buccal administration or in a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation (through the mouth or nose). Sublingual and intranasal administration are particularly important. 
     For sublingual or buccal administration, the pharmaceutical compositions may take the form of, for example, tablets or capsules prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents (e.g., pregelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g., lactose microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc or silica); disintegrants (e.g., potato starch or sodium starch glycollate); or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate). Liquid preparations for sublingual or buccal administration may be in the form of, for example, solutions, syrups or suspensions, or they may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicles before use. Such liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, cellulose derivatives or hydrogenated edible fats); emulsifying agents (e.g. lecithin or acacia); non-aqueous vehicles (e.g., almond oil, oily esters, ethyl alcohol or fractionated vegetable oils); and preservatives (e.g., methyl or propyl-p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid). The preparation may also contain buffer salts, flavoring, coloring and sweetening agents as appropriate. 
     Preparations for sublingual or buccal administration may be suitably formulated to give controlled release of the active compound. 
     The compounds of Formula I may be formulated for intranasal administration in the form of drops or spray. Intranasal compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles and may contain formulatory agents such as thickening, suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents and preservatives. Alternately, the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use. 
     A proposed single dose of a compound of Formula I for use according to the invention for administration to man (of approximately 70 kg body weight) is about 0.1 to 100 mg, expressed as the weight of free base. A preferred single dose of active ingredient is about 10 to 40 mg. The single dose may be administered, for example, 1 to 6 times per day. The dose will depend on the route of administration of the compound used and on the age and weight of the patient as well as the severity of the condition to be treated. In particular circumstances it may be preferable to use a compound with a very short duration of action but relatively longer acting compounds may be preferred in other circumstances.