Abstract:
A method and device for protecting a network by monitoring both incoming and outgoing data traffic on multiple ports of the network, and preventing transmission of unauthorized data across the ports. The monitoring system is provided in a non-promiscuous mode and automatically denies access to data packets from a specific source if it is determined that the source is sending unauthorized data (e.g., suspicious data or a denial of service attack). All other packets from sources not transmitting unauthorized data are allowed to use the same port. The monitoring system processes copies of the data packets resulting in minimal loss of throughput. The system is also highly adaptable and provides dynamic writing and issuing of firewall rules based on sample time and a threshold value for the number of packets transmitted. Information regarding the data packets is captured, sorted and cataloged to determine attack profiles and unauthorized data packets.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to monitoring data traffic, and more particularly to identifying specific network data traffic intended to attack data ports and the like, as well as Preventing the transmission of such attack data across the data ports.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The increase of data traffic across the Internet, including the growth in the number of users of the Internet, as well as the number of merchants and businesses having a web presence, has resulted in a need to provide individualized management and monitoring of the data traffic flow. Merchants and businesses are realizing the increased need to monitor traffic flow, as the number of attacks on the web sites of these merchants and businesses has increased dramatically.  
           [0003]    The number of “hackers” continues to increase, and attacks on web sites are becoming a more common occurrence. Merchants and businesses are particularly concerned with obtrusive attacks on their web pages. In these attacks, “hackers&#39; use all ports of a network system in an attempt to gain unauthorized access. Such attacks include for example denial of service (DoS) attacks (which include Buffer Overflow attacks, SYN attacks, Ping of Death attacks, Teardrop attacks and Smurf attacks), which have potentially serious ramifications. DoS attacks attempt to shut down a network by flooding it with data traffic. These attacks attempt to exploit the limitations in the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TPC/IP) protocols and deprive the networks of resources, and can, in cases of large attacks, force a web site to temporarily cease operation. Such attacks can also destroy programming and files in a computer system. The “hackers” that attack these web sites are not necessarily interested in obtaining confidential information from the web sites, but are interested in shutting down the sites by flooding a particular web-page with a large number of “hits,” resulting in an overload of the server for the web site of the merchant or business. This results in an interruption in access to the site by consumers and essentially shuts down the web site, which for purely online businesses, is shutting down the entire business. For merchants and businesses that rely on the Internet for a large portion of their sales or for all of their sales, any period of non-operation is extremely costly, in both time and money. Other attacks include routing-based attacks and unauthorized access to certain protected services.  
           [0004]    Attempts have been made to develop systems to prevent unauthorized access to or from networks. Most commonly, firewalls are provided to control access to networks and prevent access by unauthorized users. Essentially, these firewalls are configured with a set of predetermined rules, which are usually static, and examine data traffic traversing the firewall to determine whether or not access should be denied based upon the predetermined rules. Examples of firewalls include packet filers, which look at each packet transmitted to a network to determine whether it should be accepted or rejected based on a set of pre-defined rules; application gateways, which provide security to particular applications such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP) servers; circuit-level gateways, which provide security when certain connections, such as a TCP connection are established, thereafter allowing data packets to flow between hosts without further checking; and proxy servers, which capture all data packets entering or leaving a network, thereby hiding the true network addresses. These firewalls are typically used in connection with a network policy and other authentication mechanisms that define the set of rules. Also, these firewalls can be implemented by numerous devices, including routers, personal computers or Internet hosts.  
           [0005]    Attacks on a network may occur from an outside source, but may also occur from a source within the network. Therefore, firewalls must provide for monitoring of traffic from both sides of the network. Even though networks rely on security methods other than firewalls to protect their systems, these methods do not always effectively protect the networks due to, for example, failure to update monitoring systems or complexity in the networks. This results in networks that are more susceptible to attack. A firewall adds to network protection and provides another line of defense against attacks.  
           [0006]    Although different types of firewalls exist, they are generally provided with static rules that limit the adaptability of the firewall. Also, these firewalls examine each of the actual packets, which reduces data traffic throughput, and generally only examine data traffic in one direction across network ports. Further, the firewalls typically deny access to and from an entire data port when detecting unauthorized data, instead of denying access to or from a single Internet Protocol (IP) address, which results in an unnecessarily broad denial of access.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0007]    The present invention provides a device and method for protecting a network by monitoring data traffic transmitted from and received by a network using a non-promiscuous mode and preventing unauthorized access using dynamic rules, while maintaining network performance and minimizing administrative costs. The present invention monitors data traffic to detect unauthorized data packets, and thereafter denies access to unauthorized data packets. Essentially, data traffic patterns that exceed user configurable parameters is denied access to the monitored network.  
           [0008]    The invention is preferably provided as an intrusion detection system (IDS) using a packet daemon that captures, sorts, and catalogs network traffic on a packet-by-packet basis. The packets are preferably captured for inspection by an interface, for example, by using available libpcap libraries. These libraries are further preferably used in connection with a parsing engine, which may be provided as a module that interfaces with the libpcap library (e.g., Practical Extraction and Reporting Language (Perl)). The combination results in a dynamically configurable firewall that can parse and trace network protocol hacking patterns using the capturing and parsing engines.  
           [0009]    The libpcap C library is a basic American National Standards Institute (ANSI) C code library that reads in network packets and provides basic software “hooks” or access points into various levels of package types including: physical data frames such as Ethernet, logical data frames such as Logical Link Control, connectionless datagrams such as User Datagram Protocol (UDP), or stateful datagrams such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Perl is preferably used to parse through the basic data packets or datagrams and strip off information that slows down the packet daemon. Perl also preferably provides the source, destination, port, and protocol types for analysis and determination of attack profiles. The packet daemon preferably uses this basic protocol information collected from the packet headers to determine and issue firewall rules that provide the adaptive firewall functionality.  
           [0010]    Specifically, the IDS with the packet daemon of the present invention, for use with, for example an adaptive firewall, copies data packets traversing ports of a network to determine whether access to or from a particular source should be denied. Preferably, one IDS having a packet daemon is provided for each port. In particular, a configuration file controls the parameters of operation, including for example sample rate. Based upon the security needs of the network, a data packet count threshold and a sample time are preferably provided to define the denial conditions for the network. In operation, if the number of packets from any one source exceeds the data packet count threshold during the sample period, all data packets from that source to a specific destination are denied access to the network port. However, other data traffic can continue to access the network through that port.  
           [0011]    Thus, the present invention provides a method and device for monitoring network traffic that has adaptability and provides dynamic rule making. The preferred IDS in connection with a firewall also provides automatic denial of access to data packets meeting the denial conditions, which denial is removed after a lockout period, if the source is no longer transmitting attack data packets. The IDS with the packet daemon is preferably reset after the sample time and continues to monitor data traffic flow.  
           [0012]    The IDS may be provided as part of and integrated into a larger data traffic detection and monitoring system. Preferably, a separate IDS is activated for each monitored data port of, for example, a router.  
           [0013]    While the principal advantages and features of a present invention have been explained above, a more complete understanding of the invention may be attained by referring to the description of the preferred embodiments which follow. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0014]    [0014]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a typical system in which the monitoring system constructed according to the principles of the present invention is implemented;  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the sorting and counting functions of the present invention;  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an adaptive firewall operating in connection with an IDS and packet daemon constructed according to the principles of the present invention;  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 4 is a flow chart of the packet daemon algorithm of the present invention;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a main thread of the present invention;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 6 is a flow chart of an ADS connections thread and a packet capture thread of the present invention;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 7 is a flow chart of a per-second thread of the present invention;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 8 is a flow chart of an increment count thread of the present invention; and  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 9 is a flow chart of a signal catching thread of the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0023]    A typical system in which the preferred embodiment of a data traffic monitoring system of the present invention for protecting networks may be implemented is shown schematically in FIG. 1 and indicated generally as reference numeral  50 . As shown, the preferred monitoring system  50  may be provided by packet daemons (pktd)  52  as part of an IDS, which are provided as part of a firewall  54 , with a separate packet daemon monitoring each port  56  or a network. The preferred firewall  54  and packet daemons  52  may be provided in connection with a mid-network switching device, such as a router  58  which provides communication of data packets between the Internet  60  and the internal network  62 . In operation the router  58  activates the specific IDS  52  associated with the ports  56  to be monitored.  
         [0024]    Although the monitoring system  50  is preferably implemented using packet daemons  52  and is shown as implemented in a router  58 , it may be provided in connection with other components of a network to thereby monitor data traffic. The monitoring system  50  of the present invention is preferably provided as a software and hardware adaptive firewall  54  addition to, for example, a switch router  58 , which detects and denies data traffic with patterns that are in contrast to normal traffic patterns (i.e., exceed user defined configurable parameters), thereby preventing hacking attacks on networks. Depending upon the security requirements of the network, the present invention may be configured to detect different levels of attacks. The preferred packet daemon of the IDS  52  of the present invention uses the information it collects to issue firewall rules that make up the adaptive firewall functionality.  
         [0025]    The monitoring system  50  of the present invention is preferably provided in a multi-threaded design. This allows each thread to execute independently of the other threads, thereby increasing performance. Preferably, each thread shares the same data space with the other threads, resulting in simplified inter-process communication. Critical data structure (e.g., packet information to analyze to determine if the packets exceed user defined parameters) are protected using semaphores, which also facilitate coordination and synchronization of the multi-threaded processes.  
         [0026]    In the most preferred embodiment, six threads handle the various functions of the monitoring system  50 . Specifically, the following threads are preferably provided: (1) Main Thread: initializes IDS data structures, activates the other threads, and waits for the other threads to complete their processes; (2) ADS connections thread: sends buffers to ADS, if ADS is present; (3) Packet Capture Thread: processes each packet, updates hit counts, queues lockout start commands to the per-second thread, extracts various fields, buffers the fields for transmission to an Anomaly Detection System (ADS), and notifies ADS connection thread to send buffers; (4) Per-second thread: runs each second, starts and stops lockout periods, and clears “hit” count table as configured; (5) Increment count thread: to determine a lock-out condition; and (6) Signal Catching Thread: re-reads configuration file, handles IDS  52  process cleanup and termination.  
         [0027]    More specifically, the main thread is indicated generally as  300  in FIG. 5. This thread determines whether any special instructions are required to be processed at the read config step  302 . The signal catching thread is then activated at the start signal thread step  304 . At the start ADS connections step  306 , the ADS connections thread is activated. The packet capture thread is then activated at the start capture thread step  308 . Then, the per-second thread is activated at the start per-second thread step  310 . Once activated by these threads, the IDS  50  remains active until otherwise instructed.  
         [0028]    The ADS connections thread  320 , as shown in FIG. 6, determines whether connection to the ADS is required at step  322 , and if so, a “flag” is set at step  324 . The capture buffer then waits at step  326  before writing to the ADS at step  328  until instructed by the packet capture thread  350  that the capture buffer is full. If the write to the capture buffer is activated and completed successfully, the ADS connections thread  320  waits for another command from the packet capture thread  350  to write to the capture buffer. If an error  330  is received, then preferably a five second delay is provided and the ADS connections thread  320  determines whether connection to the ADS is required at  322 . If no error is received, the ADS connection thread returns procedurally along arrow  331  to the capture buffer step  326 .  
         [0029]    With respect to the packet capture thread  350  as shown in FIG. 6, the packet capture function is enabled at step  352 . When a new data packet is received with a new header at step  354 , the necessary header information as described herein is collected at step  356 . Essentially, a hook from the Lib PCap library provides an indication when a new data packet received and header data needs to be collected. Therefore, the packet capture thread  350  waits until a packet is received, which is preferably provided as a call-back function, and thereafter collects the necessary header information at step  356 . The packet capture thread at step  358  determines whether the particular source and destination address pair are already provided a count value in a hash table. If yes, the value is incremented by one at step  360 . If not, an entry is created at step  362  with the initial count preferably set at one. The count function is preferably provided by the increment count thread  400  shown in FIG. 8. This thread determines whether the count exceeds a predetermined limit or threshold at step  402 . If the limit has not been exceeded, then the increment count thread is done. If the count exceeds the limit or threshold, then at step  404  a lockout command is added to the chains list.  
         [0030]    Then, preferably, if the ADS flag is set at step  362 , which flag is set by the ADS connections thread  320 , packet data is added to the capture buffer at step  364 . If the buffer is not full at step  366 , then the packet capture thread  350  waits for a new data packet. If the capture buffer is full, then the ADS connections thread  320  is notified at the capture buffer ready step  326 , and the data is written to the ADS at  328 . Preferably, multiple capture buffers are provided, such that one capture buffer is writing to the ADS while another is receiving new header information.  
         [0031]    The per-second thread  380 , as shown in FIG. 7, determines whether the sample period has ended at step  382 . The default sample period is preferably ten seconds. If the sample period has ended, the hash table is reset (i.e., all values with respect to the count for any source and destination address pair is cleared). If the sample period has not expired, then at step  384  a determination is made as to whether any lockouts have expired. If any lockouts have expired, then at step  386 ; a remove lockout command is added to a chains-list. The default period of lockout for a source and destination address pair is preferably twenty minutes. Thereafter, or if no lockouts have expired, the per-second thread  380  determines at step  388  whether any commands in the chains list are outstanding. These commands include, for example, a new lockout command from the increment count thread  400  or a remove lockout command from the per-second thread  380 . If yes, then at step  390  the chain commands are executed. If no, then a one second delay is preferably provided at step  392  and a determination is again made at step  382  as to whether a sample period has ended.  
         [0032]    With respect to the signal catching thread  420  as shown in FIG. 9, the thread waits for signal at step  422 . This signal is preferably a UNIX signal. If a hang-up (HOP) signal is received, then at step  424  a new configuration file is read by the IDS  50 . This includes if a user changes the settable parameters, such as for example the count threshold or sample period. The signal catching thread  420  at step  426  determines whether a kill signal has been received. If yes, then a determination is made at step  428  as to whether any lockouts exist, and if yes, the lockouts are removed at step  430 , all threads are deactivated at step  432 , and the IDS  50  is thereby deactivated as step  434 . If no kill command is received, the signal catching thread  420  waits for another signal at step  422 .  
         [0033]    Thus, the present invention provides for monitoring or listening to all traffic on a particular physical network interface. As described herein, the monitoring system  50  of the present invention is preferably provided as an IDS having a packet daemon  52 , thereby allowing it to work in the background performing the specified operation at predefined times, while transferring data to smaller programs for processing. A packet daemon  52  as part of an IDS is preferably provided at each port of the interface and is preferably configurable by a specific configuration file that controls the operation and monitoring processes of the packet daemon. This configuration file controls specific parameters of the packet daemon  52 , including for example sample rate, logging, and lock-down rate.  
         [0034]    As shown in FIG. 1, a plurality of multi-threaded packet daemons  52  as described herein are preferably provided when a device, such as a router  58  has multiple interfaces or ports  56 . The preferred IDS is therefore preferably non-promiscuous. In operation, when a particular IDS  52  is activated with an associated packet daemon for a particular port  56 , preferably only data packets destined for the particular port&#39;s  56  hardware MAC address are captured. In the most preferred embodiment, IP and Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) data packets are captured by the packet capture all thread  350  and processed by the packet daemon of the IDS  52  to determine if the data packets are allowed access to the network. Specifically, with respect to the packet daemons, each preferably reads from the data traffic stream of its port every millisecond. The packet daemons sort, count and catalog individual packets, and associated information, depending upon the configuration of the web-interface and the requirements of the network, as described herein. Preferably, the sorting and counting of data packets occurs in Random Access Memory (RAM) memory, while the cataloging of data packets is written to a solid-state disk with an access time of preferably 0.01 milliseconds or less, which is then preferably provided to a relational database management system (RDBMS). The RDBMS allows for the creation, updating and administering of a relational database.  
         [0035]    It should be noted that any processing of data packet information is performed on copies of the data packets so as to maintain throughput of data traffic. More preferably, only the data packet header is captured from a captured packet and copied for processing. Preferably, specific fields of interest are extracted from the header by the packet capture thread  350  to determine whether the data should be denied access, using the per-second thread  380  and the increment count thread  400 . In one embodiment an Anomaly Detection System (ADS) is provided and the extracted header fields are separately buffered and periodically transmitted to the ADS by the ADS connections thread  320  at step  328 . In another embodiment, the ADS is not provided and the buffering process is disabled.  
         [0036]    In operation, when the ADS is provided, the IDS preferably automatically establishes communication with the ADS in each instance when the ADS is activated. With the ADS activated, the following fields are preferably extracted from the packet header for processing: (1) Ethernet type; (2) source and destination MAC addresses; (3) source and destination IP addresses; (4) protocol type; (5) source and destination ports (only for IP protocols TCP and UDP); and (6) packet length.  
         [0037]    Referring now to FIG. 2, and the operation of the preferred packet daemon of the IDS, the preferred packet daemon creates memory references to each packet source Media Access Control (MAC) address in a hash table, wherein keys (which are the part or group of the data by which it is sorted, indexed and cataloged), are mapped to array positions. As a result of sorting in memory (i.e., processing copies of the data packets), each dedicated packet daemon can sort packet counts on each port at near real-time speed.  
         [0038]    A “hit-count” table is preferably created in memory to count the number of times a particular pair of source and destination IP addresses is detected. Entries are stored using a hash table, keyed by the source and destination addresses. In operation, if the “hit” count exceeds a configurable threshold, all traffic between the source and destination endpoints is disabled for a configurable lockout period. When the lockout period ends, traffic between the endpoints is re-enabled. The IDS of the monitoring system  50  preferably generates a system log message when a lockout period begins or ends.  
         [0039]    The “hit-count” table is preferably cleared after a configurable sample period has elapsed by the per-second thread  380 . The sample period default may be, for example, ten seconds. It should be noted that clearing the “hit-count” table does not affect any lockouts currently in progress.  
         [0040]    With respect more specifically to the “hit-count” table, each time a data packet is received, a preferred algorithm as described herein creates a new reference index (if one does not already exist) or increments the existing reference (i.e., counting packets) . For example, as shown at  100  in FIG. 2, the packet daemon identifies the packet source address qw1232ewr23 and at  102  creates a memory reference (memref) for that source address. At  104  the packet daemon identifies the source address of the next data packet traversing the port being monitored by the packet daemon, in FIG. 2, the source address being mg32ewr009. At  106  another memref is created for this source address. Therefore, at  104  each of the memrefs are equal to 1, representing that one data packet from each of the sources identified has traversed the data port of interest. At  108 , another packet from source address gw123ewr23 is identified, and as shown at  110 , the corresponding memref for that address is incremented. So, if for example the threshold data packet value is 1000 for the sample time (e.g., 10 milliseconds), and source address qw1232ewr23 exceeds the threshold in this period (e.g., memref qw1232wer23=1001), then access to the port being monitored will be denied to packets from that source. It should be noted that the source may be transmitting from either outside or inside the network.  
         [0041]    The preferred algorithm continues cataloging packets in connection with a specific packet daemon until a user-defined sample time set in the packet daemon configuration file expires. After the sample time expires, the memref, as shown in FIG. 2, is preferably reset (e.g., qw1232ewr23=0) and the process again monitors the port for attack profiles based upon the system defined parameters, such as the count number of data packets from a single source.  
         [0042]    With respect specifically to cataloging, such process occurs only if the system&#39;s logging is enabled. If enabled, the cataloging function preferably creates a small ASCII file which provides information captured from the data packets, including for example source and destination MAC addresses and IP Addresses, packet type, packet size and destination port. This file is preferably transmitted using a secure channel on a short-time based interval to a large RDBMS.  
         [0043]    Sorting of data is preferably provided using a relational model that can sort data with the following keys:  
         [0044]    Source Address  
         [0045]    Destination Address  
         [0046]    Source MAC Address  
         [0047]    Source Destination Address  
         [0048]    Protocol Type  
         [0049]    Time/date stamp  
         [0050]    Using these primary data types, the present invention can sort data type attacks and protocol types to identify new patterns, as well as catalog usage patterns and usage profiles. Using the keys, a hash table can be created to monitor for and determine data attack types depending upon the particular security needs of the network.  
         [0051]    Within a router having the IDS  52  with the packet daemon, during operation the packet capture overhead could reduce performance. Preferably, the IDS overhead is configurable to provide a delay for a predetermined period of time after capturing a specified number of packets. For example, after capturing 10,000 data packets, a 10 millisecond may be provided before again capturing data packets.  
         [0052]    As shown in FIG. 3, an adaptive firewall  54  preferably operates in connection with the sorting and counting procedures of the packet daemon in a router  58 . The adaptive firewall is preferably not dependent on a rules based mechanism that has a statically configured monitoring and defense model. These rules would then require modifying and updating to monitor and identify new types of attacks and different attack profiles. The adaptive firewall of the present invention has no “preprogrammed” rules that must be designed to a specific pattern, and thus the network administrator does not have to constantly ensure that the rules are current. The preferred adaptive firewall for use in connection with the present invention must only be provided with two parameters to perform its monitoring operations: a data packet count threshold and a sample time.  
         [0053]    The parameters for the adaptive firewall may be provided by, for example, the network system administrator based upon the security policy of that network. The network administrator provides a threshold data packet count value, which represents the maximum number of packets per sample time, and if the number of packets from any one source exceeds the data packet threshold value during the pre-determined sample time, as described above, all data packets from that source will be denied. However, the physical network port preferably remains open for the other data traffic. It should be noted that the denial to the specific source address is preferably automatic, and will be removed only after a predefined lockout period, and only if the transmission of the attacker&#39;s traffic has subsided. Preferably, the system provided by the present invention continues to monitor the data ports for data packets from the denied source to determine whether it is in conformance with the predetermined rules based on the sample time and data packet threshold value. Only if the source meets the network rules, and the lockout period (e.g., 20 minutes) has expired, will the network allow transmission of data packets to and from the previously denied source.  
         [0054]    With respect specifically to the “hit-count” table, the following data structures are provided: (1) Lockout start command queue: for communication between the packet capture thread  352  and the per-second thread  380 . It contains the source and destination IP address pair to be blacked out; (2) In-progress lockout list: list of in-progress lockouts. Contains the locked-out source and destination IP address pair, along with the time that the lockout will end; and (3) ADS buffer pool: contains buffers to be filled by the packet-capture thread  350  for transmission to ADS.  
         [0055]    Referring again to FIG. 3, the data packet count threshold is set at 1000 with a sample time of ten milliseconds. As illustrated, the current time is t=5 milliseconds, with data packets from Address (Addr)  5  and Addr  7  violating the denial conditions (i.e., greater than 1000 data packets transmitted in ten milliseconds) . Therefore, data packets from Addr  5  and Addr  7  are denied access, while data packets from all other source addresses are permitted to transmit through the router  58 .  
         [0056]    Referring now to FIG. 4, the preferred packet daemon algorithm loops until certain predetermined conditions are met and the process does not exit unless the network administrator configures it for shutdown. As illustrated in FIG. 4, at  200  the packet daemon is activated or enabled which begins the process of monitoring network data packets  202 . If logging is enabled as shown at  204 , a log file is preferably created at  206  with data from the network packet transmitted and stored in the RDBMS at  208 . A report may be provided as needed at  210 . If logging is enabled, information from each network packet is stored in the RDMBS. It should be noted that these functions are provided by the multi-threaded IDS  50 .  
         [0057]    Referring again to the main operation of the packet daemon (i.e., after logging is performed or if logging is not enabled), at  212  the packet data is identified using the packet capture thread  350 , including storing of the source address for that packet at a memref location. This memref is preferably a pointer to a software memory location. The algorithm then determines whether the threshold data packets count has been met at  214  using the increment count thread  400  and per-second thread  380 . If not, no further action is required and data packets continue to be read by the packet daemon. If the threshold has been met, then at  216  the adaptive firewall is executed (i.e., the network denies access to data packets from the source exceeding the threshold value) using the per-second thread  380  and increment count thread  400 . Essentially, the network will block data packets from the denied source through the ports of the network while the source is transmitting packets that exceed the predetermined threshold value. At  218 , the algorithm determines whether the network intruder is still attacking (i.e., is the denied source address still transmitting data packets across the monitored port) using the packet capture thread  350  and pre-second thread  380 . The preferred system continues to monitor and count the number of data packets being transmitted from the denied source using the increment count thread  400 . If the intruder (which may be an internal or external intruder) is still transmitting in violation of the predetermined rules, then the firewall continues to deny access to data packets from that source. If the intruder is not transmitting, or is now transmitting within the threshold limits, then at  220 , the rule is removed (i.e., denial is removed) using the per-second thread  380 . However, the system administrator may decide that regardless of whether transmission from the denied source has terminated, no data packets from that source should be allowed access for a predetermined period of time (i.e., a lockout). If this is the case, then denial of access is continued at  216  until the expiration of this period. If the memrefs have not been reset during the period of denial, then only the memref for the denied source address will be reset at  220 .  
         [0058]    With respect specifically to the configurable parameters of the monitoring system  50 , the following are preferably provided: (1) packet capture overhead tunables: number of packets to capture before delaying and length of delay in milliseconds; (2) lockout tunables: sample period in seconds, “hit” count threshold, and length of lockout period in seconds; and (3) ADS connection: IP address and TCP port.  
         [0059]    There are other various changes and modifications which may be made to the particular embodiments of the invention described herein, as recognized by those skilled in the art. However, such changes and modifications of the invention may be constructed without departing from the scope of the invention. Thus, the invention should be limited only by the scope of the claims appended hereto, and their equivalents.