Abstract:
A method and system for automatically disambiguating the synonymic links in a dictionary for a natural language processing system. Said dictionary is stored in the memory of a data processing system and includes a list of headwords with their respective synonym lists. The same headword can have different meanings, each of which has its own synonym list, each of which also can have different meanings. Disambiguation of the synonymic links is performed by reading from said dictionary a &#34;meaning-entry&#34;, the words from which it is a synonym and its own list of synonyms, to build a synonymic environment table. A similarity index is computed for each pair of words of said environment and the words having the greatest similarity with the aggregate are incrementally clustered. The final cluster is then validated and the &#34;meaning-entry&#34; and its disambiguated synonyms are written back into the dictionary.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     (a) Field of Invention 
     This invention relates to data processing methods and systems, and more particularly to the structure of a dictionary stored in the memory of a natural language processing (NLP) system. 
     (b) Prior Art 
     Until recently, research in computational linguistics has mostly focused on syntactic parsing. As a result of this effort, the syntactic capability of natural language processing (NLP) systems has reached a level of relative maturity and stability, enabling researchers to turn to other linguistic areas, such as semantics. Some systems that are dedicated to syntactic parsing tend to operate with small dictionaries, usually manually coded. Others are restricted to narrow semantic domains, where vocabulary is limited and lexical items mostly unambiguous. Most systems that are based on large vocabulary restrict the content of their dictionaries to syntactic information with minimal semantic information. It has recently become clear, however, that if machines are to &#34;understand&#34; natural language, they must resort to extensive lexical databases, in which a wealth of information about the meaning of words and their semantic relations is stored. 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     Normally, dictionaries contain information which is entered manually. This is a time consuming and labor intensive task. Moreover, this leads to inconsistencies which, while not detrimental where humans are involved, may lead to errors in the case of a NLP system. 
     One of the structural inconsistencies of certain dictionaries, is the non-systematization of symmetry in that, for example, the work &#34;village&#34; has &#34;commune&#34; in its synonym list, but the word &#34;commune&#34; does not have &#34;village&#34; in its synonym lists. 
     In a dictionary, word &#34;a&#34; is linked to word &#34;b&#34; if &#34;a&#34; is a headword and &#34;b&#34; appears in &#34;a&#34;&#39;s synonym lists. Such relationships can be characterized according to their degree of symmetry and transitivity. The link between &#34;a&#34; and &#34;b&#34; is said to be symmetric if &#34;a&#34; points to &#34;b&#34; and &#34;b&#34; points to &#34;a&#34;; that is, if the headword &#34;a&#34; has &#34;b&#34; in its synonym list and the headword &#34;b&#34; has &#34;a&#34; in its list. The link between &#34;a&#34; and &#34;b&#34; is said to be transitive if, for every word &#34;c&#34;, if &#34;b&#34; points to &#34;c&#34;, then &#34;a&#34; points to &#34;c&#34; too; that is, if all the synonyms found in &#34;a&#34;&#39;s synonym list are also found in &#34;b&#34;&#39;s lists. 
     Since synonymic links occur between the senses of words but not between the words themselves, it appears necessary to disambiguate the words contained in the synonym lists. 
     Accordingly, the principal aim of disambiguation is to identify the relations between a dictionary entry and each of the words in the corresponding synonym list. 
     The same graphic form can cover different meanings; this is what linguists call polysemy and homonymy. The french adverb simplement (simply), for example, means both sans facon (unaffectedly) and seulement (merely), according to the context. Thus, one is obliged to consider two different entries simplement-1 (simply): sans facon (unaffectedly), . . . and simplement-2 (simply): seulement (merely), . . . . Therefore, the initial entries become&#34;meaning-entries&#34;, every one of which uses its own list of synonyms. Considering the dictionary as a whole, we find the total number of synonymic links is very large and that, at this stage, they are still ambiguous. Even if we know that simplement-2 (simply) is synonymous with seulement, we still do not known with which &#34;meaning-entry&#34; it is associated because seulement is itself a polysemic entry. The problem to be addressed then, is to remove these ambiguities. The disambiguation process aims to automatically index the synonymic links between the &#34;meaning-entries&#34;. The general purpose of the disambiguating systems is to quantify a priori qualitative relationships. The synonymic data are in essence qualitative if considered as lists of synonyms which are, in fact, descriptive attributes. Intuitively, it seems clear that the resolution of such a problem involves comparing these lists and measuring their similarities. 
     Let us consider two words &#34;m&#34; and &#34;b&#34; (assumed to be monosemous and polysemous, respectively), both of which are entries of an imaginary dictionary, and their synonyms: 
     ml: a, b, c, d. 
     b1: m, a, c. 
     b2: e, f, g. 
     This may take the form of: ##STR1## Which can be represented as a matrix: ##STR2## 
     What were previously lists in the dictionary now become profiles within the matrix. The similarity measurements will be performed on the word profiles. The comparisons of the paired profiles lead to three types of configurations: 
     1. the 1 1 configurations: words belonging to both profiles 
     2. the 1 0 and 0 1 configurations: words belonging to either profile 
     3. the 0 0 configurations: words belonging to neither profile. 
     Similarity indexes quantify the resemblance between two words (between their synonym lists, their profiles, etc.) according to the observed configurations. There is a large choice of indexes, each one weighting to a more or less significant degree the different configurations. For example, the index can assign: 
     1. a positive role to the 1 1 configurations 
     2. a negative role to the 1 0 and 0 1 configurations 
     3. a neutral role to the 0 0 configurations. 
     The status of the 1 1, 1 0 and 0 1 configurations is obvious; the neutral role assigned to the 0 0 configurations needs t be clarified. If two words do not have a given word in their lists, this induces neither a resemblance nor a dissimilarity between them. If &#34;sauerkraut&#34; and &#34;banana&#34; are not synonymous with &#34;home&#34;, this does not prove that they are similar. The absence of link is deliberate here. If &#34;vachement (damned)&#34; and &#34;enormement (tremendously)&#34; are not synonymous with &#34;drolement (terribly)&#34;, this does not prove that they are different either. In this case, the lack of synonymic link is not deliberate; in fact, it is impossible to treat the whole dictionary manually in a consistent way. 
     Similarity indexes seem to be the appropriate tools to measure the resemblance between words. However, they have to be integrated into a process that makes the most of the information they provide. These indexes work in such a way that it seems natural to use them simply as list matching tools, i.e. as a technique to compare any two word profiles. But this rough approach has some drawbacks when it is used for disambiguating highly complex relations or highlighting structural problems in the data. Depending on the a priori choice of a threshold, this approach often stumbles upon the two main pitfalls of the disambiguation process, namely: 
     1. Spurious indexing 
     Let us briefly present two examples of such configurations: Let us examine the similarities between the word &#34;m&#34; and two of its synonyms &#34;a&#34; and &#34;b&#34;; 
     m1: a, b, c, d, e. 
     a1: m, e. 
     b1: m, c, d. ##STR3## 
     When the profiles are compared, it seems that the word &#34;m&#34; is strongly linked with both &#34;a&#34; and &#34;b&#34;. FIG. 1 illustrates the relations between these words. 
     Actually, it appears that the words &#34;a&#34; and &#34;b&#34; are not similar at all. Each of them is relates to the different meanings of &#34;m&#34;. This paradoxical situation is very frequent with such data. Merely matching lists would lead to the validation of spurious indexing. 
     2. Impossibility to index 
     Let us consider the network of relations illustrated in FIG. 2. 
     m: b, a, c 
     c: w, x, y, z 
     When the profiles of &#34;m&#34; and &#34;c&#34; are compared, it can be observed that only a very slight similarity exists between &#34;m&#34; and &#34;c&#34;. Nevertheless, they are strongly linked through a synonymic network which is not obvious when comparisons are made merely using list matching techniques. 
     The latter only provides superficial information about a first level of relationship between words. But very often, the analysis of a second level of synonymic relationship reveals more precisely the meaning of the words being studied because it involve intermediary words. 
     To take such phenomena into account, a disambiguation method has been set up, which integrates a synonymic environment that is broader than the first level of relationship between synonyms. 
     It is, therefore, an object of this invention to provide an improved method and system for disambiguating the synonymic links in the dictionary of a natural language processing system. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide an improved method and system for disambiguating the synonymic links in the dictionary of a natural language processing system which provides information about a level of synonymic relationship broader than the first level. 
     It is still another object of the invention to provide an improved method and system for disambiguating the synonymic links in the dictionary of a natural language processing system which is ore accurate and reliable than has been available in the prior art. 
     These and other aspects, features and advantages of the invention are accomplished by the disambiguating method and system disclosed herein. 
     A method is disclosed for automatically disambiguating the synonymic links in a dictionary for a natural language processing system, wherein said dictionary is stored in the memory of a data processing system and includes a list of &#34;meaning-entries&#34; with their respective synonym lists, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: 
     reading from said dictionary a &#34;meaning-entry&#34;, the words from which it is a synonym and its own synonyms to build a synonymic environment table; 
     digitizing said environment table to build an environment matrix; 
     building a similarity matrix based on the computation of similarity indexes between the elements of said environment matrix; 
     incrementally clustering the words having the greatest similarity, first with said &#34;meaning-entry&#34; and later with the previous clusters; and 
     writing the &#34;meaning-entry&#34; and the disambiguated synonyms back into said dictionary. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying figures. 
     FIG. 1 is a diagram which represents the relation between an entry word and two of its synonyms, as described in the introduction of the description. 
     FIG. 2 is a diagram which represents the relation between an entry word and one of its synonyms, where a synonymic network exists, as described in the introduction of the description. 
     FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating the disambiguation method of the present invention. 
     FIGS. 4A and 4B show a flow chart illustrating the incremental clustering step of FIG. 3. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring to FIG. 3, a dictionary 20 of synonyms is stored in a relational data base maintained on a Direct Access Storage Device (DASD) and managed by a relational data base management system, e.g. IBM Structured Query Language/Data System (SQL/DS), both of which are not shown. 
     SQL/DS uses the relational model of data. A &#34;relation&#34; in the relational data model can be though of as a simple two-dimensional table having a specific number of columns and some number of unordered rows. Each row represents an entry in the relation (in the table). Data is defined and accessed in terms of tables and operations on tables. A single high level data access language is used for programming in a high level language or in interactive, on line query access. SQL/DS is more precisely described in SQL/Data System: Concepts and Facilities for VSE (IBM Reference: GH24-5013-3, Nov. 1984). 
     As shown in FIG. 3, according to the method of the invention, for each &#34;meaning-entry&#34; 22 in the basic dictionary 20 the related environment is retrieved: upstream the words of which it is a synonym, referred to as &#34;call words&#34;, and downstream its own synonyms (step 1). 
     Table 1 shows the meaning entry &#34;incroyablement 01&#34; (incredibly) with its synonyms and &#34;call words&#34;. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________Incroyablement01:        drolement00, enormement00,        excessivement00, extremement00,        extraordinairement00, fabuleusement00,        formidablement00, terriblement00, tres00.drolement01: comiquement00, cocassement00,        risiblement00.drolement02: bizarrement00, curieusement00,        etrangement00.effroyablement01:        terriblement00, horriblement00,        abominablement00, affreusement00,        atrocement00, epouvantablement00.effroyablement02:        incroyablement00, invraisemblablement00.enormement01:        tres00, beaucoup00.epatamment01:        extraordinairement00, fabuleusement00,        admirablement00, merveilleusement00,        prodigieusement00, incroyablement00,        fantastiquement00, chouettement00,        remarquablement00.excessivement01:        monstrueusement00, affreusement00,        atrocement00, effroyablement00.excessivement02:        extremement00, extraordinairement00,        fabuleusement00, terriblement00,        prodigieusement00, follement00.excessivement03:        enormement00, fort00, outre mesure00,        par trop00, exagerement00,        demesurement00.extraordinairement01:        excessivement00, extremement00,        fabuleusement00, formidablement00,        terriblement00, incroyablement00,        fantastiquement00, exceptionnellement00,        majestueusement00, monstrueusement00,        horriblement00.extremement01:        excessivement00, extraordinairement00,        fabuleusement00, formidablement00,        terriblement00, tres00, prodigieusement00,        exceptionnellement00, horriblement00,        fort00, infiniment00, puissamment00,        tout @ fait00, immensement00.fabuleusement01:        extremement00, extraordinairement00,        prodigieusement00.formidablement02:        extraordinairement00, fabuleusement00,        prodigieusement00, diablement00,        serieusement00, bigrement00.horriblement01:        abominablement00, affreusement00,        atrocement00, epouvantablement00,        odieusement00, effroyablement00.horriblement02:        excessivement00, extremement00,        extraordinairement00, formidablement00,        terriblement00, tres00, incroyablement00,        diablement00, serieusement00,        bigrement00.monstrueusement01:        horriblement00, abominablement00,        affreusement00.monstrueusement02:        extraordinairement00, incroyablement00,        inimaginablement00,        invraisemblablement00.monstrueusement03:        excessivement00, extremement00,        prodigieusement00.terriblement01:        drolement00, excessivement00,        extremement00, extraordinairement00,        formidablement00, tres00, enormement00,        diablement00, etrangement00, beaucoup00,        vachement00.tres01:      drolement00, excessivement00,        extremement00, terriblement00,        enormement00, merveilleusement00,        diablement00, bigrement00, follement00,        infiniment00, tout @ fait00, vachement00,        absolument00, parfaitement00,        rudement00, tout plein00, vraiment00,        hautement00, furieusement00, fortement00,        en diable00, joliment00.______________________________________ 
    
     To clarify the proposed example, the entries which are synonyms (S) of &#34;incroyablement 01&#34; are printed in bold type (drolement, enormement, . . . ); the entries which are both synonyms of &#34;incroyablement 01&#34; and &#34;call words&#34; (D) for &#34;incroyablement&#34; (extraordinairement) are printed in bold italics; and the entries which are only &#34;call words&#34; (C) for &#34;incroyablement&#34; (effroyablement, epatamment, . . . ) are printed in italics. This set of 13 words divided in 21 meanings, make up the call words, synonyms and double status words (C/S/D) environment of the work &#34;incroyablement 01&#34;, the pivot word to be disambiguated. 
     The disambiguation problem consists in labeling the 9 synonyms of that entry, i.e. replacing the suffixes to the same words when taken as entries. 
     All the data of the dictionary are stored on a disk and are organized as a two-dimensional table SYN TABLE. 
     
                       SYN TABLE______________________________________EW          ESN       SW          SSN______________________________________incroyablement       01        drolement   00incroyablement       01        excessivement                             00&#34;           &#34;         &#34;           &#34;&#34;           &#34;         &#34;           &#34;drolement   01        comiquement 00drolement   02        bizarrement 00&#34;           &#34;         &#34;           &#34;&#34;           &#34;         &#34;           &#34;enormement  01        beaucoup    00&#34;           &#34;         &#34;           &#34;&#34;           &#34;         &#34;           &#34;effroyablement       02        incroyablement                             00&#34;           &#34;         &#34;           &#34;&#34;           &#34;         &#34;           &#34;______________________________________ 
    
     where 
     EW=ENTRY-WORD 
     ESN=ENTRY SENSE NUMBER 
     SW=SYNONYM-WORD 
     SSN=SYNONYM SENSE NUMBER 
     Disambiguating a synonymic link in the above table, consists in replacing the &#34;00&#34; of column (SSN) by the adequate sense number, 
     For each &#34;meaning entry&#34;, for example, &#34;incroyablement-01&#34;, the relevant data from said SYN table are stored in the system memory by SQL commands, i.e.: 
     to retrieve all the synonyms of &#34;incroyablement-01&#34;: 
     &#34;Select Synonym --  word from SYN where Entry --  word=`incroyablement` and Entry --  sense --  number=01&#34; 
     similarly, to retrieve the &#34;call words&#34; of &#34;incroyablement&#34;: 
     &#34;Select Entry --  word, Entry --  sense --  number from SYN where Synonym --  word=`incroyablement`&#34; 
     So, by just a few SQL queries, the necessary and sufficient links are stored in the system memory to set up the environment table of meaning-entry `incroyablement 01`. 
     The presence of synonymic paradigms (sets of different meanings of a given word) is justified because it is precisely the object of the disambiguation process to select the &#34;right&#34; meaning from those proposed. The presence of &#34;call words&#34; paradigms is justified because it is frequent to observe an imbalance between the levels of polysemy of words belonging to the same paradigm. For instance, in the above list, it can be seen that, of the three meanings of &#34;monstrueusement&#34;, it is the second one which has the pivot word as its synonym, whereas it is obviously the third meaning which offers the greatest similarity with the pivot word. 
     For each word, the corresponding C/S/D environment is retrieved from the dictionary. The data are then transformed into a matrix by associating the pivot word and the entries in its C/S/D environment with the set of words contained in the synonym lists for all of these words and assigning a value 1, when a synonymic relationship exists and a value 0 when it does not exist (step 2). 
     This transformation is illustrated by the following listing: ##SPC1## 
     The environment matrix of &#34;incroyablement 01&#34; is represented in Table 2. 
     
                                           TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________incroyablement01      11111111100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000epatamment01      00011000011111110000000000000000000000000000000000000000000extraordinairement01      01101110000011001111000000000000000000000000000000000000000monstrueusement01      00000000000000000001110000000000000000000000000000000000000monstrueusement02      00010000000010000000001100000000000000000000000000000000000monstrueusement03      01100000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000effroyablement01      00000010000000000001110011000000000000000000000000000000000effroyablement02      00000000000010000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000horriblement01      00000000000000000000110011110000000000000000000000000000000horriblement02      01110111000010000000000000001110000000000000000000000000000drolement01      00000000000000000000000000000001110000000000000000000000000drolement02      00000000000000000000000000000000001110000000000000000000000excessivement01      00000000000000000010010010010000000000000000000000000000000excessivement02      00111010000100000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000excessivement03      00000000100000000000000000000000000000111110000000000000000extremement01      01011111000100001001000000000000000000100001111000000000000fabuleusement01      00110000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000formidablement01      01100010100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000formidablement02      00011000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000terriblement01      11110101100000000000000000001000000010000000000110000000000tres01     11100010101000000000000000001010000001000001010011111111111enormement01      00000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     where the 59 columns in the matrix correspond respectively to the following words: drolement, excessivement, extremement, extraordinairement, fabuleusement, formidablement, terriblement, tres, enormement, admirablement, merveilleusement, prodigieusement, incroyablement, fantastiquement, chouettement, remarquablement, exceptionnellement, majestueusement, monstrueusement, horriblement, abominablement, affreusement, inimaginablement, invraisemblablement, atrocement, epouvantablement, odieusement, effroyablement, diablement, serieusement, bigrement, comiquement, cocassement, risiblement, curieusement, bizarrement, etrangement, follement, fort, outre mesure, par trop, exagerement, demesurement, infiniment, puissamment, tout @ fait, immensement, beaucoup, vachement, absolument, parfaitement, joliment, rudement, tout plein, vraiment, hautement, furieusement, fortement, en diable. 
     Each line of the matrix is obtained by checking which words corresponding to the various columns are synonoums of the word at the beginning of the line. For example, the words associated with columns 1-9 are synonoums for incroyablement. This may be verified by reviewing Table 1. Accordingly, the numeral 1 is entered in columns 1-9 of the matrix. None of the other words in the remaining columns of line 1 are synonoums for the word incroyablement and a 0 is entered into the remaining columns. Another example, are words associated with columns 4, 5 and 10-16 are the only synonoums for epatamment in line 2. Thus, a 1 is entered into each of these columns and a 0 is entered into the remaining columns. 
     As stated earlier, a similarity index is used to measure the resemblance between the profiles of all the words belonging to the C/S/D environment of an entry, and not just the synonyms. 
     The selected index is the &#34;Dice Bis&#34; index (DB) which can be defined as follows, for each pair of words (i, i&#39;) belonging to the &#34;C/S/D&#34; environment: ##EQU1## 
     This index satisfies the above-mentioned conditions: a neutral role is assigned to the 00 configurations, a dominating role is assigned to the 1 1 configurations and a negative but weighted role is assigned to the unfavorable 0 1 and 1 0 configurations. Its values are contained in the [0,1] range as follows: ##EQU2## For example, if the profiles of i &#39; and &#39;i&#39; are: ##EQU3## their Dice Bis index will have the value: ##EQU4## because: 11 ii&#39;  =4, 10 ii&#39;  =4, 01 ii&#39;  =2. 
     Like most similarity indexes, its values vary between 0 and 1. The closer to 0 it is, the more different two words will be. The closer to 1 it is, the more similar two words will be. The Dice Bis index was selected because the 1/6th majority rule is particularly suitable for the distribution of the synonymic data. A stricter index would have &#34;neglected&#34; some relations which, however slight, must be taken into account. But at the same time, the Dice Bis index could be considered as too lax. This criticism would be justified if the index were used in a simple list matching context, in which case it could lead to spurious labeling. 
     The method is based on the progressive building of a cluster and allows its index to be integrated while minimizing the risks described above. 
     Starting from the C/S/D environment rectangular matrix, the Dice Bis index, is used to build the similarity matrix between the different words belonging to the environment (step 3). In the case of the &#34;meaning-entry&#34; incroyablement 01&#34;, this matrix is represented in Table 3. 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________        1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10                            11                              12                                13                                  14                                    15                                      16                                        17                                          18                                            19                                              20                                                21                                                  22__________________________________________________________________________ 1 incroyablement01*         1.          .36            .78              .00                .27                  .50                    .24                      .00                        .00                          .77                            .00                              .00                                .00                                  .70                                    .24                                      .69                                        .50                                          .76                                            .50                                              .82                                                .49                                                  .31 2 epatamment01A        .36           1.            .46              .00                .47                  .29                    .00                      .31                        .00                          .35                            .00                              .00                                .00                                  .57                                    .00                                      .41                                        .50                                          .00     .67                                                  .18                                                  .12                                                  .00 3 extraordinairement01D        .78          .46             1.              .25                .52                  .44                    .38                      .27                        .00                          .76                            .00                              .00                                .24                                  .69                                    .00                                      .74                                        .55                                          .57     .55                                                  .59                                                  .31                                                  .00 4 monstrueusement01A        .00          .00            .25               1.                .00                  .00                    .80                      .00                        .62                          .00                            .00                              .00                                .44                                  .00                                    .00                                      .21                                        .00                                          .00     .00                                                  .00                                                  .00                                                  .00 5 monstrueusement02A        .27          .47            .52              .00                 1.                  .00                    .00                      .80                        .00                          .44                            .00                              .00                                .00                                  .33                                    .00                                      .20                                        .44                                          .00     .44                                                  .24                                                  .00                                                  .00 6 monstrueusement03A        .50          .29            .44              .00                .00                   1.                    .00                      .00                        .00                          .47                            .00                              .00                                .62                                  .62                                    .00                                      .38                                        .80                                          .73     .50                                                  .44                                                  .28                                                  .00 7 effroyablement01A        .24          .00            .38              .80                .00                  .00                     1.                      .00                        .92                          .22                            .00                              .00                                .57                                  .29                                    .00                                      .33                                        .00                                          .33     .00                                                  .00                                                  .13                                                  .00 8 effroyablement02A        .00          .31            .27              .00                .80                  .00                    .00                       1.                        .00                          .29                            .00                              .00                                .00                                  .00                                    .00                                      .00                                        .00                                          .00     .00                                                  .00                                                  .00                                                  .00 9 horriblement01A        .00          .00            .00              .62                .00                  .00                    .92                      .00                         1.                          .00                            .00                              .00                                .75                                  .00                                    .00                                      .00                                        .00                                          .00     .00                                                  .00                                                  .00                                                  .0010 horriblement02A        .77          .35            .76              .00                .44                  .47                    .22                      .29                        .00                           1.                            .00                              .00                                .00                                  .55                                    .00                                      .70                                        .47                                          .60     .27                                                  .73                                                  .48                                                  .2911 drolement01S        .00          .00            .00              .00                .00                  .00                    .00                      .00                        .00                          .00                             1.                              .00                                .00                                  .00                                    .00                                      .00                                        .00                                          .00     .00                                                  .00                                                  .00                                                  .0012 drolement02S        .00          .00            .00              .00                .00                  .00                    .00                      .00                        .00                          .00                            .00                               1.                                .00                                  .00                                    .00                                      .00                                        .00                                          .00     .00                                                  .25                                                  .00                                                  .0013 excessivement01S        .00          .00            .24              .44                .00                  .62                    .57                      .00                        .75                          .00                            .00                              .00                                 1.                                  .00                                    .00                                      .00                                        .00                                          .00     .00                                                  .00                                                  .00                                                  .0014 excessivement02S        .70          .57            .69              .00                .33                  .62                    .29                      .00                        .00                          .55                            .00                              .00                                .00                                   1.                                    .00                                      .71                                        .80                                          .57     .80                                                  .59                                                  .35                                                  .0015 excessivement03S        .24          .00            .00              .00                .00                  .00                    .00                      .00                        .00                          .00                            .00                              .00                                .00                                  .00                                     1.                                      .18                                        .00                                          .33     .00                                                  .21                                                  .13                                                  .0016 extremement01S        .69          .41            .74              .21                .20                  .38                    .33                      .00                        .00                          .70                            .00                              .00                                .00                                  .71                                    .18                                       1.                                        .59                                          .57     .52                                                  .62                                                  .48                                                  .2217 fabuleusement01S        .50          .50            .55              .00                .44                  .80                    .00                      .00                        .00                          .47                            .00                              .00                                .00                                  .80                                    .00                                      .59                                         1.                                          .44     .80                                                  .44                                                  .15                                                  .0018 formidablement01S        .76          .00            .57              .00                .00                  .73                    .33                      .00                        .00                          .60                            .00                              .00                                .00                                  .57                                    .33                                      .57                                        .44                                           1.     .00                                                  .74                                                  .47                                                  .0019 formidablement02S        .50          .67            .55              .00                .44                  .50                    .00                      .00                        .00                          .27                            .00                              .00                                .00                                  .80                                    .00                                      .52                                        .80                                          .00     .25                                                  .00                                                  .0020 terriblement01S        .82          .18            .59              .00                .24                  .44                    .00                      .00                        .00                          .73                            .00                              .25                                .00                                  .59                                    .21                                      .62                                        .44                                          .74     .25                                                  .63                                                  .4721 tres01S   .49          .12            .31              .00                .00                  .28                    .13                      .00                        .00                          .48                            .00                              .00                                .00                                  .35                                    .13                                      .48                                        .15                                          .47     .00                                                  .63                                                  .2722 enormement01S        .31          .00            .00              .00                .00                  .00                    .00                      .00                        .00                          .29                            .00                              .00                                .00                                  .00                                    .00                                      .22                                        .00                                          .00     .00                                                  .47                                                  .27                                                   1.Mean:        .38          .22            .39              .11                .20                  .29                    .20                      .08                        .11                          .35                            .00                              .01                                .13                                  .36                                    .05                                      .36                                        .31                                          .29     .25                                                  .34                                                  .20                                                  .07Global mean: .21__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     It is to be observed that reflexivity does not appear in the binary matrix of the C/S/D environment. However, reflexivity has been restored in some configurations. This is because it is essential to take into account the symmetric relations (basic relations between two words) when computing the similarity indexes. Let us consider, for example, a pair of symmetrically related words: 
     a: b, c 
     b: a, c 
     If we do not take reflexivity into account, DB(a,b)=0.5 whereas if we restore it, DB(a,b)=1. Obviously, the second choice is closer to the actual data. In some cases, however, maintaining such information may prove undesirable. 
     1. in the case of polysemous words, the systematic restoring of reflexivity would induce positive similarity between the different meanings of a given headword. This is not acceptable as a basic assumption. 
     2. in the case of short and weakly linked lists, taking reflexivity into account would artificially increase the index value, which is also undesirable. 
     These disadvantages lead to a conditional restoring of reflexivity, in the case of symmetric configurations. 
     Starting from the similarity indexes, a cluster (AG) is built, step by step, for each &#34;meaning-entry&#34; and its C/S/D environment (step 4), as illustrated by the flow diagram on FIGS. 4A and 4B. The cluster develops according to the process described below: 
     Step 0 
     Cluster initialization: 
     
         AG.sub.0 =[m.sub.0 ] 
    
     Initially, the cluster only contains the pivot word m 0  whose synonymic relations have to be disambiguated. 
     Step k 
     The cluster contains k+1 words: 
     
         AG.sub.k =[m0,m.sub.1, . . . , m.sub.k-1 ] 
    
     1. An Operation 100 conducts computation of the integration scores S(i) for each word i belonging to C/S/D-AG k  : ##EQU5##  Where i&#39;εAG k  means each i&#39; belonging to cluster AG k . For any candidate for integration in the cluster, one computes the mean of their Dice Bis indexes on the cluster. 
     2. Selection of the best candidate for integration into the cluster occurs in an Operation 102: Among the words not yet integrated, a search for the word m k+1  is initiated, such that: ##EQU6##  That is to say, the word that is selected in Operation 103 as a candidate for integration is the one which is closest to the cluster. 
     Ending Test 
     The score of the candidate m k+ , is compared with the means computed on the basis of the whole set of words provided by the C/S/D environment in an Operation 104. 
     The new cluster AG k+1  =AG k  U[m k+1  ] is built and the process described in step k is repeated. 
     Otherwise, m k+1  is not integrated. 
     The process ends in an Operation 108; the cluster obtained is AG k . 
     Final validation of the cluster in an Operation 106 
     Let AG be the cluster obtained at the end of the process described above and let SV AG  be its validation threshold. Computing the mean M AG  and the standard deviation E AG  of the integration score distribution gives: ##EQU7## One then derives the value of SV AG  =M AG-E   AG , which will be used as a threshold to reject the final part of the cluster. Thus, iεAG: 
     if S(i)≧SV AG , then the word i remains in the cluster. 
     if S(i)&lt;SV AG  or S(i)&lt;0.5, then i is removed from the cluster as are the words which have been integrated after i. 
     To this basic description of the process, it is necessary to add some conditional constraints in an Operation 110: 
     a) ex aequo 
     If at the second point of step k several words reach the same maximal score, the mean of each of these words as determined on the basis of the C/S/D environment is checked: 
     if they are different, the word with the highest mean is integrated in an Operation 112; 
     if they are identical, all the words simultaneously are integrated in the cluster in Operations 106 and 108. 
     b) polysemous words 
     As soon as a particular meaning of a polysemous word has been integrated in the cluster, the other meanings are removed and will no longer be considered as candidates. 
     Also, if the different meanings of a polysemous word are ex aequo (as defined under a)), the process is systematically stopped because this is indicative of a structural inconsistency in the data. 
     Returning to FIG. 3, final validation takes place after the cluster has been built incrementally and completes the disambiguation process (step 5). The aim of this step is to reinforce the consistency of the cluster by discarding the words that are integrated belatedly and may create some distortion of the cluster. This step is useful to overcome the problems posed by the agglomerative process ending test which may prove insufficiently stringent in that it may allow the integration at the end of the cluster of words which are not, linguistically speaking, &#34;pertinent&#34;. The final validation threshold is the lower limit of the confidence level of the integration score distribution. Words integrated with a score lower than this limit are considered to be insufficiently linked to the cluster, even though they passed the ending test. 
     It was intentionally decided not to use the validation as an ending test, as otherwise it would have created clusters that would often have ben too small and therefore, difficult to use efficiently for the purpose of an operational disambiguation. 
     Each &#34;meaning-entry&#34; of the basic dictionary is subjected to this disambiguation process. Table 5 shows the result of the algorithm for the meaning entry &#34;incroyablement 01&#34;. 
     
                       TABLE 4______________________________________                                Inte-                   Global                         Starting                                gration                                      FinalWords     Nb    Status  Mean  DB     Score Score______________________________________CLUSTERED WORDSINCROY01* 01    Clust.  0.377 1.000  1.000 0.637TERRIB01S 20    Clust.  0.343 0.824  0.824 0.579FORMID01S 18    Clust.  0.292 0.762  0.751 0.546HORRIB02C 10    Clust.  0.351 0.774  0.700 0.587EXTRAO01D 03    Clust.  0.385 0.778  0.674 0.589EXTREM01S 16    Clust.  0.360 0.686  0.663 0.589EXCESS02S 14    Clust.  0.360 0.696  0.633 0.614FABULE01S 17    Clust.  0.309 0.500  0.543 0.525MONSTR03C 06    Clust.  0.289 0.500  0.548 0.494TRES01S   21    Clust.  0.204 0.488  0.403 0.375NON INTEGRATED WORDSEPATAM01C 02    inval.  0.223 0.364  0.325 0.325EFFROY02C 08    reject. 0.079 0.000        0.078EFFROY01C 07    reject. 0.201 0.235  Stop  0.175DROLEM02S 12    reject. 0.012 0.000        0.023ENORME01S 22    reject. 0.074 0.308        0.141MONSTR02C 05    Polys.  0.198 0.267        0.265MONSTR01C 04    Polys.  0.110 0.000        0.042EXCESS03S 15    Polys.  0.052 0.235        0.099EXCESS01S 13    Polys.  0.125 0.000        0.077HORRIB01C 09    Polys.  0.109 0.000        0.000FORMID02S 19    Polys.  0.252 0.500        0.441DROLEM01S 11    reject. 0.000 0.000        0.000______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 5______________________________________DISAMBIGUATED LIST______________________________________INCROYABLEMENT01*:drolement00S, enorment00S,  EXCESSIVEMENT02S, EXTREMEMENT01S,  EXTRAAORDINAIREMENT01D,  FABULEUSEMENT01S, FORMIDABLEMENT01S,  TERRIBLEMENT01S, TRES01S______________________________________ 
    
     Percentage of disambiguated links: 77.78 
     Percentage of non disambiguated links: 22.22 
     Returning to Table 4, the cluster consists of 10 meaning words. These are listed in decreasing order of integration. 
     Next come the words that have not been integrated in the cluster. The &#34;Status&#34; column lists the words rejected an the grounds of polysemy (see point b)), the words which have not been integrated (reject.) and the words whose scores are lower than the validation threshold (inval.). 
     It is the word &#34;effroyablement01C&#34; that triggered the end of the process. At the 10th step of the process, among the words to be integrated, &#34;effroyablement01C&#34; had the highest score, 0.175. This value is lower than its global mean 0.201 on the C/S/D environment. Thus, the process ends after 10 iterations. 
     The word &#34;epatamment01C was rejected during the final validation of the cluster. Actually, SV AG  =0.460 whereas S(`EPATAM01C`)=0.325. 
     During the last stage of labeling of the senses, only those words in the cluster that are synonyms of the &#34;meaning-word&#34; (words with suffixes S or D) were taken into account. It should be noted that two synonyms of &#34;incroyablement 01&#34; were not integrated in the cluster: &#34;enormement&#34; and &#34;drolement&#34; (2 of the 9 synonyms to be disambiguated, i.e. 22.2%). The other 7 synonyms (77.78%) have been integrated in the cluster and their relations with the pivot word are thus disambiguated. Referring again to the data, it will be seen why the links of &#34;enormement&#34; and &#34;drolement&#34; with &#34;incroyablement 01&#34; could not be disambiguated. 
     Now, using again the SQL language, the synonymic links of &#34;incroyablement 01&#34;, which have been disambiguated, are stored into the data-base. 
     EXAMPLE 
     To replace &#34;00&#34; by &#34;02&#34; in column SSN of the second line of SYN table: 
     &#34;Update SYN set Synonym --  sense --  number=02 where Entry --  word=`incroyablement` and entry --  sense --number--  01 and synonym --  word=`exclusivement`&#34;. 
     In addition to labeling the senses, such a disambiguation method allows inconsistencies in the basic dictionary to be brought to light. 
     While the invention has been described with reference to words of the French language, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that this invention can be applied to languages other than French without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention as claimed herein.