Abstract:
A dual layer mouthguard with a U-shape polycarbonate/EVA or elastomeric material skeletal base includes channels and ramps to ensure a uniform thickness on the occlusal, buccal and lingual surfaces of the teeth for proper alignment of the jaw and positioning for protection during the placement of the mouthguard. The liner is softer than the base when introduced to heat and remains softer as it is cooled. The base may also include metal/magnetic insertion to serve as a tethering device for temporary storage.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims benefit under 35 USC 119(e) to copending U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/485,999, filed on May 13, 2011, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     This application is directed to protective mouthguards for use by athletes to ensure proper placement of the device and jaw alignment, dissipation of detrimental forces during activity, and temporary storage of the mouthguard. 
     Historically, mouthguard tethering devices consisted of nylon or thermoplastic material that connects the sports guard to the face mask of the helmet. This outdated design is not favored by athletes because it is cumbersome, swings about freely, and places the athlete at risk for head and/or neck injuries when the facemask is incidentally grasped during competition. 
     Mouthguards are designed to protect the athlete during play by reducing the impact forces to the player during competition. However, failing to wear a mouthguard or wearing an ill fitted device can cause detrimental short term and long term effects such as tooth fracture, tooth avulsion/luxation, condylar and/or mandible fracture, maxillary fracture, jaw fractures, migraines, concussions and TMJ disorders. 
     Currently, two types of mouthguards exist on the market—custom fit and non-custom fit. Custom fit mouthguards generally provide the best protection for athletes, but are expensive and require a dentist for proper fabrication and fitting. The athlete&#39;s molds are made by taking impressions of the maxillary and mandibular teeth. A bite registration is recorded using a wax or elastomeric material. This registers the athlete&#39;s jaw position and how the teeth interdigitate. This record is then used to ensure that the upper and lower teeth are properly aligned, and a thermoplastic material is placed over one of the arches to serve as the mouthguard. The prosthesis is then trimmed to ensure proper fit and comfort, and the occlusion is registered by reheating the thermoplastic material to ensure the teeth and condyle are in a protected position. Due to the expense and need for a dental professional to fit custom mouthguards, many athletes do not avail themselves of the added protection and superior performance provided by custom fitting. 
     So-called “boil and bite” conventional mouthguards are examples of non-custom fit “off the shelf” protective devices widely available on the market. Today&#39;s “boil and bite” mouthguards offer little protection to players and are inadequate in various areas including fit, impact strength, proper teeth and jaw positioning, temporary storability, and debonding of the softer layer from the more rigid harder core. Stock mouthguards can be made of rubber, polyvinyl chloride, or a polyvinyl acetate copolymer, and are available in small, medium and large sizes. These conventional mouthguards are not custom molded to fit the individual, and exhibit inadequate support, retention and stability, resulting in common complaints by the user. 
     Non custom mouthguards such as the “boil and bite” are often ill-fitting and, if not properly seated during the forming phase after heating, can cause injury. One limitation of the “boil and bite” is the inability to provide a uniform thickness around the anterior and posterior teeth for protection. A thickened area of material in one area can cause distortion when cooled, and can become very thin areas in others. These thin areas can lead to inadequate thickness for protection and resulting injury. 
     Another problem with conventional “boil and bites” is the inability of the user to ensure proper placement of the guard and proper positioning of the jaw during fabrication and fitting. By placing the tray too far anteriorly, posteriorly, or laterally, the teeth are not adequately protected because the guard becomes offset. This creates a bulk of material or thinning of material which may lead to distortion or inadequate protection. Improper seating of the mouthguard during setting can also cause the material to be bulky and more importantly, can lead to improper positioning of the jaw. This may result in harmful effects in the temporal mandibular complex. 
     Other problems exist in conventional mouthpiece designs. For example, the athlete has no adequate place for storage when the device is temporarily removed during activity. In football, for example, the athlete&#39;s mouth guard is sometimes tethered to the helmet via the facemask. This common method of storage results in the mouthguard dangling from the player&#39;s helmet. This is often unfavorable to the athletes, and more players are simply holding the mouth guard in their hand or wedging it in the facemask. By wedging the mouth guard, the guard becomes distorted which, in turn, effects the fit and protection. By simply holding the guard, it becomes cumbersome and is often lost or dropped. When dropped, the athlete&#39;s mouthguard is soiled with dirt and other harmful bacteria which can lead to numerous problems, including health issues. Another reason athletes find the conventional tethering system unfavorable is that it limits their range of motion as they move their heads in different positions. This conventional tethering of the jaw to the helmet can also cause injury when another player grabs the helmet and the head/neck and jaw is abruptly malpositioned. Conventional approaches do not provide a convenient, safe means of affixing a mouth guard to a player&#39;s equipment for storage. 
     What is needed is a mouthguard that can be easily fitted without the assistance of a dentist, while providing superior protection beyond that available from conventional “boil and bites”. What is further needed is a mouthguard that lowers the risk of severe injury during activity, allows for the proper placement and alignment of the teeth and jaw structures, and which offers safety and sanitization during periods of non-use. What is also needed is an easy and reliable mouthguard storage mechanism that reduces opportunities for contamination or loss during periods of non-use. 
     SUMMARY 
     Among other things, this disclosure provides embodiments of a protective mouthguard with improved fit and protection in comparison to conventional “boil and bite” mouthguards, and with less expense and comparable performance to custom mouthguards crafted by a dentist, for example. 
     In one or more embodiments, alternative innovative clamps, both using a magnetic material design, are disclosed which secure to the face mask and allows the athlete&#39;s mouthguard to be temporarily affixed to a helmet, for example, when not being used. In addition, magnetic material can be used in custom mouthguards as well. 
     In one or more embodiments, the innovative protective mouthguard design of this disclosure addresses concerns identified above with respect to non-professionally fitted mouthguards. For example, embodiments of this disclosure use specially designed built-in guides and scaffolds at experimentally determined angles and/or heights to ensure proper tooth and jaw positioning for protection of a wide population of users. Accordingly, various embodiments of the protective mouthguard of this disclosure address the problems of fit, comfort, speech, and breathability of conventional “boil and bite” mouthguards. In addition, the innovative protective mouthguard design of this disclosure addresses concerns with the expense of custom fitted mouthguards. 
     In one embodiment, a dual layer protective mouthguard includes an outer layer comprising an exoskeleton having a generally U-shaped tapered base and inner and outer walls adapted to extend into a vestibular area of an oral cavity of a particular person using the protective mouthguard; an inner layer, e.g., a thermo-plastic flowable material, bonded to the inner wall of the outer layer, wherein the exoskeleton comprises front and rear interior scaffold structures having a predetermined height above a bottom of the U-shaped tapered base selected to contact incisor and molar teeth of a selected population of users using the protective mouthguard so as to ensure a uniform thickness of the inner layer material, e,g., a thermo-plastic flowable material, when the protective mouthguard has been fitted to the particular person in the selected population of users, wherein the exoskeleton further comprises interior tapered side bumpers extending from the interior wall of the exoskeleton, said side bumpers arranged to position the mouthguard within the oral cavity and provide a plurality of contact surfaces located at a contour height suitable for contacting teeth of the selected population of users, said plurality of contact surfaces ensuring a desired flow of the inner layer material around each tooth of the particular person when the mouthguard is being fitted to the particular person and thereby provide a desired protective thickness of the thermo-plastic flowable material after being fitted. 
     In one or more embodiments, a tethering mechanism is included that provides the ability to avoid contamination of the mouthguard during periods of non-use. In one implementation, a magnetic tether is provided, with magnetic or ferromagnetic material embedded in the mouthguard, with a corresponding magnetic or ferromagnetic receiver suitable for holding the mouthguard on a helmet, wristband, or helmet decal, for example. 
     In one or more embodiments, preventive technologies such as caries prevention utilizing fluoride and/or calcium phosphate and/or medications may be incorporated into the softer inner layer. 
     In another embodiment, a method of fitting a protective mouthguard to a particular person having physiological parameters encompassed by a selected population of users includes heating the inner layer; placing the protective mouthguard including the heated inner layer in the oral cavity of the particular person using the protective mouthguard; contacting the front and rear interior scaffold structures with incisor and molar teeth of the particular person and thereby ensuring a uniform thickness of the thermo-plastic flowable material; using the interior tapered side bumpers to position the mouthguard within the oral cavity and thereby provide a plurality of contact surfaces and thereby ensuring a desired flow of the thermo-plastic flowable material around each tooth of the particular person; forming the protective mouthguard to oral structures of the particular person, said interior tapered side bumpers and said front and rear interior scaffold structures ensuring a desired protective thickness of the thermo-plastic flowable material after the heated inner layer has cooled, said interior tapered side bumpers ensuring aligning the mouthguard in the oral cavity such that impact forces are directed over a long axis of each tooth of the particular user. 
     In another embodiment, a method of fitting a protective mouthguard to a particular person having physiological parameters encompassed by the selected population of users includes obtaining a digitally scanned image of oral structures of the particular person; using the digitally scanned image to form a model of the oral structures; heating the inner layer; preforming the protective mouthguard to a shape of the oral structures by using the model, said interior tapered side bumpers and said front and rear interior scaffold structures ensuring a desired protective thickness of the inner layer material after the heated inner layer has cooled, said interior tapered side bumpers ensuring aligning the mouthguard in the oral cavity such that impact forces are directed over a long axis of each tooth of the particular user. 
     In another embodiment, a method of making a protective mouthguard suitable for providing protection for persons having oral structure properties encompassed by a population of similarly sized but different persons includes obtaining a plurality of oral scan tracings from persons included in the population; overlaying the plurality of oral scan tracings; determining an average centerline of the plurality of oral scan tracings; determining a maximum and a minimum dimension of the protective mouthguard calculated using the plurality of oral scan tracings; and identifying inside bumper locations for plural interior bumpers, said identified locations ensuring contact with all teeth of persons encompassed in the population. 
     In another embodiment, a mouthguard tethering system includes an external attachment mechanism comprising a clamp mechanism, wherein said clamp mechanism comprises a first clamp half; a second clamp half; a connector arrangement configured to connect the first clamp half to the second clamp half; a ferrous and/or magnetic disc configured to be received in an opening in the second clamp half; and a protective covering arranged to cover the connector arrangement, the ferrous and/or magnetic disc and the opening in the second clamp half. 
     These and other features and characteristics of the present disclosure, as well as the methods of operation and functions of the related elements of structure and the combination of parts and economies of manufacture, will become more apparent upon consideration of the following description and the appended claims with reference to the accompanying drawings, all of which form a part of this specification, wherein like reference numerals designate corresponding parts in the various figures. In various embodiments of this disclosure, the structural components illustrated herein are drawn to scale. It is to be expressly understood, however, that the drawings are for the purpose of illustration and description only and are not intended as a definition of the limits of the inventive concept. As used in the specification and in the claims, the singular form of “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DISCUSSION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a top view of an exoskeleton or outer shell of a mouthguard of an embodiment; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a perspective view of the exoskeleton of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a front view of the exoskeleton of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a bottom/underside view of the exoskeleton of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a rear view of the exoskeleton of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a side and partial cutaway sectional view of the exoskeleton of  FIG. 1 , taken along the sectional line  6 - 6  of  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIGS. 7A through 7E  illustrate a representative sample of five patient scan tracings out of a larger patient population used to demonstrate the differences in tooth and jaw alignment between the patients; 
         FIG. 8  provides an overlay and evolution of the dimensions of the an embodiment of the exoskeleton of  FIG. 1  using the five patient scan tracings of  FIGS. 7A-7E ; 
         FIG. 9  illustrates the overlay of the five patient scan tracings of  FIGS. 7A-7E  to determine the dimensions of an exemplary exoskeleton of an embodiment; 
         FIGS. 10A-10H  illustrate various perspective views of the layered protective mouthguard of an embodiment and which includes an outer layer/exoskeleton of  FIG. 1  and an inner thermoplastic layer; 
         FIG. 11  illustrates an embodiment of a novel mouthguard clamping mechanism; 
         FIGS. 12A-12D  illustrate an alternative embodiment of a novel mouthguard clamping mechanism; and 
         FIGS. 13A-13B  illustrate an alternative embodiment of a novel mouthguard clamping mechanism. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     This disclosure provides, in one or more embodiments, a dual layer mouthguard  100  having a U-shaped tapering base with an inner and outer wall extending into the vestibular area of the oral cavity. The outer and inner framework consists of a light weight, shock absorbing material to protect the teeth, surrounding soft tissue and temporal mandibular complex. The liner material may be a thermo-plastic material, e.g., ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) material, polyurethane, polystyrene, or selected blends thereof, which may be bonded to the harder outer exoskeleton/core, e.g., mechanically coupled and/or chemically bonded. Alternatively, polystyrene may be used, or a nanocarbon material may be used in forming the inner layer or liner material. 
     With reference to  FIGS. 1-5 , advantages of one or more embodiments of new mouthguard design  100  may be found in various features illustrated in the drawings and discussed below. For example, in one embodiment, harder outer core (or exoskeleton)  110  contains front scaffold  120  and rear scaffolds  130 ,  131  on interior tray portion  140  made of a semi-rigid material on which the molars and incisor teeth will contact during and after initial fitting to ensure a uniform thickness of the softer, liner material  195  that is placed into interior  140  of exoskeleton  110  to fit mouthguard  100  to a particular user. Liner material  195  may be a flowable material, such as polystyrene, polyurethane, or EVA, and may optionally include a reinforcing nanocarbon fiber material. Exoskeleton  110  may be polystyrene, EVA or a polyurethane/EVA blend, and may include a reinforcing nanocarbon fiber material. The softer liner material  195  is not shown in  FIGS. 1-6  to aid in exposition of the arrangement of the constituent parts of exoskeleton  110 . The material used for the inner layer, e.g., flowable liner material  195  is selected to be strong enough to absorb and dissipate forces so as to reduce traumatic injury to the teeth, TMJ, and surrounding oral structures. 
     In one or more embodiments, mouthguard  100  includes exoskeleton  110 , front internal scaffold  120 , rear internal scaffolds  130 / 131 , interior tray portion  140 , front exterior scaffold  150 , right/left rear outside scaffolds  160 / 161 , exterior bumpers  170 , interior bumpers  171 , facial flanges  180 , buccal flanges  185 , interior lingual flange  190 , and liner material  195  (see  FIG. 10A ). The functions and dimensions of these elements will be discussed below. 
     In an embodiment, the dimensions of rear interior scaffolds  130 ,  131  may be 10 mm×5 mm in the posterior, and the dimensions of front interior scaffold  120  may be 9.45 mm×12.5 mm with an incisal flare angle θ 1 =28° in the incisal regions. In addition, front/rear interior scaffolds  120 / 130 / 131  may be raised to have a height of 3 mm above the bottom of interior tray portion  140  to ensure adequate flow of the flowable liner material  195  when mouthguard  100  is fitted to a user. Rear right/left interior scaffolds  130 / 131  may be oriented at rear interior scaffold centerline angle θ 2 =12.5°. These dimensions should be understood to be exemplary in nature, and not limiting, as other dimensions and/or angles may be determined to be more appropriate for other athletes or user populations. 
     In an embodiment, and as illustrated in the bottom/underside view of  FIG. 4 , exoskeleton  110  may contain front outside scaffold  150 , and right/left rear outside scaffolds  160 ,  161 . It may be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the front outside scaffold  150  intrinsically functions as an anterior deprogrammer, configured to open a user&#39;s bite by an amount associated with the dimensions of the front outside scaffold  150 . Rear outside scaffolds  160 ,  161  may be 1 mm high on the exterior with a determined slant angle θ 5  (see  FIGS. 5 and 6 ). This feature allows the condyle to be positioned in a more downward, anterior position to allow better protection of the TMJ joint and allows the muscle to be placed at a more neutral, relaxed position. For a particular population of users, e.g., NFL® athletes, right/left rear outside scaffold slant angle θ 5 =3° mimics the arc of closure to allow less interference and allows the jaw to be more accurately positioned. These parameters may be adapted for a different population of users. 
     In one embodiment, facial flanges  180  and buccal flanges  185  of exoskeleton  110  were devised based on the average of scanned models of NFL® athletes and information determined by an interactive user interview process so as to be comfortable but yet protective in design. The average height of facial flanges  180  and buccal flanges  185  is 13.5 mm in one embodiment. These flanges have been determined to allow adequate protection of the teeth and supporting bone and soft tissue from impact. Although the embodiment illustrated is directed to a specific population of athletes, i.e., large adult males who play professional football, the inventive concept described herein is equally applicable to other sports and differently sized athletes, e.g., lacrosse, basketball, wrestling, soccer, judo, etc., without departing from the inventive concept described herein. For example, the various angles, heights, and thicknesses of various components may be separately determined on an average basis for each different athlete population. 
     In one embodiment, interior lingual flange  190  of exoskeleton  110  was devised using the average height that was deemed comfortable and proper fitting to allow airway exchange and speech for NFL® athletes, but which still provided adequate protection. In one embodiment, the average height of interior lingual flange  190  is 11 mm, with interior lingual flange flare angle θ 6 =63.4°. Interior lingual flange  190  allows adequate protection of the teeth and supporting bone and soft tissue from impact. Of course, flare angle θ 6  may (and likely will) be different for a different population of athletes. 
     In an embodiment, and as illustrated in  FIGS. 1 ,  2 , and  5 , for example, exterior bumpers  170  and interior bumpers  171  may project 2 mm from the internal walls to provide an adequate thickness of softening layer for protection, as outlined in the standards set forth by the American Academy of Sports Dentistry. The 2 mm bumper is designed such that the contact surface is generally located at the height of contour of the teeth in contact for the particular athlete population. The 2 mm dimension may be modified for athletes with different average sizes. This ensures sufficient flow of the softer thermoplastic inner layer material, i.e., flowable liner material  195  around each tooth for better protection. In an embodiment, the slope of exterior bumper sidewall angle θ 4 , e.g., θ 4 =45° (or θ 4 =135° measured from the vertical sidewall) acts as a guide to properly position mouthguard  100  in the optimally protective position. Mouthguard  100  is centered in order that the impact forces are directed over the long axis of the teeth for better protection. Interior bumpers  171  may be undercut to act as a mechanical lock for flowable liner material  195  to the harder exoskeleton. This reduces the incidence of delamination or separation of the two layers and is an added retention technique in addition to the bond (e.g., chemical and/or mechanical) that joins the two layers of the mouthguard. 
     In an embodiment, mouthguard  100  may offer advanced dental protection from harmful bacteria by introducing an antimicrobial agent to prevent harmful bacteria from growing inside of the mouthguard. In addition, a Fluoride (F − ) leaching material may be provided in the flowable liner material  195  to reduce the carious rate of teeth from the consumption of high sucrose and carbohydrate drinks or performance enhancers commonly consumed by the athletes. provision of a fluoride leaching agent (e.g., in the form of F − ) into may help reduce the caries rate by providing protection for the outer enamel matrix of the teeth. Further, the thermoplastic materials used in both exoskeleton  110  and flowable liner material  195  are strong enough to absorb and dissipate forces to reduce traumatic injury to the teeth, TMJ, and surrounding oral structures. 
     In various embodiments, protective mouthguard  100  may be tethered, e.g., conventional straps may be used to tether the mouthguard to a football helmet mask. However, this approach is generally not preferred for the reasons discussed above. In one embodiment, a ferromagnetic material, e.g., stainless steel or other non-corrosive magnetic material may be embedded in the mouthguard. For example, a magnet and/or ferromagnetic material (not shown) may be embedded in either or both the front and rear scaffolds  120 / 130 / 131 / 150 / 160 / 161  of  FIG. 1 , or both, or in some other location of the outer layer (exoskeleton) such as facial flanges  180 . A complementary magnet and/or ferromagnetic material adapted to attract the magnet and/or ferromagnetic material embedded in exoskeleton  110  may be provided separately as a wristband, helmet sticker, or in another suitable location to allow temporary stowage and effective retention of the protective mouthguard when not in use. The present mouthguard design thus provides a novel and breakthrough tethering technique which has long been desired by professional athletes. 
     The initial fitting operation of a protective mouthguard of an embodiment includes, similar to conventional “boil and bites”, heating the protective mouthguard to soften the inner layer, e.g., a thermoplastic layer. The user then places the warmed and softened mouthguard into their mouth, where the tapered and projected side bumpers, acting in cooperation with the front and rear interior scaffolds, and the exterior rear outside scaffolds, ensures proper placement of the mouthguard with respect to the user&#39;s teeth, and jaw structure, assuming that the user&#39;s pertinent physiological measurements fall within the minimum and maximum averages determined from the measured population. 
     Such minimum and maximum averages may be determined, for example, from patient populations as represented by the large adult scan tracings of NFL® players in  FIG. 7 , which is an exemplary subset of a larger sample size.  FIG. 8 , illustrates the superposition of the five samples that allows determination of an approximate centerline of the five models, along with the maximum and minimum outside dimensions for all five models. Finally,  FIG. 9  illustrates a further superposition of the five models to determine a final shape and dimensions of the protective mouthguard. As mentioned above, a larger sample size may be used. 
       FIGS. 10A through 10H  provide various perspective views of an unfitted protective mouthguard of an embodiment. In these figures, flowable liner material  195  is depicted in the lighter shading, and the harder exoskeleton outer layer  110  is depicted by the darker shading. In  FIG. 10A , for example, bumpers  170 / 171  and scaffolds  130 / 131 / 160 / 161  are illustrated. 
       FIGS. 10B and 10G  illustrate multiple vent holes  145  in a bottom surface of the mouthguard. These vent holes allow the thermoplastic inner layer material, e.g., EVA material, to flow out of the tray portion of the mouthguard when the mouthguard is being fitted over the upper teeth of the user. The inner layer material that flows out the vent holes may aid in cushioning the bottom teeth. 
     Fitting such a mouthguard to a patient may be accomplished in various ways. For example, the inner layer may be heated and softened, and then placed in contact with the oral structures in the patient&#39;s mouth, similar to conventional “boil and bites, with the notable exception of the improved fit and performance achieved by the use of the novel exoskeleton and associated features of this disclosure. Alternatively, with the advent of digital scanning technology, accurate models of the patient&#39;s oral structures can be obtained using a digital camera, and a plaster or stone model can be cast based upon the digital image(s). The resulting cast model can be used to preform the mouthguard described above, thus providing valuable customer service by having the ability to fit mouthguards to patients that are not physically present in the dentist&#39;s office. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 11 , clamp mechanism  200  includes T-nut  210 , first clamp half  220 , second clamp half  221 , screw  240 , ferrous/magnetic material  250 , ferrous/magnetic material receiver or opening  251 , and protective covering  260 . Ferrous/magnetic material  250  may be ferrous material if mouthguard  100  includes an embedded magnet, or it may be magnetic material if mouthguard  100  includes an embedded piece of ferrous material, or both ferrous/magnetic material  250  and mouthguard  100  may include magnetic material, as long as there is magnetic attraction between the elements to ensure proper retention force and stowage. When assembled, first clamp half  220  and second clamp half  221  clamp around facemask bar  230 , and are retained in position by the interaction between screw  240  and T-nut  210 . As should be appreciated, facemask bar  230  does not form part of the inventive concept, but merely illustrates one environment of use of clamp mechanism  200 . 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 12A-12D , an alternative clamp mechanism  300  includes first clamp half  320 , second clamp half  330 , lock detents  331 / 332 , screw  340 , ferrous/magnetic material  350 , ferrous/magnetic material receiver or opening  355 , protective latching cover  360 , and lock mechanism  361 . Although not shown, alternative clamp mechanism  300  may also include a T-nut to receive screw  340  as in clamp mechanism  200 . 
     First clamp half  320  and second clamp half  330  of alternative clamp mechanism  300  may assemble around a facemask bar similarly to first clamp half  220  and second clamp half  221  of clamp mechanism  200 , but protective latching cover  360  attaches in a different manner and more securely by the use of lock mechanism  361  in cooperation with lock detents  331 / 332 . Lock detents  331 / 332  are made of a plastic material, and their design allows flexure in an inward direction to engage lock mechanism  361 , as illustrated in  FIG. 12D . 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 13A-13B , another alternative clamp mechanism  400  includes T-nut  410 , first clamp half  420 , second clamp half  430 , latches  431 , screw  440 , ferrous/magnetic material  450 , and protective latching ring  460 . Similar to other embodiments, alternative T-nut  410  receives screw  440  to hold clamp mechanism  400  in an assembled condition. In addition, facemask bar groove  470  may be arranged in one or more of first clamp half  420  and second clamp half  430  to receive, for example, a bar of a facemask. 
     Although similar in some respects to other embodiments, protective latching ring  460  attaches in a different manner by the use of latches  431  around latching ring  460  and which may be made of a plastic material, but which requires less plastic to reduce weight and cost, for example. 
     It should be noted that the disclosure above mentions various dimensions and angles of various components, but these measurements are not to be construed as limiting, as they merely represent an example of measurements for a particular group and/or type/size of athlete. Other groups, types and/or sizes of athletes may have different dimensions and attributes which may be determined by measuring and averaging techniques. 
     The above-discussed embodiments and aspects of this disclosure are not intended to be limiting, but have been shown and described for the purposes of illustrating the functional and structural principles of the inventive concept, and are intended to encompass various modifications that would be within the spirit and scope of the following claims. 
     List of Reference Numbers 
     Table 1 below lists reference numbers utilized in the specification and drawings: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ref. No. 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 100 
                 mouthguard 
               
               
                   
                 110 
                 outer core/exoskeleton 
               
               
                   
                 120 
                 front interior scaffold 
               
               
                   
                 130 
                 right rear interior scaffold 
               
               
                   
                 131 
                 left rear interior scaffold 
               
               
                   
                 140 
                 interior tray portion 
               
               
                   
                 145 
                 multiple vent holes 
               
               
                   
                 150 
                 front outside scaffold 
               
               
                   
                 160 
                 right rear outside scaffold 
               
               
                   
                 161 
                 left rear outside scaffold 
               
               
                   
                 170 
                 exterior bumpers 
               
               
                   
                 171 
                 interior bumpers 
               
               
                   
                 180 
                 facial flanges 
               
               
                   
                 185 
                 buccal flanges 
               
               
                   
                 190 
                 interior lingual flange 
               
               
                   
                 195 
                 flowable liner material 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 clamp mechanism 
               
               
                   
                 210 
                 T-nut 
               
               
                   
                 220 
                 first clamp half 
               
               
                   
                 221 
                 second clamp half 
               
               
                   
                 230 
                 facemask bar 
               
               
                   
                 240 
                 screw 
               
               
                   
                 250 
                 ferrous/magnetic material 
               
               
                   
                 251 
                 ferrous/magnetic material receiver or opening 
               
               
                   
                 260 
                 protective covering 
               
               
                   
                 300 
                 alternative clamp mechanism 
               
               
                   
                 320 
                 first clamp half 
               
               
                   
                 330 
                 second clamp half 
               
               
                   
                 331 
                 lock detent 
               
               
                   
                 332 
                 lock detent 
               
               
                   
                 340 
                 screw 
               
               
                   
                 350 
                 ferrous/magnetic material 
               
               
                   
                 355 
                 ferrous/magnetic material receiver or opening 
               
               
                   
                 360 
                 protective latching cover 
               
               
                   
                 361 
                 lock mechanism 
               
               
                   
                 400 
                 alternative clamp mechanism 
               
               
                   
                 410 
                 T-nut 
               
               
                   
                 420 
                 first clamp half 
               
               
                   
                 430 
                 second clamp half 
               
               
                   
                 431 
                 latch 
               
               
                   
                 440 
                 screw 
               
               
                   
                 450 
                 ferrous/magnetic material 
               
               
                   
                 460 
                 protective latching ring 
               
               
                   
                 470 
                 facemask bar groove 
               
               
                   
                 θ 1   
                 incisal flare angle 
               
               
                   
                 θ 2   
                 rear interior scaffold centerline angle 
               
               
                   
                 θ 3   
                 rear outside scaffold centerline angle 
               
               
                   
                 θ 4   
                 exterior bumper sidewall angle 
               
               
                   
                 θ 5   
                 right/left rear outside scaffold slant angle 
               
               
                   
                 θ 6   
                 interior lingual flange flare angle