Abstract:
A process for validating an identification badge or plastic card for a plurality of predetermined periods of time. The process includes generating, preferably randomly, an initial image for an initial predetermined period of time and then transmitting this initial image to a printing device. The printing device prints the image on the identification badge to thereby validate the badge for the initial predetermined period of time. Thereafter, a subsequent image is randomly generated for a subsequent predetermined period of time. This subsequent image is then transmitted to the printing device. The initial image is then removed from the identification badge and the subsequent image printed on the identification badge to validate the badge for the subsequent predetermined period of time.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a Continuation-In-Part (CIP) application of U.S. Ser. No. 11/315,112 filed on Dec. 23, 2005, now ______, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Reference is also made to Disclosure Document No. 605198 filed on Aug. 28, 2006, Disclosure Document No. 591025 filed on Dec. 07, 2005 and Disclosure Document No. 604256 filed on Aug. 2, 2006, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention relates to a process for repeatedly validating a reusable identification badge or pass for predetermined periods of time. In particular, this invention provides a process for providing a clearly visible printed initial image, e.g., text or symbol, on an identification card (badge), removing such initial image and then coding such badge again with a subsequently generated image. 
         [0004]    More particularly, the invention relates to a process that may be used on numerous type substrate identification cards, particularly plastic identification cards, without the need for a specific type substrate material and/or substrate preparation, for repeatedly applying and removing a durable image code in the same area on an identification badge or pass. 
         [0005]    2. Related Art 
         [0006]    Given the present state of the art, the typical procedure is for companies to change employee identification badges once a year so that invalid identification badges are eliminated. However, this still means that an unauthorized person could use a visually valid badge for, say a year, until it is replaced. An ideal security system would provide identification badges that are validated continuously, e.g., every minute. However, the present state of the art makes such an update system impractical. However, it is relatively practical to have each employee validate their identification badge every day. Such daily validation substantially enhances the security of a facility by reducing the window for use of invalid badges to be at most only one day. 
         [0007]    Since validation dates are predictable, they are not a useful security means. Ideally, a daily validation system would employ a different image code, preferably randomly generated, associated with the specific date of use. Generally, generation of such a random code is known in the art and can be readily accomplished through known hardware and software. 
         [0008]    A major obstacle in instituting, for example, a daily validation system, is in printing the image code and/or associated date on all the different type identification badges used at a facility or group of facilities and organizing the logistics of having all the employees or authorized visitors pass through the validating stations at various times during the day. This is further complicated by the fact that such visitors or employees can enter and leave at various times through various entrances and exits. This is still further complicated by the fact that the employees and visitors carry their identification badges in various type holders and by various means. 
         [0009]    Within a facility, the human eye is typically the only “sensor” for reading identification badges. After passing through the entrance access portal of the facility where the electronic component of the access card is read, the identification badge is purposely worn so that other people can see and read it. However, except for the large printing and design colors, identification badges must be examined at close distances in order for the human eye to see the details. In particular, without close-up inspection, most of the visual data cannot be read, the visual authentication indicia on the face of the badges cannot be seen, and tampering with the credential cannot be detected. Thus, it is almost impossible for a person to confirm that an identification credential is valid from a distance of more than 50 cm. 
         [0010]    Until now, Applicant is not aware of any commercially practical means for providing daily visual updates or validation indicators for identification badges, particularly when the badges are not manufactured by the security department of the facility in which they are used. For example, many facilities permit contractors and employees from other companies to wear their own company-issued identification badges while in the facility. Since these badges may be manufactured and printed in ways other than that used by the facility, they will appear completely different from the facility issued badges and thus, would not be recognized as valid identification badges. Even CCTV cameras viewing nonstandard badges can provide a false reading. Another problem is that if an employee is in the facility wearing their identification badge that is visually valid, yet electronically void, the CCTV camera may not be able to identify this particular problem. 
         [0011]    Historically, any printing on plastic and non plastic cards is intended to be permanent. Typically, plastic identification cards, such as credit cards and badges, are issued with security and quality in mind. Thus, the printing on the card and the card itself is very rugged and durable. Thus, once the card is manufactured, it is intended to be almost impossible to change or alter any part of it. For security reasons these cards are designed to thwart altering and changing the data on the card. The visual appearance of these cards remains unaltered throughout its entire life, independent of the card&#39;s status such as expiring or even if the card is purposely voided because the credit card account was closed or compromised by theft. Thus, one cannot change the visual validity of the card, and it is for this reason that the cards usually contain an electronic component which is electronically read when the card is presented for use. 
         [0012]    In most instances, the user of an identification card will wear their card so that it is visible to people in the facility where they are located. For example, a person may be required to wear their identification badge at all times while they are in a facility, but this identification card may have been manufactured years before. There is currently no means to provide a visual indicator on an identification badge to show everyone who looks at it that the identification card is valid today and that the person wearing it is authorized to be in the facility today. Whereas a guard may be required to look at the identification badge when the person enters the facility at an access control portal, the guard will normally rely on the electronic reading that verifies that the card is valid and that the person is authorized to enter the facility. 
         [0013]    Once inside the facility, most identification badges look alike, exactly the way they were manufactured months or years before. Thus, it is impossible for any individual to determine if any particular person in the facility is authorized to be at the facility by merely viewing the badge. This presents a serious security problem in public domain facilities where people can enter a facility without passing through an employee or visitor access control portal, e.g., hospitals, airports, museums, seaports, university facilities, libraries, and so on. 
         [0014]    Applicant is not aware of any commercially viable secure solution to this invalid visual ID problem. One solution that has been proposed is to make the identification badge with an active or passive electronic display powered by batteries. It is also possible to have electronic contacts on the badge so that when the identification badge is read by the access control system, the badge displays information. However, this is expensive and impractical since there are many type identification badges that are incapable of being updated in such a manner. 
         [0015]    For the past several years, the development of an image coding concept has been stalled due to the difficulties encountered in applying and removing the image code onto the various types of identification badges, particularly plastic badges. Any useful and secure coding system for identification badges must be capable of applying a large image code, e.g., an image code for a specific date, that can be clearly displayed on the identification badge and then subsequently replacing it with another image code, i.e., that associated with the next days image code. One attempted solution is to apply a separate label for each image code. However, it is cumbersome and impractical to apply an adhesive label to each badge, every day for each separate image code generated for that day. Additionally, such adhesive labels can be relatively easily removed and transferred to other badges creating a security issue. 
         [0016]    One system that is used employs rewritable films manufactured by Ricoh and Mitsubishi Paper Mills of Japan. These rewritable films are constructed as part of the original badge or the rewritable film is added to the badge by applying it to the front surface as a pressure sensitive film. The image is created in the film by a thermal printing process by applying heat in a first heat-pass to erase the previous image code and then a second heat-pass to print a new image code. Although this system has certain applications, it is very complicated and expensive and difficult, for example, to modify all the employee badges at a facility or multiple facilities so that the system can be used. Additionally, such rewritable films can only perform for about 500 heating cycles before they must be replaced. Perhaps more important, when employing such a rewrite system the badges must be produced at a central location and are often used at a different facility that do not have the rewrite system and thus they cannot be updated with a new image code. 
       OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0017]    It is an object of this invention to provide a substantially universal process for applying coding images to any type or brand identification badge, particularly plastic badges or identification cards. 
         [0018]    It is a further object of this invention to provide an image coding security system wherein each employee at a facility can readily determine if an identification badge that they observe is authentic and valid for a predetermined period of time, e.g., that day. 
         [0019]    It is another object of this invention to provide a system of coding identification badges that offers substantial assurances for every employee that all the people in the facility are authorized to be there. 
         [0020]    It is another object of this invention to provide a system that prevents people from using unauthorized Identification badges, such as terminated employee badges, counterfeit badges, expired employee badges, and stolen employee badges that may initially appear “visually” valid. 
         [0021]    All of the foregoing objects of this invention and others are achieved by a process for validating an identification badge for a plurality of predetermined periods of time. The process comprises: 
         [0022]    generating an initial image for an initial predetermined period of time; 
         [0023]    transmitting the initial image to a printing device; 
         [0024]    printing the initial image on the identification badge to thereby validate the badge for the initial predetermined period of time; 
         [0025]    generating a subsequent image for a subsequent predetermined period of time; 
         [0026]    transmitting the subsequent image to the printing device; 
         [0027]    removing the initial image from the identification badge; 
         [0028]    printing the subsequent image on the identification badge to thereby validate the badge. 
         [0029]    In a preferred embodiment, the process includes imparting energy, such as infra red radiation, onto the card to remove the initial image printed on the card, generating the subsequent image for the subsequent period of time, and then transmitting this subsequent image to a printing device such as an ink jet printer. The ink jet device prints the image on the identification badge to thereby visually validate the badge for the subsequent period of time. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0030]    Other important objects and features of the invention will be apparent from the following Detailed Description of the Invention taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which: 
           [0031]      FIG. 1  is a cross section of a heat transfer ribbon used in the process of this invention. 
           [0032]      FIG. 2  is a front view of an identification badge that has been validated by the process of this invention. 
           [0033]      FIG. 3  is a schematic view of the printing system used in a process of this invention. 
           [0034]      FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of an identification badge that has had a plurality of validations. 
           [0035]      FIG. 5A and 5B  are schematic views of the printing station and ribbon used in the printing system for this invention. 
           [0036]      FIG. 6  is a schematic view of another embodiment of the printing station used in the printing system for this invention. 
           [0037]      FIG. 7  is a cross section of another type heat transfer ribbon used in the process of this invention. 
           [0038]      FIG. 8  is a front view of an identification badge that has been validated with an image code by the process of this invention. 
           [0039]      FIG. 9  is an ink jet printer for applying image codes to an identification badge, e.g., a plastic badge, after removing the previous image code by turning it into fine particles with an ultrasonic transducer. 
           [0040]      FIG. 10  is an ink jet printer for applying image codes to an identification badge after removing the previous image code with electromagnetic radiation or heat that causes the ink to vaporize into the atmosphere when the dye molecules of the ink sublimate, leaving little or no residue on the card surface. 
           [0041]      FIG. 11  is an ink jet printer for applying image codes to an identification badge after removing the previous image code by applying heat to soften and weaken the bonds of the ink film on the card surface and then pressing an adhesive type ribbon onto the ink for removal. The adhesive type ribbon also prepares the card surface for the next image code. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0042]    As used herein the terms identification badges or identification cards, or words similar thereto, are intended to include all types of identification documents and plastic and paper cards, including but not limited to, credit cards, bank cards, phone cards, passports, driver&#39;s licenses, network access cards, employee badges, tokens, fobs, debit cards, security cards, visas, immigration documentation, national ID cards, citizenship cards, social security cards and badges, certificates, identification cards or documents, voter registration cards, police ID cards, border crossing cards, security clearance badges and cards, gun permits, badges, gift certificates or cards, membership cards or badges, tags, CD&#39;s, retail promotion cards, consumer products, knobs, keyboards, electronic components, etc., or any other suitable items or articles that may record information, images, and/or other data, which may be associated with a person or brand identity, function and/or an object or other entities to be identified that requires a certain level of security, tamper resistance and may need to be repeatedly verified. 
         [0043]    U.S. Ser. No. 11/315,112, filed Dec. 23, 2005, now (“the parent applications”) provides a means for printing visual image codes whereby the initial image code is hidden by laying down a hiding layer over the printed visual image before the printing of the subsequent image code occurs. An additional aspect now additionally disclosed and claimed in this application, is directed to a means for removing the previously printed initial image code rather than hiding the initial image code. 
         [0044]    There are numerous specific image transfer systems and apparatus that can be used in this invention. For example, a first system employs a heat-activated adhesive transfer means. A second system employs a pressure-sensitive adhesive transfer means. 
         [0045]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , a thermal transfer ribbon  10  is provided having two layers  12 ,  13  coated onto a carrier substrate  11 . The carrier  11  is typically 0.2 to 0.5-mil polyester. Layer  12  is the image forming layer while layer  13  is an opaque transfer layer used to cover the previous image remaining on the identification badge  21 . Layer  13  is typically white, but it can be any color that makes it opaque, and it can also contain security modalities such as holographic images or reflective flakes. 
         [0046]    Referring to  FIGS. 1 and 3 , the function of the ribbon  10  is twofold. Firstly, it creates the image when the ribbon  10  passes under the thermal printing head  36 . Secondly, the opaque image layer  13  acts as the base support for the image created in layer  12  and obliterates, covers-up or hides the previous image code  33 . As shown  FIG. 3 , the thermal printer  30 , does not print directly onto the identification card surface, but transfers an image from the ribbon  10  to the identification card  21  surface by application of an opaque transfer layer  22  thereto. Preferably the transfer layer  22  is not a rigid substrate but is a substrate that is non cohesive such that when removed from the identification badge  21  it crumbles and disintegrates making it impossible to transfer to another badge and when so removed leaves a tamper evident residue. 
         [0047]    The mechanism by which the image is created depends on the specific thermal transfer ribbon construction. Layer  12  can be a colored ink which operates like standard thermal transfer ribbon. When the colored ink in layer  12  is heated, it melts and bonds to the opaque, e.g., white, base layer  13 , so that when the base layer  13  is transferred to the plastic card  21 , the base layer only carries the colored ink image with it, leaving the remainder of the colored ink, which was not heated, on the ribbon substrate  11 . The heating temperature to melt the colored ink  12  is much higher than that of the heating temperature required to transfer the base layer  13  to the identification card  21 , which is typically a plastic. Otherwise, all the colored ink  12  would be transferred with the base layer  13  when it is transferred. 
         [0048]    In a second embodiment, layer  12  is a clear coating of thermal chemicals. Thus, when the ribbon  10  is heated by the thermal print head  36  only that portion of the thermal chemical directly affected by the heating elements  37  change colors, leaving the remainder of the thermal chemicals on the ribbon  10  in their original state, e.g., a clear layer. Thus when the base layer ( 13  in  FIG. 1 and 22  in  FIG. 3 ) is transferred to the badge  21  surface, the entire direct thermal coating layer  12  can be transferred with it instead of just the printed portion of the layer. By transferring both layers  12  and  13  to the identification card  21  as shown in  FIG. 3 , less accuracy is required for controlling the separation of the various coated layers on the thermal transfer ribbon. 
         [0049]    Referring to  FIG. 2 , as a result of this process, the plastic identification card  21  preferably receives a randomly generated colored image code  23  when it is authorized by the validating unit for that day. The colored image code  23  is applied to the plastic card  21  on a white base layer  22 , which adhesively attaches to, for example, the plastic identification badge  21 . 
         [0050]    As shown in  FIG. 4 , the badge or card  21  may already have many image codes  51 ,  52  thereon that have been applied on previous days. The white base layer  22  will hide image codes directly below it from another day, as are the previously applied base layers hiding the respective image codes below them. However, because none of these applied layers have a rigid substrate, the entire mass of layers of resin  51 ,  52 ,  53  attached to the plastic card or badge  21  are difficult to remove in an orderly fashion so that it will make transferring these security image codes to another card difficult, if not impossible. 
         [0051]    One of the primary benefits of this image code printing and transfer system is that the image code itself lacks a strong and cohesive support structure, thus making it more tamper resistant and when removed will leave tamper indicating evidence on the card or badge. 
         [0052]      FIG. 3  depicts an example of one particular printing device for this image code coding system. In this device, ribbon  10  is transported through the printing device  30 . The device consists of three parts: the thermal printing head  36 , the image code transferring mechanism (solenoid)  38 , and the identification card  21  which receive the image code. The ribbon  10  moves at a uniform speed and is in contact with the printing head  36 . At the end of the head  36  is a linear array of individual heated printing elements  37  arranged to generate the image that has been transmitted to the head  36  and the pixel areas of the ribbon. If the colored component  12  of the ribbon  10  is a colored thermal ink, then the heat causes the colored ink to melt and bond to the white transfer coating  13  under it. If the component  12  is a direct thermal coating, then the heat causes the chemistry of the direct thermal coating to change color and remain bonded to the white transfer coating  13 . In either case, the image code is created within the thermal transfer ribbon so that it can be transferred to the identification card  21  at the next station  38  of the printing unit. 
         [0053]    This thermal transfer mechanism differs from conventional thermal transfer printing units in that in conventional thermal transfer printing the thermally created image is immediately and directly transferred to the receiving substrate, the printing process applying the melted colored ink directly to the receiving substrate. In this invention, the image is created within the ribbon before applying it to the substrate card. 
         [0054]    Referring to  FIG. 3 , the printed image  42  is transported to the image transfer station  38  as the ribbon moves along it the path. A sensor detects this image and activates the solenoid  38  which presses the thermal transfer ribbon onto the identification card  21  which receives the image. A heater  40  on the transfer platen  39  melts the white base layer  13  to the extent that it separates from the contiguous coating and enables the white base layer to bond to the plastic surface of the identification card  21 . Typically, the transfer platen  39  will be round so that alignment with the edges of the identification card  21  and underlying image codes is not critical. In particular, the transfer platen  39  is heated sufficiently to melt the white transfer layer, but not sufficiently to alter the image forming layer  12 . For color thermal ink in layer  12 , the heat is not sufficient to melt it and thus, only the image components melt and bond to the white base layer  13  from the print heat element  37  are transferred along with the white base layer  13 . 
         [0055]    Alternatively, if the image color forming layer is of the direct thermal type, the heat is not sufficient to convert the direct thermal chemistry. In this case, the transfer platen  39  only heats and transfers a round circle of both layers  12  and  13  onto the surface of the identification card  21 . 
         [0056]      FIG. 5A  is a schematic representation of a preferred ribbon  50  comprising a polyester substrate  51 ′, a color imaging coating  52 ′ and a pressure sensitive adhesive  53 ′ which is used to attach the color printed image  52 ′ to the identification card. In this construction, the color forming image coating  52 ′ can be either a thermal transfer ink or a clear direct thermal printing chemistry. The pressure sensitive adhesive  53 ′ needs to be die cut in order that discrete circles can be transferred from the ribbon  50  to the identification card itself. The die cut circles  53 ′ can be white, colored, or security composite adhesive materials, but they will need to be separate discrete units so that only one at a time is transferred to the identification card. Also, since the ribbon  50  could be self-wound, i.e., rolled onto itself, the top surface of the roll  55  will be silicone coated in order to act as a release liner. These self-wound rolls provide an easy means of dispensing the image code material. 
         [0057]    Referring to  FIG. 5B , the die cut circles  57  of the imaging materials are transported through the printer mechanism by the web  51 ′. As the image circles approach the print head  58 , there is no printing thereon. Under the print head, the heating elements  58  create the image as shown in  59  and upon reaching the point of application, the image has been fully printed  56 . 
         [0058]    Referring to  FIG. 6 , at application point  63  the identification card  65  is contacted with the adhesive of the printed image code. This is accomplished by the card being inserted into a slot and pressed against the image code adhesive  63  which is on the web of the printing ribbon  61 . When the card  65  is removed from the printing unit, image code  63  is attached to the identification card and the web  61  continues to the next image code material  64  to be printed. 
         [0059]    Whereas there can be many designs for these image code printing units, they typically process the image code media in a similar manner by printing the image code, transporting the image code to an application station, and then transferring the image code to the card itself. Other designs where the image code is printed and applied at the same location are possible with more complex mechanisms. Since the image code media has no substrate but only a weak resin matrix to keep it intact and to keep the image unaltered, it would be difficult to have the image code media pass through intermediate transfer mechanisms. 
         [0060]    As mentioned previously, this image code application process enables any identification card to be marked with image codes and does not require any special card material. The functional and marketing benefits of this are substantial. A second benefit of this image code processing system is that the image code itself posses better security than employing a labeling system with a substrate for the image code. Since single layers of the image code media cannot be removed intact, image codes can only be transferred by lifting off multiple layers of media where the increased bulk of these multiple layers produces enough strength within the material mass so support the top, most current image code. Image codes below the top layer will be impossible to separate from the mass. In addition, if one simply squeezes the mass of transfer material between their fingers, the image code image will be crushed and destroyed because there is no substrate to protect its integrity. Furthermore, it will be very difficult to strip out a single layer of media containing an image code because each layer has very little integrity. 
         [0061]    One additional operation factor that is important is the speed with which the image code can be applied to an identification card or badge. When the image code processing system requires that an entire identification card be transported into and out of the printer mechanism this process requires 10 seconds or more. It also means that the printing mechanism is subject to contamination and damage from the identification card passing there through. By only printing and applying the image code itself, both of these problems are avoided. The image code application process described in this invention, can be speeded up to one or two seconds. It is also possible to apply the image code to any portion of the card as opposed to only being able to apply it to a specific, limited location on the card. 
         [0062]    The printing process of this invention produces a large, dark, high resolution symbol that replaces or covers up or eliminates the previous symbol. It can print on any type of identification card or badge without damaging the card. The cycle is relatively rapid, e.g., 1-2 seconds after insertion of card, is completely automatic and permits the application of subsequent symbols or indicia for different time periods. 
         [0063]    More specifically, the printer should have the following characteristics:
       Logic Inputs to unit: Low voltage input line   Power requirements: 120/240 volts; 50/60 Hz   Installation: A freestanding unit can be placed anywhere   Panel mounted unit installed per specs   Size of unit 12″×12″×12″ max   Ribbon capacity: about 100 feet   A sensor to alert an operator that ribbon needs to be changed after a predetermined amount of symbols are printed.   Cycle time for printing &amp; applying a symbol: 1-2 seconds   Average time to insert and retrieve their Identification badge: 2-5 seconds   Maximum number of cards validated per hour: 360 people per hour   Size of symbol: 0.5″ to 0.75″   Size of white base coat for hiding previous symbol: 1/16″ all around maximum size of symbol   Color of symbol printing: Black   Ribbon construction: Two layers coated on 0.1-0.5 mil polyester ribbon:   Symbol forming middle layer: either direct thermal chemistry or thermal transfer ink; white base layer is heat activated adhesive which, when transferred to the plastic card, carries the colored image printing from the middle layer with it.       
 
         [0079]    Referring to  FIG. 7 , which is a cross section of an embodiment of a heat transfer ribbon used in the process of this invention, the ribbon  100  comprises a film carrier material  102  which is a polyester film of about 0.25 to 0.5 mil thickness. On top of this film carrier material  102  is a thin low friction slip layer  101 , which permits the ribbon  100  to easily slide over the print head. The ribbon  100  further includes a colored printing layer  103  and a white opaque layer  104  for overlaying and hiding any images or colors that were previously on the identification badge or card. The white opaque layer  104  on the lower side of the ribbon  100  is transferred and pressed onto a substrate, for example a plastic identification card or badge. The white opaque layer  104  adheres by pressure and heat means to the substrate. The white opaque layer  104  carries with it the black ink image  103  as it is stripped away from the film carrier  102 . Thus, the white layer  104  and ink layer  103  are stripped from the film carrier material  102  as a combined unit as the ribbon is transported through the printer. The image or code was created in the ink layer  103  upstream from its transfer in the transport path of the ribbon  100  and positioned under the transfer solenoid platen by any of a number of types of sensing devices. 
         [0080]    The materials used in the ribbons are known in the art. The materials commonly used are polymers, waxes, additives, tackifiers, fillers and pigments. Other layers could be incorporated into the ribbon such as release layers that allow easy release of each layer from the ribbon. There can be a release layer between the black ink layer  103  and the white opaque layer  104 , or there can be a release layer between the black ink layer  103  and the ribbon substrate  102 . These release layers can be composed of low melting point polymers, waxes, silicone-based resins, Teflon type materials, etc., that are well known in the art. 
         [0081]    One embodiment of a two layer thermal transfer ribbon is similar to that of a conventional single ink layer thermal transfer ribbon. In this embodiment, the ribbon comprises a 0.25 mil polyester ribbon film (Toray Plastics America, Inc; Toray Industries, Inc.) That contains a slip layer coating  101  on one side. On the opposite side of the ribbon film is a coated (2 lbs./ream) black thermal ink layer  103 , and the second layer is a white opaque (hiding) layer  104  (5 lbs./ream). The white opaque layer  104  and the black ink layer  103  transfer to the plastic card substrate by heat and pressure from the applicator solenoid and are released from the film substrate  102  after the solenoid platen lifts. The black thermal ink layer  103  and a possible release layer (0.1 lbs./ream), is bonded to the white opaque-layer  104  by the linear pattern heating performed by the print head heating elements prior to the combination being transferred by the solenoid platen to the identification plastic card substrate. Release layers of this type are well known in the art. 
         [0082]    The following is a description of the preferred elements of a preferred ribbon: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 % by 
                   
               
               
                 Layer 
                 weight 
                 Component Name 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Black Ink 
                 5 
                 Daran SI.143 (PVC, Tg—15 C.) 
               
               
                   
                 38 
                 Vycar 352 (vinyl emulsion, Tg = −62 C.) 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Hycar 1561 (acrylonitrile, Tg = −19 C.) 
               
               
                   
                 25 
                 Tint Ayd NV7345 (black pigment dispersion) 
               
               
                   
                 26 
                 Vycar 151 (vinyl emulsion Tg = 85 C.) 
               
               
                 Release 
                 95 
                 Teflon PTFE-35 
               
               
                 Layer 
                 5 
                 Vancryl (acrylic Emulsion Tg = 5 C.) 
               
               
                 White Opaque 
                 60 
                 Tint Ayd NV7003 TiO2 dispersion 
               
               
                 Layer 
                 30 
                 Hycar 26288 (Acrylic emulsion Tg = 25 C.) 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 Water 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Vycar &amp; Hycar trademarks of Noveon Inc 
               
               
                 Daran trademark of W.R. Grace &amp; Co 
               
               
                 Tint Ayd trademark of Elementis Specialties Inc 
               
               
                 Teflon Trademark of E.I. du pont de Nemours &amp; Co 
               
               
                 Vancryl trademark of Air Products &amp; Chemicals Inc 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0083]    The inventions described herein provide a practical means of adding visual data and designs, i.e., an image code, to an identification badge. In order to be practical, the image code must be able to be changed each day, but the printing cannot be permanently attached to the identification badges. The image code must be temporary, and yet it must be sufficiently durable to last for the authorized time interval such as a day or several days. It must also be able to be replaced by a subsequent image code for the next time interval. Thus, simply printing data or designs over the previous data or designs would not be practical because the previous image code would continue to be visible underneath. A hiding layer is required. Also, the identification badge or card itself may have been manufactured in a dark color like black or brown which would make the printing impossible to see. Thus, a light color is required. Hence, providing a practical printing means precludes the use of standard printing techniques. Note that whereas almost any printing device can print a white hiding layer before it prints a dark image layer, such a complicated printing device and/or procedure is impractical. 
         [0084]    There are a number of conventional printing techniques that could be employed in printing the image codes onto cards. These include ink jet printers, laser printers, thermal transfer printers, impact printers with ribbons, electrostatic printers. As pointed out earlier, most of these printing processes are designed for printing on thin, flat label stock, and one may be able to adapt them reliably and trouble-free to print on the flat face of cards of various thicknesses. 
         [0085]    In another embodiment of the invention wherein new image codes can be repeatedly printed in the same area on identification cards, a removal system is provided to remove the initial printed image code, and a printing system is provided to apply the subsequent image code. 
         [0086]    The removal system is designed to remove, for example, printing ink, by imparting enough energy (e.g., heat, mechanical energy) to the ink molecules to create a separation from the card surface, but not cause damage to the card. 
         [0087]    In order to remove the initial image code of printed ink, there are three required steps: 
         [0088]    1) Break the physical attachment (non-covalent bonds) between the ink particles and the substrate; 
         [0089]    2) Remove the particles (molecules) from the substrate surface; and 
         [0090]    3) Dispose of the removed particles, such as by capturing them in a filter. 
         [0091]    In another embodiment, liquids can be used to dissolve or interlace between the ink and the substrate. However, such a removal process can complicate the subsequent printing process. Such a system would also require several consumable supplies and substantial maintenance. 
         [0092]    Non-liquid removal systems are thus preferred, with removal systems that impart a sufficient amount of energy for removal being preferred, for example: 
         [0093]    1) Mechanical brushes (scrap-off) 
         [0094]    2) Ultrasonic fracturing and pulverizing to fine particles with air/brush removal (breakup &amp; mechanically remove) or adhesive film removal. 
         [0095]    3) Application of heat or radiation by various means, that also employ specifically designed inks for easy removal: 
         [0096]    a) Heat to cause sublimation (evaporation-off) of the ink as a vapor 
         [0097]    b) Heat to weaken the bonds plus air/brush (heat plus mechanical removal) 
         [0098]    c) Heat which releases gas bubbles to fracture and lift ink off the substrate (heat plus ablation) 
         [0099]    d) Heat to weaken the bonds plus mechanical pick-up to remove the printing ink such as using suction to pick-up the ink or use of a ribbon (the printing ribbon or a second ribbon with adhesive to pick-up the ink from the substrate surface). 
         [0100]    This invention contemplates printing the visible image codes using many different printing techniques and their corresponding inks, for example, thermal transfer inks, dye sublimation inks, offset inks, flexographic inks, toner inks, ink jet inks and hot-melt solid inks. In order to provide an ink that performs properly in the printing and removal process, various formulas for inks can be used. In general, the printing ink must be capable of being easily removed from the card, yet durable enough not to come off during the useful life of the card. 
         [0101]    Table 1 herein presents a typical formula for an ink jet ink that is easily removed by mechanical brushing. This ink has little binder to hold the pigment particles together so the mechanical brushes can fracture the ink film for easy removal. 
         [0102]    Table 2 herein presents a typical formula for an ink jet ink that employs sublimating dyes dissolved in a low molecular weight solvent which will vaporize when heated to above 80 degrees C. By applying sublimating dyes with little else (i.e., resin) in the ink, all molecular components will vaporize when the dried ink is heated for removal. 
         [0103]    Table 3 herein presents a typical formula for an ink which only weakly bonds to the plastic card surface. In addition, the binder in the ink becomes brittle when dried so that strong vibration from ultrasonic transducers will cause it to break up into micron size particles. 
       Tables 
       [0104]    All percentages are in weight percent. 
         [0105]    Ink formulas are approximate and for descriptive reference only. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 An inkjet ink that has low cohesive and low adhesive properties that 
               
               
                 is able to be removed from an identification card by mechanical 
               
               
                 means, such as with brushes or sandpaper from the substrate. 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 45% Printing ink lacquer diluents 
               
               
                   
                 25% Carmona Corp Printex 35 carbon black 
               
               
                   
                 10% Toluene 
               
               
                   
                 10% Shell Kraton 1107 (rubber resin) 
               
               
                   
                  5% Reichold Chemical Co Nirez 2040 
               
               
                   
                  5% Calcium carbonate (Georgia marble Co G-S80) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 An inkjet ink that is brittle (binderless) which can be removed by 
               
               
                 ultrasonic shock and brushing off the surface of the substrate. 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 40% 2-heptanone 
               
               
                   
                 25% water 
               
               
                   
                 10% Methyl alcohol 
               
               
                   
                 10% 1-decene 
               
               
                   
                 10% sodium lauryl sulfate 
               
               
                   
                  5% Victoria Blue FGA dye 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 A dye sublimation inkjet ink that can be removed from the substrate by 
               
               
                 heating to cause sublimation and to leave little or no residue. 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 60% Keystone Sublaprint Red 70011-M sublimation dye or equivalent 
               
               
                 20% Jon Cryl 624 resin binder 
               
               
                 15% Water 
               
               
                  5% Henkel 4010 defoamer 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 An inkjet ink that has good cohesive properties to form a film so that 
               
               
                 when heated, the film can be lifted off the surface by adhesive or 
               
               
                 suction means. 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 27% Zinc oxide powder (particle size 0.04 mu.m) 
               
               
                   
                 23% Toluene 
               
               
                   
                 21% Isopropyl alcohol 
               
               
                   
                 18% Polyethylene glycol 1#4000 
               
               
                   
                 11% Azo black dye (KST Black KR, Nippon Kayaku Co, Ltd.) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0106]    Several printer designs will be described which remove the printed image code by imparting energy into the ink particles so they separate from the substrate and can be blown off the surface with a jet of air. 
         [0107]    As previously discussed, the goal is to print onto the face of an identification card a new image code, usually each day. This image code must be large and clearly visible, having sufficient contrast with the background of the card to be seen from a distance. 
         [0108]    Thus, the printing devices used in this invention must provide at least four functions: 
         [0109]    1) a means for inserting and positioning the plastic card in the printer; 
         [0110]    2) a means for detaching or seperating the previous printing ink from the plastic card surface; 
         [0111]    3) a means for removing and disposing of the detached printing ink within the printing device; and 
         [0112]    4) a means for applying a new image code to the surface from which the printed image code has been removed. 
         [0113]      FIG. 8  is a typical identification card  280  made of polyvinylchloride or polyester. The card usually has a thickness between 10 and 30 mils. The design of the data on the card typically provides for a photograph  284  of the person at the top along with security data  282  on the face of the card. The validation image code  286  is updated at periodic times, e.g., daily, and overlays a white area  288  that is provided for the image code  286 . An important factor in employing validation symbols on any identification card system is that the same area, such as  288 , is “reserved” on every card  280  to accommodate the image code  286  to be printed thereon. Even if the identification cards are foreign to the facility&#39;s standard card that they manufacturer, the same area, such as the lower left or lower right quadrant is designated for the image code printing  286 . This makes it easy for all employees and security personnel to know exactly where to look for the day&#39;s valid image code. 
         [0114]    As shown in  FIG. 9  the printing device  210  has a slot into which the plastic card  212  can be inserted to a first position for removing the initial image code printing ink  220 . In this embodiment an ultrasonic transducer  218  is located above and in contact with the printing ink  220  so that upon application of electrical power to the transducer  218 , ultrasonic energy is imparted into the printing ink layer  220  on the face of the plastic card  212 . Typically these plastic cards are constructed of a strong material, such as PVC or polyester, that does not disassociate or fracture from the required level of ultrasonic energy applied by transducer  218  to remove the image code. 
         [0115]    Such ultrasonic transducers are manufactured by Herrmann Ultrasonic Inc and by APC International Ltd. These transducers are typically made of ceramic materials, such as lead zirconate titanate and can be configured to almost any shape. Typically, such transducers operate at frequencies between 25 and 40 KHz. However, their range can be extended in either direction. The wave form of the ultrasonic energy used for initiation of removal may be full wave, half wave, or continuous wave. It is estimated that the power required to fracture and pulverize the dried ink layer will be between 0.2 to 0.5 watts per square centimeter. However, the actual transducer to be used will depend on many factors such as the transducer design, the card materials, the ink formulation, the coating thickness of the ink, the time permitted to pulverize the dried ink layer, the size of the area of the printed image code, the potential damage to the card and other factors. For solid PVC or polyester cards, the ultrasonic energy can be easily tuned so as not to damage the card materials. However, for electronic cards that contain electronic chips, antennas, solder connections, and electrical contacts, care must be taken not to damage any of the components of the card. 
         [0116]    The ultrasonic energy applied or directed to the printed image code should be of sufficient frequency and strength to fracture the printing ink layer  220  into minuscule or micron size particles  222  which can be removed from the plastic surface by a jet of air  228  directed onto the card surface by the air tube  216 . The size and location of the air jet system  228  and the amount and velocity of the air put through the system  228  his dependant on the particle size created by the ultrasonic system  218  to be blown from the surface of the card  212 . As shown in  FIG. 11 , an alternate means of removing the ink particles  220  after separation from the card  212  is by an adhesive film  320 . This mechanism would preclude the need for the air vacuum system  226 ,  216  described in  FIG. 11 . 
         [0117]    Still referring to  FIG. 9 , the removal system must also be designed to accommodate a vacuum system  226  and associated air filter  224  to withdraw and capture the micron size ink particles that are produced by the ultrasonic process. It may be necessary to also provide a mechanism to move the ultrasonic transducer  218  over the card  212  to achieve optimum fracturing of the ink from the card  212 . 
         [0118]    Subsequent to removing the image code  220  and preparation of card surface area on which the image code is printed, the card  212  must be repositioned under the ink jet printer  230  for printing of the subsequent image code in such area. Such repositioning can occur by either moving the plastic card  212  from its initial position under the transducer  218  to its new position  214  or by moving the cleaning mechanism  218  away from the card  212  and the printing mechanisms  230  over the card  212 . In either case, the ink jet printer  230  provides the proper horizontal x-y motions in order to have the printing head  230  directly print the ink  232  for the new image code  234  onto the face of the plastic card  212 . It may be desirable for ergonomic or design considerations to maintain the plastic card stationary and have the various mechanisms in the printer move. 
         [0119]      FIG. 10  shows another embodiment of the image code removal and printing means. In this embodiment the card  252  is inserted into a slot which positions the printed image code area under a radiation energy source  260  which does not necessarily have to be in intimate contact with the surface of the plastic card  252 . The energy source  260  produces radiation  262  by any of a variety of means, e.g., infrared heat by a thermal emission source, intense light from a laser, or microwave radiation with heat-producing energy. The energy source  260  imparts sufficient energy to the printing ink layer  264  on the front surface of the card  252  to vaporize the ink molecules so that they become airborne. These particles are then removed by the air jet  258  which is directed onto the card surface by the air tube  256 . In the same manner as in  FIG. 9 , the molecular vapors of ink  266  are removed and carried from the card surface  252  by a vacuum system  270  with appropriate filters  268  that captures the molecular ink particles  266  that are produced by the vaporization process. The positioning of the plastic card  252  is important because after the cleaning process that prepares the printing surface for additional Image code printing  274 , the card  252  or the ink jet printer  272  must be repositioned so that the inkjet ink  271  is directly onto the appropriate area  274  of the plastic card. Again, this repositioning of the card  252  for subsequent printing of the new image code  254  can occur by either moving the plastic card  252  from its initial position to its new position  254 , or it can be accomplished by moving the cleaning and printing mechanisms  260 , 272 . In either case, the ink jet printer  272  provides the proper horizontal x-y motions in order to have the printing head  272  direct the ink  271  onto the face of the plastic card into a new ink image code pattern  274 . 
         [0120]      FIG. 11  shows yet another embodiment of the removal system and printing system that can be used in this invention. In this embodiment, the card  310  is inserted into a slot which positions the image code printing area  308  under a radiation energy source  302  which is focused on the printing area of the surface of the plastic card  310 . The energy source  302  produces radiation  304  by any of a variety of means, such as infrared heat from a thermal emission source, intense light from a laser, or microwave radiation with heat-producing energy. In all these cases, the energy source  304  imparts sufficient energy to the printing ink layer  308  on the front surface of the card to heat the ink molecules so that their molecular attraction to the card surface is weakened or broken completely. The loosened or airborne ink particles are removed by the air jet  336  which is directed onto the card surface by the air tube  306 . In the same manner as shown in  FIGS. 9 and 10 , the fine particles or flakes of ink  322  are carried from the card surface  310  to a vacuum system  326  with appropriate filters  324  provided to withdraw and capture the ink particles  322  that leave the card surface  310 . Additionally, the heated ink film  308  may still be loosely bound to the plastic card surface  310 . The card is then repositioned  336  so that the image code printing area is under an ink removal ribbon  320 . The ink removal ribbon  320  is a thin film with a light coating of adhesive on its surface. New ribbon is fed from the supply spool  314  to the take-up spool  312  so that as ink is lifted off the plastic card surface  310  by the ribbon  320 , the ribbon is advanced carrying with it the ink film  318  from the previous cards. In operation, the adhesive surface of the removal ribbon  320  is facing the image code printing area  336  and the ribbon  320  is pressed downward onto the card surface and lifted therefrom by a solenoid  316 . This effectively lifts off all the ink from previous image code printing and prepares the surface of the card  336  for printing the subsequent image code. Depending on the performance of the ink  308 , it may be possible to remove all the disassociated ink with an adhesive ribbon  320  and hence eliminate the air vacuum system  306 , 326 . If an ink formula is selected that produces a cohesive film after heating by the energy source  302 , the entire film  320  could be lifted off the surface of the plastic card  310  without residual particles or fragments remaining on the card. 
         [0121]    The next step is for the card  328  to be repositioned so that the ink jet ink  330  from the ink jet printer  334  is directed onto the appropriate area  332  of the plastic card. This repositioning can occur by either moving the plastic card from its previous position  336  to its new position  328 , or it can be accomplished by shifting one or more of the other stations  334 ,  316 . In either case, the ink jet printer provides the proper horizontal x-y motions in order to have the printing head  334  direct the ink  330  onto the face of the plastic card into a new ink image code pattern  332 . 
         [0122]    The process shown in  FIG. 11  for removing and printing image codes on identification cards provides a clean and fast printing device. In particular, cards that may contain dust or other contamination can be effectively prepared for printing so that the printing ink produces a good quality image and has good binding to the card for durable use. It also provides a simple mechanism for maintenance since all the supplies required can be inserted into the unit all at one time. 
         [0123]    Thus in summary, this invention provides a clearly visible printed image, text or symbol, on all employee, contractor and visitor identification badges entering a facility for daily visual validation of each person. The printer creates and applies, automatically, the image code onto all types of identification cards presented on a daily basis, the printing device receiving its data and commands from the facilities security access computer, which may or may not be, associated with other facility computer systems. Within an access controlled facility, this image code system provides a distinct visual image display on each person&#39;s identification badge to show that each person&#39;s identification badge has been checked for authenticity and validity. This system can be used with any identification badge system, and it can be used for any indoor or outdoor electronically controlled access area. 
         [0124]    More specifically, the inventions described herein provide one or more of the following practical benefits/options and/or applications for printing durable, reusable image codes on identification cards or badges: 
         [0125]    1. The printing does not use a substrate, so it is not transferable. The ink is printed directly onto the card surface. 
         [0126]    2. The printing can be any data or design, so one can provide a computer generated image code that is unique and unpredictable. 
         [0127]    3. The card receiving the printing can be reused as many times as desired until it is physically worn out. 
         [0128]    4. The printing inks require no exotic materials nor does the substrate have to be treated before printing, so it is relatively low cost 
         [0129]    5. Because the printing is computer generated, it can be applied to the card rapidly thus providing a fast and convenient operation 
         [0130]    6. The image coding of the card only needs to be performed once a day upon entering the facility or once a time cycle because it would remain clearly visible and valid during the time interval of use. 
         [0131]    7. The printing would be attached tightly to the face of the card so that it will be sufficiently durable to perform its function during the desired time interval yet could be removed the printing device before reprinting. 
         [0132]    8. Print the sequence number for people queuing in a line provides number sequence for passengers waiting to board airplanes without assigned seat numbers; sequence numbers for any other first come, first serve(time predicated) function. 
         [0133]    9. Validation of Promotion/Discount Card/Season Passes—Shows all personnel in a retail store or event that the card is valid and can be used today. This is particularly valuable when season passes and other high-value cards are counterfeited. 
         [0134]    10. When an employee enters an access control portal of a facility, the system can perform a biometric verification of the person submitting the particular identification card and thus, by applying an image code to that particular card, it shows that the person wearing the card is absolutely the person identified by the identification card. An additional benefit of the printing for identification cards by this invention is where the manufactured identification card does not show the persons name, etc, so the printing can display the persons name or other vital information to make it visible on the face of the card. 
         [0135]    11. If the card is an RFID card then the person&#39;s location or access points can be determined from a distance without card contact. This would provide real time monitoring of the individual as if the individual themselves would have an electronic chip implanted in them. Since these RFID cards are expensive, temporary printing on the card would serve as security for assignment purposes. 
         [0136]    12. In the case of retail and so called ‘loyalty’ cards, a person could use the card for an entire day by having the proper image code printed on the card at the first use of the card in a retail store where the person&#39;s ‘card’ and biometric data are confirmed or the person shows suitable identification to satisfy the retail agent that the retail card is actually theirs. 
         [0137]    13. As employed with retail cards described above, recently introduced contactless credit and debit cards do not require that the user provide a signature or any other proof of ownership of the card. This card may be used at many retail stores in a shopping mall or the like for the credit transaction. If the card was recently stolen, and not yet reported as such, then the contactless card could be used to steal a considerable amount of merchandise. In this situation, the first retail store register to accept the card could perform a biometric or other identification ‘proof’ exercise to confirm ownership by that particular individual and then print an authorized image code on the card so that all retail stores in the mall could accept the contactless card with confidence. 
         [0138]    While various changes may be made in the detailed construction and processes of this invention, it will be understood that such changes will be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Having thus described the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the foregoing description is not intended to limit the spirit and scope thereof. What is desired to be protected by Letters Patent is set forth in the appended claims.