Abstract:
A method is presented for shaping the spectral response of volume holographic grating elements by applying controlled thermal energy. The methods allow generating continuous or discontinuous grating periods from a fixed grating period. The methods are applicable to optical feedback into optical sources such as light emitting diodes, lasers and other general optical filtering applications.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This patent application claims priority to provisional patent application 61/070,406 filed on Mar. 21, 2008 and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for tuning the wavelength of laser diodes with an external cavity. An ultra-narrow band volume holographic grating is the filtering element of the cavity. The body of the present invention specifically relates to tunable lasers that are self-aligned. 
     Portions of the disclosure of this patent document contain material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
     2. Background Art 
     It is known that an optical cavity selects one or more wavelengths emitted by a laser amplifier medium. The well known Fabry-Perot cavity comprises two mirrors, one of which is partially transparent. The Fabry-Perot cavity is used for low power laser diodes (tens of mW) as well as high power (tens of Watts) laser diodes. Fabry-Perot cavities resonates at discrete wavelengths. These discrete wavelengths are obtained when an integer number of wavelengths equal one cavity round trip. Because the discrete wavelengths are closely spaced, multiple wavelengths are likely to be amplified by the wide spectrum amplifier medium. The resulting laser is called multimode longitudinal laser. 
     For certain applications, either a single mode longitudinal laser is required or a reduction in the number of longitudinal modes is beneficial especially for high power multimode lateral laser diodes. It is then necessary to implement a resonant external cavity which includes an additional mean to select the wavelength or group of wavelengths within the Fabry-Perot cavity. 
     There are numerous external cavity semi-conductor lasers (ECL) apparatus that have been presented in the scientific literature and which have found commercial success over the years. A review of the different architectures for ECL can be found in the “Tunable Lasers Handbook—tunable external-cavity semi-conductor lasers” by P. Zorabedian, chapter 8, Academic Press 1995. The background art for the present invention is related to tunable laser architectures that are self-aligned: 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,594,744 discloses an external cavity semi-conductor laser with a self-aligned cavity.  FIG. 1  illustrates the prior art. Laser diode  100  is collimated by lens  120 . A dispersive grating  140  intercepts the collimated beam and disperse the wavelength angularly into mainly the first order. A retro-reflector prism  130  oriented in a direction orthogonal to the dispersion plane reflects the first order dispersed beam. Because the reflected beam by the retro-reflector  130  has the same direction as the incident beam, the system formed by the dispersive grating and the retro-reflector form a self-aligned filter that send the filtered wavelength back into the laser diode  100 . 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,942,583 discloses an external cavity semi-conductor laser with a self-aligned cavity.  FIG. 2  illustrates the prior art. Laser diode  200  is collimated by lens  220 . An interference filter  240  is placed in the path of the collimated beam. By tuning the angle of incidence of the interference filter, the center wavelength can be changed. Lens  260  focuses the collimated beam onto mirror  280  which reflects the light path back into the laser diode  200 . This architecture is insensitive to angular tilt and lateral displacement. This laser cavity of this architecture is called degenerate as they are multiple sets of angles and laser spatial location for the laser cavity to be stable. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,691,989 and 7,298,771 disclose the use of volume holographic gratings (VHG) as spectrally selective reflectors as one of the mirrors in the external cavity. The volume holographic gratings described in the patents above are not dispersive and not to be confused with the dispersive gratings disclosed in the prior art of U.S. Pat. No. 5,594,744. VHGs filter light by using the Bragg effect. VHGs are well known optical elements described for example in Kogelnick, “Coupled wave theory for thick hologram gratings,” Bell Syst. Tech. J. 48, 2909-2947 (1969).  FIG. 3  illustrates the prior art architecture of a tunable laser employing a VHG. laser diode  300  is collimated by lens  320 . A reflective (or transmissive) VHG  340  is positioned at an angle in the path of the collimated beam. The diffracted (filtered) beam is directed toward a mirror  360  forming a right angle with the VHG. Mirror  380  retro-reflect the beam path back into the diode  300 . By varying the angle of VHG  340  the diffracted (filtered) wavelength is changed accordingly. The tunable external cavity is sensitive to angle changes of mirror  380 . Only one specific angle of mirror  380 , oriented such that the normal of the mirror is exactly parallel to the incoming beam, will feedback light into the diode  300 . 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention disclosed here teaches methods for self-aligning and tuning external cavities containing VHGs as the wavelength selective element. From the prior art it is known that only a very specific angle of the VHG will retro-reflect the filtered light back in the cavity of the laser diode. 
     This invention discloses methods for feedback into an amplifier medium that are insensitive to the VHG angle.  FIG. 4  illustrates one embodiment of the invention. The external cavity in  FIG. 4  is of degenerate type and contains a VHG. The collimated light from the Fabry-Perot laser diode  400  is incident on a reflective VHG. By adding a mirror  420  adjacent to the laser diode facet, positioned at the same focal plane, it is now possible to intentionally misalign the VHG so that the first diffracted (filtered) light bounces off the said mirror. Because the mirror is placed one focal length away from the collimating lens  430 , the first diffracted light is re-collimated with the same angle as the first diffracted light but traveling in opposite direction. The VHG re-diffracts the first diffracted beam to generate a second diffracted beam that is exactly counter-propagating with respect to the first collimated, unfiltered, beam. The second diffracted beam is thus self-fed into the laser cavity. Because the area of the adjacent mirror  420  can be made much larger than the area of the laser diode facet (e.g. 1 mm versus 1 micrometer), the angular sensitivity of the VHG with this degenerate cavity is one thousand times less sensitive than the prior art external cavity containing a VHG. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims and accompanying drawings where: 
         FIG. 1 : (Prior Art): Schematic of a tunable laser apparatus containing a dispersive grating and a self-aligned retro-reflecting mirror. 
         FIG. 2 : (Prior Art): Schematic of a tunable laser apparatus containing an interference filter in a degenerate self-aligned cavity. 
         FIG. 3 : Schematic of tunable laser apparatus containing a VHG. 
         FIG. 4 : Schematic of a tunable laser apparatus containing a VHG in a self-aligned degenerate cavity with a mirror adjacent to the laser emission facet. 
         FIG. 5 : Graph of the spectral filter shape of a VHG used in a double pass configuration. 
         FIG. 6 : Schematic of a tunable laser apparatus containing a VHG in a self-aligned degenerate cavity with a polarizing beam-splitter, quarter waveplate and a mirror positioned one focal length away from the collimated lens. 
         FIG. 7 : Schematic of the tunable of  FIG. 6  where the mirror is replaced by an array of liquid crystal (LC) cells and where the VHG has multiplexed gratings. 
         FIG. 8 : Schematic of the tunable of  FIG. 6  where the mirror is replaced by an array of switchable mirrors and where the VHG has multiplexed gratings. 
         FIG. 9 : Schematic of a tunable laser apparatus containing a dispersive grating in a self-aligned degenerate cavity with a polarizing beam-splitter, quarter waveplate and an array of switchable mirrors positioned one focal length away from the collimated lens. 
         FIG. 10 : Graph showing wavelength tuning versus angle change in the laser cavity of  FIG. 6 . 
         FIG. 11 : Schematic of a tunable laser apparatus containing a VHG positioned approximately at 45 degrees in a self-aligned degenerate cavity with a second lens and a mirror placed one focal length away. 
         FIG. 12 : Schematic of the tunable laser in  FIG. 11 , where a third planar mirror is positioned at right angle with the VHG to form a self-aligned degenerate cavity. 
         FIG. 13 : Schematic of a tunable laser apparatus containing a VHG positioned approximately at 45 degrees, a right angle reflector arrangement and mirror positioned adjacent to the laser facet one focal length away form the lens to form a degenerate self-aligned cavity 
         FIG. 14 : Schematic of a degenerate self-aligned second harmonic cavity with a VHG and a mirror positioned adjacent to the laser facet one focal length away form the first lens. 
         FIG. 15 : Schematic of a tunable laser apparatus containing a VHG in a self-aligned degenerate cavity with a polarizing beam-splitter, quarter waveplate and a lens-mirror assembly for retro-reflector. 
         FIG. 16 : Schematic of a tunable laser apparatus containing a VHG in a self-aligned degenerate cavity with a polarizing beam-splitter, quarter waveplate and “cat-eye” retro-reflector. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In the following description of the present invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration a specific embodiment in which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. 
     The methods disclosed below can be applied to more than one laser diode, for example with an array or stack of array of laser diodes such as commercially available high power laser diode bars and stacks. Furthermore, the laser diodes can be spatially single mode or spatially multimode, spectrally single mode or multimode or be of edge emitting or surface emitting type. For purpose of clarity, the embodiment refers to a laser diode with the understanding that it can be any of the above. 
       FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of tunable laser with a VHG in a degenerate self-aligned cavity. A laser diode  400  rests on a sub-carrier mount  410 . The light emitted from the laser diode is first collimated by a single lens or lens assembly  430  to provide a first collimated beam. A reflective VHG  440  is positioned in the path of the said collimated beam so as to diffract (filter) said first collimated beam in a direction which makes a small angle with said first collimated beam. The efficiency of the VHG can be chosen to be high or low depending on the feedback level sought. The part of the beam that is not diffracted goes through the VHG and forms a first output beam  460  of the cavity. The first diffracted beam is focused by the lens or lens assembly  430 . Because the first diffracted beam makes a small angle with respect to the first collimated un-diffracted beam, the first diffracted beam comes in focus at the focal plane of the lens assembly  430  at a spatial location away from the emission facet of the laser diode  400 . A mirror  420 , which can be planar or which can have the curvature of the focal “plane” is placed adjacent to the laser diode emission facet  400  at a distance equal to the focal length from the lens assembly  430 . Upon reflection from the mirror  420 , the first diffracted beam is re-collimated by the lens assembly  430  providing a second collimated beam propagating in a direction opposite to the first diffracted beam. The second collimated beam is re-diffracted by the VHG  440 , providing a second diffracted beam that is propagating in a direction opposite to the first collimated beam and providing a second output beam  470 . A photodetector  480  maybe positioned in the path of the second output beam to receive output beam  470 . The electrical signal generated from the photodetector maybe used for controlling the emission characteristics of the external cavity laser. For example the signal can be used to control the cavity length via a piezo-electric actuator (not shown) mounted on the VHG or in combination with the temperature and the current of the laser diode. 
     Tunability is achieved by rotating the VHG in either of two ways. In a first embodiment the VHG is rotated around an axis approximately perpendicular to the plane formed by the direction of the first collimated beam and the grating vector. In a second embodiment, the VHG, whose grating vector makes an angle with respect to the direction of the first collimated beam, is rotated around any axis going through the point formed by the intersection of the grating vector and the direction of the first collimated beam. Two axis of rotation will not tune the wavelength, namely the grating vector axis and the direction of the first collimated beam. It is well known that the wavelength of the diffracted beam depends on the angle of incidence. Both methods of rotation disclosed change the angle of incidence and therefore the diffracted wavelength. The tuning range is limited by the aperture of the lens assembly  430  and the lateral dimension of the mirror  420 . A tuning range of 5 nm was achieved with this architecture ( FIG. 10 ). The laser cavity of  FIG. 4  is called degenerate because the effective feedback into the cavity is insensitive to angular change and spatial motion of the VHG  440  and mirror  420 . 
       FIG. 5  is a graph representing the filter shape of a reflective VHG. The single pass filter shape refers to the spectral shape of the first diffracted beam in  FIG. 4 . The double pass filter shape refers to the spectral shape of the second diffracted beam in  FIG. 4 . Upon a second pass the filter bandwidth decreases from 0.03 nm to 0.024 nm. 
     The cavity length shown in  FIG. 4  is approximately 4 times the focal length of the lens assembly  430 . For comparison, the cavity length of Prior Art external cavities ( FIG. 1 ,  2 ,  3 ) is approximately twice the focal length of a similar collimated assembly. Because of the folding configuration, the physical length of the external cavity laser is of the order of the focal length whereas the cavity length that determines the linewidth is 4 times as long. It is well known in the Art that the linewidth of external cavity semi-conductor lasers varies with the inverse of the square of the cavity length. Therefore, the embodiment disclosed in  FIG. 4  provides a laser linewidth similar to prior art external cavity lasers but approximately 4 times more compact. 
       FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram of another embodiment. A laser diode  600  rests on a sub-carrier mount  610 . The linear polarization light emitted from the laser diode  600  propagates through a polarizing beamsplitter  620  oriented in such away as to transmit nearly 100% of the linear polarized beam. The diverging beam is then collimated by a single lens or lens assembly  630  to provide a first linear polarized collimated beam, which propagates through a quarter waveplate  635  to produce a first circularly polarized beam. A reflective VHG  640  is positioned in the path of the said first circularly polarized collimated beam so as to diffract (filter) said first circularly polarized collimated beam in a direction making a small angle with said first circularly polarized collimated beam. 
     The efficiency of the VHG can be chosen to be high or low depending on the feedback level sought. The part of the beam that is not diffracted goes through the VHG and forms a first output beam  670  of the cavity. The first circularly polarized diffracted beam propagates through the quarter wave plate  635  to produce a first linearly polarized diffracted beam whose polarization is orthogonal to the polarization of the first linearly polarized collimated beam. The first linearly polarized diffracted beam is then focused by the lens or lens assembly  630 . The first linearly polarized diffracted beam is deflected by the polarizing beam-splitter  620  and focused onto a mirror  660  positioned at the focal plane of the lens assembly  630 . Upon reflection on the mirror  660 , the divergent beam is deflected a second time by the polarizing beam-splitter  620  and re-collimated by the lens assembly  630  to provide a second linearly polarized collimated beam. After propagating through the quarter wave plate  635 , a second circularly polarized collimated beam is produced which propagates in the opposite direction as the first linearly polarized diffracted beam. Consequently the second circularly polarized collimated beam is diffracted by the VHG  640  to produce, after propagating through the waveplate  635 , a second linearly-polarized diffracted beam whose polarization has the same direction as the first linearly polarized collimated beam and whose direction of propagation is opposite. 
     A second output beam  675  is produced as the result of the un-diffracted portion of the second circularly polarized collimated beam. A photodetector  680  maybe positioned in the path of the second output beam to receive output beam  675 . The electrical signal generated from the photodetector maybe used for controlling the emission characteristics of the external cavity laser. For example the signal can be used to control the cavity length via a piezo-electric actuator (not shown) mounted on the VHG or in combination with the temperature and the current of the laser diode. 
     Tunability is achieved by rotating the VHG in either of two ways. In a first embodiment the VHG is rotated around an axis approximately perpendicular to the plane formed by the direction of the first collimated beam and the grating vector. In a second embodiment, the VHG, whose grating vector makes an angle with respect to the direction of the first collimated beam, is rotated around any axis going through the point formed by the intersection of the grating vector and the direction of the first collimated beam. Two axis of rotation will not tune the wavelength, namely the grating vector axis and the direction of the first collimated beam. It is well known that the wavelength of the diffracted beam depends on the angle of incidence. Both methods of rotation disclosed change the angle of incidence and therefore the diffracted wavelength. The tuning range is limited by the aperture of the lens assembly  630  and the lateral dimension of the beam-splitter  620  and mirror  660 . 
     The laser cavity of  FIG. 6  is called degenerate because the effective feedback into the cavity is insensitive to angular change and spatial motion of the VHG  640  and mirror  660 . 
       FIG. 7  is a schematic diagram of another embodiment which is a variation of the schematic diagram of  FIG. 6 . The difference between the schematic diagram of  FIGS. 6 and 7  is the VHG  740  and the array of reflective liquid crystal cells  760  replacing the mirror  660  in  FIG. 6 . The VHG  740  in this embodiment consists of multiple reflective volume holographic gratings overlapping in the same volume. Each grating diffracts (filters) a specific wavelength in a specific direction. 
     The array of reflective liquid crystal cells  760  is positioned in the focal plane of the lens  730 . Diffraction from the VHG containing N gratings produce N diffracted beams propagating at different angles and with different wavelengths. The N individual beams are simultaneously focused at different spatial cell locations on the reflective liquid crystal cells  760 . The beam of on each cell has a specific distinct wavelength by design of the VHG  740 . Activating a voltage on a liquid crystal cell rotates the polarization of the beam. By applying the appropriate voltage on the cell, the polarization of the beam reflected off the cell can be rotated by 90 degrees. In this case the polarizing beam-splitter  720  let the beam with the 90 degree rotated polarization go through and thus prevent feedback in the laser cavity. When no voltage is applied to a cell, the polarization of the reflected beam is not affected and the beam can contribute feedback to the laser as explained in the embodiment of  FIG. 6 . By applying the appropriate voltage to all cells but one, only a specific beam (i.e. wavelength) is fed-back into the cavity to generate a single mode longitudinal laser. Specific multimode longitudinal operation can be obtained by applying voltage to specific cells. 
     This cavity is therefore tunable by discrete wavelength steps by the disclosure above. By adding a slight rotation to the VHG such as described in the embodiment of  FIG. 6 , a continuous wavelength can be achieved. A piezo-electric actuator (not shown) on which the VHG  740  or liquid crystal cells  760  are mounted can add cavity length adjustment for mode hop free tuning. 
       FIG. 8  is a schematic diagram of another embodiment which is a variation of the embodiment of the schematic of  FIG. 7  where the array of reflective liquid crystal cells  760  is replaced by an array of reflective mechanical electrical micro-mirrors  860  (MEMS). The MEMS  860  can either deflect the reflected beam in a direction such that the beam is blocked by the aperture of the components in  FIG. 7  or other baffle apertures (not shown), so that the feedback in the cavity is prevented or the MEMS  860  can reflect the beams such that it provides feedback into the cavity according to the embodiments described in  FIGS. 6 and 7 . 
       FIG. 9  is a schematic diagram of another embodiment which is a variation of the embodiment of the schematic of  FIG. 8  where the multiplexed VHG  840  is replaced by a dispersive grating such as a blazed relief grating 
       FIG. 10  is an experimental measurement of the wavelength tuning using the schematic tunable architecture of  FIG. 6 . The graph shows the single mode wavelength in the y axis as a function of the angle of the VHG. 
       FIG. 11  is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of a tunable laser with a VHG in a degenerate self-aligned cavity. A laser diode  100  rests on a sub-carrier mount  1110 . The light emitted from the laser diode is first collimated by a single lens or lens assembly  1130  to provide a first collimated beam. A reflective VHG  1140  is positioned in the path of the first collimated beam at angle approximately equal to 45 degrees with respect to the first collimated beam so as to diffract (filter) said first collimated beam to provide a first diffracted collimated beam propagating in a direction making approximately a right angle with the first collimated beam. 
     The efficiency of the VHG  1140  can be chosen to be high or low depending on the feedback level sought. The part of the beam that is not diffracted goes through the VHG and forms a first output beam  1170  of the cavity. The first collimated diffracted beam is focused by another lens assembly  1150  and focused onto a mirror  1160  placed at the focal plane of lens assembly  1150 . Upon reflection the beam is re-collimated by lens assembly  1150  to provide a second collimated beam propagating in a direction opposite to the first collimated diffracted beam. The second collimated beam is diffracted by the VHG  1140  to provide a second collimated diffracted beam and a second output beam (the un-diffracted part of the beam)  1175  detected by photo-detector  1180 . The second collimated diffracted beam propagates in a direction opposite the first collimated beam. By virtue of this self-alignment, the second collimated diffracted beam is focused by lens assembly  1130  into the laser diode emission facet  1100  which provides the wavelength selective feedback. Mirror  1160  can also be replaced by arrays of liquid crystal cells or array of MEMS such as described in embodiments of  FIGS. 7 and 8  and the VHG  1140  can be replaced by a VHG with multiple gratings such as described in  FIGS. 7 and 8 . 
       FIG. 12  is a schematic diagram of another embodiment, which is a variation of the embodiment in  FIG. 11 . An additional mirror  1260  is positioned at right angle with respect to the VHG  1240  so that wavelength tuning is performed by rotating the assembly composed of the mirror  1260  and the VHG  1240 . By rotating this assembly the collimated beam reflected off the mirror  1260  is parallel to the collimated beam incident on the VHG  1240  and at the same time the wavelength is tuned. 
       FIG. 13  is a schematic of another embodiment of a tunable laser containing a VHG in a degenerate self-aligned cavity. The light emitted from the laser diode  1300  is first collimated by a single lens or lens assembly  1330  to provide a first collimated beam. A reflective VHG  1340  is positioned in the path of the said collimated beam at angle of approximately 45 degrees with the first collimated beam. The VHG  1340  diffracts (filters) the first collimated beam in a direction making approximately a right angle with the first collimated beam and provide a first diffracted collimated beam. The efficiency of the VHG  1340  can be chosen to be high or low depending on the feedback level sought. The part of the beam that is not diffracted goes through the VHG  1340  and forms a first output beam  1380  of the cavity. The first diffracted beam is reflected by mirror  1350  positioned at an approximately right angle with respect to the VHG  1340 . The reflected beam off mirror  1350  propagates in a direction parallel and opposite to the first collimated beam. The reflected beam from mirror  1350  is again reflected by a second mirror  1360 . The mirror  1360  is tilted around a rotation axis in the plane formed by the grating vector of the VHG  1340  and the collimated beam reflected off mirror  1350 . The rotation axis is approximately orthogonal to the collimated beam reflected off mirror  1350 . The collimated beam reflected off mirror  1360  and  1350  makes a small angle with the VHG in the off-Bragg direction. If the angle is small, the beam is still Bragg matched and thus re-diffracted by VHG  1340 . The small angle in the off-Bragg direction provides a collimated beam that comes into a focus, after propagating through lens  1330 , at a location in the focal plane slightly off the laser diode emission point  1300 . A third mirror  1370  is positioned at this location to reflect the beam back onto itself. 
     On the second pass into the cavity, the beam is automatically fed-back into the laser cavity by diffracting on the VHG  1340  twice. The wavelength is tuned by rotating the VHG around an axis that is orthogonal to plane formed by the grating vector and the first collimated beam. 
     In embodiments described by  FIGS. 4 ,  6 ,  7  and  8 , the tuning characteristic can be made mode hop free with open loop. Wavelength tuning can be performed by rotating the VHG around an axis formed by the direction of the first collimated beam. Doing so changes the filter wavelength. By providing an arrangement by which upon rotating the VHG, the cavity length is simultaneously changed, for example by mounting the VHG on a threaded mount with appropriate thread pitch, in a way that the cavity modes are tracking exactly the wavelength change, the tuning can be made mode hop free and open loop. 
       FIG. 14  is a schematic of an embodiment of a degenerate self-aligned second harmonic cavity laser containing a VHG. The laser diode  1400  that optically pumps a laser gain material  1420 , such as but not limited to YAG or Vanadate. The facet of the gain material  1420  facing the pump laser diode  1400  has a transparent coating for the pump source, such as but not limited to 808 nm, and a reflective coating for the fundamental and second harmonic laser wavelength, such as but not limited to 1064 nm and 532 nm. The opposite facet of the gain material  1420  has a transparent anti-reflection coating for the fundamental laser wavelength and the pump light. 
     A non-linear material  1430  is placed in closed proximity to the gain material  1420 , as it is well known in art, for example if green laser pointers. The facet of the non-linear material  1430  facing the gain material  1420  has a high reflective coating at the second harmonic wavelength and low anti-reflective coating at the fundamental wavelength. The opposite facet of the non-linear material  1430  has a low reflective coating for the second harmonic wavelength and a high reflective coating at the fundamental wavelength. The assembly comprised of the laser diode  1400 , the gain material  1420  and the non-linear material  1430  is well known in the art. 
     The gain material  1420  pumped by the laser diode  1400  generates light at the fundamental wavelength. Said fundamental light resonates in the cavity formed by the front facet of the gain material  1420  and the exit facet of the non-linear material  1430 . The non-linear material  1430  converts said fundamental light to the second harmonic, which propagates in the same direction as the fundamental beam. A beam expander is formed by assembly lens  1460  and assembly lens  1490  to increase the collimated size of the fundamental beam  1450 . The focal length of the lens assembly  1460  is such that is collimates the portion of the laser diode pump light  1440  that has not been absorbed by the gain material  1420 . A reflective VHG  1470  receives the collimated pump beam and diffracts (filters) the collimated pump beam to generate a first diffracted beam at an angle slightly different than the propagation direction of the collimated pump beam. A mirror  1410  is positioned one focal length away from lens  1460  and positioned adjacent to the laser diode emitter to reflect the focused first diffracted beam. The light reflected from mirror  1410  is re-diffracted by the VHG  1470  to produce a second diffracted beam propagating in the opposite direction as the first collimated beam. The second diffracted beam is by design automatically aligned to feedback in to the laser diode facet  1400 . 
     The laser device in this embodiment features a broader temperature range of operation than the prior art because the pump light, whose wavelength depends on temperature, is locked to the wavelength of the VHG, which has a much smaller temperature variation with temperature. By locking the wavelength in temperature, the laser diode can pump the gain material at the peak of its absorption range and thus enhances the efficiency and extend the temperature range. 
     A detector  1480  is placed next to one facet of the VHG  1470  so as to not obstruct the beam and to detect the second harmonic light via the scattered light from the VHG  1470 . The detector signal can be used to control the power of the laser diode pump in order to keep a constant second harmonic power output. 
       FIGS. 15 and 16  are schematics of another embodiment, which is a variation of the embodiment of  FIG. 6 . In  FIG. 15 , the main difference is that the polarizing beam-splitter  1520  and quarter waveplate  1530  are positioned after the lens collimation assembly  1510  rather than before the lens assembly as it is described in  FIG. 6 . A reflecting assembly composed of a second lens assembly  1525  and a reflecting mirror  1530  positioned at the focal plane of the second lens assembly performs the function of mirror  660  in  FIG. 6 . In  FIG. 16 , the reflecting assembly is composed of a retro-reflector  1630  such as for example a corner cube reflector or prism reflector.