Abstract:
A method of remotely detecting rule violations at an outdoor site according to one aspect of the invention includes installing a self-contained VMU at the outdoor site near ground elevation, including affixing a chassis of the VMU to a permanent mount. The VMU is operated in a low-power standby mode that includes passively monitoring an ambient magnetic field at the outdoor site to detect a disturbance caused by a presence of a substantial ferrous object. In response to a detection of a disturbance in the ambient magnetic field, the VMU exits the low-power standby mode and initiates an active operating mode. The active operating mode includes operating a video camera by the VMU to capture video data; and wirelessly transmitting a signal representing at least a portion of the video data to a computer network. The video data is received by a remote node in the computer network via the computer network, and stored in association with a database record.

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/662,205, filed Mar. 16, 2005 and which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 

   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention generally relates to remote video monitoring and, more particularly, to monitoring of remote outdoor locations (such as trails, boat landings, borders) for detection and video capture of potentially unauthorized activities, and transmission of captured video sequences to a remote monitoring center for storage and analysis. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Monitoring of activity to ensure laws are abided by, such as protecting private property from trespassers or policing proper use of natural resources, at remote sites can be manpower-intensive. Having an enforcement officer present at the appropriate time and place to prevent, recognize, and cite an infraction is unlikely for many reasons. For example, to place a conservation officer or security guard at an access point to monitor lawful access to land and appropriate usage of resources would require at least $120,000 per year per location, and local governments and private organizations or landowners simply do not have the financial and other necessary resources to staff their remote sites around-the-clock. Also, it is generally understood that lawfulness of conduct is greatly affected by the presence or absence of an enforcement officer. Thus, in the usual instance when an enforcement officer is absent, unlawful activity is much more likely to take place and go un-checked. The use of volunteers or interns in lieu of enforcement officers is often ineffective as a deterrent to unlawful activity as the volunteers and interns lack the authority to issue citations to infractions. 
   In order to capture usage activities occurring in remote locations and notify authorized personnel for enforcement actions against improper use, an unmanned, low maintenance system for capturing activities when they occur is desirable. Capturing video images may provide the added benefit of evidence if there is to be enforcement sought such as criminal prosecution or civil remedies. Video camera technology for safety and security monitoring is well-known and widely deployed. Common applications include protecting premises, personal safety, traffic management and rule enforcement. For example, typical traffic monitoring systems are directed to identifying congestion, speeding or red-light running instances. These systems utilize outdoor cameras to remotely capture still image or continuous video sequences, which are subsequently analyzed at special monitoring centers manned 24 hours a day by dedicated personnel. Certain applications are known in which multiple cameras are deployed that are automatically monitored by locally-housed computer systems that can select specific video sequences for transfer to a centralized monitoring center. 
   Conventional video monitoring systems generally enjoy the advantages of having an AC mains power supply and communications connectivity that can enable the user to select full-function video camera features and functionality (e.g. pan, tilt, zoom, high-definition CCD image sensing, or locally-housed image storage). Typically, mounting locations for video monitoring cameras are selected to be physically inaccessible to the public (such as at elevated points) or at places where pedestrian access is prohibited (such as at parking ramp exists). The general area of deployment tends to be around population centers where there is existing mounting structures, abundant electrical power, and communications infrastructure. These types of technologies are not well-suited to monitoring remote locations, such as in rural outdoor sites in which electrical power and communications infrastructure is not present or readily accessible. 
   For instance, conventional video cameras have significant power requirements such that mains power is necessary at the camera locations. Moreover, conventional network-accessible cameras require a readily available broadband networking capability to communicate. For remote deployment, providing power and communications infrastructure is impracticable. Conventional solutions for protecting the remote-mounted cameras from vandalism, such as mounting the cameras 18 feet or more above the ground is costly without the ability to use existing structures and wiring. Deploying these systems at or near ground level (for example, such that the camera is between 1 and 5 feet from an elevation of a road or trail) or in remote locations to capture infractions only viewable near the ground would quickly render damage to these systems by those individuals whose activity is to be captured at a location where there are no other personnel in the vicinity. Also, conventional camera housings are typically not hardened to the area of deployment. A person with malicious intent could fairly easily dispatch a conventional camera with a shot from a rifle. 
   The use of hidden or unobtrusively-placed video cameras limits the camera&#39;s ability to capture critical identifying information about the subject being monitored, such as a license plate number or boat registration ID. Moreover, hidden cameras do not provide a deterrent effect for unlawful behavior, which is desirable in some cases. 
   Remote location video monitoring systems presently exist that selectively capture still images or video sequences in response to a certain sensed event. One type of event-triggered system is the intersection infraction camera systems deployed in many cities. The intersection infraction (i.e. red light running) cameras can utilize various sensing mechanisms to detect the presence of a vehicle in an intersection. One type of well-known sensing technology is an induction-type sensor in which a magnetic field is generated by under-street magnetic radiating antenna stimulating signal generator coupled thereto. When a vehicle passes through the radiated magnetic field, the voltage induced in the loop by the magnetic field changes, and this change is detected by sensing circuitry. Another type of sensing technology involves the use of radar or laser instruments such as those used for measuring the speed of vehicles. Other mechanisms for detecting an intersection infraction involves taking continuous video and analyzing the images in the video to detect the presence of a vehicle at certain times. All of these types of sensing technologies involve emitting relatively high-energy signals or operating the monitoring system continuously for video capture and processing. As described above, due to the lack of power infrastructure, these triggering technologies are not suited for remote non-urban outdoor site monitoring. 
   Infra-red (IR) motion detectors for use in triggering remote video monitoring cameras are known. These types of motion detectors are generally low-power and respond to detected movement of people and animals in addition to the movement of certain vehicles. However, IR motion detectors cannot specifically distinguish vehicles from animals. Therefore, IR motion detectors are not well suited for detecting activities involving vehicles while ignoring other types of activities. IR motion detectors also require a visual line-of-sight to the monitored site. This requirement adds significant design and cost constraints. It is also quite difficult to use IR sensors and protect them from environmental and vandalism damages. 
   To date, a practical solution for remote video monitoring of non-urban outdoor sites for specific activities has not been proposed. In view of the limitations of existing video monitoring technologies described above, as well as other related limitations, the existing remote video monitoring technologies are not readily adaptable to such applications. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   Aspects of the invention are directed to systems deployable to one or more remote locations to detect and monitor certain events or conditions, capture video of activities of interest, and transmit captured video over a computer network such as the Internet, for example, to an off-site database that stores and organizes captured videos. Preferably, captured videos are associated with the corresponding locations where the videos were captured. To reduce the manpower needed to review and analyze the events captured on video, the system can optionally perform video image analysis to identify vehicles, certain activities, and rule infractions. The videos and related data can be made available to authorized individuals for retrieval and reviewing over a computer network. 
   A video monitoring unit (VMU) comprises a digital video camera, an activity sensor, a circuit programmed to provide power to the camera to initiate its video capturing for a preset period of time, and an antenna to wirelessly communicate this to a Wireless Access Point for storage on a server. In one embodiment supporting the power demands for this method are solar panel(s), rechargeable batteries, and a solar controller to ensure efficient battery charging and utilization. 
   In one embodiment, the VMU communicates with a remote server through a wireless access point that has been established within wireless communications range. Preferably, a camera with built-in web server is configured to communicate either encrypted or unencrypted data and transfer video sequences associated with the VMU&#39;s unique identifier to the remote server. The remote server assigns a device/date/timestamp to the video sequence and stores it in the appropriate directory on the server. Additional software is used to review the image information and store its metadata in a database. The meta data comprises any of: a location identifier, map coordinates, date, time, duration of video, identified license plate, positive infraction indicator. License plate identification software is used to convert a frame of video showing the license to an actual character sequence that can be searched on. Image recognition software is utilized to identify the potential presence of invasive species on the boat trailer or identify a registration sticker that is not current. 
   Preferably, a remote user can gain access to the website through any Internet connected computer system with a standard browser. The user is authenticated for their particular section of the database for which they are allowed to view activities. The user is then provided with a Geographical Information System map (such as the MAP Server standard) which is overlayed with the clickable locations as to where the local surveillance units are located. By clicking on one of these remote locations, the user is presented with a view of recent transactions collected by that unit upon which they can click to pull up a video playback screen. They have the additional capability of querying the database based on date ranges, license plate numbers, or potential infraction indicators to retrieve a more refined list of videos to review. Any video playback can be paused and a snapshot taken for inclusion in a communication or potential citation issuance. 
   To facilitate maintenance or management of the remote environment, the browser and application software of the remote computer system may communicate with the VMU via the Internet or any other communications network. 
   A method of remotely detecting rule violations at an outdoor site according to one aspect of the invention includes installing a self-contained VMU at the outdoor site near ground elevation, including affixing a chassis of the VMU to a permanent mount. The VMU is operated in a low-power standby mode that includes passively monitoring an ambient magnetic field at the outdoor site to detect a disturbance caused by a presence of a substantial ferrous object. In response to a detection of a disturbance in the ambient magnetic field, the VMU exits the low-power standby mode and initiates an active operating mode. The active operating mode includes operating a video camera by the VMU to capture video data; and wirelessly transmitting a signal representing at least a portion of the video data to a computer network. The video data is received by a remote node in the computer network via the computer network, and stored in association with a database record. 
   A system for automatically monitoring a plurality of outdoor sites according to another aspect of the invention includes a plurality of VMUs, each VMU installed at a corresponding one of the plurality of outdoor sites, and each VMU comprising: a ruggedized housing fixed to a non-movable base, a video capture circuit, a first event sensor circuit, a radio transmitter circuit, and a controller circuit electrically coupled with each of the other circuits. The controller circuit executes instructions that cause the VMU to operate in a standby mode and in a video capture mode. In the standby mode, the first event sensor monitors a portion of the corresponding outdoor site for an occurrence of at least one triggering event. In response to a detection of a first triggering event, the VMU enters into the video capture mode in which the video capture circuit captures a video sequence of the corresponding outdoor site, and the radio transmitter circuit transmits at least a portion of the video sequence to a receiver interfaced with a computer network. A monitoring center communicatively coupled with the computer network receives the at least portion of the video sequence via the computer network and manages a database having items corresponding to video-captured events at any of the plurality of outdoor sites. The received video is stored as an item associated with the database, and access to the database items is provided via the computer network. 
   Optionally, the system includes a video processing application at the monitoring center that analyzes the at least portion of the video sequence to detect a presence of at least one of a set of predefined video image patterns, such as, for example, motor vehicle usage; transportation of aquatic vegetation; a presence of an item dangling from a motor vehicle, watercraft, or trailer; a presence of a license plate; and a presence of a registration label. 
   According to another aspect of the invention, a method of operating a video monitoring center for monitoring events occurring at any of a plurality of remote outdoor sites, each outdoor site corresponding to at least one site owner/operator is disclosed. The method includes the steps of: installing a plurality of self-contained video monitoring units (VMUs) at a plurality of outdoor sites such that at least one of the VMUs is positioned near ground elevation; wirelessly networking each of the VMUs to a video monitoring center; initiating a first video transmission from a first VMU at a first outdoor site in response to an automatic detection of a triggering event by the first VMU; in response to receiving the first video transmission by the video monitoring center, storing a first video clip from the first video transmission in a database record together with location and time information relating to the first outdoor site and a time associated with the first video transmission; maintaining a user access account for selectively providing an authorized user with access to the database record via the Internet; and automatically operating a graphical user interface that permits the authorized user to interactively view information related to the database record, including selectively viewing at least a portion of the first video clip. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view diagram depicting an example of a self-contained video monitoring unit (VMU) according to one aspect of the invention. 
       FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view diagram illustrating an example of a video camera monitoring portal for the VMU of  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 3A  is a block diagram illustrating some of the sub-systems of the example VMU of  FIG. 1  that are related to overall VMU control. 
       FIG. 3B  is a flow diagram illustrating an example operating sequence for intermittent video monitoring by the example VMU of  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating an example system arrangement in which a VMU monitors an outdoor site and wirelessly transmits video information to a monitoring center over the Internet. 
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram illustrating an example set of software modules at a monitoring center according to one embodiment. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates one exemplary method of analyzing a video image for detecting an event of interest such as the presence of a certain type of object. 
       FIG. 7  is a diagram illustrating an exemplary graphical user interface for selectively viewing video clips and related information for different monitored outdoor sites. 
   

   While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. 
   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   Referring now more particularly to the drawings, and to the preferred embodiment of the invention here presented by way of illustration,  FIG. 1  illustrates a video monitoring unit (VMU) housing  10  (which in one embodiment could be ⅜″ schedule  40  stainless steel) that is mounted to a concrete footing  38  which is no less than 28″ deep by no less than 18″ in diameter. The concrete footing  38  has been poured with four or more of steel rebar supports  40  extending from the underside of a footing plate  36 . Enabling housing  10  to be mounted to the Concrete footing  38  is a housing base  34 . The housing base  34  is permanently affixed to the housing  10  and contains 16 or more holes to accommodate a series of mounting bolts  42 . Footing gasket  52  creates an air and waterproof seal to the footing. 
   The interior of housing  10  includes a chassis on which are mounted various components and electronic systems. In one embodiment, the chassis comprises sleeve  48  that includes 3 platforms  48   a  held together by 3 sleeve columns  48   b  between each of the three levels. The sleeve  48  holds various components and can be easily removed from housing  10  for servicing. Mounted at the lowermost level is one or more batteries  46 . In one embodiment each of the batteries  46  is a rechargeable 12 v, 6 amp type and may include one cell or multiple cells connected in series or in parallel. The battery technology can be lead-acid, lithium ion, or any suitable type known in the art. Mounted at the intermediate level are solar controller  24 , circuit  26 , and video camera  28 . The top level includes solar panel  30 , antenna  32  and sleeve handles  33 . 
   The top of housing  10  has a base ring  18  permanently affixed thereto with threads to accommodate closing bolts  22 . The roof of housing  10  is completed by installing a hemispherical-shaped dome  14  which, in one embodiment, is formed from clear UV-resistant polycarbonate material. To deflect ballistic attempts to defeat the hardened device, dome  14  is preferably cast with a ½-inch thickness and an internal radius of between 3.5 inches and 4.5 inches. Dome  14  has a flange around its entire circumference which allows it to be secured. A donut-shaped Dome Gasket  20  just covers the top surface in between the Dome  14  and housing  10 . A Sealing Ring  16  is finally placed on top and fastened with Closing Bolts  22  to create a watertight seal securing the Dome  14 . By utilizing a dome on the Video Monitoring Unit, the antenna  32  in a preferred embodiment has receptivity of 6 dbi or greater (e.g. a Hawking 2.4 Ghz HIGain antenna), provides a low profile form factor that can be rotated to aim at the Wireless Access Point independent of how the VMU is mounted to the footing, and is connected to the Video Camera  28 , via an extension cable. By incorporating this antenna with a Polycarbonate dome of this radius, a transmission distance of over 1 mile can be attained without the use of repeaters. A Pressure Valve  44  on the exterior allows the entire secured housing  10  to be either placed under pressure, filled with nitrogen, potting material or silica gel packs to eliminate condensation of enclosed electrical and optical components. 
   In  FIG. 2  a portal  12  for use with housing  10  is depicted in cross-sectional view. Portal  12  comprises portal base  56  containing four threaded holes to accommodate closing bolts  22 . A portal ring  60  secures two lens gaskets  58  between which is positioned lens  62 . In one embodiment lens  62  is comprised of ½-inch thick level  3  ballistic tested clear materials such as polycarbonate sandwiched between levels of glass. 
   Referring again to  FIG. 1 , in one embodiment, solar panel  30  is electrically interconnected with solar controller  24 . Solar controller  24  has connections to the batteries  46  as well as to circuit  26 . Solar controller  24  regulates the amount of electricity transmitted to the batteries  46  to prevent overcharging and ensures that there is enough power to circuit  26 . Circuit  26  includes a circuit card assembly with suitable electrical interconnections between electrical/electronic components. Preferably, circuit  26  is positioned in the center of housing  10  both vertically and horizontally. As described in greater detail below, the horizontal and vertical symmetry facilitates the use of a passive magnetic sensor  86  with characteristics of being able to operate properly through the stainless steel housing  10  with sufficient sensitivity to detect measurable changes to the ambient magnetic field. In one embodiment, power to the sensor  86  is enabled through an external Key Switch  27  which can only be turned with a special tool. 
   Solar controller  24  has a power cord connected to the Video Camera  28  providing proper voltage for the device. Antenna  32  has a cable for connection to video camera  28 . Video camera  28  in one embodiment is a combination device comprising a digital video image sensor, an image processor, a video data buffer, and wireless network interface circuit with a unique MAC address. Such devices are known in the art, such as, for example Dlink model D900w, which runs software on-board that enables the device to transmit a stream of captured video images over a computer network, and preferably transmits packets of data representing a video stream wirelessly. The unique MAC address is included in the video data transmission, and enables the receiver of the transmitted stream of captured video to identify the specific video capture device that is the origin of the transmission. In this regard, the MAC address is part of a set of metadata that is transmitted together with the video data. Optionally, the set of metadata can include other information, such as, for example, timestamp/datestamp information, duration of video information, information about the operating parameters of performance of at least one VMU system, and the like. 
     FIG. 3A  illustrates some of the sub-systems of an example VMU that are related to overall VMU control. The circuit board comprises several key components including but not limited to: a microcontroller  85  running a program that causes circuit  26  to perform its various functions; a high efficiency power regulator  90 ; an event sensor  86 ; a power relay  88 ; a configurable timer circuit  100 ; and a date/time clock  109 . Sensor  86  can utilize any suitable event sensing technology including, but not limited to: an infra red (IR) motion sensor, a magnetic field sensor, an audible sound transducer such as a microphone, a mechanical vibration sensor such as an accelerometer, a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader, a light level sensor such as a photovoltaic cell, and the like. In one type of embodiment, multiple sensors are utilized as event sensor  86 . In related embodiments, the multiple sensors of event sensor  86  can be of the same type, or of different types of sensing technologies for detecting different types of events or different indicia of the same event. 
   In one embodiment that is preferred in some applications for detecting the presence of vehicles, a passive magnetic sensor is used as sensor  86  positioned inside of housing  10  of the VMU. Passive magnetic sensors are generally known in the art. One type of passive magnetic sensing technology is referred to as anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) sensing, such as the technology described in Michael J. Caruso, Lucky S. Withanawasam,  Vehicle Detection and Compass Applications using AMR Magnetic Sensors ; and Application Note AN218: Vehicle Detection Using AMR Sensors; both published by Honeywell Inc., and which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. The passive magnetic sensor detects a disturbance in the ambient magnetic field that is caused by the presence of a substantial ferrous object (e.g. a vehicle or trailer), moving within a relatively close proximity (such as 20 feet, for example) of the sensor. The sensor converts magnetic fields to differential output voltages and measuring circuitry detects changes in the output voltages. The sensor provides an output signal that is indicative of the measured changes. 
   This type of sensing technology is passive in the sense that the ambient magnetic field can be the Earth&#39;s magnetic field, thereby obviating the having to generate a local magnetic field with a driving signal stimulus and field radiating element. A related embodiment can deploy the magnetic sensor (or any type of event sensor  86 ) remotely from the VMU at some physical distance where it could communicate an event detection via a radio frequency or some other suitable wireless communication method to microcontroller  85 . In one embodiment, a VMU includes both, at least one sensor enclosed inside housing  10 , and at least one remote sensor communicatively coupled with the VMU. 
   One example of a single axis passive magnetic sensor is Honeywell model HMC1051. This sensor can be interfaced with microcontroller  85 . This type of sensor output has a tendency to drift over time, temperature, and exposure to relatively high-amplitude magnetic fields. Therefore, preferably, microcontroller  85  is configured to set and reset the sensor to clear any measurement drift or offset thereby restoring sensitivity. In experimentation, performing a 0.5 A set/reset for only a millisecond at 60 second intervals provides significant power savings and retains sensitivity and field range. In this embodiment microcontroller  85  determines when a sensor output varies by an amount that corresponds to a magnetic field variation of &gt;4 mGauss and considers this a detected event. 
   Installing the passive magnetic sensor into a largely ferrous housing, such as a steel housing, is discouraged by the manufacturer and by the accepted practices in the art based on the common understanding that the magnetic shielding effect would render the sensor useless. However, empirical results suggest that an AMR sensor can be effective when installed in a Schedule 40 brushed stainless steel housing when the sensor is positioned at the core of the internal sleeve of the VMU. More precisely, by mounting the sensor at the center of the cylindrical housing, a reduced yet detectable measurement of magnetic field disturbance can be detected with an acceptable level of performance. 
     FIG. 3B  is a flow diagram illustrating an example operating sequence for intermittent video monitoring. As indicated at steps  87 ,  88 ,  89 ,  91 , and  92 , if measurement from sensor  86  exceeds a stored nominal value by a significant amount, microcontroller  85  causes relay  88  to send 12 v power to regulator  90 , which, in turn, converts and delivers power to video camera  26 . Microcontroller  85  also configures timer  100  with a predetermined amount of time, and initiates running of timer  100 , as indicated at step  114 . 
   In a preferred embodiment, video camera  26  runs web server software which has been configured to establish either secure or open communication with a wireless access point. Data representing the video image sequences captured by video camera  28  is transmitted to monitoring center  78  ( FIG. 4 ). In one embodiment, monitoring center  78  includes one computer or a plurality networked computers and interfaced peripherals, including one or more servers, either in a single location or distributed geographically, that execute software for maintaining video and related information, for processing video images, and for providing user access to the maintained and/or processed video and related information. Thus, monitoring center  78  need not be limited to a centralized concentration of hardware. In one embodiment, monitoring center  78  can be a central point of access to collected video and related data. 
   As indicated at step  94  the data communication begins with establishment of a wireless network connection between the VMU and a node on the Internet  76 , such as wireless access point  74 , via an IEEE 802.11g-type wireless link. Over the wireless link, video camera  26  (or a set of separate camera/network interface devices) establish connection with monitoring center  78  over the Internet  76 , as indicated at step  96 . Once this connection has been established, at step  98 , the VMU transmits the video data and related information to monitoring center  78 . 
   The video images are ultimately stored in a database managed by monitoring center  78 . In another embodiment. The database can be managed at another location that is networked with monitoring center  78 . Persons skilled in the art will recognize that the database can be a centralized or distributed model. 
   Preferably, at installations where wireless broadband communications are possible, the video images are transmitted in real-time or near-real-time over the Internet very shortly (&lt;1 second) after they are acquired. This obviates the need for caching or buffering large amounts of video data. In one embodiment in which broadband Internet service is unavailable, wireless access point  74  stores the video image sequence on a local computer (not shown) and transmits multiple files via a packet switched telephone network (PSTN) at night over a dial-up connection to monitoring center  78 . Another embodiment may have the video camera  26  interface with a local storage mechanism within the VMU, where images can be stored on a simple storage device such as an Apple IPOD. The images could be retrieved through an authorized person plugging in their mobile IPOD device through an interface port in housing  10  of the VMU. In another embodiment, a video enabled telephone (such as, for example, a 3G cellular phone) interfaced with video camera  28  utilizes its telecommunications infrastructure to transmit video to monitoring center  78  for storage and analysis. 
   Preferably, microcontroller  84  determines whether another significant event has been sensed while timer  100  is running. If so, microcontroller  84  causes timer  100  to reset and start counting down again while the video capture and transmission is taking place. When timer  100  has elapsed (step  102 ), microcontroller  84  responds by causing supply power to video camera  28  to be switched off at step  104 . The effect of stopping power to video camera  28  causes the network transmission to stop at step  106 . In response, monitoring center  78  completes reception of the video data, and makes the video data for other analysis steps that the monitoring center  78  can optionally perform. 
   Following video capture and transmission. The date/time clock  109  is queried by microcontroller  85  and, at a preset time, turns on power to the video camera  28  for an administrative maintenance window to validate operational performance and to configure any adjustments remotely to the communications parameters or viewing characteristics of camera  28 . 
   During periods of no events, while video camera  28  is not using power, the solar panel  30  continues to make power available to the solar controller  24  and the event sensor  86  is operating in a monitoring mode to detect an occurrence of one or more events. In one embodiment, if solar controller  24  determines that batteries  46  do not have sufficient power, it will stop providing power to all circuits. All of this logic is adaptable in microcontroller  85  by reprogramming the software and re-loading it into the microcontroller&#39;s nonvolatile memory space. 
     FIG. 5  is a diagram illustrating various exemplary software modules of the monitoring center  78  according to one type of embodiment. Monitoring center  78  registers the unique physical address with camera communication software  123  enabling remote administration and video transmission to the monitoring center. One example of developed software for this application is IPViewLite from DLink. However, off-the-shelf software such as this does not provide the ability to manage large numbers of cameras, each with a unique identifier, associate geographic coordinates of deployment, contact information for local management, status of transactions recorded, date of last transmission, and the like. To provide this functionality, a GIS database  124  is configured to interface with the camera communication module  123 , and other software components to manage this data. 
   The GIS Database enables a plurality of video cameras to be managed, administered, and associates transaction video information with GIS coordinates for mapping. Upon termination of camera transmission, the camera communication module  123  writes the file to a specified folder. At this point, a transaction scanner application  130  indicates that a new video transaction has been recorded to the folder, assigns a unique character string (e.g., camera-id, date/time, etc.) to differentiate this video file from others in the database, and stores the video and related data in the transaction database  130  along with geographic coordinates from the GIS database. The unique geographic coordinates of the location of the video camera are derived from looking up the unique identifier of the camera as an index to the GIS database  124 . 
   An optical character recognition program  126  scans all new video sequences to determine if a license plate character string could be derived from the video footage. If so, it adds the license plate information to the database entry for the video transaction in transaction database  130 . 
   In one embodiment, an Image Analysis application  128  is invoked that automatically analyzes video data to look for predefined objects of interest that the system recognizes as a set of predefined video image patterns. The set of predefined image patterns can be associated with rule violations or other activities of interest. For example, the predefined image patterns can include motor vehicle usage, transportation of aquatic vegetation, a presence of an item dangling from a motor vehicle, watercraft, or trailer, or a presence of a license plate. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 6 , the objects of interest in this example are dangling aquatic vegetation from a vehicle chassis or boat trailer. Another activity of interest could be identified presence of a stream of water, suggesting that someone is engaged in draining of live wells. Due to the fact that these types of areas of interest are just above ground level and underneath a vehicle or trailer, a light pole or other mounting location that is positioned high off of the ground would not be able to discern the objects or activities of interest. Further, an elevated vantage point does not readily capture registration stickers on the side of vehicles or license plate clearly. 
     FIG. 6  illustrates an example of how the image analysis module  128  can operate. An example algorithm starts with the base image view of the area of interest as normal, selects one or several video frames of greatest interest (for instance, where the license plate was able to be obtained by the OCR software or where the position of the wheels is within the frame), evaluates that frame for a horizontal line between two wheels, either in a side view or a back view, and then contrasts the area below the horizontal line with the normal view for that area without the vehicle present. If there are vertical obstructions of 1-10 pixel width, for example, the software identifies that activity as being suspicious and highlights its entry in the Transaction Database with a review flag. Persons of ordinary skill in the image recognition software arts will understand this, as well as other suitable methodology for analyzing video images for certain predefined patterns. In a related embodiment, fuzzy algorithms can be utilized that assess probabilistically whether certain events of interest (including the presence of objects of interest) are more likely or less likely to be depicted in the video images analyzed. A score can be assigned to each video clip and the video clips can be selectively organized based on probability of occurrence of a certain event of interest (such as an infraction of a rule). Once Image Analysis and OCR scanning are complete, a flag is set in the Transaction Database to indicate the images have been automatically analyzed. In a related embodiment, an event occurrence probability or score is included as part of the flag. 
     FIG. 7  illustrates an example of a Web-based user interface according to one embodiment. User authentication is enabled by entering a User-ID and Password in fields  144  and  145 , since not all users have access to every launch; this is maintained in a security clearance database. Once authenticated, the user is presented with a GIS view of the lake along with several launch transactions most recently occurring overlayed on the map. The user has the ability to zoom out and zoom in on the map to navigate to different launch locations or may simply select the launch name from the pull down menu in field  147  or the lake in field  146 . The transaction scanner  131  that is running on monitoring center  78  picks up this flag and, upon finding the flag, it updates the user view of the GIS map showing summary data such as license plate, time/date, and highlighting in red if the image should be reviewed. Preferably, this information is superimposed over the geographic region where the video camera is located in window or frame display  143 . 
   The suspicious flag in the database entry causes the corresponding summary transaction to be highlighted in red so that users can choose to review that video transaction first. The user has the ability to query for only flagged transactions  150  and view those summaries in a transaction selection window  153 . For any transactions queried, the user can select one and elect to play it in a standard video pop-up window such as Microsoft&#39;s Windows Media Player. They may also download video clips to save them for other use such as for evidentiary purposes. 
   In one embodiment, one or more designated users can be notified via email, or pager, telephone, SMS text messaging, or other suitable method. The system can be configured to notify the designated user(s) in response to a selectable set of conditions, such as upon the receipt of a new video transaction, or upon the completion of video image analysis resulting in flagging a video transaction. Optionally, video images could be delivered over a broadband wireless network such as 3G for playback on a suitably equipped cellular telephone. 
   In one application, the remote video camera can be used with an AMS sensor to capture videos of boat launching or landing activities. This application is beneficial as it ensures that the owner of the boat removes invasive species vegetation or zebra mussels prior to entering into a body of water. With thousands of lakes in some states, remote locations, no power available, and sporadic usage, the advantages of this design become evident. Referring again to  FIG. 4 , the VMU  70  is securely installed in a concrete footing at a point of inspection. At this location the device is secured against all weather, electrically grounded, moisture resistant having been pressurized or had nitrogen injected into the enclosed space or had a buffered silica gel desiccant installed. In one embodiment, there may be smaller concrete guard posts at points around its exterior. A directional antenna  32  has been trained on the wireless access point  74 . A generally permanent installation of this device provides a degree of required evidentiary credibility when video evidence is relied upon for law enforcement. In the activity indicated at  68 , a boat launch takes place when a vehicle and boat trailer come within a certain distance of the magnetic sensor housed in the VMU  70 . Once triggered, the video camera in the VMU  70  initiates communications to a local wireless access point  74 , which is connected to the Internet  76 . The VMU transmits its physical camera address along with capturing live action video for storage at the Monitoring center  78 . Due to the positioning of the VMU and its incorporation of a magnetic sensor, it is able to capture entering and leaving events as it does not require to be triggered by where the video camera portal is pointing. In another embodiment, the wireless access point may store the video on a local server and transmit video clips in batches. In another embodiment, the VMU  70  may cache the video transactions locally which could later be retrieved by a person with a reading device at a convenient time to be transferred to the monitoring center  78 . The monitoring center  78  performs the functions of analyzing and storing the video transaction described above and making this available for authorized web-browser access to a web server (not shown), which can store the metadata for the transaction which is overlaid on the GUI map. 
   Thus, aspects of the invention enable remote deployment of standalone monitoring technology in areas of interest without the assistance of wired power or communications. Power is utilized efficiently, capturing only those activities as they occur, and optionally analyzing the captured video information before presenting it to authorized viewers at a later time. Being able to harden the VMU against most vandalism while allowing it to operate in an unmanned fashion for long periods of time is beneficial. The ability of the system to process hours of video data to highlight key events for authorities to review provides significant efficiencies to monitoring personnel. Analyzing license plate information enables rapid identification of violators and collecting the information in a database provides the ability to identify repeat offenses. The video capturing of all user events supports local ordinances which in some instances require certain activities be performed (e.g. draining of live wells, removal of weeds within a certain area). Collecting natural resource usage information in a database facilitates trend analysis for establishing policies and rules. Identifying whether boat or motor vehicle registrations are current is another useful aspect of this application. 
   While the above description contains much specificity, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention, but rather as an exemplification of several of the preferred embodiments thereof. Many other variations are possible, as will be recognized by persons of ordinary skill in the relevant arts. For example, the housing of the circuit, camera, batteries, and antenna, could be dramatically altered to exist in a smaller form factor (e.g. a 4″ diameter casing with an elongated or separate antenna and PV array) such that it could be rapidly installed, without a concrete footing, or even less obtrusively seen. The housing may be made of other materials than stainless steel, such as hardened plastics, or even disguised as a tree trunk. The dome may be made of many different types of clear or colored plastic materials designed to be weather and impact resistant and still transmit video and allow sunlight for solar power. The video camera could be any of a variety of commercially available cameras designed to capture video upon power-up and may have additional features such as Pan Tilt or Zoom, or operate in low-lux (nighttime) conditions. The means of wireless networking could be any broadband or radio technology standard such as high frequency 802.11b, g, or w that may emerge and allow for reliable video transmission to an Internet access point. Another application could utilize this invention as trail monitoring devices (e.g. to affirm no motorized vehicles are using a particular trail). Yet another application could deploy numerous devices at a border crossing to record unauthorized crossings. 
   Another type of embodiment includes at least two cameras at a given VMU or monitored site, one camera having a relatively wider field of vision directed to capturing any events of interest taking place, and a second camera having a narrower field of vision directed to capturing a still or moving or video sequence of human faces, such as an operator of a vehicle. In a related embodiment, the second camera can have optical or digital zoom capability, pan/tilt capability, or both. The multiple cameras could be in the same VMU housing, or in different VMU housings and connected by a local wired or wireless network. 
   The microcontroller system would coordinate operation of the two cameras. In one embodiment, the microcontroller system would include some image processing capability for detecting the location of humans and directing the second camera to capture more detailed images of the humans (preferably, the head and face portions) while the first camera continues capturing the overall activity taking place at the monitored site. In a related embodiment, two-way communications between the VMU and the monitoring center are used to send video images captured by the first camera to the monitoring center for near-real-time image analysis, and to transmit control signals from the monitoring center back to the equipment at the monitored site to control operation of the second camera based on some of the image processing results. 
   The advantage of this type of embodiment is that the human surveillance video can be combined with the site monitoring video to enable identification of the operator/violator for purposes of meeting constitutional requirements for certain kinds of enforcement activities in certain jurisdictions. 
   It will of course be understood by those skilled in the art that the particular embodiment of the invention here presented is by way of illustration only; and is meant to be in no way restrictive; therefore numerous changes and modifications may be made, and the full use of equivalents resorted to, without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as outlined in the appended claims.