Abstract:
Disclosed are methods for producing compositionally modified sintered RE-Fe—B-based rare earth permanent magnets, by the addition of small amounts of Nd, Cu, Ti, Nb, or other transition metals, and mixtures thereof, to maximize fracture toughness with corresponding improved machinability, while maintaining maximum energy product, said method comprising the steps of: (a) prepare a magnetic composition; (b) melt the composition and form powders with an average particle size smaller than 5 microns from the same; (c) press the powder under a magnetic field to obtain green compacts, which are then sintered at from about 1030° C. to 1130° C., and heat treating the sintered material at from about 570° C. to 900° C.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]     The present application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/293,680 filed Nov. 13, 2002 which is related to commonly owned, copending application entitled “MODIFIED SINTERED RE-Fe—B-TYPE, RARE EARTH PERMANENT MAGNETS WITH IMPROVED TOUGHNESS,” Ser. No. 10/292,979 filed Nov. 13, 2002, (Attorney Docket No. UVD0315PA), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     Since their commercial introduction in the mid-1980s, applications for rare earth-iron-boron magnets have continued to grow and this material has become a major factor in the global rare earth permanent magnet market. Among commercially available permanent magnets, Nd 2 Fe 14 B type magnets offer the highest maximum energy product (BH) max  ranging from 26 to 48. Experimental versions have reported a (BH) max  in excess of 55 MGO e .  
         [0003]     Nd 2 Fe 14 B rare earth magnets exhibit the highest room temperature magnetic properties, which is the basis for the wide use. As noted above, high performance Nd 2 Fe 14 B-based permanent magnets provide high maximum energy products (BH) max . In addition, they offer large saturation magnetization (4πM s ) and high intrinsic coercivity ( M H c ). That the Nd—Fe—B-type permanent magnets continue to offer the most promise for high magnetic performance rare earth permanent magnets is evident from  FIG. 1 .  
         [0004]     Unfortunately, the Nd 2 Fe 14 B rare earth permanent magnets are notoriously brittle and susceptible to oxidation. Chipping, cracking and fracture often occur during grinding, assembly and even during operation of conventional Nd 2 Fe 14 B magnets. The fact that since these magnets cannot be machined and/or drilled imposes serious limitations on the shapes and uses available. The reject rate in production attributed to brittleness/lack of toughness runs generally from 10 to 20% and, on occasion, reaches 30%. The poor fracture toughness of current rare earth permanent magnets is illustrated in  FIG. 2 .  
         [0005]     All sintered rare earth permanent magnets, SmCo 5 , Sm 2 Co 17 , and Nd 2 Fe 14 B, are brittle due to the intrinsically brittle intermetallic compounds used for these magnets. Machinable permanent magnets include: 
        (a) Fe—Cr—Co-type, which unfortunately exhibit low magnetic-performance,     (b) Pt—Co-type which are too expensive, and     (c) Bonded permanent magnets that exhibit dramatically reduced performance, i.e. loss of up to 50% magnetic performance comparing to their sintered counterparts.        
 
         [0009]     Improvement in the fracture toughness of the class of rare earth permanent magnets of the REFeB-type, while maintaining their high: 4πM s ,  M H c , and (BH) max , would not only improve their manufacturing efficiency and machinability, but it would also expand the market for this class of permanent magnets, by offering opportunities for new applications, new shapes, new uses, lower costs, etc. ` 
         [0010]     Relevant prior art in this area includes: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,402,770; 4,597,938; 4,710,239; 4,770,723; 4,773,950; 4,859,410; 4,975,130 and 5,110,377. Additional references include: U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,558,372 and 4,533,408. Relevant literature references include: 
    M. Sagawa, S. Fujimura, N. Togawa, H. Yamamoto, and Y. Matsuura, “New material for permanent magnets on a base of Nd and Fe”, Journal of Applied Physics, volume 55, pp. 2083-2087, 1984;     Y. Kaneko and N. Ishigaki, “Recent developments of high-performance NEOMAX magnets”, JMEPEG, VOLUME 3, PP. 228-233, 1994;     M. Sagawa and H. Nagata, “Novel processing technology for permanent magnets” IEEE Trans. Magn. Volume 29, pp. 2747-2752, 1993;     S. Hirosawa and Y. Kaneko, “Rare earth magnets with high energy products” in Proceedings of the 15 th  international Workshop on Rare Earth Magnets and Their Applications, volume 1, pp. 43-53, 1998;     M. Takahashi, et al, “High performance Nd—Fe—B sintered magnets made by the wet process”, J. Appl. Phys., volume 83, pp. 6402-6404, 1998;     J. J. Croat, J. F. Herbst, R. W. Lee, and F. E. Pinkerton, “Pr—Fe and Nd—Fe based materials: A new class of high performance permanent magnets”, J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 55, pp. 2078-2082, 1984;     J. F. Herbst, “R 2 Fe 14 B materials: Intrinsic properties and technological aspects”, Rev. Mod. Phys. Vol. 63, pp. 819-898, 1991;     Croat et al, “Pr—Fe and Nd—Fe-based Materials: A New Class of High-Performance . . . ”, J. Appl. Phys., 55(6), Mar. 15, 1984;     Sagawa et al, “New Material for Permanent Magnets on a Base of Nd and Fe”, J. Appl. Phys. 55(6), Mar. 15, 1984;     Koon et al, “Crystallization of FeB Alloys with . . . ”, J. Appl. Phys. 55(6), Mar. 15, 1984;     Stadelmaier, “The Neodymium-Iron Permanent Magnet Breakthrough”, MMPA Workshop, January 1984;     Japanese High Technology, “Request for New Magnetic Material . . . ”, vol. 4, No. 5, August 1984;     “Neomax—Neodymium-Iron-Magnet”, Sumitomo Special Metals Co., Ltd. Lee, “Hot-Pressed Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnets”, Appl. Phys. Lett. (46(8) Apr. 15, 1985;     R. K. Mishra, “Microstructure of Melt-Spun Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnets”, International Conference on Magnetism, 1985;     Sagawa et al., “Permanent Magnet Materials Based on the Rare Earth-Iron-Boron Tetragonal Compounds”, The Research Institute for Iron, Steel and Other Metals, Tohoku University, Japan;     Givord et al., “Magnetic Properties and Crystal Structure of R 2 Fe 14 B”, Solid State Comm., vol. 50. No. 6, February 1984, pp. 497-499;     Herbst et al., “Relationships Between Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties in R 2 Fe 14 B”, Phys. Dept., General Motors Res. Lab., pp. 1-10; and     Croat et al., “High-Energy Product Nd—Fe-B Permanent Magnets”, App. Phys. Lett., 44(1), Jan. 1, 1984, pp. 148-149.    
 
         [0029]     Various rare earth permanent magnets can be formed by pressing and sintering the powder or by bonding with plastic binders. Sintered Nd 2 Fe 14 B parts produce the highest magnetic properties. Unfortunately, Nd 2 Fe 14 B magnets are sensitive to heat and normally cannot be used in environments that exceed 150° C.  
         [0030]     Compared to the SmCo 1:5 and 2:17 magnets, Nd 2 Fe 14 B magnets have an excellent value in terms of price per unit of (BH) max . Small shapes and sizes with high magnetic fields are one of the attractive features of Nd 2 Fe 14 B magnets. Today&#39;s commercial Nd 2 Fe 14 B-based magnets include combinations of partial substitutions for Nd and Fe, leading to a wide range of available properties.  
         [0031]     Several different techniques are used to produce Nd 2 Fe 14 B-based magnets. One method is similar to that used for ceramic ferrite and sintered Sm—Co magnets. The alloys with appropriate composition are induction melted to ingots, which are then crushed and milled to powders of a few microns. The powder is formed into a desired shape by pressing under alignment field. The pressed green compacts are then sintered to full density and heat treated to obtain suitable magnetic properties.  
         [0032]     Second process involves rapid quenching of a molten Nd 2 Fe 14 B-based alloy, using a “melt spinning” technique to produce ribbons, which are then milled to powder. While the crushed ribbon yields relatively large platelet-shaped powder particles, rapid quenching provides them with an extremely fine microstructure having grain boundaries that deviate from the primary Nd 2 Fe 14 B composition. Rapidly quenched powder is inherently isotropic. However, it can be consolidated into a fully dense anisotropic magnet by the plastic deformation that occurs in hot pressing. The fine microstructure also makes this powder very stable against oxidation, making it easy to blend and form into a wide range of isotropic bonded magnets.  
         [0033]     Nd 2 Fe 14 B powder tends to readily absorb hydrogen, which degrades the material into a very brittle powder. This response to hydrogen renders the powder more amenable to milling and is the basis for the hydrogenation, disproportionation, desorption and recombination process generally referred to as HDDR. The HDDR process provides Nd 2 Fe 14 B powder with an ultrafine structure with grains about the size of a single domain. Such HDDR powder can be hot pressed into a fully dense anisotropic magnet, or it can be blended and molded into an anisotropic bonded magnet.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0034]     Disclosed are methods for producing compositionally modified sintered RE-Fe—B-based rare earth permanent magnets, by the addition of small amounts of Nd, Cu, Ti, Nb, or other transition metals, and mixtures thereof, to maximize fracture toughness with corresponding improved machinability, while maintaining maximum energy product, said method comprising the steps of: 
        (a) prepare a base RE-Fe—B magnetic composition;     (b) add predetermined amounts of elements selected from the group consisting of Nd, Cu, Ti, Nb, other transition metals, and mixtures thereof, to said base magnetic composition;     (c) heat process said magnetic composition into a modified RE-Fe—B-based rare earth permanent magnet.        
 
         [0038]     Thus, one embodiment of the present invention is a method for improving the toughness of sintered RE-Fe—B-type, rare earth permanent magnets comprising the step of varying the Nd content in the magnet composition prior to alloy formation by heating, e.g., in either a vacuum induction melting furnace or a vacuum arc melting furnace. Advantageously, the method of the present invention may also be achieved by adding various amounts of Ti, Nb or Cu to the magnet composition prior to alloy formation. Preferably both methods are employed.  
         [0039]     One embodiment of the present invention further comprises a method for improving the fracture toughness of sintered rare earth permanent magnets.  
         [0040]     Another embodiment of the present invention comprises a method for improving the fracture toughness and the machinability of sintered rare earth permanent magnets, while maintaining high maximum energy product.  
         [0041]     A further embodiment of the present invention comprises a method for compositionally modifying RE-Fe—B-type rare earth permanent magnets to improve fracture toughness, while maintaining high maximum energy product.  
         [0042]     More specifically, the improved RE-Fe—B-type rare earth permanent magnets of the present invention can be obtained by modifying the composition thereof with an increase of the Nd level and/or the addition of a small amount of Cu, Ti, Nb, and mixtures thereof. The resulting compositional modifications can be represented by the following: 
        (a) Nd w Fe 94-w B 6 , wherein: 
            w has a value between about 17 and about 22;    
            (b) Nd 16 Fe 78-x Ti x B 6 , wherein: 
            x has a value between about 0.78 and about 2.34;    
            (c) Nd 16 Fe 78-y Nb y B 6 , wherein: 
            y has a value between about 1.56 and about 2.34; and    
            (d) Nd 16 Fe 78-z Cu z B 6 , wherein: 
            z has a value between about 0.78 and about 1.56    
               
 
         [0051]     It has been found that the compositionally modified sintered RE-Fe—B-type rare earth permanent magnets of the present invention achieve substantial improvement in fracture toughness, i.e., by up to about 76% increase while substantially maintaining maximum energy product.  
         [0052]     The present invention will be further described based on the accompanying drawings, which are presented for illustrative purposes only. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0053]      FIG. 1  schematically illustrates the magnetic performance of seven types of commercial rare earth permanent magnets; shown as a plot of intrinsic coercivity versus maximum energy product for permanent magnets.  
         [0054]      FIG. 2  schematically summarizes the poor fracture toughness of three types of commercial rare earth permanent magnets; shown as a plot of fracture toughness versus maximum energy product for permanent magnets.  
         [0055]      FIGS. 3   a  through  3   c  are illustrative stress-strain curves for different types of materials. Y and T denote yield and tensile strength, respectively.  FIG. 3A  shows Type I materials;  FIG. 3B  shows Type II materials; and  FIG. 3C  shows Type III materials.  
         [0056]      FIG. 4  illustrates a Charpy impact testing specimen with specific dimensions.  
         [0057]      FIGS. 5 through 8  indicate the effect various levels of Nd, Ti, Nb and Cu, respectively, have on the fracture toughness of various RE-Fe—B-type rare earth permanent magnets.  
         [0058]      FIG. 9  compares the fracture toughness of two compositionally modified rare earth permanent magnets of the present invention against two commercial rare earth permanent magnets.  
         [0059]      FIG. 10  illustrates how the rare earth permanent magnets of the present invention compare to commercial magnets with respect to fracture toughness; shown as a plot of fracture toughness versus maximum energy product for permanent magnets.  
         [0060]      FIGS. 11 through 14  illustrate magnetic properties of various rare earth permanent magnets of the present invention. Although the magnetic properties have not been optimized yet, the trend of property variation versus composition modification can be clearly seen.  
         [0061]      FIG. 15  is a SEM micrograph of Nd 16 Fe 76.44 Ti 1.56 B 6  magnets of the invention showing the Nd 2 Fe 14 B main phase and the Ti-rich phase  
         [0062]      FIG. 16  shows the sintered NdFeB magnets of the invention were machined by conventional cutting and drilling, which is impossible for commercial sintered NdFeB magnets. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0063]     A material&#39;s strength and toughness are different physical parameters. For example, high strength usually does not usually lead to good toughness. More specifically, the toughness of a material is defined as the energy, E, needed to break a material. In a plot of stress vs. strain, this energy is equal to the area under the stress-strain curve.  
       E   =         ∫   0       ɛ   f       ⁢     σ   ⁢           ⁢     ⅆ           ⁢   ɛ             
 
         [0064]     where ε f  is the strain at fracture.  
         [0065]     FIGS.  3 ( a ) and  3 ( b ) of the drawings schematically show stress-strain curves of two types of materials. The Type I materials have high strength but poor toughness, while the Type II materials have low strength but good toughness. Glass and ceramics are typical Type I materials while soft metals, such as Al and Cu, are typical Type II materials. Type I materials tend to be very hard and brittle, with little or even no plastic deformation occurring before fracturing. On the other hand, Type II materials generally indicate good plasticity with low strength. Their toughness is shown in the area under the stress vs. strain curves in  FIGS. 3b and 3c .  
         [0066]     Clearly, an increase in strength does not equate to improvement in toughness. More often than not, such an increase in strength would accompany decrease in plasticity, which would lead to decreased toughness. Maximum toughness, therefore, is preferably achieved by optimizing the combination of strength and ductility. In order to obtain a magnet with improved toughness as shown in  FIG. 3 ( c ) it has been found preferable to not increase strength, but rather to increase ductility (plasticity). The modified RE-Fe—B-type magnets of the present invention generally achieve this increase in ductility via compositional modification as detailed in Tables 2 through 5 and Examples 2 through 22 below.  
         [0067]     It is generally agreed that there are three phases in sintered RE-Fe—B-type rare earth permanent magnets: (1) a RE 2 Fe 14 B phase, (2) a RE-rich grain boundary phase, and (3) a B-rich REFe 4 B 4  phase. Surprisingly, it has been discovered that the toughness of the sintered REFeB magnets of the present invention can surprisingly be enhanced dramatically by modifying these three phases through certain unobvious compositional modifications.  
         [0068]     According to the process of the present invention, RE-Fe—B-type magnets were compositionally modified by varying Nd content and/or by adding Ti, Nb or Cu to the alloys described below by mixing appropriate quantities of different alloys as detailed below:  
                   TABLE 1                       Alloys Prepared by Using a   Alloys prepared by Using       aVacuum Induction Melting Furnace   Vacuum Arc Melting Furnace                   Nd 16 Fe 78 B 6     Nd 16 Fe 78 B 6         Nd 60 Fe 34 B 6     Nd 60 Fe 34 B 6         Nd 15 Dy 1 Fe 78 B 6     Nd 16 Fe 39 Ti 39 B 6         Nd 2.4 Pr 5.6 Dy 1 Fe 85 B 6     Nd 16 Fe 39 Nb 39 B 6             Nd 16 Fe 39 Cu 39 B 6                    
 
         [0069]     The Group #1 and #2 alloys described below were prepared using conventional powder metallurgy, without adjusting parameters to optimize magnetic properties. Each was prepared following the steps set out below: 
        Step 1—A jaw crusher and a double roller crusher were used to crush the ingot,     Step 2—Ball milling was used to reduce the crushed particles to ˜5 μm powder,     Step 3—This ˜5 μm powder was compacted using an isostatic press at 3 ton/cm 3 ,     Step 4—The compacted powder was sintered at 1080° C. for 20 minutes in a high vacuum followed by exposure to Ar for 40 minutes, and     Step 5—The sintered magnet underwent post sintering heat treatment at 650° C. for 20 minutes.         Group #1 alloys include: 
        Nd 16 Fe 78 B 6       Nd 17 Fe 77 B 6       Nd 18 Fe 76 B 6       Nd 19 Fe 75 B 6       Nd 20 Fe 74 B 6       Nd 21 Fe 73 B 6       Nd 22 Fe 72 B 6       Nd 23 Fe 71 B 6       Nd 16 Dy 1 Fe 78 B 6      
        Group #2 alloys include: 
        Nd 16 (Fe 1-X Ti x ) 78 B 6  with x=0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04 
            Nd 16 Fe 77.22 Ti 0.78 B 6       Nd 16 Fe 76.44 Ti 1.56 B 6       Nd 16 Fe 75.66 Ti 2.34 B 6       Nd 16 Fe 74.88 Ti 3.12 B 6      
            Nd 16 (Fe 1-X Nb x ) 78 B 6  with x=0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04 
            Nd 16 Fe 77.22 Nb 0.78 B 6       Nd 16 Fe 76.44 Nb 1.56 B 6       Nd 16 Fe 75.66 Nb 2.34 B 6       Nd 16 Fe 74.88 Nb 3.12 B 6      
            Nd 16 (Fe 1-X Cu x ) 78 B 6  with x=0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04 
            Nd 16 Fe 77.22 Cui 0.78 B 6       Nd 16 Fe 76.44 Cu 1.56 B 6       Nd 16 Fe 75.66 Cu 2.34 B 6       Nd 16 Fe 74.88 Cu 3.12 B 6      
           
       
 
         [0101]     Examples of four such modifications and the unexpected and surprising fracture toughness results associated with these modifications are detailed below: 
        (1) The effect of Nd content on the toughness of sintered RE-Fe—B-type rare earth permanent magnets of the invention is set out in Table 2 and  FIG. 5 .     (2) The effect of Ti addition on the toughness of sintered RE-Fe—B-type rare earth permanent magnets of the invention is set out in Table 3 and  FIG. 6 .     (3) The effect of Nb addition on the toughness of sintered RE-Fe—B-type rare earth permanent magnets of the invention is set out in Table 4 and  FIG. 7 .     The effect of Cu addition on the toughness of sintered RE-Fe—B-type rare earth permanent magnets of the invention is set out in Table 5 and  FIG. 8 .        
 
         [0106]     The toughness of the various modified RE-Fe—B-type magnets of the invention was determined at room temperature (20°) using a standard Charpy impact testing method with a Bell Laboratories Type Impact Testing Machine. The energy required to break the impact specimen can be readily determined in the test. For the purposes of the present invention, this energy divided by the area at the notch, is defined as the fracture toughness. Fracture toughness describes the toughness of the material tested, as that term is used throughout this specification. The dimensions of the specimens used are detailed in  FIG. 4 . The effect of the Nd modification to the composition on the fracture toughness of the sintered REFeB magnets is detailed in Table 2 and  FIG. 5 .  
                                                                   TABLE 2                           Effect of Nd Compositional Modification on the Fracture       toughness of Sintered RE—Fe—B-type Rare Earth Permanent       Magnets of the Present Invention                            Percent                           Increase               Energy   Fracture   in Fracture           Specific   Absorbed   toughness   toughness   Observa-       Example #   Composition   (ft-lbs)   (ft-lbs/in 2 )   (in %)   tion                     1*   Nd 16 Fe 78 B 6     1.0148   12.606   N/A           2   Nd 17 Fe 77 B 6     1.0711   13.306   6       3   Nd 18 Fe 76 B 6     1.5150   18.820   49       4   Nd 19 Fe 75 B 6     1.7647   21.922   74       7   Nd 20 Fe 74 B 6     1.7678   21.960   74       8   Nd 21 Fe 73 B 6     1.7678   21.960   74       9   Nd 22 Fe 72 B 6     1.7689   21.974   74                 *Example 1 is a commercial Nd—Fe—B magnet used to establish baseline.             
 
         [0107]     It can be seen from Table 2 that the toughness of the various sintered Nd—Fe—B-type rare earth permanent magnets is responsive to the Nd content in the magnet alloy. The fracture toughness of Nd 16 Fe 78 B 6  is 12.606 ft-lbs/in 2 . This value represents the fracture toughness of typical commercial sintered Nd—Fe—B-type magnets. It is apparent from  FIG. 5  that the fracture toughness (toughness) sharply increases by increasing the Nd content up to 19%. Surprisingly, beyond the 19% level, further increases of the Nd content do not appear to materially affect the fracture toughness of the various modified Nd—Fe—B-type magnets.  
         [0108]     The fracture toughness of Nd 19 Fe 75 B 6  (Example #4), 21.922 ft-lbs/in 2 , is unexpectedly 74% higher than a typical commercial sintered Nd—Fe—B-type magnet represented by Nd 16 Fe 78 B 6 . Surprisingly such a low Nd level (19%) is required to achieve improved toughness of sintered modified Nd—Fe—B magnets.  
         [0109]     Table 3 lists data on the effect of Ti addition on toughness (fracture toughness) for various sintered Nd—Fe—B magnets based on the Charpy impact test. The results are also shown in  FIG. 6 . It can be seen from  FIG. 6  that the toughness of sintered Nd—Fe—B magnets sharply increases by increasing Ti content. The toughness reaches a peak of 22.124 ft-lbs/in 2  at 1.56% Ti and then unexpectedly decreases. It should be mentioned that Example #13 (Nd 16 Fe 75.66 Ti 2.34 B 6 ) was cut with two notches accidentally. Therefore, the fracture toughness value for Example #13 is not accurate and may actually be much higher than reported.  
                                                                   TABLE 3                           Effect of Ti Composition Modification on the Fracture       toughness of Sintered RE—Fe—B-type Rare Earth       Permanent Magnets of the Invention            Ex-               Increase in           am-       Energy   Fracture   Fracture       ple   Specific   Absorbed   toughness   toughness   Obser-       #   Composition   (ft-lbs)   (ft-lbs/in 2 )   (in %)   vation                     1*   Nd 16 Fe 78 B 6     1.0148   12.606   N/A   Base-                           line       11   Nd 16 Fe 77.22 Ti 0.78 B 6     1.2213   15.171   20       12   Nd 16 Fe 76.44 Ti 1.56 B 6     1.7810   22.124   76       13   Nd 16 Fe 75.66 Ti 2.34 B 6     1.1276   14.007   11   Double                           notches       14   Nd 16 Fe 74.88 Ti 3.12 B 6     0.8687   10.791   −14                 *Example #1 is a commercial Nd—Fe—B magnet.             
 
         [0110]     Similar to Ti, Nb has been observed to be another element useful for grain refinement. The effect of Nb addition on the fracture toughness of various sintered Nd—Fe—B magnets is set out in Table 4 and  FIG. 7 . It can be concluded from  FIG. 7  that the Nb addition also improves toughness of various sintered Nd—Fe—B-type magnets. A peak fracture toughness of 15.171 ft-lbs/in 2  is reached at 1.56%. Apparently, the effect of Nb on the toughness of various Nd—Fe—B magnets is not as great as Ti.  
                                                                   TABLE 4                           Effect of Nb Composition Modification on the Fracture       toughness of Sintered RE—Fe—B-type Rare       Earth Permanent Magnets of the Invention                            Percent           Ex-               Increase       am-       Energy   Fracture   in Fracture           ple   Specific   Absorbed   toughness   toughness   Obser-       #   Composition   (ft-lbs)   (ft-lbs/in 2 )   (in %)   vation                     1*   Nd 16 Fe 78 B 6     1.0148   12.606   N/A   Base-                           line       15   Nd 16 Fe 77.22 Nb 0.78 B 6     .9572   11.891   −6       16   Nd 16 Fe 76.44 Nb 1.56 B 6     1.2213   15.171   20       17   Nd 16 Fe 75.66 Nb 2.34 B 6     1.2112   15.046   19       18   Nd 16 Fe 74.88 Nb 3.12 B 6     1.0098   12.544   0                 *Example #1 is a commercial Nd—Fe—B magnet.             
 
         [0111]     The effect of Cu on room temperature toughness of various sintered Nd—Fe—B magnets is—shown in Table 5 and  FIG. 8 . It is seen from  FIG. 8  that adding Cu to various Nd—Fe—B magnet compositions slightly improves room-temperature toughness of various sintered Nd—Fe—B magnets. Fracture toughness peaks at 14.359 ft-lbs/in 2  with 0.78% Cu.  
                                                                   TABLE 5                           Effect of Cu Composition Modification on the Fracture       toughness of Sintered RE—Fe—B-type Rare       Earth Permanent Magnets of the Invention                            Percent           Ex-               Increase       am-       Energy   Fracture   in Fracture       ple       Absorbed   toughness   toughness   Obser-       #   Composition   (ft-lbs)   (ft-lbs/in 2 )   (in %)   vation                     1*   Nd 16 Fe 78 B 6     1.0148   12.606   N/A   Base-                           line       19   Nd 16 Fe 77.22 Cu 0.78 B 6     1.1559   14.359   14       20   Nd 16 Fe 76.44 Cu 1.56 B 6     1.0751   13.355   6       21   Nd 16 Fe 75.66 Cu 2.34 B 6     0.8838   10.979   −13       22   Nd 16 Fe 74.88 Cu 3.12 B 6     0.7426   9.225   −27                 *Example #1 is a commercial Nd—Fe—B magnet.             
 
         [0112]     The foregoing establishes that modifying the RE-Fe—B-type magnet compositions with Nb, Cu, and especially Ti, or Nd effectively improves the room temperature toughness of sintered RE-Fe—B-type magnets. Exceptional and unexpected high fracture toughness of 22.124 ft-lbs/in 2  and 21.922 ft-lbs/in 2  were obtained for Nd 16 Fe 76.44 Ti 1.56 B 6  and Nd 19 Fe 75 B 6 , respectively. These represent a 74 to 76% improvement of the toughness vis-à-vis commercial sintered Nd—Fe—B-type magnets.  
         [0113]     It was also found that grain refinement plays an important role in increasing toughness. When grain size is smaller than 25 microns, especially smaller than 12 microns, the fracture toughness increases significantly. We concluded that the smaller the grain size, the better the fracture toughness providing for magnets with the same composition.  
         [0114]     Additional minor phases were found in the magnets of the present invention, which has been found to be a very important feature of the invention.  
         [0115]     The Nd-rich phases are predominantly along grain boundaries. Some larger Nd-riches phases are also located inside the grains or at the triple grain boundary junctions. These mechanically soft Nd-rich phases help decrease the brittleness, and therefore increase the fracture toughness of the sintered NdFeB magnets of the invention.  
         [0116]     Ti-rich minor phases with a composition close to Nd 4.3 Fe 29.2 Ti 66.5  were identified in the Nd 16 Fe 76.44 Ti 1.56 B 6  sintered magnets of the present invention. These Ti-rich minor phases have excellent toughness due to the amount of transition metals, Fe and Ti, which account for more than 90 atomic percent. The existence of the soft Ti-rich minor phases are the key for the toughness improvement of the Ti added NdFeB magnets of the invention. An example of the microstructure showing the main phase and the Ti-rich minor phases is given in  FIG. 15 .  
         [0117]     By using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-Ray analysis, similar minor phases were also identified in the Nb and Cu added NdFeB magnets of the invention. These minor phases generally have low Nd content (&lt;10 atomic %) and high Fe and other transition metal content (&gt;90 atomic %). All these minor TM-rich phases have excellent plasticity and low hardness as compared to the main Nd 2 Fe 14 B phase. The amount and morphology of these minor phases have a great impact to the toughness enhancement of the sintered NdFeB-type magnets of the invention.  
         [0118]     As shown in  FIG. 16 , sintered NdFeB-type magnets of the invention can be machined by conventional cutting and drilling, which is impossible for the commercial sintered NdFeB-type magnets.  
         [0119]     The present invention has been described in detail, including the preferred embodiments thereof. However, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art, upon consideration of the present disclosure, may make modifications and/or improvements on this invention and still be within the scope and spirit of this invention as set forth in the following claims.