Abstract:
A chocolate coating for frozen desserts or the like containing no tropical oils but including a mixture of first and second oils having a different degree of hydrogenation and different melting temperatures and other compatible ingredients.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to a chocolate coating for a dairy dessert and more particularly, to a novel chocolate coating low in saturated fats for use in conjunction with a frozen dairy dessert such as an ice cream bar, cone, or the like. 
     Consumers have become increasingly concerned about the saturated fat content of the foods which they eat and the effect of such foods on their health and general well-being. Saturated fat has been shown to increase levels of cholesterol in the blood and has been linked to heart disease. Prudent consumers thus consciously seek foods having low saturated fat content. 
     Chocolate coatings for dairy desserts traditionally have been manufactured with tropical oils, particularly coconut oil which is high in saturated fat. Coconut oil has been preferred because of its reasonable cost, its compatibility with chocolate liquors and its neutral flavor which lets the chocolate flavor come through on the finished product. It has a good shelf life and does not have a waxy taste. Coconut oil is also beneficial to the production process since it dries quickly on the frozen dessert and is very compatible with automatic dipping machines used in the manufacturing process. 
     For various reasons, the prior art has tried to replace at least part of the coconut oil with nonlauric edible oils, and typical proposals are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,333,968; 4,396,633; and 4,430,350. However, formulations such as these have not become commercially acceptable and the use of coconut oil alone remains predominant in the manufacture of chocolate coatings. 
     In addition, none of the prior art proposals discusses or recognizes the problems associated with saturated fats as contained, for example, in the popular coconut oil and none suggests a suitable replacement for the coconut oil to reduce the saturated fat while, at the same time, retaining taste, flavor, viscosity, blending and processing characteristics similar to those provided by coconut oil. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, the primary object of this invention is to provide a novel chocolate coating particularly useful on frozen dairy desserts, the coating containing no tropical oils and being low in saturated fats. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide the above novel chocolate coating whose characteristics closely simulate those of a conventional chocolate coating containing coconut oil applied on a frozen dessert bar. 
     Still another object of the invention is to provide the above novel chocolate coating containing no tropical oils and being acceptable in taste, texture, color, rate of flavor release, mouthfeel, snap, drying time, shelf life, cost, and produceability from a manufacturing standpoint. The characteristics of the chocolate coating of the invention closely simulate those of a conventional control coating containing coconut oil applied to a popular ice cream bar sold by the assignee of this invention. 
     A further object of the invention is to provide the above novel chocolate coating in which the usual coconut oil is replaced in total by non-tropical oils such as sunflower, cottonseed, and soybean oils proportioned and blended together to provide a chocolate coating product having the desired characteristics noted above. 
     Still another object of the invention is to provide the above novel chocolate coating containing no tropical oils but instead including a blend of two sunflower oils having different degrees of hydrogenation and different melting points which afford a continuous flavor release effect as the consumer eats the frozen dessert product. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide the above novel chocolate coating which is low in saturated fats but retains the characteristics necessary for an acceptable product. The coating does not have any off-flavors or impart a waxy taste to the product. The non-tropical oils are bland in flavor and do not mask the flavor of the chocolate ingredients. The proper blend of the non-tropical oils according to the invention satisfy the functional demands of conventional ice cream equipment including proper dry time, viscosity, and thickness of coating deposited on the frozen ice cream bar. The drying time is critical so as not to drip coating on the wraps and to provide a desired thickness of coating on the bar. Viscosity is important because it affects the thickness of the coat and the amount of flavor contributed by the coating. Too thick a coat might taste overly strong to the consumer and too thin a coat produces a weak chocolate flavor. The formulation of the invention satisfies all these criteria and, at the same time, reduces the saturated fat content of the ice cream product which, as noted above, is very desirable for health purposes to many consumers. 
    
    
     Other objects and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Applicant has found that the usual tropical oil such as coconut oil constituting the fat ingredient in conventional chocolate coatings for frozen desserts can be completely replaced by non-tropical oils such as sunflower, cottonseed and soybean oils. Preferably, the non-tropical oil used includes a blend of two different sunflower oils having different degrees of hydrogenation and different melting points. The non-tropical oil ingredient also preferably includes a third non-tropical oil mixture of cottonseed and soybean oils. 
     The two preferred sunflower oils are commercially available, high stability monounsaturated oils manufactured by SVO Enterprises of East Lake, Ohio, and marketed under product identification marks Trisun HS-100 and HB-95. Using plant breeding techniques, the manufacturer has been able to increase the amount of monounsaturates from about 17% which is present in regular sunflower oil to about 80% present in the HS-100 and HB-95 oils. The sunflower seeds are harvested and tested, the oil is extracted by heat and pressure and then deodorized to remove off-flavors and smells. 
     The HS-100 and HB-95 sunflower oils differ in the degree of hydrogenation. The HS-100 oil is lightly hydrogenated by which hydrogen replaces a small number of the double bonds in the triglyceride molecule. HS-100 oil is a product with a high level of monounsaturation and a lower level of polyunsaturation. This is also true of the HB-95 oil, but the HB-95 oil is hydrogenated to a greater amount. As a result, the melting point of the HB-95 oil is greater than the melting point of the HS-100 oil, and the two oils may be blended together in predetermined amounts to provide a desired melting point and also to alter the percent of solids present at different temperatures as measured and indicated by the Solid Fat Index (SFI) as shown in Table 1 presented below. The third non-tropical oil used as part of the fat ingredient in the invention is a blend of cottonseed and soybean oils and preferably is an oil marketed under the product identification mark CIROL by the Durkee Industrial Foods Corporation of Cleveland, Ohio. The CIROL oil is a partially hydrogenated blend of at least 51% cottonseed oil and 49% soybean oil. 
     The following Table 1 presents the melting characteristics of each of the sunflower oils as they are commercially available, of the blend of the two sunflower oils combined at a ratio of approximately 2 to 1 for use in the coatings of the invention, and of the CIROL cottonseed and soybean mixture. Table 1 also presents the Solid Fat Index (SFI) for the various oils as a measure of the percent of solids present at each indicated temperature. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________  Trisun        Trisun    HS-100/HB-95  HS-100        HB-95     Blend       CIROL______________________________________ 50° F.    6-8     42-52     24-28     28-34 70° F.    &lt;1      33-40     11-16     14-20 80° F.    0       25-32      6-12      8-14 92° F.    0       10-15     &lt;5        &lt;5104° F.    0       1 max.    0         0Melting Pt.    71° F.            92-96° F.                      84-86° F.                                91-95° F.______________________________________ 
    
     A number of samples of different formulations were prepared in commercial sized 10000 pound batches and evaluated to produce a chocolate coating low in saturated fats but possessing acceptable eating and processing characteristics noted hereinabove. Table 2 sets forth a number of the formulations which were prepared and evaluated. 
     
                                           TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________     Sample (Weight in Pounds)Ingredient       1     2     3     4     5     6     7__________________________________________________________________________HS-100 Oil      --    995   250   3100  3100  2932  2970Lecithin    30    30    30    30    50    50    50Vanilla (4 Fold)*       50 F.O.             50 F.O.                   50 F.O.                         50 F.O.                               50 F.O.                                     64 F.O.                                           64 F.O.Chocolate Liquor      1200  1200  1200  1400  1600  1600  1600NaturalChocolate Liquor      600   600   600   700   600   600   600DutchCocoa-Black      150   150   150   100   100   100   100Salt (Fine Flakes)      --    --    --    --     10    13    13Milk Solids      400   400   400   --    --    --    --Non-FatPowdered Sugar-6x      2750  2750  2750  2800  2800  2800  2800HB-95 Oil  3895  3100  4665  1515  1335  1500  1500CIROL Oil  1000  800   --    400   450   450   420Approximate Total     10025 10025 10045 10045 10045 10045 10053Weight (Lbs)(Not includingVanilla)__________________________________________________________________________ *Weight in fluid ounces (FO) 
    
     The various samples were prepared in a commercially available milling system, the high production RED HEAD ball milling system, manufactured by Chicago Boiler Company which is capable of producing about 100 pounds per minute of coating. In this commercial system, about 2/3 of the oils are added to a pre-mix tank and mixed with the lecithin and vanilla. Next, the salt, milk solids and sugar were added and mixed well in the tank while maintaining the temperature of the mixture at 100° F. The chocolate liquors were pre-melted at a temperature of about 130° F. and added to the mixing tank, again maintaining the mixture in the tank at about 110° F. The mixture is then fed continuously into the milling section where it is milled at about 115° F. temperature for a sufficient period of time to provide a blend of a desired micron size of maximum 0.0009 inch. The remaining oil (except for about 300 pounds) was sent directly to the finishing tank and mixed well with the mixture received from the mill. The 300 pound balance of the oil is used to flush the entire system and then sent on to the finishing tank where it is mixed well with the remaining ingredients while the temperature within the finishing tank is maintained at about 110° F. 
     In preparing sample 7, the HS-100 and HB-95 oils were pre-blended and about 2/3 of that blend was initially placed into the pre-mix tank. The remaining 1/3 of the blend and all of the CIROL oil was passed to the finishing tank where they were mixed well with the mixture received from the mill. 
     The various samples were taste-tested by experienced taste panelists who are employees of the assignee of this invention to determine the acceptability of those formulations in matching the conventional chocolate control formulation and measuring the general marketability of those formulations as they relate to flavor, texture, and color. In addition, the formulations were evaluated with respect to their processing characteristics such as viscosity, drying time, blending characteristics, and coating thickness. 
     Of those formulations tested, samples 6 and 7 were found to be the best, with sample 7 being the preferred. 
     Samples 6 and 7 had an acceptable viscosity of about 480 cps, a weight per gallon of about 8.87 pounds, and a dry time of 11 seconds after deposition on a frozen dessert. As the coated frozen dessert bars were eaten, the coating had color, flavor, mouthfeel and snap characteristics very close to those of the conventional control formulation. 
     The other samples were not quite as good as samples 6 and 7° F.or example, samples 1 and 2 had a high viscosity, oily taste, and waxy mouthfeel. Sample 3 had a weak snap and too thick a coat. Sample 4 was weak in flavor and had slight snap. Sample 5 had weak flavor and a high dry time of 13 seconds. 
     As mentioned previously, by properly blending the two different sunflower oils, HS-100 and HB-95, the melting point of the blend and coating can be altered as well as the percent of solids present at different temperatures. These two characteristics directly affect the ultimate flavor release, taste, and mouthfeel of the coating. The preferred mixture of sample 7 provides a continuous flavor release effect in the mouth of a person as the temperature of the coating rises up to its melting point. The presence of the third oil, the CIROL oil, controls the brittleness of the coating which provides the desired snap that is evident when eating the dessert bar. 
     In contrast, the conventional bar containing only coconut oil has an instantaneous flavor release at its melt temperature of about 70° F. In addition, the conventional coating containing coconut oil sets up in about 12 seconds and is fully set when it leaves the coating machine. 
     In contrast, the coatings of this invention are not fully hardened when they leave the coating machine, but are more flexible and thereby avoid cracking of the coating as the frozen bars are handled during subsequent wrapping and packaging operations. 
     Table 3 illustrates the differences in the saturated and unsaturated fat ratio of the oils used in this invention, particularly in sample 7, as compared to conventional coconut oil. Table 3 identifies the Fatty Acid Composition of the various oils as follows: 
     
                       TABLE 3______________________________________              HS-100/HB-95Trisun             Blend              CoconutHS-100     HB-95   (Sample 7)  CIROL  Oil______________________________________% C16:0  4       5.2     4.5       20     45.4  C18:0  6       7.8     8.0       5      18.0  C18:1  87      85.7    83.0      63     7.5  C18:2  &lt;1      0.2     1.5       11.5   0  C20:0  1       0       0         0      10.5  C20:1  0       0       0         0      2.3  C22:0  1       1.1     0         0      0.4______________________________________ 
    
     The numbers 16:0 mean a 16 carbon molecule with 0 double bonds while 18:1 is an 18 carbon molecule with 1 double bond, with a molecule having a double bond being unsaturated. No double bonds indicates a saturated molecule. The molecule in fats is known as a triglyceride. 
     The most important numbers in Table 3 are C16:0 and C18:0. Both are saturated fats and are present in a high percentage in coconut oil as compared to the HS-100/HB-95 Blend employed in the invention. C18:1 is unsaturated and is present in a very low level in coconut oil as compared to the high level in the HS-100/HB-95 Blend. This Table establishes how replacement of the conventional coconut oil with the sunflower, cottonseed, and soybean blends substantially lowers the level of saturated fats in the resultant chocolate coating. 
     The chocolate coatings formulated according to the invention do not sacrifice any of the desired eating characteristics but, to the contrary, have very good taste, flavor, mouthfeel, and snap to the consumer. In addition, the coatings readily satisfy the functional demands of conventional ice cream manufacturing equipment and present no problems during the manufacturing process. 
     Various modifications in the coating formulations may be made. For example, the sugar may be replaced by aspartame (NutraSweet) and a suitable bulking agent. 
     The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.