Abstract:
In a lithographic system, data transmission is carried out by means of a powerful electro-optical free-beam connection system enabling optical pattern data to be guided from light exit places to light entrance places inside the vacuum chamber by means of free-space optical beams in order to produce control signals. The burden on the pattern production system is significantly reduced by the disappearance of mechanical and electrical contacts. The paths of the free-space optical beams and the particle beams can intersect each other in a non-influential manner. Active photodiodes acting as light exit places can be spatially disposed directly in the pattern production system. Passive light waveguides which can be bundled together to form multipolar fibre array plugs, or active transmission lasers, either of which can also act as light exit places, can be arranged outside the vacuum chamber.

Description:
[0001]     This application is a continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT/DE2004/000924 filed Apr. 29, 2004, the publication of which by the International Bureau was not in the English language. This application also claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(d) to German Patent Application No. DE 103 19 154.2, filed Apr. 29, 2003. The entire contents of each of the above-identified applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND  
       [0002]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0003]     The present invention relates to a maskless lithography system for direct, nano-scale capable structuring of a substrate disposed on a movable mounting table in a vacuum chamber supplied with a high voltage, using a charged particle beam generated by a beam source, and an addressable digital pattern generating system onto which the structure pattern to be generated is transmitted as a set of pattern data generated with computer assistance using a data transmission system.  
         [0004]     2. Brief Description of Related Art  
         [0005]     Particle beam lithography plays a major role in the manufacture of devices in the field of microsystem-technology and monolithically integrated circuits in electronic, opto-electronic, optical and other embodiments, and their individual components, which comprise nano-sized structures measuring 100 nanometers and less. The geometrical structure to be produced on a substrate, typically a wafer, is converted into a set of pattern data with the assistance of a computer. Said set of pattern data is either used for manufacturing a mask that cannot be changed, a large area of which is being irradiated (indirect structuring technique), or said set of pattern data is continually worked off by suitably addressing the particle beam and the mounting table, on which the substrate to be structured is disposed (direct structuring technique). The indirect structuring technique is advantageous in that it enables parallel, and therefore very fast realization of the structure pattern. It has, however, also a disadvantage because of the extremely expensive manufacturing of the masks which can only be balanced by mass production of circuit layouts, because of the transfer of errors in the mask and because of the rather complex alignment when the mask is brought into position. Therefore, at present the direct structuring technique is being intensively developed further, since it offers the great advantage of flexibility with respect to the geometrical structure patterns that can be manufactured, which makes it ultimately less costly. However, this method has the disadvantage of a relatively low through-put of substrates as a result of the slow, serial structuring process employing the particle beam. Therefore, a greatest possible parallelization is also aimed at in the direct structuring method. For achieving this parallelization, different concepts are being pursued. On one hand, a plurality of parallel particle beams may be generated; on the other hand a programmable, changeable mask comprising electrically-addressed individual elements (apertures) as a pattern generating system may be irradiated with a homogeneous particle beam having a large cross section. The data rate, which needs to be processed in this preferred concept and which comprises the data for addressing the digitized structure pattern having 600,000 mask points, for instance, which are usually irradiated several times (grey scale system, comparable to the principle of the ink jet printer), and the addressing of the mounting table, is extremely high, and easily reaches several Tbit/s, such that suitable transmission of the data rate to the pattern generating system inside the vacuum chamber of the lithography system constitutes a particular problem associated with the direct structuring technique.  
         [0006]     U.S. Pat. No. 6,379,867 B1 discloses a lithography system that is designated “maskless” since no unchangeable, rigid mask in a conventional sense is employed. Rather, the pattern generating system is configured as a pixel panel, which comprises a plurality of addressable individual elements, for instance, formed by digital mirror devices (DMD), which either transmit or block the light beam. The pattern to be generated is generated as a bitmap with the assistance of a computer, it is then stored in a storage device, and transmitted from there via a wire-bound signal connection to the pattern generating system. The data transmission system is based exclusively on a wired connection. Therefore, in order to achieve the high data transmission rate, a multitude of wire-bound data lines needs to be guided into the inside of the vacuum chamber of the lithography system, and needs to be contacted there. Thus, problems arise with the respect to their spatial arrangement and allocation, and in particular with respect to the mechanical fixation of the data lines to the carrier plate of the individual element to be addressed. Furthermore, removing the data lines for purposes of maintenance in the vacuum chamber is very complex. In addition, negative effects on the data to be transmitted may occur due to the conditions inside the vacuum chamber, in particular due to the applied high voltage.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0007]     It is an object of the present invention to provide a lithography system having an addressable pattern generation system and having a data transmission system which enables even highest data rates to be transmitted reliably to the inside of the vacuum chamber, and in particular in which no mechanical strain on the pattern generating system due to contacts or any space related problems occur. It is an additional object to provide simple allocation of the transferred data to the addressable individual elements in the pattern generating system. It is a further object for the data transmission system according to the present invention to be robust in terms of operation and to allow easy assembly and disassembly.  
         [0008]     Exemplary lithography systems according to the present invention provide an opto-electrical free-space beam connection system as the data transmission system, by which the pattern data optically converted to corresponding optical signals by electro-optical converters are distributed at light exit locations, such that the pattern data embodied in the optical signals are transmitted by optical free-space beams (i.e., optical beams not bound to a material medium, also called “free beams” herein) whose orientation is adjustable. The adjustable optical free beams are transmitted onto light entry locations inside the vacuum chamber, from where they are guided to opto-electrical converters, which are associated with the pattern generating system with respect to the transmitted pattern data. The number N of the electro-optical converters can be adapted to the pattern data rate to be transmitted, based on their predetermined conversion rate.  
         [0009]     Such an arrangement facilitates both the transformation of the high data rate to be transmitted into the efficient optical range as well as the data transfer in a free beam connection system, which date transfer is not dependent on wiring (data lines). The opto-electrical data transmission system in the lithography system permits keeping the pattern generating system free from cumbersome wire-bound and mechanically straining connections to the outside, and thus enables relief from mechanical strain. Therefore, upon assembling or maintaining the lithography system, cumbersome wired connections for data transmission do not need to be made or removed directly at the pattern generating system. In the present invention, the entire data transmission is based purely on optics and is independent of wiring, at least directly in front of the pattern generating system, owing to the integration of a free beam connection system. The opto-electrical data transmission system is very efficient, so that even the highest data rates can be transmitted. The electro-optically converted data are guided as parallel free beams directly to the pattern generating system, with the number of the parallel free beams being adapted to the data rate to be transmitted via the predetermined transmission rate of the electro-optical converters. Assuming an exemplary data rate of 10 Gbits/s per electro-optical converter, 256 parallel free beams are required for transmitting a data rate of 2.56 Tbit/s. These parallel free beams&#39; paths are directed at the opto-electrical converters in the pattern generating system. From there, the data, which are converted into electrical signals, are guided to the individual elements of the pattern generating system via subsequent signal processing. In an exemplary embodiment, the opto-electrical converters in the pattern generating system accordingly detect the incoming optical data at their data rate of 10 Gbits/s. In the region of the free beams, which are independent of wiring, the light serving as the data carrier in the vacuum chamber is neither influenced by the high voltage present therein during structuring, nor by the particle beam, whose particles are usually ions or electrons. This has a great advantage in that the data can be optically irradiated directly onto the opto-electrical converter—accepting that their paths cross the particles&#39; paths—without occurrence of any problems with respect to potentials. Space consuming and complex bundles of wiring and their mechanical contacting are not required.  
         [0010]     Different embodiments of an optical free beam connection system, which may be used in the present invention, are generally known form the state of the art, typically, however, in the context of powerful communication devices, but also for data transmission to inaccessible locations (see for instance, EP 0 485 071 A2, therein data transmission to a hermetically encapsulated device underwater is described), or to locations which are difficult to contact (see for instance DE 100 36 237 A1, therein a modular construction of a machine of individual, electrically controlled functional units is described, between which data are optically transmitted). From the final report of the project “Optical Signal Processing” (edited by the Heinrich-Hertz-Institut für Nachrichtentechnik Berlin GmbH, July 1994, Chapter D.6.2.2), for instance, an optical 3D spatial step is known, which is formed by a cascaded electronic circuit and optical free beam connection steps comprising Fresnel zone lenses for collimating or focusing, respectively, as well as volume holograms for beam deflection. It is a free beam connection network for transmission of transmission rates in a Gbit range, as it may be used for optical signal processing in an OFDM-switching system.  
         [0011]     The free beam connection system in the lithography device according to the present invention is, in the present context, principally understood as a serial combination of light exit locations functioning as optical emitters (for instance active light emitters, such as electro-optical converters, for instance laser diodes, or exits of light wave guides), free beams independent of wires (wire-unbound) and light entry locations functioning as optical receivers (for instance active receiving elements, such as opto-electrical converters, for instance photo diodes, or entrances of light waveguides). It is optional how the data are provided and picked up at the light entry and light exit locations. Furthermore, the positioning of the free beam connection system may be chosen freely and is therefore adaptable in particular to the constructional environment and requirements. In a simplest embodiment, the free beam connection system comprising the components listed above is disposed directly in front of the pattern generating system. The distance covered by the free beam is therefore very short. The contact-free data input allows the pattern generating system to be relieved from mechanical strain, which is one of the main objects of the present invention. In this embodiment, the data transmission to the electro-optical converters may take place in a wire-bound manner (electrically or optically), wherein passages for wires need to be provided in the wall of the vacuum chamber, accordingly. Furthermore, the light exit locations of the free beam connection system inside the vacuum chamber may be disposed at a greater distance from the pattern generating system, which results in a lengthening of the distance covered by the free beams. In this respect, it is advantageous, if, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, optical deflection arrangements are disposed in the free beams inside the vacuum chamber. Thus, any constructional environments inside the vacuum chamber may be accommodated and the free beams guided to the light entry locations irrespective of these constructional environments. The deflection arrangements, which may be disposed in the middle of the free beam distance, or also directly in front of the light exit or entry locations, may be provided by adjustable micro mirrors or micro prisms, for example.  
         [0012]     According to a further embodiment of the present invention, the light exit locations may be disposed outside the vacuum chamber, and the free beams may be guided into the vacuum chamber through a light transparent window in the vacuum chamber. In this way, the data transmission to the inside of the vacuum chamber is already independent of wiring and achieved by free beams. The free beams are guided simply through a window, which is integrated into the wall of the vacuum chamber. When the light exit locations are positioned outside the vacuum chamber, space requirements and efforts associated with mounting the free beam connection system inside the vacuum chamber are reduced. No passage for any wiring for data transmission into the inside of the vacuum chamber is required, and a complete decoupling from the high vacuum and from the high voltage fields inside the vacuum chamber results. Deflection of the free beams, which enter the inside through the window, onto the opto-electrical converters is again readily achieved by optical deflection arrangements. Any suitable deflector may be used. In order to save space outside the vacuum chamber also, a further embodiment of the present invention provides that the light exit locations are disposed directly at the window from the outside. Thereby, a series of further constructional simplifications may result, which are discussed further below. In addition, the light exit locations may advantageously be disposed orthogonally below the window, and the free beams may be guided via an additional optical deflection arrangement through the window into the inside of the vacuum chamber. Thus, deflection arrangements may also be provided outside the vacuum chamber in order to be able to guide the free beams in an optimal space saving manner. Finally, according to a further embodiment of the present invention, the window may also be recessed into the vacuum chamber. This enables a space saving positioning of the light exit locations on the outside, but still within the region of the vacuum chamber. Furthermore, predetermined optical distances may be met more easily. This is described in more detail later on in the general description and the exemplary embodiments. In order to avoid interfering influences due to stray light and other effects, when free beams are irradiated from external light exit locations through the window, it is particularly advantageous if the window is provided with a cover shielding against external light and electromagnetic fields in a region outside of the passing free beams. The covers may be simple mechanical or optical covers. Furthermore, the free beams may be grouped into arrays, which are locally precisely defined and whose surrounding is therefore easier to cover.  
         [0013]     Using suitable light sources, the generated free beams may be guided without use of any further optical measures over short distances in a cm range, in particular. However, it is preferable if, according to a further embodiment of the lithography system according to the present invention, collimating and focusing micro lenses are disposed at at least one of the light exit locations and light entry locations. This allows grouping and exact orientation of the free beams. At which position micro lenses are disposed in the free beams depends on the quality of the individual employed elements. Furthermore, losses due to large diffraction angles is avoided, and angular arrangement of the free beams from the light exit locations and towards the light entry locations is possible. The micro lenses may, for instance, be configured as Grin or Fresnel zone lenses. Due to their optical properties, they may only be used in connection with relatively small free beam distances. As already described above, arrangement of the light exit locations in an array is advantageous and saves space. The same also applies to arranging the light entry locations in a common array. In these embodiments of the present invention, the array may be one dimensional, forming a line or column, or, in a compact embodiment, it may be two dimensional with lines and columns of light entry locations and light exit locations, respectively. If an array arrangement is used, according to a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the array of the light exit locations may advantageously be imaged by an imaging optics onto the array of light entry locations. Thereby, also longer distances covered by the free beams from 10 cm up to the range of meters can be realized. If an imaging ratio of 1:1 is chosen, and if a simple imaging lens is used as the imaging optics, said imaging lens needs to be disposed symmetrically between the light exit locations and the light entry locations (object width=image width). In order to avoid distances becoming too long, the window may be moved into the vacuum chamber, for instance, as already described above. If other imaging ratios are chosen, or if more complex lens arrangements employed as imaging optics, asymmetric arrangements of the imaging optics or differences in size of the array dimensions may be considered, accordingly. If an imaging lens is employed, the light entry locations inside the vacuum chamber need to have an arrangement relative to the light exit locations, which is mirror-inverted with respect to the vertical and/or horizontal middle axis (depending on the embodiment of the imaging lens).  
         [0014]     As already discussed above, the light exit locations in free beam connection systems serve to emit light and the light entry locations serve to receive light. The locations may differ in terms of their construction, and in particular, they may be configured to be passive or active. In accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention, the light entry locations and/or light exit locations may be formed by the ends of light waveguides. Thus, in this passive embodiment, the data may be already optically converted and then guided to the light exit locations, in particular, by light waveguides. Furthermore, the light entry locations may also be connected via light waveguides with the opto-electrical converters. The light waveguides may be provided by light fibers which are suitable for being combined into a bundle, for instance glass fibers, which show little loss and are not prone to interferences, or by monolithically integrated waveguides. Furthermore, if the light waveguides are formed by light fibers, the ends of the light waveguides may be combined into a bundle to form a fiber array plug. Use of fiber array plugs makes maintenance particularly easy and allows easy maintenance. Furthermore, susceptibility to errors is reduced, since the individual light waveguides are fixedly arranged in the fiber array plugs, and fiber array plugs enable correctly aligned and allocated connections. When using 256 parallel light waveguides, as an example, four connection bundles comprising 64 light waveguides each may be formed. Each bundle then terminates in a “64 pole” fiber array plug. Fiber array plugs of this kind (“Ferrel”) are generally known in the art (see for instance internet page www.xanoptix.com/Ferrell.htm; status of Mar. 14, 2003) and are commercially available.  
         [0015]     If the light exit locations are configured to be active, a further embodiment of the present invention advantageously provides that the electro-optical converters as light exit locations are configured as emitting lasers. Thus, electro-optical conversion of the pattern data occurs only directly at the light exit location. Providing a wire-unbound feed line to the emitting laser does not cause any problems, in particular if the feed line is disposed outside the vacuum chamber. Active light entry locations may also be realized by configuring the opto-electrical converters as light entry locations formed by photodiodes, according to a further embodiment of the present invention. The data are opto-electrically converted directly in the light entry locations and passed on in a wire-bound system. In an embodiment comprising active emitting elements (for instance emitting lasers) and active receiving elements (for instance photodiodes), no light waveguides are required, which results in a particularly compact embodiment. Other active components may also be used. The opto-electrical converters formed by photo diodes require less than 50 micrometers of space, for instance. Assuming a distance between the individual photo diodes in a range of 250 micrometers to 500 micrometers, for transmitting a sum data rate of 2.56 Tb/s by 256 parallel light waveguides and thus  256  photodiodes arranged in a row, each of which is used for addressing a group of individual elements (apertures), a space requirement for the diode array in the one direction of between 64 mm and 128 mm results. Such a band-shaped diode array may be disposed on the so called “blanking plate”, which holds programmable chips comprising the individual apertures, in a known lithography system. Such a programmable aperture system is known, for instance, from the abstract of the publication “Programmable Aperture Plate for Maskless High Throughput Nanolithography”, by I. L. Berry, et al.; (Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, B, 1997, Volume 15, No. 6, pages 2382 to 2386). A particular advantage of the lithography system according to the present invention, however, lies in the option that light beams and particle beams may cross one another in the vacuum chamber, and that therefore, there is the option of a free choice of arrangement and accessibility of the opto-electrical converters. That way, particularly space saving arrangements may be realized. Furthermore, major advantages result from the speed of data transmission of the blanking plate, since shorter distances may be realized. According to a further embodiment of the lithography system according to the present invention, it is therefore advantageous if the opto-electrical converter is disposed directly in the pattern generating system. Accessibility of the converters via the free space distance in the vacuum chamber is always granted. Complex, sensitive and obstructing wiring, which is also critical with respect to achievable data speeds, is not required. In exemplary embodiments, the pattern generating system can be configured as a programmable aperture plate system, and the photodiodes may thus be distributed over the blanking plate and may be allocated there to groups of apertures via multiplex elements, whereby a major simplification of the arrangement and spacing savings can be achieved.  
         [0016]     The free light beam carrying data on the respective optical light path is typically focused and collimated by optical elements and, accordingly, oriented in terms of its path direction. Upon assembly, maintenance or even during operation, undesired changes of adjustment may occur due to mechanical tolerances and changes of shape, both upon alignment of the beam as well as at the location of the detector or converter, respectively. Therefore, it is advantageous if, according to an exemplary embodiment, an adjustment system is provided for aligning the free beams with the light entry locations, which adjustment system lends itself to automation. The adjustment system may already directly access the light exit location, and produce a correction of the position of the light exit locations, for instance. According to a further embodiment of the present invention, the adjustment system may be disposed in the beam path of the free beam connection system. Thus, the correction in the optical range is effected by respective optics, which is easy to realize from a constructional point of view. Furthermore, electrical or optical feedback signals from the vacuum chamber may be used for alignment. According to a further embodiment of the present invention, it is advantageous if additional electro-optical converters are disposed in a region of the pattern generating system, by which further optical signals in a back direction, in particular monitoring and control signals, may be generated and guided via free beams onto additional opto-electrical converters, wherein the further optical signals may be used as feedback signals for the adjustment system, which may be automated. Four-quadrant-photodiodes may be used for detection, for instance, which enable precise orientation of the beam by suitable adjustment arrangements, for instance in a beam path, on the basis of divided quadrants measurements. This back path may also be used to transmit test sequences—once or at repeated time intervals—which provide information on the proper functionality of the optical data transmission system and the structuring system.  
         [0017]     The present invention can facilitate electro-optical data transmission into and from a closed, badly accessible space having extreme conditions on its inside using a free beam connection system. Additionally, it is, however, possible—at least for relatively small amounts of energy—to realize an optical transmission of energy into the inside of the vacuum chamber without use of wires, in order to induce a process in the vacuum chamber, for instance, such as a switching process, to generate an electrostatic field or to charge up an energy storage. According to a further embodiment of the present invention, an optical energy transmission onto the addressable pattern generating system may be advantageously carried out using the opto-electrical free beam connection system. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0018]     The forgoing as well as other advantageous features of the invention will be more apparent from the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the invention with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings, which may be depicted in a slightly extended view for the sake of clarity.  
         [0019]      FIG. 1  shows a free beam connection system, which is disposed entirely within the vacuum chamber,  
         [0020]      FIG. 2  shows a free beam connection system wherein light exit locations are disposed linearly outside the vacuum chamber,  
         [0021]      FIG. 3  shows a section of a further free beam connection system wherein light exit locations are disposed linearly outside the vacuum chamber,  
         [0022]      FIG. 4  shows a detailed illustration of a free beam connection system comprising an imaging lens,  
         [0023]      FIG. 5  shows a free beam connection system having light exit locations disposed at an angle outside the vacuum chamber,  
         [0024]      FIG. 6  shows a free beam connection system having light exit locations disposed outside of, but in a region of the vacuum chamber,  
         [0025]      FIG. 7  shows a fiber array plug,  
         [0026]      FIG. 8  shows free beams and microlenses and  
         [0027]      FIG. 9  shows an angular free beam path. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS  
       [0028]      FIG. 1  schematically shows a section of a maskless lithography system  1  according to the present invention for direct, nano-scaleable structuring of a substrate  2 , for instance a wafer made of silicon, which is disposed on a moveable mounting table  3 . A cross-section of vacuum chamber  4  is depicted, the vacuum chamber  4  having a potential of 100 kV, for instance, on the inside. A homogeneous, broad particle beam  5 , comprising electrons in this instance, is guided from the particle source, which is disposed in high vacuum, from the top into the vacuum chamber  4 , wherein it is incident on an addressable pattern generating system  6  disposed above substrate  2 . In the pattern generating system  6 , which preferably is a programmable aperture plate system, a digital structuring pattern for irradiating substrate  2  with the particle beam  5  is generated with the assistance of a computer. To this effect, individually addressable apertures  7 , which form the points of the structure or individual elements, respectively, are addressed in dependence of their positions in the structuring pattern to be generated and in dependence of their positions above the moveable substrate  2 . In case of very fine structures and a high irradiating speed, the data rate to be transferred is very high and may be in the range of Tbit/s.  
         [0029]     The pattern generating system  6  receives the data for the addressing process via an opto-electrical free beam connection system  8  (also referred to as a data transmission system). In the depicted embodiments, said system comprises electro-optical converters  9 , light exit locations  10 , free-space beams  11  (i.e., optical beams not bound to a material medium, which may also be referred to herein as free beams), light entry locations  12  and opto-electrical converters  13 . The electrical pattern data are converted electro-optically to optical signals, and the optical signals (which may also be referred to herein as pattern data for brevity) are then transmitted by free beams  11  onto the pattern generating system  8 , and are further processed there as control data, after their opto-electrical conversion. The number N of free beams  11  (and thus of the electro-optic converters  9  and the opto-electrical converters  13 ) is adapted to the transmitted total-data-rate via the predetermined conversion rates of the electro-optical converter  9 . In this context, it is to be noted at this point that the individually depicted components may be arranged as an array. For the transmission of a data rate of 2.56 Tbit/s, N=256 parallel free beams  11  with a data rate of 10 Gbit/s to be generated by the electro-optical converters  9  are required.  
         [0030]     In the depicted embodiment, both the light exit locations  10  as well as the light entry locations  12  (each depicted schematically) are disposed within the vacuum chamber  4 . In this way, a very short free beam distance may be realized which serves to mechanically relieve the pattern generating system  8  by rendering contacting unnecessary. In this case, the free beams  11  may be grouped by collimating microlenses  14  and focusing microlenses  15 . For deflection, the free beams  11  are deflected by deflection arrangement  16 , for instance micro-mirrors, by 90°, in the depicted embodiment. The deflection arrangements  16  are principally arranged such that the particle beam  5  is not impeded. In the depicted embodiments, the light exit locations  10  are formed directly by active emitting lasers  17  as electro-optical converters  9 . The pattern data, which are thus provided as electrical signals, are supplied in a wire-bound fashion using wires, which are guided through passages  18  in the wall of the vacuum chamber  4 . If the electro-optical converters  9  are disposed outside the vacuum chamber  4 , supply of optically converted data to the inside of the vacuum chamber may also be carried out using light waveguides. The light exit locations  10  are then disposed at the ends of the light waveguides. The light entry locations  12  are formed directly by receiving elements, in the depicted embodiment, for instance by photodiodes  19 , as opto-electrical converters  13 . Optionally, in such an embodiment having a very short free beam distance, microlenses  14 ,  15  may also be omitted.  
         [0031]     In  FIG. 2 , an embodiment of the present invention having a long free beam distance is shown, in which light exit locations  10  of the free beam connection system  8  are disposed outside the vacuum chamber  4  and are formed by the ends of passive light waveguides  20 , at the front end of which electro-optical converters  9  are positioned (active emitting elements are also possible in this case). Also in this embodiment, pre-collimating microlenses  14  may be provided at the ends of light waveguides  20 . Focusing microlenses  15  are also depicted, they may be omitted, however. The free beams  11  are guided through a window  21 , which may be a simple glass pane, in the wall of the vacuum chamber  4  into the inside of the vacuum chamber  4 . In order to provide shielding against interferences, the window  21  is provided with a cover  22 . Because of the great distance between the light exit locations  10  and the light entry locations  12 , an imaging lens  23  is provided, which images the respective locations onto one another. In particular, compact array-arrangements of light exit locations  10  and light entry locations  12 , also in connection with readily removable fiber array plugs, may be imaged well using imaging optics  23 , which is formed by a simple imaging lens in this instance. Also, if imaging optics  23  is used, the arrangement thereof should not impede particle beam  5 , the free beams  10  may be guided along an angular path by using a deflection arrangement  24 , which does not impede particle beam  5 , either, wherein said optical deflection arrangement receives all free beams  10  together, which are positioned close to one another.  
         [0032]      FIG. 3  shows an embodiment of an arrangement, which is linear throughout, with dimensions indicated, and wherein the light exit locations  10  are disposed outside the vacuum chamber  4  (suggested only). These light exit locations  10  are formed by a fiber array plug  30 . In the chosen embodiment, the fiber array plug  30  comprises (6×12) light waveguides  20  provided by glass fibers and two photodiodes (four quadrant) for receipt of feedback signals. The bundle of free beams  11  is guided via the imaging lens  23  through the window  21  and via an optical deflection arrangement  24  onto a photodiode array  31 . Apart from the (6×12) photodiodes, the photodiode array  31  in the chosen embodiment also comprises two emitting lasers  32  (VCSEL) for generating feedback signals. These are guided back to the two photodiodes having a four-quadrant-configuration in fiber array plug  30  and serve to control the alignment of free beams  11  with the photodiode array  31 . Any occurring deviation is optically compensated for in an adjustment system  33 , which is suitable for automation, and which is disposed in the free beam path. A mechanical, automated or manual adjustment, for instance by a displacement of fiber array plug  30 , is also possible. In the chosen embodiment, photodiode array  31 , which is disposed on a carrier plate  34  having square openings, is configured as a combination with an electronic chip, and also comprises the first stop of the demultiplexer for distributing the received, opto-electrically converted pattern data. A further electronic chip having corresponding openings is not depicted. The entire system is referred to as programmable aperture plate system  35 .  
         [0033]     Details of the imaging lens  23  may be derived from  FIG. 4 . Plural light waveguides  20  are combined therein to a line-shaped fiber array  40 . A combination into lines and columns in a fiber array plug (see above) for achieving even more compact dimensions and a simpler assembly is also possible. A mirror-inverted image of the line-shaped fiber array  40  is imaged by the imaging lens  23  through the window  21  onto a line-shaped light entry array  41  (indicated in  FIG. 3  by beam lines). An approximately 1:1-imaging optics  23  comprising a simple imaging lens is depicted, which allows a large working distance in the free beam path. In case of an asymmetric arrangement of imaging optic  23 , other imaging ratios may be chosen. In the chosen embodiment, the light entry locations  12  are formed by photodiodes, which are monolithically integrated into a semiconductor chip  42 , for instance made from silicon, for a transmission wavelength of 850 nm.  
         [0034]     In  FIG. 5 , an embodiment comprising an arrangement of fiber array plugs  50 , in which the ends of a number of N light waveguides  20  are combined, and further comprising an imaging lens  23  disposed outside the vacuum chamber  4  is depicted. The deflection of the bundle of free beams  11  is achieved by the additional optical deflection arrangement  52 , which is disposed at about the same height as window  21 . Both the fiber array plug  50  and the optical deflection arrangement  24  are integrated into an angular cover  51 , which simultaneously serves as a mechanical fixation and a shield against optical interfering influences, and also serves to protect imaging lens  23 . A further optical deflection arrangement  24  is disposed inside the vacuum chamber  4  which, in the chosen embodiment, guides the bundle of free beams  11  onto a photodiode array  53 . In  FIG. 6 , an embodiment similar to that of  FIG. 5  is depicted, wherein the window  21  is now recessed into the vacuum chamber  4 . The fiber array plug  50  is mounted to a plate  61 , which simultaneously serves the purpose of shielding from optical interferences. The imaging optics  23  is disposed exactly in front of the window  21 . Using this arrangement, smaller dimensions of the free beam connection system  8 , and thus more compact constructional dimensions are achievable. In  FIG. 7 , a front view of fiber array plug  50  comprising two openings  71  for fixation is depicted and dimensions thereof indicated, which plug comprises, in the depicted embodiment, six lines with twelve light waveguides  20  each, which have a predetermined, in this instance the same pitch distance in the vertical and horizontal direction.  
         [0035]     In  FIG. 8 , possible arrangements of collimating micro-lenses  14  and focusing micro-lenses  15  in the free beams  11  to both sides of window  21  are depicted, with dimensions of the arrangements being indicated. The focusing micro-lenses  15  in front of photodiode  19  may optionally be omitted (in  FIG. 8  only indicated on the right hand side). 1 . . . 64 light waveguides  20  according to the chosen embodiment are depicted. In  FIG. 9 , the possible angular irradiation into the photodiode  19  is depicted. This is realized by a suitable rotation (indicated by dotted lines) of the focusing micro-lenses  15  and window  21  and allows to adjust the orientation of free beams  11  to the spatial surroundings in the vacuum chamber  4 .  
         [0036]     In the drawings illustrating exemplary embodiments reference numeral  1  refers to a lithography system,  2  refers to a substrate,  3  refers to a mounting table,  4  refers to a vacuum chamber,  5  refers to a particle beam,  6  refers to a pattern generating system,  7  refers to an aperture,  8  refers to a free beam connection system,  9  refers to an electro-optical converter,  10  refers to a light exit location,  11  refers to a free beam,  12  refers to a light entry location,  13  refers to an opto-electrical converter,  14  refers to a collimating micro lens,  15  refers to a focusing micro lens,  16  refers to a optical deflection arrangement,  17  refers to an emitting laser,  18  refers to a passage,  19  refers to a photodiode,  20  refers to a light waveguide (number N),  21  refers to a window,  22  refers to a cover,  23  refers to imaging optics,  24  refers to an optical deflection arrangement,  30  refers to a fiber array plug,  31  refers to a photodiode array,  32  refers to an emitting laser,  33  refers to an adjustment system,  34  refers to a carrier plate,  35  refers to an aperture plate system,  40  refers to a fiber array,  41  refers to a light entry array,  42  refers to a semiconductor chip,  50  refers to a fiber array plug,  51  refers to a cover,  52  refers to an additional optical deflection arrangement,  53  refers to a photodiode array,  61  refers to a plate, and  71  refers to an opening for fixation.  
         [0037]     The present invention has been described by way of exemplary embodiments to which it is not limited. Variations and modifications will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present invention as recited in the appended claims and equivalents thereof.