Abstract:
The disclosure relates to a three-phase electric motor that uses high magnetic energy permanent magnets and that has a low detent torque. The motor consists of a rotor with N pairs of poles and of a stator portion with teeth extending radially from an annular gear. The teeth have windings and the ends thereof comprise an arc of circle, the middle of which is located on a radius R 1  and two sides defining an alpha angle, the vertex of which is located on a radius R 2 . The ratio R 2 /R 1  is substantially equal to (1+/−0.26/N), and the alpha angle is between 110 and 135°.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a National Phase Entry of International Application No. PCT/FR2010/000363, filed on May 11, 2010, which claims priority to French Patent Application Serial No. 09/02256, filed on May 11, 2009, both of which are incorporated by reference herein. 
     BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY 
     The present invention relates to a three-phase electric motor using high-efficiency permanent magnets having a low detent torque, in particular for high-speed drive applications in the industrial or automotive field. 
     The requirements in terms of bulk and efficiency of electric motors are leading to the use of high-energy magnets for the production of the rotors and the more the energy of the materials employed is increased, the more difficult it becomes to control the residual torques of the these motors. The cost of these motors depends not only on the costs of the materials employed but also on the costs of the methods used to produce the various elements. It is therefore important to implement simple solutions for the production of the spare parts and for the assembly of the various components of these motors. In particular, the control of the residual torques may lead to forms of stators that are incompatible with the more economical winding methods. Furthermore, the use of these motors at high speeds requires the use of a small number of pairs of poles for the rotor so as to reduce the losses in the motor and in the electronics. 
       FIGS. 5 and 6  describe motors of the prior art that make it possible to obtain low residual torques with rotors having a small number of pairs of poles. The motor of  FIG. 5  uses a rotor with two pairs of poles and a stator with 6 teeth ( 91 ). The stator poles occupy 90% of the available surface area and thus make it possible to obtain a low residual torque. The small notch width results in a long and difficult winding, which is therefore costly and also has a poor bulk factor. 
     The motor of  FIG. 6  also uses a rotor with two pairs of poles and, compared to the motor of  FIG. 5 , each stator pole is divided into three teeth. A stator winding then surrounds three teeth of the stator to form a single pole. The 18 stator teeth occupy 70% of the available surface area and thus make it possible to obtain a low residual torque, but require an interleaved winding of the three phases, which is therefore long and costly, and ill-suited to very large mass production. 
     Also known from the state of the art is the use of rotors that exhibit a sinusoidal induction and that, as a result, make it possible to reduce the residual torques. However, to obtain residual torque values such as those demanded by most industrial or automotive applications, the induction of these rotors must exhibit a very low distortion. The harmonic breakdown of the induction of these rotors must show very low percentages for harmonic 3, harmonic 5 and harmonic 7, in particular for the last two. In particular, by using high-energy magnets, the percentages of harmonic 5 and of harmonic 7 must be less than 0.5%. If the percentages of harmonics 5 and 7 are of the order of, or greater than, 0.5%, it is necessary to combine these rotor solutions with a stator solution that is appropriate in terms of the reduction of the residual torques. The motors of  FIGS. 5 and 6  sometimes use rotors that exhibit a sinusoidal induction. 
     The present invention aims to remedy the drawbacks of the state of the art by proposing a motor structure which is particularly appropriate for very large volume manufacture, and suited to magnets with very high energy, using a small number of pairs of poles, typically 2, a reduced number of windings, typically 3, and exhibiting a very low residual torque as well as high performance levels at high speed. The present invention proposes a robust motor, exhibiting a low detent torque, excellent dynamic performance levels, and that is particularly economical by virtue of a simple structure for the stator and for the rotor. The motor of the invention is more specifically defined by claim  1 . Other features, optional but advantageous, are defined in the claims that are directly or indirectly dependent on claim  1 . 
     To this end, the invention relates to a three-phase motor formed by a stator part excited by electric windings and by a rotor with N pairs of poles, the stator part having teeth extending radially from an annular gear. The width of the stator poles is determined on the one hand to avoid any saturation in the tooth, and on the other hand to cancel the effect of the main magnetization harmonics and also so as to allow for an economical winding by allowing for the placement of windings produced outside the stator. 
     The stator poles are straight teeth which comprise an arc of circle ( 17 ) at their end defining an airgap at the center of the tooth and an airgap which can be enlarged or reduced on each of the sides ( 18  and  19 ). This means that the end of the tooth can be of convex or concave shape. The width of the stator pole, which is defined as being the angle at the center which encompasses the whole tooth, and the radius of the arc of circle ( 17 ) which forms the end of the tooth, are determined in such a way as to obtain, for each tooth, a residual torque that is as low as possible. The width of the tooth forming the core of the winding is defined according to the maximum energy of the magnets used. This energy can range from 6 to 40 MGOe, but the stator poles represent, in all cases, less than 60% of the available surface area. Thus, ease of winding is guaranteed. 
     As  FIG. 12  shows, if the geometry of the end of the tooth is adapted according to the energy of the magnets and according to the magnetization harmonics, it still always observes one and the same rule which makes it possible to define an angle alpha ( 24 ) which is tangential to the sides ( 18  and  19 ) of the stator pole. Since the cancellation of the residual torque is obtained for each of the teeth individually, there is no need to seek a torque compensation between two teeth or a group of teeth as in certain motors of the prior art. New combinations between the number of teeth of the stator and number of pairs of poles of the rotor become useable while retaining all the advantages in terms of residual torque, motor torque constant and ease of industrialization and therefore represent a better trade-off in terms of cost and performance, in particular for high-speed drive applications. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       The invention will be better understood from reading the following description of known or invention-specific embodiments given as non-limiting examples, this description making reference to the appended drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  represents a transversal cross-sectional view of a motor according to the invention. The motor comprises a stator ( 1 ) having 6 teeth ( 11  to  16 ) and a rotor ( 2 ) consisting of a shaped magnet ( 45 ) injected onto a ferromagnetic yoke ( 3 ). 
         FIG. 2  represents a transversal cross-sectional view of the stator of the motor represented in  FIG. 1 . The pole width ( 21 ) is approximately 30% of the stator pole pitch ( 22 ) and the end of the tooth is of concave shape. 
         FIG. 3  represents a transversal cross-sectional view of a motor according to the invention. The motor comprises a stator ( 1 ) having 6 teeth ( 31  to  36 ) and a rotor ( 2 ) consisting of four shaped tiles ( 4 A,  4 B,  4 C and  4 D) assembled on a ferromagnetic yoke ( 3 ). 
         FIG. 4  represents a transversal cross-sectional view of the stator of the motor represented in  FIG. 3 . The pole width ( 21 ) is approximately 50% of the stator pole pitch ( 22 ) and the end of the tooth ( 25 ) is of convex shape. 
         FIG. 5  represents a transversal cross-sectional view of a motor of the prior art. The motor comprises a stator ( 91 ) having 6 teeth and a rotor consisting of four shaped tiles ( 93 ) assembled on a ferromagnetic yoke ( 92 ). The stator poles occupy approximately 90% of the available surface area. 
         FIG. 6  represents a transversal cross-sectional view of another motor of the prior art. The stator ( 81 ) comprises 18 teeth which occupy approximately 70% of the available surface area. 
         FIG. 7  represents a transversal cross-sectional view of a rotor with two pairs of poles consisting of four tiles ( 4 A,  4 B,  4 C and  4 D) made of an anisotropic magnetic material and glued onto a ferromagnetic yoke ( 3 ). 
         FIG. 8  represents a transversal cross-sectional view of a rotor with two pairs of poles consisting of a ring ( 5 ) made of an isotropic magnetic material, sinusoidally magnetized, and glued onto a yoke ( 3 ). 
         FIG. 9  represents a graph showing the amplitude of the normal induction and of the tangential induction as a function of the position of a rotor as described in  FIG. 7 . 
         FIG. 10  shows the harmonic breakdown of the normal or tangential induction of a rotor as described in  FIG. 7 . 
         FIG. 11  represents the trend of the residual torques due to the different magnetization harmonics, in the case of a stator with six teeth ( 11  to  16 ) and a rotor with two pairs of poles, as a function of the stator pole width ( 21 ). 
         FIG. 12  represents different tooth geometries and shows that the middle of the arc ( 17 ) forming the tooth end is always placed on one and the same radius R 1  ( 22 ) and that one and the same angle alpha ( 24 ), the vertex of which is situated on a radius R 2  ( 23 ), is tangential to the sides ( 18  and  19 ) of the teeth (tooth_ 1  to tooth_ 4 ). 
         FIG. 13  represents a graph showing the trend of the residual torque due to magnetization harmonic 5, in the case of the stator with 6 teeth and a rotor with 2 pairs of poles, as a function of the stator pole width ( 21 ) and for different stator tooth geometries. 
         FIG. 14  represents a graph showing the trend of the motor constant Km, which is the torque per root watt that the motor can provide, as a function of the stator pole width ( 21 ). 
         FIG. 15  represents a transversal cross-sectional view of a motor according to the invention and comprising a rotor with 4 pairs of poles. The motor comprises a stator having 12 teeth ( 101  to  112 ) and a rotor consisting of a shaped magnet ( 4 ) injected onto a ferromagnetic yoke ( 3 ). 
         FIG. 16  represents different stator teeth shapes for motors respectively comprising rotors with 2, 4 or 8 pairs of poles. 
         FIG. 17  represents a transversal cross-sectional view of a motor according to the invention. The motor comprises a stator ( 1 ) having 6 teeth ( 11  to  16 ) and a rotor ( 2 ) with two pairs of poles; each of the teeth bears a winding ( 141  to  146 ). 
         FIG. 18  represents a transversal cross-sectional view of a stator ( 1 ) of a motor according to the invention, before and after the insertion of the windings. The stator has 6 teeth and one tooth in every two bears a winding. The three windings ( 41  to  43 ) can be wound separately, then presented simultaneously inside the stator and inserted onto their respective teeth. 
         FIG. 19  represents a transversal cross-sectional view of a motor with external rotor according to the invention. The stator ( 201 ), comprising 6 teeth ( 211  to  216 ) and three windings ( 241  to  243 ), is located inside a rotor ( 202 ) consisting of 4 magnet tiles ( 204 A to  204 B) mounted in a ferromagnetic yoke ( 203 ). 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     One of the solutions used to produce a rotor is represented in  FIG. 7 , this rotor then exhibiting a sinusoidal induction. Four magnet tiles ( 4 A,  4 B,  4 C and  4 D) are glued onto an iron yoke ( 3 ). The external shape of these tiles makes it possible to approximate a sinusoidal induction, even if the magnetization of each of the tiles is produced in a single direction. For cost reasons, the geometry of these tiles must, however, remain simple and the manufacturing tolerances cause differences between each of the poles of the rotor. In practice, an induction such as that represented in  FIG. 9  is therefore obtained. The harmonic breakdown, shown in  FIG. 10 , then reveals percentages which are 6.6% for the harmonic 3, 1.2% for the harmonic 5 and 0.6% for the harmonic 7. The aim of the present invention is to propose a simple and economical motor that will make it possible to use rotors with magnetization harmonic percentages of this order of magnitude, while obtaining very low residual torques and without the winding-related drawbacks imposed by the solutions of the prior art. 
       FIG. 11  shows, for a motor that has 6 teeth on the stator and 2 pairs of poles on the rotor, the trend of the residual torques due to each of the magnetization harmonics according to the stator pole width, in the case of a shaped stator pole (tooth_ 2 ) as described in  FIG. 12 . For this shape (tooth_ 2 ), the radius of the arc of circle ( 17 ) forming the end of the tooth is equal to the stator reference radius R 1  ( 22 ). If harmonics of the same amplitude are considered, it can be seen that the residual torque due to the harmonic 3 is much lower than that due to the harmonic 5 and similarly to that due to the harmonic 7. 
     The residual torque due to the harmonic 3 is maximum for stator pole widths of between 30 and 35°. It decreases progressively if the pole width is widened or narrowed. The residual torque due to the harmonic 5 is maximum for a pole width of 35° or for a very narrow pole of 5°. By contrast, this residual torque is 0 for a tooth width of 20°. The residual torque due to the harmonic 7 is maximum for a pole width of 38° or for a narrow pole of 10°. This residual torque is 0 for a pole width of 26°. 
     A motor according to one possible embodiment of the invention and having shaped teeth (tooth_ 2 ) will include a stator ( 1 ) having 6 teeth ( 11  to  16 ) having a pole width ( 21 ) of between 20 and 26°. Between 20 and 26°, the residual torques due to the harmonic 5 and to the harmonic 7, as shown in  FIG. 11 , are of opposite signs and are mutually compensated. For the rotor to give more harmonic 5 than harmonic 7, a tooth width closer to 20° will be chosen. However, if the harmonic 7 is to be greater than the harmonic 5, a tooth width closer to 26° will be chosen. If the percentages of harmonics 5 and 7 are of the same order of magnitude, a pole width of 23° will be chosen. 
       FIG. 14  shows the trend of the motor constant Km according to the stator pole width. When the tooth is narrower, the torque per ampere-turn constant decreases, but with the volume available for the copper increasing, the motor constant Km, which is expressed in Nm per root of watts, increases. It is maximum between 20 and 35°. There is therefore an advantage in using pole widths of between 20 and 35°. 
       FIG. 1  represents a preferred embodiment of the invention. The stator ( 1 ) is produced by a stack of thin magnetic plates. It comprises 6 teeth ( 11  to  16 ) of identical width of between 20 and 26°. One tooth in every two bears a winding ( 41  to  43 ). The rotor ( 2 ) with two pairs of poles uses a magnetic material that has a maximum magnetic energy less than 25 MGOe. It can be obtained by overmoulding a magnet with plastic binder on an iron yoke. This production method makes it possible to obtain an external shape of the magnet which will result, after magnetization, in an induction that is substantially sinusoidal according to the position being obtained.  FIG. 8  represents another embodiment of the rotor which consists of a ring ( 5 ) made of an isotropic material. This ring ( 5 ) is first magnetized sinusoidally using a specific device, then glued onto a yoke ( 3 ) which may or may not be ferromagnetic. 
     The only drawback in using narrow teeth occurs with magnets that have a maximum magnetic energy greater than 25 MGOe because a saturation in the tooth then appears. Also, in another embodiment according to the invention ( FIG. 3 ), the stator pole width will be between 28 and 36° so as to avoid the saturation by using magnets that have maximum energies of between 25 and more than 40 MGOe. So as to obtain the cancellation of the residual torques due to the harmonics 5 and 7, the end of the tooth is convex and takes the shape (tooth_ 4 ) as described in  FIG. 12 . 
     In fact, the graph presented in  FIG. 13  shows how the pole width must be adapted according to the shape of the tooth to always obtain the cancellation of the residual torque due to the harmonic 5. Compared to the shape (tooth_ 2 ), it can be seen that a tooth with a more pronounced concave shape, such as the shape (tooth_ 1 ), will have a pole width that is a little smaller to obtain the cancellation of the residual torque. By contrast, teeth with a convex shape such as (tooth_ 3 ) and (tooth_ 4 ) will necessitate greater pole widths to obtain the cancellation of the residual torque. By showing the different teeth obtained on one and the same drawing ( FIG. 12 ), it can be seen that, regardless of the tooth, the middle of the arc of circle ( 17 ) forming the end of the tooth is always situated on R 1  ( 22 ), the stator reference radius, and that one and the same angle alpha ( 24 ) whose vertex is situated on a radius R 2  ( 23 ) is tangential to both sides ( 18  and  19 ) of the tooth. When N, which is the number of pairs of poles of the rotor, is varied, it becomes evident, as  FIG. 16  shows, that the pole width is inversely proportional to N but the angle alpha remains the same if the ratio R 2 /R 1  is varied according to the relationship R 2 /R 1 =1−0.26/N. 
     To obtain the cancellation of the residual torque due to the harmonic 5, the angle alpha ( 24 ) must be substantially equal to 110°. For the harmonic 7, the same approach can be applied, and to obtain the cancellation of the residual torque due to the harmonic 7, the angle alpha ( 24 ) must be substantially equal to 135°. 
     Therefore, according to the invention, if a rotor exhibits much more of harmonic 5 than of harmonic 7, the angle alpha will be close to 110°, and if the harmonic 7 is very much greater than the harmonic 5, the angle alpha will be close to 135°. If the harmonics 5 and 7 have similar amplitudes, the angle alpha will be close to 122°. 
       FIG. 19  shows a preferred embodiment according to the invention. The construction produced relates to a motor with external rotor ( 202 ), but the same rules regarding the cancellation of the residual torques can be applied. The shape of the teeth ( 211  to  216 ) is also defined by virtue of an arc of circle ( 17 ) whose middle is situated on a radius R 1  and of the angle alpha whose vertex is situated on the radius R 2  and which is tangential to the sides ( 18  and  19 ) of the tooth. Since the structure is reversed, the radius R 2  is this time greater than the radius R 1  and the relationship which links R 1  and R 2  becomes R 2 /R 1 =1+0.26/N. The stator can have 3 windings ( 241  to  243 ) or 6 windings depending on the performance requirement. The rotor consists of four magnet tiles ( 204 A to  204 D) having a shape that makes it possible to obtain a radial induction and a tangential induction that are substantially sinusoidal.