Abstract:
An analog circuit for receiving satellite signals through an antenna. The circuit includes frequency transposition circuits and an analog/digital converter. Each frequency transposition circuit includes at least two frequency dividers of which due first is programmable so as to provide division ratios 140 and 143. The other divider provides one of the division ratios of 10 or 11. A third divider provides ratios of 3, 5, 7 or 8. These division ratios enable a single analog integrated circuit topography to allow a large number of possible applications including civil or military receivers operating on the GPS constellation or on the GLONASS constellation.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates to satellite-based position receivers such as GPS (Global Positioning System) or GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System) receivers. 
     2. Discussion of the Background 
     These systems use a constellation of satellites which rotate around the earth in very precisely determined orbits, that is to say the position of any satellite may be ascertained at any instant. The satellites transmit radio frequency signals containing navigation data and codes which enable each satellite to be identified. These codes phase-modulate (BPSK modulation) a carrier frequency. A receiver, on the ground or on a land, air or sea vehicle, can receive the signals from several satellites simultaneously, accurately calculate its distance from each of the satellites, and thereby deduce its precise position in terms of latitude, longitude and altitude, in a terrestrial reference frame. It may also thereby deduce the date and precise time of reception in the temporal reference frame of the system. Lastly, it may thereby deduce, through Doppler measurements, its own velocity vector in the terrestrial reference frame (the case of a receiver mounted on a mobile vehicle). 
     The GPS system, like the GLONASS system, uses two distinct radio frequency bands corresponding to a civil application (frequencies L 1 ) and a military application (frequencies L 2 ) respectively. For the GPS system, there is just one frequency L 1 , equal to 1575.42 MHz and one frequency L 2 , equal to 1227.60 MHz. For the GLONASS system, there is a different frequency L 1  for each satellite of the constellation and, likewise, a different frequency L 2  for each satellite; the Glonass band L 1  may be regarded, given its current state and future alterations, as extending from 1590 MHz to 1620 MHz. The band L 2  extends between 1238 and 1265 MHz. 
     The detection of the signals from a satellite is carried out by searching for a phase modulation code present in the radio signal. The signals from the satellite are received by an antenna and sent to an analogue circuit which transposes the modulated radio frequency into a lower frequency modulated in the same way, and which converts the transposed signal into digital before sending it to a digital signal processing circuit. It is the digital processing circuit which detects the presence of the code, by correlating it with an identical code generated locally, and which deduces, from the temporal position of the local code, information on pseudo-distances subsequently making it possible to determine the position of the receiver. 
     It will be understood that the analogue circuit must make it possible to transpose the frequency of the radio signal, without losing the modulation thereof, to a frequency low enough for the transposed signal to be able to be processed in the digital signal processing circuit. The latter is a silicon-based integrated circuit whose working frequency is limited to a few tens of megahertz. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     One of the purposes of the invention is to design the internal circuits of the receiver in such a way that it is easy to adapt one and the same circuit to the construction of receivers of different types and different applications. 
     The expression “type of receiver” is understood to mean that the receiver is customized for the GPS system or customized for the GLONASS system, or else dual-purpose, that is to say capable of receiving the signals from either of the two systems by choice. 
     The expression “application” is understood to mean chiefly that the receiver can receive only the signals of the civil frequency band L 1  or on the contrary can also receive the signals of the band L 2 . 
     It would be desirable, in order to reduce the costs of development of the receivers, for the internal circuits of these receivers to be capable, in the simplest case, of operating solely under the GPS system on the civil frequency L 1 , or, in the most complicated case, of operating with the bands L 1  and L 2  of the GPS system and of the GLONASS system. And of course, these circuits ought also to be able to serve for all intermediate applications, for example a purely civil receiver (frequencies L 1 ) which can receive GPS signals and also GLONASS signals. 
     Digital signal processing circuits can be designed to operate with GLONASS satellites and also with GPS satellites, although the solutions for achieving this are not simple. 
     The invention relates to the analogue circuit for frequency transposition and for analogue/digital conversion which precedes the digital signal processing circuits. A purpose of the invention is to ease the implementation of the frequency transposition by rendering this implementation as independent as possible of the type of receiver and of the application envisaged. 
     For reasons to do with protection against the disturbances created by radio signals of any kind which travel through the atmosphere, it is necessary to perform very selective filterings of the signals received, and this then makes it necessary to perform several frequency transpositions. These successive transpositions make it possible to move progressively from the radio frequency to a frequency acceptable in the digital processing circuit. 
     By way of example, two successive changes of frequency can be used to go from the frequency L 1  for GPS (1575.42 MHz) to an intermediate frequency of the order of a few, hundred MHz, and then to a frequency of the order of 20 MHz. 
     It has already been proposed, in order to reduce the number of local oscillators required to carry out the frequency transposition, in the case of a GPS operating both on the frequency L 1  and on the frequency L 2 , to choose a frequency of around 175 MHz as intermediate frequency, since then the same local oscillator, at a middle frequency between L 1  and L 2  (around 1400 MHz) can serve to frequency-transpose the signals at frequency L 1  and also the signals at frequency L 2 ; the transposed signals can then go through the same circuits (especially the filters) since they are in the same narrow band of frequencies around 175 MHz. 
     Moreover, as is well known, frequency transposition is carried out in principle by a mixer which receives on the one hand a signal to be transposed and on the other hand the signal from a local oscillator; the local oscillator is based on a pilot oscillator, a frequency divider and a phase-locked loop; one and the same pilot oscillator can then serve to form several local oscillators if several frequency dividers are used. 
     Lastly, as far as the invention is concerned, t-he final frequency transposition step will be regarded as being performable either in a mixer (as explained above), or in the analogue/digital converter which ultimately prepares the signal destined for the digital signal processing circuit. This is because, when the sampling frequency F e  of a converter is less than twice the central frequency F c  of the spectrum of the signal received by the converter, the phenomenon of spectral aliasing, well known in sampled systems, means that the frequency of the output signal from the converter has a spectrum centered around the difference frequency F e −F c , this being the equivalent of a frequency transposition from F c  to F e −F c . 
     According to the invention there is proposed an analogue circuit for receiving satellite signals, comprising frequency transposition circuits and an analogue/digital converter, characterized in that the analogue circuit comprises, in order to carry out the frequency transposition, at least two frequency dividers, of which the first is programmable so as to provide at least the following division ratios: 140 and 143. 
     It has been found that these ratios offer noteworthy possibilities of being able to freely choose, without changing circuit and with simple programming, the type of receiver and the desired application thereof from among several different types and applications. 
     The programming is particularly easy if the divider possesses an electrical control input for the division ratio so as to provide the chosen ratio as a function of the signal set up on this input. A simple control bit makes it possible to choose the value 140 or 143. 
     Preferably, the second divider then has a division ratio equal to 10 and there is a third divider with ratio 3. However, the third divider is preferably also programmable so as to make it possible to choose, preferably via electrical control, at least one of the following three ratios: 3, 5, or 7. 
     To broaden the range of possible applications without changing the structure of the analogue circuit, arrangements are preferably made for the first divider to be programmable so as to have the values 140, 143 and 137. For further broadening, it may be programmable so as to provide a fourth value 142. However, the first divider may also be programmable so as to provide all the integer values between 137 and 143, or even between 136 and 143. 
     The third divider may be programmable so as also to provide a division ratio of 8. 
     Lastly, the second divider may be programmed so as to provide the value 10 or the value 11, but it is not necessary to make provision for a separate control in respect of this divider, the control of the third divider being sufficient, associated with a very simple decoder, to determine the ratio of the second divider as a function of the ratio imposed on the third divider: as will be seen, the value 11 for the second divider will in principle be systematically associated with the value 8 for the third. 
     In practice, provision will preferably be made for the circuit to comprise three dividers, and means for making it possible to obtain at least one of the following combinations of division ratios, where N 1 , N 2  and N 3  denote the division ratios of the first, second, and third divider respectively: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 N1 = 137 
                 N2 = 10 
                 N3 = 3 
               
               
                   
                 N1 = 140 
                 N2 = 10 
                 N3 = 3 
               
               
                   
                 N1 = 140 
                 N2 = 10 
                 N3 = 7 
               
               
                   
                 N1 = 143 
                 N2 = 10 
                 N3 = 5 
               
               
                   
                 N1 = 140 
                 N2 = 10 
                 N3 = 5 
               
               
                   
                 N1 = 143 
                 N2 = 10 
                 N3 = 3 
               
               
                   
                 N1 = 140 
                 N2 = 11 
                 N3 = 8 
               
               
                   
                 N1 = 142 
                 N2 = 10 
                 N3 = 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     These combinations are in fact those which offer, the best practical possibilities of use of the analogue circuit. 
     Frequency dividers which are programmable may be controlled independently of one another, but it is also possible to make provision, inside the analogue circuit, for a simple decoder, with three input controls, so as to select a combination of three division ratios out of eight possible combinations corresponding to particular predetermined uses of the receiver. The decoder then has outputs for separately controlling the various dividers. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will become apparent on reading the detailed description which follows and which is given with a reference to the appended drawings in which: 
     FIG. 1 represents the general makeup of an analogue circuit for receiving satellite signals, with a frequency synthesizer providing three frequencies intended to carry out frequency transpositions; 
     FIG. 2 represents the makeup of the frequency synthesizer according to the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Represented within a dashed box  10  in FIG. 1 are the circuit elements which form part of an analogue integrated circuit designed to perform the reception of the satellite signals and to provide another integrated circuit (not represented), referred to as the digital signal processing circuit, with the digital signals at a frequency which is acceptable to this latter circuit. The digital signals provided retain the pseudo-random phase modulation of the signals received from the satellites. 
     The radio frequency signals from the satellites, received through a reception antenna and possibly amplified by a preamplifier (not represented), outside the integrated circuit  10 , are applied to an RF input of the integrated circuit. 
     In the integrated circuit, the radio frequency signals pass through an amplifier Al and then through a first mixer ML 1  performing a first frequency transposition. The mixer ML 1  receives a local frequency OL 1  from a frequency synthesizer FS which provides the various local frequencies required for the frequency transpositions performed in the integrated circuit. The mixer produces signals whose frequency is the difference between the frequencies present on its inputs. 
     At the output of the mixer ML 1 , the signals are filtered by a filter ML 1  so as to retain only the frequencies centered about the difference between the radio frequency received (1200 MHz to 1600 MHz approximately) and the local frequency OL 1  (1350 to 1450 MHz approximately). This difference is 150 to 200 MHz approximately and the filter FL 1  is a bandpass filter which allows through only the signals in this latter band. The filter FL 1  is preferably outside the integrated circuit, as represented, this being for feasibility reasons. 
     The signals thus filtered are signals transposed about a first intermediate frequency which is the difference between the nominal frequency received from the satellite and the local frequency OL 1 . They retain the phase modulation of the satellite signal. These signals return to the integrated circuit and are again amplified in an amplifier A 2 , then they pass through a second filter FL 2 , outside the integrated circuit, and then return to an amplifier A 3  in the integrated circuit. The amplifiers A 2  and A 3 , as well as an amplifier A 4  mentioned later, are preferably controlled-gain amplifiers, and an automatic gain control circuit AGC is provided for this purpose. This circuit is controlled by the digital signal processing circuit and it will not be detailed further since it does not form the subject of the present invention. 
     The transposed signals at the first intermediate frequency are forwarded from the amplifier A 3  to a second mixer ML 2  which again transposes them about a second intermediate frequency. The second intermediate frequency is the difference between the first intermediate frequency and a second local frequency OL 2  produced by the frequency synthesizer FS. 
     The second local frequency OL 2  is a frequency of the order of 120 to 150 MHz and the second intermediate frequency may be from 1 to 50 MHz. 
     A filter FL 3 , which may be internal to the integrated circuit, allows through the signals centered about the second intermediate frequency, with a sufficient bandpass to take into account the satellite signal frequency variations due to the Doppler effect, and sufficient to be able to allow through signals centered about an intermediate frequency of 1 MHZ and also signals centered about a frequency of 50 MHZ. The filter FL 3  can be a low-pass filter. 
     The output signals from the filter FL 3  are applied to the fourth amplifier A 4 , then, through a decoupling capacitor C, to an analogue/digital converter ADC. On outputs S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , the converter provides digital signals (in this example the signals are coded on three bits) representing the amplitude of samples of analogue signals received from the satellite and transposed about the second intermediate frequency. The sampling is carried out at a frequency Fech which originates from the frequency synthesizer FS, but which in some cases could originate from outside the integrated circuit. 
     In the general case, the converter must have a sampling frequency of greater than twice the maximum frequency of the signals to be converted. However, it is difficult for the converter to have a sampling frequency of greater than 50 MHz. Accordingly, when the second intermediate frequency is relatively high (for example above 25 MHz), a third frequency transposition must be carried out. 
     This third frequency transposition may be carried out with a third mixer and a third local frequency OL 3 . However, the sampling frequency Fech of the converter ADC may also be regarded as constituting this third local frequency so that the converter itself performs this third frequency transposition. This results from the known phenomenon of spectral aliasing of the sampled signals when the sampling frequency is less tan twice the frequency of the signals to be sampled: when the frequency spectrum of the signal to be sampled is centered about a frequency F c  (in this instance the second intermediate frequency), the output signal after sampling at the frequency Fech is the same as if a frequency transposition from F c  to F ech −F c  had been performed previously. 
     Accordingly, for this invention, the analogue/digital converter will be regarded as playing, when necessary, in addition to its conversion role proper, a role of final frequency transposition within the circuitry for processing the analogue signal. And this final frequency transposition uses the sampling frequency F ech  as local frequency OL 3 . 
     The three local frequencies are produced by a frequency synthesizer FS whose operation is synchronized by a stable reference frequency F ref  provided by a pilot oscillator (not represented), outside the integrated circuit (in principle a quartz oscillator). The operation of the synthesizer may moreover make use of a filter FL 4  outside the integrated circuit. 
     FIG. 2 diagrammatically summarizes OR shows the operation of a frequency synthesizer operating with a phase-lock loop and frequency dividers. The reference frequency F ref  of the pilot oscillator is applied to an input of a phase comparator-CMP, another input of which receives a frequency which is a sub-multiple of the first local frequency OL 1 . The phase comparator produces gating pulses whose width represents the phase shift between the frequencies present on the two inputs. These gating pulses are integrated and filtered in a phase loop filter FL 4  and produce a control voltage for a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The oscillator produces a frequency dependant on the control voltage it receives. This frequency is divided by a first frequency divider DF 1 . The locking loop continuously adjusts the control voltage for the oscillator so that the two frequencies received by the phase comparator, that is to say the pilot frequency F ref  and the output frequency from the first divider, are kept synchronous. The frequency OL 1  produced by the synthesizer is the frequency of the oscillator VCO. The lock therefore maintains this frequency at N 1  times the pilot frequency, N 1  being the division ratio of the first divider DF 1 . 
     The output from the oscillator VCO, at frequency OL 1 , is applied to another frequency divider DF 2 , of ratio N 3 , so as to produce the frequency OL 2 . A third frequency divider DF 3  of ratio N 3 , receives in this example the output from the second divider and produces the frequency OL 3  which will preferably be the sampling frequency F ech  directly. 
     N 1 , N 2  and N 3  are integer numbers. 
     The difficulty resides, as has been explained, in how to choose between the division ratios N 1 , N 2  and N 3 , which are related furthermore to the choice of pilot frequency F ref , so as to render the integrated circuit as universal as possible, that is to say as independent as possible of the type of receiver (GPS or GLONASS or dual) and of the desired application thereof (usage of frequencies L 1  alone, or of frequencies L 1  and L 2 ). 
     The noteworthy values of N 1  according to the invention are chiefly 140 and 143. 
     N 2  preferably takes the value 10. If N 3  is to take one value only, this is the value 3. However N 3  can preferably take one of the following three values: 3, 5 or 7. A fourth value is also beneficial, namely the value 8. In this latter case, provision is made for N 2  to be able to take one of the two values 10 and 11, the value 11 being chosen when N 3 =8. 
     Lastly, the value N 1 =137 also turns out to be beneficial in addition to the values 140 and 143, and, more rarely, the value 142. 
     The frequency synthesizer is therefore preferably designed in such a way that the division ratio N 1  can be controlled from one or more terminals of the analogue integrated circuit, so that the ratio can be modified by an electrical control signal, as a function of the desired application. It is conceivable for N 1  (like N 2  and N 3  moreover) to be programmable by masking (during the manufacture of the circuit) rather than by electrical control; in this case, very slightly different integrated circuits result, depending on the application desired. It is however preferable for the control to be electrical and effected by terminals for access to the integrated circuit. It is also conceivable for the modification of the value of N 1  to be effected by definitive configuring of the integrated circuit in a final manufacturing step, for example by burning out one or more signal routing fuses. This late configuring, which determines the value N 1  (and/or N 2  or N 3 ) can be effected for example during the edge-testing of the integrated circuits during manufacture. 
     If N 1  is to take only two possible values (140 and 143), and if the control is electrical, a single control pad is sufficient (one control bit) to control the divider DF 1 . If N 1  is to take three or four values, two wires are necessary. One solution consists however in using three control pads (3 bits and hence eight possible values) to choose any value N 1  out of the integers from 136 to 143 inclusive. 
     N 3  preferably takes three possible values, and possibly a fourth. Two control pads are therefore desirable. 
     N 2  can either be fixed (N 2 =10) or controlled by a pad so as to obtain either the value 10 or the value 11. However, as N 2  will take the value 11 as soon as N 3  takes the value 8, a control pad for N 2  can be dispensed with. A simple small decoder placed on the control wires of the divider DF 3  will detect the control signal corresponding to N 3 =8 and will then control the divider DF 2  so as to make it take the division ratio N 2 =11. 
     Lastly, rather than making provision for three input pads for the control of N 1 , and two for the control of N 3 , provision may be made for three control pads (three bits and hence eight possibilities) so as to globally control, by virtue of a straightforward decoding provided in the integrated circuit, particular combinations of N 1 , N 2  and N 3 ; for example the combination N 1 =140, N 2 =10, and N 3 =3 would correspond to a particular state of the group of three control pads. 
     The paragraphs below explain the use of the invention in detail by giving the values of N 1 , N 2 , N 3  for the various applications envisaged, together with the pilot frequency F ref  which corresponds to each case. The pilot frequency can in fact have any value but it directly influences the choices of the division ratios. It has been found that by using just the two pilot frequencies 10 MHz and 10.23 MHz together with the various division ratios above, at least the possibilities (the most beneficial ones) of the following paragraphs result. It will be understood that the range of possibilities is further broadened with other suitably chosen pilot frequencies. 
     For each case, the following will be given: the reference clock frequency to be used, the division ratios N 1 , N 2 , N 3 , the type of receiver and its use. Later, the following will be given, firstly for the frequencies L 1  and then for the frequencies L 2 : the local oscillator frequencies OL 1 , OL 2  and OL 3  produced by the frequency synthesizer, the intermediate frequencies F 1 , F 2  and the frequency F 3  which result therefrom (or the frequency bands in the case of GLONASS). 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1. 
                   
                   
               
               
                 F ref  10.23 MHz 
               
               
                 N1 = 137 
                 N2 = 10 
                 N3 = 3 
               
             
          
           
               
                 GPS receiver, civil and military use with frequencies 
               
               
                 L1 and L2 
               
               
                  a) for the frequency L1: 
               
               
                 fundamental frequency at 1575.42 MHz 
               
             
          
           
               
                 LO1 = 1401.51 
                   
                 F1 = 173.91 HMz 
               
               
                 LO2 = 140.151 MHz 
                   
                 F2 = 33.759 MHz 
               
               
                 OL3 = 46.717 MHz 
                   
                 F3 = 12.958 MHz 
               
             
          
           
               
                  b) for the frequency L2: 
               
               
                 fundamental frequency at 1227.60 MHz 
               
             
          
           
               
                 OL1 = 1401.51 MHz 
                   
                 F1 = 173.91 MHz 
               
               
                 OL2 = 140.151 MHz 
                   
                 F2 = 33.759 MHz 
               
               
                 OL3 = 46.717 MHz 
                   
                 F3 = 12.958 MHz 
               
               
                 2. 
                   
                   
               
               
                 F ref  = 10 MHz 
               
               
                 N1 = 140 
                 N2 = 10 
                 N3 = 3 
               
             
          
           
               
                 GPS receiver, civil and military use with frequency L1 
               
               
                 and L2 
               
               
                  a) for the frequency L1: 
               
               
                 fundamental frequency at 1575.42 MHz 
               
             
          
           
               
                 OL1 = 1400 MHz 
                   
                 F1 = 175.42 MHz 
               
               
                 OL2 = 140 MHz 
                   
                 F2 = 35.42 MHz 
               
               
                 OL3 ≅ 46.667 MHz 
                   
                 F3 ≅ 11.247 MHz 
               
             
          
           
               
                  b) For the frequency L2: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 OL1 = 1400 MHz 
                   
                 Fi = 172.40 MHz 
               
               
                 OL2 = 140 MHz 
                   
                 F2 = 32.40 MHz 
               
               
                 OL3 ≅ 46.667 MHz 
                   
                 F3 ≅ 17.267 MHz 
               
               
                 3. 
               
               
                 F ref  = 10 MHz 
               
               
                 N1 = 140 
                 N2 = 10 
                 N3 = 7 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Standard civil GPS receiver with use of L1 alone 
               
               
                 fundamental frequency 1575.42 MHz 
               
             
          
           
               
                 OL1 = 1400 MHz 
                   
                 F1 = 175.42 MHz 
               
               
                 OL2 = 140 MHz 
                   
                 F2 = 35.42 MHz 
               
               
                 OL3 = 20 MHz 
                   
                 F3 = 15.42 MHz 
               
               
                 4. 
               
               
                 F ref  = 10 MHz 
               
               
                 N1 = 143 
                 N2 = 10 
                 N3 = 5 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Civil GLONASS receiver for the years subsequent to 1998 
               
               
                 where the band L1 will extend from 1598 MHz to 1610 MHz 
               
               
                 fundamental frequencies: 1598 MHz to 1610 MHz 
               
             
          
           
               
                 OL1 = 1430 MHz 
                   
                 F1 extends from 168 MHz to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 180 MHz 
               
               
                 OL2 = 143 MHz 
                   
                 F2 extends from 25 MHz to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 37 MHz 
               
               
                 OL3 = 28.6 MHz 
                   
                 F3 extends from 0 MHz to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 8.4 MHz 
               
               
                 5. 
               
               
                 F ref  = 10 MHz 
               
               
                 N1 = 140 
                 N2 = 10 
                 N3 = 5 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Standard civil GPS receiver using the frequency L1 
               
             
          
           
               
                 OL1 = 1400 MHz 
                   
                 F1 = 175.42 MHz 
               
               
                 OL2 = 140 MHz 
                   
                 F2 = 35.42 MHz 
               
               
                 OL3 = 28 MHz 
                   
                 F3 = 7.42 MHz 
               
               
                 6. 
               
               
                 F ref  = 10 MHz 
               
               
                 N1 = 143 
                 N2 = 10 
                 N3 = 3 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Military GLONASS receiver using the frequencies L1 and 
               
               
                 L2 
               
               
                  a) frequencies L1 from 1598 MHz to 1620 MHz 
               
             
          
           
               
                 OL1 = 1430 MHz 
                   
                 F1 extends from 168 MHz to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 190 MHz 
               
               
                 OL2 = 143 MHz 
                   
                 F2 extends from 25 MHz to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 47 MHz 
               
               
                 OL3 ≅ 47.667 MHz 
                   
                 F3 extends from 0.666 MHz to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 22.666 MHz 
               
             
          
           
               
                  b) frequencies L2 from 1240 to 1263 
               
             
          
           
               
                 OL1 = 1430 MHz 
                   
                 F1 extends from 167 MHz to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 190 MHz 
               
               
                 OL2 = 143 MHz 
                   
                 F2 extends from 24 MHz to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 47 MHz 
               
               
                 OL3 ≅ 47.666 MHz 
                   
                 F3 extends from 0.666 MHz to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 23.666 MHz 
               
               
                 7. 
               
               
                 F ref  = 10 MHz 
               
               
                 N1 = 140 
                 N2 = 11 
                 N3 = 8 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Bottom-of-range civil GPS 
               
               
                 Fundamental frequency: 1575.42 MHz 
               
             
          
           
               
                 OL1 = 1400 MHz 
                   
                 F1 = 175.MHz 
               
               
                 OL2 = 127.272 MHz 
                   
                 F2 = 48.148 MHz 
               
               
                 OL3 = 15.909 MHz 
                   
                 F3 = 32.24 MHz 
               
               
                 8. 
               
               
                 F ref  = 10 MHz 
               
               
                 N1 = 142 
                 N2 = 10 
                 N3 = 5 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Future civil GLONASS receiver using the frequency band 
               
               
                 L1 subsequent to the year 2005 
               
               
                 frequencies L1 ranging from 1598 to 1605 
               
             
          
           
               
                 OL1 = 1420 MHz 
                   
                 F1 extends from 178 MHz to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 185 MHz 
               
               
                 OL2 = 142 MHz 
                   
                 F2 extends from 36 MHz to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 43 MHz 
               
               
                 OL3 = 28.4 MHz 
                   
                 F3 extends from 7.6 MHz to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 14.6 MHz 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Thus, a few simple combinations of values of the three dividers N 1 , N 2 , N 3 , most of them combined with the use of a reference frequency of 10 MHz (particularly easy to achieve), make it possible to ensure eight possible uses of the circuit without any change thereto (the filters at intermediate frequencies in particular can be the same for all the circuits).