Abstract:
In a preferred embodiment, a radiation detector, including: one or more anode wires disposed within a body of the radiation detector, connections to and suspension of the one or more anode wires being made externally of active volume of said radiation detector.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention relates to radiation detectors generally and, more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a novel high efficiency and high homogeneity large-area gas-filled radiation detector. 
   2. Background Art 
   All known gas-filled large-area radiation detectors are not free from the problems related to the existence of zones with decreased efficiency. One of the contributing factors is the method of anode wire suspension. The wire suspension system usually uses of some type of holding elements like stand-offs, feedthroughs, etc. All these elements are made from dielectric and/or metal parts that are located in the active volume of a detector. Some of these elements have either direct contact with anode wires or are located close to them. 
   The principle of operation of all gas filled detectors is based on the phenomenon of so-called gas amplification. The uniformity of the detector response depends on the uniformity of the electric field along the anode wires in the active volume of the detector. Presence of wire suspension elements causes distortions of the electric field that leads to the disturbance of gas amplification and consequently to reduction of radiation detection efficiency. This presence creates usually radially symmetric zones around a suspending element that can be 20 mm or more in diameter and that features significantly reduced detection efficiency. Depending on the detector design, the wire supporting elements are mounted either to the bottom of the detector or to its side walls. In the latter case, the efficiency reduction additionally contributes to the detector end effect problem. For a four-wire system (eight wire supporting elements), the total area of decreased efficiency may be 25 cm 2  or more. This may potentially cause significant losses of the overall detection efficiency. 
   In the health physics radiation detection systems that utilize multiple adjacent detectors (for example, in whole body monitors), detector end effects are as critical as problems within the detector volume since they affect the response uniformity of the whole detector array. 
   An attempt to solve “dead zones” problems is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,934,165, issued Jan. 20, 1976, to Meekins, and titled PROPORTIONAL COUNTER END EFFECTS ELIMINATOR. 
   Technical solutions for large area radiation detectors have not been addressed. 
   Accordingly, it is a principle object of the present invention to provide a radiation detector that has improved detection homogeneity and minimizes dead zones by eliminating anode wire suspending elements and wire connections from the active volume of the detector and by minimizing side wall thickness. 
   It is a further object of the present invention to provide such a detector that has thin, flat elements made from a dielectric material that are embedded within the detector side walls, and that do not contribute to the wall thickness which elements are used for anode wire support. 
   It is another object of the present invention to provide such a detector in which these elements feature small center metal pads on both sides and metal plated hole connecting these pads; allowing mounting anode wires to be placed through the holes using soldering techniques or conductive adhesive, sealing at the same time detector volume from the gas leaks. 
   It is an additional object of the present invention to provide such a detector having these elements supporting anode wires, playing the role of feedthroughs and electrically connecting anode wires in multiwire applications. 
   It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide such a detector having connections to readout electronics using cables installed in grooves in the side walls of the detector and which do not contribute to the side wall thickness. 
   It is yet another object of the present invention to provide such a detector having no feedthroughs in the bottom of the detector. 
   It is yet an another object of the present invention to provide such a detector that has no feedthroughs or other wire supporting parts in the side walls that would extend into the active volume of the detector or beyond the outer surface of the side walls. 
   It is yet an additional object of the present invention to provide such a detector that has no dielectric materials along the side walls that in some designs are used to suspend anode wires. 
   A further object of the present invention is to provide such a detector that has no standoffs or studs or any other wire supporting parts mounted on the bottom of detector: either conductive or dielectric. 
   Other objects of the present invention, as well as particular features, elements, and advantages thereof, will be elucidated in, or be apparent from, the following description and the accompanying drawing figures. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
   The present invention achieves the above objects, among others, by providing, in a preferred embodiment, a radiation detector, comprising: one or more anode wires disposed within a body of said radiation detector, connections to and suspension of said one or more anode wires being made externally of active volume of said radiation detector. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING  
     Understanding of the present invention and the various aspects thereof will be facilitated by reference to the accompanying drawing figures, provided for purposes of illustration only and not intended to define the scope of the invention, on which: 
       FIG. 1  is an isometric view of an assembled detector constructed according to the present invention. 
       FIG. 2  is an exploded isometric view of the detector of  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 3  is an isometric view showing a wire supporting element of the detector of  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 4  is a top plan view of the detector of  FIG. 1 . 
       FIGS. 5A and 5B  are fragmentary side elevational views, partially in cross-section, taken, respectively taken along lines A-A and B-B of  FIG. 4 . 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
   Reference should now be made to the drawing figures, provided for purposes of illustration only, and on which the figure numerals in parentheses (when used) refer the reader to the figure in which the element(s) being described are more fully shown, although the element(s) may be shown on other figures also. 
   In general, the present invention is directed to the art of sealed and flow large-area gas-filled beta, alpha, X-ray, and gamma detectors (proportional or GM) and, more particularly, to high efficiency and high homogeneity large-area radiation detectors. These types of detectors are used for example in the health physics applications that utilize multiple detector arrays, like whole body monitors. The improvement in detector design relates to the counting wires suspension system and system of wire connection to the readout electronics. 
     FIGS. 1 ,  2 ,  3 A,  3 B,  4 ,  5 A, and  5 B show design details of the gas proportional flow detector built using the ideas from the present invention. In this case, the detector has three independent sections that are housed in the same detector body, although the detector may have fewer or greater than three sections. The detector body is usually made from a metal using machining, die casting or forming technology. The material selection depends on the technology used and/or on the detection requirements. Plating may be used if surface modification is required. As an alternative metal coated plastic detector bodies may also be used. Choice of the material and technology is driven by the detection requirements of a particular application and by the production volume and cost considerations. Described here innovation may be applied regardless of the detector body material and technology chosen to produce it. 
     FIG. 1 . illustrates a view of the detector assembly in assembled relationship, generally indicated by the reference numeral  10 . Detector  10  is shown on  FIG. 1  with a gas connection  20  feeding the bottom of the first section. It will be understood that detector  10  has two gas connections only—inlet and outlet (only inlet  20  shown on  FIG. 1 ). The separate sections do not have separate connectors. Gas is supplied to them by special openings in the dividers. The sealed detectors do not have gas connectors at all. 
     FIG. 2  illustrates an exploded view of detector  10 . Detector  10  has the body  30  machined, for example, from aluminum, or other suitable material. The three sections of detector  10  are separated by metal dividers  40  to minimize crosstalk between the sections. Each section has two anode wires  50 . In this particular implementation, wires  50  are supported by elements (feedthroughs) made from FR-4 fiberglass material: on one side is a single round part  60 , while on the other side is a dual element  62  that provides support and interconnection between the wires and the interconnection between the wires and the cables  64  for readout electronics (not shown). Single  60  and dual feedthroughs  62  may be made from a material other than FR-4 provided it has suitable mechanical and electrical properties. Both single  60  and dual feedthroughs  62  are installed in hollows  70  (only hollows for dual feedthroughs  62  shown in  FIG. 2 ) in the side walls shaped to match the shape of the feedthroughs. Epoxy is used to secure the wire support the elements in place and to provide gas tight seal. A window  80  made from a thin metallic foil or metallo-plastic composition hermetically covers the open plane of the body  30  of detector  10 . A window support grill  90  of suitable material is placed over window  80  to direct the radiation. 
     FIGS. 3A and 3B  illustrate, respectively, details of feedthroughs  60  and  62 . Anode wires  50  ( FIG. 2 ) are installed through metal plated holes  100  that are surrounded on both sides by metal pads  102  (smaller pad size on the inner side). Anode wires  50  are soldered to the metal pads  102 ; the solder flowing through the metal pads, ensuring an electrical connection and a gas tight seal. An electrically conductive adhesive may be used instead of solder. Dual wire support feedthrough  62  ( FIG. 3B ) has two holes  100  and metal pads  102  to provide support for two adjacent anode wires  50  ( FIG. 2 ). Trace  110  between the anode wires  50  provides connection between them. Additional pad  120  is for connection of cable  64  to readout electronics. 
     FIG. 4  illustrates a top view of detector  10  and shows window  80  and window support grill  90 . 
     FIGS. 5A and 5B  illustrate, respectively, details of the mounting of feedthroughs  60  and  62 . Feedthroughs  60  and  62  are installed in hollows  70  with epoxy adhesive  130 . The thickness of the side walls of the body  30  of detector  10  is usually in the range of at least 5 mm to provide sufficient area to seal detector window  80  and screw mount (screws are not shown for clarity) window support grill  90 . At the same time, this wall thickness also provides enough space to embed both anode wire  50  feedthroughs  60  and  62  and readout electronics connecting cable  64  within hollows  70 . Anode wires  50  are usually gold plated tungsten, stainless steel or molybdenum. The diameter of wire is usually in the range 0.010 to 0.040 mm—depending on the detector geometry, required gas amplification, bias voltage level etc. 
     FIGS. 5A and 5B  clearly show that feedthroughs  60  and  62  and cable  64  connection for readout electronics are embedded inside the walls of the body  30  and do not protrude beyond its surface on either side. The wire supporting elements and openings in the detector side wall are shown as round only due to the ease of manufacturing process; however, they could also be square, rectangular, oval, etc. 
   Detectors may be built in the flow or the sealed version. Flow detectors can use thinner window material (usually 0.8 mg/cm 2  or even less) that is required to provide sufficient alpha transparency. Thicker window materials (1.5 mg/cm 2  and more) are used in sealed detectors to ensure low enough gas permeability. 
   In the embodiments of the present invention described above, it will be recognized that individual elements and/or features thereof are not necessarily limited to a particular embodiment but, where applicable, are interchangeable and can be used in any selected embodiment even though such may not be specifically shown. 
   Spatially orienting terms such as “above”, “below”, “upper”, “lower”, “inner”, “outer”, “inwardly”, “outwardly”, “vertical”, “horizontal”, and the like, when used herein, refer to the positions of the respective elements shown on the accompanying drawing figures and the present invention is not necessarily limited to such positions. 
   It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those elucidated in, or made apparent from, the preceding description, are efficiently attained and, since certain changes may be made in the above construction without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown on the accompanying drawing figures shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not in a limiting sense. 
   It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween.