Abstract:
A medical instrument having a shaft with a bending neck, an ultrasound device at a distal end of the bending neck, a working channel extending through the shaft with a tubular working channel made from superelastic material extending to an opening proximate the ultrasound device, and a biopsy needle located in the working channel. The needle is comprised of superelastic material and is extendible and retractable out the working channel opening in an imaging path of the ultrasound device.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/061,835 filed Oct. 14, 1997. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a medical device and, more specifically, to an ultrasound device. 
     2. Prior Art 
     With the advent of laparoscopic surgery, ultrasound imaging can be used to image beneath the surface of organs. Implementation is achieved by the introduction of an ultrasound imaging probe through a cannula. FIG. 1A shows the end of one such probe  10  with a distal transducer array  12  on the end of its shaft  14 . The array  12  is positioned at tissue  16  to be imaged. Images are generated by the transducer array located at the end of a shaft, and are transmitted via a signal cable through the shaft and handle. Images are reconstructed by computer connect by cable to the probe handle and displayed on a CRT screen. A typical ultrasound image  15  corresponding to FIG. 1A is shown in FIG.  1 B. It is desirable to have a flexible tip to the shaft such that the transducer array can be bent relative to the axis of the shaft. A skilled surgeon can maneuver the probe tip to the organ/area of interest. 
     In conjunction with ultrasound imaging, there is also a need to obtain biopsy samples of suspicious areas. The use of ultrasound allows the surgeon to guide the biopsy procedure. This procedure, generically called ultrasound guided biopsy is depicted in FIG.  2 A. The surgeon positions the probe  10  and, using the ultrasound image  15  shown in FIG. 2B that is viewed on a display, guides the biopsy needle  18  to the suspect area B. The advantage of this method is the accuracy by which a laparoscopic surgeon can obtain biopsy samples. 
     In laparoscopic surgery, as illustrated in FIG. 2A, both probes and needle are introduced via separate cannulas. The workload on the surgeon to execute a biopsy is high as he must coordinate the location of two objects (probe and needle) while looking at a real time ultrasound image and a video image. U.S. Pat. No. 5,437,283 describes a laparascopic ultrasound probe with integrated biopsy capabilities. The probe can function as an image only probe and, with an attachment, as a biopsy probe. FIG. 3A schematically shows the ultrasound probe  20  and biopsy device  22  of U.S. Pat. No. 5,437,283. The biopsy device  22  generally comprises a needle  24 , a guide  25  and a gun  27 . By virtue of the attachment, the biopsy needle  24 , made of conventional stainless steel, is constrained to follow a sampling trajectory that always passes within of the ultrasound image (See FIG.  3 C). This approach greatly reduces the workload of the physician performing laparoscopic ultrasound guided biopsy. 
     The use of laparoscopic ultrasound probes with deflectable tips exposes the shortcomings of U.S. Pat. No. 5,437,283. Probes with the attachment  22  will need a larger cannula in the patient. The biopsy needle  24  is constrained to be parallel with the rigid shaft  26 . Deflectable tips  28  can only be two-way deflectable (not four-way deflectable) because deflection on the perpendicular lateral direction from that illustrated in FIG. 2A will cause the image to be out of the trajectory plane of the biopsy needle. It is obvious that the bending neck  30  can only deflect in one direction, away from the path of the needle  24 , otherwise the tip  28  would block the path of the needle. Because the tip  28  can only be deflected away from the path of the needle  24  in one direction, this limits the flexibility of the probe. Another problem is that, at the extremes of deflection, the image of the trajectory is small. Furthermore, it is not possible to preprogram the trajectory of the needle&#39;s path because the angle which the biopsy needle enters the ultrasound image will be a function of the deflection angle of the neck  30  and tip  28 . Thus the target line for the biopsy needle cannot be determined in advance. It can only be estimated from the deflection angle. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention an endoscope is provided comprising a shaft, an ultrasound device, a working channel, and a biopsy needle. The shaft has a bending neck. The ultrasound device is located at a distal end of the bending neck. The working channel extends through the shaft and bending neck and has an opening proximate the ultrasound device. The biopsy needle is located in the working channel. The needle is comprised of superelastic material and is extendible and retractable out the working channel opening proximate the ultrasound device. 
     In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention a medical needle assembly is provided having a front end with an aperture. The needle assembly has a first member forming the front end which is comprised of a shape memory alloy with superelastic properties allowing the first member to resiliently deform with a strain of at least 6 percent. 
     In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention a medical system is provided having an ultrasound probe, a display, and means for displaying a combined image on the display. The ultrasound probe has means for extending a needle from the probe. The display is connected to the probe. The means for displaying a combined image on the display can display an ultrasound image from the probe and a computer generated image of an expected path of the needle relative to the ultrasound image if the needle were to be extended from the probe. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The foregoing aspects and other features of the present invention are explained in the following description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
     FIG. 1A is a schematic view of a distal end of a laparoscopic ultrasound probe known in the prior art in position relative to body tissue to be imaged; 
     FIG. 1B is a schematic view of an ultrasound image generated from FIG. 1A; 
     FIG. 2A is a schematic view as in FIG. 1A showing insertion of a biopsy needle to a suspect area through a separate cannula; 
     FIG. 2B is a schematic view of an ultrasound image generated from FIG. 2A; 
     FIG. 3A is a schematic side view of a prior art laparoscopic ultrasound probe with an integrated biopsy actuator; 
     FIG. 3B is an enlarged schematic view of the distal end of the device shown in FIG. 3A located at tissue in a patient&#39;s body and showing the biopsy needle extended to tissue to be biopsied; 
     FIG. 3C is a schematic view of an ultrasound image generated from FIG. 3B; 
     FIG. 4A is a side view of a device incorporating features of the present invention with a distal end shaft covering removed; 
     FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view taken along line  4 B— 4 B of FIG. 4A; 
     FIG. 4C is an enlarged schematic view of the distal end of the device shown in FIG. 4A in use in a patient to take a biopsy; 
     FIG. 4D is an enlarged schematic view of the distal end of the device shown in FIG. 4C with the neck bent in an opposite direction; 
     FIG. 4E is a schematic view of an ultrasound image generated from FIG. 4C; 
     FIG. 4F is a schematic view of an ultrasound image and a computer generated image of predicted needle trajectory if a biopsy needle is extended from the probe; and 
     FIG. 5 is an elevational side view with a cut-away section of a front end of a biopsy needle incorporating features of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring to FIG. 4A, a laparoscopic ultrasound probe  30  incorporating features of the present invention is shown. The probe  30  includes a handle section  32 , a rigid shaft section  34 , a deflectable or bendable neck  36 , and a distal end ultrasound section  38 . The neck  36  is shown without its flexible cover for the sake of clarity. The handle section  32  has two deflection control knobs  40 ,  42  that can be moved as illustrated by the dashed lines to provide four-way deflection of the neck  36  by control cables as is well known in the art. Also as is known in the art, the handle section  34  has a connector (not shown) for operably connecting the probe to a computer  31  and image display device  33 . The handle section  34  further comprises an inlet port  44 . A tube  46 , which forms a working channel for the probe, extends from the inlet port  44  to the distal end of the neck  36  proximate the ultrasound section  38 . In alternate embodiments other types of handle sections could be provided. The probe could also be merely a two-way deflectable probe. 
     The rigid shaft section  34  connects the bendable neck section  36  to the handle section  32 . Referring also to FIG. 4B, the neck  36  is comprised of rigid disks  48  connected in series by resiliently deflectable alternating pair of pins  50 . However, in alternate embodiments, any suitable type of controllably deflectable or bendable neck could be provided. The tube  46  passes through a center channel in the disks  48  and curves laterally outward at the distal end of the neck  36 . In a preferred embodiment the tube  46  is comprised of a shape memory alloy or superelastic alloy such as Nitinol or Tinel. However, any suitable type of superelastic alloy could be used. As used herein the terms “superelastic material” and “superelastic alloy” are intended to mean shape memory alloys which are being used for their superelastic properties. The distal end member  52  of the neck  36  functions as a structural mount which the ultrasound section  38  is fixedly attached to. The neck distal end member  52  has a hole  54  in one lateral side that the distal end of the tube  46  passes through. FIG. 4B shows one of the disks  48 . The disks  48  of the neck also have holes  56  that the pins  50  are mounted in, holes  58  that deflection control cables  60  pass through, and holes  62  that conductors (not shown) to and from the ultrasound section  38  pass through. The distal tip  64  of the tube  46  has an opening that projects towards the imaging path of the ultrasound section  38 . In a preferred embodiment the distal tip  64  of the tube is angled at an angle of about 30° relative to the ultrasound section. However, any suitable angle could be provided. The distal tip  64  and the ultrasound section  38  are both fixed relative to the neck end member  52 . Thus, they are fixed relative to each other. 
     Referring also to FIG. 4C the present invention is shown with the distal end of probe  30  positioned at the tissue area  16 . The surgeon, upon finding the tissue to be biopsied B, will insert the biopsy needle  66  through the inlet port  44  and into the tube  46  (if not already done so) and extend the distal end  68  of the needle  66  into the target area. The needle  66  passes through the working channel formed by the tube  46  and exits next to the transducer array  112 . More specifically, the path of the needle  66  will always extend into an image path of the transducer array  112 . In addition, as illustrated by FIG. 4D, the ultrasound section  110  having the transducer array  112  can be deflected in an inward direction on a side where the tube  46  has its distal end aperture. Thus, the tube  46  does not block movement of the ultrasound section  110  to one direction as in the prior art. The needle  66 , when extended, will also always have the same path in the display image  15  regardless of the direction or degree of bend of the neck  36 . FIG. 4E illustrates the ultrasound image  15  that is generated on the display  33  for the arrangement depicted in FIG.  4 C. The ultrasound image is basically a thin slice image. The trajectory of the needle caused by the trajectory shape of the distal tip  64  always forces the needle to be within the thin slice image when the needle is extended. Because the path of the needle relative to the ultrasound image will always be the same, the computer  31  can be preprogrammed to generate an image  66 ′ as illustrated in FIG. 4F before the needle  66  is extended. More specifically, the surgeon would preposition the ultrasound section  110  relative to the target area B using the ultrasound image and the computer generated image  66 ′ before extending the needle  66  from the tube  46 . Only after the computer generated image  66 ′ is aligned onto the target area B would the surgeon then extend the needle. There is no need for a larger cannula. Full four way deflection is possible with this concept. Regardless of the deflection angle, the biopsy trajectory will always pass through the image field at the same place. This can be pre-programmed into the ultrasound software to generate a predictive phantom image of the expected path of the needle on the display. Thus, the surgeon will know the path before the needle is extended and can position the probe precisely with the use of the phantom image before the needle is extended. Biopsy accuracy is improved and physician workload is reduced. 
     A problem was encountered with the probe  30  described above in relation to use of conventional biopsy needles which are made of steel. In particular, the bendable neck section  36  and the laterally outward bend in the distal end of the tube  46  can form a tight bend as seen by radius R in FIG.  4 D. For a typical 10 mm diameter shaft, the bend radius is nominally 1.0 inch. The problem encountered is that conventional steel needles will permanently deform under such curvature and would be no longer useful. Stainless steel needles could be made to bend by making the diameter very small. However, by making the diameter this small, the tissue sample retrieved by the biopsy needle would not be histologically sufficient. In order to overcome this problem the biopsy needle  66  has been manufactured from a shape memory alloy, also known as a superelastic metal alloy. In doing so, such biopsy needles can be bent around a tight radius and still function as a biopsy needle. Superelastic metal alloy needles allow an 18 gauge needle to be used in a 10 mm laparoscope. Referring also to FIG. 5, the front end of a biopsy needle assembly  60  incorporating features of the present invention is shown. The needle assembly  60  has two pieces; an inner shaft  61  and an outer tube  62 . The outer tube  62  is shown in cross-section. The outer tube  62  is slidable on the inner shaft  61  between a retracted position as shown in FIG. 5 to a trough closure position. The distal end of the inner shaft  61  has a front barb  64  for piercing through the tissue followed by a lateral trough section  66 . The trough section  66  has an aperture or trough  68  extending into the lateral side of the inner shaft  61 . With the front end of the needle assembly  60  at the target area and the outer tube  62  in its retracted position, tissue extends into the trough  68 . The outer tube  62  can then be extended to cut off tissue in the trough section  66 . The needle assembly  60  is then withdrawn with the tissue in the trough  68 . The needle needs to be sufficiently rigid to pierce into the tissue without buckling and with path predictability, but also needs to be resiliently bendable in the front curved portion  63  of the working channel tube  46 . The high strain capability of the wire  61  and tube  62  of the needle  60  of the present invention, being made of superelastic material, allows the needle  60  to survive a tight bend without buckling and, thus, allows the biopsy needle to still function properly. If one were to use a steel needle in a device bent to a radius of 1.0 inch, the needle would buckle and not function properly. Such a steel needle would exit hole  64  still bent and not properly function as a biopsy needle. In an alternate embodiment, a combined multi-piece steel and superelastic needle could be provided or other combinations of materials could be used. 
     For the biopsy needle to follow the deflection of the array (up to 90° in all directions) it must survive a tight bend radius. Conventional steel biopsy needles will yield and deform if they were used in such a manner. A biopsy needle manufactured from superelastic metal alloy can be strained to 6-8% and can recover from bends of 1.0 in. radius. 
     Any deflection of the transducer array will not change the spatial orientation of the needle path relative to the ultrasound section&#39;s image path. A biopsy needle that exits this working channel will appear on the ultrasound image at a fixed angle. 
     The present invention is not limited to superelastic alloys nor only to biopsy needles. Other flexible materials can be used to create therapeutic, such as cryo surgery, as well as diagnosis devices. The present invention can be used in non-laparoscopic procedures. 
     There are also therapeutic uses other than cryo, such as chemotherapy, which the present invention could be used with. There are also other superelastic materials that can strain up to 18%, but are not yet available in tubular format required for the tube section of the needle. Future products made from these other materials may make even tighter bends possible. 
     It should be understood that the foregoing description is only illustrative of the invention. Various alternatives and modifications can be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the present invention is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variances which fall within the scope of the appended claims.