Abstract:
Disclosed is a process for the production and purification of glycolic acid or glycolic acid derivatives by the carbonylation of formaldehyde in the presence of a homogeneous acid catalyst and a carboxylic acid. This invention discloses hydrocarboxylations and corresponding homogeneous acid catalyst and glycolic acid separations. The homogeneous acid catalyst is readily separated from the hydrocarboxylation reaction effluent and recycled and the carboxylic acid is readily removed from the glycolic acid and the carboxylic acid is recycled.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a process for the production and purification of glycolic acid or glycolic acid derivatives by the carbonylation of formaldehyde in the presence of a homogeneous acid catalyst and a carboxylic acid. This invention discloses hydrocarboxylations and corresponding homogeneous acid catalyst and glycolic acid separations wherein the homogeneous acid catalyst is readily separated from the hydrocarboxylation reaction effluent and recycled and the carboxylic acid is readily removed from the glycolic acid and the carboxylic acid is recycled. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Glycolic acid (also known as 2-hydroxyacetic acid or α-hydroxyacetic acid) can be used for many purposes including as a raw material to make ethylene glycol. Glycolic acid is prepared by the acid catalyzed reaction of carbon monoxide and formaldehyde in the presence of water, alcohols, and/or carboxylic acids. These processes often require high temperatures and pressures to proceed at practical rates. For example, glycolic acid typically is prepared by reacting formaldehyde with carbon monoxide and water in the presence of an acidic catalyst such as sulfuric acid under high temperature and pressure such as, for example, above 480 bar absolute (abbreviated herein as “bara”), and between 200 and 225° C. Alternatively, lower pressures may be employed in the presence of hydrogen fluoride as a catalyst and solvent. These processes, however, require expensive materials of construction and/or recovery and recycling schemes for hydrogen fluoride. Furthermore, readily available and less expensive formaldehyde starting material typically contains large concentrations of water that inhibit the rate of the carbonylation reaction and make purification of the glycolic acid product difficult. Separation of glycolic acid and the carboxylic acid is not feasible using distillation methods because the glycolic acid reacts with the carboxylic acid under typical process temperatures. Acetic acid is similar in its hydrophobicity to glycolic acid, making extraction methods unattractive for separating glycolic acid and acetic acid. Thus, there is a need for an economical process for making glycolic acid from an aqueous formaldehyde starting material that can be accomplished at moderate temperatures and pressures and allows for the ready separation of the glycolic acid from the crude hydrocarboxylation reactor product. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides in a first embodiment a process for the preparation of glycolic acid, comprising
         (A) feeding carbon monoxide, aqueous formaldehyde, a homogeneous acid catalyst, and a carboxylic acid comprising 3-6 carbon atoms to a hydrocarboxylation reaction zone to produce an effluent comprising said homogeneous acid catalyst and esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids;   (B) recovering the homogeneous acid catalyst from the effluent by extracting the effluent with a first hydrophilic solvent to form a first aqueous extract phase comprising a major amount of the homogeneous acid catalyst contained in the effluent and a first organic raffinate phase comprising a major amount of the esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids contained in the effluent;   (C) separating the first organic raffinate phase and the first aqueous extract phase; and   (D) recycling the first aqueous extract phase to step (A).       

     The present invention provides in a second embodiment a process for the preparation of glycolic acid, comprising
         (A) feeding carbon monoxide, aqueous formaldehyde, a homogeneous acid catalyst, and a carboxylic acid selected from at least one of the group consisting of propionic acid, n-butyric acid, i-butyric acid, 2-methyl butyric acid, n-valeric acid, and i-valeric acid to a hydrocarboxylation reaction zone to produce an effluent comprising the homogeneous catalyst and esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids;   (B) recovering the homogeneous acid catalyst from the effluent by extracting the effluent with a first hydrophilic solvent comprising 15 weight percent to 100 weight percent water and 0 weight percent to 85 percent of glycolic acid, each on a total first hydrophilic solvent weight basis, and optionally with a first hydrophobic solvent selected from at least one of the group consisting of hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, octane, decane, benzene, toluene, xylene, isoparaffinic mixed hydrocarbons having a boiling range between 90 and 325° C., methyl naphthalene, diethyl ether, dipropyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ether, methyl tertiary-butyl ether, and methyl tertiary-amyl ether to form a first aqueous extract phase comprising a major amount of the homogeneous acid catalyst contained in the effluent and a first organic raffinate phase comprising a major amount of the esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids contained in the effluent;   (C) separating the first organic raffinate phase and the first aqueous extract phase; and   (D) recycling the first aqueous extract phase to step (A).       

    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic of an embodiment of the present invention for hydrocarboxylation of an aqueous formaldehyde feed using a homogeneous acid catalyst in valeric acid. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention provides in a first embodiment a process for the preparation of glycolic acid, comprising
         (A) feeding carbon monoxide, aqueous formaldehyde, a homogeneous acid catalyst, and a carboxylic acid comprising 3-6 carbon atoms to a hydrocarboxylation reaction zone to produce an effluent comprising said homogeneous acid catalyst and esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids;   (B) recovering the homogeneous acid catalyst from the effluent by extracting the effluent with a first hydrophilic solvent to form a first aqueous extract phase comprising a major amount of the homogeneous acid catalyst contained in the effluent and a first organic raffinate phase comprising a major amount of the esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids contained in the effluent;   (C) separating the first organic raffinate phase and the first aqueous extract phase; and   (D) recycling the first aqueous extract phase to step (A).       

     Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Further, the ranges stated in this disclosure and the claims are intended to include the entire range specifically and not just the endpoint(s). For example, a range stated to be 0 to 10 is intended to disclose all whole numbers between 0 and 10 such as, for example 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., all fractional numbers between 0 and 10, for example 1.5, 2.3, 4.57, 6.1113, etc., and the endpoints 0 and 10. Also, a range associated with chemical substituent groups such as, for example, “C 1  to C 5  hydrocarbons”, is intended to specifically include and disclose C 1  and C 5  hydrocarbons as well as C 2 , C 3 , and C 4  hydrocarbons. 
     Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements. 
     It is to be understood that the mention of one or more process steps does not preclude the presence of additional process steps before or after the combined recited steps or intervening process steps between those steps expressly identified. Moreover, the lettering of process steps or ingredients is a convenient means for identifying discrete activities or ingredients and the recited lettering can be arranged in any sequence, unless otherwise indicated. 
     As used herein the term “and/or,” when used in a list of two or more items, means that any one of the listed items can be employed by itself, or any combination of two or more of the listed items can be employed. For example, if a composition is described as containing components A, B, and/or C, the composition can contain A alone; B alone; C alone; A and B in combination; A and C in combination; B and C in combination; or A, B, and C in combination. 
     The term “glycolic acid”, as used herein, refers to the chemical compound, glycolic acid, also known as 2-hydroxyacetic acid. The term “glycolic acid oligomers”, as used herein, refers to the reaction products of glycolic acid with itself, particularly the linear or cyclic esters formed by a reaction between the carboxyl group of one molecule and the alcohol group of another molecule. The “glycolic acid oligomers” include, but are not limited to, (2-hydroxyacetoxy)acetic acid (G2), 2-(2′-hydroxyacetoxy)acetoxyacetic acid (G3), and 2-(2′-(2″-hydroxyacetoxy)acetoxy)acetoxyacetic acid (G4). The term “esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids”, as used herein, refers to the esters produced by the reaction of a carboxylic acid with the hydroxyl end of glycolic acid and/or its oligomers. 
     The term “hydrocarboxylation reaction zone”, as used herein, refers to the part of the process wherein the carbon monoxide, aqueous formaldehyde, homogeneous acid catalyst, and carboxylic acid are fed, and esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids are produced. The term “effluent”, as used herein, refers to the liquid stream exiting the hydrocarboxylation reaction zone comprising the homogeneous acid catalyst and the “esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids”. 
     The term “homogeneous acid catalyst”, as used herein, refers to an acid catalyst that is soluble or partly soluble in the reaction mixture under reaction conditions. The homogeneous acid catalyst may be a Brønsted or Lewis acid as further described below. 
     The term “hydrolyzing”, as used herein, refers to reacting with water. The term “hydrolyzed mixture”, as used herein, refers to the first organic raffinate phase after “hydrolyzing” it; the “hydrolyzed mixture” comprises glycolic acid and carboxylic acid that are the product of “hydrolyzing” the “esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids”. 
     The term “extracting”, as used herein, refers to separating a component from a feed into an immiscible liquid based upon relative differences in solubility. As used herein, the term “feed” is intended to have its commonly understood meaning in the liquid-liquid extraction art, which is the solution that contains the materials to be extracted or separated. The term “extraction solvent”, as used herein, is intended to be synonymous with the term “extractant” or “solvent” and is intended to mean the immiscible liquid that is used in the extraction process to extract materials or solutes from the feed. The term “extract” is the immiscible liquid left from the extraction solvent after it has been contacted with the feed. The term “raffinate” is intended to mean the liquid phase left from the feed after it has been contacted with the extraction solvent. The term “wash solvent” is understood to mean a liquid used to wash or enhance the purity of the raffinate or extract phase. 
     The term “hydrophobic solvent”, as used herein, refers to a solvent that will phase separate when mixed with water. In the present invention, examples of hydrophobic solvents are “esters”, “ethers”, “ketones”, and “hydrocarbons” which are terms well known to those skilled in the art. In the present invention, the extracting of step (B) using a first hydrophilic solvent produces a first organic raffinate phase and a first aqueous extract phase. The term a “major amount”, as used herein, for example “a major amount of the homogenous acid catalyst contained in the effluent” refers to at least 50 weight percent of the homogenous acid catalyst contained in the effluent. In a further example, when a first aqueous extract phase comprises a major amount of the homogeneous acid catalyst contained in the effluent, the weight of the homogenous acid catalyst in the first aqueous extract phase divide by the weight of the homogenous acid catalyst in the effluent is at least 50 weight percent. The term a “minor amount”, as used herein, for example “a minor amount of homogenous acid catalyst contained in the effluent” refers to less than 50 weight percent of the homogenous acid catalyst in the effluent. The term “hydrophilic solvent”, as used herein, refers to a solvent that is miscible with water. 
     The term “molar ratio”, as used herein, refers to the moles of one component divided by the moles of another component. For example, if the molar ratio of carboxylic acid to formaldehyde is 2:1, then for every mole of formaldehyde, there are two moles of carboxylic acid. Note that the water in any aqueous formaldehyde feed is not considered in the molar ratio of carboxylic acid to formaldehyde. 
     The terms “reactions of ethylene glycol and glycolic acid”, and “reacting ethylene glycol and glycolic acid”, and “reacting ethylene glycol with a second aqueous raffinate phase” which comprises glycolic acid, as used herein, refer to the many reactions that occur when ethylene glycol and glycolic acid are present at typical reaction conditions. The reactions include reactions between ethylene glycol and glycolic acid and reactions of glycolic acid with itself. Additionally, the reactions include reactions between ethylene glycol, glycolic acid, and glycolic acid oligomers or other reaction products such as 2-hydroxyethyl 2-hydroxyacetate. The term “glycolate ester oligomers”, as used herein, refers to the many reaction products of glycolate esters formed by “reacting ethylene glycol and glycolic acid”. Examples include, but are not limited to 2-hydroxyethyl 2-hydroxyacetate, 1,2-ethanediyl bis(2-hydroxyacetate), 2′-[2″-(2′″-hydroxyacetoxy)acetoxy]ethyl 2-hydroxyacetate, 2′-(2″-[2′″-(2″″-hydroxyacetoxy)acetoxy]acetoxy)ethyl 2-hydroxyacetate, 2″-hydroxyethyl (2′-hydroxyacetoxy)acetate, 2′″-hydroxyethyl 2′-(2″-hydroxyacetoxy)acetoxyacetate, and 2″″-hydroxyethyl 2′-[2″-(2′″-hydroxyacetoxy)acetoxy]acetoxyacetate. 
     The aqueous formaldehyde used in the hydrocarboxylation reaction typically comprises 35 to 85 weight percent formaldehyde. Other examples of formaldehyde levels in the aqueous formaldehyde feed are 40 to 70 weight percent and 40 to 60 weight percent. These ranges are typical concentrations that can be achieved with conventional formaldehyde processes without further distillation. Conventional formaldehyde processes are described in “Formaldehyde”, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia, Vol. 11, 4 th  Edition, 1994. For example, commercially available formaldehyde typically contains approximately 55 weight percent formaldehyde in water. Other forms of formaldehyde may be present in the aqueous formaldehyde feedstock including trioxane or paraformaldehyde and linear oligomers and polymers of formaldehyde, i.e., poly(oxymethylene) glycols and derivatives thereof, formed from the polymerization or oligomerization of formaldehyde in water or other solvents. The term “formaldehyde”, as used herein, is intended to include all the various forms of formaldehyde described above. 
     The advantages of using a homogenous acid catalyst over a heterogeneous catalyst include cost, fewer deactivation mechanisms, no physical attrition, and the ability to use higher catalyst concentrations. The presence of at least one acid catalyst, although not required for the reaction to proceed, greatly increases the rate of the carbonylation reaction and at the expense of side reactions. The homogeneous acid catalyst may be of the Lewis or Brønsted types that are well understood by persons skilled in the art. Homogeneous acid catalysts that are active in promoting the carbonylation process generally have pKa values in aqueous solution of less than 7. For example, homogeneous acid catalysts that have a pKa value in aqueous solution of 5 may be used. Further examples of homogeneous acid catalysts are those having a range of pKa values in aqueous solution of from −10 to 3, and −10 to 1. Representative examples of homogeneous acid catalysts are sulfonic acids, mineral acids, carboxylic acids, inorganic acid salts, and combinations thereof. Some more specific examples of homogeneous acid catalysts include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrofluoric acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, sulfonic acids, acid metal sulfates and acid metal phosphates comprising one or more metals from Groups 1 and 2 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, methanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, fluorosulfonic acid, chlorosulfonic acid, methanedisulfonic acid, methylsulfonylmethanesulfonic acid, methanetrisulfonic acid, bis(methylsulfonyl)methanesulfonic acid, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethanesulfonic acid, nonafluorobutanesulfonic acid, bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfonylamide, p-toluenesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, and combinations thereof. In another aspect, the homogenous acid catalyst is selected from at least one of the group consisting of sulfuric acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethanesulfonic acid, bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfonylamide, and nonafluorobutanesulfonic acid. In another aspect, the homogenous acid catalyst comprises trifluoromethanesulfonic acid. 
     The homogeneous acid catalyst may be used in amounts ranging from 0.02 to 1.0 mole of homogeneous acid catalyst per mole of formaldehyde. Another example of acid catalyst levels is 0.02 to 0.15 mole of acid catalyst per mole of formaldehyde. Proportions higher than 1.0 mole of catalyst per mole of formaldehyde, however, may be used in many instances, such as, for example, in processes in which the catalyst also functions as a solvent. Hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid may be used in this fashion. Such catalysts may be employed in amounts up to and even greater than molar proportions with the formaldehyde, but it may be easier to effect the separation of the glycolic acid or esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids from the reaction mixture if lesser amounts of catalyst are employed. 
     The rate and yield of hydrocarboxylation may be enhanced by conducting the reaction in the presence of a compound of Cu(I) or of Ag(I). For example, the reaction mixture can comprise sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid, or trifluoromethanesulfonic acid as the homogeneous acid catalyst and Cu(I) or Ag(I). The Cu(I) and Ag(I), typically, can be added to the reaction mixture in elemental form or as their corresponding oxides or metal salts. 
     In the process of the present invention, the carboxylic acid serves as a solvent and promoter for the hydrocarboxylation reaction. The carboxylic acid will react in the hydrocarboxylation reaction zone to form a corresponding acyloxyacetic acid. For example, acetic acid can react to form acetoxyacetic acid, propionic acid can react to form 2-propionoxyacetic acid, and the like. The acyloxyacetic acids are hydrolyzed to produce glycolic acid and the carboxylic acid. The carboxylic acid is chosen to give the best improvement to the hydrocarboxylation reaction conversions and reaction selectivities while simultaneously providing easy separation between the glycolic acid and carboxylic acid. In one example, the carboxylic acid comprises 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In another example, the carboxylic acid comprises 3 to 5 carbon atoms. The carboxylic acid can be one or more of propionic acid, n-butyric acid, i-butyric acid, 2-methyl butyric acid, n-valeric acid, and i-valeric acid. In one example, the carboxylic acid comprises propionic acid. In another aspect, the carboxylic acid can be one or more of 2-methyl butyric acid, n-valeric acid, and i-valeric acid. In another example, the carboxylic acid comprises n-valeric acid. 
     In the process of the present invention the molar ratio of carboxylic acid to formaldehyde (carboxylic acid:formaldehyde) fed to the hydrocarboxylation zone can vary over a considerable range. Examples include feeding at a carboxylic acid:formaldehyde of from 0.2:1 to 10:1, or 0.2:1 to 6:1, or 0.2:1 to 4:1, or 0.2:1 to 2.5:1, or 0.2:1 to 2:1, or 0.5:1 to 10:1, or 0.5:1 to 6:1, or 0.5:1 to 4:1, or 0.5:1 to 2.5:1, or 0.5:1 to 2:1, or 0.7:1 to 10:1, or 0.7:1 to 0.7:6, or 0.7:1 to 0.7:4, or 0.7:1 to 0.7:2.5, or 0.7:1 to 2:1. 
     In the process of the present invention the molar ratio of homogeneous acid catalyst to formaldehyde (homogeneous acid catalyst:formaldehyde) fed to the hydrocarboxylation zone can vary over a considerable range. Examples include feeding at a homogeneous acid catalyst:formaldehyde of from 0.001:1 to 1:1, or 0.001:1 to 0.5:1, or 0.001:1 to 0.2:1, or 0.001:1 to 0.1:1, or 0.001:1 to 0.07:1, or 0.001:1 to 0.055:1, or 0.01:1 to 1:1, or 0.01:1 to 0.5:1, or 0.01:1 to 0.2:1, or 0.01:1 to 0.1:1, or 0.01:1 to 0.07:1, or 0.01:1 to 0.05:1 or 0.02:1 to 1:1, or 0.02:1 to 0.5:1, or 0.02:1 to 0.2:1, or 0.02:1 to 0.1:1, or 0.02:1 to 0.07:1, or 0.02:1 to 0.05:1. 
     The hydrocarboxylation process can be carried out by feeding carbon monoxide to a reaction mixture comprising aqueous formaldehyde and a homogenous acid catalyst. The carbon monoxide typically is supplied to the reaction mixture in sufficient excess to insure an adequate supply thereof for absorption by the formaldehyde and to retard side reactions such as, for example, the decomposition of the formaldehyde to carbon monoxide and hydrogen or other products. The amount of carbon monoxide useful for the carbonylation reaction ranges from a molar ratio of 1:1 to 1,000:1 or 1:1 to 100:1 or 1:1 to 20:1 or 1:1 to 10:1 or 2:1 to 20:1 or 2:1 to 10:1 of carbon monoxide to formaldehyde or formaldehyde equivalents. 
     The composition of the carbon monoxide stream required for hydrocarboxylation may comprise carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. For example, the carbon monoxide may be supplied in substantially pure form or as a mixture with other gases such as, for example, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen, noble gases (e.g., helium and argon), and the like. For example, the carbon monoxide need not be of high purity and may contain from 1% by volume to 99% by volume carbon monoxide. The remainder of the gas mixture may include such gases as, for example, nitrogen, hydrogen, water, carbon dioxide, noble gases, and paraffinic hydrocarbons having from one to four carbon atoms. In order to reduce compression costs, it is desirable for the carbon monoxide stream to comprise at least 95 mole % carbon monoxide, more preferably at least 99 mole %. 
     The carbon monoxide may be obtained from typical sources that are well known in the art. For example, the carbon monoxide may be provided by any of a number of methods known in the art including steam or carbon dioxide reforming of carbonaceous materials such as natural gas or petroleum derivatives; partial oxidation or gasification of carbonaceous materials, such as petroleum residuum, bituminous, sub bituminous, and anthracitic coals and cokes; lignite; oil shale; oil sands; peat; biomass; petroleum refining residues of cokes; and the like. For example, the carbon monoxide may be provided to the reaction mixture as a component of synthesis gas or “syngas”, comprising carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen. 
     The hydrocarboxylation process can be conducted under continuous, semi-continuous, and batch modes of operation and may utilize a variety of reactor types. Examples of suitable reactor types include, but are not limited to, stirred tank, continuous stirred tank, tower, and tubular reactors. A typical temperature range for the hydrocarboxylation reaction is 110 to 220° C. Other examples of the temperature range are from 110 to 210° C., 110 to 200° C., 110 to 190° C., 120 to 220° C., 120 to 210° C., 120 to 200° C., 140 to 220° C., 140 to 210° C., or 150 to 210° C. Examples of pressure ranges for the hydrocarboxylation reaction are 35 to 250 bar gauge, 35 to 200 bar gauge, and 60 to 200 bar gauge. In one example of the process, carbon monoxide, aqueous formaldehyde comprising 35 weight percent to 85 weight percent formaldehyde, based on the total weight of the aqueous formaldehyde, a homogeneous acid catalyst, and carboxylic acid are fed at a molar ratio of carbon monoxide to formaldehyde ranging from 1:1 to 10:1, and the hydrocarboxylation reaction zone is operated at a pressure of from 35 bar gauge to 200 bar gauge and a temperature of from 120° C. to 220° C. 
     The hydrocarboxylation reactants may be introduced separately or in any sequence or combination to the hydrocarboxylation reaction zone. In addition, one or more reactants may be introduced at different locations in the reactor. For example, in a continuously operated process, the addition of water or formaldehyde may be staged throughout the reactor. In some cases, it may be desirable to recirculate a portion of the reaction media to the reactor to act as a liquid reaction media for the next synthesis. In order to reduce by-product formation, it is desirable to set the residence time in the hydrocarboxylation reaction zone to give an outlet formaldehyde concentration of 5 weight percent or less. In addition to glycolic acid, the hydrocarboxylation process typically produces glycolic acid oligomers, water, and unreacted formaldehyde. When carboxylic acids are present, the hydrocarboxylation process typically also produces esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids. 
     In the process of the present invention, an effluent comprising the homogeneous acid catalyst and the esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids is produced in the hydrocarboxylation reaction zone. The esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids are produced by the reaction of a carboxylic acid with the hydroxyl end of glycolic acid and/or its oligomers. In one example, the esters of glycolic and carboxylic acid are selected from the esters of glycolic and propionic acid, the esters of glycolic and n-butyric acid, the esters of glycolic and i-butyric acid, the esters of glycolic and 2-methyl butyric acid, the esters of glycolic and n-valeric acid, the esters of glycolic and i-valeric acid, or mixtures thereof. In another example, the esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids comprise 2-propionoxyacetic acid and/or (2′-(propionyloxy)acetoxyacetic acid. In another example, the esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids comprise 2-valeryloxyacetic acid, (2′-valeryloxy)acetoxyacetic acid, and/or [2′-(2″-valeryloxy)acetoxy]acetoxyacetic acid. 
     In the process of the present invention, the homogeneous acid catalyst is recovered by extracting the effluent with a first hydrophilic solvent with the homogeneous acid catalyst partitioning to the first aqueous extract. In one example, the first hydrophilic solvent comprises water. In another example, the first hydrophilic solvent comprises water and glycolic acid. In another example, the first hydrophilic solvent comprises 10 weight percent to 100 weight percent water and 0 weight percent to 90 weight percent glycolic acid, each on a total first hydrophilic solvent weight basis. Other examples include the first hydrophilic solvent comprising 15 weight percent to 100 weight percent water and 0 weight percent to 85 weight percent glycolic acid; 20 weight percent to 100 weight percent water and 0 weight percent to 80 weight percent glycolic acid; 20 weight percent to 90 weight percent water and 10 weight percent to 80 weight percent glycolic acid; or 20 weight percent to 80 weight percent water and 20 weight percent to 80 weight percent glycolic acid. 
     The process of the present invention forms a first aqueous extract phase comprising a major amount of the homogeneous acid catalyst and a minor amount of the esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids contained in the effluent. In an aspect of the invention, greater than 90 weight percent of the homogeneous acid catalyst contained in the effluent is recovered in the first aqueous extract phase. In another aspect, greater than 95 weight percent, greater than 98 weight percent, greater than 99 weight percent, greater than 99.5 weight percent, or greater than 99.9 weight percent of the homogeneous acid catalyst contained in the effluent is recovered in the first aqueous extract phase. 
     The process of the present invention forms a first organic raffinate phase comprising a major amount of the esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids and a minor amount of the homogeneous acid catalyst. In an aspect of the invention greater than 80 weight percent of the esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids contained in the effluent are recovered in the first organic raffinate phase. In another aspect, greater than 90 weight percent, greater than 95 weight percent, or greater than 98 weight percent, or greater than 99 weight percent, or greater than 99.5 weight percent of the esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids contained in the effluent is recovered in the first organic raffinate phase. In another aspect, greater than 90 weight percent of the esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids are recovered in the first organic raffinate phase and greater than 95 weight percent of the homogeneous acid catalyst is recovered in the first aqueous extract phase. 
     Extracting the effluent can be carried out by any means known in the art to intimately contact two immiscible liquid phases and to separate the resulting phases after the extraction procedure. For example, the extraction can be carried out using columns, centrifuges, mixer-settlers, and miscellaneous devices. Some representative examples of extractors include unagitated columns (e.g., spray, baffle tray and packed, perforated plate), agitated columns (e.g., pulsed, rotary agitated, and reciprocating plate), mixer-settlers (e.g., pump-settler, static mixer-settler, and agitated mixer-settler), centrifugal extractors (e.g., those produced by Robatel, Luwesta, deLaval, Dorr Oliver, Bird, CINC, and Podbielniak), and other miscellaneous extractors (e.g., emulsion phase contactor, electrically enhanced extractors, and membrane extractors). A description of these devices can be found in the “Handbook of Solvent Extraction”, Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Fla., 1991, pp. 275-501. The various types of extractors may be used alone or in any combination. 
     The extraction may be conducted in one or more stages. The number of extraction stages can be selected in consideration of capital costs, achieving high extraction efficiency, ease of operability, and the stability of the hydrolyzed mixture and extraction solvents to the extraction conditions. The extraction also can be conducted in a batch or continuous mode of operation. In a continuous mode, the extraction may be carried out in a co-current, a counter-current manner, or as a fractional extraction in which multiple solvents and/or solvent feed points are used to help facilitate the separation. The extraction process also can be conducted in a plurality of separation zones that can be in series or in parallel. 
     The extraction typically can be carried out at a temperature of 10 to 120° C. For example, the extraction can be conducted at a temperature of 30 to 80° C. The desired temperature range may be constrained further by the boiling point of the extractant components or water. Generally, it is undesirable to operate the extraction under conditions where the extractant boils. In one aspect, the extractor can be operated to establish a temperature gradient across the extractor in order to improve the mass transfer kinetics or decantation rates. In another aspect, the extractor may be operated under sufficient pressure to prevent boiling. 
     In an aspect of the invention, the effluent is extracted in a continuous counter-current extractor. The first hydrophilic solvent is fed to the extractor at a location higher than the feed location of the effluent. The first hydrophilic solvent moves down the counter-current extractor to form a first aqueous extract phase exiting the bottom of the extractor and comprising a major amount of the homogeneous acid catalyst and a minor amount of the esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids contained in the effluent. The effluent moves up the counter-current extractor to form a first organic raffinate phase exiting the top of the extractor and comprising a major amount of the esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids and a minor amount of the homogeneous acid catalyst contained in the effluent. In an aspect of the invention the feed ratio of the first hydrophilic solvent to the effluent on a weight bases ranges from 0.1:1 to 20:1, or 0.1:1 to 10:1, or 0.1:1 to 5:1, or 0.1:1 to 4:1, or 0.5:1 to 20:1, or 0.5:1 to 10:1, or 0.5:1 to 5:1, or 0.5:1 to 4:1, or 1:1 to 10:1, or 1:1 to 5:1, or 1:1 to 4:1. 
     In another aspect of the invention, the first hydrophilic solvent comprises 15 weight percent to 100 weight percent water and 0 weight percent to 85 weight percent glycolic acid, each on a total first hydrophilic solvent weight basis, and the extracting of the effluent occurs further with a first hydrophobic solvent selected from at least one of the group consisting of hydrocarbons having from 6 to 20 carbon atoms and ethers having from 4 to 20 carbon atoms thereof. In another example, the first hydrophobic solvent is selected from at least one of the group consisting of hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, octane, decane, benzene, toluene, xylene, isoparaffinic mixed hydrocarbons having a boiling range between 90 and 325° C., methyl naphthalene, diethyl ether, dipropyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ethers, methyl tertiary-butyl ether, and methyl tertiary-amyl ether. In another example, the first hydrophobic solvent is selected from at least one of the group consisting of heptane, hexane, toluene, and methyl tertiary-butyl ether. In one aspect, the first hydrophobic solvent is added directly to the effluent. 
     The effluent and first hydrophilic solvent can be contacted by fractional extraction methods such as, for example, by fractional counter-current extraction. As used herein, the term “fractional counter-current extraction” is intended to include, but is not limited to, a method for separating a feed stream, e.g., effluent, containing two or more substances by charging the feed stream to a counter-current extraction process between the points where two immiscible solvents are charged to the extraction process. The two immiscible solvents should be immiscible over the entire temperature range of the extraction process. This method is sometimes referred to as “double solvent extraction.” Fractional counter-current extraction can involve the use of a cascade of stages, extracting solvents and solution to be extracted entering at opposite ends of the cascade with the feed phase and hydrophobic extractant phase flowing counter-currently. Some example fractional counter-current extraction configurations may be found in Treybal,  Liquid Extraction,  2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 1963, pp. 275-276. 
     In an aspect of the invention, the effluent is extracted in a continuous fractional counter-current extractor. The first hydrophilic solvent is fed to the extractor at a location higher than the feed location of the effluent. A first hydrophobic solvent is fed to the extractor at a location lower than the effluent. In an aspect of the invention the feed ratio of the first hydrophilic solvent to the effluent on a weight basis ranges from 0.1:1 to 20:1, or 0.5:1 to 20:1, or 1:1 to 10:1, or 1:1 to 5:1 and the feed ratio of the first hydrophobic solvent to the effluent on a weight basis ranges from 0.01:1 to 5:1, or 0.05:1 to 2:1, or 0.1:1 to 1.5:1, or 0.1:1 to 0.8:1. In one example, the first hydrophobic solvent is selected from at least one of the group consisting of hydrocarbons having from 6 to 20 carbon atoms and ethers having from 4 to 20 carbon atoms. In another example, the first hydrophobic solvent is selected from at least one of the group consisting of hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, octane, decane, benzene, toluene, xylene, isoparaffinic mixed hydrocarbons having a boiling range between 90 and 325° C., methyl naphthalene, diethyl ether, dipropyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ethers, methyl tertiary-butyl ether, and methyl tertiary-amyl ether. In another example, the first hydrophobic solvent is selected from at least one of the group consisting of heptane, hexane, toluene, and methyl tertiary-butyl ether. 
     In the process of the present invention, the extracting of the effluent results in a first aqueous extract phase comprising a major amount of the homogeneous acid catalyst and a minor amount of the esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids contained in the effluent and a first organic raffinate phase comprising a major amount of the esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids and a minor amount of the homogeneous acid catalyst contained in the effluent. The first aqueous extract phase and the first organic raffinate phase may be separated by any phase separation technology known in the art. The phase separation techniques can be accomplished in the extractor or in a separate liquid-liquid separation device. Suitable liquid-liquid separation devices include, but are not limited to, coalescers, cyclones and centrifuges. Typical equipment that can be used for liquid-liquid phase separation devices are described in the  Handbook of Separation process Technology , ISBN 0-471-89558-X, John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., 1987. 
     In the process of the present invention, the first aqueous extract phase comprising a major amount of the homogeneous acid catalyst may be recycled to step (A). The feeding of a homogeneous acid catalyst to the hydrocarboxylation reaction zone may occur as a mixture comprising fresh homogeneous acid catalyst and the first aqueous extract phase, or any fresh homogeneous acid catalyst may be fed separately from the first aqueous extract phase. The first aqueous extract phase may proceed directly from the phase separating of step (D) to the feeding to a hydrocarboxylation reaction zone of step (A) or it may undergo processing steps, such as concentrating the homogeneous acid catalyst, between the separating of step (D) and the feeding of step (A). 
     In the process of the present invention, when a first hydrophobic solvent is either added directly to the effluent or used in a fractional extraction, the first hydrophobic solvent can be separated from the esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids contained in the first organic raffinate phase and the first hydrophobic solvent can be recycled to step (B). This recovery of the first hydrophobic solvent and recycle to the extracting of step (B) may occur before or after the hydrolyzing of step (E) of the first organic raffinate phase described below. 
     The process of the present invention may further comprises (E) hydrolyzing the first organic raffinate phase to produce a hydrolyzed mixture comprising glycolic acid and the carboxylic acid; (F) recovering the carboxylic acid from the hydrolyzed mixture by extracting the hydrolyzed mixture with a second hydrophobic solvent selected from at least one of the group consisting of esters having from 4 to 20 carbon atoms, ethers having from 4 to 20 carbon atoms, ketones having from 4 to 20 carbon atoms, and hydrocarbons having from 6 to 20 carbon atoms to form a second aqueous raffinate phase comprising a major amount of the glycolic acid contained in the hydrolyzed mixture and a second organic extract phase comprising a major amount of the carboxylic acid contained in the hydrolyzed mixture; (G) separating the second aqueous raffinate phase and the second organic extract phase; and (H) separating the second organic extract phase into the second hydrophobic solvent and the carboxylic acid, recycling the second hydrophobic solvent to step (F), and recycling the carboxylic acid to step (A). 
     The process of the present invention may comprise step (E) hydrolyzing the first organic raffinate phase to produce a hydrolyzed mixture comprising glycolic acid and the carboxylic acid. The first organic raffinate phase may be hydrolyzed by means known to one skilled in the art. Typically, water will be added to the first organic raffinate phase in an excess of the amount needed to react with the esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids to produce a hydrolyzed mixture comprising glycolic acid and the carboxylic acid. For example, when propionic acid is the carboxylic acid, the effluent comprises esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids which include, but are not limited to, 2-propionoxyacetic acid and (2′-propionyloxy)acetoxyacetic acid. The glycolic acid oligomers react with water to form glycolic acid and the 2-propionoxyacetic acid and (2′-propionyloxy)acetoxyacetic acid react with water to form propionic acid and glycolic acid. In one example the hydrolyzed mixture comprises glycolic acid and at least one carboxylic acid selected from propionic acid, n-butyric acid, i-butyric acid, 2-methyl butyric acid, n-valeric acid, and i-valeric acid. In another example, the hydrolyzed mixture comprises glycolic acid and propionic acid. In another example, the hydrolyzed mixture comprises glycolic acid and at least one carboxylic acid selected from 2-methyl butyric acid, n-valeric acid, and i-valeric acid. In another example, the hydrolyzed mixture comprises glycolic acid and valeric acid. 
     The composition of the hydrolyzed mixture can vary. While an increase in the amount of water may improve hydrolysis rates, the additional water must be separated from the glycolic acid. In one example, the molar ratio of water to glycolic acid in the resulting hydrolyzed mixture (water:glycolic acid) is from 1:1 to 15:1. Other examples of water:glycolic acid are from 1:1 to 8:1, or 1:1 to 6:1, or 1.5:1 to 15:1, or 1.5:1 to 8:1, or 1.5:1 to 6:1 or 2:1 to 15:1, or 2:1 to 8:1, or 2:1 to 6:1. 
     The process of the present invention may comprise step (F) recovering the carboxylic acid from the hydrolyzed mixture by extracting the hydrolyzed mixture with a second hydrophobic solvent. The carboxylic acid is recovered by extracting the hydrolyzed mixture with a second hydrophobic solvent with the glycolic acid partitioning to the second aqueous raffinate. The second hydrophobic solvent can be selected from at least one of the group consisting of esters having from 4 to 20 carbon atoms, ethers having from 4 to 20 carbon atoms, and hydrocarbons having from 6 to 20 carbon atoms. In one aspect of the invention, the hydrophobic solvent comprises ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, i-propyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, i-butyl acetate, s-butyl acetate, methyl benzoate, i-butyl isobutyrate, 2-ethylhexyl acetate, cyclohexyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, n-propyl propionate, i-propyl propionate, i-butyl propionate, n-butyl propionate, s-butyl propionate, diethyl ether, dipropyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ethers, methyl tertiary-butyl ether, methyl tertiary-amyl ether, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl i-butyl ketone, methyl i-propyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, dibutyl ketone, diisobutyl ketone, isophorone, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone, cyclohexanone, 2-heptanone, methyl-iso-amyl ketone, diethyl ketone, 5-ethyl 2-nonanone, diamyl ketone, diisoamyl ketone, hexanes, heptane, toluene, or mixtures thereof. In another aspect of the invention, the hydrophobic solvent comprises n-propyl acetate, i-propyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, i-butyl acetate, s-butyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, i-propyl propionate, methyl tertiary-butyl ether, methyl i-butyl ketone, methyl i-propyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, toluene, or mixtures thereof. In yet another aspect of the invention, the hydrophobic solvent comprises n-propyl acetate, i-propyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, i-propyl propionate, methyl tertiary-butyl ether, methyl i-butyl ketone, or mixtures thereof. 
     The process of the present invention forms a second aqueous raffinate phase comprising a major amount of glycolic acid and a minor amount of carboxylic acid contained in the hydrolyzed mixture. In an aspect of the invention, greater than 80 weight percent of the glycolic acid in the hydrolyzed mixture is recovered in the second aqueous raffinate phase. In another aspect, greater than 90 weight percent, greater than 95 weight percent, greater than 98 weight percent, greater than 99 weight percent, or greater than 99.5 weight percent of the glycolic acid in the hydrolyzed mixture is recovered in the second aqueous raffinate phase. 
     The process of the present invention forms a second organic extract phase comprising a major amount of the carboxylic acid and a minor amount of the glycolic acid. In an aspect of the invention greater than 90 weight percent of the carboxylic acid in the hydrolyzed mixture is recovered in the second organic extract phase. In another aspect, greater than 95 weight percent, greater than 98 weight percent, or greater than 99 weight percent, or greater than 99.5 weight percent, or greater than 99.9 weight percent of the carboxylic acid in the hydrolyzed mixture is recovered in the second organic extract phase. 
     Extracting the hydrolyzed mixture can be carried out by any means known in the art to intimately contact two immiscible liquid phases and to separate the resulting phases after the extraction procedure as described herein above. 
     In an aspect of the process of the invention, the hydrolyzed mixture is extracted in a continuous counter-current extractor. The second hydrophobic solvent is fed to the extractor at a location lower than the feed location of the hydrolyzed mixture. The second hydrophobic solvent moves up the counter-current extractor to form a second organic extract phase exiting the top of the extractor and comprising a major amount of the carboxylic acid and a minor amount of the glycolic acid contained in the hydrolyzed mixture. The hydrolyzed mixture moves down the counter-current extractor to form a second aqueous raffinate phase exiting the bottom of the extractor and comprising a major amount of the glycolic acid and a minor amount of the carboxylic acid contained in the hydrolyzed mixture. In an aspect of the invention the feed ratio of the second hydrophobic solvent to the hydrolyzed mixture on a weight basis ranges from 0.1:1 to 20:1, or 0.1:1 to 10:1, or 0.1:1 to 5:1, or 0.1:1 to 4:1, or 0.5:1 to 20:1, or 0.5:1 to 10:1, or 0.5:1 to 5:1, or 0.5:1 to 4:1, or 1:1 to 10:1, or 1:1 to 5:1, or 1:1 to 4:1. 
     In an aspect of the process of the invention, the hydrolyzed mixture is extracted in a continuous fractional counter-current extractor. The second hydrophobic solvent is fed to the extractor at a location lower than the feed location of the hydrolyzed mixture. A second hydrophilic solvent is fed to the extractor at a location higher than the hydrolyzed mixture. In an aspect of the invention the feed ratio of the second hydrophobic solvent to the hydrolyzed mixture on a weight basis ranges from 0.5:1 to 20:1, or 1:1 to 10:1, or 1:1 to 5:1 and the feed ratio of the second hydrophilic solvent to the hydrolyzed mixture on a weight basis ranges from 0.05:1 to 2:1, or 0.1:1 to 1.5:1, or 0.1:1 to 0.8:1. In one example, the second hydrophilic solvent comprises water. In another example, the second hydrophilic solvent comprises water and ethylene glycol. In another example, the second hydrophilic solvent comprises 50 weight percent to 100 weight percent water and 0 weight percent to 50 weight percent ethylene glycol, each on a total second hydrophilic solvent weight basis. 
     In one example, the first hydrophobic solvent and the second hydrophobic solvent are the same. 
     In the process of the present invention, the extracting of the hydrolyzed mixture results in a second aqueous raffinate phase comprising a major amount of the glycolic acid and a minor amount of the carboxylic acid contained in the hydrolyzed mixture and a second organic extract phase comprising a major amount of the carboxylic acid and a minor amount of the glycolic acid contained in the hydrolyzed mixture. The second aqueous raffinate phase and the second organic extract phase may be separated by any phase separation technology known in the art as described herein above. 
     One aspect of the process of the invention further includes (H) separating the second organic extract phase into the second hydrophobic solvent and the carboxylic acid, recycling the second hydrophobic solvent to step (F), and recycling the carboxylic acid to step (A). The second hydrophobic solvent and carboxylic acid can be separated by any means known to one skilled in the art. Examples include by distillation and extraction. In one example, the second hydrophobic solvent has a lower boiling point than the carboxylic acid and the two components are separated via distillation. The second hydrophobic solvent is recovered as the distillate product and recycled for extracting in step (F) and the carboxylic acid is the bottoms product and recycled to the hydrocarboxylation reaction zone in step (A). 
     One aspect of the process of the present invention further includes (I) reacting a first ethylene glycol with the second aqueous raffinate phase while simultaneously removing water to produce an esterification effluent comprising glycolate ester oligomers and glycolic acid oligomers and an overhead stream comprising water; and (J) reacting hydrogen with the esterification effluent to produce a second ethylene glycol, separating the second ethylene glycol into a product ethylene glycol and the first ethylene glycol, and recycling the first ethylene glycol to step (I). The reaction between the first ethylene glycol and the glycolic acid of the second aqueous raffinate phase and simultaneous removal of water can be conducted under standard esterification conditions known to persons skilled in the art. Part of the water in the second aqueous raffinate phase can be removed prior to esterification. For example, the esterification can be achieved by adding hot ethylene glycol to the second aqueous raffinate phase and removing water formed during esterification until sufficient water is removed and an esterification effluent comprising glycolate ester oligomers and glycolic acid oligomers is formed. Typically excess ethylene glycol is used to ensure complete esterification. Examples of mole ratios of ethylene glycol to glycolic acid vary from 1.5:1 to 10:1 or 2:1 to 6:1. Representative conditions for esterification include at a temperature of from 150 to 250° C., preferably from 170 to 220° C., and a pressure of from 1 bara to 8 bara, preferably from 1 bara to 5 bara. 
     The esterification effluent can be hydrogenated to produce ethylene glycol by contacting the glycolate ester oligomers and glycolic acid oligomers with hydrogen in the presence of a suitable hydrogenation catalyst. The hydrogenation reaction can be conducted in the liquid or the gas phase using known processes. Typically, glycolate ester oligomers and glycolic acid oligomers are contacted with hydrogen under pressure in the presence of a catalyst effective for hydrogenation at temperatures from 150 to 300° C. Additional examples of temperatures ranges are from 200 to 250° C. Examples of typical pressure ranges are from 35 bara to 350 bara and 70 bara to 140 bara. Considerable latitude in the temperature and pressure of hydrogenation is possible depending upon the use and choice of hydrogenation catalyst and whether the process is conducted in the liquid or gas phase. 
     The hydrogenation catalyst may comprise any metal or combination of metals effective for the hydrogenation of esters to alcohols. Typical hydrogenation catalysts include, but are not limited to, at least one metal selected from Groups 8, 9, 10 of the Periodic Table of the Elements (1984 Revision by IUPAC), and copper. In addition, the hydrogenation catalyst may comprise at least one additional metal promoter selected from chromium, magnesium, barium, sodium, nickel, silver, lithium, potassium, cesium, zinc, cobalt, and gold. The term “metal”, as used herein in the context of hydrogenation catalysts, is understood to include metals in their elemental form and compounds thereof such as, for example, metal oxides, salts, and complexes with organic ligands. For example, the hydrogenation catalyst can comprise a Raney nickel or a metal oxide. Typical metal oxide catalysts include, for example, copper chromite, copper oxide, or copper oxide in combination with the oxide of magnesium, barium, sodium, nickel, silver, lithium, potassium, cesium, zinc, cobalt and the like or mixtures thereof. In another example, the hydrogenation catalyst can comprise cobalt metal in combination with zinc and copper oxides. 
     The esterification effluent may be purified prior to hydrogenation or may proceed directly to the hydrogenation reaction. The hydrogenation reaction produces a second ethylene glycol. The second ethylene glycol may or may not be further purified before separation into a product ethylene glycol and a first ethylene glycol which is recycled to esterification step (I). 
     The present invention provides in a second embodiment a process for the preparation of glycolic acid, comprising
         (A) feeding carbon monoxide, aqueous formaldehyde, a homogeneous acid catalyst, and a carboxylic acid selected from at least one of the group consisting of propionic acid, n-butyric acid, i-butyric acid, 2-methyl butyric acid, n-valeric acid, and i-valeric acid to a hydrocarboxylation reaction zone to produce an effluent comprising the homogeneous catalyst and esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids;   (B) recovering the homogeneous acid catalyst from the effluent by extracting the effluent with a hydrophilic solvent comprising 15 weight percent to 100 weight percent water and 0 weight percent to 85 weight percent of glycolic acid, each on a total hydrophilic solvent weight basis, and optionally with a first hydrophobic solvent selected from at least one of the group consisting of hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, octane, decane, benzene, toluene, xylene, isoparaffinic mixed hydrocarbons having a boiling range between 90 and 325° C., methyl naphthalene, diethyl ether, dipropyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ether, methyl tertiary-butyl ether, and methyl tertiary-amyl ether to form a first aqueous extract phase comprising a major amount of the homogeneous acid catalyst contained in the effluent and a first organic raffinate phase comprising a major amount of the esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids contained in the effluent;   (C) separating the first organic raffinate phase and the first aqueous extract phase; and   (D) recycling the first aqueous extract phase to step (A).       

     The examples of the first embodiment regarding aqueous formaldehyde, homogeneous acid catalyst, carboxylic acid, molar ratio of carboxylic acid to formaldehyde, molar ratio of homogeneous acid catalyst to formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, hydrocarboxylation reaction zone process conditions, esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids, hydrolyzing and hydrolyzed mixture composition, extraction, first and second hydrophobic solvent and first and second hydrophilic solvent, as well as feed ratios of each solvent to the effluent and hydrolyzed mixture on a weight basis, separation of the first and second extracts and first and second raffinates, separation of the homogenous acid catalyst from the effluent and recycle of the homogeneous acid catalyst to the hydrocarboxylation reaction zone, separation and recycle of the carboxylic acid and second hydrophobic solvent, esterification of the glycolic acid and hydrogenation of the glycolate ester oligomers and glycolic acid oligomers to produce ethylene glycol apply to the second embodiment. 
     For example, the process of the invention includes an aspect wherein the feeding of the carboxylic acid, homogeneous acid catalyst, and aqueous formaldehyde in step (A) occurs at a molar ratio of carboxylic acid:formaldehyde of from 0.5:1 to 4:1 or 0.5:1 to 2.5:1 and at a molar ratio of homogenous acid catalyst:formaldehyde of from 0.01:1 to 0.07:1. In another example the extraction occurs with a first hydrophobic solvent selected from at least one of the group consisting of hexane, heptane, toluene, xylene, and methyl tertiary-butyl ether. In another example, the carboxylic acid is selected from at least one of the group consisting of 2-methyl butyric acid, n-valeric acid, and i-valeric acid. In another example, the carboxylic acid comprises n-valeric acid. 
     In another example, greater than 90 weight percent of the esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids are recovered in the first organic raffinate phase and greater than 95 weight percent of the homogenous acid catalyst is recovered in the first aqueous extract phase. In another example, the extracting of step (B) occurs in a continuous counter-current extractor, wherein the first aqueous extract phase exits the bottom of the extractor and the first organic raffinate phase exits the top of the extractor, the first hydrophilic solvent is fed to the extractor above the effluent, and the feed ratio of the first hydrophilic solvent to the effluent ranges from 0.5:1 to 4:1 on a weight basis. Additionally, a first hydrophobic solvent can be fed to the extractor below the effluent, wherein the feed ratio of the first hydrophobic solvent to the effluent ranges from 0.01:1 to 5:1 on a weight basis, and the feed ratio of the first hydrophilic solvent to the effluent ranges from 0.5:1 to 4:1 on a weight basis. 
     In another example of the process of the present invention, the aqueous formaldehyde comprises 35 weight percent to 85 weight percent formaldehyde, based on the total weight of the aqueous formaldehyde, the molar ratio of carbon monoxide to formaldehyde ranges from 1:1 to 10:1, and the hydrocarboxylation reaction zone is operated at a pressure of from 35 bar gauge to 200 bar gauge and a temperature of from 120° C. to 220° C. 
     In yet another example, the above process further comprises (E) hydrolyzing the first organic raffinate phase to produce a hydrolyzed mixture comprising glycolic acid and the carboxylic acid; (F) recovering the carboxylic acid from the hydrolyzed mixture by extracting the hydrolyzed mixture with a second hydrophobic solvent selected from at least one of the group consisting of n-propyl acetate, i-propyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, i-butyl acetate, s-butyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, i-propyl propionate, methyl tertiary-butyl ether, methyl i-butyl ketone, methyl i-propyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, and toluene to form a second aqueous raffinate phase comprising a major amount of the glycolic acid contained in said hydrolyzed mixture and a second organic extract phase comprising a major amount of the carboxylic acid contained in the hydrolyzed mixture; (G) separating the second aqueous raffinate phase and the second organic extract phase; and (H) separating the second organic extract phase into the second hydrophobic solvent and the carboxylic acid, recycling the second hydrophobic solvent to step (F), and recycling the carboxylic acid to step (A). 
     In yet another example, the above process further comprises (I) reacting a first ethylene glycol with the second aqueous raffinate phase while simultaneously removing water to produce an esterification effluent comprising glycolate ester oligomers and glycolic acid oligomers and an overhead stream comprising water; and (J) reacting hydrogen with the esterification effluent to produce a second ethylene glycol, separating the second ethylene glycol into a product ethylene glycol and the first ethylene glycol, recycling the first ethylene glycol to step (I). 
       FIG. 1  presents a non-limiting embodiment of the instant invention described herein in detail. In an embodiment of the invention as laid out in  FIG. 1 , Carbon Monoxide Stream  1 , Aqueous Formaldehyde Stream  2 , First Aqueous Extract Stream  3  comprising the homogenous acid catalyst and Valeric Acid Stream  14  are fed to Hydrocarboxylation Reactor  50 . Effluent Stream  4  comprises the esters of glycolic and valeric acid including 2-valeryloxyacetic acid, (2′-valeryloxy)acetoxyacetic acid, and/or [2′-(2″-valeryloxy)acetoxy]acetoxyacetic acid. Effluent Stream  4  is fed to First Extractor  51  where it is extracted with First Hydrophilic Solvent Stream  5 . First Extractor  51  is shown as a fractional extractor with First Hydrophobic Solvent  6  also being fed to First Extractor  51 . Exiting First Extractor  51  are First Aqueous Extract Phase  3  which is recycled to Hydrocarboxylation Reactor  50  and First Organic Raffinate Stream  7 .  FIG. 1  shows First Organic Raffinate Stream  7  being fed to Recovery Unit  53  where First Hydrophobic Solvent Stream  6  is recovered and recycled to First Extractor  51 . Recovered Esters of Glycolic and Valeric Acids Stream  8  exiting Recovery Unit  53  is fed along with Water Stream  9  to Hydrolyzer  55 . Hydrolyzer  55  is operated at sufficient temperature, pressure, and residence time to produce Hydrolyzed Mixture Stream  10  comprising glycolic acid, valeric acid, and water. Hydrolyzed Mixture Stream  10  is extracted with Second Hydrophobic Solvent Stream  11 , such as methyl tertiary-butyl ether, in Second Extractor  60 , to produce Second Organic Extract Stream  12  and Second Aqueous Raffinate Stream  13 . Organic Extract Stream  12  can be separated into Valeric Acid Stream  14  and Second Hydrophobic Solvent Stream  11  in Separator  70 . Separator  70  can be, for example, a distillation column. Valeric Acid Stream  14  is recycled to Hydrocarboxylation Reactor  50  and Hydrophobic Solvent Stream  11  is recycled to Extractor  60 . 
     The invention can be further illustrated by the following examples of preferred embodiments thereof, although it will be understood that these examples are included merely for purposes of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The compounds and abbreviations given in Table 1 are used throughout the Examples section. Structures for each compound are also given. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Compound Names, Structures, and Abbreviation 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Name 
                 Structure 
                 Code 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Glycolic Acid 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 G1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (2- hydroxyacetoxy)- acetic acid 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 G2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2-(2′- hydroxyacetoxy)- acetoxyacetic acid 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 G3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2-(2′-(2″- hydroxyacetoxy)- acetoxy)- acetoxyacetic acid 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 G4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Acetic Acid 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 A2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Acetoxyacetic acid 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 A2GH 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Propionic Acid 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 A3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Propionoxyacetic Acid 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 A3GH 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Propionoxyacetic Acid Oligomer 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 A3Gn  H n = 2-4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Valeric Acid 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 A5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Valeryloxyacetic Acid 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 A5GH 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (2′-Valeryloxy)- acetoxyacetic Acid 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 A5G2  H 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 [2′-(2″- Valeryloxy) acetoxy]- acetoxyacetic Acid 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 A5G3  H 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Formaldehyde 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 F0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Methylene Glycol 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 F1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Polymethylene glycol 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Fn  n = 2-10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Formic Acid 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 A1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Diglycolic Acid 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 DG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2-Methoxyacetic Acid 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 MGH 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Methyl Glycolate 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 MG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Methylene Diacetate 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 MDA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Methylene Dipropionate 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 MDP 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Materials—Acetic and propionic acids (99.5%), nonafluorobutanesulfonic acid and AMBERLYST 36 ion exchange resin were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company. AMBERLYST resin, manufactured by Rohm &amp; Hass Chemical Company, is crosslinked polystyrene beads that have been sulfonated. AMBERLYST 36D is &lt;1.65% wet with 5.4 meq/g acid capacity and a recommended maximum operating temperature of 150° C. Sulfuric acid was purchased from J. T. Baker, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (also known as triflic acid) and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide were purchased from SynQuest Labs, Inc., tetrafluoroethanesulfonic acid was purchased from DuPont Chemical Company. Paraformaldehyde (90% min) was purchased from Kodak. Solid acid catalysts were received from suppliers as detailed below. All chemicals were used as received except as noted below. 
     Yield— 
     Ultimately, the hydrocarboxylation process is used to produce glycolic acid. The crude product from a hydrocarboxylation reaction, which takes place in carboxylic acid, comprises the esters of glycolic and carboxylic acids. For example, when the carboxylic acid is propionic acid, the crude product comprises methyl glycolate (MG), glycolic acid (G1) and its oligomers (Gn, n=2-5) and 2-propionoxyacetic acid (A3GH) and its oligomers (A3GnH, n=2-4). When a GC method was used, the yield of desired products was calculated based upon the total moles of glycolic acid moiety. The term “glycolic acid moiety,” as used herein, refers to the O—CH 2 —CO 2  segment of a molecule, for example, the segment in glycolic acid, a glycolic acid oligomer, or an ester of glycolic and carboxylic acids. The glycolic acid moieties divided by the moles of formaldehyde fed gives the yield. When an LC method was used, all of the glycolic acid moieties are converted to glycolic acid by the sample preparation. The yield was calculated simply as the moles of glycolic acid divided by the moles of formaldehyde fed. 
     Selectivity— 
     Selectivities to glycolic acid were calculated as the total moles of desired product for GC method as given above or the total moles of glycolic acid for the HPLC method divided by moles of all products formed from formaldehyde such as formic acid, methyl glycolate, diglycolic acid, and others. 
     Gas Chromatography (GC) Method 1. Samples were analyzed using a Hewlett-Packard HP-5890 chromatograph equipped with split injectors and FIDs. The injector and detector port temperatures were 250° C. and 300° C., respectively. A DB-5 [(5% phenyl)-methylpolysiloxane] capillary column was employed. Hydrogen was used as the carrier gas with a column head pressure of 9 psig and a column flow of 1.6 ml/minute, which gave a carrier gas linear velocity of 43 cm/second. 0.5-μl of the prepared sample solution was injected with a split ratio of 40:1. The column temperature was programmed as follows: the initial oven temperature was set at 80° C. and was held for 3 minutes, the oven was then ramped up to 280° C. at a rate of 10° C./minute and was held at 280 for 7 minutes. Samples were prepared for gas chromatographic analysis according to the following procedure: 0.1±0.001 g of sample, 200.0 μl ISTD solution (1% by volume of decane in pyridine) and 1.0 ml of BSTFA (N,O-bis(tri-methylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide) with 1% TMSCl (trimethylchlorosilane) were heated in a vial at 80° C. for 30 minutes to ensure complete derivatization. A 0.5-μl sample of this derivatized solution was injected for GC analysis. 
     For a typical crude reaction product, 26 species were identified using GC/MS. For the example of propionic acid as the carboxylic acid, the desired products are methyl glycolate (MG), glycolic acid (G1) and its oligomers (Gn, n=2-5) and 2-propionoxyacetic acid (A3GH) and its oligomers (A3GnH, n=2-4). Identified co-products include formic acid (A1), and diglycolic acid (DG). Unreacted starting materials are in the form of free formaldehyde (F0), methylene glycol (F1) and polymethylene glycol (Fn, n=2-10). 
     Gas Chromatography (GC) Method 2. The components of samples were first reacted with BSTFA in the presence of pyridine to the corresponding TMS-derivatives including water, which were then separated and quantified by an internal standard (decane or dodecane) wt % calibrated GC method. The volume ratio of sample to derivatization reagent (BSTFA) and pyridine (containing the internal standard compound) was 0.1 g: 1 ml:0.2 ml in a GC vial, which was heated at 80° C. for 30 minutes to ensure complete derivatization. The GC method uses a DB-1301 capillary column or equivalent (6% cyanopropylphenyl/94% dimethylpolysiloxane stationary phase, 60 meters×0.32 mm ID×1.0 um film thickness), a split injector (at 280° C.), a flame ionization detector (at 300° C.), helium carrier gas at a constant linear velocity of 27 cm/sec (a Shimadzu GC 2010 or equivalent) or at an initial column head pressure of 17 psig, an oven temperature program of 80° C. initial temp for 6 min, 4° C./min temp ramp to 150° C. held for 0 min and 10° C./min temp ramp to 290° C. for 17.5 min final hold time. 1 μl of the prepared sample solution was injected with a split ratio of 40:1 Analytes include: MeOH, A1, water, heptane, toluene, G1 and higher oligomers, A5GH and higher oligomers, DG, methyl valerate, and MG. 
     High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Method 1. Samples were prepared by pipetting 100 μl of sample into a 10 mL volumetric flask, adding a few mLs of water, ten drops of conc. H 3 PO 4 , and diluting to the mark with water. An aliquot of sample was injected onto an Agilent 1100 HPLC instrument for analysis using a BIORAD Fast Acid Analysis Column (100×7.8 mm) at 60° C. The sample is eluted using 10 mM sulfuric acid in water with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Glycolic acid was detected at 210 nm on the UV detector. An external standard was used for calibration along with a dilution factor in a sequence table. The results are reported as ppm using a two-level calibration curve (100 and 1000 ppm) for each acid. 
     High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Method 2. Glycolic acid concentration was quantitatively determined by an Agilent 1100 HPLC using a Hamilton PRP-X300 exclusion column (250×4.1 mm). Glycolic acid was detected at 210 nm on the UV detector. Two eluents were used, where eluent A is 5 mM H 3 PO 4  in 1% acetonitrile/99% water and eluent B is 5 mM H 3 PO 4  in 10% acetonitrile/90% water. The following gradient was used: 100% A for 2 min; →100% B 5 min; Hold for 3 mins; →100% A 0.1 mins; equilibrate 4.9 mins for a total run time of 15 minutes. HPLC samples were prepared according to the following method. The samples of crude hydrocarboxylation reaction are hydrolyzed and diluted for analysis according to the following procedure: 200 mg of sample is weighed into a 10 mL volumetric flask, then 0.5 mL of 40% NaOH is added. After 10 minutes, 2 mL of water is added and the solution is allowed to sit for another 10 minutes. The solution is then diluted to the mark with water. A milliliter of this solution is then diluted tenfold before analysis. 
     High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Method 3. Samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography for glycolic acid using ion-exclusion chromatography after samples were subjected to acid hydrolysis in aqueous 25% v/v H 2 SO 4  at 80° C. for 30 minutes. The analytes were separated on a Hamilton PRP X300 column using a 10 mM H 3 PO 4  mobile phase with a 1-20% v/v acetonitrile gradient. The eluting components were monitored using a UV detector set at 210 nm and their concentrations calculated based on calibration using external standards. Formaldehyde was determined by liquid chromatographic separation of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivative of formaldehyde and its subsequent detection by UV at 360 nm. The same acid hydrolysate from the procedure above was reacted with dinitrophenylhydrazine, then analyzed using a Phenomenex Luna C8 column using a 1:1 water:acetonitrile mobile phase under isocratic conditions. The formaldehyde concentration was calculated based on calibration using external standards. 
     X-ray method for triflic acid. Reactor effluent and extraction samples were analyzed for sulfur using a wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) semi-quantitative application called UNIQUANT™ (UQ). UQ affords standardless XRF analysis of samples. The data were mathematically corrected for matrix differences between calibration standards and samples as well as absorption and enhancement effects; i.e., inter-element effects. Instrument conditions for sulfur analysis were: Line, K a ; kV, 40; mA, 60; Filter, none; Collimator Spacing (mm), 150; Crystal, Ge III-C; Peak Angle (2q), 110.6712; Detector, flow; PHD Lower, 35; PHD Upper, 70; Collimator Mask (mm), 30; Peak time (s), 30. Sulfur weight fraction numbers were converted to triflic acid weight equivalents by the factor 4.68 (ratio of molecular weight of triflic acid to that of sulfur). 
     Example 1 
     20% W-heteropoly/silica catalyst purchased from Johnson Matthey was used as received. A 50 mL Hastelloy 276C autoclave was heated with a heating block, with temperature control provided by feedback via a thermocouple in the autoclave thermowell. Pure carbon monoxide gas (&gt;99.9%) was fed to the autoclave via a high pressure regulator. The autoclave was charged with the paraformaldehyde (3.12 g, 0.099 mol), propionic acid (30.74 g, 0.41 mol), 20% W-heteropoly/silica catalyst (1.9 g), assembled, and pressurized with 200 psig of nitrogen and vented. This purging procedure was repeated two times. To remove nitrogen from the autoclaves, they were purged with 200 psig of carbon monoxide. Then the reactors were pressurized with 200 psig of carbon monoxide and heated with stirring to 140° C. The reactor was then pressurized to 1000 psig carbon monoxide and the pressure was maintained from the surge tank. After a 2 hour hold time, the reactor was cooled to room temperature and vented. Finally the autoclave was purged with nitrogen and unloaded. The reaction content was analyzed by GC and/or HPLC. Table 2 gives the yield. 
     Examples 2-7 
     Example 1 was repeated using the catalyst and catalyst loading and hold time given in Table 2. The resulting yields are also given in Table 2. 
     For Examples 4 and 5, the AMBERLYST catalyst preparation was as follows. The resin was washed up-flow with six bed volumes of ambient temperature distilled water over a period of 15 minutes. The washed resins were then dried in a vacuum oven at 109° C. and placed in a desiccator until needed. 
     For Examples 6 and 7 the SMOPEX 101 catalyst preparation was as follows. To 20 g of SMOPEX catalyst, in 250 mL beaker, 50 mL of propionic acid was added. The catalyst was allowed to sit for 15 min and then filtered using vacuum filtration. The vacuum was turned off and 20 mL of propionic acid was passed through the catalyst. This step was repeated three times to ensure that all of the water was washed off of the catalyst. Finally the solid was dried under house vacuum overnight. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Hydrocarboxylation of Paraformaldehyde in Propionic Acid 
               
               
                 Catalyzed by Strongly Acidic Solid Acid Catalysts. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 loading 
                 temp 
                 time 
                 yield 
               
               
                 EX 
                 catalyst 
                 (wt %) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (h) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 20% W-heteropoly/silica 
                 5.1 
                 140 
                 2 
                 2.1 
               
               
                 2 
                 SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3   
                 5 
                 140 
                 2 
                 2.6 
               
               
                 3 
                 SAC-13 
                 15 
                 140 
                 3 
                 82.3 
               
               
                 4 
                 AMBERLYST 36 (5.4 mmol/g) 
                 5.0 
                 140 
                 2 
                 71.1 
               
               
                 5 
                 AMBERLYST 36 (5.4 mmol/g) 
                 5.0 
                 140 
                 3 
                 75.7 
               
               
                 6 
                 SMOPEX 101 (4% crosslinked) 
                 5.0 
                 140 
                 3 
                 61.4 
               
               
                 7 
                 SMOPEX 101 (12% crosslinked) 
                 5.0 
                 140 
                 3 
                 69.4 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The following examples demonstrate the effect of pressure, temperature, and water content on the batch hydrocarboxylation of paraformaldehyde in propionic acid using a dry AMBERLYST 36 solid acid catalyst. 
     Example 8 
     A 300 ml Hastelloy 276C autoclave was charged with paraformaldehyde (15.99 g, 0.53 mol), dry AMBERLYST 36 catalyst (9.3 g), propionic acid (157.9 g, 2.13 mol), and formic acid (3.8 g). The autoclave was then assembled and pressurized with 200 psig of N 2  and vented. This purging procedure was repeated two times. The autoclave was purged with 200 psig carbon monoxide in order to remove N 2 . The reactor was pressurized with carbon monoxide to 500 psig and heated with stirring to 100° C. Once the desired temperature was reached, the reactor was pressurized to 1500 psig carbon monoxide and the pressure of the autoclave was maintained from a surge tank. Samples of the reaction were taken over the duration of the experiment at approximately 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 hours. When the reaction time was complete, the reactor was cooled to room temperature and vented. The autoclave was purged with nitrogen and the product mixture removed. The samples were analyzed by GC. The temperature and pressure; the weight percent paraformaldehyde, propionic acid, and water; and the yield of desired products and selectivity are given in Table 3. The concentration of formic acid ranged from 2.2 weight percent to 2.4 weight percent. 
     Examples 9-32 
     Example 8 was repeated for examples 9-32 with no water, as in Example 8, or water (nominally 4.58 g, 0.5 eq.), or water (nominally 9.12 g, 1.0 eq.) with formic acid added at an amount of 2.0 wt % of the charged composition. The feed composition as well as the temperature and pressure of the reactor are as noted in Table 3. The temperature and pressure; the weight percent paraformaldehyde, propionic acid, and water; and the yield of desired products and selectivity are given in Table 3. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Hydrocarboxylation of Paraformaldehyde in Propionic Acid Catalyzed by 
               
               
                 AMBERLYST 36D (4.6-4.8 wt %). 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Yield of 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Tem- 
                   
                   
                 desired 
                 Selec- 
               
               
                   
                 Pressure 
                 perature 
                 Feed (wt %) 
                 Time 
                 products 
                 tivity 
               
             
          
           
               
                 EX 
                 (psig) 
                 (° C.) 
                 F0 
                 A3 
                 Water 
                 (h) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 8 
                 1,500 
                 100 
                 9.0 
                 88.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.5 
                 14 
                 53 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 29 
                 68 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 43 
                 73 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 53 
                 79 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 64 
                 85 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 71 
                 88 
               
               
                 9 
                 1,000 
                 100 
                 9.0 
                 88.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.5 
                 25 
                 63 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 42 
                 72 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 62 
                 83 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 73 
                 99 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 81 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 86 
                 101 
               
               
                 10 
                 500 
                 100 
                 9.0 
                 88.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.5 
                 11 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 20 
                 99 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 27 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 36 
                 88 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 45 
                 84 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 53 
                 81 
               
               
                 11 
                 1,500 
                 100 
                 8.6 
                 84.4 
                 4.9 
                 0.5 
                 2 
                 79 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 2 
                 81 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 3 
                 83 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 10 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 11 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 12 
                 89 
               
               
                 12 
                 1,000 
                 100 
                 8.5 
                 84.4 
                 4.9 
                 0.5 
                 7 
                 84 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 7 
                 69 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 8 
                 69 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 9 
                 68 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 10 
                 65 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 12 
                 66 
               
               
                 13 
                 500 
                 100 
                 8.6 
                 84.4 
                 4.9 
                 0.5 
                 5 
                 83 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 5 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 6 
                 91 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 1 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 7 
                 85 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 8 
                 71 
               
               
                 14 
                 750 
                 100 
                 8.6 
                 84.4 
                 4.9 
                 0.5 
                 5 
                 78 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 6 
                 75 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 7 
                 73 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 7 
                 70 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 8 
                 70 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 9 
                 66 
               
               
                 15 
                 750 
                 100 
                 9.0 
                 88.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.5 
                 12 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 24 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 28 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 37 
                 81 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 46 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 54 
                 85 
               
               
                 16 
                 500 
                 100 
                 8.8 
                 86.6 
                 2.5 
                 0.5 
                 7 
                 99 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 8 
                 93 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 9 
                 90 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 10 
                 86 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 13 
                 85 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 15 
                 82 
               
               
                 17 
                 750 
                 100 
                 8.8 
                 86.6 
                 2.5 
                 0.5 
                 8 
                 89 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 10 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 13 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 16 
                 91 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 19 
                 83 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 23 
                 91 
               
               
                 18 
                 1000 
                 100 
                 8.8 
                 86.6 
                 2.5 
                 0.5 
                 6 
                 102 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 7 
                 113 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 7 
                 108 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 7 
                 104 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 9 
                 101 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 12 
                 82 
               
               
                 19 
                 1,500 
                 100 
                 8.8 
                 86.6 
                 2.5 
                 0.5 
                 10 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 13 
                 79 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 17 
                 79 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 20 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 24 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 28 
                 80 
               
               
                 20 
                 1,500 
                 100 
                 9.0 
                 88.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.5 
                 17 
                 94 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 31 
                 81 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 44 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 58 
                 89 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 68 
                 90 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 75 
                 92 
               
               
                 21 
                 500 
                 100 
                 9.0 
                 88.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.5 
                 9 
                 73 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 12 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 17 
                 85 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 21 
                 81 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 24 
                 81 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 28 
                 81 
               
               
                 22 
                 1,500 
                 100 
                 8.6 
                 84.4 
                 4.9 
                 0.5 
                 4 
                 27 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 4 
                 28 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 5 
                 28 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 6 
                 24 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 6 
                 24 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 7 
                 26 
               
               
                 23 
                 500 
                 100 
                 8.5 
                 84.4 
                 4.9 
                 0.5 
                 1 
                 77 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 6 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 6 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 6 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 7 
                 75 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 8 
                 76 
               
               
                 24 
                 1000 
                 100 
                 8.8 
                 86.6 
                 2.5 
                 0.5 
                 6 
                 77 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 10 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 12 
                 90 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 13 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 19 
                 90 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 21 
                 90 
               
               
                 25 
                 500 
                 140 
                 9.0 
                 88.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.5 
                 45 
                 81 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 63 
                 85 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 77 
                 99 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 78 
                 104 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 78 
                 106 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 79 
                 108 
               
               
                 26 
                 1,500 
                 140 
                 8.6 
                 84.4 
                 4.9 
                 0.5 
                 38 
                 75 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 48 
                 78 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 59 
                 83 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 65 
                 90 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 68 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 69 
                 92 
               
               
                 27 
                 1,000 
                 120 
                 8.6 
                 86.6 
                 2.5 
                 0.5 
                 16 
                 68 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 24 
                 70 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 32 
                 70 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 39 
                 86 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 48 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 52 
                 89 
               
               
                 28 
                 500 
                 140 
                 8.6 
                 84.4 
                 4.9 
                 0.5 
                 20 
                 63 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 32 
                 65 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 40 
                 69 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 54 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 48 
                 79 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 52 
                 82 
               
               
                 29 
                 1,500 
                 140 
                 9.0 
                 88.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.5 
                 67 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 82 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 75 
                 102 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 84 
                 107 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 84 
                 108 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 84 
                 108 
               
               
                 30 
                 2,000 
                 140 
                 9.0 
                 88.9 
                 0.0 
                 0.5 
                 78 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 83 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 84 
                 102 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 85 
                 103 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 86 
                 104 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 87 
                 104 
               
               
                 31 
                 2,000 
                 140 
                 8.6 
                 84.5 
                 4.9 
                 0.5 
                 38 
                 77 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 61 
                 84 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 71 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 76 
                 89 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 77 
                 90 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 79 
                 91 
               
               
                 32 
                 2,000 
                 140 
                 8.8 
                 86.6 
                 2.5 
                 0.5 
                 60 
                 86 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 72 
                 91 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 78 
                 93 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.0 
                 80 
                 94 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2.5 
                 79 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 80 
                 95 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The following examples demonstrate the hydrocarboxylation of paraformaldehyde using a triflic acid catalyst in acetic, propionic, n-butyric, i-butyric, valeric, and hexanoic acids. 
     Example 33 
     A 100 mL zirconium high pressure autoclave was fitted with an impeller, gas inlet tube, sample tube, and thermowell. The autoclave was heated with a heating block, with temperature control provided by feedback via a thermocouple in the autoclave thermowell. Pure carbon monoxide gas (&gt;99.9%) was fed to the autoclave via a high pressure regulator. Triflic acid (0.562 g, 3.7 mmol), acetic acid (30.03 g, 0.5 mol) and paraformaldehyde (3.94 g, 0.125 mol) were added to the autoclave and sealed. The autoclave was secured to the stand and the system was purged with carbon monoxide and pressurized to 250 psig carbon monoxide. The temperature in the autoclave was increased to 140° C. while stirring at 1000 rpm. Upon reaching 140° C., the pressure in the autoclave was increased to 1,000 psig carbon monoxide. Once temperature and pressure were reached, a sample was taken, “time 0.” The pressure and temperature were maintained for 4 hours. Subsequent samples of the reaction were taken at approximately 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 minutes and analyzed by HPLC. Results are given in Table 4, in terms of yield of glycolic acid and selectivity. 
     Example 34 
     Example 33 was repeated except that propionic acid (37.04 g, 0.5 mol) was charged to the autoclave in place of acetic acid. Results are given in Table 4. 
     Example 35 
     Example 33 was repeated except that n-butyric acid (44.06 g, 0.5 mol) was charged to the autoclave in place of acetic acid. Results are given in Table 4. 
     Example 36 
     Example 33 was repeated except that i-butyric acid (44.06 g, 0.5 mol) was charged to the autoclave in place of acetic acid. Results are given in Table 4. 
     Example 37 
     Example 33 was repeated except that valeric acid (51.07 g, 0.5 mol) was charged to the autoclave in place of acetic acid. Results are given in Table 4. 
     Example 38 
     Example 33 was repeated except that hexanoic acid (58.08 g, 0.5 mol) was charged to the autoclave in place of acetic acid. Results are given in Table 4. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Hydrocarboxylation of Paraformaldehyde in Carboxylic 
               
               
                 Acids Catalyzed by Triflic Acid. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 EX 
                 Carboxylic Acid 
                 Time (h) 
                 Yield (%) 
                 Selectivity (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 33 
                 Acetic Acid 
                 0 
                 14.1 
                 79.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.3 
                 45.9 
                 92.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.5 
                 84.1 
                 93.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.8 
                 92.8 
                 96.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 97.2 
                 95.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.3 
                 96.5 
                 95.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.8 
                 98.9 
                 97.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 98.3 
                 99.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4.0 
                 99.9 
                 98.2 
               
               
                 34 
                 Propionic Acid 
                 0 
                 7.5 
                 45.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.3 
                 28.1 
                 74.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.5 
                 59.9 
                 87.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.8 
                 74.1 
                 89.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 76.4 
                 90.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 81.9 
                 92.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2.4 
                 85.9 
                 94.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2.8 
                 84.9 
                 94.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4.0 
                 83.4 
                 94.2 
               
               
                 35 
                 n-butyric acid 
                 0 
                 10.2 
                 74.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.3 
                 40.8 
                 87.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.5 
                 70.0 
                 94.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.8 
                 90.8 
                 97.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 89.9 
                 97.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.3 
                 97.3 
                 97.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.8 
                 101.1 
                 97.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 104.4 
                 98.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4.0 
                 104.1 
                 98.2 
               
               
                 36 
                 i-butyric 
                 0 
                 9.8 
                 67.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.3 
                 21.7 
                 78.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.5 
                 40.1 
                 82.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.8 
                 46.9 
                 84.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 52.7 
                 86.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 57.8 
                 88.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2.4 
                 67.0 
                 92.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2.8 
                 66.8 
                 92.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4.0 
                 65.6 
                 93.3 
               
               
                 37 
                 Valeric Acid 
                 0 
                 9.5 
                 64.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.3 
                 28.4 
                 72.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.5 
                 55.0 
                 87.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.8 
                 69.1 
                 92.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 82.9 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.3 
                 94.4 
                 99.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.8 
                 96.0 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 99.3 
                 98.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4.0 
                 100.8 
                 100.0 
               
               
                 38 
                 Hexanoic Acid 
                 0 
                 7.9 
                 42.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.3 
                 20.9 
                 55.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.5 
                 41.7 
                 71.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 0.8 
                 54.5 
                 77.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.0 
                 65.0 
                 83.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.3 
                 73.9 
                 87.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.8 
                 77.9 
                 92.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3.0 
                 81.8 
                 94.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4.0 
                 84.5 
                 97.2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     For all extraction examples the partition coefficient for component A is defined as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             
               P 
               ⁡ 
               
                 ( 
                 A 
                 ) 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 Weight 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 Percent 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 A 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 in 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 Hydrophobic 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 phase 
               
               
                 Weight 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 Percent 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 A 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 in 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 Hydrophilic 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 phase 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Extraction selectivity between components A and B is defined as:
 
 S ( AB )= P ( A )/ P ( B )
 
     Example 39 
     A first standard aqueous acetic-glycolic acid solution was prepared by mixing glycolic acid, water, and acetic acid. Fifteen grams of this first standard solution was added to a separate glass vial along with fifteen grams of each of the nonpolar solvents listed in Table 5. A second standard aqueous propionic-glycolic acid solution was prepared and fifteen grams of this second standard solution was added to a separate glass vial along with fifteen grams of each of the non polar solvents listed in Table 5. The contents of each vial were mixed vigorously and allowed to settle and separate into two clear phases. All experiments were conducted at room temperature. The phases were analyzed by GC to determine acetic acid, propionic acid, and glycolic acid compositions. These analytical results were used to calculate partition coefficients and extraction selectivities. Results are summarized in Table 5. The partition coefficients and selectivities for propionic acid are higher than the corresponding values for acetic acid, thus illustrating the value of using propionic acid instead of acetic acid as a hydrocarboxylation solvent/reactant. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Extraction Compositions, Partition Coefficients and Selectivities for 
               
               
                 Mixtures Containing Acetic Acid and Propionic acid. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 acid 
                 glycolic 
                 water 
                 solv. 
                 P 
                 P 
                 S 
               
               
                 Ex. 
                 Solvent 
                 acid 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (acid) 
                 (glycolic) 
                 (acid/glycolic) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 39a 
                 Toluene 
                 acetic 
                 3.6 
                 2.4 
                 9 
                 15 
                 0.08 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &gt;80 
               
               
                 39b 
                 Heptane 
                 acetic 
                 3.6 
                 2.4 
                 9 
                 15 
                 0.02 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &gt;20 
               
               
                 39c 
                 methyl 
                 acetic 
                 3.6 
                 2.4 
                 9 
                 15 
                 0.80 
                 0.14 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 propionate 
               
               
                 39d 
                 MTBE 
                 acetic 
                 3.6 
                 2.4 
                 9 
                 15 
                 1.00 
                 0.07 
                 14 
               
               
                 39e 
                 Toluene 
                 propionic 
                 3.6 
                 2.4 
                 9 
                 15 
                 0.70 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &gt;70 
               
               
                 39f 
                 Heptane 
                 propionic 
                 3.6 
                 2.4 
                 9 
                 15 
                 0.10 
                 &lt;0.011 
                 &gt;10 
               
               
                 39g 
                 methyl 
                 propionic 
                 3.6 
                 2.4 
                 9 
                 15 
                 2.50 
                 0.16 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                 propionate 
               
               
                 39h 
                 MTBE 
                 propionic 
                 3.6 
                 2.4 
                 9 
                 15 
                 3.40 
                 0.09 
                 38 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Examples 40-50 
     These examples illustrate the selective extractive separation of n-valeric, n-butyric (nHOBu), iso-butyric (iHOBu), and propionic (HOPr) acids from highly concentrated aqueous glycolic acid. Aqueous glycolic acid-water-carboxylic acid mixtures were prepared and added to separate glass vials along with the amount of each hydrophobic solvent as listed in Table 6. The contents of each vial were mixed vigorously and allowed to settle and separate into two clear phases. All experiments were conducted at room temperature. The phases were analyzed by GC to determine carboxylic acid and glycolic acid compositions. These analytical results were used to calculate partition coefficients and selectivities. Results are summarized in Table 6. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Extraction compositions, Partition Coefficients and Selectivities. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 acid 
                 glycolic 
                 water 
                 solv. 
                 P 
                 P 
                 S 
               
               
                 Ex. 
                 Solvent 
                 acid 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (acid) 
                 (glycolic) 
                 (acid/glycolic) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 40 
                 Toluene 
                 n-butyric 
                 10 
                 8 
                 2 
                 10 
                 5.2 
                 0.035 
                 148.8 
               
               
                 41 
                 MTBE 
                 n-butyric 
                 10 
                 8 
                 12 
                 15 
                 7.4 
                 0.189 
                 39.4 
               
               
                 42 
                 Heptane 
                 n-butyric 
                 10 
                 8 
                 2 
                 10 
                 3.4 
                 0.015 
                 220.4 
               
               
                 43 
                 Toluene 
                 i-butyric 
                 10 
                 8 
                 2 
                 10 
                 7.4 
                 0.027 
                 271.6 
               
               
                 44 
                 MTBE 
                 i-butyric 
                 10 
                 8 
                 11 
                 15 
                 8.3 
                 0.176 
                 46.9 
               
               
                 45 
                 Heptane 
                 i-butyric 
                 10 
                 8 
                 2 
                 10 
                 6.7 
                 0.011 
                 626.6 
               
               
                 46 
                 Toluene 
                 propionic 
                 10 
                 8 
                 2 
                 10 
                 1.9 
                 0.056 
                 34.5 
               
               
                 47 
                 MTBE 
                 propionic 
                 10 
                 8 
                 12 
                 15 
                 2.2 
                 0.341 
                 6.6 
               
               
                 48 
                 MIBK 
                 propionic 
                 10 
                 8 
                 12 
                 15 
                 2.0 
                 0.303 
                 6.6 
               
               
                 49 
                 heptane 
                 n-valeric 
                 8 
                 6 
                 2 
                 4 
                 8.2 
                 0.0001 
                 5,672.1 
               
               
                 50 
                 toluene 
                 n-valeric 
                 8 
                 6 
                 2 
                 4 
                 13.5 
                 0.030 
                 446.6 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Examples 51-58 
     These examples illustrate the effect of glycolic acid content on the extractive separation of n-valeric acid from glycolic acid. Aqueous glycolic acid-water-n-valeric acid mixtures were prepared and added to separate glass vials along with the amount of toluene or heptane as listed in Table 7. The contents of each vial were mixed vigorously and allowed to settle and separate into two clear phases. All experiments were conducted at room temperature. The phases were analyzed by GC to determine n-valeric acid and glycolic acid compositions. These analytical results were used to calculate partition coefficients and selectivities as shown in Table 7. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Extraction Compositions, Partition Coefficients and Selectivities. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 wt. % 
                 acid 
                 glycolic 
                 water 
                 solv. 
                 P 
                 P 
                 S 
               
               
                 Ex. 
                 solvent 
                 glycolic 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (acid) 
                 (glycolic) 
                 (acid/glycolic) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 51 
                 toluene 
                 75 
                 8 
                 5.99 
                 2.00 
                 4.00 
                 329 
                 0.44 
                 748.2 
               
               
                 52 
                 toluene 
                 50 
                 8.00 
                 4.01 
                 4.01 
                 4.02 
                 636 
                 0.31 
                 2,041.3 
               
               
                 53 
                 toluene 
                 25 
                 7.98 
                 2.01 
                 6.02 
                 3.99 
                 763 
                 0.18 
                 4,183.8 
               
               
                 54 
                 toluene 
                 0 
                 7.97 
                 0.00 
                 8.15 
                 4.03 
                 1,319 
                 NA 
                 NA 
               
               
                 55 
                 heptane 
                 75 
                 8.09 
                 6.06 
                 2.02 
                 4.04 
                 8.0 
                 0.006 
                 1,419.3 
               
               
                 56 
                 heptane 
                 50 
                 8.02 
                 4.05 
                 4.05 
                 4.01 
                 12.4 
                 0.006 
                 2,099.0 
               
               
                 57 
                 heptane 
                 25 
                 8.11 
                 2.01 
                 6.04 
                 4.04 
                 15.0 
                 0.004 
                 3,767.9 
               
               
                 58 
                 heptane 
                 0 
                 8.03 
                 0.00 
                 8.02 
                 4.19 
                 18.9 
                 NA 
                 NA 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Examples 59-62 
     These examples illustrate the effect of glycolic acid content on the extractive separation of valeric acid from triflic acid and glycolic acid. Aqueous glycolic acid-water-triflic acid mixtures were prepared and added to separate glass vials along with the amount of toluene and valeric acid as listed in Table 8. The contents of each vial were mixed vigorously and allowed to settle and separate into two clear phases. All experiments were conducted at a temperature of 50° C. The phases were analyzed by GC and X-ray to determine valeric, triflic acid, and glycolic compositions. These analytical results were used to calculate partition coefficients and selectivities as shown in Table 8. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Extraction Compositions, Partition Coefficients and Selectivities of 
               
               
                 Valeric Acid, Triflic Acid and Glycolic Acid in Toluene. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Acid 
                 glycolic 
                 water 
                 solv. 
                 triflic 
                 P 
                 P 
                 P 
                 S 
                 S 
               
               
                 Ex. 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (acid) 
                 (glycolic) 
                 (triflic) 
                 (acid/glycolic) 
                 (acid/triflic) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 59 
                 1.07 
                 0.00 
                 9.72 
                 9.00 
                 0.30 
                 13.7 
                 NA 
                 0.0002 
                 NA 
                 57,499 
               
               
                 60 
                 4.00 
                 0.00 
                 7.77 
                 7.99 
                 0.24 
                 38.0 
                 NA 
                 0.001 
                 NA 
                 38,376 
               
               
                 61 
                 1.02 
                 7.79 
                 1.95 
                 9.02 
                 0.30 
                 2.0 
                 0.001 
                 0.0001 
                 1,388.1 
                 20,302 
               
               
                 62 
                 4.03 
                 6.23 
                 1.56 
                 8.03 
                 0.24 
                 4.2 
                 0.031 
                 0.0012 
                 136.6 
                 3,414 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 63 
     A solution rich in esters of glycolic and valeric acids was prepared by mixing 1.45 moles of valeric acid per mole of glycolic acid. This mixture was heated to reflux under vacuum to remove approximately 0.2 grams of water per gram of glycolic acid fed, to give an average degree of oligomerization of 0.84 ester bonds per mole of glycolic acid (i.e., mostly A5GH). This source of A5GH was used in Examples 63 and 64. 
     A feed was produced by mixing the source of A5GH above with triflic acid and heptane to give the feed composition listed in Table 9. This example illustrates a simulated continuous extraction of a feed containing esters of glycolic and valeric acids, triflic acid, and heptane with a hydrophilic solvent containing 20% aqueous glycolic acid for separation of Triflic acid from A5GH. The feed mixture was subjected to a cascaded series of twenty-four cross-flow batch extractions to simulate a six-stage continuous counter-current extraction process, with the feed mixture (20.0 g) introduced on stage six (from the top) and the aqueous glycolic acid solvent (8.0 g) on stage one (top of extractor). The multi-cycle, cascaded pattern of 24 extractions in which one feed mixture charge is added into the first cycle of the cascade, and multiple hydrophilic solvent charges are introduced into each cycle of the cascade, and with raffinate and extract compositions introduced to the next cycle of the cascade, results in a set of conditions on the final cycle which have been shown to closely approach the equilibrium composition profile of a continuous, staged, counter-current fractional extractor. For this work, three cycles were found to be sufficient to asymptotically approach continuous extraction equilibrium conditions. The simulated counter-current extraction technique used herein is well-known to those skilled in the art and is laid out in detail in Treybal (“Liquid Extraction,” 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, N.Y., 1963, pp. 349-366). The feed contained 10 weight percent hydrophobic solvent. The hydrophilic solvent (aqueous glycolic acid) to feed (including the heptane) weight ratio was 0.4:1.0. The experiment was conducted at room temperature. The final simulated raffinate (19.24 g—top product) and extract (8.58 g—bottom product) streams were subjected to GC and X-ray analysis to determine the compositions of the products. Results are given in Table 9 with all percentages representing weight percent. The percent recovery to the extract is based on the amount of each component in all inputs to the extractor. The percent accountability of each component is equal to total out/total in as a percentage. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Simulated Extraction Results 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Recovery 
               
               
                   
                 Aq G1 
                 Feed 
                 Extract 
                 Raffinate 
                 % 
                 to Extract 
               
               
                   
                 Solvent (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 Account 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Water 
                 80.0 
                 2.1 
                 59.9 
                 7.4 
                 97 
                 78.2 
               
               
                 Heptane 
                 0.0 
                 10.0 
                 0.3 
                 10.1 
                 99 
                 1.2 
               
               
                 A5 
                 0.0 
                 46.5 
                 13.1 
                 45.1 
                 106 
                 11.4 
               
               
                 G1 
                 20.0 
                 3.5 
                 14.1 
                 5.6 
                 100 
                 52.4 
               
               
                 A5GH 
                 0.0 
                 29.0 
                 5.6 
                 27.1 
                 99 
                 8.4 
               
               
                 G2 
                 0.0 
                 1.1 
                 1.0 
                 0.1 
                 48 
                 86.5 
               
               
                 A5G2H 
                 0.0 
                 4.2 
                 0.2 
                 3.5 
                 81 
                 2.6 
               
               
                 Triflic 
                 0.0 
                 2.0 
                 4.6 
                 0.0 
                 100 
                 99.2 
               
               
                 Other 
                 0.0 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.2 
                 90 
                 32.3 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 64 
     Example 63 was repeated using a feed produced by mixing the source of A5GH above with triflic acid to give the feed composition listed in Table 10 with the feed (20.0 g) introduced on stage three (from the top), the hydrophobic solvent (10.0 g), toluene, introduced on stage six (from the top), and the hydrophilic solvent or water wash (8.0 g) introduced on stage one (from top). The final simulated raffinate (11.4 g—hydrophobic product) and extract (26.6 g—hydrophilic product) streams were subjected to GC and X-ray analysis to determine the compositions of the products. Results are given in Table 10. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Simulated Extraction Results 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Hydrophilic 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hydrophilic 
                 Hydrophobic 
                 Product 
                 Hydrophobic 
                 % Recovery to 
               
               
                   
                 Feed 
                 Solvent (%) 
                 Solvent (%) 
                 (%) 
                 Product (%) 
                 extract 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Toluene 
                 0.00 
                   
                 100.0 
                 0.23 
                 37.32 
                 0.26 
               
               
                 Water 
                 1.26 
                 100.0 
                   
                 69.53 
                 8.37 
                 78.07 
               
               
                 Triflic 
                 2.20 
                   
                   
                 3.83 
                 &lt;0.001 
                 &gt;99.94 
               
               
                 G1 
                 5.47 
                   
                   
                 25.22 
                 0.43 
                 96.16 
               
               
                 A5 
                 39.16 
                   
                   
                 0.72 
                 23.51 
                 1.30 
               
               
                 A5GH 
                 50.58 
                   
                   
                 0.06 
                 29.86 
                 0.09 
               
               
                 other 
                 1.33 
                   
                   
                 0.41 
                 0.51 
                 not determined 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 65 
     Example 65 illustrates a continuous extraction demonstration of the recovery of triflic acid from a esters of glycolic and valeric acids feed stream derived from the hydrocarboxylation of formaldehyde using a hydrophilic solvent comprising 70 wt % G1, 30 wt % water and a hydrophobic solvent comprising 100 wt % toluene. This extraction was carried out in a Karr column comprising four jacketed glass column sections (15.9 mm inside diameter, each 501 mm in length) stacked on top of each other. Jacketed glass disengagement sections, 25.4 mm inside diameter and 200 mm in length, were attached to the top and bottom of the four extractor sections. The four column sections and two disengagement sections were joined together with Teflon O-ring gaskets (25 mm thickness) held together with bolted flanges to form the column body. Feed ports were fitted into each Teflon O-ring to allow change of feed locations. The total height of the resulting column was approximately 2.6 meters. Separate temperature-controlled heating baths were connected to the jacket of each disengagement zone and one bath to the combined four column sections to maintain the desired extraction temperature gradient. 
     Agitation in the column was supplied by an 3.2 mm diameter Hastelloy 276C impeller shaft fitted with seventy-seven Teflon plates, each with eight radial rectangular petals (to provide gaps for liquid flow paths), spaced 25 mm apart in the column sections. The impeller shaft was attached at the top of the extractor to an electric motor fitted with a concentric gear to convert rotational motion into reciprocal motion. The agitator stroke length (i.e., extent of vertical motion) was 19 mm, and varied from 200 to 350 strokes per minute. 
     Depending on the chosen continuous phase, the liquid-liquid phase interface was maintained in either the top or bottom disengagement section (in the top section if the less dense phase were continuous, bottom section if the more dense phase were continuous) by visual observation and manual manipulation of the underflow take-off pump. 
     Up to three feeds could be supplied to the column via piston pumps from independently temperature-controlled jacketed glass vessels of four liter, two liter, and two liter volumes, while the underflow (more dense) product and the top, overflow (less dense) product were collected in two-liter glass vessels. The top product collected by gravity overflow from the upper disengagement section, while the bottoms product flow was controlled by a variable rate piston pump. 
     Feed locations are designated as follows from the top of the column to the bottom: 
     F1: Feed location between top disengagement zone and 1st column section 
     F2: Feed location between 3 rd  and 4 th  column sections 
     F3: Feed location between 4 th  column section and bottom disengagement zone 
     The column was operated continuously for five hours. The feed was the combined crude hydrocarboxylation reactor product produced in Examples 137 and 138 discussed below. The crude hydrocarboxylation reactor product was fed at feed location F2, the hydrophilic solvent (70% glycolic acid and 30 wt % water) fed at F1 and the hydrophobic solvent fed at F3. The hydrophilic solvent to feed ratio was held at 0.124 to 1 on a mass basis, and the hydrophobic solvent to valerate-triflic feed mass ratio was held at 0.59. These conditions resulted in greater than 99.0% of the triflic acid being recovered in the polar extract (aqueous extract). Results from this extraction are tabulated below in Table 11. All values are in weight percent. 
     Triflic acid is recovered in the hydrophilic product stream (extract) at a rate of 99%. About 21.2% of all G1 moieties in the valerate-triflic feed and hydrophilic solvent were recovered to the hydrophobic raffinate phase, but subtracting out G1 entering in the hydrophilic solvent, the recovery of G1 moieties in the valerate-triflic feed rises to 68.3%. Furthermore, since the original feed to the hydrocarboxylation reaction resulting in the crude hydrocarboxylation product from Examples 137 and 138, contained G1, the extraction actually resulted in essentially complete recovery of new G1 moieties created in the reaction Examples 137 and 138. Thus, such an extraction is capable of fully separating triflic acid from valerate-glycolic esters and producing a concentrated triflic acid-glycolic acid stream suitable for recycle to hydrocarboxylation. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Karr Column Continuous Extraction 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Hydrophilic 
                 Hydrophobic 
                 Hydrophilic 
                 Hydrophobic 
                 Mass 
                 Recovery 
               
               
                   
                 Feed 
                 Solvent 
                 Solvent 
                 Extract 
                 Raffinate 
                 Balance 
                 to Extract 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Triflic Acid 
                 2.93 
                   
                   
                 7.74 
                 0.023 
                 100.4 
                 99.0% 
               
               
                 G1 
                 13.30 
                 70 
                   
                 46.40 
                 3.50 
                 100.9 
                 78.8% 
               
               
                 DGA 
                 5.40 
                   
                   
                 13.30 
                 1 
                 117.5 
                 78.8% 
               
               
                 A5 
                 37 
                   
                   
                 6.80 
                 25.50 
                 99.5 
                 7.0% 
               
               
                 A5GH 
                 26 
                   
                   
                 6.30 
                 17.50 
                 99.5 
                 9.2% 
               
               
                 A5G2H 
                 7 
                   
                   
                 1.40 
                 5.07 
                 104.8 
                 7.2% 
               
               
                 A5G3H 
                 2 
                   
                   
                 0.40 
                 1.26 
                 92.1 
                 8.2% 
               
               
                 Others 
                 1.47 
                   
                   
                 7.36 
                 0.06 
                 193.6 
                 97.3% 
               
               
                 Water 
                 4.90 
                 30% 
                   
                 10.30 
                 3.55 
                 100.3 
                 44.8% 
               
               
                 Toluene 
                   
                   
                 100% 
                 3.60 
                 42.54 
                 99.0 
                 2.3% 
               
               
                 Total 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100% 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.3 
               
               
                 Flowrate, 
                 10.5 
                 1.3 
                 6.2 
                 3.95 
                 14.1 
               
               
                 g/min 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The following examples illustrate the hydrocarboxylation of either MDA in acetic acid or MDP in propionic acid catalyzed by strongly acidic solid acid catalysts. 
     Example 66 
     MDA (methylene diacetate) or MDP (methylene dipropionate) used in the following Examples were produced from a refluxing mixture of paraformaldehyde and acetic or propionic anhydride in the presence of a small amount of sulfuric acid. The reactions were followed by gas chromatography. Upon completion of the reaction, sodium acetate (NaOAc) or propionate were added to the mixture to neutralize the sulfuric acid. The mixture was distilled to give 99% pure methylene dicarboxylate. The following procedure for methylene diacetate is exemplary: A 5 L round-bottom flask was fitted with a condenser, thermowell, overhead stirrer, inert gas bubbler, and heating mantle. To this flask was added 885 grams of paraformaldehyde followed by 3,324 mL of acetic anhydride. The mixture was then stirred at room temperature and 12 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid was added. An exotherm heated the solution to approximately 80° C. and then the heating mantle was turned on. The mixture was held at reflux for almost 10 hours and sampled periodically to check for completion by gas chromatography. Upon completion, 35 g of NaOAc was added to the mixture to neutralize the sulfuric acid. The mixture was then transferred to another flask along with the NaOAc and pure MDA was distilled. 
     Example 67 
     A 50 mL Hastelloy 276C high pressure autoclave was fitted with an impeller, gas inlet tube, sample tube, and thermowell. The autoclave was heated with a heating block, with temperature control provided by feedback via a thermocouple in the autoclave thermowell. Pure carbon monoxide gas (&gt;99.9%) was fed to the autoclave via a high pressure regulator. The autoclave was charged with 20% W-heteropoly/silica catalyst (1.48 g) propionic acid (12.28 g, 0.16 mol) and MDP (14.1 g, 0.08 mol) and water (1.4 g, 0.08 mol) and sealed. The autoclave was secured to the stand and the system was pressurized with 200 psig nitrogen and vented. This purging procedure was repeated two times. The autoclave was then purged with carbon monoxide and pressurized to 200 psig carbon monoxide. The temperature in the autoclave was increased to 140° C. Upon reaching 140° C., the pressure in the autoclave was increased to 1,000 psig carbon monoxide. The reaction was held at these conditions for 2 hours and then cooled to room temperature and vented. Finally the autoclave was purged with nitrogen and unloaded. The reaction contents were analyzed by GC. Results are shown in Table 12. 
     Examples 68-83 
     The procedure of Example 67 was repeated using either MDP/propionic acid or MDA/acetic acid and water at target equivalents of 1 eq. of MDA(MDP), 2 eq. acetic (propionic) acid, and 1 eq. water at a reaction pressure of 1000 psig carbon monoxide. The examples were run with the solid catalyst and corresponding loading, at the temperature, and for the holding time shown in Table 12. Calculated yields are also given in Table 12. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Hydrocarboxylations of Methylene Diacetate (MDA) or Methylene 
               
               
                 Dipropionate (MDP) Catalyzed by Strongly Acidic Solid Acid Catalysts. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 loading 
                 temp 
                 time 
                 yield 
               
               
                 EX 
                   
                 catalyst 
                 (wt %) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (h) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 67 
                 MDP 
                 20% W-heteropoly/silica 
                 5 
                 140 
                 2 
                 6.5 
               
               
                 68 
                 MDP 
                 SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3   
                 5 
                 140 
                 2 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 69 
                 MDA 
                 K10 
                 5 
                 140 
                 2 
                 3.8 
               
               
                 70 
                 MDA 
                 AMBERLYST 70 
                 5 
                 140 
                 2 
                 18.8 
               
               
                 71 
                 MDA 
                 SAC-13 
                 9 
                 140 
                 1 
                 47.8 
               
               
                 72 
                 MDA 
                 SAC-13 
                 9 
                 160 
                 1 
                 69.8 
               
               
                 73 
                 MDA 
                 SAC-13 
                 9 
                 180 
                 1 
                 78.8 
               
               
                 74 
                 MDA 
                 Nafion NR50 
                 5 
                 140 
                 2 
                 69.4 
               
               
                 75 
                 MDA 
                 SAC-13 
                 15 
                 160 
                 1 
                 98.6 
               
               
                 76 
                 MDA 
                 polymer-bound pTSA 
                 5 
                 140 
                 2 
                 66 
               
               
                 77 
                 MDA 
                 AMBERLYST 36 
                 5 
                 140 
                 2 
                 77 
               
               
                 78 
                 MDA 
                 SMOPEX (4% crosslinking) 
                 5 
                 140 
                 3 
                 65 
               
               
                 79 
                 MDA 
                 SMOPEX (8% crosslinking) 
                 5 
                 160 
                 2 
                 70 
               
               
                 80 
                 MDA 
                 SMOPEX (12% crosslinking) 
                 5 
                 180 
                 2 
                 66 
               
               
                 81 
                 MDP 
                 AMBERLYST 36 
                 5 
                 140 
                 2 
                 86 
               
               
                 82 
                 MDP 
                 SAC-13 
                 10 
                 140 
                 2 
                 76 
               
               
                 83 
                 MDP 
                 SMOPEX (4% crosslinking) 
                 5 
                 140 
                 2 
                 68 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Examples 84 
     A 50 mL Hastelloy 276C high pressure autoclave was fitted with an impeller, gas inlet tube, sample tube, and thermowell. The autoclave was heated with a heating block, with temperature control provided by feedback via a thermocouple in the autoclave thermowell. Pure carbon monoxide gas (&gt;99.9%) was fed to the autoclave via a high pressure regulator. The autoclave was charged with AMBERLYST 36 D catalyst (1.43 g), propionic acid (12.3 g, 0.166 mol), MDP (14.1 g, 0.088 mol), and water (1.5 g, 0.083 mol) and sealed. The autoclave was secured to the stand and the system was pressurized with 200 psig nitrogen and vented. This purging procedure was repeated two times. The autoclave was then purged with carbon monoxide and pressurized to 500 psig carbon monoxide. The temperature in the autoclave was increased to 140° C. Upon reaching 140° C., the pressure in the autoclave was increased to 1,000 psig carbon monoxide. The reaction was held at these conditions for 2 hours and then cooled to room temperature and vented. Finally the autoclave was purged with nitrogen and unloaded. The reaction contents were analyzed by GC. The results are shown in Table 13. 
     Examples 85-91 
     Example 84 was repeated with the catalyst and catalyst loading and amount of propionic acid and water given in Table 13. Each reaction was run at 1000 psig carbon monoxide and at the temperature and for the time indicated in Table 13. Yield to desired products and selectivity are also given in Table 13. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Hydrocarboxylations of MDP 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Loading 
                 A3 
                 Water 
                 Temp 
                 Time 
                   
                 Select. 
               
               
                 Ex. 
                 Catalyst 
                 (wt %) 
                 (eq) 
                 (eq) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (h) 
                 Yield (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 84 
                 AMBERLYST 36 D 
                 5 
                 2.0 
                 1.0 
                 140 
                 2 
                 96 
                 96 
               
               
                 85 
                 AMBERLYST 36 D 
                 8 
                 0.14 
                 1.1 
                 140 
                 2 
                 89 
                 94 
               
               
                 86 
                 AMBERLYST 36 D 
                 5 
                 2.1 
                 1 
                 140 
                 2 
                 86 
                 96 
               
               
                 87 
                 AMBERLYST 36 D 
                 5 
                 1.1 
                 1 
                 140 
                 2 
                 78 
                 95 
               
               
                 88 
                 AMBERLYST 36 D 
                 5 
                 0.15 
                 1 
                 140 
                 2 
                 72 
                 94 
               
               
                 89 
                 AMBERLYST 36 D 
                 5 
                 2 
                 0.05 
                 140 
                 2 
                 2 
                 28 
               
               
                 90 
                 AMBERLYST 36 D 
                 5 
                 2 
                 0.05 
                 90 
                 2 
                 3 
                 5 
               
               
                 91 
                 AMBERLYST 36 D 
                 5 
                 2 
                 0.5 
                 140 
                 2 
                 16 
                 66 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The following examples illustrate the hydrocarboxylation of MDA in acetic acid catalyzed by various strongly acidic homogeneous catalysts. MDA was prepared as described above in Example 66. 
     Example 92 
     To a Hastelloy 276C 300 mL autoclave equipped with a liquid sampling loop and a high pressure addition funnel was added acetic acid (60.05 g, 1.0 mol), water (9.0 g, 0.5 mol), and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid catalyst (0.375 g, 2.5 mmol). The autoclave was heated with a heating block, with temperature control provided by feedback via a thermocouple in the autoclave thermowell. Pure carbon monoxide gas (&gt;99.9%) was fed to the autoclave via a high pressure regulator. The MDA (66.26 g, 0.5 mol) was added to the addition funnel (blowcase). The autoclave was sealed, flushed with CO and heated to 140° C. under 100 psig carbon monoxide. The addition funnel containing the MDA was heated to 100° C. Upon reaching 140° C. in the autoclave, the MDA was charged to the autoclave by pressurizing the addition funnel. Immediately upon completing the liquid addition, a sample was removed from the autoclave (time zero) and the pressure was adjusted to 1000 psig CO. The temperature and pressure were maintained using pure carbon monoxide for the duration of the 4 hour reaction. Samples were removed from the autoclave at 15 min, 30 min, 45 min, 60 min, 120 min, 180 min and 240 min. The samples were analyzed by GC and HPLC. Final conversion and selectivity is given in Table 14. 
     Examples 93-96 
     Example 92 was repeated except the acid catalyst and amount were as given in Table 14. 2.5 mmol of acid catalyst was used in each case. The final MDA conversions and selectivities are given in Table 14. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Hydrocarboxylation of MDA in Acetic Acid with a 
               
               
                 Homogeneous Strong Acid Catalyst. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MDA 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Catalyst 
                 Con- 
                 MDA 
               
               
                 Ex. 
                 Catalyst 
                 charge (g) 
                 version 
                 Selectivity 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 92 
                 trifluoromethanesulfonic acid 
                 0.375 
                 99 
                 96 
               
               
                 93 
                 tetrafluoroethanesulfonic acid 
                 0.455 
                 96 
                 96 
               
               
                 94 
                 bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonylamide 
                 0.70 
                 99 
                 95 
               
               
                 95 
                 nonafluorobutanesulfonic acid 
                 0.75 
                 99 
                 95 
               
               
                 96 
                 sulfuric acid 
                 0.256 
                 81 
                 53 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The following examples illustrate the effect of feed water content, temperature, pressure, and catalyst level on the hydrocarboxylation of trioxane or paraformaldehyde with valeric acid and glycolic acid as solvents/reactants and triflic acid as catalyst. 
     Example 97 
     The continuous hydrocarboxylation was carried out using a reactor system containing Hastelloy 276C autoclave (125 ml nominal volume) and associated feed and product storage equipment. The high pressure autoclave was fitted with a hollow shaft Rushton turbine impeller (for gas introduction and dispersion), baffles, thermowell, gas inlet tube, and sip tube to maintain liquid level at approximately 90 ml and to provide an exit for product effluent. The autoclave was heated electrically by a band heater, with temperature control provided by feedback via a K-type thermocouple in the autoclave thermowell. 
     Pure carbon monoxide gas (&gt;99.9%) was fed to the autoclave via a high pressure flow controller. The gas entered the body of the autoclave via groves in the impeller bearings. The off gas flow rate was monitored by a dry bubble-type flow meter. The flow rates of the two liquid feeds were controlled to a precision of 0.001 ml/min with double-barreled 500 ml high-precision syringe pumps connected to stirred feed vessels. 
     Reactor effluent passed through heated Hastelloy tubing, an automatic pressure control valve (research control valve), and into a 1.0 L heatable Hastelloy collection vessel. The effluent collection vessel was fitted with a chilled coiled condenser. The gas outlet from the effluent tank was connected to a manual back pressure regulator to maintain vessel pressure at 40-100 psig. Temperatures, pressures, and other relevant system parameters were recorded automatically by a distributed control system. 
     Feed 1 (0.4 g/min) and Feed 2 (0.39 g/min), having the composition given in Table 15 were fed to the reactor. Carbon monoxide was fed at a rate of 998 SCCM as noted in Table 16. The reaction was run at a pressure of 1500 psig and a temperature of 170° C. with a residence time of 85 minutes. Table 16 also gives feed molar ratios and the source of formaldehyde. For Example 107 the source was trioxane. 
     Samples of the hydrocarboxylation reaction were analyzed by HPLC. Conversion, space-time yield, and selectivity of reacted formaldehyde to end products are summarized in Table 17. Any glycolic acid fed was subtracted out for conversion and yield calculations. Methanol was present as free methanol, methyl glycolate, and methyl valerate, and was converted to free methanol, glycolic acid, and valeric acid by the analytical method. 
     Examples 98-143 
     Example 97 was repeated with the liquid feeds given in Table 15, the carbon monoxide flow rate, source of formaldehyde, feed molar ratios, pressure, temperature, residence time given in Table 16. Conversion, space-time yield, and selectivity of reacted formaldehyde to end products are summarized in Table 17. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Feed 1 and Feed 2: Rates and Compositions 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Feed 1, mass % 
                 Feed 2 
                 Feed 2 mass % 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ex # 
                 Feed 1 g/min 
                 F0 
                 A5 
                 G1 
                 water 
                 Triflic 
                 g/min 
                 A5 
                 Triflic 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 97 
                 0.40 
                 21.1 
                 71.9 
                 0.0 
                 3.8 
                 3.2 
                 0.39 
                 100.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 98 
                 0.39 
                 21.1 
                 71.9 
                 0.0 
                 3.8 
                 3.2 
                 0.39 
                 100.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 99 
                 0.39 
                 21.1 
                 71.9 
                 0.0 
                 3.8 
                 3.2 
                 0.39 
                 100.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 100 
                 0.39 
                 21.1 
                 71.9 
                 0.0 
                 3.8 
                 3.2 
                 0.39 
                 100.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 101 
                 0.39 
                 21.1 
                 71.9 
                 0.0 
                 3.8 
                 3.2 
                 0.39 
                 100.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 102 
                 0.39 
                 21.1 
                 71.9 
                 0.0 
                 3.8 
                 3.2 
                 0.39 
                 100.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 103 
                 0.39 
                 21.1 
                 71.9 
                 0.0 
                 3.8 
                 3.2 
                 0.39 
                 100.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 104 
                 0.61 
                 21.1 
                 71.9 
                 0.0 
                 3.8 
                 3.2 
                 0.62 
                 100.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 105 
                 0.61 
                 21.1 
                 71.9 
                 0.0 
                 3.8 
                 3.2 
                 0.62 
                 100.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 106 
                 0.39 
                 21.1 
                 71.9 
                 0.0 
                 3.8 
                 3.2 
                 0.39 
                 100.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 107 
                 0.61 
                 21.1 
                 71.9 
                 0.0 
                 3.8 
                 3.2 
                 0.62 
                 100.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 108 
                 0.39 
                 21.8 
                 74.2 
                 0.0 
                 3.9 
                 0.0 
                 0.39 
                 95.78 
                 4.22 
               
               
                 109 
                 0.39 
                 21.8 
                 74.2 
                 0.0 
                 3.9 
                 0.0 
                 0.39 
                 95.78 
                 4.22 
               
               
                 110 
                 0.39 
                 21.8 
                 74.2 
                 0.0 
                 3.9 
                 0.0 
                 0.39 
                 95.78 
                 4.22 
               
               
                 111 
                 0.39 
                 21.8 
                 74.2 
                 0.0 
                 3.9 
                 0.0 
                 0.39 
                 95.78 
                 4.22 
               
               
                 112 
                 0.39 
                 21.8 
                 74.2 
                 0.0 
                 3.9 
                 0.0 
                 0.39 
                 95.78 
                 4.22 
               
               
                 113 
                 0.64 
                 26.8 
                 68.4 
                 0.0 
                 4.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.17 
                 85.01 
                 14.99 
               
               
                 114 
                 0.64 
                 26.8 
                 68.4 
                 0.0 
                 4.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.17 
                 85.01 
                 14.99 
               
               
                 115 
                 0.64 
                 26.8 
                 68.4 
                 0.0 
                 4.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.17 
                 85.01 
                 14.99 
               
               
                 116 
                 0.64 
                 26.8 
                 68.4 
                 0.0 
                 4.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.17 
                 85.01 
                 14.99 
               
               
                 117 
                 0.64 
                 26.8 
                 68.4 
                 0.0 
                 4.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.17 
                 85.01 
                 14.99 
               
               
                 118 
                 0.68 
                 23.7 
                 0.0 
                 60.0 
                 9.9 
                 6.4 
                 0.36 
                 100.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 119 
                 0.68 
                 23.7 
                 0.0 
                 60.0 
                 9.9 
                 6.4 
                 0.36 
                 100.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 120 
                 0.68 
                 23.7 
                 0.0 
                 60.0 
                 9.9 
                 6.4 
                 0.36 
                 100.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 121 
                 0.68 
                 23.7 
                 0.0 
                 60.0 
                 9.9 
                 6.4 
                 0.32 
                 100.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 122 
                 0.68 
                 23.7 
                 0.0 
                 60.0 
                 9.9 
                 6.4 
                 0.36 
                 100.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 123 
                 0.68 
                 23.7 
                 0.0 
                 60.0 
                 9.9 
                 6.4 
                 0.36 
                 100.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 124 
                 0.43 
                 34.0 
                 0.0 
                 51.7 
                 14.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.52 
                 92.93 
                 7.07 
               
               
                 125 
                 0.43 
                 34.0 
                 0.0 
                 51.7 
                 14.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.52 
                 92.93 
                 7.07 
               
               
                 126 
                 0.43 
                 34.0 
                 0.0 
                 51.7 
                 14.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.52 
                 92.93 
                 7.07 
               
               
                 127 
                 0.43 
                 34.0 
                 0.0 
                 51.7 
                 14.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.52 
                 92.93 
                 7.07 
               
               
                 128 
                 0.43 
                 34.0 
                 0.0 
                 51.7 
                 14.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.52 
                 92.93 
                 7.07 
               
               
                 129 
                 0.43 
                 34.0 
                 0.0 
                 51.7 
                 14.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.52 
                 92.93 
                 7.07 
               
               
                 130 
                 0.43 
                 34.0 
                 0.0 
                 51.7 
                 14.3 
                 0.0 
                 0.52 
                 92.93 
                 7.07 
               
               
                 131 
                 0.65 
                 25.1 
                 0.0 
                 63.6 
                 4.5 
                 6.8 
                 0.38 
                 100.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 132 
                 0.65 
                 25.1 
                 0.0 
                 63.6 
                 4.5 
                 6.8 
                 0.38 
                 100.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 133 
                 0.65 
                 25.1 
                 0.0 
                 63.6 
                 4.5 
                 6.8 
                 0.38 
                 100.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 134 
                 0.65 
                 25.1 
                 0.0 
                 63.6 
                 4.5 
                 6.8 
                 0.38 
                 100.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 135 
                 0.65 
                 25.1 
                 0.0 
                 63.6 
                 4.5 
                 6.8 
                 0.38 
                 100.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 136 
                 0.65 
                 25.1 
                 0.0 
                 63.6 
                 4.5 
                 6.8 
                 0.38 
                 100.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 137 
                 0.47 
                 32.5 
                 0.0 
                 61.7 
                 5.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.54 
                 92.61 
                 7.39 
               
               
                 138 
                 0.47 
                 32.5 
                 0.0 
                 61.7 
                 5.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.54 
                 92.61 
                 7.39 
               
               
                 139 
                 0.47 
                 32.5 
                 0.0 
                 61.7 
                 5.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.54 
                 92.61 
                 7.39 
               
               
                 140 
                 0.47 
                 32.5 
                 0.0 
                 61.7 
                 5.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.54 
                 92.61 
                 7.39 
               
               
                 141 
                 0.47 
                 32.5 
                 0.0 
                 61.7 
                 5.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.54 
                 92.61 
                 7.39 
               
               
                 142 
                 0.47 
                 32.5 
                 0.0 
                 61.7 
                 5.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.54 
                 92.61 
                 7.39 
               
               
                 143 
                 0.47 
                 32.5 
                 0.0 
                 61.7 
                 5.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.54 
                 92.61 
                 7.39% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 16 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Overall Feed Molar Ratios and Reaction Conditions 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 CO 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Res 
               
               
                   
                 Flow 
                 F0 
                 Feed Molar Ratio 
                 Press 
                 Temp 
                 Time 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ex 
                 SCCM 
                 Type 
                 HFR 
                 A5 
                 G1 
                 water 
                 Triflic 
                 Psig 
                 Celsius 
                 min 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 97 
                 998.0 
                 Trioxane 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.3 
                 0.030 
                 1500 
                 170 
                 85 
               
               
                 98 
                 998.0 
                 Trioxane 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.3 
                 0.030 
                 1001 
                 170 
                 87 
               
               
                 99 
                 998.0 
                 Trioxane 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.3 
                 0.030 
                 1498 
                 160 
                 87 
               
               
                 100 
                 998.0 
                 Trioxane 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.30 
                 0.030 
                 1501 
                 150 
                 87 
               
               
                 101 
                 998.0 
                 Trioxane 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.30 
                 0.030 
                 747 
                 160 
                 87 
               
               
                 102 
                 998.0 
                 Trioxane 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.30 
                 0.030 
                 997 
                 160 
                 87 
               
               
                 103 
                 998.0 
                 Trioxane 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.30 
                 0.030 
                 1500 
                 170 
                 87 
               
               
                 104 
                 998.0 
                 Trioxane 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.30 
                 0.030 
                 749 
                 150 
                 55 
               
               
                 105 
                 998.0 
                 Trioxane 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.30 
                 0.030 
                 750 
                 140 
                 55 
               
               
                 106 
                 998.0 
                 Trioxane 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.30 
                 0.030 
                 753 
                 170 
                 87 
               
               
                 107 
                 998.0 
                 Trioxane 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.30 
                 0.030 
                 751 
                 150 
                 55 
               
               
                 108 
                 998.0 
                 Trioxane 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.30 
                 0.030 
                 1501 
                 143 
                 87 
               
               
                 109 
                 998.0 
                 Trioxane 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.30 
                 0.030 
                 1495 
                 160 
                 87 
               
               
                 110 
                 998.0 
                 Trioxane 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.30 
                 0.030 
                 1498 
                 170 
                 87 
               
               
                 111 
                 998.0 
                 Trioxane 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.30 
                 0.030 
                 1500 
                 170 
                 87 
               
               
                 112 
                 998.0 
                 Trioxane 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.30 
                 0.030 
                 1499 
                 170 
                 87 
               
               
                 113 
                 998.0 
                 Trioxane 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.30 
                 0.030 
                 1498 
                 170 
                 87 
               
               
                 114 
                 998.0 
                 Trioxane 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.30 
                 0.030 
                 1003 
                 170 
                 87 
               
               
                 115 
                 998.0 
                 Trioxane 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.30 
                 0.030 
                 499 
                 170 
                 87 
               
               
                 116 
                 998.0 
                 Trioxane 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.30 
                 0.030 
                 999 
                 160 
                 87 
               
               
                 117 
                 998.0 
                 Trioxane 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.30 
                 0.030 
                 506 
                 165 
                 87 
               
               
                 118 
                 998.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 0.7 
                 1.0 
                 0.70 
                 0.054 
                 1497 
                 180 
                 80 
               
               
                 119 
                 998.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 0.7 
                 1.0 
                 0.70 
                 0.054 
                 1503 
                 180 
                 80 
               
               
                 120 
                 998.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 0.7 
                 1.0 
                 0.70 
                 0.054 
                 1497 
                 180 
                 80 
               
               
                 121 
                 998.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 0.7 
                 1.0 
                 0.70 
                 0.054 
                 1498 
                 180 
                 83 
               
               
                 122 
                 998.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 0.7 
                 1.0 
                 0.70 
                 0.054 
                 1504 
                 180 
                 80 
               
               
                 123 
                 998.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 0.7 
                 1.0 
                 0.70 
                 0.054 
                 1504 
                 180 
                 80 
               
               
                 124 
                 998.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.6 
                 0.70 
                 0.054 
                 1492 
                 180 
                 80 
               
               
                 125 
                 998.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.6 
                 0.70 
                 0.054 
                 1003 
                 180 
                 80 
               
               
                 126 
                 998.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.6 
                 0.70 
                 0.054 
                 500 
                 180 
                 80 
               
               
                 127 
                 998.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.6 
                 0.70 
                 0.054 
                 995 
                 170 
                 80 
               
               
                 128 
                 998.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.6 
                 0.70 
                 0.054 
                 502 
                 170 
                 80 
               
               
                 129 
                 998.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.6 
                 0.70 
                 0.054 
                 1000 
                 160 
                 80 
               
               
                 130 
                 998.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.6 
                 0.70 
                 0.054 
                 498 
                 160 
                 80 
               
               
                 131 
                 498.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 0.7 
                 1.0 
                 0.30 
                 0.054 
                 1507 
                 170 
                 80 
               
               
                 132 
                 498.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 0.7 
                 1.0 
                 0.30 
                 0.054 
                 1499 
                 180 
                 80 
               
               
                 133 
                 498.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 0.7 
                 1.0 
                 0.30 
                 0.054 
                 1503 
                 180 
                 80 
               
               
                 134 
                 498.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 0.7 
                 1.0 
                 0.30 
                 0.054 
                 1498 
                 180 
                 80 
               
               
                 135 
                 498.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 0.7 
                 1.0 
                 0.30 
                 0.054 
                 1003 
                 160 
                 80 
               
               
                 136 
                 498.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 0.7 
                 1.0 
                 0.30 
                 0.054 
                 1501 
                 170 
                 80 
               
               
                 137 
                 498.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.8 
                 0.30 
                 0.054 
                 1500 
                 180 
                 76 
               
               
                 138 
                 498.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.8 
                 0.30 
                 0.054 
                 999 
                 180 
                 76 
               
               
                 139 
                 498.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.8 
                 0.30 
                 0.054 
                 500 
                 180 
                 76 
               
               
                 140 
                 498.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.8 
                 0.30 
                 0.054 
                 999 
                 170 
                 76 
               
               
                 141 
                 498.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.8 
                 0.30 
                 0.054 
                 500 
                 170 
                 76 
               
               
                 142 
                 498.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.8 
                 0.30 
                 0.054 
                 1004 
                 160 
                 76 
               
               
                 143 
                 498.0 
                 PF 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0.8 
                 0.30 
                 0.054 
                 500 
                 160 
                 76 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 17 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Selectivity, Conversion, and Space-Time Yield Results 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Space 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 % F0 
                 Time 
                 Molar 
               
               
                 Exam- 
                 Con- 
                 Yield 
                 Selectivity 
               
               
                 ple 
                 version 
                 gmol/l-hr 
                 G1 
                 A1 
                 DG 
                 MGH 
                 MeOH 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 97 
                 94.7 
                 1.51 
                 96.42 
                 1.02 
                 1.55 
                 0.00 
                 1.02 
               
               
                 98 
                 93.0 
                 1.44 
                 96.71 
                 0.93 
                 1.42 
                 0.00 
                 0.93 
               
               
                 99 
                 93.5 
                 1.42 
                 96.41 
                 1.23 
                 1.13 
                 0.00 
                 1.23 
               
               
                 100 
                 92.5 
                 0.93 
                 96.22 
                 1.36 
                 1.06 
                 0.00 
                 1.36 
               
               
                 101 
                 87.1 
                 1.36 
                 96.17 
                 1.41 
                 0.80 
                 0.43 
                 1.19 
               
               
                 102 
                 90.3 
                 1.32 
                 96.92 
                 1.09 
                 0.91 
                 0.00 
                 1.09 
               
               
                 103 
                 96.3 
                 1.37 
                 96.90 
                 0.87 
                 1.36 
                 0.00 
                 0.87 
               
               
                 104 
                 75.3 
                 1.59 
                 91.30 
                 3.85 
                 0.99 
                 0.00 
                 3.85 
               
               
                 105 
                 56.3 
                 1.22 
                 85.32 
                 7.16 
                 0.10 
                 0.50 
                 6.91 
               
               
                 106 
                 89.4 
                 1.41 
                 96.55 
                 1.05 
                 1.34 
                 0.00 
                 1.05 
               
               
                 107 
                 67.5 
                 1.89 
                 92.15 
                 3.56 
                 0.72 
                 0.00 
                 3.56 
               
               
                 108 
                 86.2 
                 1.42 
                 94.31 
                 2.33 
                 0.98 
                 0.12 
                 2.26 
               
               
                 109 
                 91.3 
                 1.55 
                 96.12 
                 1.26 
                 1.36 
                 0.00 
                 1.26 
               
               
                 110 
                 93.5 
                 1.60 
                 96.32 
                 1.05 
                 1.58 
                 0.00 
                 1.05 
               
               
                 111 
                 95.2 
                 1.59 
                 96.10 
                 1.13 
                 1.64 
                 0.00 
                 1.13 
               
               
                 112 
                 90.9 
                 1.55 
                 96.71 
                 0.93 
                 1.42 
                 0.00 
                 0.93 
               
               
                 113 
                 62.6 
                 1.79 
                 91.65 
                 2.07 
                 4.07 
                 0.19 
                 1.97 
               
               
                 114 
                 54.5 
                 1.84 
                 91.64 
                 0.47 
                 7.42 
                 0.00 
                 0.47 
               
               
                 115 
                 86.6 
                 2.72 
                 92.16 
                 2.45 
                 2.62 
                 0.56 
                 2.17 
               
               
                 116 
                 84.4 
                 2.84 
                 93.10 
                 1.93 
                 3.03 
                 0.00 
                 1.93 
               
               
                 117 
                 80.7 
                 2.56 
                 94.18 
                 1.38 
                 2.88 
                 0.37 
                 1.19 
               
               
                 118 
                 90.2 
                 2.24 
                 89.72 
                 2.00 
                 5.69 
                 0.73 
                 1.64 
               
               
                 119 
                 90.4 
                 2.49 
                 90.79 
                 1.67 
                 5.85 
                 0.00 
                 1.67 
               
               
                 120 
                 90.1 
                 2.69 
                 94.24 
                 1.47 
                 2.82 
                 0.00 
                 1.47 
               
               
                 121 
                 89.1 
                 2.66 
                 92.90 
                 1.83 
                 3.07 
                 0.31 
                 1.68 
               
               
                 122 
                 90.0 
                 2.47 
                 93.07 
                 1.67 
                 3.10 
                 0.72 
                 1.31 
               
               
                 123 
                 90.2 
                 2.60 
                 93.35 
                 1.69 
                 2.94 
                 0.66 
                 1.36 
               
               
                 124 
                 91.7 
                 2.37 
                 93.41 
                 1.71 
                 3.11 
                 0.11 
                 1.66 
               
               
                 125 
                 85.7 
                 2.13 
                 91.14 
                 3.20 
                 2.01 
                 0.90 
                 2.75 
               
               
                 126 
                 76.4 
                 1.44 
                 79.78 
                 8.41 
                 2.09 
                 1.83 
                 7.49 
               
               
                 127 
                 75.5 
                 2.40 
                 90.60 
                 3.53 
                 2.16 
                 0.36 
                 3.35 
               
               
                 128 
                 59.9 
                 1.78 
                 83.27 
                 7.20 
                 1.43 
                 0.85 
                 6.78 
               
               
                 129 
                 66.5 
                 0.92 
                 70.09 
                 11.5 
                 2.31 
                 7.69 
                 7.75 
               
               
                 130 
                 53.4 
                 0.57 
                 58.03 
                 20.1 
                 0.93 
                 0.86 
                 19.68 
               
               
                 131 
                 89.5 
                 2.25 
                 89.86 
                 2.62 
                 3.94 
                 1.49 
                 1.87 
               
               
                 132 
                 94.9 
                 2.87 
                 92.05 
                 1.47 
                 4.53 
                 0.79 
                 1.07 
               
               
                 133 
                 95.2 
                 2.46 
                 91.01 
                 1.71 
                 4.98 
                 0.92 
                 1.25 
               
               
                 134 
                 92.9 
                 2.46 
                 92.89 
                 1.43 
                 4.02 
                 0.37 
                 1.24 
               
               
                 135 
                 83.0 
                 1.92 
                 89.48 
                 3.19 
                 3.45 
                 1.21 
                 2.58 
               
               
                 136 
                 92.5 
                 2.53 
                 91.90 
                 1.63 
                 4.28 
                 0.72 
                 1.27 
               
               
                 137 
                 93.0 
                 2.62 
                 93.77 
                 1.51 
                 2.95 
                 0.53 
                 1.24 
               
               
                 138 
                 93.6 
                 2.82 
                 94.21 
                 1.37 
                 2.96 
                 0.17 
                 1.29 
               
               
                 139 
                 87.1 
                 2.35 
                 89.56 
                 3.53 
                 2.91 
                 0.81 
                 3.13 
               
               
                 140 
                 90.4 
                 2.48 
                 93.64 
                 1.72 
                 2.84 
                 0.00 
                 1.72 
               
               
                 141 
                 80.0 
                 2.12 
                 87.08 
                 4.91 
                 2.46 
                 0.88 
                 4.47 
               
               
                 142 
                 82.0 
                 2.28 
                 90.50 
                 3.24 
                 2.44 
                 1.13 
                 2.68 
               
               
                 143 
                 71.6 
                 2.05 
                 86.67 
                 5.24 
                 2.30 
                 0.48 
                 5.00 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     These examples illustrate the effect of feed water content, temperature, pressure, and catalyst level on the hydrocarboxylation of formaldehyde (trioxane) with triflic acid as catalyst, with n-butyric acid and glycolic acid as solvent/reactant. 
     Examples 144-147 
     Example 97 was repeated with only one feed at 0.91 g/min. The feed contained 14.6 wt % paraformaldehyde, 6.2% water, 28.8 wt % butyric acid, 48.2 wt % glycolic acid, and 2.2 wt % triflic acid. The feed molar ratio was paraformaldehyde (1.0), water (0.7), glycolic acid (1.5), and triflic acid (0.03). The hold-up time was 95 minutes. The feed rate of carbon monoxide was 498 SCCM. The operating pressure and temperature, along with conversion, space-time yield, and selectivity of reacted formaldehyde to end products are summarized in Table 18. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 18 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Reactor Conditions, Selectivity, Conversion, and Space-Time Yield Results 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Molar 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Space-Time 
               
               
                   
                 Temp 
                 Pressure 
                 % F0 
                 Selectivity 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Yield 
               
               
                 Ex 
                 Celsius 
                 psig 
                 Conversion 
                 G1 
                 A1 
                 MeOH 
                 MGH 
                 DG 
                 gmol/l-hr 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 144 
                 150 
                 935 
                 40.1 
                 70.1 
                 13.9 
                 13.9 
                 0.0 
                 2.2 
                 1.04 
               
               
                 145 
                 170 
                 1199 
                 71.2 
                 83.3 
                 5.6 
                 5.6 
                 1.5 
                 4.1 
                 2.08 
               
               
                 146 
                 190 
                 1199 
                 88.3 
                 89.6 
                 1.8 
                 1.8 
                 1.6 
                 5.2 
                 2.91 
               
               
                 147 
                 170 
                 1745 
                 77.5 
                 88.0 
                 3.6 
                 3.6 
                 0.8 
                 3.8 
                 2.38 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The following examples illustrate the effect of feed water content, temperature, pressure and catalyst level on the hydrocarboxylation of methylene diacetate with triflic acid as catalyst. 
     Examples 148-153 
     Example 97 was repeated but with MDA as the source of formaldehyde and at the feed rates and compositions noted in Table 19. In these experiments moles of MDA represent the formaldehyde equivalent, while acetic acid equivalents are calculated as the sum of free acetic acid fed and two times the MDA molar flow rate. The feed molar ratios, temperature, pressure, and hold-up time are given in Table 20. Conversion, space-time yield, and selectivity of reacted formaldehyde to end products are summarized in Table 21. All methanol was present as methyl acetate, and was also converted to free methanol and acetic acid by the analytical method. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 19 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Feed 1 and 2 Rates and Compositions 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Feed 1 
                 Feed 1, mass % 
                 Feed 2 
                 Feed 2 mass % 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ex 
                 g/min 
                 MDA 
                 A2 
                 water 
                 g/min 
                 A2 
                 water 
                 Triflic 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 148 
                 0.69 
                 100 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.71 
                 86.7 
                 1.3 
                 0.30 
               
               
                 149 
                 0.69 
                 100 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.79 
                 69.5 
                 29.2 
                 1.30 
               
               
                 150 
                 0.69 
                 100 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.79 
                 69.5 
                 29.2 
                 1.30 
               
               
                 151 
                 0.69 
                 100 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.79 
                 69.5 
                 29.2 
                 1.30 
               
               
                 152 
                 1.10 
                 56.4 
                 7.7 
                 35.9 
                 0.32 
                 99 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 153 
                 0.03 
                 56.4 
                 7.7 
                 35.0 
                 0.32 
                 96 
                 0 
                 4 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 20 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Overall Feed Ratios and Reaction Conditions 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Feed 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Molar Ratio 
                   
                   
                   
                 Temp 
                 Press 
                 Res Time 
               
               
                 Ex 
                 F0 
                 water 
                 A2 
                 Triflic 
                 Celsius 
                 psig 
                 minutes 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 148 
                 1.0 
                 1.2 
                 3.8 
                 0.002 
                 190 
                 650 
                 70 
               
               
                 149 
                 1.0 
                 1.4 
                 3.0 
                 0.007 
                 200 
                 600 
                 67 
               
               
                 150 
                 1.0 
                 1.4 
                 3.0 
                 0.007 
                 190 
                 600 
                 67 
               
               
                 151 
                 1.0 
                 1.4 
                 3.0 
                 0.007 
                 180 
                 600 
                 67 
               
               
                 152 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 4.5 
                 0.005 
                 190 
                 1300 
                 69 
               
               
                 153 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 4.5 
                 0.020 
                 170 
                 1300 
                 73 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 21 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Selectivity, Conversion, and Space-Time Yield Results 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Molar 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Space-Time 
               
               
                   
                 % HFr 
                 Selectivity 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Yield 
               
               
                 Ex 
                 Conv 
                 G1 
                 A1 
                 MeOH 
                 MGH 
                 DG 
                 gmol/l-hr 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 148 
                 70 
                 95.8 
                 1.75 
                 1.75 
                 0.00 
                 0.85 
                 2.20 
               
               
                 149 
                 75 
                 90.8 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 0.00 
                 5.8 
                 2.00 
               
               
                 150 
                 70 
                 94.2 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 0.00 
                 2.8 
                 2.00 
               
               
                 151 
                 50 
                 92.9 
                 1.8 
                 1.7 
                 0.3 
                 3.1 
                 1.20 
               
               
                 152 
                 77 
                 93.1 
                 1.7 
                 1.3 
                 0.7 
                 3.1 
                 2.60 
               
               
                 153 
                 95 
                 93.3 
                 1.7 
                 1.4 
                 0.7 
                 2.9 
                 2.80 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The following examples illustrate the effect of feed water content, temperature, pressure, and catalyst level on the hydrocarboxylation of paraformaldehyde with sulfuric acid as catalyst. 
     Examples 154-159 
     Example 97 was repeated using only one feed stream with the feed rate and compositions shown in Table 22. The feed mixture was prepared by mixing, water, H 2 SO 4  and HGH in a tank heated to 60° C. Paraformaldehyde was added with stirring until complete dissolution occurred. The feed was kept at 60° C. throughout the reaction period to ensure no solid formaldehyde precipitated. The operating conditions along with reaction pressure, temperature and residence time are summarized in Tables 22 and 23. 
     Conversion, space-time yield, and selectivity of reacted formaldehyde to end products are summarized in Table 24. During analysis, glycolic acid oligomers and other forms of glycolic acid were hydrolyzed and converted to free monomeric glycolic acid equivalents. The selectivity of conversion of formaldehyde is reported as free glycolic acid equivalents. Methanol was present as both free methanol and methyl glycolate, and was converted to free methanol and glycolic acid by the analytical method. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 22 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Feed 1: Rate and Composition 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ex 
                 g/min 
                 Paraformaldehyde 
                 water 
                 G1 
                 H 2 SO 4   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 154 
                 0.68 
                 13.8 
                 8.3 
                 70.2 
                 7.7 
               
               
                 155 
                 1.01 
                 13.8 
                 11.7 
                 70.0 
                 4.5 
               
               
                 156 
                 1.01 
                 13.8 
                 11.6 
                 70.0 
                 4.5 
               
               
                 157 
                 1.66 
                 13.0 
                 17.2 
                 66.0 
                 3.8 
               
               
                 158 
                 1.02 
                 14.4 
                 4.3 
                 73.2 
                 8.0 
               
               
                 159 
                 0.94 
                 29.8 
                 28.6 
                 37.8 
                 3.8 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 23 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Overall Feed Ratios and Reaction Conditions 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Res 
               
               
                   
                 Feed Molar Ratio 
                   
                   
                   
                 Temp 
                 Press 
                 Time 
               
               
                 Ex 
                 Paraformaldehyde 
                 water 
                 G1 
                 H 2 SO 4   
                 Celsius 
                 psig 
                 minutes 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 154 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 0.170 
                 170 
                 1502 
                 180 
               
               
                 155 
                 1.0 
                 1.4 
                 2.0 
                 0.100 
                 200 
                 699 
                 120 
               
               
                 156 
                 1.0 
                 1.4 
                 2.0 
                 0.100 
                 190 
                 703 
                 120 
               
               
                 157 
                 1.0 
                 2.2 
                 2.0 
                 0.089 
                 205 
                 2603 
                 72 
               
               
                 158 
                 1.0 
                 0.5 
                 2.0 
                 0.170 
                 190 
                 1901 
                 120 
               
               
                 159 
                 1.0 
                 1.6 
                 0.5 
                 0.039 
                 205 
                 2605 
                 120 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 24 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Selectivity, Conversion, and Space-Time Yield Results 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Molar 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Space-Time 
               
               
                   
                 % F0 
                 Selectivity 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Yield 
               
               
                 Ex 
                 Conv 
                 G1 
                 A1 
                 DG 
                 MGH 
                 MeOH 
                 gmol/l-hr 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 154 
                 92 
                 94.06 
                 1.06 
                 3.82 
                 0.00 
                 1.06 
                 1.73 
               
               
                 155 
                 87 
                 64.56 
                 10.72 
                 5.56 
                 16.86 
                 2.29 
                 1.05 
               
               
                 156 
                 85 
                 70.00 
                 10.80 
                 3.00 
                 10.40 
                 5.70 
                 1.55 
               
               
                 157 
                 93 
                 89.22 
                 2.90 
                 4.12 
                 1.72 
                 2.04 
                 3.55 
               
               
                 158 
                 97 
                 84.63 
                 1.24 
                 11.97 
                 1.85 
                 0.32 
                 2.51 
               
               
                 159 
                 95 
                 89.96 
                 3.04 
                 2.91 
                 2.11 
                 1.98 
                 4.94