Abstract:
A minimum volume apparatus and method is provided including a tool for obtaining at least one parameter of interest of a subterranean formation in-situ, the tool comprising a carrier member, a selectively extendable member mounted on the carrier for isolating a portion of annulus, a port exposable to formation fluid in the isolated annulus space, a piston integrally disposed within the extendable member for urging the fluid into the port, and a sensor operatively associated with the port for detecting at least one parameter of interest of the fluid.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of Nonprovisional U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/621,398 filed on Jul. 21, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,478,096. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention generally relates to the testing of underground formations or reservoirs. More particularly, this invention relates to a reduced volume method and apparatus for sampling and testing a formation fluid. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     To obtain hydrocarbons such as oil and gas, well boreholes are drilled by rotating a drill bit attached at a drill string end. The drill string may be a jointed rotatable pipe or a coiled tube. A large portion of the current drilling activity involves directional drilling, i.e., drilling boreholes deviated from vertical and/or horizontal boreholes, to increase the hydrocarbon production and/or to withdraw additional hydrocarbons from earth formations. Modem directional drilling systems generally employ a drill string having a bottomhole assembly (BHA) and a drill bit at an end thereof that is rotated by a drill motor (mud motor) and/or the drill string. A number of downhole devices placed in close proximity to the drill bit measure certain downhole operating parameters associated with the drill string. Such devices typically include sensors for measuring downhole temperature and pressure, azimuth and inclination measuring devices and a resistivity-measuring device to determine the presence of hydrocarbons and water. Additional downhole instruments, known as measurement-while-drilling (MWD) or logging-while-drilling (LWD) tools, are frequently attached to the drill string to determine formation geology and formation fluid conditions during the drilling operations. 
     Pressurized drilling fluid (commonly known as the “mud” or “drilling mud”) is pumped into the drill pipe to rotate the drill motor, to provide lubrication to various members of the drill string including the drill bit and to remove cuttings produced by the drill bit. The drill pipe is rotated by a prime mover, such as a motor, to facilitate directional drilling and to drill vertical boreholes. The drill bit is typically coupled to a bearing assembly having a drive shaft which in turn rotates the drill bit attached thereto. Radial and axial bearings in the bearing assembly provide support to the drill bit against these radial and axial forces. 
     Boreholes are usually drilled along predetermined paths and proceed through various formations. A drilling operator typically controls the surface-controlled drilling parameters to optimize the drilling operations. These parameters include weight on bit, drilling fluid flow through the drill pipe, drill string rotational speed (r.p.m. of the surface motor coupled to the drill pipe) and the density and viscosity of the drilling fluid. The downhole operating conditions continually change and the operator must react to such changes and adjust the surface-controlled parameters to continually optimize the drilling operations. For drilling a borehole in a virgin region, the operator typically relies on seismic survey plots, which provide a macro picture of the subsurface formations and a pre-planned borehole path. For drilling multiple boreholes in the same formation, the operator may also have information about the previously drilled boreholes in the same formation. 
     Typically, the information provided to the operator during drilling includes borehole pressure, temperature, and drilling parameters such as weight-on-bit (WOB), rotational speed of the drill bit and/or the drill string, and the drilling fluid flow rate. In some cases, the drilling operator is also provided selected information about the bottomhole assembly condition (parameters), such as torque, mud motor differential pressure, torque, bit bounce and whirl, etc. 
     Downhole sensor data are typically processed downhole to some extent and telemetered uphole by sending a signal through the drill string or by transmitting pressure pulses through the circulating drilling fluid, i.e. mud-pulse telemetry. Although mud-pulse telemetry is more commonly used, such a system is capable of transmitting only a few (1-4) bits of information per second. Due to such a low transmission rate, the trend in the industry has been to attempt to process greater amounts of data downhole and transmit selected computed results or “answers” uphole for use by the driller for controlling the drilling operations. 
     Commercial development of hydrocarbon fields requires significant amounts of capital. Before field development begins, operators desire to have as much data as possible in order to evaluate the reservoir for commercial viability. Despite the advances in data acquisition during drilling using the MWD systems, it is often necessary to conduct further testing of the hydrocarbon reservoirs in order to obtain additional data. Therefore, after the well has been drilled, the hydrocarbon zones are often tested with other test equipment. 
     One type of post-drilling test involves producing fluid from the reservoir, collecting samples, shutting-in the well, reducing a test volume pressure, and allowing the pressure to build-up to a static level. This sequence may be repeated several times at several different reservoirs within a given borehole or at several points in a single reservoir. This type of test is known as a “Pressure Build-up Test.” One important aspect of data collected during such a Pressure Build-up Test is the pressure buildup information gathered after drawing down the pressure in the test volume. From this data, information can be derived as to permeability and size of the reservoir. Moreover, actual samples of the reservoir fluid can be obtained and tested to gather Pressure-Volume-Temperature data relevant to the reservoir&#39;s hydrocarbon distribution. 
     Some systems require retrieval of the drill string from the borehole to perform pressure testing. The drill is removed, and a pressure measuring tool is run into the borehole using a wireline and packers for isolating the reservoir. Although wireline conveyed tools are capable of testing a reservoir, it is difficult to convey a wireline tool in a deviated borehole. 
     Numerous communication devices have been designed which provide for manipulation of the test assembly, or alternatively, provide for data transmission from the test assembly. Some of those designs include mud-pulse telemetry to or from a downhole microprocessor located within, or associated with the test assembly. Alternatively, a wire line can be lowered from the surface, into a landing receptacle located within a test assembly, thereby establishing electrical signal communication between the surface and the test assembly. 
     Regardless of the type of test equipment currently used, and regardless of the type of communication system used, the amount of time and money required for retrieving the drill string and running a second test rig into the hole is significant. Further, when a hole is highly deviated wireline conveyed test figures cannot be used because frictional force between the test rig and the wellbore exceed gravitational force causing the test rig to stop before reaching the desired formation. 
     A more recent system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,803,186 to Berger et al. The &#39;186 patent provides a MWD system that includes use of pressure and resistivity sensors with the MWD system, to allow for real time data transmission of those measurements. The &#39;186 device enables obtaining static pressures, pressure build-ups, and pressure draw-downs with the work string, such as a drill string, in place. Also, computation of permeability and other reservoir parameters based on the pressure measurements can be accomplished without removing the drill string from the borehole. 
     A problem with the system described in the &#39;186 patent relates to the time required for completing a test. During drilling, density of the drilling fluid is calculated to achieve maximum drilling efficiency while maintaining safety, and the density calculation is based upon the desired relationship between the weight of the drilling mud column and the predicted downhole pressures to be encountered. After a test is taken a new prediction is made, the mud density is adjusted as required and the bit advances until another test is taken. Different formations are penetrated during drilling, and the pressure can change significantly from one formation to the next and in short distances due to different formation compositions. If formation pressure is lower than expected, the pressure from the mud column may cause unnecessary damage to the formation. If the formation pressure is higher than expected, a pressure kick could result. Consequently, delay in providing measured pressure information to the operator results in drilling mud being maintained at too high or too low a density for maximum efficiency and maximum safety. 
     A drawback of the &#39;186 patent, as well as other systems requiring fluid intake, is-that system clogging caused by debris in the fluid can seriously impede drilling operations. When drawing fluid into the system, cuttings from the drill bit or other rocks being carried by the fluid may enter the system. The &#39;186 patent discloses a series of conduit paths and valves through which the fluid must travel. It is possible for debris to clog the system at any valve location, at a conduit bend or at any location where conduit size changes. If the system is clogged, it may have to be retrieved from the borehole for cleaning causing enormous delay in the drilling operation. Therefore, it is desirable to have an apparatus with reduced risk of clogging to increase drilling efficiency. 
     Another drawback of the &#39;186 patent is that it has a large system volume. Filling a system with fluid takes time, so a system with a large internal volume requires more time to sample and test than does a system with a smaller internal volume. Therefore it is desirable to minimize internal system volume in order to maximize sampling and test efficiency. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention addresses some of the drawbacks discussed above by providing a measurement while drilling apparatus and method which enables sampling and measurements of parameters of fluids contained in a borehole while reducing the time required for taking such samples and measurements and reducing the risk of system clogging. 
     A minimum system volume apparatus is provided comprising a tool for obtaining at least one parameter of interest for a subterranean formation in-situ. The tool comprises a carrier member for conveying the tool into a borehole; at least one extendable member mounted on the carrier member, the at least one extendable member being selectively extendable into sealing engagement with the wall of the borehole for isolating a portion of an annular space between the carrier member and the formations; a port exposable to a fluid containing formation fluid in the isolated annular space; a piston integrally disposed within the extendable member for urging the fluid contained in the isolated annular space into the port; and a sensor operatively associated with the port for detecting at least one parameter of interest of the fluid indicative of the at least one formation parameter of interest. 
     In addition to the apparatus provided, a method is provided for obtaining at least one parameter of interest for a subterranean formation in-situ. The method comprises conveying a tool on a carrier member into a borehole; extending at least one pad member mounted on the carrier member; isolating a portion of an annular space between the carrier member and the borehole with the at least one pad member; exposing a port to a fluid containing formation fluid in the isolated annular space; urging the fluid contained in the isolated annular space into the port with a piston integrally disposed within the pad member; and detecting at least one parameter of interest of the fluid with a sensor operatively associated with the port for detecting, the at least one fluid parameter of interest indicative of the at least one formation parameter of interest. 
     The novel features of this invention, as well as the invention itself, will be best understood from the attached drawings, taken along with the following description, in which similar reference characters refer to similar parts. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is an elevation view of an offshore drilling system according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 shows a preferred embodiment of the present invention wherein downhole components are housed in a portion of drill string and a surface controller is shown schematically. 
     FIG. 3 is a detailed cross sectional view of an integrated pump and pad in an inactive state according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of an integrated pump and pad showing an extended pad member according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view of an integrated pump and pad after a pressure test according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view of an integrated pump and pad after flushing the system according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 7 shows an alternate embodiment of the present invention wherein packers are not required. 
     FIG. 8 shows and alternate mode of operation of a preferred embodiment wherein samples are taken with the pad member in a retracted position. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 1 is a typical drilling rig  102  with a borehole  104  being drilled into the subterranean formations  118 , as is well understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. The drilling rig  102  has a work string  106 , which in the typical embodiment shown in FIG. 1 is a drill string. The work string  106  has attached thereto a drill bit  108  for drilling the borehole  104 . The present invention is also useful in other types of work strings, and it is useful with jointed tubing as well as coiled tubing or other small diameter work string such as snubbing pipe. The drilling rig  102  is shown positioned on a drilling ship  122  with a riser  124  extending from the drilling ship  122  to the sea floor  120 . 
     If applicable, the drill string  106  (or any suitable work string) can have a downhole drill motor  110  for rotating the drill bit  108 . Incorporated in the drill string  106  above the drill bit  108  is at least one typical sensor  114  to sense downhole characteristics of the borehole, the bit, and the reservoir. Typical sensors sense characteristics such as temperature, pressure, bit speed, depth, gravitational pull, orientation, azimuth, fluid density, dielectric, etc. The drill string  106  also contains the formation test apparatus  116  of the present invention, which will be described in greater detail hereinafter. A telemetry system  112  is located in a suitable location on the drill string  106  such as uphole from the test apparatus  116 . The telemetry system  112  is used to receive commands from, and send data to, the surface. 
     FIG. 2 is a cross section elevation view of a preferred system according to the present invention. The system includes surface components and downhole components to carry out “Formation Testing While Drilling” (FTWD) operations. A borehole  104  is shown drilled into a formation  118  containing a formation fluid  216 . Disposed in the borehole  104  is a drill string  106 . The downhole components are conveyed on the drill string  106 , and the surface components are located in suitable locations on the surface. A surface controller  202  typically includes a communication system  204  electronically connected to a processor  206  and an input/output device  208 , all of which are well known in the art. The input/out device  208  may be a typical terminal for user inputs. A display such as a monitor or graphical user interface may be included for real time user interface. When hard-copy reports are desired, a printer may be used. Storage media such as CD, tape or disk are used to store data retrieved from downhole for future analyses. The processor  206  is used for processing (encoding) commands to be transmitted downhole and for processing (decoding) data received from downhole via the communication system  204 . The surface communication system  204  includes a receiver for receiving data transmitted from downhole and transferring the data to the surface processor for evaluation recording and display. A transmitter is also included with the communication system  204  to send commands to the downhole components. Telemetry is typically relatively slow mud-pulse telemetry, so downhole processors are often deployed for preprocessing data prior to transmitting results of the processed data to the surface. 
     A known communication and power unit  212  is disposed in the drill string  106  and includes a transmitter and receiver for two-way communication with the surface controller  202 . The power unit, typically a mud turbine generator, provides electrical power to run the downhole components. 
     Connected to the communication and power unit  212  is a controller  214 . As stated earlier a downhole processor (not separately shown) is preferred when using mud-pulse telemetry; the processor being integral to the controller  214 . The controller  214  uses preprogrammed commands, surface-initiated commands or a combination of the two to control the downhole components. The controller controls the extension of anchoring, stabilizing and sealing elements disposed on the drill string, such as grippers  210  and packers  232  and  234 . The control of various valves (not shown) can control the inflation and deflation of packers  232  and  234  by directing drilling mud flowing through the drill string  106  to the packers  232  and  234 . This is an efficient and well-known method to seal a portion of the annulus or to provide drill string stabilization while sampling and tests are conducted. When deployed, the packers  232  and  234  separate the annulus into an upper annulus  226 , an intermediate annulus  228  and a lower annulus  230 . The creation of the intermediate annulus  228  sealed from the upper annulus  226  and lower annulus  230  provides a smaller annular volume for enhanced control of the fluid contained in the volume. 
     The grippers  210 , preferably have a roughened end surface for engaging the well wall  244  to anchor the drill string  106 . Anchoring the drill string  106  protects soft components such as the packers  232  and  234  and pad member  220  from damage due to tool movement. The grippers  210  would be especially desirable in offshore systems such as the one shown in FIG. 1, because movement caused by heave can cause premature wear out of sealing components. 
     The controller  214  is also used to control a plurality of valves  240  combined in a multi-position valve assembly or series of independent valves. The valves  240  direct fluid flow driven by a pump  238  disposed in the drill string  106  to extend a pad piston  222 , operate a drawdown piston or otherwise called a draw piston  236 , and control pressure in the intermediate annulus  228  by pumping fluid from the annulus  228  through a vent  218 . The annular fluid may be stored in an optional storage tank  242  or vented to the upper  226  or lower annulus  230  through standard piping and the vent  218 . 
     Mounted on the drill string  106  via a pad piston  222  is a pad member  220  for engaging the borehole wall  244 . The pad member  220  is a soft elastomer cushion such as rubber. The pad piston  222  is used to extend the pad  220  to the borehole wall  244 . A pad  220  seals a portion of the annulus  228  from the rest of the annulus. A port  246  located on the pad  220  is exposed to formation fluid  216 , which tends to enter the sealed annulus when the pressure at the port  246  drops below the pressure of the surrounding formation  118 . The port pressure is reduced and the formation fluid  216  is drawn into the port  246  by a draw piston  236 . The draw piston  236  is operated hydraulically and is integral to the pad piston  222  for the smallest possible fluid volume within the tool. The small volume allows for faster measurements and reduces the probability of system contamination from the debris being drawn into the system with the fluid. 
     It is possible to cause damage downhole seals and the borehole mudcake when extending the pad member  220 , expanding the packers  232  and  234 , or when venting fluid. Care should be exercised to ensure the pressure is vented or exhausted to an area outside the intermediate annulus  228 . FIG. 2 shows a preferred location for the vent  218  above the upper packer  232 . It is also possible to prevent damage by leaving the upper packer  232  in a retracted position until the lower packer  234  is set and the pad member  220  is sealed against the borehole wall. 
     FIGS. 3 through 6 show details of the pad  220  and pistons  222  and  236  in more detail and in several operational positions. FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view of the fluid sampling unit of FIG. 2 in its initial, inactive or transport position. In the position shown in FIG. 3, the pad member  220  is fully retracted toward a tool housing  304 . A sensor  320  is disposed at the end of the pad member  226 . Disposed within the tool housing  304  is a piston cylinder  308  that contains hydraulic oil or drilling mud  326  in a draw reservoir  322  for operating the draw piston  236 . The draw piston  236  is coaxially disposed within the drawdown cylinder  308  and is shown in its outermost or initial position. In this initial position, there is substantially zero volume at the port  246 . The pad extension piston  222  is shown disposed circumferentially around and coaxially with the draw piston  236 . A barrier  306  disposed between the base of the draw piston  236  and the base of the pad extension piston  222  separates the piston cylinder reservoir into an inner (or draw) reservoir  322  and an outer (or extension) reservoir  324 . The separate extension reservoir  324  allows for independent operation of the extension piston  222  relative to the draw piston  236 . The hydraulic reservoirs are preferably balanced to hydrostatic pressure of the annulus for consistent operation. 
     Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, each piston assembly provides dedicated control lines  312 - 318 . The draw piston  236  is controlled in the “draw” direction by fluid  326  entering the draw line  314  while fluid  326  exits through the “flush” line  312 . When fluid flow is reversed in these lines, the draw piston  236  travels in the opposite or outward direction. Independent of the draw piston  236 , the pad extension piston  222  is forced outward by fluid  328  entering the pad deploy line  316  while fluid  328  exits the pad retract line  318 . Like the draw piston  236 , the travel of the pad extension piston  222  is reversed when the fluid  328  in the lines  316  and  318  reverses direction. As shown in FIG. 2, the line selection, and thus the direction of travel, is controlled through the valves  240  by the downhole controller  214 . The pump  238  provides the fluid pressure in the line selected. 
     Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 4, a pad piston  222  is shown at its outermost position. In this position, the pad  220  is in sealing engagement with the borehole wall  244 . To get to this position, the piston  222  is forced radially outward and perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the drill string  106  by fluid  328  entering the outer reservoir  324  through the pad deploy fluid line  316 . The port  246  located at the end of the pad  220  is open, and formation fluid  216  will enter the port  246  when the draw piston  236  is activated. 
     Test volume can be reduced to substantially zero in an alternate embodiment according to the present invention. Still referring to FIG. 4, if the sensor  320  is slightly reconfigured to translate with the draw piston  236 , and the draw piston extends to the borehole wall  244  with the pad piston  222  there would be zero volume at the port  246 . One way to extend the draw piston  236  to the borehole wall  244  is to extend the housing assembly  304  until the pad  220  contacts the wall  244 . If the housing  304  is extended, then there is no need to extend the pad piston  222 . At the beginning of a test with the housing  304  extended, the pad  220 , port  246 , sensor  320 , and draw piston  236  are all urged against the wall  244 . Pressure should be vented to the upper annulus  226  via the vent valve  240  and vent  218  when extending elements into the annulus to prevent over pressurizing its intermediate annulus  228 . 
     Another embodiment enabling the draw piston to extend is to remove the barrier  306  and use the flush line  312  to extend both pistons. The pad extension line  316  would then not be necessary, and the draw line  314  would be moved closer to the pad retract line  318 . The actual placement of the draw line  314  would be such that the space between the base of the draw piston  236  and the base of the pad extension piston  222  aligns with the draw line  314 , when both pistons are fully extended. 
     Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 5, cross-sectional views are shown of an integrated pump and pad according the present invention after sampling. Formation fluid  216  is drawn into a sampling reservoir  502  when the draw piston  236  moves inward toward the base of the housing  304 . As described earlier, movement of the draw piston  236  toward the base of the housing  304  is accomplished by hydraulic fluid or mud  326  entering the draw reservoir  322  through the draw line  314  and exiting through the flush line  312 . Clean fluid, meaning formation fluid  216  substantially free of contamination by drilling mud, can be obtained with several draw-flush-draw cycles. Flushing will be described in detail later. 
     Fluid drawn into the system may be tested downhole with one or more sensors  320 , or the fluid may be pumped to optional storage tanks  242  for retrieval and surface analysis or both. The sensor  320  may be located at the port  246 , with its output being transmitted or connected to the controller  214  via a sensor tube  310  as a feedback circuit. The controller may be programmed to control the draw of fluid from the formation based on the sensor output. The sensor  320  may also be located at any other desired suitable location in the system. If not located at the port  246 , the sensor  320  is preferably in fluid communication with the port  246  via the sensor tube  310 . 
     Referring to FIGS. 2 and 6, a detailed cross sectional view of an integrated pump and pad according the present invention is shown after flushing the system. The system draw piston  236  flushes the system when it is returned to its pre-draw position or when both pistons  222  and  236  are returned to the initial positions. The translation of the fluid piston  236  to flush the system occurs when fluid  326  is pumped into the draw reservoir through the flush line  312 . Formation fluid  216  contained in the sample reservoir  502  is forced out of the reservoir as shown in FIG. 5. A check valve  602  may be used to allow fluid to exit into the annulus  228 , or the fluid may be forced out through the port  246  as shown in FIG.  6 . The check valve  602  should not be used when the upper packer is extended. Retracting its packer  232  will ensure the intermediate annulus  228  is not over pressurized when fluid is flushed via the check valve  602 . The check valve  602  may also be relocated such that expelled fluid is vented to the upper annulus  226 . 
     FIG. 7 shows an alternative embodiment of the present invention wherein packers are not required and the optional storage reservoirs are not used. A drill string  106  carries downhole components comprising a communication/power unit  212 , controller  214 , pump  708 , a valve assembly  710 , stabilizers  704 , and a pump assembly  714 . A surface controller sends commands to and receives data from the downhole components. The surface controller comprises a two-way communications unit  204 , a processor  206 , and an input-out device  208 . 
     In this embodiment, stabilizers or grippers  704  selectively extend to engage the borehole wall  244  to stabilize or anchor the drill string  106  when the piston assembly  714  is adjacent a formation  118  to be tested. A pad extension piston  222  extends in a direction generally opposite the grippers  704 . The pad  220  is disposed on the end of the pad extension piston  222  and seals a portion of the annulus  702  at the port  246 . Formation fluid  216  is then drawn into the piston assembly  714  as described above in the discussion of FIGS. 4 and 5. Flushing the system is accomplished as described above in the discussion of FIG.  6 . 
     The configuration of FIG. 7 shows a sensor  706  disposed in the fluid sample reservoir of the piston assembly  714 . The sensor senses a desired parameter of interest of the formation fluid such as pressure, and the sensor transmits data indicative of the parameter of interest back to the controller  214  via conductors, fiber optics or other suitable transmission conductor. The controller  214  further comprises a controller processor (not separately shown) that processes the data and transmits the results to the surface via the communications and power unit  212 . The surface controller receives, processes and outputs the results described above in the discussion of FIGS. 1 and 2. 
     Modifications to the embodiments described above are considered within scope of this invention. Referring to FIG. 2 for example, the draw piston  236  and pad piston  222  may operated electrically, rather than hydraulically as shown. An electrical motor can be used to reciprocate each piston independently, or preferably, one motor controls both pistons. The electrical motor could replace the pump  238  shown in FIG.  2 . If a controllable pump power source such as a spindle or stepper motor is selected, then the piston position can be selectable throughout the line of travel. This feature is preferable in applications where precise control of system volume is desired. 
     A spindle motor is a known electrical motor wherein electrical power is translated into rotary mechanical power. Controlling electrical current flowing through motor windings controls the torque and/or speed of a rotating output shaft. A stepper motor is a known electrical motor that translates electrical pulses into precise discrete mechanical movement. The output shaft movement of a stepper motor can be either rotational or linear. 
     Using either a stepper motor or a spindle motor, the selected motor output shaft is connected to a device for reciprocating the pad and draw pistons  222  and  236 . A preferred device is a known ball screw assembly (BSA). A BSA uses circulating ball bearings (typically stainless steel or carbon) to roll along complementary helical groves of a nut and screw subassembly. The motor output shaft may turn either the nut or screw while the other translates linearly along the longitudinal axis of the screw subassembly. The translating component is connected to a piston, thus the piston is translated along the longitudinal axis of the screw subassembly axis. 
     Now that system embodiments of the invention have been described, a preferred method of testing a formation using the preferred system embodiment will be described. Referring first to FIGS. 1-6, a tool according to the present invention is conveyed into a borehole  104  on a drill string  106 . The drill string is anchored to the well wall using a plurality of grippers  210  that are extended using methods well known in the art. The annulus between the drill string  106  and borehole wall  244  is separated into an upper section  226 , an intermediate section  228  and a lower section  230  using expandable packers  232  and  234  known in the art. Using a pad extension piston  222 , a pad member  220  is brought into sealing contact with the borehole wall  244  preferably in the intermediate annulus section  228 . Using a pump  238 , drilling fluid pressure in the intermediate annulus  228  is reduced by pumping fluid from the section through a vent  218 . A draw piston  236  is used to draw formation fluid  216  into a fluid sample volume  502  through a port  246  located on the pad  220 . At least one parameter of interest such as formation pressure, temperature, fluid dielectric constant or resistivity is sensed with a sensor  320 , and the sensor output is processed by a downhole processor. The results are then transmitted to the surface using a two-way communications unit  212  disposed downhole on the drill string  106 . Using a surface communications unit  204 , the results received and forwarded to a surface processor  206 . The method further comprises processing the data at the surface for output to a display unit, printer, or storage device  208 . 
     A test using substantially zero volume can be accomplished using an alternative method according to the present invention. To ensure initial volume is substantially zero, the draw piston  236  and sensor are extended along with the pad  220  and pad piston  222  to seal off a portion of the borehole wall  244 . The remainder of this alternative method is essentially the same as the embodiment described above. The major difference is that the draw piston  236  need only be translated a small distance back into the tool to draw formation fluid into the port  246  thereby contacting the sensor  320 . The very small volume reduces the time required for the volume parameters being sensed to equalize with the formation parameters. 
     FIG. 8 illustrates another method of operation wherein samples of formation fluid  216  are taken with the pad member  220  in a retracted position. The annulus is separated into the several sealed sections  226 ,  228  and  230  as described above using expandable packers  232  and  234 . Using a pump  238 , drilling fluid pressure in the intermediate annulus  228  is reduced by pumping fluid from the section through a vent  218 . With the pressure in the intermediate annulus  228  lower than the formation pressure, formation fluid  216  fills the intermediate annulus  228 . If the pumping process continues, the fluid in the intermediate annulus becomes substantially free of contamination by drilling mud. Then without extending the pad member  220 , the draw piston  236  is used to draw formation fluid  216  into a fluid sample volume  502  through a port  246  exposed to the fluid  216 . At least one parameter of interest such as those described above is sensed with a sensor  320 , and the sensor output is processed by a downhole processor. The processed data is then transmitted to the surface controller  202  for further processing and output as described above. 
     While the particular invention as herein shown and disclosed in detail is fully capable of obtaining the objects and providing the advantages hereinbefore stated, it is to be understood that this disclosure is merely illustrative of the presently preferred embodiments of the invention and that no limitations are intended other than as described in the appended claims.