Abstract:
Method for processing a substrate are provided. The processing occurs when the substrate is moved between cluster tools. One method includes providing the substrate to a cluster tool, and the cluster tool is configured to move the substrate into a meniscus processing module having at least one proximity head. The proximity head is configured to perform operations including applying a fluid onto a region of a surface of the substrate, such the fluid is continuously flown so as to substantially fill the region between a surface of the proximity head and the surface of the substrate. An operation of removing the fluid from the region by applying a vacuum force through the proximity head is also provided. The applying and removing is operated substantially simultaneously so that the fluid forms a controlled fluid meniscus that remains between the surface of the substrate and the surface of the proximity head when the proximity head is positioned over the substrate. The method can include moving one of the controlled fluid meniscus or the substrate so that the controlled fluid meniscus is caused to contact regions of the surface of the substrate to cause fluid processing of the surface of the substrate when in the meniscus processing module. The method can also include moving the substrate out of the meniscus processing module and into a next module of the of the cluster tool or out of the cluster tool.

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
   This application is a Divisional application claiming 35 USC §120 priority to co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/330,897, filed on Dec. 24, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,240,679, and which is a continuation-in-part of a co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/261,839, from which priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 is claimed, entitled “Method and Apparatus for Drying Semiconductor Wafer Surfaces Using a Plurality of Inlets and Outlets Held in Close Proximity to the Wafer Surfaces” filed on Sep. 30, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,234,477. The aforementioned patent application is hereby incorporated by reference. 

   CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENTS 
   This application is related to U.S. Pat. No. 7,198,055, filed on Apr. 3, 2007, entitled “Meniscus, Vacuum, IPA vapor, Drying Manifold.” The aforementioned patent is hereby incorporated by reference. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention relates to semiconductor wafer cleaning and drying and, more particularly, to apparatuses and techniques for more efficiently removing fluids from wafer surfaces while reducing contamination and decreasing wafer cleaning cost. 
   2. Description of the Related Art 
   In the semiconductor chip fabrication process, it is well-known that there is a need to clean and dry a wafer where a fabrication operation has been performed that leaves unwanted residues on the surfaces of wafers. Examples of such a fabrication operation include plasma etching (e.g., tungsten etch back (WEB)) and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). In CMP, a wafer is placed in a holder which pushes a wafer surface against a rolling conveyor belt. This conveyor belt uses a slurry which consists of chemicals and abrasive materials to cause the polishing. Unfortunately, this process tends to leave an accumulation of slurry particles and residues at the wafer surface. If left on the wafer, the unwanted residual material and particles may cause, among other things, defects such as scratches on the wafer surface and inappropriate interactions between metallization features. In some cases, such defects may cause devices on the wafer to become inoperable. In order to avoid the undue costs of discarding wafers having inoperable devices, it is therefore necessary to clean the wafer adequately yet efficiently after fabrication operations that leave unwanted residues. 
   After a wafer has been wet cleaned, the wafer must be dried effectively to prevent water or cleaning fluid remnants from leaving residues on the wafer. If the cleaning fluid on the wafer surface is allowed to evaporate, as usually happens when droplets form, residues or contaminants previously dissolved in the cleaning fluid will remain on the wafer surface after evaporation (e.g., and form spots). To prevent evaporation from taking place, the cleaning fluid must be removed as quickly as possible without the formation of droplets on the wafer surface. In an attempt to accomplish this, one of several different drying techniques are employed such as spin drying, IPA, or Marangoni drying. All of these drying techniques utilize some form of a moving liquid/gas interface on a wafer surface which, if properly maintained, results in drying of a wafer surface without the formation of droplets. Unfortunately, if the moving liquid/gas interface breaks down, as often happens with all of the aforementioned drying methods, droplets form and evaporation occurs resulting in contaminants being left on the wafer surface. 
   The most prevalent drying technique used today is spin rinse drying (SRD).  FIG. 1  illustrates movement of cleaning fluids on a wafer  10  during an SRD drying process. In this drying process, a wet wafer is rotated at a high rate by rotation  14 . In SRD, by use of centrifugal force, the water or cleaning fluid used to clean the wafer is pulled from the center of the wafer to the outside of the wafer and finally off of the wafer as shown by fluid directional arrows  16 . As the cleaning fluid is being pulled off of the wafer, a moving liquid/gas interface  12  is created at the center of the wafer and moves to the outside of the wafer (i.e., the circle produced by the moving liquid/gas interface  12  gets larger) as the drying process progresses. In the example of  FIG. 1 , the inside area of the circle formed by the moving liquid/gas interface  12  is free from the fluid and the outside area of the circle formed by the moving liquid/gas interface  12  is the cleaning fluid. Therefore, as the drying process continues, the section inside (the dry area) of the moving liquid/gas interface  12  increases while the area (the wet area) outside of the moving liquid/gas interface  12  decreases. As stated previously, if the moving liquid/gas interface  12  breaks down, droplets of the cleaning fluid form on the wafer and contamination may occur due to evaporation of the droplets. As such, it is imperative that droplet formation and the subsequent evaporation be limited to keep contaminants off of the wafer surface. Unfortunately, the present drying methods are only partially successful at the prevention of moving liquid interface breakdown. 
   In addition, the SRD process has difficulties with drying wafer surfaces that are hydrophobic. Hydrophobic wafer surfaces can be difficult to dry because such surfaces repel water and water based (aqueous) cleaning solutions. Therefore, as the drying process continues and the cleaning fluid is pulled away from the wafer surface, the remaining cleaning fluid (if aqueous based) will be repelled by the wafer surface. As a result, the aqueous cleaning fluid will want the least amount of area to be in contact with the hydrophobic wafer surface. Additionally, the aqueous cleaning solution tends cling to itself as a result of surface tension (i.e., as a result of molecular hydrogen bonding). Therefore, because of the hydrophobic interactions and the surface tension, balls (or droplets) of aqueous cleaning fluid forms in an uncontrolled manner on the hydrophobic wafer surface. This formation of droplets results in the harmful evaporation and the contamination discussed previously. The limitations of the SRD are particularly severe at the center of the wafer, where centrifugal force acting on the droplets is the smallest. Consequently, although the SRD process is presently the most common way of wafer drying, this method can have difficulties reducing formation of cleaning fluid droplets on the wafer surface especially when used on hydrophobic wafer surfaces. 
   Therefore, there is a need for a method and an apparatus that avoids the prior art by allowing quick and efficient cleaning and drying of a semiconductor wafer, but at the same time reducing the formation of numerous water or cleaning fluid droplets which may cause contamination to deposit on the wafer surface. Such deposits as often occurs today reduce the yield of acceptable wafers and increase the cost of manufacturing semiconductor wafers. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   Broadly speaking, the present invention fills these needs by providing a cleaning and drying apparatus that is capable of removing fluids from wafer surfaces quickly while at the same time reducing wafer contamination. It should be appreciated that the present invention can be implemented in numerous ways, including as a process, an apparatus, a system, a device or a method. Several inventive embodiments of the present invention are described below. 
   In one embodiment, a substrate preparation system is provided which includes a drying system where the drying system includes at least one proximity head for drying a substrate. The system also includes a cleaning system for cleaning the substrate. 
   In another embodiment, a method for processing a substrate is provided. The processing occurs when the substrate is moved between cluster tools. This method includes providing the substrate to a cluster tool, and the cluster tool is configured to move the substrate into a meniscus processing module having at least one proximity head. The proximity head is configured to perform operations including applying a fluid onto a region of a surface of the substrate, such the fluid is continuously flown so as to substantially fill the region between a surface of the proximity head and the surface of the substrate. An operation of removing the fluid from the region by applying a vacuum force through the proximity head is also provided. The applying and removing is operated substantially simultaneously so that the fluid forms a controlled fluid meniscus that remains between the surface of the substrate and the surface of the proximity head when the proximity head is positioned over the substrate. The method can include moving one of the controlled fluid meniscus or the substrate so that the controlled fluid meniscus is caused to contact regions of the surface of the substrate to cause fluid processing of the surface of the substrate when in the meniscus processing module. The method can also include moving the substrate out of the meniscus processing module and into a next module of the of the cluster tool or out of the cluster tool. 
   In yet another embodiment, a method for cluster processing a substrate is provided. The method includes performing at least one of etching a substrate, planarizing the substrate, megasonically processing the substrate, cleaning the substrate. The method also includes drying of the substrate. The drying includes applying a first fluid onto a first region of a surface of the substrate, applying a second fluid onto a second region of the surface of the substrate, and removing the first fluid and the second fluid from the surface of the substrate. The removing occurs from a third region that substantially surrounds the first region. The second region substantially surrounds at least a portion of the third region, and the applying and the removing being capable of forming a controlled fluid meniscus. 
   The advantages of the present invention are numerous. Most notably, the apparatuses and methods described herein efficiently dry and clean a semiconductor wafer while reducing fluids and contaminants remaining on a wafer surface. Consequently, wafer processing and production may be increased and higher wafer yields may be achieved due to efficient wafer drying with lower levels of contamination. The present invention enables the improved drying and cleaning through the use of vacuum fluid removal in conjunction with fluid input. The pressures generated on a fluid film at the wafer surface by the aforementioned forces enable optimal removal of fluid at the wafer surface with a significant reduction in remaining contamination as compared with other cleaning and drying techniques. 
   In addition, the present invention may utilize application of an isopropyl alcohol (IPA) vapor and deionized water towards a wafer surface along with generation of a vacuum near the wafer surface at substantially the same time. This enables both the generation and intelligent control of a meniscus and the reduction of water surface tension along a deionized water interface and therefore enables optimal removal of fluids from the wafer surface without leaving contaminants. The meniscus generated by input of IPA, DIW and output of fluids may be moved along the surface of the wafer to clean and dry the wafer. Therefore, the present invention evacuates fluid from wafer surfaces with extreme effectiveness while substantially reducing contaminant formation due to ineffective drying such as for example, spin drying. 
   Moreover the present invention also can be incorporated into numerous types of systems to generate wafer processing systems with cluster tools giving the systems multiple types of processing capabilities. By having a system that can conduct different types of wafer processing, wafers can be processed in a more efficient manner. By having different types of cluster tools in the wafer processing system, there may be less time in wafer transport time because the modules/tools are integrated on one system. In addition, there may space savings so less footprint is needed to house the wafer processing apparatuses. Therefore, the present invention may be incorporated into any suitable variety of systems to make wafer processing more efficient and cost effective. 
   Other aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, illustrating by way of example the principles of the present invention. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The present invention will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. To facilitate this description, like reference numerals designate like structural elements. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates movement of cleaning fluids on a wafer during an SRD drying process. 
       FIG. 2A  shows a wafer cleaning and drying system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 2B  shows an alternate view of the wafer cleaning and drying system in accordance with one embodiment of present invention. 
       FIG. 2C  illustrates a side close-up view of the wafer cleaning and drying system holding a wafer in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 2D  shows another side close-up view of the wafer cleaning and drying system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 3A  shows a top view illustrating the wafer cleaning and drying system with dual proximity heads in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 3B  illustrates a side view of the wafer cleaning and drying system with dual proximity heads in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 4A  shows a top view of a wafer cleaning and drying system which includes multiple proximity heads for a particular surface of the wafer in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 4B  shows a side view of the wafer cleaning and drying system which includes multiple proximity heads for a particular surface of the wafer in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 5A  shows a top view of a wafer cleaning and drying system with a proximity head in a horizontal configuration which extends across a diameter of the wafer  108  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 5B  shows a side view of a wafer cleaning and drying system with the proximity heads in a horizontal configuration which extends across a diameter of the wafer in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 5C  shows a top view of a wafer cleaning and drying system with the proximity heads in a horizontal configuration which is configured to clean and/or dry the wafer that is stationary in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 5D  shows a side view of a wafer cleaning and drying system with the proximity heads in a horizontal configuration which is configured to clean and/or dry the wafer that is stationary in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 5E  shows a side view of a wafer cleaning and drying system with the proximity heads in a vertical configuration enabled to clean and/or dry the wafer that is stationary in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 5F  shows an alternate side view of a wafer cleaning and drying system that is shifted 90 degrees from the side view shown in  FIG. 5E  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 5G  shows a top view of a wafer cleaning and drying system with a proximity head in a horizontal configuration which extends across a radius of the wafer in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 5H  shows a side view of a wafer cleaning and drying system with the proximity heads and in a horizontal configuration which extends across a radius of the wafer in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 6A  shows a proximity head inlet/outlet orientation that may be utilized to clean and dry the wafer in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 6B  shows another proximity head inlet/outlet orientation that may be utilized to clean and dry the wafer in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 6C  shows a further proximity head inlet/outlet orientation that may be utilized to clean and dry the wafer in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 6D  illustrates a preferable embodiment of a wafer drying process that may be conducted by a proximity head in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 6E  shows another wafer drying process using another source inlet/outlet orientation that may be conducted by a proximity head in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 6F  shows another source inlet and outlet orientation where an additional source outlet may be utilized to input an additional fluid in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 7A  illustrates a proximity head performing a drying operation in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 7B  shows a top view of a portion of a proximity head in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 7C  illustrates a proximity head with angled source inlets performing a drying operation in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 7D  illustrates a proximity head with angled source inlets and angled source outlets performing a drying operation in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 8A  illustrates a side view of the proximity heads for use in a dual wafer surface cleaning and drying system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 8B  shows the proximity heads in a dual wafer surface cleaning and drying system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 9A  illustrates a processing window in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 9B  illustrates a substantially circular processing window in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 9C  illustrates a processing window in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 9D  illustrates a processing window in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 10A  shows an exemplary process window with the plurality of source inlets and as well as the plurality of source outlets in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 10B  shows processing regions of a proximity head in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 11A  shows a top view of a proximity head with a substantially rectangular shape in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 11B  illustrates a side view of the proximity head in accordance with one embodiment of present invention. 
       FIG. 11C  shows a rear view of the proximity head in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 12A  shows a proximity head with a partial rectangular and partial circular shape in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 12B  shows a side view of the proximity head with a partial rectangular and partial circular shape in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 12C  shows a back view of the proximity head with a partial rectangular and partial circular shape in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 13A  shows a rectangular proximity head in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 13B  shows a rear view of the proximity head in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 13C  illustrates a side view of the proximity head in accordance with one embodiment of present invention. 
       FIG. 14A  shows a rectangular proximity head in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 14B  shows a rear view of the rectangular proximity head in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 14C  illustrates a side view of the rectangular proximity head in accordance with one embodiment of present invention. 
       FIG. 15A  shows a proximity head in operation according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 15B  illustrates the proximity head as described in  FIG. 15A  with IPA input in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 15C  shows the proximity head as described in  FIG. 15B , but with the IPA flow increased to 24 ml/min in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 15D  shows the proximity head where the fluid meniscus is shown where the wafer is being rotated in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 15E  shows the proximity head where the fluid meniscus is shown where the wafer is being rotated faster than the rotation shown in  FIG. 15D  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 15F  shows the proximity head where the IPA flow has been increased as compared to the IPA flow of  FIG. 15D  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 16A  shows a top view of a cleaning/drying system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 16B  shows an alternative view of the cleaning/drying system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 17  illustrates a wafer processing system with front end frame assembly with a drying module in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 18  shows a wafer processing system which has multiple wafer processing tools in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 19  shows a wafer processing system without the etching module in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 20  illustrates a wafer processing system which includes a drying module and a cleaning module in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 21  shows a block diagram of a wafer processing system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   Inventions for methods of cleaning and/or drying a wafer are disclosed. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be understood, however, by one of ordinary skill in the art, that the present invention may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well known process operations have not been described in detail in order not to unnecessarily obscure the present invention. 
   While this invention has been described in terms of several preferred embodiments, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art upon reading the preceding specifications and studying the drawings will realize various alterations, additions, permutations and equivalents thereof. It is therefore intended that the present invention includes all such alterations, additions, permutations, and equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. 
     FIGS. 2A through 2D  below illustrate embodiments of an exemplary wafer processing system. It should be appreciated that the system is exemplary, and that any other suitable type of configuration that would enable movement of the proximity head(s) into close proximity to the wafer may be utilized. In the embodiments shown, the proximity head(s) may move in a linear fashion from a center portion of the wafer to the edge of the wafer. It should be appreciated that other embodiments may be utilized where the proximity head(s) move in a linear fashion from one edge of the wafer to another diametrically opposite edge of the wafer, or other non-linear movements may be utilized such as, for example, in a radial motion, in a spiral motion, in a zig-zag motion, etc. In addition, in one embodiment, the wafer may be rotated and the proximity head moved in a linear fashion so the proximity head may process all portions of the wafer. It should also be understood that other embodiments may be utilized where the wafer is not rotated but the proximity head is configured to move over the wafer in a fashion that enables processing of all portions of the wafer. In addition, the proximity head and the wafer cleaning and drying system described herein may be utilized to clean and dry any shape and size of substrates such as for example, 200 mm wafers, 300 mm wafers, flat panels, etc. The wafer cleaning and drying system may be utilized for either or both cleaning and drying the wafer depending on the configuration of the system. 
     FIG. 2A  shows a wafer cleaning and drying system  100  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The system  100  includes rollers  102   a ,  102   b , and  102   c  which may hold and rotate a wafer to enable wafer surfaces to be dried. The system  100  also includes proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  that, in one embodiment, are attached to an upper arm  104   a  and to a lower arm  104   b  respectively. The upper arm  104   a  and the lower arm  104   b  are part of a proximity head carrier assembly  104  which enables substantially linear movement of the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  along a radius of the wafer. 
   In one embodiment the proximity head carrier assembly  104  is configured to hold the proximity head  106   a  above the wafer and the proximity head  106   b  below the wafer in close proximity to the wafer. This may be accomplished by having the upper arm  104   a  and the lower arm  104   b  be movable in a vertical manner so once the proximity heads are moved horizontally into a location to start wafer processing, the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  can be moved vertically to a position in close proximity to the wafer. The upper arm  104   a  and the lower arm  104   b  may be configured in any suitable way so the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  can be moved to enable wafer processing as described herein. It should be appreciated that the system  100  may be configured in any suitable manner as long as the proximity head(s) may be moved in close proximity to the wafer to generate and control a meniscus as discussed below in reference to  FIGS. 6D through 8B . It should also be understood that close proximity may be any suitable distance from the wafer as long as a meniscus as discussed in further reference to  FIG. 6D through 8B  may be maintained. In one embodiment, the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  (as well as any other proximity head described herein) may each be moved to between about 0.1 mm to about 10 mm from the wafer to initiate wafer processing operations. In a preferable embodiment, the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  (as well as any other proximity head described herein) may each be moved to between about 0.5 mm to about 4.5 mm from the wafer to initiate wafer processing operations, and in more preferable embodiment, the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  (as well as any other proximity head described herein) may be moved to about 2 mm from the wafer to initiate wafer processing operations. 
     FIG. 2B  shows an alternate view of the wafer cleaning and drying system  100  in accordance with one embodiment of present invention. The system  100 , in one embodiment, has the proximity head carrier assembly  104  that is configured to enable the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  to be moved from the center of the wafer towards the edge of the wafer. It should be appreciated that the proximity head carrier assembly  104  may be movable in any suitable manner that would enable movement of the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  to clean and/or dry the wafer as desired. In one embodiment, the proximity head carrier assembly  104  can be motorized to move the proximity head  106   a  and  106   b  from the center of the wafer to the edge of the wafer. It should be understood that although the wafer cleaning and drying system  100  is shown with the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b , that any suitable number of proximity heads may be utilized such as, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc. The proximity heads  106   a  and/or  106   b  of the wafer cleaning and drying system  100  may also be any suitable size or shape as shown by, for example, any of the proximity heads as described herein. The different configurations described herein generate a fluid meniscus between the proximity head and the wafer. The fluid meniscus may be moved across the wafer to clean and dry the wafer by applying fluid to the wafer surface and removing the fluids from the surface. Therefore, the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  can have any numerous types of configurations as shown herein or other configurations that enable the processes described herein. It should also be appreciated that the system  100  may clean and dry one surface of the wafer or both the top surface and the bottom surface of the wafer. 
   In addition, besides cleaning or drying both the top and bottom surfaces and of the wafer, the system  100  may also be configured to clean one side of the wafer and dry another side of the wafer if desired by inputting and outputting different types of fluids. It should be appreciated that the system  100  may utilize the application of different chemicals top and bottom in the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  respectively depending on the operation desired. The proximity heads can be configured to clean and dry the bevel edge of the wafer in addition to cleaning and/or drying the top and/or bottom of the wafer. This can be accomplished by moving the meniscus off the edge the wafer which cleans the bevel edge. It should also be understood that the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  may be the same type of apparatus or different types of proximity heads. 
     FIG. 2C  illustrates a side close-up view of the wafer cleaning and drying system  100  holding a wafer  108  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The wafer  108  may be held and rotated by the rollers  102   a ,  102   b , and  102   c  in any suitable orientation as long as the orientation enables a desired proximity head to be in close proximity to a portion of the wafer  108  that is to be cleaned or dried. In one embodiment, the roller  102   b  may be rotated by using a spindle  111 , and the roller  102   c  may held and rotated by a roller arm  109 . The roller  102   a  may also be rotated by its own spindle (as shown in  FIG. 3B . In one embodiment, the rollers  102   a ,  102   b , and  102   c  can rotate in a clockwise direction to rotate the wafer  108  in a counterclockwise direction. It should be understood that the rollers may be rotated in either a clockwise or a counterclockwise direction depending on the wafer rotation desired. In one embodiment, the rotation imparted on the wafer  108  by the rollers  102   a ,  102   b , and  102   c  serves to move a wafer area that has not been processed into close proximity to the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b . However, the rotation itself does not dry the wafer or move fluid on the wafer surfaces towards the edge of the wafer. Therefore, in an exemplary drying operation, the wet areas of the wafer would be presented to the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  through both the linear motion of the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  and through the rotation of the wafer  108 . The drying or cleaning operation itself is conducted by at least one of the proximity heads. Consequently, in one embodiment, a dry area of the wafer  108  would expand from a center region to the edge region of the wafer  108  in a spiral movement as a drying operation progresses. In a preferable embodiment, the dry are of the wafer  108  would move around the wafer  108  and the wafer  108  would be dry in one rotation (if the length of the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  are at least a radius of the wafer  108 ) By changing the configuration of the system  100  and the orientation of and movement of the proximity head  106   a  and/or the proximity head  106   b , the drying movement may be changed to accommodate nearly any suitable type of drying path. 
   It should be understood that the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  may be configured to have at least one of first source inlet configured to input deionized water (DIW) (also known as a DIW inlet), at least one of a second source inlet configured to input isopropyl alcohol (IPA) in vapor form (also known as IPA inlet), and at least one source outlet configured to output fluids from a region between the wafer and a particular proximity head by applying vacuum (also known as vacuum outlet). It should be appreciated that the vacuum utilized herein may also be suction. In addition, other types of solutions may be inputted into the first source inlet and the second source inlet such as, for example, cleaning solutions, ammonia, HF, etc. It should be appreciated that although IPA vapor is used in some of the exemplary embodiments, any other type of vapor may be utilized such as for example, nitrogen, any suitable alcohol vapor, organic compounds, etc. that may be miscible with water. 
   In one embodiment, the at least one IPA vapor inlet is adjacent to the at least one vacuum outlet which is in turn adjacent to the at least one DIW inlet to form an IPA-vacuum-DIW orientation. It should be appreciated that other types of orientations such as IPA-DIW-vacuum, DIW-vacuum-IPA, vacuum-IPA-DIW, etc. may be utilized depending on the wafer processes desired and what type of wafer cleaning and drying mechanism is sought to be enhanced. In a preferable embodiment, the IPA-vacuum-DIW orientation may be utilized to intelligently and powerfully generate, control, and move the meniscus located between a proximity head and a wafer to clean and dry wafers. The DIW inlets, the IPA vapor inlets, and the vacuum outlets may be arranged in any suitable manner if the above orientation is maintained. For example, in addition to the IPA vapor inlet, the vacuum outlet, and the DIW inlet, in an additional embodiment, there may be additional sets of IPA vapor outlets, DIW inlets and/or vacuum outlets depending on the configuration of the proximity head desired. Therefore, another embodiment may utilize an IPA-vacuum-DIW-DIW-vacuum-IPA or other exemplary embodiments with an IPA source inlet, vacuum source outlet, and DIW source inlet configurations are described herein with a preferable embodiment being described in reference to  FIG. 6D . It should be appreciated that the exact configuration of the IPA-vacuum-DIW orientation may be varied depending on the application. For example, the distance between the IPA input, vacuum, and DIW input locations may be varied so the distances are consistent or so the distances are inconsistent. In addition, the distances between the IPA input, vacuum, and DIW output may differ in magnitude depending on the size, shape, and configuration of the proximity head  106   a  and the desired size of a process window as described in further detail in reference to  FIG. 10 . In addition, as discussed in reference to  FIG. 10 , the IPA-vacuum-DIW orientation is configured so a vacuum region substantially surrounds a DIW region and the IPA region substantially surrounds at least the trailing edge region of the vacuum region. 
     FIG. 2D  shows another side close-up view of the wafer cleaning and drying system  100  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  have been positioned in close proximity to a top surface  108   a  and a bottom surface  108   b  of the wafer  108  respectively by utilization of the proximity head carrier assembly  104 . Once in this position, the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  may utilize the IPA and DIW source inlets and a vacuum source outlet(s) to generate wafer processing meniscuses in contact with the wafer  108  which are capable of removing fluids from a top surface  108   a  and a bottom surface  108   b . The wafer processing meniscus may be generated in accordance with the descriptions in reference to  FIGS. 6 through 9B  where IPA vapor and DIW are inputted into the region between the wafer  108  and the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b . At substantially the same time the IPA and DIW is inputted, a vacuum may be applied in close proximity to the wafer surface to output the IPA vapor, the DIW, and the fluids that may be on a wafer surface. It should be appreciated that although IPA is utilized in the exemplary embodiment, any other suitable type of vapor may be utilized such as for example, nitrogen, any suitable alcohol vapor, organic compounds, hexanol, ethyl glycol; etc. that may be miscible with water. The portion of the DIW that is in the region between the proximity head and the wafer is the meniscus. It should be appreciated that as used herein, the term “output” can refer to the removal of fluid from a region between the wafer  108  and a particular proximity head, and the term “input” can be the introduction of fluid to the region between the wafer  108  and the particular proximity head. 
   In another exemplary embodiment, the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  may be moved in a manner so all parts of the wafer  108  are cleaned, dried, or both without the wafer  108  being rotated. In such an embodiment, the proximity head carrier assembly  104  may be configured to enable movement of the either one or both of the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  to close proximity of any suitable region of the wafer  108 . In one embodiment, of the proximity heads are smaller in length than a radius of the wafer, the proximity heads may be configured to move in a spiral manner from the center to the edge of the wafer  108  or vice versa. In a preferable embodiment, when the proximity heads are larger in length than a radius of the wafer, the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  may be moved over the entire surface of the wafer in one rotation. In another embodiment, the proximity heads  104   a  and  104   b  may be configured to move in a linear fashion back and forth across the wafer  108  so all parts of the wafer surfaces  108   a  and/or  108   b  may be processed. In yet another embodiment, configurations as discussed below in reference to  FIG. 5C through 5H  may be utilized. Consequently, countless different configurations of the system  100  may be utilized in order to obtain an optimization of the wafer processing operation. 
     FIG. 3A  shows a top view illustrating the wafer cleaning and drying system  100  with dual proximity heads in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. As described above in reference to  FIGS. 2A to 2D , the upper arm  104   a  may be configured to move and hold the proximity head  106   a  in a position in close proximity over the wafer  108 . The upper arm  104   a  may also be configured to move the proximity head  106   a  from a center portion of the wafer  108  towards the edge of the wafer  108  in a substantially linear fashion  113 . Consequently, in one embodiment, as the wafer  108  moves as shown by rotation  112 , the proximity head  106   a  is capable of removing a fluid film from the top surface  108   a  of the wafer  108  using a process described in further detail in reference to  FIGS. 6 through 8 . Therefore, the proximity head  106   a  may dry the wafer  108  in a substantially spiral path over the wafer  108 . In another embodiment as shown in reference to  FIG. 3B , there may be a second proximity head located below the wafer  108  to remove a fluid film from the bottom surface  108   b  of the wafer  108 . 
     FIG. 3B  illustrates a side view of the wafer cleaning and drying system  100  with dual proximity heads in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the system  100  includes both the proximity head  106   a  capable of processing a top surface of the wafer  108  and the proximity head  106   b  capable of processing a bottom surface of the wafer  108 . In one embodiment, spindles  111   a  and  111   b  along with a roller arm  109  may rotate the rollers  102   a ,  102   b , and  102   c  respectively. This rotation of the rollers  102   a ,  102   b , and  102   c  may rotate the wafer  108  so substantially all surfaces of the wafer  108  may be presented to the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  for drying and/or cleaning. In one embodiment, while the wafer  108  is being rotated, the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  are brought to close proximity of the wafer surfaces  108   a  and  108   b  by the arms  104   a  and  104   b  respectively. Once the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  are brought into close proximity to the wafer  108 , the wafer drying or cleaning may be begun. In operation, the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  may each remove fluids from the wafer  108  by applying IPA, deionized water and vacuum to the top surface and the bottom surface of the wafer  108  as described in reference to  FIG. 6 . 
   In one embodiment, by using the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b , the system  100  may dry a 200 mm wafer in less than 45 seconds. In another embodiment, where the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  are at least a radius of the wafer in length, the drying time for a wafer may be less than 30 seconds. It should be understood that drying or cleaning time may be decreased by increasing the speed at which the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  travels from the center of the wafer  108  to the edge of the wafer  108 . In another embodiment, the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  may be utilized with a faster wafer rotation to dry the wafer  108  in less time. In yet another embodiment, the rotation of the wafer  108  and the movement of the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  may be adjusted in conjunction to obtain an optimal drying/cleaning speed. In one embodiment, the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  may move linearly from a center region of the wafer  108  to the edge of the wafer  108  at between about 0 mm per second to about 50 mm per second. 
     FIG. 4A  shows a top view of a wafer cleaning and drying system  100 - 1  which includes multiple proximity heads for a particular surface of the wafer  108  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the system  100 - 1  includes an upper arm  104   a - 1  and an upper arm  104   a - 2 . As shown in  FIG. 4B , the system  100 - 1  also may include lower arm  104   b - 1  and lower arm  104   b - 2  connected to proximity heads  106   b - 1  and  106   b - 2  respectively. In the system  100 - 1 , the proximity heads  106   a - 1  and  106   a - 2  (as well as  106   b - 1  and  106   b - 2  if top and bottom surface processing is being conducted) work in conjunction so, by having two proximity heads processing a particular surface of the wafer  108 , drying time or cleaning time may be cut to about half of the time. Therefore, in operation, while the wafer  108  is rotated, the proximity heads  106   a - 1 ,  106   a - 2 ,  106   b - 1 , and  106   b - 2  start processing the wafer  108  near the center of the wafer  108  and move outward toward the edge of the wafer  108  in a substantially linear fashion. In this way, as the rotation  112  of the wafer  108  brings all regions of the wafer  108  in proximity with the proximity heads so as to process all parts of the wafer  108 . Therefore, with the linear movement of the proximity heads  106   a - 1 ,  106   a - 2 ,  106   b - 1 , and  106   b - 2  and the rotational movement of the wafer  108 , the wafer surface being dried moves in a spiral fashion from the center of the wafer  108  to the edge of the wafer  108 . 
   In another embodiment, the proximity heads  106   a - 1  and  106   b - 1  may start processing the wafer  108  and after they have moved away from the center region of the wafer  108 , the proximity heads  106   a - 2  and  106   b - 2  may be moved into place in the center region of the wafer  108  to augment in wafer processing operations. Therefore, the wafer processing time may be decreased significantly by using multiple proximity heads to process a particular wafer surface. 
     FIG. 4B  shows a side view of the wafer cleaning and drying system  100 - 1  which includes multiple proximity heads for a particular surface of the wafer  108  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the system  100 - 1  includes both the proximity heads  106   a - 1  and  106   a - 2  that are capable of processing the top surface  108   a  of the wafer  108 , and proximity heads  106   b - 1  and  106   b - 2  capable of processing the bottom surface  108   b  of the wafer  108 . As in the system  100 , the spindles  111   a  and  111   b  along with a roller arm  109  may rotate the rollers  102   a ,  102   b , and  102   c  respectively. This rotation of the rollers  102   a ,  102   b , and  102   c  may rotate the wafer  108  so substantially all surfaces of the wafer  108  may brought in close proximity to the proximity heads  106   a - 1 ,  106   a - 2 ,  106   b - 1 , and  106   b - 2  for wafer processing operations. 
   In operation, each of the proximity heads  106   a - 1 ,  106   a - 2 ,  106   b - 1 , and  106   b - 2  may remove fluids from the wafer  108  by applying IPA, deionized water and vacuum to the top surface and the bottom surface of the wafer  108  as shown, for example, in  FIG. 6 through 8 . By having two proximity heads per wafer side, the wafer processing operation (i.e., cleaning and/or drying) may be accomplished in substantially less time. It should be appreciated that as with the wafer processing system described in reference to  FIGS. 3A and 3B , the speed of the wafer rotation may be varied to any suitable speed as long as the configuration enables proper wafer processing. In one embodiment, the wafer processing time may be decreased when half a rotation of the wafer  108  is used to dry the entire wafer. In such an embodiment, the wafer processing speed may be about half of the processing speed when only one proximity head is utilized per wafer side. 
     FIG. 5A  shows a top view of a wafer cleaning and drying system  100 - 2  with a proximity head  106   a - 3  in a horizontal configuration which extends across a diameter of the wafer  108  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the proximity head  106   a - 3  is held by an upper arm  104   a - 3  that extends across a diameter of the wafer  108 . In this embodiment, the proximity head  106   a - 3  may be moved into a cleaning/drying position by a vertical movement of the upper arm  104   a - 3  so the proximity head  106   a - 3  can be in a position that is in close proximity to the wafer  108 . Once the proximity head  106   a - 3  is in close proximity to the wafer  108 , the wafer processing operation of a top surface of the wafer  108  can take place. 
     FIG. 5B  shows a side view of a wafer cleaning and drying system  100 - 2  with the proximity heads  106   a - 3  and  106   b - 3  in a horizontal configuration which extends across a diameter of the wafer  108  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the proximity head  106   a - 3  and the proximity head  106   b - 3  both are elongated to be able to span the diameter of the wafer  108 . In one embodiment, while the wafer  108  is being rotated, the proximity heads  106   a - 3  and  106   b - 3  are brought to close proximity of the wafer surfaces  108   a  and  108   b  by the top arm  104   a  and a bottom arm  106   b - 3  respectively. Because the proximity heads  106   a - 3  and  106   b - 3  extend across the wafer  108 , only half of a full rotation may be needed to clean/dry the wafer  108 . 
     FIG. 5C  shows a top view of a wafer cleaning and drying system  100 - 3  with the proximity heads  106   a - 3  and  106   b - 3  in a horizontal configuration which is configured to clean and/or dry the wafer  108  that is stationary in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the wafer  108  may be held stationary by any suitable type of wafer holding device such as, for example, an edge grip, fingers with edge attachments, etc. The proximity head carrier assembly  104 ′″ is configured to be movable from one edge of the wafer  108  across the diameter of the wafer  108  to an edge on the other side of the wafer  108  after crossing the entire wafer diameter. In this fashion, the proximity head  106   a - 3  and/or the proximity head  106   b - 3  (as shown below in reference to  FIG. 5D ) may move across the wafer following a path along a diameter of the wafer  108  from one edge to an opposite edge. It should be appreciated that the proximity heads  106   a - 3  and/or  106   b - 3  may be move from any suitable manner that would enable moving from one edge of the wafer  108  to another diametrically opposite edge. In one embodiment, the proximity head  106   a - 3  and/or the proximity head  106   b - 3  may move in directions  121  (e.g., top to bottom or bottom to top of  FIG. 5C ). Therefore, the wafer  108  may stay stationary without any rotation or movement and the proximity heads  106   a - 3  and/or the proximity head  106   b - 3  may move into close proximity of the wafer and, through one pass over the wafer  108 , clean/dry the top and/or bottom surface of the wafer  108 . 
     FIG. 5D  shows a side view of a wafer cleaning and drying system  100 - 3  with the proximity heads  106   a - 3  and  106   b - 3  in a horizontal configuration which is configured to clean and/or dry the wafer  108  that is stationary in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the proximity head  106   a - 3  is in a horizontal position with the wafer  108  also in a horizontal position. By use of the proximity head  106   a - 3  and the proximity head  106   b - 3  that spans at least the diameter of the wafer  108 , the wafer  108  may be cleaned and/or dried in one pass by moving proximity heads  106   a - 3  and  106   b - 3  in the direction  121  as discussed in reference to  FIG. 5C . 
     FIG. 5E  shows a side view of a wafer cleaning and drying system  100 - 4  with the proximity heads  106   a - 3  and  106   b - 3  in a vertical configuration enabled to clean and/or dry the wafer  108  that is stationary in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the proximity heads  106   a - 3  and  106   b - 3  are in a vertical configuration, and the proximity heads  106   a - 3  and  106   b - 3  are configured to move either from left to right, or from right to left, beginning from a first edge of the wafer  108  to a second edge of the wafer  108  that is diametrically opposite to the first edge. Therefore, in such as embodiment, the proximity head carrier assembly  104 ′″ may move the proximity heads  104   a - 3  and  104   b - 3  in close proximity with the wafer  108  and also enable the movement of the proximity heads  104   a - 3  and  104   b - 3  across the wafer from one edge to another so the wafer  108  may be processed in one pass thereby decreasing the time to clean and/or dry the wafer  108 . 
     FIG. 5F  shows an alternate side view of a wafer cleaning and drying system  100 - 4  that is shifted 90 degrees from the side view shown in  FIG. 5E  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. It should be appreciated that the proximity head carrier assembly  104 ′″ may be oriented in any suitable manner such as for example, having the proximity head carrier assembly  104 ′″ rotated 180 degrees as compared with what is shown in  FIG. 5F . 
     FIG. 5G  shows a top view of a wafer cleaning and drying system  100 - 5  with a proximity head  106   a - 4  in a horizontal configuration which extends across a radius of the wafer  108  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the proximity head  106   a - 4  extends across less than a radius of a substrate being processed. In another embodiment, the proximity head  106   a - 4  may extend the radius of the substrate being processed. In a preferable embodiment, the proximity head  106   a - 4  extends over a radius of the wafer  108  so the proximity head may process both the center point of the wafer  108  as well as an edge of the wafer  108  so the proximity head  106   a - 4  can cover and process the center point of the wafer and the edge of the wafer. In this embodiment, the proximity head  106   a - 4  may be moved into a cleaning/drying position by a vertical movement of the upper arm  104   a - 4  so the proximity head  106   a - 4  can be in a position that is in close proximity to the wafer  108 . Once the proximity head  106   a - 4  is in close proximity to the wafer  108 , the wafer processing operation of a top surface of the wafer  108  can take place. Because, in one embodiment, the proximity head  106   a - 4  extends over the radius of the wafer, the wafer may be cleaned and/or dried in one rotation. 
     FIG. 5H  shows a side view of a wafer cleaning and drying system  100 - 5  with the proximity heads  106   a - 4  and  106   b - 4  in a horizontal configuration which extends across a radius of the wafer  108  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the proximity head  106   a - 4  and the proximity head  106   b - 4  both are elongated to be able to extend over and beyond the radius of the wafer  108 . As discussed in reference to  FIG. 5G , depending on the embodiment desired, the proximity head  106   a - 4  may extend less than a radius, exactly a radius, or greater than a radius of the wafer  108 . In one embodiment, while the wafer  108  is being rotated, the proximity heads  106   a - 4  and  106   b - 4  are brought to close proximity of the wafer surfaces  108   a  and  108   b  by the top arm  104   a  and a bottom arm  106   b - 4  respectively. Because in one embodiment, the proximity heads  106   a - 4  and  106   b - 4  extend across greater than the radius of the wafer  108 , only a full rotation may be needed to clean/dry the wafer  108 . 
   It should be understood that any of the systems  100 ,  100 - 1 ,  100 - 2 ,  100 - 3 ,  100 - 4 ,  100 - 5 , and any suitable variant thereof, may be utilized as a cluster tool within a wafer processing system. A cluster tool is an apparatus that may be incorporated into a frame assembly (such as those discussed in further detail in reference to  FIGS. 17 through 21  below with other wafer processing equipment so multiple wafers and/or multiple types of wafer processing may be conducted in one system. 
     FIG. 6A  shows a proximity head inlet/outlet orientation  117  that may be utilized to clean and dry the wafer  108  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the orientation  117  is a portion of a proximity head  106   a  where other source inlets  302  and  306  in addition to other source outlets  304  may be utilized in addition to the orientation  117  shown. The orientation  117  may include a source inlet  306  on a leading edge  109  with a source outlet  304  in between the source inlet  306  and the source outlet  302 . 
     FIG. 6B  shows another proximity head inlet/outlet orientation  119  that may be utilized to clean and dry the wafer  108  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the orientation  119  is a portion of a proximity head  106   a  where other source inlets  302  and  306  in addition to other source outlets  304  may be utilized in addition to the orientation  119  shown. The orientation  119  may include a source outlet  304  on a leading edge  109  with a source inlet  302  in between the source outlet  304  and the source inlet  306 . 
     FIG. 6C  shows a further proximity head inlet/outlet orientation  121  that may be utilized to clean and dry the wafer  108  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the orientation  121  is a portion of a proximity head  106   a  where other source inlets  302  and  306  in addition to other source outlets  304  may be utilized in addition to the orientation  119  shown. The orientation  119  may include a source inlet  306  on a leading edge  109  with a source inlet  302  in between the source outlet  304  and the source outlet  306 . 
     FIG. 6D  illustrates a preferable embodiment of a wafer drying process that may be conducted by a proximity head  106   a  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Although  FIG. 6  shows a top surface  108   a  being dried, it should be appreciated that the wafer drying process may be accomplished in substantially the same way for the bottom surface  108   b  of the wafer  108 . In one embodiment, a source inlet  302  may be utilized to apply isopropyl alcohol (IPA) vapor toward a top surface  108   a  of the wafer  108 , and a source inlet  306  may be utilized to apply deionized water (DIW) toward the top surface  108   a  of the wafer  108 . In addition, a source outlet  304  may be utilized to apply vacuum to a region in close proximity to the wafer surface to remove fluid or vapor that may located on or near the top surface  108   a . It should be appreciated that any suitable combination of source inlets and source outlets may be utilized as long as at least one combination exists where at least one of the source inlet  302  is adjacent to at least one of the source outlet  304  which is in turn adjacent to at least one of the source inlet  306 . The IPA may be in any suitable form such as, for example, IPA vapor where IPA in vapor form is inputted through use of a N 2  gas. Moreover, although DIW is utilized herein, any other suitable fluid may be utilized that may enable or enhance the wafer processing such as, for example, water purified in other ways, cleaning fluids, etc. In one embodiment, an IPA inflow  310  is provided through the source inlet  302 , a vacuum  312  may be applied through the source outlet  304  and DIW inflow  314  may be provided through the source inlet  306 . Therefore, an embodiment of the IPA-vacuum-DIW orientation as described above in reference to  FIG. 2  is utilized. Consequently, if a fluid film resides on the wafer  108 , a first fluid pressure may be applied to the wafer surface by the IPA inflow  310 , a second fluid pressure may be applied to the wafer surface by the DIW inflow  314 , and a third fluid pressure may be applied by the vacuum  312  to remove the DIW, IPA and the fluid film on the wafer surface. 
   Therefore, in one embodiment, as the DIW inflow  314  and the IPA inflow  310  is applied toward a wafer surface, any fluid on the wafer surface is intermixed with the DIW inflow  314 . At this time, the DIW inflow  314  that is applied toward the wafer surface encounters the IPA inflow  310 . The IPA forms an interface  118  (also known as an IPA/DIW interface  118 ) with the DIW inflow  314  and along with the vacuum  312  assists in the removal of the DIW inflow  314  along with any other fluid from the surface of the wafer  108 . In one embodiment, the IPA/DIW interface  118  reduces the surface of tension of the DIW. In operation, the DIW is applied toward the wafer surface and almost immediately removed along with fluid on the wafer surface by the vacuum applied by the source outlet  304 . The DIW that is applied toward the wafer surface and for a moment resides in the region between a proximity head and the wafer surface along with any fluid on the wafer surface forms a meniscus  116  where the borders of the meniscus  116  are the IPA/DIW interfaces  118 . Therefore, the meniscus  116  is a constant flow of fluid being applied toward the surface and being removed at substantially the same time with any fluid on the wafer surface. The nearly immediate removal of the DIW from the wafer surface prevents the formation of fluid droplets on the region of the wafer surface being dried thereby reducing the possibility of contamination drying on the wafer  108 . The pressure (which is caused by the flow rate of the IPA) of the downward injection of IPA also helps contain the meniscus  116 . 
   The flow rate of the IPA assists in causing a shift or a push of water flow out of the region between the proximity head and the wafer surface and into the source outlets  304  through which the fluids may be outputted from the proximity head. Therefore, as the IPA and the DIW is pulled into the source outlets  304 , the boundary making up the IPA/DIW interface  118  is not a continuous boundary because gas (e.g., air) is being pulled into the source outlets  304  along with the fluids. In one embodiment, as the vacuum from the source outlet  304  pulls the DIW, IPA, and the fluid on the wafer surface, the flow into the source outlet  304  is discontinuous. This flow discontinuity is analogous to fluid and gas being pulled up through a straw when a vacuum is exerted on combination of fluid and gas. Consequently, as the proximity head  106   a  moves, the meniscus moves along with the proximity head, and the region previously occupied by the meniscus has been dried due to the movement of the IPA/DIW interface  118 . It should also be understood that the any suitable number of source inlets  302 , source outlets  304  and source inlets  306  may be utilized depending on the configuration of the apparatus and the meniscus size and shape desired. In another embodiment, the liquid flow rates and the vacuum flow rates are such that the total liquid flow into the vacuum outlet is continuous, so no gas flows into the vacuum outlet. 
   It should be appreciated any suitable flow rate may be utilized for the IPA, DIW, and vacuum as long as the meniscus  116  can be maintained. In one embodiment, the flow rate of the DIW through a set of the source inlets  306  is between about 25 ml per minute to about 3,000 ml per minute. In a preferable embodiment, the flow rate of the DIW through the set of the source inlets  306  is about 400 ml per minute. It should be understood that the flow rate of fluids may vary depending on the size of the proximity head. In one embodiment a larger head may have a greater rate of fluid flow than smaller proximity heads. This may occur because larger proximity heads, in one embodiment, have more source inlets  302  and  306  and source outlets  304  More flow for larger head. 
   In one embodiment, the flow rate of the IPA vapor through a set of the source inlets  302  is between about 1 standard cubic feet per hour (SCFH) to about 100 SCFH. In a preferable embodiment, the IPA flow rate is between about 5 and 50 SCFM. 
   In one embodiment, the flow rate for the vacuum through a set of the source outlets  304  is between about 10 standard cubic feet per hour (SCFH) to about 1250 SCFH. In a preferable embodiment, the flow rate for a vacuum though the set of the source outlets  304  is about 350 SCFH. In an exemplary embodiment, a flow meter may be utilized to measure the flow rate of the IPA, DIW, and the vacuum. 
     FIG. 6E  shows another wafer drying process using another source inlet/outlet orientation that may be conducted by a proximity head  106   a  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the proximity head  106   a  may be moved over the top surface  108   a  of the wafer  108  so the meniscus may be moved along the wafer surface  108   a . The meniscus applies fluid to the wafer surface and removes fluid from the wafer surface thereby cleaning and drying the wafer simultaneously. In this embodiment, the source inlet  306  applies a DIW flow  314  toward the wafer surface  108   a , the source inlet  302  applies IPA flow  310  toward the wafer surface  108   a , and the source outlet  312  removes fluid from the wafer surface  108   a . It should be appreciated that in this embodiment as well as other embodiments of the proximity head  106   a  described herein, additional numbers and types of source inlets and source outlets may be used in conjunction with the orientation of the source inlets  302  and  306  and the source outlets  304  shown in  FIG. 6E . In addition, in this embodiment as well as other proximity head embodiments, by controlling the amount of flow of fluids onto the wafer surface  108   a  and by controlling the vacuum applied, the meniscus may be managed and controlled in any suitable manner. For example, in one embodiment, by increasing the DIW flow  314  and/or decreasing the vacuum  312 , the outflow through the source outlet  304  may be nearly all DIW and the fluids being removed from the wafer surface  108   a . In another embodiment, by decreasing the DIW flow  314  and/or increasing the vacuum  312 , the outflow through the source outlet  304  may be substantially a combination of DIW and air as well as fluids being removed from the wafer surface  108   a.    
     FIG. 6F  shows another source inlet and outlet orientation where an additional source outlet  307  may be utilized to input an additional fluid in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The orientation of inlets and outlets as shown in  FIG. 6E  is the orientation described in further detail in reference to  FIG. 6D  except the additional source outlet  307  is included adjacent to the source inlet  306  on a side opposite that of the source outlet  304 . In such an embodiment, DIW may be inputted through the source inlet  306  while a different solution such as, for example, a cleaning solution may be inputted through the source inlet  307 . Therefore, a cleaning solution flow  315  may be utilized to enhance cleaning of the wafer  108  while at substantially the same time drying the top surface  108   a  of the wafer  108 . 
     FIG. 7A  illustrates a proximity head  106  performing a drying operation in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The proximity head  106 , in one embodiment, moves while in close proximity to the top surface  108   a  of the wafer  108  to conduct a cleaning and/or drying operation. It should be appreciated that the proximity head  106  may also be utilized to process (e.g., clean, dry, etc.) the bottom surface  108   b  of the wafer  108 . In one embodiment, the wafer  108  is rotating so the proximity head  106  may be moved in a linear fashion along the head motion while fluid is removed from the top surface  108   a . By applying the IPA  310  through the source inlet  302 , the vacuum  312  through source outlet  304 , and the deionized water  314  through the source inlet  306 , the meniscus  116  as discussed in reference to  FIG. 6  may be generated. 
     FIG. 7B  shows a top view of a portion of a proximity head  106  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In the top view of one embodiment, from left to right are a set of the source inlet  302 , a set of the source outlet  304 , a set of the source inlet  306 , a set of the source outlet  304 , and a set of the source inlet  302 . Therefore, as IPA and DIW are inputted into the region between the proximity head  106  and the wafer  108 , the vacuum removes the IPA and the DIW along with any fluid film that may reside on the wafer  108 . The source inlets  302 , the source inlets  306 , and the source outlets  304  described herein may also be any suitable type of geometry such as for example, circular opening, square opening, etc. In one embodiment, the source inlets  302  and  306  and the source outlets  304  have circular openings. 
     FIG. 7C  illustrates a proximity head  106  with angled source inlets  302 ′ performing a drying operation in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. It should be appreciated that the source inlets  302 ′ and  306  and the source outlet(s)  304  described herein may be angled in any suitable way to optimize the wafer cleaning and/or drying process. In one embodiment, the angled source inlets  302 ′ that input IPA vapor onto the wafer  108  is angled toward the source inlets  306  such that the IPA vapor flow is directed to contain the meniscus  116 . 
     FIG. 7D  illustrates a proximity head  106  with angled source inlets  302 ′ and angled source outlets  304 ′ performing a drying operation in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. It should be appreciated that the source inlets  302 ′ and  306  and the angled source outlet(s)  304 ′ described herein may be angled in any suitable way to optimize the wafer cleaning and/or drying process. 
   In one embodiment, the angled source inlets  302 ′ that input IPA vapor onto the wafer  108  is angled at an angle θ 500  toward the source inlets  306  such that the IPA vapor flow is directed to contain the meniscus  116 . The angled source outlet  304 ′ may, in one embodiment, be angled at an angle θ 500  towards the meniscus  116 . It should be appreciated that the angle θ 500  and the angle θ 502  may be any suitable angle that would optimize the management and control of the meniscus  116 . In one embodiment, the angle θ 500  is greater than 0 degrees and less than 90 degrees, and the angle θ 502  is greater than 0 degrees and less than 90 degrees. In a preferable embodiment, the angle θ 500  is about 15 degrees, and in another preferable embodiment, the angle angled at an angle θ 502  is about 15 degrees. The angle θ 500  and the angle θ 502  adjusted in any suitable manner to optimize meniscus management. In one embodiment, the angle θ 500  and the angle θ 502  may be the same, and in another embodiment, the angle θ 500  and the angle θ 502  may be different. By angling the angled source inlet(s)  302 ′ and/or angling the angled source outlet(s)  304 ′, the border of the meniscus may be more clearly defined and therefore control the drying and/or cleaning the surface being processed. 
     FIG. 8A  illustrates a side view of the proximity heads  106  and  106   b  for use in a dual wafer surface cleaning and drying system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, by usage of source inlets  302  and  306  to input IPA and DIW respectively along with the source outlet  304  to provide a vacuum, the meniscus  116  may be generated. In addition, on the side of the source inlet  306  opposite that of the source inlet  302 , there may be a source outlet  304  to remove DIW and to keep the meniscus  116  intact. As discussed above, in one embodiment, the source inlets  302  and  306  may be utilized for IPA inflow  310  and DIW inflow  314  respectively while the source outlet  304  may be utilized to apply vacuum  312 . It should be appreciated that any suitable configuration of source inlets  302 , source outlets  304  and source inlets  306  may be utilized. For example, the proximity heads  106  and  106   b  may have a configuration of source inlets and source outlets like the configuration described above in reference to  FIGS. 7A and 7B . In addition, in yet more embodiments, the proximity heads  106  and  106   b  may be of a configuration as shown below in reference to  FIGS. 9 through 15 . Any suitable surface coming into contact with the meniscus  116  may be dried by the movement of the meniscus  116  into and away from the surface. 
     FIG. 8B  shows the proximity heads  106  and  106   b  in a dual wafer surface cleaning and drying system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the proximity head  106  processes the top surface  108   a  of the wafer  108 , and the proximity head  106   b  processes the bottom surface of  108   b  of the wafer  108 . By the inputting of the IPA and the DIW by the source inlets  302  and  306  respectively, and by use of the vacuum from the source outlet  304 , the meniscus  116  may be formed between the proximity head  106  and the wafer  108  and between the proximity head  106   b  and the wafer  108 . The proximity heads  106  and  106   b , and therefore the meniscus  116 , may be moved over the wet areas of the wafer surface in an manner so the entire wafer  108  can be dried. 
     FIG. 9A  illustrates a processing window  538 - 1  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the processing window  538 - 1  may include a plurality of source inlets  302  and  306  and also a plurality of source outlets  304 . The processing window  538 - 1  is a region on a proximity head  106  (or any other proximity head referenced herein) that may generate and control the meniscus  116 . Therefore, the processing window  538 - 1  may be a region that dries and/or cleans a wafer if the proximity head  106  is desired to be used in that manner. In one embodiment, the processing window  538 - 1  is a substantially rectangular shape. It should be appreciated that the size of the processing window  538 - 1  (or any other suitable processing window described herein) may be any suitable length and width (as seen from a top view). 
     FIG. 9B  illustrates a substantially circular processing window  538 - 2  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the processing window  538 - 2  may include a plurality of source inlets  302  and  306  and also a plurality of source outlets  304 . The processing window  538 - 2  is a region on the proximity head  106  (or any other proximity head referenced herein) that may generate and control the meniscus  116 . Therefore, the processing window  538 - 2  may be a region that dries and/or cleans a wafer if the proximity head  106  is desired to be used in that manner. In one embodiment, the processing window  538 - 2  is a substantially circular shape. 
     FIG. 9C  illustrates a processing window  538 - 3  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the processing window  538 - 3  may include a plurality of source inlets  302  and  306  and also a plurality of source outlets  304 . The processing window  538 - 3  is a region on the proximity head  106  (or any other proximity head referenced herein) that may generate and control the meniscus  116 . Therefore, the processing window  538 - 3  may be a region that dries and/or cleans a wafer if the proximity head  106  is desired to be used in that manner. In one embodiment, the processing window  538 - 3  is a substantially oval in shape. 
     FIG. 9D  illustrates a processing window  538 - 4  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the processing window  538 - 4  may include a plurality of source inlets  302  and  306  and also a plurality of source outlets  304 . The processing window  538 - 4  is a region on the proximity head  106  (or any other proximity head referenced herein) that may generate and control the meniscus  116 . Therefore, the processing window  538 - 4  may be a region that dries and/or cleans a wafer if the proximity head  106  is desired to be used in that manner. In one embodiment, the processing window  538 - 4  is a substantially square shape. 
     FIG. 10A  shows an exemplary process window  538 - 1  with the plurality of source inlets  302  and  306  as well as the plurality of source outlets  304  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the process window  538 - 1  in operation may be moved in direction  546  across a wafer during, for example, a wafer drying operation. In such an embodiment, a proximity head  106  may encounter fluids on a wafer surface on a leading edge region  548 . The leading edge region  548  is an area of the proximity head  106  that, in a drying process, encounters fluids first. Conversely a trailing edge region  560  is an area of the proximity head  106  that encounters the area being processed last. As the proximity head  106  and the process window  538 - 1  included therein move across the wafer in the direction  546 , the wet area of the wafer surface enter the process window  538 - 1  through the leading edge region  548 . Then after processing of the wet region of the wafer surface by the meniscus that is generated and controllably maintained and managed by the process window  538 - 1 , the wet region is dried and the dried region of the wafer (or substrate) leaves the process window  538 - 1  through a trailing edge region  560  of the proximity head  106 . As discussed in reference to  FIGS. 9A through 9D , the process window  538 - 1  may be any suitable shape such as, for example, rectangular, square, circular, oval, semi-circular, etc. 
     FIG. 10B  shows processing regions  540 ,  542 , and  544  of a proximity head  106  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the processing regions  540 ,  542 , and  544  (the regions being shown by the broken lines) make up the processing window as discussed in reference to  FIG. 10A . It should be appreciated that the processing regions  540 ,  542 , and  544  may be any suitable size and/or shape such as, for example, circular, ring, semi-circular, square, semi-square, free form, etc. as long as a stable and controllable fluid meniscus can be generated that can apply and remove fluids from a surface in an efficient manner. In one embodiment, the processing region  540  includes the plurality of source inlets  302 , the processing region  542  (also known as a vacuum ring) includes the plurality of source outlets  304 , and the processing region  544  includes the plurality of source inlets  306 . In a preferable embodiment, the region  542  surrounds (or substantially surrounds) the region  544  with a ring of source outlets  304  (e.g., a vacuum ring). The region  540  substantially surrounds the region  544  but has an opening  541  where there are no source inlets  302  exist on a leading edge side of the process window  538 - 1 . 
   Therefore, in operation, the proximity head  106  generates a fluid meniscus by application of IPA, DIW, and vacuum, in the regions  540 ,  542 , and  544  in the process window  538  (as shown in  FIG. 10A ). When the proximity head  106  is moving over the wafer surface in an exemplary drying operation, the wafer surface that moves through the opening  541  in the region  542  and contacts the meniscus  116  within the process window  538  is dried. The drying occurs because fluid that is on that portion of the wafer surface that contacts the meniscus  116  is removed as the meniscus moves over the surface. Therefore, wet surfaces of a wafer may enter the process window  538  through the opening  541  in the region  540  and by contacting the fluid meniscus may undergo a drying process. 
   It should be appreciated that although the plurality of source inlets  302 , the plurality of source inlets  306 , and the plurality of source outlets  304  are shown in this embodiment, other embodiments may be utilized where any suitable number of the source inlets  302 , the source inlets  306 , and the source outlets  304  may be utilized as long as the configuration and number of the plurality of source inlets  302 , the source inlets  306 , and the source outlets  306  may generate a stable, controllable fluid meniscus that can dry a surface of a substrate. It should be understood that any suitable type of substrate such as, for example, a semiconductor wafer may be processed by the apparatuses and methodology described herein. 
     FIGS. 11 through 14  illustrate exemplary embodiments of the proximity head  106 . It should be appreciated any of the different embodiments of the proximity head  106  described may be used as one or both of the proximity heads  106   a  and  106   b  described above in reference to  FIGS. 2A through 5H . As shown by the exemplary figures that follow, the proximity head may be any suitable configuration or size that may enable the fluid removal process as described in  FIGS. 6 to 10 . Therefore, any, some, or all of the proximity heads described herein may be utilized in any suitable wafer cleaning and drying system such as, for example, the system  100  or a variant thereof as described in reference to  FIGS. 2A to 2D . In addition, the proximity head may also have any suitable numbers or shapes of source outlets  304  and source inlets  302  and  306 . It should be appreciated that the side of the proximity heads shown from a top view is the side that comes into close proximity with the wafer to conduct wafer processing. All of the proximity heads described in  FIGS. 11 through 14  are manifolds that enable usage of the IPA-vacuum-DIW orientation in a process window or a variant thereof as described above in reference to  FIGS. 2 through 10 . The embodiments of the proximity head  106  as described below in reference to  FIGS. 11 through 14  all have embodiments of the process window  538 , and regions  540 ,  542 , and  544  as described in reference to  FIGS. 9A through 10B  above. In addition, the proximity heads described herein may be utilized for either cleaning or drying operations depending on the fluid that is inputted and outputted from the source inlets  302  and  306 , and the source outlets  304 . In addition, the proximity heads described herein may have multiple inlet lines and multiple outlet lines with the ability to control the relative flow rates of liquid and/or vapor and/or gas through the outlets and inlets. It should be appreciated that every group of source inlets and source outlets can have independent control of the flows. 
   It should be appreciated that the size as well as the locations of the source inlets and outlets may be varied as long as the meniscus produced is stable. In one embodiment, the size of the openings to source inlets  302 , source outlets  304 , and source inlets  306  are between about 0.02 inch and about 0.25 inch in diameter. In a preferable embodiment, the size of the openings of the source inlets  306  and the source outlets  304  is about 0.06 inch, and the size of the openings of the source inlets  302  is about 0.03 inch. 
   In one embodiment the source inlets  302  and  306  in addition to the source outlets  304  are spaced about 0.03 inch and about 0.5 inch apart. In a preferable embodiment, the source inlets  306  are spaced 0.125 inch apart from each other and the source outlets  304  are spaced 0.125 inch apart and the source inlets  302  are spaced about 0.06 inch apart. 
   Additionally, the proximity heads may not necessarily be a “head” in configuration but may be any suitable configuration, shape, and/or size such as, for example, a manifold, a circular puck, a bar, a square, an oval puck, a tube, a plate etc., as long as the source inlets  302 , and  306 , and the source outlets  304  may be configured in a manner that would enable the generation of a controlled, stable, manageable fluid meniscus. In a preferable embodiment, the proximity head may be a type of manifold as described in reference to  FIGS. 10A through 14C . The size of the proximity heads may be varied to any suitable size depending on the application desired. In one embodiment, the length (from a top view showing the process window) of the proximity heads may be between 1.0 inch to about 18.0 inches and the width (from a top view showing the process window) may be between about 0.5 to about 6.0 inches. Also when the proximity head may be optimized to process any suitable size of wafers such as, for example, 200 mm wafers, 300, wafers, etc. The process windows of the proximity heads may be arranged in any suitable manner as long as such a configuration may generate a controlled stable and manageable fluid meniscus. 
     FIG. 11A  shows a top view of a proximity head  106 - 1  with a substantially rectangular shape in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the proximity head  106 - 1  includes three of the source inlets  302  which, in one embodiment, applies IPA to a surface of the wafer  108 . 
   In this embodiment, the source inlets  302  are capable of applying IPA toward a wafer surface region, the source inlets  306  are capable of applying DIW toward the wafer surface region, and the source outlets  304  are capable of applying vacuum to a region in close proximity of a surface of the wafer  108 . By the application of the vacuum, the IPA, DIW, and any other type of fluids that may reside on a wafer surface may be removed. 
   The proximity head  106 - 1  also includes ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c  that, in one embodiment, correspond to the source inlet  302 , source outlet  304 , and source inlet  306  respectively. By inputting or removing fluid through the ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c , fluids may be inputted or outputted through the source inlet  302 , the source outlet  304 , and the source inlet  306 . Although the ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c  correspond with the source inlet  302 , the source outlet  304 , and the source inlet  306  in this exemplary embodiment, it should be appreciated that the ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c  may supply or remove fluid from any suitable source inlet or source outlet depending on the configuration desired. Because of the configuration of the source inlets  302  and  306  with the source outlets  304 , the meniscus  116  may be formed between the proximity head  106 - 1  and the wafer  108 . The shape of the meniscus  116  may vary depending on the configuration and dimensions of the proximity head  106 - 1 . 
   It should be appreciated that the ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c  for any of the proximity heads described herein may be any suitable orientation and dimension as long as a stable meniscus can be generated and maintained by the source inlets  302 , source outlets  304 , and source inlets  306 . The embodiments of the ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c  described herein may be applicable to any of the proximity heads described herein. In one embodiment, the port size of the ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c  may be between about 0.03 inch and about 0.25 inch in diameter. In a preferable embodiment, the port size is about 0.06 inch to 0.18 inch in diameter. In one embodiment, the distance between the ports is between about 0.125 inch and about 1 inch apart. In a preferable embodiment, the distance between the ports is between about 0.25 inch and about 0.37 inch apart. 
     FIG. 11B  illustrates a side view of the proximity head  106 - 1  in accordance with one embodiment of present invention. The proximity head  106 - 1  includes the ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c . In one embodiment, the ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c  feed source inlets  302 , source outlets  304 , and the source inlets  306  respectively. It should be understood that the ports may be any suitable number, size, or shape as long as the source inlets  302  and  306  as well as source outlets  304  may be utilized to generate, maintain, and manage the meniscus  116 . 
     FIG. 11C  shows a rear view of the proximity head  106 - 1  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The rear view of the proximity head  106 - 1 , in one embodiment, corresponds to the leading edge  548  of the proximity head  106 - 1 . It should be appreciated that the proximity head  106 - 1  is exemplary in nature and may be any suitable dimension as long as the source inlets  302  and  306  as well as the source outlet  304  are configured in a manner to enable cleaning and/or drying of the wafer  108  in the manner described herein. In one embodiment, the proximity head  106 - 1  includes the input ports  342   c  which may feed fluid to at least some of the source inlets  302   a  which run parallel to the input ports  342   c  shown in  FIG. 11C . 
     FIG. 12A  shows a proximity head  106 - 2  with a partial rectangular and partial circular shape in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the proximity head  106 - 2  includes one row of source inlets  306  that is adjacent on both sides to rows of source outlets  304 . One of the rows of source outlets  304  is adjacent to two rows of source inlets  302 . Perpendicular to and at the ends of the rows described above are rows of source outlets  304 . 
     FIG. 12B  shows a side view of the proximity head  106 - 2  with a partial rectangular and partial circular shape in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the proximity head  106 - 2  includes ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c  on a side of the proximity head  106 - 2 . The ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c  may be utilized to input and/or output fluids through the source inlets  302  and  306  and the source outlets  304 . In one embodiment, the ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c  correspond to the source inlets  302 , the source outlets  304 , and the source inlets  306  respectively. 
     FIG. 12C  shows a back view of the proximity head  106 - 2  with a partial rectangular and partial circular shape in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The back side as shown by the rear view is where the back side is the square end of the proximity head  106 - 2 . 
     FIG. 13A  shows a rectangular proximity head  106 - 3  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the proximity head  106 - 3  includes a configuration of source inlets  302  and  306  and source outlets  304 ′ that is similar to the proximity head  106 - 1  as discussed in reference to  FIG. 11A . The rectangular proximity head  106 - 3  includes the source outlets  304 ′ that are larger in diameter than the source outlets  304 . In any of the proximity heads described herein, the diameter of the source inlets  302  and  306  as well as the source outlets  304  may be altered so meniscus generation, maintenance, and management may be optimized. In this embodiment, the source inlets  302  are capable of applying IPA toward a wafer surface region, the source inlets  306  are capable of applying DIW toward the wafer surface region, and the source outlets  304  are capable of applying vacuum to a region in close proximity of a surface of the wafer  108 . By the application of the vacuum, the IPA, DIW, and any other type of fluids that may reside on a wafer surface may be removed. 
   The proximity head  106 - 3  also includes ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c  that, in one embodiment, correspond to the source inlet  302 , source outlet  304 , and source inlet  306  respectively. By inputting or removing fluid through the ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c , fluids may be inputted or outputted through the source inlet  302 , the source outlet  304 , and the source inlet  306 . Although the ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c  correspond with the source inlet  302 , the source outlet  304 , and the source inlet  306  in this exemplary embodiment, it should be appreciated that the ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c  may supply or remove fluid from any suitable source inlet or source outlet depending on the configuration desired. Because of the configuration of the source inlets  302  and  306  with the source outlets  304 , the meniscus  116  may be formed between the proximity head  106 - 1  and the wafer  108 . The shape of the meniscus  116  may vary depending on the configuration and dimensions of the proximity head  106 - 1 . 
   It should be appreciated that the ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c  for any of the proximity heads described herein may be any suitable orientation and dimension as long as a stable meniscus can be generated and maintained by the source inlets  302 , source outlets  304 , and source inlets  306 . The embodiments of the ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c  described in relation to the proximity head  106 - 1  may be applicable to any of the proximity heads described in reference to the other Figures. In one embodiment, the port size of the ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c  may be between about 0.03 inch and about 0.25 inch in diameter. In a preferable embodiment, the port size is about 0.06 inch to 0.18 inch in diameter. In one embodiment, the distance between the ports is between about 0.125 inch and about 1 inch apart. In a preferable embodiment, the distance between the ports is between about 0.25 inch and about 0.37 inch apart. 
     FIG. 13B  shows a rear view of the proximity head  106 - 3  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The rear view of the proximity head  106 - 3 , in one embodiment, corresponds to the leading edge  548  of the proximity head  106 - 3 . It should be appreciated that the proximity head  106 - 3  is exemplary in nature and may be any suitable dimension as long as the source inlets  302  and  306  as well as the source outlet  304  are configured in a manner to enable cleaning and/or drying of the wafer  108  in the manner described herein. In one embodiment, the proximity head  106 - 3  includes the input ports  342   c  which may feed fluid to at least some of the source inlets  302   a  which run parallel to the input ports  342   c  shown in  FIG. 13A . 
     FIG. 13C  illustrates a side view of the proximity head  106 - 3  in accordance with one embodiment of present invention. The proximity head  106 - 3  includes the ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c . In one embodiment, the ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c  feed source inlets  302 , source outlets  304 , and the source inlets  306  respectively. It should be understood that the ports may be any suitable number, size, or shape as long as the source inlets  302  and  306  as well as source outlets  304  may be utilized to generate, maintain, and manage the meniscus  116 . 
     FIG. 14A  shows a rectangular proximity head  106 - 4  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the proximity head  106 - 4  includes a configuration of source inlets  302  and  306  and source outlets  304 ′ that is similar to the proximity head  106 - 3  as discussed in reference to  FIG. 13A . The rectangular proximity head  106 - 3  includes the source outlets  304 ′ that are larger in diameter than the source outlets  304 . In any of the proximity heads described herein, the diameter of the source inlets  302  and  306  as well as the source outlets  304  may be altered so meniscus generation, maintenance, and management may be optimized. In one embodiment, the source outlets  304 ′ are located closer to the source inlets  302  than the configuration discussed in reference to  FIG. 13A . With this type of configuration, a smaller meniscus may be generated. The region spanned by the source inlets  302 ,  306  and source outlets  304 ′ (or also source outlets  304  as described in reference to  FIG. 11A ) may be any suitable size and/or shape. In one embodiment, the process window may be between about 0.03 to about 9.0 square inches. In a preferable embodiment, the process window may be about 0.75 inch. Therefore, by adjusting the region of the In this embodiment, the source inlets  302  are capable of applying IPA toward a wafer surface region, the source inlets  306  are capable of applying DIW toward the wafer surface region, and the source outlets  304  are capable of applying vacuum to a region in close proximity of a surface of the wafer  108 . By the application of the vacuum, the IPA, DIW, and any other type of fluids that may reside on a wafer surface may be removed. 
   The proximity head  106 - 3  also includes ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c  that, in one embodiment, correspond to the source inlet  302 , source outlet  304 , and source inlet  306  respectively. By inputting or removing fluid through the ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c , fluids may be inputted or outputted through the source inlet  302 , the source outlet  304 , and the source inlet  306 . Although the ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c  correspond with the source inlet  302 , the source outlet  304 , and the source inlet  306  in this exemplary embodiment, it should be appreciated that the ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c  may supply or remove fluid from any suitable source inlet or source outlet depending on the configuration desired. Because of the configuration of the source inlets  302  and  306  with the source outlets  304 , the meniscus  116  may be formed by the process window between the proximity head  106 - 1  and the wafer  108 . The shape of the meniscus  116  may correspond with the shape of the process window and therefore the size and shape of the meniscus  116  may be varied depending on the configuration and dimensions of the regions of source inlets  302  and  306  and regions of the source outlets  304 . 
     FIG. 14B  shows a rear view of the rectangular proximity head  106 - 4  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The rear view of the proximity head  106 - 4 , in one embodiment, corresponds to the leading edge  548  of the proximity head  106 - 4 . It should be appreciated that the proximity head  106 - 4  is exemplary in nature and may be any suitable dimension as long as the source inlets  302  and  306  as well as the source outlet  304  are configured in a manner to enable cleaning and/or drying of the wafer  108  in the manner described herein. In one embodiment, the proximity head  106 - 4  includes the input ports  342   c  which may feed fluid to at least some of the source inlets  302   a  which run parallel to the input ports  342   c  shown in  FIG. 13A . 
     FIG. 14C  illustrates a side view of the rectangular proximity head  106 - 4  in accordance with one embodiment of present invention. The proximity head  106 - 4  includes the ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c . In one embodiment, the ports  342   a ,  342   b , and  342   c  feed source inlets  302 , source outlets  304 , and the source inlets  306  respectively. It should be understood that the ports may be any suitable number, size, or shape as long as the source inlets  302  and  306  as well as source outlets  304  may be utilized to generate, maintain, and manage the meniscus  116 . 
     FIG. 15A  shows a proximity head  106  in operation according to one embodiment of the present invention. It should be appreciated that the flow rate of the DIW and the IPA, the magnitude of the vacuum, and rotation/movement of the wafer being processed may be varied in any suitable manner to provide optimal fluid meniscus controllability and management to generate enhanced wafer processing. The proximity head  106 , in one exemplary embodiment, is utilized in a configuration as described in reference to  FIG. 2A . As shown in reference to  FIGS. 15A through 15F , the wafer is a clear material so fluid meniscus dynamics can be seen with different flow rates, vacuum rates, and wafer rotations. The flow rate of DIW and IPA as well as the vacuum and rotation of the wafer may be varied depending on the conditions encountered during drying. In  FIG. 15A , the meniscus has been formed by input of DIW and vacuum without any IPA flow. Without the IPA flow, the meniscus has an uneven boundary. In this embodiment, the wafer rotation is zero and the DIW flow rate is 500 ml/min. 
     FIG. 15B  illustrates the proximity head  106  as described in  FIG. 15A  with IPA input in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the DIW flow rate is 500 ml/min and the IPA flow rate is 12 ml/min with the rotation of the wafer being zero. As shown by  FIG. 15B , the usage of IPA flow has made the boundary of the meniscus more even. Therefore, the fluid meniscus is more stable and controllable. 
     FIG. 15C  shows the proximity head  106  as described in  FIG. 15B , but with the IPA flow increased to 24 ml/min in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The rotation has been kept at zero and the flow rate of the DIW is 500 ml/min. When the IPA flow rate is too high, the fluid meniscus becomes deformed and less controllable. 
     FIG. 15D  shows the proximity head  106  where the fluid meniscus is shown where the wafer is being rotated in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the rotation of the wafer is 10 rotations per minute. The flow rate of the DIW is 500 ml/min while the flow rate of the IPA is 12 SCFH. The magnitude of the vacuum is about 30 in Hg@ 80 PSIG. When the wafer is rotated, the fluid meniscus becomes less stable due to the added wafer dynamics as compared with  FIG. 15C  which shows the same DIW and IPA flow rate but without wafer rotation. 
     FIG. 15E  shows the proximity head  106  where the fluid meniscus is shown where the wafer is being rotated faster than the rotation shown in  FIG. 15D  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the rotation of the wafer is 15 rotations per minute. The flow rate of the DIW is 500 ml/min while the flow rate of the IPA is 12 SCFH. The magnitude of the vacuum is about 30 in HG@ 80 PSIG. When the wafer is rotated faster, the fluid meniscus has a more uneven boundary as compared to the fluid meniscus discussed in reference to  FIG. 15D  due to the added wafer dynamics as compared. 
     FIG. 15F  shows the proximity head  106  where the IPA flow has been increased as compared to the IPA flow of  FIG. 15D  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the variables such as the DIW flow rate, rate of wafer rotation, and vacuum magnitude are the same as that described in reference to  FIG. 15D . In this embodiment, the IPA flow rate was increased to 24 SCFH. With the IPA flow rate increased, the IPA holds the fluid meniscus along the border to generate a highly controllable and manageable fluid meniscus. Therefore, even with wafer rotation, the fluid meniscus looks stable with a consistent border that substantially corresponds to the region with the plurality of source inlets  302  and the region with the plurality of source outlets  304 . Therefore, a stable and highly controllable, manageable, and maneuverable fluid meniscus is formed inside of the process window so, in an exemplary drying process, fluid that the proximity head  106  may encounter on a wafer surface is removed thereby quickly and efficiently drying the wafer surface. 
     FIG. 16A  shows a top view of a cleaning/drying system  602  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. It should be appreciated that any of the embodiments of the drying system  100  (e.g., cleaning systems  100 - 1 ,  100 - 2 ,  100 - 3 ,  100 - 4 , and  100 - 5 ) described herein with the any of the embodiments of the proximity head  106  described in  FIGS. 2A to 15F  herein may be utilized in conjunction with other wafer processing technologies to generate an integrated system such as, for example, those described in  FIG. 16A through 20  below. In one embodiment, the cleaning and drying system  100  may be incorporated into a 2300 Brush Box Assembly manufactured by Lam Research of Fremont, Calif. 
   In one embodiment, the cleaning/drying system  602  is the cleaning and drying system  100 - 5  described above in reference to  FIGS. 5G and 5H  with a brush core  604  and a spray manifold  606 . In such an embodiment, when one of the cleaning and drying systems  100  are utilized in conjunction with a different wafer processing apparatus, the cleaning and drying systems (or components therein) may also be known as a wafer drying insert. It should be understood that the brush may be made out of any suitable material that may effectively clean a substrate such as, for example, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), rubber, urethane, etc. In one embodiment, a brush such, as for example a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) brush may be applied over the brush core  604 . The brush core  604  may be any suitable brush core configuration such as, for example, those known to those skilled in the art. Therefore, when the brush core  604  rotates, the brush on the brush core  604  may be applied to the wafer  102  to clean the surface of the wafer after wafer processing such as, for example, etching, planarization, etc. 
   In one embodiment, after the wafer  102  is cleaned by the brush, the wafer  102  does not have to be taken out of the cleaning/drying  602  (also known as a cleaning/drying module) for drying. Therefore, after wafer cleaning, the wafer  102  may be dried as discussed above in reference to  FIGS. 2A through 15C  above. In this fashion, time may be saved by having two wafer process operation in one module and chances for contamination are reduced because the wafer  102  does not have to be taken to a different module for cleaning. 
     FIG. 16B  shows an alternative view of the cleaning/drying system  602  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The cleaning/drying system  602  may be a module(s) (e.g., cluster tool) in a variety of wafer processing systems as discussed below in reference to  FIG. 17  though  21 . By having both a cleaning system and a drying system in one module, space may be saved and the wafer processing system may be made smaller and more compact while retaining substantially the same functionality. 
     FIG. 17  illustrates a wafer processing system  700  with front end frame assembly  705  with a drying module  704  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The drying module  704  may be any of the systems  100 ,  100 - 1 ,  100 - 2 ,  100 - 3 ,  100 - 4 ,  100 - 5 , and any suitable variant thereof. It should be appreciated that any suitable number of drying modules  704  such as, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, etc. may be connected to the front end frame assembly  705  to generate the wafer processing system  700  with varying levels of wafer processing capabilities. It should also be understood that any other types of wafer processing tools may be connected to the front end frame assembly  705  such as, for example, a planarization tool/module, etching tool/module, cleaning tool/module, etc. 
   In one embodiment, the wafer processing system  700  includes 6 drying modules  704  and also has a robot  712  that may feed and remove wafers into and out of the drying modules  704 . The robot  712  may also be configured to feed and remove wafers into and out of the front end loaders  710 . It should be understood that any suitable number and types of robots  712  may be utilized as well as any suitable number and types of front end loaders  710 . In one embodiment, the front end loaders  710  may receive a cartridge full of wafers which require processing by the wafer processing system  700 . 
     FIG. 18  shows a wafer processing system  800  which has multiple wafer processing tools in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the wafer processing system  800  includes an etching module  722 , the drying module  704 , the front end loader  710 , and the robot  712  located on a frame assembly  720 . The wafer processing system  700  as with the wafer processing system  800  may have any suitable number and any suitable types of modules/tools such as, CMP modules, megasonic processing modules, cleaning modules, and etching modules. Therefore an apparatus such as, for example, the wafer processing system  800  with different substrate/wafer processing modules may, in one embodiment, be called a cluster architecture system. In one embodiment, a drying system as described herein may be an integrated drying system when integrated with other modules to form the cluster architecture system. In an alternative embodiment, the wafer processing system  800  may have the etching module  722 , the drying module  704 , and a cleaning module. In one embodiment, the wafer processing system  700  may include three of the etching modules  622 , and  6  of the drying modules  704 . When multiple wafer processing occurs, this may be known as cluster processing. It should also be appreciated that any or all of the drying modules  704  may be replaced with a module containing the cleaning/drying system  602  so both cleaning and drying may be accomplished in the same module. 
     FIG. 19  shows a wafer processing system  800 ′ without the etching module  722  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the wafer processing system  800  has the frame  720  containing a plurality of the drying modules  704 . The wafer processing system  800 ′ may contain any suitable number of drying modules  704 . In one embodiment, the wafer processing system  800 ′ includes 8 of the drying modules  704 . The wafer  102  is shown being loaded into the wafer processing system  800  through use of the front end loader  710 . The robot  712  may take the wafer from the front end loader  710  and load the wafer  102  into any one of the plurality of drying modules  704 . In this embodiment, the etching module  722  shown above in reference to  FIG. 18  has been removed to generate space to add more drying modules  704 . In addition, the drying modules  704  may include the cleaning and drying system  602  described in further detail in reference to  FIG. 16A . In this way both drying and cleaning may be accomplished within one module. 
     FIG. 20  illustrates a wafer processing system  800 ″ which includes a drying module  704  and a cleaning module  850  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the wafer processing system  800 ″ can include a separate cleaning module such as, for example, the cleaning module  850 . It should be appreciated that any suitable number and/or types of cleaning apparatuses may be utilized within the wafer processing system  800 ″, such as a brush box (or wafer brush scrubbing units), megasonic cleaning device, etc. In one embodiment, the cleaning module  850  may be a brush box. The brush box may be any suitable type of brush box that can effectively clean wafers such as known to those skilled in the art. 
   In yet another embodiment, the wafer processing system  800 ″ may have a cleaning module  850  that is a megasonic module. In another embodiment, the megasonic module may conduct other types of processing besides cleaning. Any suitable megasonic processing device may be utilized as a megasonic module such as, for example, those described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/259,023 entitled “MEGASONIC SUBSTRATE PROCESSING MODULE”. The aforementioned patent application is hereby incorporated by reference. Therefore, by having various types of modules or wafer processing devices interconnected, wafer processing systems may be generated that have the capability to utilized multiple wafer processing methods. 
     FIG. 21  shows a block diagram of a wafer processing system  900  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, the system  900  includes a cleaning system  902 , a chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) system  904 , a megasonic system  906 , and an etching system  908  with a deposition system. The system  900  also includes a robotics  912  that can transport substrates to and from each of the systems  902 ,  904 ,  906 ,  908 , and  910 . Therefore, the system  900  may include all of the major wafer processing tools. It should be understood that the system  900  can include one, some, or all of the systems  902 ,  904 ,  906 ,  908 , and  910 . It should also be appreciated that the system  900  can include any suitable number of any of the systems  902 ,  904 ,  906 ,  908 , and  910  as well as other types of wafer processing systems known to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the system  900  has great flexibility in wafer processing abilities depending on the desires of a manufacturer or user. 
   The cleaning system  902  may be any suitable cleaning system such as, for example, brush box(es), spin, rinse, and dry (SRD) apparatus(es), etc. Any suitable type of brush box or SRD apparatuses may be utilized in the system  900 . The CMP system  904  may be any suitable type of CMP apparatus such as those utilizing, for example, a table, one or more belts, etc. The megasonic system may be one as described above in reference to the megasonic processing device as described in further detail in reference to  FIG. 20 . The etching system  908  may be any type of substrate etching device such as, for example, one that includes a robot that can obtain a wafer through a load lock and process the wafer in any number of process modules where etching can take place. A deposition system can optionally be utilized along with the etching system  908 . 
   The drying system  910  may be any drying system described herein that utilize any of the different embodiments of the proximity head  106  as described above in reference to  FIGS. 2A through 14C . Therefore, the drying system may be the system  100 ,  100 - 1 ,  100 - 2 ,  100 - 3 ,  100 - 4  or any variant thereof. Therefore, the system  900  may process the wafer  102  in any suitable number ways and dry the wafer  102  in a highly efficient and cost effective manner by usage of the drying system  910  of the present invention. Therefore, the drying system  910  may lower of wafer production costs and raise wafer yields. 
   While this invention has been described in terms of several preferred embodiments, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art upon reading the preceding specifications and studying the drawings will realize various alterations, additions, permutations and equivalents thereof. It is therefore intended that the present invention includes all such alterations, additions, permutations, and equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.