Abstract:
A projectile, such as a bullet, is made by combining two different metals in proportions calculated to achieve a desired density, without using lead. A base constituent, made of a material having density greater than lead, is combined with a binder constituent having less density. The binder constituent is malleable and ductile metallic phase material that forms projectile shapes when subjected to a consolidation force, such as compression. The metal constituents can be selected, rationed, and consolidated to achieve desired frangibility characteristics.

Description:
This invention was made with government support under Contract No. DE-AC05-840R21400 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy to Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. and the government has certain rights in this invention. 
    
    
     This is a divisional continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/267,895 filed Jul. 6, 1994 now abandoned and continued by Ser. No. 08/761,550 filing date Dec. 6, 1996 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,331. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to powder metallurgy, and more specifically, to projectiles or other objects made from consolidated powdered materials. The materials are chosen to emulate or improve upon the mechanical properties and mass of lead. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART 
     Bullets are a type of projectile which have relied on the density of lead to generate a desirable force, commonly measured in foot pounds of energy, when propelled at a desired velocity. 
     One type of bullet includes a lead core jacketed with copper. This type of construction and combination of materials has been used successfully because the density of lead produces desirable ballistic performance. Moreover, the ductility and malleability of lead makes it easily worked into projectile shapes, and produces desirable impact deformation. 
     Lead-containing bullets present both environmental and safety problems, when fired at practice ranges. Health issues arise from breathing airborn lead contaminants generated from firing the projectiles impact on the projectiles. Environmentally, lead from the projectiles fired at an outdoor range accumulates in the ground and can leach into surface water and ground water. In terms of safety, projectiles fired indoors or outdoors can ricochet and thereby cause unintended collateral damage. 
     The safety, health and environmental issues with regards to the firing of projectiles at ranges and other training facilities (or in general, any training exercise where projectiles are fired into the environment) have prompted the development and evaluation of alternative ammunition that eliminates the undesirable health, safety and environmental aspects of lead. 
     It has not been a simple matter to replace lead as a material for making projectiles. Alternative projectiles considered in the past have not been able to maintain the mechanical and physical properties of lead so as to achieve comparable performance. For example, the ability of the projectile to retain its velocity and energy is measured by its sectional density is proportional to the projectile mass divided by the square of the caliber. Thus, it is seen that a projectile of low mass or density will not retain its velocity and energy as well as a projectile of higher mass and energy. 
     Recent efforts to replace lead in bullets have focused on powdered metals with polymer binders, plastic or rubber projectiles, and bismuth metal. However, these replacements have yet to meet all desired specifications and performance goals. 
     At the end of World War II, projectiles used in 50 caliber weapons for training, and to replace lead, were fabricated from tungsten, iron, and bakelite. These were used for some time in training exercises and for special applications. However, attempts to reproduce these materials in the early 1970&#39;s were unsuccessful. In addition, bakelite, which is fabricated from phenolic-formaldehyde mixtures, has experienced declining usage as newer, less expensive polymer materials have been developed. 
     Frangible projectiles are also employed as training ammunition in place of kinetic energy penetrators. The simulated projectiles must exhibit similar flight characteristics to the actual penetrators, but ideally self-destruct in flight or on impact for safety reasons (for example, to reduce ricochet). A partially densified iron powder component encased in a low-strength, thermally-degradable plastic container has been used. These replacement projectiles fail on light impact or after heating in flight, thus meeting range safety requirements. 
     Commercially available non-lead, frangible munitions for training and certification of personnel are presently being fabricated using bullets formed from tungsten and copper powders in a nylon matrix. The projectiles are a direct spin-off from technologies first explored for replacing lead weights used by commercial fishermen in Europe. The projectiles are formed employing injection molding techniques and various lots have been delivered to various organizations for testing. 
     While the aforementioned ammunition is functional, the density of the bullet material is only approximately half that of the lead-containing components (5.8 versus 11.4 g/cm 3 ). The low weight of the projectile causes problems in weapon functionality and accuracy, especially at extended ranges. 
     Another solution being explored is the replacement of lead with other metals such as bismuth. Bismuth metal possesses properties similar to those of lead. Shotgun ammunition that utilizes bismuth shot is also commercially available, but the density of this metal is only 86% of that of lead (9.8 versus 11.4 g/cm 3 ), and again this creates concerns with regards to ballistic performance. 
     In pelletized projectiles, such as shotgun shot, lead has been used for many years in hunting waterfowl and other game birds. Where lead shot has been banned, steel shot has been required. However, due to the high hardness and strength, and low density (7.5 versus 11.4 g/cm 3 ), steels are less desirable choices for use as projectile materials. 
     Steel shot has also caused intense controversy for it is believed that due to its reduced ballistic properties (primarily to the lower density), many birds are being wounded and maimed, dying gruesome deaths. The manufacturers recommend using a steel shot at least two sizes larger in diameter than lead for the same target and similar distances. This further diminishes effectiveness by decreasing pattern density (the number of pellets in the shot change). 
     Although ammunition manufacturers are developing new and improved components for use with steel shot, the ammunition appears to cause excessive wear and undue damage to many shotgun barrels. 
     Several United States patents have described lead-less or lead-reduced projectiles. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,022 to Haygarth et al. describes a lead-free shotshell pellet made of an alloy of iron and tungsten. The pellets may be coated with a polymeric coating, resin or lubricant. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,881,465 to Hooper et al. discloses a non-lead shotgun pellet in which particles made of a first alloy are suspended in a matrix of a second alloy. The first alloy is primarily ferrotungsten, and the second alloy is primarily lead. The second alloy is poured over crushed particles of the first alloy to form the pellets. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,498,395 to Kock et al. discloses a powder made of tungsten particles coated with either nickel, copper, silver, iron, cobalt, molybdenum or rhenium, wherein the particle diameters are in the range of 10 to 50 μm. The particles are sintered to form projectiles. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,428,295 to Venkataramaraj discloses a high density shot made of a cold-compacted mixture of at least two metal powders. A representative mixture includes 50% lead and 50% tungsten, which is cold pressed in shot molds at 20,000 psi. 
     It is clear from the above that several attempts have been made in the past to obviate or diminish the use of lead as a primary material for making projectiles. Yet, no one heretofore has achieved satisfactory performance from non-lead materials. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is to provide a projectile which is fully functional and provides characteristics similar to those of standard issue or commercially available analogs to allow personnel in training to maintain the highest degree of proficiency, to provide the shooter with accurate and dependable munitions, and to eliminate contamination of the environment and to reduce airborne contaminants in the shooter&#39;s breathing zone. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide non-lead, frangible projectiles having ballistic properties and density comparable to existing lead-containing components. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to use a projectile material, the ingredients and processing of which can be varied to provide a controlled or predetermined impact behavior. 
     Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a coated powder which allows for uniform distribution of each constituent material, controlled composition and density, and tailorable impact behavior through selection of materials, processing conditions, final porosity, and adherence or bonding of the coatings and between particulates. 
     These and other advantages of the invention are achieved by providing projectiles made from blends of metal powders, wherein high density metals are mixed with lighter and relatively softer metals. The high density metal is preferably heavier than lead, while the softer metal acts as a binder and as a buffer between the high density metal and the steel barrel of a weapon. 
     To avoid separation of the two metal constituents during handling and processing, the lighter, softer metal may be coated on the heavier metal, and then the coated particles are consolidated through a working process into projectile shapes. 
     Other objects and advantages which will be subsequently apparent, reside in the details of construction and operation as more fully hereinafter described and claimed, with reference being had to the accompanying drawings forming a part hereof, wherein like numerals refer to like elements throughout. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a vertical cross-sectional view of a munitions cartridge which includes a bullet or projectile made according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional view of a coated particle used to make projectiles according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a vertical cross-sectional view of a bullet according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a coated shot according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 5 is a side elevational view, partially cut-away, of a shotshell according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 6 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a shot used in the shotshell of FIG. 5; and 
     FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a jacketed bullet according to the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention provides non-lead frangible projectiles which can be used instead of lead-containing products, thus obviating environmental problems associated with conventional projectiles. 
     According to one aspect of the present invention, coated metal or metal compound powders and particulates are used as base materials. The projectiles can be constructed to maintain the density and ballistic properties of present lead-containing components, but without using toxic materials. Moreover, the materials can be selected, mixed and processed to achieve controlled impact behavior. 
     The use of coated particulates allows for uniform distribution of each component, controlled composition and density, and tailorable impact behavior through selection of materials, processing conditions, final porosity, and adherence or bonding of the coatings and between particulates. 
     In one application of a projectile illustrated in FIG. 1, a munitions cartridge 10 includes a casing 12 having a primer 14 at one end and a bullet-receiving opposite end 16. A bullet 18, serving as the &#34;projectile&#34;, is fitted into the receiving end 16 of the casing 12. As is standard in the art, a charge of powder 20 contained in the casing 12 is ignited by the primer 14, when acted upon by a firing pin, to propel the bullet 18 down the gun barrel. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, the bullet 18 is made by mixing a base constituent,which is heavier than lead, with a binder constituent, which is lighter than lead. The binder constituent is selected to have a degree of malleability and ductility which facilitates formation of a desirable projectile shape when the mixed constituents are subjected to a consolidation process. Toxic materials, such as lead, are not used for either constituent. 
     The simplest process of fabrication is to blend the base constituent and the binder constituent and then consolidate the blend into projectile shapes using a low energy working technique, such as cold (room temperature or slightly heated) pressing. 
     The base constituent is preferably a high density, high hardness powdered material. This constituent may be a metal, metal compound, metal alloy, or mixtures of the aforementioned, and should have a density greater than lead. The binder constituent may also be a metal, metal compound, metal alloy, or mixtures of same, and is softer and less dense than the base constituent. 
     The higher density base constituent provides mass while the softer, lighter binder constituent acts as a buffer against the steel barrel of a weapon. Prior art projectiles which use lead as a binder do not solve the environmental problem, while those using hard exposed substitutes damage barrels and/or do not have controllable frangibility. 
     Because metal powders of different density tend to separate during handling and processing, a particular embodiment of the present invention involves coating powders made of the primary (heavier) constituent material with the lighter binder constituent. This is illustrated in FIG. 2, wherein a spherical particle 22 made of the primary constituent is coated with a coating 24. The coating 24 is made of the softer, typically lower density binder constituent. 
     The thickness of the coating 24 and the size of the particle 22 can be selected to control the fraction of each metal in the final component, and thus the density of the projectile. The use of coated powders allows for precise control of composition and results in uniform distribution of each metal throughout the part. In addition, the coating 24 on individual particles 22 ensures that the heavier, harder base constituent, such as tungsten, does not contact and thereby abrade the inside surfaces of the gun barrel. 
     The coating 24 can be formed in a variety of ways, including fluidized bed and tumbling-bed chemical vapor deposition, electroplating, or other metal deposition processes. A uniform coating of controlled thickness can readily be deposited on powders or particulates of a broad range of sizes and densities. 
     The coated powders are mixed (if more than one base constituent is used) and pressed, and if necessary, sintered to produce a projectile or other component. The physical properties such as density, hardness, porosity, impact properties, etc. can be controlled through selection of material and powder, particle size, coating material, and coating thickness. 
     The use of coated powders enhances the ability to control projectile frangibility over a broad range by introducing new variables. These include the bonding of the coating to particle, and particle to particle contact and bonding during consolidation. Thus, projectiles with controllable density and impact properties are fabricated employing coated powders and particulates. 
     FIG. 3 shows a solid body 26 having a desirable projectile shape. The body 26 is illustrated in cross-section, and shows the binder constituent 28 which was not coated on the harder constituent 30. Because the softer binder material 28 flows around the harder constituent 30 under sufficient pressure, the harder constituent 30 is not exposed on the outer surface of the body 26. Thus, the softer material will be in contact with the gun barrel and thereby avoid abrasion from the harder constituent 30. 
     FIG. 4 shows a spherical shot 32 according to the present invention. The shot 32 may consist of a single sphere 34 made of a harder constituent metal, with a coating 36 made of softer, less dense material. While appearing similar in structure to the coated powder of FIG. 2, the shot pellet 32 of FIG. 4 is a single sphere, not a pressed agglomeration of powder. 
     A more preferred form of shot is illustrated in the embodiment of FIGS. 5 and 6. Referring to FIG. 5, a shotshell 38 includes a tube 40 containing a quantity of shot 42, and a head 44 which includes a primer (not shown). The construction of the shotshell 38 is conventional except that the shot 42 is made according to the present invention. 
     As shown in FIG. 6, each shot 42 can be made of a hard constituent material 44 and a relatively soft constituent material 46. The constituent materials can be two powders, or a mixture of powders, selected as per the disclosure herein. Alternatively, the shot 42 could be made by consolidating a coated powder into spherical shapes. 
     Choice of Basic Materials 
     The base constituent is a powder made of virtually any non-lead material, or mixture of materials, that has a density greater than lead. As noted above, the base constituent may be a metal, metal compound, metal alloy, or a mixture of metals, metal compounds and/or metal alloys. An example of a suitable compound is tungsten carbide, while suitable elements include tungsten and tantalum. 
     The base constituent materials are typically of relatively high strength and hardness, compared to the binder constituent. This is to ensure that the binder constituent acts as the binder, and not visa versa, and thereby flows to the outer surface of the projectile. This ensures that the softer constituent will form a buffer between the harder base constituent and the gun barrel. 
     Lead and other toxic materials are specifically excluded as possible base constituents. 
     The binder constituent is preferably lighter than lead and is softer than the base constituent. Examples of elements capable of use as the binder constituent include, but are not limited to, aluminum, bismuth, copper, tin and zinc, which are environmentally friendly than lead. The binder constituent may be elemental, compounded or alloyed as noted with respect to the base constituent, and may also comprise a mixture of elements, compounds and/or alloys, depending on the physical properties of each and the desired physical properties of the finished product. 
     Selective Density and Frangibility 
     According to the present invention, the choice and ratio of materials can be selected to achieve a desired density and thus ballistic characteristic. Frangibility is controlled through choice and ratio of materials and consolidation technique. Particle size also has a bearing on consolidation and thus contributes to frangibility control. Thus, to obtain a projectile having a density similar to that of a lead-containing equivalent, materials are selected and provided in ranges that produce the desired overall density. To obtain a projectile having, in addition to a desired density, a desired frangibility, a consolidation technique is selected to achieve a desired fracture toughness, or other physical property. For example, an annealing step provided after cold pressing will change the hardness and/or fracture toughness of the projectile. Additionally, frangibility is also a function of the degree of densification (expressed as a percentage of theorical maximum density) and the type of consolidation technique, such as cold pressing. Powder size will to a certain extent effect the ability to consolidate the powders and the porosity of the end product. 
     Choices of materials and process conditions to achieve particular examples of projectiles according to the present invention are described in the following examples: 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Tungsten particulates 500-1,000 μm (20-40 mils) in diameter were coated with 50-70 μm (2-3 mils) of aluminum employing a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. A 9.6 g (148 grain) sample of the coated particulates was weighed and placed into-the cavity of a cylindrical steel die with a diameter of 0.356 inches. The powder sample was subjected to pressure ranging from 140 to 350 Mpa at room temperature. 
     Once the chosen pressure was achieved, the pressure was held for approximately 5 seconds to ensure complete compaction. The part was removed form the die as a bullet or &#34;slug&#34; and characterized. 
     The density of each sample was measured for those pressed at 350 Mpa, the average density of the slugs was 10.9 g/cm 3  or ≈95% the theoretical density of lead. The room temperature compressive strength of the pressed samples was 145 Mpa, which is adequate for use as projectiles in small arms, specifically 38 caliber and 9 mm pistols. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Same as Example 1, except for tungsten carbide spheres, ball point pen balls, with a diameter of 0.051 inches (1.3 mm) were used. A 125 μm (5 mil) thick aluminum coating was applied again using a CVD technique. Similar results were achieved as in Example 1. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Pellets or shot used in shotguns are made of non-lead materials and have densities to match or approximate lead or lead alloys currently available. The shot has a soft outer coating which overcomes the problem of steel shot abrading inner surfaces of gun barrels. Basically, the ability of this outer coating to deform, due to its inherent softness compared to steel, is what avoids barrel deformation and wear. 
     The properties of the shot are tailored for specific applications. For example, duck and geese hunters require shot with extended range and good penetration. A dense hard pellet would thus give optimum performance in this application. Target shooters, on the other hand, prefer light charges of smaller diameter lighter weight shot. This product could permit customized loads and result in improved performance as compared to currently available ammunition. 
     It is also possible to include variations in coating or plating of the particulates. More complex combinations of metals, such as ternary compositions, could also be employed. 
     Various combinations of hard and soft materials which are combined to form a shot projectile are shown below in Table I. These have densities matching or approximating pure lead, using metal coated tungsten and tungsten carbide spheres: 
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________         Approximate Core     Coating         Shot Size   Diameter ThicknessMaterials (core - shell)         (number)    (in)     (in)______________________________________Tungsten core, variouscoating materialsW - Al        6           0.088    0.011W - Bi        6           0.063    0.026W - Cu        6           0.066    0.020W - Sn        6           0.074    0.016W - Zn        6           0.074    0.016Tungsten carbide core,various coating materialsWC - Al       6           0.100    0.007WC - Bi       6           0.070    0.019WC - Cu       6           0.076    0.015WC - Sn       6           0.090    0.012WC - Zn       6           0.090    0.012Tungsten core, tin coating,various shot sizesW - Sn        6           0.076    0.01W - Sn        4           0.090    0.019W - Sn        2           0.106    0.023W - Sn        BB          0.125    0.027W - Sn        F           0.152    0.033W - Sn        OO          0.230    0.050______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 4 
     A mixture of 30 wt. % 320 mesh tin and 70 wt. % 100 mesh tungsten powders was prepared by dry blending the as-received materials. A 9.6 g (148 grain) sample of blended powder was weighed and placed into the cavity of a cylindrical steel die with a diameter of 0.356 inches and placed under the ram of a hydraulic press. The powder sample was subjected to pressures ranging from 140 to 350 Mpa at room temperature. Once the chosen pressure was achieved, the pressure was held for about 5 seconds. The part was removed from the die and characterized. 
     Density was measured for samples pressed at 350 Mpa, the average density of the slugs was 11.45 g/cm 3  or about 100% the theoretical density of lead. The room-temperature compressive strength of the W--Sn part was about 140 Mpa and the part exhibited almost ductile behavior. 
     In addition to the cylindrical specimens resembling double-ended wadcutter bullets, truncated cone projectiles of the same diameter and weight (0.356 inches and 148 grains) were also prepared in a similar manner. Ammunition was assembled using the bullets. Pistol ammunition for a 38 caliber revolver with velocities of approximately 900 ft/second was prepared as described in the Speer Reloading manual. The ammunition was fired from a revolver with a 4 inch barrel at an outdoor range. The ammunition using the W--Sn bullets performed as well as similarly constructed ammunition using lead counterparts of similar geometry. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Same as Example 3 except for the metal mixture containing 30 wt. % 100 mesh tin and 70 wt. % 100 mesh tungsten. The average density of the parts pressed at 350 Mpa was 11.4 g/cm 3 , 100% that of lead, with an average compressive strength of 130 Mpa, as shown in Table IV. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     Same as Example 3 except for metal mixture containing 5 wt. % 320 mesh aluminum and 95 wt. % 100 mesh tungsten. The average density of the parts pressed at 350 Mpa ws 10.9 g/cm 3 , which is 96% that of lead, with an average compressive strength of 200 Mpa, as shown in Table IV. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     Same as Example 3 except for metal mixture containing 20 wt. % 320 mesh copper and 80 wt. % 100 mesh tungsten. The average density of the parts pressed at 350 Mpa was 11 g/cm 3 , 97% that of lead, with an average compressive strength of 220 Mpa. 
     EXAMPLE 8 
     Same as Example 3 except for the metal mixture containing 40 wt. % 100 mesh zinc and 60 wt. % 100 mesh tungsten. The average density of the parts pressed at 350 Mpa was 10.9 g/cm 3 , 96% that of lead, with an average compressive strength of 145 Mpa. 
     EXAMPLE 9 
     Same as Example 3 except for metal mixture containing 70 wt. % 100 mesh bismuth and 30 wt. % 100 mesh tungsten. The average density of the parts pressed at 350 Mpa was 10.9 g/cm 3 , 96% that of lead. 
     Materials for use as the high density constituent include tungsten, tungsten carbide, tantalum, and any non-lead metals, metal alloys or other materials with similar densities. Coating metals include aluminum, bismuth, copper, tin, zinc, and other non-lead metals with similar properties. Density and frangibility can be customized for individual needs, by considering the density and mechanical properties of the individual constituents. The following Tables II and III serve as guidelines for material selection: 
     
                       TABLE II______________________________________              Density Modulus                             Strength                                   HardnessMaterial   Symbol  (g/cm.sup.3)                      (GPa)  (MPa) (VHN)______________________________________Lead       Pb      11.36   14     13    0.049Lead + 0.01%      Pb/Sn   11.34   14     18    5 HB*TinLead + 5% Tin      Pb/Sn   11.00          23    8 HB*Lead + 20% Tin      Pb/Sn   10.20          40    11.3 HB*Lead + 50% Tin      Pb/Sn   8.89           42    14.5 HB*Lead + 4%  Pb/Sb   11.02          100   8.1 HB*AntimonyCopper     Cu      8.93    130    200   0.50Bismuth    Bi      9.81    32     NA    0.095Gold       Au      19.30   78     100   0.66Silver     Ag      10.49   70     125   0.94Platinum   Pt      21.45   170    140   0.86Aluminum   Al      2.70    60     45    0.25Tungsten   W       19.25   415    3450  3.43Tin        Sn      7.29    15     15    0.071Iron       Fe      7.87    170    600   0.65Molybdenum Mo      10.22   310    500   0.38Nioblum    Nb      8.57    100    275   0.86Tantalum   Ta      16.6    190    360   1.06Titanium   Ti      4.51    200    235   1.54Low Carbon Steel      Fe-FeC  7.5     200    350   90 HB*Tungsten Carbide      WC      15.0    640    1500  18.44Zinc       Zn      7.13    70     135   0.02______________________________________ *The hardness of lead is 3 HB in similar units. 
    
     
                                           TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________       Health                 MSDS Acute                                    MSDS Chronic                                            TLV/TWAMaterial   Symbol       Rating           Comments from &#34;Sax and Lewis&#34;                              Exposure                                    Exposure                                            (mg/m.sup.3)__________________________________________________________________________Lead    Pb  4   poison, carcinogen, teratogen, lead                              numerous                                    see MSDS                                            0.07-0.2           poisoning most common of occupational                              difficulties, (0.05)           diseases           see MSDSCooper  Cu  4   metal and powder not problems, fumes only                              ulcers,                                    anemia  NA (1)                              pneumoniaBismuth Bi  1   industrially not considered toxic                              mild irritant                                    nervous systems                                            NA (NE)Gold    Au  3   none                             NASilver  Ag  3   skin pigmentation effects        0.1Aluminum   Al  1   dust possibly associated with pulmonary                              mild irritant                                    Alzheimer&#39;s                                            10 (10)           fibrosis, Alzheimer&#39;sTungsten   W   2   industrially not considered toxic                              NISS  HM disease                                            5 (5)                                    pneumoniaTin     Sn  2   not considered toxic                              mild irritant                                    pneumonia                                            2 (2)Iron    Fe  2   as dust can be irritant and possibly                              oxide dust                                    oxide mottling                                            NA (5)           poisonous          irritant                                    lungsTantalum   Ta  3   considered nontoxic, industrial poisoning                                            5.0           recordedTitanium   Ti  1   considered physiological inert                              nuisance                                    irritant                                            NA (NE)Molybdenum   Mo  1   human poisoning by inhalation not been                              irritant                                    pneumonia                                            15           documentedLow carbon Steel   Fe-FeC       2   see iron and other steel additives                                            10Zinc    Zn  2   dust and powder nontoxic to humans                              NISS  dermatitis                                            NA (10)__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     Table IV shows a variety of processed projectiles having a range of densities from 90 to 120% of lead and acceptable mechanical properties, as described in Examples 3-8 above. It is apparent from the above data that the physical properties of the shot or bullets can be varied by changing the parameters of the powder compositions. For example, mesh size, densification pressure and ratio of hard to soft metals can be varied to derive a desired degree of frangibility. 
     
                       TABLE IV______________________________________            Processing            Compressive    Fraction            Pressure Density                           % Density                                  StrengthComposition    (by wt) (MPa)    (g/cm.sup.3)                           of Lead                                  (MPa)______________________________________Pb       100     na       11.36 100.0Pb-Sn    95/5    na       11.00Pb-Sn    80/20   na       10.20W-Sn     70/30   140      10.17 89.2    70&#34;                210      10.88 95.8    95&#34;                280      11.34 99.9   127&#34;                350      11.49 101.2  137W-Sn*    58/42   140      9.76  85.9    84&#34;                210      10.20 89.8    95&#34;                280      10.49 92.3   106W-Al II  95/5    140      9.35  82.3    57&#34;                210      10.06 88.6   101&#34;                280      10.62 93.5   157&#34;                350      10.91 96.0   200W-Zn     60/40   350      10.85 95.5   145Bi-W     70/30   350      10.88 95.8   not testedW-Cu     80/20   350      10.99 96.8   220______________________________________ 
    
     Compressive strengths of lead and lead tin alloys are in a range from 15 to 70 MPa. Densities of lead and lead-tin alloys are in a range from ≈10.70 to 11.36 g/cm 3  (pure lead). 
     Non-lead projectiles according to the present invention are formed using powder metallurgy techniques. Controlling density permits matching of any lead, lead alloys, or copper/lead construction being employed in current bullets. With matched density, the present projectiles have equivalent or comparable weapon function, ballistic properties, and accuracy. The impact behavior of the projectiles is also controllable through changes in composition and processing. Components with a broad range of frangibility or impact properties can be fabricated thus meeting the needs of many users for a wide variety of applications. Processing is simple, involving only the cold pressing of powders. 
     The use of coated powders improves reproducibility and uniformity, and prevents wear of barrels by preventing contact by the harder high density metal. Sintering may permit a greater level of flexibility in compositions and properties. 
     The projectiles described herein could replace any bullet in current use that employ lead or other hazardous materials. This would benefit any organization and individual that uses ammunition for training, self defense, police applications, military, hunting, sport shooting, etc. Moreover, the term &#34;projectile&#34; refers to any munitions round, or the core to a munitions round. For example, the projectiles of the present invention could be the core of a jacketed round. 
     An example of a jacketed round can be found in FIG. 7, wherein a bullet 48 has an outer jacket 50, made of suitable jacketing material (typically, copper is used as a jacket material, although other non-traditional materials may be desirable for environmental reasons), and an inner core 52 made of the non-lead materials described herein. The amount, mixture and type of materials are selected according to the desired ballistic properties of the projectile as per the present invention. Also, the forming techniques can be such that the core is preformed or formed in the jacket as by swaging. In either event, the amount of consolidation is controlled to achieve desired frangibility characteristics. 
     The projectiles encompassed in the present invention could include, in addition to bullets, virtually any type of artillery round, such as those capable of exploding on impact (and thus incorporating an explosive charge), a hand grenade, a rocket warhead, etc. 
     Objects other than munitions projectiles also could be fashioned from the aforementioned materials and techniques. For example, non-lead fishing weights, tire balance weights, or ship&#39;s ballast could be made using the present invention. Other uses are easily envisioned, where it is desirable to emulate mechanical and physical properties of a material which is to be replaced, either due to the scarcity or toxicity of the replaced material. 
     The many features and advantages of the invention are apparent from the detailed specification, and thus, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such features and advantages of the invention which fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and variations will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation illustrated and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.