Abstract:
Functional fluid compositions comprising a major amount of a base stock material which is an ester or amide of an acid phosphorus, a di- or tricarboxylic acid ester, an ester of a polyhydric compound or mixtures thereof, optionally minor amounts of other base stock materials or base stock modifiers such as viscosity index improvers, cavitation damage inhibitors, and lubricity agents, and an additive amount of an acid scavenger and corrosion inhibitor which is a monoepoxy norbornyl carboxylate such as C 1   -4  alkyl-5,6-epoxynorbornane carboxylate. The compositions are particularly useful as aircraft hydraulic fluids.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to functional fluid compositions, particularly hydraulic fluids and to monoepoxycyclohexyl compounds which are effective to inhibit acid buildup in such fluids. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Functional fluids have been utilized in many different types of applications such as electronic coolants, diffusion pump fluids, lubricants, damping fluids, bases for greases, power transmission and hydraulic fluids, heat transfer fluids, heat pump fluids, refrigeration equipment fluids and as filter mediums for air-conditioning systems. Of these uses, hydraulic fluids intended for use in the hydraulic system of aircraft for operating various mechanisms and aircraft control systems must meet stringent functional and use requirements. One of the most important requirements for an aircraft hydraulic fluid is that the fluid be chemically stable to resist oxidative and thermal degradation which can result in the formation of acids and the corrosive attack of metals in contact with the hydraulic fluid. 
     In order to control the degree of acid buildup during use of the fluid and inhibit corrosion of the components in the hydraulic system, it is conventional to add certain acid scavengers and/or corrosion inhibitors to the hydraulic fluid base stock. 
     Although a variety of compounds have been suggested for use as corrosion inhibitors, acid acceptors which act as proton acceptors and prevent the buildup of corrosive acids in the fluids when they undergo decomposition under prolonged use at high temperatures are generally preferred. A particularly preferred class of such materials comprises epoxy compounds, especially epoxidized naturally occurring materials such as epoxidized unsaturated glycerides including epoxidized soybean oil, epoxidized castor oil, epoxidized linseed oil, epoxidized fats and the like. Other suggested materials include epoxy esters such as butylepoxyacetoxystearate, glyceryl triepoxyacetoxystearate, isooctylepoxystearate, epoxidized isooctyl phthalate and the like. Also suggested are various alkyl and arylalkyl epoxides such as epoxy decane, epoxy hexadecane, epoxy octadecane, cyclododecane, and the like, and glyceryl and various glycidyl ethers such as phenyl glycidyl ether, glycidyl cyclohexyl ether, alkyl glycidyl ether, and the like. 
     More recently it has been suggested that a particular class of epoxy compounds, the 3,4-epoxycycloalkyl-3,4-epoxycycloalkyl carboxylates, are particularly useful as acid acceptors for hydraulic fluids and are more effective than the epoxy compounds used heretofore. A particularly preferred compound is 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate. These compounds are well known chemical entities which have been used as acid scavengers for chlorinated diphenyl dielectric fluids prior to their introduction as inhibitors for hydraulic fluids. 
     Although 3,4-epoxycycloalkyl-3,4-epoxycycloalkyl carboxylates are effective acid scavengers for common hydraulic fluid compositions, they have a disadvantage in that they cause resinous deposits to form around the fluid pump shaft at the point of seal. The formation of deposits is of particular concern in aircraft hydraulic systems which operate under pressure and where the deposits soon result in fluid leakage through the seal. Although the problem of shaft seal leakage is not serious from an aircraft operational point of view, it represents a sufficient nuisance that the aircraft industry and aircraft hydraulic fluid manufacturers have actively sought alternative acid acceptors which are as effective and efficient as the 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate but which do not have the deposit and leakage problem associated with this material. 
     It is accordingly an object of this invention to provide an acid acceptor effective to prevent acid buildup in functional fluid compositions. Another object of this invention is to provide an acid acceptor which can be used without adverse secondary effects in functional fluids which may also contain a polymeric viscosity index improver. A further object of this invention is to provide functional fluid compositions which are resistant to thermal and oxidative degradation and which are suitable for use in aircraft hydraulic systems. It is a yet further object of this invention to provide an aircraft hydraulic fluid containing a polymeric viscosity index improver and an epoxide acid acceptor which does not cause pump shaft seal leakage. Yet further objects will be apparent from the following description of the invention. 
     SUMMARY 
     Functional fluid compositions of this invention comprise a major amount of at least about 50 percent by weight of a base stock material selected from the group consisting of esters or amides of an acid or phosphorus, di- or tricarboxylic acid esters, esters of polyhydric compounds and mixtures thereof, from 0 to minor amounts of one or more other base stock materials or base stock modifiers, and from about 0.1 to 10 percent of a compound having the structure ##SPC1## 
     wherein R 1  is --(CH 2 ) 0   -3  --C(O)OR, --C(O)R, --OR, or --CH 2  OR where R is an alkyl radical having from 1 to about 18 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 12, carbon atoms, R 2  is R 1 , hydrogen, or an alkyl radical having from 1 to about 9 carbon atoms, and R 3  and R 4  are individually hydrogen or an alkyl radical having from 1 to about 4 carbon atoms. A particularly preferred compound is ethyl-5,6-epoxynorbornane-2-carboxylate. The compositions may include polymeric V.I. improvers and other conventional additives and are particularly useful as aircraft hydraulic fluids. 
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The functional fluid compositions of the present invention comprise as the essential components a base stock material and an epoxy compound. The concentration of the epoxy compound in the functional fluid is adjusted according to the demands of the system and nature of the base stock being employed in order to provide compositions which contain sufficient amounts of epoxy material to inhibit acid buildup during normal operation. It has been found that the concentration of epoxy compound required to inhibit and control acid buildup in a particular base stock varies according to the composition of the base stock or blends of base stocks. It has generally been found that preferred additive levels of epoxy compounds are from 0.10 weight percent to 7.0 weight percent, although concentrations of 10 percent or higher are also effective and may be used. Thus, included in the present invention are functional fluid compositions comprising a base stock material and an epoxy material in a concentration sufficient to control and inhibit acid buildup in the base stock. The fluid compositions of this invention can be compounded in any manner known to those skilled in the art for incorporating an additive into a base stock, as for example by adding the epoxy compound to the base stock with stirring until a uniform fluid composition is obtained. 
     As described above, suitable epoxy materials are the monoepoxynorbornyl compounds and alkyl-substituted monoepoxynorbornyl compounds including, for example, epoxy norbornanecarboxylates, examples of which appear below; dialkyl esters of epoxy norbornanedicarboxylic acids such as diethyl-5,6-epoxynorbornane-2,3-dicarboxylate, dibutyl-1-methyl-5,6-epoxynorbornane-2,3-dicarboxylate, di-(2-ethyhexyl)-5,6-epoxynorbornane-2,3-dicarboxylate, di-(tridecyl)-5,6-epoxynorbornane-2,3-dicarboxylate, di-(2-ethylhexyl)-5,6-epoxy-3-methylnorbornane-2,3-dicarboxylate; C 1  to C 18  alkyl ethers of 5,6-epoxynorbane, particularly the C 1  to C 6  alkyl ethers; C 1  to C 18  alkyl ethers of 5,6-epoxycyclonorbane methanol, particularly the C 1  to C 6  alkyl ethers; and C 1  to C 18  alkyl ketones of 5,6particularly the C 1  to C 6  alkyl ketones. 
     Particularly preferred epoxy compounds that can be employed in the practice of the present invention are those 5,6-epoxynorbornane carboxylates having the following structure: ##SPC2## 
     wherein R 2  is hydrogen, an alkyl of from 1 to about 9 carbon atoms, or a ##EQU1## R 3  and R 4  are individually hydrogen or an alkyl of from 1 to about 4 carbon atoms, R is an alkyl of from 1 to about 18 carbon atoms and n is an integer of from 0 to 3. 
     Representative examples of this class of epoxy compounds include 
     C 1  - 4  alkyl-5,6-epoxynorbornane carboxylate, 
     C 1  - 4  alkyl-5,6-epoxynorbornyl methylene carboxylate, 
     C 1  - 4  alkyl-5,6-epoxynorbornyl ethylene carboxylate, 
     C 1  - 4  alkyl-5,6-epoxynorbornyl propylene carboxylate, 
     methyl-1-methyl-5,6-epoxynorbornane carboxylate, butyl-1,4-dimethyl-5,6-epoxynorbornane carboxylate 
     methyl-1-ethyl-5,6-epoxynorbornyl methylene carboxylate, 
     butyl-1-isopropyl-5,6-epoxynorbornyl ethylene carboxylate, 
     and methyl-1-isobutyl-5,6-epoxynorbornane carboxylate. 
     These compounds may be prepared by those procedures well known in the art for preparing epoxy compounds, for example the procedures described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,187,018 which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     Cyclopentadiene or substituted cyclopentadiene can be used to prepare the epoxynorbornyl mono or di-carboxylates of this invention. It is reacted with an acrylate represented by the formula CH 2  CHCOOR&#39; where R&#39; is a C 1  to C 18  alkyl group. This reaction product is then reacted with H 2  O 2  to give the mono epoxynorbornyl carboxylates of this invention. When the diesters are desired, maleic anhydride can be used in place of the acrylate. The reaction product of maleic anhydride and cyclopentadiene is then reacted with a C 1  to C 18  alcohol to get the di-ester which is then reacted with hydrogen peroxide to get the mono epoxy dicarboxylate of this invention. 
     As mentioned, the base stock material which comprises at least about 50% by weight of the functional fluids of the present invention, is selected from the group consisting of esters and amides of an acid of phosphorus, di- or tri- carboxylic acid esters, esters of polyhydro compounds, and mixtures thereof. These base stock materials and examples thereof are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,723,320, the subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     Hydrocarbon phosphates are preferred. Phosphorus ester base stocks include trialkyl phosphates, triaryl and/or alkyl substituted aryl phosphates and mixed aryl and/or substituted arylalkyl phosphates. With respect to the alkyl groups, it is preferred to have from about 2 to about 18 carbon atoms, more preferably from about 2 to about 12 carbon atoms and with respect to the aryl and substituted aryl groups, it is preferred to have from about 6 to about 16 carbon atoms and more preferably, from about 6 to about 12 carbon atoms. 
     Typical examples of preferred phosphates are dibutylphenyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, tri-2-ethylhexyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, the phosphates described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,723,315 which is incorporated herein by reference, such as di(nonylphenyl) phenyl phosphate, di(cumylphenyl) phenyl phosphate, (cumylphenyl) (nonylphenyl) phenyl phosphate, and mixtures of the above phosphates such as mixtures of tributyl phosphate and tricresyl phosphate, mixtures of triphenyl phosphate and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate, mixtures of cumylphenyl diphenyl phosphate, nonylphenyl diphenyl phosphate, 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate and triphenyl phosphate. A preferred mixture contains 45 to 65% triphenyl phosphate, 25 to 45% by weight of the reaction product of 1.5 to 2 moles of nonylphenol, 0.5 to 1 mole of cumylphenol, 6 to 7 moles of phenol with 3 moles of phosphorus oxychloride and 5 to 15% of 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate. All percentages are by weight based on the total weight of the mixture. 
     In addition to these base stock materials, the functional fluid may contain up to about 50 percent of one or more other base stock materials. Examples of these other base stock materials are given in U.S. Pat. No. 3,723,320. Although it is not permissible to employ these other base stock materials in major amounts in fluid compositions of the instant invention, they may be used singly or in combination as a minor component of the total base stock present in amounts of less than about 50 percent by weight. 
     In addition to the base stock materials and the monoepoxynorbornyl compound, the fluids of the instant invention may also contain one or more base stock modifiers. As used herein, &#34;base stock modifier&#34; means any material which when added to the base stock effects a determinable change in the chemical or physical properties of the base stock. Examples of typical classes of such modifiers which are widely used in formulating hydraulic and other functional fluids include dyes, pour point depressants, antioxidants, antifoam agents, viscosity index improvers such as polyalkyl acrylates, polyalkyl methacrylates, polycylic polymers, polyurethanes, polyalkylene oxides and polyesters, lubricity agents and water. 
     The preferred polymeric viscosity index improvers which may be employed in the compositions of this invention are the polymers of alkyl esters of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids having the formula ##EQU2## wherein R 5  and R 6  are each individually hydrogen or a C 1  to about C 10  alkyl group, and R 7  is a C 1  to about C 12  alkyl group. Illustration of the alkyl groups represented by R 5 , R 6  and R 7  within their definitions as given above are for example methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, t-butyl, isopropyl, 2-ethylhexyl, hexyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and the like. These polymers include, for example, poly(butylmethacrylates), poly(hexylmethacrylates), poly(octylacrylates), poly(dodecylacrylates) and polymers wherein the ester is a mixture of compounds obtained by esterifying the α-β unsaturated monocarboxylic acid with a mixture of monoalcohols containing from 1 to 12 carbon atoms. These and other &#34;base stock modifiers&#34; are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,723,320. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the functional fluid compositions comprise at least about 50 percent by weight of a phosphate ester or mixture of phosphate esters represented by the structure ##EQU3## wherein R 8 , R 9 , and R 10  are hydrocarbon radicals selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aralkyl, aroxyalkyl, aryl, aroxyaryl, alkoxyaryl, alkaryl, and mixtures thereof and halogenated and alkyl-substituted members thereof having up to about 18 carbon atoms, and from about 0.1 to 10 percent by weight of an epoxy compound as hereinbefore defined. In addition to the phosphate ester and epoxy compound, these preferred fluid compositions can also contain certain additives as hereinbefore defined and can also contain minor amounts, e.g., less than about 50 percent by weight of one or more other base stock compositions as hereinbefore defined. 
     Particularly preferred functional fluids compositions comprise at least about 65 percent by weight of such phosphate esters and less than about 35 percent by weight of other materials including other base stocks and base stock modifiers, and even more preferably contain at least about 80 percent by weight of such phosphate esters and less than about 20 percent by weight of other materials. Particularly preferred phosphate esters for use in the compositions of this invention are dialkylaryl phosphates wherein the alkyl radicals have 1 to 18 carbon atoms, e.g., dibutylphenyl phosphate, and mixtures of trialkyl phosphate and triaryl phosphate such as 88/12 tributyl phosphate/tricresyl phosphate. 
     The invention will now be illustrated by the following Examples. All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE I 
     Preparation of Ethyl-5-6-Epoxynorbornane Carboxylate 
     
         To a suitable reaction vessel was charged:Ethyl-5-norbornene carboxylate                      100 gm M.W. 166.22 -        --CO.sub.2 C.sub.2 H.sub.5CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2              400 mlNa.sub.2 CO.sub.3               90 gm 
    
     To this was slowly added 135 ml of an aqueous peracetic solution containing 25 g of NaOAc.3H 2  O. The reaction vessel was kept in an ice bath to maintain the reaction temperature at a 3° to 8°C. during the addition. CH 2  Cl 2  was removed by stripping. The reaction mixture was washed of dissolved salts. The product yield was 93.1 g of which 99.5% was the desired epoxy carboxylate. 
     EXAMPLE II 
     Preparation of Dibutyl-5-6-Epoxynorbornane-2,3-dicarboxylate 
     A. Preparation of the dibutyl ester of 5-norbornene-2-3-dicarboxylic anhydride. 
     To a suitable reaction vessel equipped with a reflux condenser and stirrer was charged 
     
         5-norbornene-2-3-dicarboxylic anhydride                    164.16    gmM.W. 164Normal butyl alcohol     178       gmp-toluene sulfonic acid  1         gm 
    
     After charging the ingredients, the mixture was brought to a temperature of 97°C. and maintained during the reaction at a temperature of 97°C. to 104°C. The pressure was kept at about 240 mm of mercury; during the last hour of the reaction it was 185 mm. After 7.34 hours the reaction was stopped. The reaction mixture was washed and the organic and aqueous layers separated. The yield of the desired ester was 275.3 gm. 
     B. Epoxidation of A 
     To a suitable reaction vessel was charged 58.8 gm of Preparation A. 44.6 gm of 85% metachloroperbenzoic acid was dissolved in 325 ml of methylene chloride and this was slowly added over a 21/2 hour period while maintaining the reaction temperature below 23°C. with an ice bath. 
     The reaction mixture was washed and the solvent removed by stripping. The reaction yielded 94.6 gm of the desired epoxide. Test results of fluids containing these epoxides are given in the following Table. 
     
                                           TABLE__________________________________________________________________________Test   Base  % Epoxide         Acid.sup.1              Shaft.sup.2                    Corrosion Rate, mg/cm.sup.2No.   Fluid      Buildup              Seal              Leakage                    Mg   Al   Cd   Fe   Cu   Ag__________________________________________________________________________1  A   3.8 Ex. 1         158  0.3/210                    -5.34                         -0.01                              -1.32                                   +0.06                                        -0.73                                             --2  A   4.7 Ex. 2         150        -1.33                         -0.01                              -0.18                                   NC   -0.43                                             -0.06__________________________________________________________________________ .sup.1 Acid buildup, hours to 0.50 titratable acid number (TAN) .sup.2 Shaft seal leakage, grams of fluid/hours of test. BASE Fluid A comprises 94.2% dibutylphenyl phosphate; 5.1% polyalkylmethacrylate polymer V.I. improver; 0.2% water. 
    
     The stability of fluid to oxidation and acid buildup was determined by maintaining the fluid at 275°F. and periodically titrating samples of the fluid to monitor the acid buildup. A titratable acid number (TAN) of 0.50 was taken as the end point, and the number of hours required for the fluid to reach this level of acid content was recorded as the acid buildup figure. Corrosion rates were determined and are given as metal loss in mg/cm 2 . 
     Shaft seal leakage data was obtained by circulating the fluid in a closed loop through a Type APL-10v-7B aircraft hydraulic pump operated at 3600 r.p.m. and at a fluid temperature of 225°F. and pressure of 30 psig. The shaft seal rotor was constructed of Type 440 stainless steel while the stator was of sintered bronze. The fluid leaking from around the pump shaft was collected and weighed and the data reported as grams collected/hours of test. The predetermined test period was 200 hours minimum unless significant leakage justified premature termination. 
     While this invention has been described with respect to various specific examples and embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto and that it can be variously practiced within the scope of the following claims.