Abstract:
The present invention relates to the use of polycationic compound in combination with a hydroxycarboxylic acid or salt thereof to enhance slump retention in cements and concretes having clay-bearing aggregates, wherein the clay otherwise absorbs or diminishes the dosage efficiency of polycarboxylate superplasticizers.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to modification of properties in hydratable cementitious materials, and more particularly to an improved chemical admixture and method for modifying cement mortars and concretes using a polycationic compound, a hydroxycarboxylic acid or salt thereof, and a to polycarboxylate superplasticizer. 
       BACKGROUND ART 
       [0002]    It is known to use oxyalkylene-containing polymers as superplasticizers or water-reducers in concrete. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,393,343, Darwin et al. disclosed “EO/PO” type comb polymers, containing ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide groups, that were useful as superplasticizers for retaining “slump” (a property similar to the concept of flowability) in cement mortars and concretes over a sustained period of time. 
         [0003]    Also known is the use of various agents for inhibiting the adverse effects of certain swellable clays, such as smectites and montmorrillonites, on the dosage-efficiency of such superplasticizers. These clays are sometimes contained in sand aggregates used for making mortar cement and concrete, and often cause poor workability in the fresh cement or concrete. 
         [0004]    It was theorized that such clays expanded when initially wetted by the mix water, such that, in the expanded state, the clays absorbed or entrapped the superplasticizer. This in turn decreased the dosage efficiency because more superplasticizer would be needed to maintain the desired slump level in the hydrating cementitious composition, such as might be required for transporting the mix in a truck or pouring the mix at the construction site. 
         [0005]    In U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,352,952 B1 and 6,670,415 B2, Jardine et al. (Grace Construction Products) first realized that this problem was caused by certain clays, and disclosed the use of various agents for preventing the clays from absorbing the superplasticizers, thus restoring dosage response. Such clay-activity-modifying agents included inorganic cations, organic cations, polar organic molecules capable of clay-absorption, clay dispersants such as polyphosphates, and mixtures thereof. 
         [0006]    In the wake of Jardine et al., others in the industry began to focus on clay-inerting agents in cements. For example, in US 2007/0287794 A1, Alain et al. explained that cationic polymers, such as quaternary amines, were particularly appropriate for inerting clays. Along these lines, Japanese Patent application No. KOKAI 2006-45010 disclosed that a quaternary ammonium group, such as poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride, could be used to increase effectiveness of the cement dispersant when in the presence of undesirable fine aggregates containing the problematic clay minerals. 
         [0007]    The present inventors believe that the problems caused by clay-containing sands will increase in the cement and concrete industries due to a decline in the supply of high quality natural sand. Such sand aggregates will have a significant effect on the rheological and physical properties of mortars and concretes. The specific gravity, particle size distribution, shape and surface textures of the sand aggregate will influence the rheological properties of cement mortars and concretes in their plastic state; while the mineralogical composition, toughness, elastic modulus, and other properties of the aggregates will affect cement mortars and concretes in their hardened state. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    The inventors have surprisingly found that when a poly-cationic compound is formulated in combination with a poly-hydroxy or hydroxyl carboxylic acid compound, the clay-inerting effectiveness of each component is dramatically improved with respect to maintaining dosage efficiency of polycarboxylate dispersants in cement mortar or concrete. 
         [0009]    In addition, when such combination is employed, the clay-inerting effectiveness of the cationic polymers becomes significantly less sensitive to the types of cationic polymer used. 
         [0010]    Furthermore, the present inventors believe that such a combination has synergistic effects. On occasions in which a poly-hydroxy or hydroxyl carboxylic acid compound is used alone with the polycarboxylate dispersant and clay-containing aggregate, the resultant cement mortar or concrete composition was not observed to have significant increase in slump retention. However, when the poly-cationic compound and poly-hydroxy or hydroxyl carboxylic acid compound were used together with a polycarboxylate dispersant, the slump retention was enhanced over time when compared to the control. 
         [0011]    Thus, an exemplary method of the invention comprises: combining, with a clay-containing aggregate (such as sand) in which the clay is operative to absorb or otherwise decrease dosage efficiency of a polycarboxylate dispersant, at least one cationic compound (more preferably poly-cationic compound, such as a poly-quaternary ammonium acid or salt thereof) and at least one poly-hydroxyl or hydroxyl carboxylic acid or salt thereof. 
         [0012]    In further exemplary methods, the one cationic and one poly-hydroxyl or hydroxyl carboxylic compounds can be combined with at least one polycarboxylate dispersant and cement to form a hydratable cementitious composition; and the components may be combined before, during, or after the cement and water are combined to form the fresh cement mortar or concrete. 
         [0013]    The cationic compound, hydroxyl or hydroxyl carboxylic acid/salt compound, and polycarboxylate dispersant are preferably, although not necessarily, added together in the form of an admixture composition to the cement. An exemplary admixture composition of the invention thus comprises at least one cationic (and preferably poly-cationic) compound, at least one poly-hydroxyl or hydroxyl carboxylic acid or salt thereof, and at least one polycarboxylate dispersant. 
         [0014]    In exemplary methods and admixture compositions, a preferred cationic compound is a quaternary ammonium salt (such as epihalohydrin alkylamines condensate or poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and a preferred poly-hydroxyl or hydroxyl carboxylic acid or salt compound is a aldohexonic acid or salt thereof (such as sodium gluconate), an aldoheptonic acid or salt thereof, a aldopentonic acid or salt thereof, or mixtures thereof. A gluconate is preferred. 
         [0015]    The present invention also pertains to cementitious compositions made by the afore-mentioned methods and containing the afore-mentioned components. 
         [0016]    Although U.S. Pat. No. 6,352,952 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,670,415 disclosed that polar organic molecules could be combined with a gluconate, these patents did not teach or suggest that cationic compounds, such as poly-quaternary ammonium salts, could be combined a polyhydroxy or hydroxyl-carboxylate for purposes of enhancing slump retention in addition to mitigating clay effects. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
       [0017]    A particular description of a compound in its acid form (e.g., “polycarboxylic acid,” “gluconic,” etc.) shall be understood, where context permits, to include the salt form (e.g., “polycarboxylate,” “gluconate”); and, conversely, a description of a compound in its salt form shall be understood to include its acid form, as may be permitted in the context in which such terms are employed. 
         [0018]    The term “cements” and “cement composition” as used herein refer to pastes, mortars, grouts such as oil well cementing grouts, and concrete compositions, all of which comprise a hydraulic cement binder. The terms “paste”, “mortar” and “concrete” are terms of art: pastes are mixtures composed of a hydraulic cement binder (usually, but not exclusively, Portland cement, masonry cement, or mortar cement and may also include limestone powder, hydrated lime, fly ash, blast furnace slag, and silica fume or other materials commonly included in such cements) and water; “mortars” are pastes additionally including a fine aggregate such as sand; and “concretes” are mortars additionally including coarse aggregate, such as crushed stone or gravel. 
         [0019]    Cement compositions are formed by mixing required amounts of certain materials, e.g., a hydratable cement, water, and fine and/or coarse aggregates, as appropriate for making the cementitious composition desired. 
         [0020]    The term “clay” as used in the present invention includes inorganic materials, as may be contained in sand aggregates, which absorb polycarboxylate dispersants or otherwise decrease their dosage efficiency when present in masonry cements or concrete containing such clay-containing aggregates. Such clays may include specifically 2:1 clays, which are typically considered to be swelling, absorbing clays often identified as smectite, montmorillonite, illite, hectorite, or bentonite clays. It is also contemplated that volcanic ash and amorphous clays are also included in the absorbtive type materials to be considered within the definition of “clay” as this term is used herein. 
         [0021]    The terms “polycarboxylate cement dispersant,” polycarboxylate dispersant,” and the like as may be used herein refer to carboxylic acid/salt type dispersants as known in the art. These may also be referred to as oxyalkylene-containing water-reducers or EO/PO polymer superplasticizers, as explained in the background section above. Polycarboxylate polymers have oxyalkylene or “EO/PO” constituents, and include “comb” polymers having EO/PO constituents located in the backbones and/or in pendant groups. EO/PO polymers are most often acrylic polymers or copolymers thereof, which are imidized, as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,393,343. The use of polycarboxylate dispersants with clay-bearing aggregates was previously discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,352,952 B1 and 6,670,415 B2. 
         [0022]    Accordingly, an exemplary method of the invention comprises: 
         [0023]    combining, with a clay-containing aggregate (e.g., sand) in which the clay is operative to absorb or otherwise decrease dosage efficiency and/or dispersion retention ability of a polycarboxylate dispersant, 
         [0024]    at least one poly-cationic compound (such as a poly-quaternary ammonium acid or salt thereof), preferably in the amount of 0.1 ppm to 1000 ppm based on total weight of fine aggregate (sand) used in the cementitious composition, and more preferably in the amount of 1 ppm to 200 ppm; and 
         [0025]    at least one poly-hydroxy or hydroxyl carboxylic acid or salt thereof, preferably in the amount of 0.1 ppm to 1000 ppm based on total weight of fine aggregate (sand) used in the cementitious composition, and more preferably in the amount of 1 ppm to 500 ppm. The amounts of these components can be adjusted depending on the amount of detrimental clay levels present in the fine aggregate being used. 
         [0026]    In further exemplary embodiments, at least one polycarboxylate dispersant, preferably in the amount of 0.001%-2.5%, and more preferably in the amount of 0.01-0.5%, this amount expressed in terms of percentage based on total weight of cement (which in this case will include cement, pozzolans, limestone and other silicate powders). The polycarboxylate dispersant can combined with the components before, during, or after cement is added to form a hydratable cementitious composition. 
         [0027]    The components may be separately combined with the clay-containing aggregate, such as at a quarry or aggregate-producing plant, or may be combined before, during, or after the aggregates, cement, and water are mixed together to form the cement or concrete composition. 
         [0028]    In one exemplary embodiment, the poly-cationic compound and poly-hydroxy or hydroxyl carboxylate compound can be added into a mixing drum containing ingredients for making the fresh masonry cement or concrete, before the polycarboxylate dispersant is added. 
         [0029]    In another exemplary embodiment, the poly-cationic compound, poly-hydroxy or hydroxyl carboxylate compound, and the polycarboxylate dispersant are added as a pre-mixed admixture composition, preferably at the ready-mix plant where the concrete is batched into a truck mixing drum. Hence, the present invention also provides the aforementioned admixture composition that comprises the three components together in pre-measured amounts. This admixture composition may optionally comprise other admixtures that are conventionally employed in the cement and concrete industries. 
         [0030]    Other variations wherein the components are added separately, in different sequences, or at different times or locations, are also permissible. 
         [0031]    An exemplary poly-cationic compound is poly-quaternary ammonium. Preferred among these are epichlorohydrin-mimethylamine condenstate polymer and polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride. 
         [0032]    It is believed that the present invention allows a wide range of cationic compounds, even the ones that have a relatively less effective clay-inerting property, to be used effectively in the present invention. Low molecular weight cationic polymers (e.g, &lt;10,000 mw) can be used to obtain better initial slump, while higher molecular weight cationic polymers (e.g., &gt;10,000 mw) may used to retain slump over a period of time. 
         [0033]    An exemplary poly-hydroxyl or hydroxyl carboxylate component can be selected from the group consisting of aldonic acids and salts thereof, such as gluconate, other sugar acids and salts thereof, such as aldaric acids and uronic acids, other organic acids and salts thereof, such as citric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, and polyols, such as sorbitol, xylitol, lactitol, maltitol and glycerol, or mixtures thereof. Gluconates are preferred, and this includes sodium gluconate in particular. 
         [0034]    While the invention is described herein using a limited number of embodiments, these specific embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the invention as otherwise described and claimed herein. Modification and variations from the described embodiments exist. More specifically, the following examples are given as a specific illustration of embodiments of the claimed invention. It should be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific details set forth in the examples. All parts and percentages in the examples, as well as in the remainder of the specification, are by percentage weight unless otherwise specified. 
         [0035]    Further, any range of numbers recited in the specification or claims, such as that representing a particular set of properties, units of measure, conditions, physical states or percentages, is intended to literally incorporate expressly herein by reference or otherwise, any number falling within such range, including any subset of numbers within any range so recited. For example, whenever a numerical range with a lower limit, RL, and an upper limit RU, is disclosed, any number R falling within the range is specifically disclosed. In particular, the following numbers R within the range are specifically disclosed: R=RL+k*(RU−RL), where k is a variable ranging from 1% to 100% with a 1% increment, e.g., k is 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% . . . 50%, 51%, 52%, . . . 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%. Moreover, any numerical range represented by any two values of R, as calculated above, is also specifically disclosed. 
       EXAMPLES 
     A. Test Examples 1-3 (Cationic+Gluconate+Polycarboxylate) 
       [0036]    A mortar flow test was performed in accordance with JIS A 5201. Ordinary Portland cement (a blend of three Japanese cements) was used. Ooi river sand was doped with 0.20 weight percent of sodium montmorrillonite clay to simulate a problematic sand aggregate. The mix design comprised cement/sand/water/clay in a ratio of 700/1750/287/3.5 measured in grams weight. Both mortar slump and flow were measured, and workability was calculated using the formula: [workability]=[slump]+[flow]−100. 
         [0037]    The testing involved making three control references (“REF”) each containing a commercially available polycarboxylate (“PC”) cement dispersant (AQUALOC® polymers available from Nippon Shokubai Co. Ltd., Japan), sodium gluconate (“GLU”), and/or a commercially available cationic polymer (“CAT”). The cationic polymer in this case was a product available as CatioMaster™ PD-7 from Yokkaichi Gosei, Japan, and is believed to be a polycondensation product of dimethylamine and epichlorohydrin (EPI-DMA). 
         [0038]    In the three reference controls (REF), the polycarboxylate dispersant was either used alone (REF 1), with the gluconate (REF 2), or with the cationic polymer (REF 3); but in none of these reference controls was the gluconate combined with the cationic polymer. 
         [0039]    However, in the three test examples (EX), the polycarboxylate dispersant was combined with both the gluconate and cationic polymer, in varying weight percentage amounts (as indicated below for EX 1, EX 2, and EX 3). 
         [0040]    Component amounts in Table 1 are expressed in weight percentage. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Workability (mm) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 PC % 
                 GLU % 
                 CAT (%) 
                 4 min 
                 30 min 
                 60 min 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 REF 1 
                 0.16 
                 — 
                 — 
                 56 
                 26 
                 10 
               
               
                 REF 2 
                 0.16 
                 0.04 
                 — 
                 161 
                 123 
                 38 
               
               
                 REF 3 
                 0.16 
                 — 
                 0.02 
                 171 
                 151 
                 40 
               
               
                 EX 1 
                 0.16 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 170 
                 226 
                 161 
               
               
                 EX 2 
                 0.16 
                 0.04 
                 0.01 
                 185 
                 210 
                 130 
               
               
                 EX 3 
                 0.16 
                 0.04 
                 0.02 
                 163 
                 220 
                 166 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 “PC” = polycarboxylate dispersant; 
               
               
                 “GLU” = sodium gluconate; 
               
               
                 “CAT” = cationic compound; 
               
               
                 “REF” = reference control sample; 
               
               
                 “EX” = test example 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0041]    Table 1 indicates that combining gluconate with cationic polymer obtained unexpected, synergistic results in enhancing workability of the cement composition over time. 
       B. Test Examples 4-10 Various Cationic Polmers with Gluconate 
       [0042]    A variety of cationic polymers was employed to demonstrate surprising flexibility of the formulation in terms of the choice of the cationic polymers. The following cationic polymers were employed in the formulations: a condensation polymer of epichlorohydrine and dimethylamine (“EPI-DMA”); poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride (“DADMAC”), and condensation product of guanidine, cyano ammonium chloride, formaldehyde (“DICY”). The formulation components and weight percentages on the cement weight are summarized in Table 2. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 PC % 
                 GLU % 
                 CAT 
                 CAT % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 REF 4 
                 0.16 
                 0.04 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 EX 4 
                 0.16 
                 0.04 
                 EPI-DMA (1) 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
                 EX 5 
                 0.16 
                 0.04 
                 EPI-DMA (2) 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
                 EX 6 
                 0.16 
                 0.04 
                 EPI-DMA (3) 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
                 EX 7 
                 0.16 
                 0.04 
                 EPI-DMA (4) 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
                 EX 8 
                 0.16 
                 0.04 
                 DADMAC (5) 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
                 EX 9 
                 0.16 
                 0.04 
                 DADMAC-SO2 (6) 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
                 EX 10 
                 0.16 
                 0.04 
                 DICY(7) 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 “PC” = polycarboxylate dispersant; 
               
               
                   
                 “GLU” = sodium gluconate; 
               
               
                   
                 “CAT” = cationic compound; 
               
               
                   
                 “REF” = reference control sample; 
               
               
                   
                 “EX” = test example 
               
               
                   
                 1. CAT = EPI-DMA: FL-2250 (SNF USA, USA) 
               
               
                   
                 2. CAT = EPI-DMA: FL-2350 (SNF Japan, Japan) Mw = 10,000 
               
               
                   
                 3. CAT = EPI-DMA: CatioMaster PD-7 (Yokkaichi Gosei) Mw = 5,000 
               
               
                   
                 4. CAT = EPI-DMA: CatioMaster PD-30 (Yokkaichi Gosei) Mw = 9,000 
               
               
                   
                 5. CAT = DADMAC: PAS H5-L (Nittobo, Japan) Mw = 40,000 
               
               
                   
                 6. CAT = DADMAC-SO2: PAS A1 (Nittobo, Japan) Mw = 5,000 
               
               
                   
                 7. CAT = DICY: DEC 56 (SNF Japan, Japan) 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0043]    The mortar workability results of the example formulations are summarized in Table 3. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Workability (mm) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 4 minutes 
                 30 minutes 
                 60 minutes 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 REF 4 
                 189 
                 149 
                 52 
               
               
                   
                 EX 4 
                 193 
                 237 
                 207 
               
               
                   
                 EX 5 
                 195 
                 238 
                 198 
               
               
                   
                 EX 6 
                 198 
                 251 
                 231 
               
               
                   
                 EX 7 
                 141 
                 220 
                 182 
               
               
                   
                 EX 8 
                 100 
                 210 
                 193 
               
               
                   
                 EX 9 
                 186 
                 242 
                 213 
               
               
                   
                 EX 10 
                 212 
                 228 
                 194 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 “PC” = polycarboxylate dispersant; 
               
               
                   
                 “GLU” = sodium gluconate; 
               
               
                   
                 “CAT” = cationic compound; 
               
               
                   
                 “REF” = reference control sample; 
               
               
                   
                 “EX” = test example 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0044]    As seen in Table 3, the low molecular weight cationic polymers in combination with gluconate can restore the mortar workability effectively at dosages as low as 0.02% on the weight of cement. The higher molecular weight cationic polymer does not improve the initial workability, but were seen to improve workability substantially at low dosage rates. 
       C. Comparative Test Examples 1-3 
       [0045]    For comparative purposes, testing of mortar containing quaternary ammonium polymer (EPI-DMA, FL2250) but without gluconate were performed. Amount of components, expressed in terms of weight percentage, are shown in Table 4. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sodium 
                   
                 Workability (mm) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Montmorillonite 
                 PC % 
                 CAT % 
                 4 min 
                 30 min 
                 60 min 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 REF 5 
                 0.00 
                 0.16 
                 0.00 
                 237 
                 256 
                 221 
               
               
                 REF 6 
                 0.20 
                 0.16 
                 0.00 
                 47 
                 21 
                 — 
               
               
                 COMP 1 
                 0.20 
                 0.16 
                 0.06 
                 193 
                 239 
                 177 
               
               
                 COMP 2 
                 0.20 
                 0.16 
                 0.08 
                 197 
                 265 
                 235 
               
               
                 COMP 3 
                 0.20 
                 0.16 
                 0.10 
                 203 
                 278 
                 258 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 “PC” = polycarboxylate dispersant; 
               
               
                 “GLU” = sodium gluconate; 
               
               
                 “CAT” = cationic compound; 
               
               
                 “REF” = reference control sample; 
               
               
                 “COMP” = comparative test example 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0046]    As seen in Table 4, the quaternary ammonium polymer alone would require more than 0.06% dosage to restore the workability of polycarboxylate dispersant; whereas the present invention formulation is able to restore the workability with only 0.02%, as shown in test examples 1 through 7 (EX1-EX7). 
       D. Test Examples 11-12 
       [0047]    Further mortar flow tests were performed based on the JIS A 5201 standard. Ordinary Portland cement (locally available in Singapore) was used. Singapore manufactured sand 2500 grams was added 5 grams of sodium montmorillonite clay. The mix design was Cement/Sand/Water/Clay=1000/2500/410/5 ratio in terms of grams weight. The flow value of the mortar was measured over a two-hour period. A small amount of defoamer was added to all the mixes to control air content in the mix. The formulation components and their respective amounts, expressed in grams weight, are summarized in Table 5. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 120- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HRWR 
                   
                   
                 Initial 
                 60-min 
                 min 
               
               
                   
                   
                 dose 
                 GLU 
                 CAT (1) 
                 flow 
                 flow 
                 flow 
               
               
                   
                 HRWR 
                 [gram] 
                 [gram] 
                 [gram] 
                 [mm] 
                 [mm] 
                 [mm] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 REF 7 
                 NSFC (2) 
                 27.6 
                   
                   
                 185 
                 121 
                 131 
               
               
                 REF 8 
                 PC (3) 
                 13.0 
                   
                   
                 165 
                 153 
                 138 
               
               
                 REF 9 
                 PC (3) 
                 14.2 
                 0.4 
                   
                 146 
                 155 
                 149 
               
               
                 EX 11 
                 PC (3) 
                 15.3 
                 0.4 
                 0.39 
                 130 
                 238 
                 216 
               
               
                 EX 12 
                 PC (3) 
                 15.8 
                 0.4 
                 0.65 
                 220 
                 250 
                 227 
               
               
                 REF 10 
                 PC (3) 
                 15.3 
                 0.4 
                 0.91 
                 122 
                 209 
                 207 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 “HRWR” = High Range Water Reducer; 
               
               
                 “PC” = polycarboxylate dispersant; 
               
               
                 “GLU” = sodium gluconate; 
               
               
                 “CAT” = cationic compound; 
               
               
                 “REF” = reference control sample; 
               
               
                 “EX” = test example 
               
               
                 (1) CAT = EPI-DMA: FL2250 (SNF USA, USA) 50% solution 
               
               
                 (2) NSFC = Naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensate 40% solution 
               
               
                 (3) PC = Nippon Shokubai AQUALOC ™ slump retention polymer blend 45% solution 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0048]    As shown in the test examples above, the slump life of the mortar was dramatically improved by the combination of gluconate (GLU) and cationic polymer (CAT). The results for REF 10 suggest that excessive dosage of cationic polymer may not be necessarily favorable for improving initial workability. 
       E. Test Examples 13-14 
       [0049]    Mortar flow test was performed based on JIS A 5201 standard. Ordinary Portland Cement (locally available in Singapore) was used. Singapore manufactured sand 2500 grams was added 5 grams of sodium montmorillonite clay. The mix design is [Cement/Sand/Water/Clay]=[1000/2500/410/5 (grams)]. The flow value of the mortar was measured over 30 minute periods. A small amount of defoamer was added to all the mix to control the air. The formulation components and their respective amounts expressed in grams weight are summarized in Table 6. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 HRWR 
                   
                   
                 Initial 
                 30-min 
               
               
                   
                   
                 dose 
                 GLU 
                 CAT (1) 
                 flow 
                 flow 
               
               
                   
                 HRWR 
                 [gram] 
                 [gram] 
                 [gram] 
                 [mm] 
                 [mm] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 REF 11 
                 NSFC (2) 
                 28 
                 — 
                 — 
                 220 
                 174 
               
               
                 REF 12 
                 PC (3) 
                 10.0 
                 0.4 
                 — 
                 237 
                 105 
               
               
                 EX 13 
                 PC (3) 
                 10.0 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 250 
                 130 
               
               
                 EX 14 
                 PC (3) 
                 10.0 
                 0.4 
                 0.8 
                 255 
                 137 
               
               
                 REF 13 
                 PC (3) 
                 10.0 
                 0.4 
                 1.2 
                 255 
                 135 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 “HRWR” = High Range Water Reducer; 
               
               
                 “PC” = polycarboxylate dispersant; 
               
               
                 “GLU” = sodium gluconate; 
               
               
                 “CAT” = cationic compound; 
               
               
                 “REF” = reference control sample; 
               
               
                 “EX” = test example 
               
               
                 (1) CAT: EPI-DMA: FL2250 (SNF USA, USA) 50% solution 
               
               
                 (2) NSFC: Naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensate 40% solution 
               
               
                 (3) PC: Nippon Shokubai Aqualoc polymer blend 45% solution 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0050]    As shown in the examples, the slump life of the mortar was significantly improved by the combination of gluconate and cationic polymer. 
       F. Test Examples 15-16 
       [0051]    A concrete flow test was performed based on SS 320 standard. The concrete comprised a 50% slag and 50% ordinary Portland cement blend (locally available in Singapore). Singapore manufactured sand and 5 ˜25 mm granite were used. The mix design was [Cement/Sand/Stone/Water]=[360/869/941/195 (kg)]. The flow value of the mortar was measured over 2 hour period. 
         [0000]                                                                      TABLE 7                       GLU (1)   CAT (2)   Initial       120-min           ml/100 kg   wt. % on   Slump   60-min Slump   Slump           cement   cement   [mm]   [mm]   [mm]                                    REF 14   400       160   110   70       EX 15   400   0.023%   150   115   95       EX 16   400   0.046%   155   130   110               “GLU” = sodium gluconate;       “CAT” = cationic compound;       “REF” = reference control sample;       “EX” = test example       (1) GLU = Sodium Gluconate 26% solution       (2) CAT = EPI-DMA: FL2250 (SNF USA, USA) 50% solution            
As shown in the examples, the slump life of the concrete was significantly improved by the combination of gluconate and cationic polymer even without the presence of a polycarboxylate dispersant.
 
       G. Test Examples 17-19 
       [0052]    A mortar flow test was performed based on a modified JIS A 5201 standard. Ordinary Portland cement (locally available in Singapore) was used. To this Singapore-manufactured sand (2500 grams), 18 grams of montmorillonite clay was added to constitute 0.72% by weight of sand. The mix design is [Cement/Sand/Water/Clay]=[1000/2500/650/18 (grams)]. The flow value of the mortar was measured over a two hour period. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Initial 
                 60-min 
                 120-min 
               
               
                   
                 HRWR formulation 
                 HRWR dose 
                 flow 
                 flow 
                 flow 
               
               
                   
                 [% in solution] 
                 [grams] 
                 [mm] 
                 [mm] 
                 [mm] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 REF 15 
                 PC (15.5%) 
                 30.0 
                 154 
                 131 
                 126 
               
               
                   
                 GLU (4%) 
               
               
                 EX 17 
                 PC (15.5%) 
                 30.0 
                 255 
                 255 
                 187 
               
               
                   
                 GLU (4%) 
               
               
                   
                 CAT (1.3%) 
               
               
                 EX 18 
                 PC (15.5%) 
                 30.0 
                 255 
                 255 
                 255 
               
               
                   
                 GLU (4%) 
               
               
                   
                 CAT (2.0%) 
               
               
                 EX 19 
                 PC (15.5%) 
                 30.0 
                 246 
                 225 
                 207 
               
               
                   
                 GLU (4%) 
               
               
                   
                 CAT (2.6%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 “HRWR” = High Range Water Reducer; 
               
               
                 “PC” = polycarboxylate dispersant; 
               
               
                 “GLU” = sodium gluconate; 
               
               
                 “CAT” = cationic compound; 
               
               
                 “REF” = reference control sample; 
               
               
                 “EX” = test example 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0053]    In summary, the slump life of the mortar was significantly improved by the combination of gluconate and cationic polymer as shown in the examples. 
         [0054]    The foregoing embodiments and examples are provided for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.