Abstract:
Disclosed are a mobile and expandable firmware-based optical spectroscopy system and a method for controlling same. The optical spectroscopy system may comprise: a wearing part attached to a particular region of a subject to irradiate light, on the basis of a firmware, to the particular region and measure the bodily signals of the subject by collecting emergent light which has passed through the particular region; and a monitoring unit, connected to the wearing part via a wired or wireless network, for controlling the strength of the light irradiated from the wearing part.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a mobile and expandable firmware-based optical spectroscopy system and a method for controlling the same. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    When a living organism attempts to perform a certain action governed by a specific part of a cerebrum, or receives a stimulus associated with the specific part of the cerebrum, neuron cells of the corresponding part of the cerebrum is activated. For example, when perception, calculation, judgment, or the like is carried out, a frontal lobe of the cerebrum and neuron cells corresponding to the frontal lobe are activated. At this time, in the peripheral blood vessels of the activated cells, the concentration of oxyhemoglobin is increased and that of deoxyhemoglobin is reduced in order to supply oxygen to the neuron cells.  FIG. 1  shows an example in which the concentration of oxyhemoglobin is increased and that of deoxyhemoglobin is reduced as neuron cells are activated. 
         [0003]    Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can measure the concentration changes of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin caused by the activation of neuronal cells. For example, a human body includes substances called chromophores, which have a chemical structure that can well absorb light of various kinds of specific wavelength bands. Hemoglobin is also a kind of the chromophores, and exhibits a larger degree of absorption than water in a near-infrared region. Since absorption coefficients of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin vary with wavelengths in the near-infrared region, information on the concentration changes of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin in the desired region can be obtained using light of two wavelengths in the near-infrared region. 
         [0004]      FIG. 2  shows an example of absorption factors of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin, and  FIG. 3  shows an example of a trajectory of light injected into a cerebrum. 
         [0005]    First,  FIG. 2  shows that the absorption coefficients of oxyhemoglobin (Oxy Hb) and deoxyhemoglobin (Deoxy Hb) are changed according to the wavelengths. 
         [0006]    Further,  FIG. 3  shows an example of a NIRS system by which light of a near-infrared region is emitted through a source (S) using a laser or a light emitting diode (LED) and the emitted laser or light is detected by a detector (D). Here, the light emitted by the source passes through specific parts of the brain along a curved path as shown in  FIG. 3 , and the NIRS system can obtain information on the parts of the brain through which the light has passed using information on the light detected by the detector. Background information on the NIRS system is well described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0256533. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    One object of the invention is to provide a mobile and expandable firmware-based optical spectroscopy system and a method for controlling the same. 
         [0008]    Another object of the invention is to provide an optical spectroscopy system and a method for controlling the same, by which it is possible to use a pipeline-structured matched filter to implement a matched filter structure for the same time as a bit period of input Walsh codes, and minimize current leakage and nonlinear effects occurring in a switching circuit. 
         [0009]    Another object of the invention is to provide an optical spectroscopy system and a method for controlling the same, by which it is possible to use time-divided spread spectrum codes (TDSSC) to reduce duration of 1 of Walsh codes per unit time and inject more intense light, thereby increasing the intensity of the light with the same total energy. 
         [0010]    Another object of the invention is to provide an optical spectroscopy system and a method for controlling the same, by which it is possible to modulate light emitted from a plurality of light sources using Walsh codes and emit the modulated light, and detect light coming through a specific region and demodulate the detected light using the Walsh codes, thereby distinguishing the light source that has emitted the light. 
         [0011]    Another object of the invention is to provide an optical spectroscopy system and a method for controlling the same, by which it is possible to accumulate input signals using a reference clock used for light emission as a sampling clock, thereby minimizing white Gaussian noise without additional circuitry such as an additional phase locked loop (PLL). 
         [0012]    Another object of the invention is to provide an optical spectroscopy system and a method for controlling the same, by which it is possible to process, visualize, and control data in a monitoring device, and guide firmware update according to the release of a new version of firmware included in an attachment device such as a headset. 
         [0013]    Another object of the invention is to provide an optical spectroscopy system and a method for controlling the same, by which it is possible to collect, manage, and analyze data measured through a web server and provide personalized results through a monitoring device. 
         [0014]    There is provided an optical spectroscopy system, comprising: an attachment unit attached to a specific region of a subject and configured to, based on firmware, emit light to the specific region and collect light coming through the specific region to measure a biosignal of the subject; and a monitoring unit connected to the attachment unit through a wired or wireless network and configured to control an intensity of the light emitted by the attachment unit. 
         [0015]    According to one aspect of the invention, the attachment unit comprises: a light transmission unit configured to emit light to the specific region using at least one of a laser and a light emitting diode (LED); a light reception unit configured to detect light coming through the specific region; and a main processing unit configured to control the light transmission unit and the light reception unit based on the firmware, and receive output data of the light reception unit. 
         [0016]    According to another aspect of the invention, the firmware includes: (1) a function for controlling operations of the light transmission unit, the light reception unit, and the main processing unit; (2) a function for separating the output data received by the main processing unit from the light reception unit into optical data of each channel; and (3) a function for controlling the attachment unit to transmit the separated optical data to the monitoring unit. 
         [0017]    According to another aspect of the invention, the firmware further includes: (4) a function for providing a firmware update mode to update the firmware and a firmware execution mode to execute the firmware. 
         [0018]    According to another aspect of the invention, a plurality of light transmission modules included in the light transmission unit emit light of different channels modulated with time-divided spread spectrum codes (TDSSC), and the firmware demodulates data for the light received by the light reception unit based on the time-divided spread spectrum codes to separate the output data into the optical data of each channel. 
         [0019]    According to another aspect of the invention, the light transmission unit comprises a plurality of light transmission modules, and each of the plurality of light transmission modules comprises: a light source including at least one of a laser and a light emitting diode (LED); a cylinder in which the light source is inserted; a spring configured to provide physical pressure to the cylinder in which the light source is inserted, such that the light source is brought into close contact with the specific region of the subject; and a case within which the light source, the cylinder, and the spring is disposed. 
         [0020]    According to another aspect of the invention, each of the plurality of light transmission modules further comprises: a reference light reception unit disposed on a side surface of the cylinder within the case and configured to collect light coming through the specific region. 
         [0021]    According to another aspect of the invention, the light reception unit comprises a plurality of light reception modules, and each of the plurality of light reception modules comprises: a light detector configured to collect light coming through the specific region; a cylinder in which the light detector is inserted; a spring configured to provide physical pressure to the cylinder in which the light detector is inserted, such that the light detector is brought into close contact with the specific region of the subject; and a case within which the light detector, the cylinder, and the spring is disposed. 
         [0022]    According to another aspect of the invention, each of the plurality of light reception modules further comprises a trans-impedance amplifier (TIA) inserted in the cylinder together with the light detector, and the light collected by the light detector is converted into an electrical signal and amplified by the TIA in a fully differential manner. 
         [0023]    According to another aspect of the invention, in the attachment unit, an additional function is added to the attachment unit by updating the firmware. 
         [0024]    According to another aspect of the invention, in the attachment unit, an area in which the biosignal is measurable is expanded by adding a basic structure, which is a H-hexagonal structure (HHS) composed of a plurality of light transmission modules and a plurality of light reception modules. 
         [0025]    According to another aspect of the invention, when the basic structure is added, the attachment unit updates the firmware to add an expanded function according to the added basic structure. 
         [0026]    According to another aspect of the invention, the attachment unit is implemented in the form of a headset attachable to a head region of the subject. 
         [0027]    According to another aspect of the invention, the optical spectroscopy system further comprises: a web server configured to provide a new version of firmware and accumulate data for the biosignal to manage and analyze the data. 
         [0028]    There is provided a method for controlling an optical spectroscopy system, wherein the optical spectroscopy system comprises an attachment unit and a monitoring unit, and wherein the method comprises the steps of: by the attachment unit, determining whether the attachment unit is connected to the monitoring unit; by the attachment unit, initializing a system of the attachment unit according to a system on command; by the attachment unit, adjusting a gain of each channel for light of different channels emitted by the attachment unit, according to a calibration start command from the monitoring unit; by the attachment unit, emitting light to a specific region of a subject according to a measurement start command from the monitoring unit, and collecting light coming through the specific region to measure a biosignal of the subject; and by the attachment unit, terminating the system of the attachment unit according to a measurement end command or a system off command from the monitoring unit. 
         [0029]    According to the invention, it is possible to provide a mobile and expandable firmware-based optical spectroscopy system and a method for controlling the same. 
         [0030]    According to the invention, it is possible to use a pipeline-structured matched filter to implement a matched filter structure for the same time as a bit period of input Walsh codes, and minimize current leakage and nonlinear effects occurring in a switching circuit. 
         [0031]    According to the invention, it is possible to use time-divided spread spectrum codes (TDSSC) to reduce duration of 1 of Walsh codes per unit time and inject more intense light, thereby increasing the intensity of the light with the same total energy. 
         [0032]    According to the invention, it is possible to modulate light emitted from a plurality of light sources using Walsh codes and emit the modulated light, and detect light coming through a specific region and demodulate the detected light using the Walsh codes, thereby distinguishing the light source that has emitted the light. 
         [0033]    According to the invention, it is possible to accumulate input signals using a reference clock used for light emission as a sampling clock, thereby minimizing white Gaussian noise without additional circuitry such as an additional phase locked loop (PLL). 
         [0034]    According to the invention, it is possible to process, visualize, and control data in a monitoring device, and guide firmware update according to the release of a new version of firmware included in an attachment device such as a headset. 
         [0035]    According to the invention, it is possible to collect, manage, and analyze data measured through a web server and provide personalized results through a monitoring device. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0036]      FIG. 1  shows an example in which the concentration of oxyhemoglobin is increased and that of deoxyhemoglobin is reduced as neuron cells are activated. 
           [0037]      FIG. 2  shows an example of absorption factors of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin. 
           [0038]      FIG. 3  shows an example of a trajectory of light injected into a cerebrum. 
           [0039]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram showing an example of an optical spectroscopy system according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0040]      FIG. 5  shows an implementation example of a module constituting a light transmission unit according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0041]      FIG. 6  shows an implementation example of a module constituting a light reception unit according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0042]      FIG. 7  shows examples of updating firmware with respect to fixed hardware to add a new function, and updating firmware to control expanded hardware according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0043]      FIG. 8  is a flowchart showing a part of a method for controlling an attachment unit according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0044]      FIG. 9  is a flow chart showing the remaining part of the method for controlling the attachment unit according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0045]      FIGS. 10 and 11  are flowcharts showing the control method for the case where firmware includes a function of determining how to adjust the separation and gain of a channel according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0046]      FIG. 12  shows an example of a headset system according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0047]      FIG. 13  shows an example of an expanded form of a headset system composed of three basic structures according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0048]      FIG. 14  shows an expanded example of a headset system composed of nine basic structures according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0049]      FIG. 15  is a block diagram of Tx and Rx to which a matched filter for an optical spectroscopy system is applied according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0050]      FIG. 16  is a block diagram schematically showing an example in which a matched filter and a slope analog-digital converter are combined according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0051]      FIG. 17  shows an example of a matched filter applied in a pipeline structure according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0052]      FIG. 18  shows a time diagram in the matched filter applied in the pipeline structure according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0053]      FIG. 19  shows a detailed schematic structure of a pipeline transconductor (Gm) amplifier according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0054]      FIG. 20  shows a structure for calibrating a DC offset caused by a Gm-C mismatch according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0055]      FIG. 21  shows a dual current source structure for discharge in a pipeline Gm-C structure according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0056]      FIG. 22  shows a switching time diagram for a pipeline Gm-C based matched filter structure according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0057]      FIG. 23  shows an example of an application aspect of CDMA modulation according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0058]      FIG. 24  shows an example of an aspect of modulating changes in a blood oxygen saturation level with codes according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0059]      FIG. 25  shows an example of a flowchart for extracting a hemodynamic signal except for low noise when proceeding with code-based modulation and demodulation according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0060]      FIG. 26  shows an oversampling effect and a matched filter effect according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0061]      FIG. 27  shows a comparison between a matched filter structure of prior art and that according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0062]      FIG. 28  shows an application example of time-divided spread spectrum codes according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0063]      FIG. 29  shows structures of a dual wavelength laser driver and a LED driver according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0064]      FIG. 30  shows a drive control signal level shifter according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0065]      FIG. 31  shows a laser driver using time-divided spread spectrum codes according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0066]      FIG. 32  is a flowchart showing an example of a method for automatic firmware update according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0067]      FIG. 33  shows functions for updating firmware according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0068]      FIG. 34  shows functions for processing big data according to one embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0069]    Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
         [0070]    Mobile and Expandable Firmware-Based Optical Spectroscopy System 
         [0071]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram showing an example of an optical spectroscopy system according to one embodiment of the invention. 
         [0072]    As shown in  FIG. 4 , an optical spectroscopy system  400  may comprise an attachment unit  410 , a monitoring unit  420 , a user server  430 , and a web server  440 . Here, there may be a plurality of systems each comprising the attachment unit  410 , the monitoring unit  420 , and the user server  430 , and each of the plurality of systems may be implemented to communicate with the web server  440  and receive services from the web server  440 . For example, the optical spectroscopy system  400  may be implemented such that a first system comprising a first attachment unit, a first monitoring unit, and a first user server, and a second system comprising a second attachment unit, a second monitoring unit, and a second user server communicate with the web server  440 , respectively, or such that three or more systems communicate with the web server  440 , respectively. According to another embodiment of the invention, the optical spectroscopy system  400  may also be implemented to comprise only the attachment unit  410 , the monitoring unit  420 , and the user server  430 . The attachment unit  410 , the monitoring unit  420 , the user server  430 , and the web server  440  may be connected to each other through a wired or wireless network to transmit and receive data. 
         [0073]    The attachment unit  410  may be implemented in the form of a device attached to a specific part of a user (e.g., an upper end of the user&#39;s head). For example, the attachment unit  410  may be implemented in the form of a headset and worn on a region of the user&#39;s head to be measured. The attachment unit  410  may comprise a light transmission unit  411 , a light reception unit  412 , and a main processing unit  413 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , the main processing unit  413  may comprise a control unit  413   a  and a firmware  413   b.    
         [0074]    The light transmission unit  411  may comprise at least one module composed of a circuit that actually produces light. For example, the light transmission unit  411  may comprise one or more modules (e.g., a light transmission module  500  to be described below with reference to  FIG. 5 ) implemented to include a laser, or configured to include a light emitting diode (LED) and a LED drive circuit. 
         [0075]    The light transmission unit  411  may use multi-wavelength light in a band of wavelengths from 600 nm to 1300 nm, and may comprise a plurality of light sources that emit the multi-wavelength light. Here, the intensity of the light emitted from the light transmission unit  411  may be changed by the monitoring unit  430 . Further, the intensity of the light emitted from the light transmission unit  411  may be changed according to a change in the magnitude of current inputted to the laser or the LED, a change in the frequency of light injected into a living organism for a predetermined period of time, or the like. 
         [0076]      FIG. 5  shows an implementation example of a module constituting a light transmission unit according to one embodiment of the invention. The light transmission unit according to the present embodiment may correspond to the light transmission unit  411  described with reference to  FIG. 4 . 
         [0077]    A light transmission module  500  may correspond to a light source included in the light transmission unit  411  to emit light. As shown in  FIG. 5 , the light transmission module  500  may comprise a bolt  510 , a spring  520 , a light source  530 , a cylinder  540 , a reference light reception unit  550 , and a case  560 . 
         [0078]    The light source  530  may be implemented in the form of a laser, a LED or the like disposed on a PCB, and inserted in the cylinder  540 . The reference light reception unit  550  may be coupled to a side surface of the cylinder to detect light received through a head surface of a user. The light detected by the reference light reception unit  550  may also be used to measure a biological change of the user. 
         [0079]    The spring  520 , the light source  530 , the cylinder  540 , and the reference light reception unit  550  may be disposed within the case  560 . The case  560  may be implemented such that the top and bottom thereof are coupled to each other through the bolt  510 . 
         [0080]    The cylinder  540  may be structured such that it is pushed by the spring  520  in a downward direction in  FIG. 5 . When a subject wears a product like the attachment unit  410  on his/her head, the spring  520  may be used to prevent widening of the gap between the light transmission unit  411  and the subject. For example, the cylinder  540  or the reference light reception unit  550  may be brought into close contact with a measured region of the subject by the force of the spring  520 , regardless of the shape or curvature of the measured region of the subject. 
         [0081]    The above configuration enables consistent measurements because light can be emitted to the subject while the close contact is constantly maintained, regardless of the state of the measured region of the subject, the gap between the measured region and the attachment unit  410  (such as a headset), or the like. Further, it is possible to decrease the influence of a movement of the subject or a minute movement of the attachment unit  410  on the light transmission, and to reduce the outward leakage of the emitted light. 
         [0082]    Referring again to  FIG. 4 , the light reception unit  412  may comprise at least one module (e.g., a light detection module  600  to be described below with reference to  FIG. 6 ) composed of a photo detector (PD) for collecting light emitted from the light transmission unit  411  and coming through the living organism, and a circuit for driving the photo detector. The light emitted from the light transmission unit  411  may be light modulated with specific codes such as time-divided spread spectrum codes (TDSSC). Here, when light from a plurality of light transmission modules is received by each module of the light reception unit  412 , the overlapped form of the TDSSC of the received light may be diverse. The received light may be amplified through a plurality of steps, and the intensity of the received light is diversified according to various conditions when the light is received. Thus, the light reception unit  412  may have a variety of adjustable gains. 
         [0083]      FIG. 6  shows an implementation example of a module constituting a light reception unit according to one embodiment of the invention. The light reception unit according to the present embodiment may correspond to the light reception unit  412  described with reference to  FIG. 4 . 
         [0084]    The light reception module  600  may be a module included in the light reception unit  412  to receive light. As shown in  FIG. 6 , the light reception module  600  may comprise a bolt  610 , a spring  620 , a detector  630 , a cylinder  640 , and a case  650 . 
         [0085]    The detector  630  may comprise a trans-impedance amplifier (TIA) and a photo detector (PD), and may be disposed within the cylinder  640 . The case  650  may contain the spring  620 , the detector  630 , and the cylinder  640 . The case  650  may be implemented such that the top and bottom thereof are coupled to each other through the bolt  610 . 
         [0086]    The spring  620  may be included to push the cylinder  640  including the detector  630  in a downward direction in  FIG. 6 . Similar to  FIG. 5 , the spring  620  may be used to bring the light reception unit  412  into close contact with a measured region of a subject. 
         [0087]    Light emitted by the light transmission unit  411  may be received by the detector  630  and converted into an electrical signal. The electrical signal is a signal amplified in a fully differential manner by the TIA included in the detector  630 , and the signal outputted from the light reception unit  412  may be inputted to the main processing unit  413  included in the attachment unit  410 . 
         [0088]    The embodiments of  FIGS. 5 and 6  are only intended to facilitate understanding of the invention, and the modules included in the light transmission unit  411  or the light reception unit  412  are not limited to the embodiments of FIG.  5  or  6 . 
         [0089]    Referring again to  FIG. 4 , the main processing unit  413  may comprise the control unit  413   a  and the firmware  413   b . The firmware  413   b  included in the main processing unit  413  may provide the following functions (1) to (4): 
         [0090]    (1) a function for appropriately controlling operations of the hardware included in the attachment unit  410  (e.g., controlling the light transmission unit  411 , the light reception unit  412 , and the main processing unit  413 ); 
         [0091]    (2) a function for separating output data of an A/D converter on a Rx side included in the control unit  413   a  into optical data of each channel; 
         [0092]    (3) a function for transmitting the separated optical data to the monitoring unit  420  using wireless communication (e.g., Bluetooth or Wi-Fi); and 
         [0093]    (4) a function for providing a firmware update mode and a firmware execution mode through a customized boot loader, and allowing a user to select either the firmware update mode or the firmware execution mode through the user server  430 . 
         [0094]    The user server  430  may be a device of a user (e.g., an experimenter) for collecting and managing data, managing user information, and transmitting the data to the web server  440  upon obtaining a subject&#39;s consent for information provision. 
         [0095]    The attachment unit  410  according to the present embodiment may provide the above-described functions (1) to (4) through the firmware  413   b , thereby achieving the following two effects: 
         [0096]    Firstly, when the hardware configuration of the attachment unit  410  such as a headset is fixed, the firmware  413   b  may be updated or changed so that newly improved functions are instantly added and used in the main processing unit  413 , or the functions of the main processing unit  413  are instantly changed and used, without changing the elements, structure, or the like of the hardware. 
         [0097]    Secondly, when the hardware configuration of the attachment unit  410  such as a headset may be expanded, the firmware may be updated or changed to control the expanded hardware configuration, without having to add a special circuit or hardware for driving the light transmission unit  411  or the light reception unit  412 , or change the circuit or hardware. Accordingly, the attachment unit  410  may be variably and freely implemented in diverse structures, without being limited to the type of hardware. 
         [0098]      FIG. 7  shows examples of updating firmware with respect to fixed hardware to add a new function, and updating firmware to control expanded hardware according to one embodiment of the invention. The firmware according to the present embodiment may correspond to the firmware  413   b  described with reference to  FIG. 4 . 
         [0099]    In  FIG. 7 , T and R may denote a light transmission module and a light reception module, respectively. For example, a first configuration  710  of  FIG. 7  shows a headset structure that is fixedly configured to have a H-hexagonal structure (HHS) as a basic structure, by means of seven light transmission modules and twelve light reception modules. Further, a second configuration  720  of  FIG. 7  shows an example in which the headset structure is expanded to have ten light transmission modules and eighteen light reception modules. 
         [0100]    Here, the firmware (e.g., the firmware  413   b ) may be updated to add a newly improved function or to change an existing function, even in a fixed state without changing the hardware configuration as in the first configuration  710 . The first configuration  710  shows an example in which the firmware having a function A is updated to the firmware having a function A+B. 
         [0101]    The second configuration  720  corresponds to an embodiment in which the hardware configuration of the headset is changed/expanded, and shows an example in which the firmware having a function A is updated to the firmware having a function A+C according to the expansion of the hardware. 
         [0102]    Further, as described above, the light reception unit  412  may have various adjustable gains. Here, the function for adjusting the gains may be included in the firmware  413   b  or the monitoring unit  420 . 
         [0103]      FIG. 8  is a flowchart showing a part of a method for controlling an attachment unit according to one embodiment of the invention. The attachment unit according to the present embodiment may correspond to the attachment unit  410  described with reference to  FIG. 4 . Here, the attachment unit  410  may perform steps  810  to  870  under the control of the firmware  413   b.    
         [0104]    In step  810 , the attachment unit  410  may determine whether it is connected to the monitoring unit  420 . Here, when the attachment unit  410  is connected to the monitoring part  420 , it may perform step  820 . 
         [0105]    In step  820 , the attachment unit  410  may determine whether a system on command is received. For example, the attachment unit  410  may perform step  830  when the system on command is received. 
         [0106]    In step  830 , the attachment unit  410  may initialize the system. Here, the system may be the attachment unit  410 , or the optical spectroscopy system  400  described with reference to  FIG. 4 . 
         [0107]    In step  840 , the attachment unit  410  may wait for a command from the monitoring unit  420 . 
         [0108]    Steps  850 ,  860  and  870  may indicate that the attachment unit  410  may perform different operations according to commands from monitoring unit  420 . For example, in step  870 , the attachment unit  410  may determine whether a system off command is received, and may be terminated when the system off command is received. In other words, the method for controlling the attachment unit  410  according to the present embodiment may be terminated according to the system off command from the monitoring unit  420 . 
         [0109]    In step  850 , the attachment unit  410  may determine whether a calibration start command is received. Here, when the calibration start command is received, the attachment unit  410  may perform step  910  of  FIG. 9  or step  1012  of  FIG. 10 . Step  910  may be performed when the function of determining how to adjust the separation and gain of a channel is not included in the firmware  413   b  but in the monitoring unit  420 . Further, step  1012  may be performed when the function of determining how to adjust the separation and gain of a channel is not included in the monitoring unit  420  but in the firmware  413   b.    
         [0110]    In step  860 , the attachment unit  410  may determine whether a measurement start command is received. Here, when the measurement start command is received, the attachment unit  410  may perform step  960  of  FIG. 9  or step  1110  of  FIG. 11 . Step  960  may be performed when the function of determining how to adjust the separation and gain of a channel is not included in the firmware  413   b  but in the monitoring unit  420 . Further, step  1110  may be performed when the function of determining how to adjust the separation and gain of a channel is not included in the monitoring unit  420  but in the firmware  413   b.    
         [0111]      FIG. 9  is a flow chart showing the remaining part of the method for controlling the attachment unit according to one embodiment of the invention. 
         [0112]    When the calibration start command is received in step  850 , the attachment unit  410  may execute a calibration mode in step  910  and wait for a command from the monitoring unit  420  in step  920 . 
         [0113]    Here, when a calibration end command is received in step  930 , the attachment unit  410  may return to step  840  and wait for a command from the monitoring unit  420 . Further, when a gain adjustment command is received in step  940 , the attachment unit  410  may adjust the gain in step  950 . Here, the gain adjustment command may include a command to increase or decrease the gain, and the attachment unit  410  may increase or decrease the gain according to the gain adjustment command. 
         [0114]    When the measurement start command is received in step  860 , the attachment unit  410  may execute a measurement mode in step  960 . For example, the attachment unit  410  may emit light of a near-infrared region using a laser or a light emitting diode (LED) through a source (S) included in the light transmission unit  411 , and detect the emitted laser or light through a detector (D) included in the light reception unit  412 . 
         [0115]    When a measurement end command is received in step  970 , the attachment unit  410  may terminate the control method. In step  870 , the attachment unit  410  may also terminate the control method according to the system off command. 
         [0116]      FIGS. 10 and 11  are flowcharts showing the control method for the case where firmware includes a function of determining how to adjust the separation and gain of a channel according to one embodiment of the invention. 
         [0117]    First,  FIG. 10  shows a process in which the attachment unit  410  adjusts the gain of each channel under the control of the firmware  413   b  according to the calibration start command in step  850 . 
         [0118]    In step  1012 , the attachment unit  410  may determine the number of maximum values, upper/lower boundary values, and a reference value. 
         [0119]    In step  1014 , the attachment unit  410  may separate information for each channel by n pieces of data. For example, the attachment unit  410  may separate the channel information by 16 pieces of data. 
         [0120]    In step  1016 , the attachment unit  410  may determine a maximum value per n pieces of data separated for each channel. 
         [0121]    In step  1018 , the attachment unit  410  may determine whether the number of the determined maximum values is equal to a predetermined number of maximum values. For example, the attachment unit  410  may separate the channel information by 16 pieces of data to determine the predetermined number of maximum values. 
         [0122]    In step  1020 , the attachment unit  410  may calculate an average of the determined maximum values. 
         [0123]    In step  1022 , the attachment unit  410  may determine whether the average value (i.e., the average of the maximum values) is equal to or greater than the reference value. The attachment unit  410  may perform step  1024  when the average value is equal to or greater than the reference value, and perform step  1026  when the average value is less than the reference value. 
         [0124]    In step  1024 , the attachment unit  410  may perform step  1030  when the average value is equal to or greater than the upper boundary value, and perform step  1028  when the average value is less than the upper boundary value. 
         [0125]    In step  1026 , the attachment unit  410  may perform step  1030  when the average value is equal to or less than the lower boundary value, and perform step  1028  when the average value is greater than the lower boundary value. 
         [0126]    In step  1028 , the attachment unit  410  may adjust the gain. For example, the attachment unit  410  may decrease the gain when the average value is equal to or greater than the reference value and less than the upper boundary value. Further, the attachment unit  410  may increase the gain when the average value is less than the reference value and greater than the lower boundary value. After adjusting the gain, the attachment unit  410  may perform step  1014  again. 
         [0127]    In step  1030 , the attachment unit  410  may update the calibration state of each channel. For example, the attachment unit  410  may update the calibration state of each channel when the average value is equal to or greater than the reference value and equal to or greater than the upper boundary value, or when the average value is less than the reference value and equal to or less than the lower boundary value. 
         [0128]    In step  1032 , the attachment unit  410  may return to step  840  and wait for a command from the monitoring unit  420  when the calibration is completed for all channels. When the calibration is not completed for all channels, step  1014  may be performed. 
         [0129]    Referring to  FIG. 11 , the attachment unit  410  may execute the measurement mode in step  1110  upon receipt of the measurement start command in step  860 , and separate the channels in step  1120 . In step  1130 , the attachment unit  410  may terminate the control method upon receipt of the measurement end command, or perform step  1110  again to execute the measurement mode. 
         [0130]      FIG. 12  shows an example of a headset system according to one embodiment of the invention. 
         [0131]    A photograph  1210  shows a headset system  1211  including holders that are spread at specified equal intervals. The light transmission module  500  or the light reception module  600  may be attached to or detached from the holders of the headset system  1211 . The headset system  1211  may be attached to a subject&#39;s head through coupling components such as a buckle and a band, and may obtain a biosignal of a living organism in a region where the headset system  1211  is attached. 
         [0132]    As shown in a picture  1220 , the headset system  1211  may have a H-hexagonal structure (HHS) composed of a plurality of light transmission modules  500  and a plurality of light reception modules  600  as a basic structure. The HHS may be freely expanded to cover the entire head based on the basic structure, as described with reference to the second configuration  720  of  FIG. 7 . In the picture  1220 , T and R may denote the light transmission module  600  and the light reception module  700 , respectively. 
         [0133]      FIG. 13  shows an example of an expanded form of a headset system composed of three basic structures according to one embodiment of the invention, and  FIG. 14  shows an expanded example of a headset system composed of nine basic structures according to one embodiment of the invention.  FIG. 13  shows a headset system configured to measure a biosignal of a frontal lobe region in a human head, and  FIG. 14  shows a headset system configured to measure a biosignal from the entire human head. Here, the headset system may be attached to the measured region of the living organism through a buckle and a band. 
         [0134]    Pipeline-Structured Matched Filter and Dual Slope Analog-Digital Converter 
         [0135]      FIG. 15  is a block diagram of Tx and Rx to which a matched filter for an optical spectroscopy system is applied according to one embodiment of the invention.  FIG. 15  shows how a matched filter  1511  is applied to Tx and Rx  1510  of the optical spectroscopy system (particularly, the attachment unit  410  described with reference to  FIG. 4 ). A laser is driven based on the same clock (CLK) to inject light to a brain, and the light attenuated as transmitted through the brain may be amplified using a trans-impedance amplifier (TIA) and a programmable gain amplifier (PGA), and then digitized through the matched filter  1511  and a slope analog-digital converter (ADC)  1512 . In this process, the time delay between the transmitted and received signals is negligible because it is very short compared to the duration of Walsh codes. Since the form of noise caused by the scattering occurring in the transmission is the same as that of white Gaussian noise, the influence of the noise can be minimized through the matched filter  1511 . 
         [0136]      FIG. 16  is a block diagram schematically showing an example in which a matched filter and a slope analog-digital converter are combined according to one embodiment of the invention. 
         [0137]    When a matched filter is used, a capacitor  1610  having a considerably large value should be connected to accumulate electric charge in the capacitor  1610  as shown in  FIG. 16 . An output of the capacitor  1610  is gradually increased as current proportional to input voltage flows from an output of a transconductor (Gm) amplifier to the capacitor  1610  while SW 1  is 1. The electric charge stored in the capacitor  1610  is gradually decreased through the current source from the time when SW 1  becomes 0 and SW 2  becomes 1, and the time when the differential signals cross each other is detected using the duration in which the comparator is maintained at  1  based on the CLK. In the duration, the counter operates based on the clock and converts the time into digital codes, which may be referred to as a slope ADC structure. Since the slope ADC structure implemented after the matched filter can realize the ADC without the need for additional capacitors, it is effective in terms of size and has a high degree of integration in implementing a multi-channel receiver. 
         [0138]      FIG. 17  shows an example of a matched filter applied in a pipeline structure according to one embodiment of the invention, and  FIG. 18  shows a time diagram in the matched filter applied in the pipeline structure according to one embodiment of the invention. 
         [0139]    When one capacitor is used, input data is stored in the capacitor in even phases and the stored charge is extracted in odd phases. Thus, since the capacitor cannot store the input data in odd phases, there arises a problem that the matched filter structure should be implemented using only half of a bit period of inputted Walsh codes. 
         [0140]    Accordingly, a switch-based pipeline structure is realized at a voltage node by modifying the last stage within the transconductor (Gm) into a pipeline structure, as shown in  FIG. 17 . As shown in  FIG. 18 , when a capacitor  1  (C 1 ) is in the phase in which electric charge is stored, discharging occurs in a capacitor  2  (C 2 ), which may mean that the capacitors can smoothly operate in the form of a dual slope ADC (SS ADC). Since they are switched at the voltage node, there are no more instantaneously generated current leakage lines (which are caused by non-ideal rising and falling edges of the switching time), and thus they can operate without current leakage. This allows a matched filter structure to be implemented for the same time as the bit period of the inputted Walsh codes, and minimizes current leakage and nonlinear effects occurring in the switching circuit by implementing the pipeline structure at the voltage node. 
         [0141]      FIG. 16  is a diagram showing a simplified model in which only one phase plane of the pipeline structure is shown, and  FIG. 17  shows the pipeline structure based on the diagram. Even phases may correspond to the case where SW 1  is 1, and odd phases may correspond to the case where SW 2  is 1. In both cases, it can be seen that an IN signal and SW 1  and SW 2  signals are equally aligned as the inputs. This is because the edges are aligned since the signals are generated based on the same clock, and the matched filter structure can be implemented based on these characteristics. 
         [0142]      FIG. 19  shows a detailed schematic structure of a pipeline transconductor (Gm) amplifier according to one embodiment of the invention. While SW is turned on, current dependent on input voltage is accumulated in a capacitor. For linear accumulation, the bandwidth of an output node of Gm-C should exist in a very low frequency band. To this end, the size of the capacitor should be large and the Gm value of the amplifier should be small. Since the size of the capacitor cannot be infinitely increased, it is necessary to implement the small value of Gm. The value of Gm can be reduced by dividing the amount of current generated in the circuit according to the inputs by means of a pair of input MOSs, and keeping a mirror ratio small until the final output stage. OUT 1  and OUT 2 , which are outputs of the pipeline structure, may accumulate electric charge in capacitors on the left side in a first dashed line box  1910  when SWP is 1, and in capacitors on the right side in the first dashed line box  1910  when SWN is 1. As above, one common mode feedback circuit may be used such that it is switched for each phase, thereby reducing the size of the matching circuit. 
         [0143]      FIG. 20  shows a structure for calibrating a DC offset caused by a Gm-C mismatch according to one embodiment of the invention. 
         [0144]    A Gm-C amplifier itself is a MOS-based amplifier and needs to be prepared for a size mismatch between differential MOSs, which occurs while proceeding with the process. To this end, in the periods excluding the time when electric charge is accumulated in and drained from capacitors, a switch for mismatch calibration is used to sample the offset when SW_MIS is 0 and SW_CM is 1, and then connected in the opposite phase when SW_MIS is 1 and SW_CM is 0, thereby enabling compensation for the mismatch. 
         [0145]      FIG. 21  shows a dual current source structure for discharge in a pipeline Gm-C structure according to one embodiment of the invention. 
         [0146]    A slope ADC performs its operation as electric charge accumulated in capacitors is discharged at different times in the form of a pipeline. If one current source is used to drain the charge, the different capacitors are connected to the current source through a SW-based multiplexer, or to a common voltage source Vref. In this case, since the multiplexer is a MOS-based SW and its resistance is not infinitely large in an OFF state, a current leakage phenomenon occurs so that the charge leaks in the charge accumulation phase. Accordingly, as shown in  FIG. 21 , two different current sources  2110  and  2020  may be connected to the respective capacitors for the pipeline to prevent the current node from being shared. 
         [0147]      FIG. 22  shows a switching time diagram for a pipeline Gm-C based matched filter structure according to one embodiment of the invention.  FIG. 22  shows an example in which switching signals required to configure the pipeline structure are implemented by a clock generator that is digitally synthesized based on a single clock (CLK). 
         [0148]    A method for controlling the optical spectroscopy system according to one embodiment of the invention may comprise the following steps (1) and (2). 
         [0149]    In the step (1), a pipeline-structured matched filter included in the optical spectroscopy system may sequentially connect input voltage, which is transmitted through an amplifier, to a first capacitor and a second capacitor through a first switch stage. 
         [0150]    In the step (2), a dual slope analog-digital converter included in the optical spectroscopy system may sequentially receive electric charge stored in the first and second capacitors through a second switch stage and digitize the input voltage. 
         [0151]    Here, the first and second switch stages may sequentially switch the connection to the first and second capacitors based on a clock generated according to a Walsh code bit period, and may be connected to the different capacitors among the first and second capacitors at the same clock, respectively. 
         [0152]    According to another embodiment of the invention, the method for controlling the optical spectroscopy system may further comprise the steps of (3) emitting light to a specific region of a subject based on the clock generated according to the Walsh code bit period, and (4) collecting light coming through the specific region, in addition to the steps (1) and (2). Here, the steps (3) and (4) may be performed before the above-described steps (1) and (2), and may be performed by a light transmission unit (e.g., the light transmission unit  411 ) and a light reception unit (e.g., the light reception unit  412 ), respectively. Here, the matched filter and the dual slope analog-digital converter may be included in the light reception unit and operated based on the clock used in the light transmission unit. 
         [0153]    The light reception unit may comprise a TIA (Trans-Impedance Amplifier) and a PGA (Programmable Gain Amplifier) as the above-described amplifier. 
         [0154]    According to yet another embodiment of the invention, the method for controlling the optical spectroscopy system may comprise the step of (5) switching input voltage transmitted through the amplifier in each phase and sequentially connecting the input voltage to a first capacitor and a second capacitor, and sequentially receiving electric charge stored in the first and second capacitors according to the phase and digitizing the input voltage, instead of the above-described steps (1) and (2). For example, the step (5) may be performed by the common mode feedback circuit described with reference to  FIG. 19 . 
         [0155]    According to still another embodiment of the invention, the method for controlling the optical spectroscopy system may further comprise the step of (6) compensating for a size mismatch between differential MOSs in periods excluding the time when the first and second capacitors are charged and discharged. The step (6) may be performed by a mismatch adjustment switch stage and a mismatch adjustment capacitor, which may be further included in the optical spectroscopy system. For example, the input voltage includes first voltage and second voltage, which are outputs of the amplifier, and when the first input voltage is 1 and the second input voltage is 0, the mismatch adjustment switch stage may sample a DC offset size existing in the amplifier itself to the mismatch adjustment capacitor, and then connect the sampled voltage to the first and second capacitors in the opposite phase, thereby compensating for the size mismatch between the differential MOSs. 
         [0156]    Optical Spectroscopy System Operating as a Walsh Code-Based Single CLK Generator 
         [0157]    An optical spectroscopy system according to the present embodiments may use a Walsh code-based single CLK generator. As for Walsh codes, which are among the codes used for code division multiplexing, the number of orthogonal codes is determined according to the code length, and the correlation between the codes is zero. 
         [0158]    Thus, when the Walsh codes are used to modulate a sequence of lasers of light transmission modules in the optical spectroscopy system, one light reception module can demodulate and extract hemodynamics information of various regions without interference between channels. 
         [0159]      FIG. 23  shows an example of an application aspect of CDMA modulation according to one embodiment of the invention. 
         [0160]    In  FIG. 23 , when light emitted from a source  1  (S 1 ) and a source  2  (S 2 ) passes through a living organism and enters a detector, it is not possible to distinguish the light emitted from S 1  and that emitted from S 2  according to a principle of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Thus, in the optical spectroscopy system according to the embodiments of the invention, light can be emitted from each light source as code-modulated with perfectly orthogonal codes (e.g., the above-described Walsh codes). 
         [0161]    Further, the light emitted from the detector can be demodulated with the same codes as those of the light source, so that it is possible to distinguish which light source has emitted the light. In this manner, the optical spectroscopy system can use light entering a detector from a plurality of light sources to accurately determine which part of the brain is activated to change the concentrations of oxyhemoglobin and incident light. 
         [0162]    TABLE 1 shows the factors that cause changes in an oxygen saturation level in human blood and information on the corresponding frequency bands. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Freq. 
               
               
                 No. 
                 Artifact 
                 Source 
                 (Hz) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 Laser temperature drift 
                 Temperature dependency of 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 laser 
               
               
                 2 
                 Very low frequency 
                 — 
                 0.04 
               
               
                   
                 oscillation 
               
               
                 3 
                 Low freq. spontaneous 
                 Relate to arterial blood 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 physiological oscillations 
                 pressure 
               
               
                   
                 (LFO, vasomotor wave, or 
               
               
                   
                 Mayer&#39;s wave) 
               
               
                 4 
                 Respiration frequency 
                 Respiration 
                 0.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Adult: 12-20 cycle/min) 
               
               
                 5 
                 Cardiac oscillation 
                 Heart beat (Adult: 60-80) 
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0163]    The changes in the blood oxygen saturation level occurring in a human body are caused by the factors shown in TABLE 1, and it can be seen that the changes are considerably slow since they are not more frequent than 1 Hz. 
         [0164]      FIG. 24  shows an example of an aspect of modulating changes in a blood oxygen saturation level with codes according to one embodiment of the invention. First, the following parameter values should be determined in order to measure signals using a code-based modulation technique in the optical spectroscopy system. 
         [0165]    The chip rate and length of the codes used for the modulation may be determined in consideration of the symbol rate at the time of demodulation and the hemodynamic frequency in the human body. Assuming that a unit Walsh code modulation sequence is repeated and that there is little change in the oxygen saturation level, the result of demodulation in the received signals can be obtained because it is possible to correctly recover the signals in the body. Further, the chip rate and unit code length may be adjusted according to the number of channels to be independently received and the specifications of the system. 
         [0166]      FIG. 25  shows an example of a flowchart for extracting a hemodynamic signal except for low noise when proceeding with code-based modulation and demodulation according to one embodiment of the invention. 
         [0167]    The form of laser light modulated with Walsh codes is changed according to a hemodynamic change in a path through which the light travels from when it enters a living body until it is detected by a detector. It can be said that the form corresponds to the Walsh codes being mixed with the hemodynamic signals. Although hemodynamic information corresponds to signals of less than about 1 Hz, the Walsh codes of a higher frequency band are used and thus the tones of the signals move to a high frequency band. Accordingly, when an operation related to analog amplification is performed in a chip, there is immunity to 1/f noise components, which are large noises of a low frequency band generated in the circuit itself. After a demodulation process, the noise-minimized hemodynamic signals may be extracted through low pass filtering (similarly to a chopping structure). 
         [0168]    Matched Filter-Based Data Sampling 
         [0169]    White noises existing in input signals and circuits may be accumulated in a continuous time domain based on an oversampling effect, so that one piece of data may be extracted for each bit period. This technology is employed for optical communication systems, and uses a matched filter structure that can extract a signal with a maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In order to implement the matched filter structure, there is a precondition that bits received as inputs should be exactly synchronized with a sampling clock. Thus, in the optical communication systems, the clock is controlled by further using a phase locked loop (PLL) at a reception stage. 
         [0170]    However, in the embodiments of the invention, a signal separated by using a reference clock in an integrated circuit itself is injected into a subject&#39;s head, and the injected signal is transmitted through the subject&#39;s head to a receiver (e.g., the light reception module  600 ). (That is, light emission and detection are both performed in one system.) Therefore, accumulation periods may be generated in the same synchronization using the same separated signal in the integrated circuit, so that the matched filter may be implemented with a simpler structure. 
         [0171]    As an oversampling rate N is increased, the noise of a measured signal is reduced to 1/square root N. Since the result of infinitely increasing N is the same as the accumulated form, the white Gaussian noise generated within the signals and the chip (integrated circuit) may be maximally reduced. 
         [0172]      FIG. 26  shows an oversampling effect and a matched filter effect according to one embodiment of the invention, and  FIG. 27  shows a comparison between a matched filter structure of prior art and that according to one embodiment of the invention. 
         [0173]    In order to implement a matched filter structure, there is a precondition that signals received as inputs should be exactly synchronized with a clock used in sampling. In a general communication system (a system  2710  of prior art), a reference clock is external to a receiver, and the receiver should further use additional circuitry such as a PLL to adjust sampling synchronization in order to synchronize with the data received at an input of the receiver. However, in an integrated circuit of an optical spectroscopy system  2720  according to the present embodiment, a modulation sequence is generated using a reference clock of the integrated circuit itself, and the generated signal only has its own attenuation while it is injected into a brain channel of a subject (corresponding to an external system of prior art) and then transmitted through a cerebral cortex to a receiver. Accordingly, it can be assumed that the received input signals are synchronized with the sampled clock, and thus the function of the matched filter can be implemented with a relatively simple structure in the optical spectroscopy system  2720  according to the present embodiment. 
         [0174]    A method for controlling the optical spectroscopy system according to one embodiment of the invention may comprise the steps of emitting light to a specific region of a subject using a plurality of light sources in a light transmission unit (e.g., the light transmission unit  411 ) included in the optical spectroscopy system, wherein the light emitted from the plurality of light sources is code-modulated using Walsh codes, and detecting light coming through the specific region in a light reception unit (e.g., the light reception unit  412 ) included in the optical spectroscopy system, wherein the light is demodulated using the Walsh codes to distinguish the light sources. Here, the control method may further comprise the step of extracting one piece of data for each bit period by accumulating input signals in a continuous time domain using a reference clock used for the light emission in a matched filter included in the light reception unit as a sampling clock. 
         [0175]    A method for controlling the optical spectroscopy system according to another embodiment of the invention may comprise the steps of emitting light to a specific region of a subject in a light transmission unit of the optical spectroscopy system, and detecting light coming through the specific region in a light reception unit of the optical spectroscopy system. Here, in the step of detecting light, a matched filter included in the light reception unit may extract one piece of data for each bit period by accumulating input signals in a continuous time domain using a reference clock used for the light emission as a sampling clock. 
         [0176]    The matched filter of each embodiment may match bits received as inputs with light emitted using the reference clock, so that synchronization between the bits received as inputs and the reference clock may be achieved without using any additional PLL. 
         [0177]    Optical Spectroscopy System Using Time-Divided Spread Spectrum Codes (TDSSC) 
         [0178]    Depending on the type of person, the degree of light absorption varies with the curvature of the head, the thickness of layers constituting the head, the color of skin, and the like. Thus, if the same laser power is applied to the entire region of the head and to all persons, a situation may occur in which light transmitted through a cerebrum in a specific measured region is all absorbed before reaching the surface of the head, so that the measurement may not be possible. In this regard, it is possible to allow the light transmitted through the cerebrum to reach the surface of the head by making the laser power strong. However, the laser power cannot be infinitely increased because there is a limitation on the power of laser that can be maximally injected into the human body. 
         [0179]      FIG. 28  shows an application example of time-divided spread spectrum codes according to one embodiment of the invention. As described above, since light injected into a human body may be represented as the number of photons per unit time, intense light may be injected into the human body if the duration in which the light is injected is adjusted so that a small amount of photons are instantaneously injected. Thus, the photons can reach the surface of the head by increasing the instantaneous intensity of the light while maintaining the entire amount of energy. Further, it is possible to design the system so that more intense light is injected into the human body while reducing the duration of 1 of Walsh codes per unit time. For example, if an on/off duty ratio is adjusted on the assumption that the same energy is injected, spread codes are simultaneously started and injected and then simultaneously turned off, thereby maintaining the orthogonality between the codes. It is assumed in  FIG. 28  that on/off duty ratios are 1 and 0.5 in Cases 1 and 2, respectively. Laser injection time for the duty ratio of 0.5 is twice as small as that for the duty ratio of 1, so that the signal magnitude of the injected Walsh codes can be relatively increased (P2=P1×2). The time-divided spread spectrum codes (TDSSC) may be implemented with a structure capable of adjusting the duty of Walsh codes and laser power within the integrated circuit. 
         [0180]    Multi-Channel Laser and LED Driver 
         [0181]    In the light transmission module according to the present embodiment, it is possible to adjust power from 5.2 mA to 14.9 mA in 256 stages with a dual wavelength laser and a LED driver. Further, there is an option to double the scale, and it is possible to output signals modulated with Walsh codes according to each wavelength. 
         [0182]      FIG. 29  shows structures of a dual wavelength laser driver and a LED driver according to one embodiment of the invention.  FIG. 29  shows a dual wavelength laser driver  2910 , which is a dual VCSEL (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser) device, and a dual wavelength LED driver  2920 , which is a dual LED device. Here, the dual wavelength laser driver  2910  and the dual wavelength LED driver  2920  may be connected to a phase of one of positive and negative electrodes. In  FIG. 29 , the dual wavelength laser driver  2910  is connected to ground together with the positive electrode, and the dual wavelength LED driver  2920  is connected to VDD together with the negative electrode. Thus, in order to modulate the dual wavelength laser driver  2910  (i.e., the dual VCSEL) and the dual wavelength LED driver  2920  with different codes, they should be implemented using different drivers. 
         [0183]      FIG. 30  shows a drive control signal level shifter according to one embodiment of the invention. A drive control signal level shifter  3000  may change a control voltage domain in a circuit using 3.3V as VDD in order to cover forward voltage of a laser (e.g., the dual wavelength laser driver  2910 ) and a LED (e.g., the dual wavelength LED driver  2920 ). A start-up circuit  3010  may be connected to the drive control signal level shifter  3000  to allocate basic voltage of each node when power is initially turned on. 
         [0184]      FIG. 31  shows a laser driver using time-divided spread spectrum codes according to one embodiment of the invention. A dual laser driver  3110  may operate in conjunction with the other components shown in  FIG. 31 . First, a Walsh code generator (128 Walsh Code GEN)  3120  may generate  128  independent Walsh codes based on a reference clock outputted from a clock generator (CLK GEN)  3130 . The Walsh codes to be used may be selected from the 128 Walsh codes as desired by a user, and the selected Walsh codes may be boosted from 1.8V to 3.3V by a level shifter  3130  and then applied to the laser driver  3110  as input signals. A duty control signal may be applied from a microcontroller unit (MCU), and on/off of a laser drive signal may be adjusted in a time domain by the duty control signal. 
         [0185]    A method for controlling the optical spectroscopy system according to the present embodiment may comprise the steps of emitting light to a specific region of a subject through a light source in a light transmission unit (e.g., the light transmission unit  411 ) included in the optical spectroscopy system, wherein total energy is maintained constant by decreasing the time of emitting the light and increasing the intensity of the light, and collecting light coming through the specific region in a light reception unit (e.g., the light reception unit  412 ) included in the optical spectroscopy system. Here, the light transmission unit may decrease an on/off duty ratio of the light emission by a predetermined ratio using time-divided spread spectrum codes, and increase the intensity of the light by the predetermined ratio. Otherwise, the light transmission unit may decrease unit duration of Walsh codes per unit time by a predetermined ratio using time-divided spread spectrum codes, and increase the intensity of the light by the predetermined ratio. The light source may comprise a dual wavelength laser device and a dual wavelength LED device, and may further comprise a level shifter for changing a control voltage domain of a circuit including the laser device and the LED device. Here, the step of emitting light may comprise the steps of boosting, through the level shifter, a signal corresponding to a code to be used among a predetermined number of mutually independent Walsh codes generated based on a reference clock, and receiving the boosted signal in the laser device as an input signal and adjusting on/off of the input signal using a duty control signal applied from a MCU. 
         [0186]    Monitoring Unit 
         [0187]    Information obtained by the attachment unit  410  described with reference to  FIG. 4  may be processed, visualized, and controlled by the monitoring unit  420 . The monitoring unit  420  may be implemented using a device having a display, such as a computer, a notebook, a smart phone, a smart watch, and a tablet PC. 
         [0188]    The monitoring unit  420  may include functions for the following (1) to (5). 
         [0189]    (1) Optical data of a plurality of wavelengths of each channel separated by firmware (e.g., the firmware  413   b  of  FIG. 4 ) may be received through wireless communication. 
         [0190]    (2) The received data may be processed through digital signal processing. For example, the monitoring unit  420  may process the received data through a low pass filter and a laser temperature drift rejection process. 
         [0191]    (3) The processed data may be converted into a concentration change value of oxyhemoglobin and that of deoxyhemoglobin through calculation of the modified Beer-Lambert law. 
         [0192]    (4) The concentration change values of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin may be displayed in color on a three-dimensional map. 
         [0193]    (5) When the release of a new version of firmware is recognized, the following processes are performed: (a) switching to a firmware update screen of a mobile application (hereinafter, “mobile app”) of the monitoring unit  420 , (b) entering a firmware update mode of a hardware boot loader, and (c) uploading new firmware. 
         [0194]    The release of a new version of firmware is recognized by the following methods (a) and (b). 
         [0195]    (a) When the mobile app is executed, it connects to a server and performs user and version check. When the release of a new version of firmware is recognized, it guides the subsequent update. 
         [0196]    (b) Whether a new version of firmware is released is notified through a push alarm or other corresponding alarm methods, and the subsequent update is guided. 
         [0197]      FIG. 32  is a flowchart showing an example of a method for automatic firmware update according to one embodiment of the invention, and  FIG. 33  shows functions for updating firmware according to one embodiment of the invention. 
         [0198]    In step  3210 , the web server  440  may determine whether a serial number of a device is equal to a serial number stored in a database (DB) of the web server  440 . To this end, the web server  440  may register the serial number of the device (or the attachment unit). Step  3220  may be performed when the serial number of the device is equal to the registered serial number, and firmware update may be terminated when there is no registered serial number equal to the serial number of the device. 
         [0199]    In step  3220 , the web server  440  may determine whether a firmware version of the device is lower than the currently available firmware version. The web server  440  may release a new version of firmware and notify the monitoring unit  420  of the release of the new version of firmware. 
         [0200]    In step  3230 , the monitoring unit  420  may download the firmware from the web server  440 . Further, in step  3240 , the monitoring unit  420  may be connected to the attachment unit  410 . The monitoring unit  420  may act as a bridge between the web server  440  and the attachment unit  410 , and may control the attachment unit  410  to update the firmware. 
         [0201]    In step  3250 , the attachment unit  410  may execute a firmware update mode. Further, in step  3260 , the attachment unit  410  may download the firmware from the monitoring unit  420 . 
         [0202]    In step  3270 , the attachment unit  410  may determine whether any error exists in the downloaded firmware. Step  3260  may be performed again when any error exists, and step  3280  may be performed when no error exists. As above, the attachment unit  410  may include a function of checking errors in the downloaded firmware. 
         [0203]    In step  3280 , the attachment unit  410  may execute the reset and updated firmware. 
         [0204]    Big Data Analysis 
         [0205]      FIG. 34  shows functions for processing big data according to one embodiment of the invention. The web server  440  may collect data on an anonymous subject who has consented from the user server  430  and perform big data analysis as follows: 
         [0206]    (1) The user server  430  may inquire of a subject whether or not to provide measured data to the web server  440 . For example, the user server  430  may provide the measured data to the web server  440  with the consent of the anonymous subject. 
         [0207]    (2) When the anonymous subject consents to information provision in the user server  430 , the web server  440  may anonymously collect the measured data from the user server  430 . 
         [0208]    (3) The web server  440  may accumulate the measured data of the anonymous subject, classify the accumulated data, and analyze the classified data. 
         [0209]    (4) The web server  440  may provide personalized results of big data analysis on the personal measurement data to the monitoring unit  420  through the user server  430 , only for the subject who has consented to the information provision, and the monitoring unit  420  may provide a report optimized for the user (e.g., display it on a screen). 
         [0210]    Through the application of the big data analysis, it is possible to detect a symptom early from the measurement results of the user by comparing the results obtained from a conventional apparatus or an optical spectroscopy system regarding a specific disease such as a stroke. 
         [0211]    In addition, information on various diseases that has not been recognized before may be accumulated based on measurement results in a similar environment, and the accumulated information may be used to analyze a wider range of data and detect a symptom of a disease. 
         [0212]    Further, through the accumulation and analysis of personal measurement data, it is possible to continuously monitor the changes in patients who have a high likelihood of recurrence and need continuous management, so that risk factors may be discovered in advance. In other words, it is possible to continuously accumulate personal measurement data to construct personal big data, and to compare and analyze the big data to discover any risk factor in the current measurement result of the user or provide a report optimized for the user regarding any recognized changes. 
         [0213]    Furthermore, for the same reasons as the above, it is possible to accumulate and recognize personal measurement data when it is necessary to recognize the effects of gradual changes (e.g., during rehabilitation), and to develop a personal rehabilitation program. 
         [0214]    As described above, according to the embodiments of the invention, it is possible to provide a mobile and expandable firmware-based optical spectroscopy system and a method for controlling the same. 
         [0215]    Further, it is possible to use a pipeline-structured matched filter to implement a matched filter structure for the same time as a bit period of input Walsh codes, and minimize current leakage and nonlinear effects occurring in a switching circuit. 
         [0216]    Further, it is possible to use time-divided spread spectrum codes (TDSSC) to reduce duration of 1 of Walsh codes per unit time and inject more intense light, thereby increasing the intensity of the light with the same total energy. 
         [0217]    Further, it is possible to modulate light emitted from a plurality of light sources using Walsh codes and emit the modulated light, and detect light coming through a specific region and demodulate the detected light using the Walsh codes, thereby distinguishing the light source that has emitted the light. 
         [0218]    Further, it is possible to accumulate input signals using a reference clock used for light emission as a sampling clock, thereby minimizing white Gaussian noise without additional circuitry such as an additional phase locked loop (PLL). 
         [0219]    Further, it is possible to process, visualize, and control data in a monitoring device, and guide firmware update according to the release of a new version of firmware included in an attachment device such as a headset. 
         [0220]    Further, it is possible to collect, manage, and analyze data measured through a web server and provide personalized results through a monitoring device. 
         [0221]    The above-described devices (i.e., the optical spectroscopy system  400 , the attachment unit  410 , the monitoring unit  420 , the user server  430 , and the web server  440 ) may be implemented with hardware components, software components, and/or a combination of hardware and software components. For example, the devices and components described in the embodiments may be implemented using one or more general or special purpose computers, such as a processor, a controller, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), a digital signal processor, a microcomputer, a field programmable array (FPA), a programmable logic unit (PLU), a microprocessor, or any other device capable of executing and responding to instructions. The processing device may execute an operating system (OS) and one or more software applications running on the operating system. Further, the processing device may also access, store, manipulate, process, and generate data in response to the execution of the software. For ease of understanding, the processing device may be described as being used singly, but those skilled in the art will appreciate that the processing device may include a plurality of processing elements and/or a plurality of types of processing elements. For example, the processing device may comprise a plurality of processors or one processor and one controller. Further, other processing configurations such as a parallel processor are also possible. 
         [0222]    The software may comprise computer programs, codes, instructions, or a combination of one or more of the foregoing, and may configure the processing device to operate as desired or instruct the processing device independently or collectively. Software and/or data may be permanently or temporarily embodied in any type of machine, component, physical device, virtual equipment, computer storage medium or device, or a transmitted signal wave, so that the software and/or data may be interpreted by the processing device or may provide instructions or data to the processing device. The software may be distributed over networked computer systems, and may be stored or executed in a distributed manner. The software and data may be stored on one or more computer-readable recording media. 
         [0223]    The method according to the embodiments of the invention may be implemented in the form of program instructions that can be executed by various computer means, and may be stored on a computer-readable recording medium. The computer-readable recording medium may include program instructions, data files, data structures and the like, separately or in combination. The program instructions stored on the medium may be specially designed and configured for the embodiments, or may also be known and available to those skilled in the computer software field. Examples of the computer-readable recording medium include the following: magnetic media such as hard disks, floppy disks and magnetic tapes; optical media such as compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM) and digital versatile disks (DVDs); magneto-optical media such as floptical disks; and hardware devices such as read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM) and flash memory, which are specially configured to store and execute program instructions. Examples of the program instructions include not only machine language codes created by a compiler or the like, but also high-level language codes that can be executed by a computer using an interpreter or the like. The above hardware devices may be configured to operate as one or more software modules to perform the processes of the embodiments, and vice versa. 
         [0224]    Although the embodiments have been described in terms of the limited embodiments and drawings, those skilled in the art can make various modifications and changes from the above description. For example, appropriate results can be achieved even if the described techniques are performed in a different order than the described methods, and/or the components of the described systems, structures, devices, circuits, and the like are coupled or combined in a different form than the described methods, or changed to or replaced with other components or equivalents. 
         [0225]    Therefore, other implementations, other embodiments, and equivalents to the appended claims also fall within the scope of the following claims.