Abstract:
Method for encapsulating an electronic arrangement against permeates wherein a pressure-sensitive adhesive mass based on butylene block copolymers is applied to and around the areas of the electronic arrangement to be encapsulated.

Description:
This is a 371 of PCT/EP2009/065393 filed 18 Nov. 2009 (international filing date), and claiming priority of German Application 10 2008 060 113.6, filed Dec. 3, 2008. 
     The present invention relates to a method of encapsulating an electronic arrangement in accordance with the preamble of Claim  1 , and also to the use of a pressure-sensitive adhesive for encapsulating an electronic arrangement, in accordance with the preamble of Claim  6 . 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     (Opto)electronic arrangements are being used with ever-increasing frequency in commercial products or are close to market introduction. Such arrangements comprise organic or inorganic electronic structures, examples being organic, organometallic or polymeric semiconductors or else combinations of these. Depending on the desired application, these arrangements and products are rigid or flexible in form, there being an increasing demand for flexible arrangements. Arrangements of this kind are produced, for example, by printing techniques, such as relief, gravure, screen or planographic printing, or else what is called “non-impact printing”, such as, for instance, thermal transfer printing, inkjet printing or digital printing. In many cases, however, vacuum techniques are used as well, such as chemical vapour deposition (CVD), physical vapour deposition (PVD), plasma-enhanced chemical or physical deposition techniques (PECVD), sputtering, (plasma) etching or vapour coating, with patterning taking place generally through masks. 
     Examples of (opto)electronic applications that are already commercial or are of interest in terms of their market potential include electrophoretic or electrochromic constructions or displays, organic or polymeric light-emitting diodes (OLEDs or PLEDs) in readout and display devices, or as illumination, electroluminescent lamps, light-emitting electrochemical cells (LEECs), organic solar cells, preferably dye or polymer solar cells, inorganic solar cells, preferably thin-film solar cells, more particularly those based on silicon, germanium, copper, indium and selenium, organic field-effect transistors, organic switching elements, organic optical amplifiers, organic laser diodes, organic or inorganic sensors or else organic- or inorganic-based RFID transponders. 
     A perceived technical challenge for realization of a sufficient lifetime and function of (opto)electronic arrangements in the area of organic and/or inorganic (opto)electronics is the protection of the components they contain against permeants. Permeants may be a large number of low molecular mass organic or inorganic compounds, more particularly water vapour and oxygen. 
     A large number of (opto)electronic arrangements in the area of organic and/or inorganic (opto)electronics, especially where organic raw materials are used, are sensitive not only to water vapour but also to oxygen, and for many arrangements the penetration of water vapour is classed as a relatively severe problem. During the lifetime of the electronic arrangement, therefore, it requires protection by means of encapsulation, since otherwise the performance drops off over the period of application. For example, oxidation of the components, in the case of light-emitting arrangements such as electroluminescent lamps (EL lamps) or organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) for instance, may drastically reduce the luminosity, the contrast in the case of electrophoretic displays (EP displays), or the efficiency in the case of solar cells, within a very short time. 
     In organic and/or inorganic (opto)electronics, particularly in the case of organic (opto)electronics, there is a particular need for flexible bonding solutions which constitute a permeation barrier to permeants, such as oxygen and/or water vapour. In addition there are a host of further requirements for such (opto)electronic arrangements. The flexible bonding solutions are therefore intended not only to achieve effective adhesion between two substrates, but also, in addition, to fulfil properties such as high shear strength and peel strength, chemical stability, ageing resistance, high transparency, ease of processing, and also high flexibility and pliability. 
     One approach common in the prior art, therefore, is to place the electronic arrangement between two substrates that are impermeable to water vapour and oxygen. This is then followed by sealing at the edges. For non-flexible constructions, glass or metal substrates are used, which offer a high permeation barrier but are very susceptible to mechanical loads. Furthermore, these substrates give rise to a relatively high thickness of the arrangement as a whole. In the case of metal substrates, moreover, there is no transparency. For flexible arrangements, in contrast, planar substrates are used, such as transparent or non-transparent films, which may have a multi-ply configuration. In this case is it possible to use not only combinations of different polymers, but also organic or inorganic layers. The use of such planar substrates allows a flexible, extremely thin construction. For the different applications there are a very wide variety of possible substrates, such as films, wovens, nonwovens and papers or combinations thereof, for example. 
     In order to obtain the most effective sealing, specific barrier adhesives are used. A good adhesive for the sealing of (opto)electronic components has a low permeability for oxygen and particularly for water vapour, has sufficient adhesion to the arrangement, and is able to flow well onto the arrangement. Low adhesion to the arrangement reduces the barrier effect at the interface, so permitting the ingress of oxygen and water vapour independently of the properties of the adhesive. Only if the contact between adhesive and substrate is continuous are the properties of the adhesive the determining factor for the barrier effect of the adhesive. 
     For the purpose of characterizing the barrier effect it is usual to state the oxygen transmission rate OTR and the water vapour transmission rate WVTR. Each of these rates indicates the flow of oxygen or water vapour, respectively, through a film per unit area and unit time, under specific conditions of temperature and partial pressure and also, optionally, further measurement conditions such as relative atmospheric humidity. 
     The lower the values the more suitable the respective material for encapsulation. The statement of the permeation is not based solely on the values of WVTR or OTR, but instead also always includes an indication of the average path length of the permeation, such as the thickness of the material, for example, or a standardization to a particular path length. 
     The permeability P is a measure of the perviousness of a body for gases and/or liquids. A low P values denotes a good barrier effect. The permeability P is a specific value for a defined material and a defined permeant under steady-state conditions and with defined permeation path length, partial pressure and temperature. The permeability P is the product of diffusion term D and solubility term S P=D*S 
     The solubility term S describes in the present case the affinity of the barrier adhesive for the permeant. In the case of water vapour, for example, a low value for S is achieved by hydrophobic materials. The diffusion term D is a measure of the mobility of the permeant in the barrier material, and is directly dependent on properties, such as the molecular mobility or the free volume. Often, in the case of highly crosslinked or highly crystalline materials, relatively low values are obtained for D. Highly crystalline materials, however, are generally less transparent, and greater crosslinking results in a lower flexibility. The permeability P typically rises with an increase in the molecular mobility, as for instance when the temperature is raised or the glass transition point is exceeded. 
     Approaches at increasing the barrier effect of an adhesive must take particular account of the two parameters D and S, with a view to their influence on the permeability of water vapour and oxygen. In addition to these chemical properties, thought must also be given to consequences of physical effects on the permeability, particularly the average permeation path length and interface properties (flow-on behaviour of the adhesive, adhesion). The ideal barrier adhesive has low D values and S values in conjunction with very good adhesion to the substrate. 
     A low solubility term S is usually insufficient for achieving good barrier properties. One classic example of this, in particular, are siloxane elastomers. The materials are extraordinarily hydrophobic (low solubility term), but as a result of their freely rotatable Si—O bond (large diffusion term) have a comparatively low barrier effect for water vapour and oxygen. For a good barrier effect, then, a good balance between solubility term S and diffusion term D is necessary. 
     For this purpose use has hitherto been made in particular of liquid adhesives and adhesives based on epoxides (WO 98/21287 A1; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,051,195 A; 4,552,604 A). As a result of a high degree of crosslinking, these adhesives have a low diffusion term D. Their principal field of use is in the edge bonding of rigid arrangements, but also moderately flexible arrangements. Curing takes place thermally or by means of UV radiation. Full-area bonding is hard to achieve, owing to the contraction that occurs as a result of curing, since in the course of curing there are stresses between adhesive and substrate that may in turn lead to delamination. 
     Using these liquid adhesives harbours a series of disadvantages. For instance, low molecular mass constituents (VOCs—volatile organic compounds) may damage the sensitive electronic structures in the arrangement and may hinder production operations. The adhesive must be applied, laboriously, to each individual constituent of the arrangement. The acquisition of expensive dispensers and fixing devices is necessary in order to ensure precise positioning. Moreover, the nature of application prevents a rapid continuous operation, and the laminating step that is subsequently needed may also make it more difficult, owing to the low viscosity, to achieve a defined layer thickness and bond width within narrow limits. 
     Furthermore, the residual flexibility of such highly crosslinked adhesives after curing is low. In the low temperature range or in the case of 2-component systems, the use of thermally crosslinking systems is limited by the potlife, in other words the processing life until gelling has taken place. In the high temperature range, and particularly in the case of long reaction times, in turn, the sensitive (opto) electronic structures limit the possibility of using such systems—the maximum temperatures that can be employed in the case of (opto)electronic structures are often 60° C., since above even this temperature there may be initial damage. Flexible arrangements which comprise organic electronics and are encapsulated using transparent polymer films or assemblies of polymer films and inorganic layers, in particular, have narrow limits here. The same applies to laminating steps under high pressure. In order to achieve improved durability, it is advantageous here to forego a temperature loading step and to carry out lamination under a relatively low pressure. 
     As an alternative to the thermally curable liquid adhesives, radiation-curing adhesives are now used in many cases (US 2004/0225025 A1). The use of radiation-curing adhesives prevents long-lasting thermal load on the electronic arrangement. As a result of the irradiation, however, there is short-term pointwise heating of the arrangement, since, in general, there is not only UV radiation emitted but also a very high fraction of IR radiation. Other aforementioned disadvantages of liquid adhesives, such as VOC, contraction, delamination and low flexibility, are likewise retained. Problems may come about as a result of additional volatile constituents or elimination products from the photoinitiators or sensitizers. Moreover, the arrangement must be transparent to UV light. 
     Since constituents especially of organic electronics, and many of the polymers employed, are frequently sensitive to UV exposure, a long-lasting outdoor use is not possible without further, additional protective measures, such as further outer films, for instance. In the case of UV-curing adhesive systems, these films can be applied only after UV curing, whereby additionally increasing the complexity of the manufacture and the thickness of the arrangement. 
     US 2006/0100299 A1 discloses a UV-curable pressure-sensitive adhesive tape for encapsulating an electronic arrangement. The pressure-sensitive adhesive tape has an adhesive based on a combination of a polymer having a softening point of more than 60° C., a polymerizable epoxy resin having a softening point of below 30° C., and a photoinitiator. The polymers may be polyurethane, polyisobutylene, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene chloride, poly(meth)acrylate or polyesters, but more particularly may be acrylate. Also present are tackifier resins, plasticizers or fillers. 
     Acrylate compositions have very good resistance to UV radiation and various chemicals, but possess very different bond strengths to different substrates. Whereas on polar substrates such as glass or metal the bond strength is very high, the bond strength on apolar substrates, such as polyethylene or polypropylene, for example, tends to be low. Here there is a particular risk of diffusion at the interface. Moreover, these compositions are highly polar, which promotes diffusion, particularly of water vapour, in spite of subsequent crosslinking. This tendency is increased further through the use of polymerizable epoxy resins. 
     The pressure-sensitive adhesive embodiment specified in US 2006/0100299 A1 has the advantage of simplicity of application, but likewise suffers from possible elimination products as a result of the photoinitiators present, from an inevitable UV transparency of the construction, and from a reduction in flexibility after curing. Moreover, as a result of the low fraction of epoxy resins or other crosslinkers that is necessary to maintain the pressure-sensitive adhesion, and more particularly the cohesion, the crosslinking density achievable is very much lower than with liquid adhesives. 
     In contrast to liquid adhesives, as a result of the relatively high molecular mass polymers, pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes generally require, for effective wetting and adhesion on the surface, a certain time, sufficient pressure and a good balance between viscous component and elastic component. In general the subsequent crosslinking of the adhesives results in shrinkage of the composition. This may lead to a reduction in the interface adhesion, and may in turn increase the permeability. 
     WO 2007/087281 A1 discloses a transparent flexible pressure-sensitive adhesive tape based on polyisobutylene (FIB) for electronic applications, especially OLEDs. It uses polyisobutylene having a molecular weight of more than 500 000 g/mol and a hydrogenated cyclic resin. An optional possibility is the use of a photopolymerizable resin and a photoinitiator. 
     The low polarity of adhesives based on polyisobutylene gives them a good barrier to water vapour, but even at high molecular weights they have a relatively low cohesiveness, and so even at room temperature and especially at elevated temperatures a creep tendency may be observed under load, and the adhesives therefore exhibit a low shear strength. The fraction of low molecular mass constituents cannot be reduced ad infinitum, since otherwise the adhesion is significantly lowered and there is an increase in the interface permeation. When a high fraction of functional resins is used, which is necessary on account of the very low cohesion of the composition, the polarity of the composition goes up again and hence the solubility term is increased. 
     In contrast, a pressure-sensitive adhesive with pronounced crosslinking exhibits good cohesion, but the flow-on behaviour is impaired. The pressure-sensitive adhesive is unable to conform adequately to the roughness of a substrate surface, and this increases the permeation at the interface. Moreover, a pressure-sensitive adhesive with pronounced crosslinking is only able to a relatively small degree to dissipate deformation energy of the kind which occurs under load. Both of these phenomena reduce the bond strength. A pressure-sensitive adhesive with a slight degree of crosslinking, in contrast, is able to flow on well to rough surfaces and to dissipate deformation energy, and hence the adhesion requirements may be met, and yet, owing to reduced cohesion, the pressure-sensitive adhesive does not provide sufficient resistance to a load. 
     Known from the prior art, furthermore, is a pressure-sensitive adhesive without barrier properties (WO 03/065470 A1), which is used as a transfer adhesive in an electronic construction. The adhesive comprises a functional filler which reacts with oxygen or water vapour within the construction. Consequently, simple application of a scavenger within the construction is possible. The construction is sealed with respect to the outside by using another adhesive with a low permeability. 
     Known from the prior art, from U.S. Pat. No. 4,985,499 A1, for example, is an adhesive based on vinylaromatic block copolymers. That specification describes various advantageous compositions of the adhesive. 
     Also known from the prior art is the barrier effect of block copolymers (US 2002/0188053 A1). Here, polymers on that basis are used for the sealing of electrophoretic displays, the active substances being coated, following their application, with a solution of the polymer, this solution, after drying, acting as a sealing layer and fixative. These polymers do not have self-adhesive properties and achieve adhesion to the other components of the electrophoretic display construction only as a result of the wetting from the solution. This entails the use of solvents, produces emissions, and is difficult to meter. 
     It is an object of the present invention to specify a method of encapsulating an electronic arrangement with respect to permeants, especially water vapour and oxygen, that is simple to carry out and with which at the same time effective encapsulation is achieved. Furthermore, the lifetime of (opto)electronic arrangements is to be increased through the use of a suitable, especially flexible, adhesive. 
     The present invention solves the problem described above through a method for encapsulating an electronic arrangement with respect to permeants. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is based initially on the finding that, despite the above-described disadvantages, it is possible to use a pressure-sensitive adhesive to encapsulate an electronic arrangement, in which the disadvantages described above with respect to pressure-sensitive adhesives do not occur, or only occur to a limited extent. It has been found, indeed, that a pressure-sensitive adhesive based on butylene block copolymers, especially isobutylene block copolymers, is particularly suitable for encapsulating electronic arrangements. In accordance with the invention, correspondingly, a pressure-sensitive adhesive based on butylene block copolymers is prepared and is applied to those regions of the electronic arrangement to be encapsulated. Since the adhesive is a pressure-sensitive adhesive, the application is particularly easy, since no prior fixing or the like is necessary. Depending on the embodiment of the pressure-sensitive adhesive, there is also no longer any need for subsequent treatment. As a result of the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape presentation form, additionally, the amount of the pressure-sensitive adhesive can be easily metered, and there are no solvent emissions produced. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A pressure-sensitive adhesive based on butylene block copolymers means more particularly a pressure-sensitive adhesive in which the total fraction of the block copolymers is at least 40% by weight, preferably at least 55% by weight. 
     Within the field of adhesives, pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are notable particularly for their permanent tack and flexibility. A material with permanent tack must at every point in time have a suitable combination of adhesive and cohesive properties. This characteristic distinguishes the PSAs from, say, reactive adhesives, which afford virtually no cohesion in the unreacted state. For good adhesion properties, PSAs must be formulated for an optimum balance of adhesive and cohesive properties. 
     Encapsulation in the present case refers not only to complete enclosure with the stated pressure-sensitive adhesive, but also even application of the pressure-sensitive adhesive to some of the regions to be encapsulated in the (opto)electronic arrangement: for example, a single-sided coverage or the entraining of an electronic structure. 
     Through the selection of the constituents of the pressure-sensitive adhesive and the consequent very low polarity, resulting from an apolar butylene block, especially a polyisobutylene block of the isobutylene block copolymer and from the resultant low solubility term (S) of the diffusion coefficient, a low permeants of permeants such as water vapour and oxygen is achieved, particularly of water vapour. In comparison to other pressure-sensitive adhesives, additionally, a further reduction in the oxygen permeability is achieved. 
     The formation of at least two domains within the block copolymer additionally produces very good cohesion and at the same time improved barrier properties, particularly in comparison to adhesives based on polyisobutylene. By means of further components, as described below, and in accordance with the requirements relating to the (opto)electronic arrangement, for instance by means of a crosslinking reaction, the properties can be advantageously adapted to the requirements. 
     Advantages of the present invention, then, in comparison to other pressure-sensitive adhesives, are the combination of very good barrier properties with respect to oxygen and especially with respect to water vapour in conjunction with good interface adhesion on different substrates, good cohesive properties, and, in comparison to liquid adhesives, a very high flexibility and ease of application in the (opto)electronic arrangement and at/in encapsulation. Depending on the embodiment of the pressure-sensitive adhesive, adhesives based on isobutylene block copolymers afford good resistance to chemicals and environmental effects, particularly in the case of weathering and UV exposure. In certain embodiments, furthermore, transparent adhesives are present which may find use in a particular way for application in (opto)electronic arrangements, since the reduction of incident or emergent light is kept very low. 
     Features of the pressure-sensitive adhesive based on butylene block copolymers, especially isobutylene block copolymers then, in addition to good processing and coating properties, include good product properties in respect of adhesion and cohesion and also a good barrier effect with respect to oxygen and a very good barrier effect with respect to water vapour, especially as compared with pressure-sensitive adhesives based on acrylates, silicones, polyisobutylene, vinyl aromatic block copolymers of styrene (A blocks) and 1,3-dienes (B blocks), and also their hydrogenated variants or vinyl acetate. A pressure-sensitive adhesive of this kind can be integrated simply into an electronic arrangement, more particularly into such an arrangement that requires high flexibility. Other particularly advantageous properties of the pressure-sensitive adhesive are similarly good adhesion to different substrates, high shear strength and high flexibility. As a result of the very good adhesion to the substrate, moreover, the interface permeation achieved is low. Through the use of the formulations described herein for the encapsulation of (opto)electronic structures, advantageous arrangements are obtained which combine the advantages set out above, thereby accelerating and simplifying the encapsulating operation. 
     Because, in certain embodiments of the pressure-sensitive adhesive there is no need for thermal operating steps and/or irradiation, there is no contraction as a result of a crosslinking reaction, and the pressure-sensitive adhesive is present as a material in web form or in a form adapted appropriately to the electronic arrangement, the composition can be integrated simply and quickly, with low pressure, as is customary in the application of pressure-sensitive adhesives, into the operation of encapsulating the (opto)electronic construction. The disadvantages usually associated with the processing steps avoided, such as thermal and mechanical loads, can thus be minimized. Encapsulation by lamination of at least parts of the (opto)electronic constructions with a planar barrier material (e.g. glass, especially thin glass, metal oxide-coated films, metallic foils, multilayer substrate materials) can be achieved with a very good barrier effect in a simple roll-to-roll process. The flexibility of the overall construction is dependent not only on the flexibility of the pressure-sensitive adhesive but also on further factors, such as geometry and thickness of the (opto)electronic constructions and/or of the planar barrier materials. The high flexibility of the pressure-sensitive adhesive, however, allows realization with very thin, pliable and flexible (opto)electronic constructions. The term “pliable” that is utilized refers to the capacity to conform without damage to the curvature of a curved article such as a drum having a defined radius, in particular having a radius of 1 mm. 
     Of particular advantage for the encapsulation of (opto)electronic constructions is if the latter are heated before, during or after the application of the pressure-sensitive adhesive. As a result, the pressure-sensitive adhesive can flow more efficiently and thus the permeation at the interface between the (opto)electronic arrangement and the pressure-sensitive adhesive can be reduced. The temperature should in this case preferably be more than 30° C., more preferably more than 50° C., in order to promote the flow accordingly. However, the temperature should not be selected to be too high in order not to damage the (opto)electronic arrangement. The temperature should preferably be less than 100° C. Temperatures between 50° C. and 70° C. have turned out to represent an optimum temperature range. It is also advantageous, additionally or alternatively, if the pressure-sensitive adhesive is heated before, during or after the application. 
     In a preferred embodiment of a method of encapsulating an electronic arrangement with respect to permeants, the pressure-sensitive adhesive may be provided as a constituent of an adhesive tape. This form of presentation permits particularly simple and uniform application of the pressure-sensitive adhesive. 
     The general expression “adhesive tape” encompasses in one embodiment a carrier material which is provided on one or both sides with a pressure-sensitive adhesive. The carrier material encompasses all planar structures, examples being two-dimensionally extended films or film sections, tapes with an extended length and limited width, tape sections, diecuts, multi-layer arrangements, and the like. For different applications it is possible to combine a wide variety of different carriers, such as films, woven fabrics, nonwovens and papers, for example, with the adhesives. Furthermore, the expression “adhesive tape” also encompasses what are called “adhesive transfer tapes”, i.e. an adhesive tape without carrier. In the case of an adhesive transfer tape, the adhesive is instead applied prior to application between flexible liners which are provided with a release coat and/or have anti-adhesive properties. For application, generally, first one liner is removed, the adhesive is applied, and then the second liner is removed. The pressure-sensitive adhesive can thus be used directly to join two surfaces in (opto)electronic arrangements. 
     As the carrier material of an adhesive tape it is preferred in the present case to use polymer films, film composites, or films or film composites that have been provided with organic and/or inorganic layers. Such films/film composites may be composed of any common plastics used for film manufacture, examples—though without restriction—including the following: 
     polyethylene, polypropylene—especially the oriented polypropylene (OPP) produced by monoaxial or biaxial stretching, cyclic olefin copolymers (COC), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyesters—especially polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polycarbonate (PC), polyamide (PA), polyethersulphone (PES) or polyimide (PI). 
     The carrier, moreover, may be combined with organic or inorganic coatings or layers. This can be done by customary techniques, such as surface coating, printing, vapour coating, sputtering, coextruding or laminating, for example. Examples—though without restriction—here include, for instance, oxides or nitrides of silicon and of aluminium, indium-tin oxide (ITO) or sol-gel coatings. 
     With particular preference these films/film composites, especially the polymer films, are provided with a permeation barrier for oxygen and water vapour, the permeation barrier exceeding the requirements for the packaging sector (WVTR&lt;10 −1  g/(m 2 d); OTR&lt;10 −1  cm 3 /(m 2 d bar)). The permeability for oxygen (OTR) and water vapour (WVTR) is determined in accordance with DIN 53380 part 3 and ASTM F-1249, respectively. The oxygen permeability is measured at 23° C. and a relative humidity of 50%. The water vapour permeability is determined at 37.5° C. and a relative humidity of 90%. The results are standardized for a film thickness of 50 μm. 
     In a preferred embodiment, moreover, the films/film composites may be transparent in form, so that the overall construction of such an adhesive article is also transparent in form. “Transparency” here denotes an average transmittance in the visible region of light of at least 75%, preferably higher than 90%. 
     According to the requirements of the (opto)electronic arrangement, it is possible in one particular embodiment of the pressure-sensitive adhesive for the elastic and viscous properties, and also the barrier effect, to be varied by means of a subsequent crosslinking reaction. In a form adapted to the (opto)electronic arrangement, this may take place both thermally and by means of electromagnetic radiation, preferably by means of UV radiation, electron radiation or gamma radiation. The high flexibility of the PSA ought to be retained. With further preference, crosslinking, where necessary, takes place before the application of the PSA on the electronic arrangement. Any energy supply that may be necessary for crosslinking, in the form, for example, of heat or through UV irradiation or the like, is thus unable to affect the electronic structures. 
     With further preference a pressure-sensitive adhesive is employed which in certain embodiments is transparent in the visible light of the spectrum (wavelength range from about 400 nm-800 nm). The desired transparency can be achieved in particular through the use of colourless tackifier resins. A pressure-sensitive adhesive of this kind is therefore also suitable for full-area use over an (opto)electronic structure. Full-area bonding, in the case of an approximately central disposition of the electronic structure, in contrast to edge sealing, offers the advantage that the permeant would have to diffuse through the entire area before reaching the structure. The permeation pathway is therefore significantly increased. The prolonged permeation pathways in this embodiment, in comparison to edge sealing by means of liquid adhesives, for instance, has positive consequences for the overall barrier, since the permeation pathway is in inverse proportion to the permeability. 
     “Transparency” here denotes an average transmittance of the adhesive in the visible range of light of at least 75%, preferably higher than 90%. In the case of the embodiment as a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape with carrier, the maximum transmittance of the overall construction is dependent, moreover, on the nature of the carrier used and on the nature of the construction. 
     The electronic structures of (opto)electronic arrangements are often susceptible to UV radiation. It has turned out here to be particularly advantageous if the pressure-sensitive adhesive is additionally of UV-blocking design. The term “UV-blocking” refers in the present instance to an average transmittance of not more than 20%, preferably of not more than 10%, more preferably of not more than 1%, in the corresponding wavelength range. In a preferred embodiment the pressure-sensitive adhesive is of UV-blocking design in the wavelength range from 320 nm to 400 nm (UVA radiation), preferably in the wavelength range from 280 nm to 400 nm (UVA and UVB radiation), more preferably in the wavelength range from 190 nm to 400 nm (UVA, UVB and UVC radiation). 
     The UV-blocking effect of the pressure-sensitive adhesive may be achieved in particular through the addition of UV blockers or suitable fillers to the pressure-sensitive adhesive. Examples of suitable UV blockers include HALS (Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers) such as Tinuvin from Ciba or benzimidazole derivatives. A particularly suitable filler is titanium dioxide, especially nanoscale titanium dioxide, since this allows transparency in the visible range to be retained. 
     As a result of the butylene blocks used, especially the polyisobutylene blocks, and particularly as compared with PSAs based on unhydrogenated or only partially hydrogenated copolymer blocks, the PSA exhibits very good resistance toward weathering effects and UV light. This resistance is enhanced in particular through use of hydrogenated resins. 
     As will be set out in more detail below, the PSA used is based preferably on at least one butylene block copolymer, more preferably on at least one isobutylene block copolymer, and further comprises a tackifier resin. Certain embodiments use further block copolymers, as will be described below. 
     As (iso)butylene block copolymer it is preferred to employ block copolymers which comprise on the one hand blocks preferably of vinylaromatics (A blocks), such as, for example, styrene, and on the other hand those formed by polymerizing (iso)butylene alone or (iso)butylenes in combination with n-butene or 1,3-dienes, such as isoprene or butadiene (B blocks). The fractions of the 1,3-dienes may be hydrogenated partially, selectively or completely. These B blocks typically have a low polarity. As B blocks it is preferred to use pure (poly)isobutylene blocks. 
     In place of the preferred polystyrene blocks as A blocks it is possible as vinylaromatics also to use polymer blocks based on other aromatic-containing homopolymers and copolymers (preferably C-8 to C-12 aromatics) with glass transition temperatures of more than 75° C., such as α-methylstyrene-containing aromatic blocks, for example. Moreover, identical or different A blocks may also be present. 
     In certain embodiments the use of the aforementioned B blocks with A blocks of a different chemical kind is possible, displaying a glass transition temperature above room temperature, such as polymethyl methacrylate, for example. 
     The block copolymers possess the structure (AB)nX, where A is, for example, the preferred vinylaromatic blocks, B is, for example, the preferred polyisobutylene blocks, and X is a coupling site, and n may adopt values from 1 to 8. Preferably n adopts values from 2 to 8. The block copolymers, therefore, may have a linear A-B-A structure, or may be of radial architecture. The coupling site may be, for example, a single C—C bond, or else other coupling sites may be provided, examples being compounds with a metal atom or the like. 
     As (iso)butylene block copolymers it is also possible to use block copolymers which as well as the above-described blocks A and B comprise at least one further block, such as A-B-C block copolymers, for example. 
     Further preference is given to using mixtures of AB block copolymers (2-blocks) and ABA block copolymers (3-blocks). The use of these mixtures allows the preparation of PSAs featuring enhanced flow-on behaviour and adhesion. 
     The ratio of the 3-blocks to the 2-blocks may vary in the range between 1:19 and 19:1. 
     Suitable isobutylene block copolymers are available commercially, for example, under the name SiBStar from Kaneka or Oppanol IBS from BASF. 
     In one possible embodiment the PSA of the invention may comprise further block copolymers as constituents. Through the use of these block copolymers, which are described below, the adhesion of the adhesive to a substrate may be increased further. Finding use in this context preferably are vinylaromatic block copolymers based on block copolymers comprising polymer blocks predominantly formed from vinylaromatics (A2 blocks), preferably styrene, and those predominantly formed by polymerization of 1,3-dienes (B2 blocks), preferably butadiene, isoprene or a mixture of both monomers. These B2 blocks typically have a low polarity. Both homopolymer blocks and copolymer blocks can be utilized with preference as B2 blocks. 
     The block copolymers resulting from the A2 and B2 blocks may comprise identical or different B2 blocks, which may be hydrogenated partially, selectively or fully. The block copolymers may have linear A2-B2-A2 structures. Likewise suitable for use are block copolymers of radial architecture, and also star-shaped and linear multiblock copolymers. A2-B2 two block copolymers may be present as further components. All of the aforementioned polymers may be utilized alone or in a mixture with one another. Preference is given to using partially hydrogenated or hydrogenated polymers in order to obtain good weathering stability and UV stability. 
     Instead of the polystyrene blocks preferred as further block copolymers it is also possible as vinylaromatics to use polymer blocks based on other aromatic-containing homopolymers and copolymers (preferably C-8 to C-12 aromatics) with glass transition temperatures of more than 75° C., such as a-methylstyrene-containing aromatic blocks, for example. It is also possible, moreover, for identical or different A2 blocks to be present. 
     Use may also be made of block copolymers which as well as the above-described blocks A 2  and B 2  comprise at least one further block, such as A2-B2-C2 block copolymers, for example. 
     Also possible though less preferred is the use of the abovementioned B2 blocks with A2 blocks of a different chemical kind, displaying a glass transition temperature above room temperature, such as polymethyl methacrylate, for example. 
     Vinylaromatic block copolymers are known commercially, for example, under the name Kraton from Kraton (Kraton D 1101 and 1102 as styrene-butadien-styrene block copolymers (SBS), Kraton D 1107 or 1163 as styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymers (SiS), or Kraton G 1652 as hydrogenated styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer), under the name Europrene from Polimeri Europa (styrene block copolymers with isoprene, butadiene or their hydrogenation products) or under the name Septon from Kuraray (hydrogenated styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymers). A2-B2-C2 vinylaromatic block copolymers are available, for example, under the name SBM from Arkema. 
     In one advantageous embodiment the isobutylene block copolymers and other vinylaromatic block copolymers each have a fraction of above-described A blocks and A2 blocks of 10% to 35% by weight. 
     In another preferred embodiment the fraction of the block copolymers in total, based on the overall pressure-sensitive adhesive, is at least 20%, preferably at least 30% and more preferably at least 35% by weight. A result of an inadequate fraction of block copolymers is that the cohesion of the pressure-sensitive adhesive is relatively low. The maximum fraction of the block copolymers in total, based on the overall pressure-sensitive adhesive, is not more than 90% by weight, preferably not more than 75% by weight, very preferably not more than 70% by weight. A result of an excessively high fraction of block copolymers is in turn that the pressure-sensitive adhesive is virtually no longer tacky. 
     The fraction of the (iso)butylene block copolymers as a proportion of the total fraction of the block copolymers is at least 40% by weight, preferably at least 55% by weight. Too small a fraction of (iso)butylene block copolymer results in a reduction in the barrier effect with respect to water vapour and oxygen. 
     In a further-preferred embodiment the pressure-sensitive adhesive, in addition to the at least one (iso)butylene block copolymer, as described above, comprises at least one tackifier resin in order to increase the adhesion in a desired way. The tackifier resin ought to be compatible with the elastomer block of the block copolymers. 
     As tackifiers in the pressure-sensitive adhesive it is possible to use, for example, unhydrogenated, partially hydrogenated or fully hydrogenated resins based on rosin and rosin derivatives, hydrogenated polymers of dicyclopentadiene, non-, partially, selectively or fully hydrogenated hydrocarbon resins based on C5, C5/C 9  or C9 monomer streams, polyterpene resins based on α-pinene and/or β-pinene and/or δ-limonene, hydrogenated polymers of preferably pure C8 and C9 aromatics. Aforementioned tackifier resins may be used both alone and in a mixture. Both resins which are solid at room temperature and liquid resins may be employed. In order to ensure high ageing stability and UV stability, preference is given to hydrogenated resins having a degree of hydrogenation of at least 90%, preferably of at least 95%. 
     Preference is given, furthermore, to apolar resins having a DACP (diacetone alcohol cloud point) of more than 30° C. and an MMAP (mixed methylcylohexane aniline point) of greater than 50° C., more particularly having a DACP of more than 37° C. and an MMAP of more than 60° C. The DACP and the MMAP values each indicate the solubility in a particular solvent. The selection of these ranges produces a particularly high permeation barrier, particularly with respect to water vapour. 
     Further preference is given to resins having a softening temperature (ring/ball) of more than 95° C., in particular more than 100° C. This selection provides a particularly high permeation barrier, particularly with respect to oxygen. 
     Other additives which can typically be utilized include the following:
         plasticizers, such as, for example, plasticizer oils, or low molecular mass liquid polymers, such as low molecular mass polybutenes, for example   primary antioxidants, such as, for example, sterically hindered phenols   secondary antioxidants, such as, for example, phosphites or thioethers   in-process stabilizers, such as C radical scavengers, for example   light stabilizers, such as, for example, UV absorbers or sterically hindered amines   processing assistants   endblock reinforcer resins, and
 
optionally further polymers of preferably elastomeric kind; elastomers which can be utilized accordingly include, among others, those based on pure hydrocarbons, for example unsaturated polydienes such as natural or synthetically produced polyisoprene or polybutadiene, chemically substantially saturated elastomers such as, for example, saturated ethylene-propylene copolymers, α-olefin copolymers, polyisobutylene, butyl rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, and also chemically functionalized hydrocarbons such as, for example, polyolefins containing halogen, acrylate, allyl or vinyl ether.
       

     In a further embodiment, the PSAs used in accordance with the invention are crosslinked, preferably before or else, where appropriate, after they have flowed onto the surface, the target degrees of crosslinking being such as to continue to allow high flexibility and effective adhesion of the material. After the crosslinking, the PSA preferably has an elongation at break of at least 20%. An elongation at break of this kind is particularly preferred with regard to an extremely flexible embodiment of the PSA. The elongation at break is determined with a stretching rate of 300 mm/min and at a temperature of 23° C. 
     In one preferred procedure the PSA is crosslinked with UV radiation or electron beams. A comprehensive description of the state of the art and the most important process parameters with regard to the crosslinking is known to the skilled person, for example, from “Chemistry and Technology of UV and EB formulation for Coatings, Inks and Paints” (vol. 1, 1991, SITA, London). Moreover, other processes can be used as well that permit high-energy irradiation. 
     In order to reduce the radiation dose required it is possible to admix the viscoelastic material with crosslinkers and/or crosslinking promoters, more particularly promoters and/or crosslinkers that can be excited by UV, by electron beams and/or thermally. Suitable crosslinkers for radiation crosslinking are monomers or polymers which contain, for example, the following functional groups: acrylate or methacrylate, epoxide, hydroxyl, carboxyl, vinyl, vinyl ether, oxetane, thiol, acetoacetate, isocyanates, allyl or, generally, unsaturated compounds. The monomers or polymers used may be difunctional or polyfunctional, depending on the requirements concerning the degree of crosslinking. 
     In a further preferred embodiment, the PSAs are crosslinked using thermally activatable crosslinkers. For this purpose it is preferred to admix peroxides, acids or acid anhydrides, metal chelates, difunctional or polyfunctional epoxides, difunctional or polyfunctional hydroxides, and difunctional or polyfunctional isocyanates, of the kind described for acid anhydrides in EP 1311559 B1, for instance. 
     As well as the monomeric crosslinkers with the functional groups described, it is preferred to use block copolymers which are functionalized with these crosslinking groups. Use is made advantageously of functionalized block copolymers such as the Kraton FG series (Kraton FG 1901 or Kraton FG 1924, for instance), Asahi Tuftec M 1913 or Tuftec M 1943, or Septon HG252 (SEEPS-OH). Furthermore, the (iso)butylene block copolymers may themselves also be provided with functional groups, such as with maleic acid and/or maleic anhydride, for example. Other preferred block copolymers are available, for example, under the name Epofriend A 1005, A 1010 or A 1020 from Daicel. Through addition of suitable crosslinking agents (for example, polyfunctional isocyanates, amines, epoxides, alcohol, thiols, phenols, guanidines, mercaptans, carboxylic acids and/or acid anhydrides) it is possible for these block copolymers to be crosslinked thermally or by means of radiation. Also suitable for advantageous utilization is a combination of acid-modified or acid anhydride-modified block copolymer (for example Kraton FG series) and an epoxidized block copolymer (for example Daicel Epofriend series). By this means it is possible to bring about crosslinking without monomeric crosslinker, so that, even in the event of incomplete crosslinking, there are no monomeric constituents left over. A mixture of the functionalized monomers or polymers can likewise be employed. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention the pressure-sensitive adhesive also comprises fillers; examples that may be mentioned, though without restriction, include oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, nitrides, halides, carbides or mixed oxide/hydroxide/halide compounds of aluminium, silicon, zirconium, titanium, tin, zinc or iron or of the alkali or alkaline earth metals. These fillers are, essentially, clay earths, examples being aluminium oxides, boehmite, bayerite, gibbsite, diaspore and the like. Especially suitable are phyllosilicates such as, for example, bentonite, montmorillonite, hydrotalcite, hectorite, kaolinite, boehmite, mica, vermiculite or mixtures thereof. It is also possible, however, to use carbon blacks or other modifications of carbon, such as carbon nanotubes. 
     As fillers of the pressure-sensitive adhesive it is preferred to use nanoscale and/or transparent fillers. In the present context a filler is termed nanoscale if in at least one dimension it has a maximum extent of about 100 nm, preferably of about 10 nm. Particular preference is given to using those fillers which are transparent in the composition and have a platelet-shaped crystallite structure and a high aspect ratio with homogeneous distribution. The fillers with a platelet-like crystallite structure and aspect ratios well above 100 generally have a thickness of just a few nm, although the length and/or width of the crystallites may be up to several μm. Such fillers are likewise referred as nanoparticles. The particulate form of the fillers with small dimensions, moreover, is particularly advantageous for a transparent version of the pressure-sensitive adhesive. 
     Through the construction of labyrinth-like structures by means of the fillers described above in the adhesive matrix, the diffusion pathway for, for example, oxygen and water vapour is extended in such a way that their permeation through the layer of adhesive is lessened. For improved dispersibility of these fillers in the binder matrix, these fillers may be surface-modified with organic compounds. The use of such fillers per se is known for example, from US 2007/0135552 A1 and from WO 02/026908 A1. 
     In another advantageous embodiment of the present invention use is also made of fillers which are able to interact in a particular way with oxygen and/or water vapour. Water vapour or oxygen penetrating into the (opto)electronic arrangement is then chemically or physically bound by these fillers. These fillers are also referred to as getters, scavengers, desiccants or absorbers. Such fillers include by way of example, but without restriction, the following: oxdizable metals, halides, salts, silicates, oxides, hydroxides, sulphates, sulphites, carbonates of metals and transition metals, perchlorates and activated carbon, including its modifications. Examples are cobalt chloride, calcium chloride, calcium bromide, lithium chloride, zinc chloride, zinc bromide, silicon dioxide (silica gel), aluminium oxide (activated aluminium), calcium sulphate, copper sulphate, sodium dithionite, sodium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, titanium dioxide, bentonite, montmorillonite, diatomaceous earth, zeolites and oxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, such as barium oxide, calcium oxide, iron oxide and magnesium oxide, or else carbon nanotubes. Additionally it is also possible to use organic absorbers, such as, for example, polyolefin copolymers, polyamide copolymers, PET copolyesters or other absorbers based on hybrid polymers, which are used generally in combination with catalysts such as cobalt, for example. Further organic absorbers are, for instance, polyacrylic acid with a low degree of crosslinking, ascorbates, glucose, gallic acid or unsaturated fats and oils. 
     In order to maximize the activity of the fillers in terms of the barrier effect, their fraction should not be too small. The fraction is preferably at least 5%, more preferably at least 10% and very preferably at least 15% by weight. Typically as high as possible a fraction of fillers is employed, without excessively lowering the bond strengths of the pressure-sensitive adhesive or adversely affecting other properties. In one embodiment, therefore, the fraction is not more than 95%, preferably not more than 70% and more preferably not more than 50% by weight. 
     Also advantageous is a very fine division and very high surface area on the part of the fillers. This allows a greater efficiency and a higher loading capacity, and is achieved in particular using nanoscale fillers. 
     The pressure-sensitive adhesive may be produced and processed from solution, from dispersion and from the melt. Preference is given to its production and processing from solution or from the melt. Production of the adhesive from solution is particularly preferred. In that case the constituents of the pressure-sensitive adhesive are dissolved in a suitable solvent, for example toluene or mixtures of mineral spirit and acetone, and are applied to the carrier using techniques that are general knowledge. In the case of processing through the melt, these application techniques may be via a nozzle or a calendar. In the case of techniques from solution, coatings with doctor blades, knives, rollers or nozzles are known, to name but a few. 
     In one preferred embodiment the volatile organic compounds (VOC) content of the pressure-sensitive adhesive is not more than 50 μg of carbon per gram of composition, in particular not more than 10 μg C/g, measured in accordance with VDA 277. This has the advantage of better compatibility with the organic materials of the electronic construction and also with any functional layers present, such as a transparent layer of conductive metal oxide or a similar layer of intrinsically conductive polymer. 
     The pressure-sensitive adhesive either may be used for the full-area bonding of (opto)electronic arrangements, or else, after appropriate converting, diecuts, rolls or other shapes may be produced from the pressure-sensitive adhesive or the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape. Corresponding diecuts and shapes of the pressure-sensitive adhesive/tape are then preferably adhered to the substrate to be bonded, in the form, for instance, of edge surrounds or boundary of an (opto)electronic arrangement. The choice of the form of the diecut or shape is not restricted and is selected as a function of the type of (opto)electronic arrangement. The possibility of flat lamination, in comparison to liquid adhesives, is advantageous for the barrier properties of the composition, through the increase in the permeation path length by lateral penetration of the permeants, since the permeation path length acts in inverse proportion to the permeation. 
     Where the pressure-sensitive adhesive is provided in the form of a planar structure having a carrier, it is preferred for the thickness of the carrier to be preferably in the range from about 1 μm to about 350 μm, more preferably between about 2 μm and about 250 μm and more preferably between about 12 μm and about 150 μm. The optimum thickness depends on the (opto)electronic arrangement, on the end application and on the nature of the configuration of the pressure-sensitive adhesive. Very thin carriers in the range from 1 to 12 μm are used with (opto)electronic constructions which are intended to have a low overall thickness, but this increases the cost and complexity of integration into the construction. Very thick carriers between 150 and 350 μm are employed when the focus is on an increased permeation barrier through the carrier and the stiffness of the construction; the protective effect is increased by the carrier, whereas the flexibility of the construction is reduced. The preferred range between 12 and 150 μm represents an optimum compromise encapsulation solution for the majority of (opto)electronic constructions. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Further details, objectives, features and advantages of the present invention are elucidated in more detail below with reference to preferred exemplary embodiments. In the drawing 
         FIG. 1  shows a first (opto)electronic arrangement in a diagrammatic representation, 
         FIG. 2  shows a second (opto)electronic arrangement in a diagrammatic representation, 
         FIG. 3  shows a third (opto)electronic arrangement in a diagrammatic representation, 
     
    
    
       FIG. 1  shows a first embodiment of an (opto)electronic arrangement  1 . This arrangement  1  has a substrate  2  on which an electronic structure  3  is disposed. The substrate  2  itself is designed as a barrier for permeants and thus forms part of the encapsulation of the electronic structure  3 . Above the electronic structure  3 , in the present case also at a distance from it, is a further cover  4  designed as a barrier. 
     In order to encapsulate the electronic structure  3  to the side as well and at the same time to join the cover  4  to the electronic arrangement  1  in its remaining part, a pressure-sensitive adhesive  5  is provided to run round on the substrate  2  adjacent to the electronic structure  3 . The pressure-sensitive adhesive  5  joins the cover  4  to the substrate  2 . As a result of an appropriately thick embodiment, moreover, the pressure-sensitive adhesive  5  allows the cover  4  to be distanced from the electronic structure  3 . 
     The pressure-sensitive adhesive  5  is an adhesive based on the adhesive according to the invention as described above in general form and set out in detail below in exemplary embodiments. In the present case the pressure-sensitive adhesive  5  not only takes on the function of joining the substrate  2  to the cover  4 , but also, moreover, provides a barrier layer for permeants, in order thus to encapsulate the electronic structure  2  from the side as well with respect to permeants such as water vapour and oxygen. 
     In the present case, moreover, the pressure-sensitive adhesive  5  is provided in the form of a diecut comprising a double-sided adhesive tape. A diecut of this kind permits particularly simple application. 
       FIG. 2  shows an alternative embodiment of an (opto)electronic arrangement  1 . Shown, again, is an electronic structure  3  which is disposed on a substrate  2  and is encapsulated by the substrate  2  from below. Above and to the side of the electronic structure, the pressure-sensitive adhesive  5  is now of full-area disposition. The electronic structure  3  is therefore encapsulated from above entirely by the pressure-sensitive adhesive  5 . A cover  4  is then applied to the pressure-sensitive adhesive  5 . This cover  4 , in contrast to the previous embodiment, need not necessarily fulfil the high barrier requirements, since the barrier is provided by the pressure-sensitive adhesive itself. The cover  4  may merely, for example, take on a mechanical protection function, or else may also be provided as a permeation barrier. 
       FIG. 3  shows a further alternative embodiment of an (opto)electronic arrangement  1 . In contrast to the previous embodiments, there are now two pressure-sensitive adhesives  5   a, b , which in the present case are identical in form. The first pressure-sensitive adhesive  5   a  is disposed over the full area of the substrate  2 . The electronic structure  3  is provided on the pressure-sensitive adhesive  5   a , and is fixed by the pressure-sensitive adhesive  5   a . The assembly comprising pressure-sensitive adhesive  5   a  and electronic structure  3  is then covered over its full area with the other pressure-sensitive adhesive  5   b , with the result that the electronic structure  3  is encapsulated on all sides by the pressure-sensitive adhesives  5   a, b . Again, the cover  4  is provided above the pressure-sensitive adhesive  5   b.    
     In this embodiment, therefore, neither the substrate  2  nor the cover  4  need necessarily have barrier properties. Nevertheless, they may also be provided in order to restrict further the permeation of permeants to the electronic structure  3 . 
     In relation to  FIG. 2 ,  3  in particular it is noted that in the present case these are diagrammatic representations. It is not apparent from the representations, in particular, that the pressure-sensitive adhesive  5 , here and preferably in each case, is applied with a homogenous layer thickness. At the transition to the electronic structure, therefore, there is not a sharp edge, as appears in the representation, but instead the transition is fluid and it is possible instead for small unfilled or gas-filled regions to remain. If desired, however, there may also be conformation to the substrate, particularly when application is carried out under vacuum. Moreover, the pressure-sensitive adhesive is compressed to different extents locally, and so, as a result of flow processes, there may be a certain compensation of the difference in height at the edge structures. The dimensions shown are also not to scale, but instead serve only for greater ease of representation. The electronic structure in particular is itself usually of relatively flat design (often less than 1 μm thick). 
     In all of the exemplary embodiments shown, the pressure-sensitive adhesive  5  is applied in the form of a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape. This may in principle be a double-sided pressure-sensitive adhesive tape with a carrier or may be an adhesive transfer tape. In the present case, an adhesive transfer tape embodiment is selected. 
     The thickness of the pressure-sensitive adhesive, present either as an adhesive transfer tape or coated on a planar structure, is preferably between about 1 μm and about 150 μm, more preferably between about 5 μm and about 75 μm and with particular preference between about 12 μm and 50 μm. High layer thicknesses between 50 μm and 150 μm are employed when the aim is to achieve improved adhesion to the substrate and/or a damping effect within the (opto)electronic construction. A disadvantage here, however, is the increased permeation cross section. Low layer thicknesses between 1 μm and 12 μm reduce the permeation cross section, and hence the lateral permeation and the overall thickness of the (opto)electronic construction. However, there is a reduction in the adhesion on the substrate. In the particularly preferred thickness ranges, there is a good compromise between a low thickness composition and the consequent low permeation cross section, which reduces the lateral permeation, and a sufficiently thick film of composition to produce a sufficiently adhering bond. The optimum thickness is a function of the (opto)electronic structure, the end application, the nature of the embodiment of the pressure-sensitive adhesive, and, possibly, the planar substrate. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Unless indicated otherwise, all quantity figures in the examples below are weight percentages or parts by weight, based on the overall composition. 
     Test Methods 
     Bond Strength 
     The bond strength was determined as follows: the defined substrate used was a steel surface, a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheet and a polyethylene (PE) sheet. The bondable planar element under investigation was cut to a width of 20 mm and a length of about 25 cm, provided with a handling section, and immediately afterwards was pressed five times onto the respectively selected substrate using a steel roller weighing 4 kg at a rate of advance of 10 m/min. Immediately thereafter, the planar element, bonded beforehand, was removed at an angle of 180° at room temperature and at 300 mm/min from the substrate using a tensile testing instrument (from Zwick), and the force required to achieve this was measured. The measured value (in N/cm) resulted as the average from three individual measurements. 
     Shear Resistance Time 
     The shear resistance times (SRT) were determined as follows: the defined substrate used was a polished steel surface. The bondable sheetlike element under investigation was cut to a width of 13 mm and a length of about 5 cm and immediately thereafter was pressed four times using a steel roller of 2 kg with a rate of advance of 10 m/min onto the particular selected substrate, with an area of 20×13 mm 2 . Immediately thereafter the bondable sheetlike element was loaded at an angle of 180° with 10 N at 23° C./50% RH. A measurement is made of the time after which the bondable sheetlike element has parted completely from the substrate. The measurement value (in minutes) reported is the median from three individual measurements. The test is discontinued after 10 000 minutes. 
     Elastic Fraction 
     The elastic fraction was determined as follows: the defined substrate used was a polished steel surface. The bondable sheetlike element under investigation was cut to a width of 10 mm and a length of about 5 cm and immediately thereafter was pressed three times using a steel roller of 2 kg with a rate of advance of 10 m/min onto the particular selected substrate, with an area of 10×13 mm. Immediately thereafter the bondable sheetlike element was loaded at an angle of 180° with 1 N and with 5 N, at a temperature of 40° C. A measurement is made of the slip path after 15 minutes, and then the sample is relieved of its load, and the slip path is determined after a total of 30 minutes. The ratio of the two measurement values is a measure of elastic and viscous fractions of the adhesive. The measurement values reported are the average value from two individual measurements. 
     Transmittance 
     The transmittance of the adhesive was determined via the VIS spectrum. The VIS spectrum was recorded on a Kontron UVIKON 923. The wavelength range of the measured spectrum encompasses all of the frequencies between 800 nm and 400 nm, with a resolution of 1 nm. For this purpose, the adhesive was applied to a PET carrier and, prior to measurement, an empty-channel measurement was carried out on the carrier as a reference, over the entire wavelength range. For the reporting of the result, the transmittance measurements in the stated range were average. 
     Permeation 
     The permeability for oxygen (OTR) and water vapour (WVTR) were determined in accordance with DIN 53380 part 3 and ASTM F-1249, respectively. For this purpose, the pressure-sensitive adhesive was applied in a layer thickness of 50 μm on a permeable membrane. For the oxygen permeability, measurement took place at 23° C. with a relative humidity of 50% using a Mocon OX-Tran 2/21 measuring device. The water vapour permeability was determined at 37.5° C. with a relative humidity of 90%. 
     Flexural Test 
     To determine the flexibility, the adhesive was coated in a layer thickness of 50 μm between two 23 μm PET carriers and tested to a bending radius of 1 mm with a 180° bend. The test is passed if there is no fracture or detachment of the layer. 
     Lifetime Test 
     As a measure of the lifetime of an (opto)electronic construction, a calcium test was employed. For this purpose, under a nitrogen atmosphere, a thin layer of calcium, measuring 20×20 mm 2 , was deposited onto a glass plate. The thickness of the calcium layer is approximately 100 nm. The calcium layer is encapsulated using adhesive tape featuring a PET barrier film as carrier material (WVTR=8×10 −2  g/m 2 *d and OTR=6×10 −2  cm 3 /m 2 *d*bar, in accordance with ASTM F-1249 and DIN 53380 Part  3 , and conditions specified above). The adhesive tape is applied with an all-round edge of 5 mm over the calcium mirror, by adhering the tape directly to the glass plate. 
     The test is based on the reaction of calcium with water vapour and oxygen, as described, for example, by A. G. Erlat et. al. in “47th Annual Technical Conference Proceedings—Society of Vacuum Coaters”, 2004, pages 654-659, and by M. E. Gross et al. in “46th Annual Technical Conference Proceedings—Society of Vacuum Coaters”, 2003, pages 89-92. The light transmittance of the calcium layer is monitored, and increases as a result of its conversion into calcium hydroxide and calcium oxide. The attainment of 90% of the transmittance of the construction without a calcium layer is referred to as the end of the lifetime. The measurement conditions selected are 23° C. and 50% relative humidity. The specimens were bonded in full-area form, without bubbles, with a layer thickness of the pressure-sensitive adhesive of 25 μm. 
     Determination of the VOC Value (Volatile Organic Compounds) 
     The VOC value is determined in accordance with VDA 277. With this method, the sum of the gaseous (volatile) hydrocarbons (VOC—volative organic components) is determined from small amounts of sample on the laboratory scale. A sample (&lt;1 g) is conditioned in a glass vessel (10 ml) at 120° C. for 5 hours. A defined amount of the gas space from the gastight vessel is subsequently analysed for the hydrocarbons it contains, using a gas chromatograph (GC)/flame ionization detector (FID) combination. 
     Determination of the Surface Conductivity of ITO on Contact with the PSAs 
     An ITO-coated PET film of dimensions of 2×2 cm 2  and a surface resistance of 200 ohms is contacted at the ends. At a distance of 0.5 cm from the contacted ends, an adhesive strip with a width of 1 cm is applied over the full area. The sample is stored at 60° C. and 90% humidity, and the resistance is ascertained after 14 days. 
     Production of the Specimens 
     The pressure-sensitive adhesives in Examples 1 to 4 were prepared from solution. For that purpose the individual constituents were dissolved in toluene (solids fraction 40%), coated onto an untreated PET film, and dried at 120° C. for 15 minutes, giving a layer of adhesive having a weight per unit area of 50 g/m 2 . For the permeation test, specimens were produced in the same way, but coating took place not onto a PET film but instead onto a release paper with 1.5 g/m 2  siliconization, and so, following transfer to the permeable membrane, it was possible to carry out measurement on the pure pressure-sensitive adhesive. 
     Example 1 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 100 parts 
                 SiBStar 103T 
                 triblock SiBS with 30% block polystyrene 
               
               
                   
                   
                 content, from Kaneka 
               
               
                  40 parts 
                 SiBStar 042D 
                 diblock SiB with 15% block polystyrene 
               
               
                   
                   
                 content, from Kaneka 
               
               
                 120 parts 
                 Escorez 5600 
                 hydrogenated HC resin with a softening 
               
               
                   
                   
                 point of 100° C., from Exxon 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 2 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 120 parts  
                 Oppanol IBS 
                 triblock SiBS from BASF 
               
               
                 20 parts 
                 SiBStar 042D 
                 diblock SiB with 15% block polystyrene 
               
               
                   
                   
                 content, from Kaneka 
               
               
                 80 parts 
                 Escorez 5600 
                 hydrogenated HC resin with a softening 
               
               
                   
                   
                 point of 100° C., from Exxon 
               
               
                 25 parts 
                 Ondina G 17 
                 white oil comprising paraffinic and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 naphthenic fractions, from Shell 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 3 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 20 parts 
                 Tuftec P 1500 
                 SBBS with 30% block polystyrene content 
               
               
                   
                   
                 and about 68% two-block content, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 from Asahi 
               
               
                 100 parts  
                 SiBStar 103T 
                 triblock SiBS with 30% block 
               
               
                   
                   
                 polystyrene content, from Kaneka 
               
               
                 20 parts 
                 SiBStar 042D 
                 diblock SiB with 15% block polystyrene 
               
               
                   
                   
                 content, from Kaneka 
               
               
                 100 parts  
                 Escorez 5600 
                 hydrogenated HC resin with a softening 
               
               
                   
                   
                 point of 100° C., from Exxon 
               
               
                 25 parts 
                 Ondina G 17 
                 white oil comprising paraffinic and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 naphthenic fractions, from Shell 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Comparative Example C0 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 100 parts 
                 Oppanol B10 
                 polyisobutylene with an average molecular 
               
               
                   
                   
                 weight of 40 000 g/mol 
               
               
                  70 parts 
                 Oppanol B150 
                 polyisobutylene with an average 
               
               
                   
                   
                 molecular weight of &gt;800 000 g/mol 
               
               
                 100 parts 
                 Escorez 5600 
                 hydrogenated HC resin with a softening 
               
               
                   
                   
                 point of 100° C., from Exxon 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Comparative Example C1 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 70 parts 
                 Tuftec P 1500 
                 SBBS with 30% block polystyrene content, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 from Asahi. The SBBS contained about 68% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 two-block content 
               
               
                 30 parts 
                 Kraton G 1657 
                 SEBS with 13% block polystyrene content, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 from Kraton. The SEBS contained about 
               
               
                   
                   
                 36% two-block content 
               
               
                 100 parts  
                 Escorez 5600 
                 hydrogenated HC resin with a softening 
               
               
                   
                   
                 point of 100° C., from Exxon 
               
               
                 25 parts 
                 Ondina G 17 
                 white oil comprising paraffinic and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 naphthenic fractions, from Shell 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Comparative Example C2 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 100 parts 
                 Kraton G 1657 
                 SEBS with 13% block polystyrene content, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 from Kraton. The SEBS contained about 
               
               
                   
                   
                 36% two-block content 
               
               
                 100 parts 
                 Escorez 5600 
                 hydrogenated HC resin with a softening 
               
               
                   
                   
                 point of 100° C., from Exxon 
               
               
                  25 parts 
                 Ondina G 17 
                 white oil comprising paraffinic and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 naphthenic fractions, from Shell 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Comparative Example C3 
     An acrylate with the composition 78% EHA, 19% stearyl acrylate and 3% acrylic acid was polymerized in acetone and benzene, and was coated from the solution onto an untreated PET carrier (or, for the permeation measurements, onto a release paper with 1.5 g/m 2  siliconization) then dried at 120° C. for 15 minutes and crosslinked with 0.2% of aluminium chelate, based on the polymer fraction. The thickness of the adhesive layer is 50 μm. 
     Comparative Example C4 
     A mixture of 60% Levamelt 456 (ethylene-vinyl acetate) and 40% Foral FG85 is dissolved in acetone and is coated from the solution onto an untreated PET carrier (or, for the permeation measurements, onto a release paper with 1.5 g/m 2  siliconization), and dried at 120° C. for 15 minutes. The thickness of the adhesive layer is 50 μm. 
     Comparative Example C5 
     The commercially available silicone PSA Silgrip PSA529 from GE Bayer Silicones is blended with benzoyl peroxide, coated from the solution onto an untreated PET carrier (or, for the permeation measurements, onto a release paper with 1.5 g/m 2  fluorosiliconization), and dried and crosslinked at 120° C. for 15 minutes. The thickness of the adhesive layer is 50 μm. 
     Comparative Example C6 
     A commercially available, UV-curing epoxide from Epo-Tek, OG142, was coated out onto a PET film in a thickness of 50 μm and cured at 160 W/cm with a medium-pressure mercury vapour lamp, with a web speed of 10 m/min. For the determination of the permeation, the specimen was coated onto siliconized release paper and peeled off. 
     Results: 
     For the technical assessment of the examples specified above, first of all the bond strength, the shear resistance time (SRT), the elastic fraction and the test for flexibility were carried out. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Bond strength 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 [N/cm] 
                 Elastic fraction 
               
               
                   
                 steel/PET/PE 
                 [%] 
                 SRT [min] 
                 Flexural test 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Example 1 
                 5.5/4.9/4.2 
                 42 
                 10 000 
                 passed 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 4.5/4.3/3.5 
                 47 
                 10 000 
                 passed 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 6.7/6.3/5.6 
                 39 
                 10 000 
                 passed 
               
               
                 C0 
                 7.5/7.0/4.9 
                 10 
                    50 
                 passed 
               
               
                 C1 
                 6.6/6.3/5.7 
                 48 
                 10 000 
                 passed 
               
               
                 C2 
                 4.2/3.9/3.6 
                 42 
                 10 000 
                 passed 
               
               
                 C3 
                 9.5/5.5/4.2 
                 38 
                   7250 
                 passed 
               
               
                 C4 
                 5.5/3.5/0.9 
                 12 
                   3200 
                 passed 
               
               
                 C5 
                 5.5/5.7/3.9 
                 40 
                 10 000 
                 passed 
               
               
                 C6 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 failed 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Examples 1 to 3 show good bond strength in conjunction with high shear strengths. The bond strengths in the case of Example 3 were increased by the addition of a partially hydrogenated vinylaromatic block copolymer (SBBS) to the isobutylene block copolymer as a constituent of the PSA. However, there is a slight increase in the permeability. Comparative Example C1 shows a PSA based on an SBBS block copolymer. The technical properties are very similar to those of Example 3, but the barrier effect is poorer. 
     The non-crosslinked PiB PSA CO exhibits a very much lower elastic fraction. Particularly under the sustained shearing load (SRT), the creep tendency of the polyisobutylene-based PSA is manifested. After just a very short loading time, there is cohesive failure. As a result of the physical crosslinking via the styrene domains in the case of the compositions based on styrene-isobutylene, this creep tendency at room temperature is removed. 
     The determination of the flexibility shows that PSAs offer a higher flexibility than highly crosslinked epoxides. 
     The results of the permeation and transmittance measurements are shown in Table 2. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 WVTR 
                 OTR 
                 Transmittance 
               
               
                   
                 g/(m 2  * day) 
                 g/m 2  * day * bar) 
                 [%] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Example 1 
                 8 
                 2100 
                 89 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 12 
                 2400 
                 88 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 25 
                 6280 
                 89 
               
               
                 C0 
                 11 
                 2600 
                 90 
               
               
                 C1 
                 53 
                 6900 
                 87 
               
               
                 C2 
                 89 
                 7280 
                 88 
               
               
                 C3 
                 320 
                 40 250   
                 90 
               
               
                 C4 
                 &gt;1000 
                 62 000   
                 92 
               
               
                 C5 
                 &gt;1000 
                 75 000   
                 93 
               
               
                 C6 
                 27 
                  35 
                 93 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As is apparent from Table 2, the permeability of the inventive PSAs in Examples 1 to 3 is very much lower in comparison to C1 to C4, while the transmittance in the visible range of light is similar. The water vapour permeability of the crosslinked epoxide and of the block copolymers is similar; the oxygen permeability is higher. The transmittance is situated within a similar range for all of the examples. 
     Results of the lifetime test: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lifetime 
               
               
                   
                 [t/h] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Example 1 
                 385 
               
               
                   
                 Example 2 
                 375 
               
               
                   
                 Example 3 
                 360 
               
               
                   
                 C0 
                 365 
               
               
                   
                 C1 
                 310 
               
               
                   
                 C2 
                 260 
               
               
                   
                 C3 
                 29 
               
               
                   
                 C4 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The lifetime tests show clearly, in comparison to other PSAs, the very much better barrier effect and the resultant prolongation of the lifetime of the measurement construction. The polyisobutylene-based PSA exhibits similarly good values for the lifetime, but with a very much lower shear strength. 
     Results of the VOC Measurements 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 VOC 
                 Surface resistance 
               
               
                   
                 [μgC/g] 
                 [ohm/sq] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Example 1 
                 5 
                 220 
               
               
                   
                 Example 2 
                 4 
                 230 
               
               
                   
                 Example 3 
                 6 
                 227 
               
               
                   
                 C3 
                 120 
                 310 
               
               
                   
                 C3-1 
                 320 
                 380 
               
               
                   
                 C3-2 
                 2800 
                 1600 
               
               
                   
                 C4 
                 520 
                 1450 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Compositions based on the PSAs described here exhibit very low VOC values, especially as compared with acrylates, for comparable drying parameters. These values are beneficial for the lifetime and performance of Ito layers in (opto)electronic constructions.