Abstract:
A display controller in a computer system controls the asynchronous output of graphics display data in a computer system having at least one fixed resolution flat panel display. Fixed panel displays may have problems displaying non-native resolutions particularly at lower resolutions. The controller of the present invention uses a time base converter, horizontal and vertical Discrete Time Oscillators (DTO), and polyphase interpolator, which may be Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)-based to expand graphics display data asynchronously from native resolution to at least one resolution suitable for display on a fixed resolution panel. Graphics data may also be output asynchronously to a CRT. Time base converter receives frequency related input parameters and generates at least one asynchronous output at the desired output resolution.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   The present application is a Continuation Application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/359,734, filed on Feb. 7, 2003, incorporated herein by reference, which is a Continuation Application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/671,873, filed on Jun. 28, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,542,150, also incorporated herein by reference. The present invention is related to application Ser. No. 08/673,793, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR EXPANDING GRAPHICS IMAGES FOR LCD PANELS” filed Jun. 27, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,067,071, also incorporated herein by reference. 

   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention is in the field of portable computers, namely laptop, notebook, or similar portable computers with flat panel displays with or without SIMULSCAN™ capability. In particular, the present invention relates to displaying graphics data on fixed resolution LCD panel displays. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Popularity of portable computer systems has driven computer designers to integrate more processing power, more memory capacity, and more peripherals into a single portable unit. Advances in core logic, a term known in the art to comprise support logic, and other common circuitry integrated into a chip or chipset, allows more functionality to be placed in smaller, lighter packages. 
   A primary element of a portable computer system is a display. Since Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) displays are relatively large and heavy, with high power requirements, other alternatives have actively been sought. Flat panel display technology represents a significant alternative to CRT display technology. Flat panel displays may have several advantages over CRT displays. Flat panel displays include a number of different display types, Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) being most commonly used. LCD displays may have advantages of being compact and relatively flat, consuming little power, and in many cases displaying color. 
   Typical disadvantages of LCD displays may be poor contrast in bright light—especially bright natural light, inconsistent performance in cold temperatures, and display resolutions which may be constrained by a fixed number of row elements and column elements. Among these limitations, fixed resolution may cause significant problems for LCD operation in a multimedia environment. Multimedia users may demand a monitor which can be configured for different display resolutions. Analog CRT displays may be easily configured for different resolutions. 
   Flat panel displays may typically comprise two glass plates pressed together with active elements sandwiched between. High resolution flat panel displays use matrix addressing to activate pixels. Conductive strips for rows may be embedded on one side of a panel and similar strips for columns are located on the other side. Panels may be activated on a row by row basis in sequence. This process may be described in more detail in a text entitled: “High Resolution Graphics Display Systems”, Peddie 1.994 (pp. 191-225), incorporated herein by reference, however the general nature of LCD addressing is known in the art. 
   LCD flat panel display resolution may be dictated by physical construction of an LCD. CRT displays have a continuous phosphor coating and may be illuminated by an analog signal driving an electron beam. Because of the analog nature of CRT, scaling display resolution is relatively simple. LCD displays have a fixed array of physical pixels which may be turned on or off by applying or removing a charge. 
   While resolution of a CRT may be changed by changing scanning frequency parameters, LCDs are limited by a fixed number of row and column elements. Fixed resolution LCD displays are particularly troublesome in multimedia systems. Such systems may require changes in display resolution to take full advantage of applications displaying high resolution graphics. In addition, for a manufacturer of display controllers to claim full VGA, SVGA, and XGA compatibility limitations of fixed panel resolution must be overcome. 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 1 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Vertical scanning frequencies for different graphics 
             
             
               display modes 
             
           
        
         
             
                 
                 
               Typical 
               Vertical Scan 
             
             
                 
               Panel Type 
               Resolution 
               Frequency 
             
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               VGA Panel 
               640 × 480 
               25 Mhz 
             
             
                 
               SVGA Panel 
               800 × 600 
               40 Mhz 
             
             
                 
               XGA Panel 
               1024 × 768  
               65 Mhz 
             
             
                 
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   Like an analog CRT, an LCD panel may be controlled by a horizontal and vertical scanning signal. Data may be displayed in its respective screen position during an interval in time corresponding to when vertical and horizontal scan signals for a particular location coincide. Horizontal and vertical scan signals are set at a frequency proportional to display resolution. Table 1 contains vertical scanning frequencies for popular graphics display modes. 
   Typical vertical scanning frequencies may be 25 MHz for 640 pixels by 480 pixels display, 40 MHz for 800 pixels by 600 pixels, and 65 MHz for 1024 pixels by 768 pixels. New panels comprising 1280 pixels by 960 pixels may have an even higher vertical scanning frequency. A high resolution display therefore may have a higher scanning frequency than a relatively lower resolution display. 
   Most multimedia computers have the ability to select from one of several display resolutions. Common display resolutions may be 640 pixels by 480 pixels, 600 pixels by 800 pixels, and 1024 pixels by 768 pixels. A standard fixed resolution LCD display may be 600 pixels by 800 pixels. A standard universal VGA resolution may be 640 pixels by 480 pixels with 256 colors. When a low graphic resolution must be displayed on a fixed resolution LCD display certain problems may arise. To properly display all VGA modes in a portable computer environment with a fixed resolution LCD panel display, desired graphics resolution must be scaled to the panel resolution. Fewer problems are inherent in downscaling, when desired display resolution is larger than the panel. Upscaling however may present special problems. 
   Using the general principal stating high frequency is proportional to high resolution, some downscaling may be achieved by attempting to replicate lower scanning frequencies of low resolution display while maintaining native scanning resolution. On a fixed resolution display of 600 pixels by 800 pixels for example, a 640 pixel by 480 pixel resolution output may be scaled by lowering the frequency at which data is clocked to the display. This type of approach to expansion related problems may be considered synchronous. Synchronous approaches may have disadvantages for expanding certain resolutions. 
   Because of the relationship between scan frequencies for certain resolutions that need to be expanded, synchronous approaches to expansion may not be desirable. Visual anomalies such as flicker, and related line dropping may cause noticeable and annoying visual artifacts. Also, horizontal flicker may be noticed and is even more annoying as portions of the display shift from side to side. This is due to the inability of the expansion scheme to account for every line generated at one resolution to a corresponding line on a second resolution. Resolutions which divide evenly into each other may be best suited for synchronous approaches. 
   Asynchronous approaches may be necessary when the ratio of CRT display lines and LCD display lines, based on different desired display resolution and fixed resolution display capability, is non-integral and when it is generally considered desirable to decouple the time base upon which display data is generated from the time base upon which output display resolution is generated. Consider an example when 3 LCD display lines must be displayed for every 2 CRT lines. 
   Prior art methods use relatively expensive dual path approaches which may replicate hardware for each display sought to be driven. In addition to hardware costs, bandwidth requirements may be approximately doubled and available bandwidth cut by approximately half for a dual path approach. Other disadvantages of a dual path approach may be non-transparency of software. With a dual path approach, display related software may require separate modification to standard register contents, standard addresses or the like in order to operate at each resolution. 
   For transforming graphics resolutions, fewer problems are inherent in downscaling, when desired display resolution is larger than the panel. Upscaling however may present special problems. When attempting to display lower resolution graphics on a higher resolution, fixed resolution panel display a variety of compensation methods may be used. Compensation features may be made available through use of shadow registers and extension registers. Both compensation method and desired parameters, such as output resolution may be set through use of registers. 
   Some systems employ a compensation technique known as centering. With centering, a smaller resolution graphic image may be placed within a larger resolution display in the center of the display. One problem associated with centering a 640 pixel by 480 pixel display at full color within, for example, a 1024 pixel by 768 pixel display is limited bandwidth. On a display which supports 640 pixels by 480 pixels in native mode (e.g at native 640 pixel by 480 pixel timing of 25 Mhz), there may be sufficient bandwidth to support 24 or 32 bits per pixel of color. 
   As frequency increases such as on a fixed panel 1024 pixel by 768 pixel display which does not support the native timing for 640 pixels by 480 pixels resolution, bandwidth requirements increase in proportion to increase in frequency between resolutions. Most 32 or 64 bit controller may only support 24 or 32 bit full color at a native resolution of 640 pixels by 480 pixels. Another problem with centering and prior art expansion techniques is the scope of programming required to support it. Many shadow registers must be programmed, and protection mechanisms must be in place to configure and then preserve the expanded display settings. 
     FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating a prior art technique of centering. During centering, Graphics Window 200 with a resolution of 640 pixels by 480 pixels may be displayed on Fixed Resolution Panel  201  which is capable of displaying at a fixed resolution of 1024 pixels by 768 pixels. Graphics Window 200 may be generated by a software application such as a computer game with high resolution graphics. For consistency and compatibility purposes, such a computer game may generate a display with a resolution of 640 pixels by 480 pixels regardless of the resolution capability of the display. 
   Differences in size must be accommodated to physically center a smaller display within a larger resolution panel. Additionally, differences in normal VGA timing which may be around 25 Mhz, and native timing of an LCD panel which, for a 1024 pixel by 768 pixel display, may be around 65 Mhz must be accommodated. In other words, during centering, a panel must actively accommodate the difference between lower resolution graphics mode and higher resolution panel by generating blank pixels. The resulting display is often too small to be viewed acceptably. For a 1024 by 768 pixel panel there may be 9 or 10 inches of display surface of which one third may go unused during centering. Not only does this waste panel capability, but refresh rates are poor because of timing translation and often the displayed information is too small to read either in Windows™ or in DOS text mode. From an economic standpoint, a user pays a premium for the increased resolution of the panel display only to receive inferior performance. 
   Another compensation technique for vertical scaling is known as line replication. In line replication or stretching, every Nth line may be duplicated on a subsequent line. In text mode, blank line insertion may be used to evenly fill an entire panel. 
   Yet another problem arises when attempting to drive two display devices with different display resolutions either through a SIMULSCAN™ output or an auxiliary output. For example, if Microsoft™ Windows™ is running, a dual display mode may be activated by way of an icon as is done for SIMULSCAN™ displays. Requests may then be passed by Windows™ Graphic Driver Interface (GDI) to an appropriate display driver and hardware. Only one graphics resolution, however, may be selected for one or both displays at one time. In other words, separate display resolutions may not be desirable for each display in a particular SIMULSCAN™ environment. Thus, on a notebook system with an 800 pixel by 600 pixel LCD display, if a 640 pixel by 480 pixel resolution is chosen, for example, to drive an external LCD projection panel as a SIMULSCAN™ output, then the LCD output must either be “centered” as described earlier or otherwise accommodated. 
   Typically, fixed resolution panels present the most difficulties in graphics scaling since other elements may more often be flexible. Every resolution capable of being generated by a system must be capable of being displayed on a fixed panel for true compatibility. Some CRT based projection systems, however, may be inflexible as to timing and resolution parameters and thus must be used in their native resolutions only. This native resolution may present special difficulties as it may use non-standard timing or resolution. 
   A typical native resolution for projection CRT displays is 640 pixels by 480 pixels. Use of fixed resolution projection systems leads to problems with fixed resolution panels in cases where projection system resolution does not match panel resolution. In such a case, shutting off LCD panel display may be an undesirable alternative. Another undesirable alternative may be the dual path method previously described which allows independent display of any two resolutions. 
   When such multimedia display equipment is used with conventional portable computers, because of fixed resolution related problems, a single display resolution only may be displayed on both displays (internal or projected) at the same time. In many instances, it may be desirable to project presentation material on an external monitor while displaying other information (e.g., speaker&#39;s notes) on an internal display. 
   It may also be desirable to switch between internal and external displays, such that a speaker may preview an image prior to projection display. Furthermore, a need for two video displays containing different images may arise in other situations where computers are used, such as CAD systems, spreadsheets, and word processors. In particular, use of Windows™ may make it desirable to allow a user to open one window (or application) on a first video display (e.g., laptop flat panel display) and open another application on another display (e.g., external monitor). Thus, for example, a user may be able to display a scheduler (daily organizer) program on one display while operating a word processing program on another. 
   Popular prior art approaches to providing multiple displays with different images driven by one computer such as in the dual path method previously described have disadvantages beyond mere hardware cost. In lap-top or notebook computers, dual path methods may increase power drain, weight and size in addition to cost. Minimizing power, cost, size, and weight is especially critical in highly competitive notebook computer markets. 
   Other methods to drive two displays involves two display signals sharing refresh rates. To faithfully provide two distinct display resolutions, it may be desirable to generate two separate signals for two video displays having different resolutions, pixel depths, and/or refresh rates. For example, it may be desirable to generate two displays in different graphics modes, or one display in a graphics mode and another in text mode. 
   Moreover, two different displays (e.g., flat panel display and CRT) may use refresh rates different from one another. Alternately, one display may provide improved performance operating at a particular refresh rate unavailable for the other display. In the context of upscaling an image to a fixed resolution display however, traditional methods such as interpolation may not be available or may be inefficient. 
   Interpolation is a well-known prior art technique used for upscaling video images. In an interpolation scheme, several adjacent pixels in a source video image are typically used to generate additional new pixels. During vertical interpolation of source image data, throughput performance problems may be encountered in a scan-line-dominant-order-of-storing scheme because vertical interpolation usually requires pixels from different scan lines. Accessing different scan lines may require retrieving data from different pages of display memory forcing a non-aligned or non-page mode read access. A non-page mode read access may require more clock cycles than a page mode access for memory locations within a pre-charged row. Thus average memory access time during vertical interpolation may be much higher than consecutive memory accesses within the same row. High average memory access time during vertical interpolation may result in a decrease in the overall throughput performance of a graphics controller chip. 
   To minimize number of accesses across different rows, a graphics controller chip may retrieve and store a previous scan line in a local memory element. For example, with respect to  FIG. 2 , a graphics controller chip may retrieve and store all pixels corresponding to scan line A-B and store retrieved pixels in a local memory located in a graphics controller chip. The graphics controller chip may then retrieve pixels corresponding to scan line C-D, and interpolate using pixels stored in local memory. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   In a computer system with at least one fixed resolution panel display and a fixed resolution CRT display such as a projection display, a display controller may be used for outputting at least one asynchronous display resolution to a fixed resolution panel display. Display data may be received by the controller in one resolution, for example 640 pixels by 480 pixels. The display data may be output to a CRT display and a time base converter for asynchronously converting display data to a resolution which matches a fixed higher resolution panel which may be at a fixed resolution of 600 pixels by 800 pixels, 1024 pixels by 768 pixels or the like. 
   A time base converter for comparing different timing signals and controlling asynchronous output of display lines according to a predetermined relationship may receive timing input from vertical clock VCLK, dot clock DCLK, CRT horizontal refresh CRT HDSIP, and LCD horizontal refresh LCD HDISP signals. A Horizontal Discrete Time Oscillator may receive input from H SIZE CRT  size of CRT horizontal line, H TOTAL LCD  total horizontal lines for LCD, and may output a Horizontal Phase signal to a Polyphase Interpolator which may control interpolation of pixels received from a line buffer, from a first and second D-type flip-flop, and directly from a time base converter. A line buffer as described may also function as a vertical line filter. In addition, a signal representing LCD HDISP may be output from a Horizontal Discrete Time Oscillator and input to a time base converter such as described above. A Vertical Discrete Time Oscillator may receive inputs from N and D signals representing Numerator and Denominator respectively. Also, a Vertical Phase signal may be output to a Polyphase Interpolator such as described above. An End of Scan (EOS) signal may be input to a time base converter such as described above to control the end of a vertical scanning sequence. Output from a Polyphase Interpolator may be input to an LCD panel interface which may be used to drive an LCD panel. 
   A line buffer such as described may receive and store a scan line of display data and two flip-flop elements may be used to delay input of display data to a polyphase interpolator by one clock cycle for the flip-flop elements and one scan line cycle for the line buffer respectively. Thus, four adjacent pixels may be input simultaneously into a polyphase interpolator for upscaling in the following manner. Display data generated within core VGA logic may be output a time base converter. 
   A time base converter outputs display data to a CRT display, a line buffer, an input terminal of a polyphase interpolator, and a flip-flop element. Flip-flop element output may be input to another input terminal of a polyphase interpolator, line buffer output may be input to yet another input terminal of a polyphase interpolator and another flip-flop element. Finally flip-flop output associated with line buffer output may be input to a fourth input terminal of a polyphase interpolator. 
   Thus, four inputs with associated delays, create four pixels horizontally and vertically adjacent being input to a polyphase interpolator which may then upscale graphics data to desired output display resolution. Interpolation may be accomplished using a Discrete Cosine Transform upon input pixels. Interpolation may be used to upscale lower resolution display data to a fixed resolution panel of higher resolution. 
   In a computer system with a fixed resolution panel display, a display controller may be used for outputting at least one of a plurality of different graphics display resolutions to a fixed resolution panel display. Display data may be received by the controller in one resolution, for example 640 pixels by 480 pixels. The display data may be output to a fixed resolution panel which may be at a fixed resolution of 600 by 800 pixels, 1024 by 768 pixels or similar. 
   A line store buffer may receive and store a scan line of display data and two flip flop elements may be used top delay input of display data to a polyphase interpolator by one clock cycle for the flip flop elements and one scan line cycle for the line buffer respectively. Thus, four adjacent pixels may be input simultaneously into a polyphase interpolator for upscaling in the following manner. Display data generated within core VGA logic may be output to a line store buffer, an input terminal of a polyphase interpolator, and a flip flop element. 
   Flip flop element output may be input to another input terminal of a polyphase interpolator, line store output may be input to yet another input terminal of a polyphase interpolator and another flip flop element. Finally flip flop output associated with line store output may be input to a fourth input terminal of a polyphase interpolator. Thus, four inputs with associated delays, create four pixels horizontally and vertically adjacent being input to a polyphase interpolator which may then upscale graphics data to desired output display resolution. Interpolation may be accomplished using a Discrete Cosine Transform upon input pixels. Interpolation may be used to upscale lower resolution display data to a fixed resolution panel of higher resolution. 
   The display controller of the present invention may receive vertical scan clock VCLK signal from a digital PLL circuit. Variations in timing between native VCLK timing for a fixed resolution panel and timing for desired resolution may be synchronized in a PLL block. A clock divider circuit may generate new VCLK signals proportional to a ratio between the fixed resolution display panel and a desired display resolution. Control registers may contain values associated with fixed panel resolution and desired resolution leading to simplified interfacing. Rather than developing device drivers, programmers may set registers with values corresponding to desired operating parameters. 
   Display data may then be output to an analog CRT driver or an LCD panel driver. Control registers within the display controller may be used to store output resolution, input resolution, SIMULSCAN™ mode, and other parameters. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating a prior art technique of centering. 
       FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating adjacent source pixels and pixels generated through interpolation. 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating components associated with the asynchronous expansion circuit of the present invention. 
       FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating a Discrete Time Oscillator of the present invention. 
       FIG. 5  is a timing diagram illustrating the timing relationship between lines generated for a CRT and lines generated for an LCD panel. 
       FIG. 6  is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a Discrete Time Oscillator of the present invention. 
       FIG. 7  is a block diagram illustrating components associated with the expansion circuit of the present invention. 
       FIG. 8  is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a Discrete Time Oscillator of the present invention. 
       FIG. 9  is a block diagram illustrating a VCO and clock dividers. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   The descriptions herein are by way of example only illustrating the preferred embodiment of the present invention. However, the method and apparatus of the present invention may be applied in a similar manner in other embodiments without departing from the spirit of the invention. 
     FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating adjacent source pixels and pixels generated through interpolation.  FIG. 2  shows pixels (A, B, C, and D) of the original source video image and pixels (E-P) which are generated by interpolation resulting in upscaling the original source video image. Pixel E may be generated, for example, by formula (⅔ A+⅓ B). If each pixel is represented in RGB format, RGB components of pixel E may be generated by using corresponding components of pixels A, B. Pixel K may similarly be generated using the formula (⅓ A+⅔ C). Generation of pixels such as E, F may be termed horizontal interpolation as pixels E, F are generated using pixels A, B located horizontally. Generation of pixels such as G, K may be termed vertical interpolation. 
     FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating components associated with the asynchronous expansion circuit of the present invention. Expansion parameters used in the asynchronous expansion circuit of the present invention may be calculated as follows. Given the following parameters, H SIZE LCD —horizontal size of an LCD panel in pixels, H SIZE CRT —horizontal size of a CRT in pixels, V SIZE LCD —vertical size of the LCD in pixels, V SIZE CRT —vertical size of the CRT in pixels, H TOTAL CRT —horizontal total pixels for the CRT, V TOTAL CRT —vertical total pixels for the CRT, and F V =1/T V  vertical frame rate or frequency, calculate frame clock rate F VCLK  and T VCLK , vertical upscaling ratio, H TOTAL LCD  and F DCLK  and T DCLK , and reference parameters using equations 1-6. 
   For a given frame rate F V , F VCLK  and T VCLK  may be calculated as follows:
 
 F   VCLK   =V   TOTAL CRT   ·H   TOTAL CRT   ·F   V   (1)
 
 T   VCLK =1 /F   VCLK   =T   V /( V   TOTAL CRT   ·H   TOTAL CRT )  (2)
 
   To achieve proper upscaling, a ratio must be chosen which minimizes the size of the numerator and denominator such that:
 
 N/D=V   SIZE LCD   /V   SIZE CRT   (3)
 
   Next, H TOTAL LCD  may be selected based on horizontal retrace requirements, and T DCLK  may be selected and minimized using the following relationship:
 
 H   TOTAL CRT   =D/N·T   VCLK/T   DCLK   ·H   TOTAL LCD   (4)
 
   Calculate other timing parameters for reference purposes using the relationships:
 
 V   TOTAL LCD   =N/D·V   TOTAL CRT   (5)
 
 T   H LCD   =H   TOTAL LCD   ·T   DCLK   (6)
 
   To determine Vertical DTO  316  and Horizontal DTO  315  parameters, the following equation may be used:
 
PARAM/MODULO=( V   SIZE CRT   ·H   TOTAL CRT )/(V SIZE LCD   ·H   TOTAL LCD )  (7)
 
   PARAM may represent the P input to, for example, Horizontal DTO  315 . MODULO may represent the MOD Q input to Horizontal DTO  315 . When PARAM value reaches MODULO value, an output is generated which, in the case of Horizontal DTO  315  represents when sufficient HSIZE CRT  322  input has been received to fill the CRT, or a count equal to HTOTAL CRT  323  has been reached. 
   VGA core  300  represents a standard VGA controller known in the art for generating display data. VGA Core  300  may generate and output display data lines at a pixel frequency which corresponds to the display resolution for, in the preferred embodiment, a CRT projection panel. Lines  312  generated in RGB format at 24 bits per pixel in the preferred embodiment are output at a frequency  311  to CRT Driver  327  and Time Base Converter  313 . Lines  312  may also be generated at 32 bits per pixel. In the preferred embodiment, VGA Core  300  may generate display information at a frequency corresponding to 640 pixels by 480 pixels. CRT Driver  327  outputs lines to a CRT display  398  such as a projection screen which may employ standard CRT (RGB) display technology known in the art. 
   Time Base Converter  313  may receive inputs from VGA Core  300 , VCLK  311 , CRT HDISP  325  which is the horizontal retrace signal for the CRT, DCLK  326  or “Dot Clock” which is the rate at which pixels are output from VGA Core  300 , and Carry Out signal  321  and may use equations 1-6 to perform time base conversion between CRT lines and LCD lines in the following manner. Lines may be received at DCLK  326  proportional to CRT  398  resolution. Inside Time Base Converter  313  which also acts as a line store or line buffer, lines received at frequency  311  are compared against the lines required LCD panel display  399  frequency. 
     FIG. 5  illustrates the timing relationship between CRT lines and LCD lines. Since, for LCD panels of a higher resolution than CRT resolution, lines are required by LCD panel display  399  at a faster rate than lines are generated for CRT  398 , duplicate lines must be output to LCD panel display  399 .  FIG. 5  illustrates how lines are asynchronously generated for LCD panel display  399  and CRT  398 . Since LCD panel display  399  is of a higher resolution than CRT  398  another line is required before the end of a line timing interval for CRT  398 . Line  312  in progress for CRT  398  will be repeated for LCD panel display  399 . 
   Display Data output from Time Base Converter  313  may be input to Vertical Filter/Line Buffer  314 , D-type Flip-flop  307  and Polyphase Interpolator  305 . Vertical Filter/Line Buffer  314  may receive display data from Time Base Converter  313  and filter display data using, for example, in the preferred embodiment, a Discrete Cosine Transform filter. Display data may be stored in Vertical Filter/Line Buffer  314  under control of Vertical Discrete Time Oscillator (DTO)  316  which may issue signal EOS  320  for signalling the end of a vertical scan. Display data output from Vertical Filter/Line Buffer  314  may be input to Polyphase Interpolator  305  and D-type Flip-flop  306 . 
   Horizontal DTO  315  and Vertical DTO  316  may be used to provide and control horizonal and vertical frequency related parameters such as H SIZE LCD , H SIZE CRT , V SIZE LCD , V SIZE CRT , H TOTAL CRT , and V TOTAL CRT . Horizonal DTO  315  receives HSIZE CRT signal  322  indicating size of a horizontal scan and HTOTAL CRT signal  323  indicating total number of horizontal scans. HPHASE  324  represents Horizontal Phase and may be input to Polyphase Interpolator  305 . Carry Out  321  from the comparison of HSIZE CRT  322  and HTOTAL CRT  323  of Horizontal DTO  315  may be input to Time Base Converter  313  and used to control the output of lines from Time Base Converter  313 . 
   Vertical DTO  316  receives D signal  317  and N signal  318  representing Denominator value D and Numerator value N in Equation 4. D signal  317  and N signal  318  may be programmed in registers or otherwise supplied by software depending on the relationships desired between parameters in Equation 4. Vertical Phase (VPH) signal  319  representing carry out is output to Polyphase Interpolator  305 . 
   Each D-type Flip-flop  306  and  307  may add an additional cycle of delay in the vertical direction such that Polyphase Interpolator  305  receives pixels X( 0 , 1 ), X( 0 , 0 ), X( 1 , 0 ), X( 1 , 1 ). These four pixels represent two adjacent pixels in each horizontal and vertical direction. Pixels generated in Polyphase Interpolator  305 , are output to Panel Interface  309  which may be used to generate display information on corresponding LCD panel display  399 . 
     FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating a circuit for generating VCLK  406 . VCO PLL  400  generates and maintains frequency stability of DCLK  405 . DCLK  405  may be input to VCLK DTO  401  and gate  402 . Input P  403  and input Q  404  may also be input to VCLK DTO  401  and are proportional to desired output frequency and input frequency respectively. DCLK  405  and carry out from DTO  401  may be input to gate  402  and may be used to generate VCLK  406 . 
     FIG. 5  is a timing diagram illustrating the timing relationship between lines generated for a CRT projection display and lines generated for a fixed resolution LCD panel. CRT HS signal  501  represents a horizontal scan signal for a CRT and is synchronized with the end of CRT horizontal retrace interval as shown by time  505 ,  506 , and  507 . Times  505 ,  506 , and  507  are illustrated as corresponding to CRT line generation. L 0  and L 1  are arbitrary designators use to compare timing for corresponding lines generated for both CRT display and LCD display. 
   L 0  represents line  0  and L 1  represents line one; L 0  and L 1  are reused as reference numbers for subsequent lines. By designating L 0  and L 1  accordingly, the relationship between L 0  generated for the CRT and L 0  generated for the LCD may be seen. Data for L 0  is replicated for a second LCD line during, for example, time  506 . Since the present invention discloses an asynchronous relationship between CRT and LCD displays, any number of lines displayed for the LCD during the time interval between time  505  and  506  would be replicated as LO. 
   CRT HDISP signal  502  is shown as active during the time when a horizontal line is being displayed and not active during the retrace interval when returning to begin the next line scan. LCD HS  503  represents a horizontal scan signal for an LCD panel and coincides with the end of the retrace interval of LCD HDISP signal  504 . LCD HDISP signal  504  is shown as active during the time when a horizontal line is being displayed and not active during the retrace interval when returning to begin the next scan. As shown in  FIG. 5 , three LCD lines may be displayed during an interval corresponding to display of two CRT lines. A scaling factor of 1.5 would result from a requirement to display  3  LCD lines for every 2 CRT lines. 
   Any number of LCD lines may be generated asynchronously as a function of CRT lines based on a ratio of CRT resolution and LCD panel fixed resolution in accordance with Equation (3). As display data for L 0  is being output as a CRT line, L 0  is being output as an LCD line. L 0  for the LCD is finished and a retrace interval begins before L 0  for the CRT is complete. Since L 0  for the CRT is still being output, then next line for the LCD begins to write L 0  again. Since display data for CRT lines and LCD lines are derived from a common data stream output from VGA Core  300 , only timing differences affect number of lines output to the LCD for each CRT line. Thus, within practical limitations, any number of LCD lines may be output asynchronously using display data originally generated as CRT output. 
     FIG. 6  is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a Discrete Time Oscillator of the present invention. In order to implement Horizontal and Vertical DTO block of the present invention, a circuit of the kind illustrated in  FIG. 6  may be used to perform a PLL function as well as a divide function. As background to  FIG. 6 , equation (8) describes the relationship between values P  603 , Q, F in    602  and F out    604  of  FIG. 6 :
   f   out   =f   in ( P/Q )  (8) 
   Value P  603  is input to accumulator  600 . Value P  603  represents the numerator of the rational expression on the right side of equation 1. Value P  603  may be proportional to the desired output frequency F out    604 . Denominator Q may be proportional to the input frequency F in    602 . In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, P  603  and Q may be proportional to vertical clock frequencies of desired display resolution and native display resolution respectively. Native display resolution means fixed panel display resolution. 
   F in    602  may be input to the clock terminal of gate  601  which, in the preferred embodiment, may be a flip-flop. The count output of accumulator  600  may be input to gate  601 . By indirectly coupling F in    602  through gate  601 , anomalies associated with dividing are minimized. As the count increments to value P  603  on each clock transition of F in    602 , carry out value representing mod Q is output as F out    604 . 
     FIG. 7  is a block diagram illustrating components associated with the expansion circuit of the present invention. VGA core  300  may generate display data one horizontal line at a time. Horizontal lines are output a pixel at a time at a frequency of VLCK  311  to Line Buffer  303  and D type Flip Flop  307 . Line Buffer  303  may store a line of display data and may represent one cycle of delay in the horizontal direction such that Line Buffer  303  may contain the previous line of data. Each D Flip Flop  306  and  307  may add an additional cycle of delay in the vertical direction such that Polyphase Interpolator  305  receives pixels X( 0 , 1 ), X( 0 , 0 ), X( 1 , 0 ), X( 1 , 1 ). These four pixels represent two adjacent pixels in each horizontal and vertical directions. Pixels generated in Polyphase Interpolator  305 , are output to CRT driver  308  and Panel interface  309  which may be used to generated display information on the corresponding display. Polyphase Interpolator  305  and Clock Divider  302  receive DCLK signal  310  from VCLK VCO &amp; PLL block  301 . DCLK signal  310  represents the frequency at which data may be generated. 
   Clock Divider  302  may generate VCLK  311  at a value which represents a ratio between H sizeVGA  and H sizeLCD . Thus, the ratio between H sizeVGA  and H sizeLCD  may be proportional to the ratio between DCLK  310  and VCLK  311 . The ratio of VCLK  311  and DCLK  310  may automatically set output scaling for the display. Control Logic  304  may store values corresponding to fixed display resolution and desired display resolution. By making values for fixed resolution and desired resolution settable in registers, output resolution is decoupled from a hardware implementation in core logic. Rather than write complex drivers on an individual basis for each display likely to be encountered, developers may simply set values in registers to drive displays of many types including fixed resolution displays. Polyphase Interpolator  305  may generate display lines automatically scaled to fit output size. Control Logic  304  may distribute control signals associated with register settings to VCLK VCO &amp; PLL block  301 . 
     FIG. 8  is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a Discrete Time Oscillator of the present invention. In order to implement VCLK VCO &amp; PLL block  301  and Clock Divider  302  of the present invention, a circuit of the kind illustrated in  FIG. 8  may be used to perform a PLL function as well as a divide function. As background to  FIG. 8 , equation (1) describes the relationship between values P  403 , Q, F in    402  and F out    404  of  FIG. 8 :
   f   out   =f   in ( P/Q )  (1) 
   Value P  403  is input to accumulator  400 . Value P  403  represents the numerator of the rational expression on the right side of equation 1. Value P  403  may be proportional to the desired output frequency F out    404 . Denominator Q may be proportional to the input frequency F in    402 . In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, P  403  and Q may be proportional to vertical clock frequencies of desired display resolution and native display resolution respectively. Native display resolution means fixed panel display resolution. F in    402  may be input to the clock terminal of gate  401  which in the preferred embodiment may be a flip flop. The count output of accumulator  400  may be input to gate  401 . By indirectly coupling F in    402  through gate  401 , anomalies associated with dividing are minimized. As the count increments to value P  403  on each clock transition of F in    402 , carry out value representing mod Q is output as F out    404 . 
     FIG. 9  is a block diagram illustrating a VCO and clock dividers. VCO  500  may generate DCLK  505  at a native frequency proportional to the scanning frequency for a fixed panel LCD which may be in use. DCLK  505  may be input to DTO divider  501  for generation of VCLK  503  according to a ratio P/Q as in equation (1). Ratio P/Q may represent the relationship between desired output frequency, which may be proportional to output resolution, and input frequency represented in this embodiment by DCLK  505 , which may be proportional to a fixed resolution. VCLK may be output from DTO divider  501  at a frequency proportional to ratio P/Q as in equation (1) and input to DTO divider  502  and other circuits within the controller of the present invention. DTO divider  502  may be used to generate MVA™ clock MCLK  504 . MCLK  504  may be used to further scale an MVA™ window within the main scaled graphics display. Since MVA™ window size may be changed during use and since color depth of an MVA™ window may be greater than background color depth, separate “scaling within scaling” must be performed for MVA™ display. 
   While the preferred embodiment and alternative embodiments have been disclosed and described in detail herein, it may be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, while interpolation in the preferred embodiment may comprise a polyphase interpolator, the present invention could be practiced with virtually any interpolation means. 
   Similarly, while output is drawn to a fixed resolution CRT projection panel and a fixed resolution LCD panel, the present invention could be practiced on any system which requires asynchronous display timing for multiple displays operating from the same display data stream. Moreover, although the preferred embodiment is drawn to an integrated circuit, the present invention may be applied to a series of integrated circuits, a chipset, or in other circuitry within a computer system without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.