Abstract:
A mass spectrometer comprised of a mass analyzer, ion source and detector has the capability of analyzing samples in both positive and negative ionization modes. The mass spectrometer used in conjunction with a liquid chromatograph, fluid splitters and a plurality fluid pathways so that a large volume of analyses may be performed quickly and with high precision and accuracy. The apparatus is also capable of analyzing complex mixtures such as coeluting samples.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    Organic chemistry is a fundamental component to the advancement of technology and is central to the economic growth of many important industries such as plastics, fuel, pharmaceuticals, dyestuffs, and agrichemicals industries. A necessary component for the continued progress of chemistry is the evolution of the instruments and techniques for the synthesis, purification, characterization, and evaluation of organic compounds. Thus far, the improvements in instrumentation have revolutionalized organic chemistry, making it possible for chemists to refine the study of the delicate and complex structure of molecules and chemical reactions. These improvements have paved the way for the synthesis and development of a variety of compounds and molecules. 
         [0002]    Since instrumentation plays a significant role in advancement of organic chemistry, many research and development facilities are equipped with the state-of-the-art equipment designed to allow the chemists to efficiently and accurately meet their project goals. Instruments such as mass spectrometers, nuclear magnetic resonance; gas and liquid chromatography; and infrared, ultraviolet, and visible spectroscopy are common types of sophisticated equipment found in these state-of-the-art laboratories. 
         [0003]    Among these instruments, mass spectrometers provide a particularly useful tool for chemists because they are used to determine molecular weight, identify chemical structures, and accurately determine the composition of mixtures. As such, mass spectrometry (MS) is becoming increasingly important in biological research. For example, environmental scientists use mass spectrometers to identify organic chemicals in landfills, water supplies, and air samples. In the agrochemical industry, chemists quantitatively test samples for trace amounts of compounds to support water, soil, crop and animal studies. 
         [0004]    Mass spectrometers generally have three basic components: an ionization source, a mass analyzer, and a detector system. When a sample molecule, or analyte, is first introduced into the mass spectrometer, it is received by the ionization source and bombarded with a beam of energetic electrons. Consequently, the analyte is broken apart into many ionized fragments. The mass analyzer component then sorts these ionized fragments by the ratio of their mass to electrical charge (m/z). A signal is then obtained and recorded by the detector system for each value of m/z that is represented, where the intensity of each signal reflects the relative abundance of the ion producing the signal. From this pattern of signals, the chemical structure of the analyte can be determined. 
         [0005]    Mass spectrometers are oftentimes used in tandem with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or gas chromatography instruments to determine the qualitative and quantitative properties of unknown substances. In other words, the chromatography instrument and the mass spectrometer are in fluid communication with one another. Accordingly, the sample is introduced into the chromatography instrument where it is separated into it components or analytes. Thereafter, the analytes are carried in-line to the mass spectrometer for analysis. 
         [0006]    The spectral data generated from coupling high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry yields various physical and chemical properties of the analyte tested, including the identification of an unknown analyte, its structure, and the amount present in the sample. As such, the combination of these instruments serves as a powerful analytical tool for analyzing complex samples. The agricultural industry and the pharmaceutical industry, in particular, have developed a reliance on this method, not only because of the type of data generated for the complex mixtures commonly tested, but also because these instruments are capable of providing the high sensitivity necessary to acquire accurate data at relatively quick analysis times. 
         [0007]    As described, MS is an important technique and plays an instrumental role in the support and advancement of many industries, including the petroleum industry, pharmaceutical industry, and agrochemical industry. The demand for high-throughput analysis of compounds has spurred the introduction of new instrumentation and data management tools equipped to capture and archive analytical data and integrate the data into selected chemical and biological databases. Although the data generated with this technique is sound, there are various problems and challenges in keeping pace with this demand while maintaining accuracy and precision. For example, in a complex mixture, multiple analytical signals can overlap, masking a less intense analyte in the spectral data generated. In addition, it is difficult and time consuming to analyze large sets of data as numerous analyses need to be performed quickly with high precision and accuracy. The present invention is directed to an apparatus and method for meeting these needs. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0008]    The following apparatus and system, and aspects thereof are described and illustrated in conjunction with methods that are meant to be exemplary and illustrative, not limiting in scope. An apparatus is provided that is operative to receive a sample and analyze physical properties thereof. As disclosed, a mass analyzer, such as a mass spectrometer, broadly includes an inlet port communicating with the ionization source, and a plurality of fluid pathways in communication with the inlet port. 
         [0009]    A first fluid pathway has a first construction and is adapted to receive and transfer the sample to the inlet port in a first time period. The second pathway has a second construction that is different from the first construction and is adapted to receive and transfer the sample to the inlet port in a second time period that is greater than the first time period. The second fluid pathway may be constructed, for example, to be greater in length than the first fluid pathway. Alternatively, the second fluid pathway may be smaller in diameter than the first fluid pathway. The fluid pathways may be formed of conventional tubing. 
         [0010]    A first fluid splitter may be provided that is in communication with the first and second fluid pathways at a location upstream from the inlet port. The first fluid splitter is adapted to divide the sample into two portions wherein a first sample portion is directed to the first fluid pathway and the second sample portion is directed to the second fluid pathway. A second fluid splitter may also be used and located in spaced relation to the first fluid splitter and downstream thereof. The second fluid splitter interconnects the first and second pathways and directs the sample portions to a third fluid pathway prior to entry through the inlet port for analysis. 
         [0011]    The fluid splitters used may be conventional splitters such as manuals splitters, electronic splitters, and T-splitters. The splitters used may also be adjustable. For example, the first fluid splitter may be operative to divide the sample in a ratio of 1:1 to 3:1. 
         [0012]    Once received therein, the mass spectrometer may analyze the first sample portion in a first ionization mode. Thereafter, the mass spectrometer may be switched to analyze the second sample portion in a negative ionization mode. The first and second ionization modes may be selected from positive and negative ionization modes. 
         [0013]    A system is further contemplated hereby. The system broadly includes a separatory column, such as HPLC, which is adapted to receive a sample and separate it into a plurality of analytes. Downstream of and in fluid communication with the separatory column is a mass spectrometric apparatus. The separatory column and mass spectrometer are interconnected by a plurality of pathways and a fluid splitter. The fluid splitter divides the analyte testing stream exiting the separator column into first and second testing portions, directing them down respective pathways prior to entry into the mass spectrometer. As with the apparatus described above, the system here can further be provided with a second fluid splitter adapted to direct the two testing portions through a common third fluid pathway prior to entry into the mass spectrometer. Also, as described above with respect to the apparatus, the first and second fluid pathways in the system are different in construction such that the first sample portion arrives at the inlet port in a first time period while the second sample portion arrives at a second time period. 
         [0014]    The system may further be provided with a computer associated with both the separatory column and the mass spectrometric apparatus. The computer is operative to generate mass spectral data of both testing portions. 
         [0015]    The apparatus and system described may have particular utility for analyzing samples, or testing portions, having co-eluting analytes. In this way, the mass analyzing apparatus can analyze both portions in different ionization modes. 
         [0016]    A method of analyzing a sample containing coeluting analytes is further contemplated. Broadly, the method includes dividing the sample into a first testing portion and a second testing portion and then directing the first and second testing portions toward the inlet port via two different fluid pathways to the mass analysis apparatus. The mass analysis apparatus performs an analysis on the first testing portion in a first ionization mode thereby to produce a first peak profile. The second testing portion, on the other hand, is directed to the inlet port of the mass analysis via a second fluid pathway and analyzed in a second ionization mode thereby to produce a second peak profile. Particularly, the mass analyzing apparatus analyzes one portion in the positive ionization mode while the other is analyzed in the negative ionization mode. 
         [0017]    The method may further include the step of providing a separatory column at a location upstream from the mass analysis apparatus. Accordingly, the sample could be first directed through the separatory column, such as HPLC, thereby to separate the sample into a plurality of analytes. Thereafter, the analytes would travel downstream to the mass analysis apparatus. 
         [0018]    The method could include the step of directing the first and second testing portions simultaneously to their respective pathways. The testing portions, should, however reach the inlet port at different time periods. For example, the first testing portion may be received by the inlet port in a first time period while the second testing portion arrives through the inlet port at a second time period that is greater than the first. 
         [0019]    An exemplary embodiment is illustrated in the referenced figures of the drawings. It is intended that the embodiments and figures disclosed herein be considered illustrative rather than limiting. In the figures: 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0020]      FIG. 1  is a schematic view showing a prior art system for analyzing samples that includes a mass analyzer in fluid communication with a separatory column; and 
           [0021]      FIG. 2  is a schematic view showing an exemplary embodiment of an analysis system that includes a mass analyzer and a separatory column interconnected by a plurality of fluid pathways. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0022]    Corporate agribusiness and agrichemical companies are in the business of supporting agricultural needs by developing and manufacturing chemicals and genetically modified products for a sustainable agriculture that is environmentally and socially acceptable while at the same time, economically viable. As part of this goal, many agrichemical companies take an active role in safeguarding the environment. For example, many agrichemical companies monitor water bodies and community water supplies to test for certain chemicals and their concentrations. 
         [0023]    Oftentimes, for example, water samples are collected from a selected water body and analyzed using a mass spectrometer in tandem with high performance liquid chromatography. Results of these analyses identify the chemical contaminants, if present, as well as the concentration of those contaminants. The conventional technique for analyzing water samples is generally illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Here, system  10  includes separatory column  20 , which may be in the form of a conventional high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in fluid communication with mass analyzer  30 , which may be a conventional mass spectrometer. HPLC  20  and mass spectrometer  30  are each associated with computer  40 , which generates the mass spectral data evaluated by the chemist. 
         [0024]    HPLC  20  has an inlet  22  to receive sample  50  and an outlet  24  through which the separated analytes exit the separatory column. Outlet  24  is in fluid communication with inlet port  32  of spectrometer  30 , which communicates with the ionization source. With this structure in mind, the flow of the analysis sample follows the direction of the arrows and can be understood to first enter HPLC  20  through inlet  22  where it is separated into its analytes. These analytes form analyte stream  62 , which flows from outlet  24  and through inlet port  32  into mass spectrometer  30 . Conventional tubing of appropriate size and length interconnects HPLC  20  and mass spectrometer  30  and carries analyte stream  62  from outlet  24  to inlet port  32 . This tubing may be, for example, polymer tubing, such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK) tubing, stainless steel tubing, or other appropriate tubing. Computer  40  then generates the spectral data for the analytes within the analyte stream. 
         [0025]    Oftentimes, analytes will coelute from the HPLC. In other words, two different constituents within the sample will elute from the exit end of the column at approximately the same time. In the event that these coeluants have different polarities i.e. where one coeluting analyte is positive and the other coeluting analyte is negative, it becomes necessary to switch the polarity of the mass spectrometer in order for both analytes to be detected thereby. Accordingly, when the mass spectrometer is operated in a positive ionization mode, it will detect the positive coeluting analyte. Similarly, when the mass spectrometer is operated in the negative ionization mode, it will detect the negative coeluting analyte. 
         [0026]    Currently, the process employed for analyzing coeluting analytes is to feed the analyte stream into the mass spectrometer, as described above with reference to  FIG. 1 , while it is operating in a first mode, either the positive or negative ionization mode. After the mass spectrometer has analyzed the analyte stream in the first mode, its polarity can then be switched into the second mode. The analyte stream is injected into the mass spectrometer a second time and analyzed. In this way, the computer will be able to generate the spectral data for both the positive and negative analytes. 
         [0027]    Injecting the analyte stream through the mass spectrometer two different times can be time consuming, especially when there is a large volume of samples to analyze. For example, typical HPLC equipment can hold one hundred (100) samples to be analyzed. It usually takes approximately ten (10) minutes for one sample to elute from the HPLC and then be analyzed by the mass spectrometer one time. So, the time it takes for a set of 100 samples to be analyzed when the mass spectrometer is in a first mode (either positive or negative ionization mode) is approximately seventeen (17) hours. Chemists will typically place the same 100 samples in the HPLC and run the same analysis procedure a second time after switching the mass spectrometer into the second ionization mode. This second analysis takes another seventeen (17) hours for a total analysis time of approximately 34 hours. 
         [0028]    As will be appreciated, the mass spectrometer apparatus, system, and method described herein with reference to  FIG. 2  can analyze the same 100 samples in far less time than the approximate thirty-four (34) hours described above. Similar to system  10  described above with reference to  FIG. 1 , system  110  shown in  FIG. 2  includes separatory column  120 , such as an HPLC, in fluid communication with mass analyzer  130 , which may be a conventional mass spectrometer, associated with computer  140 . Again, following the direction of the arrows, sample  150  is introduced into HPLC  120  via inlet  122  where it is separated into its analytes. Analyte stream  162  flows from HPLC  120  to mass spectrometer  130  for analysis, but before reaching the mass spectrometer, the stream is divided into two portions—a first testing portion and a second testing portion. Each testing portion reaches inlet port  132  separately such that first testing portion, for example, can be analyzed by the mass spectrometer before the second testing portion is introduced therein. 
         [0029]    More particularly, and with continued reference to  FIG. 2 , analyte stream  162  exits HPLC  120  via outlet  124  and is transferred downstream to first fluid splitter  170 . First fluid splitter  170  divides analyte stream  162  into a first testing portion and a second testing portion. The first testing portion is directed to first fluid pathway  164  having a first construction while the second testing portion is directed to second fluid pathway  166 , which has a second construction that is different than the first construction. First and second fluid pathways  164 ,  166  are interconnected to third fluid pathway  168  by second fluid splitter  172 . As shown here, second fluid splitter  172  is located downstream of first fluid splitter  170  at a location proximate to inlet port  132 . Once the respective testing portions are received thereby, third fluid pathway  168  transfers the testing portions to mass spectrometer  130  via inlet pot  132 . 
         [0030]    First fluid pathway  164 , second fluid pathway  166 , and third fluid pathway  168  may each be formed of conventional tubing as described above. First fluid pathway  164  and second fluid pathway  166  are different in construction such that the respective testing portions received thereby ultimately flow through inlet port  132  at different times. As contemplated, the first testing portion enters the mass spectrometer in a first time period and analyzed in a first ionization mode. Then, the second testing portion enters the mass spectrometer in a second time period after sufficient time has lapsed for the analysis to complete on the first testing portion and for the mass spectrometer to be switched into the second ionization mode. 
         [0031]    To further exemplify the efficiency of system  110 , a hypothetical sample containing coeluting analytes is first introduced into separatory column  120 . After approximately three (3) minutes, the analytes coelute forming analyte stream  162 , which is subsequently divided by first fluid splitter  170 . A first testing portion is directed down first fluid pathway  164  and reaches mass analyzer  130  after approximately three (3) minutes and ten (10) seconds. Meanwhile, the second testing portion flows down second fluid pathway  166  and arrives at mass spectrometer after approximately three (3) minutes and eleven (11) seconds. The ionization mode of standard mass spectrometer equipment can take less than a second. Accordingly, if it takes approximately ¾ second (750 ms) to switch the mass spectrometer between the first and second modes, the spectral data of the second testing portion can be analyzed so long as it is approximately one (1) second after the first testing portion. 
         [0032]    The construction of fluid pathways  164 ,  166  can be constructed in any way appropriate to achieve the delivery of the testing portions in different time frames. For example, as shown here, second fluid pathway  166  looped over itself two times such that it is greater in length than that of first fluid pathway  164 . Accordingly, it takes second testing portion longer to be received by the inlet port due to the length of pathway  166  than compared to the first testing portion. 
         [0033]    Alternatively, first fluid pathway  166  may be larger in diameter than second fluid pathway  164  such that the velocity of the second testing portion while traveling in the second fluid pathway is slower than that of the first testing portion. 
         [0034]    The fluid splitters used in the system described may be conventional splitters oftentimes employed with analytical equipment. For example, the splitters may be manual splitters, electronic splitters, or T-splitters, to name a few. Additionally, the splitters may be adjustable or non-adjustable as desired. For example, first fluid splitter  170  may split analyte stream  162  in a ratio of 1:1, for example, or alternatively, in a ratio of 3:1. More particularly, the first fluid splitter may be an Upchurch P-450, manufactured by Upchurch Scientific, Inc. with offices located at 619 Oak Street Oak Harbor, Wash. 98277, and thee second fluid splitter may be ASI Model 60206, offered by W. R. Grace &amp; Co., with an office located at 2051 Waukagen Road, Deerfield, Ill. 60015. One or any combination of fluid splitters may be used, as appropriate, for directing the analyte stream via the pathways such that the testing portions enter the mass spectrometer in different time periods. 
         [0035]    As should be readily appreciated by the ordinarily skill artisan, the utility of system  110  and the aspects thereof described above in reference to  FIG. 2  can be used to test coeluting analytes for industries other than the agrichemical industry. Accordingly, the system and the aspects thereof may be useful in many industries, such that it is in no way intended to be limited to the agrichemical industry. For example, the pharmaceutical industry or other industries that analyze coeluting analytes could employ this system to improve the efficiency and time for testing the samples. 
         [0036]    In addition, system  110  above was shown and described as including a mass analyzer in tandem a separatory column, specifically HPLC. The mass analyzer and its benefits can readily be appreciated if used in tandem with equipment other than HPLC as appropriate, for example, an ultra pressure liquid chromatography (UPLC). Alternatively, the mass analyzer and the plurality of fluid pathways that introduce the sample thereto could be used independently. In other words, the sample to be tested could be introduced directly into a fluid pathway and subsequently divided into first and second testing portions that are then introduced into the mass analyzer at different time periods sufficient to allow for an analysis of the sample to take place in different ionization modes. 
         [0037]    A method of analyzing a sample containing coeluting analytes is further contemplated. It should be understood that the methodology may include any of the steps that are any of the steps inherent in the above-described embodiment of the apparatus and system. Broadly, though, the method includes dividing the sample into a first testing portion and a second testing portion and then directing the first and second testing portions toward the inlet port via two different fluid pathways to the mass analysis apparatus. The mass analysis apparatus performs an analysis on the first testing portion in a first ionization mode thereby to produce a first peak profile. The second testing portion, on the other hand, is directed to the inlet port of the mass analysis via a second fluid pathway and analyzed in a second ionization mode thereby to produce a second peak profile. Particularly, the mass analyzing apparatus analyzes one portion in the positive ionization mode while the other is analyzed in the negative ionization mode. 
         [0038]    The method may further include the step of providing a separatory column at a location upstream from the mass analysis apparatus. Accordingly, the sample could be first directed through the separatory column, such as HPLC, thereby to separate the sample into a plurality of analytes. Thereafter, the analytes would travel downstream to the mass analysis apparatus. 
         [0039]    As noted, the method may include any of the steps inherent in the above-described system or apparatus. Specifically, the method could include the step of directing the first and second testing portions simultaneously to their respective pathways. The testing portions, should, however reach the inlet port at different time periods. For example, the first testing portion may be received by the inlet port in a first time period while the second testing portion arrives through the inlet port at a second time period that is greater than the first. 
         [0040]    The first and second fluid paths may be interconnected by a fluid splitter, which is also operative to divide the sample stream into the first and second testing portions. The construction of the fluid paths may also be different. For example the first fluid path may have a length that is greater than that of the second fluid path. 
         [0041]    The foregoing description and the illustrative embodiment of the present invention have now been described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the foregoing description of the present invention is exemplary only, and that the scope of the present invention is to be limited to the claims as interpreted in view of the prior art. Moreover, the invention illustratively disclosed herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element which is not specifically disclosed herein.