Abstract:
Disclosed is a compound of formula (I) 
                                 
and salts thereof. Also disclosed are methods of making the compound of formula (I) and the use of the compound as an intermediate for making pharmaceutically active compounds such as 11-β-hydroxysteroid hydrogenase type 1 (11-β-HSD1) inhibitors.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This application relates to indenopyridine derivatives. The indenopyridine derivatives of the invention are useful as intermediates for the preparation of pharmaceutically active compounds such as 11-β-hydroxysteroid hydrogenase type 1 (11-β-HSD1) inhibitors. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Aryl- and heteroarylcarbonyl derivatives of hexahydroindenopyridines are reportedly useful as inhibitors of 11-β-hydroxysteroid hydrogenase type 1 (“11-β-HSD1”) and for treatment of disorders associated with 11β-HSD1 activity including, for example, diabetes mellitus (e.g., type II diabetes), obesity, symptoms of metabolic syndrome, glucose intolerance, hyperglycemica (see, e.g., WO 2011/057054). 
     The aryl- and heteroarylcarbonyl derivatives of hexahydroindenopyridines can be prepared, for example, from nitrile-substituted hexahydroindenopyridines as described in WO 2011/057054. In one method described in WO 2011/057054, the intermediate (4aR,9aS)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile (A) is allowed to react with 1H-benzoimidazole-5-carboxylic acid (B) followed by reaction with hydrogen chloride to provide the 11-β-HSD1 inhibitor (4a-R,9a-S)-1-(1H-benzoimidazole-5-carbonyl)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile (C) as depicted below: 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Methods of preparing the compound of formula (A) described in WO 2011/057054 include a 13-step synthesis and a low overall yield (˜2.9%). In addition, some of the described methods utilize corrosive and/or toxic reagents (e.g., trifluoromethanesulfonic acid anhydride (Tf 2 O), boron tribromide (BBr 3 ) and Zinc cyanide (Zn(CN) 2 ), which produce a problematic by-product stream. Thus, there is a need, for improved processes for making compounds of formula (A). Such improvements in making intermediate (A) will allow for more efficient preparation of aryl- and heteroarylcarbonyl derivatives of hexahydroindenopyridines inhibitors, particularly for large-scale production. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to indenopyridine derivatives and salts thereof. In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound of formula (I): 
                                
or a salt thereof.
 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a compound of formula (I) in free-base form. 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a salt form of the compound of formula (I). 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a salt form of the compound of formula (I), wherein the salt is selected from chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfonate, triflate, and methanesulfonate. 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a compound of formula (II): 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a compound of formula (III): 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The invention also relates to a compound of formula (V): 
                                
wherein X is selected from chloro, bromo and iodo.
 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a compound of formula (V), wherein X is iodo. 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a compound of formula (V), wherein X is bromo. 
     The invention also relates to methods of making the compounds of formula (I), (II) (III) and (V). 
     In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of making the compound of formula (I), comprising reacting the compound of formula (II) with hydrogen in the presence of a transition metal catalyst to provide the compound of formula (I). 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of making a salt form of the compound of formula (I), comprising
         preparing the compound of formula (I) as described in the embodiment immediately above, and   contacting the compound of formula (I) with a composition comprising a salt-forming acid to provide the salt of the compound of formula (I).       

     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of making the compound of formula (II), comprising contacting the compound of formula (III) with a composition comprising hydrogen chloride and water or sulfuric acid-acetic acid mixture to provide the compound of formula (II). 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of making the compound of formula (III), comprising reacting a compound of formula (V) 
                                
with a palladium catalyst to provide the compound of formula (III), wherein. where X is as described above.
 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of making a compound of formula (III) as described in the embodiment immediately above, wherein X is iodo, bromo or chloro. 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of making a compound of formula (III) as described in any of the two embodiments immediately above, wherein the palladium catalyst is Pd 2 (dba) 3 , or Pd(OAc) 2 . 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of making the compound of formula (V), comprising reacting a compound of formula (IV) 
                                
with 2-(phenylsulfonyl)pyridine to provide the compound of formula (V), wherein X is selected from chloro, bromo and iodo.
 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of making a compound of formula (IV) as described in the embodiment immediately above, wherein X is iodo. 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of making compound VI or the HCl salt form of the compound of formula (VI) 
                                
the process comprising contacting the HCl salt form of the compound of formula (I) with a dehydrating agent in organic solvent to provide the HCl salt form of the compound of formula (VI).
 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of making the HCl salt form of the compound of formula (VI) as described in the embodiment immediately above, wherein the dehydrating agent is selected POCl 3 , P 2 O 5 , and SOCl 2 . 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of making the HCl salt form of the compound of formula (VI) as described in any of the two embodiments immediately above, wherein the agent is POCl 3 . 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of making the HCl salt form of the compound of formula (VI) as described in any of the three embodiments immediately above, wherein the organic solvent is selected from dioxane, acetonitrile, toluene, 1,2-dichloroethane, and methylene chloride. 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of making the HCl salt form of the compound of formula (VI) as described in any of the three embodiments immediately above, wherein the organic solvent is dioxane, acetonitrile, toluene or a mixture of them. 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of making the compound of formula (I), the method comprising,
     reacting a compound of formula (IV)   

                                
with 2-(phenylsulfonyl)pyridine to provide the compound of formula (V),
 
                                
reacting the compound of formula (V) with a palladium catalyst to provide the compound of formula (III),
 
                                
contacting the compound of formula (III) with a composition comprising hydrogen chloride and water to provide the compound of formula (II),
     reacting the compound of formula (II) with hydrogen in the presence of a transition metal catalyst to provide the compound of formula (I), and   optionally contacting the compound of formula (I) with a composition comprising a salt-forming acid to provide the salt of the compound of formula (I).   wherein X is selected from chloro, bromo and iodo.   

     Further aspects of the invention are described below. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Definitions 
     
         
         DBTA=dibenzoyl-D-tartaric 
         DMF=dimethylyformamide 
         EtOAc=ethyl acetate 
         EtOH=ethanol 
         i-PrOH=isopropanol 
         MeOH=methanol 
         NaHMDS=sodium hexamethyldisilazane 
         Pd 2 (dba) 3 =tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) 
         POCl 3 =phosphoryl chloride 
         PPh 3 =triphenylphosphine 
         P 2 O 5 =phosphorus pentoxide 
         SOCl 2 =thionyl chloride 
         THF=tetrahydrofuran 
       
    
     As noted above, the subject invention relates to compounds of formula (I), or salts thereof, a compound of formula (II), and methods of making the compounds. 
     As used herein, the term “indenopyridine derivatives” as it relates to the compounds of formulae (I)-(III) includes both compounds with fully aromatic ring systems (i.e., the compounds of formulae (II) and (III)) and a partially saturated ring system (i.e., the compound of formula (I)). 
     The present invention provides processes for making intermediate (4aR,9aS)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile (A) and the 11-β-HSD1 inhibitor (4a-R,9a-S)-1-(1H-benzoimidazole-5-carbonyl)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile (C) with fewer steps and higher yield than the processes described in WO 2011/057054. The processes of making compounds (A) and (C) described herein also advantageously avoid the use of the toxic/corrosive reagents. 
     The compounds of formula (I) and (II) can be prepared by the method depicted in Scheme 1 below: 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     As depicted in Scheme 1, 4aH-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-1-benzyl-6-carbonitrile (III) is allowed to react with a hydrogen chloride source, (e.g., aqueous HCl) followed by neutralization with base to provide 4aH-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-1-benzyl-6-carboxamide (II). Compound (II) is then allowed to react with hydrogen in the presence of a transition metal catalyst (e.g., carbon-supported palladium) to provide the compound of formula (I) followed by treatment with a suitable salt-forming acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid) to provide the salt form of the compound of formula (I). 
     The compound of formula (III) can be prepared by the method depicted below in Scheme 2. 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     As depicted in Scheme 2, a compound of formula (IV) (where X is chloro, bromo, or iodo) is allowed to react with 2-(phenylsulfonyl)pyridine to provide the compound of formula (V). The compound of formula (V) is then allowed to react in the presence of a palladium catalyst (e.g., Pd 2 (dba) 3  or Pd(OAc) 2 ) with or without a ligand to provide the compound of formula (III). 
     Salt forms of the compound of formula (I) may be prepared by reacting the compound of formula (I) (i.e., the free base form of the compound) with a sufficient amount of the appropriate salt-forming acid in water; in an organic diluent like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile, or a mixture thereof; or with gaseous forms of the acid. Non-limiting examples of salt forms of the compound of formula (I) include chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, methanesulfonate, benzenesulfate, and mesyltate. 
     As further described in the Examples section (see Examples 3-5), the salt forms of the compound of formula (I) can be reacted with a dehydrating agent (e.g., phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus pentoxide, and thionyl chloride) in organic solvent (e.g., dioxane, acetonitrile, toluene, 1,2-dichloroethane, and methylene chloride) to provide the salt form of 2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile which can be resolved using chiral chromatography or by complexing with dibenzoyl-D-tartaric (D-DBTA) acid to provide (4aR,9aS)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile (the compound of formula (C) described above and in WO 2011/057054). 
     In another embodiment, the invention also relates to a method of making (4aR,9aS) -2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile. ½ di-benzoyl-d-tartaric acid, the method comprising contacting 2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile with di-benzoyl-d-tartaric acid (D-DTBA) (“the D-DTBA contacting step”) to provide (4aR,9aS)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile·½ D-DTBA. 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to the method of making 4aR,9aS)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile·½ di-benzoyl-d-tartaric acid as described in the embodiment immediately above, wherein 2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile is present in the form of a racemate. 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to the method of making 4aR,9aS)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile·½ di-benzoyl-d-tartaric acid as described in the two embodiments immediately above, wherein the molar ratio of D-DTBA to 2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile in the contacting step is from about 0.1 to 2; from about 0.1 to about 1; from about 0.2 to about 0.5; or about 0.25. 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to the method of making (4aR,9aS)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile·½ di-benzoyl-d-tartaric acid as described in the two embodiments immediately above, wherein the 2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile is obtained by contacting the hydrogen chloride salt of 2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile with base in aqueous media to obtain 2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno [2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile. 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of making (4a-R,9a-S)-1-(1H-benzoimidazole-5-carbonyl)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile (C), the method comprising: 
     reacting a HCl salt of 2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carboxamide (I) salt with a dehydrating agent to provide the HCl salt of 2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile: 
                                
reacting the HCl salt of 2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile with base followed by di-benzoyl-d-tartaric acid to provide (4aR,9aS)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile·½ D-DTBA:
 
                                
and
 
     reacting (4aR,9aS)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile·½ D-DTBA with base followed by 1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carboxylic acid to provide the compound of formula (C). 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of making the HCl salt form of the compound of formula (C), the method comprising:
     dissolving the compound of formula (C) as prepared according to the embodiment immediately above in an alcoholic solvent to provide a first solution; and   treating the first solution treated with a second solution of HCl in an alcholic solvent to provide the HCl salt form of the compound of formula (C).   

     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of making the HCl salt form of the compound of formula (C) as described in the embodiment described immediately above, wherein the alcohol solvent is ethanol or isopropanol. 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of making the HCl salt form of the compound of formula (C) as described in the two embodiments described immediately above, wherein the alcohol solvent is ethanol. 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of making the HCl salt form of the compound of formula (C) as described in the two embodiments described above the embodiment immediately above, wherein the alcohol solvent is isopropanol. 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of making the compound of formula (I) as described in any of the 5 embodiments immediately above, wherein the base is aqueous NaOH and the dehydrating agent is POCl 3 . 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Preparation of 4aH-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-1-benzyl-6-carboxamide (II) 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Step 1. Preparation of 2-(phenylsulfonyl)pyridine 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Benzensulfinic sodium salt (21.6 Kg, 131.6 mol) is charged to a reactor and treated with 60 L of a solution of acetic acid and water (3:1 vol:vol). The contents of the reactor are mixed and treated with 2-chloropyridine (30.0 Kg, 264.2 mol). The contents of the reactor are heated to 90° C. and mixed for 2 hrs. An additional solution of benzensulfinic sodium salt (26 Kg, 158.4 mol) in 60 L of acetic acid/water (3:1 vol:vol) is added to the reactor slowly over 5 hours while maintaining the contents of the reactor at 90° C. The contents of the reactor are mixed at 90° C. for about 8 hours, cooled to 20° C., and treated with water (150 L). The contents of the reactor are stirred for 30 minutes and filtered through a centrifuge filter. The filter cake is collected, treated with isopropanol (41.4 Kg, 52.4 L), and stirred at 60° C. After 30 minutes the mixture is cooled to 10° C. over 2 hours, and further mixed for 1 hour at 10° C. The mixture is filtered and the filter cake is washed with isopropanol (23.70 Kg, 30 L). The filter cake is collected and dried overnight at 50° C. to provide 2-(phenylsulfonyl)pyridine. Yield: 42.5 Kg, 194 mol; 73%. 
     Step 2. Preparation of 1-benzyl-2-(3-iodo-4-cyano-phenyl)methyl)pyridinium bromide 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     A reactor containing 3-iodo-4-methylbenzonitrile (3.49 Kg; 14.4 mol) and 2-(phenylsulfonyl)pyridine (3.0 Kg, 13.7 mol) is purged with nitrogen. The reactor is then charged with dimethylformamide (17.38 L), stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, then cooled to 10° C. The contents of the reactor are treated drop-wise with 1 M solution of NaHMDS (sodium hexamethyldisilazane) in tetrahydrofuran (27.4 liters) over 2 hours while keeping the internal temperature below 20° C. The reaction mixture is then treated with acetic acid (783 mL) while keeping the internal temperature below 20° C. The reaction mixture is heated to 80° C. and the THF is removed by distillation. The contents of the reactor are then cooled to 25° C., treated with water (13.69 L) over 30 minutes, treated with methyl-tetrahydrofuran (MeTHF) (27.3 L), and stirred for 15 minute. The resulting organic phase is collected, washed with water (2×6.85 L), and concentrated to a minimum stirrable volume. The concentrated mixture is then treated with acetonitrile (27.4 L) and concentrated under reduced pressure to minimum stirrable volume. The acetonitrile treatment and concentration is repeated twice. The resulting concentrated mixture is then treated with dry acetonitrile (8.75 L) and benzylbromide (2.57 Kg, 15.5 mol), heated to 80° C., mixed for about 18 hours, and cooled to 25° C. The mixture is treated with MeTHF (8.75 L), stirred for about 1 hour, and filtered. The resulting filter cake is rinsed with MeTHF and dried for about 18 hours at ˜50° C. to provide 1-benzyl-2-(3-iodo-4-cyano-phenyl)methyl)pyridinium bromide. Yield: 5.05 Kg, 10.28 mol; 75%. 
     Step 3. Preparation of 4aH-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-1-benzyl-6-carbonitrile (III) 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     A solution of Pd 2 (dba) 3  (0.64 Kg, 0.70 mol) in DMF (8.09 Kg) is prepared by charging DMF to a reactor and sparging it with nitrogen for at least 15 minutes. Pd 2  dba 3  (tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)) is then charged to the reactor with stirring, and the resulting solution is sparged with nitrogen for at least 15 minutes. 
     A solution of triphenylphosphine (PPh 3 ) (0.71 Kg, 2.71 mol) in DMF (8.09 Kg) is prepared by charging DMF to a reactor and sparging it with nitrogen for at least 15 minutes. PPh 3  is then charged to the reactor with stirring, and the resulting solution is sparged with nitrogen for at least 15 minutes. 
     A solution of 1-benzyl-2-(3-iodo-4-cyano-phenyl)methyl)pyridinium bromide (33.72 Kg, 68.83 mol) and DMF (111.6 Kg) is treated with 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) (31.36 Kg, 206 mol). The resulting solution is sparged with nitrogen for at least 15 minutes and then treated with the entire amount of the Pd 2  dba 3  stock solution followed by the entire amount of the PPh 3  stock solution. The nitrogen sparging is maintained during the addition of the Pd 2  dba 3  and PPh 3  solutions. The contents of the reactor are then heated to 90-95° C., and the nitrogen sparging is maintained until the reaction temperature reaches 70° C. The contents of the reactor are then mixed at 90-95° C. for 12 to 18 hours, cooled to 20-25° C., and treated with water (269.76 Kg) while maintaining a reaction temperature of 40° C. The resulting mixture is stirred for at least 1 hour at 20° C. and filtered. The resulting filter cake is washed with water (2×75 L) and dried for about 18 hours at ˜50° C. to provide 4aH-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-1-benzyl-6-carbonitrile (III). Yield: 18.07 Kg, 64 mol); 93%. 
     Step 4. Preparation of 4aH-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-1-benzyl-6-carboxamide (II) 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     A stirred mixture of 4aH-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-1-benzyl-6-carbonitrile (III) (18.78 Kg, 66.5 mol) in 1,4-dioxane (167 L) is treated with water (3.6 L) followed by HCl gas (24.2 Kg, 663 mol) at a flow rate sufficient to maintain a batch temperature of 40° C. The mixture is then heated to 45° C., stirred for 24 hours, concentrated under reduced pressure, and treated with water (36.6 L) at a rate sufficient to maintain a batch temperature of 40° C. The resulting slurry is further mixed at 40° C. until a solution forms. The contents of the reactor are then treated with a 20% NaOH solution (20 Kg) at a rate sufficient to maintain a batch temperature of 40° C. followed by treatment with water (97 Kg) over 1 hour. The resulting slurry is cooled to 20° C., stirred for 2 hours, and filtered. The resulting filter cake is rinsed with water (2×20 L) and dried for about 18 hours at 40° C. to provide 4aH-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-1-benzyl-6-carboxamide (II). Yield: 21.05 Kg, 62.51 mol; 94%. 
     Example 2 
     Preparation of Preparation of 2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carboxamide (I) 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     A reactor is charged with 10% Pd/C (3.52 Kg, 50% wet), Na 2 CO 3  (0.707 Kg), 4aH-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-1-benzyl-6-carboxamide (8 Kg, 26.7 mol) and MeOH (66 L). The resulting mixture is stirred and inerted 3 times with H 2 . The reactor is then pressurized with H 2  to 200 PSI, the contents heated to 80° C., mixed at 80° C. for 20 hours, and cooled to 20° C. The mixture is then filtered at ambient temperature through a closed filter pre-packed with Celite-545 using N 2  pressure. The hydrogenation reactor is rinsed with MeOH (3×18 L), and the MeOH rinses filtered through the Celilte filter. The combined MeOH filtrates contents are then concentrated under reduced pressure to about 10% of the initial volume. The resulting residue is treated with isopropanol (50 L) and concentrated under reduced pressure to about 10 L. The residue is cooled to 25° C., treated with 20 L of MeOH, and heated to 50-55° C. to provide 2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carboxamide (I) in free-base form. 
     The HCl salt form 2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carboxamide (I) is prepared by treating the mixture above at 50-55° C. with 6N HCl/1-PrOH (4.4 to 4.8 Kg), cooling to 20° C. over about 2 hours, stirring for about 1 hour, and filtering. The resulting filter cake is rinsed with a 1:1 (vol:vol) mixture of isopropyl acetate/MeOH (2×4 L) and dried for about 18 hours at about 50° C. to provide 2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carboxamide (I), hydrogen chloride salt. Yield: 5.73 Kg, 22.7 mol; 85%. 
     Examples 3-5 describe processes for using the compound of formula (I) as a starting material to prepare the compound of formula (C) described in WO 2011/057054. 
     Example 3 
     Preparation of 2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile, hydrogen chloride salt 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     A mixture of 2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carboxamide (I), hydrogen chloride salt (7.5 Kg, 25.2 mol) and dioxane (15 L) is stirred for 30 minutes at 25° C. and treated with POCl 3  (7.77 Kg, 50.4 mol). The mixture is heated to 80° C. over 1 hour and held at 80° C. for 2 hours. The mixture is cooled to 20-25° C., treated over about 30 minutes with a solution of water (1.376 L, 75.6 mol) in dioxane (30 L), stirred for 30 minutes, and treated with additional water (1.376 L, 75.6 mol). The resulting slurry is stirred at 25° C. for about 18 hours and filtered. The resulting filter cake is washed portion-wise with 3.0 L of 1% H 2 O in 1,4-dioxane and dried for about 18 hours at ˜50° C. to provide 2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile (III) in the form of the hydrogen chloride salt. Yield: 4.73 Kg, 20.16 mol; 80%. 
     Example 4 
     Preparation of (4a-R,9a-S)-1-(1H-benzoimidazole-5-carbonyl)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno [2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile (C) 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Step 1. Preparation of (4aR,9aS)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile·½ di-benzoyl-d-tartaric acid 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     A mixture of 2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile, hydrogen chloride salt (6.22 Kg, 26.5 mol), water (10 L), MeTHF (31 L) and 50% NaOH (4.4 Kg in 7 liter water) is stirred for 1 hours at 25° C. The resulting organic phase is collected, washed with 10% NaOH solution (4.25 Kg of 50% NaOH+17.2 L H 2 O), and washed with 10% NaCl solution (1.42 Kg of 50% NaCl+14 L H 2 O). The organic phase is concentrated, treated with acetonitrile (25 L), heated to 50° C., and treated over 4 hours with a solution of 15-18% di-benzoyl-d-tartaric acid (1.967 Kg, 5.5 mol) in acetonitrile (9.38 L). The reaction mixture is allowed to cool to 20° C. over 4 hours and filtered. The resulting filter cake is washed portion-wise with EtOH (5 L) and dried under reduced pressure. The filter cake is charged to a reactor and treated with MeOH (5.85 L) and EtOH (15.7 L). The mixture is then heated to 50° C., stirred for 2 hours, cooled to 20° C. over 2 hours and filtered. The resulting filter cake is washed portion-wise with EtOH (9 Kg) and dried for about 18 hours at 50-60° C. to provide (4aR,9aS)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile·½ D-DTBA. Yield: 4.49 Kg, 11.93 mol: 45% (based on the amount of racemate); 90% (based on the amount of the (4aR,9aS) enantiomer in the starting racemate). 
     Step 2. Preparation of (4a-R,9a-S)-1-(1H-benzoimidazole-5-carbonyl)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     A reactor is charged with (4aR,9aS)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile·½ D-DTBA (3.396 Kg 9 mol), dichloromethane (14.4 L) and 2N NaOH (13.5 L), and the resulting biphasic mixture is stirred for 30 minutes. The phases are allowed to separate, and the resulting organic phase is treated with 2N NaOH (4.5 L) and stirred for 10 minutes. The organic phase is collected, concentrated to about half its original volume, and treated with a solution of 1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carboxylic acid (1.605 Kg, 9.9 mol) in DMF (7.2 liters). The mixture is then distilled to remove any remaining dichloromethane. The mixture is then treated with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyllaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC·HCl) (2.070 Kg, 10.8 mol), hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (HOBt·H 2 O) (1.516 Kg, 9.9 mol) and triethylamine (3.1 L). The mixture is warmed to 30° C., stirred for 2 hours, and treated with dichloromethane (12.6 L) and water (12.6 L). The resulting biphasic mixture is stirred for 30 minutes and allowed to phase separate. The organic layer is collected and the aqueous layer is washed with dichloromethane (7.2 L). The combined organic layers is charged to a reactor, treated with 2N NaOH (6.75 L) solution, and stirred for 30 minutes. The mixture is then neutralized with 6N HCl (2.07 L) to achieve a pH of 9-10. The resulting organic phase is collected, washed with water (2×10 L), concentrated to about ⅓ of its original volume, and treated with EtOAc (9 L). The resulting mixture is distilled to remove any remaining dichloromethane, cooled to 25° C., and stirred for 30 minutes. The resulting slurry is filtered, and the filter cake is washed portion-wise with EtOAc (2 L) and dried for about 18 hours at 50° C. to provide (4a-R,9a-S)-1-(1H-benzoimidazole-5-carbonyl)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile (C) as an EtOAc solvate. Yield: 2.61 Kg (2.22 Kg after correction for purity of 85% weight % purity), 6.48 mol; 72%. 
     Step 3. Preparation of (4a-R,9a-S)-1-(1H-benzoimidazole-5-carbonyl)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile (C), hydrogen chloride salt 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     A mixture of (4a-R,9a-S)-1-(1H-benzoimidazole-5-carbonyl)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile (C) (4.14 Kg, 12.1 mol) and 200 proof absolute EtOH (13.5 Kg) is heated to 50° C. and filtered through a pre-heated filter funnel. The warm filtrate is transferred to a pre-heated reactor and treated with 200 proof absolute EtOH (2.07 Kg). The contents of the reactor are stirred and slowly treated over 20 minutes with 0.655 Kg of a 6.34 N HCl solution in EtOH. The contents of the reactor are then seeded with 0.105 Kg of (4a-R,9a-S)-1-(1H-benzoimidazole-5-carbonyl)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile HCl (previously made according to the procedure described below in Example 5), and stirred for 2 hours at 50° C. The contents of the reactor are treated at a constant addition rate with 0.72 Kg of a 6.34 N HCl solution in EtOH. The contents of the reactor are cooled to about 0-5° C. over 2 hours, stirred for about 4 hours, and filtered. The resulting filter cake is washed with heptane (5 Kg) and dried for 18 hours at ˜50° C. to provide (4a-R,9a-S)-1-(1H-benzoimidazole-5-carbonyl)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile (C), as the HCl salt. Yield: 4.12 Kg, 10.9 mol. An X-ray powder diffraction pattern of the product indicated it was the crystal Form II described in Example 107 of WO2012061708. 
     Example 5 
     Preparation of 4a-R,9a-S)-1-(1H-benzoimidazole-5-carbonyl)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile HCl seed crystals 
     The seed crystals used in Step 3 of Example 4 above are prepared according to the procedures described for crystal Form II in Example 107 of WO2012061708. 
     A reaction vessel is charged with (4a-R,9a-S)-1-(1H-benzoimidazole-5-carbonyl)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile (331.5 g) and isopropanol (331.5 g), and the resulting mixture is heated at 75° C. until a homogeneous solution is formed. The solution is treated with a 5.12 M solution of HCl in isopropanol (29.7 g) followed by isopropanol (5 g) to rinse the addition vessel. The mixture is then seeded with a slurry of (4a-R,9a-S)-1-(1H-benzoimidazole-5-carbonyl)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile hydrochloride (crystal form II) (19.88 g) in 30 g of isopropanol. (The slurry was milled for about 1 hour prior to use.) The vessel containing the seed slurry was rinsed with isopropanol (20 g) and the rinse added to the reaction vessel. The reactor contents are aged for 1 hour then treated over 4 hours with a 5.12 M solution of HCl in isopropanol (171.3 g). The mixture is cooled to 0-5° C. over 1 hour and aged at this temperature for 30 min. The resulting precipitate is collected by filtration, washed with heptane (0-5° C.), and dried under reduced pressure at 65° C. for 8 hours. Yield: 368.9 g (yield: 95%; corrected for seed charge). 
     Crystal form II is also obtained by the following procedure: Crystal form I (150 mg) and absolute ethanol (0.6 mL) are stirred at room temperature for one week. The precipitate is separated by filtration, washed with little absolute ethanol and dried at 40° C. 
     Crystal Form II can also be prepared by the following procedure: A mixture of (4a-R,9a-S)-1-(1H-benzoimidazole-5-carbonyl)-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-indeno[2,1-b]pyridine-6-carbonitrile (26.07 g) in 200 proof absolute ethanol (104.30 g) is heated to 50° C. The resulting solution is treated with a solution of 4.587 g of a 6.55 N solution of HCl in 200 proof absolute EtOH. The mixture is then seeded with a slurry containing 0.782 g of Form II in 2.823 g EtOH. (The slurry was milled prior to use.) The reaction mixture is then aged at 50° C. for at least 2 hrs. The mixture is then treated over 2 hours with 5.045 g of a 6.55 N solution of HCl in EtOH, cooled to 0° C. over 1 hour, and aged at 0° C. for at least 1 hr. The resulting crystals are collected by filtration and dried at 70° C. under reduced pressure for at least 12 hours to provide the seed crystals.