Abstract:
A digital double sampling method, a related complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor, and a digital camera comprising the CMOS image sensor are disclosed. The method includes generating first digital data corresponding to an initial voltage level apparent in a pixel in response to a reset signal, inverting the first digital data, outputting a detection voltage corresponding to image data received from outside of the CMOS image sensor, and counting in synchronization with a clock signal, starting from an initial value equal to the inverted first digital data, and for an amount of time responsive to a voltage level of the detection voltage.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/183,533, filed Jul. 15, 2011, which is a Continuation U.S. application Ser. No. 11/877,027, filed Oct. 23, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,995,123, issued Aug. 9, 2011, which claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2006-111798, filed on Nov. 13, 2006, the subject matter of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     Embodiments of the invention relate to a digital double sampling method, a related complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor, and a digital camera comprising the CMOS image sensor. In particular, embodiments of the invention relate to a digital double sampling method comprising inverting digital data, a related CMOS image sensor, and a digital camera comprising the CMOS image sensor. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     CMOS image sensors, which are widely used in digital cameras, convert optical signals into electrical signals. An operation for converting an optical signal into an electrical signal is performed by a pixel of the CMOS image sensor, wherein the pixel includes a photodiode and a read-out circuit. The photodiode generates electric charges using absorbed light, converts the generated electric charges into an analog current, and delivers the analog current to the read-out circuit. The read-out circuit converts the analog signal into a digital signal and outputs the digital signal. 
     In an analog-to-digital conversion process, a comparator receives an analog voltage and compares the analog voltage with a ramp voltage. The comparator compares the analog voltage with the ramp voltage, and uses a counter to count until the ramp voltage is greater than an analog voltage. Once the counter stops counting, a count value is digital data corresponding to an analog voltage, that is, the count value is the digital data into which the analog voltage has been converted. 
     An up-down counter is typically used to perform digital double sampling (DDS). DDS means obtaining a difference (Dsig-Drst) between digital data Drst obtained by converting a first analog signal output by an initialized pixel into digital data, and digital data Dsig obtained by converting a second analog signal received from a pixel that has received an external image signal into digital data, wherein the second analog signal corresponds to an external image signal. 
     Because the up-down counter performs up-count and down-count functions, the up-down counter has a relatively large number of gates. Therefore, the up-down counter occupies a relatively large area. In addition, power consumption is limited in a high resolution image sensor. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments of the invention provide a CMOS image sensor having a reduced number of gates, a digital camera comprising the CMOS image sensor, and a digital double sampling (DDS) method that consumes less power. 
     In one embodiment, the invention provides a digital double sampling method of a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor. The method comprises generating first digital data corresponding to an initial voltage level apparent in a pixel in response to a reset signal, inverting the first digital data, outputting a detection voltage corresponding to image data received from outside of the CMOS image sensor, and counting in synchronization with a clock signal, starting from an initial value equal to the inverted first digital data, and for an amount of time responsive to a voltage level of the detection voltage. 
     In another embodiment, the invention provides a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor comprising a controller generating a clock signal and first control signals, and a pixel outputting a pixel signal in response to the first control signals during a reset mode and during an image input mode, wherein the pixel signal output by the pixel during the image input mode corresponds to image data received from outside of the CMOS image sensor. The CMOS image sensor further comprises a comparator comparing the pixel signal with a ramp signal and activating a comparison signal when a voltage level of the ramp signal is less than a voltage level of the pixel signal, a counter counting in response to the clock signal to a first count value during the reset mode, inverting the first count value during the image input mode, counting in response to the clock signal until the comparison signal is activated to obtain a second count value, and outputting the second count value. Additionally, the counting in response to the clock signal until the comparison signal is activated begins from an initial value equal to the inverted first count value. 
     In yet another embodiment, the invention provides a digital camera comprising a processor, and a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor connected to the processor through a bus. The CMOS sensor comprises a controller generating a clock signal and first control signals, and a pixel outputting a pixel signal in response to the first control signals during a reset mode and during an image input mode, wherein the pixel signal output by the pixel during the image input mode corresponds to image data received from outside of the CMOS image sensor. The CMOS image sensor further comprises a comparator comparing the pixel signal with a ramp signal and activating a comparison signal when a voltage level of the ramp signal is less than a voltage level of the pixel signal, and a counter counting in response to the clock signal to a first count value during the reset mode, inverting the first count value during the image input mode, counting in response to the clock signal until the comparison signal is activated to obtain a second count value, and outputting the second count value. Additionally, the counting in response to the clock signal until the comparison signal is activated begins from an initial value equal to the inverted first count value. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of the invention will be described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a digital camera system comprises a CMOS image sensor in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram illustrating a CMOS image sensor in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a circuit diagram illustrating a pixel of a pixel array illustrated in  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a graph of voltage versus time illustrating an analog signal Va and a ramp signal Vr; 
         FIG. 5  is a circuit diagram illustrating a counter shown in  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 6  is a circuit diagram illustrating inner circuitry of a T-flip-flop of the counter illustrated in  FIG. 5 ; 
         FIG. 7  is a flowchart illustrating a digital double sampling method in accordance with an embodiment of the invention for a CMOS image sensor in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; and 
         FIG. 8  is a timing diagram illustrating an exemplary operation of the CMOS image sensor of  FIG. 2  in accordance with the method of  FIG. 7 . 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     Throughout the drawings, like reference symbols indicate like or similar elements. 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a digital camera system comprising a CMOS image sensor. Referring to  FIG. 1 , the digital camera system comprises a CMOS image sensor  100 , a processor  200 , a memory  300 , a display  400 , and a bus  500 . Under the control of processor  200 , CMOS image sensor  100  captures external image data. In addition, the captured image data is stored in memory  300  through bus  500 . Also, under the control of processor  200 , image data stored in memory  300  is reproduced by display  400 . CMOS image sensor  100 , in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, will now be described in more detail. 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram illustrating a CMOS image sensor in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Referring to  FIG. 2 , CMOS image sensor  100 , which converts external image data into digital data and stores the digital data, comprises a timing controller  10 , a pixel array  20 , an analog-digital converter  30 , and a buffer  40 . In addition, analog-digital converter  30  comprises a comparator  31 , a counter  32 , and a ramp voltage generator  33 . 
     Pixel array  20 , which receives external image data (i.e., receives image data from outside of CMOS image sensor  100 ), outputs an analog signal Va to analog-digital converter  30  in response to control signals Rx, Tx, and Sel received from timing controller  10 . Analog signal Va may also be referred to herein as a “pixel signal.” Comparator  31  receives analog signal Va, and receives a ramp signal Vr from ramp voltage generator  33 . As used herein, the term “ramp signal” refers to a signal, such as ramp signal Vr, wherein the voltage level of that signal increases or decreases over time (i.e., in proportion to time). Ramp signal Vr may also be referred to herein as ramp voltage Vr. The voltage level of ramp signal Vr may, for example, increase or decrease at a constant rate. Counter  32  receives a clock signal CLK, a control signal RST, and a control signal BWI. Control signal RST may be referred to herein as reset signal RST and control signal BWI may be referred to herein as inversion signal BWI. In addition, counter  32  counts in response to clock signal CLK while analog signal Va is compared with ramp signal Vr. Comparator  31  compares analog signal Va with ramp signal Vr, and outputs a comparison signal LATCH to timing controller  10  in response to detecting a defined voltage difference between analog signal Va and ramp signal Vr. When timing controller  10  stops providing clock signal CLK to counter  32 , then counter  32  stops counting. When counter  32  stops counting in response to clock signal CLK stopping, a count value stored in counter  32  is digital data that corresponds to analog signal Va. The digital data that has been converted from analog signal Va is stored in buffer  40 . In addition, timing controller  10  transmits a control signal R_Ad to buffer  40  in order to receive a data signal R_D from buffer  40 . 
       FIG. 3  is a circuit diagram illustrating a pixel  22  of pixel array  20  of  FIG. 2 . That is, pixel  22 , which is illustrated in  FIG. 3 , is one of the N×M pixels of pixel array  20  of  FIG. 2 . Referring to  FIGS. 2 and 3 , pixel  22  comprises four NMOS transistors NT 0 -NT 3  and a current source lb. A first transistor NT 0 , a second transistor NT 1 , and a photodiode PD are connected to one another in series. A drain of first transistor NT 0  is connected to a power source voltage, and an anode of photodiode PD is connected to a ground voltage VSS. A gate of first transistor NT 0  is connected to a control signal Rx, and a gate of the second transistor NT 1  is connected to a control signal Tx. 
     Third transistor NT 2  and fourth transistor NT 3  are connected to one another in series. A drain of third transistor NT 2  is connected to a power source voltage, and a drain of fourth transistor NT 3  is connected to a source of third transistor NT 2 . A gate of the third transistor NT 2  is connected to a source of first transistor NT 0 , which is connected to a detection node FD, and a gate of fourth transistor NT 3  is connected to a control signal Sel. Additionally, a source of fourth transistor NT 3  is connected to comparator  31  and a current source lb. 
     First transistor NT 0  initializes pixel  22  in response to a control signal Rx received from timing controller  10 . Second transistor NT 1  provides an analog signal received from photodiode PD to detection node FD in response to a control signal Tx received from timing controller  10 . Third transistor NT 2  and current source lb form a source follower. Additionally, an analog signal Va input via the gate of third transistor NT 2  is provided to comparator  31 . Also, pixel  22  of  FIG. 3  is selected from among a plurality of pixels  22  of pixel array  20  in response to control signal Sel, which is provided from timing controller  10  to fourth transistor NT 3 . 
     Timing controller  10  activates control signals Rx and Sel to initialize a detection node FD of pixel  22 . Pixel  22  outputs an initialized analog signal Va (i.e., an initialized analog voltage Va) to comparator  31 . Initialized analog signal Va may also be referred to as an “analog pixel-reset signal”. 
     Timing controller  10  activates control signals Tx and Sel so that pixel  22  will provide external image data from photodiode PD of pixel  22  to detection node FD of pixel  22 , and so that pixel  22  will output to comparator  31  an analog voltage Va corresponding to the external image data. 
     Analog-digital converter  30  performs digital double sampling (DDS) to relatively accurately convert an analog signal output by a pixel into a digital signal. An up-down counter has typically been used as an analog-digital converter to perform DDS. 
       FIG. 4  is a graph of voltage versus time illustrating analog signal Va and ramp signal Vr. Referring to  FIGS. 2 through 4 , ramp voltage generator  33  generates a ramp signal Vr in response to a control signal Ron received from timing controller  10 . Ramp signal Vr is a voltage signal that decreases from a reference voltage level Vref at a constant rate (i.e., at a predetermined rate as time elapses). 
     Comparator  31  compares analog signal Va with ramp signal Vr in synchronization with a clock signal CLK of timing controller  10 . At this point, timing controller  10  activates clock signal CLK to operate counter  32 . 
     Referring to the graph of  FIG. 4 , which corresponds to an exemplary operation of comparator  31 , from time t 1  to time t 5 , the voltage level of analog signal Va is less than or equal to the voltage level of a ramp signal Vr. However, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, once the voltage level of ramp signal Vr has decreased to a voltage level that is less than the voltage level of analog signal Va (i.e., once analog signal Va is greater than ramp signal Vr, which is after time t 5  in the exemplary operation corresponding to the graph  FIG. 4 ), comparator  31  activates comparison signal LATCH. When comparison signal LATCH is activated, timing controller  10  stops generating clock signal CLK, and when timing controller  10  stops generating clock signal CLK, comparator  31  stops operating and counter  32  stops operating (i.e., counter  32  stops counting). In addition, when counter  32  stops counting in response to the activation of comparison signal LATCH, the count value stored in counter  32  at that time is digital data corresponding to analog signal Va. 
     An up-down counter is typically used to perform DDS. However, an up-down counter occupies a relatively large area because it includes a relatively large number of gates, and power consumption increases when the CMOS image sensor operates with relatively high resolution and at a relatively high speed. 
     In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, an alternate counter for a digital converter of a CMOS image sensor is provided. A counter in accordance with an embodiment of the invention uses a two&#39;s complement number system to perform the function that an up-down counter typically performs in a CMOS image sensor. Inverted digital data A′ of digital data A may be obtained by subtracting digital data A from a data value MAX_CODE, as shown in Equation 1. Likewise, inverted digital data A′ may be obtained by inverting digital data A (i.e., inverting each of the bits of digital data A). As used herein, “inverting” data or a value means inverting each of the bits of the data or value. As used herein, “MAX_CODE” means the largest code value for a given number of bits. For example, a 4-bit MAX_CODE is “1111 2 ”. In one example, assuming that a 4-bit digital data value A is “0101 2 ”, then inverted digital data A′ is “1010 2 ”. That is, if digital data value A is “0101 2 ” (which is “5” in base ten), then inverted digital data A′ (which is digital data A inverted) is “1010 2 ”, which is “−6” in base ten interpreted under the two&#39;s complement number system, and is “10” in base ten when interpreted without using the two&#39;s complement number system. 
     In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the difference between digital data A and digital data B may be obtained using the two&#39;s complement number system in accordance with Equation 2 below. When a counter uses the two&#39;s complement number system, a value of (B−A)−1 is found for the difference between digital data values A and B, as shown on the right hand side of Equation 3. That is, one less than the difference between digital data A and digital data B is found. Therefore, a counter using the two&#39;s complement number system accounts for the additional “−1” term on the right hand side of Equation 3. That is, during a reset operation, the counter sets the state of each flip-flop to the data value “1” (i.e., “high”), and when a clock signal is provided to the counter, the counter begins its counting with the value “0” (i.e., “0” is the first value counted).
 
 A ′=MAX_CODE− A   Equation 1
 
 A′+B =MAX_CODE+( B−A )  Equation 2
 
MAX_CODE+( B−A )=( B−A )−1  Equation 3
 
     A DDS counter in accordance with an embodiment of the invention uses the two&#39;s complement number system so that a result of subtracting a digital pixel-reset value (i.e., a digital data value corresponding to an analog pixel-reset signal) from a digital image value (i.e., digital data obtained by converting an analog signal that corresponds to external image data into digital data) may be readily obtained. Typically, an up-down counter performs an up-count operation to obtain a digital pixel-reset value and performs a down-count operation to obtain a difference between the digital pixel-reset value and the digital image value. Since the functionality of an up-down counter is more complicated than that of an up-counter or a down-counter, an up-down counter occupies a relatively large area. As used herein, an “analog pixel-reset signal” is an analog signal output by a pixel after the pixel has been initialized. 
     In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the function that an up-down counter typically performs in a CMOS image sensor is realized using a counter that counts in one direction (i.e., using a counter that increases its count value or a counter that decreases its count value). The counter that counts in one direction may also be described as a counter that counts monotonically. For example, an up-count operation is performed to obtain a digital pixel-reset value, and then, to obtain a difference between the digital pixel-reset value and a digital image value, the digital pixel-reset value is inverted and then another up-count operation is performed on the inverted digital pixel-reset value. That is, a DDS counter in accordance with an embodiment of the invention performs an inversion operation so that the DSS counter may have a relatively small area and relatively low power consumption. As used herein, the term “inversion operation” means a process of inverting digital data or a digital value. A DDS counter using the two&#39;s complement number system, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, is illustrated in  FIGS. 5 and 6 . 
       FIG. 5  is a circuit diagram illustrating counter  32  of  FIG. 2  in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Referring to  FIGS. 2 and 5 , counter  32  comprises a T-flip-flop (T-F/F). Counter  32  illustrated in  FIG. 5  is a 4-bit counter  32 , and 4-bit counter  32  comprises four T-flip-flops TC 0  through TC 3 . 
     Each of T-flip-flops TC 0  through TC 3  comprises a first input terminal T (i.e., a toggle terminal T), a second input terminal CK, a third input terminal RESET, a fourth input terminal INV, and an output terminal Q. First input terminal T of first T-flip-flop TC 0  is connected to a power voltage, and second input terminal CK of first T-flip-flop TC 0  is connected to a clock signal CLK received from timing controller  10 . 
     Second input terminal CK of second T-flip-flop TC 1  is connected to output terminal Q of first T-flip-flop TC 0 . Second input terminal CK of third T-flip-flop TC 2  is connected to output terminal Q of second T-flip-flop TC 1 . Also, second input terminal CK of fourth T-flip-flop TC 3  is connected to output terminal Q of third T-flip-flop TC 2 . First through fourth T-flip-flops TC 0  through TC 3  each further comprise third input terminal RESET for initialization and fourth input terminal INV for inverting data. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates inner circuitry of first T-flip-flop TC 0  of counter  32  (i.e., DDS counter  32 ) illustrated in  FIG. 5  in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The inner circuitry of each of second through fourth T-flip-flops TC 1  through TC 3  is similar to that of first T-flip-flop TC 0  illustrated in  FIG. 6 . However, second through fourth T-flip-flops TC 1  through TC 3  do not receive clock signal CLK, for example. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 5 and 6 , first T-flip-flop TC 0  comprises a first inverter  32 _ 1 , a second inverter  32 _ 2 , and a third inverter  32 _ 3 , each of which is controlled by control signal BWI and clock signal CLK. First T-flip-flop TC 0  also comprises a transmission gate  32 _ 5 , which is controlled by control signal BWI, and an NMOS transistor  32 _ 4 , which is controlled by control signal RST. 
     First, second, and third inverters  32 _ 1 ,  32 _ 2 , and  32 _ 3  are connected in series. In addition, a signal on output terminal Q of first T-flip-flop TC 0  is fed back to an input of first inverter  32 _ 1  through transmission gate  32 _ 5 . An output of second inverter  32 _ 2  is connected to a drain of an NMOS transistor  32 _ 4 . NMOS transistor  32 _ 4  is controlled by control signal RST, and a drain of NMOS transistor  32 _ 4  is also connected to an input of third inverter  32 _ 3 . 
     When counter  32  is operating normally, counter  32  initializes an output value of counter  32  in response to an activated control signal RST. That is, when reset signal RST is activated, each of first through fourth outputs Q[ 0 ] through Q[ 3 ] of first through fourth T-flip-flops TC 0  through TC 3 , respectively, is set to the data value “1” (i.e., a logic high level). Referring to  FIG. 6 , during an up-count operation of counter  32 , a value output from first T-flip-flop TC 0  is input to third inverter  32 _ 3  of first T-flip-flop TC 0  via first and second inverters  32 _ 1  and  32 _ 2  of first T-flip-flop TC 0  in accordance with clock signal CLK. In addition, an output of third inverter  32 _ 3  is delivered to an output terminal Q. 
     During an inversion operation in counter  32 , the output value of first T-flip-flop TC 0  is not input to first inverter  32 _ 1  via transmission gate  32 _ 5 , which is deactivated in response to an activated control signal BWI. Also, in response to activated control signal BWI, first T-flip-flop TC 0  inverts a data value (i.e., a bit) input to first inverter  32 _ 1  through first, second, and third inverters  32 _ 1 ,  32 _ 2 , and  32 _ 3 . In addition, an output of third inverter  32 _ 3  is delivered to output terminal Q. 
       FIG. 7  is a flowchart illustrating a digital double sampling method for a CMOS image sensor in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.  FIG. 8  is a timing diagram illustrating an exemplary operation of the CMOS image sensor of  FIG. 2  in accordance with the method of  FIG. 7 . Referring to  FIGS. 2 through 8 , a digital double sampling operation of CMOS image sensor  100  is roughly divided into a reset mode and an image input mode. The reset mode is divided into a reset operation S 1  and a reset analog-digital-conversion (ADC) operation S 2 . The image input mode is divided into an inversion operation S 3 , a signaling operation S 4 , and a signal ADC operation S 5 . 
     In reset operation S 1 , in response to control signals Rx and Sel received from timing controller  10 , a pixel  22  of pixel array  20  is initialized and pixel  22  outputs an initialized analog signal Va (i.e., an analog pixel-reset signal). Also, in response to reset signal RST from timing controller  10 , a count value stored in counter  32  is reset (i.e., initialized). 
     In reset ADC operation S 2 , timing controller  10  deactivates control signal RST and activates clock signal CLK to convert initialized analog signal Va (output by pixel  22 ) into a digital signal Drst. A digital data value obtained by converting an initialized analog signal Va into a digital data value is defined as Drst. However, because counter  32  begins with 0 when counting during reset ADC operation S 2 , counter  32  actually stores a digital value Drst−1 at the end of reset ADC operation S 2 . As an example, in the exemplary digital double sampling operation illustrated in  FIG. 8 , at the end of reset ADC operation S 2 , while digital value Drst has a value of 6, counter  32  actually stores a digital value Drst−1, which has a value of “0101 2 ” (which is “5” in base ten). 
     In inversion operation S 3 , counter  32  inverts digital value Drst−1 in response to the activation of control signal BWI of timing controller  10 . Thus, in the exemplary operation illustrated in  FIG. 8 , digital value Drst−1, which is “0101 2 ” (or “5” in base ten), is inverted to obtain a digital value −Drst, which is “1010 2 ” (or “−6” in base ten under the two&#39;s complement number system). 
     In signaling operation S 4 , pixel array  20  receives external image data and outputs a new analog signal Va (i.e., a detection voltage Va) corresponding to the external image data. Digital data Dsig is obtained by converting analog signal Va corresponding to the external image data into digital data. 
     In signal ADC operation S 5 , timing controller  10  activates clock signal CLK provided to counter  32 , and counter  32  calculates a data value Dsig−Drst in response to clock signal CLK. That is, because counter  32  starts counting from −Drst in signal ADC operation S 5 , at the end of signal ADC operation S 5 , a count value stored in counter  32  will be Dsig−Drst. For example, in the exemplary operation illustrated in  FIG. 8 , when counter  32  begins counting, the value stored in counter  32  is digital value −Drst, which is “1010 2 ” (or “−6” in base ten under the two&#39;s complement number system), so, when counter  32  stops counting, counter  32  will store a count value of Dsig−Drst, which, in the example illustrated in  FIG. 8 , is equal to “1000 2 ” (or “8” in base ten when the value is not interpreted under the two&#39;s complement number system). 
     An embodiment of the invention provides a digital double sampling counter that counts in only one direction but can also perform the function typically performed by an up-down counter in a CMOS image sensor using the two&#39;s complement number system. Also, an embodiment of the invention provides a digital double sampling counter that has a relatively small number of gates and that consumes a relatively low amount of power. 
     In addition, an embodiment of the invention provides a CMOS image sensor having a counter that counts in only one direction but can also perform the function typically performed by an up-down counter in a CMOS image sensor using the two&#39;s complement number system. Also, an embodiment of the invention provides a digital double sampling method that uses a relatively small number of gates and consumes a relatively low amount of power. 
     Although embodiments of the invention have been described herein, the embodiments may be modified by one of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the accompanying claims.