Abstract:
The continuous production of 1,2-diols by means of saponification of aliphatic, linear or branched epoxides with 8-30 carbon atoms or high molecular weight cycloaliphatic epoxides with water and acidic catalyst at pressures of 1-5 bar using a vapor-liquid mixture of a solubilizing agent which is stationary in a column. The yields obtained are high and exhibit a high degree of purity. The water added can be recycled as such.

Description:
The present invention relates to the continuous production of vicinal diols, that is, of diols whose hydroxyl groups are on adjacent carbon atoms, by saponification of the corresponding epoxides. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Vicinal diols are useful as components in the production of polyesters and polyurethanes as well as in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. 
     They are produced, inter alia, by saponification of their corresponding epoxides. This saponification is catalyzed both by the addition of acids (cf. for example the state of the art in U.S. Pat. No. 3,576,890) and of alkalis (cf. for example DE-OS No. 17 93 247; DE-OS No. 22 03 806) and of salts of aliphatic mono or polycarboxylic acids (DE-OS No. 22 56 907) as well as primary, secondary or tertiary amine salts or ammonium salts (EP-OS No. 0 025 961). 
     It is also known that the acid acting as catalyst can be produced by means of the addition of esters of lower carboxylic acids and their hydrolysis to alcohol and acids (U.S. Pat. No. 3,576,890). 
     The saponification can be performed in a purely aqueous medium or in the presence of solubilizing agents such as water-soluble ketones or cyclic ethers (DE-OS No. 22 56 907). The last-named patent explains that difficulties arose in a purely aqueous hydrolysis of epoxides without the presence of solubilizing agents, if one did not use ethylene oxide but rather high molecular weight water-insoluble epoxides. The result was long reaction times, moderate yields and poor selectivity. 
     The difficulties were naturally especially great in the saponification of epoxides or epoxide cuts which contained 8 to 30 carbon atoms due to their poor water solubility. Therefore, the discontinuous saponification of long-chain epoxides to the corresponding diols was performed according to European patent specification EU-PS No. 25 961 using special catalysts, namely ammonium salts of organic or inorganic acids. The amount of catalysts in relation to the epoxide used was high; in spite of the use of an autoclave, the reaction times were around 4 to 6 hours generally and the yields were only moderate. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The object of the present invention is to provide a method for the continuous saponification of such high molecular weight epoxides in which a purely aqueous system is used at normal temperatures and low pressures and the process is carried out in the presence of an acidic catalyst. 
     In accordance with the invention, it has been found that this object can be achieved in the saponification of aliphatic straight-chain or branched-chain epoxides which contain 8-30 carbon atoms and cycloaliphatic epoxides as well as the corresponding epoxide cuts with water at pressures of 1-5 bar in the presence of an acidic catalyst and of a solubilizing agent which is miscible with water, if both the water and the acidic catalyst as well as the epoxide to be saponified are allowed to enter at the top of a column and to flow through the vapor-liquid mixture of the solubilizing agent in the column. In the proces of the invention, the temperature is set in the lower part of the column, above the column bottom, such that the condensed solubilizing agent flowing down from the top part of the column evaporates again before reaching the bottom of the column and condenses again at the top of the column, and the saponification of the epoxide to the corresponding diol occurs essentially in the gas-liquid phase of the solubilizing agent. The diols produced by the process and the aqueous acidic phase collect at the bottom of the column, are removed from the column and are processed in a conventional manner. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURE OF DRAWING 
     The drawing illustrates schematically apparatus for carrying out the method of the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The solubilizing agent used in the method of the invention must have the following properties: It must be miscible with water and be inert in relation to the aqueous acidic phase, the epoxide starting material and the diol produced. Its boiling point or boiling range may not be above that of water at the column pressure of 1-5 bar prevailing at the bottom of the column. It preferably forms one or several minimum azeotropes with water, that is, whose boiling point is in a pressure range of 1-5 bar below the boiling point of water. In particular, diethers from diethylene glycols such as e.g. dioxane, which forms an azeotrope with water at 88° C. at 1 bar, have proven themselves useful as solubilizing agents in the method of the invention. 
     Diethylene glycol dimethylether, which has an azeotropic boiling point of 99° C. at 1 bar and tert. butanol which has a boiling point of 80° C. at 1 bar are also very suitable. 
     The amount of solubilizing agent to be used is a function of the type and size of the column and must be determined by testing. 
     The method of the invention can be performed in a conventional distillation column which is operated with total reflux during the saponification. 
     Filling bodies or bottoms, e.g. bell bottoms can be used as column inserts. 
     The bottom of the column can basically be heated by a conventional evaporator; a forced-circulation reboiler is preferred. 
     The bottom of the column is heated in such a manner that the condensed solubilizing agent, which flows back into the lower part of the column, re-evaporates almost entirely before it reaches the bottom. 
     A temperature measuring point is used for this purpose which regulates the heating of the bottom in such a manner that the solubilizing agent re-evaporates practically completely, as was stated, before reaching the bottom. The location and required temperature of the measuring point must be selected so that practically no solubilizing agent can be found in the bottom, even in the case of brief fluctuations of the temperature profile. The correct location for measuring the temperature must also be determined by a manual test prior to operation of the column. The bottom temperature is regulated in such a manner that. if it drops below a required temperature determined in the manual tests, the heating of the bottom is increased until the lower limit value of the temperature is at least reached and preferably exceeded. 
     The column bottom contains only the aqueous acidic phase and the diol formed. It has been determined by gaschromatographic analysis that it is practically free of the solubilizing agent. The diol formed is separated from the aqueous phase by phase separation. It then normally exhibits a degree of purity which is sufficient for its further use. It can be purified by distillation, but this is necessary only in the case of special purity requirements. 
     Suitable epoxides with 8-30 carbon atoms are epoxides of the formula ##STR1## in which R is an alkyl residue and R&#39; an alkyl residue or hydrogen. R and R&#39; can be alkyl residues containing, in total, up to 28 carbon atoms and R and R&#39; contain, in total, at least 6 carbon atoms. 
     Suitable acidic catalysts are mineral acids and strong organic acids, e.g. sulfuric acid, perchloric acid, methane sulfonic or toluene sulfonic acid. Sulfuric acid or perchloric acid are preferable. 
     The concentrations of the aqueous acids are between 0.1 and 5% by weight, preferably between 0.5 and 2% by weight. 
     The ratio of epoxide to water is generally around 1:2 to 1:10, preferably around 1:5 to 1:10. The acidic catalyst is preferably added together with the water into the top part of the column, although a separate addition of both is possible. 
     When the column is put into operation, a mixture of water and solubilizing agent is placed in the bottom in such an amount that the solubilizing agent evaporates as azeotrope completely from the bottom, but the bottom heating can be operated at the same time. The mixture is heated to a boil and after a stationary vapor-liquid equilibrium has been reached, the bottom is checked by gas chromatography to see if it is free of solubilizing agent. 
     Then the epoxide is introduced continuously via line 11 at the top of column 20 (see FIG. 1). The aqueous phase, which consists of fresh water and preferably also of the acidic circulating water which accumulates during the separation of the diol, also enters at the top of column 20 via line 10. The aqueous phase preferably contains in any case, that is, with or without circulating water, the acidic catalyst. Epoxide as well as water and acidic catalyst flow together through the vapor-liquid phase of the solubilizing agent inside column 20. The bottom contents are conducted continuously from the bottom of column 20, via line 22, into phase separation vessel 30, the aqueous acidic phase is conducted as circulating water via line 31 back into line 10 at the top of column 20 and the diol is removed via line 32. 21 is the temperature measuring point. 
     The method of the invention makes it possible to obtain long-chain diols continuously in high yields of about 90% or more. Very low saponification pressures such as atmospheric pressure or pressures only slightly above atmospheric pressure can be used. This enables the use of moderate saponification temperatures. Because of the low temperature and pressure requirements, it is possible to use simple apparatus such as, for example, conventional distillation columns. 
     The method of the invention is also rendered environmentally safe because of the possibility of recycling the water used for saponification, and it is also very economical since no waste is generated. Another essential feature is the fact that the solubilizing agent remains in the column as a stationary phase and is not to be found in the saponified product; therefore, it is not necessary to separate it from this mixture. Finally, the diols obtained exhibit a degree of purity which is sufficient for their main types of use. 
     The invention is illustrated in more detail in the Examples listed in table I. After 0.5-1 h the conversion was nearly quantitative. The examples were performed during 1 h. 
     
                                           TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________    Epoxide         Amount of    Addition         Water Added                Catalyst/                       Solubilizing                              YieldEpoxide  g/h  g/h    Amount*                       Agent  %__________________________________________________________________________1-octene oxide    128.4         827    HClO.sub.4                    0.6%                       Dioxane                              93.01-octene oxide    127.2         828.7  H.sub.2 SO.sub.4                    0.6%                       Dioxane                              90.31-dodecene oxide    185  846.6  HClO.sub.4                    1.0%                       Dioxane                              92.21-dodecene oxide    103.3         906.3  H.sub.2 SO.sub.4                    1.0%                       Dioxane                              89.01-dodecene oxide    185.6         842.2  H.sub.2 SO.sub.4                    1.0%                       t-butanol                              87.11-octadene oxide    182  866.2  HClO.sub.4                    1.5%                       Dioxane                              91__________________________________________________________________________ *Catalyst concentration in relation to the amount of aqueous phase