Abstract:
A system and method including the ability of a building automation system controller to automatically determine which VAV boxes are physically associated with which air sources in a building or facility with multiple air sources by coordinating the individual or simultaneous manipulation of the fan speed of the air sources or the VAV damper positions, while obtaining data from networked sensors that measure VAV box airflow or duct pressure or the environmental conditions of a space being supplied with air from one or more VAV boxes.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to systems and methods of installing, configuring, and controlling various HVAC systems used to condition structures through the use of a building automation and control system. Specifically, the mapping or association of variable air-volume control elements located throughout a structure to any associated sources of conditioned airflow. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Building automation systems (BAS) are used to coordinate, manage, and automate control of diverse environmental, physical, and electrical building subsystems, particularly HVAC and climate control but also including security, lighting, power, and the like. One example of a building automation system and architecture that provides an intelligent control system via a dynamically extensible and automatically configurable architecture is disclosed in U.S. Publication No. 2007/0055760, of common assignee with the present application. 
         [0003]    One common element in many BAS installations are variable air-volume (VAV) elements that typically include one or more air sources and air distribution boxes, also known as VAV boxes, that are used to supply only as much conditioned air to a space as is necessary to maintain the desired environmental conditions in that space. A large building or campus can contain multiple air sources that deliver air to multiple VAV boxes that in turn control the air flow to individual spaces in a given building. For many reasons, one of which being the simple variance in size or volume of each space to be conditioned, it is necessary to configure or balance the amount of air each VAV box provides to an assigned space. Balancing the system to provide the appropriate amount of airflow can help to improve the efficiency of the building&#39;s environmental controls as well as maintain the comfort of any occupants of the space. While balancing a VAV system with a single air source and a few associated VAV boxes is relatively straightforward, the complexity of the task increases substantially when multiple air sources are tied to multiple VAV boxes in a large system. Even though the relationship between each individual VAV box and its corresponding air source in a multi-air-source building may be clearly depicted in a building&#39;s design documents, transferring those relationships into a digital BAS environment requires laborious programming or data entry that is subject to human error as well as discrepancies that may exist between the design documents and the actual building configuration and wiring. 
         [0004]    A variety of techniques exist for balancing VAV boxes and air sources. Examples include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,251,815 and 5,341,988, each having a common assignee with the present application. Another discussion of a variable air-volume balancing system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,280 to Hartman. However, even with these techniques, fully configuring a large system is still generally a labor-intensive task that varies with each system implementation, and requires the manual programming or association of VAV boxes to each air source. In the case of multiple air sources that supply multiple VAV boxes in a multi-space building the associated relationships can become even more complex and require additional efforts to achieve the proper balance in the system. Upgrading, expanding, and updating or removing VAV system components are also complex tasks, as the existing BAS must be reconfigured and rebalanced to recognize and incorporate any changes. 
         [0005]    Accordingly, a need remains for an intelligent BAS having the capability to automatically map and associate the various VAV boxes located in a structure with multiple air sources providing conditioned air to that structure. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    The present invention substantially addresses the above-identified needs by providing a system and method that integrates multiple air sources, or VAV boxes, their associated controls and environmental sensors with a BAS controller that can determine an association of VAV boxes with one or more individual air sources. This association can facilitate the automatic balancing of the airflow each VAV box provides to an installed space that can also have an association with one or more VAV boxes in another embodiment. 
         [0007]    When a single air source feeds multiple VAV boxes the system can be represented in a one-to-many association or relationship. Multiple air sources can also be routed through a common set of ducts resulting in a system with a many-to-many relationship between air sources and VAV boxes. 
         [0008]    An embodiment of the invention includes systems and methods for determining the airflow relationship between one or more air sources and a plurality of VAV boxes connected to a BAS controller. The BAS determines the associations by operating the BAS system in a range of configurations that can include utilizing individual air sources across a range of airflow settings and cycling each of the VAV boxes, such that a determination can be made either by monitoring a sensor associated with the VAV box, a duct pressure sensor, or an environmental monitor or sensor positioned in a space supplied by air that passes through one or more VAV boxes. The BAS controller is communicatively coupled to each of the air sources, VAV boxes, and any monitors or sensors allowing changes recorded by the sensors to be correlated to the actuation of an individual air box or the increase or decrease in the speed or flow rate of one or more air sources. The correlation between sensor changes and component actuation provides the BAS controller with evidence of the relationship between the various components allowing a determination of what elements should be associated with each other. 
         [0009]    For example, instead of a field technician manually programming and associating each VAV box with the air source providing it with conditioned air, a BAS controller such as the TRACER SC controller, which is available from Trane International Inc., manipulates the fan speed of the air source and the position of the damper in the VAV boxes while monitoring the pressure in the ducts and the airflow through those VAV boxes. When any particular air source starts or changes, associated duct pressure sensors and VAV airflow sensors will register a change. Similarly, when the air source is held to a constant speed, opening and closing individual VAV dampers will be detected by variations in the duct pressure for that duct system. By interactively repeating these processes for all air sources in a HVAC system each air source can be associated with the VAV boxes in its duct system. 
         [0010]    The above summary of the invention is not intended to describe each illustrated embodiment or every implementation of the present invention. The figures and the detailed description that follow more particularly exemplify these embodiments. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]    The embodiments of the present invention may be more completely understood in consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0012]      FIG. 1  is a schematic depiction of a system with a single air source and multiple VAV boxes. 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  is a schematic depiction of a second system with a single air source and multiple VAV boxes. 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  is a schematic depiction of a system with multiple VAV boxes associated with a single space. 
           [0015]      FIG. 4  is a schematic depiction of a system with multiple air sources. 
           [0016]      FIG. 5  is a flow diagram of an exemplary embodiment of VAV box association. 
           [0017]      FIG. 6  is a flow diagram of an exemplary embodiment of VAV box correlation. 
       
    
    
       [0018]    While the present invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the present invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0019]    The systems and methods of the invention can be utilized in a local or widely distributed building automation system (BAS), from a space or building level to an enterprise level, encompassing virtually any structure, cluster, campus, and area in between. The systems and methods are particularly suited for a dynamically extensible and automatically configurable BAS and architecture, such as those disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/208,773, filed Aug. 22, 2005, entitled “Dynamically Extensible and Automatically Configurable Building Automation System and Architecture”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/316,687, filed Dec. 22, 2005, entitled “Building Automation System Facilitating User Customization”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/316,699, filed Dec. 22, 2005, entitled “Building Automation System Facilitating User Customization”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/316,702, filed Dec. 22, 2005, entitled “Building Automation System Facilitating User Customization”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/316,695, filed Dec. 22, 2005, entitled “Building Automation System Data Management”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/316,697, filed Dec. 22, 2005, entitled “Building Automation System Data Management”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/316,698, filed Dec. 22, 2005, entitled “Building Automation System Data Management”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/316,703, filed Dec. 22, 2005, entitled “Building Automation System Data Management”; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/316,410, filed Dec. 22, 2005, entitled “Dynamically Extensible and Automatically Configurable Building Automation System and Architecture,” all of which are assigned to the assignee of the claimed inventions, and are herein incorporated by reference. 
         [0020]    A typical structure equipped with a BAS configured to control a single air source  10  supplying conditioned air to multiple VAV boxes  12  though a duct  14  is depicted in  FIG. 1 . A VAV box  12  can include one or more dampers  16  to regulated the flow of air from a duct  14  or conduit into an associated space  18  through a diffuser  20 . Dampers  16  can be actuated by a control mechanism  22  associated with each VAV box  12  in response to changes detected by one or more sensors  24  located either in or near the VAV box  12  itself such as air flow rates, duct pressure monitors, or to environmental monitors  26  such as thermometers, thermostats, humidity sensors or other devices located in the space  18  being supplied with conditioned air through the VAV box  12 . 
         [0021]    An exemplary control mechanism  22  for a VAV box can include a circuit configured to drive a solenoid capable of either fully opening or closing a damper  16  located in the VAV box  12  depending on the presence or absence of an electrical signal. Alternatively, the control mechanism  22  can include a more advanced programmable logic controller (PLC) capable of communicating through a network or dedicated communication link with the BAS controller  30 . The control mechanism  22  can preferably adjust the position of the damper  16  with a stepper motor, or other appropriate actuator, to any of a plurality of positions between fully closed and fully open in response to commands from the BAS controller  30 . Alternatively, the control mechanism  22  can adjust the damper  16  based on a comparison of measurements provided by one or more sensors  24 , coupled to the control mechanism  22 , and reference values provided to the control mechanism by the BAS controller  30 . 
         [0022]    The various sensors  24  and monitors  26 , as well as the control mechanisms  22 , can be connected to a central BAS controller  30  in a variety of ways, including wired or wireless networks  32  employing one or more networking protocols.  FIG. 1  depicts a structure employing a combination of both wired and wireless components. First space  34  includes a wired sensor  24  located proximate to the VAV box  12 . Second space  36  includes both a wired sensor  24  proximate to the VAV box and a wireless environmental monitor  26  installed in the second space  36 . Third space  38  include a wireless environmental monitor  26  but is not equipped with a VAV box sensor. The wired sensor  24  that is located internally to VAV box  12  that can be configured as being responsible for monitoring space  34 . Second space  36  and third space  38  present illustrations where the wireless environmental monitors  26  can also monitor an individual space either alone or in conjunction with a wired sensor  24 . 
         [0023]    In second space  36 , the only relationship between the VAV box  23  and the environmental sensor  26  is their physical association with the second space  36 . While it may be intuitive to the human eye that these two elements are related when viewed in  FIG. 1 , the relationship is not immediately clear to a central BAS controller  30  that is only able to view the VAV box  12  and the environmental sensor  26  as simply two of a potentially very large number of discrete components connected to the system. In a system with only a single air source  10  and air-source controller  40 , the association between the air-source  10  and each of the VAV boxes  12  is straightforward as only a single air source can be associated with each of the VAV boxes  12 . As discussed below this relationship becomes more complex when multiple air sources and their associated controllers are coupled to a BAS controller  30 . 
         [0024]    One embodiment of the invention can enable a BAS controller  30  to automatically determine the relationship between a VAV box  12  and any appropriate environmental monitors  26  located in the space served by the VAV box  12 . This feature can greatly reduce the amount of effort required to configure and balance BAS installations as it helps to reduce or eliminate the amount of space descriptive data that must be manually entered into the system as well as potentially overcoming errors introduced during the construction or HVAC installation process such as mislabeled or improperly configured wiring between components. 
         [0025]      FIG. 2  depicts a space configuration  50  where a single air source  52  supplies conditioned air to multiple VAV boxes ( 52   54   56   58 ). Each individual VAV box in turn supplies a single space ( 60   62   64   66 ). Because there is only a single air source  52  the relationship between each of VAV boxes and the air source  52  is clear. Balancing of each VAV boxes can then be performed to configure the setting for each space. The automatic association of an individual VAV box  54  to a specific space is possible when a space  60  is equipped with environmental monitor  26  and the location of that monitor  26  is provided to the BAS controller  30  that is in wireless communication with the monitor  26 . It is understood that other network or communication links between the BAS controller  30  and the other components of the system can be included, however they are not shown here for clarity. During the balancing process, either immediately upon installation or at a later time, the BAS controller  30  can be configured to observe the changing condition of the space  60  based on data provided by environmental monitor  26  and correlate those changes to any adjustment in the amount of conditioned air based on the settings of the air supply  52  and VAV box  54  that would have a high likelihood of affecting the monitored condition in the space  60 . 
         [0026]      FIG. 3  presents a space configuration  70  where three separate VAV boxes ( 72   74   76 ) are associated with individual spaces ( 78   80   82 ) respectively and at least two VAV boxes ( 84   86 ) are providing conditioned air to a single space  88 . In this example, an embodiment of the invention can determine that two VAV boxes ( 84   86 ) are supplying a single space  88  based on a variety of conditions. The first possibility as discussed above would be the presence of an environmental sensor such as a digital thermometer in the space  88  that would provide temperature feedback to the BAS continuously or at periodic intervals. For example, if the BAS first correlates the first VAV box  84  with the space  88  by supplying a maximum amount of cool air into the space  88  and observing a drop in temperature as reported by the digital thermometer, and then detects that when the second VAV box  86  is also actuated from a closed to an open position the temperature in the space  88  drops further, or at a faster rate over an appropriate period of time. In this example the BAS controller can recognize each VAV box as having a “soft” association with the space and neither VAV box individually has a “hard” association that clearly indicates a one-to-one relationship between the VAV box settings and the conditions of the space. The BAS controller can recognize that further automated tests may be necessary to ascertain the full relationship between the VAV boxes ( 84   86 ) and the space  88  in order to rule out any external factors that could be causing the change in temperature in the space  88 . The further tests could include similar testing over a longer period of time or alternating the various configurations of the two VAV boxes ( 84   86 ) and confirming that the changes to the environmental condition of the space  88  match or correlate to what the BAS is programmed to expect to happen based on the changes in VAV box or air source  52  settings. 
         [0027]    Alternatively, the BAS system can monitor the airflow and duct pressure associated with the VAV boxes ( 84   86 ). A space  88  that is supplied with conditioned air from multiple VAV boxes can produce different feedback characteristics in air pressure and flow rates than a similar space that is only supplied by a single VAV box. For example, if the two VAV boxes ( 84   86 ) are initially configured in the fully-closed position, pressure and flow measurements are acquired by sensors located in the VAV boxes or nearby ducts by the BAS, and then a single first VAV box  84  is transitioned to the half-open position, and the pressure and flow measurements are reacquired a baseline condition is established. If the first VAV box  84  is transitioned back to the fully-closed position and the second VAV box  86  is transitioned to the half-open position, and the pressure and flow measurements are reacquired a second baseline condition is established. If these two baseline conditions are nearly identical it can indicate to the BAS controller that either the two VAV boxes are supplying nearly identical spaces, or that the two VAV boxes could be supplying conditioned air to the same space. This question can be resolved by transitioning both VAV boxes ( 84   86 ) into the half-open position where the initial baselines were established and reacquiring the pressure and flow measurements. Absent other external factors, these reacquired measurements will vary from the original baseline measurements due to the doubling of the amount of conditioned air supplied to the space when both VAV boxes ( 84   86 ) are opened, indicating a high likelihood that both VAV boxes ( 84   86 ) are associated with the same individual space  88 . 
         [0028]    The association of two VAV boxes ( 84   86 ) with a single space  88  can also be determined or verified in conjunction with the above procedure by correlating a change in flow rate or duct pressure measured at a first VAV box  84  in the open position when a second VAV box  86  is transitioned to the open position. While these measurements can change even if two VAV boxes with a common air source  52  are supplying conditioned air to two separate spaces one skilled in the appropriate art will appreciate that the changes in these measurements will vary based on whether or not the two VAV boxes are associated with the same or with different spaces. The observation of these two distinct data measurement profiles can provide a further indication to a BAS controller what actual relationship exists between the various VAV system components. 
         [0029]      FIG. 4  depicts a configuration where multiple spaces  18 , VAV boxes  12 , and air sources ( 100   102 ) are present. In this example embodiment a first air source  100  and a second air source  102  supply air through a duct system  104  to a plurality of VAV boxes  12 . Each VAV box  12  is associated with an individual space  18 . Unlike the examples above, the presence of more than one air source creates an additional variable for the BAS controller to correlate. The BAS controller can utilize the feedback techniques from any environmental monitors  26  located in the individual spaces or any airflow or pressure sensors  24  associated with the VAV boxes  12 , in addition to any data available from the air source controller  40  such as fan speed, air pressure, flow rates, or other air handling capacity data to determine the relationship between the air sources ( 100   102 ) and the VAV boxes  12 . As with the earlier examples, the relationship may appear clear on paper to the human eye but the BAS controller can only determine whether it is connected to a system with two air sources that share a common duct path to multiple air VAV boxes as show in  FIG. 4 , or a system with two separate air sources connected by separate ducts path to multiple air VAV boxes, by taking multiple measurements with the system configured in a variety of operating settings and correlating the results. In a single structure equipped as if both the systems of  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3  were present with separate duct paths between two air sources and the VAV boxes, where all the components were coupled to a single BAS controller, the BAS controller can first operate one air source while the other is off and observe that only a subset of the sensors or monitors near each of the VAV boxes records the change due to the operation of the first air source. A similar test performed with the second air source can confirm the results obtained from the first air source and also highlight any VAV boxes that returned anomalous results after all air sources have been cycled. 
         [0030]    Returning to  FIG. 4 , in addition to being able to manipulate the position of the VAV box  12  damper positions a properly configured BAS can also manipulate the fan speed of any air sources ( 100   102 ) to which it is connected. By monitoring the airflow through each VAV box with sensors  24 , and the duct pressure in the ducts connecting each air source to one or more VAV boxes with pressure sensors  106 , the BAS controller can determine how each of the VAV boxes in a structure are physically connected to one or more air sources ( 100   102 ). This capability reduces the need for time consuming and error prone manual programming of the associations by field service technicians. 
         [0031]      FIG. 5  depicts a flow diagram of an exemplary processes for associating multiple VAV boxes with one or more air sources by iterating through each air source and each VAV box damper position and monitoring the various sensors connected to the system. When the system has iterated through each of the possible air source and VAV box settings the results of the sensor reading changes are analyzed for correlations between individual sensors and specific air source and VAV box configurations. In the case where the opening of a single VAV box damper correlates directly with sensor changes in the VAV box, or a monitor located in a space with a hard association to the VAV box, and this change was only detected when a single air source was active the system can definitively associate the VAV box with the single active air source. 
         [0032]      FIG. 6  depicts a flow diagram of an exemplary processes for correlating individual VAV boxes with one or more air sources. In the case where only a single air source is present in the system all VAV boxes whose activation corresponded to a change in sensor readings are associated with the air source. Any VAV boxes that did not correlate to a change in sensor readings are flagged for further testing, manual association, or inspection for possible equipment malfunction. When there are multiple air-sources present in the system, a soft association is made between any VAV box whose activation corresponded with a change in a sensor reading and the active air source at the time the VAV box was activated. Once the soft-associations are made a check can be performed to determine if any VAV boxes are only associated with a single air source. A hard-association can be then assigned to any VAV boxes that have only a single air source association. In the case of a VAV box having soft-associations with multiple air sources further testing can optionally be conducted to confirm the configuration. 
         [0033]    It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the above examples can also be practiced on a new unoccupied building or structure, as well as an existing installation that may be occupied and where a minimum amount of airflow must be maintained to each space served by each individual VAV box. In the situation where an installation is occupied an embodiment of the invention can be adapted to only conduct testing to determine air source and VAV box associations during off-peak hours, or by constraining the VAV box and air source settings to ranges that will produce sensor detectable condition variances without subjecting the occupants of a space to an unacceptable environment. 
         [0034]    The foregoing descriptions present numerous specific details that provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments of the invention. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various embodiments, having been disclosed herein, may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, known components have not been described in detail in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention. It is to be understood that even though numerous characteristics and advantages of various embodiments are set forth in the foregoing description, together with details of the structure and function of various embodiments, this disclosure is illustrative only. Other embodiments may be constructed that nevertheless employ the principles and spirit of the present invention. Accordingly, this application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the invention. It is manifestly intended that this invention be limited only by the following claims and equivalents thereof. 
         [0035]    For purposes of interpreting the claims for the present invention, it is expressly intended that the provisions of Section 112, sixth paragraph of 35 U.S.C. are not to be invoked with respect to a given claim unless the specific terms “means for” or “step for” are recited in that claim. 
         [0036]    All of the patents and patent applications disclosed herein, including those set forth in the Background of the Invention, are hereby incorporated by reference. Any incorporation by reference of documents above is limited such that no subject matter is incorporated that is contrary to the explicit disclosure herein. Any incorporation by reference of non-priority documents above is further limited such that no claims included in the documents are incorporated by reference herein and any definitions provided in the documents are not incorporated by reference herein unless expressly included herein.