Abstract:
The invention includes a deformable mirror for use in adaptive and active optical systems and in optical technology laser communication directed energy systems. The invention utilizes pockets formed in the back of the mirrors substrate. The pockets house actuators that are bonded to the substrate and may adjustably deform the mirror surface depending on the voltage supplied to the actuators. A plurality of mirrors may be combined to form a scalable array or positioned to overcome issues related to the uncontrollable portions of separate individual mirrors.

Description:
This application claims priority benefits of prior U.S. provisional application entitled “Scalable-Size Deformable Pocket Mirror With On-Pocket Bimorph Actuators”, Ser. No. 60/984,799 filed on Nov. 2, 2007. 
    
    
     The invention described herein may be manufactured, used, and licensed by or for the United States government. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The present invention relates to a deformable mirror. More particularly, the present invention relates to deformable mirrors for use in adaptive and active optical systems for use in optical technology laser communication directed energy systems. 
     Adaptive and active optical elements are designed to improve optical system performance in the presence of phase aberrations. An ideal deformable mirror should have sufficient frequency bandwidth for compensation of fast changing wave front aberrations induced by either atmospheric turbulences or by turbulent air flows surrounding flying objects. Applications such as atmospheric target tracking, remote sensing from flying aircraft, boundary layer imaging, laser communication and laser beam projection over near horizontal propagation paths a phase aberration frequency bandwidth can exceed several kHz. Compensating for fast changes has typically been done using small deformable mirrors. These mirrors are usually a few inches or less in overall size. An example of such a mirror is the micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) based deformable mirrors, other examples include piezoelectric deformable mirrors based on semi-active or passive bimorph elements (also commonly referred to as bimorph mirrors), or deformable mirrors with an array of push-pull type actuators are also well known in the art. 
     All of the aforementioned deformable mirror systems and devices suffer from scalability problems. These mirror systems are all difficult or impractical to scale up to a larger size without either significant reduction of their operational speed or substantial increase of optical system complexity. Increases in complexity usually translate into additional costs and physically larger devices. Complexity and size are two common issues that are encountered when attempting to scale up deformable mirrors by aggregating or combining a plurality of small deformable mirrors into one large phased array. 
     The problems outlined above are more clearly understood from the following discussion. To match the small size of a deformable mirror whose diameter is “d”, the optical telescope aperture where diameter D&gt;&gt;d, must be re-imaged with a demagnification factor M=D/d. Additionally, in most practical applications the demagnification factor M can be extremely large (on the order of 100 or even more). Hence, re-imaging of the telescope pupil with a high magnification factor requires installation of additional optical elements including one or more optical relay systems. This results in a substantial increase of complexity, size, weight, and cost of the entire optical device or system. The high magnification factor introduces others problems including that of additional vibration and higher temperature. Generally, deformable mirror systems alone are highly sensitive to vibrations and high-thermal gradient environmental factors, adding additional complexity to these devices tends to have an adverse effect them. 
     Clearly there is a need in the art for a deformable mirror that is scalable, able to perform many deformation cycles at high rate of speed, and is not overly complex. We believe that the present invention addresses these needs. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present invention overcomes all of the aforementioned issues previously described that presently exist in the art. One of the advantages of the present invention over existing deformable mirror devices and systems is that the present invention offers a deformable mirror design that can be significantly scaled up. The deformable mirror of the present invention can be easily scalable up to a size suitable for use as an optical telescope primary mirror. 
     The present invention includes a pocket deformable mirror that can be used directly as the primary adaptive mirror of an optical telescope or as a laser beam delivery system. This unique dynamic functionality eliminates the need for additional optical elements that would be required with other deformable mirror systems. Without the present invention, many additional elements would have to be incorporated into the telescope optical train or the laser beam delivery system. 
     A deformable mirror is created by disposing a reflective coating on one side of a substrate and forming an array of pockets on the other side of the substrate. An electro actuator is mounted inside each of the pockets and coupled to a voltage source. The application of voltage to the actuator causes the actuator move and with it the substrate. As the substrate moves, the mirror deforms. The substrate may be made of glass or a composite material. The mirror coating is a light reflecting layer that is formed from a dielectric or metal that is applied to one surface of the substrate. The reflecting layer is applied to the substrates surface through the deposition process. 
     The thickness of the substrate inside the pocket area is significantly less (a few mm or less) than that of the area outside of the pocket. A thin layer of an electro-active material such as piezo-ceramic material is bonded to the bottom surface of each pocket. A set of patterned conductive films, commonly known as pixels, are deposited on both sides of the electro-active material. 
     These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with reference to the following description and appended claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A more complete appreciation of the invention will be readily obtained by reference to the following Detailed Description and the accompanying drawings in which like numerals in different figures represent the same structures or elements. The representations in each of the figures are diagrammatic and no attempt is made to indicate actual scales or precise ratios. Proportional relationships are shown as approximates. 
         FIGS. 1A ,  1 B and  1 C depict a cross sectional representation of a single pocket formed in a substrate in accordance with the present invention and shown through various stages of operation; 
         FIG. 2  is a perspective view depicting a single electro-active actuator in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3A  is a side sectional view through the center of a substrate in accordance with the present invention while  FIG. 3B  is a top plan view of the same substrate; 
         FIG. 4  is a plan view depicting an arrangement of deformable pocket mirrors in accordance with the teachings of the present invention; and, 
         FIG. 5  is a diagram depicting the arrangement of another system for employing a plurality of deformable pocket mirrors in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Having briefly described the present invention, the following examples are given to illustrate specific applications of the present invention including the best mode now known to perform the present invention. These specific examples are not intended to limit the scope of the invention described in this application. 
     It may be advantageous for the reader to refer to  FIGS. 1A ,  1 B and  1 C simultaneously to more filly understand various aspects of the present invention. The  FIGS. 1A ,  1 B and  1 C depict a cross sectional view of a single pocket  3  formed in a substrate  1  in accordance with the present invention  100  and shown through various stages of operation. The substrate  1  may be formed from the following materials including but not limited to: glass and/or graphite filled cyanate ester composite. One side of the substrate  1 , which we shall hereinafter refer to as the bottom  4 , is coated with a reflective coating  2 . The reflective layer  2  provides a mirror like surface to the bottom  4  of the substrate  1 . The mirror effect is achieved through the process of deposition and the coating  2  may be a metal or dielectric material. 
     The non-mirrored side, which we shall hereinafter refer to as the top, has a pocket  3 , with bottom surface  4 , an annular ring  8  which forms the table  7 , and walls  5 . An electro-active thin-sheet actuator  10  is bonded to the surface  4  of the table  7  by means of adhesive layer  6 . A set of conductive films  11 ,  12 ,  13 ,  14  and  15  are deposited on both sides of the actuator  10 . The electrical wires  11 ′,  12 ′,  13 ′,  14 ′ and  15 ′ are coupled to the conductive films  11 ,  12 ,  13 ,  14  and  15  in order to provide an electrical voltage to the selected areas of the actuator  10 . The electro-active thin-sheet actuator material is polarized so that applied voltages results in the contraction or expansion of the electro-active actuator  10  in the direction orthogonal to the material polarization. 
     The thickness of the substrate  1  between reflecting surface  2  and bottom surface  4  of the pocket  3  is thin enough to allow flexibility of the table  7  when force is applied by actuator  10 . The conductive films  11 ,  12 ,  13 ,  14  and  15  on both sides of the actuator  10  may be fabricated by using a lithography process such as that commonly used to apply nickel, gold or silver films as is known in the art. 
       FIG. 1B  and  FIG. 1C  depict the resulting deformation of the bottom surface  2  as various forces are applied to the substrate  1  by the actuator  10  during a deformation cycle. The forces and resulting deformations are represented by arrows  114 ,  116 ,  118  and  120  respectively. The orientation of the arrows shows the direction of forces. The contraction or expansion of the selected areas by the actuator  10  is induced though an external voltage that is applied to the wires  11 ′,  12 ′,  13 ′,  14 ′ and  15 ′ and to the corresponding areas of the actuator  10 . Due to semi-passive nature of the bimorph structure formed by the electro-active layer  10  and table  7  the bottom reflective surface  2  elastically deforms in response to contraction or to expansion of the actuator  10 . 
     The selected deformation of the bottom reflective surface  2  is apparent when  FIGS. 1B  is and  1 C are compared to  FIG. 1A . For example referring specifically to  FIG. 1B , as positive voltage applied to one side of areas  12  and  13  and negative voltage applied to areas  14  and  15  relative to grounded electrodes  11  which are deposited on opposite side of the actuator  10 . 
     By changing the polarity of these voltages, the elastic deformation that is induced is reversed and the shape of the elastic deformation of the selected areas  12 ,  13 ,  14 ,  15  is changed. The shape and number of conductive areas on an actuator  10  can be flexibly configured so as to provide an array of various and sundry contour shapes and patterns. 
     As an example, a deformable pocket mirror in accordance with the teachings of the present invention  100  was fabricated from a bulk glass substrate having a thickness of 20 mm and pocket depth 18 mm. This specific example of one embodiment of the invention had a table thickness  7  of approximately 2 mm. 
     The pocket  3  was fabricated with the following dimensions and parameters formulated in Table 1: 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Parameters of the one-pocket deformable mirror: 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Material of mirror: 
                 borofloat glass 
               
               
                 Shape of the pocket: 
                 hexagon 
               
               
                 Thickness of active area (table): 
                 2.0 mm 
               
               
                 Width of pocket: 
                 29 mm 
               
               
                 Table diameter: 
                 25 mm 
               
               
                 Electro-active material: 
                 piezoelectric ceramic 5H 
               
               
                 Thickness of piezoelectric ceramic: 
                 0.26 mm 
               
               
                 Number of conductive areas: 
                 7 on one side of actuator (central area with diameter 
               
               
                 i. 
                 12 mm + 6 side pixels), one common grounded 
               
               
                 ii. 
                 Electrode on opposite side of actuator shown in FIG. 2. 
               
               
                 Stroke: 
                 +/−2.2 μm for +/−100 V applied to all electrodes 
               
               
                 Resonance frequency: 
                 15.3 kHz, focus mode 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       FIG. 2  is a perspective view depicting a single electro-active actuator in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this drawing the unseen side of the actuator  10  is the side that is bonded to the substrate (not shown). The conductive films  11 ,  12 ,  13 ,  14  and  15  are deposited on both sides of the actuator  10 . Connecting wires  11 ′,  12 ′,  13 ′,  14 ′ and  15 ′ are also depicted being coupled to each respective section of the actuator  10 . The pixels, formed in segments, are represented as  0 ,  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108 ,  110 , and  112  respectively. 
     In Table 2 the pocket deformable mirror surface deformation pick values are presented for the corresponding combinations of voltages applied to the selected electrodes or their combinations: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Deformation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 pick value, 
               
               
                 No 
                 Voltages applied to a single pocket electrodes 
                 μm 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 all electrodes at +30 V 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 2 
                 all electrodes at +60 V 
                 1.2 
               
               
                 3 
                 all electrodes at +100 V 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 4 
                 all electrodes at −100 V 
                 −2.2 
               
               
                 5 
                 Electrode (1) at +120 V 
                 0.58 
               
               
                 6 
                 Electrode (4) at +120 V 
                 0.66 
               
               
                 7 
                 Electrode (0) at +120 V 
                 1.2 
               
               
                 8 
                 Electrodes (1), (3), (5) at +120 V, electrodes 
                 0.9 
               
               
                   
                 (2), (4), (6) at −120 V 
               
               
                 9 
                 Electrodes (1), (2), (3) at −90 V, electrodes 
                 1.5 
               
               
                   
                 (4), (5), (6) at +90 V 
               
               
                 10 
                 Electrodes (3), (6) at +100 V, electrode 
                 1.2 
               
               
                   
                 (0) at −100 V 
               
               
                 11 
                 Electrodes (2), (4), (6) at +100 V, electrode 
                 1.1 
               
               
                   
                 (0) at −100 V 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       FIG. 3A  is a side sectional view through the center of a substrate in accordance with the present invention while  FIG. 3B  is a top plan view of the same substrate. These figures depict one embodiment of the present invention  100 . In this embodiment of the present invention  100 , a plurality of actuators  10  are disposed within a large substrate  50  in order to create a large scale deformable mirror. In this example there are 7 hexagonal pockets is depicted. The pocket deformable mirror surface deformation characteristics for each pocket deformable mirrors are presented in Table 1 (previously discussed). The pocket deformable mirror substrate thickness is 20 mm, the thickness of ribs is near 3 mm. 
     The invention can be applied to a large deformable mirror which can be fabricated by means of scaling the number of the described pockets. The shape of pockets can be arbitrarily chosen e.g. be triangular, rectangular, hexagonal etc. The internal dimensions of the pocket deformable mirror may contain pockets of different shapes. The number of control channels  8  at each pocket depends on the chosen number of conductive films  11  deposited on the actuator  10 . 
     It is yet another aspect of the present invention that of the arrangement of the electro-active actuator inside of pocket. As noted in the previous figures, the annular groove  8  provides mechanical decoupling of the neighboring pockets and allows connection of the electrical wire  11 ′ to the conductive films  11  deposited on actuator surface  10 ′ adjacent to the bottom  4  of the pocket  3 . The dimensions of the pockets  3  and grooves  8  are specifically designed to preserve high frequency bandwidth of pocket operation and avoid its through print at the reflective mirror surface  2 . 
       FIG. 3A  further depicts the arrangement of the electrical connections this embodiment of the invention  100 . The electrical connector  40  is attached to the pocket wall  5  inside of pocket  3 . The connector  40  is attached to the pocket wall  5  by a flexible adhesive  41 . One such example of a flexible adhesive  41  would be ultra-violet cured glue NOA-60. The adhesive  41  provides the mechanical decoupling of the connector  40  from the rib structure of the substrate  50  of the present invention  100 . The flexible electrical wires  11 ′,  12 ′,  13 ′,  14 ′ and  15 ′ connect the pixels  11 ,  12 ,  13   14  and  15  of the actuators  10  to the connecting points  42 ,  43 , and  44 , of the connector  40 . An external voltage is applied to the connecting points  42 ,  43 , and  44 , through the standard cables such as flexible circuit boards or multi-wires flat ribbon cables. These cables can be soldered to the connecting points or a standard type connector may be employed. 
       FIG. 4  addresses the issue of non-controllable area of the pocket deformable mirror.  FIG. 4  is a plan view depicting an arrangement  400  of deformable pocket mirrors  100 A,  100 B, and  100 C respectively, in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. These non-controllable areas correspond to the rib structure within the substrate of the mirror.  FIG. 4  depicts the combination  400  of three pocket mirrors  100 A,  100 B and  100 C respectively having the overlapping control areas. 
     A set of lines and arrows labeled  21  through  27  in  FIG. 4  are shown to depict communication carrying laser beams for the purpose of the foregoing discussion. All beams  21 ,  22 ,  23 ,  24 ,  25 ,  26  and  27  of the incoming wave front have a controllable phase after they are reflected from these three mirrors. Mirror  100 A controls the phase of beams  22 ,  24 ,  26  using pockets  6 - 1 . Beams  21 ,  23 ,  25 ,  27  are reflected from areas with rib structure and hence their phase is not controlled by mirror  100 A. Mirror  100 B controls the phase of beams  23  and  25 . Finally the mirror  100 C controls the phase of the remaining beams  21  and  27 . 
     Finally in  FIG. 5  we see the present invention deployed in a telescope configuration  500 .  FIG. 5  is a diagram depicting the arrangement of another system for employing a plurality of deformable pocket mirrors in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
     In this embodiment two types of pocket deformable mirrors both in accordance with the teachings of this invention, are being used. First, a primary mirror  51 , and then a single pocket deformable mirror  52  is employed as the telescopes secondary mirror. The primary mirror  51  controls the high order aberrations whereas the secondary mirror  52  controls the low-order aberrations. Image waves  502  and  504  respectively coming into the telescope are corrected before they reach the imaging camera  53 . Once corrected, the images are focused on imaging camera  53 . 
     Although the present invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to certain embodiments and versions thereof, other versions are possible. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of the embodiments or versions contained herein.