Abstract:
An endoluminal stent contains a hollow passageway for the circulation of fluids to treat vascular walls affected with malignant growths or experiencing restenosis. The hollow passageway stent can have one or a plurality of passageways and is configured in a tubular shape with numerous coils, providing an empty tubular lumen through the center of the stent to allow blood flow. The stent is connected to a removable catheter that conducts fluid to the stent. Fluid flow may be regulated by valves incorporated in either the stent and/or the catheter. The stent and catheter are connected to avoid leakage of the fluid. Cryogenic, heated or radioactive fluids are circulated through the stent to treat the affected sites. A method of delivering drugs to the vascular wall is also provided by creating a stent with porous outer walls to allow diffusion of the drug.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application is a division of application Ser. No. 09/321,496, filed May 27, 1999, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/105,768, filed Sep. 30, 1998, each of which are incorporated fully herein by reference. 
     
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The present invention relates generally to endoluminal devices, and more particularly to stents.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    Stents and similar endoluminal devices have been used to expand a constricted vessel to maintain an open passageway through the vessel in many medical situations, for example, following angioplasty of a coronary artery. In these situations, stents are useful to prevent restenosis of the dilated vessel through proliferation of vascular tissues. Stents can also be used to reinforce collapsing structures in the respiratory system, the reproductive system, biliary ducts or any tubular body lumens. Whereas in vascular applications fatty deposits or “plaque” frequently cause the stenosis, in many other body lumens the narrowing or closing may be caused by malignant tissue.  
           [0004]    Fluids have traditionally been used to pressurize the angioplasty balloons used to open restricted vessels. The balloons may have a variety of shapes including a coiled form. In such a device fluid is injected into the balloon to inflate the device and maintain turgidity. Shturman (U.S. Pat. No. 5,181,911) discloses a perfusion balloon catheter wound into a helically coiled shape with one end attached to a fitting and the other to a syringe for inflating the balloon with fluid. When the balloon is inflated, its coiled form allows blood flow thorough the open center of the structure. At the same time it is possible to actually have fluid flow within the balloon structure so that the syringe can deliver fluid into the balloon, fluid can flow through the balloon, and fluid can then exit through a second lumen in a catheter attached to the syringe.  
           [0005]    Coiled stents that are connected to a catheter apparatus, as in Wang et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,795,318), are used for temporary insertion into a patient. Wang et al. discloses a coiled stent of shape-memory thermoplastic tube that can be converted from a relatively narrow diameter to a larger coiled form by heating. The narrow diameter coil is mounted at the end of a catheter over a balloon and in a preferred embodiment a resistive heating element runs down the length of the thermoplastic element. An electric current is applied to heat the element thereby softening it while the balloon is expanded to enlarge the diameter of the coil. Upon cooling the enlarged coil hardens and the balloon is withdrawn. After the temporary stent has performed its duty, it is again heated and removed while in the softened state. In one embodiment the thermoplastic tube is supplied with an additional lumen so that liquid drugs can flow into the stent and delivered through apertures or semi-permeable regions.  
           [0006]    The attempt to kill or prevent proliferation cells is a common theme in clinical practice. This is generally true in vascular and non-vascular lumens. It is known that ionizing radiation can prevent restenosis and malignant growth. Although the effect of temperature extremes, e.g., cryogenic (cold) or hot temperatures, on cellular activity is not as well researched, it may provide a safer approach to control of tissue proliferation. Among the drawbacks of the prior art coiled balloons is that the balloon material is relatively weak so that expansion and contraction cause the balloon to fail. Failure of a balloon containing radioactive or cryogenic fluids could be catastrophic. It would be desirable to provide a catheter based, minimally invasive device for stenting support that could deliver hot or cryogenic or radioactive fluids or drugs and that would be sturdy and could remain in the body for extended periods of time, detached from the insertion device.  
         BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0007]    In its simplest embodiment the present invention is an endoluminal coil stent comprising a hollow tube formed into a series of loops or other known stent shapes which initially has a low profile and diameter. This structure can be delivered into a patient&#39;s vascular system and expanded to full size. The present invention to provides a stent that is hollow allowing the passage of fluid. The stent has either one or a plurality of passageways for fluid flow. The stent is attached to a catheter via a special fitting so that when engaged with the catheter, fluid flows freely from the catheter to the stent with a possible return circuit through the catheter. When disengaged, the fitting prevents leakage from the stent permitting the stent to remain in place in a patient&#39;s vasculature.  
           [0008]    This invention provides a way of treating vascular areas affected with malignant growths or experiencing restenosis from smooth muscle cell proliferation, etc. The stent is inserted in a small diameter configuration and after being enlarged to a larger diameter, acts as a support device for the areas of restenosis or malignant growth. In addition, the stent can treat these affected areas in a unique way by flowing radioactive, heated or cryogenic fluids through the stent.  
           [0009]    The present invention also provides a way of delivering drugs to an affected site. A stent to accomplish this purpose can be composed of several different materials. For example, the stent can formed from a metal or other material with small pores machined or otherwise formed (e.g., with a laser). When such a stent is filed with a drug, that drug slowly disperses through the pores. Alternatively, an entire metal tube or portions of the tube could be formed e.g., from sintered metal powder thereby forming a porous structure for drug delivery. Another embodiment would alternate a metal tube (for structural stability) with dispensing segments inserted at various intervals. The segments would be perforated to allow seepage of the drug or would be otherwise formed from a porous material. Another embodiment employs an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tube around a support wire or metal tube in the form of a coiled stent so that a hollow passageway is created between the metal and the PTFE. A drug is flowed into this space and slowly dispensed through the porous PTFE.  
           [0010]    One embodiment of the hollow stent of the present invention comprises a shape memory metal such as nitinol. Shape memory metals are a group of metallic compositions that that have the ability to return to a defined shape or size when subjected to certain thermal or stress conditions. Shape memory metals are generally capable of being deformed at a relatively low temperature and, upon exposure to a relatively higher temperature, return to the defined shape or size they held prior to the deformation. This enables the stent to be inserted into the body in a deformed, smaller state so that it assumes its “remembered” larger shape once it is exposed to a higher temperature (i.e. body temperature or heated fluid) in vivo.  
           [0011]    Special fittings are incorporated at the ends of the hollow stent. These fittings facilitate the injection and removal of fluid and also allow the stent to be detached from the insertion device to be left in place in a patient. The hollow stent has an inlet and an outlet so that a complete fluid path can be created, and fluid can be continually circulated through the stent. In the simplest configuration the inlet and outlet are at opposite ends of the stent. However, if the stent is equipped with a plurality of lumens, two lumens can be connected at a distal end of the structure so that the outlet and inlet are both together at one end. Other arrangements can be readily envisioned by one of ordinary skill in the art.  
           [0012]    The stent is inserted into the body while connected to a catheter in a small, deformed state. Once inside the patient&#39;s body the stent is advanced to a desired position and expanded to its larger full size. If the stent is composed of shape memory metal, for example, the stent expands from its small-deformed state to its remembered larger state due to the higher body temperature or due to the passage of “hot” fluid through the stent. Subsequently “treatment” fluid (e.g., heated, cryogenic or radioactive) is pumped through the catheter to the stent where it is circulated throughout the stent, treating the adjacent vascular walls. The catheter can either be left in place for a certain period of time or removed, leaving the fluid inside the stent. This would particularly be the case with radioactive fluid or with a porous drug delivery stent.  
           [0013]    The stent can be removed by reattaching the catheter allowing one to chill and shrink the stent (in the case of a memory alloy). Alternatively, the device can readily be used in its tethered form to remove memory alloy stents of the present invention or of prior art design. For this purpose a device of the present invention is inserted into the vasculature to rest within the stent to be removed. Warm fluid is then circulated causing the stent to expand into contact with the memory alloy stent that is already in position. At this point cryogenic (e.g., low temperature) fluid is circulated causing the attached stent and the contacted stent to shrink so that the combination can be readily withdrawn.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0014]    [0014]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a hollow coiled stent.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a valve assembly to be used with FIG. 1.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the hollow stent tube of FIG. 2.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 4 is a representation of the stent of FIG. 1 in the position for treatment.  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a second embodiment of a hollow coiled stent.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a second embodiment of a hollow coiled stent.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a third embodiment of a hollow coiled stent.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a valve assembly to be used with FIG. 6.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a fourth embodiment of a hollow coiled stent.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 10 is a sectional view of the hollow stent tube of FIG. 8.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 11 ( 11   a ,  11   b , and  11   c ) is an illustration of the method detailed in FIG. 12.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 12 is a flow diagram explaining use a stent of the present invention to retrieve a shape memory stent already in place.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0026]    Referring now to the drawings, in which like reference numbers represent similar or identical structures throughout the drawings, FIG. 1 depicts a preferred embodiment of this invention. Pictured in FIG. 1 is a medical apparatus  10  comprising an endoluminal stent  20  attached to a delivery catheter  30  by means of a valve assembly  40 . In this representation endoluminal stent  20  is generally coiled in shape leaving a tubular space down the center of its length. Obviously, the principle of a hollow stent can be applied to stents of a zigzag or other construction other than simply coiled. The tubing  22  of the stent  20  is preferably composed of a metal material that can be crimped onto a balloon catheter (not shown) for insertion into a body. Once positioned inside of the body at the desired location, the balloon can be inflated, bringing the stent from a compact small size to its enlarged full size thus opening a pathway for blood flow.  
         [0027]    Inside the tubing  22  of stent  20 , two fluid pathways exist. These pathways can be seen in the cross sectional view of FIG. 3. Pathways  26  and  28  have opposite flowing fluid streams and connect at the distal end  24  of stent  20 . By allowing for opposite streams, radioactive, heated or cryogenic liquids can continuously flow through stent  20  for the purpose of killing or preventing proliferation of cells. By “heated” or “hot” is meant temperatures above body temperature. By “cryogenic” or “cold” is meant temperatures below body temperature. The stent  20  can either remain connected to a delivery catheter  30  for temporary insertion, or be detached for a more permanent insertion. In either case, fluid flow can be circulated throughout stent  20  prior to disconnection. In the simplest design, fluid passageways connected to the stent  20  are lumens of the delivery catheter so that when the catheter is withdrawn, fluid flow must cease. It is also possible to provide separate flexible tubes that are threaded through the catheter so that the delivery catheter can be withdrawn leaving the relatively smaller fluid delivery tubes (not shown) behind. Preventing leakage of the fluid from the stent  20  after the catheter  30  is disconnected is accomplished through a valve mechanism contained in the catheter  30 , or the stent  20  and/or both. In the example illustrated in FIG. 2 rubber or elastomer diaphragms  25  are penetrated by small hollow needles  48  in the valve assembly  40 . In addition, the valve  40  may comprise a simple back flow preventer. Thus, when pressure is applied from incoming fluid to the valve assembly  40 , a ball  45  which sits in a ball seat  44  is forced back against a spring  46  and the valve  40  opens for the incoming fluid pathway  28 . A similar arrangement allows pressure to open the outgoing fluid pathway  26 . A check ball valve is shown only as an example. Flap valves or any of a number of other back flow valve designs well known in the art can be employed. Complex systems in which a bayonet-type attachment automatically opens a valve are also possible.  
         [0028]    The catheter  30  comprises a catheter shaft  32 , which further contains two fluid pathways  34  and  36  as seen in FIG. 2. At the distal end of catheter  30 , the valve assembly  40  has small hollow needles  48  that are designed to puncture elastomer diaphragms  25 . The catheter  30  is slightly larger in diameter than the stent member  20  so that the catheter tubing wall  32  forms a friction fit over the stent wall  22 . This creates a seal between the catheter  30 , and the stent  20  for fluid delivery and removal. Upon detaching the catheter  30  leakage from the stent  20  is prevented due to the self-healing properties of the diaphragms  25 . Obviously, the back flow preventer  40  could be on the stent  20  and the diaphragms could be on the catheter  30 .  
         [0029]    As discussed above, stent  20  is inserted into the body to the desired site through the use of a catheter insertion device well known in the art. FIG. 4 depicts stent  20  in its enlarged form after it has been inserted into the body at the affected location and expanded. Other means of stent expansion other than a balloon catheter are possible. If the stent  20  is formed from shape memory metal, such as Nitinol, the heat of the body can cause the stent  20  to assume a larger, remembered form. Alternatively, heated fluid can be circulated through the stent to cause it to recover its remembered form. A self-expanding stent made of a spring-type alloy can also be employed. In that case the delivery catheter would be equipped with means (e.g., an outer sheath) to keep the stent compressed until it was at the desired location.  
         [0030]    By increasing the diameter of stent  20  at an affected location, the passageway is enlarged to permit increased blood flow. At the same time, fluids can pass through the interior of tubes  22  of the hollow stent  20  to treat the vascular wall. The walls of the vasculature can be treated by running either a radioactive, cryogenic or heated fluid through the stent  20  or by delivering a drug through a stent equipped for drug diffusion (e.g., through holes or a porous region).  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 5 depicts a second embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, the hollow stent  60  has only one fluid pathway  66 , an inlet without an outlet, and is used to deliver drugs to affected areas. Once the stent  60  is inserted into place and is in its enlarged configuration, drugs are delivered through the catheter to the stent  60 . Stent  60  can be constructed in various ways to facilitate the delivery of drugs. In one case, as shown in FIG. 6, the stent  60  is constructed with regions or segments that have pores  64  to allow drug seepage from the tubing  62 . Alternatively, continuously porous metal, porous plastic, or a combination of metal and plastic can be used. The perforations  64  or slits in the stent to facilitate drug delivery must be of sufficiently small size to allow the passage of the drug through the entire length of the stent so that all areas can be treated. It will be apparent that pore size can control the rate at which the drug is dispensed. It is possible to cover the pores  64  with semi-permeable membrane to further control and restrict drug outflow. A semi-permeable membrane with inclusion of an osmotic agent with the drug will result in water uptake and more rapid and controlled pressurized delivery of the drug.  
         [0032]    A third embodiment of the invention, FIG. 7, has a hollow stent  70  containing a single fluid pathway. The tubing  72  can be made of any of the materials discussed above, but in this embodiment, the stent  70  has an inlet path  78  that carries the fluid to the distal end  74  of stent  70  where it then runs through the coils. In this embodiment, a valve  80  connects the stent  70  to catheter  30 . FIG. 8 shows a cross-sectional view of valve  80 . The pressure from the liquid sent through the catheter causes the gate  82  of valve  80  to open to allow the fluid into the inlet path  78 . The pressure that forces the opening of gate  82  causes the simultaneous opening of gate  84 , allowing the fluid that is circulated through the stent  70  to exit through pathway  36  of catheter  30 . The fluid entering and exiting through catheter  30  must also go through a check ball valve assembly similar to the one shown in FIG. 2. Again, flaps or other “one way” valve mechanisms can be applied. After all incoming fluid has been delivered to the stent  70 , the absence of pressure causes gate  82  and gate  84  to close, thereby closing valve  80 . This design can be used with any of the fluids mentioned above. The stent  70  can be used to circulate radioactive or cryogenic fluids for treatment of the vascular walls and can also be perforated for the delivery of drugs.  
         [0033]    In a fourth embodiment, a hollow coiled stent  90  is formed from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)  92 . In FIG. 9, a perspective view of this embodiment can be seen. The stent  90  consists of a support wire  94  over which PTFE  92  is fitted. The pliable structure resulting is then formed into a coiled stent. The PTFE  92  is fitted around the wire  94  so that there is sufficient room to allow the passage of fluid. FIG. 10 shows a cross-sectional view of stent  90 , illustrating the pathway  96  created around the support wire  94  to allow the passage of fluid. In this embodiment, stretched expanded PTFE can be used to create a porous stent to facilitate the delivery of drugs. The wire  94  can also be hollow (passageway  95 ) so that the stent  90  can simultaneously deliver drugs and radioactive fluid or temperature regulating fluid.  
         [0034]    A fifth embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 11 and described in a flow diagram shown in FIG. 12. This embodiment is a method for recapturing an existing shape memory metal stent already in the body. With reference to both FIGS. 11 and 12, a shape memory metal stent A is inserted into the body in its small, deformed state through the use of an insertion device well known in the art in step  112 . The inserted stent A in its deformed state is placed into the center of a memory alloy stent B that is already in an enlarged support position in the body in step  114 . The deformed stent A is then enlarged so that it comes in contact with stent B. This can be accomplished in one of two ways. Either the stent A may enlarge due to the higher in vivo body temperature in step  115 , or a hot liquid may be pumped through stent A to cause it to expand in step  116 . Once expanded and in contact with stent B, cryogenic liquid may be pumped through stent A so that both stent A and stent B are chilled and either shrink down to their deformed states or become sufficiently relaxed to allow ready removal in step  118 . Once in a small, deformed or relaxed state, stents A and B are easily removed from the body in step  119  by withdrawing the catheter attached to stent A. FIG. 11 a  illustrates stent A in its reduced state being inserted into stent A. FIG. 11 b  shows an enlarged version of stent A contacting stent B. Thereafter, a temperature change caused, for example, by fluid circulating through stent A will shrink both stents and enable their removal (FIG. 11 c ).  
         [0035]    Having thus described a preferred embodiment of a hollow endoluminal stent, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that certain advantages of the within system have been achieved. It should also be appreciated that various modifications, adaptations, and alternative embodiments thereof may be made within the scope and spirit of the present invention. For example, a hollow stent with a coiled, tubular shape has been illustrated, however, many other possibilities exist for the shape and size of the hollow stent. In addition, the passageways are illustrated as round but could take on a variety of other shapes. The described embodiments are to be considered illustrative rather than restrictive. The invention is further defined by the following claims.