Abstract:
The present invention includes method and apparatus for storing provisioned information within the optical switches and retrievable by every controller. The optical switches perform failure isolation according to their provisioning information. The optical switches monitor each channel for loss of signal. The provisioning information is shared autonomously between the optical switches allowing the switches to retrieve the provisioning information of the network topology from any other optical switch in the network. Fault isolation is done by the optical switch on the level of optical switch provisioning following the paradigm of “single alarm for single fault,” thus avoiding alarm floods and ambiguous alarms, thereby saving the operator time and money.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention is related to the field of optical communications, and in particular, for fault isolation and provisioning for optical switches. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In a conventional fiber-optic communication system, optical switches store their own local switching data. Network-wide provisioning data is not stored within the optical switches and, therefore, not generally available at the operator&#39;s terminal (i.e., craft terminal). When there is a fault in the network, a network management system tries to identify the root cause of the fault using alarm information received from the optical switches (and other elements in the network). Because the optical switches do not have an unlimited number of alarm detectors, such means of isolating and identifying fault is very imprecise. 
     SUMMARY 
     Various deficiencies of the prior art are addressed by the present invention for enhanced per wavelength fault isolation and provisioning of optical switches. It is desirable to have unambiguous alarms available to the operator&#39;s terminals (i.e., craft terminals). 
     In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, each optical switch includes an element controller. The provisioning information is stored within the optical switches and is retrieved by every element controller. The optical switches perform failure isolation according to their provisioning data. The optical switches monitor each channel for loss of signal (LOS). The provisioning data is shared autonomously between the optical switches, allowing the switches to retrieve the provisioning information of the network topology from any other optical switch in the network. Fault isolation is effected on the level of optical switch provisioning following the paradigm of “single alarm for single fault,” thus avoiding alarm floods and ambiguous alarms, saving the operator time and money. 
     The invention further provides other methods and system elements that implement various aspects, embodiments, and features of the invention, as described in further detail below. The foregoing, together with other aspects of this invention, will become more apparent when referring to the following specification, claims, and accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The teachings of the present invention can be readily understood by considering the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  depicts a high-level block diagram of a fiber-optic communication system suitable for use with the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  depicts a high-level block diagram of a fiber-optic communication node suitable for use with the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  depicts a flow diagram of a method for distributing information according to one embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 4  depicts a flow diagram of a method for generating specific alarms for specific faults in the communication system according to an embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
    
     However, the appended drawings illustrate only exemplary embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention admits to other equally effective embodiments. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is generally described within the context of fiber-optic communication systems. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the invention may be utilized within the context of an optical add/drop multiplexer (OADM) within an optical switch in an optical network. Other provisionable elements within the communication systems also benefit from the invention. 
       FIG. 1  depicts a high-level block diagram of a fiber-optic communication system suitable for use with the present invention. In one embodiment, the communication system  100  includes a communication network  110  having a plurality of optical nodes  140 A,  140 B and  140 C. 
     The network  110  transports information between optical nodes. In one embodiment, the network  110  is a ring network structure. In another embodiment, the network  110  topology comprises non-ring networks (not shown) such as a mesh, star or other types of network structures. In a further embodiment, the network includes a hybrid network topology having a plurality of different types of network structures. 
     The plurality of optical nodes  140 A,  140 B and  140 C are interfaced with the network  110  for transmitting and receiving optical channels. Each optical node has substantially the same structure. Each channel is composed of a respective wavelength of light. Information is modulated onto the channel using a modulation technique adapted to function with other components of the communication system such as phase shift keying (PSK), on-off-keying (OOK), or any other modulation techniques. Each optical node  140 A,  140 B or  140 C includes an optical switch  150 A,  150 B or  150 C, an element controller  160 A,  160 B or  160 C and a craft terminal  170 A,  170 B or  170 C, respectively. In one embodiment, the optical node  140 A receives, switches and transmits wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical signals. The optical node allows for fault detection and alarm generation. The node also allows local maintenance staff to monitor and manage components within the communication system by utilizing the craft terminal. 
     The optical switch  150 A performs channel switching for the channels traveling on the network  110 . The optical switch  150 A connects the network  110  to another network or a destination terminal (not shown). In one embodiment, the optical switch  150 A includes an optical add/drop multiplexer, OADM (not shown). The optical switch is described in detail in  FIG. 2  below. In another embodiment, the switch  150 A includes other optical and electrical elements having hardware and software components to assist in channel switching. In one embodiment, the optical switch includes detectors to monitor the optical signal strength of the channels being received and transmitted. The detectors are explained in detail in  FIG. 2  below. 
     The element controller  160 A monitors and maintains the network node  140  A. The element controller is connected to the craft terminal  170 A via a management interface. The controller  160 A receives information from the detectors in the optical switch  150 A of its corresponding node as well as other detectors in other optical switches  150 B and  150 C. The element controller  160 A also receives supervisory information including neighboring information from other nodes in the network, i.e.,  140 B and  140 C, for routing and channel provisioning. In one embodiment, supervisory information for the element controller  160 A is transmitted by in-band signaling. In another embodiment, the supervisory information is received by the element controller  160 A using out-of-band signaling. 
     The craft terminal  170 A allows the operator to monitor and control different components of the communication network via the optical switch  140 A. The craft terminal includes a craft interface. The craft interface allows the management staff to monitor the status of the components of the network and to perform system management functions. In one embodiment, the craft interface is a web-based interface. In another embodiment, the craft interface includes a Front Panel Module (FPM). 
       FIG. 2  depicts a high-level block diagram of an optical node suitable for use with the present invention. The optical node includes an optical switch  250 , an element controller  260  and a craft terminal  270 . 
     The optical switch  250  includes a demultiplexer  210 , a set of detectors  215  optically coupled to the demultiplexer for detecting loss of signal (LOS), an optical cross-connect  220 , a multiplexer  230  and a set of detectors  235  optically coupled to the multiplexer  230  for detecting LOS at the multiplexer  230 . 
     The optical switch  250  is capable of adding a channel, dropping a channel or allowing a channel to pass-through the optical switch  250 . If a channel is to be added, then the cross-connect  220  routes the channel to the multiplexer  230  of the switch  250  to be multiplexed for transport on the network. If a channel is to be dropped, then the WDM signal is demultiplexed for the channel at the demultiplexer  210  and the cross-connect  220  routes the demultiplexed channel to be terminated by the optical switch. If a channel is to be through-connected, the WDM signal is demultiplexed by the demultiplexer  210  for that channel. The channel is routed by the cross-connect  220  to the multiplexer  230  and multiplexed with other channels by the multiplexer  230  for transmission on the optical network. In another embodiment, the through-connected channel bypasses the optical switch completely without being demultiplexed and multiplexed in order to increase the efficiency of the node. 
     The LOS detector  215  at the demultiplexer  210  monitors every channel that is demultiplexed by the demultiplexer  210 . If a channel that is demultiplexed has no signal (i.e., a wavelength associated with an expected channel is not present), then the LOS detector  215  transmits a LOS signal to the element controller  260 . In one embodiment, a LOS signal is an alarm signal informing the element controller  260  that a specific channel does not have a recognizable signal. The LOS detector  235  operates essentially the same way as LOS detector  215 . The LOS detector  235  at the multiplexer  230  monitors every channel that is to be multiplexed by the multiplexer  230 . If a channel that is to be added has no recognizable signal, then the LOS detector  235  transmits the LOS signal to the element controller  260 , which informs the element controller  260  that a specific channel does not have a recognizable signal. In another embodiment, the switch includes an optical to electrical converter, and the detecting and switching are performed electrically. 
     The element controller  260  receives information from the neighboring nodes, including LOS signals from other nodes, as well as alarm signals from the detectors  215  and  235  of its node. It also has a section termination function to determine if the channels to be dropped have been properly terminated by the optical switch  250 . The section termination function generates alarms by determining whether a signal has been properly terminated at the termination ports of the switch. At least one detector (not shown) at the termination ports generates a LOS alarm if the termination ports have no recognizable terminated signal. The element controller  260  includes a processor  262  and a memory  264 . 
     Each element controller  260  of the nodes of the network operates essentially the same. The element controller  260  transmits the identity of its node to its neighboring nodes to the East and the West. The element management system  260  also receives identity information from its neighbors to the East and the West. This process allows all the nodes to become aware of the neighboring switches connected via the multicolor interfaces. In one embodiment, the process is performed manually using a network management system or the element controller. In another embodiment, the process is performed via automatic neighbor detection. In a further embodiment, neighbor information is transmitted such that all the switches know the topology of the network. 
     The element controller  260  provisions the channels that are to be added, dropped, or through-connected. The element controller  260  also receives the alarm information from its corresponding optical switch. The element controller autonomously distributes its provisioning information and the alarm information with respect to the loss of signal defects detected per channel wavelength to the neighboring element management system so that every node is aware of the complete add/drop provisioning information and all loss of signal defects detected by all connected optical nodes. The distribution of data is done on various channels. In one embodiment, the channels include supervisory channels, DCN channels, or any other suitable data connection. In another embodiment, the channels are transmitted via in-band and/or out-of-band connections. 
     The craft terminal  270  includes a craft interface that allows the operator to monitor the status of the switch and perform system management functions. The craft terminal  270  provides the operator the ability to monitor and control different components of the communication network via the element controller  260 . In one embodiment, the craft interface is a web-based interface. In another embodiment, the craft interface includes a Front Panel Module (FPM). Other ways to monitor and manage the network are also possible. 
       FIG. 3  depicts a flow diagram of a method for distributing information according to one embodiment of the present invention. A node of the network receives neighbor identity information from the neighboring nodes to the East and West of the node. The node also transmits its identity to the neighboring nodes located to the East and the West of the node. The element controller of each node transmits and receives the provisioning information. The identity of the neighbor nodes and provisioning information at each node are stored in a memory  264  and processed by the processor  262  of the elemental controller  260 . The element controller  260 , utilizing the neighboring nodes&#39; identity information, learns the topology of the network  310 . The element controller also provisions each channel to be added, dropped and through-connected by the switch within the node  320 . The element controller stores the provision information as well as any defect information and distributes autonomously that information to the other nodes  330 . 
       FIG. 4  depicts a flow diagram of a method for generating specific alarms for specific defects for a channel in the communication system according to an embodiment of the invention. In one embodiment, the present invention generates at least five different types of alarms for the defects of the communication system. A “loss of signal (LOS)” alarm, a “channel not added” alarm, a “channel not dropped” alarm, a “channel not through-connected” alarm, and a miscellaneous alarm. These alarms inform the other nodes of the network as well as any centralized network management system specific errors located at each node. Every node performs substantially similar functions. Each node is able to generate all the alarms for the communication system. In one embodiment, the processing and generation of these alarms are performed in the processor of the element controller. In another embodiment, the processing and generation of these alarms are located at a remote location separate from the switching node. 
     At step  410 , the element controller at the node receives an alarm, which signifies either LOS detector  215 , the LOS detector  235 , the LOS detector connected to the section termination function, or a combination the above mentioned detectors have detected fault. In one embodiment, every element controller receives every alarm of the communication system, and each element controller stores the alarms in its memory. The processor at each element controller determines and assists in generating the appropriate alarms depending on the source of the LOS signals. 
     At step  420 , the processor of the element controller determines if one of the alarms stored in the memory of the node is a LOS signal from the channel of a demultiplexer of the node. If a LOS signal for the channel of the demultiplexer is detected, then the processor checks if a LOS signal for that channel is also detected at a multiplexer located at a source of the transmission of that channel. If the LOS signal is not detected for the channel at the multiplexer of the source node, then that signifies the channel was lost between the source multiplexer and destination demultiplexer. In response to the lost signal, a LOS alarm is generated and is transmitted to the other nodes  425 . If the above conditions are not met, then the processor goes to the next step. 
     At step  430 , the processor, using the provisioning information located in the memory of the element controller, determines if the channel is provisioned to be added. If the channel is to be added, then the processor checks its corresponding memory for a LOS signal for that channel at a multiplexer of the node. If the processor detects that LOS signal, then it is able to determine that the channel was suppose to be added, but that channel was not multiplexed onto the communication network at the multiplexer of its node. Thus, the element controller generates the “channel not added” alarm  435  and transmits that alarm to the other nodes of the communication system. If LOS signal is not detected for that channel at the multiplexer, then the channel has been successfully added and the processor goes to the next step. 
     At step  440 , the processor determines if a channel has been dropped without errors. The processor checks a database of provisioning information located in the element controller as described in  FIG. 3  above to determine if a channel is provisioned to be dropped. If a channel is to be dropped, then the processor checks its corresponding memory for a LOS signal of that channel at the section termination function. If LOS signal is detected at the section termination function, then the channel has not been properly terminated at the switch. Then, the processor checks if a LOS signal is detected at the demultiplexer of the node and if a LOS signal is detected at the source multiplexer at the source node where the channel originated. If there is no LOS signal at the demultiplexer of the node for that channel and no LOS signal at the source multiplexer at the source node of the channel, then it signifies the channel has been received properly, but a termination error occurred. Therefore, the element controller of the node with the termination fault generates a “channel not dropped alarm”  445  and transmits that alarm to the other nodes. If the channel is not to be dropped, the LOS signal is not detected at the section termination function, or the LOS signal is detected at the demultiplexer of the destination node or the multiplexer of the source node, then the processor moves on to the next step  450 . 
     At step  450 , the element controller determines if a channel is properly through-connected. The processor, using the provisioning information located in the memory of the element management system, checks if a channel is being through-connected. If the switch is through-connecting the channel, then the element controller has that provisioning information as described in  FIG. 3  above. If a channel is to be through-connected, then the processor checks its corresponding memory for the LOS signal for the through-connect channel at the demultiplexer of the node. If LOS signal is not detected, then the channel has been demultiplexed properly at the switch. The processor then checks if a LOS signal is detected at the multiplexer of the node. If LOS signal is detected for the multiplexer, then that signifies the demultiplexed channel has not been properly multiplexed back into the WDM signal. Thus, no LOS signals for the demultiplexer and a LOS signal at the multiplexer for the through-connect channel signifies a through-connect error. The element controller generates a “channel not through-connected” alarm  455  for this fault condition. If the channel is not to be through-connected, or LOS signal is detected at the demultiplexer, or LOS signal is not detected at the multiplexer in this step, then the miscellaneous alarm is generated  460  signifying something other than the above four fault conditions occurred that cause the initial detection of the LOS signal at step  410 . 
     Other alarms using other combinations of LOS signals are also possible. In another embodiment, these steps can operate independently, in parallel within the processor, or in any order. In a further embodiment, each step is performed by a dedicated processor (i.e., application specific integrated circuit, ASIC). 
     While the forgoing is directed to various embodiments of the present invention, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof. As such, the appropriate scope of the invention is to be determined according to the claims, which follow.