Abstract:
A method and apparatus reports packet data control protocol (PDCP) status and PDCP resets in a wireless communication, using control PDUs that may have security protection applied by ciphering of the control PDUs. Reliability of the PDCP status and reset messages may be assured by acknowledgment according to an acknowledged mode or to an unacknowledged mode.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/976,139 filed on Sep. 28, 2007, which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth. 
     
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention is related to wireless communications. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Current effort for the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) program is to bring new technology, new architecture and new methods in the new LTE settings and configurations in order to provide improved spectral efficiency, reduced latency, better utilizing the radio resource to bring faster user experiences and richer applications and services with less cost. 
         [0004]    LTE packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) is now responsible for ciphering, integrity protection and PDCP service data unit (SDU) sequence number (SN) maintenance. While PDCP Data protocol data units (PDUs) are ciphered, LTE specifications do not allow for ciphering and integrity protection of PDCP Control PDUs. 
         [0005]    Peer PDCP entities can exchange PDCP-STATUS messages, for instance during a handover. A PDCP-STATUS message indicates whether or not one or more PDCP SDUs has been received by the receiving PDCP entity (i.e. it provides positive or negative acknowledgements for PDCP SDU SN(s)). A PDCP-STATUS message may be sent using a PDCP Control PDU. 
         [0006]    PDCP operations have already evolved beyond the previous Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) realm. As a result, PDCP Control PDUs are available to assist special operations as well as to regulate the normal operation management tasks. To this end, the PDCP Control PDU operations need to be defined and standardized in order to coordinate the actions between the peer PDCP entities. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0007]    A method and apparatus report packet data control protocol (PDCP) status and PDCP resets in a wireless communication, using control PDUs that may be have security protection applied by ciphering of the control PDUs. Reliability of the PDCP status and reset messages may be assured by acknowledgment according to an acknowledged mode or an unacknowledged mode. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]    A more detailed understanding may be had from the following description, given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein: 
           [0009]      FIG. 1  shows block diagram of a PDCP layer with ciphering and integrity protection functional entities; 
           [0010]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  show signaling diagrams for uplink and downlink protocol status messages, respectively, and corresponding status acknowledgement messages; 
           [0011]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  show a PDCP/RLC inter-layer polling mechanism used for a PDCP-STATUS message reliability check; 
           [0012]      FIG. 4  shows an RRC primitive to trigger a PDCP-STATUS message; 
           [0013]      FIG. 5  shows a PDCP Polling mechanism for triggering a PDCP-STATUS message; and 
           [0014]      FIGS. 6A and 6B  show signaling diagrams for uplink and downlink protocol reset messages, respectively, and corresponding reset acknowledgement messages. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0015]    When referred to hereafter, the terminology “wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU)” includes but is not limited to a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a computer, or any other type of user device capable of operating in a wireless environment. When referred to hereafter, the terminology “base station” includes but is not limited to a Node-B, a site controller, an access point (AP), or any other type of interfacing device capable of operating in a wireless environment. 
         [0016]    In the present embodiment, PDCP Control PDUs are ciphered at the PDCP layer whether in the user plane (U-plane) or control plane (C-plane). Types of PDCP Control PDUs for ciphering include, but are not limited to PDCP STATUS messages and PDCP RESET messages. Robust Header Compression (RoHC) feedback packets may be excluded from the ciphering. 
         [0017]      FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of a PDCP layer  101 , processing C-plane PDCP Control PDUs  102 , C-plane PDCP Data PDUs  103 , U-plane PDCP Control PDUs  104 , and U-plane PDCP Data PDUs  105 . A ciphering/deciphering entity  110  is used to cipher PDCP PDU transmissions and decipher PDCP PDU receptions. The ciphering/deciphering entity  110  may use the same cipher key, ciphering algorithm, and input parameters for the C-plane PDCP Control PDUs  102  as used for the C-plane PDCP Data PDUs  103 . Similarly, the U-plane PDCP Control PDUs  104  may have the same cipher key, ciphering algorithm, and input parameters applied by the ciphering/deciphering entity  110  as for the U-plane PDCP Data PDUs  105 . 
         [0018]    One possible exception of this sharing includes a ciphering sequence COUNT. The COUNT value includes a first field having a hyper-frame number (HFN) and a second field having a PDCP sequence number (SN), where the SN for the U-plane PDCP Control PDUs  104  may be a unique sequence compared to that for the U-plane PDCP Data PDUs  105 . Consequently, for a unique SN, the COUNT sequence of the PDCP Control PDU  104  would be different than the COUNT sequence of the PDCP Data PDU  105 . 
         [0019]    With respect to maintenance of PDCP SNs, the U-plane PDCP Control PDUs  104  may have a dedicated PDCP SN domain per radio bearer. The U-plane PDCP Control PDUs  104  may also have a dedicated HFN or the most significant bits (MSBs) for the COUNT value construction. The HFN or MSBs of the COUNT value of the PDCP Control PDU may be initialized mutually in the WTRU and the evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN). A predefined initialization rule may be applied to a stored HFN seed value in a UMTS subscriber identity module (USIM) in the WTRU. The HFN seed value is taken from running HFNs and saved in the USIM upon powering down of the WTRU. When the WTRU powers on again, this stored HFN seed value is taken out to re-initialize the HFNs. This stored HFN seed value for the PDCP Control PDUs could be the same or different from the stored value used for PDCP Data PDUs. For example, the same stored value could be used with a different initialization rule then being applied to the stored value for the PDCP Control PDU: 
         [0000]      HFN=START+OFFSET PDCP Control PDU   Equation (1) 
         [0000]    where START is the stored HFN seed value common to both the PDCP Control PDU and the PDCP Data PDU. 
         [0020]    Alternatively, the HFN or MSBs of the COUNT value of a U-plane PDCP Control PDU  104  may be set to zero, or configured by the E-UTRAN as part of the PDCP configuration or Security Command Mode setup. Incrementation of the HFN or MSBs of the COUNT value may be fixed, or applied at the PDU sequence number value wrap-around. As an example of a wrap-around incrementation, consider a 10-bit COUNT value, with a 5-bit HFN field concatenated with a 5-bit SN field, both initialized to zero. The SN increments with every sent/received PDU, at values from 0 to 1, 2, . . . , 31. With another PDU, the SN returns to 0, thus at a ‘wrap-around’, and the HFN is incremented by one, as a binary carry. 
         [0021]    Returning to  FIG. 1 , the PDCP layer  101  includes integrity protection/verification entity  111 , which processes C-plane PDCP Control PDUs  102  according to the same methods used for C-plane PDCP Data PDUs  103 . During transmission of the C-plane Control PDUs  102 , the integrity protection entity  111  takes the PDU data bit stream as input, together with other inputs such as the security key, the COUNT value of that PDU, and generates a coded word, referred to as a message authentication code (MAC-I), sent together with the PDU proper. When receiving the C-plane Control PDUs  102 , the integrity protection/verification entity  111  performs verification of the PDUs on the MAC-I. 
         [0022]    According to a second embodiment, PDCP-STATUS PDUs are exchanged in a message between a WTRU and the E-UTRAN. A PDCP-STATUS message is exchanged between the WTRU and an E-UTRAN entity (e.g., an enhanced Node-B (eNB)) over a common radio bearer. Various signaling parameters for a PDCP-STATUS message may be organized into an LTE information element (IE) and be carried by an RRC message. Such parameters include the following. 
         [0023]    A parameter for PDCP reordering purposes may be defined by an initial PDCP-SN and the range of the PDCP reordering window. The resulting PDCP SNs may be used at a handover of the WTRU between enhanced Node-Bs (eNBs), i.e., an inter-eNB handover. 
         [0024]    A parameter for general PDCP transmission and retransmission regulation may be defined by an Acknowledgement (ACK) or negative acknowledgement (NACK) of PDCP SDUs with their PDCP-SNs. The ACK/NACK may indicate PDCP-SDUs selectively for a number N of consecutive packets, with a starting SN number and subsequent bitmap with each bit for the status of one SDU (i.e. a PDCP-SN). In the bitmap, the bit value and its semantics could be consistent with the ACK/NACK attribute in the IE or the bit value in the map may instead have its own independent representation. In the latter case, the attribute ACK/NACK is not needed. For example, an IE containing [NACK, 323, 101001110] is definitive of negative acknowledgement of SDU packets with SNs  323 ,  324 ,  326 ,  329 ,  330 ,  331 . Here, a bit value ‘1’ represents a NACK. The bitmap does not include the starting SDU  323  since it is already explicitly expressed in the IE. Instead, the bitmap commences at the next SDU  324  up to SDU  332 . Thus, the NACKed SDUs including the starting one are  323 ,  324  (the first bit and set),  326  (the third bit and set),  329 ,  330 ,  331  (the sixth, the seventh and the eighth bits and set. The other SDUs are not NACKed. As another example, an IE containing [323, 101001110] represents SDUs with SN  323 ,  325 ,  327 ,  328  and  332  are missing, since a bit value ‘0’ is an indication for an SDU not correctly received and needing retransmission. Alternatively, the ACK/NACK may indicate the PDCP SDUs cumulatively for one homogeneous status (i.e., all ACK or all NACK), with a starting SN number and the range for the consecutive SDU SNs. For example, an IE containing [ACK, 256, 6] represents acknowledgement that packets were received for SDU SNs  256 ,  257 ,  258 ,  259 ,  260 ,  261 . 
         [0025]    An information parameter may be defined to control general PDCP transmission/retransmission window operations or receive window operations and their synchronizations. This includes sliding the window or changing the window range, which may occur when reordering PDCP packets at handover. This parameter may be defined as a window range with a starting SN number, either low end or trailing end, and a range for the remaining SDU SNs. For example, an IE containing [256, 16] can be used to represent the SDU SN window [256, 257, 258, . . . , 271]. 
         [0026]    The PDCP-STATUS PDUs may also include parameters for general PDCP security regulation, which may be defined to inform the peer PDCP entity about LTE security parameter changes occurring at the PDCP layer. Here, the PDCP-STATUS PDU is used to indicate the current HFN or MSB of a ciphering sequence COUNT value that is used for each relevant radio bearer (RB). For example, an IE may be defined to include an RB-ID and its current downlink HFN or MSB of the COUNT value and/or uplink HFN or MSB of the COUNT value. Specifically, an IE containing [5 and 452/423] can be used to indicate that a downlink HFN  452  and an uplink HFN  423  for RB-ID 5 need to be reset to at the reception of the STATUS PDU. 
         [0027]    The PDCP-STATUS PDUs can also be used to regulate PDCP SDU transmission/retransmission and manage SDU buffer spaces. 
         [0028]    The PDCP-STATUS PDUs may also carry parameters to inform, check and possibly change LTE security operations performed at the PDCP level if the relevant IE is included in the transmitted PDCP-Status PDU. The presence of such an IE in the message indicates a reset of the HFNs for a particular RB. 
         [0029]      FIGS. 2A and 2B  show signaling diagrams for the PDCP-STATUS message PDUs. In  FIG. 2A , the WTRU sends a PDCP-STATUS message  201  to the eNB. For reliability control, the WTRU receives a PDCP-STATUS ACK signal  202  from the eNB to acknowledge that the PDCP-STATUS message was safely received at the eNB. In  FIG. 2B , the eNB sends a PDCP-STATUS message  203  to the WTRU. For reliability control, the eNB receives a PDCP-STATUS ACK signal  204  from the WTRU to acknowledge that the PDCP-STATUS message was safely received at the WTRU. The PDCP-STATUS-ACK message  202 ,  204  could either be a dedicated acknowledgement message or be a message that also contains all other possible PDCP-STATUS parameters. Alternatively, an acknowledgment could be received as an indication (acknowledgement on a PDCP-SN or a shorter transaction-Id) in a PDCP-STATUS message. 
         [0030]    Alternatively, the PDCP-STATUS signaling may be performed without requiring a PDCP-STATUS ACK signal. The reliability of PDCP-STATUS message  201 ,  203  can still be ensured as follows. If radio link control acknowledged mode (RLC-AM) is the link mode, the WTRU or eNB can internally check its radio link control (RLC) status. Alternatively, for all RLC link modes, the WTRU can check a hybrid automatic repeat request status (HARQ-status) through the RLC layer, using an internal PDCP/RLC inter-layer polling mechanism.  FIG. 3A  shows an example for the RLC-AM link mode, where a PDCP layer  310  interfaces with an AM RLC layer  320 . A PDCP/RLC inter-layer polling mechanism  301  performs an internal reliability status check of the RLC layer  320  by setting a polling signal RLC-DATA-REQ  302 , which may include an RB-ID, a data field and an acknowledgment request, sent from the PDCP layer  310  to the RLC layer  320 . The RLC  320  sets one or more bits of a polling flag  304  on the RLC data PDU(s) carrying the PDCP-STATUS message, and receives an RLC status report  305  (i.e., an RLC ACK/NACK report). The PDCP layer  310  receives the acknowledgment signal RLC-DATA-CNF  307  from the RLC  320 , indicating the RB-ID and the ACK/NACK. 
         [0031]      FIG. 3B  shows an example of PDCP status signaling for unacknowledged mode (UM) RLC entities. A PDCP/RLC inter-layer polling mechanism  301  performs an internal reliability status check to the RLC  320  and in turn to a MAC  330  for aHARQ  340  processor status. A polling signal RLC-DATA-REQ  302  is set by the polling mechanism  301 , and sent by PDCP  310  to the RLC  320 , which forwards the polling as signal MAC-DATA-REQ  303 . These polling signals  302 ,  303  include the RB-ID, a data field and an acknowledge request. The MAC  330  sends a signal HARQ-DATA-REQ  304 , as data to the HARQ processor  340 . The HARQ processor  340  status is returned to the PDCP  310  via a HARQ ACK/NACK signal  305 , a MAC-DATA-CNF signal  306  as an ACK/NACK, and a RLC-DATA-CNF signal  307  with the ACK/NACK and the RB-ID. While the above example implementations are described with reference to a WTRU, the signaling according to  FIGS. 3A and 3B  could be applied to similar respective entities in an eNB implementation. 
         [0032]    The PDCP-STATUS message  201 ,  203  shown in  FIGS. 2A ,  2 B may be triggered by any of the following triggers. 
         [0033]    At a handover of the WTRU, a radio resource control (RRC) handover command or handover confirm signal or an RLC Reset indication may trigger a PDCP-STATUS message  201 ,  203 . This also includes a new handover occurring while an existing handover PDCP procedure is ongoing. As shown in  FIG. 4 , a primitive or signal or indication  401  from an RRC entity  410  to a PDCP entity  411  of the WTRU or eNB can convey/trigger the generation of the PDCP-STATUS message. 
         [0034]    In the case that a PDCP-STATUS message can also be used beyond handover management for regular operations control, then the triggering source of the PDCP-STATUS message transmission may include any one or combination of the following. A periodic PDCP-STATUS message from a PDCP entity receiver function may be used, such as a RRC configured and timer based message. The trigger may be an event based PDCP-STATUS message, and also RRC configured (e.g., when the window has advanced n=200 SDUs) from either a transmit or receive function of a PDCP entity. The trigger may occur after a certain timeout period, such as a PDCP uplink retransmission failure. Other triggers include an RLC reset or re-establishment, an RRC handover or other RRC events, and PDCP events. 
         [0035]      FIG. 5  shows an example of another possible trigger, which is a reception of a poll signal from the peer PDCP entity. A PDCP-STATUS polling mechanism  501  is included in a PDCP layer  510 , such that the transmitting PDCP entity can poll the receiving PDCP entity for its PDCP status by sending a poll signal  502  to the RLC layer  511 , and then on to the lower layers as poll signal  503  for transmission. The PDCP polling mechanism  501  may utilize a polling bit in the PDCP header of a PDCP PDU, or it may utilize a PDCP Control PDU to be used for polling (e.g., a Control PDU type defined for polling). When the receiving PDCP entity receives a packet where the ‘polling bit’ is set, or a PDCP Control PDU that has the polling type, the generation of PDCP-STATUS PDU is triggered. 
         [0036]    According to a third embodiment, a PDCP-RESET message is sent as a peer-to-peer message between PDCP entities of the WTRU and the eNB over a common radio bearer. The PDCP-RESET message is used to inform or command the peer entity (WTRU/eNB) that a full or a partial PDCP reset has occurred or needs to occur. The term ‘PDCP reset’ is interchangeable herein with a PDCP re-establishment. In order to distinguish whether the PDCP-RESET is a command or an information signal, a indicator bit can be defined and transmitted for such a purpose. For example, such an indicator bit can be set to 0 as an indication that the PDCP “has reset” and set to ‘1’ to indicate a command “to reset” the PDCP. Additionally, for the reset command, a timestamp or a frame number to synchronize the RESET peer action, may be included with the PDCP-RESET message. Alternatively, the distinction between an informative reset and a reset command could be implied from the context (i.e. if the WTRU sends it, then the WTRU is informing the eNB that the WTRU PDCP was reset; if the eNB sends it, then eNB is commanding the WTRU to perform a PDCP reset. It should be noted, however, that whichever peer entity performs a PDCP reset or re-establishment, the counterpart peer entity will also reset or re-establish its PDCP entity as well. 
         [0037]    The PDCP reset or re-establishment may be triggered by any one or combination of the following: an unrecoverable PDCP operation error (e.g., a buffer error); a timeout on an unexpected PDCP-STATUS message acknowledgement; an unrecoverable PDCP security error detected by either peer entity; a handover event for LTE non-lossless radio bearer(s), in which case, the COUNT is reset to zero; an error on a new handover while an old handover procedure has not yet been completed; an unrecoverable error in the header compression function and operation; an upper layer intervention or command, such as from the RRC layer on the C-plane or from the non-access stratum (NAS) on the U-plane, which requires a reset of the corresponding PDCP entity; and a lower layer indication from the RLC layer that requires a corresponding PDCP entity reset. In the case of the unrecoverable security error, it can be detected by integrity protection on the C-plane and header decompression on the U-plane, in which case the PDCP-RESET message could be used between the WTRU and eNB for resetting the de-synchronized security parameters. Other triggers include: a PDCP security error detected by integrity protection error; a handover error; an indication from an RRC layer which requires a reset or re-establishment of a PDCP entity; and/or an indication from an RLC layer which requires a reset or re-establishment of a PDCP entity. 
         [0038]    For a full PDCP reset, all of the following function operations of the PDCP entity of the WTRU or eNB may be changed to a pre-defined state or operating values (i.e., reset/re-established), which could occur at a certain PDCP-SN or at an absolute time mark, such as a system frame number (SFN) or a full or modified standard time representation (e.g., international GMT) or by the time of the reception of the message:
       a header compression entity and operation state are reset to the initial state and a full header (IP/TCP or IP/UDP/RTP or IP/xxxx) will be transmitted and expected to be received after the reset per the header compression algorithm;   security operations or security parameters are reset to any of the following: last configured values; initialized security parameter values; or a certain past setting/configuration values indexed by a parameter in the RESET message; examples of security parameters being reset include the security keys, the HFN or MSB values of the COUNT parameter, or the FRESH value in integrity protection;   a PDCP-SN reset is honored only from the E-UTRAN to the LTE WTRU and the PDCP-SN is either to be reset to a specified value (e.g., an offset) or to zero. The PDCP-SN on each radio bearer may or may not be reset; and   PDCP reordering parameters for in-sequence-delivery or duplication detection operations are reset.
 
For a partial PDCP reset, less than all of the above described functions or operations are reset/re-established at the PDCP entity of the WTRU or eNB.
       
 
         [0043]      FIG. 6A  shows a signaling diagram of a WTRU sending a PDCP-RESET message  601  to an eNB to command its peer PDCP entity in the eNB to reset, or to inform the eNB that the WTRU PDCP has performed a full or partial reset. For a PDCP-RESET command message  601 , an explicit PDCP-RESET-ACK message  602  is returned to the WTRU after the PDCP reset at the eNB is completed. This acknowledgment message  602  is not mandatory if the PDCP-RESET message  601  was not a reset command.  FIG. 6B  shows the reverse scenario, in which the eNB sends a PDCP-RESET message  603  to the WTRU. If the PDCP-RESET message  603  is a command, the WTRU sends an explicit PDCP-RESET-ACK message  604  after its PDCP has been reset to the command from the eNB. However, if the PDCP-RESET message  603  is to inform the WTRU that the eNB performed a PDCP reset, then the PDCP-RESET-ACK message  604  is not mandatory. 
         [0044]    The PDCP-RESET-ACK message may be defined using a new type of PDCP Control PDU (e.g., via a ‘PDU type’ field or a ‘super-field (SUFI) type’ field). As with the PDCP-STATUS message, the PDCP-RESET acknowledgment signaling can be demonstrated with reference to  FIGS. 3A and 3B . As shown in  FIG. 3A , a PDCP/RLC inter-layer polling mechanism  301  performs an internal reliability status check of the RLC layer  320  by setting a polling signal RLC-DATA-REQ  302 , which may include a RB-ID, a data field and an acknowledgment request, sent from the PDCP layer  310  to the RLC layer  320 . The RLC  320  sets one or more bits of a polling flag  304  on the RLC data PDU(s) carrying the PDCP-RESET message, and receives an RLC status report  305  (i.e., an RLC ACK/NACK report). The PDCP layer  310  receives the acknowledgment signal RLC-DATA-CNF  307  from the RLC  320 , indicating the RB-ID and the ACK/NACK. 
         [0045]    Alternatively, for UM RLC entities, the PDCP entity sending the PDCP-RESET may utilize a polling mechanism to obtain acknowledgement indication (e.g., a delivery notification) from the HARQ entity below the RLC, (i.e., to poll the HARQ transmission status via RLC and MAC. Or the RLC below the sending PDCP can use the RLC peer entity acknowledgement to know if the PDCP-RESET message sent has reached its destination or not. As shown in  FIG. 3B , a PDCP/RLC inter-layer polling mechanism  301  performs an internal reliability status check to the RLC  320  and in turn to a MAC  330  for aHARQ  340  processor status. A polling signal RLC-DATA-REQ  302  is set by the polling mechanism  301 , and sent by PDCP  310  to the RLC  320 , which forwards the polling as signal MAC-DATA-REQ  303 . These polling signals  302 ,  303  include the RB-ID, a data field and an acknowledge request. The MAC  330  sends a signal HARQ-DATA-REQ  304 , as data to the HARQ processor  340 . The HARQ processor  340  status is returned to the PDCP  310  via a HARQ ACK/NACK signal  305 , a MAC-DATA-CNF signal  306  as an ACK/NACK, and a RLC-DATA-CNF signal  307  with the ACK/NACK and the RB-ID. While the above example implementations of PDCP-RESET message acknowledgment are described with reference to a WTRU, the signaling according to  FIGS. 3A and 3B  may be applied to similar respective entities in an eNB implementation. 
         [0046]    While a PDCP reset/re-establishment has been described above in reference to an explicit PDCP-RESET message, the information related to inform or command the peer entity (eNB/WTRU) that a full or a partial PDCP reset has occurred or needs to occur may alternatively be carried or organized into an LTE information element (IE) and be carried by an RRC message. 
         [0047]    In another embodiment, an additional type of PDCP Control PDU is utilized in a PDCP-BUFFER-STATUS message, which describes the status of the PDCP buffer at the PDCP entity. For example, the receiving PDCP entity can use the PDCP-BUFFER-STATUS message to report on the amount of data that is stored in the receive PDCP buffer (i.e. PDCP buffer occupancy), such as the number of packets (SDUs) or number of bytes utilized in the receive buffer. This information is sent from the receiving PDCP entity (WTRU/eNB) to the transmitting PDCP entity (WTRU/eNB) in a PDCP-BUFFER-STATUS message, and can be used by the transmitting PDCP entity to affect its various functions. Similarly, a PDCP-BUFFER-STATUS message may be transmitted from the transmitting PDCP entity to the receiving PDCP entity to report on the PDCP transmit buffer occupancy. 
         [0048]    Although features and elements are described above in particular combinations, each feature or element can be used alone without the other features and elements or in various combinations with or without other features and elements. The methods or flow charts provided herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable storage medium for execution by a general purpose computer or a processor. Examples of computer-readable storage mediums include a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks (DVDs). 
         [0049]    Suitable processors include, by way of example, a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), and/or a state machine. 
         [0050]    A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU), user equipment (UE), terminal, base station, radio network controller (RNC), or any host computer. The WTRU may be used in conjunction with modules, implemented in hardware and/or software, such as a camera, a video camera module, a videophone, a speakerphone, a vibration device, a speaker, a microphone, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a keyboard, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, and/or any wireless local area network (WLAN) or Ultra Wide Band (UWB) module.