Abstract:
Described herein are extrusion processes to produce hollow pellets. Also disclosed are pelletizer devices that can be used to produce the hollow pellets. The processes and devices make use of an extrusion die having a die orifice and an insert that is placed in the die orifice to produce the hollow pellets.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present application claims priority from, and is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/993,062, having a 35 U.S.C. §371(c) date of Dec. 15, 2010, entitled “Method and Device for Extrusion of Hollow Pellets,” which claims the benefit of International Patent Application Serial Number PCT/US2009/044220, filed May 15, 2009, entitled “Method and Device for Extrusion of Hollow Pellets,” which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/053,984, filed May 16, 2008, entitled “Method and Device for Extrusion of Hollow Pellets,” all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as if fully set forth below. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to an extrusion process to produce hollow pellets, wherein an insert is placed in the die holes of an extrusion die, about which is extruded the molten material to form those hollow pellets. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     Pelletization equipment and its use following extrusion processing has been introduced and/or utilized in applications by the assignee for many years as is exemplified by disclosures including U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,123,207; 4,251,198; 4,500,271; 4,621,996; 4,728,276; 4,888,990; 5,059,103; 5,403,176; 5,624,688; 6,332,765; 6,551,087; 6,793,473; 6,824,371; 6,925,741; 7,033,152; 7,157,032; 7,171,762; 7,172,397; 7,318,719; 7,402,034; 7,421,802; 7,524,179; 7,771,635; 8,007,701; 8,011,912; 8,080,196; 8,205,350; 8,220,177; 8,303,871; 8,361,364; 8,366,428; 8,444,923; 8,512,021; 8,562,883; 8,671,647; and 8,708,688; U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2012/0084993; 2012/0280419; 2012/0000161; 2013/0036714; 2012/0298475; and 2009/0206507; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/198,270; German Patents and Applications including DE 32 43 332, DE 37 02 841, DE 87 01 490, DE 196 42 389, DE 196 51 354, and DE 296 24 638; and European Patents and Applications including EP 1 218 156, EP 1 582 327, and EP 2 008 784. These patents and applications are all owned by the assignee and are included herein by way of reference in their entirety. 
     These disclosures remain silent as to the use of inserts in the pelletization process. More specifically, these disclosures remain silent regarding the use of inserts in the extrusion die, wherein molten material flows about the extrusion die and the insert such that a hollow pellet is generated. 
     The various embodiments of the present invention provide a cost effective method to prepare reproducible hollow pellets by use of a multiplicity of inserts in an equivalent multiplicity of die orifices through an extrusion die plate. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Briefly described, the various embodiments of the present invention provide a process to extrude hollow pellets by use of at least one insert through at least one die orifice in an extrusion die. Molten material passes to, and through, the die orifice containing the insert. The molten material is extruded, preferably with pressure, to give a hollow pellet on cooling, such that the hollow cavity formed can be at least one of continuously hollow throughout the pellet, completely and circumferentially enclosed within the pellet, and many combinations there between such that the enclosed hollow cavity is at least perforatedly connected in at least one locus to the outside of the pellet. 
     The hollow pellets are reproducible in structure and can be of any molten material, preferably polymeric, and any geometry both from the pellet shape, as well as the hollow cavity shape. The hollow pellet obtained is dependent upon, but not limited to, the extrusion viscosity, die swell, material composition, temperature of the melt, rate of cooling, degree of crystallization, melt index, cutting speed of the pelletization process, and the like. 
     It is, therefore, an aspect of the present invention to provide an inexpensive and cost effective method to produce relatively consistent and reproducible hollow pellets utilizing at least one insert in at least one orifice of an extrusion die about which the molten material is extruded such that the pellet shape, pellet diameter, cavity shape, cavity diameter, and penetration of that cavity or the lack thereof in and/or through the pellet is controlled. 
     Embodiments of the present invention can comprise an extrusion process for producing hollow pellets comprising extruding molten material through an extrusion die and cooling the extruded molten material effective to produce a pellet having a hollow cavity. The extrusion die can be a single-body extrusion die, a removable insert extrusion die assembly, or other structure. In some cases, the extruding can be implemented using pressure. The extrusion die may comprise a die hole and an insert disposed in the die hole. The insert may comprise a rear section and a forward section. In some embodiments, the rear section may comprise a hollow can. The can, in some embodiments, may have a hollow cavity therein. In some embodiments, the forward section may comprise a mandrel. The mandrel, in some embodiments, may comprise a plurality of fins that maintain the position of the mandrel in the die hole as the molten material is extruded. 
     In some embodiments, the molten material may flow through the hollow can. In some embodiments, the molten material may pass through at least one hole disposed between the hollow can and the fins of the mandrel. 
     In some embodiments, the fins may comprise protrusions that abut the die hole to maintain the position of the mandrel as the molten material flows around the fins. In some embodiments, at least one of the fins of the mandrel may be tapered. In some embodiments, the mandrel can further comprise a protrusion to squeeze the molten material into a single, uniform flow. 
     In some embodiments, the can may be threaded. In some embodiments, the mandrel may be a removable mandrel, and the mandrel may be threadedly attached to the can. 
     In certain embodiments, the hollow cavity of the pellet can penetrate a first surface of the pellet and continuously extend through a second surface of the pellet. Alternatively, the hollow cavity may be encapsulated completely within the pellet. It is also possible for the hollow cavity to penetrate a first surface of the pellet and extend inwardly to an interior portion of a body of the pellet. If a pellet has more than one hollow cavity, any one or more of these types of hollow cavities may be incorporated into the pellet. 
     In some embodiments, the molten material used for making the hollow pellets may be chosen from polymers, copolymers, bio-polymers and bio-plastics, and combinations thereof. One or more additives may also be included along with the molten material. The polymers, copolymers, and additives may contain reactive functionalities, which can be cross-linkable. The reactive functionalities may be modified by chemical reaction, including by expansion. 
     Embodiments of the present invention may further comprise an extrusion process for producing hollow pellets that involves feeding a molten material into a pelletizer and extruding the molten material through an extrusion die of the pelletizer such that during extrusion the molten material may flow through the hollow can of an insert, through at least one hole of the insert, and around fins disposed on the mandrel of the insert. In some embodiments, the pelletizer may be an under fluid pelletizer, such as, for example, an underwater pelletizer. In some embodiments, after the molten material flows around the fins, the molten material may flow around a portion of the insert that does not have fins. 
     In some embodiments, the insert may comprise a taper between a back edge of the insert and the hollow can, and the molten material may then flow through the taper. 
     In some embodiments, the process may further comprise cooling the extruded molten material effective to produce a pellet having a hollow cavity. In some embodiments, the hollow cavity of the pellet may penetrate a first surface of the pellet and continuously extend through a second surface of the pellet. Alternatively, the hollow cavity may be encapsulated completely within the pellet. It is also possible for the hollow cavity to penetrate a first surface of the pellet and extend inwardly to an interior portion of a body of the pellet. If a pellet has more than one hollow cavity, any one or more of these types of hollow cavities may be incorporated into the pellet. 
     Embodiments of the present invention may further comprise a pelletizer. The pelletizer may comprise an inlet for receiving a molten material, a die hole for extruding the molten material that may be downstream of the inlet, and an insert disposed in the die hole. In some embodiments, the insert may comprise a rear section and a forward section. In some embodiments, the rear section may comprise a hollow can, and the can may have a hollow cavity therein. In some embodiments, the forward section may comprise a mandrel, and the mandrel may comprise a plurality of fins. In some embodiments, the insert may comprise at least one hole configured to enable the molten material to flow from the hollow can to the mandrel. 
     In some embodiments, the plurality of fins may comprise protrusions that maintain the position of the mandrel in the die hole as the molten material is extruded. In some embodiments, the region of the mandrel furthest from the rear section of the insert may not comprise fins. 
     In some embodiments, the extruded molten material may comprise a pellet having a hollow cavity. In some embodiments, the pelletizer may also comprise an outlet for transporting the extruded molten material from the pelletizer. The pelletizer can be an under fluid pelletizer, such as an underwater pelletizer. 
     These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent upon reading the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic vertical sectional view of one embodiment of the single-body extrusion die assembly of the present invention in which the perforated is of single-body construction. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic vertical sectional view of a removable insert extrusion die assembly of the present invention in which the perforated is of removable center construction. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic vertical sectional view illustrating the association of the die orifice and insert. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic view of one embodiment of the insert. 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of the insert of  FIG. 4  in the die hole. 
         FIG. 5 a    is a horizontal cross-sectional view of the insert of  FIG. 4  in the die hole at line a. 
         FIG. 5 b    is a horizontal cross-sectional view of the insert of  FIG. 4  in the die hole at line b. 
         FIG. 5 c    is a horizontal cross-sectional view of the insert of  FIG. 4  in the die hole at line c. 
         FIG. 5 d    is a horizontal cross-sectional view of the insert of  FIG. 4  in the die hole at line d. 
         FIG. 6 a    is an elevated back perspective view of a second embodiment of the insert. 
         FIG. 6 b    is a side perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the insert. 
         FIG. 6 c    is a front perspective view of the insert of  FIG. 6   a.    
         FIG. 7 a    is a cross-sectional view of the insert of  FIG. 6 a    in the die hole. 
         FIG. 7 b    is an elevated back perspective view of another embodiment of the insert. 
         FIG. 7 c    is a front perspective view of the insert of  FIG. 7   b.    
         FIGS. 8 a  and 8 b    show a side, cross-sectional view of yet another embodiment of the insert. 
         FIG. 8 c    is a front perspective of the insert of  FIGS. 8 a    and  8   b.    
         FIGS. 9 a - i    are illustrations of various pellet geometries in top view, cross-section, and side view, including  FIG. 9 a    that illustrates a top view of a cylindrical pellet through which the hollow completely penetrates. 
         FIG. 9 b    illustrates a cross-sectional view of the hollow approximately cylindrical pellet from  FIG. 9   a.    
         FIG. 9 c    illustrates a side view of the hollow approximately cylindrical pellet from  FIG. 9   a.    
         FIG. 9 d    illustrates a top view of an approximately round pellet. 
         FIG. 9 e    illustrates the cross-section through the round pellet in  FIG. 9   d.    
         FIG. 9 f    illustrates a top view of an approximately rectangular pellet. 
         FIG. 9 g    illustrates a cross-sectional view through the pellet in  FIG. 9 f    showing a round hollow or cavity within that rectangular pellet. 
         FIG. 9 h    illustrates a top view of an approximately round pellet. 
         FIG. 9 i    illustrates a cross-sectional view through the pellet in  FIG. 9 h    wherein a cavity has perforations into and through the pellet wall. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Although only certain embodiments of the invention are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its scope to the details of construction and arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or carried out in various ways. Also, in describing these embodiments, specific terminology will be resorted to for the sake of clarity. It is to be understood that each specific term includes all technical equivalents that operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose. 
     Referring to the drawings,  FIG. 1  illustrates one embodiment of the present invention associated with components of a pelletizer. The pelletizer includes an inlet housing  12  from a melting and/or mixing apparatus (not shown). The inlet housing  12  includes a passageway  14  for molten material or other extrudate (hereinafter collectively referred to as “process melt”) that can include organic materials, oligomers, polymers, waxes, and combinations thereof without intending to be limited. Nose cone  16  directs the process melt to the upstream side of the single-body extrusion die  10  to which it is attachedly connected by a threaded rod (not shown). The threaded rod is screw-threaded at one end into threaded bore  18  of nose cone  16  and, at its distal end, into threaded bore  20  of single-body extrusion die  10 . Alternately, the nose cone  16  can be continuous with the single-body extrusion die  10  and need not be attachedly connected as herein described. 
     The single-body extrusion die  10  contains at least one and, preferably, a multiplicity of die holes  22 , concentrically arranged singly or in multiples thereof in at least one ring, that extend from the upstream face  24  to the downstream face  26  of single-body extrusion die  10 . A plurality of knife blade assemblies  28  mounted on a rotatably driven cutter hub  30  in a cutting chamber (not shown) cuts the extruded, cooled, and at least partially solidified process melt into pellets. The pellets thusly formed are transported mechanically, pneumatically, hydraulically, and in combinations thereof to downstream processing. 
     Areas of the downstream face  26  optionally can be cut out to provide at least one annular recess or cavity  32  peripherally adjacent to the die holes  22  such that the die holes  22  are contained in protrusions  34  that are continuous with the base plate  36  of single-body extrusion die  10 . Within die holes  22 , with or without protrusions  34 , are an equivalent number of inserts  50  detailed herein below. Annular cover plate  38  overlays the annular recess or cavity  32  and is attachedly connected to base plate  36  and protrusions  34  by brazing, welding, or similar technique known to those skilled in the art. The cover plate  38  can be at least one of an abrasion and corrosion resistant metal, preferably nickel steel, a hard face material, preferably tungsten carbide, and many combinations thereof. Similarly, attachment of the cover plate  38  to the base plate  36  and/or protrusions  34  is preferably achieved by welding, brazing, and the like. The surface of the cover plate  38  and, therefore, the downstream face  26  of single-body extrusion die  10  can optionally be coated with a chemical, abrasion, corrosion, and wear resistant coating as is known to those skilled in the art. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a removable insert extrusion die assembly  100  in a second embodiment of the present invention. Removable insert extrusion die assembly  100  is comprised of base plate  105  and removable insert  110 . Similarly to  FIG. 1 , the removable insert extrusion die assembly  100  is attachedly connected to an inlet housing  12  from a melting and/or mixing apparatus (not shown). The inlet housing  12  includes a passageway  14  for process melt as heretofore described. Nose cone  16  directs the process melt to the upstream side of the removable insert  110  to which it is attachedly connected by threaded rod (not shown). The threaded rod is screw threaded at one end into threaded bore  118  of nose cone  16  and at its distal end into threaded bore  120  of removable insert  110 . 
     The removable insert  110  contains at least one and, preferably, a multiplicity of die holes  22  concentrically arranged singly or in multiples thereof in at least one ring that extend from the upstream face  124  to the downstream face  126  of removable insert  110 . A plurality of knife blade assemblies  28  mounted on a rotatably driven cutter hub  30  in a cutting chamber (not shown) cuts the extruded, cooled, and at least partially solidified process melt into pellets. The pellets thusly formed are transported mechanically, pneumatically, hydraulically, and in combinations thereof to downstream processing as before. 
     Areas of the downstream face  126  optionally can be cut out to provide at least one annular recess or cavity  132  peripherally adjacent to the die holes  22  such that the die holes  22  are contained in protrusions  134  that are continuous with the removable center base plate  136  of removable insert  110 . Within die holes  22 , with or without protrusions  134 , are an equivalent number of inserts  50  detailed herein below. Annular cover plate  138  overlays the annular recess or cavity  132  and is attachedly connected to removable center base plate  136  and protrusions  134  by brazing, welding, or similar technique known to those skilled in the art. The cover plate  138  can be at least one of an abrasion and corrosion resistant metal, preferably nickel steel, a hard face material, preferably tungsten carbide, and many combinations thereof. Similarly, attachment of the cover plate  138  to the removable center base plate  136  and/or protrusions  134  is preferably achieved by welding, brazing, and the like. The surface of the cover plate  138  and, therefore, the downstream face  126  of removable insert  110  can optionally be coated with a chemical, abrasion, corrosion, and wear resistant coating as is known to those skilled in the art. 
     Heating and/or cooling processes can be provided by electrical resistance, induction, steam or heat transfer fluid as has been conventionally disclosed for the single-body extrusion die  10 , as well as the removable insert extrusion die assembly  100 . The removable insert  110  and the base plate  105  alternatively can be heated separately by similar or differing mechanisms. Preferably, heating elements  46  are inserted into the single-body extrusion die  10  or the removable insert extrusion die assembly  100  as illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , respectively. Other designs as are known to those skilled in the art are included herein by way of reference without intending to be limited. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 3  for the single-body extrusion die  10 , insert  50  is illustrated within die hole  22  that extends from upstream face  24  into and through optional protrusion  34  in base plate  36  to downstream face  26  of cover plate  38 . Optional annular recess or cavity  32  is also shown for purposes of clarification. An analogous assembly follows for removable insert  110  and is not shown. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates the details of construction for one embodiment of insert  50 . As seen in  FIG. 4 , insert  50   a  comprises a mandrel  52 , a multiplicity of insert fin tapers  54 , and a multiplicity of fins  56 . The insert  50   a  can be made of any abrasion-resistant material and is preferably metal. The metal can be aluminum, brass, bronze, copper, steel, tool steel, carbon steel, vanadium steel, stainless steel, nickel steel, nickel, and the like without intending to be limited. More preferably the metal is a good heat conductor including brass, bronze, and copper. Without intending to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the thermally conductive metals maintain uniformity of temperature in the process melt propagating into and through the die hole  22 . This is effective in minimizing loss of heat and/or variation in temperature as the material flows in the multiplicity of pathways formed by the multiplicity of fins  56 . 
     The dimensions of insert  50   a  must be such that it does not exceed the dimensions of die hole  22  at process temperature and must take into consideration the differential expansion wherein the metal of insert  50   a  differs from that of base plate  36  or removable insert  110 . Fins  56  not only form a multiplicity of flow pathways for the process melt, but also further serve to maintain the position of insert  50   a  in die hole  22 . The minimum number of fins is at least two and, preferably, at least three. More preferably, there are at least four fins  56  on insert  50   a . The multiplicity of fins  56  can be oriented at any angle relative to the adjacent fins to form pathways through which flows the polymer melt. Preferably, the fins are 180 degrees apart or less. More preferably, the fins are 120 degrees or less apart. Most preferably, the fins are 90 degrees or less apart. As a result, in some cases, the insert has at least four fins disposed about insert  50   a  such that each of the at least four fins is disposed less than or equal to about 90 degrees apart from an adjacent fin. 
       FIG. 5  shows insert  50   a  within die orifice or hole  22 . As seen therein, mandrel  52  is significantly contained within die land  60 , insert fin tapers  54  approximately correspond dimensionally to die hole taper  62 , and fins  56  are approximately contained within pre-land tube  64 . The length of die land  60  typically ranges from at least approximately 3.8 millimeters (approximately 0.15 inch) to approximately 31.75 millimeters (approximately 1.25 inches) and is preferably at least approximately 6.4 millimeters (approximately 0.25 inch) to approximately 25 millimeters (approximately 1.00 inch). Mandrel  52  within die land  60  is preferably flush with downstream face of the extrusion die. In an alternative embodiment, the length of mandrel  52  may be less than the length of die land  60 . In such an alternative embodiment, the length of mandrel  52  is no more than about 0.50 millimeters (approximately 0.020 inch) to about 5.0 millimeters (approximately 0.20 inch) less than the length of die land  60 , thereby making the tip of mandrel  52  very slightly recessed from the downstream face of the extrusion die. Die land  60  and/or mandrel  52  can be cylindrical or tapered and can be round, oval, rectangular, and the like in geometry. Similarly, die land  60  and mandrel  52  can be of similar or different geometry. Insert  50   a  can be press fit and preferably is slide fit into die hole  22 . 
     The insert fin tapers  54  are similar in angularity, at angle  66 , to die hole taper  62  that can range from 0° to 90° as measured from the perpendicular cylinder imposed on the diameter of pre-land tube  64  at the juncture with die hole taper  62 . Preferably angle  66  ranges from 15° to 45° as described herein. The insert fin tapers  54  can be the same contour as, or different than, that of die hole taper  62  and dimensionally must taper from the diameter of fins  56  to the diameter of mandrel  52 . Similarly, fins  56  can be similar to the geometry, cylindrical or tapered and combinations thereof for example, of pre-land tube  64  or can be different in geometry. Preferably, pre-land tube  64  and fins  56  are cylindrical. The length of fins  56  can be the same as the length of pre-land tube  64 , but is preferably less than the length of pre-land tube  64 . More preferably, the length of fins  56  is at least approximately 0.50 millimeters (approximately 0.020 inch) less than the length of pre-land tube  64  such that the fins do not protrude outside the length of pre-land tube  64 . 
       FIG. 5 a    illustrates an exemplary cross-sectional design of fins  56  in pre-land tube  64  at line a.  FIG. 5 b    illustrates an exemplary cross-section design of insert fin tapers  54  in die hole taper  62  at line b.  FIG. 5 c    illustrates an exemplary cross-sectional design of mandrel  52  at the attachment point to insert fin tapers  54  in die land  60  at line c.  FIG. 5 d    illustrates an optional decreasingly tapered mandrel  52  in die land  60  at line d. 
       FIGS. 6 a -6 c    illustrate the details of construction for alternative embodiments of insert  50 . Referring first to  FIG. 6 a   , insert  50   b  comprises rear section  70  and forward section  72 . Rear section  70  comprises can  74 . Forward section  72  comprises mandrel  76 , which comprises a plurality of fins  78  and a plurality of fin tapers  80 . Can  74  in rear section  70  of insert  50   b  includes a back edge  82  and a hollow cavity  84 . Back edge  82  is open so as to receive the process melt therein. Between back edge  82  and hollow cavity  84  is an optional thread  86 . Thread  86  may be used to take insert  50   b  out of or place it in die hole  22  by, for example, inserting a tool into thread  86  so as to grab insert  50   b  for removal from or placement within die hole  22 . A useful feature of this optional thread is the flexibility to be able, with minimum investment, to switch the pelletizing operation from producing hollow pellets to normal, non-hollow (solid) pellets and back again. 
     The hollow cavity  84  of can  74  includes a front wall  88 . Front wall  88  may be flat, as shown in  FIG. 6 a   . Front wall  88  includes at least one hole  90 . Front wall  88  can also include at least two holes  90 , at least three holes  90 , or at least four holes  90 . In the alternative, rather than front wall  88  being flat, the region comprises a plurality of tapered inlets  91 , as shown in  FIG. 6 b   . Tapered inlets  91  help funnel the molten material into at least one hole  90  and also help prevent material build up at front wall  88 . 
     Referring back to  FIG. 6 a   , at least one hole  90  originates in front wall  88  of hollow cavity  84  and extends to front wall  92  of rear section  70  of insert  50   b . The at least one hole  90  enables the process melt to flow from hollow cavity  84  and to be fed toward forward section  72  of insert  50   b  without obstructing the flow of the process melt or causing an unnecessary pressure increase. The front wall  92  may optionally include a chamfer  94 . 
       FIG. 6 c    is a front perspective view of insert  50   b , showing more clearly forward section  72  of insert  50   b , which includes mandrel  76 , plurality of fins  78  on mandrel  76 , and plurality of fin tapers  80 . Mandrel  76  has at least three distinct regions, preferably, a base region  102 , a middle region  104 , and a forward region  106 . In base region  102 , fins  78  extend forward along mandrel  76  from front wall  92  of rear section  70  toward forward region  106  and the downstream face of the extrusion die. This allows the process melt to come through the at least one hole  90  and maintain constant laminar or other desirable flow through the at least one hole  90  and along fins  78 . Fins  78  act as guides for the process melt without obstructing the flow of the process melt. In middle region  104 , fins  78  have protrusions  108 . Fins  78  terminate at fin tapers  80  within the middle region of mandrel  76 . Insert fin tapers  80  dimensionally taper from the diameter of fins  78  to the diameter of mandrel  76  without fins  78 . Forward region  106  of mandrel  76  can, therefore, be devoid of fins. The lack of fins in forward region  106  can enable the process melt to flow around the forward region  106  of mandrel  76  so that when the process melt is extruded out of die hole  22 , the resulting hollow pellets can be completely formed, without gaps, as might be caused if the fins  78  extended to the tip  112  of the mandrel  76 . 
     The minimum number of fins  78  located on mandrel  76  is at least two and, in some cases, at least three. In some embodiments, there are at least four fins  78  located on mandrel  76 . The plurality of fins  78  on mandrel  76  can be oriented at any angle relative to the adjacent fins to form pathways through which flows the polymer melt. Fins  78  can be equally spaced from one another. Thus, fins  78  can be disposed about 180 degrees or less apart from each other about mandrel  76 , about 120 degrees or less apart from each other about mandrel  76 , or about 90 degrees or less apart from an adjacent fin about the mandrel. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 7 a   , insert  50   b  is illustrated within die hole  22 . The dimensions of insert  50   b  must be such that they do not exceed the dimensions of die hole  22  at process temperature and must also take into consideration the differential expansion, wherein the metal of insert  50   b  differs from that of base plate  36  or removable insert  110 . 
     Fins  78  not only form a multiplicity of flow pathways for the process melt, but also further serve to maintain the position of mandrel  76  in die hole  22 . Pressure or flow differentials in die hole  22  and/or forces of rotating cutter hub  30  with blade  28  can impart a force onto mandrel  76  that can cause mandrel  76  to move. Fins  78  on mandrel  76  provide additional support and stability for mandrel  76 , holding mandrel  76  steady in die hole  22  and preventing mandrel  76  from any undesired movement. Protrusions  108  abut die hole  22 , helping to maintain the position of mandrel  76  in die hole  22 . 
     Insert  50   b  is within die hole  22  such that middle region  104  and forward region  106  of mandrel  76  are significantly contained within die land  60 . Also seen therein, die hole taper  62  can comprise two regions,  114  and  116 . Region  114  may optionally be curved (shown) or flat (not shown). Similarly, region  116  may optionally be a straight, tapering, diagonal region (shown) or may be flat (not shown). Fins  78  extend through die hole taper  62  and into die land  60 , where the protrusions  108  can abut the die land  60  to maintain the position of the mandrel  76 . 
     Once again, the length of die land  60  typically ranges from at least approximately 3.8 millimeters (approximately 0.15 inch) to approximately 31.75 millimeters (approximately 1.25 inches) and is preferably at least approximately 6.4 millimeters (approximately 0.25 inch) to approximately 25 millimeters (approximately 1.00 inch). Mandrel  76  within die land  60  is preferably flush with downstream face of the extrusion die. In an alternative embodiment, the length of mandrel  76  may be less than the length of die land  60 . In such an alternative embodiment, the length of mandrel  76  is no more than about 0.50 millimeters (approximately 0.020 inch) to about 5.0 millimeters (approximately 0.20 inch) less than the length of die land  60 , thereby making the tip  112  of mandrel  76  very slightly recessed from the downstream face of the extrusion die. 
     Die land  60  and mandrel  76  can be of similar or different geometry. Die land  60  can be cylindrical or tapered and can be round, oval, rectangular, star-shaped, and the like in geometry. Mandrel  76  may be cylindrical or tapered and can be round, oval, rectangular, star-shaped, and the like in geometry. Forward section  72 , via fins  78 , may be a pressed fit plug and is preferably press fit into die hole  22 . 
       FIGS. 7 b  and 7 c    illustrate the details of another embodiment of insert  50   b  within die hole  22 .  FIG. 7 b    is an elevated back perspective view of the insert, while  FIG. 7 c    is a front perspective view of the insert. As seen therein, mandrel  76  includes protrusion  118 . In situations where front wall  88  includes more than one hole  90 , protrusion  118  may be used to squeeze the polymer flows that exit holes  90  back together into a single uniform flow. Protrusion  118  works by pressing the melt flow outward between protrusion  118  and the wall  120  of die hole  22  when the melt flow passes over protrusion  118 , thereby resulting in a single uniform flow of molten material rather than a plurality of flows. 
     Insert  50   b  can be made of any abrasion-resistant material and is preferably metal. The metal can be aluminum, brass, bronze, copper, steel, tool steel, carbon steel, vanadium steel, stainless steel, nickel steel, nickel, and the like without intending to be limited. In some embodiments, the metal may be a good heat conductor including brass, bronze, and copper. Without intending to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the thermally conductive metals maintain uniformity of temperature in the process melt propagating into and through die hole  22 . This is effective in minimizing loss of heat and/or variation in temperature as the material flows in the multiplicity of pathways formed by plurality of fins  78 . Preferably, the metal selected is greater in strength and abrasion resistance, such as stainless steel, which also has a lower thermal conductivity and is a better heat insulator. 
     In one embodiment, the insert may be a one-piece assembly comprising the can and the mandrel. In another embodiment, the mandrel may be separate from the can, thereby allowing for a multi-piece assembly.  FIGS. 8 a -8 c    show a multi-piece assembly of the insert. Referring first to  FIG. 8 a   , as seen therein, insert  50   b  comprise can  74  and mandrel  76 . In this multi-piece embodiment, mandrel  76  is removable from can  74 . Mandrel  76  may be threaded into can  74 , as illustrated in  FIG. 8 b   . In the alternative, the mandrel may be attachedly connected to the can in some other manner.  FIG. 8 c    is a front perspective of the multi-piece assembly showing the mandrel  76  attached to can  74 . 
       FIGS. 9 a - i    illustrates the various geometries of the hollow pellets formed in accordance with the present invention.  FIG. 9 a    illustrates a top view of a cylindrical pellet through which the hollow cavity completely penetrates.  FIG. 9 b    illustrates a cross-sectional view of the hollow, cylindrical pellet from  FIG. 9 a   , while  FIG. 9 c    illustrates a side view of the same pellet.  FIG. 9 d    illustrates a top view of an approximately-round pellet with  FIG. 9 e    illustrating the cross-section through that pellet.  FIG. 9 f    illustrates a top view of an approximately-rectangular pellet with  FIG. 9 g    illustrating a cross-sectional view through that pellet, showing a round, hollow cavity within that rectangular pellet.  FIG. 9 h    illustrates a top view of an approximately round pellet with  FIG. 9 i    illustrating a cross-sectional view through that pellet, showing a cavity with perforations into, and through, the pellet wall. It is understood by those skilled in the art that many pellet shapes and cavity shapes can be achieved by methodologies of the present invention without intending to be limited. 
     Hollow pellet formation is significantly controlled by the melt rheology and, particularly, the melt viscosity. Fractional melt materials typically form torus or donut-shaped pellets as illustrated in  FIGS. 9 a - c    described hereinabove. As the melt viscosity decreases and, therefore, the melt flow index increases, it was found that more closure of the pellet was achievable to form a completely enclosed cavity as illustrated in  FIGS. 9 d - g   . As melt viscosity continues to drop and melt flow index, therefore, increases, less completely enclosed cavities were generated, perforations were introduced, and eventually the cavities were found to collapse or partially collapse leading to irregular cavity geometry. 
     Additionally, such factors as chemical composition, melting point range, and crystallinity are important, as these affect the fluidity and temperature of the process melt. Crystallization is typically exothermic and adds to the melt process temperature, thereby lowering the viscosity. The narrower the melting point range, the less cooling necessary to significantly increase the solidification and, therefore, the more challenging to form a completely enclosed cavity as compared with a torus or donut-shaped pellet through which the cavity completely penetrates. The polarity, branching, and hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions of polymers influence the properties in the melt phase as well as the processes leading to solidification. The ability of a material to swell on exiting the die is also an important factor in assessing the closure of the pellet, as well as the necessary difference in diameter of the mandrel and the die land to achieve a pellet of a desired diameter containing a cavity of a particular diameter. As the melt viscosity decreases, the control of these variables decreases and the temperature influences of crystallization, if present, increase. 
     The moisture uptake was evaluated as a means of elucidating possible entrapment of moisture wherein pelletization was done in the preferred underwater pelletizing. It was anticipated that moisture would be proportionately high wherein entrapment of the transport fluid, preferably water, occurred in the hollow cavities generated. It was surprisingly found that moisture contents were significantly lower than expected after taking into account the difference in mass of a comparable diameter solid pellet to the reduced mass of the hollow pellet and even more surprising that moisture reduction increased as the polarity of the material increased. For example, both polyethylene and polypropylene hollow pellets were found to have comparable moisture content with solid pellets of comparable diameter whereas ethyl vinyl acetate hollow pellets were found to have approximately one-half to two-thirds the moisture of the solid pellet. 
     Examples of materials for use in making hollow pellets according to the instant invention include, but are not limited to, polymers, copolymers, bio-polymers and bio-plastics, and combinations thereof. 
     The polymers useful in making the hollow pellets according to the present invention can be polyolefins, cross-linkable polyolefins, polyamides, polyimides, polyesters, polycarbonates, polysulfides, polysulfones, polyurethanes, polyethers, polythioethers, waxes, hot melt adhesives, asphalt, thermoplastic elastomers, rubbers, cellulosics, gum base, vinyl polymers and substituted vinyl polymers including aromatic and aliphatic vinyl polymers, aromatic alkenyl polymers such as polystyrene, and copolymers of the foregoing. 
     Examples of bio-plastics either as the final hollow pellets or as a component of a formulation with or without any other bio or non-bio polymers or materials include, but are not limited to, polyhydroxyalkanoates, polyglycolides, polylactides, polyethylene glycols, polysaccharides, cellulosics, and starches, polyanhydrides, aliphatic polyesters and polycarbonates, polyorthoesters, polyphosphazenes, polylactones, and polylactams. 
     The polyolefins useful in the present invention can be ultra-low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, medium density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, polybutylene, ionomers, polymethylpentene, polypropylene, ethylene-vinylacetate, alkyl and aryl substituted vinylics, halogenated and polyhalogenated vinylics, polyvinyl esters, polyvinyl alcohol, and copolymers thereof. 
     One or more additives may be included along with the molten material in making the hollow pellets according to the present invention. The additives can compositionally include, but are not limited to, rheology modifiers, cross-linking facilitating agents, antioxidant agents, ultraviolet stabilizers, thermal stabilizers, dyes, pigments, fillers, fibers, nucleating agents, expanding agents, encapsulated agricultural and pharmaceutical active ingredients, flavors and fragrances, tackifiers, detackifiers, pellet coatings, plasticizers, lubricants, waxes, biomaterial additives (which can include, but are not limited to, cellulosics, starches, and proteinaceous materials), coupling agents, binders, scavengers, synergists, processing aids, and pelletizing aids. The one or more additives can be single-component or multi-component formulations. 
     The polymers, copolymers, and one or more additives useful in the present invention can be amorphous, crystalline, or combinations thereof. The polymers, copolymers, and one or more additives may contain reactive functionalities, which can be cross-linkable. The reactive functionalities can be modified by chemical reaction, including by expansion. 
     As was anticipated, back-pressure on the extrusion process increases with the use of the inserts and was found to be alleviated by at least one of increasing the number of holes through the die, increasing the temperature of the process melt, and increasing the temperature of the die. These factors, as is understood by one skilled in the art, are not surprising consequences. 
     Without wishing to be bound to any theory, hollow pellets made in accordance with the present invention have more surface area to volume ratio and reduce the distance from outside surface to the “core” as compared to normal, solid pellets, thereby providing the hollow pellets with several benefits over solid pellets. For example, use of hollow pellets can increase productivity because the hollow pellets not only melt faster but also dry, crystallize and/or solid state polymerize faster. After formation, some pellets are put in solvents, and the hollow pellets dissolve faster than normal, solid pellets. The hollow pellets also have improved mixing and dispersion properties in pre-compounding blends, thereby allowing for better dry mixing with other materials before being extruded or otherwise used. In some cases, less expensive pellets are needed to accomplish functionalities such as absorbing impact energies or reducing overall weight, and the hollow pellets can provide this. Additionally, expanding agents such as pentane may be included in the molten material, and the resulting pellets can be expanded into shapes such as “foam donuts” and used directly in packaging applications. 
     The foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. Because numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact embodiments shown and described. Accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.