Abstract:
This invention relates to an inflatable ball ( 1 ) for footballing and recreational activities. It is based on a new geometric model. It considers the use of unrolled folding curved surfaces—cylindrical surfaces—to create spherical three-dimensional structures—domes and geoids—to replace the current structures that make use of plane geometrical figures such as the truncated icosahedron. It is a configuration that corresponds to a ball ( 1 ) with 12 faces or panels ( 2 ), 24 edges ( 3 ) and 14 vertices, six are type (A) and eight are type (B), which takes advantage of the curvature of solids to replicate a warped, spherical figure and moulds are not needed to make them. That is, with the advantage that it can be made based on development of surfaces.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Technical Area to Which the Invention Belongs 
         [0002]    This invention relates to an inflatable ball ( 1 ) for footballing and recreational activities, and therefore hollow, that can be used in any area where balls are used: sports, culture and science. 
         [0003]    2. State of the Art 
         [0004]    This invention relates to an inflatable ball ( 1 ) for footballing and recreational activities. It is based on a new geometric model suitable for building spherical three-dimensional structures. Even though it has potential for use in areas such as the building industry, this invention has been developed with a view to producing inflatable balls for footballing and recreational purposes. 
         [0005]    According to FIFA the first footballs of the modern era, so called because they were specifically designed and made to be used in games, appeared at the end of the 19 th  century, under the rules devised by the first football association, formed in England on 26 Oct. 1863. 
         [0006]    The geometry of the balls, made from tanned leather and ox bladder, resembled that of the Earth. They consisted of panels stitched together. They were wider at the equator and narrowed towards the poles. 
         [0007]    The first major improvement was a geometric adjustment to the shape. As the inflation system improved, with a rubber air chamber, it could keep its round shape for longer. This model to some extent resembled today&#39;s volleyball balls. It was basically composed of 18 faces or panels and was officially in use until 1966 when it was replaced by a ball of similar geometry, but better made, to comply with the strict requirements of FIFA to be considered the ‘official ball’. 
         [0008]    1970 saw the launch of the first ‘truncated icosahedron’ model, which has lasted until the present day. Major changes have been made since then: not in the format of the ball but in the quality of the materials and construction systems, which have systematically led to the ball becoming a tough, ergonomic object. 
         [0009]    The World Cup competitions, in addition to demanding quality guarantees, have also served as a laboratory for introducing increasingly sophisticated products. 
         [0010]    Models were launched in Germany (2006) and South Africa (2010) whose surface geometry differed from their predecessor. However, given the manufacturing process of the official ball for the last tournament it is verifiable that the icosahedric shape persists in the interior. Differences are seen in the layers of the covering, designed to enhance the object&#39;s performance. 
         [0011]    The football-making process is today divided into two, duly patented, aspects: materials, and geometry. 
         [0012]    The materials have seen more developments and experimentation in recent times, the aim being to unite the functionality requirements of roundness, bounce and rebound with the toughness and durability requirements under use, such as surface impermeability, suitability to the pitch covering, resistance to wear, and other aspects beyond the scope of this invention. 
         [0013]    The geometric aspect has not changed since 1970, with the use of an inflated truncated icosahedron (one of the 13 Archimedean solids) to represent a spherical dome. Occasional experiments have been tried with other shapes, but they used moulds on the traditional geometric model. 
         [0014]    This invention is intended to contribute to that aspect. 
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
       [0015]    This invention relates to an inflatable ball ( 1 ) for footballing and recreational activities. It is based on a new geometric model. It considers the use of unrolled folding curved surfaces—cylindrical surfaces—to create spherical three-dimensional structures—domes and geoids—to replace the current structures that make use of plane geometrical figures such as the truncated icosahedron. It is a configuration that corresponds to a ball ( 1 ) with 12 faces or panels ( 2 ), 24 edges ( 3 ) and 14 vertices (intersections of the edges), six are type (A), ends of segment nr/2 ( 5 ), and eight are type (B), ends of segment r√{square root over (2)} ( 4 ), which takes advantage of the curvature of solids to replicate a warped, spherical figure without needing to use moulds. That is, with the advantage of being made based on development of surfaces. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0016]    This invention is a ball ( 1 ) suitable for footballing and recreational activities, composed of 12 faces or panels ( 2 ), which are reflected on the surface of the ball ( 1 ), each corresponding to sections of cylindrical surfaces, that is, unrolled folding curved surfaces. 
         [0017]    In practice, when the twelve faces or panels ( 2 ) of the ball ( 1 ), which are quadrilateral in shape and all equal, are arranged with different orientations they form a three-dimensional structure with a spherical format. 
         [0018]    The ball ( 1 ) may thus be described as a geometric figure, a Non-polyhedron, composed of 12 faces or panels ( 2 ), 24 edges ( 3 ) and 14 vertices, six of type (A) and eight of type (B), 
         [0019]    The advantage of adapting this geometric figure to a sphere is that, because it has fewer cylindrical faces or panels, and a smaller number of vertices (compared with the previous model—inflated truncated icosahedrons), there are fewer areas that have to be inflated, and it is easier to achieve the desired outcome: the ball ( 1 ). The cumulative stress in the vertices can be distributed along the edges and thence it is transmitted equally to all the faces or panels. 
         [0020]    The invention thus comprises of an inflatable ball for footballing and recreational activities composed of an inner air chamber and outer covering formed by 12 all equal quadrilateral faces or panels ( 2 ), with each panel ( 2 ) bounded by 4 edges ( 3 ) of equal length by which the panels are joined to one another. Each panel ( 2 ) is bounded on its circumference by four other panels ( 2 ). 
         [0021]    The panels ( 2 ) have a curved surface due to their being superimposed on a Non-polyhedron composed of 12 faces or panels ( 2 ), 24 edges ( 3 ) and 14 vertices, six of type (A) and eight of type (B), yielded by the intersection of three cylinders of equal diameter (d=22 cm) where each of its axes establishes, in the space, an angle of 90°, oriented along the xx, yy and zz orthonormal axes whose faces or panels are all equal and correspond to portions of a cylinder. 
         [0022]    The panels ( 2 ) are bounded by 4 edges ( 3 ) which, since they result from the intersection of three cylinders with orthonormal axes of equal diameter, correspond to sections of an ellipse, whose smaller axis is r (radius of the cylinder), 11 cm, and larger axis is r √{square root over (2)}, dimension between 15.55 cm and 15.56 cm, when converted to decimals, since the intersection between each pair of cylinders is 45°. 
         [0023]    The panels ( 2 ) are doubly symmetrical plane geometric figures, both in relation to segment nr/2 ( 5 ), which corresponds to one quarter of the circumference of the base of the cylinder, and in relation to the segment r√{square root over (2)} ( 4 ) which corresponds to the portion of the generating line that passes through the mid-point of the previous segment, which intersects it also at its mid-point, and which corresponds to the maximum moment of this magnitude, equal to twice the cosine of 45°, angle at which each pair of cylinders intersects. Each panel has four opposing vertices, two type (A), ends of the segment nr/2 ( 5 ), and two type (B), ends of the segment r√{square root over (2)} ( 4 ). The area of each panel ( 2 ) is between 160.70 cm 2  and 160.80 cm 2 , its perimeter is between 47.00 linear cm and 47.30 linear cm, making between 1928.40 cm 2  and 1929.60 cm 2  of material; and between 2256.00 cm and 2270.40 cm of outline necessary for joining according to the vertices of each end of the ellipse portion: (A) to (A) and (B) to (B). 
         [0024]    The panels ( 2 ) thus correspond to the joining of four faces or panels on vertex (A), with tessellation [4,4,4,4], and the joining of three faces or panels on vertex (B), with tessellation [4,4,4], seeing tessellation as the splitting of the area into regions. 
         [0025]    Each edge ( 3 ) is delimited at 45°, with the least pronounced curve prevailing, and it is supported on a vertex that corresponds to the ends of two orthogonal segments which intersect at the mid-point, where the first ( 4 ) measures r√{square root over (2)}, a dimension between 15.55 cm and 15.56 cm, and the second ( 5 ), given by the unrolling of the circumference portion, measures nr/2, a dimension between 17.27 cm and 17.28 cm, after the surface development of each panel. 
         [0026]    Each edge ( 3 ) thus corresponds to a portion of an ellipse that is supported on two vertices, where the end of the ellipse portion corresponding to the point above the smaller axis is supported on the vertex (A) of the segment nr/2 ( 5 ), and the end of the ellipse sectioned by the planes at 45° corresponds to the vertex (B) of the segment r√{square root over (2)} ( 4 ). 
         [0027]    Each edge ( 3 ) is between 11.80 cm and 11.85 cm long, and when joined two by two they yield a stitched area of 283.20 cm to 284.40 cm, which joins all the panels ( 2 ). 
         [0028]    There are basically three advantages of using this new geometric form:
       1—smaller number of ball ( 1 ) components, from:
           32 faces or panels, 90 edges and 60 vertices (truncated icosahedrons), to:   12 faces or panels ( 2 ), 24 edges ( 3 ) and 14 vertices, six of type (A) and eight of type (B), (proposed Non-polyhedron).   As it is made of fewer faces or panels ( 2 ), which are larger and all the same, and evenly distributed, the result is a more balanced shape that is easier to assemble, yielding an object with reduced friction and better performance.   
           2—current manufacturing processes can be easily adapted to this geometry. Since this model comprises unrolled faces or panels ( 2 ), all that is needed is for the moulds to be adapted to the cutting proposed herein. There is no need to alter the assembly routine or use any other equipment.   3—lower production cost and less wastage. As the object is composed of quadrilateral faces or panels ( 2 ) repeating them takes better advantage of the cutting area of the mould, leading to less wastage of the raw material, from 40% or more to 12%, compared with cutting a ball of the kind currently produced. As a result, better management of the material used is anticipated, including the arrangement of the decorative motifs to be printed on the roll of material. It is estimated that 30% less stitching is needed than with present patterns: from:
           (90 edges×4.5 cm)=405 cm (truncated icosahedron), to:   (24 edges ( 3 )×11.8 cm)=283.2 cm (proposed Non-polyhedron).   
               
 
         [0037]    So we can conclude that the product described could successfully replace its predecessors. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0038]      FIG. 1  shows the structure of the ball ( 1 ). 
           [0039]      FIG. 2  shows the ball ( 1 ) created by inflating the proposed Non-polyhedron. 
           [0040]      FIG. 3  shows the proposed Non-polyhedron. 
           [0041]      FIG. 4  represents the creation of the proposed Non-polyhedron, by the intersection of three cylinders of equal diameter and with orthonormal axes between them. 
           [0042]      FIG. 5  shows the intersection, the bearing (European Method), and the true shape of the edge ( 3 ) from the proposed Non-polyhedron. 
           [0043]      FIG. 6  shows the surface development of the face or panel ( 2 ) created by the proposed Non-polyhedron. 
           [0044]      FIG. 7  shows the construction of the ball ( 1 ), showing the joining of the panels ( 2 ) of the proposed Non-polyhedron. 
           [0045]      FIG. 8  shows an arrangement for cutting the panels ( 2 ). 
       
    
    
     REFERENCES 
       [0046]    CRITCHLOW, K. 1973. Order in Space. A Design Source Book, Thames and Hudson, London. ISBN 0500340331 
         [0047]    MURANI, C., 2004. “A Tesselação (5,6,6)—A Bola de Futebol—Visualizada em Caleidoscópio Generalizado”.  Anais do VIII Encontro Nacional de Educação Matemática , Educação Matemática: Um Compromisso Social, Comunicação Cientifica GT 3—Educação Matemática no Ensino Médio, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, 18 to 15 July. 
         [0048]    PRICE, D. S., JONES, R., HARLAND, A. R., ‘Soccer ball anisotropy modelling’, Materials Science and Engineering, Elsevier, 2006 (doi:10.1016/j.msea.2006.01.079) 
       RELATED PATENTS 
       [0049]    European Patent—652794—Inflatable Ball for Ball Games, in particular Football—Jul. 9, 1993—A63B 41/08 (2006.01) 
         [0050]    European Patent—946230—A Football Teaching Aid—Oct. 15, 1997—A63B 69/00 (2006.01) 
         [0051]    European Patent—598542—Inflatable Sports Ball—Nov. 9, 1993—A63B 41/08 (2006.01) 
         [0052]    (WO2004056424) BALL FOR BALL GAME AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME 
         [0053]    Hollow inflatable balls (connecting valves to inflatable elastic bodies B60C29/00; valves, e.g. self-closing valves F16K) A63B41 
         [0054]    Date: Dec. 16, 2011.