Abstract:
An etched-facet single lateral mode semiconductor photonic device is fabricated by depositing an anti reflective coating on the etched facet, and depositing a reflectivity modifying coating in a spatially controlled manner to modify the spatial performance of the emitted beam.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/444,414, filed Jun. 1, 2006 and issuing Jun. 7, 2011 as U.S. Pat. No. 7,957,445, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/685,883, filed Jun. 1, 2005, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates, in general, to photonic devices, and more particularly to improved laser devices and methods for fabricating them. 
     2. Description of the Background Art 
     One of the remaining problems in obtaining low-cost single lateral mode semiconductor lasers is controlling the lateral beam propagating in the laser cavity so that only a single lateral mode is allowed to operate over a wide range of currents and temperatures. One type of laser that has successfully solved this problem is the buried heterostructure laser; however, this success is at the expense of the need to regrow the semiconductor material after an initial patterning. Ridge lasers have eliminated the need for this regrowth; however, there are limitations placed on the width of the ridge as well as the depth to which the ridge can be etched while still allowing a single lateral mode behavior. 
     Semiconductor, or solid state, lasers are typically fabricated by growing the appropriate layered semiconductor material on a substrate through Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) or Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) to form an active layer parallel to the substrate surface. The material is then processed with a variety of semiconductor processing tools to produce a laser cavity incorporating the active layer and incorporating metallic contacts attached to the semiconductor material. Laser mirror facets are typically formed at the ends of the laser cavity by cleaving the semiconductor material to define edges or ends of a laser optical cavity so that when a bias voltage is applied across the contacts, the resulting current flow through the active layer causes photons to be emitted out of the faceted edges of the active layer in a direction perpendicular to the current flow. Since the wafer is cleaved into bars to form the laser facets, conventional lithographical techniques on the wafer cannot be used to further process the lasers. 
     The problems encountered in semiconductor processing due to the need to cleave laser facets are overcome in U.S. Pat. No. 4,851,368, which discloses a process for forming the mirror facets of semiconductor lasers through etching, allowing lasers to be monolithically integrated with other photonic devices on the same substrate. This work was further extended and a process for fabricating a ridge laser process based on etched facets was disclosed in “Monolithic AlGaAs—GaAs Single Quantum-Well Ridge Lasers Fabricated with Dry-Etched Facets and Ridges”, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, volume 28, No. 5, pages 1227-1231, May 1992. These processes were further improved upon in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/356,203 of Alex A. Behfar, filed Feb. 17, 2006, and entitled “High Reliability Etched-Facet Photonic Devices” in which high reliability etched-facet photonic devices are described. However, there is a need for a process for fabricating a photonic device such as a laser without the need for regrowth of the semiconductor material, while providing spatial lateral control of the laser output apart from the etch depth and width of the ridge, and such a laser is extremely desirable. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention, an improved process and method for making an etched-facet semiconductor photonic device is provided in which one of the device facets is first anti-reflection (AR) coated and then a reflectivity modification coating is applied in a spatially controlled manner so as to allow a single lateral mode laser to be fabricated. The reflectivity modification coating, in a preferred aspect of the invention, is a multilayer coating that serves as a spatial filter to allow a specific region of the facet to control the spatial behavior of the lateral mode of the laser. The position, size and shape of the spatial filter determine the beam shape of the laser. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing, and additional objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those of skill in the art from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments thereof, taken with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a diagrammatic perspective view of a semiconductor etched facet laser incorporating an antireflective coating to provide a spatial filter for controlling the lateral mode of the laser in accordance with a preferred mode of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 2(   a ) and  2 ( b ) through  FIGS. 8(   a ) and  8 ( b ) diagrammatically illustrate the fabrication steps for making the etched facet laser of  FIG. 1 ,  FIGS. 2(   a ) through  8 ( a ) being cross-sections viewed in the direction of arrows A-A of  FIG. 1 , and  FIGS. 2(   b ) through  8 ( b ) being cross-sections viewed in the direction of arrows B-B of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 9  is a graphical illustration of the light output vs. current characteristics of a laser before and after the application of a spatial filter; and 
         FIGS. 10 and 11  are diagrammatic side and top views of a second embodiment of the invention, illustrating a surface-emitting laser having a spatial filter. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The problem of controlling spatial beam behavior in a semiconductor laser is overcome by the present invention, wherein a ridge-type laser  10  with a spatial filter  12  in accordance with the present invention is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . This laser is fabricated on a substrate, or chip  14 , using the fabrication process illustrated diagrammatically in  FIGS. 2(   a ) and  2 ( b ) through  FIGS. 8(   a ) and  8 ( b ), to which reference is now made. Although the invention will be described in terms of a ridge laser such as that illustrated in  FIG. 1 , it will be understood that other types of lasers may be fabricated to incorporate the spatial filter described herein. 
     As is conventional, the substrate  14  may be formed, for example, of a type III-V type compound, or an alloy thereof, which may be suitably doped. On a top surface  16  of this substrate is deposited, as by known epitaxial deposition processes such as Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) or Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE), a succession of layers which form a photonic device such as an optical waveguide  18 , that includes an active region  20 , as illustrated in  FIG. 1  and in  FIGS. 2(   a ) and  2 ( b ). The left-hand  FIGS. 2(   a )- 8 ( a ) are cross-sectional views of the waveguide taken along line A-A of  FIG. 1 , while the right-hand  FIGS. 2(   b )- 8 ( b ) are cross-sectional views of the waveguide taken along line B-B viewed in the direction of arrows B-B in  FIG. 1 . 
     In one embodiment of the invention, for example, the semiconductor photonic device  18  may be a laser epitaxially formed on an InP substrate  14 . The photonic device structure would typically contain upper and lower cladding regions  22  and  24  formed from a semiconductor material such as InP which has a lower index than the active region  20 . These cladding regions are adjacent the active region, which may be formed with AlInGaAs-based quantum wells and barriers, designed to emit light at a wavelength of 1310 nm when the laser is energized. An InGaAs cap layer (not shown) is provided to allow ohmic contacts. Although the example given here is based on a single element laser device on an InP substrate, it is understood that other photonic devices with active regions can be fabricated, and that these devices can be formed on other substrates, such as GaAs and GaN. 
     A 200 nm thick layer  30  of SiO 2  is deposited on the epitaxially grown laser structure  18  by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), as illustrated in  FIGS. 2(   a  and  b ). A first lithographic step (not shown), defining, for example, a laser body and facets in a photoresist layer, is performed and the photoresist pattern is transferred to the underlying SiO 2  layer  30 , using reactive ion etching (RIE) to form an SiO 2  pattern, in known manner. After the photoresist is removed by oxygen plasma, the SiO 2  pattern is transferred to the photonic device structure  18 , using chemically assisted ion beam etching (CAIBE) to form the laser body  32  and facets  34  and  36  illustrated in  FIGS. 2(   a ) and  2 ( b ). 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 3(   a ) and  3 ( b ), a second photoresist lithography is performed to produce a pattern defining one or more ridges on the substrate and RIE is used to transfer the photoresist pattern to the PECVD SiO 2  layer. After removing the photoresist with oxygen plasma, CAIBE is used to form the ridges, such as ridge  40 , in the laser structure. The width of the ridge was 3.2 μm in one example. 
     After formation of the ridge illustrated in  FIGS. 3(   a ) and  3 ( b ), a 120 nm thick passivation layer  42  of SiO 2  is deposited, using PECVD, to cover the entire substrate, including the photonic device. This is illustrated for the single ridge  40  in  FIGS. 4(   a ) and  4 ( b ). 
     A third lithography for defining a p-contact opening on the photonic structure is performed and RIE is used to open a contact hole  44  in the SiO 2  layer. Oxygen plasma is then used to remove the photoresist, as shown in  FIGS. 5(   a ) and  5 ( b ). 
     Lithography for p-contact metallization is then performed and p-contact metal  50  is evaporated using an e-beam evaporator. The p-contact for the device is defined after the lift-off of unwanted metallization, as is shown in  FIGS. 6(   a ) and  6 ( b ). 
     An n-contact  52  for the laser is also evaporated, using e-beam evaporation, on the backside  54  of the substrate. It will be understood that corresponding contacts may be provided for each of the photonic devices fabricated on the substrate. It will also be understood that the n-contact may be deposited on the top surface of the substrate using similar steps as are used to define the p-contact. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 7(   a ) and  7 ( b ), a 120 nm thick layer  60  of Al 2 O 3  is deposited on one of the facets, for example, facet  34 , through the photolithography of a lift-off pattern, evaporation of Al 2 O 3 , and lift-off. This layer  60  is an anti-reflecting (AR) layer formed on the laser facet  34 , and emits laser light at a wavelength of 1310 nm. 
     Using lithography for defining a lift-off pattern, evaporation of material, and lift-off, the spatial filter, or reflector  12 , is formed as shown in  FIGS. 8(   a ) and  8 ( b ). The filter  12  may incorporate multiple layers, and in on example it included three layers, as follows: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Layer Number 
                 Material 
                 Index of Refraction at 1310 nm 
                 Thickness 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 Si 
                 3.4 
                 96.3 nm 
               
               
                 2 
                 SiO 2   
                 1.45 
                 226.0 nm  
               
               
                 3 
                 Si 
                 3.4 
                 96.3 nm 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The spatial filter  12 , as formed for the single laser element illustrated in the figures, has a reflectivity that is higher than that of the surface  60  on which it is deposited so that a larger percentage of light is reflected from the spatial filter than from the remainder of the surface. This allows preferential lasing of the single element laser determined by the two-dimensional (height and width) shape of the spatial filter  12 . The use of an AR coating  60  on the surface of the facet  34  allows the facet to have a small reflectivity prior to the deposition of the spatial filter and this creates a large difference between the two dimensional spatial filter  12  reflectivity and the remaining AR coated surface of the facet. The large difference in reflectivity results in large impact of the spatial filter. 
     Although for a single element laser a high reflectivity spatial filter is desired to enable stable spatial mode behavior, other photonic devices may benefit from low reflectivity spatial filters, a patterned spatial filter in two-dimensions, or a non-contiguous patterned spatial filter in two-dimensions. For example, in the case of GaN violet-blue emitting lasers, material suitable at these wavelengths would be used to modify the reflectivity. 
     Although in the process described above the n-contact  52  for the laser was evaporated before the deposition of the AR film and spatial filter, it could also be evaporated after these steps are performed. The reason for evaporating the n-contact before the AR layer and spatial filter in the described example was to allow before and after analysis of a given laser. 
     Generally, if a laser operates in single lateral mode, the Light vs. Current (L-I) characteristics show a constant slope without any kinks. However, if a laser allows more than one lateral mode, then the L-I characteristics will kink as shown by the lower curve  70  in the graph of  FIG. 9 . The width of the spatial filter  12  was 2.2 μm for this laser that has a 3.2 μm ridge width, and its use produced a more linear curve  72 . The deviation of the L-I curves from the straight lines in  FIG. 9  is representative of the onset of a mode beyond the single lateral mode. As illustrated, introducing spatial filters allows a laser that could only operate in single lateral mode below 6 mW, to operate in single lateral mode up to 12 mW. 
     Horizontal Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (HCSELs) illustrated at  80  in  FIGS. 10 and 11 , are described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/958,069, filed Oct. 5, 2004 and 10/963,739, file Oct. 14, 2004, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. HCSELs are formed with an angled etched facet  82 , an approximately 45 degrees, that reflects laser light generated in the active region  84  upwardly (or downwardly) in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the substrate on which the laser is fabricated. A lensed surface, instead of a flat surface, can be located above the 45 degree etched facet to compensate for divergence. 
     A spatial filter  86  is deposited on an AR coating  88  covering the top surface of the HCSEL so that the spatial performance of the output beam  90  is modified and manipulated.  FIG. 10  shows a cross-sectional view of the HCSEL  80  with an AR coating  88  followed by a spatial filter  86  having a reflectivity of about 85%.  FIG. 11  shows the top view of the same laser, where the AR coating  88  is first applied followed by the spatial filter  90  that affects the beam shape that emerges from the HCSEL. 
     Although the present invention has been illustrated in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be understood that variations and modifications may be made without departing from the true spirit and scope thereof as set out in the following claims.