Abstract:
The present invention discloses a method for reducing multi-cell interference. The method is comprised of dividing a cell into a plurality of segments, partitioning a frequency spectrum into a plurality of sub-channels, assigning one or more sub-carriers to each of the plurality of sub-channels, assigning a predetermined sub-channel as a primary channel to a predetermined segment, determining which of the plurality of the segments a desired communicating wireless mobile station enters, calculating a first spatial signature of desired signals from the desired communicating wireless mobile station, calculating a second spatial signature of interference signals from a plurality of non-communicating wireless mobile stations in one or more neighboring cells, and generating a null-steering beamforming weighting vector from the first and second spatial signatures.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE 
       [0001]    The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. 60/847,182, which was filed on Sep. 26, 2006. 
     
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    In a wireless communications network, it is very common for a wireless station to experience multi-cell interference when the radio signals, transmitted by a mobile wireless station (MS) or a base transceiver station (BTS) from the neighboring cells, spill over and impair the channel condition of the wireless station. Multi-cell interference limits both the capacity and coverage of a wireless communications network. The problem of multi-cell interference is especially severe when frequency re-use factor is small. 
         [0003]    Various techniques have been developed to reduce multi-cell interference in a wireless communications network. One of the techniques uses a different pseudorandom noise offset (PN offset) for each cell and another uses a different frequency offset for each cell. Yet another uses the directional antenna on an MS. 
         [0004]    The PN offset technique is mainly used in a spreading spectrum communications network. This technique makes interference energy spread out over a wider spectrum, instead of trying to reduce it. As a result, interference energy has the same effect as thermal noises do. When the PN offset technique is used, the degree of isolation among cells depends on the spreading gain of the wireless communications network. 
         [0005]    The frequency offset technique assigns different frequencies to different cells. The multi-cell interference among cells is reduced because the interference signals do not appear on the same frequency as the desired signals. The disadvantage of this technique is that spectrum usage efficiency is reduced. For example, in a wireless communications network with a frequency re-use factor of 3, spectrum usage efficiency is reduced by a factor of 3. 
         [0006]    The directional antenna technique is to have a directional antenna on an MS positioned toward the direction of arrival of desired signals and away from interference signals, which are the signals transmitted from other cells. The impact of the interference signals on a wireless station is thus reduced. However, a disadvantage of this technique is that the directional antenna is bulky and expensive; therefore, it is not practical for mobile users. 
         [0007]    As such, what is desired is an effective and practical method for reducing the multi-cell interference in a wireless communications network in order to improve the network&#39;s capacity and coverage. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0008]    The present invention discloses a method for reducing multi-cell interference. The method is comprised of dividing a cell into a plurality of segments, partitioning a frequency spectrum into a plurality of sub-channels, assigning one or more sub-carriers to each of the plurality of sub-channels, assigning a predetermined sub-channel as a primary channel to a predetermined segment, determining which of the plurality of the segments a desired communicating wireless mobile station enters, calculating a first spatial signature of desired signals from the desired communicating wireless mobile station, calculating a second spatial signature of interference signals from a plurality of non-communicating wireless mobile stations in one or more neighboring cells, and generating a null-steering beamforming weighting vector from the first and second spatial signatures. 
         [0009]    The construction and method of operation of the invention, however, together with additional objects and advantages thereof, will be best understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         [0010]    The drawings accompanying and forming part of this specification are included to depict certain aspects of the invention. The invention may be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the description presented herein. It should be noted that the features illustrated in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. 
           [0011]      FIG. 1A  shows a cell with a 360-degree central angle. 
           [0012]      FIG. 1B  shows a cell with a vertex angle of 120 degrees. 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  is a flow diagram illustrating a method for reducing cell interference in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  is a flow diagram illustrating a method for allocating segregated channels. 
           [0015]      FIG. 4  is a flow diagram illustrating a method for null-steering beamforming. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION 
       [0016]    The following detailed description of the invention refers to the accompanying drawings. The description includes exemplary embodiments, not excluding other embodiments, and changes may be made to the embodiments described without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The following detailed description does not limit the invention. Instead, the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims. 
         [0017]    The method disclosed in the present invention is applicable to any multiple access technique that uses some type of frequency division for multiple access channelization. This includes frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiplex multiple access (OFDM-MA), and any combination of the aforementioned techniques. These multiple access techniques are deployed in conjunction with a frequency division duplex (FDD) or time division duplex (TDD) system, either in a synchronized or an unsynchronized mode. 
         [0018]    In an FDMA and OFDM-MA system, each sub-channel is assigned to a single user. In a TDMA system, multiple users share a sub-channel but each of the users is assigned different time slots. In an MC-CDMA system, multiple users share a sub-channel but each of the users uses different orthogonal codes. In an OFDM-MA system, the sub-channels could overlap with each other while in other systems such as TDMA and MC-CDMA, there is no overlap of sub-channels. 
         [0019]    The frequencies of the sub-carriers that form one sub-channel are not contiguous. The sub-carriers are selected based on a predetermined permutation. In other words, the sub-carriers in one sub-channel are logically adjacent to each other but not necessarily physically adjacent to each other. One example of a predetermined permutation is Partial Usage Subchannelizaton (PUSC) in IEEE802.16e standard. 
         [0020]    The method disclosed in the present invention has two constituents: segregated channel allocation and null-steering beamforming. The segregated channel allocation technique divides a cell into segments and significantly reduces multi-cell interference and yet at the same time maintains high spectrum usage efficiency. For example, in a cell with six segregated segments, the segregated channel allocation technique achieves the same level of interference reduction as in a cell with a frequency re-use factor of 6 while the spectrum usage efficiency with a frequency re-use factor of 1 is still maintained. The null-steering beamforming method creates an antenna beam pattern that enhances the desired signal and suppresses the interference signal. In addition, the efficiency of the method is not limited by the spreading gain of the system, but rather, it complements a pseudorandom noise offset method. 
         [0021]      FIG. 1A  shows a cell  100  with a central angle of 360 degrees. A BTS is located at the center  120 . The cell  100  is divided into six equal segments  110 [ 1 : 6 ], each of which has a 60-degree central angle. 
         [0022]      FIG. 1B  shows another example of dividing a cell  140  into three segments. A BTS is located at a vertex  142  which has a 120 degrees angle. In this case, the cell  140  is divided into three segments  148 [ 1 : 3 ] with approximately equal vertex angles at the BTS location  142 . The vertex angle  150  of one of the segment  148 [ 3 ] approximately 40 degrees as shown in  FIG. 1B . 
         [0023]    In either case, the BTS plans a frequency usage assignment for each segment of the cell, with each segment assigned a channel with a different frequency. The channels are assigned in such a way that the probability of having the channels at the cell boundaries assigned the same frequencies is minimized. 
         [0024]      FIG. 2  is a flow diagram illustrating a method for reducing cell interference in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Steps  210  and  220  depict segregated channel allocation while step  230  illustrates null steering beamforming. 
         [0025]    In step  210 , a BTS learns the location of an MS in its cell by receiving its location information explicitly from the MS or by detecting the location based on a receiving signal from the MS. Then the BTS instructs the MS to use a frequency of the channel assigned to the segment according to segment information in step  220 . 
         [0026]    Dividing the cell into multiple segments reduces inter-cell interferences. To further reduce that, the BTS employs a null-steering beamforming method with an adaptive antenna array in step  230 . Desired signals are sent to the MS in the segment via an appropriate channel. 
         [0027]      FIG. 3  is a flow diagram illustrating segregated channel allocation in detail. First, a BTS divides a frequency spectrum allocated to a cell into N sub-channels in step  310 . This is called frequency division channelization. Then the BTS divides the cell into multiple segments in step  320 . For example, a cell with a BTS covering 360 degrees can be segregated into six segments, each of which has a 60-degree angle as shown in  FIG. 1A . To a cell with a BTS covering 120 degrees, it may be segregated into three segments, each of which has a 40-degree angle as shown in  FIG. 1B . 
         [0028]    In step  330 , the BTS assigns a unique group of sub-carriers to each of the segments as a primary channel for the segment. For each segment, the primary channels of its adjacent neighboring segments are considered as its secondary channels, and the primary channels of the next adjacent segments as its tertiary channels, and so on. 
         [0029]    For example, in a 6-segment segregation scheme as shown in  FIG. 1A , the primary channels of segments  2  and  6  will be the secondary channels of segment  1 . The primary channels of segments  3  and  5  will be the tertiary channels of segment  1 , and the primary channel of segment  4  will be the quaternary channel of segment  1 . The frequencies of the sub-carriers in each channel are not necessarily contiguous. They are selected based on a predetermined permutation. The BTS plans a multi-cell channel allocation in such a way that there are no frequencies overlapped at the cell boundaries. 
         [0030]    With the segments in the cell being determined, the BTS detects the location of the MS and subsequently a segment where the MS is located in step  340 . The BTS can determine the location of the MS in several ways. 
         [0031]    One way to determine the location of an MS is to have a different access channel for each segment. For a BTS equipped with multiple antennas, it can have each antenna point to a different segment in a cell. However, for a BTS equipped with an adaptive antenna array, it can use a beamforming method to create antenna beam patterns with each antenna beam pattern pointing to one segment. The access channels of all the segments in the cell can differ in any of the physical attributes of a communication channel, such as the carrier frequency, phase, magnitude, and pseudorandom noise (PN) offset. 
         [0032]    When an MS enters a wireless communications network, it scans and acquires an access channel. The MS sends the BTS an acknowledgement (ACK) message including the information it has acquired via the access channel. By comparing the access channel information received from the MS with the access channel planning map, the BTS determines the segment where the MS is located. 
         [0033]    Another way to determine the location of an MS is to use antennas that have different receiving patterns for each segment in the cell. The BTS identifies the antenna that receives the signal with the highest signal strength, which is the desired signal, and it subsequently determines the segment where the MS is located. 
         [0034]    Yet another way to determine the location of an MS is to compute the direction of arrival (DOA) of the uplink signal. A BTS equipped with multiple antennas is able to compute the DOA of the receiving signals from a MS, based on the magnitudes and phases of the signals received from different antennas. Using the DOA information, the BTS determines the segment where the MS is located. 
         [0035]      FIG. 4  is a flow diagram illustrating null-steering beamforming in detail. In a null-steering beamforming method, computing a beamforming weighting vector requires spatial signatures of both the desired and the interference signals. The null-steering beamforming weighting vector creates an antenna beam pattern that enhances the desired signal and suppresses the interference signal. 
         [0036]    In step  410 , the BTS determines the spatial signatures of both the desired signals and the interference signals. The MSs in the neighboring cells transmit uplink signals with orthogonal coding sequences. The BTS not only receives the uplink signals from the MSs in its own cell but also those from the MSs in the neighboring cells. Based on the received uplink signals, the BTS determines the spatial signatures of the desired signals. 
         [0037]    In step  420 , the BTS determines what the potential multi-cell interference sources are. When the BTS detects an uplink sounding signal from an MS in a neighboring cell, it compares the signal strength of this signal with a predetermined threshold. If the signal strength is larger than the predetermined threshold, the MS is identified as one potential multi-cell interference source. 
         [0038]    If the BTS detects more than one uplink sounding signal from one or more neighboring cells, the signal strength of all the uplink sounding signals from the neighboring cells are compared with a predetermined threshold. If the signal strength is larger than the predetermined threshold, the MSs with the strongest uplink sounding signals are identified as the potential multi-cell interference sources. The spatial signatures of the interference signals are calculated from the receiving signals of the potential multi-cell interference sources. 
         [0039]    In step  430 , the BTS determines the active multi-cell interference sources. The BTS exchanges uplink sounding signal allocation information with all the other BTSs in every transmission cycle. The BTS determines whether an MS is an active multi-cell interference source based on the uplink sounding signal allocation information sent by the other BTSs. 
         [0040]    The covariance matrix of the interference signals is calculated based on the following equation: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 R 
                 I 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   ∑ 
                   
                     k 
                     = 
                     1 
                   
                   K 
                 
                  
                 
                   R 
                   
                     I 
                     , 
                     k 
                   
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where R I,k  is the covariance matrix of one interference source k. 
         [0041]    In step  440 , the BTS computes a null-steering beamforming weighting vector by finding the eigenvector corresponding to the largest eigenvalue of the following eigenvalue problem: (R I +σ n   2 I)R S ·{right arrow over (w)}=λ{right arrow over (w)}, where R I  is the covariance matrix of the interference; σ n   2  is the covariance of the background noise; I is an identity matrix; and R S  is the covariance matrix of the desired signals. 
         [0042]    The above illustration provides many different embodiments or embodiments for implementing different features of the invention. Specific embodiments of components and processes are described to help clarify the invention. These are, of course, merely embodiments and are not intended to limit the invention from that described in the claims. 
         [0043]    Although the invention is illustrated and described herein as embodied in one or more specific examples, it is nevertheless not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications and structural changes may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims. Accordingly, it is appropriate that the appended claims be construed broadly and in a manner consistent with the scope of the invention, as set forth in the following claims.