Abstract:
The invention relates to a flip-chip assembly process for connecting two microelectronic components ( 1, 2 ) to each other. According to the invention, it is possible either to proportion the spacers ( 24 ) so that they are smaller than the interconnect bumps ( 22 ) or to oversize the latter so that their deformation, after having been plastic during the insertion of connective inserts ( 12 ), returns to the elastic regime once assembly contact between components ( 1,2 ) has been reached. Thanks to the invention, it is possible to control with great precision the gap between the two components during their assembly, and this without adding any additional steps to their manufacturing or to the assembly process.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to an assembly process for connecting two electronic components to each other, of the vertical connection type more commonly called the “flip-chip” process, according to which one of the two electronic components is flipped to enable vertical electrical connections or assemblies to be made. 
     The invention makes it possible to obtain an assembly between electronic components whatever their interconnect pitch and the gap between these components. 
     The invention more particularly relates to the assembly between a chip and a substrate, for example both made of silicon. 
     The invention aims to control the final gap between electronic components once the assembly is produced. 
     In the context of the invention “assembly process for connecting two electronic components to each other” will be understood to mean either an assembly of two components of different materials or an assembly of two components made of the same material. In particular, an assembly according to the invention may relate to an assembly between an electronic chip and a substrate, both possibly being made from silicon. 
     The expression “interconnect pitch” refers to the distance between two connection pads on the same electronic component. 
     The expression “gap between components” refers to the distance between two opposing components, defined by the interconnection height. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     The so-called “flip-chip” technique is a well-known technique for mechanically and electrically interconnecting, or assembling, two components such as a chip and a printed circuit board. This technique called the “flip-chip” technique because one of the components, generally the chip, which carries conductors, is flipped to bring the two components face-to-face in order to allow interconnections to be formed by joining the conductors and metallic bumps, and contacts to be produced on the other component, generally a printed circuit board. 
     Where this technique is concerned, efforts are constantly being made to reduce the gap between components while allowing for an ever higher number of connections. Currently, the three main known categories of assembly using this technique—soldering, thermocompression bonding and the use of adhesives, such as ACFs (anisotropic conductive films)—each have their own limitations when it comes to reducing the gap. 
     In particular, low-temperature thermocompression with penetration of conductive inserts into bumps, such as described in the patent application WO 2006/054005, is limited by the very large force that is required to establish a very high number of connections, and by virtue of the feasibility of production of the inserts themselves. 
     Thus, to overcome the limitations of this process, the Applicant has proposed in patent application WO 2009/115685 to produce conductive inserts in the form of blind-tubes of which the base is securely fastened to the area of a component. Conductive inserts were the subject of an improvement patent application EP 2 287 904 with at least one area of the open end of an insert left free in order to allow gases contained in the insert to escape during insertion. This patent provides various new shapes for the conductive inserts such as open bar, elements with star-shaped or cruciform cross sections, lobed etc. Although broadly satisfactory in terms of the required force level and feasibility of production of the inserts, the process according to these patent applications could still be improved upon. 
     More particularly, the inventors of the present application have sought a solution that will make it possible to control with certainty and great precision the gap between two components to be hybridized using a low-temperature thermocompression process, and to avoid any risk of electrical short-circuits between the conductive inserts of one component and the connection pads of the other component. 
     It is already known in the art concerning the “flip-chip” technique to use various types of spacers, i.e. spacers that allow a constant gap to be maintained between components. 
     Patent applications FR 2 694 841, US 2003/0038157 and WO 93/06964 implement a soldering process and disclose the use of spacers the constituent material of which, has a higher melting point than the interconnect bumps in order to remain solid during the melting, commonly called reflow, of said interconnect pads. 
     Patent application US 2005/0104222 proposes to use spacers in the form of discontinuous strips which are reflowed at the same time as the interconnect bumps. Here the spacers are produced to compensate for stresses caused by thermal expansion during operation. 
     Patent application JP 3 030 349 proposes to produce spacers in the form of drops of an adhesive, such as a silicone adhesive, injected by syringe, which drops make it possible to absorb some of the stresses created during reflow of the interconnect bumps, while also guaranteeing the gap between chips. 
     Patent application WO 2011/018572 proposes to use spacers taking the form of balls at the ends of the components, an insert secured to one of the components being inserted into each ball. The spacers have a height that must be greater than a hermetic strip arranged internally to the spacers, in order to seal bolometer support studs. The spacers formed by the balls are plastically deformed during assembly of the components. 
     Patent application FR 2 928 032 proposes to use spacers level with each buried interconnect track in which a tip is inserted. These spacers of conductive and ductile material support the tips and have a height that makes it possible to locally control the penetration of the tip into the buried track, thereby avoiding the use of an adhesive. 
     Patent application US 2010/079631 relates to a process for manufacturing an imaging device and proposes joining components together by the inserting pins into a plastically deformed material. Spacers are placed between each contact pad of ductile material on each of the components in order to prevent the pins from passing right through the ductile pads. A significant drawback is that the spacers of components that must bear against each other must be perfectly aligned with each other. In addition, here the spacers are located on both faces of the components, which spacers are made from a different material to the interconnections themselves: they must therefore be perfectly aligned to be useful. Systematically placed between the connections, they limit the minimum distance between two connections, i.e. they limit the pitch. 
     The general aim of the invention is to propose an improvement of the assembly process according to aforementioned patent applications WO 2009/115686 and EP 2 287 904 and which palliates at least some of the drawbacks of the prior art mentioned above. 
     One particular aim of the invention is to propose a solution allowing the gap between two microelectronic components assembled using a low-temperature thermocompression process to be controlled with certainty and great precision, and any risk of electrical short-circuit between the conductive inserts of one component and the connection pads of the other component to be avoided. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     To do this, the first subject of the invention, according to one alternative, is a flip-chip assembly process for connecting two microelectronic components to each other, said components each comprising one face, the so-called assembly face, in which the two assembly faces are brought closer together and a given constant force F is applied to one and/or the other of the components, one and/or the other assembly face(s) comprising:
         connective inserts of stiff material;   interconnect bumps of ductile material having a given elastic limit σ e , the interconnect bumps of a component having an area S1 of contact with the other component once the two components have been assembled; and   spacer bumps, called spacers, the spacers of a component having an area S2 of contact with the other component once the two components are assembled; process in which, prior to the application of the force F:   the inserts are aligned opposite the interconnect bumps;   on the one hand, the height H of the spacers is set so that it is greater than that h of the connective inserts once the two components have been assembled and, on the other hand, the area S2 of the spacers is set so that when they make contact with the other component the stress σ generated in the interconnect bumps, generated by the force F, equal to F/(S1+S2), is less than or equal to their elastic limit σ e ; and then   the given constant force F is applied in order to make the inserts penetrate into the interconnect bumps until the spacers of one component are brought into assembly contact with the other component, defining the contact areas S1 and S2.       

     Preferably, to simplify production, the interconnect bumps and the spacers are produced from the same material, and preferably in the same manufacturing steps. It is also possible, as a variant, to produce the interconnect bumps and spacers from different materials. According to this variant, it is then advantageous to choose a harder material for the spacers than for the interconnect bumps. By way of example, spacers made of gold or tungsten could be used with interconnect bumps made of indium. 
     This first alternative is advantageously implemented when the interconnect pitch between two connection pads is very small, preferably when it is less than or equal to 50 μm. 
     The spacers are preferably of parallelepipedal or cylindrical shape. The arrangement of the spacers may be peripheral or otherwise. A peripheral arrangement may be provided with the spacers taking the form of a continuous strip or a discontinuous ring. A non-peripheral arrangement of spacers distributed in groups within the interconnect bumps may also be provided. 
     By virtue of the invention, it is possible to control, with great precision, the gap between two components during their assembly and this without adding any additional steps to their manufacture or to the assembly process. Thus, in this first alternative of the invention, two components, particularly two microelectronic chips, are assembled using spacers the material of which is preferably identical to that of the interconnect bumps. The spacers according to the invention are proportioned in such as way as to drastically increase the contact area between the two components, preferably when the inserts are completely inserted into the bumps, and thus to significantly reduce the stress generated in the interconnect bumps. This decrease in stress makes it possible to pass from the plastic region to the elastic region in the interconnect bumps in such a way as to stop their irreversible plastic deformation. Specifically, to achieve insertion of the inserts into the interconnect bumps, the latter must be plastically deformed. The force applied to the components must therefore make it possible to exceed the elastic stress limit of the material forming the interconnect bumps. This insertion force is therefore calculated depending on the properties of the constituent material of the bumps. According to the invention, when the inserts are preferably completely inserted into the bumps and the components make contact with the spacers, the contact area drastically increases and makes the stress in the interconnect bumps drop to below their elastic stress limit. Thus, however long the applied force is maintained, the gap between assembled components no longer varies. The main advantage of the invention is to definitively suppress any short circuit problems. 
     According to a second alternative, another subject of the invention is a flip-chip assembly process for connecting two microelectronic components to each other, said components comprising a number of faces, one of which is called the assembly face, in which the two assembly faces are brought together and a given constant force F is applied to one and/or the other of the components, one and/or the other assembly face(s) comprising: 
     connective inserts of stiff material; 
     interconnect bumps of ductile material having a given elastic limit σ e , each fabricated on a connecting pad, the interconnect bumps of a component having an area S′1 of contact with the other component once both components have been assembled; 
     process in which prior to the application of the force F: 
     the inserts are aligned with the interconnect bumps; 
     on the one hand, the height H′ of the interconnect bumps is set so that it is greater than that h of the connecting inserts once the two components have been assembled and, on the other hand, the area S′1 of the bumps is set so that when they make contact with the other component the stress σ generated in the interconnect bumps generated by the force F, equal to F/S′1, is less than or equal to their elastic limit σ e ; and then 
     the given constant force F is applied in order to make the inserts penetrate into the bumps until the bumps of one component are brought into contact with the other component, thereby defining the contact area S′1. 
     Therefore, this second alternative according to the invention does not strictly speaking require spacers, i.e. bumps separate from the connecting ones and which are added in the first alternative to increase the contact area between components during assembly. In other words, according to this second alternative, the plastic deformation of the interconnect bumps initially in the assembly alone induces an increase in the area S′1 large enough that during the final phase of the assembly the stress generated once more becomes less than the elastic deformation limit of the bumps. In the case where S′1 is proportioned so that σ e =F/S′1, the area of the bumps is enough to cause the insertion to stop on contact between the bumps and the other component, without plastic deformation of the bumps. 
     This second alternative is advantageously implemented when the interconnect pitch between two connection pads is small, preferably when it is less than or equal to 20 μm. 
     Advantageously, according to both alternatives of the invention, the alignment and the application of the force F are carried out at room temperature. 
     The ductile material forming the interconnect bumps and, if relevant, the spacers is (are) preferably chosen from indium, an aluminium-copper alloy, SnAgCu, SnAg, SnCu, SnCu, Al alone, or Cu alone. 
     The inserts according to the invention are preferably blind-tubes the base of which is fixed to a connection pad. The inserts are thus advantageously manufactured as described in patent application WO 2009/115686 or in application EP 2 287 904. Generally, the conductive inserts according to the invention take any form: microtube, tip, open bar, element with star-shaped or cruciform cross section, lobes etc. Provided the stress generated in the interconnect bumps is less than or equal to their elastic limit σ e , the force F can be maintained for a certain time. 
     The gap between the two components, corresponding to the height H or H′, is less than 20 μm and typically equal to 2 μm. 
     According to one advantageous embodiment, one of the components is a chip and the other component is a printed circuit board. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Other advantages and features of the invention will become more clearly apparent upon reading the detailed non-limiting description of the invention, given by way of illustration and with reference to the following figures in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic cross-sectional view of two components before their assembly according to the first alternative of the invention; 
         FIGS. 2A to 2F  illustrate the various steps of assembly of two components according to the first alternative of the invention; 
         FIGS. 3A to 3F  illustrate the various curves of stress created in the interconnect bumps at each step of the assembly illustrated in  FIGS. 2A to 2F ; 
         FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view illustrating an assembly of two components after their assembly according to the first alternative of the invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view illustrating a stack of two two-component assemblies after their assembly according to the first alternative of the invention; 
         FIGS. 6A to 6C  are schematic top views of a component showing various possible arrangements of interconnect bumps and spacers according to the first alternative of the invention; and 
         FIGS. 7A and 7B  are schematic top views of a component showing two possible arrangements of interconnect bumps according to the second alternative of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  shows two electronic components  1 ,  2  such as electronic chips for hybridization according to the first alternative of the invention using a press tool  3  bearing on the upper component  1 . 
     Component  1 , which is the flipped one, comprises a substrate  10  on which connection pads  11  of equal height have been fabricated. On each of the connection pads  11  a conductive insert  12  in the shape of a blind-tube is secured by its base. 
     To make these conductive inserts  12 , the procedure described in patent application WO 2009/115686 was advantageously followed. On the periphery of the connection pads  11  other pads  13  of the same height as that of the connection pads  11  were fabricated, preferably simultaneously. 
     Component  2 , meanwhile, comprises a substrate  20  on which connection pads  21  of equal height were fabricated. Each of the connection pads  21  is surmounted by a connection bump  22  of parallelepipedal shape. On the periphery of the connection pads  21  other connection pads  23  of the same height as that of the connection pads  21  were made, preferably simultaneously. The interconnect bumps  22  have an area S1 of contact with the component  1  once the two components are assembled. 
     According to the first alternative of the invention, each of these peripheral pads  23  is surmounted by a spacer bump  24 , called a spacer. The spacers  24  have an area S2 of contact with the component  1 . 
     According to the invention, are determined by calculation: 
     the height H so that it is greater than that h of the inserts  12 ; 
     the area S2 of the spacers  24  so that when they make contact with component  1  as detailed below, the stress σ generated in the interconnect bumps  22 , generated by the assembly force F, equal to F/(S1+S2), is less than or equal to their elastic limit σ e . 
     Tables 1 to 3 below present three examples of calculations for making an assembly according to the invention. Table 1 presents the case of interconnect bumps  22  and spacers  24  made of indium for which the elastic limit under consideration is equal to 1 MPa, table 2 presents the case of interconnect bumps  22  and spacers  24  made of aluminium-copper for which the elastic limit under consideration is equal to 100 MPa, and finally table 3 presents the case of interconnect bumps  22  and spacers  24  in any material with an elastic limit under consideration of 40 MPa. 
     It is specified here that in tables 1 to 3 all the dimensions of the spacers  24  are calculated in meters and in considering a continuous peripheral strip. Also, are mentioned respectively the width, length and thickness of the strip, i.e. of the continuous peripheral strip. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Number of connections 11, 21 
                 95076 
                 353508 
                 1152692 
               
               
                 Height H of the interconnect 
                 2.78 
                 5.34 
                 10.46 
               
               
                 bumps 22 (μm) 
               
               
                 Force F applied t 
                 7.5 
                 30 
                 120 
               
               
                 components 1, 2 (N) 
               
               
                 Stress limit to obtain (MPa) 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Contact 
                 Total necessary 
                  7.5 × 10 −6   
                 3.00 × 10 −5   
                  1.20 × 10 −4   
               
               
                 areas 
                 area 
               
               
                 (m 2 ) 
                 Area S1 of the 
                 4.66 × 10 −6   
                 1.73 × 10 −5   
                  5.65 × 10 −5   
               
               
                   
                 interconnect 
               
               
                   
                 bumps 22 
               
               
                   
                 Set area S2 of 
                 2.84 × 10 −6   
                 1.27 × 10 −5   
                  6.35 × 10 −5   
               
               
                   
                 the spacers 24 
               
               
                 Dimensions 
                 Width of the 
                 2.80 × 10 −3   
                 5.36 × 10 −3   
                 10.48 × 10 −3   
               
               
                 of the 
                 strip 
               
               
                 spacers 24 
                 Length of the 
                 3.44 × 10 −3   
                 6.64 × 10 −3   
                 11.04 × 10 −3   
               
               
                 (m) 
                 strip 
               
               
                   
                 Thickness of 
                 213 × 10 −6   
                  488 × 10 −6   
                 1320 × 10 −6   
               
               
                   
                 the strip 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Number of connections 11, 21 
                 95076 
                 353508 
                 1152692 
               
               
                 Height H of the interconnect 
                 2.78 
                 5.34 
                 10.46 
               
               
                 bumps 22 (μm) 
               
               
                 Force F applied to 
                 550 
                 2200 
                 8800 
               
               
                 components 1, 2 (N) 
               
               
                 Stress limit to obtain (MPa) 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Contact 
                 Total necessary 
                  5.5 × 10 −6   
                 2.20 × 10 −5   
                  8.80 × 10 −5   
               
               
                 areas 
                 area 
               
               
                 (m 2 ) 
                 Area S1 of the 
                 4.66 × 10 −6   
                 1.73 × 10 −5   
                  5.65 × 10 −5   
               
               
                   
                 interconnect 
               
               
                   
                 bumps 22 
               
               
                   
                 Set area S2 of 
                 8.41 × 10 −7   
                 4.68 × 10 −6   
                  3.15 × 10 −5   
               
               
                   
                 the spacers 24 
               
               
                 Dimensions 
                 Width of the 
                 2.80 × 10 −3   
                 5.36 × 10 −3   
                 10.48 × 10 −3   
               
               
                 of the 
                 strip 
               
               
                 spacers 24 
                 Length of the 
                 3.44 × 10 −3   
                 6.64 × 10 −3   
                 11.04 × 10 −3   
               
               
                 (m) 
                 strip 
               
               
                   
                 Thickness of 
                   66 × 10 −6   
                  189 × 10 −6   
                  688 × 10 −6   
               
               
                   
                 the strip 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Number of connections 11, 21 
                 95076 
                 353508 
                 1152692 
               
               
                 Height H of the interconnect 
                 2.78 
                 5.34 
                 10.46 
               
               
                 bumps 22 (μm) 
               
               
                 Force F applied to 
                 250 
                 1000 
                 4000 
               
               
                 components 1, 2 (N) 
               
               
                 Stress limit to obtain (MPa) 
                 40 
                 40 
                 40 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Contact 
                 Total necessary 
                 6.25 × 10 −6   
                 2.50 × 10 −5   
                  8.80 × 10 −5   
               
               
                 areas 
                 area 
               
               
                 (m 2 ) 
                 Area S1 of the 
                 4.66 × 10 −6   
                 1.73 × 10 −5   
                  1.00 × 10 −4   
               
               
                   
                 interconnect 
               
               
                   
                 bumps 22 
               
               
                   
                 Set area S2 of 
                 1.59 × 10 −6   
                 7.68 × 10 −6   
                  4.35 × 10 −5   
               
               
                   
                 the spacers 24 
               
               
                 Dimensions 
                 Width of the 
                 2.80 × 10 −3   
                 5.36 × 10 −3   
                 10.48 × 10 −3   
               
               
                 of the 
                 strip 
               
               
                 spacers 24 
                 Length of the 
                 3.44 × 10 −3   
                 6.64 × 10 −3   
                 11.04 × 10 −3   
               
               
                 (m) 
                 strip 
               
               
                   
                 Thickness of 
                  123 × 10 −6   
                  304 × 10 −6   
                   931 × 10 −6   
               
               
                   
                 the strip 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The various steps of assembly according to the first alternative of the invention are now described with reference to  FIGS. 2A and 3F . It will be noted that in  FIGS. 3A to 3F , the horizontal dotted line indicates the elastic limit σ e  of the interconnect bumps  22 . 
     Step 1: the two components  1 , 2  are brought together and aligned so as to have each insert  12  facing an interconnect bump  22  ( FIG. 2A ). The stress generated in the interconnect bumps  22  is nil ( FIG. 3A ). 
     Step 2: contact between inserts  12  and interconnect bumps  22  is detected ( FIG. 2B ). The stress generated in the interconnect pads is roughly nil ( FIG. 3B ). 
     Step 3: The force F is applied, which leads to the insertion of the inserts  12  into the bumps  22 , i.e. a loading and the plastic deformation of the latter ( FIG. 2C ). The stress created in the interconnect bumps  22  immediately exceeds the elastic limit σ e  then remains more or less constant ( FIG. 3C ). Indeed, from the application of the force F, the stress σ generated in the bumps  2  is equal to F/Si, in which Si denotes the cross section of the inserts  12 . The cross section Si being very small with respect to the applied force, the stress generated is very high and each bump  22  is then plastically deformed. Throughout the application of the force F and for as long as the inserts  12  are only in insertion contact with the bumps  22 , the stress generated remains constant since equal for each bump to F/Si and in their plastic regime. Insertion of each insert  12  therefore occurs by plastic deformation of each corresponding bump  22 . 
     Step 4: the force F is applied until total insertion of the inserts  12  in the bumps, which corresponds exactly to the assembly contact of the peripheral pads  13  with the spacers  24  as well as the pads  13  to which the inserts  12  are secured ( FIG. 2D ). The stress generated in the interconnect bumps  22  drops drastically and returns below the elastic limit σ e  of their constituent material ( FIG. 3D ). 
     In fact, here, the stress σ generated in each bump  22  becomes equal to F/(S1+S2), since the contact area during the assembly becomes equal to the sum of the areas S1 of the bumps  22  and S2 of the spacers  24 . In other words, the large increase of contact area between the insertion contact, where the area on which the force F is applied is that of the inserts Si, and the assembly contact, where the area becomes equal to S1+S2, induces the reduction in the stress created in each bump to below its elastic limit σ e . Since the stress generated in each bump  22  is in the elastic regime, the deformation induced in the latter is very low, in accordance with Hooke&#39;s law when one applies, and then continues to apply, the constant force F. Typically, for a bump  22  of aluminium-copper of a thickness of the order of 2 μm, it is considered that at the most its deformation will be of 0.02%, i.e. a height variation equal to 0.004 μm, which is negligible. This therefore means that once the assembly contact has been reached, one may continue to apply the force F without running the risk of the inserts  12  continuing to insert themselves (sink) into the interconnect bumps  22 . In other words, once the assembly contact has been reached with the elastic region of the bumps  22 , in the case where the initial insertion force F is maintained, there is no risk of damage to the inserts  12  by undesired contact with the lower component  2 , typically a printed circuit board. And, especially, there is no risk of damage of the component  1 , typically a chip, because the suffered constraints are limited. 
     Step 5: the applied force F is maintained during any time period ( FIG. 2E ). The stress generated in the interconnect bumps  22  no longer varies as the applied force and the total contact area between the two components  1 ,  2  are constant ( FIG. 3E ). 
     Step 6: unloading and retraction of the press tool  3  is carried out ( FIG. 2F ). The stress created in the interconnect bumps  22  drops to zero ( FIG. 3F ). The two components  1 ,  2  are assembled (hybridized) with the electrical connection established between each connection pad  11  and each connection pad  21 . 
     It is specified here that a flow can be used, or a controlled atmosphere may be obtained during insertion. This can in particular make it possible to break up the oxide during thermocompression assemblies. In the case of conductive inserts in the form of microtubes, the assembly is made at room temperature and the oxides are broken up when a microtube is inserted into the corresponding bump. 
       FIG. 4  shows an assembly obtained according to the assembly process that has just been described. 
       FIG. 5  shows a stack of two assemblies, each obtained using the assembly process that has just been described. During assembly of the upper component  1   s , the gap between the lower components  1   i ,  2  remains identical due to the fact that the lower interconnect bumps  22   i  and spacers  24  have previously been defined in such a way that they remain in the elastic region during the insertion of the upper conductive inserts  12 . By way of example and with reference to table 2, it is for example possible to envisage, for all the spacers and bumps in aluminium-copper (Al—Cu) material, a stack of two assemblies with: 
     a number of interconnects equal to 353508 in the lower assembly, the constant applied force during insertion being equal to 2200 N; 
     a number of interconnects equal to 95076 in the upper assembly, the constant applied force during insertion being equal to 550 N. 
       FIGS. 6A and 6C  show various possible relative arrangements of the spacers  24  in relation to the interconnect bumps  22 . Thus, spacers  24 ′ distributed in the shape of a discontinuous peripheral ring around the bumps  22  ( FIG. 6A ) could be provided. A single spacer  24 ″ in the form of a continuous peripheral strip around the bumps  22  ( FIG. 6B ) can also be provided. Finally, spacers  24 ″′ in groups distributed within the bumps  22  ( FIG. 6C ) can also be provided. 
     According to another alternative of the invention, no spacers  24  are provided: to do this, it is necessary to calculate the initial area and height of the interconnect bumps  22  so that it is only their plastic deformation that induces the gradual change of contact area and therefore the drop to below their elastic limit. Thus, by way of example, repeating the same figures of the left-hand column in table 1, i.e. with a number of connections equal to 95076, if in the end a gap e between the components  1 ,  2  of about 2 μm is desired, the initial height H′ of the bumps  22  is increased to a value of about 3.2 μm. 
       FIGS. 7A and 7B  show two example embodiments according to this alternative.  FIG. 7A  differs from  FIG. 7B  in the relative arrangement of the interconnect bumps  22 ,  22 ′ over the substrate surface  20 . Thus, the area necessary to obtain the drop below the elastic limit of the interconnect bumps  22 ,  22 ′ corresponds exactly to the total area of these bumps  22 ,  22 ′. Thus, the interconnect bumps  22 ,  22 ′ will plastically deform during the insertion of the conductive inserts until the total area thus deformed allows them to return to below their elastic limit. It is obvious that although in these figures, the bumps  22 ′ are shown having a cross section far larger than the bumps  22 , it is possible for all the interconnect bumps to have the same unitary cross section. 
     Other variants and improvements may be provided without departing from the scope of the invention. 
     Thus, in all the figures, the spacers  24  are made on pads  23 , for reasons of ease of manufacturing. In particular, in relation to the manufacturing process described in the aforementioned patent application EP 2 287 904, the addition of dedicated pads  23  for the spacers  24  allows for very precise control of the gap between components  1 ,  2  without an additional production step being necessary and without extra cost. This being so, it is very possible to remove the pads  23  dedicated to the spacers  24 . 
     Moreover, it is possible to produce the assembly according to the invention between two printed circuit boards or between a component such as a detector and another component such as a read circuit, a sensor and another sensor. 
     It is also possible to fabricate spacers and interconnect bumps each in a stack of materials, for example in the form of a copper pillar covered with a layer of SnAgCu. 
     Once the assembly has been produced, it is possible to complete the process by a deposition of adhesive achieved by capillarity. In the case where one (or both) of the components has been coated, before assembly, with adhesive, it is advantageous to use an adhesive with low viscosity. It can then be considered that the influence of the presence of the adhesive on the components is negligible in the face of the applied forces. 
     The invention is not limited to the examples that have just been described; features from the examples illustrated can be notably combined within non-illustrated variants.