Abstract:
An oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion comprising 1 to 50% by weight of as a hydrophobic insecticidally and acaricidally active liquid ingredient at least one ester of the formula (I): ##STR1## where X is a hydrogen atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom or a fluorine atom; and Y is a group of the formula: ##STR2## where R 1  is a methyl group or a group of the formula: ##STR3## where R 5  is a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, a fluorine atom or a methyl group; R 2  is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; R 3  is a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, a fluorine atom or a tert-butyl group; and R 4  is an isopropyl group or a cyclopropyl group; 2 to 10% by weight of polyvinyl alcohol or gum arabic; and 0.1 to 20% by weight of a thickener with the balance being water.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to a novel oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion (generally called an &#34;aqueous flowable formulation&#34;), which comprises as a hydrophobic insecticidally and acaricidally active liquid ingredient 1 to 50% by weight of at least one ester of the formula (I): ##STR4## where X is a hydrogen atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom or a fluorine atom; and Y is a group of the formula: ##STR5## where R 1  is a methyl group or a group of the formula: ##STR6## where R 5  is a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, a fluorine atom or a methyl group; R 2  is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; R 3  is a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, a fluorine atom or a tert-butyl group; and R 4  is an isopropyl group or a cyclopropyl group, 2 to 10% by weight of polyvinyl alcohol or gum arabic; and 0.1 to 20% by weight of a thickener with the balance being water. The insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion of the invention exhibits an insecticidal and acaricidal activity equivalent to a conventional formulation and at the same time it is stable and easier to use. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Of conventionally employed pesticidal formulations in a liquid form, an emulsifiable concentrate which generally consists of a pesticidally active ingredient, a synthetic surfactant and a large amount of an organic solvent often has defects derived from the organic solvent contained therein, such as flammability or malodor, toxicity or irritation to humans, cattle or other domestic animals or poultry, phytotoxicity against crops, and the like. 
     A wettable powder which does not use an organic solvent is also not fully satisfactory because a spray liquid cannot readily be prepared due to dustiness of its fine powder and aerial low volume application in high concentration (less than 300 ml per 10 ares) is impossible. 
     For these reasons, studies have been made on aqueous flowable formulations of pesticides and transparent emulsions which replace the organic solvent or powder carrier with water to suspend or disperse fine particles of a hydrophobic pesticidally active ingredient. 
     Since such aqueous flowable formulations and transparent emulsions are handled in a liquid form, a spray liquid can be prepared without producing dust; and measuring the volume, dilution and other necessary operations can be achieved as easily as with conventional liquid type formulations. In addition, it is accompanied by few or none of the problems of an organic solvent which is toxic or irritating to humans, cattle or other domestic animals or poultry, as well as causes phytotoxicity against crops. However, most aqueous flowable formulations of pesticides hitherto proposed are suspensions using a solid hydrophobic pesticidally active ingredient (such as those disclosed in Japanese Patent Application (OPI) Nos. 126635/74, 76236/75 and 148625/77 (the term &#34;OPI&#34; as used herein refers to a &#34;published unexamined Japanese patent application&#34;); and U.S. Pat. No. 4,071,617), and no practical oil-in-water emulsion that uses a pesticidally active ingredient in an oil form has yet been developed due to difficulties in stabilizing its physical properties over an extended period of time. 
     Transparent emulsions used as oil-in-water pesticidal compositions are disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 20520/71, and Japanese Patent Application (OPI) Nos. 54547/74 and 122628/77, but these transparent emulsions are a water soluble type that uses a large quantity of a general-purpose synthetic surfactant to reduce the particle size of the pesticidally active ingredient to less than 0.1μ, and no satisfactory technique has been proposed to solve the cost and toxicity problems which accompany the use of large quantities of surfactant. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Various studies have been directed to a method of producing an oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion which contains a compound of the formula (I) as a hydrophobic active liquid ingredient and which retains its chemical and physical properties for an extended period of time and is able to exhibit an insecticidal and acaricidal effect comparable to the above described conventional formulations but which, unlike the conventional formulations, does not employ an organic solvent or a general-purpose synthetic surfactant such as a higher alcohol sulfate, a higher alcohol sulfonate, an alkyl sulfonate, an aryl sulfonate, an alkyl aryl sulfonate or a formalin condensate thereof, a fatty acid ester compound, a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, a polyoxyethylene aryl ether, a polyoxyethylene alkyl aryl ether, a polyoxyethylene phenyl phenol derivative or a polyoxyethylene sorbitan alkylate and the like. As a result of these studies, the present inventors have found that polyvinyl alcohol or gum arabic is the most suitable dispersing agent for compounds of the formula (I). 
     Accordingly, it is a principal object of the present invention to provide an insecticidally and acaricidally active oil-in-water emulsion which retains its physical and chemical properties for an extended period of time. 
     More particularly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an insecticidally and acaricidally active oil-in-water emulsion which is free from the drawbacks which accompany the conventional use of general-purpose synthetic surfactants and organic solvents. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide an insecticidally and acaricidally active oil-in-water emulsion based on compounds of the formula (I). 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     An insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion that meets the requirements described above can be economically prepared by a simple method which comprises dispersing by mechanical means fine particles (or fine droplets) of a compound of the formula (I) in an aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol or gum arabic and adding a suitable thickener to stabilize the suspended fine particles of the compound. 
     A brief description of the method of producing the oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion of this invention will be given below. First, a hydrophobic insecticidally and acaricidally active liquid ingredient of the formula (I) is added to a 2 to 20 wt% aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol or gum arabic, and a conventional stirrer such as a T.K. Homomixer (a homogenizer manufactured by Tokushu Kika Koguo Co., Ltd.) or a Shinagawa All-Purpose Mixer (a mixer manufactured by San-Ei Seisakusho, Ltd.) is used to disperse the particles of the active ingredient (A.I.) while the aqueous solution is heated at 60° to 70° C. The size of the emulsified particles of the active ingredient can be varied within the range of from about 1 to 200μ depending upon the stirring force or the content of polyvinyl alcohol or gum arabic. A microscope is used to check the size of the emulsified particles of the active ingredient. Finally, for the purpose of preventing settling of the emulsified particles and improving the dispersion stability, an aqueous solution of a thickener is added to the emulsion in a suitable amount. The resulting oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion remains stable for an extended period. 
     While typical examples of the compound of the formula (I) according to this invention are hereunder given, it is to be understood that they are by no means meant to limit the scope of this invention and that optical isomers and/or geometric isomers of those examples are included within the scope of the compound. It is also to be understood that the compound is liquid at room temperature (e.g., about 20° C.). Representative examples include: α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate, α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (+)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate, a mixture comprising more than 60% of (-)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (+)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate and (+)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (-)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate, α-cyano-3-(4-bromophenoxy)benzyl 2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate, α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2(4-tert-butylphenyl)isovalerate, α-cyano-3-(4-fluorophenoxy)benzyl 2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate, α-cyano-3-(4-bromophenoxy)benzyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate, α-cyano-3-(4-fluorophenoxy)benzyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate, α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl chrysanthemate, α-cyano-3-pehnoxybenzyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate, and α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2,2,3,3,-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate. 
     The oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion in accordance with the present invention comprises 1 to 50% by weight, preferably 1 to 40% by weight of as a hydrophobic insecticidally and acaricidally active liquid ingredient at least one ester of the formula (I); 2 to 10% by weight of polyvinyl alcohol or gum arabic; and 0.1 to 20% by weight, preferably 0.4 to 10% by weight of a thickener with the balance being water. 
     A suitable example of the polyvinyl alcohol that can be used in this invention has a degree of polymerization less than about 1500 and a degree of hydrolysis between about 70 to 90 mol%. One such example is Gohsenol GL-05 (polyvinyl alcohol manufactured by The Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. having a degree of polymerization of less than 1,000 and a degree of hydrolysis of from 86.5 to 89 mol%). 
     Examples of the thickener that can be used in this invention include tragacanth gum, guar gum, sodium alginate, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethyl starch, hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, polyacrylic acid or derivatives thereof, etc. Commercially available thickeners include Agrisol FL-100F (a product of Kao-Atlas Co., Ltd.), Primal ASE-60 (a product of Japan Acrylic Chemical Co., Ltd.), Rheogic 250H (a product of Nihon Junyaku Co., Ltd.) and Carbopol (a product of The B.F. Goodrich Company). These thickeners are used in an amount within the range of from 0.1 to 20 wt%, and the optimum amount of addition varies from thickener to thickener and preferably ranges from 0.4 to 10 wt%. 
     Since the oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion of this invention contains no organic solvent, it is free from potential hazards such as flammability and malodor of an organic solvent and its toxicity or irritation to humans, cattle or other domestic animals or poultry, or phytotoxicity against crops. In addition, because of high miscibility with water used as a diluent for preparation of a spray liquid, measuring the volume, dilution and other necessary operations can be performed with ease which is comparable to the case of the conventional liquid type formulations. 
     This invention will hereunder be described in greater detail by reference to the following Examples which are given here for illustrative purposes only and are by no means intended to limit the scope of this invention. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     10 g of (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate was added to 40 g of a 10 wt% aqueous solution of Gohsenol GL-05, and the mixture was stirred at 70° C. with a T.K. Homomixer at 5000 rpm for a period of 5 minutes. 
     To the mixture was added 50 g of a neutralized 20 wt% aqueous solution of Agrisol FL-100F at ambient temperature, and the resultant mixture was lightly stirred for a few minutes to obtain 100 g of a homogeneous oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion containing 10 wt% of (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate. The particles of the emulsified active ingredient were in the range of from 1 to 60μ in size. 
     As is clear from Table 1 below which indicates the results of test for dispersion stability, the insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion of this invention was stable in its chemical and physical properties. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________Stability Test for the Insecticidaland Acaricidal Emulsion of Example 1    PercentStorage  DecompositionConditions    of A.I.*      Dispersion Stability______________________________________40° C.1 month  0             uniform dispersion without                  settlement of A.I.3 months 0.2           uniform dispersion without                  settlement of A.I.6 months 0.5           uniform dispersion without                  settlement of A.I.50° C.1 month  0             uniform dispersion without                  settlement of A.I.3 months 1.3           uniform dispersion without                  settlement of A. I.6 months 3.0           uniform dispersion without                  settlement of A.I.______________________________________ *based on the A.I. content determined at the time of preparation 
    
     EXAMPLE 2 
     The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that the T.K. Homomixer was rotated at 2500 rpm. The product was 100 g of an oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion containing 10 wt% of (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate. The particles of the emulsified active ingredient were in the range of from 5 to 160μ in size. 
     As is clear from Table 2 below which indicates the results of test for dispersion stability, the insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion of this invention was stable in its chemical and physical properties. 
     
                       TABLE 2______________________________________Stability Test for the Insecticidaland Acaricidal Emulsion of Example 2    PercentStorage  DecompositionConditions    of A.I.*      Dispersion Stability______________________________________40° C.1 month  0             uniform dispersion without                  settlement of A.I.3 months 0.1           uniform dispersion without                  settlement of A.I.6 months 0.4           uniform dispersion without                  settlement of A.I.50° C.1 month  0             uniform dispersion without                  settlement of A.I.3 months 0.5           uniform dispersion without                  settlement of A.I.6 months 2.6           uniform dispersion without                  settlement of A.I.______________________________________ *based on the A.I. content determined at the time of preparation. 
    
     EXAMPLE 3 
     10 g of (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate was added to 40 g of a 10 wt% aqueous solution of gum arabic, and the mixture was stirred at 70° C. with a T.K. Homomixer at 5000 rpm for a period of 5 minutes. To the mixture was added 50 g of a 0.8 wt% aqueous solution of Rheogic 250H at ambient temperature, and the resultant mixture was lightly stirred for a few minutes to obtain 100 g of a homogeneous oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion containing 10 wt% of (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate. The particles of the emulsified active ingredient were in the range of from 1 to 80μ in size. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     The procedure of Example 3 was repeated except that the T.K. Homomixer was rotated at 2500 rpm. The product was 100 g of an oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion containing 10 wt% of (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate. The particles of the emulsified active ingredient were in the range of from 6 to 200μ in size. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     20 g of (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate was added to 40 g of a 10 wt% aqueous solution of Gohsenol GL-05, and the mixture was stirred at 70° C. with a T.K. Homomixer at 5000 rpm for a period of 5 minutes. 
     To the mixture was added 40 g of a neutralized 25 wt% aqueous solution of Agrisol FL-100F at ambient temperature, and the resultant mixture was lightly stirred for a few minutes to obtain 100 g of a homogeneous oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion containing 20 wt% of (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-isovalerate. The particles of the emusified active ingredient were in the range of from 1 to 60μ in size. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     1 g of (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate was added to 40 g of a 5 wt% aqueous solution of Gohsenol GL-05, and the mixture was stirred at 70° C. with a T.K. Homomixer at 5000 rpm for a period of 5 minutes. 
     To the mixture was added 59 g of a neutralized 17 wt% aqueous solution of Agrisol FL-100F at ambient temperature, and the resultant mixture was lightly stirred for a few minutes to obtain 100 g of a homogeneous oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion containing 1 wt% of (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate. The particles of the emulsified active ingredient were in the range of from 1 to 50μ in size. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     40 g of (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate was added to 50 g of a 20 wt% aqueous solution of Gohsenol GL-05, and the mixture was stirred at 70° C. with a T.K. Homomixer at 5000 rpm for a period of 5 minutes. 
     To the mixture was added 10 g of a neutralized 50 wt% aqueous solution of Agrisol FL-100F at ambient temperature, and the resultant mixture was lightly stirred for a few minutes to obtain 100 g of a homogeneous oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion containing 40 wt% of (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate. The particles of the emulsified active ingredient were in the range of from 1 to 40μ in size. 
     EXAMPLE 8 
     20 g of α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (+)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate was added to 40 g of a 10 wt% aqueous solution of Gohsenol GL-05, and the mixture was stirred at 70° C. with a T.K. Homomixer at 5000 rpm for a period of 5 minutes. 
     To the mixture was added 40 g of a neutralized 25 wt% aqueous solution of Agrisol FL-100F at ambient temperature, and the resultant mixture was lightly stirred for a few minutes to obtain 100 g of a homogeneous oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion containing 20 wt% of α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (+)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate. The particles of the emulsified active ingredient were in the range of from 1 to 40μ in size. 
     EXAMPLE 9 
     40 g of α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (+)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate was added to 50 g of 10 wt% aqueous solution of Gohsenol GL-05, and the mixture was stirred at 70° C. with a T.K. Homomixer at 5000 rpm for a period of 5 minutes. 
     To the mixture was added 10 g of a neutralized 50 wt% aqueous solution of Agrisol FL-100F at ambient temperature, and the resultant mixture was lightly stirred for a few minutes to obtain 100 g of a homogeneous oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion containing 40 wt% of α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (+)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate. The particles of the emulsified active ingredient were in the range of from 1 to 30μ in size. 
     EXAMPLE 10 
     20 g of a mixture comprising 80% of (-)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (+)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate and (+)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (-)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate was added to 40 g of a 10 wt% aqueous solution of Gohsenol GL-05, and the mixture was stirred at 70° C. with a T.K. Homomixer at 5000 rpm for a period of 5 minutes. 
     To the mixture was added 40 g of a neutralized 25 wt% aqueous solution of Agrisol FL-100F at ambient temperature, and the resultant mixture was lightly stirred for a few minutes to obtain 100 g of a homogeneous oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion containing 20 wt% of the above insecticidally and acaricidally active ingredients. The particles of the emulsified active ingredients were in the range of from 1 to 40μ in size. 
     EXAMPLE 11 
     20 g of (±)-α-cyano-3-(4-bromophenoxy)benzyl (±)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate was added to 40 g of a 10 wt% aqueous solution of Gohsenol GL-05, and the mixture was stirred at 70° C. with a T.K. Homomixer at 5000 rpm for a period of 5 minutes. 
     To the mixture was added 40 g of a neutralized 25 wt% aqueous solution of Agrisol FL-100F at ambient temperature, and the resultant mixture was lightly stirred for a few minutes to obtain 100 g of a homogeneous oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion containing 20 wt% of (±)-α-cyano-3-(4-bromophenoxy)benzyl (±)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate. The particles of the emulsified active ingredient were in the range of from 1 to 50μ in size. 
     EXAMPLE 12 
     20 g of (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)isovelerate was added to 40 g of Gohsenol GL-05, and the mixture was stirred at 70° C. with a T.K. Homomixer at 5000 rpm for a period of 5 minutes. 
     To the mixture was added 40 g of a neutralized 25 wt% of Agrisol FL-100F at ambient temperature, and the resultant mixture was lightly stirred for a few minutes to obtain 100 g of a homogeneous oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion containing 20 wt% of (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)isovalerate. The particles of the emulsified active ingredient were in the range of from 1 to 60μ in size. 
     EXAMPLE 13 
     20 g of (±)-α-cyano-3-(4-fluorophenoxy)benzyl (±)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate was added to 40 g of a 10 wt% aqueous solution of Gohsenol GL-05, and the mixture was stirred at 70° C. with a T.K. Homomixer at 5000 rpm for a period of 5 minutes. 
     To the mixture was added 40 g of a neutralized 25 wt% aqueous solution of Agrisol FL-100F at ambient temperature, and the resultant mixture was lightly stirred for a few minutes to obtain 100 g of a homogeneous oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion containing 20 wt% of (±)-α-cyano-3-(4-fluorophenoxy)benzyl (±)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate. The particles of the emulsified active ingredient were in the range of from 1 to 50μ in size. 
     EXAMPLE 14 
     20 g of (±)-α-cyano-3-(4-bromophenoxy)benzyl (±)-cis,trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate was added to 40 g of a 10 wt% aqueous solution of Gohsenol GL-05, and the mixture was stirred at 70° C. with a T.K. Homomixer at 5000 rpm for a period of 5 minutes. 
     To the mixture was added 40 g of a neutralized 25 wt% aqueous solution of Agrisol FL-100F at ambient temperature, and the resultant mixture was lightly stirred for a few minutes to obtain 100 g of a homogeneous oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion containing 20 wt% of (±)-α-cyano-3-(4-bromophenoxy)benzyl (±)-cis,trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate. The particles of the emulsified active ingredient were in the range of from 1 to 50μ in size. 
     EXAMPLE 15 
     20 g of (±)-α-cyano-3-(4-fluorophenoxy)benzyl (±)-cis,trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate was added to 40 g of a 10 wt% aqueous solution of Gohsenol GL-05, and the mixture was stirred at 70° C. with a T.K. Homomixer at 5000 rpm for a period of 5 minutes. 
     To the mixture was added 40 g of a neutralized 25 wt% aqueous solution of Agrisol FL-100F at ambient temperature, and the resultant mixture was lightly stirred for a few minutes to obtain 100 g of a homogeneous oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion containing 20 wt% of (±)-α-cyano-3-(4-fluorophenoxy)benzyl (±)-cis,trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate. The particles of the emulsified active ingredient were in the range of from 1 to 50μ in size. 
     EXAMPLE 16 
     20 g of (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-cis,trans,crystanthemate was added to 40 g of a 10 wt% aqueous solution of Gohsenol GL-05, and the mixture was stirred at 70° C. with a T.K. Homomixer at 5000 rpm for a period of 5 minutes. 
     To the mixture was added 40 of a neutralized 25 wt% aqueous solution of Agrisol FL-100F at ambient temperature, and the resultant mixture was lightly stirred for a few minutes to obtain 100 g of a homogeneous oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion containing 20 wt% of (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-cis,trans-chrysanthemate. The particles of the emulsified active ingredient were in the range of from 1 to 50μ in size. 
     As is clear from Table 3 below which indicates the results of test for dispersion stability, the insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion of this invention was stable in its chemical and physical properties. 
     
                       TABLE 3______________________________________Stability Test for the Insecticidaland Acaricidal Emulsion of Example 16    PercentStorage  DecompositionConditions    of A.I.*      Dispersion Stability______________________________________40° C.1 month  0             uniform dispersion without                  settlement of A.I.3 months 0.3           uniform dispersion without                  settlement of A.I.6 months 0.6           uniform dispersion without                  settlement of A.I.50° C.1 month  0             uniform dispersion without                  settlement of A.I.3 months 1.0           uniform dispersion without                  settlement of A.I.6 months 3.5           uniform dispersion without                  settlement of A.I.______________________________________ *based on the A.I. content determined at the time of preparation 
    
     EXAMPLE 17 
     The procedure of Example 16 was repeated except that the T.K. Homomixer was rotated at 2500 rpm. The product was 100 g of an oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion containing 20 wt% of (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-cis,trans-chrysanthemate. The particles of the emulsified active ingredient were in the range of from 1 to 130μ in size. 
     EXAMPLE 18 
     40 g of α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (+)-cis,trans-chrysanthemate was added to 40 g of a 5 wt% aqueous solution of Gohsenol GL-05, and the mixture was stirred at 70° C. with a T.K. Homomixer at 5000 rpm for a period of 5 minutes. 
     To the mixture was added 20 g of a neutralized 50 wt% aqueous solution of Agrisol FL-100F at ambient temperature, and the resultant mixture was lightly stirred for a few minutes to obtain 100 g of a homogeneous oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion containing 40 wt% of α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (+)-cis,trans-chrysanthemate. The particles of the emulsified active ingredient were in the range of from 1 to 60μ in size. 
     EXAMPLE 19 
     25 g of α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (+)-trans-chrysanthemate was added to 50 g of a 10 wt% aqueous solution of gum arabic, and the mixture was stirred at 70° C. with a T.K. Homomixer at 5000 rpm for a period of 5 minutes. To the mixture was added 25 g of a 2.0 wt% aqueous solution of sodium alginate, and the resultant mixture was lightly stirred for a few minutes to obtain 100 g of a homogeneous oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion containing 25 wt% of α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (+)-trans-chrysanthemate. The particles of the emulsified active ingredient were in the range of from 1 to 50μ in size. 
     EXAMPLE 20 
     20 g of (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-cis,trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate was added to 40 g of a 10 wt% aqueous solution of Gohsenol GL-05, and the mixture was stirred at 70° C. with a T.K. Homomixer at 5000 rpm for a period of 5 minutes. 
     To the mixture was added 40 g of a neutralized 25 wt% aqueous solution of Agrisol FL-100F at ambient temperature, and the resultant mixture was lightly stirred for a few minutes to obtain 100 g of a homogeneous oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal and emulsion containing 20 wt% of (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-cis,trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate. The particles of the emulsified active ingredient were in the range of from 1 to 50μ in size. 
     As is clear from Table 4 below which indicates the results of test for dispersion stability, the insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion of this invention was stable in its chemical and physical properties. 
     
                       TABLE 4______________________________________Stability Test for the Insecticidaland Acaricidal Emulsion of Example 20    PercentStorage  DecompositionConditions    of A.I.*      Dispersion Stability______________________________________40° C.1 month  0             uniform dispersion without                  settlement of A.I.3 months 0.7           uniform dispersion without                  settlement of A.I.6 months 1.2           uniform dispersion without                  settlement of A.I.50° C.1 month  0             uniform dispersion without                  settlement of A.I.3 months 1.6           uniform dispersion without                  settlement of A.I.6 months 3.7           uniform dispersion without                  settlement of A.I.______________________________________ *based on the A.I. content determined at the time of preparation. 
    
     EXAMPLE 21 
     1 g of (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-cis,trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate was added to 40 g of a 5 wt% aqueous solution of gum arabic, and the mixture was stirred at 70° C. with a T.K. Homomixer at 5000 rpm for a period of 5 minutes. To the mixture was added 59 g of a 2 wt% aqueous solution of sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and the resultant mixture was lightly stirred for a few minutes to obtain 100 g of a homogeneous oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion containing 1 wt% of (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-cis,trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate. The particles of the emulsified active ingredient were in the range of from 1 to 40μ in size. 
     EXAMPLE 22 
     30 g of α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (+)-cis,trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate was added to 50 g of a 10 wt% aqueous solution of Gohsenol GL-05, and the mixture was stirred at 70° C. with a T.K. Homomixer at 5000 rpm for a period of 5 minutes. 
     To the mixture was added 20 g of a neutralized 50 wt% aqueous solution of Agrisol FL-100F at ambient temperature, and the resultant mixture was lightly stirred for a few minutes to obtain 100 g of a homogeneous oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion containing 30 wt% of α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (+)-cis,trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate. The particles of the emulsified active ingredient were in the range of from 1 to 50μ in size. 
     EXAMPLE 23 
     5 g of α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (+)-trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate was added to 45 g of a 5 wt% aqueous solution of gum arabic, and the mixture was stirred at 70° C. with a T.K. Homomixer at 2500 rpm for a period of 5 minutes. To the mixture was added 50 g of a 0.8 wt.% aqueous solution of Rheogic 250H at ambient temperature, and the resultant mixture was stirred lightly for a few minutes to obtain 100 g of a homogeneous oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion containing 5 wt% of α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (+)-trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate. The particles of the emulsified active ingredient were in the range of from 1 to 140μ in size. 
     EXAMPLE 24 
     20 g of (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate was added to 40 g of a 10 wt% aqueous solution of Gohsenol GL-05, and the mixture was stirred at 70° C. with a T. K. Homomixer at 5000 rpm for a period of 5 minutes. 
     To the mixture was added 40 g of a neutralized 25 wt% aqueous solution of Agrisol FL-100F at ambient temperature, and the resultant mixture was lightly stirred for a few minutes to obtain 100 g of a homogeneous oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion containing 20 wt% of (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate. The particles of the emulsified active ingredient were in the range of from 1 to 40μ in size. 
     The following experiment was conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of gum arabic and polyvinyl alcohol as a dispersing agent compared with other water soluble polymers. 
     Experiment 1 
     180 g of a 2 wt% aqueous solution of each of the following substances was prepared: alubumin, cellulose sulfate derivative, sodium alginate, carrageenan, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carboxymethylcellulose, sodium lignin sulfonate, gelatin, gum arabic and Gohsenol GL-05. To each of the aqueous solutions was added 20 g of each of the nine hydrophobic insecticidally and acaricidally active liquid ingredients of the formula (I) in a racemic form indicated in Table 5 below. A T. K. Homomixer was used to disperse the active ingredients at 70° C. until their emulsified particles were from 1 to 100μ in size, and each of the resulting emulsions was put in a sealable glass container which was stored in a constant temperature dryer at 60° C. for one day, and observed for its dispersion stability. The results of the observation are set forth in Table 5 below. 
     
                                           TABLE 5__________________________________________________________________________Evaluation of Dispersion Stability   Water Soluble PolymerInsecticidal  Cellulose                Carboxy-                                       Sodiumand Acarici-  Sulfate               Sodium      Polyvinyl                                  methyl-                                       Lignin    Gum Gohsenoldal Compound   Alubumin         Derivative               Alginate                    Carrageenan                           Pyrrolidone                                  cellulose                                       Sulfonate                                            Gelatin                                                 Arabic                                                     GL-05__________________________________________________________________________(1)     X     X     X    Δ                           X      X    Δ                                            X    O   O(2)     X     X     X    Δ                           X      X    Δ                                            X    O   O(3)     X     X     X    Δ                           X      X    Δ                                            X    O   O(4)     X     X     X    Δ                           X      X    Δ                                            X    O   O(5)     X     X     X    Δ                           X      X    Δ                                            X    O   O(6)     X     X     X    Δ                           X      X    Δ                                            X    O   O(7)     X     X     X    Δ                           X      X    Δ                                            X    O   O(8)     X     X     X    Δ                           X      X    Δ                                            X    O   O(9)     X     X     X    Δ                           X      X    Δ                                            X    O   O__________________________________________________________________________ Criteria for evaluation of dispersion O . . no trace of agglomeration of particles of active Δ . . particles of active ingredient agglomerated, but no separatio occurred between oil phase and aqueous X . . particles of active ingredient agglomerated until oil phase separated from aqueous phase 
    
     In Table 5 above, insecticidal and acaricidal compounds (1) to (9) have the following formulae: ##STR7## 
     Table 5 clearly indicates the effectiveness of gum arabic and polyvinyl alcohol as a dispersing agent. 
     The following experiment was conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion prepared by this invention. 
     Experiment 2 
     The eleven oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsions containing 20 wt% of active ingredient prepared in Examples 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 24 (hereunder referred to as Emulsions 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 24, respectively) were compared with an equal number of control formulations (emulsifiable concentrate containing 20 wt% of an active ingredient the same as employed in the above eleven oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsions, and these controls are hereunder referred to as Control Formulations C-5, C-8, C-10, C-11, C-12, C-13, C-14, C-15, C-16, C-20 and C-24, respectively) in the following manner. A solution containing the oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion or the control formulation in each of the concentrations indicated in Table 6 below was applied to young Chinese cabbage leaves on a turntable at a rate of 30 ml/2 pots. After drying in air, the treated leaves were put in a plastic cup together with a group of ten (3-4 instar) tobacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura) larvae, and the number of mortalities at the end of the second day was counted. The results of the mortality test are shown in Table 6 below. 
     
                       TABLE 6______________________________________Percent Mortality of Tobacco Cutworm(Spodoptera litura)Emulsion/ControlFormulation    50 ppm       100 ppm______________________________________5              100          100C-5            100          1008              100          100C-8            100          10010             100          100C-10           100          10011             100          100C-11           100          10012             100          100C-12           100          10013             100          100C-13           100          10014             100          100C-14           100          10015             100          100C-15           100          10016             100          100C-16           100          10020             100          100C-20           100          10024             100          100C-24           100          100______________________________________ 
    
     As is clear from the above table, all samples of the oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion of this invention proved to have an excellent effect equivalent to the control formulation at either dilution ratio, but the emulsion of this invention is easier to use. 
     Experiment 3 
     Twenty adult female citrus red mites (Panonychus citri) were released on the back surface of each leaf of a citrus, the front surface of which had been brought into intimate contact with water-containing absorbent cotton. Three m of each solution of Emulsions 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 24 and Control Formulations C-5, C-8, C-10, C-11, C-12, C-13, C-14, C-15, C-16, C-20 and C-24 prepared by diluting the emulsion or control formulation with water to a concentration of 500 ppm, was applied to the leaf. Twenty-four hours after the application, the number of alive mites was counted. This test was repeated three times to thereby obtain an average percent mortality of citrus red mite (Panonychus citri). The results obtained are shown in Table 7 below. 
     
                       TABLE 7______________________________________            Percent Mortality of            Citrus Red MiteEmulsion/Control (Panonychus citri)Formulation      at 500 ppm______________________________________5                    100C-5                  1008                    100C-8                  10010                   100C-10                 10011                   100C-11                 10012                   100C-12                 10013                   100C-13                 10014                   100C-14                 10015                   100C-15                 10016                   100C-16                 10020                   100C-20                 10024                   100C-24                 100______________________________________ 
    
     It is also clear from the above table that all samples of the oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion of this invention proved an excellent effect equivalent to the control formulation, but the emulsion of this invention is easier to use. 
     Another experiment was conducted to demonstrate that, compared with the conventional insecticidal and acaricidal formulation, the oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion of this invention is less irritating to the eyes of a rabbit as one example of humans, cattle or other domestic animals or poultry. 
     Experiment 4 
     To evaluate the irritating effect of the oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion of this invention on mucous membranes, the irritating effect of the emulsion on the eyes of a rabbit was examined in accordance with the Environmental Protection Agency Guideline [Federal Register, 43, 37359-37360 (1978)]. 
     In this test the five oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsions containing 20 wt% of active ingredient prepared in Examples 5, 8, 10, 20 and 24 (hereunder referred to as Emulsions, 5, 8, 10, 20 and 24, respectively) were compared with an equal number of control formulation (emulsifiable concentrate containing 20 wt% of an active ingredient the same as employed in the above five oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsions, and these controls are hereunder referred to as Control Formulations C-5, C-8, C-10, C-20 and C-24, respectively). The results obtained are shown in Table 8 below, in which the maximum total score of the strength of irritation reaction and the strength of irritation was obtained in accordance with the standard shown in Table 9 below. 
     
                                           TABLE 8__________________________________________________________________________     Emulsion/            Irritation Strength     Control                                MaximumActive    Formula-             1  24 48 72 96 7  totalingredient     tion  Organism       hr.                             hrs.                                hrs.                                   hrs.                                      hrs.                                         days                                            point__________________________________________________________________________                  Opacity-degree                  of density                          0  0  0  0  0  0           Cornea Area of cornea                  involved                          0  0  0  0  0  0     5     Iris           0  0  0  0  0  0(±)-α-Cyano-  Redness 1  1-2                                0  0  0  03-phenoxybenzyl Conjunctivae                  Chemosis                          0  0  0  0  0  0(±)-2-(4-           Discharge                          0  0  0  0  0  0  2.7/110chlorophenyl)-         Opacity-degreeisovalerate            of density                          0  1  1  1  1  1                  Area of cornea                  involved                          0  4  4  4  2-4                                         2-4     C-5   Iris           0  0  0  0  0  0                  Redness 1  1  1  1  1  0           Conjunctivae                  Chemosis                          2  1  0  0  0  0                  Discharge                          0  1  1  0  0  0  26.0/110                  Opacity-degree                  of density                          0  0  0  0  0  0           Cornea Area of cornea                  involved                          0  0  0  0  0  0     8     Iris           0  0  0  0  0  0α-Cyano-3-       Redness 1  1-2                                0-1                                   0  0  0phenoxybenzyl   Conjunctivae                  Chemosis                          0-1                             0  0  0  0  0(+)-2-(4-              Discharge                          0  1  0  0  0  0  5.3/110chlorophenyl)-         Opacity-degreeisovalerate            of density                          0  1  1  1  1  1           Cornea Area of cornea                  involved                          0  4  4  4  2-4                                         2-3     C-8   Iris           0  1  1  1  1  0                  Redness 1  2  2  2  1-2                                         1           Conjunctivae                  Chemosis                          2  2  0  0  0  0                  Discharge                          0  2  2-3                                   1-2                                      0  0  35.7/110                  Opacity-degree                  of density                          0  0  0  0  0  0           Cornea Area of cornea                  involved                          0  0  0  0  0  0Mixture of(-)-α-cyano-3-     10    Iris           0  0  0  0  0  0phenoxybenzyl          Redness 1  2  0-1                                   0  0  0(+)-2-(4-       Conjunctivae                  Chemosis                          0  0  0  0  0  0chlorophenyl)-         Discharge                          0  1-2                                0  0  0  0  8.4/110isovalerateand                    Opacity-degree(+)-α-cyano-3-   of density                          0  1  1  1  1  1phenoxybenzyl   Cornea Area of cornea(-)-2-(4-              involved                          0  4  4  4  2-4                                         2-4chlorophenyl)-     C-10  Iris           0  1  0-1                                   0-1                                      0-1                                         0isovalerate            Redness 1  2  1-2                                   1-2                                      1-2                                         1           Conjunctivae                  Chemosis                          2  1-2                                0  0  0  0                  Discharge                          0  1  1-2                                   0-1                                      0  0  34.3/110                  Opacity-degree                  of density                          0  0  0  0  0  0           Cornea Area of cornea                  involved                          0  0  0  0  0  0     20    Iris           0  0-1                                0  0  0  0(±)-α-Cyano-  Redness 1  2  0-1                                   0  0  03-phenoxybenzyl Conjunctivae                  Chemosis                          0  0  0  0  0  0(±)-cis, trans-     Discharge                          0  0  0  0  0  0  5.7/1102,2-dimethyl-          Opacity-degree3-(2,2-dichloro-       of density                          0  1  1  1  1  1viny)cyclopropane-           Cornea Area of corneacarboxylate            involved                          0  4  4  2-4                                      2-4                                         2-4     C-20  Iris           0  1  1  0-1                                      0-1                                         0-1                  Redness 1  2  2  1-2                                      1-2                                         1           Conjunctivae                  Chemosis                          2  0-1                                0  0  0  0                  Discharge                          0  1-2                                1-2                                   1-2                                      1  0  32.3/110                  Opacity-degree                  of density                          0  0  0  0  0  0           Cornea Area of cornea                  involved                          0  0  0  0  0  0     24    Iris           0  0  0  0  0  0(±)-α-Cyano-  Redness 1  1-2                                0  0  0  03-phenoxybenzyl-           Conjunctivae                  Chemosis                          0  0  0  0  0  02,2,3,3-               Discharge                          0  0-1                                0  0  0  0  3.3/110tetramethyl-           Opacity-degree                          0  1  1  1  1  1cyclopropane-          of densitycarboxylate     Cornea Area of cornea                  involved                          0  4  4  4  2-4                                         2-3     C-24  Iris           0  1  0-1                                   0  0  0                  Redness 1-2                             2  2  2  1-2                                         1-2           Conjunctivae                  Chemosis                          2  1-2                                0  0  0  0                  Discharge                          0  1-2                                1-2                                   0-1                                      0  0  34.3/110__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 9______________________________________Scale for Scoring Ocular Lesions______________________________________1. Cornea(A) Opacity - degree of density (area taken for reading)No opacity                    0Scattered or diffuse area - details of iris clearly visible                         1Easily discernible translucent areas, details of iris slightlyobscured                      2Opalescent areas, no details of iris visible, size ofpupil barely discernible      3Opaque, iris invisible        4(B) Area of cornea involvedOne quarter (or less) but not zero                         1Greater than one quarter - less than one-half                         2Greater than one-half less than three quarters                         3Greater than three quarters up to whole area                         4Score equals A × B × 5 Total maximum = 802. Iris(A) ValuesNormal                        0Folds above normal, congestion, swelling,circumcorneal injection(any one or all of these or combination of any thereof), irisstill reacting to light (sluggish reaction is positive)                         1No reaction to light, hemorrhage; gross destruction(any one or all of these)     2Score A × 5 Total possible maximum = 103. Conjunctivae(A) Redness (refers to palpebral conjunctivae only)Vessels normal                0Vessels definitely injected above normal                         1More diffuse, deeper crimson red, individual vesselsnot easily discernible        2Diffuse beefy red             3(B) ChemosisNo swelling                   0Any swelling above normal (includes nictitation membrane)                         1Obvious swelling with partial eversion of the lids                         2Swelling with lids about half closed                         3Swelling with lids about half closed to completely closed                         4(C) DischargeNo discharge                  0Any amount different from normal (does not includesmall amount observed in inner canthus of normal animals)                         1Discharge with moistening of the lids and hairsjust adjacent to the lids     2Discharge with moistening of the lids and considerable areaaround the eye                3Score (A + B + C) × 2 Total maximum = 20______________________________________ The maximum total score is the sum of all scores obtained for the cornea, iris and conjunctivae. 
    
     It was confirmed from Table 8 above that the degree of irritation of the oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion of this invention is weaker than that of the control formulation containing the same active ingredient as that in the emulsion of this invention. 
     Still another experiment was conducted to demonstrate that, compared with the conventional insecticidal and acaricidal formulations, the oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion of this invention is less toxic to humans, cattle or other domestic animals or poultry, and therefore is considered to be less hazardous in handling. 
     EXPERIMENT 5 
     To evaluate the degree of toxicity of the oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion of this invention, the acute oral toxicity of the emulsion in mice was examined. The test samples and control formulations were the same as used in Experiment 4 above. 
     The test was conducted by orally administering a diluted solution of each sample (diluted with distilled water) to groups of dd-strain mice (one group=10 male mice plus 10 female mice) at a dose of 20 ml/kg per mouse and 2 weeks after the administration, observing the number of dead mice. The results obtained are shown in Table 10 below, in which the LD 50  value was obtained in accordance with the method proposed by Litchfield and Wilcoxon (see J. Pharmcol. Exptl. Therp., 96, 99 (1949)). 
     
                       TABLE 10______________________________________           Emulsion/           Control  LD.sub.50 (mg/kg)Active Ingredient Formulation                        Male    Female______________________________________(±)-α-Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl             5          1530    1990(±)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-isovalerate       C-5        330     300α-Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl             8          983     786(+)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-isovalerate       C-8        164     143Mixture of (-)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (+)-2-(4-             10         803     766chlorophenyl)isovalerateand (+)-α-cyano-3-phenoxy-             C-10       191     192benzyl (-)-2-(4-chloro-phenyl)isovalerate(±)-α-Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl(±)-cis, trans-2,2-dimethyl-             20         475     5313-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)cyclo-             C-20       147     216propanecarboxylate(±)-α-Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl             24         230     2172,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane-carboxylate       C-24       103     97.4______________________________________ 
    
     As is clear from Table 10 above, the acute oral toxicity in mice of the oil-in-water insecticidal and acaricidal emulsion of this invention was less than that of the control formulation containing the same active ingredient as that in the emulsion of this invention. 
     While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.