Abstract:
Non-contacting caliper measurements of free standing sheets such as porous polymer and paper detect mid-IR interferometric fringes created by the reflection of light from the top and bottom surfaces of the sheet. The technique includes directing a laser beam at a selected angle of incidence onto a single spot on the exposed outer surface wherein the laser beam comprises radiation having a wavelength in the 3-50 micron range and scanning the laser beam through a selected angle range as the laser beam is directed onto the exposed outer surface and measuring the intensity of an interference pattern that forms from the superposition of radiation that is reflected From the exposed outer surface and from the inner surface. Thickness can be extracted from the fringe separation in the interference pattern. Rotating and focusing elements ensure that the spot position on the sheet remains the same while varying the incident angle.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates generally to interferometry techniques for non-contacting thickness or caliper measurements of a moving sheet such as porous polymer and paper and more particularly to methods of detecting mid-IR interferometric fringes created by the reflection of light from the top and bottom surfaces of the sheet and thereafter extracting the thickness from the fringe separation. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Caliper is one of the most important quality specifications of paper and plastic, products. Traditional commercial on-line caliper measurement requires the measuring heads to physically touch the web. Contacting the web causes a number of issues with the two most significant ones being the marking of the sheet and the accumulating: of din on the measuring heads, which leads to measurement drift and inaccuracy. More advanced techniques make use of laser triangulation or confocal microscopy techniques but they still require a measuring bead to contact one side of the web. Moreover, prior art optical techniques are not suitable to all paper products because they are very sensitive to the scattering properties of the sheet. In addition, achieving better than 1 micron accuracy is a challenge as these techniques rely on the difference between two independent distance measurements. As such, both measurements must be stable with respect to each other in order to attain the required profile accuracy. This is difficult to achieve in the paper scanner environment where the measurement heads are exposed to frequent temperature changes and the positions of the paper and heads are subject to constant fluctuations. The art is desirous of developing reliable on-line techniques for accurately measuring the thickness web materials during production. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    The present invention is based in part on the demonstration that mid-IR interferometry is particularly effective in measuring web thickness. In one aspect, the invention is directed to a method of measuring the thickness of a web, which has as first side and a second side, that includes the steps of 
         [0004]    supporting the web so that the web has a free standing portion where the web has an exposed outer surface on the first side and an inner surface on the second side; 
         [0005]    directing a laser beam at a selected angle of incidence onto a single spot on the exposed outer surface wherein the laser beam comprises radiation having a wavelength typically in the 3-50 micron and preferably in the 8-25 micron range; 
         [0006]    scanning the laser beam through a selected angle range as the laser beam is directed onto the spot on the exposed outer surface; 
         [0007]    measuring the intensity of an interference pattern that forms from the superposition of radiation that is reflected from the exposed outer surface and from the inner surface; and 
         [0008]    extracting the thickness of the web from the fringe separation in the interference pattern. Preferred extraction techniques include regression analysis by least-squares fitting of the interference pattern intensity with laser beam angle to an established relationship by using web thickness as the variable parameter. Another technique measures the occurrence of interference minima. 
         [0009]    A preferred technique of obtaining the thickness is by fitting the interference pattern to the formula given by the relationship. 
         [0000]      I=A cos(δ)   (1)
 
         [0010]    where I is the measured intensity. A is the amplitude of the interference pattern and δ is the phase difference between the radiation reflected from the outer surface and the radiation reflected from the inner surface. The phase difference δ is 
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         [0011]    The phase difference is expressed in terms of incident angle (θ 1 ), wavelength (λ 0 ), index of refraction of the air (n 1 ) index of refraction of the web (n 2 ) and web thickness (d), wherein angle, wavelength and indices are known, and web thickness is taken as a variable parameter, such as by finding the least-square error by adjusting a variable, which is the thickness. 
         [0012]    In another aspect, the invention is directed to a non-contacting caliper sensor, for measuring the thickness of a sheet of scattering material having a first side and a second side, that includes: 
         [0013]    a laser that provides a beam of incident radiation; 
         [0014]    means for directing the incident radiation toward a single spot on an exposed outer surface on an exposed surface on the first side of the sheet wherein the incident radiation reaches the exposed surface at an angle of incidence of from 0 to 60 degrees; 
         [0015]    means for detecting an interference pattern which forms by interference between first radiation reflected from the exposed outer surface and second radiation reflected from an inner surface of the second side: and 
         [0016]    means for analyzing the interference pattern to calculate the thickness of the sheet. 
         [0017]    In a preferred embodiment, radiation in the mid-infrared wavelength (3-50 microns), which is preferably in the 8-25 micron range, is directed into the paper web and interferometric fringes created by the reflection of the light at the top and bottom surfaces of the web are recorded. In comparison with radiation of shorter wavelengths, mid-IR wavelengths are less affected by scattering in the paper which makes the inventive technique suitable to applications unsuitable to prior art techniques. Web thicknesses in the range of 20 microns to 2-3 mm can be measured if the caliper sensor wavelength is extended to the far-IR (typically having a wavelength of 50 microns to 1 mm) or terahertz range (typically having a wavelength of 100 microns to 1 mm). The web does not come into contact with the measurement head in which the caliper sensor is positioned. The measurement can be performed in a reflection geometry requiring only one measurement head. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0018]      FIG. 1  illustrates a beam directed at a web and the scatter of the beam by the top and lower surfaces of the web; 
           [0019]      FIGS. 2 to 6  show different embodiments of the caliper sensor; 
           [0020]      FIG. 7  shows a sheet making system implementing a single-sided caliper sensor in a dual head scanner. 
           [0021]      FIG. 8  is a diagram of a system employing process measurements to calculate the caliper of the web; and 
           [0022]      FIG. 9  is a graph of intensity vs. angle illustrating fringe interference signal for an 80 microns thick product at λ=15 microns and with the index of refraction assumed to be 15. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0023]    The present invention relates to non-contact sensor devices for measuring the thickness of a film, web or sheet. While the sensor will be illustrated in calculating the caliper of paper, it is understood that the sensor can measure thickness of a variety of flat materials including, for example, coated materials, plastics, fabrics, and the like. The sensor is particularly suited for thickness detection of porous polymers (plastic) made of polyethylene, polypropylene polyethylene terephthalate polytetrafluoroethylene or polyvinyl chloride. 
         [0024]      FIG. 1  illustrates the electromagnetic radiation beam geometry incident, reflected and refracted on a web product  2  of thickness d and having upper and lower sides or planes, plane  3  and plane  5 , from which the incident electromagnetic radiation of wavelength λ 0  is reflected. In addition, the portion of the incident electromagnetic radiation propagating into the web is refracted since the index of refraction is different on different sides of plane  3 . The distance between upper (plane  3 ) and lower (plane  5 ) sides is d. The index of refraction of the air around the web is u and the index of refraction within the web is n 2 . The optical path length difference between beam  7  and beam  9  is Δ=2n 2 d cos θ 2 . The corresponding phase difference is δ=k 0 Δ−π, where k 0 =2π/λ 0 . Interference minima occur at 
         [0000]      δ=(2 m+ 1)π, where  m= 0, 1, 2, . . .   (3)
 
         [0025]    For instance, assuming that the mean incident angle is 45°, the wavelength of at laser light used is 15 μm, the web thickness is 80 μm and the index of refraction is 1.5, a range of ±7° in incident angle is required to measure 1 period of the interference. 
         [0026]    In operation, once the interference pattern is obtained, standard techniques can be implemented to ascertain the web thickness. One method of extracting the material thickness and index of refraction from the spectra is to fit the angular spectra using the interference relationship given in equation 1 above. The thickness d and index n 2  can be extracted from the fit. Another method is to record the angles of the zero crossings or interference minima which occur when equation 3 is satisfied. By plotting the values of sin 2 θ 1  at the zero crossing as a function of m 2 , a line of slope (λ 0 /2dn 1 ) 2  and intercept (n 2 /n 1 ) 2  are obtained. Web thickness, d, can be calculated. Assuming that typically air (n 1 =1), is known then the index of refraction of the material n 2  can be calculated. The thickness is typically calculated after implicitly or explicitly calculating the index of refraction of the web. 
         [0027]    The caliper sensor of the present invention preferably uses a quantum cascade laser (QCL) operating at a fixed wavelength in the 8-25 micron range. A suitable QCL is commercially available from Daylight Solutions, Inc. (San Diego, Calif.). The laser beam is preferably directed at the web being monitored at an angle in the range of 0 to 60 degrees and the specular intensity is measured.  FIG. 2  shows a caliper sensor that includes a stationary QCL  12 , a pair of turning mirrors  8 ,  10 , a pair of relay mirrors  4 ,  6  and stationary detector  14  that are positioned on the same side of moving web  2  which is supported by rollers  30 ,  36 . Turning mirrors  8  and  10  are mounted to rotational mechanisms  16  and  18 , respectively. In operation, QCL  12  generates a laser beam  1 A that is directed toward turning mirror  8 , which is shown to be in a first position, so that reflected beam  1 B is directed by relay mirror  4  onto a stationary position on moving web  2 . Reflected radiation  1 B from web  2  is directed into detector  14  by relay mirror  6  and turning mirror  10 . Detector  14  can comprise a photodiode that measures the intensity of the radiation captured. Each of the relay mirrors is preferably a stationary, single conventional concave spherical mirror. Subsequently, turning mirrors  8  and  10  are rotated to their respective second positions so that incident radiation reaches the web at a different angle than that of the initial beam  1 A. The scanning process continues until the entire range covered. Suitable detectors include, for example, a HdCdTe (mercury cadmium telluride) solid state detector. 
         [0028]      FIG. 3  illustrates another configuration of the caliper sensor that includes a QCL  28 , turning mirrors  20 ,  22 ,  24  and  26 , and detector  30  that are positioned on the same side of moving web  2 . Each turning mirror is mounted to a rotational mechanism, which can be the same configuration as that shown in  FIG. 2 . The orientations of the four turning mirrors are coordinated so as to permit radiation from QCL  28  to be scanned onto a stationary position on web  2  over a predetermined, angle range. In a preferred embodiment as shown in  FIG. 2 , turning mirror pairs  24  and  26  are arranged symmetrically and similarly turning mirror pairs  20  and  22  are arranged symmetrically. In this fashion, the mirrors in each pair are rotated through the same angles. 
         [0029]      FIG. 4  represents another configuration of the caliper sensor that includes quantum cascade laser  44  with associated conditioning optics  40  and detector  46  with associated conditioning optics  42 . The conditioning optics  40 , comprising a focusing lens  32  and a prism  48 , is mounted on a rotational mechanism that generates encoder signals, and allows changes to and determination of the incident angle on the web  2 . Optionally, the focusing lens and prism are mounted on a translation stage for signal optimization. Similarly, conditioning optics  42  has a focusing lens  34  and a prism  56  that allow signal optimization at the detector  46 . In operation, QCL  44  generates a laser beam that is directed onto a stationary position on web  2  at an initial incident angle through conditioning, optics  40 . Synchronized movement of both prisms in conditioning optics  40  and  42  allows scanning of the radiation beam from QCL  44  over a desired range of incident angle while maintaining the spot position onto the web and maximizing signal at detector  46 . For example, a 2 inch polyethylene cube with a 8 inch polyethylene focusing, lens in conditioning, optics  40  and  42  will give a 7 degree variation on the predetermined initial incident angle on the web  2 . The lenses and prisms of conditioning optics  40  and  42  preferred material is polyethylene because of the high transmission range bandwidth from 16-2500 um, but could be made of Zinc Selenide (ZnSe), Silicon (Si), Thallium Bromide/Iodide (KRS-5) or Caesium Iodide (CsI) which are all good in the infrared, and far-infrared range. 
         [0030]      FIG. 5  depicts a caliper sensor structure that employs a detector array  52 , associated optics  53  (such as a lens or micro lens array) along with a QCL  54 , rotatable turning mirror  56 , and relay mirror  58 . A preferred detector array comprises a linear array of discrete photodiodes configured to measure the intensity of the reflected radiation from a stationary position on web  2  that is reflected at different angles without moving the detector array or optics to focus the reflected radiation into the detector array. In operation, radiation from QCL  54  is directed by turning mirror  56  onto a stationary position on web  2  at an initial angle of incident and the resulting reflected radiation is captured by detector array  52 . Subsequently, the angle of incidence is changed by rotating the turning mirror to a second position and the resulting reflected radiation is captured by detector array  52 . This process ensures the radiation from QCL  54  is scanned onto web  2  over the desired range of incident angles. 
         [0031]      FIG. 6  illustrates a caliper sensor structure that employs a QCL  64 , rotatable turning mirror  66 , relay mirror  60 , focusing optics  62  and detector  68 . The focusing optics  62  focuses reflected radiation into detector  68 . More than one mirror, lens, or combination may be used. 
         [0032]      FIG. 7  illustrates a scanning sensor system  70  whereby the sensor is incorporated into a dual head scanner  78  that measure the caliper of sheet  76  during continuous production. Scanner  78  is supported by two transverse beams  72 ,  74  on which are mounted upper and lower scanning heads  80 ,  82 . The operative faces of the lower and upper scanner heads  80 ,  82  define a measurement gap that accommodates sheet  76 . In one particular implementation of the caliper sensor, both the QCL and detector of the sensor are incorporated into scanner head  80 , which moves repeatedly back and forth in the cross direction across the width of sheet  76 , which moves in the machine direction (MD), so that the thickness of the entire sheet may be measured. 
         [0033]    When the sensor is operating in the reflective mode as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , both the radiation source and receiver are housed within upper scanner head  80 . When operating in the transmissive mode, a radiation source is positioned in the upper scanning head  80  while the radiation receiver is positioned in the lower scanning head  82 . 
         [0034]    The movement of the dual scanner heads  80 ,  82  is synchronized with respect to speed and direction so that they are aligned with each other. The radiation source produces an illumination (spot size) on the sheet  76  as the sensor moves repeatedly back and forth in the CD across the width of the moving sheet  76 , so that the thickness of the entire sheet can be monitored. The caliper sensor of the present invention directs a beam of radiation at the same spot on a sheet while varying the incident beam angle around that spot or pivot. In this regard, the time scale over which the angle is varied needs to be fast enough so that the length viewed by the sensor (while a scanner head is moving) in the cross-direction direction is minimized. The scanning period is typically below 100 ms and preferably around 10 ms. The rotating and focusing elements ensure that the spot position on the sheet stays the same while varying the incident angle. 
         [0035]      FIG. 8  depicts a process for controlling the manufacture of paper or other porous membranes or similar webs by continuously measuring the caliper of the web. Digitized signals representing the intensity of the measured radiation reflected from the web as the range of incident angles is scanned is generated by the signal conditioning and digitizing stage  90  and is employed by microprocesser  92  to calculate caliper  94  signals which can control actuators upstream and/or downstream of scanner system  70  ( FIG. 7 ) to regulate production mechanisms in response to the caliper measurements. 
         [0036]    A particular feature of mid infrared, radiation is that the longer wavelengths compared to visible or near infrared make it less sensitive to scatter by the web surface irregularities or roughness. Furthermore, mid infrared wavelengths are of the same order of magnitude as the thickness of typical web products such as paper and plastic films. The combination of the two results in interference fringes with high enough visibility that they can be measured and analyzed. A radiation transmission window through water exists at around a wavelength, λ 0  of approximately 22 microns. That is, the total amount of transmitted radiation detected at this wavelength is least sensitive to water. Thus, using radiation as this wavelength is particularly suited for in measuring the thickness of paper, especially paper having a thickness typically in the range of 10 microns to 200 microns.  FIG. 9  illustrates the expected fringe interference that is formed using the caliper sensor of the present invention. The web is 80 microns thick and has an index of refraction of 1.5 using radiation with a wavelength of 15 microns. 
         [0037]    The foregoing has described the principles, preferred embodiments and modes of operation of the present invention. However, the invention should not be construed as being limited to the particular embodiments discussed. Thus, the above-described embodiments should be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive, and it should be appreciated that variations may be made in those embodiments by workers skilled in the an without departing from the scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims.