Abstract:
A method for making electrical measurements of a first and a second DUT, the DUTs being in sufficient proximity to exhibit crosstalk therebetween, the method comprising: applying a first signal to the first DUT; applying a second signal to the second DUT, the first signal and the second signal being contemporaneous and orthogonal to each other; measuring a first DUT response; and measuring a second DUT response. The first and second DUT responses exhibit independence from the second and first signals, respectively.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention is related to making electrical measurements and, in particular, to making AC measurements on closely spaced devices. 
   AC measurements on devices such as semiconductor devices are important for reasons that include insuring that devices meet specifications and perform as expected and for the monitoring of the overall performance of the fabrication and/or assembly process. 
   Closely spaced devices are often tested separately from their neighbors to avoid crosstalk (e.g., inductive coupling, capacitive coupling, and RF coupling) that limits the available accuracy of the AC measurements. A device under test (DUT) may have an AC signal applied and the response thereto measured. If this DUT is in close proximity of another DUT that also has an AC signal applied, the resulting measurement may be degraded by crosstalk from other AC signal. The degree of proximity at which the crosstalk occurs can be a function of many parameters (e.g., frequency, power and physical structure, to name a few). 
   Testing DUTs separately results in the loss of the efficiency that can be achieved with parallel (i.e., contemporaneous testing). DUTs can be tested much faster in parallel. Separate testing results in higher costs, as well as increased test time. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   A method for making electrical measurements of a first and a second DUT, the DUTs being in sufficient proximity to exhibit crosstalk therebetween, the method comprising: applying a first signal to the first DUT; applying a second signal to the second DUT, the first signal and the second signal being contemporaneous and orthogonal to each other; measuring a first DUT response; and measuring a second DUT response. The first and second DUT responses exhibit independence from the second and first signals, respectively. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an electrical measurement system that can be used to perform measurements according to the invention. 
   

   DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   Referring to  FIG. 1 , an electrical measurement system  10  includes three signal sources  12 ,  14 ,  16  and three measurement instruments  18 ,  20 ,  22 . The sources  12 ,  14 ,  16  and the instruments  18 ,  20 ,  22  are controlled by a controller  24 . The sources may be, for example, sinusoidal signal sources or sources other AC signals, including for example: square waves, triangle waves, pulse trains and so on. The instruments may be, for example, AC voltmeters, AC ammeters, AC power meters, frequency meters, capacitance meters and inductance meters, including devices that digitize such measurements. While shown separately, the sources and instruments (and controller) may be combined into one or more combination apparatuses. 
   For testing, a signal source and a measurement instrument are attached to respective DUTs. For example, source  12  and instrument  18  are attached to DUT  102 , source  14  and instrument  20  are attached to DUT  104  and source  16  and instrument  22  are attached to DUT  106 . 
   For ease of understanding, consider the case of only two sources, two instruments and two DUTs, where the sources provide orthogonal sinusoidal signals. Orthogonal signals have the property that the cross-products between the signals are zero in some space of interest. 
   For example, to measure two DUTs using frequency f A , and each DUT&#39;s response is observed for a time window t w , where t w  is a large integer multiple, M, of the period of f A . Stimulate the first DUT with f A  and then stimulate the second DUT with 
             f   B     =       f   A     +     1     t   W               
then the two stimuli are orthogonal. For a digitally sampled system let the sample frequency equal N times
 
             1     t   W       .         
Then
 
               f   A     =     M     t   W         ,       f   s     =     N     t   W         ,       f   B     =       M   +   1       t   W               
and the discrete Fourier transforms (DFTs) (frequency space) are
 
               DUT   ⁢           ⁢   A   ⁢           ⁢   Real     ⇒     R   A       =       1   N     ⁢       ∑     n   =   0       N   -   1       ⁢       A   n     *     cos   ⁡     (     2   ⁢     π   ·     M   N     ·   n       )                             DUT   ⁢           ⁢   A   ⁢           ⁢   Imaginary     ⇒     I   A       =       1   N     ⁢       ∑     n   =   0       N   -   1       ⁢       A   n     *     sin   ⁡     (     2   ⁢     π   ·     M   N     ·   n       )                             DUT   ⁢           ⁢   B   ⁢           ⁢   Real     ⇒     R   B       =       1   N     ⁢       ∑     n   =   0       N   -   1       ⁢       B   n     *     cos   ⁡     (     2   ⁢     π   ·       M   +   1     N     ·   n       )                             DUT   ⁢           ⁢   B   ⁢           ⁢   Imaginary     ⇒     I   B       =       1   N     ⁢       ∑     n   =   0       N   -   1       ⁢       B   n     *     sin   ⁡     (     2   ⁢     π   ·       M   +   1     N     ·   n       )                   
Where A n  and B n  are the sampled responses of the DUTs both containing the response of the DUT and cross talk from the other DUT.
 
             A   n     =       a   ⁢           ⁢     cos   ⁡     (       2   ⁢     π   ·     M   N     ·   n       +     ϕ   A       )         +       b   x     ⁢           ⁢     cos   ⁡     (       2   ⁢     π   ·       M   +   1     N     ·   n       +     ϕ   Bx       )                         B   n     =       b   ⁢           ⁢     cos   ⁡     (       2   ⁢     π   ·       M   +   1     N     ·   n       +     ϕ   B       )         +       a   x     ⁢           ⁢     cos   ⁡     (       2   ⁢     π   ·     M   N     ·   n       +     ϕ   Ax       )                 
When these signals are applied to the DFT equations for DUT A and DUT B the cross talk terms, b x  and a x , sum to zero and are rejected.
 
   The two DUT are not measured using the exact same frequency. This means in this case, the DUTs should not have frequency dependant responses for small changes in measurement frequency. If M equals 1000, then M+1 is only 0.1% higher. For many applications such a small frequency difference will make no difference in the quality of the measurement. For this example the bandpass filters have zeros at the other frequency, thus, yield perfect rejection. 
   The general case allows more than two DUTs with each having its own frequency. For example with three DUTs the frequencies could be 
               f   A     =       M   -   1       t   W         ,       f   B     =     M     t   W         ,       and   ⁢           ⁢     f   C       =         M   +   1       t   W       .             
In addition, there is no requirement that the DUTs be tested at nearly the same frequency. If there are two DUTs that need to be tested each at different frequency then let
 
               f   A     =         J     t   W       ⁢           ⁢   and   ⁢           ⁢     f   B       =     K     t   W           ,         
where both J and K are integers chosen to produce frequencies near the desired test frequencies.
 
   Computational operations may be performed, for example, by the controller, by additional controllers within the sources/instrument, or by additional computational resources associated with a still another controller controlling a collection of electrical measurement systems. 
   The electrical measurement system  10 , provides concurrent AC measurements of the connected DUTs without crosstalk degrading the measurements. The measurements may then be, for example, output, stored, displayed or otherwise used. 
   The system  10  may be used in performing capacitance-voltage measurements using the method of the invention. Measurement of the C-V characteristics of devices involves the measurement of capacitance with respect to voltage. The fact that capacitance is being measured makes it important to minimized crosstalk between DUTs as the crosstalk is often itself a capacitive effect. By using the method of the invention, it is possible to be confident that the measured values are for the DUT of interest, uncorrupted by the measurement of another DUT in proximity to the one of interest. 
   It should be evident that this disclosure is by way of example and that various changes may be made by adding, modifying or eliminating details without departing from the fair scope of the teaching contained in this disclosure. The invention is therefore not limited to particular details of this disclosure except to the extent that the following claims are necessarily so limited.