Abstract:
Investigation of in vivo models of disease requires imaging studies involving single subjects in single imaging sessions, serial imaging of individuals or groups of subjects, and integration of data across diverse and heterogeneous experimental methodologies. Each type of experiment is preferably supported by various feature sets that can be rigorously applied to produce quantitative, reproducible results. Current imaging scanners are not equipped with standardized capability that supports an automated and scientifically rigorous workflow suited to hypothesis testing. An imaging system includes a research workstation at which a user can design, execute, study, and report imaging plans. Flexibility that comes along with a modular design of the system allows the user to customize workflow parameters for more robust hypothesis testing.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of PCT application number PCT/US2007/069596 filed May 24, 2007 which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/803,755 filed Jun. 2, 2006, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present application relates to the in-vivo imaging arts. It finds particular application with workflow and software processing in connection with small animal imaging in a research environment, and will be described with particular reference thereto. It is to be appreciated that the present application also finds use in other clinical and research settings, such as research with human subjects. 
         [0003]    Presently available imaging scanners are not equipped with standardized equipment and techniques that support automated and scientifically rigorous workflow suited to the testing of medical hypotheses. Pre-clinical imaging helps to bridge the gap between medical treatment ideas that have not yet been proven reliable and application in human treatment. Pre-clinical animal imaging research can be used to define the conditions and end points for clinical trials. Specifically, pre-clinical in-vivo small animal imaging provides the capability to visualize and quantify metabolic activity, cell proliferation, apoptosis, receptor status and immunoreactions, angiogenesis, and hypoxia, among other relevant biological processes. This is done by indirectly measuring gene expression, enzyme activity, receptors and transporters, and regional concentrations of molecules through a variety of means, most commonly using emission imaging techniques with radio-labeled tracers. 
         [0004]    This research is characterized by curiosity and/or by hypothesis driven programs often supported by grants to either discover or explore new insights into biological processes. As such, device characteristics such as sensitivity and spatial resolution are at a premium, particularly when viewed against a continual need to visualize smaller and smaller structures and processes. Additionally, the need for quantification of these processes increases as the research moves from describing systems to measuring systems. This work is primarily conducted in academic medical centers. As such, the knowledge of the community advances through literature, conferences, and symposia. Typically, small scale applications are also pursued for promising research findings. Success criteria include the ability to clearly and effectively demonstrate and expand understanding, whether it results in direct commercial activity or not. 
         [0005]    A more specific expression of biological research is the systematic discovery and development of biomarkers, drugs, and therapies that will ultimately be translated from animal models to humans should they prove promising during pre-clinical studies. Distinguishing this area from the more varied general biological area is the need to follow standardized, calibrated processes capable of supporting rigorous regulatory filings. As such, this work is typically (though not exclusively) conducted in commercial pharmaceutical companies and/or instrumentation companies as they seek to discover, develop, and ultimately commercialize drugs and therapies for economic return rather than only build the general knowledge into the processes. 
         [0006]    Quantification is important for reliable evaluation of the acquired data. Without the information on tracer concentration in physical, absolute units, different tracers cannot be compared with each other in an objective manner in the context of tracer development. Also, the quality of diagnostic information extracted from the acquired images depends crucially on the quantifiability of the data. Especially from small animal imaging, a variety of considerations such as, for example, partial volume effects play an important role and should be corrected in order to obtain meaningful concentration values. These effects may be mitigated with single-imaging mode design and/or corrections, or through using complementary modality data such as (but not limited to) anatomical information from a CT scan, which can be helpful in this context. 
         [0007]    Quantification is valuable in the marketplace. Software tools dealing with partial volume and motion correction, and the like are available, and valuable for reliable quantification. Animal imaging plays an important role in the process of tracer development and validation by reducing the amount of time and effort that has to be spent for evaluating tracer properties. With in-vivo imaging, it is possible to perform a serial analysis of the same animal over a period of time and thus study, for example, the bio-distribution of the tracer over a long time span. Without imaging, the same study would involve many animals, which would have to be sacrificed at various time points to measure the tracer distribution with in-vitro methods. Moreover, by applying such techniques as pharmacokinetic modeling, it is possible to assess multiple biological parameters at once in one imaging procedure. 
         [0008]    Pharmacokinetic modeling of pharmacodynamics allows the simultaneous assessment of multiple biological and molecular parameters at once. Since the distribution of the tracer in the animal over the course of time is a dynamic process, static imaging only contains limited information compared to the analysis of dynamic sequences, which provides access to the rate constants governing the kinetic processes. 
         [0009]    Pre-clinical applications to support this activity can be summarized as providing users the capability to perform studies of varying scope, each level highlighting requirements or focus areas for the device; 
         [0010]    A snapshot measurement on a single subject, e.g., uptake; 
         [0011]    Time activity during 1-5 half lives of the radio labeled marker; 
         [0012]    A longitudinal study of a single subject across multiple imaging sessions; 
         [0013]    A group study with multiple subjects in the same laboratory; and 
         [0014]    Population analysis across multiple distributed studies and/or methodologies. 
         [0015]    The levels apply most directly to the discovery and development processes for drugs and biomarkers. Software applications implementing these study types is important because doing so facilitates standardization leading to higher quality, more reproducible studies that replace time consuming and error prone manual methods or custom programming that is particularly difficult given the data volume associated with this work. Important standardization should be driven by the instrumentation rather than relying on individual principal investigators. 
         [0016]    The present application provides a new and improved small animal handling, imaging, and research data analysis technique that overcomes the above-referenced problems and others. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0017]    In accordance with one aspect, an in-vivo imaging system is provided. At least one imaging modality for acquiring in-vivo imaging data of a subject in an imaging region of the imaging device. A reconstruction processor reconstructs raw data into an image representation. A preparation module provides space where subjects are prepared for imaging in the imaging modality. A research workstation provides a user with an electronic interface to the imaging modality. 
         [0018]    In accordance with another aspect, a method of in-vivo imaging is provided. A study is designed for execution on an in-vivo imaging system. Desired data mining and computational bioinformatics activities are selected complement the imaging study. Imaging data is acquired and processed. The processed imaging data is quantified. A statistical analysis is performed on the processed imaging data and/or with results from the computational activities. Then, the statistical analysis is reported in a form that the user chooses. 
         [0019]    In accordance with another aspect, a research workstation for designing an in-vivo imaging study is provided. The workstation includes a study design portal for creating and defining the study. A user can select data pertinent to the study from resources to which the workstation has access at a data mining portal. The user can select available tools from image acquisition, reconstruction, and/or image processing portals. The user can select available tools from a pre-defined set of tools and clinical packages at a quantification portal. 
         [0020]    The user can select at least one of a pre-defined post processing analysis and an ad-hoc post processing analysis at a statistical analysis portal. A reporting portal allows a user to customize a data reporting method. 
         [0021]    In accordance with another aspect, a method of designing a study is provided. A hypothesis capable of being tested in an in-vivo imaging environment is formulated by a user. A study design workflow routine is initiated on a workstation computer. A relationship between imaging and computational methods is specified. Parameters of the study are specified. When the study is designed, a confidence level in the study design is obtained by requesting construction of a model of likely results of the study. 
         [0022]    One advantage lies in improved reproducibility of studies. 
         [0023]    Another advantage lies in greater flexibility for a user to design and execute studies. 
         [0024]    Another advantage lies in access to existing studies and information databases. 
         [0025]    Another advantage lies in the ability to se standardized protocols for imaging studies. 
         [0026]    Another advantage lies in the structured post processing of imaging data to maximize the statistical confidence of the results. 
         [0027]    Another advantage lies in the ability to utilize the reported results in regulatory filings that establish the efficacy of novel diagnostics and therapeutics. 
         [0028]    Still further advantages of the present invention will be appreciated to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading and understand the following detailed description. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
         [0029]    The invention may take form in various components and arrangements of components, and in various steps and arrangements of steps. The drawings are only for purposes of illustrating the preferred embodiments and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. 
           [0030]      FIG. 1  identifies the context in which the described system and workstation is intended to function; 
           [0031]      FIG. 2  is a diagrammatic illustration of an animal imaging system, in accordance with the present application; 
           [0032]      FIG. 3  depicts several modalities oriented radially about a common center point; 
           [0033]      FIG. 4  depicts a rotating gantry with several modalities; 
           [0034]      FIG. 5  is a profile view of an animal imaging capsule; 
           [0035]      FIG. 6  depicts subsystems of a research workstation available to a user; 
           [0036]      FIG. 7  is a flow diagram that illustrates relationships between components of the system of  FIG. 2 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0037]    With reference to  FIG. 1 , an exemplary context of imaging systems used for diagnostic, therapeutic, and/or research activities is shown. 
         [0038]    With reference to  FIG. 2  and continuing reference to  FIG. 1 , an exemplary imaging system  10  is shown. Optional components to facilitate small animal imaging are included on the figure. The present application contemplates a system with modules for positron emission tomography (PET), Computed Tomography (CT), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), animal preparation, a research workstation for visualization, image registration, fusion, and analysis capabilities and other imaging and data handling. The various modules are combined within a cover that allows flexible configurations with various combinations of side-by-side, back to back, distributed, and/or in-line configurations, determined by space and throughput issues. A common subject positioner is also contemplated, as well as an animal holder that can be docked and undocked against the positioner. In a side-by side configuration, as shown in  FIG. 2 , accurate image registration is achieved through the docking feature, which provides positional accuracy and repeatability when the animal holder is docked and undocked. Additional image registration can be obtained through the use of fiducial markers. 
         [0039]    With reference to  FIG. 5  and continuing reference to  FIG. 2 , an imaging modality  12  is responsible for imaging data acquisition. As mentioned above, the modality  12  can be any imaging modality, including but not limited to one or more of PET, SPECT, CT, and MRI. An animal capsule  14  holds one or more animals during imaging sessions. The capsule  14  typically includes one or more holders, or beds  16 , a cylindrical cover  18 , physiological parameter sensors  20 , provisions for anesthesia  22 , such as a nose cone into which the animal&#39;s nose fits, and a holder-side docking interface  24 . Alternately, the cover  18  could include a bag, which can be evacuated to conform to the subject. The docking interface  24  is preferably designed in such way that minimal insert/twist force is applied when the holder is inserted into the imaging modality  12 . It is preferable that the position of an animal is not disturbed when it is transferred from one modality to another. By configuring all the modalities and docking stations with a uniform docking interface  24 , the handler can exchange the holder between different modalities and docking stations. Docking interface functionality includes providing monitoring, heating and anesthesia interface to the handler, and providing support for up to four animals. For safety reasons, the anesthesia valves can be automatically shut off when the capsule  14  is detached and can be reopened when it is attached. The capsules are preferably constructed to withstand many cleanings and sterilizations, e.g., alcohol, steam, radiation, and the like. 
         [0040]    A single animal capsule  14  can support several different bed  16  configurations. One capsule  14  can accommodate up to two (2) rat beds  16 , and alternatively, one capsule  14  can accommodate a larger plurality, e.g. four (4), mouse beds  16 . Apart from a bed mount, each of the capsule interfaces  24  also provides one or more sockets connected with the measurement sensors  20 , a fluid interface for air and anesthesia, and the like. The beds  16  can be either profiled beds or flat pallets. For increasing heating efficiency, it is preferable that separate and as small as possible cylinders  18  be used around each of the animals instead of one large cylinder  18  covering all the animals, although the latter embodiment is by no means unviable. The cylinders  18  are preferably easily removable. Holes are also provided, through which it is possible to insert or pull out catheters for isotope injection and/or optional measurements and physical interactions. 
         [0041]    A flat pallet bed type allows animal technicians to work with non-standard measurements or with non-commonly used animals or animal configurations. The technicians can freely place different animals of different sizes and weights. The nosecone  22  on the pallet bed  16  preferably is interchangeable to accommodate different sizes of animals. The nosecone  22  is preferably radio-translucent and tightly covers the animal&#39;s head. Additionally, the nosecone  22  can be removed, e.g. if an injected anesthesia is used. The pallet bed  16  is equipped with holes at each side for mounting motion restraints. 
         [0042]    In another embodiment, the bed  16  is a form fitting, profiled bed. The profiled bed  16  preferably comes in a few types, each configured to accommodate different animal categories (rats, mice) and sizes (small, medium, large). The bed curves allows for easy and repeatable animal positioning, both with the same subject in temporally remote scans, or with different subjects. Motion restraints are integrated into the bed to prevent re-arrangement of the subject during or between scans. Restraints integrated with the bed  16  are also contemplated in lieu of traditional taping and un-taping. 
         [0043]    ECG and respiration probes  20  are preferably integrated with the bed  16 . Alternately, sensors can be applied to the subject manually. SpO 2  and heating elements may also be parts of the bed  16 . Position marks on the bed (i.e. ruler-like markings) assist in reproducing positions when mounting subjects to the bed  16 . Given that exact repositioning is desirable in brain imaging, a stereotactic frame may be included. To allow access to the subject without disturbing the subject&#39;s position while it is fixed to the bed  16 , it is preferable to leave the animal&#39;s tail, legs, and eyes accessible while the animal is fixed to the bed  16 . It is desirable to autoclave elements that are in contact with animals, so those particular components are preferably resilient to high temperature steam cleaning and disinfection. The beds are independently removable to facilitate access to subjects in multi-animal configurations. With rat and mouse subjects, heated tail holders are preferable because they help prevent tail veins from contracting in a cold environment and altering blood flow rates. Absorbent materials can be included to handle excretion during imaging sessions; the bed design can accommodate disposable materials, or they can be integrated into the bed  16 . The bed  16  can be designed with all or most of desired probes embedded into the bed  16 . Alternately, the bed can be designed with all probes flexible enough to be placed wherever they are required by the operator. The integrated sensors are useful for standard imaging, specifically where throughput is an issue. External probes can be used in, e.g., complex research scenarios, where it is more important to execute given scenario with maximum accuracy. Although the animal preparation and imaging modules are contemplated and shown side by side, animal preparation and imaging may be located in separate rooms. 
         [0044]    With reference again to  FIG. 2 , the system  10  also includes a subject positioner  26  capable of receiving and docking the capsule  14 . The positioner  26  is used to position the animal capsule  14  optimally in an imaging region of the scanner  12  during an imaging session. The capsule  14  has an identifier to provide a unique holder identity to the system. The identity can be read when the holder is connected to the subject positioner  26 , e.g. a bar code that moves past a reader during imaging. Though only two modules are depicted in  FIG. 2 , it is contemplated that several more modules could be added to the system as desired, and as space allows. For instance, A PET module could be next to a CT module. Or, because imaging times ar typically longer in PET imaging, several PET modules can be provided for each CT module to improve throughput. The positioner  26  has the capability of taking a capsule  14  from one module to the next e.g., between scans. The positioner  26  may also include capsule rollers capable of rolling the capsule  14  about its longitudinal axis, for orienting the capsule  14  differently. 
         [0045]    The modules can be arranged side by side in a parallel fashion, as shown in  FIG. 2 , but, for example, can be oriented serially, that is, one behind another, or radially about a common center point, as depicted in  FIG. 3 . Another possible orientation of the modalities is a rotating gantry system, as depicted in  FIG. 4 . It is preferable that the modules  12  are mobile, allowing one to be switched for another, or oriented differently, depending on the user&#39;s needs at the time, but permanent or semi-permanent, wall mounted modules have also been contemplated. Mobile modules preferably come equipped with brakes or other anchoring devices to prevent movement after the user has placed the modules in the desired configuration. A docking station  28  provides anesthesia and monitoring while the animal capsule  14  is attached awaiting a scan. As shown, the docking station may include storage space  31  for storage of additional beds  16  cylinders  18  or other devices when not in use. An induction chamber (not shown) provides an area in which a conscious animal is placed so it can be anesthetized before it is mounted on the animal bed  16 . Like the modalities  12 , it is preferable that the docking station be mobile. This way, the user can move the docking station adjacent to whatever modality  12  with which he or she happens to be working. 
         [0046]    In the embodiment of  FIG. 2 , the system  10  includes two modules, namely the acquisition module  12  and the animal preparation module, that is, the docking station  28 . Preferably, the docking station  28  adds several aspects of functionality. These aspects include the induction chamber as previously mentioned, where the subject is brought under anesthesia, a physical workspace  27  to attach the subject to a bed and install the required sensors, docking ports  29  for continuation of life support and anesthesia of the subject between studies, and a “wake up box” that provides life support during wake-up of the subjects (not shown). The preferred method of docking the capsule to the receiving system is through a positive locking mechanism that is engaged through axial force applied by means of an actuator placed in the positioner  26 . Again, engagement of the actuator should not require disturbance of the animal. The docking interface  24  on each capsule  14  includes leads to engage an animal monitoring and anesthesia (AMA) system  38 , including electrical and gas connections. The anesthesia connection includes an “auto shut-off on disconnection” function to prevent loss of anesthesia to the environment. 
         [0047]    Having thus described hardware and modularity of the system, the application now turns to a typical workflow process of imaging a small animal subject. First, the animal is brought to the facility. In the past, animals involved in a study would typically need to be sacrificed in order to acquire ex vivo measurements, essentially freezing uptake characteristics at a point in time. In the present system, such sacrifices are not necessary, so the same animals can be imaged many times over the course of the study. Thus, animals are typically kept on-site, but it is contemplated that they can be brought in from off site. The animal is brought to the scan room and anesthetized. As mentioned previously, this is done with coarse anesthesia in the induction chamber. Once the animal is anesthetized, the animal is positioned and affixed to the imaging bed  16 . In addition to positioning the region of interest of the animal, positioning the animal also includes positioning the animals head securely in the nosecone  22  for the automatic, continual delivery of anesthesia. At this time the sensors  20  are attached to the subject animal. Once the animal is positioned on the bed  16  the cover  18  is placed over the animal and the capsule  14  is attached to one of the docking ports  29 . 
         [0048]    Next, the user calibrates  40  the system. This involves both a software calibration and a hardware calibration, such as X and Y axis zeroing. Once the scanner is calibrated, the positioner  26  relocates the capsule  14  from the docking port  29  on the preparation module  28  to the docking port  29  on the scanning module  12 . Once the capsule has been properly positioned in the scanning module, the scan is initiated. While the scan is proceeding, the AMA  38  monitors environmental factors of the capsule  14  and vital signs of the subject, and continuously supplies anesthesia to the subject. Subject monitoring allows the user to eliminate physiological variables to the greatest extent possible. By controlling the physiological variables, study design confidence is enhanced as results will be more readily reproducible. Put another way, fluctuations in physiological variables can taint an otherwise sound study, so it is desirable to control these variables as much as possible. 
         [0049]    Once the scan is completed, the animal is removed from the capsule and placed in the post-anesthesia chamber to wake up. Here the AMA  38  monitors the temperature of the chamber. When the animal regains consciousness, it is transferred back to its living environment. The imaging scan can then be processed and integrated into the user&#39;s overall clinical study. 
         [0050]    To facilitate creation of a study, the system includes a research workstation  30 . The workstation  30  includes a computer that controls main system functions and provides an interface for a user to work with the image data. The research workstation  30  includes acquisition control to allow starting, pausing, resuming and stopping an image acquisition and showing status and progress info on the acquisition. The research workstation  30  also interfaces with the AMA  38  in order to display vital signs for multiple animals scanned across several modalities and stages of animal preparation on the workstation. Additionally, acquisition control and a reconstruction user interface may reside in whole or in part on the research workstation  30 . Multimodality function is included on the research workstation  30  such as PET-CT non-rigid registration. In such a situation, interfacing with a CT Acquisition control can to be done via the research workstation  30 . It is preferable that the research workstation  30  provides a migration path for all applications of the system  10  to use a common platform for infrastructure services and operation. Naturally, the research workstation  30  can be upgraded as new preparation techniques, scanning techniques, software, hardware, and the like become available. 
         [0051]    Studies conducted for the purpose of research are often hypothesis driven. A technician or clinician may have an idea and run with it. Perhaps results of one study make technicians ask questions they would not have otherwise asked. Other studies may not be researching entirely new ideas, but bolstering the validity of already-existing hypotheses. In either case, it is beneficial for a technician to have the ability to design and modify imaging studies. This includes both developing new aspects of studies and calling upon known methods and techniques to complement new ideas. 
         [0052]    With reference to  FIG. 6 , the research workstation  30  includes functionality for subject and study management. The study management component interacts with a protocol setup component for protocol definition. This allows the user to set up and edit parameters. The research workstation  30  interacts with a modality controller  36  to provide information about active studies and to activate a study. A study is activated on request of the modality controller  36 . The research workstation  30  also interacts with the acquisition controller  12 , to pass the protocol to the acquisition controller  12  and to start, pause, stop, or resume acquisitions; it receives progress updates from the acquisition controller  12 , and can then show them to the user and can pass them to the modality controller  36 . Protocol setup in the research workstation  30  preferably allows editing and entry of protocol parameters. The resulting protocol is stored and associated with a study. The research workstation  30  can also receive modification requests from the modality controller  36  and provide protocol info to it. Protocol setup for a study can take place until the moment the study is activated at the modality  12 . 
         [0053]    Further to study design and management, the research workstation  30  provides a visual user study design interface  33  for assessing study approaches, steps, subject quantities, statistical analysis and other data processing results, and the like. This allows the user to achieve a specified level of confidence given accumulated system accuracies and inaccuracies, as well as specifying a relationship between local imaging and computational methods such as data mining and bioinformatics. The research workstation  30  allows the user to set up complex processes graphically, with the ability to select sequences of steps to conduct a study. The user can designate various widely accepted study types, ranging from loosely structured pilot studies to increasingly rigorous and controlled studies. 
         [0054]    The study design capability works by providing a capability for the user to “drag and drop” blocks that represent the various data import, acquisition, processing, quantification, visualization, analysis, and reporting capabilities onto a palette representing the image and data flow according to their needs. The workstation  30  provides a library of blocks that provide a combination of established and novel steps. Once a block is dragged onto the palette, the user is allowed to set “properties” of the block that configure it for the particular study and account for the user defined interconnections that are desired. Calculators to assess system accuracies and confidence levels are provided by the system, along with means to determine a number of subjects or imaging sessions required to achieve a predictive statistical significance with respect to a hypothesis are provided. Results attained from the studies, settings, indexing, data handling, control, and option settings are all associated with the named study and can be recalled for later use. In this manner, a user can simply have the research workstation  30  recall a study that worked well and adapt selected parameters or blocks to create a new study rather than defining a new study from scratch. 
         [0055]    The research workstation  30  also includes a data mining/bioinformatics design interface, or portal. This subscreen allows the user to access third party search engines  35   a  or internal proprietary information applications to access organ models  35   b  and disease models  35   c , population databases  35   d , subject specific data  35   e , IP data  35   f , quantification data  35   g , report data  35   h , biobanks  35   i , the electronic patient chart (EPR)  35   j  and other knowledge databases  35   k . Such information may include editable templates, STL files, normals, collectives, and the like. This aspect provides a place for commercializing informatics research applications that complement standard imaging. Incidentally, after a study has been created and tested, it can be integrated back into the various knowledge databases  35   j  for future reference. 
         [0056]    Another design interface or portal available to the user includes choices concerning image acquisition and reconstruction  37 . The research workstation  30  is used to create the study, to register animal data and to invoke a workflow. The research workstation  30  supports the operator workflow in visualizing protocols, providing acquisition control and status and providing images for reviewing. The research workstation  30  has a large, high resolution display connected. This display supports sensitive subject control and provides easy access to large amounts of information. This includes protocol selection and modification. Additionally, the user is able to manage the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)  58  format as well as other native imported image formats. Instrument calibration and accuracy data can be transported in private tags. Outside data that does not have instrument calibration and accuracy tags can be hand entered upon a prompt by the research workstation  30 . Data can then be output to a picture archiving communication system or PACS  60 . 
         [0057]    At an image processing workflow design interface  39  the user can select from a variety of post-acquisition image adjustments and enhancements. In one embodiment, this subscreen presents a graphic user interface for registration of various types, surface and volume rendering, model-based segmentation, visualization, fusion, and the like. Additionally the user has the option to select corrections, such as partial volume correction and local motion correction. Data can be represented as a “transform,” from multiple inputs to multiple outputs, including displayable portions (e.g. an image) and non-displayable portions (e.g. a deformation field). Also, the image processing subscreen is a convenient place to include longitudinal and group study protocols  56 . 
         [0058]    The research workstation  30  also includes a quantification design interface  41 . At this point, the user can select standard uptake values (SUVs), pharmacokinetics, tools associated with specific organ systems and/or disease processes such as cardiology, neurology, oncology, bone densitometry, neo-vascularization, as well as other packages. Generally, the user has the option to select existing packages that have been tested and re-used often, as well as packages that are less well known but on their way to becoming accepted packages. It is also preferable that the user have the flexibility to create packages, if desired. Some analysis is generally relevant to the preclinical domain whereas in many cases the packages may be early versions that will ultimately be validated for clinical use. In this way, the system aids translation of capability from animal models to human models. 
         [0059]    In a statistical analysis workflow design interface  43 , the user can plan and execute analysis of the study that they have previously designed. Here, the user can, for example, utilize Bayesian confidence calculations for hypothesis evaluation  47 . Hypothesis evaluation  47  includes both study design  33  and statistical analysis  43 . Several automated evaluation frameworks are available in well know study formats, depending on what the user hopes to gain from the data. This subscreen also includes access to statistical calculations for ad-hoc post scan analyses, and is not restricted to pre-designed studies. This way, if the user suspects that there may be some trend or association in the data, they can design their own analyses to investigate it. 
         [0060]    Finally, the user has several options when it comes to reporting data. At a reporting design interface  45 , charts, graphs, literature summaries, standard FDA reports, and the like are available to the user for reporting their study. Of course, the user can also custom design a reporting method that lends itself to illustrating the instant study. Preferably, the workstation  30  also includes hardware modeling functionality that allows a user to design orientations and arrangements of the hardware the user has at their disposal. As each research setting will have different capabilities and constraints (funding, physical space, etc.) each setting will have different hardware available to it. The user can tell the system what hardware it has available and then design an arrangement to aid in workflow and subject processing. With mobile modular modalities, the user has the flexibility to arrange the modalities to best facilitate execution of his or her hypothesis testing. The system can also take the hardware arrangement into account when evaluating the study, such as identifying potential bottlenecks, problems with keeping the subjects under anesthesia too long, and the like. 
         [0061]    Elements of the system and their relationship to each other are shown in  FIG. 7 . The imager  12  subsystem includes the detector and the electronics germane to the particular system, whether it be PET, SPECT, CT, MRI, another imaging modality, or a combination thereof. A local user interface  32  provides local user access for instruction entry and status or data read out for the subject positioner  26 , the animal monitoring and anesthesia system  38 , and imager controls for starting or aborting an acquisition sequence. The local user interface depicted in  FIG. 2  is a touch screen, but it could also be a generic detachable control panel that could interface with several different modalities. For modules  12  oriented next to each other, the interface  32  can be mounted on a mobile platform that follows a track along the line of modules, so the interface  32  can be wherever the user happens to be working at the time. In yet another alternate embodiment, the interface  32  could be a wireless device, such as a tablet PC, PDA, or other wireless device that is capable of wireless communication with the system  10 . 
         [0062]    A server  34  processes data gathered by the scanner  12  and also provides control, reconstruction processing, and support for programmatic interfaces to the acquisition system. The modality controller  36  controls local modality functionalities and keeps track of the studies defined for the modality. These include the AMA subsystem  38 , the positioner  26 , docking  29 , the user interface  32 , and a positioning laser  42 . The controller  36  also provides input from the interface  32  of the modality  12  to the research workstation computer  30 . The controller  36  allows selection of a study when a capsule  14  is attached. It retrieves protocol information for the selected study and allows updating of the selected study. When an acquisition screen at the touch screen  32  is chosen, it activates the study at the research workstation  30 , causing the protocol to be loaded into the acquisition controller  12  by the research workstation  30 . 
         [0063]    The AMA subsystem  38  implements vital signs monitoring (temperature pulse rate, blood pressure, ECG, etc.), anesthesia and waste gas scavenging, and temperature control of the subject or subjects. The AMA subsystem  38  is physically connected to the animal capsule  14  with leads for the monitoring probes  20 , a heater for temperature control, and tubes to carry anesthesia and waste gas. 
         [0064]    A reconstruction processor  44  is used as a compute resource for reconstruction. The reconstruction processor  44  is connected to the server  34  via a network connection, such as a second thin-net connection that supports raw data handling, reconstruction control, and image transfer handling. Additional modalities can be introduced in the system  10 , and in this event, the reconstruction processor  44  can also handle those image formation tasks. In such a case, the reconstruction processor  44  receives raw image data via a proprietary high-speed serial link. The reconstruction processor  44  is connected to the server  34  via a 1 GB thin-net connection, for example, which in turn supports a higher-level programmatic interface for CT reconstruction protocols and image transfer. The server  34  also uses this interface to provide reconstruction control via a programmatic interface to the reconstruction processor unit  44 . Preferably, the reconstruction processor  44  includes five servers, but can include more or less as processing tasks demand. The research workstation  30  includes tools as described herein, and suitable rapid prototyping environment software. 
         [0065]    A positioner control subsystem  46  interfaces to the modality controller  36 , e.g. via an Ethernet connection. Via this connection, movement commands are issued and status and position information is returned. The positioner control  46  is responsible for control of the position of the subject positioner  26 . Motion of the positioner  26  is executed through the modality controller  36  and the position controller  46 . The modality controller  36  implements the interfaces that perform selected bed motions. The positioner controller  46  translates this into servo commands. A high speed router  48  connects the research workstation  30 , the reconstruction processor  44  and the server  34  to the imager  12 . The router  48  is preferably a 1 GB intelligent router that allows isolation of the acquisition sub-net(s) from a department or external network  50 . The imaging modality  12 , research workstation  30 , server  34 , reconstruction processor  44 , and router  48  can be thought of collectively as an acquisition sub-net  51 . Logically, the acquisition sub-net  51  links acquisition control (located within the given modality), the server  34 , the research workstation  30 , and the reconstruction processor  44 . This interface carries acquisition control commands from the research workstation  30  to imaging acquisition  12  and the server, allows the research workstation  30  to request subject positioner  26  motion, and provides the path by which raw imaging data is transferred from acquisition  12  to the server  34  and reconstruction processor  44 . The intelligent router  48  is used to isolate this logical connection. The connection to the research workstation  30  also supports transfer of minimally processed images to the server platform  34  and to external (i.e. department network) devices  50 . 
         [0066]    A power supply  52  subsystem provides various AC and DC voltages for the components. Emergency shutoff (E-stop) circuitry  54  cuts electrical power when the circuit is interrupted. When the E-stop circuitry  54  is activated, the power supply will switch to a safe mode, e.g., high voltage and motion control power can be switched off, while computing elements may remain operational. The modality controller  36  is able to read and control the status. It is contemplated that the power system  52  can be factory configurable to accept 120V or 230V AC. Additionally, the power supply will contain a power adaptation module. This module will output 230V in order to supply modules that require higher voltages, such as the reconstruction processor  44 . 
         [0067]    The Docking Interface module  29  is responsible for allowing accurate docking of the animal capsule  14  to the positioner  26 . Furthermore, the module  29  is responsible for making robust electrical and pneumatic connections. The docking interface can be electrically controlled by means of an actuator. Generally, the acquisition module  12  and the docking station  28  are encased in a frame that preferably minimizes the weight and maximizes the rigidity of the system. Additionally, the frame should be virtually transparent to radiation events, so it can encase the bore of the imaging device. Fiberglass is an exemplary frame material. Preferably, a touch screen  32  or other local user interface is included for controlling the positioner  26 , displaying AMA data, and to aid in subject positioning. The positioner controller  46  receives motion commands from the touch screen  32  via software also running on the modality controller  36  to perform bed motion. The touch screen  32  provides part of the modality human interfaces. Software for the touch screen  32  runs on the modality controller  36  and interfaces with the AMA  38 , motion control and acquisition info components, also running on the modality controller  36 . The position of the local user interface  32  is dictated by functional considerations, such as objects typically in or around the bore of the device during imaging, and the like. Preferably, the frame is equipped with cover-switches integrated into the E-stop circuitry to switch of power in case the covers are opened. 
         [0068]    The invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments. Modifications and alterations may occur to others upon reading and understanding the preceding detailed description. It is intended that the invention be constructed as including all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.