Abstract:
Provided is an oral pharmaceutical composition with improved bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of a drug, by increasing a bioabsorption rate and an in vivo retention time of an active ingredient via intestine-targeted formulation of a particular naphthoquinone-based compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, solvate or isomer thereof, as an active ingredient.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to an intestine-targeted pharmaceutical composition comprising a naphthoquinone-based compound. More specifically, the present invention relates to an oral pharmaceutical composition with formulation of an intestinal delivery system of a certain naphthoquinone-based compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, solvate or isomer thereof, as an active ingredient. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    With recent study of the present applicant, it was revealed that a certain naphthoquinone-based compound is effective for prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases (Korean Patent Application Nos. 2004-0116339 and 2006-14541). 
         [0003]    However, the aforesaid naphthoquinone-based compound is a sparingly-soluble material which is soluble at a low degree of about 2 to 10% only in high-solubility solvents, such as CH 2 Cl 2 , CHCl 3 , CH 2 ClCH 2 Cl, CH 3 CCl 3 , Monoglyme, and Diglyme, but is poorly soluble in other ordinary polar or nonpolar solvents. For this reason, the aforesaid naphthoquinone-based compound suffers from various difficulties associated with formulation of preparations for in vivo administration, in spite of excellent pharmacological effects. 
         [0004]    Under current circumstances, the aforementioned highly-insoluble naphthoquinone-based compound has a disadvantage of a significant limit in formulation of the compound into desired pharmaceutical preparations. Even though physiological activity of the naphthoquinone-based compound is elucidated by the present applicant, a dosage form of the naphthoquinone-based compound is limited to a formulation for in vivo administration via intravenous injection. 
         [0005]    When the naphthoquinone-based compound which is a sparingly-soluble drug is administered by itself or in the form of a conventional simple formulation via an oral route, there is substantially no absorption of the compound into the body, that is the bioavailability of the drug is very low, so it is impossible to exert the intrinsic efficacy of the drug. 
         [0006]    These facts are supported by the recent study conducted by Jing et al, reporting that an absorption rate of cryptotanshinone which is a naphthoquinone-based compound is very low (2.05%) when it is orally administered. It is known that this is because absorption of cryptotanshinone is greatly affected by poor solubility of the drug and the problems of first-pass metabolism due to being used as a substrate for P-glycoprotein (PgP) (Journal of pharmacology &amp; Experimental Therapeutics 23, 2006). 
         [0007]    Meanwhile, the drugs containing the naphthoquinone-based compound as an active ingredient do not exert therapeutic effects until they are absorbed into the body in an amount exceeding a certain concentration. A variety of factors are implicated in bioavailability, the degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. Low bioavailability of the drug or substance raises serious problems in development of drug compositions. 
         [0008]    Therefore, in order to sufficiently and satisfactorily exploit inherent pharmacological properties of the naphthoquinone-based compounds, there is an urgent need for development and introduction of a method which is capable of maximizing the bioavailability of these drugs. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    Therefore, the present invention has been made to solve the above problems and other technical problems that have yet to be resolved. 
         [0010]    As a result of a variety of extensive and intensive studies and experiments to solve the problems as described above, the inventors of the present invention have discovered that when a sparingly-soluble naphthoquinone-based compound is formulated into an intestine-targeted pharmaceutical composition, it is possible to minimize inactivation of the active ingredient which may occur due to internal bodily environment such as stomach, it is possible to solve a problem of low bioavailability suffered by conventional oral administration, and finally it is possible to significantly improve pharmacokinetic properties of the naphthoquinone-based compound. The present invention has been completed based on these findings. 
         [0011]    In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the above and other objects can be accomplished by the provision of an oral pharmaceutical composition wherein a naphthoquinone-based compound represented by Formula 1 below, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, solvate or isomer thereof, as an active ingredient, is prepared into an intestine-targeted formulation: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein 
         [0012]    R 1  and R 2  are each independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy or C 1 -C 6  lower alkyl or alkoxy; 
         [0013]    R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7  and R 8  are each independently hydrogen, hydroxy, C 1 -C 20  alkyl, alkene or alkoxy, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl, or two substituents of R 3  to R 8  may be taken together to form a cyclic structure which may be saturated or partially or completely unsaturated; 
         [0014]    X is selected from the group consisting of C(R)(R′), N(R″), O and S, preferably O, with R, R′ and R″ being each independently hydrogen or C 1 -C 6  lower alkyl; and 
         [0015]    n is 0 or 1, with proviso that when n is 0, carbon atoms adjacent to n form a cyclic structure via a direct bond. 
         [0016]    As used the present disclosure, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means a formulation of a compound that does not cause significant irritation to an organism to which it is administered and does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the compound. Examples of the pharmaceutical salt may include acid addition salts of the compound (I) with acids capable of forming a non-toxic acid addition salt containing pharmaceutically acceptable anions, for example, inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrobromic acid and hydroiodic acid; organic carbonic acids such as tartaric acid, formic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, gluconic acid, benzoic acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid and salicylic acid; or sulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid. Specifically, examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carboxylic acid salts include salts with alkali metals or alkaline earth metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium, salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine and guanidine, salts with organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, diethanolamine, choline and triethylamine. The compound in accordance with the present invention may be converted into salts thereof, by conventional methods well-known in the alt. 
         [0017]    As used herein, the term “prodrug” means an agent that is converted into the parent drug in vivo. Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the parent drug. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration, whereas the parent may be not. The prodrugs may also have improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug. An example of a prodrug, without limitation, would be a compound of the present invention which is administered as an ester (the “prodrug”) to facilitate transport across a cell membrane where water-solubility is detrimental to mobility, but which then is metabolically hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid, the active entity, once inside the cell where water solubility is beneficial. A further example of the prodrug might be a short peptide (polyamino acid) bonded to an acidic group, where the peptide is metabolized to reveal the active moiety. 
         [0018]    As an example of such prodrug, the pharmaceutical compounds in accordance with the present invention can include a prodrug represented by Formula 1a below as an active material: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein, 
         [0019]    R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , X and n are as defined in Formula 1. 
         [0020]    R 9  and R 10  are each independently —SO 3 —Na +  or substituent represented by Formula 2 below or a salt thereof, 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein,
       R 11  and R 12  are each independently hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 ˜C 20  linear alkyl or C 1 ˜C 20  branched alkyl   R 13  is selected from the group consisting of substituents i) to viii) below: alkyl;   i) hydrogen;   ii) substituted or unsubstituted C 1 ˜C 20  linear alkyl or C 1 ˜C 20  branched   iii) substituted or unsubstituted amine;   iv) substituted or unsubstituted C 3 ˜C 10  cycloalkyl or C 3 ˜C 10  heterocycloalkyl;   v) substituted or unsubstituted C 4 -C 10  aryl or C 4 ˜C 10  heteroaryl;   vi) —(CRR′—NR″CO) 1 —R 14 , wherein R, R′ and R″ are each independently hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 ˜C 20  linear alkyl or C 1 ˜C 20  branched alkyl, R 14  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted amine, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, 1 is selected from the 1˜5;   vii) substituted or unsubstituted carboxyl;   viii) —OSO 3 —Na ± ;   k is selected from the 0˜20, with proviso that when k is 0, R 11  and Ru are not anything, and R 13  is directly bond to a carbonyl group.       
 
         [0032]    As used herein, the term “solvate” means a compound of the present invention or a salt thereof, which further includes a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount of a solvent bound thereto by non-covalent intermolecular forces. Preferred solvents are volatile, non-toxic, and/or acceptable for administration to humans. Where the solvent is water, the solvate refers to a hydrate. 
         [0033]    As used herein, the term “isomer” means a compound of the present invention or a salt thereof, that has the same chemical formula or molecular formula but is optically or stoically different therefrom. D type optical isomer and L type optical isomer can be present in the Formula 1, depending on the R 3 ˜R 8  types of substituents selected. 
         [0034]    Unless otherwise specified, the term “naphthoquinone-based compound” is intended to encompass a compound per se, and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, solvate and isomer thereof. 
         [0035]    As used herein, the term “alkyl” refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group. The alkyl moiety may be a “saturated alkyl” group, which means that it does not contain any alkene or alkyne moieties. Alternatively, the alkyl moiety may also be an “unsaturated alkyl” moiety, which means that it contains at least one alkene or alkyne moiety. The term “alkene” moiety refers to a group in which at least two carbon atoms form at least one carbon-carbon double bond, and an “alkyne” moiety refers to a group in which at least two carbon atoms form at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. The alkyl moiety, regardless of whether it is substituted or unsubstituted, may be branched, linear or cyclic. 
         [0036]    As used herein, the term “heterocycloalkyl” means a carbocyclic group in which one or more ring carbon atoms are substituted with oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur and which includes, for example, but is not limited to furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyrroline, pyrrolidine, oxazole, thiazole, imidazole, imidazoline, imidazolidine, pyrazole, pyrazoline, pyrazolidine, isothiazole, triazole, thiadiazole, pyran, pyridine, piperidine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, piperazine and triazine. 
         [0037]    As used herein, the term “aryl” refers to an aromatic substituent group which has at least one ring having a conjugated pi (π) electron system and includes both carbocyclic aryl (for example, phenyl) and heterocyclic aryl (for example, pyridine) groups. This term includes monocyclic or fused-ring polycyclic (i.e., rings which share adjacent pairs of carbon atoms) groups. 
         [0038]    As used herein, the term “heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic group that contains at least one heterocyclic ring. 
         [0039]    Examples of aryl or heteroaryl include, but are not limited to, phenyl, furan, pyran, pyridyl, pyrimidyl and triazyl. 
         [0040]    R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7  and R 8  in Formula 1 in accordance with the present invention may be optionally substituted. When substituted, the substituent group(s) is(are) one or more group(s) individually and independently selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclic, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio, cyano, halogen, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, O-carbamyl, N carbamyl, O-thiocarbamyl, N-thiocarbamyl, C-amido, N-amido, S-sulfonamido, N-sulfonamido, C-carboxy, O-carboxy, isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, nitro, silyl, trihalomethanesulfonyl, and amino including mono and di substituted amino, and protected derivatives thereof. 
         [0041]    Among compounds of Formula 1, preferred are compounds of Formulae 3 and 4 below. 
         [0042]    Compounds of Formula 3 are compounds wherein n is 0 and adjacent carbon atoms form a cyclic structure (furan ring) via a direct bond therebetween and are often referred to as “furan compounds” or “furano-o-naphthoquinone derivatives” hereinafter. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0043]    Compounds of Formula 4 are compounds wherein n is 1 and are often referred to as “pyran compounds” or “pyrano-o-naphthoquinone” hereinafter. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0044]    In Formula 1, each of R 1  and R 2  is particularly preferably hydrogen. 
         [0045]    Among the furan compounds of Formula 3, particularly preferred are compounds of Formula 3a wherein R 1 , R 2  and R 4  are hydrogen, or compounds of Formula 3b wherein R 1 , R 2  and R 6  are hydrogen. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0046]    Further, among the pyran compounds of Formula 4, particularly preferred is a compound of Formula 4a wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7  and R 8  are hydrogen. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0047]    The term “pharmaceutical composition” as used herein means a mixture of a compound of Formula 1 as an active material and other components which are required for an intestine-targeted formulation. 
       Preparation of Active Materials 
       [0048]    In the pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the present invention, compounds of Formula 1 which are active materials, as will be illustrated hereinafter, can be prepared by conventional methods known in the art and/or various processes which are based upon the general technologies and practices in the organic chemistry synthesis field. The preparation processes described below are only exemplary ones and other processes can also be employed. As such, the scope of the instant invention is not limited to the following processes. 
       Preparation Method 1: Synthesis of Active Materials by Acid-Catalyzed Cyclization 
       [0049]    Tricyclic naphthoquinone (pyrano-o-naphthoquinone and furano-o-naphthoquinone) derivatives having a relatively simple chemical structure are generally synthesized in a relatively high yield via cyclization using sulfuric acid as a catalyst, Based on this process, a variety of compounds of Formula 1 can be synthesized. 
         [0050]    More specifically, the above synthesis process may be summarized as follows. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0051]    That is, when 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone is reacted with various allylic bromides or equivalents thereof in the presence of a base, a C-alkylation product and an O-alkylation product are concurrently obtained. It is also possible to synthesize either of two derivatives only depending upon reaction conditions. Since O-alkylated derivative is converted into another type of C-alkylated derivative through Claisen Rearrangement by refluxing the O-alkylated derivative using a solvent such as toluene or xylene, it is possible to obtain various types of 3-substituted-2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives. The various types of C-alkylated derivatives thus obtained may be subjected to cyclization using sulfuric acid as a catalyst, thereby being capable of synthesizing pyrano-o-naphthoquinone or furano-o-naphthoquinone derivatives among compounds of Formula 1. 
       Preparation method 2: Diels-Alder reaction using 3-methylene-1,2,4-[3H]naphthalenetrione 
       [0052]    As taught by V. Nair et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 42 (2001), 4549-4551, it is reported that a variety of pyrano-o-naphthoquinone derivatives can be relatively easily synthesized by subjecting 3-methylene-1,2,4-[3H]naphthalenetrione, produced upon heating 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and formaldehyde together, to Diels-Alder reaction with various olefin compounds. This method is advantageous in that various forms of pyrano-o-naphtho-quinone derivatives can be synthesized in a relatively simplified manner, as compared to induction of cyclization using sulfuric acid as a catalyst. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Preparation method 3: Haloakylation and Cyclization by Radical Reaction 
       [0053]    The same method used in synthesis of Cryptotanshinone and 15,16-dihydro-tanshinone can also be conveniently employed for synthesis of furan-o-naphthoquinone derivatives. That is, as taught by A. C. Baillie et al (J. Chem. Soc. (C) 1968, 48-52), 2-haloethyl or 3-haloethyl radical chemical species, derived from 3-halopropanoic acid or 4-halobutanoic acid derivative, can be reacted with 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone to thereby synthesize 3-(2-haloethyl or 3-halopropyl)-2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone which is then subjected to cyclization under suitable acidic catalyst conditions to synthesize various pyrano-o-naphthoquinone or furano-o-naphthoquinone derivatives. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Preparation method 4: Cyclization of 4,5-benzofurandione by Diels-Alder reaction 
       [0054]    Another method used in synthesis of Cryptotanshinone and 15,16-dihydro-tanshinone may be a method taught by J. K. Snyder et al (Tetrahedron Letters 28 (1987), 3427-3430). According to this method, furano-o-naphthoquinone derivatives can be synthesized by cycloaddition via Diels-Alder reaction between 4,5-benzofurandione derivatives and various diene derivatives. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0055]    In addition, based on the above-mentioned preparation methods, various derivatives may be synthesized using relevant synthesis methods, depending upon kinds of substituents. Specific examples of derivatives thus synthesized and methods are exemplified in Table 1 below. Specific preparation methods will be described in the following Examples. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 1 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 15 H 14 O 3   
                 242.27 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 15 H 14 O 3   
                 242.27 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 15 H 14 O 3   
                 242.27 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 14 H 12 O 3   
                 228.24 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 13 H 10 O 3   
                 214.22 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 6 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 12 H 8 O 3   
                 200.19 
                 Method 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 7 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 19 H 14 O 3   
                 290.31 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 8 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 19 H 14 O 3   
                 290.31 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 9 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 15 H 12 O 3   
                 240.25 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 16 H 16 O 4   
                 272.30 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 15 H 12 O 3   
                 240.25 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 16 H 14 O 3   
                 254.28 
                 Method 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 18 H 18 O 3   
                 282.33 
                 Method 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 14 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 21 H 22 O 3   
                 322.40 
                 Method 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 15 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 21 H 22 O 3   
                 322.40 
                 Method 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 14 H 12 O 3   
                 228.24 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 17 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 14 H 12 O 3   
                 228.24 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 18 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 14 H 12 O 3   
                 228.24 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 19 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 14 H 12 O 3   
                 228.24 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 20 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 20 H 22 O 3   
                 310.39 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 21 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 15 H 13 ClO 3   
                 276.71 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 22 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 16 H 16 O 3   
                 256.30 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 23 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 17 H 18 O 5   
                 302.32 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 24 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 16 H 16 O 3   
                 256.30 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 25 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 17 H 18 O 3   
                 270.32 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 26 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 20 H 16 O 3   
                 304.34 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 27 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 18 H 18 O 3   
                 282.33 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 28 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 17 H 16 O 3   
                 268.31 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 29 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 13 H 8 O 3   
                 212.20 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 30 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 13 H 8 O 3   
                 212.20 
                 Method 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 31 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 14 H 10 O 3   
                 226.23 
                 Method 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 32 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 14 H 10 O 3   
                 226.23 
                 Method 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 33 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 15 H 14 O 2 S 
                 258.34 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 34 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 15 H 14 O 2 S 
                 258.34 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 35 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 13 H 10 O 2 S 
                 230.28 
                 Method 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 36 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 15 H 14 O 2 S 
                 258.34 
                 Method 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 37 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 19 H 14 O 2 S 
                 306.38 
                 Method 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 38 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 12 H 8 O 3 S 
                 232.26 
                 Method 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 39 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 13 H 10 O 3 S 
                 246.28 
                 Method 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 40 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 14 H 12 O 3 S 
                 260.31 
                 Method 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 41 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 15 H 14 O 3 S 
                 274.34 
                 Method 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 42 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 28 H 37 O 7 N 
                 502.22 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 43 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 23 H 30 O 5 NCl 
                 940.32 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 44 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 28 H 33 O 7 N 3   
                 526.22 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 45 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 C 23 H 26 O 5 N 3 Cl 
                 988.32 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0056]    Generally, an oral pharmaceutical composition passes through the stomach upon oral administration, is largely absorbed by the small intestine and then diffused into all the tissues of the body, thereby exerting therapeutic effects on the target tissues. 
         [0057]    In this connection, the oral pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention enhances bioabsorption and bioavailability of a certain naphthoquinone-based compound active ingredient via intestine-targeted formulation of the active ingredient. More specifically, when the active ingredient in the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention is primarily absorbed in the stomach, and upper parts of the small intestine, the active ingredient absorbed into the body directly undergoes liver metabolism which is then accompanied by substantial degradation of the active ingredient, so it is impossible to exert a desired level of therapeutic effects. On the other hand, it is expected that when the active ingredient is largely absorbed around and downstream of the lower small intestine, the absorbed active ingredient migrates via lymph vessels to the target tissues to thereby exert high therapeutic effects. 
         [0058]    Further, as it is constructed in such a way that the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention targets up to the colon which is a final destination of the digestion process, it is possible to increase the in vivo retention time of the drug and it is also possible to minimize decomposition of the drug which may take place due to the body metabolism upon administration of the drug into the body. As a result, it is possible to improve pharmacokinetic properties of the drug, to significantly lower a critical effective dose of the active ingredient necessary for the treatment of the disease, and to obtain desired therapeutic effects even with administration of a trace amount of the active ingredient. Further, in the oral pharmaceutical composition, it is also possible to minimize the absorption variation of the drug by reducing the between- and within-individual variation of the bioavailability which may result from intragastric pH changes and dietary uptake patterns. 
         [0059]    Therefore, the intestine-targeted formulation according to the present invention is configured such that the active ingredient is largely absorbed in the small and large intestines, more preferably in the jejunum, and the ileum and colon corresponding to the lower small intestine, particularly preferably in the ileum or colon. 
         [0060]    The intestine-targeted formulation may be designed by taking advantage of numerous physiological parameters of the digestive tract, through a variety of methods. In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the intestine-targeted formulation may be prepared by (1) a formulation method based on a pH-sensitive polymer, (2) a formulation method based on a biodegradable polymer which is decomposable by an intestine-specific bacterial enzyme, (3) a formulation method based on a biodegradable matrix which is decomposable by an intestine-specific bacterial enzyme, or (4) a formulation method which allows release of a drug after a given lag time, and any combination thereof. 
         [0061]    Specifically, the intestine-targeted formulation (1) using the pH-sensitive polymer is a drug delivery system which is based on pH changes of the digestive tract. The pH of the stomach is in a range of 1 to 3, whereas the pH of the small and large intestines has a value of 7 or higher, as compared to that of the stomach. Based on this fact, the pH-sensitive polymer may be used in order to ensure that the pharmaceutical composition reaches the lower intestinal parts without being affected by pH fluctuations of the digestive tract. Examples of the pH-sensitive polymer may include, but are not limited to, at least one selected from the group consisting of methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate copolymer (Eudragit: Registered Trademark of Rohm Pharma GmbH), hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate (HPMCP) and a mixture thereof. 
         [0062]    Preferably, the pH-sensitive polymer may be added by a coating process. For example, addition of the polymer may be carried out by mixing the polymer in a solvent to form an aqueous coating suspension, spraying the resulting coating suspension to form a film coating, and drying the film coating. 
         [0063]    The intestine-targeted formulation (2) using the biodegradable polymer which is decomposable by the intestine-specific bacterial enzyme is based on the utilization of a degradative ability of a specific enzyme that can be produced by enteric bacteria. Examples of the specific enzyme may include azoreductase, bacterial hydrolase glycosidase, esterase, polysaccharides, and the like. 
         [0064]    When it is desired to design the intestine-targeted formulation using azoreductase as a target, the biodegradable polymer may be a polymer containing an azoaromatic linkage, for example, a copolymer of styrene and hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA). When the polymer is added to the formulation containing the active ingredient, the active ingredient may be liberated into the intestine by reduction of an azo group of the polymer via the action of the azoreductase which is specifically secreted by enteric bacteria, for example,  Bacteroides fragilis  and  Eubacterium limosum.    
         [0065]    When it is desired to design the intestine-targeted formulation using glycosidase, esterase, or polysaccharidase as a target, the biodegradable polymer may be a naturally-occurring polysaccharide or a substituted derivative thereof. For example, the biodegradable polymer may be at least one selected from the group consisting of dextran ester, pectin, amylase, ethyl cellulose and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. When the polymer is added to the active ingredient, the active ingredient may be liberated into the intestine by hydrolysis of the polymer via the action of each enzyme which is specifically secreted by enteric bacteria, for example,  Bifidobacteria  and  Bacteroides  spp. These polymers are natural materials, and have an advantage of low risk of in vivo toxicity. 
         [0066]    The intestine-targeted formulation (3) using the biodegradable matrix which is decomposable by an intestine-specific bacterial enzyme may be a form in which the biodegradable polymers are cross-linked to each other and are added to the active ingredient or the active ingredient-containing formulation. Examples of the biodegradable polymer may include naturally-occurring polymers such as chondroitin sulfate, guar gum, chitosan, pectin, and the like. The degree of drug release may vary depending upon the degree of cross-linking of the matrix-constituting polymer. 
         [0067]    In addition to the naturally-occurring polymers, the biodegradable matrix may be a synthetic hydrogel based on N-substituted acrylamide. For example, there may be used a hydrogel synthesized by cross-linking of N-tert-butylacryl amide with acrylic acid or copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and 4-methacryloyloxyazobenzene, as the matrix. The cross-linking may be, for example an azo linkage as mentioned above, and the formulation may be a form where the density of cross-linking is maintained to provide the optimal conditions for intestinal drug delivery and the linkage is degraded to interact with the intestinal mucous membrane when the drug is delivered to the intestine. 
         [0068]    Further, the intestine-targeted formulation (4) with time-course release of the drug after a lag time is a drug delivery system utilizing a mechanism that is allowed to release the active ingredient after a predetermined time irrespective of pH changes. In order to achieve enteric release of the active drug, the formulation should be resistant to the gastric pH environment, and should be in a silent phase for 5 to 6 hours corresponding to a time period taken for delivery of the drug from the body to the intestine, prior to release of the active ingredient into the intestine. The time-specific delayed-release formulation may be prepared by addition of the hydrogel prepared from copolymerization of polyethylene oxide with polyurethane. 
         [0069]    Specifically, the delayed-release formulation may have a configuration in which the formulation absorbs water and then swells while it stays within the stomach and the upper digestive tract of the small intestine, upon addition of a hydrogel having the above-mentioned composition after applying the drug to an insoluble polymer, and then migrates to the lower part of the small intestine which is the lower digestive tract and liberates the drug, and the lag time of drug is determined depending upon a length of the hydrogel. 
         [0070]    As another example of the polymer, ethyl cellulose (EC) may be used in the delayed-release dosage formulation. EC is an insoluble polymer, and may serve as a factor to delay a drug release time, in response to swelling of a swelling medium due to water penetration or changes in the internal pressure of the intestines due to a peristaltic motion. The lag time may be controlled by the thickness of EC. As an additional example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) may also be used as a retarding agent that allows drug release after a given period of time by thickness control of the polymer, and may have a lag time of 5 to 10 hours. 
         [0071]    In the oral pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention, the active ingredient may have a crystalline structure with a high degree of crystallinity, or a crystalline structure with a low degree of crystallinity. 
         [0072]    As used herein, the term “degree of crystallinity” is defined as the weight fraction of the crystalline portion of the total compound and may be determined by a conventional method known in the art. For example, measurement of the degree of crystallinity may be carried out by a density method or precipitation method which calculates the crystallinity degree by previous assumption of a preset value obtained by addition and/or reduction of appropriate values to/from each density of the crystalline portion and the amorphous portion, a method involving measurement of the heat of fusion, an X-ray method in which the crystallinity degree is calculated by separation of the crystalline diffraction fraction and the noncrystalline diffraction fraction from X-ray diffraction intensity distribution upon X-ray diffraction analysis, or an infrared method which calculates the crystallinity degree from a peak of the width between crystalline bands of the infrared absorption spectrum. 
         [0073]    In the oral pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention, the crystallinity degree of the active ingredient is preferably 50% or less. More preferably, the active ingredient may have an amorphous structure from which the intrinsic crystallinity of the material was completely lost. The amorphous naphthoquinone compound exhibits a relatively high solubility, as compared to the crystalline naphthoquinone compound, and can significantly improve a dissolution rate and in vivo absorption rate of the drug. 
         [0074]    In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the amorphous structure may be formed during preparation of the active ingredient into microparticles or fine particles (micronization of the active ingredient). The microparticles may be prepared, for example by spray drying of active ingredients, melting methods involving formation of melts of active ingredients with polymers, co-precipitation involving formation of co-precipitates of active ingredients with polymers after dissolution of active ingredients in solvents, inclusion body formation, solvent volatilization, and the like. Preferred is spray drying. Even when the active ingredient is not of an amorphous structure, that is has a crystalline structure or semi-crystalline structure, micronization of the active ingredient into fine particles via mechanical milling contributes to improvement of solubility, due to a large specific surface area of the particles, consequently resulting in improved dissolution rate and bioabsorption rate of the active drug. 
         [0075]    The spray drying is a method of making fine particles by dissolving the active ingredient in a certain solvent and the spray-drying the resulting solution. During the spray-drying process, a high percent of the crystallinity of the naphthoquinone compound is lost to thereby result in an amorphous state, and therefore the spray-dried product in the form of a fine powder is obtained. 
         [0076]    The mechanical milling is a method of grinding the active ingredient into fine particles by applying strong physical force to active ingredient particles. The mechanical milling may be carried out by using a variety of milling processes such as jet milling, ball milling, vibration milling, hammer milling, and the like. Particularly preferred is jet milling which can be carried out using an air pressure, at a temperature of less than 40° C. 
         [0077]    Meanwhile, irrespective of the crystalline structure, a decreasing particle diameter of the particulate active ingredient leads to an increasing specific surface area, thereby increasing the dissolution rate and solubility. However, an excessively small particle diameter makes it difficult to prepare fine particles having such a size and also brings about agglomeration or aggregation of particles which may result in deterioration of the solubility. Therefore, in one preferred embodiment, the particle diameter of the active ingredient may be in a range of 5 nm to 500 μm. In this range, the particle agglomeration or aggregation can be maximally inhibited, and the dissolution rate and solubility can be maximized due to a high specific surface area of the particles. 
         [0078]    Preferably, a surfactant may be additionally added to prevent the particle agglomeration or aggregation which may occur during formation of the fine particles, and/or an antistatic agent may be additionally added to prevent the occurrence of static electricity. 
         [0079]    If necessary, a moisture-absorbent material may be further added during the milling process. The naphthoquinone-based compound of Formula 1 has a tendency to be crystallized by water, so incorporation of the moisture-absorbent material inhibits recrystallization of the naphthoquinone-based compound over time and enables maintenance of increased solubility of compound particles due to micronization. Further, the moisture-absorbent material serves to suppress coagulation and aggregation of the pharmaceutical composition while not adversely affecting therapeutic effects of the active ingredient. 
         [0080]    Examples of the surfactant may include, but are not limited to, anionic surfactants such as docusate sodium and sodium lauryl sulfate; cationic surfactants such as benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride and cetrimide; nonionic surfactants such as glyceryl monooleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, and sorbitan ester; amphiphilic polymers such as polyethylene-polypropylene polymer and polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene polymer (Poloxamer), and Gelucire™ series (Gattefosse Corporation, USA); propylene glycol monocaprylate, oleoyl macrogol-6-glyceride, linoleoyl macrogol-6-glyceride, caprylocaproyl macrogol-8-glyceride, propylene glycol monolaurate, and polyglyceryl-6-dioleate. These materials may be used alone or in any combination thereof. 
         [0081]    Examples of the moisture-absorbent material may include, but are not limited to, colloidal silica, light anhydrous silicic acid, heavy anhydrous silicic acid, sodium chloride, calcium silicate, potassium aluminosilicate, calcium aluminosilicate, and the like. These materials may be used alone or in any combination thereof. 
         [0082]    Some of the above-mentioned moisture absorbents may also be used as the antistatic agent. 
         [0083]    The surfactant, antistatic agent, and moisture absorbent are added in a certain amount that is capable of achieving the above-mentioned effects, and such an amount may be appropriately adjusted depending upon micronization conditions. Preferably, the additives may be used in a range of 0.05 to 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the active ingredient. 
         [0084]    In one preferred embodiment, during formulation of the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention into preparations for oral administration, water-soluble polymers, solubilizers and disintegration-promoting agents may be further added. Preferably, formulation of the composition into a desired dosage form may be made by mixing the additives and the particulate active ingredient in a solvent and spray-drying the mixture. 
         [0085]    The water-soluble polymer is of help to prevent aggregation of the particulate active ingredients, by rendering surroundings of naphthoquinone-based compound molecules or particles hydrophilic to consequently enhance water solubility, and preferably to maintain the amorphous state of the active ingredient naphthoquinone-based compound. 
         [0086]    Preferably, the water-soluble polymer is a pH-independent polymer, and can bring about crystallinity loss and enhanced hydrophilicity of the active ingredient, even under the between- and within-individual variation of the gastrointestinal pH. 
         [0087]    Preferred examples of the water-soluble polymers may include at least one selected from the group consisting of cellulose derivatives such as methyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethylmethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and carboxymethylethyl cellulose; polyvinyl alcohols; polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and polymers containing the same; polyalkene oxide or polyalkene glycol, and polymers containing the same. Preferred is hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose. 
         [0088]    In the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention, an excessive content of the water-soluble polymer which is higher than a given level provides no further increased solubility, but disadvantageously brings about various problems such as overall increases in the hardness of the formulation, and non-penetration of an eluent into the formulation, by formation of films around the formulation due to excessive swelling of water-soluble polymers upon exposure to the eluent. Accordingly, the solubilizer is preferably added to maximize the solubility of the formulation by modifying physical properties of the naphthoquinone-based compound. 
         [0089]    In this respect, the solubilizer serves to enhance solubilization and wettability of the sparingly-soluble naphthoquinone-based compound, and can significantly reduce the bioavailability variation of the naphthoquinone-based compound originating from diets and the time difference of drug administration after dietary uptake. The solubilizer may be selected from conventionally widely used surfactants or amphiphiles, and specific examples of the solubilizer may refer to the surfactants as defined above. 
         [0090]    The disintegration-promoting agent serves to improve the drug release rate, and enables rapid release of the drug at the target site to thereby increase bioavailability of the drug. 
         [0091]    Preferred examples of the disintegration-promoting agent may include, but are not limited to, at least one selected from the group consisting of Croscarmellose sodium, Crospovidone, calcium carboxymethylcellulose, starch glycolate sodium and lower substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose. Preferred is Croscarmellose sodium. 
         [0092]    Upon taking into consideration various factors as described above, it is preferred to add 10 to 1000 parts by weight of the water-soluble polymer, 1 to 30 parts by weight of the disintegration-promoting agent and 0.1 to 20 parts by weight of the solubilizer, based on 100 parts by weight of the active ingredient. 
         [0093]    In addition to the above-mentioned ingredients, other materials known in the art in connection with formulation may be optionally added, if necessary. 
         [0094]    The solvent for spray drying is a material exhibiting a high solubility without modification of physical properties thereof and easy volatility during the spray drying process. Preferred examples of such a solvent may include, but are not limited to, dichloromethane, chloroform, methanol, and ethanol. These materials may be used alone or in any combination thereof. Preferably, a content of solids in the spray solution is in a range of 5 to 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the spray solution. 
         [0095]    The above-mentioned intestine-targeted formulation process may be preferably carried out for formulation particles prepared as above. 
         [0096]    In one preferred embodiment, the oral pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be formulated by a process comprising the following steps: 
         [0097]    (a) adding a naphthoquinone-based compound of Formula 1 alone or in combination with a surfactant and a moisture-absorbent material, and grinding the naphthoquinone-based compound of Formula 1 with a jet mill to prepare active ingredient microparticles; 
         [0098]    (b) dissolving the active ingredient microparticles in conjunction with a water-soluble polymer, a solubilizer and a disintegration-promoting agent in a solvent and spray-drying the resulting solution to prepare formulation particles; and 
         [0099]    (c) dissolving the formulation particles in conjunction with a pH-sensitive polymer and a plasticizer in a solvent and spray-drying the resulting solution to carry out intestine-targeted coating on the formulation particles. 
         [0100]    The surfactant, moisture-absorbent material, water-soluble polymer, solubilizer and disintegration-promoting agent are as defined above. The plasticizer is an additive added to prevent hardening of the coating, and may include, for example polymers such as polyethylene glycol. 
         [0101]    Alternatively, formulation of the active ingredient may be carried out by sequential or concurrent spraying of vehicles of Step (b) and intestine-targeted coating materials of Step (c) onto jet-milled active ingredient particles of Step (a) as a seed. 
         [0102]    The oral pharmaceutical composition suitable for use in the present invention contains the active ingredient in an amount effective to achieve its intended purpose, that is therapeutic purpose. More specifically, a therapeutically effective amount refers to an amount of the compound effective to prevent, alleviate or ameliorate symptoms of disease. Determination of the therapeutically effective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in the art, especially in light of the detailed disclosure provided herein. 
         [0103]    Further, the oral pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention is particularly effective for the treatment and/or prevention of metabolic diseases, degenerative diseases, and mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases. Examples of the metabolic diseases may include, but are not limited to, obesity, obesity complications, liver diseases, arteriosclerosis, cerebral apoplexy, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular diseases, ischemic diseases, diabetes, diabetes-related complications and inflammatory diseases. 
         [0104]    Complications caused from obesity include, for example hypertension, myocardiac infarction, varicosis, pulmonary embolism, coronary artery diseases, cerebral hemorrhage, senile dementia, Parkinson&#39;s disease, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cerebral apoplexy, various cancers (such as uterine cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer and the like), heart diseases, gall bladder diseases, sleep apnea syndrome, arthritis, infertility, venous ulcer, sudden death, fatty liver, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), thromboembolism, esophagitis, abdominal wall hernia (Ventral Hernia), urinary incontinence, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine diseases and the like. 
         [0105]    Diabetic complications include, for example hyperlipidemia, hypertension, retinopathy, renal insufficiency, and the like. 
         [0106]    Examples of the degenerative diseases may include Alzheimer&#39;s disease, Parkinson&#39;s disease and Huntington&#39;s disease. 
         [0107]    Diseases arising from mitochondrial dysfunction may include for example, multiple sclerosis, encephalomyelitis, cerebral radiculitis, peripheral neuropathy, Reye&#39;s syndrome, Friedrich&#39;s ataxia, Alpers syndrome, MELAS, migraine, psychosis, depression, seizure and dementia, paralytic episode, optic atrophy, optic neuropathy, retinitis pigmentosa, cataract, hyperaldosteronemia, hypoparathyroidism, myopathy, amyotrophy, myoglobinuria, muscular hypotonia, myalgia, reduced exercise tolerance, renal tubulopathy, renal failure, hepatic failure, hepatic dysfunction, hepatomegaly, sideroblastic anemia (iron-deficiency anemia), neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, diarrhea, villous atrophy, multiple vomiting, dysphagia, constipation, sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), mental retardation, epilepsy, and the like. 
         [0108]    As used herein, the term “treatment” refers to stopping or delaying of the disease progress, when the drug is used in the subject exhibiting symptoms of disease onset. The term “prevention” refers to stopping or delaying of symptoms of disease onset, when the drug is used in the subject exhibiting no symptoms of disease onset but having high risk of disease onset. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0109]    The above and other objects, features and other advantages of the present invention will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0110]      FIG. 1  is a graph showing a residual amount of a naphthoquinone-based compound in the jejunum, ileum and large intestine, respectively, when single-pass intestinal perfusion was carried out according to Experimental Example 4; and 
           [0111]      FIG. 2  is a graph showing outlet steady-state concentrations of a naphthoquinone-based compound under perfusion in Experimental Example 4. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0112]    Now, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following Examples. These examples are provided only for illustrating the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope and spirit of the present invention. 
       Experimental Example 1 
     Determination of Partition Coefficients 
       [0113]    Octanol and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) were saturated with a counter-solvent for 24 hours or more. A given amount of a naphthoquinone-based compound (Compound 1 of Table 1 below) was dissolved in the thus-saturated octanol, mixed with triple-distilled water and stirred using a magnetic stirrer at 200 rpm for 13 hours or more. Samples were taken, filtered through a 0.45 μm RC Membrane filter and diluted with methanol. The diluted sample materials were analyzed by HPLC. A partition coefficient versus an amount of Compound 1 was determined. The results thus obtained are given in Table 2. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sample 
               
               
                   
                 Partition Coefficient 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 μg/mL 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 100 
                 2.17 
                 2.02 
                 1.99 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 2.40 
                 2.20 
                 2.24 
               
               
                   
                 2000 
                 2.59 
                 2.62 
                 2.58 
               
               
                   
                 Excess 
                 2.65 
                 2.05 
                 2.08 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 * average partition coefficient: 2.299 (σ = 0.255) 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0114]    As can be seen from Table 1, the partition coefficient was a value of 2.299, thus representing that Compound 1 is relatively fat-soluble. This result means that Compound 1 has octanol-solubility 100-fold higher than water-solubility, and sufficiently passes through a hydrophobic layer inside the cell membrane, followed by intracellular absorption. 
       Example 1 
     Micronization of Active Ingredient Using Jet Mill 
       [0115]    Micronizing of an active ingredient was carried out using a Jet mill (SJ-100, Nisshin, Japan). Operation was run at a supply pressure of 0.65 Mpa, and a feed rate of 50 to 100 g/hr. 0.2 g of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and 10 g of a naphthoquinone-based compound (Compound 1 of Table 1) were mixed and ground. Micronized particles were recovered and a particle size was determined by zeta potential measurement. An average particle diameter was 1500 nm. 
       Example 2 
     Preparation of Spray-Dried Product 
       [0116]    The synthesized naphthoquinone-based compound (Compound 1 of Table 1) or the naphthoquinone-based compound of Example 1 (including micronized and non-micronized particles) was added to methylene chloride, and a salt such as sodium chloride, a saccharide such as white sugar or lactose, or a vehicle such as microcrystalline cellulose, monobasic calcium phosphate, starch or mannitol, a lubricant such as magnesium stearate, talc or glyceryl behenate, and a solubilizer such as Poloxamer were added to a given amount of ethanol, followed by homogeneous dispersion to prepare a spray-drying solution which will be used for subsequent spray-drying. 
       Experimental Example 2 
     Dissolution of Spray-Dried Formulation 
       [0117]    To the spray-dried product of Example 2 were added approximately an equal amount of a water-soluble polymer (hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose) relative to an active ingredient, and vehicles such as Croscarmellose sodium and light anhydrous silicic acid, and the mixture was formulated without causing interference of disintegration. A drug dissolution test was carried out in a buffer (pH 6.8). All the compositions exhibited drug dissolution of 90% or higher after 6 hours. 
       Experimental Example 3 
     Evaluation of Relative Bioavailability of Formulations 
       [0118]    10 male Sprague-Dawley rats were fasted, and the relative bioavailability in animals was evaluated for various formulations. Specifically, evaluation of the relative bioavailability was made for a preparation where a naphthoquinone-based compound was roughly ground and was added in conjunction with 2% by weight of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) to an aqueous solution (preparation prior to grinding of an active ingredient), a preparation where a naphthoquinone-based compound was ground into microparticles with a Jet mill, and was added in conjunction with 2% by weight of SLS to an aqueous solution (preparation after grinding of an active ingredient), a preparation where a formulation composed of the spray-dried product of Example 2 and the vehicle of Experimental Example 2 was added to an aqueous solution (spray-dried preparation), and a preparation where a naphthoquinone-based compound was ground into microparticles with a Jet mill, formulated using the vehicle of Experimental Example 2 and added to an aqueous solution (solid-dispersed preparation). 
         [0119]    Randomized crossover evaluation of the bioavailability was carried out by administering 50 mg/kg of the active ingredient to each animal group. The blood concentration profiles of the active ingredient thus obtained are given in Table 3 below. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Blood conc. (ng/mL): Fasted 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Preparation 
                 Preparation 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Time 
                 before 
                 after 
                 Spray-dried 
                 Solid-dispersed 
               
               
                 (hour) 
                 grinding 
                 grinding 
                 preparation 
                 preparation 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 0 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 0.5 
                 10.85 
                 19.90 
                 139.32 
                 157.27 
               
               
                 1 
                 63.53 
                 103.25 
                 371.71 
                 400.21 
               
               
                 2 
                 82.60 
                 119.87 
                 215.78 
                 237.44 
               
               
                 3 
                 115.89 
                 244.97 
                 563.44 
                 595.74 
               
               
                 6 
                 233.68 
                 324.51 
                 636.05 
                 634.25 
               
               
                 12 
                 161.29 
                 460.07 
                 828.12 
                 862.32 
               
               
                 24 
                 85.38 
                 90.76 
                 145.21 
                 151.90 
               
               
                 Avg. Cmax 
                 233.68 
                 460.07 
                 828.12 
                 862.32 
               
               
                 Avg. AUC 
                 3321.55 
                 6268.01 
                 11737.74 
                 12151.34 
               
               
                 (last) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0120]    As can be seen from the results of Table 3, the spray-dried formulation and the solid-dispersed formulation, which were added to an aqueous solution, exhibited an about 3-fold increase of the bioavailability in a fasted state, as compared to the comparative formulation containing the same amount of the active ingredient, particularly the formulation prior to grinding of the active ingredient. 
       Experimental Example 4 
     Intestinal Absorption of Compounds 
       [0121]    In order to determine intestinal absorption (%) of a naphthoquinone-based compound, a single-pass intestinal perfusion technique was carried out in internal organs of rats, including jejunum, ileum and large intestine. 
         [0122]    The steady-state intestinal effective permeability (P eff ) can be expressed according to the following equation. 
         [0000]        P   eff   =[−Q   in ·ln( C   out   /C   in )]/ A          P eff : Steady-state intestinal effective permeability (cm/s)   Q in : Perfusion flow rate (0.4 mL/min)   C in , C out : Inlet and fluid-transport-corrected outlet solution concentrations   A: Mass transfer surface area within intestinal segment (2πrL),   r, L: Radius and length of intestinal segment         
         [0128]    The radius (r) and length (L) of the jejunum, ileum and large intestine used in experiments are as follows: (r: jejunum, 0.21 cm; ileum, 0.22 cm; large intestine, 0.23 cm, and L: 10 cm) 
         [0129]    The steady-state was confirmed by the ratio of the outlet to inlet concentrations (C out /C in ) versus time. The steady-state is established when the C out /C in  ratio of the naphthoquinone-based compound is maintained at a constant value (n=3, error bars with respect to S.D.). 
         [0130]    Residual amounts of the naphthoquinone-based compound in the above three intestinal organs were measured at different time points. The results thus obtained are shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0131]    As shown in  FIG. 1 , a relatively large amount of the naphthoquinone-based compound permeated through the intestinal tissues for the first 20 min and thereafter remained with substantially no permeation. Further, the intestinal permeability was high in the order of the large intestine, ileum and jejunum. 
         [0132]    The outlet steady-state concentration of the compound under perfusion was calculated. The results thus obtained are given in Table 4 and  FIG. 2 , respectively. The effective permeability was measured at 4 points of each intestinal tissue. As shown in Table 4 and  FIG. 2 , it can be seen that the highest permeability was observed in the large intestine. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Intestinal tissues 
                 P eff  × 10 −5  (cm/s) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Duodenum 
                 0.79 ± 0.33 
               
               
                   
                 Jejunum 
                 2.37 ± 1.17 
               
               
                   
                 Ileum 
                 5.15 ± 1.49 
               
               
                   
                 Large intestine 
                 7.82 ± 0.93 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 3 
     Preparation of Intestine-Targeted Formulation 
       [0133]    The spray-dried formulation prepared in Experimental Example 2 was added to an ethanol solution containing about 20% by weight of Eudragit S-100 as a pH-sensitive polymer and about 2% by weight of PEG #6,000 as a plasticizer, and the mixture was then spray-dried to prepare an intestine-targeted formulation. 
       Experimental Example 5 
     Acid Resistance of Intestine-Targeted Formulation 
       [0134]    The intestine-targeted formulation prepared in Example 3 was exposed to pH 1.2 and pH 6.8, respectively. After 6 hours, the intestine-targeted formulation was removed and washed, and a content of an active ingredient was analyzed by HPLC. An effective amount of the active ingredient was assessed as a measure of the acid resistance. The acid resistance exhibited a very excellent result of 90 to 100%, thus suggesting that the intestine-targeted formulation is chemically stable in the stomach or small intestine. 
       Experimental Example 6 
     Measurement of Drug-Dissolution Profiles 
       [0135]    After the intestine-targeted formulation was exposed to acidic environment of pH 1.2, as in Experimental Example 5, the acidity was changed to a value of pH 6.8 under artificial environment. A residual amount of the dissolved active ingredient was measured by HPLC. The results thus obtained are given in Table 5 below. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Time (min.) 
                 Dissolution (%) at pH 6.8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.00 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 78.05 
               
               
                   
                 30 
                 87.57 
               
               
                   
                 45 
                 92.13 
               
               
                   
                 60 
                 92.27 
               
               
                   
                 120 
                 92.66 
               
               
                   
                 180 
                 95.61 
               
               
                   
                 240 
                 96.29 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Experimental Example 7 
     Therapeutic Efficacy of Intestine-Targeted Formulation 
       [0136]    200 mg/kg of an intestine-targeted formulation in terms of active ingredient content was administered to ob/ob mice once a day, and changes in the body weight (BW) of animals were examined. 
         [0137]    10-week-old ob/ob male mice (Jackson Lab) as an obese mouse model of type 2 diabetes were purchased from Orient Co. (Kyungki-do, Korea) and were allowed to acclimate to a new environment of the breeding room for 10 days prior to experiments. Animals were fed a solid feed (P5053, Labdiet) as a laboratory animal feed. The ob/ob male mice were housed and allowed to acclimate to a new environment for 10 days, in a breeding room maintained at a temperature of 22±2° C., humidity of 55±5%, and a 12-h light/dark (L/D) cycle (light from 8:00 am. to 8:00 p.m.). According to a randomized blocks design, the thus-acclimated animals were randomly divided into four groups, each consisting of 7 animals: a control group with administration of sodium lauryl sulfate (10 mg/kg), a group with administration of simply finely-divided powder of a naphthoquinone-based compound (200 mg/kg), a group with administration of a jet-milled naphthoquinone-based compound, and a group with administration of an intestine-targeted formulation of a ground naphthoquinone-based compound. Each group of animals was given perorally (PO) 200 mg/kg of samples. Animals were fed solid feed pellets and water ad libitum. The results for changes in the body weight of animals are given in Table 6 below. As can be seen from Table 6, it was confirmed that the rat group with administration of the intestine-targeted formulation of a ground naphthoquinone-based compound exhibited a significant loss of body weight 
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                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Amount 
                 Initial BW 
                 Final BW 
                 BW loss 
               
               
                 Samples 
                 (mg/kg) 
                 (g) 
                 (g) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Control 
                 — 
                 55.9 ± 1.2 
                 58.5 ± 2.0 
                 4.7 ± 2.1 ↑ 
               
               
                 Simply finely- 
                 200 
                 55.8 ± 0.5 
                 57.5 ± 1.3 
                 3.0 ± 0.9 ↑ 
               
               
                 divided powder 
               
               
                 Jet-milled 
                 200 
                 55.8 ± 0.5 
                 53.2 ± 1.3 
                 4.7 ± 0.9 ↓ 
               
               
                 naphthoquinone- 
               
               
                 based compound 
               
               
                 Intestine-targeted 
                 200 
                 57.3 ± 3.5 
                 49.7 ± 3.3 
                 13.3 ± 2.3 ↓  
               
               
                 formulation 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0138]    As can be seen from Table 6, the group with administration of the intestine-targeted formulation exhibited the highest decrease (%) of body weight, thus representing that excellent bioavailability is obtained. 
       INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
       [0139]    As apparent from the above description, an oral pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention increases a bioabsorption rate and an in vivo retention time of an active ingredient to thereby improve pharmacokinetic properties of the drug. As a result, it is possible to achieve desired therapeutic effects by increasing the bioavailability of a certain naphthoquinone-based compound as the active ingredient. 
         [0140]    Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, additions and substitutions are possible, without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as disclosed in the accompanying claims.