Abstract:
This invention presents methods for estimating MU-MIMO channel information using SU-MIMO channel information to choose a modulation and channel coding appropriate for the quality of the MU-MIMO channels, for adaptively selecting MU-MIMO precoding methods based on estimations of a plural of UEs and for compensating hardware impairments in MU-MIMO pre-coding.

Description:
[0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/919,613, filed on Dec. 20, 2013. 
     
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0002]    This invention relates generally to wireless communications, and in particular, to the mechanism for a Base Station (BS) to estimate channel quality information (CQI) and apply adaptive precoding according to system information, Channel State Information (CSI) and the error of its estimation for each User Equipment (UE) in a large-scale MIMO wireless communication system. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    In a large-scale MIMO or massive MIMO system, the BS is equipped with dozens of or even hundreds of transmitting antennas. It has received enormous attention due to its ability for providing linear capacity growth without the need of increased power or bandwidth and is a key technique for the next generation wireless communication systems (e.g., beyond 4G, 5G). This advantage is realized by employing Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO) where the number of paired users is more than that of traditional systems. In this system, the BS selects users at each scheduling slot and transmits data to these users on the same time and frequency resource block. Precoding vectors are used to map the transmitting signals to the hundreds of transmitting antennas. In practical systems, when the channel quality of users is poor, a precoding matrix that matches the wireless channel can be applied to achieve the array gain such that it enhances the quality of the receive signals. One such precoding method is Conjugate Beamforming (CB). For CB precoding, the precoding vector of the kth user is w k   CB =c k h k   H  . When the channel quality is good, the multi-user interference is the major factor that affects the throughput of the system, hence a precoding vector that removes this interference is needed to enhance the system throughput. One such precoding method is Zero-Forcing (ZF). For ZF precoding, the precoding vector of the kth user is w k   ZF =p k (I−{tilde over (H)} k   H ({tilde over (H)} k {tilde over (H)} k   H ) −1  {tilde over (H)} k )h k   H , where {tilde over (H)} k  is the multi-user interference channel of the kth user defined as {tilde over (H)} k =[h 1   T  . . . h k−1   T  h k+1   T  . . . h K   T ] T . Moreover, because of system errors, e.g., limited feedback bandwidth or measurement errors, there always exist unavoidable CSI errors. As a result, it is a challenge for the BS to compare these two precoding methods and adaptively employ a preferred precoding method for the UEs. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0004]    This invention provides a method for solving a fundamental problem in MU-MIMIO, namely, how to estimate MU-MIMO CQI values for all UEs in a group when only single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO) CQI values of these UEs are available. This is important because MU-MIMO CQI values are needed to choose proper modulation and channel coding schemes. However, while SU-MIMO CQI may be determined from measurements using transmission of pilot or test signals, it is often impractical to directly determine MU-MIMO CQI from measurements using transmission of pilot or test signals. In the latter case, channel reciprocity in Time-Division Duplexing (TDD) channels does not help, and for both Frequency-Division Duplexing (FDD) and TDD channels, pilot or test signals must be transmitted by a BS using a MU-MIMO precoding to all UEs in the group, and the MU-MIMO CQI values need to be determined at each UE and fed back to the BS. In the embodiments of this invention, the MU-MIMO CQI can be estimated using the SU-MIMO CQI of the UEs in the group, thus significantly reducing the overhead needed for direct determination of MU-MIMO CQI from measurements, and making MU-MIMO more feasible. Once MU-MIMO CQI values are available, the proper modulation and channel coding can be selected and the sum rate of MU-MIMO using the chosen MU-MIMO precoding can be estimated. 
         [0005]    This invention provides an adaptive precoding method using the above MU-MIMO CQI estimation method and applies adaptive precoding for the users in a MU-MIMO user group. In this method, the BS collects system information, such as the number of transmitting antennas in the downlink, the number of UEs in a MU-MIMO user group, and information about each UE, such as Channel Quality Information (CQI) and the errors in the estimation of the CSI, referred to as CSI error. With this information, the BS could estimate the sum rate of one or more precoding methods, e.g., CB and ZF, respectively, and choose the precoding matrix with the larger sum rate. 
         [0006]    Hardware impairment, especially in UE, is a limiting factor in the performance of MU-MIMO system. The invention also provides a method for characterizing hardware impairments and using the data from the characterization to modify the precoding to compensate for the hardware impairments. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0007]      FIG. 1  is a flowchart of an embodiment for estimating MU-MIMO CQI from SU-MIMO CQI. 
           [0008]      FIG. 2  is an illustration of the operation process of adaptive precoding in a BS. 
           [0009]      FIG. 3  is an illustration of the process of a BS obtaining the Hardware Impairment Parameters (HIP) and the Current Temperatures (CT) of a UE. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0010]    Reference may now be made to the drawings wherein like numerals refer to like parts throughout. Exemplary embodiments of the invention may now be described. The exemplary embodiments are provided to illustrate aspects of the invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. When the exemplary embodiments are described with reference to block diagrams or flowcharts, each block represents a method step or an apparatus element for performing the method step. Depending upon the implementation, the corresponding apparatus element may be configured in hardware, software, firmware or combinations thereof. 
         [0011]    In the considered wireless communication system, the BS has N transmitting antennas in the downlink, while without loss of generality each UE has one receiving antenna. It is straightforward to generalize to UEs with more than one receiving antenna. 
         [0012]    Without loss of generality, we assume that the BS has selected UEs to be included in a MU-MIMO group, which means that the indices of the K UEs that may be scheduled on the same resource allocation are determined. Then, the BS begins the process of the estimation of MU-MIMO CQI from SU-MIMO CQI  1  which is presented in  FIG. 1 . First, the BS obtains the SU-MIMO CQI of each UE in the MU-MIMO UE group  2 . Then, the BS estimates the MU-MIMO CQI of each UE  3 . With the estimation of MU-MIMO CQI of each UE, the BS then determines the modulation and channel coding scheme of each UE  4 . After it, the process ends  5 . The embodiments may be carried out for each resource block, which is defined as several subcarriers in frequency domain or several Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols in the time domain. 
         [0013]    One embodiment is a method for estimating MU-MIMO CQI values  3  comprising a BS obtaining SU-MIMO CQI values of a plural of UEs  2 , which can be either by UEs transmitting test or pilot signals to the BS in case of reciprocal channels or BS transmitting test or pilot signals to the UEs and UEs feeding back their CQI values to the BS in case of non-reciprocal channels. Then, the BS estimates the MU-MIMO CQI values for the plural of UEs using the SU-MIMO CQI values. Formulas that can provide MU-MIMO CQI values for a plural of UEs using the SU-MIMO CQI values are listed below. 
         [0014]    The MU-MIMO CQI estimation formula depends on the selected precoding method, which includes at least CB and/or ZF. For example, the formula for CB is 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               SINR 
               k 
               CB 
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   α 
                   k 
                   2 
                 
                  
                 N 
               
               
                 K 
                 + 
                 
                   KN 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   
                     γ 
                     k 
                   
                 
                 - 
                 1 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           or 
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                 SINR 
                 k 
                 CB 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   α 
                   k 
                   2 
                 
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             j 
                             = 
                             1 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             j 
                             ≠ 
                             k 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     K 
                   
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   
                     | 
                     
                       
                         u 
                         k 
                       
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                         u 
                         j 
                         H 
                       
                     
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                       | 
                       2 
                     
                      
                     
                       
                         + 
                         K 
                       
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       
                         γ 
                         k 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    and the formula for ZF is 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               SINR 
               k 
               ZF 
             
             = 
             
               ( 
               
                 
                   
                     α 
                     k 
                     2 
                   
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       N 
                       - 
                       K 
                       + 
                       1 
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         1 
                         - 
                         
                           α 
                           k 
                           2 
                         
                         - 
                         
                           K 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           
                             γ 
                             k 
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         K 
                         - 
                         1 
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   + 
                   
                     NK 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     
                       γ 
                       k 
                     
                   
                 
               
               ) 
             
           
         
       
       
         
           or 
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                 SINR 
                 k 
                 ZF 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     
                       α 
                       k 
                       2 
                     
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         1 
                         - 
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   j 
                                   = 
                                   1 
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ≠ 
                                   k 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           K 
                         
                       
                        
                       
                           
                       
                       | 
                       
                         
                           u 
                           k 
                         
                          
                         
                           u 
                           j 
                           H 
                         
                       
                        
                       
                         | 
                         2 
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                   2 
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         1 
                         - 
                         
                           α 
                           k 
                           2 
                         
                         - 
                         
                           K 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           γ 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                      
                     
                       ∑ 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               j 
                               = 
                               1 
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               j 
                               ≠ 
                               k 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       K 
                     
                   
                    
                   
                       
                   
                   | 
                   
                     
                       u 
                       k 
                     
                      
                     
                       u 
                       j 
                       H 
                     
                   
                    
                   
                     | 
                     2 
                   
                    
                   
                     
                       + 
                       K 
                     
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     
                       γ 
                       k 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             , 
             
               
 
             
              
             or 
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                 SINR 
                 k 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   1 
                   - 
                   
                     
                       u 
                       k 
                     
                      
                     
                       
                         H 
                         ~ 
                       
                       k 
                       H 
                     
                      
                     
                       
                         H 
                         ~ 
                       
                       k 
                     
                      
                     
                       u 
                       k 
                       H 
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   K 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   
                     γ 
                     k 
                   
                 
               
             
             , 
             
               k 
               = 
               1 
             
             , 
             ⋯ 
             , 
             K 
             , 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where 1/γ k  is the reciprocal of the CQI of the kth UE, u k  is the normalized channel coefficient vector of the kth user (If u k  is not a unit norm, replace it with 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   u 
                   k 
                 
                 
                   ∥ 
                   
                     u 
                     k 
                   
                    
                   
                     ∥ 
                     2 
                   
                 
               
               ) 
             
             ; 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    the mutual interference channel of the kth UE is {tilde over (H)} k =[u i   T  . . . u k−1   T  u k+1   T  . . . u K   T ] T , and a k  is the CSI error of the kth UE. The method to acquire a k  by the BS is described in [ 0028 - 0032 ]. 
         [0015]    Furthermore, once estimates of the MU-MIMO CQI values are obtained, the BS chooses a modulation and channel coding appropriate for the quality of the MU-MIMO channels  4 . The BS may also choose a precoding that increases the sum rate of the plural of UEs. 
         [0016]    Another embodiment is a method for adaptive precoding using the above MU-MIMO CQI estimation, which is presented in  FIG. 2 . After the process starts  6 , the BS first determines the K UEs scheduled on the current resource allocation  7 . Next, the BS acquires the CQI values of the K UEs  8 . Based on these CQI values, the BS then acquires the channel correlation coefficients of the KUEs  9 . Then, the BS estimates the SU-MIMO throughput of each one of the K UEs and chooses the maximum values as the SU-MIMO throughput on the current resource allocation  10 . Next, the BS estimates the sum rate of the K UEs based on a first precoding method  11 . Then, the BS estimates the sum rate of the K UEs based on a second precoding method  12 . Next, the BS estimates the sum rate of the K UEs based on a hybrid precoding method  13 . With these estimates, the BS then chooses the precoding method which has the maximum estimated values  14 . After it, the process ends  15 . In this embodiment, the BS obtains the CQI values of the K UEs  8 , which are represented as 1/γ k , k=1, . . . , K. These values may be fed back to the BS by UEs through the uplink control channel, or by estimation in the uplink transmission using channel reciprocity. 
         [0017]    When the BS estimates the throughput of each of the K UEs  10 , one method is to calculate 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 C 
                 k 
                 SU 
               
               = 
               
                 log 
                  
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     1 
                     + 
                     
                       1 
                       
                         γ 
                         k 
                       
                     
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             , 
             
               k 
               = 
               1 
             
             , 
             ⋯ 
             , 
             K 
             , 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    and choose the maximum of these K values as C SU . 
         [0018]    The BS may estimate the sum rate of the MU-MIMO user group based on a first precoding  11 , e.g., CB. Methods of this calculation are listed below. 
         [0019]    CB-1: the BS estimates the sum rate of CB as 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               C 
               CB 
             
             = 
             
               
                 ∑ 
                 
                   i 
                   = 
                   1 
                 
                 K 
               
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 
                   log 
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         
                           α 
                           k 
                           2 
                         
                          
                         N 
                       
                       
                         K 
                         + 
                         
                           KN 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           
                             γ 
                             k 
                           
                         
                         - 
                         1 
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 . 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0020]    CB-2: the BS acquires the normalized channel coefficient vector of the kth user as u k . If u k  is not a unit norm, replace it with 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 u 
                 k 
               
               
                 ∥ 
                 
                   u 
                   k 
                 
                  
                 
                   ∥ 
                   2 
                 
               
             
             . 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    Then, the BS estimates the sum rate of 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               CB 
                
               
                   
               
                
               as 
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 C 
                 CB 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 ∑ 
                 
                   k 
                   = 
                   1 
                 
                 K 
               
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 log 
                  
                 
                   
                     
                       α 
                       k 
                       2 
                     
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 j 
                                 = 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 j 
                                 ≠ 
                                 k 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         K 
                       
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       
                         | 
                         
                           
                             u 
                             k 
                           
                            
                           
                             u 
                             j 
                             H 
                           
                         
                          
                         
                           | 
                           2 
                         
                          
                         
                           
                             + 
                             K 
                           
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           
                             γ 
                             k 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   . 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0021]    The BS may estimate the sum rate of the MU-MIMO user group based on a second precoding  12 , e.g., ZF. Methods of this calculation are listed below. 
         [0022]    ZF-1: the BS estimates the sum rate of the ZF precoding method according to 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               C 
               ZF 
             
             = 
             
               
                 ∑ 
                 
                   k 
                   = 
                   1 
                 
                 K 
               
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 
                   log 
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         
                           α 
                           k 
                           2 
                         
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             N 
                             - 
                             K 
                             + 
                             1 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               1 
                               - 
                               
                                 α 
                                 k 
                                 2 
                               
                               - 
                               
                                 K 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 
                                   γ 
                                   k 
                                 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                            
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               K 
                               - 
                               1 
                             
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         + 
                         
                           NK 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           
                             γ 
                             k 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 . 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0023]    ZF-2: the BS acquires the normalized channel coefficient vector of the kth user as u k . If u k  is not a unit norm, replace it with 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 u 
                 k 
               
               
                 ∥ 
                 
                   u 
                   k 
                 
                  
                 
                   ∥ 
                   2 
                 
               
             
             . 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    Then, the BS estimates tne sum rate of ZF as 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               C 
               ZF 
             
             = 
             
               
                 ∑ 
                 
                   k 
                   = 
                   1 
                 
                 K 
               
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 log 
                  
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           α 
                           k 
                           2 
                         
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             1 
                             - 
                             
                               ∑ 
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       j 
                                       = 
                                       1 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       j 
                                       ≠ 
                                       k 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                               K 
                             
                           
                            
                           
                               
                           
                           | 
                           
                             
                               u 
                               k 
                             
                              
                             
                               u 
                               j 
                               H 
                             
                           
                            
                           
                             | 
                             2 
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       2 
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             1 
                             - 
                             
                               α 
                               k 
                               2 
                             
                             - 
                             
                               K 
                                
                               
                                   
                               
                                
                               γ 
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                          
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   j 
                                   = 
                                   1 
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 
                                   j 
                                   ≠ 
                                   k 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           K 
                         
                       
                        
                       
                           
                       
                       | 
                       
                         
                           u 
                           k 
                         
                          
                         
                           u 
                           j 
                           H 
                         
                       
                        
                       
                         | 
                         2 
                       
                        
                       
                         
                           + 
                           K 
                         
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         
                           γ 
                           k 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   . 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0024]    Furthermore, the BS may divide the K UEs into two sets. The first set Ω 1  includes K 1  UEs with a first precoding, e.g., CB, while the second set Ω 2  includes the remaining K 2 =K−K 1  UEs with a second precoding. One possible method to divide the UEs is based on the SU-MIMO CQI, e.g., the UEs with SU-MIMO CQI values lower than a predefined threshold value belong to Ω 1  and the rest of the UEs belong to Ω 2 . Suppose that the UE indices of Ω 1  are {i 1 , . . . , i K     1   } and the UE indices of Ω 2  are {j 1 , . . . , j K     2   }. 
         [0025]    The BS estimates the sum rate of the UEs in set Ω 1  as 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               C 
               
                 CB 
                 , 
                 
                   Ω 
                   1 
                 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 ∑ 
                 
                   k 
                   = 
                   1 
                 
                 
                   K 
                   1 
                 
               
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 log 
                  
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     
                       
                         α 
                         
                           i 
                           k 
                         
                         2 
                       
                        
                       N 
                     
                     
                       K 
                       + 
                       
                         KN 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         
                           γ 
                           
                             i 
                             k 
                           
                         
                       
                       - 
                       1 
                     
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           or 
         
       
       
         
           
             
               C 
               
                 CB 
                 , 
                 
                   Ω 
                   1 
                 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 ∑ 
                 
                   k 
                   = 
                   1 
                 
                 K 
               
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 log 
                  
                 
                   
                     
                       α 
                       
                         i 
                         k 
                       
                       2 
                     
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 l 
                                 = 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                 l 
                                 ≠ 
                                 
                                   i 
                                   k 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         K 
                       
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       
                         | 
                         
                           
                             u 
                             
                               i 
                               k 
                             
                           
                            
                           
                             u 
                             l 
                             H 
                           
                         
                          
                         
                           | 
                           2 
                         
                          
                         
                           
                             + 
                             K 
                           
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           
                             γ 
                             
                               i 
                               k 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   . 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0026]    The BS estimates the sum rate of the UEs in set Ω 2  as 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               C 
               
                 ZF 
                 , 
                 
                   Ω 
                   2 
                 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 ∑ 
                 
                   k 
                   = 
                   1 
                 
                 
                   K 
                   2 
                 
               
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 log 
                  
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     
                       
                         α 
                         
                           j 
                           k 
                         
                         2 
                       
                        
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           N 
                           - 
                           
                             K 
                             2 
                           
                           + 
                           1 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             1 
                             - 
                             
                               α 
                               
                                 j 
                                 K 
                               
                               2 
                             
                             - 
                             
                               
                                 K 
                                 2 
                               
                                
                               
                                 γ 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   k 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               K 
                               2 
                             
                             - 
                             1 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       + 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             K 
                             1 
                           
                           - 
                           1 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         NK 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         
                           γ 
                           
                             j 
                             k 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           or 
         
       
       
         
           
             
               C 
               
                 ZF 
                 , 
                 
                   Ω 
                   2 
                 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 ∑ 
                 
                   k 
                   = 
                   1 
                 
                 
                   K 
                   2 
                 
               
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 
                   log 
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             α 
                             
                               j 
                               k 
                             
                             2 
                           
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               1 
                               - 
                               
                                 ∑ 
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       
                                         l 
                                         = 
                                         1 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   
                                     
                                       
                                         l 
                                         ≠ 
                                         
                                           j 
                                           k 
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 
                                   K 
                                   2 
                                 
                               
                             
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                             | 
                             
                               
                                 u 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   k 
                                 
                               
                                
                               
                                 u 
                                 l 
                                 H 
                               
                             
                              
                             
                               | 
                               2 
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                         2 
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               1 
                               - 
                               
                                 α 
                                 
                                   j 
                                   k 
                                 
                                 2 
                               
                               - 
                               
                                 
                                   K 
                                   2 
                                 
                                  
                                 
                                   γ 
                                   
                                     j 
                                     k 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                            
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     l 
                                     = 
                                     1 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     l 
                                     ≠ 
                                     
                                       j 
                                       k 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               K 
                               2 
                             
                           
                         
                          
                         
                             
                         
                         | 
                         
                           
                             u 
                             
                               j 
                               k 
                             
                           
                            
                           
                             u 
                             l 
                             H 
                           
                         
                          
                         
                           | 
                           2 
                         
                          
                         
                           + 
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               i 
                               ∈ 
                               
                                 Ω 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         | 
                         
                           
                             u 
                             
                               j 
                               k 
                             
                           
                            
                           
                             u 
                             i 
                             H 
                           
                         
                          
                         
                           | 
                           2 
                         
                          
                         
                           
                             + 
                             K 
                           
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           
                             γ 
                             
                               j 
                               k 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 . 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0027]    The BS estimates the sum rate of the K UEs based on the hybrid precoding  13  as C Hybrid =C CB,Ω     1   +C ZF,Ω     2   . After the BS obtains the values of C SU , C CB , C ZF , and C Hybrid , it compares these four values and chooses the precoding method which has the maximum or close to maximum estimated sum rate  14 . 
         [0028]    Once the adaptive precoding is completed on each resource block for the current time instant  15 , each resource block may have a different precoding method in the next time instant. 
         [0029]    In the formulas presented above, it is assumed that the BS acquires the CSI errors of the K users. Three methods are presented below for the BS to acquire the CSI errors. 
         [0030]    In the first method referred to as FDD-1 for a FDD system where the CSI is fed back by UEs, each UE calculates its correlation coefficient and feeds it back to the BS through the uplink control channel. At the UE side, it estimates the channel vector ĥ k  (represented as a column vector) between the BS and itself. Then, it quantizes ĥ k  as v k  (also a column vector) in a codebook set which is stored in the UE&#39;s memory. The correlation coefficient could be calculated as 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 α 
                 k 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   | 
                   
                     
                       
                         h 
                         ^ 
                       
                       k 
                       H 
                     
                      
                     
                       v 
                       k 
                     
                   
                   | 
                 
                 
                   ∥ 
                   
                     
                       h 
                       ^ 
                     
                     k 
                   
                    
                   
                     ∥ 
                     2 
                   
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where ∥x∥ 2  denotes the 2-norm defined as 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               ∥ 
               x 
                
               
                 ∥ 
                 2 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                       i 
                       = 
                       1 
                     
                     n 
                   
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   
                     | 
                     
                       x 
                       i 
                     
                      
                     
                       | 
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
               
               . 
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    Then, a k  is quantized and fed back to the BS through uplink control channel or shared data transmission channel. 
         [0031]    In the second method referred to as FDD-2 for an FDD system where the CSI is fed back by UEs, the CSI errors of all UEs are estimated as the same value as 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               α 
               = 
               
                 
                   α 
                   k 
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     1 
                     - 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           d 
                           2 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where d is the average distance between any two vectors in the codebook set. If the codebook includes M vectors, then M could be calculated as 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               d 
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     ∑ 
                     
                       i 
                       &lt; 
                       j 
                     
                   
                    
                   
                     
                       
                         1 
                         - 
                       
                       | 
                       
                         
                           v 
                           i 
                           H 
                         
                          
                         
                           v 
                           j 
                         
                       
                        
                       
                         | 
                         2 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   M 
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       M 
                       - 
                       1 
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where v i  and v j  are two different vectors in a codebook set. An alternative estimation is 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               α 
               = 
               
                 β 
                  
                 
                   
                     1 
                     - 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             d 
                             max 
                           
                           2 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where 0&lt;β&lt;1 is a scaling factor which may be determined by the BS itself, and d max  is the maximum distance between any two vectors in the codebook set. 
         [0032]    The third method referred to as TDD-1 is for a TDD system where the downlink CSI is acquired by the BS employing the channel reciprocity of the uplink transmission. Let the uplink channel quality of the kth user be SNR k   UL , then one possible way to estimate the channel coefficient is 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 α 
                 k 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     SNR 
                     k 
                     UL 
                   
                   
                     
                       SNR 
                       k 
                       UL 
                     
                     + 
                     g 
                   
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where the parameter g is a function of the number of the transmitting antennas of BS, e.g., g=N. 
         [0033]    Furthermore, a k  may be modified by the BS according to the Hardware Impairment Parameters (HIP) and the Current Temperatures (CT) of the UE to compensate for the effects caused by impairments of the UE&#39;s hardware. 
         [0034]    Hardware impairment is a limiting factor in MU-MIMO. In one embodiment, the BS uses information about the circuits in the BS and/or the UEs, such as the information included in the HIP of a UE and the CT at which the UE is operating, to modify the precoding to compensate for the effects caused by imperfections and nonlinearities in the hardware. The HIP of an UE may include parameters that capture the imperfections and nonlinearities in the hardware of the UE. The HIP may also include these parameters under different operating temperatures. The HIP of a UE may be characterized at factory or before being sold or given to a user. This can be done using an automated test equipment, which may include a temperature chamber that tests the UE under different temperatures in the operating temperature range to obtain its HIP. The HIP, including its variations under different temperatures, may be stored in a database, or the UE or both. The process of a BS obtaining the HIP and CT of a UE is presented in  FIG. 3 . The process begins  16  when a UE accesses a wireless network  17 , typically for the first time. Then, the service BS acquires the Unique Device Identity (UDID) information of the UE  18 . The BS may then use the UDID to request the HIP and CT from a database  19 , which may be connected to the backbone network or at a centralized processing node. The database may also be shared by the networks of multiple carriers. The BS checks if the information can be found from the database  20 . If the BS succeeds in retrieving the HIP and CT information for the UDID, the process ends  24 . The BS may request the UE to periodically send the UE&#39;s CT to the BS and the BS uses the CT to determine the proper HIP to use for the UE. If the BS could not retrieve the HIP and CT information for the UDID, it may send a request to inform the UE to feed back its HIP and CT  21 . After receiving this request, the UE sends its HIP and CT to its service BS through the uplink control channel or shared data channel  22 . The BS may sends the HIP and CT to a database for storage  23  so that in the future, the same UE will no longer be required to send its HIP to a BS in the network or any BS that can access the database. The BS may also store a copy of the HIP locally for faster processing. Furthermore, when handover is needed as a UE moves from the ith BS to the jth BS, the ith BS may send the HIP and CT information to the jth BS through the backbone or some other connection between them. In an embodiment in which multiple BSs share a centralized node for baseband processing the HIP and the CT may be stored or cached at the centralized node, thus accessible to all neighboring BSs and reducing handover overhead. Since the HIP includes characterization of the hardware impairments at different temperatures, a service BS may require or receive the CT from a UE periodically so that it can apply the HIP at the correct CT for the processing to compensate for the hardware impairments. 
         [0035]    Although the foregoing descriptions of the preferred embodiments of the present inventions have shown, described, or illustrated the fundamental novel features or principles of the inventions, it is understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form of the detail of the methods, elements or apparatuses as illustrated, as well as the uses thereof, may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present inventions. Hence, the scope of the present inventions should not be limited to the foregoing descriptions. Rather, the principles of the inventions may be applied to a wide range of methods, systems, and apparatuses, to achieve the advantages described herein and to achieve other advantages or to satisfy other objectives as well.