Abstract:
A method of making antimicrobial quaternary ammonium polymers, comprising: a) mixing 1,4-bis-dimethylamino-2-butene, water, a first portion of triethanolamine and a first portion of acid; b) adding a 1,4-dihalo-2-butene and heating the reaction mixture; c) adding a second portion of triethanolamine and a second portion of acid, and d) isolating a quaternary ammonium polymer having a molecular weight of at least 26 k.

Description:
RELATED CASES 
     This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/609,422, entitled Polyquaternium-1 Synthesis Methods, filed Apr. 17, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,705,112 which is incorporated herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present embodiments relate to an improved method of synthesizing high molecular weight polyquaternium-1 and related molecules for use as antimicrobial agents in contact lens solutions. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Quaternary ammonium polymers in which the ammonium moieties are part of the linear polymeric chains have been used as antimicrobial agents in several industries. Polyquaternium-1 (PQ1) is a polymeric quaternary ammonium anti-microbial agent that has been used, for example, in preserving ophthalmic compositions and disinfecting contact lenses. PQ1 is effective against bacteria, algae and fungi. Its chemical name is poly[(dimethyliminio)-2-butene-1,4-diyl chloride], α-[4-[tris(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonio]-2-butenyl]-ω-[tris(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonio]-dichloride. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,931,319, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference, describes a two-step method for PQ1 synthesis which requires a high reaction temperature. This leads to significant degradation of the target molecule into impurities from which the desired PQ1 is difficult to separate. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,027,020, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference, describes a procedure for polyquaternium-1 synthesis which results in less degradation of the resulting PQ1 than the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,931,319 but still produces a rather low yield. The procedure disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,027,020 entails mixing 1,4-bis-dimethylamino-2-butene with triethanolamine (TEA), the molar ratio of the 1,4-bis-dimethylamino-2-butene to the TEA amine being from 2:1 to 30:1 followed by the addition of 1,4-dichloro-butene to the mixture in a molar amount equal to the sum of the molar amount of the 1,4-bis-dimethylamino-2-butene plus one-half the molar amount of TEA. The reaction time is 1-10 hours. 
     A major weakness of the method taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,027,020 is that the TEA end-capping efficiency is low. As such, the final product contains a significant amount of polymers with no end caps or polymers end-capped with groups other than TEA. These malformed polymers are difficult to separate from polyquaternium-1 because of the similarity in the main chain of the polymeric molecules. Degraded or malformed polymers of PQ1 have reduced anti-bacterial efficacy and cannot substitute for PQ1 in clinical use. 
     Soft contact lenses usually attract and accumulate quaternary ammonium antimicrobial agents during the lens cleaning/disinfecting/storing cycles. The accumulated antimicrobial agents in the lens are subsequence released once the lens is put in to the eye, causing the contact lens wearer&#39;s eye irritation. An effective way to reduce the antimicrobial agents lens uptake is to use low concentration antimicrobial agents. This requires that the antimicrobial agents are of high efficacy. Another way to reduce the eye irritation is to use less cytotoxic antimicrobial agents in MPS. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     One object of the invention is to provide a method of making antimicrobial quaternary ammonium polymers, comprising:
         a) mixing 1,4-bis-dimethylamino-2-butene, water, a first portion of triethanolamine and a first portion of acid;   b) adding a 1,4-dihalo-2-butene and heating the reaction mixture;   c) adding a second portion of triethanolamine and a second portion of acid, and   d) isolating a quaternary ammonium polymer having an average molecular weight determined using the proton NMR method of at least 26 k, preferably greater than 26K or at least 28 k.       

     Another object of the invention is to provide a method of making Polyquaternium-1, comprising:
     a) mixing 1,4-bis-dimethylamino-2-butene, water, a first portion of triethanolamine and a first portion of acid;   b) introducing a 1,4-dihalo-2-butene and heating the reaction mixture;   c) adding a second portion of triethanolamine and a second portion of acid, and   d) isolating Polyquaternium-1 having an average molecular weight determined using the proton NMR method of 26 k or more, preferably greater than 26 k or at least 28 k, at a yield of at least about 50%   

    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows GPC chromatograms for the products of comparative example 1 having no acid added to the reaction mixture. 
         FIG. 2  shows a UV absorbance spectrum of the large PQ1 molecules according to comparative example 1 (without acid added) with peaks at retention times 6.3 minutes and 9.5 minutes. 
         FIG. 3  shows the GPC chromatograms for the products of example 1 having acid added. 
         FIG. 4  shows the UV absorbance spectrum of the synthesized crude product in example 1 at 6 hours reaction time, with peaks at retention times 6.3 and 9.5 minutes. 
         FIG. 5  shows the GPC chromatograms for the products of the reaction as described in comparative example 2. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Various multipurpose lens care solutions have been developed over the years to ensure that contact lenses are essentially pathogen and deposit free. These contact lens solutions typically include anti-microbial substances as well as cleaning (active against both lipids and proteins), wetting, conditioning, and other agents for the disinfection and cleaning of contact lenses during storage after wear. So-called, multipurpose solutions (MPS) can disinfect and clean without harming the eye or lens in addition to wetting. 
     In accordance with the present invention, high molecular weight PQ1 is more efficacious in killing microorganisms and less toxic to the eye than low molecular weight PQ-1. 
     The present embodiments relate to improved methods for the synthesis of high molecular weight quaternary ammonium polymers by adding triethanolamine (TEA) in two separate stages. The method involves addition of acid to the reaction mixture in separate stages as well. The overall method prevents impurity generation and the degradation of synthetic quaternary ammonium polymers, including PQ1, during the reaction. Recent experiments have shown that past methods of synthesizing quaternary ammonium polymers are not as efficient as originally thought. This is due in party to the fact that too little TEA was used in the reaction admixture. 
     Regardless of the molar ratio of TEA used, PQ1 synthesized by conventional methods described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,027,020 and 3,931,319 invariably result in significant PQ1 degradation during the reaction process. The molecular structure of PQ1 can be expressed as: 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The majority of the degraded molecules are: 
     A) (HOC 2 H 4 ) 3 NCH 2 CH═CHCH 2 (N(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 CH═CHCH 2 ) n-1 N(CH 3 ) 2  and 
     B) H 2 C═CHCH═CH(N(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 CH═CHCH 2 )mN(HOC 2 H 4 OH) 3 . 
     These degraded molecules are difficult to separate from PQ1, since both are polymeric quaternary amine-based like PQ1. Degraded or malformed polymers of PQ1 have reduced anti-bacterial efficacy and cannot be substituted for PQ1 in clinical use. 
     Nucleophilic substitution reactions involving alkyl halides are well known in the literature. A nucleophilic agent is a Lewis base which can donate an unshared pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond. (HOC 2 H 4 ) 3 NH +  is a Lewis acid and, therefore, does not normally react with ClCH 2 CH═CHCH 2 (N(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 CH═CHCH 2 ) n -1N(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 CH═CHCH 2 Cl in the end-capping step of the reaction to form PQ1. Therefore, the current literature view is that acids should be avoided in the nucleophilic reaction of the present embodiments for fear that acid could convert the nucleophilic agent (HOC 2 H 4 ) 3 N into inactive (HOC 2 H 4 ) 3 NH +  ions. However, contrary to the current literature view, the present embodiments relate to a synthesis wherein the addition of acid to the reaction mixture does not prevent the TEA end-capping reaction. 
     U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/609,422, describes an acid catalyzed method for PQ1 synthesis. In this method all the raw materials, such as 1,4-bis-dimethylamino-2-butene (DA), TEA, 1,4-dichloro-2-butene (DCB) and an acid (e.g., HCl), mixed together directly. The following two reactions start simultaneously: 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     In the methods of the prior art that do not include the addition of acid to the reaction mixture, when 1,4-bis-dimethylamino-2-butene, triethanolamine and water are mixed, the hydroxide concentration is very high, usually greater than about 10 −3  M. Since the nucleophilicity of hydroxide is much stronger than that of TEA and 1,4-bis-dimethylamino-2-butene, large amounts of 1,4-dihalo-2-butene are attacked by hydroxide in the prior art methods, resulting in HOCH 2 CH═CHCH 2 Cl or HOCH 2 CH═CHCH 2 OH. As discussed below, hydroxide also competes with TEA in the end-capping reaction of PQ1, resulting low yield and high impurities for PQ1. Therefore, in the present embodiments the presence of acid is advantageous in the reaction admixture to prevent PQ1 degradation, improve the reaction yield and reduce product impurity, regardless of the molar ratio of 1,4-bis-dimethylamino-2-butene to triethanolamine. 
     Significant PQ1 degradation during the synthesis process can be prevented by adding acid to the reaction admixture. Addition of acid greatly reduces the formation of degraded impurities and increases the yield of PQ1 in the reaction. 
     In the present method, the molar amount of DCB should be: (1) enough to cap the two ends of the product of Reaction 1, and (2) maintain a certain amount of excess, so that the PQ1 chain-length extension of Reaction 1 is fast enough to avoid hydrolysis of the end cap group —CH 2 Cl to —CH 2 OH. A portion of the TEA is added after Reaction 1 is completed so that Reaction 2 can take place before the end capped —CH 2 Cl groups are hydrolyzed. 
     Since DCB is a very toxic material, the excess amount must be neutralized by TEA by the end of the reaction. This is usually achieved by adding a large excess of TEA to the reaction mixture. However, a problem arises because that the molecular weight of the resulting PQ1 is not as high as desired. This is because the existence of large a excess of TEA also accelerates the end group capping Reaction 2, and so the antimicrobial activity of the product is reduced. Whenever a TEA molecule reacts with the —CH 2 Cl group of the product in Reaction 1, that side of the PQ1 chain stops chain growth. 
     According to the present invention, if the total amount of TEA is divided into two parts, so that one part is added before Reaction 1, and the second part is added 10 minutes to 8 hours after the process begins, the product&#39;s molecular weight is much higher than by using a one-step TEA addition. In this way the hydrolysis reaction of the end cap group —CH 2 Cl can be avoided but the excess amount of DCB can still be neutralized. 
     In general, the synthesis of PQ1 involves a 1,4-dihalo-2-butene including, for example, 1,4-dichloro-2-butene, 1,4-difluoro-2-butene, 1,4-dibromo-2-butene, and/or 1,4-diiodo-2-butene. In a preferred embodiment, the 1,4-dihalo-2-butene is 1,4-dichloro-2-butene. 
     The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes only, and are in no way intended to limit the scope of the present invention. 
     Comparative Example 1 
     PQ1 was synthesized as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,027,020 using a reactant admixture of 1,4-bis-dimethylamino-2-butene with TEA in which the molar ratio of 1,4-bis-dimethylamino-2-butene to TEA was about 5:1 and the molar ratio of 1,4-dichloro-butene to 1,4-bis-dimethylamino-2-butene was about 1.1:1. The reaction was carried out at 65° C. The proton NMR spectra were obtained for the final product after it was purified with ultrafiltration. The results are summarized in Table 1, where the peaks at the chemical shift of 6.5 ppm and 3.7 ppm are for vinyl protons in repeating units and allylic protons adjacent to the nitrogen in the ending group of the PQ1 molecules, respectively. 
     Table 1 one shows that the TEA end-capping efficiency is low in 6 hours reaction at which the reaction was believed by the authors of the U.S. Pat. No. 4,027,020 to be complete. The reaction time was then extended from 6 to 10 hours and the results show that the amount of proton in the end cap group of the polymers is still increasing. Therefore, the end-capping reaction for PQ1 synthesis is not completed at 6 hours and is approximately only 71% complete. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Peak area at 6.5 
                 Peak area at 3.7 
               
               
                 Reaction Time 
                 ppm Chemical shift 
                 ppm Chemical shift 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 6 hours 
                 1.000 
                 0.0343 
               
               
                 10 hours  
                 1.000 
                 0.0481 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The low end-capping efficiency is due to the low amount of TEA in the reactant admixture. The low TEA concentration in the reaction mixture slows down its kinetic reaction rate with ClCH 2 CH═CHCH 2 (N(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 CH═CHCH 2 ) n CH 2 CH═CHCH 2 Cl. Meanwhile, water molecules and hydroxide ions (OH—) in the solution may compete with TEA to form OHCH 2 CH═CHCH 2 (N(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 CH═CHCH 2 ) n CH 2 CH═CHCH 2 OH. 
       FIGS. 1   a ,  1   b  and  1   c  represent the GPC chromatograms for PQ1 synthesized with admixtures of 1 mole of 1,4-bis-dimethylamino-2-butene, 0.9 moles of TEA, and 1.15 moles of 1,4-dichlo-butene at 65° C. at 2, 6 and 10 hours respectively. A GPC-HPLC chromatograph was used to trace the PQ1 molecular size. The experimental conditions were: an aqueous solution of 0.045 M KH 2 PO 4 , 0.45% NaCl and 9.1% CH 3 CN as a mobile phase in a Phenomenex BioSep-SEC-S 2000 column and an Agilent 1100 Series HPLC system equipped with PDA detector. PQ1 molecules have an absorbance peak at 205 nm but do not have an absorbance peak at 228 nm. However, the degraded molecules have an absorbance maximum at 228 nm. Therefore the detection wavelengths of 205 nm and 228 nm are used to trace PQ1 and its degradated segments, respectively, during the reaction process. 
     The broad peak shown in  FIGS. 1   a ,  1   b  and  1   c  which ranges from 6 to 10 minutes retention time represents polymeric molecules of PQ1 and its degraded products. The larger the polymeric molecules, the shorter the retention time will be. The water solvent peak locates at about 10 minutes. The peaks beyond 10 minutes represent non-polymeric small molecules of either the reactants or bi-products. 
     As can be seen in  FIG. 2 , the crude PQ1 product synthesized as described in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,027,020 without adding acid shows absorbance at 228 nm. The absorbance peak shifts to a longer retention time with increase of reaction time from 8.4 min at 2 hours (see  FIG. 1   a ) to 9 minutes at 10 hours (see  FIG. 1   c ).  FIG. 2  further shows that the spectrum of the large PQ1 molecules at retention time of 6.3 minutes has no absorbance at 228 nm and that the spectrum at 9.5 minutes possess a strong absorbance at 228 nm. Clearly, there are two or more types of different polymeric quaternary amines generated in the product mixture. The large polymers are close to PQ1 and the small polymers correspond to the degraded PQ1. 
     In the present embodiments, any acid can be used in the synthetic method. In preferred embodiments, the acid used does not contain a strong nucleophilic group. Preferred acids include HCl, H 2 SO 4 , and H 3 PO 4  but the present embodiments are not limited to these acids. Additional suitable acids include acetic acid, succinic acid, and citric acid, among others. 
     Comparative Example 2 
       FIG. 5  shows the GPC chromatograms for the products of the reaction as described above in Comparative Example 1 except with a specific reaction admixture of 1 mole of 1,4-bis-dimethylamino-2-butene, 1.2 moles of TEA, and 1.2 moles of 1,4-dichlo-butene at 60° C. for 18 hours. No acid was added to the reaction admixture. 
     The severe degradation during synthesis process is shown with strong absorption at 228 nm. The long retention time also indicates that PQ1 was degraded into smaller molecular size. Another indication of PQ1 degradation in the absence of acid is the increase of peak area at the retention time of 10.5 minutes over reaction time from  FIGS. 1 and 5 . This peak corresponds to non-polymeric small molecules with similar absorbance spectrum maximum at 225 nm as that of 228 nm for one of the degraded PQ1 molecules. It is likely that all PQ1 will eventually be degraded in to the small molecules during reaction or storage if the time is long enough. 
     Comparative Example 3 
     In order to prevent the side end-capping reaction and increase the main end-capping reaction rate, the amount of TEA in the admixture of the reactants was increased. Table 2 shows the proton NMR spectrum data for PQ1 synthesized at 65° C. with admixture of 1 mole of 1,4-bis-dimethylamino-2-butene, 0.9 moles of TEA, and 1.15 moles of 1,4-dichlo-butene (the molar ratio of 1,4-bis-dimethylamino-2-butene with TEA is 1.11:1 instead of 5:1 as in Example 1 above). The far right column of Table 2 lists the end-capping percentage over the reaction time. It can be seen that even at the presence of large excess amount of TEA, the reaction is still not complete until a time of 4 hours. See  FIGS. 1 and 2 . 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Peak area at 6.5 
                 Peak area at 3.7 
                 End-capping 
               
               
                 Reaction Time 
                 ppm Chemical shift 
                 ppm Chemical shift 
                 efficiency 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 2 hours 
                 1.000 
                 0.108 
                 94.7%  
               
               
                 4 hours 
                 1.000 
                 0.114 
                 100% 
               
               
                 6 hours 
                 1.000 
                 0.114 
                 100% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Example 1 
     10.14 grams (71.3 mmoles) of 1,4-bis-dimethylamino-2-butene, 6.4 grams (42.8 mmoles) of TEA, 4.92 ml of 6N HCl (29.5 mmoles), 18.8 grams of water and a stir bar were combined in a 100 ml three-mouth flask. The flask was submerged into an ice water bath. 9.8 grams of (78.4 mmoles) of 1,4-dichloro-2-butene were slowly added drop-wise into the flask under constant stirring. The ice-bath was removed after the 1,4-dichloro-2-butene was completely added and the flask was submerged in a warm-water bath (25-40° C.) for 20 minutes. The water bath was heated until the temperature inside the flask reached 70° C. The reaction was stopped after 21 hours by removing the flask from the water bath. Variations can be made to the procedure by those skilled in the art for larger scale production to release the heat generated at the initial stage of the reaction before raising the temperature to above 60° C. 
       FIGS. 3   a ,  3   b  and  3   c  are the GPC chromatograms for the above admixtures with HCl added. The peak at 205 nm in each chromatogram shows the presence of PQ1, while the lack of peak at 228 nm indicates the absence of degradation products.  FIG. 4  is the spectra of the synthesized crude product at 6 hours reaction time at 6.3 and 9.5 minutes retention time, respectively. It can be seen that there is no absorbance at 228 nm in the whole 10 hours reaction period when the acid is added to the reaction mixture, indicating that no degraded PQ1 has been formed.  FIG. 4  further confirms that there is no absorbance peak at 228 nm at the whole retention time range of 6-10 minutes. This result indicates that the addition of the acid effectively prevented the formation of degraded PQ1. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of Peak Retention Time for the Products 
               
               
                 Synthesized with and without Acid 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Peak retention time without 
                 Peak retention time with 
               
               
                   
                 acid 
                 acid 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Reaction Time 
                 205 nm 
                 228 nm 
                 205 nm 
                 228 nm 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2 hours 
                 6.7 
                 8.4 
                 6.9 
                 no peak 
               
               
                 6 hours 
                 7.3 
                 8.9 
                 6.9 
                 no peak 
               
               
                 10 hours  
                 7.6 
                 9.0 
                 6.9 
                 no peak 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The absorbance at 205 nm is mainly from the molecule back-bone structure. Table 3 further shows that the polymer molecular size distribution measured at 205 nm is stable in the system where the acid is added. 
     As one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, the above crude PQ1 products can be purified by removing the excess amount of TEA, the acid, 1,4-dichloro-2-butene and other small molecule byproduct/impurities which are shown up at the retention time of &gt;10 minutes in  FIGS. 1 and 3  using methanol and/or acetone as solvents. 
     Example 2 
     Polyquaternium-1 Synthesis Procedure for Sample #2 in Table 4 
     10.14 grams (71.3 mmoles) of 1,4-bis-dimethylamino-2-butene, 6.4 grams (42.8 mmoles) of TEA, 4.92 ml of 6N HCl (29.5 mmoles), 18.8 grams of water and a stir bar were combined in a 100 ml three-mouth flask. The flask was then submerged into an ice water bath. 9.8 grams (78.4 mmoles) of 1,4-dichloro-2-butene were added (drop-wise) into the flask under constant stirring. The ice-bath was removed after all of the 1,4-dichloro-2-butene was completely added and the flask was submerged into a warm-water bath (25-40° C.) for 20 minutes. The water bath was heated until the temperature in the flask reached 70° C. The reaction was stopped after 21 hours by removing the flask from the water bath. 
     Table 4 lists PQ1 synthesized with addition of acid to the reaction mixture. Each sample was prepared as described above for Sample #2 except with different molar ratios of reactants. No absorbance was observed at 228 nm, i.e., no degradation of PQ1 occurred for any of the samples. The molecular weight was measured by the proton NMR method. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Reaction 
                 PQ1 
               
               
                 Sample 
                 Molar ratio 
                 Reaction 
                 Temper- 
                 Molecular 
               
             
          
           
               
                 # 
                 DA*/TEA 
                 DA/DCB*/HCl 
                 Time 
                 ature 
                 weight 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 0.83 
                 1/1.2/0.83 
                 5 hours 
                 70° C. 
                 6.94k 
               
               
                 2 
                 1.67 
                 1/1.1/0.41 
                 21 hours  
                 70° C. 
                 11.4k 
               
               
                 3 
                 1.25 
                 1/1.1/0.55 
                 8 hours 
                 75° C. 
                  9.3k 
               
               
                 4 
                 0.83 
                 1/1.2/0.83 
                 8 hours 
                 60° C. 
                  7.7k 
               
               
                 5 
                 1.11 
                 1/1.15/0.62 
                 6 hours 
                 60° C. 
                   10k 
               
               
                 6 
                 5.0 
                 1/1.1/1 
                 18 hours  
                 75° C. 
                   26k 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *DA = 1,4-bis-dimethylamino-2-butene, DCB = 1,4-dichloro-butene 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,027,020, PQ1 synthesis without the addition of acid to the reaction mixture is not effective outside the range of DA/TEA molar ratio of 2:1-30:1. Table 4 above shows that the methods of the present embodiments are effective with a much larger ranger of DA/TEA molar ratios. In some embodiments, PQ1 can be effectively formed at DA/TEA molar ratio&lt;2:1. In fact, the molecular size of PQ1 is related to the ratio of DA/TEA: the higher the ratio, the higher the PQ1 molecular weight. 
     The preferred molar ratio of the total amines (DA+TEA) to acid is from about 10:1 to about 1:2 and most preferably from about 5:1 to about 1:1. The preferred DA/TEA ratio is from about 0.3:1 to about 30:1 and most preferably from 0.8:1 to about 5:1. 
     The molecular weights are deduced from the proton NMR spectrum of the product according to the equation: mw=133.5 (6 u/v−1)+290, where u is the peak area at the chemical shift of 6.5 ppm which is from the vinyl protons in the repeating units, and v is peak area at the chemical shift of 3.7 ppm which is from the allylic protons adjacent to nitrogen in the ending groups of the PQ1 molecules. This will be referred to as the proton 
     NMR method. 
     Example 3 
     An experiment was done to test the anti-bacterial effect of PQ1 synthesized in the presence of acid in comparison to PQ1 molecules synthesized without the presence of acid. Several contact lens multi-purpose solutions were formulated by dissolving the ingredients in Table 5 in deionized water. Antimicrobial activity was tested by methods known in the art against the FDA contact lens disinfection panel. Log reductions at 6 hours solution contact are reported at the bottom of Table 5. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 % w/w 
                 % w/w 
                 % w/w 
                 % w/w 
                 % w/w 
                 % w/w 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 PQ1 synthesized with acid added 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (sample# 5 in Table 4) 
                 PQ1 synthesized without acid * 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 PQ-1 
                 0.000075 
                 0.0001 
                 0.00015 
                 0.000075 
                 0.0001 
                 0.00015 
               
               
                 Hydroxypropylmethyl- 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
               
               
                 cellulose (HPMC) 
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 0.59 
                 0.59 
                 0.59 
                 0.59 
                 0.59 
                 0.59 
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 0.14 
                 0.14 
                 0.14 
                 0.14 
                 0.14 
                 0.14 
               
               
                 Tris HCl 
                 0.055 
                 0.055 
                 0.055 
                 0.055 
                 0.055 
                 0.055 
               
               
                 Tris (base) 
                 0.021 
                 0.021 
                 0.021 
                 0.021 
                 0.021 
                 0.021 
               
               
                 Taurine 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 Poloxamer 237 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 Edetate Disodium 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
               
               
                 Propylene Glycol 
                 0.50 
                 0.50 
                 0.50 
                 0.50 
                 0.50 
                 0.50 
               
               
                 Purified Water 
                 98.38 
                 98.38 
                 98.38 
                 98.38 
                 98.38 
                 98.38 
               
               
                 Log drop at 6 hours 
               
               
                   S. marcescens  13880 
                 2.12 
                 2.18 
                 2.18 
                 0.01 
                 0.14 
                 0.37 
               
               
                   C. albicans  10231 
                 0.36 
                 0.54 
                 0.45 
                 0.21 
                 0.21 
                 0.17 
               
               
                   P. aeruginosa  9027 
                 &gt;5.00 
                 &gt;5.00 
                 &gt;5.00 
               
               
                   S. aureus  6538 
                 2.89 
                 2.99 
                 3.32 
               
               
                   F. solani  36031 
                 2.65 
                 2.90 
                 3.40 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 * Synthesized according to the conditions described in Comparative Example 2 except the reaction time is 40 hours. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As can be seen in Table 5, above, the antimicrobial activity is reduced considerably when PQ1 is generated without the presence of acid; that is, when PQ1 is degraded. Killing 99.999% of bacteria in a sample may be express as a 5 log reduction. Killing 99.999% of microbes means that 0.001% of the microbes survived. We started with 100% microbes and Log (100%)=0. If we have 0.001% surviving microbes, then Log (0.001%)=−5. The reduction or killing of the microbes at log scale is 0−(−5)=5. So, in the disinfecting community, 99.999% killing is called a 5 log reduction. 
     Comparative Example 4 
     PQ1 was also synthesized with the method disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/609,422, with the same amount 1,4-bis-dimethylamino-2-butene, total TEA, total 6N HCl, 1,4-dichloro-2-butene and water, and with the same reaction temperature and time, as was shown in Example 4, except the second part of TEA/HCl mixture was combined with the first part of TEA/HCl mixture. That is, 41.2 mmoles of 1,4-bis-dimethylamino-2-butene, 16.6 mmoles of TEA, 12 mmoles of HCl and 10 grams of water were combined in a 50 ml three-mouth flask. 44.8 mmoles of 1,4-dichloro-2-butene were slowly added drop-wise into the flask under constant stirring. After the 1,4-dichloro-2-butene was completely added the flask was heated until the temperature inside the flask reached 70° C. The reaction was stopped after 6 hours by removing the flask from the water bath. The molecular weight of PQ1 measured by  1 H NMR is about 14,000 Dalton. 
     Example 4 
     5.86 grams (41.2 mmoles) of 1,4-bis-dimethylamino-2-butene, 1.24 grams (8.3 mmoles) of TEA, 1 ml of 6N HCl (6 mmoles), 10 grams of water and a stir bar were combined in a 50 ml three-mouth flask. 5.6 grams of (44.8 mmoles) of 1,4-dichloro-2-butene were slowly added drop-wise into the flask under constant stirring. After the 1,4-dichloro-2-butene was completely added the flask was heated until the temperature inside the flask reached 70° C. One hour later, another mixture of 1.24 grams of TEA and 1 ml of 6N HCl was added to the flask. The reaction was stopped after 6 hours by removing the flask from the water bath. The molecular weight of PQ1 measured by  1 H NMR is about 34,000 Dalton. Thus, it may be seen that adding the TEA and acid in two parts significantly increased the MW of the PQ1. 
     One of ordinary skill in the art will understand how to vary this procedure to scale it up for larger production. For example, variations can be made to the procedure for larger scale the production to release the heat generated at the initial stage of the reaction before raising the temperature to above 60° C. 
     High Mw PQ1 as an Antimicrobial Agent in MPS 
     High molecular weight PQ1 has much higher antimicrobial activities than low molecular weight PQ1 at the same concentration level. Therefore, the eye irritation can be reduced or avoided by using high molecular weight PQ1 as a preservative/disinfecting agent for MPS or ophthalmic compositions. 
     The examples below show that the activity enhancement for Sm, Fs and Ap is very significant when the PQ1 average molecular weight is increased from 6-7 k to about 22-34 k. 
     Table 6 shows antimicrobial activities for two 0.75 ppm PQ1 solutions with NMR average molecular weight of 30,000 and 7,000 Dalton, respectively. The tests were conducted in test tube with 0.3% organic soil added and without contact lens. The increase in activity with increase of molecular weight is listed in the right column. As may be seen, the higher MW PQ1 had much stronger activity against  S. marcescens, F. solani  and  C. albicans  than the 6K PQ1. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Log drop increase 
               
               
                   
                 #1 
                 #2 
                 with PQ1 MW 
               
               
                 Ingredients 
                 % w/w 
                 % w/w 
                 increase 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 30K PQ1 
                 0.000075 
                   
                   
               
               
                 7k PQ1 
                   
                 0.000075 
               
               
                 Boric acid 
                 0.60 
                 0.60 
               
               
                 Sodium Borate-10H20 
                 0.18 
                 0.18 
               
               
                 NaCl 
                 0.40 
                 0.40 
               
               
                 EDTA 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 Tetronic 904 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 Pluronic F87 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 Log drops @ 6 hours 
               
               
                   S. marcescens  13880 
                 2.98 
                 1.58 
                 1.4 
               
               
                   C. albicans  10231 
                 3.43 
                 2.77 
                 0.66 
               
               
                   F. solani  36031 
                 4.17 
                 2.45 
                 1.72 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Table 7 shows antimicrobial activities for two 1.5 ppm PQ1 solutions with NMR average molecular weight of 30,000 and 7,000 Dalton, respectively. The tests were also conducted in test tube with 0.3% organic soil added and without contact lens. The increase in activity with increase of molecular weight is listed in the right column. As may be seen, the higher MW PQ1 has stronger activity against  S. marcescens, F. solani  and  C. albicans  than the 6K PQ1. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Log drop increase 
               
               
                   
                 #3 
                 #4 
                 with PQ1 MW 
               
               
                 Ingredients 
                 % w/w 
                 % w/w 
                 increase 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 30K PQ1 
                 0.00015 
                   
                   
               
               
                 7k PQ1 
                   
                 0.00015 
               
               
                 Boric acid 
                 0.60 
                 0.60 
               
               
                 Sodium Borate-10H20 
                 0.18 
                 0.18 
               
               
                 NaCl 
                 0.40 
                 0.40 
               
               
                 EDTA 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 Tetronic 904 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 Pluronic F87 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 Log drops @ 6 hours 
               
               
                   S. marcescens  13880 
                 3.19 
                 2.56 
                 0.63 
               
               
                   C. albicans  10231 
                 3.46 
                 3.35 
                 0.11 
               
               
                   F. solani  36031 
                 4.17 
                 3.87 
                 0.3 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Table 8 shows antimicrobial activities for two 7 ppm PQ1 solutions with average molecular weight of 34,000 and 6,000 Dalton, respectively. The tests were conducted in lens case with an Acuvue2 contact lens and 0.003% organic soil added. The contact lenses were added while the microorganisms were inoculated to the solution. The increase in activity with increase of molecular weight is listed in the right column. As may be seen, the higher MW PQ1 has stronger activity against  S. marcescens, F. solani  and  S. aureus  than the 6K PQ1. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Log drop increase 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 with PQ1 MW 
               
               
                 Ingredients 
                 % w/w 
                 % w/w 
                 increase 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 34k PQ1 
                 0.0007 
                   
                   
               
               
                 6k PQ1 
                   
                 0.0007 
               
               
                 Trisodium citrate 
                 0.65 
                 0.65 
               
               
                 Boric acid 
                 0.60 
                 0.60 
               
               
                 Sodium borate, 10 hydrate 
                 0.125 
                 0.125 
               
               
                 NaCl 
                 0.30 
                 0.30 
               
               
                 EDTA 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 Tetronic 904 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 Pluronic F87 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 Log drops @ 6 hours 
               
               
                 
                   S. marcescens 
                 
                 2.14 
                 0.80 
                 1.34 
               
               
                 
                   S. aureus 
                 
                 2.97 
                 2.59 
                 0.38 
               
               
                 
                   F. solani 
                 
                 3.63 
                 1.93 
                 1.70 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Table 9 shows antimicrobial activities for two 10 ppm PQ1 solutions with average molecular weight of 34,000 and 6,000 Dalton, respectively. The tests were conducted in lens case with an Acuvue2 contact lens and 0.003% organic soil added. The contact lenses were added while the microorganisms were inoculated to the solution. The increase in activity with increase of molecular weight is listed in the right column. As may be seen, the higher MW PQ1 had much stronger activity against  S. marcescens, F. solani  and  S. aureus  than the 6K PQ1. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Log drop increase 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 with PQ1 MW 
               
               
                 Ingredients 
                 % w/w 
                 % w/w 
                 Increase 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 34k PQ1 
                 0.001 
                   
                   
               
               
                 6k PQ1 
                   
                 0.001 
               
               
                 Trisodium citrate 
                 0.65 
                 0.65 
               
               
                 Boric acid 
                 0.60 
                 0.60 
               
               
                 Sodium borate, 10 hydrate 
                 0.125 
                 0.125 
               
               
                 NaCl 
                 0.30 
                 0.30 
               
               
                 EDTA 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 Tetronic 904 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 Pluronic F87 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 Log drops @ 6 hours 
               
               
                 
                   S. marcescens 
                 
                 2.07 
                 0.88 
                 1.19 
               
               
                 
                   S. aureus 
                 
                 3.12 
                 2.78 
                 0.34 
               
               
                 
                   F. solani 
                 
                 4.18 
                 1.95 
                 2.23 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Table 10 shows anti-Acanthamoeba activities for 7 and 10 ppm PQ1 solutions with average molecular weight of 34,000 and 6,000 Dalton, respectively. The tests were conducted in test tube with 0.3% organic soil added. As may be seen, for both concentrations tested, the anti-Acanthamoeba activity is significantly higher with the higher molecular weight PQ-1. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredients 
                 % w/w 
                 % w/w 
                 % w/w 
                 % w/w 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 34k PQ1 
                 0.0007 
                 0.0010 
                   
                   
               
               
                 6k PQ1 
                   
                   
                 0.0007 
                 0.0010 
               
               
                 Trisodium citrate 
                 0.65 
                 0.65 
                 0.65 
                 0.65 
               
               
                 Boric acid 
                 0.60 
                 0.60 
                 0.60 
                 0.60 
               
               
                 Sodium borate, 10 hydrate 
                 0.125 
                 0.125 
                 0.125 
                 0.125 
               
               
                 NaCl 
                 0.30 
                 0.30 
                 0.30 
                 0.30 
               
               
                 EDTA 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 Tetronic 904 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 Pluronic F87 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 Log drops @ 6 hours 
               
               
                 
                   A polyphage 
                 
                 1.09 
                 1.36 
                 0.14 
                 0.88 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Table 11 shows antimicrobial activities for 7 ppm PQ1 solutions with average molecular weight of 28,300, 22,900 and 6,000 Dalton, respectively. The tests were conducted in lens case with Acuvue2 contact lenses and 0.003% organic soil added. The microorganisms were inoculated 40 hours after the contact lenses were added to the solution. As may be seen, the 28.3 k and 22.9 k PQ1 perform similarly. Further, both of the higher MW PQ1s have much stronger activity against  S. macescens, F. solani  and Acanthemoeba than the 6 k PQ1. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 11 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ingredients 
                 % w/w 
                 % w/w 
                 % w/w 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 28.3k PQ1 
                 0.0007 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 22.9k PQ1 
                   
                 0.0007 
               
               
                   
                 6k PQ1 
                   
                   
                 0.0007 
               
               
                   
                 Trisodium citrate 
                 0.65 
                 0.65 
                 0.65 
               
               
                   
                 Boric acid 
                 0.60 
                 0.60 
                 0.60 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium borate, 10 hydrate 
                 0.125 
                 0.125 
                 0.125 
               
               
                   
                 NaCl 
                 0.30 
                 0.30 
                 0.30 
               
               
                   
                 EDTA 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Tetronic 904 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
                 Pluronic F87 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Log Drops @ 6 hours 
               
               
                   
                   S. marcescens  13880 
                 2.01 
                 2.03 
                 1.26 
               
               
                   
                   S. aureus  6538 
                 2.77 
                 2.45 
                 2.37 
               
               
                   
                   F. solani  36031 
                 &gt;4.52 
                 &gt;4.52 
                 2.22 
               
               
                   
                   A. polyphaga  30461 
                 1.67 
                 1.49 
                 0.75 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Table 12 shows antimicrobial activities for 10 ppm PQ1 solutions with average molecular weight of 28,300, 22,900 and 6,000 Dalton, respectively. The tests were conducted in lens case with Acuvue2 contact lenses and 0.003% organic soil added. The microorganisms were inoculated 40 hours after the contact lenses were added to the solution. As may be seen, the 28.3 k and 22.9 k PQ1 clearly outperform the 6 k PQ-1. Further, both of the higher MW PQ1s have much stronger activity against  S. macescens, F. solani  and Acanthamoeba than 6 k PQ1. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 12 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ingredients 
                 % w/w 
                 % w/w 
                 % w/w 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 28.3k PQ1 
                 0.001 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 22.9k PQ1 
                   
                 0.001 
               
               
                   
                 6k PQ1 
                   
                   
                 0.001 
               
               
                   
                 Trisodium citrate 
                 0.65 
                 0.65 
                 0.65 
               
               
                   
                 Boric acid 
                 0.60 
                 0.60 
                 0.60 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium borate, 10 hydrate 
                 0.125 
                 0.125 
                 0.125 
               
               
                   
                 NaCl 
                 0.30 
                 0.30 
                 0.30 
               
               
                   
                 EDTA 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Tetronic 904 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
                 Pluronic F87 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Log Drops @ 6 hours 
               
               
                   
                 S. marcescens 13880 
                 2.19 
                 2.21 
                 1.26 
               
               
                   
                   S. aureus  6538 
                 3.03 
                 2.64 
                 2.38 
               
               
                   
                   F. solani  36031 
                 &gt;4.52 
                 &gt;4.52 
                 2.81 
               
               
                   
                   A. polyphaga  30461 
                 1.73 
                 1.77 
                 0.81 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As demonstrated above, higher molecular weight PQ1 has much higher antimicrobial activities than low molecular weight PQ1 at the same concentration level. This is especially true when a contact lens is present during disinfection. To reach the same disinfection efficacy as that of high molecular weight PQ1, the low molecular weight PQ1 solutions have to have significantly higher PQ1 concentrations. A higher PQ1 concentration generally results in more PQ1 lens uptake. This increase in lens uptake generally results in a greater PQ1 release in the eye, and increased eye irritation. Therefore, the eye irritation can to reduced or avoided by using high molecular weight PQ1 as a preservative/disinfecting agent for MPS or ophthalmic compositions. Table 13 shows two different ophthalmic formulations, both of which contain the same concentration of PQ-1. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 13 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 % w/w 
                 % w/w 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Alexidine 
                 0.00018 
                   
               
               
                   
                 7k PQ1 
                   
                 0.00018 
               
               
                   
                 30k PQ-1 
                 0.00018 
               
               
                   
                 Boric Acid 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Borate 10H20 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
               
               
                   
                 NaCl 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                   
                 EDTA 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Tetronic 904 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 Pluronic F87 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 HA 
                 0.0025 
                 0.0025 
               
               
                   
                 cytotoxicity score 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A direct overlay method which has been adopted by the FDA for MPS registration was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity profile of the PQ1 formulations. In this method, previously-soaked contact lenses (in 100 ml of the solutions to simulate overnight soak) were directly overlayed on L929 cells. The cytotoxicity result was evaluated by scoring each culture under a microscope on a relative scale of 0-4. A score of 2 indicates that cell damage is limited to the area under the lens. A score of 3 indicates that the cell damage extends 0.5 to 1.0 cm beyond the lens. Therefore, this shows that the high molecular weight PQ1 solution has a lower cytotoxicity than the low molecular weight PQ1 solution. 
     One possible explanation of the lower cytotoxicity is that the large PQ1 molecules are more difficult to get into the hydrogel lens matrix material do to the limited pore size of the lens material itself. As noted above, the lower the lens uptake of PQ1, the less PQ1 will be released to the cells. The reduced amount of high molecular weight PQ1 loss from the solution to the lens is consistent with the observation above that high molecular weight PQ1 is more efficacious against microbes in the presence of contact lenses. 
     Equivalents 
     The foregoing written specification is considered to be sufficient to enable one skilled in the art to practice the invention. The foregoing description details certain preferred embodiments of the invention and describes the best mode contemplated by the inventor. It will be appreciated, however, that no matter how detailed the foregoing may appear in text, the invention may be practiced in many ways and the invention should be construed in accordance with the appended claims and any equivalents thereof.