Abstract:
A multi-clutch transmission for a motor vehicle is provided where a central synchronizing unit includes an axially movable synchronizing member that is arranged on and rotationally locked with a countershaft. In actuated states of the central synchronizing unit, the synchronizing member is displaced axially into engagement with mating portions of two gearwheels that are rotatably arranged on the countershaft. The synchronizing member includes an internal and an external cortical friction surface that axially overlap each other, and the mating portions on the two of the gearwheels are mating conical surfaces.

Description:
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to vehicle transmissions, especially for heavy, on- and off-road vehicles, and more particularly to dual- and multi-clutch transmissions with a central synchronizing unit that facilitates the preselection of gears. 
         [0002]    Dual clutch transmissions are a cross-breed between conventional stepped transmissions, with power interruption at gear shifts, and powershifting, without power interruption, planetary transmissions. In principle, a dual clutch transmission has two input shafts, each connectable to a friction clutch and to the output of the engine. Functionally, this is equivalent to having two conventional transmissions in parallel. i.e., two parallel sub-transmissions, and using one at a time for power transfer. The sub-transmission that is not used, idling, for the time being, can have a gear engaged and prepared, preselected, for a subsequent shift. This shift is carried out by simultaneously disengaging the friction clutch of the previously used sub-transmission and engaging the friction clutch of the previously idling sub-transmission. 
         [0003]    When properly designed, dual clutch transmissions have the potential of providing powershifts at a reasonable production cost and low power losses. This is due to the fact that the rotating parts, i.e., gearwheels, shafts and tooth clutches, are similar to those in conventional stepped transmissions. This, furthermore, enables the use of the same production equipment. So, it makes sense to produce dual clutch transmissions in the same facilities as used for conventional stepped transmissions. 
         [0004]    Dual clutch transmissions often have two separate countershafts, one connected to each input shaft. One example is U.S. Pat. No. 4,876,907. These countershafts make the transmission considerably wider than a conventional stepped transmission. That may lead to difficulties in installing the transmission into the vehicle. However, some dual clutch transmission designs have only one countershaft, e.g., as in DE923402 and DE3131156A1. Loose gearwheels are arranged rotatably thereon and can be rotationally connected to each other and to the countershaft by mechanical tooth clutches. In a way, this could be seen as if the second countershaft is arranged coaxial to the first one. The result is a very compact powershiftable dual clutch transmission that is not wider than a corresponding conventional stepped transmission. 
         [0005]    Normally, in a dual clutch transmission, gears are preselected in the presently idling sub-transmission by engaging and disengaging tooth clutches. For a smooth and durable operation, this requires that the parts to be engaged by a tooth clutch are synchronized, i.e., that they have fairly equal rotational speed. If not, the clutch teeth would clash, resulting in worn, or broken, teeth and noise. So, different kinds of devices and arrangements are used for synchronizing parts to be engaged. This is also the case for conventional stepped transmissions that have a power interruption at each gear shift. There is, however, one important difference. At a power interruption, the engine speed can be controlled in order to synchronize parts to be engaged. This is a procedure used in automatic mechanically engaged transmissions (AMTs) that are common in heavy trucks and buses. In a dual clutch transmission without power interruption, this is not possible. Instead, some synchronizing devices are required. 
         [0006]    A concept, readily known by a person skilled in the art, is to use synchronizers, i.e., every tooth clutch is equipped with synchronizing means, as in US200810188342A1. That would imply increased costs and power losses, though. 
         [0007]    In FR1445735, hydraulic pumps and valves are used to change the speeds of gearwheels and shafts for synchronizing. This is a costly and complex design. That is also the case for DE10217746A1, having, bulky arrangements of hydraulics and centrifugal weights. 
         [0008]    Electric motors could be used for synchronizing the idling sub-transmission. There could be one motor acting on each sub-transmission, or a single motor that can selectively be drivingly connected to any of the sub-transmissions by means of gearwheels and tooth clutches. Two examples are DE19850549A1 and DE19950679A1. As an alternative, a single motor could be kinematically connected to both sub-transmissions via a differential, e.g., as DE19940288C1, EP0845618B1, DE10037134A1, and WO2007/042109A1. However, the peak power required for synchronizing is fairly high. Thus, designs like these would only make sense in hybrid electric powertrains. Otherwise, they would be too bulky, heavy and expensive. 
         [0009]    Mechanical frictional clutches can be a powerful, compact and cost-efficient solution for synchronizing in dual clutch transmissions. It can be noted that, in principle, relative to the active sub-transmission, the speed of the idling sub-transmission needs to be either decreased, for preselection before an up-shift, or increased, before a down-shift. This can be embodied b a brake and some kind of a speed-up device, respectively, as in DE3739898A1. 
         [0010]    Increasing and decreasing the speed of the idling sub-transmission can be performed by using gearwheels of the lowest and highest gears, respectively. 
         [0011]    Practically, the tooth clutches for these gears are each arranged in parallel with a frictional clutch. DE10232836A1 shows a dual clutch transmission where sub-transmissions 14 and 17 have synchronizing clutches; 18 and 20 connect gearwheels 1 and 2 of the lowest gears, 19 and 21 connect gearwheels 9 and 10 of the highest gears. Hence, no additional gearwheels are needed, but four synchronizing clutches, each with control means, are required. That leads to high costs and power losses. 
         [0012]    Basically, only two synchronizing clutches are required; one that will make the speed of the first sub-transmission larger than that of the second sub-transmission, and one that will make the speed of the first sub-transmission less than that of the second. This will work when the first sub-transmission is idling and the second is active, as well as when the first sub-transmission is active and the second is idling. Such a device can be referred to as a central synchronizing unit. In WO03/083325A1 this is embodied with two planetary gear trains 30 and 40 that are controlled by a frictional device 50. The design in GB2110324A uses two sets of gearwheels, 33-39-35 and 37-40-36, and frictional clutches, 35 and 38. This will reduce power losses and simplify the control means, but the costs will be large with two planetary gear trains or six gearwheels just for synchronizing. 
         [0013]    A central synchronizing unit in a dual clutch transmission can be simplified further. This requires, however, that shifts without power interruption are performed between consecutive gears, only. Furthermore, the speed ratio steps between consecutive gears should be fairly equal. For heavy on- and off road vehicles, in combination with a range section (e.g., as in US2008/0188342A1), this is plausible. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,876,907 a central synchronizing unit 30 makes use of a gearwheel 13 that is used for power transfer. Then, only three additional gearwheels, 32, 33 and 39 are required for the synchronizing function. These gearwheels only need to carry the loads at synchronizing, and can be considerably narrower than the power transferring gearwheels. The central synchronizing unit can, hence, be made very compact, especially in axial extension. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,974,905 it is shown how these additional gearwheels can be used for power transfer, too, giving additional gears. This requires some axial space, though. 
         [0014]    The technical journal article Franke, R.: “Das automatische Doppelkupplungsgetriebe fur sorbs oder acht lastfrei, ohne Antriebsunterbrechung und ohne Verspannung schaltbare Gauge”, ATZ Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift (ISSN 0001-2785 10810), vol 101 (1999). No. 5, p. 350-357 presents dual clutch transmissions with a central synchronizing unit that requires only two additional gearwheels. Two frictional plate clutches are used as synchronizing clutches. These clutches are arranged axially overlapping, one on each of two parallel shafts. This makes the central synchronizing unit compact in axial direction, but the control means for the plate clutches, on parallel shafts, will become complex and costly. 
         [0015]    Thus, a technical problem addressed by the present invention is therefore how to provide synchronizing means that are more i) compact, ii) powerful, and iii) cost-efficient, and iv) have low power losses when not actuated. 
         [0016]    Thus, it is desirable to solve the above problem to provide an improved synchronizing means. 
         [0017]    According to an aspect of the present invention, a multi-clutch transmission for a motor vehicle is provided with at least one prime mover, said multi-clutch transmission comprises (includes, but is not necessarily limited to) frictional clutches drivingly connected to said prime mover, an output shaft, and a main transmission comprising input shafts connected to said frictional clutches, a countershaft parallel to at least one of said input shafts, gearwheels, tooth clutches, and a central synchronizing unit, where by selective engagement of said frictional clutches and tooth clutches, different speed ratios between said prime mover and said output shaft can be established, and by selective actuation of said central synchronizing unit, engagement of said tooth clutches can be facilitated, said central synchronizing unit comprising an axially movable synchronizing member that is arranged on and rotationally locked with said countershaft, in actuated states of said central synchronizing unit, said synchronizing member is displaced axially into engagement with mating portions of two of said gearwheels that are rotatably arranged on said countershaft. The invention is characterized in that said synchronizing member comprises an internal and an external conical friction surface that are axially overlapping each other, and that said mating portions on said two of said gearwheels are mating conical surfaces. 
         [0018]    According to one embodiment of the device according to the invention said synchronizing member is a countershaft synchronizing double cone. 
         [0019]    According to another embodiment of the device according to the invention on at least one of said two of said gearwheels, the gear teeth are overlapping said mating conical surface. 
         [0020]    According to one embodiment of the device according to the invention on both of said two of said gearwheels, the gear teeth are overlapping said mating conical surface. 
         [0021]    According, to a further embodiment of the device according to the invention at least on of said two of said gearwheels is used for power transfer between said prime mover and said output shaft. 
         [0022]    According to another embodiment of the device according to the invention said synchronizing member after actuation is recoiled to, and held at, a neutral axial position by a resilient neutral device. 
         [0023]    According to one embodiment of the device according to the invention said neutral resilient device is a preloaded spring. 
         [0024]    According to a further embodiment of the device according to the invention said synchronizing member is actuated by an actuator via a control rod that is arranged in a coaxial bore of said countershaft. 
         [0025]    According to one embodiment of the device according, to the invention said actuator is non-rotating, said control rod is rotating with said counter shaft, and there is an axial connecting device between said actuator and said control rod. 
         [0026]    According to another embodiment of the device according to the invention said control rod and said synchronizing member are connected axially by a lateral member through a radial opening in said countershaft. 
         [0027]    According to one embodiment of the device according to the invention said radial opening and said lateral member provide a rotational connection between said countershaft and said synchronizing member. 
         [0028]    According to a further embodiment of the device according to the invention said lateral member is a synchronizing transfer pin. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0029]    The present invention will be described in greater detail below with reference to the accompanying figures which, for the purpose of exemplification, show further preferred embodiments of the invention and also the technical background, and in which: 
           [0030]      FIG. 1  diagrammatically shows a view of a known dual clutch transmission. 
           [0031]      FIG. 2  diagrammatically shows a view of a known dual clutch transmission with a central synchronizing unit.  FIG. 3  discloses a dual clutch transmission according to an embodiment of the invention. 
           [0032]      FIG. 4  discloses schematically a close-up of a control of the countershaft synchronizing double cone in a central synchronizing unit according to the invention. 
           [0033]      FIG. 5  shows an enlarged view according to arrows v-v in  FIG. 4 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0034]      FIG. 1  shows schematically a longitudinal section of a dual clutch transmission  100  similar to the one shown in DE3131156A1. The transmission  100  comprises two housing pans; a clutch housing  101  and a main housing  102 , in the clutch housing  101  a dual frictional clutch  110  is arranged, comprising the flywheel  111 , a torsional damper  116  bolted thereon, a clutch input shaft  118 , and a dual clutch assembly  112  with a first clutch disc set  113  and a second clutch disc set  114 . 
         [0035]    There is also an actuator device (not shown) to control the dual friction clutch  110 . The flywheel  111  is attached to the engine crankshaft (not shown). 
         [0036]    A main transmission  120  is arranged inside the main housing  102 . There are two input shafts a first input shaft  121  and a second input shaft  122 . The first input shaft  121  can be rotationally driven by the first clutch disc set  113 . Similarly, the second input shaft  122  can be rotationally driven by the second clutch disc set  114 . 
         [0037]    First primary gear teeth  132  are integral, with the first input shaft  121 . Second primary gear teeth  130  are integral with the second input shaft  122 . A main shaft  124  is coaxial with the input shafts  121  and  122 . A countershaft  123  is parallel thereto. The second input shaft  122  is suspended in the clutch housing  101  by an input shaft bearing  125 . Between the main shaft  124 , first input shaft  121  and second input shaft  122 , four pilot bearings  129  are arranged. The main shaft  124  is suspended in the main housing by a main shaft bearing  128 . Thus, a thorough but not over-constrained suspension of the main and input shafts is achieved. 
         [0038]    The main shaft  124  carries three l)se gearwheels; the second secondary loose gearwheel  134 , the first secondary loose gearwheel  136  and the reverse secondary loose gearwheel  191 . The first and reverse secondary loose gearwheels  136  and  191  can be rotationally locked to the main shaft  124  by a first/reverse tooth clutch  141 . Moreover, the second secondary loose gearwheel  134  can be rotationally locked to the main shaft  124  by a second tooth clutch  142 . Finally, the main shaft  124  can be rotationally locked to the first input shaft  121  by a direct tooth clutch  140 . 
         [0039]    On the countershaft  123  a second primary gearwheel  131  is rotationally fixed and meshes with the second primary gear teeth  130  of the second input shaft  122 . A primary countershaft loose gearwheel  133  meshes with the first primary gear teeth  132  of the first input shaft  121 . A secondary countershaft loose gearwheel  135  meshes with the second secondary loose gearwheel  134  on the main shaft  124 . Furthermore, a first secondary gearwheel  137 , which is integral with the countershaft  123 , is meshing with the first secondary loose gearwheel  136  on the main shaft  124 . Finally, a reverse secondary gearwheel  192  is integral with the countershaft  123  and drivingly connected with the reverse secondary loose gearwheel  191  via a reverse idler gearwheel  193 . The primary countershaft loose gearwheel  133  can selectively be rotationally locked to the secondary countershaft loose gearwheel  135  by a first countershaft tooth clutch  148 . The secondary countershaft loose gearwheel  135  can selectively be rotationally locked to the countershaft  123  by a second countershaft tooth clutch  149 . 
         [0040]    An output shaft  171  is integral with the main shaft  124 . A companion flange  173  is rotationally fixed thereon and is the interface to a not shown propeller shaft. 
         [0041]    The automatic or semi-automatic gear shift is carried out by a gear-shift control unit  150 . This gear-shift control unit  150  comprises a gear-shift control housing  155 , a direct shift fork  153 , a second shift fork  152  and a first/reverse shift fork  151 . The direct shift fork  153  controls the direct tooth clutch  140 . The second shift fork  152  controls the second tooth clutch  142 , and the first/reverse shift fork  151  controls the first reverse tooth clutch  141 . 
         [0042]    The gear-shift control unit  150  will not be described, in detail here. Its structural part, the gear-shift control housing  155 , may be machined from a cast blank and is bolted to the main housing  102 . Therein, microcontrollers, sensors, valves, and actuators may be found. The shift forks  151 ,  152  and  153  may be carried by shift rods that connect to actuators. Other configurations are possible; any of the shift forks  151 ,  152  and  153  may or may not be a part of the gear-shift control unit  150 . Furthermore, the gear-shift control unit  150  may be composed of different parts that are arranged at different locations of the transmission  100 . 
         [0043]    The countershaft tooth clutches  148  and  149  are controlled by a first countershaft shift fork  158  and a second countershaft shift fork  159 . The shift forks  158  and  159  are actuated via shift rods (not shown) by a countershaft actuator  157 . 
         [0044]    An optional power take-off drive unit  198  is bolted to the main housing  102  and rotationally connected to the countershaft  123 . The power take-off drive unit  198  may drive, e,g., pumps, compressors and electric machines (not shown). It is not shown in detail, but may comprise housing parts, bearings, shafts, clutches and control parts for engagement and disengagement, gearings, and output flanges, as is readily known by a person skilled in the art. 
         [0045]    The main transmission  120  has six forward gears where high power transfer to the driven wheels is enabled during shifts between consecutive gears. There are two reverse gears which can be shifted between without interruption of power transfer. The function is described in FIGS. 1 and 2 in DE3131156A1. The tooth clutches  140 ,  141 ,  142 ,  148  and  149  are equipped with synchronizing parts in order to facilitate engagement. As discussed earlier, this increases the costs and power losses. Furthermore, the synchronized tooth clutches  140 ,  148  and  142 , 149  are axially overlapping. This limits their radial extension, which limits their synchronizing performance. It would be of advantage if the transmission  100  could be modified to have a central synchronizing unit. Preferably, such a modification should have minimum impact on the appealing features of the transmission  100  in terms of function and size. 
         [0046]    In  FIG. 2 , a modified transmission  200  according to known art is shown. Several parts in  FIG. 2  are or could be, identical to the corresponding parts in  FIG. 1 . Those parts are referred to by the same numbers. Corresponding but not identical parts have the same numbers except for the initial digit (2 instead of 1). The modified tooth clutches  240 ,  241 ,  242 ,  248  and  249  do not have synchronizing means. Thereby, the limited radial extension is no longer a disadvantage. 
         [0047]    A central synchronizing unit  280  has been added between a modified second primary gearwheel  231 , the second input shaft  122 , an elongated first input shaft  221 , and a modified primary countershaft loose gearwheel  233 . The central synchronizing unit  280  comprises an input shaft synchronizing gearwheel  281 , a countershaft synchronizing, loose gearwheel  282 , a countershaft synchronizing twin cone  283 , and an internal conical surface  233   c  on the primary countershaft loose gearwheel  233 . The input shaft synchronizing gearwheel  281  is rotationally fixed with the first input shaft  221 . The countershaft synchronizing loose gearwheel  282  is rotatably arranged on an elongated countershaft  223 . The countershaft synchronizing twin cone  283  is rotationally fixed with, but axially movable on, the countershaft  223 . 
         [0048]    By axial displacement of the countershaft synchronizing twin cone  283 , either of its external conical surfaces will mate with internal conical surfaces on the countershaft synchronizing loose gearwheel  282  or primary countershaft loose gearwheel  233 . A frictional torque will then arise that tends to reduce the relative speed between the conical suffices in contact. 
         [0049]    The input shaft synchronizing gearwheel  281  has a larger pitch diameter than the second primary gear teeth  130  (on the second input shaft  122 ), whose pitch diameter in turn is larger than that of the first primary gear teeth  132  of the first input shaft  221 . Correspondingly, the pitch diameter is smaller for the countershaft synchronizing loose gearwheel  282  than for the second primary gearwheel  231  and primary countershaft loose gearwheel  233 . Thus, by axially displacing the countershaft synchronizing twin cone  283  to the right in  FIG. 2 , the rotational speed of the primary countershaft loose gearwheel  233  can be made equal to that of the countershaft  223 . The rotational speed of the first input shaft.  221  will then be larger than that of the second input shaft  122 , due to the smaller pitch diameter of the first primary gear teeth  132 . Similarly, axial displacement of the countershaft synchronizing twin cone  283  to the left can make the speeds of the countershaft synchronizing loose gearwheel  282  and countershaft  223  equal. Then, the first input shaft  221  will rotate slower than the second input shaft  122 , due to the large diameter of the input shaft synchronizing gearwheel  281 . 
         [0050]    So, the central synchronizing unit  280  has the potential for adequate function. However, the back-to-back conical surfaces of the countershaft synchronizing twin cone  283  require axial space. The transmission  200  is longer than transmission  100 . An alternative could be wet plate clutches, as suggested in e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,876,907, DE10232836A1 and GB2110324A. That would most probably not require less axial space, since several clutch plates would be needed for the same synchronizing performance as the conical surfaces in the central synchronizing unit  280 . Moreover, the power losses in idling multi-plate clutches are significant. 
         [0051]      FIG. 3  shows a dual clutch transmission  300  with a compact, central synchronizing unit  380  according to the invention. This central synchronizing unit  380  comprises a shortened input shaft synchronizing gearwheel  381 , the countershaft synchronizing loose gearwheel  282 , a countershaft synchronizing double cone  383 , and an external conical surface  333   c  on the primary countershaft loose gearwheel  333 . The countershaft synchronizing double cone  383  has an external conical surface towards the countershaft synchronizing loose gearwheel  282  and an internal conical surface towards the primary countershaft loose gearwheel  333 . Thereby, the conical surfaces of the countershaft synchronizing double cone  383  can axially overlap each other, and the external conical surface  333   c  can overlap the gear teeth of the primary countershaft loose gearwheel  333  and the first primary gear teeth  132 . This significantly reduces the axial space requirement of the central synchronizing unit  380 . 
         [0052]    In an alternative not disclosed embodiment of the invention said external conical surface  333   c  can be an internal conical surface and the internal conical surface of the double cone  383  towards the primary countershaft loose gearwheel  333  can be an external conical surface. In the corresponding way said countershaft synchronizing double cone  383  can have an internal conical surface towards the countershaft synchronizing loose gearwheel  282  and the said synchronizing loose gearwheel can have an external conical surface. 
         [0053]    The control of the countershaft synchronizing twin cone  283  and countershaft synchronizing double cone  383  is not shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . Several possibilities would be apparent for a person skilled in the art. 
         [0054]    Hydraulic control could act more or less directly on the parts, but that would require a power-consuming hydraulic pressurized system. A simple shift fork system could act on a disc-shaped radial extension of the countershaft synchronizing twin cone  283  or countershaft synchronizing double cone  383 . This would require axial space, though. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,876,907, the control of the corresponding pail,  34 , is schematically shown as a device  35  along the periphery of countershaft  31 . Although this is not easily embodied in a real design, the easy mechanical access to the device  35  at the end of countershaft  31  is appealing. 
         [0055]      FIG. 4  shows schematically a close-up of an embodiment according to the invention of the control of the countershaft synchronizing double cone  383  in the central synchronizing unit  380 .  FIG. 5  shows an enlarged view according to arrows v-v in  FIG. 4 . The countershaft  323  has a coaxial bore  323   b  in its left end and, in addition, an oval-shaped hole  323   h  radially inside the countershaft synchronizing double cone  383 . A synchronizing control rod  384  is slidingly arranged in the coaxial bore  323   b.  A synchronizing transfer pin  385  is arranged in the oval-shaped hole  323   h  and is connecting the countershaft synchronizing double cone  383  and synchronizing control rod  384 . Thus, an axial motion of the synchronizer control rod  384  will give the same axial motion of the countershaft synchronizing double cone  383 . Furthermore, the oval-shaped hole  323   h  provides a rotational connection between the countershaft  323  and synchronizing transfer pin  385 . Thereby, the countershaft synchronizing double cone  383  and synchronizing control rod  384  are rotationally locked to the countershaft  323 . At the other end of the synchronizing control rod  384 , an axial connection  386  couples the axial motion of the synchronizing control rod  384  and a non-rotating control bar  387 . After operation of the countershaft synchronizing double cone  383 , i.e., displacement towards any of the mating conical surfaces, it is brought back to a neutral position by a resilient neutral device  388 . Finally, a synchronizing actuator unit  389  selectably displaces the non-rotating control bar  387 . 
         [0056]    The axial connection  386  is not shown in detail. The non-rotating control bar  387  may be designed as a shift fork with pads that are arranged in a groove in the synchronizer control rod  384 . Another possibility would be axial roller bearings between the non-rotating control bar  387  and synchronizer control rod  384 . The non-rotating control bar  387  could be parallel to the synchronizer control rod  384 , which could reduce the axial space required. 
         [0057]    The resilient neutral device  388  gives the countershaft synchronizing double cone  383  a well-defined neutral position that will give adequate gaps to the mating conical friction surfaces. This will reduce power losses and wear compared to conventional synchronizers, where parts with conical friction surfaces normally may bounce in neutral position. In  FIG. 4 , the resilient neutral device  388  is schematically shown as two preloaded springs between the non-rotating control bar  387  and transmission housing  101 . Other configurations are plausible, e.g. between the countershaft  323  and synchronizing control rod  384  or double cone  383 . 
         [0058]    So, it can be concluded that the central synchronizing unit  380  is i) compact, in axial direction, due to parts that axially overlap gear teeth, as well as radial. The conical friction surfaces are of similar size as in conventional synchronizers, which makes them ii) powerful. There are few and fairly simple parts, which will iii) keep the costs down. The low number of friction surfaces and a well-defined neutral position will result in iv) low power losses. Hence, the central synchronizing unit  380  can potentially fulfill the scope of the invention. 
         [0059]    The countershaft synchronizing double cone  383  along with the use of power transmission gearwheels  132  and  333  for synchronizing purposes may be regarded as key elements in the invention. They provide the potential for a compact and cost-efficient solution. 
         [0060]    In an alternative embodiment according to the invention the countershaft synchronizing double cone  383  has a disc-shaped radial extension that is actuated by a shift-fork system similar to tooth clutches. 
         [0061]    in a further embodiment according to the invention the countershaft synchronizing double cone  383  is actuated by rotating actuators that are controlled by fluid pressure and arranged on the countershaft  323 . 
         [0062]    In a preferred embodiment the countershaft synchronizing double cone  383  is ax all locked to the synchronizing control rod  384  that is arranged in the coaxial bore  323   h  of the countershaft  323 . The synchronizing control rod  384  is accessed at one end of the countershaft  371 . 
         [0063]    In another preferred embodiment, the synchronizing transfer pin  385  locks the countershaft synchronizing double cone  383  to the synchronizing control rod  384 . The synchronizing transfer pin  385  is arranged laterally to the countershaft  323 . 
         [0064]    In a further preferred embodiment, the synchronizing transfer pin  385  can slide axially in the lateral oval-shaped hole  323   h  of the countershaft  323 . Moreover, the oval-shaped hole  323   h  and synchronizing transfer pin  385  provide a rotational lock between the countershaft  323  and countershaft synchronizing double cone  383 . 
         [0065]    In a particularly preferred embodiment, the rotating synchronizing control rod  384  is actuated by a non-rotating synchronizing actuator unit  389 , and there is an axial connection  386  in the kinematic chain between these parts. The synchronizing actuator unit  389  may be arranged coaxially with or substantially parallel to the countershaft  323 . 
         [0066]    In a specially preferred embodiment, the countershaft synchronizing double cone  383  after actuation is recoiled to, and held at, a neutral axial position by the resilient, neutral device  388 . The resilient neutral device  388  may act between the transmission housing and synchronizing actuator unit  389 . It may also act between the countershaft  323  and countershaft synchronizing double cone  383 , synchronizing transfer pin  385  or synchronizing control rod  384 . 
         [0067]    Friction material, e.g., organic, carbon-based, brass, molybdenum or sintered bronze, may be arranged on any of the mating conical friction surfaces. There may be advantages with having it on both conical surfaces of the countershaft synchronizing double cone  383 . 
         [0068]    Thereby, the friction material is applied on one part, only, which may facilitate at the production and handling of the components. The friction material may be attached to a carrying structure in any of several ways, e.g., bonding, welding, sintering and plasma spraying, as would be known to a person skilled in the art. The countershaft synchronizing double cone  383  may be composed of different parts that are fixed to each other. 
         [0069]    The invention has been described with a certain degree of particularity. However, several variations and modifications are possible within what is covered by the claims, as will be apparent to persons skilled in the art. For instance, the main transmission  320  could be combined with a range section, as in US200810188342A1 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,958,028B2. 
         [0070]    The main transmission  320  could be substituted by any other dual clutch transmission with a countershaft, e.g., as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,876,907. Other arrangements and locations of friction clutches are possible, e.g., as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,347,879 or U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,837. 
         [0071]    Moreover, designs with three friction clutches, “triple clutch transmissions”, or more, e.g., DE4226577C1, US2008/0190228A1 or US200910036247A1 could e included. Powershifting transmissions with more than one friction clutch are referred to as multi-clutch transmissions. 
         [0072]    The invention should not be deemed to be limited to the embodiments described above, but rather a number of further variants and modifications are conceivable within the scope of the following patent claims.