Abstract:
Disclosed is a steam turbine with a casing, wherein a turbine shaft having a thrust-compensating piston is rotatably mounted inside the casing and directed along a rotation axis, wherein a flow passage is formed between the casing and the turbine shaft. The turbine shaft has in its interior a cooling line for directing cooling steam in the direction of the rotation axis. The cooling line, on one end, is connected to at least one inflow line for the inflow of cooling steam into the cooling line from the flow passage, and on the other end, is connected to an outflow line for directing cooling steam onto a lateral surface of the thrust-compensating piston. An essential aspect is, the cooling steam discharging onto the lateral surface of the thrust-compensating piston mixes with some of the live steam and is directed back into the flow passage via a return line arranged in the casing.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is the US National Stage of International Application No. PCT/EP2006/067717, filed Oct. 24, 2006 and claims the benefit thereof. The International Application claims the benefits of European application No. 05023760.1 filed Oct. 31, 2005, both of the applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a steam turbine with a casing, wherein a turbine shaft, which has a thrust compensating piston, is arranged in a rotatably mounted manner inside the casing and is oriented along a rotational axis, wherein a flow passage is formed between the casing and the turbine shaft, wherein the turbine shaft has a cooling line within it for guiding cooling steam in the direction of the rotational axis, and the cooling line is connected to at least one inflow line for inflow of cooling steam from the flow passage into the cooling line. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The use of steam at higher pressures and temperatures contributes to the increase of efficiency of a steam turbine. The use of steam with such a steam condition makes increased demands on the corresponding steam turbine. 
     Each turbine, or turbine section, which is exposed to through-flow of a working medium in the form of steam, is understood by a steam turbine in the meaning of the present application. In contrast to this, gas turbines are exposed to throughflow by gas and/or air as working medium, which, however, are subjected to entirely different temperature and pressure conditions than the steam in the case of a steam turbine. Unlike gas turbines, for example the working medium which flows to a turbine section in the case of steam turbines has the highest pressure simultaneously with the highest temperature. An open cooling system, as in the case of gas turbines, cannot be realized, therefore, without external feed. 
     A steam turbine customarily comprises a rotatably mounted rotor which is populated with blades and arranged inside a casing shell. When the flow space, which is formed by the casing shell, is exposed to throughflow with heated and pressurized steam, the rotor, via the blades, is set in rotation by means of the steam. The blades which are attached on the rotor are also referred to as rotor blades. Furthermore, stationary stator blades, which engage in the interspaces of the rotor blades, are customarily attached on the casing shell. A stator blade is customarily mounted at a first point along an inner side of the steam turbine casing. In this case, it is customarily part of a stator blade ring which comprises a number of stator blades which are arranged along an inner circumference on the inner side of the steam turbine casing. In this case, each stator blade points radially inwards with its blade airfoil. A stator blade ring at a point along the axial extent is also referred to as a stator blade row. A number of stator blade rows are customarily arranged one behind the other. 
     Cooling plays an essential role when increasing the efficiency. With the previously known cooling medium methods for cooling a steam turbine casing, a distinction is to be made between active cooling and passive cooling. With active cooling, cooling is brought about by means of a cooling medium which is fed separately to the steam turbine casing, i.e. in addition to the working medium. In contrast, passive cooling is carried out simply by means of suitable guiding or use of the working medium. Customary cooling of a steam turbine casing is limited to passive cooling. Therefore, it is known for example to flow-wash an inner casing of a steam turbine with cool, already expanded steam. However, this has the disadvantage that a temperature difference over the inner casing wall must remain limited, since otherwise with a temperature difference which is too great the inner casing would thermally deform too much. During flow-washing of the inner casing, heat dissipation certainly takes place, but the heat dissipation takes place relatively far away from the point of heat input. Heat dissipation in direct proximity to the heat input has not previously been put into effect in sufficient measure. A further passive cooling can be achieved by means of a suitable design of the expansion of the working medium in a so-called diagonal stage. 
     By this, however, only a very limited cooling effect upon the casing can be achieved. 
     The steam turbine shafts, which are rotatably mounted in the steam turbines, are thermally highly stressed during operation. The development and production of a steam turbine shaft is at the same time expensive and time-consuming. The steam turbine shafts are considered as the most highly stressed and most expensive components of a steam turbine. This applies more and more to high steam temperatures. 
     Sometimes, on account of the high masses of the steam turbine shafts, these are thermally sluggish which has a negative effect during a thermal load changing of a turbine-generator set. That means that the reaction of the entire steam turbine to a load change depends in a high degree upon the speed of the steam turbine shaft being able to react to thermally changed conditions. For monitoring the steam turbine shaft, as standard the temperature is monitored, which is time-consuming and costly. 
     One characteristic of steam turbine shafts is that these do not have an essential heat sink. Therefore, cooling of the rotor blades, which are arranged on the steam turbine shaft, proves to be difficult. 
     For improving the adaptation of a steam turbine shaft to a thermal stress, it is known to form this hollow in the inlet region, or to form this as a hollow shaft. These cavities as a rule are closed off and filled with air. 
     However, the high stresses which occur during operation, which for the most part consist of tangential stresses from the centrifugal force, act disadvantageously upon the aforementioned steam turbine hollow shafts. These stresses are about twice as high as the stresses which would occur in the case of corresponding solid shafts. This has a strong influence upon the material selection of the hollow shafts, which can lead to the hollow shafts not being suitable, or not realizable, for high steam conditions. 
     In gas turbine construction, it is known to construct air-cooled hollow shafts as thin-walled welded constructions. It is known inter alia to form the gas turbine shafts with disks via so-called Hirth toothing. These gas turbine shafts have a central tie-bolt for this. 
     However, a direct transfer of the cooling principles in gas turbines to steam turbine construction as a rule is not possible, since a steam turbine, unlike the gas turbine, is operated as a closed system. By this, it is to be understood that the working medium is located in a circuit and is not discharged into the environment. The working medium which is used in a gas turbine, which consists essentially of air and exhaust gas, is discharged into the environment after passage through the turbine unit of the gas turbine. 
     Steam turbines, furthermore, unlike the gas turbine, do not have a compressor unit, and, moreover, the shafts of the steam turbine are generally only radially accessible. 
     Steam turbines with a steam inlet temperature of approximately 600° C. were developed and constructed in the 1950s. These steam turbines have radial blading. Today&#39;s prior art in steam turbine construction comprises shaft cooling systems with a radial arrangement of the first stator blade row in the form of diagonal or governing stages. With this embodiment, however, the low cooling action of these diagonal or governing stages is disadvantageous. 
     In the steam turbine shafts, the piston region and inlet region are particularly thermally loaded. The region of a thrust-compensating piston is to be understood by piston region. The thrust-compensating piston acts in a steam turbine in such a way that with a force, which is created by the working medium, upon the shaft in one direction, an opposing force is developed in the opposite direction. 
     Cooling of a steam turbine shaft is described inter alia in EP 0 991 850 B1. In this case, a compact or high-pressure and intermediate-pressure turbine section is constructed by means of a connection in the shaft, through which a cooling medium can flow. With this, it is considered disadvantageous that a controllable bypass cannot be formed between two different expansion sections. Furthermore, problems during variable load operation are possible. 
     It would be desirable to form a steam turbine which is suitable for high temperatures. 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     It is the object of the invention, therefore, to disclose a steam turbine which can be operated at high steam temperatures. 
     This object is achieved by means of a steam turbine with a casing, wherein a turbine shaft, which has a thrust-compensating piston, is arranged in a rotatably mounted manner inside the casing and is oriented along a rotational axis, wherein a flow passage is formed between the casing and the turbine shaft, wherein the turbine shaft has a cooling line within it for guiding cooling steam in the direction of the rotational axis, and the cooling line is connected on one side to at least one inflow line for inflow of cooling steam from the flow passage into the cooling line, wherein the cooling line is connected on the other side to at least outflow line for guiding cooling steam onto a generated surface of the thrust-compensating piston. 
     In an advantageous development, the steam turbine is formed with a return line for return of mixed steam, which is formed from the cooling steam and compensating piston leakage steam, wherein the return leads into the flow passage. 
     Therefore, a steam turbine with a steam turbine shaft is proposed which is hollow in the hot regions in each case during operation, and which is provided with internal cooling. The invention is based upon the aspect that during operation expanded steam is guided through the inside of the shaft to the compensating piston and cools the thermally highly stressed compensating piston there. With the proposed cooling capability, particularly those steam turbine shafts which have a compensating piston can be cooled. These would be for example high-pressure, intermediate-pressure and also K-turbine sections, wherein a compact-turbine section which has a high-pressure and intermediate-pressure turbine section located on one steam turbine shaft is to be understood by a K-turbine section. The advantage of the invention inter alia is to be seen in the steam turbine shaft being able to be formed with creep stability on the one hand, and flexibly reacting to thermal loads on the other hand. During a load change for example, during which a higher thermal load can occur, the cooling leads to the thermal load of the shaft ultimately reducing. This especially applies to the regions which are particularly thermally loaded, such as the inlet region or the compensating piston. 
     In this case, the invention starts from the aspect that the cooling steam is mixed with compensating piston leakage steam, and this mixed steam which is formed is fed again to the flow passage in order to perform further work there. The efficiency of the steam turbine increases as a result. 
     Consequently, a quick starting of the steam turbine is possible, which for this day and age represents a particular aspect wherein the point is to quickly make power available. Furthermore, an advantage is created by means of the steam turbine according to the invention by the fact that the costs for a shaft monitoring can be lower. A hollow steam turbine shaft has a lower mass compared with a solid shaft and consequently also has a lower thermal capacity compared with a solid shaft, and also has a larger flow-washed surface. As result of this, quick warming-up of the steam turbine shaft is possible. 
     A further aspect of the invention is that the creep rupture strength of the material which is used for the steam turbine shaft is increased as result of the improved cooling. The creep rupture strength in this case can be increased by a factor greater than 2 compared with a solid shaft, so that the stress increase, which is described above, is overcompensated. This leads to a widening of the range of application of the steam turbine shaft. 
     A further aspect of the invention is that the radial clearances can be reduced by the diameter of the hollow shaft being enlarged as a result of radial centrifugal forces. The radial centrifugal force is proportional to the square of the speed. An increase of speed consequently brings about a reduction of radial clearances, which leads to an increase of the overall efficiency of the steam turbine. 
     A further aspect of the invention is that hollow shafts can be inexpensively produced. 
     In an advantageous development, the casing comprises an inner casing and an outer casing. High-pressure turbine sections as well as intermediate-pressure and compact-turbine sections are parts of steam turbines which can be thermally extremely highly loaded. As a rule, high-pressure, intermediate-pressure and also compact-turbine sections are formed with an inner casing, upon which stator blades are arranged, and with an outer casing which is arranged around the inner casing. 
     In an advantageous development, the turbine shaft in the axial direction has at least two sections consisting of different materials. 
     Consequently, costs can be saved. As a rule, high-grade material is used in the thermally loaded regions. 
     For example, 10% chromium steel can be used in the thermally loaded regions, whereas 1% chromium steel can be used in the regions of lower thermal loading. 
     The turbine shaft in the axial direction expediently has three sections consisting of different materials. The two outer sections especially consist of the same material. Consequently, suitable material can be purposefully selected for the respective section of the steam turbine shaft of variable thermal loading. 
     The sections which consist of different materials are advantageously welded to each other. As a result of the welding, a stable turbine shaft is formed. 
     In a further advantageous alternative embodiment, the sections which consist of different materials are interconnected by a means of a Hirth toothing. The essential advantage of the Hirth toothing is the especially high thermal flexibility of the turbine shaft. A further advantage is that as a rule this leads to the turbine shaft being able to be quickly manufactured. Furthermore, the turbine shaft can be formed inexpensively. 
     In a further advantageous development, the two outer sections are formed as a hollow shaft, and the middle section lying between them is formed as a hollow shaft. It is also advantageous if the sections which consist of different materials are interconnected by means of a flanged connection. This can be helpful during inspection operations since the different sections can be easily separated from each other. 
     It is also advantageous if the inflow line and the outflow line are integrated in the flanged connection. 
     The sections which consist of different materials are expediently welded to each other by means of at least one welded seam. 
     It is very advantageous if the inflow line and the outflow line are integrated in the Hirth toothing. In this case, the Hirth toothing, which can have trapezoidal, rectangular or triangular serrations, can be manufactured with a recess which is formed as an inflow and/or outflow line. As a result of this, a very simple way is provided of forming an inflow and/or outflow line. For example, the recess can be formed in the trapezoidal, rectangular or triangular serrations with adjustment in dependence upon the calculated passage volume of the cooling steam. The manufacture of such recesses on a Hirth toothing is comparatively simple and, moreover, can be quickly carried out. Cost advantages result from this. 
     The return line is advantageously arranged inside the outer casing. The return line can also be formed as a bore in the inner casing. 
     Exemplary embodiments of the invention are explained in more detail with reference to the subsequent drawings. In this case, components with the same designations have the same principle of operation. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In the drawing 
         FIG. 1  shows a cross-sectional view of a high-pressure turbine section according to the prior art, 
         FIG. 2  shows a section through a part of a turbine section, 
         FIG. 3  shows a section through a turbine shaft, 
         FIG. 4  shows a section through a turbine shaft in an alternative embodiment, 
         FIG. 5  shows a section through a turbine shaft in an alternative embodiment, 
         FIG. 6  shows a section through a turbine shaft in an alternative embodiment, 
         FIG. 7  shows a section through a turbine shaft in an alternative embodiment, 
         FIG. 8  shows an enlarged view of a flanged connection, 
         FIG. 9  shows a perspective view of a part of the flanged connection, 
         FIG. 10  shows a perspective view of the principle of a Hirth toothing, 
         FIG. 11  shows a sectional view of a Hirth toothing with through-passages in triangular form, 
         FIG. 12  shows a sectional view through a Hirth toothing in trapezoidal form with through-holes, 
         FIG. 13  shows a graph with representation of the relative creep rupture strength in dependence upon the temperature. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION 
     In  FIG. 1 , a section through a high-pressure turbine section  1  according to the prior art is shown. The high-pressure turbine section  1 , as an embodiment of a steam turbine, comprises an outer casing  2  and an inner casing  3  which is arranged therein. Inside the inner casing  3 , a turbine shaft  5  is rotatably mounted around a rotational axis  6 . The turbine shaft  5  comprises rotor blades  7  which are arranged in slots on a surface of the turbine shaft  5 . The inner casing  3  has stator blades  8  which are arranged in slots on its inner surface. The stator blades  8  and rotor blades  7  are arranged in such a way that a flow passage  9  is formed in a flow direction  13 . The high-pressure turbine section  1  has an inlet region  10  through which live steam flows into the high-pressure turbine section  1  during operation. The live steam can have steam parameters of over 300 bar and over 620° C. The live steam, which expands in the flow direction  13 , flows in turn past the stator blades  8  and rotor blades  7 , expands, and cools down. During this, the steam loses an inner energy which is converted into rotational energy of the turbine shaft  5 . The rotation of the turbine shaft  5  ultimately drives a generator, which is not shown, for electric power supply. The high-pressure turbine section  1  can naturally drive other installation components apart from a generator, for example a compressor, a ship&#39;s screw or suchlike. The steam flows through the flow passage  9  and flows out of the high-pressure turbine section  1  from the exhaust  33 . In doing so, the steam exerts an action force  11  in the flow direction  13 . The result is that the turbine shaft  4  would execute a movement in the flow direction  13 . An actual movement of the turbine shaft  5  is prevented due to the forming of a compensating piston  4 . This takes place by steam with corresponding pressure being admitted in a compensating piston pre-chamber  12 , which, as a result of the pressure which builds up in the compensating piston pre-chamber  12 , leads to a force being created opposite the flow direction  13 , which ideally should be as large as the action force  11 . The steam which is admitted in the compensating piston pre-chamber  12  as a rule is tapped-off live steam which has very high temperature parameters. Consequently, the inlet region  10  and compensating piston  4  of the turbine shaft are thermally highly stressed. 
     In  FIG. 2 , a detail of a steam turbine  1  is shown. The steam turbine has an outer casing  2 , an inner casing  3  and a turbine shaft  5 . The steam turbine  1  has rotor blades  7  and stator blades  8 . Live steam reaches the flow passage  9  via the inlet region  10  via a diagonal stage  15 . The steam expands and cools down in the process. The inner energy of the steam is converted into rotational energy of the turbine shaft  5 . 
     The steam, after a defined number of turbine stages which are formed from stator blades  8  and rotor blades  7 , is fluidically communicated via an inflow line  16  to a cooling air line  17 . The cooling air line  17  in this case is formed as a cavity inside the turbine shaft  5 . Other embodiments are conceivable. So, for example, instead of a cavity  17 , it is possible to form a line, which is not shown, inside the turbine shaft  5 . 
     The turbine shaft  5  is arranged in a rotatably mounted manner inside the casing  2 ,  3  and is oriented along a rotational axis  6 . A flow passage  9  is formed between the casing  2 ,  3  and the turbine shaft  5 . The cooling line  17  in this case is formed for guiding cooling steam in the direction of the rotational axis  6 . The cooling line  17  is fluidically connected on one side to at least one inflow line  16 . The inflow line  16  is formed for the inflow of cooling steam from the flow passage  9  into the cooling line  17 . 
     The inflow line  16  in this case can be oriented radially to the rotational axis  6 . Other embodiments of the inflow line  16  are conceivable. So, for example, the inflow line  16  can be formed at an angle perpendicularly to the rotational axis  6 . The cooling line  16  could extend spirally from the flow passage  9  to the cooling line  17 . The cross section of the cooling line  16  from the flow passage  9  to the cooling line  17  can vary. 
     The cooling line  17  is connected on the other side to at least one outflow line  18  for guiding cooling steam onto a generated surface  19  of the thrust compensating piston. 
     The cooling steam which flows out of the outflow line  18  is distributed to the generated surface  19  of the thrust compensating piston and cools this down in the process. 
     The casing  2 ,  3  comprises an inner casing  3  and an outer casing  2 . The cooling steam which flows out of the outflow line  18  flows in two directions. On the one hand it flows in the direction of the main flow direction  13 , and on the other hand flows in a direction opposite the main flow direction  13 . Via the inlet region  10 , some of the live steam flows between the inner casing  3  and the turbine shaft  5  in the direction of the thrust compensating piston  4 . This so-called piston leakage steam  20  mixes with the cooling steam which flows out of the outflow line and is returned to the flow passage  9  by means of a return line  21 . For practical reasons, this return line  21  starts between the inlet  10  and the outlet of the outflow line  18 . As a result, a partial flow of the cooling steam can be directed in the direction of the main flow  13  and can block the piston leakage steam  20 . In this way, the cooling of the piston surface  18 , which is described above, is ensured. This mixed steam, which is formed from cooling steam and compensating piston leakage steam, is admitted at a suitable point in the flow passage  9  in order to perform work there. 
     The return line  21  can be formed as an external line inside the outer casing  2 . The return line  21  can also be formed as a bore inside the inner casing  3 . 
     In  FIG. 3 , a turbine shaft  5  is shown. The turbine shaft  5  is manufactured from a material which takes into account the thermal stresses. In this case, however, it is disadvantageous that the thermal stress is not evenly distributed on the turbine shaft  5  but, as shown earlier, is especially high in the region of the inlet  10  and of the compensating piston  4 . For clarity, the rotor blades  7  are not shown. 
     By means of the hatching in  FIG. 3 , it is made clear that the turbine shaft  5  is formed from one material. 
     In  FIG. 4 , a further turbine shaft  5  is shown, wherein this turbine shaft  5  has at least two sections of different materials in the flow direction  13 . In alternative embodiments, the turbine shaft  5  can have three sections  24 ,  23 ,  22  consisting of different materials in the axial flow direction  13 . The middle section  22 , for example, can be of a temperature-resistant 10% chromium steel, and the two outer sections  23  and  24  can consist of the same material, such as 1% chromium steel. In the embodiment which is shown in  FIG. 4 , the middle section  22  and the two outer sections  23 ,  24  are interconnected by means of welded connections  25  and  26 . 
     The turbine shaft  5  can be constructed as a hollow shaft in the middle section  22 , and constructed as a solid shaft in its outer sections  23 ,  24 . 
     If the sections  22 ,  23 ,  24  are welded to each other, at least one welded seam is used. 
     The sections  22 ,  23 ,  24  of the turbine shaft  5 , which consist of different materials, can be interconnected by means of a flanged connection  40 , wherein the inflow line  16  and the outflow line  18  are integrated in the flanged connection. 
     In  FIG. 5 , an alternative embodiment of the turbine shaft  5  is shown. The difference to the turbine shaft which is shown in  FIG. 4  is that of the turbine shaft  5  which is shown in  FIG. 5  being assembled by means of a Hirth toothing  27 ,  28 . In this case, a tie-bolt  29  has to be formed, which is arranged in such a way that the two outer sections  23  and  24  are pressed against the middle section  22 . The middle section  22  comprises one or more sections which are formed in a tubular or disk-like configuration and can include one or more rotor blade stages in each case. 
     In a further alternative embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 6 , the sections  22 ,  23 ,  24  of the turbine shaft  5  are interconnected by means of a Hirth toothing  30 ,  31 , wherein the inflow line  16  and the outflow line  18  are integrated in the Hirth toothing  30 ,  31 . 
     In  FIG. 7 , a further alternative embodiment of the turbine shaft  5  is shown. The turbine shaft  5  comprises at least two sections  22 ′ and  23 ′ which are formed from different materials. The section  23 ′ is flanged to the section  22 ′. The screw fastening is carried out by means of suitable necked-down bolts  39 . The flanged connection  40  is centered according to the prior art. A thread  41  for receiving the bolt  39  is expediently formed in the section  22 ′. Furthermore, the screw fastening of the section  23 ′ to the section  22 ′ is carried out preferably from the cooler side. 
     In  FIG. 8 , a sectional view of the screwed connection from  FIG. 7  is to be seen. Also to be seen in this view is that the outflow line  18  is integrated in the connection by means of recesses. This is shown in a perspective view of a part of the turbine shaft  5  in  FIG. 5 . As a result of a connection of the outflow line  18  to the bolt-hole  43  by means of an annular space  42 , cooling of the bolts can be realized and also equalization of the temperatures of the flange (compensating piston) with the bolts. 
     In  FIG. 10 , a perspective view of a Hirth toothing  30 ,  31  is to be seen. The middle section  2  in this case has a Hirth toothing  30 ,  31  which is shown in  FIG. 10 . In the same way, the two outer sections  24  and  23 , which consist of different materials, similarly have a Hirth toothing  30 ,  31 . 
     In  FIG. 11 , a cross-sectional view of the Hirth toothing  30 ,  31  is to be seen. The left-hand part for example is the left-hand section  24 , and the right-hand part is the middle section  22 , which are interconnected via the Hirth toothing  30 . The inflow line  16  is integrated in the Hirth toothing. The cross-sectional illustration which is shown in  FIG. 11  can also show the outflow line  18 . In this case, the left-hand part would be the middle section  22 , and the right-hand part would be the right-hand section  23  which is connected via the Hirth toothing  31 . The outflow line  18  is integrated in the Hirth toothing  30 ,  31 . The embodiment which is shown in  FIG. 11  has triangular serrations. 
     The inflow line  16  or the outflow line  18  is formed via recesses  32  of the Hirth toothing  30 ,  31 . 
     In the embodiment of the Hirth toothing  30 ,  31  which is shown in  FIG. 12 , this has trapezoidal serrations. Trapezoidal, rectangular or triangular serrations are possible embodiments of the Hirth toothing. Other embodiments are possible. 
     In  FIG. 13 , the relevant strength values for 1% and 10% chromium steels for steam turbine shafts are shown. 
     The temperature in a linear scale of 400 to 600° C. is plotted on the x-axis  35 . The creep rupture strength R m,200000h  in a linear scale of 30 to 530 
             N     mm   2           
is plotted on the y-axis  36 . The top curve  37  shows the temperature characteristic for the material  30  CrMoNiV5-11, and the bottom curve  38  shows the temperature characteristic for the material X12CrMoWVNbN10-1-1.
 
     It has been shown that in addition to the guiding of cooling steam according to the invention, application of a thermal barrier coating to the surfaces of the thermally stressed components increases the efficiency of the effective cooling. 
     By the use of the tie-bolt  29 , some of the axial forces are absorbed. As a result of this, the turbine shaft  5  can be formed with thin walls, which has a positive effect upon the thermal flexibility and upon the formation of the radial clearances. 
     The invention is not limited to the formation of a high-pressure turbine section as an embodiment of a steam turbine  1 , the turbine shaft  5  according to the invention can also be used in an intermediate-pressure or a compact-turbine section (high-pressure and intermediate-pressure inside a casing). The turbine shaft  5  can also be used in other types of steam turbine.