Abstract:
An asperity height sensing head and method of using the same are disclosed. The head includes multiple magnetoresistive (MR) sensors carried by a first rail of a slider adjacent to the air bearing surface (ABS) and positioned a distance L p  from each other. Asperity height estimating circuitry coupled to each of the multiple MR sensors detects a number N of the MR sensors which exhibit a change in resistance as a result of contact between the ABS and a first asperity on the surface of the disc. The asperity height estimating circuitry estimates the height H A  of the first asperity as a function of the number N, as a function of the pitch angle θ p  , and as a function of the distance L p .

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present application claims the benefit of earlier filed U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/035,944, entitled &#34;MULTI-IMPACT THERMAL ASPERITY SENSOR HEAD&#34;, filed on Jan. 21, 1997. 
     The present invention relates generally to disc drive data storage devices. More particularly, the present invention relates to a thermal asperity sensing head which provides detailed information as to thermal asperity defect sizes and heights. 
     In disc drive data storage devices, digital data are written to and read from a thin layer of magnetizable material on a surface of one or more rotating discs. Write and read operations are performed through a transducer which is carried in a slider body. The slider and transducer are sometimes collectively referred to as a head, and typically a single head is associated with each disc surface. When the transducer is a magnetoresistive (MR) type sensor, the combination of the slider and the transducer are frequently referred to as an MR head. The heads are selectively moved under the control of electronic circuitry to any one of a plurality of circular, concentric data tracks on the disc surface by an actuator device. Each slider body includes an air bearing surface (ABS). As the disc rotates, the disc drags air beneath the ABS, which develops a lifting force that causes the head to lift and fly several microinches above the disc surface. 
     In operation, the head can come into contact with asperities on the surface of the disc while the head flies above the surface of the disc. Potentially, this undesirable contact can cause data written to a particular location on the disc to be lost. Immediately after contact with an asperity, the heat generated by the contact changes the resistive properties of the MR sensor. As a result, the corresponding signal read by the MR head is distorted by a voltage spike and subsequent decay, sometimes causing the data stored near the asperity to be unrecoverable. The voltage spike in the read signal is frequently referred to as a &#34;thermal asperity,&#34; while the defect on the disc is referred to as an &#34;asperity&#34;. However, since one is indicative of the other, the two terms are frequently used interchangeably. 
     Disc asperities which are located in the factory during a defect scanning process can be recorded in a disc drive&#39;s primary defect list, so that the drive does not store data at those locations. Thermal asperity detection for the purpose of mapping the disc defects relies both upon the fly characterization of the heads and upon the thermal response from friction induced head/asperity contact. By calibrating the slope and duration of the resistance change waveform to a range of asperity heights and characteristics, the height of a particular asperity can be determined by detecting the momentary change in resistance of the sensor after contact. 
     Current thermal asperity detection methods are limited to using either existing MR data heads having a narrow MR sensor track width, or to specially designed heads having an increased MR sensor track width. Each of these types of heads have inherent limitations. Using existing MR data heads, with track widths typically less than 2.5 μM, the time for a full surface scan is quite lengthy, approaching 30 minutes. Further, existing MR data heads of the type used in disc drive systems are designed to reduce sensitivity to thermal asperity response by having increased fly heights and MR sensor recession within the slider body. 
     Specially designed thermal asperity heads can reduce the surface scan time and increase the thermal asperity response by using a wider MR sensor track, for example, 60 μM. Using these specially designed heads, the process of mapping the disc defects while changing the fly height of the head requires several scans at different head fly heights to map the entire range of defects. As the speed is changed, the response of the specially designed head also changes. For example, if the speed is reduced, the energy of the impact is reduced, thus making it more difficult to calibrate to the defect size and height. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An asperity height sensing head and method of using the same are disclosed. The head includes multiple magnetoresistive (MR) sensors carried by a first rail of a slider adjacent to the air bearing surface (ABS) and positioned a distance L p  from each other. Asperity height estimating circuitry coupled to each of the multiple MR sensors detects a number N of the MR sensors which exhibit a change in resistance as a result of contact between the ABS and a first asperity on the surface of the disc. The asperity height estimating circuitry estimates the height H A  of the first asperity as a function of the number N, as a function of the pitch angle θ P , and as a function of the distance L P . 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic side view illustrating the thermal asperity sensor head of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic ABS view of the thermal asperity sensor head illustrated in FIG. 1. 
     FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic side view of a portion of the thermal asperity sensor head of the present invention, which further illustrates the spacing between the multiple MR sensors of the head. 
     FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic side view of the thermal asperity sensor head of the present invention which illustrates the manner in which the head detects and determine the heights of various asperities on the surface of a disc. 
     FIG. 5 is a plot illustrating an output signal from the thermal asperity sensor head of the present invention after contact with a first asperity on a surface of the disc which has a first height causing a change in resistance in three of the magnetoresistive sensors on the head. 
     FIG. 6 is a plot illustrating an output signal from the thermal asperity sensor head of the present invention after contact with a second asperity on a surface of the disc which has a second height causing a change in resistance in five of the magnetoresistive sensors on the head. 
     FIGS. 7A-7D are diagrammatic illustrations which demonstrate the manner in which previously undetected asperities can be detected using the thermal asperity sensor head of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     In order to overcome limitations in the prior art of detecting and mapping all of the asperities on a disc surface, including determining the size of individual asperities, the present invention includes a thermal asperity sensor head which generates multiple time-spaced impacts between a single asperity and the head. This is accomplished by fabricating multiple MR sensors on the rails of the head slider body. 
     FIG. 1 illustrates thermal asperity sensor head 10 in accordance with preferred embodiments of the present invention. Head 10 includes slider body 12 having ABS 14 and trailing edge 16. Head 10 also includes multiple MR sensors (only sensors 18A, 18B and 18C are illustrated in FIG. 1) adjacent ABS 14 near trailing edge 16. While only three MR sensors are illustrated in FIG. 1, preferred embodiments of the present invention include five or more MR sensors. The various MR sensors are referred to generically as sensors 18. 
     MR sensors 18 are fabricated at the wafer level using well known MR element (MRE) fabrication techniques from known MR materials such as NiFe. Between each adjacent pair of MR sensors (i.e., between sensors 18A and 18B), an electrically insulating layer 20 is included. Layer 20 serves both to electrically insulate adjacent MR sensors from each other, and to dissipate thermal energy generated by contact between the MR sensors and an asperity 23 on surface 22 of a disc 24. Layer 20 can be, for example, SiO 2 , Al 2  O 3  or other insulating materials. As head 10 flies above surface 22 of disc 24, ABS 14 forms pitch angle θ P  relative to the plane of surface 22 of the disc. In other words, head 10 flies at pitch angle θ P . As is discussed below in greater detail, the distance between sensors is closely controlled in order to achieve a desired asperity height detection sensitivity or resolution for pitch angle θ P . 
     Drive/peak hold circuitry 25 is coupled to MR sensors 18 through bond pads or terminals on a surface of slider body 12, typically trailing edge 16. Circuitry 25 is of the type known in the art which supplies sensing current or voltage to the MR sensors, and which can detect changes in resistance of the sensors (typically via changes in voltage or current). Ideally, circuitry 25 couples the output signals of the various sensors in such a manner that a single composite signal having a number of individually detectable resistance changes (hits) represented. 
     FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic ABS view of head 10 which further illustrates features of the present invention. As illustrated in FIG. 2, in some preferred embodiments slider body 12 of head 10 includes one or more rails 26 which form a portion of ABS 14. The particular embodiment illustrated is a two-rail head slider design. However, other designs such as center-rail head slider designs may only include a single rail. During the fabrication process, portions of rails 26 act as substrates 28 upon which MR sensor layers 18 and insulating layers 20 are deposited. 
     As illustrated, on each rail 26 of head 10, three MR sensors 18A, 18B and 18C are deposited. Thus, at least two insulating layers 20 would be required for each rail, one between sensors 18C and 18B, and one between sensors 18B and 18A. While thermal asperity sensor head 10 of the present invention is illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 as having three MR sensor layers on each rail, in preferred embodiments, each rail can contain five or more MR sensor layers. Further, while MR sensors 18 are illustrated on each of the rails of head 10, in other possible embodiments the MR sensors are located only on one of the rails of head 10. Also, for performance flexibility, differing sensor patterns and/or spacing can be used on each of the rails of the slider body. 
     FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic side view of a portion of head 10 which illustrates the pitch (length L P ) between adjacent MR sensors 18. Since MR sensor layers are very thin as is known in the art, pitch L P  is approximately equal to the thickness of insulating layer 20 between each pair of adjacent MR sensors. Pitch L P  can be controlled, by controlling the thickness of the insulating layers, in order to achieve a desired resolution or sensitivity. 
     During operation in which head 10 comes into contact with an asperity on the surface of the disc, the contact duration between each MR sensor and the asperity is determined by the linear velocity of the disc and the size of the asperity. Pitch angle θ P , typically on the order of 150-200 microradians, is assumed to be small in the following calculations. The separation between MR sensors, pitch L P , serves to control the resolution of the asperity height determination. Assuming that the sensors are spaced apart uniformly as illustrated in the figures, the relationship between the height of the asperity and the number of hits detected is shown in Equation 1. 
     
         H.sub.A =H.sub.MFH +(N*L.sub.P *Θ.sub.P)             Equation 1 
    
     Where, 
     H A  =the detected asperity height; 
     H MFH  =the minimum fly height of the head; 
     N=the number of impacts detected; 
     L P  =the sensor lamination pitch or distance between sensors; and 
     θ P  =the pitch angle of the head while flying. 
     For a slider with a pitch angle θ P  of 150 microradians, corresponding values of the sensor lamination thickness (i.e., distance L P  between each of MR sensors 18) and the asperity height sensitivity or resolution are shown in Table 1. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________sensor lamination pitch L.sub.p (μm):              1      10      100  1000asperity height sensitivity (nm):              0.15   1.5     15   150______________________________________ 
    
     In order to obtain a reasonable resolution or sensitivity, a preferred lamination pitch L P  for this pitch angle θ P  is between 20 and 30 microns (μm) However, it is clear that for other pitch angles θ P  or asperity height detecting sensitivities or resolutions desired, other sensor lamination pitches would be preferred. Generally, sensor lamination pitches L P  of at least 1 μm are preferred. This can be contrasted to traditional dual MR sensors having a typical spacing between sensors of approximately 500 Å (0.05 μm or microns), and to spin valve or giant MR effect heads having spacing between the various MR sensor layers of considerably less than 500 Å. 
     FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic side view which illustrates the manner in which head 10 is used both to detect the location of asperities on the surface of disc 24, and to determine the heights of the various asperities detected. As head 10 flies above the surface of disc 24 at pitch angle θ P , circuitry 25 drives the MR sensors and monitors a read signal from the sensors for changes in resistance which are indicative of contact between head 10 and an asperity located on the surface of the disc. 
     FIG. 4 illustrates two separate asperities, asperities 30 and 32, having different heights. For convenience, both asperities are shown in FIG. 4 in close proximity to one another. However, for the sake of discussion it is assumed that the asperities are spaced apart sufficiently such that contact between asperity 30 and the slider body of head 10 is independent of contact between asperity 32 and the slider body. In other words, asperities 30 and 32 are assumed to be spaced apart far enough for the fly height and pitch angle to have stabilized, after contact with asperity 30, before contact with asperity 32. Also, in FIG. 4, head 10 includes five MR sensors 18A, 18B, 18C, 18D and 18E. A composite read signal provided by circuitry 25 after contact between head 10 and asperity 30 is illustrated in the plot of FIG. 5. A composite read signal provided by circuitry 25 after contact between head 10 and asperity 32 is illustrated in FIG. 6. 
     As can be seen in FIGS. 4 and 5, the height of asperity 30 is such that asperity 30 will contact the ABS 14 of head 10 adjacent MR sensors 18C, 18B and 18A, respectively. However, asperity 30 will not make contact with ABS 14 adjacent sensors 18D and 18E. In the plot of FIG. 5, voltage (or current) spike 42 is caused by the temporary change in resistance of sensor 18C after contact with asperity 30. Spikes 44 and 46 are caused by contact between asperity 30 and sensors 18B and 18A, respectively. A peak detector and counter in circuitry 25 keeps track of the number of &#34;hits&#34;, and thereby determines the height of asperity 30. 
     As can be seen in FIGS. 4 and 6, because asperity 32 is taller than asperity 30, it will contact MR sensors 18E, 18D, 18C, 18B and 18A, respectively. Thus, five distinct peaks (impacts or hits) will be detected by circuitry 25. In FIG. 6, spikes 48, 50, 52, 54 and 56 correspond to contact between asperity 32 and sensors 18E, 18D, 18C, 18B and 18A, respectively. Using the relationship shown in Equation 1, height H A  of each asperity can be determined from the number of hits N, the known sensor lamination pitch L P , the minimum fly height H MFH  of ABS 14, and the pitch θ P  of the slider. 
     In addition to providing the ability to accurately determine the heights of asperities on the surface of the discs, the multiple MR sensors of head 10 of the present invention increases the probability that thermal asperities will be detected from contact with broad shallow defects. In conventional thermal asperity detecting heads having only a single sensor, contact between an asperity and the ABS can temporarily alter the flight of the head such that the MR sensor/asperity contact does not produce a thermal asperity in the read out signal. As illustrated progressively in FIGS. 7A and 7B, the initial contact between ABS 14 and asperity 34 can alter the fly height and pitch angle θ p  of the head temporarily. As shown progressively in FIGS. 7C and 7D, because of the altered flight of the head, MR sensor 18C makes contact with asperity 34, but MR sensors 18A and 18B do not. Thus, by including multiple MR sensors spaced apart on ABS 14 of the slider body, the likelihood that at least one of the MR sensors will contact broad shallow defects, such as asperity 34, increases. Without the benefit of the multiple spaced apart MR sensors of the present invention, the presence of asperity 34 might go undetected. 
     Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.