Abstract:
A nickel-based superalloy containing 12.0 to 16.0% by weight of Cr, 4.0 to 9.0% by weight of Co, 3.4 to 4.6% by weight of Al, 0.5 to 1.6% by weight of Nb, 0.05 to 0.16% by weight of C, 0.005 to 0.025% by weight of B, and at least one of Ti, Ta and Mo. Amounts of Ti, Ta and Mo are ones calculated by the equations (1) and (2), wherein TiEq is 4.0 to 6.0 and MoEq is 5.0 to 8.0. 
     
       
         TiEq=Ti % by weight+0.5153×Nb % by weight+0.2647×Ta % by weight  (1) 
       
     
     
       
         MoEq−Mo % by weight+0.5217×W % by weight+0.5303×Ta % by weight+1.0326×Nb % by weight  (2)

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a Ni-base superalloy and a gas turbine blade made of cast Ni-base superalloy. 
     DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART 
     In power engines such as jet engines, land-based gas turbines, etc., turbine inlet temperatures are being elevated more and more so as to increase efficiency of the turbines. Therefore, it is one of the most important objects to develop turbine blades material that withstands high temperatures. 
     The main properties required for turbine blades are high creep rupture strength, high ductility, superior resistance to oxidation in high temperature combustion gas atmosphere and high corrosion resistance. In order to satisfy these properties, nickel base superalloys are used as turbine blade materials at present. 
     There are conventional cast alloys, unidirectional solidification alloys of columnar grains and single crystal nickel base alloys as nickel base superalloys. Among these, conventional cast alloys have the highest casting yield of the blades. Thus, the technique is appropriate for manufacturing land-based gas turbine blades. See Japanese Patent Laid-open Hei 6 (1994)-57359. However, the normal cast steel is still insufficient in its high temperature creep rupture strength. Thus, there have not been proposed alloys that have high temperature creep rupture strength, corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance. 
     There are single crystal alloys or unidirectional solidification alloys that have superior creep rupture strength, but these alloys contain a smaller chromium content and contain larger amounts of tungsten and tantalum which have high solid solution strengthening so as to improve creep rupture strength. Therefore, these alloys are insufficient in corrosion resistance at high temperatures. From the viewpoint of corrosion resistance, these alloys that contain relatively large amount of impurities are not suitable for land based gas turbines. 
     An object of the present invention is to provide a nickel base superalloy for normal casting or unidirectional casting, which has improved high temperature creep rupture strength, oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance, and also provide a gas turbine blade made of the alloy. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 shows relationship between MoEq and TiEq values. 
     FIG. 2 is a bar graph showing creep rupture time in creep rupture tests. 
     FIG. 3 is a bar graph showing creep rupture time in creep rupture tests. 
     FIG. 4 is a bar graph showing oxidation loss in high temperature oxidation tests. 
     FIG. 5 is a bar graph showing corrosion loss in high temperature corrosion tests. 
     FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a gas turbine. 
     FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a gas turbine blade. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The nickel base superalloy of the present invention contains, 12.0 to 16.0% by weight of Cr, 4.0 to 9.0% by weight of Co, 3.4 to 4.6% by weight of Al, 0.5 to 1.6% by weight of Nb, 0.05 to 0.16% by weight of C, 0.005 to 0.025% by weight of B, and Ti, Ta, Mo and W. 
     In addition to the above ingredients, there are contained, 0 to 2.0% by weight of Hf, 0 to 0.5% by weight of Re, 0 to 0.05% by weight of Zr, 0 to 0.005% by weight of O, 0 to 0.005% by weight of N, 0 to 0.01% by weight of Si, 0 to 0.2% by weight of Mn, 0 to 0.01% by weight of P, and 0 to 0.01% by weight of S. 
     The remaining is substantially nickel and unavoidable impurities that may be introduced at the time of making the alloy. 
     The nickel base alloy of the present invention has a composition calculated by the following equations. 
     
       
         TiEq=Ti % by weight+0.5153×Nb % by weight+0.2647×Ta % by weight 
       
     
      MoEq=Mo % by weight+0.5217×W % by weight+0.5303×Ta % by weight+1.0326×Nb % by weight 
     The nickel base alloy of the present invention has a structure wherein γ′ phase precipitates in austenite matrix. The γ′ phase is an intermetallic compound, which may be Ni3(Al,Ti), Ni3(Al,Nb), Ni3(Al,Ta,Ti), etc, based on alloy compositions. 
     TiEq that relates to stability of matrix and creep rupture strength is a sum of Ti numbers that are calculated by summing [Ti] % by weight, Ti equivalent of [Nb] % by weight and Ti equivalent of [Ta] % by weight. In order to precipitate γ′ phase in γ phase matrix, in other words, in order to prevent precipitation of brittle phases such as TCP phase, σ phase or η phase, TiEq value should be 6.0 or less. The smaller the TiEq, the better the stability of matrix becomes. But, if TiEq is too small, the creep rupture strength will be lower. Thus, TiEq should be 4.0 or more. More preferably, TiEq should be within a range of from 4.0 to 5.0 so that particularly high creep rupture strength is expected. 
     MoEq that also relates to stability of matrix and creep rupture strength is a sum of Mo numbers that are calculated by summing [Mo] % by weight, Mo equivalent of [W] % by weight, Mo equivalent of [Ta] % by weight, and Mo equivalent of [Nb] % by weight. In order to stabilize matrix, MoEq should be 8.0 or less. The smaller the MoEq, the better the stability of matrix becomes. But, if MoEq is too small, creep rupture strength will be lower. Thus, MoEq should be 5.0 or more. More preferably, 5.5 to 7.5 of MoEq should be selected. 
     In the nickel base alloy of the invention, a preferable range of W is 3.5 to 4.5% by weight, Mo is 1.5 to 2.5% by weight, Ta is 2.0 to 3.4% by weight and Ti is 3.0 to 4.0% by weight. Accordingly, the present invention provides nickel base heat resisting alloys that contain the above elements in the specified ranges. 
     In the following, functions and reasons of contents will be explained. 
     Cr; 12.0 to 16.0% by weight: Cr is effective to improve corrosion resistance at high temperatures, and is truly effective at an amount of 12.0% by weight or more. Since the alloy of the invention contains Co, Mo, W, Ta, etc, an excess amount of Cr may precipitate brittle TCP phase to lower high temperature strength. Thus, the maximum amount of Cr is 16.0% by weight to take balance between the properties and ingredients. In this composition, superior high temperature strength and corrosion resistance are attained. 
     Co; 4.0 to 9.0% by weight 
     Co makes easy solid solution treatment by lowering precipitation temperature of γ′ phase, and strengthen γ′ phase by solid solution and improve high temperature corrosion resistance. These improvements are found when the amount of cobalt is 4.0% by weight or more. If Co exceeds 9.0% by weight, the alloy of the invention loses balance between the ingredients and properties because W, Mo Co, Ta, etc are added, thereby to suppress the precipitation of γ′ phase to lower high temperature strength. Therefore, the upper limit of Co should be 9.0% by weight. In considering balance between easiness of solid solution heat treatment and strength, a preferable range is within 6.0 to 8.0% by weight. 
     W; 3.5 to 4.5% by weight 
     W dissolves in γ phase and precipitated γ′ phase as solid solution to increase creep rupture strength by solid solution strengthening. In order to attain these advantages, W is necessary to be 3.5% by weight or more. Since W has large density, it increases specific gravity (density) of alloy and decreases corrosion at high temperatures. When W amount exceeds 4.5% by weight, needle-like W precipitates to lower creep rupture strength, corrosion at high temperatures and toughness. In considering the balance between high temperature strength, corrosion resistance and stability of structure matrix at high temperatures, a preferable range of W is 3.8 to 4.4% by weight. 
     Mo; 1.5 to 2.5% by weight 
     Mo has the similar function to that of W, which elevates solid solubility temperature of γ′ phase to improve creep rupture strength. In order to attain the function, at least 1.5% by weight of Mo is necessary. Since Mo has smaller density than W, it is possible to lessen specific gravity (density) of alloy. On the other hand, Mo lowers oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance, the upper limit of Mo is 2.5% by weight. In considering balance between strength, corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance at high temperatures, a preferable range of Mo is 1.6 to 2.3% by weight. 
     Ta; 2.0 to 3.4% by weight 
     Ta dissolves in γ′ phase in the form of Ni3(Al,Ta) to solid-strengthen the alloy, thereby increasing creep rupture strength. In order to attain this effect, at least 2.0% by weight of Ta is preferable. On the other hand, if Ta exceeds 3.4% by weight, it becomes supersaturated thereby to precipitate [Ni, Ta] or needle like σ phase. As a result, the alloy has lowered creep rupture strength. Therefore, the upper limit of Ta is 3.4% by weight. In considering balance between high temperature strength and stability of structure matrix, a preferable range is 2.5 to 3.2% by weight. 
     Ti; 3.0 to 4.0% by weight 
     Ti dissolves in γ′ phase as Ni(Al,Ti) solid to strengthen the matrix, but it does not have good effect as Ta does. Ti has a remarkable effect to improve cession resistance at high temperatures. In order to attain high temperature corrosion resistance, at least 3% by weight is necessary. However, if Ti exceeds 4.0% by weight, oxidation resistance of alloy decreases drastically. Thus, the upper limit of Ti is 4.0% by weight. In considering balance between high temperature strength and oxidation resistance, a preferable range is 3.2 to 3.6% by weight. 
     Nb, 0.5 to 1.6% by weight 
     Nb is an element that solid-dissolves in γ′ phase in the form of Ni3(Al,Nb) to strengthen the matrix, but it does not have an effect as Ta does. On the contrary, it remarkably improves corrosion resistance at high temperatures. In order to attain corrosion resistance, at least 0.5% by weight of Nb is necessary. However, if the amount exceeds 1.6% by weight, strength will decrease and oxidation resistance will be lowered. Thus, the upper limit is 1.6% by weight. In considering balance between high temperature strength, oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance, a preferable amount will be from 1.0 to 1.5% by weight. 
     Al; 3.4 to 4.6% by weight 
     Al is an element for constituting the γ′ reinforcing phase, i.e. Ni3Al that improves creep rupture strength. The element also remarkably improves oxidation resistance. In order to attain the properties, at least 3.4% by weight of Al is necessary. If the amount of Al exceeds 4.6% by weight, excessive γ′ phase precipitates to lower strength and degrades corrosion resistance because it forms composite oxides with Cr. Accordingly, a preferable amount of Al is 3.4 to 4.6% by weight. In considering balance between high temperature strength and oxidation resistance, a more preferable range is 3.6 to 4.4% by weight. 
     C; 0.05 to 0.16% by weight 
     C may segregate at the grain boundaries to strengthen the grain boundaries, and at the same time a part of it forms TiC, TaC, etc. that precipitate as blocks. In order to effect segregation at grain boundaries to strengthen grain boundaries, at least 0.05% by weight of C is necessary. If an amount of C exceeds 0.16% by weight, excessive amount of carbides are formed to lower creep rupture strength and ductility at high temperatures, and corrosion resistance as well. In considering balance between strength, ductility and corrosion resistance, a more preferable range is 0.1 to 0.16% by weight. 
     B; 0.005 to 0.025% by weight 
     B segregates at grain boundaries to strengthen grain boundaries, and a part of it forms borides such as (Cr,Ni,Ti,Mo)3B2, etc. that precipitate at grain boundaries. In order to effect segregation at grain boundaries, at least 0.005% by weight is necessary. However, since the borides have remarkably low melting points that lowers a melting point of the alloy and narrower the solid-solution heat treatment temperature range, an amount of B should be no more than 0.025% by weight. In considering balance between strength and solid-solution treatment, a more preferable range of B is 0.01 to 0.02% by weight. 
     Hf; 0 to 2.0% by weight 
     This element does not serve for enhancing strength of the alloy, but it has a function to improve corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance at high temperatures. That is, it improves bonding of a protective oxide layer of Cr2O3, Al2O3, etc. by partitioning between the oxide layer and the surface of the alloy. Therefore, if corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance is desired, addition of Hf is recommended. If an amount of Hf is too large, a melting point of alloy will lower and the range of solid-solution treatment will be narrowed. The upper limit should be 2.0% by weight. In case of normal casting alloys, effect of Hf is not found in the least. Therefore, addition of Hf is not recommended. Thus, the upper limit of Hf should be 0.1% by weight. On the other hand, in unidirectional solidification casting, remarkable effect of Hf is found, and hence at least 0.7% by weight of Hf is desired. 
     Re; 0 to 0.5% by weight 
     Almost all of Re dissolves in γ phase matrix and improves creep rupture strength and corrosion resistance. However, since Re is expensive and has a large density to increase specific gravity (density) of alloy, Re is added if necessary. In the alloy of the present invention that contains a large amount of Cr, needle like α-W or α-Re precipitates when an amount of Re exceeds 0.5% by weight, to thereby lower creep rupture strength and ductility. Thus, the upper limit should be 0.5% by weight. 
     Zr; 0 to 0.05% by weight 
     Zr segregates at the grain boundaries to improve strength at the boundaries more or less. Most of Zr forms intermetallic compound with Ni to form Ni3Zr at grain boundaries. The intermetallic compound lowers ductility of the alloy and it has a low melting point to thereby lower melting point of the alloy that leads to a narrow solid-solution treatment range. Zr has no useful effect, and the upper limit is 0.05% by weight. 
     O; 0 to 0.005% by weight 
     N; 0 to 0.005% by weight 
     O and N are elements mainly introduced into the alloy from raw materials in general. O may be carried in alloys in a crucible. O or N introduced into alloys are present in the crucible in the form of oxides such as Al 2 O 3  or nitrides such as TiN or AlN. If these compounds are present in castings, they become starting points of cracks, thereby to lower creep rupture strength or to be a cause of stress-strain cracks. Particularly, O appears in the surface of castings that are surface defects to lower a yield of castings. Accordingly, O and N should be as little as possible. O and N should not exceed 0.005% by weight. 
     Si; 0 to 0.01% by weight 
     Si is introduced into casting by raw materials. In the present invention, since Si is not effective element, it should be as little as possible. Even if it is contained, the upper limit is 0.01% by weight. 
     Mn; 0 to 0.2% by weight 
     Mn is introduced into castings by raw materials, too. As same as Si, Mn is not effective in the alloys of the present invention. Therefore, it should be as a little as possible. The upper limit is 0.2% by weight. 
     P; 0 to 0.01% by weight 
     P is an impurity that should be as little as possible. The upper limit is 0.01% by weight. 
     S; 0 to 0.01% by weight 
     S is an impurity that should be as little as possible. The upper limit is 0.01% by weight. 
     According to the present invention, there is provided a nickel-based superalloy comprising Cr, Co, W, Mo, Ta, Ti, Al, Nb, C and B in ranges of optimum amounts. Concretely, the nickel-based supperalloy comprises 13.0 to 15.0% by weight of Cr, 6.0 to 8.0% by weight of Co, 3.8 to 4.4% by weight of W, 1.6 to 2.3% by weight of Mo, 2.3 to 3.2% by weight of Ta, 3.2 to 3.6% by weight of Ti, 3.6 to 4.4% by weight of Al, 1.0 to 1.5% by weight of Nb, 0.10 to 0.16% by weight of C and 0.01 to 0.02 4 by weight of B. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 6 shows a perspective view of a land-based gas turbine. In FIG. 6, numeral  1  denotes first stage blade, numeral  2  second stage blade and numeral  3  third stage blade. Among the blades, the first stage blade is subjected to highest temperature and the second stage blade second highest temperature. FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of a blade of a land-based gas turbine. In a normal gas turbine, the height of the blade is about ten and several centimeters. In the present invention, the turbine blade is made of a normal casting material of the nickel-based superalloy. If necessary, the blade is made by unidirectional casting alloy. 
     In the following, test pieces were prepared by machining out them from conventional casting. 
     In table 1, there are shown chemical compositions of the alloys of the present invention (A1 to A28). In table 2, there are shown chemical compositions of comparative alloys (B1 to B28) and conventional alloys (C1 to C3). 
     Each alloy was prepared by melting and casting using a vacuum induction furnace with a refractory crucible having a volume of 15 kg. Each ingot had a diameter of 80 mm and a length of 300 mm. Then, the ingot was vacuum melted in an alumina crucible and cast in a ceramic mold heated at 1000° C. to make a casting of a diameter of 20 mm and a length of 150 mm. After casting, solid-solution heat treatment and aging heat treatment at conditions shown in Table 3 were carried out. 
     Test pieces for creep rupture test each of which has a diameter of 6.0 mm in 30 mm of a gauge length, test pieces for high temperature oxidation test each having a length of 25 mm, a width of 10 mm, and a thickness of 1.5 mm, and test pieces for high temperature corrosion test each having a diameter of 8.0 mm and a length of 40.0 mm. Micro structure of each test piece was examined with a scanning type electron microscope to evaluate stability of the matrix structure. 
     In Table 4 there are shown test conditions done on each test piece for evaluation of properties. 
     Creep rupture test was conducted under the conditions of 1123K-314 MPa and 1255K-138 MPa. High temperature oxidation test was conducted under the condition of 1373K, which was repeated 12 times after holding test pieces for 20 hours. High temperature corrosion test was conducted under the condition where the test piece was exposed to combustion gas containing 80 ppm of NaCl and the corrosion test under the condition 1173K was repeated 10 times in 7 hours to measure weight change. 
     In Table 5 there are shown TiEq and MoEq values and stability of structure matrix of alloys of the present invention. FIG. 1 shows relationship between TiEq values and MoEq values with respect to alloys (A1 to A28) of the present invention. 
     In Table 5 and FIG. 1, represents alloys whose abnormal structure matrix was observed and ∘ represents alloys whose abnormality was not observed. The abnormal structure matrix is that TCP phase or nphase when structure observation was made after heat treatment. As is apparent from FIG. 1, when TiEq and MoEq values are chosen to be in the ranges of the present invention, alloys with superior in structure matrix are obtained. 
     Table 6 and FIGS. 2 to  5  show test results of evaluation of properties of the alloys used in the experiments. Creep rupture test was conducted by measuring rupture time. Since there are relationship between creep rupture time and rupture strength, alloys having longer rupture time can be considered as alloys having higher rupture strength. FIG. 2 shows creep rupture time under the condition of 1123K-314 MPa. FIG. 3 creep rupture time under 1255K-138 MPa, FIG. 4 oxidation loss under high temperature oxidation and FIG. 5 corrosion loss under high temperature corrosion test, FIGS. 2 to  5  being all bar graphs. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1-1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Item 
                 Alloy No. 
                 Cr 
                 Co 
                 Ti 
                 Al 
                 Mo 
                 W 
                 Ta 
                 Nb 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Invention 
                 A1 
                 13.42 
                 6.59 
                 3.06 
                 3.60 
                 1.52 
                 4.02 
                 2.50 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 Alloys 
                 A2 
                 14.07 
                 7.99 
                 3.09 
                 4.22 
                 1.98 
                 4.23 
                 2.99 
                 1.47 
               
               
                   
                 A3 
                 13.65 
                 4.56 
                 3.59 
                 3.57 
                 1.51 
                 4.26 
                 2.96 
                 0.51 
               
               
                   
                 A4 
                 14.23 
                 7.10 
                 3.44 
                 4.21 
                 2.03 
                 3.77 
                 2.83 
                 1.21 
               
               
                   
                 A5 
                 14.30 
                 8.37 
                 3.47 
                 3.41 
                 1.55 
                 3.69 
                 2.97 
                 1.01 
               
               
                   
                 A6 
                 13.66 
                 4.44 
                 3.38 
                 3.54 
                 1.98 
                 3.97 
                 3.20 
                 1.50 
               
               
                   
                 A7 
                 14.02 
                 4.55 
                 3.01 
                 3.42 
                 2.22 
                 4.27 
                 2.52 
                 0.97 
               
               
                   
                 A8 
                 14.17 
                 8.45 
                 3.03 
                 3.94 
                 1.54 
                 3.98 
                 3.21 
                 0.53 
               
               
                   
                 A9 
                 13.56 
                 5.27 
                 3.54 
                 3.41 
                 2.40 
                 4.34 
                 2.02 
                 1.48 
               
               
                   
                 A10 
                 13.96 
                 8.04 
                 3.56 
                 3.60 
                 2.20 
                 3.72 
                 2.47 
                 0.52 
               
               
                   
                 A11 
                 13.57 
                 7.01 
                 3.43 
                 4.40 
                 2.01 
                 3.69 
                 2.57 
                 1.47 
               
               
                   
                 A12 
                 14.50 
                 6.37 
                 3.09 
                 4.42 
                 1.79 
                 4.10 
                 2.70 
                 1.23 
               
               
                   
                 A13 
                 14.30 
                 7.59 
                 3.12 
                 3.90 
                 2.41 
                 4.24 
                 2.50 
                 1.02 
               
               
                   
                 A14 
                 13.76 
                 7.95 
                 3.49 
                 3.86 
                 1.99 
                 4.28 
                 3.11 
                 1.18 
               
               
                   
                 A15 
                 13.22 
                 5.99 
                 3.59 
                 3.53 
                 1.50 
                 4.27 
                 2.97 
                 0.67 
               
               
                   
                 A16 
                 14.29 
                 6.55 
                 3.63 
                 3.81 
                 2.22 
                 4.10 
                 2.69 
                 1.01 
               
               
                   
                 A17 
                 13.81 
                 7.21 
                 3.09 
                 3.91 
                 1.96 
                 4.28 
                 3.10 
                 1.22 
               
               
                   
                 A18 
                 13.43 
                 6.01 
                 3.27 
                 3.58 
                 1.53 
                 3.97 
                 2.53 
                 1.02 
               
               
                   
                 A19 
                 14.00 
                 7.02 
                 3.35 
                 4.21 
                 1.80 
                 4.15 
                 2.75 
                 1.20 
               
               
                   
                 A20 
                 14.00 
                 7.97 
                 3.35 
                 3.96 
                 2.00 
                 4.30 
                 2.97 
                 1.03 
               
               
                   
                 A21 
                 14.50 
                 6.71 
                 3.27 
                 3.80 
                 1.80 
                 4.11 
                 2.69 
                 1.23 
               
               
                   
                 A22 
                 13.67 
                 7.94 
                 3.45 
                 4.40 
                 1.97 
                 4.26 
                 3.12 
                 1.20 
               
               
                   
                 A23 
                 13.40 
                 6.02 
                 3.25 
                 3.65 
                 2.41 
                 3.96 
                 2.58 
                 1.03 
               
               
                   
                 A24 
                 14.06 
                 7.00 
                 3.36 
                 4.22 
                 1.82 
                 4.16 
                 2.77 
                 1.18 
               
               
                   
                 A25 
                 14.08 
                 7.89 
                 3.31 
                 3.99 
                 2.22 
                 4.29 
                 2.99 
                 1.01 
               
               
                   
                 A26 
                 14.49 
                 6.74 
                 3.25 
                 4.41 
                 1.83 
                 4.12 
                 2.71 
                 1.22 
               
               
                   
                 A27 
                 14.31 
                 7.62 
                 3.11 
                 3.89 
                 2.05 
                 4.23 
                 2.55 
                 1.20 
               
               
                   
                 A28 
                 14.03 
                 7.95 
                 3.36 
                 3.97 
                 2.00 
                 4.29 
                 2.96 
                 1.02 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1-2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Alloy 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Item 
                 No. 
                 Hf 
                 Re 
                 P 
                 S 
                 C 
                 B 
                 O 
                 N 
                 Ni 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Invention 
                 A1 
                 0.01 
                 0.008 
                 0.003 
                 0.005 
                 0.14 
                 0.011 
                 0.00 
                 0.004 
                 64.11 
               
               
                 alloys 
                 A2 
                 0.04 
                 0.007 
                 0.003 
                 0.004 
                 0.12 
                 0.017 
                 0.002 
                 0.002 
                 60.00 
               
               
                   
                 A3 
                 0.02 
                 0.006 
                 0.003 
                 0.003 
                 0.12 
                 0.016 
                 0.003 
                 0.003 
                 65.22 
               
               
                   
                 A4 
                 0.09 
                 0.008 
                 0.004 
                 0.005 
                 0.13 
                 0.019 
                 0.002 
                 0.004 
                 63.74 
               
               
                   
                 A5 
                 0.06 
                 0.005 
                 0.003 
                 0.004 
                 0.13 
                 0.011 
                 0.001 
                 0.004 
                 60.98 
               
               
                   
                 A6 
                 0.01 
                 0.005 
                 0.003 
                 0.003 
                 0.13 
                 0.013 
                 0.001 
                 0.003 
                 64.76 
               
               
                   
                 A7 
                 0.09 
                 0.006 
                 0.003 
                 0.005 
                 0.11 
                 0.011 
                 0.001 
                 0.002 
                 65.39 
               
               
                   
                 A8 
                 0.01 
                 0.007 
                 0.003 
                 0.003 
                 0.08 
                 0.016 
                 0.003 
                 0.004 
                 62.22 
               
               
                   
                 A9 
                 0.05 
                 0.006 
                 0.003 
                 0.003 
                 0.11 
                 0.011 
                 0.002 
                 0.003 
                 65.02 
               
               
                   
                 A10 
                 0.00 
                 0.007 
                 0.003 
                 0.003 
                 0.08 
                 0.017 
                 0.002 
                 0.004 
                 61.97 
               
               
                   
                 A11 
                 0.05 
                 0.008 
                 0.003 
                 0.005 
                 0.09 
                 0.015 
                 0.002 
                 0.003 
                 65.28 
               
               
                   
                 A12 
                 0.09 
                 0.010 
                 0.004 
                 0.005 
                 0.11 
                 0.014 
                 0.002 
                 0.003 
                 61.81 
               
               
                   
                 A13 
                 0.01 
                 0.009 
                 0.003 
                 0.003 
                 0.10 
                 0.016 
                 0.001 
                 0.004 
                 61.63 
               
               
                   
                 A14 
                 0.07 
                 0.008 
                 0.003 
                 0.004 
                 0.11 
                 0.010 
                 0.003 
                 0.003 
                 60.30 
               
               
                   
                 A15 
                 0.06 
                 0.007 
                 0.003 
                 0.004 
                 0.11 
                 0.010 
                 0.002 
                 0.003 
                 64.06 
               
               
                   
                 A16 
                 0.05 
                 0.006 
                 0.004 
                 0.003 
                 0.10 
                 0.019 
                 0.002 
                 0.004 
                 61.72 
               
               
                   
                 A17 
                 0.03 
                 0.006 
                 0.003 
                 0.003 
                 0.09 
                 0.013 
                 0.003 
                 0.003 
                 61.41 
               
               
                   
                 A18 
                 0.01 
                 0.010 
                 0.004 
                 0.004 
                 0.11 
                 0.015 
                 0.002 
                 0.003 
                 64.50 
               
               
                   
                 A19 
                 0.04 
                 0.006 
                 0.003 
                 0.003 
                 0.10 
                 0.015 
                 0.001 
                 0.004 
                 61.76 
               
               
                   
                 A20 
                 0.08 
                 0.007 
                 0.003 
                 0.004 
                 0.10 
                 0.015 
                 0.002 
                 0.003 
                 60.21 
               
               
                   
                 A21 
                 1.71 
                 0.005 
                 0.003 
                 0.004 
                 0.11 
                 0.014 
                 0.002 
                 0.004 
                 60.26 
               
               
                   
                 A22 
                 1.76 
                 0.006 
                 0.004 
                 0.003 
                 0.11 
                 0.010 
                 0.002 
                 0.004 
                 58.76 
               
               
                   
                 A23 
                 1.10 
                 0.005 
                 0.004 
                 0.004 
                 0.11 
                 0.015 
                 0.001 
                 0.003 
                 63.49 
               
               
                   
                 A24 
                 1.43 
                 0.008 
                 0.004 
                 0.003 
                 0.10 
                 0.015 
                 0.002 
                 0.004 
                 60.24 
               
               
                   
                 A25 
                 1.49 
                 0.006 
                 0.003 
                 0.004 
                 0.10 
                 0.015 
                 0.002 
                 0.004 
                 58.79 
               
               
                   
                 A26 
                 0.10 
                 0.402 
                 0.004 
                 0.005 
                 0.11 
                 0.014 
                 0.004 
                 0.003 
                 61.38 
               
               
                   
                 A27 
                 0.02 
                 0.301 
                 0.003 
                 0.004 
                 0.10 
                 0.017 
                 0.002 
                 0.004 
                 61.33 
               
               
                   
                 A28 
                 0.09 
                 0.203 
                 0.004 
                 0.005 
                 0.10 
                 0.015 
                 0.002 
                 0.003 
                 60.00 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2-1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Alloy 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Item 
                 No. 
                 Cr 
                 Co 
                 Ti 
                 Al 
                 Mo 
                 W 
                 Ta 
                 Nb 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Comparative 
                 B1 
                 14.07 
                 9.31 
                 2.39 
                 2.90 
                 1.50 
                 3.95 
                 4.01 
                 2.47 
               
               
                 alloys 
                 B2 
                 14.62 
                 8.93 
                 2.44 
                 3.89 
                 2.45 
                 4.46 
                 5.02 
                 3.52 
               
               
                   
                 B3 
                 14.45 
                 9.79 
                 3.35 
                 1.91 
                 0.54 
                 4.06 
                 3.97 
                 3.48 
               
               
                   
                 B4 
                 14.68 
                 8.60 
                 3.51 
                 3.00 
                 1.50 
                 4.53 
                 5.01 
                 1.48 
               
               
                   
                 B5 
                 13.51 
                 8.84 
                 3.54 
                 3.97 
                 2.47 
                 3.57 
                 2.98 
                 2.48 
               
               
                   
                 B6 
                 14.22 
                 8.91 
                 4.58 
                 2.07 
                 1.50 
                 3.50 
                 4.95 
                 2.51 
               
               
                   
                 B7 
                 13.76 
                 9.65 
                 4.58 
                 2.92 
                 2.54 
                 4.02 
                 2.97 
                 3.51 
               
               
                   
                 B8 
                 14.55 
                 9.56 
                 4.64 
                 4.05 
                 0.46 
                 4.50 
                 3.99 
                 1.52 
               
               
                   
                 B9 
                 14.26 
                 6.47 
                 2.46 
                 2.10 
                 2.54 
                 4.48 
                 3.98 
                 2.48 
               
               
                   
                 B10 
                 13.21 
                 5.27 
                 2.44 
                 3.11 
                 0.46 
                 3.45 
                 4.96 
                 3.47 
               
               
                   
                 B11 
                 14.60 
                 6.34 
                 3.37 
                 2.01 
                 1.45 
                 4.57 
                 2.99 
                 3.47 
               
               
                   
                 B12 
                 14.11 
                 5.82 
                 3.43 
                 4.00 
                 0.50 
                 3.95 
                 4.96 
                 2.51 
               
               
                   
                 B13 
                 14.57 
                 5.67 
                 4.60 
                 2.10 
                 2.45 
                 4.05 
                 4.95 
                 1.49 
               
               
                   
                 B14 
                 13.28 
                 6.51 
                 4.41 
                 2.89 
                 0.49 
                 4.51 
                 3.04 
                 2.49 
               
               
                   
                 B15 
                 14.40 
                 6.23 
                 4.35 
                 4.04 
                 1.49 
                 3.48 
                 3.99 
                 3.49 
               
               
                   
                 B16 
                 14.41 
                 8.90 
                 2.39 
                 2.00 
                 0.52 
                 3.46 
                 2.95 
                 1.49 
               
               
                   
                 B17 
                 13.37 
                 6.61 
                 2.50 
                 4.05 
                 1.51 
                 3.97 
                 2.99 
                 1.52 
               
               
                   
                 B18 
                 13.91 
                 5.37 
                 3.59 
                 3.06 
                 2.51 
                 3.47 
                 2.95 
                 1.49 
               
               
                   
                 B19 
                 14.75 
                 3.74 
                 3.00 
                 2.94 
                 0.98 
                 3.75 
                 1.99 
                 0.50 
               
               
                   
                 B20 
                 13.27 
                 7.82 
                 3.53 
                 2.92 
                 0.98 
                 3.93 
                 2.48 
                 1.47 
               
               
                   
                 B21 
                 13.48 
                 6.74 
                 3.89 
                 4.09 
                 1.02 
                 4.26 
                 2.52 
                 0.49 
               
               
                   
                 B22 
                 14.22 
                 5.93 
                 2.90 
                 3.47 
                 0.99 
                 3.72 
                 3.03 
                 1.47 
               
               
                   
                 B23 
                 13.80 
                 3.96 
                 3.44 
                 3.90 
                 1.01 
                 3.94 
                 3.03 
                 0.99 
               
               
                   
                 B24 
                 13.42 
                 6.69 
                 3.89 
                 3.07 
                 1.98 
                 3.95 
                 3.00 
                 0.49 
               
               
                   
                 B25 
                 13.83 
                 8.36 
                 3.89 
                 3.42 
                 0.95 
                 4.34 
                 1.99 
                 0.99 
               
               
                 Conv. 
                 C1 
                 14.07 
                 9.20 
                 5.03 
                 3.03 
                 3.96 
                 3.92 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 alloys 
                 C2 
                 14.18 
                 10.11 
                 4.76 
                 2.95 
                 1.50 
                 3.84 
                 2.79 
                 0.00 
               
               
                   
                 C3 
                 13.24 
                 10.10 
                 2.67 
                 4.02 
                 1.52 
                 4.33 
                 4.74 
                 0.00 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2-2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Alloy 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Item 
                 No. 
                 Hf 
                 Re 
                 P 
                 S 
                 C 
                 B 
                 O 
                 N 
                 Ni 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Comparative 
                 B1 
                 0.01 
                 0.008 
                 0.004 
                 0.004 
                 0.10 
                 0.019 
                 0.002 
                 0.002 
                 59.25 
               
               
                 alloys 
                 B2 
                 0.05 
                 0.006 
                 0.003 
                 0.005 
                 0.13 
                 0.013 
                 0.001 
                 0.003 
                 54.46 
               
               
                   
                 B3 
                 0.03 
                 0.010 
                 0.003 
                 0.003 
                 0.14 
                 0.013 
                 0.002 
                 0.003 
                 58.25 
               
               
                   
                 B4 
                 0.05 
                 0.005 
                 0.003 
                 0.005 
                 0.08 
                 0.017 
                 0.001 
                 0.002 
                 57.52 
               
               
                   
                 B5 
                 0.03 
                 0.005 
                 0.004 
                 0.005 
                 0.09 
                 0.019 
                 0.002 
                 0.004 
                 58.48 
               
               
                   
                 B6 
                 0.02 
                 0.008 
                 0.003 
                 0.003 
                 0.13 
                 0.011 
                 0.003 
                 0.002 
                 57.58 
               
               
                   
                 B7 
                 0.04 
                 0.008 
                 0.004 
                 0.005 
                 0.05 
                 0.016 
                 0.002 
                 0.002 
                 55.92 
               
               
                   
                 B8 
                 0.07 
                 0.008 
                 0.003 
                 0.003 
                 0.11 
                 0.018 
                 0.003 
                 0.002 
                 56.51 
               
               
                   
                 B9 
                 0.07 
                 0.006 
                 0.004 
                 0.004 
                 0.08 
                 0.014 
                 0.002 
                 0.004 
                 61.05 
               
               
                   
                 B10 
                 0.05 
                 0.009 
                 0.003 
                 0.004 
                 0.10 
                 0.012 
                 0.002 
                 0.002 
                 63.45 
               
               
                   
                 B11 
                 0.04 
                 0.009 
                 0.004 
                 0.004 
                 0.09 
                 0.015 
                 0.001 
                 0.004 
                 61.03 
               
               
                   
                 B12 
                 0.01 
                 0.009 
                 0.004 
                 0.003 
                 0.06 
                 0.014 
                 0.002 
                 0.002 
                 60.62 
               
               
                   
                 B13 
                 0.08 
                 0.007 
                 0.004 
                 0.005 
                 0.10 
                 0.017 
                 0.002 
                 0.004 
                 59.90 
               
               
                   
                 B14 
                 0.06 
                 0.005 
                 0.003 
                 0.003 
                 0.13 
                 0.010 
                 0.003 
                 0.002 
                 62.16 
               
               
                   
                 B15 
                 0.08 
                 0.007 
                 0.004 
                 0.003 
                 0.06 
                 0.016 
                 0.002 
                 0.003 
                 58.36 
               
               
                   
                 B16 
                 0.07 
                 0.008 
                 0.003 
                 0.003 
                 0.08 
                 0.013 
                 0.002 
                 0.004 
                 63.70 
               
               
                   
                 B17 
                 0.00 
                 0.006 
                 0.004 
                 0.005 
                 0.12 
                 0.011 
                 0.003 
                 0.004 
                 63.39 
               
               
                   
                 B18 
                 0.05 
                 0.010 
                 0.004 
                 0.004 
                 0.14 
                 0.014 
                 0.002 
                 0.003 
                 62.42 
               
               
                   
                 B19 
                 0.01 
                 0.005 
                 0.004 
                 0.005 
                 0.15 
                 0.013 
                 0.001 
                 0.004 
                 68.16 
               
               
                   
                 B20 
                 0.09 
                 0.006 
                 0.003 
                 0.004 
                 0.12 
                 0.010 
                 0.002 
                 0.004 
                 63.36 
               
               
                   
                 B21 
                 0.00 
                 0.005 
                 0.003 
                 0.005 
                 0.13 
                 0.019 
                 0.002 
                 0.002 
                 63.34 
               
               
                   
                 B22 
                 0.05 
                 0.006 
                 0.003 
                 0.005 
                 0.11 
                 0.011 
                 0.002 
                 0.004 
                 64.08 
               
               
                   
                 B23 
                 0.08 
                 0.008 
                 0.003 
                 0.003 
                 0.09 
                 0.016 
                 0.001 
                 0.004 
                 65.73 
               
               
                   
                 B24 
                 0.05 
                 0.009 
                 0.003 
                 0.004 
                 0.09 
                 0.012 
                 0.002 
                 0.003 
                 63.24 
               
               
                   
                 B25 
                 0.06 
                 0.008 
                 0.003 
                 0.004 
                 0.10 
                 0.013 
                 0.002 
                 0.004 
                 62.04 
               
               
                 Conv. 
                 C1 
                 0.00 
                 0.006 
                 0.004 
                 0.005 
                 0.12 
                 0.015 
                 0.001 
                 0.003 
                 60.64 
               
               
                 alloys 
                 C2 
                 0.09 
                 0.008 
                 0.004 
                 0.004 
                 0.08 
                 0.010 
                 0.001 
                 0.002 
                 59.67 
               
               
                   
                 C3 
                 0.01 
                 0.007 
                 0.004 
                 0.005 
                 0.10 
                 0.015 
                 0.002 
                 0.003 
                 59.23 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Solid 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 solution 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Heat 
                 Aging condition 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Kinds of 
                   
                 Treatment 
                   
                 Second 
                 Third 
               
               
                 alloy 
                 No. 
                 Condition 
                 First aging 
                 aging 
                 aging 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Invention 
                 A1˜A28 
                 1480K/2h, 
                 1366K/4h, 
                 1325K/4h, 
                 1116K/ 
               
               
                 alloys 
                   
                 AC 
                 AC 
                 AC 
                 16h, AC 
               
               
                 Compara. 
                 B1˜B25 
                 1480K/2h, 
                 1366K/4H, 
                 1325K/4h, 
                 1116K/ 
               
               
                 alloys 
                   
                 AC 
                 AC 
                 AC 
                 16h, AC 
               
               
                 Convent. 
                 C1 
                 1480K/2h, 
                 1366K/4h, 
                 1325K/4h, 
                 1116K/ 
               
               
                 alloys 
                 AC 
                 AC 
                   
                 AC 
                 16h, AC 
               
               
                   
                 C2 
                 1395K/2h 
                 1116K/24h, 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AC 
               
               
                   
                 C3 
                 1433K/2h 
                 1116K/24h, 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AC 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Evaluation tests 
                 Contents of tests 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Creep rupture test 
                 Test temperature and stress 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (1) 1123K-314MPa 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (2) 1255K-138MPa 
               
               
                   
                 Oxidation test 
                 Repeating Oxidations in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 atmosphere 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (1) 1373K-24h (20h × 12 times) 
               
               
                   
                 Corrosion resistance test 
                 Corrosion test in high 
               
               
                   
                   
                 temperature gas 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (1) 1173K-70h (7h × 10 times) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Fuel: Light Oil, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NaCl amount; 80 ppm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 5-1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Stability 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Alloy 
                 of 
               
               
                   
                 Item 
                 No. 
                 structure 
                 TiEq 
                 MoEq 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Invention 
                 A1 
                 ◯ 
                 4.24 
                 5.98 
               
               
                   
                 alloys 
                 A2 
                 ◯ 
                 4.64 
                 7.29 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A3 
                 ◯ 
                 4.64 
                 5.83 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A4 
                 ◯ 
                 4.81 
                 6.75 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A5 
                 ◯ 
                 4.78 
                 6.09 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A6 
                 ◯ 
                 5.00 
                 7.30 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A7 
                 ◯ 
                 4.18 
                 6.79 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A8 
                 ◯ 
                 4.15 
                 5.87 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A9 
                 ◯ 
                 4.84 
                 7.26 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A10 
                 ◯ 
                 4.48 
                 5.99 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A11 
                 ◯ 
                 4.87 
                 6.82 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A12 
                 ◯ 
                 4.44 
                 6.63 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A13 
                 ◯ 
                 4.31 
                 7.00 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A14 
                 ◯ 
                 4.92 
                 7.09 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A15 
                 ◯ 
                 4.72 
                 5.99 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A16 
                 ◯ 
                 4.86 
                 6.83 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A17 
                 ◯ 
                 4.54 
                 7.10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A18 
                 ◯ 
                 4.47 
                 6.00 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A19 
                 ◯ 
                 4.70 
                 6.66 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A20 
                 ◯ 
                 4.67 
                 6.88 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A21 
                 ◯ 
                 4.62 
                 6.64 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A22 
                 ◯ 
                 4.89 
                 7.09 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A23 
                 ◯ 
                 4.46 
                 6.91 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A24 
                 ◯ 
                 4.70 
                 6.68 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A25 
                 ◯ 
                 4.62 
                 7.09 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A26 
                 ◯ 
                 4.60 
                 6.68 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A27 
                 ◯ 
                 4.40 
                 6.85 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A28 
                 ◯ 
                 4.67 
                 6.86 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 5-2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Stability 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Alloy 
                 of 
               
               
                   
                 Item 
                 No. 
                 structure 
                 TiEq 
                 MoEq 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Compara. 
                 B1 
                  
                 4.72 
                 8.24 
               
               
                   
                 Alloys 
                 B2 
                  
                 5.58 
                 11.07 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B3 
                  
                 6.19 
                 8.36 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B4 
                   
                 5.60 
                 8.06 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B5 
                   
                 5.61 
                 8.47 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B6 
                  
                 7.18 
                 8.54 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B7 
                  
                 7.17 
                 9.84 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B8 
                  
                 6.84 
                 6.49 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B9 
                  
                 4.79 
                 9.55 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B10 
                  
                 5.54 
                 8.47 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B11 
                  
                 5.95 
                 9.00 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B12 
                  
                 5.04 
                 7.76 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B13 
                  
                 6.68 
                 8.73 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B14 
                  
                 6.50 
                 7.03 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B15 
                  
                 7.20 
                 9.03 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B16 
                 ◯ 
                 3.94 
                 5.43 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B17 
                 ◯ 
                 4.07 
                 6.74 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B18 
                 ◯ 
                 5.40 
                 7.95 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B19 
                 ◯ 
                 3.78 
                 4.51 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B20 
                 ◯ 
                 4.94 
                 5.86 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B21 
                 ◯ 
                 4.81 
                 5.08 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B22 
                 ◯ 
                 4.46 
                 6.08 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B23 
                 ◯ 
                 4.75 
                 5.69 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B24 
                 ◯ 
                 5.04 
                 6.14 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B25 
                 ◯ 
                 4.93 
                 5.28 
               
               
                   
                 Conven. 
                 C1 
                 ◯ 
                 5.03 
                 6.01 
               
               
                   
                 alloys 
                 C2 
                 ◯ 
                 5.50 
                 4.98 
               
               
                   
                   
                 C3 
                 ◯ 
                 3.92 
                 6.29 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6-1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Creep rupture time (h) 
                 Oxidation 
                 Corrosion 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Alloy 
                 1123K- 
                 1255K- 
                 amount 
                 Amount 
               
               
                 Item 
                 No. 
                 314MPa 
                 138MPa 
                 (mg/cm 2 ) 
                 (mg/cm 2 ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Invention 
                 A1 
                 386.0 
                 220.7 
                 −11.26 
                 −0.17 
               
               
                 alloys 
                 A2 
                 362.5 
                 212.9 
                 −10.46 
                 −0.63 
               
               
                   
                 A3 
                 322.7 
                 165.6 
                 −11.79 
                 −0.33 
               
               
                   
                 A4 
                 358.1 
                 179.4 
                 −7.24 
                 −0.33 
               
               
                   
                 A5 
                 395.7 
                 163.2 
                 −11.54 
                 −0.12 
               
               
                   
                 A6 
                 375.6 
                 170.6 
                 −10.78 
                 −0.26 
               
               
                   
                 A7 
                 348.8 
                 181.8 
                 −10.82 
                 −0.83 
               
               
                   
                 A8 
                 358.5 
                 146.0 
                 −7.17 
                 0.03 
               
               
                   
                 A9 
                 333.5 
                 161.8 
                 −10.43 
                 −0.09 
               
               
                   
                 A10 
                 371.6 
                 165.8 
                 −8.48 
                 0.03 
               
               
                   
                 A11 
                 457.1 
                 203.7 
                 −8.68 
                 −0.04 
               
               
                   
                 A12 
                 430.2 
                 192.7 
                 −7.24 
                 −1.93 
               
               
                   
                 A13 
                 377.3 
                 169.9 
                 −2.55 
                 −1.43 
               
               
                   
                 A14 
                 389.8 
                 214.9 
                 −4.76 
                 −1.64 
               
               
                   
                 A15 
                 364.2 
                 181.4 
                 −8.78 
                 −1.68 
               
               
                   
                 A16 
                 328.2 
                 170.2 
                 −4.28 
                 −0.83 
               
               
                   
                 A17 
                 327.5 
                 198.5 
                 −4.17 
                 −1.05 
               
               
                   
                 A18 
                 376.4 
                 187.1 
                 −11.79 
                 −1.62 
               
               
                   
                 A19 
                 425.3 
                 247.4 
                 −6.88 
                 −0.22 
               
               
                   
                 A20 
                 537.5 
                 225.0 
                 −4.40 
                 −0.43 
               
               
                   
                 A21 
                 440.2 
                 240.3 
                 −7.22 
                 −0.33 
               
               
                   
                 A22 
                 420.3 
                 220.1 
                 −6.84 
                 −0.74 
               
               
                   
                 A23 
                 410.3 
                 198.1 
                 −8.10 
                 −0.62 
               
               
                   
                 A24 
                 397.5 
                 200.4 
                 −6.55 
                 −1.20 
               
               
                   
                 A25 
                 413.3 
                 188.4 
                 −5.44 
                 −0.31 
               
               
                   
                 A26 
                 486.7 
                 213.6 
                 −8.11 
                 −0.56 
               
               
                   
                 A27 
                 510.4 
                 240.3 
                 −7.84 
                 −0.89 
               
               
                   
                 A28 
                 470.1 
                 220.1 
                 −7.12 
                 −0.11 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6-2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Creep Rupture Time (h) 
                 Oxidation 
                 Corrosion 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Alloy 
                 1123K- 
                 1255K- 
                 amount 
                 amount 
               
               
                 Item 
                 No. 
                 314MPa 
                 138MPa 
                 (mg/cm 2 ) 
                 (mg/cm 2 ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Comparative 
                 B1 
                 432.7 
                 85.7 
                 −11.98 
                 −9.91 
               
               
                 alloys 
                 B2 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 −2.02 
                 −19.38 
               
               
                   
                 B3 
                 17.2 
                 7.4 
                 −42.35 
                 −0.79 
               
               
                   
                 B4 
                 375.3 
                 71.5 
                 −13.18 
                 −2.66 
               
               
                   
                 B5 
                 67.4 
                 47.0 
                 −6.36 
                 −3.77 
               
               
                   
                 B6 
                 22.2 
                 19.5 
                 −66.07 
                 −0.58 
               
               
                   
                 B7 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 −35.40 
                 −0.18 
               
               
                   
                 B8 
                 42.8 
                 15.2 
                 −6.83 
                 −0.18 
               
               
                   
                 B9 
                 11.7 
                 5.3 
                 −58.18 
                 −0.31 
               
               
                   
                 B10 
                 109.3 
                 35.8 
                 −13.12 
                 −9.17 
               
               
                   
                 B11 
                 12.8 
                 67.1 
                 −64.17 
                 −1.52 
               
               
                   
                 B12 
                 130.4 
                 57.7 
                 −4.84 
                 −2.15 
               
               
                   
                 B13 
                 18.2 
                 22.8 
                 −55.06 
                 −0.62 
               
               
                   
                 B14 
                 74.4 
                 51.8 
                 −24.63 
                 −0.38 
               
               
                   
                 B15 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 −1.26 
                 −0.24 
               
               
                   
                 B16 
                 35.8 
                 8.0 
                 −49.22 
                 −0.79 
               
               
                   
                 B17 
                 281.0 
                 224.6 
                 −8.38 
                 −4.46 
               
               
                   
                 B18 
                 334.6 
                 100.7 
                 −15.87 
                 −0.39 
               
               
                   
                 B19 
                 22.4 
                 2.3 
                 −14.10 
                 −0.72 
               
               
                   
                 B20 
                 92.4 
                 36.4 
                 −27.34 
                 −1.04 
               
               
                   
                 B21 
                 281.8 
                 201.5 
                 −5.74 
                 −0.41 
               
               
                   
                 B22 
                 242.1 
                 95.9 
                 −12.73 
                 −0.45 
               
               
                   
                 B23 
                 177.9 
                 150.2 
                 −6.53 
                 −0.13 
               
               
                   
                 B24 
                 270.4 
                 131.6 
                 −24.51 
                 −0.25 
               
               
                   
                 B25 
                 294.2 
                 165.2 
                 −13.42 
                 −0.17 
               
               
                 Conv. 
                 C1 
                 387.6 
                 188.3 
                 −130.94 
                 −7.90 
               
               
                 alloys 
                 C2 
                 159.4 
                 136.3 
                 −29.49 
                 −0.57 
               
               
                   
                 C3 
                 530.4 
                 280.3 
                 −3.20 
                 −16.80 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As is apparent from Table 6, though alloys A1 to A28 of the present invention exhibit almost the same rupture time and rupture strength as those of a conventional alloy (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 3,615,376), creep rupture time, oxidation loss and corrosion loss of the alloy of the present invention are greatly reduced and oxidation resistance is greatly improved. When compared with another conventional alloy (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 6,416,596B1), creep rupture time is almost two times that of the conventional alloy, whilst oxidation loss and corrosion loss are almost the same as those of conventional alloy. When compared with another conventional alloy (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 5,431,750), though the alloy of the present invention is a little bit worse in creep rupture time than the conventional one, oxidation resistance time is almost the same as that of the conventional one, and corrosion loss is greatly reduced and corrosion resistance is greatly improved. 
     According to the present inventions there are provided superior alloys that, without sacrificing high temperature, creep rupture time of the alloy have greatly improved oxidation resistance and oxidation resistance properties at high temperatures and have well balanced creep rupture strength, oxidation resistance properties and corrosion resistance. 
     The comparative alloys that do not satisfy the alloy compositions of the present invention are inferior in one or more of creep rupture strength, oxidation resistance properties, or oxidation resistance. 
     In the above examples, although the description was made with respect to conventional casting alloys, the alloy compositions can be applied to unidirectional casings. The alloys of the present invention containing C and B that are effective for reinforcing grain boundaries and Hf that is an effective for suppressing cracks of grain boundaries at the time of coating, and hence the alloys are suitable for unidirectional castings. 
     As having been described, the present invention provides nickel based superalloys that have high temperature creep strength, corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance and are capable of normal casting. Therefore, the alloys are suitable for land-based gas turbines.