Abstract:
Transparent glass microspheres that are based on a ternary system of TiO 2 , heavy-metal oxide selected from BaO and CdO, and strong glass-forming oxide selected from SiO 2 , P 2  O 5 , and GeO 2  are disclosed. The microspheres have improved uniformity in optical properties and in handling properties, whereby retroreflective products of greater retroreflectivity can be made.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     There is a continuing effort in the retroreflective industry to produce products of greater retroreflectivity. The present invention achieves such an increase in retroreflectivity by discovery of transparent glass microspheres that have improved optical, physical, and chemical properties. 
     The superiority of the new microspheres can be seen by comparing them with the microspheres used in products that presently achieve industry-setting standards of retroreflectivity. One deficiency in the prior-art microspheres is that under normal storage conditions they tend to clump together, probaby because they absorb moisture. This clumping can reduce the uniformity and density of distribrtion of the microspheres in a retroreflective product, and the result is a limitation on the intensity of retroreflection from the product. 
     Another fault of the prior-art microspheres is that they lack stability in composition. Thus, the composition of the microspheres, and accordingly their properties, varies with small, difficult-to-avoid changes in processing parameters. One important variation is a variation throughout a batch of the prior-art microspheres as to index of refraction, which determines the retroreflective properties of the microspheres and which is a design parameter for retroreflective products that include them. The larger the diameter of the microspheres in the batch, the lower their index of refraction. It is theorized that this difference an index of refraction occurs during formation of the microspheres, as a result of a tendency for smaller microspheres to lose easily-vaporized low-index ingredients. 
     Since maximum retroreflectivity is obtained in a retroreflective product when all the microspheres in the product have the same predetermined index of refraction (in order to obtain precise focusing of incident light rays on a reflective surface disposed at the back of the microspheres; for many retroreflective sheeting products, an index of refraction of 1.93 is optimum), the lack of uniformity in index of refraction reduces retroreflectivity. 
     Other important consequences of instability in composition are wastage, because microspheres are formed that do not satisfy established specifications; and a need for more extensive process controls, which increases manufacturing costs. 
     In summary, while the prior-art microspheres have provided very useful retroreflective products, improvement is desired and can lead to advances in the retroreflective industry. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides glass microspheres that have improved properties, including a more uniform index of refraction and an increased ability to flow freely so as to be applicable in a uniform manner, which permits retroreflective products of maximum retroreflectivity to be obtained. Briefly, these microspheres consist essentially of between about 20 and 50 weight-percent TiO 2 , between about 25 and 70 weight-percent of heavy metal oxide selected from BaO and CdO, between 0 and 35 weight-percent of glass-forming oxide selected from SiO 2 , P 2  O 5  and GeO 2 , and up to about 50 weight-percent of constituents listed in FIG. 2 of the drawing within proportions as listed in FIG. 2; and the proportions of the ingredients define points within polygon ABCDEF of FIG. 1 of the drawings. The microspheres are free of alkali oxides, they contain less than 5 weight-percent of scattered crystallinity, and they are at least 95 weight-percent bubble-free. The microspheres are essentially colorless (that is, light transmitted through the glass microspheres is essentially colorless); they are transparent, and they have a uniform index of refraction between 1.85 and 2.0. They are generally less than 2 millimeters in diameter. 
     Systems based on T10.sub. 2, BaO, and SiO 2  have been extensively studied in the past (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,838,408; 2,939,797; 2,992,122; 3,022,182; 3,193,401; 3,294,558; and 3,419,403), but insofar as known, no one has previously recognized that microspheres having the superior features and utilities described above could be made from compositions as described. Insofar as known, the prior teachings all indicate that glass microspheres should include one or more ingredients in addition to the three named basic ingredients, for purposes such as to reduce viscosity so as to permit formation of small, bubble-free microspheres; to improve glass-formation so as to form clear non-crystalline vitreous microspheres; to attain a desired index of refraction; or to attain a desired color or freedom from color. We have now found that microspheres that do not include those additional ingredients may be made using conventional procedures known today, and that such microspheres have the significant advantages discussed above. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a ternary diagram showing the proportions of the basic constituents included in glass microspheres of the invention; the proportion of TiO 2  is shown along one axis of the diagram; the total proportion of BaO and/or CdO and of any constituent from FIG. 2 is shown along a second axis of the diagram; and the proportion of SiO 2 , P 2  O 5 , and/or GeO 2  is shown along the third axis of the diagram; and 
     FIG. 2 is a chart showing metal oxides that may be used as substituents for the basic constituents in glass microspheres of the invention; the chart is organized in accord with the position on a periodic chart of the metal elements of the oxides. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Preferred glass microspheres of the invention include TiO 2 , BaO, and SiO 2 . SiO 2  is not essential, but its ready ability to form glass and its effect of reducing the time for melting of the ingredients makes it strongly preferred. One or two percent will effect some reduction in melting time, but usually at least five percent of SiO 2  (or one of its substituents) will be included. BaO can be partially or wholly replaced with CdO, but BaO is preferred because it is less toxic and less expensive. SiO 2  can be partially or wholly replaced either with P 2  O 5 , which is less preferred because it is corrosive and violently reacts with barium carbonate, or with GeO 2 , which offers desired properties but is more expensive than SiO 2 . 
     (As is common in the glass art, these constituents are described as oxides, which is the form in which they are presumed to exist in the completed microspheres, and which gives the proportions of chemical elements in the composition. In fact the ingredients added to a preparation mixture may be in the form of some other chemical compound, such as barium carbonate, and the composition becomes modified to the oxide form during melting of the ingredients.) 
     The broad range for the proportions of ingredients in glass microspheres of the invention is generally outlined in FIG. 1 by the polygon labeled ABCDEF. Compositions that are outside the polygon ABCDEF of FIG. 1 either have indexes of refraction outside the desired range, are difficult to melt or otherwise process into suitable glass microspheres, or have other undesired characteristics. Within the broad range or proportions defined by the polygon ABCDEF lies a more preferred range of proportions, which are defined by the polygon MNOP in FIG. 1. Compositions within the preferred range have a preferred index of refraction (generally between 1.90 and 1.95), have more uniform properties, and are easier to process into suitable glass microspheres. 
     Another ingredient in preferred microspheres of the invention is ZnO, which assists in melting of the composition from which the microspheres are to be formed. Although ZnO has a higher vapor pressure, so that part of it may volatilize in a melt of the composition, the index of refraction of ZnO (2.0) is so near the index of refraction desired for the microspheres that loss of ZnO during the melting process does not significantly alter the index of refraction of the composition. As little as about one weight-percent of ZnO is beneficial, 5 weight-percent or more is preferred, and generally no more than about 20 weight-percent is included. 
     Various other ingredients can also be included in glass microspheres of the invention, generally as a substituent for BaO or CdO (although BaO, CdO, or the total of BaO and CdO will still account for at least 25 weight-percent of the composition). The other possible constituents are set out in FIG. 2 of the drawing which, as noted above, is organized in the form of a partial periodic chart (impurities may also be present in minor amounts). The range of proportions for a constituent is given in the lower part of the square for the constituent. The box for didymium oxide (Di 2  O 3  ; which is a mixture of oxides including 45.5 weight-percent La 2  O 3 , 11 weight-percent Pr 6  O 11 , 38 weight-percent Nd 2  O 3 , 4 weight-percent Sm 2  O 3 , and 0.4 weight-percent Y 2  O 3 , with the remaining 1.1. weight-percent accounted for by rare-earth oxides or impurities) is a part of FIG. 2. Less than about 50 weight-percent, and preferably less than about 20 weight-percent, of constituents from FIG. 2 may be included in microspheres of the invention. Each of these ingredients is preferably not included in microspheres of the invention, for reasons such as an increase in viscosity, an increase in toxicity, an increased tendency to solarize, increased cost, and an increased tendency to volatilize, but one or more may be included to achieve particular result. 
     To assure absence of color, microspheres of the invention may be subjected to heat treatment under oxidizing conditions to oxidize reduced metals, such as Ti.sup. +3 . Although microspheres of the invention are essentially colorless, the basic composition used in microspheres of the invention can be used in making colored microspheres of useful properties. Ingredients that could be added to provide color include Cr 2  O 3  (generally included in an amount between 0 and 1 weight-percent, MnO 2  (0-12 weight-percent), Fe 2  O 3  (0-12 weight-percent), NiO (0-12 weight-percent), CeO 2  (0-6 weight-percent), Nd 2  O 3  (0-6 weight-percent), and V 2  O 5  (0-6 weight-percent). 
     When phosphorous is substituted for silicon in whole or in part, the batch should be intimately mixed, as by wet ballmilling, and the phosphorous should be present in the form of a high melting compound, such as barium phosphate. Barium phosphate may be made by reacting phosphoric acid with barium carbonate at room temperature to form barium phosphate, which in turn will react with titania at 1400°C to form a liquid that can be quenched as a glass. By contrast, if ammonium phosphate were used as the source of phosphorous, the ammonium phosphate might decompose upon heating to liberate P 2  O 5  as a gas which would escape from the batch. A barium titanate composition would be left that might not form a suitable glass. If the titania is not thoroughly dispersed in the barium phosphate, the titania remains unmelted at 1400°C and the glass is not homogeneous nor of the proper refractive index. 
     Microspheres of the invention can be prepared by conventional processes. In one useful process the ingredients are measured out in particulate form -- preferably between about 0.01 and 50 micrometers in size -- and intimately mixed together. They are then melted in a gas-fired or electrical furnace until all the ingredients are in liquid form. The liquid is then quenched in water, dried, and crushed to a small particle size, which is the desired size for the final microspheres. The particles may be screened to assure that they are in the proper range of sizes. The crushed particles are then passed through a flame having a temperature generally between about 1100°C and 1450°C to spheroidize the particles. 
     Alternatively, once the batch has been heated to the point where all ingredients are liquid, the liquid batch can be poured into a jet of high velocity air which thereby forms glass microspheres of the desired size. The velocity of the air is adjusted in this method to cause the microspheres formed to have the right dimensions. 
     Microspheres of the invention have excellent optical properties; for example, they contain no more than 5 weight-percent scattered crystallinity (that is, no more than 5 weight-percent of the microspheres would be rejected as opaque because of crystallinity) and they are at least 95 weight-percent bubblefree. As previously noted, they have a uniform index refraction generally between 1.85 and 2.0 and for preferred retroreflective sheeting between 1.90 and 1.95. 
     Microspheres of various sizes can be made. It is difficult to deliberately form microspheres smaller than 10 micrometers in diameter, though a fraction of microspheres down to 2 or 3 micrometers in diameter is sometimes formed as a by-product of manufacturing larger microspheres. Generally the uses for glass microspheres call for the microspheres to be less than 2 millimeters in diameter, and most often less than 1 millimeter in diameter. Microspheres to be used in retroreflective sheeting are generally between about 30 and 150 micrometers in diameter. 
     Microspheres of the invention can be used in a variety of retroreflective products -- sheeting, coating materials, pavement-marking compositions, etc. Retroreflective sheeting is conveniently formed using glass microspheres of the invention by methods that are known in the art; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,407,680 and 3,190,178. Microspheres of the invention may also be used in coating materials such as described in U.S. Pat Nos. 2,963,378 and 3,228,897. 
     When incorporated into retroreflective sheeting, products of high retroreflectivity are consistently obtained. The good retroreflectivity can be illustrated by the following test. A suitable binder material is coated onto a black non-reflective flat surface, after which glass microspheres that are between 30 and 150 micrometers in diameter and that are completely coated with silver are cascaded onto the layer of binder material. A densely packed monolayer is formed, with the microspheres embedded to about one-half their diameter. The monolayer of microspheres is then etched with acid to remove the silver coating from the exposed portions of the microspheres. 
     The reflective intensity of the sample is then measured with a photometer (giving a reading indicated by the abbreviation &#34;PV&#34;), which is positioned so that the divergence angle (the angle subtended between straight lines connecting the light source to the reflective area and then connecting the reflective area to the photometer) is one-third of a degree. The reflection intensity is measured at a 5° angle of incidence (the angle of incidence is the angle subtended between a straight line connecting the light source to the reflective area and a line perpendicular to the plane of the reflective area). The photometer used is obtained from the Photovolt Corporation, New York (Model 20). In this test, a monolayer of glass microspheres of the invention consistently provides a photometer reading of at least 105 PV. 
     The invention will be further illustrated with the following examples: 
     EXAMPLES 1 - 31 
     Particles of titania, barium carbonate, and silica having an average diameter of about 5 micrometers were measured out in various proportions (as shown in Table I) to form 70- gram batches. These raw materials were mixed by hand in a mortar and pestle, and the batch was packed into a &#34;Coors&#34; Brand, size 03 crucible. The crucible and its contents were then preheated for 2 minutes at 800°C and then melted at 1400°C. Thereupon the molten liquid was poured into a hot jet of air having a gauge pressure of 28 kilograms/square centimeters. 
     Glass microspheres were formed having an index of refraction as shown in Table I. The time for melting of the ingredients at 1400°C is also given in Table I. 
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________                    Time for  Constitutents     Melting atExample  (weight-percent)  1400°C                              Index ofNo.    TiO.sub.2           BaO      SiO.sub.2                          (minutes)                                  Refraction______________________________________1      42       38       20    8:25    1.912      33.1     56.9     10    9:30     1.9253      28       52       20    9:05    1.874      38       47       15    8:05    1.955      36.5     45.5     18    7:40    1.936      39.5     35.5     25    10:10   1.907      34       51       15    8:20     1.9258      33.6     50.4     16    9:20    1.919      37       33       30    6:50    1.8510     32       43       25    7:10    1.8511     26       54       20    8       1.8512     23       67       10    11:10   1.8513     42       38       20    8:25    1.9114     38       47       15    7:10    1.9315     36.5     53.5     10    7:20     1.93516     36.5     58.5     5     7:40     1.93517     40       60       --    12:20    1.96518     30.8     59.2     10    8:10    1.9019     30       65       5     10:05   1.8920     30.8     59.2     10    7:05    1.9121     32.4     55.2     12.5  6:15    1.9122     36.5     45.5     18    6:10    1.9323     34       51       15    7:05    1.9224     33.1     51.9     15    8:15    1.8925     46       32       22    12      1.9526     45       40       15    8       1.9627     35       45       20    7       1.9128     33.3     42.9     23.8  8:30    1.8629     42.9     38.1     19    12      1.9530     40.9     36.4     22.7  14      1.9231     47.65    33.12    19.23 14.25    1.945______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLES 32 - 77 
     This set of examples used constant amounts of TiO 2  and SiO 2 , but various ingredients were substituted for BaO. The method of preparation was as described in Examples 1 - 31. The index of refraction of the microspheres that were prepared and the time for melting of the compositions at 1400°C are given in the following tables. In Examples 32 - 43, reported in Table II, the substituent for BaO was ZnO. In Examples 44 - 52, reported in Table III, oxides of various metals having a valence of two were substituted for BaO. In Examples 53 - 68, reported in Table IV, oxides of various metals having a valence of three were substituted for BaO. And in Examples 69 - 77, reported in Table V, a variety of oxides replaced BaO. In Examples 32 to 39 and 44 to 77, the proportions of TiO 2  and SiO 2  were 33.1 and 15, while in Examples 40 to 43 there was a small variation in these constituents. 
     
                                           TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________                   Time forConstituents       melting atExample(weight-percent)   1400°C                         Index ofNo.  TiO.sub.2     BaO  SiO.sub.2               ZnO (minutes)                         Refraction__________________________________________________________________________32   33.1 51.9 15   --  8:15  1.8933   33.1 48.9 15   3   6     1.9234   33.1 45.9 15   6   5:25   1.92535   33.1 42.9 15   9   5:20  1.9336   33.1 39.9 15   12  5:35  1.9337   33.1 36.9 15   15  5:30  1.9338   33.1 33.9 15   18  5:45  1.9339   33.1 30.9 15   21  5:15  1.9340   31.9 52.6 12.5 3   6:15   1.92541   31.9 50.1 12.5 5.5 5:45  1.9342    29.15      49.35          12.5 9   5:35  1.9143    29.15      46.35          12.5 12  5:15  1.91__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE III______________________________________                   Time for  Constituents     Melting atExample  (weight-percent) 1400°C                             Index ofNo.    BaO    CdO     MgO  SrO  (minutes)                                   Refraction______________________________________44     48.9   3       --   --   7:45    1.9245     45.9   6       --   --   7:05    1.92546     39.9   12      --   --   6:10    1.9447     27.9   24      --   --   5:05    1.95548     --     51.9    --   --   6:45    1.96549     48.9   --      3    --   6:35    1.9150     48.9   --      --    3   7:55    1.9151     45.9   --      --    6   8:10    1.9152     39.9   --      --   12   9:30    1.905______________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE IV__________________________________________________________________________                                 Time forConstituents                     melting atExample(weight-percent)                 1400°C                                       Index ofNo.  BaO La.sub.2 O.sub.3         Bi.sub.2 O.sub.3              Di.sub.2 O.sub.3                   Al.sub.2 O.sub.3                        Y.sub.2 O.sub.3                            Sb.sub.2 O.sub.3                                 (minutes)                                       Refraction__________________________________________________________________________53   48.9    3    --   --   --   --  --   7:35  1.91554   45.9    6    --   --   --   --  --   7:40  1.92555   39.9    12   --   --   --   --  --   7:25  1.93556   27.9    24   --   --   --   --  --   7:50  1.95557   48.9    --   3    --   --   --  --   7:05  1.9358   45.9    --   6    --   --   --  --   6:40  1.9459   39.9    --   12   --   --   --  --   5:50  1.9660   48.9    --   --   3    --   --  --   8     1.9261   45.9    --   --   6    --   --  --   7:20  1.92562   48.9    --   --   --   3    --  --   7:10  1.89563   45.9    --   --   --   6    --  --   7:25  1.8964   39.9    --   --   --   12   --  --   8:25  1.8965   45.9    --   --   --   --   6   --   8     1.92566   45.9    --   --   --   --   --  6    6:10  1.9467   39.9    --   --   --   --   --  12   5:50  1.9568   27.9    --   --   --   --   --  24   5:50  2.00__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE V__________________________________________________________________________                              Time forConstituents                  melting atExample(weight-percent)              1400°C                                    Index ofNo.  BaO Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5         Nb.sub.2 O.sub.5              ZrO.sub.2                  SnO.sub.2                      WO.sub.3                          MoO.sub.3                              (minutes)                                    Refraction__________________________________________________________________________69   48.9    3    --   --  --  --  --  7:05  1.92570   45.9    6    --   --  --  --  --  7:05  1.9371   39.9    12   --   --  --  --  --  6:15  1.9572   45.9    --   6    --  --  --  --  6:20  1.95573   39.9    --   12   --  --  --  --  7:15  1.9874   45.9    --   --   6   --  --  --  8:05  1.9375   45.9    --   --   --  6   --  --  7:50  1.9376   48.9    --   --   --  --  3   --  7:10  1.92577   45.9    --   --   --  --  --  6   7:40  1.935__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLES 78 - 91 
     Titania, barium carbonate, phosphoric acid, and in some examples zinc oxide were mixed together in 70-gram batches and prepared into microspheres in the way described for Examples 1 - 31. The microspheres prepared had characteristics as shown in Table VI. 
     
                                           TABLE VI__________________________________________________________________________                    Time forConstituents        melting atExample(weight-percent)    1400°C                          Index ofNo.  TiO.sub.2     BaO  P.sub.2 O.sub.5               ZnO  (minutes)                          Refraction__________________________________________________________________________78   28   57.7 11.8 2.5  9     1.8979   22.4 61.4 14.2 2    7:40  1.8480   42   48.4 5.9  3.7  9:40  2.0481   33.6 53.9 9.5  3    9     1.9582   32   55.6 9.5  2.9  8:25  1.93583   31.25     51.91          13.94               2.8  8:25  1.9184   30.75     52.24          14.26               2.75 7:40  1.90585   31   56   13   --   11:10 1.9186   15.1 58   26.9 --   6:30  1.787   33.1 51.9 15   --   7:10  1.9188   20   65   15   --   7:40  1.8189   30   55   15   --   9     1.8990   27   53   20   --   7     1.8191   35   50   15   --   9     1.91Example 92An 80-gram batch was weighed as follows:      TiO.sub.2              23.1 grams      BaCO.sub.3              46.5 grams      GeO.sub.2              10.4 grams__________________________________________________________________________       Glass microspheres were prepared in the manner described in Examples 1-31. The melt time at 1400°C was found to be 6:55 minutes and the refractive index of the resulting glass microspheres was 1.955.