Abstract:
A process and apparatus of “Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)-CO 2  Energy Conversion Cycle (referred to as SOFC-CO 2 -ECC)” are invented to adopt CO 2  as energy sources from waste/stock gas or convert and fix it in the useful compounds. CO 2  is converted into CO and O 2  via simultaneously catalytic and electrochemical reactions in SOFC for power generation and CO 2  cracking. Furthermore, CO is used either as the fuel in SOFC for power generation or starting materials in the chemical reactors to produce CO-derivatives of energy source materials and useful chemical compounds. Hence, SOFC-CO 2 -ECC is an active or scientific carbon cycle with zero emission of CO 2 . Thus, the efficacy of environmental protection via solving the problem of CO 2  greenhouse effect is achieved, so as to grasp of the “Right of Carbon Emission Trading” issues.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This non-provisional application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) on Patent Application No(s). 099138558 filed in Taiwan, R.O.C. on Nov. 9, 2010, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention relates to a process and apparatus of CO 2  energy source adopted in SOFC-CO 2 -ECC, in which CO 2  is adopted as oxidant source for power generation. An innovative solution is provided, to solve greenhouse effect issue caused by increasing CO 2  concentration in the atmosphere. Due to simultaneously high-temperature (700-1000° C.) catalytic and electrochemical reactions in the SOFC, CO 2 , a compound having extreme chemical stability, is cracked at about 800° C. following a chemical reaction below: CO 2 →CO (g) +½O 2 , to generate CO (g)  and O 2 , then O 2  electrochemically reacts with H 2  (or other hydrocarbons, such as methane) in the SOFC for power generation. As such, CO 2  may serve as a power source material in an overall reaction of the SOFC, and converted into a very useful energy source or compound CO, which can be derived into useful compounds or energy source, for example, aldehydes and alcohols, for regeneration of energy source, so as to complete an overall energy conversion carbon cycle of CO 2 →CO→derivatives of CO (fixation of CO 2 )→generation of energy source→CO 2 , and achieve zero emission of CO 2 . Technical solutions, auxiliary materials and equipments of the present invention are capable of effectively solving the problem of global extinction of organisms caused by greenhouse effect of CO 2 . 
         [0004]    2. Related Art 
         [0005]    The development of human civilization mainly relies on the development of the materials and technologies using energy sources. Among hydrocarbon oxides, coal and petroleum are extensively used due to the advantage of dual purposes of fixed position and mobility, and products after use of coal and petroleum are mainly oxides such as CO 2  and H 2 O, or NOx, SOx, and COx, which are all air pollution gases except H 2 O. Furthermore, CO 2  has high output and is a stable compound, and is only converted and consumed through plant photosynthesis, and thus being persistently remained in the atmosphere. Although CO 2  may be prepared into dry ice and serve as gas for secondary enhancement of oil recovery for an oil well, it has few uses. Long-term high output of CO 2  leads to sharp increase of CO 2  level in the air, and triggers greenhouse effect, global warming, frequent natural disasters, and abnormal climate, and the problem has reached the degree of no time to delay. However, the “energy saving and carbon reduction policy” involves the use of nuclear energy and forest conservation and forestation, and also involves reduction of use of petroleum and coal fuels However, the current civilization improvement and economic development have to rely on supply of energy sources. In addition to compromise of the two aspects, it is necessary to find a new solution of CO 2  problem. 
         [0006]    Due to international extensive consumption and use of fossil energy sources, the amount of the product CO 2  is continuously increased, and the whole atmosphere of the earth is polluted, and thus resulting in greenhouse effect and threats and risks to living conditions of human being and other related organism on the earth. It is estimated that CO 2  content in the atmosphere is continuously exponentially increased to 380 ppm in 2000, and the annual increase rate is gradually accelerated, which may be attributed to man&#39;s increasing combustion of fossil fuels. Therefore, the issue of “energy saving and carbon reduction” is raised, to rescue the earth and solve the problem of human survival. In this issue, various processes are set forth to provide a solution for the CO 2  problems. It is emphasized in Copenhagen conference (COP-15) that in order to combat global climate change, global carbon emission must be reduced greatly, to control the global temperature rise to be below 2° C. and the global average CO 2  concentration in 2050 to be returned to 450 ppm, because among greenhouse gases (water vapor=36-70%; carbon dioxide=9-26%; methane=9%; ozone=3-7%), CO 2  is the main cause. 
         [0007]    At present, solution of this issue in world is directed to development of the technologies of CO 2  capture, storage and, reutilization. It is expected to effectively lower CO 2  content in the atmosphere and solve the greenhouse issue through fixed storage or by fixing CO 2  through a chemical reaction, such as CO 2 +CaO, to generate a solid such as CaCO 3 , so as to extract large volume of CO 2 (g) from the atmosphere for solidification. 
         [0008]    For the CO 2  cracking chemical reaction CO 2 (g)→CO(g)+½O 2 (g), a spontaneous reaction temperature is 3001.5° C. according to thermodynamic calculation, and thus the reaction cannot be effectively overcome and implemented by using the current useful technology and apparatus. Therefore, CO 2  greenhouse gas cannot be solved, and becoming a problem around the world. 
         [0009]    SOFCs have advantages of high energy conversion efficiency, low noise, low environment pollution, high reliability, and diversity of fuel, and have the potential of challenging “internal-combustion engine”, and thus being capable of solving the problem of energy shortage in future. Especially, the fossil energy sources are gradually depleted, and replaced by gasified and liquefied coal sources, and thus coal fuel era comes, in which SOFCs are the apparatus of main energy source converter and will play an innovative role in the era. With the successful of performance stability and long-term operation test of SOFCs, technology and functions of apparatus become mature gradually. In the future, distributed or centralized power generators or power plants will gradually replace the existing coal-fired power plants, and thus the economic benefits are very large. 
         [0010]    Presently, in an SOFC, H 2 , natural gas, or a fossil fuel (for example, hydrocarbons such as methane, alcohols, alkanes or alkynes, or even diesel) is fed into an anode as fuel, and O 2  in air is fed into a cathode as oxidant, and the chemical energy is directly converted into electric energy via simultaneously or sequentially electrochemical and catalytic chemical reactions. Main products at the anode are CO 2  and H 2 O, and O 2  depleted air at the cathode. Therefore, main cause CO 2  of greenhouse effect is naturally generated. However, as the energy source conversion rate (up to 70-80%) of the SOFC is much higher than that of a conventional coal-fired power plant (generally about 20-30%), for a certain amount of fuel, the SOFC can achieve a function of energy increase and carbon reduction. This advantage can only lower the emission of CO 2 , and thus partly achieving the purpose of energy saving and carbon reduction. 
         [0011]    At present, solving of the problem of greenhouse effect in world is directed to development of technologies of CO 2  capture, storage, and reutilization. However, the development is still at an initial stage, and no specific and effective method is set forth for solving the problem. One process or procedure is provided, in which CO 2  is fixed and stored, or converted into a solid through a chemical reaction, such as CO 2 +CaO→CaCO 3 , so as to extract large volume of CO 2 (g) from the atmosphere for solidification, thereby effectively lowering the CO 2  content in the atmosphere. Furthermore, a primitive process in the nature is to plant a lot of forests and seaweed plants, such that chlorophyll photo-synthesis is performed, to convert CO 2  into plant ingredients, thereby lowering the CO 2  content in the atmosphere. Both the processes are feasible but contradict the increase tendency in energy source demand, have many difficulties, are passive solutions and actions, and belong to natural carbon cycle. 
         [0012]    According to the process and the apparatus of CO 2  energy source adopted in SOFC-CO 2 -ECC of the present invention, waste CO 2 , main cause of greenhouse effect, is converted into energy source materials by an SOFC, by cracking CO 2  as SOFC cathode oxidant, in presence of SOFC anode fuel such as H 2  following CO 2 →CO (g) +½O 2 , CO is generated for power generation. CO is a high-activity compound, and may be used as fuel of the SOFC (in SOFC anode) for power generation with O 2  in air at the cathode, to generate electric energy and CO 2 , thereby “use-regeneration” and power generation ECC of CO 2  is completed. Furthermore, CO may react with H 2  and O 2  to synthesize a stable compound, such as useful solid or liquid compounds of alcohols, aldehydes, and acids, and thus being safely stored in the earth for recycle and reutilization. As a result, the CO 2  content in the atmosphere is lowered, and the problem of greenhouse effect is solved. The process and the apparatus of the present invention are an active process for solving the CO 2  problem. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    The present invention is directed to a process and an apparatus of CO 2  energy source adopted in the solid oxide fuel cell—CO 2  energy conversion cycle (SOFC-CO 2 -ECC). Main cause of greenhouse effect, waste CO 2(g)  is adopted as cathode oxidant of an SOFC and is cracked into CO (g)  and ½O 2 , and the generated O 2  receives electrons and is conducted from a cathode to an anode through an electrolyte and electrochemically reacts in the SOFC with an anode fuel such as H 2 , CH 4 , alkanes, and hydrocarbons for power generation and thus depleted, which may effectively promote the conversion of waste CO 2  into CO, such that CO 2  is further fixed in a useful solid or liquid compound. In the present invention, in a general chemical reaction (in the presence of a catalyst), CO 2 →CO (g) +½O 2  cannot be carried out because the feasible or spontaneous reaction temperature is 3001.5° C. or above according to thermodynamic calculation. However, in the process and the apparatus of CO 2  energy source adopted in SOFC-CO 2 -ECC of the present invention, the spontaneous reaction may be carried out at about 800° C. via simultaneously catalytic and electrochemical reactions in the SOFC. This just meets a current medium-to-high operating temperature in an SOFC of 700-1000° C. In this way, a problem that CO 2  cannot be converted due to extreme stability is solved, and CO 2  is converted into CO (g)  which is easy to handle and may be used as anode fuel of the SOFC and react with O 2  in cathode air for power generation. Furthermore, general chemical reactions with other compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, or oxygen may be carried out with CO (g)  as raw material, to prepare a derived solid or liquid compound, for example, alcohols such as CH 3 OH, acids, or aldehydes, and other reaction products, for being stored or recycled in various products and industries. 
         [0014]    In an embodiment, the present invention provides a process of CO 2  energy source adopted in SOFC-CO 2 -ECC, which includes: 
         [0015]    providing an apparatus of CO 2  energy source adopted in SOFC-CO 2 -ECC; 
         [0016]    introducing hydrogen to an anode of a first SOFC, and introducing CO 2  to a cathode of the first SOFC, such that catalytic and electrochemical reactions occur in the first SOFC, to generate CO and H 2 O; 
         [0017]    introducing air to a cathode of a second SOFC, and introducing CO generated at the cathode of the first SOFC to an anode of the second SOFC; and 
         [0018]    feeding CO 2  generated at the anode of the second SOFC back into the cathode of the first SOFC. 
         [0019]    In another embodiment, the present invention provides an apparatus of CO 2  energy source adopted in SOFC-CO 2  ECC, which includes a first SOFC and a second SOFC. 
         [0020]    In the first SOFC, hydrogen is introduced to an anode, and CO 2  is introduced to a cathode, CO 2  is finally cracked into CO and H 2 O, main chemical reactions at the anode includes H 2 (g)→H 2  (anode)→2H +  (anode)+2e− and 2H +  (anode)+O 2−  (anode)→H 2 O(g), or an overall chemical reaction at the anode is H 2 (g)+O 2−  (anode)→H 2 O(g)+2e−; main chemical reactions at the cathode include CO 2 (g)→CO 2  (cathode)→CO (cathode)+½O 2  (cathode), CO (cathode)→CO(g) and ½O 2  (cathode)+2e−→O 2−  (cathode); a main chemical reaction in an electrolyte is oxygen ion conduction: O 2−  (cathode)→O 2−  (anode); and an overall chemical reaction in the first SOFC is H 2 (g)+CO 2 (g)→H 2 O(g)+CO(g). 
         [0021]    The second SOFC is connected in series to the first SOFC, in which CO generated after CO 2  is cracked in the first SOFC is introduced to an anode of the second SOFC and air is introduced to an cathode for power generation, and CO 2  generated after power generation in the second SOFC is further introduced to the cathode of the first SOFC, main chemical reactions at the anode include CO(g)→CO (anode) and O 2−  (anode)+CO (anode)→CO 2  (anode)+2e−; a main chemical reaction at the cathode includes ½O 2 (g)→½O 2 (cathode)+2e−→O 2−  (cathode); a main chemical reaction in an electrolyte is oxygen ion conduction: O 2−  (cathode)→O 2−  (anode); and an overall chemical reaction in the second SOFC  11  is CO(g)+½O 2 (g)→CO 2 (g). 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0022]    The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given herein below for illustration only, and thus are not limitative of the present invention, and wherein: 
           [0023]      FIG. 1A  is a schematic view of an apparatus of CO 2  energy source adopted in SOFC-CO 2  ECC; 
           [0024]      FIG. 1B  is a schematic view of an apparatus of CO 2  energy source adopted in SOFC-CO 2  ECC including a CO stripper; 
           [0025]      FIG. 2  is a flow chart of a process of CO 2  energy source adopted in SOFC-CO 2 -ECC; 
           [0026]      FIG. 3  is a flow chart of an experiment of an effect of a first SOFC; 
           [0027]      FIG. 4  is a schematic view of compartment of a cathode chamber and an anode reaction chamber of a SOFC-MEA; 
           [0028]      FIG. 5  is an electrical test diagram of a first SOFC with hydrogen and air respectively at an anode and a cathode, 
           [0029]      FIG. 6  is an electrical test diagram of a first SOFC with hydrogen and CO 2  respectively at an anode and a cathode; 
           [0030]      FIG. 7A-7D  are a result diagram of CO 2  conversion yield tested with a test system at different operation temperatures with H 2 /N 2  and CO 2  at an anode and a cathode respectively; 
       
    
    
       [0031]    Table A shows test data of a first solid oxide fuel cell; and 
         [0032]    Table B shows results of CO 2  conversion yield. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0033]    The technical means for achieving the objectives of the present invention and effects thereof are described below with reference to accompanying drawings; however, the embodiments recited in the drawings below are provided for illustration and for the Examiner to understand the present invention, and the technical means of the present invention is not limited to the recited drawings. 
         [0034]      FIG. 1A  is a schematic view of an apparatus of CO 2  energy source adopted in SOFC-CO 2  ECC, which includes a first SOFC  10  and a second SOFC  11 . 
         [0035]    In the first SOFC  10 , hydrogen is introduced to an anode, and CO 2  is introduced to a cathode, CO 2  is finally cracked into CO and H 2 O, in which main chemical reactions at the anode include H 2 (g)→H 2  (anode)→2H +  (anode)+2e− and 2H +  (anode)+O 2−  (anode)→H 2 O(g), or an overall chemical reaction at the anode is H 2 (g)+O 2−  (anode)→H 2 O(g)+2e−; main chemical reactions at the cathode include CO 2 (g)→CO 2  (cathode)→CO (cathode)+½O 2  (cathode), CO (cathode)→CO(g) and ½O 2  (cathode)+2e−→O 2−  (cathode); a main chemical reaction in an electrolyte is oxygen ion conduction: O 2−  (cathode)→O 2−  (anode); and an overall chemical reaction in the first SOFC  10  is H 2 (g)+CO 2 (g)→H 2 O(g)+CO(g). 
         [0036]    The second SOFC  11  is connected in series to the first SOFC, in which CO generated after CO 2  is cracked in the first SOFC  10  is introduced to an anode of the second SOFC  11  and air is introduced to an cathode for power generation, and CO 2  generated after power generation in the second SOFC  11  is further fed to the cathode of the first SOFC  10 , main chemical reactions at the anode include CO(g)→CO (anode) and O 2−  (anode)+CO (anode)→CO 2  (anode)+2e−, in which in order to eliminate the damage on the cell caused by carbon deposition on the anode, a suitable quantity of H 2 , gaseous H 2 O, or a mixture thereof may be co-fed with CO, to improve the material and structure of the anode at the same time, that is, to solve carbon deposition problem of Doudouard reaction; a main chemical reaction at the cathode includes ½O 2 (g)→½O 2 (cathode)+2e−→O 2−  (cathode); a main chemical reaction in an electrolyte is oxygen ion conduction: O 2−  (cathode)→O 2−  (anode); and an overall chemical reaction in the second SOFC  11  is CO(g)+½O 2 (g)→CO 2 (g). 
         [0037]    As shown in  FIG. 1B , the apparatus of CO 2  energy source adopted in SOFC-CO 2 -ECC may further include a CO stripper  13  for separating CO from CO 2  to improve the concentration of CO, which has one end connected to a vent of the cathode of the first SOFC  10 , and an other end split into three pipelines connected to the anode of the second SOFC  11 , a gas inlet of the cathode of the first SOFC  10 , and a chemical reactor  12  respectively, and one of the three pipelines is selected for transporting the gas according to the concentration of CO after treatment, for example, high concentration of stripped CO is fed into the chemical reactor  12 , to react with hydrogen, oxygen, or a mixture thereof, so as to convert CO into a liquid or solid compound for storage. Or, CO is fed into the anode of the second SOFC  11  for power generation. 
         [0038]    The first SOFC  10  may be a tubular type or a planar type, the cell may be an anode support cell (ASC) type, an electrolyte support cell (ESC) type, or a metal support cell (MSC) type, and the cell structure is a NiO—YSZ type, an YSZ type, or an LSM−GDC+LSM type, in which NiO—YSZ is an anode, YSZ is an electrolyte layer, and LSM−GDC+LSM is a composite cathode layer, but the present is not limited to the above types and materials. 
         [0039]    The second SOFC  11  may be a tubular type or a planar type, the cell is an ASC type, an ESC type, or an MSC type, and the cell structure is a NiO—YSZ type, an YSZ type, or an LSM−GDC+LSM type, in which NiO—YSZ is an anode, YSZ is an electrolyte layer, LSM−GDC+LSM is a composite cathode layer, and the anode is treated with CeO 2 —Cu, but the present is not limited to the above types and materials, and the anode may be treated with CeO 2 —Cu, to combat carbon deposition. 
         [0040]    The reaction temperature in the first SOFC  10  is about 700-1000° C., the electrolyte is preferably YSZ or ScSZ, a catalyst having a high catalytic activity such as platinum (Pt) or a noble metal may be doped in the cathode to improve the conversion yield. 
         [0041]    The reaction temperature in the second SOFC is about 600-1000° C. 
         [0042]      FIG. 2  is a flow chart of a process of CO 2  energy source adopted in SOFC-CO 2 -ECC, and the process includes the following steps. 
         [0043]    Step  20  is performed firstly, in which an apparatus of CO 2  energy source adopted in SOFC-CO 2 -ECC is provided. 
         [0044]    Then, Step  21  is performed, in which hydrogen is introduced to the anode of the first SOFC  10 , and CO 2  is introduced to the cathode of the first SOFC  10 , such that catalytic and electrochemical reactions occur in the first SOFC  10 , to generate CO and H 2 O. 
         [0045]    Next, Step  22  is performed, in which air is introduced to the cathode of the second SOFC  11 , and CO generated at the cathode of the first SOFC  10  is introduced to the anode of the second SOFC  11 , in which in order to avoid the problem of carbon deposition, a suitable quantity of H 2 , gaseous H 2 O, or a mixture thereof may be added when CO is introduced to the anode of the second SOFC  11 . 
         [0046]    Finally, Step  23  is performed, in which CO 2  generated at the anode of the second SOFC  11  is fed back into the cathode of the first SOFC  10 . 
         [0047]    After Step  21 , a step of separating CO from CO 2  to improve the concentration of CO and introducing the high concentration of CO into the chemical reactor  12  for reacting with hydrogen, or oxygen, or a mixture thereof to convert CO into a liquid or solid compound for storage is further included. 
         [0048]      FIG. 3  is a flow chart of an experiment of an effect of the first SOFC. In this experiment, an ASC is used, the cell has a structure of an anode of NiO/8YSZ, an electrolyte of YSZ, and a cathode of LSM+GDC/LSM, and the experiment includes the following steps. 
         [0049]    Step  30  is performed firstly, in which an SOFC-Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) is set at a cell test station (for example, ProboStat Unit) and platinum wires are respectively attached to a cathode and an anode of the MEA. A golden ring is melted at about 1053° C. and seals a cathode of MEA or cell and an alumina tube end of the cell test station, to isolate a cathode reaction chamber and a anode reaction chamber to an gas tight grade. The schematic structural view of the apparatus and the cell chambers is as shown in  FIG. 4 . The platinum wires of the cathode and the anode are respectively attached to, for example, a ProboStat-[solartron-SI-1287 (Electrochemical Interface)/1267 (Impedance/Gain-Phase Analyzer] system, for cell performance data collection, including potential/current/power density (V-I-P) vs. time relation and temperature-related data recording. 
         [0050]    Then, Step  31  is performed, in which the cell test station is set in a high-temperature oven, and heated (for example, ProboStat) to 1053° C. at a temperature raising rate of 1° C./min (generally lower than 3° C./min), while N 2  is introduced to the anode to serve as a leakage testing gas when the cathode reaction chamber and the anode reaction chambers are sealed with the golden ring, till it is confirmed that the reaction chambers at the cathode end and the anode end of the MEA are isolated, and no transfer and leakage of gas occur. 
         [0051]    Next, Step  32  is performed, in which H 2  is introduced to the anode to reduce anode NiO to Ni, and air is introduced to the cathode at the same time. It is tested whether an open circuit voltage (OCV) reaches 1.0V or above (at 800° C.), to confirm whether the structure of the MEA (cell) is qualified. Moreover, the V-I-P and the electrical impedance spectrum (EIS) of the test cell are persistently recorded, to confirm the magnitude of electricity, so as to determine whether the cell and the wires are in good contact. Therefore, at an earlier stage of performance test of the MEA, H 2  (anode)/air (cathode) are used as system gas, to verify whether the cell and the system is in good state. The test results are as shown in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0052]    Subsequently, Step  33  is performed, in which the gas introduced to the anode is kept unchanged, the gas introduced to the cathode is CO 2  instead, and the OCV and the V-I-P, and composition and concentration of reaction products (CO 2 /CO/O 2 ) at the cathode are tested and recorded respectively at 840° C., 890° C. and 938° C. It is confirmed that CO 2  may be used as cathode oxidant gas of the first SOFC, suggesting that CO 2 (g)→CO(g)+½O 2 (g) is feasible to be performed at the cathode, and O 2  may be successfully provided in progression of electrochemical reaction and be used for current generation. Experimental results are as shown in  FIGS. 6 ,  7 A,  7 B,  7 C,  7 D, and Tables A and B, and the correctness of the system and the feasibility of SOFC-CO 2 -ECC are confirmed. CO concentration may be up to 27.83 mol % (that is, conversion of CO 2 =0.2783), and O 2  concentration is 0% in one reaction pass, indicating that O 2  generated in cracking of CO 2  is completely depleted at the cathode. 
         [0053]    Afterwards, Step  34  is performed, in which after the cell performance test is completed, the gas flow rate is lowered, the anode is maintained in a reduction atmosphere, and cooled to room temperature at a temperature drop rate of 1° C./min (generally lower than 3° C./min), and then the fed gases are completely closed. Thus, the main test of the system is completed. 
         [0054]    Finally, Step  35  is performed, in which the cell performance data is analyzed to identify the feasible achievement of the SOFC-CO 2 -ECC. It is verified through this test result that the present invention is capable of effectively treating the main cause of the greenhouse gas CO 2  by cycling CO 2  for use in the second SOFC for power generation on one hand, and by cracking CO 2  into CO having high activity on other hand, which can react with other substance such as hydrogen or oxygen to generate a useful solid or liquid compound, such that CO 2  in the atmosphere is converted into a solid or liquid compound, thereby achieving the purpose of energy saving and carbon reduction, so as to eliminate CO 2  greenhouse gas. 
         [0055]      FIGS. 7A ,  7 B,  7 C, and  7 D are result diagrams of CO 2  conversion yield tested with a test system respectively at an anode and a cathode with H 2 , N 2  and CO 2  at different operation temperatures, and test result diagrams of concentrations of reactant CO 2  and product CO vs operation potential at different operation temperatures, in which temperatures in  FIGS. 7A ,  7 B, and  7 C are respectively 840° C., 890° C., and 938° C.; and  FIG. 7D  is a test result diagram of concentrations of reactant CO 2  and product CO vs flow rate of reactants at an operation temperature of 938° C. 
         [0056]    Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in detail above, they are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Any equivalent variations or modifications made without departing from the spirit of the present invention shall fall within the scope of the present invention.