Abstract:
The invention relates to an apparatus used in the formation of paper. More specifically the present invention is directed to an apparatus for maintaining the hydrodynamic processes involved in the formation of a fiber mat or paper sheet. The performance of this apparatus is not affected by the velocity of the paper machine, the basis weight of the paper sheet and or the thickness of the mat being formed.

Description:
This application is a 371 of PCT/IB2007/000224 filed on Jan. 31, 2007, published on Aug. 9, 2007 under publication number WO 2007/088456 A which claims priority benefits from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/765,247 filed Feb. 3, 2006 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/778,871 filed Mar. 3, 2006 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/811,039 filed Jun. 5, 2006 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/811,628 filed Jun. 7, 2006, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to an apparatus used in the formation of paper. More specifically the present invention is directed to an apparatus for maintaining the hydrodynamic processes involved in the formation of a fiber mat. The performance of this apparatus is not affected by the velocity of the paper machine, the basis weight of the paper sheet and or the thickness of the mat being formed. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In general, it is well known in papermaking industry that proper drainage of liquid from the paper stock on a forming fabric is an important step to insure a quality product. This is done through the use of drainage blades or foils usually located at the wet end of the machine, e.g. a Fourdrinier paper machine. (Note the term drainage blade, as used herein, is meant to include blades or foils that cause drainage or stock activity or both.) A wide variety of different designs for these blades are available today. Typically, these blades provide for a bearing surface for the wire or forming fabric with a trailing portion for dewatering, which angles away from the wire. This creates a gap between the blade surface and the fabric which causes a vacuum between the blade and the fabric. This not only drains water out of the fabric, but also can result in pulling the fabric down. When the vacuum collapses, the fabric returns to its position which can result in a pulse across the stock, which may be desirable for stock distribution. The activity (caused by the wire deflection) and the amount of water drained from the sheet are directly related to vacuum generated by the blade, and therefore to each other. Drainage and activity by such blades can be augmented by placing the blade or blades on a vacuum chamber. The direct relationship between drainage and activity is not desirable because while activity is always desirable, too much drainage early in the sheet formation process may have adverse effects on retention of fibers and filler. Rapid drainage may also cause sheet sealing, making subsequent water removal more difficult. Existing technology forces the paper maker to compromise desired activity in order to slow early drainage. 
     Drainage can be accomplished by way of a liquid to liquid transfer such as that taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,823,062 to Ward, which is incorporated herein by reference. This reference teaches the removal of liquid through sudden pressure shocks to the stock. The reference states that controlled liquid to liquid drainage of water from the suspension is less violent than conventional drainage. 
     A similar type of drainage is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,242,547 to Corbellini. This patent teaches preventing the formation of a meniscus (air/water interface) on the surface of the forming fabric opposite the sheet to be drained. This reference achieves this by flooding the vacuum box structure containing the blade(s) and adjusting the draw off of the liquid by a control mechanism. This is referred to as “Submerged Drainage.” Improved dewatering is said to occur through the use of sub-atmospheric pressure in the suction box. 
     In addition to drainage, blades are constructed to purposely create activity in the suspension in order to provide for desirable distribution of the flock. Such a blade is taught, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,789,433 to Fuchs. This reference teaches the use of a wave shaped blade (preferably having a rough dewatering surface) to create microturbulence in the fiber suspension. 
     Other types of blades wish to avoid turbulence, but yet effect drainage, such as that described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,687,549 to Kallmes. This reference teaches filling the gap between the blade and the web and states that the absence of air prevents expansion and cavitation of the water in the gap and substantially eliminates any pressure pulses. A number of such blades and other arrangements can be found in the following prior art: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,951,823; 5,393,382; 5,089,090; 4,838,996; 5,011,577; 4,123,322; 3,874,998; 4,909,906; 3,598,694; 4,459,176; 4,544,449; 4,425,189; 5,437,769; 3,922,190; 5,389,207; 3,870,597; 5,387,320; 3,738,911; 5,169,500 and 5,830,322, which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     Traditionally, high and low speed paper machines produce different grades of paper with a wide range of basis weights. Sheet forming is a hydromechanical process and the motion of the fibers follow the motion of the fluid because the inertial force of an individual fiber is small compared to the viscous drag in the liquid. Formation and drainage elements affect three principle hydrodynamic processes, which are drainage, stock activity and oriented shear. Liquid is a substance that responds according to shear forces acting in or on it. Drainage is the flow through the wire or fabric, and it is characterized by a flow velocity that is usually time dependant. 
     Stock activity, in an idealized sense, is the random fluctuation in flow velocity in the undrained fiber suspension, and generally appears due to a change in momentum in the flow due to deflection of the forming fabric in response to drainage forces or as being caused by blade configuration. The predominant effect of stock activity is to break down networks and to mobilize fibers in suspension. Oriented shear and stock activity are both shear-producing processes that differ only in their degree of orientation on a fairly large scale, i.e. a scale that is large compared to the size of individual fibers. 
     Oriented shear is shear flow having a distinct and recognizable pattern in the undrained fiber suspension. Cross Direction (“CD”) oriented shear improves both sheet formation and test. The primary mechanism for CD shear (on paper machines that do not shake) is the creation, collapse and subsequent recreation of well defined Machine Direction (“MD”) ridges in the stock of the fabric. The source of these ridges may be the headbox rectifier roll, the head box slice lip (see e.g., International Application PCT WO95/30048 published Nov. 9, 1995) or a formation shower. The ridges collapse and reform at constant intervals, depending upon machine speed and the mass above the forming fabric. This is referred to as CD shear inversion. The number of inversions and therefore the effect of CD shear is maximized if the fiber/water slurry maintains the maximum of its original kinetic energy and is subjected to drainage pulses located (in the MD) directly below the natural inversion points. 
     In any forming system, all these hydrodynamic processes may occur simultaneously. They are generally not uniformly distributed in either time or space, and they are not wholly independent of one another, they interact. In fact, each of these processes contributes in more than one way to the overall system. Thus, while the above-mentioned prior art may contribute to some aspect of the hydrodynamic processes aforesaid, they do not coordinate all processes in a relatively simple and effective way. 
     Stock activity in the early part of a Fourdrinier table is critical to the production of a good sheet of paper. Generally, stock activity can be defined as turbulence in the fiber-water slurry on the forming fabric. This turbulence takes place in all three dimensions. Stock activity plays a major part in developing good formation by impeding stratification of the sheet as it is formed, by breaking up fiber flocks, and by causing fiber orientation to be random. 
     Typically, stock activity quality is inversely proportional to water removal from the sheet; that is, activity is typically enhanced if the rate of dewatering is retarded or controlled. As water is removed, activity becomes more difficult because the sheet becomes set, the lack of water, which is the primary media in which the activity takes place, becomes scarcer. Good paper machine operation is thus a balance between activity, drainage and shear effect. 
     The capacity of each forming machine is determined by the forming elements that compose the table. After a forming board, the elements which follow have to drain the remaining water without destroying the mat already formed. The purpose of these elements is to enhance the work done by the previous forming elements. 
     As the basis weight is increased the thickness of the mat is increased. With the actual forming/drainage elements it is not possible to maintain a controlled hydraulic pulse strong enough to produce the hydrodynamic processes necessary to make a well-formed sheet of paper. 
     An example of conventional means for reintroducing drainage water into the fiber stock in order to promote activity and drainage can be seen in  FIGS. 1-7 . 
     A table roll  100  in  FIG. 1  causes a large positive pressure pulse to be applied to the sheet  96 , which results from water  94  under the forming fabric  98  being forced into the incoming nip formed by the lead in roll  92  and forming fabric  98 . The amount of water reintroduced is limited to the water adhered to the surface of the roll  92 . The positive pulse has a good effect on stock activity; it causes flow perpendicular to the sheet surface. Likewise, on the exiting side of the roll  90 , large negative pressures are generated, which greatly motivate drainage and the removal of fines. But reduction of consistency in the mat is not noticeable, so there is little improvement through increase in activity. Table rolls are generally limited to relatively slower machines because the desirable positive pulse transmitted to the heavy basis weight sheets at specific speeds becomes an undesirable positive pulse that disrupts the lighter basis weight sheets at faster speeds. 
     A gravity foil  88  is shown in  FIG. 2 . The vacuum generated by a foil blade  86  increases with an increase in the foil angle and or the blade length. The vacuum, in this case, increases in direct proportion to the square of the machine speed. The vacuum forces generated by a foil blade increase as fiber mat  96  drainage resistance increases. Low foil blade angles, often in the range of about 0.5 to 1 degree, are used in the early part of the forming table. The angle is increased to the dry end of the table up by 3 to 4 degrees. As less water is available in machine direction, the angle selected should allow the ability of the diverging gap to be filled with water. 
       FIGS. 3 to 7  show low vacuum boxes  84  with different blade arrangements. A gravity foil is also used in low vacuum boxes. These low vacuum augmented units  84  provide the papermaker a tool that significantly affects the process by controlling the applied vacuum and the pulse characteristics. Examples of blade box configurations include: 
     Gravity foil or foil blade box  88  as shown in  FIG. 2 ; 
     Flat blades or wet box (not shown); 
     Step blades  82  as show in  FIGS. 3-5 , and  7 ; 
     Offset plane blade  80  as shown in  FIG. 6 ; and 
     Positive pulse step blade  78  as shown in  FIG. 7 . 
     Traditionally, the foil blade box, the offset plane blade box and the step blade box are mostly used in the forming process. 
     In use, a vacuum augmented foil blade box will generate vacuum as the gravity foil does, the water is removed continuously without control, and the predominant drainage process is filtration. Typically, there is no refluidization of the mat that is already formed. 
     In a vacuum augmented flat blade box, a slight positive pulse is generated over the blade/wire contact surface and the pressure exerted on the fiber mat is due only to the vacuum level maintained in the box. 
     In a vacuum augmented step blade box, as shown in  FIG. 3 , a variety of pressure profiles are generated depending upon factors such as, step length, span between blades, machine speed, step depth, and vacuum applied. The step blade generates a peak vacuum relative to the square of the machine speed in the early part of the blade, this peak negative pressure causes the water to drain and at the same time the wire is deflected toward the step direction, part of the already drained water is forced to move back into the mat refluidizing the fibers and breaking up the flocks due to the resulting shear forces. If the applied vacuum is higher than necessary, the wire is forced to contact the step of the blade, as shown in  FIG. 4 . After some time of operation in such a condition, the foil accumulates dirt  76  in the step, losing the hydraulic pulse which is reduced to the minimum, as shown in  FIG. 5 , and prevents the reintroduction of water into the mat. 
     The vacuum augmented offset plane blade box, as shown in  FIG. 6  has leading/trailing and intermediate flat blades  80  at two different elevations below the wire line. The intermediate blade  80  is set below the wire line to limit the deflection of the wire under vacuum and creates a hydrodynamic nip with the water under the forming wire. 
     The vacuum augmented positive pulse step blade low vacuum box, as shown in  FIG. 7 , fluidizes the sheet by having each blade reintroduce part of the water removed by the preceding blade back into the mat. There is, however, no control on the amount of water reintroduced into the sheet. 
     While some of the foregoing references have certain attendant advantages, further improvements and/or alternative forms, are always desirable. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a machine for maintaining the hydrodynamic processes of a paper sheet formed thereon. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to provide a machine usable with a forming board and or a velocity induce drainage machine. 
     It is a further object of the present invention that the efficiency of the machine not be affected by the velocity of the machine, the basis weight of the paper sheet and or the thickness of the mat. 
     The various features of novelty which characterize the invention are pointed out in particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and specific objects attained by its uses, reference is made to the accompanying drawings and descriptive mater in which preferred embodiments of the invention are illustrated. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The following detailed description, given by way of example and not intended to limit the present invention solely thereto, will best be appreciated in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals denote like elements and parts, in which: 
         FIG. 1  Depicts a known table roll; 
         FIG. 2  Depicts a known gravity foil blade; 
         FIG. 3  Depicts a known low-vacuum box with step blade; 
         FIG. 4  Depicts a known low-vacuum box with step blade, wire touching the step; 
         FIG. 5  Depicts a known low-vacuum box, step blade with dirt accumulation; 
         FIG. 6  Depicts a known offset-plane blade low-vacuum box; 
         FIG. 7  Depicts a known positive pulse blade low vacuum box; 
         FIG. 8  Depicts a blade according to one aspect of the instant invention; 
         FIG. 9  Depicts a blade according to  FIG. 8  with the support for blade  4  removed for clarity; 
         FIG. 9   a  Depicts a blade according to  FIG. 9  with an offset section for control of drainage according to another aspect of the invention; 
         FIG. 10  Depicts a blade according to another aspect of the instant invention; 
         FIG. 10   a  Depicts a blade according to  FIG. 10  with a multi-angled microactivity zone; 
         FIG. 10   b  Depicts a blade according to  FIG. 10  with pivot point; 
         FIG. 10   c  Depicts a profile view of a blade and support as shown in  FIG. 10 ; 
         FIG. 10   d  Depicts a profile view of a blade as shown in  FIG. 10  with an alternative support; 
         FIG. 10   e  Depicts a top view of a support blade usable with the blade shown in  FIG. 10 ; 
         FIG. 10   f  Depicts a cross-sectional view of the support blade of  FIG. 10   e  at a point where the support is open to allow flow of water through the support; 
         FIG. 10   g  Depicts a cross-sectional view of the support blade of  FIG. 10   e  at a point where the support blade is closed by the support  4   d;    
         FIG. 10   h  Depicts a side view of the support blade of  FIG. 10   e;    
         FIG. 11  Depicts a blade, according to another aspect of the instant invention; 
         FIG. 12  Depicts a blade, according to another aspect of the instant invention; 
         FIG. 13  Depicts a blade, according to another aspect of the instant invention; 
         FIG. 14  Depicts a blade, according to another aspect of the instant invention; 
         FIG. 15  Depicts a blade, according to another aspect of the instant invention; 
         FIG. 15   a  Depicts a blade as shown in  FIG. 14  having multiple main body portions between foils; 
         FIG. 15   b  Depicts a blade as shown in  FIG. 15   a  having pivot points on the main bodies; 
         FIG. 15   c  Depicts a blade as shown in  FIG. 14 , having elongated and multiple activity zones; 
         FIG. 15   d  Depicts a blade as shown in  FIG. 15   c  having pivot points; 
         FIG. 16  Depicts the hydraulic performance of a blade, according to one aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 17  Depicts the hydraulic performance of a blade, according to one aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 18  Depicts the hydraulic performance of a blade, according to one aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 19  Depicts the hydraulic performance of a blade, according to one aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 20  Depicts the hydraulic performance of a blade, according to one aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 20   a  Depicts the hydraulic performance of a blade, according to another aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 21  Depicts water flow in a blade, according to one aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 22  Depicts water flow in a blade, according to one aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 23  Depicts water flow in a blade, according to one aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 24  Depicts water flow in a blade, according to one aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 25  Depicts a detailed view of blade geometry, according to at least one aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 26  Depicts the blade geometry bases for calculating pressure, according to one aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 27  Depicts the blade geometry bases for calculating pressure, according to another aspect of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 28  Depicts water flow in a blade, according to one aspect of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     One aspect of the instant invention can be seen with reference to  FIGS. 8 ,  9 ,  9   a ,  10 ,  10   a  and  10   b . In  FIG. 8 , the body  3  includes a leading edge  3   a  which contacts the forming fabric  2 . As shown in  FIG. 8  the leading edge  3   a  in contact with the forming fabric is flat and parallel to the forming fabric  2 . In this example, it is desirable that the leading edge  3   a  have full contact with the forming fabric. Following the leading edge  3   a  is a diverging surface  3   b , which slopes away from the leading edge  3   a . The angle of the diverging surface with respect to the leading edge is preferably within the range of about 0.1 to 10 degrees. However, it is preferred that the angle be less than 10 degrees. 
     Next, there is a channel  5  which leads to a controlled turbulence zone  8  and then to a micro-activity zone  12 . The micro-activity zone  12  may be flat as is shown in  FIGS. 8 and 9 , or may include a step  15  as shown in  FIG. 10  to create controlled turbulence. Alternatively, the micro-activity zone  12  may have a divergent section  12   c  and a convergent section  12   d , as shown in  FIGS. 10   a  and  10   b . The divergent section  12   c  has an angle α to horizontal and the convergent section  12   d  has an angle β to the horizontal. The angles α and β may be the same or preferably different to optimize the activity in the micro-activity zone. The micro-activity zone  12  may also include an offset plane  12   a  in order to retain water for activity improvement and control as show in  FIG. 9   a . In practice, the use of a flat, angled, or stepped micro-activity zone will depend on the machine speed, consistency of the mat and its basis weight. 
     Between the channel  5  and the micro-activity zone  12 , there is a support blade  4 . The support blade  4  helps to maintain the forming fabric  2  separated from the body  3  (or  3  and  16  as shown in  FIG. 15 , which will be described below). The support blade  4  also forms channel  5 . The channel  5  allows water  7  to drain from the fiber slurry  1 , through the fabric  2  and move towards the controlled turbulence zone  8  followed by the micro-activity zone  12 . The support blade  4  is set in place by the spacers  14  and fixed by the bolts  6  and spacers  14 . Bolts  6  are evenly distributed across the machine width in such a fashion that the support blade is not deflected and no disturbing streams are created. Following the micro-activity zone  12 , where the forming fabric  2  comes closest to contacting the blade, water is drained into drain  10 . 
     Another aspect of the present invention is shown in  FIGS. 10   c  and  10   d , where a support blade  4   a  is shown in greater detail.  FIGS. 10   c  and  10   d  are cross sectional view of a blade taken at different locations across the cross-machine direction of the blade. In  FIG. 10   c , the cross-section is taken along a portion of the support blade  4   a  where the spacer  4   b  is located. This in cross-section  FIG. 10   c  shows a substantially solid support blade  4   a . In contrast,  FIG. 10   d  shows a cross-section taken along a different portion of the support blade  4   a  at a location where there is no spacer  4   b , but rather a channel  5  through the support blade  4   a  for allowing the flow of water under the support blade  4   a . Further details of this aspect of the invention can be seen with reference to  FIGS. 10   e - h , where top, cross-sectional and front views are shown, respectively. The spacers  4   b  preferably have a substantially rounded shape, as shown in  FIG. 10   e , to promote stable flow of water through the channel  5 . The supports  4   b  are preferably evenly distributed across the entire width  4   e . Such a configuration will ease in the installation or replacement of the support blade  4   a , which is preferably made in one piece as shown in  FIGS. 10   a - h.    
     In practice another blade  11  may be installed immediately following the drain  10 . A leading edge of the second blade  11  can be seen in  FIG. 8 . The number of blades necessary on the forming table is dependant on the thickness T of the fiber slurry  1 , consistency of the stock, basis weight, retention and the machine speed. 
     A variety of configurations are possible using different aspects of the present invention including:
         1. Blades with a flat surface  12 , as shown in  FIG. 11 ;   2. Blades with a step  15 , as show in  FIG. 12 ;   3. Alternating blades with a step  15  and a flat surface  12 , as show in  FIG. 13 ;   4. Blades with the lead in edge  16  that is actually removed from the rest of the blade and has a leading edge that angles away from the forming fabric in combination with a flat surface  12 , as show in  FIG. 14 ;   5. Blades with the lead in edge  16  that is actually removed from the rest of the blade and has a leading edge that angles away from the forming fabric in combination with a step  15 , as shown in  FIG. 15 ;   6. Blades with the lead in edge  16  removed from the rest of the blade and having a leading edge that angles away from the forming fabric with the activity zone formed of a converging and diverging sections  12   d ,  12   c  either with or without a pivot point  22  as shown in  FIGS. 15   a  and  15   b ; or   7. A blade  24 ,  25  with an elongated micro-activity zone having multiple diverging and converging sections  12   c ,  12   d  either with or without a pivot point  22  as shown in  FIGS. 15   c  and  15   d.          

     Other arrangements of the blades according to certain aspects of the instant invention are also possible within the scope of the instant invention. 
     The blade as shown in  FIGS. 8 ,  9 ,  9   a ,  10 ,  10   a  and  10   b , performs one forming cycle where the necessary hydrodynamic processes to form the sheet of paper take place. At the leading edge  3   a , a positive pulse P 1  is created that produces shear effect. At the diverging surface  3   b , the water  7  drains from the sheet or fiber slurry  1  due to increase in kinetic energy and reduction of potential energy. This is the second hydrodynamic process on the blade. Next, support blade  4  creates a second positive pulse P 2  which is similar to P 1 . The drained water  7  follows in continuation through channel  5 . Part of the drained water is then reintroduced to the sheet  2  in the micro activity zone  12  and the controlled turbulence zone  8 . Draining continues with water exiting the blade through drain  10 . Therefore, three hydrodynamic processes take place within one forming cycle in these sections of the blade. 
       FIG. 10   b  shows a pivot point  22  which allows the trailing portion of a blade  23  to be adjusted as necessary, according to the operating parameters of the device.  FIG. 15   c  depicts a further aspect of the invention having multiple cycles of diverging and converging angled sections on a single long blade  25 . These multiple cycles help preserve activity in the early part of the forming table.  FIG. 15   d  depicts the same multi-cycle blade  24  formed with a pivot point  22 . 
     The thickness T of the slurry  1  does not affect the performance of the support blade  4  or the velocity of the machine. In practice, the dimensions of the steps A and B of the first stage, shown in  FIG. 25 , are sized according to the thickness of the slurry and the velocity of the machine. As such, because step A can be adjusted by adjusting support blade  4 , the properties of the device can be optimized for a particular stock thickness and machine speed. 
     As a result of the hydrodynamic process performed by the blade, and the reintroduction of water in the early part of the blade, the following improvements may be obtained by the present invention:
         I. There is no filtration process in the early part of the blade;   II. The power necessary to drive the wire is reduced because there is no drag created by the wire acting on the blade, as the blade is supported by the water along its length;   III There is no dirt accumulation on the blade because there is continuous flow of water;   IV. The fibers on the wire are redistributed and activated with the same water;   V. Fines retention is increased and evenly distributed across the thickness of the sheet;   VI. Formation is improved;   VII. Squareness of the sheet is controlled as is necessary;   VIII. Drainage is controlled, and the filtration process may be eliminated; and   IX. Physical properties of the paper are improved or controlled as are necessary.       

       FIGS. 14 and 15  show a further aspect of the present invention, where the leading edge  3  is separated from the main body  16  of the blade. This configuration is useful in machines when either drainage has been done in previous elements without water removal, or there is limited space on the forming table, allowing greater, yet controlled amounts of water to be removed from the fibrous slurry  1 . 
       FIGS. 16 ,  17 ,  18 ,  19 ,  20 , and  20   a  show the hydraulic performance of blades according to certain aspects of the instant invention. In  FIG. 16 , in section  3   a  a positive pulse P 1  is created that produces shear effect. The diverging section  3   b  drains water  7  due to increase in kinetic energy and reduction of potential energy. This is the second hydrodynamic process on the blade. The support blade  4  creates a second positive pulse P 2  which is similar to P 1 . The drained water  7  follows continuously through channel  5 . 
     In  FIG. 17 , the water  7  is drained by a foil  17  which has the leading edge  3   a  and the diverging section  3   b , located on a separate portion of the blade. Again, the leading edge  3   a  of the foil  17  creates a positive pulse P 1  and produces a shear effect. The diverging section  3   b  drains water  7  from the fibrous slurry to promote activity, which flows continuously through channel  5 . Again the support blade  4  creates a pulse P 2  (Alternating positive pulses that creates shear effect on cross machine direction) that is similar to P 1 . 
       FIGS. 18 ,  19   20 , and  20   a , show the hydrodynamic effects of: a flat micro-activity zone in  FIG. 18 ; a micro-activity zone with an offset plane in  FIG. 19 ; and a stepped micro-activity zone in  FIG. 20 . In each of these figures, part of the drained water  7  is reintroduced to the sheet  1  in the micro activity zone  12  and/or in the controlled turbulence zone  8 . Continuation drainage also takes place. As discussed above, shear is created at the leading edge  3   a  and the support blade  4  produces pulses P 1  and P 2 . When water  7  is reintroduced in section  8 , the fibers are redistributed, thereby creating activity in section  8 . Where necessary, fine shear may be created with the use of a step  15 , as shown in  FIG. 20 . To increase the micro-activity in the micro-activity zone  12 , an offset plane  12   a  may be employed to retain additional water as necessary. The micro-activity zone  12  is comprised of offset sections  12   a  and  12   b . These offset sections may be flat or angled. The final design of the offset sections  12   a  and  12   b  depends on the thickness of the slurry and the machine speed. Typically, drainage is controlled in late part of sections  12 ,  12   a  and  12   b.    
       FIG. 20   a  shows an arrangement capable of operation without additional vacuum. This is possible by use of the diverging section  12   c  and the converging section  12   d , discussed above. In use, the diverging section  12   d  creates a vacuum by the angle of the divergence causing a loss in potential energy. This created vacuum then draws water from the stock. A portion of the water is then reintroduced by the converging section  12   d  and creates activity in the stock. However, a larger portion of the water is drained by drain  10 . 
     In  FIG. 21  a further aspect of the instant invention is depicted. The water  7  that flows through channel  5  forms stream lines  19  in section  21 . As long as the hydraulic cross section of the flow path of the water  7  is being continuously reduced, the water  7  is forced into and is reintroduced through the forming wire  13  and into the fiber slurry  1 . The force of the reintroduced water  7  may deflect the forming fabric  13 . However, this is countered, at least to some degree, by the vacuum generated by the increase in the kinetic energy. In section  18 , fiber activity and shear effect are generated and as a consequence, the fiber mat formation is improved. Unlike some of the known methods of sheet production described above, the forming fabric  12  does not contact the surface of the micro-activity zone  12  because of continuous water flow through channel  5 . As a result, the sheer and fiber activity in the sheet  1  are not interrupted. 
     In  FIG. 22 , in an attempt to retain a certain portion of the water  7  for the micro-activity zone  12 , there is an offset plane that includes portions  12   a  and  12   b . Portion  12   b  may be designed at an angle that may be between 0.1 to 10 degree in order to control drainage. The preferred range for the angle of portion  12   b  is between 1 and 3 degrees. 
       FIG. 23  depicts a blade that uses a step  15  to produce high levels of turbulence. The actual dimensions of the step  15  are dependant on the thickness of the slurry, consistency of the slurry and the machine speed. 
       FIG. 24  depicts the stream lines  19  of water flow that occur as the forming fabric passes over the step  15 . As can be seen, eddy currents are formed in the machine direction and are created along the entire machine width. The eddy currents will generally be in a clockwise rotation, when observing a device having a machine direction as shown in  FIG. 24 . The flow of water  7  becomes stable at the reconnection point. The dimension of the counter flows zone will depend on the machine speed, step size and the amount of water on the step. The eddy currents create high levels of turbulence and differential velocities between the fiber slurry and the eddy currents. This action breaks the flocks of fibers, thereby redistributing the fibers and improving paper formation. 
     Another aspect of the instant invention is directed to blade geometry. In  FIG. 25 , the area between the exit side of support blade  4  and the lead in edge of the following blade  11  is where the shear, activity and drainage occur (the three hydrodynamic processes needed to form the paper sheet). Side A of the blade is where hydrodynamic shear and activity are developed, and drainage occurs at side B of the blade. The first stage is from the exit side of support blade  4  to the edge of the step  15 . Step A is sized according to the amount of water coming from previous elements and the water drained at this stage. In the first stage, water is reintroduce to the fiber slurry  1  and high shear effect is developed. From the beginning of the second stage up to the maximum point of wire deflection, high activity is developed due to the eddy currents at the step and the instantaneous differential velocities between the water  7  and the forming fabric  13 . Side A is the higher pressure side of the blade and thus water will always flow in direction towards side B of the blade, ultimately resulting in drainage. 
       FIG. 26  provides a model for determining the dynamic pressure developed on the forming fabric, which can be calculated by the following equation: 
     
       
         
           
             
               K 
               
                 
                   4. 
                   · 
                   
                     m 
                     2 
                   
                 
                 + 
                 
                   c 
                   2 
                 
               
             
             · 
             m 
             · 
             
               Vm 
               2 
             
           
         
       
     
     where ‘m’ is deflection of the wire in inches, ‘c’ is the span of the wire in inches, ‘Vm’ is the machine speed in feet per minute, and ‘K’ is a constant, of value 0.82864451984491991898e-3. 
     The dynamic pressure developed on the forming fabric is proportional to the gravitational or centrifugal force experienced by the forming fabric, which is commonly referred to as the ‘g-force’, and usually lies in the range of 1 to 10, however, values between 3 and 5 are preferable. 
     Those of skill in the art will recognize that other values for ‘K’ can be used to undertake this calculation without departing from the scope of the present invention, however, the value provided above has been determined to be preferable. 
       FIG. 27  shows a close-up view of a blade having converging and diverging sections  12   c  and  12   d , respectively. Though shown herein as having the same length C 1  and C 2 , these lengths may be optimized as necessary for the production process. Further, the angles, α and β, can be optimized for creation of vacuum and reintroduction of water into the stock respectively. 
     Finally,  FIG. 28  generally shows the flow pattern of water entrained in the stock as the wire passes  2  over the support blade  4  and through the diverging and converging sections  12   c  and  12   d . As can be seen, water is removed and reintroduced into the stock at several locations along the blade. 
     While the invention has been described in connection with what is considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it should be understood that this invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.