Abstract:
An apparatus and method for measuring the characteristics of curing polymers. The apparatus and method utilize cantilever beam technology to determine characteristics of polymers during the curing process, including but not limited to, stress-related forces that develop during the polymer curing process. The apparatus and method also provide for controlling and monitoring environmental conditions during the curing process.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/446,584, filed Feb. 11, 2003, titled “Polymer Shrinkage Tensometer” by Frederick C. Eichmiller which is incorporated herewith by reference and for which priority is claimed. 

   STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
   (Not applicable) 
   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention relates generally to the measurement of characteristics of curing polymers. More particularly, this invention relates to the measurement of stress-related forces and displacements that develop during the polymer curing process, for example during the curing of dental polymer material. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Polymerization shrinkage is one of the major deficiencies in dental polymers. Public and private research groups are expending considerable effort to develop materials and methods to reduce this shrinkage. The researchers require accurate, reproducible and pertinent measurements of shrinkage properties to assess the effectiveness of their developments. Researchers have developed several methods to assess the stress developed by dental filling composites as they shrink, but none of these previously developed methods have the ability to rapidly and accurately track stress in real-time under conditions approximating those of actual clinical use. Thus, there exists a great need in the art for an apparatus and method that overcome the deficiencies of prior methods and provide for measuring temporal stress development under curing and load conditions similar to those found in actual clinical use. 
   Such an apparatus and method is ideally capable of varying load and compliance settings to approximate the dynamic displacement occurring in teeth as dental fillings harden. Practitioners can use these settings to compare process parameters such as material composition, curing methods, surface area to volume ratio, and curing dynamics in real-time using samples that are similar in volume to dental fillings. Such an apparatus and method should provide for rapid loading and analysis of samples. Such an apparatus and method should also be automated to allow for rapid run condition and data collection, graphing and analysis. Such an apparatus and method will have utility for research and development of improved dental composites and any polymer where shrinkage and stress are important factors. Such an apparatus can also be used for research and development of improved initiator systems and curing devices. Such an apparatus and method could also be used in a manufacturing setting for polymer and composite quality assessment. 
   Many researchers have attempted to develop an apparatus and method for measuring polymerization shrinkage stress, but no researcher has yet developed an apparatus and method that is versatile enough to mimic clinical conditions and environmental conditions of clinical use. For example, Bowen provided the first reported description of a method for measuring shrinkage (Bowen R L, Adhesive bonding of various materials to hard tooth tissues. VI Forces developing in direct-filling materials during hardening.  J Am Dent Assoc  1967 February;74(3):439-445). Bowen&#39;s method included placing samples between two platens of an Instron Universal Testing Machine. A load cell attached to the upper platen measured the load generated as the sample cured and shrank. A Tuckerman optical interferometer measured the displacement of the platens, and an operator manually adjusted the Instron crosshead to compensate for this displacement. Using this method, the practitioner calculated stress from the measured load and sample area and plotted the stress vs. time during the curing process. 
   The Bowen method is deficient, because the method involves measuring stress developing under near zero strain, since the practitioner compensates for the strain by manually adjusting the crosshead during the curing process. The condition maintained by the practitioner does not simulate the conditions that occur in clinical situations where teeth bend as the shrinkage stress increases. Bowen&#39;s method does not provide for mimicking the strain experienced in teeth. Bowen&#39;s method also does not provide for introducing other environmental factors to the test, such as light curing, water sorption, and convenient adjustment of bonded area/volume ratio (C-factor). Bowen&#39;s method also requires the tedious manual adjustment of crosshead position via manual movement of the crosshead drives. 
   Davidson improved upon Bowen&#39;s method (Davidson C L, deGee A J, Relaxation of polymerization contraction stresses by flow in dental composites.  J Dent Res  1984 February;63(2):146148) by adding an automated feedback transducer to perform the crosshead adjustment. Feilzer, in turn, added the ability to change the C-factor by adjusting the sample diameter and thickness and also added the ability to light cure the material (Feilzer A J, de Gee A J, Davidson C L, Setting stress in composite resin in relation to the configuration of the restoration.  J Dent Res  1987 November;66(11)1636-1639). The method still, however, did not simulate the strain experienced in teeth during the curing of a filling. Additionally, specimens often fractured during testing due to the feedback requirement to maintain near zero specimen strain. 
   Many have adopted the Bowen/Davidson/Feilzer methodology, but none have resolved the problems of simulating tooth strain or of specimen fracture during testing. Also, none have adapted the methodology to provide for the addition of environmental factors, such as temperature change or water sorption. 
   Feilzer also introduced a method that involved measuring the curvature of a glass slide that was bent by the shrinkage stress of a composite sample bonded to one side of the slide (Feilzer A J, de Gee A J, Davidson C L, Relaxation of polymerization contraction shear stress by hygroscopic expansion.  J Dent Res  1990 January;69(1)36-39). The method provided for determining stress by calculating the tangential bending stress of the slide to determine a maximum shear stress occurring at the ends of the sample strips. The experimental conditions, however, did not mimic in any way the strain conditions experienced in clinical settings where stresses are primarily wall-to-wall tensile stresses. The method also does not provide for adjusting the C-factor to be clinically relevant to bonded dental fillings. 
   Watts described a method similar to Feilzer&#39;s, involving a disc-shaped specimen cured between two glass plates (Watts D C, Cash A J, Determination of polymerization shrinkage kinetics in visible-light cured materials: methods development.  Dent Mater  1991 October;7(4):281-287). The method included measuring the glass deflection to determine the kinetics of shrinkage volume change, but did not include stress measurements. 
   Watts described a second method of determining shrinkage stress using a cantilever beam shrinkage-stress kinetics in resin-composites: methods development,  Dent Mater  20003 January;19(1):1-11). The cantilever beam deflection was measured with an attached strain gauge as the sample shrinkage pulled the beam downward. The sample was also attached to a load cell to record load generation during shrinkage. A correction factor was then applied to the raw stress values to normalize the data in an approximation to what were considered to be the expected stresses. The device was claimed to be useful for both light cured and chemically cured materials. One deficiency of the device was that it was designed with a fixed compliance and it did not have the ability to vary stiffness to simulate the different stress/strain characteristics of different tooth-restoration configurations. The device also required an estimated correction factor multiplier of 4 to arrive at the reported stress values derived from the beam deflection and load cell. The sample geometry could not simulate the bonded/unbonded area ratio found in tooth restorations and often used in these types of experiments and no provisions were made for monitoring the onset and completion of light curing during the measurement process. The device described did not provide for introducing environmental variables such as water sorption or temperature changes. No provisions were made for rapid sample loading and no direct calibration method was incorporated into the instrument design. 
   Researchers have also utilized finite element modeling to calculate stress development during shrinkage (Katon T R, Winkler M M, Stress analysis of a bulk-filled class V light.cured composite restoration.  J Dent Res  1994 August;73(8)14701477). Finite element modeling methods can theoretically model two and three-dimensional filling configurations, but the stress values obtained are based upon engineering equations and assumptions of the basic mechanical properties of the materials and the substrates. Finite element modeling does not involve the testing of actual samples. 
   Researchers have also used photoelastics to determine stress locations and relative amount of stress in simulated fillings (Kinomoto Y, Torii M, Photoelastic analysis of polymerization contraction stresses in composite restorations.  J Dent  1998 March;26(2):165-171). Again, no direct stress or load measurements are made using these methods, and interpretation relies upon assumptions of material and substrate properties. Also, the photoelastic models required do not have stress/strain relationships similar to real teeth. 
   Sakaguchi introduced a strain gauge method that combined finite element modeling with strain measured by embedded strain gauges in a sample (Sakaguchi R L, Ferracane J L, Stress transfer from polymerization shrinkage of a chemical-cured composite bonded to a pre-cast composite substrate.  Dent Mater  1998;14(2):106-111). The method provided for tracking stress kinetics, but was not versatile enough to provide for varying the C-factor or include many of the clinically relevant factors, such as thermal expansion or water sorption. The method also did not provide for simulating the strain conditions reported in the literature for composite shrinkage in tooth cavities. 
   All of the methods and apparatus previously described in the literature fail to provide a quick, convenient, and clinically relevant method of determining shrinkage stress. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention overcomes the limitations discussed with respect to prior efforts by providing an apparatus and method that can be readily adapted to simulate the stress/strain conditions of various cavity preparations and sizes. The apparatus and method provide for rapidly and reproducibly establishing a wide range of C-factors, and controlling environmental test conditions such as temperature, light, and water sorption. The apparatus and method also provide for reduced specimen failure during the measurement process. The apparatus and method do not require sophisticated testing equipment and can be practiced using simple bench-top apparatus. The apparatus and data acquisition system are capable of simultaneously monitoring sample strain, sample load, sample stress, the onset and completion of light curing, and sample temperature. 
   An aspect of the present invention provides a cantilever beam of adjustable length, which enables variance of the load rate under which a polymeric sample is tested. The load-to-displacement ratio can be increased by shortening the cantilever length of the beam by sliding the beam into a mounting block. Conversely, the load-to-displacement ratio can be decreased by lengthening the cantilever length of the beam by sliding the beam out of the mounting block or by sliding the sample collet holder along the length of the fixed beam. 
   Another aspect of the invention provides a test fixture including two collets, one mounted near the free end or on a sliding holding fixture that can be located along the length of the cantilever beam and the other mounted to a reference base. Cylindrical rods, made from materials to which the polymeric test material can adhere, are placed in each collet with the ends spaced a distance apart corresponding to the length of the sample to be tested. The diameter of the rods can be varied by using collet inserts of various size. 
   A further aspect of the invention provides for measuring cantilever beam movement with an electronic position transducer as the test sample cures. The transducer is coupled to the reference base and the cantilever beam such that the transducer measures the relative position between the cantilever beam and the reference base or displacement between the upper collet and the reference base. A micrometer coupled between the transducer and the reference base allows setting the transducer configuration to the most desirable operating point. Once the starting position is set and the test sample begins to cure, the transducer measures movement between the cantilever beam and reference base, and thus between the two collet inserts. Movement between the cantilever beam and the reference base results in a change in electric potential output from the transducer. A measurement monitor records the transducer output as a function of time and performs calculations to convert the change in electrical potential to distance, load or stress. Alternately, the transducer can be fixed to the reference base near the end of the beam. Other methods of measuring beam deflection could include strain gauges or other optical or mechanical measurement methods. 
   A still further aspect of the invention provides a curing activation device to facilitate curing of the test sample. The measurement monitor may be coupled to the curing activation device to control operation thereof. A detection device, such as a phototransistor or photoresistor can be incorporated into the upper collet to detect the onset and completion of curing activation. In addition, sample temperature can be monitored during and after curing by incorporating a thermocouple or thermistor into the sample and monitoring during the measurement. Additional features, such as a water jacket surrounding the sample or a thermally controlled chamber surrounding the sample could be added to introduce different environmental conditions during the measurement. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     In the detailed description that follows, reference will be made to the drawing comprised of the following figures: 
       FIG. 1  is a frontal elevated view of a polymer shrinkage tensometer incorporating aspects of the present invention. 
       FIGS. 2A-2D  show top, side, bottom and frontal views of the basic structure of the tensometer. 
       FIGS. 3A-3B  show side and top views of a lower collet. 
       FIGS. 4A-4C  show frontal, side and top views of an upper test fixture bracket. 
       FIGS. 5A-5B  show side and top views of an upper collet. 
       FIG. 6  shows a side view of the tensometer of FIG.  1 . 
       FIG. 7  is an enlarged view of test fixture member apparatus and beam position measuring apparatus. 
       FIGS. 8A-8C  show frontal, side and top views of a micrometer mounting bracket. 
       FIG. 9  is a drawing illustrating a measurement monitor interfaced to testing apparatus. 
       FIGS. 10A-10L  contain schematics for tensometer electrical circuits. 
       FIG. 11  shows an end view of the tensometer configured for calibration. 
       FIG. 12  is a graphical illustration of the results of test example 1. 
       FIG. 13  is a graphical illustration of the results of test example 2. 
       FIG. 14  is a graphical illustration of the results of test example 3. 
   

   DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
   In the following detailed description, spatially orienting terms are used, such as “upper,” “lower,” “left,” “right, ” “vertical,” “horizontal,” and the like. It is to be understood that these terms are used for convenience of description of the preferred embodiments by reference to the drawings. These terms do not necessarily describe the absolute location in space, such as left, right, upward, downward, etc., that any part must assume. 
     FIG. 1  is a frontal elevated view of a polymer shrinkage tensometer  100  incorporating aspects of the present invention.  FIGS. 2A-2D  contain drawings of basic structural features of the tensometer  100 . Referring to FIGS.  1  and  2 A- 2 D, the tensometer  100  includes a reference member  105 , beam member  110 , beam mount  115 , lower test fixture member  120 , and upper test fixture member  125 . 
   The reference member  105 , also referred to as the reference base  105 , serves as a point of reference for beam position measurements. The reference member  105  is preferably stationary and substantially immobile, but may also take the form of a flexible beam in an alternate embodiment. The reference member  105  includes a fixture translation feature  127 , which in the illustrated tensometer  100  includes a slot  128  running along the reference member  105  in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the beam member  110 . The fixture translation feature  127  may assume a variety of forms, for example, a groove cut into the reference member  105 , a ridge protruding from the reference member  105 , or a rail attached to the reference member  105 . 
   A lower fixture member  120  is coupled to the reference member  105  using the fixture translation feature  127 . In the illustrated tensometer  100 , the lower test fixture member  120  includes a lower collet  205 , which is illustrated in detail in  FIGS. 3A-3B . With reference to  FIGS. 2A-2D  and  3 , the shaft  206  of the lower collet  205  extends upward through the slot  128  of the fixture translation feature  127 . The base lip  207  of the lower collet  205  contacts the land  129  around the slot  128  of the fixture translation feature  127 . The lower collet nut  208  is loosened to allow the lower collet  205  to translate along the length of the fixture translation feature  127 , and is tightened to secure the lower collet  205  at the desired location along the fixture translation feature  127  for testing. 
   Referring now to FIGS.  1  and  2 A- 2 D, the beam mount  115  couples the beam member  110  to the reference member  105 . The beam mount  115  is coupled to the reference member  105  with mounting screws  109 . The beam mount  115  utilizes a clamping mechanism that, when loose, allows the beam member  110  to slide in and out of the beam mount  115  along the longitudinal axis of the beam member  110  or to replace the beam with beams of different stiffness. When tight, the clamping mechanism of the beam mount  115  locks the beam member  115  in place relative to the reference member. As shown most clearly in  FIG. 2B , the illustrated beam mount  115  includes an upper beam mount half  117  and a lower beam mount half  118 . Six screws  119  provide the clamping force between the upper beam mount half  117  and the lower beam mount half  118 . The beam mount  115  illustrated and shown in the attached Figures is only one of a multitude of possible beam mount configurations that could couple the beam member  110  to the reference member  105 . The beam mount  115  preferably provides for adjustment of the cantilever length of the beam member  110  (i.e., the portion of the beam member  110  that will move in relation to the reference member  105  in response to forces provided by a curing test sample) and for convenient replacement of beam members  110  made from materials of differing stiffness. 
   The upper test fixture member  125  is coupled near the end of the cantilever portion of the beam member  110 . The upper test fixture member  125  may be mounted to the beam member  110  using the upper test fixture mounting hole  111  in the beam member  110 . The upper test fixture member  125  may include an upper test fixture bracket  400  as shown in detail in  FIGS. 4A-4C . Referring to  FIGS. 4A-4C , the upper test fixture bracket  400  includes two clevis prongs  405 ,  406  and a clevis opening  407  to accommodate the beam member  110 . The upper clevis prongs  405 ,  406  include mounting holes  410 ,  411  to accommodate hardware for mounting the upper test fixture bracket  400  to the beam member  110 . The upper test fixture bracket  400  also includes beam member set screws  423  for securing the upper test fixture bracket  400  to the beam member  110 . An alternative method is for the clevis prongs  405  and  406  to be horizontally connected across the top so as to wrap completely around the beam member  110  so that it can slide along the length of the beam member  410  and be secured at any location using the setscrews  423 . The upper test fixture bracket  400  further includes a measuring device mounting hole  420  and corresponding setscrew  422 , and a threaded collet mounting hole  425 . An alternative method would be to mount the measuring device directly to the reference base  105 . 
   Referring back to  FIG. 1 , the upper test fixture member  125  includes an upper collet  230  coupled to the upper test fixture bracket  400 .  FIGS. 5A-5B  show detailed drawings of the upper collet  230 . The upper collet  230  and lower collet  205  can be configured to accommodate standard machine collet inserts of varying diameters. The upper collet  230  is coupled to the upper test fixture bracket  400  by screwing the threaded end  231  of the upper collet  230  up into the threaded collet mounting hole  425  of the upper test fixture bracket  400 . The upper collet  230  is then secured to the upper test fixture bracket by tightening the upper collet mounting nut  232  against the upper test fixture bracket  400 . The upper test fixture bracket  400  can also be configured to hold a cure monitoring device, such as a phototransistor or photoresistor above and in line with the center of upper collet  230 . 
     FIG. 6  is an end view of the tensometer  100  of  FIG. 1 , and  FIG. 7  is an enlarged end view of a portion of the tensometer  100 . Referring to  FIGS. 6 and 7 , the upper collet  230  is coupled to the upper test fixture bracket  400 . The lower collet  205  is coupled to the reference member  105 , preferably using the fixture translation feature  127  discussed previously. 
   An upper rod  235  is inserted into and secured by the upper collet  230 . A lower end of the upper rod  235  protrudes downward from the upper collet  230  and has a lower end face. A lower rod  210  is inserted into and secured by the lower collet  205 . The upper end of the lower rod  210  protrudes upward from the lower collet  205  and has an upper end face. The upper end face of the lower rod  210  and the lower end face of the upper rod  235  are in a generally opposed and spaced relation with a gap between them. The opposed and spaced rod ends are preferably of a material to which a polymer material under test adheres, but may also be of a material that can be treated to facilitate the adherence of polymer material thereto. 
   The upper end face of the lower rod  210  and the lower end face of the upper rod  235  generally make up a lower test fixture surface and an upper test fixture surface, respectively. It is to be noted that though in the illustrated embodiment, the opposed end faces of the lower rod  210  and upper rod  235  make up the lower test fixture surface and the upper test fixture surface, respectively, the upper and lower test fixture surfaces may take many alternative forms. For example, the upper and lower test fixture surfaces may be contoured, flat, convex, concave or any combination thereof. During polymer testing, curing polymer generally resides in the space between the lower and upper test fixture surfaces. In the illustrated embodiment, the curing polymer generally resides between the upper end face of the lower rod  210  and the lower end face of the upper rod  235 . 
   A mold member may be provided to further govern the location of the polymer test material. Referring to  FIGS. 6 and 7 , an exemplary mold member  245 , particularly suited to the illustrated embodiment, includes a length of flexible tubing disposed about the upper rod  235  and the lower rod  210 . The flexible tubing of mold member  245 , upper surface of the lower rod  210  and lower surface of the upper rod  235  form a test sample cavity  247  for encapsulation of a polymer test sample. The flexible tubing of the mold member  245  may, for example, be matched to the rods  210 ,  235  such that the inner diameter of the flexible tubing is matched to the outer diameter of the upper and lower rods  235 ,  210 , thus allowing for relative motion between the upper and lower rods  235 ,  210  during polymer test sample curing, while serving the function of controlling radial spread of the polymer test sample. Alternatively, the mold material could be made of a material that will not adhere to the test material or to the upper rod  235  and or lower rod  210 . Of course, many alternative configurations of the mold member  245  would sufficiently hold the polymer test sample during the curing process. 
   In another aspect of the present invention, the mold member  245  may include a split cell, such that a first portion of the cell would contain the polymer test sample, and a second portion of the cell would serve to contain environmental control material. Such environment material may include, for example, air or fluid at a particular temperature, or air with a particular moisture content. A wall between the first and second portions of the split cell may be of a material that allows the passage of temperature and moisture between the first and second portions of the split cell without allowing the passage of the polymer test sample. 
   The mold member  245  can also have one or more holes located at the level of the test sample cavity  247  through which the sample can be inserted by injecting, for the venting of air from the sample cavity  247 , and through which a temperature monitoring device, such as a thermocouple or thermistor can be introduced into the sample. Other devices, such as fiber optic monitors could also be introduced using this method. 
     FIGS. 6 and 7  further illustrate a curing activation device  140  aspect of the present invention. The curing activation device  140  may be, for example, a dental curing light. The curing activation device  140  provides curing energy to facilitate the curing of a polymer test sample during testing. A curing energy coupling  141 , such as a fiber optic tube, may deliver the curing energy from the curing activation device  140  to the polymer test sample contained in the test sample cavity  247 . One aspect of the present invention includes an axially hollow lower collet  205 , a transparent lower rod  210 , and a curing energy coupling  141  between the curing activation device  140  and the lower collet  205 . Curing energy then flows from the curing activation device  140  to the test sample cavity  247  by traveling through the curing energy coupling  141 , through the hollow lower collet  205 , and through the transparent lower rod  210 . An alternative method would be to introduce the curing energy horizontally from the side of the test sample cavity  247  by using a transparent mold member  245 . 
   Another aspect of the present invention could include the use of a transparent upper rod  235  that could further transmit the curing energy to a monitoring device contained within the upper member  400 . Such device could be a phototransistor or photoresistor to detect the onset and termination of the application of curing energy, or to detect the intensity the curing energy. 
   As a polymer test sample cures in the test sample cavity  247 , the polymer test sample changes volume, typically contracting. The test sample adheres to the upper and lower test fixture surfaces. As the polymer test sample changes volume during the curing process, the changing volume exerts force between the upper and lower test fixture surfaces, for example, the upper end face of the lower rod  210  and the lower end face of the upper rod  235 . Various apparatus members transmit this force to the reference member  105  and the beam member  110 , causing the relative position between the beam member  110  and the reference member  105  to change. This change in relative position correlates to the force developed by the polymer test sample. Therefore, measuring this change in relative position, combined with further calculation yields strain, load and stress information about the curing polymer test sample. 
   Accordingly, an additional aspect of the present invention includes a beam position measuring device  130 . The beam position measuring device  130  measures relative position or change in relative position between the reference member  105  and the beam member  110 . The beam position measuring device  130  may include, for example, an electronic position transducer, such as a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT)  250 .  FIGS. 6 and 7  illustrate an LVDT  250  coupled to the upper fixture test bracket  400 . An alternative method would be to couple the LVDT  250  to the reference member  105 . 
   The LVDT  250 , or other electronic position transducer, may have a preferred operating position. To provide for configuring the LVDT  250  in its preferred operating position, a micrometer  260  and micrometer mounting bracket  261  couple the LVDT  250  to the reference member  105 .  FIGS. 8A-8C  show drawings of the micrometer mounting bracket  261 . The micrometer mounting bracket  261  is rigidly coupled to the reference member  105 . The micrometer mounting bracket  261  includes a micrometer holding cavity  263  in which the micrometer  260  sits, and a micrometer shaft cutout  264  through which a shaft  265  from the micrometer  260  extends to the LVDT  250 . The micrometer shaft  265  is then coupled to a moving member  256  of the LVDT  250 . An alternative method is to have the LVDT coupled to the reference member  105  with the moving member  256  coupled to the upper member  400  or to the beam member  110  in a manner so as to be adjustable in length and position in reference to the LVDT  250 . 
   An aspect of the present invention includes a measurement monitor  300 , as illustrated generally in FIG.  9 . The measurement monitor  300  may, for example, be a general purpose computer with a monitor  905 , keyboard  910  and processor tower  915 . The measurement monitor  300  may be communicatively coupled to the beam position measuring device  130  by, for example, an electrical cable  920 . 
   The measurement monitor  300  is preferably configured to track measurement readings from the beam position measuring device  130  over a time period during the curing of a polymer sample. The time period may vary according to the needs of a particular experiment, from the entire curing period for a polymer test sample to a single sample at a point in time during the curing period. 
   The measurement monitor  300  may also be controllably coupled to the curing activation device  140  such that the measurement monitor  300  can control the operation of the curing activation device  140 , thereby providing automated control of the testing process. 
   The measurement monitor  300  may also be couple to other sensors and transducers to monitor and record such things as the onset, completion and intensity of curing energy, the temperature of the sample, or other response being measured in the sample or measurement system. 
   The measurement monitor  300  may further process measurement information that the measurement monitor  300  obtains from the beam position measuring device  130  and other sensors. The measurement monitor  300  may, for example, calculate force and stress due to the curing polymer sample as a function of the measurement information obtained from the beam position measuring device  130 . The measurement monitor  300  may calculate load force by multiplying a change in beam position by a load/deflection ratio for the beam member  110 . The measurement monitor  300  may calculate stress by dividing the load force by cross-sectional surface area of the test sample. The measurement monitor  300  may calculate and record the time when curing energy first enters the sample and when it stops, the intensity of the curing energy, and the temperature of the sample. 
   The measurement monitor  300  provides compiled and calculated test results to an operator. The measurement monitor  300  may provide compiled and calculated test information to an operator through a variety of media, for example, a tabular or graphical representation on the monitor  905  or a computer generated printout. 
   The measurement monitor  300  may include a variety of supporting circuitry to assist in monitoring and controlling the test apparatus.  FIGS. 10A-10L  contain schematics for various exemplary electrical support circuits. The support circuits include a power supply circuit  900 , a voltage reduction circuit  905 , and a thermistor reference voltage circuit  907 . An LVDT voltage clamp  1010  and LVDT voltage divider  920  circuit support operation of the LVDT. An analog-to-digital circuit  930  and serial I/O circuit  935  support test measurement data acquisition and test control performed by the processor circuit  940 .  FIG. 10B  also contains a lamp trigger circuit  945  to utilize in interfacing a curing lamp to the measurement monitor  300 . Alternative electrical circuitry and computer software necessary to support the interfacing of sensors to data acquisition apparatus are generally well-known in the art of computer controlled or monitored experimentation. 
   Regarding the operation of the tensometer  100 , prior to use of the tensometer  100 , an operator should calibrate the tensometer  100 . As mentioned previously, to determine load force and stress due to a curing test sample, the measurement monitor  300  converts a beam position measurement into a load or stress number. To perform this calculation, the monitor utilizes the load/deflection coefficient for the beam member  110  in its current position or the current position of the upper collet  230  along the length of the beam member  110 . An operator may also utilize the load/deflection coefficient to determine the desired cantilever length of the beam member  110 . 
     FIG. 11  illustrates calibration apparatus  950  that an operator may utilize to determine the load/deflection ratio for the beam member  110  in its current position. The calibration apparatus includes a calibrated tensile load cell  951  utilized to measure a force applied to the beam member  110  relative to the reference member  105 . The load cell  951  includes an upper shaft  952  extending into and coupled to the upper collet  230 , and a lower shaft  953  extending into but not coupled to the lower collet  205 . A pneumatic actuator is coupled to the lower collet  205 . The piston rod of the pneumatic actuator is coupled to the lower shaft  953 , which allows the pneumatic actuator to apply force to the lower shaft  953 , and thus the load cell  951  and beam member  110 . 
   In an exemplary calibration process, air or compressed gas is introduced into the pneumatic actuator with a pressure regulator until the output meter of the load cell  951  reads approximately five Newtons. The load, measured by the load cell  951  and output in Newtons, and the beam displacement, measured by the LVDT and output in Volts, are recorded. The load is then incrementally increased in five Newton increments, with the load and beam displacement being recorded at each increment. Table 1 below shows example test data for a lab calibration performed for a beam member  110  with a cantilever length of 15 cm. The first column represents the output of the load cell  951 , the second column represents the LVDT output, and the third column includes the change in LVDT output relative to the initial zero-point measurement. 
   
     
       
             
           
             
             
             
           
             
             
             
           
         
             
               TABLE 1 
             
           
           
             
                 
             
             
               Tensometer Calibration Data 
             
           
        
         
             
               Load (Newtons) 
               Voltage (Volts) 
               Step Voltage Change (Volts) 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
         
             
               0.0 
               0.218 
               0.000 
             
             
               5.4 
               0.230 
               0.012 
             
             
               10.0 
               0.240 
               0.022 
             
             
               15.1 
               0.251 
               0.033 
             
             
               19.7 
               0.260 
               0.042 
             
             
               24.8 
               0.271 
               0.053 
             
             
               31.7 
               0.286 
               0.068 
             
             
               35.6 
               0.295 
               0.077 
             
             
               40.3 
               0.305 
               0.087 
             
             
               46.0 
               0.318 
               0.100 
             
             
               50.2 
               0.327 
               0.109 
             
             
               54.9 
               0.337 
               0.119 
             
             
               59.8 
               0.348 
               0.130 
             
             
               66.3 
               0.362 
               0.144 
             
             
               70.8 
               0.372 
               0.154 
             
             
               75.7 
               0.383 
               0.165 
             
             
               83.9 
               0.401 
               0.183 
             
             
               86.5 
               0.407 
               0.189 
             
             
               90.9 
               0.417 
               0.199 
             
             
               96.2 
               0.428 
               0.210 
             
             
               97.9 
               0.433 
               0.215 
             
             
                 
             
           
        
       
     
   
   After an operator gathers the load and beam displacement data, the operator performs mathematical regression, such as least sum of squares analysis, to determine a load/deflection ratio for the cantilever portion of the beam member  110 . For the test data illustrated in Table 1, the mathematical regression resulted in a load/deflection ratio of 456.6 N/Volt. The operator may enter this coefficient into the measurement monitor  300  for use in converting beam displacement measurements into an indication of load for this particular beam configuration. The measurement monitor  300  has a user interface for inputting and outputting information, and the user interface is preferably set up in a standard user-friendly manner. 
   After setting the desired cantilever length of the beam member  110  or position of the upper collet  230  along the length of the beam and determining the load/deflection coefficient for the particular beam member  110  configuration, the operator configures the test fixture apparatus according to the desired geometry of the polymer test sample. The operator selects upper and lower test fixture surfaces  240 ,  215 , which may include a lower end face of an upper rod  235  inserted into the upper collet  230  and an upper end face of a lower rod  210  inserted into the lower collet  105 . The operator may align the lower test fixture surface  215  with the upper test fixture surface  240  by moving the lower test fixture member  120  along the fixture translation feature  127  and securing the lower test fixture member  120  in the desired location. 
   The operator may further adjust the thickness of the polymer test sample by adjusting the gap between the upper test fixture surface  240  and the lower test fixture surface  215 . For example, the operator may adjust the gap between the lower end face of the upper rod  235  and the upper end face of the lower rod  210  by adjusting the longitudinal position of the rods  210 ,  235  in the collets  205 ,  230 . The operator may utilize a feeler gauge in this process to promote test process repeatability. During this gap-setting process, the operator may insert flexible tubing  246  over the rods  210 ,  235 , whereby the flexible tubing  246  and ends of the rods  210 ,  235  define a test sample cavity  247 . Alternatively, the operator may utilize a variety of mold member  245  configurations to provide the desired polymer test sample geometry and test conditions. 
   After forming the desired test sample cavity  247 , the operator inserts polymer test material into the test sample cavity  247 . Such insertion may include injecting the polymer test material into the test sample cavity through or around the walls of the flexible tubing  246 . Alternatively, a mold member  245  may have various features known in the art for injecting material into a mold prior to curing. The operator may then insert other sample monitoring devices, such as thermocouples, thermistors or fiber optic cables through the mold member  245  and into or adjacent to the sample cavity  247 . 
   To initiate the test process, the operator initiates curing of the polymer test sample and the acquisition of time and beam deflection information. The operator may initiate curing of the test sample, for example, by manually exposing the test sample to curing energy from a curing activation device  140  or by initiating a test sequence at the measurement monitor  300 , which in turn automatically controls the operation of the curing activation device  140 . The operator may adjust the time period over which the measurement monitor  300  tracks the deflection of the beam member  110 , preferably tracking the deflection of the beam member  110  throughout the curing process. During the test process, the measurement monitor  300  preferably also calculates beam load and/or test sample stress using the load/deflection ratio determined earlier during the calibration process. The measurement monitor may also track and record sample strain, onset, termination and intensity of the activation energy, sample temperature and other monitored sample data. 
   The measurement monitor  300  may convey the test results to the operator in textual or graphical form. The measurement monitor  300  may provide the test results to the operator on a display device  905  or via a hard copy printout. Following are the results of three example polymer test sequences. 
   EXAMPLE 1 
   The first test example involved curing a commercially available dental composite (TPH®, Dentsply International) by curing the sample for 240 seconds using a dental curing light for curing activation. The test sample was 4 mm in diameter and 4.0 mm thick, simulating the approximate side and bonded surface area of a typical three surface dental filling on a bicuspid tooth. 
   For set-up of the tensometer  100 , the cantilever portion of the beam member  110  was set to 12.65 cm, which resulted in a maximum beam flexure of approximately 20 micrometers during curing. This displacement was chosen as mid-range from values reported in several clinical studies of cuspal deflection during curing of similar restorations. 
   The tensometer  100  was further configured using two 4 mm diameter quartz rods for the upper and lower rods  235 ,  210 . The end faces of the quartz rods were polished and treated with two coats of a silane coupling agent to enhance polymer adhesion. The rods were inserted into the collets  205 ,  230  and flexible tubing  246  consisting of a 1.5 cm length of Tygon tubing slipped over the rods  210 ,  235 . The operator spaced the rods  210 ,  235  using a 4 mm spacer and secured the rods  210 ,  235  into position by tightening the collets  205 ,  230 . After securing the rods  210 ,  235 , the operator slid the flexible tubing  246  over both rods  210 ,  235 , bridging the gap between the two rods  210 ,  235  and completing the formation of the test sample cavity  247 . 
   After so forming the test sample cavity  247 , the operator injected the test material through a small hole in the side of the flexible tubing  246 . The operator then utilized the micrometer  260  to set the electronic position transducer  250  (in this case, a LVDT) to the desired starting position within its measurement range. The operator positioned the curing activation device  140  (in this case, a dental curing light) under the lower end of the lower rod  210 . 
   The operator next entered operating parameters into the measurement monitor  300  user interface. The operating parameters included test sample dimensions, the beam load/deflection ratio, and light cure time. The operator then initiated the test and the measurement monitor  300  then automatically controlled the test. The measurement monitor  300  turned the curing light on for 240 seconds and began taking data when an attached phototransistor detected the light from the curing lamp. 
   During the sample curing process, the measurement monitor  300  collected time and beam displacement data (from the LVDT) for an hour. The measurement monitor  300  displayed and printed a computer-generated graph of beam displacement, load, and stress versus time. The measurement monitor  300  also saved the acquired test data in a test file for later reference. The operator performed five such tests, and  FIG. 12  shows a graphical representation of the results. The left vertical edge of the graph is labeled with voltage readings (in mV) from the LVDT, and the right vertical edge of the graph is labeled with calculated stress (in mPa). The Horizontal axis of the graph is representative of the one hour duration of the tests. 
   EXAMPLE 2 
   The operator repeated the experiment of example 1, changing only the sample length (i.e., the gap between the quartz rods) to be 0.5 mm. This change in sample length resulted in a C-factor 8 times greater than that for example 1.  FIG. 13  illustrates the results for four tests run under this new C-factor. Comparing the results from example 1 and example 2, the results indicate that longer samples with lower C-factors result in higher ultimate stress. 
   EXAMPLE 3 
   Lastly, the operator conducted a similar experiment using a different test material (P60®, 3M) and a sample length of 1 mm. The operator performed one test run, resulting in the beam deflection plot  990 , shown in FIG.  14 . The operator configured the test apparatus to calculate the compliance of various tensometer  100  components. For example, the load, area, length and modulus values for the quartz (glass) rods were used to determine the elongation  991 , under stress, of the rods. The composite sample elongation  992  was similarly calculated. Combining the measured beam deflection  990  and the calculated rod stretch  991  and the composite shrinkage  992  results in the total sample shrinkage  993 . The test results were found to be close to the expected shrinkage for the particular composite. 
   While particular elements, aspects and applications of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood, of course, that the invention is not limited thereto since modifications may be made by those skilled in the art, particularly in light of the foregoing teachings. It is therefore contemplated by the appended claims to cover such modifications as incorporate those features that come within the spirit and scope of the invention.