Abstract:
A technique for detecting an abnormal behavior by monitoring moving objects such as human being and a car. The place where the abnormal behavior of the moving objects occurs is deduced from the position of the moving object and the direction in which the moving object moves and presented to the car. An abnormal detector comprises means for determining the position of the moving object and the direction in which the moving object moves, means for determining the place where an abnormal incident causing an abnormal behavior of the moving object occurs on the basis of the determined position and direction, and means for displaying the place where the abnormal incident occurs. Therefore it is possible to immediately know the cause of the abnormal behavior of the moving object from the video information collected by observation monitoring moving objects such as a human being and a car.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to an apparatus for monitoring a plurality of moving objects such as human beings and automobiles, and detecting the abnormal behavior of these moving objects. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   As set forth in Japanese Application Patent Laid-Open Publication No. Hei 07-134767, the art for conducting judgments based on the path information of persons that has been obtained using a video camera is known as a method of judging whether the behavior of persons is abnormal. The above-mentioned prior art assumes that the normal paths of persons are free from changes in velocity and acceleration, and judges that the behavior having significant changes in such terms is abnormal. 
   The above art, however, is intended only to judge whether the behavior itself of persons is abnormal, and does not enable the estimation of the cause or place of abnormal behavior. For example, if an unusual smell occurs in a place and causes the surrounding persons to behave abnormally, although the abnormality of the behavior of these persons can be judged, the place where the unusual smell that has caused the abnormality cannot be estimated. 
   In order to solve this problem, Japanese Application Patent Laid-Open Publication No. Hei 06-274786 discloses the art for estimating the place of occurrence of the event which has caused the abnormal behavior of the automobiles moving on a road. According to this method, for example, if a stone falls down onto the road, the place of occurrence of the abnormality (namely, the falling stone) can be estimated from the movements of the automobiles taking an avoiding action. That is to say, this method in which the traffic of automobiles is measured using a video camera estimates that the cause of the above-mentioned abnormal behavior of automobiles is present at a place small in their traffic or a place in which their traffic changes significantly. 
   Under the above prior art, the path of the automobiles moving on the road is accumulated for a fixed time and then the abnormal section is estimated from the frequency distribution obtained. For this reason, there has been the problem that abnormal sections cannot be estimated from momentary information relating to moving objects. 
   An object of the present invention is to provide a monitoring apparatus that automatically estimates, by using momentary information on moving objects, the place where the abnormal behavior of the moving objects has been caused. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   In the present invention, the place of occurrence of abnormality is estimated from the momentary positions of moving objects and the moving directions of these objects. In order to achieve this, the apparatus pertaining to the present invention has a means for calculating the positions and moving directions of moving objects, a means for detecting, from these calculated positions and moving directions, the place of occurrence of the abnormality which causes the abnormality of the moving objects, and a means for displaying the detected place of occurrence of the abnormality. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram showing the functional configuration of the abnormal behavior detector pertaining to the present invention. 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing the hardware configuration of the abnormal behavior detector pertaining to the present invention. 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram showing the internal configuration of the position/moving direction calculation means in the present invention. 
       FIG. 4  is a block diagram showing the internal configuration of the abnormality origin estimation means in the present invention. 
       FIG. 5  is a diagram showing an example of the behavior model in the present invention. 
       FIG. 6  is a diagram showing examples of characteristic quantity data. 
       FIG. 7  is a flowchart showing the total processing flow in the abnormal behavior detector pertaining to the present invention. 
       FIG. 8  is a flowchart showing the flow of position/moving direction calculation. 
       FIG. 9  is a flowchart showing the flow of abnormality origin estimation. 
       FIG. 10  is a diagram explaining the estimation of characteristic quantities. 
       FIG. 11  is a diagram showing the flow of processing with the Steepest Descent Method. 
       FIG. 12  is a block diagram showing the internal configuration of the position/moving direction calculation means in the case of deriving the moving direction of the path. 
       FIG. 13  is a diagram explaining an example of calculating the moving direction of the path. 
       FIG. 14  is a block diagram showing the internal configuration of the abnormality origin estimation means in the case of using a plurality of behavior models. 
       FIG. 15  is a block diagram showing the internal configuration of the abnormality origin estimation means when this means is equipped with a characteristic quantity matching portion. 
       FIG. 16  is a block diagram showing the configuration of a sports game analyzing system which applies the abnormal behavior detector pertaining to the present invention. 
       FIG. 17  is a diagram showing an example of synthetic output of actual video data and the place of occurrence of abnormality. 
       FIG. 18  is a diagram showing an example of synthetic output of three-dimensional CG video data and the place of occurrence of abnormality. 
       FIG. 19  is a diagram showing examples of displaying characteristic quantities. 
       FIG. 20  is a diagram explaining zoomed-up display of the place of occurrence of abnormality. 
       FIG. 21  is a diagram explaining guidance display for switching from the monitoring place to the place of occurrence of abnormality. 
       FIG. 22  is a diagram explaining the extension of the scope of application of moving objects. 
       FIG. 23  is a diagram explaining the smoothing of characteristic quantity data. 
       FIG. 24  is a flowchart explaining the processing flow for determining the moving direction from the degree of attractiveness. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   Embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below using figures. 
     FIG. 1  shows the total functional configuration of the abnormal behavior detector pertaining to the present invention. Monitoring zone  100  is a zone in the real world of monitoring with the detector. Moving objects  101  to  103  in this zone are monitored. Video input means  104  is a video data acquisition unit such as a video camera, and acquires video data on the monitoring zone  100 . Position/moving direction calculation means  105  calculates the position and moving direction of each moving object from the video data that has been acquired by video input means  104 . Means  106  for estimating the place of occurrence of abnormality (hereinafter, this means is referred to as abnormality origin estimation means  106 ) judges whether abnormality is occurring in the monitoring zone  100 , by using information on the positions and moving directions that have been calculated by position/moving direction calculation means  105 , and if abnormality is actually occurring, estimates the place where it is occurring. Output means  107  is a display unit, by which the place of occurrence of abnormality that has been estimated by the abnormality origin estimation means  106  is displayed to alert the user of the detector to the abnormality. 
     FIG. 2  shows an example of the hardware configuration of the abnormal behavior detector pertaining to the present invention. The abnormal behavior detector pertaining to the present invention is embodied in one computer set  200 . The computer  200  comprises a central processing unit (CPU)  201 , a main storage unit  202 , an external storage unit  203 , an input unit  204 , an output unit  205 , a video data acquisition unit  206 , and a bus  207 . The central processing unit  201  controls the entire computer  200 . This unit provides functions to the abnormal behavior detector of the present invention in accordance with the programs stored within main storage unit  202  to implement the functions of the position/moving direction calculation means  105  (shown in  FIG. 1 ), the abnormality origin estimation means  106 , and other means. 
   Main storage unit  202  is a storage unit high in data accessing speed, such as a random access memory (RAM), and this unit can temporarily contain the control programs and data intended for central processing unit  201 . The programs that implement the functions of means such as position/moving direction calculation means  105  and the abnormality origin estimation means  106 , are loaded from external storage unit  203  and saved in main storage unit  202 . When necessary, the data required for the execution of these programs can also be loaded from external storage unit  203  and saved in main storage unit  202 . Although the data accessing speed of external storage unit  203  is lower than that of main storage unit  202  such as a magnetic disk, external storage unit  203  has a large storage capacity and can permanently hold the control programs and data for central processing unit  201 . 
   Both the programs for implementing the functions of means such as position/moving direction calculation means  105  and the abnormality origin estimation means  106 , and the data required for the execution of these programs are saved in external storage unit  203 . Input unit  204  consisting of a keyboard, a mouse, and other components, accepts the operations of the detector user. Output unit  205  is either a unit such as cathode-ray tube (CRT) display unit or liquid crystal display unit that displays analytical results as video data, or a unit such as speaker that notifies analytical results to the user by means of sounds such as a warning sound. Output means  107  is implemented by the output unit. Video data acquisition unit  206  is a unit such as video camera that acquires video signals, and video input means  104  is implemented by this unit. Acquired video signals can be digitized and stored as data into main storage unit  202  or external storage unit  203 . And all these components of the detector are connected by a bus  207  for exchanging data at high speed. 
   Next, an example of the internal configuration of the position/moving direction calculation means  105  is shown using the block diagram shown in  FIG. 3 . The position/moving direction calculation means  105  performs calculations on the position data  301  and moving direction data of moving objects, based on input video data, more specifically, the freeze-frame video data that has been acquired at a specific time by video input means  104 , and saves calculation results. 
   First, moving object extraction portion  303  extracts, from input video data  300 , only the moving objects to be monitored. For this reason, background video data  304  consisting only of the stationary objects existing in the monitoring zone is created beforehand and then the differential video data between the background video data and input video data  300  is taken to extract the intended moving objects. 
   Next, at the position calculation portion  306  herein described later, typical point extraction portion  305  determines, for each moving object, the typical points to be converted into the corresponding coordinate positions of a real space. In general, the moving objects that have been extracted from input video data  300  become a set of closed zones each having an area. For example, the center of gravity of one closed area can therefore be considered as a typical point during calculation. Position calculation portion  306  converts the video coordinates of the moving objects which have been extracted by typical point calculation portion  305 , into the corresponding internal coordinates of a real space. At this time, when it can be assumed that the movements of these moving objects are constrained by a plane such as the ground surface, calibration data  307  can be used for conversion from video coordinates into the corresponding internal coordinates of a real space. Calibration data  307  is a matrix for linking a specific point on the plane of a real space to a point on input video data  300 . The coordinates in a real space that are calculated by the position calculation portion  306  becomes the output of the position/moving direction calculation means  105  as position data  301 . 
   Model matching portion  308 , on the other hand, determines the moving directions of moving objects. The method, called “model matching”, that is set forth on pages 142-147 of “Three-Dimensional Image Measurement” (published by Shokodo Co., Ltd.) can be used to determine the directions of movement. This method estimates the way in which, when it is assumed that shape data  309  on a moving object is known, the shape data  309  is to be arranged to create video data similar to the video data of that moving object in the input video data  300  which has become an input. This method requires that the three-dimensional shape data  309  of the moving object should have already been known. Moving direction data  302  is determined from the altitude of a moving object that is calculated from the model matching portion, and the results become the output of the position/moving direction calculation means  105 . 
   Next, an example of the internal configuration of the abnormality origin estimation means  106  is shown using the block diagram shown in  FIG. 4 . Abnormality origin estimation means  106  judges whether abnormality is occurring in the monitoring zone  100 , by use of the information on moving objects that has been calculated by position/moving direction calculation means  105 , that is to say, position data  301  and moving direction data  302 , and when it is judged that abnormality is occurring, saves this place in the storage location for data  404  which relates to the place where the abnormality is occurring. 
   First, behavior simulation portion  405  performs behavior simulations and derives from position data  301  the directions in which the moving objects are to be moved. Behavior simulation is one of methods in which the autonomous behavior of a human being and other moving objects is simulated using a computer. In this case, it is assumed that the behavior of moving objects is governed by data called the behavior model  401  consisting of a decision-making algorithm and control parameters. The use of the behavior model  401  enables the moving directions of moving objects to be derived from position data  301 . The control parameters in this case constitute the data for controlling the behavior of the moving objects, and it can be considered that the control data represents features and characteristics of the behavior. Therefore, these control parameters are hereinafter called the characteristic quantities. A more specific example of the behavior model  401  is described later in this document. 
   Next, characteristic quantity calculation portion  400  compares the moving direction data that has been obtained by observation, and the moving direction that has been determined by behavior simulation portion  405 , then estimates the control parameters of the behavior simulation portion  405 , namely, the characteristic quantities, so as to minimize the difference between the moving direction data and the determined moving direction, and saves the results as characteristic quantity data  402 . 
   Finally, abnormality judgment portion  403  analyzes the characteristic quantity data  402  that has been obtained by characteristic quantity calculation portion  400 , and then judges which moving object is causing the abnormality of other objects. In the case that the moving object is causing the abnormality of other objects, the three-dimensional positions of these moving objects in a real space are saved as data  404  which relates to the place where the abnormality is occurring. 
   Next, an example of display by the output means  107  shown in  FIG. 1  is described using  FIG. 17 . This example in  FIG. 17  applies to synthetic display of actual video data and the place where abnormality is occurring. On display  1700 , graphics  1704  showing the place where the abnormality is occurring is displayed in overlapped form on the actual video data that has been acquired by video input means  104 . In this example, since it is assumed that a garbage box  1702  is the place where the abnormality is occurring, graphics  1704  is displayed near the garbage box. By adopting this display method, it is possible for the monitoring person to immediately judge to which object in the actual video data the place of occurrence of the abnormality corresponds. 
   Next, a more specific example of the behavior model  401  is described using  FIG. 5 . 
     FIG. 5  ( a ) is a diagram showing the functional configuration of the behavior model  401 . The behavior model  401  consists of a decision-making algorithm  556  and its control parameters  554 . The decision-making algorithm  556  is a program that determines the behavior of moving objects, and virtual moving directions  552  in which the moving objects are to be moved are calculated from their position data  301  by this program. The control parameters  554  are parameters relating to decision-making algorithm  556 , and these parameters can control the calculation results obtained from decision-making algorithm  556 . All that is required for the behavior model  401  itself is only to select the appropriate behavior model according to the particular field of application of the present invention. 
   Next, the model described on pages 212-221 of “Modeling of Mass Behavior—Interaction between a Throng of People and Environment in a Virtual Urban Space” (Journal of Papers, C, published by the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, February/1997 Issue) is described below as an example of a behavior model. This model assumes that humans behave under mental stimuli, and models the effects of the stimuli on behavior. For example, if one person finds another person in the corner of a street, the former may approach, or move away from, the latter, as if physical force were applied. Such behavior is modeled using the virtual force, called the degree of attractiveness, that occurs between human beings, and then the directions in which the human beings will move are determined from the degree of attractiveness. In this way, the behavior of humans is simulated. 
   Next, a more specific example of behavior simulation with this model is described below using  FIG. 5  ( b ). This figure shows the way, in a group consisting of a person  1  ( 501 ), a person  2  ( 502 ), and a person  3  ( 503 ), the person  1  ( 501 ) receives mental stimuli from other persons and determines the direction in which the person  1  is to move. Person  1  ( 501 ) receives virtual force, more specifically, the degree-of-attractiveness A 1  determined by vectorial synthesis between degree-of-attractiveness A 12  ( 512 ) and degree-of-attractiveness A 13  ( 513 ), from other persons, and the person  1  ( 501 ) moves in that direction. The degree-of-attractiveness level A 12  ( 512 ) is the attractive force or repulsive force that the person  1  ( 501 ) receives from the person  2  ( 502 ) because of the mental factor of liking or disliking. Similarly, the degree-of-attractiveness level A 12  ( 512 ) is the attractive force or repulsive force that the person  1  ( 501 ) receives from the person  3  ( 503 ). This model can be represented as follows using a numerical formula: 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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   where “L ij ” denotes to what extent the person “i” likes the person “j”. Changes in the degree of attractiveness according to human relations can be represented by, for example, increasing the degree of attractiveness if both persons have an acquaintance with one another, or decreasing the degree of attractiveness if there is no acquaintance between the two persons. “S ij ” denotes the sensitivity of the person “i” when he or she observes the person “j”. Changes in the degree of attractiveness according to the relationship in physical position between humans can be represented by, for example, increasing the sensitivity of the person “i” if the distance between both persons is long, or decreasing the sensitivity of the person “i” if the distance between both persons is short. “N j ” is a value denoting the quantity of nature of the person “j”, and this value represents the individuality of the observed person that corresponds to the degree of liking of the observing person. For example, when one person observes a plurality of other persons, even if the degree of liking of the observing person against all persons is the same, the degree of attractiveness differs according to the particular individualities of the observed persons. And “e ij ” is a unidirectional vector directed from person “i” to person “j”, and this vector dictates the direction in which the degree of attractiveness occurs. Among the parameters that control the behavior of these persons, that is to say, the control parameters, is included a scalar quantity, which is represented as the quantity of nature, “N j ”, and corresponds to the magnitude of the effects of person “j” on other persons. Therefore, “N j ” characterizes the corresponding behavior and in this case, “N j ” is considered to be a characteristic quantity. As this characteristic quantity increases, the behavior of other persons will be affected more significantly. Conversely, as the characteristic quantity decreases, the effects on the behavior of other persons will also decrease. In this case, in order to emphasize that the degree of attractiveness, “A i ”, is a function of the characteristic quantity “N(N 1 , . . . , N n )”, this relationship is represented as follows using the following formula: 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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   Next, the data structure for mounting this model by use of a computer is described below. In this description, only a table  520  relating to the person  1  ( 501 ) is set forth for the sake of simplicity. A similar table can also be provided for other persons. The degree of attractiveness can be determined by conducting calculations using formula 2 above, that is to say, the data of the tables thus provided for each person. Table  520  contains the data consisting of the position “p 1 ”, nature “N 1 ”, and the levels of liking, “L 12 ” and “L 13 ”, of the person. 
   A function concerning the distance between persons can be used to determine sensitivities “S 12 ” and “S 13 ”, which are not contained in the table. For example, such a function decreasing inversely with the distance as represented by the formula shown below can be used. It is possible, by using this formula, to represent the way the sensitivity will increase as the distance between persons decreases, or conversely, the sensitivity will increase as the distance between persons increases.
 
 S   ij =1/| p   j   −p   i |  (Formula 3)
 
   When this model is adopted, formula 2 corresponds to the decision-making algorithm shown in  FIG. 5  ( a ), and the characteristic quantity “N(N 1 , . . . , N n )” corresponds to the control parameters  554 . 
   Next, the flow of calculating the degree of attractiveness is described below using  FIG. 24 . This figure shows an example in which the degree of attractiveness, “A i ”, with respect to all persons “i” is calculated. Step  2400  denotes calculating the degree of attractiveness, “A i ”, with respect to all persons “i”, by repeating the processes of steps  2402  to  2410 . In step  2402 , the degree of attractiveness, “A i ”, that is to be calculated with respect to a person “i” is cleared to zero. In step  2404 , the degree of attractiveness, “A i ”, that the person “i” receives from a person “j” is calculated by repeating steps  2406  to  2410 , and then the final degree of attractiveness is calculated by synthesizing the results. In step  2406 , whether the person “i” and the person “j” are identical persons is checked and only when both are different persons, will the processes of steps  2408  to  2410  be performed. These processes need to be performed because the above step assumes that no one receives the degree of attractiveness from herself or himself. In step  2408 , in order to determine the direction of the degree of attractiveness that the person “i” receives from the person “j”, the unidirectional vector “e ij ” from the position “p i ” of the person “i” to the position “p j ” of the person “j” is calculated. In step  2410 , the degree of attractiveness that the person “i” receives from the person “j” is calculated and the results are added to the degree of attractiveness, “A i ”. The degree of attractiveness with respect to all persons can be calculated by processing described above. 
   Next, details of the characteristic quantity data  402  are described below using  FIG. 6 .  FIG. 6  shows an example of the characteristic quantity data  402  with respect to a specific moving object. Characteristic quantity data  402  is, as described earlier, is a scalar quantity that characterizes behavior, in particular, among all parameters relating to the behavior model, and this quantity is calculated by the characteristic quantity calculation portion  400 . Since the characteristic quantity calculation portion  400  calculates the characteristic quantity data  402  for each chronological video frame received from the video input means  104 , the characteristic quantity data  402  also becomes chronological data.  FIG. 6  indicates that the characteristic quantity data of a person changes from “n 1 ” ( 601 ) to “n 7 ” ( 607 ) according to the particular frame. 
     FIG. 7  is a flowchart explaining the total processing flow in the abnormal behavior detector pertaining to the present invention. In step  700 , the processes of steps  702  to  708  are repeated for all frames of input video data. In step  702 , video data of monitoring zone  100  is acquired by use of video input means  105 . In step  704 , the positions and moving directions of the moving objects existing in the acquired video data are calculated by position/moving direction calculation means  105 . In step  706 , abnormality origin estimation means  106  uses obtained position/moving direction information to judge whether abnormality is occurring, and if abnormality is actually happening, estimates that place. In step  708 , whether abnormality is occurring is judged from the output results of step  706  that have been sent from output means  107 . If abnormality is occurring, information on the abnormality and on the place of its occurrence will be displayed to alert it to the user of the abnormal behavior detector pertaining to the present invention. 
     FIG. 8  is a flowchart explaining the flow of internal processing by the position/moving direction calculation means  105 , shown in  FIG. 3 . In step  800 , the moving objects to be monitored are extracted from input video data  300  by use of the moving object extraction portion  303 . In step  802 , the processes of steps  804  to  808  are repeated for all the moving objects that were extracted in step  800 . In step  804 , the typical points of the extracted moving objects are determined for each moving object by the typical point calculation portion  305  shown in  FIG. 1 . In step  806 , the video coordinates of those typical points of moving objects that were determined in step  804  are converted into the internal coordinates of a real space and the results are saved as position data  301 . In step  808 , the direction of movement is determined by model matching portion  308  with respect to all the moving objects that were extracted in step  800 , and the results are saved as moving direction data  302 . 
     FIG. 9  is a flowchart explaining the flow of internal processing by the abnormality origin estimation means  106 , shown in  FIG. 4 . In step  900 , the characteristic quantities “N i ” with respect to moving object “i” (“i=1, n|n” denotes the number of moving objects) are calculated from position data  301  and moving direction data  302  by use of the behavior simulation portion  405  and the characteristic quantity calculation portion  400 , and the results are saved as characteristic quantity data  402 . Details of the method of calculating the characteristic quantities “N i ” are described later. Steps  902  to  904  are performed by the abnormality judgment portion  403  to judge whether abnormality is occurring. In step  902 , it is examined whether the characteristic quantities “N i ” that were obtained in step  900  include an absolute value greater than a predetermined threshold value “Nth”. When the behavior model using the degree of attractiveness described earlier in this document is adopted, characteristic quantities “N i ” represent to what extent the moving object “i” affects other moving objects. If any absolute values of the characteristic quantities are greater than a certain value, therefore, other moving objects are being significantly affected and it is thus assumed that this is causing the abnormal behavior of other moving objects. The number of moving objects judged in step  902  to be causing abnormal behavior can be either one or more than one. 
   If, in step  902 , moving object “N i ” is judged to be causing the abnormal behavior of other moving objects, the position of the moving object “N i ” will be saved as abnormality origin data  404 . 
   Next, an example of a method of calculating characteristic quantities by use of the characteristic quantity calculation portion  400  is described below using  FIG. 10 . Basically, the parameters for behavior simulation are estimated so that the observed actual moving direction and the moving direction which has been obtained by simulation agree as far as possible. In other words, characteristic quantity data  402  is estimated so as to minimize the difference between moving direction data  302 , which is the observed data denoting the moving direction of the moving object, and a virtual moving direction, which is determined from behavior model  401  by the behavior simulation portion  405 . Here, the case is considered that this problem is to be solved as a nonlinear programming problem. That is to say, when the angle difference between the actual moving direction “d i ” ( 1002 ) represented by the moving direction data  302  with respect to moving object “i” ( 1001 ), and the virtual moving direction “A i ” ( 1003 ) determined by the behavior simulation portion  405 , is taken as “θ i ” ( 1004 ), the following formula is to be considered: 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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   As the angle difference between “d i ” ( 1002 ) and “A i ” ( 1003 ) decreases, the value of formula 4 above will become smaller, and if there is no angle difference, in particular, the value of this formula will become a minimum value of 0. These tendencies mean that calculating the characteristic quantity “N i ” that minimizes the value of formula 4 is the same as calculating the characteristic quantity “N i ” that minimizes the angle difference between “d i ” ( 1002 ) and “A i ” ( 1003 ). Here, therefore, the characteristic quantity “N i ” that minimizes the value of formula 4 is to be calculated. Also, “f(N)” is called the objective function. Next, the data structure for mounting this model by use of a computer is described below. In this description, only a table  1010  relating to moving object  1  is set forth for the sake of simplicity. A similar table can also be provided for other persons. The characteristic quantity “N i ” that minimizes the value of formula 4 can be calculated using the data of the tables thus provided for each person. Table  1010  contains the data consisting of the position “p 1 ”, moving direction “d i ”, and the levels of liking, “L 12 ” and “L 13 ”, of the moving object. A function concerning the distance between persons can be used to determine the sensitivities “S 12 ” and “S 13 ” required for the calculation of the degree of attractiveness. For example, the function in formula 3 can be used. 
   The characteristic quantity “N i ” that minimizes the value of formula 4 can be calculated by using generally known solutions to nonlinear programming problems. It is possible to use, for example, the Steepest Descent Method described on pages 140-146 of “Nonlinear Programming Method” (published by the Japan Union of Scientists and Engineers, Press). The Steepest Descent Method is described below using the flowchart of  FIG. 11 . This figure shows the procedure for obtaining the solution N that minimizes the objective function “f(N)”. In step  1100 , the initial value “N 0 ” of the solution is randomly selected from a solution space “R n ” and at the same time, “k”, the number of times the required computation is to be repeated, is cleared to 0. 
   In step  1101 , processing in steps  1102  to  1104  is repeated while the value of “∇f(N k )” stays greater than a very small value of “ε”, and when a sufficient solution is obtained, this indicates that the computation has been completed. In step  1102 , the direction vector “d k ” to be used to search for the solution is calculated. The “∇” symbol in “∇f(N k )” signifies nabla and is an arithmetic symbol used to calculate the gradient of a certain function. In step  1103 , the solution is updated using the direction vector “d k ” that was calculated in step  1101 . Here, “Mc(N k , d k )” indicates that “α k ” is determined in accordance with the rule of Curry. 
   The rule of Curry relates to one of the methods of determining the “α k ” parameter for increasing solution-searching efficiency. In step  1104 , “k”, the number of times the required computation is to be repeated, is increased by 1. The solution N for minimizing the objective function “f(N)” can be obtained by repeating processing described above. 
   Next, the smoothing of calculated characteristic quantities is described below using  FIG. 23 . As shown in graph  2300 , noise components due to measurement errors and other various errors may be included in the characteristic quantities calculated using the above-described calculation method. The presence of these noise components may, in turn, result in the fact that the behavior which originally should be judged abnormal is mis-judged to be normal. When the noise cannot be ignored for this reason, the noise can be removed by smoothing characteristic quantity data, as shown in graph  2303 . Such smoothing can be achieved by, for example, taking an average from the past number of frames of characteristic quantity data and the current number of frames of characteristic quantity data. 
   Next, a method in which the above-described characteristic quantity calculation method is also to be applied to objects other than moving objects is described below using  FIG. 22 . The above-described characteristic quantity calculation method is intended only for moving objects. Therefore, this method cannot be applied if the presence of the garbage box  2206  shown as a stationary object in  FIG. 22  ( b ) causes the abnormal behavior of a moving object  2200 ,  2204 , or  2204 . In this case, however, it becomes possible to apply the above-described characteristic quantity calculation method by extracting manually and beforehand the objects that may cause abnormality, and then regarding these objects as stationary special moving objects. By doing so, it also becomes possible to extract the characteristic quantities of stationary objects. When objects likely to cause abnormality cannot be assumed, it is preferable that the objects monitored should be divided into zones first and then stationary special moving objects should be virtually arranged in each such zone so as to enable processing. For example, as shown in  FIG. 22  ( b ), the objects monitored should be divided into mesh form and then stationary moving objects should be arranged on the grid points of the meshwork. 
   By adopting he embodiment set forth above, behavioral features and characteristics of moving objects can be analyzed using only the momentary position and moving direction information of the moving objects, then the place where the abnormal behavior of abnormal objects has been caused can be estimated automatically, and thus the results can be presented to the user of the present detector. Accordingly, the cause of the abnormal behavior of moving objects can be immediately identified from video information that has been obtained during observation. 
   Under the embodiment described above, actual video data and the graphics representing the place of occurrence of the abnormality are synthesized and the results are obtained as the output of output means  107 . However, three-dimensional computer graphics (CG) and the graphics  1802  representing the place of occurrence of the abnormality can also be displayed in synthesized form as shown in  FIG. 18 . The use of three-dimensional CG display enables the viewing point to be freely changed as in the case of display  1800  or  1804 . In this case, however, there is a need to provide the three-dimensional shape data of all objects present in the monitoring zone beforehand to prepare for three-dimensional CG display. 
   Under such configuration, even if, in actual video data, the place of occurrence of the abnormality is intercepted by the presence of other objects and cannot be viewed, the place of occurrence of the abnormality can be confirmed by changing the viewing point in three-dimensional CG display and switching the display. 
   Although the characteristic quantity data  402  itself in the above embodiment is not displayed at output means  107 , the data can also be incorporated into display as shown in  FIG. 19 .  FIG. 19  ( a ) shows an example in which the characteristic quantity data  402  is displayed digitally in synthesized form for each moving object.  FIG. 19  ( b ) shows an example in which the characteristic quantity data  402  is displayed graphically in synthesized form for each moving object. The height of a cylinder is linked so as to vary in proportion to characteristic quantity data  402 .  FIG. 19  ( c ) shows an example in which the display size of moving objects is changed according to the particular magnitude of the characteristic quantity data  402 . Objects larger in the magnitude of the data are displayed in a larger size, and objects smaller in the magnitude of the data are displayed in a smaller size.  FIG. 19  ( d ) shows an example in which the display color of moving objects is changed according to the particular magnitude of the characteristic quantity data  402 . Objects larger in the magnitude of the data are displayed in a brighter color, and objects smaller in the magnitude of the data are displayed in a darker color. The transparency levels of moving objects can also be modified according to the particular magnitude of the characteristic quantity data  402 . 
   For example, objects larger in the magnitude of the data are reduced in transparency level, and objects smaller in the magnitude of the data are increased in transparency level.  FIG. 19  ( e ) shows an example in which, in order to enable hums to observe easily the occurrence situation of the degree of attractiveness, this situation is displayed by estimating the potential field with respect to the degree of attractiveness that occurs to each person. The degree of attractiveness can be obtained by applying to formula 2 the characteristic quantities “N” that have been calculated using the above procedure. In order to estimate the potential field, it is assumed here that as with the relationship between gravitational acceleration and potential energy, the relationship between a vector field and the potential field corresponding thereto is established for the degree of attractiveness as well. In general, the potential field can be calculated from a given vector field by regarding the vectors distributed over the vector field, as the gradient of the potential field, and integrating the vector field. The displays in  FIGS. 19  ( a ), ( b ), and ( e ) can be applied to both synthetic display between actual video data and the place of occurrence of abnormality, and synthetic display between CG video data and the place of occurrence of abnormality. The displays in  FIGS. 19  ( c ) and ( d ) can be applied only to the CG video/abnormality origin synthetic display shown in  FIG. 18 , wherein moving objects are displayed in a CG format. 
   Under this mode of display, since moving objects and the characteristic quantities of their behavior can be linked and visualized, the user of the system pertaining to the present invention can easily confirm the behavior of moving objects. 
   In the above-described embodiment of the present invention, when the place of occurrence of abnormality is estimated, actual video data or three-dimensional CG video data and video data of the corresponding place are only synthesized for display. Instead, however, it is also possible for the place of occurrence of abnormality to be displayed as display  1700  first and then to be displayed in zoomed-up form as display  2000 , as shown in  FIG. 20 . This figure assumes that garbage box  1702  is the place where the abnormality is occurring. Video data that has been acquired using video input means  104  can be zoomed up or moved by image processing to implement zoomed-up display. When the video camera for implementing video input means  104  can be controlled with a computer, zoomed-up display can also be achieved by panning, tilting, and/or zooming up this camera. 
   Under this mode of display, since the place of occurrence of abnormality can be zoomed up for improved visibility, the user of the system pertaining to the present invention can easily confirm the abnormal status. 
   Although the above-described embodiment of the present invention is intended to display only objects present in the monitoring zone, objects present in other zones can also be displayed. An example of guidance display for switching from the monitoring place to the place where the abnormality is occurring is shown in  FIG. 21 . In this example, all the actual video data or three-dimensional CG video data corresponding to the distance from the monitoring place  2100 , in which the user of the system pertaining to the present invention (namely, the monitoring person) is monitoring, to abnormality origin  2102 , is displayed in order. The points within that distance and the respective displays correspond. For example, point  2104 , point  2106 , and point  2108  correspond to display  2110 , display  2112 , and display  1800 , respectively. 
   By adopting this mode of display, it is possible for various video data of the distance-corresponding zone to the place of occurrence of abnormality to be presented to the monitoring person in sequence. Thus, it is expected that the monitoring person will be able to immediately reach the place where the abnormality is occurring. 
   Although, in the above-described embodiment of the present invention, model matching in the internal configuration of the position/moving direction calculation means  105  is used to calculate the moving directions of moving objects, the moving directions of these objects can also be determined from the respective paths instead, as shown in  FIG. 12 . In this case, the moving direction calculation portion  1200  shown in  FIG. 12  needs to be provided instead of the model matching portion  308  and shape data  309  inside the position/moving direction calculation means  105  shown in  FIG. 3 . Position data  301  also needs to be able to hold past position information for each moving object. Hereinafter, the chronological position information of moving objects that is obtained from the above position data and calculated moving direction data is called the path. Position/moving direction calculation means  105  determines the moving direction of each moving object from its path and saves the results as moving direction data  302 . Other functions are the same as those described in  FIG. 3 . 
   Next, an example in which the position/moving direction calculation means  105  determines a moving direction from an observed path is described below using  FIG. 13 . The set of chronological information consisting of “p 1 ” (position  1201 ), “p 2 ” (position  1202 ), and “p 3 ” (position  1203 ), denotes the path of a specific moving object. The example shown in  FIG. 13  applies to the case that the moving direction at “p 2 ” (position  1202 ) can be determined by calculating the direction vector “d 2 ” ( 1210 ) directed from “p 2 ” (position  1202 ) to “p 3 ” (position  1203 ). Instead, the moving direction at “p 2 ” (position  1202 ) can be determined by calculating the direction vector “d 2 ” ( 1211 ) directed from “p 1 ” (position  1201 ) to “p 3 ” (position  1203 ). 
   It is possible, by adopting the embodiments set forth above, to calculate moving directions from not more than several frames of position information relating to moving objects, without providing the three-dimensional shape data of monitoring targets beforehand as with model matching. 
   The above-described embodiments use a single behavior model in the internal configuration of the abnormality origin estimation means  106  shown in  FIG. 4 . Instead, however, a model suitable for the moving objects which are to undergo processing can be selected, as appropriate, from more than one behavior model provided beforehand. For example, if the monitoring targets are an exhibition site, a station yard, and the lobby of a hotel, the behavior model to be used to monitor persons and/or moving objects is likely to vary from target to target. For example, in the case of an exhibition site, people would behave primarily to watch the exhibits interesting them, and in the case of a station yard, they would change trains for the destination. In these cases, better characteristic quantities can be obtained by providing the appropriate behavior model for each type of object to be monitored, then changing the behavior model as appropriate, and calculating behavioral characteristic quantities. 
   In order to achieve this purpose, the attribute data  1400 , behavior model set  1402 , and behavior model selection portion  1404  shown in  FIG. 14  can be additionally provided inside the abnormality origin estimation means  106  shown in  FIG. 4 . The attribute data  1400  is auxiliary information on moving objects, not including path information. For example, information on the exhibition site, station yard, or other monitoring targets to which moving objects belong is to be provided. The user of this monitoring apparatus is to enter such attribute data. Behavior model set  1402 , as its name implies, is a set of behavior models. This set of models is to consist of, for example, a behavior model for an exhibition site, a behavior model for a station yard, and other behavior models appropriate for the attribute data  400 . The behavior model selection portion  1404  selects from the behavior model set  1402  the appropriate behavior model according to the attribute data relating to the person to be monitored, and delivers the results to the behavior simulation portion  405 . Other functions are the same as those described in  FIG. 4 . It is possible by employing such configuration to calculate more accurate characteristic quantities since the appropriate behavior model is selected according to the particular situation. 
   Although, in the embodiment described above, abnormality is detected from characteristic quantity data  402  and then the abnormality origin data  404  is sent as the output of the abnormal behavior detector pertaining to the present invention, the data obtained by further providing characteristic quantity data  402  with other additional processing can also be taken as the final output. It is likely to be able to understand the meaning of mass behavior more easily by using characteristic quantity data  402 , rather than by using path data and other data concerning the moving objects monitored. The reason is that the characteristic quantity data  402  represents behavioral features and characteristics of the moving objects. For this reason, the case is considered below that after a specific database has been searched with the characteristic quantity data  402  as its key, the results are to be taken as an output. 
   In that case, such an matching database  1500 , characteristic quantity matching portion  1502 , and diagnostic result data  1404  as shown in  FIG. 15  can be additionally provided inside the abnormality origin estimation means  106  shown in  FIG. 4 . The information items and characteristic quantities to be searched for are to be linked and the thus-linked information is to be saved in the matching database  1500 . For example, the “situation where a group of people is normal” and its characteristic quantity pattern, and the “situation where the group of people is abnormal” and its characteristic quantity pattern, are to be saved in linked form. The characteristic quantity matching portion  1502  searches the matching database  1500  with the characteristic quantity data  402  as the key. A more specific searching method can use, for example, the correlation coefficient set forth on page  740  of the “Handbook of Image Analysis” published by the Tokyo University, Press. This method is intended for the similarity level between two sets of data to be calculated as a correlation coefficient, and in this case, a greater correlation coefficient means a higher similarity level. In the case of this method, the correlation coefficients between a set of characteristic quantity data  402  and the data within a matching database  1000  are calculated and only values greater than the required value are taken as search results. Finally, the search results are saved as matching results  1002 . Other functions are the same as those described in  FIG. 4 . 
   By adopting such configuration, it is possible for the meaning of the behavior of moving objects to be diagnosed with a higher abstractness level than characteristic quantity data, and in a format more readily understandable to humans. 
   Next, the case that the abnormal behavior detector pertaining to the present invention is to be applied to the analysis of a sports game is described below using  FIG. 16 . Full-motion video data from video camera  7  is sent to operation identification process  1  and path extraction process  20 . In the path extraction process  20 , an object extraction portion extracts players, a ball, and other moving objects from the received video data, and after a labeling portion has identified and tracked individual moving objects, 3D coordinate conversion portion converts the corresponding video coordinates into three-dimensional space coordinates. The results that have thus been obtained are output as path data. Details of the path data are, for example, a chronological record of the position coordinates on the playground where the players and the ball were present. 
   Since the operation identification results output from operation identification process  1  represent the independent actions of the players, these results are shown as independent operation data in  FIG. 16 . In this figure, the identifier denoting the type of action of a player, such as “running” or “standing”, is recorded in chronological order. Group behavior analysis supporting process  30  is a portion analyzing the movement of the players as a group, and consists of a characteristic quantity calculation portion  400 , which calculates the characteristic quantity of the movement, and a characteristic quantity matching portion  1502 , which checks the characteristic quantity. 
   Group behavior analysis supporting process  30  uses the abnormal behavior detector pertaining to the present invention, and in this process, after path data has been received, the group operation data describing the meaning of the movement of the group is created as an output. An example of the group operation data is an identifier denoting the meaning of the mass behavior in a succor game, such as an “offset trap” or a “cross”. This identifier is recorded in chronological order. In output process  40 , after independent operation data and group operation data have been received, statistical data is sent from a statistical analyzing portion first. Details of the statistical data are information such as the running distance of each player and the count of crosses, and the information is displayed together with CG video data on a display unit. The model operation creating portion at the next stage refers to a portion that determines the angles of articulation of various joints in order to move a three-dimensional CG type of human body model. The rendering portion creates CG video data from this human body model and outputs the video data as CG video data. 
   According to the above embodiment of the present invention, since the meaning of mass behavior in mass sports is estimated and displayed, the effect can be obtained that information useful for analyzing sports games can be supplied. 
   INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
   According to the present invention, behavioral features and characteristics of moving objects can be analyzed using only the momentary position and moving direction information of the moving objects, then the place where the abnormal behavior of abnormal objects has been caused can be estimated automatically, and thus the results can be presented to the user of the present detector. Accordingly, the cause of the abnormal behavior of moving objects can be immediately identified from video information that has been obtained during observation.