Abstract:
A device for emergency transport of pediatric patients that safely and efficiently transports a pediatric patient to a medical facility is described. The device facilitates a variety of rapid attachment mechanisms to support emergency medical personnel&#39;s ongoing need to quickly transport pediatric patients despite continuously, significantly changing specifications for conventional stretchers. Additionally, the device provides for safer, more stable transport of infants and more effective treatment of children with severe temperature imbalances.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED CASES 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/117,279 entitled “Improved Pediatric Emergency Transport Device” filed on Apr. 28, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,281,285, which (1) is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/238,754 entitled “Device for Emergency Transport of Pediatric Patients” filed on Sep. 10, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,898,811, and (2) claims the benefit of priority to (i) U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/566,000 entitled “Emergency Pediatric Transport with Backboard” filed on Apr. 28, 2004 and (ii) U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/662,653 entitled “Emergency Pediatric Transport with Liner” filed on Mar. 17, 2005. Each of the above patents and patent applications is incorporated in its entirety by reference as if set forth in full herein. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Technical Field 
         [0003]    The invention relates in general to the fields of emergency transport devices and, more particularly, to a device for emergency transport of pediatric patients adapted to engage rails of a conventional stretcher, and accessories therefor. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    Medical personnel, such as emergency medical technicians, often transport injured children to and between medical facilities. During transport, medical personnel may be required to stabilize injured children using either medical equipment such as EKG&#39;s or Intravenous Lines or via hands-on procedures such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation. To avoid further injuring these children, medical personnel must transport them using safe equipment. Consequently, medical personnel need both a safe way to transport children and the flexibility of performing a variety of medical procedures, as needed. 
         [0006]    In addition to those needs, medical personnel may also transport individuals ranging in age from a newborn baby to an elderly individual. To accommodate such a diverse group, medical personnel require the ability to effectively secure both adults and children during transport. It is, however, the ability to safely and effectively transport small children that causes the greatest challenge to the medical professional. For example, a seven-pound, eighteen-inch newborn baby differs significantly from a thirty-pound, forty-inch child. As a result, the transport equipment must accommodate children of varying size. Because this equipment may be used when the lives of these individuals are failing, it should operate efficiently. In addition, space limitations in an ambulance, for example, demand easy storage for this equipment. Therefore, medical personnel need equipment that adjusts to children of varying size, operates efficiently, and stores easily. 
         [0007]    In response to some of the above-listed needs, medical personnel currently transport children by securing them via various means to a stretcher. One method is accomplished by securing the child directly to the stretcher via use of the stretcher&#39;s straps (using the same method they would use to secure an adult). This method uses a typical stretcher that operates efficiently and stores easily. Yet, typical or conventional stretchers do not transport children safely. Usually medical personnel cannot apply enough tension to the straps to safely restrain a child. In addition, the location of the straps may impair medical personnel from performing life-saving procedures. Additionally, since a small child may be still somewhat mobile, they are at risk of incurring additional injuries during the transport. As a consequence, strapping a child directly to a stretcher does not adequately meet the needs of medical personnel. 
         [0008]    Similarly, strapping a mother who holds a child to a stretcher does not satisfy the above-mentioned needs. Though this technique uses equipment that operates efficiently and stores easily, it hinders safe transport. If the ambulance stops suddenly and the mother releases the child, the child may “fly forward” in the ambulance causing further injury. If the mother is successful in “holding on” to her child, the child can still be injured, if the mother&#39;s weight is thrown forward crushing the child against the seatbelt. In addition, the technique of “holding the child” accommodates children of varying size only to the extent that the mother can hold them. Finally, because the mother&#39;s hands cover a portion of the child, she impairs the administration of medical treatment on that area. Thus, strapping a mother with child fails to meet the needs of medical personnel. 
         [0009]    Further, strapping a typical car seat that holds a child to a stretcher also fails to meet the needs of medical personnel. Though the car seat can adapt to children of varying size, this method impairs safe transport. Since the seat belts in an automobile differ from the straps on a stretcher, and the shape of a car seat differs from the shape of a stretcher, the car seat does not attach securely to the stretcher. This lack of security threatens safety by creating the potential for the car seat to shift or come loose during transport. In addition, the car seat impairs the administration of medical procedures. For example, a paramedic may need to administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Since a child in the car seat cannot lie flat, the paramedic must remove the child from the car seat and begin compressions with the child in his arms. By removing the child from the seat, medical personnel threaten the safety of the child. 
         [0010]    In response to the failures of the above-mentioned techniques for transporting injured children, alternative types of pediatric restraining devices have been developed. For example, one device secures to a stretcher using straps. It includes a bendable support mattress secured in a given angular position by leg supports. Medical personnel secure the injured child to the support mattress after this device is attached to the stretcher. While this device provides some improvement, it impairs administration of CPR. In addition, connecting this device to a stretcher using straps, demands that medical personnel spend additional time securing the device. Although this device includes a restraining feature that confines the child to the device, this feature does not adjust to children of varying size. 
         [0011]    Another pediatric device provides a hard frame with rotating side and leg panels. It attaches to a stretcher with straps and stores in a collapsed position. Though the collapsibility feature enables easy storage, this pediatric device is difficult to attach to the stretcher. Medical personnel sacrifice time in securing the device to the stretcher. Multiple moving panels increase the risk, not only of increased “pinch points” for the patient, but also of mistakes made by personnel during “assembly.” Finally, using straps to secure the device creates the potential that the device may move during transport. This potential movement can hinder performance of lifesaving medical procedures. 
         [0012]    In sum, previous pediatric emergency transport devices do not transport safely, enable performance of medical procedures, operate efficiently, adapt to children of varying size, and store easily. Therefore, they do not satisfy all of the needs of medical personnel. When responding to a call, medical personnel should be equipped adequately to provide the medical attention necessary to stabilize and transport any type of patient, including children. They must gather the equipment needed and provide the required medical treatment, including CPR, in a limited amount of time. Thus, there is a need for a device for the emergency transport of pediatric patients that satisfies all of the above-mentioned needs. 
         [0013]    Yet further, when a child is critically injured, (i.e. a head or neck injury, or typically any injury where a child has lost consciousness and there is the potential that a spinal injury may have occurred) emergency medical technicians must immobilize the patient, often securing the neck first with a cervical collar, and then the entire body to a rigid surface (typically a backboard) to prevent movement that could cause further injury to the neck or spinal column. Currently, such backboards are then secured onto a stretcher via straps, and the child is transported in an ambulance (or depending on the severity of injury, airlifted via Life-Flight helicopter) to an emergency care facility. Treatment is provided en-route to the facility by the on-board EMT or paramedic. This procedure, while effective, can still be improved upon. 
         [0014]    Additionally, to treat a pediatric patient, medical technicians must use pediatric supplies (i.e. Pulse-Ox equipment, IV catheters, intubation tubes, etc.) on a pediatric patient. Unless the vehicle dispatched is from a child-specific emergency facility, these supplies are often mixed in with adult supplies, and precious life-saving seconds can be wasted, trying to locate them during a trauma call. Additionally, medical technicians today must rely on either the parent or doctor to provide accurate weight information prior to the transport, or the use of a Broselow tape if one is available, to estimate the weight of a child in order to administer medications at the proper dosages. Lack of accurate weight information may lead an emergency technician to under or over-medicate the pediatric patient. Therefore, while an emergency technician who secures a pediatric patient to a backboard may now have the ability to secure a pediatric patient safely for transport, such technician does not have an efficient means of accessing pediatric supplies for treatment en-route or obtaining accurate weight information to properly administer medications. 
         [0015]    An additional challenge to transporting a pediatric patient is comfort and sanitation. A child being transported in an emergency situation is often frightened and may often have an injury that causes the release of bodily fluids. Known devices generally consist of a single pad, which, while it may provide some comfort to the child, is typically not designed to be very soft and may not be designed to resist the transfer of bodily fluids. Therefore, there is a need in the art for a device which enables additional cushion to be placed between the child and the device to provide an extra measure of comfort to a child in an already stressful situation, as well as to resist the transfer of any bodily fluids that may be secreted. Preferably, such additional cushion will not interfere with the use of the device&#39;s existing harness restraint system and may be easily removed by the emergency technician, without removing the restraints from the child, should life saving measures be required en-route. 
         [0016]    Beyond that which has been previously mentioned, certain circumstances still require additional patient care and handling. According to  Harvard Medical School Family Health Guide,  a newborn&#39;s neck has not yet developed the strength to hold up its head, and will likely not do so for the next  4  months. Additionally at this stage, an infant&#39;s head is disproportionately larger than the rest of their body, therefore extra support of an infant&#39;s head and neck can be critical for safe transport. Consequently, there is a need in the art for a device that includes additional cradling and support to stabilize an infant&#39;s head during transport. 
         [0017]    Finally, restoring a pediatric patient&#39;s temperature when it has been stressed beyond normal limits can mean the difference between life or death. Therefore, there is a need in the art for a patient transport device that enables a medical technician to begin treating a child with a severe temperature imbalance while en-route to a hospital. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0018]    The present invention satisfies the above-mentioned needs in a device for the emergency transport of pediatric patients that rapidly secures to the side rails of the various conventional ambulance stretchers. The device effectively aids in the administration of medical procedures on injured children. To accomplish this, the device may include a data center that measures individual information about a child (e.g. weight and heart rate). Using the data center medical personnel can prescribe the appropriate medicine dosage and evaluate the child&#39;s stability without additional equipment. The rigidity of the frame also reduces equipment needed for the administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Instead of using a backboard, medical personnel can administer CPR to a child without removing them from the device. Consequently, the invention reduces the additional equipment needed in administering medical procedures. 
         [0019]    A further advantage includes increasing the operating efficiency of medical personnel. The subject device of the present invention includes multiple single-action components that reduce the time expended in using the device. The use of a snap-on/quick-release, single-action clamp mechanism reduces the time needed to secure the device to a stretcher, allowing medical personnel to focus more on the injured child. In addition, the multi-purpose clamp mechanism of the device of the present invention enables the device to attach to objects of varying shapes and widths providing increased utility. Therefore, although multiple stretcher devices are currently in use in the marketplace, medical personnel need carry only one pediatric transport device to ensure coverage of all sizes of children. The device of the present invention increases efficiency by reducing the equipment needed for transport and the time associated with utilizing that equipment. 
         [0020]    This present invention also presents medical personnel with a number of other advantages, including easy storage of the device of the present invention. The device of the present invention collapses enabling it to be stored in an alcove in the ambulance or mounted on the ambulance wall. In addition to easy storage, the device of the present invention includes a uniquely designed restraint that reduces the probability of accidental release. The advantages of this restraint lie in its increasing safety by avoiding accidental release even when confining children of various sizes. Many other advantages and useful techniques for the device of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art. 
         [0021]    Generally described, the present invention is a device for the emergency transport of pediatric patients that can be used with a stretcher with a rail to transport a patient. In one embodiment, the device of the present invention includes a frame adapted to receive a patient and a snap-on/quick release clamp mechanism connected to the frame. The device&#39;s clamp mechanism is adaptable to connect to stretchers of various widths and sizes. The device of the present invention may also include a hinge assembly connected to the two frame members. The hinge assembly permits relative rotation of the two frame members. More specifically, the hinge assembly may include an actuation device that selectively adjusts the relative rotation of the frame members. 
         [0022]    According to one aspect of the invention, the device includes a restraining belt assembly with a single-action release that connects to both frame members. The restraining belt assembly secures the patient to the stretcher when engaged. More specifically, the restraining belt assembly may include two belts each of which can be released easily and couples to the first frame member at one end and attaches to a common connector at the other end. Each belt may include a length adjustment. The first frame member may also include first and second sets of openings. The belts may be coupled to the first set of openings in response to the patient being placed in the device. The restraining belt assembly, hinge assembly and clamp may also include a release to disengage by a single action. 
         [0023]    The clamp mechanism may include a quick-release universal grasping device with a groove that couples to the rail with either a circular or rectangular shape. The clamp mechanism may also include a housing member, a cam, and a locking device. The cam extends close to the grasping device and can connect to the housing member through a spring. When the grasping device contacts the cam, it moves within the housing member. The locking device places the cam in a lock position when engaged. The locking device may include a locking ball detent that can connect to a portion of the cam and a release that can connect to the locking ball detent. When the release is pressed, it disconnects the locking ball detent from the cam, which releases the cam from the lock position. The clamp may adapt to accommodate stretchers of varying width. 
         [0024]    In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the device may comprise a two-part clamp mechanism where one part functions as an actuating and retaining member and the other functions as a receiving member. One member remains fixed on the stretcher while the other member remains attached to the transport device, further minimizing the possibility of user error as device attachment will function as “lock and key.” 
         [0025]    The hinge frame may couple to a first part of the first frame member and a first part of the second frame member. The actuation device may include a lever that connects to a second part of the first member and a locking pin that selectively engages the hinge frame in a plurality of positions. A cable connects the locking pin to the lever, such that the locking pin disengages the openings when the lever is actuated. 
         [0026]    The device of the present invention may also include a data acquisition device that measures the weight of a person. In addition, the device of the present invention may include a handle that connects to a frame member, storage devices that connect to a frame member, and a pad that extends longitudinally over both frame members. The device of the present invention may also include second, third and fourth clamps where the second clamp is positioned proximate to the first clamp. The third and fourth clamps diametrically oppose the first and second clamps, respectively. The device of the present invention may also include a second hinge assembly that permits relative rotation of a second side of the frame members. The second hinge assembly includes a second hinge frame diametrically opposed from the first hinge frame. A second cable connects the second locking pin to the lever, which enables the second locking pin to engage the second hinge frame in a plurality of positions when the lever is actuated. 
         [0027]    The device of the present invention may also provide a quick-release universal clamp that couples to objects having either a circular or rectangular shape. The clamp includes a housing member, a grasping device with a groove to receive the object, and a cam surrounding a portion of the grasping device. By contacting the cam when coupled to the object, the grasping device displaces the cam within the housing member. The universal clamp may attach to the device of the present invention. 
         [0028]    In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the transport device is able to accept or receive a commercially available, off-the-shelf pediatric backboard for attachment. Within the scope of the present invention, the device may also be configured to accept an adult backboard. The frame of the device is preferably configured to have a ledge within the interior of the device, on which the backboard may rest. In an alternative implementation, such a backboard is placed on a channel or set of brackets within the device, upon which the backboard will sit. Other alternative implementations may apply. Cantilever clamps or any other locking mechanism, such as a locking pin, or slide-in pin, etc. known to those skilled in the art may be used to secure the backboard tightly in place within or on the pediatric transport device. Preferably, these clamps or other such locking mechanisms, when not in use, are designed to lock into place out of the way of the central padded portion of the transport device. 
         [0029]    The present invention also provides for the incorporation of a single-use, disposable cushion of similar dimensions as the interior of the pediatric transport device to be placed between the child and the receiving surface of the device. The cushion provides comfort and acts as a sterile barrier during the transport. Preferably, the cushion includes either a single compressible material or several layers of such material, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. In a preferred embodiment, the cushion is made of an absorbent material, which absorbs bodily fluids. In an alternative embodiment, the cushion is made of a non-absorbent material, which impedes the transfer of bodily fluids. In both of the above embodiments, the cushion acts as a barrier to resist the transfer of bodily fluids and germs from the patient to the device. Preferably, the cushion includes a number of pre-made cuts and/or slit locations matching the locations required to pass through the shoulder and leg harness restraints of the device. In one embodiment, the cushion is perforated vertically down the center from top to bottom to allow for rapid removal when life-saving procedures are required or upon completion of an emergency transport. 
         [0030]    In addition to a single use disposable cushion, the present invention allows for a multiple use pad of the same dimensions as the interior of the pediatric transport device to function as the receiving surface for the patient. This pad rests between the patient and the frame of the device, provides minimal cushioning and acts as a sanitary barrier against the transfer of bodily fluids. 
         [0031]    In an alternative embodiment a relief or indentation will be shaped into the pad at the height of a newborn&#39;s head to provide greater head and neck stabilization by cradling the occipital (rear) region, and to minimize uneven distribution of forces to the developing structures of the head. 
         [0032]    Another alternative embodiment may include heating and/or cooling thermal elements enclosed within the pad (or along an outer surface of the pad) to enable a medical technician to begin restoring warmth to a child with hypothermia or start cooling a child with a high fever while en-route to a hospital. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0033]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a device for emergency transport of pediatric patients according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, which is shown in greater detail in  FIGS. 2A-12 ; 
           [0034]      FIG. 2A  is a perspective view illustrating the integration of a restraining belt assembly within the pediatric emergency transport system of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0035]      FIG. 2B  is a perspective view illustrating the restraining belt assembly of  FIG. 2A ; 
           [0036]      FIG. 2C  is a side view of a buckle used with restraining belt assembly of  FIG. 2A ; 
           [0037]      FIG. 3A  is a perspective view illustrating a portion of the hinge assembly; 
           [0038]      FIG. 3B  is a planar view illustrating an actuation device for use with the hinge assembly of  FIG. 3A ; 
           [0039]      FIG. 3C  is a side view illustrating collapsibility feature of the device of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0040]      FIG. 3D  is a planar view illustrating a pad; 
           [0041]      FIG. 4A  is a planar view illustrating a clamp; 
           [0042]      FIG. 4B  is a planar view illustrating the operation of the clamp for one type of rail; 
           [0043]      FIG. 4C  is a planar view illustrating a width adjustment feature of the clamp of  FIG. 4A ; 
           [0044]      FIG. 4D  is a planar view illustrating the versatility of the clamp mechanism to accommodate two types of stretcher railings; 
           [0045]      FIG. 4E  is a perspective view illustrating a first alternative embodiment of an exemplary clamp mechanism prior to attachment to a stretcher&#39;s railings; 
           [0046]      FIG. 4F  is a perspective view illustrating the first alternative embodiment of the exemplary clamp mechanism according to  FIG. 4E ; 
           [0047]      FIG. 4G  is a planar view illustrating the operation of the first alternative embodiment of the exemplary clamp mechanism according to  FIG. 4E ; 
           [0048]      FIG. 4H  is a perspective view illustrating a second alternative embodiment of an exemplary clamp mechanism prior to attachment to a stretcher&#39;s railings; 
           [0049]      FIG. 4I  is a perspective view illustrating the second alternative embodiment of the exemplary clamp mechanism according to  FIG. 4H ; 
           [0050]      FIG. 4J  is a cross-sectional view illustrating the components of the second alternative embodiment of the exemplary clamp mechanism according to  FIG. 4H ; 
           [0051]      FIG. 4K  is a planar view illustrating the operation of the second alternative embodiment of the exemplary clamp mechanism according to  FIG. 4H ; 
           [0052]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view illustrating storage devices; 
           [0053]      FIG. 6  is a perspective view illustrating a data acquisition device and a closure strap; 
           [0054]      FIG. 7A  is a perspective view illustrating one method for modifying the device of  FIG. 1  further to allow the use of a conventional backboard therewith; 
           [0055]      FIG. 7B  is a perspective view illustrating a clamp to hold the backboard according to  FIG. 7A ; 
           [0056]      FIG. 7C  is a perspective view illustrating a slide in pin suitable for securing a conventional backboard to an emergency transport device of the present invention; 
           [0057]      FIG. 8A  is another perspective view illustrating a backboard clamped into the device of the present invention using the method illustrated in  FIG. 7A ; 
           [0058]      FIG. 8B  is a perspective view illustrating a clamp to hold the backboard according to  FIG. 8A ; 
           [0059]      FIG. 8C  is a perspective view illustrating a slide in pin securing a conventional backboard to an emergency transport device of the present invention; 
           [0060]      FIG. 9  is a perspective view illustrating an alternative method for modifying the device of the present invention; 
           [0061]      FIG. 10A  is another perspective view of the device of the present invention using the alternative method illustrated in  FIG. 9 ; 
           [0062]      FIG. 10B  is a perspective view illustrating a clamp to hold the backboard according to  FIG. 10A ; 
           [0063]      FIG. 11  is a perspective view illustrating a backboard clamped into the device of the present invention using the method illustrated in  FIG. 9 ; 
           [0064]      FIG. 12  is a surface view illustrating an exemplary disposable cushion that is used in conjunction with the device of the present invention; 
           [0065]      FIG. 13  is a perspective view illustrating another exemplary disposable cushion of the present invention; 
           [0066]      FIG. 14A  is a perspective view illustrating an exemplary pad of the present invention; 
           [0067]      FIG. 14B  is a cross-sectional view of the exemplary pad of  FIG. 14A ; 
           [0068]      FIG. 14C  is a perspective view illustrating another exemplary pad of the present invention that includes an infant neck support feature; 
           [0069]      FIG. 14D  is a cross-sectional view of the exemplary pad of  FIG. 14C ; 
           [0070]      FIG. 14E  is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary pad of the present invention that includes heating and/or cooling elements within the pad; and 
           [0071]      FIG. 14F  is a cross-sectional view of another exemplary pad of the present invention that includes heating and/or cooling elements within the pad. 
       
    
    
       [0072]    While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the description herein of specific embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0073]    Illustrative embodiments of the present invention are described below as they might be employed in a device for emergency transport of pediatric patients. In the interest of conciseness, not all features of an actual implementation are described in this specification. It will of course be appreciated that in the development of any actual embodiment, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developer&#39;s specific goals, such as compliance with system-related, business-related, and law-related constraints. Moreover, it will be appreciated that even if such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming, it would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for one of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure. 
       1. Overview 
       [0074]    The present invention describes a device for emergency transport of pediatric patients that safely and efficiently transports a pediatric patient to a medical facility. The device preferably attaches to a conventional transport device, such as a stretcher. The transport device typically is positioned in the center of the stretcher to maximize stretcher stability although there may be occasions or situations in which it is preferable for the invention to be positioned elsewhere on the stretcher. 
         [0075]    The device of the present invention includes a frame that receives the patient. The frame is preferably divided into sections. For example, an upper section of the frame is designed to support the patient from head to waist. Conversely, a lower section is preferably designed to support the patient from waist to feet. These sections preferably are constructed of metal tubing, medical-grade plastic, or some combination of each. 
         [0076]    To confine the patient to the transport device, a child restraint in the form of a restraining belt assembly is used. The restraining belt assembly preferably includes two shoulder belts and a leg belt. A waist belt is optionally used to connect into the center of the belt assembly to create a five-point harness in conventional manner. The belts may be formed from nylon, for example. In addition, the two shoulder belts preferably include a horizontal strap that connects them to each other. This strap helps prevent a child from removing an arm from the shoulder belts. Preferably, the shoulder belts connect to the frame using quick-release buckles. The buckles are preferably formed from stainless steel covered with a plastic-like material. In contrast to the shoulder belts, the leg belt preferably attaches directly to the frame. Though the shoulder belts and leg belt connect to the frame, a metal connector joins the other ends of the three belts together. If desired, the metal connector can include a label having a children&#39;s cartoon character shown thereupon. 
         [0077]    Further, the transport device is designed to accommodate children of various sizes using the restraining belt assembly. The upper section of the frame includes several sets of openings associated with ranges of physical dimensions. After placing a child in the device, medical personnel restrain the child by securing the buckles to the set of openings that best accommodate the child&#39;s size. To further accommodate the size of the child, medical personnel may vary the length adjusts included on the shoulder and leg belts from the front of the device, without removing the child from the seat or the seat from the stretcher. The length adjusts themselves may be formed from metal covered in plastic material. 
         [0078]    Medical personnel secure a child to the transport device by connecting the buckles to a set of frame openings. Specifically, the buckles are pushed or pressed toward the openings. Each opening contains therein an anchor that is centered within the opening; such anchor is preferably formed from stainless steel. As the buckle approaches the anchor, it contacts a locking plate within the buckle, also preferably formed from stainless steel. The locking plate rotates slightly and then traps the anchor. This action secures the restraining belt assembly to the frame. Hence, it secures the child to the transport device of the present invention. Securing the buckles to the frame above the child&#39;s shoulders reduces the chance of accidental release during transport. 
         [0079]    Conversely, the single action of pressing a release button and pulling the buckles away releases a child from the transport device. Specifically, pressing the release button rotates the locking plate. As the buckle is pulled away, the anchor clears the locking plate and removes the restraint. Similarly, the single action of attaching the buckle engages the restraining belt assembly. Hence, the restraining belt assembly is considered to be a single action device. 
         [0080]    In addition to the restraining belt assembly, the device of the present invention includes a hinge assembly. Such hinge assembly controls the rotation of the upper frame section relative to the lower frame section. The hinge assembly includes a hinge frame and an actuation device. The hinge frame connects the hinge assembly to the frame sections and may be formed from stainless steel. The actuation device controls the movement of the upper section relative to the lower section and includes a cable, lever, and locking pin that selectively locks within the hinge frame. The cable and the lever are preferably formed from braided steel and stainless steel, respectively. Alternatively, the actuation device includes a pressure clamp and ball-ratchet instead of the locking pin. 
         [0081]    To operate the hinge assembly, medical personnel squeeze the lever. This action unlocks the locking pin from the hinge frame. With the lever still squeezed, the upper section is manually rotated to a desired angular position. Releasing the lever selectively secures the locking pin in the hinge frame and retains the upper section in the desired position. The single action of releasing the lever engages the hinge assembly. In addition, the single action of squeezing the lever disengages the hinge assembly. Hence, the hinge assembly is also considered to be a single action device. 
         [0082]    In some embodiments, the transport device also includes a clamp mechanism with at least one quick-release clamp that attaches to a rail of an object such as a stretcher. Numerous clamps also may be used. The clamp includes a housing member, grasping device, cam and locking device. The grasping device connects the stretcher by receiving its rail. Alternatively, the grasping device may connect the transport device to a wall of an ambulance or any other object having a rail or post. The locking device secures the rail within the grasping device through interaction with the cam. The locking device includes a locking ball detent, pressure clamp, or similar securing device. The clamp components preferably are constructed of stainless steel. 
         [0083]    To operate the clamp, medical personnel push the transport device with the grasping device (e.g., clamp) extended towards the rail or handle of the stretcher. As the grasping device contacts the rail, the grasping device pivots and contacts the cam. In response, the cam moves upward in the housing member and creates a spring force. Once the grasping device surrounds the rail, the spring force moves the cam downward in the housing member. Medical personnel then pull up slightly on the device. As they pull up, the cam floats further downward in the housing member. As the cam approaches the locking device, it engages and secures the cam in a locked position. The securing of the cam results in securing the grasping device in a locked position, which secures the clamp and, hence, the transport device to the stretcher. 
         [0084]    To release the clamp, medical personnel press a release included within the locking device. This action disengages the locking device from securing the cam. Then, medical personnel pull the transport device away from the rail of the stretcher. As the rail moves within the grasping device, it contacts the cam. The cam moves upward in the housing member creating a spring force. Once the rail clears the grasping device, the cam moves downward in the housing member as the spring force releases. The cam returns to its original position. 
         [0085]    To increase efficiency, the clamp includes a width accommodation feature and universality feature. Medical personnel are able to use the width accommodation feature by displacing the clamp relative to the frame. For example, medical personnel adjust the clamp for narrower stretchers by pushing the clamp further inside the frame. The universality feature enables the clamp to attach to rails of various shapes. Because the grasping device includes a universal groove, medical personnel attach the transport device to stretchers with circular rails in the same manner by which they attach them to stretchers with rectangular rails. Thus no additional equipment or training is needed. Alternatively, the universality feature may include other shapes, such as triangular. 
         [0086]    In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the device may comprise a two-part clamp mechanism where one part functions as an actuating and retaining member and the other part functions as a receiving member. In this embodiment, one member remains fixed on the stretcher while the other member remains attached to the transport device. Like the aforementioned clamping mechanism, the two-part clamp mechanism includes a housing member and grasping device or finger; however, in the present embodiment, the grasping device or finger mates with a bar on the receiving member through the simple action of pressing the unit down onto the receiving member. The finger will contact the retaining rod and swing open; the finger will pass the retaining rod and swing closed. To release the clamp, medical personnel will press a spring-loaded push button on the side of the clamp housing. This action (or force) is transferred to an inner face of the finger causing it to rotate open and disengage the bar of the receiving member thereby enabling medical personnel to lift the transport device off the stretcher. A lever or release handle may be incorporated into the device to actuate one or multiple release buttons simultaneously. Usage of such mechanisms will be familiar to those with ordinary skill in this area and, as such, are not described in detail herein. 
         [0087]    In a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the clamp housing member includes a set of tapered “feet” along its bottom portion to reduce wear on the device of the present invention and to increase its stability when the device is placed on surfaces other than a conventional stretcher. Additionally, the tapered shape of the feet form a passive mechanical guide to accurately provide clearance along the stretcher railing and the stretcher mattress pad, and to quickly locate and capture the bar of the receiving member. 
         [0088]    In another embodiment of the present invention, the interior section of the transport device has been adapted to accommodate placement of a commercially available off-the-shelf pediatric backboard within the frame. In an alternative embodiment, the interior section of the transport device has been adapted to accommodate placement of an adult backboard within the frame. Each side of the device frame preferably includes one or more ledges or brackets that extend towards the interior of the transport device just above the level of the pad. The backboard is able to rest on these ledges covering the central padded portion of the transport device. The ledges may be formed of the same material as the frame. 
         [0089]    In an alternative embodiment, the transport device includes the two (2) channels defined within either side of the frame, into which the backboard may slide and rest. The transport device preferably includes cantilever clamps, or another such locking mechanism (such as a slide-in pin, locking pin, or the like), to secure the backboard rigidly in place. Preferably, these clamps or other such locking mechanisms, when not in use, are designed to lock into place within the side of the frame when not in use. 
         [0090]    In use, medical personnel preferably first secure the patient on a commercially available backboard. Medical personnel are also able to attach the emergency transport device to a stretcher via the single-action clamps described previously. To lock the backboard into the transport device, medical personnel may simply place the backboard within the central portion of the device, either resting on the ledges or within the channels previously described or via a similar implementation. A cantilever clamp or slide in pin or similar locking mechanism is then used to secure the backboard within the frame. One or more clamps may be used to secure the backboard rigidly in place. Usage of cantilever clamps and other such similar locking mechanisms will be familiar to those with ordinary skill in this area and, as such, are not described in detail herein. 
         [0091]    A cushion is also provided for one-time use during transport of a pediatric patient to provide a sterile, but comfortable barrier between the patient and the device. In one embodiment, the cushion is made out of two layers of a paper or similar disposable material with a compressible, disposable absorbent material located in-between. Alternatively, the cushion is made out of a single compressible absorbent material. In another alternative embodiment, the cushion is made of a non-absorbent material, which impedes the transfer of bodily fluids. The cushions may either be packaged individually, or may be bound together as a roll, to be torn-apart into separate units as needed. 
         [0092]    The cushion is preferably made to conform to the interior dimensions of the pediatric transport device (e.g., the receiving surface of the frame portion of the device) and preferably includes cut-out sections that directly align with the restraining belt anchors on the transport device to accommodate the insertion of the harness restraint buckles above the shoulders of the child as well as a cut-out section that aligns with the fixed restraining belt location between the legs of the child. The cushion preferably also has a perforation running directly down its center from top to bottom to allow it to be quickly and easily “torn-off&#39; should life-saving measures be required. Use of the cushion requires little to no expertise on the part of the medical technician. It is placed on the device after the device is secured to the stretcher. The child is then placed in the device on top of the cushion and the restraining belt assembly is attached directly to the device through the cushion cut-out sections. After use by a single pediatric patient, the cushion is disposed of with all other bio-related material. 
         [0093]    In addition to a single use disposable cushion (or instead of utilizing a single use disposable cushion), a pad is provided of the same dimensions as the interior of the pediatric transport device to function as the receiving surface for the patient. This pad rests between the patient and the frame of the device and preferably includes a number of pre-made cuts and/or slit locations matching the locations required to pass through the shoulder and leg harness restraints of the device. As a preferred embodiment, this pad has minimal padding, therefore should a medical technician need to perform life-saving procedures, they may do so directly on the device without removing the pediatric patient from the restraints. In an alternative embodiment, the pad may provide more padding, which would provide more comfort to the pediatric patient. A cover or surface layer provides a means of keeping the pad sanitary and minimizing the transfer of bodily fluids. 
         [0094]    In a further exemplary embodiment, a relief (or indentation) may be shaped into the pad proximate a position of a newborn&#39;s head to provide additional head support. At this stage of development, a newborn&#39;s neck is typically insufficiently developed to support the weight on its own head and some additional head support, beyond that which may be used for a toddler or older child, is recommended. Average stature and head size (i.e., fronto-occipital circumference) are given as functions of age on CDC/NHANES growth charts and may be used to determine a desired size, shape, and location of the relief (or indentation) molded into a given pad. The relief may be a continuous and preformed feature of the pad and may require no additional work on the part of the medical technician to determine the correct placement of the infant to ensure neck and head stability during transport. 
         [0095]    The pad may also include heating and/or cooling elements enclosed within the pad itself to enable a medical technician to begin restoring warmth to a child with hypothermia or start cooling a child with a high fever while en-route to a hospital. In one embodiment, the pad comprises a remote controller unit to be connected via wires or tubes to the thermal elements enclosed within the pad (or along a surface of the pad). Heating or cooling is provided by direct electric conversion (such as resistive heating or thermoelectric cooling) or by means of a fluid loop (circulated, phase change, or both). In an alternative preferred embodiment, heating and/or cooling of the enclosed thermal elements is provided via inductive coupling instead of wires or tubes. In both of the above embodiments, restoration of proper body temperature for a pediatric patient begins at a much earlier stage of care than has typically been available. 
         [0096]    For the medical technician, operation of either unit requires securing the child in the transport device and then simply selecting between several pre-determined temperature settings. It is important to note these additional capabilities will not inhibit the pad&#39;s ability to fold compactly and store within the transport device; nor will they limit the technician&#39;s use of an additional cushion to provide comfort to the pediatric patient or interfere with other medical appliances. 
         [0097]    2. Description of the Drawings 
         [0098]    Referring now to the drawings, in which like numerals indicate like elements throughout several figures,  FIG. 1  illustrates a perspective view of a device  100  for emergency transport of pediatric patients according to an embodiment of the invention. The device  100  for emergency transport of pediatric patients provides safe transport of a youth and may attach to a transport device  105 , such as a stretcher. The device  100  includes a frame divided into a pair of sections  110 ,  115 . The contours of these frame sections form a receptacle for a child  120 . The sections  110 ,  115  may support the upper and lower portions of the child  120 , respectively. 
         [0099]      FIG. 2A  is a perspective view illustrating the integration of a restraining belt assembly  200  that releasably secures a child to the device  100 . The restraining belt assembly  200  includes the belts  205 ,  210 ,  215  and the buckles  206 ,  211 . It accommodates children over a wide range of sizes by using a multi-level adjustment feature. The section  110  includes several sets of orifices  225  (of which three have been shown) in which the buckles  206 ,  211  may be inserted to connect the buckles to the device. Associated with each set of orifices  225  is a range of physical dimensions for a child. For example, medical personnel may use one set of orifices  225  for children ranging from ten to twenty inches tall. By connecting the buckles  206 ,  211  to different sets of orifices  225 , they adjust the device  100  based on the child&#39;s size. 
         [0100]      FIG. 2B  is a detailed perspective view of the restraining belt assembly  200  that illustrates another length adjustment feature of the device  100 . Medical personnel may further accommodate the size of a child using a length adjustment  230 . The belts  205 ,  210 ,  215  include the length adjustment  230  that varies the length of the corresponding belt. For example, a child may have a small upper body and long legs. In response, medical personnel may shorten the belts  205 ,  210  and lengthen the belt  215 . Using the selection of orifices  225  and the length adjustment  230  medical personnel can effectively confine children in the device  100 . Moreover, these features enable size accommodation without removing the child from the device  100 . 
         [0101]      FIGS. 2A ,  2 B and  2 C illustrate the operation of the buckles  206 ,  211  that secure a child  120  to the device  100 . Medical personnel move the buckles  206 ,  211  toward a plurality of belt anchors  235  centered in the orifices  225 . Because buckles  206 ,  211  contact the anchors  235  and operate identically, the operation of buckle  206  is described for simplicity. As the buckle  206  encounters the anchor  235 , a buckle guide  237  directs the anchor  235  towards a locking plate  240  ( FIG. 2C ). The locking plate  240  pivots in response to contact from the anchor  235 . The pivoting of the locking plate  240  creates a spring force by compressing a spring  245 . As the anchor  235  contacts a bottom side  241  of the locking plate  240 , the spring force releases. As it releases, the locking plate  240  pivots back to its original position. This sequence of actions secures, the restraining belt assembly  200  to the section  110 . Consequently, the child is secured to the device  100  for emergency transport of pediatric patients. 
         [0102]    To remove a child from the device  100 , medical personnel press a release button  250 . This creates a spring force by compressing the spring  245  and rotates the locking plate  240 . While holding the release button  250 , they may pull the buckle  206  away from the anchor  235 . Because the locking plate  240  has rotated, the anchor  235  can clear the buckle  206 . Thus, pulling away releases the anchor  235  from the buckle  206  and removes the restraint from the child. Since the restraint is detached, medical personnel may remove the child causing the belt  205 ,  210 ,  215  to fall aside. 
         [0103]    Medical personnel can either secure or release the restraining belt assembly  200  with a single action namely pressing the buckle  206  into engagement with respective actions. The single action of connecting the buckle secures a child and engages the restraining belt assembly  200 . The single action of pressing the release button  250  releases a child and disengages the restraining belt assembly  200 . Because each buckle of the restraining belt assembly  200  engages or disengages with a single action, medical personnel save time. Hence, they may use the device  100  for emergency transport of pediatric patients with greater efficiency. 
         [0104]      FIG. 3A  illustrates a portion of the hinge assembly included in the device  100 . This hinge assembly controls the rotation of the section  110  relative to the section  115  and includes a hinge frame  300  and an actuation device. The hinge frame  300  connects to the section  110  by a piece  310  and connects to the section  115  in a similar manner (not shown). The actuation device controls the relative movement between the sections  110 ,  115  and includes a locking pin  325  and a cable  330 . The locking pin  325  selectively engages one of a plurality of orifices  305  in the hinge frame  300  as the cable  330  moves. The actuation device also includes a lever  335  connected to the cable  330  as shown in  FIG. 3B . 
         [0105]      FIG. 3B  illustrates the operation of the hinge assembly as medical personnel squeeze the lever  335 . This action compresses the springs  336 ,  337  and separates the locking pin  325  from an orifice  305  in the hinge frame  300 . While squeezing the lever  335 , they may manually rotate the section  110  into a desired position. When desired, a handle  355  aids movement of the section  110  as medical personnel clasps the lever  335 . Once the desired position is reached, medical personnel release the lever  335 . The release of the springs  336 ,  337  expands the lever  335 . As a result, the locking pin  325  selectively locks in the closest orifice  305  and secures the section  110  in approximately the desired position. It follows that the positions of the orifices  305  dictate the relative angular displacement of the section  110  from the section  115 . The orifices  305  may correspond to angular displacements of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135° and 180°. Alternatively, the orifices  305  may correspond to displacements of 0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, and 40°. Hence, both the angular displacements and number of orifices  305  may vary as desired. 
         [0106]    Practical implementation of this present invention may demand that it include a second hinge assembly also shown in  FIG. 3B . The second hinge assembly could rotate the other side of the section  110 . It could include the hinge frame  340 , a locking pin  345 , a cable  350  and may be used with the lever  335 . The hinge frame  340 , locking pin  345 , and cable  350  function identically to the hinge frame  300 , locking pin  325 , and cable  330 . Because the two hinge assemblies function identically, previous references identify the hinge assembly that includes the frame  300 , for simplicity. In addition, both hinge assemblies engage as a single unit with the single action of squeezing the lever  335  and disengages with the single action of releasing the lever  335 . Using the hinge assembly reduces the time medical personnel spend positioning the device  100  for emergency transport of pediatric patients. This leads to more efficient operation. 
         [0107]    In addition to controlling the rotation of the section  110 , select angular displacements may serve particular purposes.  FIG. 3C  is a side view illustrating the collapsibility feature of the device  100 . For an angular displacement of 0°, the section  110  folds on top of the section  115  enabling the device  100  for emergency transport of pediatric patients to be stored easily in a compact environment such as an ambulance. For an angular displacement of 180° of the section  110 , the device  100  lies parallel to a stretcher. In this position, medical personnel can administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), without removing the child from the restraining device  100 .  FIG. 3D  illustrates a pad  360  that would not impede the administration of CPR if used with the device  100 . As described in greater detail hereinafter, the pad  360  may have a corresponding cover that protects the pad  360  from fluids and bacteria transmission. Alternatively, a removable cushion (not shown) may be used in conjunction with the pad  360  to provide additional comfort. 
         [0108]      FIG. 4A  illustrates a clamp  400  included in the device for emergency transport of pediatric patients  100 . The clamp releasably couples a stretcher to the device  100 . The clamp  400  includes a housing member  405 , grasping device  410 , cam  415 , and locking device  420 . The grasping device  410  includes fingers  411 ,  412 , groove  413 , and spring  414 . The locking device  420  includes a locking ball  435 , locking ball spring  436 , and release  440  having a return-spring  445 . The locking ball  435  and locking ball spring  436  form a locking ball detent. The cam  415  surrounds a substantial portion of the grasping device  410 . The shape of the inner surface  416  of the cam  415  allows it to be positioned in close proximity to the fingers  411 ,  412 . The locking ball  435  couples to the cam  415  by a groove  417 . The cam  415  connects to the housing member  405  through a spring  430 . 
         [0109]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  together illustrate the operation of the clamp  400 . To secure the clamp  400  to a rail  425 , an operator may perform the single action of pushing the device  100  with the clamp  400  extended towards the rail  425 . As the fingers  411 ,  412  contact the rail  425 , they pivot moving the rail  425  toward the groove  413 . As the fingers  411 ,  412  pivot, they compress the spring  414  and contact the cam  415 . In response, the cam  415  moves upward within the housing member  405  and compresses the spring  430 . As the rail  425  rests within the groove  413 , the spring  414  releases and rotates fingers  411 ,  412 . The spring  430  also releases and moves the cam  415  downward in the housing member  405 . Though the clamp  400  is coupled to the rail, medical personnel may lock it by pulling upward on the device  100  for emergency transport of pediatric patients. This moves the cam  415  further downward in the housing member  405 . As the groove  417  of the cam  415  reaches a position adjacent to the locking ball  435 , the force from locking spring  436  thrusts the locking ball  435  into the groove  417 . Thus, the locking ball  435  secures the cam  415  and the clamp  400  in a locked position. The locked position reduces the probability that the device  100  accidentally releases the rail  425 . 
         [0110]    After locking the clamp  400 , medical personnel may release the rail  425  using the single action of pressing the release  440 . Medical personnel press the release  440 , that releases the cam  415  as the locking ball  435  rolls toward the now displaced locking ball spring  436 . As the device  100  is pulled away from the rail  425 , the rotation of the fingers  411 ,  412  forces the cam  415  to compress the spring  430 . Once the rail  425  clears the fingers  411 ,  412 , the force from spring  430  moves the cam  415  back down to its original position. 
         [0111]    The locking feature of the clamp  400  may securely attach this present invention  100  to a stretcher  105 . Alternatively, the clamp  400  may aid in storing the present invention  100 . When used for storage, the device  100  for emergency transport of pediatric patients may secure to a rail on the wall of an ambulance, for example using the clamp  400 . In addition, the clamp  400  may also efficiently secure a device to objects of various shapes independent of the device  100 . 
         [0112]      FIG. 4C  illustrates the width adjustment feature of the clamp  400 . The section  115  includes a frame guide  480  in sliding relation with a clamp guide  485 . The clamp guide  485  attaches to the housing member  405 . If medical personnel desire connection of the device for emergency transport of pediatric patients  100  to a stretcher of a different size, they vary the displacement between the clamp guide  485  and the frame guide  480 . For example, a narrower stretcher may have rails that are closer together. In response, medical personnel push the clamp  400  further into the section  115 . This causes the clamp guide  485  to slide along the frame guide  480  until the desired position is reached. A securing device placed between the frame guide  480  and the clamp guide  485  may lock the frame guide and clamp guide at pre-selected rail widths. The securing device may be a locking ball detent, locking pin, or an Allen wrench with corresponding set screw. 
         [0113]      FIG. 4D  illustrates the adaptability of the clamp  400  to a circular rail  425  and a rectangular rail  499 . Medical personnel may utilize this feature by using this present invention  100  with a stretcher. For example, some medical personnel may work for an ambulance company that utilizes two types of stretchers—one with a circular rail and one with a rectangular rail. In an emergency that requires a child transport, the medical personnel in an ambulance with a circular rail  425  would not spend additional time returning to the station before responding to a call in order to pick up a stretcher with a rectangular rail  499  to accommodate the device for emergency transport of pediatric patients. The reverse situation is also the same. The device  100  adapts to both types of rails. Moreover, the clamp  400  may adapt to other rail shapes, such as triangular by appropriately modifying the groove  413 . Hence, the universal adaptability of the clamp increases the operating ability of the device  100 . 
         [0114]      FIG. 4E  is a perspective view illustrating the integration of (i) an alternative embodiment of exemplary clamping mechanism  400  shown in  FIGS. 4A-D  with (ii) the railings  107  of a stretcher. As shown,  FIG. 4E  illustrates a two-part clamp assembly comprising clamping mechanism  460  and receiving clamp member  450 , which is secured along railing  107  of the shown stretcher. 
         [0115]      FIG. 4F  further illustrates the two-part clamp embodiment shown in  FIG. 4E . Clamping mechanism  460  preferably includes a housing member  464  and a grasping device or finger  465  operatively adapted to secure the transport device  100  to receiving clamp member  450  positioned along railing  107  of the stretcher. Receiving clamp member  450  is fixed to stretcher railing  107  and includes a retaining rod  455  set within a recess along a profile of receiving clamp member  450 , together providing a means to locate and mate with finger  465  and to lock the transport device  100  into place properly on the stretcher. 
         [0116]      FIG. 4G  illustrates the operation of the exemplary two-part assembly. To secure clamp mechanism  460  to receiving clamp member  450 , an operator may perform the single action of pushing device  100  with finger  465  towards receiving clamp member  450 . Finger  465  will contact the retaining rod  455  and swing open (i.e., move to the right as shown in the upper left-hand portion of  FIG. 4G ). Finger  465  will pass the retaining rod  455  and then swing closed (i.e., move to the left as shown in the lower right-hand portion of  FIG. 4G  so as to “lock” with retaining rod  455 ). To release clamp mechanism  460  from retaining rod  455 , medical personnel will press a spring-loaded push button  462  on a side of clamp mechanism  460 . An internal end of spring-loaded push button  462  (not shown) will push against an internal side of finger  465  (not shown) causing finger  465  to disengage from retaining rod  455 , enabling medical personnel to lift transport device  100  off of the stretcher (e.g., to return back to the position as shown in the upper left-hand portion of  FIG. 4G ). 
         [0117]      FIG. 4H  is a perspective view illustrating the integration of (i) a second alternative embodiment of exemplary clamping mechanism  400  shown in  FIGS. 4A-D  with (ii) the railings  107  of the shown stretcher. As shown,  FIG. 4H  illustrates a two-part clamp assembly comprising clamping mechanism  470  and receiving clamp member  490 , which is secured along railing  107  of the shown stretcher. 
         [0118]      FIGS. 4I and 4J  further illustrate the two-part clamp embodiment as shown in  FIG. 4H . Clamping mechanism  470  preferably includes a housing member  474  and a grasping device or finger  475  operatively adapted to secure the transport device  100  to receiving clamp member  490  positioned along railing  107  of the stretcher. Receiving clamp member  490  is fixed to stretcher railing  107  and includes a retaining rod  495  to mate with finger  475  and lock transport device  100  into place on the stretcher. A spring-loaded push-button  472  (spring not shown) is located on a side of clamp housing member  474 .  FIG. 4J  further illustrates the distinct ability of the second embodiment&#39;s tapered “feet” to guide the housing member  474  (and as a result, the device of the present invention  100 ) into the correct position to lock onto the retaining rod  495  affixed to stretcher railing  107 . 
         [0119]      FIG. 4K  illustrates the operation of an alternative embodiment of the exemplary two-part assembly. Like  FIG. 4G , the fundamental operation of the clamp assembly is the same. To secure clamp mechanism  470  to receiving clamp member  490 , an operator may perform the single action of pushing device  100  with finger  475  towards receiving clamp member  490 . Finger  475  will contact the retaining rod  495  and swing open (i.e., move to the right as shown in the upper left-hand portion of  FIG. 4K ). Finger  475  will pass the retaining rod  495  and then swing closed (i.e., move to the left as shown in the lower right-hand portion of  FIG. 4K  so as to “lock” with retaining rod  495 ). In this alternative embodiment however, a lower portion of the clamp housing member  474  extends below finger  475  (see, for example,  FIG. 4J ) so as to provide both (i) protection for the primary moving part of the clamp assembly  470  (i.e. the finger  475 ) and (ii) a more stable platform upon which the device  100  can rest when placed on a surface other than a stretcher. 
         [0120]    To release clamp mechanism  470  from retaining rod  495 , medical personnel will press a spring-loaded push button  472  on a side of clamp mechanism  470 . An internal end of spring-loaded push button  472  will push against an internal side of finger  475  (see,  FIG. 4J ) causing finger  475  to disengage from retaining rod  495 , enabling medical personnel to lift transport device  100  off of the stretcher (e.g., to return back to the position as shown in the upper left-hand portion of  FIG. 4K ). 
         [0121]    As illustrated in  FIG. 5 , this present invention  100  may also include the storage devices  500 ,  505 . The position of the storage devices  500  corresponds to the side of a stretcher that secures to the ambulance. For example, a stretcher that secures to the right side of an ambulance could also include storage devices  500  on the left side. The storage devices  505  may be on either side of the restraining device  100 . The storage devices  500 ,  505  may contain devices specifically designed to treat pediatric patients, such as pediatric needles or equipment needed to intubate a child. 
         [0122]      FIG. 6  illustrates additional features of the device for emergency transport of pediatric patients  100 . The device  100  may include a data acquisition device (DAD)  600  as illustrated in 
         [0123]      FIG. 6 . It may be a commercially available device modified to measure an individual&#39;s vital signs or weight. The wiring for the DAD  600  may couple to the clamp  400  through a device that converts stress measurements into electrical signals. For example, this device would convert the stress applied to the clamp due to the weight of the child to a number displayed on the DAD  600 . Medical personnel could read this number. By knowing the patient&#39;s vital signs or weight as measured by the DAD  600 , medical personnel may more effectively treat the patient, administering more accurate doses of medication, etc. 
         [0124]    Also illustrated in  FIG. 6 , medical personnel may use a closure strap  605  when the device  100  is collapsed as previously described in relation to  FIG. 3C . As mentioned above, the hinge assembly, more specifically the locking pin  325 , secures the restraining device in the collapsed position. Yet, medical personnel may visibly indicate the collapsed position using the strap  605 . The strap  605  may consist of leather and attach to the section  115 ,  110  through stitching and a snap, respectively. 
         [0125]      FIGS. 7A-7C  together illustrate a further embodiment of the device  100  for emergency transport of pediatric patients to allow the placement of a backboard (not shown) on a ledge within the device. Each side of the device frame preferably includes a ledge  700  that extends towards the interior of the device just above the level of the pad  360  located in the center of the device. The backboard is adapted to rest on these ledges  700  covering the central padded portion  360  of the device  100 . Each side of the frame includes one or more small compartments that have been cut into the raised portion of the frame on both sides of the device  100  to serve as housings  710  for the clamp mechanisms  705  or  720  that secure the backboard to the device  100 . The clamping mechanism utilized may be cantilever clamps  705 , as illustrated, or another such locking mechanism such as a slide in pin  720 , locking pin, or the like to secure the backboard rigidly into place. These clamps  705  or other such locking mechanisms (e.g., slide in pin  720  which inserts into slide in pin hole  715 ), when not in use, are configured to lock or store into place in their housings  710  out of the way of the central padded portion  360  of the device  100 . 
         [0126]      FIGS. 8A-8C  together illustrate a conventional backboard or conventional pediatric backboard  800  clamped into place on the device  100 , as illustrated in  FIGS. 7A-7C . A medical technician may immobilize a child on a commercially available off the shelf pediatric backboard  800  using currently acceptable medical practices. They may then place the backboard onto the ledges  700  within the central portion of the device  100 . When using a cantilever clamp  705  as the clamping mechanism, the medical technician would start with the clamp  705  in open position residing entirely in its housing  710  as illustrated in  FIG. 7B . Referring to  FIG. 8B , the central portion of the clamp  808  would be rotated in a clockwise fashion to rest on top of the backboard  800 . Pushing downward on the outer portion of the clamp  806  locks the entire clamp in place and secures the backboard  800  to the ledge  700  as illustrated in  FIG. 8A . This is a two-step locking mechanism and as such can be accomplished within seconds. When using a slide in pin  720  as the clamping mechanism, the medical technician would start with the slide in pin  720  removed from slide in pin hole  715  as illustrated in  FIG. 7C . Referring to  FIG. 8C , the slide in pin  720  would be inserted into slide in pin hole  715  so as to rest on top of the backboard  800 . 
         [0127]    Although a pediatric patient immobilized on a backboard  800  may be secured directly to a stretcher in conventional manner, securing the pediatric patient within the device  100  allows the technician full access to pediatric medical supplies located within the device&#39;s storage compartments  500 ,  505 , as well as full access to the device&#39;s data acquisition device  600  to obtain accurate information about the child&#39;s vital signs en-route. Upon arriving at the destination, the medical technician may choose to unlock the backboard  800  from the device  100  and transfer the child to a stretcher at the facility, so that they may return to active service. To unlock the backboard  800 , the medical technician simply pulls up on the outer portion of the clamp  806 , which releases the inner portion of the clamp  808  and as a result disengages the locking mechanism securing the backboard  800 . The backboard will still be lying on the ledges  700  of the device  100 . The technician then lifts the patient still immobilized on the backboard  800  and transfers them as a unit to the waiting stretcher. 
         [0128]      FIGS. 9 ,  10 A, and  10 B illustrate an alternative method for modifying the device  100  to receive a conventional backboard or conventional pediatric backboard (not shown). Utilizing this alternative method, one or more channels  900  are affixed to or defined within one side of the frame, and one or more ledges  1000  are added to the opposite side of the frame. The channel is intended to secure the backboard on the channel side of the device  100  without requiring an additional latching mechanism, therefore, clamp mechanisms  905  and clamp housings  910  may only be required on the side of the frame utilizing a ledge  1000 . 
         [0129]      FIG. 11  illustrates a conventional adult or pediatric backboard  1100  locked into place in the device  100 . To secure a pediatric patient that has been immobilized on the backboard  1100 , the medical technician slides one side of the backboard into the channel and rests the opposite side of the backboard on top of the ledge on the opposite side of the device. The clamping mechanism, seen at rest in  FIG. 10B , functions exactly as described previously in association with  FIGS. 9 ,  10   a  and  10   b . To release the backboard  1100  from the device  100 , the clamping mechanism  905  is released, as previously described, and returned to rest in its housing  910 . The technician lifts one side of the board  1100  slightly off the ledge  1000  and gently slides the other side of the board  1100  out of the channel  900 . The child may then be transferred to a waiting stretcher while still strapped to the backboard  1100 . 
         [0130]      FIG. 12 , which illustrates a further feature of the present invention, is a surface view of a disposable cushion  1200  for the device  100  for emergency transport of pediatric patients. Although there are multiple alternative implementations that may be utilized,  FIG. 12  illustrates a cushion  1200  made out of, for example, two individual surface layers of a paper-like or similar disposable material  1220  (e.g., upper nonwoven fabric layer, optional liquid impervious lower film layer, or a combination thereof) with a layered, compressible, absorbent, disposable material  1215  located in-between to provide additional absorbency capacity, padding and comfort for the pediatric patient. 
         [0131]    The cushion  1200  is preferably made to conform to the exact dimensions of the pad  360  located in the center of the device  100  for emergency transport of pediatric patients. There are preferably a number of first cut-out sections  1205  conforming to the number and dimension and alignment of the orifices  225  located on the pad where the harness restraint buckles  211  are inserted above the shoulders of the pediatric patient. Preferably, there is also a second central cut-out section  1225  located on the lower half of the cushion that conforms to the dimension and alignment of the location where the lower portion of the restraining harness  215  engages with the device  100 . Second cut-out section  1225  is preferably T-shaped to allow for quick and easy placement and alignment of the cushion  1200  on the device  100  by the medical technician. The cushion  1200  optionally also has a perforation  1210  running directly down its center from top to bottom to allow it to be quickly and easily “torn-off” should life-saving measures be required. 
         [0132]    Use of the cushion  1200  requires little to no expertise on the part of the medical technician. The medical technician either takes an individually packaged cushion or tears a cushion off of a roll comprising multiple cushions. The cushion is placed on the device  100  after it is secured to the stretcher, by grasping the bottom portion of the cushion  1200  and sliding the second cut-out section  1225  around the fixed portion of the restraining harness  215  that passes through the child&#39;s legs. The child is then placed in the device  100  on top of the cushion  1200  and the restraining belt assembly is secured over the shoulders of the child by passing the harness restraint buckles  211  through first cut-out sections  1205  of the cushion and locking them directly to the device  100 . Any bodily fluids secreted by the child during the transport may be captured by the cushion  1200 . Should life-saving measures be required en-route, the medical technician grasps both left and right sides of the cushion  1200  and pulls. The cushion  1200  is designed to tear easily along the perforation  1210 , leaving the child directly on the pad  360  where CPR and other life-saving procedures may be performed. Upon transfer of the child to a care facility, the cushion  1200  is disposed of with all other bio-related material. 
         [0133]      FIG. 13  illustrates another exemplary disposable cushion  1200  for the device  100  for emergency transport of pediatric patients. As in  FIG. 12 ,  FIG. 13  illustrates a cushion  1200  made out of, for example, two individual surface layers of a paper-like or similar disposable material  1220  (e.g., upper nonwoven fabric layer, optional liquid impervious lower film layer, or a combination thereof) with a layered, compressible, absorbent, disposable material  1215  located in-between to provide additional absorbency capacity, padding and comfort for the pediatric patient. 
         [0134]    In  FIG. 13 , cushion  1200  has a single T-shaped central cut-out section  1300  with two vertical cut-out sections  1305  (i.e., together forming an inverted goalpost configuration) aligning with the location of the orifices  225  located within upper frame section  110  (see,  FIG. 2A ) and within pad  360  (see  FIG. 3D ) where the harness restraint buckles  211  are inserted above the shoulders of the pediatric patient. Preferably, there is also a central cut-out section  1225  located on the lower half of cushion  1200  that conforms to the dimension and alignment of the location where the lower portion of the restraining harness  215  engages with the device  100 . Cut-out  1225  is preferably T-shaped to allow for quick and easy placement and alignment of the cushion  1200  on the device  100  by the medical technician. The cushion  1200  optionally also has a perforation  1210  running directly down its center from top to bottom to allow it to be quickly and easily “torn-off&#39; should life-saving measures be required. Like  FIG. 12 , use of the cushion  1200  in  FIG. 13  also requires little to no expertise on the part of the medical technician. 
         [0135]      FIG. 14A  illustrates an exemplary pad  360 , which functions as the receiving surface for the pediatric transport device  100 .  FIG. 14B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of exemplary pad  360  shown in  FIG. 14A . As discussed above, in one exemplary embodiment, exemplary pad  360  has minimal padding, and therefore should a medical technician need to perform life-saving procedures, they may do so directly on device  100  without removing the pediatric patient from the restraints. 
         [0136]      FIGS. 14C and 14D  respectively illustrate another exemplary pad  1400  and a cross- sectional view of exemplary pad  1400 . In this embodiment, exemplary pad  1400  comprises a relief (or indentation)  1405  that is formed within exemplary pad  1400  along a location in which a newborn&#39;s head would lay so as to provide additional support for the newborn&#39;s head. Use of exemplary pad  1400  requires no special training on the part of the medical technician, other than use of the restraining belt assembly  200  as described in  FIGS. 2A-2C  above. Exemplary pad  1400  may be stored within the pediatric transport device  100 , but can easily be removed for cleaning and replacement as needed by lifting exemplary pad  1400  out of the frame of device  100 . 
         [0137]      FIGS. 14E and 14F  together illustrate additional optional features of a given pad as shown in exemplary pad  1410 , wherein pad  1410  includes at least one heating and/or cooling element  1415  to enable a medical technician to begin cooling or warming a child while en-route to a hospital. Heating and/or cooling element  1415  may be in the form of (i) electrically conductive wires or (ii) tubular material operatively adapted for encasing a temperature- controlling fluid material (e.g., air, water, alcohol, etc.) (not shown). The enclosed thermal elements  1415  utilize electrical conversion (such as resistive heaters or thermoelectric coolers) or a fluid loop (recirculated, phase change, or both) to heat or cool the pad  1410 . 
         [0138]    In one embodiment shown in  FIG. 14E , a method would provide for the thermal elements  1415  to be connected via wires or tubes  1418  to an external controller unit  1419 , which may be housed separately from the pad. In an alternative embodiment shown in  FIG. 14F , a method would provide for the thermal elements  1415  to be connected to an enclosed control unit  1425  that is wirelessly controlled and inductively powered by a remote unit  1428 . This method requires no wires or tubes external to the pad  1420 . 
         [0139]    Each of the devices  100  of the present invention, along with its disposable cushion  1200 , provides a more effective, more sanitary, more comfortable and safer device to transport and treat children than conventional devices currently available. It operates efficiently using multiple single-action components. The device  100  also adapts to stretchers of various rail types. The design of the device facilitates the administration of various types of medical procedures, including CPR, with a child in the device. It adapts to children of various size using the restraining belt assembly  200 . It facilitates the more effective treatment of a critically injured child immobilized on a backboard, as it ensures rapid access to pediatric supplies and accurate weight measurement. As a whole, medical personnel using any of the embodiments of the device  100  for emergency transport of pediatric patients and its disposable cushion  1200  are able to operate more efficiently and focus primarily on treatment instead of transport. 
         [0140]    It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure that numerous variations from the foregoing illustration will be possible without departing from the inventive concept described therein. Accordingly, it is the claims set forth below, and not merely the foregoing illustration, which are intended to define the exclusive rights of the invention.