Abstract:
Hot gas filtration fabrics for bag filters can be made using fibers that include high silica fibers and at least one FR fiber. The fabrics can be made using these fibers by needling and/or water jet entanglement. The fabrics may be treated with binders with or without additives to enhance mechanical properties or to impart other characteristics such as gas adsorption. Certain non-woven fabrics made according to the invention have improved high temperatures filtration capabilities and mechanical properties.

Description:
STATEMENT REGARDING RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/808,747, filed on May 26, 2006, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. This application is also related to PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2005/043173, filed on Nov. 30, 2005, the entire contents of which is also hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The invention generally relates to filters. More specifically, the invention relates to non-woven filters that are flame resistant and that can be manufactured from a blend of fibers comprising amorphous silica fibers and at least one flame resistant (FR) fiber. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Filtration of fluids such as gases is often performed to remove particulate or disparate impurities from the gas stream in order to limit harmful emission of the impurities into the environment, or circulation back into the associated process. It is ordinarily desirable to maximize the surface area available for filtration so as to remove large amounts of undesirable contaminants from the fluid stream, while maintaining the operating pressure differential induced by the filter as low as possible to achieve long service life and minimize surface strain. 
         [0004]    In one form of filtration that is typically referred to as interception the filter media functions in the nature of a sieve that mechanically entraps particles larger than the pore size inherent to the media. Larger particles are removed from the fluid stream by the openings in the filter media, with particles building on top of one another to create a filter cake that removes successively smaller particles. 
         [0005]    More specifically, in a so-called “baghouse filter”, particulate material is removed from a gaseous stream as the stream is directed through the filter media. In a typical application, the filter media has a generally sleeve-like tubular configuration, with gas flow arranged so as to deposit the particles being filtered on the exterior of the sleeve. In this type of application, the filter media is periodically cleaned by subjecting the media to a pulsed reverse-flow, which acts to dislodge the filtered particulate material from the exterior of the sleeve for collection in the lower portion of the baghouse filter structure. U.S. Pat. No. 4,983,434, hereby incorporated by reference, illustrates a baghouse filter structure and a prior art filter laminate. 
         [0006]    The most commonly used fibers for hot gas filtration are polyethylene terephthalate (PET), acrylics, meta-aramids, polyimides, polyphenylene sulphide, and glass, which are normally used as fiber mixtures. U.S. Pat. No. 4,295,868 describes a silicic acid glass fiber-based fabric coated with metal oxides to improve fiber strength. The patent mentions that glass fibers containing 95% or more SiO 2  are considered to be too brittle to be used as filters. WO 86/00570 describes a layered filter fabric containing a separate glass layer and one or more organic fiber layers. The glass fiber used could be made out of C-glass, E-glass, or S-Glass. WO 87/01655 describes a filter medium containing a layer of high temperature fibers such as glass, attached to a fabric made of high temperature fiber such as glass, so as to achieve good flex resistance. The following patent documents describe use of glass fibers without defining the type of glass used in making the fibers: U.S. Pat. No. 5,713,972, U.S. Pat. No. 6,340,379, WO 03/095067, WO 99/47236, U.S. Pat. Applications 2002/0023874, 2002/0023419, 2003/0101866, 2004/0163540. 
         [0007]    Several patents describe attempts to increase the pollutant adsorption capacity of fibers either by inclusion of absorbants such as activated carbon, zeolites or making the fiber itself porous. Thus, U.S. Pat. Application 2004/0163540, and WO 03/090900, describe use of activated carbon or zeolites, while U.S. Pat. Application 2004/0197552 describes making silica fiber based fabric and treating with a mineral mixture to generate pores on the fiber surface. 
         [0008]    Fabrics with improved high temperature filtration capabilities and mechanical properties are needed. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    It has surprisingly been discovered that silica fibers can be blended with conventional fibers used in bag house filters, using non-woven fabrication techniques, to produce improved filter fabrics with increase heat resistance, and lower cost in many instances. Based on these discoveries, in one exemplary embodiment, the invention can provide a non-woven filter media, or a baghouse filter made from the filter media, that comprises silica fibers. The filter media can be preferably manufactured using conventional needle punch technology, and is preferably reinforced through the use of an inner, woven scrim. The non-woven fabric can be flame resistant and it can be manufactured from a blend of fibers comprising amorphous silica fibers; and at least one fiber consisting of a flame resistant (FR) fiber. 
         [0010]    The non-woven fabric may have (1) a sufficient mechanical strength to withstand pressures developed during use and multiple cycles of flexing, (2) a resistance toward harsh chemicals for long periods of time, (3) an ability to be unaffected by continuous operating temperatures as high as 482° C. (900° F.), (4) a resistance toward hot sparks, (5) less than about 1% shrinkage at use temperature, (6) a high filtration efficiency, and (7) a resistance to being attacked by microorganisms. 
         [0011]    The non-woven fabric can comprise from about 20 to about 80 wt. % of silica fibers, and from about 20 to about 80 wt. % of one or more FR fibers selected from modacrylics, polyester with phosphalane, melamines, meta aramids, para aramids, polybenzimidazole, polyimides, polyamideimides, partially oxidized polyacrylonitriles, novoloids, poly(p phenylene benzobisoxazoles), poly(p phenylenebenzothiazoles), polyphenylene sulfides, flame retardant viscose rayons; viscose rayon containing aluminosilicate-modified silica, cellulosics, polyetheretherketones, polyketones, polyetherimides, natural or synthetic fibers coated with an FR resin, or mixtures thereof. 
         [0012]    Other exemplary embodiments of the invention pertain to the use of these fabrics/filters in highly demanding industrial filtering applications, including, but not limited to, pulse jet and reverse jet filtration systems used in the asphalt, cement, industrial boiler and furnace, power generation, and waste incineration markets. Therefore, in still another exemplary embodiment the invention provides a method of filtering particles from fluid comprising: (a) providing a filter that comprises silica fibers; and (b) flowing the fluid through the filter under negative or positive pressure so that the particles become blocked or stopped by the fabric made by the silica fibers. 
         [0013]    Additional advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0014]    The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrates several exemplary embodiments of the invention and together with the description, serves to explain the principles of the invention. 
           [0015]      FIG. 1  is an exemplary diagrammatic view of a pulsed reverse flow baghouse filter arrangement for which filter media of the invention is particularly well suited according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
           [0016]      FIG. 2  illustrates further details of the exemplary filter media illustrated in  FIG. 1  according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
           [0017]      FIG. 3  illustrates potential filter applications for the inventive filter material according to exemplary embodiments of the invention. 
           [0018]      FIG. 4  illustrates a method of filtering particles from a fluid, such as a hot gas as illustrated in  FIG. 1  according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0019]    The fabrics of the invention are made by using silica fibers having a high content of silica and preferably at least flame retardant/resistant (FR) thermoplastic polymeric fiber (FR fiber), each as defined below. 
         [0020]    Flame resistance is defined by ASTM as “the property of a material whereby flaming combustion is prevented, terminated, or inhibited following application of a flaming or non-flaming source of ignition, with or without the subsequent removal of the ignition source.” The material that is flame resistant may be a polymer, fiber, or fabric. A flame retardant is defined by ASTM as “a chemical used to impart flame resistance.” 
         [0021]    The weight percent of silica fiber in the non-woven material of the invention suitably is at least about 5, 10, 20, 30 or 40 wt. %, and less than about 95, 90, 80, 70 or 60 wt. % of the material. Similarly, the weight percent of FR fiber in the material suitably is at least about 5, 10, 20, 30 or 40 wt. %, and less than about 95, 90, 80, 70 or 60 wt. % of the material. In preferred, yet exemplary embodiments, the material comprises: 
         [0022]    from about 20 to about 70 wt. % silica fiber and from about 30 to about 80 wt. % FR fiber; 
         [0023]    from about 30 to about 65 wt. % silica fiber and from about 35 to about 70 wt. % FR fiber; or 
         [0024]    from about 40 to about 60 wt. % silica fiber and from about 40 to about 60 wt. % FR fiber. 
         [0025]    According to one exemplary embodiment, the non-woven filter media can comprise from about 5 to about 95 wt. % of silica fibers, and from about 5 to about 95 wt. % of one or more FR fibers. Further, according to another exemplary embodiment, the non-woven filter media can further comprise two peripheral layers and an inner layer, wherein the inner layer comprises a scrim, and the peripheral layers comprise uniformly blended silica fibers and FR fibers. 
         [0026]    According to another exemplary embodiment, the non-woven filter media can comprise from about 20 to about 80 wt. % of silica fibers, and from about 20 to about 80 wt. % of one or more FR fibers selected from modacrylics, polyester with phosphalane, melamines, meta aramids, para aramids, polybenzimidazole, polyimides, polyamideimides, partially oxidized polyacrylonitriles, novoloids, poly(p phenylene benzobisoxazoles), poly(p phenylenebenzothiazoles), polyphenylene sulfides, flame retardant viscose rayons; viscose rayon containing aluminosilicate-modified silica, cellulosics, polyetheretherketones, polyketones, polyetherimides, natural or synthetic fibers coated with an FR resin, or mixtures thereof. 
         [0027]    According to another exemplary embodiment, the non-woven filter media is manufactured from a blend of fibers comprising amorphous silica fibers and flame resistant (FR) fibers. The blend can comprise from about 5 to about 65 weight percent amorphous silica fibers and from about 35 to about 95 weight percent of one or more FR fibers. 
         [0028]    In a particularly preferred exemplary embodiment, the fabric is produced in a needle punching operation from a plurality of carded stacks of fiber. Each carded stack may contain only one particular fiber, or a particular blend of fibers, but in a preferred exemplary embodiment each carded stack contains all of the fibers in the material uniformly blended in each carded stack. In one exemplary embodiment, there are at least two stacks of fiber separated by a woven scrim, which becomes bound to the stacks in the needle punching operation. The woven scrim can be any made of any material that can withstand the physical demands required of the material, such as fiber glass, and is preferably about 2.5 osy (ounces per square yard) in weight. 
       Description of High Silica Fibers 
       [0029]    Practice of the invention includes a fiber blend comprising amorphous silica fibers and at least one type of FR fiber. As will be explained in greater detail herein, the fiber blend can then be used to form fabrics, both non-wovens and woven fabrics, for a variety of uses. According to one exemplary embodiment, filters for lodging particulate matter are made from non-woven fabrics with the described fiber blend. 
         [0030]    Generally, any amorphous silica fiber that improves the char strength when added to a fiber blend may be used. The term “silica” refers to silicon dioxide which occurs naturally in a variety of crystalline and amorphous forms. Silica is considered to be crystalline when the basic structure of the molecule (silicon tetrahedra arranged such that each oxygen atom is common to two tetrahedral) is repeated and symmetrical. Silica is considered to be amorphous if the molecule lacks crystalline structure. The SiO2 molecule is randomly linked, forming no repeating pattern. Crystalline silica is not desired because of the associated health effects related to fragmentation of its brittle crystalline structure into fragments of respirable size. 
         [0031]    The amorphous silica fiber is a high-content silica fiber having a silica (SiO2) content of at least about 90 percent by weight, based upon the total weight of the high silica fiber. In one or more exemplary embodiments, the silica fibers have a silica content of at least about 65%, 70%, 75%, 85%, 90%, 95% or even 95% by weight. For example, the high silica fibers may contain about 98% by weight silica, with the balance predominantly containing alumina. In certain exemplary embodiments, the amount of halogen in the high silica fiber is less than about 120 parts per million by weight. 
         [0032]    According to one exemplary embodiment, a non-woven filter media comprises silica fibers that have at least about 70% by weight silica. This silica can be amorphous silica According to another exemplary embodiment, a non-woven filter media has silica fibers that comprise at least about 85% by weight amorphous silica. 
         [0033]    Preferably, in most exemplary embodiments, the silica fibers are substantially amorphous. While the fibers may contain some crystalline material, a substantial amount of crystallinity is not preferred. Suitable silica fiber is commercially available, for example from Polotsk-Steklovolokno, Belarus, through their U.S. agent, TMS in Sparks, Nev. 
         [0034]    In one exemplary embodiment, the starting material composition for the high silica fibers is: 72-77% SiO 2 , 2.5% B, 3.5% Al 2 O 3 , 20-25% Na 2 O, 0.01-1.0% CoO and 0.01-0.5% SO 3 , all percents by weight, based upon the total weight of the composition. The composition is melted at 1480±10° C. and a continuous fiber is formed. This fiber is then leached using hot sulphuric acid having a concentration of 2N at a temperature of 98±2° C. with a dwell time of 60 minutes. The fiber is then rinsed with tap water until the pH is about 3-5. In this exemplary embodiment, the resulting fiber has SiO 2  content of from about 95-99%± 1  by weight, the remainder is predominantly Al 2 O 3 . 
         [0035]    A high silica glass composition and process for making high silica fibers is described in Russian Pat. No. 2,165,393 (the &#39;393 patent), which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. The high silica fibers of the &#39;393 patent are described as having a lower coefficient of variation in the strength of the basic filaments, which gives the possibility to stabilize the strength characteristics of the resultant fiber, especially during use at high temperature. The following description of high silica fibers is taken from the &#39;393 patent for exemplary purposes only and should not be construed to limit the invention. 
         [0036]    In one or more exemplary embodiments, the glass composition, which includes SiO 2 , Al 2  O 3  and Na 2 O, also includes CoO and SO 3  in the following proportions (percent mass): 
         [0037]    Al 2 O 3 : 2.5-3.5 
         [0038]    Na 2 O: 20-25 
         [0039]    CoO: 0.01-1.0 
         [0040]    SO 3 : 0.01-1.0 
         [0041]    SiO 2 : remaining 
         [0042]    The glass may contain at least one oxide from the group CaO, MgO, ZrO 2 , TiO 2 , Fe 2 O 3  in the following quantities (percent mass): 
         [0043]    CaO: 0.01-0.5 
         [0044]    MgO: 0.01-0.5 
         [0045]    TiO 2 : 0.01-0.1 
         [0046]    Fe 2 O 3 : 0.01-0.5 
         [0047]    ZrO 2 : 0.01-0.5 
         [0048]    In another exemplary embodiment, the high-temperature silica fiber which, in addition to SiO 2  and Al 2 O 3 , also includes CoO and SO 3  in the following proportions (percent mass): 
         [0049]    SiO 2 : 94-96 
         [0050]    Al 2 O 3 : 3-4 
         [0051]    Na 2 O: 0.01-1.0 
         [0052]    CoO: 0.01-1.0 
         [0053]    SO 3 : 0.01-1.0 
         [0054]    The silica fiber may also contain at least one oxide from the group CaO, MgO, TiO 2 , Fe 2  O 3 , ZrO 2  in the following quantities (percent mass): 
         [0055]    CaO: 0.01-0.5 
         [0056]    MgO: 0.01-0.5 
         [0057]    TiO 2 : 0.01-0.1 
         [0058]    Fe 2 O 3 : 0.01-0.5 
         [0059]    ZrO 2 : 0.01-0.5 
         [0060]    In one exemplary embodiment, the silica fibers are substantially free of any metal oxide coating. The diameter of the silica fibers may range from about 5.6 microns to about 12.6 microns and, in one exemplary embodiment, the diameter is about 8 microns. Length of the silica fibers may range from about 50 millimeters to about 125 millimeters and, in one exemplary embodiment, the length is about 75 millimeters, (shorter and longer fibers are available by adjusting the cut length of the fiber, but are usually not practical for needle-punch applications). 
       Preparation of Glass Fibers 
       [0061]    The preparation of glass fibers according to the aforementioned Russian patent, No. 2,165,393, Examples 1-3, is set forth as follows: To produce continuous filament glass fiber of the proposed composition, prepare a vessel containing (percent mass) SiO 2 : 72.39, Al 2 O 3 : 2.5, Na 2 O: 25, CoO: 0.01, SO 3 : 0.1. Load the vessel into a furnace and melt at a temperature of 1480±10° C. From the molten glass mass, a continuous glass fiber is formed with a diameter of 6-9 microns at a temperature of 1260±50° C. using 400-hole glass-forming aggregates. The resultant fiber has a strength of 1030 Mpa and surface tension of 0.318H/m. 
         [0062]    Leaching takes place using a hot sulfuric acid solution concentration 2N (about 10%) at a temperature of 98±2° C. Contact time for the fiber in the solution is 60 minutes. Wash away the leaching solution, reaction products, and sizing remains from the leached fiber with tap water until the pH is at 3-5. Final washing of the fiber is done with deionized water and simultaneous dehydration. 
         [0063]    The preparation of the glass composition, its processing and leaching for examples 2 and 3 are analogous to example 1. Tables 1 and 2 present the glass composition, characteristics of the molten product, characteristics of processing, and the characteristics of the glass and silica fibers. Table 3 provides strength characteristics of the silica materials after exposure to 1000° C. 
         [0064]    Tables 1 through 3 also provide data confirming that the introduction of cobalt and SO 3  into the glass composition increases the heterogeneity of the glass mass, lowers its surface tension, decreases the fragility of the fiber during processing and also increases the stability of the technical characteristics of the silica fiber and resultant materials based on this fiber. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Glass Composition 
                 Silica Composition 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Component 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 SiO 2   
                 72.39 
                 73.0 
                 76.94 
                 95.65 
                 93.87 
                 96.58 
               
               
                 Al 2 O 3   
                 2.5 
                 3.5 
                 3.0 
                 2.8 
                 3.9 
                 3.2 
               
               
                 Na 2 O 
                 25 
                 22 
                 20 
                 0.32 
                 0.23 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 CoO 
                 0.01 
                 1.0 
                 0.05 
                 0.03 
                 1.3 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 SO 3   
                 0.1 
                 0.5 
                 0.01 
                 1.2 
                 0.7 
                 0.02 
               
               
                 Surface 
                 0.318 
                 0.27 
                 0.29 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 tension of 
               
               
                 molten glass 
               
               
                 N/m* 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Surface tension of molten glass taken as a prototype is 0.228 N/m. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Composition No. 
                 Proto- 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 type 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Precursor Glass fiber 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Strength, Mpa 
                 1030 
                 1150 
                 1220 
                 1020 
               
               
                 Coefficient of strength variation, % 
                 12.2 
                 10.6 
                 9.2 
                 14.7 
               
               
                 Coefficient of useful work (CUW) 
                 0.75 
                 0.72 
                 0.78 
                 0.68 
               
               
                 for crucible during glass 
               
               
                 production 
               
               
                 Silica Fiber 
               
               
                 Strength, Mpa 
                 800 
                 860 
                 925 
                 750 
               
               
                 Coefficient of strength variation, % 
                 12.4 
                 11.7 
                 9.6 
                 15.9 
               
               
                 Silica Fabric 
               
               
                 Breaking Load, N 
                 274 
                 305 
                 338 
                 — 
               
               
                 Coefficient of strength variation, % 
                 13.9 
                 12.4 
                 10.1 
                 — 
               
               
                 Silica Yarn 
               
               
                 Breaking Load, N 
                 61 
                 69 
                 73 
                 — 
               
               
                 Coefficient of breaking load 
                 14.8 
                 12.6 
                 10.9 
                 — 
               
               
                 variation, % 
               
               
                 Silica Tape 
               
               
                 Breaking Load, N 
                 1700 
                 1920 
                 2150 
                 — 
               
               
                 Coefficient of breaking load 
                 13.2 
                 12.7 
                 10.3 
                 — 
               
               
                 variation, % 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Breaking Load Silica Material after Heat Processing at 1000° C. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Composition No. 
                 Silica Fabric 
                 Silica Yarn 
                 Silica Tape 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 174 
                 12.1 
                 142 
               
               
                 2 
                 207 
                 14.3 
                 157 
               
               
                 3 
                 254 
                 18.1 
                 164 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0065]    Tables 4 and 5 below shows various glass fiber compositions from which it can be seen that the silica fibers taught by the Russian Pat. No. 2,165,393 differ from all other glass fiber types by the presence of trace amounts of CoO and SO 3 . 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Glass Type 
                 Country 
                 Org. 
                 SiO 2   
                 Al 2 O 3   
                 B 2 O 3   
                 CaO 
                 MgO 
                 TiO 2   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TYPE A 
               
               
                 Glass A 
                 US 
                   
                 71.8 
                 1.0 
                   
                  8.8 
                 3.8 
               
               
                 Neutral 
                 USSR 
                 GIS 
                 71.0 
                 3.0 
                   
                  8.5 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 No. 65 
                 USSR 
                 VNIISV 
                 60.0 
                 3.0 
                   
                  8.0 
                 3.0 
               
               
                 No. 70 
                 USSR 
                 VNIISV 
                 69.0 
                 3.0 
                   
                  8.0 
                 3.0 
               
               
                 TYPE E 
               
               
                 Std, Alkali Free 
                 USSR 
                 VNIISV 
                 54.0 
                 14.5  
                 10.0  
                 16.5 
                 4.0 
               
               
                 with 10% B2O3 
               
               
                 Alkali free with 
                 USSR 
                 VNIISV 
                 54.0 
                 14.5  
                 8.0 
                 18.0 
                 4.5 
               
               
                 8% B2O3 
               
               
                 T-273A 
                 USSR 
                 VNIISPV 
                 55.5 
                 16.0  
                   
                 14.0 
                 8.0 
                 6.0 
               
               
                 No. 2334961 
                 US 
                 Owens 
                 52-56 
                 12.0-16.0 
                   
                 16.0-19.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Corning 
               
               
                 No. 621 
                 US 
                 Owens 
                 52-56 
                 12.0-16.0 
                  8.0-13.0 
                 19.0-25.0 
               
               
                 No. 2571074 
                   
                 Corning 
               
               
                 No. 4542106 
                 US 
                 PPG 
                 58-60 
                 11.0-13.0 
                   
                 21.0-23.0 
                 1.0-4.0 
                 1.0-5.0   
               
               
                 No. 3037136 
                 JAPAN 
                 NIPPON 
                 54-57 
                 13.0-16.0 
                   
                 21.0-23.0 
                 0.6-3.0 
                 0-1.0 
               
               
                 ECRGLAS 
                 US 
                 Owens 
                 54-65 
                  9.0-15.0 
                   
                 17.0-25.0 
                   0-4.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Corning 
               
               
                 Advantex, 
                 US 
                 Owens 
                 59.9 
                 13.5  
                   
                 22.3 
                 3.2 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 No. 5789329 
                   
                 Corning 
               
               
                 TYPE C 
               
               
                 No. 2308857 
                 US 
                 Owens 
                 65.0 
                 3.8 
                 5.5 
                 13.7 
                 2.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Corning 
               
               
                 No. 4628038 
                 US 
                 Owens 
                 53.3 
                 16.0  
                 3.0 
                 15.8 
                 2.5 
                 0-2.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Corning 
               
               
                 No. 7, 
                 USSR 
                 VNIISV 
                 64.0 
                 5.5 
                   
                 12.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 No. 289991 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 BaO 
               
               
                 No. 7-A, 
                 USSR 
                 VNIISPV 
                 64.0 
                 4.5 
                   
                 12.0 
                 12.0  
                 0.2 
               
               
                 No. 787382 
               
               
                 TYPE D 
               
               
                 D (US) 
                 US 
                   
                 75.5 
                 0.5 
                 20.0  
                  0.5 
               
               
                 D-4.5 
                 USSR 
                 VNIISPV 
                 51-71 
                 1.0-5.0 
                 25.0-45.0 
               
               
                 No. 63002831 
                 JAPAN 
                 Nippon 
                 70-80 
                   
                 15.0-21.5 
               
               
                 No. 8333137 
                 JAPAN 
                 Nitto- 
                 50-60 
                 10.0-20.0 
                 20.0-30.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 boseki 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Na 2 O + 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Glass Type 
                 ZrO 2   
                 ZnO 
                 K 2 O 
                 Fe 2 O 3   
                 F 2   
                 CoO 
                 SO 3   
                 B 
                 CuO 
                 Ni 2 O 3   
                 CrO 3   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TYPE A 
               
               
                 Glass A 
                   
                   
                 14.2 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Neutral 
                   
                   
                 15.0 
               
               
                 No. 65 
                 6.0 
                   
                 12.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 No. 70 
                 1.0 
                   
                 14.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 TYPE E 
               
               
                 Std, Alkali Free 
                   
                   
                 0-1.0 
                 0.5 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 with 10% B2O3 
               
               
                 Alkali free with 
                   
                   
                 0-1.0 
                 0.5 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 8% B2O3 
               
               
                 T-273A 
                   
                   
                 0-1.0 
                 0.5 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 No. 2334961 
               
               
                 No. 621 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 UP 
               
               
                 No. 2571074 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 TO 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3.0 
               
               
                 No. 4542106 
                   
                   
                 0-1.0 
               
               
                 No. 3037136 
                   
                   
                 0-1.0 
                 0-1.0 
               
               
                 ECRGLAS 
                   
                 2.5-5.0 
                 0-1.0 
               
               
                 Advantex, 
                   
                   
                  0.3 
                 0-1.0 
               
               
                 No. 5789329 
               
               
                 TYPE C 
               
               
                 No. 2308857 
                   
                   
                  8.5 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 No. 4628038 
                   
                   
                  7.0 
                 0-2.0 
               
               
                 No. 7, 
                 2.0 
                 1.7 
                  9.5 
                   
                 0.3 
               
               
                 No. 289991 
                   
                 Mn 3 O 4   
               
               
                 No. 7-A, 
                 4.2 
                   
                 11.5 
                   
                 0.3 
               
               
                 No. 787382 
               
               
                 TYPE D 
               
               
                 D (US) 
                   
                   
                  3.0 
               
               
                 D-4.5 
               
               
                 No. 63002831 
                   
                   
                 2.0-5.0   
               
               
                 No. 8333137 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Glass Type 
                 Country 
                 Org. 
                 SiO 2   
                 Al 2 O 3   
                 B 2 O 3   
                 CaO 
                 MgO 
                 TiO 2   
                 ZrO 2   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TYPE S 
               
               
                 No. 
                 US 
                 Owens 
                 55.0-79.9 
                 12.6-32.0 
                   
                   
                 4.0-20.0 
               
               
                 3402055 
                   
                 Corning 
               
               
                 No. 
                 US 
                 PPG 
                 54.0-62.0 
                 20.0-27.0 
                   
                   
                   
                 10.0 
               
               
                 3459568 
                   
                 Industries 
               
               
                 R. No. 
                 FRANCE 
                 VETROTEX 
                 55.0-65.0 
                 20.0-30.0 
                   
                 5.0-20.0 
                 2.0-10.0 
               
               
                 1435073 
               
               
                 No. 
                 JAPAN 
                 Nitto- 
                 60.0-70.0 
                 17.0-27.0 
                   
                   
                 7.0-17.0 
               
               
                 11021147 
                   
                 Boseki 
               
               
                 VMP 
                 USSR 
                 VNIISPV 
                 58.0-73.0 
                 15.0-25.0 
                   
                   
                 4.0-15.0 
                 0.3-2.8 
                 0.3-0.7 
               
               
                 VM-1 
                 USSR 
                 VNIISPV 
                 55.0-57.0 
                 24.0-26.0 
                   
                   
                 14.0-16.0  
                 1.3-2.7 
               
               
                 No. 
                 USSR 
                 Steklopl 
                 57.0-60.0 
                 20.0-27.0 
                   
                   
                 10.0-16.  
                 0.2-0.7 
                   0-0.2 
               
               
                 2129102 
                   
                 Astic co. 
               
               
                 Alkali-Res. 
               
               
                 Cemfil, 
                 UK 
                 Pilkington 
                 71.0 
                 1.0 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 16.0 
               
               
                 No. 1243972 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 AR. No. 
                 JAPAN 
                 Kanebo 
                 60.7 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 21.5 
               
               
                 5307116 
                   
                 LTD. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sheh-15Zh, 
                 USSR 
                 GIS 
                 65.8 
                 5.6 
                   
                 7.4 
                   
                   
                 7.4 
               
               
                 Inventors 
               
               
                 Certificate 
               
               
                 No. 451652 
               
               
                 Sheh-15Zh, 
                 USSR 
                 GIS 
                 63.0 
                 4.1 
                   
                 9.2 
                 0.3  
                 6.2 
                 3.5 
               
               
                 Inventors 
               
               
                 Certificate 
               
               
                 No. 874689 
               
               
                 No. 
                 USSR 
                 D.i.medel 
                 50.6-60.0 
                 12.0-23.0 
                   
                 5.0-14.0 
                 0.5-11.0 
                   
                 0.1-0.5 
               
               
                 2083516 
                   
                 EEV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RkhTU 
               
               
                 Hi Silica 
               
               
                 Russian 
                 USSR 
                 Npob 
                 72.0-77.0 
                 2.5-3.5 
               
               
                 patent 
                   
                 StekloplAstik 
               
               
                 2165393- 
                   
                 Aoot 
               
               
                 Precursor 
               
               
                 Glass 
               
               
                 Russian 
                 USSR 
                 Npob 
                 94.0-97.0 
                 2.8-3.9 
               
               
                 patent 
                   
                 Steklopl 
               
               
                 2165393- 
                   
                 Astik 
               
               
                 Silica 
                   
                 Aoot 
               
               
                 Fiber after 
               
               
                 leaching 
               
               
                 precursor 
               
               
                 Q-Fiber 
                 US 
                 Johns 
                  99.68 
                  0.13 
                   
                 0.3 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Manville 
               
               
                 OMNISIL 
                 USSR 
                 Polotsk- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 steklov 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Olokno 
               
               
                 REFRASIL 
                 US 
                 HITCO 
                 98.8 
                  0.16 
                 0.29 
                  0.044 
                  0.0041 
                 0.47 
                 0.024 
               
               
                 AMISIL 
                 US 
                 Auburn 
                 97.9 
                  0.71 
                 0.16 
                  0.23 
                 0.17 
                 0.8 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Manufacturing 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Na 2 O + 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Glass Type 
                 ZnO 
                 K 2 O 
                 Fe 2 O 3   
                 F 2   
                 CoO 
                 SO 3   
                 B 
                 CuO 
                 Ni 2 O 3   
                 CrO 3   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TYPE S 
               
               
                   
                 No. 
               
               
                   
                 3402055 
               
               
                   
                 No. 
                   
                   0-2.0 
               
               
                   
                 3459568 
                   
                 LiO2 
               
               
                   
                 R. No. 
               
               
                   
                 1435073 
               
               
                   
                 No. 
                   
                   
                 0.1-0.5 
               
               
                   
                 11021147 
               
               
                   
                 VMP 
                   
                   
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 VM-1 
               
               
                   
                 No. 
                   
                 0.1-0.4 
                 0.1-0.6 
               
               
                   
                 2129102 
               
               
                   
                 Alkali-Res. 
               
               
                   
                 Cemfil, 
                  1.0 
                 11.0  
               
               
                   
                 No. 1243972 
                 Li2O 
               
               
                   
                 AR. No. 
                 16.5 
                 1.3 
               
               
                   
                 5307116 
                   
                 Li2O 
               
               
                   
                 Sheh-15Zh, 
                   
                 9.0 
                 4.7 
               
               
                   
                 Inventors 
               
               
                   
                 Certificate 
               
               
                   
                 No. 451652 
               
               
                   
                 Sheh-15Zh, 
                   
                 8.3 
                 4.7 
               
               
                   
                 Inventors 
               
               
                   
                 Certificate 
               
               
                   
                 No. 874689 
               
               
                   
                 No. 
                   
                 12.5-19.0 
               
               
                   
                 2083516 
               
               
                   
                 Hi Silica 
               
               
                   
                 Russian 
                   
                 20.0-25.0 
                   
                   
                  0.1-1.0 
                 0.01-0.5 
               
               
                   
                 patent 
                   
                 Na2O 
               
               
                   
                 2165393- 
               
               
                   
                 Precursor 
               
               
                   
                 Glass 
               
               
                   
                 Russian 
                   
                 0.12-0.32 
                   
                   
                 0.03-1.3 
                 0.02-1.2 
               
               
                   
                 patent 
                   
                 Na2O 
               
               
                   
                 2165393- 
               
               
                   
                 Silica 
               
               
                   
                 Fiber after 
               
               
                   
                 leaching 
               
               
                   
                 precursor 
               
               
                   
                 Q-Fiber 
                   
                  0.03 
                  0.04 
                   
                   
                   
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
                 OMNISIL 
               
               
                   
                 REFRASIL 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0004 
                   
                 0.0046 
               
               
                   
                 AMISIL 
                   
                  0.03 
                  0.01 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 &lt;0.01 
                 &lt;0.01 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       FR Fibers 
       [0066]    Having discussed the amorphous silica component of the invention, the additive fibers will be discussed next. In the following discussion, use of the term “silica fiber” shall be understood to mean those fibers containing amorphous (as opposed to crystalline) silica. 
         [0067]    The amount of silica fiber in the fiber blend of amorphous silica and FR fibers can vary, depending upon the FR fibers used. In one exemplary embodiment, the amount of silica fiber in the blend is from about 5 to about 65 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the blend. In another exemplary embodiment, the amount of silica fiber in the blend is from about 15 to about 50 weight percent. In another exemplary embodiment, the amount of silica fiber in the blend is from about 20 to about 30 weight percent. The remaining fibers in the blend include the necessary amount of non-amorphous fibers, namely the FR fibers, to equal 100 weight percent. 
         [0068]    In other words, the fabric of the invention also typically includes at least one flame retardant or flame resistant (FR) fiber and the term FR, as used herein includes both types. Various FR fibers are known in the art. The FR fibers employed in the fabrics of the invention may be an inherent flame resistant fiber or a fiber (natural or synthetic) that is coated with an FR resin. The inherent flame resistant fibers are not coated, but have an FR component incorporated within the structural chemistry of the fiber. The term FR fiber, as used herein, includes both the inherent flame resistant and flame retardant fibers as well as fibers that are not inherently flame resistant or flame retardant, but are coated with FR resins. Accordingly, by way of example, a polypropylene fiber coated with an FR resin would be an FR polypropylene fiber.® 
         [0069]    Examples of inherently flame resistant fibers include polymer fibers having a phosphorus-containing group, an amine, a modified aluminosilicate, or a halogen-containing group. Specific examples of inherently flame-retardant fibers include melamines, meta-aramids, para-aramids, polybenzimidazole, polyimides, aromatic polyimides, polyamideimides, partially oxidized polyacrylonitriles, novoloids, poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazoles), poly (p-phenylenebenzothiazoles), polyphenylene sulfides, flame retardant viscose rayons; (e.g., a viscose rayon based fiber containing 30% aluminosilicate modified silica, SiO 2 +Al 2 O 3 ), polyetheretherketones, polyketones, polyetherimides, and combinations thereof). 
         [0070]    Melamines include those sold under the tradenames Basofil by McKinnon-Land-Moran LLC. Meta-aramids include poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide), for example sold under the tradenames NOMEX® by E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co., TEIJINCONEX® and CONEX® by Teijin Limited and FENYLENEL® by Russian State Complex. Para-aramids include poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide), for example sold under the tradename KEVLAR® by E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co., and poly(diphenylether para-aramid), for example sold under the tradename TECHNORA® by Teijin Limited, and under the tradenames TWARON® by Acordis and FENYLENE ST® (Russian State Complex). 
         [0071]    Polybenzimidazole is sold under the tradename PBI by Hoechst Celanese Acetate LLC. Polyimides include those sold under the tradenames P-84® by Inspec Fibers and KAPTON® by E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co. Polyamideimides include for example those sold under the tradename KERMEL® by Rhone-Poulenc. Partially oxidized polyacrylonitriles include, for example, those sold under the tradenames FORTAFIL OPF® by Fortafil Fibers Inc., AVOX® by Textron Inc., PYRON® by Zoltek Corp., PANOX® by SGL Technik, THORNEL® by American Fibers and Fabrics and PYROMEX® by Toho Rayon Corp. 
         [0072]    Novoloids include, for example, phenol-formaldehyde novolac, such as that sold under the tradename KYNOL® by Gun Ei Chemical Industry Co. Poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO) is sold under the tradename ZYLON® by Toyobo Co. Poly(p-phenylene benzothiazole) is also known as PBT. Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) includes those sold under the tradenames RYTON® by American Fibers and Fabrics, TORAY PPS® by Toray Industries Inc., FORTRON® by Kureha Chemical Industry Co. and PROCON® by Toyobo Co. 
         [0073]    Flame retardant viscose rayons include, for example, those sold under the tradenames LENZING FR® by Lenzing A. G. and VISIL® by Sateri Oy Finland. Polyetheretherketones (PEEK) include, for example, that sold under the tradename ZYEX® by Zyex Ltd. Polyketones (PEK) include, for example, that sold under the tradename ULTRAPEK® by BASF. Polyetherimides (PEI) include, for example, that sold under the tradename ULTEM® by General Electric Co. 
         [0074]    Modacrylic fibers are made from copolymers of acrylonitrile and other materials such as vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride or vinyl bromide. Flame retardant materials such as antimony oxide can be added to further enhance flame resistant property. Modacrylic fibers used in this invention are manufactured by Kaneka under the product names KANECARON PBX and PROTEX-M, PROTEX-G, PROTEX-S and PROTEX-PBX. The latter products contain at least 75% of acrylonitile-vinylidene chloride copolymer. SEF PLUS by Solutia is a modacrylic fiber as well with flame retardant properties. 
         [0075]    Further examples of inherent FR fibers suitable for use in the fabric of the invention include polyester with phosphalane such as that sold under the trademark TREVIRA CS® fiber or AVORA® PLUS FIBER by KoSa. 
         [0076]    Also useful are chloropolymeric fibers, such as those sold under the tradenames THERMOVYL® L9S &amp; ZCS, FIRBRAVYL® L9F, RETRACTYL® L9R, ISOVYL® MPS by Rhovyl S. A., PIVIACID®, Thueringische, VICLON® by Kureha Chemical Industry Co., TEVIRON® by Teijin Ltd., ENVILON® by Toyo Chemical Co., VICRON®, SARAN® by Pittsfield Weaving, KREHALON® by Kureha Chemical Industry Co., OMNI-SARAN® by Fibrasomni, S. A. de C. V., and combinations thereof. Fluoropolymeric fibers such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), poly(ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene (E-CTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyperfluoroalkoxy (PFA), and polyfluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP) and combinations thereof are also useful. 
         [0077]    The fabrics of the invention comprise mixtures of high silica fibers with FR fibers. The fibers high silica can range from about 1% to about 99% by weight, as is true for the FR fibers, to total 100% in the mixture. 
         [0078]    Natural or synthetic fibers coated with an FR resin are also useful in the fabric of the invention. Suitable fibers coated with an FR resin include those where the resin contains one or more of phosphorus, phosphorus compounds, red phosphorus, esters of phosphorus, and phosphorus complexes; amine compounds, boric acid, bromide, urea-formaldehyde compounds, phosphate-urea compounds, ammonium sulphate, or halogen based compounds. Non-resin coatings like metallic coating are not preferred for the invention, because they tend to flake-off after continuous use of the product. Commercially available FR resins are sold under the trade names GUARDEX FR®, and FFR® by Glotex Chemicals in Spartanburg, S.C. 
         [0079]    The manner in which the resin is coated onto the fiber is not particularly limited. In one exemplary embodiment, the FR resin is a liquid product that can be applied as a spray. In another exemplary embodiment, the FR resin is a solid that may be applied as a hot melt product to the fibers, or as a solid powder that is then melted into the fibers. In one exemplary embodiment, the FR resin is applied to the fibers in an amount of from about 6 to about 25 weight %, based upon the total weight of the coated fibers. 
         [0080]    The amount of coated FR fiber in the blend can vary, but is from about 35 to about 95 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the blend. In one exemplary embodiment, the amount of coated FR fiber in the blend is from about 40 to about 90 weight percent. In another embodiment, the amount of coated FR fiber in the blend is from about 45 to about 85 weight percent. 
         [0081]    The denier of the FR fibers is from about 1.5 to about 15 dpf (denier per filament). The foregoing listing of FR fibers is not to be construed as a limiting the practice invention but instead to illustrate the fact that any FR fiber known can be employed with an amorphous silica fiber and utilized in the practice of the invention. Thus, fiber types includes multifilament and monofilament yarns, having a variety of cross-sections and shapes as well as fibrillated yarns, typically manufactured from slit films or tapes. 
         [0082]    The fabric of the invention may further contain one or more non-FR fibers. The non-FR fibers may be synthetic or natural fibers. Suitable non-FR synthetic fibers include polyester such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET); cellulosics, such as rayon and/or lyocell; nylon; polyolefin such as polypropylene fibers; acrylic; melamine and combinations thereof. The lyocell fibers are a generic classification for solvent-spun cellulosic fibers. These fibers are commercially available under the name TENCEL®. Natural fibers include flax, kenaf, hemp, cotton and wool. In one exemplary embodiment, non-FR fibers are employed to enhance certain characteristics such as loft, resilience or springiness, tensile strength, and thermal retention. 
         [0083]    The fiber blend includes amorphous silica fiber and at least one type of FR fiber. Therefore, the present invention is embodied by a fiber blend that contains amorphous silica fiber, an FR fiber, optionally additional FR fibers, and optionally one or more non-FR fibers. In one exemplary embodiment, the fiber blend includes: modacrylic fiber; a cellulosic fiber, lyocell, and amorphous silica fiber. 
         [0084]    In another exemplary embodiment, the fiber blend further includes more than one type of FR fiber. In another exemplary embodiment, the fiber blend includes amorphous silica fiber, modacrylic fiber, and VISIL. In yet another exemplary embodiment, the fiber blend includes modacrylic fiber, FR rayon fiber, and amorphous silica fiber. 
         [0085]    In another exemplary embodiment, the fiber blend includes modacrylic fibers, VISIL (FR viscose rayon) fibers, amorphous silica fibers, and FR polypropylene fibers. The amounts of each component can vary; however, advantageous char strength is obtained when a needle-punched fabric is prepared from a blend containing about 40 weight percent modacrylic, about 40 weight percent VISIL, about 15 weight percent amorphous silica, and about 5 weight percent FR polypropylene fibers. 
         [0086]    The non-woven fabric of the invention may be produced by mechanically interlocking the fibers of a web. The mechanical interlocking is preferably achieved through a carded/needle-punch operation. Needle-punch methods of preparing non-woven fabric are known in the art. In one exemplary embodiment, the non-woven fabric, sometimes called a batt, may be constructed as follows: the fiber blend is weighed and then dry laid/air laid onto a moving conveyor belt. The speed of the conveyor belt can be adjusted to provide the desired batt weight. Multiple layers of batts are fed through a needle loom where barbed needles are driven through the layers to provide entanglement. 
         [0087]    There are several other known methods for producing non-woven fabrics including hydroentanglement (spunlace), thermal bonding (calendering and/or though-air), latex bonding or adhesive bonding processes. The spunlace method is similar to needlepunch except waterjets are used to entangle the fibers instead of needles. Thermal bonding requires either some type of thermoplastic fiber or powder to act as a binder. Reference to non-woven fabrics herein includes all forms of manufacture. 
         [0088]    Suitable non-woven fabrics of the present invention have a batt weight greater than about 2.25 oz./sq. yd. (osy). In one exemplary embodiment, the batt weight ranges from about 2.25 osy to about 20 osy. In one exemplary embodiment, the fibers are carded. Then the conveyor belt moves to an area where spray-on material may optionally be added to the nonwoven batt. For example, the FR resin may be sprayed onto the nonwoven batt as a latex. In one exemplary embodiment, the conveyor belt is foraminous, and the excess latex spray material drips through the belt and may be collected for reuse later. After the optional spraying, the fiber blend is transported to a dryer or oven. The fibers may be transported by conveyer belt to the needlepunch loom where the fibers of the batt are mechanically oriented and interlocked to form a non-woven fabric. 
       Baghouse Filter Application 
       [0089]    With reference to  FIG. 1 , therein is diagrammatically illustrated a representative baghouse filter structure for use with the filter media of the invention according to one exemplary embodiment. This type of baghouse filter structure  10  is typically employed in industrial applications requiring filtration of particulate material  16  from a input fluid stream  20 A. As illustrated, the input fluid stream  20 A enters a filter chamber  12 , within which, one or more generally tubular, sleeve-like filter bags  14  are arranged. The filter bags  14  may each enclose a filter laminate structure  18  and a cage structure  26 . The filter bags  14  may be supported by a tube sheet  28 . 
         [0090]    The input fluid stream  20 A, such as a hot gas like steam, can flow through the exterior surface of the filter bags  14  by the creation of a pressure differential across the filter media or structure  10 , with particulate material  16  removed from the input fluid stream  20 A as the material  16  lodges against the filter media  10 . The filtered fluid stream  20 B can then exit the filter chamber  12  at exit conduit  24 . As noted above, one advantage of the filter bags  14  made in accordance with the invention is that they have increased heat resistance and resistance to flaming or charring. The filter bags  14  are preferably made from a non-woven fabric that is flame resistant and is manufactured from a blend of fibers comprising amorphous silica fibers and at least one fiber consisting of a flame resistant (FR) fiber. 
         [0091]    Typically, the particulate material  16  can be dislodged from the exterior of the filter bags  14  by periodically subjecting each filter bag  14  to a pulsed reverse-flow of fluid  20 C. Under this pulsed reverse-flow of fluid  20 C through the filter media  10 , the particulate material  16 , typically referred to as filter cake, is forced from the exterior of each filter bag  14 , and collected at a lower portion of the filter chamber  12 , referred to as a hopper  22 . 
         [0092]    The baghouse filter media  10  embodying the principles of the invention may be configured as a filter bag  14  illustrated in  FIG. 1 . For such applications, the filter media  10  may be formed as a planar sheet, with opposite edges joined to form an open-ended tube. The tube can then be closed at one end to form a sleeve-like bag  14 , as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . For other applications, the filter media may be employed in its planar form (not illustrated), or in the form of an open-ended tube. 
         [0093]    Referring now to  FIG. 2 , this figure illustrates further details of the exemplary filter media  10  illustrated in  FIG. 1  according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. The separation between the structures  26 ,  14 A,  202 , and  14 B illustrated in  FIG. 2  have been exaggerated to show detail. 
         [0094]    The filter media  10  can comprise a cage  26 , an inner scrim  202 , and two peripheral layers  14 A and  14 B that surround our encapsulate the inner scrim  202 . The cage  26  can be made from metal to form a wire cage  26  but other materials are not beyond the invention. The cage  26  can be made from a flexible material or inflexible material so that the cage  26  is flexible or resists flexing (or is stiff). 
         [0095]    The inner scrim  202  can be made from a woven material. In one exemplary embodiment, the two peripheral layers  14 A,  1 B of fiber of the inventive filter are separated by the woven scrim  202 , which can becomes bound to the two peripheral layers  14 A,  14 B in a needle punching operation. The woven scrim  202  can be any made of any material that can withstand the physical demands required of the material, such as fiber glass, and is preferably about 2.5 osy (ounces per square yard) in weight. The peripheral layers  14 A,  14 B are preferably made from a non-woven fabric that is flame resistant and is manufactured from a blend of fibers comprising amorphous silica fibers and at least one fiber consisting of a flame resistant (FR) fiber. 
         [0096]    Referring now to  FIG. 3 , this figure illustrates potential filter applications for the inventive filter material  300  according to exemplary embodiments of the invention. Potential filtration applications  305  of the inventive filter  300  besides baghouse filtration include HVAC filtration, wherein a frame with a filter media is placed in the path of the flow of air to remove particles such as dust from the air before the air is circulated into a room. Food and beverage filtration is another application, whereby a filter may be placed before or after the fluid contacts the beverage making substances in order to remove contaminants from the fluid. Coalescing filtration is yet another application, such as used in diesel engines and marine applications. Still other potential filtration applications include vacuum filter equipment, mist elimination, turbine intake filtration, automotive and truck transmission and air in-take filtration, coolant filtration, chemical filtration, including medical and pharmaceutical filtration, power generation filtration, office equipment filtration, paper machine, clothing felt and drain layer filtration, as well as any other like filtration applications. 
         [0097]    Referring now to  FIG. 4 , this figure illustrates a method  400  of filtering particles from a fluid, such as a hot gas as illustrated in  FIG. 1  according to one exemplary embodiment of the invention. Step  405  is the first step in the process  400  of filtering particles from a fluid, in which non-woven layers  14  from a blend of fibers are manufactured. In one exemplary embodiment, the peripheral layers  14 A,  14 B of the filter are preferably made from a non-woven fabric that is flame resistant and is manufactured from a blend of fibers comprising amorphous silica fibers and at least one fiber consisting of a flame resistant (FR) fiber. 
         [0098]    Next, in step  410 , the peripheral non-woven layers  14 A,  14 B can become coupled through a needle punching operation to a woven scrim  202  as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . The woven scrim  202  can be any made of any material that can withstand the physical demands required of the material, such as fiber glass, and is preferably about 2.5 osy (ounces per square yard) in weight. This step is optional. The non-woven layers  14 A,  14 B may not be coupled to a woven layer or any other type of layers without departing from the scope of the invention. 
         [0099]    Next, in step  410 , the non-woven layers  14 A,  14 B and scrim  202  can enclose a support structure like a wire cage  26  as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . This step is also optional and can vary depending on how the peripheral non-woven layers  14 A,  14 B are used in a particular filtering operation. In some cases, the peripheral layers  14 A,  14 B may not enclose a support structure, like wire cage  26 . 
         [0100]    Next, in step  420 , the resultant filter structure  10  can be positioned in a fluid stream  20 A containing particulate matter  16  such as illustrated in  FIG. 1  and that flows in a first direction. The fluid stream  20 A or particulate matter  16  (or both) can be very hot such as on the order of 900° Celsius and will not cause the filter structure to become ignited. 
         [0101]    In step  425 , the particulate matter  16  can be filtered or removed from the fluid stream  20 A that is flowing in the first direction. Next, in step  430 , the filter structure  10  can be cleaned by dislodging the particulate matter  16  from the filter structure  10  by moving a fluid stream (usually a second fluid stream  20 C) in a second direction that is opposite to the first direction of the first fluid stream  20 A. The process then ends. 
       Physical Properties 
       [0102]    The non-woven blends of the invention are preferably able to meet the demanding conditions of an array of industrial filtration applications, and in a preferred exemplary embodiments are able to meet the following physical testing requirements: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Weight (osy) ASTM D-5261 
                 &lt;20 osy 
               
               
                 Air permeability (cfm @ 0.5″ water) ASTM D-737-69 
                 20-60 
               
               
                 Tensile Strength (lb.) (MD × CD) ASTM D-4632 
                 &gt;150 × 100 
               
               
                 Mullen Burst ASTM D-3786 
                 &gt;300 psi 
               
               
                 MIT Flex Resistance ASTM D-2176-69 
                 &gt;20,000 cycles 
               
               
                 Hot Nut Spark Resistance @ 900° C. 
                 No Ignition 
               
               
                 Shrinkage @ 400° F. 
                 &lt;2% after 2 hrs. 
               
               
                 Temperature Resistance (continuous/peak) ° F. 
                 464/500 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0103]    According to one exemplary embodiment, the filter media may comprise a Mullen burst strength of greater than about 500 psi. According to a further exemplary embodiment, the filter media has hot nut spark resistance (no ignition) at or above 900° C. According to another exemplary embodiment, the filter media may comprise a continuous temperature resistance of about 450° F. or greater. 
         [0104]    In alternative exemplary embodiments, the fabrics of the invention meet one or more of the following physical test conditions:
       Weight—greater than 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 osy, and less than 30, 25, 20, 18, 17, 16, or 15 osy.   Air permeability—greater than 15 or 20 cfm@0.5′ water, and less than 80, 60, 50 or 40 cfm@0.5′ water.   Pore Volume % (DIN 53855)—greater than about 60, 65 or 70%, and less than about 85, 80 or 75%.   Tensile strength (MD)—greater than about 100, 125 or 150, and less than about 250, 200 or 180.   Tensile strength (CD)—greater than about 60 or 80, and less than about 200, 150 or 125.   Hot nut spark resistance (no ignition)—greater than 500, 600, 700, 800, or 900° C.   Shrinkage at 400° F. after two hours—less than 5, 4, 3 or 2%, and greater than 0.2 or 0.5%.   Temperature Resistance (continuous)—greater than about 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, or 500° F.   Temperature Resistance (peak)—greater than about 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, or 500° F.       
 
         [0114]    According to one exemplary embodiment, the filter media has a fabric weight of from about 12 to about 17 ounces per square yard (osy). According to another exemplary embodiment, the filter media has an air permeability (cfm@0.5′ water) of from about 20 to about 40. 
         [0115]    In a preferred exemplary embodiment, the temperature resistance is defined relative to the particular carrier fibers with which the silica fibers are bound into a fabric, as set forth in Table 6 below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Carrier Fiber (50:50 blend of carrier 
                 Temperature Resistance 
               
               
                 fiber:silica fiber) 
                 (continuous/peak) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Polypropylene(needlona ® PP/PP 554 C17 ®) 
                 &gt;100/105, 110/115 or 120/125° C. 
               
               
                 Polyacrylnitrile copolymer (needlona ® AC/AC 501) 
                 &gt;125/130, 135/140 or 145/150° C. 
               
               
                 Polyacrylnitrile homopolymer (needlona ® 
                 &gt;140/150, 150/160 or 160/170° C. 
               
               
                 DT/DT 554 CS17 ®) 
               
               
                 Polyacrylnitrile homopolymer plus 
                 &gt;135/150, 145/160 or 150/170° C. 
               
               
                 polyester(needlona ® DT-PE/DT-PE 551) 
               
               
                 Polyester (needlona ® PE/PE 524 PyroGuard) 
                 &gt;130/160, 140/170 or 150/180° C. 
               
               
                 Polyester(needlona ® PE/PE 401; needlona ® 
                 &gt;160/160, 170/170 or 180/180° C. 
               
               
                 PE/PE 554 CS17 ®; needlona ® PE/PE 554 
               
               
                 glaze Si; needlona ® PE/PE 551 ExCharge ®; 
               
               
                 needlona ® PE/PE 611 MPS CS17 ®) 
               
               
                 m-Aramide(needlona ® NO/NO 551) 
                 &gt;205/225, 215/235 or 220/240° C. 
               
               
                 Polyimide(needlona ® PI/PI 551 CS31) 
                 &gt;250/270, 255/275, or 260/280° C. 
               
               
                 PTFE plus fiberglass (needlona ® 
                 &gt;260/290, 270/300 or 280/310° C. 
               
               
                 PTFE/PTFE 712 MPS Vetro; needlona ® 
               
               
                 TFL/PTFE 712 MPS Vetro) 
               
               
                 PTFE (needlona ® TFL/PTFE 754 MPS 
                 &gt;260/290, 270/300 or 280/310° C. 
               
               
                 CS18 ®; needlona ® VetroCore 100) 
               
               
                 Polyamide-imide (needlona ® AsphalTec LPC) 
                  180/200, 190/210 or 200/220° C. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLES 
       [0116]    In order to demonstrate the efficacy of various fiber blends according to the invention, a number of samples were prepared and tested, as described hereinbelow. The examples have been provided to demonstrate practice of the present invention and should not be construed as limitation of the invention or its practice. A study was carried out to compare how filter fabrics containing 50/50 mixtures of the silica fiber and other high-temperature fibers and fabrics made of high temperature fibers alone would perform when exposed to a simulated flame on the fabric. The flame was simulated by placing a 12.7 mm diameter metal nut heated to 900° C. and allowing it to stay on the fabric for a period of 30 seconds. The time taken for the flame to self-extinguish was then recorded. Each test was replicated 3 times. The fabrics used in each case weighed approximately 16 oz/sq.yd. Unless specified otherwise all fabrics used in the tests were needled felts. 
         [0117]    The individual data obtained from the test and the average values as well as the percentage reduction in flame extinction time achieved by blending with the silica fiber are shown on Table No. 7, which follows. By blending Silica fiber with Nomex or PPS fiber the flame extinction time can be reduced by more than 50% so that the blended fabrics perform as well as the more expensive P84 Fabric. The reduction in flame extinction time that can be achieved by blending Silica fiber with P84 fiber is marginal. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE NO. 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 FABRIC BLENDS 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Average Flame 
                 % Reduction over 
               
               
                   
                 Flame Extinction 
                 Extiction Time, 
                 Fabric without 
               
               
                 Fabric ID/Blend Percentage 
                 Time, seconds 
                 Seconds 
                 Silica Fiber 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 PPS 
                 14.4 
                 15.8 
                 81 
               
               
                 PPS 
                 18 
               
               
                 PPS 
                 15 
               
               
                 50-50 PPS-SILICA FIBER FIBER 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
               
               
                 50-50 PPS-SILICA FIBER FIBER 
                 3.0 
               
               
                 50-50 PPS-SILICA FIBER FIBER 
                 3.0 
               
               
                 NOMEX 
                 13.2 
                 14.0 
                 54 
               
               
                 NOMEX 
                 15 
               
               
                 NOMEX 
                 13.8 
               
               
                 50-50 NOMEX-SILICA FIBER 
                 7.8 
                 6.4 
               
               
                 50-50 NOMEX-SILICA FIBER 
                 6 
               
               
                 50-50 NOMEX-SILICA FIBER 
                 5.4 
               
               
                 P84 
                 3 
                 4.6 
                 13 
               
               
                 P84 
                 4.8 
               
               
                 P84 
                 6 
               
               
                 50-50 P84-SILICA FIBER 
                 4.2 
                 4.0 
               
               
                 50-50 P84-SILICA FIBER 
                 3 
               
               
                 50-50 P84-SILICA FIBER 
                 4.8 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0118]    The data reported in Table No. 8 presents more comparative data for Silica fiber blended fabrics and commercial high-temperature baghouse filter fabrics having various chemical compositions. Clearly, the Silica fiber blended fabrics have the lowest flame extinction times: the Flame Extinction times vary from 4.0-6.4 seconds for the blends versus 9-27.4 for unblended commercial fabrics excluding P84 fabric. It should be noted that the E-Glass based fabrics used herein contained proprietary chemical coatings to improve chemical and/or abrasion resistance whereas all the Silica fiber based blend fabrics did not have any chemical coatings. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE NO. 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 FR PROPERTIES 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 FLAME 
                 AVERAGE FLAME 
               
               
                 FABRIC ID/BLEND 
                 FIBER CHEMICAL 
                 EXTINCTION 
                 EXTINCTION 
               
               
                 PERCENTAGE 
                 COMPOSITION 
                 TIME, SECONDS 
                 TIME, SECONDS 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 PPS 
                 POLYPHENYLENE 
                 14.4 
                 15.8 
               
               
                 PPS 
                 SULPHIDE 
                 18 
               
               
                 PPS 
                   
                 15 
               
               
                 P84 
                 AROMATIC POLYIMIDE 
                 3 
                 4.6 
               
               
                 P84 
                   
                 4.8 
               
               
                 P84 
                   
                 6 
               
               
                 NOMEX 
                 META-ARAMID 
                 13.2 
                 14 
               
               
                 NOMEX 
                   
                 15 
               
               
                 NOMEX 
                   
                 13.8 
               
               
                 HUYGLAS 
                 COATED 100% E-GLASS 
                 9.6 
                 9.4 
               
               
                 HUYGLAS 
                   
                 10.2 
               
               
                 HUYGLAS 
                   
                 8.4 
               
               
                 CONEX 
                 META-ARAMID 
                 23.4 
                 27.4 
               
               
                 CONEX 
                   
                 28.8 
               
               
                 CONEX 
                   
                 30 
               
               
                 PANOTEX 
                 POLYPHENYLENE 
                 22.8 
                 21.2 
               
               
                 PANOTEX 
                 SULPHIDE + CARBON 
                 21.6 
               
               
                 PANOTEX 
                 FIBER 
                 19.2 
               
               
                 BGF WOVEN 
                 COATED 100% E-GLASS 
                 9.6 
                 9 
               
               
                 BGF WOVEN 
                   
                 8.4 
               
               
                 BGF WOVEN 
                   
                 9 
               
               
                 50-50 NOMEX-SILICA FIBER 
                 UNCOATED META-ARAMID + 
                 7.8 
                 6.4 
               
               
                 50-50 NOMEX-SILICA FIBER 
                 SILICA FIBER 
                 6 
               
               
                 50-50 NOMEX-SILICA FIBER 
                   
                 5.4 
               
               
                 50-50 P84-SILICA FIBER 
                 UNCOATED AROMATIC 
                 4.2 
                 4 
               
               
                 50-50 P84-SILICA FIBER 
                 POLYIMIDE + SILICA 
                 3 
               
               
                 50-50 P84-SILICA FIBER 
                 FIBER 
                 4.8 
               
               
                 50-50 PPS-SILICA FIBER 
                 UNCOATED 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 50-50 PPS-SILICA FIBER 
                 POLYPHENYLENE 
                 3 
               
               
                 50-50 PPS-SILICA FIBER 
                 SULPHIDE + SILICA FIBER 
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0119]    Thus, it should be evident that the use of amorphous silica fibers is highly effective in fabrics for hot gas filtration applications. The invention can be practiced by combining amorphous silica fibers with at least one other flame resistant fiber, or a binder fiber but is necessarily limited thereto. Nor, is practice limited to the selection of a particular FR fiber or binder fiber so long as the one or more selected are combined with amorphous silica fibers. Moreover, the fabrics are not limited to non-woven types. 
         [0120]    Throughout this application, various publications are referenced. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Other exemplary embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.