Abstract:
A new approach to aggregating a plurality of information exchange requirements (IERs) into a common schema is disclosed. An aggregation method includes the broad steps of tabulating the plurality of IERs into an ordered format, identifying a plurality of commonalities in the ordered format, and formulating the common schema from the ordered format. The common schema includes a data structure having a number of content-based attributes fields, wherein each of the content-based attributes fields corresponds to one of the context-neutral commonalities in the ordered format.

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM 
   This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/528,686 filed on Dec. 10, 2003. 

   TECHNICAL FIELD 
   The present invention generally relates to wireless communications, and more particularly relates to systems and techniques for providing adaptive data links for wireless communications. 
   BACKGROUND 
   After the end of the Cold War and the advent of the Information Age, modern warfare strategies no longer focus on merely inflicting damage upon a particular enemy, but rather emphasize capabilities to shape behaviors of friends, foes and neutrals in peace, crisis and war settings. Whereas previous strategies generally focused upon countering defined combat threats, modern “effects based” operations provide a broad range of options for responding to a variety of challenges. Effects based operations (EBO) typically rely heavily upon the ability of combatants and strategists to rapidly share information about battlefield conditions, command intent and the like. Lethality, survivability and responsiveness are all improved through rapid information sharing and improved situation awareness, thereby resulting in increased combat power. Similar benefits may be achieved from improving system reliability in other settings, such as in the home, workplace, community or the like. 
   Effects-based operations benefit greatly from the ability of geographically separated entities to quickly and efficiently share information, to collaborate on tasks, and to synchronize actions in a network-centric environment. In particular, network-centric (i.e. information based) operations (NCO) benefit from flexible coordination of available resources to form dynamic, ad-hoc networks suitable for a particular mission or operation. It may be desirable, for example, for a soldier operating on a battlefield to obtain real-time photographs or other data from a satellite or aircraft passing overhead during an operation. Such timely and accurate data may greatly reduce the risks and increase the effectiveness of the soldier&#39;s operation, yet this information may not always be reliably available due to communications incompatibilities between various battlefield systems. 
   The Department of Defense (DoD) has attempted to improve the level of compatibility between various inter-communicating systems by promulgating standards such as information exchange requirements (IERs). Indeed, the DoD has stated in its Joint Vision 2020 (“JV2020”) plan that all services and platforms operated by the DoD will globally interoperate by the year 2020. Achieving global and seamless interoperability for existing (i.e. “legacy”) systems, in particular, can create difficulty as the various legacy systems are extended beyond the capabilities for which they were originally designed. The DoD has therefore set forth information exchange requirements to define the requirements for information passed electronically between and among forces, organizations, or administrative structures in the defense setting. The IERs typically define the quality (e.g. frequency, timeliness, security, etc.) and quantity (e.g. volume, speed, type, format, etc.) of data transferred between DoD systems. Compliance with information exchange requirements is mandatory for equipment for all DoD systems, and compliance with each relevant IER is verified before new equipment is added to the DoD inventory. 
   Difficulties arise, however, in that the IERs promulgated by the DoD are typically highly context specific, and very rigidly defined. That is, the IERs typically define a single specific type of data transfer in great inflexible detail. Each IER typically lumps link information, information assurance and application requirements parameters into a single structure. As a result, each different type of data transfer (e.g. transfers between different types of communications nodes, different types of data, different bit or frame rates, different data definitions, etc.) is typically represented by a separate IER. A single data transfer to multiple recipients, for example, typically requires a separate IER for each recipient type. If the data may be provided in multiple formats, each format typically requires its own IER, thereby multiplying the number of IER requirements by the number of supported data formats. If the transfers are allowed to take place over various channels having different data rates (e.g. P data rates), for example, each data rate typically has its own IER, again multiplying the number of IER requirements by the number of supported data rates. Consequently, true compliance with DoD specifications may require support for dozens, hundreds or even thousands of separate IERs. As additional node types, systems and capabilities are added to the DoD inventory, the number of IERs increases rapidly, and managing these IERs can present significant cost and management burdens. Moreover, the data processing resources consumed by maintaining large collections of separate IERs can be significant, thereby hindering or reducing the capabilities of the various inter-communicating components and systems. 
   It is therefore highly desirable to create a technique for managing the spiraling number of IERs for various components. It is also desirable to create systems and methods for aggregating the IERs into a smaller, more manageable format. Furthermore, other desirable features and characteristics of the present invention will become apparent from the subsequent detailed description and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and this background of the invention. 
   BRIEF SUMMARY 
   According to various embodiments, a new approach to aggregating a plurality of information exchange requirements (IERs) into a common schema is disclosed. An aggregation method includes the broad steps of tabulating the plurality of IERs into an ordered format, identifying a plurality of commonalities in the ordered format, and formulating the common schema from the ordered format. The common schema includes a data structure having a number of content-based attributes fields, wherein each of the content-based attributes fields corresponds to one of the context-agnostic commonalities in the ordered format. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The present invention will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the following drawing figures, wherein like numerals denote like elements, and 
       FIG. 1  is an interoperability map of an exemplary ad-hoc network based upon communication links; 
       FIG. 2  is a conceptual diagram of an exemplary adaptive Information Exchange Requirements aggregation technique; 
       FIG. 3  is a flowchart of an exemplary process for implementing adaptive wireless communication. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   The following detailed description is exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the invention or the application and uses of the invention. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any theory presented in the preceding background of the invention or the following detailed description. 
   According to various exemplary embodiments, new techniques and data structures are provided that exploit the cohesion and coupling of information content between multiple IERs. Multiple IERs are aggregated into a new data schema that exploits the similarity and kinship of information in the various IERs. The new data schema can be represented by a data structure with a data field and any number of attributes fields capable of storing metadata about the data stored in the data field. The metadata can be modified as appropriate to describe the data and the communications parameters without modifying the overall data schema. The new data schema is therefore context-neutral in the sense that it focuses primarily upon data content rather than on the context of information exchange. 
   Turning now to the drawing figures, an exemplary wireless communications environment  100  representing a battlefield/military scenario is shown in  FIG. 1 . The exemplary environment  100  shown in  FIG. 1  is intended merely to illustrate the various types of devices and IERs used in a network-centric warfare environment; it is not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. 
   As shown in  FIG. 1 , an exemplary environment  100  suitable for use in a network centric operation includes multiple nodes forming an ad hoc networked “group-of-capability” for achieving a desired purpose. Ideally, each of the various nodes are allowed to inter-communicate via voice, data, video or the like even when the nodes have widely varying processing and communication capabilities. This interoperability between different types of nodes allows the formation of ad hoc networks to execute a particular task or tasks, as appropriate. In the example shown in  FIG. 1 , two or more satellite nodes  114 ,  116  are designed to communicate with ground and air-based nodes using FAB-T or other wireless links to implement a wide area network (WAN). Satellites  114 ,  116  suitably interlink ground-based nodes (e.g. headquarters node  120 ) and airborne nodes such as a joint services command node  118 , gateway node  112  (shown residing in a smart tanker or other aircraft) and domain services node  108  (shown residing in an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)). Satellites  114 ,  116  may also provide an intelligent routing function to route digital information between the various nodes communicating within environment  100 . Each type of data exchange is typically defined by an IER; that is, a separate IER is typically provided for every message format transmitted within environment  100 . To that end, literally hundreds or thousands of IERs may be supported within environment  100  as each node communicates with various other nodes to transfer multiple types of data in various formats. 
   An illustrative example will demonstrate the benefits of integrating the various IERs used for data communications into a common schema. With continued reference to  FIG. 1 , a mission commander on an airborne command and control aircraft (e.g. an Air Force MC2A aircraft) may become aware of a time-critical target to be engaged with existing assets that are currently on other missions. As resources in the area have “reported in” to a common domain registry  108  with information regarding their identity, mission capability, current mission assignment, location and/or the like, the commander is appropriately made aware of each node&#39;s location, its capability, and its current mission assignment. In the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 1 , domain services node  108  is shown in an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in communication with at least one vehicle node  104 , an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) node  106  and a gateway node  112  on a refueling aircraft via a joint tactical radio system (JTRS) or other appropriate communications link. Each “reporting message” provided to the domain services node  108  typically has a corresponding IER, so the domain services node must typically support each of these various IERs received from each node attempting to report in. Moreover, each message path typically has its own set of IERs, further increasing the number of IERs supported by both domain services node  108  and by each node communicating with domain services node  108 . 
   To continue with the example, a decision aid tool available to the commander on airborne command node  118  may interoperate with domain services node  108  to suggest that an Army unit with a UGV be tasked to engage the nearby target based upon the UGV&#39;s location and capabilities. The UGV may be controlled by a soldier having a personal digital assistant (PDA) node  102  that is used to remotely control UGV node  106  as appropriate, and that communicates with a group collaboration node  104  residing in a vehicle or other appropriate location. PDA node  102  may also obtain additional data from sensors attached to UGV node  106 . Again, each type of data received typically has its own set of IERs; if data is transmitted or received in multiple formats or across different data links, each format and link typically includes its own set of IERs as well. Image data, for example, may be transferred from a web-type server applet executing on UGV node  106  to a browser application executing on PDA  102  using domain services node  108  to transfer the data as appropriate. This relatively straightforward data transfer typically requires that the PDA and UGV node  106  support specific IERs for the image transfer, with each recipient type, data link type, image type, image resolution and data classification (e.g. unclassified, secret, etc.) typically requiring both PDA  102  and domain services node  108  to maintain a unique IER for those particular parameters. 
   If information received from command node  118  fails to match sensor data from UGV node  106 , the soldier may wish to obtain additional information before engaging the target. The speed at which this information becomes available to the soldier may be very important, since the target may be mobile and may pose a threat to civilians, forces friendly to the soldier, or others during the intervening time. Accordingly, software on PDA node  102  has additional sets of IERs to access a list of resources available in the area from domain services node  108  and to subscribe to data and/or services provided by appropriate resources. The service directory provided by domain services node  208  suitably functions as a “yellow pages” type service whereby nodes in the domain can advertise their resources and capabilities. In this example, the service directory identifies an aircraft node  110  (e.g. a Navy F-18 or the like) in the area on a separate mission, but having the capability to provide aerial photographs. If the aircraft node  110  is not capable of communicating on a TCP/IP or other appropriate network interconnecting the various nodes in environment  100 , a gateway node  112  may be provided to transfer data communications from environment  100  to the aircraft node  110 . A gateway node  112  may be provided on a refueling aircraft, for example, of from any other convenient source, to act as a proxy for node  110  operating in environment  100 . In the exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 , aircraft node  110  is capable of communicating via a LINK-16 network to gateway node  112 , which appropriately converts data from the LINK-16 format to TCP/IP or other protocols that can be transferred within environment  100 . Each of these various data transfers, however, typically has its own unique set of IERs for data senders and recipients. 
   After environment  100  identifies a source of data for PDA node  102 , a request to fuse the new data from aircraft node  110  and UGV node  106  may be provided to a data fusion service provided by command and control node  118 , for example, or by any other source. The fused data may then be provided to PDA node  102  (using yet another set of IERs) to verify the target&#39;s identity and/or location, and may also be provided to UGV node  106  to improve its ability to locate the target. Environment  100  may also support wireless voice communications between a commander at aircraft  118 , a unit leader at vehicle  104 , soldier  102  and a pilot or navigator in aircraft  110  to further provide information relevant to the mission. 
   While the above example is illustrative in nature, the importance and value of the various wireless voice and data links can be readily appreciated, as can the administrative burden of the large number of IERs used to complete the scenario. In the case of the soldier&#39;s PDA  102 , for example, this portable device maintains separate sets of interface exchange requirements for registration messages, data queries, image transfers, communication with UGV  106 , communication with workgroup  104 , and virtually every other communications function provided by the device. These IERs can present significant processing inefficiencies; it is therefore highly beneficial to aggregate some or all of the loosely related IERs into a common data schema that can be readily and efficiently managed. Similar benefits could be realized at each of the other nodes communicating within environment  100  as well. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 2 , an exemplary data schema  200  for representing multiple IERs  210  suitably includes a data field  204  for storing digital data content in addition to a number of attributes fields  202  for storing metadata about the content stored in data field  204 . Data schema  200  is designed to be context-neutral; that is, it focuses on the content of the data itself rather than on the context-sensitive factors such as mission, information classification, quality of service (QoS) and other context-sensitive factors. Rather than requiring a separate IER for each distinct context, data schema  200  allows for intelligence to be built into the structure, thereby reducing duplication and improving flexibility. As a result, nodes are no longer required to store and maintain long lists  210  of IERs, but rather can represent the information contained in multiple IERs within a single coherent structure. In this sense, data schema  200  is similar to a relational database structure that maintains metadata attributes of stored content. 
   Data field  204  is any format capable of storing digital content provided as message data during communication. Message data may include image data, ASCII or other text, binary code, audiovisual data (e.g. voice or video) or any other type of digital data. For digital image data, for example, data field  204  stores the image in any appropriate format and resolution, without regard for the recipient of the data. 
   Attribute fields  210  are any data fields or other structures capable of holding metadata describing the digital content stored in data field  204 . Each schema  200  may include any number of attribute fields. In the example shown in  FIG. 2 , for example, schema  200  includes separate attribute fields for data type  202 A, data destination  202 B, transmit/receive delay times  202 C, quality of service (QoS)  202 D, data classification  202 E, data resolution  202 F, as well as other fields  202 G as appropriate. Each of these fields describes characteristics of content stored in data field  204 . Data type field  202 A, for example, maintains an indication of the type of data stored (e.g. “image”). Other fields maintain indications of delay times  202 C, QoS  202 D, classification  202 E and other parameters associated with transmitting data  204  to various recipient types  202 B. Because the attributes fields  210  are populated with metadata about the content  204  itself, the context of data transmission is less important than the content of the data itself. 
   Schema  200  is shown organized in an ordered format, with various commonalities (e.g. all IER records for image data) grouped together. Pattern commonalities can be further exploited to analyze common characteristics in the information content between multiple IERs. In this manner, the various data contained in multiple IERs can be organized into a coherent structure  200  that reduces the amount of memory, mass storage, etc. used to maintain IER list  210 . Moreover, the new schema  200  is created to be context-neutral and to define the content of data  204  in an organized manner to emphasize the characteristics of the data, thereby allowing for easy and methodical interpretation. Further, the commonality in patterns and context neutrality enables schema  200  to be reused by many consumers on multiple platforms, thereby reducing the number of IERs needed to assure interoperability. 
   Schema  200  may be readily represented by a data structure  206  in any appropriate computing language such as extensible markup language (XML), United States message text format (USMTF), variable message format (VMF) or the like. As a result, a common data structure with attribute data from attribute fields  210  can be used to replace a large number of separate IER data structures previously required. This single data structure is capable of supporting numerous types and formats of data  104  across a wide range of communication contexts by simply adjusting the metadata values stored in the various attribute fields  210 . Moreover, as various attributes of data  204  change, the data structure  206  and/or schema  200  need not be themselves modified; the attribute fields  202  in data structure  206  thereby allow flexibility not found in convention lists of IERs  210 . 
   The data schema  200  and data structure  206  shown in  FIG. 2  are exemplary in nature, and are not intended as limiting. To that end, data structure  206  may be greatly expanded with alternate and/or additional attribute fields  202 , and with many more IER records for any number of data types  202 A. Schema  200  could be readily expanded beyond image data, for example, to include text messaging, voice data, video or other types of content. Similarly, the other attributes  202  could be readily expanded such that scheme  200  represents a large number of IERs representing, for example, many of the various message types transmitted between nodes operating within environment  100  or the like. 
   With reference now to  FIG. 3 , an exemplary process  300  for aggregating multiple information exchange requirements suitably includes the broad steps of tabulating the IER list in an ordered format (step  302 ), identifying patterns of commonality and coupling within the ordered format (step  304 ), and forming a new schema based upon the patterns of commonality identified (step  306 ). The various steps described in  FIG. 3  are exemplary, and may be modified or omitted in alternate embodiments. Additionally, process  300  may be executed manually by a human operator or may be automated using conventional data processing techniques in a wide array of alternate embodiments. 
   The process  300  of streamlining a list of IERs  210  ( FIG. 2 ) suitably begins by tabulating the IERs  210  in an ordered format (step  302 ) based upon pattern commonality and coupling between the various IERs. The ordered format may be arranged in any order using conventional data sorting techniques. In the exemplary schema shown in  FIG. 2 , for example, the various IER records  210  are arranged such that IERs for various data types (e.g. image, video) are placed together. In this sense, “data type” may be considered similar to a “key field” used to organize a conventional relational or object-oriented database, with various other attributes optionally arranged in ordered sub-fields for additional order. 
   After the IERs are arranged in an ordered format, patters of commonality between IERs can be analyzed (step  304 ) to further identify common characteristics of the information content between different IERs. These patterns of commonality include common data attributes or common characteristics of the data that are shared between various IERs, and the like. 
   Based upon common patterns observed across multiple IERs, a new schema  200  for representing the data sets are then formulated (step  306 ). This schema  200  can be readily represented by a data structure  206  as described more fully above. This data structure  206  appropriately contains attribute fields  202  based upon the content of data  204  rather than the context of the data communication, thereby facilitating reuse across a wide array of communications contexts. As referenced above, the new schema  200  created is appropriately designed to be context neutral and to define the data in an organized manner to emphasize the characteristics of the data, thereby allowing for easy and methodical interpretation. Further, the schema  200  can be shared across multiple platforms, as described above. The commonality in patterns and context neutrality of schema  200  enables data to be reused and promotes interoperability, thereby reducing the number of IERs needed to insure interoperability within a particular environment  100 . 
   While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in the foregoing detailed description, it should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist. Although various aspects of the invention are frequently described in conjunction with a battlefield setting, for example, the various techniques and systems described herein could be readily implemented in other contexts, including emergency services, corporate, commercial or private voice, data or multimedia communications, or any other environment. It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the invention in any way. The foregoing detailed description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments. Various changes can be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims and their legal equivalents. The various steps of the methods, processes and techniques described in the appended claims, for example, could be practiced in any temporal order, for example, or may be practiced simultaneously in various equivalent embodiments.