Abstract:
This invention describes a process for mild hydrocracking of heavy hydrocarbon fractions of the vacuum distillate type or the deasphalted oil type with optimized thermal integration for the purpose of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention relates to the field of soft hydrocracking of hydrocarbons (mild hydrocracking, in English). The invention consists in optimizing the thermal integrations between the hot and cold streams of the unit so as to reduce the consumption of hot and cold utilities, and, as a result, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. 
       EXAMINATION OF THE PRIOR ART 
       [0002]    The prior art is shown by the diagram of  FIG. 1  that will be described in detail in the paragraph “detailed description of the invention.” 
     
    
     
       SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0003]      FIG. 1  shows the thermal integrations of a mild hydrocracking process according to the prior art. 
           [0004]      FIG. 2  shows the new thermal integrations of the mild hydrocracking process according to the invention. 
       
    
    
     SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    This invention describes a process for mild hydrocracking of a fraction of the type vacuum gas oil (VGO), vacuum distillate (DSV), or deasphalted oil (DAO) for the purpose of constituting the feedstock of a catalytic cracking unit, comprising:
       A mild hydrocracking zone R,   A high-pressure hot separator tank B- 1 , whose feedstock constitutes the effluent obtained from R,   A high-pressure cold separator tank B- 2 , whose feedstock constitutes the gas stream obtained from B- 1 ,   A low-pressure cold separator tank B- 3 , whose feedstock is the liquid stream obtained from B- 2 ,   A zone K- 1  for washing with an amine and for compression of the gaseous effluent obtained from B- 2 , called recycled hydrogen,   A pump P- 2  compressing the VGO feedstock before mixing with the recycled hydrogen obtained from K- 1  and the addition of hydrogen,   A stripper C- 1  of the liquid streams obtained from B- 1  and B- 3 , whose bottom product constitutes the feedstock of the fractionator C- 2 ,   A fractionator C- 2 , separating the naphtha, the diesel and the residue, and comprising a diesel-circulating reflux,   A diesel stripper C- 3 , stripping the diesel obtained from C- 2 ,   A furnace F- 1  heating the feedstock of the mild hydrocracking zone R,   A furnace F- 2  heating the feedstock of the fractionator C- 2 ,
 
with said process comprising optimized heat exchanges between different streams at different levels of said process for the purpose of ultimately obtaining a substantial reduction in the capacities of the furnaces F- 1 , F- 2  used in the process.
       
 
         [0017]    It should be noted that in the process according to the invention, the power of the furnaces, i.e., the furnace denoted F- 1  that is located upstream from the hydrocracking reactor(s) R and the furnace F- 2  that is located upstream from the fractionator C- 2 , varies over the cycle of the process based on the gradual deactivation of the catalyst that is used in the hydrocracking reactors. In contrast, the sum of the powers of the two furnaces F- 1  and F- 2  varies fairly little during the cycle period of the process. 
         [0018]    More specifically, this invention can be defined as a process for mild hydrocracking of a fraction of the VGO, DSV or DAO type for the purpose of constituting the feedstock of a catalytic cracking unit, with the process comprising optimized heat exchanges between different streams at different levels of said process, or specifically:
       a) At the exchange train of the heating of the low-pressure feedstock, by exchange:
           In E- 8  with the stripped diesel obtained from C- 3 ,   Then, in E- 4  with the diesel-circulating reflux,   Then, in E- 7  with the bottom of the fractionator, with E- 7  being able to consist of several calendars in a series (then denoted E- 7  A/B),   
           b) At the exchange train of the cooling of the gaseous effluent obtained from B- 1 , by exchange:
           In E- 2  A and E- 2  B with the liquid obtained from B- 3 ,   In E- 9  with the high-pressure feedstock mixed with a part of the recycled hydrogen and the addition of hydrogen,   In E- 3  A and E- 3  B with the mixture of the addition of hydrogen and a part of the recycled hydrogen,   In the following order: E- 2  A, E- 9 , E- 3  A, E- 2  B, and then E- 3  B,   
           c) At the exchange train of the cooling of the effluent of the mild hydrocracking zone R, by exchange:
           In E- 1  with the high-pressure feedstock of R, with E- 1  consisting of several calendars,   In E- 10  with the feedstock of the fractionator C- 2 , with E- 10  being able to consist of several calendars and the calendars being able to be located between calendars of E- 1 ,   
           d) At the exchange train of the cooling of the bottom of the fractionator C- 2 , by exchange:
           First in E- 5  with the diesel for reboiling the diesel stripper C- 3 ,   Then in E- 6  with the feedstock of the fractionator C- 2 ,   And finally in E- 7  with the feedstock of the process, with E- 7  being able to consist of several calendars in a series,
 
process characterized in that all of the preceding heat exchanges make it possible to reduce the cumulative power of furnaces F- 1  and F- 2  in a factor of between 0.35 and 0.60, preferably between 0.40 and 0.55.
   
               
 
         [0035]    The ultimate result is that the cumulative power of furnaces F- 1  and F- 2  varies during the cycle of the process between 30 and 60 kcal per kg of feedstock, preferably between 35 and 50 kcal per kg of feedstock. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0036]    To understand the invention, it is first necessary to describe the scheme of thermal integrations according to the mild hydrocracking process of the prior art shown in  FIG. 1 . To facilitate understanding, the elements that are common to the scheme according to the prior art and to the scheme according to this invention retain the same name and the same symbol in  FIG. 1  (according to the prior art) and  FIG. 2  (according to the invention). The new elements are introduced with different letters. 
         [0037]    The feedstock of the unit (stream  1 ) can be a vacuum gas oil (VGO), a vacuum distillate (DSV), or else a deasphalted oil (DAO). Hereinafter, without being limiting, the example of a VGO feedstock will be used. In a general manner, the term feedstock of the process according to the invention will be used. 
         [0038]    The VGO (stream  1 ) reaches a temperature of approximately 90° C. and low pressure at the inlet of the unit. 
         [0039]    The VGO is heated to a temperature that is generally between 300° C. and 450° C., and preferably between 350° C. and 400° C. (414° C., in the example, stream  5   b ), corresponding to the inlet temperature in the reaction zone. 
         [0040]    The heating of the VGO is usually done in a first step at low pressure:
       Because of the diesel-circulating reflux (stream  20 ) by means of the exchanger E- 4 . The stream of VGO ( 1   b ) exits therefrom,   And then because of the effluent from the bottom of the fractionator C- 2  (stream  19   d ) by means of the exchanger E- 7 . The stream of VGO ( 1   c ) exits therefrom.       
 
         [0043]    Next, the VGO is compressed by a pump P- 2  and mixed with a very hydrogen-rich stream (stream  10   b ), and then it is heated, usually at high pressure:
       Because of the reaction effluent (stream  6 ) by means of the exchanger E- 1  that consists of several calendars in a series (6, in the example, more generally between 4 and 10), with the calendars being called A to F in  FIG. 1  for indicating that they are 6 in number. The stream of VGO ( 4   c ) exits therefrom.   And finally because of the furnace F- 1  from which the stream of VGO (stream  5   b ) exits at the temperature required for the inlet in the hydrocracking reactor (R).       
 
         [0046]    After compression, a fraction of the VGO is short-circuited for the flexibility of the process (stream  3 ). 
         [0047]    The reaction effluent (stream  6 ) is cooled by heat exchange with the reaction feedstock by means of the exchanger E- 1  up to a temperature of approximately 280° C. (more generally between 200 and 300° C.). 
         [0048]    The gaseous phase of the reaction effluent at 280° C. (stream  7 ), rich in hydrogen, is separated from the liquid phase (stream  12 ) in a high-pressure separator tank B- 1 . 
         [0049]    Next, this gaseous phase (stream  7 ) is cooled and partially condensed:
       By thermal exchange with the hydrocarbon effluent of the low-pressure cold tank B- 3  (stream  11 ) in the exchangers E- 2  A and E- 2  B,   And by heat exchange with the stream  10  in the exchanger E- 3  consisting of two calendars in a series (E- 3  A and E- 3  B), with the stream  10  being the mixture of the hydrogen addition (stream  9 ) with a part of the recycled hydrogen (stream  8 b),   And finally in a cooling tower A- 1  up to a temperature of approximately 57° C. (57° C. in the example, more generally between 30° C. and 80° C.).       
 
         [0053]    The stream exiting from the cooling tower A- 1  is separated into two streams in the high-pressure cold tank B- 2 :
       A gas stream (stream  8 ) that is very rich in hydrogen, which is washed with an amine and then compressed in the zone K- 1  before being mixed again with the VGO feedstock,   A liquid stream that is first expanded and then sent to the low-pressure cold tank B- 3 .       
 
         [0056]    The liquid hydrocarbon stream that is obtained from B- 3  (stream  11 ) is heated by means of the exchangers E- 2  A and E- 2  B, and then mixed with the liquid phase of the high-pressure hot tank B- 1  (stream  12 ). 
         [0057]    The recycled hydrogen that is obtained from K- 1  is partially recycled toward the hydrocracking reactor(s) (R) and partially mixed with the hydrogen addition (stream  9 ) for forming the stream  10 . The stream  10  is heated by the stream  7   b  by means of the exchanger E- 3  that consists of two calendars in a series. Next, the stream  10   b,  very rich in hydrogen, is mixed with the stream  2  (VGO) for forming the stream  4 . 
         [0058]    The mixture of streams  11   c  and  12  is stripped with the steam in the stripper C- 1 . 
         [0059]    A fraction that is rich in light gases is separated at the top of C- 1  (stream  13 ). The stripped stream (stream  15 ) is sent to the fractionator C- 2  after having been heated:
       By the bottom of the fractionator C- 2  (stream  19   b ) by means of the exchanger E- 6  that generally consists of 3 calendars in a series,   And then in a furnace F- 2  to a temperature of approximately 370° C. (more generally of between 350 and 400° C.).       
 
         [0062]    The gasoline fractions that are obtained at the top of C- 1  and C- 2  are mixed for forming the stream  14 . 
         [0063]    The stream  20 , diesel-circulating reflux, is cooled by means of the exchanger E- 4 , by heat exchange with the VGO feedstock of the unit (stream  1 ). 
         [0064]    The diesel that is drawn off from the fractionator C- 2  (stream  16 ) is stripped in a so-called diesel stripper column C- 3 , reboiled by heat exchange with the bottom of the fractionator C- 2  (stream  19 ) by means of the exchanger E- 5 . 
         [0065]    The stripped diesel (stream  18 ) is cooled in the low-pressure steam generator exchanger G- 1 , and then it is cooled by the cooling tower A- 2  to a temperature of approximately 65° C. (more generally between 50 and 70° C.). 
         [0066]    The bottom of the fractionator C- 2 , also called residue, is cooled:
       By heat exchange in E- 5  with the diesel stream,   By heat exchange in E- 6  with the stream  15 ,   Because of the exchanger G- 2  generating medium-pressure steam,   And finally by heat exchange with the feedstock (stream  1   b ) in the exchanger E- 7 .       
 
         [0071]      FIG. 2  according to this invention can be described in the following manner: 
         [0072]    In the process according to the invention, the heating of the VGO (stream  1 ) is done:
       First because of the stripped diesel (stream  18 ) by means of the new exchanger E- 8 ,   Then because of the diesel-circulating reflux (stream  20 ) by means of the exchanger E- 4 ,   And then because of the effluent from the bottom of the fractionator C- 2  (stream  19   c ) by means of 2 exchangers in a series E- 7  A and E- 7  B.       
 
         [0076]    These changes relative to the prior art make it possible to bring the stream  1   c  to a higher temperature (232° C. according to the invention instead of 170° C. in the prior art). 
         [0077]    The new cooling tower A- 3  is necessary for the flexibility of the unit. In the prior art, a part of the diesel-circulating reflux was short-circuited for obtaining flexibility. 
         [0078]    The stream  18   b  in the process according to the invention is found again at a temperature that is lower than the one in the state of the art (136° C. according to the invention instead of 184° C. in the prior art). As a result, the thermal power of the cooling tower A- 2  is considerably reduced in the process according to the invention. 
         [0079]    The stream  1   c  is compressed and then separated into two streams (streams  2  and  3 ) in a manner that is identical to the prior art. 
         [0080]    The stream  2  is then mixed with hydrogen (stream  10   b ), and then the resulting mixture is heated by the stream  7   b  by means of the new exchanger E- 9 . 
         [0081]    In addition, also for improving the thermal integration, the exchanger E- 2  B was moved between the two calendars E- 3  A and E- 3  B. 
         [0082]    The stream  7   d  in the process according to the invention is found again at a temperature that is lower than the one in the state of the art (184° C. according to the invention instead of 197° C. in the prior art). As a result, the thermal power of the cooling tower A- 1  is reduced in the process according to the invention. 
         [0083]    It is not possible to greatly reduce the thermal power of the furnace F- 1  for different reasons:
       An increase in temperature of a minimum of 15° C. is recommended in the furnace,   The stream  3  (short-circuit of VGO) is necessary for the flexibility of the unit.       
 
         [0086]    By adding a new calendar to the exchanger E- 1  (7 calendars instead of 6 in the example), the thermal power of the furnace F- 1  is slightly reduced in the process according to the invention. 
         [0087]    In the process according to the invention, the stream  15  (bottom of the stripper C- 1 ) is first heated with the bottom of the fractionator C- 2  (stream  19   b ) in the exchanger E- 6 , but in a single calendar instead of the three in the prior art, then with the reaction effluent by means of two new calendars E- 10  A and E- 10  B. This makes it possible to have a stream at the inlet of the furnace F- 2  (stream  15   b ) at a much higher temperature (355° C. according to the invention instead of 304° C. in the prior art). 
         [0088]    The power of the furnace F- 2  is therefore very greatly reduced in the process according to the invention. As for the furnace F- 1 , a temperature increase of a minimum of 15° C. is recommended in the furnace F- 2 . 
       “Amine” Option 
       [0089]    If the amine that is necessary for removing H 2 S in the recycled hydrogen (stream  8 ) is available at a temperature that is lower than the temperature of the process, it is possible to heat the amine with the diesel at the outlet of exchanger E- 8  (stream  18   b ). The temperature of the fluid for heating the amine should not be too high so as not to degrade the amine. This is the case of the stream  18   b  in the process according to the invention. This exchange makes it possible to reduce the electrical consumption of the cooling tower A- 2  and the consumption of low-pressure steam for heating the amine. 
         [0090]    Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The preceding preferred specific embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever. 
         [0091]    In the foregoing and in the examples, all temperatures are set forth uncorrected in degrees Celsius and, all parts and percentages are by weight, unless otherwise indicated. 
         [0092]    The entire disclosures of all applications, patents and publications, cited herein and of corresponding FR application No. 12/03.469, filed Dec. 18, 2012, are incorporated by reference herein. 
       EXAMPLE ACCORDING TO THE INVENTION 
       [0093]    A mild hydrocracking unit consists of 3 reactors (7 catalytic beds). 
         [0094]    Capacity: 442 t/h (70,000 BPSD) 
         [0095]    Temperature of the hydrocracking reactors: 420° C. (WABT, mean temperature of each bed) 
         [0096]    Pressure of the reactors: 101 to 129 bars effective (1 bar=10 5  Pascal) 
         [0097]    LHSV=0.313 h −1    
         [0098]    Table 1 below indicates the primary temperatures of the mild hydrocracking unit according to the prior art and according to the invention. 
         [0099]    The numbers of the streams are those of  FIG. 1  (prior art) and  FIG. 2  (according to the invention). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Temperature of the Primary Streams 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Temperature (° C.) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Stream 
                 According to the Prior Art 
                 According to the Invention 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                  1 
                  90 
               
             
          
           
               
                  2 and 3 
                 170 
                 232 
               
               
                  4 
                 195 
                 225 
               
               
                  4b 
                 — 
                 243 
               
             
          
           
               
                  5b 
                 414 
               
               
                  6 
                 422 
               
               
                  6b, 7 and 12 
                 280 
               
             
          
           
               
                  7d 
                 197 
                 184 
               
             
          
           
               
                  8 
                  57 
               
               
                 10 
                 124 
               
             
          
           
               
                 10b 
                 248 
                 223 
               
             
          
           
               
                 11c 
                 266 
               
             
          
           
               
                 15b 
                 304 
                 355 
               
             
          
           
               
                 15c 
                 370 
               
               
                 20 
                 236 
               
               
                 20b 
                 175 
               
               
                 18 
                 270 
               
             
          
           
               
                 18b 
                 184 
                 136 
               
             
          
           
               
                 18c 
                  65 
               
               
                 19 
                 336 
               
             
          
           
               
                 19e 
                 196 
                 206 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0100]    Table 2 below indicates the powers of exchanges with utilities of the mild hydrocracking unit according to the prior art and according to the invention. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Power of Exchanges with Utilities 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Difference 
               
               
                 Thermal Power 
                 According to 
                 According to the 
                 (Invention - Prior 
               
               
                 (MW) 
                 the Prior Art 
                 Invention 
                 Art) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Furnace F-1 
                 14.1 
                 12.2 
                 −1.9 
               
               
                 Furnace F-2 
                 24.8 
                 6.9 
                 −17.9 
               
               
                 Furnaces F-1 + F-2 
                 38.9 
                 19.1 
                 −19.8 
               
               
                 Cooling Tower A-1 
                 47.8 
                 43.8 
                 −4.0 
               
               
                 Cooling Tower A-2 
                 8.8 
                 5.1 
                 −3.7 
               
               
                 Cooling Tower A-3 
                 — 
                 2.0 
                 +2.0 
               
               
                 Cooling Tower 
                 56.6 
                 50.9 
                 −5.7 
               
               
                 A-1 + A-2 + A-3 
               
               
                 Steam Generator 
                 7.4 
                 — 
                 −7.4 
               
               
                 G-1 
               
               
                 Steam Generator 
                 9.0 
                 — 
                 −9.0 
               
               
                 G-2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0101]    The process according to the invention makes it possible to very greatly reduce the power of the furnace F- 2  but also the power of the furnace F- 1 , and the overall power of the cooling towers. 
         [0102]    The overall thermal power of the furnaces (F- 1 +F- 2 ) is reduced by half in the process according to the invention. 
         [0103]    In addition, the process according to the invention no longer generates low-pressure and medium-pressure steam, which is already in excess in the refinery. The steam generators G- 1  and G- 2  of the prior art are eliminated. 
         [0104]    Another advantage of the invention is the increase in the temperature of the stream  19   e  by several degrees Celsius (10° C. in the example). In the process according to the invention, the stream  19   e  has a temperature that is closer to the temperature that is necessary for entering the FCC riser. 
         [0105]    Thus, the stream  19   e  will require less energy for bringing it to the desired temperature in the FCC unit (gain of 2.0 MW of energy for a temperature of 210° C. at the inlet of the riser in the example). 
         [0106]    The preceding examples can be repeated with similar success by substituting the generically or specifically described reactants and/or operating conditions of this invention for those used in the preceding examples. 
         [0107]    From the foregoing description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention and, without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions.