Abstract:
The Resettable Latching MEMS Temperature Sensor provides the capability of recording external temperature extremes without consuming electrical power. The device incorporates a thermal bimorph, contacts, latches, and actuators for device reset. The device can be designed, hardwired, or programmed to trigger at various temperature levels. The device can be fabricated in a simple micromachining process that allows its size to be miniaturized for embedded and portable applications. During operation, the device consumes no quiescent power. The device can be configured to close a circuit, switch an interrupt signal, or switch some other electrical trigger signal between devices at the time of a temperature extreme being reached, or it can be configured to latch and be polled at some time after the temperature limit has occurred.

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to Provisional Patent Application U.S. Ser. No. 60/619,407, entitled “Resettable Latching MEMS Temperature Sensor” and filed on Oct. 15, 2004, which is fully incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     GOVERNMENT LICENSE RIGHTS 
     This invention was made with Government support under contract MDA972-03-C-0010, awarded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (“DARPA”). The Government has certain rights in the invention. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to a temperature sensor and method for ring temperature. More particularly, the present invention relates to a low-power micro-mechanical temperature sensor using a micromechanical thermal bimorph structure. 
     2. Background of the Invention 
     Embedding miniature sensors in products, systems, storage and shipping containers, and other items allows the monitoring of those items to determine health, maintenance needs, lifetime, and other item characteristics. Information from miniature temperature sensors can tell a user whether the item has been exposed to temperature levels that can cause damage. In addition, miniature temperature sensors can be used to “wake up,” from a low-power sleep mode, a more sophisticated sensing system to collect a more complete set of environmental data. 
     Current battery-powered embedded sensor systems that perform this type of monitoring often require a low power method of determining when a certain level of temperature has been reached. Many other applications, such as in transportation and shipping monitoring, heating and air conditioning, and food storage, would benefit from the ability to monitor the temperature environment with a completely unpowered sensor. In addition, these applications would benefit from the ability to poll that sensor to determine if a temperature extreme was reached, and then reset the sensor for later use. In either case, an ultra-low power sensor, or even a sensor that consumes no quiescent power, would reduce the overall system power consumption enough to allow embedded sensors to operate for decades in portable battery powered applications, or in systems that scavenge small amounts of power from the environment. 
     Low power and unpowered temperature sensors currently exist. However, they are large-scale devices such as bimetallic strips in standard thermostats. These devices operate in a somewhat similar fashion (albeit on a much larger scale) and provide a somewhat similar function as the present invention, but are not in a form factor suitable for integration with microdevices, and are not fabricated using techniques that are compatible with microelectronics or micro-electromechanical systems (“MEMS”) devices. 
     Micro-scale temperature sensors exist, as well, but most of the previous work to develop low-power temperature sensors has been focused on minimizing the power consumption of standard miniature devices, and using low-power analog electronics to determine when a specific temperature level has been reached. These devices and systems would then create a low-impedance logic level signal for input to a sleeping microcontroller. The fundamental problem is that such a system must continuously power the temperature sensor and analog trigger circuitry, creating a constant power draw on the batteries. Even using the latest in low-power devices and highest capacity batteries, systems that continuously power any sensor will only operate for 5-10 years. 
     As embedded miniature sensors get smaller, and as batteries are reduced in size and capacity, the use of lower power and unpowered devices will become more critical. Furthermore, maximizing the sensor functionality, without increasing power consumption, will enhance the capability of embedded sensing systems. 
     Other inventions have used thermally actuated micro-machined devices to measure temperature, and for switching, but none have had the advantages of the present invention in combining low- or no-power operation with a mechanical latching function. 
     For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,917,226, entitled “Integrated Released Beam, Thermo-mechanical Sensor for Sensing Temperature Variations and Associated Methods,” provides an integrated circuit for sensing temperature variations using a thermal bimorph device, but the sensor does not have a latching function and does not operate without quiescent power. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,916,349, entitled “Latching Piezoelectric Relay,” utilizes a thermal bimorph in a latching piezoelectric relay. This invention requires the application of external power to cause the relay to latch and has a latching function that is piezoelectric and not mechanical. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,233, entitled “Micromachined Thermal Switch,” utilizes a thermal bimorph device as a temperature-activated switch, but this invention does not have a latching capability. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is therefore an object of the present invention is to provide a low-power micro-machined temperature sensor. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a micromachined temperature sensor that latches upon reaching a threshold temperature without the application of any external power. 
     It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a micromachined temperature sensor that is easily re-set for reuse. 
     The present invention utilizes a micromachined thermal bimorph structure. A thermal bimorph is a thin film consisting of two layers of different materials that expand at different rates when exposed to heat, so that one layer expands more than the other upon a temperature increase, and the bimorph bends. Under a temperature load of sufficient magnitude, the thermal bimorph deflects and latches, closing an electrical contact. External circuitry can then be used to poll the temperature sensor. A thermal, capacitive, or other actuator resets the temperature sensor by disengaging the latch and returning the bimorph to its original position. The sensor will use nearly zero power except when actually providing the trigger signal to the microcontroller or during any reset operation. The sensor can remain latched for interrogation at a later date, even if system power is lost, and the sensor can be reset to detect the next event. 
     For purposes of summarizing the invention, certain aspects, advantages, and novel features of the invention have been described herein. It is to be understood that not necessarily all such advantages may be achieved in accordance with any one particular embodiment of the invention. Thus, the invention may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving other advantages as may be taught or suggested herein. 
     These and other embodiments of the present invention will also become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of the embodiments having reference to the attached figures, the invention not being limited to any particular embodiment(s) disclosed. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of the temperature sensor and its components. 
         FIG. 2A  is a high-level flowchart for an embodiment of a process according to the present invention. 
         FIGS. 2B-2H  illustrate steps in the process of fabricating one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a partial top view of the invention illustrating the dovetail dimensions for one embodiment of the thermal bimorph beam. 
         FIG. 4  is a partial top view of the invention illustrating the dimensions of one embodiment of the silicon/polymide layers of the bimorph. 
         FIG. 5  is a top view of the illustrated embodiment of the sensor in its normal state and ready to sense temperature extremes. 
         FIG. 6  is a diagram of the illustrated embodiment of the sensor in its latched and contacted state after a temperature extreme has been reached. 
         FIG. 7  shows the definition of parameters used in the design of the sensor. 
         FIG. 8  is a diagram of electrical interconnection of the sensor. 
         FIG. 9  shows an embodiment of the invention with shock sensitive contacts that allow operation at lower temperature levels. 
         FIG. 10  shows an embodiment of the invention with multiple contacts for detection of multiple temperature levels. 
     
    
    
     Repeat use of reference characters throughout the present specification and appended drawings is intended to represent the same or analogous features or elements of the invention. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The illustrated embodiment of the invention is fabricated in a thick layer of silicon or other conductor material. Within this thick layer of material, a thermal bimorph, a set of flexures, multiple contacts, multiple latch and pawl structures, multiple actuators, and multiple anchors and pads are fabricated. The thermal bimorph consists of a cantilever beam made from the conductor material and a sidewall coating of a different material with a coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch to the conductor material. Upon application of a temperature load, the thermal bimorph will bend so that the free end moves in a lateral direction (i.e., in a direction parallel to the substrate). 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the invention. The invention utilizes a micromachined cantilever bimorph structure  1  attached to the substrate (not illustrated) via anchors  6 . The bimorph structure  1  includes a contact area  2  and a latch  3 . Under a temperature load, T, the bending moment of the bimorph yields a force, F T , that displaces the bimorph sufficiently to force the latch  3  to engage with a similar latch on a thin flexure or pawl  4  attached to the substrate via anchors  6 . The force also causes the bimorph contact area  2  to connect with a spring-loaded contact  5 . After latching, the contacts remain closed, and the temperature sensor can then be interrogated by external circuitry (not illustrated). A thermal, capacitive, or other actuator (discussed below) can be used to develop a force, F a , and disengage the pawl  4  and return the bimorph  1  to its original position. 
       FIG. 2A  illustrates the high-level process flow  10  for the process used to fabricate the lateral-moving thermal bimorph that is used in one embodiment of the invention. While the following discussion focuses on producing a silicon/polyimide thermal bimorph with the process discussed herein, other combinations of materials and other processes can be employed. 
     Employing the process of  FIGS. 2A and 2B , the starting material is a silicon-on-insulator (“SOI”) substrate with a handle wafer  20  and a 15-micron thick active silicon layer  22  separated by a 2 micron thick silicon dioxide layer  21 . With attention to  FIG. 2C , which illustrates step  12  in greater detail, the SOI wafer is first patterned with photoresist  23  using standard lithography to define a silicon cantilever beam  24  with dovetail features. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates the beam  24  with its dovetail features  27 . The dovetail features  27  of the beam  24  are designed to improve the adhesion of the subsequent second bimorph material to this first material. The dimensions shown in  FIG. 3  illustrate one set of possible dimensions for defining the dovetail, although other dimensions and other surface treatments known to one with skill in the art could be employed to improve the adhesion of the second bimorph material to the first material. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 2D , which shows step  13  of the fabrication process, a deep silicon reactive ion etch defines the structure of the silicon beam  24 .  FIG. 2E  (step  14 ) illustrates a temperature sensitive polymer  25  that is applied by spin coating after the deep silicon etch. This layer of polymer  25  is then patterned as shown in  FIG. 2F  (step  15 ) to allow portions of the polymer  25  to remain in place along the sidewalls of the silicon beam  24 . This polymer  25  forms the temperature sensitive material for the bimorph(s) in the device. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the polymer  25  is deposited with dimensions approximating those illustrated in  FIG. 4  (dimensions in microns). The 2 micron overlapping of the polymer  25  onto the silicon  24  at the end of the silicon beam  24  is necessary to allow polymer shrinkage during cure and developing. 
     As is illustrated in  FIG. 2G  (step  16 ), after the polymer pattern is transferred and the polymer is developed, the silicon dioxide layer  21  in between the silicon layers is removed with an isotropic oxide etch that allows portions of the layer  21 , specifically those underneath anchors and bond pads (not illustrated), to remain and hold the structure to the substrate. After the silicon  24 /polymer  25  structure is released from the substrate, the entire device is coated at an angle with a metal layer system using a process that places metal  26  on the sidewalls of the structure, as illustrated in  FIG. 2H  (step  17 ). This metal is critical as it forms the contacts that the sensor uses. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an embodiment of the invention that provides both a latch signal and a programmable trigger signal depending on the level of external temperature. The thermal bimorph  1  responds to temperature levels by bending and displacing itself in the +y direction. The latch  3  on the bimorph  1  is separated from the pawl  4  by a predetermined distance selected for the temperature level at which the temperature sensor is desired to latch. If that temperature level is achieved, the bimorph  1  and latch  3  will move the distance required to engage the latch  3  with the pawl  4 . A very flexible beam  50  allows the pawl  4  to move easily perpendicular to the motion of the bimorph  1 , and to engage with the latch  3  to prevent the bimorph  1  from returning to its initial state. At this point, the temperature sensor is in its latched state and a closed contact exists between the bimorph  1  and pawl  4 . This closed contact can function to signal a microcontroller or to allow interrogation by an external reader.  FIG. 6  illustrates the temperature sensor in a latched state. 
     In addition, when the bimorph is deflected by a temperature, the contacts  2  on the sidewalls of the latch  3  may connect with the contacts  5  that are anchored to the substrate. The surface of the contact sidewalls ( 2  and  5 ) are designed to provide reliable and low-resistance contact. The contact actuator  51  connected to the contacts  5  allows the distance between the contacts  5  and the latch contacts  2  to be varied, thereby modifying the temperature level required to make contact and providing user programmability. When the contacts  5  connect to the latch contacts  2 , a circuit can be closed that can provide a signal to a microcontroller or be interrogated by an external reader. The temperature level for making a contact between the bimorph and the primary contacts may or may not be the same as that for latching depending on the setting of the contact actuator and the design of the latching mechanism. In other embodiments of the invention, the latching temperature can be adjusted as well. 
     The temperature sensor is designed to be reset after the sensor (in its latched state) is read or used to provide a signal to an external system. The invention includes a mechanical linkage  52  on the pawl  4  that creates a mechanical connection to a unidirectional reset actuator  53 . When the temperature sensor is unlatched and ready to sense a temperature event, the mechanical linkage  52  is not in contact with the pawl  4 . As the temperature event occurs, the latch  3  on the bimorph  1  makes contact with the pawl  4  and forces it to move perpendicular to the motion of the bimorph  1 . The mechanical linkage  52  decouples the latching motion of the pawl  4  from the reset actuator  53 . Without this mechanical linkage, the reset actuator  53  would apply a stiff resistance to the latching motion, making the sensing of low temperature levels difficult. 
     After the sensor is in a latched state, the reset actuator  53  can be forced to pull in a direction that will engage the linkage  52  with the pawl  4 . The illustrated embodiment of the invention uses for the reset actuator  53  a thermal actuator that deflects when a specific amount of current is run through the device. Once the actuator  53  is engaged with the pawl  4 , the force from the reset actuator  53  will pull the pawl  4  away from the bimorph  1 . When sufficient force is applied, the latch  3  and pawl  4  disengage, thereby releasing the bimorph  1  and allowing it to return to its initial position. At this point, the sensor is ready to monitor another temperature event. 
       FIG. 7  defines the primary parameters used to design one embodiment of the sensor to detect specific levels of temperature. For a thermal bimorph, the radius of curvature, R, at temperature, T, is given approximately by: 
             R   =       wa   +   wb       6   ⁢     (       α   a     -     α   b       )     ⁢     (     T   -     T   o       )               
where wa and wb are the widths of materials A and B respectively in the bimorph, α a  and α b  are the coefficients of thermal expansion for materials A and B respectively, and T o  is the temperature at which the bimorph is not bent.
 
     The amplitude of the deflection of the bimorph beam is dependent on the radius of curvature and beam length, and is given by: 
               Δ   ⁢           ⁢   y     =     R   *     (     1   -     cos   ⁡     (     l   R     )         )             
Δy is the bimorph beam displacement, R is the radius of curvature, and l is the length of the beam.
 
     A device will latch if the bimorph deflection is greater than the distance of the latch gap plus the distance across the tip of the pawl, and can be expressed by the following latching condition: 
                 Δ   ⁢           ⁢   y     &gt;     lg   +   lp       ,       or   ⁢           ⁢     (     T   -     T   o       )       &gt;         (     wa   +   wb     )     *     (     lg   +   lp     )         3   ⁢     (       α   a     -     α   b       )     *     l   2                 
where lg is the latch gap distance and lp is the distance across the tip of the pawl over which the latch structure must traverse to latch. That distance is defined by the geometry of the tip of the
 
     Table 1 below contains the temperature levels required for latching the sensor in one embodiment of the invention given Material A width of 10 μm, Material B width of 10 μm, and latching gap of 10 μm for a variety of bimorph lengths. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Table of design parameters versus temperature levels for latching 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Temperature Level 
                 Bimorph Beam Length, lb 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                  50° C. 
                 375 μm 
               
               
                   
                  75° C. 
                 263 μm 
               
               
                   
                 100° C. 
                 215 μm 
               
               
                   
                 125° C. 
                 186 μm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In one embodiment of the invention Material A is silicon and Material B is Polyimide. Other metals would be suitable for use as Material A, and other materials would be suitable for use as Material B, provided that the materials have a large enough coefficient of thermal expansion to yield a deflection large enough to close the latch gap. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the temperature sensor is used to wake up a microcontroller in an embedded sensing application. In other embodiments, the device is used in standalone applications where the sensor is connected to an RFID tag or other transmitter for remote determination of the temperature environment experienced by shipping containers and products. Similar devices for other environmental variables such as shock, humidity, and chemical concentrations can be developed using the principles disclosed herein. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a wiring schematic for an embodiment of the invention that is used for waking up an embedded microcontroller from a sleep mode when a certain temperature level is experienced. In this embodiment, a voltage difference is applied across actuators  53  and  51 . In operation a single bias signal is applied to the bimorph  1  of the device. The bias signal could be a voltage or current depending upon the type of readout circuit used. Connections to the external contacts and pawls would be outputs to which the bias signal is connected. These outputs could be connected to microcontroller interrupt lines, to a wireless transceiver, to a large circuit network that performs some function, or a number of other connection and circuits. 
     Although several embodiments and forms of this invention have been illustrated, it is apparent that those skilled in the art can make other various modifications and embodiments of the invention without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. For example, other configurations of the sensor are possible that utilize varying surface features on the contacts, multiple movable contacts, and different actuator types. 
     One particular embodiment of the invention, shown in  FIG. 9 , uses the sidewall  40  of a second thermal bimorph  41  as a moving contact to connect with the sensor&#39;s main latching bimorph  1 . When a temperature load is applied, the moving contact  41  will move out of the way of the main latching bimorph  1  during the latching operation, thereby reducing the amount of force required to meet the latching condition. After the latching occurs and the temperature load is removed from the device, the moving contact  41  will return to its original position and make a connection with the device&#39;s main latching bimorph  1 . This configuration is useful when designing low temperature trigger devices where the bending force may be insufficient to overcome the retarding force created by the stationary electrical contacts. 
     Another embodiment, shown in  FIG. 10 , includes multiple contacts  70  and multiple latches  71  to allow one sensor device to trigger at and latch at multiple temperature levels that the bimorphs  1  are subjected to. 
     Another embodiment of the device (not illustrated) uses a capacitive actuator for reset functions instead of a thermal actuator. A capacitive actuator consumes less power but would be suitable for lower force and lower temperature level applications. The configuration would require additional capacitive actuators on the bimorph to move it out of contact with the pawl, thereby eliminating the friction that holds the pawl in contact with the latch. At that point another capacitive actuator could move the pawl out of position, after which the actuator on the bimorph is released, followed by the release of the pawl, at which point the sensor is unlatched and ready for another sensing operation. 
     Furthermore, other fabrication processes for the device are possible. Any fabrication process that realizes a single thick micromechanical structural layer with 1) conducting sidewalls that can make electrical contact, and 2) sidewall deposition of a material with a different coefficient of thermal expansion from the main micromechanical structural layer can be used to fabricate the device. Examples include bulk micromachining and wafer-bonding fabrication approaches in silicon, silicon dioxide, nickel, titanium and other conductors, as well as LIGA-type fabrication processes using electroplated metals. 
     Although the embodiments illustrated herein show temperature sensors in which the bimorph responds to temperature increases in order to cause either contact or latching of the sensor, the bimorph also responds to temperature decreases, by bending in the opposite direction. Therefore, other embodiments contemplated that are within the scope of the present invention include devices which sense either temperature decreases or both increases and decreases with the same thermal bimorph.