Abstract:
The present invention relates to a refurbished cylinder roller and a process for refurbishing cylinder rollers for use in printing machines. More particularly, the present invention also relates to a process for refurbishing metallic gravure cylinder rollers by replacing the worn outer plating layers with an extruded and thermally cured electrically conductive polymer material, and thereafter electroplating new outer plating layers thereon, the new plating layers including a new printing image formed therein. The present invention also relates to a refurbished gravure cylinder roller which includes a core member extending along an axial length, an image-carrying layer having a printing image formed therein and arranged circumferentially about the core member, and an electrically conductive intermediate polymer layer arranged between the core member and the image-carrying layer, where the intermediate polymer material has a conductivity selected to permit electro-plating of the image-carrying layer directly thereon.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/839,744. The present application also claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/272,501 filed on Sep. 30, 2009 and Canadian Patent Application No. 2710691 (also entitled “Process for Refurbishing Cylinder Rolls and Bases for Printing Machines”) filed on Jul. 15, 2010, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     SCOPE OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to a refurbished cylinder roller and a process for refurbishing cylinder rollers for use in printing machines. More particularly, the present invention relates to a process for refurbishing metallic gravure cylinder rollers by replacing the worn outer plating layers with an extruded and thermally cured electrically conductive polymer material, and thereafter electroplating new outer plating layers thereon, the new plating layers including a new printing image formed therein. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE PRIOR ART 
       [0003]    Gravure cylinders or printing rollers used in rotary printing processes generally consist of a cylindrical metallic core on which is electroplated an image-carrying copper layer and a protective outer chrome layer. After a printing run or expected production life of the cylinder roller, it is known to refurbish the cylinder for re-use. Conventionally, gravure cylinders are refurbished by precision grinding the outer surface of the cylinder to remove just the outer image-carrying copper and chrome layers from the metallic core. The copper layer is then reapplied directly onto the metallic core and a new image is engraved or etched into the copper layer. Finally, the outer protective chrome layer is reapplied directly onto the image-carrying copper layer. A difficulty exists with such a refurbishing process in that refurbished cylinders are dimensionally restricted by the outer diameter of the metallic core, such that the refurbished cylinder rollers may not be re-used in applications requiring larger diameters cylinders. Additionally, after successive refurbishments, the cylinder wall of the refurbished cylinder becomes thin, thus reducing the structural integrity of the cylinder. 
         [0004]    In an alternative method for refurbishing cylinder rollers after grinding, polyurethane is molded around the metallic core, cured and subsequently sized on a lathe. A ceramic coating layer is then applied to the outer circumference of the polyurethane layer and after which time the roller is further machined on a lathe to size to a desired outer diameter. Following sizing, a layer of nickel paint is applied over the ceramic coating layer. Copper is then plated directly onto the nickel painted layer. The copper layer is engraved with an image, after which a final protective chrome layer is applied over the image-carrying copper layer. 
         [0005]    The applicant has appreciated that in applying a nickel painted layer, surface defects and surface thickness variations often lead to defects in the quality of prints made by cylinders refurbished by this process. In particular, as a result of the painting process, the thickness of the nickel paint layer is typically not uniform across the ceramic coating layer. In addition, surface scratches often arise in the nickel layer during handling of the cylinders. These defects affect the quality of the electroplated copper layer and subsequently result in inferior quality printings. 
         [0000]    Additionally, resizing requires the cylinder to be returned directly to the manufacturer, where the coating layers including the nickel paint layer must be reapplied using specialized equipment. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    It is therefore an objective of the present invention to provide an improved refurbished cylinder roller and a process for refurbishing cylinder rollers, which for example may be used in printing applications, and which overcome the difficulties noted above. 
         [0007]    Another objective of the present invention is to provide a refurbishing process which allows for increasing the finished outer diameter of a cylinder roller, and more preferable increasing the finished outer diameter of a gravure cylinder roller or base. 
         [0008]    Another objective of the present invention is to provide a refurbishing process where existing chrome and copper plating finishing methods and equipment can be used on a gravure cylinder roller having a metallic core supporting an intermediate electrically conductive polymer layer. 
         [0009]    Another objective of the present invention is to provide a more versatile cylinder roller which has an outer diameter that can be more readily resized for new use applications by common practices in the industry without the need for specialized equipment. 
         [0010]    In one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a refurbished cylinder roller which includes a metallic core, an intermediate electrically conductive polymer layer, an image-carrying metallic layer, and preferably a further protective outer metallic layer. 
         [0011]    In yet a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a refurbished printing roller for use in a printing process, said roller comprising: a core member configured for mounting the printing roller in a printing machine, said core member having an axial length and comprising an outer peripheral core surface extending along said axial length, at least a portion of said outer core surface being roughened to a surface roughness between 150 to 500 Ra; an electro-plated metallic image-carrying layer arranged circumferentially about the outer core surface along at least a portion of said axial length, said image-carrying layer comprising a polished outer peripheral printing surface, said printing surface comprising a printing image, wherein said printing image is selected from one of engraved and etched into said image-carrying layer; an intermediate layer arranged between said outer core surface and said image-carrying layer, said intermediate layer comprising an extruded and thermally cured conductive polymer material, said polymer material comprising an effective amount of granular graphite particles, conductive black and carbon black to permit electro-plating of said polymer material; wherein said intermediate layer further comprises a polished outer peripheral intermediate surface having a surface roughness between 10 to 30 Ra, and wherein said image-carrying layer being electro-plated directly onto said intermediate surface; a binder layer arranged between said outer core surface and said intermediate layer; and an electro-plated metallic outer protective layer arranged circumferentially about the printing surface, said protective layer being electro-plated directly over said image-carrying layer. 
         [0012]    In yet a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a gravure printing roller for use in a printing process, said roller comprising: a core member having an axial length and configured for mounting the printing roller in a printing machine, said core member comprising an outer peripheral core surface; an image-carrying layer arranged circumferentially about the core surface along at least a portion of said axial length, said image-carrying layer comprising a concentric printing surface having a printing image formed therein, an intermediate polymer material layer arranged between the core surface and the image-carrying layer, said intermediate polymer material layer having a conductivity selected to permit electro-plating; wherein said image-carrying layer being electro-plated directly onto said intermediate polymer material layer; an outer protective layer arranged circumferentially about the image-carrying layer, wherein said protective layer being plated over said printing surface. 
         [0013]    In yet a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a refurbished printing roller for use in a printing process, said roller comprising: a core member configured for mounting the printing roller in a printing machine, said core member having an axial length and comprising an outer peripheral core surface extending along said axial length, at least a portion of said outer core surface being roughened to a surface roughness between 150 to 500 Ra; an electro-plated metallic image-carrying layer arranged circumferentially about the outer core surface along at least a portion of said axial length, said image-carrying layer comprising a polished outer peripheral printing surface, said printing surface comprising a printing image, wherein said printing image is selected from one of engraved and etched into said image-carrying layer; an intermediate layer arranged between said outer core surface and said image-carrying layer, said intermediate layer comprising an extruded and thermally cured conductive polymer material, said polymer material comprising an effective amount of granular graphite particles and conductive black to permit electro-plating of said polymer material; wherein said intermediate layer further comprises a polished outer peripheral intermediate surface having a surface roughness between 10 to 30 Ra, and wherein said image-carrying layer being electro-plated directly onto said intermediate surface; and an electro-plated metallic outer protective layer arranged circumferentially about the printing surface, said protective layer being electro-plated directly over said image-carrying layer. 
         [0014]    In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for refurbishing cylinder rollers by curing an electrically conductive intermediate polymer layer directly onto a metallic core of a cylinder roller, and there after applying an image-carrying copper layer directly onto the intermediate layer. 
         [0015]    In yet a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for refurbishing a cylinder roller or printing roller by applying a conductive intermediate layer directly onto a metallic core of the cylinder roller; further applying an image-carrying metallic layer directly onto the intermediate layer; and thereafter applying a protective outer metallic layer. 
         [0016]    In yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a preferred process whereby the outer chrome and copper layers of a printing cylinder roller are removed from the metallic core of the cylinder roller by precision machining. The metallic core is then sand blasted, belt sanded or rough turned to roughen or coarsen the outer surface of the metallic core, after which the surface is cleaned to remove any dirt, oil or debris. Following cleaning, a mixture of a hydrocarbon based solvent and a polymer based material is applied to the core surface, after which an electrically conductive intermediate polymer layer is extruded onto the metallic core at a desired radial thickness. To maintain the dimensional stability of the extruded intermediate layer, shrink tape is applied under tension around the circumference of the extruded intermediate layer which is subsequently thermally cured. After curing, the shrink tape is removed from the intermediate layer, following which the intermediate layer is grinded to a desired radial diameter. After grinding, copper is then electroplated onto the intermediate layer. The copper layer is engraved with an image, after which a final protective chrome layer is applied over the image-carrying copper layer. 
         [0017]    In yet another preferred aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for refurbishing a used gravure printing roller having a cylindrical core member extending along an axial length and having an outer printing layer plated thereon, the method comprising the steps of: removing the outer printing layer from the core member to expose a cylindrical outer peripheral core surface having a surface roughness between 150 to 500 Ra, said step of removing being selected from precision machining, precision grinding and manual grinding; applying by one of brushing, spraying and pouring a binder layer having a radial thickness of less than 5 mm onto said outer core surface; applying circumferentially about said binder layer a concentric conductive intermediate polymer material layer having a radial thickness between 5 mm to 100 mm; said intermediate polymer material layer comprising an effective amount of graphite particles, carbon black and conductive black to permit electro-plating of said intermediate polymer material layer; curing said intermediate polymer material layer, said step of curing comprising curing parameters selected from a temperature range between 250 to 400 degrees Fahrenheit, a pressure range between 60 to 100 psi and a curing time between 4 to 12 hours; finishing said cured intermediate polymer material layer, said step of finishing comprising sizing said cured intermediate polymer material layer to a pre-selected diameter; and forming a concentric outer peripheral intermediate surface having a surface roughness between 10 to 30 Ra; electro-plating an image-carrying layer directly onto said outer intermediate surface, said image-carrying layer defining an outer printing surface; forming a printing image in said printing surface, said step of forming selected from one of engraving and etching into said printing surface; plating a protective outer layer over said printing surface. 
         [0018]    Further aspects of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and drawings, which illustrate the invention and preferred embodiments of this invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0019]    Reference may now be had to the following detailed description taken together with the accompanying drawings in which: 
           [0020]      FIG. 1A  shows a perspective side view of a refurbished cylinder roller in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0021]      FIG. 1B  shows an enlarged view of the encircled portion of  FIG. 1A . 
           [0022]      FIG. 2A  shows a lateral cross-sectional view of the cylinder roller of  FIG. 1  taken along section X-X. 
           [0023]      FIG. 2B  shows an enlarged view of the encircled portion of  FIG. 2A . 
           [0024]      FIG. 3A  shows a perspective side view of a used conventional cylinder roller. 
           [0025]      FIG. 3B  shows a lateral cross-sectional view of the used cylinder roller of  FIG. 3A  taken along section Y-Y. 
           [0026]      FIG. 3C  shows an enlarged view of the encircled portion of  FIG. 3B . 
           [0027]      FIG. 4A  shows in cross-sectional view of the outer core surface of the cylinder roller of  FIG. 3A  after removal of the worn outer plating layer in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0028]      FIG. 4B  shows an enlarged view of the encircled portion of  FIG. 4A . 
           [0029]      FIG. 5A  shows in cross-sectional view the cylinder roller of  FIG. 4A  having a binder layer applied thereon. 
           [0030]      FIG. 5B  shows an enlarged view of the encircled portion of  FIG. 5A . 
           [0031]      FIG. 6A  shows in cross-sectional view the cylinder roller of  FIG. 5A  having an intermediate polymer layer applied thereon. 
           [0032]      FIG. 6B  shows an enlarged view of the encircled portion of  FIG. 6A . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       [0033]    Reference is made to  FIG. 1A  which shows a perspective side view of a refurbished gravure cylinder roller  10  extending from a first end  36  to a second end  38  along an axis A-A 1 . 
         [0034]    Preferably, the cylinder roller  10  has a lateral cross-sectional diameter  40  ranging from 50 mm to 1000 mm and an axial length  42  ranging from 100 mm to 7000 mm. As will be more fully described below, the cylinder roller  10  includes a hollow cylindrical steel core  12 , a binder layer  14 , an intermediate polymer layer  16  and a plating layer  60  each concentrically positioned about the axis A-A 1  and extending from the first end  36  to the second end  38 . 
         [0035]    As will be more fully described below and best shown in the enlarged view of  FIG. 1B , the outermost radial circumference of the cylinder roller  10  includes a polished outer peripheral printing surface  62  having a printing image formed therein as a collection of tiny cells  64  of varying distribution and depth which determine the lightness/darkness of the particular image to be printed. In use, the cylinder roller  10  rotates about its axis A-A 1  in an ink fountain and collects ink within the cells  64 . Through rotation of the cylinder roller  10  and the application of pressure of the printing surface  62  against a substrate, the ink is transferred to the surface of the substrates to form the printed image. 
         [0036]    Reference will now be made to  FIG. 2A  which shows a lateral cross-sectional view taken at one end of the cylinder roller  10  shown in  FIG. 1A  along the section X-X. The cylinder roller  10  includes a hollow cylindrical steel core  12  formed concentrically about the axis A-A 1  and which extends radially outwardly to an outermost concentric core surface  22 . Preferably the core  12  has a radial diameter ranging from 50 mm to 1000 mm, and more preferably 150 mm to 750 mm. The core surface  22  is preferably machined or ground to have a roughness of about 150 to 500 Ra and more preferably about 250 to 350 Ra. The core surface  22  may also preferably be roughened by chemically etching, sand blasting, belt sanding or any like process to coarsen the core surface  22  to a selected roughness. 
         [0037]    The core  12  also preferably includes a keyed interface  13  which is configured to receive a keyed shaft (not shown) of a printing machine for mounting the cylinder roller  10  in a printing machine or printing press. In an alternative embodiment, the core  12  may be provided as an elongated solid cylindrical shaft having formed integrally therewith shaft ends configured for mounting the cylinder roller  10  in a printing machine or printing press. 
         [0038]    As more fully shown in the exploded view of  FIG. 2B , formed concentrically about the radial periphery of the core surface  22  is a binder layer  14 , an intermediate polymer layer  16  and a plating layer  60  which includes an image-carrying copper layer  18  and a protective chrome layer  20 . 
         [0039]    The binder layer  14  is disposed directly over the core surface  22  and preferably has a thickness no greater than 5 mm and more preferably a thickness of about 2 mm. The binder layer is selected to enhance bonding between the intermediate polymer layer  16  and the core surface  22 . The binder layer  16  may be a commercially available adhesive product which enhances bonding between metal and rubber materials, such as commercially available under the trade-mark Chemlok EP 6804-22 from LORD Chemical products. 
         [0040]    In a more preferred construction, the binder layer  14  consists of a mixture including a suitable hydrocarbon based solvent, such as toluene, and a polymer based material, such as the intermediate polymer layer  16  material which is more fully described below. Preferably the mixture is in a ratio of 5 to 25 parts polymer with the remaining being solvent. 
         [0041]    Formed concentrically about the axis A-A 1  and disposed directly over the binder layer  16  is an intermediate polymer layer  16  which extends radially outwardly to an outermost concentric intermediate surface  24  to form a supportive underlying layer for the plating layer  60 . The radial thickness of the intermediate polymer layer  16  depends on the desired diameter of the cylinder roller  10  and most typically within a range from 5 mm to 100 mm, and more preferably 10 mm to 50 mm. Preferably, the intermediate surface  24  is substantially blemish free and has a smooth surface finish. Preferably the intermediate surface  24  has a surface roughness of about 10 to 30 Ra, and more preferably between 15 to 25 Ra. 
         [0042]    The intermediate polymer layer  16  is formed from an electrically conductive polymer material which preferably incorporates electrically conductive particles or elements into its final composition which allows for sufficient conductivity to enable electroplating of the plating layer  60 . For example, the polymer layer  16  may preferably include graphite, conductive black, carbon black, powdered copper, copper flakes or powdered nickel into its final composition as more fully described below. The intermediate polymer layer  16  has an electrical resistance below 1500Ω, preferably below 1000Ω and more preferably below 500Ω to allow for direct electroplating thereon. The intermediate polymer layer  16  has a surface hardness between about 50 to 90 Durometer Shore D and more preferably between 70 to 80 Durometer Shore D. 
         [0043]    The electrically conductive intermediate polymer layer  16  may preferably include 80 to 120 parts per hundred resin of nitrile rubber, such as commercially available under the trade-mark NBR 3350 to Petroflex and trade-mark Nitriflex 615B to Struktol-US. The polymer layer  16  may also preferably include 80 to 120 parts per hundred resin of nitrile rubber, natural rubber, Styrene Butadiene rubber (“SBR” rubber) or combinations thereof. Alternatively the polymer layer may include a polymer blend which preferably includes a ratio of 65 to 99 parts nitrile rubber, natural rubber and SBR rubber to 1 to 35 parts polyvinylchloride. 
         [0044]    The intermediate polymer layer  16  also includes 10 to 50 parts per hundred resin of conductive particles such as graphite, copper flakes, powdered copper or powdered nickel, 25 to 60 parts per hundred resin of carbon black and 20 to 70 parts per hundred resin of conductive black. The intermediate polymer layer  16  may also preferably include other commercially available rubber additives to assist in vulcanization and which are know in the rubber making industry, such as vulcanizing agents, rubber antioxidants, rubber accelerators, tackifiers, plasticizers and fatty acid esters. 
         [0045]    In a preferred construction the rubber additives include 2 to 50 parts per hundred resin of a vulcanizing agent such as sulfur, 1 to 8 parts per hundred resin of a rubber antioxidant such as polymerized 1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline “TMQ” available from Sunboss Chemicals under the trade-name TMQ, 0.25 to 8 parts per hundred resin of rubber accelerators selected from the group consisting of mercapto benzo thiazole disulfide “MBTS” available from Sunboss Chemicals under the trade-name MBTS, zinc oxide, stearic acid and zinc stearate, and 5 to 30 parts per hundred resin of tackifiers and plasticizers which include triethylene glycol bis(2-ethylhexanoate) available under the trade-mark plasticizer SC-E available from Struktol-US, amber flakes, Koresin™ available from Struktol-US, talc powder (silicate), fatty acid esters such as aliphatic fatty acid esters, aromatic resin and woodrosin resin. 
         [0046]    The electrically conductive intermediate polymer layer  16  may also preferably include acrylonitrile rubber in an amount ranging from 80 to 120 parts per hundred resin and more preferably 100 parts per hundred resin; zinc oxide in an amount ranging from 4 to 6 parts per hundred resin and more preferably 5 parts per hundred resin; fatty acid ranging from 1.2 to 1.8 parts per hundred resin and more preferably 1.5 parts per hundred resin; antioxidant-dihydromethyl quiniline in an amount ranging from 1.6 to 2.4 parts per hundred resin and more preferably 2.0 parts per hundred resin; mineral graphite powder ranging from 16 to 24 parts per hundred resin and preferably 20 parts per hundred resin; mineral sulphur in an amount ranging from 10 to 25 parts per hundred resin and preferably 15 parts per hundred resin; and mercaptobenzothirum sulphide ranging from 0.4 to 0.6 parts per hundred resin and more preferably 0.5 parts per hundred resin. The intermediate polymer layer  16  may also optionally include tetra methyl thirum disulphide ranging from 1.0 to 1.6 parts per hundred resin and more preferably 1.3 parts per hundred resin. 
         [0047]    By way of non-limiting preferred sample examples only, below please find Tables 1 to 6 which show preferred compositions of the intermediate polymer layer  16  which have been applied in the present invention, and which includes the commercially description of the constituents. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 PPHR 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (parts 
               
               
                 COMMERCIAL 
                   
                 per hundred 
               
               
                 DESCRIPTION 
                 CHEMICAL DESCRIPTION 
                 resin) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 NITRILE RUBBER 
                 ARCYLONITRILE RUBBER 
                 100.00 
               
               
                 STRUKTOL WB 222 
                 FATTY ACID 
                 2.00 
               
               
                 KADOX 911 C 
                 ZINC OXIDE 
                 5.00 
               
               
                 STEARIC ACID 
                 FATTY ACID 
                 1.50 
               
               
                 AGERITE RESIN D 
                 ANTIOXIDANT - 
                 2.00 
               
               
                   
                 DIHYDROMETHYL 
               
               
                   
                 QUINILINE 
               
               
                 RESIN 56 HPA 
                 FATTY ACID 
                 10.00 
               
               
                 CARBON BLACK XC 72 
                 CONDUCTIVE BLACK 
                 30.00 
               
               
                 GRAPHITE 425 
                 MINERAL GRAPHITE 
                 20.00 
               
               
                   
                 POWDER 
               
               
                 PLASTICIZER SC 
                 TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL 
                 20.00 
               
               
                 SULPHUR 
                 MINERAL SULPHUR 
                 15.00 
               
               
                 MBTS 
                 MERCAPTOBEZO- 
                 0.50 
               
               
                   
                 THIRUMSULPHIDE 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 PPHR (parts 
               
               
                 COMMERCIAL 
                   
                 per hundred  
               
               
                 DESCRIPTION 
                 CHEMICAL DESCRIPTION 
                 resin) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 NITRILE RUBBER 
                 ARCYLONITRILE RUBBER 
                 100.00 
               
               
                 STRUKTOL WB 222 
                 FATTY ACID 
                 2.00 
               
               
                 KADOX 911 C 
                 ZINC OXIDE 
                 5.00 
               
               
                 STEARIC ACID 
                 FATTY ACID 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 AGERITE RESIN D 
                 ANTIOXIDANT - 
                 2.00 
               
               
                   
                 DIHYDROMETHYL 
               
               
                   
                 QUINILINE 
               
               
                 BLACK N 330 
                 CARBON BLACK 
                 60.00 
               
               
                 GRAPHITE 425 
                 MINERAL GRAPHITE POWDER 
                 30.00 
               
               
                 PLASTICIZER SC 
                 TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL 
                 15.00 
               
               
                 SULPHUR 
                 MINERAL SULPHUR 
                 15.00 
               
               
                 MBTS 
                 MERCAPTOBEZO- 
                 0.50 
               
               
                   
                 THIRUMSULPHIDE 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 PPHR (parts 
               
               
                 COMMERCIAL 
                   
                 per hundred 
               
               
                 DESCRIPTION 
                 CHEMICAL DESCRIPTION 
                 resin) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 NITRILE RUBBER 
                 ARCYLONITRILE RUBBER 
                 100.00 
               
               
                 STRUKTOL WB 222 
                 FATTY ACID 
                 2.00 
               
               
                 KADOX 911 C 
                 ZINC OXIDE 
                 5.00 
               
               
                 STEARIC ACID 
                 FATTY ACID 
                 1.50 
               
               
                 AGERITE RESIN D 
                 ANTIOXIDANT - 
                 2.00 
               
               
                   
                 DIHYDROMETHYL 
               
               
                   
                 QUINILINE 
               
               
                 BLACK N 330 
                 CARBON BLACK 
                 60.00 
               
               
                 GRAPHITE 425 
                 MINERAL GRAPHITE POWDER 
                 20.00 
               
               
                 PLASTICIZER SC 
                 TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL 
                 10.00 
               
               
                 SULPHUR 
                 MINERAL SULPHUR 
                 15.00 
               
               
                 MBTS 
                 MERCAPTOBEZO- 
                 0.50 
               
               
                   
                 THIRUMSULPHIDE 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 PPHR 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (parts per 
               
               
                 COMMERCIAL 
                   
                 hundred 
               
               
                 DESCRIPTION 
                 CHEMICAL DESCRIPTION 
                 resin) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 PARACRIL OZO 
                 POLYVINLY CHLORIDE 
                 100.00 
               
               
                 (NBR/PVC 70/30 ML 50) 
                 MODIFIED NITRILE 
               
               
                   
                 RUBBER 
               
               
                 STRUKTOL WB 222 
                 FATTY ACID 
                 2.00 
               
               
                 KADOX 911 C 
                 ZINC OXIDE 
                 5.00 
               
               
                 STEARIC ACID 
                 FATTY ACID 
                 1.50 
               
               
                 AGERITE RESIN D 
                 ANTIOXIDANT - 
                 2.00 
               
               
                   
                 DIHYDROMETHYL 
               
               
                   
                 QUINILINE 
               
               
                 BLACK N 330 
                 CARBON BLACK 
                 40.00 
               
               
                 CARBON BLACK XC 72 
                 CONDUCTIVE BLACK 
                 30.00 
               
               
                 GRAPHITE 425 
                 MINERAL GRAPHITE 
                 20.00 
               
               
                   
                 POWDER 
               
               
                 PLASTICIZER SC 
                 TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL 
                 20.00 
               
               
                 SULPHUR 
                 MINERAL SULPHUR 
                 25.00 
               
               
                 MBTS 
                 MERCAPTOBENZTHIAZOLE 
                 0.50 
               
               
                   
                 DISULFIDE 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 PPHR 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (parts per 
               
               
                 COMMERCIAL 
                   
                 hundred 
               
               
                 DESCRIPTION 
                 CHEMICAL DESCRIPTION 
                 resin) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 PARACRIL OZO 
                 PRE-FLUXED BLEND OF 
                 100.00 
               
               
                 (NBR/PVC 70/30 M58) 
                 NITRILE RUBBER AND 
               
               
                   
                 POLYVINLY CHLORIDE 
               
               
                   
                 BLEND 
               
               
                 STRUKTOL WB 222 
                 ALIPHATIC FATTY ACID 
                 2.00 
               
               
                   
                 ESTERS PLASTICIZER 
               
               
                 ZINC OXIDE 
                 ZINC OXIDE 
                 5.00 
               
               
                 STEARIC ACID 
                 FATTY ACID 
                 1.50 
               
               
                 AGERITE RESIN D 
                 POLYMERIZED 1,2- 
                 2.00 
               
               
                   
                 DIHYDRO-2,2,4- 
               
               
                   
                 TRIMETHYLQUINOLINE 
               
               
                 CARBON BLACK N 330 
                 CARBON BLACK 
                 40.00 
               
               
                 CARBON BLACK XC 72 
                 CONDUCTIVE BLACK 
                 30.00 
               
               
                 GRAPHITE 729 
                 MINERAL GRAPHITE 
                 20.00 
               
               
                   
                 POWDER 
               
               
                 PLASTICIZER SC 
                 TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL BIS 
                 20.00 
               
               
                   
                 (2-ETHYLHEXANOATE) 
               
               
                 RUBBER MAKER&#39;S 
                 MINERAL SULPHUR 
                 25.00 
               
               
                 SULPHUR 
               
               
                 MBTS 
                 ACCELERATOR- 
                 0.50 
               
               
                   
                 MERCAPTOBENZTHIAZOLE 
               
               
                   
                 DISULFIDE 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 PPHR 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (parts per 
               
               
                 COMMERCIAL 
                   
                 hundred 
               
               
                 DESCRIPTION 
                 CHEMICAL DESCRIPTION 
                 resin) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 NBR 3350 (Petroflex) 
                 NITRILE RUBBER 
                 100.00 
               
               
                 ZINC OXIDE 
                 ZINC OXIDE 
                 5.00 
               
               
                 STEARIC ACID 
                 STEARIC ACID 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 TMQ/AGERITE RESIN D 
                 POLYMERIZED 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 1,2-DIHYDRO-2,2,4- 
               
               
                   
                 TRIMETHYLQUINOLINE 
               
               
                 N472 
                 CONDUCTIVE BLACK 
                 50.00 
               
               
                 GRAPHITE 729 
                 MINERAL GRAPHITE 
                 20.00 
               
               
                   
                 POWDER 
               
               
                 TALC POWDER 
                 SILICATE 
                 10.00 
               
               
                 CUMAR 100/AROTAC 
                 RESIN - AMBER FLAKES 
                 10.00 
               
               
                 100 
               
               
                 KORESIN - 
                 RESIN 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 STRUCKTOL-US 
               
               
                 MBTS 
                 ACCELERATOR- 
                 0.50 
               
               
                   
                 MERCAPTOBENZTHIAZOLE 
               
               
                   
                 DISULFIDE 
               
               
                 RUBBER MAKER&#39;S 
                 MINERAL SULPHUR 
                 25.00 
               
               
                 SULPHUR 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0048]    The plating layer  60  is disposed directly over the intermediate surface  24  and preferably has a thickness between 0.1 mm to 1.6 mm, and more preferably 0.15 mm to 1 mm. The plating layer  60  includes an image-carrying copper layer  18  and an outer protective chrome layer  20 . The thickness of the copper layer  18  may preferably ranges from 0.07 mm to 1.5 mm and preferably includes a substantially blemish free and polished smooth outer copper surface  26 . The image-carrying copper layer  18  includes therein the cells  64  which form the image to be printed on the substrate. Preferably, a thin polished protective layer of chrome  20  is provided over the copper surface  26 . Preferably the chrome protective layer has a thickness of about 0.005 to 0.05 mm, and more preferably 0.008 mm thick. 
         [0049]    Although this disclosure has described and illustrated the cylindrical core  12  being formed of steel and the plating layer  60  as including copper and chrome plating layers, it is also to be understood that the invention is not restricted to these particular embodiments. Rather, any suitable metallic core and plating materials which are used in the printing industry are equally applicable with the present invention. Furthermore, it is to be understood that while various commercially available products have been identified as components of the present invention, it is to be understood that the present invention is not restricted to these particular embodiments, as would be readily understood by a skilled artesian in the art. 
       Refurbishing Process 
       [0050]    The present invention provides a new process for refurbishing used and worn conventional cylinder rollers for re-use in new printing applications. 
       Removal of Worn Plating Layers 
       [0051]      FIGS. 3A ,  3 B and  3 C show respectively a side perspective view, a cross-sectional view and an enlarged view of a used conventional cylinder roller  114  having a cylindrical steel core  112  extending from a first end  90  to a second end  92  along an axis A 2 -A 3 . The core  112  has electroplated directly thereon outer plating layers  113  about its radial circumference along its axial length. During printing with cylinder roller  114 , the outer plating layers  113  on the cylinder roller  112  wear, and in return print quality begins to deteriorate. Additionally, after a printing run, the use for the particular cylinder roller  114  becomes obsolete, resulting in a large number of obsolete printing rollers being stored by printers. 
         [0052]    The used cylinder roller  114  may be refurbished by first removing the worn outer plating layers  113  and a portion of the outer radial periphery of the core  112  along its entire axial length. To remove the worn outer plating layer  113  and the outer radial periphery of the core  112 , the cylinder roller  114  preferably is placed in a turning lathe and machined along its axial length about its outer circumference. It is to be appreciated that alternatively, the cylinder roller  114  may be manually or machine ground in a grinding process to precision grind the outer radial periphery of the core  112  and remove the outer plating layer  112 . The cylinder roller  114  is machined to completely remove the worn plating layer  113  along the entire axial length of the core  112  and at least to a depth of 0.1 mm into the core  112 , and more preferably 10 mm into the core  112 . Most preferably, the cylinder roller  114  may be machined or ground to reduce the outer radial periphery of the core  112  to a pre-selected desired radial diameter forming a new cylindrical core  12  about the axis A 2 -A 3  and which extends radially outwardly to an outermost concentric core surface  22 . 
       Roughening Core Surface 
       [0053]    After machining, the core surface  22  of the core  12  may be roughed preferably by chemically etching, sand blasting, belt sanding or any like process to coarsen the core surface  22  of the core  12 . Preferably, the core surface  22  is roughened to about 150 to 500 Ra and more preferably to 250 to 350 Ra. 
       Cleaning 
       [0054]    After roughening, the roughened core surface  22  is cleaned to remove any oil, dirt or debris. Preferably, the roughened core surface  22  is cleaned using a suitable solvent, such as toluene, to remove any oil and/or dirt. In alternative embodiments, cleaning may be completed manually or automated by machine.  FIGS. 4A and 4B  shows a cross-sectional view of the cylindrical core  12  and the core surface  22 . 
       Application of Binder Layer 
       [0055]    Following cleaning, a semi-liquid or liquid binder layer  14  is applied directly over the cleaned core surface  22 . In a simplified construction, the binder layer is a commercially available adhesive which enhances bonding between metal and rubber components such as available under the trade-mark Chemlok EP6804-22 available from LORD Chemical Products. Alternatively, the binder layer  14  may consists of a mixture including a suitable hydrocarbon based solvent and a polymer based material. Preferably, the mixture is mixed at room temperature and permitted to stand for about 24 to 48 hours so that the polymer has sufficient time to dissolve within the solvent. After the polymer has sufficiently dissolved into the solvent, the binder layer  14  may be applied over the entire axial length of the ground core surface  22  by brushing, spraying or pouring a thin layer to coat the core surface  22 . After application of the binder layer  14  to the core surface  22 , the layer is allowed to dry for a period of 24 to 48 hours to allow for the binder layer to harden forming a pre-coated core  120 , as best seen in  FIGS. 5A and 5B  respectively. 
       Extrusion 
       [0056]    After the drying and hardening of the binder layer  14 , the pre-coated core  120  is transferred to an extrusion apparatus. An electrically conductive intermediate polymer layer  16  is extruded over the binder layer  14  evenly about the pre-coated core  120  along the axial length of the core  12 . In the extrusion process, the polymer material is heated to about 150° to 300° C. and is pushed or drawn through a thin strip die to extrude the polymer material into thin strips. In the extrusion process the pre-coated core  120  is rotated about it&#39;s axis on an extrusion lath and the polymer extruded strips are wound circumferentially about the pre-coated core  120  from one end of the core  12  to the other end to form the extruded intermediate polymer layer  16  about the pre-coated core  120 . Preferably, the intermediate polymer layer  16  is applied under pressure of about 70 to 90 psi. 
       Sizing 
       [0057]    Before curing the extruded intermediate polymer layer  16 , to ensure dimensional stability shrink tape, such as mylar shrink tape or nylon shrink tape, is applied under tension around the outer peripheral surface of the uncured extruded intermediate polymer layer  16 . Once the shrink tape has been applied to the intermediate surface  24  of the intermediate polymer layer  16 , the extruded cylinder is removed from the extrusion apparatus and placed in an autoclave for curing. 
       Thermal Curing 
       [0058]    Depending on the length and thickness of the intermediate polymer layer  16 , the extruded cylinder is cured at a given temperature and time in an autoclave. Curing may occur at about 250° C. to 400° F. under pressure of about 60 to 100 psi for about four to twelve hours. However, curing times and temperature will depend on the thickness of the core  12 , thickness of the intermediate polymer layer  16 , length of the cylinder roller and the number of cylinders being cured in the autoclave. It is to be understood that the curing conditions would be readily understood by someone skilled in the art. Preferably, after curing, the intermediate polymer layer  16  has a Durometer Shore D hardness of about 50 to 90 and more preferably between 70 to 80. 
       Grinding/Sizing 
       [0059]    After the intermediate polymer layer  16  has cured, the cured cylinder is transferred to a cylinder lathe apparatus for rough grinding. The intermediate surface  24  of the intermediate polymer layer  16  and end faces and of the cured cylinder are machined to remove the shrink tape. After removal of the shrink tape, the roughened cylinder is transferred to a cylinder grinder apparatus for final surface grinding. Preferably, the grinding apparatus grinds and polishes the intermediate surface  24  of the intermediate polymer layer  16  to a desired diameter size and a substantially blemish free smooth surface, as best shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B  respectively. Preferably, the intermediate surface  24  is polished to about 10 to 30 Ra. 
       Copper Plating 
       [0060]    After grinding and polishing the intermediate surface  24  of the intermediate polymer layer  16 , the electrical conductivity of the intermediate polymer layer  16  allows for a copper layer  18  to be directly plated onto the intermediate polymer layer  16  by directly applying an electric current to the intermediate polymer layer  16 . The conductive particles in the polymer layer  16  allows for a secure bond between the polymer layer  16  and the copper layer  18 . After plating, the outer radial peripheral surface of the copper layer  18  may be ground to a desired size, if necessary. Polishing and smooth finishing operations are applied to the copper layer to ensure that inaccuracies inherent in the copper plating procedure are compensated for. 
       Engraving 
       [0061]    After copper plating and polishing, the copper layer  18  is embossed, engraved or etched with an image to be printed. Preferably, the image is formed into the copper layer  18  so that the image comprises a plurality of tiny cells  64  which do not extend to the intermediate polymer layer  16 , the distribution and depth of which determine the lightness/darkness of the particular image area. 
       Chrome Plating 
       [0062]    As best shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , to impart an added degree of protection and to lower the coefficient of friction which results in an increased cylinder life cycle, preferably a thin layer of chrome  20 , preferably about 0.005 to 0.05 mm thick, most preferably 0.008 mm thick, is electroplated on top of the image-carrying copper layer  18 . In a final step, the chrome layer  20  is polished to a smooth finish. Reference may now be had to  FIGS. 2A and 2B  respectively which show the refurbished cylinder roller  10  in accordance with the present invention 
         [0063]    Although this disclosure has described and illustrated certain preferred embodiments of the present invention, it is also to be understood that the invention is not restricted to these particular embodiments. In an alternative embodiment, the intermediate polymer layer  16  may be provided in calendar sheet form and applied manually about the core surface  22 . In this embodiment, the intermediate polymer layer  16  is provided in calendar sheet form having a desired thickness and a width substantially corresponding to the axial length of the core  12 . Preferably, the calendar sheet may be manually wrapped circumferentially about the core surface  22  under tension. Additionally, a commercially available binder layer to enhance metallic to rubber bonding may be applied in the present invention without departing from the scope of the present invention.