Abstract:
In a socket used to house semiconductor die during testing, a recessed socket contact is provided that avoids pinching the die&#39;s contacts. Also provided are socket contacts that allow for smaller socket holes and, therefore, denser arrays of socket contacts. In one embodiment, the body of the socket contact comprises a head, a spring coupled to the head, and a shaft coupled to the spring; no outer shell is needed for the spring, as the non-conductive sides of the socket hole serve that function. In another embodiment, the body of the socket contact comprises a metal shaft having an aperture. Compression causes the shaft to close around the slit, thereby decreasing the amount of lateral buckling. In yet another embodiment, semiconductor fabrication techniques are used to construct a dense array of contacts.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/121,176, filed Apr. 11, 2002, pending, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/652,922, filed Aug. 31, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,397,460, issued Jun. 4, 2002, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/265,906, filed Mar. 10, 1999, pending. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    Field of the Invention: The present invention relates generally to devices and methods for providing electrical connection between two electronic components. More specifically, the present invention relates to a socket contact configured to establish electrical communication between a semiconductor die and a test device as well as methods for forming the socket contact.  
           [0003]    Testing a semiconductor die often involves establishing an electrical connection between testing equipment and the circuitry of a die. Testing may be performed on an unpackaged die that has been singulated from a semiconductor wafer, on a section of dies that are still part of the wafer, or on all of the dies on a wafer. Moreover, a bare die that has undergone packaging steps may also be tested. One example of such a die is a “flip chip,” wherein conductive material such as solder balls are attached directly to the bond pads or electrical traces formed in the surface of the die; the die is then “flipped,” or mounted face down, so that the solder balls may connect with contact members of another device. Another example is a “chip scale package,” which includes a die along with one or more package elements, such as encapsulating material in the form of thin protective coatings formed of glass or other materials bonded to the face and backside of the die; in addition, solder balls may be attached to electrical traces in the surface of the die or directly to the die&#39;s bond pads through openings in the encapsulating material. A Ball Grid Array (BGA) serves as yet another example that involves even more packaging: the die is wire bonded to the top of a substrate, encapsulated, and solder balls are bonded to electrical traces at the bottom of the substrate that lead to the wirebonds.  
           [0004]    The device to be tested will hereinafter be referred to as an integrated circuit chip, or IC chip, regardless of the singulation or packaging state of the die that forms all or part of the IC chip. One method of testing the IC chip involves placing the chip into a socket, which comprises a body with holes that span through the body. These holes house contacts that are aligned with electrical contact points of the IC chip. For purposes of explanation only, it will be assumed that the contact points of the IC chip are solder balls. Often, the socket includes a lid that, when closed, pushes the solder balls of the IC chip against the heads of the socket&#39;s contacts. Once the IC chip has been inserted, the socket is then plugged into a printed circuit board (PCB). This insertion often involves a biasing force in the opposite direction of the lid&#39;s pushing force. To ensure electrical communication between the IC chip and the PCB without the risk of breaking the socket contacts, the socket contacts are configured to be resilient to the compression resulting from these forces. One such configuration for doing so involves the use of “pogo pin” contacts. A pogo pin can comprise an electrically conductive inner shaft, an electrically conductive outer shell concentric to the shaft and defining the head of the contact, and an electrically conductive spring between the inner shaft and outer shell. When the pogo pin undergoes compression, the inner shaft is pushed into the outer shell despite the spring&#39;s bias. Ideally, signals received at the head of the outer shell will conduct through the spring to the inner shaft and onward to devices that may be connected to the inner shaft. However, such a design allows for unneeded electrical communication along the entire surface of the outer shell.  
           [0005]    As an alternate configuration, buckle beams may be used. Buckle beams are essentially a thin, somewhat rigid length of conductive material that will buckle in response to compression from the IC chip and the PCB being pushed toward each other. The problem with buckle beams is that the holes housing the beams must be wide enough to accommodate the horizontal motion of the beams as they buckle. The buckling space required limits the density of beams per unit area that can be achieved. In addition, buckle beams tend to rotate during buckling. Thus, in certain aspects, pogo pins and buckle beams run contrary to the needs in the art for electrical contacts that require minimal space and material.  
           [0006]    Returning to the testing process, the PCB with the connected socket is placed in a chamber, wherein the IC chips are tested while subjected to an elevated temperature. Such testing is referred to as burn-in testing. The socket&#39;s contacts provide electrical communication between the IC chip and signals sent through the PCB from the test equipment. Once the test is complete, the chip is removed from the socket. IC chips which do not pass the testing are discarded, and chips that pass may undergo further testing and ultimately be used as components in electronic devices.  
           [0007]    Further testing and use of these chips, however, depends upon the ability of the solder balls to continue to function after their interaction with the socket&#39;s contacts. Prior art socket contacts have heads that are configured through their flexibility to actively exert a force against the chip&#39;s solder balls, wherein the force is generally transverse to the biasing force that pushes the chip into the socket. The effect of this transverse force is to pinch the solder balls, thereby severely damaging them and making further communication with the chip difficult. Such socket contacts include the aptly named “pinch contact” found in the Series 655 OTBGA Burn-in/Test Socket sold by Wells Electronics. Another series 655 OTBGA Socket by Wells uses a Y-shaped contact. The Y-shaped contact is further described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,050, by Sato et al., indicating that the head of the Y-shaped contact is flexible, which allows it to “snugly” accommodate a hemispherical conductor of an IC package. (Sato at col. 4, ln. 25-30.) Thus, the Y-shaped contact continues the tradition of applying a pinching action to the electrical contacts of a device.  
           [0008]    Still other examples of contact heads are illustrated by references from Interconnect Devices, Inc. (IDI). Among the examples are plunger probe tips having crown-shaped heads, whose sharp prongs tend to gouge the surface of the chip&#39;s contact, be it a solder ball or flat pad. In addition, IDI discloses a concave tip that might accommodate hemispherical chip contacts such as solder balls, but may provide insufficient electrical communication for other contacts, such as those configured as flat pads.  
           [0009]    Thus, in addition to the needs in the art discussed above concerning the body of an electrical connector, there is also a need in the art for an electrical connector having a head that reduces the damage to the electrical contacts of IC chips during connection and is configured to accommodate more than one type and size of chip contact. More specifically, there is a need in the art for a socket contact that minimizes the damage to various IC chip contacts during IC chip testing.  
         BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0010]    Accordingly, the current invention provides electrical contacts as well as methods for forming them. One preferred embodiment comprises a contact as part of a socket used for testing semiconductor die, wherein the contact has a head that defines a recess, and the head is coupled to an elongated conductive body configured to fit within a socket. More specifically, the head comprises a portion defining the perimeter of the head, with other portions of the head lower than the perimeter. In one exemplary embodiment, this head takes the form of a planar ring with a sidewall sloping downward from the ring toward the central axis running the length of the contact. This sidewall transitions to a generally planar section that is parallel to, yet lower than, the perimeter ring. Various preferred embodiments address varying degrees of transition and planarity of the portions of the contact head.  
           [0011]    Other preferred embodiments address the body of an electrical contact, including one embodiment comprising a head, a shaft, and a spring coupling head to the shaft. In a more specific embodiment, the spring&#39;s coils define circles of differing circumferences. Another exemplary preferred embodiment comprises a metallic tube for the contact body, wherein the tube defines at least one slit. Yet other preferred exemplary embodiments address silicon contacts and methods for forming them. Specifically, semiconductor fabrication techniques are used to define an array of silicon contacts, and the contacts are singulated while maintaining their alignment within the array.  
           [0012]    Still other preferred embodiments include the recessed contact head as described above in combination with the contact bodies just described. These embodiments include methods and devices wherein the head is formed separately from the body and attached thereto, as well as methods and devices wherein the head is integral to the body.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0013]    [0013]FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of one exemplary embodiment of the current invention.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 2 is a close-up view of a portion of FIG. 1.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 3 is a top-down view of the illustration in FIG. 2.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIGS. 4A and 4B are top-down views of a second and third exemplary embodiment of the current invention.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIGS. 5A and 5B are cross-sectional views of fourth and fifth exemplary embodiments of the current invention.  
         [0018]    FIGS.  6 A- 6 D are cross-sectional views of sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth exemplary embodiments of the current invention.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a tenth exemplary embodiment of the current invention.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of an eleventh exemplary embodiment of the current invention.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a twelfth exemplary embodiment of the current invention.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a thirteenth exemplary embodiment of the current invention.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a fourteenth exemplary embodiment of the current invention.  
         [0024]    FIGS.  12 A-E are cross-sectional views of additional exemplary embodiments of the current invention.  
         [0025]    FIGS.  13 A- 13 H illustrate steps of another exemplary embodiment of the current invention.  
         [0026]    FIGS.  14 A- 14 C depict alternate steps of yet another exemplary embodiment of the current invention.  
         [0027]    FIGS.  15 A- 15 C illustrate alternate steps of still another exemplary embodiment of the current invention.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0028]    [0028]FIG. 1 depicts one exemplary embodiment of the current invention in the context of testing an IC chip. IC chip  20 , which could be a bare die, a flip chip, a chip scale package, or a die at any stage of packaging, is enclosed within a socket  22 . The socket  22  comprises a body  24  made of electrically non-conductive material as well as a holding mechanism  26  for biasing the IC chip  20  against the body  24 . In this particular example, the holding mechanism  26  is a pair of hinged lids, but those skilled in the art know that there are many ways to position the IC chip  20 . In this position, the IC chip&#39;s contacts  28 , which are assumed to be solder balls for purposes of explanation, are aligned with holes  30  extending in generally one direction through the body  24 . Socket contacts  32  extend through these holes  30  and electrically connect the chip&#39;s contacts  28  and the PCB  34 . Each socket contact body  36 , depicted in an exemplary generic form in FIG. 1, is configured to be resilient along an axis defined by the biasing force that pushes the PCB  34  against the socket contacts  32 . This axis is often referred to as the “z-axis” and is further described below. Such resiliency can be achieved through known methods, such as with pogo pins or buckle beams, or through embodiments of the current invention which will be described below.  
         [0029]    The head  38  of each socket contact  32  is configured to receive a chip contact  28 . Contrary to the prior art contacts which have heads in the form of spears, chisels, needles, crowns, or pinchers, exemplary embodiments of the current invention include socket contacts having heads that define grooves or recesses or cavities or cups. FIG. 2, for example, is a close up of the socket contact head  38  depicted in FIG. 1. In this cross-sectional view, one can see that the socket contact head  38  comprises a first portion  40  defining a plane  41  and an opening. In this embodiment, the plane  41  is parallel to the IC chip  20  positioned within the socket  22 . Similarly, a second portion  42  is parallel to plane  41  and is lower than the first portion  40 , or at least farther away from the positioned IC chip  20 . Joining the first portion  40  and the second portion  42  is a third portion  44 . In this exemplary embodiment, the third portion  44  defines a frustum-shaped or frustoconical wall that slopes toward the center of the socket contact  32  from the first portion  40  to the second portion  42 . In doing so, this socket contact head  38  offers a continuous contact region along an entire cross-sectional circumference C of the chip&#39;s contact  28 . This can be seen better in the top-down view of FIG. 3. Without limiting the invention, it is believed that by providing such a continuous contact region, any force biasing the chip contact  28  and the socket contact  32  toward each other is distributed, thereby helping to maintain the integrity of the chip contact  28 . It is possible that the compressive force applied to the chip contact  28  may be enough to deform it. In that case, the chip contact  28  may flatten against the third portion  44  and perhaps against the second portion  42  as well. This would serve to increase the contact region without inflicting the damage that prior art contacts would cause with their sharp pikes and comers. It should be further noted that, in this embodiment and from this viewpoint, the first portion  40  is annular, or ring-shaped.  
         [0030]    Despite the benefits from the area of connection offered by the exemplary embodiment above, it may not be necessary to provide connection along the entire circumference C. Accordingly, the current invention includes within its scope electrical connectors having heads that define polygons in a top-down view. FIG. 4A, for example, illustrates a socket contact head  138  comprising a triangular first portion  140 , second portion  142 , and third portion  144 . Assuming the chip contact  28  is still a semi-spherical solder ball, then electrical connection may occur at three points P 1 , P 2 , and P 3 , along a particular cross-sectional circumference C. FIG. 4B depicts yet another socket contact head  238  having a rectangular first portion  240 , second portion  242 , and third portion  244 . Accordingly, electrical connection may occur at four points P 4 -P 7  along a particular cross-sectional circumference C. While the biasing force will be distributed to fewer points in the FIG. 4 embodiments in comparison to FIG. 3, it should be noted that the contact points P 1 -P 3  and P 4 -P 7  occur on planar areas of the socket contact heads  138  and  238 . As a result, deformation of the chip&#39;s contact  28  will be minimal.  
         [0031]    In the embodiments discussed above, the socket contact heads  38 ,  138 , and  238  have been sized so that only the third portion  44 ,  144 , or  244  is configured to touch the chip contact  28 . However, other embodiments are included wherein the head of the electrical connector is sized differently in relation to the chip&#39;s contact. In FIG. 5A, a socket contact head  338  is sized and shaped to allow for connection not only along the cross-sectional circumference C but also at a point B at the bottom of the chip contact  28 . In FIG. 5B, socket contact head  438  is sized and shaped to initially touch point B at the bottom of the chip contact  28 . Once again it is possible that some deformation of chip contact  28  will occur as it is pressed against socket contact head  438 , thereby increasing the area of contact. However, since chip contact  28  is abutting a generally flat plane  442 , deformation will not be as damaging as it would be with prior art socket contact heads.  
         [0032]    As shown in FIG. 6A, a socket contact head  538  can also be sized so that the chip contact  28  touches the socket contact head  538  where the first portion  540  and third portion  544  meet. In the FIG. 6A embodiment, the area where these two portions  540  and  544  meet defines a comer  500 . As a result, it may be desirable in certain embodiments to provide a more rounded area  600 , as seen in FIG. 6B, representing the transition from the first portion  640  to the third portion  644  of socket contact head  638 . Further, FIG. 6C&#39;s embodiment demonstrates that it may be beneficial in some embodiments to include an area  700  providing a more gradual or rounded transition from the third portion  744  to the second portion  742 . Moreover, it is not required m some embodiments that the first and second portion be planar. The socket contact head  838  in FIG. 6D comprises a first portion  840  that curves outward in a convex manner—toward the positioned IC chip  20  and its contact  28 . On the other hand, the second portion  842  and third portion  844  curve inward in a concave fashion—away from the positioned IC chip  20  and its contact  28 . As a result, the portions  840 ,  842 , and  844  define a contact surface  800  that is generally if not completely complimentary to the shape of the chip contact  28 . Specifically, the curved shape of surface  800  corresponds to the curved shape of the chip contact  28 .  
         [0033]    However, it may be helpful in some embodiments to maintain the planarity of at least the first portion  40 . FIG. 7 depicts the socket contact head  38  depicted in FIG. 2 with a different chip contact  928 . In this case, chip contact  928  is planar, as may be found in Land Grid Array (LGA) packages. In LGA packages, a plurality (array) of contact pads (“lands”) are used to communicate with the packaged die circuitry. As is preferred, the planar first portion  40  of the socket contact head  38  corresponds to the planar chip contact  928 .  
         [0034]    In the embodiments described above, it is noted that the contact head&#39;s perimeter—or portion of the contact head that is outermost from the central longitudinal axis of the contact—is also the “highest” area of the head or farthest from the body of the contact. In certain circumstances, the outermost portion could also be described as being closest to the site in which the contact of an IC chip will occupy while being housed in the socket. In addition, because the remainder of the head declines and/or converges toward the central longitudinal axis, these exemplary embodiments can be considered to be defining a central or inner recess or cavity.  
         [0035]    In many embodiments, an electrical connector head such as the socket contact heads described above is preferably made of an electrically conductive material. More preferably, the embodiments are made of metal. Exemplary materials for the electrical connector head include gold, copper, beryllium copper, and stainless steel. The shape of the electrical connector head may be formed through chemical etching techniques—including wet or dry (plasma) etching—or through stamping. Further, the head may be integral to the body of the electrical connector or may be a discrete part that is attached to the body. For example, it is possible to shape the head by die-stamping a metal sheet, then attaching the completed head to an electrical connector body using a conductive adhesive, such as a Silva-based material (Silva Filled Conductive Chip Adhesive is a conductive ink composed of silver flakes in an epoxy base which can be purchased from Ablestick Laboratories of Gardena, Calif.). In some exemplary embodiments, it is preferable to choose a metal type and thickness so that flexibility in the head, if any, does not result in any pinching action against the chip contact upon biasing the IC chip and socket contact against each other.  
         [0036]    As stated above, the electrical contact head may be associated with an electrical contact body that is already known in the art. In the context of socket contacts, for example, FIG. 8 illustrates the socket contact head  38  as part of a pogo pin  46 . The socket contact head  38  is connected to, if not an integral part of, an outer shell  48 . The socket contact head  38  is also connected to an inner shaft  50  through a spring  52 . However, if the outer shell  48  is made of an electrically conductive material, then the entire shell  48  is available to receive current, when all that is really needed is for current to travel from the head  38  to the shaft  50  through the spring  52  (as well as in the reverse direction). In addition, the hole  30  must be wide enough to accommodate the diameter of the shell  48 . As technology allows for smaller chip contacts  28  that may then be more closely packed together, it is desirable to densify the socket holes  30  in a corresponding manner. The additional width needed for the outer shell  48  runs counter to that desire.  
         [0037]    Accordingly, the current invention includes electrical contacts that dispense with an outer shell. As one example, FIG. 9 depicts a socket contact  1032  comprising a socket contact head  38  coupled to a shaft  1050  through a spring  1052 . The spring  1052 , in turn, has sections defining varying widths. For instance, spring  1052  comprises a first section  54  and second section  58 , whose coils define a circle having a diameter or about one mil; as well as a third section  56  having coils that define a circle having a diameter of about two mils. The third section  56  is wide enough to contact the socket&#39;s body  24 . The absence of an outer shell allows for a narrower hole  30  and therefore allows for a denser array of holes  30  in the socket body  24 .  
         [0038]    Another electrical contact body that is known in the art is the buckle beam, and the current invention includes electrical contact heads such as the ones described above attached to such a body. However, to avoid the problems associated with buckle beams, the current invention also includes within its scope embodiments such as the one in FIG. 10, wherein a socket contact  1132  comprises a socket contact head  38  and a tube  60  having at least one aperture  62 . Thus, when a compressive force is applied to the socket contact  1132 , at least some of that force will cause the tube  60  to collapse in on itself, initiating the closure of the aperture  62 , rather than cause the tube  60  to buckle laterally. Thus, hole  30  need not be as large as when it accommodates buckle beams. The tube is nevertheless resilient enough to generally return to its pre-compression shape once the compressive force eases. Further, the tube  60  is configured to fit snugly against the socket body  24  somewhere along its length. Other embodiments have a plurality of apertures, such as FIG. 11, wherein two apertures,  62  and  64 , appear at the same depth but on different sides of the tube  60 . FIG. 12A depicts two apertures,  62  and  66 , at different depths along the tube  60 . The tube  60  in these and other embodiments are preferably made of metal such as gold, copper, beryllium copper, or stainless steel. The aperture or apertures can be formed by sawing. In addition, since it is also preferred to make the socket contact head from metal, it is possible to form the head  38  and tube  60  from the same piece of metal.  
         [0039]    Still other embodiments include other contacts with bodies defining a generally continuous profile but for at least one deformation or deviation. For example, apertures of different shapes may be formed. While the contacts in FIGS. 10, 11, and  12 A define a rectangular profile with a deformation in the form of a second, smaller rectangle (or a slit), it is possible to define a different deformation by using a different saw blade, by using a particular etching technique, or simply by stamping a dent into the contact body. FIG. 12B exemplifies such a different deformation—in this case a semi-circular deformation  62 ′ is defined from a body  60 ′ having a generally rectangular profile defined by body&#39;s cylindrical shape. Moreover, the contact body in the embodiments described above, as well as others, can be hollow. Methods for making such a hollow body can be similar to those known in the art for making the outer shell  48  of the pogo pin depicted in FIG. 8. A hollow body allows embodiments such as the one depicted in FIG. 12C, wherein metal strips  64 ′ and  66 ′ integrally extend from and join cylindrical portions of the contact body  60 ′. That embodiment can be formed by sawing on opposite ends of the hollow body, as depicted in FIG. 12D. FIG. 12D is a top-down cross sectional view of the contact in FIG. 12C. Saw blades  68 ′ move in the direction indicated by arrows  70 ′, thereby defining strips  64 ′ and  66 ′ from the cylindrical shell body  60 ′. Saw blades  68 ′ can represent two blades that saw the body  60 ′ simultaneously or one saw blade that saws the body  60 ′ at different places and at different times. FIG. 12E is another side view of this embodiment, similar to FIG. 12C, only at a slightly different angle than that of FIG. 12C. In FIG. 12E, the strip  64 ′ is closer to the viewer than strip  66 ′. In response to a compressive force along the length of the contact body  60 ′, the strips  64 ′ and  66 ′ can buckle, allowing the body  60 ′ to at least partially close the gap  72 ′. In yet another embodiment, seen in FIG. 12F, the strips  64 ′ and  66 ′ may be deformed or “pre-dented” through stamping or other methods, to encourage an inward collapse in response to compression. Once again, these embodiments can return to their shape as the compression eases.  
         [0040]    While all-metal electrical contacts are preferable in terms of electrical conductivity, it may sometimes be preferable to use semiconductive materials for at least the body of the electrical contact, as this allows for the use of fabrication techniques that support scaling on par with the techniques used to define the contact pitch in the IC chip that is to be tested. FIGS. 13A through 13H demonstrate such fabrication techniques that may be used in embodiments of the current invention to form an electrical contact. FIG. 13A shows a semiconductor substrate  68  that has been patterned on the top and bottom with photoresist  70  so as to define a plurality of contact bodies. For purposes of explanation, it is assumed that the substrate is made of silicon that has been doped to encourage electrical conductivity. Next, as seen in FIG. 13B, the shape of the top and bottom of the in-process contact bodies are defined through etching. FIG. 13B indicates that an anisotropic etch has been performed on the top and bottom. The fact that plateaus  72  remain on the bottom suggests that the anisotropic etch on the bottom was either shorter in time or involved a lower etch rate than the anisotropic etch on the top; or that the openings defined by the photoresist on the bottom were larger than the openings on top. Partially defining the contacts also establishes the placement of each prospective contact relative to the other prospective contacts. Any silicon remaining between the designated contact sites continues to determine the alignment of each contact in the array of contacts until that silicon is replaced with another material. Such a step is illustrated in FIG. 13C, where the photoresist is removed and the position of each in-process contact is maintained relative to the other in-process contacts, in this case through the application of a z-axis elastomer  74  to the bottom of the substrate. The z-axis elastomer  74  is an adhesive material that is capable of conducting electricity along a dimension in response to pressure applied along that dimension. The direction of pressure is usually designated as being aligned with a z-axis, wherein the elastomer sheet is generally parallel to a plane defined by an x and y axis (and wherein the x, y, and z axes are  90 ° from each other). Such an elastomer is generally nonconductive along the x and y axes.  
         [0041]    Once the alignment of the in-process contacts has been reinforced, the contacts are then singulated by removing the remaining silicon interconnecting the in-process contacts. One option for doing so is shown in FIG. 13D, wherein additional photoresist  76  is patterned to protect the tops of the in-process contacts, and the substrate  68  subsequently undergoes an isotropic etch to form the sidewalls of the in-process contacts. Preferably, the isotropic etch is continued to completely separate the contacts  1232 , as depicted in FIG. 13D. Alternatively, the isotropic etch may be used to partially define the sidewalls (FIG. 13E), with an anisotropic etch completing the singulation (FIG. 13F). Once the additional photoresist  76  has been removed, FIG. 13G shows that the array of discrete contacts  1232 , along with the z-axis elastomer  74  maintaining their placement, may then be moved to a substrate  78  such as a PCB having conductive leads  80  that end under the contacts  1232 . When the contacts  1232  undergo compression, the z-axis elastomer  74  provides resiliency as well as electrical communication between the contacts  1232  and the leads  80 . It may also be desirable in some embodiments to deposit insulation  82  between the contacts  1232  for added stability. This can be accomplished with a blanket deposition of an insulating layer followed by an etchback, with photoresist protecting the contacts. The end result is the socket  1322  illustrated in FIG. 13H. As with previous sockets, an IC chip&#39;s contacts will connect with the socket&#39;s contacts  1232 , and the PCB&#39;s conductive leads  80  can be wire bonded to test equipment for testing the IC chip.  
         [0042]    Variations of the processes described above also fall within the scope of the current invention. For example, sidewall definition and singulation of the contacts can be accomplished with a saw such as those used to singulate dice from a wafer. In addition, there are ways to retain the alignment of the contacts  1232  other than using the z-axis elastomer  74 . For example, after the step illustrated in FIG. 13B, an alternate step shown in FIG. 14A may be taken. That figure illustrates that the photoresist  70  has been removed and another layer of resist  84  has been applied and patterned to protect the tips of the in-process contacts. FIG. 14A further indicates that the sidewalls of the in-process contacts have been defined, either through etching or sawing. Subsequently, the insulation layer  82  is provided to a desired height, and the resist  84  is removed (FIG. 14B). In this embodiment, it is the insulation layer  82  that maintains the alignment of the in-process contacts. Singulation may then be completed by etching or sawing from the bottom of the substrate  68 , the result of which is seen in FIG. 14C. The z-axis elastomer  74  may still be used, but in this embodiment, it may be initially deposited on the substrate  78 , with the singulated contacts  1232  and insulation  82  being placed thereover.  
         [0043]    In addition, a metallization step may be added to make the tip of the contacts  1232  more electrically conductive. Moreover, it should be noted that the tip of the contacts may be formed in accordance with the configurations described above for providing a contact head with a groove or recess or cavity or defining a cup shape, with the v-shaped recesses depicted in the contacts  1232  of FIGS. 13H and 14C serving as one example. As another example, the etch time, etch rate, or resist opening could be established, as is known in the art, to define a contact tip that more closely resembles the socket contact head of FIG. 2. The result of such a step appears in FIG. 15A. A metal layer could then be provided and subsequently patterned using photoresist to define heads  1438  of the in-process contacts. Additional steps as illustrated in FIGS.  13 C- 13 H may be performed to reach the result depicted in FIG. 15C, wherein each contact  1232  has a metallic head  1438  comprising a first portion  1540  defining a plane  1541  and an opening. In this embodiment, the plane  1541  is parallel to the substrate  78 . Similarly, a second portion  1542  is parallel to plane  1541  and is lower than the first portion  1540 , or at least closer to the substrate  78 . Joining the first portion  1540  and the second portion  1542  is a third portion  1544 . In this exemplary embodiment, the third portion  1544  defines a frustum-shaped or frustoconical wall that slopes in toward center of the socket contact  1232  from the first portion  1540  to the second portion  1542 . As an alternative to using a metallization step, it is also within the scope of the current invention to form a metal head separately and attach it to a silicon contact.  
         [0044]    One skilled in the art can appreciate that, although specific embodiments of this invention have been described for purposes of illustration, various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, just as embodiments concerning a socket contact head may be associated with prior art socket contact bodies, so too can embodiments of socket bodies be used in conjunction with prior art socket heads. Moreover, concerning embodiments involving the testing of electronic devices, the devices and methods covered by the current invention could be used in tests including burn-in, connectivity checks, open short tests, and multichip module tests, as well as others. As for embodiments addressing which IC chips could be tested, the current invention includes embodiments that involve testing packages such as dual in-line (DIP), zig-zag in-line (ZIP), leadless chip carrier (LCC), small outline package (SOP), thin small outline package (TSOP), quad flat pack (QFP), small outline j-bend (SOJ), and pin grid array (PGA) packages in addition to the bare die, chip scale package, flip chip, BGA, and LGA mentioned above. Moreover, the methods and devices described above are not limited to testing circumstances; rather, they could also be used for interconnect devices in permanent or semi-permanent packaging. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as stated in the claims.