Abstract:
Certain aspects of the present disclosure propose techniques for service redirection in Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA) and Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) hybrid mobile terminals.

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY UNDER 35 U.S.C. §119 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/319,545 entitled: “Method of Service Redirection Procedures in TD-SCDMA and GSM Hybrid Mobile Terminals,” filed on Mar. 31, 2010, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    1. Field 
         [0003]    Aspects of the present disclosure relate generally to wireless communications, and more particularly, to a method of service redirection procedures in hybrid mobile terminals supporting technologies based on Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA) and Global System for Mobile communications (GSM). 
         [0004]    2. Background 
         [0005]    Wireless communication networks are widely deployed to provide various communication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, and so on. Such networks, which are usually multiple access networks, support communications for multiple users by sharing the available network resources. One example of such a network is the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN). The UTRAN is the radio access network (RAN) defined as a part of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UTMS), a third generation (3G) mobile phone technology supported by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The UMTS, which is the successor to Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) technologies, currently supports various air interface standards, such as Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA), Time Division-Code Division Multiple Access (TD-CDMA) and Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA). For example, China is pursuing TD-SCDMA as the underlying air interface in the UTRAN architecture with its existing GSM infrastructure as the core network. The UMTS also supports enhanced 3G data communications protocols, such as High Speed Downlink Packet Data (HSDPA), which provides higher data transfer speeds and capacity to associated UMTS networks. 
         [0006]    As the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase, research and development continue to advance the UMTS technologies not only to meet the growing demand for mobile broadband access, but also to advance and enhance the user experience with mobile communications. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0007]    Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide a method of wireless communication by a multi-mode user equipment (UE). The method generally includes selecting a first radio access technology (RAT) to conduct a Packet-Switched (PS) call, when both the first RAT and a second RAT are available, and selecting the second RAT to conduct a Circuit-Switched (CS) call, when both the first RAT and the second RAT are available. 
         [0008]    Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes means for selecting a first radio access technology (RAT) to conduct a Packet-Switched (PS) call, when both the first RAT and a second RAT are available, and means for selecting the second RAT to conduct a Circuit-Switched (CS) call, when both the RAT and the second RAT are available. 
         [0009]    Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide a computer program product. The computer program product generally includes a computer-readable medium comprising code for selecting a first radio access technology (RAT) to conduct a Packet-Switched (PS) call, when both the first RAT and a second RAT are available, and selecting the second RAT to conduct a Circuit-Switched (CS) call, when both the RAT and the second RAT are available. 
         [0010]    Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes at least one processor, and a memory coupled to the at least one processor, wherein the at least one processor is configured to select a first radio access technology (RAT) to conduct a Packet-Switched (PS) call, when both the first RAT and a second RAT are available, and select the second RAT to conduct a Circuit-Switched (CS) call, when both the RAT and the second RAT are available. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]    So that the manner in which the above-recited features of the present disclosure can be understood in detail, a more particular description, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to aspects, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only certain typical aspects of this disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the description may admit to other equally effective aspects. 
           [0012]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram conceptually illustrating an example of a telecommunications system. 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram conceptually illustrating an example of a frame structure in a telecommunications system. 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram conceptually illustrating an example of a Node B in communication with a user equipment (UE) in a telecommunications system. 
           [0015]      FIG. 4  illustrates an example topology of Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA) coverage and Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) coverage in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
           [0016]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram conceptually illustrating an example of hardware configuration of a hybrid mobile terminal in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
           [0017]      FIG. 6  illustrates an example message sequence for a handover from a TD-SCDMA network to a GSM network in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
           [0018]      FIG. 7  is a functional block diagram conceptually illustrating example blocks executed at a UE to implement the functional characteristics of one aspect of the present disclosure. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0019]    The detailed description set forth below, in connection with the appended drawings, is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of the various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts. 
         [0020]    Turning now to  FIG. 1 , a block diagram is shown illustrating an example of a telecommunications system  100 . The various concepts presented throughout this disclosure may be implemented across a broad variety of telecommunication systems, network architectures and communication standards. By way of example and without limitation, the aspects of the present disclosure illustrated in  FIG. 1  are presented with reference to a UMTS system employing a TD-SCDMA standard. In this example, the UMTS system includes a (radio access network) RAN  102  (e.g., UTRAN) that provides various wireless services including telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, and/or other services. The RAN  102  may be divided into a number of Radio Network Subsystems (RNSs) such as an RNS  107 , each controlled by a Radio Network Controller (RNC) such as an RNC  106 . For clarity, only the RNC  106  and the RNS  107  are shown; however, the RAN  102  may include any number of RNCs and RNSs in addition to the RNC  106  and RNS  107 . The RNC  106  is an apparatus responsible for, among other things, assigning, reconfiguring and releasing radio resources within the RNS  107 . The RNC  106  may be interconnected to other RNCs (not shown) in the RAN  102  through various types of interfaces such as a direct physical connection, a virtual network, or the like, using any suitable transport network. 
         [0021]    The geographic region covered by the RNS  107  may be divided into a number of cells, with a radio transceiver apparatus serving each cell. A radio transceiver apparatus is commonly referred to as a Node B in UMTS applications, but may also be referred to by those skilled in the art as a base station (BS), a base transceiver station (BTS), a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS), an extended service set (ESS), an access point (AP), or some other suitable terminology. For clarity, two Node Bs  108  are shown; however, the RNS  107  may include any number of wireless Node Bs. The Node Bs  108  provide wireless access points to a core network  104  for any number of mobile apparatuses. Examples of a mobile apparatus include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a notebook, a netbook, a smartbook, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a satellite radio, a global positioning system (GPS) device, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player), a camera, a game console, or any other similar functioning device. The mobile apparatus is commonly referred to as user equipment (UE) in UMTS applications, but may also be referred to by those skilled in the art as a mobile station (MS), a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal (AT), a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a terminal, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology. For illustrative purposes, three UEs  110  are shown in communication with the Node Bs  108 . The downlink (DL), also called the forward link, refers to the communication link from a Node B to a UE, and the uplink (UL), also called the reverse link, refers to the communication link from a UE to a Node B. 
         [0022]    The core network  104 , as shown, includes a GSM core network. However, as those skilled in the art will recognize, the various concepts presented throughout this disclosure may be implemented in a RAN, or other suitable access network, to provide UEs with access to types of core networks other than GSM networks. 
         [0023]    In this example, the core network  104  supports circuit-switched services with a mobile switching center (MSC)  112  and a gateway MSC (GMSC)  114 . One or more RNCs, such as the RNC  106 , may be connected to the MSC  112 . The MSC  112  is an apparatus that controls call setup, call routing, and UE mobility functions. The MSC also includes a visitor location register (VLR) (not shown) that contains subscriber-related information for the duration that a UE is in the coverage area of the MSC  112 . The GMSC  114  provides a gateway through the MSC  112  for the UE to access a circuit-switched network  116 . The GMSC  114  includes a home location register (HLR) (not shown) containing subscriber data, such as the data reflecting the details of the services to which a particular user has subscribed. The HLR is also associated with an authentication center (AuC) that contains subscriber-specific authentication data. When a call is received for a particular UE, the GMSC  114  queries the HLR to determine the UE&#39;s location and forwards the call to the particular MSC serving that location. 
         [0024]    The core network  104  also supports packet-data services with a serving GPRS support node (SGSN)  118  and a gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)  120 . GPRS, which stands for General Packet Radio Service, is designed to provide packet-data services at speeds higher than those available with standard GSM circuit-switched data services. The GGSN  120  provides a connection for the RAN  102  to a packet-based network  122 . The packet-based network  122  may be the Internet, a private data network, or some other suitable packet-based network. The primary function of the GGSN  120  is to provide the UEs  110  with packet-based network connectivity. Data packets are transferred between the GGSN  120  and the UEs  110  through the SGSN  118 , which performs primarily the same functions in the packet-based domain as the MSC  112  performs in the circuit-switched domain. 
         [0025]    The UMTS air interface is a spread spectrum Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) system. The spread spectrum DS-CDMA spreads user data over a much wider bandwidth through multiplication by a sequence of pseudorandom bits called chips. The TD-SCDMA standard is based on such direct sequence spread spectrum technology and additionally calls for a time division duplexing (TDD), rather than a frequency division duplexing (FDD) as used in many FDD mode UMTS/W-CDMA systems. TDD uses the same carrier frequency for both the uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) between a Node B  108  and a UE  110 , but divides uplink and downlink transmissions into different time slots in the carrier. 
         [0026]      FIG. 2  shows a frame structure  200  for a TD-SCDMA carrier. The TD-SCDMA carrier, as illustrated, has a frame  202  that is 10 ms in length. The frame  202  has two 5 ms subframes  204 , and each of the subframes  204  includes seven time slots, TS 0  through TS 6 . The first time slot, TS 0 , is usually allocated for downlink communication, while the second time slot, TS 1 , is usually allocated for uplink communication. The remaining time slots, TS 2  through TS 6 , may be used for either uplink or downlink, which allows for greater flexibility during times of higher data transmission times in either the uplink or downlink directions. A downlink pilot time slot (DwPTS)  206 , a guard period (GP)  208 , and an uplink pilot time slot (UpPTS)  210  (also known as the uplink pilot channel (UpPCH)) are located between TS 0  and TS 1 . Each time slot, TS 0 -TS 6 , may allow data transmission multiplexed on a maximum of 16 code channels. Data transmission on a code channel includes two data portions  212  separated by a midamble  214  and followed by a guard period (GP)  216 . The midamble  214  may be used for features, such as channel estimation, while the GP  216  may be used to avoid inter-burst interference. 
         [0027]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a Node B  310  in communication with a UE  350  in a RAN  300 , where the RAN  300  may be the RAN  102  in  FIG. 1 , the Node B  310  may be the Node B  108  in  FIG. 1  and the UE  350  may be the UE  110  in  FIG. 1 . In the downlink communication, a transmit processor  320  may receive data from a data source  312  and control signals from a controller/processor  340 . The transmit processor  320  provides various signal processing functions for the data and control signals, as well as reference signals (e.g., pilot signals). For example, the transmit processor  320  may provide cyclic redundancy check (CRC) codes for error detection, coding and interleaving to facilitate forward error correction (FEC), mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM), and the like), spreading with orthogonal variable spreading factors (OVSF), and multiplying with scrambling codes to produce a series of symbols. Channel estimates from a channel processor  344  may be used by a controller/processor  340  to determine the coding, modulation, spreading, and/or scrambling schemes for the transmit processor  320 . These channel estimates may be derived from a reference signal transmitted by the UE  350  or from feedback contained in the midamble  214  ( FIG. 2 ) from the UE  350 . The symbols generated by the transmit processor  320  are provided to a transmit frame processor  330  to create a frame structure. The transmit frame processor  330  creates this frame structure by multiplexing the symbols with a midamble  214  ( FIG. 2 ) from the controller/processor  340 , resulting in a series of frames. The frames are then provided to a transmitter  332 , which provides various signal conditioning functions including amplifying, filtering, and modulating the frames onto a carrier for downlink transmission over the wireless medium through smart antennas  334 . The smart antennas  334  may be implemented with beam steering bidirectional adaptive antenna arrays or other similar beam technologies. 
         [0028]    At the UE  350 , a receiver  354  receives the downlink transmission through an antenna  352  and processes the transmission to recover the information modulated onto the carrier. The information recovered by the receiver  354  is provided to a receive frame processor  360 , which parses each frame, and provides the midamble  214  ( FIG. 2 ) to a channel processor  394  and the data, control, and reference signals to a receive processor  370 . The receive processor  370  then performs the inverse of the processing performed by the transmit processor  320  in the Node B  310 . More specifically, the receive processor  370  descrambles and despreads the symbols, and then determines the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the Node B  310  based on the modulation scheme. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by the channel processor  394 . The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data, control and reference signals. The CRC codes are then checked to determine whether the frames were successfully decoded. The data carried by the successfully decoded frames will then be provided to a data sink  372 , which represents applications running in the UE  350  and/or various user interfaces (e.g., display). Control signals carried by successfully decoded frames will be provided to a controller/processor  390 . When frames are unsuccessfully decoded by the receiver processor  370 , the controller/processor  390  may also use an acknowledgement (ACK) and/or negative acknowledgement (NACK) protocol to support retransmission requests for those frames. 
         [0029]    In the uplink, data from a data source  378  and control signals from the controller/processor  390  are provided to a transmit processor  380 . The data source  378  may represent applications running in the UE  350  and various user interfaces (e.g., keyboard). Similar to the functionality described in connection with the downlink transmission by the Node B  310 , the transmit processor  380  provides various signal processing functions including CRC codes, coding and interleaving to facilitate FEC, mapping to signal constellations, spreading with OVSFs, and scrambling to produce a series of symbols. Channel estimates, derived by the channel processor  394  from a reference signal transmitted by the Node B  310  or from feedback contained in the midamble transmitted by the Node B  310 , may be used to select the appropriate coding, modulation, spreading, and/or scrambling schemes. The symbols produced by the transmit processor  380  will be provided to a transmit frame processor  382  to create a frame structure. The transmit frame processor  382  creates this frame structure by multiplexing the symbols with a midamble  214  ( FIG. 2 ) from the controller/processor  390 , resulting in a series of frames. The frames are then provided to a transmitter  356 , which provides various signal conditioning functions including amplification, filtering, and modulating the frames onto a carrier for uplink transmission over the wireless medium through the antenna  352 . 
         [0030]    The uplink transmission is processed at the Node B  310  in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE  350 . A receiver  335  receives the uplink transmission through the antenna  334  and processes the transmission to recover the information modulated onto the carrier. The information recovered by the receiver  335  is provided to a receive frame processor  336 , which parses each frame, and provides the midamble  214  ( FIG. 2 ) to the channel processor  344  and the data, control, and reference signals to a receive processor  338 . The receive processor  338  performs the inverse of the processing performed by the transmit processor  380  in the UE  350 . The data and control signals carried by the successfully decoded frames may then be provided to a data sink  339  and the controller/processor, respectively. If some of the frames were unsuccessfully decoded by the receive processor, the controller/processor  340  may also use an acknowledgement (ACK) and/or negative acknowledgement (NACK) protocol to support retransmission requests for those frames. 
         [0031]    The controller/processors  340  and  390  may be used to direct the operation at the Node B  310  and the UE  350 , respectively. For example, the controller/processors  340  and  390  may provide various functions including timing, peripheral interfaces, voltage regulation, power management and other control functions. The computer readable media of memories  342  and  392  may store data and software for the Node B  310  and the UE  350 , respectively. A scheduler/processor  346  at the Node B  310  may be used to allocate resources to the UEs and schedule downlink and/or uplink transmissions for the UEs. 
         [0032]    Service Redirection Procedures in Hybrid Mobile Terminals 
         [0033]    In the migration from GSM radio access technology (RAT) to TD-SCDMA RAT, a UE (e.g., the UE  350  illustrated in  FIG. 3 ) may have radio coverage in several different cases. In one case, both radio coverage of GSM and TD-SCDMA networks may be available. In another case, only the GSM coverage may be available, but there may be no TD-SCDMA network coverage available. In yet another case, only the TD-SCDMA coverage may be available, but there may be no GSM coverage available. 
         [0034]      FIG. 4  illustrates an example topology  400  of TD-SCDMA network coverage  402  and GSM network coverage  404  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. For example, a UE  406  may experience both the GSM coverage  404  and the TD-SCDMA coverage  402 , a UE  408  may be only within the GSM coverage  404 , while a UE  410  may be only within the TD-SCDMA coverage  402 . 
         [0035]    A mobile terminal may comprise hardware and protocol stacks of both GSM and TD-SCDMA RATs. One UE hardware configuration may comprise a hybrid configuration in which the UE may only comprise one Radio Frequency (RF) chain. Therefore, the UE may be active transmitting or receiving through either TD-SCDMA or GSM but not using both RATs at any time.  FIG. 5  is a block diagram  500  conceptually illustrating an example of hardware configuration of such a hybrid mobile terminal in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         [0036]    The hybrid hardware  500  may choose to connect to one particular RAT for communication in the connected mode or to monitor one particular RAT in the idle mode at any time instance. However, from the service perspectives, a Circuit-Switched (CS) voice call may be preferred to be conducted using the GSM RAT, while a Packet-Switched (PS) data call may be preferred to be conducted using the TD-SCDMA RAT. This is because the RAT operating according to TD-SCDMA may provide a higher data rate, while the RAT operating according to GSM may be more matured for the CS service in handover and may provide more network coverage than the TD-SCDMA RAT. 
         [0037]    It should be noted that the GSM network in the present disclosure may also refer to General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) PS data service. Therefore, either the GSM or the TD-SCDMA may still provide both CS voice and PS data service although the GSM may offer better CS voice service and the TD-SCDMA may offer better PS data service. 
         [0038]    Certain aspects of the present disclosure support a procedure that allows a UE to monitor only one RAT and set up a call in a preferred RAT. The present disclosure proposes that the UE may stay with a specific RAT according to details given below. 
         [0039]    If only the TD-SCDMA network coverage is available, then the UE may be conducting both CS and PS calls using the TD-SCDMA RAT. If only the GSM network coverage is available, then the UE may be allowed to conduct both the CS and PS calls using the GSM RAT. 
         [0040]    In case when both the GSM coverage and the TD-SCDMA coverage are available, as illustrated in  FIG. 4  for the UE  406 , then the UE may monitor the TD-SCDMA network in its idle mode. In case of Mobile Originated (MO) or Mobile Terminated (MT) PS call, this particular PS call may be originated using the TD-SCDMA RAT. In case of MO CS call, a cell reselection to the GSM network may be first performed before originating this CS call using the GSM RAT. In case of MT CS call, the UE may originate this call in the TD-SCDMA network, and then a handover to the GSM network may be performed. 
         [0041]      FIG. 6  illustrates an example message sequence  600  for a handover of a UE  602 , wherein the handover may be conducted from a TD-SCDMA Radio Access Network (RAN)  604  to a GSM RAN  606  in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , the UE  602  may register with the TD-SCDMA RAN  604  for both CS and PS services. Therefore, the UE  602  may receive a CS page from the TD-SCDMA RAN  604 . 
         [0042]    The present disclosure proposes to set up, for example, a MT CS call in the TD-SCDMA RAN  604 , and then immediately relocating this call to the GSM RAN  606 . Immediately after setting up the MT CS call in the TD-SCDMA RAN  604 , the TD-SCDMA RAN may perform handover from the TD-SCDMA RAN to the GSM RAN. 
         [0043]    In order for the TD-SCDMA RAN  604  to determine a target GSM cell for the handover, the TD-SCDMA RAN  604  may transmit to the UE  602  a Measurement Control message  610  and a Radio Bearer (RB) Setup message  612  initiating measurement procedures along with the RB setup. In response to the messages  610  and  612 , the UE  602  may transmit, to the TD-SCDMA RAN  604 , a measurement report  614  related to a GSM neighbor cell (i.e., a target cell). 
         [0044]    In order for the TD-SCDMA RAN  604  to trigger the handover, a timer starting from the Radio Bearer Setup message  612  may need to be elapsed. The UE  602  may first set up the CS call, as illustrated in  FIG. 6 . The UE  602  may transmit a Call Control (CC) message  616  to the TD-SCDMA RAN  604 , which may be forwarded to a mobile switching center (MSC)  608 . After the MSC  608  detects that the UE  602  transmitted the CC message  616 , a CC connect message  618  may be transmitted from the MSC  608  to the TD-SCDMA RAN  604  and then forwarded to the UE  602  from the TD-SCDMA RAN  604 . Following this, a connect acknowledgement message  620  originated from the UE  602  may be transmitted to the MSC  608  in order to acknowledge the CS call setup in the TD-SCMDA RAN  604 . Immediately after the CS call is being set up in the TD-SCDMA RAN  604 , the TD-SCDMA RAN  604  may initiate a relocation procedure (handover) for the CS call to the target GSM cell of the GSM RAN  606 , as illustrated in  FIG. 6 . 
         [0045]      FIG. 7  is a functional block diagram conceptually illustrating example blocks executed at a UE to implement the functional characteristics of one aspect of the present disclosure. Operations illustrated by the blocks  700  may be executed, for example, by the processors  370  and  380  of the UE  350  from  FIG. 3 . In block  702 , the UE may select a first RAT to conduct a PS call, when both the first RAT and a second RAT are available. In addition, in block  704 , the UE may select the second RAT to conduct a CS call, when both the first RAT and the second RAT are available. In the preferred aspect of the present disclosure, the first RAT may comprise a RAT based on TD-SCDMA, and the second RAT may comprise a RAT based on GSM. 
         [0046]    In one configuration, the apparatus  350  for wireless communication includes means for selecting a first RAT to conduct a PS call, when both the first RAT and a second RAT are available, and means for selecting the second RAT to conduct a CS call, when both the first RAT and the second RAT are available. In one aspect, the aforementioned means may be the processors  370  and  380  configured to perform the functions recited by the aforementioned means. In another aspect, the aforementioned means may be a module or any apparatus configured to perform the functions recited by the aforementioned means. 
         [0047]    In summary, the present disclosure proposes a method and apparatus for allowing a hybrid TD-SCDMA/GSM mobile terminal to monitor one of these two RATs, and to be able to set up a CS or PS call in the GSM or TD-SCDMA radio network according to which radio network is available and based on a service-dependent RAT preference. 
         [0048]    Several aspects of a telecommunications system has been presented with reference to a TD-SCDMA system. As those skilled in the art will readily appreciate, various aspects described throughout this disclosure may be extended to other telecommunication systems, network architectures and communication standards. By way of example, various aspects may be extended to other UMTS systems such as W-CDMA, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), High Speed Packet Access Plus (HSPA+) and TD-CDMA. Various aspects may also be extended to systems employing Long Term Evolution (LTE) (in FDD, TDD, or both modes), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) (in FDD, TDD, or both modes), CDMA2000, Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Ultra-Wideband (UWB), Bluetooth, and/or other suitable systems. The actual telecommunication standard, network architecture, and/or communication standard employed will depend on the specific application and the overall design constraints imposed on the system. 
         [0049]    Several processors have been described in connection with various apparatuses and methods. These processors may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such processors are implemented as hardware or software will depend upon the particular application and overall design constraints imposed on the system. By way of example, a processor, any portion of a processor, or any combination of processors presented in this disclosure may be implemented with a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor (DSP), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic device (PLD), a state machine, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable processing components configured to perform the various functions described throughout this disclosure. The functionality of a processor, any portion of a processor, or any combination of processors presented in this disclosure may be implemented with software being executed by a microprocessor, microcontroller, DSP or other suitable platform. 
         [0050]    Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. The software may reside on a computer-readable medium. A computer-readable medium may include, by way of example, memory such as a magnetic storage device (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic strip), an optical disk (e.g., compact disc (CD), digital versatile disc (DVD)), a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., card, stick, key drive), random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), a register, or a removable disk. Although memory is shown separate from the processors in the various aspects presented throughout this disclosure, the memory may be internal to the processors (e.g., cache or register). 
         [0051]    Computer-readable media may be embodied in a computer-program product. By way of example, a computer-program product may include a computer-readable medium in packaging materials. Those skilled in the art will recognize how best to implement the described functionality presented throughout this disclosure depending on the particular application and the overall design constraints imposed on the overall system. 
         [0052]    It is to be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the methods disclosed is an illustration of exemplary processes. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the methods may be rearranged. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various steps in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented unless specifically recited therein. 
         [0053]    The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more.” Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. A phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover: a; b; c; a and b; a and c; b and c; and a, b and c. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for.”