Abstract:
(−) 3a,6,6,9a-tetramethylperhydronaphtho[2,1-b]furan (ambrox) is a strong aromatic compound used widely in a variety of perfumery applications and is highly prized for its musky odor. We report novel polar metabolites of (−)3a,6,6,9a-tetramethylperhydronaphtho[2,1-b]furan prepared by a novel process of microbial fermentation using a fungi,  Fusarium lini , of unique structures that would be difficult to predict opening up the possibilities of their chemical synthesis. The polar metabolites discovered have stronger aromatic characteristics and offer a new highly prized odiferous characteristic quite different from that of the parent compound and thus can be used in the preparation of perfumes, odor-masking and other odor-management applications.

Description:
[0001]     The legendary amber (Fr. ambergris, grey amber) is a pathological metabolite of the sperm whale,  Physeter catodon  (Physeteridae), probably arising from injuries in its intestines as a result of certain food intakes. It is abundant in steroid lipids, the tricyclic triterpene (−)-ambrein being one of the main constituents. When the excreted chunks of amber, some weighing as much as 100 kg, are exposed to sunlight and air at the surface of the sea, a number of oxidation products are gradually formed. These compounds have a pronounced odor, highly valued in perfumery since antiquity. The most important amber odorant is (−)-ambrox. Today, it is synthesized from the diterpene sclareol, found in the plant  Salvia sclarea  (Labiatae), commonly known as Clary sage.  
         [0002]     The powerful and elegant odor of (−)-ambrox is somewhat reminiscent of that of chopped bark from pine. According to Müller and Lamparsky (Müller P M, Lamparsky D.  Perfumes: Art, Science  &amp;  Technology . Amsterdam, N.Y.: Elsevier; 1991) it matches the first four tonalities of aged ambergris tincture: wet mossy forest soil, strong tobacco, balsamic sandalwood and warm animal musk (seaweed/ocean and fecal). (−)-Ambrox of high quality is marketed as CetaloxO by Firmenich (Switzerland). An example of a perfume using (−)-ambrox is Drakkar Noir (marketed by Guy Laroche company in 1982). Several odorants have been developed sharing the ambery odor characteristics such as those derived from cedrene, cedrol, (+)-3-carene, or from the family of polycyclic aromatic musks. However, although effective in their own way, none of them compete with (−)-ambrox in aroma and appeal.  
         [0003]     Ambergris has been greatly valued from ancient times. It is now used as a fixative in perfumes and is one of the most valuable animal perfumes, ranked with Civet and Musk [Tamura, H. and Hasegawa,  Karyo Gizyutsu Report  (Japanese), 1996, 3, 14; Tanimoto, H. And Oritani, T.  Tetrahedron  1977, 53, 3527]. Its active principle is ambrein, a crystalline triterpene alcohol with the empirical formula C 30 H 51 OH that possesses an amber-like odor [Stoll, M. and Hinder, M.  Helv. Chim. Acta,  1950, 33, 1251]. During drifting in the sea for many years, ambrein is oxidatively decomposed by the action of sea water, air and sunlight to give rise to several odorous compounds [Tanimoto, H., Oritani, T.  Tetrahedron  1977, 53, 3527; Mori, K., Tamura, H.  Leibigs Ann. Chem.  1990, 361-368]. Among these compounds, (−)3a,6,6,9a-tetramethylperhydronaphtho[2,1-b]furan (I) has a strong amber-like odor.  
                         
 
 Compound I (C 16 H 28 O): R 1 ═R 2 ═R 3 ═R 4 ═R 5 ═R 6 ═H 
 
         [0004]     It has been reported that the release of ambergris scent is strongly related to triaxial conformation of C-8 and C-10 methyl groups, which play an important role in the hydrophobic interactions with the hypothetical receptor site. (−)-3a,6,6,9a-tetramethylperhydronaphtho[2,1-b]furan (I) is found to be a much stronger perfume than the (+)3a,6,6,9a-tetramethylperhydronaphtho[2,1-b]furan. In recent years, since it became more difficult to obtain many kinds of animal perfumes because of the gradual reduction in the world&#39;s wild resources and the conservation of wild animals, considerable attention has been paid to the total chemical synthesis of compound I.  
         [0005]     A completely synthetic form of Compound I is prepared as follows: (−)-2,5,5,8a-Tetramethyl-1-(carboxymethyl)-2-hydroxydecalin is subjected to lactonization by dehydration to form decahydro-3a,6,6,9a-tetramethyl(3a,α5a β,9aα,9bβ)-(+)-naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2(1H)-one, which is then reduced with a metal hydride to convert it into (−)-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-1-(carboxymethyl)-2-hydroxydecal in, followed by dehydrative cyclization to yield a racemic mixture which is then resolved using a 1-(aryl)ethylamine to give pure 1. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,290,955 issued to Asanuma, et al., Mar. 1, 1994.)  
         [0006]     In the field of the synthesis of compounds having musky odors, there has been great activity for the last ten years, resulting from the need to find novel musky odor compounds which can replace certain compounds of widespread use in perfumery and which use is becoming more and more restricted due to toxicological and ecological reasons. The esters according to the present invention are products which fulfill the requirements for perfuming compounds, and they are capable of replacing the above-mentioned known compounds.  
         [0007]     Because of the highly prized odor of compound I, considerable work has been done in the recent past to develop compounds of similar structure to provide more potent or different perfumes; chemical derivatization and microbial fermentation are two techniques that have been used to prepare compounds that will have similar musk odor but of different notes. Using the technique of fermentation, several metabolites of Compound I have been earlier reported upon fermentation with  Cephalosporium aphidicola  (wild type),  Aspergillus niger (IFO 4049) and  Aspergillus cellulose  (IFO 4040) [Hanson, J. R. and Truneh, A.  Phytochemistry  1998, 142(4), 1021; Hashimoto, T., Noma, Y., Asakawa, Y.  Heterocycles  2001, 54(1), 529; Farooq, A., Tahara, S.  Z. Naturforsch.  2000, 55, 341-346.  
         [0008]     The present invention relates to the field of perfumery. It provides in particular a new process for the preparation of polar metabolites of compound I that have stronger and unique olfactive characters of ambergris type with distinct power of diffusiveness. The polar metabolites of compound I claimed in this invention are stronger and more powerful in eliciting an olfactory response. What was most surprising in our invention was the observation that the presence of a hydroxyl group gives rise to unique odoriferous properties of compound I which are clearly distinct from those of the parent non-hydroxylated compound. Their odor can be described as a woody note, together with an intense fruity note. The quality and intensity of said fruity note can be of varied nature, but the woody bottom note is always clearly present, rendering said compounds particularly useful in perfumery.  
         [0009]     The present invention relates more particularly, to hydroxyl enantiomers derived from compound I by subjecting it to a fermentation process using a fungus,  Fusarium lini  that has never been used in any prior art to cause fermentation of compound I. We have found that the hydroxyl enantiomers identified and characterized in the present invention (compounds II-V).  
                         
 
 Compound II: [9α-Hydroxy-dodecahydro-3,6,6,9a-tetramethyl-naphtho-[2,1-b]furan]: R 2 ═R 3 ═R 4 ═R 5 ═R 6 ═H; R 1 ═OH 
 
 Compound III: [(9α, 1α-Dihydroxy-dodecahydro-3,6,6,9a-tetramethyl-naphtho-[2,1-b]furan]: R 2 ═R 3 ═R 4 ═R 5 ═H; R 1 ═R 6 ═OH 
 
 Compound IV: [9α,5α-Dihydroxy-dodecahydro-3,6,6,9a-tetramethyl-naphtho-[2,1-b]furan]: R 1 ═R 2 ═R 3 ═R 4 ═H; R 1 ═R 5 ═OH 
 
 Compound V: [9α,5α,1α-Trihydroxy-dodecahydro-3,6,6,9a-tetramethyl-naphtho-[2,1-b]furan]: R 2 ═R 3 ═R 4 ═H; R 1 ═R 5 ═R 6 ═OH 
 
         [0010]     Modern spectroscopic techniques, including two-dimensional NMR, single X-ray diffraction and mass spectrometry, were employed for the structure elucidation of new metabolites. In this invention, we have carried out microbial transformation of compound I to obtain many new mono-, di- and tri-hydroxylated metabolites, which were otherwise difficult to synthesize by using conventional chemical methods and therefore impossible to predict. The most surprising discovery reported here is the enantioselective α-hydroxylation that occurred at C-1, C-6 and C-11; this reaction has never been reported in the scientific literature. We further find that compounds II-V have musky odors which are quite distinct from those of the parent compound I.  
         [0011]     Of course, in spite of the fact that the compounds of the present invention possess a common odor of the woody-fruity type, there are differences between the various products (among compounds II-V), and these can be quite pronounced. As a result, compounds II-V can be widely used in fine perfumery either as pure isomers, alone or in a mixture of any the compounds II-V, combined with compound I or other odiferous compounds.  
         [0012]     The invention reported here reveals itself appropriate for the preparation of various perfuming compositions, bases and perfuming concentrates, as well as for perfumes and colognes, to which they confer a woody-fruity character of musk type. Their use for the perfuming of various articles, like soaps, bath or shower gels, shampoos, hair-conditioning creams and lotions, cosmetic preparations, body deodorants or air fresheners is also advantageous. Moreover, they are also appropriate for the perfuming of detergents or fabric softeners and of all-purpose household cleaners.  
         [0013]     The proportions in which the compounds of the present invention can be used in the various above-mentioned products vary within a wide range of values. These values depend on the nature of the product to be perfumed and the desired olfactive effect. The proportions used also depend on the nature of other ingredients in a given composition, when the compounds of the invention are used in admixture with other perfuming ingredients, solvents or adjuvants of current use in the art.  
         [0014]     The compounds of the present invention can of course also be added to the perfuming compositions or perfumed articles either as such or in solution in solvents of current use in the art. As an example, there can be cited concentrations of the order from 1 to 10%, even 20% or more, by weight with respect to the perfuming composition into which they are incorporated. Much lower concentrations than those cited above can be used when the compounds are used for the perfuming of the various products cited above.  
         [0015]     Given below are some examples of the compositions as preferred embodiments; however, there are numerous possibilities of formulating perfumes for different purposes as well established in the art and science of perfumery design. The odiferous component described below can consist of either a single compound (II-V) or a single compound in combination of compound I, or any given permutation and combination of compounds II-V with or without compound I. This selection if identified below simply as PERFUME.  
       EXAMPLE 1  
     Liquid  
       [0016]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Parts by 
               
               
                 Ingredient 
                 weight 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 PERFUME 
                 60 
               
               
                 Linalyl acetate 
                 350 
               
               
                 Lemon oil 
                 600 
               
               
                 Coumarin 
                 70 
               
               
                 2,6-dimethyl-7-octen-2-ol 
                 660 
               
               
                 Estragon oil 
                 20 
               
               
                 10%, 2,6,10-trimethyl-9-undecanal 
                 35 
               
               
                 2-Methyl-4-(2,2,3-trimethyl-3-cyclopenten-1-yl)-4-penten- 
                 5 
               
               
                 1-ol.sup.6) 
               
               
                 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethyl-cyclopenta[g]- 
                 200 
               
               
                 2-benzopyrane 
               
               
                 Geraniol 
                 50 
               
               
                 Geranium Essential Oil 
                 120 
               
               
                 Methyl dihydrojasmonate 
                 350 
               
               
                 Laurel Oil 
                 10 
               
               
                 Linalol 
                 150 
               
               
                 4-(4-hydroxy-4-methylpentyl)-3-cyclohexene-1- 
                 90 
               
               
                 carbaldehyde 
               
               
                 10% 1-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexyl)-3-hexanol 
                 80 
               
               
                 7-methoxy-3,7-dimethyl-2-octanol 
                 130 
               
               
                 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyltetraline 
                 500 
               
               
                 Vanillin 
                 20 
               
               
                 Total 
                 3500 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 2  
     Liquid  
       [0017]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Parts by 
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 
                 weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Amyl acetate 
                 50 
               
               
                   
                 3-Hexenyl acetate 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Gamma-undecalactone 
                 300 
               
               
                   
                 Ethyl butyrate 
                 50 
               
               
                   
                 Allyl cyclohexylpropanoate 
                 50 
               
               
                   
                 PERFUME 
                 150 
               
               
                   
                 Allyl heptanoate 
                 300 
               
               
                   
                 Phenoxyethyl isobutyrate 
                 1500 
               
               
                   
                 4-tert-Butyl-cyclohexyl acetate 
                 500 
               
               
                   
                 Jasmolactone 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                 Methyl dihydrojasmonate 
                 200 
               
               
                   
                 Hexyl salicylate 
                 1000 
               
               
                   
                 Veloutone 
                 50 
               
               
                   
                 2-tert-Butyl-1-cyclohexyl acetate 
                 2500 
               
               
                   
                 A-lonone 
                 150 
               
               
                   
                 2,4-Dimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-carbaldehyde 
                 150 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 7000 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 3  
     Powder  
       [0018]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Parts by 
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 
                 weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Citronellyl acetate 
                 200 
               
               
                   
                 Amylcinnamic aldehyde 
                 1000 
               
               
                   
                 Hexylcinnamic aldehyde 
                 2000 
               
               
                   
                 PERFUME 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 Isononyl acetate 
                 200 
               
               
                   
                 Verdyl acetate 
                 400 
               
               
                   
                 Verdyl propionate 
                 500 
               
               
                   
                 10% Intreleven aldehyde 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 Coumarin 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 4-tert-butyl-alpha-methylhydrocinnamaldehyde 
                 1000 
               
               
                   
                 lily aldehyde 
               
               
                   
                 4-tert-Butyl-cyclohexyl acetate 
                 1300 
               
               
                   
                 n-heptyl cyclopentanone 
                 200 
               
               
                   
                 3-Methyl-5-phenyl-1-pentanol 
                 500 
               
               
                   
                 Hexyl salicylate 
                 700 
               
               
                   
                 Tetrahydromuguol 
                 400 
               
               
                   
                 10% (2E)-1-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2- 
                 250 
               
               
                   
                 buten-1-one 
               
               
                   
                 (+)-(2R,4aR,8aS)-5,5,8a-trimethyldecahydro- 
                 150 
               
               
                   
                 naphthalen-2-yl acetate 
               
               
                   
                 Isomethyl-α-ionol 
                 300 
               
               
                   
                 Vertofix coeur 
                 400 
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                 9800 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 4  
     Liquid  
       [0019]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Parts by 
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 
                 weight 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 PERFUME 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl benzoate 
                 150 
               
               
                   
                 Coumarin 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 Lavandin oil 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 Linalyl acetate 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 Patchouli oil 
                 65 
               
               
                   
                 Phenylethanol 
                 75 
               
               
                   
                 Linalol 
                 50 
               
               
                   
                 Geranium oil Bourbon 
                 35 
               
               
                   
                 Undecanal 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 Sandalwood oil 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 Anisic aldehyde 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                 900 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION  
       [0020]     The field of this invention is perfumery. The object of the present invention is to provide new compounds which are useful as perfume ingredients, to impart odors of the musky type. This object is attained by the discovery of new compounds, a new method of manufacturing them and suggested compositions of commercial value.  
         [0021]     The object is achieved wherein compounds II-V which are polar metabolites of formula I are identified, isolated and purified upon fermentation in a fungus. These hydroxyl enantiomers esters (compound II-V) are novel compounds. The compounds of the invention can be used in practically all fields of modern perfumery. There can be cited here applications in fine perfumery, namely for the preparation of perfumes and colognes in which original olfactive effects can be obtained.  
         [0022]     Another object of the invention is to describe a method or process of manufacturing hydroxylated enantiomers of I using fermentation in a fungal culture.  
         [0023]     Another object of the invention is the use of the compounds of the above formulae in perfumery, as well as the perfumes perfuming compositions and perfumed articles containing these compounds.  
         [0024]     The compounds can also be used in functional perfumery. Non-limiting examples for this type application include soaps, bath and shower gels, shampoos and other hair care products, deodorants and an antiperspirants, air fresheners, liquid and solid detergents for the treatment of textiles, fabric softeners, or all purpose cleaners. In these applications, the compounds (II-V) can be used alone or in admixture with other perfuming ingredients, solvents or adjuvants of current use in perfumery.  
         [0025]     The nature and the variety of other ingredients do not require a more detailed description here, which, moreover, would not be exhaustive, and the person skilled in the art will be able to choose the latter through its general knowledge and as a function of the nature of the product to be perfumed and of the desired olfactive effect. These perfuming ingredients belong to chemical classes as varied as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, ethers, acetates, nitrites, terpene hydrocarbons, sulfur- and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, as well as essential oils of natural or synthetic origin. A large number of these ingredients are listed in reference textbooks such as the book of S. Arctander,  Perfume and Flavor Chemicals,  1969, Montclair, N.J., USA, or its more recent versions, or in other works of similar nature.  
         [0026]     The compounds of the invention can be present in the form of the four enantiomers in the pure state or as a mixture of the enantiomers. The invention thus includes all these possible mixtures and all the possible individual isomers. As the olfactive note of each of these isomers can of course be different from that of the others, the odor of every possible isomer mixture can also change as a function of the content of any given enantiomer.  
         [0027]     Another object of the invention is to describe a method of selective hydroxylation of compound I using fermentation in a fungal culture.  
         [0000]     Method of Manufacture  
         [0028]     The compounds of the invention are generally prepared by fermentation of compound I by a fungus, however, other methods involving other microorganisms, chemical methods may also be used and are thus included in the process claimed in this invention.  
         [0029]     Fermentation process is conducted using  Fusarium lini . The medium for  Fusarium lini (NRRL 68751) includes the following chemicals dissolved in distilled H 2 O (3 L): glucose (30.0 g), glycerol (30.0 g), peptone (15.0 g), yeast extract (15.0 g), KH 2 PO 4  (15.0 g), and NaCl (15.0 g). Stage I liquid cultures were prepared by inoculating the spores from the well-grown  Fusarium lini (NRRL 68751) on the agar slants into the conical flasks (250 mL), containing 100 mL of sterilized medium. The flasks were then incubated on a shaker table for two days (48 hr). Stage II cultures were prepared by transferring 1 ml of the stage I mycelia suspension into conical flasks containing medium (100 mL each). Stage II Fermentation Protocol [Smith, R. V. and Rosazza, J. P.  J. Pharm. Sci.  1975, 64,1737] was used for all biotransformational studies. Compound 1 (600 mg), dissolved in 15 mL of acetone, was evenly distributed among 30 flasks containing stage II culture; fermentation stopped after 8 days. After filtration, extraction and evaporation the medium afforded a brown gum (1.63 gm) and after repeated column chromatography over silica gel, with gradient fractions of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate, afforded metabolites II-V (see scheme below).  
                         
 
 Scheme of Conversion of I Upon Fermentation 
 
 Purification and Characterization of Compounds II-V: 
 
         [0030]     Compound II: 9α-Hydroxy-dodecahydro-3,6,6,9a-tetramethyl-naphtho-[2,1-b]furan elution was carried out with 28% ethyl acetate-62% petroleum ether, which provided II (16 mg, 2.6%) was crystallized from 100% methanol (MeOH) to give white needles.  
         [0031]     M.P. 101-102° C.  
         [0032]     U.V. (MeOH) λ max  nm (log ε): 201 (2.5), λ min  nm (log ε): 192 (1.6).  
         [0033]     [α] 25   D : 1.72 (c=0.1, MeOH).  
         [0034]     IR (CHCl 3 ) ν max : 3436 (OH), 2938 (CH), 1380 (C—O) cm −1 .  
         [0035]      1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 , 500 MHz): See Table 1  
         [0036]      13 C-NMR(CDCl 3 , 125 MHz): See Table 1  
         [0037]     El MS m/z (% rel. int.): 252 [M] +  (17), 237 [M-Me] +  (100%), 219 [M-Me-H 2 O] +  (54), 163 (4), 152 (14), 111 (19), 97 (37), 55 (69).  
         [0038]     HREI MS m/z (formula, calculated): 252.2056 (C 16 H 28 O 2 , 252.2089).  
         [0000]     NOE Experiments:  
         [0039]     Irradiation at δ0.82 (Me-16β/15β): n.O.e. at H-1 (δ3.46) (9.2%).  
         [0040]     Irradiation at δ1.07 (Me-13β): n.O.e. at H-1 (δ3.46) (10.5%).  
         [0041]     Compound II was obtained as a colorless crystalline solid and characterized as a 1α-hydroxyambrox (II) through spectroscopic studies. The El MS showed the molecular ion at m/z 252, 16 a.m.u. higher than compound I; while the loss of a water molecule yielded an ion at m/z 234, indicating the presence of a hydroxyl group. The HREI MS of II displayed the molecular ion at m/z 252.2056, corresponding to the formula C 16 H 28 O 2  (calculated 252.2089), with one additional oxygen atom. The UV spectrum of II showed only terminal absorption at 201 nm, indicating the lack of chromophore in the molecule. Absorption at 3436 cm −1  in the IR spectrum of II indicated the presence of a hydroxyl group. The  1 H-NMR spectrum of II, indicated the formation of monohydroxy derivative of I, by the appearance of a geminal proton at δ 3.46 (t, J- 1eq,2eq,ax =2.6 Hz). The splitting pattern and coupling constant of this methine signal indicated that the OH group must be axially oriented and could be situated either at C-1, C-3 or C-7.  
                         
 
         [0042]     The  13 C-NMR of compound II was very informative; indicating the presence of an additional methine carbon which resonated at δ 72.4, along with the γ-upfield shifts of a number of carbon signals including C-3, C-5 and C-9 as compared to I. This indicated the location of a new hydroxyl group at C-1. The 2D-NMR spectra (HMQC, HMBC and COSY 45°) of compound II were recorded to unambiguously assign the chemical shift values to all the proton and carbons. The  13 C/ 1 H connectivities were determined from HMQC spectrum and further confirmed through COSY 45° and HMBC interactions (Table-1.2.2). H-1 (δ 3.46) showed homonuclear couplings with 2-H a  (δ 2.1) and 2-H b  (δ 1.52) in the COSY 45° spectrum. The HMBC spectrum showed the  3 J-heteronuclear interactions of C-1 proton (δ 3.46) with C-3 (δ 35.3) and C-5 (δ 48.8) and thus further supported the position of a new hydroxyl group at C-1. The stereochemistry of the newly introduced hydroxyl group was further investigated by NOED experiments, which showed 10.5% and 9.2% enhancements of signal corresponding to H-1 (δ 3.46), when Me-13β (δ 1.07) and Me-15β/16β (δ 0.82) were irradiated, respectively. This indicated an α disposition (axial) of the hydroxyl group at C-1.  
                                                           TABLE 1                             1 H (500 MHz) and  13 C-NMR (125 MHz) Chemical       Shift Assignments of 1α-Hydroxyambrox (II) in CDCl 3 .                Carbon   δ C     Multiplicity   δ H (J=Hz)                            1   72.4   CH   3.46t(2.6)           2   25.6   CH 2     2.10m; 1.52m           3   35.3   CH 2     1.58m; 1.21dd(2.6,                       4.1)           4   33.0   C   —           5   48.8   CH   1.42m           6   20.4   CH 2     1.32m; 1.17m           7   39.5   CH 2     1.97m; 1.38m           8   80.3   C   —           9   52.5   CH   1.92dd(2.6, 13.3)           10   40.1   C   —           11   22.3   CH 2     1.46m; 1.17m           12   64.9   CH 2     3.88, 2H m           13   21.3   CH 3     1.07s           14   33.3   CH 3     0.90s           15   20.9   CH 3     0.82s           16   15.9   CH 3     0.82s                      
 
         [0043]     Compound III: 9α,1α-Dihydroxy-dodecahydro-3,6,6,9a-tetramethyl-naphtho-[2,1-b]furan was eluted with 39% ethyl acetate-61% petroleum ether afforded III (8 mg, 1.3%) as a colorless crystalline compound.  
         [0044]     M.P. 174-102° C.  
         [0045]     [α] 25   D : −1.53 (c=0.1, MeOH).  
         [0046]     U.V. (MeOH) v max  nm (log ε): 202 (2.5), λ min  nm (log ε): 194 (1.6).  
         [0047]     IR (CHCl 3 ) ν max : 3354 (OH), 2941 (CH), 1316 (CO) cm −1 .  
         [0048]      1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 , 500 MHz): See Table 2  
         [0049]      13 C-NMR (CDCl 3 , 125 MHz): See Table 2  
         [0050]     El MS m/z (% rel. int.): 268 [M] +  (7), 253 [M-Me] +  (60), 235 [M-Me-H 2 O] +  (87), 163 (4.6), 205 (24), 164 (12), 136 (79), 121 (52), 95 (55), 81 (100), 55 (95).  
         [0051]     HREI MS m/z (formula, calculated.): 268.2056 (C 16 H 28 O 3 , 268.2038).  
         [0000]     NOE Experiments:  
         [0052]     Irradiation at δ 1.12 (Me-13β): n.O.e. at H-11 (δ 4.51) (7.5%).  
         [0053]     Irradiation at δ 4.51 (H-11): n.O.e. at Me-13β (δ 1.12) (3.1%). 
        n.O.e. at Me-16β (δ 0.82) (3.6%).        
 
         [0055]     Compound III was isolated as a colorless crystalline solid and characterized through detailed spectroscopic study as 1α,11α-dihydroxyambrox (III). The El MS displayed the molecular ion at m/z 268, 32 a.m.u. greater than that of compound I. The HREI MS showed the molecular ion at m/z 268.2056, consistent with the formula C 16 H 28 O 3  (calculated 268.2038), with two more oxygen atoms as compared to I. These preliminary observations indicated dihydroxylation of compound I. The metabolite III showed an IR absorption at 3354 cm −1 , indicating the presence of a hydroxyl group. The UV spectrum in methanol displayed only terminal absorptions.  
                         
 
         [0056]     The  1 H-NMR spectrum of compound III was found to be remarkably different from I in several aspects. It showed two new methine proton signals resonating at δ 3.69 (t, J 1eq,2eq,ax =2.8 Hz) and 4.51 (ddd, J 11β,9α =10.2 Hz, J 11β,12α =7.1 Hz, J 11β,12β =3.9 Hz) while the C-12 methylene protons showed a downfield shifts resonating at δ 4.15 (dd, J 12αβ =9.6 Hz, J 12α,11β =7.1 Hz) and 3.63 (dd, J 12βα =9.6 Hz, J 12β,11β =4.1 Hz), indicating the possibility of the presences of a new hydroxyl group at C-11. The  13 C-NMR spectral data (Table-1.2.3), when compared with compound 1, showed two new methine resonances at δ 72.0 and 70.0. The DEPT spectra showed seven CH 2  and four CH, indicating the conversion of two methylene carbons into hydroxy-bearing methines. 2D-NMR spectra (HMQC, HMBC and COSY 45°) of III were recorded to unambiguously assign the chemical shifts to all the protons and carbons. The  13 C/ 1 H connectivities were determined from the HMQC spectrum. The signal at δ3.69 (t, J 1eq,2eq,ax =2.8 Hz) could be assigned to C-1,β-H. The position of the other hydroxyl group was assigned to be at C-11 on the basis of COSY 45° and HMBC techniques, where H-11 (δ 4.51) showed homonuclear interactions with H 2 -12 (δ 4.15 and 3.63) and H-9 (δ 2.11), and heteronuclear interactions with C-12 (δ 73.1).  
         [0057]     The stereochemistry of C-11 hydroxyl group was inferred from the NOE-difference experiment, which showed 7.5% enhancement of H-11 signal (δ 4.51) upon irradiation of Me-13β (δ 1.12); similarly irradiation of H-11 signal caused the 3.1% and 3.6% enhancement of signals at δ 1.12 (Me-13β), and 0.82 (Me-16β), respectively, supporting the β-stereochemistry of the C-11 proton. The metabolite III could be formed by the monohydroxylation of II at C-11.  
                                                           TABLE 2                             1 H (500MHz) and  13 C-NMR (125 MHz) Chemical Shift       Assignments of 1α,11α-Dihydroxyambrox (III) in CDCl 3 .                Carbon   δ C     Multiplicity   δ H (J=Hz)                            1   72.0   CH   3.69d(2.8)           2   24.9   CH 2     2.02m; 1.58m           3   35.5   CH 2     1.26m; 1.19m           4   33.1   C   —           5   49.0   CH   1.5m           6   20.3   CH 2     1.81m; 1.32m           7   39.9   CH 2     1.84m; 1.56m           8   82.3   C   —           9   59.0   CH   2.1d(10.2)           10   40.3   C   —           11   70.0   CH 2     4.51ddd(10.2, 7.1,                       3.9)           12   73.1   CH 2     4.15dd(9.6, 7.1)                       3.63dd(9.6, 4.1)           13   21.9   CH 3     1.12s           14   33.3   CH 3     0.93s           15   20.7   CH 3     0.91s           16   16.7   CH 3     0.82s                      
 
         [0058]     Compound IV (9α,5α-Dihydroxy-dodecahydro-3,6,6,9a-tetramethyl-naphtho-[2,7-b]furan) was eluted at 44% ethyl acetate-56% pet ether, as afforded IV (19 mg, 3.1%) white crystalline solid.  
         [0059]     M.P. 119-120° C.  
         [0060]     [α] 25   D : −18.7 (c=0.1, MeOH).  
         [0061]     U.V. (MeOH) λ max  nm (log ε): 201 (2.5), λ min  nm (log ε): 191 (1.6).  
         [0062]     IR (CHCl 3 ) ν max : 3329 (OH), 2931 (CH), 1385 (C—O) cm −1 .  
         [0063]      1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 , 500 MHz): See Table 3  
         [0064]      13 C-NMR(CDCl 3 , 125 MHz): See Table 3  
         [0065]     El MS m/z (% rel. int.): 268 [M] +  (7), 253 [M-Me] +  (100), 235 [M-Me-H 2 O] +  (66), 163 (4), 217 (9), 191 (24), 167 (7), 139 (13), 111 (21), 81 (24), 55 (62).  
         [0066]     HREI MS m/z (formula, calculated): 268.2059 (C 16 H 28 O 3 , 268.2038).  
         [0000]     NOE Experiments:  
         [0067]     Irradiation at δ 4.62 (H-6): n.O.e. at Me-16β (δ 1.02) (4.86%).  
         [0068]     Irradiation at δ 1.02 (Me-16β): n.O.e. at H-6 (δ 4.62) (24.5%). 
        n.O.e. at H-1 (δ 3.42) (2.6%).        
 
         [0070]     Compound IV was obtained as a colorless crystalline solid. The structure of 1α,6α-dihydroxyambrox (IV) was determined on the basis of detailed spectroscopic studies. The El MS of IV displayed the molecular ion at m/z 268, 32 a.m.u. greater than that of compound 1. The HREI MS showed the molecular ion at m/z 268.2059 (C 16 H 28 O 3 , calculated 268.2038), indicating two additional oxygen atoms than I. The presence of hydroxyl functions was inferred from additional absorption at 3329 cm −1  in the IR spectrum of compound IV. The UV spectrum in methanol displayed a terminal absorption at 201 nm indicating the absence of a chromophore in the molecule.  
                         
 
         [0071]     The  1 H-NMR spectrum of IV showed signals for two protons geminal to hydroxyl that resonated at δ 3.42 (t, J 1eq,2eq,ax =2.7 Hz) and 4.62 (dd, J 6ax,5ax =7.1 Hz, J 6ax,7eq =3.0 Hz). The splitting pattern and coupling constants of these signals suggested α orientations of the OH groups at C-1 and C-6 positions. The  13 C-NMR spectra of compound IV showed disappearance of C-1 and C-7 methylene carbon signals and appearance of two additional hydroxyl-bearing methine signals at δ 74.7 and 71.1 as compared to Compound I (Table-1.2.4). The 2D-NMR spectra (HMQC, HMBC and COSY 45°) of compound IV were recorded to unambiguously assign the chemical shifts to all protons and carbons. The  13 C/ 1 H connectivities were determined from the HMQC spectrum (Table-1.2.4). The 3β-H (δ 3.42) showed interactions with H 2 -2 (δ 2.17 and 1.51), while H-6 (δ 4.62) showed COSY° 45 interactions with H 2 -6 (δ 2.05 and 1.64) and H-5 (δ 1.58). H-6 also showed heteronuclear interactions (HMBC) with C-8 (δ 80.9) and C-10 (41.5). These observations further supported the position of a new hydroxyl group at C-6. The stereochemistry of C-3 and C-6 methine protons was further investigated by NOE difference measurements between H-6Me-16β/H-6 (24.5%) and H-1/Me-15β (1.16%). The metabolite IV may be formed by the sequential hydroxylation of Compound I into compound IV.  
                                                           TABLE 3                             1 H (500 MHz) and  13 C-NMR (125 MHz) Chemical Shift       Assignments of 1α,6α-Dihydroxyambrox (IV) in CDCl 3 .                Carbon   δ C     Multiplicity   δ H (J=Hz)                            1   74.7   CH   3.42t(2.7)           2   25.1   CH 2     2.17m; 1.51m           3   38.8   CH 2     1.60m; 1.17m           4   35.3   C   —           5   52.1   CH   1.58d(7.1)           6   71.1   CH   4.62dd(7.3, 3.0)           7   48.5   CH 2     2.05m; 1.64dd(12.1, 3.8)           8   80.9   C   —           9   54.0   CH   1.87m           10   41.5   C   —           11   27.1   CH 2     1.81m; 1.47m           12   65.8   CH 2     3.83dd(16.0, 7.9)                       3.92dd(12.0, 7.8)           13   23.9   CH 3     1.31s           14   25.1   CH 3     1.26s           15   23.6   CH 3     1.16s           16   18.4   CH 3     1.02s                      
 
         [0072]     Compound V: 9α,5α,1α-Tridhydroxy-dodecahydro-3,6,6,9a-tetramethyl-naphtho-[2,1-]furan] was eluted at 71% ethyl acetate-29% petroleum ether afforded V (27.8 mg, 4.6%) as a colorless crystalline compound.  
         [0073]     M.P. 147-148° C.  
         [0074]     [α] 25   D  −26 (c=0.1, MeOH).  
         [0075]     U.V. (MeOH) λ max  nm (log ε): 203 (2.5), λ min  nm (log ε): 195 (1.6).  
         [0076]     IR (CHCl 3 ) ν max : 3411 (OH), 2930 (CH), 1317 (C—O) cm −1 .  
         [0077]      1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 , 500 MHz): See Table 4  
         [0078]      13 C-NMR (CDCl 3 , 125 MHz): See Table 4  
         [0079]     El MS m/z (% rel. int.): 284 [M] +  (2), 269 [M-Me] +  (32), 251 [M−(Me+H 2 O)] +  (93), 218 (11), 215 (13), 175 (9), 139 (23), 109 (99), 81 (69), 55 (100).  
         [0080]     HREI MS m/z (formula, calculated): 284.1912 (C 16 H 28 O 4 , 284.1987).  
         [0081]     Metabolite V was isolated as white crystalline solid, and characterized through detailed physical and NMR spectroscopic studies as 1α,6α,11α-trihydroxyambrox (V). The HREI MS of compound V showed the M +  at 284.1912 (C 16 H 28 O 4 , calculated 284.1987). The UV spectrum displayed a terminal absorption at 203 nm, while the IR spectrum displayed absorption at 3411 cm −1 , characteristic of hydroxyl group.  
                         
 
         [0082]     The  1 H-NMR spectrum of V exhibited three additional downfield methine proton signals at δ 3.62 (t, J=2.2 Hz), 4.63 (dd, J 6ax,5ax =7.4 Hz, J 6ax,7eq =2.3 Hz) and 4.59 (ddd, J 11β9α =9.9 Hz, J 11β,12α =7.1 Hz, J 11β,12β =4.0 Hz), which could be assigned as C-1β, C-6β and C-11β protons, respectively. Analysis of the  13 C-NMR spectral data showed additional methine carbons resonating at δ 73.2, 69.5 and 71.0, corresponding to OH-bearing C-1, C-7 and C-11, respectively. The position and stereochemistry of the newly introduced hydroxyl groups was further investigated by 2D NMR spectroscopy. COSY 45° spectrum showed couplings between H-1 (δ 3.62)/H 2 -2 (δ 2.14, 1.59); H-6 (δ 4.63)/H 2 -7 (δ 2.01, 1.77) and H-5 (δ 1.47); H-11 (δ 4.59)/H 2 -12 (δ 4.20, 3.61) and H-9 (δ 2.21). This HMBC spectrum showed the heteronuclear interactions between H-1/C-8 (δ 81.3), C-10 (δ 40.6), H-6/C-3 (δ 37.6), C-5 (δ 51.0) and H-1/C-12 (δ 73.0). The splitting pattern of H-1 and H-6 signals indicated their axial (α) and equatorial (α) orientation of the geminal hydroxyl groups, respectively.  
                         
 
 Selected NOESY Correlations of V 
 
         [0083]     The stereochemistry at C-11 was investigated by NOESY experiments, which showed the β-orientation of C-11 proton. These observations supported the stereochemistry of the metabolite to be 1α,6α, 11α-trihydroxyambrox (V).  
                                                           TABLE 4                             1 H (500 MHz) and  13 C-NMR (125 MHz) Chemical Shift       Assignments of 1α,6α,11α-Trihydroxyambrox (V) in CDCl 3 .                Carbon   δ C     Multiplicity   δ H (J=Hz)                            1   73.2   CH   3.62t(2.2)           2   25.0   CH 2     2.14, m; 1.59, m           3   37.6   CH 2     1.69m                       1.14, ddd(3.6, 6.9,                       13.2)           4   34.1   C   —           5   51.0   CH   1.47, d(7.2)           6   69.5   CH   4.63dd(7.4, 2.3)           7   48.2   CH 2     2.01m; 1.77m           8   81.3   C   —           9   59.1   CH   2.2dd(13.2, 2.6)           10   40.6   C   —           11   71.0   CH 2     4.59ddd(4.0, 7.1, 9.9)           12   73.0   CH 2     4.20dd(9.5, 7.1)                       3.61dd(9.4, 4.1)           13   23.6   CH 3     1.36s           14   32.8   CH 3     1.25s           15   22.7   CH 3     1.20s           16   17.7   CH 3     1.02s                      
 
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION  
       [0084]     This invention describes novel perfumes and a new process of manufacturing the same using fungal fermentation of a steroidal natural products (−)-ambrox (I) leading to the identification, isolation and characterization of three novel metabolites, which were surprisingly more aromatic than ambrox (I) and thus constitute a useful discovery in the field of perfumery. More specifically, this invention claims mono-, di and tri-hydroxylated (−)-ambrox (I): 1α-hydroxyambrox (II), 1α, 11α-dihydroxyambrox (III), 1α,6α-dihydroxyambrox (IV), and 1α,6α,11α-trihydroxyambrox (V). These novel compounds are produced by a surprising discovery of enantiomeric hydroxylation reaction that is useful in producing aromatic structures.