Abstract:
A magnetic device for treating carbon based fuels by exposing the fuel piping to intense magnetic fields. The south magnetic poles are placed adjacent to the pipe and the flux lines in the pipe are increased by the use of permeable steel bars adjacent to the magnets and pipe. The device includes a flux path through a permeable housing and cover. The device can be installed around existing piping or inserted in the pipe line by pipe fittings.

Description:
This application claims priority of Provisional Patent application No. 60/211,691 filed Jun. 14, 2000. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     A device for treating carbon based fuels by magnetic treatment using opposing south pole magnets and permeable steel bars within a permeable steel housing. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     During the combustion of a typical fuel such as methane gas with oxygen, the products of the chemical reaction are carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water (H 2 O). (actual equation is CH 4 +2 O 2 →CO 2 +2 H 2 O). During oxidation of methane, the hydrogen and carbon atoms are oxidized. Since carbon can occur in divalent forms (carbenes), the valance of carbon can be positive or negative due to its electron makeup of four electrons in its outer shell. The second shell of carbon needs four additional electrons to complete the shell thus it has a minus four valance. Carbon has four surplus electrons in its outer shell with a valance of positive four. The second shell requires eight electrons for completion. Carbon has a plus or minus four valance. Oxygen and hydrogen combine readily. However, the carbon-oxygen reaction is less energetic. When hydrocarbon fuel is subjected to the right magnetic field the combustion rate increases by the amount of increased carbon dioxide produced. This is due to the magnetic stimulation of the outer (valance) shell of electrons. It is difficult to combust the inner carbon atoms without magnetization. With a fuel cell the carbon will be oxidized (burned) in the engine and not the catalytic converter. Better fuel mileage and less emissions are the net result. 
     The fuel cell is designed to increase fuel mileage while reducing emissions. The average lifetime reduction of the hydrocarbons (HC) with the use of the fuel cell is approximately 90%. Since HC in vehicle emission represents unburned fuel, any reduction in HC will result in greater efficiency and increased mileage. It has been observed that use of the fuel cell typically results in a 15-25% increase in miles per gallon. 
     A reduction in the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) in vehicle emission is an indicator of more complete use of the fuel and higher combustion efficiency. Reduction of CO is should be one of our higher priorities because the air quality in our cities has been and is continuing to deteriorate. CO is one of the most predominant deadly gasses we have due to its ability to form bonds with the hemoglobin in our blood. In areas where CO is present it replaces oxygen in our blood by forming weak bonds with the hemoglobin and the blood cells die from the lack of oxygen. The process of oxygen replacement by carbon monoxide in hemoglobin creates a compound called carboxyhemoglobin. Simply put, it is a process whereby CO replaces the oxygen typically transported by the hemoglobin. This process of CO poisoning has been linked to higher death rates and respiratory ailments in high smog areas. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This method and apparatus is primarily for treating carbon based fuel to enhance the ability of the fuel to combust in a manner so that the pollutants normally found in combustion byproducts are substantially decreased and/or eliminated. 
     This device falls in the field of magnetochemistry. The following paragraph is taken from  Hawley&#39;s Condensed Chemical Dictionary,  11 th    Edition  by N. Irving Sax and Richard J. Lewis, Sr., published by Van Nostrand Reinhold: Magnetochemistry—a subdivision of chemistry concerned with the effect of magnetic fields on chemical compounds; analysis and measurement of these effects, (e.g., magnetic moment and magnetic susceptibility) are important tools in crystallographic research and determination of molecular structures. Substances that are repelled by a magnetic field are diamagnetic (water, benzene); those that are attracted are paramagnetic (oxygen, transition element compounds). Diamagnetic materials have only induced magnetic moment; paramagnetic materials have permanent magnetic moment. Magnetochemistry has been useful in detection of free radicals, elucidation of molecular configurations of highly complex compounds, and in its application to catalytic and chemisorption phenomena. 
     Fuel treatment is done by passing the fuel through a substantially dense magnetic field, having opposing south pole magnets adjacent to the fuel pipe. 
     This magnetic field will also cause the fuel to be conditioned or polarized. This polarization causes the fuel and the carbon to bond with the oxygen during the combustion process. This causes a cleaner, hotter, faster fuel burn. By bonding the carbon with the oxygen, we burn all the fuel in the combustion chamber thereby utilizing all the power in the fuel and the oxygen. The net result is more power, increased manifold pressure and a lessening of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxygen and oxides of nitrogen. We normally see an increase in the carbon dioxide level. We also normally see an increase in fuel mileage and horsepower. 
     The cell when installed on a fuel line or into a fuel line polarizes the carbon based fuels to produce a fuel mixture that is more explosive and more efficient by causing the mixture to burn in an even and controlled environment. 
     Some of the benefits of the fuel cell include: increased fuel mileage, increased horsepower, removed carbon from the combustion system, freed up rings, removed carbon load, increased oil change interval, octane rating boosted, eliminated jelling of diesel fuels (lowered cloud point), reduced hydrocarbons, reduced carbon monoxide levels, reduced oxides of nitrogen, reduced post ignition pinging in gas engines, reduced ignition knock in diesel engines, lowered exhaust temperature, eliminated cold spotting and hot spotting, increased engine life, reduced carbon load in oil, improved compression, improved reseating of rings, eliminated carbon build-up in catalytic converters, and eliminated hydrogen sulfide odor from catalytic converters. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is an end section view showing the magnetic flux in a fuel saver device of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a partial cutaway perspective view of the fuel saver device of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 3 is an end section view of a second embodiment of the fuel saver device using a pair of permeable field director bars. 
     FIG. 4 is a partial cutaway perspective view of the fuel saver device of FIG.  3 . 
     FIG. 5 is a partial cutaway perspective view of a third embodiment of a fuel saver device. 
     FIG. 6 is a partial cutaway view of a fourth embodiment of a fuel saver device. 
     FIG. 7 is a partial cutaway view of a fifth embodiment of a fuel saver device. 
     FIG. 8 is a front section view of the device taken through lines  8 — 8  of FIG.  7 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIG. 1 illustrates the fuel saver device including magnets  15 ,  20 , optional foam pads  25  and pipe  30  showing one-half of the magnetic field flux lines  35 . The remaining flux lines from the bottom of the right magnet  15  and the top of left side magnet  20  are also symmetrical around the pipe  30  on all four sections. The flux lines are, therefore, symmetrical about both the x and y axis of the pipe  30 . 
     The magnets  15  and  20 , foam pads  25  and pipe  30  are contained within steel plate housing  40  having a base and two sides. It is covered by a steel top plate  45 . Fuel  50  such as diesel or gas flows through pipe  30  and interacts with the continuous flux lines  35  prior to entering the engine (not shown). As illustrated, the magnetic south pole of each magnet  15 ,  20  is adjacent to the pipe  30  and insulators  25 . 
     In this application, the top plate  45  is removable so that the parts of this device  10  can be assembled around an existing fuel pipe  30  in an operational vehicle. This type of device is designated as a “dry” assembly in that it does not require disassembly of the fuel line for installation. Conversely, a “wet” assembly would require cutting the fuel line to install a device and adding piping connections for the device inlet and outlet. 
     This configuration of magnets  15 ,  20 , housing  40  and top plate  45  relative to the fluid pipe  30  strengthens the flux lines  35  through the housing  40  and top plate  45  since these items are made from permeable steel. The result is a strengthened flux field at the pipe  30 . Without this continuous permeable path, the flux at pipe  30  would be significantly less. The same reduction would occur when the housing and top plate were made of non-ferrous materials, i.e., brass, plastic, etc. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates a perspective partial cutaway of this device  10  utilizing 4″ magnets  15 ,  20  and pads  25 . This device  10  is strapped to pipe  30  by tie  55  which is secured in slots  60 . 
     FIG. 3 illustrates a second embodiment of the fuel saver device  10  that is designated as a high sulfur “dry” unit for fuels in foreign countries having a high sulfur content, India being one example. This device  70  also has a pair of rubber cushioning foam pads  75  on either side of fuel pipe  80 . Adjacent to the pads  75  are a pair of 4″ magnets  85  having their south pole adjacent to the pads  75  and pipe  80 . Adjacent to the magnets  85  are a pair of 4″ mild steel field directors  90 . The field directors function to divert the magnetic flux lines  95  upward and into the top plate  100 . In a similar configuration the flux lines  105  on the opposite side of pipe  80  would be diverted into the top plate. Similar flux lines  110  are directed downward from each magnet  85  through the field director  90  and steel housing  115 . The effect of the field directors  90  is to strengthen the flux through top plate  95  and bottom of the housing  115  and, thereby, increase the flux through the fuel in pipe  80 . 
     The perspective view of FIG. 4 illustrates how the device elements are clamped around pipe  80  and held in place by tie  120 . 
     FIG. 5 illustrates a “wet” fuel device  130  requiring cutting of the fuel line and using a threaded pipe connection to attach at each ⅜″ pipe connector  135 . This device has a pair of 4″ magnets  140  and a pair of field directors  145  in proximity to pipe  150 . The fuel device has a housing  155  spot welded at  160  to bottom plate  165 . The field director  145  functions as described above and as illustrated in FIG.  3 . 
     FIG. 6 illustrates a U-bend “wet” fuel device  175  for use on trucks and train diesel engines. Vehicle fuel lines are connected to reducing elbow connectors  180  which direct the fuel through ½ pipe  185 . This device has four 6″ magnets  190  adjacent to pipe  185  and four 6″ field directors  195  adjacent to the magnets  190 . The field directors function as previously described for FIGS. 4 and 5. The U-bend  200  permits the use of four magnets in lieu of previous devices having two magnets. The magnetic field flux in this case is more than doubled since the magnet lengths are about 2 inches longer that the FIG. 5 device. The top plate  205  is attached to housing  210  by spot welds  215 . 
     FIG. 7 illustrates a U-bend “wet” truck fuel saver device  225  having five 4″ magnets. Four magnets  230  are adjacent to the straight pipe sections  235  and one end magnet  240  is adjacent to the U-bend  245 . There are three field directors  250  in proximity to the straight pipe sections  235 , and two field attractors  255  above and below the U-bend (one shown). One additional end field director  260  is in proximity to the U-bend and four field attractors  265  (three shown) are above and below the pipe section  235 . The field attractors  265  serve the same function as field deflectors by directing and intensifying the magnetic field flux into the straight pipe sections and the U-bend. This device uses seven foam pads  270  (five shown) as cushioning material to retain the magnets and field directors in position. 
     The housing  275  is spot welded at  280  to bottom plate  285 . Mounting bracket  290  is attached to the device by fasteners  295 . Threaded pipe fittings  300  can connect to the vehicle fuel lines. 
     FIG. 8 illustrates how the flux lines  305  penetrate pipe  235  from field attractor  265  which enhances the magnetic intensity within the pipe  235 . As described in the previous models, the housing  275 , bottom plate  285  and field directors  250  also serve to intensify the flux into field attractors  265  and pipe  235 . 
     The materials used are selected to provide maximum field intensities at the fuel lines. The magnets are powdered iron ceramic of grade 8 (high strength) having a strength of 750 gauss. The field directors and field attractors are mild steel AlSI-SAE 4140, a chrome-molybdenum carbon steel having a permeability over 200 times that of air and other nonpermeable materials. Foam pads are 30 durometer rubber cushioning material. The housing and plates are mild steel cold-rolled and electroplated also having a permeability over 200 times that of air. The typical field strength of the magnets assembled in the housing are about 1100 gauss at the face of the south pole adjacent to the pipe. 
     EXPERIMENTAL FIELD TRIAL DATA 
     There are five sets of testing log data following showing miles/gallon improvement and significant emissions improvement for various cars and trucks. The undesirable emissions tested were: hydrocarbons (HC); carbon dioxide (CO 2 ); carbon monoxide (CO); and nitrous oxide (No x ). Oxygen emissions were also monitored to determine improvements in combustion. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Parker Fuel Cell Testing Log 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Vehicle Make 
                 GMC 6.2 Diesel 
                 License Plate Number 
                 1J 7061 
               
               
                   
                 Vehicle Model 
                 2500 
                 Vehicle Owner 
                 K. Parker 
               
               
                   
                 Vehicle Year 
                 1988 
                 Vehicle Driver 
                 K. Parker 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 1: 
               
               
                 Test vehicle mileage for a minimum of 
               
               
                 1500 miles prior to installing the Fuel Cell 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ending 
                 Beginning 
                 Ending 
                 Miles 
                 Fuel 
                 Miles per 
                 Driving Conditions 
               
               
                   
                 Fill-up Date 
                 Mileage 
                 Mileage 
                 Driven 
                 (Gallons) 
                 Gallon 
                 (city/hwy/loaded, etc.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1) 
                 2/12/00 
                 146,421 
                 146,767 
                 346 
                 26.41 
                 13.10 
                 Pulling 2 horse trailer w/1 horse 
               
               
                 2) 
                 2/20/00 
                 146,767 
                 147,148 
                 381 
                 26.83 
                 14.20 
               
               
                 3) 
                 3/1/00 
                 147,148 
                 147,488 
                 340 
                 21.78 
                 15.61 
               
               
                 4) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 5) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 6) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 7) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 3) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 9) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                   
                   
                 1,067 
                 75.02 
                 14.22 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 2: 
               
               
                 Test vehicle emissions at the same time that Step 1 is started 
               
               
                 (attach printout from gas analyzer) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Test Date 
                 HC (ppm) 
                 CO (%) 
                 CO2 (%) 
                 O2 (%) 
                 NOX (ppm) 
                 Tested By 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3/10/00 
                 14.10 
                 17.20 
                 2.07 
                 6.18 
                 245.83 
                 Russ 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 NOTE: Truck has original fuel pump and injectors 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 3: 
               
               
                 Install Fuel Cell on Vehicle 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Date Installed 
                 3/14/00 
               
               
                   
                 Installed By 
                 Russ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 4: 
               
               
                 Test vehicle mileage for a minimum of 
               
               
                 1500 miles after installing the Fuel Cell 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ending 
                 Beginning 
                 Ending 
                 Miles 
                 Fuel 
                 Miles per 
                 Driving Conditions 
               
               
                   
                 Fill-up Date 
                 Mileage 
                 Mileage 
                 Driven 
                 (Gallons) 
                 Gallon 
                 (city/hwy/loaded, etc.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1) 
                 3/16/00 
                 147,488 
                 147,862 
                 374 
                 26.34 
                 14.20 
                 Pulling 2 horse trailer w/1 horse 
               
               
                 2) 
                 4/1/00 
                 147,862 
                 148,245 
                 383 
                 24.20 
                 15.83 
               
               
                 3) 
                 4/19/00 
                 148,245 
                 148,666 
                 421 
                 26.15 
                 16.10 
               
               
                 4) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 5) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 6) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 7) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 8) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 9) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1,178 
                 76.69 
                 15.36 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 5: 
               
               
                 Test vehicle emissions after completion of Step 4 
               
               
                 (attach printout from gas analyzer) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Test Date 
                 HC (ppm) 
                 CO (%) 
                 CO2 (%) 
                 O2 (%) 
                 NOX (ppm) 
                 Tested By 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4/18/00 
                 3.12 
                 3.07 
                 3.60 
                 1.70 
                 120.59 
                 Russ 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Summary 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Before 
                 After 
                 Change 
                 % Change 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Average Fuel Mileage 
                 14.22 
                 15.36 
                 1.14 
                 8.0% 
               
               
                 Emissions 
               
               
                 HC (ppm) 
                 14.10 
                 3.12 
                 (10.98) 
                 −77.9% 
               
               
                 CO (%) 
                 17.20 
                 3.07 
                 (14.13) 
                 −82.2% 
               
               
                 CO2 (%) 
                 2.07 
                 3.60 
                 1.53 
                 73.9% 
               
               
                 O2 (%) 
                 6.18 
                 1.70 
                 (4.48) 
                 −72.5% 
               
               
                 NOX (ppm) 
                 245.83 
                 120.59 
                 (125.24) 
                 −50.9% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Parker Fuel Cell Testing Log 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Vehicle Make 
                 FORD 
                 License Plate Number 
                 1B 94792 
               
               
                   
                 Vehicle Model 
                 F-150 Pick-up 
                 Vehicle Owner 
                 Lewis Corporation 
               
               
                   
                 Vehicle Year 
                 1995 
                 Vehicle Driver 
                 B. Myler &amp; others 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 1: 
               
               
                 Test vehicle mileage for a minimum of 
               
               
                 1500 miles prior to installing the Fuel Cell 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ending 
                 Beginning 
                 Ending 
                 Miles 
                 Fuel 
                 Miles per 
                 Driving Conditions 
               
               
                   
                 Fill-up Date 
                 Mileage 
                 Mileage 
                 Driven 
                 (Gallons) 
                 Gallon 
                 (city/hwy/loaded, etc.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1) 
                 2/25/00 
                 89,915 
                 90,313 
                 398 
                 29.40 
                 13.54 
                 hwy/loaded/empty 
               
               
                 2) 
                 3/29/00 
                 90,313 
                 90,637 
                 324 
                 25.20 
                 12.86 
                 hwy/pulled trailer/load-empty 
               
               
                 3) 
                 4/1/00 
                 90,637 
                 90,999 
                 362 
                 26.40 
                 13.71 
                 hwy/small trailer/load-empty 
               
               
                 4) 
                 4/5/00 
                 90,999 
                 91,416 
                 417 
                 28.50 
                 14.63 
                 hwy/2 loaded trailer/empty 
               
               
                 5) 
                 4/10/00 
                 91,416 
                 91,770 
                 354 
                 27.80 
                 12.73 
                 normal-empty 
               
               
                 6) 
                 4/10/00 
                 91,770 
                 91,992 
                 222 
                 14.90 
                 14.90 
                 normal-empty 
               
               
                 7) 
                 4/13/00 
                 91,992 
                 92,373 
                 381 
                 28.10 
                 13.56 
                 loaded/trailer/hwy 
               
               
                 8) 
                   
                 92,373 
                   
                   
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 9) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                   
                   
                 2,458 
                 180.30 
                 13.63 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 2: 
               
               
                 Test vehicle emissions at the same time that Step 1 is started 
               
               
                 (attach printout from gas analyzer) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Test Date 
                 HC (ppm) 
                 CO (%) 
                 CO2 (%) 
                 O2 (%) 
                 NOX (ppm) 
                 Tested By 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4/17/00 
                 198.00 
                 0.62 
                 9.82 
                 8.01 
                 14.53 
                 Russ 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 3: 
               
               
                 Install Fuel Cell on Vehicle 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Date Installed 
                 4/17/00 
               
               
                   
                 Installed By 
                 Jathan 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 4: 
               
               
                 Test vehicle mileage for a minimum of 
               
               
                 1500 miles after installing the Fuel Cell 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ending 
                 Beginning 
                 Ending 
                 Miles 
                 Fuel 
                 Miles per 
                 Driving Conditions 
               
               
                   
                 Fill-up Date 
                 Mileage 
                 Mileage 
                 Driven 
                 (Gallons) 
                 Gallon 
                 (city/hwy/loaded, etc.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1) 
                 4/24/00 
                 92,631 
                 92,990 
                 359 
                 25.50 
                 14.08 
                 loaded/trailer/2 empty/hwy 
               
               
                 2) 
                 5/1/00 
                 92,990 
                 93,458 
                 468 
                 32.20 
                 14.53 
                 loaded/trailer/2 empty/hwy 
               
               
                 3) 
                 5/4/00 
                 93,458 
                 93,802 
                 344 
                 26.30 
                 13.08 
                 loaded/trailer/2 empty/hwy 
               
               
                 4) 
                 5/9/00 
                 93,802 
                 94,141 
                 339 
                 24.85 
                 13.64 
                 loaded/trailer (couple empty/hwy) 
               
               
                 5) 
                 5/12/00 
                 94,141 
                 94,535 
                 394 
                 28.00 
                 14.07 
                 loaded/trailers/¼ tank city/some empty 
               
               
                 6) 
                 5/22/00 
                 95,178 
                 95,521 
                 343 
                 23.60 
                 14.53 
                 loaded/trailers/some empty 
               
               
                 7) 
                 5/23/00 
                 95,521 
                 95,829 
                 308 
                 25.82 
                 11.93 
                 loaded/trailers/some empty 
               
               
                 8) 
                 5/30/00 
                 95,829 
                 96,301 
                 472 
                 31.60 
                 14.94 
                 loaded/trailers/some empty 
               
               
                 9) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DVI/01 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                   
                   
                 3,027 
                 217.87 
                 13.89 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 5: 
               
               
                 Test vehicle emissions after completion of Step 4 
               
               
                 (attach printout from gas analyzer) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Test Date 
                 HC (ppm) 
                 CO (%) 
                 CO2 (%) 
                 O2 (%) 
                 NOX (ppm) 
                 Tested By 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5/5/00 
                 153.00 
                 0.31 
                 8.23 
                 8.76 
                 9.31 
                 Jathan 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Summary 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Before 
                 After 
                 Change 
                 % Change 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Average Fuel Mileage 
                 13.63 
                 13.89 
                 0.26 
                 1.9% 
               
               
                 Emissions 
               
               
                 HC (ppm) 
                 198.00 
                 153.00 
                 (45.00) 
                 −22.7% 
               
               
                 CO (%) 
                 0.62 
                 0.31 
                 (0.31) 
                 −50.0% 
               
               
                 CO2 (%) 
                 9.82 
                 8.23 
                 (1.59) 
                 −16.2% 
               
               
                 O2 (%) 
                 8.01 
                 8.76 
                 0.75 
                 9.4% 
               
               
                 NOX (ppm) 
                 14.53 
                 9.31 
                 (5.22) 
                 −35.9% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Parker Fuel Cell Testing Log 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Vehicle Make 
                 Buick 
                 License Plate Number 
                 1J 232 
               
               
                   
                 Vehicle Model 
                 Century 
                 Vehicle Owner 
                 K. Parker 
               
               
                   
                 Vehicle Year 
                 1991 
                 Vehicle Driver 
                 R. Parker 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 1: 
               
               
                 Test vehicle mileage for a minimum of 
               
               
                 1500 miles prior to installing the Fuel Cell 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ending 
                 Beginning 
                 Ending 
                 Miles 
                 Fuel 
                 Miles per 
                 Driving Conditions 
               
               
                   
                 Fill-up Date 
                 Mileage 
                 Mileage 
                 Driven 
                 (Gallons) 
                 Gallon 
                 (city/hwy/loaded, etc.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1) 
                 Mar. 14/00 
                 198,300 
                 198,672 
                 372 
                 15.10 
                 24.64 
                 Between Pocatello &amp; I. F. 
               
               
                 2) 
                 Mar. 17/00 
                 198,672 
                 199,053 
                 381 
                 14.70 
                 25.92 
                 same 
               
               
                 3) 
                 Mar. 21/00 
                 199,053 
                 199,417 
                 364 
                 14.80 
                 24.59 
                 same 
               
               
                 4) 
                 Mar. 25/00 
                 199,417 
                 199,798 
                 381 
                 15.40 
                 24.74 
                 same 
               
               
                 5) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 6) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 7) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 8) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 9) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                   
                   
                 1,498 
                 60.00 
                 24.97 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 2: 
               
               
                 Test vehicle emissions at the same time that Step 1 is started 
               
               
                 (attach printout from gas analyzer) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Test Date 
                 HC (ppm) 
                 CO (%) 
                 CO2 (%) 
                 O2 (%) 
                 NOX (ppm) 
                 Tested By 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3/11/00 
                 281.00 
                 0.58 
                 13.89 
                 1.19 
                 20.69 
                 Russ Parker 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 3: 
               
               
                 Install Fuel Cell on Vehicle 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Date Installed 
                 3/25/00 
               
               
                   
                 Installed By 
                 Russ Parker 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 4: 
               
               
                 Test vehicle mileage for a minimum of 
               
               
                 1500 miles after installing the Fuel Cell 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ending 
                 Beginning 
                 Ending 
                 Miles 
                 Fuel 
                 Miles per 
                 Driving Conditions 
               
               
                   
                 Fill-up Date 
                 Mileage 
                 Mileage 
                 Driven 
                 (Gallons) 
                 Gallon 
                 (city/hwy/loaded, etc.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1) 
                 3/27/00 
                 199,798 
                 200,183 
                 385 
                 13.70 
                 28.10 
               
               
                 2) 
                 4/1/00 
                 200,183 
                 200,577 
                 394 
                 14.10 
                 27.94 
               
               
                 3) 
                 4/4/00 
                 200,577 
                 200,981 
                 404 
                 14.70 
                 27.48 
               
               
                 4) 
                 4/7/00 
                 200,981 
                 201,423 
                 442 
                 15.20 
                 29.08 
               
               
                 5) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 6) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 7) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 8) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 9) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                   
                   
                 1,625 
                 57.70 
                 28.16 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 5: 
               
               
                 Test vehicle emissions after completion of Step 4 
               
               
                 (attach printout from gas analyzer) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Test Date 
                 HC (ppm) 
                 CO (%) 
                 CO2 (%) 
                 O2 (%) 
                 NOX (ppm) 
                 Tested By 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4/7/00 
                 10.00 
                 — 
                 0.02 
                 20.32 
                 2.62 
                 Russ Parker 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Summary 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Before 
                 After 
                 Change 
                 % Change 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Average Fuel Mileage 
                 24.97 
                 28.16 
                 3.20 
                 12.8% 
               
               
                 Emissions 
               
               
                 HC (ppm) 
                 281.00 
                 10.00 
                 (271.00) 
                 −96.4% 
               
               
                 CO (%) 
                 0.58 
                 — 
                 (0.58) 
                 −100.0% 
               
               
                 CO2 (%) 
                 13.89 
                 0.02 
                 (13.87) 
                 −99.9% 
               
               
                 O2 (%) 
                 1.19 
                 20.32 
                 19.13 
                 1607.6% 
               
               
                 NOX (ppm) 
                 20.69 
                 2.62 
                 (18.07) 
                 87.3% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Parker Fuel Cell Testing Log 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Vehicle Make 
                 Chevrolet 
                 License Plate Number 
                 358 ACP 
               
               
                   
                 Vehicle Model 
                 Capi-Classic 
                 Vehicle Owner 
                 Peter Plew 
               
               
                   
                 Vehicle Year 
                 1985 
                 Vehicle Driver 
                 Peter Plew 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 1: 
               
               
                 Test vehicle mileage for a minimum of 
               
               
                 1500 miles prior to installing the Fuel Cell 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ending 
                 Beginning 
                 Ending 
                 Miles 
                 Fuel 
                 Miles per 
                 Driving Conditions 
               
               
                   
                 Fill-up Date 
                 Mileage 
                 Mileage 
                 Driven 
                 (Gallons) 
                 Gallon 
                 (city/hwy/loaded, etc.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1) 
                 3/31/00 
                 7,153 
                 7,418 
                 265 
                 14.60 
                 13.15 
                 Hwy/city 50/50 
               
               
                 2) 
                 4/9/00 
                 7,418 
                 7,718 
                 300 
                 17.90 
                 16.76 
                 Hwy/city 50/50 
               
               
                 3) 
                 5/1/00 
                 7,718 
                 7,980 
                 262 
                 16.00 
                 16.38 
                 Hwy/city 50/50 
               
               
                 4) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 5) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 6) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
                 Used Texaco-Power Plus on all fillups 
               
               
                 7) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 8) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 9) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                   
                   
                 827 
                 48.50 
                 17.05 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 2: 
               
               
                 Test vehicle emissions at the same time that Step 1 is started 
               
               
                 (attach printout from gas analyzer) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Test Date 
                 HC (ppm) 
                 CO (%) 
                 CO2 (%) 
                 O2 (%) 
                 NOX (ppm) 
                 Tested By 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3/31/00 
                 86.00 
                   
                 10.38 
                 6.04 
                 61.93 
                 Jathan 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 3: 
               
               
                 Install Fuel Cell on Vehicle 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Date Installed 
                 5/3/00 
               
               
                   
                 Installed By 
                 Jathan 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 4: 
               
               
                 Test vehicle mileage for a minimum of 
               
               
                 1500 miles after installing the Fuel Cell 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ending 
                 Beginning 
                 Ending 
                 Miles 
                 Fuel 
                 Miles per 
                 Driving Conditions 
               
               
                   
                 Fill-up Date 
                 Mileage 
                 Mileage 
                 Driven 
                 (Gallons) 
                 Gallon 
                 (city/hwy/loaded, etc.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1) 
                 5/9/00 
                 7,980 
                 8,222 
                 242 
                 15.03 
                 16.10 
               
               
                 2) 
                 5/18/00 
                 8,222 
                 8,504 
                 282 
                 16.30 
                 17.30 
               
               
                 3) 
                 5/28/00 
                 8,504 
                 8,826 
                 322 
                 17.80 
                 18.09 
               
               
                 4) 
                 6/3/00 
                 8,826 
                 9,017 
                 191 
                 11.60 
                 16.47 
               
               
                 5) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 6) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 7) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 8) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 9) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                   
                   
                 1,037 
                 60.73 
                 17.08 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 5: 
               
               
                 Test vehicle emissions after completion of Step 4 
               
               
                 (attach printout from gas analyzer) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Test Date 
                 HC (ppm) 
                 CO (%) 
                 CO2 (%) 
                 O2 (%) 
                 NOX (ppm) 
                 Tested By 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 6/5/00 
                 50.00 
                 — 
                 11.22 
                 4.99 
                 41.35 
                 Jathan 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Summary 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Before 
                 After 
                 Change 
                 % Change 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Average Fuel Mileage 
                 17.05 
                 17.08 
                 0.02 
                 0.1% 
               
               
                 Emissions 
               
               
                 HC (ppm) 
                 86.00 
                 50.00 
                 (36.00) 
                 −41.9% 
               
               
                 CO (%) 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 CO2 (%) 
                 10.38 
                 11.22 
                 0.84 
                 8.1% 
               
               
                 O2 (%) 
                  6.04 
                 4.99 
                 (1.05) 
                 −17.4% 
               
               
                 NOX (ppm) 
                 61.93 
                 41.35 
                 (20.58) 
                 −33.2% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Parker Fuel Cell Testing Log 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Vehicle Make 
                 Chevrolet 
                 License Plate Number 
                 743 ACE 
               
               
                   
                 Vehicle Model 
                 1500 Pickup 
                 Vehicle Owner 
                 Kim Kvamme 
               
               
                   
                 Vehicle Year 
                 1997 
                 Vehicle Driver 
                 Kim Kvamme 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 1: 
               
               
                 Test vehicle mileage for a minimum of 
               
               
                 1500 miles prior to installing the Fuel Cell 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ending 
                 Beginning 
                 Ending 
                 Miles 
                 Fuel 
                 Miles per 
                 Driving Conditions 
               
               
                   
                 Fill-up Date 
                 Mileage 
                 Mileage 
                 Driven 
                 (Gallons) 
                 Gallon 
                 (city/hwy/loaded, etc.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1) 
                 2/27/00 
                   
                   
                 280 
                 17.95 
                 15.60 
                 City, Pocatello 2 trips 
               
               
                 2) 
                 2/1/00 
                   
                   
                 294 
                 18.26 
                 16.10 
                 City, Pocatello 3 trips 
               
               
                 3) 
                 3/4/00 
                   
                 75,418 
                 262 
                 16.36 
                 16.01 
                 City, Pocatello 2 trips 
               
               
                 4) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 5) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 6) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 7) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 8) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 9) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                   
                   
                 836 
                 52.57 
                 15.90 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 2: 
               
               
                 Test vehicle emissions at the same time that Step 1 is started 
               
               
                 (attach printout from gas analyzer) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Test Date 
                 HC (ppm) 
                 CO (%) 
                 CO2 (%) 
                 O2 (%) 
                 NOX (ppm) 
                 Tested By 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3/10/00 
                 291.00 
                 0.42 
                 14.10 
                 1.17 
                 83.71 
                 Russ Parker 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 3: 
               
               
                 Install Fuel Cell on Vehicle 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Date Installed 
                 3/10/00 
               
               
                   
                 Installed By 
                 Russ Parker 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 4: 
               
               
                 Test vehicle mileage for a minimum of 
               
               
                 1500 miles after installing the Fuel Cell 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ending 
                 Beginning 
                 Ending 
                 Miles 
                 Fuel 
                 Miles per 
                 Driving Conditions 
               
               
                   
                 Fill-up Date 
                 Mileage 
                 Mileage 
                 Driven 
                 (Gallons) 
                 Gallon 
                 (city/hwy/loaded, etc.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1) 
                 3/12/00 
                 75,418 
                 75,715 
                 297 
                 15.75 
                 18.86 
                 Boise, horse trailer and back loaded 
               
               
                 2) 
                 3/12/00 
                 75,715 
                 76,031 
                 316 
                 18.59 
                 17.00 
               
               
                 3) 
                 3/18/00 
                 76,031 
                 76.319 
                 288 
                 15.01 
                 19.19 
                 City, Pocatello 1 trip 
               
               
                 4) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 5) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 6) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 7) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 8) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                 9) 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                   
                 #DIV/0! 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                   
                   
                 901 
                 49.35 
                 18.26 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Step 5: 
               
               
                 Test vehicle emissions after completion of Step 4 
               
               
                 (attach printout from gas analyzer) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Test Date 
                 HC (ppm) 
                 CO (%) 
                 CO2 (%) 
                 O2 (%) 
                 NOX (ppm) 
                 Tested By 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3/18/00 
                 36.00 
                 0.01 
                 14.72 
                 0.29 
                 — 
                 Russ Parker 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Summary 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Before 
                 After 
                 Change 
                 % Change 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Average Fuel Mileage 
                 15.90 
                 18.26 
                 2.35 
                 14.8% 
               
               
                 Emissions 
               
               
                 HC (ppm) 
                 291.00 
                 36.00 
                 (255.00) 
                 −87.6% 
               
               
                 CO (%) 
                 0.42 
                 0.01 
                 (0.41) 
                 −97.6% 
               
               
                 CO2 (%) 
                 14.10 
                 14.72 
                 0.62 
                 4.4% 
               
               
                 O2 (%) 
                 1.17 
                 0.29 
                 (0.88) 
                 −75.2% 
               
               
                 NOX (ppm) 
                 83.71 
                 — 
                 (83.71) 
                 −100.0%