Abstract:
Atomic Force Microscopes (AFMs) allow forces within systems under observation to be probed from the piconewton forces of a single covalent bond to the forces exerted by cells in the micronewton range. The pendulum geometry prevents the snap-to-contact problem afflicting soft cantilevers in AFMs which enable attonewton force sensitivity. However, the microscopic length scale studies of cellular/subcellular forces parallel to the imaging plane of an optical microscope requires high sensitivity force measurements at high sampling frequencies despite the difficulties of implementing the pendulum geometry from constraints imposed by the focused incoming/outgoing light interfering with the sample surface. Additionally measurement systems for biological tissue samples in vitro must satisfy complex physical constraints to provide access to the vertical cantilever. Embodiments of the invention address these geometrical restrictions by exploiting optical periscope approaches that further allows multiple probes to be deployed and multiple optical beams within each probe.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/329,182 filed Apr. 29, 2010 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Measuring the Deflection on Cantilevers in Constrained Spaces.” 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to measurement equipment and more particularly to optical beam deflection apparatus. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Studies in the field of muscle Biophysics, Physiology, Nano-Scale Physics and Mechanics have been performed traditionally with preparations ranging from the whole muscle to isolated muscle cells. While these preparations allow measurements of force and muscle mechanics with high reproducibility, they do not allow the investigation of sub-cellular units—myofibrils, sarcomeres, molecules, etc. Recently, studies with myofibrils and sub-cellular units of muscles have emerged—but giving the complexity of the experiments involving these structures, only a few laboratories around the world have this capability. 
     Furthermore, the systems used so far with myofibrils have several limitations, including a low signal-to-noise ratio, which limits detection of small differences in force observed in different conditions, a very low time resolution which limits the detection of molecular and kinetics events that may happen at the microsecond scale, and the incapacity of measuring force and imaging the myofibrils simultaneously with high spatial and temporal resolution. 
     An ideal system should be able to provide measurements of minute force measurements in the attonewton (aN) to nanonewton (nN) range in myofibrils with microsecond scale temporal resolution, and high signal-to-noise ratio. From a biological perspective, measurements of molecular kinetics with unprecedented precision are highly desirable. For example, measurements of the kinetics of myofibrils and myofilaments composed of muscle molecules with the time resolution of microseconds should open new opportunities in the fields of physiology and biophysics. 
     At present the dominant microscope for such measurements and analysis is the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) because the most evident advantage that atomic force microscopy boasts over all other microscopic and nanoscopic imaging methods is its unique ability to probe forces. A cantilever acts as the force transducer; its interaction with a sample causes a deflection which can be measured and calibrated into a force. The versatility of AFM is highlighted by the fact that the same instrument can be used for probing the piconewton forces of a single covalent bond for example through to studying the forces exerted by cells in the micronewton range. 
     However, all commercial AFMs are optimized for measuring forces which are perpendicular to the sample surface, which becomes a limitation when the forces of interest are parallel to the sample surface. This has led many researchers to design home-built systems to overcome this problem by the use of the pendulum geometry, wherein the cantilever is positioned with its long axis perpendicular to the sample surface, such that forces in-plane can be measured with high sensitivity. The pendulum geometry prevents the snap-to-contact problem that afflicts soft cantilevers in a regular AFM. Very soft cantilevers enable attonewton force sensitivity which is necessary, for example, in the detection of single spins in magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM). At the microscopic length scale, the studies of cellular or subcellular forces which are parallel to the imaging plane of an optical microscope place system performance requirements for high sensitivity force measurements at sampling frequencies beyond available video rates, requirements that can be met by optical measurement techniques. 
     However, the difficulty in implementing the pendulum geometry lies in the constraint imposed by the focused incoming light or the diverging outgoing light which easily interferes with the sample surface. Additionally in order to obtain the measurements of biological tissue samples in vitro the optical measurement system must satisfy complex physical constraints to provide access to the vertical cantilever and its holder with consideration of solution ingress/egress, temperature control, and pipette for stimulation of the biological sample. Accordingly it would be beneficial to provide an optical measurement system which overcomes these complex physical constraints. According to an embodiment of the invention the geometrical restriction is addressed by the exploitation of an optical periscope. 
     Beneficially such a system may be employed for many other biological and physical applications and far-reaching potential for studies using measurements of light displacement towards cantilevers in constrained spaces. It can be used to expand the capabilities of atomic force microscopy in all of its current fields of study, such as biophysics, biology, surface science, and the emerging field of magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM). Consequently it would be beneficial to provide a system and a method that resolves the aforementioned limitations which will enable the desired measurements. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with an aspect of the present invention there is provided a method comprising providing an optical beam component for receiving a first optical beam, directing the first optical beam to exit in a predetermined manner an optical window forming part of the optical beam component; receiving a second optical beam through the optical window; and coupling the second optical beam to an optical photodetector and providing a sample holder for attaching a sample to be characterized, the sample when attached being positioned in predetermined orientation to the optical window of the optical beam component. The method also comprising positioning the optical beam component with respect to the sample holder and determining a characteristic of the sample in dependence upon at least the second optical beam. 
     In accordance with an aspect of the present invention there is provided a method comprising providing an optical beam component for receiving a first optical beam from an optical train through a face of the optical beam component, directing the first optical beam to exit an optical window forming part of the optical beam component; receiving a second optical beam through the optical window; and coupling the second optical beam to the optical train through the face of the optical beam component, wherein the direction within the optical beam component between the face of the optical beam component and the optical window is through total internal reflection at exterior surfaces of the optical beam component and providing a positioning system for adjusting the position of the optical beam component with respect to a sample wherein the sample is mounted substantially parallel to the optical window. The method also comprising providing the optical train, the optical train receiving an optical signal, processing the optical signal to generate the first optical beam, receiving the second optical beam, processing the second optical beam to a third optical beam, and coupling the third optical beam to an optical photodetector. 
     In accordance with an aspect of the present invention there is provided a method comprising determining a characteristic of a sample mounted in a test holder comprising at least a cantilever by measuring the deflection of the cantilever perpendicular to the cantilever using an optical beam deflection component in conjunction with a sample manipulation component, an imaging component, and a microscope, and wherein the optical beam component receives a first optical beam from an optical train through a face of the optical beam component, directs the first optical beam to exit an optical window forming part of the optical beam component; receives a second optical beam through the optical window; and couples the second optical beam to the optical train through the face of the optical beam component and optical beam direction within the optical beam component between the face of the optical beam component and the optical window is through total internal reflection at exterior surfaces of the optical beam component. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the attached Figures, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  depicts a three-dimensional schematic of an experimental sample environment according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 2A  depicts a top view of the of experimental sample environment with the glass needle, cantilever holders and optical periscope according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 2B  shows a corresponding three-dimensional schematic of the experimental sample environment according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 2C  shows an optical micrograph of the experimental sample environment according to an embodiment of the invention taken from the system on the stage of an inverted optical microscope; 
         FIG. 3  shows a screen capture of the cantilever displacement measured with a system according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 4  shows various images of the optical beam deflection component according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 5  depicts a schematic of the optical beam deflection component in combination with the experimental sample environment according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 6  depicts a schematic of the optical path in the optical beam deflection component according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 7  depicts optical micrographs of an upper sub-assembly of the optical beam deflection component comprising the optical photodetector and motorized translation stage according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIGS. 8A and 8B  depict schematics of the optical periscope for the optical beam deflection component according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIGS. 9A and 9B  depict schematics of the optical pathway within the optical periscope of the optical beam deflection component according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 10  depicts an embodiment of the invention with four cantilevers according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 11  depicts an optical beam deflection component according to an embodiment of the invention supporting multiple optical probes and cantilevers; 
         FIG. 12  depicts a sub-assembly according to an embodiment of the invention supporting multiple optical beam deflection components and multiple beams per component according to an embodiment of the invention; and 
         FIG. 13  depicts an embodiment of the invention wherein characterization is performed without exploiting a cantilever. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description is presented to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use the invention. Modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art and the general principals described herein may be applied to any apparatus making use of the optical beam deflection method without departing from the scope of the invention. Therefore the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments disclosed herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope. 
     The invention presented hereinafter consists of a method and apparatus for guiding the light towards the cantilever and measuring the resulting optical beam deflection (OBD), referred to as an optical periscope. It enables the optical beam to be guided onto cantilevers within a constrained space; for example, it the cantilever is perpendicular to a large planar surface, the apparatus allows focusing light onto the cantilever while avoiding obstruction by the planar surface, and couples the reflected optical beam back into the optical beam deflection component for measurement. Beneficially, apparatus minimizes the distance the light needs to travel in free space e.g., liquid or air, to attain the cantilever, thereby reducing potential disturbances which can cause substantial degradation of the signal. According to demonstrated embodiments of the invention the optical beam traverses only 600 micrometers in the liquid environment. The optical periscope is a custom machined optical component which allows the guiding of the laser light toward and away from the cantilever in constraining configurations. The optical beam is beneficially redirected away from the sample surface immediately after reflection from the cantilever because the optical beam spreads due to diffraction. 
     The apparatus can also be employed in an application where the re-direction of the optical beam in up to 3 dimensions is necessary, overcoming the difficulties commonly encountered in constrained space. It can also be used to simplify the optical setup necessary for the redirection of optical beam as multiple reflecting surfaces can be engineered into one optical component. 
     Key to the innovation is that the light enters a glass component through a polished surface which is durable and therefore can be easily cleaned, while all the reflections, used to guide the light into a constrained space or redirect the light to a optimum position and direction, are internal reflections with a protected reflective coating, such as a metal layer. The internal reflective surfaces are impervious to damage, if a protective layer is coated onto the reflective coating. Another advantage of this apparatus is that all the relative angles between any number of reflective layers can be optimized in the design process, and be implemented into a single optical component, and therefore any relative alignment between the surfaces is avoided during the usage of the device. This results in a very user-friendly device, which is well characterized. 
     The apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention can be divided effectively into two components: 
     (1) a cantilever/sample manipulation and imaging component, and 
     (2) an optical beam deflection component. 
     The final apparatus according to embodiments of the invention integrates both components, which allows easy experimentation and efficient data acquisition for measuring cantilever deflections on the nanoscopic or microscopic scale. The separate components will be discussed in the following subsections. While the current apparatus focus on force detection, this is only a particular use of detecting cantilever deflection as would be understood by one skilled in the art. Detecting deflections in nanometer resolution has many applications but can be well understood in the following embodiment where the apparatus was calibrated to calculate forces in nanonewtons from the measured displacements in nanometres. 
     Cantilever/Sample Manipulation and Imaging Component: This component according to an embodiment of the invention is designed and developed to be used with any inverted microscope with or without fluorescence capabilities, including but not limited to confocal microscopes, two-photon microscopes, among other microscopy techniques. It would be evident to one skilled in the art that the component may be designed for use with other microscope configurations without departing from the scope of the invention. Individual sub-units of the component include those associated with environmental control of the sample environment and the translation stages for positioning of the vertical cantilever. 
     Laser sub-unit is used for measuring deflection of the cantilever. The laser, or other optical probe, is coupled onto the cantilever after passing through the optical beam deflection (OBD) component and is reflected back onto a photodetector, inserted into the OBD component. It would be evident that the laser, or other optical probe, may be selected according to a variety of factors, including but not limited to the biological sample and the time scale of biological characteristic. 
     Experimental Sample Environment: The experimental sample environment allows for temperature control, solution exchange, chemical stimulation in an arrangement especially designed for a vertical cantilever configuration. The experimental sample environment is the environment where the experiment takes place and is connected to a fluidic system and a variable speed pump. Typically measurements are required to be performed in a highly constrained space, a unique experimental sample environment is critical to accommodate all material needed for the experiments, as explained below. As such, the sample environment is not similar to any sample environment/chamber commercially available in the market. Referring to  FIG. 1  there is depicted a three-dimensional design of the sample environment  100 . 
     The sample environment  100  allows for temperature control during the experiments, through heat exchange between a first channel  110  surrounding the experimental chamber  120  and the inside solution in the chamber itself—the first channel  110  are continuously fed with solutions that will control the inner temperature, but which do not mix with the experimental environment which is defined by the experimental chamber  120 . The experimental sample environment  100  also has a second channel  130  designed specifically for pumping solutions from the experimental chamber  120  into an external reservoir (or waste) (not shown for clarity), allowing for rigorous control of flow rate together with the perfusion system (as described below). First channel  110  couples to inlet  140 A and first outlet  140 B whereas second channel  120  couples to second outlet  150 . 
     The experimental sample environment  100  fits the stage of an inverted microscope, and has space for rigid glass needles and cantilevers used for sample manipulation and data collection. It also allows the use of single and multi-barrelled pipettes, in conjunction with a perfusion system for allowing exchanged of solutions surrounding the samples, e.g. solutions with different concentrations of ions, pH, temperature, chemicals, etc. The design has enough space for manipulating samples so to align the cantilever with the OBD probe, and sample positioning by the doubled barrelled pipette. 
     Micromanipulators with six degrees of freedom (X, Y, Z, roll, pitch and yaw) are typically used to manipulate the glass needles and/or the cantilever within the experimental chamber  120 . The micromanipulators are connected to a ceramic radial piezoelectric tube at one end, and to a holder that is used for positioning the cantilever. The needles and/or cantilever can be moved three-dimensionally with a space resolution of a few microns. The piezoelectric tubes having the characteristics of outside diameter 0.250″±0.003″, wall thickness 0.020″±0.0015″, and length 0.750″±0.005″. The tubes are wired with nickel electrodes with four 90° quadrants, so that they change configuration responding to voltage changes, allowing lateral movements of the needle for example, thereby changing the length of the sample as required. It would be evident to one skilled in the art that alternative designs of needles and/or cantilever may be employed according to the constraints of the physical space, specimen etc for example. Similarly, piezoelectric tubes may be replaced or augmented with micromanipulators. Such micromanipulators where equipped with piezoelectric stages themselves may provide control to nanometre resolution. 
     The perfusion sub-unit is composed of different pieces that work together to allow controlled flow of varying solutions in pre-determined rates. It is composed of six reservoirs connected to channels, made of silicon tubing in this example, that are controlled by independent electro-mechanical valves. The valves are computer-controlled, and can be opened or closed independently in pre-specified times during the experiments. The reservoirs can be filled with different solutions and/or chemicals for example drugs, pharmaceutical compounds, etc. Selection of the channels providing the solution during the experiments is done by opening and/or closing the channels with the controlled valves. The channels are all coupled to a multiple-barrelled pipette, with two or more channels, which in turn is connected to a stepper motor driven positioning stage that controls the position of the multi-barrelled pipette with fine adjustment. The stepper motor step is used for pipette positioning, for precise delivery and dosing of activation and relaxation agents, wherein the position of the pipette can be moved rapidly (typically a few millisecond) to change the flow that is directed towards the sample(s). Such a method allows a rapid switch of the solutions for measurements of rapid molecular kinetics. 
     In this particular case, the pipette delivers laminar flow of two solutions continuously, e.g. two types of chemical agents, solutions with and without a specific drug, relaxing and activating solutions for muscle experiments, etc. It would be evident that alternatively a single barrelled pipette may be employed according to the requirements of the experiments being performed. 
     Imaging of the myofibrils or sarcomeres, or other biological specimens, is performed typically using two instruments simultaneously: (i) a linear array CCD camera or a fast CCD camera (μs/ms time-resolution), and (ii) a CCD camera for sample visualization and video recording. An important issue solved by embodiments of the invention in such apparatus is that the configuration allows imaging of samples that are very close to the cover slip, typically within 100 μm, which is a highly constrained environment. However, embodiments of the design also allow for measurements and imaging of samples placed further from the surface to be made according to the specific requirements of the tests being performed. 
     Cantilevers with any stiffness can be used in the system for measuring displacements. Such cantilevers are used frequently in studies using atomic force microscopy with high resolution and published repeatability. The cantilevers in the current system were attached using adhesives to a spatula that was attached to a holder mounted onto and controlled by one of the micromanipulators. It would be evident to one skilled in the art that other methods of attaching the cantilever may be employed without departing from the scope of the invention. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2A  there is depicted a top view of the of experimental sample environment  210  together with the glass needle  240 , cantilever holder  220 , multi-barreled pipette  230 , and optical periscope  260  according to an embodiment of the invention. Also shown are the solution channel  270  for pumping solutions from the experimental sample environment  210  and the temperature control channel  250 . Referring to  FIG. 2B  there is shown a corresponding three-dimensional schematic of the experimental sample environment  210  according to an embodiment of the invention with the cantilever holder  220 , multi-barreled pipette  230 , and optical periscope  260 . Now referring to  FIG. 2C  there is shown an optical micrograph of the experimental sample environment according to an embodiment of the invention taken from the system on the stage of an inverted optical microscope. 
     During a typical experiment, physical variations in the sample under test result in deflection of the cantilever e.g. a molecular assembly that shrinks upon changes in temperature, a DNA strand that unfolds, a muscle myofibril that contracts upon activation, etc., can be evaluated for several parameters. After a stiffness calibration of the cantilever, its deflection can also be converted into a measured force. The displacement is measured by the OBD component which measures the cantilever deflection and processes the signal, which is recorded during data acquisition, as described in the following section, thereby allowing derivation of the force exerted by the specimen against the cantilever. 
     In experiments by the inventors to demonstrate the effectiveness of the invention, the OBD component was used to measure the force developed by an activated myofibril or muscle filament over time, with microsecond time resolution, however, it would be evident that the time constant of embodiments of the invention may be established over a wide range in dependence upon factors including, but not limited to, the cantilever, optical photodetector, processing electronics post-photodetector, and optical beam. An objective for the OBD component being to measure the cantilever displacement as a result of any force. When a force is applied by the contracting myofibril, the cantilever is bent and the displacement is measured by tracking the displacement of the laser beam position on a photodetector. The functioning principle is the following: the sample is held by a stiff micro-needle at one end and a cantilever at the other end. 
     A laser beam is focused on the surface of the cantilever and reflected onto a multi-element photodetector. The output signal of the multi-element detector varies depending on the position of the reflected beam on the multi-element detector. A very small displacement of the cantilever translates into a displacement of the reflected beam on the multi-element detector, which can be recorded. 
     Amongst the experiments to test the OBD component and overall system was one performed with a myofibril isolated from the rabbit psoas muscle, following an established protocol. The myofibril was suspended between an atomic force cantilever, ATEC-CONTPt Nanosensors™ with nominal stiffness 0.2 N/m, and a rigid glass needle, both connected to three-dimensional micromanipulators. The temperature of the solution surrounding the myofibrils was controlled and maintained constant at 15° C. The myofibril was initially immersed in a bath containing a resting solution with low Ca 2+  concentration (pCa 2+ =9.0) and the sarcomere length and myofibril diameter were measured under 90× magnification using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Activation of the myofibril was achieved by quickly exchanging, &lt;10 ms, the solution surrounding the myofibril using a double barrelled pipette, attached to a multichannel perfusion system. When the myofibril is surrounded by an activating solution with high Ca 2+  concentration (pCa 2+ =4.5), it contracts and exerts a force on the cantilever, measured by the OBD component. 
     Furthermore, since the glass needle is connected to a computer controlled motor arm, changes in myofibril length can be made rapidly allowing for an accurate biomechanical characterization. The apparatus has recorded cantilever displacements caused by contraction produced at a sarcomere length of 2.4 μm, as depicted in  FIG. 3  wherein the as-measured displacement is presented as first trace  300 A. Upon activation, the force increased rapidly to achieve a steady-state level. The force and the rate of force development (K ACT ) upon activation produced by this myofibril before shortening-stretching is comparable to the levels observed previously in other laboratories, see for example Telley et al in “Half-Sarcomere Dynamics in Myofibrils during Activation and Relaxation Studied by Tracking Fluorescent Markers” (Biophys J. 90, pp 514-530, 2006) and Piroddi et al in “Contractile Effects of the Exchange of Cardiac Troponin for Fast Skeletal Troponin in Rabbit Psoas Single Myofibrils” (J. Physiol. 552, pp 917-931, 2003). 
     When the myofibril is rapidly shortened and re-stretched to the initial length, there is rapid force redevelopment. The rate of force redevelopment (K TR ) is commonly used for probing the mechanisms of interaction between myosin and actin, the two major contractile proteins present in striated muscles. The relaxation phase upon myofibril deactivation can be fitted with a linear function (K LIN ) and an exponential function (K REL ) associated with the detachment of myosin-actin interactions and consequently sarcomere relaxation. 
     Given the characteristics of force production for activation and relaxation of these myofibrils, it is apparent that the OBD component adequately adapts the pendulum geometry such that forces can be measured parallel to the plane of the sample. The derived force from the sarcomere length of 2.4 μm is shown in second trace  300 B of  FIG. 3  together with markers identifying changes to the experimental environment. The displacement to force calculation being according to the formula in Equation (1) below.
 
 F=K·Δd   (1)
 
where F is the force, K is the stiffness of the cantilever, and Δd is the displacement of the cantilever. It is evident from second trace  300 B and insert  300 C that high temporal resolution of physiological changes can be detected, in this instance the response to increase calcium in the in vitro environment. It would be evident to one skilled in the art that the configuration of the OBD component provides also for high spatial resolution so that the muscular response could be measured at multiple points spatially on the muscle to look for variations in either temporal or spatial response.
 
     Optical Beam Deflection (OBD) Component: The purpose of the OBD component is the detection of the cantilever bending, with the potential for applications requiring high spatial and/or temporal resolution, and to perform this detection in constrained spatial environments with non-horizontally disposed cantilevers. The OBD method is where a light beam, e.g. a monochromatic laser, tunable light source, or other optical source, is focused onto a cantilever whose deflection is being measured such that the deflection is converted to an angular displacement that is then measured. The conventional experimental setup has the cantilever nearly parallel to the surface that is under study. However, some applications require a cantilever that is perpendicular to the surface, or at non-horizontal angles, making the OBD method problematic because the surface interferes with the light beam focused onto the cantilever. The OBD method will be briefly explained in this section, followed by a description of the novel method and optical component used to overcome the problems encountered when implementing the OBD method on systems with constrained spaces. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4  there are shown engineering schematics  400 A through  400 C of the OBD component according to an embodiment of this invention, together with an optical micrograph of the actual OBD assembly  400 D. Referring to  FIG. 5  elements of the OBD component  500  are depicted beginning with optical input port  510  that couples to the internal optical sub-assembly, not identified, following optical path  515  to the optical periscope  550  wherein the reflected beam is coupled back through the optical sub-assembly to the optical photodetector and translation stage sub-assembly  530  wherein the position of the optical photodetector is adjustable through controller  520 . Disposed on the front of the OBD component  500  are first and second micrometer screws  560  and  570  allowing the position of the optical periscope to be adjusted relative to the main body of the OBD component  500 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 6  there is depicted a three-dimensional cross-section of the OBD component  600 . As shown the optical input beam  5005  enters the OBD component  600  through the optical port, not visible in this cross-section, and impinges on first right angle prism  6010  wherein the beam is coupled vertically to second right angle prism  6020  and then to polarizing beam-splitter  6030 , focussing lens assembly  6040 , quarter-wave plate  6050  and then into the optical periscope  550  which is positioned within the experimental sample station  6090  relative to the cantilever, not shown for clarity. The optical signal is reflected from the sample on the cantilever, propagated through the optical periscope  550  and back through the quarter-wave plate  6050  and focussing lens assembly to polarising beam-splitter  6030  wherein it is coupled vertically to the optical photodetector  6060  which is mounted on the detector circuit card  6080 . The optical photodetector  6060  being positioned relative to the polarizing beam-splitter  6030  through motorised position stage  6070  that is controlled through controller  520 . It would be evident to one skilled in the art that controller  520  may be a stepper motor controller, piezoelectric controller, manual controller or a combination thereof. 
     As such within the OBD component  600  the incoming collimated optical beam is reflected off two mirrors, first and second right angle mirrors  6010  and  6020 , deviated by 90° upon each reflection. Each mirror is mounted on a rotational stage, which allows the adjustment of the optical beam orientation with 2 degrees of freedom (angular). This adjustment allows the positioning of the focused laser spot onto a chosen position in the cantilever. The laser then crosses a polarizing beam splitter  6030 , such that the outgoing optical beam is p-polarized for example. The optical beam is focused by a focusing lens assembly  6040 , which is mounted on a thread to allow the position of the focal plane onto the cantilever. The optical beam then crosses a quarter-wave plate  6050  that converts it to a circularly polarized optical beam. The optical beam then reflects off the cantilever; its path is deviated according to the cantilever deflection angle and it is converted to a clockwise-polarized optical beam by the quarter-wave plate  6050 . 
     Upon transmission through the quarter-wave plate  6050 , the optical beam becomes s-polarized and then is collimated by the focusing lens assembly  6040 . Because the optical beam is s-polarized, it reflects off the polarizing beam splitter  6030  rather than travelling straight through, as p-polarized light would. The optical beam then impinges on the optical photodetector  6060 , which is mounted directly on the translation stage  6070 , which allows precise movements. Translation stage  6070  may be one, two or three dimensional. The OBD component  600  may itself be mounted onto a further positional stage in order to provide vertical movement of the OBD component  600  or larger travel in one, two, or three-dimensions according to the requirements of the system. Optionally, the spatial separation of the returned optical beam for coupling to the optical photodetector from the optical beam coupled to the component may be implemented by alternative techniques evident to one skilled in the art of optical system design. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7  there are depicted optical micrographs of an upper sub-assembly  700  of the optical beam deflection component comprising the optical photodetector and motorized translation stage according to an embodiment of the invention, for example optical photodetector and translation stage sub-assembly  530  in  FIG. 5  supra. The optical photodetector  710  has four (4) quadrants and is mounted on the OBD body  730  via circuit board  720  to a translation stage  770  that is driven by a linear motor  740  for fine adjustments of the quadrant positions. The output from the circuit board  720  is coupled to an interface board  750  within the OBD body  730 . The output of the interface board is coupled via a cable to the measurement and analysis system operating in conjunction with the OBD component. As shown the cable interface  760  with cable is shown detached from the interface board  750 . Optical photodetector  710  measures the amount of light incident on each of the four quadrants or these may be combined to provide top/bottom or left/right sections. Within an exemplary embodiment of the invention the difference between the top and bottom signals is a measure of the cantilever deflection wherein the cantilever provides single axis deflection. The motorised stage allows the optical photodetector  710  to be initially centered onto the collimated optical beam at the beginning of the experiment. 
     It would be evident to one skilled in the art that should a two-dimensional deflecting structure be provided instead of a one-dimensional cantilever then the approach is also applicable to measuring the resultant two-dimensional beam deflection through monitoring the four quadrants individually. Equally should the cantilever be rotated to be in the plane of the experimental stage but still be vertically disposed then the right/left signals of the photodetector may be employed. In applications where speed is not a primary importance the four quadrant photodetector may be replaced by a linear CCD array, for one-dimensional deflections, or a two-dimensional CCD array for both two-dimensional tracking and both modes of one-dimensional tracking. In this case the beam profile may be established over multiple pixels in the array and fitting software employed to establish the beam centre at each CCD array readout. 
     The unique implementation of this specific OBD component is the method of guiding the light towards the cantilever. In the prior art, the cantilever is roughly parallel to the sample surface, and therefore there exist nearly no geometrical constraints for focusing the optical beam onto the cantilever and collecting the reflected light. A large range of incident angles onto the cantilever can be used, because there is free space above the cantilever. In the situation described previously, the cantilever long-axis is positioned perpendicular to the microscope slide, because motions parallel to the microscope slide are of the measure of interest. This arrangement causes difficulties in the focusing and collecting of the optical beam because the cantilever is as close as 10 microns away from the microscope slide. Because the optical beam has a divergence angle necessary to for it to be focused onto the cantilever, the optical beam will inevitably interfere with the surface within millimetres before or after reflection from the cantilever. 
     Now referring to  FIG. 8A  there is depicted a schematics of the optical periscope  850  for the optical beam deflection component according to an embodiment of the invention. As shown the optical periscope  830  is mounted to a front assembly  860  that is mounted to the OBD component  870  together with first and second micrometers  810  and  850  respectively. The end-face of the optical periscope  830  being positioned with respect to the cantilever  840  and angularly adjusted through the combination of first and second micrometers  810  and  850  respectively. The path of the optical beam within the OBD component being depicted by light path  820 . 
     Now referring to  FIG. 8B  the optical component which allows such work in confined spaces to be performed, the optical periscope, is displayed from computer modelling in several views, namely side elevation  8000 A, close-up side elevation  8000 B, plan elevation  8000 C and perspective view  8000 D. The optical periscope, such as optical periscope  260  in FIGS.  2 A/ 2 B, optical periscope  550  in FIGS.  5 / 6  and optical periscope  850  in  FIG. 8 , is a single piece of optical quality glass which is custom machined for the specific application as depicted in these figures discussed supra. The optical periscope as visible external to the OBD component comprises four (4) surfaces which are optically polished for transmission and reflection of the light beam. As shown in side elevation  8000 A two of these surfaces, being upper surface  8100  and lower surface  8200 , were metalized for internal reflection. Optionally total internal reflection can also be used. Metallization provides for more reliable measurements in case of surface contamination with liquid(s) from the experimental stage during the positioning of the optical periscope relative to the cantilever prior to measurements being performed. 
     The optical beam enters the large aperture of the optical periscope at face  8300  and reflects of the metalized upper surface  8100 , which directs it downwards. The optical beam is undergoing focusing as it travels, and reaches a very small beam diameter when reflected from the metallized lower surface  8200 . This reflection occurs very close to the ground edge of the periscope, and therefore the periscope was manufactured with an edge in that location (finely ground). After this second reflection, the light beam exits the small aperture on measuring face  8400 , shown in more detail in perspective view  800 D. The focal plane of the optical beam is set in front of the measuring face  8400  by design of the optical periscope in combination with the focussing lens assembly within the OBD component and can be established as several microns to several hundred microns past the plane of the measuring face  8400 . Within the OBD components presented supra this location is tuneable by moving the focusing lens assembly, allowing for fine, precise adjustments. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 9A and 9B  there are depicted schematics of the optical pathway within the optical periscope of the optical beam deflection component according to an embodiment of the invention. Referring to  FIG. 9A  a side elevation is depicted showing cantilever mount  910 , cantilever  920  and optical periscope  930 . Also shown are optical beam sections  940 A and  940 B inside and outside the optical periscope respectively for the OBD measurement system under the initial starting conditions, or at a measurement point where the beam deflection is zero. Accordingly a first deflection of α/2 results in first reflected optical path  950 B which becomes first reflected optical path  950 A inside the optical periscope whilst an equal and opposite second deflection of −α/2 results in second reflected optical path  960 B which becomes second reflected optical path  960 A inside the optical periscope. 
     If ±α/2 represents the displacements of the cantilever when the optical beam has traversed to be completely in the top and bottom sections of the optical photodetector then these represent the maximum displacements measurable with a two-section or four-quadrant detector arrangement representing a total angular beam displacement of α and thus displacement range of the cantilever. Alternatively by exploiting modifications to the optical path, for example reduced collimated optical beam diameter, large one-dimensional CCD arrays, two-dimensional CCD arrays as well as the configuration of the optical path may increase the range of displacement and/or resolution of displacement measurable. 
     Now referring to  FIG. 9B  a side assembly view  9000  is depicted showing cantilever  9100 , optical periscope  9200  and other elements of the optical train from optical periscope  9200  to optical photodetector  9500  within the OBD component, not shown for clarity. Accordingly there are shown three optical beam paths  9700 ,  9750 A and  9750 B. First optical beam path  9700  representing the path of the optical beam probe as it is coupled through the optical assembly to the cantilever  9100  and reflected back when there is no deflection on the cantilever  9100 . Second and third optical beam paths  9750 A and  9750 B respectively represent the paths extended throughout the OBD component and optical train as described by second and first reflected optical path  960 A and  950 A respectively in  FIG. 9A . 
     These first to third optical beam paths  9700 ,  9750 A, and  9750 B then propagate from the lower surface  9200 B to the upper surface  9200 A wherein they are reflected and propagated through the rare facet  9200 C of the optical periscope  9200  wherein they propagate to the quarter-wave plate  9300  and focusing lens assembly  9400  and then to the polarizing beam-splitter  9600 . Accordingly, they are then reflected up towards the optical photodetector  9500 . As with  FIG. 9A  if second optical beam path  9750 A represents maximum deflection of the cantilever by α/2 then the optical beam has moved Δx in one direction on the optical photodetector  9500  and third optical beam path  9750 B represents maximum deflection of the cantilever in the opposite direction of −α/2 then the optical beam has moved Δx in the other direction on the optical photodetector  9500 . As noted previously if the cantilever  9100  supported deflection in two dimensions, i.e. in the plane of the drawing and out of plane of the drawing then the optical beam on the photodetector would likewise move in the plane of the drawing and out of the plane of the drawing wherein a quadrant photodetector or 2D CCD would allow readout of the resulting beam deflections in x and y directions. 
     The cantilever  9100  is located near the focal plane of the focusing lens assembly  9400 , and reflects the focused light beam The optical periscope  9200  allows focusing of light parallel to the microscope slide at a distance of around a few microns to millimeters. It does so by delivering the light and collecting it over very short distances, such that the expanding beam does not interact with the microscope slide surface; rather, it expands once it is travelling within the periscope. The key feature therefore is to use internal reflections to deviate light from the surface; allowing the manufacturing of optical components with well-defined edges at obtuse angles, rather than acute angles which are prone to chipping. Another advantage of this design is that the metalized surface is internal, and therefore is not soiled by contaminants (e.g. chemicals). In addition, it is not damaged during cleaning—only the apertures need to be cleaned, which are made of hard glass. 
     In this particular embodiment of the periscope, the four (4) optical faces form a parallelogram, as seen from  FIG. 8 . In this case, the angle of beam at the large aperture and small aperture are equal. However, the angle of all four (4) faces can be tailored to the specific application to optimize the path trajectory for any case. In addition, the optical path need not be constrained to a single plane, as it has been in the descriptions with respect to  FIGS. 6 ,  8 A,  9 A and  9 B supra, a different optical periscope design could deviate light in multiple directions to accommodate the geometry of any particular instrument. 
     Additionally this component can also be used for creating compact optical systems where multiple optical paths can be handled with multiple optical components or a single optical component. For example, certain types of atomic force microscopes or variations thereof require multiple probes, or cantilevers, to be manipulated and detected simultaneously with all the probe tips in proximity down to the micron range. 
     In such a system, it is highly desirable that each probe unit comprising of a probe, optical beam and photodetector is independent from the others. That is, each probe unit can be moved up to the sample independently from all its neighbours. However, because each probe needs clearance from the sample, with a typical range of 5 to 20 degrees, it is inevitable that light paths reflected off the cantilever backside cross each other. Certain systems have solved this problem by constructing special cantilevers that are bent in such a way that the optical beam returns towards the probe unit (see for example www.multiprobe.com), rather than crossing over the sample as is inevitably the case for flat cantilevers that are tilted for clearance. 
     This results in large cantilevers which have poor mechanical properties for imaging. As such, these systems have resolutions which are far from the atomic scale, as well as reduced imaging speeds. Adding atomic resolution capability to multiprobe systems with a large number of independent probes would be beneficial. 
     Referring to  FIG. 10  the usage of optical beam deflection within a multiprobe system is illustrated by the embodiments depicted in  FIG. 10 . Within this embodiment, a four probe system  1010  is depicted, although the principles of this embodiment may be extended to other numbers of probes determined by factors including but not limited to the overall design of the optical beam deflection component, placement and design of the cantilevers, and the microscope/AFM sub-system. Referring to first view  1000  the four cantilevers  1060  used for the measurements are shown to be in proximity, with the necessary clearance angle from the sample, not shown for clarity. The cantilever holder  1030  and the light path  1050  are drawn for a single probe, for simplicity and clarity. This shows more clearly how each probe is independent from the others, and can be moved or removed, without affecting any of the other probes. 
     The light beam  1050  from the optical beam deflection component, not shown for clarity, enters through an opening  1035  within the cantilever holder  1030  and enters the optical component  1040  through a first optically polished surface, not identified for clarity in first view  1000 , and then travels towards a second optically polished surface  1040 A, wherein it is reflected because of the metal coating deposited on the optically polished surface  1040 A. This reflection redirects the light beam  1050  towards a third optically polished window  1040 B, at the bottom, where it exits the component to reach a cantilever  1060 . After reflecting from the cantilever  1060 , the light beam  1050  returns along a similar path into the optical beam deflection component onto the photodetector and used to measure the cantilever angle. 
     Referring to second view  1020  a side view of the assembly is shown wherein the first to third optically polished windows  1040 A,  1040 C and  1040 B are clearly visible and accordingly the path traced by the light beam  1050  within the optical component  1040 . Four probe system  1010  depicts a plan view wherein first to fourth cantilevers  1060 A through  1060 D are visible through the optical component  1040  together with their respective cantilever holders  1030 A through  1030 D respectively. 
     It would be evident to one skilled in the art that other embodiments of the invention may be implemented wherein the incoming and outgoing light paths can be distinct and have different input and output angles and/or orientations to the cantilevers  1060 . Further, multiple internal reflections can be used to redirect the light beam  1050  in any direction required for the desired application. 
     Within the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 10  the optical component  1040  has four-fold symmetry allowing accommodation of four probe units simultaneously. Beneficially, this design allows for the incoming and reflected light beams to be managed with respect to their respective probe units with the use of as little as a single optical component, optical component  1040 , and standard atomic resolution cantilevers  1060 . Furthermore, this optical component  1040  allows for optical access of the sample and all four probes from directly above, as seen in the four probe system  1010  in  FIG. 10 . This allows the user to position all the probes on any desired location of the sample. 
     With such a fixed optical component  1040  positioned at the center of the system, directly above the sample and below a microscope objective, each of the four probe units can be independently positioned, adjusted, and operated, with the use of regular atomic force microscope cantilevers. It would be apparent that the optical component may be designed for other numbers of probes, for example 6, 8 etc through hexagonal, octagonal, and other polygonal optical component designs. 
     Referring to  FIG. 11  there is shown optical beam deflection component  1100  according to an embodiment of the invention supporting multiple optical beams. As shown within the optical beam deflection component  1100  are first and second right angle mirrors  1110  and  1120 , deviated by 90° upon each reflection that reflect incoming collimated optical beams. Each mirror is mounted on a rotational stage, which allows the adjustment of the optical beam orientation with 2 degrees of freedom (angular) allowing adjustment of the positioning of the focused laser spot onto a chosen position in the cantilever. The collimated optical beams then cross a polarizing beam splitter  1130 , such that the outgoing optical beam is p-polarized for example, and are focused by a focusing lens assembly  1140 , which is mounted on a thread to allow the position of the focal plane onto the cantilever. The optical beams then cross a quarter-wave plate  1150  that converts it to a circularly polarized optical beam, where it is coupled to the optical cantilever probe  1160 . When reflected of the cantilevers, not shown for clarity, the optical beams propagate back through the optical assembly to the polarizing beam splitter  1130 , where because they are now s-polarized, they reflect off the polarizing beam splitter  1130  rather than travelling straight through, as p-polarized light would, and then impinge on the optical photodetector assembly  1170 . The optical cantilever probe  1160  being positioned through positioning stage  1180 . Within the optical beam deflection component three optical beams  1190 A though  1190 C are depicted propagating from entry through the optical assembly to the optical cantilever probe  1160  and back to the optical photodetector assembly  1170 . 
     First insert 11100 depicts a plan view of the optical photodetector assembly  1170 . As shown, there are first to third linear optical detectors  1170 A through  1170 C together with optical beam spots  1190 A through  1190 C positioned on each. It would be evident that each optical beam spot  1190 A through  1190 C may be read out individually in position through the first to third linear optical detectors  1170 A through  1170 C respectively. These being for example linear CCD arrays that are available in pixel counts from 256 upwards to 6,000 or more. 
     Second insert 11200 depicts a view of the optical cantilever probe  1160  disposed with respect to a cantilever  1185  mounted in a cantilever mount  1195 . As shown each of the optical beams  1190 A though  1190 C probe the sample or samples mounted to the common cantilever  1185 . Referring to third insert 11300 the cantilever mount  1195  is now modified at its tip to accept three discrete cantilevers  1185 A through  1185 C so that each is probed by one of the optical beams  1190 A though  1190 C. Each discrete cantilever  1185 A through  1185 C being decoupled from one another unlike second insert 11200 wherein some coupling through the common cantilever  1185  may occur. In this manner multiple samples or measurements may be taken whilst the environment varies simultaneously to each. 
     Now referring to  FIG. 12  there is depicted a view of a quad optical cantilever probe assembly with multiple probe beams to each optical cantilever probe assembly. Accordingly there is depicted optical component  1250  positioned above the four cantilevers  1240 A through  1240 D. Each of the four cantilevers  1240 A through  1240 D being mounted in the respective one of cantilever probe mounts  1220 A through  1220 D respectively. Accordingly each of the four cantilevers  1240 A through  1240 D is addressed with one of the optical probe beam arrays  1210 A through  1210 D respectively which are coupled to the four cantilevers  1240 A through  1240 D through access ports  1230 A through  1230 D respectively in the cantilever probe mounts  1220 A through  1220 D in a manner similar to that discussed supra in respect of  FIG. 10 . 
     The embodiments presented supra in respect of  FIGS. 4 through 12  with respect of the optical beam deflection component have been presented with respect to measuring the deflection of a cantilever to which the sample is mounted. However, it would be evident that the optical probe may be also employed in other configurations that benefit from providing multiple optical probe components that may or may not employ multiple optical beams per probe component. In some configurations the optical beam component may employ one or more optical filters within the optical beam path, including tunable or switchable filters. Likewise the optical beam(s) coupled into the optical beam component may be monochromatic, narrowband sources, broadband sources, or tunable such as from a tunable laser source. Equally they may be modulated, unmodulated, continuous wave (CW) or pulsed and be the same or multiple wavelengths coupled through each optical beam displacement component. 
     As such they may be used for measuring deflection as in the embodiments presented supra in respect of  FIGS. 4 through 12  or alternatively the optical probes may stimulate the sample triggering emission in response to the optical probe under varying environmental stimuli. In such variations the quarter-wave plate and polarising beam-splitter may be replaced with a standard beam-splitter alone or in combination with a filter. Optionally all designs might exploit an optical circulator to couple the received optical probe beam to the sample under test and the returned/emitted signal to the optical photodetector. Additionally, a grating in combination with an optical photodetector may be provided to derive wavelength dependent responses of samples. 
     Referring to  FIG. 13  there is shown an optical probe component  1300  according to an embodiment of the invention wherein characterization of the sample mounted to the sample holder  1340  is performed without a cantilever. Accordingly the optical probe component  1300  comprises a body  1310  containing the optical train including for example mirrors for coupling the input optical beam to a beam splitter, then to a lens for coupling to an optical probe  1320 . Signals coupled back into the optical probe  1330 , including but not limited to the reflected optical signal and optical signals emitted by the sample, and then coupled back via the lens into the optical train to the beam splitter. Where the optical measurement is an absorption then the reflected optical signal is coupled directly to the optical photodetector after the beam splitter whereas when the signal is emitted from the sample an optical filter may be employed to allow only the emitted optical signals to the optical photodetector. 
     Optionally such measurements can be performed with one optical beam of a multibeam optical beam deflection component whilst a second optical beam is deflected from a cantilever as described supra. It would be evident to one skilled in the art that the optical probe  1330  may be a specially designed solid optical glass component or that it may be other structures that operate through total internal reflection such as multi-mode optical fibre for example. 
     The above-described embodiments of the present invention are intended to be examples only. Alterations, modifications and variations may be effected to the particular embodiments by those of skill in the art without departing from the scope of the invention, which is defined solely by the claims appended hereto.