Abstract:
End caps for a battery pack. The end caps have opposing flanges for securing therebetween batteries. At the lateral edges of the flanges, a space is provided for at least a portion of a battery being secured in the pack to protrude outwardly, so that the battery pack is secured without extra width for the end caps. The end caps are compressively engaged to make electrical connection with the terminals of the uppermost and the lowermost batteries. A strapping tape is utilized for wrapping the battery pack around a longitudinal exist to tightly compress batteries between the end caps. The tape is covered by and further compressed with a tightly compressing shrink wrap material.

Description:
This application is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 09/332,765, filed Jun. 14, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,248, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/095,776, filed Jun. 10, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,187,470, which claimed priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/049,413, filed Jun. 10, 1997, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by this reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates to novel battery holders, especially for holding a plurality of battery cells, and to methods of using the same, particularly for small electric powered vehicles such as model trucks and model aircraft. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In the use of batteries to power electrical toys and tools, such as small electrically powered model cars or airplanes, it is often desirable to gang seven to ten rechargeable cells together to provide the desired amount of power. In fact, at this time, it quite is popular to use rechargeable cells of about 1.2 volts each, assembled in battery packs ranging from about 4 cells to about 12 cells per battery pack. At present, for use in model cars, the use of 6 cells per battery pack is preferred. In model aircraft, the use of from 8 to about 10 cells per battery pack is presently preferred. 
     In spite of the various schemes which have so far been offered to the marketplace for holding multiple batteries together in a pack, a continuing and growing demand exists for a simple, inexpensive method which can be used to maximize battery output, and to preserve and enhance the reliability of the batteries in the pack, as well as to enhance the service life of batteries between recharge cycles. A particular problem often seen in various prior art battery holders is the presence of spot welded or soldered junctions. Such junctions are usually somewhat resistant to electrical conduction, resulting in heating of the junction, sometimes to unacceptably high levels, which needlessly dissipates and wastes power. 
     As will be evident to those familiar with model cars, trucks, and aircraft, and to whom this specification is particularly addressed, a battery holder which effectively eliminates the loss of energy in soldered, welded, or other inefficient electrical joints would be of great benefit in increasing the operating life of such battery packs, when compared with battery holders which are currently in widespread use. Moreover, in competitive applications, such as model auto, boat, or aircraft races, a battery pack which can increase the output power and/or battery discharge cycle time, would be a welcome addition to the competitor&#39;s arsenal. 
     OBJECTS, ADVANTAGES, AND FEATURES OF THE INVENTION 
     From the foregoing, it will be apparent to the reader that one important and primary object of the present invention resides in the provision of a novel battery pack for ganging together a plurality of cells in a manner that maximizes the efficiency of extracting power from the battery cells in the pack. 
     Another important objective of the invention is to eliminate battery power loss due to resistive heating in spot welds or soldered joints, by providing a battery pack which avoids using such means for forming electrical connections. 
     Other important but more specific objects of the invention reside in the provision of novel battery packs which: 
     provide forces for strongly urging adjacent battery terminals together in electrical contacting fashion; 
     provide a protective cover to house the battery packs; 
     are highly efficient in supplying electrical power from rechargeable battery cells. 
     Other important objects, features, and additional advantages of my invention will become apparent to the reader from the foregoing and from the appended claims, and as the ensuing detailed description and discussion proceeds in conjunction with the accompanying drawing. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     In the drawing: 
     FIG. 1 is a front elevation view of one embodiment of my battery pack, with a transparent shrink wrap cell holder sleeve body for each of two battery columns, a top and a bottom end cap each with electrical contacts, utilizing threaded rod type compression stays, shown with the battery pack holding ten battery cells and having an outer shrink wrap cover for tightly urging the battery cells together for efficient electrical supply from the battery pack. 
     FIG. 2 is an exploded rear perspective view of the battery pack just illustrated in FIG. 1, now showing between the top and bottom end caps a first shrink wrap cell holder sleeve which contains a first column of battery cells, a second shrink wrap cell holder sleeve which contains a second column of battery cells, an outer shrink wrap cover for the battery pack, and a first and a second threaded compression stay with retaining nuts for securing the battery pack together. 
     FIG. 3 is a front cross-sectional view of the top end of my battery pack, showing the electrical connection to positive terminals of a battery cell on one side and to a negative terminals of a battery cell on the other side, as well as the upper end of first shrink wrap cell holder sleeve which contains a first column of battery cells, the upper end of a second shrink wrap cell holder sleeve which contains a second column of battery cells, and the upper portion of an outer shrink wrap cover for the battery pack. 
     FIG. 4 is a front cross-sectional view of the bottom end of my battery pack, showing the electrical connector bar used in the bottom end cap to electrically connect a first battery column with a second battery column, as well as the bottom end of a first shrink wrap cell holder sleeve which contains a first column of battery cells, the bottom end of a second shrink wrap cell holder sleeve which contains a second column of battery cells, and the lower portion of an outer shrink wrap cover for the battery pack. 
     FIG. 5 is a front elevation view of a second embodiment of my novel battery pack, with a transparent shrink wrap cell holder sleeve body for one of two battery columns, showing a first shrink wrap cell holder sleeve which contains a first column of battery cells, a a second column of battery cells in which adjacent battery cells are, at two joints, are affixed together with a short shrink wrap tube, and, at two other joints, are affixed together with strapping tape, and also having an outer shrink wrap cover for the battery pack, shown with the battery pack holding ten battery cells. 
     FIG. 6 is a rear exploded perspective view, somewhat similar to the battery pack just illustrated in FIG. 2, now showing the top and bottom end caps, a first shrink wrap cell holder sleeve which contains a first column of battery cells, a second column of battery cells in which adjacent battery cells are, at two joints, are affixed together with a short shrink wrap tube, and, at two other joints, are affixed together with strapping tape, and in which an outer shrink wrap cover is utilized for securing the battery pack together. 
     FIG. 7 is a front cross-sectional view of the top end of my battery pack as just illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6, now showing the electrical connection to positive terminals of a battery cell on one side and to a negative terminals of a battery cell on the other side, as well as the upper end of first shrink wrap cell holder sleeve which contains a first column of battery cells, and the upper portion of an outer shrink wrap cover for the battery pack. 
     FIG. 8 is a front cross-sectional view of the bottom end of my battery pack just illustrated in FIGS. 5,  6 , and  7 , now showing the electrical connector bar used in the bottom end cap to connect a first battery column with a second battery column, as well as the bottom end of a first shrink wrap cell holder sleeve which contains a first column of battery cells, and the lower portion of an outer shrink wrap cover for the battery pack. 
     FIG. 9 is an end elevational view showing one method of assembly of the embodiment of my battery pack just illustrated in FIGS. 5,  6 ,  7 , and  8 , showing the use of wooden spacer blocks above the top and below the bottom end caps for installation of tightening bands, such as rubber bands, cord or fishing line, and for spacing the tightening bands away from the top and bottom end caps, during the step of heating and shrink wrapping the outer shrink wrap cover; after the shrink wrap cover is cooled and secured, the spacer blocks and the tightening bands are removed. 
     FIG. 10 is a front elevation view of a third embodiment of my novel battery pack, with a transparent shrink wrap cell holder sleeve body used for each of two battery columns, a flush style top and a flush style bottom end cap (each with electrical contacts), shown with the battery pack holding ten battery cells, and utilizing a strong tape, preferably filamented strapping type tape, for tightly urging the battery cells together for efficient electrical supply from the battery pack, and utilizing an outer transparent shrink wrap cover for additional force to compact batteries together in the pack. 
     FIG. 11 is a rear exploded perspective view of the battery pack just illustrated in FIG. 10, showing the top and bottom end caps, a first shrink wrap cell holder sleeve which contains a first column of battery cells, a second shrink wrap cell holder sleeve which contains a second column of battery cells, the start of winding filamented strapping tape around the battery pack over the top and bottom flush style end caps and along the longitudinal axis of the battery pack, and the use of a transparent outer shrink wrap cover for the battery pack. 
     FIG. 12 is a front cross-sectional view of the top of the embodiment of my battery pack just illustrated in FIGS. 10 and 11, now showing the electrical connection to positive terminals of a battery cell on one side and to a negative terminals of a battery cell on the other side, as well as the upper end of first shrink wrap cell holder sleeve which contains a first column of battery cells, the upper end of a second shrink wrap cell holder sleeve which contains a second column of battery cells, the upper wrapping of tape over the top end cap, and the upper portion of a transparent outer shrink wrap cover for the battery pack. 
     FIG. 13 is a front cross-sectional view of the bottom end of my battery pack just illustrated in FIGS. 10,  11 , and  12 , now showing the electrical connector bar used in the bottom end cap to connect a first battery column with a second battery column, as well as the bottom end of a first shrink wrap cell holder sleeve which contains a first column of battery cells, the bottom end of a second shrink wrap cell holder sleeve which contains a second column of battery cells, the bottom wrapping of tape under the bottom end cap, and the lower portion of an outer shrink wrap cover for the battery pack. 
     FIG. 14 is a vertical end view of the embodiment of the battery pack just illustrated in FIGS. 10,  11 ,  12 , and  13  above, now showing the fully assembled battery pack with the filamented strapping tape provided in secure, overlapping loop fashion, as seen through a transparent shrink wrap cover and revealing a column of five battery cells inside. 
     FIG. 15 is a partial cross-sectional view of the construction of electrical connectors used for external connection to the battery pack, showing the electrical contacts used, the preferred hollow copper contacts, and the heavy flexible wire utilized. 
     FIG. 16 is a reflected plan view of the interior of one embodiment of my end cap, showing the peripheral flange portions and the interior end; the cap may be utilized for either a top end cap or a bottom end cap by inserting appropriate electrical connectors. 
     FIG. 17 is a top plan view of the electrical connector bar used in a bottom end cap to electrically connect the bottom battery in a first column of batteries with the bottom battery in an second column of batteries. 
     FIG. 18 is a side elevation view of the electrical connector bar first illustrated in FIG.  17 . 
     FIG. 19 is a perspective view of a flush type end cap, such as shown in FIGS. 10,  11 ,  12 ,  13 , and  14 . 
     FIG. 20 is a top view of the flush type end cap just shown in FIG.  19 . 
     FIG. 21 is a perspective view a fully assembled battery pack, showing the use of strapping tape for tightly binding the battery pack, the use of a pair of inner shrink wrap cell holder sleeves, an outer shrink wrap layer, and the use of a hook and loop type fastener material for affixing the battery pack to a desired location in an machine which utilizes the battery pack. 
     FIG. 22 is a side elevation view of a battery pack, providing a schematic illustrating the method of wrapping strapping tape around a partially assembled battery pack in order to maximize the strength of the resultant pack structure, in order to produce a finished battery pack such as just illustrated in FIG.  21 . 
     FIG. 23 is a front vertical cross sectional view of a battery pack, similar to the view shown in FIG. 12, but now showing the use of a “phantom” cell in lieu of one battery in the battery pack. 
     FIG. 24 provides a top view of the structure of the phantom cell just shown in FIG. 23, taken looking down from line  24 — 24  of FIG.  25 . 
     FIG. 25 provides a side elevation view of the “phantom” cell just illustrated in FIGS. 23 and 24. 
     FIG. 26 is a top plan view of a thin, preferably adhesively backed label for affixing to my battery pack, which is especially useful in my repair kit for battery packs. 
    
    
     In the drawing, like structures are shown in the various figures with like reference numerals without further mention thereof. Also, similar structures are shown with the use of a prime (′) or double prime (″) mark, and although the same name may be utilized for such parts or structures, it is to be appreciated that the various embodiments may be distinguished by the designations provided. 
     DESCRIPTION 
     I have now invented, and disclose herein, a novel solderless battery pack for holding rechargeable battery cells. Importantly, utilizing my novel battery packs in a method of operating electrically powered vehicles, especially model aircraft and automobiles, provides the significant benefits of increased battery power and of extended battery life. 
     As seen in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1, my battery packs  20  have in the central portion thereof a pair of elongated cell column holder sleeves  22  and  23 , for a first column C 1  and a second column C 2  of battery cells  24 , respectively. The cell holder sleeves  22  and  23  are preferably provided in a shrink wrap material which has a thin wall and a “see-through” optical property that allows the user to see through the cell holder sleeves  22  and  23  to confirm the visual appearance and the polarity orientation of each of the battery cells  24  that are confined and contained by the cell holder sleeves  22  and  23 . More specifically, each of typical battery cells  24  has a positive terminal  26  and a negative terminal  28  at opposing ends of an elongate and normally cylindrical body portion  30  with outer surface  32 . It is important that the positive  26  and negative  28  terminals in adjacent battery cells  24  be properly oriented to avoid creating an electrical short circuit at any pair of battery cells  24  in the battery pack  20 . 
     As better seen in FIGS. 2,  3 , and  4 , the cell holding sleeves  22  and  23 , when provided in battery pack  20  in a configuration to hold a first C 1  and a second C 2  column of battery cells  24 , substantially resembles two extended cylinders placed side-by-side extended along a common axis in a nip-roll type configuration. In this configuration, a pair of side-by-side battery cell sleeve holding tubes  22  and  23  are provided, each adapted for close fitting, shrink wrap compression engagement around and securely holding a plurality of battery cells  24  in a first battery cell column C 1  and in a second battery cell column C 2 , respectively. Typically, a number of batteries P, where P is a positive integer, usually from 2 to five are located in each of a first C 1  and in a second C 2  column of battery cells. However, a larger number of batteries in a column and more than two battery columns in a battery pack are feasible in accord with the teachings herein. While this technique is most advantageously performed with rechargeable batteries, and often, sub-C type Ni-cad batteries, it is also feasible and at times quite advantageous with non-rechargeable batteries. Also, the methods and the structures taught herein are applicable to other battery sizes, such as AA, or AAA, or C size, and with other battery types, such as nickel metal hydride, or lithium, etc., as well as with the aforementioned Ni-cad type batteries. 
     Adjacent the first (upper or top as shown) end  34  and at the second (lower or bottom as shown) end  36  of the battery cell sleeve holding tubes  23  and  23 , a high strength bottom end cap  40  and a high strength top end cap  42  are affixed, respectively. As seen in FIGS. 16,  17 , and  18 , inside the bottom end cap  40  is placed an elongate copper connector bar  44 , for connecting the lowermost battery cell  24   1(L)  in a first column with the lowermost battery cell  24   2(L)  in a second column. In this manner, the first column C 1  of battery cells is a series of longitudinally co-axially oriented battery cells from lowermost cell  24   1(L)  to uppermost cell  24   1(L+X) , where an integer X of quantity P 1 −1, and where P 1  is a positive integer greater than zero and representing the number of cells P 1  in the first column C 1 . Similarly, a second column C 2  of battery cells  24  is a series of longitudinally co-axially oriented battery cells from lower most cell 24 2(L)  to upper most cell 24 2(L+Y) , where an integer Y of quantity P 2 −1, where P 2  is a positive integer greater than zero and representing the number of cells P 2  in the second column. Additionally, while most commonly the number of cells P 1  in the first column is the same as the number of cells P 2  in the second column, occasionally it will be advantageous to utilize an uneven number of battery cells  24  between columns C 1  and C 2 , and utilize a phantom cell in lieu of a battery cell, as further depicted in FIGS. 23,  24 , and  25  below. 
     Also, it should be understood that while I have shown and explained my battery pack by use of the most commonly encountered two column configuration for battery cells, it is to be understood that any convenient integral number C of columns, from a single column (where the number of columns is C 1 , up to any desired quantity of battery cell columns where C C ), could be accomplished by use of the techniques taught and claimed herein, by simply adding the desired number of battery cell holder sleeves (the number of sleeves provided match the desired number of columns), providing a bottom end cap  40  and of the top end cap  42  in the required shape, as well as providing electrical connectors in an appropriate electrical contacting configuration. 
     Referring now to FIG. 16, it can be seen that top end cap  42  has an interior end wall portion  53 , and first and second electrical lead line passageways defined by sidewalls  56  and  58 . Also, as can be seen in FIGS. 3,  5 , and  7 , for example, an exterior end wall portion  54  is located opposite interior end wall portion  53 . The interior wall  60  of peripheral wall flange  62  (of thickness T) extends outward from interior end wall portion  53  to cover and confiningly contain at least that portion of the outer surface  32  of battery cell  24  which is adjacent the first or top end C 1  (T) of the first column C 1 , and adjacent the first or top end C 2  (T) of a second column C 2  of batteries  24 . Similarly, as can be appreciated by inspection of FIGS. 2,  4 , and  6 , the bottom end cap  40  has an interior end wall portion  63 , an exterior end wall portion  64 . For minimizing parts requirements, the bottom end cap  40  may include unused first and second electrical lead line passageways defined by sidewalls  66  and  68 , in order that the part can also be utilized as a top end cap  42 . In other words, to minimize costs, the top  42  and bottom  40  end caps may be molded identically. In the bottom end cap  40 , the interior wall  70  of peripheral wall flange  72  extends outward from interior end wall portion  63  to cover and confiningly contain at least that portion of the outer sidewall  32  of battery cell  24  adjacent the bottom end C 1  (B) of first column C 1 , and adjacent the bottom end C 2  (B) of second column C 2 . 
     Preferably, for electrical connection between the positive terminal  26  at the bottom end C 1  (B) of first column C 1 , and the negative terminal  28  at the bottom end C 2  (B) of second column C 2 , an electrical connector bar  44  is added in the bottom end cap  40 . The bar  44  is placed in connector bar receiving indentation  45  (normally provided in both of the preferably identical molded plastic portions of bottom  40  and top  42  end caps). The connector bar  44  has a centrally located pocket or land portion  47  sized and shaped complementary to the indentation  45 , for secure engagement of the connector bar  44  in its operating location. Usually, I prefer a thin connector bar  44 , such as about {fraction (1/32)}″ in thickness KK. 
     In the embodiment of my battery pack shown in FIGS. 1,  2 ,  3 , and  4 , to help the user assure that polarity of batteries is correctly maintained, the battery pack  20  preferably uses a first stay-bolt  80  and a second stay-bolt  82  which are not interchangeable, i.e., they are of different in configuration, so that they are not reversible. To assure this arrangement is achieved, one ideal configuration is to use stay-bolts of different diameter. I prefer to use a first stay-bolt  80  of “allthread” configuration in a rather small diameter, such as a 4-40 size, and a different small diameter “allthread” second stay-bolt  82 , preferably in the 2-56 size. Each of first  80  and second  82  stay-bolts are provided in a length A and A′ respectively. This length is suitable to accommodate the overall length B of the battery pack  20 , made up of the length of the battery column C 1  and the thickness of the bottom  40  and top  42  end caps of a pre-selected size (i.e., including a desired type and number of battery cells  24  and top  42  and bottom  40  end cap design). Sometimes, it may be desirable that one of the nuts on each stay-bolt, normally the bottom nut  84  on the first stay-bolt  80 , and the bottom nut  86  on the second stay-bolt  82 , can be permanently secured, to their respective stay-bolts, to simplify removal and reattachment of the stay-bolts. 
     As can be seen from comparing FIGS. 1 and 2 battery cells  24  in the battery pack  20  are securely compressed for tight fitting engagement of their respective positive  26  and negative  28  terminals, in a properly configured series polarity fashion, by: 
     (a) inserting a first column C 1  battery cells  24  in a battery cell holder sleeve  22 , carefully and properly aligning the polarity to avoid a short circuit; 
     (b) inserting a second column C 2  of battery cells  24  in a battery cell holder sleeve  23 , carefully and properly aligning the polarity to avoid a short circuit; 
     (c) shrinking each of cell sleeve holders  22  and  23  so that the cell sleeve holders are tightly griping and securing therein the batteries  24  in each of the respective columns C 1  and C 2 ; 
     (d) inserting the first stay-bolt  80  through the first stay passage  90 , defined by sidewall  92  in bottom end cap  40 , 
     (e) inserting second stay-bolt  82  through the second stay passage  94 , defined by sidewall  96  in bottom end cap  40 ; 
     (f) inserting battery cell holder sleeves  22  and  23  into a confined relationship with interior  70  of the peripheral flanged wall  72  of the bottom end cap  40 , carefully observing the polarity markings “−” and “+”, 
     (g) running first and second stay-bolts longitudinally along the main axis of the battery pack; 
     (h) inserting the first stay-bolt  80  through the first stay passage  110  defined by sidewall  112  in top end cap  42 , carefully observing the polarity markings on the top end cap  42 , and insuring that such polarity markings agree with the orientation of the battery cells in the cell holder sleeves  22  and  23 , and that each of the first  80  stay-bolt and second  82  stay-bolt is inserted into the stay passageway of proper size; 
     (i) inserting the second stay-bolt  82  through the second stay passage  114 , defined by sidewall  116  in top end cap  42 ; 
     (j) affixing top nut  120  to first stay-bolt and initially tightening the nut  120  finger tight; 
     (k) affixing top nut  122  to second stay-bolt  82  and initially tightening the nut  122  finger tight; 
     (l) tightening both top nut  120  and  122  in a balanced fashion to bring substantially uniform pressure to both the first  80  stay-bolt side and the second  82  stay-bolt side of both the top end cap  42  and the bottom end cap  40 , so as to evenly and firmly apply compressive force on a cell-to-cell basis, and from the uppermost cell  24   1(L+N)  in the first column, and the upper most cell  24   2(L+M)  in the second column, to the respective positive electrical lead line contactor and negative electrical lead line contactor; 
     (m) covering the assembled product from the preceeding steps with an outer shrink wrap tube  124 , wherein the shrink wrap tube length D is sized slightly longer than the aforementioned overall length B of battery pack  20  (preferably about 0.25 inches overlap is provided in the shrink wrap tube  124  at the top and also at the bottom ends, i.e., [D+0.5 inches]=B); and 
     (n) shrinking the outer shrink wrap tube  124  to provide a compressive force on the bottom end cap  40  by way of a bottom overlapping ring  126  of shrink wrap thereon, and to provide a compressive force on the top end cap  42  by way of a top overlapping ring  128  of shrink wrap thereon. 
     For both the shrink wrap cell holder sleeves  22  and  23 , as well as for the outer shrink wrap tube  124 , I prefer to utilize a transparent plastic shrink wrap material of a preselected size as may be obtained from RJI International Corporation, Reno, Nev., or from a wide variety of other suppliers of shrink wrap material. 
     After the battery pack has been prepared, connectors K(+) and K(−) are used to connect the positive and negative lead lines (discussed below) to the apparatus being driven. For electrical connector K(−) I prefer to use a black housing, model number 1327G6, and for electrical connector K(+) I prefer to use a red housing, model number 1327, and for both I prefer to utilizize electrical contacts model number 1331, all from Anderson Power Products, a Division of High Voltage Engineering, 145 Newton Street, Boston, Mass. 02135. 
     In FIG. 5, a second embodiment of my battery pack  20 ′ is illustrated. This FIG. 5 shows a front elevation view of a battery pack  20 ′ which utilizes a shrink wrap type cell holder sleeve  23  of length R for one column C 1  of batteries. I prefer to provide the cell holder sleeve  23  length R such that the length R is less than the overall column height C H  by about the height of one battery  24 , so that about one-half of each of the bottom battery  23   2(L)  and the top battery  23   2(L+X)  is not covered by the sleeve  23 . Likewise, when a cell holder sleeve  22  is utilized for column C 1 , a length R is utilized that is less than column height C H  of column C 1  by about the height of one battery  24 . Alternately, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, and which can be easily understood from the perspective view of FIG. 6, either short cylindrical tubes  127  of shrink wrap of width Q can be used to join adjacent batteries  24 . Alternately, short strips of adhesive tape  129  can be used to join adjacent batteries  24 . Either of the methods utilized for column C 2  as just explained allows for improved thermal conductivity, i.e. better cooling of batteries. Moreover, it should be understood that in lieu of the just described method for joining adjacent batteries in a column, the “shrink wrap” method of preparing a battery pack  20 ′, without the use of stays (e.g., items  80  and  82  in FIG. 2) can also be accomplished by using, in each of the multiple columns (e.g., C 1  and C 2 ) for sets of battery cells  24 , a thin-wall battery cell holder shrink wrap sleeve  22  or  23  for each column. 
     One method of building the battery pack  20 ′ just illustrated in FIGS. 5,  6 ,  7 , and  8  is shown in FIG.  9 . Here in FIG. 9, an end elevational view shows the use of a wooden spacer block ST above the top end cap  42 , and a wooden spacer block SB below the bottom end cap  40 , for installation of tightening bands TB. The tightening bands TB can be any convenient material for forming the appropriate compression during installation of the outer shrink wrap  124 , such as rubber bands, cord or fishing line. The spacer blocks ST and SB allow for spacing the tightening bands away from the top  42  and bottom  40  end caps during the step of heating and shrinking the outer wrap  124 . After the outer shrink wrap  124  is cooled and secured, the spacer blocks ST and SB, as well as the tightening bands TB, are removed. 
     As noted in FIG. 26, to assist the user in keeping polarity of batteries correct, I have found it useful to provide a label  95  with reference indicia  97  and  99  thereon (as well as “−” and “+” terminal markings) so that both end caps and the batteries are be properly assembled into a finished battery pack  20  or  20 ′, for example, when the user rebuilds the battery pack utilizing my rebuild kit. The just mentioned reference indica are preferably applied externally by affixing the label  95  near the middle of the transparent outer shrink wrap tube  124 . 
     Battery cells  24  must be properly prepared prior to inserting the same into the shrink wrap type battery cell holding sleeves  22  and  23  of my Solderless Power Tube (tm) battery pack  20 ,  20 ′, or  20 ″ as discussed below. For example, Sanyo brand 2000 milli-amp-hour (“mah”) Sub-C cells have outer wrappings, and the top layer must be removed in order that the positive and negative parts of adjacent battery cells can touch each other when such cells are stacked into a column C. For removing the top layer, the Sanyo brand cell should be held with the bottom or negative side up, and the top covering layer is slit and peeled from the cell. However, care must be taken to prevent damage to the second or bottom wrap layer, as it is the only protection against a short circuit. On the other hand, Panasonic brand 1700 “mah” cells have only one outer covering layer, and require no preparation for placement in my battery pack. In any case, once the covering of the selected battery  24  is properly configured, I recommend that the terminals on each battery cell be properly cleaned by rubbing both the positive and the negative terminals of each cell with “Scotch-Brite” (tm) brand scouring pads, made by 3-M Corporation of Minneapolis, Minn., or similar material. Steel wool should not be used, as it may have deleterious effects, including the creation of short circuits. Also, if damaged insulation is found on any of the selected battery cells, it must be repaired before the cell is placed into the battery pack  20 ,  20 ′, or  20 ″. 
     The Solderless Power Tube (tm) battery pack allows high current flow, because the unique design provides the smallest possible number of electrical connections. The connections which are present are designed to carry high current with the smallest possible resistance. The battery cells  24  touch each other, under compression, in series in columns, with absolutely nothing in between adjacent cells in the same column. Also, the cross-over connection bar  44  between columns is preferably made of silver plated copper, and is designed to carry a high current load. The positive electrical contact  130  (affixed to the positive electrical lead  132 ) and the negative electrical contact  134  (affixed to the negative electrical lead  136 ) of the battery pack  20  are preferably made of copper, also. As noted in FIG. 15, the positive and negative lead lines  132  and  136 , respectively, are preferably provided in 14 gauge insulated copper wire  139  over which a hollow cylindrical portion  140  and  142  of the positive  130  and negative contacts  134 , respectively, are crimped. Further, a “wave washer” W (see FIGS. 2,  3 , and  6 , for example) is provided between each of the positive and negative contacts and the interior wall  53  of the top end cap  42 , to keep the copper positive  130  and negative  132  contacts flat on their respective positive and negative contacts on cells 24 1(L+Y)  and  24   2(L+X)  to assure that the most efficient electrical connection possible is attained. 
     As just described, the opposing top and bottom end caps and the thin walled shrink wrap type battery cell sleeves  22  and  23  are secured together in a single battery pack  20  assembly. Compression and security of the battery pack  20  package may be enhanced by use of adjustably tightenable fasteners, preferably in the form of stays, such as the all thread bolts above described. Also, it is important to emphasize that preferably, the all-thread bolts are each of different size, to aid in keeping the polarity of the batteries correct. As noted above, I prefer to use a 4-40 all-thread bolt on one side, and a 2-56 all thread bolt on the other side. Nuts of appropriate size are provided on either end of the all thread bolts, above the upper end and below the lower end, respectively, of the top  42  and bottom  40  end caps. The nuts are tightened until the cells in the pack  20  are adequately compressed together and against the contacts provided. As described, no solder joints are used, and the battery power is efficiently provided to the apparatus using the battery pack. Alternately, as further described herinbelow, strapping tape can be utilized to provide a compact, high efficiency, tightly bound battery pack. 
     For model cars, it is common to utilize six (6) Ni-cad type cells  24  in a battery pack  20 . For model aircraft, it is more common to utilize ten (10) or twelve (12) cells. In the later case, amperage may range from ten (10) to eighty (80), depending upon the amount of instantaneous work being done by the electric motor. 
     Especially in various competitive situations, where battery pack limitations are prevalent, it is sometimes found that it is desirable to place an odd number of batteries in a battery pack  20 . In such cases, a phantom cell  50  as shown in FIGS. 23,  24 , and  25  can be utilized. Ideally, the phantom cell approximates in size and shape one of the battery cells  24  being removed from the battery pack  20 . For heat dissipation, I prefer the use of a fluted design, having multiple flutes F spaced about a central, preferably cylindrically walled passageway P that allows an extended length lead line  136 ′ to pass therethrough. For increased cooling, a base  300  can be provided to space the phantom cell  50  upward from the battery on which it sets. Also, tubular flanged bushing  302  can be provided for locating electrical contacts, such as contacts  134 ′, below the phantom cell  50 . 
     Turning now to FIG. 10, a front elevation view of a third embodiment of my novel battery pack, designated as pack  20 ″, is provided. In this embodiment, a preferably transparent shrink wrap cell holder sleeve body  22  and  23  is provided for each of two battery columns C 1  and C 2 . A flush style upper end cap  42 ′ is provided, and a corresponding flush style lower end cap  40 ′ is provided. The flush style end caps, as further explained in FIGS. 19,  20 , and  21  below, allow the battery pack  20 ″ to be provided without an outwardly protruding ledge adjacent the uppermost and lowermost batteries in the pack, due to the shape of the end caps provided. 
     To firmly and securely fasten the battery pack  20 ″, a strong, stretch resistant tape, preferably filamented strapping type tape  400  is utilized for tightly urging the battery cells  24  together, for efficient electrical supply from the battery pack  20 ″. One exemplary strapping tape is a filamented type strapping tape manufactured by 3M of St. Paul, Minn., and is sold under the Scotch Brand mark, #893, for both 0.75 inch wide and 0.5 inch wide versions. The use of strapping tape is especially advantageous since it eliminates the need for a mechanical stay, such as the threaded rods described above and shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, thus reducing part count, weight, and cost, as well as simplifies the manufacture of my battery pack. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 of my battery pack  20 ″, in addition to tape  400 , the outer shrink wrap cover  124  provides yet an additional force, in the manner described above, to compact batteries together in the pack  20 ″. The complete longitudinally extending and top  42 ′ and bottom  40 ′ end cap encircling taping procedure which I prefer can be conceptually envisioned from FIGS. 10,  11 , and  21 . However, in FIG. 22, one exemplary method of wrapping the strapping tape  400  is detailed. The battery pack  20 ″ is provided with columns of batteries  24  already shrink wrapped with cylindrical shrink wrap sleeves  22  and/or  23 . Then, a first end  402  of tape  400  is affixed at a starting point  404  inside the bottom end cap  40 ′. The tape  400  is affixed up the inside wall  406  of bottom end cap  40 ′. Then, the tape is turned downward and affixed to a first outer wall  408  of end cap  40 ′. Next, the tape  400  is turned to cover a strip across the bottom  410  of bottom end cap  40 ′. Then, the tape is turned upward along a second outer wall  412  of the bottom end cap  40 ′. The tape is extended further upward tautly to the top end cap  42 ′, where the tape  400  is affixed to the first outer wall  414 , then across the top end  416 , and down across a second outer wall  418 . Next, tape  400  is tautly stretched to the first outer wall  408  of the bottom end cap  40 ′, where a second tape layer  420  is applied over a first tape layer  422  earlier affixed. Likewise, a second tape  424  is applied to a first tape layer  426  on the bottom  410 , and to a first tape layer  428  on the second outer wall  418 , to a convenient end point  430 . When the strapping tape  400  is tautly applied as just described, then when the outer shrink wrap  124  is applied and shrunk in place, those portions of the tape  400  extending between the end caps  40 ′ and  42 ′ are compressed, increasing their tension, and further compressing the batteries  24  against each other, and increasing the compactness of the pack  20 ″. 
     Further details of the embodiment similar to that just discussed appear in FIGS. 12 and 13, where front cross-sectional top and bottom views, respectively, are shown for the battery pack  20 ″, with the strapping tape  400  in place, over the top end cap  42 ′ and under the bottom end cap  40 ′, and with the outer shrink wrap cover  124  fully compressed and in place. Note how, when utilizing the flush type top end cap  42 ′ and flush type bottom end cap  40 ′ that the shrink wrap  124  forms a slight concave impression  430  to further grip the adjacent battery. 
     A fully assembled battery pack  201 ′, the components of which have just been described, is illustrated in FIGS. 14, where a vertical end view is provided of a pack  200  with five battery cells in a column C 2 . In FIG. 21 a perspective view is provided of a battery pack  20 ″ with four battery cells in each of columns C 1  and C 2 . In both FIG.  14  and FIG. 21, strapping tape  400  is seen through a transparent outer shrink wrap cover  124 . Also, in FIG. 21, the use of a hook and loop type fastener  450 , adhesively applied to the outer shrink wrap cover  124 , is seen, for use with a complementary hook and loop fastener in the device utilizing my battery pack design. 
     Details of two embodiments of my end caps can be further understood by comparison of FIGS. 16,  19 , and  20 . In FIG. 16, a reflected plan view of the interior of a one embodiment of my end cap is provided; this embodiment may be utilized for either a top end cap  40  or for a bottom end cap  40 , by inserting appropriate electrical connectors. Likewise the end cap shown in FIGS. 19 and 20 can be utilized as either a top end cap  42 ′ or a bottom end cap  40 ′, by attachment of appropriate electrical connectors as described herein. The perspective view provided in FIG. 19 illustrates the flush type end cap,  40 ′ or  42 ′, as is also shown in FIGS. 10,  11 ,  12 ,  13 ,  14 ,  20 ,  21 , and  23 . In addition to first  408  and second  412  outer sidewalls, a gap G defined by edgewalls  460  and  462  is provided for clearance of a selected battery  24 , which is placed on selected electrical contactors provided inside the base  464 . Ideally, outer sidewalls  460  and  462  extend for about a third of the height  24   H  of an anticipated battery  24  size, although the exact height of such sidewalls is not normally critical. 
     For repair purposes, I find it advantageous to provide a repair kit, including a first cell holder sleeve  22 , a second cell holder sleeve  23 , an outer shrink wrap cover  124 , and a length of tape  400 , so that the user can take my battery pack apart and replace battery cells as desired, yet utilize all component parts as originally provided. Also, a decal as indicated in FIG. 26 is normally provided in my repair kit, to assist the user in assuring that correct battery polarity is observed. This repair kit and the technique of using the kit for troubleshooting and battery replacement is especially useful in model racing activities. 
     It is to be appreciated that the novel battery pack provided by the present invention is a significant improvement in the state of the art of battery packs, especially for battery packs used for model aircraft and autos. My novel battery pack, and the method of employing the same in operation of model aircraft and the like, is relatively simple, and it substantially improves the cost effectiveness of the battery operations in apparatus which utilize the same. It will be readily apparent to the reader that my novel, battery pack device and the method of using the same may be easily adapted to other embodiments incorporating the concepts taught herein. Thus, the invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. Therefore, the embodiments presented herein are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. All changes and devices which are described within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosures set forth herein are therefore intended to be embraced therein.