Abstract:
An apparatus for selectively adsorbing gas during adsorption processes and desorbing gas during desorption processes. A tube has a porous sidewall, and at each end is an end-fitting sealingly connected thereto. A particulate porous gas storage material is located within the tube, wherein the porosity prevents the material, but allows gases, to pass therethrough. A selected gas from a porous inner tube, a heating coil, or a heat exchanger located within the tube may provide heat for the desorption processes, and the selected gas or heat exchanger may provide cooling during the adsorption processes.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to adsorption and desorption of gases and, more particularly, to an apparatus for optimal adsorption and desorption of gases utilizing highly porous gas storage materials.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     With respect to processes for the storage of gases, the development of highly porous materials, for example hydrogen, natural gas, etc., by means of adsorption, are the object of recent research. To date, gas absorption storage systems exist only for applications utilizing metal hydride powders wherein, for example, hydrogen molecules are split and the protons are bound chemically to the host material or stored in intersticial sites of the metal lattice, also called hydrogen (H 2 ) absorption or hydriding. Applications (e.g. for vehicles and submarines) involve large pressure vessels with chambers containing the metal hydride powders. Heat exchangers are located inside the storage vessel, since during the absorption process heat energies of typically 30 kJ/mol H 2  are produced. A hydrided material normally expands by 20% to 30% in volume compared to its initial state. Thus, the problem of expansion/shrinking of the host material during operation also has to be resolved (e.g. by using compartments connected to springs).  
         [0003]     With respect to adsorption processes for the storage of gases, highly porous gas storage materials suitable for adsorption and desorption of gases are known in the prior art. Such materials are, for example, activated charcoal, metal organic frameworks (MOFs and MILs), nano-cubes, coordination polymers (CPs), prussian blue analogues, or polymers of intrinsic microporosity. A description of highly porous gas storage materials can be found in the articles written by Professor Yaghi of the University of Michigan, published in Science magazine. (Systematic Design of Pore Size and Functionality of Isoreticular MOFs and Their Application in Methane Storage, Science Vol. 295, 18 Jan. 2002; Hydrogen Storage in Microporous Metal-Organic Frameworks, Science Vol. 300, 16 May 2003). Also, in a press release by Dr. Ulrich Muller, of BASF, 28/29 10, 2002, “Nano-cubes for Hydrogen Storage” MOFs are described here as “Nano-cubes”. Highly porous polymers suitable as gas storage materials are also described in an article in Materials Today, April 2004, “Microporous Polymeric Materials”. All these highly porous gas storage materials have surface area densities from 3,000 m 2 /g (activated charcoal, MOF 5 ) to more than 4,500 m 2 /g (MOF177, NATURE, Vol. 427, 5 Feb. 2004, “A Route to High Surface Area Porosity and Inclusion of Large Molecules in Crystals”). Recently developed MOFs (MILs), such as nano-cubes, have shown surface area densities greater than 5,000 m 2 /g, ie., MIL 101 with 5,600 m 2 /g (MIL-101 is a new, unusually porous material whose unit cell has an unprecedented volume of about 702,000 cubic Angstroms, meaning that the solid is about 90% empty space once the solvent molecules normally filling its pores are removed. It also boasts pores that are 29 or 34 Angstroms across and an internal surface area of 5,900 m 2 /g (Science 2005, 309, 2040).  
         [0004]     Due to their high porosity (typical mass densities ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 g/cm 3 ) and high surface area, highly porous gas storage materials could be used for the storage of gases, such as methane and hydrogen. The gas is adsorbed (using very weak van der Waals forces) on the large surface areas as a monolayer (for moist cases). These highly porous gas storage materials are usually fine powders. To increase the volumetric density, they could be compressed to be formed into fine or course granulated material (pellets). This granulated material has a higher mass density, eg., about 0.7g/cm 3 , but also an up to 30% reduction in the surface area. These highly porous gas storage materials may be filled into a pressure vessel. The heat generated during the adsorption process (adsorption energy between about 3and 6 kJ/mol H 2  with MOFs and about 6 kJ/mol H 2  with activated charcoal) should be compensated by a heat exchanger. There may be ambient temperature and cryogenic operation modes depending on the gas, for example H 2  or natural gas.  
         [0005]     The stored gas is removed from the vessel by desorption. Desorption occurs by a reduction of the gas pressure and by a suitable supply of heat energy. The supplied and exhausted heat energy is greater than the adsorption/desorption energies.  
         [0006]     Gas adsorption technologies are currently used mainly for gas purification purposes (e.g. Pressure Swing Adsorption) rather than for storage and retrieval of gases by adsorption and desorption, respectively. A typical purification application in the automotive industry is a purge container connected to gasoline or diesel fuel tanks. These containers intermediately capture and store evaporated hydrocarbons from automobiles for the control of diurnal and hot soak conditions as well as in the more demanding fuel filling cycle.  
         [0007]     Also, simply filling a pressurized vessel with a highly porous gas storage material does not meet optimal gas flow and heat removal requirements. A structured arrangement of the highly porous gas storage material is necessary for optimized adsorption and desorption of the stored gas.  
         [0008]     Furthermore, although storage systems utilizing metal hydride powders for gas absorption are known, there are currently no storage systems or apparatus available for optimal adsorption and desorption of gases utilizing highly porous gas storage materials.  
         [0009]     Accordingly, what is needed in the art is a storage system or apparatus for optimal adsorption and desorption of gases utilizing highly porous gas storage materials.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0010]     The present invention is a gas storage system or apparatus for optimal adsorption and desorption of gases, preferably hydrogen or natural gas, utilizing highly porous gas storage materials, for example, activated charcoal, metal organic frameworks (MOFs and MELs), nano-cubes, coordination polymers (CPs) or polymers of intrinsic microporosity, in particulate form as either a powder or a granular form (pellets), wherein the highly porous gas storage material is arranged in such a manner as to allow generally free flow of gases therethrough, at suitable temperatures and pressures, during adsorption and desorption processes and also allows for ample removal and supply of heat energy during adsorption and desorption processes, respectively, thereby providing optimal adsorption and desorption of the gases.  
         [0011]     The present invention employs hollow tubes, each tube having a sidewall of a very fine perforated, woven or fleece structure. The sidewall is, preferably, cylindrical but may be otherwise shaped, as for example polygonal, and is porous, being made of, for example, woven (weaved) fiber material, synthetic materials, glass or metallic fibers, or synthetic fleece materials, into which is placed the above described highly porous gas storage material, wherein the size of the pores or perforations of the fleece or woven (weaved) fiber material of the porosity of the sidewall is smaller than the size of the powder particles or pellets of the highly porous gas storage material so as to contain the highly porous gas storage material within the tubes. The ends of the tubes are sealingly closed to contain the highly porous gas storage material within the tubes by end-fittings, which, for example, may have conical shaped portions to improve their sealing capability, and can be secured to the tubes with a suitable adhesive, if necessary. The sidewall porosity is such that size of the pores or perforations of the very fine perforated, woven or fleece sidewall allows generally free gas flow through the sidewall during desorption and adsorption processes, as well as for ample removal and supply of heat energy during the adsorption and desorption processes, respectively, as well as preventing the loss or discharge of the highly porous gas storage material from the tubes.  
         [0012]     A first preferred embodiment of the present invention is a gas storage system or apparatus consisting of hollow tubes, each tube having a sidewall of a very fine perforated, woven or fleece structure as above described, in which is placed the above described highly porous gas storage material, wherein each tube end is closed to contain the highly porous gas storage material within the tubes with end-fittings, as described above. As mentioned, the size of the pores or perforations of the very fine perforated, woven or fleece tube material allow generally free gas flow through the sidewall of the tubes during desorption and adsorption, for ample removal and supply of heat energy during adsorption and desorption processes, respectively, as well as preventing the loss or discharge of the highly porous gas storage material from the tubes. The highly porous gas storage material placed within the tubes may be compacted, if necessary, if the tubes are subject to vibration or elevated pressures.  
         [0013]     A gas to be adsorbed, for example hydrogen, under suitable temperature and pressure, enters the tubes by penetrating into the very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall through the pores or perforations thereof, wherein a portion of the gas is adsorbed by the highly porous gas storage material. The non-adsorbed portion of the gas is heated by heat generated by the adsorption process and leaves the tubes by penetrating out of the very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall through the pores or perforations thereof and thereby acts as a convective cooling media.  
         [0014]     To desorb the gas adsorbed by the highly porous gas storage material within the tubes, a second gas, suitably heated, under suitable pressure, and, preferably, the same gas as the adsorbed gas, enters the tubes by penetrating into the very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall through the pores or perforations thereof, wherein the second gas provides the required desorption energy to the highly porous gas storage material, and thereby acts as a convective heating media to cause the adsorbed gas to become desorbed. The desorbed gas and the second gas leave the tubes by penetrating out of the very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall through the pores or perforations thereof.  
         [0015]     A second preferred embodiment of the present invention is a storage system or apparatus, suitable for ambient and cryogenic applications, consisting of a heating coil placed within each of the tubes of the first preferred embodiment of the present invention. The aforementioned highly porous gas storage material is pressed against the heating coil to achieve optimal thermal contact between the heating coil and the highly porous gas storage material resulting in improved thermal conductivity during the desorption process. Adsorption of gas utilizing the second preferred embodiment of the present invention proceeds generally as described for the first preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0016]     According to the second preferred embodiment of the present invention, to desorb the gas adsorbed by the highly porous gas storage material within the tubes, a second gas, under suitable pressure, and, preferably, the same gas as the adsorbed gas, enters the tubes by penetrating into the very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall through the pores or perforations thereof, wherein the heat produced by the heating coil provides, preferably, the required desorption energy to the highly porous gas storage material.  
         [0017]     Alternately, the second gas is suitably heated so as to thereby act as a convective heating media such that the second gas, in conjunction with the heat produced by the heating coil, collectively provide the required desorption energy to the highly porous gas storage material. The desorbed gas and the second gas leave the tubes by penetrating out of the very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall through the pores or perforations thereof.  
         [0018]     A third preferred embodiment of the present invention is a storage system or apparatus consisting of a hollow inner gas distribution tube having a porous or perforated inner tube sidewall placed in the center of the tube of the first preferred embodiment of the present invention producing a “tube-in-tube” configuration, wherein the tube of the first preferred embodiment is, de facto, an “outer tube”. Alternately, a very fine perforated, woven or fleece material, for example, felt, may be wrapped around the inner tube sidewall facing the highly porous gas storage material (i.e., at the outside surface of the inner gas distribution tube). In either case, the inner sidewall has a porosity whereby the size of the pores or perforations there are sized to prevent the highly porous gas storage material from entering into the inner gas distribution tube.  
         [0019]     In accordance with the third preferred embodiment of the present invention, the inner gas distribution tube is constructed of a material, for example a low thermal conductivity material, whereby a temperature gradient alongside the inner gas distribution tube is provided such that a steady temperature distribution alongside the inner gas distribution tube exists, thereby resulting in steady gas adsorption and desorption alongside the inner gas distribution tube. The inner sidewall passes sealingly through one of the end-fittings and is sealingly closed at the other of the end fittings.  
         [0020]     A gas to be adsorbed, for example hydrogen, under suitable temperature and pressure, is introduced into the inner gas distribution tube, thereby entering the region containing the highly porous gas storage material through the pores or perforations of the inner tube sidewall of the inner gas distribution tube and, if the outside surface of the inner gas distribution tube sidewall is wrapped with a very fine perforated, woven or fleece material, then also through the pores or perforations thereof, whereby a portion of the gas is adsorbed by the highly porous gas storage material. The non-adsorbed portion of the gas is heated by heat generated by the adsorption process and leaves the (outer) tube by penetrating out of its very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall through the pores or perforations thereof so as to thereby act as a convective cooling media.  
         [0021]     To desorb the gas adsorbed by the highly porous gas storage material, a second gas, suitably heated, under suitable pressure, and, preferably, the same gas as the adsorbed gas, is introduced into the inner gas distribution tube, thereby entering the region containing the highly porous gas storage material through the pores or perforations of the inner sidewall and, if the outside surface of the inner gas distribution tube is wrapped with a very fine perforated, woven or fleece material, also through the pores or perforations of the weave or fleece thereof, wherein the second gas provides the required desorption energy to the highly porous gas storage material, and thereby acts as a convective heating media to cause the adsorbed gas to desorb. The desorbed gas and the second gas leave the (outer) tube by penetrating out of its very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall through the pores or perforations thereof.  
         [0022]     A fourth preferred embodiment of the present invention is a storage system or apparatus consisting of a hollow, continuous sidewall (ie., non-porous or non-perforated) inner heat exchanger tube or pipe, preferably a conductor, herein referred to as a heat exchanger, placed in the axial center of the tube of the first preferred embodiment described hereinabove and passing through the end fittings thereof, wherein the tube described in the first preferred embodiment of the present invention is now, once again, a de facto “outer tube”.  
         [0023]     The highly porous gas storage material is pressed against the heat exchanger to achieve optimal thermal contact between the heat exchanger and the highly porous gas storage material resulting in improved thermal conductivity during the adsorption and desorption processes, wherein a cooling media of suitable temperature and pressure flows through the heat exchanger during the adsorption process to remove the heat generated by the adsorption process and a heating media of suitable temperature and pressure flows through the heat exchanger during the desorption process to supply the required desorption energy.  
         [0024]     A gas to be adsorbed, for example hydrogen, under suitable temperature and pressure, enters the (outer) tube by penetrating into its very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall through the pores or perforations thereof, wherein a portion of the gas is adsorbed by the highly porous gas storage material. A cooling media of suitable temperature and pressure flows through the heat exchanger during the adsorption process to remove the heat generated by the adsorption process. The non-adsorbed portion of the gas leaves the (outer) tube by penetrating out of its very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall through the pores or perforations thereof. Alternately, the non-adsorbed portion of the gas is heated by heat generated by the adsorption process and leaves the (outer) tube by penetrating out of its very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall through the pores or perforations thereof, and thereby acts as a convective cooling media in conjunction with the cooling media flowing through the heat exchanger.  
         [0025]     To desorb the adsorbed gas adsorbed by the highly porous gas storage material within the (outer) tube, a heating media of suitable temperature and pressure flows through the heat exchanger during the desorption process to supply the required desorption energy to the highly porous gas storage material. The desorbed gas leaves the (outer) tube by penetrating out of its very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall through the pores or perforations thereof.  
         [0026]     Alternatively, a second gas, suitably heated, under suitable pressure, and, preferably, the same gas as the adsorbed gas, enters the (outer) tube by penetrating into its very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall through the pores or perforations thereof, wherein the second gas, acting as a convective heating media, in conjunction with a heating media of suitable temperature and pressure flowing through the heat exchanger, collectively provide the required desorption energy to the highly porous gas storage material to thereby desorb the adsorbed gas. The desorbed gas and the second gas leave the (outer) tube by penetrating out of its very fine perforated, woven or fleeced outermost sidewall through the pores or perforations thereof. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING  
       [0027]     The description herein makes reference to the accompanying drawings wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the several views.  
         [0028]      FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a first apparatus according to a first preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0029]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of a second apparatus according to a second preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0030]      FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of an example of a third apparatus according to a third preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0031]      FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of an example of a fourth apparatus according to a fourth preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0032]      FIG. 5A  is a cross-sectional view of a first apparatus connector according to the first preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0033]      FIG. 5B  is a cross-sectional view of a second apparatus connector according to the second preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0034]      FIG. 5C  is a cross-sectional view of a third apparatus connector according to the third preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0035]      FIG. 5D  is a cross-sectional view of a fourth apparatus connector according to the fourth preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0036]      FIG. 6A  is a cross-sectional view of interconnected apparatus within a first container according to the present invention.  
         [0037]      FIG. 6B  is a cross-sectional view of interconnected apparatus within a second container according to the present invention. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0038]     Referring now to the Drawings,  FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a first apparatus  100  according to a first preferred embodiment of the present invention. The first apparatus  100  consists of hollow tube  102  having a sidewall  104  and end fittings  106 ,  108 . The sidewall  104  is porous, being constructed of very fine perforated, woven or fleece materials made of, for example, woven (weaved) fiber material, synthetic materials, glass or metallic fibers, or synthetic fleece materials as previously described hereinabove. The tube  102  is filled with a highly porous gas storage material  110  in particulate form as either a powder or a granular (pellet) form. Highly porous gas storage materials suitable for adsorption and desorption of gases are known in the prior art. Such materials are, for example, activated charcoal, metal organic frameworks (MOFs and MILs), nano-cubes, coordination polymers (CPs) or polymers of intrinsic microporosity, as mentioned hereinabove.  
         [0039]     A gas  112  surrounds the sidewall  104  of the tube  102 , under suitable temperature and pressure, and a penetration portion  114  of the gas enters the tube by penetrating into the very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall through the pores or perforations  116  thereof, wherein an adsorbed portion  120  of the penetration portion of the gas is adsorbed by the highly porous gas storage material  110 . A non-adsorbed portion  122  of the penetration portion  114  of the gas  112  becomes heated by heat generated by the adsorption process. This now heated, non-adsorbed portion  118  of the gas  112  leaves the tube  102  by penetrating out of the very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall  104  through the pores or perforations  116  thereof, and thereby acts as a convective cooling media. The highly porous gas storage material  110  placed within the tube  102  may be compacted, if necessary, if the tube is subject to vibration or elevated pressures.  
         [0040]     The sidewall porosity is such that size of the pores or perforations of the very fine perforated, woven or fleece sidewall allows generally free gas flow through the sidewall during desorption and adsorption processes, as well as for ample removal and supply of heat energy during the adsorption and desorption processes, respectively, as well as preventing the loss or discharge of the highly porous gas storage material from the tubes.  
         [0041]     To desorb the adsorbed portion  120  of the gas  112  which had been adsorbed by the highly porous gas storage material  110  within the tube  102 , a second gas  112 ′ surrounding the sidewall  104  of the tube, suitably heated and under suitable pressure, and, preferably, is the same gas as the adsorbed gas, has a penetration portion  114 ′ which enters the tube by penetrating into the very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall through the pores or perforations  116  thereof, wherein the second gas provides the required desorption energy to the highly porous gas storage material, and thereby acts as a convective heating media to cause the adsorbed portion of the gas to desorb. The desorbed gas  122 ′ and the penetration portion  114 ′ of the second gas  112 ′ collectively form a gas  118 ′ which leaves the tube  102  by penetrating out of the very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall  104  through the pores or perforations  116  thereof.  
         [0042]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of a second apparatus  200  according to a second preferred embodiment of the present invention. The second apparatus  200  is comprised of the apparatus  100  of  FIG. 1  and a heating coil  202  placed within tube  102  with electrical leads  204 ,  206  thereof passing through end-fittings  106 ,  108 , respectively. The highly porous gas storage material  110  in powder or granular (pellet) form is pressed against the heating coil  202  to achieve optimal thermal contact between the heating coil and the highly porous gas storage material. Adsorption of the penetration portion  114  of the gas  112  utilizing the second apparatus  200  proceeds as described for the first apparatus  100  of  FIG. 1 . Highly porous gas storage materials suitable for adsorption and desorption of gases are known in the prior art. Such materials are, for example, activated charcoal, metal organic frameworks (MOFs and MILs), nano-cubes, coordination polymers (CPs) or polymers of intrinsic microporosity, as mentioned hereinabove.  
         [0043]     To desorb the adsorbed portion  120  of the gas  112  which had been adsorbed by the highly porous gas storage material  110  within the tube  102 , a second gas  112 ′ surrounding the sidewall  104  of the tube, under suitable pressure, and, preferably, is the same gas as the adsorbed gas, has a penetration portion  114 ′ which enters the tube by penetrating into the very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall through the pores or perforations  116  thereof, wherein the heat produced by the heating coil  202  provides the required desorption energy to the highly porous gas storage material to cause the adsorbed portion  120  of the gas  112  to desorb. The desorbed gas  122 ′ and the penetration portion  114 ′ of the second gas collectively form a gas  118 ′ which leaves the tube  102  by penetrating out of the very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall  104  through the pores or perforations  116  thereof.  
         [0044]     Alternately, the second gas  112 ′ surrounding the sidewall  104  of the tube, suitably heated and under suitable pressure, and, preferably, the same gas as the gas  112 , has a penetration portion  114 ′ which enters the tube by penetrating into the very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall through the pores or perforations  116  thereof, and thereby acts as a convective heating media, wherein the penetration portion of the second gas in conjunction with the heat produced by the heating coil  202  provide the required desorption energy to the highly porous gas storage material  110  to cause the adsorbed portion  120  of the gas  112  to desorb. The desorbed gas  122 ′ and the penetration portion  114 ′ of the second gas  112 ′ collectively form a gas  118 ′ which leaves the tube  102  by penetrating out of the very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall  104  through the pores or perforations  116  thereof.  
         [0045]      FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of an example of a third apparatus  300  according to a third preferred embodiment of the present invention. The third apparatus  300  consists of end-fittings  316 ,  318  and an inner gas distribution tube  302  placed in the axial center  308  of the tube  102  of the first preferred embodiment of the present invention, where now the tube  102  is, de facto, an “outer tube” with respect to the inner gas distribution tube in a tube-in-tube configuration. The inner gas distribution tube  302  is formed of an inner sidewall  306  which passes sealingly through one of the end-fittings  318  and is sealingly closed at the other of the end fittings  316 . The inner sidewall  306  has pores or perforations  304  formed therein. In this example, a very fine perforated, woven or fleece cover material  310 , for example felt, wrapped around the inner sidewall  306  of the inner gas distribution tube  302 , whereby the sidewall is provided with a porosity such that size of the pores or perforations  312  of the very fine perforated, woven or fleece cover material prevent the highly porous gas storage material  314  placed in region  324  within the (outer) tube  102  between its sidewall  104  and the inner sidewall  306 , particles in powder or granular (pellet) form, from entering into the inner gas distribution tube. Highly porous gas storage materials suitable for adsorption and desorption of gases are known in the prior art. Such materials are, for example, activated charcoal, metal organic frameworks (MOFs and MILs), nano-cubes, coordination polymers (CPs) or polymers of intrinsic microporosity, as mentioned hereinabove.  
         [0046]     The very fine perforated, woven or fleece cover material  310  wrapped around the inner sidewall  306  is constructed of very fine perforated, woven or fleece materials made of, for example, woven (weaved) fiber material, synthetic materials, glass or metallic fibers, or synthetic fleece materials as previously described hereinabove.  
         [0047]     In accordance with the third preferred embodiment of the present invention, the hollow inner gas distribution tube  302  is constructed of a material, for example a low thermal conductivity material, whereby a temperature is provided alongside the hollow inner gas distribution tube such that a steady temperature distribution alongside the hollow inner gas distribution tube exists, thereby resulting in steady gas adsorption or desorption alongside the hollow inner gas distribution tube.  
         [0048]     A gas  320 , under suitable temperature and pressure, is introduced into the inner gas distribution tube  302  by which a penetration portion  322  of the gas enters the region  324  containing the highly porous gas storage material  314  through the pores or perforations  304  of the inner sidewall  306  of the inner gas distribution tube and through the pores or perforations  312  of the weave or fleece cover material  310 , whereby an adsorbed portion  328  of the penetration portion of the gas is adsorbed by the highly porous gas storage material. A non-adsorbed portion  330  of the penetration portion  322  of the gas  320  is heated by heat generated by the adsorption process. The now heated, non-adsorbed portion  326  leaves the (outer) tube  102  by penetrating out of its very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall  104  through the pores or perforations  116  thereof and thereby acts as a conductive cooling media.  
         [0049]     To desorb the adsorbed portion  328  of the gas  320  which had been adsorbed by the highly porous gas storage material  314 , a second gas  320 ′, suitably heated and under suitable pressure, and, preferably, the same gas as the adsorbed gas, is introduced into the inner gas distribution tube  302  by which a penetration portion  322 ′of the second gas enters the region  324  containing the highly porous gas storage material through the pores or perforations  304  of the inner sidewall  306  of the inner gas distribution tube and through the pores or perforations  312 , wherein the second gas provides the required desorption energy to the highly porous gas storage material for causing the adsorbed gas to desorb and further acts as a convective heating media. The desorbed gas  330 ′ and the penetration portion  322 ′ of the second gas  320 ′ collectively form a gas  326 ′ which leaves the tube  102  by penetrating out of the very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall  104  through the pores or perforations  116  thereof.  
         [0050]      FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of an example of a fourth apparatus  400  according to a fourth preferred embodiment of the present invention. The fourth apparatus  400  consists of a hollow, continuous (ie., non-porous, non-perforated) inner heat exchanger tube or pipe  402 , preferably an electrical conductor, herein referred to as a heat exchanger, placed in the axial center  404  of the tube  102  of the first apparatus  100 , wherein the tube  102  is now, de facto, an “outer tube” in relation to the heat exchanger, and passes sealingly through end-fittings  406 ,  408 . The highly porous gas storage material  410 , particles in powder or granular (pellet) form, is pressed against the heat exchanger  402  to achieve optimal thermal contact between the heat exchanger and the highly porous gas storage material resulting in improved thermal conductivity during the adsorption and desorption processes, wherein a cooling media  412  of suitable temperature flows through the heat exchanger during the adsorption process to remove the heat generated by the adsorption process and a heating media  412 ′ of suitable temperature flows through the heat exchanger during the desorption process to supply the required desorption energy. Highly porous gas storage materials suitable for adsorption and desorption of gases are known in the prior art. Such materials are, for example, activated charcoal, metal organic frameworks (MOFs and MILs), nano-cubes, coordination polymers (CPs) or polymers of intrinsic microporosity, as mentioned hereinabove.  
         [0051]     A gas  414  surrounds the sidewall  104  of (outer) tube  102 , for example hydrogen, under suitable temperature and pressure, and a penetration portion  416  of the gas enters the tube by penetrating into the very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall through the pores or perforations  116  thereof, wherein an adsorbed portion  418  of the penetration portion of the gas is adsorbed by the highly porous gas storage material  410 . A cooling media  412  of suitable temperature and pressure flows through heat exchanger  402  during the adsorption process to remove the heat generated by the adsorption process and thereby cools the non-adsorbed portion  420  of the penetration portion  416  of the gas  414 . The now cooled, non-adsorbed portion  422  of the gas  414  leaves the (outer) tube  102  by penetrating out of its very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall  104  through the pores or perforations  116  thereof.  
         [0052]     Alternately, the non-adsorbed portion  420  of the gas is heated by heat generated by the adsorption process and leaves the (outer) tube by penetrating out of its very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall through the pores or perforations thereof, and thereby acts as a convective cooling media in conjunction with the cooling media flowing through the heat exchanger.  
         [0053]     To desorb the adsorbed portion  418  of the gas  414  adsorbed by the highly porous gas storage material  410  within the (outer) tube  102 , a heating media  412 ′, of suitable temperature and pressure flows through the heat exchanger  402  during the desorption process to supply the required desorption energy to the highly porous gas storage material to thereby cause the adsorbed gas to desorb. The desorbed gas  422 ′ leaves the (outer) tube  102  by penetrating out of its very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall  104  through the pores or perforations  116  thereof.  
         [0054]     Alternatively, a second gas  414 , suitably heated, under suitable pressure, and, preferably, the same gas as the adsorbed gas, enters the (outer) tube as a penetrating gas  416  into its very fine perforated, woven or fleeced sidewall through the pores or perforations thereof, wherein the second gas, acting as a convective heating media, in conjunction with a heating media of suitable temperature and pressure flowing through the heat exchanger, collectively provide the required desorption energy to the highly porous gas storage material to thereby desorb the adsorbed gas. The desorbed gas and the second gas leave the (outer) tube by penetrating out of its very fine perforated, woven or fleeced outermost sidewall through the pores or perforations thereof.  
         [0055]      FIGS. 5A through 5D  are cross-sectional views  502  through  508  of end-fittings  510  and  512 ,  514  and  516 ,  518  and  520 , and  522  and  524  for the first through fourth apparatus  100  through  400 , respectively, wherein it is shown that the end fittings can be utilized as side-by-side interconnections. The end fittings  510  through  524  can be, for example, fastener strips or fastener plates and may be used to interconnect any number of apparatus  100  through  400  so as to provide combined units  502  through  508 , respectively.  
         [0056]      FIGS. 6A and 6B  are cross-sectional views  602 ,  604  of interconnected first, second, third, or fourth apparatus  606 ,  608 , as previously described, within a first container  610  or a second container  612  according to the present invention. Containers  610 ,  612  allow for the supply and evacuation of gas to and from, respectively, the interconnected apparatus  606 ,  608  in the axial direction into the non-occupied regions  614 ,  616  as well as provide support and containment for the sidewall of each apparatus.  
         [0057]     The present invention provides for the appropriate arrangement of highly porous gas storage materials, particles in powder or granular form, resulting in storage systems with high functional security and ease of production and operation. This is obtained by providing an unobstructed path for the supply and removal of gas through a porous structure, optimal thermal contact for the heating and cooling of the storage material, optimal compensation of the heat energy for the adsorption process, optimal supply of the necessary heat energy for the desorption process, and a quick mechanical process for the installation of the storage material.  
         [0058]     Also, the first and third embodiments of the present invention eliminate the necessity of heat exchangers or heating elements by using a heated gas for the convective transfer of the required desorption heat energy.  
         [0059]     While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiments but, on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims, which scope is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent structures as is permitted under the law.