Abstract:
A numerically controlled (NC) machine tool has apparatus for automatically positioning and feeding a cutting tool to follow a programmably predetermined path. Sensing devices are provided to detect when the cutting tool suffers an abnormality, such as becoming dull or chipped. The feed devices of the NC machine tool are then commanded, by an arithmetic unit having a memory and by an NC command generating unit, to automatically retreat the cutting tool. It retreats, without interference with the workpiece, to a first position, parametrically determined by the shape and size of the workpiece, cutting tool data for the abnormality, completion and tool exchange positions, and by the nature of the machining operation. This retreat location is a position at which the cutting tool may be replaced. After replacement of the cutting tool, the cutting tool is automatically returned, via the first position, to a second position from which the machining is resumed. The second position is determined by the arithmetic means to provide for repeated machining of a portion of the surface of the workpiece leading to the position at which the abnormality was sensed.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates, in a numerically controlled (NC) machine tool, to a method for detecting the occurrence of an abnormality in the cutting tool and for deciding an appropriate retreat path for the cutting tool to a tool replacement position and a compatible return path to the workpiece. 
     In the prior art, when an abnormality occurs in the cutting tool of NC machine tool during its automatic machining operations, an exchange of the cutting tool is conducted at a predetermined place to which the cutting tool is manually transferred after the operation of the NC machine tool has been stopped. To resume the machining operations on a workpiece, both the cutting tool and the controlling program for the NC machine tool must be manually brought back to the positions corresponding to the top of a block of cutting tool path data, during which block the NC machine tool has been stopped. In some instances, only a full restart is possible. Such manual operations require that a great deal of time and effort be devoted to the tool exchange. Additionally, there is a high probability that the cutting tool with inadvertently come into contact with the workpiece during the retreat and return movements, causing further damage to the workpiece, which may require discarding the damaged work. 
     Such inadvertent damage to the workpiece may be avoided by choosing the retreat and return paths in accordance with the situation existing when the abnormality arises. One potential solution established by the prior art is to memorize all paths taken by the cutting tool before the abnormality is sensed and a retreat command signal is generated and the path is retraced in reverse. However, such systems become complicated and cumbersome, and may cause scratching of the surface of the workpiece during the reverse operation. Further, it is then difficult to restart the machining except from the beginning. 
     In another example, a system is so constructed and governed so as to automatically retreat and then return the cutting tool over a predetermined retreat and return path when commanded by an abnormality signal. However, in such a system, the retreat and return paths of the cutting tool are conducted in the same manner regardless of the machining operation being performed and without consideration of the size and shape of the workpiece. Operations, such as external diameter machining, edge face machining, and internal diameter machining, each require unique retreat and return paths to be followed by the cutting tool in order to avoid contact between the cutting tool and the workpiece. The prior art does not appear to take such machining mode differences into consideration. 
     Several methods for detecting an abnormality in the cutting tool are shown in the prior art. One such method is to detect the electric current of the main spindle motor of the NC machine tool and to judge, by an increase in that motor current, that an abnormality has occurred in the cutting tool. A second method is disclosed in which the vibration of a portion of the NC machine tool is picked up by appropriate sensors and the judgment is made on the basis of the amplitude of the vibration. Neither the the main spindle motor current nor the vibration amplitude of the machine tool consistently represent an indication of cutting tool abnormality. Still another method has been proposed in which the force applied to the cutting tool during the machining operation is used for abnormality judgment. However, in this method, a sensor must be provided in close proximity to each cutting tool in order to sense the force applied to the cutting edge of the cutting tool. By being exposed to the environment in the vicinity of the cutting operation, the durability of the sensor and the inherent problems of the lead wire connections between the sensor and that portion of the NC machine tool utilizing the sensor output gives rise to reduced reliability. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In the present invention, means are provided to sense the occurrence of an abnormality in the cutting tool of an NC machine tool. The output of the sensing means is monitored by control means associated with the NC machine tool. During the machining of a workpiece, the control means of the NC machine tool command the position and feed functions determining the path to be followed by the cutting tool of the NC machine tool. When the control means determines that an abnormality has occurred in the cutting tool, by a change in the output from the sensing means, the programmed machining operation is interrupted, and the present cutting tool position is retained. Based upon information found in the program controlling the normal machining operations, the mode of machining operation is determined to be either external diameter machining, edge face machining, or internal diameter machining. This information, combined with the position at which the abnormality occurred and the machining mode, and with a programmed parameter relating to the size of the workpiece, are mathematically processed by this invention to determine a retreat path to a first position of clearance from the workpiece and thence, avoiding contact with the workpiece, to a position at which the cutting tool may be exchanged. Appropriate drive command signals are provided to the NC machine tool to move the cutting tool along this computed retreat path. 
     Upon completion of the tool exchange, additional command signals are provided to return the cutting tool to the workpiece via the previously identified first retreat position, but rather than proceeding directly to the position at which the abnormality occurred, the cutting tool is returned to the normally programmed machining path at a point preceding, in sequence, said abnormality position in order to provide an overlapping of machining in that region. When the cutting tool again reaches the position at which the abnormality had occurred, control of the position and feed of the cutting tool reverts to the program of the NC machine tool until such time as a further abnormality indication is received. 
     Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide, in a numerically controlled machine tool, a method and device for automatically determining cutting tool retreat and return paths free of interference between the cutting tool and the workpiece being machined, in which selectable modes of cutting tool retreat and return, dependent upon the machining operations being performed, are chosen by information partially computed from special input data and partially within the control program of the NC machine tool. 
     Another object of this invention is to provide a method and device for automatically determining cutting tool retreat and return paths which are free of interference between the cutting tool and a workpiece, in which the machining is resumed at a point which is a predetermined distance closer to the machining start point than the position at which the abnormality occurred so as to remove irregularities on the work made by the abnormal cutting tool. 
     A further object of this invention is to provide a method and device for automatically detecting abnormality of the cutting tool and therefrom accurately determining cutting tool retreat, cutting tool exchange, cutting tool return, and resumption of machining, and performing such functions and motions in a short period of time. 
     A still further object of this invention is to provide a method and device for detecting an abnormality in the cutting tool, in which a feed motor current is sensed and the cutting tool abnormality is judged to have occurred when the sensed current exceeds a predetermined value. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     In the accompanying drawings: 
     FIG. 1 is a flowchart showing the steps taken by an NC machine tool in an embodiment according to this invention, 
     FIG. 2 shows a typical path taken by a cutting tool in an embodiment of this invention, for the performance of an external diameter machining operation, 
     FIG. 3 shows retreat and return paths to be taken by the cutting tool when an abnormality occurs in the cutting tool during an external diameter machining operation. 
     FIG. 4 shows retreat and return paths to be taken by the cutting tool when an abnormality occurs in the cutting tool during an edge face machining operation. 
     FIG. 5 shows retreat and return paths to be taken by the cutting tool when an abnormality occurs in the cutting tool during an internal diameter machining operation. 
     FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of a numerically controlled (NC) machine tool employing in this embodiment, 
     FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing an example of a NC unit, illustrating an embodiment of the herein invention. 
     FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing the steps taken in an example of a sequence contoller, as disclosed herein. 
     FIG. 9(a) and (b) are graphical representations showing the tool table feed force component with respect to time, and a spindle motor force component of the NC machine tool with respect to time, respectively. 
     FIG. 10 is a graphical representation showing the relationship between a feed motor current and a feed force component. 
     FIG. 11 is a graphical representation showing a transition of the feed motor current with respect to time, from noncontact of the cutting tool with the workpiece through normal machining to an abnormality of the cutting tool. 
     FIG. 12 is a diagram showing an example of a cutting tool abnormality detection unit connected to the NC machine tool. 
     FIG. 13 is another example of the cutting tool abnormality detection unit connected to the NC machine tool. 
     FIG. 14 is a block diagram showing an example of a feed motor current detector. 
     FIG. 15 is a block diagram showing another example of a feed motor current detector. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In an embodiment of a method according to this invention, in order to specify the fundamental movement of each tool of an NC machine tool on an tool abnormality occasion, tool retreat and return modes are stored on predetermined blocks of an NC tape. These tool retreat and return modes specify steps to control, for example, motor speed for the feed drives of the NC machine tool. To select these modes, transfer codes, one of the NC information, are also stored on the NC tape. In this embodiment, the transfer codes include those (identified for this discussion as M81, M82, and M83) which respectively correspond to the external diameter machining mode, edge face machining mode and internal diameter machining mode. Each mode includes variables representing retreat start position, retreat position, etc. The retreat start position is decided by reading the tool position at which a tool abnormality signal is received. Data for the retreat position can be stored in a NC tape block which instructs retreat and return operations or a block preceding this block either in advance, or, by an operator, as required. For example, manually operated switch means may be provided for operator entry of this data. Parameters such as relief length l, required in the calculation of tool retreat and return paths to avoid interference between the tool and work, should be stored in advance into a block instructing the retreat and return operations or into a predetermined block preceeding to the above block. 
     Referring now to FIG. 1, the method according to this invention will be described. An NC unit 17 (FIG. 7) stores a tool transfer command value each time a tool transfer command signal is received. When an instruction to store a retreat position A (FIG. 3) and data representing the retreat position A is stored in a block of the NC tape, the NC unit 17 stores the data for the positon A. When a storage instruction and a machining relief parameter l are stored in the NC tape, the NC unit 17 stores the parameter l. Based upon a set of taped or programmed machine instructions, the NC unit 17 controls the normal NC operation until it receives an abnormality signal, generated as described below. 
     Referring to FIG. 2, in the normal NC operation, a cutting tool 1 moves from a position P to a position P 1 , from which the tool 1 starts to be controlled to move along a broken line 5, representing an external diameter machining operation. 
     When a tool abnormality occurs, for example, at a position C, and an abnormality signal is inputted, the NC unit 17 judges whether or not a transfer code for retreat mode selection (M81, in this case) is stored in a block currently being executed. If M81 is found to be stored in the block, retreat and return paths according to the mode M81 are calculated taking into account the current position, an NC command address, the retreated position, and the parameter l as shown in Table 1. Then the tool 1 is transferred from the current position C to the retreat position A via positions E and F according to transfer steps 1 through 3 in Table 1. 
     
                                           TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Transfer  Retreat             ReturnMode Step Position          X    Z    Transfer                         Position                              X    Z    Transfer__________________________________________________________________________External1    E    XD + 2a               ZD   Quick                         F    XA   ZD   QuickMode 2    F    XA   ZD   &#34;    E    XD + 2a                                   ZD   &#34;(M81)3    A    XA   ZA   &#34;    D    XD   ZD   MachiningEdge 1    E    XD   ZD + a                    &#34;    F    XD   ZD   QuickMode 2    F    XD   ZA   &#34;    E    XD   ZD + a                                        &#34;(M82)3    A    XA   ZA   &#34;    D    XD   ZD   MachiningInternal1    E    XD - 2a               ZD   &#34;    F    XD - 2a                                   ZA   QuickMode 2    F    XD - 2a               ZA   &#34;    E    XD - 2a                                   ZD   &#34;(M83)3    A    XA   ZA   &#34;    D    XD   ZD   Machining__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     &#34;Quick&#34; in Table 1 means a rapid transfer of a tool without machining operation and &#34;Machining&#34; means transfer of a tool while operating the spindle and feed drives in their normal machining conditions. The X value in Table 1 represents command values expressed relative to diameter and a is a constant. 
     In the retreat position A, the tool 1 is replaced by a new one and when the NC unit receives a return signal, the tool 1 is transferred from the retreat position A to machining resumption position D via positions F and E in accordance with the return transfer steps 1, 2 and 3 in Table 1. When the tool 1 reaches the machining resumption position D, it resumes machining operation. 
     Coordinates (X D , Z D ) of the machining resumption position D are obtained from the following equations (1) and (2). ##EQU1## where X B  and Z B  are X and Z values of X- and Z-axes of a machining completion position B; X C  and Z C , X and Z values of X- and Z-axes of the position C; l, a relief programmed according to the machining mode. 
     Referring to FIG. 4, which shows the retreat and return paths in the edge face mode, the tool 1 moves from a retreat start position C to the retreat position A via positions E and F after the abnormality signal is received by the NC unit 17. Then, after the exchange of tools has been completed, the tool 1 returns from the position A to the machining resumption position D via the positions F and E according to the return transfer steps in Table 1. FIG. 5, shows the retreat and return paths in the internal diameter mode. 
     As seen above, different predetermined retreat and return paths are provided for each mode to avoid interference between the cutting tool and workpiece. 
     Referring to FIG. 6, an NC machine tool 10 includes a chuck 11, a transfer table 13 which moves back and forth in the Z axis direction along a guide 12 and a tool table 14 which moves back and forth in the X-axis direction across the transfer table 13 and on which a tool 1 is provided. 
     An automatic tool exchange unit 16 is shown for automatically exchanging a damaged or abnormal tool 1, upon reaching the retreat positon A, with a new tool prepared elsewhere and stored in a tool magazine (not shown). An NC control unit 17 is for supplying predetermined operation command signals to the NC machine tool 10 and the automatic tool exchange unit 16 in accordance with programmed information inputted thereto. A tool abnormality detection unit 18 is for detecting abnormality of cutting tools during machining operation from, for example, a change of the main spindle motor current or the vibration in the machine tool. 
     Referring to FIG. 7, in the external diameter machining of a workpiece 2 by the tool 1, an external diameter machining program on NC tape is fed to the NC unit 17, which in turn outputs processed signals to a tool table driving motor 22 (hereafter called X-axis motor) and a transfer table driving motor 23 (hereafter called Z-axis motor or feed motor) via a change-over switch 20 and a pulse distributor 21 so as to transfer the tool 1 from the origin P(X P , Z P ) (FIG. 2) in accordance with a predetermined external diameter mode. When a tool abnormality occurs at a positon C (FIGS. 2 and 3) during the machining, the tool abnormality detection unit 18 detects the abnromality and outputs an abnormality signal R 1  to a control section 19 as well as the change-over switch 20. Upon receiving the abnormality signal R 1 , the change-over switch 20 changes it position from NORMAL, by which the control section 19 is connected to the pulse distributor 21, to ABNORMAL, by which a sequence controller 24 is connected to the pulse distributor 21. In the meantime, upon receiving the abnormality signal R 1  , the control section 19 stops outputting. At this time, a current position register 26 of a memory section 25 stores a current tool position, i.e., coordinates of an abnormality occurence position, and an NC command position register 27 stores a machining completion position B (X B , Z B ), derived from the normal machining program. The memory section 25 also includes a tool retreat position register 28 for storing coordinates (X A , Z A ) of the tool retreat position A, where an abnormal or damaged tool is exchanged, an X-axis minimum position register 29 for storing an X-axis minimum position a and a clearance parameter register 30 for storing clearance parameter l which is determined by the shape of the workpiece 2. The data stored in these registers are fed to an arithmetic circuit 31. The arithmetic circuit 31 selects either the external diameter mode, the edge face mode or the internal diameter mode according to a mode signal R 2  and then calculates the positions E and D on the retreat and return paths based on the data from these registers upon receiving a calculation start signal R 3 . The values thus calculated are fed sequentially to a sequence controller 24. The sequence controller 24 outputs signals corresponding to its input signals to feed into the change-over switch 20 and the pulse distributor 21. The pulse distributor 21 feeds pulse signals into servo motors 22 and 23 for driving the tool table 14 and the transfer table 13, respectively so as to quickly move the tool 1 from the abnormality occurrence position C to the position E, then to the position F and further to the retreat position A, where the tool 1 is replaced by a new one. Thereafter, the newly installed tool 1 is moved into the positon F and then into the position E in the quick transfer manner, &#34;quick&#34;. From the position E, the tool 1 is moved into the machining resumption position D while being operated in a machining manner. The machining resumption position D is deflected from the abnormality occurrence position C by an overlapped distance from C to D as shown in FIG. 3. 
     When the cutting tool has arrived at the machining resumption position D, the tool 1 moves to the abnormality occurrence position or retreat start position C in a machining mode by the instruction from the sequence controller 24. Then, the sequence controller 24 supplies an exchange completion signal R 7  to the control section 19 and transfers the change-over switch 20 into NORMAL position. Thus, the external diameter machining of the workpiece 2 resumes under command of the normal machining program. Since the machining resumption position D is located toward the machining start position from the abnormality occurrence position C by the overlapped distance, machining is performed twice over the abnormality occurrence area so as to remove any defect created by the tool 1 when the abnormality occurred. 
     Although the description has been made for the case of the external diameter machining, the method for deciding tool retreat and return paths according to this invention can also be applied to the cases of edge face machining and internal diameter machining. 
     Referring to FIG. 8, in the sequence controller 24, if the abnormality signal R 1  is received, the program sequence step is advanced to the next test and then if the calculation start signal R 3  is received, the program sequence step is again advanced. Then, the mode signal R 2  is transferred to the arithmetic circuit 31. The next step comprises instruction calculating by the arithmetic circuit 31, receiving calculation result therefrom and generating tool transfer pulses. The above step is repeatedly performed to transfer the tool to the position E. In transferring to the positions F and A, the same processes are conducted. When the tool has reached the retreat position A, the tool exchange signal R 4  is sent to the tool exchange unit 16 and after completion of exchanging tools, tool exchange completion signal R 5  is received. The next four steps for transferring the exchanged tool 1 to the positions F, E, D and C comprise the same processes as conducted in transferring to the position E described above. When the tool 1 arrives the position C, the exchange completion signal is sent both to the control section 19 and the change-over switch 20. 
     Referring to FIGS. 9(a) and (b), straight lines I and III show, respectively, the feed force component and the main force component in a normal machining condition. Curves II and IV show these components in an abnormal machining condition, respectively. The abnormal machining condition means that the tool 1 is being continuously damaged during machining. FIG. 9(a) shows that the feed force component greatly increases in the abnormal condition. However in FIG. 9(b), it is shown that the main force component does not change greatly in the abnormal condition. 
     Referring to FIG. 10, it is shown that a feed motor current I is proportional to the feed force component. Therefore, from FIG. 9(a) and FIG. 10, a relation is established that tool damage (abnormality) leads to a feed force component increase, which leads to increase in the feed motor current I. 
     Referring to FIG. 11, a straight line V shows a feed motor current I 0  is a &#34;no-load&#34; condition prior to machining, that is, in transferring tool 1 without machining. The feed motor current I 0  becomes I a , represented by a straight line VI, when a machining operation reaches the normal machining condition. When an abnormality such as tool damage and abnormal abrasion on the work occurs during machining, the current I 0  is further increased, for example to I b  which is represented by a straight line VII. The current I b  is from dozens of percent to several times larger than the current I a  depending on cause and degree of the abnormality. Therefore, by setting a value I c  which is larger than the current I a   of the normal machining by a predetermined value as a threshold level and, by judging that the tool abnormality had occurred when the feed motor current I exceeds the threshold level I c , the tool abnormality can be detected. 
     Referring to FIG. 12, the main spindle motor 9 rotates the workpiece 2 which is held with the chuck 11 at a predetermined speed. The feed motor 23 drives a feed screw 5 to move the tool table 14, on which the tool 1 is provided. The tool abnormality detection unit 18 includes a current detector 51, a setter 52 and a comparator 53. The current detector 51 detects the feed motor current I and outputs a voltage signal V corresponding to the current I. The setter 52 is for setting the threshold current I c  and outputs a set voltage signal V c . The threshold current I c  is larger than the feed motor current I a  of the normal machining by a predetermined value (FIG. 11). The comparator 53 compares the input signal V with the set voltage signal V c  and outputs the abnormality signal R 1  when the condition V&gt;V c  is established. 
     FIG. 13 shows another example of the tool abnormality detection unit 18 in which a plurality of threshold levels are provided. Even during the normal machining, the feed force component of the tool table 14, that is, the feed motor current I a  varies with portions of the work 2 being machined and types of tools being used. Therefore, a plurality of threshold levels are provided according to this variation. For example, four setters 61 through 64 are provided corresponding to four different threshold levels. These setters 61 through 64 output voltage signals V c1  through V c4  (V c1  &lt;V c2  &lt;V c3  &lt;V c4 ) corresponding to four different predetermined threshold currents and supply the output voltage signals to switching circuit SW 1  through SW 4  in a threshold level selection circuit 70. In the meantime, the NC unit 17 outputs control signals to the NC machine tool 10 to automatically control the NC machine 10 while supplying NC information such as a preliminary signal P code and a tool selection signal T code to a decoder 71 in the threshold level selection circuit 70. Upon receiving P code and T code, the decoder 71 converts these NC information into analog signals and supplies these analog signals to the switching circuits SW 1  and SW 4  to turn on one of the switching circuits in a predetermined manner. Through the switching circuit thus turned on, for example, the switching circuit SW2, an output signal V c2   of the setter 62 is applied to the comparator 53. The comparator 51 compares the signal V from the current detector 51 with the set signal V c2  and, if the condition V&gt;V c2  is established, outputs the abnormality signal R 1 . As seen above, a threshold level to be used is selected out of a plurality of the threshold levels by the instruction of the NC information, and the abnormality signal R 1  is generated if the feed motor current I exceeds the threshold level thus selected. 
     Referring to FIG. 14, a magnetic field generated by an armature current I (feed motor current) fed via cables 111 and 112 to the field-constant feed motor 23 is detected by a Hall element 115 so as to obtain a corresponding signal V H . The signal V H  is applied to an absolute value circuit 119 via a low-pass filter after being amplified by a differential amplifier 117, thus obtaining the voltage V corresponding to the feed motor current I in both normal and reverse rotations of the feed motor 23. 
     Referring to FIG. 15, a shunt resistor R s  is provided at a cable 112 to obtain a voltage signal V s . The signal V s  is applied to the absolute value circuit 119 via the differential amplifier 117 and the low-pass filter 118 to obtain the voltage signal V corresponding to the the feed motor current I in both normal and reverse rotations of the feed motor 23. 
     Although, in the above embodiment, the tool is moved into the retreat position for exchange, it is possible for the tool to stay at the position E, and, if no abnormality is found in the tool, return directly to the position D.