Abstract:
An oxidation catalyst of palladium, copper and nickel on an alumina substrate. The catalyst is produced by impregnating the alumina substrate with a halide salt solution of palladium chloride, nickel chloride, copper chloride and copper sulfate. The catalyst is useful for removal by oxidation, adsorption or decomposition of gases such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen cyanide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone, present in dilute concentrations in air.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to an improved oxidation catalyst containing palladium, and more particularly to catalysts of palladium (II) compositions which include copper (II) and a minor proportion of nickel (II). The catalyst is prepared from impregnating solutions containing a palladium (II) salt, copper (II) salt, and nickel (II) salt, preferably in the form of halide salts, notably the chlorides. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Oxidation catalysts formed with palladium (II) chloride and copper (II) chloride are well known, having been described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 3,790,662, issued Feb. 5, 1974, to Larox Research Corporation, on an application filed by William G. Lloyd and Donald R. Rowe, for &#34;Palladium Compositions Suitable as Oxidation Catalyst,&#34; and in a division thereof, U.S. Pat. No. 3,849,336, issued Nov. 19, 1974. The disclosure of these patents are incorporated herein and made a part hereof by this reference. 
     OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is the principal object of the present invention to increase and enhance the activity per unit weight of a palladium catalyst and decrease the amount of palladium salt required in the catalyst solution composition. 
     In accordance with the foregoing objective, an oxidation catalyst of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,790,662 is utilized with the addition of nickel and a corresponding reduction of palladium. For this purpose, nickel chloride is utilized as an added component of the impregnating solution. For ratios of 0.016 moles/liter to 0.064 moles/liter or more palladium and 0.064 moles/liter to 0.016 moles/liter or less nickel in the catalyst impregnation solution composition, and with a total sum of palladium and nickel of 0.080 moles/liter, an increased catalytic activity, measured in terms of the reaction rate constant &#34;k&#34; of the particular catalyst, has been observed. More specifically, the improved catalyst shows an increased activity when compared to the use of palladium (II) salts without the nickel salt additive in the impregnation solution. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a graph plotting PdCl 2  concentration, in moles per liter of impregnating solution, versus the pseudo-1st-order rate constant &#34;k&#34;, for the removal of carbon monoxide from air at a temperature of about 25° C., and gas flow rate of about 9 cc/sec., using 2 grams of an alumina base catalyst composition, and comparing a standard palladium-copper catalyst with a catalyst embodying the present invention, using data listed in Tables 2 and 3. 
     FIG. 2 is a graph plotting PdCl 2  concentration, in moles per liter of impregnating solution, versus the pseudo-1st-order rate constant &#34;k&#34; for the removal of carbon monoxide from air at a temperature of about 25° C., and a gas flow rate of about 9 cc/sec., using 4 grams of an alumina base catalyst composition, and comparing a standard palladium-copper catalyst with a catalyst embodying the present invention, using data listed in Tables 2 and 3. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Catalysts embodying the present invention are prepared by dissolving the metal salts palladium chloride, copper chloride and nickel chloride in water at about 20° to 25° C. The amount of palladium chloride may run from 0.0005 moles per liter of palladium chloride up to the solubility of the salt, with an observed optimum of about 0.080 moles per liter palladium (II) chloride. While the amount of palladium salt may be reduced from the optimum of 0.080 moles per liter, the activity or reaction rate constant &#34;k&#34; drops. In accordance with the present invention, the activity constant may be retained at a higher level, or prevented from dropping as fast, by the addition of nickel chloride in order to maintain the total concentration of palladium and nickel at about 0.080 moles per liter. The effect of reduced palladium levels on catalytic activity is mitigated by the addition of nickel salts, and has been observed in some instances actually to increase the reaction rate constant of the catalyst composition. 
     One form of catalyst composition comprises an alumina base supporting a catalytic salt composition embodying the present invention. The catalyst is prepared by soaking activated alumina particles having a size ranging from about 80 mesh to about 325 mesh, in an aqueous solution containing nickel (II) chloride, palladium (II) chloride, copper (II) chloride, and copper (II) sulfate. After thoroughly impregnating or soaking the alumina, the excess solution is removed by filtration. The impregnated alumina is air dried and is then activated by oven treatment at about 200° C. 
     Because of the insolubility of palladium (II) chloride salts in the absence of copper ions, to prepare the aqueous catalyst impregnating solution, it is convenient to make up two solutions, A and B, and then combine them with added water to make an impregnating solution of the desired concentration. To this end, palladium (II) chloride salts are added to water together with nickel (II) chloride and copper (II) chloride. The mixture (Solution A) is stirred at room temperature, about 25° C., for a period of time sufficient to dissolve the palladium salt completely. Palladium chloride is essentially insoluble in water but becomes readily soluble in the presence of cupric chloride salts. Copper (II) chloride, or cupric chloride, itself is readily soluble and has a strong solubilizing effect upon the palladium salt. 
     The second solution (Solution B) is prepared by adding copper II sulfate to water and the mixture is warmed to 60°-70° C. with occasional stirring until the salt is fully dissolved. The solution is then allowed to cool to room temperature. The two solutions, A and B, at room temperature, are mixed and additional water is added to make up a solution of the desired volume and concentration. 
     To prepare a catalyst batch, alumina particles of about 80 to about 350 mesh, are placed in a beaker or other suitable vessel, and covered with the above described impregnating solution. The alumina is stirred gently to ensure that all particles are fully wetted, and to ensure that no air bubbles are entrained with the alumina. The top of the vessel is covered to avoid contamination and to reduce evaporation, and the mixture is allowed to stand for a period of time sufficient to ensure that the alumina is thoroughly soaked. The impregnated alumina is separated from the raffinate by vacuum filtration. 
     The wet impregnated alumina is allowed to air-dry. When the impregnated alumina is completely air-dried, it is placed in a furnace at 200° C., and held at this temperature for two to three hours. The finished, activated, catalyst is then allowed to cool, and is then ready to store or be put to use. 
     The effectiveness of a catalytic composition is conveniently determined by measuring its effect on the removal of carbon monoxide from air. In a test run, typically 2 to 3 grams of catalyst are contacted with a known premixed gas consisting of about 103-105 ppm carbon monoxide in air. Gas and catalyst contact time is in the order of 0.1 to 0.2 seconds. Before and after each run the gas flow rate is determined using an average of triplicate measurements. A pseudo-1st-order rate constant &#34;k&#34; is calculated by determining the rate of oxidation from measurements of the concentrations of carbon monoxide before and after contact with the catalyst. In a typical 60 minute run, measurements are made every 10 seconds. Quadruplicate determinations are taken after 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes flow of the carbon monoxide containing gas. 
     Table 1 illustrates the removal of carbon monoxide from air with a standard known palladium-copper catalyst produced by soaking 80 to 325 mesh alumina particles in a solution containing 0.080M/l palladium chloride, 0.30M/l copper chloride, and 0.70M/l copper sulfate. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________Removal of Carbon Monoxide from Air with aStandard PdCl.sub.2 Catalyst         Contact         time            Final                              PercentCatalyst milli-   Initial                         Co,  CO     k, perRun  charge, g         seconds  CO, ppm                         ppm  removed                                     sec.______________________________________1    2.00     135      105    &lt;0.5 &gt;99.5  &gt;40.2    3.00     200      105    &lt;0.5 &gt;99.5  &gt;27.3    2.00     185      103    &lt;0.5 &gt;99.5  &gt;29.4    2.00     153      103    &lt;0.5 &gt;99.5  &gt;35.______________________________________ 
    
     Table 2 illustrates the results obtained from a series of catalysts prepared using the above described procedure but with impregnating solutions containing 0.080, 0.064, 0.048, 0.032, 0.016, and 0.000 mole/liter palladium (II) chloride. The table shows the results of a series of 60 minute runs, on the oxidation of carbon monoxide in air by these catalysts. 
     
                       TABLE 2______________________________________Effect of Varying PdCl.sub.2 Concentration        Con-        tactCata-   time                Per-lyst    milli-  Initial                      Final cent        Pd(II)charge  sec-    CO    CO    CO re-                                  k, per                                        moles/Run  g       onds    ppm   ppm   moved sec.  liter______________________________________1    2.0      98     105   1.6    98+  40.   .0802    4.0     260     105   0.5    99+  20.   .0803    2.0     154     105   3.0   97    25.   .0644    2.6     148     103   6.9   93    20.   .0645    4.0     333     105   0.5    99+  16.   .0646    2.0     138     105   5.0   95    23.   .0487    3.0     192     103   4.3   96    17.   .0488    4.0     307     105   1.1   99    15.   .0489    2.0     118     105   21.5  80    14.   .03210    2.93   164     103   11.8  88    13.   .03211   4.0     294     105   1.7   98    14.   .03212   2.0     123     105   48.   54    6.1   .01613   4.0     395     105   16.3  85    4.7   .01614   2.0     112     105   99.    6    0.5   .00015   4.0     428     105   99.    6    0.1   .000______________________________________ 
    
     To illustrate the present invention, a series of catalysts was prepared using the same series of decreasing concentrations of palladium chloride in solution as shown in Table 2, but with the addition of nickel chloride to the several impregnating solutions in amounts such that the sum of the concentrations of palladium (II) salts and nickel (II) salts was maintained at 0.080 moles per liter (m/l). The results of a series of 60 minute runs with these catalysts on the oxidation of carbon monoxide are shown in Table 3. 
     
                                           TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________Effect of Varying PdCl.sub.2 Concentration with addition of NiCl.sub.2   Catalyst   Contact time          Initial               Final                    Percent CO   Pd(II)                                     Ni(II)Run   charge, g   milliseconds          CO ppm               CO ppm                    removed                           k, per sec.                                 M/l M/l__________________________________________________________________________1  2.0  138    105  0.5   99+   39.   .080                                     .0002  4.0  302    105  0.5   99+   18.   .080                                     .0003  2.0  144    105  0.5   99+   37.   .064                                     .0164  2.39 124    103  3.8  96     29.   .064                                     .0165  4.0  187    105  0.9  99     26.   .064                                     .0166  2.0  134    105  0.6   99+   39.   .048                                     .0327  2.47 170    103  7.2  93     18.   .048                                     .0328  4.0  247    105  0.7   99+   20.*  .048                                     .0329  2.0  127    105  5.   95     25.   .032                                     .04810 2.91 300    103  2.8  97     12.   .032                                     .04811 4.0  256    105  1.3   98+   18.*  .032                                     .04812 2.0  148    105  31.  70     8.8   .016                                     .06413 4.0  298    105  15.  86     6.9*  .016                                     .06414 2.0  156    105  97.   8     0.5   .000                                     .08015 4.0  208    105  96.   8     0.4*  .000                                     .080__________________________________________________________________________ *Run with 105 ppm CO in 5% oxygen  95% nitrogen mixture. 
    
     The data from Tables 2 and 3, for 2.0 and 4.0 gram catalyst charges are plotted in FIGS. 1 and 2 respectively. It can be observed from these data and figures that the addition of nickel (II) in combination with palladium (II) increases the catalytic activity as compared to the use of palladium (II) alone. It can be further observed that nickel (II) chloride in the impregnation solution itself affords no catalytic activity in the absence of palladium. The enhanced catalytic activity of the palladium and nickel catalyst composition appears to reside principally in the range of about 0.02M/l palladium and 0.06M/l nickel up to about 0.07M/l palladium and 0.01M/l nickel, in the impregnating solution, although some increase in activity would be expected outside of that range. Some increase in effect is noted with a palladium concentration as low as 0.01 moles per liter and a nickel concentration as high as of 0.07 moles per liter, or a palladium concentration as high as 0.075 moles per liter and a nickel concentration as low as 0.005 moles per liter in the impregnating solution. 
     Other palladium (II) salts may be used such as palladium bromides, nitrates, or sulfates, or the complex chloride salt Li 2  PdCl 4 . Alternative particulate substrates may include silica gel, charcoal or molecular sieves. 
     While certain illustrative catalyst solution compositions have been described above in considerable detail, it should be understood that there is no intention to limit the invention to the specific compositions disclosed. On the contrary, the invention includes alternative compositions and uses falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as expressed in the appended claims.