Abstract:
The invention provides an apparatus for measuring the flying height and orientation of a magnetic head (54) relative to a transparent disk (20) based on both frustrated total internal reflection and total internal reflection. The apparatus comprises a housing (10) that mounts an electric motor (12) which rotationally supports the aforementioned disk. The disk (20) has a tapered lateral surface (20c) with light emitting means (22) such as a laser (24) installed on one side of the disk lateral surface and a flat light detecting means (30) on a side of the disk diametrically opposite to the laser. A second light detector (130) is disposed on the other side of the disk (20) from, and opposite the head (54). The light is emitted from the laser (24) and is directed to the disk (20) perpendicular to the tapered lateral surface (20c) of the disk (20). When the magnetic head (44) to be tested is absent, the light detecting means (30) shows an area of homogeneous intensity of the reflected light. When, however, the magnetic head (44) approaches to the surface (20a) of the disk and is supported during rotation of the disk at a flying height, i.e., on an air cushion, the proximity of the head frustrates the total internal reflection. As a result, the intensity of the reflected light sensed by the detector (38) is reduced. The degree of this reduction and that detected by detector (130) can be translated through appropriate electronic means and computer (40) into the value of the flying height.

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/738,034, filed Oct. 24, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,789,756. 
    
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to measuring nanometric distances between objects, particularly an optical apparatus for measuring a gap between a magnetic transducing head and a transparent medium as they move relative to one another. More specifically, the invention relates to an apparatus for measuring the flying height and orientation of a magnetic head with respect to a test disk in a flying-height tester. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Most computer systems include a data storage device comprising of a rotating magnetic coated disk and a transducer for reading and writing information stored on the magnetic material of the disk. Such systems are normally characterized by storage density, access speed to data locations, reliability, and data integrity. One of the principal parameters which significantly affects the system characteristics is the position of the magnetic transducing head relative to the rotating disk. The relative air flow between the disk rotating at a high rate and a head biased toward the disk causes the head to fly on an established cushion of air. Generally, the smaller is the head-to-disk spacing the higher is accuracy of transduction of information stored on the disk. The head-to-disk spacing referred to as the &#34;head gap&#34; or a &#34;flying height&#34; for conventional high performance systems is on the order of several tens of nanometers. Flying aerodynamics vary for different heads, disks, rotation speeds resulting in different flying heights and head orientations. Therefore, in the design process, as well as in production, it is important to provide precise control of the flying height and orientation of the head to meet desired performance criteria. 
     At the present time, several optical techniques are used to measure a nanometric gap between a magnetic head and a rotating magnetic disk. 
     One measuring method is based on optical interferometry. This method uses a mutual interference effect wherein two optical beams produce lines, bands, or fringes which are either alternately light and dark or variously colored. In order to measure a gap between two objects having nearly parallel mutually facing surfaces, where one of the objects is transparent, a beam of light is directed into the gap to be measured through the body of the transparent object in such a way that the axis of the beam is essentially normal to the facing surfaces. Beams reflected from the surfaces of both objects are superimposed at a detector element and the interference fringes are read. It is known from optics that the detected light intensity depends on the ratio of the path difference between two beams to the radiation wavelength. This relationship is used as a calibration table for gap measurements as the path difference between the beams is twice the gap. 
     A particular application of optical interferometry for measuring the nanometric gap between a magnetic head and a flat reference disk made of an optically transparent material such as glass is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,813,782 issued in 1989 to Yagi et al. In the apparatus described in this patent, the operating conditions of a hard disk drive are simulated by rotating a reference disk with a high speed, and a magnetic head to be tested is biased toward the reference disk, e.g., by a spring, and flies above the disk on a dense air cushion. As a disk is rotating, a light beam is directed through the transparent reference disk from the side opposite to the magnetic head. The beams reflected from the surface of the disk and the surface of the head interfere with each other producing interference fringes. These fringes are detected and analyzed for determining the gap between the magnetic head and the reference disk using a calibration curve. 
     The main drawback of the above method is inaccuracy of the calibration curve near its maximum and minimum points, where measurement accuracy is significantly low due to small changes in the signal with the variation of the gap (so called &#34;flat regions&#34; of the calibration curve). This problem is especially pronounced in systems based on the above principle and intended for measuring head gaps that are much less than one quarter of the optical wavelength. Moreover, commercially available devices are unable to take measurements at several points on the magnetic head at the same time. Therefore, time consuming point-by-point measurements have to be performed in order to obtain a map of surface-to surface proximity. 
     Another optical method that is used to measure the gap between objects is based on a phenomenon known as &#34;frustrated&#34; total internal reflection. Total internal reflection is observed when electromagnetic radiation (e.g., a light beam) is incident on an interface between two media at an oblique incidence angle. If the radiation propagates from the side of the optically denser of the two media, e.g., the medium having the higher index of refraction of the two referred to below as the first medium, and the incidence angle exceeds (as measured from the propagation axis) a certain critical value that depends on the ratio of the refractive indexes of the two media, all radiation is reflected back to the first medium and none enters the other, or second medium, and the reflection is &#34;total&#34;. 
     However, if the second medium is a thin film, followed by a third medium, which has a higher refractive index than the first medium, a part of the incident radiation is reflected back into the first medium, but a part propagates into the third medium. In other words, the internal reflection is not total and therefore is called a frustrated total internal reflection even though the angle of the incident radiation and the indices of refraction of the first and second media would appear to be appropriate for total internal reflection. In this case of the frustrated total internal reflection, a fraction of radiation reflected back into the first medium depends on a ratio of the thickness of the second medium to the radiation wavelength, a complex refractive index of the third medium, and polarization of the incident radiation. Such systems are more sensitive to the variation of nanometric gaps and therefore are suitable for measuring the &#34;flying height&#34; between a magnetic head above a reference disk with higher accuracy than the apparatuses based on the principle of optical interference. 
     An apparatus which determines the proximity of a stationary glass surface to another surface using the phenomenon of frustration of total internal reflection is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,681,451 issued to Guerra et al in 1987. In the apparatus, a glass block is used to substitute a conventional magnetic head. Its spacing from a magnetic disk is then imaged by a video camera detecting intensity distribution of the light reflected back into the glass. The magnetic disk may be rotated to simulate aerodynamic characteristics. 
     The main disadvantage of this proximity imaging device is its inability to test dynamic behavior and to measure the flying height of an actual magnetic head, as may be needed by a magnetic head manufacturer, or a consumer, for quality control purposes. Even though some of the conditions inside a disk drive can be simulated by executing a replica of the head in glass, the results obtained in this manner are inaccurate. Furthermore, because the size and mass of the optical system required is substantial, the device can not be used to test miniature flying magnetic heads, nor can it exhibit the dynamics of an actual spring mounted head weighing a small fraction of a gram. Thus, the apparatus cannot be used to test the characteristics of an a actual head. 
     A different apparatus which determines the proximity of a rotating glass surface to another surface using frustrated total internal reflection is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,257,093 (issued to Mager et al in 1993). In that patent, a device is used to determine the gap between a real magnetic head and a surrogate magnetic disk, represented by a pair of glass lenses. One of the glass lenses may be set into motion to develop aerodynamic characteristics establishing the spacing between the surface of the glass lens and the magnetic head close to the actual device. The stationary second lens with two prisms is used to couple illumination energy into the surface undergoing frustration of the total internal reflection and to view and measure resulting internal reflection for purposes of determining the distance to the head. 
     Two lenses and two prisms required by this apparatus are physically large and heavy. The apparatus needs complicated alignment of prisms mounted to one of the surfaces. In order to withstand relative motion at several thousand revolutions per minute, these lenses must be fabricated to severe tolerances and must be placed in a strong housing in case they are broken while rotating. Furthermore, the rotating lens is subject to rapid deterioration and, therefore, requires frequent replacement. The replacement is followed by the procedure of full and complicated alignment. Thus, such system is costly, complicated and has a limited scope of application. 
     The above problem is solved in an apparatus described in a pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/476,626, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,805 of the same applicant, incorporated herein by reference. The apparatus described in that application utilizes an extremely simple single flat reference disk made of a transparent material such as glass. Light enters the disk from one side of the disk at an angle to the flat surface higher than the critical angle of the total internal reflection and propagates through the glass. When a magnetic head approaches the flat surface of the disk, frustration of the total internal reflection takes place. It is also known from the field of optics that the phenomenon of the frustrated total internal reflection is always accompanied by so-called photon-tunneling effect. This effect consists in ability of light to penetrate from a first medium to a third medium through a thin a thin second medium. The intensity of the light penetrated through the thin second medium, which in the case under consideration is a gap between the magnetic head and the reference disk, is complementary to the intensity of light reflected back into the reference disk in the case of the aforementioned frustrated total internal reflection. 
     In the apparatus of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/476,626, the proximity of the magnetic head to the disk is measured as intensity of the light that left the disk due to photon tunneling and was scattered by the surface of the magnetic head. As the disk is transparent, the scattered light is measured by a detector located on the side of the disk opposite to the head. 
     Although this measuring system is extremely simple and inexpensive, it produces a rather weak signal which is difficult to detect on a background of the noise. Such systems are suitable for testing small-batch production of magnetic heads, i.e., for conditions where the manufacture of more sensitive and accurate measurement systems may appear to be economically unjustified. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for measuring a flying height and orientation of a magnetic head relative to a reference medium which is characterized by high accuracy in measuring nanometric gaps on the basis of a frustrated total internal reflection. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide an apparatus for measuring the gap between the head and the reference disk at several points on the magnetic head at the same time. 
     Still another object is to obtain a map of a magnetic head to reference disk surface proximity during a short period of time. 
     Yet another object of the invention is to provide an apparatus which is suitable for testing dynamic behavior and measuring the flying height of an actual magnetic head. 
     Further object of the invention is to provide an apparatus which is small in size and light in weight, does not need a complicated alignment procedure, and may be manufactured without strict tolerances. 
     Another object is to provide the aforementioned apparatus which is inexpensive to manufacture and to operate and which has a wide scope of practical application. 
     Finally, it is an object of the invention to provide an apparatus of the aforementioned type which is characterized by a high signal-to-noise ratio and is suitable for testing magnetic heads in mass production. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view of the apparatus for measuring a flying height and orientation of a magnetic head with respect to a transparent disk in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a fragment top view of the apparatus of FIG. 1. 
     FIG. 3 is a schematic perspective view illustrating essential parts of the apparatus of FIGS. 1 and 2. 
     FIG. 4 is a schematic perspective view illustrating glass disk and a channel region inside where light is propagated. 
     FIG. 5a shows a sensing area of the apparatus in the form of a charge coupled device sensor array. 
     FIG. 5b shows a sensing area of the apparatus in the form of a fast photo-diode system. 
     FIG. 6 is a view similar to that shown in FIG. 1 but with another embodiment of means for attaching the transparent disk to the electric motor. 
     FIG. 7 is an alternative form of the invention including an apparatus of the form shown in FIG. 1 augmented by an apparatus of the form shown in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/476,626, augmented further by a processing network. 
    
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention provides an apparatus for measuring the flying height and orientation of a magnetic head relative to a transparent disk based on frustrated total internal reflection. In a preferred embodiment the apparatus comprises a housing that mounts an electric motor which rotationally supports the aforementioned disk. The disk has tapered lateral surface with light emitting means such as a laser installed on one side of the disk lateral surface and a light detecting means on a side of the disk diametrically opposite to the laser. The light is emitted from the laser and is directed to the disk perpendicular to the tapered lateral surface of the disk. The latter has a tapering angle of 45° so that the light is propagated through the body of the disk nominally with total internal reflection from two parallel surface of the disk into the body of the disk. As a result, when the magnetic head to be tested is absent, the light detecting means shows an area of homogeneous intensity of the reflected light. When, however, the magnetic head approaches to the surface of the disk and is supported during rotation of the disk at a flying height, i.e., on an air cushion, the proximity of the head frustrates the total internal reflection. As a result, the intensity of the reflected light sensed by the detector is reduced. The degree of this reduction can be translated through appropriate electronic means and computer into the value of the flying height. Another form of the invention includes the above described apparatus, augmented by an apparatus of the form disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/476,626, augmented further by a processing network, for example, an averaging network. That dual mode configuration can provide separate measures of flying height for each mode alone, or a single composite measure of the flying height, which may be a weighted or unweighted average of those measures, as desired. Thus, the dual mode or two sub-system apparatus forms a flying height measuring system including the advantages of both of the apparatus described hereinabove and thus disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/476,626. The output signals may be combined and processed to obtain an improved measure of flying height. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     An apparatus made in accordance with one embodiment of the invention for measuring a flying height and orientation of a magnetic head with respect to a transparent reference disk is shown in FIGS. 1 through 3. The magnetic head has an index of refraction IR. FIG. 1 is a schematic side sectional view of the apparatus of the invention along the line I--I of FIG. 2, FIG. 2 is a top view of the apparatus of FIG. 1, and FIG. 3 is a perspective view of components of the apparatus of FIGS. 1 and 2. 
     As can be seen from the drawings, the apparatus has a housing 10 that supports an electric motor 12 with a vertically oriented and upwardly directed output shaft 14 having an axis of rotation Z. A spindle 16 is connected to output shaft 14 and supports a mounting plate 18. 
     A transparent reference disk 20 is attached to mounting plate 18 by means of four pins 19a, 19b, 19c, and 19d positioned on a rotary drive and support assembly. The disk 20 is extending into correspondingly positioned recesses in the surface 20b. The center of the disk coincides with axis of rotation Z. The pins 19a through 19d are equally displaced from a rotation axis Z leaving the center interior region of disk 20 transparent to propagation of the light. As shown, the pins 19a, 19b, 19c and 19d extend partially through disk 20. Disk 20 is a conic frustum having two parallel surfaces, i.e., a first plane surface 20a and a second plane surface 20b, and a lateral tapered surface 20c between first surface 20a and second surface 20b. In the illustrated embodiment, tapering surface 20c converges in the downward direction at an angle equal to 45° to the planes of first and second surfaces 20a and 20b. The entire surface of disk 20 is polished to optical quality of 1 nm rms or higher. A diameter D1 of first surface 20a of disk 20 and a diameter D2 of second surface 20b of disk 20 are equal to an even number of the disk thicknesses T, and preferably D1-D2=2T. In the preferred embodiment disk 20 is made of glass, preferably, of the type of a glass used as a substrate in conventional magnetic disks. The index of refraction of the disk glass IR1 is about 1.52, where IR1 is less than IR. The disk 20 is optically transparent at least in the channel region 49. 
     The apparatus also contains an illumination assembly 22 that is secured in housing 10, e.g., by bolts (not shown in the drawing). Illumination assembly 22 consists of a light source such as a laser 24, e.g., a semiconductor diode laser (with the wavelength of 670 nm) driven by a power supply 25 and am associated coupler for coupling light to the interior of disk 20. The coupler includes a collimating lens 26, and a plano-concave lens 28. Laser 24, collimating lens 26, and plano-concave lens 28 are arranged sequentially in the direction of light emitted from laser 24. Plano-concave lens 28 is made of the same material as disk 20. As can be seen from FIG. 2, plano-concave lens 28 has on its surface 28a facing the tapered surface of disk 20 the same curvature as the aforementioned tapered surface 20c. Surface 28a is spaced from tapered surface 20c at a very short distance of about 0.03 to 0.1 mm. 
     A detector assembly 30 is supported in housing 10 near tapered surface 20c on the side of disk 20 opposite to illumination assembly 22. Detector assembly 30 includes a coupler comprising a plano-concave lens 32, an interference filter 34, and a polarizing filter 36, and a detector 38, all aforementioned elements being arranged sequentially in the direction of propagation of the light from illumination assembly 22. Plano-concave lens 32 is made of the same material as disk 20 and has on its surface 32a facing the tapered surface of disk 20 the same curvature as the aforementioned tapered surface 20c. Surface 32a is spaced from tapered surface 20c at a very short distance of about 0.03 to 0.1 mm. Interference filter 34 passes only the light on the operation wavelength and cuts the light with other wavelengths, i.e., the background light. 
     In order to increase a signal-to-noise ratio, polarizing filter 36 is arranged to pass to detector only the light which is linearly polarized along the axis perpendicular to the surfaces 20a and 20b. Detector 38 generates a signal representative of light coupled from the disk 20. Detector 38 may be a rectangular charge coupled device (CCD) camera or a set of three fast photodiodes. Detector 38 is connected to a data analyzing unit, e.g., a computer 40 for analyzing output signals of detector 38. Computer has a display unit 42 that shows the results of the analysis, which are generally indicative of the position of the magnetic head relative to surface 20a. 
     A magnetic head 44 to be tested is mounted on a magnetic head support assembly in which a head loader 46 is fixed in a positioner 48 that allows accurate positioning of the head at any desired point above surface 20a of disk 20 and changing the angle of the head relative to the radius of disk 20--so-called &#34;skew angle&#34; of the magnetic head. The positioner suitable for this purpose may be the one described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,254,946 issued to the same applicant in 1993. 
     Disk 20 is rotated in a fluid environment A (FIG. 1), such as air, but may alternatively be a liquid contained in the interior of housing 10. It is essential for the material of disk 20 to have refractive index IR1 higher than that of the surrounding environment IR2. In case of air, the refractive index of the environment IR2 is equal approximately to 1.00. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS OPERATION 
     For the beginning of the operation of the apparatus, light source 24 is switched on. As a result, a light from light source 24 passes through collimated lens 26 whereby the light is converted into a collimated light beam B having a diameter D equal to the side length L of surface 20c of disk 20 (FIG. 1). Plano-concave lens 28 allows for the beam to pass through tapered surface 20c in a collimated state (FIG. 2). 
     As can be seen from FIG. 1, beam B enters disk 20 perpendicular to surface 20c and at an angle of 45° to surfaces 20a and 20b that is higher than the critical angle 41° of total internal reflection from a glass-air interface. In FIG. 1, positions of such interfaces coincide with surfaces 20a and 20b. In other words, in the course of its propagation through the material of disk 20, light beam B undergoes multiple total internal reflections from surfaces 20a and 20b and has a saw-tooth like path. Light beam B propagates in a channel region 49 (FIG. 4) extending along and between overlying diameters of surfaces 20a and 20b. 
     Because, as has been mentioned above, diameters D1 and D2 of first and second surfaces 20a and 20b of disk 20 are equal to an even number of the disk thicknesses T the light exits disk 20 at the side of detector assembly 30 with the position of the beam on the exit surface being the same as on the entrance surface (FIG. 1). In other words, e.g., a light entering point a 1  on surface 20c on the light source side corresponds to light exit point a 2  on the detector side of surface 20c. Furthermore, the projection of beam B on surface 20a (FIG. 2) is symmetrical with respect to the disk center. As shown in FIG. 1, D1=6T and D2=4T where light beam B reflects three times at surface 20b. In an alternate embodiment where D1=4T and D2=2T, light beam B reflects only one time at surface 20b. 
     After exiting from disk 20, light beam B sequentially passes through plano-concave lens 32 that keeps it in a collimated state, interference filter 34, polarizing filter 36, and enters detector 38. The latter converts the signals of optical intensity of the beam into electrical signals that are sent to computer 40. Computer 40 analyses the electrical signals and shows the results of the analysis on display 42. 
     In the case of detector 40 in the form of a CCD sensor array, the results are displayed as a rectangular region 50 corresponding to the configuration of sensing area of the CCD sensor array. This is shown in FIG. 5a. In the event disk 20 is ideal and the light beam is homogeneous, the entire region 50 will have a constant brightness. 
     A head 44 is then accurately positioned with the use of aforementioned positioning mechanism 48 at a required place above the area of surface 20a corresponding to the projection of propagating beam B on surface 20a (FIG. 2). The magnetic head is then moved toward surface 20a of disk 20. Disk 20 is brought into rotation about central axis Z by motor 12 at a speed of about 4000 rpm, so that a relative air flow supports magnetic head 44 in a floating state on an air cushion, i.e., at a some distance from disk 20. This distance or gap G may be on the order of 20 to 30 nm. When gap G is small enough, frustration of the total internal reflection at the points under the head surface takes place. This decreases the intensity of light reflected from the surface 20a into the body of disk 20 in the area where head 44 is located. As a result, an image of head 44 will be reproduced on computer display 42 with a decrease of brightness in area of head 44 that are closer to surface 20a. These areas of reduced brightness are shown in FIG. 5a as strips 44a and 44b corresponding to projecting portions 44c and 44d of magnetic head 44. 
     As has been mentioned above, the aforementioned brightness has a functional dependence on a ratio of the gap to the optical wavelength, etc. Therefore the computer output data can be converted into absolute values of gap G. 
     As disk 20 rotates, for a part of the time, light beam B will be shuttered by pins 19 (FIG. 2). To avoid scattering of light and increase the signal-to-noise ratio, both source 24 and detector 38 are synchronously electronically shuttered for the time intervals when the beam encounters pins 19. For a CCD sensor array, the shuttering can be performed with the use of an electronic shutter that is normally an integral part of a standard CCD camera and therefore is omitted from the description. In the case of a laser source, shuttering can be achieved on a current-modulation principle by means of power supply 25 in a manner known in the art. 
     OTHER EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION 
     The apparatus of the invention may have detector 38 in the form of a set of fast photodiodes. One embodiment of such a detector is shown schematically in FIG. 5b in the form of three fast small-area photodiodes P1, P2, and P3 located in specific points corresponding to specific points on surface 20a within the outlines of the projection of head 44 on surface 20a. 
     The apparatus of the invention with the detector of this embodiment operates in the same manner as the apparatus of the first embodiment, with the exception that the intensities of the light reflected from surface 20a are determined at the aforementioned three specific points. The intensities measured in the aforementioned points are recalculated through the known relationships into the values of gaps at these points. In other words, the measurement at three points provides complete information on the relative position and orientation of head surfaces 44c and 44d with respect to disk surface 20a. 
     FIG. 6 shows a third embodiment of the invention in which a disk 120 is covered on its bottom surface 120b with a reflection coating 121 and is attached, e.g., by means of an adhesive substance, to a support disk, e.g., another glass disk 123 which in turn is attached to a shaft 130 of an electric motor 132. In this embodiment, the apparatus is free of pins 19a, 19b, 19c, and 19d that shutter the light beam during rotation of the disk. Therefore in this embodiment, there is no need to shutter the detector and the light source. Otherwise, the system operates in the same manner, as described above. 
     FIG. 7 shows an alternate form of the invention system 110, which is similar to that shown in FIG. 1 but additionally includes a subsystem of the type disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/476,626. In FIG. 7, elements that correspond to elements in FIG. 1 are identified by the same reference numerals, and except for computer 40, those elements function as described above in conjunction with FIG. 1. System 110 further includes a detector 130 and assembly 140 which positions detector 130 to face toward the underside of disk 20, facing and in this embodiment axially aligned with, head 44. The detector 130 and assembly 140 correspond in function to detector 84 and assembly 16 disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/476,626. 
     Thus as head 44 is moved across the upper (as shown) surface of disk 20, the detector tracks that motion on the underside (as shown) of disk 20. The detector 139 detects the light that passes from the interior of disk 20 across the gap between the top surface of disk 20 and head 44, and is reflected back by head 44 across the gap, through the disk 20 and is incident on detector 130. As in the system disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/476,626, the detector 130 generates a signal representative of this light and transfers that signal to computer 40. 
     Computer 40 in one mode of operation independently determines separate measures of the gap g from each, the signals transferred by detector 130 and detector 30 (as described in connection with FIG. 1). In another mode, computer 48 combines the determined measures in a predetermined manner to obtain a single composite measure of the gap g. By way of example, the combination may be a simple average of the two independently obtained measures of g, or a weighted average, as desired. 
     With the form of invention of FIG. 7, the user may selectively determine the mode of operation of computer 40 to optimize the determination of the flying height of head 44 above disk 20. 
     BROADENING, RAMIFICATIONS, AND SCOPE 
     Thus it has been shown that the present invention provides an apparatus for measuring a flying height and orientation of a magnetic head relative to transparent medium which is characterized by high accuracy in measuring nanometric gaps on the basis of a frustrated total internal reflection. The apparatus of the invention allows measuring of the gap between the head and the reference disk at several points on the magnetic head at the same time. The invention also allows obtaining of a map of a magnetic head to reference disk surface proximity during a short period of time. The invention makes it possible to test dynamic behavior and measure the flying height of an actual magnetic head. The apparatus of the invention is small in size and light in weight, does not need a complicated alignment procedure, and may be manufactured without strict tolerances. The aforementioned apparatus is inexpensive to manufacture and to operate and has a wide scope of practical application. Finally, the apparatus of the invention is characterized by a high signal-to-noise ratio and is suitable for testing magnetic heads in mass production. 
     Although the invention has been described by way of practical examples with reference to specific embodiments, it is understood that the scope of practical application of the invention is not limited to these embodiments and that various modifications are possible without departure from the attached claims. For example, light source 24 may be an incandescent source or a light emitting diode, also it may include fiber optics. The lateral tapered surface of the disk may be coated with an antireflecting coating. Lenses 28, 32 and filters 34, 36 may be omitted at the expense of a worse spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. Both CCD sensor array and a set of photodiodes may be combined into an integral system with the use of a beam splitter. In addition, the first and second planes of the disk may be reversed with respect to the position of the head. Furthermore, the angle between the tapering angle of disk 20 and the angle between the light beam B and plane surfaces 20a and 20b of disk 20 may differ from 45° at the expense of a worse signal-to-noise ratio.