Abstract:
A level-up shifter circuit is suitable for high speed and low power applications. The circuit dissipates almost no static power, or leakage current, compared to conventional designs and can preserve the signal&#39;s duty cycle even at high data rates. This circuit can be used with a wide range of power supplies while maintaining operational integrity.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/442,973, filed on Feb. 15, 2011. The entire teachings of the above application are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    A level-up shifter is an essential element for IO design which handles signals crossing from the core power supply domain to the IO power supply domain, with the IO supply higher than the core supply. For the full-swing GHz high speed signals, a level-up shifter which can handle rail to rail signal level and still preserve duty cycle fidelity is in high demand. More importantly, as power dissipation becomes an important factor in IC design, it is critical to reduce DC current paths. Since a level-up shifter needs to transfer signals from one power domain to another, short-circuit currents may still be present when driving a static DC level if not designed carefully, particularly as the difference between core and IO supply grows larger. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0003]    Example embodiments of the invention provide a level-up shifter circuit suitable for high speed and low power applications. This circuit design dissipates minimal or negligible static power, or leakage current, compared to conventional designs and can preserve the signal&#39;s duty cycle even at high data rates. This circuit can be used with a wide range of power supplies while maintaining operational integrity. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0004]    The foregoing will be apparent from the following more particular description of example embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating embodiments of the present invention. 
           [0005]      FIG. 1  is a circuit diagram of a typical level-up shifter circuit. 
           [0006]      FIG. 2  is a circuit diagram of a level-up shifter circuit in an example embodiment. 
           [0007]      FIG. 3  is a timing diagram of the level-up shifter circuit of  FIG. 2 . 
           [0008]      FIG. 4  is a chart of simulated duty cycles over PVT variations. 
           [0009]      FIG. 5  is a chart of simulated static current over PVT variations. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0010]    A description of example embodiments of the invention follows. 
         [0011]      FIG. 1  is a circuit diagram of a typical level-up shifter circuit. Conventional level-up shifters have been implemented in high-speed signals interfacing between the core power domain and the IO power domain. As shown in  FIG. 1 , pin A is the input signal and is in the core power domain, indicated as pin VDD. A buffer (e.g., an inverter) receives the input signal, which is the signal that is to be shifted up to the IO power domain, indicated as VDDO pin. Pin E_BAR is the enable signal that enables the function of this level-up shifter if E_BAR=0. Pin Y is the output signal being shifted up. 
         [0012]    Logically, the conventional shifter design of  FIG. 1  appears to operate to output an up-shifted signal corresponding to the input at pin A. However, in actual implementation, there is an inevitable DC current path from VDDO to ground either through PFET P 1 , P 2  and NFET N 1 , or through PFET P 3 , P 4  and NFET N 2 . Given inputs A=1, E_BAR=0, and VDD&lt;VDDO, for example, logically PFET P 2  should be shut off and PFET P 4  should be turned on and both P 1  and P 3  should be on as well, therefore producing a logical 1 on the Y pin. However, due to the difference between voltage level of VDD and VDDO, a logical 1 in VDD may not necessarily mean a logical 1 in the VDDO domain. If the difference between VDD and VDDO is greater than the threshold voltage of PFET, which is Vgs&lt;Vth (both Vgs and Vth are negative since this is for PFET), then PFET P 2  is being turned on, and causes node t 1  to be raised above 0v. Depending on the difference between VDD and VDDO, node t 1  can be raised higher than the threshold voltage of NFET, and causes NFET N 1  and N 2  to be turned on as well. Once NFET N 1  and N 2  are on, it would create a DC current path from VDDO to ground. This is undesirable leakage current that happens constantly. This effect is referred to as static power dissipation. Even if the difference between VDD and VDDO is not high enough to be above the threshold voltage of PFET, the PFET could still be in the sub-threshold region, and a small amount of leakage current is still inevitable. 
         [0013]    To minimize the DC current, transistors P 1  and P 3  can be configured such that there are two-high stacks PFETs. Even though E_BAR is intended to be a feature to enable or disable the level-up shifter, E_BAR=logical 1 is not really capable of shutting off P 1  and P 3  completely as E_BAR is a signal in VDD domain. PFETs P 1  and P 3  are also subject to the Vgs vs Vth relationship as well. Because of this constraint, this design is only suitable for the application in which the VDD and VDDO difference is not that high. Even in situations where VDD and VDDO are close, it is still susceptible to sub-threshold leakage current if there is a finite difference between them that creates a non-zero Vgs on the PFETs. 
         [0014]      FIG. 2  is a circuit diagram of a level-up shifter circuit in an example embodiment. Here, the level-up shifter comprises one fewer MOSFET than the circuit of  FIG. 1 , and completely shuts off the DC path from VDDO to ground when transmitting either logical  1  or  0 . With proper device sizing, this design can produce a near ideal 50-50 duty cycle waveform at its output even over process, voltage and temperature (PVT) variation at high speed. Operation of the level-up shifter of  FIG. 2  is described in further detail below with reference to  FIG. 2 . 
         [0015]      FIG. 3  is a timing diagram of the level-up shifter circuit of  FIG. 2  under operation. When A=logical 1 and VDD&lt;VDDO, NFET N 2  is turned on and PFET P 3  is turned off, therefore node p_gate is pulled down to ground by N 2 . Since node p_gate is now at logical 0, PFET P 1  is turned on subsequently. Meanwhile, node a_bar becomes logical 0 so PFET P 2  is then turned on and NFET N 1  is turned off completely. At this state, node pout is charged to VDDO through PFET P 1  and P 2 , and it is certain that there is no DC path from node pout to ground since NFET N 1  is turned off when its gate is driven by logical 0. Because node pout is now at VDDO, node pout_bar becomes logical 0 and output node Y becomes logical 1 (VDDO) as a result. Since both source and drain of PFET P 3  is now at logical 0 and gate of P 3  at VDD, there is no current flowing through P 3  either. 
         [0016]    When A=logical 0 and VDD&lt;VDDO, NFET N 2  is turned off and the gate of PFET P 3  is driven to logical 0. P 3  is going to be turned on depending on the Vgs level, which is if node pout_bar rises above the threshold voltage of P 3 . Meanwhile, node a_bar is at logical 1 or VDD, and therefore NFET N 1  is turned on completely and the condition of PFET P 2  being off depends on the Vgs, or the voltage difference between node s 1  and a_bar. With N 1  being on, it pulls node pout to ground and turns node pout_bar to logical 1 (VDDO) subsequently. With node pout_bar raises from 0 to VDDO, node p_gate is tracked with it as well, and as a result it completely turns off PFET P 1 . Since Vgs of P 1  is now at 0v, the current flowing through the source and drain of P 1  is eliminated. At this point, output node Y is driven to logical 0 and there is no DC current from VDDO to ground in this scenario either. 
         [0017]      FIG. 4  is a chart of simulated duty cycles over PVT variations. To demonstrate the robustness of this level-up shifter, a VDD vs VDDO combination may be simulated as described below. With proper device sizing, this circuit can also be used with different VDD vs VDDO combinations. In this case, a nominal VDD voltage at 1.1v and a nominal VDDO voltage at  1 . 5   v  are used for simulations. To further stress this circuit, the following process, voltage and temperature (PVT) variations are used to come up 135 corner simulations: the process is swept through TT, FF, SS, SF, and FS corners; the VDD voltage is varied from 0.9v, 1.1v to 1.225v; the VDDO voltage is tested with 1.4v, 1.5v and 1.6v; and the temperature is varied from −40° C., 60° C., to 110° C. Over such extreme PVT variations, the example data of  FIG. 4  demonstrates that the level-up shifter of  FIG. 2  still maintains excellent duty cycle fidelity. The ideal goal is to achieve a duty cycle with 50%, and this circuit maintains the mean duty cycle at 50.086%, with standard deviation of ±0.249%. 
         [0018]      FIG. 5  is a chart of simulated static current over PVT variations. In terms of power consumption, unlike the conventional high speed level-up shifter, the level-up shifter of  FIG. 2  consumes almost no DC current or static current when driving a constant logical 0 or logical 1.  FIG. 5  demonstrates that, over the same PVT variations applied as shown in  FIG. 4 , the circuit only dissipates 0.85 uA of current as a worst case, which is almost no DC current at all. This means this level-up shifter will not consume any static power when in standby mode or driving a logical 0 or logical 1. Therefore, it also eliminates the requirement of having an enable function as prior art does. 
         [0019]    Example embodiments provide a significant power improvement on static power dissipation, especially if it is being used on parallel IO interfaces. Any static power reduction on a single circuit entity can easily be multiplied by a big multiplication factor for a large number of instances being used. At the same time, the level-up shifter still meets the high speed requirement that delivers an acceptable 50-50 duty cycle over extreme PVT variations. In addition, the mechanism that shuts off DC current has no dependency on a difference between VDD and VDDO; it can be used extensively without the voltage difference being a gating factor. As modern chip designs demand higher speed and lower power, this level-up shifter can be widely adopted for any interface that needs a rail-to-rail signal transition from one lower power supply domain to another higher power supply domain. 
         [0020]    A further advantage of the level-up shifter circuit of  FIG. 2  is in providing a wider range of difference between the two power domains. In contrast, in the circuit of  FIG. 1 , if the voltage difference between two domains grows larger, the signal driven from the lower voltage domain cannot completely shut off the devices in the higher voltage domain, therefore causes a DC path to ground. Moreover, the circuitry may completely lose its functionality if the voltage difference is so large that the devices at high voltage domain can&#39;t be shut off at all from the signals generated from lower voltage domain. The circuit of  FIG. 2  avoids this problem, as it does not rely on the signal from the lower voltage domain to shut off the devices in the higher voltage domain. Rather, it implements a feedback mechanism driven from the higher voltage domain, which can completely eliminate the DC path to ground even given a wide range of difference between two voltage levels. 
         [0021]    While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to example embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.