Abstract:
The invention relates to methods of diagnosis, control and prophylaxis of inflammation and mitigation of inflammatory conditions, particularly arthritis and joint pain, in felines, comprising measuring particular inflammatory biomarkers. The invention further provides a method to treat or control inflammation comprising administering a diet comprising increased levels of one or more of DHA, EPA, methionine, manganese, vitamin C, vitamin E, and/or L-carnitine.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention relates to methods of diagnosis, control and prophylaxis of inflammation and mitigation of inflammatory conditions, particularly arthritis and joint pain, in felines, comprising measuring particular inflammatory biomarkers. The invention further provides a method to treat or control inflammation comprising administering a diet comprising increased levels of one or more of DHA, EPA, methionine, manganese, vitamin C, vitamin E, and/or L-carnitine. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Degenerative joint diseases (DJD) or osteoarthritis (OA) in felines has been less recognized than in canines. However, several authors have estimated the occurrence of appendicular DJD in the feline population to range from 16.5% to 64% of older felines. Little is known about the etiology and predisposing factors of feline DJD. Utilizing genomic and proteomic technologies may help provide insight into the disease process and understand how treatment therapies may aid in the management of this disease. 
         [0003]    Osteoarthritis is a chronic, degenerative joint disease that is caused by the progressive inflammation and deterioration of the cartilage, bone, and soft tissue of one or more joints. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition that causes inflammation and damage to the joints. Both are chronic inflammatory conditions. Because the damage to the joints is progressive and largely irreversible, it is desirable to identify and address the inflammatory process proactively. Unfortunately, biomarker expression in blood has proved difficult to correlate with expression in tissue, making diagnosis difficult before the disease leads to severe pain and irreversible tissue damage. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    Six genes that were up-regulated in felines with OA compared to normal geriatric felines were identified. These genes were then measured utilizing the same arthritic felines after consuming the test food. A diet which provides clinical benefit correlating with the reduction in expression of the six genes has also been identified. 
         [0005]    Thus the invention provides in a first embodiment a method of detecting an inflammatory condition in a feline, comprising measuring blood levels of a gene selected from one or more of INDO, ANXA1, MMP8, CD79a, ODC1, and STXBP2, wherein increased expression is correlated with an inflammatory condition. 
         [0006]    In a further embodiment, the invention provides a method of control and/or prophylaxis of inflammation, or mitigation of inflammatory conditions, particularly arthritis and joint pain, in a feline, comprising identifying the condition by measuring blood expression levels of INDO, ANXA1, MMP8, CD79a, ODC1, and/or STXBP2, and administering a diet comprising increased levels of one or more of DHA, EPA, methionine, manganese, vitamin C, vitamin E, and/or L-carnitine, e.g., for a period of at least two weeks. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    The diet for use in the methods herein includes for example, a feline diet comprising increased levels of one or more of DHA, EPA, methionine, manganese, vitamin C, vitamin E, and/or L-carnitine. e.g., comprising DHA+EPA 0.25-5% on a dry weight basis, for example a diet comprising, on a dry weight basis: 
         [0008]    DHA+EPA: 0.5-2.5% 
         [0009]    Methionine: 1-3% mg/kg, 
         [0010]    Manganese: 50-200 ppm 
         [0011]    Vitamin C: 75-1000 mg/kg 
         [0012]    Vitamin E: 500 -2500 mg/kg 
         [0013]    L-carnitine: 100-1500 mg/kg 
         [0000]    for example a diet having approximately the nutritional composition of the test diet of Example 1, e.g., having ingredients in the approximately amounts identified in Table 1, +/−10% on a dry weight basis. 
       EXAMPLE 1  
     Effect of Diet on Inflammatory Biomarkers in Arthritic Felines 
       [0014]    This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a test food on whole blood gene expression profiles when fed to felines with appendicular degenerative joint disease (DJD). Thirty-one domestic short hair felines (initial weight, 4.2±1.27 kg, age, 12.1±2.98 years) with lameness and radiographic changes consistent with DJD were included in the study. All felines were fed a control food for 28 days followed by a test food. The test food contained increased levels of DHA and EPA, methionine, manganese, Vitamins C and E, and L-carnitine. Whole blood samples were collected on the last day of the control food and after 14 days on the test food. After consuming the test food for 14 days, felines with DJD had decreased expression of the 6 genes (INDO, ANXA1, MMP8, CD79a, ODC1, and STXBP2), which were identified to be up-regulated in DJD versus healthy geriatric felines. These genes are associated with cartilage degradation, B cell function, polyamine synthesis, and protein trafficking. In summary, feeding the test food to felines with DJD resulted in reversal of the gene expression patterns previously observed in the blood of felines with DJD versus healthy geriatric felines after 14 days. 
         [0015]    Thirty-one neutered/ spayed domestic short hair felines were identified for this study. Felines with lameness were radiographed to confirm changes consistent with degenerative joint disease. Felines were considered otherwise healthy by physical exam and serum chemistry profiles. All felines were immunized against feline panleukopenia, calici and herpes viruses, and rabies, and none had chronic systemic disease on the basis of results of physical examination, complete blood count determination, serum biochemical analyses, urinalysis, and fecal examination for parasites. Felines were housed with 10-12 other felines and food was continuously available throughout the day until their daily caloric requirements were consumed. Felines were housed in spacious rooms with natural light that varied with seasonal changes. Felines experienced behavioral enrichment through interactions with each other, by daily interaction and play time with caretakers, large windows and sun porches to watch the natural landscape and access to toys. All felines were fed a maintenance control food for 28 days before day 0 collection, followed by the test food. Blood was drawn and collected into PAXgene tubes and stored at −20° C. until evaluation. 
         [0016]    The Partek® GS (Partek Inc., St. Charles, Mo.) for Gene Expression Data software (Partek Incorporated, 12747 Olive Blvd., Suite 205, St. Louis, Mo. 63141, U.S.A. http://www.partek.com/partekgs_geneexpression) was used for data analysis. The Robust Multichip Average (RMA) algorithm (1) was used for background adjustment, normalization, and probe-level summarization of the GeneChip® samples. The ANOVA analysis was performed to find significant differentially expressed genes between any two groups with a minimal FDR control at 0.1 and a fold change of 1.3 in each direction. Furthermore, the false discovery rate threshold of 0.1 (means that 10% of observations are due to chance) was chosen as the minimum level of acceptable statistical significance. Similar cutoff values were used the RT-PCR analysis of the 74 selected genes for verification of the microarray data. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Nutritional values of control and test diet 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Nutrients, 
                 Control maintenance 
                   
               
               
                   
                 100% Dry Matter Basis 
                 food 
                 Test food 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Crude Protein, % 
                 34.4 
                 32.3 
               
               
                   
                 Fat, % 
                 19.4 
                 20.7 
               
               
                   
                 Crude Fiber, % 
                 2.1 
                 2.6 
               
               
                   
                 Insoluble fiber, % 
                 5.8 
                 7.6 
               
               
                   
                 Soluble fiber, % 
                 0.1 
                 1.7 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium, % 
                 0.95 
                 1.04 
               
               
                   
                 Phosphorus, % 
                 0.86 
                 0.78 
               
               
                   
                 Potassium, % 
                 0.6 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium, % 
                 0.4 
                 0.3 
               
               
                   
                 Magnesium, % 
                 0.07 
                 0.09 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride, % 
                 0.75 
                 0.96 
               
               
                   
                 Linoleic Acid, % 
                 3.1 
                 3.6 
               
               
                   
                 Alpha linolenic acid, % 
                 0.13 
                 0.26 
               
               
                   
                 DHA, % 
                 &lt;0.01 
                 0.28 
               
               
                   
                 EPA, % 
                 &lt;0.01 
                 0.38 
               
               
                   
                 Lysine, % 
                 1.5 
                 2.7 
               
               
                   
                 Methionine, % 
                 0.92 
                 1.54 
               
               
                   
                 Manganese, ppm 
                 15 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 Vitamin E, IU/kg 
                 104 
                 1215 
               
               
                   
                 Vitamin C, ppm 
                 0 
                 174 
               
               
                   
                 Taurine, ppm 
                 1230 
                 2857 
               
               
                   
                 Carnitine, ppm 
                 21 
                 504 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 RT-PCR analysis of genomic differences in felines with 
               
               
                 osteoarthritis compared to healthy geriatric felines 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Day 14/Day 0 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Gene 
                 Fold 
                   
               
               
                 Gene name 
                 Symbol 
                 Change 
                 P-value 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 CD79A binding protein 1 
                 CD79A 
                 −2.4 
                 0.04 
               
               
                 Annexin A1 
                 ANXA1 
                 −17.0 
                 0.01 
               
               
                 Orinthine Decarboyxlase 1 
                 ODC1 
                 −2.3 
                 0.01 
               
               
                 Indoleamine pyrrole 2,3 dioxygenase 
                 INDO 
                 −3.2 
                 0.09 
               
               
                 Syntax binding protein 2 
                 STXBP2 
                 −2.7 
                 0.06 
               
               
                 Matrix metalloproteinase 8 
                 MMP8 
                 −19.2 
                 0.03 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0017]    Based on the day 0 comparison of felines with OA and healthy geriatric felines, 6 genes that were significantly up-regulated in OA felines were identified. After switching the OA felines to a test food, these 6 genes (CP79a, INDO, ANXA1, ODC1, STXBP2, and MMP8) were down-regulated after 14 days. In effect, these genes now appeared more like the expression of that found in the normal geriatric felines. The results of the current study showed the 6 genes identified as significantly up-regulated in felines with OA versus normal geriatric felines were down-regulated after consuming a test food. These specific genes may play an essential role in the development of OA or DJD or the underlying arthritic condition. This data may provide genomic support for the efficacy of the test food in arthritic felines. In agreement with clinical and activity responses measured, arthritic felines fed the test food had gene expression more similar to normal geriatric felines after consuming the test food.