Abstract:
The present invention discloses a system and a method for authenticating a user based upon a spoken password processed though a standard speech recognition engine lacking specialized speaker identification and verification (SIV) capabilities. It should be noted that the standard speech recognition grammar can be capable of acoustically generating speech recognition grammars in accordance with the cross referenced application indicated herein. The invention can prompt a user for a free-form password and can receive a user utterance in response. The utterance can be processed through a speech recognition engine (e.g., during a grammar enrollment operation) to generate an acoustic baseform. Future user utterances can be matched against the acoustic baseform. Results from the future matches can be used to determine whether to grant the user access to a secure resource.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This continuation-in-part application claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/615,900 filed Dec. 22, 2006, which is incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to the field of speech processing, and, more particularly, to spoken free-form passwords for light-weight speaker verification using standard speech recognition engines. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Conventional password security systems are generally based on a textual password. A proper password is stored within a security system which is compared against user input. When a successful match is made, the user is authenticated, otherwise user access to a secure resource can be denied. One problem with text based passwords is that unauthorized users (e.g., hackers) are sometimes able to access a security system&#39;s password table which grants them access to all associated secured resources. Additionally, numerous malicious programs and electronic devices, such as keyloggers, are specifically designed to capture text based passwords from authorized users. 
     Many security systems utilize biometric input to enhance security. Biometric input can include distinctive physical or behavioral characteristics of a user which are used to identity or verify a user. A common biometric technology is a speech processing technology referred to as speaker identification and verification (SIV). With SIV, users can be identified and verified utilizing specialized speech engines. SIV technologies require users to participate in a training session so that user-specific vocal tract characteristics can be determined. These characteristics or speech features can be stored for subsequent use. Subsequent to the SIV training, a user can be prompted by a SIV system to speak a system generated phrase. A responsively supplied user utterance can be SIV analyzed by a speech processing system to determine whether speech features extracted from the user utterance match the stored speech features. SIV utilizes specialized speech processing technologies that add a significant cost to a security system, even one already possessing speech recognition capabilities. In many situations, the benefits resulting from including SIV technologies do not justify the associated costs. What is needed is a means for enhancing security, which is resistant to malicious attacks and that does not require costly infrastructure upgrades. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       There are shown in the drawings, embodiments which are presently preferred, it being understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown. 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a speech processing system that includes speaker-dependent recognition grammars for passwords in accordance with an embodiment of the inventive arrangements disclosed herein. 
         FIG. 2  is a flow chart of a method for creating and using spoken free-form passwords to authenticate users in accordance with an embodiment of the inventive arrangements disclosed herein. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a speech dialog showing an instance where a spoken free-form password is created and used in accordance with an embodiment of the inventive arrangements disclosed herein. 
         FIG. 4  is a table illustrating sample values of a test scenario of multiple different users speaking a stored password in accordance with an embodiment of the inventive arrangements disclosed herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a system  100  for a speech system that includes speaker-dependent recognition grammars for passwords in accordance with an embodiment of the inventive arrangements disclosed herein. In system  100 , a user  110  can interact with a speech system  120 , which includes an automated speech recognition (ASR) engine  122 . A data store  124  can be used by system  120  to store one or more speech recognition grammars. The grammars of store  124  can include a password grammar  126 . The speech system  120  can permit user  110  to provide audio from which recognition grammar entries are generated. These generated entries can include a password entry which is used to authenticate the user  110  for a secure resource. The password entry can be free-form in nature and can be any user  110  supplied utterance which can include any utter-able sound, word, phrase, etc. An acoustic baseform  128  can be generated from the password containing utterance which can also be recorded  129  and stored. 
     A user&#39;s interactions with the speech system  120  can occur through many different clients or interfaces. In one embodiment, user  110  can utilize a Web browser  112  to interact with Web server  114  provided content. Served Web pages can be speech-enabled content which is processed by speech system  120 . In another embodiment, a voice only interface/device  116  can communicate with a voice response system  118  which uses the speech system  120  for speech processing operations. In still another embodiment, the speech system  120  can be part of an integrated device, such as a computer, kiosk, or mobile device, having an audio transducer  119  for accepting and presenting audio to and from the user  110 . 
     The speech system  120  can be a commercial off-the-shelf speech processing system. The speech system  120  can acoustically generate baseforms using a variety of known techniques, such as those disclosed in the cross-referenced application entitled “SOLUTION THAT INTEGRATES VOICE ENROLLMENT WITH OTHER TYPES OF RECOGNITION OPERATIONS PERFORMED BY A SPEECH RECOGNITION ENGINE USING A LAYERED GRAMMAR STACK”, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/615,900, filed Dec. 22, 2006. The ASR engine  122  can be a standard speech recognition engine instead of a speaker recognition engine which incorporates speaker identification and verification (SIV) technologies. Thus, the system  100  leverages ASR technologies to achieve lightweight speaker verification capabilities without the overhead or infrastructure requirements of a full function SIV system. Because system  100  stores baseforms  128  as password, the system  100  is more resistant to many malicious attacks than other systems that store and use text based passwords. 
       FIG. 2  is a flow chart of a method  200  for creating and using spoken free-form passwords to authenticate users in accordance with an embodiment of the inventive arrangements disclosed herein. The method  200  can be performed in the context of a system  100  or any system having speech recognition capabilities and an ability to acoustically generate and use speaker dependent grammars. The method  200  includes a process  205  to establish a password and a process  225  to utilize established passwords. 
     The password establishment process  205  can begin in step  210 , where a user can be prompted to audibly provide a password. The password can be free-form and can include any user generated utterance, such as a word, a phrase, or any other noise. In one embodiment, the utterance used for the password is used to generate an acoustic baseform and is not converted into text. Consequently, the utterance can be in any language or dialect and can include slang. The flexibility of the free-form utterance advantageously permits a user to create a highly unique password which is easy for the user to remember. Further, use of an acoustic baseform as a password is uniquely associated with a user&#39;s voice and is not readable by others (unlike textual passwords). Thus, acoustic baseform passwords are difficult for unauthorized users to steal by invading (i.e., hacking into) a security system. 
     In step  212 , free-form audio input can be received in response to the password prompt. In step  214 , a consistency check can optionally be performed against the free-form input. The consistency check can determine if the received audio input is sufficiently consistent with previously received utterances. If not, then the process can proceed from step  214  to step  216 , where the user can be re-prompted for the password. The process can loop from step  216  to step  212 , where audio input for the re-prompted password can be received. When consistency is achieved in step  214 , the method can move to step  218 , where an acoustic baseform for the password can be added to a speaker-dependent speech recognition grammar. 
     The password utilization process  225  can begin in step  230 , where a user can be prompted for an identifier/account number. In step  232 , results from the prompting can be processed and used to determine a user identity. In step  234 , a recognition grammar associated with the user and a password context can be determined. In step  236 , a user can be prompted for a password. In step  238 , an utterance can be received from the user. In step  240 , the utterance can be acoustically matched against the password recognition grammar. 
     In step  242 , a confidence score generated from the matching can be compared against a minimum confidence threshold. When the score meets or exceeds the threshold, the process can progress from step  242  to step  244  where the user can be authorized to utilize the secure system. When the threshold is not exceeded, the process can progress from step  242  to step  246 , where a determination can be made as to whether a maximum number of attempts has been made. If so, the user can be presented with an access denied message in step  248 . If the maximum number of established attempts is not exceeded, the process can loop from step  246  to step  238  where another utterance can be received from the user. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a speech dialog showing an instance where a spoken free-form password is created and used in accordance with an embodiment of the inventive arrangements disclosed herein. The speech dialog can be performed in the context of a system  100  or a method  200 . The speech dialog includes a password establishment dialog  310  and a password usage dialog  340 . Both dialogs  310  and  340  illustrate communications between an automated system  312 ,  342  and a user  314 ,  344 . 
     In dialog  310 , a voice prompt  320  can be audibly presented that prompts a user to speak a free-form password. A spoken response  322  of “jack sprat ate no fat” can be spoken in response. In one embodiment, a confusable phrase grammar can be queried to ensure that the spoken response  322  is not acoustically similar to pre-existing system commands, such as cancel, stop, quit, main menu, and the like. In dialog  310 , the user supplied password is not likely to be confused with pre-existing commands. 
     To insure that new passwords will be accurately recognized when provided to a speech recognition engine, the automated system can prompt the user to repeat the password to insure a minimum number of consistent baseforms are generated. Thus, the system can re-prompt  324  a user, who repeats the password  326 . A third prompting  328  can result in the password being uttered a third time  330 . 
     In the dialog  310 , an enrollment session can successfully complete after three successful consistent pronunciations are received. The best audio ( 322 ,  326 , and/or  330 ) of the uttered password can be saved (i.e., a Media Resource Control Protocol (MRCP) save-best-waveform support function can be used in one configuration). The automated system can inform  332  a user that the phrase has been successfully enrolled. Additional information, such as a reminder to remember the password, a re-playing of the spoken password, recording size in bytes, recording duration in milliseconds, and the like, can optionally be presented  332  at this point in the dialog  310 . The user provided acoustic baseform can be saved in an indexed fashion in a record or a file associated with the user. In one embodiment, the user utterances provided in dialog  310  can be saved and used to calibrate the automated system. 
     In dialog  340 , a voice prompt  350  can ask a user to speak a user identifier, which the user speaks  352  in response. The automated system can then prompt  354  for a password. The user can utter  356  “jack sprat ate no fat.” This is the same password created in dialog  310 . A speech recognition system can compare the utterance against a stored baseform created in dialog  310 , which results in a match with a relatively high confidence score. If the confidence score falls below a previously established threshold, the system can re-prompt the user. Otherwise, the system can successfully authenticate a user which results in the system presenting  358  a welcome message. 
       FIG. 4  is a table  400  illustrating sample values of a test scenario of multiple different users speaking a stored password in accordance with an embodiment of the inventive arrangements disclosed herein. The table  400  shows three columns including a speaker&#39;s identity  402 , an average confidence score  404 , and a system&#39;s confidence in a claimant  406 . The table  400  is based on real-world test input for a spoken password of “jack sprat ate no fat.” The table  400  assumes that each speaker  412  had somehow acquired an owner&#39;s  410  password and that multiple password requests are made to obtain the average values ( 404  and  406 ) for table  400 . 
     More specifically, table  400  shows that a password owner  410  has an average confidence score of approximately 0.67 and a speaker confidence value of one hundred percent. Each other speaker  412  has lower values for the average confidence score and speaker confidence value. The table  400  shows only a password owner can be one hundred percent authenticated by a free-form password system, such as system  100 . Thus, use of acoustic grammars spoken by a user into a standard speech recognition system increases system security. In one embodiment, confidence thresholds (over 0.665 in the example) can be established so that only an authorized speaker will be authenticated. The confidence threshold can be lowered to permit variance in the owner&#39;s  410  spoken password to still be accepted, which may result in some unauthorized access, such as Female Hacker # 1  and/or Male Hacker # 6 . Thus, an established confidence score can be adjusted depending on whether a system is more concerned that some spoken utterance by an owner  410  is invalidated or is more concerned that some spoken utterance by others will be improperly validated. 
     The present invention may be realized in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. The present invention may be realized in a centralized fashion in one computer system, or in a distributed fashion where different elements are spread across several interconnected computer systems. Any kind of computer system or other apparatus adapted for carrying out the methods described herein is suited. A typical combination of hardware and software may be a general purpose computer system with a computer program that, when being loaded and executed, controls the computer system such that it carries out the methods described herein. 
     The present invention also may be embedded in a computer program product, which comprises all the features enabling the implementation of the methods described herein, and which when loaded in a computer system is able to carry out these methods. Computer program in the present context means any expression, in any language, code or notation, of a set of instructions intended to cause a system having an information processing capability to perform a particular function either directly or after either or both of the following: a) conversion to another language, code or notation; b) reproduction in a different material form. 
     This invention may be embodied in other forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof. Accordingly, reference should be made to the following claims, rather than to the foregoing specification, as indicating the scope of the invention.