Abstract:
A Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer that is free from an effect of interference condition change resulting from an accessory being mounted and has a high measurement accuracy is provided. A Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer according to the present invention is a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer including a common base on which a sample chamber  2  and an interference optical system are mounted, where an accessory  20  can be detachably in the sample chamber, the Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer including: accessory information reading means  22  for reading accessory information provided to the accessory  20  when the accessory  20  is mounted in the sample chamber  2;  and setting condition changing means (controller  30 ) for changing a setting condition for the interference optical system based on the accessory information read by the accessory information reading means  22,  the setting condition varying depending on, e.g., a difference in weight between respective accessories  20.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (hereinafter, “FTIR”). 
       BACKGROUND ART 
       [0002]    In the FTIR, an infrared interference wave whose amplitude oscillates is generated by an interferometer, such as a Michelson interferometer, and is cast to a sample. Light transmitted by the sample or light reflected by the sample is detected as an interferogram, and the interferogram is subjected to Fourier transformation to obtain a spectrum (power spectrum) with the wavenumber as the abscissa and the intensity as the ordinate. Here, the Michelson interferometer is a device including a beam splitter (half mirror), a fixed mirror, a moving mirror. Light is divided into two light beams by the beam splitter, one of the light beams is reflected by the fixed mirror while the other light beam is reflected by the moving mirror, and then these two reflected light beams are made to interfere with each other. The amplitude of the resulting interference light oscillates with time as a result of moving the moving mirror. 
         [0003]    The power spectrum obtained from light transmitted or reflected by a sample as described above is referred to as “sample spectrum” in the present description. Since a sample spectrum contains a background, it is necessary to subtract the background from the sample spectrum in order to obtain an absorption spectrum or a transmission spectrum. For that subtraction, conventionally, in the FTIR, a measurement is performed without sample before sample spectrum measurement to obtain a spectrum of the background. 
         [0004]    If the direction of the moving mirror changes (if the moving mirror pitches or yaws) while a sample spectrum and a background spectrum are measured, temporal fluctuations may occur in the amplitude of the resulting infrared interference wave. Therefore, in the FTIR, in order to prevent fluctuations in the amplitude of the infrared interference wave due to change in the direction of the moving mirror, dynamic alignment is widely used (Patent Literature 1). 
         [0005]    In dynamic alignment, laser light with a cross-sectional area smaller than that of infrared light to be used to obtain an interferogram in a main interferometer (Michelson interferometer) is used to perform a preliminary measurement for measuring change in the direction of the moving mirror while in motion. The preliminary measurement is made by detecting, with a photodiode array, movement of the position of a spot of the laser light during movement of the moving mirror with no sample provided. Based on a result of the preliminary measurement, when an FTIR measurement is performed, the direction of the fixed mirror is continuously adjusted during movement of the moving mirror so as to cancel out the effect of the change in the direction of the moving mirror. The adjustment of the direction of the fixed mirror is made by, for example, applying a voltage to a piezoelectric element provided on the back of the fixed mirror. 
       CITATION LIST 
     Patent Literature 
       [0006]    [Patent Literature 1] JP 02-253103A 
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     Technical Problem 
       [0007]    In the FTIR, a replaceable measurement accessory is mounted in a sample chamber in which a sample is to be set, depending on the relevant measurement method such as an attenuated total reflection (ATR) measurement method, a specular reflection measurement method or a diffuse reflection measurement method, or depending on the state (gas, liquid or solid) of the sample. For example, for measuring a liquid or a gas, an accessory including a cell that contains the liquid or the gas is used. Also, for performing an ATR measurement, an accessory equipped with a movement mechanism that presses a sample to a surface of a prism and moves the prism in order to change an angle of infrared interference light incident on the sample is used. Examples of the movement mechanism include ones using a motor as well as manual ones. Also, an infrared microscope may be mounted in the sample chamber as an accessory. 
         [0008]    The sample chamber in which these accessories are mounted is placed on an device chassis via a suspension so that vibration is hardly transmitted to the sample chamber; however, when the interference conditions are adjusted to be optimum with no accessory mounted in the sample chamber, the interference conditions deviate from the optimum interference conditions as a result of an accessory being mounted, and the deviation differs depending on the accessory. 
         [0009]    A decrease in signal intensity due to such interference condition deviation causes a decrease in measurement accuracy of the FTIR even if dynamic alignment is performed. An object of the present invention is to provide an FTIR that is free from an effect of interference condition deviation resulting from an accessory being mounted and has a high measurement accuracy. 
       Solution to Problem 
       [0010]    The present inventor has found that a cause of interference condition deviation resulting from an accessory being mounted lies in that a base on which a sample chamber and an interferometer are installed via respectively provided independent suspensions is slightly distorted by the weight of the accessory. Distortion of the base changes a mutual positional relationship between a fixed mirror and a moving mirror in the interferometer. The interference conditions sensitively change depending on the positional relationship, and thus, even slight distortion of the base may cause an adverse effect. Also, distortion of the base may cause displacement of an incident position of infrared light on a detector. 
         [0011]    Furthermore, optical elements, such as prisms, mirrors and/or slits, included in an optical path or an accessory are different depending on the accessory, and the throughput is thus different. Therefore, the amount of infrared light entering a detector decreases, which may result in decrease in signal intensity. 
         [0012]    The present invention made in order to solve the aforementioned problem provides a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer including a common base on which a sample chamber and an interference optical system are mounted, where an accessory can be detachably installed in the sample chamber, the Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer including: 
         [0013]    a) accessory information reading means for reading accessory information provided to the accessory when the accessory is mounted in the sample chamber; and 
         [0014]    b) setting condition changing means for changing a setting condition for the interference optical system depending on the accessory based on the accessory information read by the accessory information reading means. 
         [0015]    In the Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer according to the present invention, each of plural types of accessories is provided with information for the accessory (accessory information). Then, the accessory information reading means reads the accessory information provided to the accessory when the accessory is mounted in the sample chamber. Based on the accessory information read as stated above, the setting condition changing means changes a setting condition for the interference optical system depending on the mounted accessory. Based on the setting condition changed as stated above, measurement is performed. Consequently, measurement can be performed with an optimum condition for each accessory. 
         [0016]    The setting condition of the interference optical system for each accessory may be obtained after a preliminary test for measuring a background spectrum, and be recorded in recording means included in the Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer for each accessory, and the setting condition changing means may read the setting condition corresponding to the accessory from the recording means. Instead of the recording means, the setting condition of the interference optical system for each accessory may be provided to the accessory as accessory information. 
         [0017]    For example, in the interference optical system in which infrared light is divided into two light beams, one of the light beams is reflected by the fixed mirror, the other light beam is reflected by the moving mirror and the two reflected light beams are then made to interfere with each other, the setting condition changing means changes a parameter for adjusting the direction of the fixed mirror relative to the moving mirror. When dynamic alignment is performed during measurement as stated above based on the parameter thus changed, in order to fix the direction of the fixed mirror relative to the moving mirror during movement of the moving mirror, feedback control is performed so that the parameter is maintained at a predetermined value for the relevant accessory, whereby the direction of the fixed mirror is continuously adjusted. 
         [0018]    Also, the throughput is different depending on the accessory because of differences in optical path and optical elements, and thus, upon an accessory being mounted, the amount of infrared light received by a detector changes. In order to make up for the change, the setting condition changing means may change a parameter for setting a luminance of a light source. 
         [0019]    The accessory information provided to each accessory may be recorded in ordinary readable recording means such as an IC chip or a bar code. 
       Advantageous Effects of Invention 
       [0020]    The present invention enables provision of the FTIR that eliminates an effect of interference condition change depending on the relevant accessory mounted and enables high-accuracy measurement. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0021]      FIG. 1  is a diagram of a schematic configuration of an embodiment of an FTIR according to the present invention; 
           [0022]      FIG. 2  is a diagram of a schematic configuration of a sample chamber in the FTIR of the present embodiment; 
           [0023]      FIG. 3  is a schematic configuration diagram illustrating an example of an accessory mounted in the sample chamber in the FTIR of the present embodiment; 
           [0024]      FIG. 4  is a schematic configuration diagram illustrating another example of an accessory mounted in the sample chamber in the FTIR of the present embodiment; 
           [0025]      FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram illustrating another example of an accessory to be mounted in the sample chamber in the FTIR of the present embodiment; and 
           [0026]      FIG. 6  is a flowchart of a process for re-adjusting an optimum value of a phase difference in dynamic alignment based on a power spectrum obtained by measurement in the FTIR of the present embodiment. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       [0027]    An embodiment of an FTIR according to the present invention will be described with reference to  FIG. 1  to  FIG. 6 . 
       Embodiment 
     (1) Configuration of FTIR of the Present Embodiment 
       [0028]    In the FTIR of the present embodiment, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , an interferometer chamber  1  and a sample chamber  2  are provided on an upper surface of a base  3 . Between the interferometer chamber  1  and the sample chamber  2 , and the base  3 , a suspension (not illustrated) is provided. 
         [0029]    The interferometer chamber  1  is airtight, and a main interferometer including an infrared light source  10 , a converging mirror  11 , a collimating mirror  12 , a beam splitter  13 , a fixed mirror  14  and a moving mirror  15  is provided inside the interferometer chamber  1 . Also, a control interferometer including a laser light source  16  and a laser mirror  17 , and the beam splitter  13 , the fixed mirror  14  and the moving mirror  15 , which are shared with the main interferometer, is provided inside the interferometer chamber  1 . The main interferometer generates main interference light to be cast to a sample, and the control interferometer measures parameters for adjusting the direction of the fixed mirror  14  relative to the moving mirror  15 . A parabolic mirror  4 , the sample chamber  2  (described above) and an ellipsoidal mirror  5  are arranged outside the interferometer chamber  1  in such a manner that main interference light emitted from the main interferometer is introduced to an infrared photodetector  6  through these components. A piezoelectric element  14   a  for adjusting the position (direction) of the fixed mirror  14  is provided on a back surface of the fixed mirror  14 . 
         [0030]      FIG. 2  is a diagram of a schematic configuration of the sample chamber  2 . An accessory  20  such as those in  FIG. 3 ,  FIG. 4  and  FIG. 5  is mounted inside the sample chamber  2 . The accessory  20  to be used in the FTIR according to the present embodiment is provided with an IC chip  21  with accessory information (for example, a product number) recorded. Also, an accessory information reading unit  22  is provided inside the sample chamber  2  to read the accessory information in the IC chip  21  when the accessory  20  is mounted in the sample chamber  2 . 
         [0031]    Also, a controller  30  (setting condition changing means) is provided in the FTIR of the present embodiment, and the controller  30  includes an operation unit  31 , a parameter storage unit  32  and a data processor  33 . Functions of the controller  30  will be described later in explanation of operation of the FTIR of the present embodiment. 
         [0032]    Examples of the accessory  20  to be mounted in the sample chamber  2  include the following. 
       (a) Accessory According to Measurement Method 
       [0033]    (a-1) ATR Measurement Accessory 
         [0034]    In ATR measurement, a sample is pressed against a prism, and an absorption spectrum of the sample is obtained from a slight amount of infrared light totally reflected from the inside of the sample while entering the inside of the sample at a boundary between the prism and the sample. As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , an ATR measurement accessory includes a prism to be pressed against a sample, and an optical system that makes the infrared light enter the sample at a predetermined angle and introduces the reflected light to a detector (for example, ATR-8200H manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). Also, there is an ATR measurement accessory provided with a mechanism that moves the prism and the sample in order to change an angle of infrared light incident on the sample (for example, ATR-8000A manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). 
         [0000]    (a-2) Specular Reflection Measurement Accessory 
         [0035]    Specular reflection measurement is a method in which a reflection spectrum of the sample is measured without using the prism, which has been employed before the ATR measurement. Also, in the specular reflection measurement method, the absorption spectrum can be obtained by subjecting the reflection spectrum to a Kramers-Krohig analysis. As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , a specular reflection measurement accessory includes an optical system that makes infrared light enter the sample at a predetermined angle and introduces reflected light to a detector (for example, SRM-8000A manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). Among specular reflection measurement accessories, also, there are those provided with a mechanism that changes an angle of the infrared light incident on the sample (for example, VeeMAX II A manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). 
         [0000]    (a-3) Transmission Measurement Accessory 
         [0036]    Transmission measurement is literally a method in which a spectrum of infrared light transmitted by the sample is measured. A specular reflection measurement accessory includes a sample holder provided with a window formed of a hole or a material that transmits the infrared light in order to prevent the infrared light transmitted by the sample from being blocked, and an optical system that causes the infrared light to transmit the sample and introduces the infrared light to a detector. 
       (b) Accessories According to State of Sample 
       [0037]    (b-1) Liquid Cell 
         [0038]    A liquid cell is used when a liquid sample is measured. Also, separately from a liquid cell to be used for a non-volatile liquid sample, a more highly-airtight liquid cell is used for a volatile liquid sample. 
         [0000]    (b-2) Gas Cell 
         [0039]    A gas cell is used when a gas sample is measured. Also, when a rarefied gas sample is measured, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the gas cell provided with a reflection mirror that repeatedly reflects the infrared light inside the cell is used in order to increase an amount of absorption of the infrared light by the sample. 
       (c) Infrared Microscope 
       [0040]    Use of the FTIR in combination with an infrared microscope enables an enlarged image of the sample and a sample spectrum to be obtained simultaneously. The infrared microscope, as the accessory for the FTIR, generally includes an optical system as a microscope that includes an objective lens facing the sample, and an optical system as the FTIR which causes infrared light from a side of the sample to enter the sample and extracts reflected light from an opposite side of the sample. 
       (2) Operation of FTIR in Present Embodiment 
     (2-1) Preliminary Measurement 
       [0041]    In the FTIR, normally, at the time of shipment or maintenance, an interference optical system is set so as to be optimum with no accessory mounted in the sample chamber. The same applies to the present embodiment. Here, accessories to be mounted in the sample chamber  2  are different in weight from one another, and thus, distortion occurring in the base  3  supporting the interferometer chamber  1  and the sample chamber  2  is also different depending on the accessory. For the difference in distortion of the base  3 , a parameter for adjusting an inclination of the fixed mirror  14  in a dynamic alignment is required to change depending on the accessory. Therefore, in a state in which the interference optical system is set in advance to be optimum with no accessory mounted in the sample chamber, preliminary measurement for determining the parameter is performed for each accessory, with the accessory mounted in the sample chamber. The preliminary measurement may be performed at the time of factory shipping or may be performed by a user when a new accessory is mounted for the first time. A method of the preliminary measurement will be described below. 
         [0042]    First, the accessory is mounted in the sample chamber  2 . Then, laser light is emitted from the laser light source  16  in the control interferometer. The laser light is cast to the beam splitter  13  via the laser mirror  17  and thereby divided into two laser light beams. One of the laser light beams is reflected by the fixed mirror  14  and returns to the beam splitter  13 , and the other laser light beam is reflected by the moving mirror  15  and returns to the beam splitter  13 . Consequently, laser interference light resulting from interference of these two light beams is generated and sent to an exit of the interferometer chamber  1 , that is, in the direction toward the parabolic mirror  4 . The laser interference light advances in the form of a light flux having a very small diameter, and is thus reflected by a laser mirror  18  inserted in the optical path and is then introduced to a laser detector  19 . 
         [0043]    The laser detector  19  is a quadrant photodiode whose light reception surface is divided in quarters by two axes perpendicular to each other, and signals obtained by four light reception units are output in parallel. The respective signals obtained by the four light reception units are input to the operation unit  31 . Based on a reference signal Sr obtained from one light reception unit among the four light reception units, and a horizontal signal Sh and a vertical signal Sv obtained respectively by light reception units horizontally and vertically adjacent to the light reception unit from which the reference signal Sr has been obtained, the operation unit  31  calculates a phase difference ΔRH between the reference signal Sr and the horizontal signal Sh, and a phase difference ΔRV between the reference signal Sr and the vertical signal Sv. The phase differences ΔRH and ΔRV obtained here are provisional parameters ΔRH 0  and ΔRV 0 . 
         [0044]    Next, infrared light is emitted from the infrared light source  10 . The infrared light is introduced to the beam splitter  13  via the converging mirror  11  and the collimating mirror  12  and thereby divided into two light infrared beams. One of the infrared light beams is reflected by the fixed mirror  14  and returns to the beam splitter  13 , and the other infrared light beams is reflected by the moving mirror  15  and returns to the beam splitter  13 . Consequently, main interference light resulting from interference of these two light beams is generated. The main interference light is detected by the infrared photodetector  6  via the parabolic mirror  4 , the sample chamber  2  and the ellipsoidal mirror  5 . Then, the detection of the infrared light is performed while the moving mirror  15  is moved, whereby the controller  30  obtains an interferogram, and the controller  30  subjects the interferogram into a Fourier transform to obtain a power spectrum with the wavenumber as an abscissa and the intensity as an ordinate. Also, throughout the entire length of the movement of the moving mirror  15 , the controller  30  calculates the phase differences ΔRH and ΔRV based on the signals from the laser detector  19 , and performs feedback control of a voltage applied to the piezoelectric element  14   a  so as to maintain these phase differences ΔRH and ΔRV at the provisional parameters ΔRH 0  and ΔRV 0 , thereby adjusting the inclination of the fixed mirror  14 . 
         [0045]    The controller  30  performs a Fourier transform of the interferogram thus obtained to obtain a power spectrum with the wavenumber as an abscissa and the intensity as an ordinate. The controller  30  calculates intensities at arbitrary wavenumbers (for example, three points, 1000 cm −1 , 2000 cm −1  and 3000 cm −1 ) of the power spectrum. If each of the intensities is a predetermined value or more, the provisional parameters ΔRH 0  and ΔRV 0  are set as parameters ΔRHa and ΔRVa for adjusting the inclination of the fixed mirror  14  in dynamic alignment. On the other hand, if each of the intensities is less than the predetermined value, an operation of obtaining a power spectrum as described above after changing the provisional parameter(s) ΔRH 0  and/or ΔRV 0  is repeated until each of the intensities of the power spectrum become the predetermined value or more, and the provisional parameters ΔRH 0  and ΔRH 0  when each of the intensities becomes the predetermined value or more are set as the parameters ΔRHa and ΔRVa. 
         [0046]    The parameters ΔRHa and ΔRVa thus obtained is stored in the parameter storage unit  32  as a parameter table in association with information of the accessory mounted in the sample chamber  2 . These numerical values serve as information to be used when a setting condition for the interference optical system is changed during measurement of the sample as described below. 
       (2-2) Measurement of Sample 
       [0047]    First, a user mounts the accessory  20  according to the purpose of the measurement in the sample chamber  2 . Consequently, the accessory information recorded in the IC chip  21  of the accessory  20  is read by the accessory information reading unit  22  arranged in the sample chamber  2  and send to the controller  30 . Upon receipt of the accessory information from the accessory information reading unit  22 , the controller  30  obtains parameters ΔRHa and ΔRVa for the accessory mounted in the sample chamber  2  with reference to the parameter table in the parameter storage unit  32 . Next, the user sets a sample in the sample chamber  2  and performs an operation to make the FTIR device start a measurement. 
         [0048]    Upon the start of the measurement, an interferogram is obtained by a method similar to that of the preliminary measurement, and the interferogram is subjected to a Fourier transform, whereby a power spectrum is obtained. The power spectrum obtained here is a sample spectrum including information of the sample because main interference light is transmitted or reflected by the sample when the main interference light passes through the sample chamber  2 . Then, during movement of the moving mirror  15 , the inclination of the fixed mirror  14  is adjusted based on the parameters ΔRHa and ΔRVa. Since these parameters ΔRHa and ΔRVa are set for each accessory  20 , an intense sample spectrum can be obtained without being affected due to a variety of distortion of the base  3  depending on the accessory  20 . 
       (2-3) Change of Settings for Parameters 
       [0049]    Optimum values of the parameters may vary due to factors other than the weight of the accessory such as aging deterioration of the device, measurement environment change or optical axis displacement. In order to respond to such variation, a user of the device, or staff of a company who performs periodic maintenance of the device, may re-adjust the settings for the parameters as described below. 
         [0050]      FIG. 6  is a flowchart illustrating a process by the controller  30  of re-adjusting parameters ΔRHa and ΔRVa based on a power spectrum obtained by a measurement. First, a power spectrum is obtained by performing an operation that is similar to that of normal sample measurement using the parameters ΔRHa and ΔRVa with no sample mounted in the sample chamber  2  (step S 1  to S 3 ). The controller  30  obtains intensities at arbitrary wavenumbers of the obtained power spectrum (step S 4 ). Then, the controller  30  determines whether or not each of the intensities is the reference value or more (step S 5 ). If each of the intensities is the reference value or more, it is determined that a sufficiently-high power spectrum has been obtained, and the measurement ends. On the other hand, if each of the intensities is smaller than the reference value, as in the preliminary measurement described above, parameter remeasurement is performed to obtain parameters that provide intensities of the power spectrum each of which is the predetermined value or more by repeating the operation of obtaining a power spectrum as described above after changing the parameters (step S 6 ). Then, if such parameters are obtained, the process proceeds from step S 7  to step S 8 , and the obtained parameters are stored in association with the relevant accessory information (step S 8 ). On the other hand, if such parameters are not obtained, there may be a problem in the accessory  20  itself (for example, in an optical axis in the accessory  20  that is determined by mirrors included in the accessory  20 ), and the process proceeds from step S 7  to step S 9 , and a message indicating that adjustment or the like of the accessory  20  is necessary is displayed. 
         [0051]    Although the above embodiment has been described in terms of an example in which phase differences are used as parameters, for example, a luminance of the infrared light source  10  can be used as a parameter. Because the throughput differs depending on the accessory and the amount of infrared light received by a detector varies when the accessory is mounted, resultant power spectrum intensity. Thus, the luminance for the infrared light source  10  is changed according to the type of the accessory  20  so that a power spectrum intensity that is the same as that when no accessory is mounted is obtained. Also, since the luminance for the infrared light source  10  is proportional to electric power supplied to the infrared light source  10 , a value of the electric power may be stored as a parameter, for each accessory. 
       REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 
       [0000]    
       
           10  . . . Infrared Light Source 
           11  . . . Converging Mirror 
           12  . . . Collimating Mirror 
           13  . . . Beam Splitter 
           13  . . . Sample Chamber 
           14  . . . Fixed Mirror 
           14   a  . . . Piezoelectric Element 
           15  . . . Moving Mirror 
           16  . . . Laser Light Source 
           17 ,  18  . . . Laser Mirror 
           19  . . . Laser Detector 
           2  . . . Sample Chamber 
           20  . . . Accessory 
           21  . . . IC Chip 
           22  . . . Accessory Information Reading Unit 
           3  . . . Base 
           30  . . . Controller 
           31  . . . Operation Unit 
           32  . . . Parameter Storage Unit 
           33  . . . Data Processor 
           4  . . . Parabolic Mirror 
           5  . . . Ellipsoidal Mirror 
           6  . . . Infrared Photodetector