Abstract:
D-Camosine lipophilic derivatives are disclosed, characterized by higher bioavailability than L-camosine and intended for the pulmonary distribution where they can exert detoxifying activity on the cytotoxic carbonyl compounds induced by cigarette smoke.

Description:
[0001]    The present invention relates to dipeptide derivatives containing D-histidine, and compositions containing them. 
         [0002]    Cigarette smoke contains a mixture of carbonyl compounds including acetaldehyde (1110-2101 μg/cigarette), acrolein (238-468 μg/cigarette), formaldehyde (87.0-243 μg/cigarette), propanal (87.0-176 μg/cigarette), malondialdehyde (18.9-36.0 μg/cigarette), methylglyoxal (13.4-59.6 μg/cigarette) and glyoxal (1.93-6.98 μg/cigarette) (Fujioka K. et al., Environ Toxicol. 2006 February; 21(1):47-54). 
         [0003]    Some of these aldehydes are highly reactive and cytotoxic, such as acrolein, an alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehyde characterised by an electrophilic C3, and the dialdehydes glyoxal and methylglyoxal (O&#39;Brien P J. et al., Crit Rev Toxicol. 2005 August; 35(7):609-62). In particular, acrolein reacts with the bases of DNA to form hexocyclic adducts which can play a leading role in the mutagenesis and carcinogenesis induced by cigarette smoke (Cohen S M. et al., Cancer Res. 1992 Jul. 1; 52(13):3577-81; Yang I Y. et al., Biochemistry. 2002 Nov. 19; 41(46):13826-32; Yang I Y. et al., Biochemistry. 2002; 41(46):13826-32). Acrolein also has many other harmful biological effects, including: 1) a rapid increase in vascular nitric oxide which involves a process of apoptosis affecting the endothelial cells; said process may partly explain the angiopathy induced by cigarette smoke (Misonou Y. et al., Nitric Oxide. 2006 March; 14(2); 180-7); 2) inhibition of T-cell response with a consequent immunosuppression effect (Lambert C. et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005 October; 116(4):916-22); c) a functional alteration of proteins and peptides by formation of covalent adducts and cross-bridges (Uchida K. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 1999 July; 9(5):109-13). 
         [0004]    The lung tissue of smokers is also subjected to an oxidative process induced by oxidising species contained in the smoke, such as nitrogen dioxide; these species are responsible for the lipoperoxidative process affecting polyunsaturated fatty acids, which entails the formation of a second group of aldehydes, also highly cytotoxic and reactive, such as 4-hydroxy-trans-nonenal (HNE) (2: Iles K E. et al., Free Radic Biol Med. 2005 Aug. 1; 39(3):355-64). Like acrolein, HNE is an alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehyde able to form covalent adducts with DNA, inducing mutagenesis and carcinogenesis (Kowalczyk P. et al., Mutat Res. 2004 Jun. 4; 550(1-2):33-48) and involved in various molecular processes which lead to cell dysfunction and damage to the lung tissue. A significant correlation between the HNE content of the pulmonary epithelium and the lung function has also been observed (Rahman I. et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Aug. 15; 166(4):490-5). 
         [0005]    As the lung tissue of smokers is continually exposed to alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehyde compounds (present in smoke or induced by it) and these compounds are partly responsible for mutagenic, carcinogenic and tissue dysfunction processes, an increase in detoxification processes aimed at the α,β-unsaturated aldehydes in the lung tissue would potentially represent a preventive pharmacological approach. 
         [0006]    Earlier studies have demonstrated that carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) performs an important specific detoxifying role towards the α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, with the formation of the corresponding Michael adduct (due to the reaction of the C3 of HNE with the Nτ of the imidazole ring) which lacks reactivity, and consequently cytotoxicity (Aldini G. et al., Biofactors. 2005; 24(1-4):77-87; Aldini G. et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Nov. 15; 298(5):699-706). This detoxification mechanism was recently demonstrated in muscle tissue which had suffered oxidative damage (Orioli M. et al., J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2005 Nov. 15; 827(1):109-18). 
         [0007]    Carnosine which, together with glutathione, can be involved in detoxification of the alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehydes induced by/present in cigarette smoke, is not present in lung tissue but is present in high concentrations in other tissues, such as the skeletal muscle, myocardium and some parts of the brain (Jackson M C. et al., Inflamm Res. 1996 March; 45(3):132-5). The lack of carnosine in the lung tissue can be explained by the presence of carnosinases which are responsible for the hydrolytic process of the dipeptide, with the formation of the two constituting aminoacids (Lenney J F. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1976 Mar. 11; 429(1):214-9). 
         [0008]    Surprisingly, we recently demonstrated in the rat that D-carnosine (β-alanyl-D-histidine), a peptidomimetic of L-carnosine which is resistant to carnosinase, is distributed in the lung after oral administration. It has also been demonstrated that D-carnosine performs the same detoxification of the alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds of L-carnosine. However, the therapeutic application of D-carnosine is considerably limited by its poor gastrointestinal absorption, as recently demonstrated by pharmacokinetic studies conducted on laboratory animals by monitoring the plasma carnosine content with a liquid chromatography test interfaced via an ESI source with a triple quadruple mass spectrometer. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    The present invention relates to lipophilic derivatives of D-carnosine, which are characterised by greater bioavailability than L-carnosine, and are distributed in the lung, where they detoxify the cytotoxic carbonyl compounds induced by cigarette smoke. 
         [0010]    The compounds of the invention have general formula I 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    in which:
 
R 2  and R 3  which can be the same or different, are:
 
         [0011]    hydrogen, except when R 4  represents a hydroxy group; 
         [0012]    a straight or branched C 1 -C 20  or cyclic C 3 -C 7  alkylcarbonyl group optionally containing one or more double bonds, except for the acetyl group when R 4  represents a hydroxy group; 
         [0013]    an arylcarbonyl or arylalkylcarbonyl group; 
         [0014]    a straight or branched C 1 -C 10  or cyclic C 3 -C 7  alkoxycarbonyl group optionally containing one or more double bonds; 
         [0015]    an arylalkoxycarbonyl group; 
         [0016]    an amino group; 
         [0017]    a hydroxy group; 
         [0018]    a group of general formula IV 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0019]    in which Y is nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur and A is hydrogen or an amino group; 
       R 4  is: 
       [0020]    a hydroxy group, except when R 2  or R 3  represent hydrogen or an acetyl group; 
         [0021]    an optionally mono or disubstituted amino group; 
         [0022]    a straight or branched C 1 -C 20  or cyclic C 3 -C 7  alkyl group, optionally containing one or more double bonds; 
         [0023]    an arylalkyl group; 
         [0024]    a straight or branched C 1 -C 20 , preferably C 4 -C 10 , or cyclic C 3 -C 7 , alkoxy group optionally containing one or more double bonds; 
         [0025]    an alkoxycarbonyloxyalkoxy or alkylcarbonyloxyalkoxy group bearing a straight, branched or cyclic alkyl; 
         [0026]    an arylalkoxy group. 
         [0027]    The invention also comprises the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of general formula 1 as well as the complexes with metal cations such as zinc or copper. 
         [0028]    The aryl moieties of the aryl, aryl-alkyl, arylcarbonyl, arylalkylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkyloxycarbonyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy groups defined above can be mono- or polycyclic and optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from: 
         [0029]    hydroxy, C 1 -C 5 -alkoxy, C 1 -C 5  -alkoxycarbonyl groups; 
         [0030]    amino, C 1 -C 5 -mono- or di-alkylamino, C 1 -C 5 -acylamino groups; 
         [0031]    halogen atoms such as Cl, Br, F, I; 
         [0032]    straight, branched or cyclic alkyl groups; 
         [0033]    optionally substituted aryl groups. 
         [0034]    Preferred alkyl, alkoxy or alkylcarbonyl groups are those in which the alkyl residue is represented by methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl, n-decyl, n-hexadecyl. 
         [0035]    Preferred cycloalkyl groups are cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. 
         [0036]    By “aryl group or residue” preferably phenyl or naphthyl, more preferably phenyl, optionally substituted with hydroxy, methyl, cyclopropyl, methoxy, amino, dimethylamino, methylamino, ethylamino, diethylamino, acetylamino, formylamino, propionylamino, butanoylamino groups, or halogen atoms, is meant. 
         [0037]    A preferred aralkyl group is benzyl or phenethyl. 
         [0038]    More particularly preferred compounds are D-carnosine C 4 -C 10  esters. 
         [0039]    The compounds of the invention are characterized in that the configuration of the chiral center bearing the methylimidazole substituent has to be (R), while any other chiral centers present can have either (R) or (S) configuration, depending on the compounds. 
         [0040]    For the intended uses, the compounds of formula I are conveniently formulated in conventional pharmaceutical, cosmetic or nutritional compositions, suitable for the administration through the oral, parenteral, topical or transdermal route. Said compositions are a further object of the invention. Examples of said compositions are capsules, tablets, syrups, injectable solutions or suspensions, ointments, suppositories, controlled-release forms and the like, water-soluble granulates. Said forms, in addition to the carriers and excipients used in the pharmaceutical technique, may optionally contain other active ingredients having complementary or anyway useful activity for the treatment/prevention of the concerned pathologies. 
         [0041]    The compounds of the invention can be prepared using well known techniques, starting from the suitable D-histidine and 3-aminopropionic intermediates in which residues R 2 , R 3 , R 4  have the meanings defined above in the case of the molecules of formula (I), or starting from 3-aminopropionyl-D-histidine for the subsequent introduction of the necessary substituents. 
         [0042]    For example, the compounds of the invention can be prepared by coupling 3-aminopropionic derivatives, suitably substituted at the nitrogen, with D-histidine derivatives bearing the appropriate R 4  substituent, optionally suitably protected, using a coupling method as those described for example in Houben Weil “Synthesis of peptides and peptidomimetics” E 22a chapter 3. 
         [0043]    Alternatively, the compounds (I) can be prepared starting from 3-aminopropionyl-D-histidine by subsequent introduction of the necessary substituents using established procedures, such as those reported in T. Greene, P. Wuts “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry” for functionalization of the carboxylic and amino groups. 
       Experimental Section 
     D-Carnosine Ethyl Ester Hydrochloride 
       [0044]    0.8 g of D carnosine are placed in a 50 ml two-necked round-bottom flask; dissolved in EtOH (16 ml), then added with one drop of DMSO and 2 ml of HCl-saturated Et 2 O. 
         [0045]    The mixture is cooled to 5° C. on an ice bath, then 0.46 g of thionyl chloride are slowly dropped therein (temperature should not exceed 10° C.). The mixture is refluxed at 60° C., monitoring the progress of the reaction by TLC. After completion of the reaction, the mixture is left to cool at room temperature and the solvent is evaporated off under reduced pressure. 
         [0046]    Final residue: 1.25 g, M.W. 363,6, yield 97%. 
         [0047]      1 H-NMR (DMSO-D6): ppm 1,17 t 3H; 2,55 t 2H; 2,95 m 2H; 3,0-3,2 m 2H; 4,1 q 2H; 4,55 m 1H; 7,4 s 1H; 8,78 d 1H. 
       D-Carnosine Octyl Ester Hydrochloride 
       [0048]    0.7 g of D-carnosine are loaded in a round-bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirring; 15 ml of 1-octanol, and 1.75 ml of HCl-saturated Et 2 O are added. The mixture is cooled to 5° C. on an ice bath, then 0.48 g of thionyl chloride are added dropwise (temperature should not exceed 10° C.). 
         [0049]    The mixture is then heated to 90° C., monitoring the progress of the reaction by TLC. After completion of the reaction, the mixture is left to cool at room temperature and the solvent is distilled off (T=30° C., P=1 mmHg). 
         [0050]    The resulting residue is taken up into hexane, to obtain 1.11 g of a white solid which is filtered. 
         [0051]      1 H-NMR (DMSO-D6) ppm 0.8 t 3H; 1,2 m 10H; 1,45 m 2H; 2,3 t 2H; 2,85 m 2H; 1,9-3,2 dq 2H; 3,95 t 2H; 4,52 m 1H; 7,40 s 1H; 8,75 d 1H. 
       D-Carnosine Methyl Ester Hydrochloride 
       [0052]    A 50 ml reactor is loaded with 0.6 g of D-carnosine dissolved in methanol (12 ml), then one drop of DMSO and 1.5 ml of HCl-saturated Et 2 O are added. The mixture is cooled to 5° C. on an ice bath, then 0.2 ml of thionyl chloride are added dropwise (temperature should not exceed 10° C.). The mixture is then heated to 60° C., monitoring the progress of the reaction by TLC. After completion of the reaction, the solvent is evaporated off under reduced pressure to obtain 0.88 g of a clear oil. 
         [0053]      1 H-NMR (DMSO-D6): ppm 2,55 t 2H; 2,95 m 2H; 3,05-3,2 m 2H; 3,65 s 3H; 4,1 m 1H; 7,4 s 1H; 8,8 d 1H. 
       N-Acetyl-D-Carnosine Ethyl Ester 
       [0054]    1 g of D-carnosine ethyl ester hydrochloride is placed in a round-bottom flask and dissolved in EtOH (60 ml). The solution is added with 0.42 g of acetic anhydride and 1.38 g of potassium bicarbonate and the mixture is stirred at room temperature, monitoring the progress of the reaction by TLC. After completion of the reaction, the solid is removed and the solvent is evaporated off. The final residue is treated with acetone, thereby obtaining a white residue which is filtered off, whereas the solvent is evaporated, to obtain 0.33 g of a semisolid residue. 
         [0055]      1 H-NMR(DMSO-D6): ppm 1,1 t 3H; 1,75 s 3H; 2,28 t 2H; 2,81-2,97 m 2H; 3,18 m 2H; 4,05 q 2H; 4,4 m 1H; 7,5s H; 8,45 m 1H. 
         [0056]    The following compounds are prepared analogously: 
       N-Acetyl-D-Carnosine Methyl Ester 
       [0057]      1 H-NMR (DMSO-D6): ppm 1,78 s 3H; 2,15 t 2H; 2,78-2,95 m 2H; 3,17 m 2H; 3,58 s 3H; 4,4 m 1H; 7,4 s 1H; 8,6 d 1H. 
       N-Acetyl-D-Carnosine Octyl Ester 
       [0058]      1 H-NMR (CD3OD): ppm 1,85 t 3H; 2,28 m 10H; 2,55 m 2H; 2,90 s 3H; 3,35 t 3H; 3,9-4,1 dq 2H; 4,35 m 2H; 5,05 m 2H; 5,65 m 1H; 7,85 s 1H; 8,60 s 1H. 
       N-Eoc-D-Carnosine 
       [0059]    A round-bottom flask is loaded with 2 g of D-carnosine and 30 ml of absolute ethanol, then 2.7 g of bicarbonate are added and the solution is cooled a 5° C. Subsequently, 1.1 g of ethyl chloroformate dissolved in 5 ml of THF are dropped therein. The mixture is warmed to room temperature and reacted for an hour at this temperature, then for 3 hours at 50° C. Inorganic salts are filtered off and solvent is evaporated off under reduced pressure to obtain 2.17 g of a spongy solid. 
         [0060]      1 H-NMR (DMSO-D6) ppm 1,15 t 3H; 2,25 t 2H; 2,80-3,05 dq 2H; 3,15 q 2H; 3,95 q 2H; 4,42 m 1H; 6,85 s 1H; 7,75 s 1H. 
         [0061]    The following compound is prepared analogously: 
       N-Eoc-β-Alanine 
       [0062]      1 H-NMR (DMSO-D6) ppm 1,12 t 3H; 2,35 t 2H; 3,18 q 2H; 3,95 q 2H; 7,05 br. s 1H. 
       N-Eoc-D-Carnosine Methyl Ester 
       [0063]    A 50 ml two-necked round-bottom flask is loaded with 1 g of D-histidine methyl ester hydrochloride, which is dissolved in about 10 ml of dry DMF, then 0.73 g of N-methylmorpholine are added and temperature is brought to 0° C. 
         [0064]    After that, 0.7 g of N-Eoc-β-alanine are added and 0.9 g of DCC dissolved in 3 ml of dry DMF are dropwise added. The mixture is reacted at 0° C. for about three hours, left at 5° C. overnight, then filtered and the solvent is evaporated off. 
         [0065]    The residue is taken up in chloroform and washed with a sodium bicarbonate saturated solution (3×30 ml) and water. The organic phase is then dried and evaporated. 
         [0066]    The resulting residue is purified by silica gel chromatography, using a CH 2 Cl 2 /CHCl 3  95/5 mixture as the eluent. 
         [0067]    The pure fractions are combined and the solvent is evaporated off to obtain 1 g of a solid spongy residue. 
         [0068]      1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) ppm 1,22 t 3H; 2,42 t 2H; 3,1 m 2H; 3,45 m 2H; 3,70 s 3H; 4,10 q 2H; 4,80 m 1H; 6,80s 1H; 7,6s 1H. 
         [0069]    The following compound is prepared analogously: 
       N-Eoc-D-Carnosine Benzyl Ester 
       [0070]      1 H-NMR (CDCl3) ppm: 1,32 t 3H; 2,42 t 2H; 3,1 d 2H; 3,45 m 2H; 4,10 Q 2H; 4,35 m 1H; 5,09-5,18 dd 2H; 6,52 s 1H; 7,12 d 1H;7,30-7,40 m 4H; 7,52s 1H.