Abstract:
A semiconductor device which integrates a plurality of semiconductor chips into a single package includes a first semiconductor chip and a second semiconductor chip. The first semiconductor chip includes a plurality of first bonding pads outputting first signals having a first level. The second semiconductor chip includes a plurality of second bonding pads and a plurality of third bonding pads. The plurality of second bonding pads is electrically coupled to a part of the plurality of first bonding pads to receive the first signals having the first level from the first semiconductor chip through the part of the plurality of first bonding pads. The plurality of third bonding pads converts the first signals received through the plurality of second bonding pad into second signals having a second level different from the first level and outputs the second signals through the plurality of third bonding pads.

Description:
FIELD 
     This patent specification describes a semiconductor device responsive to different levels of input and output signals and a signal processing system for processing signals of different levels using the semiconductor device. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Input and output signal levels of chips included in semiconductor devices generally decrease as chip design rules decrease. For example, when chips are manufactured in a 0.5 μm process or more, input and output signal levels are often 5 volts or more. On the other hand, when chips are manufactured in a 0.35 μm process or less, input and output signal levels are set to 3.3 volts or less. Some chips manufactured in the 0.35 μm process can be operated in response to not only 3.3 volt level signals, but also 5 volt level signals using well known tolerant techniques. 
     Hereinafter, as one example of systems for processing different levels of signals, a system including a smart card and a smart card reader/writer apparatus will be considered. In operation, the smart card reader/writer apparatus sends a clock signal CLK and a reset signal RST to the smart card and also exchanges a data signal D with the smart card. 
     Semiconductor chips integrated in a main body of the smart card are limited to a specification due to global standards for electronic cards so that the chips have lagged in miniaturization, in particular, in reducing supply voltage. By contrast, semiconductor device chips used by the smart card reader/writer apparatus continue to increase miniaturization in a semiconductor production process, that is, consume less power supply voltage due to no specification limitation. Specifically, the semiconductor chips integrated in the main body of the smart card are manufactured in 0.5 μm processes to be driven at 5 volts. On the other hand, the semiconductor chips used by the smart card reader/writer apparatus are manufactured in below 0.35 μm (e.g., 0.25 μm) processes to be driven at 3.3 volts. 
     It is possible to drive the semiconductor device chips of the above-mentioned reader/writer apparatus operating with 3.3 volt level signals using 5 volt level input signals by applying a known tolerant technique. However, an increase in the chip output signal levels from 3.3 volts to 5 volts makes the chip more complex, larger in size, and higher in cost. Moreover, low voltage (3.3 volts) driven less power-consuming chips are manufactured in 0.35 μm processes to operate at 5 volts. This results in inefficient performance. 
     The above-mentioned problem is manifested when a substrate of the reader/writer apparatus operates at 3.3 volt signal levels and a portion of pins in the semiconductor device corresponds to a 5-volt drive system, such as the smart card which inputs and outputs 5 volt level signals, as described above. 
     SUMMARY 
     In one embodiment, a novel semiconductor device which integrates a plurality of semiconductor chips into a single package includes a first semiconductor chip and a second semiconductor chip. The first semiconductor chip includes a plurality of first bonding pads outputting first signals having a first level. The second semiconductor chip includes a plurality of second bonding pads and a plurality of third bonding pads. The plurality of second bonding pads is electrically coupled to a part of the plurality of first bonding pads to receive the first signals having the first level from the first semiconductor chip through the part of the plurality of first bonding pads. The plurality of third bonding pads converts the first signals received through the plurality of second bonding pad into second signals having a second level different from the first level and outputs the second signals through the plurality of third bonding pads. 
     The second level may be greater than the first level. 
     In one embodiment, a novel signal processing system includes a first apparatus and an exchangeable second apparatus. The first apparatus includes a semiconductor device which integrates a plurality of semiconductor chips into a single package and which includes a first semiconductor chip and a second semiconductor chip. The first semiconductor chip includes a plurality of first bonding pads outputting first signals having a first level. The second semiconductor chip includes a plurality of second bonding pads and a plurality of third bonding pads. The plurality of second bonding pads is electrically coupled to a part of the plurality of first bonding pads to receive the first signals having the first level from the first semiconductor chip through the part of the plurality of first bonding pads. The plurality of third bonding pads converts the first signals received through the plurality of second bonding pad into second signals having a second level different from the first level and outputs the second signals through the plurality of third bonding pads. The exchangeable second apparatus is configured to be connected to the first apparatus and to receive the second signals having the second level outputted from the first apparatus through the plurality of third bonding pads. 
     The second level may be greater than the first level. 
     In one embodiment, a novel method of manufacturing a semiconductor device for processing different level signals includes the steps of providing and providing. The providing step provides on a substrate a first semiconductor chip which includes a plurality of first bonding pads outputting first signals having a first level. The providing step provides on the substrate a second semiconductor chip and a plurality of third bonding pads. The second semiconductor chip includes a plurality of second bonding pads electrically coupled to a part of the plurality of first bonding pads to receive the first signals having the first level from the first semiconductor chip through the part of the plurality of first bonding pads. The plurality of third bonding pads convert the first signals received through the plurality of second bonding pad into second signals having a second level different from the first level and output the second signals through the plurality of third bonding pads. 
     The second level may be greater than the first level. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A more complete appreciation of the disclosure and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating an exchange of signals between a smart card and a smart card reader/writer apparatus; 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating a structure of a reader/writer controller included in the reader/writer apparatus; 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating an internal structure of a semiconductor chip for converting a signal level; and 
         FIGS. 4A and 4B  are detailed block diagrams illustrating a buffer circuit and a tri-state circuit which are internal components of the semiconductor chip shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     In describing preferred embodiments illustrated in the drawings, specific terminology is employed for the sake of clarity. However, the disclosure of this patent specification is not intended to be limited to the specific terminology so selected and it is to be understood that each specific element includes all technical equivalents that operate in a similar manner. Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts throughout the several views, particularly to  FIG. 1 , a smart card reader/writer apparatus  150  according to a preferred embodiment of the present specification is explained. 
     As one example of systems for processing different levels of signals, a system is described that has the smart card and the smart card reader/writer apparatus and includes a semiconductor device according to one embodiment. 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating a connection of the smart card  200  to the smart card reader/writer apparatus  150 . Upon writing data to the smart card  200  or reading data from the smart card  200 , a reader/writer controller  100  which is a semiconductor device according to the embodiment sends an ON control signal to a power switch  110 . The reader/writer controller  100  then supplies 5 volts to the smart card  200  and an IC 2  (see  FIG. 2 ) integrated in the reader/writer controller  100  as will be explained. Subsequently, the reader/writer controller  100  sends a clock signal CLK to the smart card  200  and exchanges the data signal D with the smart card  200 . Further, the reader/writer, controller  100  sends a reset signal RST to the smart card  200  as desired. Although not specifically illustrated, it is understood that a ground terminal of the smart card  200  is connected to a ground terminal of the reader/writer apparatus  150 . 
       FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating an internal structure of the reader/writer controller  100  included in the reader/writer apparatus  150 . The reader/writer controller  100  is a QFP (Quadrate Flat Package) with  40  lead pins and includes two semiconductor device chips, IC 1  and IC 2 . 
     The semiconductor chip IC 1  is a 3.3-volt driven smart card reader/writer chip and is fabricated in a 0.25 μm process. The semiconductor chip IC 1  uses 3.3 volt levels of input and output signals as a first level signal. The semiconductor chip IC 1  has 40 bonding pads, BP 1  to BP 40 , and the substrate of the reader/writer controller  100  has lead pins, P 1  to P 40 , arranged around the reader/writer controller  100 . The bonding pads BP 1  to BP 13  are wire-bonded to the lead pins P 1  to P 13 , respectively, and the bonding pads BP 19  to BP 40  are wire-bonded to lead pins P 19  to P 40 , respectively. Remaining bonding pads, BP 14  to BP 18 , which exchange signals with the smart card  200 , are wire-bonded to bonding pads, BP 61  to BP 65 , respectively, which correspond to the semiconductor chip IC 2  as will be explained below. 
     An internal circuit connected to the bonding pad BP 16  of the semiconductor chip IC 1  bonding pads BP 14  to BP 18  is set to 5 volts tolerant since bonding pad BP 16  at least receives 5 volt levels of signals from BP 63  of the semiconductor chip IC 2 . This enables the semiconductor chip IC 1  to operate normally in response to 5 volt levels of input signals from the smart card  200 . 
     The semiconductor chip IC 2  is a 5-volt driven chip fabricated in a 0.5 μm process and includes bonding pads BP 61  to BP 70 . The semiconductor chip IC 2  bonding pads, BP 66  to BP 70 , are wire-bonded to the lead pins, P 14  to P 18 , respectively, which are located at a periphery of the reader/writer controller  100 . The detailed structure of the semiconductor chip IC 2  will be described later. The semiconductor chip IC 2  converts the first level (i.e., 3.3 volt levels) signals outputted from the semiconductor chip IC 1  into a second level (i.e., 5 volt levels) signals, and then outputs the signal to the smart card  200 . The semiconductor chip IC 2  outputs 5 volt level signals sent from the smart card  200  to the semiconductor chip IC 1  as 5 volt level signals. 
       FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating a structure of the semiconductor chip IC 2 . As will be explained in greater detail hereinafter,  FIGS. 4A and 4B  are detailed block diagrams illustrating a buffer circuit  71  and a tri-state circuit  78  which is included in the semiconductor chip IC 2  shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     The bonding pads, BP 61  and BP 66 , are connected to the ground terminal GND of the semiconductor chip IC 2 . The bonding pad BP 67  is connected to a wire which supplies a power source voltage Vcc of 5 volts to the circuits inside semiconductor chip IC 2 . 
     Three bonding pads, BP 62 , BP 63  and BP 68  are operatively connected to each other through an I/O interface circuit C of the data signal D. The bonding pad BP 62  is connected to an enable terminal of the tri-state circuit  78  through a buffer circuit  77  and an enable terminal of a tri-state circuit  79  through the buffer circuit  77  and an inverter  80 . The bonding pad BP 63  is connected to a signal output terminal of the tri-state circuit  78  and a signal input terminal of a buffer circuit  75 . The bonding pad BP 68  is connected to an output terminal of the tri-state circuit  79  and a signal input terminal of a buffer circuit  76 . 
     In the above-mentioned I/O interface circuit C, when the bonding pad BP 62  has received a low level control signal, a flow of the data signal D is ensured from the bonding pad BP 68  to the bonding pad BP 63 . This allows reading of data from the smart card  200  to the semiconductor chip IC 1 . In this case, the bonding pad BP 63  of the 3.3-volt driven semiconductor chip IC 1  receives 5 volt level signals. However, as mentioned above, the internal circuit connected to the bonding pad BP 16  is set to 5 volts tolerant. Thus, no problem arises in the circuit. 
     Meanwhile, when the bonding pad BP 62  has received a high level control signal, the flow of the data signal D is ensured from the bonding pad BP 63  to the bonding pad BP 68 . This allows reading of data from the reader/writer controller  150  to the smart card  200 . In this case, the 3.3 volt driven semiconductor chip IC 1  outputs 3.3 level signals, which are converted into 5 volt level signals through the 5 volt driven buffer circuit  75 . This example is described in greater detail below by the example of the buffer circuit  71 . As a result, the 5 volt signals are outputted to the smart card  200 . This ensures operating the smart card  200  appropriately. 
     Two buffer circuits  73  and  74  are provided between bonding pads BP 64  and BP 69  in the direction shown. Likewise, two buffer circuits  71  and  72  are provided between the bonding pads BP 65  and BP 70  in the direction shown. The bonding pad BP 64  receives 3.3 volt level clock signals CLK from the semiconductor chip IC 1 . Likewise, the bonding pad BP 65  receives 3.3 volt level reset signals RST from the semiconductor chip IC 1 . As will be explained in greater detail hereinafter by the example of the buffer circuit  71 , the 3.3 voltage level clock signals CLK and reset signals RST are converted into 5 volt level signals when passing 5 volt driven buffer circuits  71  and  73 , respectively. This ensures operating the smart card  200  appropriately. 
       FIG. 4A  is a detailed block diagram illustrating the buffer circuit  71  shown in  FIG. 3 . Other buffer circuits  72 ,  73 ,  74 ,  75 ,  76 , and  77  have the same structure as the buffer circuit  71 . The buffer circuit  71  connects two inverter circuits INV 1  and INV 2  in series which have the same structure driven by a 5-volt power supply Vcc. The inverter circuit INV 1  includes a P-channel MOS transistor  71   a  and an N-channel MOS transistor  71   b .The P-channel MOS transistor  71   a  has a gate threshold value V TH  of approximately 0 to 1 volts. The N-channel MOS transistor  71   b  has a gate threshold value V TH  of approximately 3.3 volts or less, e.g., 2.5 volts. Likewise, the inverter circuit INV 2  includes a P-channel MOS transistor  71   c  and an N-channel MOS transistor  71   d . The P-channel MOS transistor  71   c  has a gate threshold value V TH  of approximately 0 to 1 volts. The N-channel MOS transistor  71   d  has a gate threshold value V TH  of approximately 3.3 volts or less, e.g., 2.5 volts. Such arrangements provide a high level output signal of 5 volt levels when the high level input signal is 3.3 volts. 
       FIG. 4B  is a detailed block diagram illustrating the tri-state circuit  78  shown in  FIG. 3 . Another tri-state circuit  79  also has the same structure as the tri-state circuit  78 . The tri-state circuit  78  operates as a CMOS inverter in response to an input of a low level enable signal e. When the enable signal e has been switched to the high level, the tri-state circuit  78  switches two transistors included in the CMOS inverter OFF to stop their operations. 
     The detailed structure of the tri-state circuit  78  will be explained. A NAND gate  78   b  has two signal input terminals. One terminal receives a signal “in” inputted in the tri-state circuit  78 . The other terminal receives the enable signal e inverted by an inverter  78   a .An output of the NAND gate  78   b  is outputted to a gate of the P-channel MOS transistor  78   d  having the gate threshold value voltage V TH  of approximately 1 volt. An output of a NOR gate  78   c  is outputted to a gate of an N-channel MOS transistor  78   e  having the gate threshold value voltage V TH  of approximately 2.5 volts. As shown, the P-channel MOS transistor  78   d  and the N-channel MOS transistor  78   e  form the CMOS inverter. In the above-mentioned structure, when the low level enable signal e is inputted, the input signal is inverted by the NAND gate  78   b  and the NOR gate  78   e . Subsequently, the input signal is again inverted by the CMOS inverter constructed of two transistors  78   d  and  78   e  and is then outputted after having been returned to the original condition. When the high level enable signal e is inputted, the NAND gate  78   b  outputs the high level signal to turn the P-channel MOS transistor  78   d  OFF, regardless of input signal levels. On the other hand, the NOR gate  78   c  outputs the low level signal to turn the N-channel MOS transistor  78   e  OFF, regardless of input signal levels. 
     As described above, the reader/writer controller  100  outputs signals from the 3.3-volt driven, less power-consuming semiconductor chip IC 1  which is manufactured in a 0.35 μm process. Among the outputted signals, the reader/writer controller  100  converts the only signals outputted to the 5 volt driven smart card  200  manufactured in a 0.5 μm process into 5 volt level signals using the semiconductor chip IC 2 , and outputs the signals. Such arrangements eliminate the requirement for an additional signal level converter, thereby reducing the size, cost and complexity of the reader/writer apparatus  150  and the system including the apparatus  150  and the smart card  200 . 
     Numerous additional modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the disclosure of this patent specification may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. 
     This patent specification is based on and claims priority to Japanese patent application, No. 2002-261311 filed on Sep. 6, 2002 in the Japanese Patent Office, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.