Abstract:
An intraocular lens assembly for implantation in the posterior chamber of an eye has anchor portions with teeth rigid enough to penetrate the scleral wall of an eye. A method for implanting the lens includes the steps of: introducing the first haptic portion with a first anchor portion that includes a plurality of teeth projecting therefrom, into the posterior chamber of the eye until said teeth are anchored in the scleral wall at a desired location; and moving a second haptic portion with a plurality of teeth projecting therefrom, until said teeth are anchored in the scleral wall on the opposite side of the lens from the first anchor portion.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Continuation Application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/906,774, filed on Oct. 18, 2010 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,998,199, which is a Continuation Application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/734,180, filed on Apr. 11, 2007, which issued on Dec. 21, 2010 as U.S. Pat. No. 7,854,764, which was a Continuation Application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/487,005, filed on Feb. 19, 2004 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,220,279, which was a national stage application of PCT/IL02/00693 filed Aug. 21, 2002, claiming priority to IL 145015 filed Aug. 21, 2001, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to intraocular lenses, and in particular, to accommodating intraocular lenses capable of focusing on objects located at various distances therefrom. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The natural lens of a human eye is a transparent crystalline body, which is contained within a capsular bag located behind the iris and in front of the vitreous cavity in a region known as the posterior chamber. The capsular bag is attached on all sides by fibers, called zonules, to a muscular ciliary body. At its rear, the vitreous cavity, which is filled with a gel, further includes the retina, on which light rays passing through the lens are focused. Contraction and relaxation of the ciliary bodies changes the shape of the bag and of the natural lens therein, thereby enabling the eye to focus light rays on the retina originating from objects at various distances. 
     Cataracts occur when the natural lens of the eye or of its surrounding transparent membrane becomes clouded and obstructs the passage of light resulting in various degrees of blindness. To correct this condition in a patient, a surgical procedure is known to be performed in which the clouded natural lens, or cataract, is extracted and replaced by an artificial intraocular lens. During cataract surgery, the anterior portion of the capsular bag is removed along with the cataract, and the posterior portion of the capsular bag, called the posterior capsule, is sometimes left intact to serve as a support site for implanting the intraocular lens. Such lenses, however, have the drawback that they have a fixed refractive power and are therefore unable to change their focus. 
     Various types of intraocular lenses having the capability of altering their refractive power have been suggested in an effort to duplicate the performance of the natural lens within the eye. Such accommodating intraocular lenses, as they are known in the art, have a variety of designs directed to enable the patient to focus on, and thereby clearly see, objects located at a plurality of distances. Examples may be found in such publications as U.S. Pat. No. 4,254,509; U.S. Pat. No. 4,932,966; U.S. Pat. No. 6,299,641; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,406,494. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,302 discloses an accommodating intraocular lens for implantation in the posterior chamber of the eye. This lens comprises a short tubular rigid frame and transparent and resilient membrane attached thereto at its bases. The frame and the membranes confine a sealed space filled with a gas. The frame includes flexible regions attached via haptics to the posterior capsule. Upon stretching of the capsule by the eye&#39;s ciliary muscles, the flexible regions are pulled apart, thereby increasing the volume and decreasing the pressure within the sealed space. This changes the curvature of the membranes and accordingly, the refractive power of the lens. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,171 discloses an accommodating intraocular lens which is contained inside an encapsulating rigid shell so as to make it substantially insensitive to changes in the intraocular environment. The lens is adapted to be implanted within the posterior capsule and comprises a flexible transparent membrane, which divides the interior of the intraocular lens into separate front and rear spaces, each filled with a fluid having a different refractive index. The periphery of the rear space is attached to haptics, which are in turn attached to the posterior capsule. Upon stretching of the capsule by the eye&#39;s ciliary muscles, the haptics and hence this periphery is twisted apart to increase the volume of rear space and changes the pressure difference between the spaces. As a result, the curvature of the membrane and accordingly, the refractive power of the lens changes. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention suggests an accommodating lens assembly having an optical axis and being adapted to be implanted in a posterior chamber of an eye having a capsular unit located therein. The assembly comprises a rigid haptics element adapted to secure the assembly within said posterior chamber outside the capsular unit, the element being transparent at least in a region around the axis. The assembly further comprises a resilient body adapted to operate as a lens with a radius of curvature, when pressed up against the region of the rigid element by an axial force applied thereto by the capsular unit, whereby a change in said force causes a change in the radius of curvature. 
     The term “capsular unit”, as it is used in the present description and claims, refers to the posterior capsule, the zonules, and the ciliary body, which are interconnected and act in unison, forming in accordance with the present invention, a kind of cable whose varying tension provides the axial force applied to and utilized by the lens assembly of the present invention to achieve accommodation. 
     The assembly of the present invention is directed to substitute for a natural lens after its removal from the eye, not only by enabling the eye to see after implantation of the assembly, but also by enabling it to accommodate and thereby bring into focus objects located at a continuum of distances. In order to achieve the latter, the assembly is designed to be fixed in the posterior chamber, with the resilient body axially abutting the posterior capsule. The resilient body may be attached to the haptic element or may simply be held in place up against the element by the tension of the capsular unit. 
     The lens assembly of the present invention utilizes the natural compression and relaxation of the capsular unit to impart an axial force on the resilient body in order to cause it to act as a lens whose radius of curvature, and therefore the refractive power it provides, varies depending on the magnitude of the force. In this way, the lens assembly cooperates with the natural operation of the eye to accommodate and enable the eye to clearly see objects at different distances. 
     The haptics element of the assembly according to the present invention may adopt any of a variety of designs known in the art, e.g. it may be curved or it may be in the form of a plate, which spans a plane essentially perpendicular to the optical axis of the assembly. In addition to the region, the haptics element may be completely transparent. The region of the element may be in the form of a transparent component, such as a clear panel or another lens which may have such a curvature and index of refraction as to enhance the accommodating capability of the lens assembly. 
     The haptics element may have a hollow space formed in its transparent region. This hollow space is adapted to allow the resilient body to bulge through the space in response to said force. This enables the lens assembly to provide a range of refractive power (i.e. the accommodating capability) depending on the bulge&#39;s radius of curvature, which is determined and may be varied by the magnitude of the force applied by the capsular unit. 
     The haptics element of the lens assembly of the present invention is adapted to securely fix the assembly in front of the capsular unit in the posterior chamber of the eye. It is essential that the haptics element maintain a substantially immovable position. To this end, the haptics element is preferably adapted to be fixed to the scleral wall of the eye in two or more places in the regions between the iris and the ciliary body. To achieve the latter, the haptics element preferably comprises anchoring means, such as in the form of teeth. One example of such means is described in co-pending Israel patent application no. 141529. 
     Implantation of the lens assembly in accordance with the present invention may be achieved using equipment and techniques that are conventional and well known in the art. However, in order to facilitate the implantation and anchoring of the assembly in the eye, the haptics element of the assembly of the present invention preferably also includes at least one extendible member at its periphery. For example, the haptics element in the form of a plate discussed above may have a telescoping end which is only extended after the assembly has been inserted into the eye and has been positioned at the anchoring site. This extendible member may also be provided with anchoring means attached thereto. The extendible member serves to keep the assembly small enough to insert into the eye until its securing is desired. The extendible member, such as the telescoping end, may be passive or may be spring biased being compressed to enable implantation and released to maintain anchoring by a resisting force. 
     The haptics element of the lens assembly in accordance with the present invention may be made of a variety of possible rigid materials suitable for invasive medical use and known in the art to be used in the formation of haptics. 
     The resilient body of the accommodating lens assembly in accordance with the present invention may be made of any suitable deformable material, such as silicone or hydrogel, having an index of refraction different from the gel within the eye. The resilient body must not necessarily be made of a single component or material. For example, the body may be in the form of a sac filled with a fluid or gel. However, in the case of such a sac, for example, it is essential the periphery of the body be made with a unitary material so that the fluctuating internal pressure of the eye does not affect the sac in an anisotropic manner, which would unpredictably affect the vision provided by the assembly. 
     The resilient body of the accommodating lens assembly in accordance with the present invention may have a variety of shapes so long as the shape has or is able to achieve a radius of curvature and thereby perform as a lens. For example, in the case when the haptics element is curved and solid (i.e. is devoid of a hollow space in said region), the resilient body may have such shapes as a sphere which, when pressed against its haptics element, takes on the shape of a double convex lens. Also, if the haptics element is flat like a plate, for example, the planar side of a hemispherical resilient body may be pressed up against it to act as a plano-convex lens. As another example, if the haptics element is flat and comprises a hollow space, such as an aperture or a cavity, the resilient body having a bi-planar shape, such as that of a solid circular disc, may be pressed up against the element since the force applied by the capsular unit will cause it to bulge into the aperture or cavity and attain, thereby, a radius of curvature. 
     The accommodating lens assembly in accordance with the present invention may further comprise a rigid piston member, which sandwiches the resilient body between it and the haptics element, and which is designed to be pushed by the force and, in response, to cause the resilient body to take on a desired curved shape. The piston member is transparent at least in a region around the axis and is movable along the axis with respect to the element. One or both of the haptics element and the piston member have a hollow space in their transparent region to allow the resilient body to bulge through the space in response to the force. 
     The hollow spaces formed in the haptics element and/or the piston member in preferred embodiments of the lens assembly in accordance with the present invention, may have various designs such as circular blind or through holes. Preferable, these spaces are large enough that their periphery is far from the optical axis so as not to substantially affect light passing thereabout by causing diffraction and other such undesired optical effects. Also, in order to minimize such optical disturbances, if a hollow space is formed within the piston member, the haptics element may be devoid of such a space and vice versa. 
     The piston member of the accommodating lens assembly of the present invention may be made of any of a variety of rigid biocompatible materials. The piston member may also have any of a variety of designs, such as a plano-convex design with the convexly curved side abutting the capsular unit so as to contribute to the range of refractive power which may be achieve by the assembly. Clearly, in the latter case, the transparent region of the piston member, like the resilient body, must have an index of refraction different from the natural gel surrounding the assembly when implanted in the eye. The radius of curvature and the index of refraction of the piston member may be adjusted and chosen in numerous ways to arrive at lens assemblies having various ranges of refractive power and degrees of sensitivity to the force applied by the capsular unit. 
     The advantages provided by the accommodating lens assembly of the present invention abound; particularly because of it is designed to be positioned in the eye completely outside of the posterior capsule. One advantage, for example, is that the lens assembly does not undesirably stretch and consequently harm the capsule. Also, the lens assembly does not need to conform to the size or shape of the capsule, and is therefore free to take on a larger variety of designs. Furthermore, the capsule is sometimes damaged during the surgery to remove the natural lens, but the lens assembly of the present invention does not require that the capsule be completely intact in the form of a bag but merely that it remain reliably connected as part of the capsular unit. Another advantage arising from the lens assembly being positioned outside of the posterior capsule is that it remains unaffected by the permanent and unpredictable constriction that the capsule inevitably undergoes due to scarring following the surgery for removal of the natural lens. 
     In addition to the above, the lens assembly of the present invention offers advantages such as a simple and inexpensive construction. The lens assembly of the present invention also provides the ability to accommodate within a vast range of refractive power, including the full range provided by the natural eye. Also, the lens assembly provides means for varying its sensitivity in response to the force applied by the capsular unit. 
     The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the invention, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description only and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the present invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In order to understand the invention and to see how it may be carried out in practice, a preferred embodiment will now be described, by way of non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1A  is a plan view of an accommodating lens assembly in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 1B  is a side view of the accommodating lens assembly shown in  FIG. 1A ; 
         FIG. 2A  shows the accommodating lens assembly of  FIGS. 1A and 1B  as implanted in an eye; 
         FIG. 2B  shows the accommodating lens assembly of  FIGS. 1A and 1B  in operation after it has been implanted in an eye as in  FIG. 2A ; 
         FIG. 3A  is a plan view of another embodiment of an accommodating lens assembly in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 3B  is a side view of the accommodating lens assembly shown in  FIG. 3A ; 
         FIG. 4A  shows the accommodating lens assembly of  FIGS. 3A and 3B  as implanted in an eye; 
         FIG. 4B  shows the accommodating lens assembly of  FIGS. 3A and 3B  in operation after it has been implanted in an eye as in  FIG. 4A ; 
         FIG. 5A  shows yet another embodiment of an accommodating lens assembly in accordance with the present invention as implanted in the eye; 
         FIG. 5B  shows the accommodating lens assembly of  FIG. 5A  in operation in the eye. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The subsequent description and figures refer to different examples of an accommodating lens assembly of the present invention and its functional position as implanted in a human eye E. As shown in  FIGS. 2A ,  2 B,  4 A,  4 B,  5 A, and  5 B, the eye E, which is filled with natural gel (not shown) having an index of refraction of about 1.3, comprises a scleral wall S, an iris, and a retina R (not shown). The eye E further includes a ciliary body CB, from which extend zonules Z connected to a posterior capsule PC. These last three parts of the eye E constitute the capsular unit  1 . 
     One example of an accommodating lens assembly in accordance with the present invention adapted for implantation within the eye E is shown in  FIG. 1A  in plan view and in  FIG. 1B  from a side view. The accommodating lens assembly  2  has an optical axis A-A and comprises a rigid haptics plate  4  having a first lens  6  made of a rigid material having an index of refraction higher than that of water. The plate  4  further includes a telescoping haptics member  8 , which is slidably biased in grooves  8   a  so as to be extendible in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis A-A. The plate  4  and the telescoping member  8  have teeth  9  projecting therefrom for anchoring the first lens assembly  2  within the eye E. 
     The lens assembly  2  further comprises a silicone ball  10  attached to the plate  4  so as to be located on the axis A-A. The silicone ball  10  also has an index of refraction higher than that of water. 
     As is shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , the haptics plate  4  of the assembly  2  is anchored, using the teeth  9 , to the eye&#39;s scleral wall S at two locations between the ciliary body CB and the iris I. The anchoring is done by first inserting the teeth  9  on the plate  4  to the desired point in the scleral wall S, and then extending the telescoping member  8  until its teeth  9  enter the opposing side of the scleral wall S. The silicone ball  10  directly contacts the capsular unit  1 , which is stretched around the ball  10  and transforms it into a second plano-convex lens  10 ′ as shown in  FIG. 2A  with a radius of curvature R 1 . 
     In operation, upon contraction and relaxation by muscles of the ciliary body CB, tension in the capsular unit  1  will change and a variable force proportional to the tension will be applied to the silicone ball  10  along axis A-A.  FIG. 2B  shows an increase in tension in the capsular unit  1  compared to  FIG. 2A  upon relaxation of the ciliary body CB. The increase in tension applies a forward force along the axis in the direction of the iris I. This force causes the lens  10 ′ to further deform and increase its radius of curvature from R 1  to R 2 . This increase in radius will enable the eye E to focus on far objects by adjusting the assembly&#39;s focal plane until it resides on the retina. Clearly, the reverse may be done in which the ciliary body contracts, reducing the radius to focus on objects at near distances from the eye E. 
     Another example of an accommodating lens assembly  22  for implantation within a human eye E in accordance with the present invention is shown in a preferred embodiment in  FIG. 3A  in plan view and in  FIG. 3B  from a side view. 
     The accommodating lens assembly  22  has an optical axis B-B and comprises a rigid haptics plate  24 , similar to that included in the lens assembly  2 , and having a circular aperture  26 . The plate  24  further includes a telescoping member  28 , which is slidably biased in grooves  28   a  so as to be extendible. The plate  24  and the telescoping member  28  have teeth  29  projecting therefrom for anchoring the lens assembly  22  within the eye. The plate further includes a hollow, central cylindrical tube portion T extending around axis B-B. The tube portion T is concentric with the aperture  26  but has about double the diameter. 
     The accommodating lens assembly  22  further comprises a silicone disc  30  received within the tube portion T so as to occupy only a part of its axial dimension. The disc  30  has an index of refraction higher than that of water. 
     The lens assembly  22  also includes a rigid, plano convex lens  31  having a diameter slightly smaller than that of the tube portion T but greater than that of the aperture  26 . The lens  31 , which is designed to function like a piston by transferring an applied force to the disc  30 , is received within the tube portion T to fill the space left unoccupied by the disc  30  and to press, with its planar face, the disc  30  up against the plate  24 . The plano-convex lens  31  has a fixed radius of curvature and an index of refraction higher than that of water. 
       FIGS. 4A and 4B  show the haptics plate  24  of the assembly  22  anchored, using the teeth  29 , to the eye&#39;s scleral wall S at two locations, each being between the ciliary body CB and the iris I. The silicone disc  30  is sandwiched between the haptics plate  24  and the lens  31 , which directly contacts the capsular unit  1  with its convex side. 
     In operation, upon contraction and relaxation by muscles of the ciliary body CB, tension in the capsular unit  1  will change and apply a force to the lens  31  along axis B-B.  FIG. 4B  shows an increase in tension in the capsular unit  1  compared to  FIG. 4A , which occurs upon relaxation of the ciliary body CB. This increase in tension applies a forward force on the lens  31  along the axis in the direction of the iris I. The applied force pushes the lens  31 , which functions like a piston and presses, in turn, on the silicone disc  30 , causing it to protrude from the aperture  26  in the form of a bulge  35  having a radius of curvature depending on the force. The bulge  35  serves to add to the refractive power afforded by the convex curvature of lens  31 . In this way, using the lens assembly  22 , the eye E is given the ability to focus on nearer objects by changing the magnitude of the applied force and hence the radius of the bulge  35  until the object is focused on the retina R. 
     Yet another example of a lens assembly  42  in accordance with the present invention for implantation into the eye E is shown in a preferred embodiment in  FIGS. 5A and 5B . The lens assembly  42  is similar to the lens assembly  22  in that it comprises a haptics plate  44  with an aperture which is occupied by a rigid lens  46 , similarly to lens  6  in  FIG. 1A . Furthermore, the lens assembly  42  comprises a piston member  51 . However, the piston member  51  has a cylindrical cavity  52  formed therein, into the silicone disc  50  is adapted to bulge. The member  51  is adapted transfer an axial force applied by the capsular unit  1  to silicone disc  50  sandwiched between the member  51  and the plate  44 . In this way, the piston member  51  is similar to plano-convex lens  31  shown e.g. in  FIG. 4A , but differs in that it does not have the additional ability to operate as a lens. 
     In operation, the piston member  51  of the lens assembly  42  transfers the axial force, created thereon by changes of tension in the capsular unit  1 , to the silicone disc  50 , causing it to faun a bulge  54 , which protrudes back into the cavity  52 . The bulge  54  has a radius of curvature whose value varies depending on the magnitude of the force. As in the previously described embodiment, the bulge  54  serves to provide the assembly  42  with a refractive power, whose magnitude can be varied by the force applied by the capsular unit  1  and controlled by the contraction and relaxation of muscles in the eye&#39;s ciliary body CB. 
     Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. For example, while implantation of the lens assembly in humans is described, the assembly may clearly also be applicable to other animals. Clearly, any and all possible permutations and/or combinations of different features as described above are within the scope of the present invention. 
     Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.