Abstract:
A photovoltaic (PV) inverter includes a single DC to AC converter configured to operate solely in a buck mode for PV array voltage levels greater than a connected power grid instantaneous voltage plus converter margin, and further configured to operate solely in a boost mode for PV array voltage levels plus margin less than the connected power grid instantaneous voltage, such that the PV inverter generates a rectified sine wave current in response to the available PV array power, and further such that the PV inverter generates a utility grid current in response to the rectified sine wave current.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    The invention relates generally to electronic power conversion and more particularly to a very high conversion efficiency, grid connected, single phase photovoltaic (PV) inverter. 
         [0002]    Photovoltaic (PV) cells generate direct current (DC) power with the level of DC current being dependent on solar irradiation and the level of DC voltage dependent on temperature. When alternating current (AC) power is desired, an inverter is used to convert the DC energy into AC energy. Typical PV inverters employ two stages for power processing with the first stage configured for providing a constant DC voltage and the second stage configured for converting the constant DC voltage to AC current. Often, the first stage includes a boost converter, and the second stage includes a single-phase or three-phase inverter system. The efficiency of the two-stage inverter is an important parameter affecting PV system performance and is a multiple of the individual stage efficiencies with each stage typically causing one-half of the system losses. 
         [0003]    Single phase photovoltaic inverters generally require a two-stage conversion power circuit to convert the varying DC voltage of a PV array to the fixed frequency AC voltage of the grid. Traditional PV inverters use a DC link as the intermediate energy storage step, which means that the converter first converts the stable DC voltage to a current that can be injected into the grid. 
         [0004]    Traditional single phase PV inverters also undesirably control the power circuits with a fixed switching frequency using a plurality i.e. five, of switching devices that contribute to the overall switching losses. Switching losses are typically kept as low as possible when using traditional PV inverters by keeping the switching frequency low. 
         [0005]    It would be both advantageous and beneficial to provide a residential photovoltaic inverter that employs fewer high frequency switching devices than that employed by a traditional PV inverter. It would be further advantageous if the PV inverter could employ adaptive digital control techniques to ensure the PV inverter is always operating at peak efficiency. 
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION 
       [0006]    Briefly, in accordance with one embodiment, a photovoltaic (PV) inverter comprises:
       a buck converter configured to generate a rectified sine wave current in response to an available PV array power driven voltage plus converter operating margin whenever it is greater than a utility grid voltage; and   a current unfolding circuit configured to inject a current into the utility grid in response to the rectified sine wave current.       
 
         [0009]    According to another embodiment, a photovoltaic (PV) inverter comprises a single DC to AC converter configured to operate in a buck mode for PV array voltage levels greater than a connected utility grid&#39;s instantaneous voltage plus converter operating margin, and further configured to operate in a boost mode for PV array voltage levels plus margin less than the connected utility grid voltage, such that the PV inverter generates a rectified sine wave current in response to the available PV array power, and further such that the PV inverter generates a utility grid current in response to the rectified sine wave current. 
         [0010]    According to yet another embodiment, a photovoltaic (PV) inverter is configured to operate as a buck converter when an instantaneous utility grid voltage minus converter operating margin is lower than a PV array voltage and as a boost converter when the instantaneous utility grid voltage minus converter operating margin is higher than the PV array voltage. 
     
    
     
       DRAWINGS 
         [0011]    These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein: 
           [0012]      FIG. 1  is illustrates a photovoltaic inverter topology that is known in the art; 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  illustrates a photovoltaic inverter topology according to one embodiment of the invention; 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  is a graph illustrating simulated inverter performance for a photovoltaic inverter hard-switching topology according to one embodiment of the invention; 
           [0015]      FIG. 4  is a graph illustrating a buck-boost duty cycle employed to achieve the simulated inverter performance depicted in  FIG. 3 ; 
           [0016]      FIG. 5  illustrates a photovoltaic inverter topology including a ripple current cancellation circuit according to still another embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
       [0017]    While the above-identified drawing figures set forth alternative embodiments, other embodiments of the present invention are also contemplated, as noted in the discussion. In all cases, this disclosure presents illustrated embodiments of the present invention by way of representation and not limitation. Numerous other modifications and embodiments can be devised by those skilled in the art which fall within the scope and spirit of the principles of this invention. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0018]      FIG. 1  is illustrates a photovoltaic inverter  10  topology that is known in the art. Photovoltaic inverter  10  employs a two-stage power circuit to convert a varying DC voltage of a PV array  12  to a fixed frequency AC voltage for a power grid  14 . Photovoltaic inverter  10  uses a DC link  16  to implement the intermediate energy storage step. This means the PV inverter  10  first converts the unstable PV DC voltage  18  to a stable DC voltage  20  that is greater than the grid voltage via a boost converter, and subsequently converts the stable DC voltage  20  to a current  22  via a PWM circuit  24  that can then be injected into the grid  14 . Photovoltaic inverter  10  topology employs five switching devices  44 ,  46 ,  48 ,  50 ,  52  that are switching at a high frequency and that undesirably contribute to the overall switching losses of the two-stage converter. 
         [0019]      FIG. 2  illustrates a photovoltaic inverter  30  hard-switching topology according to one embodiment of the invention. Photovoltaic inverter  30  topology overcomes the necessity to employ a DC link to implement an intermediate energy storage step such as described above with reference to  FIG. 1 , because PV inverter  30  topology converts the PV array  12  voltage immediately into a current  32  that is the equivalent of a rectified grid current. This feature is implemented by stiffening the PV array  12  with a large capacitance  34 , effectively shifting the DC link to the PV array  12 . The subsequent inverter stage  36  merely needs to unfold the current  32  into the grid  14 , and does so without switching losses. The first stage  40  is thus the only stage that has switching losses from a single device  42  verses the traditional converter that has five switching devices  44 ,  46 ,  48 ,  50 ,  52  such as depicted in  FIG. 1  that have switching losses. Photovoltaic inverter  30  is configured to operate in a boost mode at low input voltages by switching devices  54 ,  56  and maintaining device  40  on, thereby eliminating it&#39;s switching losses, so that devices  54  and  56  will be the only devices contributing to the switching losses during this boost mode only. 
         [0020]    In further explanation, photovoltaic inverter  30  utilizes a single high speed switch  42  when it operates in a buck mode described in further detail below. Photovoltaic inverter  30  also utilizes a pair of high speed switches  54 ,  56  when it operates in a boost mode described in detail below. 
         [0021]    Traditional inverters such as described above with reference to  FIG. 1 , control the power circuits with a fixed switching frequency. The present inventors recognized that when the conversion efficiencies are very high, improvements can be gained by use of adaptive digital control techniques. An adaptive digital controller can thus be employed that adjusts the switching frequency to compensate for changes in the semiconductor devices  42 ,  54 ,  56  and inductor  58  performance for various operating conditions and temperatures so that the highest possible conversion efficiency is obtained. 
         [0022]    In summary explanation, a photovoltaic inverter  30  topology advantageously functions with a significant reduction in the number of power electronic devices that will be switching at a high frequency at any point in time. This feature provides an additional benefit that results due to lower conduction losses associated with slower devices that can be selected to complete the inverter system. 
         [0023]    The series path from the source to the utility depicted in  FIG. 2  also has the least possible number of components to keep conduction losses low. Photovoltaic inverter  10  shown in  FIG. 1  employs three switches and two inductors in series verses the photovoltaic inverter  30  shown in  FIG. 2  that has three switches, one of which is optimized for very low conduction losses, and only one inductor  58 . 
         [0024]    The photovoltaic array source  12  is stiffened via a large capacitance  34  such as described above. This large capacitance  34  advantageously does not compromise the safety aspects of the system as the PV source  12  is current limited. 
         [0025]    Attached to the capacitor  34  is the first stage buck converter  40  that creates a full wave rectified sine current in the main inductor  58 . This current is then unfolded into the grid  14  by the full bridge inverter  36  connected to the output of the PV inverter  30 . 
         [0026]    The PV inverter  30  topology was found to provide suitable working results so long as the PV source voltage remains higher than the grid voltage. In cases where the PV source  12  voltage is less than the grid  14  voltage, the operation of the PV inverter  30  is configured to ensure that the current in the main inductor  58  always flows from the PV source  12  to the grid  14 . This is achieved by turning on the bucking switch  42  continuously and high frequency switching the two low side devices  54 ,  56  of the full bridge inverter  36  using conventional Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques. The PV inverter  30  thus operates in a boost mode when the PV source  12  voltage is less than the grid  14  voltage. This boost mode advantageously is active only during the portion of the sine wave output voltage that is higher than the PV source  12  voltage. 
         [0027]    According to one embodiment, during the positive half of the rectification cycle, the bottom left switch  62  is permanently turned on, the bottom right switch  64  is permanently turned off, and the upper two switches  54 ,  56  are modulated to generate a boosting current that is injected into the grid  14 . 
         [0028]    During the negative portion of the rectification cycle, the bottom right switch  64  is permanently turned on, the bottom left switch  62  is permanently turned off, and the upper two switches  54 ,  56  are modulated to shape the boosting current and inject the boosting current into the grid  14 . 
         [0029]    Inverter  36  can just as easily function to generate the requisite boosting current by turning the upper right switch  56  on during the negative portion of the rectification cycle while the upper left switch  54  is turned off, and then modulating the lower two switches  62 ,  64  to shape the boosting current and inject the boosting current into the grid  14 . When the lower two switches  62 ,  64  are modulated to generate the boosting current, the upper left switch  54  is then turned on during the positive portion of the rectification cycle. 
         [0030]    Because current boosting is employed only when necessary, i.e. when the PV array  12  voltage is lower than the grid  14  voltage, inverter switching efficiency is increased above that achievable when compared to a conventional PV converter topology such as described above with reference to  FIG. 1 . 
         [0031]      FIG. 3  is a graph illustrating simulated inverter performance for a photovoltaic inverter hard-switching topology according to one embodiment of the invention. The inverter efficiency can be seen to range between 90% and close to 98% when generating output power levels between about 150 Watts and about 3000 Watts using the buck-boost duty cycle depicted in  FIG. 4 . 
         [0032]    Photovoltaic inverter  30  can just as easily be implemented using soft-switching techniques to further improve conversion efficiency according to another embodiment of the invention that also employs the same low number of devices switching at a high frequency. The use of soft switching topology allows slower devices having lower conduction losses to be selected for use in the current  32  unfolding portion of the respective PV inverter. PV inverter  30  utilizes a topology well suited to use of adaptive digital control methods for seeking the most efficient operating point for the system based on operating conditions such as, without limitation, temperature, input voltage and load power level. 
         [0033]    Looking now at  FIG. 5 , a PV inverter  70  topology includes a ripple current cancellation circuit  72  that provides a means for reducing the main inductor  58  size without compromising the output ripple current requirements of the system. Ripple current cancellation circuit  72  allows use of a smaller inductor  58  having lower losses than that achievable with a larger inductor, and also allows use of quasi resonant switching, significantly reducing switching losses of the main device  42 . Advantages provided by the PV inverter  30 ,  70  topologies include without limitation, buck and boost capabilities incorporated into a single DC to AC converter without employment of a conventional buck/boost topology. Other advantages include, without limitation, the use of multiple technologies within a single PV inverter to enhance the high efficiency topology, such as the ripple current cancelation capabilities described above with reference to  FIG. 5 , the use of quasi-resonant switching, a topology that is well suited to use of adaptive digital control methods for seeking the most efficient operating point for the system based on operating conditions such as, without limitation, temperature, input voltage and load power level, and optional step activation of the AC contactor. 
         [0034]    Maximizing efficiency by minimizing the number of series power semiconductors switched between the source and the load, and the selection of power semiconductors to achieve maximum efficiency provide further advantages over known PV inverters. 
         [0035]    While only certain features of the invention have been illustrated and described herein, many modifications and changes will occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention.