Abstract:
A process for making 2D and 3D carbon-carbon composites having a combined high crystallinity, high strength, high modulus and high thermal and electrical conductivity. High-modulus/high-strength mesophase derived carbon fibers are woven into a suitable cloth. Layers of this easily graphitizible woven cloth are infiltrated with carbon material to form green composites. The carbonized composite is then impregnated several times with pitch by covering the composite with hot pitch under pressure. The composites are given a heat treatment between each impregnant step to crack up the infiltrated carbon and allow additional pitch to enter the microstructure during the next impregnation cycle. The impregnated composites are then given a final heat treatment in the range 2500° to 3100° C. to fully graphitize the fibers and the matrix carbon. The composites are then infiltrated with pyrolytic carbon by chemical vapor deposition in the range 1000° C. to 1300° C. at a reduced. pressure.

Description:
This invention was made with government support under various contracts awarded through the Department of Energy. The government has certain rights in this invention. 
    
    
     This application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 07/402,453, Method of Making Carbon-Carbon Composites, filed Sep. 5, 1989 soon to issue as U.S. Pat. No. 5,061,414 with an issue date of Oct. 29, 1991. 
    
    
     This invention relates to carbon-carbon composites and in particular to highly graphitic and high-strength, high-modulus and high thermal and electrical conducting carbon-carbon composites. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Carbon-carbon composites are available which have many advantages over other materials. Conventional carbon-carbons are nongraphitic and relatively strong. Some applications require a combination of high crystallinity, high strength, high modulus and high thermal and electrical conductivity. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a process for making 2D and 3D carbon-carbon composites having a combined high crystallinity, high strength, high modulus and high thermal and electrical conductivity. High-modulus/high-strength mesophase derived carbon fibers are woven into a suitable cloth. Layers of this easily graphitizible woven cloth are infiltrated with carbon material to form green composites. The carbonized composite is then impregnated several times with pitch by covering the composite with hot pitch under pressure. The composites are given a heat treatment between each impregnant step to crack up the infiltrated carbon and allow additional pitch to enter the microstructure during the next impregnation cycle. The impregnated composites are then given a final heat treatment in the range 2500° to 3100° C. to fully graphitize the fibers and the matrix carbon. The composites are then infiltrated with pyrolytic carbon by chemical vapor deposition in the range 1000° to 1300° C. at a reduced pressure. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIGS. 1-14 are all flow diagrams describing various preferred embodiments of the present invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     I have described below the process used by me to produce improved carbon-carbon composites that have combined high-strength, high-modulus and high thermal and electrical conductivity. I first describe the preferred processes for making 2D composites (these were formed by several layers of cloth) and then describe the preferred processes for producing 3D composites (these were produced using a woven 3D preform). 
     2D COMPOSITES 
     MAKING THE GREEN COMPOSITES 
     Carbon fibers derived from mesophase pitch such as those designated as a &#34;P&#34; series and &#34;K&#34; series from Amoco Performance Products, Inc. which have elastic moduli in the range 25 to 140 Msi and thermal conductivity in the range 50 to 1100 W/m K were woven into a 2D cloth. The 2D cloths were preferable woven either as a plain weave or as a 3 to 8 harness satin weave. The cloth may be woven as balanced or as unbalanced up to 5 to 1 warp to fill. 
     The 2D cloth is cut into swatches of suitable sizes for further processing. One swatch was placed onto the platen of a hot press and prepegged by sprinkling a fine pitch powder on the surface of each swatch. The pitch may be a petroleum pitch, a coal tar pitch or a mesophase pitch derived from either of the former. Either intermediate or high char yield pitches may be used. 
     Alternate layers of the cloth swatches were built up by sprinkling the swatches with pitches that contain either thermal conductivity enhancers or without enhancers. Each swatch was added to the stack in approximately equal increments of weight until the stack has a thickness in the range 0.030&#34; to 0.500&#34;. These green laminate composites contain between 4 to 32 plies of cloth swatches. 
     PRESSING THE GREEN COMPOSITES 
     The green composites described above were pressed in the range 70 to 100 psi on a hydraulic press at a temperature about 17° C. above the softening point of the pitch that was used as a binder for about one (1) hour. The green composites were cooled under pressure for about 30 minutes. Excess pitch was trimmed from each composite after removal from the press. 
     CARBONIZING THE COMPOSITES 
     The pressed composites were restrained firmly with graphite plates secured by graphite bolts when petroleum or coal-tar pitches were used. This was done to prevent distortion, puffing or reduction in fiber volume during carbonization. A non-carbonizing &#34;graphfoil&#34; and E glass fabric ply is placed between the panels or disks and the graphite fixture plates to minimize adherence of the panels or disks to the graphite fixtures. The restrained parts were placed in saggers and covered with sand. The saggers were placed in a furnace, a vacuum drawn, and the chamber purged with an inert gas such as argon, helium or nitrogen. The composites were slowly heated to 500° C. in 75 hours to carbonize the pitch binder. The panels were heated to 900° C. without the graphite fixtures. Fiber volumes of 25 to 55 percent were obtained. 
     IMPREGNATION PROCESSES 
     Impregnation was carried out by one of two processes: (1) impregnation with a liquid pitch which was decomposed during a carbonization process to form matrix carbon or by (2) infiltration at a low pressure with a hydrocarbon gas such as methane or natural gas which was decomposed within the pores of the composite to from pyrolytic carbon. 
     Coal Tar or Petroleum Pitches 
     The carbonized composites were placed in the bottom of a suitable ceramic container, and the container placed in a suitable autoclave. The composites were then immersed in an impregnating pitch such as Ashland Oil Company&#39;s A-240, a high char yield derivative of A-240 or a mesophase pitch. The autoclave was evacuated and gradually heated to 200° C. The autoclave was pressurized to 15 psi with nitrogen, a vacuum was drawn and the nitrogen pressure reapplied to 15 psi. This cycle is repeated twice. The autoclave was cooled under pressure and the composites removed from the ceramic crucible and the composites removed from the hardened pitch. The composites were heat treated to 790° C. to carbonize the impregnated pitch. This pitch impregnation process, including the carbonization at 790° C., can be repeated up to four times depending on the final density desired and the application. 
     Pyrolytic Carbon 
     The composites were placed in a high temperature furnace, a vacuum of from 10 to 150 torr (preferably about 50 torr) was drawn and the composites heated to a temperature in the range 900° to 1500° C. If the temperature gets below 900° C. the process is too slow and soot may be formed. If the temperature gets above 1500° C. the deposition rate gets too fast and the deposited carbon tends to coat the surface of the composites rather than infiltrate the pores. The preferred temperature is near 1050° C. The open pores of the composites were infiltrated by a suitable hydrocarbon gas such as methane or natural gas, the gas was pyrolyzed and pyrolytic carbon was deposited on the pore walls. Constant infiltration is carried out for approximately 150 hours. The composites may be impregnated once or several times. Impregnation could be improved by light machining of the surfaces after each impregnation to unpack surface pores and permit better penetration of the hydrocarbon gas during subsequent infiltrations. 
     The composites can be removed after one, two or three impregnation cycles if the composites have acquired a density required for the application intended. 
     HEAT TREATMENT OF THE COMPOSITES 
     The impregnated composites were heated as rapidly as possible within limits of the furnace in an inert atmosphere to a temperature preferably in the range 2500° to 3100° C. and preferably held at the selected temperature for a period of from 0.5 to 2.0 hours. The composites were then cooled in the inert atmosphere to room temperature. 
     FINAL DENSIFICATION WITH PYROLYTIC CARBON 
     The composites were placed in a high temperature furnace, a vacuum of from 10 to 150 torr (preferably about 50 torr) was drawn and the composites heated to a temperature in the range 900° to 1500° C. The preferred temperature is near 1050° C. The open pores of the composites were infiltrated by a suitable hydrocarbon gas such as methane or natural gas, the gas was pyrolyzed and pyrolytic carbon was deposited on the pore walls. Constant infiltration was carried out for approximately 150 hours. 
     EXPLANATION 
     It was the heat treatment of the composites to temperatures in the range 2500° to 3100° C. which graphitizes the mesophase-pitch derived continuous precursor fibers and the matrix carbon that imparts high thermal and electrical conductivity to these composites. However, the heat treatment reduced the strength of the composites. The strength was restored by further densification with pyrolytic carbon. The final densification with pyrolytic carbon also further increases the thermal conductivity of the composites. The high modulus of the composites results from the high modulus of the mesophase derived carbon fibers that is developed during the in. situ. heat treatment. Note that it is important that the composites not be heated above 2500° C. after the final densification with pyrolytic carbon. 
     3D WOVEN STRUCTURES 
     The above described the selection of materials and processing for 2D laminate carbon-carbon composites. These materials and processing may be used to fabricate 3D woven or multi-D woven carbon-carbon composites that have high-strength, high-modulus and high thermal and electrical conductivity. The materials and processing were essentially the same as those described above with the following exceptions: 
     1. The fibers were woven into a suitable 3D or multi-D preform or as a braided cloth or tube. 
     2. Impregnation with pitch or densification with pyrolytic carbon can commence on the dry preforms or the dry preforms can be rigidized by infiltration with a hydrocarbon gas that deposits pyrolytic carbon in the pores. If rigidizing is practiced the dry preforms are only held in the furnace for about 50 to 150 hours. 
     USE OF HIGH-MODULUS/HIGH THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY FIBER PRECURSORS 
     The 3D preforms cannot be easily woven with fibers much above 50 to 60 Msi moduli, therefore, pyrolyzed or carbonized precursors of the &#34;P&#34; or &#34;K&#34; series fibers which were processed to moduli in the range 25 to 50 Msi were used to weave 3D angle interlock architectures or can be used to weave other 3D architectures that require the fibers to be bent at sharp angles. The use of these lower moduli fiber precursors allows ease of weaving into complex 3D preforms and also provides fiber that will develop high thermal conductivity in the range 500 to 1100 W/m.K upon further heating in the range 2500° to 3100° C. in. situ. within the composites. Thus this improvement not only makes it possible to form complex 3D composites with the graphitizible fibers, but also provides the potential for lower cost fibers in both 2D and 3D composites by eliminating a costly heat treatment step that is usually done prior to incorporation into composites. The low modulus precursor fibers were heated concurrently within the matrix carbon within the composites which produced, with one heat treatment high thermal conductivity in both the fibers and the matrix carbon. 
     ADDING THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY ENHANCERS TO THE MATRIX CARBON 
     Thermal conductivity enhancers in the form of fine particles were added to the pitch during prepregging to improve the thermal conductivity of the composites in the x, y and z directions. 
     Finely divided vapor grown fibers that develop thermal conductivities up to 2200 W/m.K, when heated in the range 2500° to 3100° C., were added to the prepreg pitch. Alternately highly conducting polycrystalline graphite particles or natural flake graphite particles were added in the same manner as the vapor grown fibers. 
     CATALYTICALLY GROWING VAPOR DEPOSITED FIBERS WITHIN THE COMPOSITES 
     Another way to incorporate vapor grown fibers into the matrix carbon of the composites was to spread finely divided metallic particles, such as iron, nickel, silicon or other catalysts that are known to promote the growth of carbon fibers during chemical vapor deposition of carbon. The catalyzed preforms were then draped in a suitable furnace and the matrix fibers grown by flowing a suitable hydrocarbon gas through the preform and decomposing it at reduced pressures in the range 900° to 1500° C. 
     The above described formation of 2D green composites was also applied to 3D angle interlock preforms, except the 3D preforms were woven directly and not laid up from 2D cloth swatches. The 3D preforms were formed directly with the &#34;P&#34; and &#34;K&#34; fiber precursor fibers. The thermal conductivity enhancers were added directly to the 3D preforms in a slurry or paste consisting of the thermal conductivity enhancer particles in A-240 pitch thinned with a mixture of toluene and tetrahydrofuran. The enhancers were held inside the composites by sealing the surfaces with rubber cement prior to carbonization. The rubber cement vaporized during carbonization. Catalytically grown matrix fibers are implanted in the 3D preforms in the same manner as those described for the 2D composites. 
     USE OF MESOPHASE PITCH FOR PREPREGGING OR IMPREGNATING 
     Good results were also obtained using mesophase pitch instead of regular petroleum or coal tar pitch. The green composites were preferably heated in air at approximately 220° C. for about ten (10) hours to stabilize the pitch against distortion during the carbonization process. Restraint of the green composites is not required in such a process. 
     TEST RESULTS 
     The following is an example of the properties that have been achieved and those that are expected to be achieved by practicing the improvements described in the preferred embodiment: 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________Properties                    Expected With           Achieved Improvements           2D    3D     2D      3D______________________________________Density, g/cc     1.80    1.54   1.90  1.65Thermal Conductivity, W/m · KIn-plane          412     134    600   300Cross-Plane       50      82     50    200Thermal Expansivity,(alpha × 10.sup.-6 °C..sup.-1)In-Plane          0.50    NM     0.50  NMCross-Plane       13.5    NM     13.5  NMElectrical Resistivity(Micro-ohm cm)In-Plane          400     NM     280   NMCross-Plane       1330    NM     1330  NMTensile (In-Plane)Strength, Ksi     70      15     70     25Modulus, Msi      57       9     57     15Edge Compression Strength, Ksi             17      NM     25    NMCross-Ply Tensile Strength, Psi             680     NM     800   NMInterlaminar Shear Strength, Ksi             3.9     1.6    4.0   2.0______________________________________ NM: Not measured 
    
     While the above description contains many specificities, the reader should not construe these as limitations, but merely as exemplifications of preferred embodiments thereof. Those skilled in the art will envision that many other possible variations are within its scope. Accordingly the reader is requested to determine the scope of the invention by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, and not by the examples which have been given.