Abstract:
For indicating lost segments (LS) across layer boundaries an application encoder (AE) generates independently accessible symbols (Sym) , these symbols (Sym) are aggregated by symbol aggregation means (SA) into a packet payload, the aggregated symbols in the packet payload are transported in a defined packet structure (P 1 ) whereby the packet structure (P 1 ) is defined by anyone of at least one packet header, a block- check sequence, and a payload of variable length of aggregated independent symbols, these packets are transported over a channel by a packet transmitter (PT) segmenting the packets into different segments (S 2 ) by segmentation means (SE), a segment receiver (SR*) included in a first entity has the ability to detect whether a certain segment is lost and also knows the length of the lost segment, the segments are aggregated in the first entity to form at least one packet conforming to the packet stream, the one or more packets are delivered to a packet receiver (CPS) in another, second entity by means of a normalized interface (Nil) between the two entities which allows to pass packets according to the specified format from the first entity to the second entity, a symbol parser entity (CPS) recovers the symbols and passes the individual symbols (Sym) to an application decoder (AR), whereby either correct symbols or erased symbols can be forwarded to the application decoder, the segment receiver (SR*) in the first entity inserts a certain pattern at the position where the lost or defective segment would be which indicates the loss or defect of segment and the length of the lost or defect segment in the aggregated packet, the packet receiver (CPS) in the second entity knows the format, the syntax and the semantics of the inserted pattern, means in the second entity search for specific patterns in the received packet (RP 1 *) and interpret each found pattern to recover all reliable non-lost information within the packet, and a symbol parser (CPS) in the second entity recovers from the recovered non-lost information of each received packet (RP 1 *) individual symbols (Sym).

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present Application is a national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of PCT Patent Application No. PCT/EP2006/065410 titled “Method for Indicating Lost Segments” filed on Aug. 17, 2006 which published under PCT Article 21(2) on Feb. 22, 2007 as WO 2007/020283 in the English language and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to European Patent Application No. 05425601.1 filed on Aug. 19, 2005, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       [0002]    The exemplary embodiments are hereinafter described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         [0003]      FIG. 1  illustrates a simplified protocol stack within a transmitting entity or receiving entity communicating over at least one channel, 
         [0004]      FIG. 2  schematically shows an example of a plurality of processing steps executed between an application encoder and an application receiver, 
         [0005]      FIG. 3  illustrates the processing scheme of  FIG. 2  in the case of a segment loss, 
         [0006]      FIG. 4  schematically illustrates partly segment recovery according to the exemplary embodiment within the chain of processing steps of  FIG. 3 , and 
         [0007]      FIG. 5  as a further embodiment providing a permeable cross-layer error or loss indication from a lower to a higher layer or vice-versa for a wireless system. 
     
    
       [0008]    Like reference signs refer to corresponding parts and elements throughout the  FIGS. 1 to 5 . 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
       [0009]    Many embodiments are directed to ways to make data processing within a transmitting or receiving layer of a protocol layer more efficient. This may be achieved by the features of claim  1 . Thus, the indication of a loss or other errors of a segment or a part or parts of it across layer boundaries within a transmitting or receiving layer protocol may be accomplished. As in the case of a detected erroneous segment by e.g. missing sequence numbers or as the CRC (cyclic redundancy check) indicates an erroneous segment, the lower layer of the protocol inserts a well-known sequence of symbols e.g. zeros or is along the erroneous length part of the respective segment, and passes the aggregated packet to the upper layer of the protocol. There, it is possible to extract the incorrect data part of the respective segment as it is indicated by the inserted, predetermined symbol sequence. Thus the remaining part of the respective segment can be used for further processing in the upper layer. 
         [0010]    Assume the simplified RTP protocol stack of  FIG. 1 . In this case multimedia data packetized in a Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) packet R 1  is protected during transport over a noisy channel CH using a simple Forward Error Correction FEC at the transmitter TP on the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) layer UDPL by duplicating the packet R 1 . Thus two RTP packets R 1 I, R 12  accompanied by forward error correction elements ERI 1 , ER 12  in their respective header field H 1 I, H 12  result. The user datagram Protocol UDP adds for example some kind of a block-check sequence (BCS), e.g. a cyclic redundancy check (CRC), to the entire payload PA 1 I, PA 12  in the header H 1 I, H 12  of each RTP packet R 1 I, R 12 . This allows detecting a possible corruption of the payload of the packet R 1 . Then the packet R 1  or its duplicated and error protected packets R 1 I, R 12  is or are transmitted over a radio access network (RAN). In  FIG. 1  for simplicity only one radio channel CH of this radio access network is illustrated by a chain dotted line. The protocol stack is in the following simplified. The operations presented namely segmentation and/or adding BCS might happen repeatedly on different layers. For ease of presentation assume that each IP packet is segmented into fixed size segments S 1  whereby each segment is in general protected by a sequence number SN, a block-check sequence (BCS), e.g. a cyclic redundancy check CRC and additional FEC, e.g. some convolutional code. Note that the generation of the media packet and the segmentation and transport of the segments might expediently happen at different locations or different functional entities, e.g. processors, which are connected only by defined protocols or primitives exchanged between protocol layers. This is indicated by a bold-dashed line in  FIG. 1 , respectively. Each of the segments is transmitted over the physical channel CH by burst signals. At a receiver RP it is in general detected if the received data segment included in each received burst is corrupted or lost. This can be accomplished by evaluation of the CRC or the sequence number SN. Different protocols and systems define different actions in case that a certain segment is lost, e.g. 
         [0011]    1. The re-assembly is not accomplished and the reassembled packet becoming an IP packet on the upper layer is deleted in the lower layer and not delivered to the upper layer. This might for example be accompanied by an error indication flag. 
         [0012]    2. The lost segment on the lower layer is completely ignored and the re-assembling takes such that the correct segments are concatenated without taking into account the lost segment. 
         [0013]    3. In some cases data segments can be decoded, but the CRC reports a failure. In this case, the erroneous data bits of segment might be inserted instead of the correct ones. Reassembly takes place as if the segments are all correct . 4. If segment data is not available, dummy bits might be inserted, e.g. all O&#39;s. The number of dummy symbols is according to the expected segment length of the lost data. 
         [0014]    In all cases the delivered packet is not correct and with very high probability the checksum on the upper layer, e.g. in the UDP layer, on the delivered packet will fail as the data is not correct. In general the UDP layer or any other upper layer will not know what insertion mechanisms for lost segments the underlying, lower layer performs. In this case the UDP layer drops the entire packet as the errors cannot be localized and the correct data cannot be exploited by the upper layer. For example, in this case the media packet is lost. The loss of segments and the discard of the whole RTP packet is indicated by the symbol ? in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0015]    It would be beneficial if the upper layer receives the information that only a small part of the upper layer packet is corrupted. The exact information would for example allow to recover some part of the first packet and some part of the second packet which itself might be sufficient to recover the entire packet. However, the two layers are in general again in different locations or in different functional entities such that the exact information on correct and corrupted packet parts can not be forwarded from the lower layer to the upper layer. One might specify specific new primitives to be exchanged by the entities which allow indicating correct and wrong parts of packets. However, this is in general very difficult as dedicated connections between protocol layers have to be established and the information might be exploited on different levels of the protocol stack. In general it seems difficult to define such a protocol. 
         [0016]    An abstraction of the problem is provided in the following. Details are shown in  FIG. 2 . Assume that some application encoder AE produces some smaller symbols Sym of equal or variable size. The symbols Sym might be explicitly defined or inherently given by some bitstream or packet syntax. They may be for example encoding symbols of a Raptor encoder. The symbols are aggregated by symbol aggregation means SA such that they form the payload of one packet P 1  with a specific syntax having a packet header PH as well as some form of a block check sequence BCS. The position of the BCS is arbitrary. Then this packet P 1  is transmitted by packet transmitter means PT over a system SE which segments the packets in smaller segments S 2  whereby each segment S 2  might contain a sequence number SN as well as some kind of BCS. At some other instance or functional entity the segments are received and in case that all segments are received, the packet RP 1  is recovered by reassembling the segments by segment reassembly means SR appropriately. The packet RP 1  with a specific structure might then be forwarded through a normative interface Nil defined by the packet structure. The normative interface Nil is indicated by a dotted line in  FIG. 2 . In some other functional or location entity like a packet receiver PR the received packet RP 1 * is de-capsulated by a symbol parser SP and the original symbols Sym are recovered and forwarded to the application decoder AR, e.g. a Raptor decoder. 
         [0017]      FIG. 3  shows the case when a segment loss occurs and the receiver action is arbitrary. In this case the decoder packet reassembling means SR inserts some undefined pattern. By the forwarding of the packet RP 1  through the normative interface Nil the action of insertion is not communicated. Therefore, at the other end of this normative interface, the BCS will detect a problem with the packet, but can not locate the problem. Therefore, the entire packet must be assumed as lost and no symbols Sym can be recovered on the receiving side. The loss of symbols Sym is respectively indicated by a flash sign in  FIG. 3 . 
         [0018]    Example Solution: 
         [0019]      FIG. 4  shows a solution for the problem. The following steps may be applied advantageously: 
         [0020]    1. In the case of a segment loss the segment reassembly is modified such that in any case that a loss of a segment has been detected by a missing SN or a failed BCS on a segment, a fixed pattern, e.g. an all 0 pattern, is inserted with the length of the lost segment. This modified segment reassembly means is denoted by SR* in  FIG. 4 . Note that the Os can be bytes or bits depending on the granularity of the interfaces. Assume that an all zero pattern of length N is inserted. 
         [0021]    Variations of the pattern or a specific syntax for the pattern to indicate different information are discussed later as a variant of this example. 
         [0022]    2. The packet is forwarded through the normative interface Nil and received in some other functional entity, which now processes the pattern. 
         [0023]    3. If the BCS in the packet is present then with very high probability the insertion of the pattern will cause the BCS to detect an error in the payload. The BCS will fail. 
         [0024]    4. In this case a combined packet receiver and symbol parser CPS searches for a pattern in the received packet RP 1 * which matches the defined pattern inserted by the lower layer, e.g. a sequence of all N Os. All 0 positions in the received packet RP 1 * which are part of an all 0 sequence of at least length N are considered to be not reliable. In addition, all 0 sequences in the beginning of the received packet RP 1 * as well as all 0 sequences at the end of the packet have to be considered as unreliable. 5. Only the symbols Sym are forwarded to the application layer decoder AR, which are entirely reliable, i.e. they are not part of such an all zero sequence. Therefore, the application layer decoder AR can recover additional symbols Sym. 
       Variants and Extensions of the Discussed Example 
       [0025]    Some favorable variants and supplements are discussed in the following: Variants on patterns: 
         [0026]    Instead of using only the all 0 bit or byte pattern with the length indicating the lost amount symbols in the packet, the following variants could be considered advantageously: 
         [0027]    1. A random bit sequence might be used if it is clear that for example all zero sequences occur in the regular more often than the statistics might suggest. 
         [0028]    More than one sequence might for example be used in some variants. 
         [0029]    2. The lower layer knows the position and algorithm of the checksum of the upper layer packet. In this case it might check whether one of the sequences causes the problem that the upper checksum would be correct if inserted. This could very likely be avoided by different sequences as it likely that not all patterns cause problems . 3. Different sequences could allow to signal additional information to the upper layer, e.g. one could imagine to signal the reliability of the length information by e.g. using an all 0 pattern for a lost segment if it is very sure that the length of the segment is correct or an all one sequence indicates some uncertainty on the size of the lost segment. 
         [0030]    4. A synchronization marker with some defined syntax including the length information or possible other additional information could be added instead of a pattern of fixed length. In this case the combined packet receiver and symbol parser would look for the synchronization pattern and interpret the following information to determine the information on the length of the loss. The synchronization marker should be such that it is very unlikely that it is emulated in the data. 
       Variants if BCS on Packet-Level is not Present: 
       [0031]    If the BCS on the packet level is not present, all actions on the layer where the interpretation of the packet is done would be done unconditionally and in any case. Basically all patterns can be used as discussed previously. However, in this case data emulation will cause significant problems. Without the presence of BCS in the upper layer only very unlikely patterns should be used and preferably the aforesaid option 4 on the patterns is the only feasible way. 
       Multiple Layer Information Exchange: 
       [0032]    The process as shown in the example for just one layer information exchange can be generalized to the exchange of this information over several layers. For example, an intermediate layer could act as a combined packet receiver and symbol parser whereby the symbol size in this case might be as small as one bit or one byte. In addition, the same layer would act as a segment-reassembling and would insert the same pattern or any another pattern as discussed previously. Then the packet can be forwarded to the upper layer. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0033]    The interaction between different protocol layers is usually limited in a sense that only very few primitives and data in terms of PDU (Protocol Data Units) and SDU (Service Data Units) can be exchanged. Primitives are in general syntactically and semantically very limited. Additional data exchange without using one of these defined interfaces is in general infeasible as different layers of the protocol stack might not be at the same location or they might be implemented in different software or hardware modules. This is for example the case in wireless communication systems or in mobile terminals. Therefore, the exchange of additional information is basically infeasible for many cases. 
         [0034]    In the following we will present an example in  FIG. 5  for which in a wireless system some crosslayer error indication should be exchanged. However, this example is not limited to the case presented but the idea can basically be applied in any other scenario as well. 
         [0035]    Assume the typical scenario in a wireless system where the upper layer, e.g. the SNDCP layer, delivers an SDU to the lower layer, e.g. the RLC layer. In this case the RLC-SDU is in general of variable length and any packet size, usually bounded by some maximum packet size, might be delivered to the lower layer. However, radio systems usually only provide a limited amount of RLC-PDU sizes and the RLC-PDU size is usually predetermined by the radio layer due to some radio resource optimizations. Therefore, the variable size RLC-SDU might be segmented and transported over several RLC-PDUs whereby each RLC-PDU gets assigned some block check sequence, e.g. some cyclic-redundancy check (CRC), and possibly some FEC is applied. The RLC-SDU might also be protected by a block check sequence, e.g. a CRC, or it might contain a packet, e.g. an IP/UDP packet, which itself is protected by a block check sequence. It might also contain a segments or parts of a packet which are protected by a block-check sequence on higher layers. 
         [0036]    Assume now at the receiver that the RLC layer detects that a segment could not be decoded. This is for example detected as the block-check sequence fails or by detecting that the sequence numbers are not correct. In general, the receiver knows the length of the lost segment and its position by evaluating appropriate header information, sequence numbering, and/or by some information from correctly decoded segments. The latter information might not be reliable in some cases. The RLC layer is now supposed to deliver an entire RLC-SDU to the upper layer. If all RLC-PDUs are correctly received, the RLC-SDU can be aggregated and delivered to the upper layer. The checksums on the upper layers will be correct unless no additional errors on the transmission on the respective layer have occured. In case that any RLC-PDU is detected to be lost or corrupted, the action for reassembly is not clear. The following actions might for example occur: 
         [0037]    1. The entire RLC-SDU is deleted in the respective layer and not delivered to the upper layer. This might for example be accompanied by an error indication flag. 
         [0038]    2. The lost RLC-PDU is completely ignored and the RLC-SDU is concatenated without taking into account the lost RLC-PDU. 3. If some decoded data is available, but only the CRC failed, the erroneous data bits can inserted instead of the correct ones. 
         [0039]    4. If the data is not available, some dummy data can be inserted, e.g. all O&#39;s. The length depends on the expected RLC-PDU length of the lost data. 
         [0040]    No standardized means is applied in nowadays networks. For example, for GPRS some procedure along the line of precedent item 4 is applied, whereas EGPRS uses technology similar to item 3. Other networks might use other technologies. In general no additional information is passed from the lower layer to the upper layer except for the data. In some cases, some error indication might be assigned to a wrong RLC-SDU, but this in general detected with very high probability by any block-check sequence in the upper layers. 
         [0041]    However, with this procedure, some important information is lost, namely that only a segment of the RLC-SDU is corrupted and that this corrupted segment is detected and the boundaries are exactly known. The information that only a small segment is lost might be very beneficial for some applications, e.g. 
         [0042]    The correct initial part of a packet might be used by some application layer decoder, e.g. some video decoder.—All correct parts of the packet might be used by an erasure-based application layer FEC decoder. 
         [0043]    This information is in general lost on the layer boundaries as the communication is limited. 
         [0044]    Up to now this problem has been solved either that the entire RLC-SDU or the SDUs on the higher layers are completely lost. Therefore a huge amount of correctly received data is not accessible for higher layers. Another solution when passing the erroneous payloads to the upper layers must rely on that the application layer can cope with bit errors without having any clue were the bit-erroneous part is. For example, some video coding standards such as MPEG-4 include special means for this purpose. However, in general this method is not applied as the video encoder must include means to cope with these issues which are in general less compression efficient. In addition, if these errors are not appropriately located, annoying artefacts would occur. In case of application layer coding the decoder would have to be changed to not only cope with erasures, but also with possible errors. This would significantly increase the complexity of the decoder or it would also lead to decreased efficiency. 
         [0045]    It is proposed to solve the limitations of the protocol stack interaction to convey the information by the following favourable means. In case of a detected erroneous segment by e.g. missing sequence numbers or as the CRC indicates an erroneous segment, the lower layer inserts a well-known sequence of the correct length in the data block, e.g. a sequence of all Os., and passes the aggregated packet to the upper layer. The upper layer at some point whenever it detects the presence of such a sequence in the packet, it assumes that all data in this area which spans this sequence, is lost. If random data is assumed and the RLC-PDU is in the range of at least a few bytes, the probability that a sequence of real data occurs is very unlikely. In addition, to check whether this part is inserted by the lower protocol stack or is intentional data can also be checked by some block-check sequence, e.g. UDP checksum, on the upper layer. Therefore, the incorrect data part of the RLC-SDU can be extracted. Note that the boundaries might be not exact such that more data is lost, but in case of random data, the additional losses should also be marginal and they are for sure not more than would happen in the case where the entire RLC-PDU is dropped. The lower layer might also decide not to just use one sequence in the data to indicate some properties, but more sequences. More favourable sequences could for example be used for the following purposes: 
         [0046]    If the lower layer knows the position and algorithm of the checksum of the upper layer, it might check whether one of the sequences causes the problem that the upper checksum would be correct if inserted. This could be avoided by different sequences. 
         [0047]    Different sequences could allow to signal additional information to the upper layer, e.g. one could imagine to signal the reliability of the length information by e.g. using an all 0 sequence for a lost RLC-PDU if it is very sure that the length of the RLC-SDU is correct or an all one sequence to indicate some uncertainty on the size of the lost RLC-PDU. 
         [0048]    Even longer sequences could be used with a long synchronization marker, e.g. 50 all 0 bytes followed by a one byte followed by some correct syntax and semantic field, e.g. 2 byte field indicating the length of the lost data, 2 byte on the reliability, etc. Any kind of information could be signalled. 
         [0049]    If the application layer is aware of and can rely on the syntax on the underlying protocol layer, it can extract additional information from the received SDU, possibly coupled only to the case when some integrity checksum on the upper layer fails. This might allow recovering correct parts as well as erased parts. This information is up to now not possible to be conveyed from lower layers to upper layers without specifying new primitives. Still, each layer can decide to apply standard procedures to non-correct SDUs and just drop them, e.g. if some relevant header information is assumed to be not correct.