Abstract:
A method and apparatus for analyzing brain waves wherein the brain wave of interest is sampled, parameters that describe the brain wave are determined, and the parameters so determined are compared with standard parameters.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to apparatus for analyzing EEG and relating waveforms and in particular to such apparatus for deriving various parameters relating to such waveforms. 
     DISCUSSION OF THE PRIOR ART 
     The prior art reveals several related references as follows: 
     a. Peterson U.S. Pat. No. 2,313,666 entitled &#34;Logarithmic Instrument Circuit&#34; discloses a method comprising the steps of storing a charge, dissipating such charge, storing a second charge, and controlling a current; 
     b. Shaffer U.S. pat. No. 3,634,668 entitled &#34;Log Spectrum Decoding Utilizing Symmetry&#34; discloses a signal processor apparatus comprising function storage means, addressable locations, selecting means, multiplying means, storage means, a first input port, a second input port, a predetermined number of storage locations, function generator means, a common juncture, and accumulating means; 
     c. Blaess U.S. Pat. No. 4,275,446 entitled &#34;Method And Apparatus for Measurement Of Attenuation And Distortion By A Test Object&#34; discloses such a method comprising the steps of applying a test pulse and evaluating by Fourier analysis the deformation of such test pulse. 
     It is apparent from the above and the following that the above cited prior art references do not disclose the apparatus of the present invention. 
     INTRODUCTION 
     At present, the graphs of brain waves, obtained by means of an electroencephalograph (EEG), must be analyzed by an experienced, skilled technician. This is a very labor-intensive process and is subject to inevitable human error and diversity of opinion. An automated system of EEG analysis would both decrease its cost and the chance for error and variation. 
     Brain waves, that is, oscillatory electrical brain activity, may be modeled as exponentially decaying sinusoid waveforms. This is based on the properties at the cell membrane level and the interactions of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. 
     Exponentially decaying sinusoid waveforms may be described by the parameters which define such waveforms. Those parameters are merely numbers, and thus are much easier to analyze than the complex graphs of the EEG. Further, the fact that the parameters are numbers allows the analysis itself to be automated. 
     Objects of the present invention are therefore to provide. 
     a. apparatus that applies to automated spike detection related to the analysis of EEG, evoked potentials, and related waveforms; 
     b. apparatus that does not require the compromising of data at the beginning or end of the data set; 
     c. apparatus that utilizes clustering in a two dimensional space; 
     d. apparatus that utilizes operations that are less subjective and less cumbersome than previous operations; 
     e. apparatus that calculates parameters related to the input waveform; 
     f. apparatus that lessens user interaction. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention involves sampling the brain waves at regular intervals. Since different brain waves occur in different frequency bands, the sampling period is varied according to which brain wave is to be analyzed. The data obtained is manipulated in order to obtain an output comprising certain parameters. The parameters obtained from a particular patient are compared with standards for normal and abnormal brain waves to determine the condition which corresponds to the patient&#39;s brain waves. The standards comprise previously calculated parameters from a substantial number of patients whose brain waves are known to be normal and from a substantial number patients whose brain waves are known to be abnormal as a result of a variety of abnormal conditions. Thus, there are standards for the brain wave parameters for the normal condition and for the brain wave parameters for each of a variety of abnormal conditions. 
     The parameters calculated in the present invention are the Decay Parameter, the Wavelength Parameter, the Amplitude Parameter, the Phase Angles Parameter, and the Dwell Angle Parameter. Two means for calculating the Wavelength Parameter and the Dwell Angle Parameter are illustrated. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a diagram of a sample waveform to be analyzed; 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a means for calculating the Decay Parameter according to the present invention; 
     FIGS. 3A and 3B are block diagrams of a means for calculating the Amplitude Parameter, the Dwell Angle Parameter, and the Wavelength Parameter according to the present invention; 
     FIGS. 4A and 4B are block diagrams of a means for calculating the Phase Angle Parameter according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an alternate means for calculating the Wavelength Parameter and the Dwell Angle Parameter according to the present invention; and 
     FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIG. 1 illustrates a sample input waveform from which the defined parameters are calculated. The waveform is plotted on the X and Y axes, where the X axis represents time T and the Y axis represents voltage V. As can be seen, the waveform is a sinusoid that decays at an exponential rate. 
     The input waveform amplitude is sampled at equal dwell time intervals; that is, time interval=T1-T0=T2-T1, and so on. The input waveform amplitude is V T0  at time T0, V T1  at time T1, V T2  at time T2, V Tn  at time Tn, and so forth. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates a means for calculating and displaying and/or storing the Decay parameter. The input waveform is sampled by sampling means 301 at 300z. The outputs of sampling means 301 are: V Tn  at 301a, V Tn  +1 at 301f, V Tn+  2 at 301b, and V Tn+  3 at 301e. The remaining means are interconnected as shown, resulting in the Decay Parameter at 312a. That 
     The Decay Parameter calculated by the means shown in FIG. 2 is as follows: ##EQU1## 
     FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate a means for calculating the Wavelength Parameter, the Amplitude Parameter, and the Dwell Angle Parameter. 
     In order to avoid unreliable results, it is necessary to normalize the input waveform samples. That is, the effect of the exponential decay is removed from the input waveform. That function is accomplished by the means illustrated in FIG. 3A. 
     The input waveform is sampled by sampling means 401 at 401z. The outputs of sampling means 401 are: V Tn  at 401a, V Tn+1  at 401b, V Tn+2  at 401d, and V Tn+3  at 401c. The Decay Parameter, as calculated by the means shown in FIG. 2, is inputted at 300a. The remaining means illustrated in FIG. 3A are interconnected as shown and result in the following normalized outputs: V&#39; Tn  at 428a, V&#39; Tn+1  at 429a, V&#39; Tn+2  at 431a, and V&#39; Tn+e  at 430a. 
     The outputs of FIG. 3A are the inputs to FIG. 3B. The remaining means in FIG. 3B are interconnected as shown, resulting in the Wavelength Parameter at 422a, the Amplitude Parameter at 425a, and the Dwell Angle Parameter at 444a. 
     The Wavelength Parameter, the Amplitude Parameter, and the Dwell Angle parameter calculated by the means in FIGS. 3A and 3B areas follows: ##EQU2## 
     FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate a means for calculating the Phase Angle Parameter. 
     Again, it is necessary to normalize the input waveform samples. The input waveform is sampled by sampling means 501 at 501z. The Decay Parameter, as determined in FIG. 2, is input at 312a. The outputs of sampling means 501 are as follows: V Tn  at 502a, V Tn+1  at 501b, and V Tn  at 502c. The normalized input waveform samples are as follows: V&#39; Tn+1  at 502a, V&#39; Tn+1  at 503a, and V&#39; Tn+2  at 504a. The remainder of the means in FIG. 4 are interconnected as shown, resulting in the calculation of the Phase Angle Parameter at 544a. 
     The Phase Angle Parameter as calculated by the means in FIGS. 4A and 4B is as follows: ##EQU3## 
     FIG. 5 illustrates an alternative means for calculating the Wavelength Parameter and the Dwell Angle Parameter. 
     The sampling means 601 samples the input waveform at 600z. The outputs of sampling means 601 are as follows: V Tn  at 601i, V Tn+1  at 601a, V Tn+2  at 601l, and V Tn+3  at 601f. The remainder of the means are interconnected as shown resulting in the Wavelength Parameter at 619a and the Dwell Angle Parameter at 621a. 
     The Wavelength Parameter and the Dwell Angle Parameter as calculated by the means in FIG. 5 are as follows: ##EQU4## 
     FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the present invention. A patient (not shown) is electrically connected to a conventional EEG 1. The electrical output 3 of the EEG 1 is digitalized by an analog-to-digital converter 5. The analog-to-digital converter output 7 is the input to a digital computer 9. The computer 9 is programmed to sample the EEG output 3 and calculate the decay, wavelength, amplitude, dwell angle, and phase angle parameters for the patient&#39;s brain waves. 
     Standards for the parameters for normal brain waves and for brain waves resulting from a variety of abnormal conditions are stored in a suitable nonvolatile storage means 11, such as a floppy disk or hard disk. The standards for normal brain waves are formulated by calculating the parameters of the brain waves of a substantial number of patients known to have normal brain waves. In like manner, the standards for brain waves for each abnormal condition are formulated by calculating the parameters for the brain waves of a substantial number of patients known to have that abnormal condition. 
     The computer 9 compares the patient&#39;s parameters with the standards for normal and abnormal brain waves contained in the storage means 11 to determine the condition corresponding to the patient&#39;s brain waves. That is, the comparison determines whether the patient&#39;s brain waves correspond to a normal condition or to one of a plurality of abnormal conditions. The result of the comparison is then displayed on a display 13. 
     In addition to the foregoing, the output of the analog-to-digital converter 5 is stored in the storage means 11 and, if desired, may be displayed on the display 13. This produces a display that is essentially identical to that of a conventional EEG, allowing a physician or technician to confirm the results of the computer analysis. The patient&#39;s calculated parameters are also stored in the storage means 11, allowing the analysis to be performed in the absence of the patient. 
     In an alternate embodiment of the invention, the parameters are calculated as described above and the comparison of the calculated parameters with the normal and abnormal standards is accomplished by the physician or technician.