Abstract:
Method and arrangements for reducing crosstalk between conductors on a conductor carrier, and methods for manufacturing conductor carriers including these arrangements are presented. Crosstalk between the conductors is prevented by providing a dielectric material in the space between each conductor and an earth plane so that the electric field can be tied down within this space and thus prevent leakage of field lines to the co-lateral conductors. The capacitance is increased by an arrangement in the space immediately beneath the conductor so as to reduce the distance between conductors and the earth plane and/or through the medium of a dielectric material that has a higher dielectric index εr than the dielectric material.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The present invention pertains to arrangements relating to conductor carriers, e.g. printed circuit boards, for reducing crosstalk between densely packed conductors. The present invention also relates to methods for the manufacture of conductor carriers that include said arrangements. 
     In present times, so-called printed circuit boards or component carriers that can be used to implement different types of circuitry in a beneficial manner are used in practically all modern-day electronic equipment. These printed circuit boards have many advantages. For instance, they can be produced easily and can be arranged in the equipment in a readily perceived and space-saving manner, in addition to being easily exchanged. A printed circuit board is comprised of a carrying base part on which there is applied a non-conductive dielectric material on which there are disposed components that are interconnected by thin conductors provided in or on the layer of non-conductive material. The dielectric used is preferably a plastic-based material, wherewith the dielectric index εr can be varied by including different amounts of additives in said material. 
     Present-day development trends, e.g. within mobile telephony, lean towards both ever smaller system solutions and, at the same time, towards ever greater transmission frequencies. This results in ever greater demands on the design and dimensioning of the printed circuit boards, wherewith a constantly increasing problem in this respect is one of minimising crosstalk between the more and more densely packed conductors on a printed circuit board. 
     Crosstalk is an undesirable effect between two conductors due to the electromagnetic field that occurs as a result of the signal currents in respective conductors. This can be understood as a parasitic capacitive and inductive coupling between the conductors. Crosstalk can be considered to be proportional to a coupling coefficient K, defined as 
     
       
         
           K=Cm/C=Lm/L. 
         
       
     
     In this relationship, Cm and Lm signify the mutual capacitance and the mutual inductance between two parallel conductors and C and L signify respectively the self-capacitance and the self-inductance of the conductors. In an equivalence interpretation, it suffices either to consider solely the case of a capacitive coupling or solely the case of an inductive coupling. Consequently, the following discussion is concerned solely with the capacitive coupling. The so-defined coupling coefficient is a measurement of the magnitude of an undesired parasitic capacitance in comparison with the self-capacitance of the conductor (c.f. also FIG.  1 ). 
     A reduction in crosstalk effects is synonymous with minimising the value of the coupling coefficient K. In order to obtain a high resistance in the space between two conductors, the mutual capacitance Cm between the conductors must be as small as possible. On the other hand, the conductor capacitance C between conductors and the earth plane shall be high. As will be evident from the definition of the coupling coefficient, it is also necessary for the relationship or ratio between the mutual capacitance Cm and the conductor capacitance C to be small. 
     It is apparent from the general definition of a capacitance 
     
       
           C=ε 0 εr ( A∫ E d A /s∫ E d s   ) 
       
     
     of an arbitrary electrode arrangement that its size is determined essentially by the conditions in the space between two electrodes. More specifically, this includes both the geometrical dimensions, particularly the spacing of the electrodes, and the intermediate dielectric material, which is characterised by its dielectric index εr. 
     Hitherto, the simplest method of minimising crosstalk between two conductors has therefore been to increase the distance therebetween. Typical conductor spacings in this respect can be from three to four times the width of the conductors and can reach magnitudes in the order of about 600 μm-800 μm. However, this means unacceptable limitations in the design of an optimal printed circuit board design that shall accommodate the largest possible number of components within a small area. Crosstalk can also be minimised by using in the space between the conductors a dielectric material that has a low dielectric index. 
     An arrangement for minimising crosstalk that occurs between conductors on a printed circuit board is described in EP 0 354 671 A1. Posts of dielectric material that carry metallic conductors are disposed on a metallic base plane. These vertical posts are mutually separated by air-filled spaces that extend right down to the base plane. This results in a reduced capacitive coupling between the conductors and thus also in a reduction in crosstalk, among other things. 
     JP 3-041 803 A teaches another arrangement for reducing crosstalk between conductors on a printed circuit board. This is achieved by including between the conductors an arrangement that consists of a dielectric material that has a lower dielectric index than the other dielectric material. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present invention addresses the problem of reducing crosstalk between densely packed conductors on a printed circuit board, for instance. 
     A first object of the invention is to reduce crosstalk effects between two conductors on a printed circuit board. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a printed circuit board that includes an arrangement for reducing crosstalk effects between two conductors, wherewith functioning of said arrangement is essentially independent of the distance between said two conductors and of the material present therebetween. 
     A further object of the present invention is to provide a method of manufacturing the inventive arrangement. 
     These objects are achieved in accordance with the invention, by providing a high capacitance in a space between each of the conductors and the earth plane, if possible a narrow space, and therewith bind the electric field to said earth plane substantially within said space, so as to prevent the leakage of field lines to the co-lateral conductors such that crosstalk between said conductors is prevented. 
     The invention is based on the realisation that this increase in capacitance can be achieved by disposing in the space immediately beneath a signal conductor an arrangement that consists of a thinner dielectric layer and/or a dielectric material that has a higher dielectric index εr than the remaining dielectric material. 
     In one advantageous embodiment, the arrangement is narrower than the width of the conductor and is placed symmetrically thereto. 
     The inventive arrangement and the methods of producing printed circuit boards that include said arrangement have the characteristic features disclosed more specifically in respective Claims. 
     A first advantage afforded by the inventive arrangement is that crosstalk between conductors is reduced. 
     Another important advantage afforded by the invention is that this effect is achieved essentially regardless of the geometry of the printed circuit board or of its material properties in the space between said conductors. This enables, for instance, appropriate selection of the dielectric material in this space. A material that has a low electric index εr enables crosstalk to be further reduced. 
     This also means that said effect is independent of the design of the printed circuit board and does not restrict dimensioning of the board and the arrangement of conductors thereon. Thus, the conductors can be packed more densely on the printed circuit board without limitations due to crosstalk effects, so that the distance between two conductors may be of the same order of magnitude as the width of the conductors. 
     A further advantage afforded by the invention is that the increase in capacitance that reduces crosstalk can be achieved in two different ways, which may be used either individually or, preferably, in co-operation with one another. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The present invention will now be described in more detail with reference to preferred embodiments thereof and also with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
     FIG. 1 is a symbolic circuit diagram showing the capacitive couplings that occur on a printed circuit board. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates a first preferred embodiment of a printed circuit board that includes an inventive arrangement for reducing crosstalk. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates a second, alternative embodiment of a printed circuit board according to FIG. 2 that includes the inventive arrangement and which also includes a dielectric material that has a high dielectric index. 
     FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment that includes only two conductors. 
     FIG. 5 illustrates another alternative embodiment, in which the inventive arrangement is arranged in a microstrip conductor. 
     FIGS. 6 a - 6   c  illustrate steps in the manufacture of a printed circuit board according to FIG. 2 with the aid of offset printing. 
     FIGS. 7 a - 7   d  illustrate steps in the manufacture of a printed circuit board according to FIG. 3 with the aid of offset printing. 
     FIGS. 8 a - 8   e  illustrate steps in the manufacture of a printed circuit board according to FIG. 3 with the aid of photo-sensitive dielectric varnish, and plating of the conductors. 
     FIGS. 9 a - 9   f  illustrate steps in the manufacture of a printed circuit board according to FIG. 3 with the aid of photo-sensitive dielectric varnish and surface plating of the conductors prior to exposure. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a printed circuit board  10  that comprises a carrier part  11  that has a dielectric material  12  having a given dielectric index εr disposed thereon. The illustrated circuit board has, for instance, two mutually parallel conductors  14  embedded in the dielectric material. Crosstalk between these conductors is determined by the mutual capacitance  15  (Cm) between the conductors, and the capacitances  13  (C) between respective conductors and the carrier part, which is used as the earth plane. A high capacitance C between respective conductors and the earth plane, and a low capacitance Cm between two mutually adjacent conductors are necessary in order to restrict the electromagnetic field to the space between said conductors and the earth plane. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates a first preferred embodiment of an inventive printed circuit board. Similar to the circuit board of FIG. 1, the printed circuit board shown in FIG. 2 includes a supportive earth plane  21  on which a layer of dielectric material  22  has been provided. In the illustrated case, two conductors  24  are embedded in the dielectric material. In this embodiment, a high capacitance C is achieved between conductors  24  and the earth plane  21 , by reducing their distance to the earth plane. This is achieved by placing a layer  23  of conductive material directly on the earth plane  21 , in the space beneath the conductors  24 . The layer  23  is provided with a raised surface that extends above the earth plane  21  and across said layer. 
     As shown in FIG. 2, the inventive concept can vary in different alternative embodiments. These alternatives are primarily concerned with the design of the space between the conductors and the design of the conductors themselves. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates an alternative embodiment in which the space between the conductor  34  and the conductor  33  arranged on the earth plane  31  is filled with a dielectric material  35  that has a higher dielectric index εr 2  than the other dielectric material  32  on said earth plane, which has a low dielectric index εr 1 . This results in a further increase in capacitance. 
     The space between the conductors  34  and the conductors  33  arranged on the earth plane can be filled completely with a layer of said high-index dielectric material  35 . However, it is beneficial for this layer  35  to be narrower than the conductors. This enables a major part of the electric field to be tied down to a narrow space beneath each conductor. This is particularly beneficial at high signal frequencies where the currents are mainly led proximal to the outer edges of the conductors. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the width d of this high-index dielectric material is dimensioned in accordance with the formula d &lt;(w−2δ), wherewith δ signifies the accepted penetration depth for current in a conductor, and w is the width of the conductor. 
     In the FIG. 3 embodiment, the layer  35  of high-index dielectric material has been disposed symmetrically with respect to the symmetry axis (not shown) of the conductors. This is the preferred embodiment in the case of conductor carriers that carry a plurality of mutually juxtaposed conductors. FIG. 4 shows as a special case a printed circuit board  40  that has only two conductors  44 . In this regard, a conceivable modification is one in which the coupling between the electric fields of respective right-hand and left-hand conductor pairs  43 / 44  is reduced simply by increasing the distance between the layers  45  of high dielectric material disposed between the aforesaid pairs of conductors  43 / 44 . These layers  45  are displaced slightly, so that the layer beneath the right-hand conductor pair  43 / 44  will be offset slightly to the right and the layer beneath the left-hand conductor pair  43 / 44  offset slightly to the left in respect of the symmetry axes  46  of respective conductor pairs. 
     The design of the conductors  23  arranged directly on the earth plane can also be modified within the scope of the inventive concept. For instance, the conductors  23  may have a rectangular cross-sectional shape or may have the same cross-sectional shape as that of the conductors  24 . In order to tie down the electric field to within, if possible, a narrow space between the conductors  23 / 24  the conductors  23  are arranged directly on the earth plane  21  in the preferred embodiment, such that the thickness of each conductor decreases towards the outer extremities thereof in a direction parallel with the earth plane. This embodiment may also be combined with a high-index dielectric material in the space between the conductors  23 / 24 . 
     The present invention can also be applied to advantage in other applications. FIG. 5 illustrates by way of example the inventive arrangement incorporated in a microstrip conductor  50 . A microstrip conductor has two earth planes  51  and  57  and a first conductor structure  54  embedded in first dielectric material  52  disposed between said earth planes. A second conductor structure  53  is arranged on a first earth plane  51  and a third conductor structure  56  is arranged on the second earth plane  57  in a corresponding manner. These conductor structures  53  and  56  form raised surfaces across respective earth planes which are overlapped by the first conductor structure. Thus, a high capacitance C is achieved between the conductors  54  and the earth plane  51  and the earth plane  57  respectively, by reducing the distance between the conductors  54  and respective earth planes  51  and  57 . 
     In order to concentrate the electric field within, if possible, a narrow space beneath the conductors, the conductors  54  and  56  arranged directly on the earth planes  51  and  57  are formed so that the thickness of each conductor decreases towards the outer extremities thereof in a direction parallel with the earth planes. The space between the conductors  54  and the conductors  53  arranged on the earth planes  51  and  57  can be filled with a dielectric material  55  that has a higher dielectric index εr 2  than the remaining dielectric material  52 , which has a low dielectric index εr 1 . This results in a further increase in capacity. 
     FIGS. 6 a - 6   c ,  7   a - 7   d ,  8   a - 8   e  and  9   a - 9   f  describe four methods of manufacturing a printed circuit board that includes the inventive arrangement. A printed circuit board according to respective FIGS. 2 and 3 is produced by means of an offset printing process illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7. FIGS. 8 and 9 demonstrate the manufacturing steps entailed in producing a printed circuit board according to FIG. 3 while using a photosensitive dielectric material. FIGS. 6 a - 6   c  describe the manufacture of a printed circuit board solely with dielectric material. In a first step (FIG. 6 a ), a first conductor structure  62  is printed directly on the carrier base part  61 , which functions as a circuit board earth plane. A layer  63  of dielectric material is then printed on the base part  61  and on the conductor structure  62  (FIG. 6 b ). In a last step (FIG.  6 ), a second conductor structure  64  is printed onto said dielectric material such that the second conductor structure will overlap the first conductor structure in respect to their cross-directions. Thus, the desired increase in capacitance between the conductor  64  and the base part  61  that functions as an earth plane is achieved by reducing the thickness of the dielectric material  63  in the space  65  between the conductors. This is achieved by changing the thickness of the conductors  62  in correspondence with the capacitance that shall be obtained between the conductors  62  and  64 . 
     FIGS. 7 a - 7   d  describe a method of manufacturing a printed circuit board that includes two different dielectric materials. As described above, the desired conductor structure  72  is printed directly on the carrying base part  71  (FIG. 7 a ). A layer  73  of one high dielectric material (FIG. 7 b ) is then printed onto these conductors  72 , whereafter the remaining part of the base part  71  is coated with a layer of another dielectric material, preferably a material that has a low dielectric index εr (FIG. 7 c ). In last step (FIG. 7 d ), a second conductor structure  74  is printed on this dielectric material in a manner such that the second conductor structure will overlap the first conductor structure in respect of their cross-directions. 
     FIGS. 8 a - 8   e  describe a first method of manufacture using photosensitive dielectric material. A first conductor structure  82  (FIG. 8 a ) is applied to a carrying base part  81 . This is done in a well-known manner, which is not shown explicitly. For example, the base part  81  is covered with a protective layer with the exception of apertures provided therein, these apertures then being filled with a conductive material so that the conductor structure  82  will be obtained when the protective layer is removed. The base part  81  and the conductor structure  82  are then covered with a photosensitive high dielectric varnish  83  (FIG. 8 b ), whereafter a layer  84  is exposed over said first conductor structure  82  (FIG. 8 c ) by photolithography. A second conductor structure  85  (FIG. 8 d ) is then applied on the layer  84  by plating said layer. The complete structure is finally covered with a layer  86  of another dielectric material, preferably a material that has a low dielectric index εr (FIG. 8 e ). 
     FIGS. 9 a - 9   f  describe an alternative method of manufacture in which a photosensitive dielectric material is used. The base part  91  and the first conductor structure  92  are first covered with a layer  93  of photosensitive high dielectric varnish (FIG. 9 b ). This layer  93  is then surface-plated with a copper layer  94  prior to developing the layer  93  (FIG. 9 c ). The layer  94  is patterned in a following step, so as to obtain a second conductor structure  95 , said second conductor structure  95  overlapping the first conductor structure  93  in the cross-direction of said conductors (FIG. 9 d ). As opposed to the method described in FIG. 8, this method of manufacture is characterised in that the layer  95  can then be used as a pattern transfer medium for developing the high dielectric material  93  so that said material will then be found solely in the spaces between conductor structure  92  and  95  (FIG. 9 e ). The resultant structure is finally covered with a layer  97  of another dielectric material, preferably with a material that has a low dielectric index εr (FIG. 9 f ). 
     FIGS. 8 a - 8   e  and  9   a - 9   f  relate to methods of manufacturing a printed circuit board according to FIG.  3 . It will be readily understood, however, that the arrangement according to FIG. 2 can also be produced by the methods described in these Figures. 
     It will also be understood that the invention is not restricted to the aforedescribed and illustrated embodiments thereof, and that modifications can be made within the scope of the accompanying claims.