Abstract:
A frequency translating repeater ( 200 ) for use in a wireless local area network includes a cancellation unit. Canceller ( 402 ) is controlled by control ( 401 ) to provide an injection signal for canceling leakage in a receive signal path. Reference coupler ( 403 ) provides a reference signal from the transmit signal, injection coupler ( 404 ) injects a correction signal, and sample coupler ( 405 ) provides a sample for feedback. A processor ( 510 ) receives the sample signal through a detector ( 415 ). Although the present invention is intended for a frequency translating repeater, it has broad applications in radio transceivers in general. One specific application is with frequency division duplex (FDD) handsets or base stations utilizing CDMA technologies such as W-CDMA and IS-2000 or 1XEV-DV/DO.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application is related to and claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/460,571 filed Apr. 7, 2003, and is further related to PCT Application PCT/US03/16208 entitled WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK REPEATER, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The present invention relates generally to wireless local area networks (WLANs) and, particularly, the present invention relates to canceling signal leakage in a frequency translating repeater.  
         [0003]     Several standard protocols for wireless local area networks, commonly referred to as WLANs, are becoming popular, including 802.11 (as set forth in the 802.11 wireless standards), home RF, Bluetooth, and the like. The standard wireless protocol with the most commercial success to date is the 802.11b protocol although next generation protocols, such as 802.11g, are also gaining popularity.  
         [0004]     While the specifications of products utilizing the above standard wireless protocols commonly indicate data rates on the order of, for example, 11 MBPS and ranges on the order of, for example, 100 meters, these performance levels are rarely, if ever, realized. Performance shortcomings between actual and specified performance levels have many causes including attenuation of the radiation paths of RF signals, which for 802.11b are in the range of 2.4 GHz in an operating environment such as an indoor environment. Access point to client ranges are generally less than the coverage range required in a typical home, and may be as little as 10 to 15 meters. Further, in structures having split floor plans, such as ranch style or two story homes, or those constructed of materials capable of attenuating RF signals, areas in which wireless coverage is needed may be physically separated by distances outside of the range of, for example, an 802.11 protocol based system. Attenuation problems may be exacerbated in the presence of interference in the operating band, such as interference from other 2.4 GHz devices or wideband interference with in-band energy. Still further, data rates of devices operating using the above standard wireless protocols are dependent on signal strength. As distances in the area of coverage increase, wireless system performance typically decreases. Lastly, the structure of the protocols themselves may affect the operational range.  
         [0005]     Repeaters are commonly used in the mobile wireless industry to increase the range of wireless systems. However, problems and complications arise in that system receivers and transmitters in any given device operate at the same frequency in a WLAN utilizing, for example, 802.11 WLAN or 802.16 WMAN wireless protocols. In such systems, when multiple transmitters operate simultaneously, as would be the case in repeater operation, difficulties arise. Typical WLAN protocols provide no defined receive and transmit periods and, thus, because random packets from each wireless network node are spontaneously generated and transmitted and are not temporally predictable, packet collisions may occur. Some remedies exist to address such difficulties, such as, for example, collision avoidance and random back-off protocols, which are used to avoid two or more nodes transmitting packets at the same time. Under 802.11 standard protocol, for example, a distributed coordination function (DCF) may be used for collision avoidance.  
         [0006]     Such operation is significantly different than the operation of many other cellular repeater systems, such as those systems based on IS-136, IS-95 or IS-2000 standards, where the receive and transmit bands are separated by a deplexing frequency offset. Frequency division duplexing (FDD) operation simplifies repeater operation since conflicts associated with repeater operation, such as those arising in situations where the receiver and transmitter channels are on the same frequency for both the uplink and the downlink, are not present.  
         [0007]     Other cellular mobile systems separate receive and transmit channels by time rather than by frequency and further utilize scheduled times for specific uplink/downlink transmissions. Such operation is commonly referred to as time division duplexing (TDD). Repeaters for these systems are more easily built, as the transmission and reception times are well known and are broadcast by a base station. Receivers and transmitters for these systems may be isolated by any number of means including physical separation, antenna patterns, or polarization isolation. Even for these systems, the cost and complexity of a repeater may be greatly reduced by not offering the known timing information that is broadcast, thus allowing for more economically feasible repeaters. That being said, the techniques described herein may be combined with broadcast channel assignment information to aid the repeater in determining uplink and downlink timings, which may be required for centrally controlled TDD systems such as 802.20 or 802.16.  
         [0008]     Thus, WLAN repeaters operating on the same frequencies have unique constraints due to the above spontaneous transmission capabilities and therefore require a unique solution. Since these repeaters use the same frequency for receive and transmit channels, some form of isolation must exist between the receive and transmit channels of the repeater. While some related systems such as, for example, CDMA systems used in wireless telephony, achieve channel isolation using sophisticated techniques such as directional antennas, physical separation of the receive and transmit antennas, or the like, such techniques are not practical for WLAN repeaters in many operating environments such as in the home where complicated hardware or lengthy cabling is not desirable or may be too costly.  
         [0009]     One system, described in International Application No. PCT/US03/16208 and commonly owned by the assignee of the present application, resolves many of the above identified problems by providing a repeater which isolates receive and transmit channels using a frequency detection and translation method. The WLAN repeater described therein allows two WLAN units to communicate by translating packets associated with one device at a first frequency channel to a second frequency channel used by a second device. The direction associated with the translation or conversion, such as from the frequency associated with the first channel to the frequency associated with the second channel, or from the second channel to the first channel, depends upon a real time configuration of the repeater and the WLAN environment. The WLAN repeater may be configured to monitor both channels for transmissions and, when a transmission is detected, translate the received signal at the first frequency to the other channel, where it is transmitted at the second frequency.  
         [0010]     The above described approach solves both the isolation issue and the spontaneous transmission problems as described above by monitoring and translating in response to packet transmissions and may further be implemented in a small inexpensive unit. However, problems still arise in that a WLAN repeater in order to operate effectively must be capable of more fully isolating outbound transmissions on one of the frequency channels used within the frequency translating repeater from leaking energy into a receiver section tuned for the same frequency channel as that of the outbound transmission.  
         [0011]     When CDMA or other FDD based wireless standards are implemented, isolation between the transmitter and receiver raises problems causing significant complication and expense, particularly in connection with handsets. A similar problem exists in connection with achieving isolation in the TDD frequency translating repeater as both the included repeater and FDD handsets receive and transmit simultaneously. The performance and cost of both systems are driven by the isolation between the receiver and transmitters operating at different frequencies. In both cases, the amount of broadband transmission noise and the main transmitter power causing non-linearity in the receivers front end are primary concerns, which are improved with the present invention.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0012]     Accordingly, in various exemplary and alternative exemplary embodiments, the present invention improves the performance of tranceivers which receive signals on one frequency while simultaneously transmitting significant signal power on another frequency. One preferred embodiment includes a repeater for extending the coverage area in a wireless environment such as a WLAN environment, and, broadly speaking, in any time division duplex system including IEEE 802.16, EEE 802.20 and TDS-CDMA, with a dynamic frequency detection method. An exemplary WLAN frequency translating repeater allows two WLAN nodes or units to communicate by translating packets from a first frequency channel used by one device to a second frequency channel used by a second device. The direction of the conversion from channel 1 to channel 2, versus from channel 2 to channel 1, is dependent upon real time configuration. The repeater may preferably monitor both channels for transmissions, and when a transmission on a channel is detected, the repeater is configured to translate the received signal to the other channel, where it is transmitted. It is important to note that the performance of an exemplary repeater is driven by the degree of isolation between the receiver input sections and the transmitter output sections since signal components from the transmitter output sections can jam the receiver. Isolation issues may also exist in FDD transceivers where the transmitter and receiver are simultaneously active While handsets for IS-2000 use Duplexers for filtering to reduce transmitter leakage into the receiver, duplexers are not effective for removing broadband RF noise from the transmitter located in the same frequency band as the receive signal. An analogous problem may be observed in TDD frequency translating repeaters.  
         [0013]     Since solutions which involve limiting the maximum power to a level sufficiently low to prevent such jamming or solutions involving de-sensitizing the receiver also limit normal performance levels, the present invention is directed to canceling or otherwise nulling leakage signals coupled from the transmitter output sections into the receiver sections. An exemplary repeater in accordance with the present invention therefore includes active cancellation of leakage signals through specially adapted circuits, units, blocks, functions and the like as will be described in greater detail hereinafter. Although active cancellation in accordance with various exemplary embodiments is described in connection with use in a frequency translating repeater, broad applications will be apparent for radio transceivers in general. One exemplary application includes frequency division duplex (FDD) handsets or base stations utilizing CDMA technologies such as W-CDMA, IS-95, and IS-2000 or 1XEV-DV/DO, more broadly to other FDD based systems. Using the present invention, for example in connection with handsets and base stations, increased isolation performance results in an increase in receiver sensitivity, allowing increased transmitter power, and/or reduced implementation cost due to, for example, reduced filtering requirements.  
         [0014]     In accordance with various exemplary embodiments, the presence of a signal on one of at least two channels must be detected with very little delay. Rapid signal detection can be difficult if processing is performed by an analog to digital converter (ADC) and a digital processor. Pipeline delays associated with the ADC and additional delays associated with the processor create obstacles to rapid detection.  
         [0015]     RF in circuit propagation delays may be used to facilitate rapid detection by allowing analog storage of received waveforms while signal detection and transmitter configuration take place. Signal detection may be performed prior to the expiration of RF delay periods, thereby providing additional time to perform the required configuration for the system.  
         [0016]     Detection of received waveforms is preferably accomplished using logarithmic amplifiers (log amps) as will be described in greater detail herein after. Outputs from log amps are fed to an ADC and then to a processor. As will be appreciated, the delay associated with such an architecture drives the cost and performance of an exemplary repeater. One benefit of using an ADC in connection with a processor is the ability to convert analog signals and the ability to add additional intelligence to the detection process, but at the cost of additional delay and expense. Thus, an alternative to such an architecture is an architecture whereby fast analog detectors work in connection with a supervisory processor which can override decisions made by fast analog detection portions.  
         [0017]     RF delays are preferably implemented using Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) filters. SAW filters provide the capability to enable analog signal storage, to provide channel selection, to provide jammer suppression, to provide a “feed-forward” variable gain control path, and the like. An exemplary detection process in accordance with various exemplary embodiments may be performed in an analog only configuration using a threshold comparator. It will be appreciated that such an analog only mode would not make use of an ADC directly. An exemplary processor may play a role in the detection process to, for example, actively control the analog reference voltage associated with detection comparators used to make the detection decisions. Alternatively, the output of the log amps may be digitized and the detection decision may be made in an all digital fashion. As noted above, a draw back of an all-digital architecture is that high speed ADCs and a high performance processor are required leading to relatively high expenses. An additional problem associated with the use of an all digital path and a processor is the significant delay associated with digital sampling and decision making.  
         [0018]     In accordance with various exemplary embodiments, an analog comparator may be used having a processor-controlled threshold. The exemplary analog comparator may further be equipped with a digital override to allow a fast initial decision to be made based on analog detection, while providing a slower more accurate and controllable final decision to be made using the processor. For example, when a signal from an interferer is detected, and the processor recognizes that the packet duration is longer than the wireless protocol will allow, the AGC and/or the detector may be forced by the processor to turn off the output signal transmission. It will be appreciated that the AGC gain setting may be directly controlled and overridden providing usefulness in situations including detection of system feed-back oscillations, detection or occurrence of a false alarm, detection of interference, expiration of valid packet intervals and the like.  
         [0019]     The use of analog detection and initial control allows for low latency detection and system configuration, while the use of a processor allows the additional robust control. Algorithms for achieving cancellation may also include control algorithms for characterization and assessment of interference from different devices including the device in which the processor is situated, establishment of initial system configuration, decoding of potential repeater control commands, the determination of system oscillations, and the like.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0020]     The accompanying figures, where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views and which together with the detailed description below are incorporated in and form part of the specification, serve to further illustrate various embodiments and to explain various principles and advantages in accordance with the present invention  
         [0021]      FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating a WLAN including an exemplary repeater having gain control and cancellation in accordance with various exemplary embodiments.  
         [0022]      FIG. 2  is a schematic drawing illustrating an exemplary gain control circuit associated with an exemplary repeater of  FIG. 1 .  
         [0023]      FIG. 3  is a schematic drawing illustrating an exemplary cancellation portion of an exemplary gain control circuit associated with an exemplary repeater of  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 .  
         [0024]      FIG. 4  is a schematic drawing illustrating an exemplary cancellation circuit of an exemplary repeater.  
         [0025]      FIG. 5  is a schematic drawing illustrating an exemplary cancellation circuit of an exemplary repeater using a processor.  
         [0026]      FIG. 6  is a schematic drawing illustrating two exemplary cancellation circuits of an exemplary repeater using a processor.  
         [0027]      FIG. 7  is a schematic drawing illustrating an exemplary dual station cancellation configuration.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0028]     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , a wide area connection  101 , which could be, for example, an Ethernet connection, a Ti line, a wideband wireless connection or any other electrical connection providing a data communications path, may be connected to a wireless gateway, or access point (AP)  100 . The wireless gateway  100  sends RF signals, such as IEEE 802.11 packets or signals based upon Bluetooth, Hyperlan, or other wireless communication protocols, to client units  104 ,  105 , which may be personal computers, personal digital assistants, or any other devices capable of communicating with other like devices through one of the above mentioned wireless protocols. Respective propagation, or RF, paths to each of the client units  104 ,  105  are shown as  102 ,  103 .  
         [0029]     While the signal carried over RF path  102  is of sufficient strength to maintain high-speed data packet communications between the client unit  104  and the wireless gateway  100 , the signals carried over the RF path  103  and intended for the client unit  105  would be attenuated when passing through a structural barrier such as walls  106  or  107  to a point where few, if any, data packets are received in either direction if not for a wireless repeater  200 , the structure and operation of which will now be described.  
         [0030]     To enhance the coverage and/or communication data rate to the client unit  105 , wireless repeater  200  receives packets transmitted on a first frequency channel  201  from the wireless gateway  100 . The wireless repeater  200 , which may be housed in an enclosure typically having dimensions of, for example, 2.5″×3.5″×0.5″, and which preferably is capable of being plugged into a standard electrical outlet and operating on 110 V AC power, detects the presence of a packet on the first frequency channel  201 , receives the packet and re-transmits the packet with more power on a second frequency channel  202 . Unlike conventional WLAN operating protocols, the client unit  105  operates on the second frequency channel, even though the wireless gateway  100  operates on the first frequency channel. To perform the return packet operation, the wireless repeater  200  detects the presence of a transmitted packet on the second frequency channel  202  from the client unit  105 , receives the packet on the second frequency channel  202 , and re-transmits the packet on the first frequency channel  201 . The wireless gateway  100  then receives the packet on the first frequency channel  201 . In this way, the wireless repeater  200  is capable of simultaneously receiving and transmitting signals as well as extending the coverage and performance of the wireless gateway  100  to the client unit  105 .  
         [0031]     To address the difficulties posed by obstructions as described above and attendant attenuation of the signal strength along obstructed paths and thus to enhance the coverage and/or communication data rate to client unit  105 , exemplary wireless repeater  200 , as shown in  FIG. 1 , may be used to retransmit packets beyond a range limited by propagation path constraints through, for example, frequency translation. Packets transmitted on a first frequency channel  201  from AP  100  are received at repeater  200  and re-transmitted, preferably with a greater power level, on a second frequency channel  202 . Client unit  105  preferably operates on second frequency channel  202  as if AP  100  were also operating on it, such as with no knowledge that AP  100  is really operating on first frequency channel  201  such that the frequency translation is transparent. To perform return packet operations, repeater unit  200  detects the presence of a transmitted return packet on second frequency channel  202  from client unit  105 , and is preferably configured to receive the packet on second frequency channel  202 , and to retransmit the data packet to, for example AP  100 , on first frequency channel  201 .  
         [0032]     Wireless repeater  200  is preferably capable of receiving two different frequencies simultaneously, such as first frequency channel  201  and second frequency channel  202  determining which channel is carrying a signal associated with, for example, the transmission of a packet, translating from the original frequency channel to an alternative frequency channel and retransmitting the frequency translated version of the received signal on the alternative channel. Details of internal repeater operation may be found in co-pending PCT Application No. PCT/US03/16208.  
         [0033]     Repeater  200  may thus receive and transmit packets at the same time on different frequency channels thereby extending the coverage and performance of the connection between AP  100  and client unit  105 , and between peer-to-peer connections such as from one client unit to another client unit. When many units are isolated from one another, repeater unit  200  further acts as a wireless bridge allowing two different groups of units to communicate where optimum RF propagation and coverage or, in many cases, any RF propagation and coverage was not previously possible.  
         [0034]     In accordance with various exemplary embodiments, repeater  200  is preferably configured to receive a signal and translate the frequency of the received signal with very little distortion or loss of the signal by, for example, properly controlling the gain of an exemplary transceiver section via Automatic Gain Control (AGC) circuitry as shown, for example, in  FIG. 2 . In accordance with various exemplary embodiments, wireless repeater  200  shown is capable of receiving two different frequency channels simultaneously, determining which one is active or otherwise has information present thereon, translating from one frequency channel to the other frequency channel and retransmitting the information which is a frequency translated version of the received signal on the new frequency channel.  
         [0035]     In accordance with one preferred exemplary embodiment, AGC circuitry uses RF delay and filtering to allow analog storage of an exemplary received waveform while signal detection and transmitter configuration takes place. It should be noted that signal detection may occur both prior to and during transit of signals in filter elements  307 - 310  which are configured to add an amount of RF delay providing time to perform system configuration. It should be noted that a detector power level is preferably used to set a gain value on a parallel signal path as part of the gain control operation.  
         [0036]     More specifically, the AGC circuitry includes logarithmic amplifiers  301  and  302 , AGC control circuits  303  and  304 , gain control elements  305  and  306 , which may preferably include variable gain or variable attenuator elements, and filter elements  307 - 310  which may preferably include analog storage devices such as, for example, RF delay elements, delay lines and/or band pass filters. Low pass filter  311  and  312 , and analog to digital converter (ADC)  313  and  314  are further preferably used to accomplish gain control under the direction and control of, for example, processor  315 .  
         [0037]     Since repeater  200  is configured to simultaneously detect and process two different frequency signals, received signal  330  is split and propagated on two different RF paths, for example, using RF splitter  316 . Likewise, because the two different frequency paths must be delayed and controlled separately, each signal path is further split by, for example, IF splitters  317  and  318 . One of the split signal outputs from IF splitter  317  is preferably coupled to logarithmic amplifiers  301  and the other split signal output is preferably coupled to gain control elements  305 . Likewise, one of the split signal outputs from IF splitter  318  is preferably coupled to logarithmic amplifiers  302  and the other split signal output is preferably coupled to gain control elements  306 . The output of logarithmic amplifiers  301  is fed to AGC control circuit  303  and low pass filter  311 . Likewise, the output of logarithmic amplifiers  302  is fed to AGC control circuit  304  and low pass filter  312 . It should be noted that while logarithmic amplifiers  301  and  302  preferably provide an output voltage proportional to the logarithm of the power of received signal  330 , tracking the envelope thereof, other devices known to those of ordinary skill in the art may also be used to track the envelope or samples of the envelope directly or proportionately.  
         [0038]     The basic operation of components along the detection path of received signal  330  such as, for example, low pass filters  311  and  312 , analog-to-digital converters (ADC)  313  and  314 , and processor  315  for example, would be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art and thus a detailed review of the basic operation thereof is omitted, such operation is disclosed in detail in commonly assigned co-pending PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US03/16208. However it should be briefly noted that processor  315  preferably detects the presence of an IF signal on detection paths DET 1   331  and DET 2   332 . As described in the above identified co-pending application, signal detection may be based on the signal level exceeding a threshold using, for example, analog or digital signal comparison implements in processor  315 , or could be performed by other means well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Once the signal is detected, gain control is applied to the signal using for example, AGC control circuits  303  and  304  on IF path IF 1   333  or IF 2   334  respectively, depending on the channel.  
         [0039]     With reference still to  FIG. 2  of the drawings, gain control is applied to signals on IF paths IF 1   333  and IF 2   334  using AGC control circuits  303  and  304  which circuits provide, inter alia, filtering of the analog voltage at the output of, for example, logarithmic amplifiers  301  and  302 , any DC offset adjustment which may be necessary, AGC set point reference and control, level shifting/scaling, any required polarity reversal, and the like as would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art. The output of AGC control circuits  303  and  304  are fed to gain control elements  305  and  306  which may provide either adjustable gain or adjustable attenuation of received signal  330  based on a value associated with, for example, the desired transmitter output power. It should be noted that AGC control circuits  303  and  304  may be one of a variety of gain control circuits, devices, or the like, as would be well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.  
         [0040]     As an example of gain control in accordance with various exemplary embodiments, a variable attenuator could be used for gain control element  305  under the following conditions: desired output power +15 dBm, received signal power −80 dBm, total transceiver losses 65 dB, total transceiver gains 165 dB.  
         [0041]     Under these conditions, a variable attenuator associated with, for example, gain control element  305 , should be set according to the relation: Rx Signal Power−Desired Output Power+Total Gains−Total Losses, thus the attenuation would be −80 dBm−15 dBm+165 dB−65 dB resulting in 5 dB of attenuation. It will be appreciated that a voltage may be calculated and applied to the gain control element  305 , for example, by AGC control circuit  303  resulting in the desired 5 dB attenuation setting. It should also be noted that while ACG control circuit  303  and gain control element  305  are described herein, the above description applies to the operation of AGC control circuit  304  and gain control element  306 .  
         [0042]     Thus, receive signal  330  in order to be retransmitted in accordance with various exemplary embodiments, and in accordance with the present example, is preferably output from gain control element  305  and delayed via filter elements  308  and  310  which are preferable Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) filters. It will be appreciated that the delay introduced by filter elements  308  and  310  acts to essentially store the analog waveform while AGC and signal detection processes, for example as described above, are carried out, meaning that detection and gain control setting are preferably completed during the propagation interval of the signal.  
         [0043]     In accordance with various exemplary and preferred exemplary embodiments, RF delays are imposed through SAW filter elements  307 - 310  enabling analog signal storage and channel selection, jammer suppression, and a feed-forward variable gain control path. AGC control circuits  303  and  304  and gain control elements  305  and  306  may be biased or otherwise set under control of for example processor  315 , which is preferably a processor, such as a general purpose processor, dedicated processor, signal processing processor, or the like as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Further, set points may be obtained by processor  315  from a look up table or the like depending on which channel received signal  330  is received on and which channel is selected for signal retransmission. It should be noted that different bands have different transmit power limitations in different countries, thus the selection of gain set points may be driven by several factors resulting from the need to meet FCC requirements and related specifications for the desired band such as spectral re-growth and Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP).  
         [0044]     After detection and setting of the gain control, IF switch  319  and LO switch  320  are preferably set to retransmit received signal  330  at a different frequency without significantly cutting off the waveform preamble. It is important to note that detection and power sensing, for example, as described above, is preferably performed on detector paths DET 1   331  and DET 2   332 , but actual gain control may be applied the on IF paths IF 1   333  and IF 2   334 . More specifically referring again to  FIG. 2 , outputs from the logarithmic amplifiers  301  and  302  are fed to AGC control circuits  303  and  304  which circuits are making adjustments either as variable gain or attenuation with regard to gain control elements  305  and  306 .  
         [0045]     One factor in determining a sequence of signal detection and gain control is the effect caused by splitting the output voltage from logarithmic amplifiers  301  and  302  into a signal detection path and a gain control path, each having potentially two different filter bandwidths. As can be noted from  FIG. 2 , the gain control path is the path to AGC control circuits  303  and  304 , while the signal detection path is the path leading to low pass filters  311  and  312 , as previously described. Thus, if desired, the AGC control values and the signal detection filter bandwidth could be set differently. For example, the AGC control loop could be set to react very quickly to the incoming power envelop while signal detection, as carried out, for example, in ADC  313  and  314  and processor  315 , could be configured to react more slowly. As a result, received signal  330  propagating in gain control elements  305  and  306  can be tracked very accurately while the portion of received signal  330  propagating in ADC  313  and  314  and processor  315  may track more slowly, but with more detection process gain.  
         [0046]     It should be noted that in accordance with various exemplary and preferred exemplary embodiments, two separate detectors are used for performing detection of the presence of received signal  330  and for detection of the power level thereof in order to set gain. Thus, since signal detection may occur more slowly than AGC as described, different signal detection and AGC filter bandwidths may be used beneficially, allowing variable control elements associated with AGC such as gain control elements  305  and  306  to have a faster or slower response than the output of filters  311  and  312 .  
         [0047]     Another factor in controlling gain is the relative distance between the receive and transmit channels. In accordance with the present invention, frequency separation between the receive channel and transmit channel may be reduced while maintaining or increasing the transmitter output power. Specifically, depending on the distance there between, the target output power or set point from the gain control elements  305  and  306  can be different to the extent that additional performance may be gained when the receive and transmit channels are further apart in, for example, the frequency domain. Gain values may be increased in gain control elements  305  and  306  while continuing to meet performance requirements. Further, AGC control circuits  303  and  304  may be programmed to increase power based on the frequency difference or, alternatively, processor  315  may be programmed to control AGC control circuits  303  and  304  based on frequency separation. Adjusting set points based on frequency separation may further include applying more filtering to any leakage signals picked up by a receiver to avoid self interference or by canceling leakage signals as will be described in greater detail hereinafter.  
         [0048]     A factor affecting the choice of which channels to operate on during initial repeater power up may be influenced by choosing repeating channels based on the ability to transmit more power in different FCC bands or bands controlled by other regulatory bodies. For example, in the U-NII bands for operation in the United States, the maximum allowable transmit power for CH36-48 is 50 mW, for CH52-64 is 250 mW, and for CH149-161 is 1 W. Therefore it is possible to receive a signal in on a channel associated with one of the lower power bands and choose a channel on a different band allowing higher transmit power, thereby allowing a higher AGC set point. Thus the set points for a translation, say from F 1  to F 2  and F 2  to F 1  would be different. The decision of which channels to select is preferably pre-programmed during manufacturing, or, alternatively could be programmed in the field, in, for example, AGC control circuits  303  and  304  or processor  315 .  
         [0049]     In accordance with other aspects of the present invention, gain control may require AGC calibration during initial manufacturing. Calibration may be desirable to allow the use of lower tolerance parts thus reducing cost. Calibration may further provide for accuracy required for regional or band specific power settings. Accordingly, calibration may include setting up circuits and devices in accordance with one or more of the following; regional regulatory rules, frequency channel, received power level, transmit power level, temperature, and the like. In accordance with various exemplary and preferred exemplary embodiments, repeater  200  using, for example, processor  315 , may store calibration tables and the like and be configured, for example through the use of software, programs, instructions or the like, to pass specific calibration values to AGC control circuits  305  and  306 . Processor  315  would preferably utilize a digital to analog conversion process to control the set point.  
         [0050]     As mentioned above, different detector outputs may be used for AGC and signal detection. Signal detection may be performed in an analog only configuration using, for example, a threshold comparator under the control of processor  315  which may be configured to actively control, for example, an analog reference voltage a threshold comparator uses to make the detection decision. Alternatively, received signal  330  may be digitized and a detection decision made, for example, in processor  315 . One concern related to using a digital path and processor  315  includes delay associated with, for example, digital sampling and decision-making instructions in a processor  315 .  
         [0051]     In accordance with various alternative exemplary embodiments an analog comparator (not shown) having a threshold controlled by processor  315  may be used. Such a configuration could be equipped with a digital override to allow for a fast initial decision, converging to a slower more accurate and controllable decision using software, programs, instructions, and the like readable and executable by processor  315 . For example, if an interferer is detected, and processor  315  recognizes that the packet duration is longer than the wireless protocol will allow, AGC control circuits  303  and  304  and/or detector could be turned off by processor  315  to prevent signal transmission. Thus the normal AGC setting may be directly controlled and overridden. Such control is further useful in situations including when a system feed-back oscillation is detected.  
         [0052]     As previously described, self interference may further be reduced through the use of active cancellation in exemplary scenario  400  as illustrated in  FIG. 3  where exemplary canceller related circuits are shown. A canceller circuit  402  may be controlled with control  401  which may be, for example, a processor, or alternatively control  401  may be coupled to a processor, or like control circuit. Reference coupler  403  provides a reference signal to canceller circuit  402  and may include a reference related to the signal being transmitted. A phase and amplitude adjusted reference signal may be generated using canceller  402  and then be injected into the canceller circuit at injection coupler  404 . It should be noted that the injected reference signal does not contain any signal which may be present on the receive channel, and therefore will be combined with any leakage signal associated with a signal being transmitted. The leakage signal is typically 15 dB lower than the transmit signal, for example as measured at the output of an exemplary power amplifier (PA). Sampler coupler  405  provides a sample of the combined signal to canceller  402  which uses the sampled signal to minimize the leakage signal, prior to amplification, for example, in an exemplary low noise amplifier (LNA). It will be appreciated that leakage minimization can be performed by injecting components of a cancellation signal into injection coupler  404  or the like. By performing cancellation, receiver design requirements may be significantly relaxed since leakage components which represent one of the more potentially disrupting sources of interference, will be removed from the incoming signal.  
         [0053]     To provide a better understanding the construction and operation of canceller  402 , reference is now made to the diagram of  FIG. 4 . The above described reference signal from reference coupler  403  is passed to input  410  of variable gain amplifier (VGA)  411  which may provide an amplitude adjustment either through a variable attenuator or a variable gain amplifier. The output of VGA  411  which is, for example, an amplified signal is coupled to a phase adjustment device such as phase shifter  412 . It will be appreciated that both VGA  411  and phase shifter  412  are preferably controlled by, for example of control lines  418  and  417  respectively from the control  401  to achieve a phase shift suitable for applying to the reference signal to achieve cancellation in accordance with the invention. The phase shifted reference signal is passed on output line  413  to, for example, injection coupler  404 . Injecting the phase shifted signal in the above described manner combines the reference signal derived from the signal destined for transmission with the leakage signal representing received energy components of the transmitted signal in the receiver.  
         [0054]     Since gain and phase adjustments may not be optimal and may change over time and depending on frequency of operation, sample signal  414  may be provided from, for example, sample coupler  405  to facilitate adjusting amplification and phase shift of the reference signal input at  410  through control lines  418  and  417  respectively. Sample signal  414  may be passed to a power detector  415  which may be a detection diode or the like. Once sample signal  414  is detected in power detector  415 , and detected sample signal  416  is generated, detected sample signal  416  is passed to control  401 . It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that control  401  preferably institutes the operation of a feedback loop, error signal minimizing algorithm or the like with the goal of minimizing the power of detected sample signal  416 . Since the power levels associated with the transmitted signal will always be larger than the residual leakage signal in the receiver signal, even after cancellation, effective feedback can be obtained.  
         [0055]     A value of a metric associated with detected sample signal  416  may be determined such as a power level, a received signal strength indicator (RSSI), a correlated power value, or the like. It will be appreciated that operation or execution of an exemplary minimizing algorithm such as a statistical gradient algorithm, steepest decent algorithm, perturbation algorithm, or other gradient following algorithm, will preferably result in an adjustment to signals on lines  417  and  418  to minimize the power on detected sample signal  416 . In accordance with various alternative exemplary embodiments, for example in connection with FDD handsets, power detector ( 415 ) may be eliminated, and noise estimates or signal to noise ratio estimates inherently available as, for example, a metric during handset receiver operation may be used. Metrics may also be used to optimize leakage signal cancellation using one or more of a number of optimization algorithms known to those skilled in the art.  
         [0056]     A more detailed view of an exemplary repeater with cancellation is shown in  FIG. 5 . A block diagram of the exemplary RF repeater shows a simplified diagram of a combination of the repeater of  FIG. 4  and the canceller  402  of  FIG. 5 . Alternatively, exemplary embodiments may include an IS-2000 handset or equivalent where an exemplary repeater is replaced, for example, with a modem associated with the handset as would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art. Thus in accordance with various alternative exemplary embodiments, exemplary RF repeater of block  520  may be replaced with an exemplary RF and base band processing block of a CDMA or other FDD handset. Processor  510  in operation with repeater  520  can act to control and receive input from exemplary components of the canceling repeater such as phase converter  412 , VGA  411 , and detector  415 . Components in the RF signal path, such as PA  521  and LNA  522 , may also be connected to repeater  520  and are shown in an external relation for illustrative purposes to highlight signal path connections between coupler  1   524 , coupler  2   523 , and coupler  3   525 . Processor  510  may also be coupled to repeater  520  through control connection  511  and to exemplary components of the canceling repeater such as detector  415 , phase converter  412 , and VGA  411  through connections to detected sample signal  416 , and control lines  417  and  418 . Thus feedback associated with power detection can be obtained by processor  510  from power detector  415  through detected sample signal  416  and adjustments can be made through connections to phase and amplitude control, such as through VGA  411  and phase shifter  412 , by way of control lines  418  and  417  respectively.  
         [0057]     More significant cancellation of the leakage signal, that is, the components of the transmitted signal which leak into the receiver as described above, can be achieved using two cancellers in series as illustrated in  FIG. 6 . Alternatively, exemplary embodiments may be used with a IS-2000 handset or equivalent where an exemplary repeater is replaced, for example, with a modem associated with the handset as would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art.  
         [0058]     Canceller  1   610  and canceller  2   620  are both coupled, for example, through couplers  626  and  617  to the transmit side of repeater  520  after PA  521  in order to obtain a sample of the transmit signal. Canceller  1   610  and canceller  2   620  are controlled through connections to processor  510 , for example through control connections  612 ,  613  and  622 ,  623  respectively, and may also provide input to processor  510  through lines  611  and  621  respectively. Processor  510  may operate on input data from lines  611  and  612 , for example using the gradient following algorithms as described above, and provide cancellation control related outputs on control connections  612 ,  613  and  622 ,  623 . Canceller  1   610  and canceller  2   620  are also connected to the receiver side of repeater  520 , for example, before VGA  522  as shown in  FIG. 5 , to inject correction signals as described above, through injection coupler  1   624 , injection coupler  2   625 . Signal samples may be provided by canceller  1   610  and canceller  2   620 , for example to facilitate feedback analysis, using sample coupler  1   614  and sample coupler  2   624 . In accordance with various alternative exemplary embodiments, the RF repeater of block  520  may be replaced with exemplary RF and base band processing blocks associated with a CDMA or other FDD handset.  
         [0059]     In accordance with still other exemplary embodiments, a dual station card repeater can be constructed as illustrated in  FIG. 7 . Station  1   710  and station  2   720  can be used in connection with the operation of two access points (APs) on adjacent or nearly adjacent channels with little or no modification to off-the shelf chips or chip sets used within the industry at large or specifically within the manufacture and construction of a typical AP. In the exemplary scenario illustrated, two cancellers such as canceller  1   610  and canceller  2   620  are used. Canceller  1   610  is used, for example, in connection with transmitter signal line TX 1  from station  1   710  and receiver signal line RX 2  terminating at station  2   720 . Canceller  2   620  is used, for example, in connection with transmitter signal line TX 2  from station  2   720  and receiver signal line RX 1  terminating at station  1   710 . It should be noted that receiver and transmitter signals associated with station  1   710  can be grouped and directed using transmit/receive (T/R) switch SW 1   731  and receiver and transmitter signals associated with station  2   720  are grouped and otherwise directed in T/R switch SW 2   741 . It will be appreciated that T/R switches are typical of standard station operation with inputs and outputs associated with the switches being coupled to corresponding antennas such as antenna  1   730  and antenna  2   740 .  
         [0060]     In accordance with various alternative exemplary embodiments, switches SW 1   731  and SW 2   741  may share antennas, or may use cross polarization antennas to achieve a degree of isolation from each other. It should be noted that the receiver signal RX 1  from antenna  1   730  may be switched to canceller  2   620  and output to LNA 1   711  whereupon it may be output or otherwise coupled to station  1   710 . The transmitter signal TX 1  destined for output on antenna  1   730  and associated with station  1   710 , may be amplified using, for example, PA 1   712  the output of which is coupled to canceller  1   610 . Similarly, the receiver signal RX 2  from antenna  2   740  may be switched to canceller  1   610  and output to LNA 2   721  whereupon it may be output or otherwise coupled to station  2   720 . The transmitter signal TX 2  destined for output on antenna  2   740  and associated with station  2   720 , may be amplified using, for example, PA 2   722  the output of which is coupled to canceller  2   620 . It should further be noted that station  1   710  and station  2   720  can be standard 802.11 devices while canceller  1   610  and canceller  2   620  are device in accordance with the present invention. Gain and phase control adjustment as described above may preferably be performed in an exemplary canceller when a transmitter signal is being provided to the exemplary canceller.  
         [0061]     One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that as noted above, various techniques can be used to provide cancellation and the like in accordance with the present invention. Additionally, it will be appreciated that various components, such as control  401 , couplers  403 ,  404 , and  405 , the functionality of processor  315  and other elements such as switches  731  and  741  could be combined into a single integrated device. Other changes and alterations to specific components, and the interconnections thereof, can be made by one of ordinary skill in the art without deviating from the scope and spirit of the present invention.