Abstract:
Articles, surfaces, media or educational material containing a universal script, comprised of glyphs derived almost entirely from the Roman script and with only a few new glyphs, for transcription of all the world&#39;s languages, with particular attention to a means for expression of the phonemic idiosyncrasies within and between languages and language families are provided.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to articles, surfaces, media or educational tools for the conveyance of phonemic and phonetic information. More particularly, it relates to such articles, surfaces, media or educational tools in such a way that a universal script, comprised of glyphs derived almost entirely from the Roman script and with only a few new glyphs, is created for transcription of all the world&#39;s languages, with particular attention to a means for expression of the phonemic idiosyncrasies within and between languages and language families. Attention is also directed to being able to express phonemic and phonetic features of languages, including but not limited to, e.g., tones (in tone languages) and clicks (in click languages), through the use of devices such as post-positional operators (“post-ops”) and phonemic condensates (“p-cons”) replacing cumbersome diacritics and agglomerations currently used. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Attempts to come up with a universal script (orthography, “alphabet”) capable of being applied to a large number of languages have been made from time immemorial, or at least for several thousand years. These include highly scientific and systematically organized ones, such as the Braahmi, originating in India possibly in the 2 nd  millennium B.C.E. or earlier, and the Haangul, originating in Korea in the 15 th  century. They also include more or less “ad-hoc”, “build-as-you-go” ones, such as the several Semitic scripts, the Greek script originating from the Semitic scripts, our own Roman script emanating from the Greek script and used in this patent specification, and the script of the International Phonetic Association (IPA) based in London, England. 
     Examples of attempts within the last approximately 2000 years include the following: Phagspa (Mongolia), various Modi&#39;s (India), Japanese, Pahawh (S.E. Asia), Varang Kshiti, Sorang Sampeng, Ol Ciki (all India); scripts developed from the 16 th  through the 19 th  centuries by John Hart, Robert Robinson, John Wilkins, Richard Mulcaster, Charles Butler, William Holder, Thomas Smith, August Meigret, Timothy Bright, John Willis, Thomas Shelton/Samuel Pepys William Mason, Samuel Taylor, and Franz Gabelsberger; shorthand and scripts of Sir Isaac Pitman, Andrew Graham and John Gregg; alphabets/scripts of Alexander Ellis, Andrew Graham, George D. Watt (Deseret Alphabet), C. R. Lepsius, Alexander Melville Bell (father of Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone, a script called “Visible Speech”), Henry Sweet, Otto Jespersen, Janvrin, Charles A. Story, Harry Johnston, Robert L. Owen (U.S. Senator from Oklahoma), Kenneth Pike; scripts for native North and South American languages, including for Cherokee (by Sequoia), Cree/Ojibwe, Inuit (one called Inuktitut and another Uyaqoq), Chippewa; for African languages, including for Vai (by Liberian M. D. Bukele), various West African languages (called N&#39;ko, by Guinean S. Kante); scripts called Unifon (by John R. Malone), Shavian (by Ronald Kingsley, for George Bernard Shaw), Columbian (by James Ewing), Abulhaab (an improved Arabic, by Saad D. Abulhab), J. O. Fraser (for Chinese and other tone languages), S. Pollard (for Hmong and related languages), Tengwar (by J. R. R. Tolkien, author of The Hobbit); newer scripts/alphabets created by LeGuin, A. J. Bloquerst, Josiah Wilbur Arthur, Greenaway, Raymond Weeks, William Makepeace Thackeray. The scripts developed in these examples all fall within one or more classifications of scripts generally accepted in the current linguistics and phonetics literature, such as alphabet, ideographic/logographic, logophonetic, abugida, abjad, syllabic and featural. 
     Other examples include the following patents: U.S. Pat. No. 6,704,116 B1 (Mar. 9, 2004, Saad D. Abulhaab); U.S. Pat. No. 5,953,692 (Sep. 14, 1999, Steven H. Siegel); U.S. Pat. No. 5,488,363 (Jan. 30, 1996, Jingmin Peng); U.S. Pat. No. 5,137,383 (Aug. 11, 1992, Kam-Fu Wong); U.S. D327,499 (Jun. 30, 1992, Sarah Lemon); U.S. Pat. No. 4,299,577 (Nov. 10, 1981, Milisande L. Marryman); U.S. Pat. No. 4,193,212 (Mar. 18, 1980, Hassan A. Al-Kufaishi). 
     One of the greatest difficulties in arriving at a single, universal script capable of transcribing all the world&#39;s languages is the phonemic idiosyncrasy of languages. This concept of phonemic idiosyncrasy can be briefly defined as the existence of very different sets (usually, pairs) of phones (a phone is any sound relevant to language). A phoneme is a group of slightly or very different sounds that speakers of the language or dialect deem to have the same linguistic function; a very basic test for whether two different phones belong to the same phoneme in a language is whether substitution of one by the other in a word changes the meaning of the word. Allophones are phones that belong to the same phoneme. Phonemic idiosyncrasy is best illustrated with examples. 
     As one example, the unvoiced and voiced bilabial stops, [p] and [b] are allophones of the same phoneme in many Chinese languages, whereas they are of course different phonemes in most Indo-European languages including English; that is to say, in a language such as Mandarin, it does not make a difference whether one says Beijing or Peltin—the meaning understood is the same. As another example, the bilabial stop [p] and its aspirated counterpart, [ph] (as in Lapham, but also as in put), are allophones of the same phoneme, /p/, in English, whereas they are distinct phonemes in Hindi/Urdu: For in Hindi/Urdu, substitution of one for the other changes the meaning of a word, e.g. pal (“an instant, a moment”) vs. phal (“fruit”). This aspirated/unaspirated phonemic opposition exists in all North Indian languages. 
     Other examples of peculiar allophones found in some languages include [x] and [r], two radically different phones of modern French and German (the first is a velar or sometimes uvular fricative and the second an alveolar tap or trill or semivowel). These are part of the same phoneme in French and German, i.e. substitution of one for the other does not change the meaning of a word. Even other examples include the [v]/[w] and [f]/ph] phone pairs of Hindi/Urdu, which are freely interchanged and have the same phonemic value, although they are obviously very different phones (the [v] and [f] being labiodental fricatives, whilst the [w] is a bilabial semivowel and the [ph] is an aspirated bilabial stop). 
     This conception of phonemic idiosyncrasy also encompasses cases where a particular phone is entirely missing from a language, e.g. the [p] in standard Arabic or the [l] in standard Japanese; in these cases the missing phone is always mistaken for one and only one other particular phone, here [b] in Arabic and [r] in Japanese. 
     The aforementioned examples are by no means comprehensive or complete and are only cited to illustrate the problems in arriving at a single universal script that expresses phonemic information, in the form of phonemic idiosyncrasies, of particular languages or language families. To the best of current knowledge, no past or present script in any part of the world addresses phonemic idiosyncrasy. None of the examples of scripts cited above has taken phonemic idiosyncrasy into consideration or have even recognized phonemic idiosyncrasy as an issue. 
     The problems that phonemic idiosyncrasy presents when attempting to transcribe different languages (i.e., to convey phonemic information) in a single, universal script, are then easy to visualize. For example, an English speaker, when reading Hindi/Urdu in the universal script, should be able to immediately comprehend that the phone [v] (as in very) can also be pronounced as a [w] (as in wit), with no effect on word meaning. That is to say, the very different sounds [v] and [w] are components of the same phoneme in Hindi/Urdu. Similarly, a Hindi/Urdu speaker should immediately be able to comprehend, when reading English in the same script, that [p] (as in spy) and [ph] (as in put) have the same value in English. Similarly, an English speaker, when reading Arabic in the same universal script, should immediately be able to understand that [p] and [b] are not separate phonemes in Arabic, and such bilabial sounds are usually, but not always, pronounced as [b]; in effect, the sound [p] does not exist in standard Arabic. These problems affect the real world quite dramatically. For example, one of the greatest difficulties in arriving at a single script for Indian languages, which currently have more than 10 distinct scripts, is being able to accommodate the phonemic idiosyncrasy of South Indian vs. North Indian languages: In the former, the aspirated and unaspirated plosives are part of the same phoneme, whereas in the latter, they are very distinct phonemes. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     Apart from the all-important requirement of being able to address phonemic idiosyncrasy as described above, there are several other important requirements for conveying phonemic and phonetic information in a Universal Script. 
     One such requirement is universality and completeness. This implies being able to represent every single phone and tone found in the world&#39;s major languages. Quite evidently, a prerequisite for this requirement is a thorough and complete phonological classification. 
     Another set of requirements is recognizability, distinctiveness, simplicity and intuitive nature. For example, recognizability may mean the use of the Roman script (“alphabet”) as a basis, since historical happenstance has rendered this particular script ubiquitous in all corners of the world. The property of distinctiveness, closely related to recognizability, implies that two glyphs (letters), especially those representing similar phones, should be easily distinguishable. 
     As an example of a script that appears to be partly lacking in recognizability and distinctiveness, one may cite the “alphabet” of the International Phonetic Association based in London, England (referred hereinafter as the IPA). In the IPA, many glyphs (letters) appear to be straight from outer space, to use a very harsh description. And many very similar glyphs are highly confusing, even to the expert. Examples among these are the various inverted and rotated e&#39;s and a&#39;s, the inverted/rotated/hooked, etc. variants of r and R used to represent the various alveolar trills and flaps or uvular “r&#39;s”, and the variants of n with inward/outward hooks, etc. used for the various nasals. These properties also make such glyphs difficult to transcribe cursively and to keyboard. 
     Simplicity and intuitive nature are associated with recognizability: As an example, the large number of glyphs and diacritics in the IPA detracts from simplicity. This leads to associated problems, such as slow keyboarding. Intuitive nature can be expressed, in orthography, by, e.g., using [aa] and [a] for the open and open-mid jaw positions of the central vowel (as in father and bun, respectively), or duplicating vowel glyphs to indicate vowel lengthening, e.g. short [i], [u] vs. long [ii], [uu], as already used in modern Finnish. In keyboarding, it can be expressed, e.g., by using (Alt+h) to keyboard aspiration. Another important set of requirements is ease and rapidity of transcription from three points of view: Cursive, print and keyboard. 
     Apart from the above requirements, there are several preferred properties of a means of conveying phonemic information such as a universal script. These include systematic, scientific classification and accuracy in the phonological classification used as basis for the script. As an example, such systematic, scientific classification is found in the Braahmi script and its descendants, and the Korean Haangul, but not in the Roman alphabet or the IPA. Conversely, accuracy may be lacking in the IPA, since its classification of vocalic-r as “rhoticity” and several palatal plosives as affricates, is the subject of much contention. 
     Another set of preferred properties is discretization and the related practical phonemics. These properties can be understood with an illustrative example: If one were to use lip position as one of the variables in classification of a vowel, then, to represent a vast majority of the world&#39;s languages, one would need to use only three, discrete values of this variable, comprising the lips rounded (as in boot), flat (as in but) or stretched (as in beet), although there are innumerable additional values of this variable possible between these three values. In our treatment, we thus discretize the lip position variable to just these three values from the point of view of practical phonemics, since the other, intermediate values of this variable have no phonemic significance in a vast majority of the world&#39;s languages. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides an article having a surface that can convey phonemic and phonetic information with the requirements described above, in particular the requirement of addressing phonemic idiosyncrasy. The script that the present invention uses to convey this phonemic and phonetic information is given the appellation NAVLIPI. In particular, the article of the present invention has a surface that contains at least one word having at least one glyph wherein said word comprises at least one of (a) one or more phonemic condensates; (b) one or more post-positional operators (“post-ops”), which indicate aspiration, fricatization, voicing, nasalization, flap, uvular or pharyngeal variant, click ingressive, click egressive, ejective, implosive, a mobile vowel or silent non-vowel; (c) one or more post-ops indicating tones as used in a tone language, wherein, said tones are depicted in Table 5,  FIG. 132A-C ; or (d) one or more glyphs selected from the group consisting of: (i) a medio-palatal, unvoiced, unaspirated plosive phone depicted by the glyph 1-6 set forth in  FIGS. 53-55 ; (ii) a medio-palatal, voiced, unaspirated plosive phone depicted by the glyph 3-6 set forth in  FIGS. 53-55 ; (iii) a velar, nasal, plosive phone depicted by the glyph 5-4 set forth in  FIGS. 50-52 ; (iv) a retroflex, nasal, plosive phone depicted by the glyph 5-5 set forth in  FIGS. 50-52 ; (v) a mediopalatal, nasal, plosive phone depicted by the glyph 5-6 set forth in  FIGS. 53-55 ; (vi) a standard palatal, nasal, plosive phone depicted by the glyph 5-7 set forth in  FIGS. 53-55 ; (vii) a retroflex, unvoiced, unaspirated plosive phone depicted by the glyph 1-5 set forth in  FIGS. 50-52 ; (viii) a retroflex, voiced, unaspirated plosive phone depicted by the glyph 3-5 set forth in  FIGS. 50-52  and (ix) velar, voiced fricative depicted by the glyph 7-4 set forth in  FIGS. 59-61 . 
     Furthermore, the invention is directed to a method for providing phonemic information comprising providing the articles of the present invention. In a related aspect, the invention is further directed to a method for indicating phonemic information comprising: (a) representing allophones as phonemic condensates and/or classifying at least one of: (A) vowel phone according to three lip, five jaw and four tongue positions and represented in a 3-d matrix depicted in  FIGS. 1-3 , particularly  FIG. 1A-B ; (B) a nonvowel phone having a phonochromaticity (the “color” of the phone, such as voiced or unvoiced, aspirated or fricatized) and articulation position (denoted as “artition”) depicted in  FIGS. 49-114 , particularly  FIGS. 50-98 ; and (b) displaying said phonemic information obtained in (a) on an article having a surface. 
     The invention further provides a keyboard, comprising the following two features: (a) a plurality of keys wherein each key is allocated four values, corresponding, to the key pressed alone, the key pressed along with the SHIFT key, the key pressed along with the ALT key, and the key pressed along with the CTRL key and (b) an Alt bar at least two times wider than the space bar. 
     In a particular embodiment, the keyboard is a language specific keyboard. As defined herein, a “language specific keyboard” contains keys specific to a particular language or group of languages. The language specific keyboard may contain keys specific to the following groups of languages including but not limited to (1) Hindi/Spanish/Indonesian; (2) English/French/German/Other non-Spanish European languages; (3) Arabic; (4) Yoruba/Igbo; (5) Mandarin/Cantonese; (6) South African; (7) Tamil. In a more particular embodiment, the keyboard may contain keys set forth in  FIG. 134 . For example, ALT+k key in the Hindi/Spanish/Indonesian keyboard would print as [kh], a velar unvoiced aspirated plosive, whereas in the Arabic keyboard, it would print as [g], which is the uvular, unvoiced, unaspirated, plosive. 
     In yet another particular embodiment, the keyboard of the present invention contains in addition to the plurality of keys, tone keys, optionally set forth in  FIG. 132A-C . 
     In yet another particular embodiment the keyboard of the present invention further comprises (A) a plurality of standard keys and (B) one or more glyphs of a script associated with a selected subset of the plurality of keys, said script comprising at least one of: (a) one or more phonemic condensates; (b) one or more post-positional operators (“post-ops”), which indicate aspiration, fricatization, voicing, nasalization, flap, uvular or pharyngeal variant, click ingressive, click egressive, ejective, implosive, a mobile vowel or silent non-vowel; (c) one or more post-ops indicating tones as used in a tone language, wherein, said tones are depicted in Table 5,  FIG. 132A-C ; or (d) one or more glyphs selected from the group consisting of: (i) a medio-palatal, unvoiced, unaspirated plosive phone depicted by the glyph 1-6 set forth in  FIGS. 53-55 ; (ii) a medio-palatal, voiced, unaspirated plosive phone depicted by the glyph 3-6 set forth in  FIGS. 53-55 ; (iii) a velar, nasal, plosive phone depicted by the glyph 5-4 set forth in  FIGS. 50-52 ; (iv) a retroflex, nasal, plosive phone depicted by the glyph 5-5 set forth in  FIGS. 50-52 ; (v) a mediopalatal, nasal, plosive phone depicted by the glyph 5-6 set forth in  FIGS. 53-55 ; (vi) a standard palatal, nasal, plosive phone depicted by the glyph 5-7 set forth in  FIGS. 53-55 ; (vii) a retroflex, unvoiced, unaspirated plosive phone depicted by the glyph 1-5 set forth in  FIGS. 50-52 ; (viii) a retroflex, voiced, unaspirated plosive phone depicted by the glyph 3-5 set forth in  FIGS. 50-52  and (ix) velar, voiced fricative depicted by the glyph 7-4 set forth in  FIGS. 59-61 . 
     The keyboard of the present invention may be used in a language specific system that comprises (a) a language specific keyboard of the present invention and (b) a language specific processor coupled to the keyboard that associates selection of a key on said keyboard with a glyph applicable to the language. In a particular embodiment, the script comprises at least one of: (a) one or more phonemic condensates; (b) one or more post-positional operators (“post-ops”), which indicate aspiration, fricatization, voicing, nasalization, flap, uvular or pharyngeal variant, click ingressive, click egressive, ejective, implosive, a mobile vowel or silent non-vowel; (c) one or more post-ops indicating tones as used in a tone language, wherein, said tones are depicted in Table 5,  FIG. 132A-C ; or (d) one or more glyphs selected from the group consisting of: (i) a medio-palatal, unvoiced, unaspirated plosive phone depicted by the glyph 1-6 set forth in  FIGS. 53-55 ; (ii) a medio-palatal, voiced, unaspirated plosive phone depicted by the glyph 3-6 set forth in  FIGS. 53-55 ; (iii) a velar, nasal, plosive phone depicted by the glyph 5-4 set forth in  FIGS. 50-52 ; (iv) a retroflex, nasal, plosive phone depicted by the glyph 5-5 set forth in  FIGS. 50-52 ; (v) a mediopalatal, nasal, plosive phone depicted by the glyph 5-6 set forth in  FIGS. 53-55 ; (vi) a standard palatal, nasal, plosive phone depicted by the glyph 5-7 set forth in  FIGS. 53-55 ; (vii) a retroflex, unvoiced, unaspirated plosive phone depicted by the glyph 1-5 set forth in  FIGS. 50-52 ; (viii) a retroflex, voiced, unaspirated plosive phone depicted by the glyph 3-5 set forth in  FIGS. 50-52  and (ix) velar, voiced fricative depicted by the glyph 7-4 set forth in  FIGS. 59-61 . 
     In a related aspect, the invention provides an apparatus and method for indicating phonemic information. The apparatus comprises (a) a means for inputting data representing glyphs of the script set forth above with respect to the keyboard, (b) a processing means coupled to the means for inputting data of (a) for receiving the data inputted and associating the data received with glyphs of the script set forth in the previous paragraph above and (c) a display means for displaying glyphs of the script to indicate phonemic information. The method comprises (a) providing data representing glyphs of the script used in the keyboard and apparatus of the present invention; (b) processing the data provided in step (a) with a processing device to associate said data inputted with said glyphs and (c) displaying said glyphs of said script with a display device. In the apparatus and methods of the present invention, data may be inputted using a keyboard or voice recognition device. Data inputted may be processed using a data processing device such as computer readable media, particularly when a keyboard is used. The computer readable media may comprise instructions for: (1) transcribing phonemic idiosyncrasy by means of phonemic condensates; (2) indicating language of a script and (3) associating a glyph with pressing of a keyboard character key and optionally simultaneous pressing of a keyboard shift, control or alt key, wherein said glyph is at least one of: (a) one or more phonemic condensates; (b) one or more post-positional operators (“post-ops”), which indicate aspiration, fricatization, voicing, nasalization, flap, uvular or pharyngeal variant, click ingressive, click egressive, ejective, implosive, a mobile vowel or silent non-vowel; (c) one or more post-ops indicating tones as used in a tone language, wherein, said tones are depicted in Table 5,  FIG. 132A-C ; or (d) one or more glyphs selected from the group consisting of: (i) a medio-palatal, unvoiced, unaspirated plosive phone depicted by the glyph 1-6 set forth in  FIGS. 53-55 ; (ii) a medio-palatal, voiced, unaspirated plosive phone depicted by the glyph 3-6 set forth in  FIGS. 53-55 ; (iii) a velar, nasal, plosive phone depicted by the glyph 5-4 set forth in  FIGS. 50-52 ; (iv) a retroflex, nasal, plosive phone depicted by the glyph 5-5 set forth in  FIGS. 50-52 ; (v) a mediopalatal, nasal, plosive phone depicted by the glyph 5-6 set forth in  FIGS. 53-55 ; (vi) a standard palatal, nasal, plosive phone depicted by the glyph 5-7 set forth in  FIGS. 53-55 ; (vii) a retroflex, unvoiced, unaspirated plosive phone depicted by the glyph 1-5 set forth in  FIGS. 50-52 ; (viii) a retroflex, voiced, unaspirated plosive phone depicted by the glyph 3-5 set forth in  FIGS. 50-52  and (ix) velar, voiced fricative depicted by the glyph 7-4 set forth in  FIGS. 59-61 . 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows the vowel classification used in the present invention. 
         FIG. 1A-B  show the 3-dimensional NAVLIPI vowel classification matrix. 
         FIG. 2  shows the key for the Y cross-section of the 3-dimensional classification matrix shown in  FIGS. 3-48 . 
         FIGS. 3-48  show the Y-cross sections of the 3-dimensional classification matrix. 
         FIGS. 3-6  show the Y cross-section circled in  FIG. 1A . 
         FIG. 48  provides footnotes for  FIGS. 3-47 . 
         FIGS. 49-114  illustrate the two-dimensional non-vowel classification matrix including semivowels, centrals and laterals used in the present invention. 
         FIG. 49  shows the key for the two dimensional non-vowel classification matrices set forth in  FIGS. 50-85  and  FIGS. 87-114 . 
         FIG. 86  shows footnotes for the classification matrices set forth in  FIGS. 50-85 . 
         FIGS. 87-92  show the two-dimensional nonvowel classification matrix for simple semivowels. 
         FIGS. 93-102  shows the two dimensional nonvowel classification matrixes for centrals (“r”-sounds). 
         FIGS. 103-114  show the two dimensional nonvowel classification matrixes for laterals (“l”-sounds). 
         FIG. 115A-D  shows the didactic (pedagogical) order of NAVLIPI.  FIG. 115A  shows the suggested pedagogical “alphabetical” order of NAVLIPI for A. Vowels, Fundamental, B. Vowels, Derivative, B. Non Vowels, except, ejectives and implosives;  FIGS. 115B and 115C  show, respectively, the suggested pedagogical “alphabetical” order of NAVLIPI for B. Non Vowels, except clicks, ejectives and implosives, and for D. Phonemic Condensates and E. Tones;  FIG. 115D  shows the suggested pedagogical “alphabetical” order of NAVLIPI for F. Clicks, Implosives, Ejectives. 
         FIGS. 116-133  show the keyboarding scheme used in the invention.  FIG. 116A-B  show numerical notation used by the NAVLIPI keyboard. The notation is (x,y), with x=columns and y=rows. Thus, e.g., the notation for the current QWERTY s key is (3,4), and the notation for the r key is (5,3).  FIG. 116C  shows a schematic illustration of the four (4) representations used by NAVLIPI for each key, for the Normal, Shift, Control and Alternate positions. In the illustration, the current QWERTY $-4 key is used as an example.  FIG. 116D  shows a combination of the matrix notation and 4-part keys, to arrive at the key notation, used to refer to NAVLIPI keyboard keys.  FIG. 116E  shows the NAVLIPI keyboard layout, for the American QWERTY keyboard, showing changes to the ALT keys and Spacebar. Only the regular (non-“ergonomic”) keyboard is shown for simplicity. 
         FIG. 117A-C  show a list of key changes reflecting major reassignments. For convenience in reference, the keys are addressed in the (m)(n)(X) key notation described earlier. 
         FIG. 118  shows changed number keys, as to be used in NAVLIPI. The keys for numbers 5 to 9 are shown with their SHIFT, ALT and CTRL places blank, since the characters for the SHIFT setting of these keys in the QWERTY keyboard, that is to say the characters %, ^, &amp;, * and (, have been moved to other locations in the NAVLIPI keyboard. These free places are then to be used for tones. The keys (15 to 22)(2), i.e. all the Row #2 keys in columns 15 through 22, remain unchanged. 
         FIG. 119  shows a list of key changes, reflecting keys with high frequency of use and some major post-ops. Once again, for convenience in reference, the keys are referenced in the (m)(n)(X) key notation described earlier. 
         FIG. 120  shows the Central (“R”) key used in the Hindi/Spanish//Indonesian keyboard and the English/French/German/West European languages keyboard. 
         FIG. 121  shows the major lateral (“L”) key. There is only one major lateral (“L”) key. Other lateral phones are incorporated into phonemic condensates, most of which are in common with central (“R”) phones and have been dealt with earlier. NAVLIPI uses only two (2) language-specific variants of the major lateral key, the Hindi/Spanish/Indonesian keyboard and the English/French/German/West European languages keyboard. The Hindi/Spanish/Indonesian keyboard can also be used for Arabic, Mandarin/Cantonese and Tamil keyboards. 
         FIGS. 122 and 123  show major velar keys. 
         FIG. 124  shows major palatal and sibilant keys. For these, NAVLIPI is able to use common keys for all language groups. Thus, these keys are not language-specific. 
         FIGS. 125A-E  shows a summary of A. (6)(3), B. (4)(4) and C. (11)(4) and (12)(4) keys for major language-specific keyboards. 
         FIG. 126  shows a summary of the bilabial (11)(3)(p) and (6)(5), (b) keys for major language-specific keyboards. There would be several other, language-specific keyboards, not shown here for space reasons, e.g. for the Min-Chinese languages such as Fujienese/Hokka, for the Tamil/South Indian languages, etc. 
         FIG. 127  shows major nasal (“M-N”) keys. 
         FIG. 128  shows major standard-semivowel keys. 
         FIG. 129  shows major vowel keys. 
         FIG. 130  shows special non-vowel keys. 
         FIG. 131  shows keys for very rare post-ops. 
         FIG. 132A-C  shows tone keys. 
         FIG. 133  shows rare central glyphs. 
         FIGS. 134A-F  show individual keys. 
         FIG. 135A-B  shows the transcription of a Mandarin passage into NAVLIPI. Lines give: 
       (1) The Chinese script, 
       (2) The Roman transcription according to the official Chinese government method. 
       (3) Rough, word-for-word translation, into English. 
       (4) The NAVLIPI PRINT transcription. 
       (5) The NAVLIPI CURSIVE transcription. 
       (In the latter two, the alternative transcription for nasalizations is given in square brackets.) For clarity, the NAVLIPI post-ops for the TONES are highlighted in dotted circles with an arrow pointer for cursive. 
       Tones: 1 st  tone: level, high, Chinese government Roman transcription (    ). NAVLIPI print transcription: as shown in the figure. 2 nd  tone: rising, mid to high, Chinese government Roman transcription (´). NAVLIPI print transcription: as shown in the figure. 3 rd  tone: falling (mid-to-low)+rising (low-to-mid), Chinese government Roman transcription ({hacek over ( )}). NAVLIPI print transcription: as shown in the figure. 4 th  tone: falling, high-to-low, Chinese government Roman transcription ({grave over ( )}). NAVLIPI print transcription: as shown in the figure. 
         FIG. 136A-C  shows the transcription of a Hindu/Urdu passage into NAVLIPI. Lines give: 
       (1) The Hindu/Urdu script. 
       (2) The “rough” Roman transcription, in italics. 
       (3) The NAVLIPI PRINT transcription. 
       (4) The NAVLIPI CURSIVE transcription. 
       (In the latter two, the alternative transcription for nasalizations is given in square brackets.) 
         FIG. 137A-C  shows the transcription of an English passage into NAVLIPI. Lines give: 
       (1) The English. 
       (2) The NAVLIPI PRINT transcription. 
       (3) The NAVLIPI CURSIVE transcription. 
       (In the latter two, the alternative transcription for nasalizations is given in square brackets.) 
         FIG. 138A-B  shows the transcription of a Spanish passage into NAVLIPI. Lines give: 
       (1) The Spanish. 
       (2) The NAVLIPI PRINT transcription. 
       (3) The NAVLIPI CURSIVE transcription. 
       (In the latter two, the alternative transcription for nasalizations is given in square brackets.) 
         FIG. 139A-E  shows the transcription of an Arabic passage into NAVLIPI.  FIG. 139A  shows the original Arabic.  FIGS. 139B-E  shows the NAVLIPI cursive transcription. 
         FIG. 140A-B  shows the transcription of a French passage into NAVLIPI. Lines give: 
       (1) The French. 
       (2) The NAVLIPI PRINT transcription. 
       (3) The NAVLIPI CURSIVE transcription. 
       (In the latter two, the alternative transcription for nasalizations is given in square brackets.) 
         FIG. 141A-C  shows the transcription of a German passage into NAVLIPI. 
         FIG. 142A-C  shows the transcription of a Marathi (Maraathi) passage into NAVLIPI. Lines give: 
       (1) The Marathi script. 
       (2) The “rough” Roman transcription, in italics. 
       (3) The NAVLIPI PRINT transcription. 
       (4) The NAVLIPI CURSIVE transcription. 
       (In the latter two, the alternative transcription for nasalizations is given in square brackets.) Note: The NAVLIPI transcription is an as-spoken transcription. Thus, e.g., madhye is transcribed as madhe, since that is how it is pronounced in common usage, sort of like the gh in English light not being pronounced in common usage. 
         FIG. 143A-D  shows the transcription of a Hungarian passage into NAVLIPI. 
         FIG. 144A-C  shows the transcription of a Vietnamese passage into NAVLIPI.  FIG. 144A  shows the original Vietnamese script;  FIG. 144B  shows the NAVLIPI transcription (print) and  FIG. 144C  shows the NAVLIPI transcription (script). 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     While the compositions, methods and devices heretofore are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, exemplary embodiments will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intent to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. 
     Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the relevant art. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used, the preferred methods and materials are now described. 
     In a specific embodiment, the article, keyboard, apparatus, method, computer readable medium and language specific system uses a script or word comprising (a) one or more phonemic condensates; (b) one or more post-positional operators (“post-ops”), which indicate aspiration, fricatization, voicing, nasalization, flap, uvular or pharyngeal variant, click ingressive, click egressive, ejective, implosive, a mobile vowel or silent non-vowel; (c) one or more post-ops indicating tones as used in a tone language, wherein, said tones are depicted in Table 5,  FIG. 132A-C ; or (d) one or more glyphs selected from the group consisting of: (i) a medio-palatal, unvoiced, unaspirated plosive phone depicted by the glyph 1-6 set forth in  FIGS. 53-55 ; (ii) a medio-palatal, voiced, unaspirated plosive phone depicted by the glyph 3-6 set forth in  FIGS. 53-55 ; (iii) a velar, nasal, plosive phone depicted by the glyph 5-4 set forth in  FIGS. 50-52 ; (iv) a retroflex, nasal, plosive phone depicted by the glyph 5-5 set forth in  FIGS. 50-52 ; (v) a mediopalatal, nasal, plosive phone depicted by the glyph 5-6 set forth in  FIGS. 53-55 ; (vi) a standard palatal, nasal, plosive phone depicted by the glyph 5-7 set forth in  FIGS. 53-55 ; (vii) a retroflex, unvoiced, unaspirated plosive phone depicted by the glyph 1-5 set forth in  FIGS. 50-52 ; (viii) a retroflex, voiced, unaspirated plosive phone depicted by the glyph 3-5 set forth in  FIGS. 50-52  and (ix) velar, voiced fricative depicted by the glyph 7-4 set forth in  FIGS. 59-61 . In a particular embodiment, the word further comprises at least one of (a) a vowel having a phonological classification consisting of an x-axis, y-axis and z-axis set forth in Table 1, (b) one or more non-vowels having an artition set forth in Table 2A and (c) one or more phonochromes set forth in Table 2B. 
     Script 
     Table 1 summarizes, and  FIGS. 1-48  illustrate, the vowel classification used in the present invention. Vowels are phones in which there is no impediment to the breath whatsoever. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Vowel Classification 
               
               
                 THE NAVLIPI VOWEL CLASSIFICATION 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 X-AXIS, LIP POSITION 
               
               
                   
                 X = 1, Lips stretched 
               
               
                   
                 X = 2, Lips flat 
               
               
                   
                 X = 3, Lips rounded 
               
               
                   
                 Y-AXIS, TONGUE&#39;S OR OTHER ARTICULATING 
               
               
                   
                 ORGANS&#39; POSITION 
               
               
                   
                 Y = 1, tongue medio-palatal 
               
               
                   
                 Y = 2, tongue flat 
               
               
                   
                 Y = 3, tongue retracted 
               
               
                   
                 Y = 4, tongue central, retroflex 
               
               
                   
                 Y = 5, tongue lateral, retroflex 
               
               
                   
                 Y = 6, tongue central, palatal 
               
               
                   
                 Y = 7, tongue lateral, palatal 
               
               
                   
                 Y = 8, tongue central, alveolo-dental 
               
               
                   
                 Y = 9, tongue lateral, alveolo-dental 
               
               
                   
                 Y = 10, tongue central, interdental 
               
               
                   
                 Y = 11, tongue lateral, interdental 
               
               
                   
                 Y = 12, nasal, bilabial 
               
               
                   
                 Y = 13, nasal, alveolo-dental 
               
               
                   
                 Y = 14, nasal, palatal 
               
               
                   
                 Y = 15, nasal, velar 
               
               
                   
                 Z-AXIS, JAW POSITION 
               
               
                   
                 (+)Z-axis, jaw vertical position: 
               
               
                   
                 Z = 1, close 
               
               
                   
                 Z = 2, close-mid 
               
               
                   
                 Z = 3, open-mid 
               
               
                   
                 Z = 4, open 
               
               
                   
                 (−) Z-axis, jaw horizontal position: 
               
               
                   
                 Z = (−)1, jaw forward, close-mid 
               
               
                   
                 Z = (−)2, jaw retracted, close-mid 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As shown therein, vowels are defined by three variables, represented in a 3-dimensional matrix: Lip position (x-axis, 3 values); tongue or other articulating organs&#39; position (y-axis, 15 values) and jaw position (z-axis, 6 values). This is a reduction from five variables (five dimensions), with jaw vertical-position and jaw horizontal-position having been merged, and intensity of contact of the articulating organs not being considered. As seen, vowel length is treated separately within the 3-d matrix, although it is technically an additional variable. 
     Table 2 summarizes, and  FIGS. 49-114  illustrate, the non-vowel classification used in the present invention. As shown therein, non-vowels are defined by two variables: Articulation organ position, or artition for short, with 15 values; and the “color of the phone” (such as aspiration, voicing, fricatization etc.), denoted as phonochromaticity, of which there are 35 values. (This non-vowel classification is said to have 15 artitions and 35 phonochromes.) 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NON-VOWEL CLASSIFICATION, INCLUDING 
               
               
                 SEMIVOWELS, CENTRALS AND LATERALS 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 A. THE 15 ARTITIONS OF NAVLIPI FOR NON-VOWELS 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1. 
                 Glottal 
               
               
                 2. 
                 Pharyngeal 
               
               
                 3. 
                 Uvular 
               
               
                 4. 
                 Velar 
               
               
                 5. 
                 Retroflex 
               
               
                 6. 
                 Medio-Palatal 
               
               
                 7. 
                 Palatal 
               
               
                 8. 
                 Alveolar 
               
               
                 9. 
                 Apico/Medio-Dental 
               
               
                 10. 
                 Standard Dental 
               
               
                 11. 
                 Pharyngealized Dental 
               
               
                 12. 
                 Interdental 
               
               
                 13. 
                 Infralabio-Supradental 
               
               
                 14. 
                 Supralabio-Infradental 
               
               
                 15. 
                 Bilabial 
               
             
          
           
               
                 B. THE 35 PHONOCHROMES OF NAVLIPI FOR NON-VOWELS 
               
             
          
           
               
                 1. 
                 Unvoiced/unaspirated 
               
               
                 2. 
                 Unvoiced/aspirated 
               
               
                 3. 
                 Voiced/unaspirated 
               
               
                 4. 
                 Voiced/aspirated 
               
               
                 5. 
                 Nasal 
               
               
                 6. 
                 Fricative/unvoiced 
               
               
                 7. 
                 Fricative/voiced 
               
               
                 8. 
                 Flap/unaspirated 
               
               
                 9. 
                 Flap/aspirated 
               
               
                 10. 
                 Flap/nasal 
               
               
                 11. 
                 Flap/fricatized 
               
               
                 12. 
                 Trill/normal 
               
               
                 13. 
                 Trill/fricatized 
               
               
                 14. 
                 Click, ingressive, central, single, unvoiced 
               
               
                 15. 
                 Click, ingressive, central, single, voiced 
               
               
                 16. 
                 Click, ingressive, central, single, nasal 
               
               
                 17. 
                 Click, ingressive, central, trill 
               
               
                 18. 
                 Click, ingressive, lateral, single, unvoiced 
               
               
                 19. 
                 Click, ingressive, lateral, single, voiced 
               
               
                 20. 
                 Click, ingressive, lateral, single, nasal 
               
               
                 21. 
                 Click, ingressive, lateral, trill 
               
               
                 22. 
                 Click, egressive, central 
               
               
                 23. 
                 Click, egressive, lateral 
               
               
                 24. 
                 Ejective, unvoiced 
               
               
                 25. 
                 Ejective, fricative 
               
               
                 26. 
                 Implosive, unvoiced 
               
               
                 27. 
                 Implosive, voiced 
               
               
                 28. 
                 Semivowel, simple 
               
               
                 29. 
                 Semivowel, pharyngeal 
               
               
                 30. 
                 Semivowel, central 
               
               
                 31. 
                 Semivowel, lateral, unaspirated 
               
               
                 32. 
                 Semivowel, lateral, aspirated 
               
               
                 33. 
                 Semivowel, lateral, fricatized 
               
               
                 34. 
                 Semivowel, lateral, palatalized 
               
               
                 35. 
                 Semivowel, lateral, pharyngealized 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     As seen in the above Tables, there are technically (3×15×6)=270 distinct vowel phones and (15×35)=525 distinct non-vowel phones. If one were to represent each of these phones with a distinct glyph (character or letter), one might technically need one glyph for each of the 270+525=795 distinct phones, i.e. one would need 795 different glyphs. However, many of these phones are not in use in any significant language in the world, and thus, from the point of view of practical phonemics, they may be ignored. These are denoted by blank cells in the matrices in the above Figures. 
     With the use of such devices as post-positional operators (“post-ops”), the remaining glyphs are represented in the present invention entirely with the use of the Roman script (alphabet), with the use of just one borrowed glyph (Greek omega), one entirely new glyph, and just three transformed Roman glyphs. 
     Thus, the present invention is able to represent the 795 distinct phones of the phonological classification on which it is based entirely with the 26 letters of the Roman script, untransformed in any way (i.e., not rotated or inverted as in the IPA script), plus one borrowed glyph or letter (Greek omega), plus one entirely new glyph, plus three glyphs from transformed Roman letters. The suggested didactic or pedagogical order of NAVLIPI, i.e. the way it might be taught (like a, b, c, d . . . ) in a modern Roman alphabet is given in  FIG. 115A-D . 
     The phonological classification represented by the above Tables and Figures form the phonological basis of the script used in the articles, methods, apparatus, systems and devices/apparatus of the present invention. It meets the other requirements spelled out above, such as universality, completeness, recognizability, distinctiveness, simplicity, intuitive nature, and ease/rapidity of transcription from the points of view of cursive, print and keyboard rendering. The elements of the script are set forth below. 
     Post-Positional Operators (“Post-Ops”) and Phonemic Condensates 
     The present invention uses post-positional operators, or post-ops for short, not only to indicate certain properties of phones, thus drastically reducing the number of glyphs (characters or letters) required to represent the full phonological classification, but also to address phonemic idiosyncrasy. 
     A typical post-op of the present invention is [h o ], i.e. the letter h with a subscripted little circle. When used after a phone, it indicates aspiration. Thus, [p] is the unaspirated, unvoiced, bilabial plosive, whilst [ph o ] is its aspirated counterpart. Another, similar post-op is [h 0 ], i.e. the letter h with a subscripted little-oval. When used after a phone, it indicates fricatization. Its use occurs only when a glyph (i.e., character or letter) is not available to represent a phone. Thus, it would not be used for the fricative phones [f] and [s], which are, respectively, a labio-dental and a dental fricative, since these already have their own glyphs or letters. It would, however be used for the interdental fricative of English think, which would be represented as [th 0 ]. It is seen that these two post-ops are very intuitive. 
     One example of how the script used in the articles, methods, apparatus/devices and systems of the present invention addresses phonemic idiosyncrasy is set forth below. Specifically, the English phoneme /p/. NAVLIPI uses the post-op [ o ] (subscripted little-circle), to represent the combined (aspirated+unaspirated) phoneme. This post-op is very amenable to cursive writing as well as keyboarding, yet very distinct and recognizable. This post-op then gives us three sets of glyphs (symbols or characters) for the components of the English phoneme /p/: (1) [p] (unaspirated phone); (2) [ph o ] (aspirated phone); and (3) p o  (aspirated/unaspirated combined phoneme but generally pronounced [p]). In the script used in the present invention, p o  is a phonemic condensate. That is to say, the [p] and [ph] phones are said to be condensed into one phonemic condensate, i.e. p o =[p]+[ph]. In transcription in the present invention, only the p o  would be used for English, i.e. all letters p in English would be written as p o . 
     Yet another typical post-op of the present invention is [∞], i.e. the infinity sign (or horizontal figure-8), subscripted. This represents the (unvoiced+voiced) phonemic condensate, common in the Chinese languages. Thus, for example, when used with the bilabial, unaspirated, plosives ([p], unvoiced, [b], voiced), the phonemic condensate would be written as either [p] or [b], and would imply both the unvoiced and voiced phones, i.e. p.=[p]+[b]. Thus, when writing Mandarin in the universal script of the present invention, Beijing would be written as B.eijing. This would immediately inform the English-speaking reader that [p] and [b] are allophones of the same phoneme in Mandarin, and that this phoneme is preferentially articulated as a [b] although it may also sometimes be articulated as a [p] without changing the meaning of the word. Other words in Mandarin may be written with the phone [p] as basis. For example, the word pu or bu (“no, not”) would be transcribed in the present invention as p.u rather than b.u. More accurately, since this word is articulated in the first tone (high, level), it would be transcribed as p.u l , using the post-op for the first tone [ l ]. In the case of standard Arabic, however, this phonemic condensate would always be written as b., since [p] is not articulated in standard Arabic. 
     Tables 3 and 4 summarize the post-ops and phonemic condensates used in the articles, methods, devices/apparatus, and systems of the present invention. The phonemic condensates used include but is not limited to PO-1 . . . PO-21 and PCON-1 . . . PCON-17 for purposes of reference. In a particular embodiment, the post-ops used include but are not limited to PO-4, PO-5, PO-8, PO-10, PO-11, PO-14, PO-15, PO-20 and PO-21. As seen therein, the cursive rendition of the post-ops is particularly facile, yet very recognizable and distinct. 

 
     Tones 
     Tones of tone languages, which also convey phonemic information, are currently transcribed in a number of ways, most of which make heavy use of diacritics. An example of such heavy diacritic use is the Roman-based Vietnamese script. In some cases, tones are also transcribed with annotation marks or other devices, which are difficult to recognize or differentiate. An example of this latter use is the IPA. And of course, in many original transcriptions of tone languages, such as Chinese, tones were implicit but not separately transcribed. In the present invention, tones are transcribed entirely through the use of post-ops. As a first step in this transcription, tones are classified according to just three variables: their point of origin (low, mid, high); their nature (level, rising, falling); and their degree of rise or fall (if not level). The representation of tones in the present invention is summarized in Table 5. As seen therein, the cursive rendition of tones is particularly facile, yet very recognizable and distinct. 

 
     Keyboarding 
     Several changes have been made to the keyboard of the present invention as compared to standard QWERTY or other keyboards. These include: (1) Left and right ALT keys made much larger so that the forefingers can easily and naturally access them. (2) SPACEBAR made correspondingly smaller to accommodate the larger ALT keys. Spacebar would be accessible only via thumbs. (3) For “ergonomic” keyboards (keyboards that are larger and have a curved surface to prevent carpal tunnel syndrome), this ALT and SPACEBAR placing can be modified slightly in the following way: The ALT keys can be placed slightly above although still to the right of the spacebar, in the intervening blank space created by the bifurcation of the keyboard. (4) The “lower case” keys of the NUMERIC part of the keyboard (i.e. those in effect when there is no Numeric Lock on) are deleted and replaced by other keys. 
     The keyboarding described below is for the English QWERTY keyboard, although the concepts set forth below may be extended to other common keyboards, e.g. the French AZERTY keyboard. 
     In the keyboarding of the present invention, each key is allocated four values, corresponding, respectively, to the key pressed alone, the key pressed along with the SHIFT key, the key pressed along with the ALT key, and the key pressed along with the CTRL key. 
     For ease in referral then, the present invention uses the following matrix notation to designate keys: 
     (m)(n)(N,S,C,A), where m is the column number (x-axis), n is the row number (y-axis) and N, S, C and A represent Normal, SHIFT, Control (CTRL) and Alternate (ALT). 
     Thus, by way of example only, using this notation: (4)(11)C represents the (Ctrl+P) key; (4)(11)C-A represents the (Ctrl+Alt+P) key; and (4)(11) alone represents the “P” key in general, i.e. all its functions (Normal, Shift, Ctrl, Alt). When we wish to refer to several keys together, we may use a combined notation. Thus, e.g., (2)(2,3,4) refers to three keys, (2)(2), (2)(3), (2)(4), the number keys for the numbers 1, 2 and 3, whilst (3,4,5)(5) refers to the three keys (3)(5), (4)(5), (5)(5), corresponding to the R, F and V keys. For more general notation, (2)(n) represents all the Row-2 keys 1, 2, 3 . . . etc.) whilst (m)(8) represents all the Column-8 keys, i.e. (F5, 7, U, J, M). In a similar vein, (2)(2-11) represents the number keys only (1, 2, 3 . . . 0). 
     Since each key has four possible renderings, as described above (Normal (no Shift, Ctrl or Alt pressed), Shift, Ctrl and Alt) each key in the actual keyboard should properly have four markings on it. We are at present used to keyboards with just one marking (e.g. the “P” key described above) or at most two (e.g. the (?/) key, with (?) being upper case, i.e. (Shift+the key). Thus, each key in the keyboard of the present invention will have four separate markings on it, in the four corners of the key. 
     Also for ease of referral, the keyboard of the present invention will be represented as a 2-dimensional matrix, as seen in  FIG. 116A-B , very similar to the 2-d matrix used for the Non-Vowel Tables cited earlier. The columns will represent the x-axis and the rows the y-axis. Such a numbering system will be used to identify individual keys. Software engineers will immediately recognize that reassignment of keyboard keys at will is not an easy or straightforward task. In particular, there are problems with re-assignment of [CTRL], [ALT] and other keys, especially with Unix-based systems and popular word processors. For example, the following keys are some examples of keys that may create problems (and by no means exhaustive): (1) [CTRL+C]: Used for copy functions in Windows as well as many word processors. More seriously and problematically, used for “Abort” functions in many older UNIX based systems. (2) [CTRL+A]: Select-all function. (3) [CTRL+P]: Print function. (4) [CTRL+S]: Save function. etc. NAVLIPI retains the original function of all these keys - - - e.g. [CTRL+C] still means “Copy”. It instead uses multiple combinations of several special functions - - - e.g. [CTRL+ALT+C] - - - when it needs additional keys to represent glyphs, post-ops, etc. 
     Table 6 and  FIGS. 116-134  show the keyboard layout as well as a graphical representation of the keyboard matrix notation of the present invention. Only the regular (non-“ergonomic”) keyboard is shown for simplicity. From these tables, the changes from the conventional QWERTY keyboard are apparent. 

 
     The present invention uses many post-ops, as described earlier, e.g. [ o ] (subscripted little circle in print or little “e” in cursive, representing (aspirate+non-aspirate) phonemic condensate) and [h o ] (“h”+subscripted circle, for aspirate). In the keyboarding of the present invention, all these post-ops have their own keys. Furthermore, these keys are usually placed for high frequency usage, for instance on the current “period” (“full-stop”) and “comma” keys. Nevertheless, due to the use of language-specific keyboards in the present invention, one finds that the need to use these separate keys for post-ops is actually minimal. 
     For example, instead of having to write the aspirated, unvoiced, bilabial stop of Hindi, [ph o ], as ([p]+[h o ]), i.e., two keystrokes, one simply uses one keystroke, [Alt+P] in the [Hindi/Spanish . . . ], language-specific keyboard to render this phone. Similarly, for the pharyngealized-[t] phone of Arabic, rather than using two keystrokes, ([t]+[..]), one simply uses the single keystroke [Alt+t]. And again, in English, when one types the “p” key, one gets [p o ] (aspirate+non-aspirate phonemic condensate) automatically, thus obviating the need to type [p]+[ o ] separately. As a fourth example, in Mandarin, one need not use the [b]+[ ∞ ] keys to represent the common [b ∞ ] phonemic condensate, since typing the “b” key directly yields this. The keyboard of the present invention may also contain rarely used central glyphs. One example is the unique Tamil retroflex central with a jaw-forward position in articulation, phonemically distinct from the same central in the jaw-normal position. In NAVLIPI, this is rendered as the glyph r o , i.e. a script-r with a subscripted little circle. Since its use is expected to be only for Tamil and thus somewhat rare, rather than assigning a separate key for it, NAVLIPI will simply transcribe this as the serial combination of the two keystrokes, i.e. (5)(3)(CA), i.e. the glyph (r), followed by (10)(5)(A), i.e. the glyph ( o ). Several phonemic condensates of central or central plus some other articulation, which are expected to be rarely used, are assigned by NAVLIPI to keys that are commensurate with their rare use and include: 
     (1) The alveolar (r+1) (i.e. central+lateral) phonemic condensate, transcribed as             in NAVLIPI, will use the key (19)(3)(N), i.e. the Numeric-7 key used with NUM LOCK off.
     (2) The retroflex (r+1) (i.e., central+lateral) phonemic condensate, transcribed as             (script-r with single overstrike) in NAVLIPI, will use the key (20)(3)(N), i.e. the Numeric-8 key used with NUM LOCK off.
     (3) The alveolar (r+1+n) (i.e. central+lateral+nasal) phonemic condensate, transcribed as             in NAVLIPI will be use the key (19)(4)(N), i.e. the Numeric-4 key used with NUM LOCK off.
     (4) The retroflex (r+1+n) (i.e. central+lateral+nasal) phonemic condensate, transcribed as             (script-r with double overstrike) in NAVLIPI, will use the key (20)(4)(N), i.e. the Numeric-5 key used with NUM LOCK off.
     (5) The alveolar (flap+trill+semivowel) central phonemic condensate, transcribed as r o  in NAVLIPI, will use the key (20)(5)(N), i.e. the Numeric-2 key used with NUM LOCK off. 
     (6) The “generic R” phonemic condensate, transcribed as R in NAVLIPI, will use the key (19)(5)(N), i.e. the Numeric-1 key used with NUM LOCK off. 
     Keyboarding in the present invention is language-specific, for broad groups of languages. This serves a number of purposes. Firstly, it cuts down drastically on the number of glyphs, and hence keys, required. Thus, for instance, the many click phones will be rarely be used in any subset except the South-African, and it is needless to try to accommodate extra keys on the keyboard for them, when writing in English or German. Secondly, it groups together languages which have similar phonologies. And as a by-product, language-specificity also reduces the need to use separate keys for common post-ops, although these are still provided. 
     Some of these groups in the present invention are, by way of example only: (1) Hindi/-Spanish/-Indonesian. (2) English/French/German/Other-European-Languages. (3) Arabic. (4) Yoruba/Igbo. (5) Mandarin/Cantonese. (6) South-African (incorporating the click-phones). 
     As an illustration of how the language-specificity works, the following brief examples can be cited:
         The p key in the Hindi/Spanish keyboard would print as p. However, in the English/-French/-German/-etc. keyboard, it would print as p o , indicating that it is a phonemic condensate of the unaspirated and aspirated stops (i.e., [p]+[ph o ]).   In the Arabic keyboard, this same p key would print as          , indicating that it is now a phonemic condensate of the voiced and unvoiced stops, but with preferred articulation as [b].   In Mandarin, this [p] would print as b 4 , once again indicating that it is now a phonemic condensate of the voiced and unvoiced stops, but now with preferred articulation as [b]. This key may not be used at all in Arabic, reflecting the true absence of the [p] phone in standard Arabic (but not in some Arabic dialects).   The [Alt+k] key in the Hindi/Spanish keyboard would print as the velar unvoiced aspirate stop, [kh o ]. However, in the Arabic keyboard, it would print as the uvular unvoiced stop, [k.], the Arabic “qaaf”.   The [r] key would print in the Hindi/Spanish keyboard as r, indicating the alveolar flap/-tap/trill of Hindi and Spanish. However, in the English/-etc. keyboard, this same key would print as r 0 , indicating the alveolar semivowel.       

     Other language specific examples are set forth in  FIGS. 120-130 , and  132 A-C. In particular, in  FIG. 120 , NAVLIPI uses two (2) major language-specific variants of the central (“r”) key, the Hindi/Spanish/Indonesian keyboard and the English/French/German/West European languages keyboard. For the Hindi/Spanish/Indonesian keyboard, the representation, (5)(3)(N) is the most common alveolar tap/flap/semivowel phonemic condensate; (5)(3)(A) is the alveolar semivowel; and finally, (5)(3)(CA) is the retroflex semivowel. The latter is used in American English, and also Tamil, Mandarin/Cantonese. It may be redundant in this, Hindi/Spanish/Indonesian keyboard, except for use in Sanskrit. For the English/French/German/West European languages keyboard, the representation, (5)(3)(N) is the alveolar semivowel only; (5)(3)(A) is the phonemic condensate (note that if one needs to use this in other keyboards, e.g. the Hindi/Spanish. keyboard, then one can simply render it by typing x and r in sequence; and finally, (5)(3)(CA) is the retroflex semivowel, used in American English, also Tamil. 
     The velar keys in NAVLIPI are also language-specific. They are also the NAVLIPI keys with one of the largest language-specific diversities. The reason the velar keys have such large diversity is because, for many language groups, even very small phonemic distinctions in the velar articulation require the use of a separate key. The NAVLIPI language-specificities for the velar keys are: (1) The Hindi/Spanish/Indonesian languages group; (2) The Chinese languages group, including all major Chinese languages such as Mandarin, Cantonese and Fujienese. (3) The English/French/German/West-European languages group. (4) The Arabic group. This would include Hebrew and Amharic. (5) The Tamil group, including all five major Dravidian languages (Tamil, Telugu, Kannadaa, Malayaalam and Tulu). If the aspirated stops, [kh o ] and [gh o ] are accommodated for the Hindi/Spanish/Indonesian languages group, then a single velar key type can be used for all the languages in this group. The resultant keys are shown in  FIGS. 121-122 . The only difference between the Chinese languages group and the Hindi/Spanish/Indonesian languages group is that in place of (9)(4)(N), which is k in the Hindi/Spanish/Indonesian languages group, the phonemic condensate is used for unvoiced and voiced velar stop, ([k]+[g]), as applicable to the Chinese languages; these usually articulate this as [g], i.e. g 4 . The (6)(4) key, i.e. the g key, would then not be used in the Chinese languages. For both the unvoiced and voiced keys in English/French/German/West-European languages group, the (A) position in the, i.e. (9)(4)(A) and (6)(4)(A), representing the aspirated stops kh o  and gh o , would not be used. For the unvoiced key, at the (N) position, i.e. (9)(4)(N), the k is replaced by k o , indicating the (unaspirated+aspirated) phonemic condensate. For the voiced key, the (N) position, i.e. (6)(4)(N), retains the pure phone, g. Arabic group: The only difference between the Arabic group and the Hindi/Spanish/Indonesian languages group is that for (9)(4)(A), k . . . , is used for the uvular stop. Similarly, for (6)(4)(A), g. is used. For the velar unvoiced and voiced fricatives, the keys (3)(5) and (6)(4), respectively, are common to all language-specific keyboards in NAVLIPI are shown in  FIG. 123 . 
     EXAMPLES 
     Examples A 
     Various Widely-Used World Scripts Rendered in NAVLIPI 
     Example A.1 
     This example shows NAVLIPI transcription of Dewanaagari script (including variants thereof for Hindi/Urdu, Maraathi). Table 7 shows vowels; Table 8 shows non-vowels and Table 9 shows selected adaptations of Dewanaagara glyphs (Letters). 

 
     Example A.2 
     This example shows the Cyrillic script (alphabet) rendered in NAVLIPI and is shown in Table 10 (10A and 10B). 

 
     Example A3 
     This example shows the Arabic script (alphabet) rendered in NAVLIPI and is shown in Table 11 (11A and 11B). 

 
     Example A.4 
     This example shows the Tamil script (alphabet) rendered in NAVLIPI. Vowels are shown in Table 12; non-vowels are shown in Table 13. 

 
     Examples B 
     In the examples described herein, transcription of various languages in NAVLIPI are shown. The first five languages are listed in decreasing number of world speakers. 
     Example B.1 
     This example provides a Mandarin transcription passage and is depicted in  FIG. 135A-B . The English translation is as follows: 
     Who is he? Is he your friend? Yes, he is my friend. His name is Xie Wen. He teaches at Beijing University. Don&#39;t you know him? I have heard of him. He is from Beijing, isn&#39;t he? 
     Example B.2 
     This example provides a transcription of a Hindi/Urdu passage into NAVLIPI and is provided in  FIG. 136A-C . The English translation of the passage is as follows: 
     One beautiful day, a man and a woman (couple, husband-wife) went out for a walk with their two beautiful children. The sun was shining, filling the day with light. The kids were weaving circles around their parents. The whole family sat down under the shade of a big banyaan tree. In their pleasure, the parents went to sleep. Who knows what dreams they had? The kids continued playing. 
     Example B3 
     This example provides a transcription of an English passage into NAVLIPI depicted in  FIG. 137A-C . 
     Example B.4 
     This example provides a transcription of a Spanish passage into NAVLIPI and is depicted in  FIG. 138A-B . The English translation of this passage is as follows: 
     Another earthquake sufficiently strong to generate a small tsunami with a height of two meters occurred last week below Indonesia. The quake was 6.9 on the Richter scale. The inhabitants of the costal areas were told to move temporarily to higher locations. 
     Example B.5 
     This example provides a transcription of an Arabic passage (Syrian pronunciation) into NAVLIPI. The original Arabic is given first ( FIG. 139A ). Next, in order are the rough Roman transcription, the NAVLIPI PRINT transcription and the NAVLIPI CURSIVE transcription ( FIGS. 139B-E ). (In the latter two, the alternative transcription for nasalizations, where applicable, is given in square brackets.). The approximate English of the passage is shown below: 
     A man and a woman go out for a walk with their two beautiful children, a girl and a boy, whom they love very much. It is a sunny day. They sit down on the grass below a shady tree. The children play nearby at the bank of a stream. The boy yells. He is hurt. His sister runs to their parents to tell them. She is worried. The parents decide it is time to go home. They gather their belongings, get the children, and head home. 
     Example B.6 
     This example provides a transcription of a French passage into NAVLIPI and is depicted in  FIG. 140A-B . The English translation of passage is set forth below: 
     A man and a woman go out for a walk, with their two beautiful children. The sun shines, filling the day with its brilliance. In their play, the children make circles around their parents. The family stops under a big tree giving lots of shade. In the ambience, sleep engulfs the parents. Who knows what sorts of dreams they have? 
     Example B.7 
     This example provides a transcription of a German passage into NAVLIPI and is depicted in  FIG. 141A-C . This passage is a paragraph excerpted from Arthur Schopenhauer&#39;s Parerga and Paralipomena, Kleine philosophische Schriften, published in 1859. For the “scharfe s”, B, the modern pronunciation, which is essentially a geminated “s”, is given, rather than the original pronunciation of the 18 th  century, which was likely a retroflex sibilant. 
     Example B.8 
     This example provides a transcription of a Maraathi (Marathi) passage into NAVLIPI and is depicted in  FIG. 142A-C . The English translation of the passage is set forth below: 
     One quiet day, at a gathering in metropolitan Mumbai, everyone was waiting for that moment, when the foreign minister was going to make an announcement. Everyone&#39;s expectation was heightened about whom the foreign minister would select as his deputy minister. The tenseness was high. Finally, the foreign minister surprisingly chose Baabaasaaheb Raanade. 
     Example B.9 
     This example provides a transcription of a Hungarian passage into NAVLIPI and is depicted in  FIG. 143A-D . The passage is set forth below in English: 
     A man and a woman go out for a walk with their two beautiful children, a girl and a boy, whom they love very much. It is a sunny day. They sit down on the grass below a shady tree. The children play nearby at the bank of a stream. The boy yells. He is hurt. His sister runs to their parents to tell them. She is worried. The parents decide it is time to go home. They gather their belongings, get the children, and head home. 
     Table 12 sets forth NAVLIPI equivalents of select Hungarian-Roman transcriptions found in this passage: 

 
     Example B.10 
     This example provides a partial transcription of a Vietnamese passage into NAVLIPI for the purposes of illustrating NAVLIPI tones. Partial transcription is set forth in Table 13. Original Vietnamese is shown in  FIG. 144A ; NAVLIPI print is shown in  FIG. 144B  and NAVLIPI script is shown in  FIG. 144C . 

 
     The invention described and claimed herein is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments herein disclosed, since these embodiments are intended as illustrations of several aspects of the invention. Any equivalent embodiments are intended to be within the scope of this invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. 
     Various references are cited herein, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.