Abstract:
A grating structure has a plurality of gratings. In one example, one or more of the gratings are configured: to be non-uniformly spaced with respect to one or more other ones of the gratings; and to optically couple a first light conduit and a second light conduit enabling light having a first polarization and light having a second polarization to pass through the grating structure and propagate in the same direction in the first light conduit or the second light conduit. The non-uniform spacing of the gratings may represent an intersection or a union of a period associated with the light having the first polarization and a period associated with the light having the second polarization.

Description:
FIELD 
       [0001]    The field generally relates to optical couplers and, more particularly, to improved grating couplers. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Optical coupling between a single mode fiber (SMF) and a silicon planar waveguide is one of the key issues in photonic integrated circuits fabricated in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology due to mode mismatch arising from the significantly higher refractive index of the silicon planar waveguide compared to that of the SMF. Various types of mode size converters (i.e., optical couplers) have been proposed to address this mismatch issue such as, for example, taper structures and grating couplers. 
         [0003]    The grating coupler provides surface coupling and can have large bandwidth up to several tens of nanometers. Such an optical coupler can be appropriate for functional wafer-scale testing of photonic integrated circuits during the fabrication process because there is no need to cleave or dice devices, which is required using edge-coupling (e.g., taper) structures. Furthermore, the grating couplers are not only useful for coupling light into an SMF but are also suitable for integrating surface mountable active devices, such as a photodiode and a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser. However, existing grating couplers are strongly polarization-dependent due to their geometry. Several approaches have been proposed to overcome polarization-dependent limitations such as, for example, polarization splitting grating couplers (called two-dimensional or 2D gratings) with polarization diversity circuits, and the polarization-independent grating couplers for dual polarizations into a single silicon waveguide (called one-dimensional or 1D grating). The 2D grating coupler structure requires polarization diversity schemes such as complex polarization rotators or two identical functional devices without rotators, one for each polarization state. The schemes make the circuit more complicated and efficient polarization-independent fiber-to-chip coupling is still challenging. Therefore, simpler 1D grating couplers are preferable. 
         [0004]    The 1D grating coupler approach has been proposed for the waveguide on a SOI wafer such as using thick silicon waveguides, using double etched gratings, or using double surface corrugation. The refractive index contrast (A) of a silicon waveguide, defined as (n core   2 −n clad   2 )/2n core   2  is ˜48%, where core refers to thin glass center of the optical fiber where light travels, and clad or cladding refers to the outer optical material surrounding the core that reflects light back into the core. For single mode operation with this Δ, the typical size of silicon waveguide is approximately 400 nm by 220 nm in width and thickness, respectively. Waveguide thickness greater than 220 nm may not provide single mode operation even though the grating coupler formed with the thick-waveguide can have better coupling efficiency and design flexibility. Designs based on double etched grating and double surface corrugation are undesirable due to the complicated fabrication process. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0005]    Illustrative embodiments of the invention provide techniques for improved grating couplers. 
         [0006]    For example, in one embodiment, a grating structure has a plurality of gratings. One or more of the gratings are configured: to be non-uniformly spaced with respect to one or more other ones of the gratings; and to optically couple a first light conduit and a second light conduit enabling light having a first polarization and light having a second polarization to pass through the grating structure and propagate in the same direction in the first light conduit or the second light conduit. The non-uniform spacing of the gratings may represent an intersection or a union of a period associated with the light having the first polarization and a period associated with the light having the second polarization. 
         [0007]    Advantageously, illustrative grating coupler embodiments provide for two polarization states, transverse-electric (TE) polarized light and transverse-magnetic (TM) polarized light, to be diffracted so that the dual polarized light propagates in the same direction in a fiber or a waveguide. 
         [0008]    These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments thereof, which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0009]      FIG. 1A  illustrates polarization-independent grating coupling using a non-uniform grating structure according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0010]      FIG. 1B  illustrates polarization-independent grating coupling using a non-uniform grating structure according to another embodiment of the invention. 
           [0011]      FIG. 1C  illustrates non-uniform grating periods from intersection and union, respectively, of transverse-electric and transverse-magnetic mode grating periods according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  illustrates a plot of effective index, versus optimal grating periods according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0013]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  illustrate contour maps for optimization of two periods for intersection grating and union grating, respectively, according to embodiments of the invention. 
           [0014]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  illustrate field plots of polarization-independent intersection grating couplers according to embodiments of the invention. 
           [0015]      FIGS. 4C and 4D  illustrate field plots of polarization-independent union grating couplers according to embodiments of the invention. 
           [0016]      FIG. 5A  illustrates a plot of fiber coupling performance of optimized intersection gratings according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0017]      FIG. 5B  illustrates a plot of fiber coupling performance of optimized union gratings according to one embodiment of the invention. 
           [0018]      FIG. 6A  illustrates polarization-independent grating coupling using non-uniform grating structures in a two-layer waveguide arrangement according to yet another embodiment of the invention. 
           [0019]      FIG. 6B  illustrates polarization-independent grating coupling using uniform grating structures in a two-layer waveguide arrangement according to a further embodiment of the invention. 
           [0020]      FIG. 7  illustrates a silicon-on-insulator device according to one embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0021]    Illustrative embodiments provide one-dimensional (1D) grating couplers with polarization-independent fiber coupling using gratings with non-uniform periodicity. The non-uniform periods are formed by the mathematical intersection or union of a set of two different grating periods. Unlike prior polarization-independent 1D grating couplers, illustrative embodiments achieve 220 nm waveguide thickness for design and optimization while simultaneously accounting for single mode fiber operation and simple fabrication process steps. Non-limiting examples of waveguides with which illustrative embodiments can be implemented are nanophotonic waveguides such as photonic-wire or photonic-crystal waveguides. 
         [0022]    It is to be understood that the terms “intersection” and “union” refer to conventional algebraic functions according to mathematics set theory. Also, as used herein, a “light conduit” refers to an element, device, structure, or the like, through which light passes, by way of example only, an optical fiber or an optical waveguide. By way of another example, an optical lens, or the like, used to direct a light source (e.g., laser) toward a grating structure may be considered a light conduit. 
         [0023]      FIGS. 1A and 1B  show polarization-independent grating couplers having non-uniform gratings according to illustrative embodiments. Device  100  in  FIG. 1A  shows optical fiber  102  grating-coupled to waveguide  104  with a first non-uniform grating structure  105 . Device  110  in  FIG. 1B  shows optical fiber  112  grating-coupled to waveguide  114  with a second non-uniform grating structure  115 . Not specifically shown in the figures below the waveguide layer, but understood to be present in these illustrative embodiments, is a silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) or buried oxide (BOX) insulating layer and below that a Si substrate layer, which collectively make up main layers of the SOI device. Note that an example of an SOI device according to an illustrative embodiment will be described below in the context of  FIG. 7 . 
         [0024]    To compose non-uniform gratings, the intersection or union of two grating periods is used as shown in  FIG. 1C . The non-uniform gratings from either the intersection or union of two different grating periods are designated as an intersection grating and a union grating, respectively, for convenience. Illustrative embodiments use the near optimal transverse-electric (TE) grating period  120  and the near optimal transverse-magnetic (TM) grating period  122  as a set of two different grating periods for the formation of non-uniform gratings. 
         [0025]    Grating period  124  represents the intersection of TE grating period  120  and TM grating period  122 . Thus, the gratings or grating teeth (A through G) of non-uniform grating structure  105  correspond to grating period  124 . That is, the non-uniform spacing of gratings A-G are formed to replicate the resulting non-uniform periodicity of the intersection of TE grating period  120  and TM grating period  122 . Grating period  120  is optimized for TE polarization with a period of Λ TE , while grating period  122  is optimized for TM polarization with period Λ TM . The gratings are formed by etching and filling the grating structure material, using known etching and filling techniques, such that the grating structure corresponds to the intersection of the grating periods of the two polarization modes (TE and TM). For example, the grating structure  105  may be formed by the intersection (a common overlap) of at least two different 1-D grating structures, each having a different uniform period. 
         [0026]    Grating period  126  represents the union of TE grating period  120  and TM grating period  122 . Thus, the gratings or grating teeth (A through G) of non-uniform grating structure  115  correspond to grating period  126 . That is, the non-uniform spacing of gratings A-G are formed to replicate the resulting non-uniform periodicity of the union of TE grating period  120  and TM grating period  122 . Again, the gratings are formed by etching and filling the grating structure material, using known etching and filling techniques, such that the grating structure corresponds to the union of the grating periods of the two polarization modes (TE and TM). For example, the grating structure  115  may be formed by the union (a sum) of at least two different 1-D grating structures, each having a different uniform period. 
         [0027]    The uniform grating periods for the TE and TM mode coupling at a given wavelength (λ) and a fiber coupling angle (θ) with respect to vertical can be obtained by the phase matching condition as kn eff   TE/TM =kn clad  Sin θ+q2π/Λ TE/TM , where k=2π/λ, q is the diffraction order, n eff   TE/TM  is the mean effective index along one grating period for TE and TM, respectively, n clad  is the refractive index of the cladding (e.g., SiO 2  with index ≈1.45), and Λ TE/TM  is the grating period for TE and TM, respectively. 
         [0028]    Assume that the intersection and union grating couplers have changed values of the propagation constants in comparison to those from each of optimal TE and TM grating couplers. Also, they have common characteristics such as diffraction angles because the non-uniform gratings originate from the combination of each of near optimal TE and TM grating periods. Due to these common characteristics, the non-uniform grating couplers show similar diffraction angles as the optimal TE and TM couplers. It is therefore possible to optimize the coupler for polarization-independent coupling. The changed values of propagation constants result in optical loss. Thus, the optimal TE and TM grating periods are identified as a starting point to explore the range of design parameters of the resulting non-uniform gratings. 
         [0029]      FIG. 2  shows a plot  200  of the mean effective index along one grating period of TE and TM modes corresponding to [n eff   TE/TM +n(T g ) eff   TE/TM ]/2 versus the grating period and thickness. The effective index for TE and TM modes as a function of grating thickness is calculated by a finite difference mode (FDM) simulation solver. The grating periods are plotted using the above-mentioned phase matching condition. The FDM simulation for effective index is implemented using the silicon waveguide area of 12 μm×0.22 μm, the core index of 3.5, the given wavelength of 1.55 μm, and fiber coupling angle of 10-degree tilt. The optimal TE and TM, mode grating periods are near 620 nm and 950 nm with respect to the range of effective index of 2.6 to 2.8 and 1.8 and 1.9, respectively. The range of the grating etch depth is from 50 nm to 110 nm for both the TE and TM modes. 
         [0030]    As shown in  FIG. 2 , the gap between effective index of TE and TM modes is significantly large such that a common grating period is non-existent within 220 nm waveguide thickness. However, it is possible to be matched between two mean effective indexes of TE and TM modes on the non-uniform grating period. 
         [0031]    For the non-uniform grating coupler design in accordance with an illustrative embodiment, the waveguide parameters used are the same values as for commercial SOI wafer with the silicon layer of 220 nm as a core and the buried oxide (BOX) layer of 2 μm as a bottom cladding. The use of parameters from a commercial SOI wafer simplify the fabrication process. The fiber coupling angle and the center wavelength have been fixed at 10 degrees and 1.55 μm, respectively. The interface between fiber and grating coupler is index-matched at 1.45. For simplicity, 50% duty cycle has been adopted for the individual TE and TM gratings, as depicted in  FIG. 1(   c ). Since the non-uniform grating structure has a lateral geometry, accurate calculation can be obtained by 2-D modeling. The simulation based on 2-D finite element frequency domain (FEFD) method has been implemented with variation in the two grating periods (TE, TM) and variation in the etch depth. 
         [0032]    Note that the shaded inset  202  in plot  200  of  FIG. 2  shows one grating period for calculating the mean effective index. 
         [0033]      FIGS. 3A and 3B  show contour plots of calculated coupling efficiency of the combination grating as a function of TE and TM grating pitches. Plot  300  in  FIG. 3A  is a contour map for an intersection grating, and plot  310  in  FIG. 3B  is a contour map for a union grating. From these plots, the grating periods providing optimum performance (identical coupling efficiency) for both TE and TM polarizations for the intersection and union gratings can be identified. The optimal TE/TM periods are 630 nm/1000 nm for the intersection grating and 620 nm/900 nm for the union grating, as shown in plot  300  and plot  310 , respectively. Note that X denotes the optimized two periods for intersection and union grating formations where identical coupling efficiency is achieved for TE and TM polarization. The etch depth of the gratings was also varied and optimized at 60 nm and 100 nm for preferred intersection and union gratings, respectively. 
         [0034]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  illustrate field plots of polarization-independent intersection grating couplers according to illustrative embodiments (plot  410  for TE mode and plot  420  for TM mode), while  FIGS. 4C and 4D  illustrate field plots of polarization-independent union grating couplers according to illustrative embodiments (plot  430  for TE mode and plot  440  for TM mode). More particularly, the illustrated field plots represent grating couplers according to illustrative embodiments when the grating couplers have optimal parameters. Further, the illustrated field plots show dual polarized lights from a SMF propagate into a silicon waveguide. 
         [0035]      FIGS. 5A and 5B  illustrate plots of fiber coupling performance of optimized intersection gratings (plot  510 ) and optimized union gratings (plot  520 ), respectively, according to illustrative embodiments. More particularly, plots  510  and  520  show fiber coupling efficiencies and polarization dependent loss (PDL) values. Evident in  510  and  520  is the nearly identical coupling efficiency for TE and TM polarizations, which is achieved for both intersection and union grating couplers over a broad wavelength range. The intersection and union grating couplers have coupling efficiencies of −6.9 dB and −5.4 dB at the wavelength of 1.55 nm, respectively. For comparison, the coupling efficiency of the optimal TE or TM uniform grating coupler is approximately −3.5 dB with the same design parameters. The maximum PDL value of the intersection grating coupler is 0.57 dB in the range of 1.5 nm to 1.6 nm. For the union grating coupler, all PDL values within 3 dB-bandwidth are less than 0.5 dB. The non-uniform grating couplers are polarization independent and have ˜2 dB lower coupling efficiencies than each of the optimal TE and TM grating couplers. Further optimization of the gratings, including applying apodization, fine controlling of BOX layer thickness, and embedding a bottom mirror, can be employed to further improve coupling efficiencies. For example, initial simulations show 2.5 dB improvement in coupling efficiency for the union grating when a bottom mirror is incorporated under the 2 μm-BOX layer. Moreover, the fiber coupling efficiency of the grating coupler having thickness of greater than 220 nm is significantly increased. The 1 dB-bandwidth of both of the grating couplers is approximately 40 nm. 
         [0036]      FIG. 6A  illustrates polarization-independent grating coupling using non-uniform grating structures in a two-layer waveguide arrangement according to yet another embodiment of the invention. Device  600  in  FIG. 6A  shows optical fiber  602  grating-coupled to a first waveguide  604  with a first non-uniform grating structure  605  and a second waveguide  606  with a second non-uniform grating structure  607 . The two grating/waveguide structures are separated, in this illustrative embodiment, by an oxide (or nitride) layer  608 . Not specifically shown in the figures below the waveguide layers, but understood to be present in this illustrative embodiment, is a silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) or buried oxide (BOX) insulating layer and below that a Si substrate layer, which collectively make up main layers of the SOI device. It is to be appreciated that adding a second waveguide layer and grating (i.e.,  606  and  607 ) with a period and duty cycle tuned to diffract the light not diffracted by the first waveguide layer and grating (i.e.,  604  and  606 ), also referred to as the lost light (TM and TE), in the same direction as the first grating. The light diffracted by the first and second gratings are combined by a waveguide combiner structure, such as a multimode waveguide combiner, to the left in the figure (not expressly shown) to form combined diffracted light. Another embodiment provides for directing the light from the two layers to identical detection circuits (optical-to-electrical detection), and combining the detected (electrical) signals to provide improved efficiency/sensitivity. 
         [0037]      FIG. 6B  illustrates polarization-independent grating coupling using uniform (as shown) or non-uniform (not expressly shown) grating structures in a two-layer waveguide arrangement according to a further embodiment of the invention. Device  610  in  FIG. 6B  shows optical fiber  612  grating-coupled to a first waveguide  614  with a first uniform grating structure  615  (representing grating period  120  optimized for TE polarization with a period of Λ TE  from  FIG. 1C ) and a second waveguide  616  with a second uniform grating structure  617  (representing grating period  122  optimized for TM polarization with period Λ TM  from  FIG. 1C ). The two grating/waveguide structures are separated, in this illustrative embodiment, by an oxide (or nitride) layer  618 . Not specifically shown in the figures below the waveguide layers, but understood to be present in this illustrative embodiment, is a silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) or buried oxide (BOX) insulating layer and below that a Si substrate layer, which collectively make up main layers of the SOI device. In this embodiment, the first grating  615  is tuned to only diffract the TE or TM mode, and the second grating  617  is tuned to only diffract the other of the TE or TM mode. When a single mode is diffracted, there is increased efficiency. Thus, each grating layer is optimized for one polarization. Then, the two waveguides layers are combined with a combiner structure (not expressly shown) such as a polarization rotator structure. This embodiment provides a method of providing equal amounts of TE and TM, although each through different structures. 
         [0038]    Both two-waveguide layer approaches in  FIGS. 6A and 6B  advantageously improve efficiency/sensitivity for the SOI device. Furthermore, in alternative embodiments to the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B , there can be more than two grating/waveguide structures. That is, it is realized that light can leak through the bottom structure. Another one or more such structures can be added to maximize the light captured. By way of example only, maximizing the light captured may be critical in a scientific instrument where it is critical to optimize a weak signal that is being measured. 
         [0039]      FIG. 7  illustrates one example of an SOI device formed according to one illustrative embodiment. By way of example only, such an SOI device may be used for an Si photonic circuit. 
         [0040]    Device  700  in  FIG. 7  shows optical fiber  702  grating-coupled to waveguide  704  with a non-uniform grating structure  705  formed in accordance with one or more embodiments. Below the waveguide layer is a silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) or buried oxide (BOX) insulating layer  706 . Below the BOX layer  706  is a reflecting element layer (e.g., mirror as mentioned above)  708 . Below the reflecting element layer  708  is a Si substrate layer  710 . The reflecting element  708  is used to redirect light transmitted by grating structure  705  back toward the grating coupler. This reflected light can also be coupled into waveguide  704  by grating structure  705  thus improving the overall coupling efficiency. 
         [0041]    In one illustrative embodiment, the grating structure  705  and waveguide  704  are formed in the Si substrate layer. The grating structure  705  may be formed, by way of example only, using silicon nitride (SiN), silicon oxynitride (SiON), poly-silicon (Poly-Si), silicon (Si), or a combination of said materials. The waveguide  704  may be formed, by way of example only, using SiN, SiON, Poly-Si, Si, or a combination of said materials. The waveguide  704  illustratively referred to herein is a light guiding core structure surrounded by a lower index clad material such as SiO 2  (BOX layer  706 ). The reflecting element  708  is incorporated below the grating structure (e.g., between layers  708  and  710 ) for high coupling efficiency. The reflecting element may be, by way of example only, a total internal reflecting mirror, a metal mirror or dielectric mirror. 
         [0042]    Accordingly, illustrative embodiments described herein provide non-uniform grating coupler structures for polarization-independent fiber coupling. The non-uniform periodicities are composed of the intersection or union of a set of two grating pitches which are near optimal grating periods of the individual TE and TM modes. Illustrative optimized designs show suitable fiber coupling performance and relatively low PDL within 3 dB-bandwidth. With the consideration of practical use, design parameters were illustratively used for the specification of commercially available SOI wafers. 
         [0043]    It is to be appreciated that while illustrative embodiments depicted herein describe grating structures that optically couple light from a fiber to a waveguide, the grating structures also optically couple light from a waveguide to a fiber. 
         [0044]    Although illustrative embodiments have been described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the inventions are not limited to those precise embodiments, and that various other changes and modifications may be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the inventions.