Abstract:
An improved apparatus and process for treating biomass bearing material including municipal solid waste (MSW). The apparatus includes a reaction vessel configured for rotation and steam injection, with helically arranged auger vanes attached to the internal walls of the vessel, a self aligning door. Embodiments includes various of a heated jacket, modified raised projections on the top edge of the auger vanes, a modified door, modified door sealing assembly, and a process of quick charging the interior of the vessel with steam.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/355,632 filed on Feb. 16, 2006 (and having Publication No. 2007/01990643), the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Said application will issue as U.S. Pat. No. 7,745,208 on Jun. 29, 2010. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention generally relates to processing biomass bearing material including municipal solid waste (MSW), and more particularly relates to reaction vessels for treating biomass bearing material and other material containing cellulose or biomass in a heated and pressurized process. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Handling solid waste is an increasingly difficult problem. A majority of the United States&#39; solid waste is disposed of in landfills. However, nationwide the availability of solid waste landfills is decreasing as landfills reach capacity and close, while opening new landfills is difficult due to regulations. The national average for solid waste disposal fees has increased several times since 1985. Such fees, called tipping fees, are expected to rise even further with increased demand for land fill space. 
         [0004]    These and other issues pertaining to the environmental impact of landfills have prompted solid waste managers to seek methods to reduce volumes and disposal costs of municipal solid waste (MSW). Some experts contend that there is no waste volume problem, but there exists a sorting and recycling problem. 
         [0005]    There have been a number of suggestions, some patented, for treating and/or reprocessing MSW. These often involve some form of heat and pressure, and often a reaction vessel that may rotate. Although MSW varies in composition, there is a certain norm to its content. The cellulosic fraction represents approximately seventy percent of the bulk of typical MSW. Other forms of waste have a cellulosic fraction and can be processed in the same process that works for MSW or other biomass bearing material. These include sewer sludge, industrial waste streams, industrial byproducts, agricultural waste and byproducts, food processing waste and byproducts, and other sources. The cellulosic fraction of the biomass bearing material includes all portions that are organic, putrescible, or of biological origin which could eventually decay in a landfill and the decay could eventually lead to the production of methane gas and leachate. It is to be understood that the use of the term “biomass bearing material” in this application encompasses MSW as well as other forms of waste having a cellulosic fraction. 
         [0006]    Separating this cellulosic fraction into reusable products can alleviate much of the pollution resulting from the disposal of organic bearing waste. The quality of the cellulosic fraction that is separated from the biomass bearing material determines how it may be used. Higher quality cellulosic fractions bearing less contamination from plastic and other materials will have more uses and be less regulated than lower quality fractions. For example, in the energy industry, solid waste may be mass burned as a fuel source in specially built incinerators. The energy industry may also utilize refuse derived fuels which have had some separation of metal and glass materials before burning. Due to the remaining plastic contaminants in solid waste and refuse derived fuels, these incinerators are also highly regulated and expensive to maintain. However, high quality cellulosic material that has very low contamination from plastic materials may be certified as a renewable organic based fuel that is not as highly regulated. The high quality cellulosic fraction of biomass bearing material may be used as loose or pelletized fuel or feedstock for gasification, bio refineries and conversion into ethanol and other chemicals and fuels. The high quality biomass bearing fraction of MSW could also serve as a source of hydrogen and other liquid, elemental or gaseous products achieved through gasification or other thermal processes, including hydrolysis. In summary, the more effectively that the cellulosic fraction can be removed from the biomass bearing material, the less the waste is likely to contaminate the environment and the more likely the removed fraction can be better utilized on other processes. 
         [0007]    Once the cellulosic fraction is removed, the remaining waste material, which includes ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, and textiles, is much reduced in volume and other recoverable fractions of the waste stream can be recovered. Processes are available to recover each of these materials and send them to their respective market. If the cellulosic and recoverable waste streams are removed from biomass bearing material, the volume of such waste streams going to landfills is typically less than fifteen percent of the original amount. This reduction in volume reduces hauling costs and landfill space requirements. Removal of the cellulosic fraction of the biomass bearing material also accomplishes this reduction while reducing polluting effluents, including methane and leachate. Further, if the cellulosic portion is removed from the biomass bearing material, the remaining fraction of inorganic waste could be disposed of in waste sites reserved for construction or other inorganic waste, which is space that is often less regulated and therefore less expensive. 
         [0008]    Rotating reaction vessels for older forms of solid waste processing techniques are generally very large steel structures that rotate along their longitudinal access. These reaction vessels have eccentricities in the axis of rotation that are introduced during the manufacture and installation of the vessel or are caused by eccentric or other expansion of the metal vessel during operation. The eccentricities can result in the centerline of the vessel moving a significant distance during rotation of the vessel. These eccentricities can be manifest as asymmetric changes in the vessel body relative to the door opening. These asymmetric changes can decrease the operating efficiency of the vessel by increasing the difficulty of forming an effective seal between the vessel and the door. Moreover, the eccentric movement of the vessel can increase operating costs of the vessel due to stresses that can be transferred to door supporting structures during operation. Thus, a reaction vessel is needed that has decreased eccentricities and/or includes structures that accommodate the eccentricities so as to assist in forming the seal between the door and the vessel and to decrease the stresses transferred to the door supporting structures during operation. 
         [0009]    Many prior reaction vessels for treating biomass bearing material utilize inefficient high-pressure steam systems to cook and soften the cellulosic fibers of the biomass bearing material. High-pressure steam vessels are undesirable because 1) they require significant licensing and inspection regimes; 2) they must be built to withstand higher pressure which greatly increases their cost; 3) they require a great amount of energy to generate and maintain the high operating pressures, which results in high operating costs; 4) cycling between the high operating pressures and the emptying pressure results in the inefficient loss of a large amount of energy; 5) high operating pressures present significant safety concerns; and 6) high pressure, high pressure steam results in contamination of the cellulosic fraction such as by melted plastic materials that decreases the quality of the fraction and limits its use as a feedstock for various processes. For example, a cellulosic fraction contaminated with plastic material (or chemicals that are leached from plastic materials when exposed to high pressure and high temperature steam) decrease the likelihood that the fraction can certified as a renewable source of energy under various regulatory guidelines as described above or that it could be used as a feedstock in the chemical or paper reprocessing industries. 
         [0010]    In today&#39;s industrial world, time, energy, and safety are vital factors when choosing to employ a new industrial system. New industrial systems must operate efficiently and safely and also minimize interaction with their operators so that it can function on a day to day basis in the real world. A reaction vessel that achieves adequate softening, pulverization, and separation of cellulosic fibers while utilizing low pressure steam meet these objectives because the vessel could be lighter, less expensive to construct and operate, have decreased cycling times, and be more efficient and safer. An improved lower pressure reaction vessel that achieves adequate softening, pulverization, and separation of cellulosic fibers with greater efficiency and safety is thus needed. 
         [0011]    More specifically, what is needed is an improved reaction vessel that agitates the biomass bearing material to quickly saturate the biomass bearing material with low pressure steam thereby allowing the separation of and collection of a high quality cellulosic fraction from the other fractions of the waste. The vessel should be safe to operate and efficiently use the heat and steam so that the moisture content of the product is low, and provides a sterilization effect upon the biomass bearing material, imparts a chemical change to the biomass bearing material and imparts beneficial handling, flow, and chemical characteristics to the product of processing in the reaction vessel, which thus converts the biomass from waste into a feedstock for subsequent processes. Additionally, the non biomass fractions can benefit by removing labels from containers, fracturing glass for possible later separation from the waste stream, compacting and agglomerating plastics, and compacting ferrous and non-ferrous materials. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    Included with this disclosure are improvements to the disclosures in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/355,632 (U.S. Publication No. 2007/01990643, U.S. Pat. No. 7,745,208) and result in an efficient and safe reaction vessel. 
         [0013]    The reaction vessel and processes described herein result in the highly efficient and safe separation of the cellulosic fraction from a biomass waste stream. Efficiency is conferred by improvements which result in the use of less process steam to treat the biomass bearing material which thereby: 1) reduces the quantity of vented end-of-process steam and therefore condensate; 2) improves the isolation of recyclable materials by reducing surface tension promoted by excess moisture; 3) extends the shelf life of processed biomass by reducing the moisture content; 4) extends and improves the operational life of the vessel by stabilizing operating conditions; 5) reduces or eliminates the need for post treatment processing, e.g., drying, of the materials for other uses; and 6) reduces contamination of the cellulosic fraction with plastic material and other containments because of the reduced temperatures and pressures. As discussed in greater detail below, improved safety results from the improved door, door sealing system, and insulated heated jacket that each reduce the risk of an operator being injured during use of the vessel. 
         [0014]    It will be appreciated that the reaction vessel disclosed herein includes a number of features each of which individually or in various combinations can be useful in the meeting the objectives described above. 
         [0015]    The reaction vessel described herein includes a generally cylindrical reaction vessel with a first end and a second end. The vessel is configured to rotate in one direction to load the biomass bearing material through an access opening at one end of the vessel and to pulverize and heat process the material. The rotation of the reaction vessel is reversible to further pulverize and move the biomass bearing material back toward the access opening end for removal of the biomass bearing material through the opening. 
         [0016]    The vessel is rotated, such as, through the use of one or more support tracks, wheels, and trunnion assemblies to support the reaction vessel as it rotates. It also has a drive mechanism for powering the rotation of the reaction vessel and its contents. The vessel can be set at different angles from the horizontal, including at about 3 to 10 degrees, or preferably 4 to 8 degrees. 
         [0017]    An improvement to the reaction vessel is that it may optionally include a heated jacket that heats the wall of the reaction vessel which in turn heats the biomass bearing material. The heated jacket includes an outer covering and a structure for circulating a heated media, such as steam, around the outer surface of the vessel thereby heating the vessels interior. The heated jacket may optionally be further insulated. The heated jacket unexpectedly increases the operating efficiency of the reaction vessel because is decreases the amount of process steam injected into the vessel to heat the biomass bearing materials inside which results in 1) lower energy consumption during processing due to direct heating of the biomass material, 2) a product with a lower moisture content because less process steam is needed to reach the desired operating pressures, 3) greater efficiency because processing time is decreased due to the material being heated during loading and because the process steam is not being used to heat the vessel wall, and 5) improved safety in vessels with insulated heated jackets because the likelihood of burns caused by incidental contact with the hot outer surface of the reaction vessel is decreased. Also, the heated jacket evenly heats the outer wall of the reaction vessel which decreases eccentricities in the axis of rotation introduced by uneven expansion of the metal reaction vessel which can further improve the efficiency with which the vessel operates. Moreover, the heated jacket improves the ability of the vessel to accurately maintain the desired operating temperatures and pressures which results in more consistent processing of waste materials and in a higher quality product having less contamination. 
         [0018]    The reaction vessel includes an access opening through which biomass bearing material may be loaded into and removed from the reaction vessel. The reaction vessel includes a door assembly, which is adjacent to the access opening, for closing the access opening and holding the door closed against pressure from within the vessel. The description of the material to be processed in the vessel is described as biomass bearing material, with the understanding that this refers to any waste or by product stream containing fibrous, cellulosic, or biomass material, including streams otherwise described further as organic, putrescible, municipal solid waste, and including sewer sludge, industrial waste and by product streams, agricultural and food processing streams, and other cellulose or organic bearing streams. 
         [0019]    The reaction vessel includes one or more improved flights of auger vanes on the interior wall of the reaction vessel for moving biomass bearing material from the first end to the second end of the vessel. The flights, through rotation of the vessel, cause the biomass bearing material to move from one end of the reaction vessel to the other and back again towards the door opening. The auger vanes have a base edge, which is attached to the interior vessel wall, typically by welding. Of course brackets or studs or other known attachment methods can also be used for this purpose. 
         [0020]    The one or more auger vanes also have a top edge defining a bore parallel to the long axis of the reaction vessel. The bore can optionally have a diameter that is approximately one third of the diameter of the reaction vessel, when seen in cross section or end view. This means that the space defined by the auger vanes occupies about two thirds of the cross sectional diameter of the reaction vessel. 
         [0021]    The auger vanes can be constructed to be one or more continuous spirals from one end to the other of the reaction vessel. The auger vanes can also be broken into a series of arching vanes, with each section welded or otherwise attached to the interior wall of the reaction vessel and contributing to the auger effect during rotation of the vessel. 
         [0022]    A feature of the reaction vessel is a number of raised projections that extend from the top edges of auger vanes. As the reaction vessel turns and biomass bearing material tumbles within the auger vanes, the raised projections on the top edges of the auger vanes aid in moving, pulverizing, and shredding the biomass bearing material. The raised projections may be generally rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular, or rounded in shape, with one edge attached to the auger vane top edge. The top edges of the raised projections form the bore of the reaction vessel, with the bore in some exemplary embodiments having a diameter that is approximately ⅓ the diameter of the reaction vessel when seen in cross-section or end view. 
         [0023]    The raised projections can include improved projections that are cupped and are joined to the auger vane or the paddles so that the free edge of the cupped projection is angled toward the access opening. The cupped projections are improvements of the paddle-like projections disclosed in U.S. Publication No. 2007/01990643, incorporated herein. The cupped projection unexpectedly improves the mechanical agitation of the waste by auger of the reaction vessel and serves to fluff the waste and the efficiency with which the vessel is emptied. The increased agitation decreases the operating times and pressures required to separate the cellulosic fraction from the other fractions of the waste stream. In addition, the cupped projections being angled toward the access opening allow for efficient emptying of the vessel. In particular, solid waste streams include some waste materials, such as certain fabrics, metal cables, wires, chains, and hoses that may not be completely broken down during processing. These materials will have an increased propensity to snag on discontinuous raised projections that that are angled to project away from the access opening. However, angling the cupped projections toward the access opening allow these materials to away from the auger vane while at the same time propelling them toward the opening during emptying. Moreover, while the paddle-like projections in U.S. Publication No. 2007/01990643 also decrease snagging of these types of materials, the angle of the cupped projections also imparts significantly greater agitation to the waste materials as the materials are forced over and around the cupped edge during processing. 
         [0024]    Some of the raised projections can be in the form of paddles as described in U.S. Publication No. 2007/01990643, which are attached to the top edge of the auger vanes. The paddles may be attached directly to the top edge of the auger vane or may be attached to structures called rods or posts are attached to the top edge of the auger vane and extend toward the interior of the reaction vessel and away from the top edge of the auger vane. The paddles may be generally rectangular in shape. The paddles may be spaced apart from the top edge of the auger vanes and the paddles have a top edge which is closest to the center line of the reaction vessel from the top edge of the auger vane. The paddles extend from the top edge of the auger vane in the same general plane as the auger vane. 
         [0025]    Some of the raised projections may be oriented in a plane generally normal to the plane of the auger vane. This results in raised projections perpendicular to the auger vane and parallel to the long axis of the reaction vessel. These projections can point in one or both directions from their attachment point on the auger vane top edge, resulting in jagged teeth pointed backward and forward perpendicular to the general orientation of each auger vane. 
         [0026]    The reaction vessel can be considered to have three sections. The first section is adjacent to the access opening. The second section is positioned in the middle of the reaction vessel. The third section is positioned at the end of the reaction vessel opposite the access opening. Locating raised projections, including cupped projections and/or paddles, in the third section of the reaction vessel is advantageous. Thus, a reaction vessel could be built with raised projections, including cupped projections, and/or paddles in the third section, or in the third and second sections, or in all three sections of the reaction vessel. 
         [0027]    The biomass bearing material treatment vessel may further include one or more chain sections that are attached to the interior of the vessel that function to supplement the agitation provided by the raised projections. The chains may be attached in various lengths, but typically two to six feet is sufficient to accomplish the purpose, while three to four feet has also proven effective. The chains would be sized according to the size and capacity of the reaction vessel, but a thickness of ¾ inches has proven successful for one preferred embodiment. The chains are attached so that they hang freely in the biomass bearing material treatment vessel. A chain detachably attached to the auger vane about every six feet is a preferred configuration. When the vessel rotates, the chains assist in agitating, pulverizing, and mixing the biomass bearing material contained within the vessel. 
         [0028]    The reaction vessel includes a steam injection system by which steam is injected into the vessel via steam longitudinal sparging lines that run along the sides of the reaction vessel parallel to the long axis of the reaction vessel. An improvement to reaction vessel described herein is that the longitudinal steam sparging lines may be coupled to one another within the vessel by one or more circumferential sparging lines that run around the inner circumference of the reaction vessel. The circumferential sparging lines provide additional input of steam that surrounds the waste materials and improves the efficiency with which the materials are saturated with steam. The circumferential sparging lines unexpectedly increase the operating efficiency of the reaction vessel by 1) lower energy consumption during processing due to improved saturation of the biomass material, 2) decreased processing time and correspondingly the cost of operation, 3) producing a product with a lower moisture content because less process steam is needed to saturate the biomass materials, 4) by lowering moisture content which results in decrease post-process drying and improves the efficiency with which other materials are separated from the cellulosic fraction, and 5) improving the quality of the separated cellulosic fraction for use as feedstock for other processes. The steam sparging lines, both longitudinal and circumferential, penetrate the auger vanes where the auger vanes are attached to the vessel wall. The steam sparging lines receive their steam from a circular steam manifold that connects to all of the steam lines. The steam manifold rotates with the vessel and is attached to a rotary joint through which steam is injected into the steam manifold and the vessel. The steam sparging lines can extend the entire length of the vessel and can optionally extend out the end of the vessel opposite from the end in which the steam is injected. The steam sparging lines include orifices through which steam is introduced to the interior of the vessel. 
         [0029]    The biomass bearing material treatment vessel may also include an effluent condensation system. Part of the effluent condensation system is a steam eductor. The steam eductor operates on the principal that when air is blown into a cone, it creates a vacuum. In this case, the vacuum pulls the steam, previously injected into the vessel, from the vessel into a condensing chamber where condensation takes place. 
         [0030]    The condensation system is achieved by putting the steam from the processor in contact with a cooler media that will cause the steam to cool and condense. The condensing of the steam thus creates a vacuum. 
         [0031]    The biomass bearing material treatment vessel includes a door assembly, which is adjacent the access opening. The door assembly includes a door, which covers the access opening, and a support for the door. 
         [0032]    As disclosed in U.S. Publication No. 2007/01990643, the door can be convex. An improvement described herein is a concave door. The concave door is made possible due to the lower operating pressures of the reaction vessel. An advantage of the concave door is that the door sealing assembly, described in greater detail below, may be largely incorporated into the door&#39;s cavity thus decreasing the amount of the sealing system that extends beyond the circumference of the vessel. This results in a significant safety advance over previously described door sealing assemblies. Specifically, previously described door sealing assemblies were attached to the reaction vessel near the access opening and projected significantly beyond the circumference of the vessel. Thus, as the vessel rotated, the mass of the sealing assembly projecting beyond the circumference of the reaction vessel also rotated which could hit an operator of the vessel, such as during loading, unloading, inspections, etc. An additional advantage of the concave door is that it decreases the overall height of the vessel which in turn decreases required overhead space of the building in which the vessel is housed thereby decreases capital costs. 
         [0033]    The davit assembly includes a generally vertical davit upright, which supports the door through a generally horizontal door support arm. The support arm has a first end and a second end with a counterweight attached to the first end and the access opening door attached to the second end. The davit assembly is configured to rotate around the davit upright so the access opening door may be rotated away from or toward the access opening. This can be accomplished by manual rotation of the davit assembly or it can easily be automated. 
         [0034]    The door elevating assembly includes at least one arm, which supports the door with an elevating support arm. The door elevating support arm has a first end and a second end. The first end is pivotally coupled to a supporting base located above the access opening of the reaction vessel. The second end is rotatably coupled to the door by a boss. The coupling between the boss and the second end may also include a mounting plate and a support structure that allows the boss to move laterally and horizontally to accommodate eccentricities in the axis of rotation of the reaction vessel. For example, the mounting plate may be coupled to the second end of the elevating support arm with the boss coupled to mounting plate by the support structure. The support structure may include pistons configured to allow horizontal and vertical movement or other such structures such as elastomeric members and/or pivoting members. The elevating assembly is configured so that the elevating support arm pivots about the coupling to the support base allowing the access door to move upward away from the access opening or downward toward the access opening. This can be accomplished by known mechanisms including hydraulic actuators coupled to the elevating support arms. The supporting base may be coupled to a structure suspended over the reaction vessel. 
         [0035]    The door sealing system of the vessel includes a first raised locking rim, which surrounds the access opening. This first raised locking rim corresponds with a second raised locking rim, which surrounds the access opening door, which will be referred to as simply the door. When the door is placed adjacent the access opening, the first locking rim is side-by-side with the second locking rim, which is on the door itself. The door sealing system includes a clamp collar for sealing the two locking rims together. Thus, it holds the access opening door over the access opening. The clamp collar can further include a first section and a second section with one or more joining devices for joining the two sections together. The joining devices can be one or more clamp screws that draw the first and second clamp sections and thus hold them together until released. The clamp screws move through threaded bosses on the sides of the clamp collar sections. The door closing assembly can comprise two clamp screws, which are mounted on corresponding bosses on the sides of the first and second clamp sections. The clamp screws are driven by one or more motors such that the collar sections may be pulled together or pushed apart through the use of threaded screws. As described above, the door sealing assembly may be attached to the door such that the clamp screw motors and clamp screws are located at least partially in the cavity of the concave door thereby limiting the extent to which the door sealing system has components that rotate outside of the diameter of the reaction vessel thereby improving safety by decreasing the risk that an operator will be struck by a rotating component of the assembly. 
         [0036]    The first and second locking rim can each include a contact surface and an outer bevel, and, optionally, one or both of the contact surfaces may include a seal, such as an O-ring in a groove, a gasket, etc. The outer bevel surface on the first locking rim is located on the side opposite the contact surfaces of the locking rims. The outer bevel surface on the second locking rim is also on the side of the locking rim away from the contact surface. The clamp collar sections include inner angled surfaces that correspond and interact with the outer bevels of the first and second locking rims and function to hold the door in the closed position during operation. As the clamp collar sections close on the locking rims, the inner angled surfaces of the clamp collar sections interact with the outer bevels of the first and second locking rims to guide the door into alignment with the access opening. 
         [0037]    In an improved embodiment of the door locking system, at least one of the contact surfaces of the locking rims also includes an angled surface that assists in aligning the doors. For example, the contact surface of one locking rim is angled and the contact surface of the corresponding contact surface is beveled such that as the clamp collar section interact with the outer bevels, the angled and beveled contact surfaces of the locking rims guides the door into alignment over the access opening. The angled and beveled surfaces may be on either of the first and second locking rims so long as they are configured to guide the door into alignment over the access opening. The angled and beveled contact surfaces improve on the accuracy with which the door is aligned with the access opening. Improving the accuracy of the alignment improves the seal formed between the door and the vessel, results in less stress being transferred to the door support systems during operation than when the door is not accurately aligned, and allows the door to be closed and sealed more quickly thereby decreasing the process time and increasing operating efficiency. If the door is not properly aligned and the seal is not formed then the efficiency of the vessel is greatly reduced because a larger volume of process steam will be required to maintain the operating pressures. Thus, improvements to the door that assist in aligning the door provide a significant improvement over older devices. 
         [0038]    The biomass bearing material is loaded into the reaction vessel and moved away from the access opening through rotation of the reaction vessel and its auger vanes. When sufficient biomass bearing material is loaded into the reaction vessel, the ambient atmosphere inside the vessel is purged by steam from the sparging lines. When the ambient air is evacuated, the vessel is sealed and the pressure buildup begins as the reaction vessel is charged with steam, i.e., steam is injected into the reaction vessel and heat and pressure builds up to the operating pressure. In one embodiment, the vessel is fully charged in a shortened period of time as compared to older methods, such as in less than about 30 minutes or less than about 15 minutes. Quick charging the vessel with steam reduces the operating time for the vessel and decreases the moisture content of the materials by decreasing the amount of condensation that occurs prior to full charging. Moreover, quick charging the vessel with steam results in greater fracturing of the cellulosic material, a greater yield of the cellulosic fraction, and a higher quality end product with lower contamination from plastic material and other contaminates. High quality biomass output has an increased likelihood of being suitable for use as a feedstock in industries with stringent regulatory controls. For example, under various regulatory guidelines, contamination with plastic materials can prevent the biomass output from being certified as a renewable energy source, such as for direct combustion or as a feedstock for gasification or fermentation processes. The present process results in a higher quality biomass output that is more likely to pass regulatory muster. This is in contrast to older processes that utilize longer charging times thereby result in longer exposure to wet lower quality steam and yield a biomass output with greater contamination. 
         [0039]    Quick charging the vessel may be accomplished using a steam charging chamber capable of quickly providing a large volume of process steam. The steam charging chamber amplifies steam generated in a boiler thereby significantly decreasing the size of the boiler required to operate the vessel. Additionally, during charging with a boiler, the boiler dumps its steam into the reaction vessel which causes the boiler to experience a rapid change in pressure. Rapid pressure changes can fatigue the boiler thereby reducing its service life. In contrast, when using a steam charging chamber, boiler steam is used to heat the water in the chamber and then a smaller amount of steam is dumped into the chamber causing the steam to rapidly expand in the chamber without having to dump all the steam from the boiler. Thus the boiler avoids the rapid changes in pressure. Thus, the steam charging chamber decreases capital investment in a larger boiler, improves the service life of the boiler, and by providing a rapid charge of steam, decreases the cycle time for processing the materials. 
         [0040]    An internal operating pressure of less than 15 p.s.i.g. has been found to be suitable for the purposes of this method and provides the additional advantage in that the vessel is not be required to be classified as a pressure vessel. However, use of higher steam pressures such as high as 55 p.s.i.g. is also a possible variation of the process. The reaction vessel is rotated, while steam is injected for a period of time to soften the fibers of cellulosic waste within the biomass bearing material. Steam is injected through the steam sparging lines in the vessel. Although the method can operate under varied conditions depending on the particular blend of biomass bearing material being treated, a reaction time of approximately fifteen to forty-five minutes has been found to be sufficient to soften the fibers of most biomass bearing material and to achieve good sterilization. However, the improvements to the reaction vessel described herein allow for significantly shorter processing times than was previously possible. After this time has been reached and sufficient time has been allowed for churning, shredding, and pulverizing the biomass bearing material, the steam is evacuated through the use of a steam eductor system. The steam eductor system includes an air nozzle and operates by airflow through an orifice that creates a vacuum. 
         [0041]    The internal atmosphere from the vessel is thus removed through a barometric condenser before the vessel is opened in order to reduce the volume of escaping emissions from the vessel. After evacuation is accomplished, the door is removed and the processed material, hereinafter called feedstock material, is removed by rotation of the vessel and propelled by the action of the auger vanes. The feedstock material at this point has been chemically altered and is no longer biomass bearing material in terms of chemistry or physical characteristics. As feedstock, it is ready for use in any number of operations which require a cellulose or carbon based feedstock. After being removed from the reaction vessel, the feedstock material is treated for separation of the cellulosic fiber components from other materials such as plastic, aluminum, glass, and various metal components. The separation processes that are well known in the industry separate each of these streams, which is the subject matter of other patents and practices. 
         [0042]    Another aspect of the invention is a feedstock and a process for making a feedstock for other operations, the feedstock being made from the vessel of the invention. After processing in the vessel the feedstock material is chemically and physically different than the biomass bearing material which was placed in the reaction vessel, and is a superior feedstock for many applications including as a bio-energy product of various kinds. The feedstock material is a superior feedstock for processes that convert fibrous materials into a liquid, solid or gaseous bioenergy product and can be further subjected to other processes or treatments for production of similar or subsequent products and can be further subjected to other process or treatments for production of similar or subsequent products. The change in the biomass bearing material into a feedstock is due to a chemical reaction of the cellulosic portion of the feedstock material in the reaction vessel, and is not just a separation process. In this reaction, the cellulose and hemicellulose molecules of the fibrous portion of the feedstock material are broken down and formed into simpler compounds. These compounds have less crystallinity than the original cellulose and hemicellulose constituents of the fibers. 
         [0043]    Because of an increased surface area and homogenous sizing caused by the novel process, the feedstock may be efficiently used for use in gasification. The produced gas can be utilized as a substitute for natural gas or can be compressed or liquefied. The produced gas, or “syngas”, could also be stripped of various elements, including hydrogen. The syngas can also be converted by other methods into ethanol, “bio oils” and other chemicals or energy sources. Alternatively, the feedstock can be used in the process of hydrolysis, whereby the feedstock is used to produce sugars for distillation and other uses. The feedstock can also serve in a solid energy product, in which free flowing solids or pelletized or granular feed are burned for energy 
         [0044]    Another process for which the feedstock material of the invention is suitable is as furnish. Furnish is a fibrous product which is used as a feedstock in the paper industry. Furnish is fed into the paper making process and also used to make insulation, absorbents, corrugation, fireproofing, and many other pulp products. 
         [0045]    Still other features and advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent to those skilled in this art from the following detailed description describing certain embodiments of the invention, simply by way of illustration of the best mode contemplated of carrying out the invention. Moreover, each of the various components can be used individually or in various combinations. As will be realized, the invention is capable of modification in various obvious respects all without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the drawings and description of the certain embodiments are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive in nature. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0046]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of the Biomass bearing material processing vessel. 
           [0047]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of the second end of the Biomass bearing material processing vessel. 
           [0048]      FIG. 3  is front view of the davit and door assembly. 
           [0049]      FIG. 4  is a top view of the davit and door assembly. 
           [0050]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view of an auger vane with projections. 
           [0051]      FIG. 6  is an end view of a cross section of the vessel. 
           [0052]      FIG. 7  is an elevation view of the reaction vessel. 
           [0053]      FIG. 8  is an end view of the reaction vessel. 
           [0054]      FIG. 9  is a partial cross-sectional view of the closing action of the door assembly. 
           [0055]      FIG. 10  is a partial cross-sectional view of the door closed against the access opening. 
           [0056]      FIG. 11  is a view of the effluent system. 
           [0057]      FIG. 12  is a perspective view of an auger vane with paddle. 
           [0058]      FIG. 13  is cross-sectional view of a reaction vessel with a heated jacket. 
           [0059]      FIG. 14  is a perspective view of an auger vane with a cupped projection. 
           [0060]      FIG. 15  is a perspective view of an auger vane with a cupped projection on a paddle. 
           [0061]      FIG. 16  is cross-sectional view of a concave door with door sealing system. 
           [0062]      FIG. 17  is front view of a concave door with a door sealing system in the open position. 
           [0063]      FIG. 18  is front view of a concave door with a door sealing system in the sealed position. 
           [0064]      FIG. 19  is partial cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the door sealing system in the unsealed position. 
           [0065]      FIG. 20  is partial cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the door sealing system in the sealed position. 
           [0066]      FIG. 21  is a perspective view of a reaction vessel with an elevating assembly. 
           [0067]      FIG. 22  is a perspective view of a reaction vessel with an elevating assembly. 
           [0068]      FIG. 23  is a cross-sectional view of a reaction vessel with both circumferential and longitudinal sparging lines. 
           [0069]      FIG. 24  is cross-sectional view of a steam charging chamber. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0070]    While the invention is susceptible of various modifications and alternative constructions, certain illustrated embodiments thereof have been shown in the drawings and will be described below in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intention to limit the invention to the specific form disclosed, but, on the contrary, the invention is to cover all modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the claims. 
         [0071]    Some of the preferred embodiments are shown in the  FIGS. 1 through 24 .  FIG. 1  shows the biomass bearing material treatment vessel  10 . It includes a reaction vessel  12 . In one mode of the invention, a first trunnion assembly  14  and a second trunnion assembly  16  supports the reaction vessel  12 . The trunnion assembly includes a track  18  and a trunnion  20 . These components can be sized according to the size of a specific reaction vessel. However, in a preferred embodiment of the vessel, the trunnions are cylinders of solid steel approximately fifteen inches in diameter and approximately ten inches in length. The vessel  10  is preferably tilted at an angle, and may be configured to have an adjustable angle. For fixed angle versions, an angle from 2 to 10 degrees is preferred. More specifically, an angle of 4 to 8 degrees is desirable, and an angle of approximately 6 degrees is optimal. 
         [0072]    The reaction vessel also includes a gear ring  76  around its outer circumference, which is driven by a motor  80  and a drive gear  78 . In one embodiment of the gear ring  78  is approximately ten inches wide and is made of steel approximately five inches thick. While a geared drive system is shown, other drive systems would also work, including a chain and sprocket drive, a belt drive, a wheel drive, or a cradle formed by a chain and sprocket under the vessel. 
         [0073]    The reaction vessel  12  can take a number of configurations with different sizes depending upon the desired capacity and throughput of the operation. An exemplary configuration of the reaction vessel is approximately fifty feet long and ten feet in diameter. It is made generally of one-half inch steel plate with one and one-fourth inch reinforced steel plate in the region of the trunnion assemblies  14 ,  16  and the track  18 . The exemplary reaction vessel has a rounded ellipsoidal head at the second end  22  of the reaction vessel. At the first end  24  of the exemplary reaction vessel, the vessel tapers from approximately a ten foot diameter to approximately a six foot diameter opening on a frustoconical section approximately five feet in length. A cylindrical collar  28  with a first locking rim  30  is at the narrow end of the frustoconical section  26 . Shown adjacent the first locking rim  30  in  FIG. 1  is the door  32 , which includes a second locking rim  34 . 
         [0074]    The reaction vessel may optionally include a heated jacket  200  surrounding reaction vessel&#39;s outer surface ( FIG. 13 ). The heated jacket  200  includes an outer covering  202  such as a sleeve  204  that envelopes at least a portion of the outer surface  206  of the reaction vessel  12  and a structure  208  for circulating the heated media. The outer covering  202  can be, for example, a steel sleeve that fits over the length of the reaction vessel  12 . The heated media circulating structure  208  includes a channel  212  such as created by tubing (not shown) or between the outer covering  202  and/or a series of vanes  214  extending between the outer surface  206  the reaction vessel  12  and the internal surface  216  outer covering  202  that directs the heated media in a course around the vessel  12 . For example, the vanes  214  could be attached to the outer surface  206  of the vessel  12  and/or the inner surface  216  of the sleeve  204  (or both) to form a channel  212  that wraps around the vessel  12  from one end to the other and back. The circulating structure  208  is in fluid communication with a supply of the heated media, such as a boiler (not shown). In one embodiment, the circulating structure  208  is connected to the heated media supply by a rotary joint, such as rotary joint  84 . The heated media could include heated liquids and gases such as oil or steam. In embodiments wherein the heated media is steam, the steam could be supplied by the sparger manifold  82 . The heated jacket  200  may optionally be further insulated (not shown) to prevent the loss of heat. For example, the heated jacket may include a layer of foam insulation on its outer surface  218 . 
         [0075]    The heated jacket  200  operates in addition to and augments the heat and steam introduced into the interior  150  of the reaction vessel  12  by the longitudinal  88  and circumferential  280  sparging lines. The heated jacket  200  functions to reduce the amount of moisture in the unprocessed mass inside the reaction vessel by contact and radiant heating, resulting in: 1) less process steam being used to heat the vessel wall and unprocessed mass; 2) reducing the quantity of vented end-of-process steam and therefore condensate; 3) improving the isolation of recyclable materials by reducing surface tension promoted by excess moisture; 4) extending the shelf life of processed biomass by reducing the moisture content; 5) extending and improving the operational life of the vessel by stabilizing operating conditions; 6) reducing or eliminating the need for post treatment processing, e.g., drying, of the materials for other uses; 7) when insulated, improving safety by reducing the risk of contacting the heated surface of the vessel; and 8) reduce contamination of the product with plastic material and other containments because of the reduced temperatures and pressures that are made possible with this vessel. 
         [0076]    A spiraling auger vane  36  is located inside  150  the reaction vessel  12 . In one exemplary embodiment, the auger vane  36  is made of three eights inch thick steel, welded at its base edge to the interior of the reaction vessel wall. The top edge  72  of the auger vane  36  extends away from the inner surface  224  reaction vessel wall towards the center of the reaction vessel  12 . Although the exemplary auger vane  36  is shown in  FIG. 7  as being one continuous spiral from the first end  24  to the second end  22 , the auger vane  36  could also be constructed of multiple spirals or several disconnected sections, which together form a spiraling configuration attached to the inside wall of the reaction vessel  12 . The auger vane  36  can be attached to the interior vessel walls  224  by welding or by attachment to brackets mounted to the interior vessel wall  224 , or by other conventional means of attachment. Mounting by brackets would allow easier replacement of the vane sections. 
         [0077]    In one embodiment of the present invention, the auger vane  36  extends into the interior of the reaction vessel  12  and the top edge  72  form the outline of a bore  38 . The diameter of the bore  38  in this exemplary embodiment is approximately one-third of the diameter of the reaction vessel  12  of a particular cross section of the reaction vessel  12 .  FIG. 2  shows such a cross section of a reaction vessel with the bore  38  being approximately one-third the diameter of the vessel  10 . 
         [0078]    A feature of the reaction vessel  12  is a plurality of raised projections  230  that extend from the top edge  72  of the auger vane  36 , as shown in  FIGS. 2 ,  5 ,  12 ,  13  and  14 . The raised projections  230  may be generally rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular, or rounded in shape. The raise projections  230  can be curved or straight and extend vertically and/or horizontally from the top edge of the auger vanes. 
         [0079]    As shown in  FIGS. 14 and 15 , the raised projections  230  can include improved projections  232  that are cupped so that the free edge  234  angles toward the access opening  52  and are useful in moving the material toward the access opening during emptying and providing an agitating action during processing. In one embodiment, the cupped projection  232  is attached directly to the top edge  72  of the auger vane  36 . In another embodiment, the cupped projection  232  is attached to a top edge  232  of the paddle  122 . The cupped projection  232  may be continuous or discontinuous over a portion of the auger vane  36 . In one embodiment, the plurality of cupped projections  232  is located third of the reaction vessel closest to the access opening  52 . 
         [0080]    When viewed from the end, the cupped projection  232  may be curved or angled toward the access opening  52 . In one embodiment, the cupped projection  232  forms an angle (⊖) with the plane of the auger vane  36 . The angle is measured between a first line (or) corresponding with the cupped projection  232  and a second line (B) corresponding generally with the plane of the auger vane  36 . In embodiments where the cupped projection  232  is not planer, i.e., is curved or includes multiple angles, the first line  232  (or) is defined by two points wherein the first point is located at the free edge  234  of the cupped projection and the second point is located that the point of intersection with either the auger vane  36  or the paddle  122 . In one embodiment, the angle (⊖) is in a range between about 90° and less than 180°, or between about 100° and less than 180°, or between about 120° and less than 180°, or between about 140° and less than 180°, or between about 160° and less than about 180°, or between about 135° and about 150°. 
         [0081]    The cupped projection  232  may be formed by, for example, cutting from a rolled section of material, cutting sections from a slit pipe, and bending a sheet of material. The cupped projection  232  may be attached or joined to the top edge  72  of the auger vane  36  or the top edge  236  of the paddle  122  by conventional means of attachment including welding, and attachment with brackets. It is also understood that in the context of the cupped projection  232 , the terms attached or joined includes cupped projections  232  that are produced integral with the auger vane  36  and/or paddle  122 , i.e. the cupped projection and auger vane, or cupped projection and paddle, are formed from the same section of material. In this case, the point used to determine the angle of the auger vane is the point of transition between the auger vane  36  and the cupped projection  232 . The point of transition is the point in which the cupped projection  232  is no longer in the same general plane as the auger vane  36  or the paddle  122 . 
         [0082]    The raised projections  230  can take another form, as shown in  FIGS. 2 and 12 , in which the auger vanes  36  has shorter vanes to which are attached paddles  122 . The paddles  122  may be joined directly to the auger vanes  36  or optionally, attached by posts  124 . The size of the paddles  122  and the optional posts  124  could take many configurations depending on the size of the vessel being built. In the case of a reaction vessel, which is approximately 50 feet long, the vanes and paddles, could be constructed using paddles which are approximately 18 inches wide and 60 inches long, attached by posts  124  which are approximately 24 inches long. The paddles  122  can also form a widened region of the auger vanes  36  and thus extend directly from the auger vane. If placed on the posts  124 , the paddles  122  would be spaced apart from the top edge  72  of the auger. The top edge  236  of the paddle  122  would form the periphery of the bore inside the vessel as shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0083]    Some raised projections  230  may extend in both directions perpendicular from the auger vanes  36 . Such projections  70  can be triangular, trapezoidal or other shapes to form a jagged cutting edge. The perpendicular raised projections should only extend a short distance, such as approximately one inch, from the auger vane  36  to which they are attached so as to prevent snagging of material in the reaction during emptying. In an exemplary embodiment, the perpendicular projections  70  are approximately one to two inches across at the base and are approximately one-quarter inch thick steel welded to the edge of the auger vanes.  FIG. 5  shows perpendicular projections  70  attached to the auger vane edge  72  of the auger vane  36 .  FIG. 5  shows a perspective view of a section of auger vane  36 . Attached to this section of auger vane  36  are a number of perpendicular projections  70  that are joined together as a unit and mounted to top edge  72  of the auger vane  36 . The base edge  74  of the auger vane is welded to the interior wall of the reaction vessel  12 . As the auger vane turns, biomass bearing material is pushed against the auger vane  36  and the perpendicular projection  70  and tumbled from one section of the reaction vessel  12  to another. This allows the perpendicular projections  70  to help shred and pulverize the biomass bearing material. 
         [0084]      FIGS. 1 ,  3 ,  4 ,  7 ,  8 , and  16 - 18  show the door  32  of the vessel. In one embodiment, the door  32  is approximately six feet in diameter and, as shown in  FIG. 7 , is ellipsoidal in cross sectional shape, or as shown in  FIG. 16-18 , is concave. The door  32  includes the second locking rim  34 . The door  32  is sealed to the access opening by the door sealing assembly  240  that includes a clamp collar  40 . In one embodiment, the clamp collar  40  is made of a semicircular first section  42  and a semicircular second section  44 . However, it is contemplated that more than two clamp collar sections could be employed. Each clamp collar section  42 ,  44  is coupled to at least one threaded boss  46 . For example, the threaded boss  46  may be directly attached to the collar section  42 ,  44  as shown in  FIG. 8  or may be attached to a cross member  242  that is attached to the collar section  42 ,  44  as shown in  FIGS. 16-18 . The exemplary embodiment illustrated herein include two threaded bosses  46  with each clamp collar section  42 ,  44  which correspond with the threaded bosses  46  on the opposite clamp collar section. A first and second clamp collar screw  48  and  50  pass through the threaded bosses  46 . The first and second clamp collar screws  48 ,  50  may be coupled to the door  32  by one or more clamp collar screw cross members  244  using, for example, a pillar block bearing  246  that engages a widened section of the screws. When the screws  48 ,  50  are turned, such as by one or motors located in a motor housing  68 , the pillar block bearings  246  anchor the clamp collar screws  48 ,  50  allowing the first and second sections  42 ,  44  of the clamp collar  40  to be drawn together. This locks and seals the door  32  to the access opening  52  of the reaction vessel  10 .  FIGS. 9 ,  10 ,  17 , and  18  show this closing operation more closely. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the clamp collar screws  48 ,  50  are approximately one and one-fourth inches in diameter and approximately twenty-five inches in length. 
         [0085]    In one embodiment, the clamp collar  40  is coupled, either directly or indirectly to the reaction vessel  12  such that the clamp collar  40  is part of the reaction vessel  12 . In another embodiment shown in  FIGS. 16-18 , the clamp collar  40  is coupled, either directly or indirectly to the door  32  such that the clamp collar  40  is part of the door  32  of the reaction vessel  12 . In this configuration, the clamp collar  40  moves in conjunction with the door  32  toward to away from the reaction vessel  12  as the door moves between the closed and open positions. As shown in  FIGS. 16-18 , and described in greater detail below, door  32  may be concave and can accommodate at least a portion of the door sealing assembly, such as the motor housing  68  and a coupling for the clamp collar screws  48 ,  50  within the cavity. 
         [0086]      FIGS. 9 ,  10 ,  19  and  20  show a cross sectional side view of embodiments of the door sealing assembly  240  useful with the reaction vessel. Shown is a portion of frustoconical section  26  and cylindrical collar  28  of the reaction vessel. The first clamp collar section  42  is also shown. Also shown is the first locking rim  30  and the second locking rim  34 , which are attached to the door  32 . The locking rims  30 ,  34  have contact surfaces  250  and  252  and outer beveled surfaces  94 . The contact surfaces  250 ,  252  are configured so as to be parallel to one another and to allow the first and second locking rims  30 ,  34  to contact one another to form a seal therebetween. In the exemplary embodiment shown in  FIGS. 9 and 10 , the contact surfaces  250 ,  252  are perpendicular to the axis of the reaction vessel  12 . In another exemplary embodiment shown in  FIGS. 19 and 20 , the contact surfaces  250 ,  252  are set at complimentary angles with the reaction vessel  12  such that one contact surface forms  250  a beveled surface and the other contact surface forms a corresponding angled surface  252 . The complimentary angles of the beveled and angled contact surfaces  250 ,  252  assist in guiding the door  32  into alignment over the access opening  52 . The contact surfaces  250 ,  252  may also include a sealing material such as a gasket  90  or o-ring. The sealing material may be located in a recess  92  in the contact surface of at least one of the locking rims, such as is shown in the second locking rim  34 . 
         [0087]    As shown in  FIGS. 9 and 19 , the door  32  is adjacent to but not sealed against the first locking rim  30 . The first section clamp collar  42  is adjacent to but not engaged with the first and second locking rims  30  and  34 . A second section clamp collar would be similarly positioned (not shown). As the first section  42  of the clamp collar moves down and around the first and second locking rims  30  and  34 , it moves into the configuration shown in  FIGS. 10 and 20 . In  FIGS. 10 and 20 , the first section clamp collar  42  has moved into engagement with the first locking rim  30  and the second locking rim  34 . The outer beveled surface  94  of the first locking rim  30  and outer bevel surface  96  of the second locking rim  34  assist in aligning the door over the access opening. In the position shown in  FIGS. 10 and 20 , the clamp collar has forced the two locking rims together and holds them together in a sealed configuration. The outer bevel surfaces  94 ,  96  interact with corresponding angled surfaces  98 ,  100  in the interior channel  102  of the first clamp collar  42 . Although only one clamp collar is shown, it is to be understood that some embodiments utilizes at least two semicircular clamp collars which bring the door into sealed engagement with the access opening as shown in  FIGS. 9 ,  10 ,  19  and  20 . It is further understood that a single ring clamp collar (not shown) could also be used and function as described above. 
         [0088]      FIGS. 3 and 18  shows a front view of the door  32  with the first section clamp collar  42  and the second section clamp collar  44  are in the open position, so that the door  32  may move away from the access opening  52 . 
         [0089]    An embodiment of the invention includes a davit assembly  54 , as shown in  FIG. 1 . The davit assembly  54  includes a davit upright  56  and a door support arm  58  with a first end  60  and a second end  62 . A counterweight  64  is attached to the first end  60  of the door support arm  58 . The door  32  is attached to the second end  62  of the door support arm  58 . The configuration of the components of the davit assembly  54  will vary in size depending on the size of the reaction vessel  12  and the associated door  32 . In one exemplary configuration, the upright davit  56  is made of an approximately six inch diameter tube with the door support arm  58  being made of approximately four inch diameter steel tube. The counterweight  64  in this configuration will vary to match the weight of the associated door  32 , but in one embodiment, the counterweight  64  is made of steel and weighs approximately 250 pounds. The door support arm  58  attaches to the davit upright  56  by means of a T-connection  66 . The T-connection  66  is rotatable about the davit upright  56  and includes a bearing (not shown) for rotation. The bearing can be a sleeve in which the davit assembly  54  rotates. The davit assembly  54  can be mounted with the base in any configuration. The davit can remain attached to the door during the entire process. 
         [0090]      FIG. 4  shows a top view of the davit assembly  54 . In the position shown in solid lines, the davit assembly  54  and the attached door  32  are in a closed position. The door  32  is positioned adjacent the first locking rim  30 , which surrounds the access opening  52  on the cylindrical collar  28 . Cylindrical collar  28  is attached to the frustoconical section  26 . 
         [0091]    An embodiment of the invention includes an elevating door assembly  260 , as shown in  FIGS. 21-22 . The elevating assembly  260  includes a elevating support arm  262  and a supporting base  264 . The first end  266  of the support arm  262  is pivotally coupled to the supporting base  264  located above the access opening  52  of the reaction vessel  12 . The second end  270  of the support arm  262  is rotatably coupled to a nipple  278  on the door  32  by a boss  276 . During operation, the boss  276  compactly supports the rotation of the door  32  and when combined with a concave door, results in a more compact coupling. The coupling between the boss  276  and the second end  270  may also include a mounting plate  272  and a support structure (not shown) that allows the boss  276  to move laterally and horizontally to accommodate eccentricities in the axis of rotation of the reaction vessel  12 . For example, the mounting plate  272  may be coupled to the second end  270  of the elevating support arm  262  with the boss  276  coupled to mounting plate  272  by the support structure. The support structure may include pistons configured to allow horizontal and vertical movement or other such structures such as elastomeric members and/or pivoting members. 
         [0092]    The elevating door assembly  260  is configured so that the elevating support arm  262  pivots about the coupling to the support base  264  allowing the access door  32  to move upward away from the access opening  52  or downward toward the access opening  52 . This can be accomplished by known mechanisms including hydraulic actuators  274  coupled to the elevating support arms  262 . The supporting base  264  extends above the reaction vessel  12  and may include a frame that rests on or is coupled to the floor or ground or that attached to a structure above the reaction vessel. 
         [0093]      FIG. 6  is a view of the second end  22  of the reaction vessel  12 . In an embodiment of the invention, a gear ring  76  interacts with a drive gear  78  and a motor  80  to rotate the entire reaction vessel  12 . Also seen on the second end  22  is a rounded ellipsoid head. The vessel  12  also includes a means for introducing steam into the interior of the vessel. As shown in the exemplary embodiment, steam may be injected into the vessel through a circular steam sparger manifold  82 . Steam is injected into the sparger manifold  82  by means of a rotary joint  84  and a steam connector line  86 . From the sparger manifold  82 , a number of sparger lines  88  extend into the interior of the reaction vessel  12 . In this configuration, these longitudinal sparger lines are straight and attached to the interior wall and run the length of the reaction vessel  12 . These lines are also shown in  FIG. 7 . While they are shown in  FIG. 7  as protruding through the opposite end of the reaction vessel  12  and being terminated there, the ends of the sparging lines  88  could also be linked to each other so that if an obstruction blocked one sparging line, the line could be pressurized beyond the obstruction from the other end. As shown is  FIG. 23 , the longitudinal sparging lines  88 , can be coupled to one another within the vessel by one or more circumferential sparging lines  280  that run around the inner circumference of the reaction vessel. Thus, the steam sparging lines, both longitudinal  88  and circumferential  280 , penetrate the auger vanes where the auger vanes are attached to the vessel wall and both include orifices for injecting steam. In one embodiment, the reaction vessel  12  includes at least three circumferential sparging lines  280 . It will further be appreciated that the means for introducing steam into the interior of the vessel can further include other devices such as sparging lines, ports from the heated jacket to vessel&#39;s interior, a steam generator, or any other device for introducing steam into a vessel. An additional desirable feature is a steam outlet on the access door of the vessel  12 , and valving which allows use of the rotary joint for evacuation of steam from the vessel  12 . 
         [0094]      FIG. 7  is an elevational view of biomass bearing material treatment vessel  10 . Shown is the reaction vessel  12  with a first trunnion assembly  14  and a second trunnion assembly  16 . The reaction vessel  10  is held at an angle from about 2 degrees to about 10 degrees, depending on the selections of the operator. The first end  24  of the reaction vessel includes a frustoconical section  26 , a cylindrical collar  28 , and a first locking rim  30 . Auger vanes  36  are shown attached to the inner wall of the reaction vessel and form a spiral the length of the reaction vessel  12 . The height of the auger vane decreases towards the first end  24 . At the second end  22  of the reaction vessel, a circular steam sparger manifold  82  is seen. This connects to a steam connector line  86  and a rotary joint  84 . A number of longitudinal sparger lines  88 , which extend into the reaction vessel  12 , extend from the steam sparger manifold  82 . Orifices (not shown) in the longitudinal sparger lines  88  and the circumferential sparger lines  280  allow steam to exit the sparger lines into the reaction vessel  12 . 
         [0095]      FIG. 6  is a view of the second end  22  of the reaction vessel  12 . In one embodiment, a gear ring  76  interacts with a drive gear  78  and a motor  80  to rotate the entire reaction vessel  12 . Also seen on the second end  22  is a rounded ellipsoid head. Steam is injected into the vessel through a circular steam sparger manifold  82 . Steam is injected into the sparger manifold  82  by means of a rotary joint  84  and a steam connector line  86 . From the sparger manifold  82 , a number of longitudinal sparger lines  88  extend into the interior of the reaction vessel  12 . In this configuration, the longitudinal sparger lines are straight and attached to the interior wall of the reaction vessel  12 . These lines are also shown in  FIG. 7 . While they are shown in  FIG. 7  as protruding through the opposite end of the reaction vessel  12  and being terminated there, the ends of the sparging lines  88  could also be linked to each other so that if an obstruction blocked one sparging line, the line could be pressurized beyond the obstruction from the other end. A desirable feature is a steam outlet on the door  32  of the vessel  12 , and valving which allows use of the rotary joint  276  for evacuation of steam from the vessel. 
         [0096]      FIG. 7  is an elevational view of the biomass bearing material treatment vessel  10 . Shown is the reaction vessel  12  with a first trunnion assembly  14  and a second trunnion assembly  16 . The reaction vessel  10  is held at an angle from 2-10 degrees, depending on the selections of the operator. The first end  24  of the reaction vessel includes a frustoconical section  26 , a cylindrical collar  28 , and a first locking ring  30 . Auger vanes  36  are shown attached to the inner wall of the reaction vessel and form a spiral the length of the reaction vessel  12 . The height of the auger vane decreases towards the first end  24 . At the second end  22  of the reaction vessel, a circular steam sparger manifold  82  is seen. This connects to a steam connector line  86  and a rotary joint  84 . A number of sparger lines  88 , which extend into the reaction vessel  12 , extend from the steam sparger manifold  82 . Orifices (not shown) in the sparger lines  88  allow steam to exit the sparger lines into the reaction vessel  12 . 
         [0097]    The first trunnion assembly  14  includes trunnions  20  and tracks  18 , which circumvolve the reaction vessel  12 . The reaction vessel  12  is turned by a motor  80 , which drives a drive gear  78  that interacts with a gear ring  76  attached to the reaction vessel  12 , causing the reaction vessel  12  to rotate on the trunnion assembly. It is to be understood that although two trunnion assemblies  14 ,  16  are shown, a pair of trunnions at each trunnion assembly supports the reaction vessel  12 . Thus, each tract may be supported by two trunnions, and in this embodiment, the reaction vessel is supported by four trunnions. 
         [0098]      FIG. 8  shows an end view of the first end  24  of the reaction vessel  12 . Shown is the gear ring  76 , which circumvolves the reaction vessel  12 . The door  32  is shown in its position covering the access opening. The first section  42  of the clamp collar is shown, as well as the second section  44  of the clamp collar. The first clamp collar screw  48  and the second clamp collar screw  50  are shown. The clamp collar  40  is shown in an open position in solid lines and in a closed position in dashed lines. As shown, the clamp collar screws  48  and  50  extend from a motor housing  68  in which preferably two separate motors turn the clamp collar screws and cause the sections of the clamp collar to come together or move apart. Trunnion  20  is shown supporting the reaction vessel  12 . Also shown is drive gear  78 , which is driven by a motor  80 . 
         [0099]    In operation, same embodiments of the invention utilize a process for quickly charging the vessel with steam in a shortened period of time compared to older methods, such as less than about 30 minutes. Various elements contribute to the vessel&#39;s capability to be quick charged including the longitudinal and circumferential sparging lines  88 ,  280 , and the heated jacket  200 , shown in  FIGS. 13 and 23 , respectively. Another element useful for quick charging the vessel  12  is a steam charging chamber  282  as shown in  FIG. 24 . The steam charging chamber  282  includes a sealed pressure chamber  284  configured to hold a volume of water  286  while leaving a headspace  288  above the volume of water  286 , a heating coil  290  below the volume of water  286 , a steam inlet  292  in the headspace  288 , a steam outlet  294  from the headspace  288  to the reaction vessel  12 , and a line  296  to return steam injected into the headspace  288  for another use or to recycle the steam back to boiler  298 . The charging chamber  282  functions by first heating the water  286  with a heated medium, such as steam, circulating the heating coil  290 . As the water  280  is heated, pressure builds in the headspace  288 . Once a critical pressure is reached in the head space  286 , steam is injected into the headspace  288  causing rapid expansion of the steam in the headspace  288  that is available for quick charging the reaction vessel  12 . The steam from the head space  288  is channeled to the reaction vessel  12  where it may be used to heat the heated jacket  200  and/or quick charge the interior of the reaction vessel  12 . In one embodiment, the operating pressure of the reaction vessel  12  is reached in less that about 30 minutes. In another embodiment, the operating pressure is reached in less than about 20 minutes. In another embodiment, the operating pressure is reached in less than 15 minutes. 
         [0100]    Thus, embodiments of the invention are useful in a method of separating the cellulosic fraction from a waste stream that includes biomass. The methods includes adding the waste to a sealable reaction vessel, quick charging the vessel with steam to an operating pressure in a shortened period of time, such as in less than about 30 minutes, or less than about 20 minutes, or less than about 15 minutes. The vessel is rotated at the operating pressure to separate the cellulosic fraction from the other fractions of the waste. The vessel may optionally include a heated jacket and raised projections on auger vanes. The raised projections improve the operation of the vessel by increasing the mechanical agitation of the waste by the auger vanes. In one embodiment, cupped projections further improve on the agitation of the raised projections and the auger vanes by agitating the waste stream to quickly expose the waste to steam. Moreover the cupped projections being angled toward the door of the vessel serve to efficiently fluff the waste as it is being processed and to remove the product after processing. 
         [0101]      FIG. 11  shows a view of the effluent system  109  to capture vapors and process steam from the reaction vessel  12 . The effluent system  109  in the reaction vessel  12  includes a steam eductor  110  and a barometric condenser  112 . The barometric condenser  112  can take various forms and would of course be sized according to the particular design of the reaction vessel  12 . One version of the barometric condenser  112  can include a condensation tank, which is approximately three feet in diameter and six feet tall, and is oriented vertically. A connection between the tank and the reaction vessel is made so that steam from the reaction vessel can be allowed to enter the tank at a point about two thirds from the bottom of the tank. As the steam  118  from the reaction vessel enters the tank, it is condensed. This can be done in several ways. A very effective method is to spray water  116  from the top of the tank onto the steam  118 . This not only condenses the gaseous steam into a condensate liquid  120 , but in doing so, also creates a vacuum, which pulls more steam from the reaction vessel. One effect of this is that the volume of effluents from the barometric condenser  112  is increased, and the concentration of contaminants from the steam is decreased. There is also a drain valve  114  for removing the condensate  120 . 
         [0102]    Other methods of condensing water from the steam are also possible, such as having the steam hit tubes filled with a cool liquid, which would require a refrigeration unit to keep the liquid in the tubes cool. Cold air can also be injected into the condensation tank, which would result in less volume of eventual effluent, but with a higher concentration. 
         [0103]    The steam eductor is the device that extracts the atmosphere from the reaction vessel and directs it into the barometric condenser. The steam eductor can take a number of forms including an air pump, venturi tube or any other commonly used device that moves air. The steam eductor would be utilized to remove as much steam from the reaction vessel as possible before it is opened. The removal of this atmosphere can continue until there is a negative pressure in the reaction vessel. 
         [0104]    Even with a thorough evacuation and flushing of the atmosphere from the reaction vessel, when the door to the reaction vessel is opened and the feedstock material is moved by the augers to the opening, the act of stirring, tumbling, and moving the feedstock material by the reaction vessels and the augers, the feedstock material will release significant quantities of steam. To capture this steam, a hood, which is placed over the door to the reaction vessel so that effluents from the feedstock material can be enclosed in the hood and drawn off to the barometric condenser, is useful. After processing, the biomass bearing material in the reaction vessel is referred to as feedstock, to reflect the change in the physical and chemical makeup of the material. Typically, the feedstock and non-cellulosic material from the reaction vessel are directed to a trommel screen for sorting of the material. While the recently heated feedstock is on the trommel screen and being moved, steam will continue to be released. A hood over the trommel screen is effective at this point to contain steam and gaseous effluents, and to allow them to be channeled to the barometric condenser. 
         [0105]    While there is shown and described the exemplary embodiments of the invention, it is to be distinctly understood that this invention is not limited thereto but may be variously embodied to practice within the scope of the following claims. From the foregoing description, it will be apparent that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the following claims.