Abstract:
A modular drug delivery system for use by cardiothoracic surgeons and interventional cardiologists for delivery of molecular and cellular therapies that target genes, molecules and peptides. The regulated drug delivery devices comprise a modular mechanically actuated drug delivery module (DDM) that can be attached to either a surgical viewing endoscope hand-piece or specialized catheter for interventional procedures. The DDM provides metering of drugs to treatment sites and allows for quick interchangeability with other component parts such as a viewing scope end portion for MIS or other surgical procedures or a flexible catheter shaft for percutaneous procedures.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to surgical and interventional drug delivery devices, with or without auxiliary or enhanced visualization, capable of accessing the heart or other internal organ that includes drug delivery regulation mechanism incorporated in a hand-held assembly. In particular, the preferred devices are modular, comprising a drug delivery module with drug metering capability, optionally using an articulating or non-articulating rigid endoscope or a flexible catheter, and used in either open surgical procedures, minimally invasive surgical and percutaneous, catheter-based procedures. 
     2. Background of the Invention 
     The human heart is a muscular dual pump that beats continuously throughout life sending blood to the lungs and the rest of the body. The interior of the heart consists of four distinct chambers. The septum, a thick central muscular wall, divides the cavity into right and left halves. On the right side, the upper half is known as the right atrium. Deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body arrives in the right atrium via the vena cava, the blood is pumped across a one-way valve known as the tricuspid valve into the lower portion known as the right ventricle. From there the blood circulates to the lungs through the pulmonary valve via the pulmonary artery where it is oxygenated by circulation through the alveoli of the lungs (not shown). The blood returns via the pulmonary veins to the left atrium and flows through a second valve, the mitral valve into the left ventricle where it is pumped via the aorta to the rest of the body. 
     Much of the heart consists of a special type of muscle called myocardium. The myocardium requires a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients to allow it to contract and pump, blood throughout the vasculature. The inner surfaces of the chambers of the heart are lined with a smooth membrane, the endocardium, and the entire heart is enclosed in a tough, membranous bag known is the pericardial sac. 
     The pumping action of the heart has three main phases for each heart beat. Diastole is the resting phase during which the heart fills with blood: while deoxygenated blood is entering, the right atrium, oxygenated blood is returned from the lungs to the left atrium. During atrial systole, the two atria contract simultaneously, squeezing the blood into the lower ventricles. Finally, during ventricular systole the ventricles contract to pump the deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary arteries and the oxygenated blood into the main aorta. When the heart is empty, diastole begins again. The electrical impulses which stimulate the heart to contract in this manner emanate from the heart&#39;s own pacemaker, the sinoatrial node. The heart rate is under the external control of the body&#39;s autonomic nervous system. 
     Though the heart supplies blood to all other parts of the body, the heart it self has relatively little communication with the oxygenated blood supply. Thus, the two coronary arteries, the left coronary artery and the right coronary artery, arise from the aorta and encircle the heart muscle on either side “like a crown” to supply the heart itself with blood. 
     Heart disorders are a common cause of death in developed countries. They also impair the quality of life of millions of people and restrict activity by causing pain, breathlessness, fatigue, fainting spells and anxiety. The major cause of heart disease in developed countries is impaired blood supply. The coronary arteries become narrowed due to atherosclerosis and part of the heart muscle is deprived of oxygen and other nutrients. The resulting ischemia or blockage can lead to angina pectoris, a pain in the chest, arms or jaw due to lack of oxygen to the heart&#39;s myocardium, infarction or tissue necrosis in myocardial tissue. 
     Techniques to supplement the flow of oxygenated blood directly from the left ventricle into the myocardial tissue have included needle acupuncture to create transmural channels (see below) and implantation of T-shaped tubes into the myocardium. Efforts to graft the omentum, parietal pericardium, or mediastinal fat to the surface of the heart had limited success. Others attempted to restore arterial flow by implanting the left internal mammary artery into the myocardium. 
     Modernly, coronary artery blockage can be relieved in a number of ways. Drug therapy, including nitrates, beta-blockers, and peripheral vasodilator drugs (to dilate the arteries) or thrombolytic drugs (to dissolve clots) can be very effective. If drug treatment fails, transluminal angioplasty is often indicated—the narrowed part of the artery, clogged with atherosclerotic plaque or other deposits, can be stretched apart by passing a balloon to the site and gently inflating it a certain degree. In the event drug therapy is ineffective or angioplasty is too risky (introduction of a balloon in an occluded artery can cause portions of the atherosclerotic material to become dislodged which may cause a total blockage at a point downstream of the subject occlusion, thereby requiring emergency procedures), the procedure known as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is the most common and successful major heart operation performed, with over 500,000 procedures done annually in America alone. A length of vein is removed from another part of the body. The section of vein is first sewn to the aorta and then sewn onto a coronarn artery at a place such that oxygenated blood can flow directly into the heart. CABG typically is performed in an open chest surgical procedure, although recent advances suggest minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques may also be used. 
     Another method of improving myocardial blood supply is called transmyocardial revascularization (TMR), the creation of channels from the epicardial to the endocardial portions of the heart. Initially, the procedure used needles to perform “myocardial acupuncture,” and has been experimented with at least as early as the 1930s and used clinically since the 1960s, see Deckelbaum. L. I., Cardiovascular Applications of Laser Technology,  Lasers in Surgery and Medicine  15:315-341 (1994). The technique was thought to relieve ischemia by allowing blood to pass from the ventricle through the channels either directly into other vessels perforated by the channels or into myocardial sinusoids which connect to the myocardial microcirculation. This procedure has been likened to transforming the human heart into one resembling that of a reptile. In the reptile heart, perfusion occurs via communicating channels between the left ventricle and the coronary arteries. Frazier, O. H., Myocardial Resascularization with Laser—Preliminary Findings,  Circulation , 1995; 92 [suppl II:II-58-II-65]. There is evidence of these communicating channels in the developing human embryo. In the human heart, myocardial microanatomy involves the presence of myocardial sinusoids. These sinusoidal communications vary in size and structure, but represent a network of direct arterial-luminal, arterial-arterial, arterial-venous, and venous-luminal connections. The needle technique was not continued because the channels did not remain open, replaced by the use of laser energy to accomplish TMR. 
     Drug therapies with angiogenic growth factors may expedite and/or augment collateral artery development. To accomplish these needs, drug transfer devices for delivering precise amounts of these drugs can enhance this healing process. Surgeons who deal with minimally invasive surgical techniques, and interventional cardiologists who deal with percutaneous approaches, need devices for drug delivery procedures. The drugs used in modern medical technology are often quite expensive, potentially mixing and/or handling sensitive, and it is a new challenge to make these drugs or other compounds readily available for precise, predetermined delivery during these advanced or other procedures. 
     A great deal of published scientific information is currently available on the internet. One company, Annual Reviews is located at http://www.annurev.org. A list of genetically engineered and/or naturally occurring drugs or other agents having pharmacological activity or other utility is located at http://www.annurev.org/sup/im/im15/im15b.htm. Additional scientific information is available at http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/˜cchughes/index.html. 
     Prior drug injection devices include non-articulating, viewing devices. U.S. Pat. No. 5,685,853 issued Nov. 11, 1997 to Bonnet teaches of a partially rigid endoscope to which is attached an injection or aspiration cannula that is axially adjustable along the shaft of the endoscope. 
     Prior devices also include viewing devices for cardiac interventional procedures. U.S. Pat. No. 4,784,133 issued Nov. 15, 1988 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,976,710 issued Dec. 11, 1990, both to Mackin, both teach of a flexible angioscope/bronchoscope device with an inflatable balloon structure for viewing intravasculature structures. These flexible catheter devices include a ported working channel for introduction of a working device and positioning of the working device at the viewing/treatment distal end. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,261,889 issued Nov. 16, 1993 to Laine et al. teaches of an injection therapy catheter that is insertable through a working channel in an endoscope for delivering fluid agents through a hollow needle at the distal end of the catheter. The patent does not, however, teach of a modular drug delivery device which can be adapted for either surgical, MIS or catheter/percutaneous procedures, in which controllable drug delivery can be achieved. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,350,148 issued Sep. 21, 1982 to Sivak, Jr. et al. also teaches of a drug injector device, in this case for treating esophageal varices. A flexible shafted endoscope has a conduit with distal ended needle is inserted in the endoscope&#39;s biopsy channel for effectuating the treatment. 
     Drug regulating injection mechanisms such as those shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,475,905 issued Oct. 9, 1984 to Himmelstrup, U.S. Pat. No. 5,468,233 issued Nov. 21, 1995 to Schraga and U.S. Pat. No. 5,697,916 issued Dec. 16, 1997 also to Schraga which teach of devices for regulating drug delivery using a syringe with mechanisms for controlling plunger operation for metered dosages. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,702,260 issued Oct. 27, 1987 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,766,906 issued Aug. 30, 1988, both to Wang, teach bronchoscopic needle assemblies. The needle assemblies are especially adapted for safe and efficacious collection of biopsy samples. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,114 issued Sep. 10, 1996 to Wallace et al. teaches an infusion device with preformed shape. An infusion guidewire or catheter is used for introduction of the device through a selected path in a patient&#39;s vascular system. An elongated tubular diffusion body lies at the distal end of an elongated tube, the diffusion portion having a plurality of infusion ports through which blood, drug, diagnostic agent or other material can be delivered to the particular site in the vascular system. No metering system or other mechanism is disclosed, however, whereby a predetermined dosage rate through the diffusion device can be achieved. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,685,853 issued Nov. 11, 1997 to Bonnet teaches an injection device by means of an injection cannula axially adjustable along an endoscope shaft. The injection cannula and guide tube are axially adjustable relative to the endoscope shaft by means of a handle which can be operated with one hand. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,394 issued Nov. 7, 1995 to Miller et al. teaches a multilumen percutaneous angioscopy catheter which allows simultaneous irrigation and passage of an angioscope therethrough. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,409,453 issued Apr. 25, 1995 to Lundquist et al. teaches a steerable medical probe with stylets. The device is designed for reducing the mass of a body part, such as for biopsy sampling or for removing prostatic tissue in the case of BPH. The torquable catheter has a control end and a probe end, the probe end having a stylet guide means with a flexible tip and a tip directing means extending from the control end to the flexible tip for changing the orientation of the central axis of the stylet guide means for directing a flexible stylet outward through the stylet port and through intervening tissue to targeted tissues. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,151 issued Nov. 5, 1996 to Gregory teaches a method for contemporaneous application of laser energy and localized pharmacologic therapy. The method comprises preparing a solution of a pharmacologic agent, inserting the catheter into the lumen, directing the catheter to the site, transmitting visible light to the site, flowing the light transmissive liquid through the catheter, viewing the site, transmitting laser energy through the liquid filled catheter to treat the site, and introducing a flow of the pharmacologic agent in solution into the catheter for contemporaneous discharge at the distal end into the lumen adjacent the site. 
     International Publication No. WO 92/10142 published Jun. 25, 1992 by Pfizer Hospital Products Group and Makower teaches a device and method for interstitial laser energy delivery. A catheter with moveable needle system places one or more fiber optic elements and thermo-measuring devices through a body passageway wall and into the bulk of an adjacent organ. The catheter is positioned adjacent to the organ and the needles are extended to mechanically puncture the wall and move into the organ with the fiber optic elements. The needle may be withdrawn into the catheter before delivery of laser energy or remaining in the organ to serve as an aspiration-irrigation vehicle. Lumens provided within the catheter for carrying the hollow needles may likewise be used for aspiration or irrigation of the passageway. The devices may also be used with a dilatation balloon, etc. 
     Thus, there is a need to provide a modular, adaptable, universally utilitarian drug delivery module which provides remote needle advance and metered drug delivery. There is also a need for a hand-held drug delivery device with regard to the described drug delivery module. 
     There is a need for a device for performing drug delivery from either one or more minimally massive penetrations, such as in a patient&#39;s chest, and/or percutaneously, such as through the vasculature, and while viewing the procedure for efficacious delivery. Moreover, there is a need for quick interchangeability or other adaptability for regulated drug delivery, such as in a modular, adaptable system. 
     It would also be desirable to provide a drug delivery device which enables rapid deployment of a drug delivery needle for rapid delivery of the drug at a distal point in a patient. Reducing the overall time of intervention is often desirable, and the faster a needle can be injected, drug dispensed and the needle retracted, the less chance of causing undesirable effects. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Therefore, an advantage of the present invention is to provide a more efficient, system approach to drug delivery. 
     Another advantage of the present invention is to provide a drug delivery module (DDM) in which a single step, manual activation effects drug conduit/piercing needle advance, subsequent drug delivery therethrough and, optionally, needle retraction, the sequence of operations to be performed efficiently and effectively. 
     Another advantage of the present invention is to provide a drug delivery device adapted for both surgical/MIS procedures and catheter/percutaneous procedures. 
     Another advantage of the present invention is to provide a device for regulated drug delivery through at least one minimally invasively formed penetration of a patient&#39;s chest. 
     Another advantage of the present invention is to provide a modular drug delivery device adapted for both surgical/MIS procedures and catheter/percutaneous procedures. 
     Another advantage of the present invention is to provide a drug delivery device adapted for delivery of small, precisely measured volumes of expensive compounds or materials. 
     Another advantage of the present invention is to provide a drug delivery device having indexed adjustability or infinitely variable adjustability of dosage rate, volume, etc., such as over a predetermined range. 
     Another advantage of the present invention is to provide a drug delivery device adapted for delivery of mixtures of one or more drugs or agents, such as in one or more phases or having varying or similar degrees of miscibility therebetween. 
     Another advantage of the present invention is to provide a drug delivery device adapted for delivery of mixture sensitive materials. 
     Another advantage of the present invention is to provide a drug delivery device adapted for delivery and handling of sensitive materials. 
     Another advantage of the present invention is to provide a device for minimally invasive surgery (MIS) which is sufficiently rigid to support surrounding tissue, and which allows drug delivery at various angles to the central axis of the device relative to a target tissue location. 
     Another advantage of the present invention is to provide a drug delivery device which enables rapid deployment of a drug delivery needle for rapid delivery of the drug at a distal point in a patient. 
     Thus, the present invention is a drug delivery module for performing both interventional and minimally invasive surgical (MIS) drug delivery procedures on or in the human body or organs therein, such as in the heart. The system utilizes a modular, metering or otherwise controllable drug delivery assembly, herein referred to as a drug delivery module (DDM), that includes a hypodermic needle for introducing drugs at target tissue sites through surgical or minimally invasive penetrations in a patient&#39;s chest. A preferred use of the device is for delivering drugs or other agents to a heart after undergoing myocardial revascularization or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or other treatment. 
     A first drug delivery embodiment is essentially a rigid endoscope. Various designs of the drug delivery conduit channel from which the hypodermic needle can egress from the viewing surgical scope are possible. This first embodiment includes a closed ended introducer member with a preferably convex shaped tip that can be pushed against the heart and allows viewing of selected or target tissue, such as a beating heart, while delivering drug. The introducer also stops bleeding by applied pressure, and can perform multiple operative procedures from the same MIS penetration through the chest wall or other body part. This first embodiment includes a pistol-grip type hand-piece which includes regulating drug delivery mechanisms for required dosages. 
     The subassembly mechanisms of the drug delivery module are encompassed in the modular hand grip housing, and allow for interchangeability and use of other required drugs and or instruments in the procedure. The introducer member allows for quick disconnect and interchangeability for operating on both lateral anterior and posterior sides of the heart from a single penetration in a patient&#39;s chest. The introducer member is, optionally, a reusable member. 
     A second embodiment of the DDM is an articulating catheter device which uses a catheter with an atraumatic distal end for guiding the distal end of the catheter through the vasculature without causing damage at any undesired point therein, with an actuable hypodermic drug delivery needle. The atraumatic distal end has a sheath, retractable piercing portion or other safety means. This embodiment includes a similar regulating drug delivery module (DDM) handle member as in the first embodiment. 
     A method of the invention includes introducing a drug delivery device through at least a first minimally invasive penetration. A hypodermic drug delivery needle contained within a working channel of the drug delivery device is deployed at the target tissue. Regulated drug delivery is then performed into selected tissue. 
     A transluminal or percutaneous method of the present invention includes the steps of introducing a hypodermic drug delivery needle through a flexible catheter and deploying same at the target tissue. Regulated drug delivery is then performed into selected tissue. 
     These and other objects of the invention are achieved in a drug delivery device that is atraumatic to surrounding tissue, minimizes bleeding, and reduces any adverse effect of target tissue movement. 
     Numerous other advantages and features of the present invention will become readily apparent from the following detailed description of the invention and the embodiments thereof, from the claims and from the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1A is a representative side view of a preferred embodiment of a drug delivery module (DDM) of the present invention. 
     FIG. 1B is a representative isometric view of a delivery module (DDM) such as shown in FIG.  1 A. 
     FIG. 1C is a representative section view of a drug delivery module such as shown in FIG.  1 A. 
     FIG. 1D is a representative internal view of a drug delivery module such as shown in FIG.  1 A. 
     FIG. 1E is a representative detail view of a drug delivery module such as shown in FIG.  1 A. 
     FIG. 1F is a representative view of an alternative, over-center-type drug delivery device mechanism to fire a piercing needle of the DDM of the present invention. 
     FIG. 1G is a representative view of another embodiment of a spring loaded-type drug delivery of the DDM of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2A is a representative isometric view of a modular or unitary endoscope-type drug delivery device of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2B is a representative side view of a modular or unitary endoscope-type drug delivery device of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2C is an internal view of a modular or unitary endoscope-type drug delivery device of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2D is a partial view of a modular or unitary endoscope-type drug delivery device of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2E is an isometric view of an articulating endoscope-type drug delivery device of the present invention. 
     FIG. 3A is a representative isometric view of a modular or unitary catheter-type drug delivery device of the present invention. 
     FIG. 3B is a representative partial section view of a control portion modular or unitary catheter-type drug delivery device of the present invention. 
     FIG. 3C is a representative partial separated view of a control portion of a modular or unitary catheter-type drug delivery device of the present invention. 
     FIG. 3D is a representative partial section view of the distal end portion of a modular or unitary catheter-type drug delivery device of the present invention. 
     FIG. 3E is a representative cross-section view of the elongated portion of a modular or unitary catheter-type drug delivery device of the present invention. 
     FIGS. 4A-4D are representative section views of tubular viewing assemblies of the drug delivery devices of the present invention having clear distal tipped sections with a working channel, and having various orientations at the clear distal tip. 
     FIG. 5A is a representative side view of a flexible piercing needle of the drug delivery devices of the present invention. 
     FIG. 5B is another representative side view of a flexible piercing needle of the drug delivery devices of the present invention. 
     FIG. 5C is a representative section view of a distal end portion of a drug delivery device such as shown in FIGS. 4A-4D. 
     FIG. 6A is a representative internal view of a tubular viewing assembly having a controllable distal tip. 
     FIG. 6B is another representative internal view of a tubular viewing assembly having a controllable distal tip. 
     FIG. 7A is a perspective view of a patient, showing a method of use of the endoscope-type device of the present invention. 
     FIG. 7B is a perspective view of a patient, showing a method of use of the catheter-type device of the present invention. 
     FIG. 7C is a flowchart showing the steps of a preferred method of the present invention. 
     FIG. 8 is a representative schematic drawing of components of a drug delivery module kit of the present invention. 
    
    
     It will be understood that the invention&#39;s preferred embodiments have many of the individual elements whose functional aspects are similar. Thus, it will be understood that structural elements having similar or identical functions may have like reference numerals associated therewith. The appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and are therefor not to be limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A minimally invasive penetration in the chest is significantly different than “open heart” or “open chest” surgery, i.e. the gross spreading of the ribs or cutting through ribs and/or the sternum. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) involves formation of penetrations that may be performed intercostally or non-intercostally. Metering of drug entails delivering precise amounts of recombinant formulations, such as, angiogenic growth factors to expedite and/or augmnent collateral artery development. 
     Drugs that need frequently repeated administration over longer periods of time could require repeated hospitalizations or clinic visits—an exception to this is in the case of cancer chemotherapy, where the patient normally goes to the hospital for drug administration in the course of routine treatment. In the case of a drug administered to the heart, where blood circulation may cause a rapid clearance of any therapeutic delivered in or near the channels, the drug would need a time course of action that is rapid enough to have effect before it is cleared. 
     One set of applications of such drug delivery involve certain antibody treatments, where it is desirable to target the antibody to the area of intended treatment in order to achieve, the highest possible local concentration of a relatively extremely expensive reagent. For example, in enzyme-linked antibody therapy currently under investigation in the treatment of certain cancers, an enzyme linked to an antibody specific to a tumor is delivered and allowed to bind to the tumor cells. 
     Thus, two applications for which the drug delivery module of the present invention is especially adapted are (1) delivery of angiogenic factors alone or in conjunction with cardiac procedures and (2) delivery of a chemotherapeutic to a solid tumor, in a variety of applications including either before or after a laser is used to ablate tumor tissue, before or after systemic drug treatment, etc. A normally toxic chemotherapeutic such as doxorubicin or taxol that is made systemically non-toxic by being modified to a prodrug is injected into the tumor. The drug would remain non-toxic until it meets the enzyme linked to the antibody, where the prodrug is converted into active drug. In this way, higher local concentrations of the drug could be created near the tumor than would be possible by traditional chemotherapy, where systemic toxicity is the limiting factor. 
     Scope of Drug Therapy 
     Therapeutics which may be advantageous to deliver through a drug delivery device can be broadly placed into five overlapping therapeutic categories: 
     1) agents which act on the blood clot cascade, 
     2) agents that mediate inflammation or cell adhesion/recognition processes, 
     3) agents which have an effect on the cardiovascular system, 
     4) agents that may be used in the treatment of cancer, and 
     5) agents used for angiogenesis and gene therapies. 
     These categories are broadly overlapping, so that many agents will fall into more than one category. Antibody agents, for example, may appear in all five categories. Certain growth inhibitors can be used for anti-cancer treatment as well as for the treatment of other disease processes. Agents named in the following charts are illustrative and are not meant to be a comprehensive listing of all agents available for the given therapeutic category. Agents appearing as examples in one category may have uses in other therapeutic categories. It will be understood that there are additional categories which may become useful, such as agents directed at bone or implanted in semi-permeable sacs, radioisotopes, and future gene therapies. 
     Photodynamic therapy is another important delivery and dosing method. Drugs or other compounds which have certain therapeutic or other activity or function can be regulated using such technology. Photo-active or photo-labile compounds are those whose activity or function is controlled by light energy. While the use of sensitizing agents or protective groups to block activity of the drug or other compounds in topically applied formulations is known, the use of such protective groups is unknown in conjunction with drugs delivered for angiogenic purposes or in conjunction with cardiac procedures. 
     “Caged” compounds are compounds which have a photo-active reagent which masks the original characteristics of the compounds. Thus, these caged or otherwise photo-labile compounds can be delivered to the target tissue or target region in a pharmacologically in-active form. Upon irradiation with laser energy or other, operative electromagnetic radiation, the protective group or groups are caused to be rendered inert, thereby initiating therapeutic activity. These photoactive protective groups or “cage” molecules are especially useful in conjunction with highly toxic drugs or marker substances. For example, chemotherapeutic agents are particularly toxic and, thus, their toxicity can be eliminated until the agent is delivered to the precise region of the body where it&#39;s toxicity will be most effectively and safely used. Irradiation of the photo-labile compound with light energy of a suitable wavelength, frequency and duration can then render the drug or other photo-labile agent active. 
     Dosing 
     Active compounds which are given systemically have a normal therapeutic window which can be expressed as mg of drug per kg of body weight. The amount of agent which is therapeutically acceptable when administering a drug locally can be approximated as mg of drug per kg of target treatment area (e.g. organ weight), optimized accordingly with consideration of toxicity and mechanism of drug action. 
     Agents delivered to a specific site can achieve high local concentrations at the delivery point. Optimal drug dose may scale differently when the drug is administered locally rather than systemically. Thus, the amount of a given agent that should be delivered in order to achieve a therapeutic effect must be optimized accordingly with consideration of toxicity levels (both locally and systemically), mechanism of drug action, drug clearance mechanisms, and drug diffusion levels. 
     Category 1—Examples of Agents Which Have an Effect on the Blood Clot Cascade 
     These agents work by either promoting or inhibiting blood clot cascade pathways. These agents are actual blood clot cascade participants, which mimic actual blot clot cascade participants, or agents which act as enzymes or inhibit enzymes that are associated with the blood clot cascade. Some examples of agents in these categories include: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Category 
                 Agent 
                 Manufacturer 
                 Indication 
                 Form 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Anticoagulant 
                 Protamine 
                 Eli Lilly 
                 treatment of heparin overdosage 
                 IV 
               
               
                 Antagonists 
                 Sulfate 
               
               
                 Anticoagulants 
                 Heparin 
                 Wyeth- 
                 prophylaxis and treatment of 
                 IV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ayerst 
                 venous thrombosis; prevention of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 post-operative deep venous 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 thrombosis and pulmonary 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 embolism; prevention of clotting in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 arterial and cardiac surgery; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 prophylaxis and treatment of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 peripheral arterial embolism 
               
               
                 Antifibrinolytic 
                 Amicar 
                 Immunex 
                 enhances hemostasis when 
                 IV/oral 
               
               
                   
                 (aminocapro 
                   
                 fibrinolysis contributes to bleeding 
               
               
                   
                 ic acid) 
                   
               
               
                 Platelet Inhibitors 
                 ReoPro 
                 Eli Lilly 
                 adjunct to percutaneous 
                 IV 
               
               
                   
                 (abciximab) 
                   
                 transluminal coronary angioplasty 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 or atherectomy (PTCA) for the 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 prevention of acute cardiac 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ischemic complications in patients 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 at high risk for abrupt closure of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 the treated coronary vessel 
               
               
                 Thrombolytics 
                 Activase 
                 Genentech 
                 management of acute myocardial 
                 IV 
               
               
                   
                 (alteplase, 
                   
                 infarction in adults, management of 
               
               
                   
                 TPA) 
                   
                 acute massive pulmonary 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 embolism in adults 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Category 2—Examples of Agents that Mediate Cell Adhesion and/or Cell Recognition Processes 
     These agents act on cell signaling pathways and recognition processes, and includes receptor agonists and antagonists. A subset of these agents mediate inflammation and the immune response. Some examples of agents in the category include: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Category 
                 Agent 
                 Manufacturer 
                 Indication 
                 Form 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Antihistamines 
                 Seldane 
                 Marion 
                 relief of symptoms associated 
                 oral 
               
               
                   
                 (terfenadine) 
                 Merrell Dow 
                 with seasonal allergic rhinitis 
               
               
                 Anti- 
                 Toradol 
                 Roche 
                 short-term (&lt;5 days) 
                 IV/IM/oral 
               
               
                 Inflammatory 
                 (ketorolac 
                 Laboratories 
                 management of moderately 
               
               
                 Agents 
                 tromethamine) 
                   
                 severe, acute pain that requires 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 analgesia at the opioid level 
               
               
                 Immuno- 
                 Sandimmune 
                 Sandoz 
                 prophylaxis of organ rejection 
                 IV/oral 
               
               
                 suppressives 
                 (cyclosporin) 
                   
                 in kidney, liver, and heart 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 allogeneic transplants; also in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 the treatment of chronic 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 rejection in patients previously 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 treated with other 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 immunosuppresive agents 
               
               
                 Receptor 
                 Tagamet 
                 SmithKline 
                 management of ulcers, erosive 
                 IV/IM/oral 
               
               
                 Antagonists 
                 (cimetidine 
                 Beecham 
                 gastroesophageal reflux disease, 
               
               
                   
                 hydrochloride) 
                   
                 prevention of upper 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gastrointestinal bleeding in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 critically ill patients, treatment 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 of pathological hypersecretory 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 conditions 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Category 3—Examples of Cardiovascular Agents 
     These agents work at various points in the cardiovascular and associated systems. Angiogenic factors and anti-angiogenic factors appear in this category as well as in the cancer therapeutics category. Some examples of agents in the category include: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Category 
                 Agent Name 
                 Manufacturer 
                 Indication 
                 Form 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Adrenergic 
                 Minipress 
                 Pfizer 
                 treatment of hypertension 
                 oral 
               
               
                 Blockers 
                 (prazosin 
               
               
                   
                 hydrochloride) 
               
               
                 Adrenergic 
                 Aldomet 
                 Merck 
                 treatment of hypertensive crisis 
                 IV 
               
               
                 Stimulants 
                 (methyldopate 
               
               
                   
                 HCl) 
               
               
                 Alpha/Beta 
                 Normodyne 
                 Schering 
                 control of blood pressure in severe 
                 IV 
               
               
                 Adrenergic 
                 (labetalol HCl) 
                   
                 hypertension 
               
               
                 Blockers 
               
               
                 Angiotensin 
                 Capoten 
                 Bristol-Myers 
                 treatment of hypertension 
                 oral 
               
               
                 Converting 
                 (captopril) 
                 Squibb 
               
               
                 Enzyme 
               
               
                 Inhibitors 
               
               
                 Angiotensin II 
                 Cozaar 
                 Merck 
                 treatment of hypertension 
                 oral 
               
               
                 Receptor 
                 (losartan 
               
               
                 Antagonists 
                 potassium) 
               
               
                 Antiarrhythmics 
                 Norpace 
                 Searle 
                 treatment of documented 
                 oral 
               
               
                 Group I 
                 (disopyramide 
                   
                 ventricular arrhythmias, such as 
               
               
                   
                 phosphate) 
                   
                 sustained ventricular tachycardia 
               
               
                 Antiarrhythmics 
                 Brevibloc 
                 Ohmeda 
                 rapid control of ventricular rate in 
                 IV 
               
               
                 Group II 
                 (esmolol 
                   
                 patients with atrial fibrillation or 
               
               
                   
                 hydrochloride) 
                   
                 atrial flutter in perioperative, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 postoperative, or other emergent 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 circumstances where short term 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 control of ventricular rate with a 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 short-acting agent is desired; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 indicated in noncompensatory 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 sinus tachycardia where the rapid 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 heart rate requires specific 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 intervention; indicated of the 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 treatment of tachycardia and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hypertension that occur during 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 induction and tracheal intubation, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 during surgery, on emergence 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 from anesthesia, and in the 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 postoperative period 
               
               
                 Antiarrhythmics 
                 Cordarone 
                 Wyeth-Ayerst 
                 treatment and prophylaxis of 
                 IV/oral 
               
               
                 Group III 
                 (amiodarone 
                   
                 frequently recurring ventricular 
               
               
                   
                 HCl) 
                   
                 fibrillation and hemodynamically 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 unstable ventricular tachycardia 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 in patients refractory to other 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 therapy 
               
               
                 Antiarrhythmics 
                 Cardizem 
                 Marion 
                 IV: indicated for atrial fibrillation 
                 IV/oral 
               
               
                 Group IV 
                 (diltiazem HCl) 
                 Merrell Dow 
                 or atrial flutter and paroxysmal 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 supraventricular tachycardia 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 oral: treatment of hypertension 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 and management of chronic stable 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 angina and angina due to coronary 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 artery spasm 
               
               
                 Beta Blockers 
                 Inderal 
                 Wyeth-Ayerst 
                 management of hypertension, 
                 IV/oral 
               
               
                   
                 (propranolol 
                   
                 management of angina pectoris 
               
               
                   
                 HCl) 
                   
                 due to coronary atherosclerosis, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 management of cardiac 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 arrhythmias, indicated to reduce 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cardiovascular mortality in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 patients who have survived the 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 acute phase of myocardial 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 infarction and are clinically 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 stable, prophylaxis of the common 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 migraine headache 
               
               
                 Calcium Channel 
                 Procardia 
                 Pratt 
                 management of vasospastic 
                 oral 
               
               
                 Blockers 
                 (nifedipine) 
                 Pharmaceuticals 
                 angina, chronic stable angina, and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hypertension 
               
               
                 Diuretics 
                 Bumex 
                 Roche 
                 treatment of edema associated 
                 IV/IM/ 
               
               
                   
                 (bumetanide) 
                   
                 with congestive heart failure, 
                 oral 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hepatic and renal disease, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 including nephrotic syndrome 
               
               
                 Hypertensive 
                 Hyperstat 
                 Schering 
                 short -term use in the emergency 
                 IV 
               
               
                 Emergency 
                 (diazoxide) 
                   
                 reduction of blood pressure in 
               
               
                 Agents 
                   
                   
                 severe, non-malignant and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 malignant hypertension 
               
               
                 Growth Factors 
                 Vascular 
                 Genentech 
                 promotes angiogenesis; still 
                 pre- 
               
               
                   
                 Endothelial 
                   
                 experimental 
                 clinical 
               
               
                   
                 Growth Factor 
               
               
                   
                 (VEGF) 
               
               
                   
                 (preclinical) 
               
               
                 Inotropic Agents 
                 Lanoxin 
                 Glaxo 
                 management of heart failure, 
                 IV/oral 
               
               
                   
                 (digoxin) 
                 Wellcome 
                 atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 paroxysmal atrial tachycardia 
               
               
                 Patent Ductus 
                 Indocin 
                 Merck 
                 indicated to close a 
                 IV 
               
               
                 Arteriosus 
                 (indomethacin 
                   
                 hemodynamically significant 
               
               
                 Therapy 
                 sodium 
                   
                 patent ductus arteriosus in 
               
               
                   
                 trihydrate) 
                   
                 premature infants 
               
               
                 Rauwolfia 
                 Diupres 
                 Merck 
                 hypertension 
                 oral 
               
               
                 Derivatives &amp; 
                 (reserpine- 
               
               
                 Combinations 
                 chlorothiazide) 
               
               
                 Vasodilators 
                 Nitrostat 
                 Parke-Davis 
                 prophylaxis, treatment, and 
                 oral 
               
               
                   
                 (nitroglycerin) 
                   
                 management of patients with 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 angina pectoris 
               
               
                 Vasopressors 
                 Vasoxyl 
                 Glaxo 
                 supporting, restoring, or 
                 IV 
               
               
                   
                 (methoxamine 
                 Wellcome 
                 maintaining blood pressure during 
               
               
                   
                 hydrochloride) 
                   
                 anesthesia 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Category 4—Examples of Cancer Therapeutics 
     Cancer therapy can proceed along several different lines, all of which seek to kill or limit the growth of cancer cells while doing minimal damage to the host. Thus, any difference in cancer cell properties (e.g. metabolism, cell-surface antigen presentation) from healthy host cells is a target for exploitation. With the local administration of therapeutics, these differentiating factors may be created and/or exploited. For example, the local administration of cytotoxins or growth inhibitors may allow higher local concentrations of the compounds than would be achievable by systemic administration. Differences in cell-surface recognition molecules may be a site for antibody therapy. Differences in tumor morphology are also potential sites of intervention: for example, anti-VEGF may be useful in retarding the vascularization of the interior of a solid tumor, thereby slowing its growth rate. Some examples of agents in the category include: 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Category 
                 Agent Name 
                 Manufacturer 
                 Indication 
                 Form 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Adjuncts 
                 Kytril 
                 SmithKline 
                 prevention of nausea and 
                 IV 
               
               
                   
                 (granisetron 
                 Beecham 
                 vomiting associated with 
               
               
                   
                 HCl) 
                   
                 emetogenic cancer therapy, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 including high-dose cisplatin 
               
               
                 Androgen 
                 Lupron 
                 TAP 
                 palliative treatment of prostatic 
                 IM 
               
               
                 Inhibitors 
                 (leuprolide 
                 Pharmaceuticals 
                 cancer 
               
               
                   
                 actetate) 
                   
               
               
                 Antibiotic 
                 Doxorubicin 
                 Astra USA 
                 produces regression in 
                 IV 
               
               
                 Derivatives 
                 Hydrochloride 
                   
                 disseminated neoplastic 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 conditions and possibly some 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 solid tumors 
               
               
                 Antiestrogen 
                 Nolvadex 
                 Zeneca 
                 treatment of metastatic breast 
                 oral 
               
               
                   
                 (tamoxifen 
                 Pharmaceuticals 
                 cancer 
               
               
                   
                 citrate) 
               
               
                 Antimetabolites 
                 Roferon-A 
                 Roche 
                 treatment of hairy cell leukemia 
                 IM/SC 
               
               
                   
                 (interferon 
                   
                 and AIDS-related Kaposi&#39;s 
               
               
                   
                 alfa-2a) 
                   
                 sarcoma 
               
               
                 Cytotoxic Agents 
                 Taxol 
                 Bristol-Myers 
                 treatment of metastatic 
                 IV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Squibb 
                 carcinoma of the ovary and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 treatment of breast cancer 
               
               
                 Enzyme 
                 Ras farnesyl- 
                 Genentech 
                 treatment of pancreatic and colon 
                 pre- 
               
               
                 Inhibitors 
                 transferase 
                   
                 cancers 
                 clinical 
               
               
                   
                 inhibitor 
               
               
                   
                 (preclinical) 
               
               
                 Hormones 
                 Depo-Provera 
                 Upjohn 
                 adjunctive therapy and palliative 
                 IV 
               
               
                   
                 (medroxy- 
                   
                 treatment of inoperable, 
               
               
                   
                 progesterone 
                   
                 recurrent, and metastatic 
               
               
                   
                 acetate) 
                   
                 endometrial or renal carcinoma 
               
               
                 Immuno- 
                 Proleukin 
                 Chiron 
                 treatment of metastatic renal cell 
                 IV 
               
               
                 modulators 
                 (aldesleukin) 
                   
                 carcinoma 
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 Alkeran 
                 Glaxo 
                 treatment of multiple myeloma 
                 IV/oral 
               
               
                 Mustard 
                 (melphalan 
                 Wellcome 
               
               
                 Derivatives 
                 HCl) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Category 5—Angiogenic Factors and Agents Used in Gene Therapies 
     There are two recognized mechanisms for formation of new blood vessels. these are vasculogenesis—the formation of vessels through aggregation of endothelial cells, and angiogenesis—the growth of new vessels from pre-existing vessels. Vasculogenesis is particularly critical during development of the embryo. Angiogenesis, while important in development, also occurs in the adult during, for example, wound healing and ovulation. New blood vessel growth is also a critical phase of solid tumor growth—without a new blood supply tumors cannot grow more than about 1-2 mm in diameter. Differential cDNA screening is currently being used to identify genes involved in tube formation, a critical process in the development of a blood vessel. 
     Since some cardiac procedures create injuries, and induce secondary vascularization, whatever signal is given to induce vascularization could be pharmacologically amplified. Mechanisms for this type of induced revascularization may stem from factors induced by tissue damage (VEGF or other growth-factor derived response, or perhaps heat-shock proteins produced by thermal damage caused by a laser). Regardless of the actual mechanism, an angiogenic factor used in conjunction with cardiac procedures such as CABG or TMR may increase the effectiveness of the technique. 
     A preferred one of the angiogenic factors commonly available (e.g. VEGF, FGF-1, FGF-2, EGF) is VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. VEGF has been shown to be effective in improving vascularization in the rabbit ischemic hindlimb model after a single bolus administration. VEGF also has a serum half life of less than 6 minutes (unpublished results), and certain isoforms of VEGF have the property to bind to the cell surface—i.e. VEGF may not need to be present for very long in order to have an effect. Thus, it is possible to apply VEGF in or near injury sites to increase the revascularization of ischemic myocardium. 
     Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), also known as FGF-2, is another possible angiogenic agent. There is some indication that VEGF and bFGF used together are more effective than either one alone. 
     Drug Delivery Module (DDM) 
     FIGS. 1A-1E are representative views of a preferred embodiment of a drug delivery module (DDM)  100  of the present invention. It will be understood that while the DDM  100  of the present invention has separate utility, preferred embodiments of the methods of use of the DDM  100  include its use in conjunction with endoscope and/or catheter components. However, the DDM  100  provides the separate and distinct utility and advantage of single step manual activation resulting in drug conduit/piercing needle advance, subsequent drug delivery therethrough and, optionally, needle retraction. The structure described herein allows the sequence of operations to be performed efficiently and effectively. 
     The DDM  100  is preferably ergonomically designed, especially constructed using highly reliable mechanisms and being in all regards compatible with surgical procedures, for use in catheter labs, etc. The drug delivery module  100  is configured to bayonet or snap fit into the lower extremity of endoscope or catheter portions (as best shown in FIG. 8) to position and secure the associated endoscope or catheter portions relative to the DDM  100 . The main housing  120  of the DDM  100  protects an internal assembly. 
     A dosage volume adjustment thumbscrew  122  is mounted in the housing  120  so as to be externally accessible, as an option, for accurate, local and rapid dosage volume adjustment. A dosage volume scale or indicator  124  is also, optionally, mounted in the housing  120  of the DDM  100 . In a preferred embodiment, a double scale is imprinted or molded into the housing portion  120  with both 0.01-0.1 cc scaled markings and 0.1-0.3 cc scaled markings, such as for more convenient selection and setting of the desired dosage volume. The scale ranges can be modified as desired, depending upon the application, type of drug, and other determinants. 
     The main housing  120  consolidates a needle tube interface assembly which couples to the drug conduit of an associated endoscope or catheter assembly (not shown) to advance and retract a drug delivery piercing needle. Incorporated within the main housing  120  is the trigger cam  132  which, when manually or otherwise actuated such as by operation of the trigger  134 , pivots about pin  136  and engages the cam follower  138 , driving the guide rod  140  in a forward direction. The connector tube  142  extends from a custom barb connector  144  through the auxiliary equipment mount  106 . Thus, the advanceable connector tube  142  can act on a drug conduit which connects auxiliary endoscope or catheter apparatus and communicates drug to a distal piercing needle (not shown). 
     Cam  132  also acts on linkage  150  by dragging slide bar  152  such that plunger drive  154  moves forward and advances syringe piston  156  into syringe, vial or cartridge reservoir  158  to deliver a predetermined dose of the drug or other compound to be delivered. Dose amount is determined by the dosage adjustment thumb screw  122  which acts on indicator  124  and linkage stop  164  by screw  165  which determines the amount of travel of linkage  150  by engaging linkage stop  164 , thus allowing for various dose amounts to be administered with a given stroke distance. As slide bar  152  engages plunger drive  154  with syringe piston  156 , movable jaw  170  allows movement of slide bar  152  in a given direction, and brake  172  prevents the reverse motion. 
     Flow of liquid, solid or vapor phase drug or other compound is communicated through flexible tubing portion  180 , custom barb connector  144  and into the connector tube  142 , either prior to, subsequent to or concurrently with, or in any combination thereof, advancement, extension or retraction of connector tube  142 . 
     It will be understood by those skilled in the art, based on the foregoing and the drawings, that safety switch, slider-type locking device  182  prevents the inadvertent manual or other activation of the DDM  100 . Prior to activation, the safety switch  182  must be depressed and slid in a backward direction, as shown by arrow A in FIG.  1 D. This will permit action of the cam  132  on follower  138 . 
     Furthermore, in the preferred embodiment, the action of the cam  132  on the follower  138  and guide rod  140  and connector tube  142  advancement is sequentially followed by the continued action of the cam on the linkage  150  and syringe piston  156 , effecting dosing. Once the cam  132  moves past the shoulder point on the follower  138 , a continuous squeeze force applied in a linear direction on the trigger  134  effects initial connector tube  142  and piercing needle  186  to advance via cam  132 /follower  138  camming and pushing interaction and subsequent drug delivery via cam  132 /linkage  150  jamming and pulling interaction. In a preferred embodiment, the overcoming force necessarily developed to effect advance of the follower  138  and connector tube  142  is greater than that required to continue the cam action to deliver drug or other agent. Thus, controlled needle advance can be followed by rapid drug delivery, and a minimal overall period of interaction can be achieved. 
     As described above, the auxiliary equipment mount  106  of the drug delivery module  100  is configured to bayonet or snap fit into associated endoscope or catheter portions (as best shown in FIG. 8) to position and secure the associated endoscope or catheter portions relative to the DDM  100 . Mount  106  can be any convenient means for coupling the DDM  100  to other equipment, including a threaded portion, snap fit, clamps, etc. Furthermore, as will be described more fully herein, the DDM  100  may be incorporated into a unitary endoscope or catheter or other type drug delivery device. 
     DDM  100  is also provided with a saline or other solution flush connector  160  which can be a standard Luer-type fitting, or other standard or proprietary connector. Typically, sterile bags of saline, vessels, canisters or other reservoirs are suspended to provide gravity feed, or the bags or other reservoirs can be pressurized or the fluid otherwise pumped out. A standard section of tubing or other tubular section (not shown) communicates fluid, other material or vacuum through flush connector  160  to valve  161 . 
     Valve  161  has two inlets and one outlet, such that communication can be established between the section of tubing from connector  160 , valve  161  and flexible tube  180 , or between the drug reservoir  158  and the flexible tube  180 , or between both. Preferred methods of flushing the apparatus of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on this disclosure. It will also be apparent that valve  161  may be modified to have two outlets, such that flush solution can be directed through either the flexible tube  180  and on into and through the connector tube  142  and a drug tube. In such configuration, a variety of purging methods may be employed, given the type of auxiliary equipment to be used for access to the internal tissue. 
     It will also be understood that a second, third, pseudo, modified or other additional reservoirs containing drug, saline, flush or other solution or material may also be linked or coupled to the DDM  100  via port  160 . Thus, valve  161  may be replaced with a manifold-type system for coupling of multiple internally or externally located reservoirs of different drugs or other materials. The devices  100  will optionally, therefore, provide delivery with or without pre-mixing or mixing, such as at site of delivery, and with the potential for providing sequential and/or simultaneous administration of drug, medication or other material internally. 
     FIG. 1F is a representative view of an alternative, over-center-type drug delivery device mechanism to fire a piercing needle of the DDM of the present invention. This embodiment of drive mechanism for a DDM  100 A of the present invention is but one of several methods which would be known to those skilled in the art based on the foregoing for rapid deployment of the drug delivery piercing needle. As described with respect to the embodiments of the prior art, as trigger  134  rotates in the direction shown by arrow A, cam  132  impinges on follower  138  which meets resistance from leaf spring  902 . The amount of force required to move follower  138  increases proportionally, as a function of the leaf spring, until an overcoming force is achieved. When the force reaches the predetermined amount, the leaf spring  902  “snaps” over center and “fires” the distally located needle at an increased rate. The resultant rapid forward advance of drive rod  140  in direction B enables rapid deployment of associated drug conduit and piercing needle assemblies (not shown). 
     FIG. 1G is a representative view of another embodiment of a spring loaded-type drug delivery mechanism of the drug delivery module DDM  100 B of the present invention. In this additional embodiment having utility in applications demanding rapid deployment of a drug conduit and piercing needle at a distal position, such as in MIS and catheter-type drug delivery, diagnostic and other procedures, trigger  134  rotates as shown by arrow A causing cam  132  to impinge on follower  138 . Follower  138  releases pawl  910 , which pivots about pin  912  and rotates as shown by arrow C, which allows spring  914  to “fire” guide rod  140  forward in direction B. Spring-biased drive rod  140  is automatically retracted by tooth  916  in tooth housing  918  by spring  920 , the spring  920  having a greater contractive force than the expansion force developed by spring  914 . 
     Actuation of the DDM  100  can be manual, as shown, and can also be pneumatic, hydraulic, electronic, controlled by a microprocessor or externally. Said actuation means have been more fully and alternatively disclosed in co-pending U.S. patent applications Ser. No. 08/773,430 filed Dec. 27, 1996 and entitled “LASER DELIVERY MEANS ADAPTED FOR DRUG DELIVERY” by Murphy-Chutorian et al. and assigned to Eclipse Surgical Technologies, Inc. and Ser. No. 08/773,872 also filed Dec. 27, 1996 and entitled “LASER-ASSISTED DRUG DELIVERY” and by Murphy-Chutorian et al. and assigned to Eclipse Surgical Technologies, Inc., which two disclosures are expressly hereby incorporated by reference. 
     Rigid Endoscope Type DDM for MIS and Other Surgical Applications 
     FIGS. 2A-2D are representative views of a modular or unitary endoscope-type drug delivery device  200  of the present invention. It will be understood that with respect to the cited advantage of providing a drug delivery device adaptable for use as a rigid endoscope-type device suitable for MIS or open surgical procedures, a central feature of the present invention is the drug delivery module (DDM)  100 . Thus, the unitary or modular device  200  enables a user to both extend a piercing needle and dispense drug or other agent therethrough, with a single, manual “draw” or squeeze force applied to a trigger. 
     The drug delivery device  200  utilizes a rigid, viewing endoscope  202  with an eyepiece  204  at the proximal end held in an endoscope housing  206  which couples to the auxiliary mounting portion  106  of DDM  100 . The present invention is for use with any of a wide variety of commercial, custom or other proprietary endoscopes  202  or other visualization devices. The endoscope  202 , for example, can be a 5.0 mm outside diameter standard or custom rigid endoscope, and about 300 mm in length. Such device can be used in conjunction with a 10.0 mm outside diameter tube  208 . A smaller 2.0 mm endoscope can also be used with a smaller, such as a 6.0 mm outside diameter tube  208 . 
     This endoscopic viewing assembly is similar to that used in other surgical instruments such as those disclosed in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/031,752 filed Feb. 27, 1998 and entitled “VIEWING SURGICAL SCOPE FOR MINIMALLY INVASIVE PROCEDURES” by Daniel et al. and assigned to Eclipse Surgical Technologies, Inc, which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     The endoscope device  200  has a generally rigid distal, elongated portion  208  and a distal tip  210 . It will be understood, and become more apparent by the following, that the elongated portion  208  comprises a single or multi-lumen shaft for containing a drug delivery channel, optional visualization, etc. It will be understood that endoscope port  212  is typically used as an access for providing a light source at the target viewing area, such as via fiber optic cable, bundle, etc. (not shown). Thus, the inside diameter of endoscope portion  208  which can be used is largely a function and dependent on the outside diameter of the rigid endoscope  202  selected for use with the device  200  of the present invention. 
     Drug conduit  282  extends from the mount portion housing  206  through the elongated portion  208  of the catheter device  200  and terminates in an extendable, piercing needle  186 . The entire drug conduit  282  slides inside a lumen of the elongated portion  208  and couples to the connector tube  142  between the auxiliary equipment mounting portion  106  of the DDM  100  and the mount housing portion  206 , such that when the connector tube  142  of the DDM  100  is advanced and retracted, the piercing needle  186  is co-extensively advanced and retracted. 
     Drug or other solution flows from syringe reservoir  158  in DDM  100  through flexible tube  180  and connector  142  into drug conduit  282  when the DDM  100  is actuated. The distal tip  210  of elongated tubular portion  208  can be oriented by scope adjustment knob  290 . 
     As shown, the ergonomic shape of the endoscope device  200  provides for a plurality of orientations for the device  200  in operation, including using a pistol-grip on the DDM  100 , gripping the forward, endoscope mount portion  206 , or the device  200  can be supported such that the DDM  100  extends above the endoscope device  200  and the endoscope mount portion  206 . 
     It will be understood that, while in a modular assembly in which the DDM  100  is used with the endoscope portions, as described with reference to FIGS. 2A-2D, the activation trigger is located on the DDM  100  itself, and that the needle activation trigger may be positioned on the scope portion or other housing portion as desired, resulting in similar action of the needle and drug or other agent dosing function. These embodiments will be considered within the scope of the present invention. The trigger can be moved to any other part of any DDM assembly, however, including to the mounting housing  206 , etc., as will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the functions of the DDM  100  and associated assembly would be essentially identical to as described herein. 
     As shown in FIG. 2E, yet another preferred embodiment of an endoscope-type drug delivery device  200 A with DDM  100  of the present invention has an articulating portion. Pivot means  209  allows rotational movement between the endoscope  202  and the endoscope mount portion  207 , thus allowing selection of functional angle Θ. In operation, a surgeon or cardiologist will find the controllability and selectability of functional angle Θ a feature which increases efficiency, ease of operation and adaptability to specialized or general applications. Selection of functional angle Θ is based on the intended application, however, it will be understood that an angle between about 45 degrees and about 135 degrees, or more or less, is typically used. 
     It will be understood that the embodiment shown in FIG. 2E will have a locking mechanism, to prevent undesirable, or to perform advantageous, motion of the DDM  100  relative to the rigid scope portions of the device  200 A. Such locking mechanism could be ratcheted, or otherwise indexed, continuously adjustable, comprising interlocking teeth, compressible components secured by threadably engaging portions or otherwise, or have a spring activated, retracting pin engageable within one or more engagement slots located radially or otherwise on an opposing member, etc. as described, the locking mechanism could be implemented in numerous ways, and safety and efficacy considerations would be key. 
     Elongated, Flexible Catheter Type DDM for Percutaneous and Other Trans-Luminal Applications 
     FIGS. 3A-3E are representative views of a modular or unitary catheter-type drug delivery device  300  incorporating the drug delivery module  100  of the present invention. Again, as with the endoscope-type DDM device of FIG. 2A et seq., the unitary or modular device  300  enables a user to both extend a piercing needle and dispense drug or other agent therethrough, with a single, manual “draw” or squeeze force applied to a trigger. 
     This steerable catheter assembly is similar to that used in other percutaneous instruments such as those disclosed in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/833,352 filed Apr. 4, 1997 and entitled “STEERABLE CATHETER” by Giba et al. and assigned to Eclipse Surgical Technologies, Inc., which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     The elongated portion  308  of the device  300  comprises a single or multi-lumen flexible shaft for containing at least one drug delivery channel in a drug delivery tube  382 , with optional visualization, etc. It will be understood that device  300  provides, optionally, a light source at the target viewing area, such as via fiber optic cable, bundle, etc. 
     The drug delivery module  100  is configured to bayonet or snap fit into the lower extremity of the catheter mount  306  which locks onto the auxiliary equipment mounting portion  116  of the DDM  100 . 
     The connector tube  142  extends through the catheter mount  306  and is sealed to drug conduit  382 . Drug conduit  382  extends through elongated tubular portion  308  of the catheter device  300  to the distal tip  310  of the elongated portion  308  where the drug conduit  382  connects to the piercing needle  186 . 
     It will be understood that elongated shaft portion  308  may comprise a single lumen or multi-lumen extrusion. In a preferred embodiment, an inner lumen  309  extends coextensively and/or coaxially with the elongated shaft portion  308  and physically separates control wire  330 , etc., from drug conduit  382 . Thus, the mechanical steering mechanism is physically separated from the drug conduit  382 , thus minimizing the risk of contamination of the drug, fouling of the internal passages or other failure of the steering mechanism, etc. 
     Thus, flow of liquid, solid or vapor phase drug, solution or other agent or compound is communicated from the reservoir in the DDM  100  through drug conduit  382  and is dispensed through piercing needle  186  subsequent to advance of piercing needle  186  through the distal tip  310  of device  300 . The distal tip  310  of elongated tubular portion  308  of catheter device  300  can be oriented by steering adjustment finger control knob  390 , as will now be discussed. 
     The assembly of the catheter portion is shown in FIG.  3 C. Catheter cap  302  is the attaching member for the exterior portion of the elongated steerable catheter sheath  308 , strain relief  312  and steering housing  314 . Within the catheter cap  302 , set screw  316  fixes the assembly to the elongated catheter sheath  308 . Set screw  318  fixes leadscrew guide  340  axially through the annular opening through leadscrew  342 , maintaining the assembly integrally. 
     The steering housing  314  allows insertion of leadscrew  342 , which is their captured and retained in place when the catheter mount and coupling  306  is installed. Leadscrew has external threads with a pitch corresponding to about 2 revolutions per inch of linear travel. In a completed assembly, leadscrew  342  can be moved in a linear fashion to articulate the distal tip  310  of the steerable catheter device  300  by rotation of finger control knob  390  situated on the exterior of steerable housing  314 . 
     Articulation of the steerable catheter tip  310  is accomplished by push-pull forces on cable  330  extending between distal tip  310  and leadscrew  342 , coextensive and/or coaxial with steerable catheter sheath  308 . The cable  330  is press fit at the interface of key  322 , which secures the cable  330  and prohibits the advancing bushing  320  from rotating within the steering housing  314  when a linear motion is applied. When the finger control knob  390  is rotated with steering housing  314 , articulation of the attached steerable catheter tip  310  can be achieved. Thus, the catheter tip  310  can be guided through the vasculature, through other body lumens, into a body organ or other structure. Upon determining a proper target location, the needle  186  can be advanced and the desired dose of the prescribed drug agent can be released by actuating drug delivery module  100 . At the distal tip  310 , elongated catheter sheath  308  couples to protective tip portion  392 . 
     Thus, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art, based on the foregoing, that the steerable components of the catheter-type drug delivery device  300  is but one choice of catheter assembly. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the steerable catheter device  300  is but one example of a catheter having a lumen and an exit port at a distal end, and other known catheter systems may be adapted for use with the DDM  100  of the present invention. 
     Piercing Needle Advance and Drug Delivery At Distal End 
     FIGS. 4A-4D are representative section views of tubular viewing assemblies of the drug delivery devices of the present invention having clear distal tipped sections with a working channel, and having various orientations at the clear distal tip. The assembly has an optically clear or transparent end tube cap  602  which fits over the visualization port distal end  604  of a scope&#39;s visualization shaft and has a working channel  606  for communication of the drug or other material fluid, solution, solid or vapor to the target region. It will be understood that the distal ends  604  in FIGS. 4A &amp; 4B lie in plarles essentially perpendicular to the central axis of what would be the elongated portions  208  or  308  of the devices  200  or  300 , respectively, such that optics provide essentially direct forward visualization with a predetermined divergence viewing angle Φ as shown. In contrast, the end ports  604  shown in FIGS. 4C &amp; 4D are at a 30° angle with respect to what would be the central axes of the elongated portions  208  or  308  of the devices  200  or  300 , respectively. Distal ends  604  can be varied such that the field of view is at an angle offset with respect to the central axis of elongated portion  208  or  308  of the devices  200  or  300 , respectively. 
     The end cap  602  members are made from an acrylic polycarbonate or other transparent material and coupled to the elongated portion  208  or  308  of the devices  200  or  300 , respectively. The distal end of the visualization scope  604  terminates near the transparent end cap  602 . The end caps  602  can be made with desired optical light absorption/reflection characteristics. Furthermore, the shape of the end cap  602  can be conical, elliptical or include planar facets at various angles with respect to the central axis of the elongated portion  208  or  308  of the devices  200  or  300 , respectively. The end caps  602  are designed and made in accordance with required optical lens characteristics including but not limited to focus, divergence, convergence, directionability, collimation, polarization or diffusion. 
     The working channels  606  have various designs with differing bends that cooperatively are attached to the distal ends  600 . The working channels  606  as shown are internal to the assemblies  600 , but can be incorporated into an external lumen or be defined by a structural tube either in the wall of the tip assembly  600  or conformably designed to fit within the inner wall surface of assembly  600  along with the distal end  604  of the visualization scope or an end shaft of an endoscope. The working channel  606  is shown attached to the internal wall of assembly  600  in FIGS. 4A-4D. Tip assembly  600  functions to allow visualization of diagnostic or affected tissue while placing the tip in contact with the target tissue, optionally applying pressure to tissue thereby stopping any bleeding and minimizing active tissue movement, e.g. a beating heart. 
     The working channel  606  directs and protects the operative piercing needle (not shown). The working channel  606  can be made of stainless steel, plastic or comparable material. The working channel  606  in FIG. 4A has a curvature  608  such that the piercing drug delivery needle or other working device is directed through the transparent end cap  602  in a direction essentially parallel with or contiguous with respect to the central axis of the associated elongated sheath portion. In FIGS. 41B &amp; 4C, the working channel  606  has a curvature  612  which directs the drug delivery piercing needle or other working device through the transparent end cap  602  at approximately 45° with respect to the central axis of the elongated portion. Likewise, the curvature  614  in the working channel  606  of FIG. 4D directs the drug delivery piercing needle or other working device through the transparent end cap  602  in a direction approximately 90° with respect to the central axis of the elongated endoscope or catheter portion. Other orientations of working channel  606  and/or distal end bends in tube  606  can be used to direct a working device. 
     It will be understood that this tubular assembly may be placed over a conventional endoscope or may be incorporated at the distal end of the unitary or modular MIS device shown in FIG. 2A, or used at the distal end of a catheter device. 
     FIGS. 5A &amp; 5B are representative views of a flexible piercing needle  186  located at the distal end of the elongated, tubular shaft portions  208  (in the endoscope-type drug delivery device  200 ) and  308  (in the catheter-type devices  300 ) of the present invention. Piercing needle end portion  702  has a bevel cut end tip  704  or other operable tip for piercing tissue and delivering drug or other compound therethrough. 
     Between rigid piercing distal end portion  702  and the remainder of drug conduit  282  and  382 , an intermediary flexible coupling portion  708  allows a degree of flexibility between the distal end portion  702  and the drug conduit  282  and  382  portion of piercing needle  186 . This combination construction allows passage of the piercing needle  186  through a working channel (such as indicated by reference numeral  606  of FIGS. 4A-4D) with bends and curves. As shown in FIG. 5A, the flexible coupling  708  comprises an integral section of flex tubing, and as shown in FIG. 5B, the flexible coupling  708  comprises a spliced section of flexible tubing, such as silicone, rubber, or comparable material. 
     The drug conduits  282  or  382  of the present invention are manufactured using high quality, specialized materials and methods of construction . A preferred embodiment is manufactured by Putnam Precision Molding, Inc. of Putnam, Conn. The tubing has an inside diameter of about 30 mils and an outside diameter of about 43 mils. The co-extrusion comprising stainless steel wound nylon tubing provides high columnar strength to prevent against failure of the drug conduit  282  or  382  in high flex situations such as articulation of the distal tip of a catheter device, extension of the piercing needle through small radius of curvature bends, etc. 
     FIG. 5C is a representative section view of a distal end portion of a drug delivery device of the present invention. The tubular wall  720  of the rigid endoscope or elongated catheter shaft coupled to the DDM  100  (not shown) of the present invention has at least one lumen  722  for the drug conduit (such as  282  and  382 , above) to pass through protected. Another lumen  724  is adapted to receive a visualization device including an endoscope or other fiber optic device. Shaped lumen  726  is oriented adjacent the tubular wall  720  to act as a guide channel for a steering wire, push rod or other control mechanism. 
     FIG. 6A is a representative internal view of a tubular viewing assembly having a controllable distal tip. In this embodiment, and also as shown in FIGS. 4A-4D with respect to either or both the endoscope-type embodiments as well as the catheter-type devices, the elongated, tubular shaft portions  208  (in the endoscope-type drug delivery device  200 ) and  308  (in the catheter-type devices  300  of the present invention) contain one or more lumens, the lumens optionally containing a visualization scope  604  or other operative device. An advanceable drug conduit  282  (in the endoscope-type drug delivery device  200 ) and  382  (in the catheter-type devices  300  of the present invention) lies within a controllable working channel  706 . The working channel may also be excluded in optional embodiments, in which case the drug conduit itself, as described herein, would lie within or outside of the elongated portion  208  (in the endoscope-type drug delivery device  200 ) or  308  (in the catheter-type devices  300  of the auxiliary associated equipment of the DDM  100  of the present invention. 
     It will be understood, therefore, that drug conduit  282  (in the endoscope-type drug delivery device  200 ) and  382  (in the catheter-type devices  300  of the present invention) terminating in piercing needle  186  passes through the controllable working channel  706 . Piercing needle  186  comprises a sharpened distal tip portion  702  and is advanceable through septum member  603 . The precise position at which the piercing distal tip  702  pierces the septum portion  603  is determined by the axial motion of guiding member  605  acting on controllable working channel  706 . Thus, the angle of advancement of the distal tip  702  of piercing needle  186  is determined by the orientation of guiding member  605  through which piercing tip  702  passes, as selectively and controllably oriented by control shaft  607  moved according to arrow D. Guiding member  605  pivots about pin  709  and is linked to control shaft  607  at pin  611 . Guiding member  605  is mounted within the distal tip portion of the viewing assembly, housing assembly, etc. 
     FIG. 6B is another representative internal view of a tubular viewing assembly having a controllable distal tip. As described above, drug conduit  282  (in the endoscope-type drug delivery device  200 ) and  382  (in the catheter-type devices  300  of the present invention) terminating in piercing needle  186  passes through the controllable working channel  706  and is advanceable through septum member  603 . In this embodiment, however, the relative radial positions of control shaft  607  and drug delivery piercing needle tip  702  are transposed. In either case, the position at which the piercing distal tip  702  pierces the septum portion  603  as well as the direction at which it pierces, penetrates or otherwise extends to the outer surface of the septum  603  or beyond and into target tissue or to a target region for delivery therein, therethrough or thereabouts, and at which angle relative to the central axis of the elongated tubular portion of the device as also indicated by direction arrow D, is determined by guiding member  605 . As mentioned above, the elongated portions  208  and  308  have either a single, tubular lumen region or have a plurality of lumens, formed such as by extrusion (see FIG.  5 C). 
     Method of Use 
     FIG. 7A is a perspective view of a patient, showing a method of use of the endoscope-type device of the present invention. It will be understood that the example given in this drawing is an MIS application, and that the DDM  100  of the present invention may also be used in conjunction with surgical procedures. 
     The perspective view of a patient shows first, second and third minimally invasively formed penetrations in a patient&#39;s chest,  12 ,  14  and  16 , respectively. It will be appreciated that the exact location of penetrations  12 ,  14  and  16  is not limited to those shown. Additionally, from 1 to N+1 numbers of penetrations may be made. The patient is prepared for the procedure and is positioned similarly to that used for a left thoracotomy. The patient&#39;s left arm is draped. A conventional double lumen endotracheal tube is used to selectively deflate one side or the other of the lungs. Preferably the left lung is collapsed which allows access to the chest cavity in the vicinity of the left lung. The other lung remains inflated to provide oxygenation. 
     With regard in particular to cardiac procedures, the distal tip of surgical drug delivery device  200  is positioned to reach a desired aspect of a ventricular wall. A distal portion of the drug delivery device  200  is positioned against tissue of the wall of the heart. The visualization features of the drug delivery device  200  can be used to visualize the area, look for larger coronary vessels, to inspect the condition of the pericardium, and to check for adhesions. The shape of the heart as well as its position is visualized. 
     The endoscope or other interventional device  200  can include a CCD camera device attached to the eyepiece for viewing on a monitor. Additionally, additional viewing scope devices can be used during the procedure as inserted in the first penetration and the rigid scope can be inserted into second penetration  14 . 
     The drug delivery conduit with piercing needle is inserted through the working channel of the device  200  (such as indicated by reference numeral  722  in FIG. 5C, by  606  in FIGS. 4A-4D and by  706  in FIGS.  6 A and  6 B). Once the desired number of drug delivery tissue sites have been treated, the device  200  can be emplaced in any of the other penetrations. It will be recognized that the procedure will vary, depending on a particular surgical requirement. For instance, drug delivery may be performed prior to, during or after other cardiac procedures, such as CABG and TMR. 
     FIG. 7B is a perspective view of a patient, showing a method of use of the catheter-type device of the present invention. When the interventional procedure involves using the percutaneous catheter-type drug delivery module (DDM) device  300 , the device  300  is positionable adjacent the coronary ostia, within the coronary arteries themselves, inside, beyond or elsewhere with relationship to the various valves and chambers of the heart as well as near any portion of the heart&#39;s endocardial surfaces for drug treatment. As described above, drugs can be delivered to tissue via advanceable drug conduits with piercing needle tips which pass through a working channel of the instrument. The catheter  300  can, in preferred embodiments of the methods of the present invention, be inserted through the femoral artery in the groin region and passed into the heart over the aortic arch and, optionally, into the left ventricle. Treatment sites within the ventricles typically require a catheter having a length of up to 120 cm. Percutaneous drug delivery can be achieved using the drug delivery device  300  with drug delivery module  100  of the present invention. 
     Other surgical and/or percutaneous or transluminal procedures in which the devices of the present invention are particularly adapted include delivery of drug or other agents within the gall bladder, tumors or other structures, or in laparoscopy or laparotomy, colosectomy and other MIS operations in which auxiliary, working devices for treatment of diseased tissue are used. 
     FIG. 7C is a flowchart showing the steps of a preferred method of the present invention. As described in the foregoing, an initial step  1910  involves selection of the desired drug, compound or other material to be delivered with the methods and apparatus of the present invention, and loading that drug or other material into a suitable reservoir, syringe, cartridge, etc. It will be understood that drug packaging may be a function of the type of drug or the method of delivery required by the drug, i.e., cartridge based packaging for efficient device loading, refrigeratable packaging-type material, dual-compound co-loadable cartridge sets, etc. 
     In a subsequent step  1912 , once a drug or other compound is loaded into the DDM of the present invention, air and/or other undesirable fluids, gases, solids, etc. are evacuated from the system, including the DDM components, drug conduit, piercing needle, etc. In general, depending upon the type of procedure being performed and the types of materials being delivered, evacuation of the system will be required to prevent delivery or introduction undesired gases, fluids, etc. 
     It will be understood that purging air or other undesirable substances out of the device  100  prior to delivery of drug therethrough at the target region is generally necessary. As described, a reservoir of flushing solution, such as a bag of saline, can be connected to the DDM  100  through flush connector  160 . The reservoir can be pressurized in any number of ways. Once the reservoir is pressurized, valve  161  can be opened to allow flow through the DDM. (Any optional safety or check valves will need to be cleared prior to this step.) The DDM can be actuated to cause needle advance, and flow of saline or other flush solution will be observed at the distal tip  702  of the needle  186 . Valve  161  can then be closed. 
     Additionally, it will be understood that purging of either the endoscope portions or the catheter portions may be desirable, and flushing around any visualization tip will increase and enhance the quality of images taken therefrom. Based on the foregoing, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art to incorporate any of various flushing systems, including directing jets of flushing solution against the distal tip  210  or  310  of the device, etc. 
     Furthermore, priming the DDM  100  and associated auxiliary equipment with actual drug to be used may be necessary or advantageous. These steps will be understood from the apparatus and procedures described herein. Once the DDM  100  and associated drug conduits and piercing tips have been purged, priming of the system would include installing the drug syringe or reservoir into the DDM, switching valve  161  so as to provide communication from the reservoir, through valve  161 , through tube  180 , into the advanceable drug conduit (such as indicated by  282  and  382  herein) and through to the distal, sharpened distal piercing tip  702  of needle  186 . 
     Selection of variable parameters, as shown in step  1914 , is necessary. Depending upon the application for the DDM and associated endoscope or catheter devices, end-user adjustable variable parameters include, but are not limited to, dosage volume, needle advance/retraction speed, needle advance length, dosage rate, etc. In a subsequent step  1916 , the interventional end (such as identified as  210  and/or  310 ) is inserted into the patient&#39;s body, e.g., as described with respect to FIG.  7 A. 
     In step  1918 , the interventional drug delivery distal end (such as identified as  210  and/or  310 ) is positioned adjacent target tissue or within a target region. As described, a conventional, endoscope with auxiliary illumination, optionally coupled to a CCD camera for visualization on a real-time monitor, or a catheter device with enhanced visualization capability can be used to navigate the interventional distal drug delivery end to the desired internal location. The DDM-actuated distal drug delivery piercing needle is extended in step  1920 , and as described above, the piercing needle tip can be extended by means of a manually operated trigger-type assembly. Alternatively, a rapidly deployable DDM, such as described with respect to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, can be used. If the heretofore described manner, drug or other material is delivered to the desired site in step  1922  and the drug delivery piercing needle is thereafter retracted, as shown in step  1924 . 
     The method of the present invention requires that a decision be made, either by the physician, surgeon or cardiologist, an operator or by a programmable or pre-programmed logic controller. In step  1926 , if additional treatment, i.e., additional or alternate drug delivery such as to the same or to different sites is desired, then another decision is made with regard to the current parameters previously set such as in step  1914 . If the pre-set parameters are sufficient to proceed, i.e. no changes to operator adjustable parameters is required, then steps including navigating the interventional distal drug delivery piercing needle end to the additional desired target tissue or region  1918 , extending the needle  1920  as desired, delivery of drug or other compound or material to the desired tissue or region  1922 , subsequent retraction of distal piercing needle  1924  and subsequent repetition of the foregoing steps. If, however, the pre-set parameters need to be changed, as determined in step  1928 , then the desired parameters are changed in step  1930  and the steps of navigating  1918 , extending the needle  1920 , delivery of drug or other material  1922 , retraction of the needle  1924 , and subsequent repetition if and as desired, are repeated. 
     Once treatment has been completed, such as determined in step  1926 , the interventional end and/or other portions of the devices of the present invention are retracted from the patient&#39;s body in step  1932 , the re-usable endoscope portions or catheter visualization devices are disconnected  1934  and the associated catheter and/or endoscopic portions of the DDM can be disposed of in an ultimate step  1936 . 
     FIG. 8 is a representative schematic drawing of components of a drug delivery module (DDM)  100  kit  800  of the present invention. As described above, the present invention is directed to both modular as well as unitary devices. Therefore, the kit  800  comprises the DDM  100  and associated auxiliary equipment, including endoscope housing mount  206  and elongated tubular portion  208  as well as catheter steering housing  314 , elongated tubular shaft portion  308  and associated assembly. 
     Thus, a single kit  800  will serve the medical practitioner with a wide range of drug delivery options. Drug delivery in surgical procedures, MIS procedures as well as catheter or other percutaneous procedures can be achieved using solely the contents of the DDM kit  800  of the present invention. According to the present invention, the DDM  100  provides simple to operate, single squeeze action, manually operated needle advance and drug delivery at some remote target point through an advanceable and controllable drug conduit. 
     Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are now described. 
     While the principles of the invention have been made clear in illustrative embodiments, there will be immediately obvious to those skilled in the art many modifications of structure, arrangement, proportions, the elements, materials, and components used in the practice of the invention, and otherwise, which are particularly adapted to specific environments and operative requirements without departing from those principles. The appended claims are intended to cover and embrace any and all such modifications, with the limits only of the true purview, spirit and scope of the invention.