Abstract:
A method and system for accurately reporting battery capacity is disclosed herein. The disclosed method and system prevent the reporting of discontinuous capacity values resulting from starting or stopping recharge cycles. The disclosed method and system prevent over or under reporting of battery capacity due to the transition between charge and discharge curves in a battery model.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates generally to batteries. More particularly, the present invention relates to reporting of the capacity of a battery.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     Many mobile computing and communicating devices rely upon standard battery cells for providing power on which to operate. Though disposable battery cells, such as alkaline cells, are a well-known and reliable technology, it is common in such mobile devices to employ rechargeable battery cells. These rechargeable batteries depend on a number of known cell types, including Ni-Cad, Ni-MH, and Li-Ion cells. All these cells are known to those of skill in the art, as are some of their deficiencies. One of the known deficiencies of the above mentioned rechargeable battery cells is related to the fact that each battery has a finite life span that can be measured in terms of recharge cycles. The process of charging and discharging the cell damages the cell&#39;s charge storage capabilities, causing the stored potential, which is typically measured in mA-hours, to decrease over the life of the battery. As the ability to store charge decreases, so does the battery&#39;s utility. The life of the battery can be drastically curtailed by improperly charging, or over discharging the battery. Another known deficiency of the above cell types is that the batteries are known to discharge while in storage, though some types of battery are more susceptible to the self-discharge phenomenon than others. As a result of these deficiencies, it is crucial that a user be able to determine the capacity of a battery both prior to and during use.  
         [0003]     A state of the art technique for battery capacity reporting relies on the coulomb counter. The principle of operation involved in coulomb counting is computing a coulomb count equal to the coulombs injected into a battery minus the coulombs taken out of the battery. The capacity of the battery is then reported by comparing the coulomb count relative to a reference coulomb count value that corresponds to maximum battery capacity. For instance, if the coulomb count of a battery is half of the reference value, the battery capacity is reported to be 50 percent. Although the coulomb counter addresses battery capacity reporting, it may have several problems. First, the reported capacity may not be meaningful if an accurate reference coulomb count value corresponding to maximum battery capacity is not known. Furthermore, with a coulomb counter it may be difficult to keep an accurate reference coulomb count, particularly when battery capacity decreases over the lifetime of the battery. Further still, with a coulomb counter it may be necessary to know the current battery capacity before beginning the coulomb count.  
         [0004]     A limitation of the coulomb counting principle is that it may not be applicable to reporting the capacity of a battery of initially unknown battery capacity: if the capacity of a battery is to be reported using the coulomb count system and method, the battery may have to be taken from it&#39;s unknown capacity state to either a fully charged 100 percent battery capacity state or to a fully discharged 0 percent capacity state before the coulomb count can be used. Because the state of the battery is unknown at a certain point, the only way to charge the battery to 100% capacity is to constantly provide charge over an extended length of time. This can result in an overcharging of the cell, which is known to damage to the storage capability of the cell. Conversely, to guarantee that the cell is at 0% capacity, the cell must be completely discharged. It is a known phenomenon that rechargeable batteries are damaged by a full discharge to a complete empty state. Thus forcing a battery to either 100% or 0% capacity will likely damage the cell, which only hastens the time at which the coulomb counting becomes inaccurate.  
         [0005]     Further practical limitations exist with coulomb counting techniques. In practice, coulomb counting works by applying an integration over time. The presence of an offset in a coulomb counter may result in the inaccuracy of the coulomb count. This applies even to batteries with an assumed initially known battery capacity, and is compounded with every recharge cycle. This may be especially true if the battery needs to be used for a long period of time between opportunities to reset the coulomb counter. For instance, in a battery that needs to be used for 3 weeks between charges, even small offsets with each charge cycle may accumulate to large inaccuracies in reported capacity.  
         [0006]     Other known techniques of battery capacity reporting exist, and are primarily based on measuring battery voltage. The interest in such voltage techniques is due to the technical ease involved in voltage measurement. However, voltage measurement techniques also present the greatest challenges since the relationship between battery voltage and battery capacity is plastic, i.e. for any given battery capacity, the measured battery voltage can vary greatly. The presence of such variations prevent the systematic reporting of meaningful battery capacity values. The variations are small if the current draw is fairly constant over the lifetime of the battery, so there are situations where a direct voltage to capacity mapping will suffice.  
         [0007]     Many battery capacity reporting solutions assume a fairly constant current draw for the major mode of operation, and only report capacity in this mode. For example, most cell phones only report battery capacity when they are not charging. Once they start charging, their battery gauges stop indicating battery capacity. However, in applications where a battery is recharged while the system is running, such a change in state from discharging to charging, or vice versa, may break any assumptions about constant current draw.  
         [0008]     Batteries have known characteristic charge and discharge curves.  FIG. 1  illustrates a charge curve  140  and a discharge  130  curve for a battery. These curves relate battery voltage  120  to percent capacity  110  for a rechargeable battery. The curves provide a model  100  for a battery. In the model, percent battery capacity  110  is related to battery voltage  120  in either a discharging state, shown by discharge curve  130 , or the charging state shown by charge curve  140 . Illustrated is a multiplicity of points such as point  132  on the discharging curve  130  and of point  142  on the charging curve. Interpolation can be used to provide capacity values  110  for voltages  120  that lie between points for which values are known.  
         [0009]     In reference to  FIG. 1 , the details of a charge state capacity model  100  are described. The relationship between battery voltage  110 , battery charge state and capacity  120  is illustrated by two curves  130 , 140 . A first curve  140  corresponds to a positive battery charge current or charging battery charge state, and a second curve  130  corresponds to a negative battery charge current or discharging battery charge state.  
         [0010]     Although not expressly shown in the drawings, the charge state capacity model  100  can use more than one pair of curves. Each curve is a function of both the battery charge current and the battery charge state. The charge state is used to select at least one curve from a multiplicity of charge curves. Each curve is a function of the battery charging current, and relates battery voltage to capacity. For example, when the battery is in a first charge state, such as the charging state, a first charge curve corresponding to the charging state is utilised. When the battery is in a second charge state, for instance the discharging state, a second charge curve corresponding to the discharge state is utilised. The charge curves are such that given a battery voltage value and a charge curve, it is possible to obtain a corresponding capacity value from the charge curve.  
         [0011]     Though it is possible to determine the capacity of a battery by measuring the voltage of the battery and examining the model, it should be noted that the existence of two distinct curves presents a problem. When a battery is charging and is at 50% capacity, it has a defined voltage level. If the battery charging is terminated when the battery is at 50%, the voltage of the battery does not instantly decrease to the voltage that corresponds to 50% capacity on the discharge curve. Instead the voltage decays to that level over time. The voltage of a 50% battery in a charging state is equivalent to the voltage of a 60-70% battery in the discharging state. As a result, most voltage based battery capacity reporting devices report a capacity jump when charging is ended. Similarly, there is a reported battery capacity drop when charging is started. These abrupt changes in capacity are inaccurate, and cause confusion among users.  
         [0012]     There remains a further need for a system and method of battery capacity reporting based on battery voltage that overcomes the limitations present in the plastic relationship between battery voltage and battery capacity.  
         [0013]     There remains a further need still for a system and method of battery capacity reporting which systematically reports a meaningful battery capacity value whether the battery is being discharged or charged, and which does so regardless of the presence of transitions between the charging and discharging of the battery.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0014]     It is an object of the present invention to obviate or mitigate at least one disadvantage of previous battery capacity reporters. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a system and method for battery capacity reporting based on battery voltage that is robust against inaccuracies in initial battery capacity estimations and which systematically provides a meaningful reported battery capacity value.  
         [0015]     In a first aspect, the present invention provides a method of determining the available battery capacity of a battery. In the method, a battery voltage and a current charge state of the battery are determined. These determined values are then used to determine a target battery capacity. The determined battery capacity is compared to a previous battery capacity, and the target battery capacity is adjusted if the comparison is not indicative of the determined charge state. In an embodiment of the present invention, the method further includes either or both of the steps of reporting the target battery capacity and storing the reported capacity as the previous battery capacity.  
         [0016]     In a further embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention the two defined charge states are a charging state, and a discharging state. In the charging state, a target battery capacity less than the previous battery capacity is not indicative of the charge state, while a target battery capacity greater than the previous battery capacity is not indicative of the discharging state. In a further embodiment, determining the battery capacity is done by examining a predetermined model of the correlation between voltage, charge state and capacity.  
         [0017]     In other embodiments of the present invention adjusting the target capacity can involve changing the target capacity to the value of the previous battery capacity value or changing the target capacity to a capacity determined from a predefined fast transition curve that models the relationship between the determined battery voltage, the determined current charge state and battery capacity. In a further embodiment to the first aspect of the present invention, there is provided , prior to the step of reporting, an adjustment step for adjusting the target capacity to a capacity determined from a predefined slow transition curve. The slow transition curve models the relationship between the determined battery voltage, the determined current charge state and battery capacity, when the target capacity is in a play region around the capacity of the battery when the last change in charge state occurred.  
         [0018]     Further aspects of the first aspect of the present invention provide a further adjustment of the target battery capacity based on an effective serial resistance correction factor or to compensate for temperature fluctuations.  
         [0019]     A second aspect of the present invention provides a system for determining the capacity of a battery with a memory for storing a previous battery capacity value. The system has voltage reading means, charge state determining means, target capacity determining means, a comparator and target capacity adjusting means. The voltage reading means are operatively connected to the battery to determine the voltage of the battery. The charge state determining means are operatively connected to the battery to determine the charge state of the battery. The target capacity determining means, are operatively connected to the voltage reading means to receive the determined voltage and to the charge state determining means to receive the determined charge state, so that they can compute a target battery capacity based on the determined voltage and the determined charge state. The comparator is operatively connected to the memory to receive the previous battery capacity value and to the target capacity determining means to receive the target battery capacity, it generates a comparison signal representative of the comparison of the previous battery capacity value and the target battery capacity. The target capacity adjusting means are operatively connected to the comparator to receive the comparison signal, to the target capacity determining means to receive the determined target battery capacity and to the charge state determining means to receive the determined charge state. The target capacity adjusting means adjust the determined target battery capacity if the comparison signal is not indicative of the determined charge state, and they also store the adjusted target battery capacity in the memory.  
         [0020]     In an embodiment of the second aspect of the present invention there is provided reporting means, operatively connected-to the target capacity adjusting means for reporting the adjusted target battery capacity.  
         [0021]     In various embodiments, the target capacity adjusting means further includes means for a number of functions. One such function is to adjust the determined target capacity to a capacity determined from a predefined fast transition curve that models the relationship between the determined battery voltage, the determined current charge state and battery capacity after a change in charge state. Another such function is to adjust the target capacity to a capacity determined from a predefined slow transition curve that models the relationship between the determined battery voltage, the determined current charge state and battery capacity when the target capacity is in a play region around the capacity of the battery when the last change in charge state occurred.  
         [0022]     In another embodiment the target capacity adjusting means is also connected to an effective serial resistance tester which is operatively connected to the battery to determine an effective serial resistance correction factor, the target capacity adjusting means further includes means for adjusting the target capacity based on the effective serial resistance correction factor.  
         [0023]     In a presently preferred aspect the above described system is integrated into a handheld computing or communicating device.  
         [0024]     Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying Figs. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0025]     Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the attached Figs., wherein:  
         [0026]      FIG. 1  illustrates two curves, a charge and a discharge curve, relating battery voltage to percent capacity for a rechargeable battery, in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0027]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a mobile communication device in which the instant invention may be implemented;  
         [0028]      FIG. 3  is a flowchart illustrating a preferred embodiment of the method of battery capacity reporting, in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0029]      FIG. 4  is an enlarged version of a portion of  FIG. 1 , the portion bound by a dotted rectangle in  FIG. 1 ;  
         [0030]      FIG. 5  illustrates a transition from the use of the charge curve to the use of the discharge curve of  FIG. 4  in a first embodiment of a method to carry out step  260  of  FIG. 3 , in accordance to the present invention;  
         [0031]      FIG. 6  illustrates a transition from the use of the discharge curve to the use of the charge curve of  FIG. 4  in a first embodiment of a method to carry out step  260  of  FIG. 3 , in accordance to the present invention;  
         [0032]      FIG. 7  is a flowchart illustrating a first embodiment of a method to carry out step  260  of  FIG. 3 , in accordance with  FIGS. 5 and 6 ;  
         [0033]      FIG. 8  illustrates a transition from the last reported capacity towards the discharge curve of  FIG. 4  in a preferred embodiment of a method to carry out step  260  of  FIG. 3 , in accordance to the present invention;  
         [0034]      FIG. 9  illustrates a transition from the last reported capacity towards the charge curve of  FIG. 4  in a preferred embodiment of a method to carry out step  260  of  FIG. 3 , in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0035]      FIG. 10  is a flowchart illustrating a preferred embodiment of a method to carry out step  260  of  FIG. 3 , in accordance with  FIGS. 8 and 9 ; and  
         [0036]      FIG. 11  is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary embodiment of a system of the present invention.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0037]     Generally, the present invention provides a method and system for measuring and reporting battery capacity.  
         [0038]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a mobile communication device  10  in which the instant invention may be implemented. The mobile communication device  10  is preferably a two-way communication device having at least voice or data communication capabilities. The device preferably has the capability to communicate with other computer systems on the Internet. Depending on the functionality provided by the device, the device may be referred to as a data messaging device, a two-way pager, a cellular telephone with data messaging capabilities, a wireless Internet appliance or a data communication device (with or without telephony capabilities). It will be apparent to one of skill in the art that batter capacity reporting and measurement has applications that are not limited to the field of mobile communicating and computing devices.  
         [0039]     Where the device  10  is enabled for two-way communications, the device will incorporate a communication subsystem  11 , including a receiver  12 , a transmitter  14 , and associated components such as one or more, preferably embedded or internal, antenna elements  16  and  18 , local oscillators (LOs)  13 , and a processing module such as a digital signal processor (DSP)  20 . As will be apparent to those skilled in the field of communications, the particular design of the communication subsystem  11  will be dependent upon the communication network in which the device is intended to operate. For example, a device  10  destined for a North American market may include a communication subsystem  11  designed to operate within the Mobitex# mobile communication system or DataTAC# mobile communication system, whereas a device  10  intended for use in Europe may incorporate a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) communication subsystem  11 .  
         [0040]     Network access requirements will also vary depending upon the type of network  19 . For example, in the Mobitex# and DataTAC# networks, mobile devices such as  10  are registered on the network using a unique personal identification number or PIN associated with each device. In GPRS networks however, network access is associated with a subscriber or user of a device  10 . A GPRS device therefore requires a subscriber identity module (not shown), commonly referred to as a SIM card, in order to operate on a GPRS network. Without a SIM, a GPRS device will not be fully functional. Local or non-network communication functions (if any) may be operable, but the device  10  will be unable to carry out any functions involving communications over network  19 . When required network registration or activation procedures have been completed, a device  10  may send and receive communication signals over the network  19 . Signals received by the antenna  16  through a communication network  19  are input to the receiver  12 , which may perform such common receiver functions as signal amplification, frequency down conversion, filtering, channel selection and analog-digital conversion. Analog to digital conversion of a received signal allows complex communication functions, such as demodulation and decoding, to be performed in the DSP  20 . In a similar manner, signals to be transmitted are processed, including modulation and encoding for example, by the DSP  20  and input to the transmitter  14  for digital to analog conversion, frequency up conversion, filtering, amplification and transmission over the communication network  19  via the antenna  18 .  
         [0041]     The DSP  20  not only processes communication signals, but also provides for receiver and transmitter control. For example, the gains applied to communication signals in the receiver  12  and transmitter  14  may be adaptively controlled through automatic gain control algorithms implemented in the DSP  20 .  
         [0042]     The device  10  preferably includes a microprocessor  38  which controls the overall operation of the device. Communication functions, including at least one of data and voice communications, are performed through the communication subsystem  11 . The microprocessor  38  also interacts with further device subsystems such as the display  22 , flash memory  24 , random access memory (RAM)  26 , auxiliary input/output (I/O) subsystems  28 , serial port  30 , keyboard  32 , speaker  34 , microphone  36 , a short-range communications subsystem  40  and any other device subsystems generally designated as  42 .  
         [0043]     Some of the subsystems shown in  FIG. 2  perform communication-related functions, whereas other subsystems may provide “resident” or on-device functions. Notably, some subsystems, such as keyboard  32  and display  22  for example, may be used for both communication-related functions, such as entering a text message for transmission over a communication network, and device-resident functions such as a calculator or task list.  
         [0044]     Operating system software used by the microprocessor  38  is preferably stored in a persistent store such as flash memory  24 , which may instead be a read only memory (ROM) or similar storage element (not shown). Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the operating system, specific device applications, or parts thereof, may be temporarily loaded into a volatile store such as RAM  26 . It is contemplated that received communication signals may also be stored to RAM  26 .  
         [0045]     The microprocessor  38 , in addition to its operating system functions, preferably enables execution of software applications on the device. A predetermined set of applications which control basic device operations, including at least data and voice communication applications for example, will normally be installed on the device  10  during manufacture. A preferred application that may be loaded onto the device may be a personal information manager (PIM) application having the ability to organise and manage data items relating to the device user such as, but not limited to e-mail, calendar events, voice mails, appointments, and task items. Naturally, one or more memory stores would be available on the device to facilitate storage of PIM data items on the device. Such PIM application would preferably have the ability to send and receive data items, via the wireless network. In a preferred embodiment, the PIM data items are seamlessly integrated, synchronised and updated, via the wireless network, with the device user&#39;s corresponding data items stored or associated with a host computer system thereby creating a mirrored host computer on the mobile device with respect to the data items at least. This would be especially advantageous in the case where the host computer system is the mobile device user&#39;s office computer system. Further applications may also be loaded onto the device  10  through the network  19 , an auxiliary I/O subsystem  28 , serial port  30 , short-range communications subsystem  40  or any other suitable subsystem  42 , and installed by a user in the RAM  26  or preferably a non-volatile store (not shown) for execution by the microprocessor  38 . Such flexibility in application installation increases the functionality of the device and may provide enhanced on-device functions, communication-related functions, or both. For example, secure communication applications may enable electronic commerce functions and other such financial transactions to be performed using the device  10 .  
         [0046]     In a data communication mode, a received signal such as a text message or web page download will be processed by the communication subsystem  11  and input to the microprocessor  38 , which will preferably further process the received signal for output to the display  22 , or alternatively to an auxiliary I/O device  28 . A user of device  10  may also compose data items such as email messages for example, using the keyboard  32 , which is preferably a complete alphanumeric keyboard or telephone-type keypad, in conjunction with the display  22  and possibly an auxiliary I/O device  28 . Such composed items may then be transmitted over a communication network through the communication subsystem  11 .  
         [0047]     For voice communications, overall operation of the device  10  is substantially similar, except that received signals would preferably be output to a speaker  34  and signals for transmission would be generated based on an input received through a microphone  36 . Alternative voice or audio I/O subsystems such as a voice message recording subsystem may also be implemented on the device  10 . Although voice or audio signal output is preferably accomplished primarily through the speaker  34 , the display  22  may also be used to provide an indication of the identity of a calling party, the duration of a voice call, or other voice call related information for example.  
         [0048]     The serial port  30  in  FIG. 2  would normally be implemented in a personal digital assistant (PDA)-type communication device for which synchronisation with a user&#39;s desktop computer (not shown) may be desirable, but is an optional device component. Such a port  30  would enable a user to set preferences through an external device or software application and would extend the capabilities of the device by providing for information or software downloads to the device  10  other than through a wireless communication network. The alternate download path may for example be used to load an encryption key onto the device through a direct and thus reliable and trusted connection to thereby enable secure device communication.  
         [0049]     A short-range communications subsystem  40  is a further optional component which may provide for communication between the device  10  and different systems or devices, which need not necessarily be similar devices. For example, the subsystem  40  may include an infrared device and associated circuits and components or a Bluetooth# communication module to provide for communication with similarly-enabled systems and devices.  
         [0050]     A charging subsystem  44  is a component that provides power for the device  10  and different subsystems or devices. For example, the charging subsystem  44  may determine the presence of detachable power source device  46  and associated circuits, such as an AC adapter, USB bus, or car adapter to provide power for the device and to charge battery  48 . Additionally, charging subsystem  44  may determine the absence of power source device  46 , and consequently obtain power for the device  10  from battery  48 . When the battery  48  powers device  10 , the battery  48  is said to be in a discharging state. Conversely, when power source device  46  powers device  10 , and charging subsystem charges battery  48 , the battery is said to be in a charging state. The present invention is concerned with reporting the capacity of a battery such as battery  48 .  
         [0051]     The battery capacity reported is a function of several factors, including battery voltage, and battery charging current. The relationship between battery voltages, battery charging currents, and battery capacity is modelled using charge curves such as those illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Therefore, before describing embodiments of the method and system in detail, several concepts will be defined for greater certainty.  
         [0052]     As used in this description and in the appended claims, the battery voltage is defined as the voltage differential between positive and negative terminals of the battery.  
         [0053]     As used in this description and in the appended claims, the battery charging current is defined as a current flow into the battery. Battery charging current is capable of taking on a signed value, with a positive value meaning current being delivered into the battery and a negative value meaning current drawn out of the battery.  
         [0054]     As used in this description and in the appended claims, charge state, also referred to as charging state, is defined as the sign of the corresponding battery charging current. Therefore reference to a positive charge state is synonymous with charging. Similarly, a negative charge state is synonymous with discharging. The use of either term is clear and unambiguous.  
         [0055]     As used in this description and in the appended claims, a capacity model is defined as the relationship between battery voltage, battery charging current, and capacity so that given battery voltage and battery charging current, capacity can be determined by applying the capacity model.  
         [0056]     Generally, the method of the present invention adjusts the reported battery capacity to eliminate abrupt discontinuities in the reported battery capacity. The charging state of the battery is determined, and is used to select either the charge or the discharge curve. The voltage of the battery is then read, and using the selected curve a preliminary, or target, capacity is determined. The preliminary capacity is compared to the last reported capacity. The comparison will show an increase in battery capacity while the battery is in a discharge state if the charging has been discontinued, or conversely will show a decrease in capacity while the battery is in the charge state if the charging has been started. Because this is known to be inaccurate, an adjustment is made in the preliminary battery capacity, and the adjusted capacity is reported. The reported capacity is then stored for use in the next cycle. The method of adjustment of the battery capacity can be as simple as reporting the previously reported value until the battery capacity follows the known charge and discharge curves, or it can involve an analysis of the reported voltage and a comparison of the reported voltage to a previously reported voltage to create a new curve through which the battery capacity varies. The methods of the adjustment are described in greater detail below.  
         [0057]     Referring to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , in a preferred embodiment, the method uses a system, such as device  10  of  FIG. 2  including a charging subsystem  44 , to assist in determining values for the battery voltage  120  and battery capacity. The charging current can be used to determine the charging state and select either one of the curves  130 , 140 . The charging subsystem  44  is typically capable of performing several operations such as constant current charging operation, constant voltage charging operation, and no charging—or discharging—operation.  
         [0058]     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , a flowchart illustrating the preferred embodiment of the method of battery capacity reporting, is described in reference to its steps.  
         [0059]     At step  210 , the battery voltage  120  is determined. At step  220 , a model  100  is provided, such as for example the model of  FIG. 1 . At step  230 , the last reported capacity is provided. At step  240 , a determination is made as to the charging state of the battery. For instance if the battery charging current is determined, the charging state can be derived from the sign of the charging current. Although not expressly shown in the drawings, these first four steps can in any order, or can performed simultaneously.  
         [0060]     If at step  240 , it is determined that the battery is charging, step  250 C is taken. Conversely, if at step  240 , it is determined that the battery is discharging, step  250 D is taken. Step  250 C selects the charge curve  140  whereas step  250 D selects the discharge curve  130 . At step  260 , the charge curve model is applied to determine a capacity based on the determined battery voltage of step  210  and other factors.  
         [0061]     Two embodiments of a method to carry out step  260  are currently contemplated.  FIGS. 5-7  illustrate a first embodiment.  FIGS. 8-10  illustrate a second preferred embodiment which is easier to understand in view of the first. Both embodiments will be described in reference to  FIG. 4 .  
         [0062]      FIG. 4  is an enlarged version of the dotted rectangular region  150  in  FIG. 1 . Shown is how the model  100  relates percent capacity  110  to battery voltage  120  for two charge states, the discharge state curve  130  with points  132  and the charge state curve  142 .  
         [0063]     In the charge state, the capacity model  100  uses an inherent property of battery charge current, the sign or charge state, to relate battery voltage to capacity as a function of charge state at step  260 .  
         [0064]      FIG. 5  illustrates a transition from the use of the charge curve  140  to the use of the discharge curve  130  of  FIG. 4  in a first embodiment of a method to carry out step  260  of  FIG. 3 .  
         [0065]     A battery  48  is assumed to be initially charging  140  and at voltage  120  of 3.875 V, corresponding to point  142 . Consequently, a 50% capacity  110  is confidently determined. Next, the battery transitions to the discharging state, for instance if power source  46  of  FIG. 2  is disconnected.  
         [0066]     A battery that has been charging for a while and has a voltage reading of 3.875V, can be confidently gauged to be 50% full by directly mapping off the initial charge curve, corresponding to a charging state. If charging is turned off at this point, then the battery&#39;s voltage would have to drop immediately to 3.825V in order for it to map to 50% on the new charge curve, corresponding to a discharging state. However, what is observed is that the battery voltage actually takes some time (for instance tens of minutes, if not more than an hour) to settle to 3.825V from 3.875V after charging has stopped. During that time, mapping the voltage directly off the new charge curve  330 D would yield a capacity value greater than 50%. If that value were reported directly, then the user would see a reported battery capacity jump up to around 60% when the device  10  is disconnected from the charger  46 .  
         [0067]     Line D-D defines a discharge region  300 D. Two possible transitions between the charge and discharge curves are shown as transition  320 D and transition  330 D relative to initial charge point  142 . Transitions  330 D and  320 D are illustrative only—several valid transitions such as  320 D and invalid transitions such as  330 D can be defined. They all have in common the fact that valid transitions  320 D only allow the reported capacity to decrease when discharging, whereas invalid transitions  330 D cause the reported capacity to increase while discharging.  
         [0068]      FIG. 6  illustrates a transition from the use of the discharge curve  130  to the use of the charge curve  140  of  FIG. 4  in a first embodiment of a method to carry out step  260 .  
         [0069]     A battery  48  is assumed to be initially discharging  130  and at voltage  120  of 3.825 V, corresponding to point  132 . Consequently, a 50% capacity  110  is confidently determined. Next, the battery transitions to the charging state, for instance if power source  46  of  FIG. 2  is connected.  
         [0070]     A battery that has been discharging for a period of time and has a voltage reading of 3.825V can be confidently gauged to be 50% full by directly mapping off the initial charge curve, corresponding to a discharging state. If charging is turned on at this point, then the battery&#39;s voltage would have to rise immediately to 3.875V in order for it to map to 50% on the new charge curve, corresponding to a charging state. However, what is observed is that the battery voltage will actually take some time (for instance tens of minutes, if not more than an hour) to settle to 3.875V from 3.825V after charging has started. During that time, mapping the voltage directly off the new charge curve  330 C would yield a capacity value lower than 50%. If that value were reported directly, then the user would see a reported battery capacity jump down to around 30% when the device  10  is connected to the charger  46 .  
         [0071]     Line C-C defines a charge region  300 C. Two possible transitions between the charge and discharge curves are shown as transition  320 C and transition  330 C relative to initial discharge point  132 . Transitions  330 C and  320 C are illustrative only—several valid transitions  320 C and invalid transitions  330 C can be defined. They all have in common the fact that valid transitions  320 C only allow the reported capacity to increase when charging, whereas invalid transitions  330 D would cause the reported capacity to decrease while charging.  
         [0072]      FIG. 7  is a flowchart illustrating a first embodiment of a method to carry out step  260  of  FIG. 3 , in accordance to  FIGS. 5 and 6 .  
         [0073]     System  10  provides the last reported capacity at step  410  and a candidate capacity at step  420 . At step  430 , a determination is made as to the charging state of battery  48 , similar to step  240  already described in reference to  FIG. 3 . If the battery  48  is in the charging state, then steps  440 C,  450 C or  460  are taken. Conversely, if the battery is in the discharging state, then steps  440 D,  450 D or  460  are taken.  
         [0074]     If the battery  48  is in the charging state, at step  440 C, the candidate capacity provided in step  420  is compared to the last reported capacity provided in step  410 . If the candidate capacity is greater than the last reported capacity, then at step  450 C the candidate charge capacity provided at step  420  is used. Conversely, if the candidate capacity is less than or equal to the last reported capacity, the last reported capacity is used at step  460 . This ensures that only charge transitions  320 C of  FIG. 6  occur, avoiding transitions of the type of  330 C outside the charge region  300 C.  
         [0075]     If the battery  48  is in the discharging state, at step  440 D, the candidate capacity provided in step  420  is compared to the last reported capacity provided in step  410 . If the candidate capacity is less than the last reported capacity, then at step  450 D the candidate discharge capacity provided at step  420  is used. Conversely, if the candidate capacity is greater than or equal to the last reported capacity, the last reported capacity is used at step  460 . This ensures that only discharge transitions  320 D of  FIG. 5  occur, avoiding transitions of the type of  330 D outside the discharge region  300 D.  
         [0076]     According to the method of  FIG. 7 , the reported capacity is only allowed to increase when the battery is in a charging state. Similarly, the reported capacity is only allowed to decrease when the battery is in a discharging state.  
         [0077]     When a change in charge state occurs, from the first initial charge state to the second new charge state, it may take some time for the battery to reach a new dynamic equilibrium at the second charge state. During this transition period, it is possible that neither the charge curve corresponding to the initial charge state nor the charge curve corresponding to the new charge state provides a sufficiently accurate voltage-to-capacity mapping. For instance, in reference to  FIGS. 5-6 , a transition midway along line DD or CC would have a constant 50% last reported capacity but could have a voltage of 3.850 V, a point that is neither on the charge curve nor on the discharge curve. This concept leads to the preferred embodiment of a method to carry out step  260  of  FIG. 3 , which will be discussed presently in reference to  FIGS. 8-10 .  
         [0078]      FIG. 8  illustrates a transition from the last reported capacity  500  towards the discharge curve  130  of  FIG. 4  in a preferred embodiment of a method to carry out step  260  of  FIG. 3 . As compared to  FIG. 5 , discharge area  300 D is still defined by line DD. A “fast” transition  520 D replaces transition  320 D. However, instead of avoiding the reporting of all transitions  330 D that might increase reported capacity, a smaller charge “play” area  510 D is defined by line CC and “slow” transitions  530 D through the charge play area  510 D are allowed. “Fast” and “slow” are relative to one another so that their cumulative long-term effect is to favour the reporting of capacity decreases when in the discharge state. For example, a “fast” transition might take 8.5 minutes to travel 80 percent of the distance to the discharge curve  130  whereas a “slow” transition might take 34.3 minutes. Note that transitions  330 D outside the play area  510 D still do not cause a change in the reported capacity.  
         [0079]      FIG. 9  illustrates a transition from the last reported capacity towards the charge curve of  FIG. 4  in a preferred embodiment of a method to carry out step  260  of  FIG. 3 . As compared to  FIG. 6 , charge area  300 C is still defined by line CC. A “fast” transition  520 C replaces transition  320 C. However, instead of “banning” all transitions  330 C that might decrease reported capacity, a smaller discharge “play” area  510 C is defined by line DD and “slow” transitions  530 C through the discharge “play” area  510 C are allowed. “Fast” and “slow” are relative to one another so that their cumulative long-term effect is to favour the reporting of capacity increases when the battery is in the charge state. For example, a “fast” transition might take 1 minute to travel 80 percent of the distance to the discharge curve  130  whereas a “slow” transition might take 17.2 minutes. Note that transitions  330 C outside the play area  510 C still do not cause a change in the reported capacity.  
         [0080]      FIG. 10  is a flowchart illustrating a preferred embodiment of a method to carry out step  260  of  FIG. 3 , in accordance to  FIGS. 8 and 9 .  
         [0081]     At step  610 , “fast” and “slow” transition rates are provided by system  10 . These rates can differ depending on whether the battery is in a charge state or in a discharge state, as was described in reference to  FIGS. 8 and 9 .  
         [0082]     At step  620 , a target capacity is provided by the system  10 . Preferably, the target capacity lies either on the charge curve  140  or the discharge curve  130  depending on whether the battery is in a charge state or a discharge state, respectively.  
         [0083]     At step  640 , a “play” region is provided by the system  10 . Preferably, the “play” region varies with the slope of the charge  140  or discharge  130  curves, and is a function of the charge state. For instance, if the last reported capacity while charging is less than 7%, a 1% wide play region can be used, whereas if the last reported capacity is greater or equal to 7%, a 6% wide play region can be used. Similarly, if the last reported capacity while discharging is greater than 10%, a 6% wide play region can be used, whereas if the last reported capacity is smaller than or equal to 10%, a 1% wide play region can be used.  
         [0084]     At step  640 , a determination is made as to the charging state of battery  48 , similar to step  240  already described in reference to  FIG. 3 . If the battery  48  is in the charging state, then step  650 C is taken, as well as  660 C or  670 , 680  or  690 . Conversely, if the battery is in the discharging state, then step  650 D is taken, as well as  660 D or  670 , 680  or  690 .  
         [0085]     If the battery is in a charging state, at step  650 C, the target capacity provided in step  620  is compared to the last reported capacity. If the target capacity is greater than the last reported capacity, then at step  660 C a “fast” transition towards the charge target capacity ensues. However, if the target capacity is less than or equal to the last reported capacity, then at step  670 , the target capacity is checked with respect to the “play” region. If the target capacity is within the play region, then at step  680  a “slow” transition towards the charge target capacity ensues. However, if the target capacity is outside the “play” region, then at step  690  the last reported capacity is used.  
         [0086]     If the battery is in a discharging state, at step  650 D, the target capacity provided in step  620  is compared to the last reported capacity. If the target capacity is less than the last reported capacity, then at step  660 D a “fast” transition towards the discharge target capacity ensues. However, if the target capacity is greater or equal to the last reported capacity, then at step  670 , the target capacity is checked with respect to the “play” region. If the target capacity is within the play region, then at step  680  a “slow” transition towards the discharge target capacity ensues. However, if the target capacity is outside the “play” region, then at step  690  the last reported capacity is used.  
         [0087]     Although not expressly shown in the drawings, in another embodiment, a corrected battery voltage is computed before utilising the new charge curve. In order to compute the voltage correction, a measured battery current is taken from the battery. The value of the measured battery current can be positive or negative, depending on the direction of current flow into or out of the battery.  
         [0088]     Using an effective serial resistance (ESR) for the battery, a battery voltage correction term is obtained by multiplying the value of the ESR for the battery and an estimated battery current. The corrected battery voltage is obtained by adding the battery voltage correction term to the estimated battery voltage while taking into account the direction of current flow in the addition. The estimated battery current can be determined by several ways, such as by measurement. The corrected battery voltage is utilised with the new charge curve in order to find a corresponding capacity.  
         [0089]     As used in this description and in the appended claims, ESR corrected capacity reporting is defined as reporting a new capacity by correcting the battery voltage based on ESR and an estimated battery current prior to determining the capacity based on the corrected battery voltage.  
         [0090]     Furthermore, in yet another embodiment, in order to keep the reported capacity from transitioning too abruptly, the reported capacity is affected with the value of the corresponding capacity progressively such that the reported capacity reaches the value of the corresponding capacity at a convergence rate which is selected from a multiplicity of convergence rates comprising a “fast” convergence rate and a “slow” convergence rate. The determination of which convergence rate to use is made as a function of the difference between the last reported capacity and the charge curve capacity, as well as the charge state of the battery. As used in this description and in the appended claims, progressive capacity reporting is defined as reporting a new capacity by a progression from an initial capacity to the new capacity over time.  
         [0091]     Although not explicitly shown in the drawings, temperature corrections can be utilised throughout to ensure that the temperature of the battery is also taken into account.  
         [0092]     The above method is typically implemented as an embodiment of charging subsystem  44 . The system includes means for determining the voltage of the battery and its present charge state. These means provide the determined values to means for determining the target capacity. The target capacity is determined according to the methods described above and is then provided to a comparator, which compares the target capacity with previous capacity. The result of the comparison is used by target capacity adjusting means to adjust the target capacity value. The adjustment can use any combination of the methods described above to adjust the value of the battery capacity.  
         [0093]     As illustrated in  FIG. 1  the charging subsystem  44  has voltage reading means  700 , charge state determining means  702 , target capacity determining means  704 , a comparator  706 , whose functionality may be provided by microprocessor  38 , and target capacity adjusting means  708 . The voltage reading means  700  are operatively connected to the battery  48  to determine the voltage of the battery  48 . The charge state determining means  702  are operatively connected to the battery  48  to determine the charging state of the battery  48 . The target capacity determining means  704 , are operatively connected to the voltage reading means  700  to receive the determined voltage and to the charge state determining means  702  to receive the determined charging state, so that they can compute a target battery capacity based on the determined voltage and the determined charging state. The comparator  706  is operatively connected to the memory  710 , which may be flash memory  24 , RAM  26  or another memory system, to receive the previous battery capacity value and to the target capacity determining means  704  to receive the target battery capacity. Comparator  706  generates a comparison signal representative of the comparison of the previous battery capacity value and the target battery capacity. The target capacity adjusting means  708  are operatively connected to the comparator  706  to receive the comparison signal, to the target capacity determining means  704  to receive the determined target battery capacity and to the charge state determining means  702  to receive the determined charging state. The target capacity adjusting means  708  adjust the determined target battery capacity if the comparison signal is not indicative of the determined charging state, and they also store the adjusted target battery capacity in the memory  710 . Optionally, there may also be reporting means  712 , operatively connected to the target capacity adjusting means  708  for reporting the adjusted target battery capacity.  
         [0094]     In various embodiments, the target capacity adjusting means  708  further includes means for a number of functions. One such function is to adjust the determined target capacity to a capacity determined from a predefined fast transition curve that models the relationship between the determined battery voltage, the determined present charging state and battery capacity after a change in charging state. Another such function is to adjust the target capacity to a capacity determined from a predefined slow transition curve that models the relationship between the determined battery voltage, the determined present charging state and battery capacity when the target capacity is in a play region around the capacity of the battery when the last change in charging state occurred.  
         [0095]     In another embodiment the target capacity adjusting means  708  is also connected to an effective serial resistance tester  714  which is operatively connected to the battery  48  to determine an effective serial resistance correction factor, the target capacity adjusting means  708  further includes means for adjusting the target capacity based on the effective serial resistance correction factor. In embodiment of the present invention, the above described system is integrated into a handheld computing or communicating device.  
         [0096]     The above-described aspects of the invention provide a system and method that mitigate the uncertainty in battery capacity reporting resulting from the transition between the charge and discharge curves of the battery model that are present in the prior art. Additionally the present invention accounts for the plastic relationship between battery voltage and battery capacity.  
         [0097]     The above-described embodiments of the present invention are intended to be examples only. Alterations, modifications and variations may be effected to the particular embodiments by those of skill in the art without departing from the scope of the invention, which is defined solely by the claims appended hereto.