Abstract:
Improved capacitive sensor operation is achieved with improved discrimination between environmental drift and apparent drift attributable to human proximity to the sensor. A proximity algorithm detects conditions interpreted as indicating a user is close to, but not touching, a sensor. When such proximity is detected, ambient value calibration is halted, thereby avoiding treating the human&#39;s proximity as environmental drift requiring compensation and preventing miscalculation of calibration. The proximity algorithm employs two moving-average filters (implemented in hardware or software) to monitor the CDC output values over time and to make appropriate adjustments to a signal representing the ambient, while distinguishing environmental drift from proximity-induced pseudo-drift. Accurate ambient values allow for improved proximity detection by providing this environmentally compensated average value to an adaptive threshold algorithm which features a fast attack, slow decay peak detection to automatically track and compensate for different response characteristics (typically finger sizes).

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/700,688, filed Jul. 18, 2005, which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION 
     This invention relates to capacitance-based sensing devices and to drift compensating—i.e., sensitivity stabilizing—such devices. More particularly, it relates to proximity sensors that use capacitive effects, and to compensating their response profiles to adjust for environmentally-induced drift, while avoiding misinterpreting the effects induced by hovering hands as environmental changes. Such sensors are frequently employed in, for example, keyboards, keypads, touch-switches and other touch-sensitive input devices. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In capacitive sensor devices, a capacitor arrangement is created and structured so that circuitry attached to the capacitor plates can sense a change in capacitance Such a change can occur, for example, when one plate of the capacitor is pressed toward an opposite plate by an externally (directly or indirectly) applied touch force, or as a result of a human hand altering the electrical field of the capacitor through interaction with the fringing fields around the plates. Additionally, the presence of a human finger or similar object may be sensed even without an actual touching, when it is in close proximity to one plate of one or more capacitors, as the electrical field—and hence the capacitance—of the arrangement is altered by the presence of the finger or other object. The mere proximity of a portion of the human body, such as a finger, can create a sufficient variation in capacitance, without the need to apply pressure to a plate so as to move the plates closer together, to permit sensing of that condition. 
     Unfortunately, this sensitivity to approaching fingers is problematic. It is well known that capacitive sensors also are very sensitive to capacitance variability due to environmental changes, such as humidity, temperature, dirt, and so forth. A capacitive sensing system must, therefore, be able to distinguish reliably between capacitance changes that are due to environmental changes and capacitance changes that are due to an operator actually touching or approaching the sensor. It is undesirable to allow environmental changes to produce an output that could be interpreted as a touch or near touch. Conversely, it is also undesirable that a hand hovering in the vicinity of the sensor be interpreted as an environmental condition, for doing so may cause an environmental compensation process to change the sensitivity profile of the sensor and render it insensitive to an actual touch. 
     In the example of  FIG. 1 , there is shown diagrammatically the construction and operation of a capacitive sensor, for tutorial purposes. Reference will be made to this diagram in aid of explaining how environmental factors and a “hovering” hand can complicate the operation of such sensors, reducing their sensitivity and sometimes doing so to the point of rendering a sensor unresponsive to a user&#39;s touch. A differential construction is shown, with two capacitors  10 A and  10 B sharing one plate  12  in common, but it will be appreciated that single-ended designs may be substituted. Common plate  12  is connected to receive a transmit signal  14  on line  15  from a signal source (not shown). Opposing the common plate  12  are second and third plates  16 A and  16 B, each of which forms the second plate of a capacitor with common plate  12 . In turn, these two plates  16 A and  16 B are connected, respectively, to the non-inverting and inverting inputs of a differential capacitance-to-digital converter (CDC), such as 18, having, for example, a 16-bit output. The plates (electrodes)  12  and  16  may typically be arranged so that a portion of the electric field between them, represented by lines  22 , arcs into the region above or in front of the electrodes; most of the field, though, is directly between the electrodes, as indicated by field lines  24 . When a user&#39;s hand approaches the electrodes, it resembles to the circuit, electrically speaking, a large “ground” mass, and reduces the field intensity between the transmitter and receiver electrodes  12 ,  16 A and  16 B, respectively. This alters the capacitance of the capacitor. The output value, or code, of CDC  18  is indicative of the close position of the ground mass (e.g., hand). Naturally, comparable single-ended arrangements are known, as well. 
     Now, referring to  FIG. 2 , assume that a user first presses down with a finger on the left-hand capacitor, which we will call sensor  16 A, and then withdraws that finger and then puts it on the right-hand capacitor, which we will call sensor  16 B.  FIG. 2  shows the ideal output  30  of the CDC. Prior to the first sensor press, between sensor presses and after the second sensor press, the CDC output is stable at a fairly constant ambient value indicated within dotted rectangles  42 . When the user&#39;s finger presses on sensor  16 A, the output CDC value rises to a maximum output CDC max  and when the user&#39;s finger is put on sensor  16 B, the CDC output falls to a minimum value CDC min . The output value of the CDC is read by a processor (not shown). Typically, the processor uses a first threshold value  48  to determine when the output of the CDC indicates that the first sensor has been pressed and a second threshold value  52  to indicate when the second sensor has been pressed. When a threshold is crossed, an interrupt is generated. Real-world operation, however, rarely produces such idealized operation. Rather, when the environment changes, the ambient value of the CDC output drifts. With stationary thresholds, this would be quite problematic, as illustrated by the CDC value waveform  30 ′ in  FIG. 3 . There, ambient drift is indicated in the changes in ambient levels of waveform  30 ′ from  54  to  56  to  58 . As a consequence, though a finger on sensor A is still detected (i.e., threshold  48  is crossed), a finger on sensor B does not cause the CDC output value to cross the threshold  52 , so no interrupt is generated and the processor never detects that the second sensor was pressed. 
     This problem can be overcome if the ambient value of the CDC output changes due only to environmental factors and the threshold values can be made to change with changes in the ambient CDC output. (The “ambient” value of the CDC output to be tracked is the background value of the CDC output with all human hands kept distant so as not to touch the sensors. This ambient value is calculated from the CDC output when the user is not close to or touching a sensor.) More particularly, it would be desired that the threshold values remain at equal distance from the (moving) ambient value while tracking or calibrating for environmental changes, but this ideal often is not achieved.  FIG. 4  shows at  62  and  64  the situation that would result with the threshold values  48  and  52  changing to track the ambient drift. That is, both sensor presses generate interrupts. 
     While various techniques exist to compensate for ambient drift in capacitive sensing arrangements, these approaches have not proven to be ideal and, indeed, some will still permit environmentally-induced drift to allow input devices to become temporarily insensitive to touch. For example, with some systems, if a user&#39;s finger hovers in the vicinity of a key or input button, but does not press the key or button, the hovering presence of the user&#39;s body is interpreted as a sign of drift that requires compensation, and the resulting over-compensation may render the key or button actually insensitive to touch for a period of time. 
     SUMMARY 
     Improved capacitive sensor operation is achieved with improved discrimination between environmental drift and apparent drift attributable to human proximity to the sensor. A proximity algorithm detects conditions which are interpreted as indicating a user is close to, but not touching, a sensor. When such proximity is detected, ambient value calibration is halted, thereby avoiding treating the human&#39;s proximity as environmental drift requiring compensation and preventing miscalculation of calibration. The proximity algorithm employs two moving average filters to monitor the CDC output values over time and to make appropriate adjustments to a signal representing the ambient, while distinguishing environmental draft from proximity induced pseudo-drift. 
     Both the methods employing the proximity algorithm and apparatus embodying capacitance sensor signal processing are included as aspects of the invention. 
     According to a first aspect, a method of operating a capacitive sensor assembly having at least one capacitive sensor element and a capacitance-to-digital converter (CDC) that supplies output codes corresponding to sensor element capacitance, comprises acts of determining an ambient value of the CDC output codes; modifying at least one threshold value in response to changes in said ambient value; and detecting proximity of a ground mass to the sensor element and preventing the modification of threshold values while said proximity is detected. The ground mass may be a portion of a human body, such as a hand or finger. Such method may further comprise generating an output signal indicating when a CDC output code exceeds in magnitude a respective threshold value. 
     According to another aspect, a method of operating a capacitive sensor assembly having at least one capacitive sensor element and a capacitance-to-digital converter (CDC) that supplies output codes corresponding to sensor element capacitance, comprises using a proximity algorithm to detect conditions which are interpreted as indicating a user is close to, but not touching, a sensor element and then halting ambient value calibration while said condition or conditions persist. The proximity algorithm may employ two moving average filters to monitor the CDC output values over time and to make appropriate adjustments to a signal representing the ambient, while distinguishing environmental draft from proximity induced pseudo-drift. For example, said filters may comprise a Fast Filter and a Slow Filter, the Fast Filter input receiving the CDC output values and averaging a predetermined number of CDC output values to produce a sequence of Fast Filter Average values; the Slow Filter input receiving the Fast Filter Average values and generating a new output value only if proximity of a ground mass is not detected and the CDC output values are changing slowly. 
     According to another aspect, a method is provided of operating a capacitive sensor assembly comprising at least one capacitive sensor element and a capacitance-to-digital converter (CDC) that supplies output codes corresponding to sensor element capacitance. The method comprises acts of determining an ambient value of the CDC output codes; modifying at least one threshold value in response to changes in said ambient value; and detecting proximity of a ground mass to the sensor element and preventing the modification of threshold values while said proximity is detected. The ground mass may be a portion of a human body. Such method may further comprise generating an output signal indicating when a CDC output code exceeds in magnitude a respective threshold value. In such a method, modifying at least one threshold value may comprise modifying said threshold in dependence on a sensitivity setting to vary an amount of pressure required to signal a valid touch on the sensor element. The threshold may be modified, moreover, in dependence on a combination of a sensitivity setting and a history of CDC code variation. Modifying at least one threshold value may further comprise modifying said threshold in dependence on an offset value. Modifying at least one threshold value also may further comprise employing ambient, maximum CDC value and minimum CDC value as well as a sensitivity setting to provide a threshold that adapts sensor response to external conditions. The external conditions may include one or more of an environmental condition and a user&#39;s finger size. 
     According to a further aspect, a method is provided of operating a capacitive sensor assembly comprising at least one capacitive sensor element and a capacitance-to-digital converter (CDC) that supplies output codes corresponding to sensor element capacitance. Such method comprises using a proximity algorithm to detect conditions which are interpreted as indicating a user is close to, but not touching, a sensor element and then halting ambient value calibration while said condition or conditions persist. Said proximity algorithm may employ two or more moving average filters to monitor the CDC output values over time and to make appropriate adjustments to a signal representing the ambient CDC output value, while distinguishing environmental draft from proximity induced pseudo-drift. Said filters may comprise, for example, a Fast Filter and a Slow Filter, the Fast Filter receiving the CDC output values and averaging a predetermined number of CDC output values to produce a sequence of Fast Filter Average values; the Slow Filter receiving the Fast Filter Average values and generating a new output value only if proximity of a ground mass is not detected and the CDC output values are changing slowly. 
     According to another aspect, there is shown a method of operating a capacitive sensor assembly having at least one capacitive sensor element and a capacitance-to-digital converter (CDC) that supplies output codes corresponding to sensor element capacitance. Such method comprises performing an ambient value calibration of the CDC output; using a proximity algorithm, processing the CDC output to detect a condition or conditions interpreted as indicating a user is close to, but not touching, a sensor element; and halting ambient value calibration of the CDC output when the proximity algorithm indicates said condition or conditions persist; where the proximity algorithm employs first and second moving average filters to monitor the CDC output values over time and to detect said condition or conditions. The first and second filters may comprise, respectively, a fast filter and a slow filter, the fast filter receiving the CDC output values and averaging a predetermined number of CDC output values to produce a sequence of Fast Filter Average values; the Slow Filter receiving the Fast Filter Average values and generating a new output value only if proximity of a ground mass is not detected and the CDC output values are changing relatively slowly. 
     According to a still further aspect, there is presented a method of operating a capacitive sensor assembly having at least one capacitive sensor element and a capacitance-to-digital converter (CDC) that supplies output codes corresponding to sensor element capacitance, comprising using a multi-step proximity algorithm, detecting from output of the CDC a condition or conditions indicative of a user being close to, but not touching, a sensor element; and halting ambient value calibration of the sensor assembly while said condition or conditions persist; wherein the proximity algorithm employs at least a first step and a second step and said first step and said second step apply different criteria directly or indirectly to the CDC output, to distinguish environmental drift from proximity induced pseudo-drift. The different criteria may include different averaging of CDC output values. 
     According to yet another aspect, a calibration assembly is shown for use with a capacitive sensor assembly having at least one capacitive sensor element and a capacitance-to-digital converter (CDC) that supplies output codes corresponding to sensor element capacitance, comprising a processor executing one or more sequences of program instructions to: determine an ambient value of the CDC output codes; modify at least one threshold value in response to changes in said ambient value; and detect proximity of a ground mass to the sensor element and prevent the modification of threshold values while said proximity is detected. The processor may further execute instructions to generate an output signal indicating when a CDC output code exceeds in magnitude a respective threshold value. Modifying at least one threshold value may comprise modifying said threshold in dependence on a sensitivity setting to vary an amount of pressure required to signal a valid touch on the sensor element. Modifying at least one threshold value may further comprise modifying said threshold in dependence on an offset value. 
     A still further aspect is a calibration assembly for use with a capacitive sensor assembly having at least one capacitive sensor element and a capacitance-to-digital converter (CDC) that supplies output codes corresponding to sensor element capacitance, comprising a processor executing instructions to perform a proximity algorithm to detect conditions which are interpreted as indicating a user is close to, but not touching, a sensor element and then halting ambient value calibration while said condition or conditions persist. The proximity algorithm may employ two (or more) moving average filters to monitor the CDC output values over time and to generate corresponding adjustments to a signal representing the ambient CDC output value, while distinguishing environmental draft from proximity induced pseudo-drift. Such moving average filters may comprise a Fast Filter and a Slow Filter, the Fast Filter input receiving the CDC output values and averaging a predetermined number of CDC output values to produce a sequence of Fast Filter Average values; the Slow Filter input receiving a plurality of the Fast Filter Average values and generating a new output value only if proximity of a ground mass is not detected and the CDC output values are changing relatively slowly. 
     According to yet another aspect, a calibration assembly is provided for a capacitive sensor assembly having at least one capacitive sensor element and a capacitance-to-digital converter (CDC) that supplies output codes corresponding to sensor element capacitance. Said assembly comprises a processor executing instructions to: perform an ambient value calibration of the CDC output; use a proximity algorithm to processing the CDC output to detect a condition or conditions indicating a user is close to, but not touching, a sensor element; and halt ambient value calibration of the CDC output when the proximity algorithm indicates said condition or conditions persist; the proximity algorithm employing first and second moving average filters to monitor the CDC output values over time and to detect said condition or conditions. The first and second filters may comprise, respectively, a fast filter and a slow filter, the fast filter receiving the CDC output values and averaging a predetermined number of CDC output values to produce a sequence of Fast Filter Average values; the Slow Filter receiving the Fast Filter Average values and generating a new output value only if proximity of a ground mass is not detected and the CDC output values are changing relatively slowly. 
     According to one more aspect, a calibration assembly for a capacitive sensor assembly having at least one capacitive sensor element and a capacitance-to-digital converter (CDC) that supplies output codes corresponding to sensor element capacitance comprises a processor adapted to: use a multi-step proximity algorithm to detect from output of the CDC a condition or conditions indicative of a user being close to, but not touching, a sensor element; and halt ambient value calibration of the sensor assembly while said condition or conditions persist; wherein the proximity algorithm employs at least a first step and a second step and said first step and said second step apply different criteria directly or indirectly to the CDC output, to distinguish environmental drift from proximity-induced pseudo-drift. The different criteria may include different averaging of CDC output values. The different criteria also may include at least two different methods to distinguish environmental drift from proximity-induced pseudo-drift. 
     Further, elements of these aspects may be combined in ways not expressly illustrated, but which will be apparent to those skilled in the art. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings are not intended to be drawn to scale. In the drawings, each identical or nearly identical component that is illustrated in various figures is represented by a like numeral. For purposes of clarity, not every component may be labeled in every drawing. In the drawings: 
         FIG. 1  is a diagrammatic illustration of a capacitive sensor architecture according to the prior art; 
         FIG. 2  is a waveform corresponding to the architecture of  FIG. 1 , showing how a CDC output and processor interrupt are generated in relation to the sensors being touched, for stable ambient conditions; 
         FIG. 3  is a waveform like  FIG. 2 , but showing how ambient drift can cause the sensor to become unresponsive; 
         FIG. 4  is a waveform showing how the sensor responsiveness may be compensated, in theory, for ambient drift; 
         FIGS. 5A and 5B  together are a simplified block diagram of a proximity detection and ambient calculation aspect of an environmental calibration algorithm as presented herein; 
         FIG. 6  is a plot illustrating how the thresholds are adjusted, with the algorithm of  FIGS. 5A ,  5 B, according to changes in the ambient value and the Max and Min sensor values; 
         FIGS. 7A-7D  together are a diagrammatic illustration of an adaptive threshold determination algorithm for providing environmental compensation and distinguishing pseudo drift from environmental drift; 
         FIGS. 8A-8D  collectively comprise a flow chart depicting an operational flow of an example of a computer program or other implementation of the algorithm of  FIG. 7  (i.e.,  FIGS. 7A-7D ; and 
         FIG. 9  is a diagrammatic illustration of the relationships used in the threshold adjustments of  FIGS. 7A-7D  and  FIGS. 8A-8D . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     This invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having,” “containing,” “involving,” and variations thereof herein, is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. 
     As more fully described below, an environmental calibration algorithm as provided herein (and a sensor assembly employing such an algorithm) uses two moving average filters, called the Fast Filter and the Slow Filter, respectively, to monitor CDC output values over time and to generate or calculate upper and lower threshold values, UT and LT, respectively. The UT and LT values are managed for both environmentally-induced drift and proximity-induced “pseudo drift” due to a hovering hand or similar object. These filters will be explained with reference to a simplified block diagram in  FIGS. 5A-5B , though it will be understood that this block diagram (or its operation) has an equivalent flow chart representation and, thus, the filters may readily be implemented in corresponding software code. That is, although FIGS.  5 A,B may be construed by some as a hardware implementation, it is meant rather as a disclosure of operation, however that operation should be embodied. Indeed, the filters are conceived as commonly implemented in software executed by a programmable processor, such as a microprocessor, or in an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit). (References to a “processor” shall be understood to refer to any kind of information processor, analog or digital, notwithstanding any reference to programs or instructions.) Thus, each or any block in the block diagram might be implemented as a block of program code rather than as physically instantiated circuitry comprising switches, comparators and the like. Each physical circuit or circuit element that is illustrated has one or more well-known software counterparts, and others that can be created by those skilled in the art. Of course, the processing could be embodied in some other genre of processor element, as well. The invention is not limited to a specific kind of implementation. 
     Each of the two moving average filters produces an average value, though they are two different average values, of course. In some implementations, one or each average is formed as the sum of all values of CDC samples in a register of a described predetermined length, divided by the length of the register (i.e., the number of samples or stages or register elements contained in the register). The registers are preferably first-in, first-out (FIFO) registers. 
     The Fast Filter, indicated generally at  72 , employs an N-stage FIFO register  74 . N, the number of stages, is relatively small, such as 8 (each stage or element being indicated as one of the constituent rectangles  76 - i ). Register  74  is updated at frequent intervals (such as once every 38 ms when operating in full power mode, in an example of an implementation per the AD7142 CDC from Analog Devices, Inc., Norwood, Mass.); the time interval is typically selected as a tradeoff between the required smooth, speedy response of the man-machine interface and power consumption, with &lt;50 ms response time being generally acceptable as imperceptible to a typical user. The Fast Filter input receives the CDC output on line  78 , so the values in the register elements are successive CDC output values. The values in all of the register elements  76 - i  are averaged in averaging stage  82  to produce a Fast Filter Average result on line  84 , which is a moving average value updated with each new CDC code received. 
     A suitable mechanism (a number will readily occur to an engineer), not shown, generates a signal on line  86  to control a switch  88 . The signal on line  86  indicates whether, for a new CDC code value, an interrupt has been generated, indicative of a threshold having been crossed. If there is no threshold interrupt for any CDC output (i.e., taking into account that there may be multiple keypad entry buttons or other sensors), the signal on line  86  is asserted and switch  88  is closed, supplying a new CDC output sample to register  74 . 
     By contrast, the Slow Filter is based on a second FIFO register  92  which is much longer, for example 50 elements, and receives as input not the CDC output but, rather, the Fast Filter Average results. The Slow Filter preferably is updated (i.e., receives a new input sample and generates a new output value) only if proximity (e.g., of a hand) is not detected and the CDC output values are changing slowly. Such operation is indicated by the inclusion of switch  94 , which selectively connects the Fast Filter Average signal to the input of register  92  in response to a signal on line  96 . The signal on line  96  is controlled by the proximity algorithm described above. Such algorithm is shown as implemented at block  100 . 
     For example, the Slow Filter may be updated only if there is a difference of greater than one CDC code level between two non-consecutive elements (e.g., the N th  and N−4 th  elements) of the Fast Filter FIFO  74 . This is indicated by the differencing device  102  and value comparator  104 . This last condition prevents the Slow Filter from catching up with the Fast Filter too quickly. 
     The Slow Filter is used mostly as a buffer. There are various ways to calculate a slow average. For example, a mid-point element of the Slow Filter, indicated at line  106 , may be used as the calibrated ambient value. Or the last element or another element may be used. 
     However, it is also possible to average the contents of the Slow Filter (in much the same manner as the Fast Filter) to provide the required ambient value. It has been found that the former method is preferred, but it should be clear the there are almost limitless different ways to filter a stream of numbers to arrive at an average. 
     Using this approach, the Fast Filter tracks the output of the CDC and the Slow Filter lags behind it. 
     If the user has not touched the sensor for a predetermined period of time, the system may optionally (but often preferably) be placed in a low power mode (not illustrated). In such a mode, the CDC output updates the Fast Filter much more slowly, such as once every 500 mS. Also, in low power mode, the Slow Filter may be re-sized to fewer elements, such as 8 elements, as in the Fast Filter, so as to keep the overall time for which CDC results are looked at and averaged approximately the same despite having fewer updates. 
     As previously stated, a proximity detection algorithm  100  is used to prevent calibration when a user&#39;s hand is “hovering” near, but not pressing on, a capacitor (e.g., a key or button). In an exemplary embodiment, there are two cases under which such a proximity condition is deemed to occur and a corresponding Proximity signal is asserted. First, the Fast Filter is used as a differentiator to detect a rate of change in the CDC output results. A difference is found by block  108  between two elements of the Fast Filter FIFO, such as the N th  element and the N−4 th  element. If this difference exceeds some predetermined number, indicated as 4 in block  110 , a signal called the Proximity signal is asserted on line  112  via OR-gate  114 . This processing detects a user approaching the sensor or moving away from the sensor. Second, the Proximity signal is asserted if there is detected a difference of a substantial number of codes, such as (for example) 75 codes (using elements  116  and  118 , for example), between the Fast Filter Average signal value and the ambient value. This is to insure that calibration does not occur if the user hovers over or very slowly approaches the sensor. 
     Once proximity is detected by either of these two conditions and the Proximity signal is asserted, a timer  120  prevents calibration from occurring for a predetermined period of time, such as 5 seconds, such as by de-asserting input  122  to AND gate  124 . The actual mechanism for implementing the timer to prevent calibration during that interval will depend on the specific signal processing implementation which has been selected, and an appropriate timer mechanism will readily occur to those skilled in the art. For example, in a software implementation, a wait loop may be employed, while in a hardware implementation one might simply gate the clock inputs of the registers with a signal from a one-shot multivibrator. 
     As a precaution, the Proximity signal may be reset and deasserted if it has been asserted for a long time—e.g., more than 20 seconds—and a valid touch interrupt has not occurred. This is called re-calibration and in the illustrated example is carried out by Re-Calibration Algorithm  130 . 
     In Re-Calibration Algorithm  130 , a time out counter  132  is incremented by three-input AND gate  134  when (a) there is no threshold interrupt signal on line  86 , (b) a signal is asserted on line  136  (which occurs when the Proximity signal is asserted for at least one channel) and (c) a CDC interrupt signal is received for at least one channel. (Note that the use of the term “channel” refers to the situation wherein multiple sensors are arranged on a keypad or the like. Each sensor&#39;s CDC output is processed as shown herein and the processing of each CDC output is done by a separate “channel.” Thus, it is useful, though not always necessary, to treat all of the sensors alike for calibration purposes, since they are subject to the same environmental conditions and substantially the same user proximity. So, a detection of proximity on any one channel may, as illustrated, be treated the same as detection of proximity in a subject channel.) Logic  138  evaluates the output of time out counter  132  and asserts an output signal (the TIME OUT signal) on line  142  to AND gate  144  when the time out counter reaches a predetermined count, the TIME OUT value (typically representing, e.g., about 20-25 seconds). When the TIME OUT signal is asserted as well as the Proximity signal for the channel (on line  112 ), AND gate  144  asserts an output on line  146 . In turn, this initializes registers  74  and  92  with the then-current CDC value. Counter  132  is reset by OR gate  148  when (a) block  110  asserts an output indicating a rapid rate of change, or (b) AND gate  144  asserts an output, or (c) the block  110  for some other channel (sensor) asserts a signal on line  152 . 
     Where the device includes multiple sensors, such as a device that would have a numeric keyboard, each key or button of which has its own sensor, or where the keystroke is deduced from a matrix of sensors (potentially minimizing the number of sensors, as known in the art), the re-calibration algorithm used to reset the registers  74  and  92  (and, thus, the Proximity signal) may be common to all or a group of the keys, to reduce hardware or processing requirements. 
     Thus, if the Proximity signal is asserted for any key and no valid touch interrupt has occurred, the timer is started and it increments on each interrupt after a new CDC conversion. Three non-limiting ways are presented for resetting this timer. First, as noted above, the Fast Filter stage can be used as a differentiator to detect a rate of change in the CDC output results greater than a predetermined threshold value. For example, if there is a difference greater than a predetermined threshold, such as 4, between two elements (e.g., the N th  element and the N−4 th  element) of the Fast Filter FIFO, then the timer can be reset, as this condition indicates a user approaching the sensor during the re-calibration period. Second, the timer can be reset when such a rate of change is detected for any other key or when the timer reaches a time out value. In turn, the TIME OUT value depends on the CDC update rate. Typically, it may be set to give an approximate time out of 25 seconds in the 500 mS update rate mode. Third, once the timer  132  reaches the TIME OUT value and the Proximity signal is reset for that particular key (channel), the Fast and Slow Filters are initialized with the then-current CDC value, to clear the Proximity signal for that channel and reset the timer. The Fast Filter Average result and the ambient value are recalculated on the next CDC interrupt. Alternatively, they can be initialized to the current CDC value at the same time as the Fast and Slow Filters. 
     The re-calibration algorithm allows for a graceful recovery from an error condition which has caused proximity to be asserted for too long. As described above, if Proximity is set for too long (but the threshold is not exceeded), such as due to some unusual finger hovering scenario combined with substantial environmental change, then this could start to become an issue because during a proximity event (i.e., when the Proximity signal is asserted), analysis of environmental changes is suspended. Generally, the two-step proximity/threshold combination works well. But if a false Proximity signal is somehow asserted, it is important that there be some mechanism to automatically exit or terminate this condition after some time. The re-calibration algorithm is thus complementary to the core proximity algorithm. 
     In the wider sense, there may be other situations (known in the art) where recalibration is necessary, such as to recover from error conditions. The algorithm(s) shown herein is designed to be complimentary to these methods. 
     Adaptive Threshold Algorithm 
     So far, there has been no explanation as to how to adapt CDC processing to compensate for drift in the ambient level while screening out pseudo-drift. With a calibrated ambient level, however, the threshold levels can be made to adaptively track the ambient value (i.e., above and below). In the case of differential sensors, these thresholds can be placed on either “side” of the ambient value. A valid touch is then detected when the upper or lower threshold is exceeded by the current CDC value. 
     At the start of an exemplary threshold adaptation algorithm, the threshold or thresholds are initialized with a starting value found during characterization of the sensor. For example, assuming there is to be an upper threshold (UT) and a lower threshold (LT), the upper threshold initial value may be set to about the mid-point between the ambient value and the expected maximum (Max) sensor value, and the lower threshold may be set approximately midway between the ambient value and the expected minimum (Min) sensor value. The expected Max and Min average values preferably are initialized with starting values which may be based on a priori characterization of a sensor. These Max and Min average values and the upper and lower threshold values then self-learn and adapt as the user touches the sensor. Thus, over time, the adaptation algorithm improves the accuracy of those values. 
     The Max and Min average values preferably are updated as a function of how much pressure a user applies when touching the sensor. 
     A typical operation according to this approach is shown in  FIG. 6 . In interval T 1 -T 2 , a fast update is performed of the Max FIFO and Max Average values. Then in interval T 3 -T 4 , a fast update is performed of the Min FIFO and Min Average values. The magnitude of the Max Average value steps up again during the T 5 -T 6  interval, as does the magnitude (in a negative direction) of the Min Average value during interval T 7 -T 8 . When the CDC current value indicates the threshold is no longer exceeded, a monostable multivibrator operates to count out an appropriate time from T 9 -T 10 . At time T 11 , the monostable times out and the threshold values are updated according to the new Max and Min average values. At time T 12 , the current CDC value goes below the threshold. If the last CDC value is within (e.g.,) 20% of the Max average, the Max FIFO is updated using an averaging technique. At time T 13 , when the current CDC value goes above the threshold, the Min FIFO is updated using an averaging technique, provided the last “touched” value is within some range (e.g., 20%) of the Min average value. From time T 14 , the monostable again operates. When it stops, the Min and Max average values have changed; therefore, the threshold values are updated and the ambient value tracks environmental changes and the other curves are calibrated so as to track the changes in the ambient. 
     A block diagram of an illustrative example of an adaptation algorithm is shown in  FIGS. 7A-7D . Quick Update Module  202  receives three inputs: (1) a signal on line  204  indicating the CDC output code value is inside the bounds of the minimum offset (ABS Minimum Offset; see below, “ABS” referring to absolute value) and maximum offset (ABS Maximum Offset; see below), and the threshold has been exceeded (i.e., threshold interrupt is detected); (2) the CDC value on line  206 ; and (3) a signal on line  208  representing a maximum average value of the current output of the CDC in the touched condition. If the current CDC value exceeds the upper or lower threshold and then exceeds the Max or Min average, respectively, then the Max or Min FIFO values, respectively, in FIFOs  212  and  214  are set equal by the Quick Update Module  202  to the current CDC value on line  206  until the Max or Min CDC value is reached during that particular touch incident. Thus, the ABS Minimum and Maximum Offsets are clamp values which stop much larger than expected CDC values from entering this block. For example, if the typical change expected from no touch to touch is 1000 codes, then the ABS Max. or Min. Offset values might be set to 2 to 5 times this value. This process is referred to as a quick update of the FIFO and the average values. 
     If the user does not apply a lot of pressure while touching the sensor, the Max and Min average values should be brought back within range slowly over time. This is done using an averaging technique and the process is referred to as the slow update process. Slow Update Module  222  calculates “slow” updating Max values with respect to the upper threshold, whereas by symmetry Slow Update Module  224  does likewise for the Min value for the lower threshold. Modules  222  and  224  receive their input from a two-element FIFO register  223  that, in turn, selectively receives CDC output code samples via a controlled switch  225 A and a logic network  225 B. Switch  225 A is closed and delivers CDC output code samples when the CDC output code value is inside the bounds of the minimum offset and maximum offset, and the threshold has been exceeded. If the current CDC value processed by modules  222  and  224  exceeds the upper or lower thresholds and reaches a new Max or Min value which is greater than the threshold value plus a predetermined (preferably programmable) amount (e.g., 40-90% of the range from the threshold value to the Max or the Min average), then the Max or Min value in registers  212 ,  214  respectively, is updated with this new Max or Min value once the CDC value falls within the upper and lower threshold values. 
     Care should be taken to update the registers only once after each valid touch. The FIFO contents are then averaged to provide a new Max or Min average value. 
     Preferably, a boundary (not shown) is also placed on how close the Max or Min average values can be reduced toward the ambient value, to avoid the thresholds being adjusted too close to the ambient level. This value is initialized at the start of the algorithm. 
     When a user is not in contact with the sensor and proximity is not detected, the threshold algorithm calibrates normally and the upper and lower threshold values are adjusted based on the new Max and Min average values. Until a user comes into proximity or contact with the sensor, it is only necessary to adapt to environmental changes. As the environment changes, the ambient value on line  106  tracks these changes. A calculation module  230  adjusts the upper and lower threshold values as a function of the ambient value. During this calibration, the Max and Min FIFOs  212 ,  214  are also adjusted to track the ambient value. This is done by initializing all the values in the FIFO with a fixed offset supplied by subtracters  232 ,  234 . This fixed offset corresponds to the current Max or Min average value less the ambient value. These upper and lower offsets from subtracters  232 ,  234  are also used to calculate the upper and lower threshold values as a function of the activation sensitivity setting for the sensor. For example, sixteen programmable sensitivity ranges may be used to position the thresholds between the ambient value and the upper and lower threshold values. Arithmetic modules  242 ,  244  calculate the upper and lower threshold values, using formulas such as provided below. The sixteen sensitivity settings (see  FIG. 8 ) may range between (for example) 25% and 100% of the difference between the ambient value and the Max or Min average values. A sensitivity setting of 0 places the thresholds at the 25% value, making the sensor most sensitive. That means a small pressure will be required on the sensor to effect a valid touch. Conversely, a sensitivity setting of 15 (i.e., full scale), places the thresholds at the 100% value, making the sensor least sensitive. That is, a heavy touch will be needed to activate the sensor. (That is, a light touch involves only a small area of the user&#39;s finger being applied to the capacitor or an overlay, while a heavier touch brings more surface area into contact with the capacitor or capacitor overlay and thus results in a greater change in capacitance.) Experience has shown that a mid-range setting of 8 is optimal (in an approximate sense), but this will be dependent on the design and the user. 
     The following (or similar) formulae may be used (e.g., in modules  242 ,  244 ) to calculate the thresholds: 
     
       
         
           
             UT 
             = 
             
               
                 Amb 
                 + 
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     UO 
                     4 
                   
                   ) 
                 
                 + 
                 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           UO 
                           - 
                           
                             UO 
                             4 
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       16 
                     
                     ) 
                   
                   × 
                   S 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 Amb 
                 + 
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     UO 
                     4 
                   
                   ) 
                 
                 + 
                 
                   
                     3 
                     × 
                     UO 
                     × 
                     S 
                   
                   64 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             LT 
             = 
             
               
                 Amb 
                 - 
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     LO 
                     4 
                   
                   ) 
                 
                 - 
                 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           LO 
                           - 
                           
                             LO 
                             4 
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       16 
                     
                     ) 
                   
                   × 
                   S 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 Amb 
                 - 
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     UO 
                     4 
                   
                   ) 
                 
                 - 
                 
                   
                     3 
                     × 
                     LO 
                     × 
                     S 
                   
                   64 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where UT=Upper Threshold
         Amb=the ambient value   UO=Upper Offset, sometimes referred to as the maximum average value   S=Sensitivity   LT=Lower Threshold   LO=Lower Offset, sometimes referred to as the minimum average value
 
These relationships are illustrated in  FIG. 9 , showing the thresholds resulting from selected sensitivity settings. Note that these formulae do not, with a sensitivity scale from 0 to 15, allow the thresholds to collide with the maximum and minimum average values; a margin is built in.
       

     The block diagram of  FIGS. 7A-7D  was used to show, diagrammatically, both a potential hardware implementation and an algorithm. Note that the invention is in no way intended to be limited to this example, which is presented for illustration purposes only. 
     Further understanding may be obtained from consideration of a conventionally-styled flow chart  800  expounding an implementation of the algorithm of  FIGS. 7A-7D , which flow chart appears as  FIGS. 8A-8D . 
     The process starts at entry point  802 . The first act to be performed is a determination of whether a threshold interrupt has occurred (i.e., has been detected). This occurs at act  804 . In the absence of a threshold interrupt, control branches to a calibration process, indicated by terminus  806  (connecting to other, matching terminus node indicators  806  on other drawing sheets). Two calibration paths are actuated (or entered), at nodes  808  and  810 , respectively. From node  808 , in act  812 , the upper offset value is computed and set equal to the maximum average value less the ambient value on the current channel. A test is then made for the occurrence of a threshold interrupt and detection of a proximity signal on at least one channel, in act  814 . If the test indicates that a threshold interrupt occurred and a proximity signal was asserted on at least one channel, the calibration ends, at terminus  816 . On the other hand, if the test indicates the absence of a threshold interrupt or a proximity signal, then in act  818  a new upper threshold value is calculated and the calibration routine ends as noted at terminus  820 . A similar process occurs with respect to the lower offset value. From node  810 , in act  822 , the lower offset value is computed and set equal to the ambient value on the current channel less the minimum average value. A test is then made for the absence of a threshold interrupt and absence of a proximity signal on all channels, in act  824 . If the test indicates that either a threshold interrupt occurred or a proximity signal was asserted on at least one channel, the calibration ends, at terminus  826 . On the other hand, if the test indicates the absence of a threshold interrupt and of proximity signals, then in act  828  a new lower threshold value is calculated, and the calibration routine ends, as indicated at terminus  830 . 
     If, however, a threshold interrupt has been detected, then two-element FIFO register  223  is updated. Act  840 . Processing then proceeds in parallel along two branches, the first branch starting at act  842  and the second, at act  844 . Going down the first branch, in act  842 , a decision or test is conducted to determine whether the value of the last element of FIFO  223  plus 10 (for example, or another appropriate value) is greater than the value of the first element. If the answer is negative, the process ends at terminus  846 . If the answer is affirmative, then an update is performed to the temporary MAX (maximum) value, in act  848 . Next, in act  850 , a calculation is made of the average MAX value less the High Threshold value and a predetermined percentage of that amount is calculated. Then the result is added to the High Threshold value. Act  852 . The resulting number is compared to the temporary MAX value of step  848  and if the former is greater than or equal to the temporary MAX value, the process ends at terminus  856 ; otherwise, control advances to act  858 . There, the average MAX value is tested against the temporary MAX value. If the former is greater than or equal to the latter, the process ends at terminus  860 . Otherwise, control proceeds to act  862 , which is another testing operation. In act  862 , the test is whether there has been detected a threshold interrupt on any channel. If there has been an interrupt, then the process ends at terminus  864 . Otherwise, in act  866  the Max FIFO is updated with the temporary MAX value and then in act  868 , the average MAX value is calculated. 
     Control proceeds from node  808  as indicated above. 
     Turning back to the second path that starts with act  844 , such act is a test whether the value of the last element of FIFO  223  less 10 (for example, or another appropriate value) is less than the value of the first element. If the answer is negative, the process ends at terminus  870 . Otherwise, control proceeds to act  872 , wherein the temporary MIN value is updated. Then, in act  872 , a calculation is made of the Low Threshold value less the Average MIN value and a predetermined percentage of that amount is calculated. Then the result is subtracted from the Low Threshold value. Act  876 . The resulting number is compared to the temporary MIN value of step  872  and if the former is greater than or equal to the temporary MIN value, the process ends at terminus  880 ; otherwise, control advances to act  882 . There, the Temporary MIN value is tested against the Average MIN value. If the former is less than or equal to the latter, the process ends at terminus  884 . Otherwise, control proceeds to act  886 , which is another testing operation. In act  886 , the test is whether there has been detected a threshold interrupt on any channel. If there has been an interrupt, then the process ends at terminus  888 . Otherwise, in act  890 , the Min FIFO is updated with the temporary MIN value and then in act  892 , the average MIN value is calculated. 
     Control proceeds from node  810  as indicated above. 
     Backing up on the flow chart, at the same time that the two-element FIFO is updated in act  840 , two other processing chains are started, in parallel, beginning at acts  902  and  904 . 
     In act  902 , it is determined whether there is a threshold interrupt pending on the current channel. If the answer is negative, processing ends at terminus  906 . If the answer is affirmative, processing continue to act  908 . There, a test is performed to determine whether the current CDC output value is greater than the average MAX value. If the answer is negative, processing ends at terminus  910 . If the answer is affirmative, then in act  912  the Max FIFO is re-initialized with the current CDC value and in act  914  the average MAX value is re-initialized to the same number. Control then proceeds to node  808 . 
     On the parallel path, in act  904 , it is determined whether there is a threshold interrupt pending on the current channel. If the answer is negative, processing ends at terminus  916 . If the answer is affirmative, processing continue to act  918 . There, a test is performed to determine whether the current CDC output value is lower than the average MIN value. If the answer is negative, processing ends at terminus  920 . If the answer is affirmative, then in act  922  the Min FIFO is re-initialized with the current CDC value and in act  924  the average MIN value is re-initialized to the same number. Control then proceeds to node  810 . 
     The foregoing is an example of a technique that may be used and presents another view of the information processing also depicted in  FIGS. 7A-7D . It will be appreciated, of course, that the invention may be practiced in other implementations. 
     Having thus described several aspects of at least one embodiment of this invention, it is to be appreciated various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part of this disclosure, and are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description and drawings are by way of example only.