Abstract:
An arc fault causes the line voltage across the line terminals of an arc fault circuit interrupter (AFCI) to change its characteristic voltage pulse shape as the line voltage is momentarily removed from the AFCI terminals after the arc extinguishes and before it re-strikes by introducing a flat voltage portion to the pulse shape. This flat voltage portion changes the voltage pulse width. An arc detector/processor detects this change in pulse width to produce a signal indicative of upstream (line side) arcing. The flat voltage portion can also be detected using clamping diodes and charging capacitors.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Applications Serial Nos. 60/179,988 filed on Feb. 3, 2000 and 60/195,168 filed on Apr. 6, 2000, incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The invention pertains to the field of arc fault detectors and interrupters, and in particular, to an arc fault interrupter which detects and interrupts line side series or parallel arcing.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    A percentage of fires each year are caused by electrical branch circuit wiring arcing faults involving currents below the trip level of a conventional circuit breaker or OCPD (over current protection device) as well as below the handling rate of the breaker. Basic overcurrent protection afforded by circuit breakers is designed to prevent I 2 R heating of the wiring in the electrical distribution system, caused by circuit overloading or line-to-line faults, and not necessarily arcing faults. A true short circuit is a rarity in an electrical system. In fact, it is more accurate to think of electrical faults as having some level of impedance, such as a high impedance arc fault (low current) or a low impedance fault (high current). Many electrical faults begin as high impedance breakdowns between the line and neutral conductors or to the ground wire or device components. AFCI (Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter) technology affords protection from conditions that may not necessarily be an immediate threat but could become hazardous if left unattended.  
           [0004]    In order to start a fire, three elements must be present fuel, oxygen (air), and energy to ignite the fuel. Arcing is defined as a luminous discharge of electricity across an insulating medium. The electrical discharge of an arc can reach temperatures of several thousand degrees Celsius. Arcing produces sufficient energy to reach the ignition point of nearby combustible material(s) before a circuit breaker can respond. Arc detection is an enhancement to thermal magnetic overload detection typically used in circuit breakers or OCPD&#39;s, which alone may not detect and respond to arc faults.  
           [0005]    A number of devices for detecting arc faults and methods of detection have been used in the past. These include using E and B field arc sensors, detecting the amplitude of the rate of change of current signals when an arc fault occurs, using non-overlapping band pass filters to detect white noise characteristic of arcs, and utilizing the high frequency components (RF) of arcing waveforms to detect arcing faults. While some of these techniques are more or less effective than others, they require relatively sophisticated arc sensors and circuits. Heretofore, most arc detection circuits have been incorporated in circuit breakers.  
           [0006]    “A-type” arc faults are those in which the arc occurs across a break in the line or neutral conductors or at a loose terminal in a branch circuit of a distribution network. The conductors are carrying current to a load derived from the line voltage. The arc could likewise occur as a break or at a loose terminal associated with an extension cord deriving power from line voltage, thereby completing the circuit to the load. Since the current through the A-type fault is limited by the impedance of the load itself, since the fault is in series with the load, an A-type fault is also known as a “series fault.” 
           [0007]    “B-type” arc faults are a second arcing condition that must be detected and interrupted by a combination outlet device. In a B-type fault, the arc occurs across two conductors in the branch circuit or extension cords plugged into it, at a site where the insulating media separating the two conductors has been compromised. The arc may occur across the line and neutral conductors or the line and ground conductors, or in the case of reverse polarity where the line voltage is reverse-polarized, between the neutral and ground conductors. The current through the B-type fault is not limited by the impedance of the load, but rather by the available current from the supply established by the impedance of the conductors and terminals between the source of line voltage and the position of the parallel fault, i.e., the conductive members carrying the fault current. Since B-type faults are effectively across the line, they are also known as “parallel faults.” 
           [0008]    There is a need for simple economical arc fault detectors that can be included in wiring devices such as duplex receptacles, multi-outlet strips, or in-line devices, and that offer the same protection as an arc fault detector incorporated in a circuit breaker but at lower cost. There is a need for an arc fault circuit detector in wiring devices that can be provided at a reduced cost compared with arc fault circuit detecting circuit breakers comparable to the reduction in cost between ground fault interrupting receptacles and ground fault interrupting circuit breakers.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0009]    Briefly stated, An arc fault causes the line voltage across the line terminals of an arc fault circuit interrupter (AFCI) to change its characteristic voltage pulse shape as the line voltage is momentarily removed from the AFCI terminals after the arc extinguishes and before it re-strikes by introducing a flat voltage portion to the pulse shape. This flat voltage portion changes the voltage pulse width. An arc detector/processor detects this change in pulse width to produce a signal indicative of upstream (line side) arcing. The flat voltage portion can also be detected using clamping diodes and charging capacitors.  
           [0010]    According to an embodiment of the invention, an arc fault detector operatively connected to first and second lines of an AC electric power distribution system includes first means for determining a first width of a voltage pulse of a line voltage across the first and second lines in an absence of an arc fault on a line side of the arc fault detector; second means for determining a second width of a voltage pulse of the line voltage across the first and second lines in a presence of the arc fault on the line side of the arc fault detector; comparison means for comparing the first width to the second width; and means for producing a signal when the first width exceeds the second width for a predetermined number of line cycles of the line voltage.  
           [0011]    According to an embodiment of the invention, an arc fault detector operatively connected to first and second lines of an AC electric power distribution system includes means for sampling a voltage pulse of a line voltage across the first and second lines on a line side of the arc fault detector; and means for determining when the voltage pulse changes from a normal sine wave to an abnormal sine wave characterized by a flat voltage region, thereby indicating an arc fault.  
           [0012]    According to an embodiment of the invention, an arc fault detector operatively connected to first and second lines of an AC electric power distribution system includes means for determining a width of a voltage pulse of a line voltage across the first and second lines in a presence of an arc fault on a line side of the arc fault detector; comparison means for comparing the width to a width constant held in a memory; and means for producing a signal when the width exceeds the width constant.  
           [0013]    According to an embodiment of the invention, an arc fault detector operatively connected to first and second lines of an AC electric power distribution system includes first means for detecting a shift from a sine waveform to a flat top waveform which has a voltage level between two predetermined levels for a predetermined interval during a half wave; second means for detecting the shift for a predetermined number of half waves; and means, responsive to the first and second means, for producing a signal. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0014]    [0014]FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the invention.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 2A shows a waveform of the line side AC sine wave with no series arcing.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 2B shows a waveform of the line side AC sine wave with series arcing.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 3A shows a voltage pulse across a clamping diode with no series arcing.  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 3B shows an enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 3A.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 4A shows a voltage pulse across the clamping diode with series arcing.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 4B shows an enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 4A.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 5A shows the line voltage waveform at the input to the invention during upstream series arcing.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 5B shows the output pulses of the di/dt current sensor during upstream series arcing.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 6 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the invention.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 7A shows a waveform used in explaining the embodiment of FIG. 6.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 7B shows a waveform used in explaining the embodiment of FIG. 6.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 8 shows the line voltage at the input to the invention during parallel upstream arc faults.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 9 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the invention.  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 10A shows a waveform used in explaining the embodiment of FIG. 9.  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 10B shows a waveform used in explaining the embodiment of FIG. 9.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 10C shows a waveform used in explaining the embodiment of FIG. 9.  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 10D shows a waveform used in explaining the embodiment of FIG. 9.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 10E shows a waveform used in explaining the embodiment of FIG. 9. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0033]    Referring to FIG. 1, an arc fault circuit interrupter (AFCI)  10  includes an arc sensor  12  connected to an arc detector/processor  14 . Arc sensor  12  is preferably asymmetrically wound such that the field produced by one of the electrical power line conductors such as a line hot  30  or a line neutral  32  produces more sensor pickup response than the other conductor. An output  16  of arc detector/processor  14  drives a gate of a switch, such as an SCR  18  to activate the switch. When SCR  18  is activated, a solenoid  20  is energized which in turn activates a trip mechanism  22 . Trip mechanism  22  opens a contact interrupter  24 , thus disconnecting a load  26  from line hot  30  and line neutral  32 . AFCI  10  also includes a diode  34  which rectifies the line voltage between line hot  30  and line neutral  32 . A resistor  36  drops the rectified voltage from diode  34  in order to clamp a Zener diode  38 , whose clamped voltage is preferably noise impulse filtered by including a capacitor  40  in conjunction with a bleeder resistor internal to arc detector/processor  14 .  
         [0034]    Referring to FIGS.  2 A- 2 B, a waveform  100  is shown which is the line side AC sine wave without series arcing. Waveform  100  also depicts the line side AC sine wave upstream of a series arc when arcing occurs. A waveform  102  is shown which is the voltage appearing across line hot  30  and line neutral  32  downstream of the series arc during line side series arcing. Note two flat portions  104  of waveform  102  which occur as the arc is extinguished when the line voltage sine wave passes through zero before the arc re-strikes across the arc gap. Flat portions  104  are extended zero cross identifiers.  
         [0035]    Referring to FIGS.  3 A- 3 B, the voltage across Zener diode  38  when no line side series arcing occurs. The voltage has a time width which is proportional to the time of one half cycle of the line voltage. The clamped voltage across Zener diode  38  forms a pulse  42   a  with a width T 1  that forms an input  50  into arc detector/processor  14 . As shown in FIGS.  3 A- 3 B, T 1  is 8.04 ms.  
         [0036]    Referring to FIGS.  4 A- 4 B, the clamped voltage across Zener diode  38  is shown when line side series arcing occurs. A pulse  42   b  has a width T 2  which is less than T 1  since the width of the pulse is reduced when line side series arcing is present. In FIGS.  4 A- 4 B, the width of T 2  is 7.33 ms.  
         [0037]    Arc detector/processor  14  measures the width of the pulses of input  50  and activates SCR  18  if a reduced pulse width persists for a predetermined number of line cycles at a predetermined indicating width, and preferably for a predetermined time.  
         [0038]    Referring momentarily back to FIG. 1, arc sensor  12  detects the rate of change, or di/dt, of the line current and provides an input  52  to arc detector/processor  14 . Since a series arc is sustained by the current passing through the arc, upstream series arcing always produces di/dt steps in the current when the arc re-strikes and extinguishes. In an alternative embodiment, arc detector/processor  14  must sense a series of reduced pulse widths at input  50  in combination with the series arc detection pulses at input  52  before SCR  18  is activated. That is, signals  50  and  52  must both be present and of the correct signature before SCR  18  is activated.  
         [0039]    Referring to FIG. 5A, a line voltage waveform  500  across line hot  30  and line neutral  32  during upstream series arcing is shown, with a step in voltage  502  at the start of the arc. A step in voltage  504  and a flat  501  are caused when the arc extinguishes. Waveform  500  is the line voltage supplying current to the load  26 , and the steps in the line voltage also cause analogous steps to  502  and  504  in the load current.  
         [0040]    Referring to FIG. 5B, the signal input  52  to arc detector/processor  14  arriving from sensor  12  is shown. As the sensor responds to the di/dt steps in load current at  502  and  504 , pulses  506  and  508  are produced. If either of pulses  506  or  508 , or both, occur in proximity to, or concurrently with flat  501 , then arc detector/processor  14  issues a trip command to SCR  18  after a predetermined number of proximities or concurrences occur.  
         [0041]    Referring to FIG. 6, according to an embodiment of the invention, an AFCI  10 ′ is shown which detects series upstream arc faults as well as series and parallel downstream arc faults. Elements similar to like elements in FIG. 1 are like numbered. A micro processor  610  has an input  602  which is a processed di/dt signal arriving from a di/dt processor  600 . Processor  600  converts the di/dt signal arriving form current sensor  12  into a form suitable for microprocessor  610  input  602 . Steps in the line current caused by either upstream or downstream arc faults produce the di/dt pulse shown in FIG. 5B. Microprocessor  610  also has a zero cross pulse as an input  608 . Zero cross pulse  608  is preferably produced by a voltage divider  617  consisting of a resistor  604  and a Zener diode clamp  606 . Voltage divider  617  is connected to one side of solenoid  20 , solenoid  20  providing noise immunity, with the other side of solenoid  20  connected to line hot  30 . This arrangement produces a clamped pulse which has a width proportional to the positive line voltage half wave. The zero cross pulse on microprocessor input  608  is used as a reference for the start of the positive voltage half wave and is used by microprocessor  610  as a reference as to where in the voltage half wave the di/dt pulse occurs on input  602 , and also as to how many pulses occur in the half cycle, etc. By determining di/dt pulse information with respect to the voltage zero cross, the microprocessor  610  algorithm can use this data to help discern downstream arc di/dt from noise di/dt which could cause false activation of trip SCR  18 .  
         [0042]    Referring to FIGS.  7 A- 7 B, a waveform  700  which is the line voltage waveform in the presence of upstream series arcing is shown. A useful byproduct of obtaining the zero cross pulse in circuit  10 ′ is that the zero cross pulse can be analyzed for flats in the line voltage caused by series upstream arcing as described above. A waveform  704  is the zero cross pulse which is input  608  to microprocessor  610  in FIG. 6. Flats  706  produce a shrinkage in a pulse width  708 , the shrinkage indicating upstream series arcing. Microprocessor  610  constantly measures the width of the zero cross pulse and compares it to a constant held in microprocessor  610  memory. If the width shrinks by a predetermined amount in a predetermined number of half line cycles, but not necessarily concurrent half line cycles, then microprocessor  610  issues a trip signal as output  16 , activating trip SCR  18 .  
         [0043]    Referring to FIGS. 8 and 6, the condition of the line voltage across AFCI  10 ′ during parallel upstream arcing is shown. This type of arcing, also known as a “B-type” arc fault, has full line voltage across the AFCI  10  line terminals until the line voltage falls to that of the parallel arc shown at  802  on a voltage waveform  800 . The voltage appearing across a voltage divider  616  falls proportionally to the line voltage. The output of voltage divider  616  is connected as an input to an analog to digital converter (ADC) input  614  on microprocessor  610 . When ADC input  614  detects a shift from a sine waveform to a flat top waveform which has a voltage level between two predetermined levels for a predetermined interval during a half wave, or a shift to a partial sine wave at the beginning of a half cycle, as shown at  801 , followed by the flat top waveform, and detects these shifts for a predetermined number of half waves, microprocessor  610  then outputs a signal  618  that can be used for a variety of purposes. One purpose is to activate a crowbar across the line terminals to clear the circuit breaker for the branch circuit. Another purpose is to introduce a ground fault by activating a relay  620  which connects a resistor  622  between line hot  30  and a line ground  624 , which ground fault is preferably used to activate a GFCI branch breaker or main breaker upstream of the arc to clear the parallel arc fault. Alternatively, the signal can be used to trigger a command signal to an upstream circuit breaker upstream of the arc, using a signal wire or PLC (power line carrier) transmission, or a wireless transmission, to carry the command signal to the upstream circuit breaker to interrupt the parallel arc fault. In addition, ADC input  614  is optionally used to detect voltage flats in the line voltage below a predetermined level, thereby indicating upstream series arcing, and to issue a trip command if this condition persists for a predetermined flat indicating width for a predetermined number of half line cycles, not necessarily concurrent, over a predetermined period of time.  
         [0044]    Referring to FIGS. 9 and 10A- 10 E, an embodiment of the invention uses a different method to detect the line voltage flat portions  104  of a series line arc (FIGS.  2 A- 2 B). During the positive half cycle of a line voltage  922 , a clamped voltage V 1  as shown in waveform  924  is produced across a Zener clamp  902 . A line voltage  920  is phase shifted by a capacitor  904 , which drives a Zener clamp  906 , producing a clamped voltage V 2  as shown in waveform  926 . During normal operation, and just after the positive cycle voltage zero cross, both clamp voltages V 1  and V 2  are high. During a line side series arc fault, shown in FIG. 10A, both clamp voltages V 1  and V 2  are low. This is a unique state which does not normally occur during a positive line voltage half wave, and is used to detect line side series arcing. Arcing causes the following to be observed. V 1  must be low, V 2  must be low, and V 2  must have just been high. The previous V 2  bar state is stored by a capacitor  910 . If V 1 =V 2 =V 2  bar (delayed)=0, then arcing is present. A NAND gate  914  receives V 1  as an input  932 , V 2  as an input  930 , and V 2  bar (delayed) as an input  928 . When arcing is present, NAND gate  914  outputs a pulse  915 . A sufficient number of pulses  915  charge a capacitor  918  to fire SCR  18 .  
         [0045]    While the present invention has been described with reference to a particular preferred embodiment and the accompanying drawings, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the preferred embodiment and that various modifications and the like could be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.