Abstract:
The presence of trace molecules in air is often determined using a well-known device called an ion mobility spectrometer. Such devices are commonly utilized in the fields of explosives detection, identification of narcotics, and in applications characterized by the presence of very low airborne concentrations of organic molecules of special interest. The sensitivity of such instruments is dependent on the method of gas sampling utilized. The vortex sampling nozzle consists of an intake gas flow and a separate coaxial heated, emitted gas flow that is deflected to move with a circular motion. A heated vortex sampling nozzle can greatly improve the sampling efficiency for low volatility target molecules, particularly when the sampling needs to be performed at a distance from the air intake and the vapor pressure of the target molecules is very low. Additionally, the vortex air may contain one or more additional substances that promote vaporization, combine with the target molecule, or provide a known marker in the ion mobility time-of-flight spectrum.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application is a CIP of Ser. No. 10/295,010 Nov. 14, 2002 which claims benefit of 60/357,294 Feb. 15, 2002 and claims benefit of 60/357,618 Feb. 15, 2002 and claims benefit of 60/363,485 Mar. 12, 2002. 
   This application Ser. No. 10/818,434 is a CIP of Ser. No. 10/295,039 Nov. 14, 2002 which claims benefit of 60/375,394 Feb. 15, 2002 and claims benefit of 60/375,618 Feb. 15, 2002 and claims benefit of 60/363,485 Mar. 12, 2002. 
   This application Ser. No. 10/818,434 is a CIP of Ser. No. 10/349,491 Jan. 22, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,828,795 which claims benefit of 60/357,394 Feb. 15, 2002 and claims benefit of 60/357,618 Feb. 15, 2002 and claims benefit of 60/363,485 Mar. 12, 2002. 
   This application Ser. No. 10/818,434 is a CIP of Ser. No. 10/754,088 Jan. 7, 2004. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   This invention relates to an ion mobility spectrometry instrument that detects chemicals present as vapors in air or other gases, or liberated as vapors from condensed phases, such as particles or solutions, and more particularly relates to the sampling of such vapors for injection into the ion source of the ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) when the source of vapors exhibits a relatively low vapor pressure. 
   2. Description of Related Art 
   IMS instruments operate on the basis of the time taken by ionized molecules to move through a gas-filled drift region to a current collector while under the influence of an electric field. The ions are created in a gas-filled region called the ion source, which is connected to the drift region through an orifice or a barrier grid. The ion source may use any of a variety of techniques to ionize atoms and molecules. One or more flowing streams of gas enter the ion source through one or more orifices, and the gas may exit through one or more different orifices. At least one of the flowing gas streams entering the ion source includes gas that has been sampled (the “sample gas”) from the surrounding atmosphere or other source of vapor to be analyzed. 
   In some cases, the process of taking a sample begins with an operator rubbing an absorbent substance, such as chemical filter paper, onto the surface to be tested. Particles of the chemical of interest may then be transferred and concentrated on the absorber. This intermediate absorber is then brought to the vicinity of the sampling orifice of the IMS. However, this method of concentrating using an absorbent substance is deficient in that it tends to be relatively slow to implement and is subject to variations in the skill of the operator. Additionally, while the absorber is relatively low in cost, the process of taking a great many samples becomes expensive in that the absorber generally should only be used once to ensure consistent results. 
   The instrument&#39;s sampling method uses a gas pump, which draws the sample gas into the ion source through a tube. For example, the pump may be disposed to provide a partial vacuum at the exit of the ion source. This partial vacuum may be transmitted through the confines of the ion source and appear at the entrance orifice of the ion source. A further tubulation may be provided as an extension to a more conveniently disposed sampling orifice external to the IMS. The operator may place a sample in the near vicinity of this external sampling orifice, and the ambient vapor may be drawn into the gas flow moving towards the ion source. 
   Sometimes molecules of interest undesirably adsorb onto surfaces in the sampling flow path. Therefore, it is sometimes useful to minimize unnecessary surfaces between the sampling orifice and the ion source. This is why the gas pump is often disposed in the gas flow stream following the ion source, rather than preceding the ion source. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   According to the present invention, a gas sampling system for an ion mobility spectrometer includes a first gas pump providing a first gas flow at a partial gas vacuum compared to ambient gas pressure, a second gas pump providing a second gas flow at a partial gas pressure compared to the ambient gas pressure, a first orifice for the partial gas vacuum which is external to the ion mobility spectrometer, tubulation means connecting the first orifice to the ion mobility spectrometer, at least one second orifice for the partial gas pressure which is concentric and external to the first orifice, heating for the said partial gas pressure, and gas deflection for inducing a rotational vortex motion of the gas flow from the second orifice. The partial gas vacuum may be within 50 millimeters of mercury (50 Torr) of the ambient gas pressure. The partial gas pressure may be within 50 atmospheres of the ambient gas pressure. The gas deflection may be provided by vanes, a surface of at least one of the second orifices, a rotating impeller, a solid surface disposed with its normal axis substantially perpendicular to the axis of the first orifice, or by the gas flow from one of the other second orifices. The said heating modification of the rotating, vortex air of said second gas flow may be provided by an electrically heated resistance element, a source of infrared or visible light photons, a compressed fluid, the Peltier effect, or a chemical flame. Additionally, waste heat from other components associated with the ion mobility spectrometer may be used for said heating. Preferably, the increase over the ambient temperature produced by said heating is at least 10 degrees Centigrade. 
   According further to the present invention, the modified vortex air, the said second flow, may contain one or more additional substances that are useful for promoting vaporization, chemically combining with the target molecule, or providing a known marker in the ion mobility time-of-flight spectrum. An example of a substance to promote vaporization is water vapor or steam. An example of a chemical for combining with the target molecule is acetone, alcohol, or ammonia vapor. An example of a substance for providing a known marker is ethylene glycol vapor. 
   According further to the present invention, a compound gas sampling system for an ion mobility spectrometer includes a plurality of gas sampling systems as described herein, the gas sampling systems arranged so that adjacent vortex flows rotate in opposing directions. 
   The invention applies to an ion mobility spectrometer that uses an external sampling orifice to draw in vapors to be analyzed. In addition to this existing orifice, at least one second orifice is provided which emits gas towards or around the object to be sampled. Said emitted gas is further deflected such that it is induced to move in a circular flow about the axis of the external sampling orifice. When said second orifice is disposed proximal to and substantially coplanar to said external sampling orifice, a further component of the motion of said emitted gas is a net velocity away from the external sampling orifice. This type of vortex is referred to as a projected vortex. When the said at least one second orifice is disposed substantially beyond the end of the external sampling orifice, this type of vortex is referred to as a surrounding vortex. 
   The spinning motion of the said emitted gas may be referred to as a vortex, cyclone, or a tornado. The spinning motion results in a radially-outward directed centrifugal force that restrains the emitted gas flow from immediately being drawn radially inward into the partial vacuum of the external sampling orifice. Eventually, friction with the surrounding ambient air will slow the emitted gas sufficiently that it will be drawn into the partial vacuum at some distance from the external sampling orifice. Depending on the flow of the emitted gas, this distance can be varied from near the external sampling orifice (low flow) to far from the external sampling orifice (high flow). The vortex motion in effect creates a virtual tube consisting of a surrounding wall of moving gas that behaves like an extension of the tube that formed the external sampling orifice. 
   The said heating of the said emitted gas may be employed in cooperation with the motion of the vortex flow to enhance the evaporation rate of low volatility particles on a target surface. While hot air will obviously warm the low volatility particles, the effect is significantly enhanced by the vortex flow, which is substantially tangential to the target surface for efficient transfer of heat. This tangential or parallel flow is in contrast to simply blowing hot air straight at the target surface, which would impinge normal to the surface with a much lower transfer of heat to that portion of the target surface where vapors can be drawn into the gas sampling orifice. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     The invention is described with reference to the several figures of the drawing, in which, 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic of an IMS detector that may be used in connection with the system disclosed herein. 
       FIG. 2A  is a schematic diagram showing a possible embodiment for a radiative target sample heating unit that uses an electrically heated coil of wire at the focus of a parabolic reflector. 
       FIG. 2B  is a schematic diagram showing a possible embodiment for a radiative target sample heating unit that uses a pulsed visible light lamp near the focus of a parabolic reflector. 
       FIG. 2C  is a schematic diagram showing a possible embodiment for a radiative target sample heating unit that uses a toroidal heated coil of wire within a component of a gas cyclone used in gas sampling. 
       FIG. 2D  is a schematic diagram showing a possible embodiment for a radiative target sample heating unit that uses a pulsed visible light lamp within a component of a gas cyclone used in gas sampling. 
       FIG. 3  shows a possible embodiment showing the focused light beams from a pair of pulsed visible light parabolic reflection modules aimed at a common location in front of the gas sampling orifice of the IMS. 
       FIG. 4A  is a schematic showing a possible embodiment for transmission of the photon beam using fiber optic light guides. 
       FIG. 4B  is a schematic showing a possible embodiment for filtering of the photon beam using a cold mirror. 
       FIG. 5  is a schematic showing a possible embodiment for scanning the photon beam or beams using one or more moving hot mirrors. 
       FIG. 6A  is a schematic showing gas flow in a conventional gas sampling system not using a cyclonic flow. 
       FIG. 6B  is a schematic showing a cyclone gas sampling system with a cone-shaped nozzle using deflection vanes. 
       FIG. 6C  is a schematic showing a cyclone gas sampling system with a cone-shaped nozzle using tangential gas flow. 
       FIG. 7  shows a plurality of cyclones arranged in a rectilinear grid. 
       FIG. 8  shows an embodiment of a cyclone nozzle that may be scanned on at least one axis. 
       FIG. 9  is a schematic showing a large volume surrounding vortex gas sampling system. 
       FIG. 10  is a measurement of the relative sensitivity as a function of position for the vortex gas sampling system of the type shown in FIG.  6 C. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
   An IMS is illustrated in FIG.  1 . While various embodiments may differ in details,  FIG. 1  shows basic features of an IMS that may be used in connection with the system described herein. The IMS includes an ion source  1 , a drift tube  2 , a current collector  3 , a source of operating voltage  4  and a source of purified drift gas  5 , possibly with it own gas pump  6 . An IMS may already include a gas pump for gas sampling  10  and a tubular connection  11  between the ion source  1  and an external gas sampling inlet  20  that includes an orifice. Gas flow for the drift gas  7  moves through the drift tube  2 . Sampling gas flow  12  moves from the external gas sampling inlet  20  through the tubular connection  11  and ion source  1  to the gas sampling pump  10 . 
     FIGS. 2A-2D  show a selection of possible embodiments for a radiative heating element, provided proximal to the gas sampling inlet  20 , that heats the target surface in conjunction with the gas sampling system of the IMS. In  FIG. 2A , the technique for heating combines a continuous electrically heated wire  30 , which emits substantially in the infrared, with a parabolic reflector  70 . The coil of heated wire is disposed at or near the focal point of the reflector in order to form a beam of photons that is substantially parallel. The coil  30  may also be disposed slightly offset of the focal point of the reflector in order to form a beam cross section that is either slightly converging or diverging, depending on the target area of interest. The electrically heated wire  30  is electrically insulated from the reflector  70  by means of insulators  31 . The reflector  70  may optionally be polished and optionally coated with a reflective material  71 . The electrically heated wire may also be optionally disposed within a sealed enclosure, such as an evacuated transparent glass bulb. 
   In  FIG. 2B , the light source is provided by a miniature pulsed xenon gas-filled lamp  40 . A parabolic reflector  70  is shown with a coating of a reflective material  71 . In  FIG. 2C , a conical reflector  52  is employed which may also be a component of the gas sampling system of the IMS, such as a cyclone nozzle. The infrared radiation is produced by a toroidally-shaped coil of electrically heated wire  50 , which is mounted on insulators  51 . In  FIG. 2D , the reflector is similar to that for  FIG. 2C , but the light is provided by a toroidally-shaped pulsed xenon lamp  80  mounted on wires  81 . 
     FIG. 3  shows a possible embodiment in the form of two pulsed visible light lamp modules  61  mounted proximal to the tubular connection  11  to the IMS and to the gas sampling inlet  20 . The lamp modules  61  focus their photon beams  18  onto the target surface  15 , heating target particles  16  and causing the enhanced emission of target molecule vapors  17 . The target molecule vapors  17  are entrained in the gas flow  12  entering the gas sampling inlet  20 . Different numbers of the same or different types of heating modules may be used. 
   Light sources that produce a spectrum of wavelengths substantially in the visible band may optionally be coated, filtered, or covered with infrared-enhancing materials in order to increase the infrared fraction of the output spectrum. Such materials may act as transmission filters in which the infrared component is selectively passed, or they may alternatively convert a portion of the incident visible light photons to infrared photons, possibly by heating a secondary surface to a high temperature. Similarly, evacuated glass bulbs that have output primarily in visible light may have surface coatings, internal gases, or filters to increase the infrared fraction of the output spectrum. The filter, coating, or covering may optionally be in the form of a mirror that selectively reflects infrared, commonly called a “hot mirror”. Alternatively, the filter, coating, or covering may be a “cold mirror” that reflects visible but transmits infrared, particularly as a protective window. Such protective windows are useful for isolating hot or delicate sources of light radiation. In addition to a cold mirror, a transparent window or open mesh grid may also be used as a protective window. 
     FIGS. 4A and 4B  show other possible embodiments for transmitting the photon beam or beams to the target surface  15 . In  FIG. 4A , fiber optic light guides  90  are disposed proximal to the tubular connection  11  to the IMS and to the gas sampling inlet  20 . In the embodiment shown, a lens  91  is employed to minimize the divergence of the photon beam  18  being emitted by the fiber optic cable  90 . The photon beams  18  are aimed at positions on the target surface  15  to enhance the emission of target molecule vapor. The positions may optionally be selected to overlap and reinforce one another or to illuminate separate locations. In  FIG. 4B , a cold mirror  19  may be employed together with the light module of  FIG. 2A  in order to enhance the infrared fraction of the photon beam  18 . 
   Fiber optics or similar light guides may be used to separate the location of light generation and the illumination of the target surface to permit physically larger lamps than would be possible nearer to the sampling inlet  20 . Moving mirrors may be used to scan the infrared or visible optical beam in order to define a larger irradiated surface area. A variable focus lens or the position of the optical source relative to the mirror may be utilized to change the optical beam cross section or to selectively focus the optical beam at a particular distance. 
     FIG. 5  show a possible embodiment for transmitting the photon beam or beams to the target surface  15  when a conical, hollow nozzle  52  for a cyclone is employed, such as the disclosed in provisional patent application 60/357,394. In this embodiment, hot mirrors  93  reflect the photon beam  18  emitted from fiber optic cables  90 . A lens  91  is employed to focus the photon beam  18 , although in an alternate embodiment the hot mirror  93  could have a concave surface to accomplish similar focusing control. The hot mirrors  93  may also be optionally tilted about axis  94  in order to scan the photon beam  18  across the target surface  15 . 
   Other methods of optical emission, transmission, filtering, and focusing are possible, and the specifically described embodiments should not be understood as restricting the scope of the invention. In addition, other sampling techniques may be employed and used on their own or in combination with the radiative heating discussed herein. 
   A conventional gas sampling system is shown in FIG.  6 A. The gas pump  10  for providing a vacuum may be disposed elsewhere and is not shown in FIG.  6 A. The portion of the tubular connection  11  nearest the external gas sampling orifice  20  is shown. The sampling gas flow  12  shows that the volume of gas being sampled is disposed near to the external gas sampling orifice  20 , and gas is being drawn into the orifice  20  over an angular range between substantially perpendicular to the axis of the orifice to on the axis of the orifice  20 . When a target surface  115  is disposed at a distance greater than one-two times the diameter of the external gas sampling orifice  20 , the quantity of sampled gas is either very small or highly diluted by the more abundant gas sampled from nearer the external gas sampling orifice  20 . 
   A projected vortex gas sampling system includes a plurality of components as shown in  FIGS. 6B and 6C . A partial vacuum relative to ambient gas pressure (supplied by the gas pump  10 , not shown in  FIG. 6B  or  6 C) causes the air flow  12 . The gas pump  10  may be disposed at some distance from the cyclone gas sampling system with the vacuum being guided to the cyclone gas sampling system by means of the tubulation or conduit  11 . The gas pump  10  (not shown) and tubulation  11  may already be part of an existing IMS. 
   A partial pressure relative to ambient gas pressure may be supplied by a gas pump  125  that provides gas to a second orifice  124  which, in combination with a conical shaped hollow oriface  123  causes a cyclone-like effect of air flow  126 . The gas pump  125  may be disposed at some distance from the cyclone gas sampling system with the pressure being guided to the cyclone gas sampling system by means of a tubulation or conduit  121 . In an embodiment disclosed herein, the pressure gas pump  125  is separate from the vacuum gas pump  10  to avoid cross-contamination of the sample gas between the two gas flows. 
   The system may include a heater that heats the airflow from pressure gas pump  125 . The heater may be provided by at least one of: an electrically heated resistance element, a source of infrared or visible light photons, a compressed fluid, the Peltier effect, a chemical flame, or by using waste heat from other components of the ion mobility spectrometer. The heater may be disposed inside or on the outside wall of tubulation  121 .  FIG. 6B  showns a heater  140  in series with tubulation  121 .  FIG. 6C  shows a heater  141  within the conical shaped hollow oriface  123 . A heater may also be disposed within the structure of the second orifices  124 . The system described herein provides for a heated pressure gas flow  126  to move in a circular, cyclonic motion away from the vortex gas sampling system. The system may use gas deflection vanes (not shown) or the hollow, cylindrically or conically shaped orifice  123  that is substantially concentric with the orifice for the partial vacuum  20 . The pressure gas flow may be introduced through the second orifice  124 , which may be oriented tangential to the hollow cylindrically or conically shaped orifice  123  and may be deflected into a circular flow by means of the curvature of an inside wall thereof. The pressure gas flow orifice  124  may be singular or a plurality of such orifices. The gas pump  125  may also be singular or a plurality of such pumps. 
   An alternate embodiment is to introduce the pressure gas flow through an orifice  124 , which is oriented tangential to the hollow cylindrically or conically shaped orifice  123  and is deflected into a circular flow by means of the curvature of the inside wall. The pressure gas flow orifice  124  may be singular or a plurality of such orifices. The gas pump  125  may also be singular or a plurality of such pumps. Other means for inducing rotary flow of a gas, such as a turbine, mechanically rotating propeller, or impeller, are known in the art and are also included within the scope of the invention. 
   The axis of the emitted cyclonic gas flow may define the axis for guiding the partial vacuum from the external sampling orifice. If the axis of the emitted cyclonic flow is tilted over a small angular range, the partial vacuum due to the flow at the external sampling orifice follows this tilting motion, effectively scanning the position of the virtual gas sampling location. This characteristic is useful for sampling over a one dimensional stripe or a two dimensional surface area without moving the IMS from a fixed location.  FIG. 7  shows one possible embodiment of a tilted cyclone in which the gas sampling tubulation  11  is flexible at a location  130 . Other possible embodiments would include, but not be limited to a ball joint within tubulation  11 , a tilting cylindrical or conical surface  129  with the tubulation  11  fixed, and dynamic control of the relative velocities of a plurality of gas flows  126 . As an alternative embodiment, one of the two axes of a two dimensional surface area could be scanned by mechanical movement of the object being scanned, perhaps along a track or moving belt. The second scan axis, perpendicular to the mechanically scanned axis, would be provided by tilting the cyclone orifice. This method is useful for minimizing the number of IMS instruments required to fully sample a given surface. 
   Cyclonic flow when combined with a vacuum may collect particles. The emitted gas flow generally exhibits a quasi-chaotic motion, which may dislodge larger particles from a surface. Once dislodged, the particles may become entrained in the gas flow towards the external sampling orifice. Depending on the application, such particles may or may not be desirable. For example, particles entering the ion source of the IMS may adhere to surfaces and continue to emit vapor for a long period of time, thus causing a continuous erroneous response. A limited range of particle sizes, about 0.5 to 10 micrometers in diameter, may be removed within the tubulation connecting the external sampling orifice to the ion source using electrostatic precipitation. Larger particles tend to be rejected radially outward due to the centrifugal force of the cyclone gas flow. Smaller particles cannot easily be rejected from the sampled gas. 
   The problem of contamination from particles may also be lessened by heating the tubulation connecting the external gas sample orifice to the ion source. The ion source may also be heated. Heating causes more rapid vaporization or sublimation of the contamination particles, thus shortening the time period of vapor emission and more rapidly cleansing the gas sampling system. As an alternate embodiment, the tubulation  11  or portions thereof may be designed to be an expendable component that is easily removed for cleaning or replacement. 
   Another advantage of the cyclone gas sampling method for IMS is that the system is light in weight, which is important for handheld sampling devices. Compared to existing sampling methods, one or more extra gas pumps are needed, but the power requirements are only a few Watts or less for most applications. An extra pump may also serve other functions in the IMS system, such as drawing cooling air from over a heated surface. 
   The cyclone sampling system may be utilized singly or by means of a plurality of cyclone sampling systems. The external gas orifice may be a single tubulation connected to a single ion source and IMS or there may be tubular branches leading from a single ion source to greater than one cyclone sampling system. Alternately, multiple ion sources plus IMS&#39;s plus cyclone sampling systems may be disposed proximally in order to more efficiently sample a larger surface area in a shorter period of time.  FIG. 8  shows one possible layout of a plurality of IMS instruments. In this case a two dimensional grid is used in which the crossing points of the centering lines  131  is the location of an IMS instrument. The external gas sampling orifice  20  is indicated for each instrument. The circular direction of cyclone gas flow  127  is also indicated as preferably alternating clockwise and counterclockwise for neighboring instruments in order for the neighboring gas flows  127  to always be in the same direction. 
   When cyclone sampling systems are disposed proximally, neighboring cyclones preferably have rotational directions of the cyclonic gas flow that are oppositely oriented in order not to have the gas flows cancel each other at the boundary. 
   The gas flow of the gas emitted into the cyclone may be deflected into a circular flow by several possible means. Fractions of the total emitted gas flow may be selectively deflected by means of individually oriented vanes, such that the net resulting gas flow is circular. Alternatively, a hollow cone or cylinder may be employed with a gas flow entering the cone or cylinder at a tangential angle. The inside walls of the hollow cone or cylinder then act as the deflector, constraining the gas flow along a circular path while within the confines of the hollow cone or cylinder. When the emitted gas expands beyond the hollow cone or cylinder, the partial vacuum of the external sampling gas orifice provides the force required to constrain the emitted gas flow from moving tangentially away from the central axis. 
     FIG. 9  shows an example of the geometry characteristic of a surrounding vortex. A partial vacuum is provided by the air pump  10  through the tubulation  11 , which opens to the ambient air through the first orifice  20 . The pressure pump  125  provides airflow through the connecting tubulation  121  to the plurality of the second orifices  124 . The heater  140  (such as a cartridge heater) may be disposed inside the tubulation  121 . Alternatively, a heater may be disposed on the outside wall of the tubulation  121 , as a heating module in series with the tubulation  121 , or within the structure of the second orifices  124 . The partial pressure heated airflow  126  is deflected into a circular, cyclonic motion when the airflow from each second orifice  124  encounters either the flow from another of the second orifices  124  as shown in  FIG. 9  or a solid surface disposed with the normal of the surface disposed perpendicular to the axis of the first orifice  20 . The solid surface may be disposed in substantially the same position or slightly further from an axis of the first orifice  20  as the heated airflow  126  from any of the second orifices  124 . Said solid surface may either substitute for a portion or all of the heated airflow  126  from the second orifice  124  or it may be used in addition to the heated airflow  126  from the second orifice  124 . The heated airflow  126  may be disposed in a mutually clockwise or a mutually counterclockwise orientation relative to the axis of the first orifice  20 . The length of the second orifices  124  along the axis of the first orifice  20  may be arbitrarily long, so the volume sampled can be varied over a wide range of sizes. 
   The target surface  115  may be disposed tangentially to the direction of the airflow  12  of the circular, cyclonic motion. The surface  115  of the rectangular solid shown in  FIG. 9  has all of the faces disposed substantially tangential to the airflow  12 , except for the underside thereof. Therefore, the heated airflow  126  may significantly improve the efficiency for target vapor emission for the surrounding vortex geometry. 
     FIG. 10  shows measured data for the projected vortex geometry of FIG.  6 C. The data are in the form of a contour plot of the relative sensitivity of an ion mobility spectrometer for detecting a low vapor pressure trinitrotoluene sample. The horizontal and vertical axes represent the position relative to the axis of first orifice  20 , which is centered on the central point in the graph. Each square in the grid is one centimeter. It can be seen that the sensitivity is greatest in an annulus around the axis of first orifice  20 . This is the location where the heated airflow  126  makes tangential contact with target surface  115 . 
   Another advantage of the heated vortex gas sampling method for IMS is that the system is light in weight, which is important for handheld sampling devices. Compared to existing sampling methods, one or more extra gas pumps are needed, but the power requirements are only a few Watts or less for many applications. An extra pump may also serve other functions in the IMS system, such as drawing cooling air from over a heated surface. 
   The cyclone sampling system may be utilized singly or by means of a plurality of cyclone sampling systems. The external gas orifice may be a single tubulation connected to a single ion source and IMS or there may be tubular branches leading from a single ion source to greater than one cyclone sampling system. Alternately, multiple ion source plus IMS plus cyclone sampling systems may be disposed proximally in order to more efficiently sample a larger surface area in a shorter period of time. When cyclone sampling systems are disposed proximally, neighboring cyclones preferably have rotational directions of the cyclonic gas flow that are oppositely oriented in order not to have the gas flows cancel each other at the boundary. 
   The gas flow of the gas emitted into the cyclone may be deflected into a circular flow by several possible means. Fractions of the total emitted gas flow may be selectively deflected by means of individually oriented vanes, such that the net resulting gas flow is circular. Alternatively, a hollow cone or cylinder may be employed with a gas flow entering the cone or cylinder at a tangential angle. The inside walls of the hollow cone or cylinder may then act as the deflector, constraining the gas flow along a circular path while within the confines of the hollow cone or cylinder. When the emitted gas expands beyond the hollow cone or cylinder, the partial vacuum of the external sampling gas orifice provides the force required to constrain the emitted gas flow from moving tangentially away from the central axis. Other methods include a rotational impeller. Methods for creating the required circular airflow may be combined. 
   Chemical additions may be included within the gas flow from said second orifices. The chemical addition may first have the purpose of inducing a greater vapor pressure from target molecules. An example is the addition of water, either as vapor, steam, or in the form of droplets or mist. The addition of water may increase the vapor concentration over a target molecule, such as trinitrotoluene. A second use of a chemical addition may be to chemically combine with the target molecule. The resultant molecule may exhibit greater vapor pressure, another enhanced property, such as electron affinity, or a more useful value of its ion mobility constant. The purpose of changing the ion mobility constant is either to avoid an interference with another molecule in the time-of-flight ion mobility spectrum or to provide a second independent value for the ion mobility constant, with the two values creating a unique signature for identification. Examples of possible chemical additions of the second type are acetone, alcohol, various types of glycols, and ammonia. A third use of a chemical addition is to add a unique calibration peak into the ion mobility spectrum. An example of this third type of chemical addition is ethylene glycol. 
   The cyclonic gas flow system described herein may be used in combination with any of the systems disclosed herein for radiative or other heating. For example, the conical reflector  52  used in the embodiment disclosed in  FIG. 2C  may be also used like the conical shaped orifice  123  of  FIGS. 6B and 6C . 
   Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from a consideration of the specification or practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with the true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.