Abstract:
Methods and devices for inductively coupled implants on the human or animal body are disclosed. An external coil assembly to be used with the implant has a transmitting coil and one or more receiving coils. The number of the receiving coils, their distance from the transmitting coil and their shape is chosen to reduce the influence of a noise signal received by the external coil assembly.

Description:
FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH 
       [0001]    This invention was made with government support under grant no. R24EY12893-01, awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The U.S. Government has certain rights in the invention. 
     
     CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0002]    The present invention is related to U.S. Pub. App. No. 2005/0222624 (Retinal Prosthesis with Side Mounted Inductive Coil) and U.S. Pub. App. No. 2005/0288734 (Visual Prosthesis with Operational Data Telemetry), the disclosures of both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    1. Field 
         [0004]    The present disclosure relates to devices implantable on the animal or human body. In particular, it relates to an external coil assembly for implantable medical prostheses. 
         [0005]    2. Related Art 
         [0006]    In inductively powered retinal prostheses, coils are used to transmit and receive RF power in both external and implant ends. Reference can be made, for example, to U.S. Pat. No. 5,935,155 (Visual Prosthesis and Method of Using Same), incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Due to the low power nature of the implant device and the limited implant coil size, it imposes difficulties to retrieve the low level feedback signals at the external side in the presence of a strong magnetic field created by the external transmitting power carrier. This is especially true when the back telemetry signal frequency is not much far away from the power carrier. In the case of retinal prosthesis when the implant coil is mechanically linked to the eyeball, the eyeball movement compromises the coupling condition between the external and implant coils and therefore makes the back telemetry signal condition at the external receiving end worse. There is a need for an apparatus and method to reduce and possibly minimize the power carrier component in the received spectrum and therefore to improve the back telemetry reliability. 
         [0007]    In 1755 LeRoy passed the discharge of a Leyden jar through the orbit of a man who was blind from cataract and the patient saw “flames passing rapidly downwards.” Ever since, there has been a fascination with electrically elicited visual perception. The general concept of electrical stimulation of retinal cells to produce these flashes of light or phosphenes has been known for quite some time. Based on these general principles, some early attempts at devising a prosthesis for aiding the visually impaired have included attaching electrodes to the head or eyelids of patients. While some of these early attempts met with some limited success, these early prosthetic devices were large, bulky and could not produce adequate simulated vision to truly aid the visually impaired. 
         [0008]    In the early 1930&#39;s, Foerster investigated the effect of electrically stimulating the exposed occipital pole of one cerebral hemisphere. He found that, when a point at the extreme occipital pole was stimulated, the patient perceived a small spot of light directly in front and motionless (a phosphene). Subsequently, Brindley and Lewin (1968) thoroughly studied electrical stimulation of the human occipital (visual) cortex. By varying the stimulation parameters, these investigators described in detail the location of the phosphenes produced relative to the specific region of the occipital cortex stimulated. These experiments demonstrated: (1) the consistent shape and position of phosphenes; (2) that increased stimulation pulse duration made phosphenes brighter; and (3) that there was no detectable interaction between neighboring electrodes which were as close as 2.4 mm apart. 
         [0009]    As intraocular surgical techniques have advanced, it has become possible to apply stimulation on small groups and even on individual retinal cells to generate focused phosphenes through devices implanted within the eye itself. This has sparked renewed interest in developing methods and apparati to aid the visually impaired. Specifically, great effort has been expended in the area of intraocular retinal prosthesis devices in an effort to restore vision in cases where blindness is caused by photoreceptor degenerative retinal diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa and age related macular degeneration which affect millions of people worldwide. 
         [0010]    Neural tissue can be artificially stimulated and activated by prosthetic devices that pass pulses of electrical current through electrodes on such a device. The passage of current causes changes in electrical potentials across retinal neuronal cell membranes, which can initiate retinal neuronal action potentials, which are the means of information transfer in the nervous system. 
         [0011]    Based on this mechanism, it is possible to input information into the nervous system by coding the sensory information as a sequence of electrical pulses which are relayed to the nervous system via the prosthetic device. In this way, it is possible to provide artificial sensations including vision. 
         [0012]    Some forms of blindness involve selective loss of the light sensitive transducers of the retina. Other retinal neurons remain viable, however, and may be activated in the manner described above by placement of a prosthetic electrode device on the inner (toward the vitreous) retinal surface (epiretinal). This placement must be mechanically stable, minimize the distance between the device electrodes and the retinal neurons, and avoid undue compression of the retinal neurons. 
         [0013]    In 1986, Bullara (U.S. Pat. No. 4,573,481) patented an electrode assembly for surgical implantation on a nerve. The matrix was silicone with embedded iridium electrodes. The assembly fit around a nerve to stimulate it. 
         [0014]    Dawson and Radtke stimulated a cat&#39;s retina by direct electrical stimulation of the retinal ganglion cell layer. These experimenters placed nine and then fourteen electrodes upon the inner retinal layer (i.e., primarily the ganglion cell layer) of two cats. Their experiments suggested that electrical stimulation of the retina with 30 to 100 uA current resulted in visual cortical responses. These experiments were carried out with needle-shaped electrodes that penetrated the surface of the retina (see also U.S. Pat. No. 4,628,933 to Michelson). 
         [0015]    The Michelson &#39;933 apparatus includes an array of photosensitive devices on its surface that are connected to a plurality of electrodes positioned on the opposite surface of the device to stimulate the retina. These electrodes are disposed to form an array similar to a “bed of nails” having conductors which impinge directly on the retina to stimulate the retinal cells. U.S. Pat. No. 4,837,049 to Byers describes spike electrodes for neural stimulation. Each spike electrode pierces neural tissue for better electrical contact. U.S. Pat. No. 5,215,088 to Norman describes an array of spike electrodes for cortical stimulation. Each spike pierces cortical tissue for better electrical contact. 
         [0016]    The art of implanting an intraocular prosthetic device to electrically stimulate the retina was advanced with the introduction of retinal tacks in retinal surgery. De Juan, et al. at Duke University Eye Center inserted retinal tacks into retinas in an effort to reattach retinas that had detached from the underlying choroid, which is the source of blood supply for the outer retina and thus the photoreceptors. See, e.g., E. de Juan, et al., 99 Am. J. Ophthalmol. 272 (1985). These retinal tacks have proved to be biocompatible and remain embedded in the retina, and choroid/sclera, effectively pinning the retina against the choroid and the posterior aspects of the globe. Retinal tacks are one way to attach a retinal electrode array to the retina. U.S. Pat. No. 5,109,844 to de Juan describes a flat electrode array placed against the retina for visual stimulation. U.S. Pat. No. 5,935,155 to Humayun describes a retinal prosthesis for use with the flat retinal array described in de Juan. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0017]    According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, an external coil assembly for an inductively coupled implant on the human or animal body is disclosed, comprising: a transmitting coil, adapted to transmit signals to the implant; a first receiving coil, adapted to receive signals from the implant, the first receiving coil exhibiting a first coupling coefficient with the transmitting coil; and a second receiving coil, the second receiving coil exhibiting a second coupling coefficient with the transmitting coil, wherein the first coupling coefficient is substantially identical to the second coupling coefficient. 
         [0018]    According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, an inductive assembly adapted to communicate with an implant on the human or animal body is disclosed, comprising: a transmitting inductor; a first receiving inductor, comprising a first coil, a first substrate associated with the first coil, and a first metal shield connected with the first substrate; and a second receiving inductor, comprising a second coil, a second substrate associated with the second coil, and a second metal shield connected with the second substrate, wherein the first receiving inductor and the second receiving inductor are located on different sides of the transmitting inductor and substantially equidistant from the transmitting inductor. 
         [0019]    According to a third aspect of the present disclosure, an inductive transceiver is disclosed, comprising: a transmitting coil; and a receiving coil, wherein a coupling coefficient between the transmitting coil and the receiving coil is substantially equal to zero, and wherein the inductive transceiver is adapted to interact with an implant implanted in a human or animal body and is adapted to be located externally to the human or animal body. 
         [0020]    According to a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, an inductive assembly adapted to be coupled with an implant on a human or animal body and to be located externally to the implant is disclosed, the assembly comprising: a first inductor, the first inductor defining a first area inside the first inductor and a second area outside the first inductor; a second inductor located proximate to the first inductor, the second inductor having a symmetrical shape comprised of a first second inductor region and a second second inductor region, the first second inductor region defining a third area inside the first second inductor region, the second second inductor region defining a fourth area inside the second second inductor region, wherein intersection between the first area and the third area defines a first magnetic flux region, intersection between the first area and the fourth area defines a second magnetic flux region, intersection between the second area and the third area defines a third magnetic flux region, intersection between the second area and the fourth area defines a fourth magnetic flux region, and wherein magnetic flux intensity through the first magnetic flux region and the second magnetic flux region is substantially equal and opposite to magnetic flux intensity through the second magnetic flux region and the third magnetic flux region. 
         [0021]    According to a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, a method to improve receiving sensitivity in an external coil assembly for an inductively coupled implant on the human or animal body is disclosed, wherein the external coil assembly comprises a transmitting coil and a receiving coil, the implant comprises an implant coil, the transmitting coil allows transmission of a forward telemetry signal at a carrier frequency to the implant, and the implant is adapted to send a back telemetry signal to the external coil assembly, the method comprising: adjusting position of the receiving coil with respect to the transmitting coil to reduce influence of a noise signal at the carrier frequency received by the external coil assembly in addition to the back telemetry signal. 
         [0022]    According to a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, a visual prosthesis is disclosed, comprising: an image capture device converting a visual image to a data stream; a video processing unit receiving the data stream, applying filters to the data stream and providing a processed data stream; a transmitting coil, transmitting the processed data stream; an implanted secondary coil receiving the processed data stream and transmitting operational data telemetry; implanted electronics receiving the processed data stream from the implanted secondary coil stimulating visual neural tissue and producing the operational data telemetry; a first receiving coil, adapted to receive signals from the implanted secondary coil, the first receiving coil exhibiting a first coupling coefficient with the transmitting coil; and a second receiving coil, the second receiving coil exhibiting a second coupling coefficient with the transmitting coil, wherein the first coupling coefficient is substantially identical to the second coupling coefficient. 
         [0023]    In accordance with the present disclosure, the back telemetry signals sent by the implant are reliably retrieved in the presence of a strong magnetic field imposed by the RF carrier of the power transmitter, without increasing the complexity of the receiver circuits and compromising the cosmetics of mechanical configuration of the external coils. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0024]      FIG. 1  shows a first embodiment of an external coil assembly in accordance with the present disclosure. 
           [0025]      FIG. 2  shows an electrical diagram of the embodiment of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0026]      FIG. 3  shows a second embodiment of the present disclosure. 
           [0027]    FIGS.  4  and  5 A- 5 C show sectional views referring to the second embodiment. 
           [0028]      FIGS. 6A-6C  show a third embodiment of the present disclosure. 
           [0029]      FIGS. 7A-7C  show a fourth embodiment of the present disclosure, where the receiving coil has a differential configuration. 
           [0030]      FIGS. 8A and 8B  are magnetic flux diagrams helpful to understand the concept expressed with reference to  FIG. 7B . 
           [0031]      FIGS. 9-11  show alternative differential embodiments of the receiving coil of  FIG. 7B . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0032]      FIG. 1  shows a first embodiment of an external coil assembly  10  inductively coupled with an implant coil  20 . The external coil assembly  10  comprises inductors L 1 , L 3  and L 4 . The implant coil  20  comprises inductor L 2 . Throughout the present specification, the various inductors will be described as coils, for exemplary purposes. 
         [0033]    With reference to the external coil assembly  10 , coil L 1  represents a transmitting coil, and coils L 3 , L 4  represent receiving coils. Transmitting coil L 1  allows a forward telemetry (FT) signal to be sent to implant coil  20  or L 2 . Receiving coils L 3  and L 4  allow a back telemetry (BT) signal to be received from the implant coil  20  or L 2 . The concept of FT signals and BT signals is known to the person skilled in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pub. App. No. 2005/0288734 (Visual Prosthesis with Operational Data Telemetry), incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In accordance with this embodiment, transmitting coil L 1  is located between receiving coils L 3  and L 4 . Transmitting coil L 1  is separated from receiving coils L 3 , L 4  by means of a dielectric, e.g. air. A possible distance between coil L 1  and coil L 4  or coil L 1  and coil L 3  is about 2 mm. In the embodiment of  FIG. 1 , coil L 3  is identical to coil L 4 . Both coils L 3  and L 4  are placed at a same distance from L 1 . However, embodiments where L 3  is different from L 4  can also be envisaged. 
         [0034]      FIG. 2  shows an electrical diagram of the first embodiment of  FIG. 1 . An FT input signal amplified through power amplifier PA is fed to transmitting coil L 1  and inductively received by implant coil L 2 . Implant coil L 2  is part of an implant  30 , further comprising a transceiver or stimulator  40 . Implant  30  will not be described herewith in detail. A possible example of implant  30  can be found in U.S. Pub. App. No. 2005/0222624 (Retinal Prosthesis with Side Mounted Inductive Coil), incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Among other functions, transceiver  40  sends a back telemetry (BT) signal to coil L 2  through driver  60 . The BT signal sent through coil L 2  is inductively received by receiver coils L 3  and L 4  and sent to a receiver circuit  70 . 
         [0035]    Magnetic coupling coefficients between the various pairs of coils are formed. The coupling coefficient measures the mutual inductance between two inductors. The coupling coefficient between coils L 1  and L 2  is defined as 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 K 
                 12 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   M 
                   12 
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       L 
                       1 
                     
                      
                     
                       L 
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where M 12  is the mutual inductance between coils L 1  and L 2 . For two spiral type coils, the value of their coupling coefficient is determined by their separation distance, coil dimensions, and their alignment. In particular, the coupling coefficient increases as the two coils move closer, and decreases as they move farther. 
         [0036]    On the external coil assembly side, coupling coefficient K 13  defines the magnetic coupling between L 1  and L 3 . Similarly, coupling coefficient K 14  defines the coupling between L 1  and L 4 . When the external coil assembly  10  interacts with the implant coil  20 , further coupling coefficients K 12 , K 23  and K 24  are defined, the meaning of which is identical to the one discussed above. 
         [0037]    In accordance with the present disclosure K 13  is made to be substantially the same as K 14 , i.e. K 13 ≈K 14 . In the present embodiment, coils L 3  and L 4  are arranged in a differential configuration in the circuit. In particular, with reference to  FIG. 2 , the lower portion of L 3  is in-phase with the upper portion of L 4 , as shown by the position of the dots. Therefore, if the coils L 3  and L 4  are arranged so that they receive equal electromagnetic field strength from the transmitting coil L 1  (e.g. by making them identical and putting them at the same distance from L 1 ), the net field strength L 3  and L 4  receive from L 1  is zero, thus obtaining the desired condition of rejecting the interferences from L 1 . In practical realization, the exact fulfillment of the K 13 =K 14  requirement may not be achievable and what is relevant is that K 13  is substantially equal to K 14 , i.e. K 13 ≈K 14 . With “substantially equal” a condition is intended where the direct influence of L 1  on L 3  and L 4  when the BT signal is received from L 2  is substantially reduced. 
         [0038]    On the other hand, the coupling relation of the BT coils to the implant coil L 2  is different as to L 1 . By positioning L 3  closer to L 2  than L 4 , as shown in  FIG. 1 , K 23  is made greater than K 24 , i.e. K 23 &gt;K 24 . As a result, the front coil L 3  will receive a stronger field strength from implant coil L 2  than the back coil L 4 . The net output produced by the BT coils L 3  and L 4  from the implant coil is the difference between the signals received by L 3  and L 4  individually. 
         [0039]    The signals transmitted back from the implant  30  will include the BT signals and reflected carrier signals. However, the reflected carrier signals coupled from L 2  are much weaker in strength than the direct transmitting carrier signals coupled from L 1 . Therefore, by rejecting the direct transmitting carrier signals from L 1 , the arrangement shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2  provides the BT signals with a better signal-to-carrier noise ratio than using a single back telemetry receiving coil. The receiver circuit  70  will then condition and decode the BT signal. 
         [0040]      FIG. 3  shows a further embodiment of the present disclosure, wherein each one of inductors L 3 , L 4  can comprise: a coil layer  100  (or  110 ), an insulator (or substrate) layer  120  (or  130 ), and an electrical shield layer  140  (or  150 ). This embodiment can be readily realized with a double-layered printed circuit board (PCB) in which the coil and shield are made of copper traces and the insulation is the PCB substrate. As usual, L 4  and L 3  are separated from L 1  by way of an insulator  160 , e.g. air. The presence of the metallic shield layer shunts the stray capacitors around transmitting coil L 1  so that the tuning condition is not affected by the variation of the coil placement relative to the body. It also prevents the displacement current produced by the transmitting coil L 1  from flowing through the human body. Incidentally, also the implant coil L 2  can be shielded for the same purpose. 
         [0041]    In order to reduce the loss of the transmitting power from L 1  caused by Eddy currents and thermal effect, thin traces or wires with good conductivity such as copper can be used for the receiving coils L 3  and L 4  and also the electrical shielding. In practical applications, the physical specifications of the coils, such as the coil dimensions, separations between the coils in the assembly, and coil configurations (turns, pitches, wire diameters etc.) can be optimized for the requirements of power and range of movement between coil L 1  and the implant coil L 2 . 
         [0042]      FIG. 4  shows a top sectional view of an exemplary configuration of transmitting inductor L 1 , comprising a coil  170  and insulator  180  between the windings of the coil. Coil  170  can either be comprised of single layer or multi-layer turns of conductors, such as copper. For applications demanding high power, multi-stranded Litz wires can be used for the conductors in coil  170  in order to reduce power loss due to skin effect. 
         [0043]      FIG. 5A  shows a top sectional view of an exemplary configuration of inductor L 3  or L 4 , comprising a coil  190 , a substrate  200 , and a metallic shield  210  (shown in dotted lines).  FIG. 5B  shows a partial view of the coil  190  and the substrate  200 .  FIG. 5C  shows a partial view of the metallic shield  210 . The conductors (or traces) in  210  are arranged in such a way that they do not form any closed circles (circuits). 
         [0044]    The electrical shielding can be connected to a low impedance point and stable electrical potential of the external assembly (e.g. the RF power ground) so that the stray capacitances are stabilized and the coupling or displacement path between the coil and the body is shunted. In order to minimize the shielding effects to the magnetic field by the metal materials, low resistivity materials can be used, so that any Eddy current formed in the metal consumes a small amount of power. A mesh type structure with thin wires can also be used, without forming any closed circuit in the shield layer that acts like a coil to loop electrical currents. This shield pattern is schematically indicated by reference numeral  210  in  FIGS. 5A and 5C . The spaces between the traces shown in  FIG. 5C  can be tuned close to the gap distance between the L 1  coil surface and the shield layer for a balance between good shielding performance and low degradation to the magnetic field. 
         [0045]      FIGS. 6A-6C  show a further embodiment of the present disclosure, where the external coil assembly  10  is provided with one transmitting inductor L 1  and one receiving inductor L 3 , as shown in  FIG. 6A . The electrical behavior of the embodiment of  FIG. 6A  can be understood with reference to  FIG. 6C , which is conceptually similar to  FIG. 2 . In the embodiment at issue, a single coupling coefficient is formed on the external coil assembly side, i.e. K 13 , which defines the coupling between L 1  and L 3 . When the external coil assembly  10  interacts with implant coil L 2 , further coupling coefficients K 12  and K 23  are defined. 
         [0046]    In accordance with this additional embodiment, K 13  is made as proximate as possible to zero. This can be obtained, for example, by displacing L 3  with respect to L 1 , when seen from the top, as shown in  FIG. 6B . In particular, L 1 , when seen from the top or from the bottom, defines a bound internal (substantially circular in the embodiment of  FIG. 6B ) area and an unbound external area. Similarly, L 3  also defines a bound internal area. The applicant has noted that K 13  can be reduced to zero by displacing L 3  with respect to L 1  so that the internal area defined by L 3  is spatially associated both with the internal area defined by L 1  and the external area defined by L 1 . In particular, K 13  can be reduced to zero when the magnetic flux B going through dotted area  250  has an intensity which is equal to the intensity of the magnetic flux B going through x&#39;d area  260 . 
         [0047]      FIGS. 7A-7C  show another embodiment of the present disclosure, where the external coil assembly  10  is provided with receiving inductors L 3 , L 4  arranged on the same side of the transmitting inductor L 1 . The inductors L 3 , L 4  can be seen as two distinct inductors or as a single inductor comprising portions L 3 , L 4 . The electrical behavior of the embodiment of  FIG. 7A  can be understood with reference to  FIG. 7C , which is conceptually similar to  FIGS. 4 and 6C . In the embodiment at issue, coupling coefficients K 13  and K 14  are formed on the external coil assembly side and coupling coefficients K 12 , K 23  and K 24  are formed when the external coil assembly  10  interacts with implant coil L 2 . 
         [0048]    Given that both inductors L 3  and L 4  are located on the same side of inductor L 1 , the in-phase arrangement of L 3  and L 4  is different from that shown in  FIG. 2 , as shown by the position of the dots in  FIG. 7C . Therefore, in this case, minimization of the combined coupling coefficient inside arrangement  10  is obtained by designing L 3  and L 4  so that K 13 =−K 14 . This can be obtained, for example, by displacing L 3  and L 4  with respect to L 1 , when seen from the top, as shown in  FIG. 7B . Each of L 3  and L 4 , when seen from the top or the bottom, defines an internal area. The applicant has noted that K 13  can be made equal and opposite to K 14  by displacing L 3 , L 4  with respect to L 1  so that the internal areas defined by each of L 3  and L 4  are spatially associated both with the internal area and the external area defined by L 1 . In particular, K 13 +K 14  can be made equal to zero when the intensity of the magnetic flux B going through dotted areas  270 ,  280  is equal to the intensity of the magnetic flux B going through x&#39;d areas  290  and  300 . 
         [0049]    In other words, the magnetic field created by L 1  is distributed in such a way that a) the direction of the field enclosed by the coil turns is opposite to the direction of the field surrounding them and b) the intensity of the field enclosed by the coil turns is equal to the intensity of the field surrounding the coil turns. A qualitative explanation of this concepts is shown in  FIGS. 8A and 8B , where  FIG. 8A  shows a cross sectional view of the magnetic field distribution in the case at issue, and  FIG. 8B  shows a top view thereof. (+) field lines are outward field lines, while (−) field lines are inward field lines. The net magnetic fluxes passing through the receiving coils L 3 , L 4  are minimized to zero, at which condition the effective coupling between the external transmitting coil L 1  and the external receiving coils L 3 , L 4  is negligent. In this way, the effect of the power carrier during reception is minimized while, at the same time, the forward coupling between the implant coil L 2  and the external receiving coils L 3 , L 4  still follows a size and distance relationship. 
         [0050]    To maximize the receiving sensitivity, the receiving coil or coils should be tuned to the carrier frequency of the BT signal. The positioning of the receiving coil relative to the transmitting coil can be tuned by driving the transmitting coil with the transmitting coil with the power carrier frequency and monitoring the receiving signal strength of the same frequency at the receiving coil in the same time. The optimal position is where the signal strength is the lowest. In case of an inductively powered implant, the power carrier component received by the external receiver coil is composed of two parts: a part originating from the transmitting coil L 1  and a part reflected from the implant coil L 2  with a phase shift. Therefore, the position of the receiver coil L 3  or L 3 , L 4  should be tuned in the presence of the implant. 
         [0051]    The embodiment shown in  FIGS. 7A-7C  is a differential embodiment. Similar embodiments are shown in  FIGS. 9-11 . The person skilled in the art will understand that those embodiments are for exemplary purposes only and that similar or different embodiments can be envisaged. In the embodiments of  FIGS. 9-11 , the windings of the wires of the receiving coil are not shown, for the sake of clarity. In the embodiment of  FIG. 9 , the receiving coil L 3  is comprised of two substantially circular portions connected by an elongated portion. In  FIG. 10 , the receiving coil L 3  is comprised of two substantially mushroom-shaped portions connected by an elongated portion. In  FIG. 11 , the receiving coil L 3  is comprised of four substantially circular portions connected therebetween. 
         [0052]    While several illustrative embodiments of the invention have been shown and described in the above description, numerous variations and alternative embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. Such variations and alternative embodiments are contemplated, and can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.