Abstract:
A method of etching a semiconductor substrate. The method includes the steps of applying a photoresist etch mask layer to a device surface of the substrate. A select first area of the photoresist etch mask is masked, imaged and developed. A select second area of the photoresist etch mask layer is irradiated to assist in post etch stripping of the etch mask layer from the select second area. The substrate is etched to form fluid supply slots through a thickness of the substrate. At least the select second area of the etch mask layer is removed from the substrate, whereby mask layer residue formed from the select second area of the etch mask layer is significantly reduced.

Description:
[0001]     This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 10/803,009, filed on Mar. 17, 2004, now pending. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE  
       [0002]     The disclosure relates to micro-fluid ejection devices. More particularly, the disclosure relates an improved method for making micro-fluid ejection devices in order to increase the yield of usable product.  
       BACKGROUND  
       [0003]     Micro-fluid ejection head such as used in ink jet printers are a key component of ink jet printer devices. The processes used to construct such micro-fluid ejection heads require precise and accurate techniques and measurements on a minute scale. Some steps in the ejection head construction process are necessary but can be damaging to the ejection head. Such damage to the ejection head affects the quality of fluid output, and, therefore, has an affect on the value of the ejection device containing the ejection head.  
         [0004]     One example of a technique that can result in such damage to an ejection head is the removal of an etch mask layer from photoresist planarization and protection layer on a semiconductor chip in a given ejection head. Ejection heads include a silicon substrate and a plurality of layers including passivation layers, conductive metal layers, resistive layers, insulative layers, and protective layers on the substrate. Fluid feed holes or fluid supply slots are formed in the substrate and various layers in order for fluid to be transferred through the holes or slots to ejection devices on a substrate surface. Such holes of slots are often formed through the semiconductor chip using deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) or mechanical techniques such as grit blasting. A planarization and protection layer is preferably used to smooth the surface of the semiconductor chip so that a nozzle plate may be attached to the substrate more readily. The planarization layer also functions to protect the components between the planarization layer and the surface of the substrate from corrosion.  
         [0005]     Before holes or slots are formed in the semiconductor chip containing a planarization layer, the planarization layer is desirably masked by an etch mask layer. Like the planarization layer, the etch mask layer is typically a photoresist material. In order to complete the hole formation process, the etch mask layer must be removed. However, techniques sufficient to remove the etch mask layer may also strip away portions of the planarization layer that are needed for protection of underlying layers. This undesirable effect results in less protection for the semiconductor chip. If, on the other hand, less aggressive stripping of the etch mask layer is conducted, portions of the semiconductor chip are left with an insoluble residue from the etch mask layer which makes the chips unsuitable for use. There is, therefore, a continuing need for a process that will remove substantially all of the etch mask layer without damaging the underlying planarization and protection layer.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0006]     With regard to the above and other objects the disclosure describes a method of etching a semiconductor substrate. The method includes the steps of applying a photoresist etch mask layer to a device surface of the substrate. A select first area of the photoresist etch mask is masked, imaged and developed. A select second area of the photoresist etch mask layer is irradiated to assist in post etch stripping of the etch mask layer from the select second area. The substrate is etched to form fluid supply slots through a thickness of the substrate. At least the select second area of the etch mask layer is removed from the substrate, whereby mask layer residue formed from the select second area of the etch mask layer is significantly reduced.  
         [0007]     In another embodiment there is provided a process of forming one or more fluid feed slots in a semiconductor substrate chip for use in a micro-fluid ejection head. The process includes applying a photoresist planarization layer to a first surface of the chip. The planarization layer has a thickness ranging from about 1 to about 10 microns. The photoresist planarization layer is patterned and developed to define at least one ink feed via location therein and to define contact pad areas for electrical connection to a control device. A photoresist etch mask layer is applied to the photoresist planarization layer on the chip. The photoresist etch mask layer has a thickness ranging from about 10 to about 100 microns. The photoresist etch mask layer patterned and developed with a first photomask to define the at least one fluid supply slot location in the photoresist etch mask layer. Deprotection of the photoresist etch mask layer in a select second area of etch mask layer is induced by exposing the select second area to radiation through a second photomask. The exposure through the second photomask is sufficient to deprotect the photoresist etch mask layer in the select second area so that the photoresist etch mask layer in the select second area can be substantially removed with a solvent without substantially affecting the photoresist planarization layer. The chip is dry etched to form at least one fluid supply slot in the defined at least one fluid supply slot location. Subsequently, the photoresist etch mask layer is removed from the planarization layer.  
         [0008]     An advantage of certain embodiments described herein may be that select areas of the photoresist etch mask may be essentially completely removed from the substrate with less aggressive techniques. Also, the planarization layer is left relatively smooth and substantially unaltered after the dry etching process and removal of the photoresist etch mask layer. Unlike conventional techniques used to remove etch mask layers, the exemplary embodiments described herein provide removal of substantially all of the photoresist etch mask layer, leaving essentially no residue on critical components such as electrical bond pads thereby improving product yield. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0009]     Further features and advantages of the embodiments described herein will become apparent by reference to the detailed description when considered in conjunction with the figures, which are not to scale, wherein like reference numbers indicate like elements through the several views, and wherein:  
         [0010]      FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view, not to scale, of a micro-fluid ejection head;  
         [0011]      FIGS. 2-8  illustrate steps in a process for forming a micro-fluid ejection head according to one embodiment of the invention;  
         [0012]      FIG. 9A  is a cross-sectional view, not to scale, of an imaging process for activating select areas of a photoresist etch mask layer using radiation according to an embodiment of the disclosure;  
         [0013]      FIG. 9B  is a plan view, not to scale, of an etch mask for imaging a photoresist etch mask layer according to the disclosure;  
         [0014]      FIG. 10  is a photomicrograph of a contact pad of a substrate containing residue from removal of a photoresist etch mask layer by a prior art method;  
         [0015]      FIG. 11  is a photomicrograph of a contact pad of a substrate after removal of a photoresist etch mask layer treated with radiation according to the disclosure;  
         [0016]      FIG. 12  is a plan view, not to scale, of a etch mask for imaging a photoresist etch mask layer according to another embodiment of the disclosure;  
         [0017]      FIG. 13  is a cross-sectional view, not to scale, of a reactive ion etch process according to the disclosure; and  
         [0018]      FIG. 14  is a cross-sectional view, not to scale, of a substrate according to the disclosure after removal of an etch mask layer. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS  
       [0019]     In one embodiment, there are provided methods for substantially removing an etch mask layer from a surface of a silicon substrate during a manufacturing process for making a semiconductor silicon chip used in micro-fluid ejection devices, such as ink jet printers. With reference to  FIG. 1 , a micro-fluid ejection head  10  for a micro-fluid ejection device such as an ink jet printer includes a semiconductor substrate  12 , preferably made of silicon, having a thickness T. The substrate includes a plurality of fluid ejection devices such as heater resistors  14  on a device surface  16  thereof. The device surface  16  of the substrate  12  also includes various conductive, insulative and protective layers for electrically connecting the heater resistors  14  to a control device for ejecting fluid from the ejection head  10  and for protecting the resistors  14  from corrosion by contact with the fluid.  
         [0020]     In order to provide a relatively planar surface for attaching a nozzle plate  18  to the substrate  12 , a planarization layer  20  may be applied to the device surface  16  of the substrate  12 . An exemplary planarization layer  20  is provided by a radiation curable resin composition that may be spin-coated onto the surface  16  of the substrate  12 . A particularly advantageous radiation curable resin composition includes a difunctional epoxy component, a multifunctional epoxy component, a photoinitiator, a silane coupling agent, and a nonphotoreactive solvent, generally as described in U.S. Publication No. 2003/0207209 to Patil et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated by references as if fully set forth herein.  
         [0021]     The nozzle plate  18  includes nozzle holes  22  and may include fluid chambers  24  laser ablated therein. In the alternative a thick film layer may be attached directly to the planarization layer  20  and a nozzle plate attached to the thick film layer. In the case of a separate thick film layer, the ink chambers are typically formed in the thick film layer and the nozzle holes are formed in the nozzle plate.  
         [0022]     A fluid supply slot  26  is formed through the thickness T of the semiconductor substrate  12  to provide a fluid supply path for flow of fluid to the fluid chambers  24  and heater resistors  14 . The fluid supply slot  26  may be provided by an elongate slot or individual holes through the thickness T of the substrate  12 . Methods for making fluid supply slots  26  are known and include mechanical abrasion, chemical etching, and dry etching techniques. A particularly advantageous method for forming a fluid supply slot  26  is a deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) process, generally as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,402,301 to Powers et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. While the fluid supply slot  26  is shown as having substantially vertical walls, the walls of the fluid supply slot  26  are typically slightly tapered so that the fluid supply slot  26  is wider on one end than on the other end.  
         [0023]     With reference to  FIGS. 2-11 , an exemplary method for making micro-fluid ejection devices according to one embodiment of the disclosure is illustrated. The method includes providing a substrate  12  having a thickness ranging from about 200 to about 800 microns or more. A plurality of layers including insulative, conductive, and resistive materials are deposited on the device surface  16  of the substrate to provide a plurality of heater resistors  14  thereon and electrical tracing to the heater resistors  14 . The substrate  12  may also include driver transistors and control logic for the resistors  14  and contact pads  27  for connecting the heater resistors  14  to a control device as by use of a tape automated bonding (TAB) circuit or flexible circuit connected to the contact pads  27 .  
         [0024]     In the next step of the process, shown in  FIG. 3 , a planarization layer  20 , as described above, is applied to the surface  16  of the substrate. The planarization layer may have a thickness ranging from about 1 to about 10 microns or more. Since the planarization layer  20  may be spin-coated onto the substrate surface  16 , the layer  20  may be made to completely cover the exposed surface  16  of the substrate  12  including the heater resistors  14  and contact pads  27  as shown. The result after the deposition of the planarization layer  20  is a planarized surface  28 .  
         [0025]     Next, with reference to  FIG. 4 , the planarization layer  20  is photoimaged to cure selected portions of the layer  20 . The selected portions of the planarization layer  20  may be cured using a radiation source  30  such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation. A mask  32  having radiation blocking areas  31  and  33  is used to shield one or more portions and of the planarization layer  20  from the radiation  30  as illustrated so that the shielded portions of the planarization layer  20  remain uncured. The uncured portions are located in areas that are to be developed and removed from the device surface  16  of the substrate  12 . Accordingly, the planarization layer  20  atop the resistors  14  and contact pads  27  is removed and the device surface  16  of the substrate is exposed in location  34  for the fluid supply slot  26 . The fully cured and developed planarization layer  20  is illustrated in  FIG. 5 .  
         [0026]     With reference to  FIG. 6 , an etch mask layer  36  is then applied to the planarization layer  20 , the exposed location  34  of the substrate  12  and the exposed contact pads  27 . The layer  36  acts as an etch mask layer for a DRIE process for forming one or more fluid supply slots  26  or holes through the thickness T of the substrate  12 . The etch mask layer  36  desirably has a thickness ranging from about 10 to about 100 microns, and more particularly, from about 30 to about 70 microns. The thickness of the etch mask layer  36  is not critical provided the thickness is sufficient to protect the planarization layer  20 , heater resistors  14 , and contact pads  27  during the etching process and not so thick that it inhibits a photoimaging process.  
         [0027]     The etch mask layer  36  may be provided by a photoresist material comprised of a polymer containing acid labile protecting groups thereon. An exemplary polymer for use as the etch mask layer  36  includes a protected polyhydroxystyrene material available from Shin-Etsu MicroSi, Inc. of Phoenix, Ariz. under the trade name SIPR 7121M-16, and generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,635,400 to Kato et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference thereto.  
         [0028]     A second irradiation process as illustrated in  FIG. 7  is used to provide a select first area  37  in the etch mask layer  36  for forming one or more fluid supply slots  26  through the thickness T of the substrate  12 . A second mask  38  is used to photoimage the etch mask layer  36  using a radiation source  40  such as UV radiation. Unlike the process described with respect to  FIG. 4 , portions of the etch mask layer  36  in the first area  37  subject to radiation are transformed into materials that are readily removed with a suitable solvent rather than cured to prevent removal with a solvent. In the case of use of the photoresist etch mask layer  36  having acid labile protecting groups thereon, irradiation of the etch mask layer  36  causes deprotection of the acid labile protecting groups. Conventional developing solutions may then be used to remove portions of the etch mask layer  36  in area  37  wherein the substrate surface  16  is exposed as shown in  FIG. 8 .  
         [0029]     Prior to etching the substrate  12 , a third radiation process is used in conjunction with an etch mask  42  ( FIGS. 9A and 9B ) to irradiate select second areas  44  of the etch mask layer  36  for subsequent removal after the dry etch process is complete. Accordingly, the etch mask  42  contains substantially transparent areas  46  ( FIG. 9B ) corresponding to select second areas  44  on the substrate. The mask  42  is configured to expose the select second areas  44  which correspond to the contact pads on the substrate to enable easy removal of the photoresist etch mask layer  36  from the contact pads  27 .  
         [0030]     Without desiring to be bound by theory, it is well known that exposure of a positive photoresist to UV radiation causes the photoresist to react in such away that solubility of the photoresist is increased in alkaline solvents as well as organic solvents such as acetone. The same is true for both chemically amplified positive photoresist materials as well as standard positive photoresist materials. However, in the embodiments described herein, a chemically amplified positive tone photoresist as described above is used as the etch mask layer  36 . Chemically amplified resists (CAR&#39;s) contain a phototacid generator (PAG) which upon exposure to the appropriate UV wavelengths will generate an acid and deprotect the photoresist thereby altering the solubility of the photoresist material. In the case of the use of a polyhydroxystyrene material as described above as the etch mask layer  36 , exposure to UV radiation induces deprotection of the acid labile groups in the mask layer  36  so that the layer  36  can then be cleanly removed with a solvent in which the mask layer  36  is substantially soluble while the cured planarization layer  20  remains substantially unaffected by the solvent. Suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, compounds in which polyhydroxystyrene is substantially soluble. Examples of such solvents include propyleneglycol monomethyletheracetate (PGMEA), cyclopentanone, N-methylpyrrolidone, aqueous tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, and butyl cellosolve acetate. Aqueous tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide is particularly suitable for removing a chemically amplified resist.  
         [0031]     It will be appreciated that during a DRIE process, the substrate  12  and the photoresist etch mask layer  36  are exposed to a variety of environmental conditions including UV radiation and heat. The extent of the exposure of the etch mask layer  36  to these conditions affects the stripability of the photoresist etch mask layer  36  upon completion of the etch process. Heat and UV radiation cause the photoresist etch mask layer  36  to interact with contact pads  27 , particularly contact pads  27  made of aluminum-copper. A photomicrograph of a contact pad  27 A using a prior art etch process having a residue  48  thereon after photoresist stripping is illustrated in  FIG. 10 . In the prior art process, the step illustrated and described with respect to  FIG. 9A  is omitted.  
         [0032]     It has been observed that if the substrate  12  has the residue  48  on the contact pads  27 , electrical leads connected to the contact pads  27  will not adequately bond to the pads  27  causing the ejection head to be discarded. However, if the photoresist etch mask layer  36  is deprotected in select areas  44  by exposing the select areas  44  to UV radiation prior to the DRIE step used to form the fluid supply slots  26 , then stripping of the etch mask layer  36  from the substrate  12  and planarization layer  20  is substantially improved as illustrated by the photomicrograph of a contact pad  27 B illustrated in  FIG. 11 .  
         [0033]     Exposure of select areas  44  of the photoresist etch mask layer  36  to UV radiation is conducted at an unconventional time. The exposure step, illustrated in  FIG. 9A  is conducted after the initial imaging and photoresist development steps illustrated in  FIGS. 7 and 8  and before a DRIE step illustrated in  FIG. 14 . Accordingly, the exposed areas  44  of the photoresist etch mask layer  36  are not washed away during the initial development cycle illustrated in  FIG. 8 .  
         [0034]     Blanket exposure of the photoresist etch mask layer  36  without the use of etch mask  42  to provide selective exposure is detrimental to the DRIE etch process as lateral etching of walls for the fluid supply slot  26  in the first area  37  may occur. Accordingly, the etch mask  42  is beneficial in selectively exposing areas of the photoresist etch mask layer  36  prior to DRIE etching.  
         [0035]     In the case of chemically amplified resists, there is a short delay time between exposure of the select areas  44  of the photoresist etch mask layer  36  and the DRIE etching step. The delay time should be sufficient to enable the etch mask layer  36  in the select areas  44  to react to the exposure before the DRIE etch process is conducted. Typically, at least a five minute delay time may be required for reaction, depending on the thickness of the etch mask layer  36 .  
         [0036]     In another embodiment, a mask  50  as illustrated in  FIG. 12  may be used to expose the select second areas  44  to UV radiation through transparent areas  52 . Rounding the corners of the transparent areas  52  as shown may reduce internal stresses in the photoresist etch mask layer that may cause photoresist cracking.  
         [0037]     In yet another embodiment, all areas of the photoresist etch mask layer  36  are exposed to UV radiation, except areas immediately adjacent the select first area  37  for etching the fluid supply slots  26 . Accordingly, exposure of the photoresist etch mask layer  36  may include all areas greater than about 0 to about 30 microns from the first area  37 . Such an overall exposure has the advantage of increasing etch mask layer  36  stripability over the largest substrate area without substantially contributing to lateral etching of the fluid supply slots  26 .  
         [0038]     The UV radiation dose and spectrum for exposing the select second areas  44  are chosen such that the UV radiation induces a chemical transformation of the photo active compound in the photoresist etch mask layer  36  (.i.e., deprotection and or rearrangement) thereby reducing interaction between the etch mask layer  36  and the Al—Cu surface of the contact pads  27 . Further, since this exposure is done selectively, the lateral etch problem associated with etching the fluid supply slots  26  may be avoided.  
         [0039]     After exposing the photoresist etch mask  36  to UV radiation as set forth above, formation of the ink vias  26  is provided by DRIE  54  as described above.  FIG. 13  illustrates an exemplary dry etching process used for forming the one or more fluid supply slots  26  through the thickness T of the substrate  12 . Once the fluid supply slot  26  is formed through the thickness of the substrate  12 , the etch mask layer  36  may be removed as shown in  FIG. 14 . Finally, with reference to  FIG. 1 , the nozzle plate  18  is then attached to the planarization layer  20  to provide the micro-fluid ejection head  10  described above.  
         [0040]     Having described various aspects and exemplary embodiments of the disclosure and several advantages thereof, it will be recognized by those of ordinary skills that the disclosed embodiments are susceptible to various modifications, substitutions and revisions within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.