Abstract:
It was proposed to combine two successful VCL technologies, wafer fusion and selective oxidation, in a new way to form a long wavelength VCL. The Al(Ga)As oxidation is performed via fusion channels before the actual wafer fusion step. By doing so, the structure combines the advantages of two different, successful long wavelength VCL structures; the double fused and the single fused, oxygen implanted VCL.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to a vertical cavity laser and more particularly, the present invention relates to the unique combination of wafer fusion and selective oxidation to form a long wavelength vertical cavity laser.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The major obstacle for the fabrication of long-wavelength (1.3-1.55 μm) vertical cavity laser, VCL, is the lack of high reflective InP-based Bragg mirrors as well as the difficulty to realize effective schemes electrical and optical confinement. The technology of wafer fusion as discussed in a paper entitled “Double-Fused 1.52 mu m Vertical-Cavity Lasers,” published in Appl. Phys. Lett, Vol. 64, (1994), p1463, is one solution to solve the mirror problem by utilizing GaAs/AlGaAs mirrors. Nearly all room temperature operating LW-VCLs (long wave vertical cavity lasers) in the art today make use of one or two wafer fused GaAs based mirrors. Selective oxidation can be applied in a mesa structure, double fused VCSEL, realizing small current aperture in the p-side as reviewed in the article, “Laterally Oxidized Long Wavelength CW Vertical Cavity Lasers,” published in  Appl. Phys. Lett.,  Vol. 69 (1996) p471. Very high operation temperatures (63° C. (cw.) and 120° C. (pulsed)) have been achieved with this technique as delineated in the paper, “120° C. Pulsed Operation From A 1.55 mm Vertical Cavity Laser,” presented at the 1997  LEOS Summer Topical Meetings,  Montreal, Canada. As a restriction, the structure involves two wafer fusion steps and two wafer fused heterojunctions inside the cavity, which complicate the fabrication process and generally affect the reliability of the device. Very good results have been demonstrated recently with a single fused 1.3 mm device with one dielectric top mirror. This topic was reviewed in the article, “Submilliamp 1.3 mm Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers With Threshold Current Density&lt;500A/cm2”,  Electron. Lett.,  Vol. 33, (1997) p1052. Current confinement here is realized by oxygen implantation into a p-doped GaAs layer on a GaAs-based DBR. Submilliamp thresholds and threshold current densities around 600A/cm2 have been demonstrated with those devices. However, the oxygen implant sets some limits for the minimum laser diameter and might leak at temperatures above 40C.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    The present invention overcomes the constraints of the prior art methods and in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a vertical cavity laser, comprising:  
           [0004]    a gallium arsenide semiconductor substrate body having a bottom surface and a top surface;  
           [0005]    a planar p-contact on the bottom surface;  
           [0006]    a mirror stack on the top surface, the mirror stack composed of a plurality of layers of GaAs and AlGaAs;  
           [0007]    an active layer comprising multiple quantum well structure, the structure embedded in P-based cladding layers;  
           [0008]    a plurality of channels in an oxidized layer of the mirror stack and the active layers, the channels in optical communication with the active layers and the mirror stack;  
           [0009]    a dielectric mirror; and  
           [0010]    an n-side contact surrounding the mirror.  
           [0011]    The laser is formed by replacing oxygen implantation with a pre-fusion oxidation of an Al(Ga)As layer for electrical isolation. The lateral profile of the Al-oxide/semiconductor interface can be designed by changing the (low) Ga-content vertically within the Al(Ga)As oxidation layer as set forth in the article, “Estimation of Scattering Losses in Dielectric Apertured Certical Cavity Lasers”, printed in  App. Phys. Lett.,  Vol. 68 (1996), p1757 and in “Scattering Losses From Dielectric Apertures in Vertical-Cavity Lasers “,  Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics ”, (1997), p379. In analogy to short wavelength VCLs with oxide-apertures, small VCL diameters and thus very low threshold currents and high efficiencies can be realized. As in short wavelength devices, electric isolation can be maintained up to high temperatures.  
           [0012]    In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of forming a long wavelength vertical cavity laser, comprising the steps of:  
           [0013]    providing a gallium arsenide substrate wafer;  
           [0014]    providing an InP substrate wafer having a p-InP fusion layer, a multiple quantum well, a GalnAsP etch stop layer and an n-InP spacer;  
           [0015]    forming channels in the substrate;  
           [0016]    oxidizing the channels;  
           [0017]    cleaning each wafer; and  
           [0018]    fusing, in a single step, the wafers to form the laser.  
           [0019]    The combination of the two technologies as discussed above result in a number of advantages. In comparison to the double fused VCL, the proposed structure offers a reduction in processing complexity by omitting the second fusion step. This improves the reliability of the device due to the reduced number of wafer fused heterojunctions inside the laser resonator. The epitaxial structure is planar and top emitting which is desirable for testing and packaging. The ring contact is placed on the n-side of the device where it benefits from the high mobility of the electrons. This assures a homogeneous current injection through the p-side oxygen current aperture and releases the demands on the otherwise critical top mirror dimensions. Furthermore, the Al-oxide is embedded inside the structure and thus automatically ‘sealed’.  
           [0020]    Having thus generally described the invention, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, illustrating preferred embodiments. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0021]    [0021]FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-section of the laser according to one embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 2 a  is a schematic cross-section of the InP substrate and accompanying layers:  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 2 b  is a schematic cross-section of the gallium arsenide substrate and accompanying layers;  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 2 c  is a schematic cross-section of the gallium arsenide substrate illustrating the disposition of the channels;  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 2 d  is a schematic cross-section of the gallium arsenide substrate subsequent to an oxidation step;  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 2 e  is a schematic cross-section of the gallium arsenide substrate with oxide protection illustrated;  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 2 f  is a schematic cross-section of the fused wafer;  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 2 g  is a schematic cross-section of the wafer after substrate removal;  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 2 h  is a schematic cross-section of the laser with the contacts in position;  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 2 i  is a schematic cross-section of the laser with the mirror in position;  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 3 a  is a plan view of one embodiment of the channel layout; and  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 3 b  is a plan view of a second embodiment of the channel layout. 
     
    
       [0033]    Similar numerals employed in the text denote similar elements.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0034]    As all wafer fused VCL, the device makes use of the good thermal and optical properties of GaAs-based Bragg reflectors. Compared to the oxygen-implanted, single fused VCL, the mesa dimensions of the structure should be large enough to separate the mesa walls from the optical mode inside the laser.  
         [0035]    The wavelength tuning between material gain and cavity resonance can be characterized accurately before the deposition of the dielectric mirror. The gain-cavity mode offset is one of the most critical design parameters for long wavelength VCSEL as set forth in “Temperature Sensitivity of 1.54 mm Vertical Cavity Lasers with an InP based Bragg Deflector” (to be published in  IEEE J. Quantum Electronics ). If necessary, the cavity mode can be shifted e.g. by controlled thinning of the n-InP spacer layer. This is a clear advantage compared to the double fused VCL, where the cavity mode has to be adjusted with the thickness of the GaAs-layer on the p-mirror.  
         [0036]    Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates a coss-sectional view of the assembled laser, globally denoted by numeral  10 . The laser  10  comprises a top side emission laser with a dielectric mirror  12  surrounded by an n-side ring contact  14 . The contact  14  is mounted to the top surface of multiple quantum well active layer  16  to be discussed in greater detail in the description for FIGS. 2 a  through  2   i . Fusion channels  18  formed during the fabrication of the laser  10  facilitate optical communication between active layer  16  and mirror stack  20 . The mirror stack  20  provides a plurality of AlGaAs and GaAs layers with a thickness of a quarter optical wavelength. An oxide aperture  22  permits optical transmission from the mirror stack  20  to the channels  18 . A GaAs substrate  24  is provided beneath mirror stack  20 . Substrate  24  includes a planar p contact  26 .  
         [0037]    With respect to FIGS. 2 a  through  2   i , the overall process for fabricating the laser  10  is sequentially depicted in cross-section. The fabrication starts with the epitaxial growth of the active material layers  16  (FIG. 2 a ) and the GaAs/AlGaAs Bragg mirror stack  20  as shown in FIG. 2 b . The active layer initial has an InP substrate  30 , a GalnAsP etch stop  32 , n-InP spacer  34 , strain compensated multiple quantum wells (MQW)  16  and p-InP fusion layer  38 . To meet the demands on low transparency and high differential gain, strained quantum wells are necessary to produce room temperature lasing operation. Depending on the cavity losses, between 7 and 15 quantum wells should be employed. Strain-compensating barriers, possibly with a constant As/P-ration throughout the MQW stack  16  might be necessary to avoid degradation during the high temperature fusion step. Compared to edge-emitting laser, the separate confinement region (SCH) is less important and might be eliminated. Embedding the quantum wells in InP might even improve the temperature performance of the lasers by reducing the carrier leakage out of the MQW region.  
         [0038]    In FIG. 2 b , the mirror stack  20  is epitaxially grown on the GaAs substrate  24  and includes p-AlGaAs/GaAs layers  40 , Al(Ga)As oxidation layer  42  and P-GaAs fusion layer  44 . The p-doped AlGaAs/GaAs mirror  20  must be optimized for low electrical resistance at low optical absorption at the lasing wavelength. The mirror design can be largely the same as for short wavelength VCLS, but with a reduced doping level close to the active region (Appl. Phys. Lett.) supra. Carbon is the preferred doping element. The Al(Ga)As oxidation layer is grown together with a GaAs fusion layer on top of this mirror. A small amount of Ga (2-5%) is added to the AlAs-oxidation layer in order to slow down the oxidation speed and to improve the diameter control. The wafer-fused interface should be placed in a node of the standing electromagnetic field inside the cavity to keep the optical losses down. The position of the oxidation layer can be placed close to the node for electrical confinement only. However, optical confinement should also be possible by grading the aperture profile and placing it in the vicinity of an optical anti-node.  
         [0039]    Before wafer fusion, channels  18  are etched selectively into the GaAs fusion layer  44 , exposing the Al(Ga)As oxidation layer  42 . This is shown in FIG. 2 c . It has been shown that the use of fusion channels, usually etched into the InP sample, improves the quality of the fused interface as discussed in “Double-Fused Long-Wavelength Vertical-Cavity Lasers”, Babic, D.I., Ph.D thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara 1995. In the present invention, the channels were etched into the GaAs surface so that they could be used for the oxidation step.  
         [0040]    Typical values for channel width and spacing are 10 mm and 150-300 mm, respectively. The simplest arrangement of fusion channels is a square network as shown in FIG. 3 a , leaving square mesas of e.g. 150 mm×150 mm. A variety of other channel arrangements for different laser shapes or arrays are possible. As an example, FIG. 3 b  shows a channel layout that results in arrays of round mesas of identical diameter.  
         [0041]    Channels  18  are used to selectively oxidize the exposed Al(Ga)As layer  42  to its native oxide in a water vapor environment. This is broadly illustrated in FIG. 2 d . Wet oxidation is a relatively simple and well-established technology for VCLs which has let to a tremendous progress in developing ultra-low threshold and high efficient GaAs-based devices. This was studied by Huffaker in the article, “Transverse Mode Behavior in Native-Oxide-Defined Low Threshold Vertical Cavity Lasers”,  Appl. Phys. Lett.,  Vol. 13 (1994) p1611 and by Lear in the article “Selectively Oxidized Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers with 50% Power Conversion Efficiency”,  Elect. Lett.,  Vol. 31 (1995) p208. The oxidation process is interrupted such that non-oxidized openings  22  with diameters between 5 and 15 mm are left for current injection.  
         [0042]    After oxidation, the surfaces of both samples are cleaned for the wafer-fusion process. The cleaning procedure is very critical, especially for the electrical properties of the fused interface as discussed by Salomonsson, in “Water Fused pInP/p-GaAs Heterojunctions” J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 83 (1998). The usual procedures of Salomonsson and Babic, supra were modified in order to remove the oxides on the GaAs-surface with as little as possible impact on the native Al-oxide. Optionally the channels  18  may be protected by filling them with e.g. photo resist or Si 2 N 3  as indicated in FIG. 2 e . The subsequent fusion process shown in FIG. 2 f  is performed for approximately 30 min at the lowest possible fusion temperature (≦560° C.). The InP substrate  30  and the GalnAsP-etch stop layer  32  are removed by selective wet chemical etching. At this stage, the embedded fusion channels  18  are visible on the sample surface, which can be used to align the top-side ring contacts  14 . After contact alloying, a dielectric mirror  12  is deposited inside the contact ring over the oxidized aperture  22 . The mirror diameter can be much larger than the aperture diameter because of the high mobility of the n-side carriers (electrons). Depending on the dielectric materials, the mirror diameters either are defined by lift off (Si/SiO2, ZnSe/MgF) or dry etching (SiC/SiO2, Si2N3/SiO2).  
         [0043]    Although embodiments of the invention have specifically described, it will be appreciated to those skilled that the invention is subject to substantial change without departing from the spirit, nature and scope of the present invention.