Abstract:
A process for manufacturing pipes using thermoplastic pipe and “tape” (continuous fiber, fully wetted in a similar thermoplastic as the pipe) that embeds the fibers into pipe surface. In one embodiment, an ambient temperature tape is wrapped around the cold pipe in a dry environment. An external heat source is used to heat up the pipe causing the thermoplastic to melt and the pipe to expand due to thermal expansion. Since the fibers have less stretch than the thermal expansion of the pipe the fibers will be embedded into the molten layer of the pipe, creating a permanent bond between the fibers and the pipe. A protective film is applied to the pipe. Portions of the tape and film are scraped from the surface of the pipe creating an area where the end of the pipe is coupled to another pipe using an electronic fusion coupler.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    N/A. 
       STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
       [0002]    N/A. 
       REFERENCE TO MICROFICHE APPENDIX 
       [0003]    N/A. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0005]    This invention relates to a system and method for reinforcing thermoplastic pipes used in transporting fluids and gasses. 
         [0006]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0007]    Transporting fluids (or even gasses), such as water and chemicals can be costly and time consuming. For example, in today&#39;s energy scarce environment, efficient oil and gas recovery techniques are vital. One means for inducing recovery is using an induced hydraulic fracturing method. “Fracturing fluids” or “pumping fluids” or “fracking fluids” consisting primarily of water and sand are injected under high pressure into the producing formation, creating fissures that allow resources to move freely from rock pores where it is trapped. Chemicals can be added to the water and sand mixture (creating a slickwater) to increase the fluid flow. Fractures provide a conductive path connecting a larger area of the formation to the well, thereby increasing the area from which natural gas and liquids can be recovered from the targeted formation. 
         [0008]    Water for the fracturing method is supplied to the recovery site (and perhaps the fluid&#39;s byproduct from the fracturing method, known sometimes as flowback water, removed from the site) by a piping system. The piping system can consist of hundreds or thousands of yards of pipes. The piping system could include hundreds of pipes joined together by couplers to form the overall piping system. Although technically effective, environmentalists are concerned that fracking fluids may leak from the piping system thus causing damage to the environment. Consequently, many areas where oil and gas reservoirs exist may not be exploited due to environmental concerns. 
         [0009]    Traditional pipes used for transporting fluids, such as water, are made of steel or other metals, such as aluminum. More recent pipes are composed of a plastic material such as high density polyethylene (HDPE). HDPE pipes have some advantages over metal pipes, including lower costs, abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance, high impact resistance and greater flexibility (which are especially useful over uneven terrains). These pipes are durable for gas, chemical and water applications and may be reused. 
         [0010]    For example, a typical Yelomine™ pipe has a weight density of 300 pounds (lbs.) per 30 feet (ft.) of length. This pipe has moderate durability but needs support structure (such as support blocks) during fluid transport use. 
         [0011]    A typical aluminum pipe used in today&#39;s fluid transport system is light weight with a weight density of 90 lbs./30 ft. of length. However it is not very durable and like the Yelomine™ pipe requires a support system during the fluid transfer. It has a pressure to weight ratio of a little more than 1. 
         [0012]    Although HDPE pipes are in current use, such current use includes thick walled HDPE pipes, such as a DR9 HDPE pipe. To ensure the integrity of the piping system under high fluid transport pressure, the walls of the HDPE pipes are typically more than an inch thick. For example, the DR9 HDPE pipe has a wall thickness of 1.11 inches. The DR9 HDPE pipe has a weight density of a whopping 650 lbs./30 ft. It is highly durable but costs nearly 3 times more than an aluminum pipe. The pipes are difficult to transport in rough, uneven or forest terrains. Often, trucks or other mechanical movers are needed to transport the heavy pipes for construction of the system. These pipes are typically buried and then are not reusable. The pressure to weight ratio of the DR9 HDPE pipe is less than 0.4. Consequently, although thick walled HDPE pipes may be more durable then aluminum or Yelomine™ pipes, current thick walled HDPE pipes in industrial use remain very heavy. Furthermore, coupling these individual thick walled pipes to create the piping system may be slow and burdensome. That is, butt fusing systems are often used to join thick walled pipes. The use of the butt fusing system is often time consuming due to its process and the heavy equipment needed to be transported to the installation site for the connection of the pipes. In addition, as a result of environmental concerns, a coupler-less piping system or a system with few couplers is desirable since most leaks occur at a coupler or joint. Consequently, the use of current thick walled HDPE pipes may not be feasible in transporting liquids or gas over a great distance or through rough terrain under high pressure. 
         [0013]    What is needed is a lightweight and cost effective HDPE piping system that can, among other things, withstand the environment and gas and fluid pressures of current oil and gas recovery methods. The novel system needs to be designed and constructed for easy transport and installation. The lightweight pipes can be lifted and carried by 2 men. The novel system needs to provide a high flow and a high strength solution. The system needs to allow for minimal blocks or a support system in an above ground application. Rather, the novel piping system can lie on the ground during use or span voids. However, below ground installation is not restricted by the novel system. Since the novel system can be made with a thermoplastic, such as HDPE, the piping system may be resistant to theft (since metal pipes are often stolen). 
         [0014]    In addition, the novel system may be used for other applications, such as water irrigation or temporary supply of water or removal of waste during emergencies or gas and chemical transport. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0015]    In accordance with the present disclosure, a mechanical piping system and a method for manufacturing piping elements for use in the mechanical piping system is disclosed. As disclosed herein, the system incorporating aspects of the present invention may include a pipe, wherein the pipe is a thinned wall and made of high density polyethylene (HDPE) material. During the construction process, the thin walled HDPE pipe is cooled and then wrapped with a thermoplastic fiber tape. The tape is made with continuous and taut fibers wherein the fibers can be made from glass, carbon or synthetic fiber (such as Kevlar™ fibers). The tape is applied to the pipe at ambient room temperature (around 72 degrees F.) and relatively low humidity (for example, around 30). The tape and pipe are heated by a heat source and then allowed to cool. When heated and later cooled, the tape bonds (creating a homogenous or monolithic bond) to the pipe creating a reinforced thin wall pipe. Ends of the pipe may be further wrapped by the tape to add reinforcement to the pipe&#39;s ends. The reinforced pipe may then be wrapped with a UV protective and abrasion resistant film. Should the pipe need to endure higher pressures, a second wrapping or more wrappings at ambient temperature of the thermoplastic fiber tape is applied, heated and cooled before the UV/abrasion resistant film is applied. The system may also include a coupling connector, wherein the interior of the connector engages with the exterior of the end of the pipe. Mechanical or electrical forces are used to secure the pipe&#39;s end to the coupling connector. 
         [0016]    The system and method disclosed herein is technically advantageous because it creates a mechanical piping system for use in high pressure application, including high pressure water transport, water irrigation or temporary water supply and removal applications. The system and method are further advantageous because the piping elements for high pressure fluid and gas transport are lighter (allowing for 2 men delivery and construction) and more durable than in existing piping systems and are also less prone to leakage. The system and method are also advantageous in that they incorporate time saving elements, making deployment and or removal of the piping system easier and faster than in current applications. Other technical advantages will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the following specification, claims, and drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0017]    A better understanding of the present invention can be obtained with the following detailed descriptions of the various disclosed embodiments in the drawings, which are given by way of illustration only, and thus are not limiting the present invention, and wherein: 
           [0018]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a tape weaved around a thermoplastic pipe according to the present invention. 
           [0019]      FIG. 2  is a top view of a prior art thermoplastic fibered tape. 
           [0020]      FIG. 3  is a sectional view of the thermoplastic pipe along line A-A of  FIG. 1  according to the present invention. 
           [0021]      FIG. 4  is a perspective view of a thermoplastic pipe wrapped with thermoplastic fibered tape according to the present invention. 
           [0022]      FIG. 5  is a perspective view of a UV protective/Abrasion resistant tape applied to a thermoplastic fibered tape that is wrapped around a thermoplastic pipe according to the present invention. 
           [0023]      FIG. 6  is a perspective view of a prior art coupler for joining thermoplastic pipes. 
           [0024]      FIG. 7  is a perspective view of a prior art electronic fusion coupler. 
           [0025]      FIG. 8  is a perspective view of a thermoplastic pipe with an exposed area according to the present invention. 
           [0026]      FIG. 9  is a side view of an electronic fusion coupler joining thermoplastic pipes according to the present invention. 
           [0027]      FIG. 10  is a flow chart of the method of manufacturing a reinforced thermoplastic pipe according to the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0028]    In  FIG. 1 , a thermoplastic pipe or tube  1  is shown. In one embodiment according to the present invention, the pipe  1  is a thin walled high density polyethylene pipe. Unlike traditional prior art thick walled thermoplastic (e.g., polyethylene) pipes used for fluid/gas transport for oil and gas applications, the pipe  1  according to the present invention, has a thickness of less than 0.5 inches and preferably less than 0.25 inches. Due to the pipe&#39;s thin wall, the pipe  1  is flexible. Furthermore, the thin walled pipe  1  would not be able to withstand the pressures and other factors in oil and gas applications, where in one embodiment fluid pressures exceed 200 PSI. For reinforcement, the pipe  1  is wound with a fiber tape  10 . In one embodiment, the tape  10  is made of a similar material to the pipe, such as a high density polyethylene thermoplastic tape. The tape includes continuous fibers  15  that in one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 2 , are taut and run along the length of the tape. Such tapes, such as fiberglass HDPE tapes, are manufactured by Ticona Engineering Polymers under the brand name Celstran™ (Model no. CFR-TP HDPE GF70-01). In one embodiment, the tape is made of 70 percent fiberglass by weight and is a foot in width. Other widths such as 6 inches are contemplated. The fibers are continuously run (uni-directional) along the tape and are taut. 
         [0029]    The pipe  1  is laid on a support platform and is cooled by a cooling apparatus (not shown). Such cooling means could include a localized cooler or a cooling chamber. Other cooling methods are contemplated. In one embodiment, with an ambient room temperature of approximately 72 degrees F. and a dry humidity environment (in one embodiment, a relative humidity of around 30), the pipe  1  is cooled until the outer surface temperature of the pipe is at 40 degrees F. or below. One skilled in the art would recognize that environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity may affect the manufacturing process. The cooled pipe  1  is rotated along its central axis. As the pipe  1  is rotated, the tape  10  (generally at ambient room temperature) is applied to the pipe  1  to create a single layer of tape  10  over the pipe  1 . To ensure complete coverage of the pipe  1  using a minimum amount of tape  10  (to reduce weight of the overall pipe), the tape  10  is applied securely in a barber pole fashion where some of the tape may overlap creating an overlap area  3 . A heat source (such as an iron) (not shown) is used to secure the ends of the tape  10  to the outer surface of the pipe  1  to ensure that the tape  10  is tautly wound (without slack) around the pipe  1 . The tape  10  and the pipe  1  are then heated by the same or another heat source  12  to a temperature to create a homogenous or monolithic bond. In one embodiment, the heat source  12  heats the tape  10  and the pipe  1  to a surface temperature of approximately 375 to 450 degrees F. The HDPE materials of both the tape and pipe melt creating a homogenous or monolithic bond. During the heating process, the pipe  1  expands due to thermal expansion. Since the tape  10  is securely wrapped over the pipe  1  and the fibers  15  are continuous and taut, the fibers  15  of the tape  10  penetrate and embed itself to the pipe  1  as the pipe expands. 
         [0030]    In  FIG. 3 , a cross sectional view of the thermoplastic pipe along line A-A of  FIG. 1  is shown. When cooled, the pipe  1  has a smaller diameter  31 . Once warmed to an ambient temperature (e.g., near 72 degrees F.), the pipe&#39;s diameter  32  expands as a result of thermal expansion. The taut fibers  15  of the tape  10  become embedded into the pipe  1  as the pipe expands. Once the tape  10  and the pipe  1  cool to the ambient temperature creating a homogenous or monolithic bond, the fibers  15  are securely embedded in the pipe  1 . The pipe  1  is reinforced by the fibers  15  and the lightweight thin wall pipe can now withstand the higher pressures and other factors. 
         [0031]    As shown in  FIG. 4 , for further reinforcement, a second layer of fibered tape  18  may be applied to the pipe  25  in the opposite direction as the first layer of tape  10  (creating a crisscrossing pattern). Additional layers of the fibered tape may be added to the pipe  1  for additional reinforcement. Furthermore, in one embodiment, both ends of the pipe  25  are reinforced by application of an additional fiber tape  19 . The tape  19  is snugly and securely wrapped perpendicular to the center axis of the pipe  25 . In one embodiment, the tape  19  is tautly wrapped several times around the pipe  25  creating reinforced areas of the ends of the pipe  25  of approximately 4 to 8 ft. in length. 
         [0032]    Next, a UV protective and abrasion resistant film may be applied to the pipe  1 . One such film is manufactured by Valeron of Houston, Tex. under the brand name V-Max™. As shown in  FIG. 5 , typically at ambient temperature (e.g., around 72 degree F.) and a dry environment (in one embodiment, the relative humidity is around 30), a UV protective/abrasion resistant film  48  is applied over the second layer fiber tape  18  and reinforced end tape  19  (not shown) in a similar barber poll pattern. However, similar to the directions of the first layer of tape  10  (shown in  FIG. 3  for illustrative purposes, but generally would be covered by the second layer  18 ) and the second layer fiber tape  18 , the UV/abrasion resistant film  48  would be applied on the pipe  40  against the direction of the second tape  18  (creating a crisscross pattern between the second layer  18  and UV/abrasion resistant tape  48 ). A heat source (not shown) is used to bond the film  48  to the fiber tape  18  of the pipe  40 . In one embodiment, the film  48  has a width of 12 inches. 
         [0033]    The novel pipe  40  is typically 30 feet in length. Thus, in one embodiment, a coupler is used to join various sections of the pipe  40  to create the piping system. An electrostatic fusion coupler  30  is shown in  FIG. 6 . One exemplary coupler is manufactured by Integrity Fusion Products, Inc. of Georgia. The coupler  30  has inner diameter dimensions to allow the joining of various pipes  40 . The coupler  30  has internal contact areas  35  where the outer surfaces of pipes meet up and bond with the inner surfaces of the coupler  30 . Electrical ports  38  are provided to allow the entry of electrical wires to the contact areas  35 . 
         [0034]      FIG. 7  shows internal heating elements of the coupler  30 . Heating elements  60  are wound within the internal surface of the coupler  30  creating the contact area  35 . As an electrical current is applied to the elements  60 , the resulting heat fuses the coupler  30  to the pipe  40 . 
         [0035]    Since the pipe  40  has been reinforced with the tapes  10  and  18  and UV protective/abrasion resistant film  48 , the pipe, tapes and film may not effectively bond with the inner surface of the coupler  30 . 
         [0036]      FIG. 8  shows a perspective view of the reinforced pipe  70  according to the present invention. An end of the reinforced pipe  70  includes an exposed area  20  where the fiber tapes  10 ,  18  (not shown) and the UV protective/abrasion resistant film  48  have been removed. The exposed area  20  is the original thin walled HDPE pipe. In one embodiment, the exposed area is about 4⅞ inches in length. Removal of the tapes  10 ,  18  and the film  48  in the exposed area  20  can be done in many ways. In one embodiment, the tapes  10 ,  18  and the film  48  are scraped from the pipe  70  using a mechanical scrapper. 
         [0037]      FIG. 9  shows a side view of two pipes joined by a coupler according to the present invention. The pipes  70  and  70 ″ are inserted into the coupler  30 . Electrical ports  38  allow heating wires (not shown) to be wound to the internal surface of the coupler  30 . The exposed areas  20  and  20 ″ of the outer surfaces of pipes  70  and  70 ″, respectively, are in contact with the heating surface of the coupler  30 . As an electrical current is apply to the wires, the surfaces of pipes  70  and  70 ″ are bonded with the internal surfaces of the coupler  30  effectively joining the pipes  70  and  70 ″ together for fluid transport. Since the pipes  70  and  70 ″ include reinforced ends  72  and  72 ″, in one embodiment, the ends of the coupler  30  include beveled ends  80   a  along the lip of the coupler to allow the reinforced ends  72  and  72 ″ to fit snugly up against the coupler  30 . In one embodiment, the angle for the bevels is approximately 22 degrees from the horizontal. 
         [0038]    Other coupling means can be used with the pipes. In another embodiment, a re-usable two section EF coupler can be used to join the reinforced thermoplastic pipes. Thus, a thin wall thermoplastic pipe can be re-used without the need to cut the pipe from the couplers. The length of the pipes is not shortened thus allowing additional re-uses of the pipes. 
         [0039]    The pipe  70  is reusable. Typically, the initial length of the pipe  70  is 30 feet in length. To reuse the pipe  70  and depending on the type of coupler, the pipe is cut from the coupler  30 . Ends of the cut pipe are scraped of the tapes  10 ,  18  and  48  to once again create an exposed area for further coupling of the pipe  70  at another site. The scraping of the tapes from the pipe&#39;s  70  outer surface ends can be done in the field, thus allowing for quick turnaround and reuse. Transport costs are reduced in view of the overall light weight of the thin wall thermoplastic pipe and light weight tape and film. In one embodiment, the novel piping system has a weight density of less than 128 lbs./30 feet. Application of the novel system can include transport of water during fracturing operations, removal of waste water from oil and gas sites or temporary supply of water or removal of waste water during emergency situations. 
         [0040]    For example, in one embodiment, the novel piping system can transport  150  bbls/minute with a 10.5″ inner diameter (ID)/11″ outer diameter thin walled HDPE pipe and 200 PSI with 1.5 SF. Furthermore, repair and reuse of the novel pipes are possible at a lower cost than traditional piping systems. The novel system can be used above ground and without traditional support blocks or other support platforms in a piggy back configuration. The clearing of an area for the laying of the novel piping system may not be needed. The flexible piping system can be used in forests or other high density areas with obstacles. Since the pipes are made of HDPE materials, threat of thief is reduced (in comparison with metal pipes). 
         [0041]      FIG. 10  is a flow chart identifying the steps of an exemplary method of manufacturing a reinforced thermoplastic pipe according to the present invention. At step  1000 , an HDPE pipe is cooled. In one embodiment the temperature of the outer surface of overall pipe is around 40 degrees F. At step  1002 , at ambient temperature, a HDPE continuous and taut fiber tape is wrapped around the outer surface of the cooled pipe. At step  1004 , the tape and pipe are warmed to a surface temperature of 375 to 450 degrees F. At step  1006 , as the tape and pipe are warmed, the fibers in the tape are embedded into the pipe due to thermal expansion of the pipe and the taut characteristic of the wrapped fibers. At step  1008 , as the tape and pipe cool, a homogenous bond occurs. At step  1010 , a second HDPE continuous and taut fiber tape is wrapped around the first tape in an opposite direction. At step  1012 , heat is applied to the second tape and when cooled, the second tape homogenously bonds to the first tape. In one embodiment the surface of the second tape is heated to around 375 to 450 degrees F. At step  1014 , a UV protective/abrasion resistant film is wrapped around the second tape in an opposition direction from the second tape. At step  1016 , the film is heated and when cooled the film bonds to the second tape. 
         [0042]    The foregoing disclosure and description of the invention are illustrative and explanatory thereof, and various changes in the details of the illustrated apparatus and system, and the construction and the method of operation may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention.