Abstract:
A spectroscopy system comprises a tunable semiconductor laser, such as an external cavity laser, that generates a tunable signal. A detector is provided for detecting the tunable signal after interaction with a sample. In this way, the system is able to determine the spectroscopic response of the sample by tuning the laser of the scan band and monitoring the detector&#39;s response. An integrating device, such as an integrating sphere, is interposed optically between the tunable semiconductor laser and the detector. This integrating device is used to mitigate the effects of parasitic spectral noise, such as noise that is generated by speckle or the combination of single- and multi-mode optical fibers in the transmission link between the tunable semiconductor laser and the detector.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     A major source of parasitic spectral distortion in spectroscopy systems arises from speckle. This effect is observable in the emission of lasers: a laser beam observed scattered from a surface, such as a piece of paper, will appear to have randomly distributed bright speckles or dots, which can change with time and wavelength. This speckle pattern is the result of phase interference patterns that form at the detector plane, such as the eye observing the laser spot, and is partly a function of the minimum spectral resolution of the system and the roughness of the scattering (reflecting) surface at which the laser emission is directed. The speckle phenomenon is caused by the simultaneous spatial and spectral coherence of the light source, where spatial coherence refers to the small spatial extent, or diameter, of the light source, and spectral coherence refers to the small spectral width of the light source. In spectroscopy systems, spectral coherence of the light source is determined by the spectral resolution of the system, whether the spectral selection is done before or after interaction with the sample, as in pre-dispersive or post-dispersive spectroscopy systems, respectively.  
         [0002]     In the context of spectroscopy systems, the speckle affects the total power detected by a finite aperture, and/or finite numerical aperture, detector. Specifically, when speckle is present, the detected power is a function not only of the total intensity of the beam but how the speckle spots are distributed over the detector aperture and how those spots change with time and wavelength.  
         [0003]     While speckle can even be observed in nominally incoherent (low coherence) sources, the biggest challenges arise when using coherent sources, such as lasers. The high coherence of the sources increases the contrast in the speckle pattern. This results in increased signal distortion in the detector&#39;s response. Since the speckle pattern changes apparently randomly with the changes in wavelength for a tunable laser in a tunable source spectroscopy system, the speckle has the effect of generating spectral distortion that erodes the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the spectroscopy system.  
         [0004]     Whereas noise varies randomly with time and thus time averaging reduces noise and improves signal-to-noise ratio of the system, the speckle induced signal distortion does not vary randomly with time and thus time averaging does not reduce speckle signal distortion.  
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0005]     Another source of phase interference that can result in parasitic spectral noise in spectroscopy systems arises when moving between single spatial mode fiber (SMF) and multi spatial mode fiber (MMF),, such as when launching light from single-mode fiber into multi-mode fiber. Spectral distortion results from small changes in how the tunable signal is launched and propagates in the multi-mode fiber. Very small changes in the interface between the fibers, as well as small physical motions or temperature changes of the multi-mode fiber, change excitation amplitudes and phases of the spatial modes in the multi-mode fiber. This will cause phase interference noise at the finite aperture detector.  
         [0006]     These problems of phase interference noise are most extreme in the context of semiconductor laser sources. These sources can emit spectrally, or temporally, coherent light. Further, these semiconductor laser sources have high spatial coherence because many semiconductor lasers only operate in a single or possibly only a few spatial modes. Therefore, speckle-induced spectral distortion can arise as the source light is detected after it interacts with a spatially-extended scattering sample. Moreover, in these systems, the light from the semiconductor laser sources is typically coupled into single-mode fiber and then into multi-mode fiber, or less commonly, directly into multi-mode fiber. As a result, phase interference noise can further arise from small changes in amplitude and phase of the modes of the MMF.  
         [0007]     In general, according to one aspect, the invention features a spectroscopy system. This spectroscopy system comprises a tunable semiconductor laser that generates a tunable signal. The semiconductor source output is typically coupled to a single-mode fiber. A detector is provided for detecting the tunable signal after interaction with a sample. In this way, the system is able to determine the spectroscopic response of the sample by tuning the laser over the scan band and monitoring the detector&#39;s response.  
         [0008]     According to the invention, an integrating device is interposed optically between the tunable semiconductor laser and the detector. This integrating device is used to mitigate the effects of parasitic speckle noise, such as noise that is generated by sample-scattering speckle or the combination of single- and multi-mode optical fibers in the transmission link between the tunable semiconductor laser and the detector.  
         [0009]     In a preferred embodiment, the tunable semiconductor laser comprises an external cavity tunable laser that includes a semiconductor optical amplifier gain medium and a laser tuning element for selecting and tuning a spectral band of the emission of the semiconductor optical amplifier to generate the tunable laser signal. In one implementation, the semiconductor optical amplifier comprises a reflective rear facet and an antireflective-coated front facet. In some implementations, the laser tuning element comprises a tunable filter such as a micro-electromechanical system Fabry-Perot tunable filter. In an alternative implementation, the laser tuning element is a grating, however.  
         [0010]     In some applications, the detector comprises a single element detector. But in other examples, the detector can be a detector element array such as a charge coupled device or InGaAs array.  
         [0011]     In the current embodiment, the integrating device comprises a highly diffuse reflective element in which the tunable signal undergoes multiple diffuse reflections to be temporally and spatially integrated. In one specific example, the integrating device is an integrating sphere. This can be a solid sphere with a highly diffuse reflective coating or a hollow sphere that is formed in a highly diffuse reflective material.  
         [0012]     One typical application for the present invention is in a spectroscopy system that uses multiple fiber links. In one example, a first fiber link, typically a single-mode fiber, extends between the tunable semiconductor laser and the integrating device and is used to illuminate a scattering sample under observation. A second optical fiber, typically a multimode fiber, is used to collect the light scattered from the sample and extends between the integrating device and the detector. In another example, a first fiber link, typically a single-mode fiber, extends between the tunable semiconductor laser and the integrating device, while the second optical fiber link, typically a multimode fiber, extends between the integrating device and the sample. In this application, the integrating device couples the single mode fiber to the multi-mode fiber, where it destroys spatial coherence of the source and decreases any spectral artifacts that arise from the direct launching of the single-mode fiber output into the multi-mode fiber.  
         [0013]     In one specific embodiment, power detectors and/or wavelength reference detectors are used in conjunction with the integrating device. Specifically, they can be mounted on the integrating device to detect the power of the tunable signal in the integrating device and also the wavelength of the tunable signal in the integrating device. In this way, power and wavelength monitoring taps are made part of the integrating device for improved operation and ease of assembly.  
         [0014]     In general, according to another aspect, the invention features a spectroscopy system that comprises at least first and second tunable semiconductor lasers. In this example, the integrating device is interposed optically between the tunable semiconductor lasers and the sample. The integrating device functions to combine the first tunable signal and the second tunable signal for transmission on a common output fiber. In this way, the integrating device further functions as a combiner for more than one, such as two, three, four, or more, semiconductor laser devices.  
         [0015]     The above and other features of the invention including various novel details of construction and combinations of parts, and other advantages, will now be more particularly described with reference to the accompanying drawings and pointed out in the claims. It will be understood that the particular method and device embodying the invention are shown by way of illustration and not as a limitation of the invention. The principles and features of this invention may be employed in various and numerous embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S)  
       [0016]     In the accompanying drawings, reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale; emphasis has instead been placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. Of the drawings:  
         [0017]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram showing a spectroscopy system according to a first embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0018]      FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram showing a second embodiment of the spectroscopy system according to the present invention, providing for two or more semiconductor tunable lasers;  
         [0019]      FIGS. 3A-3D  illustrate a number of exemplary external cavity semiconductor tunable lasers that are compatible with the present invention;  
         [0020]      FIG. 4  illustrates a plot of integrating sphere diameter and tunable signal bandwidth, both in arbitrary units, illustrating the relationship between the integrating sphere size and the tunable signal bandwidth. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0021]      FIG. 1  illustrates a spectroscopy system  100 , which has been constructed according to the principles of the present invention.  
         [0022]     Generally, the system  100  includes a semiconductor tunable laser  200 . This semiconductor tunable laser has a semiconductor gain medium, such as semiconductor optical amplifier. Often these semiconductor gain mediums emit light in only one or a few spatial modes and are fiber coupled. In the example, the generated tunable optical signal  105  is coupled into an optical fiber  112  by a coupler  110 .  
         [0023]     Because of the limited number of spatial modes of the semiconductor tunable laser  200 , the optical fiber  112  is often a single mode fiber. Thus, it only supports and propagates a single spatial mode.  
         [0024]     In one further implementation, the optical fiber  112  may further be polarization controlling fibers, such as polarization maintaining or polarization stripping (only propagates a single polarization) fiber. Specifically, such a system is illustrated in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/018,687, filed on Dec. 21, 2004, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference. The use of polarization controlling fiber reduced polarization dependant loss, which increases the performance of these systems.  
         [0025]     The optical fiber  112  from the semiconductor tunable laser  200  transmits the tunable signal  105  to an integrating device  150 . Specifically, in one example, this integrating device  150  is an integrating sphere and the tunable signal is launched into the sphere via a coupler  158 . These devices are used to integrate the optical signals typically both spatially and temporally. The optical signal propagates in the sphere, typically undergoing many reflections at an often diffusely reflecting surface  152  of the sphere  150 . The optical signal  105  is then coupled into an output fiber  116 .  
         [0026]     The multiple diffuse reflections in the sphere  150  have the effect of integrating the tunable signal temporally and spatially, destroying or substantially destroying its spatial coherence to fill or excite all of the spatial modes of the output multi-mode fiber  116 .  
         [0027]     In one implementation, the integrating device  150  is a hollow integrating sphere. Specifically, in this example, the integrating device comprises a hollow region formed within a block of a reflective material such as Spectralon material. This material provides diffuse reflection over an extremely large bandwidth covering the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum. Its reflectance is generally &gt;99% from 400-1500 nanometers (nm) and &gt;95% between 250-2500 nm.  
         [0028]     In another example, the integrating device  150  comprises a solid material that is transmissive to the tunable signal  105 . Preferably, the material has a low absorption and a relatively high index of refraction. In one example, the integrating device is fabricated from a sphere of silicon, gallium phosphide, or zinc sulfide. The surface of the integrating device is then provided with a, preferably diffusely, reflective coating.  
         [0029]     In other examples, the index mismatch between the integrating device and the surrounding environment is used to provide for internal reflection.  
         [0030]     In one embodiment, the integrating device  150  also functions as a substrate or platform for detecting the power and/or wavelength of the tunable optical signal  105 . Specifically, in one example, a power detector  114  is optically coupled to the integrating device  150 . In one example, it is mounted to an outer surface  152  of the integrating device  150 . As a result, the power detector  114  is able to detect the magnitude of the tunable optical signal  105 . In one example, this information is provided to a drive current controller  134  that controls the power or current supplied to the semiconductor tunable laser  200 , which can thereby be used to stabilize the magnitude of the tunable optical signal  105 . In another example, the signal power information is used to modulate an optical signal modulator, such as an attenuator, to stabilize the signal  105 .  
         [0031]     In another example, a wavelength detector  136  is further coupled to the integrating device  150 . In one example, the wavelength detector  136  is also mounted on the outer surface  152  of the integrating device  150 . In one example, it includes an electro-optical detector  138  and a wavelength reference element  140 , such as an etalon.  
         [0032]     The power detected by the wavelength detector  136  is provided to an analyzer  142  or alternatively used for feedback control of the semiconductor tunable laser  200 . This information enables wavelength calibration by detecting the precise instantaneous wavelength of the tunable optical signal  105 .  
         [0033]     The light from the integrating device  150  in one example is coupled into an output, typically multi-mode, fiber  116  that conveys light to the sample  50 , for example. In one example, the light is emitted from an endface  118  of the output fiber  116  and possibly collimated or focused by a refractive optical element, such as a lens  120 . As a result, the tunable optical signal  105  is transmitted to the sample  50  to interrogate the transmission or diffuse reflectance spectrum of the sample  50 .  
         [0034]     The use of the integrating device  150  minimizes the spectral artifacts that arise in the direct coupling between the single-mode fiber  112  and the multi-mode fiber  116 . The integrating device  150  serves to destroy the spatial coherence of the excitation source and to fill the multiple spatial modes of the multi-mode fiber  116  in a consistent and reproducible fashion that is stable over time.  
         [0035]     In the illustrated embodiment, light transmitted through the sample or reflected by the sample  50  is collected possibly by another refractive element  122  and coupled into the endface  124  of a detector side optical fiber  126 , which is typically multi-mode. In the illustrated example, the detector side fiber conveys the tunable signal from the sample to a detector  132 . In the illustrated example, the analyzer  142  is used to monitor the output of the detector.  
         [0036]      FIG. 2  illustrates an alternative embodiment in which the integrating device  150  is further used as a combiner to combine the tunable signal output generated by multiple semiconductor tunable lasers.  
         [0037]     Specifically, in this embodiment, a first semiconductor tunable laser  200 - 1  and a second semiconductor laser  200 - 2  couple respective tunable optical signals  105 - 1  and  105 - 2  into a common integrating sphere  150  via fibers  112 - 1  and  112 - 2  and couplers  158 - 1  and  158 - 2 .  
         [0038]     The resulting combined tunable optical signal is transmitted on the output fiber  116  to the sample  50 . In this way, the integrating device  150  functions to integrate the tunable optical signals, destroying their spatial coherence and ensuring that the multiple spatial modes of the output fiber  116  are completely filled. The use of two or more semiconductor lasers enables increases in the spectral scanning band by selecting tunable lasers that cover different sub bands of the scan band or an increase in the optical power by tuning the lasers together.  
         [0039]      FIGS. 3A-3D  show a number of examples of the tunable semiconductor lasers  200  that are used in embodiments of the inventive spectroscopy system  100 .  
         [0040]     Specifically,  FIG. 3A  shows a first linear cavity laser embodiment ( 200 - 1 ) of the tunable semiconductor laser  200 . This is generally analogous to the tunable laser described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,339,603, which is incorporated herein by this reference.  
         [0041]     Specifically, light is amplified in a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)  610 . This light is filtered by an intracavity Fabry-Perot tunable filter  612 . In one embodiment, the Fabry-Perot tunable filter is manufactured as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,608,711 or 6,373,632, which are incorporated herein by this reference.  
         [0042]     Out-of-band reflections from the filter  612  are isolated from being amplified in the SOA  610  by a first isolation element  614  and a second isolation element  616 , on either side of the  10  filter  612  in the optical train. In different implementations, these isolation elements  614 ,  616  are Faraday rotators or quarterwave plates. The laser cavity is defined by a first mirror  618  and a second mirror  620 . In some implementations, a reflective SOA  610  is used, which provides the reflectivity of the first mirror  618  at one end of the cavity. The tunable signal  105  is emitted through the second mirror  620  in one example.  
         [0043]     In some embodiments, a portion of the laser cavity includes a length of the optical fiber  112 . The second mirror  620  is then typically a discrete mirror or a fiber Bragg grating reflector that is formed in the fiber  112 . The advantage of using the hybrid free-space/fiber laser cavity is that the laser cavity can be made long, typically longer than 10 centimeters, and preferably longer than 0.5 meters. The long cavity provides for tight longitudinal mode spacing to reduce mode-hopping noise.  
         [0044]     In a current embodiment, the SOA chip  610  is polarization anisotropic. Thus, polarization control is desired to stabilize its operation. As such, fiber  112  is polarization controlling fiber such a polarization maintaining or is fiber that only transmits or propagates a single polarization.  
         [0045]      FIG. 3B  shows another implementation ( 200 - 2 ) of the linear cavity tunable laser functioning as the tunable semiconductor source  200 . Here, an SOA  610  is used in combination with a first mirror  618  and a second mirror  620 . The SOA  610  is isolated from the out of passband reflection of the Fabry-Perot tunable filter  612  by tilt isolation. Typically the angle a between the optical axis OAF of the filter  612  and the optical axis of the laser cavity OAC is less than 5 degrees, and preferably between 1 and 3 degrees. Currently, angle a is about 1.3 degrees. In this way, the system generally avoids the out-of-band reflections from being amplified in the SOA  610 . Preferably the tunable filter  612  has flat-flat mirror cavity to further improve isolation.  
         [0046]     In this embodiment, a hybrid free-space/fiber cavity is used in some implementations to provide the long optical cavity/tight mode spacing characteristics by further including the fiber length  112 , with the mirror  620  being formed in or attached to the fiber  112 .  
         [0047]     In a current embodiment, the SOA chip  610  is again polarization anisotropic. Thus, polarization control is desired to stabilize its operation. As such, fiber  112  is polarization controlling fiber, such as polarization maintaining or is fiber that only transmits or propagates a single polarization.  
         [0048]      FIG. 3C  shows another implementation ( 200 - 3 ) of the tunable semiconductor source  200 . Here, feedback to the SOA  622  is provided by the first reflector  612 -M of the Fabry-Perot tunable filter  612  in order to generate the tunable signal  105 .  
         [0049]     Finally,  FIG. 3D  shows another implementation ( 200 - 4 ) of the tunable semiconductor source  200 . This also combines an SOA  610  and a Fabry-Perot filter  612 . A ring cavity laser, however, is used. Specifically an optical fiber or bent beam path  624  is used to recirculate the light back through the SOA  610  for further amplification. Isolators or other isolation systems are provided in the beam path to ensure unidirectional light propagation through the ring.  
         [0050]     In other embodiments, an intracavity tunable grating is used instead of the Fabry-Perot filter  612 .  
         [0051]      FIG. 4  generally illustrates a relationship between a diameter of the integrating sphere and the tunable signal bandwidth. Generally, integrating spheres have relatively high loss between their inputs and outputs. Typically, the loss within an integrating sphere is greater than 10 dB and can be greater than 20 dB. Generally, the larger the integrating sphere, the higher the loss.  
         [0052]     On the other hand, the required size of the integrating sphere is related to the amount of integration that is required. For a tunable optical signal with low temporal coherence, that is shorter coherence length, a smaller size integrating sphere can be used.  
         [0053]     In the preferred embodiment, the tunable optical signal has a coherence length of 1 to 10 millimeters, such as about 3 millimeters. Its bandwidth is greater than 0.2 nm and usually greater than 1 nanometer. As a result, the integrating sphere is less than 15 to 20 millimeters and usually less than 10 millimeters, optical length, in diameter. Preferably, the diameter of the integrating sphere is less than 5 millimeters. Note that these distances are for an air-filled sphere. Equivalent, small spheres are possible if high refractive index material is used for the sphere core.  
         [0054]     Selecting such a small integrating sphere has two advantages. First, as described earlier, it lowers the insertion loss associated with this optical element. Further, it also contributes to the compactness of the spectroscopy system.  
         [0055]     In other currently less preferred embodiments, the integrating sphere  150  is located optically between the sample  50  and the detector  132 . In one implementation, the sphere  150  is located in the fiber link  126 . In other examples, the sample  50  is located in the sphere  150  or directly optically interfaces with the sphere, i.e., no intervening optical fiber. These configurations in combination with the tunable semiconductor laser  200  function to reduce the speckle and other spectral noise. They do not have all of the advantages of the early-described embodiments, however.  
         [0056]     While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.