Abstract:
A cyber security system to detect attackers, including a data collector collecting data regarding a network, the data including network resources and users, a learning module analyzing data collected by the network data collector, determining therefrom groupings of the network resources into at least two groups, and assigning a customized decoy policy to each group of resources, wherein a decoy policy for a group of resources includes one or more decoy attack vectors, and one or more resources in the group in which the one or more decoy attack vectors are to be planted, and wherein an attack vector is an object of a first resource that may be used to access or discover a second resource, and a decoy deployer planting, for each group of resources, one or more decoy attack vectors in one or more resources in that group, in accordance with the decoy policy for that group.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a non-provisional of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/172,251, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CREATION, DEPLOYMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF AUGMENTED ATTACKER MAP, and filed on Jun. 8, 2015 by inventors Shlomo Touboul, Hanan Levin, Stephane Roubach, Assaf Mischari, Itai Ben David, Itay Avraham, Adi Ozer, Chen Kazaz, Ofer Israeli, Olga Vingurt, Liad Gareh, Israel Grimberg, Cobby Cohen and Sharon Sultan, the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein in their entirety. 
         [0002]    This application is a non-provisional of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/172,253, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MULTI-LEVEL DECEPTION MANAGEMENT AND DECEPTION SYSTEM FOR MALICIOUS ACTIONS IN A COMPUTER NETWORK, and filed on Jun. 8, 2015 by inventors Shlomo Touboul, Hanan Levin, Stephane Roubach, Assaf Mischari, Itai Ben David, Itay Avraham, Adi Ozer, Chen Kazaz, Ofer Israeli, Olga Vingurt, Liad Gareh, Israel Grimberg, Cobby Cohen and Sharon Sultan, the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein in their entirety. 
         [0003]    This application is a non-provisional of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/172,255, entitled METHODS AND SYSTEMS TO DETECT, PREDICT AND/OR PREVENT AN ATTACKER&#39;S NEXT ACTION IN A COMPROMISED NETWORK, and filed on Jun. 8, 2015 by inventors Shlomo Touboul, Hanan Levin, Stephane Roubach, Assaf Mischari, Itai Ben David, Itay Avraham, Adi Ozer, Chen Kazaz, Ofer Israeli, Olga Vingurt, Liad Gareh, Israel Grimberg, Cobby Cohen and Sharon Sultan, the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein in their entirety. 
         [0004]    This application is a non-provisional of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/172,259, entitled MANAGING DYNAMIC DECEPTIVE ENVIRONMENTS, and filed on Jun. 8, 2015 by inventors Shlomo Touboul, Hanan Levin, Stephane Roubach, Assaf Mischari, Itai Ben David, Itay Avraham, Adi Ozer, Chen Kazaz, Ofer Israeli, Olga Vingurt, Liad Gareh, Israel Grimberg, Cobby Cohen and Sharon Sultan, the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein in their entirety. 
         [0005]    This application is a non-provisional of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/172,261, entitled SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR AUTOMATICALLY GENERATING NETWORK ENTITY GROUPS BASED ON ATTACK PARAMETERS AND/OR ASSIGNMENT OF AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED SECURITY POLICIES, and filed on Jun. 8, 2015 by inventors Shlomo Touboul, Hanan Levin, Stephane Roubach, Assaf Mischari, Itai Ben David, Itay Avraham, Adi Ozer, Chen Kazaz, Ofer Israeli, Olga Vingurt, Liad Gareh, Israel Grimberg, Cobby Cohen and Sharon Sultan, the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein in their entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    The present invention relates to cyber security, and in particular to computer network surveillance. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    Reference is made to  FIG. 1 , which is a simplified diagram of a prior art enterprise network  100  connected to an external internet  10 . Network  100  is shown generally with resources including computers  110 , servers  120 , switches and routers  130 , and mobile devices  140  such as smart phones and tablets, for ease of presentation, although it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that enterprise networks today are generally much more varied and complex and include other devices such as printers, phones and any Internet of Things objects. The various connections shown in  FIG. 1  may be direct or indirect, wired or wireless communications, or a combination of wired and wireless connections. Computers  110  and servers  120  may be physical elements or logical elements, or a mix of physical and logical elements. Computers  110  and servers  120  may be physical or virtual machines. Computers  110  and servers  120  may be local, remote or cloud-based elements, or a mix of local, remote and cloud-based elements. Computers  110  may be client workstation computers. Servers  120  may be file transfer protocol (FTP) servers, email servers, structured query language (SQL) servers, secure shell (SSH) servers, and other database and application servers. A corporate information technology (IT) department manages and controls network  100  in order to serve the corporate requirements and meet the corporate needs. 
         [0008]    Access to computers  110  and servers  120  in network  100  may optionally be governed by an access governor  150 , such as a directory service, that authorizes users to access computers  110  and servers  120  based on “credentials” and other methods of authentication. Access governor  150  may be a name directory, such as ACTIVE DIRECTORY® developed by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash., for WINDOWS® environments. Background information about ACTIVE DIRECTORY® is available at Wikipedia. Other access governors for WINDOWS and non-WINDOWS environments include inter alia Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS), and Apple Filing Protocol (AFP), formerly APPLETALK®, developed by Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Background information about LDAP, RADIUS and AFP is available at Wikipedia. 
         [0009]    Access governor  150  may be one or more local machine access controllers. For networks that do not include an access governor, authentication may be performed by other servers  120 . Alternatively, in lieu of access governor  150 , resources of network  100  determine their local access rights. 
         [0010]    Credentials for accessing computers  110  and servers  120  include inter alia server account credentials such as &lt;address&gt; &lt;username&gt; &lt;password&gt; for an FTP server, a database server, or an SSH server. Credentials for accessing computers  110  and servers  120  also include user login credentials &lt;username&gt; &lt;password&gt;, or &lt;username&gt; &lt;ticket&gt;, where “ticket” is an authentication ticket, such as a ticket for the Kerberos authentication protocol or NTLM hash used by Microsoft Corp., or login credentials via certificates or via another method of authentication. Background information about the Kerberos protocol and LM hashes is available at Wikipedia. 
         [0011]    Access governor  150  may maintain a directory of computers  110 , servers  120  and their users. Access governor  150  authorizes users and computers, assigns and enforces security policies, and installs and updates software. 
         [0012]    Computers  110  may run a local or remote security service, which is an operating system process that verifies users logging in to computers and to other single sign-on systems and to other credential storage systems. 
         [0013]    Network  100  may include a security information and event management (SIEM) server  160 , which provides real-time analysis of security alerts generated by network hardware and applications. Background information about SIEM is available at Wikipedia. 
         [0014]    Network  100  may include a domain name system (DNS) server  170 , or such other name service system, for translating domain names to IP addresses. Background information about DNS is available at Wikipedia. 
         [0015]    Network  100  may include a firewall  180  located within a gateway between enterprise network  100  and external internet  10 . Firewall  180  controls incoming and outgoing traffic for network  100 . Background information about firewalls is available at Wikipedia. 
         [0016]    One of the most prominent threats that organizations face is a targeted attack; i.e., an individual or group of individuals that attacks the organization for a specific purpose, such as stealing data, using data and systems, modifying data and systems, and sabotaging data and systems. Targeted attacks are carried out in multiple stages, typically including inter alia reconnaissance, penetration, lateral movement and payload. Lateral movement involves orientation, movement and propagation, and includes establishing a foothold within the organization and expanding that foothold to additional systems within the organization. 
         [0017]    In order to carry out the lateral movement stage, an attacker, whether a human being who is operating tools within the organization&#39;s network, or a tool with “learning” capabilities, learns information about the environment it is operating in, such as network topology, network devices and organization structure, learns “where can I go from my current location” and “how can I go from my current location to another location (privilege required)”, learns implemented security solutions, learns applications that he can leverage, and then operates in accordance with that data. 
         [0018]    An advanced attacker may use different attack techniques to enter a corporate network and to move laterally within the network in order to obtain his resource goals. The advanced attacker may begin with a workstation, server or any other network entity to start his lateral movement. He uses different methods to enter the network, including inter alia social engineering, existing exploit and/or vulnerability, and a Trojan horse or any other malware allowing him to control a first node or nodes. 
         [0019]    Once an attacker has taken control of a first node in a corporate network, he uses different advanced attack techniques for orientation and propagation and discovery of additional ways to reach other network nodes in the corporate network. Attacker movement from node to node is performed via an “attack vector”, which is an object discovered by the attacker, including inter alia an object in memory or storage of a first computer that may be used to access or discover a second computer. 
         [0020]    Exemplary attack vectors include inter alia credentials of users with escalated privileges, existing share names on different servers and workstations, and details including address and credentials of an FTP server, an email server, a database server or an SSH server. Attack vectors are often available to an attacker because a user did not log off of his workstation, did not log out of an application, or did not clear his cache. E.g., if a user contacted a help desk and gave a help desk administrator remote access to his workstation and if the help desk administrator did not properly log off from the remote access session to the users workstation, then the help desk access credentials may still be stored in the user&#39;s local cache and available to the attacker. Similarly, if the user accessed a server, e.g., an FTP server, then the FTP account login parameters may be stored in the user&#39;s local cache or profile and available to the attacker. 
         [0021]    Attack vectors enable inter alia a move from workstation A→server B based on a shared server host name and its credentials, connection to a different workstation using local admin credentials that reside on a current workstation, and connection to an FTP server using specific access credentials. 
         [0022]    Whereas IT “sees” the logical and physical network topology, an attacker that lands on a first network node “sees” attack vectors that depart from that node and move laterally to other nodes. The attacker can move to such nodes and then follow “attack paths” by successively discovering attack vectors from node to node. 
         [0023]    When the attacker implements such a discovery process on all nodes in the network, he will be able to “see” all attack vectors of the corporate network and generate a “complete attack map”. Before the attacker discovers all attack vectors on network nodes and completes the discovery process, he generates a “current attack map” that is currently available to him. 
         [0024]    An objective of the attacker is to discover an attack path that leads him to a target network node. The target may be a bank authorized server that is used by the corporation for ordering bank account transfers of money, it may be an FTP server that updates the image of all corporate points of sale, it may be a server or workstation that stores confidential information such as source code and secret formulas of the corporation, or it may be any other network nodes that are of value to the attacker and are his “attack goal nodes”. 
         [0025]    When the attacker lands on the first node, but does not know how to reach the attack goal node, he generates a current attack map that leads to the attack goal node. 
         [0026]    One method to defend against such attacks, termed “honeypots”, is to plant and to monitor bait resources, with the objective that the attacker discover their existence and then consume the bait resources, and to notify an administrator of the malicious activity. Background information about honeypots is available at Wikipedia. 
         [0027]    Conventional honeypot systems operate by monitoring access to a supervised element in a computer network, the supervised element being a fake server or a fake service. Access monitoring generates many false alerts, caused by non-malicious access from automatic monitoring systems and by user mistakes. Conventional systems try to mitigate this problem by adding a level of interactivity to the honeypot, and by performing behavioral analysis of suspected malware if it has infected the honeypot itself. 
         [0028]    One of the drawbacks with conventional security systems based on attack parameters, is that security policy creation and assignment require manual intervention. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0029]    In distinction to conventional honeypot systems that employ bait resources and react to suspicious interaction with those resources, embodiments of the present invention plant deceptions in the form of decoy attack vectors, as described herein, which proactively lure an attacker to make specific lateral moves within an enterprise network. 
         [0030]    Embodiments of the present invention automatically create network entity groups and security policies based on data gathered from organizational network machines and other knowledge bases, including inter alia firewall logs, in addition to data from directory services, including inter alia Active Directory. As such, these embodiments provide automated and more suitable security policy distribution of deceptions over the organization&#39;s machines. 
         [0031]    There is thus provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention a cyber security system to detect attackers within a network of resources, including a network data collector collecting data regarding an enterprise network, the data including network resources and their operating systems, users and their privileges, installed applications, open ports, previous logged on users, browser histories, vault content and shares, from data sources including a directory service, the network resources, knowledge bases including firewall logs, and in/out ports of machines, a learning module analyzing the data collected by the network data collector, determining therefrom groupings of the network resources into at least two groups, and assigning a customized decoy policy to each group of resources, wherein a decoy policy for a group of resources includes one or more decoy attack vectors, and one or more resources in the group in which the one or more decoy attack vectors are to be planted, and wherein an attack vector is an object of a first resource that may be used to access or to discover a second resource, and a decoy deployer planting, for each group of resources, one or more decoy attack vectors in one or more resources in that group, in accordance with the decoy policy for that group. 
         [0032]    There is additionally provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention a cyber security method for detecting attackers within a network of resources, including collecting data regarding an enterprise network, the data including network resources and their operating systems, users and their privileges, installed applications, open ports, previous logged on users, browser histories, vault content and shares, from data sources including a directory service, the network resources, knowledge bases including firewall logs, and in/out ports of machines, analyzing the data collected by the collecting data, determining groupings of the network resources into at least two groups, assigning a customized decoy policy to each group of resources, wherein a decoy policy for a group of resources comprises one or more decoy attack vectors, and one or more resources in the group in which the one or more decoy attack vectors are to be planted, and wherein an attack vector is an object of a first resource that may be used to access or to discover a second resource, and planting, for each group of resources, one or more decoy attack vectors in one or more resources in that group, in accordance with the decoy policy for that group. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0033]    The present invention will be more fully understood and appreciated from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the drawings in which: 
           [0034]      FIG. 1  is a simplified diagram of a prior art enterprise network connected to an external internet; 
           [0035]      FIG. 2  is a simplified diagram of an enterprise network with network surveillance, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0036]      FIG. 3  is a simplified illustration of a data collector and learning module, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0037]      FIG. 4  is a simplified method for grouping network resources and assigning decoy policies to groups, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0038]      FIG. 5  is a simplified diagram of a virtual grouping of resources in the enterprise network of  FIG. 2 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and 
           [0039]      FIG. 6  is a simplified diagram of a system for assembling deception policies for entity groups, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
       [0040]    For reference to the figures, the following index of elements and their numerals is provided. Similarly numbered elements represent elements of the same type, but they need not be identical elements. 
         [0000]                                                Table of elements in the figures            Element   Description                    10   Internet       100   enterprise network       110   network computers       120   network servers       130   network switches and routers       140   mobile devices       150   access governor (optional)       252   forensic alert module       160   SIEM server       170   DNS server       180   firewall       200   enterprise network with network surveillance       210   deception management server       211   policy manager       212   deployment module       213   forensic application       214   data collector       215   learning module       220   database of credential types       230   policy database       240   decoy servers       242   forensic alert module       260   update server                    
Elements numbered in the 1000&#39;s are operations of flow charts.
 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0041]    In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, systems and methods are provided for dynamically managing decoy policies for an enterprise network, which adapt to changes that occur in the network environment. 
         [0042]    Reference is made to  FIG. 2 , which is a simplified diagram of an enterprise network  200  with network surveillance, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Network  200  includes a management server  210 , a database  220  of decoy attack vectors, a policy database  230  and decoy servers  240 . 
         [0043]    Database  220  stores attack vectors that fake movement and access to computers  110 , servers  120  and other resources in network  200 . Each decoy attack vector in database  220  may point to (i) a real resource that exists within network  200 , e.g., an FTP server, (ii) a decoy resource that exists within network  200 , e.g., a trap server, or (iii) a resource that does not exist. In the latter case, when an attacker attempts to access a resource that does not exist, access governor  150  recognizes a pointer to a resource that is non-existent. Access governor  150  responds by notifying management server  210 , or by re-directing the pointer to a resource that does exist in order to survey the attacker&#39;s moves, or both. 
         [0044]    Decoy attack vectors proactively lure an attacker to make specific lateral moves within network  200 . Attack vectors include inter alia: 
         [0000]    user names of the form &lt;username&gt;
 
user credentials of the form &lt;username&gt; &lt;password&gt;
 
user credentials of the form &lt;username&gt; &lt;hash of password&gt;
 
user credentials of the form &lt;username&gt; &lt;ticket&gt;
 
FTP server addresses of the form &lt;FTP address&gt;
 
FTP server credentials of the form &lt;FTP address&gt; &lt;username&gt;
 
&lt;password&gt;
 
SSH server addresses of the form &lt;SSH address&gt;
 
SSH server credentials of the form &lt;SSH address&gt; &lt;username&gt;
 
&lt;password&gt;
 
share addresses of the form &lt;SMB address&gt;
 
         [0045]    The attack vectors stored in database  220  are categorized by families, such as inter alia 
         [0000]    F 1 —user credentials
 
F 2 —files
 
F 3 —connections
 
F 4 —FTP logins
 
F 5 —SSH logins
 
F 6 —share names
 
F 7 —databases
 
F 8 —network devices
 
       F 9 —URLs 
     F 10 —Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) 
       [0046]    F 11 —recent commands
 
F 12 —scanners
 
F 13 —cookies
 
F 14 —cache
 
       F 15 —Virtual Private Network (VPN) 
       [0047]    F 16 —key logger 
         [0048]    Credentials for a computer B that reside on a computer A, or even an address pointer to computer B that resides on computer A, provide an attack vector for an attacker from computer A→computer B. 
         [0049]    Database  220  communicates with an update server  260 , which updates database  220  as new types of attack vectors for accessing, manipulating and hopping to computers evolve over time. Update server  260  may be a separate server, or a part of management server  210 . 
         [0050]    Policy database  230  stores policies for planting decoy attack vectors in computers of network  200 . Each policy specifies decoy attack vectors that are planted on the computers, in accordance with attack vectors stored in database  220 . For user credentials, the decoy attack vectors planted on a computer lead to another resource in the network. For attack vectors to access an FTP or other server, the decoy attack vectors planted on a computer lead to a decoy server  240 . 
         [0051]    It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art the databases  220  and  230  may be combined into a single database, or distributed over multiple databases. 
         [0052]    Management server  210  includes a policy manager  211 , a deployment module  212 , a forensic application  213 , a data collector  214  and a learning module  215 . Policy manager  211  defines a decoy and response policy. The decoy and response policy defines different decoy types, different decoy combinations, response procedures, notification services, and assignments of policies to specific network nodes, network users, groups of nodes or users or both. Once policies are defined, they are stored in policy database  230  with the defined assignments. 
         [0053]    Management server  210  obtains the policies and their assignments from policy database  230 , and delivers them to appropriate nodes and groups. It than launches deployment module  212  to plant decoys on end points, servers, applications, routers, switches, relays and other entities in the network. Deployment module  212  plants each decoy, based on its type, in memory (RAM), disk, or in any other data or information storage area, as appropriate. Deployment module  212  plants the decoy attack vectors in such a way that the chances of a valid user accessing the decoy attack vectors are low. Deployment module  212  may or may not stay resident. 
         [0054]    Forensic application  213  is a real-time application that is transmitted to a destination computer in the network, when a decoy attack vector is accessed by a computer  110 . When forensic application  213  is launched on the destination computer, it identifies a process running within that computer  110  that accessed that decoy attack vector, logs the activities performed by the thus-identified process in a forensic report, and transmits the forensic report to management server  210 . 
         [0055]    Once an attacker is detected, a “response procedure” is launched. The response procedure includes inter alia various notifications to various addresses, and actions on a decoy server such as launching an investigation process, and isolating, shutting down and re-imaging one or more network nodes. The response procedure collects information available on one or more nodes that may help in identifying the attacker&#39;s attack acts, intention and progress. 
         [0056]    Each decoy server  240  includes a forensic alert module  242 , which alerts management system  210  that an attacker is accessing the decoy server via a computer  110  of the network, and causes management server  210  to send forensic application  213  to the computer that is accessing the decoy server. In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, decoy server  240  may store forensic application  213 , in which case decoy server  240  may transmit forensic application  213  directly to the computer that is accessing the decoy server. In another alternative embodiment of the present invention, management server  210  or decoy server  240  may transmit forensic application  213  to a destination computer other than the computer that is accessing the decoy server. Access governor  150  also activates a forensic alert module  252 , which alerts management server  210  that an attacker is attempting to use a decoy credential. 
         [0057]    Notification servers (not shown) are notified when an attacker uses a decoy. The notification servers may discover this by themselves, or by using information stored on access governor  150  and SIEM  160 . The notification servers forward notifications, or results of processing multiple notifications, to create notification time lines or such other analytics. 
         [0058]    As shown in  FIG. 2 , network computers  110  and servers  120  are grouped into groups G 1 , G 2 , G 3  and G 4 . Accordingly, policy database  230  stores, for each group of computers, G 1 , G 2 , . . . , policies for planting decoy attack vectors in computers of that group. Each policy specifies decoy attack vectors that are planted in each group, in accordance with attack vectors stored in database  220 . 
         [0059]    Data collector  214  collects data regarding network  200 : (i) from access governor  150 , the collected data comprising network resources and their operating systems, and users and their privileges, (ii) from the network resources, the collected data comprising installed applications, open ports, previous logged on users, browser histories, vault content and shares, (iii) from knowledge bases comprising firewall logs, the collected data including other network data, and (iv) from in/out ports of machines, the collected data including other network data. 
         [0060]    Learning module  215  analyzes the data collected by data collector  214 , determines groupings of computers, G 1 , G 2 , . . . , and assigns a decoy policy to each thus-determined group of computers. 
         [0061]    Reference is made to  FIG. 3 , which is a simplified illustration of data collector  214  and learning module  215 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Data collector  214  analyzes network  200  and collects data including inter alia installed software, open ports, previously connected users, existing documents, browser histories, vault, active directory properties including organization units and their geographic locations, subnets, naming conventions, firewall logs and listening ports. 
         [0062]    Learning module  215  analyzes the data collected by data collector  2014 , and generates virtual groups G 1 , G 2 , . . . , and customized attack vectors for each virtual group. 
         [0063]    Reference is made to  FIG. 4 , which is a simplified method for grouping network resources and assigning decoy policies to groups, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. At operation  1010 , data collector  214  collects data about network  200  from a directory service such as access governor  150 , from network resources, from knowledge bases including firewall logs and from in/out ports. At operation  1020 , learning module  215  generates virtual groups G 1 , G 2 , . . . , of network resources. At operation  1030 , learning module  215  assigns customized decoy policies to each group. The customized decoy policies include inter alia attack vectors with decoy usernames, DNS aliases and browser histories. 
         [0064]    Reference is made to  FIG. 5 , which is a simplified diagram of a virtual grouping of the resources of enterprise network  200 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 5  shows a network having two organizational units, one in New York (NY) and one in the United Kingdom (UK), and a partition of the resources into virtual groups as determined by learning module  215 . It is noted that the virtual groups need not necessarily be disjoint, and they may instead overlap.  FIG. 5  shows such virtual groups G 1 , G 2 , G 3 , G 4 , G 5  that overlap. 
         [0065]    Reference is made to  FIG. 6 , which is a simplified diagram of a system for assembling deception policies for entity groups, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 6  shows a deceptive policy “Deceptive IT Policy 5” customized for a group of resources in New York that includes Shares (Tools, Docs), SSH (Server 1, Server 2) and Browsers (Wiki). The deceptive policy includes attack vectors for decoy shares, for a decoy SSH server, and for a decoy browser.  FIG. 6  shows another deceptive policy “Deceptive Finance Policy 1” customized for a group of resources that includes Shares (HR, Finance), SSH (Server 1, Server 2) and Browsers (ERP). The deceptive policy includes attack vectors for shares, for a decoy SSH server, and for decoy browsers. Each decoy policy is customized for the virtual group to which it is applied, so that the policy attack vectors appear to be legitimate for that virtual group. 
         [0066]    In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to the specific exemplary embodiments without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.