Abstract:
A radio terminal ( 1 ) updates a preconfigured radio parameter ( 409, 814 ) stored in a memory ( 406, 810 ) coupled to the radio terminal ( 1 ). The preconfigured radio parameter ( 409, 814 ) is used by the radio terminal ( 1 ) to perform at least one of discovery and direct communication without the assistance of a Public Land Mobile Network ( 100 ). This contributes, for example, to flexible adaptation to conditions under which the ProSe communication without the assistance of a network is performed.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present Application relates to Proximity-based services (ProSe) and, more particularly, to Prose communications without the assistance of a network. 
       BACKGROUND ART 
       [0002]    3GPP Release 12 specifies proximity-based services (ProSe) (see, for example, Non-Patent Literature 1). ProSe includes ProSe Discovery and ProSe Direct Communication. ProSe Discovery enables detecting proximity of radio terminals. ProSe Discovery includes direct discovery (ProSe Direct Discovery) and network-level discovery (EPC-level ProSe Discovery). 
         [0003]    ProSe Direct Discovery is performed through a procedure in which a ProSe-enabled UE detects another ProSe-enabled UE by using only capability of a radio communication technology (e.g., Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) technology) possessed by these two UEs. On the other hand, in EPC-level ProSe Discovery, a core network (i.e., Evolved Packet Core (EPC)) determines proximity of two ProSe-enabled UEs, and notifies these UEs of detection of proximity. ProSe Discovery may be performed by three or more ProSe-enabled UEs. 
         [0004]    ProSe Direct Communication enables, after the ProSe Discovery procedure, two or more ProSe-enabled UEs existing in the direct communication range to establish a communication path between them. In other words, ProSe Direct Communication enables a ProSe-enabled UE to directly communicate with another ProSe-enabled UE, without communicating through a public land mobile network (PLMN) including a base station (an eNodeB). ProSe Direct Communication may be performed by using a radio communication technology that is also used to access a base station (eNodeB) (i.e., E-UTRA technology) or by using a wireless local area network (WLAN) radio technology (i.e., IEEE 802.11 radio technology). 
         [0005]    According to 3GPP Release 12, a ProSe function communicates with a ProSe-enabled UE via a public land mobile network (PLMN), to assist in ProSe Discovery and ProSe Direct Communication. The ProSe function is a logical function that is used for PLMN-related operations that are necessary for ProSe in performing network-assisted ProSe. The functionality provided by the ProSe function includes, for example: (a) communication with third-party applications (a ProSe Application Server); (b) authentication of a UE for ProSe Discovery and ProSe Direct Communication; (c) transmission of configuration information to a UE for ProSe Discovery and ProSe Direct Communication (e.g., an EPC-ProSe-User ID); and (d) provision of the network-level discovery (i.e., EPC-level ProSe Discovery). The ProSe function may be implemented on a single or a plurality of network node(s) or entity (entities). In the present specification, a single or a plurality of network node(s) on which the ProSe function is implemented is/are referred to as the “ProSe function entity (entities)” or the “ProSe function server(s)”. 
         [0006]    As described above, in 3GPP Release 12 ProSe, a PLMN (e.g., the ProSe function and the eNodeB) assists ProSe-enabled UEs in ProSe Discovery and ProSe Direct Communication. However, mainly for public safety reasons, it has also been considered to make one or both of ProSe Direct Discovery and ProSe Direct Communication available to ProSe-enabled UEs without the assistance of a PLMN when the ProSe-enabled UEs cannot connect to the PLMN, such as when the ProSe-enabled UEs are out of the coverage of the PLMN. Non-Patent Literature 2 proposes storing, in a Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC), pre-configuration containing radio parameters that are necessary for performing non-PLMN-assisted ProSe without the assistance of a PLMN (hereinafter referred to as “non-PLMN-assisted ProSe”). According to the pre-configuration stored in the UICC, ProSe-enabled UEs can perform one or both of non-PLMN-assisted ProSe Direct Discovery and non-PLMN-assisted ProSe Direct Communication. 
         [0007]    Note that, 3GPP Release 12 ProSe is one example of proximity-based services (ProSe) which are provided based on geographic proximity of a plurality of radio terminals. The proximity-based services in a public land mobile network (PLMN) include, similarly to 3GPP Release 12 ProSe, discovery and direct-communication phases assisted by a function or a node (e.g., the ProSe function) located in the network. In the discovery phase, geographic proximity of radio terminals is determined or detected. In the direct communication phase, the radio terminals perform direct communication. The direct communication is performed between radio terminals in proximity to each other, without communicating through a public land mobile network (PLMN). The direct communication is also referred to as “device-to-device (D2D) communication” or “peer-to-peer communication”. In the present specification, the term “ProSe” is not limited to 3GPP Release 12 ProSe, and refers to proximity-based service communication including at least one of discovery and direct communication. Further, the terms “proximity-based service communication” and “ProSe communication” used in the present specification each refer to at least one of the discovery and the direct communication. 
         [0008]    The term public land mobile network (PLMN) used in the present specification refers to a wide-area radio infrastructure network, and a multiple access mobile communication system. The multiple access-scheme mobile communication system allows a plurality of mobile terminals to share a radio resource including at least one of time, frequencies, and transmission power, thereby enabling the plurality of mobile terminals to wirelessly communicate with each other substantially simultaneously. Typical examples of multiple access schemes include Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), and any combination thereof. The public land mobile network includes a radio access network and a core network. The public land mobile network is, for example, a 3GPP Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), a 3GPP Evolved Packet System (EPS), a 3GPP 2 CDMA2000 system, a Global System for Mobile communications (GSM (registered trademark))/General packet radio service (GPRS) system, a WiMAX system, or a Mobile WiMAX system. The EPS includes a Long Term Evolution (LTE) system and an LTE-Advanced system. 
         [0009]    The UICC is a smart card used in a cellular communication system such as a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) system, a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), and a Long Term Evolution (LTE) system. The UICC includes a processor and a memory, and executes a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) application or Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) application for network authentication. The UICC stores, in its memory, credentials necessary for accessing a PLMN, executes the SIM application or the USIM application and controls authentication of a UE. The credentials include, for example, an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). The credentials may also be referred to as identity information or a SIM profile. Further, the UICC can store and execute various applications other than the SIM application and the USIM application. In a strict sense, the UICC is different from the UIM, the SIM, and the USIM. However, these terms are often used synonymously. Accordingly, while the present application mainly employs the term UICC, the term UICC as used herein may also refer to the UIM, the SIM, the USIM or the like. 
       CITATION LIST 
     Non Patent Literature 
       [0000]    
       
         Non-Patent Literature 1: 3GPP TS 23.303 V12.3.0 (2014-12), “3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Proximity-based services (ProSe); Stage 2 (Release 12)”, December 2014 
         Non-Patent Literature 2: 3GPP R2-145379, Qualcomm Incorporated, “Offline Discussion report: Parameters for pre-configuration”, November 2014 
       
     
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     Technical Problem 
       [0012]    Assuming, for example, that a communication infrastructure becomes unavailable due to a major disaster (e.g., fire, earthquake, or tsunami), multiple UE groups may need to perform ProSe communication in an identical area. These UE groups include, for example, a UE group used by firefighters, a UE group used by rescue crews, a UE group used by municipal employees, a UE group used by volunteers, and a UE group used by ordinary citizens. It is preferable that these UE groups can perform non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication independently of one another. However, it may be inefficient to finely divide radio resources and allocate in advance each divided radio resource to a respective one of the UE groups. For example, when the number of UE groups existing in proximity to one another in an identical area is small, preferably each UE group can use a relatively larger amount of unused radio resources. Conversely, when the number of UE groups existing in proximity to one another in an identical area is large, preferably the radio resources are finely divided so as to avoid interference among the UE groups. 
         [0013]    As has already been described, the pre-configuration for non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication (i.e., preconfigured radio parameters) is stored in, for example, the UICC. However, dynamic updating of the pre-configuration is not considered. Thus, the pre-configuration may not be capable of flexibly adapting to conditions under which non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication is performed (e.g., the number of UE groups existing in proximity to one another). Accordingly, one object of embodiments disclosed in the present specification is to provide an apparatus, a method, and a program that contribute to flexible adaptation to conditions under which non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication is performed. 
       Solution to Problem 
       [0014]    In a first aspect, a radio terminal includes at least one radio transceiver, at least one processor, a protocol module, and an updating module. The at least one radio transceiver includes a radio transceiver for communicating with a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). The at least one processor is coupled to the at least one radio transceiver. The protocol module includes a software module to be executed by the at least one processor and is configured to perform, using the at least one radio transceiver, at least one of PLMN-assisted discovery and PLMN-assisted direct communication within a coverage of the PLMN. The protocol module is further configured to perform, using the at least one radio transceiver, at least one of non-PLMN-assisted discovery and non-PLMN-assisted direct communication according to a preconfigured radio parameter. The updating module is configured to update the preconfigured radio parameter stored in a memory coupled to the radio terminal. 
         [0015]    In a second aspect, a UICC configured to be coupled to a radio terminal includes a processor, a memory area, and a software module. The memory area is configured to store a preconfigured radio parameter used by the radio terminal to perform at least one of non-Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)-assisted discovery and non-PLMN-assisted direct communication. The software module is executed by the processor to update the preconfigured radio parameter stored in the memory area. 
         [0016]    In a third aspect, a server apparatus includes a memory and at least one processor coupled to the memory. The at least one processor is configured to communicate, via a network, with a radio terminal or a Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC) coupled to the radio terminal, and request the radio terminal or the UICC to update a preconfigured radio parameter. The preconfigured parameter is stored in the radio terminal or the UICC. Furthermore, the preconfigured parameter is used by the radio terminal to perform at least one of non-Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)-assisted discovery and non-PLMN-assisted direct communication. 
         [0017]    In a fourth aspect, a method performed in a radio terminal includes updating a preconfigured radio parameter stored in a memory coupled to the radio terminal. The preconfigured radio parameter is used by the radio terminal to perform at least one of non-Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)-assisted discovery and non-PLMN-assisted direct communication. 
         [0018]    In a fifth aspect, a method performed in a Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC) configured to be coupled to a radio terminal includes executing a software module on the UICC to update a preconfigured radio parameter stored in a memory area within the UICC. The preconfigured radio parameter is used by the radio terminal to perform at least one of non-Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)-assisted discovery and non-PLMN-assisted direct communication. 
         [0019]    In a sixth aspect, a method performed in a remote management server includes communicating, via a network, with a radio terminal or a Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC) coupled to the radio terminal to request the radio terminal or the UICC to update a preconfigured radio parameter. The preconfigured parameter is stored in the radio terminal or the UICC. Furthermore, the preconfigured parameter is used by the radio terminal to perform at least one of non-Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)-assisted discovery and non-PLMN-assisted direct communication. 
         [0020]    In a seventh aspect, a program includes a set of instructions (software codes) that, when loaded into a computer, causes the computer to perform the method according to the above-described fourth, fifth, or sixth aspect. 
       Advantageous Effects of Invention 
       [0021]    According to the aforementioned aspects, it is possible to provide an apparatus, a method, and a program that contribute to flexible adaptation to conditions under which non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication is performed. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0022]      FIG. 1  is a diagram showing a configuration example of radio communication systems according to some embodiments; 
           [0023]      FIG. 2  is a diagram showing a configuration example of radio communication systems according to some embodiments; 
           [0024]      FIG. 3  is a diagram showing a configuration example of a radio communication system according to some embodiments; 
           [0025]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram showing a configuration example of a UE according to a first embodiment; 
           [0026]      FIG. 5  is a flowchart showing an example of a procedure for performing ProSe communication according to the first embodiment; 
           [0027]      FIG. 6  is a flowchart showing an example of a procedure for updating a ProSe preconfigured parameter according to the first embodiment; 
           [0028]      FIG. 7  is a diagram showing a concept of updating of the ProSe preconfigured parameter based on communication between a UE and a remote management server according to the first embodiment; 
           [0029]      FIG. 8  is a block diagram showing a configuration example of a UE according to a second embodiment; 
           [0030]      FIG. 9  is a flowchart showing an example of a procedure for updating a ProSe preconfigured parameter according to the second embodiment; 
           [0031]      FIG. 10  is a block diagram showing a configuration example of a UE according to a third embodiment; 
           [0032]      FIG. 11  is a flowchart showing an example of a procedure for updating a ProSe preconfigured parameter according to the third embodiment; 
           [0033]      FIG. 12  is a block diagram showing a configuration example of a UE according to a fourth embodiment; 
           [0034]      FIG. 13  is a flowchart showing an example of a procedure for updating a ProSe preconfigured parameter according to the fourth embodiment; 
           [0035]      FIG. 14  is a diagram showing a configuration example of a network according to a fifth embodiment; 
           [0036]      FIG. 15  is a flowchart showing an example of a procedure for updating a ProSe preconfigured parameter according to the fifth embodiment; and 
           [0037]      FIG. 16  is a block diagram showing a configuration example of a remote management server. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       [0038]    Specific embodiments are explained hereinafter in detail with reference to the drawings. The same or corresponding elements are denoted by the same symbols throughout the drawings, and duplicated explanations are omitted as necessary for the sake of clarity. 
         [0039]    Embodiments described below will be explained mainly using specific examples with regard to an Evolved Packet System (EPS). However, these embodiments are not limited to being applied to the EPS and may also be applied to other mobile communication networks or systems such as a 3GPP UMTS, a 3GPP 2 CDMA2000 system, a GSM/GPRS system, and a WiMAX system. 
       First Embodiment 
       [0040]      FIG. 1  shows a configuration example of a PLMN  100  according to this embodiment. Both a UE  1 A and a UE  1 B are radio terminals adapted to ProSe (ProSe-enabled UEs), and capable of establishing a ProSe communication path  103  and performing ProSe Direct Communication (ProSe communication, device to device direct communication, D2D communication) between them. The ProSe Direct Communication between the UE  1 A and the UE  1 B may be performed by using a radio communication technology that is also used to access a base station (eNodeB)  21  (i.e., E-UTRA technology) or by using a WLAN radio technology (IEEE 802.11 radio technology). 
         [0041]    The eNodeB  21  is an entity located in a radio access network (i.e., E-UTRAN)  2 , manages a cell  22  and is able to perform communication ( 101  and  102 ) with the UEs  1 A and  1 B by using the E-UTRA technology. While  FIG. 1  shows the situation where both the UE  1 A and UE  1 B are located in the identical cell  22  for the sake of clarity, such a UE arrangement is merely an example. 
         [0042]    A core network (i.e., EPC)  3  includes a plurality of user-plane entities (e.g., Serving Gateway (S-GW) and Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW)), and a plurality of control-plane entities (e.g., Mobility Management Entity (MME) and Home Subscriber Server (HSS)). The user-plane entities relay user data of the UEs  1 A and  1 B between the E-UTRAN  2  and an external network (Packet Data Network (PDN)). The control plane entities perform various types of control for the UEs  1 A and  1 B including mobility management, session management (bearer management), subscriber information management, and billing management. 
         [0043]    In order to use ProSe (e.g., one or both of EPC-level ProSe Discovery and ProSe Direct Communication), each of the UE  1 A and the UE  1 B attaches to the EPC  3  via the E-UTRAN  2 , establishes a Packet Data Network (PDN) connection for communicating with a ProSe function entity  4 , and transmits and receives ProSe control signaling to and from the ProSe function entity  4  through the E-UTRAN  2  and the EPC  3 . The UE  1 A and the UE  1 B may use EPC-level ProSe Discovery provided by the ProSe function entity  4 . The UE  1 A and the UE  1 B may receive from the ProSe function entity  4  a message indicating permission for the UE  1 A and the UE  1 B to activate (enable) ProSe Direct Discovery or ProSe Direct Communication. The UE  1 A and the UE  1 B may receive, from the ProSe function entity  4 , configuration information for ProSe Direct Discovery or ProSe Direct Communication in the cell  22 . 
         [0044]      FIG. 2  shows reference points used for ProSe. Each reference point is also referred to as an “interface”.  FIG. 2  shows a non-roaming architecture in which the UE  1 A and the UE  1 B use subscriptions of the identical PLMN  100 . 
         [0045]    A PC 1  reference point is a reference point between a ProSe application in each UE  1  (the UE  1 A and the UE  1 B) and a ProSe application server  5 . The PC 1  reference point is used to define application-level signaling requirements. 
         [0046]    A PC 2  reference point is a reference point between the ProSe application server  5  and the ProSe function entity  4 . The PC 2  reference point is used to define interactions between the ProSe application server  5  and the ProSe functionality provided by the 3GPP EPS via the ProSe function entity  4 . 
         [0047]    A PC 3  reference point is a reference point between each UE  1  (the UE  1 A and the UE  1 B) and the ProSe function entity  4 . The PC 3  reference point is used to define interactions (e.g., UE registration, application registration, and authorization for ProSe Direct Discovery and EPC-level ProSe Discovery requests) between each UE  1  and the ProSe function entity  4 . The PC 3  reference point depends on the user plane of the EPC  3  and, accordingly, ProSe control signaling between each UE  1  and the ProSe function entity  4  is transferred on the user plane. 
         [0048]    A PC 4   a  reference point is a reference point between the ProSe function entity  4  and an HSS  33 . The PC 4   a  reference point is used by the ProSe function entity  4 , for example to acquire subscriber information related to ProSe services. 
         [0049]    A PC 4   b  reference point is a reference point between the ProSe function entity  4  and a Secure User Plane Location (SUPL) Location Platform (SLP)  34 . The PC 4   b  reference point is used by the ProSe function entity  4 , for example, to acquire position information of each UE  1  (the UE  1 A and the UE  1 B). The SLP assists the UEs  1  in GPS positioning and receives measurement results from the UEs  1 , thereby intermittently acquiring from the UEs  1  the position information by which the position of the UEs  1  can be estimated. 
         [0050]    A PC 5  reference point is a reference point between UEs  1  (ProSe-enabled UEs), and is used for the control and user planes of ProSe Direct Discovery, ProSe Direct Communication and ProSe UE-to-Network Relay. 
         [0051]    Each UE  1  according to this embodiment supports non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication in the situation where connection to the PLMN  100  is unavailable (e.g., in out-of-coverage). As shown in  FIG. 3 , when each of the UE  1 A and the UE  1 B cannot detect any available PLMN (e.g., in out-of-coverage), the UE  1 A and the UE  1 B perform non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication (i.e., one or both of ProSe Direct Discovery and ProSe Direct Communication) according to a ProSe preconfigured parameter(s) ( 303 ). 
         [0052]    The ProSe preconfigured parameter(s) includes at least a radio parameter configuration. For example, the ProSe preconfigured parameter specifies at least one of: a frequency band identifier; a center frequency (E-UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (EARFCN)); maximum transmission power (P-MAX-ProSe); a Time Division Duplex (TDD) uplink-downlink configuration; and resource blocks (the number of resource blocks (Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs), an offset of Start PRB, and offset of End PRB). The ProSe preconfigured parameter(s) may include various radio parameters, other than the foregoing, such as those disclosed in Non-Patent Literature 2. 
         [0053]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram showing a configuration example of the UE  1  according to this embodiment. A Radio Frequency (RF) transceiver  401  performs analog RF signal processing to communicate with the eNodeB  21  in the PLMN  100 . The RF transceiver  401  may be used further for ProSe Direct Discovery and Direct Communication between UEs  1 . The RF transceiver  401  may include a first transceiver used for communication with the eNodeB  21  in the PLMN  100 , and a second transceiver used for ProSe Direct Discovery and Direct Communication between UEs  1 . The analog RF signal processing performed by the RF transceiver  401  includes frequency up-conversion, frequency down-conversion, and amplification. The RF transceiver  401  is coupled to an antenna  402  and a baseband processor  403 . That is, the RF transceiver  401  receives modulated symbol data (or OFDM symbol data) from the baseband processor  403 , generates a transmission RF signal, and supplies the transmission RF signal to the antenna  402 . Further, the RF transceiver  401  generates a baseband reception signal based on a reception RF signal received by the antenna  402 , and supplies the baseband reception signal to the baseband processor  403 . 
         [0054]    The baseband processor  403  performs digital baseband signal processing (i.e., data plane processing) and control plane processing for wireless communication. The digital baseband signal processing includes (a) data compression/decompression, (b) data segmentation/concatenation, (c) composition/decomposition of a transmission format (i.e., transmission frame), (d) line coding/decoding, (e) modulation (i.e., symbol mapping)/demodulation, (f) spreading/de-spreading, and (g) generation of OFDM symbol data (i.e., baseband OFDM signal) by Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT). On the other hand, the control plane processing includes communication management of layer 1 (e.g., transmission power control), layer 2 (e.g., radio resource management, and hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) processing), and layer 3 (e.g., signaling relating to attach, mobility, and call management). 
         [0055]    The baseband processor  403  may include a modem processor (e.g., a Digital Signal Processor (DSP)) that performs the digital baseband signal processing and a protocol stack processor (e.g., Central Processing Unit (CPU) or Micro Processing Unit (MPU)) that performs the control plane processing. In this case, the protocol stack processor, which performs the control plane processing, may be integrated with an application processor  404  described in the following. 
         [0056]    The application processor  404  is also referred to as a CPU, MPU, microprocessor, or processor core. The application processor  404  may include a plurality of processors (processor cores). The application processor  404  loads a system software program (Operating System (OS)) and various application programs (e.g., a voice call application, a WEB browser, a mailer, a camera operation application, a music player application, and a video player application) from a memory  406  or from other memories (not shown) and executes these programs, thereby providing various functions of the UE 1 . 
         [0057]    In some implementations, as represented by a dashed line ( 405 ) in  FIG. 4 , the baseband processor  403  and the application processor  404  may be integrated on a single chip. In other words, the baseband processor  403  and the application processor  404  may be implemented in a single System on Chip (SoC) device  405 . A SoC device may also be referred to as a system Large Scale Integration (LSI) or a chipset. 
         [0058]    The memory  406  is a memory coupled to the UE  1 . The memory  406  is a volatile memory, a nonvolatile memory, or a combination thereof. The volatile memory is, for example, a Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), a Dynamic RAM (DRAM), or a combination thereof. The nonvolatile memory is a Mask Read Only Memory (MROM), an Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM), a flash memory, a hard disk drive, or any combination thereof. The memory  406  may include a plurality of memory devices that are physically independent from each other. For example, the memory  406  may include an external memory device that is accessible from the baseband processor  403 , the application processor  404 , and the SoC  405 . The memory  406  may include an internal memory device that is integrated in the baseband processor  403 , the application processor  404 , or the SoC  405 . The memory  406  may include a memory in a UICC. 
         [0059]    The memory  406  stores a ProSe protocol module  407 , an updating module  408 , and a ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  409 . As described above, the memory  406  may include a plurality of memory devices that are physically independent from each other, and these software and data may be stored in an identical memory device or separate memory devices. 
         [0060]    The ProSe protocol module  407  includes a software module to be executed by the baseband processor  403  or the application processor  404 . Thus, the baseband processor  403  or the application processor  404  communicates with the ProSe function entity  4 , the MME  31 , and the eNodeB  21  to perform ProSe communication (e.g., EPC-level ProSe Discovery, ProSe Direct Discovery, ProSe Direct Communication) assisted by the PLMN  100  within the coverage of the PLMN  100  and to also perform a registration procedure necessary for this ProSe communication. Further, in the situation where connection to the PLMN  100  is unavailable (e.g., out-of-coverage), the baseband processor  403  or the application processor  404  performs one or both of non-PLMN-assisted ProSe Direct Discovery and non-PLMN-assisted ProSe Direct Communication according to the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  409 . As has already been described above, the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  409  includes at least a radio parameter configuration. 
         [0061]    The UE  1  may include, in addition to the RF transceiver  401  (e.g., LTE transceiver), another RF transceiver (e.g., Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) transceiver, TErrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) transceiver, or Near-Field Communication (NFC) transceiver), and may use this other RF transceiver to perform at least one of PLMN-assisted ProSe communication (e.g., in-coverage) and non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication (e.g., out-of-coverage). 
         [0062]      FIG. 5  is a flowchart showing an example of a procedure (process  500 ) performed by the UE  1  for executing ProSe communication. In block  501 , the application processor  404  (or the baseband processor  403 ) executes the ProSe protocol module  407 . When the UE  1  can connect to the PLMN  100  (e.g., in-coverage) (YES in block  502 ), the application processor  404  (or the baseband processor  403 ), which executes the ProSe protocol module  407 , communicates with the PLMN  100  and performs ProSe communication (one or both of Discovery and Direct Communication) assisted by the PLMN  100  (block  503 ). When the UE  1  cannot connect to the PLMN  100  (e.g., out-of-coverage) (NO in block  502 ), the application processor  404  (or the baseband processor  403 ) reads the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  409  from the memory  406  and performs non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication (one or both of Discovery and Direct Communication) according to the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  409  (block  504 ). 
         [0063]    The UE  1  may determine that it cannot connect to the PLMN  100  based on detecting that the reception quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) or Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ)) of a radio signal transmitted from any eNodeB  21  in the PLMN  100  is equal to or lower than a predetermined threshold value. In other words, the UE  1  may determine that it cannot connect to the PLMN  100  in response to detecting that the UE  1  has not successfully received the radio signal from the PLMN  100 . Alternatively, the UE  1  may determine that it cannot connect to the PLMN  100  based on detecting that a connection to the PLMN  100  (e.g., attach to the EPC  3 ) has been rejected while the UE  1  could receive a signal from the eNodeB  21 . Alternatively, the UE  1  may determine that it cannot connect to the PLMN  100  based on detecting that the UE  1  has not successfully communicated with the ProSe function entity  4  while the UE  1  has been allowed to connect to the PLMN  100 . Alternatively, the UE  1  may determine that it cannot connect to the PLMN  100  based on detecting that the UE  1  has disconnected or deactivated its connection to the PLMN  100  according to an instruction from the user or the PLMN  100  (e.g., the ProSe function entity  4  or an Operation Administration and Maintenance (OAM) server). 
         [0064]    Referring again to  FIG. 4 , the updating module  408  includes a software module that is executed by any one of the processors. Any one of the processors executes the updating module  408 , thereby updating the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  409 . 
         [0065]    In some implementations, the updating module  408  may be executed by the baseband processor  403  or the application processor  404 . 
         [0066]    In some implementations, the updating module  408  may be executed by a processor other than the baseband processor  403  and the application processor  404  that perform ProSe communication. For example, the updating module  408  may be executed by a processor embedded in a UICC. In particular when the baseband processor  403  and the application processor  404  are implemented in a single-Chip SoC device  405 , the updating module  408  may be executed by a processor integrated on a chip other than the SoC device  405 . 
         [0067]    The configuration in which a processor other than the processor(s) performing ProSe communication (i.e., the baseband processor  403  and the application processor  404 ) executes the updating module  408  has the following advantage. As has already been described above, in some implementations, the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  409  is stored in a UICC. However, any limitations may be imposed on the Application Programing Interface (API) for UICC access which is provided by the application processor  404  (or the baseband processor  403  or the SoC  405 ). That is, the application processor  404  (or the baseband processor  403  or the SoC  405 ) may not permit third-party application programs including the updating module  408  to access the UICC for updating data (i.e., the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  409 ) in the UICC. The configuration in which a processor embedded in the UICC (or a processor integrated on a chip other than the SoC device  405 ) executes the updating module  408  enables updating of the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  409  without passing via the SoC device  405 . Further, this configuration allows non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication performed by the SoC device  405  to be controlled from outside the SoC device  405  using the updated ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  409 . 
         [0068]      FIG. 6  is a flowchart showing an example of a procedure (process  600 ) performed by the UE  1  for updating the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  409 . In block  601 , the baseband processor  403 , the application processor  404 , or another processor executes the updating module  408 . In block  602 , the processor executing the updating module  408  updates the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  409 . 
         [0069]    In some implementations, as shown in  FIG. 7 , the UE  1  (i.e., the updating module  408  or the processor executing the updating module  408 ) may communicate with a remote management server (remote administration server)  701 , via an Internet Protocol (IP) network  702 , to update the ProSe preconfigured parameter  409  according to an instruction from the remote management server  701 . For example, the remote management server  701  may determine the ProSe preconfigured parameter  409  based on one or both of the time and place where the UE  1  performs non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication, and notify the UE  1  of the determined ProSe preconfigured parameter  409 . The IP network  702  may involve the PLMN  100 . That is, the UE  1  may communicate with the remote management server  701  via the PLMN  100  using the RF transceiver  801 . Alternatively, the network  702  may involve another network (e.g., a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), a TETRA system, or a P 25  system). That is, the UE  1  may communicate with the remote management server  701  via a network other than the PLMN  100 . In this case, the UE  1  may be equipped with a transceiver and a modem for communicating with the other network. Further, the remote management server  701  may be the server that implements the ProSe function entity  4 . The functions of the remote management server  701  may form part of the ProSe function entity  4 . 
         [0070]    Additionally or alternatively, the UE  1  (i.e., the updating module  408  or the processor executing the updating module  408 ) may acquire, from the baseband processor  403 , the application processor  404 , or the ProSe protocol module  407 , a radio parameter(s) for PLMN-assisted ProSe communication that has been sent from the PLMN  100  (e.g., the eNodeB  21 ), and update the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  409  based on this radio parameter(s) for PLMN-assisted ProSe communication. The radio parameter(s) for PLMN-assisted ProSe communication may be transmitted using system information (System Information Block (SIB)) that is broadcasted by the eNodeB  21 . 
         [0071]    Additionally or alternatively, the UE  1  (i.e., the updating module  408  or the processor executing the updating module  408 ) may update the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  409  according to an instruction from the user via an interface provided by the UE  1 . 
         [0072]    Additionally or alternatively, the UE  1  (i.e., the updating module  408  or the processor executing the updating module  408 ) may autonomously determine whether it is necessary to update the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  409 . For example, the UE  1  may update the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  409  based on one or both of the time and place where the UE  1  performs non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication. 
         [0073]    As can be understood from the foregoing description, in this embodiment, the UE  1  has the updating module  408 , and updates the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  409  including the pre-configuration of a radio parameter(s) for non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication. That is, the UE  1  can dynamically update the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  409 . For example, the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  409  may be updated according to any condition under which non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication is performed (e.g., the number of UE groups existing in proximity to one another). Thus, the UE  1  can flexibly adapt to the condition under which non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication is performed (e.g., the number of UE groups existing in proximity to one another). For example, when the number of UE groups existing in close proximity within an identical area is small, the UE  1  may update the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  409  so that a relatively larger amount of radio resources becomes available for the UE  1 . Conversely, when the number of UE groups existing in close proximity within an identical area is large, the UE  1  may update the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  409  so that a relatively smaller amount of radio resources becomes available for the UE  1 . 
       Second Embodiment 
       [0074]    This embodiment provides a specific example of configuration and operation for updating the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s) described in the first embodiment. A configuration example of a network according to this embodiment is similar to that shown in  FIGS. 1 to 3 . In this embodiment, the updating module for updating the ProSe preconfigured parameter is executed by a processor embedded in a UICC. 
         [0075]      FIG. 8  is a block diagram showing a configuration example of the UE  1  according to this embodiment. The configurations and operations of an RF transceiver  801 , an antenna  802 , a baseband processor  803 , an application processor  804 , a SoC device  805  and a memory  806  shown in  FIG. 8  are similar to those of the corresponding elements shown in  FIG. 4 . The baseband processor  803  and the application processor  804  are configured to communicate with a UICC  810  via an interface  808 . The memory  806  stores a ProSe protocol module  807 . 
         [0076]    The ProSe protocol module  807  is executed by the baseband processor  803  or the application processor  804 . The baseband processor  803  or the application processor  804  executes the ProSe protocol module  807 , thereby performing ProSe communication assisted by the PLMN  100  within the coverage of the PLMN  100 . Further, in the situation where connection to the PLMN  100  is unavailable (e.g., out-of-coverage), the baseband processor  803  or the application processor  804  performs one or both of non-PLMN-assisted ProSe Direct Discovery and non-PLMN-assisted ProSe Direct Communication according to a ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  814  which will be described later. 
         [0077]    The UICC  810  includes a processor  811  and a memory  812 . The memory  812  is a volatile memory, a nonvolatile memory, or a combination thereof. The memory  812  may include a plurality of memory devices that are physically independent from each other. The memory  812  stores an updating module  813  and the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  814 . The ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  814  includes at least a radio parameter configuration, and is used by the baseband processor  803  or the application processor  804  to perform non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication. While not shown in  FIG. 8 , the memory  812  may store other application program modules including a SIM application, a USIM application, and a SIM application toolkit (SAT) application. These program modules are executed by the processor  811 . 
         [0078]    The updating module  813  stored in the UICC  810  is executed by the processor  811  in the UICC  810 . The processor  811  executes the updating module  813 , thereby updating the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  814 . 
         [0079]      FIG. 9  is a flowchart showing an example of a procedure (process  900 ) performed by the UE  1  for updating the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  814 . In block  901 , the processor  811  in the UICC  810  executes the updating module  813 . In block  902 , the processor  811  executing the updating module  813  updates the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  814  stored in the UICC  810 . 
         [0080]    As described in this embodiment, the configuration in which the processor  811  embedded in the UICC  810  executes the updating module  813  enables updating of the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  814  without passing via the SoC device  805 . Further, this configuration allows the processor  811  to control non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication performed by the SoC device  805  from outside the SoC device  805 , using the updated ProSe preconfigured parameter  814 . 
       Third Embodiment 
       [0081]    This embodiment provides a specific example of configuration and operation for updating the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s) described in the first embodiment. A configuration example of a network according to this embodiment is similar to that shown in  FIGS. 1 to 3 . 
         [0082]      FIG. 10  is a block diagram showing a configuration example of the UE  1  according to this embodiment. The configurations and operations of an RF transceiver  1001 , an antenna  1002 , a baseband processor  1003 , an application processor  1004 , a SoC device  1005 , and a memory  1006  shown in  FIG. 10  are similar to those of the corresponding elements shown in  FIG. 4 . The baseband processor  1003  and the application processor  1004  are configured to communicate with a UICC  1010  via an interface  1008 . The memory  1006  stores a ProSe protocol module  1007 . 
         [0083]    The ProSe protocol module  1007  is executed by the baseband processor  1003  or the application processor  1004 . The baseband processor  1003  or the application processor  1004  executes the ProSe protocol module  1007 , thereby performing ProSe communication assisted by the PLMN  100  within the coverage of the PLMN  100 . Further, in the situation where connection to the PLMN  100  is unavailable (e.g., out-of-coverage), the baseband processor  1003  or the application processor  1004  performs one or both of ProSe Direct Discovery and ProSe Direct Communication according to a ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1013  which will be described later. 
         [0084]    The UICC  1010  includes a processor  1011  and a memory  1012 . The memory  1012  is a volatile memory, a nonvolatile memory, or a combination thereof. The memory  1012  may include a plurality of memory devices that are physically independent from each other. The memory  1012  stores the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1013 . The ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1013  includes at least a radio parameter configuration, and is used by the baseband processor  1003  or the application processor  1004  to perform non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication. While not shown in  FIG. 10 , the memory  1012  may store other application program modules including a SIM application, a USIM application, and a SAT application. These program modules are executed by the processor  1011 . 
         [0085]    A processor  1021  is integrated on a chip other than the SoC device  1005  including the baseband processor  1003  and the application processor  1004 , which perform ProSe communication. The processor  1021  reads an updating module  1023  from a memory  1022  and executes the updating module  1023 , thereby updating the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1013  stored in the UICC  1010 . The memory  1022  may be the memory device identical to the memory  1006 . 
         [0086]      FIG. 11  is a flowchart showing an example of a procedure (process  1100 ) performed by the UE  1  for updating the ProSe preconfigured parameter  1013 . In block  1101 , the processor  811  in the UICC  810  executes the updating module  813 . In block  902 , the processor  1021  integrated on the chip other than the SoC  1005 , which performs ProSe communication, executes the updating module  1023 . In block  1102 , the processor  1021  executing the updating module  1023  updates the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1013  stored in the UICC  1010 . 
         [0087]    As described in this embodiment, the configuration in which the processor  1021  integrated on a chip other than the SoC  1005 , which performs ProSe communication, executes the updating module  1023  enables updating of the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1013  without passing via the SoC device  1005 . Further, this configuration allows the processor  1021  to control non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication performed by the SoC device  1005  from outside the SoC device  1005 , using the updated ProSe preconfigured parameter  1013 . 
       Fourth Embodiment 
       [0088]    This embodiment provides a specific example of configuration and operation for updating the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s) described in the first embodiment. A configuration example of a network according to this embodiment is similar to that shown in  FIGS. 1 to 3 . In this embodiment, the UE  1  retains a master configuration for non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication, and selects, out of the radio resources specified by the master configuration, a radio resource to be included in the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s). That is, in this embodiment, the radio resource specified by the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s) is a subset of the radio resources specified by the master configuration. 
         [0089]      FIG. 12  is a block diagram showing a configuration example of the UE  1  according to this embodiment. The configurations and operations of an RF transceiver  1201 , an antenna  1202 , a baseband processor  1203 , an application processor  1204 , a SoC device  1205 , and a memory  1206  shown in  FIG. 12  are similar to those of the corresponding elements shown in  FIG. 4 . The memory  1206  stores a ProSe protocol module  1207 , an updating module  1208 , a master configuration  1209 , and a ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1210 . 
         [0090]    In some implementations, the updating module  1208  may be executed by the baseband processor  1203  or the application processor  1204 . Alternatively, similarly to the second or third embodiment, the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1210  may be updated by a processor embedded in the UICC or by a processor integrated on a chip other than the SoC 1205 . The ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1210  according to this embodiment may be stored in the UICC. 
         [0091]      FIG. 13  is a flowchart showing an example of a procedure (process  1300 ) performed by the UE  1  for updating the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1210 . In block  1301 , the baseband processor  1203 , the application processor  1204 , or another processor executes the updating module  1208 . Thus, the processor executing the updating module  1208  selects, out of the radio resources specified by the master configuration, a radio to be resource used for non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication. In block  1302 , the processor executing the updating module  1208  writes into the memory the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1210  indicating the selected radio resource. 
         [0092]    The processor executing the updating module  1208  may select, out of the radio resources specified by the master configuration  1209 , a radio resource to be included in the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1210 , based on the magnitude of interference that the UE  1  is subjected to. Additionally or alternatively, the processor executing the updating module  1208  may select, out of the radio resources specified by the master configuration  1209 , a radio resource to be included in the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1210 , based on the radio quality measured by the UE  1 . With these operations, a radio resource that is expected to provide good radio quality can be used for non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication performed by the UE  1 . 
         [0093]    Further, by the UE  1  keeping the master configuration  1209 , when any failure or trouble has occurred in non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication based on the current ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1210 , the UE  1  can easily update the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1210  based on the master configuration  1209 . For example, when the magnitude of interference in non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication based on a certain ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1210  has increased, the UE  1  may update the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1210  so as to replace the radio resource to be used for the non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication with another radio resource specified by the master configuration  1209 . 
       Fifth Embodiment 
       [0094]    This embodiment provides a modification of the fourth embodiment. The master configuration described in the fourth embodiment may be managed not by the UE  1  but by a remote management server. 
         [0095]      FIG. 14  is a diagram showing a configuration example for updating a ProSe preconfigured parameter(s) according to this embodiment. The UE  1  retains a ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1412  used for non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication. On the other hand, a remote management server  1401  retains a master configuration  1411 . The remote management server  1401  communicates with the UE  1  via an IP network  1402 , and requests the UE  1  to update the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1412 . The IP network  1402  may involve the PLMN  100  or may involve another network (e.g., a WLAN, a TETRA system, or a P25 system). 
         [0096]      FIG. 15  is a flowchart showing an example of a procedure (process  1500 ) performed by the UE  1  for updating the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1412 . In block  1501 , the remote management server  1401  selects, out of the radio parameters specified by the master configuration  1411 , a radio resource to be used for non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication. In block  1502 , the remote management server  1401  transmits to the UE  1  an update request indicating the selected radio resource to update the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1412  retained by the UE  1 . 
         [0097]      FIG. 16  shows a configuration example of the remote management server  1401 . Referring to  FIG. 16 , the remote management server  1401  includes a network interface  1601 , a processor  1602 , and a memory  1603 . The network interface  1601  is used to communicate with the UE 1  through the IP network  1402 . The network interface  1601  may include, for example, a Network Interface Card (NIC) conforming to the IEEE 802.3 series. 
         [0098]    The processor  1602  loads software (computer program) from the memory  1603  and executes these loaded software, and thereby performs processes of the remote management server  1401  explained in this embodiment. The processor  1602  may be, for example, a microprocessor, an MPU, or a CPU. The processor  1602  may include a plurality of processors. 
         [0099]    The memory  1603  consists of a combination of a volatile memory and a nonvolatile memory. The volatile memory is, for example, a Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), a Dynamic RAM (DRAM), or a combination thereof. The nonvolatile memory is, for example, an MROM, a Programmable ROM (PROM), a flash memory, a hard disk drive, or any combination thereof. The memory  1603  may include a storage that is remotely arranged from the processor  1602 . In this case, the processor  1602  may access the memory  1603  through an I/O interface (not shown) 
         [0100]    In the example shown in  FIG. 16 , the memory  1603  is used to store software modules including an updating module  1604 . The updating module  1604  includes instructions and data necessary for performing processes of the remote management server  1401  explained in this embodiment. The processor  1602  loads software modules including the updating module  1604  from the memory  1603  and executes these loaded modules, and thereby performing the processes of the remote management server  1401  explained in this embodiment. 
         [0101]    The remote server  1401  may select, out of the radio resources specified by the master configuration  1411 , a radio resource to be included in the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1412 , based on the magnitude of interference that the UE  1  is subjected to. Additionally or alternatively, the remote server  1401  may select, out of the radio resources specified by the master configuration  1411 , a radio resource to be included in the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1412 , based on the radio quality measured by the UE  1 . With these operations, a radio resource that is expected to provide good radio quality can be used for non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication performed by the UE  1 . 
         [0102]    Further, by the remote server  1401  keeping the master configuration  1411 , when any failure or trouble has occurred in non-PLMN-assisted ProSe communication based on the current ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1412 , the remote server  1401  can easily update the ProSe preconfigured parameter(s)  1412  based on the master configuration  1411 . 
         [0103]    Further, by the remote server  1401  keeping the master configuration  1411 , the remote server  1401  can easily arbitrate the allocation of radio resources to a plurality of UE groups. 
       Other Embodiments 
       [0104]    Each of the above-described embodiments may be used individually, or two or more of the embodiments may be appropriately combined with one another. 
         [0105]    Each of the processors included in the UE 1 , the UICCs  810  and  1010 , the processor  1021 , and the remote management servers  701   1401  according to the above-described embodiments executes one or more programs including instructions to cause a computer to perform an algorithm explained with reference to the drawings. These programs may be stored in various types of non-transitory computer readable media and thereby supplied to computers. The non-transitory computer readable media includes various types of tangible storage media. Examples of the non-transitory computer readable media include a magnetic recording medium (such as a flexible disk, a magnetic tape, and a hard disk drive), a magneto-optic recording medium (such as a magneto-optic disk), a Compact Disc Read Only Memory (CD-ROM), CD-R, CD-R/W, and a semiconductor memory (such as a mask ROM, a Programmable ROM (PROM), an Erasable PROM (EPROM), a flash ROM, and a Random Access Memory (RAM)). These programs may be supplied to computers by using various types of transitory computer readable media. Examples of the transitory computer readable media include an electrical signal, an optical signal, and an electromagnetic wave. The transitory computer readable media can be used to supply programs to a computer through a wire communication path such as an electrical wire and an optical fiber, or wireless communication path. 
         [0106]    The above-described embodiments are explained by using specific examples mainly related to the EPS. However, these embodiments may be applied to other mobile communication systems such as a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), a 3GPP 2 CDMA2000 system (1xRTT, High Rate Packet Data (HRPD)), a Global System for Mobile communications (GSM)/General packet radio service (GPRS) system, and a mobile WiMAX system. 
         [0107]    The above-described illustrative embodiments are merely examples of applications of the technical ideas obtained by the inventors. The technical ideas are not limited to the above-described illustrative embodiments, and various modifications can be made thereto. 
         [0108]    This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2015-022415, filed on Feb. 6, 2015, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. 
       REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 
       [0000]    
       
           1 ,  1 A,  1 B USER EQUIPMENT (UE) 
           2  EVOLVED UNIVERSAL TERRESTRIAL RADIO ACCESS NETWORK (E-UTRAN) 
           3  EVOLVED PACKET CORE (EPC) 
           4  PROXIMITY-BASED SERVICES (PROSE) FUNCTION ENTITY 
           21  EVOLVED NODEB (ENODEB) 
           100  PUBLIC LAND MOBILE NETWORK (PLMN) 
           103 ,  303  PROSE DIRECT COMMUNICATION PATH 
           401 ,  801 ,  1001 ,  1201  RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) TRANSCEIVER 
           403 ,  803 ,  1003 ,  1203  BASEBAND PROCESSOR 
           404 ,  804 ,  1004 ,  1204  APPLICATION PROCESSOR 
           405 ,  805 ,  1005 ,  1205  SYSTEM ON CHIP (SOC) DEVICE 
           406 ,  806 ,  1006 ,  1022 ,  1206  MEMORY 
           407 ,  807 ,  1007 ,  1207  PROSE PROTOCOL MODULE 
           408 ,  813 ,  1023 ,  1208  UPDATING MODULE 
           409 ,  814 ,  1013 ,  1210 ,  1412  PROSE PRECONFIGURED PARAMETER(S) 
           701 ,  1401  REMOTE MANAGEMENT SERVER 
           910  UNIVERSAL INTEGRATED CIRCUIT CARD (UICC) 
           801 ,  1011 , PROCESSOR IN UICC 
           1021  PROCESSOR 
           1209 ,  1411  MASTER CONFIGURATION