Abstract:
A reflective liquid crystal display includes a linear polarizer for converting natural light into linearly polarized light; a retardation film for converting the linearly polarized light into circularly polarized light; a liquid crystal layer for varying the phase of the light differently depending on the presence or absence of an electric field; a cholesteric liquid crystal color filter for selectively reflecting light received from the liquid crystal layer; and a black background for absorbing light passing through the color filter.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of prior application Ser. No. 09/536,636, filed Mar. 28, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,693,689; which claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 1999-11108, filed on Mar. 31, 1999, and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 1999-48411, filed on Nov. 3, 1999, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE RELATED ART 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display (LCD) device, and more particularly to a reflective LCD device including a cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) color filter. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     In general, LCD devices are divided into reflective LCD devices and transmissive LCD devices. The transmissive LCD device uses an internal light source such as a back light, while the reflective LCD device uses ambient light. 
     Particularly, since the reflective LCD device uses ambient light, the brightness of the display depends on circumstances. In an office, the reflective LCD device is lower in brightness than the transmissive LCD device and, accordingly the color purity of an absorption-type color filter used in the LCD should be sacrificed to increase the brightness. 
       FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a conventional reflective liquid crystal display. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the liquid crystal panel includes a linear polarizer  26 , a retardation film  24 , a diffuser film  22 , a first substrate  10 , a color filter  20 , a common electrode  18 , a liquid crystal layer  16 , a reflective electrode  14  and a second substrate, each are stacked in the above-described order. 
     The reflective electrode  14  reflects light transmitted from outside the display and also functions as a pixel electrode. The reflective electrode  14  and the common electrode  18  apply a voltage to the liquid crystal layer  16  and change the orientation of liquid crystal molecules. The diffuser film  22  reduces a surface reflection of light and increases a viewing angle. The retardation film  24  such as a λ/4 plate converts linearly polarized light into circularly polarized light. Further, the linear polarizer changes the natural light into linearly polarized light. 
     The reflective LCD device described above functions and acts as follows. 
     When natural light is incident into the LCD device, the natural light is converted into linearly polarized light by the linear polarizer  26 , then converted into circularly polarized light by the retardation film  24 . The circularly polarized light is converted into linearly polarized light while passing through the liquid crystal layer  16  and is reflected on the reflective electrode  14 . The reflected polarized light is converted into circularly polarized light while passing through the liquid crystal layer again, then passes through the color filter to produce colored light. 
     The circularly polarized light is diffused to increase the viewing angle while passing through the diffuser film  22 , then is converted again into linearly polarized light while passing through the retardation film  24 . The linearly polarized light is displayed to the user after passing through the linear polarizer  26  in the form of images. 
       FIG. 2  shows the state of light while it passes through each of the components described above when an electric field is not applied to the liquid crystal layer. 
     The natural light is first converted into linearly polarized light through the linear polarizer  26 . The linearly polarized light is changed into circularly polarized light through the retardation film  24 . The circularly polarized light is converted again into linearly polarized light through the liquid crystal  16 , then reflected by the reflective electrode  14 . The reflected linearly polarized light is changed into circularly polarized light through the liquid crystal layer  16 . The circularly polarized light is finally converted into linearly polarized light through the retardation film  24 . 
       FIG. 3  shows the state of light while it passes through each of the components described above when an electric field is applied to the liquid crystal layer. 
     The natural light is first converted into linearly polarized light through the linear polarizer  26 . The linearly polarized light is changed into circularly polarized light through the retardation film  24 . The circularly polarized light is not changed when passing through the liquid crystal  16  as an electric field is applied to the liquid crystal  16 , then reflected by the reflective electrode  14 . The reflected circularly polarized light is not varied even when passing through the liquid crystal  16 . The circularly polarized light is finally converted into linearly polarized light through the retardation film  24 , then absorbed by the linear polarizer  26 . 
       FIG. 4  is a graph illustrating the reflectivity of light with respect to the incident light of the LCD device described above. In  FIG. 4 , the X-axis indicates a wavelength λ, and the Y-axis indicates a reflectivity. Note that a dominant wavelength region is referred to as region A and other wavelengths are referred to as region B. As shown in the graph, though light&#39;s reflective index is relatively high in the region A, because light reflection is also carried out in the region B, the color purity of the LCD is reduced. It is required that the color purity is reduced in order to increase the transmissivity of the color filter, but just lowering the color purity to increase the brightness has a limitation. 
     Further, since the LCD having the configuration described above has a multi-layered structure in which each layer, i.e., each component differs from one another in reflective index, the intensity of the light is reduced while the light passes through each component. For example, the intensity of the light first is reduced while passing through the linear polarizer  26 , and then also prominently is reduced after passing through the color filter  20 , because part of the light is absorbed or reflected while passing through the color filter  20 . 
     Further, though the observer can clearly see the image displayed due to a good contrast ratio in the center of the screen, the contrast ratio becomes lower as it gets far from the center of the screen, thereby deteriorating the display characteristic. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is to provide a reflective liquid crystal display device having increased brightness without sacrificing color purity. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a reflective liquid crystal display device having high color purity and an improved contrast ratio. 
     In order to achieve the objects, in a first embodiment, a reflective liquid crystal display including a linear polarizer for converting natural light into linearly polarized light; a retardation film for converting the linearly polarized light into a circularly polarized light; a liquid crystal layer for varying the phase of the light differently depending on the presence of an electric field; a cholesteric liquid crystal color filter for selectively reflecting the light from the liquid crystal layer; and a black background for absorbing the light passing through the color filter. 
     The present invention also provides, in the first embodiment, a reflective liquid crystal display including first and second substrates opposite to and spaced apart from each other; a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first and the second substrates, the liquid crystal layer having a first switching mode in which the phase of light is changed while passing through it and a second switching mode in which the phase of light is not changed while passing through it; first and second electrodes for applying an electric field to the liquid crystal layer; a semiconductor element located on the second substrate, for switching an electric signal applied to the liquid crystal layer; a retardation film located on the first substrate, for converting a linearly polarized light a circularly polarized light; a linear polarizer located on the retardation film, for converting natural light into the linearly polarized light; a cholesteric liquid crystal color filter located on the second substrate, for selectively reflecting the light from the liquid crystal layer as a light of at least one color; and a black background located beneath the second substrate, for absorbing the light passing through the color filter. 
     The retardation film is a λ/4 plate. The black background is located beneath the color filter. The retardation film is located between the linear polarizer and the color filter. The black background is made of a polymeric material. The color filter is designed so that a wave bandwidth of the color filter can be controlled by adjusting the pitch of the cholesteric liquid crystal. 
     The present invention also provides, in a second embodiment, a reflective color liquid crystal display device, including first and second substrate spaced apart from and opposite to each other; a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first and second substrates and having liquid crystal molecules and a phase difference λ/4; a linear polarizer arranged over the first substrate, the polarizer converting a natural light a linearly polarized light; a retardation film arranged under the linear polarizer, the retardation film converting the linearly polarized light a circularly polarized light; a negative uniaxial film arranged between the retardation film and the liquid crystal layer, the uniaxial film compensating a phase difference between a direction of an incident light entering the liquid crystal layer and a direction of the liquid crystal molecules adjacent to the first and second substrates of the liquid crystal layer; a cholesteric liquid crystal color filter arranged under the liquid crystal layer, the color filter selectively reflecting the light from the liquid crystal layer; and a black background arranged under the color filter, the black background absorbing the light passing through the color filter. 
     The liquid crystal molecules have a homeotropic orientation when an electrical field is not applied. 
     The present invention also provides, in a third embodiment, a reflective color liquid crystal display device, including a first substrate; a second substrates spaced apart from and opposite to the fist substrate, the second substrate including a plurality of pixel electrode and common electrode being spaced apart from each other and being arranged thereon; a linear polarizer changing a natural light a linearly polarized light and being positioned at an outer surface of the first substrate; a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first and second substrates and having liquid crystal molecules being oriented by a parallel electric field between the pixel electrode and the common electrode; a cholesteric liquid crystal color filter disposed between the liquid crystal layer and the second substrate, selectively reflecting the light from the liquid crystal layer; and a black background absorbing the light passing through the color filter. 
     The reflective color liquid crystal display device further includes a negative uniaxial film arranged on the liquid crystal layer. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate an embodiment of the invention, and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention: 
         FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view illustrating a conventional reflective liquid crystal display; 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic view illustrating the state of light while it passes through each component of a conventional reflective LCD device when an electric field is not applied to the liquid crystal layer; 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic view illustrating the state of light while it passes through each component of a conventional reflective LCD device when an electric field is applied to the liquid crystal layer; 
         FIG. 4  is a graph illustrating the reflectivity with respect to the wavelength of the light that has passed through the color filter of the conventional liquid crystal display; 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic view illustrating the state of light while it passes through each component in the normally white (NW) mode when an electric field is not applied to the liquid crystal layer; 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic view illustrating the state of light while it passes through each component in the NW mode when an electric field is applied to liquid crystal layer; 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic view illustrating the state of light while it passes through each component in the normally black (NB) mode when an electric field is not applied to liquid crystal layer; 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic view illustrating the state of light while it passes through each component in the NB mode when an electric field is applied to the liquid crystal layer; 
         FIG. 10  is a graph illustrating the light transmissivity with respect to the wavelength of an incident light a liquid crystal display of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 11  is a graph illustrating the light reflectivity with respect to the wavelength of incident light a liquid crystal display according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view showing a reflective color LCD device according a second preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 13A  is a schematic view illustrating the state of light while it passes through each component of the reflective color LCD device according to the second preferred embodiment of the present invention when the LCD device is in the OFF state; 
         FIG. 13B  is a schematic view illustrating the state of light while it passes through each component of the reflective color LCD device according to the second preferred embodiment of the present invention when the LCD device is in the ON state; 
         FIG. 14A  is a cross-section view showing the conventional IPS LCD device when a parallel electric field is not applied to the pixel electrode and the common electrode; 
         FIG. 14B  is a cross-section view showing the conventional IPS LCD device when a parallel electric field is applied to the pixel electrode and the common electrode; 
         FIG. 15  is a cross-section view showing the reflective IPS LCD device that includes the CLC color filter and the negative uniaxial film according to the third embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 16A  is a schematic view showing the state of light while it passes through each component of the reflective IPS LCD device when an electric field is not applied; and 
         FIG. 16B  is a schematic view showing the state of light while it passes through each component of the reflective IPS LCD device when an electric field is applied. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Reference will now be made in detail to the present preferred embodiments of the invention, example of which is illustrated in the accompanying drawings. 
       FIG. 5  shows a reflective LCD according to a first preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , first and second substrates  30  and  32  made of a transparent insulating material are spaced apart from and opposite to each other. 
     A first electrode  42  is arranged on the bottom surface of the first substrate  30 . A retardation film  44  is disposed on the first substrate  30 , and a linear polarizer  46  is disposed on the retardation film  44 . The retardation film  44  is preferably a λ/4 plate. A black background  34  is formed on the bottom surface of the second substrate  32 . The black background  34  is preferably made of a polymer material that can absorb light. A cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) layer is deposited on the second substrate  32  and patterned for a CLC color filter layer  36 . A transparent conductive metal layer is deposited on the CLC color filter layer  36  and patterned into the second electrode  38 . Then, after the first and second substrates are spaced apart from each other with a predetermined gap and aligned with each other, the liquid crystal is injected into the gap. 
     The phase of light is either changed or not changed as it passes through the liquid crystal layer  40  according to the application of a voltage to the liquid crystal layer, which is done through the first and second electrodes. 
     The CLC color filter  36  is a color filter made of CLC and it selectively reflects or transmits incident light. For example, if the molecular structure of the CLC is twisted in the right direction, the color filter  36  reflects only right-handed circularly polarized light. The CLC color filter  36  includes a plurality of pixels. Each pixel has three sub-pixels so that the reflected light is colored to red (R), green (G) and blue (B) colors and, therefore each color has a dominant wavelength band leading to a high color purity. 
     As well known, all objects have their intrinsic wavelength, and the color that an observer recognizes is the wavelength of the light reflected from or transmitted through the object. The wavelength range of visible light is about 380 nm to 780 nm. The visible light region can be broadly divided into red, green, and blue regions. The wavelength of the red visible light region is about 660 nm, that of green is about 530 nm, and that of blue is about 470 nm. 
     The pitch of the liquid crystal is controllable and, therefore it is possible that the CLC color filter can selectively reflect light having the intrinsic wavelength of the color corresponding to each pixel thereby clearly displaying the colors of red (R), green (G) and blue (B) with a high purity. 
     The operation of the above-described LCD device will be described in more detail with reference to  FIGS. 6 to 9 , in which light states are shown assuming that observer traces the light. 
     In order to implement a precise color, a plurality of the CLC color filters can be arranged, and the retardation film can also be arranged, not only on the first substrate but also on the second substrate. At this time, the retardation film is preferably arranged between the liquid crystal layer and the CLC color filter. 
     Further, a plurality of black backgrounds can be arranged on either surface of the second substrate to absorb unnecessary light. 
       FIG. 6  shows the state of light while it passes through each component in the normally white (NW) mode device when an electric field is not applied to liquid crystal layer. 
     The natural light is first converted into linearly polarized light through the linear polarizer  46 . The linearly polarized light is changed into right-handed circularly polarized light through the retardation film  44 . The right-handed circularly polarized light is converted again into left-handed circularly polarized light through the liquid crystal layer  40 , then reflected from the color filter  36  that is designed to reflect only left-handed circularly polarized light. The reflected left-handed circularly polarized light is converted into right-handed circularly polarized light through the liquid crystal layer  36 . The right-handed circularly polarized light is finally converted into linearly polarized light through the retardation film  44 . 
       FIG. 7  shows the state of light while it passes through each component in the NW mode device when an electric field is applied to liquid crystal layer. 
     The natural light is first converted into linearly polarized light through the linear polarizer  46 . The linearly polarized light is changed into right-handed circularly polarized light through the retardation film  44 . The right-handed circularly polarized light passes through the liquid crystal layer  40  and the color filter  36  “as is”, and then is absorbed by the black background  34  formed on either surface of the second substrate  32 . 
       FIG. 8  shows the state of light while it passes through each component in the NB mode device when an electric field is not applied to liquid crystal. 
     The natural light is first converted into linearly polarized light through the linear polarizer  46 . The linearly polarized light is changed into left-handed circularly polarized light through the retardation film  44 . The left-handed circularly polarized light is converted into right-handed polarized light through the liquid crystal layer  40 , and then the right-handed polarized light passes through the color filter  36  “as is” and is absorbed by the black background  34  formed on either surface of the second substrate  32 . 
       FIG. 9  shows the state of light while it passes through each components in the NB mode device when an electric field is applied to the liquid crystal layer. 
     The natural light is first converted into linearly polarized light through the linear polarizer  46 . The linearly polarized light is changed into left-handed circularly polarized light through the retardation film  44 . The left-handed circularly polarized light passes through the liquid crystal layer  40  “as is”, and then is reflected from the color filter  36  which is designed to reflect only left-handed circularly polarized light. The reflected left-handed circularly polarized light passes through the liquid crystal layer  40  “as is”, and is finally converted into linearly polarized light through the retardation film  44 . 
       FIG. 10  is a graph illustrating the relationship between the selective transmittance and the wavelength of light for the color filter, and  FIG. 11  is a graph illustrating the relationship between the selective reflectance and the wavelength of light for the color filter. The graph of  FIG. 10  can also be applied to a liquid crystal device containing yellow, magenta, and cyan dyes, regardless of whether the LCD device is the transmissive or reflective type. Accordingly, a reflective LCD device which does not have a sufficient amount of light can be designed so as to display yellow, cyan and magenta, because these colors are relatively higher in brightness than the three basic colors. 
     The CLC color filter transmits circularly polarized light having the same orientation as that of the CLC, and reflects circularly polarized light having a different orientation from that of the CLC. That is, selective reflection of right- or left-handed circularly polarized light depends on the twisted direction of liquid crystal. For example, the CLC color filter can selectively reflect either right- or left-handed circularly polarized light, depending upon the structural characteristic of the CLC molecules. The reflective LCD device according to preferred embodiments of the present invention provides colors using the characteristic of the CLC color filter described above. 
     As shown in  FIG. 10 , the X-axis indicates a wavelength of light, and the Y-axis denotes transmissivity of light. The bandwidths C and D can be controlled by adjusting the pitch of the CLC color filter. As described above, transmitted light is absorbed by the black background and cannot be seen by the observer. 
     As shown in  FIG. 11 , the X-axis indicates the wavelength of the light, and the Y-axis denotes the reflective index of light. Likewise, the bandwidths E and F can be controlled by adjusting the pitch of the CLC color filter. As described above, the reflected circularly polarized light is displayed. 
     By properly adjusting the CLC color filter, it can transmit or reflect all colors except for a certain desired color, or alternatively, it can reflect or transmit only one color. 
     As described herein, the LCD device according to a first preferred embodiment of the present invention has the following advantages. 
     First, the CLC color filter selectively transmits light, and extraneous light is absorbed effectively by the black background, leading to a higher brightness. liquid crystal molecules of the homogeneous orientation change the direction of the polarized light. For example, right-handed circularly polarized light is changed to left-handed circularly polarized light. As shown in  FIG. 13B , light passes through the linear polarizer  123  and is changed to linearly polarized light. The linearly polarized light passes through the retardation film  121  and is changed to right-handed circularly polarized light. The right-handed circularly polarized light passes through the negative uniaxial film  119  “as is” and passes through the liquid crystal layer  115  and is changed to left-handed circularly polarized light. The left-handed circularly polarized light reflects from the CLC color filter  117  that is set to reflect left-handed circularly polarized light. The reflected left-handed circularly polarized light passes through the liquid crystal layer  115  again and is changed to right-handed circularly polarized light. The right-handed circularly polarized light passes through the retardation film  121  and is changed to linearly polarized light, parallel to the transmission axis (i.e., 45°), resulting in a white display screen. 
     At this time, when an electric field is applied to the liquid crystal layer  115 , the liquid crystal molecules adjacent to the substrates contact the upper and lower substrates  11  and  113  due to the anchoring energy (i.e., the orientation restriction force in the direction of azimuth on the liquid crystal cell substrate plane), which is one of the important parameters of liquid crystal cells, and the long axis of the liquid crystal molecules becomes parallel to the direction of the electric field. The negative uniaxial film  119  compensates the phase difference between the light incident to the liquid crystal layer  115  and the liquid crystal molecules on the surfaces of the substrates, so the right-handed circularly polarized light from the retardation film  121  can be induced to desirably pass through the liquid crystal layer  115  and reflect on the CLC color filter  117 . 
     The negative uniaxial film  119  can also be used in the mode that the liquid crystal molecules have the homogeneous orientation when the electric field is not applied. 
     Second, since the CLC color filter is arranged in the lower part of the LCD device, multi-reflections of light in the upper part of the LCD device can be minimized. 
     Third, the color purity can be greatly improved because the color purity does not have to be sacrificed. 
     A second preferred embodiment of the present invention is directed to improve the viewing angle and the color purity of the LCD device having the liquid crystal layer of a homeotropic orientation and the CLC color filter. 
       FIG. 12  shows the reflective color LCD device according the second preferred embodiment of the present invention. As shown in  FIG. 12 , the reflective color LCD device includes upper and lower substrates  111  and  113  with the liquid crystal layer  115  interposed therebetween. The upper substrate  111  includes the polarizer  123 , the retardation film  121  and a negative uniaxial film  119 , which are stacked in the above-described order. The lower substrate  113  also includes the CLC color filter  117  and the black background  124 . Though not shown, a transparent pixel electrode is arranged on the CLC color filter  117 , and a common electrode is arranged on the bottom surface of the upper substrate  111  such that the two electrodes apply an electric field to the liquid crystal layer  115 . 
     The controllable CLC color filter  117 , according to the second preferred embodiment of the present invention, is preferably set to selectively reflect only right-handed polarized light. The negative uniaxial film  119  serves to compensate the color purity and to improve the contrast ratio and the viewing angle. 
       FIG. 13A  shows the state of light while it passes through each component of the reflective color LCD device according to the second preferred embodiment of the present invention when the LCD device is in the OFF state. As shown in  FIG. 13A , the incident light passes through the linear polarizer  123  and is changed to linearly polarized light parallel to the transmission axis (i.e., 45°) of the linear polarizer  123 . The linearly polarized light passes through the retardation film  121  and is changed to right-handed circularly polarized light. The right-handed circularly polarized light passes through the negative uniaxial film  119  and the liquid crystal layer of the homeotropic orientation whose molecules are vertical between the two substrates  111  and  113  “as is”. Then, the right-handed circularly polarized light passes through the CLC color filter  117  and then is absorbed by the black background  124 , resulting in a black screen. 
     At this point, the uniaxial film  119  compensates an optical phase difference according to a change in the anisotropy refractive index of liquid crystals. That is, it serves to induce the right-handed circularly polarized light from the retardation film  121  so that the right-handed circularly polarized light may pass through the CLC color filter  117  and then be effectively absorbed by the black background  124 , leading to an improved dark characteristic of the reflective LCD device. 
     If the negative uniaxial film  119  described above is removed, the dark characteristic of the reflective LCD device is degraded, leading to a narrower viewing angle. This is because part of the right-handed circularly polarized light incident to the liquid crystal molecules of the homeotropic orientation has an angle with respect to the long axis of the liquid crystal molecules and, therefore the phase of the right-handed circularly polarized light differs due to the phase retardation, thereby changing the polarized light state. As a result, part of the right-handed circularly polarized light cannot be transmitted through the CLC color filter and reflects therefrom. Therefore, the negative uniaxial film  119  is used in order to compensate for such a phase retardation. 
       FIG. 13B  shows the state of light while it passes through each component of the reflective color LCD device according to the second preferred embodiment of the present invention when the LCD device is in the ON state. When an electric field is applied, the liquid crystal molecules have the homogeneous orientation parallel to the substrates, so the 
     A third preferred embodiment has a reflective in-plane switching (IPS) LCD device that includes the CLC color filter and the negative uniaxial film. The IPS LCD device has been introduced to obtain a wide viewing angle and has a structure in which the pixel electrode and the common electrode are arranged on the same plane. 
       FIG. 14A  shows the conventional IPS LCD device when a parallel electric field is not applied to both the pixel electrode  211  and the common electrode  213 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 14A , the IPS LCD device includes the upper and lower substrates  217  and  219  with the liquid crystal layer  215   a  interposed therebetween. Further, the upper polarizer  221  is arranged on the upper substrate  217 , and the lower polarizer  223  is arranged on the bottom surface of the lower substrate  223 . The pixel electrode  211  and the common electrode  213  are both arranged on the lower substrate  219  and spaced apart from each other. The upper and lower substrates  217  and  219  are made of a transparent conductive metal such as ITO (Indium Tin Oxide). Liquid crystal molecules are aligned horizontally in one direction when voltage is not applied, blocking polarized light and resulting in a black screen. Because molecules are completely horizontal, viewing angle makes little difference. 
       FIG. 14B  shows the conventional IPS LCD device when the parallel electric field is applied to the pixel electrode  211  and the common electrode  213 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 14B , as voltage is applied to the electrodes, liquid crystal molecules are horizontally rotated up to 90° to line up with the polarizer. The light travels through the upper and lower polarizers untwisted, resulting in a white screen. 
       FIG. 15  shows the reflective IPS LCD device that includes the CLC color filter and the negative uniaxial film according to the third embodiment of the present invention. 
     As shown in  FIG. 15 , the reflective IPS LCD device includes a polarizer  321 , a uniaxial film  318 , upper and lower substrates  311  and  313  with the liquid crystal layer  315  interposed therebetween, a CLC color filter  319  on the lower substrate  313 , and a black background  323 . Though not shown, a plurality of pixel electrodes and common electrodes spaced apart from each other are arranged on the CLC color filter  319 . The liquid crystal is a nematic liquid crystal, and the liquid crystal layer  315  acts as a quarter wave plate. 
       FIG. 16A  shows the state of light while it passes through each component of the reflective IPS LCD device when an electric field is not applied. 
     The liquid crystal molecules are horizontally aligned in the longitudinal direction of the pixel electrode and the common electrode when an electric field is not applied. Therefore, the linearly polarized light from the polarizer  321  is changed to left-handed circularly polarized light with a phase difference λ/4 after passing through the negative uniaxial film  318  and the liquid crystal layer  315 . The left-handed circularly polarized light reflects from the CLC color filter  319  and is directed to the liquid crystal layer  315 . Then the left-handed circularly polarized light from the liquid crystal layer  315  is changed to linearly polarized light parallel to the transmission axis of the polarizer  321 , resulting in a white screen. 
       FIG. 16B  shows the state of light while it passes through each component of the reflective IPS LCD device when an electric field is applied. 
     The liquid crystal molecules are horizontally rotated up to 90° to line up with the polarizer  321  when the electric field is applied. Therefore, the liquid crystal layer  315  serves to change the linearly polarized light into right-handed circularly polarized light. The linearly polarized light from the polarizer  321  passes through the liquid crystal layer  315  and is changed into right-handed circularly polarized light. The right-handed circularly polarized light is transmitted through the CLC color filter  319  “as is” and is absorbed by the black background  323 , resulting in a black screen. The negative uniaxial film  318  acts as a film for compensating the viewing angle as in the second preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     As described herein, the reflective LCD device according to the second and third preferred embodiments of the present invention have the following advantages. 
     First, the color purity is greatly improved and the brightness of the light becomes maximized due to the CLC color filter. 
     Second, a wide viewing angle and a high contrast ratio are attained due to the negative uniaxial film. 
     Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to the skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with the true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims. 
     For example, the color filter, black background, and retardation film can be positioned in other positions, or there can be more than one of any of these elements. That is, the retardation film may be formed on the cholesteric liquid crystal color filter on the second substrate, and more than two color filters and black backgrounds may be provided. Further, the black background may be formed on the second substrate.