Abstract:
A node on a serial bus, preferably a device such as a personal computer (PC), can emulate other devices using virtual device drivers. A PC connected to a 1394 bus exposes its CROM on the bus which presents an image to other nodes on the 1394 bus and describes the functional units supported by the node. The CROM can be changed dynamically by adding unit directories to the CROM detailing peripherals connected to the PC. The PC can then be enumerated as the connected device by other PCs on the bus. The PC can emulate or morph itself into any desired device or even multiple devices at the same time. The invention also allows a PC to create devices that don&#39;t yet exist on the bus. The invention allows a user to create virtual device objects with device properties to have just in case a user plugs the particular device in to the PC.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/004,927, filed Dec. 7, 2004, titled “CREATION AND USE OF VIRTUAL DEVICE DRIVERS ON A SERIAL BUS,” which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/559,531, filed Apr. 28, 2000, titled “CREATION AND USE OF VIRTUAL DEVICE DRIVERS ON A SERIAL BUS,” now U.S. Pat. No. 6,968,307, issued Nov. 22, 2005, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The present invention relates generally to the use of serial buses as a means of communication between electronic devices and, in particular, to virtual device driver implementation on a serial bus, such as a serial bus operating in conformance with the IEEE 1394 Serial Bus standard. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Computer systems are typically comprised of a variety of different components or devices that operate together to form the resultant system. Some of the devices are supplied with the computer system initially, such as the central processing unit, and some devices can be installed into the computer system after the initial configuration of the system. The devices of the computer system are generally coupled together via interconnects which may be of several types, such as a serial bus. 
         [0004]    Serial buses are well known in the art. A recently developed serial bus standard is the IEEE 1394 serial bus standard, disclosed in the ISO/IEC 13213 (ANSI/IEEE 1212) CSR Architecture Specification and the IEEE 1394-1995 Serial Bus Specification, the teachings of which are herein incorporated by this reference. A typical serial bus having an IEEE 1394 standard architecture is comprised of a multiplicity of nodes that are interconnected via point-to-point links, such as cables, that each connect a single node of the serial bus to another node of the serial bus. Each node is an addressable entity that can be reset and identified. Nodes are associated with respective components of the computer system and serve as interfaces between the components and communication links. Each node has a configuration ROM (CROM), the registers of which can be accessed by software residing within the computer system. The IEEE 1394 standard sets forth a general CROM format which comprises several fields. One field in particular is the unit directory. The unit directory contains information representing the functionality of units within the node, particularly the unit&#39;s software version number and its location within the node. Generally, the information in the configuration ROM is treated as static. However, U.S. Pat. No. 6,643,714 entitled “Modification and Use of Configuration Memory Used During Operation of a Serial Bus” provides a technique for dynamically changing the configuration ROM, the teachings of which are herein incorporated by this reference. This patent describes a technique of creating multiple unit directories for multiple device representation. 
         [0005]    Device drivers are well known in the art. When a user installs a new device on to a computer system, a device driver is loaded for communication with the device. A device driver is software within an operating system that controls a device. A virtual device driver is a special type of device driver that has full access to the operating system kernel and can communicate directly to a physical port but was loaded without a hardware device being detected or enumerated by the system. A virtual device driver manipulates kernel mode code using existing hardware resources to emulate a device that is not normally present on the computer. In connection with a 1394 serial bus, a virtual driver is given more access than a traditional device driver because it is not restricted to talking to just one particular device. 
         [0006]    Virtual device drivers are designed to handle hardware device contention between multiple processes and to translate or buffer data transfers from a virtual machine to hardware devices. A virtual machine is a self-contained operating environment that behaves as if it were a separate computer. When two or more processes attempt to access the same device, some method of contention management must be used. A virtual device driver allows each process to act as though it has exclusive access to the device. For example, a virtual printer driver would provide the printing process with a virtual printer port, and characters written to the port would be written to a print spooler. The virtual device driver would then send the job to the printer when it becomes available. Another method would be to assign the physical device to only one process at a time, so that when a process attempts to access the device while it is in use, the virtual device driver does not pass the request to the actual hardware, and the process operates as though the hardware did not exist. 
         [0007]    Recently, virtual device drivers have been expanded to include interprocess communication. Virtual device drivers can provide the necessary mechanisms to allow a virtual machine to see a device that may not actually exist in hardware. Virtual device drivers can also implement client-server hardware management by providing an interface to a virtual machine. Virtual device drivers also virtualize input/output to the device and translate this information into commands to be sent across a network to a hardware server. 
         [0008]    Currently, when a device is plugged into a personal computer (PC) on a 1394 bus, the 1394 bus driver interface creates a device object. Based on the device object, the so-called plug and play (PnP) subsystem loads high level device drivers that facilitate communication between the user and the device. At this time, the PC does not emulate any device, rather the PC exposes a generic CROM on the 1394 bus. Other nodes on the bus use the CROM to detect that the PC is in fact a PC. Enumeration occurs when a node on a serial bus accesses the configuration memory of another node to see what functionality the node has. The node accessing the CROM would then load a device object and device driver according to what functionality was exposed in the configuration memory. A technique that allows device emulation on a hardware platform that runs a general purpose operating system is not currently known in the art. However, such a technique would offer significant advantages over the prior art. 
         [0009]    A further problem with current technology is the inability of devices to communicate natively, i.e., without translations, over a serial bus. For example, streaming video between two or more PCs will typically require translations at the transmitting and receiving ends of a serial bus. A first PC may have an audio video interleave (AVI) file that it wishes to send to a second PC. AVI is currently a video standard in a “WINDOWS” brand operating system. In order to send the file, the first PC would have to convert the AVI file to network packets and then stream it over the Internet protocol (IP) network. A technique that allows devices to transmit such files over a serial bus without converting the files is not currently known in the art. However, such a technique would offer significant advantages over the prior art. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    The present invention provides a way for a node, such as a personal computer (PC), on a serial bus to emulate any desired device using virtual device drivers. A PC connected to a 1394 bus exposes its CROM on the bus. The CROM presents an image to other nodes on the 1394 bus and describes the functional units supported by the node. A software driver or a virtual device driver changes the CROM by adding a unit directory detailing a connected device that the node will emulate. The CROM is changed dynamically by adding unit directories to the CROM detailing peripherals connected to the PC. By changing the CROM, the PC can be enumerated as the connected device by other PCs on the bus. In this manner, the PC can instantly emulate or morph itself into any desired device. The PC can also emulate multiple devices at the same time. Therefore, the present invention is particularly useful where multiple emulation drivers need to coexist. The PC can also create virtual device objects for devices that don&#39;t yet exist on the bus. A user can trigger the creation of virtual device objects with device properties for devices that are not currently connected to the PC or are present on the 1394 serial bus. The PC may then emulate any device automatically with or without a physical device present. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0011]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an exemplary operating environment. 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a system through which the present invention may be implemented. 
           [0013]      FIG. 3  is a flow chart illustrating a method of emulating a device in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0014]      FIG. 4  is a flow chart illustrating a method of creating a virtual device in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0015]      FIG. 5  is a flow chart illustrating a method of removing a virtual device in accordance with the present invention. 
           [0016]      FIG. 6  is a flow chart illustrating a method of implementing an emulation driver in accordance with the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0017]    The present invention may be more fully described with reference to  FIGS. 1-6 . 
         [0018]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a conventional general-purpose digital computing environment that can be used to implement various aspects of the invention. Computer  100  includes a processing unit  110 , a system memory  120  and a system bus  130  that couples various system components including the system memory to the processing unit  110 . System bus  130  may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. System memory  120  includes a read only memory (ROM)  140  and a random access memory (RAM)  150 . 
         [0019]    A basic input/output system (BIOS)  160  containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computer  100 , such as during start-up, is stored in ROM  140 . Computer  100  also includes a hard disk drive  170  for reading from and writing to a hard disk (not shown), a magnetic disk drive  180  for reading from or writing to a removable magnetic disk  190 , and an optical disk drive  191  for reading from or writing to a removable optical disk  192 , such as a CD ROM or other optical media. Hard disk drive  170 , magnetic disk drive  180 , and optical disk drive  191  are respectively connected to the system bus  130  by a hard disk drive interface  192 , a magnetic disk drive interface  193 , and an optical disk drive interface  194 . The drives and their associated computer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for personal computer  100 . It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of computer readable media which can store data that is accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, digital video disks, Bernoulli cartridges, random access memories (RAMs), read only memories (ROMs), and the like, may also be used in the exemplary operating environment. 
         [0020]    A number of program modules can be stored on the hard disk, magnetic disk  190 , optical disk  192 , ROM  140  or RAM  150 , including an operating system  195 , one or more application programs  196 , other program modules  197 , and program data  198 . A user can enter commands and information into computer  100  through input or selection devices, such as a keyboard  101  and a pointing device  102 . The pointing device  102  may comprise a mouse, touch pad, touch screen, voice control and activation or other similar devices. Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit  110  through a serial port interface  106  that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, a game port or a universal serial bus (USB). A monitor  107  or other type of display device is also connected to system bus  130  via an interface, such as a video adapter  108 . In addition to the monitor, personal computers typically include other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers and printers. 
         [0021]    An additional serial port in the form of an IEEE 1394 interface  142  may also be provided. The IEEE 1394 interface  142  couples an IEEE 1394-compliant serial bus  145  to the system bus  130  or similar communication bus. The IEEE 1394-compliant serial bus  145 , as known in the art, allows multiple devices  148  to communicate with the computer  100  and each other using high-speed serial channels. 
         [0022]    Computer  100  can operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer  109 . Remote computer  109  typically includes at least some of the elements described above relative to computer  100 , although only a memory storage device  111  has been illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The logical connections depicted in  FIG. 1  include a local area network (LAN)  112  and a wide area network (WAN)  113 . Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets and the Internet. 
         [0023]    When used in a LAN networking environment, computer  100  is connected to local network  112  through a network interface or adapter  114 . When used in a WAN networking environment, personal computer  100  and remote computer  109  may both include a modem  115  or other means for establishing a communications link over wide area network  113 , such as the Internet. Modem  115 , which may be internal or external, is connected to system bus  130  via serial port interface  106 . In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to personal computer  100 , or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. 
         [0024]    It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers can be used. The existence of any of various well-known protocols, such as TCP/IP, “ETHERNET”, FTP, HTTP and the like, is presumed, and the system can be operated in a client-server configuration to permit a user to retrieve web pages from a web-based server. For example, in an embodiment of the present invention, the remote computer  109  is a server having stored thereon one or more documents that may be accessed by the computer  100 . 
         [0025]    Procedures of the present invention described below can operate within the environment of the computer shown in  FIG. 1 . Although the present invention is generally applicable to a computer operating in accordance with the IEEE 1394 standard, the present invention is applicable to any computer system that implements the Control and Status Registers (CSR) configuration ROM architecture described in the IEEE 1212R CSR Architecture Specification. 
         [0026]    In  FIG. 2 , there is a system that may be used to implement the present invention. A personal computer (PC1)  200  may be connected to a 1394 serial bus  202 . PC1  200  comprises a 1394-compliant bus driver  204 , which manages communications between the physical bus  202  and higher level protocol layers. PC1  200  also has a configuration memory  206  which exposes PC1&#39;s functionality on the serial bus  202 . A user of PC1  200  has the option of creating a virtual device object (VDO)  212  to represent a device capable of being plugged into a PC such as a printer, scanner, DVD drive, camcorder, or the like. The VDO  212  then loads an emulation driver  214  appropriate for the device being emulated. The VDO  212  and emulation driver  214  remain present even if PC  1  is rebooted. The emulation driver  214  is in communication with and can alter the configuration memory (CROM)  206  to add a unit directory  216 . The unit directory  216  represents the functionality of the emulated device. The CROM  206  exposes the functionality of the device on the serial bus  202 . The user may want to emulate more than one device. In this case, the user would repeat the process by creating a second VDO (not shown) with the target functionality of the newly emulated device. The second VDO would then load a second emulation driver (not shown). Several VDOs  212  and emulation drivers  214  can be created and can exist at the same time. The emulation drivers  214  continue to add unit directories to the CROM—one unit directory for each device the user wishes to emulate. PC1  200  can then emulate as many devices as it has unit directories  216 . 
         [0027]    One benefit of the present invention is that it instantly allows a PC to emulate multiple devices at the same time. Another benefit of the present invention is that it does not require that a device or another PC be plugged in to create a VDO. A user mode application sends a request that tells the 1394 bus driver to create a VDO with certain properties. The VDO can be created just in case the device is ever plugged in. The VDO loads an emulation driver that supports the target functionality of the device or implements the complete set of features, of a 1394 device. If another PC is plugged into the PC, the VDO is already present and is immediately capable of representing the complete functionality of the emulated device to another PC, or other node on the serial bus. Formerly, the PC would not be able to represent to other nodes on the serial bus functionality other than that of a physical device attached to the node. 
         [0028]    The dotted lines in  FIG. 2  represent optional elements. For purposes of a second illustration, a device  208  may be connected to PC1  200 . The device  208  could be any device capable of being plugged into a PC such as a printer, a scanner, a DVD drive, or the like. For this example, the device  208  is assumed to be a USB printer. PC1  200  would have a device driver (USB printer driver)  210  that enables communication with the device  208 . The user can create a VDO  212  that represents a 1394 printer even though a 1394 compliant printer is not attached to PC1  200 . The user may create a VDO by modifying installation files. When a 1394 controller is detected, a VDO entry is automatically created in the registry. The VDO  212  then loads an emulation driver  214  for communication with the device  208 . The emulation driver  214  actually communicates with the (USB printer) device driver  210 . The VDO  212  and emulation driver  214  remain present even if the device  208  is unplugged. The emulation driver  214  is also in communication with the configuration memory  206  and can alter the configuration memory  206  by adding a unit directory  216 . The unit directory  216 , in accordance with the 1394 standard, describes the functionality of a device, in this case a 1394 printer. 
         [0029]    Another node may be present on the serial bus  202 , for example, a second PC (PC2)  220 . When enumerating other nodes on the serial bus  202 , PC2  220  accesses the configuration memory  206  of PC1  200  and reads the unit directory  216  detailing the emulated device. In response to the functionality exposed in the unit directory, PC2  220  creates a physical device object (PDO)  222  for the device, a “1394 printer.” PC2 then loads the appropriate device driver  224  for communication with the “1394 printer.” 
         [0030]    In addition to being able to emulate multiple devices at one time and not requiring that a device be plugged in to emulate the device, another benefit of the present invention is that it allows “native” communication across the serial bus. In the previous example, PC2 can communicate using “native” language because it believes it is communicating with a 1394 printer instead of a USB printer. No translations are necessary because PC1&#39;s emulation driver  214  communicates directly with the USB device driver  210 . 
         [0031]    In  FIG. 3 , a method of emulating a device is shown. At step  300 , a virtual device object is created by the 1394 bus driver. This step will be discussed in further detail in connection with  FIG. 4 . Then, the appropriate emulation driver relating to the device is loaded at step  302 . The emulation driver has the ability to communicate with and alter the configuration memory to add device specific details to the configuration memory. The configuration memory exposes functionality of the device being emulated on the serial bus at step  304 . This process can be repeated several times for each device the PC is to emulate. 
         [0032]    The dotted portion of  FIG. 3  represents optional steps. After the device functionality is exposed at step  304  on the serial bus, a bus reset can be forced. This bus reset causes all devices or nodes attached to the serial bus to enumerate each other at step  306 . Any other node may now see the node with altered configuration memory as the device it has chosen to emulate. The other node then creates a physical device object for the device at step  308  and may load the appropriate device driver at step  310 . 
         [0033]    In  FIG. 4 , a method of creating a virtual device is shown. At step  400 , a request in the form of a data structure is sent to the application program interface (API). The request can be sent by an upper level driver that is already loaded for a 1394 device but now it also wants to emulate a device. The request could also be sent by an application upon user request. A user might want to make his/her PC look like a DVD drive so other nodes on the 1394 bus can use it to store and retrieve data from the user&#39;s internal 1394 DVD. Using the IOCTL_IEEE1394_API_REQUEST, software can pass the following data structure to the 1394 bus driver: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
                 typedef struct _IEEE1394_API_REQUEST { 
               
               
                   
                   
                  ULONG  RequestNumber; 
               
               
                   
                   
                  ULONG  Flags; 
               
               
                   
                   
                  union   { 
               
               
                   
                   
                  ... 
               
               
                   
                   
                  } u; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 } IEEE1394_API_REQUEST, *PIEEE1394_API_REQUEST; 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0034]    The data structure is comprised of at least two fields. The first field within the data structure is configured to add a virtual device by configuring IEEE1394_API_REQUEST.RequestNumber=IEEE1394_API_ADD_VIRTUAL_DEVICE. IEEE1394_API_ADD_VIRTUAL_DEVICE is further defined by the following data structure: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 typedef struct _IEEE1394_VDEV_PNP_REQUEST { 
               
               
                   
                  ULONG FulFlags; 
               
               
                   
                  ULONG Reserved; 
               
               
                   
                  ULARGE_INTEGER InstanceId; 
               
               
                   
                  UCHAR DeviceId; 
               
               
                   
                 } IEEE1394_VDEV_PNP_REQUEST,  
               
               
                   
                 *PIEEE1394_VDEV_PNP_REQUEST; 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0035]    Once the API_REQUEST is configured to add a virtual device, then the device data structure is filled in. FulFlags is a flag that can be configured if the text string is in Unicode by setting IEEE1394_VDEV_PNP_REQUEST.FulFlags=IEEE1394_REQUEST_FLAG_UNICODE. Instanceld is a 64-bit number that can be used to identify this instance of the virtual device. Device Id is a null terminated string to be used for generating the PnP ids required to enumerate the emulation driver. 
         [0036]    The second field is a flag. The second field within the data structure is configured at step  402  to allow the virtual device to remain present despite a subsequent hardware or software reboot by configuring IEEE1394_API_REQUEST.Flags=IEEE1394_API_FLAG_PERSISTANT. This will guarantee that this VDO will be reported after a reboot. Then at step  404 , the API request is sent to the 1394 bus driver. 
         [0037]    In  FIG. 5 , a method of removing a virtual device is shown. At step  500 , an API request data structure is set up and the first field is configured to remove a virtual device (rather than add a device as in  FIG. 4 ). Using the data structure described in reference to  FIG. 4 , the IEEE1394_API_REQUEST.RequestNumber=IEEE1394_API_REMOVE_VIRTUAL_DEVICE. Then at step  502 , the API request data structure is sent to the 1394 bus driver. Because the IEEE1394_API_REQUEST.Flags is configured to allow the virtual device to remain present over boots when the virtual device object is added, this request is sent to remove the virtual device. The request can be a request to remove the virtual device or it can be a request to remove an entry from the registry. Existing PnP methods can also be used to remove the VDO. An IRP_MN_REMOVE_DEVICE can be sent to the driver stack enumerated on the VDO. 
         [0038]    In  FIG. 6 , a method for implementing an emulation driver is shown. At step  600 , the configuration memory is modified. One embodiment of the invention allows the configuration memory to be modified wherein the VDO submits a request to modify by using the SET_LOCAL_HOST_PROPERTIES_MODIFY_CROM request. A unit directory, in conformance with the IEEE 1394 standard, is then added to the configuration memory with the details of the device. All information of the emulated device functionality is then added or altered to expose that functionality on the serial bus. 
         [0039]    Then, at step  602 , a bus reset is issued. This step is performed to cause all nodes on the serial bus to re-enumerate each other. Any other node on the bus can then access the configuration memory and see the details of the device. The other node&#39;s operating system believes the emulated device is present. In other words, the other node can then “see” the node as the emulated device. The benefit of such a process is that the node is actually being seen as the device, rather than having a device connected to it, as was done in the past. This is a benefit because it would allow any other node on the bus to communicate “natively” with the device rather than using the node as a server/translator for the device. Then, at step  604 , node address space is allocated in order to intercept requests to an emulated device register by using the REQUEST_ALLOCATE_ADDRESS. To allow any external device to access those addresses, the ACCESS_FLAG_BROADCAST must be set when allocating the addresses. 
         [0040]    Generally, VDOs and the respective drivers have the same access to the 1394 bus driver as would a physical device object and its respective driver. However, there are differences in behavior with a VDO because there is no physical target device. Normally, the 1394 bus driver fills in the target node identifier and the appropriate packet size and transfer rate using information from the enumeration procedure with a particular device. However, in the present invention the VDO must provide all packet information because there is no target device node. For example, a REQUEST_ASYNC_READ/WRITE/LOCK will be intercepted and the VDO will fill in the address information for the request. The bus driver makes sure not to overwrite any fields. REQUEST_ALLOCATE_RANGE also exhibits different behavior if addressed to a VDO. All address allocations from an emulation driver will implicitly have the ACCESS_FLAG_BROADCAST enabled if post notification on the address range is required. This is done to allow any external node to access the address range used by the emulation driver to simulate the device. Similarly, there are requests that will not be supported because there is no device. For example, the requests REQUEST_GET_ADDR_FROM_DEVICE_OBJECT and REQUEST_SET DEVICE_XMIT_PROPERTIES are not supported for virtual devices because there is no corresponding hardware node. For all other requests, the behavior is identical between virtual and physical devices. 
         [0041]    Although the invention has been described in relation to preferred embodiments, many variations, equivalents, modifications and other uses will become apparent to those skilled in the art. The scope of the present invention should not be limited to the specific disclosure, but determined only by the appended claims.