Abstract:
A method and system of detecting the presence of an electric machine attached to a solid state drive using high speed, low energy pulses. The system and method include generating a pulse signal to a selected driven phase winding; and detecting the pulse signal for the purpose of one of a signal presence and absence thereof at a non-driven phase winding as a result of the pulse signal, wherein presence of the signal at the non-driven phase winding is indicative of the motor connected to the electronic control circuit.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates generally to electronically commutated DC motors (i.e., brushless DC motors) and, more particularly, to a system and method to detect the presence or absence of a motor connection. 
   Brushless direct current (BLDC) motors are well known in the art. The phase windings in these motors are sequentially energized at appropriate times so as to produce a rotating magnetic field relative to a permanent magnet rotor. The timing of such energization is a function of where the permanent magnetic rotor is relative to a phase winding that is to be energized. Various means have been heretofore used to sense the position of the permanent magnet rotor relative to the phase windings. These have included optical sensors and Hall effect devices which feed a position signal to switching logic that selectively switches power on and off to the respective phase windings. However, such sensing devices add cost and complexity to a system, and may moreover require maintenance from time to time to assure continued proper operation. In certain high flux/power applications, such as those employing 350 volt motors, the Hall sensors are a common point of failure. As a result of these drawbacks, attention has recently been focused on “sensorless” systems which are not premised on any direct sensing of the rotor position itself. These systems generally attempt to measure the effect of the back electromotive forces produced in the energized windings by a rotating rotor. These systems have achieved various degrees of success in accurately measuring the effect of this back electromotive force. 
   Traditionally, detection that a motor is connected to drive electronics may be detected in one of two ways. First, sensors may be employed which provide feedback of motor position and motion thereby providing information about the motor being physically connected. However, as discussed above, reliance on such sensors complicate motor design and add cost. 
   Second, current may be driven through motor windings at a level that is sufficient for the drive electronics to measure. If voltage is increased high enough, and there is no current, a motor is not connected. This is feasible on sensorless systems; however, it takes hundreds of milliseconds to detect the presence of a motor. Additionally, ramping up motor current to a predefined level will almost always cause the motor to move, making starting more difficult. In some applications, it may not be desirable to move the motor by performing such a test. Moreover, current sensing may impose a requirement that custom parameters be used for each motor/drive situation. In cases where a custom parameter is not used, a high power drive could damage a small rotor (e.g., demagnetize). 
   Current motor drive technology simply attempts to restart a motor infinite times if no motor is plugged or operably connected. This approach is undesirable since it does not provide adequate fault isolation. Instead of being able to differentiate between an unplugged motor and a true start failure (e.g., due to external disturbance), the current approach simply posts start failures until the error stack fills with start failures. 
   Thus, it is desired to determine if a motor is connected to a solid state motor control assembly to isolate a potential fault without requiring a sensor and significant energy to be delivered to the motor itself. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The shortcomings of the prior art are overcome and additional advantages are provided through the provision of a method and system of detecting the presence of an electric machine attached to a solid state drive using high speed, low energy pulses. The method includes generating a pulse signal to a selected driven phase winding; and detecting the pulse signal for the purpose of one of a signal presence and absence thereof at a non-driven phase winding as a result of the pulse signal, wherein presence of the signal at the non-driven phase winding is indicative of the motor connected to the electronic control circuit. 
   The system includes a stator having a plurality of phase windings; and an electronic control circuit configured to generate a pulse signal to a selected driven phase winding. The pulse signal is detected for the purpose of signal presence or absence thereof at a non-driven phase winding as a result of the pulse signal, wherein the presence of the signal at the non-driven phase winding is indicative of the motor connected to the electronic control circuit. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Referring to the exemplary drawings wherein like elements are numbered alike in the several Figures: 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a control circuit for a sensorless brushless DC motor in operable communication with a three-phase H-bridge configured to maintain consistent phase and device nomenclature in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention; 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram illustrating one example of flux linkage through a motor stator of the motor of  FIG. 1 ; 
       FIG. 3  is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary embodiment of an application code implementation to determine motor disconnect before period re-start attempts can be made; 
       FIG. 4  is an oscilloscope plot illustrating no coupling of energy between driven and non-driven windings when the motor is disconnected; and 
       FIG. 5  is an oscilloscope plot illustrating significant energy coupling between driven and non-driven windings when the motor is connected. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   Referring initially to  FIG. 1 , there is shown a schematic diagram of an existing control circuit  10  for a sensorless brushless DC motor  12 . As is well known in the art, an inverter  14  is used to electronically commutate the phase currents supplied by a DC bus  16  to the motor  12 . For a motor having three phase windings, a conventional inverter  14  includes six individually controlled switching devices, designated in  FIG. 1  as Q 1  through Q 6 . The switching devices Q 1  through Q 6  may be transistors, junction transistors, Field Effect transistors (FETs), Metal Oxide Field Effect transistors (MOSFETs), Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs), Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCR), and Triacs solid state relays and the like, as well as combinations including at least one of the foregoing. In the example shown, the switching devices are (MOSFETS); however, other types of solid state switching devices may also be used as discussed above. 
   Q 1 , Q 2 , and Q 3  selectively couple each of the three motor phases to the positive side of the DC bus  16 , while Q 4 , Q 5 , and Q 6  selectively couple each of the three motor phases to the negative side of the DC bus  16 . Each of the MOSFETS are energized and de-energized in a specific sequence as determined by an appropriate control signal applied to the gate terminals thereof. A controller  20 , including a microprocessor (a digital signal processor (DSP) shown), is used to generate these control signals for energization and de-energization of the motor windings. 
   The controller  20  is employed to develop the correct voltage needed to produce the desired torque, position, and/or speed of the motor  12 . In order to perform the prescribed functions and desired processing, as well as the computations therefore (e.g., the control algorithm(s), and the like), the controller  20  may include, but not be limited to, a processor(s), computer(s), memory, storage, register(s), timing, interrupt(s), communication interface(s), and input/output signal interfaces, and the like, as well as combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing. For example, controller  20  may include signal input signal filtering to enable accurate sampling and conversion or acquisitions of such signals from communications interfaces. It should also be appreciated that while in an exemplary embodiment the inverter  14  and controller  20  are described as separate, in some embodiments, it may desirable to have them integrated as a single component as an electronic control circuit. Additional features of controller  20  are thoroughly discussed at a later point herein. 
   As stated previously, one method for accurately determining the appropriate time for applying control signals to the switching devices in a sensorless system is to monitor the BEMF of the de-energized phase. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the phase voltages are inputted to the controller  20  after being attenuated to a suitable level for the microprocessor logic. In the example illustrated, a voltage divider  22  attenuates the phase voltages of the motor  12  (having a peak phase voltage of about 450 volts) by about a factor of 130, to result in a peak sensed voltage of about 3.3 volts. Thus, attenuated phase voltage signals  24  are inputted directly into the controller  20 . 
     FIG. 2  is an illustration of a stator  30  from a BLDC motor  12  with eight poles or legs  32 , or alternatively, four pole pairs or leg pairs  33 . Flux linkage  34  is shown through a single leg pair  36  for illustration corresponding to an energized or driven phase winding  40  surrounding the single leg pair  36 . The stator  30  may be made from laminated iron. Typically, each leg  32  is wound with enameled copper wire (generally indicated at 40 between each leg) and connected to other windings  40  depending on a number of factors including wye/delta requirements, phases, and unipolar/bipolar operation. The hub and associated magnets of a rotor (not shown) rotate around the outside of the stator  30  in this type of inverted BLDC motor  12 . It can be seen by the flux linkage  34  that the adjacent legs  32  which are wired to other phases will have energy coupled onto them even when they are the de-energized or non-driven windings in a connected motor. 
   Still referring to  FIG. 2 , the opportunity for significant flux linkage  34  to electromagnetically couple with adjacent stator legs  32  in the stator  30  allows determination of whether motor  12  is connected in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. If no motor is connected, all non-driven phases are open, with the exception of some calibrated leakage path to ground, or back-EMF sensing networks. It will be recognized by one skilled in the pertinent art that it is observed that no voltage appears on non-driven phases if the motor  12  is not present to provide a means for energy to electromagnetically couple back to adjacent phases. The motor  12  may not be present due to it not being connected or being connected with faulty motor cables. Alternatively, if a motor is present and plugged with properly working motor cables, voltage appears on non-driven phases as the plugged-in motor provides a means for energy from the driven phase to electromagnetically couple back to adjacent phases. 
   A detection system for determination of a connected motor  12  may be integrated into a fully functional motor control subsystem with fault detection and recovery capabilities. More specifically, such a detection system and method may be employed with the existing control circuit  10  of  FIG. 1  using the existing back-EMF sampler. The back-EMF sensing nets are low impedance, and largely immune to local switching noise in inverter  14 . Control circuit  10  may employ a process exemplified in  FIG. 3  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention generally shown at  46  to isolate fault with motor  12  (e.g., plugged or external disturbance). 
   Referring now to  FIG. 3 , controller  20  initializes variables at block  48  to execute process  46 . At block  50 , electromagnetic detection uses signals  24  with respect to the non-driven windings to determine if motor  12  is plugged at block  52 . If a controller  20  detects no electromagnetic coupling between the driven winding and the adjacent non-driven windings at block  52 , then a motor — not — plugged flag is checked to determine if the motor — not — plugged flag is set at block  54 . If set, then block  50 , if the flag is not set, then block  56  to log a motor — not — plugged error and set motor — not — plugged flag, then to block  50 . 
   If motor  12  is determined to be plugged at block  52 , the motor — not — plugged flag is cleared at block  58  and motor  12  is started at block  60 . Starting of motor  12  is determined at block  62 , if started, then execute main loop at block  64  for motor control. If motor  12  is not started at block  62 , then a start — failure is logged at block  66 , then block  50 . 
   The routine described above with respect to blocks  50 – 58  in process  46  can be added to modify existing code to remedy the situation of flagging infinite motor start failures until the error stack fills with start failures if motor  12  is not plugged in. The above modification (e.g., blocks  50 – 58 ) may also help to identify faulty motor cables. 
   Furthermore, it will be noted that the above routine or flow diagram depicted and described with respect to  FIG. 3  herein is just one example, as there may be many variations to the flow diagram or the blocks/steps (or operations) described therein without departing from the spirit of the invention. For instance, the blocks may be performed in a differing order, or steps may be added, deleted or modified. All of these variations are considered a part of the claimed invention. The capabilities of the present invention can be implemented in software, firmware, hardware or some combination thereof. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 4 , an oscilloscope plot  70  shows probed outputs of the drive assembly or circuit  10  with no motor  12  connected thereto. A top or upper trace  72  of oscilloscope plot  70  corresponds with an active phase or driven phase winding, while a bottom or lower trace  74  corresponds with a sense phase or non-driven phase winding. The lower trace  74  corresponds with de-energized windings  40  used to determine presence of energy coupling with the driven windings. Low impedance sensing nets corresponding with voltage divider  22  allow this sensing to work well. No energy is seen with respect to bottom trace  74 , as there can be no electromagnetic coupling between a driven phase winding and adjacent non-driven windings when motor  12  is not connected or has faulty motor cables connecting the drive assembly. 
   Referring to  FIG. 5 , an oscilloscope plot  80  shows probed outputs of the drive assembly with motor  12  operably connected thereto. More specifically, plot  80  is of two adjacent phases with respect to ground (the same way back-EMF is sensed). The top or upper trace  82  of oscilloscope plot  80  corresponds with an active phase or driven phase winding with 350 VDC peaks, while a bottom or lower trace  84  corresponds with a sense phase or non-driven phase winding with 150 VDC peaks. A signal is clearly visible with respect to bottom trace  84  compared to bottom trace  74  of plot  70 . Plot  80  indicates that motor  12  is plugged, as there is significant electromagnetic energy coupling between the driven and non-driven phases as observed on the lower trace  84 . 
   It should be known that many hundreds of detection cycles are shown in plots  70  and  80 , while it takes only one pulse to detect whether motor  12  is connected. Repetitive pulsing in plots  70  and  80  was used to demonstrate repeatability and to show that the motor winding current is discontinuous, with a duty cycle less than or equal to 50% such that the motor winding current in a driven phase winding always decays to zero during detection pulses. However, it will be recognized that it is also contemplated that a detection duty cycle can be greater than 50% such that a motor winding current in a driven phase winding never decays to zero and accumulates over successive detection pulses. In addition, it will be recognized that the repetitive pulsing is generated by activating two, three, up to all of the six inverter transistors Q 1 –Q 6  to generate detection pulse signals to determine the presence of motor  12  or other load. Furthermore, the six inverter transistors Q 1 –Q 6  may be enabled for a single pulse or a plurality of pulses for the purpose of detection of motor  12  or other connected load. 
   The above described invention uses the flux linkage of the motor components (i.e., rotor and stator) to determine if a motor is connected to a solid state motor control assembly without requiring significant energy to be delivered to the motor itself. Detection of electromagnetic energy coupling between windings of an electric motor determines whether a motor is connected or not. In particular, an exemplary embodiment in accordance with the invention relies on the close electromagnetic coupling of adjacent windings present in inverted sensorless BLDC motors. This allows for very low energy pulses to be delivered to windings in order to determine if a motor is present. These low energy pulses are very easy to detect using the existing sampling subsystem in the electronic motor controller. The proposed invention is designed to operate in a pure sensorless mode. It is for this reason that this invention enables users of sensorless motor controllers to have more reliable and faster motor plug detection without the addition of hardware. Unlike Time Domain Reflectometry, which is line parameter dependent, the above described system and method uses electromagnetic coupling from adjacent phases thereby eliminating the need for high accuracy timing measurement and eliminates the problems associated with sensor based detection and current drive detection discussed above. The ability to detect a motor not plugged as opposed to genuine start failures allows service personnel to quickly determine whether a motor needs to replaced or just plugged in. 
   It should be noted that the exemplary embodiments as disclosed herein provide for a sensorless or sensored motor controller and improved fault isolation means over existing designs. This is desirable in all applications, and may actually be critical in some application such as medical instrumentation and disk storage systems. In particular, a sensorless BLDC motor is the motor of choice for high power blowers and fans associated cooling critical components, most particularly associated with computers. Moreover, the invention is readily applicable to all motor and motor controller types including, but not limited to, DC, AC, Brush, and Brushless. 
   It will be appreciated, that the controller functionality described herein is for illustrative purposes. The processing performed throughout the system may be distributed in a variety of manners. For example, distributing the processing performed in the controller  20  among the other controllers, and/or processes employed may eliminate a need for such a component or process as described. Each of the elements of the systems described herein may have additional functionality as described in more detail herein as well as include functionality and processing ancillary to the disclosed embodiments. As used herein, signal connections may physically take any form capable of transferring a signal, including, but not limited to, electrical, optical, or radio. 
   The system and methodology described in the numerous embodiments hereinbefore provides a robust means to improve fault isolation of a motor with detection of electromagnetic energy coupling with non-driven phase windings. In addition, the disclosed invention may be embodied in the form of computer-implemented processes and apparatuses for practicing those processes. The present invention can also be embodied in the form of computer program code containing instructions embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, or any other computer-readable storage medium, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. The present invention can also be embodied in the form of computer program code, for example, whether stored in a storage medium, loaded into and/or executed by a computer, or as data signal transmitted whether a modulated carrier wave or not, over some transmission medium, such as over electrical wiring or cabling, through fiber optics, or via electromagnetic radiation, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. When implemented on a general-purpose microprocessor, the computer program code segments configure the microprocessor to create specific logic circuits. 
   While the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment or embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.