Abstract:
This invention provides a nucleic acid amplification device whereby the abundance of a target molecule can be maintained before and after a step of separately amplifying a sample such that highly accurate analysis results that can be applied to gene expression analysis can be obtained. Also, a nucleic acid amplification device having a structure in which a plurality of minute reaction cells each comprising a set of a bead-retaining space capable of retaining a single analysis bead and a reagent reaction space retaining no bead but having a volume that is large enough to cause a reagent reaction therein are positioned so as to form a planar face is provided.

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
     The present application claims priority from Japanese patent application JP 2008-040248 filed on Feb. 21, 2008, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this application. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a gene analysis technique. More specifically, the present invention relates to a nucleic acid amplification device in which target molecules to be analyzed, such as mRNA, are separately amplified on the surfaces of solid phases such as beads in a manner such that the utilization of the target molecules is improved and mixing or excessive amplification of the target molecules can be resolved. 
     2. Background Art 
     For a gene sequence analysis technique, amplification of a target molecule to be analyzed, such as mRNA or a DNA fragment in a state in which the sequence information is preserved therein, is an important technique. One example thereof is a sequence analysis system using pyrosequencing (NATURE, Vol. 437, pp. 376-380 (2005)). In such system, it is necessary for target molecules to be separately amplified such that one type of a target molecule to be analyzed is immobilized on the surface of a single bead. 
     Meanwhile, as an elemental technique for amplification in a separate manner, there exists a method involving separation with the use of aqueous micelles in oil (PNAS, Vol. 100, No. 15, pp. 8817-8822 (2003)). In this method, stirring of two phases (an aqueous phase and an oil phase) is performed to form aqueous micelles each retaining a set of a bead, a target molecule, a reagent necessary for amplification of nucleic acid, and the like, and then nucleic acid amplification is carried out on the bead surface with a thermal cycle. Ideally, a single micelle should contain a single bead and a single target molecule. However, it is impossible to achieve such conditions for every micelle. Thus, a micelle containing a bead but no target molecule or a micelle containing a target molecule but no bead could exist. Furthermore, a micelle containing a plurality of beads and/or target molecules or a micelle containing neither bead nor target molecule could exist (PNAS, Vol. 100, No. 15, pp. 8817-8822 (2003)). In a case in which a single micelle contains a plurality of target molecules, a mixture of target molecules is generated upon amplification, making sequence analysis impossible. In addition, in a case in which a micelle contains a target molecule but no bead, the target molecule cannot be amplified on the bead surface, resulting in loss of the target molecule. Further, in a case in which a micelle contains a plurality of beads, amplification derived from an identical target molecule is carried out on the surfaces of a plurality of beads, resulting in excessive analysis, which is problematic. 
     Furthermore, an amplification method wherein an assembly region (colony) is generated on a part of the flat plate surface of a glass slide or the like has been reported (Cell, Vol. 129, pp. 823-837 (2007)). According to this method, a flat plate having amplification primers immobilized thereon is used to cause complementary strand binding between the primers on the flat plate and target molecules, provide that the concentration distribution of the molecules is determined in a manner such that a certain distance is secured between the target molecules. Then, primer elongation and complementary strand binding (bridge type) are repeatedly induced with the use of primers surrounding each target molecule, such that amplified product colonies are formed. The method is problematic in that excessive amounts of target molecules are necessary due to low efficiency of complementary strand binding of primers to a plane face, and in that complementary strand binding of a plurality of neighboring target molecules might cause binding of amplified product colonies, resulting in mixing of amplified products. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     As described above, in the cases of the conventional techniques, the following points are problematic for amplification of a target molecule: (1): a droplet (micelle) does not contain a bead and thus a target molecule contained in such micelle cannot be analyzed; (2): a micelle contains a plurality of beads and thus a plurality of beads each having an amplification product (derived from a target molecule) immobilized thereon are generated, resulting in excessive analysis. Therefore, before and after the amplification step in preanalysis treatment, the abundance of a target molecule cannot be maintained and the abundance of the target molecule used cannot be ensured, even with statistical analysis of the frequency of the acquisition of the corresponding sequence information. Thus, it has been difficult to apply the conventional techniques to gene expression analysis. 
     Further, the size of each micelle, i.e., the volume thereof, depends on the extent of stirring upon micelle formation, and such size significantly varies. Hence, the amount of a reagent for an amplification reaction varies and thus the amounts of the resulting amplified products on a bead also significantly vary. Therefore, for instance, in the case of analysis using the aforementioned pyrosequencing method, the signal intensity derived from each individual bead significantly varies, resulting in an insufficient dynamic range of a detection system. This causes incidents involving failures of analysis due to generation of signals below the detection limit or signals exceeding the detection sensitivity, which have been problematic. 
     It is an objective of the present invention to provide a highly efficient and highly accurate nucleic acid amplification device by solving the problems of the above conventional techniques. 
     In order to achieve the above objective, the present inventors devised a massively parallel amplification device whereby microbeads having diameters of several tens of micrometers or less can be separately reacted. 
     Specifically, the present invention relates to an example of a nucleic acid amplification device in which a plurality of reaction cells each comprising a set of a 1 st  space capable of retaining a single 1 st  bead and a 2 nd  space facing the 1 st  space are positioned so as to form a planar face, provided that the 1 st  space and the 2 nd  space are positioned in a manner such that the 1 st  bead is not located in a region in which the 1 st  space and the 2 nd  space do not overlap each other as viewed from the planar face. 
     In one embodiment, a bead-retaining space (1 st  space capable of retaining a single 1 st  bead) and a reagent reaction space (2 nd  space facing the 1 st  space) are directly and vertically connected to each other. In such case, a single reaction cell (minute reaction cell) is constructed to retain a single bead, provided that the following conditions for the relationship between the diameter “r” of the bead and the height or diameter of each space are satisfied: 
     1) the height of the bead-retaining space is larger than “r/2” and smaller than “3r/2;” 
     2) the sum of the height of the bead-retaining space and the height of a reagent-retaining space is “2r” or less; and 
     3) the diameter of the bead-retaining space is larger than “r” and smaller than “2r.” 
     The bead-retaining space and the reagent reaction space may be connected to each other with a capillary having a diameter smaller than that of a bead. 
     Also, according to the present invention, a nucleic acid amplification device having a structure is provided, in which a plurality of minute reaction cells each comprising a set of a bead-retaining space  1  capable of retaining a single analysis bead, a reagent reaction space in which no bead is retained, and a bead-retaining space  2  capable of retaining a single bead that differs from the analysis bead are positioned so as to form a planar face. In such device, for example, a bead having a sample nucleic acid immobilized thereon can be retained in a bead-retaining space  2 . 
     In one embodiment, a reagent reaction space is located between a bead-retaining space  1  and a bead-retaining space  2 . In such case, a single minute reaction cell is constructed to retain a single bead, provided that the following condition for the relationship between the diameter “r” of the bead and the height or diameter of each space are satisfied: 
     1) the heights of the bead-retaining spaces  1  and  2  are each larger than “r/2” and smaller than “3r/2;” 
     2) the sum of the height of the bead-retaining space  1  or  2  and the height of the reagent-retaining space is “2r” or less; and 
     3) the diameters of the bead-retaining spaces  1  and  2  are each larger than “r” and smaller than “2r.” 
     In another embodiment, the bead-retaining space  1  and the bead-retaining space  2  are connected to each other with a capillary having a diameter smaller than that of a bead. 
     In the case of the device of the present invention, flow cell formation can be achieved by assembling the minute reaction cells. In addition, formation of separate minute reaction cells can be realized by installing a member (top plate) that covers the openings of the cells. Preferably, such member (top plate) that covers the openings of the cells has a layer made of an elastic material such as a sealing material. 
     In addition, a space (in each minute reaction cell) connected to a flow cell does not necessarily have a vertical wall surface. When the wall surface is inclined outward as viewed from the flow cell, an excess bead can readily exit such space. 
     EFFECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the present invention, when a massively parallel nucleic acid sequence technique is applied to gene expression analysis, samples that cannot be analyzed are reduced, and thus analysis accuracy can be improved. In addition, analysis efficiency can be improved by reducing samples that cannot be analyzed upon conducting massively parallel analysis. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows a cross-sectional view of a part of the device. 
         FIG. 2  shows an overall view of the device. 
         FIG. 3  shows an enlarged view of a minute reaction cell. 
         FIG. 4  shows an assembly drawing of flow cell formation in the device. 
         FIG. 5  shows an explanatory view of the mechanism in which a bead is retained in a bead-retaining space. 
         FIG. 6  shows an explanatory view of the retention of a bead and the exiting of a bead. 
         FIG. 7  shows an explanatory view of the retention of a bead and the exiting of a bead in a case in which the diameter of a reagent reaction space is large such that a 1 st  bead and a 2 nd  bead in a bead-retaining space are not in contact with each other. 
         FIG. 8  shows an explanatory view of the retention of a bead and the exiting of a bead in a case in which a reagent reaction space has an inclined wall surface. 
         FIG. 9  shows formation of separate minute reaction cells. 
         FIG. 10  shows a structure in which a top plate has a two-layer structure. 
         FIG. 11  shows an overall view of a device in which minute reaction cells are separately formed. 
         FIG. 12  shows an explanatory view of the retention of a bead and the exiting of a bead in a device in which two types of beads are used. 
         FIG. 13  shows an explanatory view of the retention of a bead and the exiting of a bead in a case in which a 2 nd  bead is larger than a 1 st  bead. 
         FIG. 14  shows minute reaction cells that are separately formed in a manner such that two different beads are separately contained therein. 
         FIG. 15  shows an explanatory view of the retention of a bead and the exiting of a bead in a case in which a 2 nd  bead is smaller than a 1 st  bead. 
         FIG. 16  shows an explanatory view of a minute reaction cell having a structure in which two spaces are connected to each other with a capillary. 
         FIG. 17  shows flow cell formation in the device. 
         FIG. 18  shows formation of separate minute reaction cells. 
         FIG. 19  shows a structure in which a 1 st  bead-retaining space and a 2 nd  bead-retaining space are connected to each other with a capillary. 
         FIG. 20  shows an explanatory view of the retention of a bead and the exiting of a bead in a structure in which a 1 st  bead-retaining space and a 2 nd  bead-retaining space are connected to each other with a capillary. 
         FIG. 21  shows an explanatory view of a case in which a single bead is captured in a minute reaction cell. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention is hereafter described in greater detail with reference to the following examples, although the technical scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     The Basic Structure of the Device 
     Example 1 shows the basic structure of the device of the present invention.  FIG. 1  shows a cross-sectional view of one part of the device for subjecting nucleic acid as a target molecule to parallel amplification of the present invention.  FIG. 2  shows an overall view of the device. The cross-sectional view at the dashed line A-A′ in  FIG. 2  corresponds to  FIG. 1 . Herein, a structure in which a plurality of minute reaction cells  101  are formed on the surface of a rectangular flat plate is shown. However, the device of the present invention is not limited thereto. 
       FIG. 3  shows a cross section of a minute reaction cell. In this Example, a minute reaction cell has a columnar bead-retaining space  301  and a columnar reagent reaction space  302 . The heights of the spaces are denoted by reference numerals  310  and  311 , and the diameters thereof are denoted by reference numerals  320  and  321 , respectively. In addition, the cell shape is not limited to such a columnar shape as long as effects of the present invention described below can be obtained. 
     The height  310  and the diameter  320  are determined to satisfy the following conditions. Given that the diameter of a bead to be used is “r,” the height  310  is determined to satisfy the condition of “r/2”&lt;height  310 &lt;“3r/2.” The sum of the height  310  and the height  311  is determined to be “2r” or less. In addition, regarding the diameter, it is necessary for the diameter  320  of the bead-retaining space to satisfy the condition of “r”&lt;diameter  320 &lt;“2r.” Under the above conditions, a reaction cell can retain a single bead. 
     Flow Cell Formation in the Device 
       FIG. 4  shows flow cell formation in the device. As shown in  FIG. 4 , the device has a structure in which a parallel amplification device  401 , a top plate  402 , and a spacer material  403  are layered. The spacer material  403  has a space  404  serving as a flow cell in the center portion. The space  404  is projected so as to correspond to an area  407  on the device  401 . A reference numeral  410  denotes a group of minute reaction cells on the device  401 . The top plate  402  has an inlet  405  and an outlet  406  such that, when a solution containing beads is introduced via the inlet  405 , the beads are retained in minute reaction cells arranged in the flow cell. 
       FIG. 5  shows a mechanism by which a bead is retained in a bead-retaining space.  FIG. 5  shows a bead  501  and a bead  502 . A space  503  is filled with a solution containing beads. Given that the left side of the figure is the inlet side and the right side is the outlet side, a solution is repeatedly introduced from the left side to the right side and a bead is partially stuck in a minute reaction cell as shown in the figure. The bead  501  is entirely inside the bead-retaining space of a minute reaction cell and thus the left-to-right flow of the solution cannot readily cause the bead to exit the cell. As a result, the bead is retained in the bead-retaining space. Meanwhile, the flow of the reagent causes the bead  502  to move again into a channel portion. 
       FIG. 6  shows the retention of a bead and the exiting of a bead. In a condition in which beads  501  and  502  are in contact with each other, the bead  502  is in contact with the wall surface of a cell at a tangent point  601 . The angle formed between the tangent line of the bead and the face (extending from the wall surface in contact with the bead) is denoted by a reference numeral  602 . When the angle is not zero, the flow of the reagent causes the bead to exit. Thus, as shown in  FIG. 6 , in a condition in which a bead-retaining space contains a single bead, if an angle formed as a result of the contact between the 2 nd  bead  502  and the cell is larger than zero, at which the tangent line of the bead is parallel to the cell wall surface, the 2 nd  bead  502  is allowed to exit. Therefore, a condition in which a single minute reaction cell retains a single bead alone is satisfied. 
       FIG. 7  shows an example in which the diameter  321  of a reagent reaction space is large enough such that a 1 st  bead in a bead-retaining space is not in contact with a 2 nd  bead. Also in this case, if an angle  702  is larger than zero with respect to a tangent point  701 , it is expected that a single minute reaction cell retain a single bead alone. In order to obtain an angle  702  that is larger than zero, it is necessary for a height  311  to satisfy the condition of height  311 &lt;“r/2.” 
       FIG. 8  shows an example in which a reagent reaction space has an inclined wall surface. As shown in the figure, when a reagent reaction space has an outward inclined wall surface such that the wall surface is not oriented vertically with respect to the flow of the reagent, it is possible to cause the 2 nd  bead to exit with greater ease. 
     As described above, the device of the present invention is constructed in a manner such that a single bead is retained in a single minute reaction cell (1 bead/1 minute reaction cell). By repeatedly shaking a reagent from side to side, the number of reaction cells retaining no beads can be easily reduced. 
     Formation of Separate Reagent Reaction Spaces and Nucleic Acid Amplification 
     When the above condition (1 bead/1 minute reaction cell) is achieved, all excessive beads are discharged from the flow cell. Thereafter, a target molecule, a primer necessary for nucleic acid amplification, and a reagent such as an enzyme are introduced into the flow cell such that minute reaction cells are filled therewith. In this case, the volume of a reagent in a single cell is obtained by subtracting the volume of a single bead from the volume of a minute reaction cell. Thus, the target molecule concentration is diluted to a level at which a single cell can contain a single molecule. In addition, the probability that no target molecule would be contained in a cell becomes high at a high degree of dilution. However, this is not problematic in the present invention because the occurrence or nonoccurrence of amplification is verified after the termination of amplification. Instead, it is important to reduce the probability of two molecules being simultaneously contained in a reaction cell. 
       FIG. 9  shows formation of separate minute reaction cells (reagent reaction spaces). As shown in  FIG. 9 , a flow cell is disassembled after introduction of a reagent and then a top plate  901  is placed over the cells. Accordingly, individual minute reaction cells each having a reagent reaction space  902  therein are separately formed. As a result, nucleic acid amplification can be performed in each minute reaction cell containing a single bead in an independent manner. 
       FIG. 10  shows an example in which a top plate has a two-layer structure. As shown in this figure, when a top plate has a two-layer structure comprising a main body  1001  and an elastic and thin sealing material  1002  such as silicone rubber, formation of separate reagent reaction spaces can be further secured. 
       FIG. 11  shows an overall view of a device in which reagent reaction spaces are separately formed. As shown in  FIG. 11 , every minute reaction cell has an independent space when covered with a single top plate (having a two-layer structure comprising a main body  1101  and a sealing material  1102  in this example). In the case of the structure shown in  FIG. 11 , nucleic acid amplification can readily be performed using a conventional thermal cycler for glass slides, provided that the thickness of the device is 2 mm or less. After nucleic acid amplification, all beads are collected and the occurrence or nonoccurrence of nucleic acid amplification is verified. The occurrence or nonoccurrence of nucleic acid amplification can be verified by a method described in an existing report (PNAS, Vol. 100, No. 15, pp. 8817-8822 (2003)) or by other methods. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     In this example, DNA amplification using beads 50 μm in diameter as solid phases was examined. The results are described herein. Regarding sizes of the minute reaction cells used, diameters  320  and  321  shown in  FIG. 3  were 80 μm and 500 μm, and heights  310  and  311  shown in  FIG. 3  were 40 μm and 20 μm, respectively. Minute reaction cells were produced via nanoimprinting with the use of polycarbonate as a material. Such minute reaction cells exhibit water repellency when produced; however, they can be hydrophilized via surface treatment. For example, there are well-known methods such as a method involving washing the surfaces of cells with an aqueous solution containing an amphiphilic polymer such as PEG and a method involving irradiation with an ultraviolet lamp for several minutes (Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 4196-4201). Herein, irradiation with a mercury lamp (40 mW/cm 2 ) for 10 minutes was carried out such that hydrophilization was achieved while coloring was inhibited. The beads used were beads made of zirconia as a material. Zirconia beads have a specific gravity of as large as 5 to 6 and thus they easily precipitate in cells via gravity. Therefore, it was easy to create the aforementioned 1-bead condition. The surface of a bead had a 20-base oligomer connected thereto with a C12 linker. Such an oligomer has a sequence identical to the sequence of one of primers for amplification of a DNA molecule to be amplified and it functions as an amplification primer. In addition, when mRNA is amplified, beads each having a (polyT) oligomer connected to the surface thereof with a C12 linker can be used. In such a case, the technique described in JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2007-319028 may be applied. 
     In this Example, the total volume of minute reaction cells covered with a top plate is approximately 4,128 pL. The volume of each single bead is approximately 65 pL. Thus, the total volume of a reaction solution in minute reaction cells each containing a single bead is approximately 4,063 pL. When sample DNA to be amplified is adjusted to have a final concentration of approximately 0.4 fmol/L or less, it is possible to allow a single minute reaction cell to contain a single molecule. 
     Gene amplification was carried out as described below. In addition to sample DNA, a PCR reaction solution with the composition of table 1 was used as a reaction solution to be introduced into minute reaction cells. The F primer has a sequence identical to the sequence immobilized on the bead surface. For the temperature cycle for amplification, a cycle of 94° C. for 15 seconds, 56° C. for 30 seconds, and 70° C. for 30 seconds was repeated 40 times. As a result, an unwound DNA amplified product that was formed continuously following the F primer was obtained on the bead surface. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Table 1: PCR amplification reagent conditions 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Tris-HCl (pH 8.8) 
                 67 
                 mM 
               
               
                   
                 NH 4 SO 4   
                 16.6 
                 mM 
               
               
                   
                 MgCl 2   
                 6.7 
                 mM 
               
               
                   
                 Mercaptoethanol 
                 10 
                 mM 
               
               
                   
                 dNTPs 
                 1 
                 mM 
               
               
                   
                 F primer 
                 0.05 
                 μM 
               
               
                   
                 R primer 
                 25 
                 μM 
               
               
                   
                 Taq polymerase 
                 15 
                 units 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 3 
     In the present invention, minute reaction cells have columnar or conical shapes. When a spherical bead is used, a columnar or conical cell has a horizontal cross section homologous to the central (horizontal) cross section of such bead. In such a case, a reagent reaction space surrounds the bead in an isotropic manner (360 degrees) with respect to the center of the bead, and thus a columnar or conical cell is appropriate for immobilization of amplified products on the bead. 
     However, in view of the objective of the present invention, the cell shape is not limited to columnar and conical shapes. Moreover, in view of appropriateness in terms of production, a non-columnar or non-conical shape might be better in some cases. For instance, as described above, when a device obtained by nanoimprinting on an organic resin is used, the ease of preparation of a stamper used for producing such device is important in practice. Stampers are widely used in, for example, general semiconductor production processes. Pattern formation is readily performed by light exposure with the use of a mask. However, in such case, if curved shapes are drawn on a mask, the number of processes increases. Therefore, hexagonal cells having approximately circular cross sections were produced herein, and it was confirmed that they functioned as in the above cases. 
       FIG. 21  shows explanatory views of cases in each of which a single bead is captured in a minute reaction cell. The graphic (1) is an example of a columnar cell and the graphic (2) is an example of a hexagonal cell. When a bead  2101  is captured, the reference numeral  2102  denotes a capturing space and a reagent reaction space is the region between “ 2102 ” and “ 2103 ” in the case of the columnar cell. In the case of the a minute reaction cell having a hexagonal columnar shape, the reference numeral  2104  denotes a capturing space and a reagent reaction space is the region between “ 2104 ” and “ 2105 .” It was confirmed that the hexagonal columnar cell functioned as in the case of the columnar cell. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Example 4 shows a device in which minute reaction cells each having two different bead-retaining spaces are separately formed (in a one-to-one manner). 
       FIG. 12  shows a condition in which a top plate  1204  having a 2 nd  bead-retaining space  1203  and a sealing material  1205  are placed on a minute reaction cell  1201  retaining a 1 st  bead  1202 . Flow cell formation is carried out on the thus obtained device as in the case of the device  401  of Example 1, which is shown in  FIG. 4 , followed by introduction of a reagent containing 2 nd  beads. 
       FIG. 13  shows the inflow and the retention of 2 nd  beads  1301  and  1302  in the case of a device on which a flow cell is formed under a top plate  1303 .  FIG. 13  shows a specific example in which the 2 nd  beads are larger than the 1 st  bead  1202 . In such a case, as in the case of Example 1, among the 2 nd  beads, the bead  1301  is retained in the bead-retaining space  1203 , but the bead  1302  is not retained therein and exits therefrom again. As a result, the minute reaction cell retains a single 1 st  bead  1202  and a single 2 nd  bead  1301 . 
       FIG. 14  shows a minute reaction cell that is separately formed when covered with a top plate. As shown in  FIG. 14 , after the operation described above, a top plate  1401  and a sealing material  1402  are installed such that formation of separate minute reaction cells can be realized. In such a structure, a sample can be immobilized on the surface of one bead before amplification and an amplified product can be immobilized on the surface of the other bead. 
       FIG. 15  shows an example in which 2 nd  beads are smaller than a 1 st  bead. Also in this case, formation of separate minute reaction cells can be realized with the operation described above. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Example 5 shows a device having a structure in which a bead-retaining space and a reagent reaction space are connected to each other with a capillary. 
       FIG. 16  shows a structure in which two spaces are connected to each other with a capillary. In this case, a 1 st  space  1603  with a diameter  1601  and a height  1602  and a 2 nd  space  1606  with a diameter  1604  and a height  1605  are connected to each other with a capillary  1609  with a diameter  1607  and a height  1608 . In the case of such device, the 1 st  space is used as a bead-retaining space and the 2 nd  space is used as a reagent reaction space. 
       FIG. 17  shows flow cell formation in the case of the above device. As shown in  FIG. 17 , flow cell formation is carried out with the use of a top plate  1702  as in the case of  FIG. 4  and an aqueous solution containing beads is introduced while the 2 nd  space is closed with a bottom plate  1701 , resulting in retention of a bead  1703 . As in the case of the above example, a bead  1704  exits again and thus a condition in which a minute reaction cell retains a single bead is achieved. 
       FIG. 18  shows formation of separate minute reaction cells (reagent reaction spaces). As shown in  FIG. 18 , when a flow cell is disassembled, a 1 st  space is closed with a plate, and the space is turned upside down, a device having a bead-retaining space closed with a bottom plate  1801  is realized as shown in  FIG. 18 . Under such conditions, a plate  1701  is removed and thus flow cell formation is achieved as shown in  FIG. 4  such that a reagent can be introduced into a reagent reaction space. In addition, when the plate  1701  is installed again as shown in  FIG. 18 , formation of separate minute reaction cells (reagent reaction spaces) can be achieved. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     Example 6 shows a device having a structure in which a 1 st  bead-retaining space and a 2 nd  bead-retaining space are connected to each other with a capillary. 
       FIG. 19  shows a structure in which a 1 st  bead-retaining space and a 2 nd  bead-retaining space are connected to each other with a capillary. 2 nd  beads  1901  and  1902  are allowed to flow into a device in which a flow cell is formed as in the case of Example 1 and the bead  1902  is allowed to exit therefrom, such that a minute reaction cell retains a single 1 st  bead and a single 2 nd  bead  1901 . 
       FIG. 20  shows formation of separate reagent reaction spaces. As shown in  FIG. 20 , a flow cell is disassembled after introduction of a reagent and a top plate is placed on cells, such that formation of separate minute reaction cells each containing two different beads is achieved. In such case, a reagent reaction space corresponds to a columnar space denoted by a reference numeral  2001  and it also functions as a connecting portion between two bead-retaining spaces. 
     Preferred embodiments of the use of this example are as follows. In many cases, properties of beads, which are required for DNA amplification on bead surfaces, differ from those required for a variety of processes such as detection, verification, sequencing, and the like with the use of amplified products existing on the bead surfaces. For instance, in the case of DNA amplification on bead surfaces, it is required that the components of an amplification reaction reagent such as a primer and an enzyme be unlikely to adsorb to bead surfaces. In such case, beads made of a material that is a hydrophilic polymer such as sepharose or agarose are often used. Meanwhile, in the cases of a variety of processes such as detection, verification, sequencing, and the like with the use of amplified products existing on the bead surfaces, beads having large specific gravities are easily used in order to prevent the exiting of beads when such beads are used in a flow cell. For such reason, silica beads, zirconia beads, a variety of plastic beads, metal beads, and the like are used. In this Example, an amplified product is first obtained as a result of amplification on the surface of a sepharose amplification bead  2002  with the steps described in the above Examples. Then, a zirconia bead having large specific gravity is used as a detection bead  2003 . A reagent reaction space is filled with a reagent with which PCR amplification can be performed with the use of DNA on the surface of a bead  2002  as a template. Under such conditions, the device was attached to a thermal cycler and PCR amplification was carried out in minute reaction cells, such that an amplified product of DNA to be detected was obtained as a result of amplification on the surface of each detection bead  2003 . 
     INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
     The present invention can be applied in various fields of life science, medicine, food, and the like, in which gene analysis techniques are required.