Abstract:
A paint manufacturing system, having a paint component storage system with a dispenser positioned below and a computer system which controls a flow of paint components. The paint component storage system having a plurality of paint component cartridges containing paint components; wherein at least two of the paint component cartridges contain the same paint component. A method for adding a component to a container involving: recognizing a volume of component in a container; generating a bar code that corresponds to the amount and type of component to be added; requesting the component; filling a tote with the component; relating the bar code with the filled tote; transporting the tote and related bar code to said container; scanning the tote bar code to verify the amount and type of component in the tote matches the amount and type of component requested; and filling the container when the tote bar code matches.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation in part of U.S. patent Application by Randall L. Hughes, Andrew B. Titus, Danny P. Boyle, and Michael Mowen entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING PAINT,” Ser. No. 11/757,264, filed Jun. 1, 2007, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein entirely by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    This invention relates to the coatings industry and more specifically to the consistent on demand production of an aqueous paint having any end-use application characteristic from a plurality of prepaints at the point of sale within minutes of an operator&#39;s selection using a common automated computer controlled paint production apparatus for example. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]    For decades now, paint has been manufactured, packaged, warehoused, and inventoried at large paint factories many miles from its final destination. A significant investment in paint factories, equipment, and ingredients is necessary to offer the large variety of paints desired by retailers and consumers. Because of this large investment, it has been economically necessary to limit paint factories to large-scale operations. 
         [0006]    Paint is generally manufactured at a paint manufacturing factory and then transported in separate containers to a point of sale, wherein each container contains one type of paint. Different types of paint typically comprise different types of paint ingredients in various amounts. Conventional paint manufacturing processes require that the paint be made using extensive independent ingredients to create paint with the desired characteristics. Formulating paints is complex; it is not simply a matter of mixing a few paint ingredients in different ratios. Rather, it involves the selection and mixing of different paint ingredients in different ratios depending on the type of paint desired. The type and amount of paint ingredients included in the paint determines its characteristics, such as drying time, quality level, sheen, finish, texture, etc. For example, some types of paint have a flat finish and others have a high-gloss finish. This requires paint factories to store many different paint ingredients and change paint ingredients during manufacture depending on the specific paint type being prepared. 
         [0007]    In conventional paint manufacturing processes in a paint factory, ingredients such as solvents, dispersants, surfactants, and defoamers (typically liquids) are placed into a mill, such as a high-speed disperser, according to a set formula for a paint to be made in that particular factory machine. The liquids are blended together to make a homogeneous mixture. Dry pigments are then added slowly to this mixture while the disperser is running at low speed until they are mixed into the liquid phase. The mill is then run at a high speed to shear the mixture and disperse the dry pigments to the desired particle size. 
         [0008]    Upon approval of the pigment dispersion by the Quality Control Laboratory (typically referred to as the “grind” in the paint industry), the “let down” process begins. Storage for any significant period of time of the pigment dispersion results in settling and a non-uniform distribution of constituents throughout the premix. Consequently, the manufacturing processes are designed to limit the residence time of the pigment dispersion in the mill in order to promote the manufacture of more uniform products. One or more resins are then added to the pigment dispersion depending on the desired paint type. Other liquid or dry additives are added that yield properties such as proper film formation, open time, gloss, wetting, and many others. Finally, thickening agents are added to give the final desired end-use application characteristics. 
         [0009]    Because these processes are different for each paint quality, sheen, color base type, and exterior/interior characteristic combination of paint produced, and because the process is time consuming, involves numerous consecutive steps and people, each machine is conventionally set up to produce one type of paint only. The produced paint is placed in a quart, one gallon, two gallon can or 5 gallon bucket and shipped to a retail store and stored until resale. 
         [0010]    At the retail store, such as Home Depot, a customer selects a can of paint off the shelf that holds paint having the color base type, sheen, quality and exterior/interior characteristics needed by the customer. The customer may also request that a colorant be added to the paint in the can. 
         [0011]    Because conventional paint is made at the factory and cannot practically be made at the store, retailers are forced to order, receive, warehouse, stock, and inventory hundreds of SKUs and thousands of buckets of paint in their stores in order to offer a range of paints. The transport and storage in the individual containers adds significantly to the cost of the sold product for it is necessary to inventory a wide variety of paints having different end-use application characteristics to satisfy and anticipate consumer demand, such as various sheen levels, tint bases, paints for exterior use, paints for interior use, and paints of varying quality. If too many cans of one type of paint are ordered, it may go to waste. While the paint cans are waiting to be purchased, they fill floor space that could have been used by other paints or products, and cost money to keep in the store. Sales may also be lost because not enough cans holding paint of one particular type is available from the premixed paint cans in the store. 
         [0012]    Thus, there continues to be a long felt need to reduce paint factory equipment, and ingredient investment so that paint manufacturers may have more flexibility in locating their paint factories. There also continues to be a long felt need to reduce the variety of paint types that a retail store must stock, while still providing for the various paint types desired by consumers. Accordingly, what is needed are improved methods of formulating and consistently manufacturing paint having virtually any end-use application characteristic on demand at the factory, point of sale (e.g. retail store), and/or point of use (e.g. application sight) using a limited number of premixed paint ingredient compositions to prepare all of the different paint types desired, thus, minimizing the number and type of paint ingredients needed to make a range of paints. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    The present invention employs a paint manufacturing system for manufacturing a desired type and color of paint. The paint manufacturing system includes a paint component storage system and a colorant storage system. A dispenser is in fluid communication with the paint component and colorant storage systems. The paint component storage system is located above the dispenser. The paint manufacturing system also includes a spectrophotometer that is operatively coupled with a computer system. The computer system controls the flow of paint components from the paint component storage system and colorants from the colorant storage system. 
         [0014]    The paint component storage system dispenses, through the dispenser, a desired combination of paint components in response to a paint type indication. The desired combination of paint components form a base paint. The colorant storage system dispenses, through the dispenser, a desired combination of colorants in response to a paint color indication. The colorants dispensed are chosen to drive the color of the base paint to a desired color. In this way, the desired type and color of paint is provided. In some situations, the computer system determines the colorants dispensed in response to a colorant signal from the spectrophotometer. In other situations, the computer system determines the colorants dispensed in response to the selection of a color data file. 
         [0015]    In one embodiment of a paint manufacturing system configured according to an embodiment of the present invention, may consist of a paint component storage system; wherein the paint component storage system further comprises a plurality of paint component cartridges each containing a paint component; wherein at least two of the plurality of paint component cartridges contain the same paint component; a mass flow control system coupled to the paint component storage system; a dispenser coupled to said mass flow control system; and a computer system which controls a flow of paint components from the paint component storage system, the paint component storage system flowing a desired combination of paint components in response to a paint type indication. 
         [0016]    The paint component storage system may have paint component containers instead of cartridges that hold the paint components. A method for a paint component container comprises: the paint manufacturing system requesting an amount and type of a paint component; filling a tote with the amount and type of paint component requested by the paint manufacturing system; creating a bar code to indicate the amount and type of paint component; transporting the tote and bar code to the point of sale where the paint manufacturing system is located; scanning the bar code; checking an amount of paint component remaining in the paint component container through a sensor coupled to the container; checking a type of paint component in the paint component container; accepting the tote if the amount and type of paint component match what is needed to fill the paint component container; declining the tote if the amount and type of paint component does not match what is needed to fill the paint component container; filling the paint component container if the tote was accepted; and verifying flow of the paint component from the tote to the paint component container. It is also possible to configure the connectors on the totes and the containers so that totes that carry a particular component have a connector that only couples with connectors for containers that house the same component. 
         [0017]    These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with reference to the following drawings and description. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0018]      FIG. 1   a  is a perspective view of a paint manufacturing system, in accordance with the invention. 
           [0019]      FIG. 1   b  is a perspective view of one embodiment of a dispenser, in accordance with the invention, included with the paint manufacturing system of  FIG. 1   a.    
           [0020]      FIG. 1   c  is a bottom view of a support structure included with the dispenser of  FIG. 1   b.    
           [0021]      FIG. 1   d  is a perspective view of a colorant nozzle included with the dispenser of  FIG. 1   b.    
           [0022]      FIG. 1   e  is a perspective view of a colorant storage system, in accordance with the invention, included with the paint manufacturing system of  FIG. 1   a.    
           [0023]      FIG. 1   f  is a schematic diagram of the colorant storage system of  FIG. 1   e.    
           [0024]      FIG. 2   a  is a perspective view of a paint manufacturing system, in accordance with the invention, which includes the paint manufacturing system of  FIG. 1   a.    
           [0025]      FIG. 2   b  is a schematic diagram of the paint manufacturing system of  FIG. 2   a.    
           [0026]      FIG. 2   c  is a perspective view of an elevated support structure included with the paint manufacturing system of  FIG. 2   a.    
           [0027]      FIG. 3   a  is a perspective view of the paint manufacturing system of  FIG. 2   a  with a pumping system, in accordance with the invention. 
           [0028]      FIG. 3   b  is a schematic diagram of the paint manufacturing system of  FIG. 2   a  with paint component transport containers. 
           [0029]      FIG. 3   c  is a perspective view of the paint manufacturing system of  FIG. 3   a , wherein the pumping system is connected to a tote carried by a fork lift. 
           [0030]      FIGS. 4   a ,  4   b ,  4   c  and  4   d  are block diagrams of a method of manufacturing a desired type of paint at a point of sale, in accordance with the invention. 
           [0031]      FIGS. 5   a  and  5   b  are block diagrams of a method of manufacturing a desired type of paint at a point of sale, and providing it with a desired color, in accordance with the invention. 
           [0032]      FIG. 6  is a front view of a tote, in accordance with the invention. 
           [0033]      FIG. 7  is a perspective view of a paint manufacturing system comprising cartridges, in accordance with the invention. 
           [0034]      FIG. 8  is a block diagram of a method of refilling a paint component container, in accordance with the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0035]    The present invention allows the manufacture of a desired type and color of paint at a point of sale. Manufacturing the paint at the point of sale is useful for several reasons, with one being that the desired paint can be manufactured in response to the desires of the consumer. Hence, the type and color of the paint can be selected by the consumer before the paint is manufactured. This allows the paint retailer to provide an “inventory on demand”, wherein an inventory of paint is produced in response to an indication that the consumer wants a particular type and color of paint. If the type and color of the paint produced is desired, the consumer is more likely to purchase it. Hence, the consumer is more likely to want paint and to purchase it if the paint is manufactured at the point of sale. 
         [0036]    Manufacturing the paint at the point of sale is also useful because the paint is made and sold shortly thereafter. Hence, there is no need to maintain an inventory of paint without a purchaser for it. There is also no need to keep an inventory of different types and colors of paint from which the consumer makes a selection. It is also no longer necessary to keep track of changes in the inventory of paint. Manufacturing the paint at the point of sale is also useful because the paint manufacturing system used can occupy less space than the inventory of paint. 
         [0037]    To increase the likelihood of the consumer making a paint purchase, a large number of different types and colors of paint need to be kept in inventory to increase the likelihood that the paint the consumer wants is available. However, the amount of space used to store the paint increases as the amount of different types and/or colors of paint in the inventory increases. It is generally desirable to decrease the amount of space used to store the paint because this space costs money and may be more useful for other purposes, such as the sale of goods and/or services. Space used for the sale of goods and services typically generates more income than space used for storing paint. 
         [0038]    Manufacturing the paint at the point of sale is also useful because of the decreased time the paint is stored. This is useful because paint is more likely to degrade as the time it is stored increases. The paint can degrade in many different ways, such as by settling. The paint can also degrade if it experiences undesirable temperature and humidity changes. If the paint degrades too much, it can be unsatisfactory for use. The paint can be unsatisfactory for use in many different ways, such as if its color undesirably changes or if the amount of paint components included therein changes. The amount of paint components in the paint can undesirably change in many different ways, such as by evaporation. Some paint components evaporate faster than others, so the relative amounts of the paint components changes over time. If the relative amounts of the paint components change too much, the paint may be unsuitable for its intended purpose, such as for indoor or outdoor use. Hence, it is desirable to decrease the time between manufacturing and selling the paint, as well as the time between manufacturing and using the paint. 
         [0039]    It should be noted that paint can include many different paint components, but it generally includes two or more. Each paint component typically includes many different types of materials combined together. It should also be noted that the paint components can be stored separately from each other for longer periods of time than a paint composed of them. Further, the paint components do not degrade as quickly as paint composed of them will. Hence, it is desirable to store paint components in separate containers instead of in the same container, as is done with paint composed of the components. 
         [0040]    Examples of paint components typically used to make paint include resin, pigment composition, and dispersant thickening agent. The resin can be a material with a high or low resin content, wherein the high resin content material includes more resin than the low resin content material. These paint components often include water as the solvent, so they are considered to be aqueous based. The paint components are combined together in different amounts to provide a base paint, which is often colored to provide a desired type and color of paint. The paint components can be combined together in many different ways, such as by mixing. 
         [0041]    There are many different types of base paints that can be made from the paint components. In one embodiment, the types of base paints include pastel, tinting, deep tone and neutral base paints. The pastel base paint has the lightest color and the neutral base paint has the darkest color. Further, the tinting base paint is lighter than the deep tone base paint, but darker than the pastel base paint. The deep tone base paint is darker than the tinting base paint, but lighter than the neutral base paint. These base paints are generally provided with a desired quality level and sheen. It should be noted that four types of base paints are discussed here for illustrative purposes. However, another number of base paints, such as pastel, tinting and neutral, can also be used. 
         [0042]    In accordance with the invention, one or more colorants are combined with the base paint to provide it with the desired color. Hence, the desired paint generally includes the base paint and one or more colorants combined therewith. The colorant(s) are combined with the base paint by combining them with the paint components included therein. In this way, the color of the base paint is driven to the desired color. The colorant(s) can be combined with the paint components in many different ways, such as by mixing. In this way, a desired type of paint is manufactured and provided with a desired color at the point of sale. 
         [0043]      FIG. 1   a  is a perspective view of a paint manufacturing system  100 , in accordance with the invention. It should be noted that paint manufacturing system  100  is generally located at a point of sale. The point of sale can be at many different locations, such as a store and a warehouse. Examples of stores include paint stores, as well as hardware and home improvement stores. The store is generally a retail store which provides the sale of goods and/or services. 
         [0044]    In this embodiment, paint manufacturing system  100  includes a computer system  101  which includes a monitor  101   a  and an input device  101   b . In one example, monitor  101   a  is embodied as a touch-screen monitor and input device  101   b  is embodied as a keyboard. Computer system  101  operates software that controls the operation of several paint manufacturing system components. These paint manufacturing system components allow system  100  to provide the desired type and color of paint at the point of sale, as will be discussed in more detail below. The type and color of the paint is determined by the paint components and colorants included therein. The paint components and colorants are predetermined in response to one or more indications provided to computer system  101 . The indications are generally provided to computer system  101  through monitor  101   a  and/or input device  101   b.    
         [0045]    In this embodiment, paint manufacturing system  100  includes a dispenser  106  which is controlled by computer system  101 . Dispenser  106  dispenses materials which form the paint. These materials can be of many different types, such as the paint components and colorants mentioned above. Dispenser  106  includes paint component nozzles  118  supported by a nozzle support structure  124 . Nozzles  118  dispense pre-selected paint components in response to an indication from computer system  101 . Nozzles  118  are connected to a paint component storage system (not shown) through a plumbing system  115 . Plumbing system  115  includes hoses which allow paint components to flow between the paint component storage system and paint component nozzles  118  in response to an indication from computer system  101 . 
         [0046]    The paint components are dispensed through paint component nozzles  118  and into a paint container  110 . Paint container  110  can be of many different types, such as a paint bucket, which allows the paint to be contained and carried away from the point of sale. In this embodiment, paint container  110  is supported on a paint weight scale  111 , which determines the weight of paint container  110  combined with the weight of the material dispensed through dispenser  106 . Scale  111  can be of many different types, such as the PANTHER and PANTHER PLUS weighing terminals made by Mettler Toledo of Toledo, Ohio. 
         [0047]      FIG. 1   b  is a perspective view of one embodiment of dispenser  106 , in accordance with the invention.  FIG. 1   c  is a bottom view of nozzle support structure  124  looking in a direction  123 . In this embodiment, paint component nozzles  118  includes six paint component nozzles, denoted as nozzles  118   a ,  118   b ,  118   c ,  118   d ,  118   e  and  118   f . Nozzles  118   a ,  118   b ,  118   c ,  118   d ,  118   e  and  118   f  are supported by nozzle support structure  124  and are in fluid communication with the paint component storage system (not shown) through hoses  115   a ,  115   b ,  115   c ,  115   d ,  115   e  and  115   f , respectively. It should be noted that hoses  115   a - 115   f  are included in plumbing system  115  and terminate at openings  125   a ,  125   b ,  125   c ,  125   d ,  125   e  and  125   f , respectively, as shown in  FIG. 1   c . Openings  125   a - 125   f  extend through a bottom surface of nozzle support structure  124  so that the respective paint components can be outputted through them and into paint container  110 . 
         [0048]    In this embodiment, dispenser  106  includes a colorant nozzle  127  carried by nozzle support structure  124 . Colorant nozzle  127  is connected to a colorant storage system (not shown) through a plumbing system  128 . As shown in  FIG. 1   d , plumbing system  128  includes hoses  128   a ,  128   b ,  128   c ,  128   d ,  128   e  and  128   f  which extend therethrough nozzle  127  and terminate at openings  129   a ,  129   b ,  129   c ,  129   d ,  129   e  and  129   f , respectively, as shown in  FIG. 1   c . It should be noted that  FIG. 1   d  is a perspective view of colorant nozzle  127 . Plumbing system  128  allows colorant components to flow between the colorant storage system and colorant nozzle  127 . The colorant components are dispensed through openings  129   a - 129   f  and into paint container  110  wherein they are combined with the paint components. The colorant storage system will be discussed in more detail presently. 
         [0049]      FIG. 1   e  is a perspective view of one embodiment of a colorant storage system  104 , in accordance with the invention, and  FIG. 1   f  is a schematic diagram of colorant storage system  104 . It should be noted that colorant storage system  104  is housed by paint manufacturing system  100  in a colorant storage cabinet  109 , as shown in  FIG. 1   a , although it could be positioned elsewhere. In this embodiment, colorant storage system  104  is connected to plumbing system  128  through a mass flow control system  112 . Colorant storage system  104  includes colorant storage containers  104   a ,  104   b ,  104   c ,  104   d ,  104   e  and  104   f  and mass flow control system  112  includes mass flow controllers  112   a ,  112   b ,  112   c ,  112   d ,  112   e  and  112   f . Colorant storage containers  104   a ,  104   b ,  104   c ,  104   d ,  104   e  and  104   f  are connected to hoses  128   a ,  128   b ,  128   c ,  128   d ,  128   e  and  128   f , respectively, through mass flow controllers  112   a ,  112   b ,  112   c ,  112   d ,  112   e  and  112   f , respectively. 
         [0050]    Colorant containers  104   a - 104   f  each contain a colorant which can be flowed into paint container  110  through hoses  128   a - 128   f  and openings  129   a - 129   f  ( FIG. 1   c ), as discussed above, where they are combined with the paint components contained therein. In this way, the color of the paint components contained in container  110  is driven to the desired color. 
         [0051]    It should be noted that, in this embodiment, colorant storage system  104  is shown as including six colorant containers for illustrative purposes, so it can provide six colors, as well as their corresponding color combinations. A color combination is two or more colors combined together to provide a shade of color. The two or more colors can be combined together in many different ways, such as by mixing. In other embodiments, however, colorant storage system  104  includes fewer or more colorants. For example, in one particular embodiment, colorant storage system  104  includes twelve colorant containers, so it can provide twelve colors, as well as their corresponding color combinations. In general, the number of colorant containers included in colorant storage system  104  determines the number of different colors and shades of colors that can be provided. The number of different colors and shades of colors that can be provided increases with the number of colorant containers. Further, the number of different colors and shades of colors that can be provided decreases with the number of colorant containers. The amount and colors of colorants flowed into paint container  110  can be determined in many different ways, a few of which will be discussed in more detail presently. 
         [0052]    In operation, computer system  101  has access to a paint data file. The paint data file generally includes paint color and paint type information which can be read and changed, if desired, by computer system  101 . However, the paint color and paint type information can be included with a paint color data file and a paint type data file, respectively, so that the paint data file includes separate data files. 
         [0053]    The paint data file can be an existing data file, or it can be created or changed in response to the paint type and/or paint color indication provided to computer system  101 . Further, the color and paint type data files can be existing data files, or they can be created or changed in response to the paint color and paint type indications, respectively. The paint data file, color data file and/or paint type data file can be stored internally with computer system  101  or externally to it. 
         [0054]    The color data file includes paint color information that corresponds to the desired color of the paint manufactured with paint manufacturing system  100 . The paint color information often represents the desired color in terms of a particular color scale. There are many different color scales that can be used to represent the desired color, with one being the Hunter color scale. The Hunter color scale represents colors with three color values, denoted as L, a and b. Hence, the paint color information can include L, a and b values corresponding to the desired color. 
         [0055]    The paint type data file includes paint type information that corresponds to the desired type of the paint manufactured with paint manufacturing system  100 . It should be noted that the desired type of paint includes a base paint, and the base paint depends on the desired color of paint. This is because the colorants are combined with the base paint to provide the paint with a desired shade of color. For example, if a dark color is desired, the paint type indication generally corresponds to a neutral base paint. If a light color is desired, the paint type indication generally corresponds to a pastel base paint. Colorants are combined with the base paint to provide a shade of color between pastel and neutral. Hence, the paint color indication depends on the paint type indication and the color data file depends on the paint type data file. 
         [0056]    The paint type and paint color indications can be provided to computer system  101  in many different ways, such as by providing corresponding input through monitor  101   a  and/or input device  101   b . The paint type and paint color indications are generally provided to computer system  101  in response to an indication that a customer desires a particular type and color of paint. 
         [0057]    In one embodiment, paint type and paint color data files are selected in response to the paint type and paint color indications, respectively, provided to computer system  101 . The paint type and paint color indications can be provided to computer system  101  in many different ways, such as by providing corresponding input through monitor  101   a  and/or input device  101   b.    
         [0058]    In one situation, the paint type and paint color indications are provided to computer system  101  in response to one or more inputs provided through monitor  101   a  and/or input device  101   b . In response to the paint type indication, a paint type data file is selected. The selected paint type data file corresponds to a base paint having a color associated with the color indicated by the paint color indication. In response to the desired paint color indication, a color data file is selected. The selected color data file corresponds to the type and amount of colorants that will drive the color of the base paint, when combined therewith, to the desired color. In this way, the desired type of paint having the desired color is manufactured by using paint manufacturing system  100 . In other situations, however, the paint color indication is provided to computer system  101  with a colorant signal, as will be discussed in more detail presently. 
         [0059]    As shown in  FIG. 1   a , paint manufacturing system  100  includes a spectrophotometer  102  in communication with computer system  101 . Spectrophotometer  102  can be in communication with computer system  101  in many different ways, but a cable  103  is used here. In this way, computer system  101  and spectrophotometer  102  are operatively coupled together so signals can flow between them. Spectrophotometer  102  can be of many different types, such as those available from Greta Macbeth, MatchRite and Datacolor. Examples of spectrophotometers are also disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,002,488 and 6,198,536. 
         [0060]    Spectrophotometer  102  includes a sample holder  119  for holding a color sample  122 . Color sample  122  can be of many different types, but it is often a color card corresponding to the desired color. In this way, the color of color sample  122  corresponds to the desired color of paint to be manufactured using paint manufacturing system  100 . 
         [0061]    In operation, spectrophotometer  102  flows a colorant signal S Colorant  to computer system  101  through cable  103 , wherein colorant signal S Colorant  corresponds to the reflectance of color sample  122 . The reflectance of color sample  122  corresponds to its paint color information. In response to colorant signal S Colorant , computer system  101  stores the paint color information. The paint color information can be stored in many different locations, such as with the paint data file or an existing or created color data file. In this way, computer system  101  has access to paint color information corresponding to the color of color sample  122 . 
         [0062]    Once computer system  101  has access to the desired paint type and color information, computer system  101  determines the paint components and colorants needed to drive the color of the paint components to match the desired color. In this way, computer system  101  determines the paint components and colorants needed to drive the color of the base paint to match the desired color. It should be noted that, in accordance with the invention, the paint components and colorants are determined before they are dispensed. 
         [0063]    After the paint type and colorants have been determined, computer system  101  provides an indication to mass flow control system  131  so that paint component storage system  130  dispenses the selected paint components. The selected paint components are dispensed by dispenser  106  to form the base paint, which is contained by container  110 . Computer system  101  also provides an indication to mass flow control system  112  so that colorant storage system  104  dispenses the selected colorants. The selected colorants are dispensed by dispenser  106  into container  110  to drive the color of the base paint to match the desired color. If the color indication is provided by selecting the color data file, the color is driven to match the color corresponding to the paint color information included therein. If the color indication is provided by signal S Colorant , the color is driven to match the color of color sample  122 . In this way, the paint color indication can be provided to computer system  101  by using a spectrophotometer and a color sample. 
         [0064]    It should be noted that the colorants can be selected in many different ways. For example, they can be selected to provide a desired accuracy in matching the color of the paint to the color of color sample  122 . The colorants can also be selected based on cost. This is useful because some colorants are more expensive than others. Hence, the colorants can be selected to reduce costs, as well as the accuracy in color matching. The colorants can also be chosen in response to a desired use. For example, some colorants are better suited for outdoor use and other colorants are better suited for indoor use. 
         [0065]      FIG. 2   a  is a perspective view of a paint manufacturing system  120 , in accordance with the invention, and  FIG. 2   b  is a schematic diagram of paint manufacturing system  120 . In this embodiment, paint manufacturing system  120  includes paint manufacturing system  100  and a paint component storage system  130  in fluid communication with each other through plumbing system  115 . Paint component storage system  130  includes paint component containers  130   a ,  130   b ,  130   c ,  130   d ,  130   e  and  130   f . It should be noted that six paint component containers are shown in this embodiment, but there are generally two or more. The number of paint storage containers corresponds to the number of paint components. In one particular example, containers  130   a ,  130   b ,  130   c  and  130   d  each contain the pigment composition, dispersant thickening agent, high resin content binder and low resin content binder, respectively. 
         [0066]    In this embodiment, paint component storage system  130  is in fluid communication with plumbing system  115  through a mass flow controller system  131 . Mass flow controller system  131  includes mass flow controllers  131   a ,  131   b ,  131   c ,  131   d ,  131   e  and  131   f . As shown in  FIG. 2   b , paint component containers  130   a ,  130   b ,  130   c ,  130   d ,  130   e  and  130   f  are in fluid communication with hoses  115   a ,  115   b ,  115   c ,  115   d ,  115   e  and  115   f , respectively through mass flow controllers  131   a ,  131   b ,  131   c ,  131   d ,  131   e  and  131   f , respectively. The operation of mass flow controllers  131   a - 131   f  is controlled by computer system  101 . As discussed in more detail above, hoses  115   a ,  115   b ,  115   c ,  115   d ,  115   e  and  115   f  are connected to paint component dispensing nozzles  118   a ,  118   b ,  118   c ,  118   d ,  118   e  and  118   f , respectively, of dispenser  106 . 
         [0067]    In alternate embodiments of the present invention as shown in  FIG. 7 , the paint component containers may be replaced with a plurality of paint component cartridges  210 . The paint component cartridges  210  may be configured as a tote (see  FIG. 3   b    117 ). A tote is a transport container for paint components which will be discussed in more detail later on. The paint component cartridges  210  may be totes which hold anywhere from 220 to 330 gallons of paint component. Two paint component cartridges  210  could be used to replace each paint component container in the paint component storage system. The two paint component cartridges  210  would be fluidly coupled to a mass flow controller  212  by hoses  214 . The mass flow controller  212  is then coupled to the dispenser  106  by hoses  216 . 
         [0068]    In operation, the mass flow controller  212  would flow paint components from one of the two cartridges  210  containing a particular paint component. The paint component travels through hose  214  and then through hose  216  to the dispenser  106 . When the cartridge  210  being used is empty, the mass flow controller  212  automatically switches to the other cartridge  210 . The first cartridge  210  may then be replaced without interrupting paint manufacturing. 
         [0069]    In particular embodiments of the present invention, the cartridge  210  may be replaced by simply removing the old cartridge  210  and placing a new cartridge  210  into position. The system would then automatically access the paint component in the cartridge  210 . 
         [0070]    As an example, two cartridges  210  of each paint component were used, however, as many cartridges  210  of each paint component may be used as desired. In order to aid in maintaining an inventory, each of these plurality of paint component cartridges  210  may be marked with a bar code, which when scanned contains information about the type of paint component and the amount of paint component contained in the cartridge  210 . 
         [0071]    As seen in  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   c , paint component storage system  130  can be positioned at many different locations. In this embodiment, paint component storage system  130  is positioned above dispenser  106  and above paint manufacturing system  100 . In this way, paint component storage system  130  is positioned above a level  140  which extends between paint component storage system  130  and paint manufacturing system  100 . Hence, level  140  extends above paint manufacturing system  100  and below paint component storage system  130 . Hence, the flow of paint components between paint component storage system  130  and paint manufacturing system  100  is from a position above level  140  to a position below it. 
         [0072]    It should be noted that paint component storage system  130  can be positioned at many other locations. For example, in some embodiments, it can be positioned below dispenser  106  and below paint manufacturing system  100 . Paint component storage system  130  can also be positioned so it is level with dispenser  106  and/or paint manufacturing system  100 . However, these embodiments are not shown here for simplicity. 
         [0073]    It should also be noted that, in this embodiment, all of paint component storage containers  130   a ,  130   b ,  130   c ,  130   d ,  130   e  and  130   f  are positioned above level  140 . However, in other embodiments one or more of them are positioned above level  140  and the others are not. Further, mass flow controller system  131  is also positioned above level  140 . However, one or more of the mass flow controllers included therein can be positioned level with or below level  140 , if desired. 
         [0074]    Paint component storage system  130  is positioned above paint manufacturing system  100  for many different reasons. One reason is that it occupies space that would otherwise not be used. If paint component storage system  130  is positioned on the floor that supports paint manufacturing system  100 , then it is occupying space that could be used for other purposes, such as the sale of goods and/or services. 
         [0075]    Another reason paint component storage system  130  is positioned above paint manufacturing system  100  is that paint components can be flowed into paint component storage containers  130   a - 130   f  without interrupting the operation of paint manufacturing system  100 . For example, the operation of paint manufacturing system  100  could be interrupted with the loading of paint components into paint component storage system  130 . Further, the levels of the paint components stored by paint component storage system  130  can be more easily monitored because containers  130   a - 130   f  are positioned where they can be more easily seen. 
         [0076]    Other advantages to positioning the paint component storage system  130  above the dispenser  106 , are it prevents consumers from having access to the paint components which increases safety. In order to prevent consumers from having access to the paint components, it may be desirable to position the paint component storage system at least six feet above the ground. The added height of having the paint component storage system  130  located above the dispenser  106 , helps to keep pump heads primed in the pumping system. This can be a significant benefit when dealing with paint components with higher viscosities. The height also helps increase the ease and speed of the flow of the paint components to the dispenser. The height also pulls down on vacuum pump in the pumping system which helps flow. 
         [0077]    Paint component storage system  130  can be positioned above paint manufacturing system  100  in many different ways. For example, paint component storage system  130  can be positioned on a floor above the floor supporting paint manufacturing system  100 . For the embodiment wherein paint component storage system  130  is positioned below paint manufacturing system  100 , paint component storage system  130  can be positioned on a floor below the floor supporting paint manufacturing system  100 . 
         [0078]    In this embodiment, however, paint component storage system  130  is carried by an elevated support structure  113  which is elevated by support legs, some of which are denoted as support legs  114   a ,  114   b  and  114   c . It should be noted that elevated support structure  113  can have many different configurations, one of which will be discussed in more detail presently. 
         [0079]      FIG. 2   c  is a perspective view of one embodiment of elevated support structure  113 . In this embodiment, elevated support structure  113  includes a floor  113   a  and sidewalls  113   b ,  113   c ,  113   d  and  113   e  extending upwardly therefrom. Sidewalls  113   b  and  113   c  are opposed to each other and sidewalls  113   d  and  113   e  are opposed to each other. Sidewalls  113   b - 113   e  extend around the outer periphery of floor  113   a  so that sidewalls  113   b - 113   e  and floor  113   a  bound an inner volume  141 . It is useful to form elevated support structure  113  so that it can contain paint components within inner volume  141 . This is desirable in case one or more paint components leak from paint component storage system  130 . The paint components can be contained within inner volume  141  in many different ways, such as by lining floor  113   a , as well as sidewalls  113   b - 113   e  with a liner capable of containing the paint component(s). 
         [0080]    In this embodiment, paint component storage system  130  is positioned on floor  113   a  in inner volume  141 . It should be noted that, in some embodiments, mass flow controller system  131  is also positioned on floor  113   a  in inner volume  141 , but it can be positioned outside of inner volume  141 . When mass flow controller system  131  is positioned on floor  113   a , plumbing system  115  (not shown) generally extends over sidewalls  113   b ,  113   c ,  113   d , and/or  113   e.    
         [0081]    In operation, the type of paint desired is determined and this information is inputted into computer system  101  using touch screen  101   a  and/or keyboard  101   b . The type of paint desired can be determined in many different ways, but it is usually determined in response to a consumer desire to purchase it. The information inputted into the computer can be of many different types, but it generally corresponds to the desired paint sheen, quality, coverage attributes, drying time, etc. 
         [0082]    The program operated by computer system  101  determines the paint components, as well as their amounts, necessary to make the desired type of paint. In response to the determination of the paint components, computer system  101  operates flow control system  131  so that paint component storage system  130  flows the amount and type of paint components to dispenser  106  through plumbing system  115 . The paint components are dispensed by nozzles  118  into paint container  110 , as described above, to form a desired paint  121 , as shown in  FIG. 2   b . In this way, nozzles  118  dispense pre-selected paint components in response to an indication from computer system  101 . The amount of paint components dispensed can be determined in many different ways, such as by volume and weight. In this embodiment, however, the paint components are dispensed by weight, as determined by paint weight scale  111 . 
         [0083]    Instead of dispensing the paint components into a paint container  110 , the components could be dispensed along with colorant into a mini-sprayer. The mini-sprayer would use a cartridge system. The mini-sprayer cartridges would be filled and pressurized. The mini-sprayer cartridges would attach to a gun or sprayer and would include a pressure release valve that allows all of the pressure to be released before refilling. 
         [0084]    As discussed above, desired paint  121  can be provided with a desired color by using color sample  122  and spectrophotometer  102  or by using a color data file. In the situation in which color sample  122  and spectrophotometer  102  are used, color sample  122  is held by sample holder  119  and spectrophotometer  102  flows colorant signal S Colorant  to computer system  101  through cable  103 . Computer system  101  receives signal S Colorant  and determines the amount and color of the colorants needed to drive the color of the paint component combination contained by container  110  to match the color of color sample  122 . The amount of paint colorants dispensed can be determined in many different ways, such as by volume and weight. In this embodiment, however, the colorants are dispensed by volume, as determined by colorant mass flow control system  112 . 
         [0085]    In response to the determination of the colorants, computer system  101  operates colorant mass flow control system  112  so that colorant storage system  104  flows the amount and color of colorants to dispenser  106  through plumbing system  128 . The colorants are dispensed by colorant nozzle  127  into paint container  110  so that desired paint  121  is provided with a desired color. In this way, plumbing system  128  allows colorant components to flow between colorant storage system  104  and colorant nozzle  127  in response to an indication from computer system  101 . 
         [0086]    In the situation in which the color data file is used, the color data file is selected and it provides data to computer system  101  that corresponds to the desired color. Colorant storage system  104  dispenses the colorants so, when combined with the paint components, the combination has a color driven to match the color represented by the color data file. Hence, the paint color indication can be provided to computer system  101  by selecting the color data file that corresponds with the desired color. 
         [0087]      FIG. 3   a  is a perspective view of paint manufacturing system  120  of  FIG. 2   a  with a pumping system  105 , in accordance with the invention, and  FIG. 3   b  is a schematic diagram of paint manufacturing system  120 . Pumping system  105  is in fluid communication with paint component storage system  130  through hoses. The operation of pumping system  105  is controlled by computer system  101 , wherein computer system  101  controls the flow of paint components therethrough. Further, pumping system  105  is positioned below level  140  and paint component storage system  130  is positioned above level  140 . In this way, pumping system  105  is useful for flowing paint components upwardly through level  140  and into paint component storage system  130 . It should be noted, however, that pumping system  105  can flow paint components downwardly and into paint component storage system  130  if storage system  130  is positioned below paint manufacturing system  100 . 
         [0088]    In this embodiment, pumping system  105  includes pumps  105   a ,  105   b ,  105   c ,  105   d ,  105   e  and  105   f  in fluid communication with paint component storage containers  130   a ,  130   b ,  130   c ,  130   d ,  130   e  and  130   f , respectively, through hoses  107   a ,  107   b ,  107   c ,  107   d ,  107   e  and  107   f , respectively. Pumps  105   a - 105   f  can be of many different types, such as air diaphragm pumps. One type of air diaphragm pump that can be used is made by Warren Rupp and referred to as the SANDPIPER. Pumps  105   a - 105   f  can also be peristaltic pumps, such as those made by Watson-Marlow Bredel and referred to as the SPX32 peristaltic pump. 
         [0089]    Pumping system  105  is in fluid communication with paint component transport containers, embodied as totes  117   a ,  117   b ,  117   c ,  117   d ,  117   e  and  117   f . In this embodiment, totes  117   a ,  117   b ,  117   c ,  117   d ,  117   e  and  117   f  are in fluid communication with pumps  105   a ,  105   b ,  105   c ,  105   d ,  105   e  and  105   f , respectively, through hoses  108   a ,  108   b ,  108   c ,  108   d ,  108   e  and  108   f , respectively. The totes can be of many different types, but they are generally lined containers capable of containing a paint component so that the paint component can be transported from one location to another. 
         [0090]    In this embodiment, the totes are positioned below level  140  and paint component storage system  130  is positioned above level  140 . In this way, the paint component is flowed from a level below level  140  to a level above it. However, the totes can be positioned above paint component storage system  130  if storage system  130  is positioned below paint manufacturing system  100 . 
         [0091]    In operation, a paint component transfer container, such as tote  117   d , is positioned proximate to pump  105   d . Tote  117   d  can be moved in many different ways, such as with a fork lift  116 , as shown in  FIG. 3   c . Hose  108   d  is connected between tote  117   d  and pump  105   d  so they are in fluid communication with each other. Pump  105   d  flows the paint components contained by tote  117   d  from tote  117   d , through hoses  108   d  and  107   d , and into paint component container  130   d . In this way, paint component container  130   d  is filled without interrupting the manufacture of paint. The manufacture of paint is not interrupted because paint components can be dispensed by dispenser  106  while paint component storage system  130  is being filled with paint components. 
         [0092]    Monitoring the amount of fluid in the paint component containers and making sure they are refilled correctly is very important. A method for refilling a paint component container of a paint manufacturing system as illustrated in  FIG. 8  comprises the paint manufacturing system requesting an amount and type of a paint component  220 . This request may be done by a machine operator through the paint manufacturing system or else the system may make the order automatically when the paint component is getting low. The system may determine that the paint component is getting low by keeping a running total of the amounts added and subtracted from the paint component container. In other embodiments, a sensor may be coupled to the paint component container. The sensor may be placed in the container and then be able to determine the amount of paint component in the container. The sensor may use ultrasound technology, laser technology or the like. 
         [0093]    The next step in this method for refilling the paint component container may comprise filling a tote with the amount and type of paint component requested by the paint manufacturing system  222 . This step will typically be completed away from the point of sale at a warehouse or manufacturing facility. 
         [0094]    Once the tote is filled a bar code is created to indicate the amount and type of paint component  224 . This bar code  202  may be placed on the tote  200  as shown in  FIG. 6 . Placing the bar code  202  on the tote  200  prevents the bar code  202  and tote  200  from getting separated or mixed up. It is also possible, however, that the bar code may simply be placed with the tote. Tracking the levels in totes is also important. Therefore a sensor using ultrasound or laser technology may be used to verify the amounts in the totes. This information may also be used to determine if the tote is leaking. 
         [0095]    Next the tote and bar code are transported to the point of sale where the paint manufacturing system is located  226 . Then the bar code is scanned  228  to determine the type and amount of paint component contained in the tote. Once this has been completed, the amount of paint component remaining in the paint component container is checked using the sensor described above  230 . The type of paint component in the container may also be checked  230 . 
         [0096]    The tote is now either accepted or declined  232 . The tote is accepted if the amount and type of paint component contained in the tote matches the amount and type of paint component needed to refill the paint component container. The tote is declined if the amount and type of paint component needed to refill the paint component container does not match that in the tote. 
         [0097]    Once the tote is accepted, the paint component container is filled  234 . During the filling process the flow of paint component from the tote to the paint component is verified  236 . This may also use the above described sensor. 
         [0098]    Once the paint component container is filled, the amount of paint component in the container may be verified using the sensor  238 . Then a report may be created detailing the amount of paint component, the type of paint component, the date of refill and the like  240 . 
         [0099]      FIG. 4   a  is a block diagram of a method  150  of manufacturing a desired type of paint at a point of sale, in accordance with the invention. In this embodiment, method  150  includes a step  151  of providing at least two paint components and a step  152  of manufacturing a paint by mixing the paint components together at a point of sale. In accordance with the invention, the paint components are selected from a group that includes a pigment composition, a dispersant thickening agent, and a resin content binder. In one particular embodiment, the paint components include a resin content binder, and a pigment composition and/or dispersant thickening agent. In accordance with the invention, the paint components are contained in separate containers before they are mixed together. 
         [0100]      FIG. 4   b  is a block diagram of a method  165  of manufacturing a desired type of paint, in accordance with the invention. In this embodiment, method  165  includes a step  166  of providing a first container that contains a paint component that consists essentially of a resin content binder. Method  165  includes a step  167  of providing at least one other paint component. Method  165  includes a step  168  of manufacturing a paint, at a point of sale, using the paint components. In accordance with the invention, the paint is manufactured in a second container, such as paint container  110 . 
         [0101]      FIG. 4   c  is a block diagram of a method  170  of manufacturing a desired type of paint, in accordance with the invention. In this embodiment, method  170  includes a step  171  of providing a first container that contains a material consisting essentially of a first paint component. Method  170  includes a step  172  of providing a second container that contains a material consisting essentially of a second paint component. Method  170  includes a step  173  of flowing predetermined amounts, at a point of sale, of the first and second paint components into a paint container, such as paint container  110 . 
         [0102]      FIG. 4   d  is a block diagram of a method  175  of manufacturing a desired type of paint, in accordance with the invention. Method  175  includes a step  176  of providing a first paint component and a step  177  of providing a second paint component. The first and second paint components in steps  176  and  177  are generally provided in predetermined amounts. Method  175  includes a step  178  of manufacturing, at a point of sale, the paint which includes the first and second paint components. The paint is generally manufactured by combining the first and second paint components. The first and second paint components can be combined in many different ways, such as by mixing in a paint container, such as paint container  110 . 
         [0103]      FIG. 5   a  is a block diagram of a method  180  of manufacturing a desired type of paint at a point of sale, and providing it with a desired color, in accordance with the invention. In this embodiment, method  180  includes a step  181  of flowing a colorant signal from a spectrophotometer to a computer system. The colorant signal corresponds to an indication of a desired color. The indication of the desired color can be provided in many different ways, such a color sample. Method  180  includes a step  182  of dispensing two or more paint components into a paint container. The type and amount of paint components dispensed is determined in response to an indication of a desired type of paint. Method  180  includes a step  183  of dispensing one or more colorants into the paint container to drive the color of the paint components to the desired color. 
         [0104]      FIG. 5   b  is a block diagram of a method  184  of manufacturing a desired type of paint at a point of sale, and providing it with a desired color, in accordance with the invention. In this embodiment, method  184  includes a step  185  of choosing the desired type of paint. Method  184  includes a step  186  of determining the type and amount of paint components that the desired type of paint includes. Method  184  includes a step  187  of dispensing the type and amount of paint components determined in step  186  to produce the desired type of paint. Method  184  includes a step  188  of flowing a colorant signal to the computer system, the colorant signal corresponding to the desired color. Method  184  includes a step  189  of dispensing one or more colorants to drive the color of the paint to the desired color. 
         [0105]    The embodiments of the invention described herein are exemplary and numerous modifications, variations and rearrangements can be readily envisioned to achieve substantially equivalent results, all of which are intended to be embraced within the spirit and scope of the invention.