Abstract:
Methods and apparatuses for power distribution improve and can standardize electrical connections between electrical cables and the multitude of electrical switches, receptacles, and fixtures of known technology. The invention can include modular hardware components such as junction boxes, electrical devices, adaptors, a/b switches, etc. that simplify both installation and inspection requirements at the job site. Optional color coding can facilitate proper wiring of the components. The invention allows field wiring to be completed more quickly and accurately thereby advantageously reducing associated costs and increasing safety.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent application Ser. No. 60/984,072 filed on Oct. 31, 2007, entitled “ELECTRICAL APPARATUS HAVING QUICK CONNECT COMPONENTS”, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    This invention generally relates to iconoclastic methods and apparatuses for standardization for the electrical industry. More specifically, it relates to improved methodology and apparatuses for wiring connections that can be used for electrical switches, receptacles, and fixtures of known technology effecting the distribution of electrical power in buildings such as homes, factories, or other industrial structures. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Previously it took considerable skill, experience, and knowledge to proficiently and safely wire the multitude of electrical devices in an average home. Hundreds of companies manufacture thousands of different types of switches, dimmers, sensors, receptacles, and the like. This multiplicity has produced a wide variety of connection standardization issues. These issues are compounded by the requirement that many of these components must be wired in several different ways, even within the same circuit, to produce a specific desired outcome. An example of this is a three-way switch. This diverse conglomeration of wiring schemes and connection methods adds to the complexity of industry standardization issues. This invention provides a methodology and a common bridge between the thousands of devices on the market today and their least common denominator; the power source wires. 
         [0004]    Previously this lack of connection standardization would increase the probability of wiring errors in the field. Licensed electricians, their assistants, amateur electricians, and even homeowners bring a wide range of expertise to a wiring project. Knowledge of code requirements and best practice procedures tend to differ widely between installers, thus producing inconsistent results and errors. These wiring errors range from burdensome inconveniences to life threatening safety issues. Even minor field wiring errors would impact both the safety and the profitability of every job. Notwithstanding the significant need for the industry to address these problems, no adequate solution has been universal enough to address the industry needs until the present invention. This invention minimizes field-wiring requirements for thousands of different types of switches, dimmers, sensors, receptacles, and the like being manufactured throughout the world. 
         [0005]    Previously electrical equipment such as receptacles, switches, dimmers and the like were installed by hand-wiring operations. Hand wiring requires the expensive services of electricians utilizing procedures that differ only slightly from the procedures in use for over fifty years. Hand wiring is extremely time-consuming and since the hourly wage of electricians is among the highest of all craftsmen, the cost of installing the electrical distribution system in a building represents a substantial portion of the total building cost. This problem has been partially solved by the implementation of some specific function devices, but these devices still have significant problems and all of them fail to address the needs of the entire industry. In addition, all previous attempts to invent pre-wired junction boxes have been complicated and expensive, as exemplified in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,201,186; 5,525,754; 4,336,418; and 4,165,443. 
         [0006]    Previously the number of connections that had to be made and housed within the box determined the interior size of the electrical box, compounding the complexity of industry standardization issues. Electricians in the field were required to stock a wide variety of electrical box sizes, depths, and styles to meet code requirements. 
         [0007]    Previously good practice, and the National Electrical Code (NEC), would require a full eight inches of wire of each and every wire pulled into an electrical box. This extra wire would then be used for connection requirements within the electrical box. A large portion of this wire would be cut away and discarded as scrap when connections were eventually made. Over time, this scrap would equate to a considerable expense, considering the amount of connections required during a typical construction project and the ever rising cost of copper. 
         [0008]    Previously the preferred method of joining various wires within a traditional electrical box was through the use of wire nuts. While wire nuts work well when joining two like wires, they are less reliable and more difficult to use in joining wires of differing gauges and construction. Consequently, such electrical connections must often be soldered or taped prior to the application of the wire nut. This was a significant cost in time and materials. In addition, electricians in the field were required to stock a wide variety of wire nut sizes and styles to meet code requirements. 
         [0009]    Previously the wire that remained as part of the connection would have to be stripped, twisted, capped, or otherwise connected to other wires or switches associated with that box. Those wires and connection caps would then have to be compressed and forced into the electrical box in such a way to allow space for the switches to be installed and aligned within the same box. 
         [0010]    Previously connections that were sound in a static condition would often become compromised when the wires were twisted, turned, and compressed into their electrical box. Those compromised connections would commonly fail and tend to go unnoticed until electrical power was established. It was typical to run a troubleshooting regiment to recheck all connections after the system was powered up. This added step would come at a cost of both time and resources. A troubleshooting regiment would require a period of operation in a potentiality unsafe condition. 
         [0011]    Previously electrical inspectors had to rely on random sampling during on-site job inspections. It was not practical, from a time and resources point of view, to inspect each electrical box for correct and sound wiring connections. In fact, the process of pulling a switch from its electrical box for inspection and then replacing it could, in itself, be the cause of a connection failure. 
         [0012]    Previously, after the wires were pulled into the electrical boxes, time was required to presort the wires within the box. Ground wires were typically ganged, twisted, and capped. Neutral wires were striped, ganged, twisted and capped. The hot feeds, common, and/or traveler wires were typically stripped at this time as well. All wires were then coiled up and shoved into the electrical box to facilitate sheetrock installation. 
         [0013]    Previously the interior of the connection boxes and all wires within could become contaminated by sheetrock material, dust, and other construction debris. The wires would become contaminated further by overspray when the wall texture was sprayed on the walls and yet again when the paint was sprayed or rolled onto the walls and ceilings. Electrical code, and good practice, requires that each wire be clean prior to making its final connection to a switch or receptacle. This would result in a significant amount of time being spent by the electrician to clean out the electrical box, as well as each individual wire in the box. In common field practice, the electrician typically scrapes each individual wire with an emery cloth or at least a fingernail to ensure a good contact. 
         [0014]    Previously, once the sheetrock was in place, the electrician would not be able to visually identify which wire would lead to which location. After the sheetrock was installed, additional time was required to sort and identify the hot feeds, common, and traveler wires prior to connecting them to their respective switches. This was time consuming and a daunting task for less experienced installers. 
         [0015]    Previously, both the professional and amateur electrician often experienced difficulty in connecting devices with stranded wire leads to solid stiff wire leads. Soldering and pre-taping the wires was time consuming and was therefore rarely used. Accordingly, just the wire nut was relied upon to maintain the connection. These interconnections commonly failed as the wires were compressed and forced into the confined space of a traditional electrical box. 
         [0016]    Previously a common problem would present itself when the electrical box was not properly secured to its respective supporting stud or other support. In addition, secure electrical boxes often become loose when their respective electrical wires were pushed, pulled, twisted, and compressed within the box. Another common problem presented itself when the secure fit of an electrical box was compromised during the sheetrock process. Most electrical boxes are offset forward of their respective stud to allow for the thickness of the wall surface, typically sheetrock. When the sheet rock is installed, large panels of sheet rock can be slammed up against the electrical box as the installers hammer or screw the sheetrock in place. Cutout tools are then used to remove the sheetrock from in front of the box allowing access to the box. This process often repositions the electrical box. They can be knocked askew and become less secure in the process. Proper stabilization of the now compromised electrical box would typically require removal of the sheetrock, greatly disfiguring the area around the box, and is very labor-intensive and time consuming. Unfortunately, this has given rise to a common field practice whereby the electrician will attempt to semi-secure the electrical box by simply compressing the sheetrock between the switch head and the electrical box and then covering the evidence of a code violation with the faceplate. While this method is less desirable, it is quick and prevents the removal of the sheetrock to reattach the electrical box. 
         [0017]    Previously another problem was manifested when an electrical box was attached to the supporting stud too far back into the wall cavity, thus leaving an unacceptable space between the electrical box and the faceplate. Rather than remove a section of sheetrock to reposition the electrical box, it was common field practice for the electrician to install the faceplate with longer screws to hide this code violation. This shortcut could allow wires to come into contact with potentially combustible material. 
         [0018]    Previously if the electrical box were attached too far forward in the wall cavity, the faceplate would not be flush with the wall surface. While this was not as dangerous as the previous example, it was visually unappealing for the end user. Rather than remove a section of sheetrock to reposition the electrical box, it was common field practice for the electrician to deform the box, forcing it deeper into the wall cavity. This action would further compromise the security of the electrical box and could damage the wire and components housed within the electrical box. 
         [0019]    Previously additional time was spent aligning the switches within an electrical box to accommodate the proper fit of the faceplate. Electrical connections were often compromised as the switches were shoved and twisted within the electrical box while seeking this proper alignment. 
         [0020]    Previously additional time was spent installing the screws to secure the faceplate. A quad-switch electrical box would typically require eight small screws to secure it into position, requiring the cost of the screws and the cost of the electrician&#39;s time to align the switches and screw in the screws. 
         [0021]    Previously the power would need to be turned off prior to any future switch replacement. Time was required to isolate the appropriate circuit at the circuit breaker panel. An error could result in physical harm. 
         [0022]    This electrical field is full of different devices, and there is a need to simplify methodology and equipment. Over the years many devices have attempted to simplify the wiring of electrical boxes, including U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,754 to Akins; U.S. Pat. No. 5,471,012 to Opel; U.S. Pat. No. 4,336,418 to Hoag; and many others. However, these prior art devices are typically application specific and can actually make the installers job more complex and, at times, more confusing. The electrical boxes from all of these patents have, among other things, multiple internal parts comprising sandwiched bus bar or bus plate assemblies with insulating spacers, thus requiring an increased cost and significant manufacturing and assembly requirements. While some of these parts and pieces may be utilized in certain aspects of the present invention, none of the prior art teaches the simple and effective aspects of the present invention. By way of non-limiting example, they only support a limited number of electrical devices specifically designed to fit their unique electrical box, and/or exclude many other devices currently under production by manufacturers around the world. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0023]    Accordingly, several objects and advantages of the present invention include the design and establishment of methods and/or apparatuses that can set an industry standardization base line for connections to an electrical distribution system. This level of stylization will allow all manufacturers to continue to produce their current line of electrical devices, yet enjoy the advantages of modular connectivity of their product line into a universal electrical box. It is an advantage of embodiments of this invention that modular connectivity will provide a tremendous benefit to the industry with respect to labor cost savings, safety, speed, and accuracy. While this invention is broad, one only has to think back to the popularity of the fuse box prior to the introduction of the circuit breaker and its associated panel. The circuit breaker revolutionized the electrical industry by bring a level of standardization, safety, and modular connectivity to an entire industry. 
         [0024]    It is another object of the present invention to reduce the skill, experience, and knowledge required to proficiently and safely wire the multitude of electrical devices in an average home. An advantage is the simplicity of ‘Plug-and-Play’ operability. In aspects of the invention, the devices are ‘hot-swappable’ and a homeowner can even safely and quickly change a light toggle switch to a dimmer switch without even turning the power off. Even a novice can install a three-way switch by simply acquiring two three-way switches. 
         [0025]    It is yet another object of the present invention to establish an industry wide connection standardization methodology. Every manufacturer will be able to design their devices relying on a standardized connection methodology. This methodology defines the specific size and shape of the rear housing for their device and the location of each electrical connection brush or clip as required by the universal electrical box aspect of this invention. 
         [0026]    It is yet another object of the invention to provide different phases of participation by the industry. Phase one can be a transitional phase which can include a universal mounting apparatus or adaptor that can be easily attached to almost all of the electrical devices on the market today. Phase two of the transition may require manufacturers to modify their product line. While this is explained later in detail, this modification is generally very minor in nature and does not change or alter many if any of the primary interior parts or functionality of their specific device. It only potentially requires a repositioning and modification of the connection points on their current devices to meet the new standardization or apparatus. 
         [0027]    It is yet another object of the present invention to decrease the probability of wiring errors in the field. It is an advantage that an electrical box of the present invention can provide a series of connection contact points, consistently at the same location, within every electrical box. With knowledge of the specific coordinates of each wire&#39;s connection point, every manufacture can make minor modifications to their products connection points to take advantage of these embodiments of the invention. The installer in the field can simply select the appropriate device, switch, receptacle, etc. and slide it into the electrical box to make the correct connections, totally eliminating the need to hand-wire every device. If certain manufacturers do not wish to participate, then the installer has the option to use a universal mounting apparatus or adaptor, or they can simply wire a noncompliant device in a traditional fashion. No products are excluded. 
         [0028]    It is still another object of the present invention that safety will be enhanced using the modular plug-and-play standardization embodiments of this invention, which can eliminate field hand-wiring operations of the participating electrical devices. It is an advantage of embodiments of the present invention that electrical devices such as receptacles, switches, dimmers and the like can be wired more efficiently, often robotically, at the factory. If their connection points are modified to meet the standardization requirements set by embodiments of this invention, any electrical device can participate in this invention. 
         [0029]    It is still another object of the present invention to eliminate the time needed for hand-wired connections. It is an advantage of embodiments of the present invention that valuable time will be saved when wires do not need to be prepped, sorted, twisted, capped, screwed, or otherwise individually connected, one at a time, by the electrician in the field. Ground connections can be made automatically. Neutral connections can be made when appropriate. Power feed, commons, travelers, and circuit continuity can all become a function of switch design using the universal mounting apparatus of embodiments of the present invention. When wiring requirements are made within the device itself, then field wiring errors are generally eliminated. 
         [0030]    It is still another object of the present invention to save resources by reducing the amount of wire required to be pulled to each electrical box. Extra wire, currently required to allow for connections, will generally not be required. This can amount to a substantial savings in material that is typically discarded as connections are made. 
         [0031]    It is still another object of the present invention to eliminate the cost of wire nuts within an electrical box. It is an advantage of embodiments of the present invention that a substantial savings of time and resources will be achieved when wires do not need to be capped, screwed, or otherwise individually connected, one at a time, by the electrician in the field. The size of the electrical box can then be standardized with the elimination of the space required by code for the wire nuts and twisted wires, thus minimizing inventory requirements of different depth electrical boxes and different size wire nuts. 
         [0032]    It is still another object of the present invention that the labor time required to make all the connections, one at a time within each box, will be reduced to just the time required to slide in the correct device and secure it in place. Wires may still need to be stripped, but they will not have to be twisted, capped, or otherwise connected to other wires or switches associated with that box prior to inserting that device and securing it. 
         [0033]    It is still another object of the present invention to increase safety, because connections will not be compromised because the wires will not have to be twisted, turned, and compressed into the back of their electrical box. It is an advantage of embodiments of the present invention that wires will be isolated from one another to prevent the possibility of a short within the electrical box, thus enhancing safety and eliminating the need for call back repairs. 
         [0034]    It is still another object of the present invention to provide view ports to allow electrical inspectors to quickly visually inspect each and every electrical box with a hands-off single glance. It is an advantage of embodiments of the present invention that when the wire&#39;s insulation colors match the reference dots adjacent to their respective view ports, the box is wired correctly and thus any device ever plugged into the box will be wired correctly. Electrical inspectors will no longer have to rely on random sampling during on-site job inspections. Even an amateur can easily inspect every electrical box for correct wiring. 
         [0035]    It is still another object of the present invention that the time required to clean the interior of the electrical boxes and each wire contained within would be eliminated. An advantage of embodiments of the present invention offers a method to protect all of the wires within the electrical box so they will not become contaminated by sheetrock material, dust, sprayed on wall texture, paint, and other construction debris. 
         [0036]    It is still another object of the present invention that once the sheetrock is in place, the electrician would not be required to visually sort and identify which wires lead to which location. It is an advantage of embodiments of this invention to complete this step prior to sheetrocking 
         [0037]    It is still another object of the present invention to eliminate the pragmatic connection problems associated with dissimilar wire types when making connections. It is an advantage of embodiments of the present invention that electricians of all skill levels would not have to address the inconvenience of connecting devices with stranded wire leads to solid stiff wire leads. 
         [0038]    It is still another object of the present invention to provide a novel method of securing the electrical box to its respective supporting stud. It is an advantage of embodiments of the present invention that the electrical box can snap-on to its supporting stud without the use of hand tools. It is yet another advantage to ensure a stable and secure attachment in the horizontal plane perpendicular to the supporting stud under harsh field conditions. It is yet another advantage to allow the electrical box to freely move forward and aft within the wall cavity throughout the construction process thus minimizing damage during the sheetrock installation process. It is yet another advantage to allow the electrical box to self-adjust to the final wall depth ensuring code compliance and a flush and proper faceplate fit with respect to the wall surface. 
         [0039]    It is still another object of the present invention to eliminate the time required to align the wires and the switches within an electrical box to accommodate the proper fit of the faceplate. Since the present invention does not require connections to be stuffed behind the switches and since the switches are seated into a well defined location within the electrical box the proper fit of the faceplate is assured without special consideration, saving considerable time and resources. 
         [0040]    It is still another object of the present invention that safety is greatly enhanced because all connection points are recessed and isolated deep within the electrical box. The modular devices assure that correct connections are made without regard to the training or skill level of the installer. 
         [0041]    Another object and advantage of this invention is its ability to minimize installer mistakes while reducing workload requirements. Embodiments of this invention will save installer time while improving connection accuracy, and will introduce an industry standardization protocol while, at the same time reducing training requirements. This invention will also reduce a required inspection step while simplifying the inspection process at each electrical box. Further objects and advantages will become apparent from a consideration of the ensuing description and drawings. 
         [0042]    In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention a power distribution system is disclosed, comprising a junction box, with one or more individual receiving bays, capable of providing a series of standardized termination points. The standardized termination points allow modular connectivity and plug-and-play termination of a multitude of devices used in electrical power control and relay. In addition, a method of standardization is provided that is industry compatible and capable of establishing a baseline for electrical connections for electrical distribution devices industry wide. Advantageously, the various embodiments of the disclosed power distribution system can be installed more quickly and easily thereby reducing costs of construction and reducing the possibility of miswiring the circuit. 
         [0043]    In one embodiment, an electrical apparatus comprises a junction box having a rear wall, a top wall, a bottom wall, a left side wall, a right side wall, and a front face, wherein at least a portion of the front face is open to expose a cavity bounded at least in part by the walls. The apparatus has a housing or channel that can contain a portion of an entry wire (such as one from a power breaker) within the junction box, and the housing has an aperture at a set location to expose a non-insulated portion of the entry wire to the cavity so that the junction box can receive a modular connection unit such that upon the box receiving the unit a conductive connection is automatically made between the exposed non-insulated portion of the entry wire and the connection unit. 
         [0044]    In one embodiment, an electrical apparatus comprises a junction box having a rear wall, a top wall, a bottom wall, a left side wall, a right side wall, and a front face, wherein at least a portion of the front face is open to expose a cavity bounded at least in part by the walls. The apparatus has a housing or channel to contain a portion of an entry wire within the junction box, and the housing has an aperture in a fixed and standardized location to expose a non-insulated portion of the entry wire to the cavity so that the junction box can receive a modular connection unit having a conductive connector in a fixed and standardized location thereon such that, upon the box receiving the connection unit, the conductive connector automatically passes into the aperture and automatically electrically connects to the exposed non-insulated portion of the entry wire. 
         [0045]    In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of wiring an electrical device to a power source, comprising the steps of providing a junction box, leading a wire into a cable channel into the box such that a non-insulated portion of the wire is oriented in a set location and orientation within the box, providing a modular cowling adapted to matingly fit within the box in a set orientation, the cowling having a conductive element disposed thereon at a set location and orientation corresponding to the location and orientation of the non-insulated portion of the wire, and positioning the cowling within the box to automatically conductively connect the conductive element with at least a portion of the non-insulated portion of the wire. 
         [0046]    In another embodiment, the invention relates to a wall plate adapted to overlay an electrical device and configured to fixedly engage a junction box that houses the electrical devices without the use of screws or a sub-plate. 
         [0047]    In another embodiment, the invention relates to a mounting bracket for mounting an electrical junction box, comprising a front face and a first side face and a second side face connected to the front face, each side face forming an approximately 90 degree angle with the front face, wherein at least the first side face comprises a means for securing the bracket to a wall stud and wherein the first side face comprises on its exterior face a means for slidably mounting a junction box. 
         [0048]    In some embodiments, the means for mounting includes a rail configured to slidably engage a flange on the junction box. In other embodiments, the mounting bracket has a front detent and a rear detent on the bracket configured to bound the slidable movement of the junction box. In another embodiment, the means for securing includes integral angled nail sets configured to engage a wall stud to prevent removal of the bracket. The second face may be a blade edge and any of the faces may have material cutouts. 
         [0049]    In another embodiment, the invention relates to an electrical device assembly comprising an A/B switch device connected to a cowling connected to the switch device and the assembly has a manually activatable external switch that can switch the electrical device assembly&#39;s internal electrical pathways from a first configuration to a second configuration. 
         [0050]    In another embodiment, the invention relates to an electrical device assembly having an electrical device configured to be at least partially mounted in a wall, electrical conductors inside the device including at least one traveler conductor capable of serving as a traveler wire, a first electrical path inside the device that does not include the traveler conductor, a second electrical path inside the device that includes the traveler conductor, and a manually activatable external switch on the electrical device assembly adapted to select between the first electrical path and the second electrical path. 
         [0051]    In some embodiments, the electrical device is configured to connect to a junction box in a wall and to receive a wire from a power source, and in other embodiments the electrical device assembly can receive a wire from an electrical fixture and a wire from a second electrical device assembly electrically connected to the electrical fixture, such that the electrical devices can independently control the electrical fixture. 
         [0052]    In another embodiment, the invention comprises a method for wiring a multi-way electrical connection, comprising the steps of :providing a first and second electrical devices configured to be at least partially mounted in a wall; providing electrical conductors inside the first and second devices including at least one traveler conductor capable of serving as a traveler wire; providing a first electrical path inside the first and second devices that does not include the traveler conductor and a second electrical path inside the first and second devices that includes the traveler conductor; providing a manually activatable external switch on the first and second devices adapted to select between the first electrical path and the second electrical path; electrically connecting at least one first wire from the first device to an electrical fixture and from the electrical fixture to the second device; electrically connecting at least second wire from the first device to the second device without electrically connecting the second wire to the electrical fixture; electing the manually activatable external switch on the first device to a first position corresponding to the first electrical path; and selecting the manually activatable external switch on the second device to a second position corresponding to the second electrical path. 
         [0053]    The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the invention, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description only and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the present invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0054]    In the drawings, closely related figures have the same number but different alphabetic suffixes. For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0055]      FIG. 1  is an exploded view of a power distribution system embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0056]      FIG. 2  is a front perspective elevation of the main body of a single bay junction box embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0057]      FIG. 3  is a bottom left perspective elevation of the main body of a single bay junction box embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0058]      FIG. 4  is an upper right rear perspective elevation of the main body of a single bay junction box embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0059]      FIG. 5  is a forward upper right perspective elevation of the main body of a single bay junction box embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0060]      FIG. 6  is a front view of a junction box assembly with hidden line presentation of internal channels according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0061]    FIG.  7 -R 1  is a front view of a single bay junction box assembly mounted on the right side of a supporting stud according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0062]    FIG.  7 -R 2  is a front view of a two bay or double junction box assembly mounted on the right side of a supporting stud according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0063]    FIG.  7 -R 3  is a front view of a three bay or triple junction box assembly mounted on the right side of a supporting stud according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0064]    FIG.  7 -R 4  is a front view of a four bay or quadruple junction box assembly mounted on the right side of a supporting stud according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0065]    FIG.  7 -L 1  is a front view of a single bay junction box assembly mounted on the left side of a supporting stud according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0066]    FIG.  7 -L 2  is a front view of a two bay or double junction box assembly mounted on the left side of a supporting stud according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0067]    FIG.  7 -L 3  is a front view of a three bay or triple junction box assembly mounted on the left side of a supporting stud according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0068]    FIG.  7 -L 4  is a front view of a four bay or quadruple junction box assembly mounted on the left side of a supporting stud according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0069]      FIG. 8  is a front perspective view of a two bay junction box according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0070]      FIG. 9  is a bottom perspective view of a two bay junction box according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0071]      FIG. 10  is a left perspective view a two bay junction box according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0072]      FIG. 11  is a upper right rear perspective view a two bay junction box according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0073]      FIG. 12  is a frontal perspective view of a four bay junction box assembly according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0074]      FIG. 13  is a lower rear perspective view of a four bay junction box assembly according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0075]      FIG. 14  is a front view of a junction box according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0076]      FIG. 15  is a section taken from  FIG. 14  to show the contact ports and channel separation according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0077]      FIG. 16  is a sectional view of a contact port group showing brush contacts engaging wires within their contact ports according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0078]      FIG. 17  is a sectional side view of a contact port showing a brush contact engaging a wire within the contact port according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0079]      FIG. 18  is a frontal perspective view of a switch according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0080]      FIG. 19  is a left rear perspective view of a switch with brush contacts according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0081]      FIG. 20  is a frontal perspective view of a GFCI with A/B switches according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0082]      FIG. 21  is a left rear perspective view of a switch with clip contacts according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0083]      FIG. 22-SP  is a rear perspective view of the cowling and clips for a single pole device according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0084]      FIG. 22-DP  is a rear perspective view of the cowling and clips for a double pole device, a single pole changeover or single pole change off device, a four-way switch, and the like according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0085]    FIG.  22 -A/B is a rear perspective view of the cowling and clips for a multi-purpose A/B switching device according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0086]      FIG. 23-A  is an exploded view of a switch from the right forward perspective according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0087]      FIG. 23-B  is an exploded view of a switch from the left rear perspective according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0088]      FIG. 24  is a right front perspective view of a universal adaptor cowling according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0089]      FIG. 25  is a right rear perspective view of a universal adaptor cowling according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0090]      FIG. 26  is an exploded view of a universal adaptor contacts, bus bars, and wires according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0091]      FIG. 27  is a right front perspective view of a universal cowling adaptor plate according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0092]      FIG. 28  is a right rear perspective view of a universal cowling adaptor plate according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0093]      FIG. 29  is a right perspective view of a flexible gasket according to an embodiment of the present invention according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0094]      FIG. 30  is a wiring schematic for a SPST switch powering a light according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0095]      FIG. 31  is a wiring schematic for a DPST switch powering a motor according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0096]      FIG. 32  is a wiring schematic for two three way switches controlling and powering a light according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0097]      FIG. 33  is a right frontal perspective view of a mounting device according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0098]      FIG. 34  is a left frontal view of a mounting device according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0099]      FIG. 35  is a left frontal perspective view of a mounting device turned upside down to accommodate mounting a junction box on the opposite side of a stud according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0100]      FIG. 36  is a profile view of a box and switch assembly self-adjusting in a wall cavity according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0101]      FIG. 37  is a right rear perspective view of a face plate according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0102]      FIG. 38  is a profile view of a face plate being attached to a junction box and electrical device assembly according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DRAWINGS—REFERENCE NUMERALS 
       [0103]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 power distribution system 
                  50 
               
               
                   
                 junction box assembly 
                  60 
               
               
                   
                 electrical device assembly 
                  70 
               
               
                   
                 electrical junction box 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 hub 
                 109 
               
               
                   
                 rear wall 
                 110 
               
               
                   
                 top wall 
                 111 
               
               
                   
                 mounting flange sidewall 
                 112 
               
               
                   
                 power port sidewall 
                 113 
               
               
                   
                 power port bottom wall 
                 114 
               
               
                   
                 interior wall 
                 115 
               
               
                   
                 channel 
                 120 
               
               
                   
                 channel entry point 
                 121 
               
               
                   
                 insulation channel section 
                 122 
               
               
                   
                 bare wire channel section 
                 123 
               
               
                   
                 contact port 
                 125 
               
               
                   
                 contact port group 
                 126 
               
               
                   
                 view port 
                 130 
               
               
                   
                 color dot group 
                 140 
               
               
                   
                 electrical wire 
                 150 
               
               
                   
                 cable jacket 
                 151 
               
               
                   
                 input power cable 
                 155 
               
               
                   
                 control or relay power cable 
                 156 
               
               
                   
                 nipple 
                 159 
               
               
                   
                 cable entry shield 
                 160 
               
               
                   
                 nylon cable tie 
                 161 
               
               
                   
                 tie down ring 
                 162 
               
               
                   
                 curved guide path 
                 163 
               
               
                   
                 channel group 
                 181 
               
               
                   
                 wall depth gauge 
                 188 
               
               
                   
                 key slot 
                 189 
               
               
                   
                 bus bar 
                 190 
               
               
                   
                 support ramp 
                 191 
               
               
                   
                 beveled walls 
                 192 
               
               
                   
                 stabilization walls 
                 193 
               
               
                   
                 stability alignment spine 
                 194 
               
               
                   
                 threaded hole 
                 195 
               
               
                   
                 flex tab 
                 196 
               
               
                   
                 mounting flange 
                 197 
               
               
                   
                 strip gauge 
                 198 
               
               
                   
                 notch 
                 199 
               
               
                   
                 mounting bracket 
                 200 
               
               
                   
                 mounting bracket rails 
                 201 
               
               
                   
                 blade leg 
                 202 
               
               
                   
                 forward stop 
                 210 
               
               
                   
                 aft stop 
                 211 
               
               
                   
                 blade edge 
                 230 
               
               
                   
                 nail sets 
                 231 
               
               
                   
                 screw holes 
                 232 
               
               
                   
                 clear cover 
                 290 
               
               
                   
                 Supporting Stud 
                 299 
               
               
                   
                 electrical device 
                 300 
               
               
                   
                 electrical device mounting strap 
                 301 
               
               
                   
                 electrical device strap holes 
                 302 
               
               
                   
                 mounting strap ears 
                 305 
               
               
                   
                 cowling 
                 310 
               
               
                   
                 stability alignment groove 
                 312 
               
               
                   
                 stability alignment key 
                 313 
               
               
                   
                 aperture 
                 314 
               
               
                   
                 universal cowling 
                 315 
               
               
                   
                 universal cowling attachment wires 
                 316 
               
               
                   
                 UC adaptor plate 
                 317 
               
               
                   
                 break-away guides 
                 318 
               
               
                   
                 securing tabs 
                 319 
               
               
                   
                 terminal connection device 
                 320 
               
               
                   
                 brush 
                 321 
               
               
                   
                 clamp 
                 322 
               
               
                   
                 clip 
                 323 
               
               
                   
                 A/B switch 
                 325 
               
               
                   
                 electrical connection internal bus bars 
                 330 
               
               
                   
                 receptacle 
                 350 
               
               
                   
                 stability alignment groove 
                 394 
               
               
                   
                 gasket 
                 398 
               
               
                   
                 securing devices 
                 399 
               
               
                   
                 face plate 
                 400 
               
               
                   
                 strap catch 
                 401 
               
               
                   
                 securing clip 
                 402 
               
               
                   
                 hinge tab 
                 403 
               
               
                   
                 wallboard exterior surface 
                 410 
               
               
                   
                 wallboard interior surface 
                 411 
               
               
                   
                 electrical junction box - left 
                 101L 
               
               
                   
                 electrical junction box - right 
                 101R 
               
               
                   
                 double box - left 
                 102L 
               
               
                   
                 double box - right 
                 102R 
               
               
                   
                 black dot 
                 140B 
               
               
                   
                 green dot 
                 140G 
               
               
                   
                 red dot 
                 140R 
               
               
                   
                 white dot 
                 140W 
               
               
                   
                 hot-black electrical wire 
                 150B 
               
               
                   
                 green or ground electrical wire 
                 150G 
               
               
                   
                 hot-red electrical wire 
                 150R 
               
               
                   
                 white or neutral electrical wire 
                 150W 
               
               
                   
                 horizontal channel group 
                 181H 
               
               
                   
                 vertical channel group 
                 181V 
               
               
                   
                 left mounting bracket 
                 200L 
               
               
                   
                 right mounting bracket 
                 200R 
               
               
                   
                 A/B connection interface 
                 340AB 
               
               
                   
                 DP connection interface 
                 340DP 
               
               
                   
                 SP connection interface 
                 340SP 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0104]    As used herein, the use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” (or the synonymous “having”) in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one,” but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,” and “one or more than one.” In addition, as used herein, the phrase “connected to” and the like means joined to or placed into communication with, either directly or through intermediate components. 
         [0105]    In one embodiment, this invention introduces a new industry standard connection protocol. While the invention will be described in connection with a preferred embodiment, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to this embodiment. On the contrary, it is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. 
         [0106]    In one embodiment, this invention defines a standardized connection methodology that minimizes field wiring requirements while providing accurate, safe, reliable terminal connections between the vast majority of electrical devices currently on the market and the wire and cabling commonly used throughout the industry. 
         [0107]    Referring now to the drawings wherein the showings are for purposes of illustrating preferred embodiments of the present invention only, and not for purposes of limiting the same, the following hardware devices may be used in the context of certain embodiments of the invention. Further objects and advantages will become apparent from a consideration of the ensuing description and drawings. 
         [0108]    It is important to note that industry standard electrical wiring, as well as the distance between the center points of the securing devices, are two generally standardized features used throughout the electrical industry. In some embodiments, this invention incorporates these two industry standards. 
         [0109]      FIG. 1  illustrates one embodiment of a power distribution system  50 . As shown, the power distribution system  50  comprises junction box assembly  60 , electrical device assembly  70 , and optionally, securing device  399  and wall plate  400 . 
       Junction Box Assembly and Overview 
       [0110]    The junction box assembly  60  comprises junction box  100  and in the embodiment in  FIG. 1  is referred to as a junction box  101 R, which can receive a single (one) electrical device assembly  70  and can mount on the right side of the supporting wall stud. Junction box  100  can mount to a stud or other securing wall, including for example sheet rock, by any means known in the art, including fastening devices, adhesives, hook and loop, etc. In some embodiments, mounting bracket  200 , described more fully below, can connect to the side of junction box  100  and can attach the power distribution system  50  to a wall stud  299  (see  FIG. 36 ). Junction box  100  is adapted to receive components such as electrical device assembly  70 , which comprises cowling  310 , electrical device  300 , and one or more terminal connection devices  320  (see  FIG. 19 ). 
         [0111]    In some embodiments, during the rough-in stage of construction, electrical power is provided to the power distribution system  50  from a conventional service panel, circuit breaker panel, or the like (not shown). An input power cable  155 , such as industry standard type cabling of solid or stranded conductors or wires of known technology, is utilized to connect the circuit breaker panel to junction box  101 R. Electrical power, controlled or relayed through electrical device  300 , is then conveyed from junction box  101 R to items such as lights, fans, and receptacles of known technology (not shown), by control or relay power cable  156 , for example industry standard type cabling comprised of solid or stranded conductors, or wires known technology. 
         [0112]    In some embodiments, during the trim-out stage of construction, after the wall surface is installed, electrical device  300  is inserted into junction box  100  and can optionally be secured with securing devices  399 . A face plate, trim plate, or wall plate  400  can then be attached. In the preferred embodiment, the wall plate  400  snaps or slidably engages. However, in other embodiments, the size and scale of the electrical device assembly  70  can allow the use of all standard size wall plates  400  to attach by conventional means. 
         [0113]      FIG. 2  illustrates one embodiment of junction box  100  in which it is a single piece of rigid, non-conductive material that is shaped by an injection molding process. The body of each junction box  100  incorporates at least one cavity, receiving slot, or a bay  109  that is open to the front of the box. The bay  109  is collectively defined by a plurality of walls comprising, in some embodiments, a rear wall  110 , a top wall  111 , a mounting flange sidewall  112 , a power port sidewall  113 , and a power port bottom wall  114 . 
         [0114]      FIG. 3  shows an embodiment of the mounting flange sidewall  112  with a mounting flange  197  as a molded part of the mounting flange sidewall  112 . The power port bottom wall  114  can also be seen with optional cable entry shield  160 . A spine  194  optionally used for stability alignment of the electrical device assembly  70  can be seen on the interior side of the top wall  111 . 
         [0115]      FIG. 4  illustrates an embodiment of the power port sidewall  113  with the optional cable entry shield  160 . A group of four channel entry points  121  can be seen inside the cable entry shield  160 . An optional notch  199  that will receive an optional securing clip  402  from wall plate  400  can be seen on the power port sidewall  113 . Optional strip gauges  198  can be seen, both vertically and horizontally oriented, on the rear wall  110 . 
         [0116]      FIG. 5  depicts an embodiment of bay  109  with optional lower stability alignment spine  194  and key slot  189  to provide additional stabilization to the electrical device assembly  70  when installed.  FIG. 6  shows an embodiment of the front view of a junction box assembly  60 , comprising junction box  100  with mounting bracket  200  and clear cover  290  constructed in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. 
       Channels 
       [0117]    Each junction box  100  can incorporate a series of hollow straight distribution passages, tubes, or channels  120 , which house, stabilize, and/or position a conductor or wire  150  that will serve like a bus bar within the junction box  100 . Channels  120  will also keep wire  150  electrically isolated from other conductors, including wires  150  in other channels  120 . 
         [0118]    In one embodiment, an individual channel  120  is round and embedded within the non-conductive material comprising rear wall  110  of a junction box  100 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , each channel  120  has a channel entry point  121  where the channel end is open through power port sidewall  113 , facilitating future insertion of wire  150 . A group of channel entry points  121  can be located within the confines of cable entry shield  160  on both the power port sidewall  113 , and the power port bottom wall  114  on each junction box  100 . Channels  120  may have other shapes and orientations, and can begin at different walls. In addition, each cable channel  120  need not be a single continuous passageway, but may be other housings such as a series of rings or other retaining structures to properly orient the wire. 
         [0119]    In some embodiments, channel entry point  121  opening of each channel  120  is through power port sidewall  113  and/or power port bottom wall  114 . If the channel entry point  121  is accessed through the power port sidewall  113 , then the channel  120  will be referred to as a horizontal channel  120  and will extend through each bay  109  of the junction box  100 , as shown in  FIG. 8  and  FIG. 12 , but it will generally not penetrate the opposite mounting flange sidewall  112 . This horizontal extension through multiple bays provides a quick and easy way to electrically connect multiple bays. If channel entry point  121  is through the power port bottom wall  114 , as shown in  FIG. 9 , then the channel will be referred to as a vertical channel  120  and will preferably terminate prior to intercepting a horizontal channel  120 . Channels  120  can allow for other insertion methods, such as removing portions of junction box  100  or walls and laying wires into the channels. 
         [0120]    In some embodiments, each channel  120  comprises at least two sections, insulation channel section  122  and bare wire channel section  123 , with each having a different bore diameter. Insulation channel section  122  and bare wire channel section  123  preferably share a common centerline forming one continuous lumen or conduit channel  120 . Optionally, strip gauges  198 , both horizontal and a vertical, are embossed in an exterior wall, such as rear wall  110 , and represent the target length of wire  150  to be striped prior to insertion into channels  120  of junction box  100 , as shown in  FIGS. 11 and 13 . In other embodiments, channels  120  do not have a bare wire portion. 
         [0121]    Referring to the embodiment in  FIGS. 9 and 10 , channel entry points  121  lead to insulation channel sections  122  in power port sidewall  113  or the power port bottom wall  114 . Referring also to  FIG. 6 , the insulation channel section  122  preferably has a larger bore diameter than the bare wire channel section  123  and extends from the channel entry point  121  into the first bay  109  of the junction box  100 R and then far enough to allow for a view port  130 . 
       View Ports 
       [0122]    View port  130 , as shown in the embodiments of  FIGS. 2 and 6 , is an opening, void, or inspection hole or window preferably extending from a bay wall to the a portion of at least one channel  120  that allows a viewer to see a portion of the wire with insulation thereon to determine what wire is in what channel. In some embodiments, one view port can serve multiple channels. For embodiments with multiple bays, view ports  130  are located in the first bay  109 , adjacent to the channel entry point  121  for each horizontal channel and in each bay  109  for each vertical channel  120 . Preferably, the bore diameter of the insulation channel section  122  will allow insertion of the largest wire  150  planed for use in the junction box  100  with the wire&#39;s insulation included and surrounding the wire. Once inserted, the insulation covering the wire  150  is visible through view port  130 , and thus viewable, for example, when an observer is in front of and looking into the junction box  100 . 
       Color Code Reference 
       [0123]    A color marking, a color spot, or color dot can be displayed on nearby surfaces such as a surface of bay  109 , preferably adjacent to each view port  130 , representing the correct color-coding for the wire  150  to be inserted into that particular channel  120 . A color dot group  140  can consist of one, two, three, four or more color dots representing or relating to the industry standard color markings. Generally, in the United States a red dot  140 R represents hot red wires, a black dot  140 B represents hot black wires, a green dot  140 G is used for ground wires, and a white dot  140 W for neutral white wires. A color dot group need not use all four colors, and in some cases only one or two will be needed. In some embodiments, identifiers other than color can be used, such as shapes, letters, or the like. In some embodiments, the view port  130  will facilitate visual confirmation, by comparison, that the appropriate wire  150  has been properly inserted into the correct channel  120 . 
       Channel Steps 
       [0124]    In one embodiment, the bore of channel  120  is stepped down or reduced from the insulation channel section  122  bore size to a size only slightly larger than the diameter of the largest bare wire planed for use in the junction box  100  (for example, AWG #10 or AWG #12). The bare wire channel section  123  of the channel  120  starts at the end of the insulation channel section  122  and generally extends for the remainder of the channel  120 . The reduced bore size allows the bare wire  150  to pass freely while restricting wire portion with insulation still attached to the insulation channel section  122 . 
       Channel Groups 
       [0125]    A plurality or series of channels  120  comprise a channel group  181 . In the preferred embodiment, the channel group  181  is comprised of four separate channels  120 . Each channel  120  in the channel group  181  can be referred to by its respective industry standard color code of, for example, red, black, green, or white. 
         [0126]    While various orientations are possible, in one embodiment, all channels  120  in a channel group  181  are equidistant apart, parallel to each other, and oriented parallel to the rear surface of the rear wall  110 . Each bay  109  can have a horizontal channel group  181 H and a vertical channel group  181 V. In one embodiment, every junction box  100  will have at least one horizontal channel group  181 H, which will preferably extend across to all bays  109  within multi-bay junction boxes  100 . Likewise, each bay  109  can have at least one vertical channel group  181  V of channels  120 . Thus, in one embodiment, a quad box  104  will have four vertical channel groups  181 V. 
       Contact Ports 
       [0127]    Referring to the embodiments in  FIGS. 2 ,  5 ,  14 , and  15 , each bay  109  can have a void, opening, cavity, or port from bay  109  through part of the non-conductive material forming the junction box  100  to expose or connect the lumen of each channel  120 . This cavity forms an opening or a contact port  125  that extends from the bay  109  opening to a point that allows exposure of the lumen of channel  120  on the interior face of rear wall  110 . In one embodiment, the port  125  does not extend through the exterior of rear wall  110  of junction box  100 , thus insulating the channels from anything outside of junction box  100 . Contact port  125  can be configured to expose either an insulated or a non-insulated portion of a wire in channel  120 . 
         [0128]    In one embodiment, contact port  125  is of sufficient size to accommodate a terminal connection device  320  (as will be described in greater detail below) without compromising electrical isolation of neighboring wires  150 . Terminal connection devices  320 , attached to electrical device  300  (i.e., a switch, duplex plug, dimmer, etc.), will be allowed to make an electrical connection by making contact, directly or indirectly, with the required wires  150  in channels  120 , through the contact ports  125 . Each contact port  125  is preferably centered over its respective channel  120 . 
         [0129]    As shown in  FIGS. 15 and 16 , in one embodiment, bridge or support ramp  191  supports wire  150  against the pressure load applied by a brush, clamp, clip, or other type of connection device  320  when assembled. A series of opposed beveled walls  192  can form the opening of contact port  125  and assist in funneling and centering the alignment of connection device  320  over wire  150  or connection thereto. An optional series of opposed stabilization walls  193  at the base of contact port  125  restrict movement of connection device  320  once seated on wire  150  or connection thereto. 
         [0130]    The specific location coordinates of each contact port  125  within bay  109  is preferably methodically assigned for standardization, although the particular orientation for the standard can be somewhat arbitrary. The location of contact ports  125  for a channel group  181  can be further defined by the industry standard color code markings. 
         [0131]    In one embodiment, there are four contact ports  125 , one for each channel  120  comprising the horizontal channel group  181 H. In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 , the contact port  125  for red channel  120  is located in the upper right corner, the contact port  125  of black channel  120  is down to the left, the contact port  125  of the green, or ground, channel  120  down and in direct alignment below red channel  120  contact port  125 , and the contact port  125  of white channel  120  is located in alignment directly below black channel  120  contact port  125 . The area encompassing a specific group of contact ports  125 , for example, the four relating to the horizontal channel group  181 H can be referred to as a contact port group  126 . 
         [0132]    In one embodiment, the contact port group  126  for vertical channel group  181  V is identical to contact port group  126  for horizontal channel group  181  H, except it is rotated 90 degrees to the right, and centered over the vertical channel group  181 V to be accessed. 
         [0133]    As previously mentioned, the inventive design of the junction box  100  allows definition of one or more specific locations for each contact port  125  and contact port group  126 , which, if desired, can result in a standardized interface pattern or template. In the preferred embodiment of this invention, each bay  109  utilizes a horizontally oriented contact port group  126  to provide access to wires  150  in the four channels  120  of each horizontal channel group  181 H and a vertically oriented contact port group  126  to provide access to the wires  150  in the four channels  120  of each vertical channel group  181 V. However, other combination and arrangements are available—for example, the invention is not limited by four channels  120  per channel group  181 . 
       Cable Entry 
       [0134]    In an embodiment shown in  FIGS. 1 ,  4 , and  5 , a cable entry shield  160  surrounds each channel group  181  cluster of channel entry points  121 . The cable entry shield, which can be integral to or removably connected to or associated with the junction box  100 , preferably extends outwards from junction box  100  forming a protective guide and cover around the incoming cable jacket (not shown) as may be required by code or for safety reasons. When present, cable entry shield  160  can if desired facilitate securing the incoming wire to junction box  100  or other nearby equipment by any number of conventional means. 
         [0135]    In the embodiment of  FIG. 1 , jacket  151  of incoming cable is secured to cable entry shield  160  by a nylon cable tic  161  secured to junction box  100  at tic down ring  162 . For simplicity, cable entry shield  160  and tie down ring  162  can be an integral part of the junction box  100  that is formed during the initial injection molding process. Tie down ring  162  can have a curved guide path  163  to assist in threading cable tie  161  through tie down ring. Thus, curved guide path  163  can direct cable tie  161  back towards the installer as it is inserted through ring  162 , which is helpful in a confined location. Of course, other methods and devices for securing cables, wires and jackets as are known in the art can be used with this invention. 
       Clear Cover 
       [0136]    In one embodiment, initial installation of all wires  150  are introduced or installed into junction box assembly  60  via channel entry points  121 , thus freeing the electrician or installer from needing physical access from the front of the junction box  100 . Because the junction box  100  and bay  109  may be exposed to sheet rock, dust, wall texture, paint, and other debris during the construction process, clear cover  290  can be provided over the front face of junction box  109  as shown in  FIG. 1 . In one embodiment, cover  290  consists of a thin clear plastic membrane attached to the face of junction box  100 . Preferably, the installer can see through cover  290  to inspect for proper wiring of junction box  100 . Cover  290  can vary in thickness and clearness (e.g., it may be translucent or opaque) and can be made from material other than plastic. Cover  290  can be installed at time of manufacture or later, and can be single use or reusable. Cover  290  can be attached by any known means, including heat seal, adhesive, gripping, snapping, etc. The installer may use cover  290  to write and record notes on, for example for final electrical device assembly  70  requirements. If desired, cover  290  can remain on junction box  100 , protecting bay(s)  109  from contamination until the electrical device assembly  70  is installed, at which time clear cover  290  is simply removed and discarded or reused. 
       Multiple Bay Junction Boxes 
       [0137]    FIGS.  7 -R 1 ,  7 -R 2 ,  7 -R 3 ,  7 -R 4 ,  7 -L 1 ,  7 -L 2 ,  7 -L 3 , and  7 -L 4  illustrate embodiments wherein the body of junction box assembly  60  can be mounted on either the left or right side of a supporting stud  299 . In FIG.  7 -R 1  junction box  100 R is a single junction box with power port sidewall  113  located on the right and mounting flange sidewall  112  supporting mounting bracket  200  on the left. In FIG.  7 -L 1  junction box  101 L is a single junction box with power port sidewall  113  located on the left and mounting flange sidewall  112  supporting mounting bracket  200  on the right. Of course, other arrangements are possible, including number of bays, alignment of bays, entry points of wires, mounting method, etc. 
       Multiple Bays 
       [0138]    The maximum number of bays  109  in junction box  100  is preferably limited only by the planned electrical load limit of the circuit feeding junction box  100  and wire load capacity. When more than one bay  109  is desired, the bays  109  are preferably separated by an interior wall  115  as shown in FIGS.  7 -R 2 ,  7 -R 3 ,  7 -R 4 ,  7 -L 2 ,  7 -L 3 , and  7 -L 4 . Multi-bay boxes may be made from a unitary structure, or individual bays may be joined by a user after manufacture. In multiple bay  109  junction box assemblies  60  having two, three, and four bays  109 , the junction boxes  100  may be referred to as a double box  102 L or  102 R, a triple box  103 L or  103 R, and a quad box  104 L or  104 R, respectively. 
         [0139]    In the embodiments of  FIGS. 8 and 12 , all bays  109  are generally identical in size, shape, and lay out. This preferred designed commonality provides a standardized platform that accommodates slidable plug-and-play type connections for a vast majority of switches, receptacles, rheostats, and the like, of current known technology, when housed within a cowling  310 , described as part of certain embodiments of this invention in greater detail below. As shown in  FIGS. 19 and 21 , cowling  310  functions as a compatible transition device between a multitude of terminal connections schemes in use throughout the industry and the preferably standardized terminal connections located in each bay  109 . 
       Alignment Spines 
       [0140]    Referring now to  FIGS. 3 and 5 , in one embodiment, each bay  109  has at least one alignment spine  194 , which is molded into the top and/or bottom and/or sides of bay  109  opening. In one embodiment, spines  194  are in the center of top and bottom walls and extend from front to rear in the aft two-thirds of bay  109  opening. Each alignment spine  194  can have hole  195  capable of receiving securing device  399  used to secure the electrical device selectively placed into the bay  109 . Hole  195  can be threaded to receive a screw. In one embodiment, the upper alignment spine  194  is of a different size than the lower alignment spine  194  to ensure that components selectively placed in bay  109  are inserted with the proper orientation. When present, spine can have any shape or size, or it can be a groove to fit in a spine of a component to be placed in bay  109 . 
       Mounting Bracket 
       [0141]    In some embodiments, referring for example to  FIG. 2 , mounting flange sidewall  112  provides a means for slidable attachment of mounting bracket  200 , described below. A mounting flange  197  extends outward from the mounting flange sidewall  112  and can provide a top and/or bottom lip, for example at a 45 degree angle, to engage mounting bracket  200 . 
         [0142]    While there are many methods available to secure the junction box  100  to a stud  299  using known technology, such as adhesives, fasteners, hook and loop material, etc.,  FIGS. 33 ,  34 , and  35  illustrate the preferred embodiment, which includes mounting bracket  200 . Mounting bracket  200  is preferably formed to snap on and straddle stud  299  in a spring like fashion, but can be formed of any similar shape and attached by any known means. A blade edge  230  can be used, when desired, for example to position blade leg  202  of mounting bracket  200  between two ganged supporting studs  299 . 
         [0143]    In the preferred embodiment, one or more nail sets  231  are stamped into the body of mounting bracket  200  at an angle that will minimize resistance when installed over stud  299 , but will set and dig in to supporting stud  299  to resist removal of same. One or more screw holes  232  can provide an alternate means of securing mounting bracket  200  to studs, metal studs, or other devices. Optional excess material cutouts  233  help to minimize weight and material required. The length of the mounting bracket  200  preferably provides added stabilization to the attached junction box  100 . 
         [0144]    In one embodiment, detents limit movement of an attached junction box. For example, forward stop  210  limits the maximum forward travel of an attached junction box  100  when sliding on mounting bracket rails, and aft stop  211  can prevent excessive aft travel. In one embodiment, aft stop  211  can flex inward towards mounting bracket  200  body to allow mounting bracket  200  to connect with mounting flange  197 , and once junction box is in place, aft stop  211  springs back to the extended position to provide a stop. When present, rails  201  and stops  210  and  211  can be any size, shape, or orientation to provide the functionality described. Movement of junction box  100  on mounting bracket rails  201  (or other movement devices) facilitates alignment of junction box  100  with the exterior wall surface once installed. 
       Flex Tabs 
       [0145]    In the preferred embodiment, a flex tab  196  as seen in  FIG. 2  is formed as an integral part of junction box  100  during the initial injection molding process. Flex tab  196  can be a projection or arm designed to stabilize junction box  100  by resisting or restricting forward movement relative to the wallboard or sheetrock. The flex tabs  196  provide resistance during automatic wall surface alignment. Flex tab  106 , which can also be separately attached, can be any size or shape to provide the desired resistance, and can be made up of multiple components, including springs. 
         [0146]    Referring now to the embodiment in  FIG. 36 , when the wall surface (e.g., sheet rock) is installed, junction box  100  can move to aft stop  211  on mounting bracket  200 , out of harms way. When it is time to install electrical device assembly  70 , securing devices  399  engage junction box  100  and draw it forward in the direction of the straight motion arrow. As electrical device assembly  70  and junction box  100  are drawn together, strap ears  305  or the like make contact with wallboard exterior surface  410  causing junction box  100  to be drawn toward mounting strap  301  or other outer component. Junction box  100  moves, such as along mounting bracket rails  201 , as securing devices  399  are rotated until it contacts the rear of mounting strap  301 . Flex tabs  196  engage wallboard interior surface  411  and flex or rotate in the direction of the curved motion arrows, as necessary, providing resistance and stability to power distribution system  50 . 
       Electrical Device Assembly  
       [0147]    As shown in the embodiments of  FIGS. 18 ,  20 ,  23 A, and  23 B, each electrical device  300 , which is sometimes part of electrical device assembly  70 , preferably has a mounting strap  301 , which may be separate or integral to device  300 . In these embodiments, the corners on the top and bottom of each mounting strap  301  can have mounting strap cars  305 . Each mounting strap  301  preferably has a top and bottom mounting strap hole  302 . Each mounting strap hole  302  is preferably precisely spaced to mate with the top and bottom threaded hole  195  of each bay  109 , and this spacing matches and aligns with the current industry standard spacing requirements. Alternatively, mounting strap  301  may be part of cowling  310 . 
         [0148]    As shown in the embodiment of  FIG. 36 , when electrical device  300  is inserted into bay  109 , it can be secured to or brought near junction box  100 . When mounting strap ears  305  of mounting strap  301  make contact with wallboard exterior surface  410 , movement of the electrical device  300  is generally halted and continued rotation of securing device  399  draws junction box  100  towards electrical device  300  forcing junction box  100  to slide along the mounting bracket rails  201 . Flex tabs  196  make contact with wallboard interior surface  411 , and preferably rounded surfaces allow tabs  196  to deflect and slide against wallboard interior surface  411 , pivoting in the direction indicated by curved motion arrows. In this embodiment, the resulting compression of the wallboard between mounting strap ears  305  and flex tabs  196  provides stabilization of junction box assembly  60  and flush positioning of junction box  100  with the wallboard exterior surface  410 . 
       Electrical Switches and Devices 
       [0149]    In the preferred embodiment, the standardized location of each contact port  125  within every bay  109 , allows various electrical device assemblies  70  to be designed or modified to take advantage of the resulting standardized interface presentation. In accordance with certain embodiments of the invention, a common household electrical switch, receptacle, dimmer, timer, fan control, or the like, of known technology, herein referred to as electrical device  300 , can be incorporated into electrical device assembly  70  with minor modification, as long as the portions of electrical device  300  can be housed (or modified to be housed) within the physical constraints of cowling  310  and meet (or can be modified to meet) the electrical connection requirements of terminal connection devices  320  therein. 
         [0150]    As shown in  FIGS. 23A and 23B , cowling  310  can be a shell, cover, or housing preferably comprised of one or more pieces of generally rigid non-conductive material that houses, insulates, envelops, or at least partially surrounds a portion of generic electrical device  300 . The cowling  310  is preferably sized to allow for insertion into bay  109  with close-fitting tolerance, thus providing the greatest possible interior volume to accommodate the needed or desired portions of most electrical devices  300  on the market. The preferable close-fitting tolerance also stabilizes and minimizes motion of cowling  310  once placed within bay  109  cavity. 
         [0151]    In one embodiment, one or more sides, such as the top and bottom walls of cowling  310 , can have a groove, vallecula, or stability alignment groove  312  designed to straddle a corresponding stability alignment spine  194  located in the top and bottom of each bay  109 . Preferably, the contrastive widths between the top and the bottom alignment spines  194  ensure proper orientation of cowling  310  and its associated electrical device  300  when inserted into bay  109  of junction box assembly  60 . As mentioned, spines and grooves are optional and which side has the spine and groove can change and other alignment or stability protrusions, markers, irregularities, etc. can be used. The interior of cowling  310  can be modified as desired to provide stabilization for the various electrical devices  300  installed therein (not shown). In one embodiment, the forward edge of cowling  310  attaches to the aft side of mounting strap  301 . 
       Terminal Connection Devices 
       [0152]    Referring to  FIGS. 19 ,  21 , and  22 , the rear wall of cowling  310  can provide one or more openings or apertures large enough to allow terminal connection devices  320  ( FIG. 22 ) of the selected electrical device  300  to pass through. Terminal connection devices  320  assure proper contact and physical interface through the use of a conductive brush, clamp, clip, hot tap, or other type of device used for joining electrical circuits. In some embodiments, connector  320  can comprise a device to pierce or penetrate the insulation on a wire in the conduit to establish an electrical connection. In the preferred embodiment a clip  323  capable of receiving varying size wires is shown in  FIG. 21 . Apertures or openings are arrayed in a pattern complementary to the standardized interface pattern or template presented in every bay  109  of every junction box  100 , thereby providing automatic alignment of terminal connection devices  320 . 
         [0153]    When electrical device assembly  70  is fully inserted into bay  109  of the junction box assembly  60 , terminal connection devices  320 , or in this example clips  323 , extending through their respective openings in the rear wall of the cowling  310  of electrical device assembly  70  are automatically strategically positioned to make terminal connections with the correct respective wires  150  exposed by the contact ports  125  of junction box  100 . When electrical device assembly  70  is secured into position, clips  323  make a mechanically engaged connection, as well as a terminal electrical connection with the exposed line conductor, bus bar, or wire  150  presented by contact port  125 . This type of terminal connection facilitates a ‘plug-and-play’ ‘hot swappable’ connection. Meaning the electrical device assembly  70  can be removed and replaced without having to interrupt the electrical power to junction box assembly  60 . The contact ports  125  located in the back of each bay  109  are preferably finger-safe. For example, a homeowner can remove a toggle type SPST switch and replace it with an appropriately rated dimmer switch without removing power from the circuit. There are no wires to strip, twist, or cap. The procedure just requires an exchange of modular components. In this embodiment, the live wires or hot circuit is recessed deep in bay  109 , and back into the small openings of the contact ports  125 . 
         [0154]    A variety of terminal connection devices  320  can be used with this system including brush  321  type contacts as shown in  FIGS. 16 ,  17 ,  19 , and  23 . Specific mention of clips  323  and brush  321  type contacts is not intended to limit the invention to these embodiments. 
       Connection Interfaces 
       [0155]    While there are numerous terminal connection interface possibilities in this invention, the preferred embodiment incorporates three primary types of connection interfaces that meet the connection requirements for almost all electrical devices  300 . 
         [0156]      FIG. 22-SP  depicts a SP connection interface  340 SP that provides the appropriate terminal connections for single pole electrical devices  300  such as a light switch or receptacle. Referring also to  FIG. 30 , the SP connection interface  340 SP requires terminal connections to input power cable  155 , comprised of hot-black wire  150 B, green or ground wire  150 G, and white or neutral wire  150 W. The SP connection interface  340 SP also requires terminal connections to control or relay power cable  156 , comprised of hot-black wire  150 B, green or ground wire  150 G, and white or neutral wire  150 W. This connection methodology is presented in  FIG. 30  showing a simple toggle switch for a light. 
         [0157]    FIG.  22 DP depicts a DP connection interface  340 DP that provides appropriate terminal connections for double pole electrical devices  300 . Referring also to  FIG. 31 , the DP connection interface  340 DP requires terminal connections to input power cable  155 , comprised of hot-red wire  150 R, hot-black wire  150 B, green or ground wire  150 G, and white or neutral wire  150 W. The DP connection interface  340 DP also requires terminal connections to the control or relay power cable  156 , comprised of hot-red wire  150 R, hot-black wire  150 B, green or ground wire  150 G, and white or neutral wire  150 W. This connection methodology is presented in  FIG. 31  showing a simple toggle switch for, e.g., a two-phase motor. However, someone skilled in the art can use this DP connection interface  340 DP to meet the needs of various electrical devices  300  that require Double Pole Single Throw (DPST), Single Pole Change-over or Single Pole Cross-over (SPCO), Double Throw Double Throw (DPDT), Double pole Cross-over (DPCO), Four-Way Switches, and the like type connections. 
       A/B Connection Interface 
       [0158]    FIG.  22 A/B depicts an A/B connection interface  340 AB that incorporates an A/B switch  325  to facilitate multi-way switching. A/B connection interface  340 AB provides Single Pole Double Throw Pole (SPDT), Double Pole Single Throw (DPST), Single Pole Change-over or Single Pole Cross-over (SPCO), Double Throw Double Throw (DPDT), Double pole Cross-over (DPCO) connectivity according to the specific wiring requirements of electrical device  300  within each electrical device assembly  70 . Referring also to  FIG. 32 , the A/B connection interface  340 AB requires terminal connections to input power cable  155 , comprised of hot-red wire  150 R, hot-black wire  150 B, green or ground wire  150 G, and white or neutral wire  150 W. The A/B connection interface  340 AB also requires terminal connections to the control or relay power cable  156 , comprised of hot-red wire  150 R, hot-black wire  150 B, green or ground wire  150 G, and white or neutral wire  150 W. 
         [0159]    An A/B connection methodology is presented in  FIG. 32 , showing the simplicity of 3-way switching for a light. Whereas current technology requires cumbersome and sometimes challenging wiring schemes to install and wire three-way and four-way circuits, certain embodiments of this invention simplify this somewhat time consuming and often confusing task. In these embodiments, one of the three-way switches is selected to the ‘A’ position and the other three-way switch is selected to ‘B’. It is literally that simple. The need to wire the switches and/or mark travelers in the field is completely eliminated. To meet the requirements of a four-way switching scheme the installer can simply install a four-way switch, utilizing a DP connection interface  340 DP in the center switch position. 
         [0160]    The A/B connection interface  340 AB can be utilized to standardize complex wiring requirements for a wide range of electrical devices  300 . Another example of A/B connection interface  340 AB is shown in FIG.  22 A/B, whereby a receptacle has the option to connect to either hot-red wire  150 R or hot-black wire  150 B. This type of load switching or balancing is typically used throughout a home to ensure that appliances do not overload a circuit. In the preferred embodiment the A/B switch  325  is mounted on the face of the receptacle, for the convenience of the end user. A/B switch  325  can also be located on any exterior surface of the cowling  310  or on other surfaces, and the position of the A/B switch  325  will be driven by, e.g., marketing and/or code requirements and should not be considered a limiting factor of this invention. 
         [0161]    Embodiments of this invention can incorporate at least three phases or series of embodiments of implementation with respect to electrical device assembly  70 . A first possible phase or series of embodiments that can incorporate aspects of this invention relates to the development of electrical device assemblies  70  that are designed for this invention. Electrical device assemblies  70  often come from the factory as single-piece modules, each designed for a specific function (SPST, dimmer, fan control rheostat, 3-way switch, etc.). Examples of an electrical device assembly  70  specifically designed for aspects of this invention are shown in  FIGS. 18 and 20 .  FIG. 18  is an example of an all-inclusive SPST switch module and  FIG. 20  is a exemplary GFCI receptacle with A/B switching capability individually select hot-black electrical wire  150 B or hot-red electrical wire  150 R as the power source. 
         [0162]    As shown in  FIG. 23 , exemplary electrical device assemblies  70  designed for aspects of this invention can have a stability alignment key  313  as an integral part of mounting strap  301 . Stability alignment key  313  can mate with alignment groove  312  of cowling  310  providing stable connection between mounting strap  301  and cowling  310 . 
       Universal Cowlings 
       [0163]    A second possible phase or series of embodiments that can incorporate aspects of this invention can include universal cowlings  315  and/or technical expertise to manufacturers to assist them in the modification of their existing product lines.  FIGS. 24 and 25  show one embodiment of a universal cowling  315 . Universal cowlings  315  can be provided to various manufacturers of electrical devices  300  of known technology. The universal cowlings  315  can be offered in SP connection interface  340 SP, DP connection interface  340 DP, and A/B connection interface  340 AB. In some embodiments, top and/or bottom stability alignment keys  313  can provide a firm point of connection for the manufacturer&#39;s mounting strap. In some cases, manufacturers would be allowed to modify their electrical devices  300  to mate with adaptors of the present invention to incorporate the most appropriate terminal connection devices  320  arranged and housed in the most appropriate universal cowling  315  connection interface. 
         [0164]      FIGS. 27 and 28  show an embodiment of a universal cowling adaptor plate  317  that facilitates a better fit and transition between various electrical devices  300  and the universal cowlings  315 . The universal cowling adaptor plate  317  can have break-away guides to allow adjustment of the adaptor plate  317  to accept various size electrical devices  300 . The universal cowling adaptor plate  317  can have securing tabs  319  that slide into the universal cowlings  315  to ensure a stable fit. In one embodiment, the electrical devices  300 , adaptor plate  317 , and universal cowling  315  are held together by one or more securing devices  399 , which can also secure the assembly to the junction box  100 . Of course, numerous adaptors can be envisioned, each to work with an existing electrical device, and the adaptors of the present invention are not limited to any particular configuration as long as they directly or indirectly mate with the universal cowlings  315 . 
         [0165]    A third possible phase or series of embodiments that can incorporate aspects of this invention can allow field modification of electrical devices  300  currently held in stock and/or participation of specialty devices from manufacturers that do not wish to modify their product line. The third phase can offer the one, two, three, or more universal cowlings  315 , as described in phase two, with, e.g., clip  323  and/or brush  321  terminal connection devices  320  attached (preferably pre-attached) to the cowling  310 . In some embodiments, each terminal connection device  320  is secured or attached directly to the cowling  310  and attached to an electrical connection internal bus bar  330 , a pre-wired color-coded universal cowling attachment wire  316 , or both, as dictated by the needs of the specific electrical device  300  and industry code requirements. 
         [0166]    For example, referring to  FIG. 26 , an SPST switch could have the brush  321  for the green or ground wire  150 G from the input power cable  155  bused via the ground electrical connection internal bus bar  330  directly to the green or ground wire  150 G for the control or relay power cable  156 . In addition, one end of a green-coded universal cowling attachment wire  316  can be attached to electrical connection internal bus bar  330  leaving the free end to be attached, using industry standard techniques, to the subject electrical device  300 . Further, the hot-black wire  150 B from the input power cable  155  can be bussed via the second electrical connection internal bus bar  330  directly to the hot-black wire  150 B for the control or relay power cable  156 . No connection to the switch is required for the hot-black wire  150 B. The brush  321  for the white or neutral wire  150 W for both the input power cable  155  and the control or relay power cable  156  have one end of a white-coded universal cowling attachment wire  316  attached to brush  321  leaving the free end to be attached, using industry standard techniques, to the subject electrical device  300 . 
         [0167]    Of course, as with phase two, there are numerous ways to adapt and connect an existing electrical device to one of the cowlings of the present invention, and all of these adaptive techniques are within the scope of certain embodiments of the invention. While phase three methodology has less labor-savings advantage over conventional wiring practice, it offers an opportunity to use parts in inventory or not yet modified for use with this invention and can be an important aspect to certain embodiments of the invention, such as transitioning to a standard or retrofitting existing devices. 
       Wall Plates 
       [0168]    As seen in  FIGS. 37 and 38 , one embodiment of wall plate  400  has an angular cut hinge tab  403  on the upper rear edge that mates with the strap catch  401  on the top of the mounting strap  301 . When hinge tab  403  hooks over strap catch  401 , the wall plate  400  pivots downward and securing clips  402  engage notch  199  on junction box  100  to hold wall plate  400  in place. Other embodiments do not include hinge tab  403  and/or securing clips  402 , or place them in different locations. For example, only one or two securing clips  402  might be included. Clips  402  and hinge tab  403  can be any shape or size. In some embodiments, wall plates  400  can be secured by fastening devices and tab  403  and clips  402  can be omitted. 
       Weather Proofing  
       [0169]    Referring to  FIG. 29 , optional weatherproofing gasket  398  can provide protection against the elements. For example, gasket  398  may be placed between electrical device  300  and cowling  310 , or between wall plate  400  and electrical device  300 . In some embodiments, such as shown in  FIG. 1 , a nipple, such as a water proof or water resistant nipple  159  surrounding or threaded over the wire cable jacket  151  and/or cable entry shield  160 , allows the junction box to be protected from the elements. 
         [0170]    Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps. 
         [0171]    While the above description contains many specificities, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention, but as exemplifications of the presently preferred embodiments thereof. Many other ramifications and variations are possible within the teachings of the invention. As one example, the process for forming the junction box  100  should not be limited to injection molding and the material used need only be insulative in quality. Thus, the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, and not by the examples given.