Abstract:
Interleaved converter and method for controlling such inverter are provided. The converter includes a plurality of phasing stages. The converter further includes a calculator configured to calculate a duty cycle value of the converter. A processor is configured to receive the calculated duty cycle value. A rulebase is coupled to the processor and includes a set of phase-selection rules configured to select a respective phase number based on the calculated duty cycle value.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    Power converters, such as AC-to-DC and DC-to-DC converters, are known in the art. A design technique generally referred to as “multiphasing”, wherein two or more switching converter stages are connected in parallel (e.g., “interleaved”) to deliver power through a common output terminal, has emerged to try to alleviate the shortcomings of single-phase converters. Traditionally, such polyphase interleaved power converters have utilized a fixed number of phases to achieve the power conversion. The specific phase number is fixed to match the needs of any given application or design constraints. That is, the phase number is uniquely fixed e.g., two, three, twelve, etc.  
           [0002]    In polyphase interleaved converters, the magnitude of the AC component of the input and output currents is functionally related to both the phase number and the PWM (Pulse-Width Modulation) duty cycle. As the PWM duty cycle changes, the magnitude of the AC component will also change. For example as shown in FIG. 1, whenever the PWM duty cycle matches the ratio of the low-side voltage of the converter relative to the high-side voltage of the converter, the AC component of the input current of the converter will have a minimum value in amplitude. FIG. 1 further illustrates the effect of phase number, not just at such minimum values of amplitude, but over the full-range of values that the duty cycle may take, e.g., duty cycle values ranging from zero to one. It can be shown that the relationships depicted in FIG. 1 between duty cycle and phase number are also equally applicable relative to the output current of the converter.  
           [0003]    Since in any practical converter circuit the PWM duty cycle may be subject to variation due to environmental and/or operational conditions to which the circuit may be exposed to, it would be desirable to provide a converter and power conversion techniques that would allow reducing the AC component of the input and output currents regardless of variation of the PWM duty cycle.  
         BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0004]    Generally, the present invention fulfills the foregoing needs by providing in one aspect thereof, an interleaved converter including a plurality of phasing stages. The converter further includes a calculator configured to calculate a duty cycle value of the converter. A processor is configured to receive the calculated duty cycle value. A rulebase is coupled to the processor and includes a set of phase-selection rules configured to select a respective phase number based on the calculated duty cycle value.  
           [0005]    The present invention further fulfills the foregoing needs by providing in another aspect thereof, a method for controlling an interleaved converter. The method allows providing a plurality of phasing stages. The method further allows calculating a duty cycle value of the converter. The calculated duty cycle value is processed relative to a set of phase-selection rules. A respective phase number is selected based on the calculated duty cycle value. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0006]    The features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when read with the accompanying drawings in which:  
         [0007]    [0007]FIG. 1 illustrates respective plots of AC component in the input current of exemplary interleaved converters as a function of the value of the duty cycle of the converter.  
         [0008]    [0008]FIG. 2 is a zoomed-in view of a portion of the plots shown in FIG. 1.  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary converter made up of four interleaved power converter phasing stages connected in parallel to provide power conversion.  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 4 illustrates one exemplary embodiment regarding any of the power converter phasing stages shown in FIG. 3.  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 5 illustrates circuit details of a converter embodying aspects of the present invention, i.e., capable of providing a selectable phase number as a function of PWM duty cycle value.  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 6 illustrates exemplary sequences for energizing the phasing circuits of FIGS. 3 and 5. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0013]    The inventor of the present invention has innovatively recognized that providing a converter configured to selectably change the number of switching stages (e.g., the number of phases), as a function of the duty cycle through which Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is performed, would advantageously allow reducing the magnitude of the AC component of both the input and output currents of the converter, essentially over the full range of duty cycle operation.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 3 illustrates a converter  10  comprising four power converter phasing stages  12 ,  14 ,  16  and  18  connected in parallel to provide power conversion from a first DC voltage source, e.g., a 42 V battery (BT 1 ), to a second DC voltage source, e.g., a 14 V battery (BT 2 ). As shown in FIG. 3, a capacitor C 1  is connected to provide appropriate filtering to any AC current component relative the input side of the converter. A capacitor C 2  is connected to provide similar filtering to any AC current component relative to the output side of the converter. It will be appreciated that being able to reduce the magnitude of such AC current components would allow the designer to choose passive components with lower ratings, such as capacitors BT 1  and BT 2 , and output inductor L 1  (FIG. 4) thus incrementally lowering costs as well as increasing the overall reliability of the converter since such components would not be subject to the thermal stresses that otherwise would result, in the event such components had to conduct larger values of AC ripple current.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 4 illustrates one exemplary embodiment regarding any of the power converter phasing stages  12 ,  14 ,  16  and  18 . Each power converter stage includes a pair of power switches Q 1  and Q 2  responsive to switching signals supplied by a respective gate drive  20 .  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 2 illustrates a zoomed-in view of the waveforms illustrated in FIG. 1. More particularly, FIG. 2 is provided to assist the reader to visualize the concept of selectably changing the phase number of the converter to achieve reduction in the values of the AC component that otherwise would have to be carried by capacitors C 1  and C 2  in the event of duty cycle variation. This example assumes phase number selectivity between three-phasing and four-phasing circuits. That is, in operation the converter is configured to selectably switch to a phase number of three or to a phase number of four, depending on the value of the PWM duty cycle, in order to provide relatively low RMS values of input and output current of the converter.  
         [0017]    For the purposes of illustrating the switching points over the full range of values that may be taken by the duty cycle, the example below assumes the duty cycle incrementally changes in value from zero to one. As represented by twin-headed arrow  30 , the converter would operate with a phase number of three for duty cycle values ranging up to a value of about 0.29. Node  32  represents a phase number switching point. For example, as represented by twin-headed arrow  34 , when the duty cycle changes to values higher than about 0.29 but less than 0.39, in this case the converter would be configured to switch from a phase number of four to a phase number of three. Similarly, as represented by twin-headed arrow  36 , when the duty cycle is above about 0.39, in this case the converter would be reconfigured to switch from a phase number of three to a phase number of four at switching point  38 . It will be appreciated that the invention is not limited either to changing between just two phasing values, or to the specific values of three and four phases. That is, the number of selectable phasing values may be more than two and the specific phasing values need not be three and four since the specific phasing selectivity may be adapted to any number of phases as may be appropriate to meet the design requirements of any given application.  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 5 illustrates circuit details for an exemplary embodiment of converter  10  configured to provide a selectable phase number as a function of PWM duty cycle value. A duty cycle calculator  50  is provided to calculate the value of the duty cycle, such as may be calculated based on the ratio of signals Vlo and Vhi. A processor  52  is configured to receive the duty cycle value from calculator  50  to provide selectable phasing based on the value of the duty cycle relative to a set of phasing selection rules. For example, processor  52  may be coupled to a rulebase  54  including the rules for selecting the appropriate phasing number for any given duty cycle value. For example, in reference to the relationships illustrated in FIG. 1 between phase number and duty cycle, an exemplary set of phasing selection rules that may be stored in rulebase  54  may be as follows:  
                                                       0 &lt; D &lt; 0.29 then the phasing selection =   4           0.29. &lt; D &lt; 0.39 then the phasing selection =   3           0.39. &lt; D &lt; 0.61 then the phasing selection =   4           0.61. &lt; D &lt; 1 then the phasing selection =   3                      
 
         [0019]    wherein D represent the value of the duty cycle as may be calculated by calculator  50 . It will be appreciated that the foregoing duty cycle ranges are merely illustrative of a converter having selectable phasing between three and four.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 6 illustrates exemplary sequences for energizing phasing circuits  12 ,  14 ,  16  and  18 . Assuming a phase number of four, a simple sequence to implement would be successively energizing phases A, B, C and D. Assuming a phase number of three, another simple sequence to implement would be phases A, B and C (not illustrated in FIG. 6). However, since there are four phasing circuits available, one practical sequence may be as exemplarily illustrated in FIG. 6, wherein each of the four phasing stages is utilized to provide a phase number of three. Thus, the latter exemplary sequence is configured so that, on the average, each of the four phasing circuits is utilized approximately the same amount of time and thus each of the four phasing circuits is utilized to provide a three-phasing sequence. It will be appreciated that the present invention is not limited to the specific sequences illustrated in FIG. 6 since those skilled in the art will now recognize many other equivalent sequences that may be used to achieve aspects of the present invention.  
         [0021]    While the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes and substitutions will occur to those of skill in the art without departing from the invention herein. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.