Abstract:
A surface optical device apparatus includes a surface optical device and a second substrate. The surface optical device includes a functional layer grown on a first substrate, which acts as a supporting substrate for fabricating the functional layer thereon. The first substrate is later thinned or removed, and a first electrode is formed on at least one of surfaces of the functional layer. The surface optical device performs light emission or light reception along a direction approximately perpendicular to the first substrate, and the first electrode has functionality for electrically controlling the light emission or reception. The second substrate includes a second electrode formed thereon, and the surface optical device is bonded to the second substrate with the first electrode and the second electrode in electrical contact with each other.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    This invention relates to a surface optical device apparatus which can be readily fabricated with good yield and is suitable for use in a structure constructed in a one- or two-dimensional array, its fabrication method, an optoelectronic device in which the surface optical device is integrated together with a Si integrated circuit (Si-IC), an optical wiring device using the surface optical device apparatus, an optical recording apparatus using the surface optical device apparatus, and related structures and devices.  
           [0003]    2. Related Background Art  
           [0004]    In recent years, the development of surface light emitting devices arranged in two-dimensional arrays has been desired. Among such devices, a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) is strongly expected since its threshold is low (approximately 1 mA), its power consumption is small, and it can be easily arrayed. Moreover, when a VCSEL is integrated with a Si-IC, the VCSEL can be speedily driven, and the device can be presented in a small package. Accordingly, such a structure can be advantageously applied to signal transmission between Si-IC&#39;s, to optical recording on a recording medium, and similar uses.  
           [0005]    There are several methods of integrating an optical device and a Si-IC. In one method, an optical device is bonded to a Si substrate wherein Si-IC has been formed. In another method, a Si-IC and an optical device are integrated in a hybrid manner on a supporting substrate, such as a Si substrate, a printed circuit board (PCB), or a ceramic substrate.  
           [0006]    As an example of the former method, there exists, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9(1997)-223848, a method in which an epitaxial growth surface of a laser radiating layer is bonded to a Si-IC via a polyimide adhesive, and a GaAs growth substrate, on which the laser radiating layer had been grown, is removed by etching to obtain a surface emitting laser. FIG. 1 illustrates a cross section of this structure. An electrode of the surface emitting laser  100 B fabricated by the above process is connected to an electrode  200 A on the Si-IC substrate  200  via electrical wiring  400 . Another electrode  100 D is connected to a wiring pattern formed on the insulating layer  300  of polyimide. In such a structure, no alignment is needed between the optical device and the Si-IC. Further, additional processing, such as photolithography, can be conducted even after the integration, since only a functional layer of the optical device without its growth substrate is arranged on the Si and a step of the surface is hence small (about 5 μm). In FIG. 1, a light receiving device  100 A, an electrode  100 C of the device  100 A and a layer  1000  of optical devices are illustrated as well.  
           [0007]    As an example of the latter method, there exists, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7(1995)-30209, a method in which a semiconductor substrate of an optical device is removed, the optical device in chip form is bonded to a film or the like, and the optical device is aligned with an electrode of an electronic circuit substrate and implemented in a flip-chip manner. FIGS. 2A to  2 H illustrate the fabrication steps according to this method. After a functional layer  1106  is epitaxially grown on the semiconductor substrate  1101  as illustrated in FIG. 2A, an electrode  1109  for driving the optical device  1111  is formed as illustrated in FIG. 2B. The devices  1111  are then separated as illustrated in FIG. 2C, and the semiconductor substrate  1101  is removed by etching as illustrated in FIG. 2D. The devices  1111  are bonded to an extensible film  1114  as illustrated in FIG. 2E, and the film  1114  is extended to obtain chips of the optical device  1111  with only the functional layer  1106  as illustrated in FIG. 2F. The optical device  1111  is affixed at a desired area of an electronic circuit board  1117  with a pressing jig  1116 . Thus, an optoelectronic multi-chip-module (MCM), in which the optical device  1111  is placed on the electronic circuit substrate  1117  in a hybrid integration manner, as illustrated in FIG. 2H, can be obtained. In FIGS. 2A to  2 H, there are also illustrated a buffer layer  1102 , a lower mirror  1103 , an active layer  1104 , an upper mirror  1105 , an anode  1107 , a cathode  1108 . a mesa groove  1110 , a separating groove  1112 , a protective layer  1113 , a spacing  1115 , and an electrical wiring  1118 .  
           [0008]    There are significant problems with the structure disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9(1997)-223848, however. Its thermal radiation characteristic is poor, and its luminary characteristics, such as light radiation efficiency and light output, are inferior to those of ordinary implementation structures, since the polyimide layer  300  is interposed between the optical devices  100 A and  100 B and the Si substrate  200 . Further, since the fabrication process of the optical devices  100 A and  100 B is performed only after the functional layers of the optical devices are transferred to the Si substrate  200 , limitations on the freedom of the process (i.e., on processing temperature, plasma processing, and the like) arise, due to concerns with preventing damage to the IC. Accordingly, the configurations of the optical devices  100 A and  100 B are also restricted.  
           [0009]    Concerning the structure of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7(1995)-30209, its mechanical strength is low due to a small thickness (ordinarily about 5 μm) of the functional layer  1106  without the substrate, though its thermal conductivity is good due to direct bonding between the electrodes. Accordingly, its handling is difficult, and its performance characteristics are likely to be decreased due to the introduction of crystallographic defects therein, and the like. Furthermore, two electrodes must be aligned for each device since the electric contact should be established on the side of the circuit board  1117  only. Therefore, high alignment precision is required, and costs increase accordingly.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0010]    It is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus with a surface optical device, in which characteristics of the surface optical device are not decreased with the integration of the surface optical device and the electronic device, where no high precision of alignment is required at the time of implementation, and whose productivity is high. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of fabricating such an apparatus, as well as other apparatuses which use such an apparatus, such as an optoelectronic MCM, an optical wiring apparatus and an optical recording apparatus, and related structures and methods.  
           [0011]    The present invention is generally directed to a surface optical device apparatus including a surface optical device, and a second substrate. The surface optical device includes a functional layer grown on a first substrate, which acts as a supporting substrate needed for fabricating the functional layer thereon, with the first substrate being later thinned or removed, and a first electrode formed on at least one of the surfaces of the functional layer. The surface optical device emits or receives light in a direction approximately perpendicular to the first substrate, and the first electrode has a function for electrically controlling the light emission or reception. The second substrate includes a second electrode formed thereon, and the surface optical device is bonded to the second substrate with the first electrode and the second electrode being in electrical contact with each other. In the apparatus of this invention, the first substrate is removed or thinned by etching or the like after the optical device is bonded to the second substrate, such as a Si substrate or a circuit substrate, with the first and second electrodes electrically connected, and another electrode is led from a surface of the optical device exposed after the first substrate is removed or thinned. Accordingly, the thermal characteristic of the surface optical device is improved due to the close proximity of the second substrate to an active layer of the optical device, and thus, no high alignment precision is required at the time of bonding the optical device. Further, the first substrate still remains after the optical device has been bonded, so that the optical device can be readily handled without damaging the functional layer.  
           [0012]    The following more specific structures are possible in the above structure.  
           [0013]    The second substrate may further include first electrical wiring, electrically connected to the second electrode.  
           [0014]    A plurality of surface optical devices may be arranged on the second substrate, and the second substrate may further include second electrical wiring for independently driving and controlling the surface optical devices. In this case, the first electrode may be formed on the surface of the functional layer on a side opposite to the side of the first substrate, as a common electrode, the plurality of the surface optical devices may be separated from each other, a third electrode may be formed on each surface optical device on the side of the first substrate, and the second electrical wiring may be connected to the third electrode. Further, in this case, the second electrical wiring may be formed on an insulating layer formed on the surface optical device on the side of a third electrode, and a contact hole for electrically connecting the third electrode to the second electrical wiring, and a window for transmitting light, may be formed in the insulating layer. Thus, the optical devices can be independently driven and controlled, and an array of surface optical devices can be obtained with high productivity without diminishing the characteristics of the optical devices.  
           [0015]    A plurality of the surface optical devices may be arranged on the second substrate, the surface optical devices may be separated from each other, a third electrode may be formed on each surface optical device on a side opposite to the first electrode, the second substrate may further include first electrical wiring electrically connected to the second electrode, and second electrical wiring electrically connected to the third electrode, and the first electrical wiring and the second electrical wiring may construct a wiring matrix for independently driving and controlling the surface optical devices. Thus, a two-dimensional array of surface optical devices can be obtained with high productivity without diminishing the characteristics of the optical devices. In this case also, the second electrical wiring way be formed on an insulating layer formed on the surface optical device on the side of the third electrode, and a contact hole for electrically connecting the third electrode to the second electrical wiring, as well as a window for transmitting light, may be formed in the insulating layer.  
           [0016]    The surface optical device is typically a surface emitting laser with the functional layer including an active layer and distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirror layers sandwiching the active layer.  
           [0017]    The present invention is also directed to an optoelectronic multi-chip module (MCM) including a surface optical device, a second substrate, and an integrated circuit for driving and controlling the surface optical device. The surface optical device and the second substrate are constructed as described above in connection with the surface optical device of this invention. The integrated circuit, such as a bare chip of a Si-IC, is provided on the second substrate, and electrically connected to the surface optical device through the second electrode. Thereby, the IC and optical device can be integrated in a compact structure, and an electrical signal can be converted into an optical signal.  
           [0018]    The integrated circuit, as described, may be a bare chip of a Si integrated circuit which is implemented on the second substrate in a flip-chip manner. Thereby, an optoelectronic MCM with high productivity can be obtained.  
           [0019]    The second substrate may be a Si substrate, and the integrated circuit may be a Si integrated circuit which is fabricated in the Si substrate.  
           [0020]    The present invention is also directed to an optical wiring device in which an optical waveguide medium, such as an optical fiber, is fixed to the surface of the surface optical device of an optoelectronic MCM of this invention to perform optical transmission and reception through the medium of the optical waveguide. The optical waveguide medium is perpendicularly fixed to the surface of the surface optical device with a resin adhesive. Thereby, a high-speed optical wiring device with low electromagnetic radiation emission noise (EMI) can be obtained at a low cost by using the MCM of this invention.  
           [0021]    The present invention is further directed to a multi-layer optoelectronic multi-chip module (MCM) including a plurality of optoelectronic multi-chip modules and an inter-layer insulating layer which is flattened and provided between the respective optoelectronic multi-chip modules, such that transmission and reception of optical signals can be performed between such optoelectronic multi-chip modules. Thereby, a high-performance optoelectronic MCM capable of performing fast processing can be obtained by stacking a plurality of MCM&#39;s with integrated surface optical device and electronic device.  
           [0022]    The present invention is also directed to a multi-layer optoelectronic multi-chip module including a plurality of the optoelectronic multi-chip modules of this invention in which the second substrate is an insulating thin film, and an inter-layer insulating layer which is provided between the respective optoelectronic multi-chip modules, such that transmission and reception of an optical signal can be performed between the optoelectronic multi-chip modules. Thereby, a high-performance multi-layer optoelectronic MCM, capable of performing fast processing, can be obtained.  
           [0023]    The present invention is also directed to an optical recording apparatus which includes a light source from the optoelectronic MCM of this invention, and a control unit for controlling the light source to perform recording on an optical recording medium with a plurality of laser beams from the light source. Thereby, a high-performance laser beam printer, a CD-ROM apparatus, an optomagnetic disc apparatus, and the like, can be thus obtained.  
           [0024]    The present invention is also directed to a method of fabricating a surface optical device apparatus, which including the steps of:  
           [0025]    (a) forming a surface optical device functional layer on a first substrate;  
           [0026]    (b) processing the shape, and a first electrode, of the surface optical device;  
           [0027]    (c) forming a second electrode on a second substrate;  
           [0028]    (d) bonding the surface optical device to the second substrate with the first electrode being aligned with the second electrode; and  
           [0029]    (e) removing or thinning the first substrate such that substantially only the functional layer is transferred to the second substrate.  
           [0030]    When a plurality of such surface optical devices are arranged, the method may further include the steps of:  
           [0031]    (f) removing the functional layer between a plurality of the surface optical devices to separate the respective surface optical devices from each other;  
           [0032]    (g) forming a third electrode on each surface optical device;  
           [0033]    (h) forming an insulating layer on the transferred functional layer;  
           [0034]    (i) forming a first hole for establishing an electrode contact, and a second hole for transmitting light, in the insulating layer; and  
           [0035]    (j) forming electrical wiring, electrically connected to the third electrode through the first hole, on the insulating layer and on the second substrate.  
           [0036]    According to such a method, a process for integrating the surface optical device and an electronic device can be achieved with high productivity and high yield.  
           [0037]    The present invention is also directed to a method of fabricating a surface optical device apparatus, which includes the steps of:  
           [0038]    (a) forming a surface optical device functional layer on a first substrate;  
           [0039]    (b) processing the shape of the surface optical device;  
           [0040]    (c) removing the functional layer between a plurality of the surface optical devices to separate the respective surface optical devices from each other;  
           [0041]    (d) forming a first electrode of the surface optical device;  
           [0042]    (e) forming a second electrode on a second substrate;  
           [0043]    (f) bonding the surface optical devices to the second substrate with the first electrode being aligned with the second electrode;  
           [0044]    (g) removing or thinning the first substrate such that substantially only the functional layer is transferred to the second substrate;  
           [0045]    (h) forming a third electrode on the transferred functional layer;  
           [0046]    (i) forming an insulating layer on the transferred functional layer;  
           [0047]    (j) forming a first hole for establishing an electrode contact, and a second hole for transmitting light, in the insulating layer; and  
           [0048]    (k) forming electrical wiring, electrically connected to the third electrode through the first hole, on the insulating layer and on the second substrate.  
           [0049]    Further, according to such a method, a process for integrating the surface optical device and an electronic device can be achieved with high productivity and high yield.  
           [0050]    The present invention is also directed to a method of fabricating a surface optical device apparatus, including the steps of:  
           [0051]    (a) forming a functional layer of the surface optical device on a first substrate;  
           [0052]    (b) processing the shape of the surface optical device;  
           [0053]    (c) removing the functional layer between a plurality of the surface optical devices to separate the respective surface optical devices from each other;  
           [0054]    (d) forming a first electrode of the surface optical device;  
           [0055]    (e) bonding a surface of the functional layer to a third substrate;  
           [0056]    (f) removing or thinning the first substrate such that substantially only the functional layer is left;  
           [0057]    (g) forming a third electrode on an exposed surface of the functional layer;  
           [0058]    (h) forming a second electrode on a second substrate;  
           [0059]    (i) bonding the surface optical devices to the second substrate with the third electrode being aligned with the second electrode;  
           [0060]    (j) removing the third substrate such that only the functional layer is substantially transferred to the second substrate;  
           [0061]    (k) forming an insulating layer on the transferred functional layer;  
           [0062]    (l) forming a first hole for establishing an electrode contact, and a second hole for transmitting light in the insulating layer; and  
           [0063]    (m) forming electrical wiring, electrically connected to the third electrode through the first hole, on the insulating layer and the second substrate.  
           [0064]    According to such a method, a process for integrating the surface optical device with the electronic device can be achieved with high productivity and yield.  
           [0065]    Each of the above methods may further include a step of forming an etching stop layer for selective etching between the first substrate and the functional layer, and the first substrate may be removed by etching which is then stopped at the etching stop layer. In this case, the method may further include a step of removing the etching stop layer after the first substrate is removed.  
           [0066]    The present invention is also directed to a method of fabricating a plurality of optoelectronic multi-chip-modules in a collective manner, which includes the steps of:  
           [0067]    (a) forming a functional layer of the surface optical device on a first substrate;  
           [0068]    (b) forming a plurality of electrodes on a plurality of areas, respectively, on a second substrate;  
           [0069]    (c) bonding at least a surface optical device, such as an array of surface optical devices, which is cut out from the first substrate with the functional layer of the surface optical device, to each such area on the second substrate;  
           [0070]    (d) collectively removing or thinning the first substrate on the second substrate such that substantially only the functional layer remains on each area of the second substrate;  
           [0071]    (e) forming electrical wiring on each such area of the second substrate;  
           [0072]    (f) implementing an integrated circuit, such a Si-IC, on each area of the second substrate; and  
           [0073]    (g) dicing the second substrate such that the respective areas of the second substrate are separated from each other.  
           [0074]    According to this method, a plurality of the optoelectronic MCM&#39;s can be collectively fabricated by a single process, and productivity can be improved.  
           [0075]    These advantages, as well as others will be more readily understood in connection with the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention in connection with the drawings. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0076]    [0076]FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a prior art array of surface emitting lasers with transferred functional layers.  
         [0077]    [0077]FIGS. 2A to  2 H are cross-sectional views illustrating a prior art method of fabricating an optical device with a transferred functional layer.  
         [0078]    [0078]FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a first embodiment of an array of surface emitting lasers according to the present invention.  
         [0079]    [0079]FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view of an optoelectronic MCM according to the present invention.  
         [0080]    [0080]FIG. 4B is a plan view of the optoelectronic MCM according to the present invention.  
         [0081]    [0081]FIGS. 5A to  5 D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method of fabricating an array of surface emitting lasers according to the present invention.  
         [0082]    [0082]FIGS. 6A to  6 C are cross-sectional views illustrating another method of fabricating an array of surface emitting lasers according to the present invention.  
         [0083]    [0083]FIGS. 7A to  7 C are cross-sectional views illustrating yet another method of fabricating an array of surface emitting lasers according to the present invention.  
         [0084]    [0084]FIG. 8 is a plan view of an array of surface emitting lasers with a wiring matrix according to the present invention.  
         [0085]    [0085]FIG. 9 is a plan view of a one-dimensional array of surface emitting lasers according to the present invention.  
         [0086]    [0086]FIG. 10 is a perspective view illustrating a third embodiment of the method of fabricating an optoelectronic MCM on a level wafer according to the present invention.  
         [0087]    [0087]FIG. 11 is a perspective view illustrating a fourth embodiment of an optical wiring device using an optoelectronic MCM according to the present invention.  
         [0088]    [0088]FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of a fifth embodiment of a multi-layer optoelectronic MCM according to the present invention.  
         [0089]    [0089]FIG. 13 is a disassembled perspective view illustrating a multi-layer optoelectronic MCM according to the present invention.  
         [0090]    [0090]FIG. 14 is a view illustrating a laser beam printer using an optoelectronic MCM according to the present invention. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0091]    (First Embodiment)  
         [0092]    The first embodiment of the present invention is directed to a structure in which a surface emitting laser is used as the surface emitting device, and only its functional layer, including a light radiating layer and a mirror layer, is transferred to a ceramic substrate of AlN or the like having good thermal conductivity. FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective view of such a structure. In FIG. 3, the functional layer between the surface optical devices is completely removed.  
         [0093]    An electrode  2  of Ti/Pt/Au is formed on an appropriate place of an AlN ceramic substrate  1  on which a surface emitting laser  3  is implemented, and this electrode  2  serves as a common electrode. A Ti/Pt/Au electrode  4  formed as a p-side electrode of the surface emitting laser  3  is thermally connected to the common electrode  2  with an Au/Sn solder (not shown) disposed on an appropriate portion of the electrode  2 . Besides the solder formed by evaporation or plating, connection may be carried out by using a solder ball, an electrically-conductive adhesive, or a pressure joint between electrodes made of Au.  
         [0094]    The surface emitting laser  3  includes an insulating layer  5 , a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) layer  6  comprised of alternate multiple layers of two kinds of p-AlGaAs semiconductors (where their Al mole fractions, such as, e.g., 0.1 and 0.9, lie in a range between 1 and 0.1), a one-wavelength cavity layer  7  consisting of a multiple quantum well active layer of AlGaAs/GaAs sandwiched by AlGaAs spacer layers, a DBR layer  8  of n-AlGaAs multiple layers, and an n-side electrode  9  of an AuGe/Au layer. A highly-doped layer of GaAs (not shown) is formed at the interface with the electrode to improve the electrode contact. A layer (not shown) of SiN x , or the like, may be formed, as a passibation layer, on the uppermost surface of the n-side with a thickness such that no influence of reflection is created. A light radiation portion  10  has a cylindrical shape with a diameter of 15 μm, and an annular recess on the side of the p-DBR mirror  6  is filled with a ployimide  11  for current constriction.  
         [0095]    The surface emitting laser  3  is processed after the functional layer is epitaxially grown on an n-GaAs growth substrate, and the GaAs substrate is removed after the p-side electrode  4  is bonded on the ceramic substrate  1  as described above.  
         [0096]    As methods for forming the current constriction structure, there are, beside the above-discussed method, a selective oxidization method in which only a high Al-mole-fraction layer of the p-DBR layer  10  is laterally oxidized to create an Al x O y  portion, as well as a method in which an insulating layer is formed around the functional layer by proton injection. Further, an implementation method of this embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 4A can be utilized even where the optical device  3  has a p-side with an uneven, i.e. nonflat, post-type surface.  
         [0097]    In FIG. 3, four surface emitting lasers  3  are shown arranged in a two-dimensional array, but naturally the number of the lasers  3  is not limited to this number. In FIG. 3, two surface emitting lasers on the front side are shown partly cut along cross sections. The lasers  3  can also be arranged in a one-dimensional array as illustrated in FIG. 9, for example. In this case, since electrical wiring from another surface emitting laser is not physically proximate to the surface emitting laser  3 , an insulating layer of polyimide need not be formed on the GaAs surface. Only an insulating layer such as indicated by reference numeral  19  in FIG. 4A needs to be formed on an end surface of the optical device  3 , so that the electrical wiring is insulated from the electrode  2  on the AlN substrate  1 . A separating groove is preferably formed between the devices  3  as illustrated in FIG. 3. The separating groove may be filled with polyimide, or the like, to level the surface. The n-side electrode  9  as illustrated in FIG. 3 has an L-shape such that light from the light radiating region  10  can be emitted from this side. The n-side electrode, however, can have various shapes. The electrode may be formed on the entire surface with a window for transmitting light being formed therein, for example.  
         [0098]    In the above structure, each surface emitting laser  3  has a size of 150 μm×150 μm, and the pitch between the devices  3  is 250 μm. The size and the pitch, of course, are also not limited to these numbers.  
         [0099]    The electric wiring of the n-side electrode  9  and the manner of connection to the Si-IC  20  are illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B. FIG. 4A illustrates a portion of the surface emitting laser, and is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A′ shown in FIG. 4B. In FIGS. 4A and 4B, identical elements and structures to those shown in FIG. 3 are indicated by the same reference numerals.  
         [0100]    The surface emitting laser  3  has a structure as discussed above, and a separating groove between devices is filled with a polyimide  12 . A photosensitive polyimide  13 , as an insulating layer, is formed on the uppermost surface of the laser, and windows  14  and holes  17  are alternately formed in light emitting and electrode contact portions of the insulating layer  13 , respectively, by patterning. The electrode contact is established through the hole  17 , and the electrical connection is provided to the ceramic substrate  1  through electrical wiring  15 . In FIG. 4A, reference numeral  16  designates another electrical wiring provided on the rear side of the figure. Polyimide  19  is also formed on the side wall of the surface emitting laser  3  by self-alignment during a process of polyimide patterning on the surface to establish side wall insulation. More specifically, after the polyimide is entirely coated over the device surface, the polyimide is caused to remain on the side wall in the self-alignment manner when etching is performed using O 2  plasma or the like.  
         [0101]    As illustrated in FIG. 4B, a Si-IC bare chip  20  for driving the surface emitting laser with logic signals is implemented on the ceramic substrate  1  in a flip-chip manner. The bare chip  20  is connected to the surface emitting laser  3  via electrical wiring  15  of Ti/Au. The p-side common electrode  2  of the surface emitting laser  3  is connected to a power source via electrical wiring  18  on the substrate  1 .  
         [0102]    Thus, an MCM can be completed by forming the optical device  3  and the Si-IC  20  on a common substrate  1 . Since the growth substrate of the optical device  3  is removed and the device  3  is thinned, electrical wiring  15  and  16  can be formed by surface processing such as via photolithography. Accordingly, there is no need to employ a wire bonding which is inferior in yield, compactness and speed of signal transmission to the electrical wiring described above.  
         [0103]    In the structure of this embodiment, the fabrication process of the surface emitting laser  3  is accomplished on a compound semiconductor substrate (growth substrate), so that no complicated process is required after the functional layer is transferred to the common substrate  1 . Accordingly, processing conditions of the laser, such as limitations on mechanical strength and heating, can be better tolerated, as compared with the structure of FIG. 1. Further, yield is improved since no alignment precision is required when the device  3  is bonded on the ceramic substrate  1 . Due to the electrodes  2  and  4  being directly bonded to each other, thermal conductivity is excellent, and the characteristics of the surface emitting laser  3  are thus improved. Furthermore, since the p-side electrode  4  is common, i.e., the device can be driven in a common-anode manner, an n-p-n transistor or an n-channel MOC-IC, advantageous due to its high-speed driving capabilities, can be used as the driver IC  20 .  
         [0104]    In the structure of this embodiment, the contact area of the p-side electrode  4 , whose contact resistance is potentially liable to increase, can be enlarged, and therefore, the device resistance can be reduced. Thus, the device characteristics, such as thermal characteristic and output power, can be improved. Although the ceramic substrate is used as the implementation substrate  1  in the above-discussed structure, a Si substrate, a metal substrate, a printed circuit board of glass-epoxy series, or the like can be used as well. If necessary, insulation can be disposed between the devices  3  by forming an insulating layer on the substrate surface, for example.  
         [0105]    A fabrication process of the above-discussed structure will be next described with reference to FIGS. 5A to  5 D. As illustrated in FIG. 5A, an n-GaAs substrate, an n-AlAs etching stop layer, an n-GaAs contact layer (these three layers are not shown), the DBR mirror layer  8  of n-AlAs/AlGaAs multiple layers, the active layer  7  having a thickness of one-wavelength in which undoped AlGaAs/GaAs triple quantum wells are sandwiched by AlGaAs spacer layers, the DBR layer  6  of p-AlAs/AlGaAs multiple layers, and the p-GaAs contact layer (not shown) are epitaxially grown on an n-GaAs substrate  30  by using, for example, a metal organic-chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). An annular recess is then formed by etching down to the active layer  7  to form the light radiating region  10 . The etched portion is filled with polyimide  11  to level the surface. The common p-side electrode  4 , made of Ti/Pt/Au, is formed on the entire surface.  
         [0106]    As illustrated in FIG. 5B, the common electrode  2 , made of Ti/Pt/Au, is formed on the AlN substrate  1 , and the Au/Sn solder (not shown) is formed on a region, on which the surface emitting laser  3  is to be bonded (see FIG. 5C), by evaporation, for example. The common electrode  2  and the common p-side electrode  4  are bonded by pressing and heating.  
         [0107]    As illustrated in FIG. 5C, etching is conducted down to the AlAs etching stop layer using a mixture solution of H 2 O 2  and NH 3  to remove the GaAs substrate  30  on the laser side. The AlAs etching stop layer is etched by HCl to expose the GaAs contact layer. Then, after the separating groove is formed between the devices  3  and filled with the polyimide  12 , the n-side electrode  9  of AuGe/Au is formed. Annealing at 400° C. may be performed for about two minutes to improve the electrode contact. This process also serves as a reflow process of the Au/Sn solder in bonding the AlN substrate  1  to the surface emitting laser  3 .  
         [0108]    As illustrated in FIG. 5D, the n-GaAs surface is covered with the photosensitive polyimide  13  to form the electrical wiring, and polyimide covering the light transmission window  14  and the contact hole  17  is removed by patterning. Then, the wiring pattern  15 , as shown in FIG. 4B, for connecting the n-side electrode  9  to the IC  20  through the contact hole  17  is formed, and the Si-IC  20  is implemented on the substrate  1  in a flip-chip manner.  
         [0109]    In the above-discussed process, the part of the process occurring after the transfer of the functional layer to the substrate  1  is somewhat complicated since the separation of the devices  3  is performed after the removal of the growth substrate. Therefore, alternatively, the separation of the devices  3  can be conducted prior to the removal of the growth substrate. The fabrication process using this method is illustrated in FIGS. 6A to  6 C.  
         [0110]    In FIG. 6A, the surface emitting laser is fabricated as in the case of FIG. 5A. However, a separating groove  40  down to the substrate  30  is formed prior to formation of the p-side electrode  4 , and the insulating layer  5  and the polyimide  11  are then deposited. As is illustrated in FIG. 6B, the wafer is bonded to the AlN substrate  1 , and then, as illustrated in FIG. 6C, the GaAs substrate  30  is removed by etching. The etching is stopped at a state in which the insulating layer  5  formed on the separating groove  40  is exposed. In this case, the separation between the devices  3  has been completed just after the substrate  30  is removed. Consequently, the process after the removal of the substrate  30  can be simplified.  
         [0111]    The substrate  30  is removed by etching in the above-described process, but the substrate  30  can also be thinned by etching and polishing, or by polishing only. The GaAs substrate  30  is polished to a thickness of about 1 μm by chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), for example, and the electrode  9  is formed on the polished surface. In this case, the above-mentioned AlAs etching stop layer and the GaAs contact layer need not be formed, and the n-side electrode  9  can be formed directly on the surface of the thinned GaAs substrate  30 .  
         [0112]    A tape automated bonding (TAB) tape can be used, making the above-described process of the electrical wiring unnecessary. More specifically, electrical wiring is formed on a thin film substrate, such as a polyimide film, and an electrode pad is formed at an area, where electrical contact with the electrode  9  of the laser is needed, on a surface of the thin film substrate opposite to its surface containing the electrical wiring, by a through-hole. The electrode pad is then aligned with and bonded to the electrode  9  of the surface emitting laser. The structure as illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B is thus fabricated. In such case, a hole is formed in the polyimide film for a translucent window.  
         [0113]    In the foregoing, a surface emitting laser of 0.85-μm band has been described, but devices of other materials and wavelength bands, such as an InP-series structure of 1.3-μm band or 1.55-μm band, a red-band structure with an active layer of InGaAlP, an ultraviolet to blue-band structure using GaN series, or the like, can also be employed. Further, a surface light emitting diode (LED) and an organic electroluminescence (EL) device can also be used.  
         [0114]    In the foregoing, the Si-IC is flip-chip implemented in a hybrid manner, but a structure can be likewise adopted, in which a substrate with a Si-IC is used as the substrate  1  illustrated in FIG. 3 and the optical device  3  is then simply transferred on a substrate region beyond the Si-IC. In this case, The region where the Si-IC is fabricated, corresponds to a portion indicated by reference numeral  20  in FIG. 4B.  
         [0115]    (Second Embodiment)  
         [0116]    The second embodiment of the present invention is directed to a structure in which an electrode pattern is formed as a common electrode on an implementation substrate  1 , and a thinned functional layer of a surface emitting laser  3  is simply aligned with and implemented on the implementation substrate  1 . Where the number of devices  3  in an array increases, a wiring matrix as illustrated in FIG. 8 is advantageous in simplifying the structure of the electrical wiring. Therefore, the common electrode on the implementation substrate  1  is separated into a plurality of stripe-shaped portions.  
         [0117]    The structure of the surface emitting laser  3  is similar to that of FIG. 3. An electrode pattern  60  of plural lines is formed on the AlN substrate  1  as illustrated in FIG. 8, and the functional layer of the surface emitting laser  3  is transferred onto the stripe-shaped electrode pattern  60  as in the first embodiment. The p-side electrodes of the devices  3  are separated from each other. An electrode pattern  61  formed on the surface of the GaAs substrate is also shaped into stripe-shaped electrodes as illustrated in FIG. 8.  
         [0118]    The wiring matrix structure can be formed by a process as illustrated in FIGS. 7A to  7 C. In FIG. 7A, the surface emitting laser is fabricated similarly as in the first embodiment, but a window  51  for passing light is opened in a p-side electrode  50  in this case. As illustrated in FIG. 7B, the p-side is bonded to a quartz glass plate  52  with electron wax or the like, the GaAs substrate  30  is then removed, and an n-side electrode  53  is formed. Here, devices  3  are already separated at a stage of the fabrication step of FIG. 7A, so that the electrode separation can be achieved by forming the electrode  53  at an area corresponding to each device.  
         [0119]    In FIG. 7C, the electrode pattern  60  of stripe-shaped electrodes is formed on the AlN substrate  1  as illustrated in FIG. 8. The positional alignment between the electrode pattern  60  and the surface emitting laser  3  can be easily achieved when observation is conducted through the glass substrate  52  using a microscope or the like. Thus, the electrode  53  is aligned with, and bonded to, the electrode pattern  60  in a similar fashion as in the first embodiment. The glass substrate  52 , used as a supporting substrate, can be readily separated by heating. The wax can be completely removed by washing the wafer with xylene.  
         [0120]    After that, the stripe-shaped electrodes  61  as illustrated in FIG. 8 are formed in a similar fashion, as in the first embodiment. The electrode  61  is in contact with the exposed p-side electrode  50 . The electric wiring matrix can be thus fabricated.  
         [0121]    In the second embodiment with the wiring matrix, the n-side electrode can be implemented on the circuit substrate since the common electrode concept is not implemented. When the side of the n-side electrode is bonded, the fall of thermal characteristics due to the current constriction layer of polyimide  11  can be structurally prevented. As can be seen from FIG. 7C, only the AlAs/GaAs layer  8  of a single crystal exists in a portion between the active layer  7  and the substrate  1 , so that thermal conductivity is good and the thermal characteristic of the device is thus improved in the second embodiment.  
         [0122]    (Third Embodiment)  
         [0123]    In the above embodiments, the process of fabricating an MCM is described. However, it is desirable that a collective process be carried out on a wafer to improve the productivity.  
         [0124]    [0124]FIG. 10 illustrates this collective processing manner. In the third embodiment, a relatively inexpensive Si substrate is used. Regions  81 , on which the device is implemented, are arranged in a two-dimensional array at predetermined intervals on the Si substrate  80 . Electrodes are initially formed on the regions  81  on the wafer of the Si substrate  80  as in the first or second embodiment, a necessary number of arrays of surface emitting lasers  84  are cut out from a GaAs substrate  83 , and the arrays of the surface emitting lasers  84  are implemented on the electrodes by a die-bonding apparatus, respectively. When the electrodes are formed by lithography, the electrodes can be arrayed with the precision of a photomask, and the device array  84  can be precisely implemented by the die-bonding apparatus, using pattern alignment. Therefore, a mask alignment process is possible after such implementation.  
         [0125]    The GaAs substrates of the surface emitting lasers  84  are collectively removed by etching on the wafer level. It is here preferable to protect the non-etching regions and the end portions of the lasers by a resist such that they are not damaged. Then, again using a photolithography process, patterning by photosensitive polyimide and formation of electrical wiring are conducted as in the first or second embodiment. Herein, the GaAs substrate is etched, and the thickness of the functional layer of the surface emitting laser left on the Si substrate  80  is approximately 5 μm. Thus, a collective surface process using photolithography can be employed.  
         [0126]    Si-IC&#39;s  85  are then implemented on the necessary portions of the fabricated electrical wiring, respectively. The collective substrate of MCM&#39;s is thus completed. Individual MCM&#39;s can be finally obtained by dicing the Si substrate  80  along the dotted lines  82  as inidicated in FIG. 10. An optoelectronic MCM can thus be achieved at low cost by utilizing the above-discussed steps.  
         [0127]    The Si substrate  80  used in this embodiment is a semi-insulating substrate which can maintain an insulative characteristic between the devices, but an ordinary Si substrate can be used as well. In this case, an insulating layer is formed on a region where insulation is needed (for example, a region where the Si-IC is implemented). Further, an insulating ceramic substrate of AlN or the like can also be used, as in the first embodiment.  
         [0128]    (Fourth Embodiment)  
         [0129]    The fourth embodiment of the present invention is directed to an optical wiring apparatus which uses an MCM with a transferred functional layer. In FIG. 11, an array of surface emitting lasers  95  and a Si-IC  96  are implemented on the MCM  94 , in a similar manner as in the first embodiment. The end of a ribbon fiber  93  of four bundled optical fibers is fixed by a member  91 , and the member  91  is aligned with, and is directly bonded to, the output surfaces of the surface emitting lasers  95  with an ultra-violet (UV) curable resin. Holes  92  for equidistantly fixing the optical fibers are formed in the member  91 . After the fibers has been fixed to the holes  92 , the member  91  and the ends of the optical fibers are simultaneously polished so as to create a flat surface. The member  91  can be made of glass, resin, Si, or the like. Further, the optical fiber may be a quartz fiber, or a plastic optical fiber (POF) which requires no alignment precision and is suitable for use in a short-distance transmission. In particular, POF with a core of all-fluoridated polyimide is used in this embodiment. The POF is usable in a wide wavelength range of 0.6 μm to 1.3 μm.  
         [0130]    An MCM  90  includes a surface light receiving device implemented in place of the surface emitting laser. Similarly constructed as described above, the light receiving device is directly bonded to the member  91  for fixing the end of the ribbon fiber  93 , with resin. The light receiving device may be a p-i-n type, a metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) type, or the like. As its material, any one of GaAs series, Si series, InGaAs series and the like can be selected, depending on signal speed and wavelength band.  
         [0131]    The MCM&#39;s  90  and  94  can be connected to a mother board by any of (i) removable connection using connector pins  97 , (ii) soldering, (iii) flip-chip implementation, or the like. This optical wiring device can be used to connect the boards in an electronic apparatus. In the case of a short distance transmission, a film of arrayed optical waveguides made of resin may be used in place of the optical fiber. As for the alignment, an alignment mark  98  is formed on the substrate of the MCM  94 , and a low-cost optical implementation can be achieved by a passive alignment (in which alignment is conducted while the optical device is not being driven). Further, there can be performed a method in which metal layers are formed on the MCM  90  or  94  and the member  91  for fixing the ends of the arrayed optical fibers, and the bonding is conducted in a self-alignment manner using solder balls, or a method in which a guide member is fixed to a position of the alignment mark.  
         [0132]    (Fifth Embodiment)  
         [0133]    The fifth embodiment of the present invention is directed to a structure in which MCM&#39;s with transferred functional layers are three-dimensionally stacked as illustrated in FIG. 12.  
         [0134]    A Si substrate  100  with an insulating layer formed on its surface is used as a base substrate. A Si-IC bare chip  106  and a surface emitting laser  104  are implemented on the substrate  100  as in the first embodiment, as a first-stage layer. The entire surface is covered with an insulating material  101  to flatten the surface. Contact holes for electrical wiring are then formed, and electrode material  103  is used to fill in these holes. Electrical wiring  102  is formed on the insulating layer  101 . Herein, only the functional layer (a thickness of about 5 μm) of the surface emitting laser  104  with the GaAs substrate removed is implemented, as in the first embodiment. Corresponding thereto, the Si-IC  106  is thinned to about 5 μm by CMP, and implemented. In such case, the following implementation may be conducted. The surface of the Si-IC  106  is set upward, the Si substrate is thinned by polishing, and the polished surface is then die-bonded to the substrate  100 . The contact is thus electrically connected to the electrical wiring  102  through the filled electrode material  103 .  
         [0135]    When the Si-IC  106  is flip-chip implemented with its electrode surface set downward, CMP can be collectively performed in a state wherein the Si-IC  106  and the surface emitting laser  104  are implemented.  
         [0136]    Second-stage and third-stage layers are similarly formed. Here, the structure is stacked after an inter-layer insulating layer  107  is formed. Polyimide, PSG, or the like is usually used as the insulating layer  107 , but an alamido resin may also be used to make the thermal expansion coefficients closer to each other. In the second-stage layer, a light receiving device  105  is implemented, and this device  105  receives optical signals from the surface emitting laser  104  in the first-stage layer. Thus, signal connection between layers of the multi-layer wiring is achieved using light. At the same time, electrical inter-layer connection can also be employed using the downward protruding electrode  103 , as is illustrated in an upper portion (between the second layer and the third layer) of FIG. 12. In this case, the optical connection is preferably used at portions where high-speed transmission or inter-layer insulation is required.  
         [0137]    In FIG. 12, the layer, where the surface emitting laser  104  is implemented, is shown as separate from the layer where the light receiving device  105  is implemented. Those devices, however, may alternatively be implemented in the same layer.  
         [0138]    As a method of fabricating such a three-dimensional MCM, a method, in which respective layers are separately formed and these layers are then stacked, can be used. This fabrication method will next be described with reference to FIG. 13.  
         [0139]    A surface emitting laser  111 , a light receiving device  112  and a Si-IC  113  are implemented on an AlN film  110  (a thin layer of resin containing AlN), for example, as in the first embodiment. The surface is flattened by a coverage with an insulating layer  114 , and a wiring pattern is fabricated by forming contact holes on the surface (the wiring is omitted in FIG. 13). The wiring pattern may be formed on the AlN film  110  beforehand. The semiconductor devices  111  and  112  are thinned by CMP as discussed above.  
         [0140]    Holes  116  are bored by etching, laser-abrasion, or the like, at places where an inter-layer connection (either optical or electrical) is needed. The electrode material is put in the hole  116  at a place where an electrical connection is needed.  
         [0141]    When the insulating film is formed of a material transparent to a wavelength of light, no holes are needed for the optical connection. Further, where all connections are optically conducted, no holes are needed. The fabrication process is thus facilitated, and costs can be reduced.  
         [0142]    Implementation of L, C and R passive elements are indispensable for the purpose of constructing a module having a function such as a daughter board. A layer for implementing these passive devices may be provided in the multi-layer wiring board, or these devices may be implemented on an uppermost layer. As illustrated in FIG. 13, thin passive elements  115  with approximately the same thickness (5 μm) as that of the thinned semiconductor device may be implemented on the common layer.  
         [0143]    After implementation is completed on each layer, the layers are stacked on the base substrate  100  and the AlN films  110  are bonded by heating and pressing. The three-dimensional MCM can be thus fabricated. Besides the AlN film  110 , a film of polyimide, alamido resin, or the like may be used. Further, after each layer is implemented on a base substrate of Si, or the like, as illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B, each base substrate may be thinned by polishing and may be stacked.  
         [0144]    The three-dimensional MCM using light for inter-layer connection can be functioned as a compact high-speed electronic functional device, or as a mother or daughter board itself which composes part of an electronic apparatus. Further, since electromagnetic-wave noises radiated from the board can be reduced by using optical connections, the costs of noise abatement or avoidance can be reduced. In particular, the described MCM is effectively used in compact portable equipment, such as portable phones, mobile equipment, notebook-sized personal computers, digital cameras, and camera recorders.  
         [0145]    (Sixth Embodiment)  
         [0146]    The sixth embodiment of the present invention is directed to a laser beam printer in which an array of the above-discussed surface emitting lasers is used. FIG. 14 illustrates its schematic structure.  
         [0147]    When an optoelectronic MCM  120  with a laser array of the present invention is used as a light source (the array is arranged in an extending direction of a rotary axis of a polygonal mirror  121 , i.e., a direction perpendicular to a drawing sheet or an auxiliary scanning direction), a plurality of optical writings in a band form can be carried out on a photosensitive drum  123  during a single scan, as is illustrated in FIG. 14. Printing can be thus achieved at a very high speed. The pitch between beams on the photosensitive drum  123  can be set to a desired amount by a lens system  124 . For example, a pitch of 20 μm on the photosensitive drum  123  can be obtained by using the array with a pitch of 125 μm between surface emitting lasers. A one-dimensional array of eight surface emitting lasers or the like can be more readily used than the two-dimensional array. In this embodiment, a laser of 0.77 μm band is used. In FIG. 14, there is also provided an optical receiver  122 , used for adjusting timing.  
         [0148]    Though there is a limit to the number of revolutions of the polygonal mirror  121 , a high-speed laser beam printer can be readily achieved by using the above optoelectronic MCM  120  with the integrated Si-IC of the present invention.  
         [0149]    Further, where an array of end-facet emitting lasers is used, a large amount of injection current is needed, and hence power requirements increase. In contrast, when the array of surface emitting lasers of this invention is employed, power requirements can be reduced drastically (i.e., to about a tenth of that of a conventional apparatus). The reason therefor is that the surface emitting laser can be driven with about 10 mA while the driving current for the end-facet emitting laser is about 50 mA. When the number of lasers in the array is increased, for example, to about 1200 pixels, a high-speed laser beam printer, in which the optoelectronic MCM is scanned without the polygonal mirror, can be achieved.  
         [0150]    The surface optical device of this invention can be likewise used as a light source in CD-ROM systems, magneto-optical disc systems, and the like.  
         [0151]    As described in the foregoing, according to this invention, there can be achieved a structure in which characteristics of the surface optical device are not lowered when the surface optical device and the electronic device are integrated, where no high precision of alignment is required at the time of implementation, and whose productivity is high.  
         [0152]    Except as otherwise disclosed herein, the various components shown in outline or block form in any of FIGS.  1 - 14  are individually well known in the optical device, electronic circuit devices, IC techniques, and optical printing systems arts, and their internal construction and operation are therefore not described herein.  
         [0153]    While the present invention has been described with respect to what is presently considered to be the preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. The present invention is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.