Abstract:
An animal training device for administering audio stimulus and physical encouragement to an animal. The trainer has a transmitter with variable signal strength. The animal worn device had a receiver that senses the signal strength. If the signal strength drops to a preset limit indicative of distance from the transmitter, a tone is sounded. Further signal drop results in a shock being delivered. Alternatively, a trainer module comprises an RFID poller and an animal module comprises an RFID tag. The poller sends a polling signal to the RFID tag. The polling signal is reflected back to the trainer module where the reflective signal is used to determine a separation distance. If the separation distance exceeds a preset threshold, an encouragement command is sent from the trainer module to the animal module.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 10/865,466, filed Jun. 10, 2004, currently pending, which is a continuation in part application of application Ser. No. 09/591,167, filed Jun. 9, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,748,902. The 10/865,466 and the 09/591,167 applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND  
       [0002]     This invention relates generally to training of animals. More particularly the present invention is a form of wireless electronic leash and training aid for animals.  
         [0003]     Animal training, particularly for household pets such as dogs, requires a great deal of patience. Further the training of dogs in particular has been the subject of many books for both owners as well as professional trainers regarding how to best train an animal to obey the wishes of its owner.  
         [0004]     In the field of training, various devices have been invented which are designed to keep animals within a confined area. For example the now ubiquitous “electronic fence” is seen everywhere as a means of keeping animals within a specific area. The electronic fence comprises a wire surrounding an area in which an animal is to be confined. An electronic current placed on the wire giving it a magnetic field and/or the wire is used as an RF transmitter. A collar is then attached to the animal which is capable of sensing the electronic field. When the strength of the electronic field is at a certain level, an audible warning is given to the animal. As the animal gets closer to the buried wire, an electronic shock is administered to the animal thereby providing a physical incentive for the animal to stay away from the buried electrical wire. Over a training period of time, the animal become becomes familiar with the meaning of the audible sound and the general location of the buried wire. In this fashion the animal is trained to stay within a confined area by virtue of the audible signal and the electronic shock in the event that the animal gets too close to the buried wire.  
         [0005]     However, animal owners cannot carry a buried wire wherever they go. As a result teaching an animal to “heel” must be accomplished by means of leashes and other physical means.  
         [0006]     Animal control devices of various types have been the subject of much invention. For example, it has been proposed to have an animal worn radio signal receiver having appropriate electronics to receive a signal from an antenna and to administer both audible stimulation and electrical stimulation. For additional details, refer to U.S. Pat. No. 5,425,330 issued to Touchton et al.  
         [0007]     It has also been proposed to provide a collar worn device having an antenna receiver controller and high voltage generator to administer a shock to an animal. This device relies upon the fact that electrical field strength with a receiving antenna decreases with distance from a transmitter. This invention relies upon a stationary transmitter to provide the appropriate signal. A shock is administered to the animal that strays beyond a distance from the transmitter. For additional details, refer to U.S. Pat. No. 4,898,120 issued to Brose.  
         [0008]     Another proposal relies upon field strength changes to administer a shock to an animal based upon an animal worn device. Transmitters are stationary in defined locations where the animal is permitted and not permitted to go. For additional details, refer to U.S. Pat. No. 5,642,690 issued to Calabrease et al.  
         [0009]     Another proposal takes the form of electronic fence and control device. The control device is worn by the animal and is combined with a radio frequency transmitter for generating radio signals. When the animal strays too close to a wire having a certain field strength a shock is delivered to the animal via an animal worn device. A provision is made for both audible stimulation and electrical stimulation when an animal strays too close to the limits of a defined area. For additional details, refer to U.S. Pat. No. 5,067,441 issued to Weinstein.  
         [0010]     Another proposal comprises an animal worn device with an electrode for providing a shock to the animal. This system comprises a perimeter wire placed at the boundary of a defined space that sends a signal through the perimeter wire to generate a coded field. When the animal strays too close to the buried wire the collar delivers a electrical shock stimulus to the animal. This system is generally stationary with the receiver carried by the animal. For additional details, refer to U.S. Pat. No. 5,353,744 issued to Custer.  
         [0011]     Yet another electronic containment system has been proposed wherein the animal or person wears a transceiver that also delivers an audible signal, a deterring shock or both when the person or animal leaves a predefined area. A stationary home base station detects and reads data transmitted from the transceiver. Again, one of the embodiments of this invention comprises a buried wire for defining a perimeter. Again a stationary system for transmission with, in this instance a transceiver, being worn by the individual or animal to be controlled. For additional details, refer to U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,489 issued to Yarnall et al.  
         [0012]     Another proposal has an animal worn unit that comprises a GPS receiver, transmitter, and a programming unit that allows a person to program the location for a particular boundary in geographic terms. When a GPS signal is received that indicates the animal is near a predefined boundary, an electrical stimulation is administered. Thus the animal worn device in this instance comprises the stimulation means but also comprises a GPS receiver combined with an audible signal and electrical shock generation means. For additional details, refer to U.S. Pat. No. 5,868,100 issued to Marsh.  
         [0013]     Another proposed system comprises an animal worn device capable of receiving an electronic signal and applying an adverse electrical stimulus and audible signal to control an animal. This invention discloses a portable transmitter that has certain buttons for administering sound, shock, and combination of both upon a specific actuation by the animal trainer. Various stimuli administered to an animal are administered only in response to push buttons that are depressed. For additional details, refer to U.S. Pat. No. 4,335,682 issued to Gonda et al.  
         [0014]     Another proposed portable transmitter cooperates with an animal worn receiver that applies stimulation to the skin of the animal. In this instance the portable unit allows a trainer to select a stimulus to be applied to the animal when the trainer desires. For additional details, refer to U.S. Pat. No. 4,802,482 issued to Gonda.  
         [0015]     Yet another proposal comprises a hand held transmitter that controls a receiver unit, which is attached to a collar worn by an animal to be trained. In this case voice commands are communicated to an animal via a speaker that is associated with the receiving unit worn by the animal. In the event that the animal disobeys a particular command, negative reinforcement is provided in the form of a mild electrical shock. For additional details, refer to U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,116 issued to Kim et al.  
         [0016]     Another proposes system comprises an animal worn device for delivering audible or electrical stimulation to an animal if it fails to conform to expected behavior. A portable transmitter sends the signal that is desired by the animal trainer. Again in this instance the animal trainer takes positive action to transmit a RF control signal to the collar mounted receiver simulator unit. For additional details, refer to U.S. Pat. No. 5,054,428 issued to Farkus.  
         [0017]     Another proposal uses yet another form of a GPS receiver type device. The animal worn GPS receiver comprises both the GPS system and an adverse stimuli-administering circuitry to shock the animal wearing the device. Thus not only can animal control be administered but the animal can be tracked as well. Adverse stimuli are applied using a hand held remote control unit to adversely stimulate the animal wearing the collar. The hand held unit determines the GPS position of the animal and administers a stimulus as desired by the trainer. Thus, the position of the trainer and the position of the animal are calculated and the trainer administers the shock as desired. For additional details, refer to U.S. Pat. No. 5,857,433 issued to Files.  
         [0018]     A buried electric fence system is designed for confining the movement of an animal to a defined area. A radio signal is transmitted through an antenna that defines the area. This system is a form of buried wire system that defines a perimeter by virtue of the buried wire. A signal is sent through the buried wire such that when an animal approaches the wire, a collar worn receiver administers a mild electrical shock to the animal. For additional details, refer to U.S. Pat. No. 5,465,687 issued to Custer.  
         [0019]     Yet another proposal provides an animal worn device that receives a signal from a transmitter. The animal worn receiver has a means to administer a stimulus to the animal. Both audible and electrical shock stimulus are administered to the animal when there is an electrical indication of a signal loss as when the animal wanders away from a predefined area. A fixed antenna transmits an RF signal to the collar worn device. For additional details, refer to U.S. Pat. No. 5,381,129 issued to Boardman.  
         [0020]     Another animal worn control device has a receiver that receives a radio signal and a transducer for applying a stimulus to the animal in response to the signal. This invention addresses the programming apparatus associated with a programmable animal control device. This control device allows operating frequency of the receiver to be controlled the type and intensity of shock and audio stimulus as well as related perimeters. For additional details, refer to U.S. Pat. No. 5,533,469 issued to Touchton et al.  
         [0021]     Thus it can be seen that much of the background art discloses animal collars and their circuitry, means for applying electrical shocks and audible stimuli to the animal worn device, a wide variety of “buried wire” systems together with associated stationary transmitters. All of which circuitry is disclosed in the references cited. Further several instances of portable transmitters are also illustrated for control of GPS, and for allowing animal trainers to administer shocks to animals when desired. Much of the circuitry in the references cited will be known by those skilled in the art to be applicable to the present invention.  
         [0022]     However, what would be truly useful would be a system that comprises a form of “electronic leash” or training device which can be variably preset by an animal owner and operated in automatic mode to help train and control an animal when the owner and animal are moving such as when the owner is walking the animal. Such a system and method would allow the training of an animal to take place regardless of the location of the owner. Such a system would allow an owner to train an animal in the animal&#39;s own backyard and, when the owner and the animal are in another location other than the home. Such a system would be portable and operate without the need of a connection to household current at all times. Such a system would allow the owner to spontaneously alter the conditions of training by adjusting the training perimeter on the fly by adjusting the transmitted signal strength.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0023]     It is therefore an aspect of the present invention to be able to train animals.  
         [0024]     It is a further aspect of the present invention to train animals regardless of the location of where the owner and animal happen to be.  
         [0025]     It is yet another aspect of the present invention to train animals without the need for a leash.  
         [0026]     It is still another aspect of the present invention to train animals without the need for an electrical connection to a household current.  
         [0027]     It is still another aspect of the present invention to train animals using wireless technology.  
         [0028]     It is a further aspect of the present invention to allow wireless animal training apparatus to be adjustable so that various ranges for animal motion can be set.  
         [0029]     It is further an aspect of the present invention to allow the trainer using a wireless animal training apparatus to adjust on the fly the training perimeter by permitting spontaneous adjustment of the transmitted signal strength.  
         [0030]     These and other aspects of the present invention will become apparent from a review of the specification that follows.  
         [0031]     The present invention comprises a system and method for the training of animals. The present invention comprises two basic elements. The first element is the trainer device (TD). The trainer device is the device that is held by the trainer and has variable settings as will be more fully explained. The second element of the invention is the animal device (AD). The animal device is basically a receiver as will be more fully explained below.  
         [0032]     The trainer device comprises a power supply, which can be a rechargeable or single use battery. The power supply supplies power to a processor that has certain variable settings as may be desired by the trainer. The processor is connected to an RF transmitter that transmits a radio signal having a limited range.  
         [0033]     For purposes of training, the trainer may desire to set a range at which alarms of various types may be created for the animal being trained. This allows essentially a distance radius over which an animal may move before an alarm is given to the animal. This distance radius is variably set in the training device by the trainer. Thereafter the processor provides appropriate energy to the transmitter to allow the desired radius distance to be set.  
         [0034]     In the beginning of a training session, the trainer may desire the animal to be kept very close in radius distance to the trainer. Once the animal is trained, the trainer can extend the radius distance by a simple setting on the training device.  
         [0035]     The second element of the present invention is the animal device (AD). The AD comprises a power supply, which can be a rechargeable or single use battery. The animal device is worn as a collar around the animal so that the appropriate signals and physical encouragement can be applied. The animal device further comprises a receiver having the ability to measure signal strength. When signal strength is high, no audible or other physical indicator is given to the animal. When the receiver senses a signal strength at some intermediate level, an audible warning is given to the animal that it should not stray further from the trainer. If the signal strength descends to a low level, a physical “encouragement” in the form of a shock is given to the animal so that it does not stray farther from the trainer.  
         [0036]     While training may initially occur with the use of some physical means such as a leash in order to both provide a physical feedback that is accompanied by the audible feedback, eventually the training device of the present invention will be able to be used without a physical restraining means by the trainer.  
         [0037]     In an embodiment of the present invention, a lead-less animal training device comprises an animal module worn by an animal and a trainer module.  
         [0038]     The animal module comprises an RFID tag that receives a polling signal and transmits a reflected signal, a command receiver, and physical encouragement means. The trainer module comprises an RFID tag query manager that sends the polling signal, an RFID receiver that receives the reflected signal from the RFID tag. The trainer module determines a separation distance between the animal module and the trainer module based on an attribute of the reflected signal and transmits a physical encouragement command when the separation distance exceeds a predetermined threshold. In an embodiment of the present invention, the attribute of the signal is a measure of signal strength associated with a separation distance. In another embodiment of the present invention, the attribute of the reflected signal is that the reflected signal is not detectable by the receiver. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the attribute of the reflected signal is the time of reception of the reflected signal relative to the time the polling signal is sent.  
         [0039]     The command receiver in the animal module receives the physical encouragement command. The physical encouragement means administers physical encouragement to the animal in response to the physical encouragement means. In an embodiment of the present invention, the physical encouragement command comprises a shock command and the physical encouragement means comprises a shock producer. In another embodiment of the present invention, the shock command is issued when the separation distance exceeds a shock threshold distance. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the physical encouragement command comprises an audio command and the physical encouragement means comprises a sound producer. In this embodiment, the audio command is issued when the separation distance exceeds an audio threshold distance. In still another embodiment of the present invention, the physical encouragement command comprises a shock command issued when the separation distance exceeds a shock threshold distance and an audio command issued when the separation distance exceeds an audio threshold distance, and the audio threshold distance is less than the shock threshold distance.  
         [0040]     In an embodiment of the present invention, the RFID query manager is adapted to vary the polling signal power. In another embodiment of the present invention, the RFID query manager is adapted to vary the RFID receiver sensitivity.  
         [0041]     In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a lead-less animal training device comprising and animal module worn by an animal and a trainer module. The animal module comprises an RFID tag adapted to receive a polling signal and to transmit a reflected signal, a command receiver, and physical encouragement means. The reflected signal comprises an identifier unique to the RFID tag.  
         [0042]     The trainer module comprises an RFID tag query manager that sends the polling signal and an RFID receiver that receives the reflected signal from the RFID tag. The trainer module acquires the RFID tag identifier from the reflected signal and determines a separation distance between the animal module and the trainer module based on an attribute of the reflected signal. In another embodiment of the present invention, the attribute of the reflected signal is that the reflected signal is not detectable by the receiver. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the attribute of the reflected signal is the time of reception of the reflected signal relative to the time the polling signal is sent.  
         [0043]     The training module selects a transmission link based on the RFID tag identifier and transmits a physical encouragement command over the selected transmission link when the separation distance exceeds a predetermined threshold associated with the RFID tag identifier.  
         [0044]     The command receiver of the animal module receives the physical encouragement command over the selected transmission link and administers physical encouragement to the animal in response to the physical encouragement means. In an embodiment of the present invention, the physical encouragement command comprises a shock command and the physical encouragement means comprises a shock producer. In another embodiment of the present invention, the shock command is issued when the separation distance exceeds a shock threshold distance. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the physical encouragement command comprises an audio command and the physical encouragement means comprises a sound producer. In this embodiment, the audio command is issued when the separation distance exceeds an audio threshold distance. In still another embodiment of the present invention, the physical encouragement command comprises a shock command issued when the separation distance exceeds a shock threshold distance and an audio command issued when the separation distance exceeds an audio threshold distance, and the audio threshold distance is less than the shock threshold distance.  
         [0045]     In an embodiment of the present invention, the RFID query manager is adapted to vary the polling signal power. In another embodiment of the present invention, the RFID query manager is adapted to vary the RFID receiver sensitivity. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0046]      FIG. 1  illustrates the overall architecture of the present invention including the training device and the receiver.  
         [0047]      FIG. 2  illustrates a general schematic of the training device.  
         [0048]      FIG. 3  illustrates a general schematic of the animal device.  
         [0049]      FIG. 4  illustrates an alternative embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0050]      FIG. 5  illustrates the animal-worn portion of the device of the present invention.  
         [0051]      FIG. 6  illustrates a leash embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0052]      FIG. 7  illustrates the logical elements of an animal training system utilizing an RFID tag and poller according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0053]     As noted above, the present invention comprises both a system and method for animal training using a wireless training device and animal device. Referring first to  FIG. 1 , a generalized architecture of the present invention is illustrated. The trainer carries the training device  10  that comprises a transmitter for transmitting an RF signal to an animal device  12  worn by the animal. The radius distance  14  is configurable by the trainer.  
         [0054]     Referring to  FIG. 2 , the training device of the present invention is generally illustrated. Training device  10  comprises a power supply  16  which can be either a rechargeable or single use battery. In the event that the battery is a rechargeable one, the training device can be recharged with household current  26  or the battery can be removed from the unit and charged in a charger connected to household current.  
         [0055]     The power supply is connected to a microprocessor  18  that comprises processing capability and for storage of variable parameters. The variable parameters are input by a variable setting means  20  which can be a dial, digital setting or other types of setting means known in the art. When the trainer desires to set a specific radius distance, such a distance in input in the variable setting  20  thus providing instructions to the processor  18 .  
         [0056]     Once the processor receives settings on the desired radius distance, the signal is sent to the transmitter  22  to apply the appropriate power to the transmission as instructed by the processor  18 . A signal is then transmitted over antenna  24  which can then be received by the animal device  12 . Depending upon the radius distance set by the trainer, the transmitted signal will be stronger or weaker as desired. The radius distance setting is adjustable on the fly by the trainer. This provides the trainer with the ability to spontaneously alter the conditions of training for the animal, without need to first bring the animal back into close proximity.  
         [0057]     Referring to  FIG. 3 , the animal device is illustrated. Animal device  12  is a self-contained unit that is worn on a collar or other attachment to the animal. For example, a horse may the animal device in some form of harness whereas a dog may have it in a form of collar. The method of affixing the animal device to the animal is not meant as a limitation. Any means known in the art for affixing devices to animals is satisfactory for the present invention.  
         [0058]     Animal device  12  receives the signal from training device  10  via an antenna  30 . The antenna is connected to an internal receiver  32  that has the capability of receiving and digitizing the signal strength  34  so that the signal strength can be determined. Once the signal strength  34  is determined it is provided to a microprocessor  36  in the animal device. Micro processor  36  interprets the signal strength and, depending upon the level of the signal strength, sends a signal to an audible alarm  38  which in turn powers a speaker  42  which provides an audible signal to the animal when the signal strength is at some intermediate or warning level.  
         [0059]     If the animal continues to wander further after hearing the audible alarm, the receiver  32  continually senses signal strength  34  and provides the appropriate digital signal to processor  36  that the signal is below a certain level indicative of a further radius distance from the trainer. When the signal strength drops below a certain level indicative that the animal has wandered farther than the trainer would desire, and beyond the audible signal  38  a signal is sent to an electric current generator  40  which then applies an electrical current via electrodes  44  to the animal administering a mild shock thereby providing a physical “encouragement” to the animal to return to the appropriate radius distance from the trainer.  
         [0060]     The animal device also can operate from single use or rechargeable batteries  48  which provides power to the animal device. If rechargeable batteries are used, the entire unit can be plugged into household current or the batteries can be removed and recharged in a battery charger.  
         [0061]     Referring to  FIG. 4 , an alternative embodiment of the present invention is illustrated. In this instance the variable setting is established by virtue of setting a radius distance on the animal device rather than on the trainer device. Thus  FIG. 4  illustrates the trainer device having a somewhat more simplified architecture comprising a power supply  16  connected to a transmitter  22  which transmit over an antenna  24 . Thus the need for a variable power setting in the transmitter is eliminated.  
         [0062]     Referring to  FIG. 5 , the animal-worn portion of the device of the present invention is illustrated. In this instance animal device  12  comprises an antenna  30  which is connected to a receiver  32  in turn is powered by battery  48 . The receiver  32  calculates signal strength  34  and inputs the signal strength information to processor  36 . In this instance however the processor can receive variable settings from a variable input device  50 . This device sets various levels within processor  36  indicative of the radius distance that the trainer desires to have and at which outer limits of radius distance signals an physical encouragements are provided to the animal. Once the variable setting is set  50  on the animal device  12  the processor  36  constantly monitors the signal strength  34  to determine whether an audible feedback to the animal should be given. If audible feedback is to be given  38  a tone is provided over speaker  42  to the animal. If the signal strength drops below a certain level as set by the variable setting  50  a shock is administered  40  to the animal over electrode  44 .  
         [0063]     As noted above part of the animal training process may require some physical restraint such as a leash in order to have the animal associate various distances with tones and shocks. However, once the animal learns of the various audible and physical signals, training can continue without the physical restraining means.  
         [0064]     To further assist in training the animal and as noted above the animal worn portion of the present invention can also receive strength signals based upon the strength with which the animal pulls on the leash or lead of the owner. Referring to  FIG. 6 , the leash or lead embodiment of the animal-worn portion of the device of the present invention is illustrated. In this instance animal device  12  comprises a transducer  60  connected physically to the leash or lead either directly to the leash or via a transducer on the animal collar connected to the remaining circuitry of the present invention. The transducer or other similar strength measuring gauge such as spring, strain gauges or any other device capable of measuring and sensing the pull place on the leash or lead by the animal. The transducer is and the remaining portions of the system are powered by battery  48 . The transducer  60  measures the signal strength placed on the leash by the animal and inputs the signal strength information to processor  36 . In this instance however the processor can receive variable settings from a variable input device  50 . This device sets various levels within processor  36  indicative of the strength of pull, and the limits, which the trainer desires to have and at which limits of pull a physical and/or audio encouragement is provided to the animal. Once the variable setting is set  50  on the animal device  12  the processor  36  constantly monitors the signal strength from transducer  60  to determine whether an audible feedback to the animal should be given. If audible feedback is to be given  38  a tone is provided over speaker  42  to the animal. If the signal strength exceeds the limit set by the trainer by the variable setting  50  a shock is administered  40  to the animal over electrode  44 .  
         [0065]     In this fashion the animal learns that pull too hard during a session results in negative reinforcement. Thus the animal learns not to pull.  
         [0066]     In another embodiment of the present invention, RFID technology is used to establish the communications between the training device and the animal worn part.  FIG. 7  illustrates the logical elements of a leadless electronic tether utilizing an RFID tag according to embodiments of the present invention. Referring to  FIG. 7 , a trainer module  700  comprises an RFID tag query manager  702 , a signal acquisition element  704 , a signal processor  710 , an object identification manager  715 , a separation manager  720 , a manual/automatic mode selector  725 , an alarm  730  and a trainer input  735  (for manual mode selection), a processor  740  (for automatic mode selection), and a transmitter  750 . Not illustrated is a power supply that powers the components of the trainer module  735 .  
         [0067]     The animal module  800  comprises an RFID tag  810 . In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 7 , RFID tag  810  is a passive device. However, the present invention is not so limited. Semi-passive or active RFID tags may be utilized in animal module  800  without departing from the scope of the present invention. RFID tag  810  comprises memory  815  in which code  820  is stored. Memory  815  may be either a read only memory or programmable read/write memory. Receiver  830  provides signals to an audio alarm  835  and/or a shocking system  840  based on signals received from transmitter  750 . Power supply  850  is illustrated to make clear that RFID tag  810  requires no source of power to operate for its intended purpose.  
         [0068]     RFID query manager  702  sends a query signal during a preset time period. In another embodiment of the present invention, the power of the query signal sent by query manager  805  may be adjusted thereby allowing a separation distance threshold between the trainer module  700  and the animal module  800  to be established. The query signal is received by RFID tag  810  and reflected back to trainer module  700 . The reflected signal comprises the code  820  stored in memory  815 .  
         [0069]     Signal acquisition element  704  receives the reflected signal emitted by RFID tag  810 . The signal acquisition element  710  comprises a device or devices appropriate to receive the signal generated by RFID tag  810 . In an embodiment of the present invention, the sensitivity of the signal acquisition element  704  may be adjusted thereby allowing an additional means by which a separation distance threshold between the trainer module  700  and the animal module  800  may be established.  
         [0070]     The reflected signal from the signal acquisition element  704  is received and processed by signal processor  710 . The processed signal is sent from signal processor  710  to an object identification manager  715  to obtain the animal module code  820 . The signal is also provided to separation manager  720  to determine if the distance between the animal module  800  and the trainer module  700  exceeds a preset separation distance. If the preset separation distance is exceeded, the separation manager  720  sends an alert signal to manual/automatic mode selector  725 . In one embodiment of the present invention, separation manager  720  determines that the preset separation distance has been exceeded based on a lack of a reflected signal from RFID tag  810 .  
         [0071]     In another embodiment of the present invention, separation manager  720  uses the signal strength of the reflected signal to determine that the preset separation distance has been exceeded.  
         [0072]     In yet another embodiment of the present invention, separation manager  720  measures the delay between the transmission of the polling signal and reception of the reflected signal to determine that the preset separation distance has been exceeded.  
         [0073]     As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, other means may be used to determine that the preset separation distance has been exceeded without departing from the scope of the present invention.  
         [0074]     In conjunction with the variable power of the query signal emitted by query manager  702  and the variable sensitivity of the signal acquisition element  704 , the separation distance threshold may be adjusted.  
         [0075]     In an embodiment of the present invention, the manual/automatic mode selector  725  is set to “manual” and the alert signal is sent to alarm  730 . In another embodiment of the present invention, the manual/automatic mode selector  725  is set to “automatic” and the alert signal is sent to processor  740  and then to alarm  730 . In an embodiment of the present invention, alarm  730  comprises an audible alarm and a visual indicator that identifies the particular animal module  800  that has exceed the preset separation distance. By way of illustration and not as a limitation, the visual indicator may be a LED indicator and/or an LCD display. In yet another embodiment, the alarm  730  comprises a voice synthesizer that announces that an animal has exceeded the predetermined separation distance. Optionally, the animal is identified by name or a descriptor.  
         [0076]     The code  820  associated with RFID tag  810  permits the animal module  700  to track the behavior of more than one animal. Because the code  820  may be unique, the code also allows multiple trainer modules to be operated in proximity to each other without interference.  
         [0077]     In the automatic mode, processor  740  of trainer module  700  determines a response to the animal&#39;s behavior based on preset user selections. In the manual mode, the user selects from an audio stimulus, a shock stimulus, or a combined shock and audio stimulus. The response is sent to transmitter  750 .  
         [0078]     In an embodiment of the present invention, transmitter  750  sends signal to animal module  800  using a modulation and channel selection scheme to permit the signals to be selectively received by receiver  830 . By way of illustration and not as a limitation, transmitter  750  uses a spread spectrum modulation scheme keyed to the RFID code  820 .  
         [0079]     Receiver  830  receives the signal from transmitter  750  and actuates the audio stimulus device  835 , the shock stimulus device  840  or both.  
         [0080]     A system and method for training of animals using a wireless device has been illustrated. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the scope of the invention disclosed and that the examples and embodiments described herein are in all respects illustrative and not restrictive. Those skilled in the art of the present invention will recognize that other embodiments using the concepts described herein are also possible. Further, any reference to claim elements in the singular, for example, using the articles “a,” “an,” or “the” is not to be construed as limiting the element to the singular. Moreover, a reference to a specific time, time interval, and instantiation of scripts or code segments is in all respects illustrative and not limiting.