Abstract:
A method and apparatus for selecting a modulation type and forward error correction (FEC) configuration and a sub-carrier map to maximize data throughput in a multi-carrier orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system for use in an inherently noisy network, such as power line distribution networks. A sub-carrier map or is constructed by selecting a sub-set of available sub-carriers using estimated sub-carrier SNR values and two predefined criteria, a SNR threshold and a useful sub-carrier ratio. The invention leverages the error correction capacity of FEC to maximize data throughput.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
         [0001]    This is the first application filed for the present invention.  
         MICROFICHE APPENDIX  
         [0002]    Not applicable.  
         TECHNICAL FIELD  
         [0003]    The present invention relates generally to the field of spread spectrum communications and more particularly, to carrier selection in a multi-carrier communications system for use on noisy network media such as power lines.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0004]    The use of spread spectrum techniques for data communications is well known. Specifically, it is well known in the art to use multi-carrier orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for power-line communications systems due to resilience to time-dispersive channels and narrow band interferers. In a power-line based, home networking environment, amateur radio transmissions, short wave broadcasts and other power line communications devices are examples of potential sources of such interference.  
           [0005]    In a frequency selective channel and/or a colored noise environment some sub-carriers or tones in a multi-carrier modulation scheme may be noisy and experience low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values that will make them susceptible to errors. This results in poor fidelity of the received data and/or a significantly reduced throughput due to the necessity of re-transmitting lost packets.  
           [0006]    Throughput under these circumstances can be improved by introducing forward error correction (FEC), selecting different modulation techniques and by avoiding noisy sub-carriers by selecting only acceptable sub-carriers. A range of different algorithms for selecting the appropriate sub-carriers and modulation modes have been proposed in the literature. Techniques known in the art include looking at the SNR values of individual sub-carriers and eliminating sub-carriers that have a bit-error rate (BER) below a specified threshold, prior to forward error correction (FEC) decoding. A possible problem with this technique is that the decoded BER is very sensitive to small changes in the BER prior to decoding. Therefore small errors in the SNR estimation may result in a sub-carrier map which has a high BER after decoding.  
           [0007]    International patent application WO 01/41341, entitled “Enhanced Channel Estimation”, filed Dec. 6, 2000 by Intellon Corporation, discloses a method for identifying usable carriers for a particular modulation type and selecting, if possible, a modulation type. The method requires that a specific number of carriers have a phase noise above a specified threshold. The method computes an average amount by which the carriers exceed the threshold and then ensures that this average is above a certain margin threshold. A possible disadvantage of this method is that modulation types having useful data capacity are not considered for selection. Another possible disadvantage of this method is that it does not leverage the error correcting capabilities of FEC to maximize throughput.  
           [0008]    There is, therefore, a need for a more effective method for selecting appropriate sub-carriers in a multi-carrier modulation system for use in a noisy environment, that leverages the inherent capacity of FEC to optimize throughput in an OFDM communications system.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0009]    It is an object of the present invention to provide an efficient and robust method and apparatus for selecting appropriate sub-carriers in a multi-carrier modulation system for use in a noisy environment.  
           [0010]    It is another object of the invention to provide a method for selecting sub-carriers in a multi-carrier modulation system to improve data throughput.  
           [0011]    The present invention therefore provides a method of selecting a sub-set of available sub-carriers or tones in a multi-carrier modulation system for use in data transfer based on measured or estimated sub-carrier SNR values. The selected sub-set of sub-carriers is referred to as a sub-carrier map. The selection is performed based on two parameters for each available modulation/FEC configuration: a predetermined SNR threshold  m , and a predetermined sub-carrier ratio r m  where the subscript m associates the parameter with a certain configuration. A sub-carrier map is computed for each available modulation/FEC configuration and the configuration is selected that provides the highest throughput.  
           [0012]    The invention also provides power network interface (PNI) with a sub-carrier map selector that constructs sub-carrier map for each modulation/FEC configuration used by the PNI for data transfer over a power line network, such as a home power line network.  
           [0013]    One advantage of the present invention is that it leverages the error correction capabilities of FEC to improve data throughput by utilizing more sub-carriers for data transfer.  
           [0014]    A further advantage of the invention is that it provides flexibility by permitting the parameters  m  and r m  to be easily tunable for improved performance.  
           [0015]    A further advantage is that using two thresholds provides for more flexibility than a simpler scheme such as only selecting sub-carriers with a SNR greater than a given threshold value.  
           [0016]    Yet a further advantage of the present invention is that it is simpler than selecting sub-carriers based on a given BER prior to FEC decoding. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0017]    Further features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in combination with the appended drawings, in which:  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a home power line network for interconnecting multiple type devices, each of which uses a power network interface (PNI) that contains a sub-carrier map selector in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of a power network interface (PNI) showing a sub-carrier map selector and its associated input and output parameters in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram of a sub-carrier map selector in isolation and its associated input and output parameters in accordance with one embodiment of the invention; and  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating steps for selecting a modulation/FEC configuration and sub-carrier map in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
       [0022]    It will be noted that throughout the appended drawings, like features are identified by like reference numerals.  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0023]    [0023]FIG. 1 shows a home power line network  100  used for interconnecting different types of devices, each of which uses a power network interface (PNI)  108  that is coupled to the network  100  via a connection  112 . The receiver of the PNI  108  is adapted to construct sub-carrier maps and perform modulation configuration selection.  
         [0024]    The home power line network  100  may include, for example, data-processing devices such as one or more personal computers (PC)  116 ; a file, video or audio server  110 ; kitchen net appliance  114 ; networked audio device  130  that is connected to amplified speakers  132  that can be controlled by a remote control unit  122 ; an infrared or a radio frequency base-station  120  that can be controlled by the remote control unit  122 , a voice interface module  118  with a voice recognition system; and a set-top box  124  that is connected to a flat panel/TV  128  and also to a video server device  126 . The home power line network  100  has access to the internet via an internet gateway  106  that is connected to the internet via a DSL or a cable connection  104 .  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 2 shows a simplified block diagram of a power network interface (PNI)  108 , coupled to the network  100  via connection  112 , showing a sub-carrier map selector  202  in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. The sub-carrier map selector  202  is controlled by controller  208  which is typically incorporated in the power network interface. The sub-carrier map selector  202  receives signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values, SNR i    206  for each sub-carrier i from a transmitter/receiver  204 . In one embodiment of the invention, the SNR i    206  is estimated by first obtaining a noise estimate by measuring received power at each sub-carrier i when the respective sub-carrier is not carrying data. Signal power is then computed by subtracting the noise power from a received power at sub-carrier i when the respective sub-carrier is carrying data. SNR i  is then computed by dividing the signal power by the noise power. Other methods of estimating a SNR for each sub-carrier are also known and can be used with success.  
         [0026]    The PNI supports several modulation/FEC configurations. Examples of modulation techniques include differential binary phase shift keying (DBPSK) and differential quadrature phase shift keying (DQPSK). For each supported configuration m, a SNR threshold  m    212  and a sub-carrier ratio r m    210  are selected for use by the sub-carrier map selector  202 . The SNR threshold  m    212  is represented in decibels and sub-carrier ratio r m    210  is represented as a decimal fraction. These parameters are conveniently established using data derived through simulation, so that the bit error rate (BER) after FEC decoding is at an acceptable level.  
         [0027]    Another parameter used by the sub-carrier map selector  202  is c m    214 , which represents the data capacity of each sub-carrier for each modulation/FEC configuration m. C m  is primarily a function of the number of bits per symbol for continuation of the modulation type and the forward error correction algorithm used in the configuration.  
         [0028]    The sub-carrier map selector  202  uses the input parameters  m , r m  and c m  to construct a sub-carrier map  216  for each configuration m. The sub-carriers for use in data transmission are selected so that the predetermined ratio r m    210  of the selected sub-carriers have a SNR greater than  m    212 . The sub-carrier map selector  202  then selects the best mode  218  representing the modulation/FEC configuration m  218  having the highest throughput. The algorithm for selecting the best modulation/FEC configuration using the sub-carrier map will be further described below with reference to FIG. 4.  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the sub-carrier map selector  202  and associated input and output parameters. As explained above, the input parameters include:  
         [0030]    SNR i , where i=1, 2, . . . , n; and n equals the number of sub-carriers and SNR i  is the estimate of signal-to-noise ratio of sub-carrier i;  
         [0031]    r m , where m=1, 2, . . . , m; and m equals the number of modulation/FEC configurations (modes), and r is the ratio of sub-carriers having a SNR i &gt; m ;  
         [0032]    [0032] m , where is the SNR threshold for modulation/FEC configuration m; and  
         [0033]    c m , where c is the transfer capacity of the modulation/FEC configuration m.  
         [0034]    These input parameters are used, as explained below, to generate a sub-carrier map  216  for each modulation/FEC configuration. The sub-carrier maps  216  are then used to select a best one of the modulation/FEC configurations (best mode  218 ).  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 4 is a flowchart representing an exemplary embodiment of the method in accordance with the present invention for constructing the sub-carrier maps for each modulation and FEC configuration, and using the sub-carrier maps to select the best modulation/FEC configuration. Before the process is begun, a SNR estimate SNR i  is computed for each of the sub-carriers (m). As explained above, the SNR threshold  m  and sub-carrier ratio r m  for each mode m is predetermined empirically through measurement or simulation so that the bit error rate (BER) after FEC decoding is at an acceptable level. The data capacity c m  in bits per second per sub-carrier for each modulation/FEC configuration m is also known.  
         [0036]    The method begins by initializing a mode counter m at step  402 . The mode counter m is incremented at step  404  for each mode m. A counter k m , for counting sub-carriers with a SNR greater than the threshold  m , is initialized at step  406 , and a sub-carrier counter i is initialized at step  408 . The sub-carrier counter i is incremented at step  410 . At step  412 , the SNR i  for each sub-carrier i is compared to the threshold  m  for mode m. If SNR i  is above  m , then k m  is incremented at step  414 . Steps  412  and  414  are repeated for each of the sub-carriers. A final value of k m  after step  416  then represents the number of sub-carriers with a SNR greater than the threshold  m . Since the sub-carrier ratio r m  implies that a certain number of sub-carriers can have a SNR i  below the threshold  m  and still be useful if the inherent error correction capacity of FEC is leveraged, step  418  calculates the number of useful sub-carriers n m  by dividing the number of sub-carriers with a SNR greater than the threshold  m  by the sub-carrier ratio r m . More specifically, the method uses the equation: 
           n   m =min( n,  floor( k   m   /r   m )).  EQ (1) 
         [0037]    Equation (1) ensures that an integer value no greater than the maximum number n of available sub-carriers is derived. At step  420 , the sub-carrier map for mode m is constructed by selecting n m  number of sub-carriers having the largest SNR i . At step  422 , the throughput t m  for mode m is computed using the equation: 
           t   m   =n   m   c   m .  EQ (2) 
         [0038]    After the throughput for the current mode  6  is computed, the value of m is compared with a predefined value M, which equals the total number of modulation/FEC configurations to be evaluated (step  424 ). When m=M, the calculations have been performed for each mode m. At step  426 , the throughputs t m  for each mode m are compared, and the mode having the highest throughput is selected as being the best mode. The selected mode and the sub-carrier map associated with this mode can then be used by the transmission system.  
         [0039]    As an example, if there are 76 sub-carriers (n=76), and one of the modes has 52 sub-carriers having a SNR i  above the threshold  m  (k m =52) and a specified sub-carrier ratio r m =0.8, then n m =min(76, floor(52/0.8))=65. The sub-carrier map for that mode therefore consists of the 65 sub-carriers having the highest SNR. That is, the 52 sub-carriers that were determined to be above the threshold, plus an additional 13 of the remaining 24 sub-carriers with the highest SNR. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, one of the modulation/FEC configurations may be a robust transmission mode designed to ensure communication under the poorest channel conditions (albeit with a low throughput). Such a robust mode is commonly achieved by using a FEC scheme with high redundancy and/or by transmitting multiple copies of each data symbol. If conditions on a majority of the sub-carriers are particularly noisy, this robust transmission mode will be selected as the modulation/FEC configuration having the highest throughput, however, fail-over to this mode only occurs when the poorest channel conditions exist.  
         [0040]    The method and apparatus in accordance with the invention therefore leverages the error correction capabilities of FEC to permit data transmission over some sub-carriers even if those sub-carriers are subject to a certain level of error-inducing noise. Data throughput is thereby improved and robust transmission mode is only selected when absolutely necessary.  
         [0041]    The embodiment(s) of the invention described above is(are) intended to be exemplary only. The scope of the invention is therefore intended to be limited solely by the scope of the appended claims.