Abstract:
A method of manufacturing a display module, including the steps of: providing a substrate; and forming on the substrate using the same manufacturing process an image display having an array of addressable display pixels and pixel driver circuitry responsive to control signals and image data for driving the pixels; and a digital signal processing circuit having an input interface over which image data and control signals are received; a frame buffer for storing image data and from which image data is read during a display refresh; a display matrix driver circuit for receiving image data from the frame buffer and supplies control signals to the pixel driver circuitry; a control circuit for coordinating storage, retrieval, and display operations, such that the display module is capable of display refresh independently of external control; and an image processing circuit for improving the visual perception of the displayed image

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to display devices and, more specifically, to flat panel display devices that are driven by external control signals.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    Conventional flat panel image display devices such as liquid crystal and LED display devices are controlled through the use of some interface, either analog or digital. In digital-processor based systems, these devices are then driven by digital/analog hybrid devices that drive the display and receive digital control signals from external computing devices. Additionally, image data must typically be buffered in some external memory device or devices.  
           [0003]    [0003]FIG. 1 shows a typical LED display device  200  that includes a grid of row  202  and column  204  addressing lines. A light emitting diode  206  is located at the juncture of each row and column addressing line. Pixel driver circuitry includes a column shift register  208  and a row shift register  210 , and row and column drive amplifiers  212  and  214 . In operation, image data and control signals are delivered to the row and column shift registers to control the drive amplifiers to produce an image on the display. LCD panels and other flat-panel display technologies employ similar device structures, where the pixel site light emitting diodes  206  are replaced by other light modulating technologies. However, the row and column addressing circuitry operates in a similar manner.  
           [0004]    Referring to FIG. 2, a typical display system includes an external device  220  that produces image data to be displayed. The image data is processed in digital signal processing circuit  222  that produces the control signals and data in a format that is useful to the display device  200 .  
           [0005]    A number of manufacturers offer driver integrated circuitry for driving flat panel displays, and other integrated circuits for processing digital image pixel data to improve the quality of displayed images. For example, the SED1355 controller offered by Seiko-Epson Corporation (Tokyo, Japan) is a generic controller that produces the proper timing of control signals for flat-panel display devices adhering to the various industry accepted liquid-crystal display and cathode ray tube standards (both digital and analog). Sony Corporation (Tokyo, Japan) manufactures a chip set to perform image processing and driving of its LCDs. The CXD2461 offered by Sony Corporation is a signal processor and timing generator containing various image processing functions such as brightness and contrast correction as well as gamma lookup correction capabilities. Image processing is performed on all pixel data in real time, as is required in video applications. However, for still images, the same pixel data is reprocessed every time the display device is refreshed. This is inefficient in processor usage and requires more complex circuitry and high data rates, consuming more power than necessary. The signal processor and timing generator also outputs various LCD timing signals for designated Sony LCD panels. The CXA2112R offered by Sony Corporation directly drives designated Sony LCD panels via analog signaling. These and other display drivers are physically separate from the display device and require a cable connection to transfer signals from the driver to the display as well as circuit board traces to transfer image data from the image processing circuitry to the driver chip. This has the disadvantages of increased system cost, size, complexity, and added susceptibility to noise. The need for two or more separate devices raises the cost of the system and makes it more complex to design, integrate, manufacture, and use. Often, a separate packaging step is required to integrate the driving device(s) and the display device.  
           [0006]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,793,363, issued Aug. 11, 1998 to Takuwa describes a flat panel controller that buffers a frame of an image in a memory external to the display, drives the controller at a first clock frequency, and sends it to the flat panel for display at a second clock frequency.  
           [0007]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,737,272 issued Apr. 7, 1998 to Uchiyama et al., discloses a device consisting of a display panel and a circuit substrate that may contain driver electronics mounted on such a display panel. However, the manufacturing process here requires at least three major sub-processing steps:  
           [0008]    manufacturing of the display panel, manufacturing of a driver electronics substrate, and the mounting and bonding of the driver electronics substrate on the display panel. This manufacturing process suffers from the inefficiencies of time and added cost for multiple assembly lines. U.S. Pat. No. 6,005,652 issued Dec. 21, 1999, to Matsuhira discloses a liquid crystal display device in which an integrated circuit is incorporated into an LCD panel. Once again, the additional manufacturing step of incorporating the integrated circuit is required to produce the display device.  
           [0009]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,258,325 issued Nov. 2, 1993, to Spitzer et al., discloses a display device with digital circuitry on the same substrate. Here, the circuitry is formed on a first substrate, lifted off, and then transferred to a second display substrate. This is a difficult and costly manufacturing step.  
           [0010]    Because some active matrix flat panel displays can be fabricated using a process common to that of integrated circuits, there is the opportunity to manufacture such a display containing highly integrated digital circuitry simultaneously. This display simplifies system design and increases system performance because it eliminates costly interconnects, decouples imaging functionality from the main processor, and can run more power efficiently.  
           [0011]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,055,034 issued Apr. 25, 2000 to Zhang et al, discloses a “system-on-panel,” where a liquid crystal display panel also contains peripheral driving circuits. These peripheral driving circuits include processor circuitry as well as memory. An earlier patent by Zhang (U.S. Pat. No. 5,995,189, issued Nov. 30, 1999) describes a manufacturing process by which such a “system-on-panel” may be produced.  
           [0012]    Sharp-USA (Mahwah, N.J.) also has disclosed a “system-on-panel” concept. Such a device contains both pixel driver and controller circuitry on a common substrate.  
           [0013]    Toshiba Corporation (Tokyo, Japan) has announced a liquid crystal display device that contains a single bit of memory located at each pixel site on a semiconductor substrate. This device exhibits the benefits of a self-refreshing display, decreasing system power consumption and improving system cost over more conventional flat panel display technologies. However, any image processing that could help improve the quality of the displayed image must be performed external to the device. This would require either an external processor of increased computational power, or other dedicated integrated circuitry. In either case, the system modularity is decreased, since a display-specific function is performed at a physically different location than the display itself. This could increase system debug time, as well as overall system cost, size, and complexity. The need for extra components or additional processing power elsewhere in the system often increases system power dissipation. Additionally, any extra power consumption implies increased current draw from the voltage sources. In battery-powered systems, the amount of operational time between battery recharges is decreased, making the system less usable and perhaps more expensive to run.  
           [0014]    There is a need therefore for an improved method for manufacturing a “system-on-panel” display module to add image processing functionality, so that the image display quality is improved in a manner that also improves system modularity and usability for flat panel display-specific functionality, and lowers system parts counts and external processing requirements.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0015]    This need is met according to the present invention by manufacturing a display module, by providing a method of manufacturing a display module, that includes the steps of: providing a substrate; forming on the substrate using the same manufacturing process an image display having an array of addressable display pixels and pixel driver circuitry responsive to control signals and image data for driving the pixels; a digital signal processing circuit having an input interface over which image data and control signals are received; a frame buffer for storing image data and from which image data is read during a display refresh; a display matrix driver circuit for receiving image data from the frame buffer and supplies control signals to the pixel driver circuitry; a control circuit for coordinating storage, retrieval, and display operations, such that the display module is capable of display refresh independently of external control; and an image processing circuit for improving the visual perception of the displayed image.  
         ADVANTAGES  
         [0016]    By including image processing on the common substrate, the current invention has the advantages of increased modularity, reduced complexity, decreased system part count, and a simpler interface between an external image source and the display device. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0017]    [0017]FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a flat panel display known in the prior art;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a typical imaging system known in the prior art;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the components of a display module manufactured by the method of the present invention;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a block placement of an embodiment of the present invention, where the digital signal processing circuit is placed on the periphery of the image display to improve pixel response time and to provide efficient layout with reduced power needs and improved signal integrity;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a block placement of an embodiment of the present invention, where the frame buffer memory elements are embedded within the image display at light emitting elements to improve pixel response time layout with reduced power needs and improved signal integrity;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a block placement of an embodiment of the present invention, where the digital image processing circuit and frame buffer memory elements are embedded within the image display at each light emitting element, improving image data processing parallelism and pixel response time, and lower clock rates;  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a block placement of an embodiment of the present invention, where the digital image processing circuitry and frame buffer memory elements are embedded within the image display such that a single digital image processing circuit drives some subset of frame buffer memory elements located at each light emitting element, improving image data processing parallelism and pixel response time, while utilizing as much substrate area;  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a block placement of an embodiment of the present invention, where a first portion of the digital image processing circuit is placed on a different area of the substrate than the image display, and where a second portion of the digital image processing circuitry and frame buffer memory elements are embedded within the image display such that a single digital image processing circuit drives some subset of frame buffer memory elements located at each light emitting element, improving image data processing parallelism and pixel response time, but reducing clock rate;  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 9 is a diagram showing an input interface implemented for IR communication;  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an input interface implemented for RF communication;  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 11 is a diagram showing an input interface implemented for fiber optical cable reception;  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 12 is a diagram showing digital image processing functionality in a preferred embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the digital image processing circuitry implemented in two blocks to take advantage of differing clock rates and minimizing power consumption, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 14 is a diagram showing the implementation of the frame buffer circuit using dual-ported synchronous memories in the present invention;  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 15 is a diagram showing the implementation of the frame buffer circuit using a synchronous FIFO and a single-ported synchronous memories in the present invention;  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 16 is a diagram showing the voltage generation functionality in a preferred embodiment of the present invention; and  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 17 is a diagram showing an embodiment of the present invention in which an image decompression block is added to the digital signal processing circuitry. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0034]    Referring to FIG. 3, a display module, generally designated  10 , is manufactured according to the present invention by the integration of an image display  11  and a digital signal processing circuit  14  that includes: a display driver  30 ; a frame buffer  40 ; an input interface  44 ; a control circuit  46  capable of refreshing the image display  11  from the frame buffer  40 ; and a digital image processing circuit  42 , on a common substrate  12  with the image display  11 . Frame buffer  40  consists of frame buffer memory elements  43  capable of storing a digital image data value. According to a preferred embodiment, the image display  11  is an organic electroluminescent display, with light emitting diode pixels  206  at pixel locations  350 , that is formed using a conventional integrated circuit manufacturing process, in which the image display is formed on the substrate  12  using the same manufacturing process as is used for producing the digital signal processing circuit  14 .  
         [0035]    The formation of the digital signal processing circuitry  14  on the same substrate  12  as the image display  11  and the capability of the control circuit  46  to refresh the image display  11  without the use of control signals or data produced external to the display module  10 , provides power savings over multiple discrete devices because the display module circuitry may be driven at lower core voltages on a single substrate without the need for translation to higher voltages for improved noise margins when going off-chip. Such voltage translation is then eliminated between the image display  11  and a separate display driver, between the display driver  30  and a separate frame buffer, and between the frame buffer  40  and a separate digital image processing circuit.  
         [0036]    Additionally, signal transmission within a single device does not require the higher current drive levels for signals driven off-chip, further reducing power consumption. A circuit architecture where digital image processing is performed prior to image data storage minimizes the number of total operations performed over a number of still-image refreshes of the image display  11 , potentially making the digital image processing clock rate less than the display pixel clock rate. This further decreases the amount of power consumption in such an imaging system.  
         [0037]    According to one embodiment, the manufacturing method of the present invention is started by preparing the surface of the substrate  12 , e.g. glass, by cleaning, smoothing, and polishing. Metal interconnections may then be deposited on the substrate  12  followed by a thin film of silicon. Photo-lithographic techniques are used to pattern the silicon creating the digital circuitry necessary to implementing the digital signal processing circuitry  14  and removing the silicon in areas where light emitting pixels of the image display  11  are to be placed.  
         [0038]    Further deposition is performed to create the active components, insulating components, and connections. Ion implantation is performed to dope the appropriate components in typical configurations. Transparent conductors are deposited on the substrate  12  in the areas where the light emitting pixels are to be placed and were previously etched free of the thin-film silicon. The last layer deposited covers all of the silicon and active device areas on the substrate  10  except the transparent conductors.  
         [0039]    The transparent conductors are then cleaned using a plasma in a vacuum chamber to react with impurities to form an ash which can be washed away. Once the transparent conductors are cleaned, light emitting materials, such as organic light emitting diode materials, can be deposited. To do this, a mask is placed over the substrate  12 , obscuring everything but the transparent conductors as closely as possible. The assembly is then placed in a vacuum chamber and exposed to heated emissive material that sublimes and coats the transparent conductors. Various materials are coated in sequence and on different portions of the substrate  12  to obtain the various colors, and to optimize performance of the light emitting diodes. Once these depositions are concluded, the device is enclosed with a cover and sealed with an epoxy glue.  
         [0040]    In a preferred embodiment, the invention is employed in an image display  11  that includes Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs), which are composed of small molecule polymeric OLEDs, as disclosed in, but not limited to, U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,292, issued Sep. 6, 1988 to Tang et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,061,569, issued Oct. 29, 1991 to VanSlyke et al. This technology provides a technical platform on which an integrated image display module can be constructed. Many combinations and variations of OLED can be used to fabricate such a device. OLED devices can be integrated in a micro-circuit on a conventional silicon substrate  12  and exhibit the necessary characteristics. Alternatively, OLED devices may also be integrated upon other substrate materials, such as glass or steel having a pattern of conductive oxide and amorphous, polycrystalline, or continuous grain silicon material deposited thereon. The deposited silicon materials may be single-crystal in nature or be amorphous, polycrystalline, or continuous grain. These deposited materials and substrates are known in the prior art and this invention, and may be applied equally to any micro-circuit integrated on a suitable substrate.  
         [0041]    The topological organization, or layout, of the circuitry can be optimized to enhance the performance of the display module  11 . The use of a common semiconductor manufacturing process makes such topological organization possible, and allows the digital signal processing circuit  14  to be mixed with the elements of the image display  11 . Various circuit topologies can be constructed, optimizing the characteristics of the display module as desired, accounting for area usage, pixel fill factor, interconnect delays, pixel response time, noise, cost, digital signal processing circuit  14  complexity, display module  11  design time, display module  11  manufacturing yield, and display module  11  packaging.  
         [0042]    In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the digital signal processing circuit  14  and the image display  11  are formed on different areas of the substrate  12  and interconnects  16  between the digital signal processing circuit  14  and the image display  11  are also formed on the common substrate  12  in the same manufacturing process. This embodiment has the advantage of decoupling the digital signal processing circuit  14  from the image display  11 , which is most amenable to the current commonly used design and manufacturing processes. Digital signal processing circuitry  14  is generally designed using different fabrication design rules than the image display  11 . Separating circuitry designed according to different design rules makes the manufacturing process easier to control and therefore maximizes display module  10  yields. Additionally, the use of uniform design rules over a substrate area makes the circuit more spatially regular thereby increasing the area use efficiency by allowing a more dense deposition of circuit elements than mixing circuitry of different design yields would allow. This, in turn, has the potential of reducing cost for the display module  10 .  
         [0043]    According to an alternative topological embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the digital signal processing circuit  14  is physically placed around the periphery of the image display  11  on the common substrate  12 . The circuitry is arranged to increase circuit response time, but still separate the image display  11  and the digital signal processing circuit  14 . Typically, the frame buffer memory elements  43  that comprise the frame buffer  40  are placed to minimize interconnect delays between the frame buffer memory elements  43  and the light emitting diode pixels  206  within the image display  11 . The digital image processing circuit  42 , the control circuit  46 , the input interface  44  circuitry, and the display driver circuit  30  are then placed around the frame buffer  40  in a manner that allows the frame buffer  40  to be driven efficiently. The digital image processing circuit  42 , the control circuit  46 , and the display driver circuit  30  may physically exist in a multiplicity of nonadjacent parts, but together provide the functionality described in this disclosure. Placing circuitry in a way that minimizes interconnect delays increases circuit response time, decreases signal loss and noise gain in interconnects, and decreases interconnect line widths, therefore decreasing cost.  
         [0044]    Another topological embodiment is shown in FIG. 5. Here, the image display  11  contains pixel locations  350 . Each pixel location  350  contains some portion of the digital signal processing circuit  14 , most typically the frame buffer  40 , and a light emitting diode  206 . This embodiment has the advantage that the digital signal processing circuitry can process digital image data or offer pixel control local to the actual light emitting diodes  206 , storing results at the pixel locations  350 , thereby allowing for faster access to processed digital image data by the display pixels. This can potentially offer faster operating speeds and add less noise to the image data, since the interconnect lengths are shorter.  
         [0045]    Different granularities of such intermixing may be used to achieve various design goals. FIG. 6 shows one such topological embodiment, where each pixel location  350  may have its own digital image processing circuitry  14 . This embodiment provides the maximum amount of digital image processing parallelism, with the tradeoff of increased logic complexity, allowing for the greatest amount of displayed digital image data improvement. Or, the same image processing functionality as the embodiment of FIG. 3 is allowed, but with the circuitry operating at lower clock rates, allowing savings in dynamic power consumption.  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 7 shows a topological embodiment where a group of pixel locations  350  share a single digital image processing circuit  14 , where multiple digital image processing circuits  14  are embedded physically within the image display  11 . This embodiment shares the advantages of the embodiment of FIG. 6 with the duplication of the digital image processing circuitry  14  and its locality to the pixel locations  350 , but consumes less substrate area, thereby decreasing manufacturing complexity.  
         [0047]    According to a further alternative embodiment, only a portion of the digital image processing circuitry  14  is intermixed with the elements of the image display. FIG. 8 shows such a topological embodiment. Here, the input interface  44  and a first portion  50  of the digital image processing circuitry  42  are located in one area of the substrate  10 , but the frame buffer memory elements  43 , which together form the functionality of frame buffer  40 , and a second portion  70  of the digital image processing circuitry are located at the pixel locations  350  in the image display  11 . The results of the first portion  50  of the digital image processing circuit  42  are sent to the image display  11  via the display driver  30 . Interconnects within the image display  11  send the data to the appropriate digital signal processing circuitry  70 . The display driver  30  coordinates this image data routing. This embodiment is useful for applications in which the digital image processing circuit operations can be divided into two distinct parts. The first part is defined by operations that are repetitive on each individual digital image data value, and not dependent on neighboring digital image data values. These operations are performed by the first portion  50  of the digital image processing circuit  42 , and include contrast, brightness, and gamma correction. The second part is defined by operations that correct actual image display  11  defects or that are in some way dependent on neighboring digital image data values. These operations are performed by the second portion  70  of the digital image processing circuit  42 , and include pixel defect correction and pixel luminance uniformity correction. The second part is defined by operations that correct actual image display  11  defects or that are in some way dependent on neighboring digital image data values. It then becomes convenient to locate the frame buffer memory elements  43  near the second portion  70  of the digital image processing circuit. Parts of the digital processing circuitry  14  not relating to specific pixels, rows, or columns, are formed on a separate region of the substrate  12  to optimize the communication speeds of the pixel-specific logic and display elements, by minimizing routing complexity.  
         [0048]    The remainder of this discussion focuses on the logic functionality implemented on the substrate  12 , and is not concerned with the topology in which it is implemented. It is assumed that the logic is implemented in a topology that maximizes the effectiveness of the overall display module  10  according to design requirements, such as logic functionality, clock speed, cost, routing complexity, fill factor, manufacturing process yields, or packaging requirements.  
         [0049]    [0049]FIG. 3 shows the electronic functionality of one embodiment of a color display module  10  formed on a common substrate  12  according to the present invention. The digital signal processing circuit  14  includes a display driver  30  that provides image data and control signals to the color image display  11  at the proper time so that the image is displayed on the image display  11 . The digital signal processing circuitry  14  includes a frame buffer  40  having storage locations for the color image data for each pixel and image processing circuitry  42  to modify the image, for example so that it looks more pleasing to the observer than the unmodified image. The digital signal processing circuit  14  also contains an input interface  44  for receiving image data from an external device and supplying the image data to a digital image processing circuit  42 . The digital signal processing circuitry  14  also includes a control circuit  46  for coordinating the operation of the other digital circuitry components in the digital signal processing circuit  14 , and a display driver  30  that sends image pixel data and control signals to the image display  11  in a format suitable for it.  
         [0050]    The input interface  44  may be used to connect to signals in various physical formats. These formats include digital electronic signals transmitted via copper wire, photonic signals transmitted via optical wire or via a wireless means, and electromagnetic signals transmitted via some wireless radio frequency standard, in which case the input interface  44  includes a radio receiver. The input interface  44  is usually capable of two-way communications so that status, error, and handshaking messages and feedback can be transmitted to the source of image data.  
         [0051]    [0051]FIG. 9 shows an implementation of the input interface  44  where data is received via wireless photonic means such as an IR transponder. A light sensor  300  senses input light and converts it to an analog electric signal, either current or voltage. This analog electric signal is converted to a digital signal by using an amplifier  302  and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC)  304 . The resulting digital information is used as digital control signals and digital image data by the digital signal processing circuit  14 . Feedback is accomplished using an encoder  309  to encode the various control signals and messages into a time or intensity modulated form. A digital-to-analog conversion may occur in the encoder  309 . The resulting voltage is amplified and filtered by an amplifier  308 , and transmitted optically to the image data source by a light emitter  307 . The feedback control signals are generated by the control circuit  46 .  
         [0052]    [0052]FIG. 10 shows an implementation of the input interface  44  where data is received electromagnetically. Electromagnetic communications includes radio frequency (RF) and microwave communication. Here, an antenna  310  receives the electromagnetic signal in the radio frequency or microwave ranges. The electromagnetic signal received by the antenna  310  is typically amplified and filtered by amplifier  312 . The information content is extracted from the amplified signal by a demodulator  314  and decoded by a decoder  316 . The decoder  316  often includes a decision circuit for mapping noisy received signals into known digital code values that represent digital information. The resulting digital information is used as digital control signals and digital image data by the digital signal processing circuit  14 . Feedback is accomplished using an encoder  319  to encode the various control signals and messages into a time or intensity modulated form. A digital-to-analog conversion may occur in the encoder  319 . The resulting voltage is modulated onto some carrier frequency by a modulator  318 . The resulting modulated signal is amplified and filtered by an amplifier  317 , and transmitted electromagnetically to the image data source by the antenna  310 . The feedback control signals are generated by the control circuitry  46 .  
         [0053]    [0053]FIG. 11 shows an implementation of the input interface  44  where data is received via an optical wire means. An optical cable is plugged into an optical cable connector  320 . Light representing digital image data and control signals is sent from an image source and is transmitted via this optical cable, received at the optical cable connector  320  and sensed by a light sensor  322 . The light sensor  322  outputs an electronic signal representing the sensed light. A pulse shaping circuit  324  amplifies, filters, and perhaps decodes this electronic signal and extracts timing information. A decision making circuit  326  then takes this electronic signal and timing information and determines digital code value for the received signal. The resulting digital information is used as digital control signals and digital image data by the digital signal processing circuit  14 . Control signal feedback may be sent to the image source via the same optical cable connected to optical cable connector  320 . The signals from the control circuit  46  are brought into a driver circuit  329 , which converts the control signal voltages into current pulses. These current pulses then modulate a light source  328 . The light output by the light source  328  is transmitted to the optical cable via the optical cable connector  320 .  
         [0054]    The input interface  44  accepts image data and control signals that coordinate the timing of this image data transfer to display module  10 . The input interface  44  may also accept control information, such as coefficients used in image processing, and commands for initializing the input interface  44  to perform as desired in implementations where the display module  10  is designed to operate in more than one manner. Image data and control information may be differentiated either by using different physical conductors or wavelengths for transmission, or by using some predefined encoding/decoding scheme when common conductors or wavelengths are used to carry control and image data information in a time multiplexed manner.  
         [0055]    The input interface  44  may be either synchronous or asynchronous, and may receive data at varying rates. Additionally, the input interface  44  may be a serial interface (able to accept one bit at a time), or a parallel interface (able to accept multiple bits simultaneously). A parallel interface, in general, may accept any desired number of bits simultaneously, but more commonly may accept some number of complete image data color values simultaneously. It may accept one image data color value at a time, which is the same as one pixel at a time in monochrome display implementations. Or, for multicolor displays, the interface may accept a multiplicity of image data color values simultaneously such that the number of image data color values equals the number of colors that the image display is capable of displaying, or a multiplicity of full pixels simultaneously.  
         [0056]    [0056]FIG. 12 shows one embodiment of the digital image processing circuitry  42  for the display module embodiment shown in FIG. 3. This implementation includes circuitry to modify the image contrast  60  and brightness  62 , typically through table lookup logic or through scaling and shift operations. The same operations can be applied to each individual color channel,  64  and  66 . Image gamma correction circuitry  68  corrects the image gamma, and may be a lookup table or some implementation of a mathematical calculation. This embodiment operates at the input image data rate. The digital image processing operations are performed on the digital image data prior to storage in the frame buffer  40 . For still images, the digital image data passes through the digital image processing circuit  42  only once, no matter how many times the same digital image data is used to refresh the image display  11 . The display refreshes use digital image data read from the frame buffer  40 . Therefore, the digital image processing circuit  42  can operate at a slower clock rate and possibly disabled while the image display  11  is being refreshed from previously processed and buffered data and no new image data is being brought into the display module  10 .  
         [0057]    The digital image processing circuitry  42  may include additional functionality, including pixel luminance uniformity correction, and pixel defect correction. FIG. 13 shows one such implementation. Here, the same substrate  12 , digital signal processing circuit  14 , and display module  10  are illustrated. However, the image contrast, brightness, and gamma correction performed by a first area of the digital image processing circuit  50  while a second area of the digital image processing circuit  70  is used for pixel luminance uniformity correction, and pixel defect correction. In this embodiment, the input image data rate is less than the image data rate of the display driver  30 . The digital image processing is performed on digital image data at a lower data rate to save dynamic power dissipation and enabling all image data to be processed once, despite the number of times it must be refreshed. Some, or all, of the digital image processing circuitry  42  could be located closer to the display driver  30 , and run at the higher image display  11  refresh clock rate. This could increase power dissipation and complicate manufacturing, but may be necessary for operations that might depend on the values of a multiplicity of pixels, where it is necessary to have a number of these pixels buffered. This may occur for some pixel uniformity correction and pixel defect correction algorithms.  
         [0058]    Some multiplexing logic may be necessary to interface the digital image processing functions to the frame buffer  40 , depending on the number of banks in the frame buffer  40  and amount of parallelism present in the input interface  44  and display interconnect  16 . The digital image processing algorithms implemented by the digital image processing circuitry  42  may be implemented in a number of different ways, including, but not limited to, firmware executed in an embedded digital signal processor or micro-controller core, hard-wired digital logic circuitry, embedded programmable logic circuitry, or embedded look-up tables.  
         [0059]    In general, the image display  11  data rate differs from the input interface  44  data rate; the input interface  44  image data rate is less than or equal to the image display  11  image data rate. This leads to the decreased dynamic power dissipation exhibited by the invention. In such a case, the frame buffer  40  is required to provide the storage necessary for the digital image data to persist while the differing clock rates are bridged. Referring to FIGS. 14 and 15, alternative ways of interfacing the frame buffer  40  to the digital image processing circuitry  42  and display driver circuit  30  are shown. As shown in FIG. 14, the frame buffer  40  may consist of dual-ported RAM  80  that can handle differing clock rates for each memory interface. In FIG. 14, digital image data is sent by an input port  82  to a memory array  84 . There, the digital image data is temporarily stored and then passed to an output port  86  when needed for display on the image display  11 . When needed for display, the display driver circuit  30  fetches the digital image data from the memory array  84  via the output port  86 . The ports  82  and  86  are clocked at different rates  88  and  90  for the input and output ports. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 15, a single-ported RAM design  92  with a synchronous FIFO  94  can be used to implement the frame buffer  40 . The single-ported RAM  92  contains a memory array  93  in which digital image data is stored and an interface  95  to a multiplexer  96 . Incoming digital image data passes through a synchronous FIFO  97  at a lower clock rate CLK 0 . Digital image data is read from the FIFO  97  at a higher clock rate CLK 1 , which is equal to image display  11  refresh clock rate. Multiplexer  96  routes the data accordingly, depending upon if input or displayed image data is being utilized at a given moment. Directional control, FIFO control, and memory control are provided by control block  46 . Other memory buffering schemes that allow bridging of differing clock frequencies are well known to those skilled in the art.  
         [0060]    The frame buffer  40  is also useful in providing a local storage location for digital image data that must be used to periodically refresh or update the image display  11 . The frame buffer  40  is usually implemented in a multiplicity of memory banks, where the number of memory banks is typically equal to either the number of color channels that the image display  11  is capable of displaying. Alternatively, the number of memory banks within a frame buffer  40  may equal the number of channels that the image display  11  is capable of having driven simultaneously, when this number is not equal to the number of color channels.  
         [0061]    A multiplicity of frame buffers  40  may be implemented in cases where it is desired to fill one memory bank with new digital image data while the image currently being displayed on the image display  11  is read from a different frame buffer  40 . This allows for a more graceful change of source images, since all digital image data can be present at the time of image change. This also allows the input interface  44  to operate more slowly or for the input digital image data to arrive at slower, variable, and non-deterministic rates without inducing an intermittent quality to the transition of the displayed image that viewers may find objectionable. The memory bank selected for image data input and for image display  11  refresh is controlled by the control circuit  46 .  
         [0062]    The display driver  30  operates at a clock rate sufficient to supply digital image data to the image display  11  so that an image may be displayed without flicker that is objectionable to the viewer. The display driver  30  is capable of driving the image display  11  in a manner electrically conducive to displaying good quality images. The number of driving lines present is equal to the number of driving lines that the image display  11  expects to receive. The display interconnect  16  itself is built in the substrate  12  in the same manner and in the same manufacturing step as are the image display  11  and the digital signal processing circuitry  14 . The display driver  30  may contain a digital-to-analog converter to produce analog signals for image displays  11  that expect analog drive, or may contain a digital interface for image displays  11  that expect digital drive. Some form of data multiplexing may be necessary to properly route digital image data from the frame buffer  40  or digital image processing circuitry  42  to image display  11 .  
         [0063]    The control circuit  46  provides a mechanism to control the overall operation of the circuitry within the display module  10 . This includes the coordination of the various modules, including the input interface  44 , the digital image processing circuit  42 , the frame buffer  40 , and the display driver  30 . This also includes the routing of digital image data through the circuitry, the refresh rate and refresh functionality of the display module  10 , and the setting of various control registers, status bits, and image processing coefficients. Note that the control circuit  46  allows the display module  10  to refresh the image display  11  without any intervention from circuitry external to the display module. Such functionality decouples the image display functionality from the remainder of the system, and minimizes the number of operations such external circuitry must execute with respect to system display functions. The external circuitry may therefore be simplified, reducing its cost, and run at a lower clock frequency, reducing its dynamic power dissipation.  
         [0064]    The digital signal processing circuit  14  is then entered into the design for the display module  10  and is manufactured through the same process. The end result is a display module  10  containing an image display  11  with the associated digital signal processing circuitry  14  necessary to process an image in some form and to sustain a visual image on the image display for viewing.  
         [0065]    Flat-panel display systems are known for requiring multiple voltages for proper display operation. For example, OLED image displays  11  require a bias voltage for the thin film transistors, a bias voltage for the storage capacitor, a bias voltage for the diode anode, a bias voltage for the diode cathode, and a ground. Additionally, the digital signal processing circuitry  14  requires one or more of its own bias voltages, typical of those commonly used in integrated circuit design. All of these voltages must be generated somewhere within the imaging system, whether internal or external to the display module  10 .  
         [0066]    One embodiment of the present invention generates one or more of these required voltages using a voltage regulator or voltage reference located on the display module  10  from another voltage brought onto the display module  10  via a connector. FIG. 16 shows an embodiment of such a display module  10 . The display module  10  contains a digital signal processing circuit  14 , an image display  11 , and a voltage generation circuit  370 . The voltage generation circuit  370  contains one or more voltage generators  372  that generate one or more voltages different from the voltage or voltages generated external to the display module  10  and brought into the display module  10  via its input connector. These voltages are distributed to the digital signal processing circuit  14  and the image display  11  as needed via interconnects formed on the common substrate  12 . The voltage generation circuit  370  is manufactured simultaneously with the digital signal processing circuit  14  and the image display  11 . The use of the voltage generation circuit  370  reduces the number of separate voltages that must be brought into the display module  10 . This reduces the cost of the input connector and associated cables, eliminating the need for, and therefore the cost of, external voltage regulators and voltage references on the circuit board. This reduces system noise and complexity.  
         [0067]    To minimize the number of conductors required to bring externally generated voltages onto the display module  10 , a single voltage is generated externally and brought onto the display module  10 . All other voltages required by the display module  10  are then generated by the voltage generators  372  within the voltage generation circuit  370 .  
         [0068]    A tradeoff of the number of voltage generators  372  contained within the voltage generation circuit  370  may be necessary due to area and power dissipation constraints on the common substrate  12 .  
         [0069]    A further embodiment of the present invention, shown in FIG. 17, incorporates a decompression block  120  that is placed between the input interface  44  and the digital image processing circuit  42 . The decompression block  120  implements one or more image decompression standards, such as JPEG or TIFF for still images, or MPEG for video images. This allows for a reduced amount of image data to be transmitted to the display module  10 , decreasing data rates and thereby achieving a savings in system power dissipation and cost, especially in systems in which the source image content is already compressed.  
         [0070]    The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.  
                                         PARTS LIST                                 10   display module        11   image display        12   substrate        14   digital signal processing circuit        16   interconnect        30   display driver circuit        40   frame buffer        42   digital image processing circuit        43   frame buffer memory element        44   input interface        46   control circuit        50   first area of digital image processing circuit        60   image contrast modification circuitry        62   image brightness modification circuitry        64   channel contrast modification circuitry        66   channel brightness modification circuitry        68   gamma correction circuitry        70   second area of digital image processing circuit        80   dual-ported RAM        82   input port        84   memory array        86   output port        88   input data rate        90   output data rate        92   single-ported RAM        93   memory array        94   synchronous FIFO        95   interface        96   multiplexer        97   synchronous FIFO       120   decompression circuit       200   LED display device       202   row addressing line       204   column addressing line       206   light emitting diode (LED)       208   column shift register       210   row shift register       212   row drive amplifier       214   column drive amplifier       220   external device       222   digital signal processing circuit       300   light sensor       302   amplifier       304   analog-to-digital converter       307   light emitter       308   amplifier       309   encoder       310   antenna       312   amplifier       314   demodulator       316   decoder       317   amplifier       318   modulator       319   encoder       320   optical cable connector       322   light sensor       324   pulse shaping circuit       326   decision making circuit       328   light source       329   driver circuit       350   pixel locations       370   voltage generation circuit       372   voltage generator