Abstract:
Provided are an inspection device that detects with high precision and classifies surface unevenness, step batching, penetrating blade-shaped dislocations, penetrating spiral dislocations, basal plane dislocations, and stacking defects formed in an SiC substrate and an epitaxial layer; and a system. In the inspection device using charged particle beams, a device is used that has an electrode provided between a sample and an objective lens, said device being capable of applying a positive or negative voltage to the electrode and obtaining images. A secondary electron emission rate is measured and energy EL and EH for the charged particles are found. First, an image (first image) is obtained using the EH and positive potential conditions. Next, an image (second image) is obtained using the EL and negative potential conditions. Next, an image (third image) is obtained at the same position as the second image, and by using the EL and positive potential conditions.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a semiconductor inspection device and an inspection method using charged particle beam, in particular, pertaining to an inspection technique in terms of a semiconductor inspection device using charged particle beam by which defects of a single-crystal substrate, especially those of a silicon carbide substrate and the epitaxial layer formed on the silicon carbide substrate are detected and determined. 
       BACKGROUND ART 
       [0002]    With the semiconductor devices formed with a semiconductor substrate in use, such defects of the semiconductor substrate as morphological defects such as concave and convex defects and crystal defects such as dislocations and stacking faults largely affect the performance, yielding and reliability of such devices. Such morphological defects and crystal defects are found especially on the silicon carbide substrate adopted for the semiconductor device for controlling power, so that it is extremely important that such substrate defects are inspected before such semiconductor device is manufactured. Thus, such inspection is performed in a non-destructive manner or on the premise that it does not affect the manufacturing steps of such semiconductor devices. 
         [0003]    It is often that a silicon carbide substrate and a gallium nitride substrate are adopted for the materials of the above-mentioned semiconductor substrate. For the silicon carbide substrate, the silicon carbide substrate as it is or the substrate in which the epitaxial film made from the silicon carbide is formed on the silicon carbide substrate is often adopted. Further, for the gallium nitride, the substrate in which epitaxial growth of gallium nitride is performed on the silicone substrate is often adopted. Then, for such silicon carbide substrate and gallium substrate as well, it is important that their morphologic defects and crystal defects are inspected. Hereafter, the background art of the defects inspection of the silicon carbide substrate is described. To note, such background art also applies to the gallium substrate unless noted otherwise. 
         [0004]    Then, as for the methods for inspecting such morphologic defects, such optical inspection methods are known as a differential interference contrast microscope method and a laser beam scattering method. Such inspection methods are also feasible to inspect even crystal defects just if there are morphologic features on the surface of a sample to be inspected (refer to Patent Literature 1 listed below). Further, as for the methods of inspecting such crystal defects, such methods are known as an X-ray topographic method, a transmission electron microscope method and an etch-pit method. However, the transmission electron microscope method and the etch-pit method lead to destroying a substrate, so that they are infeasible to apply for the non-destructive inspection adopted for a semiconductor substrate. Moreover, in the case of the methods where such defects are optically detected, the image resolution is susceptible to the restriction caused by the limit of wavelength of light. 
       CITATION LIST 
     Patent Literature 
       [0005]    PTL 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2011-211035 
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     Technical Problem 
       [0006]    As with such devices as semiconductor devices with such single-crystal substrate as made from silicon carbide and a single-crystal substrate in which an epitaxial layer is formed in use, in order to improve on the performance, yielding and reliability of such devices, it is required that such morphologic defects as concave and convex defects on the surface and step bunching as well as such crystal defects as penetrating dislocations and stacking faults be detected with high precision and classified into defect types for inspection. The defects inspection through such optical methods as mentioned above is based on signals showing morphologic anomaly. 
         [0007]    As described above, the optical methods are feasible to inspect crystal defects just if there is morphologic anomaly on the surface as disclosed in Patent Literature 1, but they are infeasible to do so if there is no such anomaly thereon. As with such transmission electron microscope method and etch-pit method, they are feasible to inspect crystal defects with high sensitivity and high resolution, but cause a sample to be worked on or eroded in a chemical agent for etching for inspection, so that the problem with such methods lies in that such crystal defects cannot be inspected in a non-destructive manner. 
         [0008]    The present invention is to provide an inspection device allowing such morphologic defects as concave and convex defects and step bunching as well as such crystal defects as penetrating spiral dislocations, blade-shaped dislocations and basal plane dislocations to be measured in a non-destructive manner. 
       Solution to Problem 
       [0009]    The semiconductor inspection device according to the present invention comprises: a charged particle gun to generate a charged particle beam; a sample holder to support a sample; a deflection section to make the charged particle beam scanned to a surface of the sample; a detector to detect a secondary electron generated by the charged particle beam being irradiated onto the sample; an image processing section to process an output from the detector as an image; a sample potential controlling section to control a potential of the sample; a counter electrode disposed between the sample and an objective lens; a power source section to apply a positive potential or a negative potential with a potential of the sample defined as a reference to the counter electrode; an emissivity calculation section to calculate a secondary electron emissivity based on a current amount of the charged particle beam and the secondary electron; an energy calculation section to calculate a first incident energy in which the secondary electron emissivity is larger than 1 and a second incident energy in which the secondary electron emissivity is smaller than 1 based on an output of the emissivity calculation section; and a controlling section to control the first incident energy or the second incident energy and an application of the positive potential or the negative potential to the counter electrode based on measuring conditions for the sample. 
         [0010]    Further, the inspection method for inspecting a single-crystal substrate or a substrate in which an epitaxial layer is formed according to the present invention comprises: a first step of applying a positive potential or a negative potential with a potential of the substrate defined as a reference to a counter electrode disposed between the substrate and an objective lens; a second step of calculating a secondary electron emissivity based on a current amount of a charged particle beam and a secondary electron; a third step of determining a first incident energy in which the secondary electron emissivity is larger than 1 and a second incident energy in which the secondary electron emissivity is smaller than 1; a fourth step of selecting either one of the positive and negative potentials at the first step and either one of the first and second incident energies at the third step; a fifth step, which is performed after the fourth step, of scanning the charged particle beam with regard to an inspection surface of the substrate and detecting a secondary electron: and a sixth step of inspecting a morphologic defect and a crystal defect of the substrate based on a scanned image obtained at the fifth step. 
       Advantageous Effects of Invention 
       [0011]    According to the present invention, plural types of defects can be distinctly detected. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0012]      FIG. 1  is a structural view showing one example of a semiconductor inspection device according to the present invention. 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  is a view showing one example of the inspections steps according to the present invention 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  is a view to explain the first example of the present invention to define the electro-optical conditions EL and EH. 
           [0015]      FIG. 4A  is a view to explain the second example of the present invention in which a convex defect is inspected. 
           [0016]      FIG. 4B  is a view to explain the second example of the present invention in which a convex defect is inspected. 
           [0017]      FIG. 4C  is a view to explain the second example of the present invention in which a convex defect is inspected. 
           [0018]      FIG. 4D  is a view to explain the second example of the present invention in which a convex defect is inspected. 
           [0019]      FIG. 5A  is a view to explain the second example of the present invention in which a concave defect is inspected. 
           [0020]      FIG. 5B  is a view to explain the second example of the present invention in which a concave defect is inspected. 
           [0021]      FIG. 5C  is a view to explain the second example of the present invention in which a concave defect is inspected. 
           [0022]      FIG. 5D  is a view to explain the second example of the present invention in which a concave defect is inspected. 
           [0023]      FIG. 6A  is a view to explain the fourth example in which a penetrating spiral dislocation and a penetrating blade-shaped dislocation are inspected. 
           [0024]      FIG. 6B  is a view to explain the fourth example in which a penetrating spiral dislocation and a penetrating blade-shaped dislocation are inspected. 
           [0025]      FIG. 7A  is a view to explain the third example of the present invention in which a stacking fault is inspected. 
           [0026]      FIG. 7B  is a view to explain the third example of the present invention in which a stacking fault is inspected. 
           [0027]      FIG. 7C  is a view to explain the third example of the present invention in which a stacking fault is inspected. 
           [0028]      FIG. 8A  is a view to explain the fifth example of the present invention in which a step bunching is inspected. 
           [0029]      FIG. 8B  is a view to explain the fifth example of the present invention in which a step bunching is inspected. 
           [0030]      FIG. 9  is a view showing one example of GUI (Graphical User Interface) of the inspection device according to the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       [0031]    Hereinafter, the preferred embodiments of the present invention are explained with reference to the accompanying drawings. The present invention is applicable to the charged particle beam devices in general, but for the sake of explanations an electron beam device employing an electron which is one of the charged particles is described. Where it is more convenient to regard the electron beam device as a charged particle device in order to better understand the description of the present invention, you could refer to the description hereof with an electron replaced with a charged particle. To note, there is an ion besides an electron which are included in the charged particle, so that the present invention is also applicable to an ion beam device employing an ion. 
         [0032]    Further, in the exampled presented herein, a silicon carbide substrate or a silicon carbide substrate in which an epitaxial layer of silicon carbide is formed is adopted for the single-crystal substrate to be inspected. Moreover, a substrate in which an epitaxial layer of gallium nitride is formed on the silicone substrate is also adoptable for the single-crystal substrate. Then, the secondary electron images of such single-crystal substrates and epitaxial layers are captured and defects are determined based on the contrasts of such images. 
       Example 1 
       [0033]    The inspection device according to the present invention as well as the present example according to the present invention exemplifying the means to define the electro-optical conditions (EH, EL, VP and VN) described below and the coordinates of a single-crystal substrate or a single-crystal substrate in which an epitaxial layer is formed are explained with reference to  FIGS. 1 to 3 . 
         [0034]      FIG. 1  is a structural view illustrating a standard inspection device by which a single-crystal substrate is inspected, which device comprises an electron gun  11 ; a deflector  15  to deflect a primary electron  9  emitted from the electron gun  11 ; an objective lens  13  to focus the primary electron; a counter electrode  16  to set a positive voltage (VP) or a negative voltage (VN) to control a secondary electron  10 ; a holder  20  to fix a single-crystal substrate  21  thereon to be inspected; an X-Y stage  19  to be moved to X and Y directions; a retarding voltage controlling section  27  to apply a retarding voltage (Vr) to the single-crystal substrate  21  to be inspected; a detector  14  to detect the secondary electron (backscattered electron)  10  generated by the irradiation of the primary electron  9 ; a detection system controlling section  23 ; an image processing circuit  30  to subject a detection signal detected by the detection system controlling section to an AD conversion in which the detection signal is converted into a digitalized image signal and then to process the digitalized image signal so as to determine a defect; an overall controlling section  31  to preserve information on the determined defect therein and to control the inspection device as a whole; and a console  8  to transmit a user&#39;s instruction to the entire controlling section. 
         [0035]    Then, with the inspection device according to the present invention in use, the inspection steps of a single-crystal substrate and a single-crystal substrate in which an epitaxial layer is formed are explained with reference to  FIGS. 2 ,  3  and  9 . 
         [0036]    In the first place, inspection information is inputted at Step  40  to the console. The inputting step is performed trough GUI (Graphical User Interface) as shown in  FIG. 9 , in which inspection information  130  is displayed in the list through a pull-down menu, a check box  131  and as such or can be manually directly inputted. 
         [0037]    In the inspection items, types of defects desired to be inspected, for instance, a concave defect on the surface, a convex defect on the surface, a step bunching, a penetrating spiral dislocation, a penetrating blade-shaped dislocation, a stacking fault and so forth are inputted. In addition, a user can voluntarily add defect items. 
         [0038]    Then, in the sample information  132 , the composition, the structure and the size of a substrate desired to be inspected as well as regarding the structure whether it is a single-crystal substrate or a single-crystal substrate in which an epitaxial layer is formed are inputted. 
         [0039]    Next, inputting for setting an inspection area  133  is performed. The inspection area may be the entire surface of the substrate. Further, the area desired to be inspected is selectable through GUI. Moreover, coordinates can be directly input. 
         [0040]    Subsequently, a substrate to be inspected is set on a wafer cassette  4  of the inspection device. One or plural sheets of substrates to be inspected can be set on the wafer cassette  4 . To note, this setting operation may be performed prior to or posterior to the inputting of the inspection information. 
         [0041]    Then, a wafer is loaded at Step  41  on the stage  20  of the inspection device. 
         [0042]    Next, the electro-optical conditions are set at Step  42 . Such electro-optical conditions include EH, EL, VP, VN described below and so forth. Then, these conditions are automatically defined based on the above-mentioned inspection information, which conditions may be manually inputted instead. 
         [0043]    Then, the electron beam is adjusted at Step  43 . The adjustment of the electron beam encompasses the adjustment of the optical axis, focusing adjustment, astigmatism adjustment and as such. The adjustment of the electron beam may be automatically performed instead. 
         [0044]    Next, the alignment of the substrate to be inspected is performed at Step  44 . The alignment is to align the coordinates (Xsub, Ysub) of the substrate to be inspected with those (Xs, Ys) of the stage. 
         [0045]    Subsequently, calibration is performed at Step  45 , in which how to decide the incident energy EH or EL is explained with reference to  FIG. 3 . For example, the electric current of the primary electron, the accelerating voltage Vp, and the retarding voltage Vr being defined as 100 pA, −10 kV and −9.7 kV respectively, a silicon dioxide film formed on a silicone substrate through thermal oxidation method and having one micron in thickness is adopted for a sample for calibration. The sample for calibration is placed on a part of the stage. For instance, it is placed on a corner portion of the stage. Then, to begin with, the primary electron beam is irradiated onto the sample for calibration. At this time, the silicon dioxide film is positively charged so that the secondary electron current tantamount to the current amount of the first electron is discharged. At this time, the gain and offset of the amplifier connected to the secondary electron detector are adjusted so that the output voltage of the amplifier results in being 1V, for example. 
         [0046]    Then, the linearity of the detector is confirmed through the confirmation that the output voltage results in being 2V when the electric current of the primary electron is set at 200 pA and through the confirmation that the output voltage results in being 0.5V when the electric current of the primary electron is set at 50 pA. Where such linearity is not gained, the gain is adjusted such that the amplifier has an output voltage at which the linearity of the amplifier can be achieved. Through the above procedure, the current amount of the secondary electron can be converted from the output voltage of the secondary electron amplifier. The above calibration  45  can be performed through the recipe prepared by a user or automatically. 
         [0047]    Next, the primary electron beam is irradiated onto the single-crystal substrate (silicon carbide substrate herein) to be inspected. With the accelerating voltage Vp defined as −10 kV and the retarding voltage Vr varied from −9.9V to 0V, the secondary electron current is measured. The measurement is performed manually or automatically. The secondary electron emissivity is given by the following fractional expression: secondary electron current/first electron current. The incident energy of the primary electron is given by the following expression: (Vr−Vp) electron Volt (eV). 
         [0048]      FIG. 3  shows one example  64  in which the dependency of the secondary electron emissivity on the incident energy is plotted. The energy  63  of the primary electron by which the secondary electron emissivity becomes 1 is defined as the reference energy E 2 . Regarding the output signal voltage from the detector, its reference signal voltage is defined as 2V. The energy  62  higher than the reference voltage E 2  is defined as EH while the energy  61  lower than the same is defined as EL. 
         [0049]    Then, the potential VP of the counter electrode  16  is set at 2 kV for the secondary electron to be extracted to the detector side while the potential VN is set at (Vr−50V) for the secondary electron to be returned to the surface side. 
         [0050]    Subsequently, an inspection image is acquired at Step  47 . As for the inspection image, the stage is moved based on the inspection information; the primary electron beam  9  is deflected in the X and Y directions through the defector  15 ; and a secondary electron signal is acquired in synchronization with the deflection of the primary electron beam, thereby, the inspection image being acquired at Step  46 . Moving the stage and deflecting the primary electron beam may be performed independently or associatively. Hereupon, with a reference point preliminarily set on the substrate to be inspected, the stage coordinates (Xs, Ys) are aligned with the primary electron scanning coordinates (Xe, Ye), thereby, the substrate coordinates (Xsub, Ysub) being given by (Xs+Xe, Ys+Ye). 
         [0051]    Then, a processed inspection image in which the inspection image is subjected to image processing through a threshold filter is outputted at Step  47  based on the above-mentioned reference signal voltage. 
         [0052]    Next, based on the inspection information, the inspection image and the processed inspection image with the electro-optical conditions modified are acquired, in which the figures corresponding to defects are acquired and such defect coordinates as vertex coordinates and barycentric coordinates are extracted at Step  48 . 
         [0053]    Then, the defect figures are acquired from the subtracted image among different inspection images. 
         [0054]    Next, the defects are classified through the pattern recognition of the defect figures at Step  49 . 
         [0055]    Subsequently, the distribution map is automatically prepared for the respective defects at Step  50 . The afore-mentioned operations of outputting processed inspection image, extracting figures, classifying defects and preparing the distribution map can be also processed with a computer incorporated in the inspection device according to the present invention. Further, such operations can be processed with a computer connected through a network. Moreover, a plurality of substrates to be inspected can be inspected in parallel with a plurality of inspection devices connected to one another through a network. After the inspection result is outputted at Step  51 , the inspected substrate is unloaded at Step  52 . When there are substrates to be inspected in succession, a wafer is loaded on the stage and subjected to the above-mentioned inspection steps. 
       Example 2 
       [0056]    The methods which determine and detect a concave defect and a convex defect of the single-crystal substrate to be inspected with the inspection device according to Example 1 in use is explained with reference to  FIGS. 4A to 4D  as well as  FIG. 5A to 5D . 
         [0057]    The energy EH of the primary electron is set at 3 kV while the potential VP of the counter electrode  16  is set at 2 kV and the primary electron beam  9  is deflected in the X and Y directions with the deflector  15  so that the surface of the substrate  21  to be inspected is scanned. In synchronization with the scanning operation by the primary electron beam  9 , the secondary electron signal  10  is acquired. 
         [0058]    With a reference point preliminarily set on the substrate to be inspected, the stage coordinates (Xs, Ys) are aligned with the primary electron scanning coordinates (Xe, Ye), thereby, the substrate coordinates (Xsub, Ysub) being given by (Xs Xe, Ys+Ye). 
         [0059]      FIG. 4A  shows the first inspection image  71  of the substrate which is scanned by the primary electron beam. The dark dot  72  illustrated therein is a convex defect. In order to explain the reason such dot is determined as a convex defect, a laser scanning microscope image  76  of the same spot is shown in  FIG. 4C . The laser scanning microscope image is a dark dot  75 , and it can be confirmed in  FIG. 4D  that the profile  77  in the vicinity of the dark dot  75  is convexly plotted. 
         [0060]      FIG. 5A  shows the first inspection image  82  of the substrate at the spot different from that shown in  FIG. 4A . A bright dot  81  shown in  FIG. 5A  is a concave defect. In order to explain the reason such dot is a concave defect, a laser scanning microscope image  85  of the same spot is shown in  FIG. 50 . The laser scanning microscope image is a dark dot  86  and it can be confirmed in  FIG. 5D  that the profile  87  in the vicinity of the dark dot  86  is concavely plotted. The confirmation of the concave and convex shapes according to the present example is feasible also through the cross-sectional observation of the substrate employing a scanning electron microscope. Regarding the output signal voltage from the detector, its reference signal voltage is 2V. The processed inspection image ( 1 A) obtained by subjecting the output signal voltage of 2.5V or higher to the threshold filter is shown by the reference numeral  83  in  FIG. 5B . The dot-shaped  FIG. 84  is a concave defect. Further, the processed inspection image ( 1 B) obtained by subjecting the output signal voltage of 1.5V or lower to the threshold filter is shown by the reference numeral  73  in  FIG. 4B . The dot-shaped  FIG. 74  is a convex defect. Accordingly, by extracting the dot-shaped figures contained in the processed inspection images ( 1 A) and ( 1 B), the defect distribution among those concave and convex defects is obtained. 
       Example 3 
       [0061]    The methods which determine a penetrating dislocation, a basal plane dislocation and a stacking fault with the inspection device according to Example 1 in use is explained with reference to  FIGS. 6 and 7 . 
         [0062]    In order to make the energy EL of the primary electron 1 keV, the accelerating voltage Vp and the retarding voltage Vr are defined as −10 kV and −9 kV respectively. The potential VN of the counter electrode  16  is defined as −9.05 kV. The primary electron beam  9  is deflected in the X and Y directions with the deflector  15  so that the surface of the substrate to be inspected is scanned. In synchronization with the scanning operation by the primary electron beam, the secondary electron signal  10  is acquired. 
         [0063]    With a reference point preliminarily set on the substrate to be inspected, the stage coordinates (Xs, Ys) are aligned with the primary electron scanning coordinates (Xe, Ye), thereby, the substrate coordinates (Xsub, Ysub) being given by (Xs+Xe, Ys+Ye). The second inspection images as acquired are shown by the reference numeral  101  in  FIG. 6A  and by the reference numeral  110  in  FIG. 7A . 
         [0064]    The second inspection images shown in  FIG. 6A  and  FIG. 7A  are captured at different inspection areas. The substrate is subjected to patterning with lithography in order to make the correspondence of defect spots easy to observe in the second inspection images  101  and  102 . Dark dots  91  and  92  are observed in the second inspection image  101 . The reference sign  91 A is an enlarged view of the dark dot  91  which is inserted in the image  101  to make such dark dot easy to observe. The reference sign  92 A is an enlarged view of the dark dot  92  which is inserted in the image  101  to make such dark dot easy to observe. 
         [0065]    Then, the following image processing is performed. Regarding the output signal voltage from the detector, its reference signal voltage is 2V. The processed inspection image ( 2 A) obtained with the output signal voltage of 2.5V or higher subjected to the threshold filter is shown by the reference numeral  112  in  FIG. 7B . The trapezoidal  figure 113  is extracted from the processed inspection image ( 2 A)  112 . The inside of the trapezoidal  figure 113  corresponds to a stacking fault. The lateral side line components  115  and  114  shown in  FIG. 7C  of the trapezoid contouring the trapezoidal  figure 113  contained in the processed inspection image ( 2 A)  112  correspond to basal plane dislocations. Further, the processed inspection image ( 2 B) obtained with the output signal voltage of 1.5 v or lower subjected to the threshold filter is shown by the reference numeral  104  in  FIG. 6B . The dot-shaped  FIGS. 97 and 99  correspond to penetrating dislocations. 
         [0066]    As described above, the distribution of the defects or the penetrating dislocations, the basal plane dislocations and the stacking faults on the substrate can be obtained through extracting figures contained in the respective processed inspection images and classifying such figures accordingly. 
       Example 4 
       [0067]    The methods which determine the penetrating spiral dislocation and the penetrating blade-shaped dislocation with the inspection device according to Example 1 in use is explained with reference to  FIG. 6 . 
         [0068]    In order to make the energy EL of the primary electron 1 keV, the accelerating voltage Vp and the retarding voltage Vr are defined as −10 kV and −9 kV respectively. The potential VP of the counter electrode  16  is defined as 2 kV. The primary electron beam  9  is deflected in the X and Y directions with the deflector  15  so that the surface of the substrate  21  to be inspected is scanned. In synchronization with the scanning operation by the primary electron beam, the secondary electron signal  10  is acquired. 
         [0069]    Further, with a reference point preliminarily set on the substrate to be inspected, the stage coordinates (Xs, Ys) are aligned with the primary electron scanning coordinates (Xe, Ye), thereby, the substrate coordinates (Xsub, Ysub) being given by (Xs+Xe, Ys+Ye). The third inspection image as acquired is shown by the reference numeral  102  in  FIG. 6A . The third inspection image  102  and the second inspection image  101  are captured at the same inspection area. 
         [0070]    Then, the following image processing is performed. Regarding the output signal voltage from the detector  14 , its reference signal voltage is 2V. The third processed inspection image with the output signal voltage of 1.5V or lower subjected to the threshold filter is shown by the reference numeral  105  in  FIG. 6B . The dot-shaped  FIG. 98  contained in the third processed inspection image  105  corresponds to a penetrating spiral dislocation. Further, the subtracted image between the second processed inspection image  104  and the third processed inspection image  105  is defined as the fourth processed inspection image  106  and the dot-shaped  figure 100  contained in the image  106  corresponds to a penetrating blade-shaped dislocation. In order to confirm the accuracy of determining such dislocations hereof, the substrate to be inspected is subjected to etching with potassium hydroxide and the resulting state thereof is checked. 
         [0071]    The reference numeral  103  in  FIG. 103A  shows an optical microscopic image of the substrate subjected to etching. According to the etch-pit method, the penetrating spiral dislocation with the reference numeral  95  can be distinguished from the penetrating blade-shaped dislocation with the reference numeral  96  from the etch-pit configurations. As described above, according to the present example, the distribution map of the defects or the penetrating spiral dislocations and the penetrating blade-shaped dislocations on the substrate can be obtained. 
       Example 5 
       [0072]    The methods which determine a step bunching with the inspection device according to Example 1 in use is explained with reference to  FIGS. 8A and 8B . 
         [0073]    In order to make the energy EL of the primary electron 1 keV, the accelerating voltage Vp and the retarding voltage Vr are defined as −10 kV and −9 kV respectively. The potential VN of the counter electrode  16  is defined as −9.05 kV. The primary electron beam  9  is deflected in the X and Y directions with the deflector  15  so that the surface of the substrate  21  to be inspected is scanned. In synchronization with the scanning operation by the primary electron beam  9 , the secondary electron signal  10  is acquired. 
         [0074]    With a reference point preliminarily set on the substrate to be inspected, the stage coordinates (Xs, Ys) are aligned with the primary electron scanning coordinates (Xe, Ye), thereby, the substrate coordinates (Xsub, Ysub) being given by (Xs+Xe, Ys+Ye). The second inspection image as acquired is shown by the reference numeral  120  in  FIG. 8A . 
         [0075]    Then, the following image processing is performed. Regarding the output signal voltage from the detector, its reference signal voltage is 2V. The processed inspection image ( 2 B) obtained with the output signal voltage of 1.5V or lower subjected to the threshold filter is shown by the reference numeral  122  in  FIG. 8B . The sash-shaped  figure 123  contained in the processed inspection image ( 2 B) corresponds to a step bunching. As described above, according to the present example, the distribution map of the defect or the step bunching on the substrate can be obtained. 
       Example 6 
       [0076]    The present example is to explain how to output the distribution data of the defects on the substrate to be inspected with in use the inspection device according to Example 1 and the methods of determining the defects according to Examples 2 to 5. 
         [0077]    The first, second and third inspection images are acquired with in use the inspection device according to Example 1 with its inspections steps as well as the electro-optical conditions explained in Examples 2 to 5; with those images subjected to the image processing the processed inspection image ( 1 A), the processed inspection image ( 1 B), the processed inspection image ( 2 A), the processed inspection image ( 2 B), the third processed inspection image and the fourth processed inspection image are acquired; and figures contained in those processed images are extracted through pattern recognition and classified accordingly. 
         [0078]    Since there are contained pieces of coordinate information in such figures, the planar distribution of such morphological defects as a concave defect, a convex defect, a step bunching as well as such crystal defects as a penetrating spiral dislocation, a penetrating blade-shaped dislocation and a stacking fault can be acquired. The inspection result can be either expressed with a map shown by the reference numeral  134  in  FIG. 9  or be outputted with a table format. 
       Example 7 
       [0079]    The present example is to explain how to output the quality of the substrate to be inspected with in use the planar distribution of the defects explained in Example 6. To begin with, a quality-based unit area is inputted. Based on such unit area, a map is prepared with the meshes in which the substrate is segmented in a rectangular shape. A defect density is calculated from the number of defects per mesh. 
         [0080]    A substrate map in which a defect density per mesh is shown is outputted. Further, the meshes in which the substrate is concentrically segmented may be adopted for the above-mentioned meshes. 
         [0081]    In the same way, a defect density is calculated from the number of defects per mesh. The defect density in the radius direction from the center of the substrate is outputted. The quality of the substrate can be quantified from the above-mentioned defect density. 
       Example 8 
       [0082]    The present example is to explain the methods which determine whether or not the epitaxial growth is conditionally available with the quality-based quantification of the substrate according to Example 6 in use. In the first place, the substrate is inspected according to Example 6 so that a set of data A containing the inspection result is acquired. 
         [0083]    Then, an epitaxial layer is grown on such substrate. The substrate in which such epitaxial layer is formed is inspected with the method according to Example 6 in use; a set of data B containing the inspection result is acquired; and the set of data A is compared with the set of data B, thereby, whether or not the epitaxial growth is conditionally available being determined. 
       Example 9 
       [0084]    Adopting a scanning electron microscope comprising a detector to detect an electron backscattered pattern, an X-ray detector and so forth for the inspection device according to Example 1 allows defects to be observed along with their physical analysis with the methods explained in Examples 2 to 5 in use. 
         [0085]    As described above, the present invention permits a concave or convex defect, a step bunching, a spiral dislocation, a blade-shaped dislocation, a basal plane dislocation and a stacking fault which are formed on a single-crystal substrate and an epitaxial layer to be detected as well as provides defects inspection by which such defects can be distinctly detected with high precision and classified accordingly. 
       REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 
       [0000]    
       
         
           
               1 : electron beam device, 
               2 : electro-optical system, 
               3 : stage mechanism system, 
               4 : wafer carriage system, 
               5 : vacuum exhaustion system, 
               6 : controlling system, 
               7 : image processing system, 
               8 : operating section, 
               9 : primary electron, 
               10 : secondary electron, 
               11 : electron gun, 
               12 : condenser lens. 
               13 : objective lens, 
               14 : secondary electron detector, 
               15 : deflector, 
               16 : counter electrode, 
               19 : X-Y stage, 
               20 : wafer holder, 
               21 : wafer, 
               22 : electron beam controlling section, 
               23 : detection system controlling section, 
               24 : deflection controlling section, 
               25 : electron lens controlling section, 
               26 : retarding voltage controlling section, 
               27 : electrode controlling section, 
               30 : image processing section, 
               31 : image storage section, 
               33 : reflection plate, 
               40 : inputting step of inspection information, 
               41 : step of loading wafer, 
               42 : step of setting electro-optical conditions, 
               43 : step of adjusting electron beam, 
               44 : step of aligning wafer, 
               45 : calibration step, 
               46 : step of acquiring inspection image, 
               47 : step of outputting processed inspection image, 
               48 : step of extracting defect coordinate, 
               49 : step of classifying defects, 
               50 : step of preparing defect distribution map, 
               51 : step of outputting inspection result, 
               52 : step of unloading wafer, 
               61 : EL 
               62 : EH 
               63 : E 2   
               64 : secondary electron emissivity curve, 
               71 : first inspection image, 
               72 : dot-shaped defect, 
               73 : processed inspection image ( 1 A), 
               74 : inspected figure showing convex defect, 
               75 : laser microscope contrast of defect, 
               76 : laser microscopic image, 
               77 : laser microscope line profile of defect portion, 
               81 : dot-shaped defect, 
               82 : first inspection image, 
               83 : processed inspection image ( 1 B), 
               84 : inspected figure showing concave defect, 
               85 : laser microscopic image, 
               86 : laser microscope contrast of defect portion, 
               87 : laser microscope line profile of defect portion, 
               91 : dot-shaped defect, 
               91 A: enlarged view of dark dot  91  which is inserted in image  101 , 
               92 : dot-shaped defect, 
               93 : dot-shaped defect, 
               93 A: enlarged view of dark dot  93  which is inserted in image  102 , 
               94 : contrast of dot-shaped defect  92  at same spot 
               94 A: enlarged view of dark dot  94  which is inserted in image  102 , 
               95 : etch-pit showing penetrating spiral dislocation, 
               96 : etch-pit showing penetrating blade-shaped dislocation, 
               97 : inspected figure showing penetrating spiral dislocation, 
               98 : inspected figure showing penetrating spiral dislocation, 
               99 : inspected figure showing penetrating blade-shaped dislocation, 
               100 : inspected figure showing penetrating blade-shaped dislocation, 
               101 : second inspection image, 
               102 : third inspection image, 
               103 : optical microscopic image of substrate subjected etching with potassium hydroxide 
               104 : processed inspection image ( 2 B), 
               105 : third processed inspection image, 
               106 : fourth processed inspection image, 
               110 : second inspection image, 
               111 : trapezoidal defect, 
               112 : processed inspection image ( 2 A), 
               113 : inspected figure showing stacking fault, 
               114 : inspected figure showing basal plane dislocation, 
               115 : inspected figure showing basal plane dislocation, 
               116 : processed inspection image where lateral sides of trapezoid are extracted from processed inspection image ( 2 A), 
               120 : second inspection image, 
               121 : contrast of sash-shaped defect, 
               122 : processed inspection image ( 2 A), 
               123 : inspected figure showing step bunching, 
               130 : inspection information, 
               131 : column where inspection items are inputted, 
               132 : column where structure of substrate to be inspected is inputted, 
               133 : column where inspection area is set, 
               134 : inspection result