Abstract:
An apparatus for improving the density and uniformity of plasma in the manufacture of a semiconductor device features a plasma chamber having a complex geometry that causes plasma density to be increased at the periphery or edge of a semiconductor wafer being processed, thereby compensating for a plasma density that is typically more concentrated at the center of the semiconductor wafer. By mounting a target semiconductor wafer in a chamber region that has a cross-sectional area that is smaller than a cross-sectional area of a plasma source chamber region, a predetermine flow of generated plasma from the source becomes concentrated as it moves toward the semiconductor wafer, particularly at the periphery of the semiconductor wafer. This provides a more uniform plasma density across the entire surface of the target semiconductor wafer than has heretofore been available.

Description:
This application is a Division of application Ser. No. 10/003,412, filed Dec. 6, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No.6,833,050. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The present invention relates to an apparatus for manufacturing a semiconductor device, and more particularly, to an apparatus for manufacturing a semiconductor device with improved uniformity of plasma density. 
   2. Description of the Related Art 
   Apparatuses for manufacturing semiconductor devices can be classified as an apparatus for forming a thin film on a semiconductor substrate, an apparatus for performing a photolithography process to form a mask pattern on the thin film to form fine patterns, an apparatus for etching the thin film using the mask pattern as an etching mask to form fine patterns, and an apparatus for implanting impurity ions into the semiconductor substrate. As the line width of patterns is reduced due to increased integration density of semiconductor devices, the quality and capabilities of etching apparatuses and deposition apparatuses used for forming fine patterns become more important. Etching apparatuses are typically classified as either dry etching apparatuses, such as plasma etching apparatuses, and wet etching apparatuses. As the integration density of semiconductor devices increases, dry etching apparatuses, which enable anisotropic etching to be performed, are typically used, and apparatuses adopting a chemical vapor deposition method using plasma, e.g., plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD), are used as deposition apparatuses. 
     FIGS. 1A and 1B  show two-dimensional views of apparatuses for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to the prior art.  FIG. 1A  shows an induced coupled plasma etching apparatus  10  having a dielectric plane structure, and  FIG. 1B  shows an induced coupled plasma etching apparatus  40  having a dielectric dome structure. For illustrative convenience, it is considered that chambers  12  and  42  are cylindrical, lower electrodes  26  and  56  are circular plates, an insulating plate  20  shown in  FIG. 1A  is circular, and an insulating plate  50  shown in  FIG. 1B  is dome-shaped. A plurality of induction coils  14  shown in  FIG. 1A  for generating a plasma source span a distance that is substantially equal to the diameter L 1  of the insulating plate  20 . Similarly, a plurality of induction coils  44  shown in  FIG. 1B  span a distance that is substantially equal to the length of curved surface of the insulating plate  50 . The insulating plate  20  and the lower electrode  26  shown in  FIG. 1A  have almost the same diameters L 1  and L 2 , and the projected diameter L 4  of the curved surface of the insulting plate  50  shown in  FIG. 1B  is designed to be substantially equal to the diameter L 5  of the lower electrode  56 . The diameters of wafers  30  and  60  supported by static chucks  28  and  58  that are mounted on the lower electrodes  26  and  56  are designed to be smaller than the diameters of the lower electrodes  26  and  56 . Confinement layers  22  and  52 , which confine plasma regions  24 ,  54   a,  and  54   b,  are designed to contact the edges of the insulating plates  20  and  50  and extend in a direction that is perpendicular to the lower electrodes  26  and  56 . 
   Referring to  FIGS. 1A and 1B , insulating layers or conductive layers are deposited on the wafers  30  and  60  and then etched to obtain desired patterns. 
   A low-frequency power supplied from first power supplies  16  and  46  is applied to a plurality of induction coils  14  and  44  to generate a magnetic flux. Inductance of coils  14  and  44  creates an electric field and a magnetic field in a plasma region  24 ,  54   a , and  54   b  via the insulating plates  20  and  50  included in the chambers  12  and  42 . Here, a high-frequency external power is supplied to the lower electrodes  26  and  56  via second power supplies  18  and  48 . Electrons move due to the magnetic field and the electric field in the plasma regions  24 ,  54   a , and  54   b  and are accelerated to bombard a reactive gas to generate reactive ions of plasma. The reactive ions are diffused/absorbed into objects to be etched on the wafers  30  and  60 . 
   Since plasma (or reactive ions) is incident to the center of the wafers  30  and  60  and diffused into the sides of the wafers  30  and  60 , plasma density at the center of the wafers  30  and  60  is higher than plasma density at the edge of the wafers  30  and  60 . Thus, since a large amount of plasma is incident to the center of wafers  30  and  60 , patterns positioned at the center of the wafers  30  and  60  are over-etched. Since a small amount of reactive ions is diffused/absorbed at the edge of the wafers  30  and  60 , patterns positioned at the edge of the wafers  30  and  60  are under-etched. Since the under-etched or over-etched patterns can greatly affect a subsequent process and/or the characteristics of the semiconductor device, it is important to maintain uniformity of etching throughout a wafer. 
   The above-described non-uniformity of plasma density occurs in deposition apparatuses as well as etching apparatuses. The thickness of a pattern formed at the edge of a wafer is thinner than the thickness of a pattern formed at the center of the wafer, and thus uniformity of the patterns is not ensured. 
   In order to meet semiconductor users&#39; demand for high added value as well as low price, the price of semiconductor devices is typically lowered by manufacturing a large number of chips in a single process, i.e., using large diameter of wafers. Wafers having a diameter of 200 mm are typically used for producing most advanced semiconductor devices, such as memories and logics. However, it is expected that semiconductor devices will soon be mass-produced using wafers having diameters of 300 mm. 
   The differences in plasma density at different locations on a wafer becomes more pronounced for such larger-diameter wafers. A variety of techniques for correcting non-uniformity of plasma density have been proposed for wafers having a diameter of 200 mm, but these fail to adequately ensure etching uniformity and deposition uniformity when processing wafers having a diameter of 300 mm. Further, since plasma density is low at the edge of wafers, etch rate or deposition rate necessary for forming patterns at the edge of the wafers according to a design is not typically attained. 
   Accordingly, the semiconductor industry requires a technique by which a high plasma density region is formed on a wafer having a large diameter (i.e. over 200 mm and 300 mm) in order to obtain uniform etching and/or deposition throughout the wafer. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   To solve the above-described problems, it is a feature of the present invention to provide an apparatus for manufacturing a semiconductor device with improved uniformity of plasma density throughout. 
   It is another feature of the present invention to provide an apparatus for manufacturing a semiconductor device having improved effective plasma density. 
   Accordingly, there is provided an apparatus for manufacturing a semiconductor device using plasma. The apparatus includes a chamber for performing a manufacturing process on the semiconductor device under a plasma atmosphere and a device installed in the chamber for concentrating the plasma. The device reduces the size of a plasma region near an object to be processed as compared to the size of a plasma region near a part of the chamber where the plasma is generated. The device for concentrating the plasma includes: a lower electrode having a first length on which the object to be processed is positioned; an insulating plate having a second length that is longer than the first length and that is separated from and facing the lower electrode; and a confinement layer contacting the edge of the insulating plate, forming an acute angle to a virtual plane connecting opposing ends of the insulating plate, and extending toward the edge of the lower electrode. The diameter of the circular plate is the first length if the lower electrode is a circular plate. Here, the acute angle is preferably 45-89 degrees. 
   In more detail, the insulating plate includes a first part having a first radius of curvature and a second part having a second radius of curvature which is smaller than the first radius of curvature, and the edge of the second part of the insulating plate is connected to the confinement layer. The insulating plate may have a dome shape having a predetermined radius of curvature. The insulating plate may be a circular plate. Here, the second length is the diameter of the circular plate. 
   The device for concentrating plasma preferably includes: a lower electrode having a first length; an insulating plate having a dome shape, which is oriented to face the lower electrode and includes a first part having a first radius of curvature and a second part having a second radius of curvature which is smaller than the first radius of curvature; and a confinement layer connected to the second part of the insulating plate and extending toward the lower electrode. Here, a second length, which is the projected length of the insulating plate, is larger than the first length. The confinement layer is substantially perpendicular to the projected surface of the insulting plate. 
   The apparatus for manufacturing a semiconductor device further preferably includes a chuck for supporting a wafer having a third length and preferably being located above the lower electrode. The wafer is preferably a circular plate, and thus the third length becomes the diameter of the wafer. The diameter or projected length of the insulating plate is preferably over about 140% of such a third length. The length of the bottom of the confinement layer is preferably over about 120% of such a third length. The distance from the edge of the confinement layer to the edge of the wafer is preferably about 10-15% of the third length. 
   For an exemplary wafer having a diameter of 300 mm, a corresponding second length of the insulating plate would be approximately 420 mm and the diameter of the bottom edge of the confinement layer would be approximately 360 mm. 
   Although the preceding confinement layer is described as a perpendicular element and is distinguished from the sidewall of the chamber, the confinement layer may constitute the sidewall of the chamber and may be slanted. 
   The apparatus for manufacturing a semiconductor device further includes a device for generating plasma in a plasma region of the chamber. The device for generating plasma may include a first power supply connected to a plurality of induction coils and a second power supply connected to the lower electrode where an object to be processed is positioned. The device for generating plasma may be an integral part of the chamber, or it can be located external to the chamber with the plasma being introduced into the chamber by other means. 
   Another embodiment of the present invention for increasing plasma density at the edges of a semiconductor device during a plasma-etch manufacturing process, comprises: a first chamber for generating a plasma and a second chamber, wherein the semiconductor device is positioned; and characterized in that the second chamber has a smaller cross-sectional area than the first chamber. The embodiment preferably includes a plurality of induction coils for generating the plasma in the first chamber and an electrode for attracting the plasma into the second chamber. 
   Another embodiment of the present invention for improving the uniformity of a plasma density at a semiconductor device in a plasma-etch manufacturing process, comprises: a first chamber, wherein a plasma is generated; and a second chamber, wherein the semiconductor device is positioned; and characterized in that the second chamber has a smaller cross-sectional area than the first chamber. The embodiment preferably includes a plurality of induction coils for generating the plasma in the first chamber and an electrode for attracting the plasma into the second chamber. 
   These and other features of the present invention will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon review of the detailed description that follows. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The above features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent by describing in detail preferred embodiments thereof with reference to the attached drawings in which: 
       FIGS. 1A and 1B  illustrate schematic diagrams of the structure of an apparatus for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to the prior art; 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a schematic diagram of an apparatus for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to a first embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a schematic diagram of an apparatus for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to a second embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a schematic diagram of an apparatus for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to a third embodiment of the present invention; and 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a schematic diagram of an apparatus for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   Korean Patent Application No. 01-24045, filed on May 3, 2001, and entitled: “Apparatus for Manufacturing Semiconductor Device,” is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
   Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the attached drawings. 
   The apparatuses of the present invention increase effective plasma density and concentrate plasma density at the edge of the wafer, which heretofore would have a relatively lower plasma density than at the center of the wafer. A principal feature of the preferred embodiments of the present invention is that a plasma region in a vacuum chamber must be larger at a location where the plasma is introduced than at a location where an object to be treated on a lower electrode is positioned. 
   For illustrative convenience, although the figures illustrate two dimensional representations, it is considered that in all of the embodiments that the chambers are preferably cylindrical in shape, and that the lower electrodes and insulating plates are circular planar elements within those cylindrical shapes. Reference to the lengths of different elements are also meant to refer to the diameters when such elements are circular. For non-circular chambers, references relating to lengths may also be used to describe depth into the plane of the drawing. It should also be understood that references to upper and lower are for illustration purposes only, and not meant to be limiting, since plasma migration is a function of an electrical field rather than gravity, thereby having applicability to a chamber having any orientation. 
     FIG. 2  shows an apparatus for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to a first preferred embodiment of the present invention. Referring to  FIG. 2 , an apparatus  100  for manufacturing a semiconductor device preferably includes a vacuum chamber  112 , a plurality of induction coils  114  mounted on the vacuum chamber  112 , a first power supply  116  for supplying the plurality of induction coils  114  with low frequency power, and a second power supply  118  for supplying a lower electrode  126  with high-frequency power. A chuck  128  for supporting a wafer  130  is preferably positioned on the lower electrode  126 . Plasma generated from the plurality of induction coils  114  may be introduced into the vacuum chamber  112  via a plurality of holes (not shown) that are formed in an insulating plate  120 . The diameter of the insulating plate  120  is M 1 , which corresponds to the distance spanned by the plurality of induction coils  114 . The wafer  130  may have a predetermined diameter M 3  and be positioned a predetermined distance M 4  from a confinement layer  122  to allow etching by-products to be exhausted via the spaced portion. 
   There are significant differences between the apparatus shown in  FIG. 1A  and the apparatus shown in  FIG. 2 . First, the diameter M 2  of the lower electrode  126  shown in  FIG. 2  is preferably smaller than the diameter M 1  of the insulating plate  120  of  FIG. 2 . Second, in the vacuum chamber  112  of  FIG. 2 , the confinement layer  122 , which contacts the edge of the insulating plate  120  and extends toward the lower electrode  126 , is preferably not perpendicular to the insulating plate  120 , rather it preferably forms an acute angle              1  to the insulating plate  120 . For example, it is preferable that the acute angle            1  of the confinement layer  122  be in the range of 45-89 degrees. Accordingly, since the insulating plate  120  and the lower electrode  126  shown in  FIG. 2  are circular plates, the confinement layer  122  has a cylindrical shape, the diameter of which is reduced at an end closer to the lower electrode  126 . A resulting plasma region  124  has the same shape as the confinement layer  122 , i.e., cylindrical. Thus, when compared to an apparatus adopting a confinement layer  22  that is perpendicular to the lower electrode  26  shown in  FIG. 1 , the apparatus of the present invention produces slight plasma density increases near the edge of the wafer  130 , but not near the center of the wafer  130 . This produces an overall uniform plasma density on the wafer  130 .
   For a wafer  30  shown in  FIG. 1A  having a diameter identical to the diameter M 3  of the wafer  130  shown in  FIG. 2 , the diameter M 1  of the insulating plate  120  shown in  FIG. 2  would preferably be larger than the diameter L 1  of an insulating plate  20  in  FIG. 1A . Thus, the distance spanned by the plurality of induction coils  114  shown in  FIG. 2  would be greater than distance spanned by the plurality of induction coils  14  shown in  FIG. 1A . 
   The distance spanned by the plurality of induction coils  114  and the diameter M 1  of the insulating plate  120  is preferably over 140% of the diameter M 3  of the wafer  130  to be etched and preferably over 120% of the diameter M 2  of the lower electrode  126 . The distance M 4  between the edge of the lower electrode  126  and the edge of the wafer  130  is preferably designed to be 10-15% of the diameter M 3  of the wafer  130 . For example, for a wafer  130  having a diameter M 3  of 300 mm, the diameter M 1  of the insulating plate  120  would be approximately 420 mm and the diameter M 2  of the lower electrode  126  would be approximately 360 mm. The exemplary distance M 4  between the edge of the lower electrode  126  and the edge of the wafer  130  would be 30-45 mm. 
   According to the above-described embodiment, even though the first and second power supplies,  116  and  118 , respectively, do not increase the power and pressure in the vacuum chamber  112 , the cross-sectional area of the plasma region  124 , which is defined by the cylindrical confinement layer  122 , is smaller near the wafer  130  than near the insulating plate  120 . This effectively increases the usable plasma density of a given amount of plasma generated, and substantially increases the plasma density near the edge of the wafer. Thus, the uniformity of the distribution of plasma throughout the wafer is improved, thereby producing a uniform etch rate for the patterns. 
   The distance spanned by the plurality of induction coils  114  that generate plasma increases with an increase in the diameter M 1  of the insulating plate  120 . Since the magnetic flux generated by the plurality of induction coils  114  shown in  FIG. 2  is greater than the magnetic flux generated by the plurality of induction coils  14  shown in  FIG. 1A , high density plasma can be obtained using the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2  over that shown in  FIG. 1 . 
   Second, third, and fourth embodiments of a plasma etching apparatus of the present invention which are modifications of the plasma etching apparatus shown in  FIG. 1B  are shown in  FIGS. 3 ,  4 , and  5 , respectively. Referring to  FIG. 3 , a chamber  212  preferably has a top that is dome-shaped. An insulating plate  220  may be configured as an upper portion of the chamber  212  that has a dome shape with a predetermined radius of curvature. The radius of curvature of the insulating plate  220  is preferably equal to or greater than the radius of curvature of an insulating plate  50  shown in  FIG. 1B . According to the present invention, the projected diameter D 1  of the insulating plate  220  is preferably greater than the diameter D 2  of a lower electrode  226 . 
   For a wafer  230  having a diameter identical to wafer  60  shown in  FIG. 1B , the projected diameter D 1  of the insulating plate  220  would be made to be greater than the projected diameter L 4  of an insulating plate  50  shown in  FIG. 1B . Thus, the distance spanned by a plurality of induction coils  214  located on the outer surface of the dome-shaped chamber  212  is greater than the distance spanned by a plurality of induction coils  44  shown in  FIG. 1B . The plurality of induction coils  214  generate more magnetic flux, and thus more plasma, than the plurality of induction coils  44  of  FIG. 1B  even when the amount of power supplied by a first power supply  216  is equal to the amount of power supplied by a first power supply  46  shown in  FIG. 1B . 
   As described above, the projected diameter of D 1  of the insulating plate  220  is greater than the diameter D 2  of the lower electrode  226 . Like  FIG. 2 , a confinement layer  222  contacts the edge of the dome-shaped insulating plate  220  and extends toward the wafer  230 , forming an acute angle              2  to the projected surface of the insulating plate  220 . Thus, plasma density in a plasma region  224  increases in a direction toward the wafer  230 , and in particular, plasma density in a plasma region  224  increases significantly near the edge of the wafer  230 . As a result, high-density plasma is obtained and the uniformity of etching throughout the wafer  230  is improved.
   Reference numbers  218  and  228  indicate a power supply having a high frequency and a chuck for supporting the wafer  230 , respectively. Reference numbers  218  and  228  correspond to reference numbers  118  and  128  shown in  FIG. 2 . D 4  represents the distance from the wafer  230  to the confinement layer  222  or the edge of the lower electrode  226  and corresponds to M 4  shown in  FIG. 2 . 
   For example, an acute angle              2  may be within the range of about 45-89 degrees. The distance spanned by the plurality of induction coils  214  and the projected diameter D 1  the insulating plate  220  is preferably over about 140% of the diameter D 3  of the wafer  230  and preferably over about 120% of the diameter D 2  of the lower electrode  226 . The exemplary distance D 4  from the edge of the lower electrode  226  to the edge of the wafer  230  would be about 10-15% of the diameter M 3  of the wafer  130 . For example, for a wafer  230  having a diameter D 3  of 300 mm, the diameter D 1  of the insulating plate  220  would be approximately 420 mm and the length D 2  of the lower electrode  226  would be approximately 360 mm, and D 4  would be approximately 30-45 mm.
   Reference numbers  312 ,  314 ,  316 ,  318 ,  326 ,  328 , and  330  in  FIG. 4  denote the same members as reference numbers  212 ,  214 ,  216 ,  218 ,  226 ,  228 , and  230 , respectively, in  FIG. 3 . In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 4 , plasma is concentrated by adjusting the radius of curvature of a dome-shaped insulating plate  320  rather than by adjusting a slanted confinement layer as shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . The dome-shaped insulating plate  320  is divided into two parts, wherein a first part  320   a  preferably has a relatively larger radius of curvature with a second part  320   b  having a relatively smaller radius of curvature. Thus, the projected diameter N 1  of the first part  320   a  is greater than the projected diameter N 2  of the second part  320   b . The projected diameter N 2  of the second part  320   b  denotes the projected diameter of the dome-shaped insulating plate  320 . The projected diameter N 2  of the second part  320   b  may be designed to be substantially equal to the diameter N 3  of a lower electrode  326 . Here, the radius of curvature or the projected diameter N 2  of the second part  320   b  may be determined by the diameter N 4  of a wafer  330 , the distance N 5  from the wafer  330  to a confinement layer  322 , and the height of the confinement layer  322 . 
   The radius of curvature of the first part  320   a  may be designed to be equal to the radius of curvature of the insulating plate  220  shown in  FIG. 3  (i.e., the projected diameter N 1  of the first part  320   a  is equal to D 1  in  FIG. 3 .) Since the radius of curvature of the second part  320   b  is less than the radius of curvature of the first part  320   a , the projected diameter N 2  of the second part  320   b  is reduced. Thus, plasma density of a second plasma region  324   b  defined by the second part  320   b  increases more than the plasma density of a first plasma region  324   a  defined by the first part  320   a . In particular, plasma density increases at the edge of the second plasma region  324   b  more than at the center of the second plasma region  324   b.    
   The confinement layer  322 , which extends from the edge of the second part  320   b  to the wafer  330 , may be perpendicular to the projected surface of the second part  320   b . The projected diameter N 2  of the second part  320   b  denotes the projected diameter of the insulating plate  320 . Thus, plasma density in the plasma region  324   b  is maintained in a plasma region  324   c.    
   Similar to the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , a distance spanned by a plurality of induction coils  314  increases with an increase in the length of the curved surface of the insulating plate  320 , thereby resulting in an increased amount of plasma generated by the plurality of induction coils  314  without varying power and/or pressure. 
   For example, if the projected diameter N 1  of the first part  320   a  is designed to be over about 140% of the diameter N 4  of the wafer  330 , the projected diameter N 2  of the second part  320   b  or the diameter N 3  of the lower electrode  326  may be designed to be over about 120% of the diameter N 4  of the wafer  330 . The distance N 5  from the edge of the wafer  330  to the edge of the lower electrode  326  may be designed to be 10-15% of the diameter N 4  of the wafer  330 . For example, for a wafer  330  having a diameter of 300 mm, the projected diameter N 1  of the first part  320   a  would be over about 420 mm and the projected diameter N 2  of the second part  320   b  or the diameter N 3  of the lower electrode  326  would be over about 360 mm. The exemplary distance N 5  from the edge of the wafer  330  to the edge of the lower electrode  326  would be designed to be 30-45 mm. 
   Reference numerals  412 ,  414 ,  416 ,  418 ,  426 ,  428 , and  430  in  FIG. 5  denote the same members as reference numerals  212 ,  214 ,  216 ,  218 ,  226 ,  228 , and  230 , respectively, in  FIG. 3 . In an etching apparatus shown in  FIG. 5 , the radius of curvature of an insulating plate  420  is adjusted to concentrate plasma to a predetermined area, and a confinement layer  422  is preferably slanted at a predetermined angle              3  so that plasma is further concentrated to the predetermined area.
   A dome-shaped insulating plate  420  includes two parts  420   a  and  420   b , similar to the insulating plate  320  having the two parts  320   a  and  320   b  shown in  FIG. 4 . In other words, the dome-shaped insulating plate  420  preferably includes a first part  420   a  having a relatively larger radius of curvature P 1  and a second part  420   b  having a relatively smaller radius of curvature P 2 . The projected diameter of the first part  420   a  is greater than the projected diameter P 2  of the second part  420   b  or the diameter P 3  of the lower electrode  426 . The projected diameter P 2  of the second part  420   b  denotes the projected diameter of the dome-shaped insulating plate  420 . The confinement layer  422  is connected to the second part  420   b , which extends toward the lower electrode  426 , preferably forms an acute angle              3  to the projected surface of the insulating plate  420 .
   The relationships between the diameter P 4  of a wafer  430 , the projected diameter P 2  of the second part  420   b , the diameter P 3  of the lower electrode  426 , and the distance P 5  from the wafer to the confinement layer  422  and examples thereof may be the same as those described conditions used in the above-described embodiments. The acute angle              3  may be the same as the acute angles of the above-described embodiments.
   Compared with the etching apparatuses shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , as described above, since plasma is concentrated in two ways, effective plasma density increases and uniformity of plasma density and etch rate throughout a wafer may be further improved. The diameter of a wafer used in the apparatus shown in  FIG. 5  may be the same as the diameters of the wafers  230  and  330  used in the apparatuses shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 . Also, power used in the apparatus shown in  FIG. 5  may be the same as power supplied to the apparatuses shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 . However, the projected diameter P 1  of the first part  420  shown in  FIG. 5  is preferably larger than the projected diameter D 1  of the insulating plate  220  shown in  FIG. 3  and the projected diameter N 1  of the first part  320   a  shown in  FIG. 4 . Thus, the distance spanned by a plurality of induction coils  414  mounted on a chamber  412  is further increased, thereby increasing magnetic flux even more. In other words, plasma density may be further increased in this embodiment than in the above-described embodiments. 
   According to the present invention, a plasma region is preferably made narrower towards a wafer or a processed object than near an insulating plate in order to increase effective plasma density by increasing plasma density at the edge of the wafer. Thus, patterns are formed according to a design, and plasma density may be made uniform near the wafer or the lower electrode, thereby increasing the uniformity of etch rate or deposition rate. 
   In the above-described embodiments, the power supply  116 ,  216 ,  316 , or  426  and the plurality of induction coils  114 ,  214 ,  314 , or  414  are preferably used to generate plasma. However, microwaves, an electron cyclotron resonance source, or a reactive ion etching source may be used instead. 
   Chambers and confinement layers are described as independent components in these embodiments. But the wall of a chamber where a confinement layer is not installed may serve as a confinement layer. Thus, in this case, the wall of the chamber may be designed to so that it narrows toward an electrode where the wafer is positioned. A cylindrical chamber has been described but the spirit of the present invention must not be interpreted as being restricted to this cylindrical chamber. It is apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the spirit of the present invention may be applied to a hexahedral, or other geometrically formed, chamber. 
   The spirit of the present invention may be applied to an apparatus using plasma where upper and lower electrodes are supplied with power externally, a plasma apparatus where only an upper electrode facing a wafer with an insulating plate that is positioned between the upper electrode and the wafer in a chamber is supplied with power externally, and a magnetic-enhanced reactive ion etching (MERIE) apparatus where only a lower electrode on which a wafer is placed is supplied with power externally. 
   A preferred embodiment of the present invention has been disclosed herein and, although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purpose of limitation. Accordingly, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.