Abstract:
When individual cylinders of an internal combustion engine are disengaged from their power-consuming, power-producing role, engine efficiency at small to medium engine loads is improved significantly. This improvement is measured in enhanced fuel economy and reduced air pollutants from the engine&#39;s remaining active cylinders. Cylinders change from active to an inactive role as typical push rods and rocker arms of the valve trains are replaced with mechanisms which can hold selected intake valves closed and companion exhaust valves open continously. Convertible valve trains change the power characteristics of cylinders in response to the remote operator&#39;s sensed conditions of load changes, special desired engine performance and desired fuel conservation.

Description:
This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 540,516, filed Jan. 13, 1975. 
    
    
     OBJECTIVES 
     The objective of this invention is to permit owners of new and old American type automotive engines to benefit from fuel economies and reduced air pollution from split engine operation. 
     It is a further objective to disclose mechanisms that are adequately simple in their construction and installation that the cost of split engine conversion can be recovered from fuel cost savings in a short operating period. 
     It is an overall objective to make split engine operation realized to enough engine owners that the summation of their fuel conservation will be a significant contribution to the post 1973 International fuel crisis, and to the air pollution problem of most urban areas. 
     SUMMARY 
     Automobiles having large engines but consistently small to medium engine loads can benefit with significantly improved fuel economy after selected cylinders, usually every other numbered cylinder in the engine&#39;s firing order, are disengaged from their power-consuming characteristics. Automobiles and trucks whose engine loads periodically exceed half their engine&#39;s maximum capacity can benefit similarly when their operator or other sensor can select the appropriate power-capability and fuel-using rate of his engine. By remotely controlling the described convertible push rod and rocker arm mechanism within an engine, its operator can select the appropriate proportion of the full engine&#39;s capacity to meet needs dictated by peak loads, desired acceleration, desired engine braking, and desired fuel economy. 
     The sets of mechanisms described in this invention will hold the intake valve closed and the exhaust valve open for selected cylinders which have been committed to an inactive role during split engine operation. The closed intake valve prevents entry of fuel vapor and air from the intake manifold, thus minimizing the usual work of the cylinder&#39;s compression cycle, but retaining its vacuum pumping work. The open exhaust valve prevents the work of generating vacuum pressures during the intake cycle and combustion cycle of a completely throttled cylinder. 
     The cylinders that remain active during split engine operation also contribute to the engine&#39;s improved efficiency because in compensating for the inactive cylinders, they will be supplied with more air and fuel vapor for each firing cycle, thus improving the average compression ratio with attendant better thermal efficiency (and complete combustion) that is characteristic of internal combustion engines at high load conditions. 
     This invention conserves fuel because it permits reduction in the capacity of engines when their total capacity is not needed. It reduces air pollution by excluding fuel vapor from the exhaust emissions of inactive cylinders. It improves engine starting conditions by eliminating the power-consumption characteristics of the inactive cylinders, and it can enhance the full engine braking characteristics that are important to vehicle control. 
     PRIOR ART 
     The prior art relating to this invention includes split engine operation, push rods with optional lengths, and rocker arms with controllable angles. 
     Valve actuating mechanisms with variable length characteristics were patented before 1900. These early push rod mechanisms demonstrated that even without a half-speed cam shaft, it was possible to open and close a 4-cycle engine&#39;s valves from an eccentric action on the engine&#39;s crankshaft, provided that the push rods were stiff on each cycle requiring valve opening and the push rods were weak (or disengaged) on each cycle requiring a closed valve. About 1920 some single cylinder engines used a &#34;hit-or-miss&#34; system in which a push rod held a valve open whenever the engine speed exceeded the governor&#39;s intended speed. 
     With the popularity of overhead valve engines since the 1930&#39;s, came the accoustic irritation of &#34;tappet noise&#34;. Push rods, that were adjusted to their rocker arms for adequate valve seating at engine operating temperature, would shrink in length after cooling. This shorter rod would strike the rocker arm from a distance at each valve action with noisy effect. The hydraulic valve lifters of Voorhies (U.S. Pat. No. 2,682,865) and others, overcame this deficiency for the most part, but many spring-absorbing mechanical approaches were patented to minimize tappet noise. e.g. Moyer, U.S. Pat. No. 2,927,566, 1960. 
     The long slender column of modern push rods offers a bending failure mode to protect other elements of the valve train. Minder proposed a diesel engine push rod that would shorten temporarily under unplanned obstructions of the exhaust valve, but would return to full length when the valve worked freely again. Minder, U.S. Pat. No. 2,678,033, 1954. 
     Cam variations have been offered to improve engine performance. Rohlin, U.S. Pat. No. 2,205,814 in 1941 and later Weiss U.S. Pat. No. 2,528,983, 1950, modifield cam-related mechanisms to continuously close the intake valves and continuously open the exhaust valves of selected cylinders to demonstrate optimum efficiency in split engine operation. 
     Winkler U.S. Pat. No. 2,654,038, 1953 described a hydraulic valve lifter that collapsed to hold valves closed on operator signal. Wood held the exhaust valve fully open with a solenoid-driven latch mechanism which holds the hydraulic valve lifter at its maximum upward travel position. e.g. Wood U.S. Pat. No. 2,948,274, 1960. 
     Between 1952 and 1973 Snyder, Rohlin, Dolza, Mick, and Francis patented adaptations of split engine control using a simple intake manifold throttling action to the four cylinders of a V8 engine that share a common intake manifold passage system. They did not change the normal intake or exhaust valve patterns. 
     Special cam actions have been used to hold valves open for easier starting practices on both gasoline and diesel engines. Cams have modified normal valving patterns to enhance engine peak performance, to compress air and to enhance the engine&#39;s braking capacity. Special exhaust valve cams prevent runaway destruction of diesel engines. 
     In general, cam systems to achieve split engine operation have been too complicated to win broad commercial success. The fuel and air throttling of intake passages dedicated to half the cylinders in a V8 engine threatens to consume unacceptable amounts oil from worn engines and to contribute unsatisfactorily to air pollution, even though it offers fuel economy and very simple installation. Only Rohlin, U.S. Pat. No. 2,250,814, 1941 innovated with push rods in an approach to split engine operation with closed intake valves and open exhaust valves. His means for positioning the push rods involved high cam forces driven by hydraulic power. No prior art or patent action appear to have utilized the valve train&#39;s inherent energy system to position both intake and exhaust valves for split engine operation. 
     FEATURES 
     The novelty of this invention is characterized by the simplicity of replacement push rod or rocker arm mechanisms, the operational flexibility of the mechanisms, the easy accessability of the parts to be replaced, and the potential application of these parts to the great population of new and old engines for automobiles and trucks. As a byproduct of having such push rods or rocker arms installed in his vehicle, an owner can benefit from unique engine starting, engine stopping, and engine braking characteristics brought about by the operator&#39;s positive control of valve actions. The environment can benefit to the extent that the operator uses closed-valve engine braking to reduce unburned hydrocarbons from his exhaust emissions. The utility of the invention and its timeliness are related to major changes in fuel economics of engine operation before and after the fall of 1973. Engines designed and built before that year for American customers were generally sized to offer impressive initial acceleration through the few gear ratios of an automatic transmission. They were also sized to offer the capability of maintaining high sustained highway speeds. Fuel costs represented a small proportion of total annual vehicle costs, even though the large capacity engines have high fuel consumption rates whether loaded or idling. By 1974 fuel costs increased more than 50% and are not expected to decline. A National speed limit of 55 MPH has minimized one significant reason for large capacity engines on automobiles. The ease of installing special push rods or rocker arms on new and used engines makes it possible to conserve significant petroleum by broad application of split engine operation. 
     DESCRIPTION 
    
    
     Definition of Figures 
     FIGS. 1, 2, 13, 14, 15 and 16 describe a convertible length valve train members which permit operator or sensor controlled split engine operation and other unusual remotely-controlled engine behavior. 
     FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a convertible valve closing (intake) push rod showing its locked position in which it performs as if it were a solid push rod. 
     FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a convertible valve opening (exhaust) push rod at its sustained maximum height position. 
     FIG. 3 is a fragmentary sectional view of a V8 engine, wherein a typical intake valve train is illustrated on the left side of the engine and a typical exhaust valve train is illustrated on the right side of the engine. 
     FIGS. 4, 5, 8, 9, 10 and 11 describe flexible length valve train members which permit sustained split engine operation with minimum change to engine mechanisms. 
     FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a flexible push rod for an intake valve train. When substituted for a fixed length push rod, this device retains all other elements of the valve train in their customary locations, but permits the intake valve to remain closed at all times. 
     FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a fixed height, flexible push rod for the exhaust valve train. When substituted for a fixed length push rod, this device retains all other elements of the valve train in their customary locations, but holds the exhaust valve open at all times. 
     FIG. 6 is a fragmentary sectional view of the valve trains in a V8 engine, showing the location of the flexible push rod for the intake valve train on the left side and the location of the fixed height, flexible push rod for the exhaust valve train on the right side. 
     FIG. 7 is an isometric view of a spring form suitable for engaging and disengaging a convertible clutch. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. 
     FIG. 8 is a sectional view of an alternative embodiment of the flexible push rod for the intake valve train. 
     FIG. 9 is a sectional view of an alternative embodiment of the fixed height, flexible push rod for the exhaust valve train. 
     FIG. 10 is a sectional view of a cylindrical plug and spring clip assembly to replace hydraulic valve lifters for inactive valve trains. 
     FIG. 11 is a sectional view of a fixed height standoff for deflecting the rocker arm of the exhaust valve and holding that valve open. It is employed in conjunction with the assembly of FIG. 10. 
     FIG. 12 is a fragmentary sectional view of a rocker arm having the capacity to serve in either intake valve trains or exhaust valve trains to hold valves continuously open or continuously closed. 
     FIG. 13 is a fragmentary isometric-sectional view of a convertible closed valve (intake) push rod assembly which embodies the principles of the device in FIG. 1. As shown, the convertible push rod is in its locked position in which it performs as if it were a solid push rod. 
     FIG. 14 is a fragmentary isometric-sectional view of a convertible open valve (exhaust) push rod assembly which embodies the principles of the device in FIG. 2. As shown, the convertible push rod is in its locked position in which it holds the exhaust valve open continuously. 
     FIG. 15 is a fragmentary sectional view of a convertible closed valve (intake) rocker arm whose convertible clutch embodies the principles illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 13. 
     FIG. 16 is a fragmentary sectional view of a convertible open valve (exhaust) rocker arm whose convertible clutch embodies the principles illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 14. 
     FIGS. 17 and 18 describe an operator&#39;s electric control switches, their diode signal-mixing circuits, and the results of these commands as they affect the valve train system of a typical V8 engine. 
    
    
     Operation of Devices 
     The convertible closed valve (intake) push rod mechanism of FIG. 1 replaces the fixed-length push rod in the intake valve train. Its bearings interface with the hydraulic valve lifter&#39;s bearing seat (1) and the intake rocker arm bearing seat (2) as shown on the left side of FIG. 3. 
     The parts and their operation in a convertible intake push rod are described as follows: A bearing (3) forms the bottom of a solid or hollow rod (4) which is topped by a perforated cup (5). Round perforations in the wall of the cup (6) hold steel balls (7) which also share space in the side groove (8) around the piston (9). A bearing (10) on the top of the piston (9) fits into the rocker arm (43) at its push rod bearing seat (2). This push rod and rocker arm train actuate the intake valve (12) in response to cam (13) and valve spring (44) forces. The clutch control ring (15) moves the steel ball (7) according to the height position of the control ring as transmitted through the operator shaft (14). 
     The convertible closed valve (intake) push rod remains solid as long as the operator shaft (14) holds the minimum diameter surface of the clutch control ring (15) in contact with the steel balls (7). However, when the maximum inside diameter surface (16) of the clutch control ring is held at the level of the perforations (6), the balls will be pressed out of the piston (9) side grooves (8), allowing the basic structure (3, 4, &amp; 5) to respond to the linear oscillating pattern driven by the operating cam shaft (13) and return spring (17), while the piston (9) and rocker arm (43) remain stationary. In the highest operator shaft position the intake valve (12) is continuously closed. 
     The bottom block (18) limits maximum downward travel of the clutch control ring (15) and the optional spring clip (11) constrains upward travel of the spring-driven piston (9) during installation and maintenance. 
     The convertible exhaust push rod mechanism of FIG. 2 replaces the fixed length push in the intake valve train. Its bearings interface with the hydraulic valve lifter&#39;s bearing seat (19) and the exhaust rocker arm bearing seat (2), and its compression member rests on a static engine surface (21) as shown on the right side of FIG. 3. 
     The parts and their operation in a convertible exhaust push rod are described as follows: A bearing (22) forms the bottom of a solid or hollow center rod (23) which passes through a compression standoff composed of a threaded surface nut (24) and its companion threaded static tube (25). The center rod (23) applies compressive force through spring (26) and directly against the bottom of the perforated wall cap (27). This cap&#39;s top surface includes the upper load-transmitting bearing (28). This cap&#39;s bottom edge surface presses against compression spring (30) which holds the compression standoff (24 &amp; 25) firmly against a static surface (21) on the engine. 
     The inner spring (26) remains compressed between the cap and the center rod&#39;s washer (29) as long as the operator&#39;s shaft (31) lowers the exhaust clutch control ring (32) to a level where its maximum inside diameter is opposite the perforations (33) of the cap&#39;s walls. At this position the steel balls (34) will remain free of the radial groove (35). The top bearing (28) will faithfully transmit the force and movement of the bottom bearing (22) to drive the exhaust valve (39) in response to cam (13) and valve spring (45) forces. 
     When the bell crank (41) and spring (46 of FIGS. 3 and 7) or a solenoid lifts the clutch ring (32) synchronously with the cap&#39;s (27) upward cam-driven movement, the minimum inside diameter of the clutch ring (32) will press the steel balls (34) to fit partially within the radial groove (35) of the static tube (25), holding the cap (27) and its top bearing (28) at its maximum cam-driven height. Inside the cap (27) the spring (26) exerts a downward force to keep the bottom bearing (22) in mechanical contact with its seat (19) in the tappet or hydraulic lifter. The result of the change in bell crank (41) angle has been to stop oscillation of rocker arm (38) and to hold the exhaust valve (39) continuously in its open position. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates means to actuate operator control rods (14 &amp; 31) using bell crank mechanism (40 &amp; 41) and spring arrangements (42 &amp; 46) in conjunction with cable controls (36 &amp; 37), mechanical linkage, vacuum actuators, or solenoids with sensor or driver actuation. 
     FIGS. 4 and 8 describe flexible length closed valve replacements for push rods where it is desireable to deactivate one or more cylinders, using simple engine maintenance to deactivate or reactivate each cylinder. FIG. 4 is described as follows: A bearing (48) forms the bottom of a rod (49) which slides inside a tube (50) that is capped with a bearing (51). A spring (52) within the tube presses both bearings against their interface bearing seats (1 &amp; 2), but with insufficient force to open the intake valve (12). 
     FIGS. 5 and 9 describe fixed height, flexible length open valve replacement for exhaust push rods where it is desireable to deactivate one or more cylinders using simple engine maintenance to deactivate or reactivate. FIG. 5 is described as follows: A bearing (53) forms the bottom of a rod (54) which slides inside the tube (56) that is capped with a bearing (57). A spring (58) within the tube presses both bearings against their interface bearing seats (19 &amp; 20), and a compression member threaded nut (55) fits the threaded base of tube (56) to fit against a static engine surface (21). Adjustment of the nut permits the top bearing to lift the rocker arm (38), depressing the exhaust valve (39) permanently to an open position. Subsequent replacement of the fixed length push rod permits the rocker arm and exhaust valve to resume their normal oscillating action. 
     FIG. 7 illustrates a spring (42 &amp; 46) with sufficient stored energy and elasticity to hold a sensor&#39;s desired operating position and to transmit that desired position of the operator rod on either the convertible exhaust push rod or convertible intake push rod to its slutch ring at the instant conversion will naturally occur. 
     FIG. 8 illustrates another embodiment of the principal elements of FIG. 4. It uses a continuous spring (59) and a rod-guide (60) to form its structure. An uncompressed portion (61) offers the necessary linear compression at a force insufficient to open the valve. 
     FIG. 9 shares the elements cited in FIG. 8, plus an extension of the inner guide rod to serve as a stand-off for the exhaust valve. The threaded portion of the rod (62) and a threaded nut (63) can be adjusted for continuous opening of the exhaust valve. 
     FIG. 10 illustrates a spring held tube to control the oil flow in the absence of a hydraulic valve lifter. Tube (65) offers resistance to the flow of oil normally delivered to the hydraulic valve lifter. Spring (64) holds tube in cylinder cavity for hydraulic valve lifter. Use of this device permits complete removal of the hydraulic valve lifters and push rods for cylinders to be deactivated. Complete deactivation of a cylinder will also use a device typical of FIG. 11 which employs a standoff (62) and possibly a matched threaded adjustment nut (63). 
     FIG. 12 illustrates a common type of rocker arm (68) adapted for split engine operation. It holds the solid push rod (66) in place, allowing the normal oscillating motion of the bottom portion of the valve train to work against the torque moment of the spring (67) which is not sufficient to open the intake valve. The same rocker arm (68) and spring assembly (67) can be used in the exhaust valve train. Spring (67) holds a torque moment to retain the solid push rod and hydraulic valve lifter to their working positions, however the threaded adjustment (69) and stand off rod (70) exert a torque moment against the static engine surface (71) to deflect the rocker arm and hold the exhaust valve open continuously. 
     FIG. 13 is an embodiment of the principles illustrated in FIG. 1, but the mechanisms have been inverted to permit use of additional engine space above the rocker arm. The following charts compare the illustrative numbers from FIGS. 1 and 3 with the illustrative numbers from FIG. 13. 
     
         ______________________________________Fig 1&amp;3 Fig 13   Fig 1&amp;3  Fig 13 Fig 1&amp;3                                   Fig 13______________________________________3       73       7        77     14     844       74       8        78     15     855       75       9        79     16     866       76       10       80     17     87______________________________________ 
    
     The parts and their operation as a convertible closed valve (intake) push rod mechanism are described as follows: A bearing (73) forms the bottom of a solid or hollow rod (74). The top of the rod becomes split and the side arms (75) extend the basic push rod into an outside cylinder (89). As shown a perforated tube (79) fits within the cylinder (89) and holds the top bearing (80) in tension, when steel balls (77) are pressed partially out of the perforations (76) into the inner groove (78) of the outside cylinder (89) by the maximum diameter (85) of the center spool (85). As long as control rod (84) is at its bottom-most position the convertible push rod will maintain this fixed bearing-to-bearing length. 
     When electrical energy activates the solenoid (88) or other upward force moves the control rod (84) upward, the steel balls (77) are pressed out of their groove (78) instead sharing room inside the minimum diameter (86) of the center spool. In this condition the oscillating motion of bearing (73) is absorbed and returned from the spring (87), which has insufficient strength to offset the force of the intake valve spring. Until the control rod (84) is dropped downward, the intake valve (82) will remain closed. 
     FIG. 14 is an embodiment of the principles illustrated in FIG. 2, but as in FIG. 13, the mechanisms have been inverted to permit use of the additional engine space above the rocker arm. The following charts compare the illustrative numbers of the FIG. 2 and 3 against the numbers for similar function on FIG. 14; 
     
         ______________________________________Fig 2&amp;3 Fig 14   Fig 2&amp;3  Fig 14 Fig 2&amp;3                                   Fig 14______________________________________20      90       25       95     31     10121      91       26       96     32     10222      92       27       97     33     10323      93       28       98     34     10424      94                       35     105______________________________________ 
    
     The parts and their operation as a convertible open valve (exhaust) push rod mechanism are described as follows: A bearing (92) forms the bottom of a solid or hollow rod (93) on which is attached a push rod washer (99) which drives a return spring (96). The top surface of the rod (95A) presses against the bottom of the top-bearing strap (98). It, in turn applies compressive forces to the rocker arm bearing interface (90). The top bearing strap (98) supports a perforated tube (97) in whose perforations (103) steel balls (104) may rest idly when the spool (102) minimum diameter is opposite the tube perforations (103). As shown, however, when the control shaft (101) is drawn upward with forces from a solenoid (100) or spring forces such as those illustrated in FIG. 7, the steel balls are pressed by the maximum diameter of the spool (102) into the groove (105) within the outside cylinder (95) which is integrated into a stand (94). Thus the full return force of the exhaust valve spring is transmitted through the locked exhaust clutch to a static surface (91) of the engine. When the control rod (101) is lowered again and the push rod (93) makes a contact with the top bearing strap, the subsequent relaxation of the forces on the steel balls (104) will let them be pressed out of the groove (105), permitting response motions. 
     FIGS. 13 and 14, in showing both the convertible push rod and a rocker arm in the same view illustrate the close interaction of these two elements in each valve train. 
     FIG. 15 is an embodiment of the principles illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 13 but the mechanisms have been adapted to the rocker arm element of the intake drive train. The parts and their operation as a convertible closed valve (intake) rocker arm mechanism are described as follows: An interface bearing of the rocker arm forms the bottom of a perforated cup (106) fitting within a cylindrical passage of the rocker arm (113) structure. An inner groove (107) in a compressive load bearing member 107A carried fixedly by the rocker arm accepts a portion of the steel ball (108) as it is moved within the cap perforation (109) by the control rod and spindles (112). In this position of the steel ball the convertible rocker arm transmits push rod motion to the valve. Solenoid (111) or outside mechanical actuators can lift the control rod and spool (112) to where the steel balls are pressed out of groove (107) to share the chamber space beside the small diameter section of the spindle and control rod (112). In this condition the perforated cap (106) moves upward against the spring (110) when pressed by the push rod, and is returned by the spring pressure as the push rod oscillates downward, offering an insufficient torsional moment to deflect the intake valve to its open position. It remains closed continuously. 
     FIG. 16 is an embodiment of the principles illustrated in FIG. 2 and FIG. 14, but the mechanisms have been adapted to the rocker arm element of the exhaust drive train. The parts and their operation as a convertible open valve (exhaust) rocker arm mechanism are described as follows: 
     Around a fulcrum shaft (116) rocker arm (114) rotates in oscillating motion, driven by the push rod bearing interface segment (129) in cylinder (128). The perforated cylinder (128) is integral with rocker arm frame (114). An outer cylinder (125) is supported by a compression bar (126) to the static engine surface (127). A groove (122) within outer cylinder (125) accepts a portion of the steel ball (123) housed within perforation (124) whenever the maximum diameter (121) of the control spindle is opposite the perforations (124) of cylinder (128). 
     In the position shown, a prior oscillation of the push rod has rotated the rocker arm to depress and open the exhaust valve spring. At that instant the steel balls (123) entered the outer ring groove (122) to hold one end of the rocker arm (128) in an elevated position while the other end of the rocker arm (114) pressed the valve continuously open. Immediately the prestressed spring (130), which is not as strong as the valve spring, depressed the bearing interface segment (129) to follow the oscillating motion of the push rod. 
     With a lowering of control rod (119) by electrical signal of the solenoid (118) or other actuation, a smaller spindle diameter (120) will permit the steel balls (123) to be expelled from their groove (122). This action will occur when the forces on all parts are relaxed during the maximum upper stroke of the push rod oscillating motion. Then the cylinder section (128) will remain in compressive contact with bearing segment (129). Spring (130) will stop its relative motion, but spring (117) in tension, will hold the outer cylinder in sustained compression against the static engine surface. 
     FIG. 17 illustrates an operator control (131) for electric circuits which modify valve train actions to permit split engine operation and engine braking. Using a battery (132) as prime electric DC power, the typical diode network (133) permits multiple switches to control defined combinations of solenoids for varying levels of split engine operation. The lower portion of FIG. 17 shows a fragmentary diode network (134) for control of engine braking. The operator control shows an automatic option that is cited in other patents. 
     FIG. 18 is a diagram of a valve train with split engine and compression braking characteristics. Cylinder 2 has been committed to an inactive status using intake flexible length valve train device (135) described in FIGS. 4 and 8 and exhaust valve train device (136) described in FIGS. 5 and 9. Cylinder 3 also has been committed to inactive status with complete elimination of its push rods and hydraulic valve lifters, fitting the lifter cavities with devices cited in FIG. 10, and lifting the exhaust rocker arm with a standoff (137) cited in FIG. 11. In this committed condition neither cylinder 2 nor 3 are fitted to use the electric circuits described for them in FIG. 17. The valve trains of cylinders 4 and 7 are fitted with convertible split engine devices. The convertible closed valve push rod device (138) on the intake valve train is described in FIG. 13. It is designed for push rod replacement where the space between the rocker arm ane engine are insufficient for use of device in FIG. 1 fitted with a solenoid control. The convertible open valve rocker arm device (139) for the exhaust valve train is described in FIG. 16. 
     The valve trains of FIGS. 1 and 6 are fitted with an engine braking system which utilizes an ignition shunt (140) and a convertible closed valve positioner device (138). The intake valve operates in direct response to the cam-driven actions of the valve train. When the engine brake is actuated the ignition becomes non operative, and the intake charge is compressed without firing; is compressed again in the normal exhaust stroke, and may expel some of its headed gases into the intake manifold before drawing cool gases for two more compression strokes. 
     The valve trains of FIGS. 5 and 8 provide the flexibility of operating as active cylinders, as inactive (split engine) cylinders, or as brakes. The intake valve train is fitted with a convertible closed valve rocker arm device (141) of the type cited in FIG. 15. The exhaust valve train is fitted with a convertible open valve rocker arm device (139) plus a convertible closed valve push rod device (142) such as the device in FIG. 1 fitted with a solenoid actuator for its control rod. This convertible closed valve device when set for closed valve will not over ride the open valve devices, but must be switched in sequence.