Abstract:
Compositions and methods for treating mammalian disease characterized by undesirable angiogenesis by administering derivatives of 2-methoxyestradiol of the general formula:  
                         
wherein the variables are defined in the specification.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention relates to treating disease states characterized by abnormal cell mitosis and or abnormal angiogenesis. More particularly, the present invention relates to certain analogs of 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) and their effect on diseases characterized by abnormal cell mitosis and/or abnormal angiogenesis.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     As used herein, the term “angiogenesis” means the generation of new blood vessels into a tissue or organ. Under normal physiological conditions, humans or animals only undergo angiogenesis in very specific restricted situations. For example, angiogenesis is normally observed in wound healing, fetal and embryonal development and formation of the corpus luteum, endometrium and placenta. The control of angiogenesis is a highly regulated system of angiogenic stimulators and inhibitors. The control of angiogenesis has been found to be altered in certain disease states and, in many cases, the pathological damage associated with the disease is related to the uncontrolled angiogenesis.  
         [0003]     Both controlled and uncontrolled angiogenesis are thought to proceed in a similar manner. Endothelial cells and pericytes, surrounded by a basement membrane, form capillary blood vessels. Angiogenesis begins with the erosion of the basement membrane by enzymes released by endothelial cells and leukocytes. The endothelial cells, which line the lumen of blood vessels, then protrude through the basement membrane. Angiogenic stimulants induce the endothelial cells to migrate through the eroded basement membrane. The migrating cells form a “sprout” off the parent blood vessel, where the endothelial cells undergo mitosis and proliferate. The endothelial sprouts merge with each other to form capillary loops, creating the new blood vessel. In the disease state, prevention of angiogenesis could avert the damage caused by the invasion of the new microvascular system.  
         [0004]     Persistent, unregulated angiogenesis occurs in a multiplicity of disease states, tumor metastasis and abnormal growth by endothelial cells and supports the pathological damage seen in these conditions. The diverse pathological states created due to unregulated angiogenesis have been grouped together as angiogenic dependent or angiogenic associated diseases. Therapies directed at control of the angiogenic processes could lead to the abrogation or mitigation of these diseases.  
         [0005]     One example of a disease mediated by angiogenesis is ocular neovascular disease. This disease is characterized by invasion of new blood vessels into the structures of the eye such as the retina or cornea. It is the most common cause of blindness and is involved in approximately twenty eye diseases. In age-related macular degeneration, the associated visual problems are caused by an ingrowth of chorioidal capillaries through defects in Bruch&#39;s membrane with proliferation of fibrovascular tissue beneath the retinal pigment epithelium. Angiogenic damage is also associated with diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma and retrolental fibroplasia. Other diseases associated with corneal neovascularization include, but are not limited to, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, Vitamin A deficiency, contact lens overwear, atopic keratitis, superior limbic keratitis, pterygium keratitis sicca, sjogrens, acne rosacea, phylectenulosis, syphilis,  Mycobacteria  infections, lipid degeneration, chemical burns, bacterial ulcers, fungal ulcers, Herpes simplex infections, Herpes zoster infections, protozoan infections, Kaposi sarcoma, Mooren ulcer, Terrien&#39;s marginal degeneration, mariginal keratolysis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, polyarteritis, trauma, Wegeners sarcoidosis, Scleritis, Steven&#39;s Johnson disease, periphigoid radial keratotomy, and corneal graph rejection.  
         [0006]     Diseases associated with retinal/choroidal neovascularization include, but are not limited to, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, sickle cell anemia, sarcoid, syphilis, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Pagets disease, vein occlusion, artery occlusion, carotid obstructive disease, chronic uveitis/vitritis, mycobacterial infections, Lyme&#39;s disease, systemic lupus erythematosis, retinopathy of prematurity, Eales disease, Bechets disease, infections causing a retinitis or choroiditis, presumed ocular histoplasmosis, Bests disease, myopia, optic pits, Stargarts disease, pars planitis, chronic retinal detachment, hyperviscosity syndromes, toxoplasmosis, trauma and post-laser complications. Other diseases include, but are not limited to, diseases associated with rubeosis (neovasculariation of the angle) and diseases caused by the abnormal proliferation of fibrovascular or fibrous tissue including all forms of proliferative vitreoretinopathy.  
         [0007]     Another disease in which angiogenesis is believed to be involved is rheumatoid arthritis. The blood vessels in the synovial lining of the joints undergo angiogenesis. In addition to forming new vascular networks, the endothelial cells release factors and reactive oxygen species that lead to pannus growth and cartilage destruction. The factors involved in angiogenesis may actively contribute to, and help maintain, the chronically inflamed state of rheumatoid arthritis.  
         [0008]     Factors associated with angiogenesis may also have a role in osteoarthritis. The activation of the chondrocytes by angiogenic-related factors contributes to the destruction of the joint. At a later stage, the angiogenic factors would promote new bone formation. Therapeutic intervention that prevents the bone destruction could halt the progress of the disease and provide relief for persons suffering with arthritis.  
         [0009]     Chronic inflammation may also involve pathological angiogenesis. Such disease states as ulcerative colitis and Crohn&#39;s disease show histological changes with the ingrowth of new blood vessels into the inflamed tissues. Bartonellosis, a bacterial infection found in South America, can result in a chronic stage that is characterized by proliferation of vascular endothelial cells. Another pathological role associated with angiogenesis is found in atherosclerosis. The plaques formed within the lumen of blood vessels have been shown to have angiogenic stimulatory activity.  
         [0010]     One of the most frequent angiogenic diseases of childhood is the hemangioma. In most cases, the tumors are benign and regress without intervention. In more severe cases, the tumors progress to large cavernous and infiltrative forms and create clinical complications. Systemic forms of hemangiomas, the hemangiomatoses, have a high mortality rate. Therapy-resistant hemangiomas exist that cannot be treated with therapeutics currently in use.  
         [0011]     Angiogenesis is also responsible for damage found in hereditary diseases such as Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, or hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. This is an inherited disease characterized by multiple small angiomas, tumors of blood or lymph vessels. The angiomas are found in the skin and mucous membranes, often accompanied by epistaxis (nosebleeds) or gastrointestinal bleeding and sometimes with pulmonary or hepatic arteriovenous fistula.  
         [0012]     Angiogenesis is prominent in solid tumor formation and metastasis. Angiogenic factors have been found associated with several solid tumors such as rhabdomyosarcomas, retinoblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, neuroblastoma, and osteosarcoma. A tumor cannot expand without a blood supply to provide nutrients and remove cellular wastes. Tumors in which angiogenesis is important include solid tumors, and benign tumors such as acoustic neuroma, neurofibroma, trachoma and pyogenic granulomas. Prevention of angiogenesis could halt the growth of these tumors and the resultant damage to the animal due to the presence of the tumor.  
         [0013]     It should be noted that angiogenesis has been associated with blood-born tumors such as leukemias, any of various acute or chronic neoplastic diseases of the bone marrow in which unrestrained proliferation of white blood cells occurs, usually accompanied by anemia, impaired blood clotting, and enlargement of the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. It is believed that angiogenesis plays a role in the abnormalities in the bone marrow that give rise to leukemia-like tumors.  
         [0014]     Angiogenesis is important in two stages of tumor metastasis. The first stage where angiogenesis stimulation is important is in the vascularization of the tumor which allows tumor cells to enter the blood stream and to circulate throughout the body. After the tumor cells have left the primary site, and have settled into the secondary, metastasis site, angiogenesis must occur before the new tumor can grow and expand. Therefore, prevention of angiogenesis could lead to the prevention of metastasis of tumors and possibly contain the neoplastic growth at the primary site.  
         [0015]     Knowledge of the role of angiogenesis in the maintenance and metastasis of tumors has led to a prognostic indicator for breast cancer. The amount of neovascularization found in the primary tumor was determined by counting the microvessel density in the area of the most intense neovascularization in invasive breast carcinoma. A high level of microvessel density was found to correlate with tumor recurrence. Control of angiogenesis by therapeutic means could possibly lead to cessation of the recurrence of the tumors.  
         [0016]     Angiogenesis is also involved in normal physiological processes such as reproduction and wound healing. Angiogenesis is an important step in ovulation and also in implantation of the blastula after fertilization. Prevention of angiogenesis could be used to induce amenorrhea, to block ovulation or to prevent implantation by the blastula.  
         [0017]     In wound healing, excessive repair or fibroplasia can be a detrimental side effect of surgical procedures and may be caused or exacerbated by angiogenesis. Adhesions are a frequent complication of surgery and lead to problems such as small bowel obstruction.  
         [0018]     Several kinds of compounds have been used to prevent angiogenesis. Taylor et al. have used protamine to inhibit angiogenesis, see Taylor et al.,  Nature  297:307 (1982). The toxicity of protamine limits its practical use as a therapeutic. Folkman et al. have disclosed the use of heparin and steroids to control angiogenesis. See Folkman et al.,  Science  221:719 (1983) and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,001,116 and 4,994,443. Steroids, such as tetrahydrocortisol, which lack gluco and mineral corticoid activity, have been found to be angiogenic inhibitors.  
         [0019]     Other factors found endogenously in animals, such as a 4 kDa glycoprotein from bovine vitreous humor and a cartilage derived factor, have been used to inhibit angiogenesis. Cellular factors such as interferon inhibit angiogenesis. For example, interferon α or human interferon β has been shown to inhibit tumor-induced angiogenesis in mouse dermis stimulated by human neoplastic cells. Interferon β is also a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis induced by allogeneic spleen cells. See Sidky et al.,  Cancer Research  47:5155-5161 (1987). Human recombinant α interferon (alpha/A) was reported to be successfully used in the treatment of pulmonary hemangiomatosis, an angiogenesis-induced disease. See White et al.,  New England J. Med.  320:1197-1200 (1989).  
         [0020]     Other agents which have been used to inhibit angiogenesis include ascorbic acid ethers and related compounds. See Japanese Kokai Tokkyo Koho No. 58-131978. Sulfated polysaccharide DS 4152 also shows angiogenic inhibition. See Japanese Kokai Tokkyo Koho No. 63-119500. A fungal product, fumagillin, is a potent angiostatic agent in vitro. The compound is toxic in vivo, but a synthetic derivative, AGM 12470, has been used in vivo to treat collagen II arthritis. Fumagmin and O-substituted fumagillin derivatives are disclosed in EPO Publication Nos. 0325199A2 and 0357061A1. Folkman et al., described several proteins derived from endogenous proteins including angiostatin and endostatin. (See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,024,688 and 5,854,205 which are incorporated in their entirety) D&#39;Amato et al., described 2-methoxyestradiol and derivatives of 2-methoxyestradiol in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,504,074 and 5,661,143 which are incorporated herein by reference entirety.  
         [0021]     The above compounds are either topical or injectable therapeutics. Therefore, there are drawbacks to their use as a general angiogenic inhibitor and lack adequate potency. For example, in prevention of excessive wound healing, surgery on internal body organs involves incisions in various structures contained within the body cavities. These wounds are not accessible to local applications of angiogenic inhibitors. Local delivery systems also involve frequent dressings which are impracticable for internal wounds, and increase the risk of infection or damage to delicate granulation tissue for surface wounds.  
         [0022]     Thus, a method and composition are needed that are capable of inhibiting angiogenesis and which are easily administered. A simple and efficacious method of treatment would be through the oral route. If an angiogenic inhibitor could be given by an oral route, the many kinds of diseases discussed above, and other angiogenic dependent pathologies, could be treated easily. The optimal dosage could be distributed in a form that the patient could self-administer.  
         [0023]     Other diseases are also characterized by an abnormal balance between cellular mitosis and apoptosis. One of these diseases is osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is characterized by a reduction in the bone mass of the skeleton which leads to skeletal fragility and an increased risk of fracture. In humans, the most common sites of fracture are found in the forearm, the vertebrae and the hip bones. Osteoporosis and its attendant fractures are a major cause of morbidity and mortality and lead to increased health costs for care.  
         [0024]     In treating osteoporosis the main objective is to prevent fractures by stopping the loss of skeletal integrity. A variety of different therapies have been tried to achieve this objective, such as calcium, Vitamin D supplements and hormone replacement. Calcitonin has been used to improve bone mineral density at all bone sites. Bisphosphonates are an important group of therapeutic agents used for treatment of osteoporosis. They act by inhibiting bone resorption and increase bone density. Cyclical etidronate treatment aids in decreasing vertebral fractures, as does hormone replacement therapy and calcitonin. Alendronate has been shown to decrease the risk of symptomatic fractures of the forearm, spine and hip.  
         [0025]     None of these treatments have proven to be effective in large numbers of osteoporotic patients. Additionally, the currently used therapies have unwanted side effects that create compliance and tolerance problems in treatment regimens. The most common adverse events with cyclical etidronate and alendronate are gastrointestinal disturbances. Esophagitis has also been a complication of therapies with alendronate. Cyclical etidronate has been shown to lead to focal osteomalacia. Hormone replacement therapies lead to estrogen effects such as uterine hypertrophy, and a potential for stimulation of estrogen-sensitive tumors leading to complications such as breast cancer.  
         [0026]     What is needed are safe and effective treatments that do not create unwanted side effects.  
         [0027]     2-Methoxyestradiol is an endogenous metabolite of estradiol (E2) that has potent anti-proliferative activity and induces apoptosis in a wide variety of tumor and non-tumor cell lines. When administered orally, it exhibits anti-tumor and anti-proliferative activity with little or no toxicity. In vitro data suggests that 2-methoxyestradiol does not engage the estrogen receptor for its anti-proliferative activity and is not estrogenic over a wide range of concentrations, as accessed by estrogen dependant MCF-7 cell proliferation. However, the presence of demethylases in vivo may metabolize this compound to 2-hydroxyestradiol, which has been shown to be estrogenic by several approaches. What is needed is a means to improve the bioavailibility of estradiol or 2-methoxyestradiol and to reduce the formation of estrogenic 2-methoxyestradiol metabolities. What is also needed is a means to modify estradiol or 2-methoxyestradiol in such a way that the molecule can not be converted into an uterotropic derivative.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0028]     The present invention provides certain analogs of 2-methoxyestradiol that are effective in treating diseases characterized by abnormal mitosis and/or abnormal angiogenesis. Specifically the present invention relates to analogs of 2-methoxyestradiol that have been modified at the 2 position and the 16 position. Compounds within the general formulae that inhibit cell proliferation are preferred. Preferred compositions may also exhibit a change (increase or decrease) in estrogen receptor binding, improved absorption, transport (e.g. through blood-brain barrier and cellular membranes), biological stability, or decreased toxicity. The invention also provides compounds useful in the method, as described by the general formulae of the claims.  
         [0029]     A mammalian disease characterized by undesirable cell mitosis, as defined herein, includes but is not limited to excessive or abnormal stimulation of endothelial cells (e.g., atherosclerosis), solid tumors and tumor metastasis, benign tumors, for example, hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas, neurofibromas, trachomas, and pyogenic granulomas, vascular malfunctions, abnormal wound healing, inflammatory and immune disorders, Bechet&#39;s disease, gout or gouty arthritis, abnormal angiogenesis accompanying: rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, diabetic retinopathy, and other ocular angiogenic diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity (retrolental fibroplasic), macular degeneration, comeal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma and Osler Weber syndrome. Other undesired angiogenesis involves normal processes including ovulation and implantation of a blastula Accordingly, the compositions described above can be used to block ovulation and implantation of a blastula or to block menstruation (induce amenorrhea).  
         [0030]     Since 2-methoxyestradiol is metabolized to a much less active metabolite, the present invention adds steric bulk and/or modification of electrostatic characteristics at position 16 of 2-methoxyestradiol for retarding or preventing interaction of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases and co-factor NADP +  on this substrate. Addition of steric bulk and/or modification of electrostatic characteristics at position 16 of 2-methoxyestradiol may retard or prevent glucuronidation. It is believed that retardation or prevention of these two metabolic deactivation pathways prolongs the serum lifetime of 2-methoxyestradiol and other estrogenic compounds while retaining the desired anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor activity.  
         [0031]     Aside from preventing the possible metabolism of 2ME2 to 2ME1, which may occur by making these steroids poor substrates for 17B-HSD (by either steric and/or electronic effects), it is not possible for these analogs to undergo the demethylation known to occur with 2ME2 since there is no methyl ether group at that position. This is desirable since it has been demonstrated that 2-hydroxyestradiol (the product of demethylation of 2ME2) has estrogenic activity.  
         [0032]     Also disclosed is a method for modifying the methyl ether of 2-methoxyestradiol so that it can not be a substrate for demethylase and the resulting compounds.  
         [0033]     Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments thereof. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0034]      FIG. 1  depicts: I. colchicine, 2-methoxyestradiol and combretastatin A-4, and II. various estradiol derivatives comprising colchicine (a-c) or combretastatin A-4 (d) structural motifs as described below. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0035]     As described below, compounds that are useful in accordance with the invention include novel estradiol derivatives that exhibit anti-mitotic, anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor properties. Specific compounds according to the invention are described below. Preferred compounds of the invention are estradiol derivatives modified at either the 2 or 16 positions. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention extends to other compounds within the formulae given in the claims below, having the described characteristics. These characteristics can be determined for each test compound using the assays detailed below and elsewhere in the literature.  
         [0036]     Without wishing to be bound to specific mechanisms or theory, it appears that certain compounds that are known to exhibit anti-mitotic properties such as colchicine and combretastatin A-4 share certain structural similarities with estradiol.  FIG. 1  illustrates the molecular formulae of estradiol, colchicine, combretastatin A-4, and improved estradiol derivatives that exhibit anti-mitotic, anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor properties. Molecular formulae are drawn and oriented to emphasize structural similarities between the ring structures of colchicine, combretastatin A-4, estradiol, and certain estradiol derivatives. Estradiol derivatives are made by incorporating colchicine or combretastatin A-4 structural motifs into the steroidal backbone of estradiol.  
         [0037]      FIG. 1 , part I, depicts the chemical formulae of colchicine, 2-methoxyestradiol and combretastatin A-4.  FIG. 1 , part II a-d, illustrates estradiol derivatives that comprise structural motifs found in colchicine or combretastatin A-4. For example, part II a-c shows estradiol derivatives with an A and/or B ring expanded from six to seven carbons as found in colchicine and part Ild depicts an estradiol derivative with a partial B ring as found in combretastatin A-4. Each C ring of an estradiol derivative, including those shown in  FIG. 1 , may be fully saturated as found in 2-methoxyestradiol. R 1-6  represent a subset of the substitution groups found in the claims. Each R 1- R 6  can independently be defined as —R 1 , OR 1 , —OCOR 11 —SR 1 , —F, —NHR 2 , —Br, —I, or —C≡CH.  
         [0038]     2-Methoxyestradiol is an endogenous metabolite of estradiol that has potent anti-proliferative activity and induces apoptosis in a wide variety of tumor and non-tumor cell lines. When administered orally, it exhibits anti-tumor and anti-proliferative activity with little or no toxicity. 2-Methoxyestradiol is metabolized to a much less active metabolite, 2-methoxyestrone as indicated by in vitro and in vivo results. Although not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that this metabolite is formed through the same enzymatic pathway as estrone is formed from estradiol. Although not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the enzymes responsible for this reversible reaction on estradiol are the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSD) and NADP+ co-factor (Han et al.,  J. Biol. Chem.  275:2, 1105-1111 (Jan. 12, 2000) and other references cited earlier). Each of the four members of this enzyme family, types 1, 2, 3, and 4, have distinct activity. It appears that 17β-HSD type 1 catalyzes the reductive reaction (estrone to estradiol), while 17β-HSD type 2 catalyzes the oxidation reaction (estradiol to estrone), and type 3 catalyzes 4-androstenedione to testosterone. An additional metabolic deactivation pathway results in glucuronidation of 2-methoxyestradiol.  
         [0039]     Since 2-methoxyestradiol is metabolized to a much less active metabolite, the present invention adds steric bulk and/or modification of electrostatic characteristics at position 16 of 2-methoxyestradiol for retarding or preventing interaction of the family of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases and co-factor NADP +  on this substrate. Addition of steric bulk and/or modification of electrostatic characteristics at position 16 of 2-methoxyestradiol also retards or prevents glucuronidation. It is believed that retardation or prevention of these two metabolic deactivation pathways prolongs the serum lifetime of 2-methoxyestradiol and other estradiol derivatives while retaining the desired anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor activity.  
         [0040]     Aside from preventing the possible metabolism of 2ME2 to 2ME1, which may occur by making these steroids poor substrates for 17B-HSD (by either steric and/or electronic effects), it is not possible for these analogs to undergo the demethylation known to occur with 2ME2 since there is no methyl ether group at that position. This is desirable since it has been demonstrated that 2-hydroxyestradiol (the product of demethylation of 2ME2) has estrogenic activity.  
         [0041]     In another embodiment of the invention, estradiol derivatives are modified at the 2 position.  
         [0000]     Anti-Proliferative Activity In Situ  
         [0042]     Anti-proliferative activity is evaluated in situ by testing the ability of an improved estradiol derivative to inhibit the proliferation of new blood vessel cells (angiogenesis). A suitable assay is the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay described by Crum et al.  Science  230:1375 (1985). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,001,116, hereby incorporated by reference, which describes the CAM assay. Briefly, fertilized chick embryos are removed from their shell on day 3 or 4, and a methylcellulose disc containing the drug is implanted on the chorioallantoic membrane. The embryos are examined 48 hours later and, if a clear avascular zone appears around the methylcellulose disc, the diameter of that zone. is measured. Using this assay, a 100 mg disk of the estradiol derivative 2-methoxyestradiol was found to inhibit cell mitosis and the growth of new blood vessels after 48 hours. This result indicates that the anti-mitotic action of 2-methoxyestradiol can inhibit cell mitosis and angiogenesis.  
         [0000]     Anti-Proliferative Activity In Vitro  
         [0043]     The process by which 2ME 2  affects cell growth remains unclear, however, a number of studies have implicated various mechanisms of action and cellular targets. 2ME 2  induced changes in the levels and activities of various proteins involved in the progression of the cell cycle. These include cofactors of DNA replication and repair, e.g., proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) (Klauber, N., Parangi, S., Flynn, E., Hamel, E. and D&#39;Amato, R. J. (1997), Inhibition of angiogenesis and breast cancer in mice by the nicrotubule inhibitors 2-methoxyestradiol and Taxol., Cancer Research 57, 81-86; Lottering, M-L., de Kock, M., Viljoen, T. C., Grobler, C. J. S. and Seegers, J. C. (1996) 17β-estradiol metabolites affect some regulators of the MCF-7 cell cycle. Cancer Letters 110, 181-186); cell division cycle kinases and regulators, e.g., p34 cdc2  and cyclin B (Lottering et al. (1996); Attalla, H., Mäkelä, T. P., Adlercreutz, H. and Andersson, L. C. (1996) 2-methoxyestradiol arrests cells in mitosis without depolymerizing tubulin. Biochemnical and Biophysical Research Communications 228, 467-473; Zoubine, M. N., Weston, A. P., Johnson, D. C., Campbell, D. R. and Banerjee, S. K. (1999) 2-Methoxyestradiol-induced growth suppression and lethality in estrogen-responsive MCF-7 cells may be mediated by down regulation of p34cdc2 and cyclin B1 expression. Int J Oncol 15, 639-646); transcription factor modulators, e.g., SAPK/JNK (Yue, T-L., Wang, X., Louden, C. S., Gupta, L. S., Pillarisetti, K., Gu, J-L., Hart, T. K., Lysko, P. G. and Feuerstein, G. Z. (1997) 2-methoxyestradiol, an endogenous estrogen metabolite induces apoptosis in endothelial cells and inhibits angiogenesis: Possible role for stress-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and fas expression. Molecular Pharmacology 51, 951-962; Attalla, H., Westberg, J. A., Andersson, L. C., Aldercreutz, H. and Makela, T. P. (1998) 2-Methoxyestradiol-induced phosphorylation of bcl-2: uncoupling from JNK/SAPK activation. Biochem and Biophys Res Commun 247, 616-619); and regulators of cell arrest and apoptosis, e.g., tubulin (D&#39;Amato, R. J., Lin, C. M., Flynn, E., Folkman, J. and Hamel, E. (1994) 2-Methoxyestradiol, and endogenous mammalian metabolite, inhibits tubulin polymerization by interacting at the colchicine site. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 3964-3968; Hamel, E., Lin, C. M., Flynn, E. and D&#39;Amato, R. J. (1996) Interactions of 2-methoxyestradiol, and endogenous mammalian metabolite, with unploymerized tubulin and with tubulin polymers. Biochemistry 35, 1304-1310), P21 WAF1/C1P1  (Mukhopadhyay, T. and Roth, J. A. (1997) Induction of apoptosis in human lung cancer cells after wild-type p53 activation by methoxyestradiol. Oncogene 14, 379-384), bcl-2 and FAS (Yue et al. (1997); Attalla et al. (1998)), and p53 (Kataoka, M., Schumacher, G., Cristiano, R. J., Atkinson, E. N., Roth, J. A. and Mukhopadhyay, T. (1998) An agent that increases tumor suppressor transgene product coupled with systemic transgene delivery inhibits growth of metastatic lung cancer in vivo. Cancer Res 58, 47614765; Mukhopadhyay et al. (1997); Seegers, J. C., Lottering, M-L., Grobler C. J. S., van Papendorp, D. H., Habbersett, R. C., Shou, Y. and Lehnert B. E. (1997) The mammalian metabolite, 2-methoxyestradiol, affects p53 levels and apoptosis induction in transformed cells but not in normal cells. J. Steroid Biochem. Molec. Biol. 62, 253-267). The effects on the level of cAMP, calmodulin activity and protein phosphorylation may also be related to each other. More recently, 2ME2 was shown to upregulate Death Receptor 5 and caspase 8 in human endothelial and tumor cell lines (LaVallee, T. M., Hembrough, W. A., Williams, M. S., Zhan, X. H., Pribluda, V. S., Papathanassiu, A., and Green, S. J. 2-Methoxyestradiol upregulates DR5 and induces apoptosis independently of p53. (Submitted for publication)). All cellular targets described above are not necessarily mutually exclusive to the inhibitory effects of 2ME2 in actively dividing cells.  
         [0044]     The high affinity binding to SHBG. has been mechanistically associated to its efficacy in a canine model of prostate cancer, in which signaling by estradiol and 5α-androstan-3α,17β-diol were inhibited by 2ME 2  (Ding, V. D., Moller, D. E., Feeney, W. P., Didolkar, V., Nakhla, A. M., Rhodes, L., Rosner, W. and Smith, R. G. (1998) Sex hormone-binding globulin mediates prostate androgen receptor action via a novel signaling pathway. Endocrinology 139, 213-218).  
         [0045]     The more relevant mechanism described above have been extensively discussed in Victor S. Pribluda, Theresa M. LaVallee and Shawn J. Green, 2-methoxyestradiol:  a novel endogenous chemotherapeutic and antiangiogenic  in The New Angiotherapy, Tai-Ping Fan and Robert Auerbach eds., Human Press Publisher.  
         [0046]     Assays relevant to the mechanisms of action and activity are well-known in the art. For example, anti-mitotic activity mediated by effects on tubulin polymerization activity can be evaluated by testing the ability of an estradiol derivative to inhibit tubulin polymerization and microtubule assembly in vitro. Microtubule assembly is followed in a Gilford recording spectrophotometer (model 250 or 2400S) equipped with electronic temperature controllers. A reaction mixture (all concentrations refer to a final reaction volume of 0.25 μl ) contains 1.0M monosodium glutamate (pH 6.6), 1. omg/ml (10 μM) tubulin, 1.0 mM MgCl 2 , 4% (v/v) dimethlylsulfoxide and 20-75 μM of a composition to be tested. The 0.24 ml reaction mixtures are incubated for 15 min. at 37° C. and then chilled on ice. After addition of 10 μl 2.5 mM GTP, the reaction mixture is transferred to a cuvette at 0° C., and a baseline established. At time zero, the temperature controller of the spectrophotometer is set at 37° C. Microtubule assembly is evaluated by increased turbity at 350 nm. Alternatively, inhibition of microtubule assembly can be followed by transmission electron microscopy as described in Example 2 below.  
         [0047]     Other such assays include counting of cells in tissue culture plates or assessment of cell number through metabolic assays or incorporation into DNA of labeled ( 3 H-thymidine) or immuno-reactive (BrdU) nucleotides. In addition, antiangiogenic activity may be evaluated through endothelial cell migration, endothelial cell tubule formation, or vessel outgrowth in ex-vivo models such as rat aortic rings.  
         [0000]     Indications  
         [0048]     The invention can be used to treat any disease characterized by abnormal cell mitosis. Such diseases include, but are not limited to: abnormal stimulation of endothelial cells (e.g., atherosclerosis), solid tumors and tumor metastasis, benign tumors, for example, hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas, neurofribomas, trachomas, and pyogenic granulomas, vascular malfunctions, abnormal wound healing, inflammatory and immune disorders, Bechet&#39;s disease, gout or gouty arthritis, abnormal angiogenesis accompanying: rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, diabetic retinopathy, and other ocular angiogenic diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity (retrolental fibroplasic), macular degeneration, corneal graft rejection, neuroscular glacoma and Oster Webber syndrome.  
         [0049]     In addition, the invention can be used to treat a variety of post-menapausal symptoms, including osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, to reduce the incidence of strokes, and as an alternative to prior estrogen replacement therapies. The compounds of the present invention can work by estrogenic and non-estrogenic biochemical pathways.  
         [0000]     Improved Estradiol Derivative Synthesis  
         [0050]     Known compounds that are used in accordance with the invention and precursors to novel compounds according to the invention can be purchased, e.g., from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Steraloids and Research Plus. Other compounds according to the invention can be synthesized according to known methods from publicly available precursors.  
         [0051]     The chemical synthesis of estradiol has been described (Eder, V. et al.,  Ber  109, 2948 (1976); Oppolzer, D. A. and Roberts, D A.  Helv. Chim. Acta.  63, 1703, (1980)). Synthetic methods for making seven-membered rings in multi-cyclic compounds are known (Nakamuru, T. et al.  Chem. Pharm. Bull.  10, 281 (1962); Sunagawa, G. et al.  Chem. Pharm. Bull.  9, 81 (1961); Van Tamelen, E. E. et al.  Tetrahedren  14, 8-34 (1961); Evans, D. E. et al.  JACS  103, 5813 (1981)). Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the chemical synthesis of estradiol can be modified to include 7-membered rings by making appropriate changes to the starting materials, so that ring closure yields seven-membered rings. Estradiol or estradiol derivatives can be modified to include appropriate chemical side groups according to the invention by known chemical methods ( The Merck Index,  11th Ed., Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J. USA (1989), pp. 583-584).  
         [0052]     Analogs of 2ME2 or 2-ethoxyestradiol containing 7 membered rings can be modified to include appropriate chemical side groups according to the invention by known chemical methods (see for example, Miller, T. A.; Bulman, A. L.; Thompson, C. D.; Garst, M. E.; Macdonald, T. L. “Synthesis and Structure-Activity Profiles of A-Homoestranes, the Estratropones.” J. Med. Chem., 1997, 40, 3836-3841; Miller, T. A.; Bulman, A. L.; Thompson, C. D.; Garst, M. E.; Macdonald, T. L. “The Synthesis and Evaluation of Functionalized Estratropones-Potent Inhibitors of Tubulin Polymerization.” Bioorg. Med. Chem. Letters, 1997, 7, 1851-1856; and Wang, Z.; Yang, D.; Mohanakrishnan, A. K.; Fanwick, P. E.; Nampoothiri, P.; Hamel, E.; Cushman, M. “Synthesis of B-Ring Homologated Estradiol Analogs that Modulate Tubulin Polymerization and Microtubule Stability.” J. Med. Chem., 2000, 43, 2419-2429. These articles do not utilize ring closure strategies to make the seven membered ring, rather they use a ring expansion strategy. The Cushman article explores B-Ring expanded analogs whereas the other articles deal with the expanded the A-ring.)  
         [0053]     The synthetic pathways used to prepare the derivatives of the present invention are based on modified published literature procedures for estradiol derivatives and dimethylenamines (Trembley et al.,  Bioorganic  &amp;  Med. Chem.  1995 3, 505-523; Fevig et al:,  J. Org. Chem.,  1987 52, 247-251; Gonzalez et al.,  Steroids  1982, 40, 171-187; Trembley et al., Synthetic Communications 1995, 25, 2483-2495; Newkome et al., J. Org. Chem. 1966, 31, 677-681; Corey et al Tetrahedron Lett 1976, 3-6; and Corey et. al., Tetrahedron Lett, 1976, 3667-3668]. The modifications are provided in Example 1 below. Initial screening of epimeric 16-ethyl-2-methoxyestradiol and related analogues showed that it is about equipotent to 2-methoxyestradiol in inhibition of HUVEC cell proliferation in vitro.  
         [0000]     Administration  
         [0054]     The compositions described above can be provided as physiologically acceptable formulations using known techniques, and these formulations can be administered by standard routes. In general, the combinations may be administered by the topical, oral, rectal or parenteral (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular) route. In addition, the combinations may be incorporated into biodegradable polymers allowing for sustained release, the polymers being implanted in the vicinity of where delivery is desired, for example, at the site of a tumor. The biodegradable polymers and their use are described in detail in Brem et al.,  J. Neurosurg.  74:441-446 (1991). The dosage of the composition will depend on the condition being treated, the particular derivative used, and other clinical factors such as weight and condition of the patient and the route of administration of the compound. However, for oral administration to humans, a dosage of 0.01 to 100 mg/kg/day, preferably 0.01-1 mg/kg/day, is generally sufficient.  
         [0055]     The formulations include those suitable for oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), vaginal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intraocular, intratracheal, and epidural) administration. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by conventional pharmaceutical techniques. Such techniques include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient and the pharmaceutical carrier(s) or excipient(s). In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into associate the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.  
         [0056]     Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil emulsion and as a bolus, etc.  
         [0057]     A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing, in a suitable machine, the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, surface-active or dispersing agent. Molded tables may be made by molding, in a suitable machine, a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may optionally coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide a slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein.  
         [0058]     Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the ingredients in a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the ingredient to be administered in a suitable liquid carrier.  
         [0059]     Formulations suitable for topical administration to the skin may be presented as ointments, creams, gels and pastes comprising the ingredient to be administered in a pharmaceutical acceptable carrier. A preferred topical delivery system is a transdermal patch containing the ingredient to be administered.  
         [0060]     Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a suitable base comprising, for example, cocoa butter or a salicylate.  
         [0061]     Formulations suitable for nasal administration, wherein the carrier is a solid, include a coarse powder having a particle size, for example, in the range of 20 to 500 microns which is administered in the manner in which snuff is taken, i.e., by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close up to the nose. Suitable formulations, wherein the carrier is a liquid, for administration, as for example, a nasal spray or as nasal drops, include aqueous or oily solutions of the active ingredient.  
         [0062]     Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing in addition to the active ingredient such as carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.  
         [0063]     Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example, sealed ampules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) conditions requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example, water for injections, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tables of the kind previously described.  
         [0064]     Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose or unit, daily sub-dose, as herein above recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the administered ingredient.  
         [0065]     2-Methoxyestradiol is an endogenous metabolite of estradiol (E2) that has potent anti-proliferative activity and induces apoptosis in a wide variety of tumor and non-tumor cell lines. When administered orally, it exhibits anti-tumor and anti-proliferative activity with little or no toxicity. In vitro data suggests that 2-methoxyestradiol does not engage the estrogen receptor for its anti-proliferative activity and is not estrogenic over a wide range of concentrations, as accessed by estrogen dependant MCF-7 cell proliferation. However, the presence of demethylases in vivo may metabolize this compound to 2-hydroxyestradiol, which has been shown to be estrogenic by several approaches. The present invention improves the bioavallibility of estradiol or 2-methoxyestradiol and to reduces the formation of estrogenic 2-methoxyestradiol metabolities. The present invention modifies estradiol or 2-methoxyestradiol in such a way that the molecule can not be converted into an uterotropic derivative.  
         [0066]     One embodiment of the invention modifies the methyl ether of 2-methoxyestradiol so that it can not be a substrate for demethylase. Additionally, it has been demonstrated (Cushman et al  J. Med. Chem.  1995, 38, 2041-2049) that other electron-rich groups at the 2-position of estradiol (propyne, propene, ethoxy) have good anti-proliferative activity in vitro. It is disclosed that modifications at C-2 of estradiol such as formyl, acetyl, methanol, 1-ethanol, 2-ethanol, amino, alkylamino, dialkyl amino, methyleneamine, methylene alkyl amine and methylene dialkylamine, and alkyl amide are be anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic agents have reduced or removed uterotropic activity. Alkyl is defined as any carbon chain up to 6 carbons in length that is branched or straight. Listed below in Table 1 are data of 2-modified estradiol derivatives in HUVEC, MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 proliferation data. The synthetic paths for preparation of these analogs can be found in Pert et al  Aust. J. Chem.  1989, 42, 405-419. Lovely et al  Tetrahedron Lett.  1994, 35, 8735-8738. Gonzalez et al  Steroids  1982, 40, 171-187. Nambara et al  Chem. Pharm. Bull.  1970, 18, 474-480. Cushman et al  J. Med. Chem.  1995, 38, 2041-2049 and methods developed in-house and are discussed below.  
                                             TABLE 1                           HUVEC   MDA-MB-231   MCF7 Proliferation       Compound   (IC 50  μM)   (IC 50  μM)   Index                                E2   NA   NA   13.1       2ME2   0.5   0.9   4.4       2-methyl   10   &gt;25   7.4       hydroxy-E2       2-formyl-E2   8   &gt;25   5.4       2-acetyl-E2   18   9   4.4                  
 
         [0067]     All of the 2-modified analogs presented in Table 1 have significantly less estrogenic activity (compared to estradiol) as represented by their proliferation index in estrogen dependant MCF-7 cells. All of these analogs have the capacity to from a hydrogen bond with the hydroxy group at position 3 and this may be the reason for their relatively low estrogenic character compared to estradiol. Both the 2-methylhydroxy and 2-formyl derivatives had good antiproliferative activity (IC50&lt;10 microM) in HUVEC cells, whereas the 2-acetyl had poor activity in the same assay. In contrast, 2-methylhydroxy and 2-formyl were inactive in breast tumor MDA-MB-231 cells while 2-acetyl E2 had good activity in this cell line.  
         [0068]     Although not wishing to be bound by theory, molecular modeling suggests that there may be a hydrogen bond that forms between the 3-hydroxy group and the methoxy group of 2-methoxyestradiol. This interaction may be important for both 2-methoxyestradiol&#39;s anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic action as well as its non-estrogenic activity. It is claimed that any group that can be placed at position 2 of estradiol and has the potential to form a hydrogen bond with the 3-hydroxy group is an anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic agent that lacks estrogenic activity.  
         [0069]     It should be understood that in addition to the ingredients, particularly mentioned above, the formulations of this invention may include other agents convention in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example, those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents.  
         [0000]     Experimental Data  
         [0070]     The following Examples refer to the compound of the general formula:  
                         
 
 wherein: 
 
         [0071]     a) R b  and R o  are independently —H, —Cl, —Br, —I, —F, —CN, lower alkyl, —OH, —CH 2 —OH, —NH 2 ; or N(R 6 )(R 7 ), wherein R 6  and R 7  are independently hydrogen or an alkyl or branched alkyl with up to 6 carbons;  
         [0072]     b) R a  is —N 3 , —C≡N, —C≡C—R, —C═CH—R, —R—C═CH 2 , —C≡CH, —O—R, —R—R 1 , or —O—R—R 1  where R is a straight or branched alkyl with up to 10 carbons or aralkyl, and R 1  is —OH, —NH 2 , —Cl, —Br, —I, —F or CF 3 ;  
         [0073]     c) Z′ is &gt;CH, &gt;COH, or &gt;C—R 2 —OH, where R 2  is an alkyl or branched alkyl with up to 10 carbons or aralkyl;  
         [0074]     d) &gt;C—R g  is &gt;CH 2 , &gt;C(H)—OH, &gt;C═O, &gt;C═N—OH, &gt;C(R 3 )OH, &gt;C═N—OR 3 , &gt;C(H)—NH 2 , &gt;C(H)—NHR 3 , &gt;C(H)—NR 3 R 4 , or &gt;C(H)—C(O)—R 3 , where each R 3  and R 4  is independently an alkyl or branched alkyl with up to 10 carbons or aralkyl;  
         [0075]     e) R h1  and R h2  are independently H, or a straight or branched chain alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl with up to 6 carbons that is unsubstituted, or substituted with one or more groups selected from a hetero functionality (O—Y, N—Y or S—Y) where Y is H, Me or an alkyl chain up to 6 carbons; a halo functionality (F, Cl, Br or I); an aromatic group optionally substituted with hetero, halo or alkyl; or R h1  and R h2  are independently an aromatic group optionally substituted with hetero, halo or alkyl, provided that both R h1  and R h2  are not H;  
         [0076]     f) Z″ is &gt;CH 2 , &gt;C═O, &gt;C(H)—OH, &gt;C═N—OH, &gt;C═N—OR 5 , &gt;C(H)—C═N, or &gt;C(H)—NR 5 R 5 , wherein each R 5  is independently hydrogen, an alkyl or branched alkyl with up to 10 carbons or aralkyl;  
         [0077]     and wherein all monosubstituted substituents have either an α or β configuration.  
         [0078]     Lower alkyl is defined as a small carbon chain having 1-8 carbon atoms. The chain may be branched or unbranched.  
       EXAMPLE 1  
       [0000]     Synthesis of 2-ME Derivatives and Modifications at the 16 Position  
         [0079]     Synthesis of the 2-ME derivatives described herein is within the capability of one ordinarily skilled in the art. A specific description of the synthesis of the 2-ME derivatives having modifications at the 2 and 6 positions and analogs discussed herein can be found in M. Cushman, H-M. He, J. A. Katzenellenbogen, C. M. Lin and E. Hamel, Synthesis, antitubulin and antimitotic activity, and cytotoxicity of 2-methoxyestradiol, and endogenous mammalian metabolite of estradiol that inhibits tubulin polymerization by binding to the colchicine binding site,  J. Med. Chem.,  38(12): 2042 (1995); and M. Cushman, H-M. He, J. Katzenellenbogen, R. Varma, E. Hamel, C. Lin, S. Ram and Y. P. Sachdeva, Synthesis of analogs of 2-methoxyestradiol with enhanced inhibitory effects on tubulin polymerization and cancer cell growth,  J. Med. Chem.  40(15): 2323 (1997).  
         [0080]     The synthetic pathways used to prepare the derivatives of the estradiol derivatives modified at the 16 position of the present invention are based on modified published literature procedures for estradiol derivatives cited earlier. Examples of the modifications are provided in Examples 2 through 23 below.  
       EXAMPLE 2  
       [0000]     Preparation of 3-Benzyl-2-methoxyestradiol  
         [0081]     2-Methoxyestradiol (10.09 g, 33.4 nmmol) and potassium carbonate (22 g, 278 mmol) were suspended in anhydrous ethanol and cooled to 0° C. Benzyl bromide (11.4 mL, 95.8 mmol) was added dropwise, and following the addition, the mixture was brought to reflux for 8 h. The solution was cooled to room temperature (rt), and the solvent was removed via rotoevap. The resulting residue was diluted with approximately 200 ml water, and washed with ethyl acetate (3×200 mL). The combined organics were washed with water (200 mL), sodium bicarbonate (saturated (satd), 200mL) and brine (200 mL). Dry with sodium sulfate, filter and roto-evaporation (rotoevap). Product was dried under vacuo with occasional gentle heating using a heat gun to give a yellowish glass (13.54 g, quanitative yield) and used without further purification.  
         [0082]     Selected spectral data:  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.29-7.53 (m, 5H), 6.88 (s, 1H), 6.65 (s, 3H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.7 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 0.80 (s, 3H). FT-IR (neat) 3341, 2920, 2864, 1605, 1513, 1453, 1254, 1211, 1117, 1022 cm −1 .  
       EXAMPLE 3  
       [0000]     Preparation of 3-Benzyl-2-methoxyestrone  
         [0083]     Oxalyl chloride (38 mmol, 19 mL, 2M, methylene chloride) was added to anhydrous methylene chloride (25 mL) and cooled to −46° C. Methyl sulfoxide (5.40 mL, 76 mmol) was added dropwise, and the mixture was stirred for 2 minutes. 3-Benzyl-2-methoxyestradiol in methylene chloride/methyl sulfoxide (10 mL/15 mL) and added within 5 minutes and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h. Triethyl amine (170 mmol, 23.5 mL) was added drop-wise, stirred 5 minutes and warmed to rt. Water (˜200 mL) was added and the mixture was washed with methylene chloride (3×200 mL). The combined organics were washed with water (200 mL), dilute HCl (1% aq., 200 mL), sodium carbonate (satd, 200 mL) and brine (200 mL). The organics were dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered and rotoevaped to give a white solid. The solid was crystallized with hot ethanol to give white crystals (9.94g, 25.5 mmol, 76% overall yield from 2-methoxyestradiol).  
         [0084]     Selected spectral data:  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.28-7.48 (m, 5H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 0.94 (s, 3H). IR (neat) 2920, 1731, 1519, 1202, 1012 cm −1 .  
       EXAMPLE 4  
       [0000]     Representative Preparation of 16α-alkyl-3-benzyl-2-methoxyestrone  
         [0085]     Lithium diisopropyl amide (2M, Aldrich, heptane/THF/ethylbenzene) was dissolved in THF and cooled to −78° C., and 3-benzyl-2-methoxyestrone in THF (10 mL) was added dropwise. Following addition, the mixture was warmed to 0° C. and stirred 1 hour (h). The mixture was then cooled to −78° C. and DMPU (1 mL) followed by crotyl bromide (205 μL, 2.0 mmol) were added dropwise. The mixture was warmed to rt over 4 h. The reaction was quenched by carefully adding water (100 mL) and washing with ethyl acetate (2×100 mL). The combined organics were washed with water (100 mL) and brine (100 mL). The solution was dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered and rotoevaped. The crude product was purified using hexane/ethyl acetate (9:1) SiO 2  Biotage FLASH apparatus. 680 mg (1.53 mmol) of product was obtained and approximately 121 mg (0.31 mmol) of starting material was recovered (90% yield based on recovered starting material). Diastereomeric ratio of 16 α/β is approximately 2:1 (s H18 signals at 0.88, 0.79 ppm).  
         [0086]     Selected spectral data:  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.28-7.48 (m, 5H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 5.34-5.59 (m, 2H), 5.13 (s, 2H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 0.87 &amp; 0.97 (s, total 3H, ratio 1:2).  
       EXAMPLE 5  
       [0000]     Representative Preparation of 16β-alkyl-3-benzyl-2-methoxyestrone  
         [0087]     3-Benzyl-2-methoxyestrone (1.175 g, 3.0 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (15 mL), cooled to −78° C. and lithium diisopropyl amide (2M Aldrich, heptane/THF/ethylbenzene) was added dropwise and stirred 1 h. DMPU (1 mL) followed by crotyl bromide (302 μL) were added and the mixture warmed to rt over 24 h. Workup as above and purify using hexane:ethyl acetate (4:1) SiO 2  flash column gave 492 mg purified product (1.1 mol, 37% yield).  
         [0088]     Selected spectral data:  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.28-7.48 (m, 5H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 5.62-5.34 (m, 2H), 5.13 (s, 2H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 0.98 and 0.87 (s, 3H total, ratio 2:1). IR (neat) 2928, 2854, 1732, 1606, 1508, 1452, 1215, 1016 cm −1 .  
       EXAMPLE 6  
       [0000]     Representative Preparation of 16β-alkyl-3-benzyl-2-methoxyestrone  
         [0089]     3-benzyl-16-carbomethoxy-2-methoxyestrone (0.840 g, 1.87 mmol), potassium hydride (1.5 g, 10.9 mmol, 30% mineral oil dispursion, washed in hexanes) and 18-crown-6 (120 mg, 0.4 mmol) was mixed in THF (40 mL) and refluxed for 1 h. The mixture was cooled to rt, and allyl bromide (537 μL, 6.2 mmol) was added and the mixture was refluxed for 18 h. After cooling to rt, the reaction was quenched by carefully adding approximately 2 ml of water with stirring, then adding an additional 100 mL water. This mixture was washed with ethyl acetate (2×100 mL) and the combined organics were washed with brine (100 mL). The organics were dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered and rotoevaped. Purification using 85:5 hexanes:ethyl acetate SiO 2  Biotage FLASH apparatus yielded 697 mg of product (1.42 mol, 76% yield).  
         [0090]     Selected spectral data:  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.28-7.48 (m, 5H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 566-5.79 (m, 1H), 5.15-5.20 (m, 2H), 5.13 (s, 2H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 0.99 (s, 3H).  
       EXAMPLE 7  
       [0000]     Representative decarboxylation of 16-alkyl-16-carbomethoxy-3-benzyl-2-methoxyestrone  
         [0091]     16-allyl-16-carbomethoxy-3-benzyl-2-methoxyestrone (697 mg, 1.42 mmol), lithium chloride (1.15 g, 27 mmol), water (485 μL, 27 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (63 mL) and refluxed for 20 h. Cool to rt, add 1N HCl (100 mL) and wash with ether (2×100 mL) the combined organics were washed with water (100 mL), and brine 100 mL), dry with magnesium sulfate, filter and rotoevap. Purification by 85:15 hexanes:ethyl acetate SiO 2  Biotage Flash apparatus gave 271 mg product and 189 mg recovered starting material. Starting material was resubjected to the reaction (308 mg LiCl, 132 μL, water, 17 mL DMF) for 28 h and worked up as above to give 130 mg product. Overall yield for reaction was 66% (401 mg, 0.93 mmol).  
         [0092]     Selected spectral data:  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.28-7.48 (m, 5H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 6.65 (s, 1H), 5.69-5.88 (m, 1H), 5.13 (s, 2H), 5.00-5.08 (m, 2H), 5.88 (s, 3H), 0.98 nd 0.88 (s, total 3H, ratio 1:1.4). FT-IR (neat), 2925, 2855, 1726, 1514, 1214, 1103 cm −1 .  
       EXAMPLE 8  
       [0000]     Preparation of 16-methane-dimethylenamine-3-benzyl-2-methoxyestrone  
         [0093]     3-benzyl-2-methoxyestrone (1.51 g, 3.87 mmol) was suspended in tert-butoxy bis(dimethylamino)methane (1.64 mL, 8.13 mmol) and heated in an oil bath (155° C.) for 1.5 h, during which time the steroid dissolved. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, and poured into ice water (100 mL) and washed with methylene chloride (2×100 mL). The organics were washed with brine (100 mL) dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered and rotoevaped to give product which was used without further purification (1.82 g, quanitative yield).  
         [0094]     Selected spectral data:  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.23-7.47 (m, 5H), 6.87 (s, 1H), 6.64 (s, 1H), 5.12 (s, 2H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.07 (s, 6H), 0.91 (s, 3H).  
       EXAMPLE 9  
       [0000]     Preparation of 16-carbomethoxy-3-benzyl-2-methoxy estrone  
         [0095]     3-Benzyl-2-methoxyestrone (1.6113 g, 2.978 mmol) was dissolved in THF (15 mL), cooled to −78° C. and lithium diisopropyl amide (2M, Aldrich, Heptane/THF/ethylbenzene) was added dropwise and stirred for 1 h. Methyl cyanoforrnate (237 μL, 3 mmol) in DMPU (1 mL) was added and the mixture warmed to rt over 18 h. Water (100 ml) was carefully added, and the mixture was washed with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL) and the combined organics were washed with brine (100 mL), dried with sodium sulfate, filtered and rotoevaped. Final purification of product using hexane:ethyl acetate (85:15) then switching to hexane:ethyl acetate (75:25) SiO 2  flash column yielded 806 mg product (1.8 mmol, 60%).  
         [0096]     Selected spectral data:  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.28-7.48 (m, 5H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 5.13 (s, 2H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.23 (dd, J =9, 10 Hz, 1H), 1.0 (s, 3H). FT-IR (neat) 2929, 2860, 1750, 1723, 1604, 1508, 1211, 1014 cm 1 .  
       EXAMPLE 10  
       [0000]     Representative Procedure for Preparation of 16-alkyl-3-benzyl-2-methoxyestra-17β-diol  
         [0097]     16α-crotyl-3-benzyl-2methoxyesttone (680 mg, 1.53 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (10 mL), and cooled to −78° C. Lithium aluminum hydride (3.06 mmol, 116 mg) was added and the solution was stirred for 2 h. The reaction was quenched by carefully adding water (2 mL) and warming to rt, then adding additional 50 mL portion of water. The mixture was washed with ethyl acetate (2×50 mL) and the combined organics were washed with water (50 mL), brine (50 mL), dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered and rotoevaped. The mixture was purified with 3:1 hexane:ethyl acetate SiO 2  Biotage FLASH apparatus to give 500 mg purified product (1.12 mmol, 73% yield).  
         [0098]     Selected spectral data:  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.28-7.48 (m, 5H), 6.87 (s, 1H), 6.64 (s, 1H), 5.47-5.56 (m, 2H), 5.12 (s, 2H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.8 (d, J=9 Hz) and 3.33 (d, J=8Hz) total 1H, ratio 1:1.7, 0.84 and 0.81 (s, 3H total).  
       EXAMPLE 11  
       [0000]     Preparation of 16-methanol-3-benzyl-2-methoxyestradiol  
         [0099]     Reaction procedure and work up as above, (used 806 mg, 1.8 mmol 16-carbomethoxy-3-benzyl-2-methoxyestrone), except warm to rt for 2 h before quenching. Purify final product with 3:2 hexane:ethyl acetate SiO 2  flash column. Obtain 304 mg β isomer, 51 mg α isomer which were separated by chromatography. Selected spectral data:  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ Major isomer 7.28-7.48 (m, 5H), 6.87 (s, 1H), 6.64 (s, 1H), 5.12 (s, 2H), 3.97 (d, J=10 Hz), 3.88 (s and obscured d, 4H), 3.67 (dd, J=4, 7Hz, 1H), 0.87 (s, 3H). Minor isomer 7.28-7.47 (m, 5H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 6.64 (s, 1H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.83 (d, J=14Hz, 1H), 3.69 (t, J=9Hz, 1H), 3.54 (d, J=7Hz, 1H), 0.87 (s, 3H).  
       EXAMPLE 12  
       [0000]     Representative Debenzylation of 16-alkyl-3-benzyl-2-methoxyestradiol  
         [0100]     16α-crotyl-3-benzyl-2-methoxyestradiol (500 mg, 1.12 mmol) was dissolved in ethyl acetate (25 mL) in Parr reaction bottle. The bottle was flushed with argon, and Pd/C (10%, 2.5 g) was added. The bottle was fitted to a Parr hydrogenator, filled and purged with hydrogen five times, pressurized to 50 psi, and agitated for 24 h. The mixture was filtered through a celite pad, rotoevaped and purified with a 3:1 hexane ethyl acetate SiO 2  flash column. Obtain 358 mg product (1.0 mmol, 89%).  
         [0101]     Selected spectral data:  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 6.81 (s, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.76 (d, J=10 Hz) and 3.29 (d, J=8Hz) (total 1H, ratio 1:2), 0.82 and 0.79 (s, 3H). FT-IR (neat) 3245, 2914, 1606, 1523, 1414, 1258, 1028 cm −1 . Analysis calculated (Anal. Calcd) for C 20 H 34 O 3 : C, 77.44; H, 9.56. Found: C, 76.64; H, 9.51.  
       EXAMPLE 13  
       [0000]     16β-methyl-2methoxyestradiol  
         [0102]     Selected spectral data:  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 6.81 (s, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.73 (d, J=10 Hz) and 3.23 (d, J=8 Hz) (total 1H, 2:1), 0.83 and 0.81(s, 3 H total). Anal. Calcd for C 20 H 28 O 3 , 1/4 H 2 O: C, 74.85; H, 8.95. Found: C, 74.93; H, 8.94.  
       EXAMPLE 14  
       [0000]     16α-methyl-2methoxyestradiol  
         [0103]     Selected spectral data:  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 6.81 (s, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.23 (d, J=7 Hz) (s, 1H), 0.81 (s, 3 H). Anal. Calcd for C 20 H 28 O 3 , 1/4 H 2 O: C, 74.85; H, 8.95. Found: C, 74.98; H, 8.65.  
       EXAMPLE 15  
       [0000]     Racemic 16-ethyl-2-methoxyestradiol  
         [0104]     Selected spectral data:  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 6.82 (s, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.76 (d, J=9 Hz) and 3.30 (d, J=10 Hz), (1H total, ratio 1:1), 0.83 and 0.79 (s, 3H total). FT-IR (neat) 3214, 2918, 1605, 1522, 1229, 1201, 1024 cm −1 . Anal. Calcd for C 21 H 30 O 3 : C, 76.33; H, 9.15. Found: C, 76.18; H, 9.16.  
       EXAMPLE 16  
       [0000]     16α-n-propyl-2-methoxyestradiol  
         [0105]     Selected spectral data:  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 6.81 (s, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 5.43 (s, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.29 (t, J=7 Hz, 1H), 0.95 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H), 0.83 and 0.80 (s, total 3H, ratio 7.3:1). Anal. Calcd for C 22 H 32 O 3 : C, 76.69; H, 9.37. Found: C, 76.55; H, 9.44.  
       EXAMPLE 17  
       [0000]     16β-n-propyl-2-methoxyestradiol  
         [0106]     Selected spectral data:  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 6.81 (s, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.76 (d, J=10 Hz) and 3.29 (t, J=7 Hz) (total 1H, ratio 2:1), 0.95 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H), 0.83 and 0.80 (s, total 3H). FT-IR (neat) 3411, 2923, 1504, 1446, 1267, 1202, 1118, 1024 cm −1 . Anal. Calcd for C 22 H 32 O 3 , 1/4 H 2 O: C, 75.71; H, 9.39. Found: C, 75.61; H, 9.33.  
       EXAMPLE 18  
       [0000]     16β-n-butyl-2-methoxyestradiol  
         [0107]     Selected spectral data:  1  H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 6.81 (s, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 5.43 (s, 1H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.76 (d, J=10 Hz) 3.29 (d, J=8 Hz) (total 1H, ratio 2.6:1), 0.83 and 0.80 (s, total 3H). FT-IR (neat) 3221, 2921, 1594, 1504, 1416, 1265, 1200, 1021 cm −1 . Anal. Calcd for C 23 H 34 O 3 : C, 77.04; H, 9.56. Found: C, 77.06; H, 9.65.  
       EXAMPLE 19  
       [0000]     16β-isobutyl-2-methoxyestradiol  
         [0108]     Selected spectral data:  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 6.81 (s, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 5.43 (s, 1H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.77 (dd, J=9, 10 Hz) and 3.26 (t, J=7 Hz) (total 1 H, ratio 2:1), 0.84 and 0.80 (s, total 3H). IR (neat) 3525, 2913, 1506, 1258, 1202, 1026 cm −1 . Anal. Calcd for C 22 H 30 O 3 : C, 76.69; H, 9.37. Found: C, 76.82; H, 9.47.  
       EXAMPLE 20  
       [0000]     16β-methyl(dimethyl amine)-2-methoxyestradiol  
         [0109]     Selected spectral data:  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 6.81 (s, 1H), 6.65 (s, 1H), 3.88 (s) and 3.85 (obscured d) (total 4H), 2.28 (s, 6H), 0.87 (s, 3H). Anal. Calcd for C 22 H 33 O 3 N, 1/4 H 2 O: C, 72.59; H, 9.28; N, 3.85. Found: C, 72.80; H, 9.17; N, 3.66.  
       EXAMPLE 21  
       [0000]     16,β-methanol-2-methoxyestradiol  
         [0110]     Selected spectral data:  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 6.78 (s, 1H), 6.61 (s, 1H), 3.92 (d, J=11Hz, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.80 (d, J=10 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (d, J=8, 11Hz, 1H), 0.83 (s, 3H). FT-IR (neat) 3283, 3091, 2919, 1602, 1513, 1445, 1204, 1119, 1013 cm −1 . Anal. Calcd for C 20 H 28 O 4 : C, 72.25; H, 8.49. Found: C, 72.24; H, 8.48.  
       EXAMPLE 22  
       [0000]     16β-methanol-2-methoxyestradiol  
         [0111]     Selected spectral data:  1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 6.77 (s, 1H), 6.61 (s, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.84 (dd, J=7, 8 Hz, 1H), 3.61 (dd, J=9, 11 Hz, 1H), 3.45 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 0.83 (s, 3H).  
       EXAMPLE 23  
       [0000]     MDA-MB-231 In Vitro Cellular Proliferation Inhibition  
         [0000]     MDA-MB-231 Cells and Culture Conditions  
         [0112]      FIG. 1  illustrates the antiproliferative activity in cells and tumor by 2-methoxyestradiol compounds of the present invention which are modified at the 16 position.  
         [0113]     MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells were grown in DMEM containing 10% FCS (Hyclone Laboratories, Logan Utah) and supplemented with 2 mM L-Glutamine, 100 units/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin (Irvine Scientific, Santa Anna, Calif.).  
         [0000]     Proliferation Assays  
         [0114]     MDA-MB-231 cells were plated at 5000 cells/ml in 96 well plates. After allowing the cells to attach overnight, the appropriate fresh media were applied containing differing concentrations of 2-ME2 or derivatives thereof, as described below. Drug was dissolved in DMSO (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) and added to the wells in a volume of 200 μl. Cells were incubated for two days at 37° C.; at 32 h BrdU was added. BrdU cell proliferation assay (a nucleotide analogue with a fluorescein tag that is incorporated into DNA) was performed as described by the manufacturer (Roche). Each condition was prepared in triplicate and the experiments were carried out a minimum of two times. Results are presented and means ±SE.  
       EXAMPLE 24  
       [0115]     HUVAC In Vitro Cellular Proliferation Inhibition  
         [0000]     HUVAC Cells and Culture Conditions  
       HUVAC Cells were Grown in EGM (Clonetics)  
       [0000]     Proliferation Assays  
         [0116]     HUVEC cells were plated at 5000 cells/ml in 96-well plates. After allowing the cells to attach overnight, the cells were washed with PBS and incubated in the absence of growth factor for 24 h (EBM, 2% FCS, Clonetics). Cells were treated with increasing concentrations of drug in EBM containing 2% FCS and 10 ng.ml bFGF for 48 h at 37° C. Drug preparation, volumes added and BrdU proliferation assay were performed as indicated above.  
         [0000]     Results  
         [0117]     The breast cancer cell line activities and the cell panels most sensitive to selected analogs are shown in Table 2.  
                                             TABLE 2                           α/β ratio at   HUVEC   MDA-MB-231       R   position 16   IC 50  (μM)   IC 50  (μM)                                H   N/A   0.5   0.9       methyl (—CH 3 )   All alpha   &lt;0.5   &lt;0.5       methyl   1:2   1.3   5       ethyl (—CH 2 CH 3)     1:1   2   3       n-propyl   7.3:1   6   &gt;50       (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 )       n-propyl   1:2   9   36                                             1:2   7.5   40               n-butyl   2:1   25   82       (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 )       n-butyl   1:2.6   9   39       methanol   All alpha   15   22       (—CH 2 OH)       methanol   All beta   5   50                                             All beta   9   22                  
 
         [0118]     2-Methoxyestradiol is a potent anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor agent. In order to assess the biological activity of modifications at position 16, the anti-proliferative activity of these analogs was evaluated on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and breast carcinoma cell line, MDA-MB-231 as models for the anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor activity, respectively. It was found that a moderate decrease (approximately 18 fold) in antiproliferative activity occurs as steric bulk increased (note trend from R=Et to R=Bu). The most active compound in this series is 16α-methyl, which has greater activity than 2-methoxyestradiol.  
         [0119]     The MDA-MB-231 tumor cell line, has a much greater sensitivity to substitutions at position 16 compared to HUVEC cells. Any group at position 16 larger than ethyl has a significant decrease in antiproliferative activity (IC 50 &gt;22 μM). Of the active compounds, 16α-methyl has better activity than 2-methoxyestradiol, whereas 16β-methyl (which is a 1:2 mixture of α:β, so the presence of the α isomer may account for this activity) has about 5-fold less activity than 2-methoxyestradiol, and racemnic 16-ethyl has about a 3-fold drop in activity compared to 2-methoxyestradiol.  
         [0120]     These data suggest that it is possible to design compounds that are selective anti-angiogenic agents. For example, 16α-propyl is greater than ten-fold less active in inhibiting tumor growth while it has good activity inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation. Other examples include: 16β-propyl (4-fold difference), 16β-i-butyl (5-fold difference), 16β-n-butyl (4-fold difference) and 16β-methanol (10-fold difference). Additionally, a small alkyl group at position 16 can be added without significantly impacting the anti-proliferative activity of the molecule.  
         [0121]     All of the publications mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. The above examples are merely demonstrative of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the appended claims.