Abstract:
The invention is a spark plug having multiple precise spark gaps (G} with a donut shaped electrode ( 20 ) attached to the firing end of the central electrode ( 32 ), as well as a cylindrical ground sleeve ( 40 ) that is pressed on to the primary shell ( 36 ) of the spark plug. The electrode donut ( 20 ) is generally flat and laded out in a radial direction towards the ground prongs ( 42 ) that protrude up towards the firing end from the ground sleeve ( 40 ). In conjunction with their structure, allow for the generation of a spark from every single ground prong ( 42 ) on the ground sleeve ( 40 ). This is spark potential area (G). Such multiple spark potential area along with the electrode donut ( 20 ) and ground sleeve ( 40 ) relation provides a more rapid and complete combustion of the air-fuel mixture within the internal combustion engine, which, in turn, results in more torque and more horse power.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefits of provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/998,265, Filed 2007 Oct. 10 by the present inventors, which is incorporated by reference here in. 
     
    
     FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH 
       [0002]    Not applicable 
       SEQUENCE LISTINGS OR PROGRAMS 
       [0003]    Not applicable 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0004]    1. Field 
         [0005]    This application relates to the sparkplug of an internal combustion engine, and more particularly, to the efficiency of the spark ability, of that sparkplug. This application also relates to the manufacture and assembly, of that sparkplug. 
         [0006]    2. Prior Art 
         [0007]    In a 4 cycle internal combustion engine, the cycles are, starting at top dead center; this means that the piston is all the way at the top of the cylinder at the start of the cycle. The piston moves downward and the intake valve opens letting the air fuel mixture into the firing chamber, this is the intake cycle. When the piston reaches bottom dead center, the intake valve closes, and the piston moves up compressing the air fuel mixture, this is the compression cycle, and this creates a very fast moving wind storm type environment. When the piston reaches top dead center, the sparkplug will fire causing the compressed air fuel mixture to explode and force the piston downward, this is the power cycle. This is where the fuel is actually turned to kinetic energy that causes the internal combustion engine to operate. When the piston reaches bottom dead center, the exhaust valve will open and the piston will move upward and force the burnt air fuel mixture out of the firing chamber, which is 1 revolution of the internal combustion engine. 1 revolution happens, from 800 to over 10,000 times a minute this is called revolutions per minute or RPM&#39;S. 
         [0008]    The sparkplug will receive an electric charge of energy from the coil of the distributor system; this is called electro motive force this will cause the positive electrode to be energized with tens of thousands of volts. At that moment it tries to ionize a pathway to ground so as to let the electrons, from the ground, flow to the positive electrode, that flow of electrons is the spark. 
         [0009]    Now do to the wind storm effect in the combustion chamber environment, the ionization of the pathway is impeded greatly do to the fact that the fast moving air fuel mixture blows the ionized path out and away from the ground. This happens several times before the pathway is finally established and the electrons can flow through the ionization path like electricity flows through a wire. This happens in less than 0.001 of a second. 
         [0010]    The standard sparkplugs generally have a relatively small positive electrode and very little ground area, or multiple points of spark potential area for the ionization of the pathway to choose from. The ground prong is generally welded to the shell and protrudes up and over the positive electrode. 
         [0011]    There have been many ideas to address these problems, ranging from good, but not complete, to poorly designed and manufactured. One idea is the U.S. Pat. No. 6,628,049 patent, and the U.S. Pat. No. 6,608,430 patent these are basically the same plug and are a variation of the U.S. Pat. No. 1,610,032 patent of 1926, there is the multiple, but small points of spark potential area, and extended reach with the ring but the spark is still happening under the cap between the points and ground ring, vertical to the center line of the sparkplug, and if all the points, or spark potential areas are not the exact physical distance apart, this will impede the establishment of the ionization path as well. There are many that address the rapidly moving air fuel mixture, by using port holes in the extension ring. 
         [0012]    Other ideas address the spark potential area like the U.S. Pat. No. 5,731,655 patent but have no way of guiding the flow of the air fuel mixture in the direction that the spark is, and the spark is under the disk vertical to the center line of the sparkplug, as well. 
         [0013]    The U.S. Pat. No. 3,958,144 patent of 1976 shows ground configurations, that have some variations of porting and have the spark at the top of the plug but some of these look arbitrary and would do little to direct the flow in the direction of the spark, and again if the distances of the spark potential area isn&#39;t exact it will impede the spark. 
         [0014]    It is therefore an object of the preferred embodiments to increase the spark ability of the sparkplug by giving it more spark potential area, and/or, points of spark, that are the exact physical distance. 
         [0015]    It is another object of the preferred embodiments to direct the rapidly moving air fuel mixture to flow in the direction away from the positive electrode so as to have greater possibility of ionization. The rapidly moving air fuel mixture will help push the ionization in the direction of the ground, instead of impeding it. 
         [0016]    It is an object of the application to disclose the method of manufacture and assembly to make the spark potential area, less than 0.0005 of an inch, respectively to one another, and to precisely set the gaps. This is to ensure that the spark gaps are equal in physical distance, and set to the size that is required for a specific application. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0017]    In accordance with the preferred embodiments, there is provided multiple sparkplugs, to be used in various applications of the internal combustion engine, all with multiple points, and/or spark potential area, all with larger positive electrodes, all with unique structural, and construction element features, and will produce a spark horizontal to the center line of the sparkplug. These features will cause the spark to be at the very most top of the sparkplug, and in conjunction with the characteristics of the ground sleeves and the way they let the rapidly moving air fuel mixture flow in and around the spark potential area causes it to be faster. The thermo bonding of the positive electrode to the core electrode will create a positive charge, to add to the positive electrodes high voltage in the preferred embodiments of these inventions. These provisions in turn will cause the combustion to be faster and easier, this in turn will cause more torque and more house power for the internal combustion engine. 
         [0018]    Also in accordance with the present invention there are a multiple number of assembly and manufacturing procedures to be used to achieve the preferred embodiments that are used in various applications of the internal combustion engine. 
         [0019]    The multiple sparkplugs are different only in the fact that they are designed to perform with in the realms of a specific application but can still be used in an enormous number of applications. 
     
    
     
       DRAWINGS 
       Figures 
         [0020]      FIG. 1  is a perspective exploded view of the primary shell and insulator assembly and the electrode donut. 
           [0021]      FIG. 2  is a perspective view of the primary shell and insulator assembly with electrode donut and weld. 
           [0022]      FIG. 3  is a front partial cross cut view of the ground sleeve. 
           [0023]      FIG. 4  is a perspective exploded view of the primary shell and insulator assembly and the ground sleeve. 
           [0024]      FIG. 5  is a front partial cross cut view of the primary shell and insulator assembly and the ground sleeve after assembly. 
           [0025]      FIG. 6  is a perspective view of the assembled embodiment and the location of the body weld. 
           [0026]      FIG. 7  is a perspective view of the preferred embodiment in its final state. 
           [0027]      FIG. 8  is a front partial cross cut view of the ground sleeve. 
           [0028]      FIG. 9  is a front partial cross cut view of the primary shell and insulator assembly and the ground sleeve after assembly. 
           [0029]      FIG. 10  is a perspective view of the assembled embodiment and the location of the body weld. 
           [0030]      FIG. 11  is a perspective view of the preferred embodiment in its final state. 
           [0031]      FIG. 12  is a perspective view of the primary shell and insulator assembly and the primary sell variation. 
           [0032]      FIG. 13  is a front partial cross cut view of the ground sleeve. 
           [0033]      FIG. 14  is a front partial cross cut view of the primary shell and insulator assembly and the ground sleeve after assembly. 
           [0034]      FIG. 15  is a perspective view of the preferred embodiment in its final state. 
           [0035]      FIG. 16  is a top view of the firing end configuration. 
           [0036]      FIG. 17  is a partial perspective view of the firing end configuration example of the preferred embodiments. 
           [0037]      FIG. 18  is a partial perspective view of the firing end configuration example  101 , of the preferred embodiments. 
           [0038]      FIG. 19  is a partial perspective view of the firing end configuration example  102 , of the preferred embodiments. 
           [0039]      FIG. 20  is a partial perspective view of the firing end configuration example  103 , of the preferred embodiments. 
           [0040]      FIG. 21  is a partial perspective view of the firing end configuration example  104 , of the preferred embodiments. 
           [0041]      FIG. 22  is a partial perspective view of the firing end configuration example  105 , of the preferred embodiments. 
           [0042]      FIG. 23  is a partial perspective view of the firing end configuration example  106 , of the preferred embodiments. 
           [0043]      FIG. 24  is a partial perspective view of the firing end configuration example  107 , of the preferred embodiments. 
           [0044]      FIG. 25  is a partial perspective view of the firing end configuration example  108 , of the preferred embodiments. 
           [0045]      FIG. 26  is a partial perspective view of the firing end configuration example  109 , of the preferred embodiments. 
           [0046]      FIG. 27  is a partial perspective view of the firing end configuration example  110 , of the preferred embodiments. 
           [0047]      FIG. 28  is a partial perspective view of the firing end configuration example  111 , of the preferred embodiments. 
           [0048]      FIG. 29  is a partial perspective view of the firing end configuration example  112 , of the preferred embodiments. 
           [0049]      FIG. 30  is a partial perspective view of the firing end configuration example  113 , of the preferred embodiments. 
           [0050]      FIG. 31  is a partial perspective view of the firing end configuration example  114 , of the preferred embodiments. 
           [0051]      FIG. 32  is a frontal view of the cylinder showing the piston in relation to the sparkplug and the compressing of the air fuel mixture. 
           [0052]      FIG. 33  is a frontal cut away view of the cylinder showing the intended flow of the air fuel mixture in and around the firing surfaces of the electrode and grounding prongs. 
           [0000]    
         
           
                 
               
                 
                 
               
             
                 
                     
                 
                 
                   DRAWINGS - Reference Numerals 
                 
                 
                     
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
            
             
                 
                   10 
                   Preferred embodiment 1 
                 
                 
                   12 
                   Preferred embodiment 2 
                 
                 
                   14 
                   Preferred embodiment 3 
                 
                 
                   20 
                   Electrode donut 
                 
                 
                   201 
                   Hole in the center of the electrode 
                 
                 
                     
                   donut 
                 
                 
                   203 
                   Firing surface of the electrode 
                 
                 
                     
                   donut 
                 
                 
                   30 
                   Primary shell and Insulator 
                 
                 
                     
                   assembly 
                 
                 
                   32 
                   The core electrode 
                 
                 
                   34 
                   Insulator 
                 
                 
                   36 
                   Primary shell 
                 
                 
                   361 
                   Barrel portion of primary shell 
                 
                 
                   363 
                   Primary shoulder surface 
                 
                 
                   365 
                   Mounting nut 
                 
                 
                   367 
                   Surface area 
                 
                 
                   38 
                   Terminal 
                 
                 
                   40 
                   Ground sleeve 
                 
                 
                   401 
                   Surface area inside ground sleeve 
                 
                 
                   403 
                   Mating surface 
                 
                 
                   405 
                   Surface at head threshold 
                 
                 
                   42 
                   Ground prongs 
                 
                 
                   44 
                   The mounting threads 
                 
                 
                   46 
                   The base 
                 
                 
                   48 
                   The depth of the protrusion of the 
                 
                 
                     
                   prongs 
                 
                 
                   50 
                   Ground sleeve of second 
                 
                 
                     
                   embodiment 
                 
                 
                   56 
                   Base of ground sleeve second 
                 
                 
                     
                   embodiment 
                 
                 
                   60 
                   Ground sleeve of third embodiment 
                 
                 
                   66 
                   Base of ground sleeve of third 
                 
                 
                     
                   embodiment 
                 
                 
                   601 
                   Mounting nut of third embodiment 
                 
                 
                   603 
                   Flange 
                 
                 
                   70 
                   Type 1 cut out 
                 
                 
                   72 
                   Type 2 cut out 
                 
                 
                   74 
                   Type 3 cut out 
                 
                 
                   80 
                   Type 1 port hole 
                 
                 
                   82 
                   Type 2 port hole 
                 
                 
                   84 
                   Type 3 port hole 
                 
                 
                   90 
                   Head 
                 
                 
                   92 
                   Piston 
                 
                 
                   94 
                   Piston rod 
                 
                 
                   100 
                   Example 1 of the firing end 
                 
                 
                     
                   configurations 
                 
                 
                   101 
                   Example 2 of the firing end 
                 
                 
                     
                   configurations 
                 
                 
                   102 
                   Example 3 of the firing end 
                 
                 
                     
                   configurations 
                 
                 
                   103 
                   Example 4 of the firing end 
                 
                 
                     
                   configurations 
                 
                 
                   104 
                   Example 5 of the firing end 
                 
                 
                     
                   configurations 
                 
                 
                   105 
                   Example 6 of the firing end 
                 
                 
                     
                   configurations 
                 
                 
                   106 
                   Example 7 of the firing end 
                 
                 
                     
                   configurations 
                 
                 
                   107 
                   Example 8 of the firing end 
                 
                 
                     
                   configurations 
                 
                 
                   108 
                   Example 9 of the firing end 
                 
                 
                     
                   configurations 
                 
                 
                   109 
                   Example 10 of the firing end 
                 
                 
                     
                   configurations 
                 
                 
                   110 
                   Example 11 of the firing end 
                 
                 
                     
                   configurations 
                 
                 
                   W1 
                   Weld 1 
                 
                 
                   W2 
                   Weld 2 
                 
                 
                   W3 
                   Weld 3 
                 
                 
                   G 
                   Spark potential area 
                 
                 
                     
                 
               
            
           
         
       
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     First Embodiment 
       [0053]      FIG. 1  shows the primary shell and insulator assembly  30 , the primary shell  36 , which is made of a metallic material and houses the insulator  34 , which is made of a ceramic type material, and is used for the electrical isolation of the core electrode  32  and terminal  38 , from the primary shell  36 . The core electrode  32 , terminal  38  and the primary shell  36 , are assembled in the same fashion as a standard sparkplug. The terminal  38  is the high voltage connection to, the ignition coil. The mounting nut  365  is for tightening the sparkplug into the head of the internal combustion engine. The barrel portion surface  361  is a locating surface. At this stage, the diameter of the barrel portion surface  361  is at least 0.010″ larger than it will be at the time of assembly. Primary shoulder surface  363  is a locating surface and will be further machined as well. The electrode donut  20  is flat and disk shaped and is from 0.030″ to 0.065″ thick. The locating hole  201  is in the center of the electrode donut, and the diameter of the locating hole  201  is 0.002″ to 0.005″ larger than the diameter of the core electrode  32 . The surface  203  is the firing surface. This is the surface that the spark jumps to from the ground. The diameter of firing surface  203  will constitute the size of the spark potential area, but at this stage it is at least 0.010″ larger than it will be at the time of assembly. The electrode donut  20  fits on to the core electrode  32  in the direction shown by the arrows and is permanently bonded to the core electrode  32  as weld W 1 , shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0054]      FIG. 3  shows the ground sleeve  40 , the mounting threads  44 , the base  46 , cylindrical surface  401 , the mating surface  403 , and the ground prongs  42 . The mounting threads  44  are used to screw the sparkplug into the head of the internal combustion engine. The ground prongs  42  protrude up from the threaded portion and in to the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine. Cylindrical surface  401  is the inside diameter of the ground sleeve  40  and the inside surface of the ground prongs  42 . 
         [0055]    After the electrode donut  20  is bonded to the core electrode  32  it will be machined so as to smooth polish the top surface  205  shown in  FIG. 4 . During this machining step firing surface  203  of the electrode donut  20  and barrel portion surface  361  of the primary shell  36  will be machined in the same step so as to make there diameters exactly concentric in respect to one another. Barrel portion surface  361  is machined so the diameter is from 0.001″ to 0.002″ larger than the diameter of cylindrical surface  401  of the ground sleeve  40 . The diameter of firing surface  203  of the electrode donut  20  will determine the spark gap of the finished sparkplug. For example if you want a 0.040″ spark gap, the formula is; the diameter of cylindrical surface  401 −(0.040″×2)=the diameter of the electrode donut  20 , firing surface  203 . Primary shoulder surface  363  will also be machined in this process so as to make it precisely perpendicular to the center line of those diameters and parallel with top surface  205  of the electrode donut  20 . 
         [0056]    After the primary shell and insulator assembly  30 , and the electrode donut  20  have been bonded, and machined, the ground sleeve  40  will be pressed on to the primary shell  36  in the direction shown by the arrows in  FIG. 4 . The larger diameter of barrel portion surface  361  will make it a very tight fit, so for this process the ground sleeve  40  may be heated to temporarily expand diameter of cylindrical surface  401  and make the press easier. The ground sleeve  40  is pressed on until mating surface  403  comes in contact with mating surface  363  of the primary shell  36 , shown in  FIG. 5 . That will put firing surface  203  of the electrode donut  20  directly across from surface area  401  of the ground prongs  42 . The area between these two surfaces is the spark potential area G, or the spark gap as it is more commonly called. These areas are where the spark can happen. 
         [0057]    After ground sleeve  40  is pressed into place it will be permanently attached around the base  46  so as to permanently bond it to the primary shell  36 , shown in  FIG. 6 , as W 2 . After the ground sleeve  40  is welded to the primary shell  36 , the weld W 2  will be machined so as to be smooth and polished as shown in  FIG. 7  as the preferred embodiment  10  in its final form. 
       Second Embodiment 
       [0058]    Ground sleeve  50 , in  FIG. 8 , is pressed on to the primary shell  36  in the same fashion as ground sleeve  40 , as shown and described in  FIG. 4 . The variation of the base  56  extends down so as to come in close proximity with the surface area  367  of the primary shell  36 , as shown in  FIG. 9 . After the ground sleeve  50  is pressed into place it is welded to the primary shell  36  at surface  367  filling the proximal area between base  56  and surface  367  and extending around the circumference, shown in  FIG. 10  as W 3 . After the ground sleeve  50  is welded to the primary shell  36 , the weld W 3  will be machined so as to be smooth and polished as shown in  FIG. 11  as the preferred embodiment  12  in its final form. 
       Third Embodiment 
       [0059]    The mounting nut  365  of the primary shell  36  has been omitted as shown in  FIG. 12 . The third embodiment uses ground sleeve  60 , shown in  FIG. 13 . Ground sleeve  60 , is pressed on to the primary shell  36  in the same fashion as ground sleeve  40 , as shown and described in  FIG. 4 . The variation of the base  66  extends down to include the mounting nut  601  and flange  603 . After ground sleeve  60  is pressed into place flange  603  will be bent in, up and around the bottom portion of primary shell  36  as shown in  FIG. 14 . This method requires no welding.  FIG. 15  shows preferred embodiment  14  in its final form. 
         [0060]      FIG. 16  shows a top view of the firing end, the little arrows show how the electromotive force from the ignition coil radiates out from firing surface  203  of the positive electrode  20  to establish an ionization path to ground, that is surface area  401  of the prongs  42 , so that the electrons can flow though the ionization path, and the compressed air fuel mixture like they would do though a solid wire. When the electrons flow, they are very hot so as to ignite the air fuel mixture. This happens in less than 0.001 of a second, the faster the better. The combustion chamber environment is very turbulent do to the compressing of the air fuel mixture, as shown by the little arrows in  FIG. 32 , this happens inside the cylinder  90 . During the compression, the air fuel mixture is being smashed, and squeezed, by the piston  92  that connects to the piston rod  94 , in the direction of the sparkplugs firing end blowing the ionization path out several times before it can be established. So having multiple points, and more spark potential area G, is very beneficial, this is why the spark potential area G must be exactly the same physical distance as one another so as not to have any physical bias. This will give the ionization a path of least resistance based on the flow of the air fuel mixture at the precise time of the firing as seen in  FIG. 33 . 
         [0061]      FIG. 17-FIG .  31  shows prime examples of what we are trying to achieve with the flow of the air fuel mixture, to help establish the ionization path, by pushing it in the direction of the ground prongs  42 , but do to the fact that the environment is so turbulent it may only do this in one, two or three areas, but it only needs one at a time. This will greatly improve the performance of the sparkplug which in turn will improve the performance of the internal combustion engine. 
         [0062]    To determine the exact characteristics of the firing end we use formulas based on the diameter of the ground sleeve cylindrical surface  401  of  FIG. 3  that is the distance across the top between the prongs  42  and is the base dimension to determine the characteristics of the spacing of the prongs  42 , with cut outs  70 ,  72 ,  74 , and the port holes  80 ,  82 . 
         [0063]    For example purposes we use the standard size 14 mm, but can achieve the same characteristics for 18 mm, 12 mm and 10 mm applications these are also common sizes for sparkplugs but would have different base dimensions. 
         [0064]      FIG. 17  shows example  100 . This has no port holes and no cut outs. To determine the depth  48  that the firing end will protrude into the combustion chamber we use the base dimension for a 14 mm sparkplug which is 0.375″. The formula is 0.375/3=0.125″. If we need to go deeper we use a smaller divisor. The depth  48  is added to the reach of the sparkplug, which is the distance from the base  46  to surface  405  of the ground sleeve  40  as shown in  FIG. 6 . Surface  405  is the threshold into the firing cylinder. 
         [0065]      FIG. 18  shows example  101 . This has 8 cut outs  70  and no port holes. The depth of the cut outs  70  in example  101 , go to the surface of  405  so that would make it 0.375/3-0.125″ deep, if we need to go shallower we use a smaller divisor. The formula for the width of the cut outs  70  are based on the 0.375″ diameter as well. This is 0.375/3=0.125″. The cut outs  70  are spaced evenly around the ground sleeve  40  in 8 places as shown in  FIG. 18 . 
         [0066]      FIG. 19  shows example  102 . This has 6 cut outs  70  and no port holes. The cut outs are the same as example  102  except that there are 6. As you can see this changes the characteristics of the prongs  42 . 
         [0067]      FIG. 20  shows example  103 . This has 4 cut outs  70  and no port holes. 
         [0068]      FIG. 21  shows example  104 . This has 2 cut outs  70  and no port holes. 
         [0069]      FIG. 22  shows example  105 . This has 8 cut outs  72  and no port holes. The cut outs  72  are different so as to be completely round. The formula for this is, the base dimension which is 0.375″ is 0.375/3×0.5=0.0625″ radius. So the widths of the cut outs  72  are 0.125″ and is basically a half hole, with the center at the end of the prongs  42  so that the bottom of the radios is half of the depth  48 . These are spaced evenly around the ground sleeve  40  in 8 places as well. 
         [0070]      FIG. 23  shows example  106 , this has 6 cut outs  72  and no port holes. 
         [0071]      FIG. 24  shows example  107 , this has 8 cut outs  74  and no port holes. The cut outs  74  are different so as to be thinner and round at the bottom. The formula for this is, the base dimension which is 0.375″ is 0.375/6=0.0625″. So the widths of the cut outs  74  are 0.0625″. These are spaced evenly around the ground sleeve  40  in 8 places as well. 
         [0072]      FIG. 25  shows example  108 . This has 6 cut outs  74  and no port holes. 
         [0073]      FIG. 26  shows example  109 . This has 8 cut outs  72  and 8 port holes  80 . The port holes are located directly under the prongs  42  and are located so that the bottom of the port hole  80  is at the threshold of the depth  48 . The size of the port holes  80  are determined by the base dimension of 0.375″ as well. Which is 0.375/6=0.0625, the diameter of port hole  80 . These are spaced evenly around the ground sleeve  40  in 8 places as described as well. 
         [0074]      FIG. 27  shows example  110 . This has 6 cut outs  72  and 6 port holes  80 . The port holes are located directly in the center of the prongs and in the center of the depth  48 . These are spaced evenly around the ground sleeve  40  in 8 places as described as well. 
         [0075]      FIG. 28  shows example  111 . This has 6 cut outs  74  and 6 port holes  80 . 
         [0076]      FIG. 29  shows example  112 . This has 4 cut outs  70  and 4 port holes  82 . The port holes  82  are larger and are located in the center of the prongs  42  with the bottom at the threshold of the depth  48 . The size of the port holes  82  are determined by the base dimension of 0.375″ as well. Which is 0.375/4=0.0938, the diameter of port hole  82 . These are spaced evenly around the ground sleeve  40  in 4 places as described as well. 
         [0077]      FIG. 30  shows example  113 . This has 2 cut outs  70  and 6 port holes  82 . As shown. 
         [0078]      FIG. 31  shows example  114 . This has no cut outs and 8 port holes  82 . As shown. 
         [0079]    The multiple sparkplugs are different only in the fact that they are designed to perform with in the realms of a specific application but can still be used in an enormous number of applications and other modifications and changes varied to fit particular operating requirements and environments will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the invention is not considered limited to the example chosen for purposes of disclosure, and covers all changes and modifications which do not constitute departures from the true spirit and scope of this invention. 
         [0080]    Although they are different in appearance, and have variations of there design they are all, manufactured and assembled, to perform in the true spirit and scope of the invention. 
         [0081]    Having thus described the invention, what is desired to be protected by Letters Patent is presented in the subsequently appended claims.