Abstract:
An improved method for the efficient incorporation of a metal such as silver in a superconducting material includes blending the metal with a high temperature superconductor or precursor powder and consolidating the same into pellets. The pellets are charged directly into a heating assembly where it is melted and heated sufficiently to a uniform temperature prior to fiberization. Droplets of the melted blend fall through a collar into a nozzle where they are subjected to a high velocity gas to break the melted material into ligaments which solidify into improved flexible fibers having the metal homogeneously dis 
     This invention was made with Government support under a contract with the Department of Energy (DOE) and Ames Laboratory, Contract No. SC-91-225, our reference No. CRD-1272. The Government has certain rights in this invention.

Description:
This invention was made with Government support under a contract with the Department of Energy (DOE) and Ames Laboratory, Contract No. SC-91-225, our reference No. CRD-1272. The Government has certain rights in this invention. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates in general to the addition of a metal to a superconducting material for homogeneous dispersion of the metal therein, and in particular to a new and improved method for adding silver to a superconducting material to increase the strain tolerance and conductivity thereof in the design and fabrication of magnets and similar products based on the high temperature superconducting material. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     In the design and fabrication of large scale magnets based on the high temperature superconducting materials, the strain tolerance of the conductor plays an important role. The cuprate superconductors by themselves have a strain tolerance that withstands only about 0.1% to 0.2% strain making fabrication of the magnet exceedingly difficult. 
     One way to fabricate a highly strain tolerant material is to make a microfilamentary composite based on discontinuous filaments. The filaments are separated from one another by a ductile material so that some plastic flow is possible within the matrix without breaking the superconducting filaments. One possible design is to have filaments of superconducting Bi 2  Sr 2  Ca 1  Cu 2  O 8- δ  in a silver (Ag) matrix. In the design of such a matrix, it is important that the normal barriers between filaments be thin compared to the supercurrent decay length of Cooper paris in silver or about 20 nanometers (nm), see T. Y. Hsiang and D. K. Finnemore, Phys. Rev. B 22,154 (1980) In addition, the length to diameter ratio of the superconducting filaments should be on the order of 10,000 to 1 so that there is enormous overlap area between filaments. As a consequence, the filament-to-filament current density can be low. With this aspect ratio, the conductor will have an effective resistivity in the range of 10 -14  ohms (Ω) centimeter (cm) even if the silver barriers are totally normal. 
     Silver additions to superconducting materials have been demonstrated to have several benefits for improved superconductor performance in addition to promoting strain tolerance in the structure. These benefits appear to be related to the promotion of a controlled crystallographic orientation in the material. This structural improvement can lead to performance enhancements such as high-temperature shift of the zero resistivity temperature (T C ), and an increase in critical current density (J C ), as described in the article by Y. Matsumoto, et al, &#34;Origin of the Silver Doping Effects on Superconducting Oxide Ceramics&#34;, Appl. Phys. Lett. 56(16), 1585 (1990). 
     The general idea of using silver to provide regions of plastic flow and using overlap areas of the superconducting filaments to overcome the weak link problem seems very promising but it has been difficult to fabricate composites having the desired geometry. Various methods have been used to make Bi 2  Sr 2  Ca 1  Cu 2  O 8- δ /Ag composites. In possibly the most straight forward and successful approach, Sato, et al, IEEE Trans. Magn. MAG-27, 1231 (1991), has demonstrated that a multifilamentary conductor composed of 123 monolithic ribbons in a composite degrade only about 30% with a bending strain of about 0.7%. For these samples, there is a high degree of texturing and considerable anisotropy in J C . 
     Other attempts to form high T C  superconducting wire with a high strain tolerance has used the &#34;powder in a tube&#34; approach. However, these efforts have met with modest success. In this case, silver was dispersed through the matrix by micro-milling powders followed by composite consolidation using various metal working steps. An important requirement for this technique to be successful is that the particle size of the powders be exceedingly fine. This is necessary so that the subsequent sintering process yields an integral superconducting structure. 
     A reliable means of dispersing silver within the superconducting composite has not been described in literature. Current methods are time-consuming involving several process steps to incorporate the silver within the structure. In addition, obtaining a homogenous distribution of silver has proven difficult. 
     Thus, there is a need for a processing technique for efficient incorporation of silver in a superconducting material to increase the strain tolerance of the conductor to make it suitable for use in large scale magnets. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention solves the aforementioned problems with the prior art as well as others by providing a method for homogeneously dispersing a metal in a superconductor material (a term which includes both calcined superconductor oxides or non-calcined superconductor precursors). A predetermined amount of a metal is blended with a superconductor powder and placed in a heating assembly. The blend is melted and a stream of the melted blend is dropped into a special nozzle. A gas blown through the nozzle transforms the melted blend into ligaments which cool and solidify in the barrel to form fibers with improved flexibility for subsequent processing and having a metal homogeneously dispersed therein. 
     The present invention is also directed to a method for fabricating a high strain tolerant superconducting material comprising the steps of blending a predetermined amount of silver with a superconductor precursor powder and cold compacting this blend into at least one pellet. The pellet is charged into a preheated crucible assembly, melted and dropped in a stream of melted superconducting material into a vertically extending barrel. Gas is blown downwardly through the barrel at a sufficient rate to transform the melted blend in the barrel into fine ligaments which cool and solidify in the barrel to form flexible fibers. These flexible fibers are then collected. 
     An object of the present invention to provide an improved processing technique for the efficient incorporation of a metal in a superconducting material. 
     Another object of the present invention is to increase the strain tolerance of the conductor to greater than 1% which is suitable for use in large scale magnets that operate at 35K or higher. 
     A further object of the present invention is to provide a method which is less time consuming and disperses the metal uniformly within a superconducting matrix in an efficient, cost-effective method. 
     The various features of novelty which characterize the invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and specific objects attained by its uses, reference is made to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which the preferred embodiments of the invention are illustrated. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     In the drawings: 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view of an apparatus constructed for practicing the method of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a time elapse, composite view of how a droplet deforms under the influence of a gas stream in a barrel of the blowing nozzle; 
     FIG. 3 is a graph plotting the inverse of a LaPlace number against the Weber number for droplet breakup mechanisms; 
     FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the nozzle employed with the method of the present invention; 
     FIG. 5 is a partial sectional view of the nozzle on an enlarged scale; 
     FIG. 6 is a photomicrograph of 5% silver-Bismuth 2212 fibers; 
     FIG. 7 is a photomicrograph of 11.5% silver-Bismuth 2212 fibers; 
     FIG. 8 is a photomicrograph of 23.5% silver-Bismuth 2212 fibers; 
     FIG. 9 is a photomicrograph of cold-compacted 11.5% silver-Bismuth 2212 material; 
     FIG. 10 is a photomicrograph of an X-ray dot map for silver; 
     FIG. 11 is a photomicrograph of fibers produced form non-calcined precursor containing 30 Wt. % Ag; 
     FIG. 12 is a photomicrograph of an energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) map of silver distribution within a composite; 
     FIG. 13 is a photomicrograph of a longitudinal section of a manufactured fibrous composite; and 
     FIG. 14 is a photomicrograph of an EDS map of the silver distribution within FIG. 13. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention resides in an improved processing technique for the efficient incorporation of metal such as silver in a superconducting material. The term superconducting material as used herein is meant to include both calcined superconductor oxides and non-calcined superconductor precursors which can be mixtures of carbonates and oxides, or superconducting fibers as produced by gas jet fiberization. The term strain tolerance is meant to include the strain tolerance of the amorphous flexible fibers before heat treatment. Strain tolerance is also necessary in a composite wire or the final product made with the woven fibers or superconducting fibers as produced by gas jet fiberization. An important accomplishment in the present invention is the discovery that inexpensive, non-calcined superconductor precursors can be fiberized. These precursors cost much less than the calcined superconductor oxides. For example, a 2212 precursors containing BiO, SrCO 3 , CaCO 3 , and CuO costs $0.70 per gram as opposed to $1.40-$2.00 per gram for the calcined material. The fibers made with the present invention using superconductor precursors are &#34;partially calcined&#34; as a result of the melting during fiberization. This is an important cost savings in that otherwise these materials may require hundreds of hours of thermal treatment to accomplish the calcination step. This material does require additional thermal treatment to develop optimum superconducting properties. 
     One example of a suitable heat treatment of a final product made with the improved flexible fibers of the present invention includes the following treatment: Rapidly heating the product in a controlled atmosphere containing a prescribed amount of oxygen for example 70 mm of oxygen to about 850° C. and then slow heating it at about 10° C./min to about 880° C. This is immediately followed by cooling at about 1° C./minute to about 860° C. and holding for about 72 hours followed by rapid quenching such as furnace cooling to room temperature. 
     Amorphous materials are more difficult to predict melting temperatures than crystalline material. Also, the silver precipitates from the liquid during crystallization. One suitable final product is a wire made from a silver tube containing woven flexible fibers of the present invention and then heat treated in the above manner. 
     U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/855,141 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,163,620 filed on Mar. 20, 1992, which is assigned to the assignee of the present invention and hereby incorporated by reference, describes a gas jet fiberization technique to prepare flexible high temperature superconductor (HTSC) Bi 2  Sr 2  Ca 1  Cu 2  O 8  fibers directly form the melt. In addition to providing flexible fibers, the advantage of this approach over commonly utilized powder sintering processes is that the material produced is for practical purposes amorphous with excellent ductility. Transformation of the amorphous product by crystallization via thermal treatment is precisely controlled. Therefore, better superconducting properties are reliably achieved. Also, much higher densities than achieved with conventional processing is observed for the fiber material. A higher integrity structure with better current transport properties is manufactured from such a starting stock material. 
     A key component of the fiberization process is the specially designed nozzle claimed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/855,141 filed Mar. 20, 1992. This modified fiber blowing nozzle was developed specifically to match the thermal and fluid characteristics of the Bismuth-based superconductor melts in terms of the viscosity versus temperature and cooling characteristics of these materials. The significant feature of the nozzle design is that it induces a high velocity shear force into descending droplets so that fine fibers are stripped from the molten material. As a consequence, the nozzle produces thin fibers with length to diameter ratios in the range of 10,000 to 1. 
     To incorporate silver homogeneously and efficiently within the superconducting fibers, silver is blended with the high temperature superconductor (HTSC) precursor powders and is cold-compacted into pellets. 
     A better feed system was devised by consolidating the powder material into pellets prior to introduction into the crucible. The pelletized charge material provides more uniform and reliable melting characteristics. The dense pellet allows higher heat transfer rates and more rapid assimilation of the added charge into the molten pool. This in turn provides a more stable and consistent temperature condition within the crucible during the fiberization process. The use of pelletized charge materials allows continuous additions to be made to the melting system which demonstrates the potential for upscaling the fiberization process to a commercial operation. 
     The term silver is meant to include any compound containing silver like silver chloride (AgCl) for example. Also, while silver is specifically described, the present invention is applicable to any metal including but not limited to lead (Pb), palladium (Pd), and gold (Au). Referring to FIG. 1, the pellets are charged directly into a preheated crucible (12) assembly contained within an electric resistance furnace (14). This minimizes the occurrence of possible deleterious chemical reactions between the charge material and crucible (12), or loss of alloying constituents. An overpressure of an inert gas such as argon supplied along line (82) protects the molten bath from reaction with oxygen to maintain melt purity and to assist extrusion from a sealed crucible, for example, as in a lead-doped 2212 compound. The material blend is melted and heated sufficiently to ensure the melt is of uniform temperature prior to fiberization. A Bi 2212 superconductor material melts completely at 1650° F. (phase change). The melt, however, si superheated to 1720° F.-1740° F. to reduce viscosity down to about 1 poise. The material is melted and heated up to 100° F. above its melting point sufficiently to ensure that the melt is of uniform temperature prior to fiberization. Only after the higher temperature was reached, a plug (not shown) in the opening (16) is removed to initiate the stream (18). If flows freely at (18) from a small hole (16) at the bottom of the alumina crucible (12). The melt initially forms a continuous stream which breaks up into separate droplets (20) due to viscosity considerations and other velocity-related factors. The droplets (20) fall through a high temperature ceramic tube (22) which stabilizes the stream and minimizes any turbulance. The droplets (20) then enter the blowing nozzle (26) where it is impinged by a high velocity gas stream supplied by line (36) connected to a gas supply. The gas enters the chamber in the horizontal section (50) of the nozzle (26) while the droplets (20) move in a vertical direction. 
     The high velocity gas in the fiber blowing nozzle (26) causes tremendous shear forces on the droplets (20) which mechanically force the melt into fine ligament segments as illustrated in FIG. 2. These ligaments and other partially solidified material continue to undergo further shearing and cooling within the barrel (28) of the nozzle (26). This causes elongation of the ligaments and the final product upon complete solidification are long and slender flexible fibers of superconducting material containing up to 40% (on a weight percent basis) silver. Incomplete transformation of the molten droplets (20) produces small flakes and spherical shot particles. The fiberized material is collected downstream in a vented collecting chamber (34). A fan (80) and/or a secondary nozzle (66) directs the flexible fibers (30) against a collection filter (32). The secondary nozzle (66) provides an air cushion above a fine mesh screen (68) positioned across the bottom of the collecting chamber (34). This assists in the fiber collecting process and prevents any debris from blocking the secondary nozzle (66). 
     The blown silver-containing superconducting fibers are then cleaned to separate out any waste material. The clean fibers are then consolidated by a variety of methods known in the art including hot-pressing, packing in a tube followed by swagging or rolling operations as well as many other conventional material consolidation process to form composite wire, magnets, or other suitable devices from the silver containing superconducting material. The compacted high temperature superconductor/silver composite is the heat-treated in a controlled manner to achieve superconducting properties. 
     Table I shows the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy chemical analysis and relative moles several examples of differing percents on a weight percent basis of HTSC/Ag composite flexible fibers fabricated with the method of the present invention. Tables II, III and IV set forth experimental parameters of representative samples. FIGS. 6-8 show photomicrographs of the produced fibers. FIG. 9 shows a cold compacted 11.5% Ag-2212 material fabricated with the method of the present invention. The silver content was verified by X-ray dot map as shown in FIG. 10. 
     
                                           TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________ICP Chemical Analysis of Silver-Containing Fibers__________________________________________________________________________Weight Percentages                       B &amp; WSampleSilver     Bismuth           Calcium                 Copper                       Strontium                             Sample ID#                                    Identification__________________________________________________________________________1    4.305     45.54 3.009 14.49 18.60 1      HT5551-1072    8.015     53.26 3.583 13.56 17.70 2      HT5553-109C3    8.854     42.21 3.498 13.47 17.61 3      HT5553-109B4    6.974     43.56 3.361 13.88 18.08 4      HT5553-109A5    4.551     45.51 3.078 14.31 18.28 5      HT5550-1066    12.480     41.33 3.391 13.00 17.14 6      HT5554-1107    2.774     47.90 4.301 14.35 15.46 7      HT5543-998    3.974     45.00 4.004 14.17 16.47 8      #80 Fiber9    2.801     48.04 3.918 14.47 17.17 9      #100 Fiber10   2.874     47.98 3.841 14.59 17.27 10     #100 Shot &amp;                                    Fiber11   2.995     48.14 4.237 14.55 15.93 11     #101A Fiber12   5.762     44.17 3.520 13.41 19.66 12     #101B Fiber13   4.066     45.86 3.941 14.35 18.21 13     #106 Fiber14   11.880     41.58 4.369 13.68 17.05 14     #105 Shot &amp;                                    FiberAverage--   45.7 ± 3.1           3.72 ±  0.42                 14.0 ± 0.5                       17.5 ± 1.115   0.004     44.79 4.301 14.13 19.05 15     SCI Lot #M50__________________________________________________________________________                    Relative Moles                Sample                    Silver                        Bismuth                             Calcium                                  Copper                                      Strontium__________________________________________________________________________                1   0.0399                        0.2179                             0.0751                                  0.2280                                      0.2123                2   0.0743                        0.2549                             0.0894                                  0.2134                                      0.2020                3   0.0821                        0.2020                             0.0873                                  0.2120                                      0.2010                4   0.0647                        0.2084                             0.0839                                  0.2184                                      0.2063                5   0.0422                        0.2178                             0.0768                                  0.2252                                      0.2086                6   0.1157                        0.1978                             0.0846                                  0.2046                                      0.1956                7   0.0257                        0.2292                             0.1073                                  0.2258                                      0.1764                8   0.0368                        0.2153                             0.0999                                  0.2230                                      0.1880                9   0.0260                        0.2299                             0.0978                                  0.2277                                      0.1960                10  0.0266                        0.2296                             0.0958                                  0.2296                                      0.1971                11  0.0278                        0.2304                             0.1057                                  0.2290                                      0.1818                12  0.0534                        0.2114                             0.0878                                  0.2110                                      0.2244                13  0.0377                        0.2194                              0.09833                                  0.2258                                      0.2078                14  0.1101                        0.1990                             0.1090                                  0.2153                                      0.1946                15  0.0000                        0.2143                             0.1073                                  0.2224                                      0.2174__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________Experimental Parameters        Maximum   Other    FiberRun #    Material Temperature (°C.)                  Conditions                           Yield (%)                                 Comments__________________________________________________________________________5528-84    SCC 2212 910       Air pressure                           16    Nozzle opening was adjusted but    Recycled &#34;shot&#34;    20 psi primary the fiber quality did not improve.    material from      10 psi secondary                                 The fiber contained a lot of shot    previous run.                     material. At one point, vigorous                                 boiling was observed within the                                 molten bath.5529-85    SCC 2212 920       Air pressure                            9    A lower secondary air pressure                  20 psi primary was employed to increase                  0.5 psi secondary                                 fiber/shot separation. Nozzle                                 setting and drop distance from                                 the crucible (47 cm) was identical                                 to the previous run; fiber quality                                 was about the same as well.5530-86    SCC 2212 915       Air pressure                           14    A heated air stream was used for                  20 psi primary the first time in this experiment                  0.5 psi secondary                                 to fiberize the superconductor                  Air stream heated                                 material. The use of heated air                  to 220° C.                                 dramatically. In addition, the                                 morphology of the &#34;waste&#34;                                 material was altered from                                 spherical shot to flat flakes.5531-87    SCC 2212 910       Air pressure                           14    The melt stream flowed                  20 psi primary erratically from the crucible into                  0.5 psi secondary                                 the fiberization nozzle. This                  Air stream heated                                 problem may have reduced the                  to 260° C.                                 product yield and increased the                                 amount of flakes produced.__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________Experimental Parameters        Maximum   Other    FiberRun # Material        Temperature (°C.)                  Conditions                           Yield (%)                                 Comments__________________________________________________________________________5554-110 SCC 2212 +        955       Air pressure                           10    In this run, 2212 superconductor 41 wt. % Ag      20 psi primary material containing a high                  101 SCFM       percentage of silver was                                 fiberized.                  20 psi secondary                                 In spite of the 40 wt. % of Ag                  Air stream heated                                 content, no evidence was                  to 95° C.                                 observed that the silver separated                                 in the melt. The product quality                                 was good although it did contain                                 a lot of flake particulate.5553-109A SCC 2212 +        950       Air pressure                           11    The silver/2212 mixed and 30 wt. % Ag      20 psi primary compacted pellets were heat                  101 SCFM       treated prior to fiberization.                                 This                  20 psi secondary                                 treatment at 810° C. for 18                                 hours                  Air stream at  was performed to better                  20° C.  homogenize the mixture to                                 decrease the tendency for melt                                 segregation. Melting was                                 observed during the run from 915                                 to 950° C. Good quality                                 fiber was                                 produced in this run with very                                 little flake material observed.5553-109B SCC 2212 +        945       As above except                           11    This experiment replicated the 30 wt. % Ag      the air stream was                                 previous one with the exception                  heated to 60° C.                                 that heated fiberization air was                                 used. Fiber quality for this run                                 was very similar to that found in                                 109A.5553-109C SCC 2212 +        955       Air pressure                            8    The experimental conditions for 30 wt. % Ag      21 psi primary this run were similar to those of                  90 SCFM        109A and 109B. However, higher                  20 psi secondary                                 temperature, fiberization air was                  Air stream heated                                 used to determine its influence on                  to 130° C.                                 product yield and quality. About                                 15 grams of essentially pure                                 silver was found to have                                 separated out of the melt. The                                 product from this run contained                                 more flake than the previous two                                 trials. In addition, product yield                                 was reduced in this__________________________________________________________________________                                 run. 
    
     
                                           TABLE IV__________________________________________________________________________Experimental Parameters               Maximum   Other     FiberRun # Material      Temperature (°C.)                         Conditions                                   Yield (%)                                          Comments__________________________________________________________________________5557-113 &#34;Non-calcined&#34;               920       Air pressure                                   25     Non-calcined                                          superconductor Bi.sub.2 --Sr--.sub.2.4 --Ca.sub.1.2 --Cu.sub.2                         20 psi primary   material was used as                                          feedstock in                         101 SCFM         this run. This mixture of                                          CuO,                         20 psi secondary SrCO.sub.3, BiO, and                                          CaCO.sub.3 costs                         Air heated to 95° C.                                          much less than the fully                                          calcined                                          material. A high product                                          yield                                          was obtained in this run.                                          A lot of                                          flake was produced as                                          well.5558-114 &#34;Non-calcined&#34;               890       Air pressure                                   27     This experiment was                                          similar to Bi.sub.2 --Sr--.sub.2.4 --Ca.sub.1.2 --Cu.sub.2                         20 psi primary   the previous one except                                          that a                         101 SCFM         lower melt temperature                                          and                         20 psi secondary lower air temperature was                                          used                         Air heated to 65° C.                                          to reduce the amount of                                          flake in                                          the product. The                                          superconductor                                          material apparently only                                          partially melted at                                          890° C., about                                          20% of the charge melted                                          at                                          about 925° C. This                                          incongruent                                          melting behaviour may                                          have                                          produced chemically                                          inhomogeneous fibers.                                          Fiber                                          quality and yield for this                                          run was                                          similar to 5557-113.5559-115 &#34;Non-calcined&#34;               955       Air pressure                                   16     Non-calcined                                          Bi--Sr--Ca--Cu Bi.sub.2 --Sr--.sub.2.4 --Ca.sub.1.2 --Cu.sub.2 +                         20 psi primary   material was mixed with                                          silver to 30 wt. % Ag             101 SCFM         use as feedstock for this                                          run.                         20 psi secondary The mixture method melted                                          over                         Air temperature  a range of 900 to                                          955°  C. The                         18° C.    molten material appeared                                          to be                                          very viscous which caused                                          problems maintaining a                                          uniform                                          flow into the nozzle. The                                          silver                                          addition raised the melt                                          temperature and lowered                                          the                                          product yield. Fiber                                          quality was                                          also decreased.__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     The use of the silver incorporation method of the present invention provides the following advantages over standard powder press and sintering processing methods. First, there is a homogeneous distribution of silver within the superconductor. Secondly, the superconductor/silver mixture is refined through melting which disassociates residual carbonates used to produce most HTSC materials and intimately mixes the silver within the melt. Additionally, there is not strict requirement for the particle size of the silver alloy material employed. Thirdly, a microcrystalline structure is produced with a fine distribution of silver. Such a combination results in improved mechanical strength and more robust performance for a superconducting composite manufactured from the HTSC/Ag flexible fibers. Fourthly, large concentrations of silver of up to about 40% (on a weight percent basis) can be incorporated into the superconductor. Finally, the method of the present invention is less time-consuming than standard procedures currently used particularly in that considerable time is not required to mix the silver in the high temperature superconductor. 
     The use of silver oxide additions incorporated in HTSC fibers alter favorably oxygen stoichiometry for enhanced superconducting performance. Also, the use of a silver compound such as silver chloride (AgCl) to function as a melt flux protects the material during processing and acts as a dopant for improvement in the superconducting properties of oxide ceramics. Lastly, the use of silver and silver compounds in gas jet fiberization or other thermal process improves superconducting properties in oxide ceramics other than Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system described here. These other applications include systems of interest such as Y-Ba-Cu-O, Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O and those systems containing lead (Pb) additions. 
     Even though the silver incorporation method is described as an efficient means to add silver to superconducting materials, the process is also suitable for obtaining homogeneous distribution of alloy elements for performance improvements in a variety of metallic and nonmetallic fiber components. Such fibers could form the basis for high performance composite articles which have broad application in a variety of industries. 
     While specific embodiments of the invention have been shown and described in detail to illustrate the application of the principles of the invention, it is understood that the invention may be embodied otherwise without departing from such principles.