Abstract:
Disclosed is a method of controlling a real-time oxidation-reduction potential in a hot water system undergoing a wet layup sequence to inhibit corrosion in the hot water system. The method includes separating the wet layup sequence into a plurality of phases. Each phase is either short-term or long-term and a subset of the short-term phases is optionally transitional. The method further includes defining one or more zones in the hot water system. At least one of the defined zones is selected for each phase and one or more of the selected zones include at least one ORP probe operable to measure the real-time ORP and communicate with a controller. The ORP probe(s) either intermittently or continuously measure the real-time ORP at operating temperature and pressure at one or more of the selected zones in one or more of the phases and transmit the measured real-time ORP to the controller. The real-time ORP is assessed to determine whether it conforms to an ORP setting for that phase. The invention further includes a multi-component control device for a hot water system undergoing a wet layup sequence.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates generally to preventing corrosion in hot water systems undergoing intermittent operations. More specifically, the invention relates to defining a set of operational protective zones and monitoring and/or controlling real-time oxidation-reduction potential in those zones during intermittent operations. The invention has particular relevance to preventing corrosion during a multi-phase wet layup sequence in simple and complex hot water systems. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Hot water systems are generally composed of all-ferrous metallurgy or mixed metallurgy, such as copper or copper alloy systems, nickel and nickel-based alloys, and stainless steel and may also be mixed with mild steel components. Many general classes/components of hot water systems exist, such as boilers, hot water heaters, heat exchangers, steam generators, steam jackets and molds, nuclear power electric systems, combustion engine and diesel coolant systems, evaporator systems, thermal desalination systems, papermaking operations, fermentation processes, the like, and attached ancillary devices. They are dynamic operating systems that undergo a myriad of REDOX Stress events (i.e., any electrochemical event in the hot water system related to changes in oxidative or reductive state of the water). Such events generally include any process that implicates the oxidation-reduction potential (“ORP”) space or regime in the system. 
     These events may result from a multitude of factors including species inherently found in the water, leaks from various components, contamination from air in-leakage, malfunctioning pumps, seals, vacuum lines, and gauges. Further, increased use of oxygen-enriched water, such as boiler make-up water, returned steam condensate, and/or raw surface or subsurface water, deaerator malfunctions, steam and turbine load swings, and problems with chemical feed pumps cause unplanned reduction or increase in chemical treatment feed rates. Uncontrolled REDOX Stress events can cause serious general and localized corrosion problems, such as pitting, stress corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue, and/or flow accelerated corrosion problems in hot water systems. By their nature, these problems tend to be electrochemical and thus tied into the oxidative-reductive properties of the environment and the structural material interaction. 
     Additional problems are encountered when plant equipment undergoes intermittent operations, including using steam in a periodic fashion. For example, a steam operated mold press in tire manufacturing or components of a papermaking process may be in that category. In the extreme, a steam system might be put into a layup sequence to either be idled (or slowed down) or started from idle to operating conditions. A main concern is corrosion that occurs in situ followed by corrosion product transport to other plant locations during startup or shutdown of the intermittent process. Apart from the localized damage caused by in situ corrosion, the corrosion product transport can foul a multitude of components. Typically, the worst fouling occurs on the boiler tube walls where deposits can lead to poor heat transfer, increased boiler tube temperatures, under-deposit corrosion, local overheating, and tube failure. In situ corrosion and corrosion product transfer may also impact the balance of the entire system, not just the boiler/steam generator. Impacted components may include transfer piping, holding tanks, and ancillary equipment that come into contact with the hot water/steam process fluids. 
     Although some conventional methods are practiced today to identify REDOX Stress events in hot water systems, because of hot water system dynamics most REDOX Stress events are unpredictable. These methods are not widely practiced because they have inherent drawbacks (see below). As a consequence, the majority of REDOX Stress events go undetected and thus uncorrected. Uncontrolled REDOX Stress events can lead to serious corrosion problems in these systems, which negatively impact plant equipment life expectancy, reliability, production capability, safety, environmental regulations, capital outlay, and total plant operation costs. 
     Identifying REDOX Stress events currently includes both online instruments and grab sample wet chemical analysis test methods. In both approaches, the sample has to first undergo sample conditioning, such as cooling, prior to measurement. Examples of online instruments include dissolved oxygen meters, cation conductivity instruments, room temperature ORP instruments, pH instruments, sodium analyzers, hardness analyzers, specific conductivity meters, silica analyzers, particle and turbidity meters, reductant analyzers, and the like. General corrosion monitoring, such as coupon and electrochemical analysis, is typically performed after cooling a sample or at elevated temperatures. Grab sample test methods include analyzing for dissolved oxygen, pH, hardness, silica conductivity, total and soluble iron, copper, and silica, reductant excess, and the like. 
     Some drawbacks of these methods include the following. Grab sample analysis gives a single point in time measurement and consequently is not a viable continuous monitoring method for REDOX Stress events. It also often has inadequately low-level detection limits. Online monitors do not provide a direct measurement of REDOX Stress and thus cannot indicate whether or not a REDOX Stress event is occurring at any particular time. Corrosion monitors detect general corrosion, but are not capable of measuring changes in local corrosion rates caused by REDOX Stress events. Online reductant analyzers measure the amount of reductant, but not the net REDOX Stress a system is undergoing at system temperature and pressure. That REDOX Stress can occur in the apparent presence of a reductant is thus another drawback of this technique. 
     Dissolved oxygen (“DO”) meters have similar drawbacks. Measuring the amount of DO (an oxidant) but not necessarily the net REDOX Stress a system is undergoing is not an accurate indicator of corrosion stress. The sample also must be cooled prior to DO measurement thus increasing the lag time in detecting when the REDOX Stress event started. Further, the potential for oxygen consumption in the sample line could cause inaccurate readings. REDOX Stress can also occur in the apparent absence of DO and little or no DO in the sample could potentially be a false negative. In addition, all of the instruments described above are relatively costly to purchase, and require frequent calibration and maintenance. 
     Corrosion coupons give a time-averaged result of general system corrosion. Again, this technique does not offer a real-time indication or control of REDOX Stress events. Online electrochemical corrosion tools are inadequate for localized corrosion determinations and cannot be used in low conductivity environments. Integrated metal sampling techniques that use filtration to obtain a water sample on a cooled sample stream also provide no active real-time response with respect to REDOX Stress events. 
     Room temperature ORP is a direct measurement of the net ORP of a sample taken from the system. A drawback of this technique is that it fails to indicate what is happening at system temperature and pressure. REDOX Stress events that occur at operating temperature and pressure often cannot be observed at room temperature, as process kinetics and thermodynamics vary with temperature. In addition, room temperature ORP measuring devices are more sluggish and more likely to become polarized. Reliability of such devices is poor and they need frequent calibration and maintenance. 
     There thus exists an ongoing need to develop methods of accurately monitoring and controlling real-time ORP in hot water systems to minimize corrosion, particularly while undergoing a layup sequence. 
     SUMMARY 
     A myriad of processes occurring in a hot water system contribute to the ORP, which in turn acts as a REDOX Stress indicator for the hot water system. These processes are magnified when the system is operated intermittently, such as during a shutdown sequence or a startup sequence. In contrast to conventional room temperature measurements, ORP measurements taken in real-time at system operating temperature and pressure are capable of indicating primary and secondary REDOX Stress events occurring in the system in real-time. Such real-time ORP monitoring may be used to measure, identify, and assess REDOX Stress demands in the system and can act as a direct or indirect corrosion process indicator. This invention accordingly provides a method of controlling a real-time oxidation-reduction potential (“ORP”) in a hot water system undergoing a wet layup sequence to inhibit corrosion in the hot water system. It should be appreciated that the method has equal application in the steam producing equipment (i.e., boiler and/or boiler feed water), the steam usage hardware/components/equipment, the condensate zones, and/or other plant areas/components having an impact on plant balance. 
     In an aspect, the method includes separating the wet layup sequence into a plurality of phases. Each phase is either short-term or long-term and a subset of the short-term phases is optionally transitional. The method further includes defining one or more operational protective zones (“zone” or “zones”) in the hot water system. At least one of the defined zones is selected for each phase and one or more of the selected zones include at least one ORP probe operable to measure the real-time ORP and communicate with a controller. The ORP probe(s) either intermittently or continuously measure the real-time ORP at operating temperature and pressure at one or more of the selected zones in one or more of the phases and transmit the measured real-time ORP to the controller. The transmitted real-time ORP (or, in an embodiment, a calculated ORP based upon the measured real-time ORP) is assessed to determine whether it conforms to an ORP setting for that phase. If the ORP assessment reveals that it does not conform to the ORP setting, then action is taken to affect the real-time ORP. 
     In an embodiment, the action includes feeding an effective amount of one or more active chemical species into one or more zones of the hot water system. In another embodiment, the action includes altering system temperature to impact the real-time ORP. In alternative embodiments, the action includes instituting any mechanical, operational, or chemical process to impact the real-time ORP and shift it into the desired ORP setting may be instituted. 
     In another aspect, the invention includes a control device for a hot water system undergoing a wet layup sequence. The sequence includes a plurality of phases and the hot water system has one or more zones for each phase, where a subset of the zones are selected zones and one or more of the selected zones includes at least one ORP probe. 
     In an embodiment, the control device has a receiver that is in communication with one or more ORP probes, a subset of which are activated and each activated ORP probe is operable to measure a real-time ORP at operating temperature and pressure for one or more of the phases. In another embodiment, the control device has a processor that is operable to interpret the measured real-time ORP communicated to the receiver from one or more of the activated ORP probes during one or more of the phases. The processor interprets the measured real-time ORP directly or interprets a calculated ORP based upon the measured ORP. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the device includes a transmitter that is in communication with a feeding device, which is operable to manage introduction of one or more active chemical species into the hot water system. The processor is operable to send an output signal through the transmitter to the feeding device, if the interpreted real-time ORP does not conform to an ORP setting for the respective phase. In another embodiment, the device includes a transmitter that is in communication with a temperature-altering mechanism operable to initiate a sequence in one or more zones that impacts the real-time ORP in the hot water system. 
     In alternative embodiments, the ORP setting is either a same ORP setting for each phase or a different ORP setting for at least two of the phases. The ORP setting may also be timed/ramped in a continuous or stepwise fashion to alter the real-time ORP in one or more zones. 
     It is an advantage of the invention to provide a method of inhibiting corrosion in a hot water system undergoing a wet layup sequence by separating the sequence into a plurality of phases and one or more zones and reacting to a real-time ORP by altering the ORP setting for one or more zones. 
     It is another advantage of the invention to provide a method of managing a wet layup sequence in a hot water system to maintain an ORP setting in one or more zones and prevent corrosion in the hot water system. 
     A further advantage of the invention is to provide a hot water system corrosion control device including a receiver, a processor, a transmitter, and a feeding device, which work in unison to control a real-time ORP in one or more operational protective zones during a plurality of layup sequence phases in the hot water system. 
     Another advantage of the invention is to increase hot water system efficiency during layup by enabling improved maintenance and control of system parameters. 
     Yet another advantage of the invention is to optimize operating costs for a variety of hot water systems and components by accurately preventing corrosion during layup processes. 
     Additional features and advantages are described herein, and will be apparent from, the following Detailed Description, Examples, and Figures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  depicts a simplified 3-component hot water system, where make-up water flows through a “Deaerator,” a “FW Pump,” and into a “Boiler” and the boiler in turn generates “Useful Steam” for subsequent use in various processes. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a more complex boiler configuration, including a plurality of feed water pumps, a plurality of heat exchangers, and a steam producer. 
         FIG. 3  depicts various “ORP Control Zones,” where the ORP setting may be different for systems at various temperatures. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates feeding multiple REDOX active species at various locations to control the @T ORP at a single location. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates that one or more ORP probes may be positioned in any of a multitude of locations for a layup sequence. 
         FIG. 6  shows various “ORP Control Zones for Layup” and examples of ORP settings for each phase of the layup sequence. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Hot water systems are often not continuously operated. Between operational cycles, these systems typically undergo a layup sequence to bring them offline and into an idle mode. Such steam interruption (i.e., intermittent operation) might be of momentary or of a long duration. Special considerations need to be made to ensure minimizing corrosion while a hot water system is undergoing such an operational upset or wet layup sequence, which typically includes several phases, such as an entering shutdown phase, a shutdown phase, an exiting shutdown phase, and an operational phase. Required concentrations of active chemical species can be higher (sometimes one or more orders of magnitude) than during normal hot water system operation. By monitoring real-time ORP at operating temperature and pressure (which varies depending upon the particular stage) it is possible to fine-tune and control the ORP space during each phase of such layup sequences. It is contemplated that this monitoring may be used on its own or in concert with one or a multitude of other monitoring and/or control tools. 
     The following definitions are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The defined terminology is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and for providing guidance in interpreting those descriptions. This invention will be limited only by the appended claims and equivalents thereof. 
     “Active chemical species” refers to oxidants, reductants, corrosion-inhibitors, corrodants, and other species that have an affect on or influence the ORP in a hot water system. Such species are described in more detail below. 
     “Controller system,” “controller,” and similar terms refer to a manual operator or an electronic device having components such as a processor, memory device, digital storage medium, cathode ray tube, liquid crystal display, plasma display, touch screen, or other monitor, and/or other components. In certain instances, the controller may be operable for integration with one or more application-specific integrated circuits, programs, computer-executable instructions, or algorithms, one or more hard-wired devices, wireless devices, and/or one or more mechanical devices. Some or all of the controller system functions may be at a central location, such as a network server, for communication over a local area network, wide area network, wireless network, Internet connection, microwave link, infrared link, and the like. In addition, other components such as a signal conditioner or system monitor may be included to facilitate signal-processing algorithms. 
     “Hot water system,” “system,” and like terms refer to any system where hot water is in contact with metallic surfaces. “Hot water” means water having a temperature from about 37° C. up to about 370° C. The system may operate at or below atmospheric pressure or a pressure up to about 4,000 psi. Systems undergoing a layup sequence or a laid-up system will typically have a lower temperature than a fully operational system; however, the encountered temperatures are generally well above ambient. In cases where intermittent operations occur and layup duration increases, encountered temperatures may transition or approach ambient temperatures. 
     “Layup” refers to discontinuing steam-producing operations for short or long periods, including processes that do not continuously use hot water or produced steam. 
     “ORP,” “@T ORP™ (a Nalco Company® trademark),” “at-T ORP,” and “real-time ORP” refer to oxidation-reduction potential for an industrial water system at operating temperature and pressure. In certain instances herein, ORP is indicated as room temperature ORP. 
     “ORP probe” refers to any device capable of measuring and transmitting a real-time ORP signal. Though any suitable device may be used, a preferred device is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/668,048, entitled “HIGH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE OXIDATION-REDUCTION POTENTIAL MEASURING AND MONITORING DEVICE FOR HOT WATER SYSTEMS,” now pending, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Typically, the ORP probe includes a temperature detector, a noble metal electrode, and a reference electrode 
     “REDOX Stress” refers to any electrochemical event in a hot water system related to changes in oxidative or reductive potential, either directly or indirectly. 
     In one embodiment, the method includes an automated controller. In another embodiment, the controller is manual or semi-manual, where an operator interprets the signals and determines feed water (“FW”) chemistry, such as oxygen or other oxidant, oxygen scavenger or other reductant, corrosion-inhibitor, and/or corrodant dosage. In an embodiment, the measured ORP signal is interpreted by a controller system that controls FW chemistry according to the described method. In an embodiment, the controller system also interprets measured temperature to determine the amount of active chemical to add, if any. The temperature detector might also be used for information purposes, such as in alarm schemes and/or control schemes. It should be appreciated that the control scheme may incorporate pump limiters, alarming, intelligent control, and/or the like, based off further inputs, such as pH, DO levels, and other water constituents/properties. 
     It is contemplated that the disclosed method is applicable in a variety of hot water systems, including both direct and satellite active chemical feeding designs and including any number of phases in the layup sequence. “Direct” feeding typically refers to measuring real-time ORP at a zone and feeding active chemical to the same zone. “Satellite” feeding usually refers to measuring real-time ORP at a zone and feeding active chemical to a different zone. In alternative embodiments, any zone may be associated with any layup phase and the zones used during a particular phase may differ from zones used during another phase. 
     Representative systems and system components include condensers, both tube and shell side; heat exchangers; pumps; seals; mild steel or copper-based FW heaters; copper-based alloy surface condensers; deaerators; water tube and fire tube boilers; paper machines; condensate receivers; steam condensate transfer lines with or without steam traps; process liquid heat exchangers; evaporators; desalination systems; sweet-water condensers; attemperated water sources; flow-accelerated corrosion protection; air heaters; engine coolant systems for diesel and gasoline; injection molds and other molding devices; and the like. 
     Other exemplary processes include papermaking process, such as drying, Kraft pulping and bleaching processes; wafer polishing and planarization processes (e.g., silicon wafer polishing); combustion gas emission (e.g., SO 2 , NO X , mercury); fermentation processes; tire molding processes; geothermal processes; and aqueous organic redox synthesis (i.e., polymerization processes that require redox initiators). 
     Conventional corrosion control regimes use one point feed. The disclosed invention uses targeted feed by precisely determining the needed active chemicals and the proper amount/dosage of those chemicals. For example, relatively oxidizing zones, such as low-pressure FW heaters (copper-based metallurgy), and more reducing zones, with high-pressure FW heaters (non copper-based metallurgy), may be differentiated to alleviate flow-accelerated corrosion-related issues. Relatively oxidizing conditions exist within all ferrous FW heaters at sections of pressurized water reactors versus relatively reducing final FW heater regimes for stress corrosion cracking mitigation in steam generators 
     The invention is capable of detecting and reacting to both primary and secondary REDOX Stress events. Typically, the implementer knows the system corrosion control implications and possible REDOX stressors and is able to accordingly select one or more of the defined operational protective zones to appropriately monitor a given system&#39;s @T ORP space. In this way, it is possible to control corrosion during each phase of the layup sequence by feeding REDOX active species based off local and/or remote @T ORP readings as a primary REDOX Stress indicator. The @T ORP space is monitored and measured to assess and identify system demands, which are then compared to known/formulated metrics to react, solve, and control REDOX Stress events. As an indicator of secondary REDOX Stress, the invention can detect corrosion processes resulting from prior, primary REDOX Stress, where the primary REDOX stressor is no longer evident. 
     The ORP probe may detect several different factors that contribute to REDOX Stress events in the hot water system. For example, an ORP probe in a selected zone for a given phase can act as a direct indicator of corrosion in that zone or in another zone. In an embodiment, the real-time ORP is measured in a first selected zone and one or more active chemical species are fed to the first selected zone, if the measured real-time ORP at the first selected zone or the calculated ORP does not conform to the ORP setting for the first selected zone. In another embodiment, the real-time ORP is measured at a first selected zone and one or more active chemical species are fed at one or more other selected zones, if the measured real-time ORP or the calculated ORP does not conform to the ORP setting for the first selected zone. In a further embodiment, one or more real-time ORPs are measured at one or more of the selected zones and one or more other real-time ORPs are calculated for one or more other selected zones, based upon one or more of the measured real-time ORP(s). 
     As described above, in some cases, the measured ORP in a first zone is used to calculate an ORP for another zone. Such calculations may be done by making various assumptions regarding system dynamics or by measuring temperature/water chemistry differences between zones. Using mixed potential theory and thermodynamic principles known to those skilled in the art also allows for approximating conditions in other zones. However, such calculations are typically subject to inherent inaccuracies; thus, the preferred method is to measure the real-time ORP in situ in selected zones. 
     Several important factors exist for determining or defining specific operational protective/control zones for a system for any phase of the layup sequence or process. The goal for any particular system is to achieve @T ORP “Plant Specific Boiler Best Practices” for that system. For instance, certain plants are limited to certain chemistries due to control philosophy, environmental constraints, economics, industry standards, etc. System temperatures also may dramatically vary from one plant to another, which requires adjusting the specific control philosophy employed, explained in more detail in the below Examples. Different plants may also have a unique REDOX Stress baseline and inherent changes to the baseline may need to be determined. 
     Other factors include, specific ORP altering species purposefully added or inherently present; engineering alloys of construction for various portions/entities in the system; desired general and local corrosion mitigation; dosing limitations; other system design specifics; special considerations, such as flow-accelerated corrosion, stress, and corrosion cracking; system variability. Those skilled in the art would understand how to assess these and other system variables/specifics to implement the invention for a specific plant or system. 
     Ideally, any portion of a plant can have its @T ORP REDOX Stress measured and controlled using @T ORP. That is, the REDOX active species is fed directly to a specific piece of equipment (or group of equipment) and the @T ORP of the water in that piece of equipment is measured in situ and controlled for corrosion mitigation. This invention more specifically addresses corrosion local to the part(s) being protected, during intermittent use and layup, and transport of corrosion products with concomitant deleterious effects of that corrosion transport elsewhere in the system, including fouling, heat transfer surface coating, turbine deposition, etc. This type of full equipment monitoring and control approach is often not possible due to system limitations and economics. As such, parts of systems typically need to be handled as whole entities. In some cases, the entire feed water train of a boiler system might be the entity. Alternatively, only small portions of the system or groups of portions of the system are the entity. For example, the condensate associated with a single paper machine or a single boiler. It is contemplated that any portion, component, or entity (including the entire system viewed as one entity) may be selected and monitored/controlled in any phase of the layup process. 
     In an aspect, the ORP setting for one selected zone may overlap with another defined or selected zone. In another aspect, the ORP setting for one selected zone is completely independent of each and every other defined or selected zone. In a further aspect, the ORP setting for one selected zone is partially dependent upon factors in one or more other defined or selected zones. In an embodiment, the ORP setting is determined for a first selected zone and additional ORP settings are optionally determined for additional selected zones, if any. In one embodiment, each additional ORP setting is independently determined. Alternatively, one or more of the ORP settings may be dependent upon one or more other ORP settings. ORP settings are generally dependent and based upon operational limitations of the hot water system. Such overlap or independence of the ORP setting likewise applies for each phase of the layup process. 
     Determining the ORP setting for any particular system may be accomplished by any suitable method. A preferred method is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/692,542, entitled “METHOD OF INHIBITING CORROSION IN INDUSTRIAL HOT WATER SYSTEMS BY MONITORING AND CONTROLLING OXIDANT/REDUCTANT ANT/REDUCTANT FEED THROUGH A NONLINEAR CONTROL ALGORITHM,” now U.S. Pat. No. 7,666,312, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. It is contemplated, however, that any method known to those skilled in the art may be employed to ascertain the ORP setting for each phase and for each zone. Such methods may include using experimental data, empirical knowledge, theoretical calculations, or any other suitable method. 
     In an embodiment, the ORP setting is an ORP set point that is chosen from one or more single values. In another embodiment, the ORP setting is an ORP set range chosen from one or more ranges of values. Over time, the ORP setting for any selected zone may be adjusted or changed. For example, a given plant may have a timetable outlining ORP settings for different parts/components of the system at different times. This timetable would typically be based upon operational factors in the system that may change as demands on the system change. 
     Some zones might be kept relatively reducing and other zones might be relatively more oxidizing. For example, referring to  FIG. 2 , Heat Exchangers  1  and  2  might be manufactured from an alloy that exhibits low corrosion rates under more reducing conditions. Whereas, Heat Exchanger  3  might be manufactured from a different metallurgy that exhibits lower corrosion rates under more oxidizing conditions. The “Steam Producer” might then again need to be kept under more reducing conditions. The @T ORP control zones would be accordingly adjusted and monitored to compensate for these differences. 
     In one embodiment, one or more of the selected zones may be in a monitoring and/or alarm mode, while one or more other selected zones is in a control mode. A selected zone in a monitoring and/or alarm mode is capable, in an embodiment, of switching between these modes. Such switching may either be manually controlled or automatic. Several examples are presented below of how @T ORP system design can be used for REDOX stress control. 
     In another embodiment, the @T ORP is measured across any pump to detect pump or seal corrosion or failure. In another embodiment, the method may be used to detect heat exchanger tube leaks as one active chemical species might transfer through the leak in the heat exchanger to the other side (e.g., shell side to tube side or visa versa). Another example would be a surface condenser cooling water leak into a FW condensate hot well. In a further embodiment, the method may be used to detect any unwanted intrusion of external active chemical species (i.e., system contaminants). In an alternative embodiment, @T ORP can be used to form a “fingerprint” of specific REDOX stressors in a system. In this way, it can be used as an early warning system for boiler tube rupture as more boiler makeup water is added to the system from time to time with a concomitant increase in the REDOX stress. 
     Measured or calculated ORP values may indicate amounts of electrochemically active species in one or more of the selected zones. Such an indication may either be directly seen in the zone where the ORP was measured or inferred in another zone where the ORP was not directly measured. In certain cases, the measured or calculated ORP indicates an amount of chemical that indirectly affects an amount of electrochemically active species in one or more selected zones. In a more typical case, the electrochemically active species directly influences the measured or calculated ORP. 
     In one embodiment, the method includes ramping from one of the selected zones to another one of the selected zones after a triggering event. Any event that causes a shift or change in the real-time ORP in one or more control zones may be a triggering event, such as a time-activated trigger or a temperature-activated trigger. According to an embodiment, a triggering event may be switching from one phase to another phase of the layup process in one or more parts of the system. A person having ordinary skill in the art would be able to analyze such options and choose one or more triggering events for a system. For instance, bringing pumps or other parts of the system online (or taking offline) may be a triggering event. Steam pressure changes due to downstream use changes, such as between turbine driving and other lower pressure uses, may also be chosen as a triggering event. 
     Triggering may also be based on activating or deactivating various condensate streams, which could introduce specific REDOX stressors in the system. Such triggering events could be detected by probes, relays, monitors, etc., while remaining detectable by changes in the real-time ORP in one or more control zones. Moreover, the rate of change of these and other events may dictate the ramping rate from one control zone to another control zone, including instantaneous, timed, step-wise, or other suitable ramping modes. 
     Representative triggering events may also include numerous timed operations or timetables or other plant dynamics. A timetable could be a fixed startup time followed by ramp up in some system operations over time. For example, 30 minutes after initiating FW flow, the real-time ORP should be within 100 mV of the desired ORP setting. After 20 minutes of full load firing of the boiler, the real-time ORP should be ramped up to the ORP setting. The ramping may also be triggered when an ORP setting has been achieved elsewhere in the system, such as upstream components. For example, once an upstream control zone has achieved its ORP setting (or is within, for instance, 50 mV), a downstream control zone is activated or brought into a control mode. Such sequencing of real-time ORP control is one preferred method of triggering. 
     Changing plant dynamics may also initiate triggering and/or ramping. Such dynamics can change rapidly during a layup process. In an embodiment, the triggering event includes plant power output changes. For example, a 5% power output decrease may be the triggering event that initiates real-time ORP changes in one or more control zones in the system. The procedure used to initiate the real-time ORP changes might be, for example, an immediate signal to change the ORP setting for one or more control zones or a gradual ramp to a new ORP setting. This procedure may be based upon the rate or magnitude of power decline. Furthermore, the triggering and/or ramping mechanisms might be complex interconnections of multiple signals and timing. 
     In a preferred embodiment, changes and adjustments to FW chemistry (or chemistry in any part or entity of the hot water system) includes adding oxygen or other oxidant, oxygen scavenger or other reductant, corrosion-inhibitor, corrodant, and/or other active chemicals to the FW. By definition, oxygen scavengers are reducing agents, although not all reducing agents are necessarily oxygen scavengers. Reducing agents, suitable as oxygen scavengers, satisfy the thermodynamic requirements that an exothermic heat of reaction exists with oxygen. For practical applications, reasonable reactivity is typically required at low temperatures. That is, there should be some favorable kinetics of reaction. Furthermore, other changes and adjustments to FW chemistry, such as for system control and corrosion control may include adding other oxidizing agents (oxidants), other reducing agents (reductants), and/or other active or inert chemicals. 
     It is also highly desirable that the reducing agent and its oxidation products are not corrosive and do not form products that are corrosive when they form in steam generating equipment. Typically, certain oxygen scavengers function optimally in certain pH ranges, temperatures, and pressures and are also affected by catalysis in one way or another. The selection of the proper oxygen scavengers for a given system can be readily determined based on the criteria discussed herein and knowledge of those skilled in the art. 
     Preferred reductants (i.e., oxygen scavengers) include hydrazine, sulfite, bisulfite, carbohyrazide, N,N-diethylhydroxylamine, hydroquinone, erythorbate or erythorbic acid, methyl ethyl ketoxime, hydroxylamine, tartronic acid, ethoxyquin, methyltetrazone, tetramethylphenylenediamine, semi-carbazides, diethylaminoethanol, monoethanolamine, 2-ketogluconate, ascorbic acid, borohydrides, N-isopropylhydroxylamine, gallic acid, dihydroxyacetone, tannic acid and its derivatives, food-grade antioxidants, the like, and any combinations. It should be appreciated that any active chemical species may be used in the method of the invention. 
     Representative oxidants include oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, organic (alkyl and aryl) peroxides and peracids, ozone, quinone, acid and base forms of nitrates and nitrites, the like, and combinations. 
     Representative corrodants include mineral acids (e.g., HCl, H 2 SO 4 , HNO 3 , H 3 PO 4 ) and their salts/derivatives; caustics (e.g., Na, K, Li, hydroxides); ammonium hydroxide; chelants, such as EDTA, NTA, HEDP; phosphonic acid and polyphosphonic acids; phosphonates; water soluble and/or dispersible organic polymeric complexing agents, such as acrylic acid homopolymers, copolymers, and terpolymers; acrylamide; acrylonitrile; methacrylic acid; styrene sulfonic acids; the like; and combinations. 
     Representative corrosion inhibitors include alkali and amine salts of phosphate and polyphosphates; neutralizing amines; molybdates; tungstates; borates; benzoates; filming inhibitors, such as alkyl, alkenyl, and aryl polyamines and their derivatives; surfactant compositions, such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,220; oligomeric phosphinosuccinic acid chemistries, such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,000; the like; and combinations. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The foregoing may be better understood by reference to the following examples, which are intended for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. 
     Example 1 
       FIG. 1  depicts a simplified 3-component hot water system. Make-up water flows through a “Deaerator,” a “FW Pump,” and into a “Boiler.” The boiler in turn generates “Useful Steam” that is used for various downstream processes. In this Example, ORP may be monitored/controlled at the Deaerator exit, labeled as “ 1 ” in  FIG. 1 , or at the FW Pump exit, labeled as “ 2 ” in  FIG. 1 . REDOX Stress may be reacted to in real-time as it occurs in the Deaerator and/or FW Pump independently. Active chemical species may also be fed into the Deaerator, after the Deaerator, and/or after the FW Pump for more specific corrosion control. While such adjustments to the real-time ORP typically occur during normal steady-state operation, intermittently operated systems or systems undergoing a layup sequence equally benefit from this corrosion control regime. 
     Example 2 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a more complex boiler configuration, including a plurality of feed water pumps, a plurality of heat exchangers, and a steam producer (i.e., boiler). In such a configuration, any number (i.e., one, two, or more) of condensers, heat exchangers, pumps, boilers, process steam applications, etc. could be used. In  FIG. 2 , flowing feed water is shown as solid arrowed lines as it moves toward the “Use of Process Steam” areas  1  and  2 . Condensed steam is shown as dotted arrowed lines as it is fed to various plant locations, which could include the shell side of heat exchangers or directly back to the condensate areas. If desired, condensate that does not meet plant water specifications for boiler feed water could be drained out of the system as blow down. 
     Examples of positions where ORP could be monitored/controlled and/or feed locations for active chemical species are labeled as “ 22 ” in  FIG. 2 . Such user-controlled positioning allows local corrosion protection capabilities for a specific units and/or groups of units as well as global corrosion protection. While such adjustments to the real-time ORP typically occur during normal steady-state operation, intermittently operated systems or systems undergoing a layup sequence equally benefit from this corrosion control regime. 
     Example 3 
       FIG. 3  depicts how the ORP setting may be different for systems at different temperatures. The temperatures shown in  FIG. 3  may represent, for example, different plants or different operational protective/control zones in the same plant. In this Example, the ORP setting is an ORP set range selected from a series of ranges, shown as vertical lines labeled “Preferred,” “Broader,” and “Broadest.” Depending upon the sophistication of equipment in the plant (i.e., operational limitations), the useable ORP set range or point may vary. That is, some plants are able to handle a narrow, or preferred, ORP set range, whereas other plants are able to handle only a broader ORP set range. 
     The @T ORP numbers would typically be recorded against an external pressure balanced reference electrode (designated as “EPBRE” in  FIG. 3 ) having 0.1 normal potassium chloride filling solution. The first 180° F. control zone might be measured and controlled by an @T ORP probe positioned after “Heat Exchanger  2 ” ( FIG. 2 ) in the feed water, and the active chemical species might be fed into the feed water just after the “Condenser” ( FIG. 2 ) in the feed water. 
     The second 350° F. control zone might be measured and controlled by an @T ORP™ probe positioned after “Heat Exchanger  3 ” ( FIG. 2 ) in the feed water, and the active chemical species might be fed into the feed water just prior to “Heat Exchanger  3 ” ( FIG. 2 ) in the feed water. 
     The third 500° F. control zone might be measured and controlled by an @T ORP™ probe positioned after “Heat Exchanger  4 ” ( FIG. 2 ) in the feed water, and the active chemical species might be fed into the feed water just prior to “Heat Exchanger  4 ” ( FIG. 2 ) in the feed water. 
     Example 4 
     This Example illustrates feeding multiple REDOX active species at various locations to control the @T ORP at a single location, as shown in  FIG. 4 . The controlling @T ORP probe was placed directly upstream of the feed location for REDOX active species # 2 . The @T ORP probe was used to measure the @T ORP prior to the feed of REDOX active species # 2 . The @T ORP probe was then switched to control the feed of another REDOX active species (# 1 ), being fed upstream of the single @T ORP probe. It should be noted that when REDOX active species # 2  (that was being manually controlled) was turned off, the effect of that loss quickly permeated the plant water chemistry and was sensed by the @T ORP probe. The controller (in this Example, the controller was automated for REDOX active species # 1 ) immediately initiated additional feed of REDOX active species # 1  to make-up for the shortfall in REDOX active species # 2 . 
     The controlled feed of REDOX active species # 1  was able to achieve and maintain the @T ORP setting thus minimizing corrosion in the heat exchangers during this event. Note that as soon as the REDOX active species # 2  was manually turned back on, the corrosion control device (i.e., the @T ORP probe system) immediately compensated by cutting feed of REDOX active species # 1  to maintain the desired @T ORP setting for corrosion control. This Example thus illustrates a control scheme with intermittent application of a REDOX active species # 2  pump. 
     Example 5 
     This Example illustrates an unpredicted response of the @T ORP probe to measure corrosion events directly and how real-time ORP measurements act as a direct indicator of corrosion in hot water systems from REDOX Stress events. 
     The @T ORP probe reacts to the formation of corrosion products in the FW. The REDOX stresses in the FW include contributions from complex conjugate ionic corrosion pairs like Fe2+/Fe3+ or Cu+/Cu2+, for example. In an all iron-based FW heater, water of high DO (i.e., greater than 500 ppb) starts to enter the FW heater. The room temperature ORP and real-time ORP at the heater inlet were initially −125 mV and −280 mV, respectively. On experiencing the added REDOX stress event, the room temperature ORP and real-time ORP at the heater inlet rose to −70 mV and −30 mV, respectively. The sensitivity of the @T ORP probe (real-time ORP increases 250 mV) is clearly seen as compared to the room temperature ORP probe (increased only 55 mV). The real-time and room temperature ORP probes at the FW heater exit were initially −540 mV and −280 mV, respectively. After the high REDOX stress event the real-time and room temperature ORP probes at the FW heater exit became −140 and −280 mV, respectively. It is important to note that the real-time ORP rose by 400 mV, whereas the room temperature ORP showed no change. 
     It is not intended to be bound to any particular theory; however, one theory that the room temperature ORP measurements at the exit of the FW heater showed no change was that the DO exiting the FW heater remained unchanged throughout the DO ingress event at the inlet of the FW heater. The reason the real-time ORP numbers rose so dramatically at the FW heater exit was most likely because of the corrosion that had occurred in the FW heater itself. This event generated a plentiful supply of ionic oxidized iron species, which the @T ORP probe detected, but the room temperature ORP probe did not. 
     The same effect was seen across copper based FW heaters where the dissolved oxygen was consumed within the FW heaters. Once again, room temperature ORP measurements showed no change at the exit of the FW heaters, but @T ORP probe responses showed elevated numbers as oxidized copper ionic species (conjugate pairs) were released into the FW and exited the FW heater, only to be sensed by the @T ORP probes and not the room temperature ORP instruments. 
     Example 6 
     This Example illustrates that @T ORP probe positioning could be in any one or multiple of locations, labeled as “ 22 ” in  FIG. 5 . The real-time ORP could be measured at one or more locations within the component, in water entering or exiting the component, or at the inlet and/or outlet of a pump used to recirculate layup water in the component. REDOX active species could be fed into the component at any suitable location (or other location) to keep the @T ORP at a desired ORP setting for any phase of the layup process. In an embodiment, the ORP setting varies during the layup process. Alternatively, the ORP setting does not vary. 
     Example 7 
       FIG. 6  shows a representative scenario for layup process ORP control, where a time sequence is presented as a component (or groups of components) go from operational use through layup and back to system operation. In this case, the @T ORP control zone might be further reduced while “Entering Layup,” and more positive “During Layup.” This difference is primarily due to the lower temperatures experienced in layup. In the “Exiting Layup” phase the system is made more reducing and the @T ORP setting drops further as system temperatures increase. 
     It should be understood that those skilled in the art will be able to change and modify the described embodiments. Such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and without diminishing its intended advantages. It is therefore intended that such changes and modifications be covered by the appended claims.