Abstract:
Processing problems associated with porous low-k dielectric materials are often severe. Exposure of low-k materials to plasma during feature etching, ashing, and priming steps has deleterious consequences. For porous, silicon-based low-k dielectric materials, the plasma depletes a surface organic group, raising the dielectric constant of the material. In the worst case, the damaged dielectric is destroyed during the wet etch removal of the antireflective coating in the via-first copper dual-damascene integration scheme. This issue is addressed by exposing the dielectric to silane coupling agents at various stages of etching and cleaning. Chemical reactions with the silane coupling agent both replenish the dielectric surface organic group and passivate the dielectric surface relative to the surface of the antireflective coating.

Description:
FIELD  
         [0001]    Embodiments of the invention relate to etching techniques used in semiconductor processing, and more specifically to repairing and passivating “low-k” interlayer dielectric films following plasma-based etching during dual damascene integration of copper interconnects.  
         BACKGROUND  
         [0002]    The semiconductor industry is currently amidst a paradigm shift from aluminum interconnects with silicon dioxide (“SiO 2 ”) interlayer dielectrics to copper interconnects with interlayer dielectrics having dielectric constants lower than that of silicon dioxide (“low-k dielectrics”). This change has been mandated by decreasing critical dimensions, as from the current 0.18 micron technology node to state-of-the-art 0.13 micron and smaller technology nodes.  
           [0003]    Two of the performance limiting factors of aluminum/silicon dioxide interconnect/dielectric technology are the resistivity of aluminum and dielectric constant of SiO 2 . As the integrated circuit feature size decreases, the distance between interconnect layers and conducting pathways decreases. Since the capacitance between the interconnects and pathways is inversely proportional to the distance, all else being equal, decreasing feature sizes increases capacitance. Given that an integrated circuit&#39;s performance is limited by resistance/capacitance interactions (“RC constant”), capacitive coupling, and power consumption, lowering either the capacitance, resistance, or both permits faster integrated circuit speeds for a given critical dimension.  
           [0004]    The switch from aluminum to copper interconnects equates to a 37% decrease in resistivity and improves the RC constant for a given capacitance. However, the switch from SiO 2  to lower dielectric constant dielectrics (to decrease the capacitance factor of the RC constant) is not so well defined. There are myriad choices for the dielectric material and deposition process.  
           [0005]    An early forerunner in low-k dielectrics was fluorine doped silicon oxide, or fluorosilicate glass (“FSG”). The appeal was that an FSG film could be deposited in the same manner as the undoped film, allowing the use of the same processing techniques and machines. However, the dielectric constant of fluorinated silicon dioxide is not substantially lower (3.3-3.5) than undoped silicon dioxide (3.9-4.2). Further, fluorinated silicon oxide absorbs water and has mechanical properties that may limit its use as a low-k dielectric.  
           [0006]    Another popular material is carbon doped oxide, or organosilicate glass (“OSG”). Generally speaking, the OSG films have an Si w C x O y H z  structure wherein the tetravalent silicon has a variety of organic group substitutions. The most common substitution is a methyl (CH 3 ) group provided by an organic precursor gas like trimethylsilane or tetramethlysilane (“3MS” and “4MS” respectively). In OSG the amorphous SiO 2  network is sporadically interrupted by the organic group, decreasing the density of the film. Like with FSG, the lower density of OSG compared to undoped SiO 2  decreases the dielectric constant. Also like FSG, OSG exhibits certain thermal and mechanical difficulties with current semiconductor processing techniques. Though widely accepted as a low-k dielectric solution, OSG does not offer significantly low dielectric constant values.  
           [0007]    [0007]FIG. 1 illustrates a cross section of a copper dual-damascene architecture utilizing a low-k interlayer dielectric (“ILD”). A substrate  100  contains any variety of semiconductor devices well known to those skilled in the art as represented rudimentarily by source and drain regions  101 , dielectric  120 , and gate  121  of a metal oxide semiconductor (“MOS”) transistor. Interconnect levels  104 ,  106 , and  108  are representative of, for example, the trench level of a copper dual-damascene interconnect structure, for which via levels  103 ,  105 , and  107  provide electrical contact between interconnect layers and between interconnect layers and semiconductor devices. ILD layers  109  through  114  are formed of low-k dielectric material. The ILDs not only isolate interconnects on different layers, but also isolate interconnects on the same layer. Passivation layer  115  completes the interconnect stack.  
           [0008]    [0008]FIG. 2 a  illustrates a cross section of a substrate  200  utilizing a via-first, dual-damascene process. Specifically, FIG. 2 a  illustrates substrate  200  following via and trench feature etches and prior to an antireflective coating (“ARC”)  203  layer removal from the planar surface of an ILD  202  and from within the previously etched via feature. Substrate  200  can be any material onto which an additional interconnect system (dielectric, via, and trench layers) will be added. For example, substrate  200  could be device-containing silicon, or it could be another interconnect system as illustrated by FIG. 1. Etch stop  201  is a deposited material (e.g., silicon nitride, silicon carbide, and silicon oxy nitride) that aids etch selectivity during certain steps of the copper dual-damascene process. Exposure to plasma used to etch the via and trench features has removed surface organic groups of ILD  202  as illustrated by depleted dielectric surface  204 . Without surface organic groups, the dielectric constant of ILD  202  is greater than that of the pristine ILD  202  material. The depleted dielectric surface  204  is unprotected against fluoride-based aqueous chemistries to which it may be exposed during subsequent processing steps.  
           [0009]    [0009]FIG. 2 b  illustrates substrate  200  of FIG. 2 following the wet etch step to remove ARC  203  layer from both the surface of ILD  202  and from within the previously etched via feature. Fluoride-based aqueous chemistries during the wet etch of ARC  203  and subsequent cleaning steps have further damaged the surface of ILD  202 . As noted with reference to FIG. 2 a , the plasma used to etch the via and trench features has removed ILD  202  surface organic groups, making the resulting unprotected, hydrophilic surface of ILD  202  more vulnerable to attack by the wet etch chemistries. Between the damage caused by the via and trench plasma etches (specifically the removal of the surface organic groups) and the ARC  203  wet etch, ILD  202  has been rendered useless for both physical and chemical reasons as illustrated by damaged dielectric surface  204 . Not only has the dielectric constant of ILD  202  increased, but the critical dimension (the smallest separation of layers, features, etc. tolerable for functional devices, shown as the ILD  202  thickness separating two trench features) has also been compromised as illustrated by threatened critical dimension  206 .  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING  
       [0010]    [0010]FIG. 1: illustration of prior art substrate cross-section showing a low-k dielectric layer in via and trench levels of a copper dual-damascene architecture.  
         [0011]    [0011]FIGS. 2 a  and  2   b : illustrations of prior art substrate cross-section following the trench etch and following the anti-reflective coating removal showing a damaged interlayer dielectric and threatened critical dimension in a via-first copper dual-damascene process.  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 3: illustration of substrate cross section following photoresist patterning in preparation for the via etch in a via-first copper dual-damascene process.  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 4: illustration of substrate cross-section following the via etch, photoresist removal, and subsequent cleans in a via-first copper dual-damascene process.  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 5: illustration of substrate cross-section following the repair and passivation of the low-k interlayer dielectric exposed during the via etch by surface organic group replenishment.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 6: illustration of substrate cross-section following deposition of an anti-reflective coating and photoresist patterning in preparation for the trench etch.  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 7: illustration of substrate cross-section following trench etch and photoresist removal.  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 8: illustration of substrate cross-section following the repair and passivation of the low-k interlayer dielectric exposed during the trench etch by surface organic group replenishment.  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 9: illustration of a substrate cross-section with all exposed low-k interlayer dielectric surfaces repaired and passivated by surface organic group replenishment, following the removal of the anti-reflective coating, with an intact critical dimension.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 10: illustration of substrate cross section following via clean, barrier level deposition, copper deposition, planarization, and cap deposition.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 11: system diagram of gaseous phase repair and passivation of silicon-containing low-k interlayer dielectric surfaces.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 12: molecular diagram of the amorphous replenished and passivated low-k interlayer dielectric material.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0022]    Embodiments of a method for replenishing surface carbon and surface passivation of low-k, porous, silicon-based dielectric materials is described. Reference will now be made in detail to a description of these embodiments as illustrated in the drawings. While the embodiments will be described in connection with these drawings, there is no intent to limit them to drawings disclosed therein. On the contrary, the intent is to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents within the spirit and scope of the described embodiments as defined by the accompanying claims.  
         [0023]    Many natural interfaces between dissimilar materials involve at least one material that contains silicon. In the realm of semiconductor manufacture, almost all material interfaces involve either coincidental or purposeful contact between silicon containing materials. Due to both the omnipresence of siliceous interfaces in nature, and the specific importance of siliceous interfaces in semiconductor technology, significant industrial import attaches to any corresponding chemistry and chemical know-how.  
         [0024]    Briefly, an embodiment of the invention is a method for chemically repairing and passivating surfaces of low-k interlayer dielectric materials following certain steps of semiconductor manufacture. By exposing ILD surfaces damaged by plasma to a silane coupling agent, the damaged ILD surface can be chemically repaired. The repaired ILD surface further becomes protected from subsequent processing steps. The embodiment helps bring semiconductor processing technology in line with the current state of low-k dielectric material development. For example, many existing porous, silicon-containing materials exhibit favorably low dielectric constants. However, the materials are often incompatible with various manufacturing steps for precisely the same physical and chemical arrangements that enable the materials to be low-k. The embodiment helps transform the theory of a copper/low-k dielectric process to reality by improving the characteristics of the low-k dielectric material at its interface with surrounding materials and manufacturing environments.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIGS. 3 through 10 illustrate, in detail, an embodiment of the invention as applied to a via-first, copper dual-damascene process. Though the figures represent various processing steps of an embodiment, for the sake of simplicity, they do not display every process step. One skilled in the art will recognize where illustrations of steps have been omitted, and will understand how and when the detailed steps fit into the overall manufacturing process. One skilled in the art will also appreciate that for clarity certain layers are disproportionately illustrated in the figures.  
         [0026]    As generally illustrated by FIG. 1 and specifically illustrated by FIGS. 3 through 10, a dual-damascene architecture is a interconnect system utilizing multiple layers of interconnects with multiple layers of vias providing electrical contact between adjacent copper interconnect layers. Dual-damascene further refers to a process by which deposited metal is not etched; instead, the metal is deposited in features etched in dielectric layers, after which the excess metal is removed (and entire wafer surface planarized) using chemical mechanical polishing (“CMP”). Stated differently, both the metal interconnect lines and vias are deposited without an intervening metal etch step. This allows the use of metals, such as copper, that are not readily etched. Via-first refers to the order in which the trench and via features are etched. For via-first, the via feature is etched through the entire thickness of the ILD before the trench feature is etched through a portion of the ILD thickness. Conversely, for trench-first, the trench feature is etched partially through the thickness of the ILD before the via feature is etched through the remaining ILD thickness at the base of the trench feature.  
         [0027]    An embodiment of the invention focuses on the interface between porous, low-k, silicon based dielectric materials with adjacent materials and environments (e.g., ILD  302  and its compatibility with wet etch chemicals) faced by the low-k dielectric material during various processing steps. Though an embodiment will be discussed with reference to a via-first, copper dual-damascene process flow, one skilled in the art will appreciate that other process flows (e.g., trench-first copper dual-damascene, or self-aligned variants thereof as described above) can benefit from the invention.  
         [0028]    Additionally, though an embodiment will further be discussed with reference to specific materials and chemical compounds, one skilled in the art will realize that the artistry of the invention is also a novel approach to combining materials and processes more than simply utilizing materials themselves.  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 3 illustrates a cross section of a substrate  300  utilizing a via-first, copper dual-damascene process following an etch stop  301  deposition, an ILD  302  deposition, an ARC  303  deposition, and a photoresist  304  deposition and patterning. The photoresist  304  has been patterned using standard photolithographic patterning processes as is well known in the art. Substrate  300  can be any material onto which an additional interconnect system (via, trench, and dielectric layers) will be added. For example, substrate  300  could be device-containing silicon, or it could be another interconnect system as illustrated by the interconnect layer stack of FIG. 1. Etch stop  301  is a deposited material (e.g., silicon nitride, silicon carbide, and silicon oxy nitride) that aids etch selectivity during certain steps of the copper dual-damascene process. Though illustrated in FIG. 3, an ARC  303  layer may be omitted in an embodiment of the invention depending on the requirements of the via feature etch. The ILD  302  layer will be detailed as an embodiment of the invention relies on the specific chemistry the ILD  302  layer material.  
         [0030]    In an embodiment, ILD  302  has a low dielectric constant. The low-k nature of the ILD  302  material allows a fuller utilization of low-resistance copper interconnect lines and smaller critical dimensions by possessing a lower RC constant between adjacent trenches, vias, and layers for a given smaller critical dimension. In other words, for a given critical dimension, the combination of copper and a low-k ILD  302  enhances the performance of the myriad devices that in combination form an expansive number of semiconductor products.  
         [0031]    An ideal ILD  302  would have a dielectric constant less than 3.0. It would further be compatible with current processing flows without requiring additional dedicated tools and process steps (e.g., anneals that would disturb devices, ex situ steps for which the wafers would be externally transferred from one machine to another, etc.). Mechanically speaking, the dielectric film would adhere properly to adjacent layers, not be prone to cracking, and have bulk modulus properties compatible with the rigors of manufacture. The film would finally exhibit thermal and chemical properties compatible with existing process flows. Unfortunately, some selections for dielectric materials exhibit favorable electrical properties at the expense of chemical and mechanical properties. Many standard processing steps currently used in production degrade or destroy low-k dielectrics (specifically porous, low-k dielectrics) rendering them practically useless despite their theoretical promise.  
         [0032]    As mentioned, there are a variety of materials available that can potentially serve as ILD  302 . Certain materials such as carbon doped oxides rely on decreased density of their amorphous molecular networks and less polar Si—C linkages to achieve lower dielectric constants. Other materials also incorporate voids or pores in their structure where the voids and pores not only represent molecular network interruptions, but also represent localized absences of material. Such porous materials are often called “nanofoams.” The porosity of the material offers significant improvement in dielectric constant; however, integrating such materials in conventional processing steps is more challenging.  
         [0033]    Although a variety of organic and inorganic materials demonstrate desirable dielectric properties, most nevertheless fail other processing or mechanical requirements. Common film problems associated with FSG, OSG, and organic nanofoam compounds include poor adhesion, cracking, via poisoning/contamination, chemical incompatibility, and bulk modulus mismatches that cause device breakage during wirebonding or packaging.  
         [0034]    Examples of devastating process steps include etches to create the via and trench features in a copper dual-damascene architecture. Another example of a devastating process step is a selective wet etch between adjacent silicon containing layers (e.g., a silicon-based ILD  302  and a silicon-based ARC  303  or ARC  601  utilized for improving via and trench photolithographic patterning characteristics). Given the high aspect ratios (as high as 5:1 depth:width) and small critical dimensions of current and future etched features, any interlayer dielectric degradation could result in catastrophic critical dimension “blow-ups” or failures. Leading edge implementation of low-k ILD  302  may include the selection of the proper dielectric material and adoption of processing techniques that are compatible with the material.  
         [0035]    Another critical aspect of using a low-k ILD  302  is the dielectric material&#39;s susceptibility to damage during etching, ashing, and priming processing steps. The ashing and priming steps expose photoresist and antireflective coating material, respectively, to plasma to prepare each for solvent and/or wet etch removal. During each step the dielectric material is exposed to damaging techniques. Some approaches to producing a commercially viable low-k dielectric materials have focused on non-porous, organic, silicon-containing, or siloxane-based, material (“sILD”). During oxygen-containing and oxygen-free plasma etches, ashing, and priming, common to creating the via and trench etches of a copper dual-damascene architecture, the plasma oxidizes and removes the sILD surface carbon. What remains is an SiO 2 -type surface, with a higher dielectric constant than the pristine sILD, that is readily attacked by fluoride ions during subsequent wet etch and cleaning steps.  
         [0036]    In an embodiment, ILD  302  is a porous, silicon-containing material. Porous ILD  302  materials, including those based on hydrosilesquioxane (“HSQ”) and methylsilesquioxane (“MSQ”), can have porosities as high as 40%. Such porosity enables the materials to have desirably low dielectric constants, but also exacerbates the processing problems described with reference to the non-porous sILD materials. Whereas the methyl or organic groups of the non-porous sILD material aggregate at the sILD surface, and establish a hydrophobic barrier, the lower bulk organic content of the porous ILD  302  materials reduces such an effect. Furthermore, while the non-porous sILD material can perhaps withstand a fluoride-containing wet etch (even after its surface organic groups have been oxidized and removed), a porous ILD  302  material cannot. Given its porosity and lower bulk organic content, a porous ILD  302  exposes a greater area of unprotected (e.g., hydrophilic) surface to the attacking fluoride ions than the non-porous sILD.  
         [0037]    An embodiment of the invention replenishes carbon on the surface of the porous ILD  302  material to both restore the material&#39;s low dielectric constant and passivate the surface, thereby creating a coating to withstand exposure to wet etch chemistries. One way to supply carbon to a hydrophilic surface is by chemical reaction with silane coupling agents like organochloro- or organoalkoxy-silanes. The reactions can occur within various environmental conditions, and through exposure to both liquid and vapor phases of the silane coupling agent. Silane coupling agents that may be used include but are not limited to disilazane, trichlorosilane, trimethoxy silane, triethoxy silane, silanol, siloxane, disiloxane, n-dodecyltrichlorosilane, and octyltrichlorosilane. In an embodiment, given the requirements of producing a non-polar and highly hydrophobic coating on porous ILD  302 , the silane coupling agent is hexamethyldisilazane (“HMDS” or (CH 3 ) 3 SiNHSi(CH 3 ) 3 ). In another embodiment, given requirements of producing a polar and hydrophilic coating, the silane coupling agent is 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (C 9 H 23 NO 3 Si).  
         [0038]    Making the surfaces of the porous ILD  302  hydrophobic, however, is only a partial solution. During certain processing steps, the entire exposed surface is ILD  302 . During other steps, multiple materials are exposed. Particularly, as will be discussed with reference to FIG. 7, following the trench etch in a via-first, copper dual-damascene architecture, the ARC  601  and ILD  302  surfaces are both exposed. The ARC  601  material both on the planar surface of ILD  302  and filling the etched via feature must be selectively removed without damaging the ILD  302  through which the via and trench are etched. Replenishing and passivating the ILD  302  surface is useful if the ARC  601  surface is not passivated, such that during ARC  601  removal the wet etch chemistries readily attack the non-passivated ARC  601  surface while leaving the hydrophobic ILD  302  surface intact. The wet etch selectivity in turn depends on replenishment and passivation selectivity.  
         [0039]    Though passivation may be discussed in absolute terms (e.g., “complete” passivation) and surfaces described as having a hydrophobic or hydrophilic coating, it should be understood that each denotation refers to a range of surface energies for which the relative difference in surface energy between two distinct surfaces or materials is sufficient to enable material selective etching.  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 4 illustrates a cross section of a substrate  300  utilizing a via-first, copper dual-damascene process following the processes illustrated by FIG. 3 and after the via feature etch. The plasma used to etch the via feature (and to ash photoresist  304  and prime ARC  303 , if present, of FIG. 3) has removed the surface organic groups of ILD  302 , as illustrated by a depleted dielectric surface  401 , adversely increasing the dielectric constant of ILD  302 . In an embodiment, the surface organic group is carbon.  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 5 illustrates a cross section of substrate  300  utilizing a via-first, copper dual-damascene process following the processes illustrated by FIG. 4 and after the surface organic group replenishment and passivation of an embodiment of the invention. A coating  501 , or the replenished and passivated surface of the ILD  302 , is an embodiment of the invention for which there are two distinct results. The first result is that the ILD  302 &#39;s surface organic groups have been replenished, lowering the dielectric constant to a value approaching the dielectric constant of pristine ILD  302  material. The second result is ILD  302  surface passivation tuned to alter the surface energy, or wetting characteristic, of exposed ILD  302  to make the surface hydrophobic. As will become clear with discussion of additional figures, the coating  501  of exposed ILD  302  protects ILD  302  from the aqueous chemistries associated with subsequent wet etch processing steps. Furthermore, depending on the choice of etch stop  301  material, the coating  501  will also form on the surface of the exposed etch stop  301  at the base of the via feature.  
         [0042]    [0042]FIG. 6 illustrates a cross section of substrate  300  utilizing a via-first, copper dual-damascene process following the processes illustrated by FIG. 5 and after the deposition of an ARC  601  layer and a photoresist  602  layer. The additions of ARC  601  layer and photoresist  602  layer prepare ILD  302  with coating  501  to be patterned for the trench feature etch. ARC  601  is common in the art and enables clean, high aspect ratio (as high as 5:1 depth:width) etched features by attenuating reflections that create notched surfaces on the vertical walls of the etched feature.  
         [0043]    The ARC  601  material can be any of a variety of glasses containing organic dyes as is well known in the art. The organic dyes are optically absorbent to facilitate the reflection attenuation as noted above. In general, the ARC  601  chemistry is similar (and in an embodiment almost identical) to the ILD  302  chemistry. The similar chemistry between the ARC  601  and ILD  302  materials facilitates the trench feature etch, as the trench feature etch (further detailed with reference to FIG. 7) must remove both materials at approximately the same rate. If the chemistry of the ARC  601  material were substantially dissimilar to the chemistry of the ILD  302  material, the bottom of the trench feature may not be flat as the ARC  601  and ILD  302  materials will be removed at different rates.  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 7 illustrates a cross section of substrate  300  utilizing a via-first, copper dual-damascene process following the processes illustrated by FIG. 6, after the trench etch, and after photoresist  602  removal. Like the via feature etch, the trench feature etch is performed using plasma etching techniques as is well known in the art. The plasma etch has removed portions of ILD  302  to create the trench feature, with the resulting etched ILD  302  surfaces being damaged (by the plasma removing surface organic groups) as discussed with reference to the initial via feature etch as illustrated by FIG. 4, and as illustrated by a depleted dielectric surface  701 . Exposed surfaces of ILD  302  are further damaged by plasma ashing and priming steps used to prepare photoresist  602  and ARC  601 , respectively, for removal by the same mechanism discussed with reference to the plasma via feature etch.  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 8 illustrates a cross section of substrate  300  utilizing a via-first, copper dual-damascene process following the processes illustrated by FIG. 7, after the surfaces of ILD  302  exposed during the trench etch have had their surface organic groups replenished and surfaces passivated. In an embodiment, the surface organic group replenishment and passivation of the invention only effect ILD  302 . In other words, the exposed surfaces of ARC  601  do not become as hydrophobic as the surfaces of ILD  302  such that the standard fluoride-based aqueous etch used to remove ARC  601  becomes ineffective. As noted, selective passivation based on novel selection of ARC material, ILD material, and silane coupling agent enables the selective etching necessary to create clean etch features, with intact critical dimensions, in systems that benefit from the use of low-k dielectric materials.  
         [0046]    It is important to note that novel coatings  501  and  801  are created during different processing stages. While in an embodiment they are chemically identical, as each is a reaction product of the same ILD material exposed to the same silane coupling agent, one skilled in the art may recognize that the coatings do not necessarily have to be the same. In either case, it is important that each coating be formed to properly protect ILD  302 . Coating  501 , the formation of which necessarily occurs before ARC  601  material is deposited, is particularly important in protecting the walls of the via feature during ARC  601  removal, etch stop  301  removal, and subsequent via cleans that physically open the via to either substrate  300  or additional, previously deposited interconnect layers. Coating  801  repairs and protects the ILD  302  material exposed and damaged during the trench feature etch, and primarily protects the critical dimension separating adjacent trench features. The novel method of an embodiment of the invention includes forming not only a single coating, but also a combination of coatings.  
         [0047]    The novel wet etch selectivity between the ARC  601  and porous ILD  302  is determined by both coating  501  and coating  801 . The creation of coatings  501  and  801  is determined by the surface density and relative size of the organic groups present in the distinct ARC  303 , ARC  601 , and ILD  302  materials. The replenishing and passivating silylation/silanization reaction (e.g., exposure to a silane coupling agent) involves the reaction of ILD  302  surface Si—OH bonds to form Si—O—Si* bonds wherein the * indicates an attached hydrocarbon side-group. The ARC  302  and ARC  601  surfaces are comprised of bulky organic groups (e.g., aromatic or tertiary carbon species like isopropyl) that sterically hinder silanization because the bulky organic groups are impermeable to the reactive species of the silane coupling agent. Si—O—Si* bonds do not form on either the ARC  303  or ARC  601  surface. However, the bulky organic groups on the surface of ARC  303  and  601  are permeable to smaller fluoride ions (F—), such that the ARC  303  and ARC  601  can still be etched using fluoride-based aqueous chemistries. Examples of fluoride-based aqueous chemistries include HF, NH 4 F, BOE and combinations thereof with other solvents or corrosives as is well known in the art. Conversely, the smaller organic groups (e.g., methyl or linear alkyl chains) comprising the ILD  302  surface readily facilitate the diffusion of silane coupling agents, enabling the ILD  302  surface to be passivated as represented by coatings  501  and  801 . The result, through creative material selection for the ARC  303 , ARC  601 , ILD  302 , and silane coupling agent, is a process wherein the ILD  302  surface is passivated and protected (e.g., a coating formed thereon) while wet etch chemistries readily attack and remove the ARC  601  material.  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 9 illustrates a cross section of substrate  300  utilizing a via-first, copper dual-damascene process following the processes illustrated by FIG. 8 and after ARC  601  removal using standard fluoride-based aqueous etch techniques as is well understood in the art. The remaining architecture, after removing etch stop  301  at the bottom of the via feature and appropriate cleaning steps, is ready for diffusion barrier and copper deposition as is well understood in the art. The noteworthy benefits of an embodiment of the invention are twofold. Exposure to a silane coupling agent has replenished an ILD  302  surface organic group, lowering the dielectric constant ILD  302  to that of pristine ILD  302  material. Coatings  501  and  801  formed by the replenishment have protected ILD  302  from the wet etch chemistries used to remove ARC  601 . The resulting topography is dimensionally superior to and more physically and chemically sound than the topography created in absence of an embodiment of the invention as illustrated by intact critical dimension  901 .  
         [0049]    [0049]FIG. 10 illustrates a cross section of substrate  300  utilizing a via-first, copper dual-damascene process following the processes illustrated by FIG. 9 and after etch stop plasma etch (including removing the coating  501  from the surface of the etch stop, if present), barrier  1001  deposition, copper  1002  deposition, CMP planarization, and cap  1003  deposition. Once the deposited copper has been planarized and capped, an interconnect level in the copper dual-damascene process is complete. Cap  1003  can be a substrate for subsequent interconnect layers by repeating the preceding process steps. Cap  1003  can further serve as a final passivation should copper  1002  be the hierarchical top of an interconnect stack.  
         [0050]    [0050]FIG. 11 illustrates a vapor exposure system  1100  (in which the vacuum and electrical sources have been omitted for simplicity) used to enact an embodiment of the invention through gaseous phase interactions. An exposure chamber  1101  houses wafers  1102  during exposure. Recipe/Flow Control  1103  controls the pressure and flow of the individual source gases to facilitate the silane coupling agent exposure. The temperature and/or pressure of the exposure chamber  1101  may be adjusted to maintain the vapor phase of the silane coupling agent. Source gases  1104 , including individual gases  1105 - 1107 , can be silane coupling agent constituents, inert carrier gases that do not participate in any chemical reaction (e.g., argon or helium), or combinations thereof. Alternatively or additionally, the silane coupling agent can be provided by a single source as illustrated by silane coupling agent  1108 . It is well understood that the silane coupling agent  1108  can be any number of compounds depending on the desired replenishment of a surface organic group. The arrows entering and exiting the vapor exposure system  1100  further emphasize the in situ silane coupling agent deposition step (e.g., no external steps) and the simplicity with which wafer  1102  can be exposed to a silane coupling agent.  
         [0051]    A wafer can also be exposed to a liquid silane coupling agent. Such an arrangement may include combining the silane coupling agent with any variety of basic organic solvents that would aid wafer and silane coupling agent interaction. A wafer could then be immersed in or otherwise exposed to the silane coupling agent solution. The liquid exposure may also be arranged in situ to avoid contamination and process flow interruptions potentially associated with an ex situ aqueous silane coupling agent exposure.  
         [0052]    [0052]FIG. 12 illustrates a representative molecular portion of the amorphous passivated dielectric material. A passivated dielectric portion  1201 , including a pore  1202 , and coating  1203  are representative of the molecular composition of the replenished and passivated dielectric material surface. The passivated dielectric portion  1201  includes, as represented by their chemical or elemental composition, Si  1204 , O  1205 , CH 3    1206 , OH  1207  and A  1208  wherein A is an attached hydrocarbon side group specific to the silane coupling agent as characterized by the * in the Si—O—Si* bond. In general, each Si  1204  atom is bonded to four other atoms or molecules including but not limited to O  1205 , CH3  1206 , OH  1207 , and A  1208 . It is important to note that for illustrative simplicity only, FIG. 12 shows the passivated dielectric portion  1201  as being geometric and repeating. However, in reality the passivated dielectric portion  1201  is amorphous. The bonds are strained and the overall geometry is imperfect. In an embodiment, the coating  1203  is hydrophobic, the benefits of which have been described with reference to FIGS.  3 - 10 .  
         [0053]    As mentioned, the novel method of an embodiment of the invention passivates the surface of an interlayer dielectric and replenishes its surface organic groups through the same chemical reaction. However, the novel embodiment selectively passivates making the exposed interlayer dielectric hydrophobic while not interfering with the relative hydrophilic nature of the adjacent antireflective coating. Standard wet etch techniques, given the relative difference in surface energies of coated interlayer dielectric material and antireflective coating material, are highly selective. The result is a copper dual-damascene architecture, with properly intact critical dimensions, that utilizes a sufficiently low-k interlayer dielectric.  
         [0054]    One skilled in the art will recognize the elegance of the disclosed embodiment in that it helps solve factors limiting the production use of leading-edge low-k dielectric materials, particularly porous silicon-containing dielectric materials, without adding ex situ steps or other complex manufacturing steps. The two benefits offered by an embodiment of the invention (e.g., porous, silicon-containing ILD surface carbon replenishment and passivation to make the surface more hydrophobic) can be completed in a single processing step, and can be easily duplicated for additional plasma etch steps and increasing numbers of interconnect levels.