Abstract:
An active EMI filter senses current in a ground line or a power transmission line as a voltage cross a capacitor coupled to the line. The EMI filter senses common mode voltage and determines a difference between the common mode voltage and noise to provide an output to drive the difference to zero. The resulting active closed loop EMI filter produces good EMI dampening with greatly increased performance over a current transformer type EMI filter. A voltage regulator for the error amplifier improves noise reduction while increasing filter efficiency. The active EMI filter operates in a wide linear range that is greater than that of an equivalent current transformer circuit, while providing low cost and reliability.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]    The present application is based on and claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/391,987 filed Jun. 25, 2002, entitled Active EMI Filter Having No Current Sensing Device, as well as U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/408,534, filed Sep. 5, 2002, entitled Active EMI Filter, priority being hereby claimed to both the above-referenced applications. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0003]    The present invention relates attenuation of electromagnetic interference (EMI) in a power transfer system, and relates in particular to EMI reduction in motor drive systems.  
           [0004]    2. Description of Related Art  
           [0005]    High-speed switching devices such as bipolar transistors, MOSFETs and IGBT&#39;s enable increased carrier frequency for voltage-source PWM inverters, thus leading to much better operating characteristics. High-speed switching, however, causes the following serious problems, originating from a high rate-of-change in voltage and/or current:  
           [0006]    a) ground current escaping to earth through stray capacitors inside motors and through long cables;  
           [0007]    b) conducted and radiated EMI;  
           [0008]    c) motor bearing current and shaft voltage; and  
           [0009]    d) shortening of insulation life of motors and transformers.  
           [0010]    The voltage and/or current change caused by high-speed switching produces high-frequency oscillatory common-mode and normal-mode currents when the switching device(s) change state because parasitic stray capacitance inevitably exists inside a load, for example, an ac motor, as well as inside the switching converter. Thus, each time an inverter switching event occurs, the potential of the corresponding inverter output terminal moves, rapidly with respect to ground, and a pulse of common mode current flows in the d-c link to the inverter, via the capacitance of the heatsink motor cable and motor windings to ground. The amplitude of this pulse of current for a class B (residential) motor drive is typically several hundred millamps to several amps; and the pulse width is typically 250 to 500 ns. For a class A drive (Industrial), and depending on the size of the motor and length of the motor cable, the pulse current amplitude is typically several amperes with a pulse width of 250 ns to 500 ns, to 20 amperes or more with a pulse width of 1 to 2 micro seconds.  
           [0011]    The common mode oscillatory currents may have a frequency spectrum range from the switching frequency of the converter to several tens of MHZ, which creates a magnetic field and will produce radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI) throughout, thus adversely affecting electronic devices such as radio receivers, medical equipment, etc.  
           [0012]    A number of Governmental restrictions apply to the degree of permissible line current EMI and permissible ground current in certain motor applications. Thus, in Class B residential (appliances), applications, ground current must be kept below from 1 to 20 mA over a frequency range from 0 to 30 kHz respectively (over a logarithmic curve); and conducted line current EMI must be kept below designated values (less than about 60 dBμV) over a frequency range of 150 kHz to 300 MHZ. For motor drive applications designated as class A Industrial applications, limitations on ground current are less stringent, but line current EMI is still limited over the 150 kHz to 30 MHZ range.  
           [0013]    Generally, common-mode chokes and EMI filters, based on passive elements, may not completely solve these problems. Passive filters, consisting of a common mode inductor and “Y” capacitors in the input ac line have been used to filter the common mode current in such motor drive circuits. Passive common mode filters may place limits on the PWM frequency which can be used, are physically large (frequently a major fraction of the volume of the motor drive structure) and are expensive., Further, they are functionally imperfect in that they exhibit undesired resonance which runs counter to the desired filtering action. Further, in general purpose industrial drives, the drive circuit and motor are often connected by cables which are up to 100 meters or more long. The longer the cable, the greater the conducted common mode EMI in the motor cable, and the larger the required size of a conventional passive common mode input filter.  
           [0014]    A common-mode transformer with an additional winding shorted by a resistor is known which can damp the oscillatory ground current. Unfortunately, a small amount of aperiodic ground current will still remain in this circuit.  
           [0015]    Active filters for control of the common mode current in a pulse width modulated (PWM) controlled motor drive circuit are well known. Such devices are typically described in the paper an Active Circuit for Cancellation of Common-Mode Voltage Generated by a PWM Inverter, by Satoshi Ogasawara et al., IEES Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 13, No. 5, (September 1998 and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,831,842 in the names of Ogasawara et al.  
           [0016]    [0016]FIG. 10 shows a typical prior art active filter circuit or EMI and noise canceller for an a-c motor. Thus, in FIG. 10, an a-c source comprising an input terminal L and a neutral terminal are connected to the a-c input terminals of a full wave bridge connected rectifier  40 . While a single phase supply is shown, the principles in this and in all Figures to be described can be carried out with a three-phase or multi-phase input. The positive and negative busses of rectifier  40  contain points A and D respectively and are connected to a three-phase bridge connected PWM controlled inverter  41 , at inverter terminals B and F. The output a-c terminals of the inverter are connected to a-c motor  42 . A filter capacitor  40   a  is also connected across terminals B and F. Motor  42  has a grounded housing connected to ground wire  43  with ground terminal  43   a.    
           [0017]    The active filter consists of a pair of transistors Q 1  and Q 2 , connected across the d-c output lines of rectifier  40  with their emitters connected at node E. These define amplifiers which are controlled by output winding  44  of a differential transformer having input windings  45  and  46  connected in the positive and negative output busses of rectifier  40 . The winding polarities are designated by the conventional dot symbols. Winding  44  is connected between the control terminals of transistors Q 1  and Q 2  and the common emitter node E. A d-c isolating capacitor  47  is connected to ground line  43  at node C.  
           [0018]    The active filter including capacitor  47  defines a path for diverting the majority of the common mode current which can otherwise flow in the path L or N, A, B, M (motor  42 ),  43 ,  43   a  and back to L or N; (or in the reverse path when polarity reverses) or in path L or N, D, F, M,  43 ,  43   a  (or in the reverse path when polarity reverses). Thus, most common mode current can be diverted, for currents from positive terminal A, in the path B, M, C, E, Q 2 , F, B, for “positive current”, and in the pattern B, M, C, E, Q 1 , B for “negative” current by the proper control of transistor Q 1  and Q 2 . The path for common mode current flowing into negative terminal D follows the path F, M, C, E, Q 2 , F for “positive” current and F, M, C, E, Q 1 , B for “negative” current. The degree of diversion depends on the current gain of winding  44  and the current gain of Q 2 , for “positive current”, and the current gain of winding  44  and current gain of Q 1 , for “negative” current. In order to obtain a sufficient degree of diversion of the common mode current, the overall current gain of winding  44  and transistors Q 1  and Q 2  must be high.  
           [0019]    The sensing transformer  44 ,  45 ,  46  of FIG. 10 has been large and expensive in order to provide sufficiently high current gain. It would be very desirable to reduce the size and cost of this transformer without jeopardizing the operation of the circuit. A further problem is that because of the high gain required, this closed-loop circuit has a tendency to produce unwanted oscillation.  
           [0020]    Further, it has been found that the transistors Q 1  and Q 2  may not be able to operate in their linear regions over a large enough range within the “headroom” defined by the circuit, thus defeating the active filtering action. The headroom, or the voltage between the collector and emitter of transistors Q 1  and Q 2  is best understood by considering the approximate equivalent circuit of FIG. 10, as shown in FIG. 11, in which the ground potential at C is the same as that of the neutral line in FIG. 10. Transistors Q 1  and Q 2  are shown as resistors R 1  and R 2  respectively with respective parallel connected diodes. The d-c bridge  40  is shown as two d-c sources  50  and  51 , each producing an output voltage of V DC /2 where V DC  is the full output voltage between the positive and negative busses at terminals A and D, and an a-c source  52  having a peak a-c voltage of V DC /2.  
           [0021]    It can be seen from FIG. 2 that headroom can disappear at different portions of the cycle of source  52 . Thus, consider a first situation in which the leakage impedances of transistors Q 1  and Q 2  are the same. In this case, the values of resistors R 1  and R 2  in FIG. 2 are about equal. Now, as the ground potential at terminal C swings between (+)V DC /2 and (−)V DC /2 with respect to the d-c midpoint at node  53  in FIG. 2, the potential at the emitters of transistors Q 1  and Q 2  also swings between (+)V DC /2 and (−) V DC /2, if it is assumed that the impedance of capacitor  47  is much smaller than R 1  and R 2 . Therefore, during the periods when the potential at node E is close or equal to the potential of the d-c bus (at points B or F), insufficient voltage headroom exists for the relevant transistors Q 1  or Q 2  to operate as linear amplifiers, and the active filtering action is lost.  
           [0022]    EMI filters are well known in a number of electromagnetic applications, particularly in power transfer systems. Systems involving power transfer typically include power inverters that can be used for power supply applications in addition to motor drives. Power inverters are typically supplied with electrical power through; power transmission lines that are operated in a multi-phase mode. For example, a three phase power supply is typical in applications involving inverter operation and motor drives. A three phase power supply includes three transmission lines with a voltage potential between the three pairs of power delivery lines. That is, if the three phase input is supplied through lines L 1 , L 2  and L 3 , there is a voltage potential between lines L 1  and L 2 , between lines L 2  and L 3 , and between lines L 1  and L 3 . These phase-to-phase voltages are typically sinusoidal and out of phase with respect to each other to provide efficient power transfer.  
           [0023]    In a three phase system like that described above, the transmission lines act as differential voltage pairs in transmitting a power signal that is the value of the voltage between the various line pairs. This type of power transmission scheme is very useful in transmitting a power signal with immunity to noise interruptions that affect all the power lines at the same time. That is, if all of the power lines are impacted by a common interference or noise signal, all lines are affected to the same degree and the differential voltages remain the same. Accordingly, it is often the case that three phase transmission lines carry a common mode voltage that does not necessarily impact the power signals delivered to an inverter, for example.  
           [0024]    When an inverter is used to power and control a motor drive system, the inverter typically uses high frequency switching to direct the appropriate power signals to the motor windings to produce the desired operation performance. For example, the inverter can be operated to control the motor for a specified torque operation, or a desired velocity. Due to the high frequency switching of the inverter, it is often the case that there are abrupt voltage transitions on the lines driving the motor, which are an inherent source of EMI. This EMI can produce common mode noise that causes interference in motor control signals, feedback signals I/O, sensors and the like. In addition, capacitive coupling with inverter outputs and ground, or the motor grounding by itself can produce high frequency ground currents that provide further interference with control signals and other communication signals. High frequency ground currents can also lead to radiated interference and produce groung loops that act as loop antennas to increase the production of radiated noise. The high frequency ground currents can also result in instantaneous voltage differences between two ground potential points, which interferes with appropriate references for control and communication signals.  
           [0025]    A number of measures are available to reduce and control common mode noise and radiated EMI. For example, shielded power cables are used to connect the inverter to the motor to prevent noise current from flowing out of the motor drive system to ground. The power lines to the motor are also twisted to provide a balanced capacitive coupling to reduce the stray capacitive coupling to ground. A common mode choke is often used on the power lines in the motor to attenuate the common mode noise as well. An EMI filter is often attached to the input of the inverter to act as a low pass filter to remove common mode noise from the earth ground that might otherwise create a ground voltage differential for one or more components of the motor drive system.  
           [0026]    Another technique to reduce EMI noise is to measure high frequency noise current and provide compensation for any detected currents. A current transformer has been used to sense noise current to determine appropriate compensation to control EMI. However, an appropriately sized and rated current transformer is bulky and expensive, and produces non-linear operation in practice. It would be desirable to provide a circuit and technique for reducing EMI without the use of a current transformer.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0027]    The present invention provides an active EMI filter that provides excellent EMI reduction characteristics without the use of a current transformer. The circuit and method according to the present invention senses voltage that is representative of current in a ground line and obtains a differential signal in comparison with common mode voltage on inverter input lines. The differential signal is amplified and used as an error signal in a closed loop control to reduce the difference between the common mode voltage and the sensed ground voltage to zero. Accordingly, the present invention determines high frequency ground current by measuring a voltage induced by the ground current and then compensating for the ground current. The circuit is operable for single or multi-phase power systems, while offering an improved efficiency over current transformer systems or linear voltage regulators that are conventionally used to reduce EMI.  
           [0028]    In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a common mode voltage input to an error amplifier. A ground voltage input is supplied to the error amplifier as well to obtain an amplified error signal based on the two signals. The output of the error amplifier is supplied to the ground line to compensate the high frequency ground current to avoid propagation of the high frequency ground current in the motor drive system.  
           [0029]    The error amplifier is operated in a range related to the upper and lower limits of the input power signals to automatically adjust operation of the error amplifier to the common mode voltage on the input power lines. A high open loop gain is obtained by operating a MOSFET as a controlled resistance to provide constant voltage output regardless of the noise amount cancelled. The controlled resistance reduces high frequency current transitions to further reduce EMI generated by the circuit.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0030]    The present invention is described in greater detail below, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram illustrating the present invention;  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 2 is an abstract equivalent circuit of the circuit in FIG. 1;  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram illustrating the use of multiple active EMI filters according to the present invention;  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 4 is an abstract equivalent circuit of the present invention illustrating noise cancellation;  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 5 is an abstract circuit diagram illustrating common mode noise cancellation in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram illustrating a three phase common mode active EMI filter in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram illustrating common and differential mode active EMI filtering for a three phase input in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram illustrating a voltage drop regulator for an active EMI filter according to the present invention;  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating a reduction in high frequency noise in a voltage regulator according to the present invention;  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram of a known active EMI filter; and  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram of an equivalent circuit to that illustrated in FIG. 10. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0042]    Referring now to FIG. 1, an active EMI filter circuit  100  is illustrated. Common mode current from the motor casing is sensed through a voltage on R 1  and C 1 , which is supplied to the inverting input of error amplifier  102 . The gain of amplifier  102  is determined by the combination of R 1  and C 1  with R 2 .  
         [0043]    The common mode voltage on power lines L 1 , L 2  and L 3  is sensed through capacitors C 5 -C 7  and is provided to the non-inverting input of amplifier  102 . If the common mode voltage sensed by capacitors C 5 -C 7  is slightly positive with respect to the voltage measured for the ground reference through resistor R 1  and capacitor C 1 , error amplifier  102  outputs and increased voltage to drive the difference between the two voltages to zero. One result of this situation is that the voltage rail of amplifier  102  decreases and the common mode voltage of the input line is decreased through capacitors C 3 -C 7 .  
         [0044]    The operation of this circuit tends to provide a theoretical short between the non-inverting and inverting inputs of amplifier  102 . Accordingly, the circuit avoids a common mode voltage between ground and the input lines.  
         [0045]    Turning to FIG. 2, a common mode equivalent circuit is illustrated generally as circuit  20 . The equivalent circuit  20  includes an input line impedance  21  and error amplifier  22 . As discussed above, error amplifier  22  is operated to obtain a theoretical short between the inverting and non-inverting inputs. Voltage V N  and impedance Z M  represent the inverter in motor system driven by the input line. The common mode current is compensated with voltage source V C  and impedance Z C . Due to the imaginary short between the input terminals of amplifier  22 , the sum of the currents at the node common to voltage V C  and V N  is described by the following equation.  
                   V   N       Z   M       +       V   C       Z   C         =   0           (   1   )                               
 
         [0046]    As can be seen by equation (1), modulation of voltage V C  permits equation (1) to be balanced, so that the currents cancel out. Accordingly, the common mode cancelling circuit prevents common mode current from propagating on the ground line.  
         [0047]    Referring now to FIG. 3, a circuit  30  is illustrated for filtering common and differential mode noise with active EMI filters  31 ,  32 . In operation, filters  31 ,  32  provide an imaginary or theoretical short on the power lines to which they are attached at the point of the non-inverting input of amplifiers  33 ,  34 . Amplifiers  33 ,  34  sense the common mode voltage on the input lines and drive their respective outputs to produce a balanced voltage with respect to ground. This configuration and operation tends to cancel the common mode current routed to the input lines. In addition, because filters  31  and  32  are independently operated on each of the input lines, differences between the differential input lines are cancelled out, thereby filtering differential mode EMI noise.  
         [0048]    Referring now to FIG. 4, an equivalent circuit  40  is illustrated for the common and differential mode EMI filter of FIG. 3. A common mode noise source model is provided including impedance  41  and voltage source  42 ., The noise source injects common mode noise into the power line with impedance  43 . Amplifier  44  detects any differential between ground potential and the input line and drives a signal into the input line to balance the common mode noise.  
         [0049]    Referring now to FIG. 5, an active EMI filter  50  is modeled showing cancellation of common mode noise injected into the input line with line impedance  51 . Amplifier  52  produces compensation voltage V C  in conjunction with compensation impedance Z C  to balance the common mode noise current supplied by voltage source V N  in conjunction with impedance Z M ., Accordingly, active EMI filter circuit  50  prevents common mode current noise from being injected into the transmission line by providing a compensating current that matches that provided by the noise source.  
         [0050]    Referring now to FIG. 6, a three phase common mode filter  60  is illustrated with a three phase rectifier  61 . The output of rectifier  61  supplies the operating voltage rails to amplifier  62 . Amplifier  62  has not feedback path, and operates only with capacitors  63 , 64  to provide a voltage signal to balance common mode voltage on input lines L 1 -L 3 . Accordingly, ground line current is sensed on capacitor  63  and compared against the reference provided by the common mode voltage from input lines L 1 -L 3 . An output voltage of amplifier  62   is  obtained across capacitor  64 , which tends to provide a balanced voltage to match the common mode voltage sensed on lines L 1 -L 3 .  
         [0051]    Referring now to FIG. 7, a three phase common and differential mode filter  70  is illustrated. The configuration of filter  70  is a combination of the filters provided in FIGS. 3 and 6. For example, filter  71  provides common and differential mode filtering for input line L 3 , while filters  72  and  73  provide the same for input lines L 2  and L 1 , respectively. A common mode voltage is supplied to the non-inverting input of amplifier  74  from input line L 2 , while input lines L 2  and L 3  supply the voltage rail power for amplifier  74 . Capacitors C 3  and C 4  are used to develop voltages that are fed back to the inverting input of amplifier  74  to balance the voltage sensed from input line L 2 . By compensating the common mode voltage sensed on input line L 2 , filter  71  provides common mode filtering with respect to input line L 3 . Because each of EMI filters  71 - 73  are referenced to a ground potential with the same active configuration, differential mode noise between input lines L 1 -L 3  is filtered, in addition to common mode noise for each of the input lines L 1 -L 3 .  
         [0052]    Referring now to FIG. 8, a voltage regulator circuit  80  for a common mode EMI filter according to the present invention is illustrated. Circuit  80  is similar to that illustrated in FIG. 3, with the exception that the rail voltage supplied to amplifiers  81 ,  82  is derived through a voltage regulator circuit  83 , rather than directly from the input lines. EMI filters  31 ,  32  illustrated in FIG. 3 depend upon a high impedance power supply with respect to the impedance of the input line to obtain an appropriate maximum open loop gain. Accordingly, a MOSFET Q 20  is operated as a constant resistance source to produce a regulated d-c power supply to error amplifiers  81 ,  82 . A control transistor Q 21  is driven to maintain a particular resistance for Q 20 . The result is a regulated voltage supplied to error amplifiers  81 ,  82 . The circuit including zener diode D 9  and transistor Q 22  provide a constant voltage feedback, regardless of the noise amount cancelled. Accordingly, a certain amount of resistance is provided between the power supply obtained across capacitor C 13 , and the input line L, provided at the anode of a diode D 7 . Maintaining this resistance is important to perform the differential mode noise cancellation in the active EMI filter  80 . Without the resistance maintained between the input line and the power supply to capacitor C 13 , the error amplifier loses its loop gain and obtains poor differential mode noise attenuation.  
         [0053]    Circuit  80  also provides a feature to reduce differential mode noise generated by voltage regulator circuit  83 . That is, charging current supplied to capacitor C 13  has high di/dt spikes resulting from switching the voltage regulator and charging capacitor C 13 . A feedback look in the resistance control includes a resistive quantity to diminish the di/dt observed at diode D 7 .  
         [0054]    [0054]FIG. 9 illustrates a current charging waveform observed at diode D 7  in the absence of resistance control, and with resistance control feedback. Accordingly, transistor Q 21  and resistors R 24 -R 27  provide a closed loop resistance control and further diminishes current spikes to avoid introducing further differential mode noise in the active EMI filter of circuit  80 .  
         [0055]    Although the present invention has been described in relation to particular embodiments thereof, many other variations and modifications and other uses will become apparent to those skilled in the art. It is preferred, therefore, that the present invention be limited not by the specific disclosure herein, but only by the appended claims.