Abstract:
An athletic shoe configured to efficiently attenuate dorsal, anterior, posterior, lateral, medial and plantar loading forces. The shoe toebox or forefoot upper includes a cutout region through what is generally inelastic outer shoe material, across which a panel of increased stretchability extends in juxtaposition with a key shoe-foot impact or pressure engagement area. The stretchable panel forms with the cutout a porous damping ventilating passageway into which a portion of the foot can enter and pass externally of an at-rest outer peripheral surface of the shoe material surrounding the cutout. Key shoe-foot impact or pressure areas include impact areas engaged by toes of a foot sliding forward within the shoe, and pressure areas engaged by bunions and bunionettes moving outward against the sides of the shoe. Upon removal of pressure by the moving foot portion, the stretchable panel retracts, and restores the cutout region back toward its initial configuration.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    This invention relates generally to improved comfort shoes, and more particularly to an improved athletic shoe configured to distribute pressure applied to the foot to more efficiently attenuate dorsal, anterior, posterior, lateral, medial and plantar loading forces on the foot and to enhance comfort and improve ventilation within the shoe. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Athletic shoes are used in a wide array of settings, from casual lifestyle wear to performance wear in athletic activities including, but not limited to: recreational walking, running, cross-training, football, soccer, basketball, tennis, lacrosse, rugby, cross-country, volleyball, running, racquetball, squash, handball and track and field. The athletic shoe segment of the footwear industry encompasses cleated and non-cleated shoes made from a variety of materials including, for example: rubber, plastics, leather, synthetics, composites, woven and non-woven fabrics, foams, gels, and the like—all designed for athletic use or in an athletic style. In general, shoe producers strive to improve the comfort, athletic performance and style of athletic footwear. In addition to social custom, athletic shoes are worn to provide protection to the foot while concurrently providing a competitive advantage by incorporating innovation and performance based technologies specifically tailored for task, terrain and function. 
         [0003]    There have been a myriad of various technologies and methodologies that have propelled athletic shoes to their modern day presentations. While many of these developments have made improvements by reducing the weight of the shoe, there have also been advancements directed to its performance and comfort. In face of these improvements, modern athletic shoes still employ insufficient upper and toebox designs that are restrictive and cause agitation to the toes as well as to the sides of the wearer&#39;s feet during certain athletic maneuvers or movements, leading to discomfort and injury. Many athletes prefer to wear tight fitting shoes to gain greater control or to garner a better “feel”. Unfortunately, in addition to wearing athletic shoe designs that employ insufficient uppers and toeboxes, wearing ill-fitting shoes further contributes to and places an individual at a greater risk for incurring a number of painful and sometimes debilitating injuries. In field sports, risk of injury has further increased with the advent of artificial turf fields and pliable athletic shoe designs, which contribute to the application of higher peak pressure forces to the foot and hallux during athletic performance. This has resulted in a significant increase of foot/toe injuries for athletes in various diverse sports. 
         [0004]    There are a number of foot injuries that have plagued athletes, caused wholly or in part to interaction or movement of the foot within the shoe or by constant pressure forces being applied to the medial and lateral sides of the foot when the shoe is worn by the athlete for its intended purpose. Such injuries are particularly prevalent where the foot or toes repeatedly impact or forcibly engage the upper and toebox portions of the shoe as the foot articulates against the shoe and during abrupt athletic footwork movements such as stopping, changing direction or cutting, and due to the use of tight or improperly fitting shoes. This is often caused by the unique size, shape and structure of an individual&#39;s foot, as shoe manufacturers are challenged by the prospect of creating a one-size-fits-all shoe design. 
         [0005]    One serious injury that may result from an inadequate toebox or ill-fitting shoe is referred to as “turf toe”. The term “turf toe” is commonly used to refer to any serious injury to the hallux (big toe). Turf toe is often somewhat an ambiguous medical diagnosis, since as many toe injuries that appear similar in presentation to turf toe are inaccurately deemed as turf toe. The correct epidemiological definition of turf toe is a sprain of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (“MPJ” or “MTP joint”). The MPJ is the joint located at the base of the big toe and is used in pushing off with the foot. Damage to this joint occurs when the MPJ is jammed or hyperextended. Symptoms include: swelling, bruising, loss of range of motion, severe pain and sometimes an inability to bear weight. Turf toe most frequently occurs in athletes who compete on grass or turf playing surfaces when a player lands on the back lower leg of another player who has his/her foot plantar flexed at the angle with the big toe extended. Turf toe can also occur as an impaction injury where the proximal phalanx dorsally jams into the metatarsal head. Such impaction may transpire as a result of a direct blow to the big toe from another player or from a collision of the big toe against the shoe&#39;s restrictive toebox. Prolonged use of forefoot-limiting shoes and insoles places one at risk for an increased occurrence of turf toe. Turf toe is a debilitating injury and is often described by patients as being extremely painful and can keep athletes from returning to competition for significant periods of time. It commonly takes from two to six weeks for a turf toe injury to heal to a status such that one can return to a normal functioning level, and generally leaves the affected individual more susceptible to repeat injury. An external view of an inflamed MPJ turf toe injury is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0006]    Another common injury that often results from wearing a shoe with an inadequate toebox or improper shoe size is subungual hematoma, often referred to as “runner&#39;s toe”, “jogger&#39;s toe”, “tennis toe” or “soccer toe”. Subungual hematoma is the collection of blood underneath a toenail, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . For distance runners and joggers, subungual hematoma is often caused by the repetitive thrusting of the hallux against the toebox. The friction generated between the toebox and toenail contributes to nail plate separation from the nail bed, which leads to bleeding and pooling of blood. This in turn causes pressure buildup and tissue damage under the toenail. Subungual hematoma is also referred to as “black toenail” since it frequently results in a red/purple-black discoloration of the toenail, a common precursor to the nail itself falling off completely. Subungual hematoma is not only expressed in runners, but is also a common injury for athletes wearing cleated and non-cleated shoes during sport competitions such as football, soccer, lacrosse, rugby, racquetball, squash, tennis, volleyball and basketball—to name a few. During competition, athletes must frequently change direction, jump or come to a sudden stop by way of planting the foot in or on the playing surface. In planting one&#39;s foot to run, stop, jump, cut or change direction, the shoe is often momentarily fixed in or to the ground for a time causing the foot and toes to thrust or slide forward within the shoe, thus often abruptly engaging the inner toebox portion of the shoe. Such impact of the toes against the toebox is a likely suspect for subungual hematoma. While the injury does not generally require surgical intervention, it is common for athletes with subungual hematoma to have a physician or athletic trainer perform trephination procedures in an attempt to alleviate pressure buildup beneath the toenail. Subungual hematoma can greatly affect one&#39;s athletic performance or even inhibit one from staying active while playing altogether, as it is an extremely painful injury due to tissue damage and intense buildup of pressure under the nail. 
         [0007]    Another serious condition that may result from or be exacerbated by an inadequate upper, toebox or ill-fitting shoe is the formation of a bunion (located at the base of the big toe on the medial side of the foot) or a bunionette (located at the base of the little toe on the lateral side of the foot). A bunion, also called a hallux abducto valgus, is a visible bony swelling at the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. Medically speaking, this visible swelling or outwardly projecting knob is due to the medial displacement or misalignment of metatarsal 1 and the lateral displacement of the proximal phalange 1 (big toe or hallux). This causes the big toe to move or point toward and apply pressure to the smaller toes. Bunions form as a result of cartilage erosion, osteophyte formation (calcification or bone spur formation), and joint narrowing. These conditions are primarily caused by individuals wearing ill-fitting shoes, especially shoes with narrow forefront uppers and toeboxes, which place the foot and toes under constant pressure. Bunionettes are similar to bunions, but develop on the outside or lateral side of the foot (little toe or metatarsal 5). Bunions and bunionettes are very painful and cause severe discomfort to a person having them, particularly when wearing shoes.  FIG. 19  provides a diagrammatic illustration of a foot having both a bunion and bunionette. 
         [0008]    Hammertoe or mallet toe are deformities to the toes that are caused by tight fitting shoes in the toebox region, or by shoes with raised heels. Such deformities are particularly of concern to athletes who choose to wear tight fitting shoes to minimize slippage or sliding of the foot within the shoe when stopping, cutting or changing direction during an athletic maneuver. Hammertoe or mallet toe can be characterized as the shortening and stiffening of the toe&#39;s tendons, fixating them in an upward bend at the middle joint of the toe, followed by a downward bend at the head of the toe (see  FIG. 4 ). This results in a toe orientation that resembles that of a hammer-like or claw-like curled shape. Hammertoe can inflict painful corns or calluses simply by wearing shoes since the unnatural bending of the toes may rub or jam against the shoe. As time progresses, the toes will eventually become permanently fixed in the “hammertoe” curled position, at which point surgical intervention may be needed in order to alleviate pain, restore proper flexibility, and appease aesthetic appearance. 
         [0009]    Sesamoiditis is another common foot ailment that can be caused from forefoot limiting shoes. The sesamoids are two small bones about the size of jelly beans located in each foot between the first metatarsal bone and the phalanx of the big toe. The sesamoids act as the fulcrum in the foot&#39;s important pulley system, assisting the flexor tendons in the flexion of the big toe as well as augmenting the tendons&#39; ability to bear weight (see  FIG. 3 ). Sesamoiditis is defined as the inflammation of the sesamoid bones. Sesamoiditis is most commonly caused by either repetitive and/or exhaustive stress placement on the sesamoid bones during plantar flexion. “Jamming” of the phalanx and first metatarsal bone caused, for example, by repeated sudden impact of the hallux against the toebox of a shoe, may also incite Sesamoiditis. Sesamoiditis is a common form of tendonitis that is very aggravating, not only because of the pain experienced, but also because it is not easily cured. 
         [0010]    Ingrown toenails may be induced by a countless number of things, but improper nail trimming and ill-fitting shoes are the most common causes. An ingrown toenail is the encroachment growth along the side or edge of the toenail into the surrounding soft tissue or skin of the toe (see  FIG. 5 ). This injury is caused when extra pressure is placed on the toe which is most frequently exacerbated by poorly fitting shoes. Ingrown toenails are indicated by pain, swelling, redness and infection. Inadequate upper and toebox configurations may also lead to less serious, but still painful and discomforting toe and forefoot injuries such as blisters, corns and callus formation. 
         [0011]    The foot and toe injuries outlined above are often caused and intensified by mid and forefoot limiting, tight fitting shoes. The present invention addresses such foot injuries by providing a more strategic shoe upper construction that disperses peak pressure placement on the foot for reducing pressure and impact forces that contribute to such injuries. 
         [0012]    A number of techniques and devices have been tried in the past to address the prevention, minimization or treatment of injuries, such as those described above, associated with athletic shoes. One technique has been used to address turf toe injuries has been to simply tape toes together in an effort to distribute the impact forces from the toebox so that a single toe (e.g., the hallux or big toe) does not receive the entire impact force. Other approaches for treating those already affected with turf toe injuries include the use of inserts such as insole inserts for insertion within or as a part of the athletic shoe (U.S. Patent Publication 2012/0240431) and toe brace/splint structures (U.S. Patent Publication 2006/0226737) for immobilizing or restricting movement of the MPJ to reduce pain during rehabilitation. Such devices address post-injury conditions, but do not address reduction or elimination of the causes of turf toe injuries. 
         [0013]    A number of athletic shoe innovations have been directed toward restricting forward movement of the foot within the shoe. Some of such innovations have been directed to lacing arrangements and the use of stabilizing members such as reinforcing strips for limiting foot movement. U.S. Pat. No. 3,138,880 is an example of such an arrangement wherein each lacing eyelet ring is connected to a narrow reinforcing strip that extends down the side of the shoe to the margin of the upper. U.S. Pat. No. 4,255,876 discloses an athletic shoe that uses a limited number of reinforcing strips that are not directly associated with each of the lacing eyes. This patent discloses a single reinforcing member surrounding the tongue opening of the upper in zigzag fashion with lacing holes formed therein in like fashion so that alternating pairs of wide set and narrow set holes are disposed along the tongue length. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,413,431 and 4,813,158 describe yet other variations of lacing eyelets containing reinforcement portions and medial and lateral reinforcement portions. Such innovations reduce, but do not prevent movement of the foot toward the toebox of the shoe. 
         [0014]    Another approach that departs from conventional athletic shoe design is a configuration referred to as a “minimalist shoe” configuration. Such shoes have gained popularity in the cross-training and running sports. Minimalist shoes do not employ the traditional toebox portion of an athletic shoe, but are configured as slim outlines of the foot itself, with individual receptor slots for each of the toes. These shoes purportedly provide the wearer with the closest footwear option to that of wearing no shoes at all. The popularity surrounding minimalist shoes is largely due to the fact that they capitalize on delivering shoes that offer a desired barefoot sensation and are lightweight. Vibram S.p.A. markets minimalist shoes ( FIG. 6 ) under its FiveFingers™ brand and claims that such shoes influence runners into a more natural running gait, thereby lowering the impact forces on one&#39;s body. However, recent studies have concluded that such shoes are not biomechanically fit for everyone and have found that half of the test subjects did not adjust their running form when making the switch to minimalist shoes and as a result, experienced high impact forces that were nearly twice as high as those that would occur when wearing athletic shoes of traditional design. 1    1  Parker-Pope, Tura. “Are Barefoot Shoes Really Better?”  The New York Times . NY Times.com. 30 Sep. 2011. Web. 
         [0015]    One practice or method that athletic shoe wearers have utilized as a turf toe injury prevention measure and as a mechanism to improve the comfort of the more conventionally configured athletic shoes is to personally alter the forefoot of the upper or toebox by making a cut through the toebox material in the vicinity of the forward portion of the big toe, usually in the shape of an “X”. Cutting of the toebox provides more room for the big toe, and enables the big toe to move forward into the cut region through and beyond the front face of the toebox, reducing toe jamming and lowering the pressure placed on the foot and toe joints when running, jumping or cutting to change directions. Athletes employing such technique claim to like the open, breathable feel that such cuts provide. Some such practitioners also contend that the cuts make their shoes feel lighter and mimic the feeling of running barefoot. Such personal altering of the toebox has been especially prevalent in the sport of football. While making such personal alteration cuts to the toebox of manufactured athletic shoes may in fact improve the comfortability and toe jamming relief of the shoe, no covering material has been incorporated over the cuts, leaving the toes and interior of the shoe directly exposed to the external environment. Accordingly, undesirable objects such as rocks, sand, dirt, grass, field turf beads, and other miscellaneous foreign objects and debris are able to loosely infiltrate the shoe, causing discomfort and even injury to the wearer. Other problems associated with shoes having self-made cuts formed therein is that the hand made cuts are not necessarily optimally placed for alignment with the big toe as it moves within the shoe, and there are no control mechanisms provided to reclose the cut opening when the foot slides back toward the rear of the shoe or to prevent the cuts from increasing in size and growing too large leading to premature breakdown of the toebox and reduction of the integrity of the toebox. 
         [0016]    There are multiple methods that can be employed to reduce the pain caused upon an individual with a bunion or bunionette, but many end up needing to surgically reduce the size of the bony swelling. Pre-surgical options include going barefoot as often as possible, wearing shoes with a wider toebox, stretching the shoe material juxtaposed to the bunion or bunionette, cutting holes through and removing portions of the toebox material juxtaposed to the bunion and bunionette formations (i.e., the MTP joint) on the medial and lateral sides of the shoe upper, skipping eyelets when lacing shoes, and wearing specialty splints or pads. Other common medical remedies including applying heat or ice to the area of discomfort, as well as taking anti-inflammatory or other analgesic drugs such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen. Often, individuals will be referred to a podiatrist for night splint treatment or for expensive orthotics or specialty fitted shoes. Surgery is often referred to as the last possible option, given the cost of the procedure and associated recovery time, as compared to non-surgical options. Despite the high cost and recovery burdens associated with surgery, it is a frequently utilized treatment and is often cited as the most effective methodology for correcting bunion and bunionette formations. 
         [0017]    Most bunion relief innovations addressing ill-fitting shoes have focused on padding the bunion area of the foot with the use of a wearable device such as a brace, sleeve or stick-on pad. These solutions are often very cumbersome, do not fit well within traditional footwear, and the added bulk and mass from the wearable device causes the foot to expand and press the bunion area against the shoe with greater force. This most often causes further discomfort to the user and may lead to increased friction and rubbing of the footwear on other parts of the user&#39;s foot. Such pads and braces are illustrated, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,060 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2010/0168632. 
         [0018]    Those bunion relief remedies that physically remove the shoe material overlying the bunion, suffer from the same drawbacks that apply to the cutting of the toebox remedies associated with the previously discussed turf toe injuries. With such remedies, the bunion is unprotected from and directly exposed to the external environment. There are also known shoe material configurations such as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,265,032 that use expandable outer fabric that is fabricated by cutting an array of collinearly arranged columns of slits across and through the fabric, which enable the fabric to generally expand and conform to the shape of the wearer&#39;s foot. As with the toebox cutting techniques, when expanded, the slits undesirably directly expose the underlying portions of the foot to the external environment. 
         [0019]    European Patent Publication EP2078513 illustrates another innovation that adjusts the structure of the footwear so as to provide more flexible fit for a foot within the toebox, and in particular for reducing pressures applied by the toebox to the sides of the foot. The invention employs an adjustable strap configuration that connects one side of the footwear to the opposite side. The strap may, for example have a Velcro fastener which allows the user to adjust the toebox pressure placed on the medial and lateral sides of the foot. 
         [0020]    Running shoes which feature what is referred to as a “bunion window” are known and are purported to provide reduced bunion pressure relief to the wearer. The bunion window is typically a flexible panel of mesh fabric primarily located on the medial forefoot of the upper and is usually surrounded or framed by any of the usual multitude of overlays used in typical shoe construction, such as rubber or other synthetic material. The mesh material used in the bunion window material is generally the same flexible but not expandable mesh used for forming other parts of the upper, not located at the metatarsophalangeal joint area of the foot. While bunion windows may offer some pressure relief to the medial side of the foot, substantial pressure relief or improved fit is not realized due to its mesh composition and to the fact that it is anchored or lasted down to the sole of the shoe, limiting flexibility. Such anchoring to the sole can be problematic for several reasons. First, since the sole is formed from stiffer, inelastic material, it does not offer a gradual transfer or give to pressure applied to the attached mesh. Further, it does not offer site specific pressure distribution. 
         [0021]    Besides injury prevention and performance, comfort is an important priority for shoe producers and consumers. There have been a plethora of technologies and choice materials used in the design and creation of more comfortable shoes; however, there is always room for improvement in the comfort of athletic shoes. One such way of enhancing comfort in an athletic shoe is through a significant ventilation system that aids in the breathability of the shoe. The materials selected for the body of the shoe often comprise lightweight wafer or mesh-like breathable fabric that allows for a certain degree of air circulation. In general, however, the forefoot of the upper or toebox portion of athletic shoes, and particularly those with restrictive tight fitting forefoot uppers and toeboxes have not been particularly susceptible to designs for improving ventilation within the toebox. Those techniques that have addressed the ventilation comfort issue have revolved primarily around changes made to the upper material, or to contour adjustments made to the toebox. 
         [0022]    There are some athletic shoes on the market that employ lightweight mesh-like material in the toebox area that promotes ventilation. One such biking shoe is the SHR-300 Road Cycling Shoe sold by Shimano, Inc., that has two breathable mesh cutouts on either side of the toebox for ventilation purposes (see  FIG. 7 ). The mesh, however, does not possess any unique stretchability properties that allows for any expansion of the toebox, and such shoe can only be practically used for biking purposes due to its pedal cleats and hard exterior shape which do not readily allow such shoe to be used for recreational use or casual wear. 
         [0023]    The present invention addresses the deficiencies and shortcomings associated with prior known athletic shoe design techniques for minimizing and reducing possible foot and toe injuries and for reducing pain to the shoe wearer associated with impact forces and pressures applied through the shoe forefoot upper and toebox to the toes and feet of the person wearing the shoes. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0024]    The present invention provides an improved comfort shoe configuration that is particularly applicable to athletic shoes for many sports, both court and field types of sports. The invention provides a shoe design that significantly reduces delivery of impact and pressure forces applied to the foot at key shoe-foot impact and pressure engagement points. One of such key impact forces are those applied to and through the big toe caused by abrupt stopping, jumping or cutting maneuvers performed by the wearer. Such actions have in the past often caused the foot to abruptly slide forward in a shoe, jamming the big toe against the shoe&#39;s toebox and imparting large impact forces back through the big toe to its metatarsophalangeal joint, causing injury thereto. Other key pressure forces are those applied to and through the sides of the foot to bunions and bunionettes which cause considerable pain and can exacerbate injury to the foot. Structurally tight-fitting shoes significantly increase the delivery of such harmful impact and pressure forces to the foot. With performance being such a critical component of footwear design, manufacturers often design shoes to be as light as possible, and to form-fit the user&#39;s foot. As the shoe&#39;s patterns are designed to more snugly fit the foot, the impact forces, pressure and friction imparted to all parts of the foot increase. The present invention increases the shoe&#39;s flexibility and ability to rapidly expand at the key shoe-foot impact and pressure engagement points, which helps to reduce the impact and pressure forces applied to the foot. 
         [0025]    The present invention provides a simple yet effective mechanism for eliminating or at least significantly reducing such impact and pressure forces applied by the shoe to the sides, front, or top of the foot. The invention provides for forefoot upper and/or toebox designs having materials of significantly higher elasticity at the key shoe-foot impact or pressure engagement points on either side of the upper or on the front or top of the toebox, as compared to the elasticity of the material surrounding such key engagement points. The upper or toebox may be provided with cutout portions of varied configurations at the key shoe-foot engagement areas, into which predetermined portions of the foot can enter. The cutout can have one or more movable portions or members operable to normally function in closed or semi-closed configuration during routine use of the shoe, wherein the movable material portion(s) essentially closes the cutout passageway formed through the upper or toebox to protect the foot in traditional upper/toebox fashion. However, as the foot moves within the shoe and a portion thereof engages a cutout, the movable member(s) of the cutout yield to the outward pressure applied thereto by the engaged foot portion and deflect outwardly to form an enlarged cutout passageway through which at least a portion of the foot can enter and/or pass, thereby minimizing the impact and pressure forces applied by the shoe to the foot. The position of the cutout in the upper or toebox is strategically located to align with an actual area of foot engagement with the upper or toebox at the desired key shoe-foot impact or pressure engagement points or areas. 
         [0026]    The present invention provides a simple yet effective mechanism for eliminating or at least significantly reducing the jamming impact and injury to the toes of a foot. Although the principles of the invention apply to any of a foot&#39;s toes, the invention will primarily be described with respect to its applicability of reducing injury to the big toe during an abrupt shifting of the foot in the shoe, by providing the toebox with an area of relief for the big toe when it moves forward within the shoe in a manner so as to forcibly engage the forward and/or upper inside surfaces of the toebox. The invention provides such key shoe-foot engagement area for the big toe with a configuration that gently slows the forward advancement of the big toe and allows the toe to advance through and beyond the initial outer peripheral surface shape of the toebox. The invention provides for a toebox design having material of significantly higher elasticity in that key area of big toe engagement with the toebox, as compared to the elasticity of the material forming the remainder of the toebox. The toebox may be provided with a cutout of varied configurations through the big toe engagement area thereof, through which the forward part of the big toe can gradually pass instead of jamming hard against the inner surface of the toebox. The cutout portion can be operable to normally function in a semi-closed configuration during routine use of the shoe, wherein the cutout portion material essentially closes the passageway through the toebox to protect the toes in traditional toebox fashion. However, upon abrupt forward sliding of the foot within the shoe, the big toe moves forward to engage the movable member(s) across or forming the cutout, or other area of relief, which readily push outward to form an enlarged passageway through which at least the front portion of the big toe can pass, without sustaining a large potentially injury causing impact force. When the foot slides back to its original at rest position within the shoe, the big toe withdraws from the cutout, which resumes its initial or at-rest closed or semi-closed configuration. The position of the cutout in the toebox is strategically located to align with the actual area of big toe engagement with the toebox as the foot and big toe slide forward within the shoe. 
         [0027]    The center of such toe engagement area, which also generally coincides with the center of the cutout, lies along a forefront portion of the toebox that intersects a generally vertical plane containing a longitudinal axis passing through the phalanges bones of the toe (the longitudinal toe axis). Since the nail portion of a toe may represent the foremost portion of a vertically unsymmetrical toe, and is located above the longitudinal toe axis passing through the phalanges bones, the actual center portion of the cutout will generally lie slightly above the intersection of the longitudinal toe axis with the toebox, at a vertical position more toward the upper nail portion of the toe. Further, the forward inside sole portion of many athletic shoe configurations is upwardly inclined adjacent the forepart of the toebox which tends to bend the toes upward, lifting their front surface and nail as the toe advances forwardly in the toebox. In such shoe configurations the center of the toebox cutout may be positioned even further above the initial contact area of the toe&#39;s nail with the toebox to account for the continued rise of the toe as it proceeds forwardly into the cutout passageway. In such instances, the center of the cutout may be positioned more toward the top surface of the toebox than through the front surface thereof. 
         [0028]    Besides providing a mechanism for reducing jamming impact to the foot, and notably to the toes of the foot, the present invention also provides a simple and effective mechanism for minimizing or at least significantly reducing pressure applied by the shoe to the foot at the key shoe-foot engagement areas juxtaposed to bunion and/or bunionette outgrowths of the foot. As previously described for reducing shoe pressure applied to the toes, cutout portions of varied configurations can be formed through the upper or toebox portions of the foot that are juxtaposed to a bunion or bunionette of the foot. As the foot moves within the shoe in a manner that would increase the bunion or bunionette outwardly directed engagement pressure against the shoe surface in the cutout portion, the movable members of the cutout yield to the applied pressure and deflect outwardly to form an enlarged passageway through the upper/toebox shoe material, into which at least a portion of the bunion or bunionette can pass, thereby reducing the painful pressure forces applied by the shoe to the bunion/bunionette. The cutout is arranged and configured, and is designed to be positioned such that a significant outward projecting portion of the bunion/bunionette can move into the cutout area. 
         [0029]    The invention comprises a stretchable layer or web member secured to the upper/toebox in a manner so as to lie across the cutout portion thereof. The stretchable layer or web may form a relatively smooth outer surface of the upper/toebox, and inhibits sand, dirt and other foreign matter and debris from entering the upper/toebox through the cutout. The stretchable layer or web may for example, be attached to the outer or inner portions of the upper/toebox or in interleaved manner to the less stretchable material forming the upper/toebox. The stretchable layer could also comprise an inner liner material of the shoe. Besides being stretchable, the web member is also preferably porous to air, to provide direct ventilation to the upper/toebox enclosure through the cutouts. The stretchable layer or web material has sufficient elasticity to accommodate movement of a toe or bunion/bunionette into the cutout and to allow it to project forwardly past the outer peripheral wall of less stretchable material forming the upper/toebox. As the toe or bunion/bunionette engages the stretchable layer and progresses through the cutout passageway, its forward motion is gradually slowed to a stop rather than being abruptly stopped by an upper/toebox material having a continuously solid engagement surface of low stretchability. The stretchable web material not only receives the leading end of the toe or bunion/bunionette, but also cooperates with any pivotally movable portions of the cutout as they open to define a larger passageway for the advancing toe or bunion/bunionette, and is constructed of a highly elastive material that does not significantly restrict movement of any cutout portions as urged outwardly by the advancing toe or bunion/bunionette. When the toe or bunion/bunionette is withdrawn from the cutout passageway, the stretchable web material retracts to its original unstretched configuration, and in the process of retracting to its original position assists in returning any of the pivotally movable portions of the cutout to the their closed or semi-closed positions, thereby restoring the initial generally continuous protective outer peripheral surface of the toebox. 
         [0030]    Therefore, according to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a shoe sized, arranged and configured to operatively house a foot of a wearer of the shoe, comprising:
       a. a sole;   b. an upper operatively connected to the sole and including a toebox portion operatively configured to contain the toes and metatarsophalangeal joints of the foot and defining an initial outer peripheral forepart surface, said toebox portion comprising: a first forepart portion of a first material and a second forepart portion of a second material having stretchability significantly higher than that of said first material and surrounded by said first material, said second portion being positioned, arranged and configured at a key shoe-foot engagement area to be engaged by a selected advancing portion of the foot as it moves outward against the shoe; and;   c. wherein the stretchability of the second material is sufficiently large to enable the engaged advancing portion of the foot to stretch the second material sufficiently to allow at least a portion of the advancing portion of the foot to forwardly project beyond the initial outer peripheral forepart surface of the toebox while applying a resistive damping force to the engaged advancing portion of the foot, for slowing movement thereof.       
 
         [0034]    According to another aspect of the invention, the selected advancing portion of the foot is a toe of the foot moving generally in a forward direction within the shoe. According to another aspect of the invention, the selected advancing portion of the foot is a side of the foot juxtaposed to a metatarsophalangeal joint of the foot where bunions or bunionettes commonly develop, as it moves outwardly within the shoe. According to yet a further aspect of the invention, the key shoe-foot engagement area of the second forepart portion of the toebox is arranged and configured to be engaged by an advancing toe at a point of actual impact of the toe with the toebox. According to yet a further aspect of the invention, the key shoe-foot engagement area of the second forepart portion of the toebox is arranged and configured to be engaged by a bunion or bunionette juxtaposed to a metatarsophalangeal joint of the foot at a point of actual impact of the bunion or bunionette with the upper or toebox. According to yet another aspect of the invention, the second material is capable of multi-directional stretching and can be sufficiently stretchable to enable projection of at least a portion of the advancing portion of the foot beyond the initial outer peripheral forepart surface of the toebox by any distance of up to about 1.0 inches. According to yet a further aspect of the invention, the second material retracts to its initial configuration that it had before stretching by the advancing portion of the foot, when such portion of the foot moves back out of engagement with the second material, thus reestablishing the initial outer peripheral forepart surface configuration of the upper or toebox. According to yet a further aspect of the invention, the upper or toebox first forepart portion defines an opening therethrough at a key shoe-foot engagement area which is operatively aligned with a point of actual impact of the selected advancing portion of the foot with the upper or toebox, and is sized and configured to cooperatively receive the selected advancing portion of the foot, and wherein the second material of the second forepart portion is operatively connected to the first forepart portion of the toebox and is arranged to extend across the opening through the first forepart of the toebox. 
         [0035]    According to yet a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a shoe, sized, arranged and configured to operatively house a person&#39;s foot, comprising:
       a. a sole;   b. an upper operatively connected to the sole to form a shoe for a human foot, wherein the upper has a forward toebox portion housing the toes of the foot, and defines a key shoe-foot impact or pressure engagement point coinciding with a point of actual impact against the upper or toebox of an advancing portion of a foot or toe when the foot moves within the shoe; the upper or toebox having a cutout forming a passageway therethrough having a center generally aligned with the point of actual impact, and wherein the passageway is sized and configured to receive and enable at least a leading part of the advancing foot or toe portion to move into and through the passageway and beyond an outer peripheral surface of the upper or toebox; and   c. a stretchable layer operatively connected to the upper or toebox and extending across the cutout passageway, having elasticity sufficient to enable the advancing foot or toe portion to move into and through the passageway against the bias of the stretchable layer.       
 
         [0039]    According to yet a further aspect of the invention, the stretchable layer is secured to an inner surface of the upper or toebox portion and can be secured to the upper or toebox portion by stitching. According to yet a further aspect of the invention, the stretchable layer comprises porous material of a type suitable for providing ventilation to the inside of the upper or toebox through the cutout passageway while blocking entry of particulate debris and foreign matter into the interior of the shoe through the cutout passageway. According to yet a further aspect of the invention, the cutout comprises a plurality of intersecting cuts through the upper or toebox which may contain upper or toebox material between adjacent ones of the intersecting cuts that are pivotally movable to define or enlarge the passageway in response to advancing movement of portions of the foot or toe. According to yet a further aspect of the invention, the stretchable layer retracts to its initial configuration, urging any moveable portions of the cutout back toward their initial positions when the engaged portion(s) of the foot or toe retract back from pressurized engagement with the cutout. According to yet a further aspect of the invention, the cutout can comprise at least in part a hole passing through the upper or toebox portion. According to yet a further aspect of the invention, the stretchable layer comprises at least in part, elastive fibers, wherein the elastive fibers preferably comprise about 3% to 50% of the material. According to yet another aspect of the invention the stretchable layer may comprise a combination of elastive fibers and condensation polymer material, and is capable of multi-directional stretching. According to yet a further aspect of the invention, condensation polymer materials may comprise nylon, polyesters, polycarbonates or thin neoprene. According to yet a further aspect of the invention, the combination of the upper or toebox cutout and associated stretchable layer enable projection of at least a portion of the advancing foot or toe beyond the outer peripheral surface of the upper or toebox by any distance of up to about 1.0 inch. According to yet a further aspect of the invention, the cutout passageway and stretchability of the stretchable material are such that a leading part of the foot or toe when moving outwardly through the passageway can move beyond the forward surface of the toebox material by at least a distance of about ⅛ inch, more preferably by a distance of at least about ¼ inch, still more preferably by a distance of at least about ½ inch, and even by a total distance of 1 inch or more. 
         [0040]    According to yet a further aspect of the invention there is provided an athletic shoe of a type arranged and configured for use in an athletic activity and proportionately arranged, sized and configured to receive a human foot, comprising: 
         [0041]    An athletic shoe of a type arranged and configured for use in an athletic activity and proportionately arranged, sized and configured to receive a human foot, comprising:
       a. a sole extending along a bottom portion of the shoe;   b. an upper, operatively connected to the sole, the upper including a toebox along a       
 
         [0044]    forward portion thereof configured to operatively enclose toes of the foot; wherein the upper and toebox have at least a forward portion thereof constructed of a relatively unstretchable material having generally uniform properties across the forward portion;
       c. said upper or toebox defining a cutout portion formed therethrough; wherein the cutout portion is positioned at a key shoe-foot engagement area generally aligned in juxtaposition with a toe, bunion or bunionette portion of said foot so as to be generally centrally engaged by an outwardly moving portion of the foot as it moves within the shoe; said cutout portion being configured to define an opening through the toebox material sized to allow passage of at least a leading advancing portion of the toe, bunion or bunionette therethrough to an extent such that such advancing toe, bunion or bunionette portion extends through and beyond the outer peripheral surface of the toebox; and   d. a panel of stretchable material secured to the toebox so as to extend across at least a maximum peripheral opening extent of the cutout, and having an elasticity sufficient to enable the advancing portion of the toe, bunion or bunionette to advance into and through the cutout opening while imparting damping resistance to the advancing portion of the toe, bunion or bunionette; said elasticity of the stretchable material being significantly higher than that of the upper or toebox material surrounding the cutout.       
 
         [0047]    According to yet a further aspect of the invention, an outer surface of the stretchable cover material may include indicia comprising one or more of: lettering, graphics or colors. According to yet a further aspect of the invention, the cutout portion includes segments of the upper or toebox material that pivotally move outwardly against the bias of the stretchable panel material when engaged by the toe or foot portions advancing in a forward or sideways direction, to enlarge the size of the cutout opening as the toe or foot portions advance. According to yet a further aspect of the invention, an inner directed surface of the stretchable panel material offers minimal resistance to the pivotally moving segments of said cutout as they move to enlarge the size of the cutout opening. According to yet a further aspect of the invention, the cover of stretchable material is preferably secured to the upper or toebox section before the upper is secured to the sole. 
         [0048]    According to yet a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a shoe arranged, sized and configured as an athletic shoe, to accommodate a human foot, comprising:
       a. a sole;   b. an upper operatively connected to the sole and forming therewith an internal cavity sized and configured to accommodate a foot, comprising: a heel portion disposed at a rear portion of the upper, a toebox disposed at a forward portion of the upper; and a midsection connecting the heel and toebox portions and defining a centrally located elongate opening disposed rearwardly of the toebox and opening into the internal cavity;   c. said upper and toebox defining an interior space for accommodating the phalange portions of the foot; and further comprising a cutout portion defining a passageway through a portion of the upper or toebox at a key shoe-foot impact or pressure engagement point and having a center coinciding with a point of actual impact of a toe of the foot with the toebox portion when the foot abruptly slides forward in the shoe, wherein the cutout center lies in a generally vertical plane containing a longitudinal toe axis centrally passing through the toe phalanges bones of the foot when functionally positioned within the shoe; said cutout passageway being sized and configured to receive and allow at least a forward portion of the toe to pass through and beyond an outer peripheral surface of the toebox; and   d. a panel of stretchable material operatively connected to the toebox to extend across the cutout portion and having elasticity sufficient to significantly stretch in response to movement of the toe moving in a forward direction through the cutout portion.       
 
         [0053]    According to yet a further aspect of the invention, the sole of the shoe has an outsole, and wherein the outsole comprises cleats downwardly depending from a general plane of the outsole, and further wherein such cleated shoe is arranged and configured as a football shoe. According to yet another aspect of the invention, the shoe further comprises:
       a. a tongue operatively connected to the upper and extending across the elongate opening; and   b. a fastener connected to tighten the upper midsection over said tongue and across the elongate opening.       
 
         [0056]    According to yet a further aspect of the invention, the toebox comprises a material having little or no stretchability. According to yet a further aspect of the invention, the panel of stretchable material comprises at least in part elastive fibers and is capable of multi-directional stretching. 
         [0057]    According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided an athletic shoe sized, arranged and configured to operatively house a person&#39;s foot of a predetermined size and shape, comprising;
       a. a sole;   b. an upper operatively connected to said sole to form a shoe for said foot, said upper having a forward toebox portion comprising generally non-stretchable material configured to house toes of said foot; said toebox defining a point of actual impact for a selected advancing toe of said foot; said point of actual impact being that predetermined position along said toebox at which said selected advancing toe of said foot for which the shoe was designed, will primarily forcibly engage an inner surface of said toebox when said foot abruptly moves forward within said shoe;   c. said toebox defining a cutout portion formed through said generally non-stretchable toebox material and generally centered about said point of actual impact, said cutout portion defining a passageway through and surrounded by said generally non-stretchable material; said passageway being sized and configured to receive and enable at least a forward portion of said selected advancing toe for which said shoe was designed to move into and through said passageway and beyond an outer peripheral surface of said surrounding non-stretchable toebox material; and   d. a stretchable layer operatively connected to said generally non-stretchable toebox material and extending across said cutout passageway, having elasticity sufficient to enable said selected advancing toe to move into and through said passageway against the bias of said stretchable layer.       
 
         [0062]    According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided an athletic shoe of a type arranged and configured for use in an athletic sport and proportionately arranged, sized and configured to receive a human foot, comprising:
       a. a sole extending along the bottom portion of the shoe;   b. an upper, operatively connected to said sole, said upper including a toebox at a forward end thereof configured to operatively enclose the toes of said foot, including a big toe thereof; said toebox having at least a forward portion thereof constructed of a material having generally uniform properties across said forward portion;   c. said toebox defining a cutout portion formed through at least said forward portion of said toebox; said cutout portion being generally aligned with said big toe of said foot so as to be generally centrally engaged by a forward end of said big toe when said big toe abruptly moves is a forward direction within said shoe; said cutout portion being configured to define an opening through said toebox material sized to allow passage of at least said forward portion of said big toe therethrough to an extent such said forward toe portion extends through and forward of an outer front peripheral surface of the toebox;   d. a panel of stretchable material operatively secured to said toebox so as to extend across at least a maximum peripheral opening extent of said cutout portion, and having an elasticity sufficient to enable said big toe to advance into and through said cutout opening while imparting damping resistance to said advancing toe; said elasticity of said stretchable panel being significantly higher than that of the material of said toebox forward portion; and   e. wherein said cutout portion includes segments of said toebox material that move outwardly with said stretchable panel material when said big toe advances into said cutout opening, to enlarge the size of the cutout opening as the big toe advances.
 
The movable segments of toebox material may be operatively connected to or with the stretchable panel material or may slidably move relative to the panel material.
       
 
         [0068]    According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided an athletic shoe arranged and configured to house a foot of predetermined size and shape, said shoe having a forward toebox portion designed, arranged and configured to contain toes of said foot, said foot having at least one selected toe configured to extend along a longitudinal toe axis extending from a first metatarsophalangeal joint (MPJ) and centrally forward through proximal and distal phalanges of the selected toe; said shoe being arranged and configured to orient said foot for some forward and backward movement within said shoe such that said longitudinal toe axis of said selected toe moves within a generally vertical plane and such that the intersection of said longitudinal toe axis with said toebox at a predetermined forward impact position of said selected toe with said toebox generally defines a toe impact area on said toebox; said shoe further comprising:
       a. said toebox being generally constructed of non-stretchable material;   b. said toebox having a cutout portion generally centered about said toe impact area of said toebox and surrounded by said non-stretchable material, said cutout portion defining a passageway through said non-stretchable material being sized and configured to allow penetration of a forward portion of said selected toe through said passageway and beyond a normal outer peripheral surface of said non-stretchable toebox material;   c. a stretchable layer operatively connected to said toebox non-stretchable material and extending across said cutout passageway, having elasticity sufficient to enable at least a portion of said advancing selected toe to move into and through said passageway against the bias of said stretchable layer.       
 
         [0072]    According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a shoe, sized, arranged and configured to operatively house a person&#39;s foot, comprising:
       a. a sole;   b. an upper operatively connected to the sole to form therewith a shoe for a human foot, wherein the upper has a forward toebox portion and defines at least one key shoe-foot impact or pressure engagement area coinciding with a point of actual impact or pressure application against the upper or toebox of a portion of said foot when the foot moves within the shoe; the upper or toebox having a cutout forming a passageway therethrough having a central portion generally aligned with said point of actual impact, and wherein the passageway is sized and configured to receive and enable at least a leading part of the moving foot portion to move into the passageway and beyond an outer peripheral surface of that portion of the upper or toebox surrounding the cutout; and   c. a stretchable layer of material operatively connected to the upper or toebox and extending across said cutout passageway, having elasticity sufficient to enable said advancing foot portion to move into and through the passageway against bias of the stretchable layer.
 
According to some embodiments of the invention, the key shoe-foot impact or pressure engagement area may be configured to be engaged by a forwardly moving toe of the foot or by outwardly moving portions of the foot juxtaposed to the first or fifth MTP joints of the foot, corresponding to those areas of the foot where bunions and bunionettes respectively form.
       
 
         [0076]    According to yet a further aspect of the invention, there is provided an athletic shoe of a type arranged and configured for use in an athletic activity proportionately arranged, sized and configured to receive a human foot, comprising:
       a. a sole extending along a bottom portion of the shoe;   b. an upper, operatively connected to the sole, the upper including a toebox along a forward portion thereof configured to operatively enclose toes of the foot; wherein the upper and toebox have at least a forward portion thereof constructed of a relatively unstretchable material;   c. said upper or toebox defining a cutout portion formed through said relatively unstretchable material; wherein the cutout portion is positioned at a key shoe-foot engagement area generally aligned in juxtaposition with a toe, bunion or bunionette of said foot so as to be generally centrally engaged by an outwardly moving portion of the foot as it moves within and relative to the shoe; said cutout portion being configured to define an opening through said upper or toebox material sized to allow passage of at least a leading moving portion of the toe, bunion or bunionette therethrough to an extent such that such leading toe, bunion or bunionette portion extends through and beyond the outer peripheral surface of the upper or toebox; and   d. a panel of stretchable material secured to the upper or toebox so as to extend across at least a maximum peripheral opening extent of the cutout, and having elasticity sufficient to enable the toe, bunion or bunionette to advance into and through the cutout opening while imparting damping resistance to the advancing toe, bunion or bunionette; said elasticity of the stretchable material being significantly higher than that of the upper or toebox material surrounding the cutout.       
 
         [0081]    These and other aspects of the invention will become more apparent from a reading of the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         [0082]    Referring to the Drawing, wherein like numerals represent like parts throughout the several views: 
           [0083]      FIG. 1  is a pictorial view in side elevation of a foot having a turf toe injury; 
           [0084]      FIG. 2  is a pictorial top view of a toe that has been subjected to subungual hematoma injury; 
           [0085]      FIG. 3  is a pictorial diagrammatic representation of the bottom of a foot, illustrating the sesamoid bones and the location of a sesamoditis injury on the foot; 
           [0086]      FIG. 4  is a diagrammatic representation in side view of a toe with a hammer toe deformity; 
           [0087]      FIG. 5  is a pictorial representation in top front view of a big toe having an ingrown toenail; 
           [0088]      FIG. 6  is a pictorial representation illustrating a pair of FiveFinger™ shoes sold by Vibram S.p.A.; 
           [0089]      FIG. 7  is a pictorial representation of an SHR-300 Road Cycling Shoe sold by Shimano, Inc.; 
           [0090]      FIG. 8  is a pictorial representation of a pair of football cleat athletic shoes incorporating the principles of this invention; 
           [0091]      FIG. 9  is a top view of one embodiment of a left foot football cleat athletic shoe incorporating the principles of this invention and illustrating the location of a cutout assembly in the toebox portion of the shoe; 
           [0092]      FIG. 10  is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of the shoe of  FIG. 9 , generally taken along the Line  10 - 10  of  FIG. 9 , illustrating the position a person&#39;s foot might assume within the shoe when in a rearward resting position; 
           [0093]      FIG. 11  is a diagrammatic view of the shoe of  FIG. 10 , illustrating the position a person&#39;s foot might assume within the shoe when the foot slides forward within the shoe, when substantially all of the sole of the shoe rests on and fully engages a support surface; 
           [0094]      FIG. 12  is an enlarged view of the forward, toebox portion of the shoe of  FIG. 11 ; 
           [0095]      FIG. 13  is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of the shoe of  FIG. 10 , illustrating the position a person&#39;s foot might assume within the shoe when the foot slides forward within the shoe when only the forward portion of the sole of the shoe engages a support surface; 
           [0096]      FIG. 14  is a top perspective view of the upper, tongue and heel counter portions of the shoe of  FIG. 9 , as they might appear when assembled together and prior to their collective assembly to a sole of the shoe; 
           [0097]      FIG. 15  is a diagrammatic illustration of examples of various alternative configurations of patterns of cuts made through the toebox material to form a cutout portion of the toebox; 
           [0098]      FIG. 16  is a diagrammatic illustration of examples of various alternative configurations of asterisk or starburst shaped cuts made through the toebox material to form a cutout portion of the toebox; 
           [0099]      FIG. 17  is a diagrammatic illustration of examples of various alternative configurations of shapes of holes made through the toebox material in which material has been removed from the toebox to form the cutout portions of the toebox; and 
           [0100]      FIG. 18  is a diagrammatic illustration of examples of various alternative configurations of shapes of hybrid cutout configurations formed by both removal of toebox material combined with patterned cuts through the toebox material; 
           [0101]      FIG. 19  is a diagrammatic representation in partial top view of a foot illustrating the locations of bunion and bunionette formations on the foot; 
           [0102]      FIG. 20  is a diagrammatic view in top elevation of a foot within a shoe illustrating typical positions of shoe cutouts of a first configuration of the invention for relieving shoe pressure a bunion and bunionette of the foot; 
           [0103]      FIG. 21  is a diagrammatic view in side elevation shoe and foot of  FIG. 20  taken from the medial side of the foot; 
           [0104]      FIG. 21   a  is an enlarged fragmentary view of the cutout portion of the shoe of  FIG. 21 , showing the cutout as it would appear when a foot is within the shoe in a rest position within the shoe; 
           [0105]      FIG. 21   b  is an enlarged fragmentary view of the cutout portion of the shoe of  FIG. 21 , showing the cutout as it would appear when a foot within the shoe has advanced to a position causing the cutout to be deployed to an expanded configuration; 
           [0106]      FIG. 22  is a diagrammatic illustration of the shoe and foot of  FIG. 21 , showing the foot in an at-rest position, where substantially all of the sole of the shoe rests on and fully engages a support surface; 
           [0107]      FIG. 23  is a diagrammatic illustration of the shoe and foot of  FIG. 21 , showing the effect on the cutout of the shoe as pressure is exerted on the shoe by a bunion of the foot as the foot moves outwardly against the side of the shoe when only a forward portion of the sole of the shoe engages the support surface; 
           [0108]      FIG. 24  is a diagrammatic view in side elevation of the shoe and foot of  FIG. 21 , illustrating a first alternate configuration of the cutout portion of the shoe; 
           [0109]      FIG. 25  is a diagrammatic view in side elevation of the shoe and foot of  FIG. 21 , illustrating a second alternate configuration of the cutout portion of the shoe; and 
           [0110]      FIG. 26  is a diagrammatic view in side elevation of the shoe and foot of  FIG. 21 , illustrating a third alternate configuration of the cutout portion of the shoe. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0111]    An improved comfort shoe, and particularly an athletic shoe practicing the principles of this invention may be of any general construction and of materials both currently known and yet to be developed, that are suitable for use in the particular activity or sport for which the shoe will be used. For example, a shoe used for football would have materials and construction details differing from one designed for use as a tennis shoe or a basketball shoe or a walking or running shoe. All of such shoes, regardless of the activity or sport with which they will be used, generally have similar functional sections such as: a sole portion, an upper or vamp portion connected to and extending upwardly from the sole, a back or heel counter portion and a toebox portion oppositely disposed from the heel counter portion at the front end of the shoe. Such shoes may have a tongue portion extending back from the toebox toward the foot entry portion of the shoe and connecting the upper oppositely disposed lateral and medial portions of the vamp. Such shoes also may have a pair of eye stays disposed along the top portion of the vamp on opposite sides of the lateral edges of the tongue for accepting laces to tighten the shoe on a user&#39;s foot, or other appropriate closure means such as fastener straps or buckles, such as for example shown in the  FIG. 7  shoe manufactured by Shimano, Inc. Current athletic shoes typically have one or more layers of midsole cushioning secured to and disposed above the sole for providing support and cushioning to the bottom of a person&#39;s foot. The bottom of the sole, typically referred to as the outsole may contain cleats or ribs or be generally flat with a unique gripping pattern of recesses suitable for engaging the particular surface for the activity or sport with which the shoe will be used. The shoe may also have an insole and may include some type of internal lining and/or padding material for receiving and engaging the wearer&#39;s foot and for preventing direct engagement of the foot with the inside surfaces of the more rigid or abrasive portions of the shoe forming the outer shell portions thereof. 
         [0112]    The forward portion of the shoe upper that overlies the sole and midsole is typically referred to as the toebox and when attached to the sole/midsole, is configured to encircle and contain the toes of the wearer&#39;s foot. This invention is directed to the construction of the toebox or forefoot upper portion of a shoe, which otherwise can be of generally any appropriate configuration and construction known in the art, or yet to be invented, and uniquely configured for use with that activity or sport with which it is associated. 
         [0113]    The invention is not limited to a shoe for any specific activity or sport, but the above examples of court and field activities such as recreational walking or running, cross-training, football, soccer, basketball, lacrosse, rugby, tennis, volleyball, cross-country running, racquetball, squash, handball and track represent the typical activities and sports to which an athletic shoe of the present invention could apply. It will be understood by those skilled in the art, that the invention is not to be limited to the above delineated activities or sports, but applies to shoes associated with all activities and sports wherein the shoe has a toebox for housing the wearer&#39;s toes, and wherein the shoe can subject the wearer&#39;s toes and other portions of the foot at key shoe-foot engagement points to pressure and impact forces from engagement with the toebox and forefoot upper as a result of foot movement within the shoe or an otherwise tight fitting shoe. 
         [0114]    Similarly, other than as specified herein, the invention is not limited to any particular materials or processes used to construct the shoe. The shoe could, for example, be constructed of rubber, leather, synthetic materials, composites, fabrics (woven or unwoven), polymers and plastics, foams, gels or combinations or hybrid configurations thereof. Generally, however, the toebox or forefoot portions of the shoe, without the present invention, would be configured from materials that are generally considered to be non-stretchable or having very limited or uniform stretch capability. This invention provides for a selected region of stretchable material forming a portion of the toebox or forefoot upper, as hereinafter described in more detail. 
         [0115]    As is the case for the use of various materials for constructing the shoe, except as otherwise recited in the claims hereof, the invention is not limited to any particular method of manufacturing or constructing the shoe. By way of example only, the shoe could be manufactured by a cold cement process, by a vulcanization process or by direct injection. Generally, the processes used to manufacture a shoe depend on the materials used, on cost factors and on the particular end use market for the shoe. 
         [0116]    The toebox or forefoot upper portions of a shoe configured according to this invention are designed and configured to allow upon forcible impact of portions of a toe or foot with the toebox or forefoot upper, movement of at least one toe or a side portion of the foot beyond the otherwise forward or lateral boundary position defined by the material forming the forward portion of the toebox or the lateral portion of the forefoot upper. Since the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints of the toes and particularly of the hallux or big toe are primarily subjected to injury when the foot abruptly slides within an athletic shoe, a preferred embodiment of the invention described herein will be directed to its applicability in reducing injury to the big toe. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the invention can be selectively applied equally well to the protection of toes and parts of the foot other than the big toe. For example, since the MTP joints on the medial and lateral sides of the foot (metatarsals  1  and  5  respectively) are primarily subjected to injury when wearing narrow fitting shoes or when the foot abruptly slides within the shoe, another embodiment of the invention described herein will be directed toward reducing injury to the MTP joints at the base of the big and little toes where bunions and bunionettes form. According to these embodiments of the invention, select portions of the toebox or forefoot upper at key shoe-foot impact and pressure engagement areas of the shoe are designed and configured to provide areas of increased stretchability and low initial resistance to forward or lateral advancement of portions of the foot after they engage the toebox or upper forepart of the shoe. Such lateral and forward movement of the foot and toes may occur when the foot slides forward in the shoe as a result of an abrupt stop or cutting action taken by the wearer—wherein the shoe abruptly stops moving in the forward direction, but the foot&#39;s forward and lateral momentum continues to advance the foot within the shoe such that the big toe forcibly engages the inner front surface of the toebox or the sides of the shoe exert significantly increased pressure to the bunion/bunionette areas of the foot. The invention contemplates associating such areas of increased toebox or forefront upper pressure application to the foot with creation of an opening formed or formable through the forefront upper or toebox material with an elastic panel layer or web of material secured to the toebox and extending across the opening, to receive and slow movement of the advancing foot portion as it enters and penetrates into the opening. The elastic layer or web can be constructed from porous breathable material to impede infiltration of dirt and debris into the opening while providing ventilation to the upper and toebox, and which provides damping forces to the outwardly advancing foot portions as they move into and through the opening, and which aids in restoring the opening to its original size and configuration when the foot retreats back to its normal at rest or initial position in the shoe. 
         [0117]    Referring to  FIGS. 8-14 , there is generally illustrated therein preferred embodiments of an athletic shoe configured for use as a football cleat that incorporates the principles of this invention which will be described in relation to orientation and movement of the big toe within the shoe.  FIG. 8  is a pictorial representation of a matched pair of athletic shoes incorporating the invention. The remaining figures are directed to details of a single one of a matched pair of shoes, it being understood that the other of the matched pair of shoes is configured as a mirror image of the left shoe that is portrayed in  FIGS. 9-14 . It will be noted that the shoe configuration of  FIG. 8  differs slightly from that of  FIGS. 9-14 , but both configurations incorporate the present invention. 
         [0118]    Referring to  FIGS. 9-14 , an athletic shoe  10  generally configured according to one embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in  FIGS. 9-14 . The shoe  10  is configured for use in football; however, as previously discussed, the invention is not limited to athletic shoes or to shoes used in any particular sport. Shoe  10  has an upper or vamp  12  and a sole  14 . The upper  12  is joined to the sole  14  along the featherline  13  (i.e., the lower peripheral lasting margin of the upper  12 ). The vamp extends from a heel counter portion  16 , along the outer lateral ( 12   a ) and inner medial ( 12   b ) sides of the shoe respectively, and to a toebox  20  at the forefront of the shoe and oppositely disposed from the heel counter portion  16 . The vamp  12  defines an elongated throat opening  15 . A shoe tongue  17  underlies the forward portion of the elongated throat opening  15  and is secured by stitching or other means along its outer peripheral front and side edges to the vamp. The rearward portion of the elongated throat opening  15  located rearward of the tongue  17  and forward of the heel counter  16  defines a leg opening  15   a  for accommodating the ankle and leg portions of the wearer and for providing access therethrough for receiving the wearer&#39;s foot into the internal cavity of the shoe. The toebox  20  is configured to extend over the toes of the wearer of the shoe, and is positioned to extend just forward of the metatarsophalangeal joints (MPJ) of the toes. The upper/vamp portion  12  of the shoe is preferably made of lightweight generally non-stretchable material and may comprise for example, leather or be of multi-layer or synthetic material construction. 
         [0119]    A generally U-shaped lacing hole reinforcing portion  30  is secured to the vamp  12  adjacent to and surrounding the forward portion of the throat opening  15  and is provided with a plurality of pairs of lacing holes  31 , with the holes of each pair of holes being located on opposite sides of the throat opening. An elongate lace  32  is entrained through the lacing holes  31  in well-known manner, to secure the shoe to the foot of the wearer. Although lacing holes and a lace  32  are disclosed as being used for tightening the shoe about the foot, it will be understood that other known closure systems for securing the opposing sides of the throat opening to one another could be used, including for example, such fasteners as strap members having fasteners such as hook and loop Velcro fasteners or other securing mechanisms such as buckle type fasteners. The shoe  10  typically includes additional reinforcement portions for addressing various foot support functions, known in the art. Several such additional reinforcement members that are in the preferred embodiment stitched to the underlying vamp portion  12 , are shown in the Figures at  34 ,  36  and  38 . The reinforcement members are generally constructed of strong, durable and non-stretchable materials. The shoe  10  also includes an inner liner and various padding portions of breathable material, generally referred to at  40 . 
         [0120]    The sole  14  generally includes a lower outsole  42  layer and a midsole  44  layer. Since the preferred embodiment shoe  10  is utilized with the sport of football, the outsole  42  layer has integrally molded cleats  43  downwardly projecting from the general plane of the outsole  42  for providing traction to the grass or turf field on which the shoe will be used. The midsole  44  layer is preferably made of one or more resilient cushioning materials which are not as hard as that of the outsole  42  layer. The midsole  44  layer can be constructed from a number of various materials such as sponge rubber, EVA sponge and may even incorporate channels of pressurized gas or other media suitable for cushioning forces transmitted through the outer sole to the foot of the wearer. An insole (not illustrated) can also be inserted within the shoe to provide added or specialized support for the foot. 
         [0121]    Since the present invention applies to numerous types of shoe configurations of varied construction and materials and methods of manufacture known by those skilled in the art, the details of such configurations, constructions, materials and methods of manufacture will not be detailed herein. It will be understood that those skilled in the art could incorporate any number of such designs and materials and configurations thereof and types of construction methods to fabricate athletic shoes of a type suitable for incorporating the present invention. The invention is directed primarily to the toebox or forefront upper portions of the shoe. 
         [0122]    While the toebox and upper portions of some athletic shoes include an outer material that has limited stretchability such material is typically located on the top portion of the toebox. The forward portion of most athletic shoe toeboxes are typically constructed of non-stretchable materials and in the case of contact sports such as football, virtually the entire toebox and forefoot upper portions are constructed of non-stretchable material that is reinforced or thicker than the material forming the mid-section of the upper. Accordingly, the toebox or forefront uppers of conventional athletic shoes in the marketplace do not provide any give or relief to the toes or sides of the foot when they jam against the inner forefront surfaces of the toebox as the foot slides forward or sideways in the shoe during an abrupt stopping or change of direction maneuver. Being the largest and the one that typically extends foremost within the toebox, the big toe generally receives the majority of the impact forces imparted by the toebox to the toes during a stop or cutting movement. Accordingly, while the toebox imparted forces can be received by all of the toes, since the big toe is the primary recipient of such force, our further discussion herein for this preferred embodiment will be directed to the big toe. While some shoe configurations have inserted stretchable liners and padding materials inside of the toebox or forefront upper to pad the foot, such materials have no or minimal effect in slowing the movement of or in absorbing the impact forces transmitted to the wearer&#39;s big toe when significant and abrupt forward movement of the foot occurs within the shoe. Other shoe configurations such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,255,876 configure the entire forward toe section from stretchable material having limited stretchability, but do not provide any selected areas of differential stretchability in or across the toebox for accommodating rapid forward jamming movement of a selected toe or toes as the foot slides forward during abrupt stopping and/or cutting motions of the foot. 
         [0123]    The material forming the toebox  20  and forefront upper  12  of the preferred embodiment are generally non-stretchable and of durable construction and thickness for suitably withstanding the scraping, sliding, and other impact forces to which it is subjected in the rugged football contact sport environment. In the preferred embodiment illustrated the toebox  20  has a cutout portion  22  extending through the toebox material at the forefront portion of the toebox. The purpose of the cutout  22  is to selectively provide a low resistance pressure relief zone through the material forming the toebox  20  into which the big toe can progressively move as the wearer&#39;s foot forcibly and abruptly moves forward within the shoe. In general, the cutout  22  is positioned along the forefront of the toebox  20  at a key shoe-foot impact engagement position that will be longitudinally engaged by the front of the wearer&#39;s big toe as it slides forward and engages the toebox  20 . While the shape of the cutout  22  can vary as described below, its configuration will generally define a center portion generally indicated at  22   a , positioned in this embodiment to lie in the same generally vertical plane containing a longitudinal toe axis  23  (hereinafter defined) extending through that position within the shoe that is designed to hold a big toe of a foot for which the shoe is designed to fit. The longitudinal toe axis  23  generally extends from the MTP joint (MPJ) and centrally through the proximal and distal phalanges bones of the big toe when the phalanges are extended in general longitudinally aligned positions as they would appear for example in  FIGS. 10-13 . Such aligned phalanges positions can occur both when the big toe is lying generally horizontally as it may occur when the foot is at-rest within the shoe as in  FIG. 10 , and also when the phalanges are pivoted upwardly around the MTP joint as for example in  FIG. 13 . As shown in  FIG. 10 , due to the construction of the sole and midsole portions of the shoe  10 , which may be designed to elevate the heel of the foot relative to its toes, the longitudinal axis  23  may not be truly horizontally positioned, but may form a slight acute angle with respect to the general plane of the bottom portion of the outer sole  42  which engages a support surface such as a playing field. The center of the cutout lies along a forefront portion of the toebox that intersects the generally vertical plane that also contains the longitudinal toe axis. The vertical position of the center portion  22   a  of the cutout  22  along that toebox portion intersecting the vertical plane will depend upon the position of actual impact of the front of the big toe with the inside surface of the toebox as the foot and toe slide forward within the shoe  10 . For ease of description, such impact area will be referred to as the “point of actual impact.” 
         [0124]    A number of factors determine the point of actual impact of the big toe with the toebox. Since the toe is not vertically symmetrical, the upper nail of the toe may represent the foremost part of the toe that will first engage the toebox. This may be particularly applicable in toebox shoe configurations wherein the front of the toebox is rounded and/or rapidly tapers back toward the upper. Further, the forward insole portion of the shoe may be configured to slope upwardly as it approaches the front of the toebox, forcing a forwardly advancing toe upward toward the top portion of the toebox. Both conditions contribute to positioning the point of actual impact of the toe with the toebox, and thus the center portion  22   a  of the cutout, at a position along the generally vertical plane that is above the projected intersection of the longitudinal toe axis  23  with the toebox. The actual amount of such offset will depend upon the interior configuration of the front portion of the toebox and on the configuration of the insole portion of the shoe leading to and adjacent the front of the toebox. The point of actual impact generally coincides with the center of the key shoe-foot engagement area for the advancing big toe. As pointed out above, while this description has been made with reference to movement and engagement of the big toe with the shoe at a key shoe-foot engagement area, the principles of the invention apply equally well to other toes of the foot. 
         [0125]      FIGS. 10-13  illustrate various positions of a foot within the preferred embodiment shoe  10 .  FIG. 10  illustrates the foot as it would appear in a rearward or at-rest position within the shoe. As illustrated in  FIG. 10 , the longitudinal toe axis  23  slightly slopes downwardly due to the sloping wedge shaped configuration of the midsole  44 , forming an acute angle between the bottom of the outsole  42  and the longitudinal toe axis  23 . However, due to the rounded forward configuration of the insole adjacent the toebox, as the big toe advances, it will be directed upwardly, causing the point of actual impact of the toe and the center portion  22   a  of the cutout  22  to be significantly upwardly offset from the projected  FIG. 10  intersection of the longitudinal toe axis  23  with the toebox.  FIGS. 11 and 12  illustrate the position of the big toe of the foot when it has moved forward within the shoe  10  following an abrupt stopping of the shoe&#39;s movement when fully engaged to a flat support surface. The forward portion of the big toe has moved forward and upward in the toebox, aligning the point of actual impact of the toe with the center portion  22   a  of the cutout, and still offset upwardly from the projected intersection of the longitudinal toe axis  23  with the toebox. The offset is generally indicated by “x” in  FIG. 12  From the outside of the shoe, the center  22   a  of the cutout may appear to be oriented more toward the upper part of the toebox than toward the front of the toebox, as illustrated in  FIGS. 8 and 9 . 
         [0126]      FIG. 13  illustrates the position of a person&#39;s foot within the shoe  10  as it may appear when only the forward portion of the sole  14  engages the support surface in an abrupt stopping or jumping motion. The point of actual contact of the toe with the toebox and the center portion  22   a  of the cutout  22  are positioned the same in  FIGS. 11 and 13 , since the movement of the foot and engagement of the big toe with the toebox will be essentially the same in both instances. 
         [0127]    As can be appreciated from the above discussion, the vertical position of the center  22   a  of the cutout  22  relative to the toebox  20  can vary along the vertical plane containing the longitudinal toe axis  23  from a position lying forward and directly in line with the longitudinal toe axis  23 , to a forward position that is closer to the upper surface of the toebox  20 , depending upon the point of actual impact that the big toe will have with the toebox. 
         [0128]    It should be noted that the term “cutout” does not necessarily mean that any toebox material has been removed from the shoe, but is intended to simply define that altered area of the toebox  20  at the key shoe-foot impact engagement area corresponding to the point of actual impact, that provides a relief area for a rapidly advancing big toe. The cutout  22  portion can assume a variety of geometric shapes. A simple cutout  22  can be formed by a series of cuts or slots made through the toebox material similar to those self-administered “X” cuts to football shoes that have been made by football players in the past. Such cuts extend entirely through the toebox  20  material, generally cross one another and are of sufficient lengths such that the non-stretchable toebox material adjacent the cuts can separate when engaged by the big toe to form an opening through the toebox material into which the forward portion of the big toe can move. Such cuts are formed preferably in a crossing manner, wherein their intersection may correspond to the center portion  22   a  of the cutout and can be of virtually any shape and need not comprise straight lines, as illustrated in  FIG. 15 . In general, the more cuts that are made, without removing material from the toebox  20 , and which cross at a single location also representing the point of actual impact, as well as cuts of greater length, serve to reduce resistance to movement of that toebox material located between adjacent cuts, facilitating opening of the passageway(s) for the big toe through the toebox material. The asterisk or starburst configuration of  FIG. 16  would, for example, represent a fairly low resistance cutout  22  configuration where toebox material is not removed in the process forming a cutout. Resistance to “opening” the toebox material between adjacent intersecting cuts forming the cutout  22  results from the engaging toe being required to pivotally move that material adjacent the cuts out of the way of the advancement of the big toe to create and expand the opening upon impact of the toe with the cutout  22  portion of the toebox. The engaged cutout material generally moves in pivotal manner away from the center  22   a  of the cutout  22 . 
         [0129]    The cutout  22  can also assume various configurations wherein portions of the toebox material are actually removed, to initially form an open hole through the toebox. In the preferred embodiment illustrated in  FIGS. 8-14 , the cutout  22  is shaped in the form of a four point star. For such configurations as the four point star, the elongated portions of the removed material forming the star arms comprise and act like the cuts previously described, such that the toebox material adjacent and between the arms pivots away from the cutout center portion  22   a  when engaged by the big toe to form a larger generally rectangular opening to accommodate the big toe. However, the cutout  22  can be configured in any desired shape, including but not limited to arcuate configurations such as circles or ovals, polygons of varied configurations, etc., some examples of which are illustrated in  FIG. 17 . The cutout  22  configuration need not be limited to simple cuts or to open configurations, but can employ hybrid configurations thereof, as will be recognized by those skilled in the art. By way of example only, several hybrid cutout  22  configurations are illustrated in  FIG. 18 . 
         [0130]    It is generally preferable to configure the cutout  22  into a shape that minimizes material removal while simultaneously minimizing resistance to penetration of the big toe into the cutout opening created during opening of the cutout. Any toebox material remaining in the cutout area adjacent any material removal areas or cuts formed through the toebox material, serves to partially close the passageway through the cutout when it is not being engaged by the big toe, to provide some measure of protection to the toes and foot similar to that which would have been provided by the toebox material had it not been cut or removed. The size and shape of the opening provided through the cutout  22  area will vary depending upon the configuration and orientation of the cuts and material removed from the toebox. Preferably, the cutout should be formed in a manner so as to allow relatively impact free penetration of the big toe (except for the damping resistance applied to the toe by the stretchable layer or web material hereinafter described) through the cutout opening formed in the toebox material and beyond the front of the toebox  20  by a longitudinal distance of at least about ⅛ of an inch. More preferably, such distance would be at least about ¼ of an inch, and even still more preferably, such distance would be at least about ½ inch and could go even further, to 1.0 inch or more. It will be understood that the language of“at least” used herein and in the claims is not intended to be a limitation that would exclude the designated denominations (i.e., ⅛ inch, ¼ inch, ½ inch etc.), which are intended to be included within the recited ranges. 
         [0131]    In the preferred embodiment, a stretchable panel, layer or web member  24  is secured to the toebox  20  in a manner so as to lie across the cutout portion  22  of the toebox. The stretchable layer  24  is peripherally secured around the cutout  22  by stitching or other appropriate securement methods so as to block access of foreign matter through the cutout  22  from outside of the toebox  20  while permitting the cutout to open as designed when forcibly engaged by the advancing big toe to the peripheral extent permitted by the cutout  22  pattern and the passageway created thereby. Those portions of the cutout  22  that are permitted to move upon contact and forward movement of the big toe will be displaced to the extent permitted by their remaining connections to the toebox and the stretchability of the web material  24  to “open” the cutout passageway for the big toe as it progresses into and through the passageway. The web material  24  will stretch outwardly to the extent permitted by its elasticity, to enable the big toe to advance into and through the cutout  22  passageway created, and beyond the forward outer peripheral wall surface of the less stretchable or nonstretchable material forming the toebox. Upon retraction of the toe back to its at-rest position and accompanying reduction of outward pressure from the big toe on the web material, the web material  24  will retract or unstretch back to its original position across the cutout. In such original position, the web material may still be in a partially stretched condition as extended across the cutout opening. The web material  24  may be of any shape, not necessarily the same as that of the underlying cutout, but should be sized appropriately larger than the cutout periphery to permit proper functioning of the cutout  22  material movement as it opens a passageway in response to pressure exerted by the big toe, to open to the full extent permitted by the cutout configuration. In the preferred embodiment illustrated in  FIGS. 8 ,  9  and  14 , the web  24  is configured in the same general four point star shape as the peripheral shape of the underlying cutout  22 , but has a proportionately larger footprint which outlies that of the cutout  22 . The stretchable web layer is preferably peripherally secured to the toebox around the periphery of the cutout  22  and may be secured to either the inner or outer surfaces of the less stretchable portion of the toebox or in an interleaved or other manner with the toebox material. The stretchable material may preferably be secured by stitching to the surrounding toebox material. The stretchable material could also comprise, for example, part of a larger portion of the shoe such as a shoe liner material that could have a portion thereof appropriately secured to the toebox around the cutout  22 . 
         [0132]    In a preferred embodiment, the stretchable web material  24  is configured in part from an elastic material that stretches to conform to the shape of the front part of the advancing toe and to the extent of forward movement of the big toe as it engages the cutout portion of the toebox. The web  24  is of sufficient thickness to permit proper attachment strength, preferably by stitching to the underlying toebox  20  material. The web  24  is also preferably constructed of porous material that can breathe to allow ventilation of air into the toebox. The porosity may be provided by the nature of the material itself, or could be derived from a material which includes small holes or pores formed therethrough that provide increased ventilation and breathability through the web material and potentially increasing stretchability of the web material. While the web material  24  is porous to ventilating air the pores are small enough to prevent or inhibit infiltration of dirt, sand and other debris through the cutout and into the toebox  20 . This is particularly significant when the shoe is used on artificial turf fields which use fillers that can create abrasions with concomitant risk of infections and other foot/toe injuries such as blisters, torn skin, damage to toenails, etc., if they get into the shoe  10 . 
         [0133]    In the preferred embodiment, the web material is capable of multi-directional stretching and may comprise any appropriate stretchable material, but in the preferred embodiment is formed from a combination of a condensation polymer material with an elastic material. The polymer material is preferably nylon and the elastive material is preferably spandex, elastene or other elastic material. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that other materials could be used in place of nylon, including for example, and not by way of limitation, polyesters, polycarbonates, or thin neoprene. The preferred embodiment web material  24  uses a ply nylon and elastive material combination that besides providing the desired stretch, provides a relatively low friction inner surface that is engagable by any movable portions of the cutout  22  as they move to open and close the cutout passageway for movement of the big toe relative thereto. As shown in  FIG. 12 , the stretchable web material  24  stretches to conform to the shape of the toe advancing into the cutout  24  passageway while simultaneously damping or providing gently increasing resistance to slow the forward movement of the toe within the passageway. Besides offering low resistance to opening of the cutout  22  passageway and to the forward movement of the big toe through the passageway, the elastic nature of the web allows the web to retract back to its initial unstretched condition upon removal of the big toe from the cutout passageway. As the web  24  retracts, it urges the movable portions of the cutout  22  back to their at-rest positions, forming with the web  24  a protective closed or semi-closed surface across the cutout portion of the toebox that would otherwise be exposed. The web  24  also prevents or limits undesirable expansion of the cutout  22  size over time to help prevent premature breakdown of the toebox material, thereby maintaining the integrity of the toebox. The ply nylon can be for example, two-ply or three-ply nylon. The ply nylon and elastive material should be in a ratio that permits the desired multi-directional stretch necessary for achieving the purposes of the invention of allowing the wearer&#39;s toe to sufficiently penetrate through the cutout and beyond the outer peripheral surface of the toebox as previously described. The ply nylon and elastic material should preferably be in a ratio that permits the desired multi-directional stretch necessary for the invention. The ratio of ply nylon to elastive can vary, depending on the sport with which the shoe will be used and the particular shoe configuration and other materials used in its construction, but can for example, be in the range of about 50% to about 50%; about 60% to about 40%; about 70% to about 30%; about 80% to about 20%; about 90% to about 10%; about 95% to about 5%; and about 97% to about 3%, respectively. 
         [0134]    The web material  24  may also, for example, be made of a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), a synthetic material, leather or textile which can stretch to conform to the forward movement of the big toe and past the normal outer forward peripheral surface of the toebox, while satisfying the functional aspects of the invention heretofore described. 
         [0135]    The web material  24  material could be imprinted with indicia, team or personal logos or trademarks or the like, adding to the aesthetic nature of the shoe. Since the stretchable web material does not necessarily have to conform to the peripheral shape of the cutout if secured externally to the toebox, the external shape of the web material could itself be configured in the shape of a preferred logo, design, or the like, as could the shape of the cutout itself. 
         [0136]      FIG. 10  illustrates a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of a shoe  10  configured according to the principles of this invention, illustrating a person&#39;s foot as it would be positioned within the shoe at an “at-rest” position. It will be noted that in the rest position, the forward portion of the big toe is spaced back from the forward part of the toebox  20  which includes the cutout  22  with an overlying web material  24 .  FIG. 11  illustrates the same shoe as that of  FIG. 10 , with the foot shown moved to a forward position as it may occur when the shoe is engaging an underlying surface during a stop or cutting motion. The toe is shown in engagement with the cutout  22  in the toebox  20  at a key shoe-foot impact engagement area and is illustrated as it might appear when pushing through the cutout portion and expanding the stretchable web material  24  beyond the front peripheral surface of the toebox  20  to relieve pressure on the toe that would otherwise be imparted to the toe by the forward portion of the toebox.  FIG. 13  illustrates a similar movement of the foot within the shoe that might occur when the abrupt stopping or cutting or jumping motion of the foot happens when only the toe or front portion of the sole  14  engages the underlying support surface. As was the case in the illustration of  FIG. 11 , the big toe of the foot has opened the cutout  22  and progressed beyond the forward surface of the toebox as permitted by the elasticity of the stretchable web material  24 . 
         [0137]    Referring to  FIG. 14 , it is anticipated that one method of manufacture of a shoe according to the principles of this invention may be to secure the stretchable web material  24  to the external or internal surface in the toebox while the upper or vamp is still in a relatively flat or pattern configuration. Such a pattern configuration of the vamp of the preferred embodiment shoe  10 , is shown, illustrating the star shaped cutout  22  therein as it might appear prior to attachment or docking to the sole  14  to form a completed shoe. The size of the overlying, underlying or interleaved web material  24  may be significantly larger than the external periphery of the cutout  22 , to allow for proper expansion of the cutout  22  and penetration of the big toe into and through the cutout to the extent required by the force exerted on the cutout portion and overlying web by the advancing big toe. 
         [0138]    The invention is not limited to providing relief to foot injuries associated with forward impact jamming of the toes of the foot against the forefront of the toebox, but provides for relief to the foot at any key shoe-foot impact or pressure engagement point wherein movement of the foot within the shoe or a tight fitting shoe causes increased painful and/or harmful pressure to be exerted against portions of the foot. Typically, foot movement is such that the portion of the foot that engages a key shoe-foot impact or pressure engagement area is moving in an outward direction relative to the inner surfaces of the shoe and generally perpendicular to the inner surface of the shoe material at the key shoe-foot engagement area. Another example of such key shoe-foot pressure engagement points are those areas of the foot juxtaposed to the MTP joints at the medial and lateral sides of the foot, where bunions and bunionettes develop. A second embodiment of the invention addresses such bunion and bunionette afflictions. Referring to  FIG. 19 , a bunion  50  is that localized area of injury and enlargement of the medial side of the foot adjacent the first MTP joint at the base of the big toe; whereas a bunionette  51  is that localized area of injury and enlargement of the lateral side of the foot adjacent the fifth MTP joint at the base of the little toe. The bunion and bunionette growth formations may extend when enlarged forward of the MTP joint, but are typically most pronounced and painful in the area juxtaposed to the MTP joint. Depending on the particular shoe construction, the key shoe-foot pressure engagement areas of the shoe for bunions and bunionettes can be located toward a rearward portion of the toebox, or in those areas of the shoe upper located on the medial and lateral sides of the upper just to the rear of the toebox, generally referred to herein as the forefront upper portion of the shoe. 
         [0139]    Referring to  FIG. 20 , the principles of this invention are illustrated as they might be applied to relieving pressure applied by a shoe  10 ′ at the key shoe-foot pressure engagement areas or points to bunion  50  and bunionette  51  areas of the foot juxtaposed along the outwardly directed sides of the first and fifth MTP joints respectively of the foot. The drawing numeral designations of like parts of the shoe as previously described for the first embodiment will be followed in the second and subsequent embodiment descriptions by one or more “prime” designations. As was the case for the first embodiment description of a cutout for accommodating the impact pressure of a forwardly sliding big toe, the cutout configuration(s)  22 ′ for accommodating and relieving shoe pressure applied to the bunion or bunionette could be, for example, of any configuration of the type(s) previously generally described. The cutout configurations  22 ′ illustrated in  FIGS. 20-24  are generally in the shape of a vertically oriented elongated expandable slot with a stretchable panel, layer or web material  24 ′ of the type previously described, extending across the cutout in the manner described above. 
         [0140]    By way of example only, other bunion cutout configurations are illustrated at  22 ″,  22 ′″ and  22 ″″ in  FIGS. 24 through 26  respectively. The cutout  22 ″ of  FIG. 24  comprises as plurality of cooperating elongated slot configurations of the type  22 ′ shown in  FIGS. 20 through 23 . The cutout  22 ′″ of  FIG. 25  is in the shape of the four point star cutout  22  illustrated in description of the first embodiment of the invention. The cutout  22 ″″ of  FIG. 26  is in the shape of a generally horizontally elongated slot configuration that might, for example, better accommodate a bunion  50  or bunionette  51  of significantly longitudinally elongated shape. 
         [0141]    It will be understood that while the cutout configurations  22 ′ illustrated in  FIG. 20  juxtaposed to the medial (bunion  50 ) and lateral (bunionette  51 ) sides of the shoe are of the same general shape, they need not be the same, but could be of different configurations and sizes to accommodate the varied pressure conditions that may be applied to the bunions/bunionettes by the particular shoe configuration to which the invention is applied. 
         [0142]    Since it is important that the cutout portions juxtaposed to the bunion and bunionette areas of foot be relatively free to open so that the advancing part of the bunion or bunionette can move into and through the cutout  20 ′ passageway as allowed by the stretchable panel material  24 ′, the areas overlying and adjacent the cutouts  22 ′ should preferably be free from reinforcing bands, materials, or layers of the type such as illustrated at  34 ,  36 , and  38  of  FIG. 9 , that typically form a part of an athletic shoe, which may hinder any expansion of the material forming, and/or defining the cutout  22 ′. 
         [0143]      FIGS. 21   a  and  21   b  illustrate how the cutout  22 ′ of the shoe  10 ′ might appear in situations where the foot is: ( FIG. 21   a ) at rest (not moving) within the shoe; and ( FIG. 21   b ) expanded/deployed when the sides of the foot move outwardly against the inner side portions of the toebox or forefoot upper of the shoe at the key shoe-foot engagement areas and apply outward pressure to the cutout  22 ′ portion.  FIGS. 22 and 23  further illustrate the cutout  22 ′ of the shoe  10 ′ of  FIG. 21  as it would appear respectively when the foot is in an at-rest position ( FIG. 22 ), and in an active, pressure applying position ( FIG. 23 ) within the shoe. 
         [0144]    It will be understood that the principles of the invention apply equally well to impact forces applied by the shoe to a foot when moving in a forward direction, or as a result of increased pressure forces applied to the foot as it moves toward or expands outwardly against the sides of the shoe. In both instances, the direction of forces applied inwardly by the shoe to the foot portion at the key shoe-foot impact or pressure engagement points, and conversely, the opposite outward forces applied by the foot portion to the cutout  22 ,  22 ′ portions of the shoe are generally perpendicular to the at-rest surface configuration of the cutout. 
         [0145]    While the invention has been illustrated with reference to preferred embodiment configurations as applicable to shoes configured for athletic wear and with reference to particular materials used for their construction, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other constructions and materials and modifications of the invention not specifically disclosed or referred to herein can be used without departing from the spirit and intent of the invention, and that the principles of the invention apply beyond shoes configured for specific sports. Further, while the invention has been described in association with a preferred embodiment for protection of a big toe of a foot, the principles of the invention are not limited to protection of protecting the big toe but are equally applicable for protecting other selected toes of the foot. Further, while the invention has been described in association with providing relief to portions of the foot subject to development of bunions and bunionettes, the principles of the invention apply to the protection of other selected areas of the foot subject to key shoe-foot impact or pressure engagement points. Those skilled in the art will recognize how to adapt the inventive principles to such other areas of foot protection. 
         [0146]    By way of example only, while an athletic shoe employing a cutout in combination with a stretchable elastic material has been described in association with several preferred embodiments of the invention, the invention is not limited to a toebox or forefoot upper configurations employing a cutout. An embodiment of a shoe having a toebox or shoe upper configured from materials of differing elasticity selectively positioned relative to one another in the toebox or shoe upper construction could also practice the invention. In such a toebox or shoe upper construction a majority of the toebox or shoe upper might be constructed from a material having no or relatively little stretchability, with that portion of the toebox or shoe upper corresponding to the key shoe-foot impact or pressure engagement points and a sufficient amount of surrounding shoe material laterally extending beyond the point of actual impact of the foot at such key areas to an extent sufficient to form a passageway for the toe, being constructed from a material of relatively high stretchability or elasticity. In such construction the highly stretchable material performs both functions of defining a passageway for the engaged foot portion beyond the normal outer surface of the toebox, while containing and damping outward movement of the engaged foot portion as it progresses against the bias of the stretchable material. 
         [0147]    This disclosure is intended to provide specific examples of preferred embodiment structures and applications that clearly disclose an apparatus and method applicable to the present invention and its operative principles. Accordingly, the invention is not to be limited to any particular embodiment or configuration or component parts thereof or to the use of any particular materials for their construction. All alternatives, modifications and variations of the present invention which fall within the broad scope of the appended claims are covered.