Abstract:
An islanded power system with a distributed power supply includes a system abnormality detection unit, which outputs an abnormality detection signal when an abnormality in a commercial system is detected; a breaker, which interrupts a supply of power from the commercial system when the abnormality detection signal is input from the system abnormality detection unit; a status detection unit, which outputs a breaker status signal when the breaker&#39;s open state is detected; and an electrical storage device, which compensates a fluctuation in load until a rotating machine generator switches to an islanded operation after the supply of power from the commercial system is interrupted by the breaker by starting the supply of power when the breaker status signal is input.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a National Phase application of International Application No. PCT/JP2009/003806, filed Aug. 7, 2009, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     The present invention relates to an islanded power system with a distributed power supply. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     In recent years, a “micro grid” for reducing the burden on a commercial system through a load following operation of a distributed power supply has been actively developed. In an energy supply system using a distributed power supply adopting the concept of the micro grid (hereinafter, simply referred to as a micro grid), there is a demand for a load following operation as follows. In a normal state, a connected operation is performed in which an electric generation amount is controlled so that the quantity of purchased power from the commercial system becomes stable. In an emergency state such as a blackout, an islanded operation is performed in which high-quality power (having a small fluctuation in voltage and frequency) is supplied into the micro grid system. 
     When the convenience of a building is taken into consideration, in an emergency state such as a blackout, it is desirable to construct a system that may switch to the islanded operation from the connected operation while maintaining high-quality power supply, without causing momentary interruption. Accordingly, the building may be continuously managed without a momentary stop inside the micro grid system, such as a computer comparatively sensitive to the quality (a fluctuation in voltage and frequency) of power, being influenced by an external blackout. 
     As the related art of switching to the islanded operation from the connected operation without causing momentary interruption, there is known an uninterruptible power supply switchable to an islanded operation disclosed in Patent Documents 1 and 2. This system will be briefly described by referring to  FIG. 3 . This system includes two types of power supplies, that is, a rotating machine generator  6  and a fuel cell  7 . For the communication of measurement data measured by measurement equipment  31 ,  41 ,  51 ,  61 , and  71  or a control signal output from a control unit  1 , for example, a high-speed signal line such as an analog signal line is used. 
     Furthermore, in  FIG. 3 , the bold solid line indicates a power line, and the thin solid line indicates a signal line (high speed). 
     During the islanded operation, the rotating machine generator  6  is controlled in accordance with a constant voltage control, so that a fluctuation in voltage inside the micro grid system is suppressed. In the case of the constant voltage control of the rotating machine generator  6 , the voltage of the islanded power system may fluctuate when there is a high frequency load fluctuation between the loads  3 ,  4 , and  5 . For this reason, in this system, the high frequency load fluctuation is compensated by using the fuel cell  7 , and only a low frequency load fluctuation is compensated in the rotating machine generator  6 , so that fluctuations in voltage of supplied power are suppressed. Further, when the islanded operation is selected, a detection signal of the system abnormality detection unit  9  detecting abnormality of the commercial system  2  is transmitted to the breaker  8  via a high-speed signal line, and a control signal is supplied to respective power supplies (the rotating machine generator  6  and the fuel cell  7 ) via a high-speed signal line using the control unit  1 . Accordingly, since the breaker  8  is opened and the control for the islanded operation of each power supply is selected at once, a momentary interruption does not occur. 
     However, in the system configuration shown in  FIG. 3 , since all signals are transmitted and received via the high-speed signal line, a problem arises in that cost increases due to the work of burying the signal line. In order to solve such a problem, as a modified example of the system configuration of  FIG. 3 , for example, a system configuration may be considered in which an existing low-speed signal line such as a LAN line is used. As shown in  FIG. 4 , a signal line enabling a high-speed signal transmission is used as only the signal line S 1  between the system abnormality detection unit  9  and the breaker  8 , and a low-speed signal line is used as the other signal lines, whereby an increase in cost due to the work of burying the signal line may be suppressed. 
     Furthermore, in  FIG. 4 , the bold solid line indicates a power line, the thin chain line indicates a signal line (low speed), and the thin solid line indicates a signal line (high speed). 
     However, in the uninterruptible power generating system switchable to the islanded operation ( FIG. 3 ) shown in Patent Documents 1 and 2, when the islanded operation is selected, the operation mode of the fuel cell is changed from the constant power control to the constant voltage control, and hence only the system voltage is maintained. For this reason, there is a problem in that it is difficult to maintain the frequency of the micro grid system in the islanded operation. Further, both the rotating machine generator and the fuel cell as the power supplies have a minimum power generation output due to the principle of power generation. For this reason, when the sum of the load inside the micro grid system in the islanded operation is equal to or less than the sum of the minimum output of the generators, there is a problem in that the supply of power is stopped. 
     Further, as in the system configuration shown in  FIG. 4 , when a LAN line is used as an existing low-speed signal line, there is a time delay of an order of several seconds for transmitting and receiving data. For this reason, there are problems in that the fuel cell may not compensate a high frequency load fluctuation of an order of several seconds or less during the islanded operation due to the time delay caused by the low-speed signal line and the quality of supplied power is degraded. Further, when the islanded operation is selected, the load compensated by the rotating machine generator changes in a step shape (at a very high speed) for the time delay caused by the low-speed signal line in accordance with the power flow of the breaker, thereby causing a problem in that the quality of power is degraded. 
     RELATED ART DOCUMENT 
     Patent Document 
     
         
         Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2002-135982 
         Patent Document 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2002-171671 
       
    
     SUMMARY 
     Problem to be Solved by the Invention 
     The present invention is made in view of these circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide an islanded power system with a distributed power supply capable of maintaining supplied power quality without causing momentary interruption when switching to an islanded operation of a distributed power supply. 
     Means for Solving the Problem 
     According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided an islanded power system with a distributed power supply including: a system abnormality detection unit which outputs an abnormality detection signal when an abnormality in a commercial system is detected; a breaker which interrupts a supply of power from the commercial system when the abnormality detection signal is input from the system abnormality detection unit; a status detection unit which outputs a breaker status signal when the breaker&#39;s open state is detected; and an electrical storage device which compensates a fluctuation in load until a rotating machine generator switches to an islanded operation after the supply of power from the commercial system is interrupted by the breaker by starting the supply of power when the breaker status signal is input. 
     In the islanded power system with the distributed power supply of the aspect, the status detection unit may transmit the breaker status signal via a high-speed signal line compared to other control system signals. 
     In the islanded power system with the distributed power supply of the aspect, when the breaker status signal is input from the status detection unit, the electrical storage device may measure an amount of supplied power thereof and perform an operation control so that a current control value is equal to a predetermined control value on the basis of the measurement amount of supplied power. 
     Effect of the Invention 
     According to the present invention, when the supply of power from the commercial system is interrupted, the supply of power is started by the electrical storage device capable of performing high-speed load following operation. Accordingly, a fluctuation in load may be compensated until the rotating machine generator switches to the islanded operation after the supply of power from the commercial system is interrupted. Therefore, there is an advantage in that supplied power quality may be maintained without causing momentary interruption when switching to an islanded operation of a distributed power supply. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is an explanatory diagram illustrating an example of power quality of an islanded power system according to the embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an islanded power system according to the related art. 
         FIG. 4  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a system that is designed to improve the islanded power system shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Hereinafter, an islanded power system with a distributed power supply according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described by referring to the drawings.  FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of the embodiment. In this drawing, the same reference numerals are given to the same components of the system shown in  FIG. 4 , and a description thereof is omitted. The islanded power system shown in this drawing is different from the system shown in  FIG. 4  in that a fuel cell  7  is replaced with two types of electrical storage devices, that is, an electrical storage device (for example, an electric double layer capacitor)  10  performing the fastest load fluctuation compensation and an electrical storage device (for example, a nickel-hydrogen cell)  11  performing a control at the time interval of a several second order or more (medium speed), a status detection unit  81  is provided to detect the status of a breaker  8 , and a control unit  1  is configured to control the operation of three power supplies (a rotating machine generator  6 , the electrical storage device  10 , and the electrical storage device  11 ). 
     Furthermore, in  FIG. 1 , the bold solid line indicates a power line, the thin chain line indicates a signal line (low speed), and the thin solid line indicates a signal line (high speed). 
     Next, an operation of the islanded power system shown in  FIG. 1  will be described by referring to  FIG. 1 . First, a system abnormality detection unit  9  monitors power supplied from a commercial system  2 , and transmits an abnormality detection signal to the breaker  8  and the control unit  1  when the abnormality of the commercial system is detected. At this time, a high-speed signal line is used as a signal line that transmits an abnormality detection signal S 1  to the breaker  8 . When the breaker  8  receives the abnormality detection signal S 1 , the breaker interrupts the commercial system (opens a switch). Further, when the control unit  1  receives the abnormality detection signal, the control unit switches to an islanded operation. In the islanded operation mode, the control unit  1  controls the operation of three power supplies (the rotating machine generator  6 , the electrical storage device  10 , and the electrical storage device  11 ) on the basis of load fluctuation measurement data of loads  3 ,  4 , and  5  output from measurement equipment  31 ,  41 , and  51 , and supplied power measurement data of the rotating machine generator  6 , the electrical storage device  10  and the electrical storage device  11  output from measurement equipment  61 ,  101 , and  111 . At this time, a low-speed signal line is used to transmit the measurement data and the operation control signal. 
     On the other hand, when the status detection unit  81  detects that the breaker  8  enters the interruption state (the switch opened state), the status detection unit  81  directly transmits a breaker status signal representing the interruption state to the electrical storage device  10  via the high-speed signal line (without using the control unit  1 ). Accordingly, the electrical storage device  10  starts a power supply operation control at the time of the islanded operation. In the islanded operation mode, the electrical storage device  10  receives a measurement result of the measurement equipment  101  representing measurement data of supplied power thereof via the high-speed signal line, and performs an own operation control (for the electrical storage device  10 ) so that a current control value is equal to a predetermined control value on the basis of the measurement data (hereinafter, this operation control is referred to as a local following control). Accordingly, a time delay caused by the low-speed signal line may be solved, and a high frequency load fluctuation may be compensated. 
     Likewise, the electrical storage device  10  rapidly switches to the control for the islanded operation by receiving the breaker status signal from the status detection unit  81  via the high-speed signal line. Accordingly, a high frequency load fluctuation may be compensated during a time until the rotating machine generator  6  or the electrical storage device  11  enters the control for the islanded operation mode (for a time delay caused by the low-speed signal line). 
     Furthermore, in order to prevent a time delay caused by the initial calculation time upon starting the islanded operation control in the electrical storage device  10 , the control unit  1  may normally calculate a control value when the islanded operation mode is selected from a background of a connected operation, and transmit the control value to the electrical storage device  10  at a predetermined timing. 
     Further, in  FIG. 1 , a system configuration has been exemplified in which one unit of the electrical storage device  10  and one unit of the electrical storage device  11  are provided, but plural units of the electrical storage devices  10  and  11  may be provided. Further, a system configuration having only the electrical storage device  10  may be adopted by omitting the electrical storage device  11 . 
     Next, power quality when switching to the islanded operation mode according to the embodiment of the present invention will be described by referring to  FIG. 2 . In  FIG. 2 , the horizontal axis indicates a time (sec), the left vertical axis indicates a frequency [Hz], and the right vertical axis indicates a voltage [kV]. Further, in  FIG. 2 , the connected operation is performed for a time T 1  (−20 to 0 (sec)), and the islanded operation is performed for a time T 2  (0 to 30 (sec)). Further, in  FIG. 2 , a graph g 1  indicates the waveform of a frequency, and a graph g 2  indicates the waveform of a voltage. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a measurement result for a one second period when entering the islanded operation mode on the condition that a gas engine of 350 kW is used as the rotating machine generator  6 , a nickel-hydrogen cell of 400 kWh is used as the electrical storage device  11 , and an electric double layer capacitor having a 100 kW×charge-discharge of 2 seconds is used as the electrical storage device  10 . Here, the gas engine (the rotating machine generator  6 ) and the nickel-hydrogen cell (the electrical storage device  11 ) were controlled by the control unit  1  via a LAN line. The electric double layer capacitor (the electrical storage device  10 ) performed a local following control. In the islanded power system according to the embodiment of the present invention, a fluctuation in voltage of the islanded operation including the time immediately after the selection of the islanded operation is 1% or less with respect to 6.6 kV as a control target value of the measurement, and a fluctuation in frequency is ±0.1 Hz with respect to 50 Hz as a control target value. For this reason, a high-quality power supply may be realized. 
     As described above, since the rotating machine generator  6  is operated in accordance with a constant-voltage/constant-frequency control, the electrical storage devices  10  and  11  capable of maintaining the power quality (both the voltage and the frequency) inside a micro grid system and temporarily storing power by charging are used. For this reason, power supply may be maintained even when the sum of the load inside the micro grid system in the islanded operation mode is equal to or less than the minimum output of the rotating machine generator  6 . By using the method of performing a control in the islanded operation and the method of controlling the switch to the islanded operation of the micro grid according to the embodiment of the present invention, high-quality power supply may be continuously performed including the time of switching to the islanded operation mode. As a result, equipment inside the micro grid may be prevented from being affected in the event of an abnormality such as breakout. Further, a signal line enabling high-speed communication is used as the signal line from the system abnormality detection unit  9  to the breaker  8 , the signal line from the breaker  8  to the electrical storage device  10 , and the signal line from the measurement equipment  101  to the electrical storage device  10 , and a low-speed signal line such as a LAN line is used as other signal lines. For this reason, it is possible to prevent an increase in cost due to the work of burying the signal line. 
     INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
     The present invention may be applied to an islanded power system with a distributed power supply capable of maintaining supplied power quality without causing momentary interruption when switching to an islanded operation of a distributed power supply. 
     REFERENCE SYMBOLS 
     
         
         
           
               1 : CONTROL UNIT 
               2 : COMMERCIAL SYSTEM 
               3 ,  4 ,  5 : LOAD 
               6 : ROTATING MACHINE GENERATOR 
               8 : BREAKER 
               81 : STATUS DETECTION UNIT 
               9 : SYSTEM ABNORMALITY DETECTION UNIT 
               10 : ELECTRICAL STORAGE DEVICE (HIGH SPEED) 
               11 : ELECTRICAL STORAGE DEVICE (MEDIUM SPEED) 
               31 ,  41 ,  51 ,  61 ,  101 ,  111 : MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT