Abstract:
A method for manufacturing a component having an electrical through-connection is described. The method includes the following steps: providing a semiconductor substrate having a front side and a back side opposite from the front side, producing an insulating trench, which annularly surrounds a contact area, on the front side of the semiconductor substrate, filling the insulating trench with an insulating material, producing an electrical contact structure on the front side of the semiconductor substrate by depositing an electrically conductive material in the contact area, removing the semiconductor material remaining in the contact area on the back side of the semiconductor substrate in order to produce a contact hole which opens up the bottom side of the contact structure, and depositing a metallic material in the contact hole in order to electrically connect the electrical contact structure to the back side of the semiconductor substrate.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a component, in particular a microelectromechanical component, having an electrical through-connection. 
       BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
       [0002]    Electrical contact structures which extend through a semiconductor substrate are used, among other things, in microelectromechanical system components (MEMS, microelectromechanical system). Thus, such contact structures, also referred to as a through contact, through-connection, via (vertical interconnect access), or, in the case of a silicon substrate, as a through silicon via (TSV), are used, for example, to electrically connect various planes of the component to one another. These vertical through-connections allow a particularly space-saving design. In addition to simple rewirings, such through-connections allow individual components to be stacked on top of one another to form a so-called 3D package. Thus, for example, a sensor chip, a sensor cap, and an evaluation circuit (ASIC) may be put together in a space-saving manner in the form of a 3D package, the vertical electrical connections between the individual components being implemented with the aid of electrical through-connections. The term “MEMS 3D integration” is also used for the stacking and through contacting of individual components. 
         [0003]    In implementing vertical contacts, the aim is to achieve contact structures having the smallest possible base area. At the same time, electrical through-connections should have the lowest possible volume resistance. To achieve this, very narrow holes having practically vertical walls are generally provided in the semiconductor substrate. This may be achieved using a customary trench method or a laser, for example. After the subsequent deposition of a thin insulating layer on the side walls and the base of the contact holes and opening of the insulating layer at the base of the contact hole, the holes are completely or partially filled with a metal. The filling is carried out either with the aid of a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process or by depositing a metal layer with the aid of an electroplating process in combination with a previously deposited starting layer (seed layer). 
         [0004]    Since in this concept the production of the through-connections takes place at the very end of the wafer process, these approaches are also referred to as “via-last.” A critical factor, among others, in these via-last approaches is the poor quality of the insulating layer, since the deposition of insulating material in the deep holes having a high aspect ratio may be achieved only in small thicknesses due to technical reasons. In addition, the oxides typically used as the insulating material have relatively poor oxide quality, since only deposition processes having a low maximum process temperature may be used at the end of the wafer processing. Due to the high aspect ratio of the holes, opening the insulating layer at the base of the holes is also particularly difficult. This is true in particular for thick insulating layers. Lastly, the deposition of a diffusion barrier, which is typically carried out prior to the metal deposition, is also very difficult technically due to the high aspect ratio and the depth of the holes. 
         [0005]    In principle, through-connections may also be produced in earlier process stages. Thus, for example, in the middle of the wafer process a blind hole may be produced in the wafer and provided with an insulating layer and a barrier layer. After subsequent filling of the contact hole with a metal, a connection between the metallic filling and structures on the front side of the wafer may be established in a simple front-side process. Further front-side processes may subsequently take place. The filled blind hole is typically produced prior to the production of the metal printed conductors on the front side of the wafer, in the so-called metal back-end process. 
         [0006]    At the end of the standard wafer process sequence, the wafer is ground on the back side, the grinding being made deep enough that the metallic filling of the blind hole is exposed. Lastly, an insulating layer is deposited on the back side of the wafer, and contact areas for the metal contact surfaces are opened in the insulating layer. Rewiring of the metal contacts may then also be carried out via a further metal layer which is deposited on the back side of the wafer. In these typical via-middle processes, differences in the thermal coefficients of expansion of the metals used and of the silicon substrate may result in damage to the previously applied TSV structures during the back-end processes. In addition, the grinding process has proven to be very difficult, since various materials such as silicon, oxide, barrier material, and metal must be ground at the same time; furthermore, metal smearing over the oxide insulating surface must be avoided to the greatest extent possible. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0007]    An object of the present invention, therefore, is to provide a via-middle approach for producing an electrical through-connection, which is robust at elevated back-end process temperatures, and which at the same time avoids metal entrainment during the grinding. 
         [0008]    According to the present invention, a method for manufacturing a component having a through-connection is provided in which a semiconductor substrate having a front side and a back side opposite from the front side is provided, and an insulating trench which annularly surrounds a contact area is produced on the front side of the semiconductor substrate. An insulating material is subsequently introduced into the insulating trench to produce a ring-shaped insulating structure. Method steps of a back-end process are then carried out, within the scope of which an electrical contact structure is produced on the front side of the semiconductor substrate by depositing an electrically conductive material in the contact area. The semiconductor material remaining in the contact area is subsequently removed on the back side of the semiconductor substrate in order to produce a contact hole which opens up the bottom side of the contact structure. Lastly, a metallic material is deposited in the contact hole in order to electrically connect the electrical contact structure to the back side of the semiconductor material. In this method, the contact hole is not filled with metal until the end of the manufacturing process for the component, so that the finished through-connection is not exposed to elevated back-end process temperatures. The damage to the TSV structures which usually occurs during the back-end processes due to the different thermal coefficients of expansion of the metal filling of the through-connection and of the semiconductor substrate may thus be avoided. At the same time, higher maximum process temperatures may be used at the end of the wafer processing, which, for example, allows better quality of the deposited oxide layers. Due to the use of the ring-shaped insulating trench, a particularly thick insulating layer may be achieved between the metal filling of the through-connection and the surrounding semiconductor material, which in turn reduces the risk of leakage currents and capacitive interferences. Compared to a via-last process, in which the through-connection is applied at the very end of the wafer process, in the method according to the present invention neither deposition of a diffusion barrier nor opening of the insulating layer at the base of the contact hole through the contact hole is necessary. The accompanying problems are thus eliminated. 
         [0009]    According to one specific embodiment, the insulating trench is designed as a blind hole, and after the electrical contact structure is produced on the front side of the semiconductor substrate, the semiconductor substrate is thinned from the back side in order to expose the insulating material. This method allows greater layer thicknesses of the wafer during processing, thus on the one hand simplifying the handling of the wafer and on the other hand reducing the risk of breakage of the wafer. Since the contact hole is not filled with metal until after the semiconductor wafer has been ground, in contrast to a via-middle approach the risk of metal smearing over the oxide insulating surface is reduced. 
         [0010]    In another specific embodiment it is provided that an insulating layer is produced on the back side of the semiconductor substrate after the semiconductor substrate is thinned. The semiconductor material remaining in the contact area is subsequently selectively removed with respect to the insulating layer and with respect to the insulating material in the insulating trench with the aid of an isotropic etching process. A self-adjusting opening of the contact hole is thus achieved. Deep contact holes having high aspect ratios may also be reliably etched. 
         [0011]    Another specific embodiment provides that the insulating layer is produced on the back side of the semiconductor substrate, and the semiconductor material is removed from the front side of the substrate to produce the insulating trench down to the insulating layer. The insulating layer is then opened in the contact area on the back side of the semiconductor substrate, and the contact hole is produced by selectively etching the semiconductor material remaining in the contact area with respect to the insulating layer and with respect to the insulating material in the insulating trench. With the aid of this method, contact holes having defined depths may be produced in a particularly simple way. The insulating layer produced on the back side is thus used for producing the insulating trench in a front-side process, and also for opening the contact hole in a back-side process. 
         [0012]    In another specific embodiment it is provided that a combination of an oxide deposition and a polysilicon deposition is used for introducing the insulating material into the insulating trench. This combined material deposition is particularly advantageous for filling trenches having an average trench width. 
         [0013]    In another specific embodiment it is provided that glass, in particular borosilicate glass, which is introduced into the insulating trench with the aid of an embossing process, is used as the insulating material. By using glass, and in particular borosilicate glass, as the insulating material, relatively wide insulating trenches may be produced, thus reducing the risk of possible parasitic capacitances and leakage currents. In particular, fairly wide trenches may be filled in a particularly advantageous manner with the aid of the embossing process. Since glass has a coefficient of thermal expansion comparable to that of silicon, thermally induced mechanical stresses in the substrate may thus be reduced. 
         [0014]    In another specific embodiment it is provided that the deposition of the metallic material in the contact hole is carried out together with establishing rewiring on the back side of the semiconductor substrate. Method steps may thus be saved, also resulting in simplification of the manufacturing process, and thus also in a reduction in the manufacturing costs for the component. 
         [0015]    Another specific embodiment provides that the thinning of the semiconductor substrate is carried out with the aid of a grinding process, a wet or dry etching process, or a combination of a grinding process and a wet or dry etching process. Particularly thick semiconductor layers may be effectively thinned with the aid of the grinding process. In contrast, wet and dry etching processes allow the selective removal of the semiconductor material. 
         [0016]    In another specific embodiment it is provided that a low-temperature deposition process in combination with a barrier layer and/or a seed layer is used for filling the contact hole with the metallic material. The thermal stress on the finished component may be kept relatively low with the aid of the low-temperature deposition process. A barrier layer effectively prevents the diffusion of the metal into the semiconductor material. In contrast, the starting layer or seed layer allows optimal growth of the metallic material in the contact hole. 
         [0017]    Another specific embodiment provides that prior to the deposition of the metallic material in the contact hole, the electrical contact structure is electrically connected to a complementary contact structure of the functional substrate within the scope of a bonding process in which the semiconductor substrate is connected to a functional substrate. Since the metal deposition in the contact hole does not take place until after the bonding process, it is ensured that the finished through-connection is not exposed to the thermal stresses which occur during the bonding process. 
         [0018]    In another specific embodiment it is provided that a cavern for accommodating a functional structure situated on the surface of the functional substrate is produced before the semiconductor substrate is connected to the functional substrate on the front side of the semiconductor substrate. With the aid of such a cavern, a receiving space for the functional structures is produced which allows a gas-tight enclosure of the functional structures with respect to the outside. 
         [0019]    According to the present invention, in addition a component including a semiconductor substrate which has a through-connection that passes through the semiconductor substrate from a front side to a back side opposite from the front side is provided. The through-connection includes an insulating structure composed of an insulating trench which is filled with an insulating material and which annularly surrounds a contact area, an electrical contact structure situated on the front side of the semiconductor substrate in the contact area, and a metallic filling, situated in the contact area, which is delimited by the insulating structure and which electrically connects the electrical contact structure to the back side of the semiconductor substrate. Due to the option of producing the insulating trench with an arbitrary thickness, the through-connection may be adapted to various technical applications. In particular, good electrical insulation of the metallic filling from the surrounding semiconductor substrate may be provided with the aid of a relatively wide insulating trench. At the same time, interfering capacitances are also reduced. Furthermore, the diameter of the metallic filling may have an arbitrary size, so that the volume resistance of the through-connection may be adapted to various applications relatively easily. 
         [0020]    In one specific embodiment it is provided that the semiconductor substrate has a cavern and is connected to the functional substrate in such a way that a functional structure situated on the surface of the functional substrate is present inside the cavern. The electrical contact structure is electrically connected to a complementary contact structure of the functional structure. In this configuration, the semiconductor substrate is used as a cap for the functional structures of the functional substrate. The through-connection allows an electrical connection of the functional structure enclosed between the two substrates. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0021]      FIG. 1  shows a semiconductor substrate with a ring-shaped insulating trench provided on the front side. 
           [0022]      FIG. 2  shows the semiconductor substrate from  FIG. 1 , with the insulating trench filled with an insulating material. 
           [0023]      FIG. 3  shows the semiconductor substrate from  FIG. 2  with contact structures produced on the front side and a cavern prior to bonding to a functional substrate which includes a functional structure. 
           [0024]      FIG. 4  shows the semiconductor substrate and the functional substrate after the bonding process. 
           [0025]      FIG. 5  shows the semiconductor substrate after the semiconductor substrate has been thinned from the back side. 
           [0026]      FIG. 6  shows the semiconductor substrate with an insulating layer on the back side of the semiconductor substrate which has been opened in the contact area. 
           [0027]      FIG. 7  shows the finished component after removal of the semiconductor material of the semiconductor substrate remaining in the contact area. 
           [0028]      FIG. 8  shows the component from  FIG. 7  after the contact hole has been filled with a metallic material. 
           [0029]      FIG. 9  shows a semiconductor substrate which has an insulating layer on back side. 
           [0030]      FIG. 10  shows an alternative process variant which manages without thinning of the semiconductor wafer. 
           [0031]      FIG. 11  shows an alternative process variant which manages without thinning of the semiconductor wafer. 
           [0032]      FIG. 12  shows an alternative process variant which manages without thinning of the semiconductor wafer. 
           [0033]      FIG. 13  shows an alternative process variant which manages without thinning of the semiconductor wafer. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0034]    The method according to the present invention is explained in greater detail below as an example, with reference to the manufacture of a component having at least one microelectromechanical functional structure, such as a microelectromechanical motion sensor or yaw rate sensor. The through-connection is produced in a semiconductor substrate which is used as a cap wafer for the microelectromechanical functional structure situated on the functional substrate. The starting point is a semiconductor substrate, for example in the form of a silicon wafer, in which a ring-shaped insulating structure in the form of an insulating trench filled with an insulating material is initially produced. Insulating trench  121  may be produced, for example, using a customary trench method or with the aid of a laser.  FIG. 1  shows semiconductor substrate  100 , having a front side  101  and a back side  102  opposite from front side  101 . A ring-shaped trench structure  121  is initially produced on front side  101  of semiconductor substrate  100 . Trench structure  121  surrounds an inner contact area  103  in a ring-shaped manner; in the present case, “ring-shaped” means circular and rectangular as well as other arbitrary closed shapes. Trench structure  121  is produced by removing the semiconductor material with the aid of a photolithographic process (trenching) or with the aid of a laser. The semiconductor material is preferably removed only down to a defined depth, so that trench structure  121  only extends through a portion of semiconductor substrate  100 .  FIG. 1  shows semiconductor substrate  100  having completely produced trench structure  121 . 
         [0035]    Trench structure  121  is subsequently filled with an insulating material. High temperatures are allowed in this method stage. Various processes may be used to produce the insulating layer, depending on the application. It is advantageous to use a thermal oxide for closing the trench structures, in particular for trench structures having a relatively small trench width of less than 10 μm. For average trench widths (between 5 μm and 25 μm), the trenches may be filled, for example, with a combination of an oxide deposition and a polysilicon deposition. An oxide layer is initially deposited on the side walls and the base of trench structure  121 , and the resulting reduced trench structure is filled using polysilicon. For relatively wide trenches (greater than 10 μm) it may be particularly advantageous to fill the trenches with glass, for example borosilicate glass. For this purpose, the glass is introduced into trench structure  121  in an embossing process.  FIG. 2  shows semiconductor substrate  100  with insulating structure  120  produced by depositing an insulating material  122  inside trench structure  121 . 
         [0036]    After insulating trench  121  is filled, the back-end process is now carried out, an electrical contact surface being produced on the substrate surface which is surrounded by the insulating trench. The back-end process may also include the production of a wafer stack, in which multiple wafers are situated one above the other. Thus, for example, a sensor wafer may be bonded to the prepared substrate wafer. In the present exemplary embodiment, a functional substrate  200  is bonded to semiconductor substrate  100 , semiconductor substrate  100  being used as a cap wafer for microelectromechanical functional structures  221  situated on functional substrate  200 . An electrical connection to contact elements of functional substrate  200  is to be established with the aid of the through-connection. For this purpose, an electrical contact with the silicon punch which is surrounded by the insulating trench is established, preferably in a CMOS process. For MEMS applications, however, the substrate may also be used as a cap, and a contact area for a second wafer, for example a sensor wafer, may be produced. Establishing electrical contact structure  130  in contact area  103  and connecting the two wafers are preferably carried out in one step, using a metallic bonding process. Bonding processes having two metal layers, which as a combination form alloys having a liquid phase whose melting temperature is below the melting temperature of the individual metal layers, are particularly advantageous. For this purpose, for example aluminum and germanium, copper and tin, and similar systems are suitable as metal combinations. 
         [0037]      FIG. 3  shows semiconductor substrate  100  with electrical contact structure  130  produced in contact area  103 , as well as further metal layers  131 ,  132  on the surface of front side  101  of the substrate which are used as connecting structures. In addition,  FIG. 3  shows a chip  200  which has been prepared for bonding to semiconductor substrate  100 . Chip  200 , which is designed as a sensor chip, for example, includes a functional structure  210  having a functional layer  220  provided thereon. A microelectromechanical functional structure  221 , for example a microelectromechanical motion sensor, is provided within functional layer  220 , which is separated from functional structure  210  by an insulating layer  240 . Microelectromechanical functional structure  221  is connected via electrical terminal and contact structures  222 ,  223  to an electrical contact structure  230  which is provided for connecting to electrical contact structure  130  of the semiconductor wafer. In addition, multiple connecting structures  231 ,  232  are situated on functional layer  220  which are used as complementary connecting structures for connection to connecting structures  131 ,  132  of the semiconductor wafer. 
         [0038]    As shown in  FIG. 3 , a cavern  105  for accommodating microelectromechanical functional structures  221  has been produced in semiconductor substrate  100 . The semiconductor material may be removed with the aid of a suitable etching process. For bonding, chip  200  and semiconductor substrate  100  are aligned in such a way that complementary connecting pads  231 ,  232  abut on connecting pads  131 ,  132 , respectively, and complementary contact pad  230  abuts on contact pad  130 . After a heating step, connecting structures  131 ,  132 ,  231 ,  232  now form semiconductor substrate  100  and connecting structures  331 ,  332  which connect chip  200 . In contrast, contact pads  130 ,  230  (from  FIG. 3 ) now form a contact structure  330  which connects semiconductor substrate  100  to the chip. The corresponding method stage is shown in  FIG. 4 . 
         [0039]    After the back-end process, semiconductor substrate  100  is thinned from back side  102 . The thinning may be carried out with the aid of a grinding process, a wet or dry etching process, or a combination of these processes. During the thinning, the semiconductor material on back side  102  of semiconductor substrate  100  is removed with the aid of a grinding process, a wet or dry etching process, or a combination of these processes until insulating trench  121 , which is filled with insulating material  122 , is completely exposed.  FIG. 5  shows a corresponding method stage. 
         [0040]    Semiconductor material  104  remaining in contact area  103  between insulating structures  120  is subsequently removed from back side  102  of semiconductor wafer  100  with the aid of a suitable method. An insulating layer  140 , which may also be used as a protective mask for etching semiconductor material  104  in contact area  103 , has been applied beforehand to back side  102  of the semiconductor substrate. In this case, insulating layer  140  is opened in contact area  103 .  FIG. 6  shows the corresponding method stage. 
         [0041]    Insulating material  104  is subsequently selectively removed with respect to insulating layer  140  and selectively removed with respect to insulating material  121 , preferably with the aid of an isotropic etching process, until bottom side  333  of contact structure  330  is exposed. Isotropic etching processes which also allow high aspect ratios, for example using Cl, F 3 , or XeF 2 , or plasma etching with SF 6 , are preferably used for etching semiconductor punch  104 . The corresponding method stage is illustrated in  FIG. 7 . 
         [0042]    Lastly, resulting contact hole  111  is filled with an electrically conductive material  114 , in particular a metallic material. The filling process may also be carried out simultaneously with the establishing of rewiring  150  on back side  102  of semiconductor substrate  100 . Contact hole  111  may be filled using known methods. Low-temperature processes such as electroplating application of copper (Cu ECD) are particularly advantageous. With the aid of suitable barrier layers  115  for suppressing the metal diffusion, electroplating copper deposition may be combined with seed layers for improving the layer growth.  FIG. 8  shows a corresponding method stage. 
         [0043]    For bonded wafers, it is particularly advantageous for contact hole  111  to be filled with metal only after the wafer bonding process, so that metallic filling  104  is not exposed to thermal stress during the bonding process. Thus, metals such as copper, which have a high thermal coefficient of expansion compared to silicon, may also be used for the filling process.  FIG. 8  shows finished component  300 , including sensor chip  200  which is bonded to semiconductor substrate  100 . Semiconductor substrate  100  is used as a cap wafer for microelectromechanical functional structure  211 . Microelectromechanical functional structure  211 , which is designed as a motion sensor, for example, is electrically connected to electrical conductor structure  150  via electrical terminal and contact structures  223 ,  222 ,  333 , and  114 . 
         [0044]      FIGS. 9 through 13  show an alternative process variant which manages without thinning of the semiconductor wafer. Thus,  FIG. 9 , similarly to  FIG. 1 , shows a semiconductor substrate  100  which in contrast to the semiconductor substrate from  FIG. 1  has an insulating layer  141  on back side  102 . Insulating trench  121  is now formed down to insulating layer  141 . This is preferably carried out with the aid of a suitable etching process in which insulating layer  141  is used as an etch stop layer. 
         [0045]    Insulating trench  121  is subsequently filled with an insulating material  122 , in particular glass, for example borosilicate glass. This method stage is shown in  FIG. 10 . 
         [0046]    A cavern  105  is then produced on front side  101  of semiconductor substrate  100 . In addition, appropriate contact pads and connecting pads  130 ,  131 ,  132  are produced on front side  101  of semiconductor substrate  100 , for example by depositing suitable materials. The corresponding method stage is shown in  FIG. 11 . 
         [0047]    Semiconductor wafer  100  prepared in this way is bonded at its front side  101  to a functional substrate  210  or to a corresponding chip  200  in a bonding process. The corresponding method stage is shown in  FIG. 11 . 
         [0048]    Insulating layer  141 , which is situated on back side  102  of semiconductor substrate  100 , is opened in contact area  103  in a further method step. This method stage is shown in  FIG. 11 . 
         [0049]    Semiconductor material  104  remaining in contact area  103  is subsequently selectively removed with respect to insulating layer  141  and with respect to insulating material  122  of insulating structure  120  with the aid of a suitable method, and the bottom side of contact structure  130  is exposed. A corresponding method stage is shown in  FIG. 12 . 
         [0050]    Lastly, the cavity thus formed is filled with an electrically conductive material, preferably a metal. During the metal plating, rewiring structure  150  may also be produced at the same time on back side  102  of semiconductor substrate  100 . The corresponding method stage is shown in  FIG. 13 . 
         [0051]    As an alternative to a completely filled via, the metal plating may be implemented as a thin metal layer which only wets the side walls of the ring-shaped insulating structure. 
         [0052]    Although the present invention has been illustrated and described in greater detail by the preferred exemplary embodiments, the present invention is not limited by the disclosed examples. Rather, other variations may also be derived therefrom by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of protection of the present invention. In particular, any other suitable materials may be used in addition to the materials mentioned herein, for example substrate materials, metal plating materials, and insulating materials. In principle, any meaningful combination of the various materials may also be considered for this purpose. 
         [0053]    Thus, the metal plating of the contact hole and/or establishing the rewiring may also be carried out using an inkjet printing process, for example, in which, for example, a nanosilver ink containing an easily expelled organic material as solvent is used for the metal plating. A metal paste printing process is also conceivable in principle. 
         [0054]    Furthermore, in principle the through-connection produced here may also be used for microelectronic components in addition to microelectromechanical components. 
         [0055]    In principle, it is possible to subsequently produce the microelectromechanical component with the aid of a so-called wafer-on-wafer process in which wafers are bonded to one another, and the bonded wafers are subsequently separated with the aid of a so-called die-on-wafer process in which individual dies are bonded to a wafer and the wafer is subsequently separated, or with the aid of a so-called die-on-die process in which already separated dies are bonded to one another.