Abstract:
Apparatus for the direct reduction of mineral iron comprising a vertical reduction furnace ( 10 ) of the type with a gravitational load to achieve therein reduction reactions of the mineral iron, means ( 11 ) to feed the mineral iron into the furnace ( 10 ) from above, means to raise the temperature of a reducing gas, mixing means suitable to obtain a mixture of the reducing gas with at least a hydrocarbon, means to inject the mixture of high temperature gas, and means to remove ( 15 ) the reduced mineral from the lower part of the furnace ( 10 ), the furnace ( 10 ) being provided with at least two zones ( 12, 14 ), arranged vertically distanced, in each of which a mixture of high temperature gas is suitable to be introduced so as to achieve the reduction reactions in a controlled manner.

Description:
[0001]    This application is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/457,711, filed Dec. 10, 1999. 
     
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    This invention relates to an apparatus to produce metallic iron starting from mineral iron, wherein the iron is present in the form of oxides, which comprises a reduction furnace with multiple inlets for the reducing gas and inside which the process of direct reduction of the iron (DRI) is carried out. The reduced iron may exit from the reduction furnace either hot or cold and may be subsequently sent to a melting furnace to produce liquid steel, or converted into hot briquette steel (HBI).  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    The state of the art includes apparatus of direct reduction which use the injection of hydrocarbons into the current of reducing gas to allow the reaction of reforming the methane in the furnace with the H 2 O and CO 2  in the gas; there are also known processes of direct reduction which use the injection of hydrocarbons with C&gt;5 directly into the furnace in the zone between the injection of the reducing gas and the outlet from above of the burnt gas.  
           [0004]    From the following patent documents other apparatus or processes are known for the direct reduction of mineral iron:  
           [0005]    U.S. Pat. No. 2,189,260, U.S. Pat. No. 3,601,381, U.S. Pat. No. 3,748,120,  
           [0006]    U.S. Pat. No. 3,749,386, U.S. Pat. No. 3,764,123, U.S. Pat. No. 3,770,421,  
           [0007]    U.S. Pat. No. 4,054,444, U.S. Pat. No. 4,173,465, U.S. Pat. No. 4,188,022,  
           [0008]    U.S. Pat. No. 4,234,169, U.S. Pat. No. 4,201,571, U.S. Pat. No. 4,270,739,  
           [0009]    U.S. Pat. No. 4,374,585, U.S. Pat. No. 4,528,030, U.S. Pat. No. 4,556,417,  
           [0010]    U.S. Pat. No. 4,720,299, U.S. Pat. No. 4,900,356, U.S. Pat. No. 5,064,467,  
           [0011]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,078,788, U.S. Pat. No. 5,387,274, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,407,460.  
           [0012]    The state of the art also includes processes wherein the hot metallic iron is produced in a reduction furnace of the shaft type, with a vertical and gravitational flow of the material, which is subsequently sent to the melting furnace by means of a closed pneumatic transport system in an inert atmosphere.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0013]    The apparatus according to the invention to produce metallic iron by the direct reduction of iron oxides is set forth in the main claim hereof, while the dependent claims describe other innovative features of the invention.  
           [0014]    The apparatus according to the invention is provided to perform a process which consists in bringing into contact the mineral iron, of various granulometry, with a feed gas in a reduction furnace of the shaft type, wherein both the gas and the material are fed continuously, so that a vertical and gravitational flow of material is created and the direct reduction of the mineral is achieved. The material may be discharged from the reactor either cold or preferably hot to be sent subsequently to a melting furnace or so that it may be converted into hot briquette iron (HBI) or cooled and converted into direct reduction iron (DRI).  
           [0015]    The reduction furnace is equipped with means to feed the mineral iron and means to discharge the reduced metallic iron; it is equipped with at least two inlet collectors to inject the reducing gas in correspondence with different reduction zones inside the furnace to ensure a greater reduction zone.  
           [0016]    The reduction gas sent into the reactor contains hydrocarbons injected into the current after the partial combustion of the hydrogen and carbon monoxide with the oxygen.  
           [0017]    In a variant, the hydrocarbons are injected before the partial combustion is achieved, with the purpose of raising the temperature of the gas introduced into the reactor.  
           [0018]    According to another variant, the hydrocarbons are at least partly injected into a zone between the reduction zone and the zone where the reduced material is discharged.  
           [0019]    In all cases, the injected hydrocarbons cooperate in reducing the iron oxide (FeO) to metallic iron, generating more H 2  and CO.  
           [0020]    The direct reduction of the iron oxides is achieved in two different continuous stages inside the reduction reactor.  
           [0021]    In a first stage, defined as the pre-heating and pre-reduction stage, the fresh iron oxides, that is, those just introduced into the furnace, come into contact with a mixture of reduction gas, consisting of partly burnt gas, arriving from the underlying part of the furnace and of fresh hot gas, that is, gas introduced from outside, arriving from a collector which brings fresh reducing gas and possibly CH 4  or other natural gas. This first stage takes place in a corresponding first zone arranged in the upper part of the furnace.  
           [0022]    In the second stage, or real reduction stage, the complete reduction of the iron oxides is achieved, due to the action on the oxides, already partly reduced in the first stage, of a mixture of reducing gas based on H 2  and CO and at least a hydrocarbon, preferably natural gas, injected in the median zone of the reduction reactor. This second stage takes place in a corresponding second zone arranged below the first zone.  
           [0023]    The two inlets to the furnace, through which the gas is introduced, can be independently regulated both in the flow of fresh reducing gas and in the addition of natural gas in the current introduced.  
           [0024]    Moreover, the inlet temperature of the two currents of reducing gas can be independently regulated by injecting O 2  before they enter the reduction reactor.  
           [0025]    The oxidation reaction needed to raise the temperature of the gas leads to a change in the level of oxidation of the gas, from normal values of 0.04-0.08 to 0.06-0.15.  
           [0026]    The following ratio is intended for the level of oxidation of the reducing gas:  
           Nox=(H 2 O+CO 2 )/(H 2 O+CO 2 +H 2 +CO)  
           [0027]    In the second reaction zone of the furnace, wherein the reduction of the iron oxides is completed, a gas is generated with a high content of H 2  and CO and with an oxidation level of between 0.15 and 0.25 due to the reduction reactions of the iron oxides with H 2 , CO and CH 4 .  
           [0028]    Once this gas has left the second reaction zone, it enters the first reaction zone, located higher up, and mixes with the hot gas injected into the first zone to pre-heat and pre-reduce the iron oxides.  
           [0029]    The gas emerging from the reduction reactor is partly recircled and partly used as fuel.  
           [0030]    The recircled gas has a volume composition within the following fields:  
                                                       H 2  =   20-41%,   CO =   15-28%,   CO 2  =   15-25%,       CH 4  =    3-10%,   N 2  =    0-8%,   H 2 O =    2-7%.                  
 
           [0031]    According to one characteristic of the invention, the gas feeding the reduction reactor consists of a mixture of natural gas, recircled gas from the reactor itself and reformed gas; the recircled gas is pre-heated to a temperature of between 650° C. and 950° C.; the gas emerging from the pre-heater is in turn mixed with fresh reformed gas and subsequently with air, or air enriched with oxygen, or pure oxygen, to carry out a partial combustion of the H 2  and CO in the reducing gas in order to raise the temperature to values of between 800° C. and 1150° C., preferably between 1000° C. and 1150° C.; and the oxidation level of the resulting gas feeding the furnace is between 0.06 and 0.15.  
           [0032]    The methane represents between 6 and 20% in volume of the mixture of reducing gas.  
           [0033]    When the feed gas comes into contact in the reduction zone with the hot, partly reduced material, which therefore consists partly of metallic iron and partly of iron oxides, a highly endothermic reaction is produced.  
           [0034]    There is a also an endothermic reaction in the pre-heating and pre-reducing zone when the gas comes into contact with the iron oxide.  
           [0035]    One advantage of this invention is that the first pre-heating and pre-reducing zone is extended, which allows to start the transformation of the Ematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) into Wustite (FeO) more quickly.  
           [0036]    The whole reactor works at a higher average temperature and above all which is constant along both zones, both the pre-reduction and reduction zones, encouraging a higher reaction speed, with a consequent effect of reducing consumption and increasing productivity.  
           [0037]    The first inlet for the reducing gas is located at a set distance (x) with respect to the second inlet, which is located in the median part of the furnace, in correspondence with the second reduction zone. This distance (x) is suitably included between 1 and 6 meters, preferably between 2 and 4 meters, to encourage the reactions in the most suitable zone between the reducing gas and the iron oxides.  
           [0038]    The first gas inlet also has the function of pushing the gases arriving from the second reduction zone towards the centre of the furnace so as to create a uniform distribution of the gas in the section of the reactor.  
           [0039]    According to a variant, there are multiple inlets for the reducing gas into the furnace, or more than two. The first current of reducing gas is injected into the middle of the reactor, into the reduction zone proper, while the other currents are introduced into the zone between the injection of the first current of gas and the outlet of the burnt gas, in the upper part of the furnace. This intermediate zone will be called the pre-heating and pre-reducing zone for the iron oxide based material.  
           [0040]    The flow of gas into the reactor thus composed allows to have the whole reduction and pre-reduction zone at as constant a temperature as possible, and to have a gas inside the furnace which always has a high reducing power, encouraging a greater productivity and a lower consumption of gas; this also allows to improve the final metalisation of the product.  
           [0041]    In this way, moreover, the iron oxides arrive at the reduction zone already partly reduced, thus encouraging the completion of the final reduction reaction from FeO to Fe. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0042]    These and other characteristics of the invention will become clear from the following description of a preferred form of embodiment, given as a non-restrictive example with the aid of the attached Figures wherein:  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 1 shows in diagram form an apparatus for the direct reduction of iron oxides according to the invention;  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 2 is a first variant of a furnace employed in the apparatus in FIG. 1;  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the temperature inside the furnace shown in FIGS. 1 and 2;  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 4 shows a second variant of a furnace employed in the apparatus in FIG. 1;  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the temperature inside the furnace shown in FIG. 4; and  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 6 shows another variant of the apparatus in FIG. 1. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0049]    With reference to FIG. 1, an apparatus for the direct reduction of iron oxides according to the invention comprises a reduction furnace of the shaft type or reduction reactor  10 , comprising in turn an upper mouth  11  for feeding from above, through which the mineral (iron oxides) is able to be introduced, a first pre-heating and pre-reduction zone  12 , a second zone, or median zone  14  wherein the final reduction reaction of the iron oxides takes place, and a lower zone, or discharge zone  15 , shaped like a truncated cone, terminating at the bottom in a lower aperture  16  through which the iron is discharged.  
         [0050]    The iron-based metal oxides are introduced into the reactor  10  in the form of pellets or crude mineral in the appropriate sizes; the iron contained therein is usually between 63% and 68% in weight.  
         [0051]    At the end of the process according to the invention, the iron contained in the reduced material exiting from the reactor  10  is normally between 80% and 90% in weight.  
         [0052]    In correspondence with the two zones  12  and  14  of the reactor  10  there are two independent inlets  17 , respectively  18 , through which a mixture of gas is suitable to be introduced, as will be described in greater detail hereafter.  
         [0053]    In its upper part, above zone  12 , the reactor  10  is provided with an aperture  19  through which the burnt gas exits. This gas normally has the following characteristics: composition: H 2 =20-41%, CO=15-28%, CO 2 =12-25%, CH 4 =2-10%, N 2 =0-8%, H 2 O=2-15%; temperature between 500° C. and 700° C.; oxidation level between 0.3 and 0.50, preferably between 0.40 and 0.45; and a reduction ratio R of between 1 and 1.8 where reduction ratio is taken as:  
         R=(H 2 +CO)/(H 2 O+CO 2 ).  
         [0054]    The burnt gas emerging from the reactor  10  is sent through a pipe  20  to a cooling unit  21 , suitable to recover the heat which can be given up; from the cooling unit  21 , through another pipe  22 , it arrives at a cooling and condensing unit  24 . In this unit  24  the burnt gas is washed in water at a temperature of between 40° C. and 65° C. and the quantity of water present in the gas itself is partly removed. The percentage of water remaining in the gas at outlet from the unit  24  is between 2% and 7%.  
         [0055]    The gas at outlet from the unit  24  is sent through a pipe  30  partly to a pre-heater  36 , partly to a catalytic reformer  44 , to be used as fuel, and partly to a compressor  26 .  
         [0056]    The gas emerging from the compressor  26  is in turn used partly as a recircling gas and sent, through a pipe  28 , inside the unit  21 , and partly, through a pipe  46 , mixed with a natural gas comprising methane (CH 4 ), or pure methane, arriving from a pipe  34  in a proportion of about 4:1 (that is to say, for every part of natural gas there are about four parts of gas arriving from the pipe  46 ) and introduced into the reformer  44  so that the reforming reaction of the methane (CH 4 ) with H 2 O and CO 2  can begin.  
         [0057]    The part of gas which is sent to the unit  21  through the pipe  28  is pre-heated, and is then sent through a pipe  32  to the pre-heater  36 , where it is further pre-heated to a temperature of between 650° C. and 950° C. CH 4  may also be injected into the pipe  32 .  
         [0058]    The gas emerging from the pre-heater  36 , which has a delivery rate of between 600 Nm 3 /ton DRI and 1500 Nm 3 /ton DRI, is mixed in a pipe  38  with the gas arriving from the reformer  44  through a pipe  50 .  
         [0059]    The gas resulting from this mixture is divided into two parts and distributed into two pipes  40  and  41 , connected to the inlets  17  and  18  of the furnace  10 . The delivery of reducing gas is controlled in each zone  12 ,  14  by means of regulation valves  55  and  56 .  
         [0060]    Into each pipe  40  and  41  air is injected, or air enriched with oxygen or pure oxygen and natural gas in variable percentages, in order to achieve a partial combustion of the CO and the H 2  and raise the temperature of the gas.  
         [0061]    A current of CH 4  or natural gas is injected into the gas before it is introduced into the reactor.  
         [0062]    In a variant, shown by a line of dashes in FIG. 1, the CH 4  is injected before achieving the partial combustion, with the purpose of raising the temperature of the gas introduced into the reactor.  
         [0063]    The CH 4  may also be introduced in a zone between the reduction zone  14  and the discharge cone of the material, through a pipe  81 . In this case, before entering into the zone  14  where the reduction reactions are carried out, the CH 4  injected partially cools the reduced iron, before the latter is discharged.  
         [0064]    Valves V 1 -V 11  are located in correspondence with the different conduits of the plant so that the flow can be selectively controlled.  
         [0065]    The resulting mixtures are introduced into the pre-heating and pre-reduction zone  12  and respectively into the reduction zone  14 . Therefore, for each zone  12  and  14  the corresponding mixture of gas is regulated in an autonomous and independent manner.  
         [0066]    To be more exact, the flow of gas in the first zone  12  is between 500 Nm 3 /ton DRI and 800 Nm 3 /ton DRI and enters the reduction reactor  10  with a temperature of between 800° C. and 1150° C., preferably between 1000° C. and 1150° C., while the flow of gas in the second zone  14  is between 1000 Nm 3 /ton DRI and 1500 Nm 3 /ton DRI and also enters the reduction reactor  10  with a temperature of between 800° C. and 1150° C., preferably between 1000° C. and 1150° C.  
         [0067]    The consumption of oxygen, which is necessary to raise the temperature of the reducing gas from 650° C.-950° C. to 800° C.-1150° C., intended as pure oxygen plus that contained in the air, if air is also injected, is between 8 Nm 3 /ton DRI and 60 Nm 3 /ton DRI, preferably between 20 and 60 Nm 3 /ton DRI.  
         [0068]    The consumption of CH 4  is between 50 and 120 Nm 3 /ton DRI, preferably between 90 and 110 Nm 3 /ton DRI.  
         [0069]    In volume the CH 4  represents between 6 and 20% of the mixture of reducing gas introduced into the reactor.  
         [0070]    The reactions involved in the reduction zone  14  are as follows;  
         FeO+CH 4 =Fe+2H 2 +CO  (1)  
         [0071]    Simultaneously, in the same zone  14 , the following reduction reactions take place with hydrogen and carbon monoxide:  
         FeO+H 2 =Fe+H 2 O  (2)  
         FeO+CO=Fe+CO 2    (3)  
         [0072]    The consequence of these endothermic reactions is that the temperature of the gas in the reduction zone decreases from 800° C.-1150° C. to 700° C.-900° C., yet still maintains the reaction temperature higher than in furnaces in the state of the art, and the gas leaving the reduction zone  14  has an oxidation level of between 0.15 and 0.35 and a reducing power of between 1.1 and 2.8.  
         [0073]    The reactions involved in the pre-reduction zone  12  are as follows:  
         Fe 2 O 3 +H 2 =2FeO+H 2 O  (4)  
         Fe 2 O 3 +CO=2FeO+CO 2    (5)  
         [0074]    In the lower zone  15 , shaped like a truncated cone, it is also possible to introduce gas containing natural gas to control the final carbon in the hot reduced iron to values of between 1.5% and 3.0%.  
         [0075]    In a first variant as shown in FIG. 2, instead of having a single lower part shaped like a truncated cone, the furnace  10  has at least two, and preferably three or four lower ends, shaped like a cone or truncated cone  15   a ,  15   b  and  15   c , through which the reduced metallic iron is discharged in a controlled and independent manner. In this case the CH 4  may also be introduced by means of devices located on the zone of intersection of the truncated cone ends  15   a ,  15   b  and  15   c , thus exploiting the geometric conformation of the system.  
         [0076]    The development of the temperature inside the furnace  10 , both in the version shown in FIG. 1 and also in the variant shown in FIG. 2, is shown in FIG. 3, from which it can be seen how the temperature is higher and more constant in the segment affected by the two zones  12  and  14 .  
         [0077]    According to a second variant shown in FIG. 4, instead of having two inlets to introduce reducing gas, the furnace  10  is provided with a plurality of inlets, more than two. In this case a first current of gas is introduced into the lower inlet  18  through the pipe  41 , a second current of gas is introduced into the inlet  17  through the pipe  40  and other currents of gas, each of which can be autonomously regulated, are introduced through pipes  42  and corresponding inlets  43  arranged between the inlet  17  and the upper aperture  19 .  
         [0078]    The development of the temperature inside the furnace  10 , in the variant shown in FIG. 4, is shown in the diagram in FIG. 5, from which it can be seen how the temperature is higher and more constant in the whole segment affected by the pipes  40 ,  41  and  42 .  
         [0079]    According to another variant, shown in FIG. 6, the reducing processing gas may be recircled without passing through a catalytic reformer, but a part of the gas exiting from the reduction furnace  10  is pre-heated in the exchanger  21  and, by means of the pipe  32 , mixed with natural gas, for example CH 4 , and sent to the pre-heater  36 .  
         [0080]    In this variant, the gas exiting the furnace  10  has a temperature of between 500° C. and 600° C. and has the following composition: H 2 =30-36%, CO=20-25%, CO 2 =20-25%, CH 4 =2-7%, H 2 O=15-25%; with an oxidation level of between 0.4 and 0.5.  
         [0081]    The gas, thus pre-heated and mixed with natural gas, exits the pre-heater  36  at a temperature of between 650° C. and 950° C., it is subsequently divided into several currents of reducing gas, into each of which oxygen and natural gas are injected before they enter the reduction furnace  10 , so as to raise the temperature of the inlet gases to a value of between 800° C. and 1150° C.  
         [0082]    Another part of the gas exiting the reduction furnace  10  is used as fuel to generate heat in the pre-heater  36 , by means of the pipe  30 .  
         [0083]    The reactions which take place in the reduction furnace  10  are to pre-heat and pre-reduce the mineral in the upper zone  12  and to reduce the Wustite (FeO) with CH 4 , H 2  and CO in the reduction zone  14 .  
         [0084]    In a variant, CH 4  may be injected into the zone between the reduction zone  14  and the truncated-cone-shaped discharge end  15 ; in this way the CH 4  is pre-heated, cools the reduced material, and arrives in the reduction zone  14  cooperating with the methane contained in the reduction gas injected in the reaction zone  14 .  
         [0085]    With this system it is possible to eliminate the catalytic reformer  44 , and at the same time the plurality of gas inlets allows to improve the profile of the temperature of the reduction furnace  10 , making it more uniform and accelerating the reduction reactions.  
         [0086]    Obviously, it is possible to make modifications and additions to the apparatus as described heretofore, but these will remain within the field and scope of the invention.