Abstract:
According to an aspect of the invention, a method for personalizing a secure element for a mobile device is conceived, wherein an application is stored in the secure element and wherein the application is pre-provisioned by loading secure credentials into the application without tying said secure credentials to a specific user of the secure element.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The invention relates to a method for personalizing a secure element, a method for enabling a service, a secure element and a computer program product. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    US 2012/0130838 A1 describes a method for personalizing secure elements in mobile devices, which is incorporated herein by reference. Furthermore, US 2012/0130838 A1 contains, in the section “Background”, a description of the background of the present disclosure, which is repeated herein for the sake of completeness. 
         [0003]    Single functional cards have been successfully used in enclosed environments such as transportation systems. One example of such single functional cards is MIFARE that has been selected as the most successful contactless smart card technology. MIFARE is the perfect solution for applications like loyalty and vending cards, road tolling, city cards, access control and gaming. 
         [0004]    However, single functional card applications are deployed in enclosed systems, which are difficult to be expanded into other areas such as e-commerce (electronic commerce) and m-commerce (mobile commerce) because stored values and transaction information are stored in data storage of each tag that is protected by a set of keys. The nature of the tag is that the keys need to be delivered to the card for authentication before any data can be accessed during a transaction. This constraint makes systems using such technology difficult to be expanded to an open environment such as the Internet for e-commerce and/or wireless networks for m-commerce as the delivery of keys over a public domain network causes security concerns. 
         [0005]    In general, a smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC), is any pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits. A smart card or microprocessor card contains volatile memory and microprocessor components. Smart cards may also provide strong security authentication for single sign-on (SSO) within large organizations. The benefits of smart cards are directly related to the volume of information and applications that are programmed for use on a card. A single contact/contactless smart card can be programmed with multiple banking credentials, medical entitlement, driver&#39;s license/public transport entitlement, loyalty programs and club memberships to name just a few. Multi-factor and proximity authentication can and has been embedded into smart cards to increase the security of all services on the card. 
         [0006]    Contactless smart cards that do not require physical contact between card and reader are becoming increasingly popular for payment and ticketing applications such as mass transit and highway tolls. Such Near Field Communication (NFC) between a contactless smart card and a reader presents significant business opportunities when used in NFC-enabled mobile phones for applications such as payment, transport ticketing, loyalty, physical access control, and other exciting new services. 
         [0007]    To support this fast evolving business environment, several entities including financial institutions, manufacturers of various NFC-enabled mobile phones and software developers, in addition to mobile network operators (MNO), become involved in the NFC mobile ecosystem. By nature of their individual roles, these players need to communicate with each other and exchange messages in a reliable and interoperable way. 
         [0008]    One of the concerns in the NFC mobile ecosystem is its security in an open network. Thus there is a need to provide techniques to personalize a secure element in a contactless smart card or an NFC-enabled mobile device so that such a device is so secured and personalized when it comes to financial applications or secure transactions. With a personalized secure element in an NFC-enabled mobile device, various applications or services, such as electronic purse or payments, can be realized. Generally speaking, the personalization of applications on a secure element requires the following steps to be performed: 
         [0009]    1) Initial Secure Element (SE) keys are injected into the secure element. 
         [0010]    2) An application is loaded into the secure element. 
         [0011]    3) The application is personalized by loading credentials (e.g. keys) into the secure element. 
         [0012]    Step 1 is typically done in a secure environment by a so-called Secure Element (SE) pre-personalizer or Operating System (OS) pre-personalizer. The SE keys injected in step 1 are usually die-individual in order to discourage potential attackers. This also adds complexity to the personalization process, mainly because of transmission of keys to the TSM. 
         [0013]    Step 2 can be done in a secure environment by the SE pre-personalizer, or by a so-called Trusted Service Manager (TSM) in the field using the initial SE keys (or keys that were loaded into the SE using these initial SE Keys). A TSM provides a collection of services which help service providers to securely distribute and manage contactless services for their customers using the networks of mobile operators. 
         [0014]    Step 3 is typically done by a TSM in the field using the initial SE Keys (or keys that were loaded into the SE using these initial SE Keys). The credentials are tied to a specific user. Thus, the credentials are linked to, or embed, personal data of said specific user. Services supporting the pre-provisioned SE are typically online transactions, for example payment transactions. In such transactions, the service provider needs to verify whether the link to a user has already been established. 
         [0015]    Conventional methods for personalizing secure elements have the drawback that many steps and actors are involved. As a result of this complexity, personalizing applications on secure elements is an expensive process. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0016]    It is an object of the invention to reduce the complexity of methods for personalizing secure elements of the kind set forth. 
         [0017]    This object is achieved by a method for personalizing a secure element as claimed in claim  1 , a method for enabling a service as claimed in claim  3 , a secure element as claimed in claim  5 , and a computer program product as claimed in claim  7 . 
         [0018]    According to an aspect of the invention, a method for personalizing a secure element for a mobile device is conceived, wherein an application is stored in the secure element and wherein the application is pre-provisioned by loading secure credentials into the application without tying said secure credentials to a specific user of the secure element. 
         [0019]    According to an embodiment of the invention, the secure credentials comprise a set of cryptographic keys. 
         [0020]    According to another aspect of the invention, a method for enabling a service is conceived which comprises personalizing a secure element of the kind set forth, wherein, upon or after receipt of a request for subscription to a service corresponding to said application from a user, a provider of said service creates a link between the secure credentials and said user. 
         [0021]    According to a further embodiment of the invention, creating the link between the secure credentials and the user comprises: receiving a device identifier from the secure element, comparing the received device identifier with a stored device identifier and corresponding stored secure credentials, and creating a link between the stored device identifier, the corresponding stored secure credentials and a unique identifier of said user. 
         [0022]    According to a further aspect of the invention, a secure element is conceived which comprises an application having been pre-provisioned in accordance with a method for personalizing a secure element of the kind set forth. 
         [0023]    According to a further aspect of the invention, a mobile device is conceived, in particular a smart phone or a web tablet, which comprises an application having been pre-provisioned in accordance with a method for personalizing a secure element of the kind set forth. 
         [0024]    According to a further aspect of the invention, a computer program product is conceived which comprises instructions which, when being executed by a processing unit, carry out or control the steps of a method of personalizing a secure element of the kind set forth. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0025]    The invention will be described in more detail with reference to the appended drawings, in which: 
           [0026]      FIG. 1  illustrates a conventional data flow for personalizing a secure element; 
           [0027]      FIG. 2  illustrates a data flow for personalizing a secure element in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       [0028]    In accordance with the present disclosure, applications in secure elements are personalized before the secure elements are embedded into a mobile device. More specifically, secure elements are delivered with semi-personalized (i.e. pre-provisioned) applications, which means that secure credentials (e.g. cryptographic keys) have already been loaded into the applications, but they have not been tied to a specific user. When the user subscribes to the service, the credentials that were loaded may be linked to the user in the back-end. In this way, the service is ready to be deployed without expensive in-the-field provisioning. An additional advantage is that a Point-of-Sale (POS) recognizes a secure element as real as soon as it is put in the field. In other words, it is not necessary that the secure element undergoes a time-consuming provisioning process (e.g. performed by the TSM) in order to be recognized. 
         [0029]      FIG. 1  illustrates a conventional data flow for personalizing a secure element  108 . First, an SE pre-personalizer  106  loads initial SE keys into the secure element. This is done in a secure environment. The initial SE keys comprise Issuer Security Domain (ISD) keys. The initial keys are also transferred to a corresponding TSM  104  for this security domain (ISD-TSM). Subsequently, the ISD keys are rotated and stored in the secure element. Also, a supplementary security domain may be created and initialized with SSD keys. The TSM transfers these SSD keys to a TSM  102  for this security domain (SP-TSM), which is acting on behalf of a service provider  100 . The TSM  102  rotates the SSD keys and stores them in the secure element  108 . Subsequently, an applet (i.e. an application) is loaded into the secure element  108  using the SSD keys. At this stage, customer information (e.g. a unique identifier of a user) is linked  110  to the personalization data (i.e. credentials) in a process involving both the service provider  100  and the TSM  102 . Finally, the personalization data are shared between the service provider  100  and the TSM  102 . 
         [0030]      FIG. 2  illustrates a data flow for personalizing a secure element  108  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. First, the SE pre-personalizer  106  loads initial ISD keys into the secure element. Subsequently, the applet (i.e. the application) is loaded into the secure element  108 . At this stage, the application is also (semi-)personalized, i.e. secure credentials are loaded into the application without tying said secure credentials to a specific user of the secure element  108 . Subsequently, the personalization data are shared between the SE pre-personalizer  106  and the service provider  100 . Finally, customer information (e.g. a unique identifier of a user) is linked  110  to the personalization data (i.e. credentials) in a process which involves only the service provider  100 . 
         [0031]    Thus, the service provider  100  reads out a device identifier from the secure element  108  and has access to the secure credentials via another rout, for example via key delivery or a derivation from a secret. It should be noted that the term “service provider” used herein also refers to a party or person who acts on behalf of the party called “service provider” in a real system. 
         [0032]    In practice, two links may be created:
       A secure element will typically have a unique device identifier. Secure credentials are loaded and linked to this identifier, for example via a derivation or storing in a database. This can be done before the user subscribes to a service and without physical access to the secure element  108 . The service provider receives, for example from the issuer of the secure element  108 , both the device identifier of the secure element  108  and the corresponding secure credentials, and both may be stored in a storage unit by the service provider.   Upon service subscription, the device identifier and, as a consequence, also the corresponding secure credentials are linked to the user.       
 
         [0035]    It is noted that the TSM does not participate at all in the exchange of data illustrated in  FIG. 2 . Thus, the complexity of the personalization is significantly reduced. 
         [0036]    It will be appreciated that for service-provider specific applets, sharing the personalization data can also be done upfront, e.g. in the form of a master key from which the personalization data will be derived by the pre-personalizer (not shown). 
         [0037]    The following use case scenario can be envisaged, for example:
       A physical access service provider uses a certain applet.   The service provider shares a master key with the SE pre-personalizer.   The SE pre-personalizer pre-loads the applet into the secure elements.   In every secure element, the SE pre-personalizer loads credentials in the applet based on the shared master key and the SE identifier.   When the user wants to use the service, upon subscription the SE identifier is transferred to the service provider (e.g. by reading it out at a contactless reader).   The service provider links the SE identifier to the user in the back-end.   Using the master key, the service provider knows which credentials are present in the user&#39;s SE, and the service is usable.       
 
         [0045]    It is noted that the invention can be used to advantage for both traditional secure elements, such as secure elements embedded in smart cards, and less traditional secure elements, such as so-called TEEs. In the latter case, the personalization may be done during phone production, for instance. Furthermore, although the section “Background” describes the specific context of NFC, it will be appreciated that the invention can be used to advantage in other contexts as well, for example for applications that deliver secure services, in particular authentication services, to websites. 
         [0046]    Finally, it is noted that the drawings are schematic. In different drawings, similar or identical elements are provided with the same reference signs. Furthermore, it is noted that in an effort to provide a concise description of the exemplary embodiments, implementation details which fall into the customary practice of the skilled person may not have been described. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers&#39; specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill. 
         [0047]    The above-mentioned embodiments illustrate rather than limit the invention, and the skilled person will be able to design many alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. In the claims, any reference sign placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim. The word “comprise(s)” or “comprising” does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those listed in a claim. The word “a” or “an” preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements. The invention may be implemented by means of hardware comprising several distinct elements and/or by means of a suitably programmed processor. In a device claim enumerating several means, several of these means may be embodied by one and the same item of hardware. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. 
       LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS 
       [0000]    
       
           100  Service Provider 
           102  Service Provider TSM 
           104  ISD TSM 
           106  SE pre-personalizer 
           108  Secure Element 
           110  Link customer info to personalization data 
       
     
       LIST OF ACRONYMS 
       [0000]    
       
         eSE embedded Secure Element 
         ISD Issuer Security Domain 
         SE Secure Element 
         SSD Supplementary Security Domain 
         OS Operating System 
         POS Point-of-Sale 
         SIM Subscriber Identity Module 
         TEE Trusted Execution Environment 
         TSM Trusted Service Manager