Abstract:
The invention relates to a method for programming and/or executing programs for industrial automation systems. Modules and functions that respectively represent partial tasks of an automation solution are modeled and/or generated by means of input aids and optionally a display device. Said modules and functions are structured and networked by means of the input aids and optionally the display device in such a way that they form at least one hierarchical tree, as at least one machine-independent program. According to the invention, the or each machine-independent program in the form of at least one hierarchical tree is loaded into the corresponding components of the automation system. Said corresponding components of the automation system execute the or each machine-independent program.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]     This application is the US National Stage of International Application No. PCT/EP2004/004740, filed May 4, 2004 and claims the benefit thereof. The International Application claims the benefits of German Patent application No. 10327614.9 DE filed Jun. 18, 2003, both of the applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The invention relates to a device and a method for programming and/or executing programs for industrial automation systems.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     A generic method for programming industrial automation systems in the sense of the preamble of claim  1  is based on at least one computer unit with input aids, output aids and preferably at least one display device. Modules and functions, respectively representing sub-tasks of an automation solution, are modeled and/or created using the input aids and optionally the display device. The modules and functions may be assigned model information and/or meta-information using the input aids and the display device. The modules and functions are structured and networked using the input aids and optionally the display device, to form at least one hierarchical tree as at least one machine-independent program.  
         [0004]     In conventional programming languages, such as Pascal or Fortran, data, modules and functions are separated. Data and functions were only combined as objects further to the paradigm of object orientation. Metadata is also assigned singly to the objects. Metadata is information about other information, for example information about available objects. Such metadata is present in an overall system or in an overall context but in automation systems it is neither stored physically in an object, nor does it contain knowledge about the application to be implemented for an industrial unit or about the process to be implemented.  
         [0005]     Programmable automation systems or MES systems, in other words systems for controlling and/or regulating automated processes or units, generally include a so-called runtime system for temporal sequence control of an automation component of a machine or system. Such systems also have an engineering device to create and edit control programs and unit functions. The control programs and unit functions created using the engineering device are executed in the runtime system.  
         [0006]     The as yet unpublished prior art includes the technique of programming automation systems by modeling objects, which respectively represent sub-tasks of an automation solution, in an engineering device using input aids and a display device. Model information and meta-information is also assigned to such objects via the input aids and the display device. The objects are then structured and networked as hierarchical trees to provide at least one machine-independent program.  
         [0007]     According to the prior art the or each machine-independent program generated using the engineering device is converted in one or more stages to a machine-dependent automation program for the components of the automation system. This takes place according to the prior art based on the visual representation during programming, with the visual representation being converted to an imperative, sequential machine language or machine code. This sequential machine code is loaded onto an automation component, for example a programmable logic controller (PLC), for execution according to the prior art.  
         [0008]     The imperative, sequential machine code therefore represents the standard machine-dependent automation program according to the prior art, which is loaded in this form onto the components or automation units of the automation system. Automation programs generated according to the prior art as described above are however inflexible, as they cannot easily be adjusted to the runtime. Also such automation programs can only be used on the specific components of an automation system, for which the corresponding machine code has been generated. The programs cannot therefore be used in a flexible manner.  
         [0009]     In view of this, the problem facing the present invention is to create a novel method and device for programming and/or executing programs for industrial automation systems.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0010]     This problem is resolved by developing the method referred to above by means of the features of the claims.  
         [0011]     According to the invention the or each machine-independent program is loaded into the corresponding components of the automation system in the form of at least one hierarchical tree, with the corresponding components of the automation system executing the or each machine-independent program directly, preferably with the aid of at least one object machine assigned to the same. The or each machine-independent program is preferably present in the form of at least one executable, hierarchical object or operator tree.  
         [0012]     The claimed device for programming industrial automation systems is defined in the independent claims. A computer program for implementing the method or the device is claimed in the independent claims. The invention also relates according to the independent claims to a data processing device, on which such a computer program is installed.  
         [0013]     Preferred developments of the invention will emerge from the subclaims and the description which follows. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0014]     Preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention—to which the invention is not however restricted—are described in more detail below with reference to the drawing, in which:  
         [0015]      FIG. 1  shows a diagram of an automation pyramid with three control levels,  
         [0016]      FIG. 2  shows a schematic diagram of an engineering device, a runtime system and a technical process to be controlled,  
         [0017]      FIG. 3  shows a schematic diagram of an object,  
         [0018]      FIG. 4  shows a schematic diagram of a program and  
         [0019]      FIG. 5  shows a schematic diagram of the program according to  FIG. 4  in a tree structure. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0020]      FIG. 1  shows an outline overview of three control levels, as generally found in a production company. A pyramid  10  shows that information is compressed upward.  
         [0021]     The top level is the ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) level  11 . It is at this ERP level  11  or corporate level that economic and marketing tasks are generally planned and implemented in a company, for example finance, sales, HR and reporting. However logistics tasks that also relate to production units, such as materials administration, are also carried out at this ERP level  11 . The SAPR/3 system is for example an ERP system, which is very frequently used at corporate level.  
         [0022]     The lowest level of the pyramid according to  FIG. 1  is the so-called automation level  12 . Programmable logic controllers (PLC)  13  in conjunction with visualization systems and process control systems  14  are generally deployed at this level. The drives  15 , actuators  16  and sensors  17  of production and/or manufacturing units are connected directly to the automation level  12 .  
         [0023]     The connecting element between the ERP level  11  and the automation level  12  is the MES level  18 . The applications of the MES level  18  thus ensure vertical integration between the ERP level  11  and the automation level  12 . The MES applications on the one hand have to supplement the outline planning of the ERP level  11  with detailed planning specific to the production units and forward it to the systems of the automation level  12  while on the other hand it is also the task of the MES applications to receive data of relevance to production from the automation level  12 , process it and forward it to the ERP level  11 . Typical MES applications include quality management  19 , maintenance management  20 , performance analysis  21 , process management and even asset management.  
         [0024]     The three dots in  FIG. 1  show that there may be further applications or elements on a level.  
         [0025]     The automation level  12 , the MES level  18  or MES unit or the ERP level  11  or ERP unit generally contain a so-called runtime system for temporal sequence control of the components involved (sub-components, modules, tasks, operating system processes, etc.). These levels or units also contain a so-called engineering device to create and edit programs provided for execution in the runtime system.  
         [0026]      FIG. 2  shows a highly schematic diagram of an engineering device  22 , a runtime system  23  and a technical process to be controlled  24 . The runtime system  23  of the controller or automation system and the technical process  24  are connected bi-directionally via input and/or output connections  26 . Programming takes place in the engineering device  22 . The engineering device  22  contains tools for the configuration, programming and planning of technical processes, such as industrial units. The programs created in the engineering device  22  are transmitted via an information path  25  to the runtime system  23  of the MES device or ERP device or another destination system.  
         [0027]     The engineering device  22  generally comprises a computer system with graphics screen, input aids, such as a keyboard and mouse, processor, main memory and secondary memory, a unit to receive computer-readable media, such as diskettes and CDs, and connecting units for an exchange of data with other systems. The engineering devices  22  have editors and graphics tools for modeling and programming units and controllers. In the case of engineering devices that are not object-oriented, machine-independent programs are created with the aid of graphic contact diagrams, function diagrams, sequence function charts or continuous function charts. In the case of object-oriented engineering devices, programs are created with aid [lacuna] in an object-oriented manner. In particular object-oriented engineering devices  22  support object-orientation, such as the creation of objects, the creation of classes, the creation of higher classes and the representation of inheritance relationships.  
         [0028]     Editors, mask input or drag &amp; drop mechanisms are used to link data modules, function modules or objects preferably to meta-information, structure them as hierarchical trees and network them. Programs, controllers or unit specifications created with the aid of such an engineering device  22  are machine-independent.  
         [0029]     Programs created with the aid of the engineering device  22  ultimately have to be executed on a destination system, for example the components of the automation system, to control the technical process  24 . Before looking in more detail at this, we must examine the relationships during the creation of machine-independent programs in more detail below.  
         [0030]      FIG. 3  shows a highly schematic diagram of an object  27  with an object interface  28 . Such objects  27  can be used in all types of engineering, such as chemical engineering, product engineering, software engineering, etc. An object  27  is generally an item or an element or domain or a discourse world. In object-oriented software development an object  27  is an individual example of things or matters, people or concepts in the real or imaginary world. An object  27  has a specific defined status and reacts with a defined response to its environment. Such an object  27  also has an object identity that differentiates it from all other objects and allows it to access another specific object. An object can know one or a number of other objects. Connections or branches or networks exist between objects that know each other. The status of an object  27  is defined by its data or attribute values and its respective connections with other objects. The response of an object is defined by its set of methods or operations. In object orientation an object type is described by a class. Specific entities, which then represent a specific programming language object, can be generated from this type description. Object diagrams are used to represent objects and their connections graphically. Such object diagram editors are part of object-oriented engineering devices. These diagrams can be edited and processed by a user in such an object-oriented engineering device.  
         [0031]     The left part of the diagram in  FIG. 3  shows information or elements generally contained in an object  27 . Data  29  can be an actual measured value or a manipulated variable for example. Methods  30  represent executable activities in the sense of an algorithm, for example an AND operation or a control algorithm. The set of methods defines the response of an object class or an object instantiated by said class. The methods  30  of an object can be used and launched by other objects. The objects  27  can also include so-called sub-objects  31 , which the objects require to implement the methods  30 . The sub-objects  31  form an object tree.  
         [0032]     A so-called container  32  is shown hatched on the right side of the object  27  shown in  FIG. 3 . Such containers  32  are used to implement mechanisms for storing meta-information and mechanisms for accessing meta-information. The containers  29  represent an encapsulating layer around the object  27  and all access to object has to take place via the interface  28 . The methods  30  and data  29  as well as the meta-information of the object  27  are accessed via the interface  28 . When the data or methods are accessed, a service using the object can use the metadata to abstract from the specific structure and meaning of the data functions. All access takes place, as stated, via the generic interface  28 . This allows objects  27  to be reused and exchanged. It is always possible to access objects  27  in the same manner even in complex systems. The so-called containers  32  in particular provide infrastructure functions, such as data networking, data storage and data visualization in a standard manner for all types of object. The infrastructure functions provided by a container  32  include trace functions, i.e. information about who is using an object and for how long. As already stated, the container  32  also contains meta-information and self-description information for the object  27 .  
         [0033]      FIG. 4  shows a program represented in the engineering device  22 .  FIG. 5  shows the program in the form of an object or operator tree. The modules and functions of the program according to  FIG. 4  are thus converted in  FIG. 5  to objects  27 , in the form of a hierarchical tree  33 . The objects  27  are represented as double circles. The inner circle schematically represents the structure of an object in the sense of  FIG. 3 . The left part of an object  27  again relates to the data  29 , methods  30  and sub-objects  31 . The right part represents the so-called container  32 , which provides the meta-information and infrastructure information for an object. The container  32  represents an encapsulating layer for the object  27 . The object can only be accessed via the generic object interface  28 . The outer circles round the objects show that the objects are embedded in the optional infrastructure of a system. The optional infrastructure provides generic services such as storage and loading. One aspect of the infrastructure is networking. Infrastructure services or corresponding functions are accessed via the container  32  and such access is the same for all objects  27  in the hierarchical tree  33 . The outer circle of an object  27  therefore represents a collection of infrastructure services or infrastructure functions, which access the objects  27  via their containers  29 . An infrastructure service that has been implemented can be used by all objects  27  in the same manner.  
         [0034]     As already stated,  FIG. 5  shows an example of a structure of a machine-independent program of a control task to be implemented as a hierarchical object tree  33 , as it is loaded into the components of the automation system and processed there. The individual objects  27  of the tree  33  correspond to modules and functions of the program according to  FIG. 4 , as edited in an engineering device. This can be seen directly from the textual description of the program elements in  FIGS. 4 and 5 . The representation according to  FIG. 4  shows a contact diagram or function diagram. This structural equivalence ensures that the program can be modified locally. The metadata assigned to the containers  32  of the objects  27  allows the current program to be mapped back onto the engineering representation  
         [0035]     In the context of the invention, a machine-independent program  33  modeled or created on the engineering device  22  preferably via objects  27  is not first converted to a machine-dependent automation program in the form of a sequential machine code and then loaded onto a component of the automation system or another destination device, as is normally the case with the prior art, rather the machine-independent programs are loaded into the corresponding components of the automation system in the form of hierarchical trees. The programs are then loaded onto a PLC or another automation device in the form of an object or operator tree. Such an object or operator tree is a 1:1 mapping of a representation of the program. Such an operator tree is a loadable program, which contains or can contain all the engineering data for the program.  
         [0036]     The corresponding components of the automation system execute the machine-independent program. The or each machine-independent object or operator tree is loaded onto the corresponding components of the automation system using a machine-independent, symbolic representation of the tree, for example in the form of a byte code or mark-up language. XML (Extended Mark-up Language) can be used as the mark-up language.  
         [0037]     The operators are instantiated during or after the loading of the machine-independent program into a component of the automation system. An object machine or even a real-time machine is used for this purpose. The object machine cancels the symbolic representation of the or each hierarchical tree  33  of the or each machine-independent engineering program, converts symbolic addresses to physical addresses, thereby creating or generating a loadable program in the form of an executable object or operator tree. This is executed on the or each component of the automation system.  
         [0038]     The real-time object machine is assigned, as already stated, to the component of the automation system so that the component of the automation system can instantiate and execute the program. The real-time object machine provides objects, for example operators. The operators are logical operators, such as AND operations, OR operations, NOR operations or XOR operations for example. The operators can also be mathematical operators, such as operators for the basic arithmetic operations, interpolation operators or filter operators. The objects are preferably data objects or basic objects and control objects. The basic objects include data and characteristics. The characteristics are for example the maximum execution time, maximum memory usage or transaction capability of the object.  
         [0039]     The executable operator tree comprises operators, namely logical and/or mathematic operators, and control objects. Control objects can for example be an instruction list, transaction containers, process containers, etc. Input data objects of a control object are at the same time output data objects of other operators or control objects. The objects are triggered to execute the operator tree. Object triggering is activated along the hierarchy and/or network of the objects, when all the necessary input data objects have been triggered. Data objects trigger when their value changes or their trigger is activated.  
         [0040]     Connecting input data objects to sensor or actuator inputs and connecting output data objects to sensor or actuator outputs integrates the operator tree in the real automation environment, thus providing the loadable automation program. The use of transaction-capable, realtime-capable and/or error-tolerant objects creates executable operator trees, which themselves are transaction-capable, realtime-capable and/or error-tolerant in turn.  
         [0041]     The claimed method and device for programming and/or executing programs for industrial automation systems allow a number of advantages to be achieved. A program generated with the aid of the invention can be executed on all components of an automation system, on which the object machine or real-time machine is implemented. The program can be adjusted to the runtime. Local sub-trees of the program provided as an executable operator tree can then be added, modified or deleted. Such a program is also self-describing, if self-describing objects are used. The machine-independent program can be visualized from the executable operator tree. There is therefore no need for a program store. The invention also shortens the engineering time. Programming takes place purely via lexical and semantic functions. It is no longer necessary to generate and optimize machine codes. When the programming is modified, it is only necessary to analyze and load modified program sub-trees. The remainder of the program can remain unchanged. Programs can be loaded onto a component of an automation system incrementally, in other words only the modified program element has to be loaded, not the entire program.