Abstract:
A method for treating a patient having ulcerative colitis, by administering a drug which containing an effective amount of tetracyclines is provided. The drug may also contain penicillins and/or metronidazoles.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 11/734,480, filed on Apr. 12, 2007, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 11/284,933, filed on Nov. 23, 2005, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/931,951, filed on Aug. 20, 2001, which claims priority to JP 2001-172189, filed on Jun. 7, 2001. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a drug for treating a patient with ulcerative colitis, which is one of the intractable diseases of unknown origin, a method for screening such a drug, a method for treating a patient with the disease, a prophylactic drug, a method for preventing such a disease, a vaccine for the disease, a diagnostic drug, a diagnostic method, an experimental model for the disease and an experimental animal for the disease. 
     Ulcerative colitis is one of the intractable diseases of digestive tracts and a unknown etiology. It has conventionally been regarded as an advantageous opinion that the ulcerative colitis would be a kind of autoimmune disease. For this reason, there have been used, for instance, steroid hormones, salazosulfapyridine and 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) having an anti-inflammatory action. The administration of these drugs may clinically improve the symptoms of patients with this disease, but the disease recurs in most of cases, on a long term follow-up. Moreover, inflammatory findings still remain in both endoscopic and pathological findings in most of the cases of the disease, although the symptoms are improved. In other words, there has not yet been any drug for completely curing the disease. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a pharmaceutical composition for curing a patient with ulcerative colitis by eradication of  Fusobacterium varium  ( F. varium ). 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for screening a drug and treatment having an effect of eradication of  F. varium  and treating ulcerative colitis, a method for treating a patient with ulcerative colitis, a prophylactic drug for the disease with  F. varium  infection, a method for preventing any infection with  Fusobacterium varium,  a vaccine for the disease, an agent and a method for diagnosing the infection with the bacterium, and an experimental model and an experimental animal for the disease. 
     The present inventors have examined patients with ulcerative colitis, and found that  Fusobacterium varium  cells are adhered to mucosa and invade into the mucus and ulcerative mucosa at high rates, the detection rate and value of the serum to the bacterium antibody is high, the amount thereof is large as compared with those observed for normal persons and patients suffering from other intestinal diseases and that the colic ulcer is caused due to butyric acid which is found to be produced by  Fusobacterium varium.  The  F. varium  itself has not been recognized to have any pathogenicity and have thus completed the present invention on the basis of the foregoing findings. 
     Accordingly, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for treating a patient with ulcerative colitis, which comprises a drug capable of selectively killing  Fusobacterium varium.    
     The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for treating a patient with ulcerative colitis comprising a drug which can neutralize the toxin produced by  Fusobacterium varium,  a drug which can inhibit the adhesion of  Fusobacterium varium  to the intestinal mucosa or a drug which can inhibit the invasion of  Fusobacterium varium  into the intestinal mucosa as well as a vaccine for preventing ulcerative colitis comprising either of the foregoing drugs in an amount sufficient for preventing  F. varium  infection. 
     The present invention likewise provides a method for screening a drug for selectively killing  Fusobacterium varium,  which comprises the step of administering a candidate drug in an experimental model of  Fusobacterium varium -infection to thus select a drug capable of selectively killing the bacterium. 
     The present invention also provides a method for screening a therapeutic agent for ulcerative colitis, which comprises the step of administering a candidate drug capable of selectively killing the bacterium to a patient suffering from ulcerative colitis and positive to  Fusobacterium varium  to thus select a drug capable of improving the symptoms of the patients with the disease. 
     Although  F. varium  as commersal bacteria has not been recognized to be pathogenic, we found that colonic ulcers indued by enema of butyric acid which was produced by the bacterium. 
     The present invention provides an animal as a model of ulcerative colitis obtained by administering a toxin produced by  Fusobacterium varium  to an animal. 
     The present invention also provides an animal as a model for ulcerative colitis comprising  Fusobacterium varium  cells adhered to the intestinal mucosa. 
     The present invention also provides a method for diagnosing ulcerative colitis comprising the step of detecting an antibody against  Fusobacterium varium.    
     The present invention further provides an agent for making a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis comprising an antibody, which has the highest detection sensitivity and the highest specificity, among a plurality of antibodies against  Fusobacterium varium.    
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       Fusobacterium varium  is a bacterium belonging to the genus  Fusobacterium  of the family Bacteroidaceae and was detected from the mucosa of a patient with ulcerative colitis at the active phase by bacterial cell culture and immunostaining. The rates of these detections were significantly higher than those observed for patients with ulcerative colitis at the remission stage, Crohn&#39;s disease, ischemic colitis, and colomic adenoma. Therefore, this bacterium is considered to be a causal bacterium or an exacerbation factor. From such information, it would be concluded that the patients with ulcerative colitis could be cured by administering a drug selectively killing this bacterium or an antimicrobial agent to remove the bacterial cells from the mucosa in the lesions. More specifically, there can be used antimicrobial agents having high susceptibility to  Fusobacterium varium , such as tetracycline, penicillin, metromodazol (MNZ), imipenem, amoxicillin, cefmetazole, ampicillin, fosfomycin and chloramphenicol. 
     It has been recognized that the toxins produced by  Fusobacterium varium  cells have toxicity to vero cells. Therefore, the toxins were analyzed and it was found that they were organic acids produced by  Fusobacterium varium  and that the principal component thereof was identified to be butyric acid. Thus, when butyric acid was injected into the rectum of a mouse, a lesion similar to ulcerative colitis was induced. Accordingly, if administering a drug, which can neutralize and/or adsorb the butyric acid to a patient, the development of any lesion may be prevented or such conditions may be treated. Specifically, an agent for adsorbing organic acids such as activated carbon can be employed. 
     Since  Fusobacterium varium  cells are adhered to the surface mucosa of active ulcerative colitis, the crisis of ulcerative colitis can be prevented by inhibiting the adhesion of  Fusobacterium varium  cells to the affected mucosa even if  Fusobacterium varium  cells are present in the intestinal flora. Specifically, a drug for protecting mucosa such as sucralfate and ecabe sodium can be used. 
     As an evidence that  Fusobacterium varium  cells invade from digestive tracts into the intestinal mucosa, an antibody (serum antibody) against  Fusobacterium varium  is detected in the sera of the patients with ulcerative colitis in a high detection rate and high antibody titers by the 
     ELISA assay. There has recently been elucidated the invasion mechanism of various kinds of bacteria into mucosa. Bacteria act on the mucosal cells by themselves to thus make the cells produce receptors and then they invade into the cells.  Fusobacterium varium  cells may possess the same function. Moreover, it would be considered that if  Fusobacterium varium  cells invade into the mucosa, macrophages can be activated and they may be involved in the crisis and exacerbation of inflammation. Therefore, the inflammation can be controlled by blocking the process of the bacterial invasion into the mucosa. 
     If a vaccine against  Fusobacterium varium  is developed, it would be possible to immediately eliminate  Fusobacterium varium  cells even if infected therewith and to prevent any crisis of ulcerative colitis or to inhibit the exacerbation of the symptoms, as in the case where the infection with pneumococcus can be inhibited by the vaccination with a pneumococcal vaccine. 
     A target drug can be screened by establishing an experimental infection model using a sterilized animal or a small animal in which  Fusobacterium varium  cells are adhered to the colonic mucosa. In these animals, a candidate drug administered to the experimental animal, can be evaluated whether the candidate drug can selectively kill  Fusobacterium varium  cells or not, by the culture, immunostaining and the serum antibody titer. 
     Patients with ulcerative colitis infected with  Fusobacterium varium  with are identified by diagnosing patients suffering from ulcerative colitis through the determination of the serum antibody titers, the cultivation of the mucosa or the immunostaining of affected mucosa, and then a candidate drug capable of selectively killing  Fusobacterium varium  is administered to the patients after obtaining the informed consent of patients. Thus, the effectiveness of the drug as a therapeutic agent for ulcerative colitis can be evaluated by the symptoms of the ulcerative colitis are, in fact, improved or not and by investigating the presence of side effects and safety of the drug. 
     Moreover, the principal component of the toxin against the vero cells produced by  Fusobacterium varium  is found to be butyric acid, and butyric acid is injected into the colon of a small animal such as a mouse or a rat to thus establish a lesion similar to ulcerative colitis. 
       Fusobacterium varium  cells are inoculated to germ-free animal or an compromised small animal and adhere the bacterial cells to the colonic mucosa. Moreover, it is also possible to find out animals highly sensitive to the adhesion of living bacterial cells to the intestinal mucosa by the inoculation of  Fusobacterium varium  cells into a variety of animals. Thus, an ulcerative colitis-like lesion can be developed or established in these animals and the establishment of such a lesion in the animals or the infection thereof with  Fusobacterium varium  can be judged on the basis of the results of the detection of the serum antibody, the immunostaining of mucosa and culture of the mucosa. 
     If the antibodies are identified by a method such as the western blot technique and/or an ELISA technique, a differential diagnosis as ulcerative colitis can be easily made as to the cases of inflammatory bowel disease, if the diagnosis is difficult. 
     The antibody detected by the western blot technique are separated and purified depending on the molecular weights of the components to thus identify or select a component of the antibody having the highest sensitivity to detection and the highest specificity and thus a diagnostic test for ulcerative colitis can be put on the market. 
     The pharmaceutical composition of treatment for ulcerative colitis according to the present invention comprises a drug capable of selectively killing  Fusobacterium varium,  a drug, which can neutralize the toxin produced by  Fusobacterium varium,  a drug, which can inhibit the adhesion of  Fusobacterium varium  to the mucosa or a drug, which can inhibit the invasion of  Fusobacterium varium  present into the mucosa, alone or in any combination with a variety of other additives. The resulting composition is thus ready for administrating to a patient with ulcerative colitis and positive to infection with  Fusobacterium varium.  Examples of the dosage forms of such a pharmaceutical composition include tablets, powders, pills, granules, capsules, suppositories, solutions, sugar-coated tablets, depots, or syrups. These dosage forms may be prepared by the use of currently used pharmaceutical auxiliary agents according to the usual methods. In this case, the pharmaceutical compositions preferably comprise pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or diluents in addition to the foregoing drugs. 
     For instance, a tablet can be prepared by admixing one of the foregoing drugs with known auxiliary agents. Examples of such auxiliary agents are inert diluents such as milk sugar, calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate; binders such as gum arabic, corn starch or gelatin; swelling agents such as alginic acid, corn starch or pre-gelatinized starch; sweeteners such as cane sugar, milk sugar or saccharin; perfumes such as peppermint oil, AKAMONO oil or cherry extract; lubricating and wetting agents such as magnesium stearate, talc or carboxymethyl cellulose; excipients for soft gelatin capsules and suppositories such as fats, waxes, semi-solid and liquid polyol, natural oils or hardened oils; and vehicles for solutions such as water, alcohol, glycerol, polyol, sucrose, invert sugar, glucose, vegetable oils. 
     The dose of the pharmaceutical composition used for the achievement of the foregoing objects is in general determined while taking into consideration various factors such as intended therapeutic effects, routes of administration, terms required for the treatment, and ages and body weights of patients to be treated, but the dose for adult preferably ranges from 1 μg to 5 g per day for the administration through the oral route and 0.01 μg to 1 g per day for the administration through the parenteral route. 
     The present invention will further be described with reference to the following Examples in more detail. These Examples simply illustrate preferred embodiments of the present invention and so the present invention is not restricted to these specific Examples at all. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Biopsy specimens from patients with active UC were cultured aerobically and anaerobically. Bacteria with filtered culture supernatants cytotoxic to Vero cells were examined by PCR for verotoxin genes. HPLC was performed with culture supernatants of cytotoxic strains for organic acid concentrations. Mice were given enemas containing organic acid at mean concentration in the supernatants of cytotoxic strains to ascertain whether colonic lesions resembling those of UC appeared. We further investigated sera of patients with UC for antibodies against cytotoxic bacteria by western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and examined biopsied mucosa for these bacteria by immunohistochemistry. Only strains of  Fusobacterium varium  ( F. varium ) isolated killed Vero cells. The bacterium lacks verotoxin genes but culture supernatant was found to contain much butyric acid. Twenty-four hours after enemas containing butyric acid or  F. varium  culture supernatants, mice demonstrated colonic ulcers with crypt abscesses, inflammatory cell infiltration and apoptotic changes. Western blotting with  F. varium  showed 19 of 31 (61%) patients to have serum antibodies to the bacterium. In ELIZA and immunohistochemistry with  F. varium  proteins an antigen, the mean optical density and the detection rate were higher for our patients than for subjects with Crohn&#39;s disease or other controls. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     The susceptibility to  Fusobacterium varium  in antimicrobial agents was examined. As a result,  Fusobacterium varium  was found to be susceptibility to the following antimicrobial agents in the order indicated: tetracycline&gt;penicillin&gt;MNZ&gt;imipenem&gt;amoxicillin, cefmetazole, ampicillin, fosfomycin, chloramphenicol. On the other hand, the bacterium was found to be resistant to clarithromycin, erythromycin, streptomycin, kanamycin and gentamycin.