Abstract:
A two-stage heat treatment process is provided to improve the processability of recombinant microbial biomass comprising an enzyme having perhydrolytic activity. More specifically, a process is provided to treat the recombinant microbial biomass comprising a  Thermotoga  sp. acetyl xylan esterase having perhydrolytic activity such that microfiltration may be used to partially-purify and/or concentrate protein preparations. The acetyl xylan esterase may be used to produce peroxycarboxylic acids suitable for use in a variety of applications such as cleaning, disinfecting, sanitizing, bleaching, wood pulp processing, and paper pulp processing applications.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/341,109, filed Mar. 26, 2010, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The invention relates to the field of recombinant microbial biomass processing and enzyme purification. More specifically, a process is provided to improve the ability to partially-purify and/or concentrate a  Thermotoga  sp. acetyl xylan esterase having perhydrolytic activity using microfiltration. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Peroxycarboxylic acid compositions can be effective antimicrobial agents. Methods of using peroxycarboxylic acids to clean, disinfect, and/or sanitize hard surfaces, textiles, meat products, living plant tissues, and medical devices against undesirable microbial growth have been described (U.S. Pat. No. 6,545,047; U.S. Pat. No. 6,183,807; U.S. Pat. No. 6,518,307; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003-0026846; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,724). Peroxycarboxylic acids have also been used in a various bleaching applications including, but not limited to, wood pulp bleaching/delignification and laundry care applications (European Patent 1040222B1; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,552,018; 3,974,082; 5,296,161; and 5,364,554). The desired efficacious concentration of peroxycarboxylic acid may vary according to the product application (for example, ca. 500 ppm to 1000 ppm for medical instrument disinfection at neutral pH, ca. 30 ppm to 80 ppm for laundry bleaching or disinfection applications) in 1 min to 5 min reaction time at neutral to alkaline pH. 
     Enzymes structurally classified as members of family 7 of the carbohydrate esterases (CE-7) have been employed as perhydrolases to catalyze the reaction of hydrogen peroxide (or alternative peroxide reagent) with alkyl esters of carboxylic acids in water at a basic to acidic pH range (from ca. pH 10 to ca. pH 5) to produce an efficacious concentration of a peroxycarboxylic acid for such applications as disinfection (such as medical instruments, hard surfaces, textiles), bleaching (such as wood pulp or paper pulp processing/delignification, textile bleaching and laundry care applications), and other laundry care applications such as destaining, deodorizing, and sanitization (Published U.S. Patent Application Nos. 2008-0176783, 2008-0176299, 2009-0005590, and 2010-0041752 to DiCosimo et al.). The CE-7 enzymes have been found to have high specific activity for perhydrolysis of esters, particularly acetyl esters of alcohols, diols and glycerols. Published U.S. Patent Application No. 2010-0087529 to DiCosimo et al. describes several variant CE-7 perhydrolases derived from several  Thermotoga  sp. having higher perhydrolytic specific activity and/or improved selectivity for perhydrolysis when used to prepare peroxycarboxylic acid from carboxylic acid esters. One of the variants described in Published U.S. Patent Application No. 2010-0087529,  Thermotoga maritima  C277S, exhibited a significant improvement in specific activity relative to the  T. maritima  wild-type enzyme. 
     Recombinant microbial production of an enzyme often includes one or more downstream biomass processing steps used to partially or completely purify and/or concentrate the recombinant enzyme from other components of the biomass. However, considerable difficulty has been encountered when filtering or concentrating protein preparations on microfiltration membranes. The purpose of the filtration is to pass a solution containing the perhydrolase through the membranes while retaining particles greater than 0.2 microns or 0.45 microns in the retentate. The protein is often retained, at least in part, by the membrane, rather than passing through it, where the porosity of the membrane is such that the protein should freely pass through it. 
     One of the biomass components that may be adversely impacting the ability to recovery and/or concentrate the desired enzyme catalyst is the presence of DNA in the cell homogenate. However, the addition of an exogenous deoxyribonuclease (DNAse) may not be cost effective, especially for industrial scale fermentations, and the use of mammalian sources of DNAse may be undesirable in toll fermentation. 
     The problem to be solved is to provide a facile and cost-effective process to obtain a concentrate comprising a recombinant enzyme having perhydrolytic activity, preferably a process that does not include the use of an exogenous deoxyribonuclease. 
     SUMMARY 
     The problem has been solved by providing a two-stage heat treatment process suitable for treating microbial cell homogenate comprising at least one thermophilic enzyme having perhydrolytic activity. The insoluble components in the heat-treated microbial cell homogenate are removed and resulting solution containing the perhydrolytic enzyme is subsequently concentrated to produce a concentrate comprising the perhydrolytic enzyme. 
     In one embodiment, a process is provided comprising: 
     a) providing a microbial cell homogenate comprising soluble and insoluble components, wherein said microbial cell homogenate comprises a recombinantly-produced thermophilic enzyme having perhydrolytic activity; 
     b) subjecting the microbial cell homogenate to a first heat treatment ranging from at least 4 hours but no more than 24 hours at a temperature ranging from 40° C. to 65° C.; 
     c) subjecting the heat-treated microbial cell homogenate from step b) to a second heat treatment ranging from 5 minutes to 4 hours at a temperature ranging from 75° C. to 85° C.; 
     d) removing the insoluble components from the microbial cell homogenate obtained after performing step (b) and step (c) by centrifugation or filtration to obtain a solution comprising the recombinantly-produced thermophilic enzyme having perhydrolytic activity; and 
     e) concentrating the solution comprising the thermophilic enzyme of step (d) by filtration, evaporation or a combination of protein precipitation and redissolution whereby a concentrate is obtained comprising the recombinant thermophilic enzyme having perhydrolytic activity. 
     In another embodiment, the microbial cell homogenate of step (a) is an  Escherichia coli  cell homogenate. 
     In another embodiment, an exogenous nuclease is not present in steps (a) through (d). 
     In another embodiment, the removal of the solid components from the microbial cell homogenate obtained after performing step (b) and step (c) is performed in step (d) using filtration. 
     In another embodiment, the removal of the solid components from the microbial cell homogenate obtained after performing step (b) and step (c) is performed in step (d) using a membrane having size exclusion cutoffs ranging from 0.45 microns to 0.20 microns. 
     In another embodiment, the membrane used in step (d) retains insoluble particles with an average diameter greater than 0.2 microns. 
     In another embodiment, the removal of the insoluble components from the microbial cell homogenate obtained after performing step (b) and step (c) is performed in step (d) using centrifugation. 
     In another embodiment, the concentration of the solution produced in step (d) is performed in step (e) using filtration. 
     In another embodiment, the concentration of the solution produced in step (d) is performed in step (e) using a membrane having size exclusion cutoffs ranging from 100 kDa to 30 kDa. 
     In another embodiment, the concentration of the solution produced in step (d) is performed in step (e) using evaporation. 
     In another embodiment, the concentration of the solution produced in step (d) is performed in step (e) using a combination of protein precipitation and redissolution. 
     In another embodiment, the recombinantly-produced thermophilic enzyme comprises a CE-7 signature motif comprising: 
     an RGQ motif corresponding to amino acid positions 118-120 of SEQ ID NO: 8; 
     a GXSQG motif corresponding to amino acid positions 186-190 of SEQ ID NO: 8; and 
     an HE motif corresponding to amino acid positions 303-304 of SEQ ID NO: 8. 
     In another embodiment, the thermophilic enzyme having perhydrolytic activity is an acetyl xylan esterase derived from a  Thermotoga  sp. In another embodiment, the thermophilic enzyme comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, and 46. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIGS. 1A through 1D . Chromatograms of lysate supernatants after different processing steps: ( FIG. 1A ) crude lysate, ( FIG. 1B ) lysate after incubation at 50° C., ( FIG. 1C ) lysate after incubation at 50° C. and heat-treatment at 75° C., and ( FIG. 1D ) lysate after heat-treatment at 75° C. (no 50° C. incubation). All chromatograms have same vertical scale, from −100 to +4500 mAU.  FIGS. 2A through 2C . Chromatograms of lysate supernatants after different processing steps: ( FIG. 2A ) homogenization and incubation at 50° C., ( FIG. 2B ) incubation at 50° C. and homogenization, and ( FIG. 2C ) incubation at 50° C. followed by homogenization and subsequent heat treatment at 75° C. All chromatograms have same vertical scale, from −100 to +4500 mAU. 
         FIG. 3 . 1 st  stage temperature 45° C. for 8 h, 2 nd  stage treatment 75° C. for 2 h. 
         FIG. 4 . 1 st  stage temperature 50° C. for 8 h, 2 nd  stage treatment 75° C. for 2 h. 
         FIG. 5 . 1 st  stage temperature 55° C. for 8 h, 2 nd  stage treatment 75° C. for 2 h. 
         FIG. 6 . No heat treatment of cell homogenate. 
         FIGS. 7 through 21 . The SEC chromatograms for the remaining conditions for heat treatment outlined in Table 5, all demonstrating reduction in DNA at fractions 42-mL to 46-mL, and resolved perhydrolase at fractions 82-mL to 86-m L. 
         FIG. 22 . SEC chromatogram (control) showing the effect of single stage heat treatment (75° C.). 
         FIG. 23 . SEC chromatogram (control) showing the effect of single stage heat treatment (85° C.). 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE BIOLOGICAL SEQUENCES 
     The following sequences comply with 37 C.F.R. §§1.821-1.825 (“Requirements for Patent Applications Containing Nucleotide Sequences and/or Amino Acid Sequence Disclosures—the Sequence Rules”) and are consistent with World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Standard ST. 25 (1998) and the sequence listing requirements of the European Patent Convention (EPC) and the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) Rules 5.2 and 49.5 (a-bis), and Section 208 and Annex C of the Administrative Instructions. The symbols and format used for nucleotide and amino acid sequence data comply with the rules set forth in 37 C.F.R. §1.822. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 A non-comprehensive list of CE-7 carbohydrate esterases having 
               
               
                 perhydrolytic activity and their associated sequence identification 
               
               
                 numbers. The members in the list are derived from thermophilic 
               
               
                 microorganisms (e.g.,  Thermotoga  sp.). 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Nucleic 
                 Amino 
                   
               
               
                   
                 acid 1   
                 acid 
               
               
                   
                 sequence 
                 sequence 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ 
                 (SEQ 
               
               
                 Enzyme ID 
                 ID NO:) 
                 ID NO:) 
                 Reference 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   Thermotoga neapolitana  WT 
                  1 
                 2 
                 US 2008-0176783 
               
               
                   T. neapolitana  C277A 
                 — 
                 3 
                 US 2010-0087529 
               
               
                   T. neapolitana  C277V 
                 — 
                 4 
                 US 2010-0087529 
               
               
                   T. neapolitana  C277S 
                 — 
                 5 
                 US 2010-0087529 
               
               
                   T. neapolitana  C277T 
                 — 
                 6 
                 US 2010-0087529 
               
               
                   Thermotoga maritima  WT 
                  7 
                 8 
                 US 2008-0176783 
               
               
                   T. maritima  C277A 
                 — 
                 9 
                 US 2010-0087529 
               
               
                   T. maritima  C277V 
                 — 
                 10 
                 US 2010-0087529 
               
               
                   T. maritima  C277S 
                 — 
                 11 
                 US 2010-0087529 
               
               
                   T. maritima  C277T 
                 — 
                 12 
                 US 2010-0087529 
               
               
                 
                   T. maritima 
                 
                 — 
                 13 
                 US 12/632,438 
               
               
                 F24I/S35T/Q179L/N275D/ 
               
               
                 C277S/S308G/F317S 
               
               
                 
                   T. maritima 
                 
                 — 
                 14 
                 US 12/632,438 
               
               
                 N275D/C277S 
               
               
                 
                   T. maritima 
                 
                 — 
                 15 
                 US 12/632,438 
               
               
                 C277S/F317S 
               
               
                 
                   T. maritima 
                 
                 — 
                 16 
                 US 12/632,438 
               
               
                 S35T/C277S 
               
               
                 
                   T. maritima 
                 
                 — 
                 17 
                 US 12/632,438 
               
               
                 Q179L/C277S 
               
               
                 
                   T. maritima 
                 
                 — 
                 18 
                 Co-pending US 
               
               
                 L8R/L125Q/Q176L/V183D/ 
                   
                   
                 provisional 
               
               
                 F247I/C277S/P292L 
                   
                   
                 attorney docket 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 number 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CL5035 
               
               
                 
                   T. maritima 
                 
                 — 
                 19 
                 Co-pending US 
               
               
                 K77E/A266E/C277S 
                   
                   
                 provisional 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 attorney docket 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 number 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CL5035 
               
               
                 
                   T. maritima 
                 
                 — 
                 20 
                 Co-pending US 
               
               
                 F27Y/I149V/A266V/C277S/ 
                   
                   
                 provisional 
               
               
                 I295T/N302S 
                   
                   
                 attorney docket 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 number 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CL5035 
               
               
                 
                   T. maritima 
                 
                 — 
                 21 
                 Co-pending US 
               
               
                 L195Q/C277S 
                   
                   
                 provisional 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 attorney docket 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 number 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CL5035 
               
               
                 
                   T. maritima 
                 
                 — 
                 22 
                 Co-pending US 
               
               
                 Y110F/C277S 
                   
                   
                 provisional 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 attorney docket 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 number 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CL5035 
               
               
                   Thermotoga lettingae  WT 
                 23 
                 24 
                 US 2009-0005590 
               
               
                   T. lettingae  C277A 
                 — 
                 25 
                 US 2010-0087529 
               
               
                   T. lettingae  C277V 
                 — 
                 26 
                 US 2010-0087529 
               
               
                   T. lettingae  C277S 
                 — 
                 27 
                 US 2010-0087529 
               
               
                   T. lettingae  C277T 
                 — 
                 28 
                 US 2010-0087529 
               
               
                   Thermotoga petrophila  WT 
                 29 
                 30 
                 US 2009-0005590 
               
               
                   T. petrophila  C277A 
                 — 
                 31 
                 US 2010-0087529 
               
               
                   T. petrophila  C277V 
                 — 
                 32 
                 US 2010-0087529 
               
               
                   T. petrophila  C277S 
                 — 
                 33 
                 US 2010-0087529 
               
               
                   T. petrophila  C277T 
                 — 
                 34 
                 US 2010-0087529 
               
               
                   Thermotoga  sp. RQ2(a) WT 
                 35 
                 36 
                 US 2009-0005590 
               
               
                   Thermotoga  sp. RQ2(a) 
                 — 
                 37 
                 US 2010-0087529 
               
               
                 C277A 
               
               
                   Thermotoga  sp. RQ2(a) 
                 — 
                 38 
                 US 2010-0087529 
               
               
                 C277V 
               
               
                   Thermotoga  sp. RQ2(a) 
                 — 
                 39 
                 US 2010-0087529 
               
               
                 C277S 
               
               
                   Thermotoga  sp. RQ2(a) 
                 — 
                 40 
                 US 2010-0087529 
               
               
                 C277T 
               
               
                   Thermotoga  sp. RQ2 (b) WT 
                 41 
                 42 
                 US 2009-0005590 
               
               
                   Thermotoga  sp. RQ2 (b) 
                 — 
                 43 
                 US 2010-0087529 
               
               
                 C278A 
               
               
                   Thermotoga  sp. RQ2 (b) 
                 — 
                 44 
                 US 2010-0087529 
               
               
                 C278V 
               
               
                   Thermotoga  sp. RQ2 (b) 
                 — 
                 45 
                 US 2010-0087529 
               
               
                 C278S 
               
               
                   Thermotoga  sp. RQ2 (b) 
                 — 
                 46 
                 US 2010-0087529 
               
               
                 C278T 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 = codon optimized for recombinant expression in  E. coli . 
               
               
                 Polynucleotide sequences encoding wild type polypeptide sequences are provided. WT = wild-type CE-7 carbohydrate esterase. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     SEQ ID NOs: 47, 48, 50, and 51 are the nucleic acid sequences primers used in Example 1. 
     SEQ ID NO: 49 is the nucleic acid sequence of the polynucleotide prepared using PCR primers SEQ ID NO: 47 and SEQ ID NO: 48. 
     SEQ ID NO: 52 is the nucleic acid sequence of the polynucleotide prepared using PCR primers SEQ ID NO: 50 and SEQ ID NO: 51. 
     SEQ ID NOs: 53-60 are the sequences of oligonucleotides used to prepare  T. maritime  variants C277V, C277A, C277S, and C277T. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present process comprising two heat-treatment steps is used to aid in purifying and/or concentrating a thermophilic enzyme having perhydrolytic activity such that the ease of filterability of the enzyme through a membrane is enabled or enhanced. 
     In this disclosure, a number of terms and abbreviations are used. The following definitions apply unless specifically stated otherwise. 
     As used herein, the articles “a”, “an”, and “the” preceding an element or component of the invention are intended to be nonrestrictive regarding the number of instances (i.e., occurrences) of the element or component. Therefore “a”, “an” and “the” should be read to include one or at least one, and the singular word form of the element or component also includes the plural unless the number is obviously meant to be singular. 
     The term “comprising” means the presence of the stated features, integers, steps, or components as referred to in the claims, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, components or groups thereof. The term “comprising” is intended to include embodiments encompassed by the terms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of”. Similarly, the term “consisting essentially of” is intended to include embodiments encompassed by the term “consisting of”. 
     As used herein, the term “about” modifying the quantity of an ingredient or reactant employed refers to variation in the numerical quantity that can occur, for example, through typical measuring and liquid handling procedures used for making concentrates or use solutions in the real world; through inadvertent error in these procedures; through differences in the manufacture, source, or purity of the ingredients employed to make the compositions or carry out the methods; and the like. The term “about” also encompasses amounts that differ due to different equilibrium conditions for a composition resulting from a particular initial mixture. Whether or not modified by the term “about”, the claims include equivalents to the quantities. 
     Where present, all ranges are inclusive and combinable. For example, when a range of “1 to 5” is recited, the recited range should be construed as including ranges “1 to 4”, “1 to 3”, “1-2”, “1-2 &amp; 4-5”, “1-3 &amp; 5”, and the like. 
     As used herein, the term “peroxycarboxylic acid” is synonymous with peracid, peroxyacid, peroxy acid, percarboxylic acid and peroxoic acid. 
     As used herein, the term “peracetic acid” is abbreviated as “PAA” and is synonymous with peroxyacetic acid, ethaneperoxoic acid and all other synonyms of CAS Registry Number 79-21-0. 
     As used herein, the terms “enzyme catalyst” and “perhydrolase catalyst” refer to a catalyst comprising an enzyme (i.e., a polypeptide) having perhydrolysis activity. 
     As used herein, the term “perhydrolysis” or “perhydrolytic reaction” is defined as the reaction of a selected substrate with a source of hydrogen peroxide to form a peroxycarboxylic acid. Typically, inorganic peroxide is reacted with the selected substrate in the presence of a catalyst having perhydrolytic activity to produce the peroxycarboxylic acid. As used herein, the term “chemical perhydrolysis” includes perhydrolysis reactions in which a substrate (such as a peroxycarboxylic acid precursor) is combined with a source of hydrogen peroxide wherein peroxycarboxylic acid is formed in the absence of an enzyme catalyst. As used herein, the term “enzymatic perhydrolysis” refers a reaction of a selected substrate with a source of hydrogen peroxide to form a peroxycarboxylic acid, wherein the reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme catalyst having perhydrolysis activity. 
     As used herein, the term “perhydrolase activity” refers to the enzyme catalyst activity per unit mass (for example, milligram) of protein, dry cell weight, or immobilized catalyst weight. 
     As used herein, “one unit of enzyme activity” or “one unit of activity” or “U” is defined as the amount of perhydrolytic activity required for the production of 1 μmol of peroxycarboxylic acid product (such as peracetic acid) per minute at a specified temperature. “One unit of enzyme activity” may also be used herein to refer to the amount of peroxycarboxylic acid hydrolysis activity required for the hydrolysis of 1 μmol of peroxycarboxylic acid (e.g., peracetic acid) per minute at a specified temperature. 
     As used herein, the term “exogenous nuclease” refers to the addition and/or presence of a non-endogenous enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester linkages in the DNA backbone. Fermentation biomass processing often includes the exogenous addition of a commercially-available deoxyribonuclease, such as deoxyribonuclease I from bovine pancreas (DN25; Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.), to the biomass to aid in the degradation of DNA. However, the addition of an exogenous nuclease may increases the cost of biomass process, and the use of mammalian sources of DNAse may be undesirable in toll fermentation. In one embodiment, an exogenous deoxyribonuclease is not used in the present process. 
     Preparation of Microbial Cell Homogenate 
     The present process comprises subjecting a microbial cell homogenate (comprising the recombinantly produced perhydrolytic enzyme) to two distinct heat treatment steps. As use herein, the term “microbial cell homogenate” comprises soluble and insoluble components obtained after lysing the host cell used to recombinantly produce the enzyme having perhydrolytic activity. Typically the homogenate comprises a substantially aqueous matrix where the relative concentration of the homogenate may be adjusted to a desired concentration prior to initiating the first heat treatment step. The microbial host cell may be lysed using any number of methods know in the art, such as chemical, enzymatic, mechanical lysis (e.g., French press or dairy homogenizer) or any combination thereof. The microbial cells and/or microbial cell homogenate may be pH adjusted and/or may include the addition of a buffer prior to the first heat treatment step. In a preferred aspect, the pH of the microbial cell homogenate may be adjusted to a pH of about 6.5 to about 7.5 prior to the first heat treatment. In a further aspect, a phosphate or bicarbonate buffer may be included. In a further embodiment, magnesium sulfate may also be present in the microbial cell homogenate, preferably at a concentration ranging from 0.1 to 10 mM, more preferably 2 mM. 
     Two-Stage Heat Treatment 
     The present process comprises two distinct heat treatment steps. 
     As used herein, the terms “heat treatment”, “heat treatment period”, “heat-treated”, and “heating” are used to describe the process steps of subjecting a microbial cell homogenate to a specified temperature or temperature range for a specified period of time. The present process comprises a first heat treatment and a second heat treatment. 
     As used herein, the term “first heat treatment”, “first heat-treatment period” or “incubation step” refers to a process step wherein the microbial cell homogenate comprising a recombinantly-produced thermophilic enzyme is subjected to a temperature range from about 40° C. to about 65° C. for a period of time ranging from 4 hours to 24 hours, preferably using a temperature range of about 45° C. to about 55° C. for about 4 hours to about 16 hours. Although not bound by theory, the conditions of the first heat-treatment step are selected such that the endogenous nucleases present in the homogenate are active for at least a portion or all of the first heat-treatment period. In one embodiment, an exogenous deoxyribonuclease (DNAse) is not present in the first and/or second heat treatment step. 
     As used herein, the term “second heat treatment” or “second heat-treatment period” refers to a process step wherein the resulting “heat-treated” microbial cell homogenate from the first heat treatment is subsequently subjected to a second heat treatment comprising a temperature range from about 75° C. to about 85° C. for a period of time ranging from about 5 minutes to about 24 hours, preferably using a temperature range of about 75° C. to about 85° C. for about 30 minutes to about 4 hours. 
     Removal of Insoluble Components after the Second Heat Treatment 
     The insoluble components in the heat-treated microbial cell homogenate may be separated from the soluble components using centrifugation or filtration. The resulting solution comprises the recombinantly produced thermophilic enzyme having perhydrolytic activity. 
     In one embodiment, the removal of the insoluble (solid) components from the microbial cell biomass obtained after the second heat treatment comprises filtration using a membrane having size exclusion cut-offs ranging from 0.45 microns to 0.20 microns. In a preferred aspect, the membrane retains particles greater than 0.2 microns in average diameter. 
     The perhydrolytic enzyme in the resulting solution is then concentrated by filtration, evaporation or a combination of protein precipitation and redissolution whereby a concentrate is obtained comprising the recombinant thermophilic enzyme having perhydrolytic activity. 
     In one embodiment, filtration is used to concentrate the solution after the insoluble components are removed. In another embodiment, the filtration step used to concentrate the solution uses a membrane having a size exclusion cut-off range from 100 kDa to 30 kDa. 
     In another embodiment, evaporation is used to concentrate the solution after the insoluble components are removed in step (d). 
     In another embodiment, a combination of protein precipitation and redissolution is used to produce a concentrate from the solution obtained from step (d). 
     In one embodiment, the weight percent (wt %) of the recombinant thermophilic enzyme having perhydrolytic activity in the concentrate is at least 2.5 wt %. In a preferred embodiment, the weight percent (wt %) of the recombinant thermophilic enzyme having perhydrolytic activity in the concentrate is at least 5.0 wt %. 
     Carbohydrate Esterases (Family 7) Having Perhydrolytic Activity 
     Members of the CE-7 family include cephalosporin C deacetylases (CAHs; E.C. 3.1.1.41) and acetyl xylan esterases (AXEs; E.C. 3.1.1.72). Members of the CE-7 esterase family share a conserved signature motif (Vincent et al.,  J. Mol. Biol.,  330:593-606 (2003)). As used herein, the terms “signature motif” and “CE-7 signature motif”, refer to conserved structures shared among a family of enzymes having a perhydrolytic activity. 
     As used herein, “structurally classified as a CE-7 enzyme”, “structurally classified as a carbohydrate esterase family 7 enzyme”, “structurally classified as a CE-7 carbohydrate esterase”, and “CE-7 perhydrolase” will be used to refer to enzymes having perhydrolysis activity that are structurally classified as a CE-7 carbohydrate esterase based on the presence of the CE-7 signature motif (Vincent et al., supra). As used herein, the “signature motif” for CE-7 esterases comprises three conserved motifs (residue position numbering relative to reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 2; the wild-type  Thermotoga maritime  acetyl xylan esterase): 
     a) Arg118-Gly119-Gln120; 
     b) Gly186-Xaa187-Ser188-Gln189-Gly190; and 
     c) His303-Glu304. 
     Typically, the Xaa at amino acid residue position 187 is glycine, alanine, proline, tryptophan, or threonine. Two of the three amino acid residues belonging to the catalytic triad are in bold. In one embodiment, the Xaa at amino acid residue position 187 is selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, proline, tryptophan, and threonine. 
     Further analysis of the conserved motifs within the CE-7 carbohydrate esterase family indicates the presence of an additional conserved motif (LXD at amino acid positions 272-274 of SEQ ID NO: 2) that may be used to further define a member of the CE-7 carbohydrate esterase family. In a further embodiment, the signature motif defined above includes a fourth conserved motif defined as: 
     Leu272-Xaa273-Asp274. 
     The Xaa at amino acid residue position 273 is typically isoleucine, valine, or methionine. The fourth motif includes the aspartic acid residue (bold) belonging to the catalytic triad (Ser188-Asp274-His303). 
     Perhydrolases comprising the CE-7 signature motif and/or a substantially similar structure are suitable for use in the present process as long as they enzyme is not permanently or substantially inactivated (i.e., loss of perhydrolytic activity) by the second temperature treatment conditions of present process. Means to identify substantially similar biological molecules are well known in the art (e.g. sequence alignment protocols, nucleic acid hybridizations, presence of a conserved signature motif, etc.). In one aspect, the enzyme catalyst may comprise a substantially similar enzyme having at least 40%, preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, even more preferable at least 70%, even more preferably at least 80%, yet even more preferable at least 90% identity, and most preferably at least 95% amino acid identity to the sequences provided herein. 
     As used herein, the terms “cephalosporin C deacetylase” and “cephalosporin C acetyl hydrolase” refer to an enzyme (E.C. 3.1.1.41) that catalyzes the deacetylation of cephalosporins such as cephalosporin C and 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (Mitsushima, Kenji, et al.,  Appl. Environ. Microbiol . (1995) 61(6):2224-2229). As described herein, several cephalosporin C deacetylases are provided having significant perhydrolysis activity. 
     As used herein, “acetyl xylan esterase” refers to an enzyme (E.C. 3.1.1.72; AXEs) that catalyzes the deacetylation of acetylated xylans and other acetylated saccharides. As illustrated herein, several enzymes classified as acetyl xylan esterases are provided having significant perhydrolase activity. 
     Members of the CE-7 carbohydrate esterase family comprising a CE-7 signature motif having excellent perhydrolytic activity for producing peroxycarboxylic acids for carboxylic acid ester substrates and a source of peroxygen, such as hydrogen peroxide (Published U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008-0176783 to DiCosimo et al). A host of variant enzymes derived from naturally occurring acetyl xylan esterases obtained from thermophilic microorganisms, such as members of the genus  Thermotoga , have also been produced. A non-limiting list of perhydrolytic enzymes derived from a  Thermotoga  sp. acetyl xylan esterase are provided in Table 1. 
     Thermophilic Enzymes Having Perhydrolytic Activity 
     As used herein, the term “thermophilic enzyme having perhydrolytic activity” or “thermophilic perhydrolase” will refer to a carbohydrate esterase family 7 enzyme (cephalosporin deacetylases and acetyl xylan esterases) having perhydrolytic activity wherein the present heat-treatment process does not significantly impact the perhydrolytic activity of the enzyme. In one embodiment, the enzyme catalyst will be considered temperature stable (i.e., “a thermophilic enzyme”) if subjecting the enzyme to the conditions of the second heat treatment step (i.e., exposure to an elevated temperature for a defined period of time) do not adversely impact the perhydrolytic activity of the enzyme. In another embodiment, the enzyme catalyst may be considered “temperature stable” (i.e., thermophilic) if exposure of the enzyme to a heat treatment period of 5 minutes to 4 hours at a temperature ranging from 75° C. to 85° C. does not significantly decrease the perhydrolytic activity of the enzyme. 
     In one embodiment, the thermophilic enzyme having perhydrolytic activity is an acetyl xylan esterase derived from a thermophilic microorganism, such as a species within the bacterial genus  Thermotoga . In a further preferred embodiment, the thermophilic enzyme may be a variant of an acetyl xylan esterase from a thermophilic microorganism so long as the variant retains perhydrolytic activity after exposure to the conditions used in the second heat treatment. In a further preferred aspect, the thermophilic enzyme having perhydrolytic activity is an acetyl xylan esterase or variant thereof from  Thermotoga maritima, Thermotoga neapolitana, Thermotoga lettingae, Thermotoga petrophila , and  Thermotoga  sp. RQ2. A non-limiting list of enzymes is provided in Table 1. 
     In yet another embodiment, the thermophilic enzyme having perhydrolytic activity comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, and 46. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the thermophilic enzyme is recombinantly expressed in a microbial host cell. Examples of host strains include, but are not limited to, bacterial, fungal or yeast species such as  Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Saccharomyces, Pichia, Phaffia, Kluyveromyces, Candida, Hansenula, Yarrowia, Salmonella, Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Zymomonas, Agrobacterium, Erythrobacter, Chlorobium, Chromatium, Flavobacterium, Cytophaga, Rhodobacter, Rhodococcus, Streptomyces, Brevibacterium, Corynebacteria, Mycobacterium, Deinococcus, Escherichia, Erwinia, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Methylomonas, Methylobacter, Methylococcus, Methylosinus, Methylomicrobium, Methylocystis, Alcaligenes, Synechocystis, Synechococcus, Anabaena, Thiobacillus, Methanobacterium, Klebsiella , and  Myxococcus . In a preferred embodiment, bacterial host strains include  Escherichia, Bacillus , and  Pseudomonas . In a further preferred aspect, the bacterial host cell is  Escherichia coli.    
     Carboxylic Acid Ester Substrates 
     The CE-7 enzymes having perhydrolytic activity can use a variety of carboxylic acid ester substrates (in the presence of a suitable source of peroxygen) to produce one or more peracids, such as peracetic acid. 
     Examples of carboxylic acid ester substrates may include, but are not limited to: 
     one or more esters provided by the following formula:
 
[X] m R 5  
         wherein X=an ester group of the formula R 6 C(O)O       

     R 6 =C1 to C7 linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl moiety, optionally substituted with hydroxyl groups or C1 to C4 alkoxy groups, wherein R 6  optionally comprises one or more ether linkages for R6=C2 to C7; 
     R 5 =a C1 to C6 linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbyl moiety optionally substituted with hydroxyl groups; wherein each carbon atom in R 5  individually comprises no more than one hydroxyl group or no more than one ester group; wherein R 5  optionally comprises one or more ether linkages; 
     m is an integer ranging from 1 to the number of carbon atoms in R 5 ; and 
     wherein said esters have solubility in water of at least 5 ppm at 25° C. 
     In another embodiment, R 6  is C1 to C7 linear hydrocarbyl moiety, optionally substituted with hydroxyl groups or C1 to C4 alkoxy groups, optionally comprising one or more ether linkages. In a further preferred embodiment, R 6  is C2 to C7 linear hydrocarbyl moiety, optionally substituted with hydroxyl groups, and/or optionally comprising one or more ether linkages. 
     As used herein, the terms “hydrocarbyl”, “hydrocarbyl group”, and “hydrocarbyl moiety” mean a straight chain, branched or cyclic arrangement of carbon atoms connected by single, double, or triple carbon to carbon bonds and/or by ether linkages, and substituted accordingly with hydrogen atoms. Such hydrocarbyl groups may be aliphatic and/or aromatic. Examples of hydrocarbyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, pentyl, cyclopentyl, methylcyclopentyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, benzyl, and phenyl. In one embodiment, the hydrocarbyl moiety is a straight chain, branched or cyclic arrangement of carbon atoms connected by single carbon to carbon bonds and/or by ether linkages, and substituted accordingly with hydrogen atoms. 
     In another embodiment, suitable substrates also include one or more glycerides of the formula: 
                                
wherein R 1 =C1 to C21 straight chain or branched chain alkyl optionally substituted with an hydroxyl or a C1 to C4 alkoxy group and R 3  and R 4  are individually H or R 1 C(O).
 
     In another aspect, suitable substrates may also include one or more esters of the formula: 
                                
wherein R 1  is a C1 to C7 straight chain or branched chain alkyl optionally substituted with an hydroxyl or a C1 to C4 alkoxy group and R 2  is a C1 to C10 straight chain or branched chain alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylaryl, alkylheteroaryl, heteroaryl, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n , or (CH 2 CH(CH 3 )—O) n H and n is 1 to 10.
 
     Suitable substrates may also include one or more acylated saccharides selected from the group consisting of acylated mono-, di-, and polysaccharides. In another embodiment, the acylated saccharides are selected from the group consisting of acetylated xylan, fragments of acetylated xylan, acetylated xylose (such as xylose tetraacetate), acetylated glucose (such as glucose pentaacetate), β-D-ribofuranose-1,2,3,5-tetraacetate, tri-O-acetyl-D-galactal, tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal, and acetylated cellulose. In a preferred embodiment, the acetylated saccharide is selected from the group consisting of β-D-ribofuranose-1,2,3,5-tetraacetate, tri-O-acetyl-D-galactal, tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal, and acetylated cellulose. 
     In another embodiment, suitable substrates are selected from the group consisting of: monoacetin; diacetin; triacetin; monopropionin; dipropionin; tripropionin; monobutyrin; dibutyrin; tributyrin; glucose pentaacetate; xylose tetraacetate; acetylated xylan; acetylated xylan fragments; β-D-ribofuranose-1,2,3,5-tetraacetate; tri-O-acetyl-D-galactal; tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal; monoesters or diesters of 1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,2-pentanediol, 2,5-pentanediol, 1,6-pentanediol, 1,2-hexanediol, 2,5-hexanediol, 1,6-hexanediol; and mixtures thereof. 
     In another embodiment, the carboxylic acid ester is selected from the group consisting of monoacetin, diacetin, triacetin, and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the substrate is a C1 to C6 polyol comprising one or more ester groups. In a preferred embodiment, one or more of the hydroxyl groups on the C1 to C6 polyol are substituted with one or more acetoxy groups (such as 1,3-propanediol diacetate, 1,4-butanediol diacetate, etc.). In a further embodiment, the substrate is propylene glycol diacetate (PGDA), ethylene glycol diacetate (EGDA), or a mixture thereof. 
     In another embodiment, suitable substrates are selected from the group consisting of ethyl acetate; methyl lactate; ethyl lactate; methyl glycolate; ethyl glycolate; methyl methoxyacetate; ethyl methoxyacetate; methyl 3-hydroxybutyrate; ethyl 3-hydroxybutyrate; triethyl 2-acetyl citrate; glucose pentaacetate; gluconolactone; glycerides (mono-, di-, and triglycerides) such as monoacetin, diacetin, triacetin, monopropionin, dipropionin (glyceryl dipropionate), tripropionin (1,2,3-tripropionylglycerol), monobutyrin, dibutyrin (glyceryl dibutyrate), tributyrin (1,2,3-tributyrylglycerol); acetylated saccharides; and mixtures thereof. 
     In a further embodiment, suitable substrates are selected from the group consisting of monoacetin, diacetin, triacetin, monopropionin, dipropionin, tripropionin, monobutyrin, dibutyrin, tributyrin, ethyl acetate, and ethyl lactate. In yet another aspect, the substrate is selected from the group consisting of diacetin, triacetin, ethyl acetate, and ethyl lactate. In a most preferred embodiment, the suitable substrate comprises triacetin. 
     Method for Determining the Concentration of Peroxycarboxylic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide. 
     A variety of analytical methods can be used in the present method to analyze the reactants and products including, but not limited to, titration, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), mass spectroscopy (MS), capillary electrophoresis (CE), the analytical procedure described by U. Karst et al. ( Anal. Chem.,  69(17):3623-3627 (1997)), and the 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothazoline)-6-sulfonate (ABTS) assay (S. Minning, et al.,  Analytica Chimica Acta  378:293-298 (1999) and WO 20041058961 A1) as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008-0176783. 
     Recombinant Expression of a Perhydrolytic Enzyme 
     A variety of culture methodologies may be applied to produce the perhydrolase catalyst. Large-scale production of a specific gene product over expressed from a recombinant microbial host may be produced by batch, fed-batch or continuous culture methodologies. Batch and fed-batch culturing methods are common and well known in the art and examples may be found in Thomas D. Brock in  Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology , Second Edition, Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Mass. (1989) and Deshpande, Mukund V.,  Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol.,  36:227 (1992). 
     In one embodiment, commercial production of the desired perhydrolase catalyst is accomplished with a continuous culture. Continuous cultures are an open system where a defined culture media is added continuously to a bioreactor and an equal amount of conditioned media is removed simultaneously for processing. Continuous cultures generally maintain the cells at a constant high liquid phase density where cells are primarily in log phase growth. Alternatively, continuous culture may be practiced with immobilized cells where carbon and nutrients are continuously added and valuable products, by-products or waste products are continuously removed from the cell mass. Cell immobilization may be performed using a wide range of solid supports composed of natural and/or synthetic materials. 
     Recovery of the desired perhydrolase catalyst from a batch or fed-batch fermentation, or continuous culture may be accomplished by any of the methods that are known to those skilled in the art. For example, when the enzyme catalyst is produced intracellularly, the cell paste is separated from the culture medium by centrifugation or membrane filtration, optionally washed with water or an aqueous buffer at a desired pH, then a suspension of the cell paste in an aqueous buffer at a desired pH is lysed or homogenized to produce a cell extract containing the desired enzyme catalyst. 
     When an amount, concentration, or other value or parameter is given either as a range, preferred range, or a list of upper preferable values and lower preferable values, this is to be understood as specifically disclosing all ranges formed from any pair of any upper range limit or preferred value and any lower range limit or preferred value, regardless of whether ranges are separately disclosed. Where a range of numerical values is recited herein, unless otherwise stated, the range is intended to include the endpoints thereof, and all integers and fractions within the range. It is not intended that the scope be limited to the specific values recited when defining a range. 
     General Methods 
     The following examples are provided to demonstrate preferred embodiments. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples which follow represent techniques discovered by the inventor to function well in the practice of the methods disclosed herein, and thus can be considered to constitute preferred modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the presently disclosed methods. 
     All reagents and materials were obtained from DIFCO Laboratories (Detroit, Mich.), GIBCO/BRL (Gaithersburg, Md.), TCI America (Portland, Oreg.), Roche Diagnostics Corporation (Indianapolis, Ind.) or Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Company (St. Louis, Mo.), unless otherwise specified. 
     The following abbreviations in the specification correspond to units of measure, techniques, properties, or compounds as follows: “sec” or “s” means second(s), “min” means minute(s), “h” or “hr” means hour(s), “μL” means microliter(s), “mL” means milliliter(s), “L” means liter(s), “mM” means millimolar, “M” means molar, “mmol” means millimole(s), “ppm” means part(s) per million, “wt” means weight, “wt %” means weight percent, “g” means gram(s), “mg” means microgram(s), “ng” means nanogram(s), “g” means gravity, “HPLC” means high performance liquid chromatography, “dd H 2 O” means distilled and deionized water, “dcw” means dry cell weight, “ATCC” or “ATCC®” means the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va.), “U” means unit(s) of perhydrolase activity, “rpm” means revolution(s) per minute, “EDTA” means ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, “slpm” means standard liters per minute, “IPTG” means isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside, “DTT” means dithiothreitol, “BCA” means bicinchoninic acid. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Cloning and Expression of Acetyl Xylan Esterase from  Thermotoga maritima    
     A gene encoding acetyl xylan esterase from  T. maritima  (amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 8) as reported in GENBANK® (accession no. NP — 227893.1) was synthesized (DNA 2.0, Menlo Park Calif.). The gene was subsequently amplified by PCR (0.5 min at 94° C., 0.5 min at 55° C., 1 min at 70° C., 30 cycles) using primers identified as SEQ ID NO: 47 and SEQ ID NO: 48. The resulting nucleic acid product (SEQ ID NO: 49) was cut with restriction enzymes PstI and XbaI and subcloned between the PstI and XbaI sites in pUC19 to generate the plasmid identified as pSW207. A gene encoding an acetyl xylan esterase from  T. maritima  as reported in GENBANK® (accession no. NP — 227893.1; amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 8) was synthesized using codons optimized for expression in  E. coli  (DNA 2.0, Menlo Park Calif.). The gene was subsequently amplified by PCR (0.5 min at 94° C., 0.5 min at 55° C., 1 min at 70° C., 30 cycles) using primers identified as SEQ ID NO:50 and SEQ ID NO:51. The resulting nucleic acid product (SEQ ID NO: 52) was cut with restriction enzymes EcoRI and PstI and subcloned between the EcoRI and PstI sites in pTrc99A (GENBANK® accession no. M22744) to generate the plasmid identified as pSW228 (containing the codon-optimized  T. maritima  coding sequence SEQ ID NO: 7). The plasmids pSW207 and pSW228 were used to transform  E. coli  KLP18 (U.S. Patent Application Pub. No. 2008-0176299) to generate the strains identified as KLP18/pSW207 and KLP18/pSW228, respectively. KLP18/pSW207 and KLP18/pSW228 were grown in LB media at 37° C. with shaking up to OD 600nm =0.4-0.5, at which time IPTG was added to a final concentration of 1 mM, and incubation continued for 2-3 h. Cells were harvested by centrifugation and SDS-PAGE was performed to confirm expression of the perhydrolase at 20-40% of total soluble protein. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Construction of  Thermotoga maritima  Acetyl Xylan Esterase Variants at Residue C277 
     The C277 (Cys277) position of  T. maritima  acetyl xylan esterase was changed to each of Val, Ala, Ser and Thr using oligonucleotide primer pairs (Table 2) that were designed based on the codon optimized sequence of  T. maritima  acetyl xylan esterase (SEQ ID NO: 7) in the plasmid pSW228. The mutations were made using QUIKCHANGE® (Stratagene) according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. Amplified plasmids were treated with 1 U of Dpnl at 37° C. for 1 hour. Treated plasmids were used to transform chemically competent  E. coli  XL1-Blue (Stratagene). Transformants were plated on LB-agar supplemented with 0.1 mg ampicillin/mL and grown overnight at 37° C. Up to five individual colonies were picked and the plasmid DNA sequenced to confirm the expected mutations. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Oligonucleotides used to change residue 277 in  T. maritima . 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 forward 5′ to 3′ 
                   
                 reverse 5′ to 3′ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Tma_C277Vf 
                 ggacaacatcGTG 
                 Tma_C277Vr 
                 TAGAAGGAGG CAC GA 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 53) 
                 cctccttcta 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 54) 
                 TGTTGTCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Tma_C277Af 
                 ggacaacatcGC 
                 Tma_C277Ar 
                 TAGAAGGAGG CGC GA 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 55) 
                 Gcctccttcta 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 56) 
                 TGTTGTCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Tma_C277Sf 
                 ggacaacatcTCA 
                 Tma_C277Sr 
                 TAGAAGGAGG TGA GA 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 57) 
                 cctccttcta 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 58) 
                 TGTTGTCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Tma_C277Tf 
                 ggacaacatcACC 
                 Tma_C277Tr 
                 TAGAAGGAGG GGT GA 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 59) 
                 cctccttcta 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 60) 
                 TGTTGTCC 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Expression of  Thermotoga maritime  Acetyl Xylan Esterase Variants in  E. coli  KLP18 
     Plasmids with confirmed acetyl xylan esterase mutations were used to transform  E. coli  KLP18 (Example 1). Transformants were grown in LB media at 37° C. with shaking up to OD 600nm =0.4-0.5, at which time IPTG was added to a final concentration of 1 mM, and incubation continued for 2-3 h. Cells were harvested by centrifugation and SDS-PAGE was performed to confirm expression of the acetyl xylan esterase at 20-40% of total soluble protein. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Expression of  Thermotoga  Acetyl Xylan Esterase Variants in  E. coli  KLP18 Using 1-Liter Bioreactor 
     Plasmids with confirmed acetyl xylan esterase mutations were used to transform  E. coli  KLP18 (Example 1). Transformants were plated onto LB-ampicillin (100 μg/mL) plates and incubated overnight at 37° C. Cells were harvested from a plate using 2.5 mL LB media supplemented with 20% (v/v) glycerol, and 1.0 mL aliquots of the resulting cell suspension frozen at −80° C. One mL of the thawed cell suspension was transferred to a 1-L APPLIKON® Bioreactor (APPLIKON® Biotechnology, Foster City, Calif.) with 0.7 L medium containing KH 2 PO 4  (5.0 g/L), FeSO 4  heptahydrate (0.05 g/L), MgSO 4  heptahydrate (1.0 g/L), sodium citrate dihydrate (1.90 g/L), yeast extract (Amberex 695, 5.0 g/L), Biospumex 153K antifoam (0.25 mL, Cognis Corporation), NaCl (1.0 g/L), CaCl 2  dihydrate (0.1 g/L), and NIT trace elements solution (10 mL/L). The trace elements solution contained citric acid monohydrate (10 g/L), MnSO 4  hydrate (2 g/L), NaCl (2 g/L), FeSO 4  heptahydrate (0.5 g/L), ZnSO 4  heptahydrate (0.2 g/L), CuSO 4  pentahydrate (0.02 g/L) and NaMoO 4  dihydrate (0.02 g/L). Post sterilization additions included glucose solution (50% w/w, 6.5 g) and ampicillin (25 mg/mL) stock solution (2.8 mL). Glucose solution (50% w/w) was also used for fed batch. Glucose feed was initiated 40 min after glucose concentration decreased below 0.5 g/L, starting at 0.03 g feed/min and increasing progressively each hour to 0.04, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.12, and 0.14 g/min respectively; the rate remaining constant afterwards. Glucose concentration in the medium was monitored, and if the concentration exceeded 0.1 g/L the feed rate was decreased or stopped temporarily. Induction was initiated at OD 550 =50 with addition of 0.8 mL IPTG (0.05 M). The dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration was controlled at 25% of air saturation, first by agitation (400-1000 rpm), and following by aeration (0.5-2 slpm). The temperature was controlled at 37° C., and the pH was controlled at 6.8; NH 4 OH (29% w/w) and H 2 SO 4  (20% w/v) were used for pH control. The cells were harvested by centrifugation (5,000×g for 15 minutes) at 20 h post IPTG addition. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Preparation of Cell Lysates Containing Semi-Purified  T. maritima  Acetyl Xylan Esterase Variants 
     Cell cultures were grown using a fermentation protocol similar to that described in Example 4 at a 1-L scale (Applikon). Cells harvested by centrifugation at 5,000×g for 15 minutes were resuspended (20% w/v) in 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.0 supplemented with 1.0 mM DTT. Resuspended cells were passed through a French pressure cell twice to ensure &gt;95% cell lysis. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     Incubation of  E. coli  KLP18/psW228 Lysate Containing  T. maritima  Wild-type Perhydrolase for DNA Removal 
     A cell suspension of  E. coli  KLP18/psW228 (Example 1) containing the wild-type  T. maritima  perhydrolase was prepared by suspending 1828 grams of frozen cell paste in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) at a wet cell weight loading of 250 grams per liter. Aliquots of this cell suspension were treated as indicated in Table 3. To each aliquot of cell suspension was added magnesium sulfate (2 mM) prior to incubation at 50° C. for approximately 18 hours. At the conclusion of all process steps for each treatment, two 40-mL samples were centrifuged and the supernatant frozen at −80° C. Size exclusion chromatography was subsequently performed on thawed samples using the following protocol: HILOAD™ 26/60 column (GE Healthcare), SUPERDEX™ 200 prep grade packing (GE Healthcare), isocratic elution with 2.5 mL/min of 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) at 20° C. with monitoring of the column eluent at 260, 280 and 400 nm. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Process steps to produce samples for 
               
               
                 size exclusion chromatography. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Sample 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 PAA961- 
                 Step 1 
                 Step 2 
                 Step 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BHF 
                 Homogenization 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 BH50F 
                 Homogenization 
                 50° C. incubation 
                 — 
               
               
                 B75F 
                 Homogenization 
                 50° C. incubation 
                 75° C. heat 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 treatment 
               
               
                 BHQF 
                 Homogenization 
                 75° C. heat 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                 treatment 
               
               
                 A50HF 
                 50° C. incubation 
                 Homogenization 
                 — 
               
               
                 A75F 
                 50° C. incubation 
                 Homogenization 
                 75° C. heat 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 treatment 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Incubation was done for a period of approximately 18 hours, and heat treatment was for approximately 2 hours. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The  T. maritima  perhydrolase had a retention time of ca. 95 minutes, and components of the sample that eluted from the column at earlier retention times were largely composed of DNA, where the ratio of the 260 nm/280 nm absorbances was approximately 2, and where these collected fractions were analyzed by gel electrophoresis to confirm the presence of DNA. 
       FIGS. 1A through 1D  present the chromatograms of lysate supernatants treated using four different processing steps: ( FIG. 1A ) crude lysate (no incubation or heat-treatment), ( FIG. 1B ) lysate after incubation at 50° C., ( FIG. 1C ) lysate after incubation at 50° C. followed by heat-treatment at 75° C., and ( FIG. 1D ) lysate after heat-treatment at 75° C. (no 50° C. incubation). All chromatograms have same vertical scale, from −100 to +4500 mAU. DNA components in crude lysate ( FIG. 1A ) (components with retention times less than 75-80 min) were removed by incubation at 50° C. ( FIG. 1B ), resulting in the increase in low-molecular-weight DNA fragments that had a retention time of approximately 130-140 min. There was some additional purification of the lysate by the combination of incubation at 50° C. followed by heat-treatment at 75° C. ( FIG. 1C ), whereas a significant amount of DNA remained in the lysate that was heat-treated at 75° C. without prior incubation at 50° C. 
     The incubation step was not effective in removing DNA when performed prior to homogenization of the  E. coli  cells containing the perhydrolase.  FIGS. 2A through 2C  present chromatograms for samples that were prepared according to the following procedures: ( FIG. 2A ) homogenization followed by incubation at 50° C., ( FIG. 2B ) incubation of a cell suspension at 50° C. followed by homogenization, and ( FIG. 2C ) incubation at 50° C. followed by homogenization and subsequent heat treatment at 75° C.; incubation prior to homogenization was not effective for DNA removal (see  FIG. 2B  and  FIG. 2C ). 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     Incubation of  E. coli  KLP18 lysate containing  T. maritima  C277S perhydrolase variant for DNA removal 
     The procedure described in Example 5 was repeated using an incubation temperature of 45° C. and a lysate of  E. coli  KLP18 containing  T. maritima  C277S perhydrolase (See Examples 2 and 3; SEQ ID NO: 11). Chromatographic analysis of lysate supernatants after (1) no incubation, (2) incubation at 45° C. with no added magnesium sulfate, and (3) incubation at 45° C. with 2 mM magnesium sulfate was performed. DNA components in crude lysate (components with retention times less than 75-80 min) were removed by incubation at 45° C., resulting in the increase in low-molecular-weight DNA fragments that had a retention time of approximately 130-140 min. A sample component at 50 min that adsorbed at 400 nm was a not a DNA component. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     Two-Stage Heat Treatment of Cell Lysates Containing  T. maritima  Acetyl Xylan Esterase Variants 
     The effect of incubation time and temperature, as well as heat-treatment temperature on reduction of DNA concentration in  E. coli  cell homogenates containing perhydrolase was examined by performing the two-stage heat treatment study outlined in Table 4, below. A 50-mL aliquot of homogenate was placed in a 125-mL sterile disposable shake flask and placed in a shaking incubator for the Stage 1 heat treatment (incubation) for either 8 h or 16 h. At the conclusion of the first stage, the flask was transferred to a shaking water bath at the elevated Stage 2 temperature for 2 h. The resulting perhydrolase-containing mixtures were clarified by centrifugation prior to analysis. 
                                                                                     TABLE 4                   Matrix   flsk   Stage 1 Heat Treat.   Stage 2 Heat Treat.            ID   #   Temp, ° C.   Time, hr   Temp, ° C.   Time, hr                     8-75   1   45   8   75   2           2   50   8   75   2           3   55   8   75   2        8-80   4   45   8   80   2           5   50   8   80   2           6   55   8   80   2        8-85   7   45   8   85   2           8   50   8   85   2           9   55   8   85   2       16-75   10   45   16   75   2           11   50   16   75   2           12   55   16   75   2       16-80   13   45   16   80   2           14   50   16   80   2           15   55   16   80   2       16-85   16   45   16   85   2           17   50   16   85   2           18   55   16   85   2                    
Protein concentration of the final heat treated supernatant was primarily a function of the Stage two heat-treatment temperature with more  E. coli  protein precipitated as Stage two temperature increased.
 
     Total activity as pNPA units per g (mL) of clarified supernatant after two-stage heat-treatment is reported in Table 5. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Temp 
                 Time 
                 Temp 
                 Time 
                   
                 pNPA, 
                 Calculated 
               
               
                 Sample 
                 1 
                 1 
                 2 
                 2 
                 BCA 
                 U/mg 
                 pNPA 
               
               
                 # 
                 (° C.) 
                 (hr) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (hr) 
                 (mg/g) 
                 protein 
                 (U/g) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 45 
                 8 
                 75 
                 2 
                 8.76 
                 121.3 
                 1062.5 
               
               
                 4 
                 45 
                 8 
                 80 
                 2 
                 7.31 
                 124.2 
                 907.6 
               
               
                 7 
                 45 
                 8 
                 85 
                 2 
                 6.97 
                 129.7 
                 903.8 
               
               
                 10 
                 45 
                 16 
                 75 
                 2 
                 8.08 
                 127.7 
                 1032.2 
               
               
                 13 
                 45 
                 16 
                 80 
                 2 
                 7.34 
                 136.2 
                 999.7 
               
               
                 16 
                 45 
                 16 
                 85 
                 2 
                 6.94 
                 137.0 
                 951.0 
               
               
                 2 
                 50 
                 8 
                 75 
                 2 
                 9.16 
                 104.6 
                 958.2 
               
               
                 5 
                 50 
                 8 
                 80 
                 2 
                 7.65 
                 122.3 
                 935.3 
               
               
                 8 
                 50 
                 8 
                 85 
                 2 
                 6.95 
                 137.9 
                 958.6 
               
               
                 11 
                 50 
                 16 
                 75 
                 2 
                 8.88 
                 122.7 
                 1089.6 
               
               
                 14 
                 50 
                 16 
                 80 
                 2 
                 8.48 
                 111.9 
                 948.9 
               
               
                 17 
                 50 
                 16 
                 85 
                 2 
                 7.15 
                 129.8 
                 928.3 
               
               
                 3 
                 55 
                 8 
                 75 
                 2 
                 8.47 
                 113.4 
                 960.5 
               
               
                 6 
                 55 
                 8 
                 80 
                 2 
                 7.58 
                 124.0 
                 939.8 
               
               
                 9 
                 55 
                 8 
                 85 
                 2 
                 7.09 
                 126.7 
                 898.1 
               
               
                 12 
                 55 
                 16 
                 75 
                 2 
                 8.78 
                 105.7 
                 927.8 
               
               
                 15 
                 55 
                 16 
                 80 
                 2 
                 8.31 
                 109.2 
                 907.5 
               
               
                 18 
                 55 
                 16 
                 85 
                 2 
                 7.17 
                 119.5 
                 856.5 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Two-stage heat treatment conditions that resulted in the highest specific activity (U/mg protein) did not also produce the highest total activity per weight (volume) of treated supernatant; Stage 1 at 45° C. or 50° C. for 16 hours with a Stage 2 treatment of 2 hours at 75° C. produced the highest total pNPA activity, as did 45° C. for 8 hours followed by 75° C. for 2 hours. 
     SEC chromatograms demonstrate the production of eluents that partially co-elute with the perhydrolase (the peak in the 82-mL to 86-mL fractions) when the 1 st  stage temperature was 55° C. and the 2 nd  stage treatment was 75° C. for 2 h. The best resolution was at a 1 st  stage temperature of 45° C.; there is still resolution is at 50° C., but the perhydrolase peak is unresolved at 55° C. ( FIGS. 3 ,  4 , and  5 , respectively). For comparison, the SEC chromatogram of unheated cell homogenate is illustrated in  FIG. 6 , where DNA elutes in the 42-mL to 46-mL fractions. 
     The SEC chromatograms for the remaining conditions for heat treatment outlined in Table 5 appear in  FIGS. 7 through 21 , all demonstrating reduction in DNA at fractions 42-mL to 46-mL, and resolved perhydrolase at fractions 82-mL to 86-mL. 
     The results of two additional control experiments illustrating the effect of a single-stage heat treatment for 2 hours at 75° C. or 85° C. are provided in the SEC chromatograms of  FIGS. 22 and 23 , respectively. A significant amount of DNA remained after single-stage heat treatment at 75° C. or 85° C. for 2 hrs. 
     EXAMPLE 8 
     Filtration of Heat-treated  E. coli  Cell Homogenates Containing  T. maritima  C277S Perhydrolase Variant 
     A homogenate of  E. coli  KLP18/pSW228/C277S containing  T. maritima  C277S perhydrolase variant (9.9 mg/mL total protein by BCA protein assay) was prepared using a dairy homogenizer operating at 12,000 psig (approximately 82/4 MPa), the pH of the homogenate was adjusted to pH 7.3, and magnesium sulfate (2 mM) was added. The resulting homogenate was divided into to five aliquots (A-E; 250-mL aliquots) and treated as follows: (A) incubated at 50° C. for 16 h with slow mixing, (B) incubated 50° C. for 5 h with slow mixing, (C, control) added DNAse to 0.5 mg per liter and incubated 50° C. for 5 h with slow mixing, (C, control) added DNAse to 0.5 mg per liter and incubated 50° C. for 16 h with slow mixing, (E, control) no heat treatment of homogenate. For control reactions containing DNAse (DN25, Sigma/Aldrich), a DNAse solution was prepared as 1 mg/mL in KPB buffer (25 mM, pH 7.0) containing 5 mM MgSO 4 : Samples of each homogenate were first clarified by centrifugation then filtered for 2 min using a Nanosep 0.2 micron spin filter (PALL), and the percentage of fitrate recovered compared to starting homogenate was determined. Incubation for 5 h at 50° C. produced a significant improvement in filterability of the homogenate when compared to no heat treatment at 50° C., and no significant improvement in filterability was obtained when 0.5 mg/L DNAse was added to the homogenate prior to heat treatment (Table 6). 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 filtrate 
               
               
                 aliquot 
                 treatment 
                 (wt %) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 E 
                 none 
                 33 
               
               
                 A 
                 16 h incubation at 50° C. 
                 84 
               
               
                 B 
                 5 h incubation at 50° C. 
                 77 
               
               
                 C 
                 5 h incubation at 50° C. with 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                 0.5 mg/L DNAse 
               
               
                 D 
                 16 h incubation at 50° C. with 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                 0.5 mg/L DNAse 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 9 
     Filtration of Heat-treated  E. coli  Cell Homogenates Containing  T. maritima  C277S Perhydrolase Variant 
     The procedure described in Example 8 was repeated using temperatures and incubation times are described in Table 7; control reactions were run by adding 0.5 mg/L DNAse to the homogenate prior to incubation. Filtration results obtained using the protocols in Table 7 are reported in Tables 8 and 9. A control experiment was performed by first heat-treating an aliquot of the homogenate at 81° C. for 1 h, then cooling to 50° C. and incubating for 5 h or 21 h with or without added DNAse to demonstrate the significantly lower filterability of homogenate that is subjected to a single stage heat treatment at high temperature when compared to incubation at 50° C. (Table 10). 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Heat-treatment protocols. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 aliquot 
                 temp (° C.) 
                 DNAse 
                 Time, hr 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 A 
                 30 
                 − 
                 5 or 21 
               
               
                   
                 B 
                 30 
                 + 
                 5 or 21 
               
               
                   
                 C 
                 40 
                 − 
                 5 or 21 
               
               
                   
                 D 
                 40 
                 + 
                 5 or 21 
               
               
                   
                 E 
                 50 
                 − 
                 5 or 21 
               
               
                   
                 F 
                 50 
                 + 
                 5 or 21 
               
               
                   
                 G 
                 60 
                 − 
                 5 or 21 
               
               
                   
                 H 
                 60 
                 + 
                 5 or 21 
               
               
                   
                 I 
                 70 
                 − 
                 5 or 21 
               
               
                   
                 J 
                 70 
                 + 
                 5 or 21 
               
               
                   
                 K 
                 50 
                 − 
                 5 or 21 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 50 
                 + 
                 5 or 21 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Filtration results of homogenate after incubation for 5 
               
               
                 hr at various temperatures with and without added DNAse. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 % 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Treatment 
                 filtrate 
                 std dev 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 0 hr 
                 4.9 
                 1.36 
               
               
                   
                 30° C. 
                 9.1 
                 0.51 
               
               
                   
                 30° C. with DNAse 
                 68.3 
                 1.37 
               
               
                   
                 40° C. 
                 44.3 
                 6.17 
               
               
                   
                 40° C. with DNAse 
                 32.9 
                 6.76 
               
               
                   
                 50° C. 
                 80.6 
                 13.66 
               
               
                   
                 50° C. with DNAse 
                 89.8 
                 0.96 
               
               
                   
                 60° C. 
                 18.7 
                 0.57 
               
               
                   
                 60° C. with DNAse 
                 48.4 
                 0.96 
               
               
                   
                 70° C. 
                 23.1 
                 2.59 
               
               
                   
                 70° C. with DNAse 
                 61.2 
                 17.54 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Filtration results of homogenate after incubation for 21 
               
               
                 hr at various temperatures with and without added DNAse. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 % 
                   
               
               
                   
                 aliquot 
                 filtrate 
                 std dev 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 0 hr 
                 4.9 
                 1.36 
               
               
                   
                 30° C. 
                 34.5 
                 5.56 
               
               
                   
                 30° C. with DNAse 
                 20.5 
                 13.58 
               
               
                   
                 40° C. 
                 74.1 
                 2.15 
               
               
                   
                 40° C. with DNAse 
                 83.8 
                 0.78 
               
               
                   
                 50° C. 
                 73.3 
                 1.23 
               
               
                   
                 50° C. with DNAse 
                 69.3 
                 6.55 
               
               
                   
                 60° C. 
                 58.4 
                 48.62 
               
               
                   
                 60° C. with DNAse 
                 48.8 
                 1.60 
               
               
                   
                 70° C. 
                 27.5 
                 0.55 
               
               
                   
                 70° C. with DNAse 
                 53.1 
                 0.48 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Filtration results of heat-treated homogenate (81° 
               
               
                 C., 1 hr) with subsequent incubation for 5 hr or 
               
               
                 21 hr at 50° C. with and without added DNAse. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 % 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Treatment 
                 filtrate 
                 std dev 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 0 hr 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
               
               
                   
                 50° C., 5 hr 
                 13.7 
                 13.7 
               
               
                   
                 50° C., 5 h with DNAse 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 50° C., 21 hr 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
               
               
                   
                 50° C., 21 hr with DNAse 
                 0.7 
                 0.7