Abstract:
In order to obtain an image with high color fidelity in an environment with a bright source in a field of view, flare must be minimized. An image device that reduces flare may include an absorptive UV cut filter positioned in an integrated optical system and a dichroic IR cut filter disposed on a lens in the optical system. The dichroic IR cut filter receives reflected light from one or more surfaces in the optical system at an angle of incidence larger than an angle of incidence of image light entering the dichroic IR cut filter, so that the reflected light is transmitted out of the system. The absorptive UV cut filter may be used to reduce UV-wavelength light reaching an image sensor of the image device. In this manner, the image device avoids processing undesirable wavelengths of light that is beyond the visible spectrum.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/027,334 (SKGF Ref. No. 2525.1230000), filed Feb. 8, 2008, titled “Reducing Flare in a Lens Having a Dichroic Filter,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    1. Field 
         [0003]    Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to the field of imagery. More specifically, embodiments of the present invention refer to reducing flare in an optical system containing a dichroic cut filter. 
         [0004]    2. Background 
         [0005]    Digital camera sensors, such as CMOS and CCD sensors, are sensitive to wavelengths from approximately 380 nm to at least 1000 nm. The human eye, on the other hand, may only process colors residing in about the 400-700 nm range. As such, to process images only with colors visible to the human eye, short (e.g., &lt;380 nm) and long (e.g., &gt;700 nm) wavelengths of light must be filtered from the image. One technique to filter these undesirable wavelengths of light is to employ an ultra-violet (UV) cut filter to filter the shorter wavelengths of light and an infrared (IR) cut filter to filter the longer wavelengths of light. These cut filters attenuate the shorter and longer wavelengths of light, while transmitting wavelengths of light visible to the human eye. 
         [0006]    There are two kinds of cut filters: absorptive cut filters and reflective cut filters. Absorptive cut filters are made with special dyes disposed on optical glass, whereas reflective cut filters are composed of several layers of sub-wavelength material disposed on an optical surface. A reflective cut filter may also be referred to as a dichroic cut filter.  FIG. 1  illustrates a transmission curve for a UV/IR cut filter, where the filter transmits light within a passband  120  and attenuates light outside of cut bands  110  and  130 . Absorptive and reflective cut filters transmit most light (e.g., &gt;90% transmission of light) within passband  120  and block most wavelengths of light (e.g., &lt;10% transmission of light) within cut bands  110  and  130 , where cut bands  110  and  130  may span from, for example, 20-50 nm. 
         [0007]    It is desirable to design the UV/IR cut filter with sharp cut bands such that the filter not only transmits wavelengths of light within passband  120  but also reduces the effect of “flare” on an image sensor. Flare will be discussed with respect to an image device  200  illustrated in  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 2  illustrates an image device  200  with an optical system  202  incorporating a UV/IR cut filter  205 . A digital single-lens reflex camera is an example of an image device with UV/IR cut filter  205  positioned between an image sensor  201  and optical system  202 . Flare refers to light  207  that reaches image sensor  201  after reflecting off two or more surfaces in optical system  202 . For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , image light  203  may enter optical system  202  through aperture  206 , pass through optical system  202 , and reflect off a surface of UV/IR cut filter  205  as reflected light  207 . Reflected light  207  is reflected back through UV/IR cut filter  205  by lens surface  204  prior to reaching image sensor  201 . Reflected light  207  then causes a ghost image to appear on image sensor  201 . Reflected light  207  may reflect off multiple surfaces in optical system  202 . For example, reflected light  207  may reflect off walls in an assembly of optical system  202 , dust particles in optical system  202 , imperfections on optical surfaces in optical system  202 , or an air/glass interface in optical system  202 . Each ghost image caused by reflected light  207  may have a brightness orders of magnitude less than light from a primary image (e.g., a chief ray of light). However, in image applications with a bright source in a field of view (e.g., the sun in the background), the order of magnitude of brightness due to flare is much greater. 
         [0008]    The effect of flare in image device  200  may be heightened by light outside of the UV/IR cut filter&#39;s passband entering optical system  202  and reaching image sensor  201 . For instance, within cut bands  110  and  130 , UV/IR cut filter  205  reflects approximately 50% of light and transmits 50% of light at the middle of cut bands  110  and  130 . As such, a flare off UV/IR cut filter  205  may comprise one  0 . 5 % reflection of light and one 50% reflection of light, along with a 50% transmission of light (note: most flares comprise two 0.5% reflections of light). UV/IR cut filter  205 , as a result, passes more energy from flare in cut bands  110  and  130  as compared to energy from flare in passband  120 . The energy from flare increases as cut bands  110  and  130  increase in width. For example, for a given passband, the energy from flare may increase approximately 50% as cut bands  110  and  130  increase from, for example,  20  to  40 nm. The additional light received by image sensor  201  consequently reduces a signal/noise ratio of a processed image by image device  200  and also adds distracting artifacts to the resulting image. 
         [0009]    As the brightness of non-image light increases, especially non-image light residing outside of the cut filter&#39;s passband, flare becomes a greater issue in the color fidelity of images. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0010]    In order to obtain an image with high color fidelity, in an environment with a bright source in a field of view, flare must be minimized. In an embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus for reducing flare in an image device may include an absorptive UV cut filter positioned in an integrated optical system and a dichroic IR cut filter disposed on a lens in the optical system. The dichroic IR cut filter receives light reflected from one or more surfaces in the optical system at an angle of incidence larger than an angle of incidence of image light (e.g., a chief ray) entering the dichroic IR cut filter. The absorptive UV cut filter may be used to reduce a reflection of UV-wavelength light from reaching an image sensor of the image device. Further, the dichroic IR cut filter may be used to reduce a reflection of IR-wavelength light as an angle of incidence of the reflection of the IR-wavelength light striking the dichroic IR cut filter increases with respect to the angle of incidence of image light striking the dichroic cut filter. 
         [0011]    In another embodiment, the image device may include a dichroic UV cut filter and an absorptive IR cut filter, such that the dichroic UV cut filter receives light reflected from one or more surfaces in the optical system at an angle of incidence smaller than an angle of incidence of image light entering the dichroic UV cut filter. 
         [0012]    In another embodiment, a method for reducing flare in an image device may include the following steps: receiving reflected light and directing the reflected light away from an image sensor through an integrated optical system with an absorptive UV cut filter and a dichroic IR cut filter. The dichroic IR cut filter may be disposed on a lens in the optical system, where the dichroic IR cut filter may receive the reflected light at an angle of incidence larger than an angle of incidence of the image light entering the dichroic IR cut filter. 
         [0013]    In another embodiment, a method for reducing flare in an image device may include the following steps: receiving reflected light and directing the reflected light away from an image sensor through an integrated optical system with an absorptive IR cut filter and a dichroic UV cut filter. The dichroic UV cut filter may be disposed on a lens in the optical system, where the dichroic UV cut filter may receive the reflected light at an angle of incidence smaller than an angle of incidence of the image light entering the dichroic IR cut filter. 
         [0014]    Further embodiments, features, and advantages of the present invention, as well as the structure and operation of the various embodiments are described in detail below with reference to accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0015]    The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which: 
           [0016]      FIG. 1  illustrates passband and cut band regions of a transmission curve for a UV/IR cut filter. 
           [0017]      FIG. 2  illustrates flare from reflected light in an optical system of an image device. 
           [0018]      FIG. 3  illustrates one embodiment of an integrated optical system, with an absorptive UV cut filter and a dichroic IR cut filter, for reducing flare in an image device. 
           [0019]      FIG. 4  illustrates a reduction of flare in one embodiment of an integrated optical system, with an absorptive UV cut filter and a dichroic IR cut filter, for reducing flare in an image device. 
           [0020]      FIG. 5  illustrates a transmission curve of a dichroic UV/IR cut filter. 
           [0021]      FIG. 6  illustrates a widening of an IR cut band in a transmission curve of a dichroic UV/IR cut filter. 
           [0022]      FIG. 7  illustrates a reduction of flare in another embodiment of an integrated optical system, with an absorptive UV cut filter and a dichroic IR cut filter, for reducing flare in an image device. 
           [0023]      FIG. 8  illustrates one embodiment of an integrated optical system, with an absorptive IR cut filter and a dichroic UV cut filter, for reducing flare in an image device. 
           [0024]      FIG. 9  illustrates a widening of a UV cut band in a transmission curve of a dichroic UV/IR cut filter. 
           [0025]      FIG. 10  illustrates one embodiment of a method for reducing flare in an image device. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0026]    In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be evident, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known circuits, structures, and techniques are not shown in detail, but rather in a block diagram in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring an understanding of this description. 
         [0027]    Reference in the description to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The phrase “in one embodiment” located in various places in this description does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. 
         [0028]    In one embodiment, the apparatus and methods described herein may be used with various image devices such as digital single-lens reflex cameras. Alternatively, the apparatus and methods herein may be used with other types of image devices. 
         [0029]      FIG. 3  illustrates one embodiment of an image device  300  with an optical system  301  configured to minimize flare. Optical system  301  is integrated into image device  300 , where optical system  301  transmits light received by aperture  206  to image sensor  201 . Optical system  301  may include one or more lenses  304 - 308  to receive light and to project the light onto a detector plane of image sensor  201 . In addition to lenses  304 - 308 , optical system  301  includes a dichroic infrared (IR) cut filter  302  and an absorptive ultraviolet (UV) cut filter  303 . 
         [0030]    Dichroic IR cut filter  302  and absorptive UV cut filter  303  may be used to selectively pass a specified range of wavelengths while reflecting other wavelengths. For example, dichroic IR cut filter  302  may block IR wavelengths of light, while transmitting shorter wavelengths of light. Absorptive UV cut filter  303 , conversely, may block UV wavelengths of light, while transmitting longer wavelengths of light. Together, dichroic IR cut filter  302  and absorptive UV cut filter  303  block light in the IR and UV spectrums, respectively, while transmitting visible light. The specific wavelengths of light mentioned in the description of image device  300  and optical system  301 , and throughout this application, are given for example purposes only and are not meant to be limiting. Those skilled in the relevant art will recognize that other wavelength applications for image device  300  and optical system  301  may be used based on the discussion herein. These other wavelength applications are within the scope and spirit of the present invention. 
         [0031]    Absorptive UV cut filter  303  absorbs a significant portion of UV-wavelength light in optical system  301 , while transmitting light residing in the visible and IR spectrum. A dichroic cut filter, such as dichroic IR cut filter  302 , however, does not have as sharp of a cut band as an absorptive cut filter. Therefore, some IR light may still be transmitted through dichroic IR cut filter  302 . Such transmission depends on an angle of incidence at which light strikes dichroic IR cut filter  302 . This characteristic of dichroic IR cut filter  302  may be used to reduce flare from non-image light in an IR cut band region of the cut filter&#39;s transmission curve. 
         [0032]    In image device  300 , flare may be reduced by disposing dichroic IR cut filter  302  along a surface of a lens  305  in optical system  301 , where dichroic IR cut filter  302  receives light reflected from other surfaces in optical system  301  at an angle of incidence larger than an angle of incidence of image light (e.g., angle of incidence of the chief image ray) entering dichroic IR cut filter  302 .  FIG. 4  illustrates image light  410  entering aperture  206 , traveling through lens  304 , striking dichroic IR cut filter  302  at a first angle of incidence  415 , and reflecting off a surface of lens  306  as reflected light  420 . Reflected light  420  strikes dichroic IR cut filter  302  at a second angle of incidence  417  that is larger than first angle of incidence  415 . The transmission curve of dichroic IR cut filter  302  shifts towards longer wavelengths as the angle of incidence of reflected light  420  increases. 
         [0033]    For instance, in reference to  FIG. 5 , dichroic IR cut filter  302  may have a specific transmission curve, where an IR cut band begins to roll off at  700 nm for a specific angle of incidence of light striking the filter. As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , if the angle of incidence of light striking the cut filter increases, then the roll off of the IR cut band may shift to longer wavelengths. In  FIG. 6 , dichroic IR cut filter  302  may transmit light at wavelengths longer than the visible spectrum (e.g., &gt;700 nm). As a result, dichroic IR cut filter  302  reduces the effect of flare by transmitting reflected light  420 , since the passband of the filter&#39;s transmission curve is widened and thus able to transmit reflected light  420 , including components of reflected light  420  residing in the IR spectrum. 
         [0034]    A person skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that dichroic IR cut filter  302  may be disposed along one of many optical surfaces in optical system  301  as long as the optical surface receives reflected light  420  at an angle of incidence larger than an angle incidence of image light  410  striking dichroic IR cut filter  302 . For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 7 , a dichroic IR cut filter  702  may be disposed along a surface of an absorptive UV cut filter  703 . In this configuration, reflected light  710  (residing in the IR spectrum) may transmit through dichroic IR cut filter  702  since the angle of incidence of reflected light  710  striking dichroic IR cut filter  702  is larger than the angle of incidence of image light  410  entering dichroic IR cut filter  702 . 
         [0035]      FIG. 8  illustrates another embodiment of an image device  800  with an optical system  801  configured to minimize flare. Similarly to optical system  301  in  FIG. 3 , optical system  801  is integrated into image device  800 , in which optical system  801  transmits light received by aperture  206  to image sensor  201 . Additionally, optical system  801  may include one or more lenses  804 - 808  to receive light and to project the light onto a detector plane of image sensor  201 . Among lenses  804 - 808 , optical system  801  includes a dichroic UV cut filter  802  and an absorptive IR cut filter  803 . Together, dichroic UV cut filter  802  and absorptive IR cut filter  803  block light in the UV and IR spectrums, respectively, while transmitting visible light. 
         [0036]    Absorptive IR cut filter  803  effectively absorbs IR-wavelength light in optical system  801 , while transmitting light residing in the visible and UV spectrum. Because dichroic filters do not have as sharp of a cut band as absorptive filters, dichroic UV cut filter  802  may either reflect or transmit the light depending on an angle of incidence at which light strikes dichroic UV cut filter  802 . This characteristic of dichroic UV cut filter  802  may be used to reduce flare from light in the UV cut band region of the cut filter&#39;s transmission curve. 
         [0037]    Similar to the transmission curve of dichroic IR cut filter  302  in  FIG. 3 , the transmission curve of dichroic UV filter  802  shifts according to an angle of incidence of light striking the cut filter. For instance, referring to  FIG. 5 , dichroic UV cut filter  802  may have a specific transmission curve, where a UV cut band region begins to roll off at 400 nm for a specific angle of light striking the filter. As illustrated in  FIG. 9 , if the angle of incidence of light striking the cut filter decreases, then the roll off of the UV cut band may shift to shorter wavelengths. In  FIG. 9 , dichroic UV cut filter  802  transmits light at wavelengths shorter than the visible spectrum (e.g., &lt;400 nm). As a result, dichroic UV cut filter  802  can reduce the effect of flare caused by reflected light by transmitting the reflected UV-wavelength light back through dichroic UV cut filter, since the passband of the filter&#39;s transmission curve is widened and thus able to transmit the reflected light, including components of the reflected light residing in the UV spectrum. 
         [0038]    Similar to dichroic IR cut filter  702  in  FIG. 7 , a person skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that dichroic UV cut filter  802  may be disposed along one of many optical surfaces in optical system  801  as long as the optical surface receives reflected light at an angle of incidence smaller than an angle of incidence of image light striking dichroic UV cut filter  802 . 
         [0039]      FIG. 10  illustrates one embodiment of a method  1000  for reducing flare in an image device. Method  1000  may occur using, for example, image device  300 . In step  1010 , image light is received by the image device. Image light refers to light that is associated with an imaged object (e.g., chief rays of light). The image light may be received by an aperture of the image device. 
         [0040]    In step  1020 , light reflected off one or more surfaces in the image device (e.g., non-image light) is received by a dichroic IR cut filter at an angle of incidence greater than an angle of incidence of image light entering the dichroic IR cut filter, such that the reflected light is transmitted back through the dichroic IR cut filter in step  1030 . In this way, the reflected light is directed away from an image sensor of the image device and ghost images on the image sensor are reduced. The reflected light may reflect off one or more surfaces in an integrated optical system of the image device. 
         [0041]    In another embodiment, light reflected off one or more surfaces in the image device (e.g., non-image light) is received by a dichroic UV cut filter at an angle of incidence greater than an angle of incidence of image light entering the dichroic UV cut filter, such that the reflected light is transmitted back through the dichroic UV cut filter in step  1030 . 
         [0042]    While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example, and not limitation. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) that various changes can be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention. Furthermore, it should be appreciated that the detailed description of the present invention provided herein, and not the summary and abstract sections, is intended to be used to interpret the claims. The summary and abstract sections may set forth one or more but not all exemplary embodiments of the present invention as contemplated by the inventors. 
         [0043]    The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the invention that others can, by applying knowledge within the skill of the art, readily modify and/or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments, without undue experimentation, without departing from the general concept of the present invention. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications are intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, such that the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is to be interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings and guidance.