Abstract:
Formulations of mazindol having superior stability and methods of administering same are provided. The formulations may be immediate, enhanced, or otherwise delayed release formulations of mazindol.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/638,294, which is the U.S. National Stage of PCT/US2011/030442, filed Mar. 30, 2011, which claims priority to U.S. provisional application No. 61/282,788 filed on Mar. 31, 2010. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Mazindol, (RS)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,5-dihydro-2H-imidazo[2,1-a]isoindol-5-ol, is a sympathomimetic amine, which is similar to amphetamines. It is also known as an “anorectic” or an “anorexigenic” drug. Mazindol stimulates the central nervous system which increases heart rate and blood pressure and decreases appetite. 
         [0003]    Mazindol exhibits instability at alkaline pH condition, especially in the presence of water. Thus, development of a stable immediate or modified release formulation of mazindol presents a challenge that is solved by the instant invention. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    In one embodiment, the current invention is directed towards stable immediate release (IR) and modified release formulations of mazindol that comprise not more than 5% by weight of the formulation of water. Further, the modified release formulations optionally comprising stabilizing agents are also disclosed. In another embodiment of the invention, the modified release formulation is an extended release formulation. In another embodiment, the modified release formulation is a delayed release (DR) formulation. In yet further embodiment, the modified release formulation is a formulation that provides a pulsatile release. The pulsatile release may be achieved using a combination of an extended release with a delayed release, or immediate release with an extended release, or immediate release with a delayed release, or immediate release with an extended release and delayed release. 
         [0005]    In a different embodiment of the invention, stable immediate release formulations of mazindol that comprise not more than 5% of water by weight of the formulation are provided. In yet further embodiment, the invention discloses stabilized immediate release formulations of mazindol comprising stabilizing agents. 
         [0006]    The further embodiment covers a dosage form containing the formulation of the current invention wherein said dosage form is selected from tablets, capsules, beads, granules, powders, caplets, troches, sachets, cachets, pouches, gums, sprinkles, solutions and suspensions. The tablets may be osmotic tablets, matrix tablets, bi- and multilayer tablets, fast disintegrating tablets, mini-tablets, and other type of tablets commonly used in the art. The capsules may contain pellets, beads, tablets, mini-tablets, granules, and/or powders. Capsules may also be soft gelatin capsules containing non-aqueous or partially non-aqueous fill. The formulation may be also presented in the form of pellets in a capsule, where the capsule can be opened and the pellets sprinkled on to soft food or in a liquid and then swallowed. 
         [0007]    Although many of the embodiments and discussion herein are with respect to mazindol per se, the invention should not be so limited. The present invention also contemplates the hydrolysis product of mazindol (HP, chemical name: 2-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-hydro-2,3-dihydroxy-1H-isoindol-1-one), and/or prodrugs of mazindol and/or prodrugs of the hydrolysis product of mazindol for administration to mammals to treat CNS disorders. 
         [0008]    Further, the present invention provides a once-a-day dosage form of mazindol and/or hydrolysis product thereof and/or prodrug thereof and/or salt thereof delivering to a mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the active ingredient for the treatment of CNS disorders, including but not limited to the treatment of ADHD. 
         [0009]    Additionally, stabilized formulations of mazindol prepared from mazindol starting material having low level of impurities are also disclosed. 
         [0010]    In an additional embodiment, the invention also provides a dosage form of mazindol that can provide therapeutic levels of the drug for the period of time from 6 to 24 hours. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
         [0011]      FIG. 1  shows the dissolution profile for IR pellets of Example 1. 
           [0012]      FIG. 2  shows the dissolution profile for DR1 pellets of Example 2. 
           [0013]      FIG. 3  shows the dissolution profile for IR/DR1 Capsules, 1.5 mg, using USP Apparatus II at 50 RPM and media of 0.1N HCl (pH 1.1) for the first 2 Hrs followed by media adjustment to pH 6.8 using 50 mM phosphate buffer (Example 3). 
           [0014]      FIG. 4  shows the dissolution profiles of the IR pellets using USP Apparatus II at 50 RPM and 0.1N HCl (pH 1.1) dissolution media (Example 4). 
           [0015]      FIG. 5  shows the dissolution profiles of the IR pellets using USP Apparatus II at 50 RPM and 0.1N HCl (pH 1.1) dissolution media (Example 5) 
           [0016]      FIGS. 6 and 7  show the dissolution profiles for mazindol IR tablets (Examples 7 and 8). 
           [0017]      FIG. 8  shows the dissolution profile for mazindol DR tablets (Example 9). 
           [0018]      FIG. 9  shows the dissolution profiles for the mazindol IR tablets containing anhydrous lactose (Example 10). 
           [0019]      FIG. 10  shows the dissolution profiles of the AMG seal coated IR tablets (Example 11). 
           [0020]      FIG. 11  shows the dissolution profile for the DR tablets (Example 12). 
           [0021]      FIG. 12  shows stability profiles of mazindol IR and DR tablets in various formulations (Example 14). 
           [0022]      FIG. 13  shows the effect of Aquarius Moisture Guard (AMG) coating on the stability of mazindol IR and DR formulations (Example 14). 
           [0023]      FIG. 14  shows the dissolution profiles for mazindol extended release tablets (Example 13). 
           [0024]      FIG. 15  shows in-silico generated dissolution profiles with varying lag times (Example 15). 
           [0025]      FIG. 16  shows in-silico generated pharmacokinetic profiles (Example 15). 
           [0026]      FIG. 17  shows the level of impurities in mazindol drug substance before and after the washing step. 
           [0027]      FIG. 18  shows the stability profiles of Mazindol IR Capsules, 1.5 mg, in terms of the growth of the hydrolysis product of mazindol. 
           [0028]      FIG. 19  shows the stability profile of Mazindol IR Capsules, 1.5 mg, in terms of the growth of the total non-parent peak (NPP). 
           [0029]      FIG. 20  shows the dissolution profiles of the mazindol IR prototypes tested in dogs (Example 19). 
           [0030]      FIG. 21  shows the pharmacokinetic profiles of mazindol in dogs dosed with mazindol tablet and capsule prototypes (Example 19). 
           [0031]      FIG. 22  shows the pharmacokinetic profiles of the hydrolysis product of mazindol (HP) in dogs dosed with mazindol tablet and capsule prototypes (Example 19). 
       
    
    
     DEFINITIONS 
       [0032]    Unless otherwise specified, “a” or “an” means “one or more” in the present application. 
         [0033]    The term “mazindol” means (RS)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,5-dihydro-2H-imidazo[2,1-a]isoindol-5-ol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, as well as variable mixtures of the R and S enantiomers or either one of the R or S enantiomers in a substantially pure form. 
         [0034]    An “immediate release formulation” refers to a formulation that releases greater than or equal to about 80% by weight of the active pharmaceutical agent in less than or equal to about 1 hour. 
         [0035]    The term “modified release” encompasses any mode of release that is different from the immediate release. 
         [0036]    In the current application, the term “non-pH dependent polymers” is used to mean “polymers having solubility that is not pH-dependent” and the term “pH dependent polymers” is used to mean “polymers having solubility that is pH-dependent”; 
         [0037]    For the purposes of this application, terms “pH-dependent polymers” and “enteric polymers” are used interchangeably. 
         [0038]    The term “particles”, as used herein, includes, without any limitations on the nature and size thereof, any particles, spheres, beads, granules, pellets, particulates or any structural units that may be incorporated into an oral dosage form. 
         [0039]    The term “impurity” refers throughout this application to any entity different from the active ingredient(s), water or excipients . For example, HP may be considered an impurity where mazindol is the intended active ingredient. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0040]    Though mazindol drug substance is chemically stable, its stability in the immediate or modified release formulations is often compromised because it appears that mazindol is not compatible with many commonly used pharmaceutical excipients. A combination of mazindol with these excipients results in significant degradation of the active agent. 
         [0041]    It was unexpectedly discovered that the problem of instability may be solved by keeping the total amount of water in the formulation to a very low level, less than 5%, preferably less than 2%, by weight of the formulation. 
         [0042]    It was also discovered, surprisingly, that stability of a mazindol formulation can be improved by using the mazindol drug starting material with substantially reduced level of impurities. Thus the current invention provides for mazindol, the starting material, having a total amount of impurities (e.g., HP) less than 1.0% of the active ingredient, preferably less than 0.5%, more preferably less than 0.25%, and most preferably, less than 0.1%. Accordingly, the current invention provides for formulations of mazindol wherein the total amount of impurities (e.g., HP) is less than 5% of the active ingredient, preferably less than 2.5%. 
         [0043]    It was further discovered that stable formulations of mazindol may be prepared with the use of certain excipients (referred to herein as “stabilizing excipients”). In one embodiment of the invention, excipients are acidifiers selected from the group consisting of fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, edetic acid, aspartic acid, adipic acid, alginic acid, benzoic acid, butandioic acid, erythorbic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, maleic acid , glutamic acid, sorbic acid, succinic acid, acacia, aluminum phosphate, aluminum sulfate, ammonium alum, ammonium chloride, carbomers, edetate calcium disodium, edetate disodium, methacrylic acid copolymers, polycarbophils, polydextrose, potassium alum, potassium phosphate monobasic, sodium metabisulfite, sodium phosphate monobasic, sodium starch glycolate, zinc acetate and zinc sulfate, pharmaceutical grade ion exchange resins such as Amberlite IRP64, Amberlite IRP68, Amberlite IRP69, Amberlite IR120, Dowex 50, and combinations thereof. 
         [0044]    In another embodiment of the invention, stabilizing excipients are selected from hydrophobicity inducing (hydrophobizing) agents. These agents may be represented by magnesium stearate, stearic acid, glyceryl behenate, glyceryl stearate, glyceryl palmitostearate, waxes and hydrogenated vegetable oils, among others known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Combinations of these excipients may also be used. 
         [0045]    Stabilizers may be incorporated into the formulations of mazindol in a variety of ways. They may be intermixed with the active ingredient and/or other excipients, or may be provided in the form of a coating on the mazindol-containing substrate. Alternatively, excipients, such as bulking agents, may be pre-treated by the stabilizers prior to their incorporation into the formulation. Stabilization of mazindol may be also achieved by coating drug loaded core substrates such as pellets and tablets with coating polymers dissolved or dispersed in acidic solution. 
         [0046]    These and further ways of using stabilizers are disclosed in more details in the examples below. 
         [0047]    Additional excipients that can be used to formulate stable mazindol drug products in accordance with the current invention include bulking agents, such as lactose anhydrous, lactose monohydrate, Supertab 21AN, Ludipress, Ludipress LCE, Fast Flo Lactose, Supertose, Pharmatose, Respitose, glyceryl behenate, and hypromellose; wetting and solubility enhancing agents, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, polyethylene glycol, PEG glyceryl esters, lecithin, poloxamer, the polysorbates, the polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, polyethylene castor oil derivatives, polysorbates, polyethylene stearate, and the sorbitan esters; fillers such as low moisture microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel® grades PH-103, PH-112, PH-113, PH-200), colloidal silicon dioxide, dextrates (anhydrous), dextrose (anhydrous), maltol, fructose, glyceryl palmitostearate, glyceryl monostearate, guar gum, lactitol anhydrous), lactose (anhydrous), lecithin, magnesium carbonate, maltitol, maltose, mannitol, poloxamer, polyethylene oxide, sorbitol, sucrose, compressible sugar, confectioner&#39;s sugar, xylitol. These excipients may be used separately or in combinations. 
         [0048]    Through use of stabilizers and excipients with low levels of moisture as described above, the inventors were able to realize one goal of the current invention: to provide stable immediate release formulations of mazindol that comprise not more than 5% of water by weight of the formulation. In yet further embodiment, the invention discloses stable immediate release formulations of mazindol comprising stabilizing excipients. 
         [0049]    A further goal of the current invention is to utilize stabilization techniques described above to provide stable modified release formulations of mazindol comprising mazindol, at least one release controlling polymer that may be a non-pH-dependent polymer or a pH-dependent, enteric polymer, or a combination thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Further, the invention provides modified release formulations of mazindol comprising mazindol, at least one release controlling polymer and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients selected from those described above, wherein the total amount of residual water in the formulation is not more than 5% by weight of the formulation. 
         [0050]    Further, the invention provides modified release formulations of mazindol where the total amount of impurities in mazindol drug substance does not exceed 2.5%; preferably does not exceed 2%; and even more preferably does not exceed 1%. A synergistic enhancement of stability is achieved by employing high-purity mazindol and low—moisture excipients, or low-moisture excipients and acidic excipients, or high-purity mazindol and low-moisture excipients and acidic excipients, as discussed above. 
         [0051]    The modified release formulations of mazindol exhibiting extended release profile, or delayed release profile, or combination of extended release and delayed release profile, or any combination of those with an immediate release profile are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the formulations may exhibit a pulsatile release profile. These specific release profiles are achieved by formulating mazindol, at least one release controlling polymer and at least one excipient in a variety of inventive formulations. 
         [0052]    The release controlling polymers of the current invention may be selected from non-pH-dependent polymers such as hydrophilic rate controlling compounds that can be used to formulate modified release multiparticulates or matrix tablets drug products, and hydrophobic rate controlling compounds that exhibit limited or no water solubility; or enteric polymers that exhibit pH-dependent solubility. The following non-limiting examples of such compounds are provided below: 
         [0053]    Hydrophilic compounds: hydroxypropyl cellulose, hypromellose (hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose), methyl cellulose, polyethylene oxide, acacia, acrylic acid derivatives (e.g., carbomer homopolymer type A NF and carbomer homopolymer type B NF), hydroxyethyl cellulose, carrageenan, tragacanth, xanthan gum, povidone, alginic acid (and salts thereof), polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose, and combinations thereof. 
         [0054]    Hydrophobic compounds: ethylcellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, waxes (e.g., carnauba wax, microcrystalline wax), hydrogenated vegetable oils, Compritol 888 ATO (glyceryl behenate), Precirol ATO 5 (glyceryl palmitostearate), PEG glyceryl esters such as Gelucire 50/1, Eudragit® NE30D or Eudragit NM30D poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) ethyl acrylate methyl methacrylate copolymer, Eudragit® RS and Eudragit® RL poly (ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate-cotrimethylammonioethyl methacrylate chloride), polyvinyl acetate, cellulose acetate propionate, and combinations thereof. 
         [0055]    pH-dependent compounds: Eudragit® FS30D (poly (methyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid)), Eudragit® L30D-55, Eudragit® L and Eudragit® S (poly (methacrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate)), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, cellulose acetate phthalate, shellac, zein, and combinations thereof. 
         [0056]    The release controlling polymer (non-pH-dependent polymer, pH-dependent polymer or combination of both) may be included into the formulation in the amount of from 5% to 99%, preferably in the amount of from 5% to 75%, most preferably in the amount of from 5% to 50%, by weight of the formulation. 
         [0057]    Non-pH-dependent polymers that can be used for coating multiparticulates or tablets (matrix or immediate release) include: cellulose esters, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, ethylcellulose, Eudragit® RS and Eudragit® RL poly (ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate-cotrimethylammonioethyl methacrylate chloride), Eudragit® NE30D or Eudragit NM30D poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate), ethyl acrylate methyl methacrylate copolymer, polyvinyl acetate and combinations thereof. 
         [0058]    In addition, the following enteric compounds can be used in a coating to provide a delay in the release profile: Eudragit® FS30D (poly (methyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid)), Eudragit® L30D-55, Eudragit® L and Eudragit® S (poly (methacrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate)), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, cellulose acetate phthalate, shellac, zein, and combinations thereof. 
         [0059]    These polymers may be used to prepare a variety of modified release systems: 
         [0060]    A) Matrix systems, wherein an active pharmaceutical ingredient (mazindol, or mazindol and an additional active); at least one release controlling polymer and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient are homogeneously intermixed to form a matrix. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers listed above may be used to prepare these mazindol-containing matrices. These matrices may be presented in the form of matrix tablets, matrix multiparticulates, or in a form of a layer coated onto a substrate. 
         [0061]    Matrix tablet formulations are capable of providing a single drug release profile or multiple drug release profiles. Matrix tablet technologies that are capable of providing multiple release profiles include multiple layer tablets (e.g., bilayer or tri-layer tablets), tablet within a tablet technology, encapsulated mini-tablets or a tablet of compressed modified release pellets. 
         [0062]    B) Drug-layered systems that comprise an inert core and at least one drug-containing layer coated onto this core. The drug containing layer(s) may be further coated with a layer of a release controlling polymer selected from those listed above. If the drug-containing layer of the drug-layered system does not contain any release-controlling polymers and is of an immediate release, then the release controlling coating is necessary for achieving the modified profiles of the current invention. In the cases when drug-containing layer is an extended-release matrix layer described above, the release controlling coating is optional and allows for additional modification of the release profile. 
         [0063]    For example, it may be used to modulate the release (slow initially, faster later; or fast initially, slower later), or to provide a delay in the release. In particular, non-pH-dependent polymers that can be used for coating multiparticulates or tablets (matrix or immediate release) include: cellulose esters, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, ethylcellulose, Eudragit® RS and Eudragit® RL poly (ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate-cotrimethylammonioethyl methacrylate chloride), Eudragit® NE30D or Eudragit NM30D poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate), ethyl acrylate methyl methacrylate copolymer, polyvinyl acetate, 
         [0064]    In addition, the following enteric compounds can be used in a coating to provide a delay in the release profile: Eudragit® FS30D (poly (methyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid)), Eudragit® L30D-55 Eudragit® L and Eudragit® S (poly (methacrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate)), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, cellulose acetate phthalate, shellac zein, and combinations thereof. 
         [0065]    Without putting any limitations thereon, the formulations of this embodiment may be exemplified by the following variations that provide different modified pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles for mazindol:
       Mixed particles in a capsule, compressed tablet or any other dosage form where IR particles are mixed with DR particles (IR/DR mixed particles). The IR particles provide the initial release of the therapeutic agent followed by release from the DR particles resulting in pulsed PK profiles. (IR/DR mixed population of particles)   A single population of particles in a capsule, compressed tablet or any other dosage form where the pellet incorporates an IR core coated with DR coat which is further coated with an IR drug layer. The outer IR drug layer provides an immediate release of the therapeutic agent followed by a delayed release from the DR core resulting in pulsed PK profile. (IR/DR single population of particles)   Mixed particles in a capsule, compressed tablet or any other dosage form where IR particles are mixed with DR coated XR particles (IR/DR-XR). The IR particles provide the initial release of the therapeutic agent followed by delayed and extended release from the DR coated XR particles. (IR/DR-XR mixed population of particles)   A single population of particles in a capsule, compressed tablet or any other dosage form where the pellet incorporates an IR core coated with XR coat, which is coated with DR coat that is subsequently drug layered. The outer drug layer provides the initial release of the therapeutic agent followed by delayed and extended release from the remainder of the pellet. (IR/DR-XR single population of particles)   Mixed particles in a capsule, compressed tablet or any other dosage form where a fast XR pellet is mixed with a DR pellet. The fast XR provides the initial release of the therapeutic agent followed by release from the DR particles. (XR-f/DR mixed population of particles)   A single population of particles in a capsule, compressed tablet or any other dosage form where the pellet incorporates IR core coated with a DR coat which is then coated with drug layer that is subsequently coated with an XR coat to produce a fast XR layer. The fast XR outer layer provides the initial release of the therapeutic agent followed by delayed release from the DR core. (XR-f/DR single population of particles)   A DR tablet coated with an IR drug layer   One or more than one DR tablets are mixed with one or more than one IR tablets in a capsule   XR tablet coated with a DR coat, then coated with an IR drug layer   A bi-layer tablet with one layer containing the drug in XR form and a 2 nd  layer containing the drug in an IR form   A bi-layer tablet with one layer containing the drug in XR form and a 2 nd  layer containing the drug in an DR form   A DR coated matrix tablet providing an DR/XR profile.       
 
         [0078]    To optimize stability of mazindol in a matrix system, the preferred methods for formulation and processing would be dry methods such as direct compression of a dry powder blend, compression of a roller compacted granulation, compression of a holt melt granulation or a hot melt extrudate. The compressible intermediates (i.e., the dry powder blend, roller compacted granulation, hot melt granulation etc.) can be formulated to be rate controlling in nature (i.e., comprise a drug release rate controlling excipient(s)) or be mixed with release rate controlling excipient(s) prior to tablet compression. Additionally, wet granulations can be manufactured, dried and sized for compression into matrix tablets. 
         [0079]    Stabilization techniques, such as using acidic pH media, for the drug substance would be required unless non-aqueous media are employed in the wet granulation process. Additionally, in accordance with the nature of this invention, low moisture content excipients and excipients that by their chemical nature create an acidic environment in the matrix are preferably used. The acidic environment promoted by these excipients can also act to promote the solubility of the drug substance which can be desired in a modified release matrix system formulated to deliver drug in the less acidic regions of the gastrointestinal tract. Stabilization is also achieved by coating drug layered substrates with coating polymers dissolved or dispersed in acidic solution. 
         [0080]    Processes useful for producing drug-layered systems include solution or dry powder drug layering onto inert substrates (e.g. sugar or microcrystalline cellulose spheres), spray drying and lyophilization. As mentioned above, due to the chemical instability of mazindol the preferred methods for drug layered systems would be the dry methods (i.e., dry powder drug layering and methods that can process with non-aqueous media, such as spray drying. If the method is to include an aqueous solution in the process (e.g., drug layering), stabilization techniques such as using acidic pH aqueous media may be employed. 
         [0081]    Additionally, it is preferred to use low moisture content excipients and excipients that by their chemical nature create an acidic environment. The present inventors have found that excipients with a combination of these properties might provide a synergistic stabilization effect. The acidic environment promoted by these excipients can also act to promote the solubility of the drug substance which can be desired in a modified release drug-layered system formulated to deliver drug in the less acidic regions of the gastrointestinal tract. 
         [0082]    C) The osmotic release systems. In a further embodiment, this invention provides an extended release mazindol preparation in the form of an osmotic tablet, wherein the drug release rate is determined by the rate of water permeation into the tablet core through a semi-permeable membrane coating. 
         [0083]    For stability of mazindol in an osmotic tablet formulation, the preferred methods for core tablet formulation and processing would be dry methods such as direct compression of a dry powder blend, compression of a roller compacted granulation, compression of a holt melt granulation or a hot melt extrudate. Additionally, fluid bed granulation processes or a high or low shear granulation method can be used when stabilization techniques for the drug substance are employed, such as using acidic pH granulation media or non-aqueous granulation media. It is preferred to use low moisture content excipients and excipients that by their chemical nature create an acidic environment in the core tablet of the osmotic dosage form. The acidic environment promoted by these excipients can also act to promote the solubility of the drug substance which can be a desired attribute when the osmotic tablet formulation is to deliver drug in the less acidic regions of the gastrointestinal tract. 
         [0084]    For the preparation of the osmotic tablet, mazindol is mixed with osmotic agent(s), tabletting aides such as diluents and lubricants, and other commonly used excipients. The mixture is tabletted either by direct compression or granulation followed by compression. Tablets are then coated with a semi-permeable rate-controlling membrane. 
         [0085]    The semipermeable rate-controlling membrane, which surrounds the drug-containing core, comprises a water insoluble, pharmaceutically acceptable polymer. Suitable water insoluble polymers include, for example, cellulose esters, cellulose ethers and cellulose ester ethers. Non-limiting examples of such polymers include cellulose acylate, cellulose ethyl ether, cellulose diacylate, cellulose triacylate, cellulose acetate, cellulose diacetate, cellulose triacetate, mono-, di- and tricellulose alkyls, mono-, di- and tricellulose aroyls, and combinations thereof. 
         [0086]    The semi-permeable rate controlling membrane is applied on the tablets using standard coating techniques such as spraying, dipping, casting, coating solvent evaporation, molding or compression coating. An orifice is drilled on the tablet coat using laser tablet drilling system or other mechanical means to allow the release of drug from the core. The osmotic agents used for the practice of the current invention are well known in the art and include non-swellable compounds represented by, but not limited to, polyols; carbohydrates including monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides and sugar alcohols; salts; acids and hydrophilic polymers. 
         [0087]    For example, osmotic agents may be selected from mannitol, maltrin, xylitol, maltitol, lactitol, isomalt, sorbitol, arabitol, erythritol, ribitol, insositol, lactose, glucose, sucrose, raffinose, fructose, dextran, glycine, urea, citric acid, tartaric acid, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, sodium sulfate, lithium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium succinate, polyethylene glycol, maltodextrin, cyclodextrins and derivatives, non-swelling block polymers of PEO and PPO, polyols, polyethylene glycols, cellulose ethers, and combinations thereof. Osmotic agents that are acidic by nature may have multiple functions in the formulations of the present invention acting simultaneously as stabilizers. Alternatively, they may provide synergistic action with additional stabilizers. 
         [0088]    Osmotic tablets can be formulated as a single or as a multiple layer core. In one embodiment, the osmotic tablet comprises a bilayer core, wherein one layer comprises agents to modulate drug release, such as a solubilizer, that are released in an extended manner, and the second layer comprises the drug and potentially other agents to modulate drug release. 
         [0089]    An overcoat of drug can be applied to the tablet following functional coating to provide an immediate release component to the dosage form. Alternatively, the osmotic tablet may be coated with an enteric polymer on top of the semipermeable membrane providing a DR/XR profile. 
         [0090]    The embodiments listed above are just non-limiting examples of the modified release stable formulations of mazindol resulting in a product that maintains therapeutic level of the drug in the body from 6 to 24 hrs. 
         [0091]    The amount of the drug in a dosage form of the formulations of the instant invention depends on the indication and exact nature of the drug. For mazindol, a daily dose comprises from 0.1 mg to 20 mg of the drug, preferably from 0.5 mg to 10 mg. Prodrugs of mazindol that are also within the scope of the instant invention may be delivered in daily doses of from 0.1 mg to 200 mg of the active ingredient. For the hydrolysis product of mazindol (HP), the daily dose can vary from 0.1 mg to 200 mg. For the prodrug of HP, the daily dose can vary from 0.1 mg to 400 mg. 
         [0092]    Mazindol used in the practice of the current invention may be in the form of a single R enantiomer, or in the form of a single S enantiomer, or in the form of a racemic mixture, or in the form of a non-racemic mixture of enantiomers with various amounts of R and S enantiomers. In one embodiment, the amount of an R enantiomer in the mixture is from 0% to 90% by weight of the active pharmaceutical agent. In another embodiment, the amount of R enantiomer is from 0% to 75% by weight of the active pharmaceutical agent. In a further embodiment, it is from 0% to 50%. In a yet further embodiment, it is from 0% to 25%, by weight of the active pharmaceutical agent. 
         [0093]    Techniques for enantiomer separation are known to those skilled in the art and include chromatographic techniques using enantio-selective stationary phase, capillary electrophoresis, and liquid-liquid extraction techniques. A particular enantiomer can also be produced directly from the synthetic reaction for the manufacture of mazindol. 
         [0094]    In one embodiment of the invention, an R enantiomer of mazindol is used for the treatment of CNS disorders including but not limited to ADHD. 
         [0095]    In another embodiment of the invention, an S enantiomer of mazindol is used for the treatment of CNS disorders including but not limited to ADHD. 
         [0096]    In the further embodiment of the invention, the use of a mixture of R and S enantiomers in various ratios in the treatment of CNS disorders, including but not limited to ADHD. 
         [0097]    The hydrolysis product, 2-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydroxy-1H-isoindol-1-one, may be included into the inventive formulations of mazindol in the amount of from 0% to 100% by weight of the total load of the active pharmaceutical agent. In one embodiment, it is included in the amount of from 0% to 50% by weight of the active pharmaceutical agent. In another embodiment, it is included in the amount of from 0% to 25% by weight of the active pharmaceutical agent. 
         [0098]    It was unexpectedly discovered that formulations comprising the hydrolysis product of mazindol may be stabilized and delivered in the same manner and used for the same indications as the inventive formulations comprising non-hydrolyzed mazindol. Thus, current invention also provides for formulations comprising from 0.1 mg to 200 mg of the hydrolysis product of mazindol (HP) as an active substance. All inventive embodiments disclosed herein for mazindol are fully applicable for the formulations comprising HP or combinations of mazindol with HP. Further, formulations comprising prodrugs that convert into HP in the mammalian body are also within the scope of the instant invention. Such formulations may comprise from 0.1 mg to 400 mg of the prodrug. 
         [0099]    The hydrolysis product of mazindol may be used in the form of a pure R enantiomer, or in the form of a pure S enantiomer, or in the form of a mixture of R and S enantiomers in various ratios. 
         [0100]    In one additional embodiment, formulations of mazindol as disclosed above may comprise molindone as an additional pharmaceutical ingredient. This embodiment is especially beneficial for the treatment of a subpopulation of patients exhibiting impulsive aggression, aggression, or conduct disorder in the setting of ADHD. 
         [0101]    The invention is further illustrated by, though in no way limited to, the following examples. 
       EXAMPLES 
     Example 1  
       [0102]    Mazindol Immediate Release Pellets with Ovary Overcoat 
         [0103]    The composition of Mazindol Immediate Release (IR) pellets is provided in Table 1. IR pellets were manufactured by coating 30/35-mesh sugar spheres with mazindol from a drug layering dispersion consisting of mazindol, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (Method E5PL., a binder), and talc (an anti-tacking agent) in 0.1N HCl. The drug layering dispersion is prepared by dissolving the drug and Method E5PL. In 0.1N HCl followed by dispersing talc in the drug-Method E5PL. Solution. The resulting dispersion was stirred throughout the drug layering process. Drug layering was carried out in Gloat&#39;s GPCG-1 fluid bed coater with the following critical processing parameters: inlet air temperature: 50-60° C., product temperature: 35-45° C., spray rate: 5-10 g/min, and atomization air: 1.5 bar. The drug layered pellets were overcoated with Ovary II White in a GPCG-1 fluid bed coater. The total amount of water in the manufactured pellets was less than 5% by weight of the formulation. 
         [0104]    Dissolution testing was performed on the pellets using USP Apparatus II at 50 RPM and a dissolution medium of 0.1N HCl, pH 1.1 
         [0105]      FIG. 1  shows the dissolution profile for IR pellets. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 IR pellet composition (PD0364-027) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ingredients 
                 Amount (g) 
                 Amount (% w/w) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Mazindol 
                 120 
                   
                 1.50 
               
               
                   
                 Sugar Spheres 
                 7560 
                   
                 94.50 
               
               
                   
                 Talc 
                 60 
                   
                 0.75 
               
               
                   
                 Methocel E5PLV* 
                 60 
                   
                 0.75 
               
               
                   
                 Opadry II White* 
                 200 
                   
                 2.50 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 8000 
                 g 
                 100.00% 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Drug Layering Dispersion 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Mazindol 
                 120 
                   
                 2.50 
               
               
                   
                 Talc 
                 60 
                   
                 1.25 
               
               
                   
                 Methocel E5PLV 
                 60 
                   
                 1.25 
               
               
                   
                 Water (0.1N HCl) 
                 4560 
                   
                 95.00 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 4800 
                 g 
                 100.00% 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Opadry Overcoat 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Opadry II White 
                 200 
                   
                 10.00 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 1800 
                   
                 90.00 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 2000 
                 g 
                 100.00% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Methocel E5PLV is a tradename for HPMC; Opadry II White is a PVA-based coating system 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 2 
       [0106]    Mazindol Delayed Release Pellets with Ovary Overcoat 
         [0107]    IR Pellets from example 1 were coated with Eudragit® L30D-55 from a coating dispersion consisting of Eudragit L30D-55, triethylcitrate (a plasticizer), talc (anti-tacking agent), and water using Gloat&#39;s GPCG-1 fluid bed coater.  FIG. 2  shows the dissolution profile for the DR1 pellets using USP Apparatus II at 50 RPM. The total amount of water in the manufactured pellets was less than 5% by weight of the formulation. The composition of DR1 pellets is provided in Table 2. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Delayed Release (DR1) pellet composition 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ingredients 
                 Amount (% w/w) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Immediate release pellets 
                 57.5 
               
               
                   
                 Delayed Release (DR1) coating 
                 40.0 
               
               
                   
                 Opadry II White seal coating 
                 2.5 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 3 
     Encapsulation of IR and DR1 Pellets 
       [0108]    IR and DR1 pellets were encapsulated in size 3 capsules to provide 0.75 mg mazindol from the IR pellets and 0.75 mg mazindol from DR1 pellets.  FIG. 3  shows the dissolution profile for IR/DR1 Capsules, 1.5 mg, using USP Apparatus II at 50 RPM and media of 0.1N HCl (pH 1.1) for the first 2 Hrs followed by media adjustment to pH 6.8 using 50 mM phosphate buffer. 
       Example 4 
       [0109]    IR Pellets with up to 10% w/w Opadry II White Overcoat 
         [0110]    Table 3 provides the composition of IR pellets with varying amount of Ovary coating. Manufacturing followed the same method as in example 1.  FIG. 4  shows the dissolution profiles of the immediate release pellets using USP Apparatus II at 50 RPM and 0.1N HCl (pH 1.1) dissolution media. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 IR pellet compositions 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ingredients 
                 Amount (g) 
                 Amount (% w/w) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Mazindol 
                 34.6 
                   
                 1.50 
               
               
                   
                 Sugar Spheres 
                 2000.0 
                   
                 86.75  
               
               
                   
                 Talc (after drug 
                 23.1 
                   
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
                 layering) 
               
               
                   
                 Methocel E5PLV 
                 17.3 
                   
                 0.75 
               
               
                   
                 Opadry Overcoat 
                 230.6 
                   
                 2.50 (A) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 5.00 (B) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 10.00 (C)  
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 2305.5 
                 g 
                 100.00% 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Drug Layering Dispersion 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Mazindol 
                 34.6 
                   
                 2.50 
               
               
                   
                 Methocel E5PLV 
                 17.3 
                   
                  1.25% 
               
               
                   
                 Water (0.1N HCl) 
                 1331.4 
                   
                  96.25% 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 1383.3 
                 g 
                 100.00% 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Opadry Overcoat 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Opadry II White 
                 111.1 
                   
                 10    
               
               
                   
                 Water (0.1N HCl) 
                 1000.0 
                   
                 90    
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 1111.1 
                 g 
                   100% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 5  
     Drug Layering and Aquarius Moisture Guard (AMG) Seal Coating to 10% 
       [0111]    Table 4 provides the composition of IR pellets with varying amount of AMG coating. Drug layering followed the same manufacturing processes as in example 1. Drug-layered immediate release pellets were seal coated with Aquarius Moisture Guard (AMG). AMG is a natural wax-containing pre-formulated powder supplied by Ashland Aqualon (Wilmington, Del.). AMG was dispersed in 0.1N HCl to obtain a 20% solids dispersion. The dispersion was mixed for at least 1 Hr prior to coating. Mixing continued throughout the coating process to prevent settling of the AMG. AMG seal coating was carried out in Gloat&#39;s GPCG-1 fluid bed coater with the following critical processing parameters: inlet air temperature: 50-60° C., product temperature: 40-45° C., spray rate: 5-10 g/min, and atomization air: 1.5 bar. The total amount of water in the manufactured pellets was less than 5% by weight of the formulation. 
         [0112]      FIG. 5  shows the dissolution profiles of the immediate release pellets using USP Apparatus II at 50 RPM and 0.1N HCl (pH 1.1) dissolution media. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 IR pellet (AMG coated) compositions 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ingredients 
                 Amount (g) 
                 Amount (% w/w) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mazindol 
                 17.3 
                   
                 1.50 
               
               
                 Sugar Spheres 
                 1000.0 
                   
                 86.75 
               
               
                 Talc (after drug layering) 
                 11.5 
                   
                 1.00 
               
               
                 Methocel E5PLV 
                 8.6 
                   
                 0.75 
               
               
                 AMG Seal coat 
                 115.3 
                   
                 2.5 (A), 5.0 (B), 10.00 (C) 
               
               
                 Total 
                 1152.8 
                 g 
                 100.00% 
               
             
          
           
               
                 AMG Dispersion 
               
             
          
           
               
                 AMG 
                 111.1 
                   
                 20.00 
               
               
                 Water (0.1N HCl) 
                 444.4 
                   
                 80.00 
               
               
                 Total 
                 555.6 
                 g 
                 100.00% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 6  
       [0113]    Mazindol Immediate Release Pellets Containing Tartaric Acid (TA) and with Ovary II White Overcoat 
         [0114]    The composition of Immediate Release (IR) pellets containing tartaric acid is provided in Table 5. IR (with TA) pellets were manufactured by coating 30/35-mesh sugar spheres with mazindol from a drug layering solution consisting of mazindol, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (Method E5PL., a binder), and tartaric acid (an acidifying agent) in water. The drug layering dispersion is prepared by dissolving the tartaric acid, dissolving mazindol, and dissolving Method E5PL. In water. Drug layering was carried out in Gloat&#39;s GPCG-1 fluid bed coater with the following critical processing parameters: inlet air temperature: 50-60° C., product temperature: 35-45° C., spray rate: 5-10g/min, and atomization air: 1.5 bar. The drug layered pellets were overcoated with Ovary II White in a GPCG-1 fluid bed coater. The total amount of water in the manufactured pellets was less than 5% by weight of the formulation. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 IR pellet compositions 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ingredients 
                 Amount (g) 
                 Amount (% w/w) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Mazindol 
                 17.7 
                   
                 1.50 
               
               
                   
                 Sugar Spheres 
                 1000.0 
                   
                 84.95 
               
               
                   
                 Talc (after drug 
                 11.8 
                   
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
                 layering) 
               
               
                   
                 Methocel E5PLV 
                 8.8 
                   
                 0.75 
               
               
                   
                 Tartaric Acid 
                 21.2 
                   
                 1.80 
               
               
                   
                 Overcoat 
                 117.7 
                   
                 10.00 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 1177.2 
                 g 
                 100.00% 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Drug Layering Dispersion 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Mazindol 
                 17.7 
                   
                 2.50 
               
               
                   
                 Tartaric Acid 
                 21.2 
                   
                 3.00 
               
               
                   
                 Methocel E5PLV 
                 8.8 
                   
                 1.25 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 658.6 
                   
                 93.25 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 706.3 
                 g 
                 100.00% 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Opadry Overcoat 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Opadry II White 
                 117.7 
                   
                 20.00 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 470.9 
                   
                 80.00 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 588.6 
                 g 
                 100.00% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 7  
     Mazindol Immediate Release (IR) Tablets 
       [0115]    Mazindol IR Tablets were manufactured by direct compression on a Riva Piccola tablet press (SMI, Lebanon, N.J.). Table 6 provides the composition of two batches of IR tablets. The batch size for both batches was 500 g.  FIG. 6  shows the dissolution profiles for batches PD0364-096A and PD0364-096B. Dissolution test was performed using USP Apparatus II at 50 RPM using 0.1N HCl dissolution media. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of Mazindol IR Tablets, 0.75 mg 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ingredients 
                 Amount (% w/w) 
                 Amount (% w/w) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Mazindol 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
                 Prosolv SMCC 90* 
                 92.2 
                 97.2 
               
               
                   
                 PVP K25 
                 1.0 
                 1.0% 
               
               
                   
                 Magnesium 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Stearate 
               
               
                   
                 Tartaric Acid 
                 5.0 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100.0% 
                 100.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Prosolv SMCC 90- microcrystalline cellulose/colloidal SiO2 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 8  
     Mazindol Immediate Release (IR) Tablets 
       [0116]    The formulation of this Example is a repeat of the batch in Example 7 with tartaric acid. The batch size was 1 kg. Table 7 provides its composition.  FIG. 7  shows the dissolution profile. Dissolution test was performed using USP Apparatus II at 50 RPM using 0.1N HCl dissolution media. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of IR Tablets, 0.75 mg 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ingredients 
                 Amount (% w/w) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Mazindol 
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
                 Prosolv SMCC 90 
                 92.2 
               
               
                   
                 PVP K25 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Magnesium Stearate 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Tartaric Acid 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 9  
     Mazindol Delayed Release (DR1) Tablets 
       [0117]    Mazindol IR Tablets of Example 8 were coated with Eudragit® L30D-55 from a coating dispersion consisting of Eudragit L30D-55, triethylcitrate (a plasticizer), talc (anti-tacking agent), and water using Vector&#39;s LDCS-III lab coater. Table 8 provides the composition of the DR1 Tablets.  FIG. 8  shows the dissolution profile for the DR1 tablets using USP Apparatus II at 50 RPM. The total amount of water in the manufactured tablets was less than 5% by weight of the formulation. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of Mazindol DR1 
               
               
                 Tablets, 0.75 mg 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ingredients 
                 Amount (% w/w) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 IR Tablets (PD0364- 
                 86.0 
               
               
                   
                 105) 
               
               
                   
                 DR1 Coating 
                 12.0 
               
               
                   
                 Opadry Overcoat 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 10  
     Mazindol IR Tablets Containing Anhydrous Lactose 
       [0118]    Mazindol IR Tablets containing anhydrous lactose (SuperTab® AN21, DMV-Fonterra) were manufactured by direct compression on a Riva Piccola tablet press (SMI, Lebanon, N.J.). Table 9 provides the composition PD0364-110.  FIG. 9  shows the dissolution profiles PD0364-110. Dissolution test was performed using USP Apparatus II at 50RPM using 0.1 N HCl dissolution media. The total amount of water in the manufactured tablets was less than 2% by weight of the formulation. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of Mazindol IR Tablets, 0.75 mg 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Amount 
               
               
                   
                 Ingredients 
                 (% w/w) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Mazindol 
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
                 SuperTab Lactose 
                 92.2 
               
               
                   
                 PVP K25 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Magnesium Stearate 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Tartaric Acid 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 11  
     Aquarius® Moisture Guard (AMG) Seal Coated Mazindol IR Tablets  
       [0119]    Table 10 provides the composition of AMG seal coated Mazindol IR tablets. Tablets from IR batch of Example 10 were seal coated with Aquarius Moisture Guard (AMG). AMG was dispersed in water to obtain a 10% solids dispersion. The dispersion was mixed for at least 1 Hr prior to coating. Mixing continued throughout the coating process to prevent settling of the AMG components. AMG seal coating was carried out in Vector&#39;s LDCS-III lab coater. The total amount of water in the manufactured tablets was 1.56% by weight of the formulation. 
         [0120]      FIG. 10  shows the dissolution profiles of the AMG seal coated IR tablets using USP Apparatus II at 50 RPM and 0.1N HCl (pH 1.1) dissolution media. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of AMG coated IR Tablets, 0.75 mg 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ingredients 
                 Amount (% w/w) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 SuperTab IR Tablets 
                 95.0 
               
               
                   
                 (PD0364-110) 
               
               
                   
                 AMG Coat 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 12  
     Mazindol DR1 Tablets 
       [0121]    AMG seal coated Mazindol IR Tablets of Example 11 were coated with Eudragit® L30D-55 from a coating dispersion consisting of Eudragit L30D-55, triethylcitrate (a plasticizer), talc (anti-tacking agent), and water using Vector&#39;s LDCS-III lab coater. The total amount of water in the manufactured pellets was less than 2% by weight of the formulation. Table 11 provides the composition of Mazindol DR1 Tablets.  FIG. 11  shows the dissolution profile for Mazindol DR1 tablets using USP Apparatus II at 50 RPM. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of Mazindol DR1 Tablets, 0.75 mg 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ingredients 
                 Amount (% w/w) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 IR Tablets (PD0364-114) 
                 86.0 
               
               
                   
                 DR1 Coating 
                 12.0 
               
               
                   
                 Opadry Overcoat 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 13  
     Mazindol Extended Release (XR1) Tablets 
       [0122]    Table 12 provides the composition of Mazindol XR1 Tablets. The XR1 Tablets were manufactured by direct compression on a Riva Piccola tablet press (SMI, Lebanon, N.J.).  FIG. 14  shows the dissolution profiles for the XR1 tablets. Dissolution test was performed using USP Apparatus II at 50 RPM using 0.1N HCl dissolution media. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of Mazindol XR1 Tablets, 0.75 mg 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ingredients 
                 Amount (% w/w) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Mazindol 
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
                 Compritol 888 ATO* 
                 21.0 
               
               
                   
                 Eudragit L100-55* 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                 SuperTab Lactose 
                 62.2 
               
               
                   
                 PVP K25 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Tartaric Acid 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100.0% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Compritol 888 ATO- glyceryl behenate; Eudragit L100-55- Methacrylic acid ethyl acrylate copolymer 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 14  
     Stability Evaluation of Mazindol IR and DR Tablets 
       [0123]    Mazindol IR Tablets of Example 8, DR1 Tablets of Example 9, IR Tablets of Example 10, Moisture Guard film coated IR Tablets of Example 11 and DR1 Tablets of Example 12 were packaged in HDPE bottles and studied for stability at 40° C./75% Relative Humidity conditions. Samples were taken and analyzed weekly for four weeks.  FIG. 12  shows the stability profiles for the various formulations. The use of anhydrous lactose in the formulation significantly improved the stability of the tablets. Also, the moisture guard coating resulted in improved stability ( FIG. 13 ). 
       Example 15  
       [0124]    In silico modeling was performed to determine various release profiles shown in  FIG. 15 .  FIG. 16  shows resulting ascending pulsed pharmacokinetic profiles. 
       Example 16 
       [0125]    Ethanol washing of the mazindol drug substance during manufacturing 
         [0126]    An ethanol washing step was introduced to the manufacturing process of the drug substance, which step resulted in significantly reduced level of impurities as shown in  FIG. 17 . 
       Example 17 
       [0127]    Stability evaluation of Mazindol IR Capsules containing tablets 
         [0128]    The stability of mazindol IR Capsules, 1.5 mg, packaged in blister packs was evaluated at 5° C. (2° C.-8° C.), and 25° C./60% Relative Humidity conditions.  FIGS. 18 and 19  show the stability profiles of Mazindol IR Capsules, 1.5 mg, with respect to the hydrolysis product of mazindol (HP) and total non-parent peaks. The increase in HP as well as other impurities was significantly reduced at the 5° C. storage condition. 
       Example 18  
     Canine Study to Evaluate the Region of Absorption of Mazindol 
     Study Design 
       [0129]    A total of 6 beagle dogs were assigned to the study (6 males per group×1 group×4 phases). All animals were fasted overnight prior to dosing for each phase and through the first 4 hours of blood sample collection (total fasting time not to exceed 24 hours). 
       Test Article Administration: 
       [0130]    Each animal in Group 1 received a single capsule/tablet dose of the appropriate test article formulation as outlined in the study design in Table 13 below. Each phase was separated by a washout period of 7 days. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Canine study to evaluate the region of absorption of mazindol 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Target Dose 
                 Dose Volume 
                   
               
               
                 Phase/ 
                   
                 Number of 
                   
                   
                 Level 
                 (tablets/capsules/ 
                 Matrix 
               
               
                 Group 
                 Test Article 
                 Males 
                 Dose Route 
                 Vehicle 
                 (mg/animal) 
                 animal) 
                 Collected 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1/1 
                 Mazindol IR 
                 6 
                 Oral, tablet 
                 NA 
                 6 
                 1 
                 Blood A   
               
               
                   
                 Tablets, 6 mg 
               
               
                 2/1 
                 Mazindol DR1 
                 6 
                 Oral, tablet 
                 NA 
                 6 
                 1 
                 Blood A   
               
               
                   
                 Tablets, 6 mg 
               
               
                 3/1 
                 Mazindol DR2 
                 6 
                 Oral, tablet 
                 NA 
                 6 
                 1 
                 Blood A   
               
               
                   
                 Tablets, 6 mg 
               
               
                 4/1 
                 Mazindol CR 
                 6 
                 Oral, capsule 
                 NA 
                 6 
                 2 
                 Blood A   
               
               
                   
                 Capsules, 
               
               
                   
                 3 mg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   A Blood samples will be collected predose and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 hours postdose. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Pharmacokinetic Blood Collection 
       [0131]    Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at the time points specified in the study design table above and placed into tubes containing K2 EDTA. All blood samples were placed in an ice block (or wet ice) following collection. The samples were centrifuged within 15 minutes of collection at each interval at approximately 3000 rpm for 15 minutes at approximately 4 deg C. The plasma was separated into two aliquots (primary/retain). Plasma samples were analyzed using LC-MS for both mazindol and the hydrolysis product of mazindol (HP). 
         [0132]      FIG. 20  shows the dissolution profiles of the formulations tested. The pharmacokinetic profiles for mazindol and HP are shown in  FIGS. 21 and 22 , respectively. 
       Example 19  
     Granulation, Tabletting, Coating and Laser Drilling of Mazindol Osmotic Tablets. 
       [0133]    Table 14 provides composition of the granules, cores, and coated tablets. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of Mazindol granules, uncoated and coated tablets 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Uncoated 
                 Coated 
               
               
                   
                 Formulation 
                 Granules 
                 Tablets 
                 Tablets 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Mazindol 
                 0.75% 
                 0.74% 
                 0.72% 
               
               
                   
                 Xylitol CM90 
                 43.23% 
                 42.91% 
                 41.62% 
               
               
                   
                 Maltrin M150 (wet)* 
                 1.41% 
                 1.40% 
                 1.36% 
               
               
                   
                 Maltrin M150 (dry)* 
                 49.57% 
                 49.20% 
                 47.72% 
               
               
                   
                 Tartaric acid 
                 5.04% 
                 5.00% 
                 4.85% 
               
               
                   
                 Magnesium Stearate 
                 NA 
                 0.75% 
                 0.73% 
               
               
                   
                 Cellulose Acetate 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 2.40% 
               
               
                   
                 Triethyl Citrate 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 0.60% 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100.00% 
                 100.00% 
                 100.00% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Maltrin M150 is a tradename for maltodextrin 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0134]    All excipients are screened through an 18-mesh sieve prior to granulation. Granules are manufactured by top spray granulation in Glatt&#39;s fluid bed granulator (GPCG-1 or GPCG-15 (Glatt® Air Techniques Inc., Ramsey, N.J.)). Two spray solutions are prepared: Solution 1 containing Maltrin M150 (used as a binder), tartaric acid, and the drug, mazindol. Solution 2 containing Maltrin M150 only. Prescreened excipients are charged into the fluid bed granulator. Spray solution 1 is sprayed first followed by spray solution 2. Granulation process parameters are provided in Table 15 
         [0135]    Upon spraying, the granules are dried in the fluid bed while monitoring the moisture level. A moisture level of less than 3% by weight of the formulation is considered acceptable. Dried granules are screened through an 18-mesh sieve. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Granulation processing parameters 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Lab scale 
                 CTM Scale 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Fluid bed Granulator 
                 GPCG-1 
                 GPCG-15 
               
               
                   
                 Typical batch size (kg) 
                 2 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Inlet air temperature (° C.) 
                 58-63 
                 58-63 
               
               
                   
                 Exhaust air temperature (° C.) 
                 28-31 
                 28-31 
               
               
                   
                 Product temperature (° C.) 
                 31-33 
                 31-33 
               
               
                   
                 Air volume (m/s for GPCG1 and 
                 4 
                 400-500 
               
               
                   
                 CFM for GPCG-15) 
               
               
                   
                 Spray rate (g/min) 
                 8-9 
                 120-150 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0136]    Screened granules are blended with magnesium stearate in a V-blender run for 3 minutes and tabletted on Stokes Riva Piccola tablet press using a 5/16″ round standard concave tooling. Tablet weights, hardness, and thickness are monitored throughout the compression run. 
         [0137]    Core tablets are coated with a coating system containing cellulose acetate as a polymer and triethylcitrate as a plasticizer. Coating is performed in a LDCS-III pan coater (Vector Corporation, Marion, Iowa) to achieve various coating thickness as determined by the level of weight gain on the core tablet. 
         [0138]    An orifice is drilled on the coated tablets using Lumonics laser tablet drilling system (Resonetics Inc, Nashua, N.H.). The laser power and beam diameter are adjusted to achieve various hole sizes. 
         [0139]    Although the foregoing refers to particular preferred embodiments, it will be understood that the present invention is not so limited. It will occur to those of ordinary skill in the art that various modifications may be made to the disclosed embodiments and that such modifications are intended to be within the scope of the present invention. 
         [0140]    All of the publications, patent applications and patents cited in this specification are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.