Abstract:
The gene expressing the beta subunit of human thyroid stimulating hormone has been isolated. The gene has been incorporated into plasmid pBR322. Vectors can be used to transform cells which in turn produce pure beta subunits. The beta subunits can then be combined with the alpha subunit of human glycoprotein hormones to produce pure thyroid stimulating hormone.

Description:
This invention was made with support under Grant number CA-23185 from the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human resources. Accordingly, the U.S. Government has certain rights in this invention. 
    
    
     This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/671,134, filed Mar. 18, 1991, now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 808,004, filed Dec. 11, 1985 now abandoned. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to the human thyroid stimulating hormone Beta chain or subunit (hTSH-β), and the gene producing it. Further, the invention relates to applications of this gene. 
     BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART 
     The thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is a member of a family of glycoprotein hormones which includes the gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and chorionic gonadotropin. See, e.g., Kourides et. al., Rec. Prog. Hormone Res. 40:79-120 (1984). 
     Each of the hormones listed supra has been found to consist of two dissimilar, noncovalently bound subunits, alpha and beta. 
     In an individual species, the alpha subunit for all of the hormones listed has been found to be identical, while the beta unit is different. It is the beta subunit that gives biologic and immunologic specificity to the hormones. Again, in the same species, there are areas of strong homology among the beta subunits. 
     Pierce, Endocrinology 89:1331 (1971), and Pierce et. al., Ann. Rev. Biochem. 50:465 (1981), show that any alpha subunit can be combined with a beta subunit to give a complete hormone. Shome, et. al., J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab. 36:618 (1973); Morgan, et. al., J. Biol. Chem. 250:5247 (1975); Birken, et. al., J. Biol. Chem. 252:5386 (1977) and Keutmann, et. al., J. Biol. Chem. 252:5393 (1977), and Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 90:842 (1979), have shown that the beta subunits of chorionic gonadotropin and luteinizing hormone are most closely related, with amino acid sequence homology of 82%. Other beta subunits have lower amino acid sequence homologies, in the range of 25-40%. Pierce, et. al., (1981) supra. 
     A single gene coding for the alpha subunit of human glycoprotein hormones has been isolated. Fiddes, et. al., J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1:3 (1981); Boothby, et. al., J. Biol. Chem. 256:5121 (1981). Additionally, seven human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit genes and one human luteinizing hormone beta subunit gene have been isolated. Talmadge, et. al., DNA 2:281 (1983); Policastro, et. al., J. Biol. Chem. 258:11492 (1983). These beta subunit genes are all highly homologous and are linked on a fragment of human chromosome 19, less than 50 kilobases long. 
     With respect to the beta subunit of human thyroid stimulating hormone, it has not been possible, until now, to obtain the gene expressing this subunit. This is in spite of the fact that mouse TSH-beta subunit cDNA has been synthesized and cloned and the mouse gene isolated. The gene obtained has been characterized following cross-species hybridization experiments. Gurr, et. al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 80:2122 (1983); Kourides, et. al., supra (1984). Rat and bovine TSH beta subunit cDNA have also been cloned. Croyle, et al., DNA 3:231 (1984); Maurer, et. al., J. Biol. Chem. 259:5024 (1984). Now, using mouse and bovine cDNA which have been cloned, the gene expressing human thyroid stimulating hormone beta chains has been obtained. 
     Usually, in obtaining a desired gene, the practice is to isolate the mRNA produced by transcription of the desired gene. Once this is obtained, cDNA can be synthesized and used as a hybridization probe to isolate the complementary gene. The methods for doing this are well known to the art. In the case of the beta subunit of human TSH, this method has proven to be unworkable. Undegraded mRNA has not been available from human pituitary glands, post mortem or post surgery. 
     The difficulties involved, however, have now been overcome. By relying on cDNA of different species, i.e., mouse and bovine, it has been and now is possible to obtain the gene expressing the beta subunit of human thyroid stimulating hormone. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
     FIG. 1 is a map of the restriction enzyme sites of cloned hTSH-β. 
     FIGS. 2A and 2B are the nucleotide sequence of protein coding exons of hTSH-β, and the amino acid sequence deduced therefrom. 
     FIG. 3 shows the results of restriction analysis of hTSH-β gene in human genomic DNA. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A human genomic library, obtained by partial digestion of white blood cell DNA with the restriction endonuclease EcoRI, followed by insertion of the partially digested genome into phage λ Charon 4A was used. This library was screened using probes consisting of plasmids containing cDNA for bovine and murine TSH-β. See, Benton, et. al., Science 196:180 (1977), for the method used. The plasmid probes had been labelled with  α 32  P!-dCTP, via nick translation, according to the method of Rigby, et. al., J. Mol. Biol. 113:237 (1977). 
     The screening procedure described by Benton &amp; Davis was used to examine 3×10 5  phage and yielded 3 phage which hybridized to the mouse and bovine cDNAs. The 3 phage were similar and the restriction map is presented in FIG. 1. 
     Two digested, hybridizing fragments were subcloned into plasmid pBR322, and the new plasmids were used to transform E. coli strain HB101. Hanahan J. Mol. Biol. 166:557 (1983). The fragments measured 0.9 Kb (BamHI-EcoRI) and 3.6 Kb (EcoRI). These fragments are adjacent, and are indicated by asterisks in FIG. 1. These fragments were themselves mapped and partially sequenced. Maxam et al, Methods Enzymol. 65:499 (1980). The determined nucleotide sequence yielded a deduced amino acid sequence which unambiguously identified the gene as expressing human TSH-β. 
     The plasmids and transformed E. coli cells have been deposited at the Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, and are available to one determined by the Commissioner to be entitled to these. Further, these plasmids and cell lines have been deposited in Escherichia coli HB101 strain, DH1 harboring pBR322 plasmid containing hTSH-β gene fragment, phTSHB3.6, and Escherichia coli HB101 strain, DHA harboring pBR322 plasmid containing hTSH-β gene fragment, phTSHB0.9, pursuant to the Budapest Treaty On The International Recognition Of The deposit Of Microorganisms For The Purposes Of Patent Procedure with the Patent Culture Depository of the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852 U.S.A. under ATCC Accession Nos. 67297 and 67298, respectively. 
     FIGS. 2A and 2B display the nucleotide sequence of both the 0.9 and 3.6 Kb regions, together with the amino acid sequence for which these code. It will be seen that the 0.9 Kb region contains an exon encoding a 20 amino acid hydrophobic signal followed by 34 amino acids of secretory TSH-β. The 3.6 Kb fragment contained an exon expressing the remaining 84 amino acids of TSH-β. Separating the two exons was an intron of about 400-450 base pairs. 
     The BamHI-EcoRI 0.9 Kb fragment was used as a probe to investigate the structure of the human TSH-β gene in total genomic DNA. The results of these experiments are displayed in FIG. 3. Briefly, samples of endonuclease digested term placental DNA were resolved on a 1% agarose gel, and then transferred to nitrocellulose filters by the method of Southern, J. Mol. Biol., 98:503 (1975). Following transfer, a  32  P labeled probe, comprising the 0.9 Kb fragment, was added to the filter bound DNA. Each digest of the human DNA yielded only a single hybridizing band whose size agreed with that obtained from the phage. From this, it may be concluded that human TSH-β is expressed by one gene. See FIG. 3. 
     The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence agrees with the published sequence of human TSH-β gene, with exceptions as follows: residue 8 and 9 are found to be threonine-methionine, a transposition compared to Sairam, et. al., Can. J. Biochem. 55:755 (1977); residue 89 is asparagine, as compared to aspartate in Sairam. Also, the derived sequence described herein contains 6 additional amino acids at the C-terminus as compared to the published sequence. 
     The human gene for TSH-β subunit codes for a peptide of 118 amino acids, plus an N-terminal leader sequence of 20 amino acids. The 20 amino acid leader sequence is characteristic of β -subunits of the glycoprotein hormones. See, e.g., Talmadge, et. al., Nature 307:37 (1984); Jameson, et. al., J. Biol. Chem. 259:15474 (1984). The number of amino acids in the peptide (118) is identical to the number found in mouse, rat and cow TSH-β subunits. When compared to corresponding regions of mouse, bovine, and rat TSH-β cDNA as presented by Gurr, et. al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 80:2122 (1983); Croyle, et. al., DNA 3:231 (1984) and Maurer, et. al., J. Biol. Chem. 259:5024 (1984), the protein encoding regions of the human gene display homology of 84%, 90%, and 83%, respectively. 
     Study of this gene reveals that the intron occurs between amino acids 34 and 35 of the secretory protein. This is a conserved position for the 3&#39;-ward introns occurring also in human and rat luteinizing hormone β subunits, Talmadge, et. al., supra (1984); Jameson, et. al., supra (1984). 
     Due to the difficulties in obtaining undegraded human TSH-β mRNA, it was difficult to identify 5&#39; and 3&#39; untranslated regions of the gene. It is known that the sequence immediately downstream of the stop codon is strongly homologous to 3&#39;-untranslated regions of mouse, bovine and rat TSH-β cDNAs. It is therefore likely that the 3&#39; untranslated region is present in the clone. In contrast, sequences upstream from the first methionine codon bear no homology to the 5&#39;-untranslated regions of other species. This lends support to the hypothesis that this region is an intron. 
     While the embodiment set forth supra, describes plasmids prepared using pBR322, one skilled in the art will appreciate that there are many plasmids which can be used in subcloning. These plasmids may be naturally occurring or synthesized in the laboratory. 
     Further, one skilled in the art will appreciate the applicability of this invention to the transformation of cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic. As has been described, supra, E. coli strain HB101 was transformed by plasmid pBR322 which has been subcloned with fragments of the human TSH-β gene. Using similar mechanisms, E. coli and other prokaryotes may be so transformed. 
     Additionally, the state of the art is such that eukaryotic cells may be transformed by appropriate vectors such as viruses containing the human TSH-β gene. This allows for production of this protein, in glycosylated form, in vitro. By amplification means known to the art, it is also possible to increase the production of the protein to high levels. 
     Perhaps the most interesting use of the isolated gene is in diagnostics. Various endocrine disorders are characterized by overproduction or underproduction of hormones, including thyroid stimulating hormone. One could administer hTSH made by recombinant DNA technology to humans in order to determine whether thyroid gland failure is due to primary thyroid disease or central pituitary or hypothalamic disease. 
     The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof; it being recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention.