Abstract:
An atomic magnetometer that simultaneously achieves high sensitivity, simple fabrication and small size. This design is based on a diverging (or converging) beam of light that passes through an alkali atom vapor cell and that contains a distribution of beam propagation vectors. The existence of more than one propagation direction permits longitudinal optical pumping of atomic system and simultaneous detection of the transverse atomic polarization. The design could be implemented with a micro machined alkali vapor cell and light from a single semiconductor laser. A small modification to the cell contents and excitation geometry allows for use as a gyroscope.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO PROVISIONAL PATENT APPLICATION 
     This patent application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/954,555, entitled “Compact Atomic Magnetometer and Gyroscope Based on a Diverging Laser Beam,” which was filed on Aug. 7, 2007, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     Embodiments are generally related to magnetometers and gyroscope methods and systems. Embodiments are also related to the field of sensing magnetic fields. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Magnetometers are used for sensing magnetic fields. Applications include geophysical surveying, nuclear magnetic resonance (magnetic resonance imaging), magneto-cardiography, magneto-encephalography and perimeter surveillance. Gyroscopes sense rotation. These instruments are used in inertial navigation and platform stabilization (anti-roll systems in cars, for example). The implementations described here allow for high sensitivity and simultaneously inexpensive fabrication, small size and low power consumption. These implementations would be suitable for remote deployment that requires extended operation under battery power and integration into handheld, portable systems. 
     Considerable prior art has been focused on gyroscopes based on polarization of the alkali and noble gas atoms through optical pumping and spin-exchange collisions, which was initially developed in the 1960s and refined considerably throughout the 1970s and 1980s. The work was largely abandoned in the early 1980s with the invention of the ring laser gyroscope and fiber-optic gyroscope, which promised equivalent sensitivity with reduced complexity. Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) gyroscope due to the miniaturization possibilities allowed by micro machined alkali atom vapor cells. 
     There are various types of commercial magnetometers, each with its own application area. These are summarized in Table 1 below (Table 1 is only provided for exemplary purposes and is not meant to limit the scope for the invention): 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of commercial magnetometers. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Size 
                 Power 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Type 
                 Sensitivity (nT) 
                 (cm 3 ) 
                 (mW) 
                 Cost ($) 
                 Comments 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 SQUID 
                  10 −5   
                  10 5( * )   
                 ~1000 
                  10 4   
                 Cryogenic 
               
               
                 Coil 
                  0.0001 
                 100 
                 10 
                 100 
                 AC only 
               
               
                 Cesium 
                  0.001 
                 100 
                 20,000 
                  10 4   
                 Scalar 
               
               
                 Flux gate 
                  0.01 
                 100 
                 50 
                 100 
                 Magnetic 
               
               
                 Magneto- 
                  1 
                  0.001 
                 0.01 
                  10 
                 High bw 
               
               
                 resistive 
               
               
                 Hall 
                 100 
                  1 
                 100 
                  10 
                 Very reliable 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Expected performance metrics of the diverging beam magnetometer: 
               
             
          
           
               
                 CSAM 
                  10 −5   
                  1 
                 50 
                 100 
                 Scalar 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   ( * ) Including cryostat 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     For many years, magnetometers based on superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDS) had unsurpassed sensitivities in the range of 1-10 fT/√Hz. These instruments require cryogenic cooling and therefore are large, expensive and difficult to operate. Recently, atomic magnetometers similar to the invention described in this disclosure but larger and without the diverging beam geometry, were shown to achieve a sensitivity of below 1 fT/√Hz. Commercial atomic magnetometers based on Cs are approximately a few 100 cm 3  in volume, run on 20 W of electrical power and achieve sensitivities in the range of 1 pT/√Hz. The cost of Cs magnetometers is higher than all but SQUID-based sensors. Proton magnetometers, another type of atomic magnetic sensor, are less expensive than Cs magnetometers and are also more accurate, but suffer from considerably worse sensitivity, ˜1 nT/√Hz. 
     Search coil magnetic sensors can achieve sub-pT sensitivities at high frequencies (&gt;1 MHz) but are largely insensitive to DC magnetic fields. Search coils have been used for many years as the sensors in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) instruments. Flux gate magnetometers typically achieve sensitivities in the range of 1-10 pT/√Hz and are fairly small (a few cm 3 ) but require considerable power (˜1 W). They are also magnetic, which makes them difficult to use in arrays. Commercial magneto-resistive sensors are sensitive to ˜1 nT/√Hz but are very small (4 mm 3 , packaged), and very inexpensive. Finally, Hall probe magnetometers have very poor sensitivity (100 nT/√Hz) but are inexpensive. 
     An important distinction between atomic magnetometers and most other sensor types is that atomic magnetometers are scalar sensors, which means they sense the magnitude of the magnetic field, rather than the projection along one spatial direction. This is particularly important for applications on moving platforms since platform motion adds considerable noise to a vector sensor as the angle between the field and the sensor axis changes. 
     One very high performance commercial gyroscope is the hemispherical resonator gyroscope (HRG), which achieves an exceptional angle-random walk (ARW) and bias drift but is very expensive to manufacture. Ring laser gyros (RLGs) and fiber-optics gyros (FOGs) also achieve navigation-grade performance at somewhat reduced cost. MEMS gyroscopes generally have very poor bias stability. 
     It is therefore believed that a solution to such drawbacks lies in the development of a magnetic field sensing apparatus, such as a gyroscope, and method as presented in this application. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     The following summary of the invention is provided to facilitate an understanding of some of the innovative features unique to the present invention and is not intended to be a full description. A full appreciation of the various aspects of the invention can be gained by taking the entire specification, claims, drawings and abstract as a whole. 
     It is therefore one aspect of the present invention to provide for improved magnetometer methods and systems. 
     It is another aspect of the present invention to provide for improved gyroscope methods and systems. 
     The above and other aspects of the invention can be achieved as will now be briefly described. The innovation the present invention brings to the development of gyroscopes and magnetometers is associated with the diverging beam geometry. This geometry allows a simple, highly compact implementation of the NMR gyroscope that could be fabricated at a much lower cost than gyroscopes of equivalent sensitivity. Additional advantages are the use of differential detection that will reduce the low-frequency noise and improve the angle-random walk, as compared with detection methods that do not allow for differential detection. 
     In accordance with features of the present invention, a magnetic field sensing device is disclosed that includes a cell adapted for containing alkali atoms at a their vapor pressure so that the alkali atoms can become polarized, a light source producing a spatially diverging or converging light field, a wave plate to circularly polarize light from the light source, at least one photodetector adapted to measure magnetic field strength based on a reaction of the light with the alkali atoms. A flex circuit adapted to provide signals from the at least one photodetector to a computer (adapted as external signal conditioning and detection circuitry facilities) can also be included. A heater can also be included, wherein the heater is used to heat the cell and a thermal sensor is used to stabilize the temperature at a predetermined value. The apparatus can be adapted in a gyroscope implementation that comprises a magnetic shield and an additional gas. Any noble gas with a non-zero nuclear spin can be used, including  129 Xe. 
     In accordance with a method of using the present invention, light emitted from a light source passes through a set of optics adapted to circularly polarize light from the light source, attenuate the light and change its spatial mode. The resulting light field has a spatially converging or diverging profile. The light passes through a cell. An oscillating magnetic field is generated at a Larmor frequency of the alkali atoms in a direction along the average light propagation direction with a component perpendicular to said magnetic field with at least one of a plurality of coil. To adapt the magnetometer for use as an NMR gyroscope, an oscillating magnetic field at the Larmor frequency of the noble gas atoms is also applied to the cell. An atomic polarization is caused to precess at a drive frequency about a magnetic field. A transverse component of the atomic polarization is detected by monitoring the absorption of the edges of a diverging light beam using at least one photodetector. Then the magnitude of the precessing transverse atomic polarization is determined by subtracting signals coming from opposite sides of the light beam. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying figures, in which like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally-similar elements throughout the separate views and which are incorporated in and form part of the specification, further illustrate embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a schematic of an apparatus in which one embodiment of the present invention can be implemented. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a schematic of the operation of a diverging beam magnetometer in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a schematic of the operation of a diverging beam gyroscope in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a schematic of an implementation of the diverging beam magnetometer or gyroscope as a micro-electro-mechanical systems (“MEMS”) device in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a schematic of the basic operation of a co-magnetometer nuclear magnetic resonance (“NMR”) gyroscope as a comagnetometer. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a schematic of a compact nuclear magnetic gyroscope (“NMRG”) in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7(   a ) and  FIG. 7(   b ) illustrate a schematic of the exterior and cross-sectional view of magnetic shields in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8(   a ) and  FIG. 8(   b ) illustrate a schematic of a two-layer flex circuit fabricated on a planar substrate and a flex circuit wrapped around a cylindrical holder to form a set of three-axis coils in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 9(   a ),  FIG. 9(   b ),  FIG. 9(   c ), and  FIG. 9(   d ) illustrate a schematic of the main NMRG components, including a NMR cell etched in silicon and bonded between two layers of Pyrex, base plate containing VCSEL and photodiodes with microflex circuit for interconnects, assembled NMRG, and cross-sectional view of assembled NMRG in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 10(   a ) and  FIG. 10(   b ) illustrate a schematic of a base plate with flex circuit after the electrical components have been attached and a cross-sectional view of the fabrication process for the base plate with flex circuit in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates a schematic of a wave plate integration and cell alignment in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a system architecture wherein a magnetometer is connected to a computer. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The particular values and configurations discussed in these non-limiting examples can be varied and are cited merely to illustrate embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a schematic of an apparatus in which one embodiment of the present invention can be implemented. Shown in the figure is an atomic magnetometer, which could also be operated as a gyroscope under suitable conditions  10 . Light is emitted from a semiconductor laser  20 , such as a vertical-cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL). It passes through some optics  30  that makes the laser polarization circular, and that may also attenuate the light beam and change its spatial mode. The light then enters an alkali vapor cell  50  with some divergence. The vapor cell contains alkali atoms at their vapor pressure, along with a buffer gas such as N 2  or Ne, which prevents frequent collisions of the alkali atoms with the cell walls. In the gyroscope implementation, there may be an additional noble gas, such as  129 Xe, whose nuclei can be polarized via spin-exchange with the alkali atoms. We assume here that the magnetic field, B 0 ,  70  is oriented along the direction of the average propagation direction of the light field. Alkali atoms in the cell are thereby polarized along this direction by the circularly polarized light field. The transmitted light power is detected by photodetectors  60 . 
     A set of radio-frequency (RF) coils  40 , positioned about the cell creates an oscillating magnetic field in the cell. When the frequency of this field is tuned to the Larmor frequency, ω L , of the atoms in the magnetic field, the atomic spins precess coherently about the magnetic field direction. The Larmor frequency of the atoms is related to the magnetic field by ω L =□B 0 , where □ is the gyromagnetic ratio of the atoms (2□×3.5 Hz/nT in the case of  133 Cs and 2□×11.8 mHz/nT in the case of  129 Xe). The precessing noble gas spins (if present) create a transverse magnetic field, which affects the alkali spins in a manner that depends on the orientation of the noble gas spin. The precessing alkali spins create a transverse polarization in the atomic vapor, which causes a change in the absorption of the light field that depends on the propagation direction of the light. Because of the circularly symmetric nature of the diverging light beam, the transverse polarization generates a differential absorption. For example, if the atomic polarization has a component along the x direction, light that has a component in the x direction will see reduced absorption, while light that has a component in the −x direction will see increased absorption. As the atomic polarization vector precesses, therefore the spatial profile of the diverging light field will be modified accordingly. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a schematic of the operation of a diverging beam magnetometer  100  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The instrument is placed in the vicinity of the DC magnetic field to be sensed, B 0 ,  110 . Atoms,  120  are polarized along the average direction of propagation of the incident light field,  130 . RF coils,  140 , generate an oscillating magnetic field at the Larmor frequency of atoms in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field. This causes the atomic polarization to precess at the drive frequency about the magnetic field B o , as shown by the precessing vector,  150 . The transverse component of the atomic polarization,  160 , is detected by monitoring the absorption of the edges of the diverging light beam,  170 . By subtracting the signals coming from opposite sides of the light beam, the magnitude of the precessing transverse atomic polarization can be determined. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a schematic of the operation of a diverging beam gyroscope  200  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The instrument is placed in a well-controlled, known, uniform magnetic field, B 0 ,  205 . The spin of alkali atoms (such as  133 Cs,  87 Rb, or  39 K),  210  is polarized via optical pumping with a component along the average direction of propagation of the incident light field,  215 . The spin of the nuclei of noble gas atoms,  220  ( 129 Xe,  3 He or equivalent) is polarized with a component along the average direction of propagation of the incident light field via spin exchange collisions with the alkali atoms. One set of RF coils,  225 , generate an oscillating magnetic field, □B 1 ,  230 , in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field, B o ,  205  at the Larmor frequency of noble gas atoms  220 . This causes the nuclear polarization to precess at the drive frequency of the RF coils  225  about the magnetic field B 0    205 . A second AC magnetic field □B 2    245  is applied parallel to the static field B o    205 , at the Larmor frequency of the alkali atoms  210 . This field causes the alkali atom spins to precess,  250 , about the total field created by the static field, B o    205 , and the precessing polarization of the noble gas nuclei,  220 . The transverse component of the atomic polarization is detected by monitoring the absorption of the edges of the diverging light beam,  255 . By subtracting the signals,  260 , coming from opposite sides of the light beam, the magnitude of the precessing transverse atomic polarization, and in turn the Larmor frequency of both the alkali and the noble gas species. The angular rate of the vessel, can be determined from the induced shift in the measured noble gas Larmor frequency. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a schematic of an implementation of the diverging beam magnetometer or gyroscope  300  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In this implementation, the diverging components of the laser beam  310  are reflected by angled walls inside the alkali vapor cell  330  to form counter-propagation probe beams  340 . These beams are reflected a second time off the opposite wall and the power is detected by photodiodes  350  placed on the base plate  360  with the laser  370 . 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a schematic of the basic operation of a co-magnetometer nuclear magnetic resonance (“NMR”) gyroscope as a co-magnetometer. The diverging light beam  410  polarized the alkali species  420  in the nominal direction of the light propagation. The noble gas species  430  is subsequently polarized via spin-exchange collisions with the alkali atoms. A longitudinal magnetic field B 0    440  is applied with a magnitude that largely cancels the field due to the noble gas as seen by the alkali atoms. Under rotation, the noble gas spins  430  become misaligned with the longitudinal field  440  and the spin orientation rotates slightly about the component of the longitudinal field  440  perpendicular to the noble gas spin orientation. The rotation of the noble gas spin  430  causes a small transverse field B tran    450  seen by the alkali atoms  420 . This transverse component  550  causes the orientation of the alkali species,  460 , to change slightly. The orientation change of the alkali species causes a differential absorption of the counter-propagating light fields  470 . The difference in absorption is measured by two photodetectors  480 . The difference in the signals measured by the photodetectors  480  is proportional to the instrument rotation rate. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a schematic of a cross-sectional view of a compact nuclear magnetic gyroscope  500  (“NMRG”) in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. A multilayer magnetic shield  510  (here 3 layers) is used to suppress the external magnetic field  520  (e.g., Earth&#39;s field, fields created by adjacent electrical components, and other environmental fields) by over six orders of magnitude. Inside the shields, a set of 3-axis coils  530  are used to create a very precise static magnetic field B o . Additionally, the coils  530  are also used to compensate for residual magnetic fields (external or internal to the shields) that may exist in the area of the NMR cell  540 . The light from the laser on the base-plate is circularly polarized by a wave plate and transmitted through the NMR cell  540 . The light is then reflected off the angled cell walls back onto photodiodes on the base plate  550 . Two small flex circuits  570  provide paths for electrical signals for both the base plate  550  and the 3-axis coils  530  to flow between the interior of the shield  510  and the exterior. 
       FIG. 7(   a ) and  FIG. 7(   b ) illustrate a schematic of the exterior  600  and cross-sectional view of magnetic shields  610  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. While a 3-layer shield is shown for illustrative purposes, the number of layers will vary depending on the desired shielding factor and the particular application. The shields may be machined and welded from a high-permeability material such as mumetal. The nuclear magnetic resonance gyroscope is to be positioned at the center of the shields and the flex circuits from the coils and the base plate is to be threaded through the holes  620  of the shield caps  630 . The spacers  640  that are used to separate the shield layers are machined from a nonmagnetic material. 
       FIG. 8(   a ) and  FIG. 8(   b ) illustrate a schematic of a two-layer flex circuit fabricated on a planar substrate and a flex circuit wrapped around a cylindrical holder to form a set of three-axis coils  700  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. A set of three-axis coils  700  are used to generate the static and oscillating magnetic fields (B 0    205  □B 1    230  and □B 2    245  in  FIG. 3)  as well as for compensation of residual fields. The coils  710  are fabricated as highly conductive traces (e.g. metal) on a two-layer flexible planar substrate  720 , such as polyimide. The planar substrate is then wrapped around a machined cylindrical holder  730  and the conductive pads on two opposite sides of the substrate are brought in contact and affixed to each other (e.g. soldered) to form a set of three-axis coils  700 . The tail end of the flex of the coils  740  contains bonding pads, which allows the coils  700  to be connected to external circuitry once the flex has been threaded through the shields. Once assembled, both the length and the diameter of the coil structure are on the order of 2 to 10 millimeters. The coil for the longitudinal magnetic field may be designed as a solenoid The coils for the transverse magnetic fields may be designed as sets of Helmholtz coils. 
       FIG. 9(   a ),  FIG. 9(   b ),  FIG. 9(   c ), and  FIG. 9(   d ) illustrate a schematic of the main NMRG  800  components, including  9 ( a ) NMR cell  805  etched in silicon  810  and bonded between two layers of Pyrex  815 ,  FIG. 9(   b ) base-plate ( 825 ) containing VCSEL  830  and photodiodes  835  with microflex circuit  840  for interconnects,  FIG. 9(   c ) assembled NMRG  850 , and  9 ( d ) cross-sectional view of assembled NMRG  850  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
     The vapor cell is similar to the cells previously used in chip-scale atomic clocks.  FIG. 9(   a ) shows the cell components before assembly. A thick (˜1 mm) silicon wafer  810  is first anisotropically through-etched, using for example KOH. Once the silicon is etched, highly reflective mirrors may optionally be deposited on the cell walls to increase the strength of the signal received by the photodiodes. Next, a thin layer of Pyrex glass  815  is anodically bonded to the etched silicon  810 . The cell  805  is then filled with an alkali metal as well as noble gases. Finally, a second layer of Pyrex  815  is used to seal the cell using anodic bonding. The spacer  820  in  FIG. 9(   a ) is either etched or machined and is used to provide a significant space between the electrical components on the base-plate and the cell in order to minimize residual magnetic fields in the cell and optimize the distance from the cell to the laser for the diverging beam geometry. The spacer  820  is also used to simplify the relative alignment between the optical components on the base-plate ( FIG. 9(   b )) and the cell  805 . Both the side length and the height of the assembly in  FIG. 9(   a ) are on the order of a few millimeters. 
       FIG. 9(   b ) shows the base-plate  825  on which all of the electrical components are attached. The light source is a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL)  830 , located in the center of the base plate. The cathode of the VCSEL  830  is located on the backside of the chip and is attached to the base plate using, for example, solder bump bonding. The anode of the VCSEL  830  is located on the front side of the chip and is connected to the base-plate with a small wire-bond (not shown). Four flip-chip bonded, back-illuminated photodiodes  835  are used to detect the reflected light intensity. All of the pads of these photodiodes  835  are facing the base-plate  825  and may be solder bump bonded to achieve electrical contacts. Alternatively, the photodiodes (and potentially also the VCSEL  830 ) may be integrated directly in the base-plate  825  material, which would eliminate the need for die attachment and solder bumping. The flex circuit  840  may be fabricated using a photo definable polyimide. This flex is needed in order to provide interconnects from the base-plate  825 , through the hole in the magnetic shield, and to the external signal conditioning and detection circuitry which can be provided via a computer as shown in  FIG. 12   
     A few other components need to be integrated with the parts shown in  FIG. 9(   b ). First, a quarter-wave plate needs to be placed on top of the VCSEL  830  to convert the linearly polarized light emitted by the VCSEL  830  to circularly polarized light. The wave plate can be placed directly on top of the VCSEL  830  using a small holder or alternatively in between the spacer and the NMR cell. In addition, a heater  855  is also needed in order to heat the cell to a temperature at which a sufficient rubidium vapor pressure is achieved (about 100° C.). The heater  855  can be implemented as traces on the base-plate  825 , or alternatively a separate heater chip may be used. Furthermore, a thermal sensor  860  is needed in order to stabilize the temperature at a predetermined value. Similarly to the heater, this sensor may be integrated on the base-plate  825  or designed as a separate chip placed in close proximity to the parts in  FIG. 9(   b ). 
       FIG. 9(   c ) depicts how the cell and spacer is aligned and attached to the base-plate. A cross-sectional view of this is displayed in  FIG. 9(   d ), where a portion of the light  845  path is also illustrated. Note that the central part of the light  845  beam, used for optical pumping, will travel straight through the cell  805  and exit through the small opening on the top. 
       FIG. 10(   a ) and  FIG. 10(   b ) illustrate a schematic of a base plate  960  with flex circuit  910  after the electrical components have been attached and a cross-sectional view of the fabrication process for the base plate  960  with flex circuit  910  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 10(   a ) depicts an expanded view of the base-plate  960  that was illustrated in  FIG. 9(   b ), showing the full length of the flex circuit  910 . As shown in  FIG. 10(   b ), this part is fabricated on top of a silicon wafer  920  by first patterning a highly flexible material  930 , such as photo definable polyimide. Next, in step  2 , traces of a highly conductive material  940  (e.g., aluminum, copper, or gold) are defined on top of the polyamide  930  (using, for example, a liftoff process). In the same processing step, bonding pads  950  are defined on both the base-plate  960  (for die attachment and wire-bonding) as well as on the tail end of the flex which can be adapted to connect components on the base-plate to external circuitry (e.g., a computer). Optionally, electroplating may also be employed to increase the thickness of the conductors. In Step  3 , a second layer of polyimide  930  is patterned on top of the conductors (with openings for all of the bonding pads on the base-plate and on the tail end of the flex). In the fourth and final processing step, the silicon wafer  920  is etched everywhere except for underneath the base-plate  960 , using, for example, deep-reactive ion etching. After this step a flex circuit  910  with highly flexible insulated conductors that can be threaded through the magnetic shields is obtained. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates a schematic of a wave plate  1010  integration and cell alignment in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. A cutout is machined in the spacer  1040  allowing for alignment and integration of the quarter-wave plate  1010 . In addition, this figure also illustrates how the NMR cell  1020  can be actively aligned with respect to the components on the base plate  1030 . First, assume that the spacer  1040  has been affixed to the base plate  1030  (using epoxy, for example) and that the quarter-wave plate  1010  has been aligned with respect to the VCSEL in such a way that circularly polarized light is achieved. If suitable electrical signals are provided to the bonding pads on the tail end of the flex, the VCSEL and photodiodes can be operated. By temporarily affixing the top of the NMR cell to a stationary stage and at the same time affixing the bottom of the base-plate  1030  to a six-degree-of-freedom alignment stage, the cell can be aligned in such a way that the small opening on top of the cell is centered over the VCSEL and the magnitude of the signal received by all four photodiodes is equal. The cell can be affixed to the spacer  1040  at this position (using for example epoxy) and the assembled NMRG parts can then be removed from their temporary attachment to the alignment stage. 
     Referring to  FIG. 12 , a system architecture  1100  is illustrated wherein a magnetometer  1010  is connected to a computer  1120 . The computer  1120  is adapted to function as external signal conditioning and detection circuitry facilities. Also shown is  FIG. 12 , a Gyroscope  1030  can be coupled to a computer  1120 , when the sensor is provided in the form of a gyroscope  1130  as opposed to the magnetometer  1110 . 
     Of course, it can be appreciated that a variety of other types of magnetometers and gyroscopes may be implemented in accordance with alternative embodiments. 
     The embodiments and examples set forth herein are presented to best explain the present invention and its practical application and to thereby enable those skilled in the art to make and utilize the invention. Those skilled in the art, however, will recognize that the foregoing description and examples have been presented for the purpose of illustration and example only. Other variations and modifications of the present invention will be apparent to those of skill in the art, and it is the intent of the appended claims that such variations and modifications be covered. 
     The description as set forth is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of the invention. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching without departing from the scope of the following claims. It is contemplated that the use of the present invention can involve components having different characteristics. It is intended that the scope of the present invention be defined by the claims appended hereto, giving full cognizance to equivalents in all respects. 
     The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or right is claimed are defined as follows.