Abstract:
An image sensor device may include a dual-gated charge storage region within a substrate. The dual-gated charge storage region includes first and second diodes within a common charge generating region. This charge generating region is configured to receive light incident on a surface of the image sensor device. The first and second diodes include respective first conductivity type regions responsive to first and second gate signals, respectively. These first and second gate signals are active during non-overlapping time intervals.

Description:
REFERENCE TO PRIORITY APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2008-0123762, filed Dec. 8, 2008, the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to integrated circuit devices and, more particularly, to image sensor devices. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Conventionally, an efficiency in collecting photocharges is controlled by using a photogate of a MOS structure and the distance from an object can be measured by using the phase difference between emitted light and reflected light. However, in the MOS-type photogate structure using poly-silicon (poly-Si), a light absorption factor is generated in the course of the measurement and thus loss of light efficiency may be generated. When the thickness of poly-Si is made thin in order to restrict the loss, the resistance of poly-silicon increases so that the voltage applied to the photogate may not be sufficiently transferred. 
     Also, in the MOS type photogate structure, noise due to dark current may be generated because photocharges concentrate at the boundary surface between Si and SiO 2 . Furthermore, the MOS type photogate structure can require a high voltage of 3.3V or higher for stable operation thereof. 
     SUMMARY 
     Image sensor devices according to embodiments of the invention include a dual-gated charge storage region within a substrate. The dual-gated charge storage region includes first and second diodes within a common charge generating region. This charge generating region is configured to receive light incident on a surface of the image sensor device. The first and second diodes include respective first conductivity type regions responsive to first and second gate signals, respectively. These first and second gate signals are active during non-overlapping time intervals. The first and second diodes also include respective second conductivity type regions that form non-rectifying semiconductor junctions with the common charge generating region. The image sensor devices further include a first transfer transistor having a first source/drain region electrically coupled to the common charge generating region and a second transfer transistor having a first source/drain region electrically coupled to the common charge generating region. 
     According to some of these embodiments of the invention, the first conductivity type regions of the first and second diodes are P-type anode regions and the second conductivity type regions are N-type cathode regions. In particular, the first source/drain region of the first transistor may be disposed in the N-type cathode region associated with the first diode. 
     According to additional embodiments of the invention, the image sensor device includes a substrate having a well region of first conductivity type therein, and the common charge generating region forms a P-N rectifying junction with the well region. The first transfer transistor includes an insulated gate electrode extending opposite respective portions of the well region, the common charge generating region and the N-type cathode region of the first diode. 
     Image sensor devices according to additional embodiments of the invention include a dual-gated charge storage region within a substrate. The dual-gated charge storage region includes first and second diodes within a common charge generating region, which is configured to receive light incident on a surface of the image sensor device. The first and second diodes have respective first conductivity type anode regions adjacent a light receiving surface of the substrate and second conductivity type cathode regions that form non-rectifying semiconductor junctions with the common charge generating region. According to further aspects of these embodiments, the image sensor device may be configured to drive the first conductivity type anode regions of the first and second diodes with first and second gate signals, respectively, which are active during first and second non-overlapping time intervals, respectively. The image sensor may also include a first transfer transistor having a source/drain region in the cathode region of the first diode, and a second transfer transistor having a source/drain region in the cathode region of the second diode. In some of these embodiments of the invention, the anode region of the first diode includes a first plurality of P-type fingers within the common charge generating region. The anode region of the second diode may also include a second plurality of P-type fingers that are interdigitated with the first plurality of P-type fingers. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a cross sectional view of a pixel array of a 3D image sensor according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept; 
         FIG. 2  is a timing diagram for explaining a principle to measure the distance from a subject by using the 3D image sensor according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept; 
         FIG. 3  is a cross sectional view of a pixel array of the 3D image sensor according to another exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept; 
         FIG. 4  is a cross sectional view of a pixel array of the 3D image sensor according to another exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept; 
         FIG. 5  is an extended cross sectional view of a pixel array of the 3D image sensor according to another exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept; 
         FIGS. 6A-6C  are plan views of a pixel array according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept; 
         FIG. 7  is a block diagram of a 3D image sensor according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept; and 
         FIG. 8  is a block diagram of a semiconductor system having a 3D image sensor according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     The attached drawings for illustrating embodiments of the inventive concept are referred to in order to gain a sufficient understanding of the inventive concept and the merits thereof. Hereinafter, the inventive concept will be described in detail by explaining embodiments of the inventive concept with reference to the attached drawings. Like reference numerals in the drawings denote like elements. 
       FIG. 1  is a cross sectional view of a pixel array  100  of a 3D image sensor according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept. Referring to  FIG. 1 , the pixel array  100  may include one or more unit pixels. The pixel array  100  may include photocharge storage regions  11  and  12  (or, collectively a photocharge storage region  10 ), storing photocharges, gating regions  21  and  22  (or, collectively a gating region  20 ), controlling the photocharge storage region  10 , and a photocharge generation region  30  providing photocharges to the photocharge storage region  10 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the photocharge generation region  30  may be doped into a first type, for example, an n-type. Also, the photocharge generation region  30  may absorb externally incident light and generate photocharges in response to the absorbed light. In detail, the photocharge generation region  30  may absorb the incident light emitted by a light source (not shown) and reflected by a subject (not shown). Also, according to an exemplary embodiment, photocharges in an amount proportional to the intensity of the absorbed light may be generated in the photocharge generation region  30 . 
     The photocharge storage region  10  may store the photocharges generated by the photocharge generation region  30 . The photocharge storage region  10  may be doped into the first type, for example, the n-type. In detail, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the photocharge storage region  10  may be implemented in form of a buried well. Accordingly, the photocharges generated by the photocharge generation region  30  may be efficiently stored in the photocharge storage region  10 . 
     The photocharge generation region  30  and the photocharge storage region  10  may be doped into the same type, for example, the n-type. According to an exemplary embodiment, the doping concentration of the photocharge storage region  10  may be higher than that of the photocharge generation region  30 . Also, to gather the photocharges generated in a deep area, the photocharge generation region  30  may be doped at a low concentration or made in an intrinsic state. 
     The photocharges generated in the photocharge generation region  30  may be selectively transmitted to the photocharge storage region  10  in response to any one of voltages Vgate 1  and Vgate 2  applied to the gating region  20 . The gating region  20  may be formed in one surface of the photocharge storage region  10 . The gate voltages Vgate 1  and Vgate 2  may be respectively input to the gating region  20 . As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the gate region  20  may be doped into a second type, for example, a p-type. 
     Also, a first voltage, for example, Vgate 1 , applied to a first gating region (or first gate)  21 , for example, and a second voltage, for example, Vgate 2 , applied to a second gating region (or, second gate)  22 , for example, may have a phase difference of 180° from each other. According to an exemplary embodiment, the first and second voltages Vgate 1  and Vgate 2  may be square wave type voltages. Also, according to an exemplary embodiment, the amplitudes of the first and second voltages Vgate 1  and Vgate 2  may be not greater than 1V. Thus, since the square wave voltages having a phase difference of 180° are input to the first and second gates  21  and  22 , the first and second gates  21  and  22  are not gated at the same time. Thus, the pixel array  100  according to the exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept may be implemented such that the voltage may be selectively supplied to any one of the first and second gates  21  and  22 . 
     For example, when the first voltage Vgate 1  has a first level, for example, a low level, since the second voltage Vgate 2  has a phase difference of 180° from the first voltage Vgate 1 , the second voltage Vgate 2  may have a second level, for example, a high level. In this case, as the area of a second photocharge storage region  12 , for example a second well  12  formed by contacting the second gate  22  extends and is deepened, the photocharges generated in the photocharge generation region  30  may be accumulated in the second well  12 . Similarly, when the first voltage Vgate 1  has a second level, for example, a high level, the second voltage Vgate 2  may have the first level, for example, the low level. In this case, as the area of a first photocharge storage region  11 , for example a first well  11  formed by contacting the first gate  21  extends and is deepened, the photocharges generated in the photocharge generation region  30  may be accumulated in the first well  11 . 
     Also, the pixel array  100  according to the present exemplary embodiment may further include a substrate  40  that is formed under the photocharge generation region  30 . The substrate  40  may be doped into the second type, for example, the p-type. Although in  FIG. 1  the photocharge generation region  30  and the photocharge storage region  10  are doped into the n-type and the substrate  40  and the gating region  20  are doped into the p-type, the doping types of the elements may be reversely implemented according to an exemplary embodiment. 
       FIG. 2  is a timing diagram for explaining a principle to measure the distance from a subject by using a 3D image sensor according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept. Referring to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the light emitted from a light source (not shown) may be reflected by a subject (not shown) and reflected light may be incident on a 3D image sensor according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept. As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the light emitted from the light source may be a square wave. 
     When the reflected light reflected from the subject is absorbed in the photocharge generation region  30 , photocharges may be generated in the photocharge generation region  30 . The first voltage Vgate 1  input to the first gate  21  may have the same phase as that of the light emitted from the light source. The second voltage Vgate 2  input to the second gate  22  may have a phase difference of 180° from that of the first voltage Vgate 1 . Thus, while the reflected light is incident on the photocharge generation region  30 , a time period “A” during which the first voltage Vgate 1  applied to the first gate  21  has a second level, for example, a high level, and a time period “B” during which the second voltage Vgate 2  applied to the second gate  22  has the second level, for example, the high level, may be determined. 
     The photocharges may be stored in the first and second wells  11  and  12  during the time periods “A” and “B”. The distance from the subject may be calculated by using a difference in the amount of photocharges stored in the first and second wells  11  and  12 . 
       FIG. 3  is a cross sectional view of a pixel array of a 3D image sensor according to another exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept. Referring to  FIGS. 1-3 , the pixel array  100 A according to the present exemplary embodiment may further include a leakage current restriction region  50  which restricts leakage current generated in the gating region  20 . 
     Since the operations or structures of the substrate  40 , the photocharge generation region  30 , the photocharge storage region  10 , and the gate region  20  are substantially the same as those of ones illustrated in  FIG. 1 , detailed descriptions thereof will be omitted herein. According to an exemplary embodiment, when the amplitude of a voltage applied to any one of the first and second gates  21  and  22  is increased, leakage current may be generated between the first and second gates  21  and  22 . Accordingly, the leakage current restriction region  50  may be provided to restrict the generation of leakage current at its maximum. 
     In detail, as illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the leakage current restriction region  50  may be implemented by surrounding each of the first and second gates  21  and  22  or in a space between the first and second gates  21  and  22 . Also, the leakage current restriction region  50  may be doped into the first type, for example, an n-type. The doping concentration of the leakage current restriction region  50  may be lower than that of the first well  11  and the second well  12  and higher than that of the photocharge generation region  30 . Referring to  FIGS. 1 and 3 , the size of the photocharge storage region  10  of the  FIG. 1  may be smaller than the size of the photocharge storage region  10 ′ of the  FIG. 3 . Thus, as the distance between the first and second wells  11 ′ and  12 ′ increases further, a larger potential difference may be generated between the first and second wells  11 ′ and  12 ′. 
       FIG. 4  is a cross sectional view of a pixel array of a 3D image sensor according to another exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept. Referring to  FIGS. 1-4 , the photocharge storage regions  10  are not separated from each other as in those illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 3 , but are continuously connected to each other. As a voltage is applied to the first and second gates  21  and  22 , the well under the first and second gates  21  and  22  may expand to a buried well. Thus, the pixel array  100 B illustrated in  FIG. 4  may obtain substantially the same effect as those of the pixel array  100  illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 3 . 
       FIG. 5  is an extended cross sectional view of a pixel array of a 3D image sensor according to another exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept. Referring to  FIGS. 1-5 , the pixel array  100 C separately includes a plurality of floating diffusion layers  70  corresponding to the first and second wells  11  and  12 . The photocharges stored in each of the first and second wells  11  and  12  may be transferred to the floating diffusion layers  70  in response to the gating operation of a plurality of transfer gates  60 . 
     For example, the photocharges stored in the first well  11  in response to a voltage applied to the first gate  21  may be transferred to the floating diffusion layers  70  in response to the gating operation of any one, for example, Transfer Gate  1 , of the transfer gates  60 . That is, an inversion channel is formed between the floating diffusion layers  70  and each of the first and second wells  11  and  12  by the gating operation of the transfer gates Transfer Gate  1   60 . The photocharges stored in each of the first and second wells  11  and  12  may be transferred to the floating diffusion layers  70  along the inversion channel. 
     The photocharges accumulated in the floating diffusion layers  70  may be sensed by being amplified by a sensing amplifier AMP  90 . After sensing is completed, the photocharges may be reset to the floating diffusion layers  70  by the gating operation of the reset gate  80 . In this case, since one time of sampling may not provide a sufficient amplitude of a signal, the pixel array  100  according to the present exemplary embodiment may be implemented such as the sensing operation can be performed after the photocharge accumulation operation is performed several times. Accordingly, the voltages Vgate 1  and Vgate 2  applied to the first and second gates  21  and  22  may be controlled. 
       FIGS. 6A-6C  are plan views of a pixel array according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept.  FIG. 6A  is a plan view of the pixel array  100 C of  FIG. 5 , illustrating the structure to transfer the photocharges stored in each of the first and second wells  11  and  12  to the floating diffusion layers  70  in a lateral direction. Also,  FIG. 6B  illustrates another structure of the pixel array  100 E of the present exemplary embodiment, in which the photocharges stored in each of the first and second wells  11  and  12  may be transferred in a vertical direction, that is, in a direction to penetrate in or out a drawing sheet. For this purpose, any one of the first and second gates  21  and  22  may be disposed at the front surface of the drawing sheet while the other one may be disposed at the rear surface thereof. 
       FIG. 6C  illustrates the structure of the pixel array  100 F according to another exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, which is suitable for implementing a pixel of a large area. For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 6C , each of the first and second gates  21  and  22  includes a plurality of sub-gates and each sub-gate may be alternately arranged. Thus, each of the first and second gates  21  and  22  may efficiently store the photocharges formed by the light incident on a large area. Also, a pixel array having a large area may be implemented by using a gate in a zigzag format as illustrated in  FIG. 6C . 
       FIG. 7  is a block diagram of a 3D image sensor  200  according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept. Referring to  FIGS. 1-7 , the 3D image sensor  200  may include a photoelectric conversion unit  210  and an image processor (ISP)  230 . Each of the photoelectric conversion unit  210  and the image processor  230  may be implemented by a separate chip or module unit. 
     The photoelectric conversion unit  210  may generate an image signal of a subject based on the incident light. The photoelectric conversion unit  210  may include a pixel array  211 , a row decoder  212 , a row driver  213 , a correlated double sampling (CDS) block  214 , an output buffer  215 , a column driver  216 , a column decoder  217 , a timing generator  218 , a control register block  219 , and a ramp signal generator  220 . 
     The pixel array  211  may include any one of the pixel arrays of  FIGS. 1 ,  3 ,  4 , and  5  and a plurality of pixels, in each of which a plurality of row lines (not shown) and a plurality of column lines (not shown) are connected in a matrix format. The row decoder  212  may decode a row control signal, for example, an address signal, generated by the timing generator  218 . The row driver  213  may select at least any one of the row lines included in the pixel array  211 , in response to the decoded row control signal. 
     The CDS block  214  may perform correlated double sampling with respect to a pixel signal output from a unit pixel connected to any one of the column lines constituting the pixel array  211  to generate a sampling signal (not shown), compare a sampling signal with a ramp signal Vramp, and a digital signal according to a comparison result. The output buffer  215  may buffer and output signals output from the CDS block  214  in response to a column control signal, for example, an address signal, output from the column driver  216 . 
     The column driver  216  may selectively activate at least any one of the column lines of the pixel array  211  in response to a decoded control signal, for example, an address signal, output from the column decoder  217 . The column decoder  217  may decode a column control signal, for example, an address signal, generated by the timing generator  218 . The timing generator  218  may generate a control signal to control the operation of at least one of the pixel array  211 , the row decoder  212 , the output buffer  215 , the column decoder  217 , and the ramp signal generator  220 , based on a command output from the control register block  219 . 
     The control register block  219  may generate various commands to control elements constituting the photoelectric conversion unit  210 . The ramp signal generator  220  may output a ramp signal Vramp to the CDS block  214  in response to a command output from the control register block  219 . The image processor  230  may generate an image of the subject based on pixel signals output from the photoelectric conversion unit  210 . 
       FIG. 8  is a block diagram of a semiconductor system  1  having the 3D image sensor  200  according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept. For example, the semiconductor system  1  may be a computer system, a camera system, a scanner, a navigation system, a videophone, a supervision system, an automatic focus system, a tracing system, an operation monitoring system, and an image stabilization system, but the present inventive concept may not be limited thereto. 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 , a computer system that is a sort of the semiconductor system  1  may include a bus  500 , a central processing unit (CPU)  300 , a 3D image sensor  200 , and a memory device  400 . Also, the semiconductor system  1  may further include an interface (not shown) that is connected to the bus  500  and capable of communicating with an external device. The interface may be, for example, an I/O interface, and may be a wireless interface. 
     The CPU  300  may generate a control signal to control the operation of the 3D image sensor  200  and provide the control signal to the 3D image sensor  200  via the bus  500 . The memory device  400  may receive and store an image signal output from the 3D image sensor  200  via the bus  500 . 
     The 3D image sensor  200  may be integrated with the CPU  300  and the memory device  400 . In some cases, a digital signal processor (DSP) is integrated with the CPU  300  and the memory device  400  or the 3D image sensor  200  only may be integrated in a separate chip. 
     As described above, since the 3D image sensor according to the present inventive concept includes a pixel having a junction gate structure, a light use efficiency may be increased. Also, according to the 3D image sensor according to the present inventive concept, since the generated photocharges are stored in the well by avoiding the boundary surface of Si or SiO 2 , noise due to dark current may be greatly decreased. Furthermore, the 3D image sensor according to the present inventive concept may be easily implemented because an operation at a low operation voltage is possible. 
     While the inventive concept has been particularly shown and described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the following claims.