Abstract:
Oral compositions comprising an association of one or of a mixture of phytoestrogens, selective for the estrogen receptor-β, with dietary fibres are described. The compositions thereof can be profitably used for the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment in mammals, including humans, of health conditions characterised by a high risk of onset and recurrence of intestinal adenomas (adenopolyposis coli), and of adenoma&#39;s progression to colorectal carcinoma. In presence of pre-cancerous lesions in the colon, characterised by mutations of the APC tumor suppressor and defined as polyps or adenomas, the oral compositions disclosed can be in fact profitably used to reduce the number and volume of polyps, and to prevent their progression to neoplastic transformation, reducing their degree of dysplasia.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to compositions comprising one or more phytoestrogens in association with dietary fibres, insoluble and resistant to enzymatic digestion, and to the use of said compositions for the prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatment of intestinal mucosa and in particular of adenopolyposis coli, and of their progression to colorectal carcinoma. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Adenocarcinoma, or colorectal carcinoma (CRC), is the third cause of death in the world. CRC pathogenesis includes polyps formation onto the intestinal mucosa, considered pre-cancerous lesions. When diagnosed by colonoscopy, the intestinal polyps are usually endoscopically removed. After polypectomy, the recurrence rate is around 10-15% per year. Among recurrent polyps, 10% occurs as advanced adenoma, characterised by a diameter ≧1 cm and histologically villous. The presence of one advanced adenoma, or the presence of two new formations after polypectomy, independently from their histological characteristics, characterise the population with the highest risk of developing a CRC (Vogelstein B et al.  Genetic alterations during colorectal - tumor development. NEJM  1988, 319: 525-532). 
         [0003]    Human familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is caused by a germinal mutation of the APC (Adenomatous Polyposis Coli) tumour suppressor gene. FAP is characterised by the development of a large number (hundreds to thousands) of adenomas in the colon. Whereas the genetic substrate favours the initiation of the tumorigenic process and cannot be pharmacologically or nutritionally modified, promotion of tumorigenesis may be controlled, so thwarting the progression toward cell de-differentiation and neoplastic transformation. The primary goal of the colonoscopic screening is the monitoring of adenomas and their progression to advanced forms and to CRC. In addition to colonoscopic screening, the clinical need for chemopreventive interventions, safe and effective in keeping low the recurrence rate of adenomas, is certainly high, but still unmet. Cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition by celecoxib and rofecoxib, although effective, is associated with an unbearable risk of cardio-vascular side effects (Lance P.  Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: some progress but a long way to go. Gastroenterology  2008, 134: 341-343). 
         [0004]    A higher CRC prevalence in males, and a reduced incidence in females undergoing hormone replacement therapy (HRT) support the hypothesis that estrogens play a protective role in colon tumorigenic process. As a further proof of concept of the protective role of estrogens in the intestinal mucosa, it must be cited the recent evidence on the regression of the adenomas in a young woman, affected by FAP, after estro-progestinic therapy for contraceptive purposes (Giardiello F, Hylind L, Trimbath J et al.  Oral Contraceptives and Polyp Regression in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis. Gastroenterology  2005; 128:1077-1080). Unfortunately, in the epidemiological studies conducted on post-menopausal women undergoing estro-progestinic therapy, a high incidence of breast cancer and cardiovascular accidents have been observed, thus requiring the early termination of the study to safeguard the health of the enrolled patients ( Writing Group for the Women&#39;s Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women. JAMA  2002, 288: 321-333). 
         [0005]    Estrogen receptors exist in two forms: alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ), differently localised and expressed in the various anatomical districts. ERα is mainly localised in breasts, cardiovascular system, bones, urogenital and central nervous system, whereas ERβ is expressed in prostate, salivary glands, testes, ovaries, in the immune system and, predominantly, in the intestine. 17β-estradiol (estrogen) is a non selective ligand for both receptors, that performs a proliferative activity in presence of ERα and anti-proliferative in presence of ERβ (Koehler K F et al.  Reflections on the discovery and significance of Estrogen Receptor β. Endocr Rev  2005, 26: 465-478). The beneficial effects observed in the above mentioned studies on the reduced CRC incidence could therefore depend specifically from the Erβ activation. 
         [0006]    The involvement of ERβ in the adenomatous polyposis and CRC is demonstrated by its reduced expression, with respect to normal intestinal mucosa, in polypectomized patients already in pre-cancerous stage (Di Leo A et al.  ER -β  expression in large bowel adenomas: implications in colon carcinogenesis. Dig Liver Dis  2008, C40: 260-266). Significantly, ERβ reduction relates with an increased proliferation and a progressive cell de-differentiation, demonstrating that ERβ silencing is involved in tumour progression. The colorectal pre-cancerous lesions hence are early warnings of CRC development in a relevant part of the population. The dramatic decline of ERβ is also observed in the more advanced stages of the neoplastic transformation (Konstantinopoulos P A et al.  Oestrogen receptor beta  ( ER β)  is abundantly expressed in normal colonic mucosa, but declines in colon adenocarcinoma paralleling the tumor&#39;s dedifferentiation. Eur J Cancer  2003, 39: 1251-1258). 
         [0007]    Experimental studies conducted on C57BL/6J-APC Min/+ transgenic mice, that carry a mutation of the germinal line of the APC gene, support the estrogens&#39; protective role in the prevention of the neoplastic transformation in colonic epithelial cells. In particular, Weyant et al. (Weyant M J et al.  Reciprocal expression of ERα and ERβ is associated with estrogen-mediated modulation of intestinal tumorigenesis. Cancer Res  2001, 61: 2547-2551), using female transgenic mice, demonstrated that intestinal adenomas spontaneously develop after ovariectomy. Ovariectomy gave rise to a 77% increase in intestinal adenomas neoformation, whereas the subsequent administration of 17-β-estradiol caused a reduction in intestinal adenomas. 
         [0008]    Besides genetic causes, it is known that exposure to carcinogens inside the intestinal lumen or to agents potentially genotoxic for the epithelial cells of intestinal mucosa is an epigenetic event that facilitates the inactivation of both alleles or the somatic mutation of the APC gene, both in FAP and sporadic form. These dangerous substances are normally ingested with the diet, or they can be formed in the intestinal lumen as an effect of the digestion, in particular of fats, or by degradation of bile acids. 
         [0009]    For this reason, a diet rich in fibres, believed exerting a shielding effect on the intestinal mucosa or adsorbing potentially genotoxic xenobiotics, is considered useful in CRC prevention (Robertson D J et al.  Fat, fiber, meat and the risk of colorectal adenomas. Am J Gastroenterol  2005, 100: 2789-2795). However, the clinical evidences of such efficacy are not always convincing. This often depends on the poor quality of the various experimental protocols, where the expected effects are not weighed against the total fibre dietary intake, comprised of soluble and insoluble fibres. Therefore, the expected effects due to the addition to the diet of a known amount of a fibre qualified for its structure, degree of solubility and digestibility, with its own viscosity and gelling properties in the intestinal lumen, are largely unclear. All the previously mentioned features (i.e. structure, degree of solubility and digestibility, viscosity and gelling properties) heavily affect the properties of the fibre, as well as its biological effects on the intestinal physiology of complex organisms (Jones J R et al.  Dietary reference Intake: implication for fiber labeling and consumption: a summary of the International Life Sciences Institute North America Fiber workshop,  Jun. 1-2, 2004 Washington, DC.  Nutr Rev  2006, 64: 31-38). 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0010]    According to the Inventors, the therapeutic need may be met by locally delivering agents capable to act as selective agonists to the estrogen receptor-beta involved in the progression of the adenopolyposis to colorectal cancer, significantly reducing the systemic absorption of such agents and thus favouring their pharmacological action onto the intestinal mucosa. 
         [0011]    Compositions for oral administration comprising an association of at least one phytoestrogen, selectively agonist to Estrogen Receptor Beta (ERβ), or more phytoestrogens with the above properties, and insoluble dietary fibres, i.e. fibres resistant to enzymatic digestion in the intestinal tract, may meet the need in the medical field of tools useful for prevention or treatment of the adenopolyposis coli condition and its progression to colorectal cancer. 
         [0012]    Therefore, in a first aspect it is an object of the present invention compositions comprising at least one phytoestrogen or a mixture of phytoestrogens selectively agonists to the estrogen receptor-beta (ERβ), and at least one insoluble and indigestible fibre or mixtures thereof selected from the group consisting of non-starch polysaccharides. 
         [0013]    Yet, it is a further object of the invention the use of such compositions orally administered for the topical treatment of the intestinal mucosa, and in particular the treatment of adenopolyposis coli conditions, and for the prevention of their progression to colorectal cancer. 
         [0014]    As it will be readily apparent from the detailed description of the invention reported hereafter, in the presence of pre-cancer lesions of the colon characterised by mutations of the APC tumour suppressor, defined as polyps or adenomas, the compositions for oral administration can be profitably used to reduce the number and volume of polyps and to prevent their progression toward the neoplastic transformation, reducing their grade of dysplasia. 
         [0015]    The compositions for oral administration object of the present invention can be profitably used to restore ERβ expression onto the colon mucosa, otherwise deficient or silenced when intestinal adenomas occur, and to restore a ratio of expression between the estrogen receptor beta and alpha in favour of the anti-proliferative activity. 
         [0016]    Moreover, the association from at least one phytoestrogen, selective for the estrogen receptor-beta, and at least one insoluble dietary fibre forming the compositions for oral administration object of the present invention represents a preferential delivery system for the ERβ selective phytoestrogen to the colon, where the adenopolyposis is preferentially located, with an enrichment of the components onto the intestinal mucosa and into the colonocytes. The oral compositions object of the present invention are therefore a safe and effective delivery system for the topical treatment of the intestinal mucosa, in conditions at high risk for the development of adenomas and their progression to adenocarcinoma, therefore useful in the treatment of subjects affected by adenopolyposis coli, in familial and sporadic forms, recruited to colonoscopic screening and after polypectomy, to prevent the development of advanced adenomas, and to prevent their potential neoplastic transformation into adenocarcinoma, also known as colorectal cancer (CRS). 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0017]      FIG. 1 . The figure shows the genic expression (Messenger RNA, mRNA) of estrogen receptors in APC Min /+  mouse intestine. The levels, of expression of ERβ and ERα mRNA are expressed as optical density units in comparison with the optical density units of constitutive 18S mRNA, relative to a structural protein unmodified in the experimental conditions of the present study. The results show: a significant increase of ERβ mRNA in the silymarin 200 ppm group (p=0.03), with respect to the control group fed standard diet; an unexpected significant decrease of the ERα mRNA in the group fed the insoluble fibre lignin alone (p=0.04); a significant increase of ERβ in the group fed the composition formed by the association lignin+silymarin (p=0.04). 
           [0018]      FIG. 2 . The figure shows the ratio between the mRNAs of estrogen receptor alpha and beta, in the intestine of APC Min /+  mice. By comparison with the group of animals subcutaneously treated with estrogen (known to be non selectively active on ERβ and ERα), the results confirm the selectivity of silymarin for ERβ, being the receptor increased by the ligand. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the association of silymarin (even at low doses) with the insoluble fibre lignin, by itself surprisingly active in reducing the expression of ERα which possesses a proliferative activity, facilitates the restoration of an expression ratio between the estrogen receptors in favour of the anti-proliferative activity. 
           [0019]      FIG. 3 . The figure shows the ratio between the level of estrogen receptor alpha and beta proteins, in the intestine of APC Min /+  mice, as detected by Western Blotting. With respect to the control group of animals fed standard diet only, an increase of the ERβ protein versus the ERα protein is observed in animals fed different diets, this increase being higher in the group subcutaneously treated with 17β-estradiol; in the silymarin fed group; in the lignin fed group; in the group fed the composition containing lignin+silymarin, even at low doses. 
           [0020]      FIG. 4 .  FIG. 4A  compares ERβ/ERα mRNA ratio in the small intestine of wild type (WT) and APC Min /+ groups, fed different diets. Silymarin (SIL), lignin (LIG) and silymarin+lignin (SIL+LIG) restored ERβ/ERα mRNA to levels comparable with WT healthy mucosa. ERβ protein was also increased in all the dietary managed groups ( FIG. 4B ), when compared to controls. 
           [0021]      FIG. 5 . TUNEL assay (A-C) and cleaved caspase-3 (CC-3) (D) assessment of pro-apoptotic acivity in non adenomatous and adenomatous mucosa from APC Min /+  animals fed the standard diet (Control) or different diets (SIL, LIG, SIL+LIG), in comparison with wild type (WT) mice fed the standard diet. In non-adenomatous mucosa, silymarin, lignin, and the combination of the two restored apoptosis to levels comparable with the healthy mucosa from WT mice. In adenomatous mucosa, only the association of silymarin and lignin restored apoptosis to values comparable with healthy mucosa from WT mice. Whereas CC-3 markedly decreased in the APC Min /+  mice fed the standard diet, a strikingly increase was observed in the dietary managed groups. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0022]    According to the state of the art described above, and considering the side effects potentially experienced with non selective agonists of estrogen receptors, the oral compositions object of the present invention comprise at least one phytoestrogen selectively agonist to estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), or mixtures of such phytoestrogens, supported by a wide use that sustains its/their clear safety and effectiveness profile. 
         [0023]    For the purpose of the present invention, the preferred phytoestrogens are selected from the group consisting of flavolignans, namely silymarin, silybinin, iso-silybinin, silydianin, silychristin, the isoflavone genistein, the flavonoid resveratrol, coumestrol and mixtures thereof. The phytoestrogen or phytoestrogens composing the mixture can be present in the composition both in their purified form and as plant extract. More preferably, the phytoestrogen is silymarin, as such or as a Milk Thistle extract, the most preferred one being the Milk Thistle extract consisting of a mixture of flavolignans silymarin, silybinin, iso-silybinin, silydianin and silychristin. It is known that silymarin, a standardized mixture of flavolignans extracted from Milk Thistle fruits, widely used in traditional medicine as hepatoprotectant, possesses a documented profile of safety and tolerability, as well as properties of the same as selective ERβ agonist, without any relevant activity on Erα, have been described (Seidlova-Wuttke D et al.  Silymarin is a selective estrogen receptor β  ( ERβ )  agonist and has estrogenic effect in the metaphysis of the femur but no or antiestrogenic effects in the uterus of ovariectomized  ( ovx )  rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol  2003, 86: 179-188). 
         [0024]    “Silymarin” is the common denomination used for a plant extract containing a mixture of flavolignans: silymarin, silybinin, iso-silybinin, silydianin and silychristin in variable concentrations and ratios. In the compositions object of the present invention, “Silymarin” means the mixture of flavolignans composing the extract, in different concentrations and ratios, with particular reference to a Milk Thistle extract with an analytical profile characterised by a silymarin content higher than 70% and a silybinin A+B content higher than 30%. In general, additional components to and/or substitutes of silymarin in the compositions object of the present invention are other phytoestrogens, provided that they are selective for ERβ and with a anti-estrogenic activity, that is not inducing a significant proliferative activity on tissues that are classical targets for the estrogens, such the above mentioned phytoestrogens, in similar concentrations as that of silymarin. 
         [0025]    The other essential component of the compositions for oral administration of the present invention is an insoluble and indigestible, i.e. resistant to enzymatic digestion in the gastrointestinal tract, fibre. The insoluble fibre can be present in a purified form or as component of a natural extract, provided that in the compositions the insoluble fibre content is between 1% and 30%. Such fibre is selected from plant fibres with a non-starch polysaccharidic nature and among these fibres are preferably fibres selected in the group consisting of polyphenylpropanoid lignin (hereafter called also lignin), cellulose, resistant starch, inulin and long chain inulin and mixtures thereof. Particular preference is given to the lignin. The insoluble fibre can be present as a purified component as well as a constituent of an extract. In the later case, the above mentioned insoluble fibres can be present as a mixture and associated with other nutritional substances. In particular, the fibres can be used for the compositions of the invention as follows: in the case of lignin, as such in the polydisperse form or as wheat bran; in the case of cellulose, as such or as a soy extract; in the case of inulin, long chain inulin is preferable, with a polymerisation degree of 10-65 and an average chain length of 25, as such or as artichoke extract, chicory extract or Dandelion root powder. 
         [0026]    The fibres present in the oral compositions object of the present invention are anyway to be considered add-ons to the diet, but independent from the total dietary fibre intake. 
         [0027]    The compositions according to the inventions have shown unexpected biological properties, since said compositions, characterized substantially by the association from at least one phytoestrogen, selectively agonist to estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), or mixtures thereof and at least one dietary insoluble fibre selected from fibres having a non-starch polysaccharidic nature or mixtures thereof, proved to have a synergistic effect on the parameters used for the necessary experimental validation of their usefulness. 
         [0028]    In fact, the dietary insoluble fibre (in particular lignin) proved to be active in maintaining ERβ proteic expression, evidence unknown to date, and proved to be synergic with the phytoestrogen silymarin in significantly keeping under control parameters that are markers of the proliferation and neoplastic progression, such as for example the volume and degree of dysplasia of adenomatous polyps. 
         [0029]    In addition similar synergistic unexpected effects between phytoestrogens and fibres have been seen in other relevant biological parameters, such as the restoration of a pro-apoptotic activity on the adenomatous mucosa and even more interestingly on the non-adenomatous mucosa, to level comparable with those observed on healthy intestinal mucosa. The unbalanced proliferation/apoptosis ratio observed on the non adenomatous intestinal mucosa of APC Min /+  mice fed the standard diet—an experimental model validated to assess both the pathobiological mechanisms as well as the efficacy of pharmaceutical and/or nutraceutical interventions of human clinical relevance—can explain the clinically documented recurrence of polyps in patients entered the screening colonoscopy program, because of previous polyp detection and polypectomy, and regarded as at increased risk of CRC development and progression. 
         [0030]    The results obtained above mentioned in summary widely support the envisaged use of the compositions object of the present invention. In particular, in mammals, humans or non-humans, a composition for oral administration according to the invention can induce the expression of the estrogen receptor beta directly on the intestinal mucosa, when such receptor is poorly expressed or absent because of the presence of pre-cancerous lesions in the colon mucosa, due to a mutation of the APC tumoral suppressor, such as per familial (FAP) and sporadic adenopolyposis. 
         [0031]    In addition, the oral compositions according to the present invention could be a useful system to preferentially target the delivery of the phytoestrogens to the intestinal area affected from polyp development, being this area the small intestine in the experimental mouse model and the colon in humans, where the insoluble fibres are partially digested. The insoluble fibres contained in the compositions according to the present invention, and particularly lignin, act as a shield in the upper gastrointestinal tract, where phytoestrogens are otherwise preferentially absorbed. Moreover, this shielding effect allows a prolonged contact of the phytoestrogens comprised in the compositions according to this invention onto the intestinal mucosa and onto colonocytes. As a proof of concept, whereas the insoluble fibre, and particularly lignin, was per se ineffective in counterfighting intestinal neoplasia, as assessed by the number of developed polyps and their volume, the compositions according to the invention, and particularly the combination of silymarin at the lowest effective dose with lignin determined a maximal reduction in polyp number and volume, comparable with the one obtained by adding the standard diet with silymarin at the highest effective dose. 
         [0032]    Compositions according to the invention can therefore usefully be employed, either as pharmaceutical products or nutraceuticals, in the treatment of patients affected by colon adenomas, diagnosed through colonoscopic examination, with the aim of reducing polyp number and volume, of preventing their progression to advanced adenomas and, possibly, to adenocarcinoma. Compositions according to the invention can also be employed to prevent or reduce the development of new polyps and to prevent their progression to an advanced form, and possibly to adenocarcinoma, in polypectomised patients currently recruited to screening colonoscopy program, in the period between scheduled screening colonoscopies. The compositions for oral administration of the present invention can be in both liquid and solid form. Independently from the type of phytoestrogens used and from the form thereof (i.e in purified form or as extract), in said compositions the phytoestrogens and the mixtures thereof are comprised from 0.1% to 10% by weight, more preferably from 0.5% to 5%, and most preferably from 1% to 2%. 
         [0033]    In fact, when the phytoestrogen is silymarin, said solid and liquid oral compositions preferably comprise from 0.1% to 10% by weight, more preferably from 0.5% to 5%, and most preferably from 1% to 2% of silymarin, independently from the extract thereof used. 
         [0034]    In the case of use of genistein as phytoestrogen, the solid and liquid compositions of the present invention preferably comprise from 0.1% to 10% by weight, more preferably from 0.5% to 5%, and most preferably from 1% to 2% of genistein, independently from the extract used. 
         [0035]    The solid and liquid compositions object of the present invention preferably comprise from 0.1% to 10% by weight, more preferably from 0.5% to 5%, and most preferably from 1% to 2% of coumestrol, independently from the extract used. 
         [0036]    The solid and liquid compositions object of the present invention preferably comprise from 0.1% to 10% by weight, more preferably from 0.5% to 5%, and most preferably from 1% to 2% of mixed phytoestrogens, independently from the extract used. 
         [0037]    With reference to the insoluble fibre component, the solid compositions of the present invention preferably comprise from 1% to 30% by weight, more preferably from 5% to 25%, and most preferably from 10% to 20% of indigestible dietary fibre, independently from the type of extract used (i.e. purified or as such). 
         [0038]    The liquid compositions of the present invention preferably comprise from 1% to 20%, more preferably from 2% to 15%, and most preferably from 5% to 10% of indigestible and insoluble dietary fibre, independently from the type of extract used (i.e. purified or as such). 
         [0039]    The solid compositions can be in form of powder, effervescent powder or chewable tablets. The powder forms CaO in turn be multi-dose (bottles, canisters, jars) and single dose (sachets) packages. The liquid forms can be in form of syrups, solutions, suspensions or aqueous dispersions. In such formulations, the compositions can additionally comprise acceptable pharmaceutical or food grade excipients, diluents, preservatives, flavours, foaming agents, pH correcting agents, etc., depending on the chosen form, suitable for the oral administration. 
         [0040]    Moreover, the compositions of the present invention can further comprise probiotics, such as for example lactobacilli and/or bifidobacteria, both live and tyndalized, with the purpose of contributing to the normalization of the intestinal microflora and to the intestinal fermentation of the fibre, effects known contributing to the formation of a healthy microenvironment in this anatomical district. Probiotics are added as adjuvants to maintain or balance the intestinal physiology and to help metabolise the indigestible and insoluble fibre. 
         [0041]    Compositions in accordance with the present invention are shown in working examples 1-10. Working examples 1-7 refer to solid formulations, and working examples 8-10 to liquid formulations. Unless otherwise specified, the proportions of the components comprising the compositions in the working examples represent the weight percentages of the respective components relative to the final product. The following examples further describe and demonstrate embodiments within the scope of the present invention. The examples are given solely for the purpose of illustrations, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, because variations of the present invention are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 
       Solid Formulations 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Effervescent Powder 
       [0042]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Quantity % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Milk Thistle Dry Extract 70% HPLC silymarin 
                 2.00 
               
               
                   
                 Corresponding to silymarin 
                 1.40 
               
               
                   
                 Lignin 
                 20.00 
               
               
                   
                 Maltodextrins 
                 70.90 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Citrate 
                 4.50 
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Citrate 
                 0.50 
               
               
                   
                 Citric Acid 
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
                 Silicon Dioxide 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
                 Flavouring 
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 2 
     Effervescent Powder 
       [0043]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Quantity % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Milk Thistle Dry Extract 70% HPLC silymarin 
                 2.00 
               
               
                   
                 Corresponding to silymarin 
                 1.40 
               
               
                   
                 Oligosaccharide Fibre (Inulin) 
                 20.00 
               
               
                   
                 Maltodextrins 
                 70.90 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Citrate 
                 4.50 
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Citrate 
                 0.50 
               
               
                   
                 Citric Acid 
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
                 Silicon Dioxide 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
                 Flavouring 
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 3 
     Effervescent Powder 
       [0044]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Component 
                 Quantity % 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Milk Thistle Dry Extract 70% HPLC silymarin 
                 2.00 
               
               
                 Corresponding to silymarin 
                 1.40 
               
               
                 Lignin or Long Chain Inulin 
                 20.00 
               
               
                   Lactobacillus Acidophilus , Tyndalised 
                 Equivalent to 10 MLD 
               
               
                 Maltodextrins 
                 71.90 
               
               
                 Sodium Bicarbonate 
                 2.60 
               
               
                 Tartaric Acid 
                 1.40 
               
               
                 Silicon Dioxide 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 Flavouring 
                 2.00 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 4 
     Water-Dispersible Powder 
       [0045]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Quantity % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Silymarin 
                 1.40 
               
               
                   
                 Dandelion Root Powder 
                 35.00 
               
               
                   
                 Maltodextrins 
                 61.50 
               
               
                   
                 Silicon Dioxide 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
                 Flavouring 
                 2.00 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 5 
     Effervescent Powder 
       [0046]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Quantity % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Milk Thistle Dry Extract 70% HPLC silymarin 
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
                 Corresponding to silymarin 
                 0.70 
               
               
                   
                 Genistein 
                 0.70 
               
               
                   
                 Dietary or Oligosaccharidic Fibre (Inulin) 
                 20.00 
               
               
                   
                 Maltodextrins 
                 70.90 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Citrate 
                 4.50 
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Citrate 
                 0.50 
               
               
                   
                 Citric Acid 
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
                 Silicon Dioxide 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
                 Flavouring 
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 6 
     Effervescent Powder 
       [0047]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Quantity % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 AlfaAlfa Dry Extract 10% HPLC coumestrol 
                 7.00 
               
               
                   
                 Corresponding to coumestrol 
                 0.70 
               
               
                   
                 Wheat Bran 
                 30.00 
               
               
                   
                 Maltodextrins 
                 55.90 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Citrate 
                 4.50 
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Citrate 
                 0.50 
               
               
                   
                 Citric Acid 
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
                 Silicon Dioxide 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
                 Flavouring 
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 7 
     Water-Dispersible Powder 
       [0048]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Quantity % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Silymarin 
                 0.70 
               
               
                   
                 Genistein 
                 0.70 
               
               
                   
                 Dandelion Root Powder 
                 35.00 
               
               
                   
                 Maltodextrins 
                 61.50 
               
               
                   
                 Silicon Dioxide 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Liquid Formulations 
     EXAMPLE 8 
     Syrup 
       [0049]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Quantity in 100 ml 
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Grams 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Silymarin 
                 0.90 
               
               
                   
                 Lignin, Cellulose or Inulin 
                 10.00 
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Sorbate 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
                 Ascorbic Acid 
                 0.50 
               
               
                   
                 Citric Acid, Anhydrous 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Fructose 
                 35.00 
               
               
                   
                 Flavouring 
                 0.35 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 Q.S. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 9 
     Syrup 
       [0050]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Quantity in 100 ml 
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Grams 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Silymarin 
                 0.45 
               
               
                   
                 Genistein 
                 0.45 
               
               
                   
                 Lignin, Cellulose or Inulin 
                 10.00 
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Sorbate 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
                 Ascorbic Acid 
                 0.50 
               
               
                   
                 Citric Acid, Anhydrous 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Fructose 
                 35.00 
               
               
                   
                 Flavouring 
                 0.35 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 Q.S. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 10 
     Syrup 
       [0051]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Quantity in 100 ml 
               
               
                 Component 
                 Grams 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Milk Thistle Dry Extract 70% HPLC silymarin 
                 1.38 
               
               
                 Corresponding to silymarin 
                 0.90 
               
               
                 Dandelion Root Powder 
                 20.00 
               
               
                 Potassium Sorbate 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 Ascorbic Acid 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Citric Acid 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 Sorbitol 
                 20.00 
               
               
                 Saccharin 
                 0.013 
               
               
                 Flavouring 
                 0.20 
               
               
                 Purified Water 
                 Q.S. 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Experimental Part 
       [0052]    The C57BL/6J APC Min/+ transgenic mouse is an excellent animal model for FAP, because the mutated APC gene is homologous to the human one. Even in the most common form of CRC, called sporadic, 85% of cases show the somatic mutation of the APC tumour suppressor gene. Therefore, the APC mutated transgenic animal model is acknowledged as the most significant for the study of the pathogenetic mechanisms that characterise the adenomatous polyposis in the colon, both in FAP and sporadic form, and it is considered a validated animal model for the set up of nutritional and pharmacological interventions aimed at controlling the development of adenomas and at preventing their progression to CRC (Levy D B et al.  Inactivation of both APC alleles in human and mouse tumors. Cancer Res  1994, 54: 5953-5958; Paulsen J E et al.  Qualitative and quantitative relationship between dysplastic aberrant crypt foci and tumorigenesis in the Min/+ mouse colon). For this reason, in setting up the oral formulations object of the present invention, and in the evaluation of their safety and efficacy, the Inventors made use of the above mentioned C 57BL/6J APC Min/+ transgenic mouse model. Hereafter are described the data showing the effect in C57BL/6J-APC Min/+ transgenic mice, orally fed silymarin added diets, containing soluble and insoluble fibres in different proportions with the purpose of highlighting the differentiative properties of the insoluble and indigestible fibre. 
         [0053]    The three diets under examination, formulated with the aim of mimicking a fat rich dietary regimen, were as follows:
       Diet 5K20 [Mucedola SrI, Settimo Milanese (MI)], containing 4.50% of total fibre, composed of soluble and insoluble fibres;   Purified diet containing 6.24% of insoluble fibre, constituted by lignin;   Purified diet containing 6.24% of soluble fibre, constituted by  Plantago ovata  husk.       
 
         [0057]    Silymarin up to 200 mg/kg was added to each diet. The diets were orally administered for 10 weeks to 114 male C57BL/6J-APC Min/+ transgenic mice 5-6 weeks old. These mice have a mutation of the APC gene, and are prone to develop colon adenomatous polyposis. Objective of the study was to verify the capacity of the composition according to the present invention in significantly reducing polyps development and preventing their progression to severely dysplastic forms, markers of neoplastic transformation, in an animal model recognised as comparable to the human pathologic situation. The statistical analysis has been performed by means of the One-way Analysis of Variance and the t-Student tests, considering statistically significant a p&lt;0.05. 
         [0058]    The animals were divided into 14 groups, as reported in Table 1. Every oral treatment lasted 10 weeks. The treatment scheme was designed to highlight the effects of the type of fibre, associated or not with increasing amounts of silymarin. As a positive control, a group of transgenic mice fed standard diet (5K20, Mucedola) and subcutaneously implanted with a pellet containing 1.5 mg of 17β-estradiol (estrogen) was used. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Number of animals per group (sil = silymarin, 
               
               
                 ppm = part per million) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Diet with  Plantago   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Standard diet 
                   ovata  husk 
                 Diet with lignin 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 +sil 0 ppm 
                 15 
                 10 
                 10 
               
               
                 +sil 10 ppm 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 +sil 50 ppm 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 +sil 200 ppm 
                 15 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 +sil 600 ppm 
                 7 
               
               
                 +estrogen 
                 9 
               
               
                 (s.c., control) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0059]    No difference in the daily dietary intake (about 3±0.1 g/day) was reported among animals in the different groups. During the treatment period, the mortality rate was low in the groups fed standard diet or diet added with compositions described in this patent application (7.1%), whereas in groups fed diet added with Plantago ovata husk the mortality was very high (&gt;50%). 
         [0060]    Table 2 list the means and standard deviations of the weight of the animals from different diet groups, at time of sacrifice. At admission to the animal house their average weigh was 19±1.2 g. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Mean and standard deviation of body weights at time of sacrifice 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Standard diet 
                 Diet with lignin 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 +sil 0 ppm 
                 22.0 ± 3.8 g 
                 25.0 ± 1.9 g 
               
               
                   
                 +sil 10 ppm 
                 26.0 ± 1.9 g 
                 25.2 ± 2.3 g 
               
               
                   
                 +sil 50 ppm 
                 24.6 ± 3.3 g 
                 26.9 ± 2.1 g 
               
               
                   
                 +sil 200 ppm 
                 23.5 ± 2.6 g 
                 27.9 ± 1.7 g 
               
               
                   
                 +sil 600 ppm 
                 24.3 ± 2.4 g 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 +estrogen (s.c., control) 
                 24.9 ± 2.8 g 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0061]    Differently from animal groups fed the diet containing  P. ovata  husk soluble fibre, in which a high mortality rate and no reduction in polyp numbers were observed, the association of silymarin and lignin constituting one of the compositions according to the present invention proved to be safe and well tolerated, and resulted highly effective in keeping down the number, volume, and grade of dysplasia of adenomatous polyps in the C57BU6J-APC Min/+ transgenic mouse model. In addition, the dietary insoluble fibre (in this case lignin) proved to be active in maintaining ERβ proteic expression, evidence unknown to date, and proved to be synergic with silymarin in significantly keeping under control parameters that are markers of the proliferation and neoplastic progression, such as for example the volume and degree of dysplasia of adenomatous polyps. 
         [0062]    After 10 weeks of treatment the animals received an intraperitoneal injection of 0.75 mg of Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), equivalent to 30 mg/kg, to verify the migration of cells of the intestinal mucosa along the villus axis (from crypt at the bottom to the luminal tip). This parameter allows to verify the normal esfoliative physiology of the intestinal mucosa, through which the mucosa keeps itself composed of healthy and vital cells. To this end, the animals were sacrificed 24, 48 and 72 hours after injection. Small intestine and colon were taken from every sacrificed animal. The small intestine was divided into three sections: proximal, medial and distal. The proximal tract was further divided in two portions that were subsequently scraped. One of the two was dipped in RNAlater® and stored at −20° C. and the other stored in liquid nitrogen. The two samples were used for Real Time PCR and Western Blotting, respectively. The medial and distal tracts, together with the colon, were used for the histological analysis. After a 3-hours pre-fixative treatment with formol, the intestinal tracts under examination were observed under an STM1 stereomicroscope, 3× magnification. Two blinded observers measured the number and size of polyps. 
         [0063]    Table 3 lists mean and standard deviation (SD) of the number of polyps observed in the animals fed the different diets. It has to be noticed that silymarin added at 200 ppm to the standard diet significantly reduces the number of polyps (p=0.005), at a level comparable with the reduction observed in the transgenic mice of the control group, subcutaneously treated with estradiol. Lignin alone is ineffective on this parameter, but the association of lignin and silymarin, object of the present invention, significantly reduces the number of polyps, at a silymarin dose (50 ppm) four times lower than that required to obtain the same results with standard diet (200 ppm). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Number of intestinal polyps in animals fed different diets 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Standard diet 
                 Diet with  Plantago   
                 Diet with lignin 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 +sil 0 ppm 
                 54.8 ± 20.2 
                 43.6 ± 9.5  
                 46.8 ± 14.0 
               
               
                 +sil 10 ppm 
                 44.0 ± 21.8 
                 45.4 ± 23.8 
                 43.8 ± 19.0 
               
               
                 +sil 50 ppm 
                 55.4 ± 26.2 
                 51.5 ± 20.5 
                  34.0 ± 10.7* 
               
               
                 +sil 200 ppm 
                 37.2 ± 9.0* 
                 50.0 ± 4.7  
                 48.5 ± 2.5  
               
               
                 +sil 600 ppm 
                 52.6 ± 24.6 
               
               
                 Estrogen 
                  32.33 ± 12.06* 
               
               
                 (control) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0064]    Table 4 lists the silymarin content (expressed as pg/g silybinin in the tissue, determined by HPLC) in the duodenal tract, where silymarin is known to be preferentially absorbed, and in the ileum after seven days feeding 200 ppm silymarin, or a composition containing 200 ppm silymarin and a non starch polysaccharidic fibre (lignin) as an add-on to the standard diet of C57BL/6J mice (n=6). The association of silymarin and insoluble fibre caused a preferential transport of the phytoestrogen in the ileal region, the intestinal area where polyps tipically develop in the transgenic mouse. Moreover, it is known that such condition mimics the development of adenopolyposis in human colon. Therefore, the compositions object of the present invention can be an effective system for the topical treatment of the area affected by adenomatous formations. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Mean and standard deviation of silymarin 
               
               
                 tissue concentration in mouse intestine 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Duodenum (μg/g) 
                 Ileum (μg/g) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Silymarin 200 ppm, 7 days 
                 6.54 □ 2.34 
                 2.84 □ 2.03 
               
               
                 Silymarin 200 ppm + Lignin, 7 days 
                 2.47 □ 2.38 
                 3.13 □ 2.71 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0065]    Table 5 lists mean and standard deviation (SD) of the volume of intestinal polyps. Assuming polyps shape as a sphere, by measuring their diameter it was possible to calculate their volume, expressed in mm 3 . Surprisingly, lignin alone is able to reduce polyps volume (p=0.0001). The association of silymarin with lignin is able to significantly reduce the volume of polyps (p=0.0001). Moreover, the association is synergic for the two components, as suggested by the fact that the using lower doses of phytoestrogen, the same effect as per the higher doses of single component is observed. Noteworthy, estradiol proved to be ineffective on this parameter, demonstrating that the composition object of the present invention, containing a phytoestrogen selectively agonist to ERβ, is effective on this parameter. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of polyps volume (mm 3  □ 
               
               
                 SD) in animal fed the different diets 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Standard diet 
                 Diet with lignin 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 +sil 0 ppm 
                 242.1 ± 105.1 
                 92.3 ± 61.9* 
               
               
                   
                 +sil 10 ppm 
                 145.0 ± 100.6 
                 121.0 ± 72.6  
               
               
                   
                 +sil 50 ppm 
                 158.4 ± 60.3  
                 99.00 ± 53.13* 
               
               
                   
                 +sil 200 ppm 
                 120.2 ± 69.0* 
                 138.0 ± 63.3  
               
               
                   
                 +sil 600 ppm 
                 162.07 ± 89.35  
               
               
                   
                 Estrogen (control) 
                 141.78 ± 79.1  
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0066]    Histological preparations of randomly chosen intestine sections of every animal from the different treatment groups were observed by a blinded pathologist, who graded the dysplasia of the adenomatous formations present as minor, mild or severe. In the estradiol-treated animals, 70% showed polyps with dysplasia classifiable as severe, versus 21.4% in animals fed standard diet added with 200 ppm silymarin, 30% in animals fed diet with lignin, and 20% in animals fed diet with lignin added with 50 ppm silymarin. 
         [0067]    Table 6 lists the results concerning HLC (highest labeled cell) in the experimental groups. Data shows that cell migration rate, and consequently the esfoliation rate of enterocytes in the intestinal lumen, is significantly increased in the group treated with lignin and silymarin (even at low doses). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Percentage of colonocytes migration from the crypt to the apex 
               
               
                 of the villus in transgenic animals of the different groups 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 24 hours migration (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Standard diet 
                 28 ± 2.6  
               
               
                   
                 +estrogen 
                 47.3 ± 10.5* 
               
               
                   
                 +sil 200 ppm 
                 46.6 ± 7.0*  
               
               
                   
                 +lignin 
                  35 ± 13.8 
               
               
                   
                 +(Lignin + sil 50 ppm) 
                 44.4 ± 11.8* 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0068]    With regard to the mechanism of action of the association silymarin and lignin, data demonstrates for the first time a potentiation of the ERβ expression on the intestinal mucosa. RT-PCR results are shown in  FIG. 1 . The levels of expression of messenger RNA for ERβ and ERα are reported as average ratio between the optical density of the messenger for each receptor and that of 18S rRNA, relative to β-actin, a structural protein that is unmodified in the experimental conditions of the study. 
         [0069]    The results show a significant increase of ERβ mRNA for in the silymarin 200 ppm group (p=0.03), with respect to the group fed standard diet. 
         [0070]    Surprisingly, the Inventors demonstrated for the first time that the ERα mRNA is significantly decreased in the group treated with the insoluble fibre (p=0.04); the reduction is more pronounced in the group fed with a composition containing the association silymarin-lignin (p=0.04). From comparison with the group subcutaneously treated with estrogen (active on both ERβ and ERα), data confirms silymarin as selective ligand to ERβ and demonstrates that the association of silymarin (even at low doses) and lignin—the latter surprisingly active in reducing expression of ERα known to exert proliferative properties—further facilitates the re-establishment of a ratio between the two estrogen receptors in favour of the antiproliferative activity, as shown in  FIG. 2  and demonstrated by the data in Tables 3-6. 
         [0071]      FIG. 3  shows the level of intestinal expression of the estrogen receptors, as ratio between ERβ and ERα proteins, determined using the Western Blotting method. Compared to the group of animals fed standard diet only, an increase of ERβ as a protein in comparison to ERα protein was observed, and this increase is more marked in the group subcutaneously treated with 17β-estradiol, thus confirming the protective role hypothesised for the estrogens; in the silymarin-treated group, thus confirming its properties as a phytoestrogen selective to ERβ; and, surprisingly, in both groups treated with lignin and with lignin+silymarin, even at low doses. 
         [0072]    Additional experimental were collected in order to provide evidence of: A) altered proliferative and apoptotic activities even on the non adenomatous mucosa of APC Min/+ animals, in comparison with syngeneic wild type (WT), no APC mutated, C57BL/6J intestinal mucosa (regarded as normal and healthy), being both animal groups fed the standard diet; B) the capability of the oral compositions object of the present invention to restore ERβ expression, proliferative and apoptotic activity in APC Min/+ mice, to levels comparable to the ones observed onto the normal mucosa of WT animals fed the standard diet. Therefore, these evidences further support the use of such oral compositions as an useful adjunct to screening colonoscopy program in previously polipectomised patients, at increased risk of developing new polyps (recurrence).  FIG. 4  (A, B) shows the ratio between ERβ and ERα mRNAs and the level of expression for both receptors as a protein, onto the non-adenomatous mucosa of WT and control APC Min/+ fed the standard diet, or APC Min/+ fed different diets.  FIG. 5  (A-D) demonstrates that: i) the non adenomatous mucosa of APC Min/+ mice fed the standard diet has lost pro-apoptotic control on cell proliferation when compared to the WT mice fed the standard diet, as detected by markers of apoptosis, such as the reduced number of positive cells on the TUNEL assay and cleaved capsase 3 protein expression, ii) the oral compositions object of the present invention, with particular reference to the association of silymarin and lignin, restore apoptotic control on cell proliferation to levels similar with the ones observed onto the normal, healthy intestinal mucosa of WT mice.