Abstract:
Embodiments of the invention provide a novel and non-obvious method, system and computer program product for securing of leased resources on a computer. In one embodiment of the invention, a computer for securing resources may comprise at least one processor, a plurality of resources, wherein each resource is associated with configuration data and a programmable logic device connected to each of the plurality of resources. The programmable logic device may be configured for determining whether a resource is leased, reading un-encoded configuration data from a resource, and sending the configuration data to a first unit, if the resource is not leased. The programmable logic device may further be configured for reading encoded configuration data from a resource, decoding the configuration data, sending the configuration data that was decoded to a first unit, and logging use of the resource by the first unit, if the resource is leased.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0002]     The present invention relates to the field of leased computing and more specifically to securing leased resources on a computer.  
         [0003]     2. Description of the Related Art  
         [0004]     Some consumers want to have the ability to use additional computing resources when the need arises but don&#39;t want to incur the initial expense of buying the additional resources. Computing resources include hard drives, memory modules, server blades, whole servers, or the like. In order to meet this need, certain vendors offer computing equipment that come with additional resources that are priced based on usage. These vendors allow clients or customers to buy or lease a computer or server with regularly usable resources in addition to a set of leased resources for which the client pays based on use. When a client uses a leased resource, he is billed for what he uses in the same way water and electricity utility customers are. This model is referred to as “demand leased” computing. The computer or server in question is managed by the client and kept at the client&#39;s location. Non-leased resources on the computer are used without restriction by the client. When leased resources on the computer are used by the client, the vendor bills the client according to usage on a periodic basis, such as monthly.  
         [0005]     Current demand leased computer units can be configured with additional leased resources which can be activated as required by a customer. Thus, additional disabled leased resources can be activated depending on increased resource demand or a need to meet growth patterns of an information technology (IT) infrastructure of a customer. When leased resources are activated the vendor of the leased resources charges the customer accordingly for his use. There currently is no method, however, for securing leased resources in this environment.  
         [0006]     One approach to the problem of securing leased resources in a demand leased computer unit is through software measures. Software security measures, however, are much more easily defeated than hardware measures and can&#39;t be used at all in many circumstances. It is desirable for a demand leased provider to be able to control its leased resources before the customer activates them. If a vendor&#39;s control over leased resources is weak or non-existent, the customer could potentially use the resources without paying to have them activated. Furthermore, without an effective method to tie the operation of a leased resource to a single demand leased computer unit, a customer could possibly remove the leased resource from the demand leased computer unit and use it on another computer, such as a competitor&#39;s server, without paying for its use. A leased resource that is “hijacked” in this way can be used as a regular device by another server. Thus, there are currently few precautions for preventing leased resources in a demand leased computer unit from being recognized, configured, enabled and used without any restrictions.  
         [0007]     Thus, the need arises to solve the problems with the prior art above and specifically for a more efficient way to secure leased resources in a demand leased computer unit.  
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0008]     Embodiments of the invention address deficiencies of the art in respect to securing of leased resources in a demand leased computing environment and provide a novel and non-obvious method, system and computer program product for securing of leased resources on a computer. In one embodiment of the present invention, a computer for securing resources may comprise at least one processor, a plurality of resources, wherein each resource is associated with configuration data and a programmable logic device connected to each of the plurality of resources. The programmable logic device may be configured for determining whether a resource is leased, reading un-encoded configuration data from a resource, and sending the configuration data to a first unit, if the resource is not leased. The programmable logic device may further be configured for reading encoded configuration data from a resource, decoding the configuration data, sending the configuration data that was decoded to a first unit, and logging use of the resource by the first unit, if the resource is leased.  
         [0009]     The plurality of resources of the computer may comprise at least one of a processor, a hard drive, a memory module and a server blade. The programmable logic device may be connected to each of the plurality of resources via an SMBUS and configuration data may comprise serial product data of a resource. Configuration data of a resource may reside on an EEPROM of the resource and the first unit may comprise a BIOS program of another computer.  
         [0010]     In another embodiment of the present invention, a method for securing resources of a computer can include receiving a request from a first unit for configuration data of a resource of the computer and determining whether the resource is leased. The method may further include reading un-encoded configuration data from the resource and sending the configuration data to the first unit, if the resource is not leased. The method may further include reading encoded configuration data from the resource, decoding the configuration data, sending the configuration data that was decoded to the first unit, and logging use of the resource by the first unit, if the resource is leased.  
         [0011]     Additional aspects of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The aspects of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0012]     The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. The embodiments illustrated herein are presently preferred, it being understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown, wherein:  
         [0013]      FIG. 1  is a flow chart illustrating a conventional process for configuring resources on a computer;  
         [0014]      FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of a system for securing leased resources on an a computer, according to one embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0015]      FIG. 3  is a flow chart illustrating a process for modifying configuration data of leased resources on a computer, according to one embodiment of the present invention; and  
         [0016]      FIG. 4  is a flow chart illustrating a process for securing leased resources on a computer, according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0017]     Embodiments of the invention provide a novel and non-obvious method, system and computer program product for securing of leased resources on a computer. The present invention provides a method by which a control agent or configuration module encrypts configuration data on a leased resource but provides decrypted configuration data when an authorized request for the data is received. This secures a leased resource such that a separate computer cannot use the leased resource due to the encrypted configuration data. If the leased resource is removed from the computer, the leased resource will remain in an offline state and will not be functional in any other computer system. To force the user of the computer to return the leased resource to its original location, a polling procedure is executed whereby all leased resources are periodically polled for their encrypted configuration data and compared to an original list of leased resources and corresponding encrypted configuration data. If the queried leased resources are not present during polling, the customer is informed that the computer will be shut down unless the leased resource is replaced in a predetermined period of time.  
         [0018]      FIG. 1  is a flow chart illustrating a conventional process for configuring resources on a computer. A resource may include a processor, a hard drive, a memory module, a server blade or the like. It is assumed for  FIG. 1  that the manufacturer of the resource at issue has programmed and stored the identification and configuration data of the resource either on the resource itself or on an associated component.  
         [0019]     The configuration data for a dual inline memory module (DIMM), for example, consists of Serial Presence Detect (SPD) data that is stored in an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) associated with the DIMM. An EEPROM is a programmable memory that can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge but retains its contents even when power to the computer is turned off. The EEPROM can be rewritten or reprogrammed. The SPD data of the DIMM is written to the EEPROM in JEDEC standardized format by the DIMM vendor before it is sold to a computer manufacturer or the general public. The SPD data includes a description of the DIMM&#39;s technology, memory size, memory speed, CAS latency, RAS latency, and other defining characteristics.  
         [0020]     The flow chart of  FIG. 1  uses a DIMM as an example of a resource that is configured for use on a computer. In block  110 , a user of the computer powers on the machine. In block  120 , the Basic Input Output System (BIOS) and Power on Self Test (POST) programs of the computer are initiated. BIOS refers to the built-in software that determines what a computer can do without accessing programs from a disk. On PCs, the BIOS contains all the code required to control the keyboard, display screen, disk drives, serial communications, and a number of miscellaneous functions. POST refers to a diagnostic testing sequence run by a computer&#39;s BIOS as the computer&#39;s power is initially turned on. The POST determines if the computer&#39;s RAM, disk drives, peripheral devices and other hardware components are properly working. If the diagnostic determines that everything is in working order, the computer will continue to boot. The BIOS and POST are typically placed in a ROM chip that comes with the computer, and are commonly referred to as POST/BIOS  
         [0021]     In block  130 , it is determined while scanning for resources whether a new DIMM has been found by the POST/BIOS program. If the result of the determination of block  130  is positive, control flows to block  140 . If the result of the determination of block  130  is negative, control flows to block  180 . In block  140 , the SPD data is read from the EEPROM of the new DIMM found by the POST/BIOS program. In block  150 , it is determined whether the new DIMM found by the POST/BIOS program is valid and supported based on the SPD data read from the EEPROM of the DIMM. If the result of the determination of block  150  is positive, control flows to block  160 . If the result of the determination of block  150  is negative, control flows to block  170 .  
         [0022]     In block  160 , the POST/BIOS program adds the configuration data of the new DIMM to the configuration map of the computer and control flows back to block  130 . In block  170 , the POST/BIOS program produces an error message and/or simply excludes the new DIMM from the configuration map of the computer and control flows back to block  130 . In block  180 , the POST/BIOS program configures the leased DIMMs that were found by process  130 , if valid and supported. In block  190 , the POST/BIOS program enables the operating system to load and the runs the operating system with the leased DIMMs configured above.  
         [0023]      FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of a system for securing leased resources on a computer  200 , according to one embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 2  shows the central processing unit (CPU)  202  of the computer  200 . The CPU  202 , which may be one or more processors, is connected via chipset elements and an SMBUS controller to a System Management Bus (SMBUS)  206  to the configuration module  210 , which substantially performs the method of the present invention. The configuration module  210  may be a programmable logic device, which is an integrated circuit that can be programmed to perform complex functions. The configuration module  210  is then connected to an SMBUS  207  and further to the EEPROMS  222 ,  224  and  226 , shown here associated with demand leased devices DIMM&#39;s  232 ,  234 ,  236 . The configuration module  210  is used to intercept and modify the SMBUS traffic between SMBUS  206  and SMBUS  207 , per the present invention  
         [0024]     A bus is a collection of wires through which data is internally transmitted from one part of a computer to another. A bus connects all the internal computer components to the CPU and main memory. An inter-integrated circuit bus (I 2 C) is a type of bus used to connect integrated circuits (ICs). I 2 C is a multi-master bus, which means that multiple chips can be connected to the same bus and each one can act as a master by initiating a data transfer. An SMBUS is a two-wire interface, which uses an I 2 C as its backbone, through which a processor can communicate with rest of the computer system. Using an SMBUS, a device or resource can provide manufacturer information, tell the system what its model or part number is, save its state for a suspend event, report different types of errors, accept control parameters and return its status.  
         [0025]     In one embodiment (not shown) of the present invention, the CPU  202  is connected to the SMBUS  206  via a north bridge  203 A, south bridge  203 B, and SMBUS controller  205 . In north bridge/south bridge chipset architecture designs, the south bridge  203 B is the device or chipset element that controls all of the I/O functions of the computer, such as USB, audio, serial, the system BIOS, the ISA (industry standard architecture) bus, the interrupt controller and the IDE (intelligent drive electronics) channels. All of the functions of a processor are controlled by the south bridge except memory, PCI (peripheral component interconnect) devices and AGP (accelerated graphics port) devices. The other device or chipset element is the north bridge; the north bridge  203 A is the device or chipset element that connects a CPU to memory, the PCI bus, Level  2  cache and AGP activities. The north bridge device or chipset element communicates with the CPU through the CPU bus.  
         [0026]     A ROM  204  for storing the BIOS/POST programs of the computer  200  is connected to the CPU  202  via chipset elements  203 A and  203 B. Further a ROM  212  and a RAM  214  are connected to the configuration module  210  for storing configuration data, as described in more detail below. The SMBUS, as it traverses from SMBUS  206  to SMBUS  207  via configuration module  210 , further connects the configuration module  210  to the EEPROM  222 ,  224  and  226  of each DIMM  232 ,  234  and  236 , respectively. The EEPROM  222 ,  224  and  226  stores the configuration data, such as the SPD, of each DIMM  232 ,  234  and  236 , respectively. It should be noted that although  FIG. 2  shows only DIMMs as resources that may be secured, DIMMs are used by way of example only and the present invention supports the securing of any type of leased resource including hard drives, other memory modules, CPU&#39;s, and server blades. Such elements, if connected to SMBUS  207  and handled per the present invention, could be treated as ‘demand leased’ devices. Further, although  FIG. 2  shows only three DIMMs, the system of the present invention supports any viable number of leased resources that may be secured.  
         [0027]      FIG. 3  is a flow chart illustrating a process for modifying configuration data of leased resources on a computer, such as computer  200 , according to one embodiment of the present invention. The process of the flow chart of  FIG. 3  describes how the configuration module  210  configures leased resources before the resources are available for use by a user of computer  200 . The flow chart of  FIG. 3  uses a DIMM as an example of a leased resource that is configured for use by the user of the computer  200 .  
         [0028]     In block  310 , the leasor, in this case the computer manufacturer or distributor, determines which specific devices are to be leased based upon the sales agreement with the end customer. At this time, a utility program is loaded and executed by CPU  202 . This utility identifies to configuration module  210  specific resources that will be leased to the user of computer  200 . In one embodiment of the present invention, the utility program polls the resources of the computer  200  and determines which resources are leased based on the configuration data present on each resource. For example, the configuration data present on a resource may include an indicator such as a code or a sequence of bits that is predefined to indicate the leased nature of a resource. In another example, a predefined bit on a resource may indicate, insofar as it is set or not set, that the resource is leased.  
         [0029]     In block  320 , the configuration module  210  performs a read transaction via the SMBUS of the EEPROM of each DIMM identified as a leased resource in block  310  above. The configuration module  210  reads the SPD data from each identified EEPROM and stores it in the RAM  214 . In block  330 , the configuration data for the corresponding DIMM is encrypted using a predefined encryption algorithm (encryption key) and the encrypted configuration data is then written back to the EEPROM for that DIMM (or device). In addition, a flag may be stored in the EEPROM to indicate that the particular device is under lease control. In block  340 , an indicator of the leased state of each device and the encryption key for each leased EEPROM is then stored in the ROM  212  so as to prevent it from being erased when power is lost.  
         [0030]     The encryption of block  330  may be executed in a variety of ways. The configuration data may be encrypted using either asymmetric encryption, wherein a public key is used to encrypt data and a private key is used to decrypt data, or symmetric encryption wherein the same key is used to encrypt and decrypt data. The purpose of the encryption is to save the SPD data on the resource in such a way that it is not immediately readable (identifiable) by a BIOS/POST program in a computer system that does not implement the use of the configuration module  210 . Thus, if the BIOS/POST program of another system that is not system  200  attempts to configure the resources  232 ,  234 ,  236 , it will not be able to complete the configuration because it will read the encrypted data and lack the ability to decrypt it. In this way, the present invention forces the customer to use the configuration module  210 , which regulates the use of leased resources and enables billing of the customer according to his use of the resource.  
         [0031]     The previous discussion outlined how leased devices are identified and activated at the time of manufacture or customer delivery. However, the ‘demand leased’ resources on the computer  200  may be enabled or disabled by the customer at any time. The act of being enabled indicates that a leased resource is operating and ready for use. The act of being disabled indicates that a leased resource is not ready for use. In an embodiment of the present invention, the fact that configuration data of a leased resource has been encrypted and written back to the leased resource in an encrypted manner indicates that the leased resource is available in the system identified by the lease. Further, the encrypted configuration data may also include an indicator that the leased resource is actively being leased.  
         [0032]     The process of the flowchart of  FIG. 3  secures a leased resource such that a separate computer cannot use the leased resource due to the encrypted configuration data. If the leased resource is removed from the original computer  200 , the leased resource will remain in an offline state and will not be functional in any other computer system. This is because the BIOS of the other computer system would not understand the encrypted configuration data on the leased resource and therefore would not be able to configure it properly.  
         [0033]     In one embodiment of the present invention, the configuration module  210  can poll all leased resources periodically for their encrypted configuration data, which is then compared to the list of leased resources hat is stored in ROM  212 . This process insures that a leased resource present in the computer  200  when shipped is still installed in the computer. This provides added protection because it detects the presence of leased resources on the computer as well as the type of resources present. If the queried leased resources are not present during polling, the customer may be informed that the computer will be shut down unless the leased resource is replaced in a predetermined period of time  
         [0034]      FIG. 4  is a flow chart illustrating a process for securing leased resources on a computer, such as computer  200 , according to one embodiment of the present invention. A leased resource may include a processor, a hard drive, a memory module, a server blade or the like. The flow chart of  FIG. 4  uses a DIMM as an example of a leased resource that is accessed for use by a user of computer  200 .  
         [0035]     In block  410 , a user of computer  200  powers on his machine. In block  420 , the BIOS and POST programs of the computer are initiated. In block  430 , it is determined by the computer whether a new DIMM resource on the computer  200  has been found by the BIOS/POST program. In one embodiment of the present invention, the computer determines the presence or absence of resources by addressing each SMBUS address on the various busses. When resources are not present, the SMBUS controller generates a no-acknowledgement response back to the computer. If the result of the determination of block  430  is positive, control flows to block  440 . If the result of the determination of block  430  is negative, control flows to block  480 . In block  440 , the CPU  202  of the computer  200  sends a request to read the SPD data from the EEPROM  222  of the new DIMM  232  found by the BIOS/POST program. The configuration module  210  receives this request. In block  442 , the configuration module  210  determines whether the DIMM  232  referred to by the CPU  202  is a resource that is leased and/or enabled. In one embodiment of the present invention, the configuration module  210  determines whether the DIMM  232  is leased and/or enabled by forwarding an SMBUS  206  read request initiated by CPU  202  onto SMBUS  207 . The configuration module  210  then intercepts the response data from the targeted device (such as DIMM  232 ), and the returned SPD data will include one or more indicators of whether the resource is leased and/or enabled.  
         [0036]     If the DIMM  232  is not leased, in block  443  the configuration module  210  reads the un-encrypted configuration data (SPD) from the EEPROM  222  of the DIMM  232  and sends it to the CPU  202 . If the DIMM  232  is leased but not enabled, in block  444  the configuration module  210  reads the encrypted configuration data (SPD) from the EEPROM  222  of the DIMM  232  and sends it (in encrypted format) to the CPU  202 .  
         [0037]     If the DIMM  232  is leased and enabled, in block  445  the configuration module  210  reads the encrypted configuration data (SPD) from the EEPROM  222  of the DIMM  232 , decrypts the configuration data and sends it to the CPU  202 . In step  446 , the computer  200  logs use of the leased resource (the DIMM  232 ) so as to charge the customer for its use.  
         [0038]     In block  450 , it is determined by the computer  200  whether the new DIMM found by the BIOS/POST program is valid and supported based on the SPD data received from the configuration module  210 . If the result of the determination of block  450  is positive, control flows to block  460 . If the result of the determination of block  450  is negative, control flows to block  470 .  
         [0039]     In block  460 , the BIOS/POST program adds the configuration data of the new DIMM to the configuration map of the computer  200  and control flows back to block  430 . In block  470 , the BIOS/POST program produces a notification message and/or simply excludes the new DIMM from the configuration map of the computer  200  and control flows back to block  430 . In block  480 , the BIOS/POST program configures the computer  200  to utilize the DIMMs that were added to the configuration map by process  480 . In block  490 , the BIOS/POST program enables the operating system to load and the runs the operating system with the DIMMs configured above.  
         [0040]     The embodiments of the invention can take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment containing both hardware and software elements. In one embodiment, the invention is implemented in software, which includes but is not limited to firmware, resident software, microcode, and the like. Furthermore, the invention can take the form of a computer program product accessible from a computer-usable or computer-readable medium providing program code for use by or in connection with a computer or any instruction execution system.  
         [0041]     For the purposes of this description, a computer-usable or computer readable medium can be any apparatus that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The medium can be an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system (or apparatus or device) or a propagation medium. Examples of a computer-readable medium include a semiconductor or solid state memory, magnetic tape, a removable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a rigid magnetic disk and an optical disk. Current examples of optical disks include compact disk—read only memory (CD-ROM), compact disk—read/write (CD-R/W) and DVD.  
         [0042]     A data processing system suitable for storing and/or executing program code will include at least one processor coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements through a system bus. The memory elements can include local memory employed during actual execution of the program code, bulk storage, and cache memories which provide temporary storage of at least some program code in order to reduce the number of times code must be retrieved from bulk storage during execution. Input/output or I/O devices (including but not limited to keyboards, displays, pointing devices, etc.) can be coupled to the system either directly or through intervening I/O controllers. Network adapters may also be coupled to the system to enable the data processing system to become coupled to other data processing systems or remote printers or storage devices through intervening private or public networks. Modems, cable modem and Ethernet cards are just a few of the currently available types of network adapters.