Abstract:
A typical Programmable Logic Array (PLA) provides an available logic function, or precursor, which a user modifies to obtain a desired logic function. For example, the precursor may be (A·A19 B·B+(A·A·B·B). The user obtains the desired function, such as (A·)+(A·B), by blowing fuses inside the PLA. The fuse-blowing physically blocks data signals (such as the deleted and the deleted B in the first term) from reaching an internal AND gate which performs the &#34;·&#34; operation. However, this fuse-blowing is permanent, and irreversible. In contrast, one form of the invention does the blocking by using a NAND gate. That is, the data signal, such as the &#34;B,&#34; is applied to one input of the NAND gate. A capacitor is connected to the other input. The user stores either a ONE or a ZERO on the capacitor. A ONE blocks the data signal (the output of the NAND cannot change). A ZERO passes the data signal (the output is the inverse of the data signal). Thus, not only is the PLA PROGRAMMABLE, but is also REPEATEDLY PROGRAMMABLE: the signal on the capacitor can be changed.

Description:
The invention concerns Programmable Logic Arrays which can be programmed to implement a first Boolean function, and then later re-programmed to implement a second Boolean function. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Simple PLA 
     A Programmable Logic Array (PLA) can be explained by reference to FIG. 1. The programming is done by blowing the proper fuses in a fuse bank 3, thus disconnecting nodes N from the respective AND gates 6 and 9. The remaining fuses connect the inputs with the AND gates 6 and 9, forming the circuit. 
     For example, if fuses 12 are blown, the circuit becomes that shown in FIG. 2. This particular circuit implements the logic function A·B+A·B. (The symbol · means logical AND, while the symbol + means logical OR. The symbol   means logical NOT, or complement.) Other logic functions can be implemented by blowing other combinations of fuses. 
     In general, with the architecture of FIG. 1, the resulting logic function is a sum (ie, a logical ORing) of product terms. OR gate 4 performs the ORing. The product terms are produced by the AND gates: A·B is one product, and A·B is the other product. The connections feeding the AND gates, and which result from blowing the fuses, are termed an &#34;AND-array.&#34; 
     The architecture of FIG. 1 is readily expandable to form more complex logic circuits, which implement more complex logic functions, by repeating the circuit, as shown in FIG. 3. 
     Other PLAs 
     In addition to the approach of FIG. 3, there are other ways to implement more complex logic functions. For example, FIG. 4 illustrates a Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) coupled with a programmable OR-array. (FIG. 5 indicates a conventional simplification which has been done in FIG. 4.) The PROM in FIG. 4 acts as the AND-array. The dots 12 in the PROM each indicate connections. The X&#39;s in the Or-array indicate fuses which can be blown. The small circles 15 indicate inversions. An example will illustrate the operation. 
     If the input word I 3  I 2  I 1  I 0  is 1001, then the bits on lines L 7  through L 0 , respectively, are 1001 0110. If fuses 16 are blown, as indicated by the dots placed over the X&#39;s, the logic functions implemented become 
     
         O.sub.3 =I.sub.3 ·I.sub.2 ·I.sub.1 ·I.sub.0 
    
     
         O.sub.2 =I.sub.3 ·I.sub.2 ·I.sub.1 ·I.sub.0 
    
     
         O.sub.1 =I.sub.3 ·I.sub.2 ·I.sub.1 ·I.sub.0 
    
     
         O.sub.0 =(I.sub.3 ·I.sub.2 ·I.sub.1 ·I.sub.0)+(I.sub.3 ·I.sub.2 ·I.sub.1 ·I.sub.0). 
    
     The output word O 3  O 2  O 1  O 0  is 1111. 
     Another example of a PLA is a Field-Programmable Logic Array, FPLA, as shown in FIG. 6. This FPLA is the same as the PROM-PLA of FIG. 4, with the exception that the location of the &#34;dots&#34; (ie, connections) in the AND-array of FIG. 6 can be selected, because the crosses in FIG. 6 represent fuses. That is, the AND-array is programmable, in contrast to the AND-array of FIG. 4, which is not. 
     Yet another example of programmable logic is a Programmable Array Logic (PAL), as shown in FIG. 7. In a sense, the PAL is the converse of the PROM-PLA of FIG. 4: in the PROM-PLA, the &#34;AND&#34; array is pre-programmed, and the OR-array is programmable. In the PAL of FIG. 7, the &#34;AND&#34; array is programmable, and the OR-array is pre-programmed. 
     Still another type of programmable logic is found in Programmable Gate Arrays, which use a static Random Access Memory (RAM), in the form of an Electrically Erasable and Programmable Memory (EEPROM). The RAM takes the place of the PROM in FIG. 4. 
     Each type of PAL or PLA (collectively termed &#34;PLAs&#34; herein) has advantages and disadvantages. One disadvantage occurs during development of products which use the PLAs. Frequently, the developer does not know the precise logic function which is needed, and derives the function by trial-and-error, by repeatedly programming PLAs. This repeated programming is time-consuming, and also wastes the incorrectly programmed PLAs. Reprogramming is also required when the logic function is known, but the developer makes a mistake in programming the PLA. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the invention to provide an improved type of Programmable Array Logic. 
     It is a further object of the invention to provide a type of Programmable Array Logic which is repeatedly programmable. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In one form of the invention, the logic function implemented by a PLA is not only programmable, but also repeatedly programmable. The programming is done by loading dynamic memory with programming data. Thus, the logic function which is implemented can be altered. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 illustrates a simplified PLA. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates one configuration into which the PLA of FIG. 1 can be programmed. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates how the PLA of FIG. 1 can be expanded to accommodate more complex logic functions. 
     FIGS. 4, 6, and 7 illustrate different types of PLAs. 
     FIG. 5 illustrates a drafting convention used in FIGS. 4, 6 and 7. 
     FIG. 8 shows a simplified, schematic form of the invention, wherein relays illustrate switch closures. (Relays are not actually used in the preferred embodiment, but are shown in FIG. 8 for ease of explanation.) 
     FIG. 9 shows one state into which the relays of FIG. 8 can be programmed. 
     FIG. 10 illustrates logic gates which perform the function of the relays of FIG. 8. 
     FIG. 11 illustrates how the apparatus of FIG. 10 can implement a logic function. FIGS. 11A and 11B together form FIG. 11. 
     FIGS. 12 and 12A show subsections of FIG. 11. 
     FIG. 12B is a simplification of FIG. 12. 
     FIG. 13 illustrates how a NAND gate can be decomposed, using DeMorgen&#39;s theorem. 
     FIG. 14 illustrates one form of the invention. 
     FIGS. 15A and B illustrate another form of the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Oversimplified Explanation 
     One form of the inventive concept can be explained by reference to FIG. 8, which shows an oversimplified schematic, given for ease of explanation. In FIG. 8, relays are shown, rather than the fuses of FIG. 1. (A closed relay contact corresponds to an intact fuse, and an open relay contact corresponds to a blown fuse.) In FIG. 8, the relay reeds 14 are shown in neutral positions, corresponding to the fact that FIG. 8 shows the hardware in its condition prior to programming. 
     To implement the function (A·B)+B, the proper relays would be closed, as shown in FIG. 9. The OR-gate produces the desired function. 
     The four relays so designated in FIG. 8 act as TRANSMISSION GATES: they either block a signal, or allow the signal to pass. The other four relays are designated as INVERTER/BUFFERS: they either invert the signal, or pass the signal as received. 
     Unlike the PLAs discussed in the Background of the Invention, the apparatus of FIG. 8 can be re-programmed. If a mistake is made in programming the logic function, or a different function is desired for another reason, reprogramming can be done to obtain a new logic function. 
     Simplified Version 
     NAND Gates Replace Transmission Relays 
     FIG. 8 showed relays for ease of explanation. However, relays are not actually used, as FIG. 10 illustrates. NAND gates, together with capacitors C1, act as TRANSMISSION GATES, instead of the relays designated TRANSMISSION GATES in FIG. 8. The NAND gates operate as follows: when a capacitor C1 is charged, and applies a logic HI to its NAND gate, the output of the NAND gate becomes the inverse of the DATA input, as truth table 1 below indicates, in rows 3 and 4. Conversely, when the capacitor is discharged and applies a LO signal to the NAND gate, the NAND&#39;s output is fixed at ONE, as rows 1 and 2 indicate. 
     
                       TRUTH TABLE 1______________________________________NAND FUNCTION   INPUTSrow     Capacitor DATA Line        OUTPUT______________________________________1       0         0            --  12       0         1            --  13       1         0            --  14       1         1            --  0______________________________________ 
    
     Thus, the NAND gates in FIG. 10 act as TRANSMISSION GATES, by either blocking the signal on its DATA input, or allowing the signal to pass. (As stated above, the signal allowed to pass is the inverse of the incoming signal. A second inversion can be done, if desired, either before or after passage through the NAND gate, to restore the actual logic value. It will be shown later that the EX-OR gates, described below, perform this inversion.) 
     EX-OR Gates Replace INVERTER Relays 
     The Exclusive Or (EX-OR) gates in FIG. 10 act either as buffers, or inverting buffers, depending on the signal present on the capacitor C2. That is, as Truth Table 2 indicates 
     
                       TRUTH TABLE 2______________________________________EX-OR FUNCTION   INPUTSrow     Capacitor DATA Line        OUTPUT______________________________________1       0         0            --  02       0         1            --  13       1         0            --  14       1         1            --  0______________________________________ 
    
     when the capacitor carries a signal of ONE, the OUTPUT is the inverse of the DATA line, as rows 3 and 4 indicate. Conversely, when the capacitor carries a signal of ZERO, the output is identical to the input, as rows 1 and 2 indicate. Thus, the EX-OR gate either acts as an INVERTER or a BUFFER, depending on its programming, which, in turn, depends on the charge on the capacitor C2. 
     MORE COMPLEX VERSION 
     FIG. 11 illustrates how the concepts of FIG. 10 can provide a programmable logic device. A subsection of FIG. 11 is shown in FIG. 12. 
     Symbols 21 in FIGS. 11 and 12 indicate a TRANSMISSION GATE, as indicated by the NAND-capacitor combination 21A in FIG. 12A. The TRANSMISSION GATE operates as described in connection with FIG. 10. 
     Symbols 24 in FIGS. 11 and 12 each indicate a capacitor, such as capacitor C2 in FIG. 12A. The capacitor C2, together with the EX-OR gates 18, operate as INVERTER/BUFFERS, as explained in connection with FIG. 10. 
     Therefore, the apparatus of FIGS. 12 and 12A can be represented by FIG. 12B. Applying the proper charges to the capacitors C1 and C2, in effect, positions the switches SW in FIG. 12B to implement the desired logic function. The remaining subsections in FIG. 11 are programmed in the same way, and are NANDed in NAND gate 25. 
     One Application 
     One application of the logic of FIG. 11 can be to enable or disable selected data lines, in the manner of a decoder. That is, each EX-OR gate 26, located at the right side of FIG. 11, is programmed into either an inverting or a non-inverting mode by the charge placed onto its respective capacitor, indicated by symbol 24. Each TRANSMISSION gate, indicated by symbol 21, is programmed as desired. Then, when line 27 goes HIGH, the output of each properly programmed EX-OR will go HIGH, pulling its line on the BUS HIGH, as would a decoder. 
     Another explanation can be given, with respect to FIG. 15. The apparatus generates a Boolean function of input variables 20, resulting in a sum of products at node 21. This resulting sum is optionally stored in a type D flip-flop 22. Either the sum at node 21 or the or the stored sum in flip-flop 22 is then transferred to an output buffer 23 which drives the output bus 24. 
     Mow Programming is Executed 
     This discussion will now consider programming of the EX-ORs and the NANDs. In FIG. 14, the inverters 30 collectively act as a shift register. A particular serial bit stream is passed along the shift register, until the desired combination of ONES and ZEROES are present at the respective nodes N1-N4. For example, the combination may be the following: 
     Node N1--ONE 
     Node N2--ZERO 
     Node N3--ZERO 
     Node N4--ONE. 
     Then, the LOAD line is pulled HIGH, causing FETs to become conductive and transfer the ONES and ZEROES from nodes to the respective capacitors. 
     In this example, the gates are programmed as follows: 
     NAND1--Pass and invert 
     NAND2--Block: output held HI 
     EX-OR1--Invert 
     EX-OR2--Output follows input. 
     Even though the data-loading is a serial process, large amounts of data can be loaded in a short time. For example, inverters 30 can have a cycle time of 50 nano-seconds. Thus, if 1,048 capacitors are to be programmed, the apparatus of Figure would require 2,096 inverters (two for each capacitor). 2,096 clock cycles will take 104.8 micro-seconds, representing the time for programming the capacitors. 
     The capacitors can be actual capacitors or, preferably, can take the form of the gate capacitance of an FET contained within either the NAND gates or EX-OR gates. These capacitances will leak charge, and consequently must be refreshed periodically. Refreshing is known in the art. These capacitances thus resemble dynamic serial-access memory. 
     This type of memory (ie, dynamic serial-access) provides an advantage over the PROM or EEPROM indicated in FIG. 6. The advantage lies in the serial access characteristic, which eliminates addressing apparatus, such as decoding schemes, which random-access devices, such as the PROMs and EEPROMs, require. Elimination of the addressing apparatus frees significant space on the integrated circuit carrying the logic apparatus. 
     From another point of view, the programming of the dynamic memory in FIG. 14 (ie, the capacitors) is performed so infrequently, that the normal advantage of random access (ie, fast access) is not needed. 
     The data to be loaded onto the capacitors can be stored in many different locations, including a personal computer (PC). The PC can store the data on disc drives, and load the capacitors using an RS232 channel. Serial data transfer using the RS 232 protocol is known in the art. 
     The inventors point out that the EEPROM devices described in the Background of the Invention can be adapted to perform the reprogramming function described herein. However, the EEPROM is a random access device, possessing the disadvantages described above. 
     FIG. 11 illustrates a sum-of-products implementation. However, it is well known that any Boolean function can be implemented by either a sum-of-products or product-of-sums. It is further well known that, by DeMorgen&#39;s Theorem, a NAND gate is equivalent to ORing of two inputs which are inverted, as shown in FIG. 13. See, for example, M. Morris Mano, COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Hardware Design, chapter 2 (Prentice-Hall, 1988) and Thomas Bartree, Digital Computer Fundamentals, chapter 3 (McGraw-Hill, 1985). Both of these books are incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
     Even though the NAND gates 21A in FIG. 12A invert the data when they pass their signals, the inversion can be corrected, if desired (depending on the logic function being implemented), by re-inversion by subsequent EX-ORs or subsequent NANDs. 
     Invention Can Re-Program Itself 
     With a given programming, the invention implements a given logic function (or truth table). As stated above, the invention can be re-programmed, unlike many types of PLAs. Further, the invention can be re-programmed during use, and this reprogramming can possibly be done by means of a feedback system, as will now be explained. 
     Let it be assumed that an external shift register, indicated by the string 33 of ONES and ZEROES in FIG. 14, is connected to line 34. The external shift register 33 is clocked along with the inverters 30. Upon clocking, the bits advance. When the LOAD line is pulled HIGH, the capacitors are loaded with new data, in the form of the now-advanced bits. 
     If feedback is to be used, the clocking can be done by one of the logic outputs, such as line 44 in FIG. 11. 
     Views of Invention 
     From one perspective, the invention selects logical variables present on a bus shown in FIG. 12, by way of the transmission gates shown in FIG. 12B. Then, the invention combines the selected variables into a Boolean function, by using the INVERTER/BUFFERs and NAND gates shown in FIG. 12B, as well as other logic apparatus which are not shown. 
     From another perspective, the invention shown in FIG. 14, for example, stores programmed data on the capacitors C1. The programmed data determines the particular logic function which is implemented. The programmed data can be loaded by any device capable of supplying a string of ONES and ZEROES to the lead 34, which feeds the shift registers 30. Such devices include personal computers, a static RAM, and, in principle, a bounce-free switch (connected to the lead 34) which a human operator opens and closes at the proper times during the CLOCK pulses. 
     Once loaded, the data on the capacitors C1 must be refreshed, either by re-loading or by recirculating the shift registers, and closing the FETs when the proper data is present at the nodes N1-N4. 
     From still another perspective, the invention allows repeated alteration of a pre-existing, available sum-of-products. That is, for the apparatus of FIG. 10, prior to programming, there is no charge on the capacitors C 1  or C 2 . With no charge on any C 2 , each associated EX-OR gate acts as a buffer and passes the input signal. With no charge on any C 1 , each associated NAND gate acts as an inverter. 
     If the proper C 2  &#39;s are programmed, the signal at the OUTPUT becomes (I 1  ·I 1 )+(I 2  ·I 2 ). This is the available, pre-existing sum-of-products. More generally, the available sum-of-products in an actual device would be (I 1  ·I 1  ·I 2  ·I 2  · . . . I N  ·I N ) 1  +(I 1  ·I 1  ·I 2  ·I 2  · . . . I N  ·I N ) 2  + . . . +(I 1  ·I 1  ·I 2  ·I 2  · . . . I N ) N . 
     The user deletes the terms desired from the available sum-of-products, by programming the appropriate TRANSMISSION GATES, to obtain the desired function. The extension of this procedure to a product-of-sums is clear. 
     A significant feature of the invention is the use of dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) in a device having the capabilities of a programmable logic array (PLA). DRAM has beneficial features, such as the occupancy of small space on an integrated circuit, compared with other types of memory. 
     A second significant feature of the invention is the use of conventional technologies in construction of the PLA, which reduces the time required to design and build the devices. 
     Numerous substitutions and modifications can be undertaken without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. What is desired to be covered by Letters Patent is the invention as defined in the following claims.