Abstract:
In one aspect, a coffee filter pod containing roast and ground coffee is provided wherein the roast and ground coffee has a plurimodal volume distribution density with a first peak of from 30 to 60 microns and a second peak of from 260 to 330 microns, wherein the ratio of the volume of the particles in the first peak relative to the volume of the particles in the second peak is from 2:1 to 1:2. In another aspect, a method of preparing a short coffee beverage is disclosed. A system for producing an espresso beverage and a method for producing a coffee filter pod are also provided.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to United Kingdom Patent Application Number GB1116146.0 filed Sep. 16, 2011, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
       FIELD 
       [0002]    A filter pad for producing a short coffee beverage from roast and ground coffee is described herein and, in particular, a filter pad able to produce an espresso or ristretto in a low pressure beverage machine. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Espresso-type beverages are short concentrated drinks with a strong coffee taste that are very popular with consumers. The production of an espresso has always been associated with high pressures and until fairly recently it was only possible to obtain espresso beverages using expensive high-pressure brewing machines in cafes. More recently, it has been possible to obtain the desired high pressures in home brewing machines which rely on impermeable cartridges and injection means to allow the provision of pressures in excess of 9 bar. These “closed” brewing machines have permitted the production of, amongst other beverages, espresso drinks in the consumers&#39; homes. 
         [0004]    EP1882432 discloses a method of decreasing the delivery time of an espresso-type beverage from a high-pressure machine. The technique involves minimising the presence of fines in the ground coffee to affect the percolation rate through the bed of coffee. The aim of EP1882432 is to increase the rate at which a fixed volume of beverage medium can flow through a cartridge and relies upon a puncture resistant membrane to increase the pressure in the coffee bed to result in a faster extraction. 
         [0005]    US2009/0145988 relates to a method of grinding coffee beans to achieve a particle size distribution suitable for producing an espresso beverage from a cartridge in a high pressure beverage machine (over 10 bar). The relative volume of particles in the first and second peaks depicted and discussed in US2009/0145988 indicate a volume of fines lower than disclosed herein. There is no appreciation in US2009/0145988 of the volume of fines disclosed herein. Furthermore, there is no appreciation that the specific plurimodal volume distribution density disclosed herein can allow for low pressure espresso beverage production, in particular, from a soft filter pod. 
         [0006]    “Ensuring precision in the grinding process”, Coffee &amp; Cocoa International, December/January 2006, pages 33-35, relates to a multi-roller grinding system as disclosed in US2009/0145988. This configuration of rollers is said to provide a narrower particle size distribution for each peak in a plurimodal grind size distribution. However, the grinds disclosed are for pods with short extraction times such as used in high pressure brewer systems. Furthermore, there is no appreciation of the volume of fines disclosed herein, or that these can permit the preparation of an espresso beverage in a low pressure machine. 
         [0007]    High pressure brewing machines are complex and expensive to buy. Moreover, it would be advantageous for consumers to be able to produce a range of beverages from their existing low pressure machines without requiring a second beverage preparation machine or equipment such as specific adapters for their existing machine. Accordingly, there is a desire amongst consumers to produce a short coffee beverage without the use of a high pressure brewer. It is an object of the present invention to address this problem, tackle the disadvantages associated with the prior art, and/or at least provide a commercially useful alternative thereto. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0008]    Accordingly, in a first aspect, the present disclosure provides a coffee filter pod containing roast and ground coffee, wherein the roast and ground coffee has a plurimodal volume distribution density with a first peak of from 30 to 60 microns and a second peak of from 260 to 330 microns, wherein the ratio of the volume of the particles in the first peak relative to the volume of the particles in the second peak is from 2:1 to 1:2. 
         [0009]    A volume distribution density can be plotted as a volume distribution density curve. The x-axis shows the particle diameters (as determined by laser diffraction) in microns and the y-axis shows a density distribution (preferably normalised). The area under the curve indicates the relative volume of particles having a given range of particle diameters. An example plot is shown in  FIG. 3 . 
         [0010]    In the following passages different aspects/embodiments are defined in more detail. Each aspect/embodiment so defined may be combined with any other aspect/embodiment or aspects/embodiments unless clearly indicated to the contrary. 
         [0011]    In particular, any feature indicated as being preferred or advantageous may be combined with any other feature or features indicated as being preferred or advantageous. 
         [0012]    The present inventors have sought to provide an authentic coffee-shop-style short coffee beverage for consumers to make at home. Such short beverages include espresso and ristretto. An espresso is an aromatic flavourful short coffee drink with a crema layer and significant in-cup body and mouth feel. Coffee shop Espresso beverages are typically 50-70 ml volume, have 2-6 wt % soluble solids and have a 3-6 mm layer of “crema”. The crema preferably fully covers the coffee brew surface and persists for at least 1, preferably 2 minutes. A ristretto is typically a smaller espresso beverage having a volume of typically 30-50 ml. 
         [0013]    The term “short coffee” beverage as used herein refers to a coffee beverage having a volume of from 25 to 75 ml, more preferably from 30 to 70 ml and most preferably either an espresso (50-70 ml, more preferably 55 to 65 ml, and most preferably about 60 ml) or a ristretto (30-50 ml, more preferably 35 to 45 ml, and most preferably about 40 ml). In contrast, a normal or standard coffee volume has a volume of around 120 ml or greater. These values are the total volume produced in a single cycle intended for a single cup of beverage. 
         [0014]    Roast and ground coffee is coffee that has been roasted and comminuted to provide an extractable product. The techniques used to provide a suitable roasting for raw coffee beans are well known in the art. The grinding of coffee beans is also well know and various cutters and roller devices are used to prepare a finely ground coffee. It is preferable for the coffee beans to be kept chilled or cooled during grinding to minimise any undesirable scorching of the beans. Roast and ground coffee may be provided as a blend of different beans (Arabica or robusta, for example) and/or differently roasted beans. 
         [0015]    Despite a long held belief that high pressures are essential for the production of an espresso beverage, the present inventors have discovered that a specific coffee grind can be used to produce a short coffee beverage from a low pressure machine. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the grind provides the plurimodal distribution of particles including larger particles and finer particles which form a packed bed of coffee and interact with the water so as to behave as if the pressure is higher than it actually is, especially in a low pressure brewing system. Moreover, the coffee bed might also “swell” on contact with hot water to have a secondary effect on increasing the pressure. 
         [0016]    The provision of the specific particle size distribution of roast and ground coffee in a filter pod allows for easy handling. Furthermore, the filter pod allows for the roast and ground coffee to be constrained when placed in a brewing chamber to provide a tightly packed bed. At the same time, a flexible filter pod allows for the particles to move freely before the pod is placed in the brewing chamber allowing for dispersion and settling of the finer particles between the larger particles. 
         [0017]    The inventors have found that specific peak values for the ground coffee sizes are essential to obtain a consistent and sufficient crema, and sufficient coffee solids in the reduced brew volume that is required when producing a short coffee. Through diligent experimentation the inventors have discovered the optimum design parameters for a low pressure coffee machine ingredient pod that optimises coffee solids extraction and allows the generation of sufficient crema, while delivering the required reduced brew volume. 
         [0018]    Until now, the alternatives for producing a short beverage at home were: (1) to use a high pressure brewer on a short brew cycle (8 bar); (2) to use a low pressure brewer (2 bar) and produce an oversized beverage, or require the beverage to be split between beverage containers; or (3) use an adapter in a low pressure machine to influence the brewing cycle. The inventors have now provided a means to use an existing low pressure open On-Demand Filter Pod brew machine to produce an espresso-type beverage without the need to purchase additional machine parts (e.g. a separate pod holder). This roast and ground coffee blend is preferably contained in a filter paper pad and packed as a single portion. A container holding several single portions for ready sale is also considered as a final commercial product. Such a pod can then used like any other filter pod: the pod is placed in the brew chamber of the low pressure machine; the brew chamber is closed around the pod; and the single cup delivery brew button is selected to deliver hot water, which passes through the pod to deliver the desired drink into a receptacle. 
         [0019]    X50 is the particle size below which lie 50% of the particles by volume. X10 is the particle size below which lie 10% of the particles by volume. X90 is the particle size below which lie 90% of the particles by volume. These values can easily be obtained by the use of laser diffraction to characterise the dry coffee powder. Other techniques may be used, such as sieving, although such techniques do not lend themselves to easy statistical analysis. 
         [0020]    A “low pressure” beverage machine as described herein is one that operates at a water pressure of from 1 to 3 bar, preferably less than 2 bar. High pressure machines typically operate at a pressure in excess of 8 bar. 
         [0021]    It will be understood that by the term “pod” as used herein is meant any capsule, pad, cartridge, container, or receptacle which contains one or more beverage ingredients in the manner described. The cartridge may be rigid, semi-rigid or flexible. Preferably the pod is a filter pad. That is, at least the base (outlet surface) preferably provides a filter surface that is permeable to water. Suitable materials that may be used are conventional and well known in the art. It should be understood that the material need not be completely water permeable over the entire surface. In addition, an upper (inlet surface) face may be selected to be pierceable by a water injection means. Such pods tend to be water impermeable with a seal covering the outlet surface that is removable just before use or that ruptures (or is pierced) during the dispensing process. 
         [0022]    Preferably the filter pod is a filter paper pad, in particular, a pad that comprises an upper sheet and a lower sheet sealed together around the periphery and enclosing the roast and ground coffee, wherein each of the upper and lower sheets is formed of filter paper. The use of a filter paper container is very cost effective. Such pads are easy to fill and malleable and can conform to the brewing chamber to provide a suitably packed coffee bed. For the avoidance of doubt, the brewing chamber as defined herein is the chamber formed around the pod in use. This will normally be formed by the pod support and the lid of the beverage machine. Preferably, when the brewing chamber is closed on the filter pod the pod is further compressed. 
         [0023]    The particle size distribution (specifically a volume distribution density curve) is determined using a laser diffraction technique on the dry particles. This technique can be used to determine a cumulative distribution (see  FIG. 3 ). The cumulative distribution can be converted into a volume distribution density curve. Such techniques are well known in the art and further details are provided in the Examples. The particle size distribution of the ground coffee can be measured using the laser diffraction software to determine the range of particle sizes and any peaks. 
         [0024]    The particle size distribution may have a number of peaks, i.e. plurimodal, but at least has two peaks and preferably is essentially a bimodal distribution, i.e. at least 80% (preferably 90%) by volume of the particles are associated with the two peaks. Preferably substantially all of the particles are associated with the two peaks. It is preferred that the first and second peaks are relatively clearly defined, that is, the standard deviation from the modal values (the highest points in each peak) is relatively low. In this way the properties of the final coffee bed can be strictly controlled and the inventors have found that the necessary packing of the bed can be ensured resulting in an effectively higher pressure-type extraction occurring. 
         [0025]    Preferably the particles in the first peak have an X50 of from 30 to 60 microns. Preferably the particles in the second peak have an X50 of from 260 to 330 microns. The highest value in each peak in the volume distribution density curve corresponds to the mode value of particle sizes for that particular peak. The X50 values reflect the median values and do not necessarily correspond to the modal values. Preferably the peaks are substantially symmetrical so that the values do substantially correspond. 
         [0026]    Preferably the particles in the first peak preferably have an X10 by volume of from 15 to 25 microns and an X90 by volume of from 80 to 120 microns. That is, while the first peak particles have an X50 of around 45 microns, the range of particle sizes in the first peak are substantially contained between about 20 and about 100 microns. Furthermore, the particles in the second peak preferably have an X10 by volume of from 150 to 200 microns and an X90 by volume of from 420 to 560 microns. That is, while the second peak particles have an X50 of around 295 microns, the range of particle sizes in the first peak are substantially contained between about 175 and about 490 microns. 
         [0027]    Preferably the X50 for the whole roast and ground coffee is from 140 to 250 microns. More preferably the X50 is from 160 to 220 microns. 
         [0028]    Preferably the volume of the particles in the first peak relative to the volume of the particles in the second peak is from 1.5:1 to 1:2, more preferably 1:1 to 1:2. This range has been found to provide a short coffee beverage without the risk of channelling (bypassing the coffee to produce a weak beverage) or having too high a flow resistance (insufficient beverage volume). In an alternative embodiment, the range may be from 2:1 to 1:1 and is then preferably used in a combination with an adapter to reduce the flow out of the pod to mitigate the effects of channelling and to ensure proper extraction: this can provide a stronger, lower-volume beverage. 
         [0029]    As will be appreciated, the final short coffee beverage may be characterised by the volume of water that passes through the coffee and into the final beverage. Therefore, the amount of coffee in a pad is important to ensure that there are sufficient coffee solids in the final beverage. The coffee solids can also be increased by reducing the flow rate to allow for a longer extraction time, although this is not preferred in a home beverage machine due to consumer patience. Preferably the filter pod contains at least 6.3 g of roast and ground coffee. This amount of coffee of the grind size described herein has been found to ensure that there are sufficient coffee solids in the final beverage produced using a volume of the beverage medium suitable for producing a short coffee beverage. Preferably the pod contains from 7-10 g and more preferably from to 9 g and most preferably 7 to 8 g. These amounts of coffee ensure that a thick mouthfeel is produced in the final espresso without leading to over-extraction or undesirable harsh notes. Where smaller volumes of coffee are used, such as 6.3 to 7 g, a smaller diameter pod is preferred to ensure that a sufficient packing density is achieved. 
         [0030]    Preferably the coffee has a tapped bulk density of from 300 to 400 g/l. The tap density is a measure of the natural packing density that can be achieved by allowing the coffee to settle without applying compressive force. Preferably the tap density is from 360 to 385 g/l. The tap density is preferably less than the filled density since the coffee is preferably compacted a little in the final pod. The tap densities of the present coffee compositions are high, perhaps reflecting the efficient packing of the plurimodal distribution of particles. 
         [0031]    Preferably the filter pod has a filled dry coffee density of at least 360 g/l. More preferably the fill density is from 400 g/l to 600g/l. These fill densities are greater than the tap densities because some compression of the grind is applied during filling. However, despite the close packing of the ground coffee in the pod, the coffee is preferably not in the form of a compressed tablet. Indeed, it is considered that in a compressed tablet there may be insufficient movement of the fine particles to achieve the necessary final beverage properties. The filled dry coffee density may be calculated from the pod dimensions and fill weight (cross-sectional diameter) While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the slight cramming of the coffee into the pod, in addition to the sizing and possible swelling, serve to provide a suitable short beverage coffee from the pad. 
         [0032]    According to a second aspect, there is provided a method of preparing a short coffee beverage, the method comprising: 
         [0033]    placing the coffee filter pod as described herein in a brewing chamber of a beverage brewing machine, and 
         [0034]    passing a beverage medium through the pod to extract the roast and ground coffee. 
         [0035]    Preferably the machine is a low pressure machine operating at from 1 to 3 bar. More preferably the machine operates at a pressure of from 1 to 2 bar. Beverage machines are generally configured to provide either a fixed volume of beverage medium (usually water at a temperature of from 70 to 100° C., more preferably from 75 to 85° C.) or to dispense the same beverage medium for a fixed period of time. 
         [0036]    As will be appreciated, in a fixed volume beverage machine the fixed volume can be altered for each specific beverage type that is produced. A beverage pod may have a bar code, for example, so that the machine knows how much beverage medium is required. Thus, in order to produce a beverage from a pod as described herein, a fixed volume beverage machine would have to be aware (by reading the pod) or be instructed to provide a suitable amount of medium for a short beverage. 
         [0037]    In a fixed time beverage machine the pump runs for the duration of a fixed brewing cycle and the final amount of beverage medium is determined by the flow resistance encountered through the brew chamber. Increased resistance leads to a reduced amount of beverage medium being pumped through the pod during the brew cycle. Thus, when producing a beverage from a pod as described herein, the particle grind size leads to increased flow resistance. As a result, the pod may be used to create a short coffee beverage in a brewing cycle designed to produce a standard (such as 120 ml+) coffee beverage from a standard coffee pod. Furthermore, the beverage produced has an excellent mouthfeel and taste like a coffee-shop espresso. Obviously, a fixed time brewer may also have alternative cycles for running for a reduced or increased amount of time. In one embodiment, the pod may be used with an adapter to reduce the flow through the pod and to provide a smaller, preferably ristretto, beverage. 
         [0038]    Preferably the brewing chamber has an inlet and an outlet and wherein the pressure drop in the beverage medium in use between the inlet and the outlet through the pod is from 0.2 to 0.8 bar. Preferably the drop is from 0.3 to 0.6 bar. The pressure drop is the result of the particle size distribution and the effective density of the packed pod (fill density). The narrow and low pressure drop reflects the increased effective pressure that can be obtained even in a low pressure brewing machine and leads to a short coffee of the desired strength and mouthfeel. 
         [0039]    Preferably the inlet superficial velocity is from 0.5 to 2.0 mm/s. More preferably, the inlet superficial velocity is 0.6 to 1.8 mm/s and most preferably from 0.9 to 1.2 mm/s. This is determined from the average volumetric flow of beverage medium passing through the pod across the brew cycle divided by the cross sectional inlet flow area of the pod contacted with the beverage medium. In a fixed time brewing cycle the range of velocities reflect the final volume and the degree of coffee solid extraction that can be achieved as the beverage medium passes through the coffee. In a fixed volume brewing cycle, the velocities particularly reflect the extraction achieved. 
         [0040]    A preferred brew cycle duration is from 15 to 30 seconds, more preferably about 17-21 seconds of brewing time and a further 3-5 seconds to allow the beverage to drain fully from the pod (i.e. 20 to 26 second brew cycle). This duration provides a high beverage quality while meeting the requirements and expectations of the consumer. 
         [0041]    According to a third aspect there is provided a system for producing an espresso beverage, the system comprising a beverage brewing machine and a coffee filter pad as described herein. 
         [0042]    According to a fourth aspect there is provided the use of a roast and ground coffee having a plurimodal particle size distribution to decrease the final beverage volume in a fixed-time brewing beverage machine. Because a fixed time brewing machine only provides the beverage medium for a fixed amount of time, increasing the flow resistance decreases the final beverage volume. The use of a plurimodal coffee grind has been found to allow for an appropriately packed bed to generate both the beverage volume and the quality desired. Preferably the coffee used satisfies the parameters of the grind of coffee described herein. Preferably the use is to prepare short coffee beverage on a brewing cycle configured for a standard size coffee beverage, preferably an espresso beverage. In this way a consumer can create an espresso from their usual machine without needing to use a specific short-coffee adapter and without needing to run a specific program. Because the short beverage is the automatic product of passing a beverage medium through the pod, there is no need for a barcode or other means to identify the pod to the machine and, as a result, manufacturing costs of the pod are minimised. 
         [0043]    According to a further aspect there is provided a method for producing a coffee filter pod as described herein, the method comprising: 
         [0044]    providing first and second sheets of filter paper; 
         [0045]    adding roast and ground coffee to the first sheet of filter paper; 
         [0046]    sealing the second sheet of filter paper to the first to enclose the roast and ground coffee. The ground coffee is as described herein, preferably having a bimodal distribution of particles. Preferably the first sheet of filter paper is placed in a mould. The coffee is preferably added and then tamped down before the second sheet is sealed to the first around the periphery. 
         [0047]    The disclosure is suitable for use with any coffee or any degree of roast including decaffeinated beans. The selection of beans will be determined by the desired flavour profile and intensity of the final beverage. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that further ingredients may additionally be present in the filter pod. Further ingredients may be selected from one or more of foamers, creamers, flavourings (such as mint, chocolate, hazelnut, vanilla, butterscotch, and the like). Suitable ingredients are well known in the art. The presence of a foamer (or foaming agent) may be preferred to help provide sufficient crema. The amounts of these additives would be readily determined by one skilled in the art and preferably are from 1 to 10 wt % in total of the contents of the pod. 
         [0048]    The presence of soluble coffee as an alternative additive (optionally in addition to those mentioned above) may be preferred to help increase the strength of the finished beverage. However, it has been found that when the additional soluble coffee is greater than 20% by weight of the filter pod content the extraction of the roast and ground coffee may be hindered. Preferably the soluble coffee content is less than 20 wt %, more preferably less than 15 wt %, more preferably less than 10% and, where present, at least 1 wt % more preferably at least 5 wt %. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         [0049]    Non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0050]      FIG. 1  shows a flow chart identifying steps in the method described herein. 
           [0051]      FIG. 2A  shows an example beverage brewing machine ( 1 ),  FIG. 2B  shows a top view of an example of a filter paper pouch ( 2 ), and  FIG. 2C  shows a side cross-sectional view of an example of a filter paper pouch. 
           [0052]      FIG. 3  shows an exemplary particle size distribution as provided by the analytical software of a laser diffraction suite. 
           [0053]      FIG. 4  shows a brewing chamber  20  of a beverage preparation machine containing the pod  10  described herein. The chamber  20  has an inlet  25  and an outlet  30 . 
       
    
    
       [0054]    In more detail,  FIG. 2C  shows a pod  10  comprising a circular upper sheet  11  and a circular lower sheet  12  of filter material which are bonded together around a peripheral seam  15  to define and seal a storage volume  13  in which the roast and ground coffee  14  is contained. In use, the pod  10  is placed in a beverage preparation machine such as a coffee brewer and heated water is passed through the pod  10 . The heated water flows through the upper sheet  11  and lower sheet  12  of filter material and in so doing contacts and extracts the roast and ground  14  contained in the storage volume  13  to form the beverage. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0055]    The method as described herein may include the following steps. Firstly, coffee beans (A) are provided. These beans (A) are then roasted to a desired level of roast to provided roasted beans (B). The roasted beans (B) are then ground to the desired grind size to provide ground coffee (C). The ground coffee (C) is packaged into filter paper pads (D). The filter paper pads (D) are shipped to customers, often in a bulk packaging. The customers place a pad (D) into their beverage machine and brew a hot beverage medium through the pad (D) to produce a final beverage (E). 
         [0056]    The disclosure will now be further illustrated in the following non-limiting examples. 
       Example 
       [0057]    Ten samples of roasted coffee were finely ground and the fine grind of the coffee was characterised using various techniques. 
       Laser Diffraction 
       [0058]    The diffraction of a laser light beam is dependent on the size of particles passing through it. A suitable detector &amp; computer system convert the beam diffraction pattern into a particle size distribution. A Sympatec Helos laser diffraction particle size measurement system was used with a Rodos dry dispersion unit for powders and computer interface plus hardware to run the data logging &amp; calculation software. 
         [0059]    The procedure and settings used were as recommended by the manufacturer for the type and size range of product being measured. The sample size poured into the dispersing system was around 10-20 g. A lens with a focal length of 1000 mm, suitable for particle sizes between 9-1759 microns was used. 
         [0060]    Logging, calculation &amp; presentation of the data are carried out by the software provided by the manufacturer. This is set to calculate &amp; present values for “Q3”—a normalised particle volume distribution—and its first derivative, q3—a particle volume distribution density. For the purposes of these calculation, the software is set to assume the particles of roast &amp; ground coffee are spherical. This is considered a reasonable assumption from close inspection (by microscopy) of the ground coffee powder. The values for X50, X10 and X90 can be obtained directly from the outputted information.  FIG. 3  shows both a typical cumulative volume distribution curve, normalised and plotted on a logarithmic abscissa scale, and a volume distribution density curve, plotted on a logarithmic abscissa scale, showing its bimodality. 
         [0061]    When measured dry using laser diffraction, the coffee samples displayed a bimodal log-normal volume distribution density. These bimodal distributions were modelled as the additive combination of 2 separate, underlying mono-modal log-normal distributions. Using a least squares methodology, the constants for each of these distributions can be estimated. The use of two constants for each peak, plus the ratio expressing the additive combination of each notional distribution, allows for the absolute characterisation of each grind. That is, 5 parameters describe completely the particle size distribution required of the roast &amp; ground coffee to be filled into the pod. Optimal parameters are included in the table below (table 1). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Bimodal Log-Normal Model Parameters 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Upper 
                 Upper 
                 Lower 
                 Lower 
                 Ratio- 
                 Equivalent 
               
               
                   
                 Mode 
                 Mode 
                 Mode 
                 Mode 
                 Upper/ 
                 X50 
               
               
                   
                 μ 
                 σ 
                 μ 
                 σ 
                 Lower 
                 (μm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Min. 
                 5.57 
                 0.40 
                 3.65 
                 0.60 
                 1.1 
                 142 
               
               
                 Max 
                 5.79 
                 0.42 
                 3.84 
                 0.68 
                 1.9 
                 244 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0062]    For ease of understanding, however, it is possible to express the model parameters in terms of values for the X10, X50 and X90 of each peak, providing an equivalent to the mean and standard deviation provided by the forgoing model. 
         [0063]    Commercially available statistical curve-fitting software can be used to carry out a least squares fit of the normalised cumulative volume distribution curve data to the following model equation: 
         [0000]        Q   3   ={r/ ( r+ 1)}*LND( x; μ   upper ; σ upper )+{1/( r+ 1)}*LND( x; μ   lower ; σ lower )
 
         [0000]    where:
   Q3=The normalised cumulative volume of particles below a particle size of x [%]   x=Particle size [microns]   r=Model additive combination upper/lower mode ratio   LND=Is an abbreviation representing the cumulative distribution function of a log-normal distribution with the following parameters:   μ=mean value of ln(x)−the natural logarithm of x.   σ=standard deviation of ln(x)−the natural logarithm of x.   
 
         [0070]    The formula can be found in standard statistical texts. 
         [0071]    It would be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that a mass distribution density curve will have the same form as a volume distribution density. Furthermore, interchange between the specific values may be achieved based on the density of the coffee sample under consideration. 
       Tapped Density 
       [0072]    Tapped bulk density is the sample weight in grams per unit volume (g/l) under tapped conditions. 
         [0073]    A sample is poured into a graduated cylinder which is tapped a defined number of times. The compacted volume and weight are recorded and the density is calculated based on this. Measurement is carried out using a Tap Volumeter (e.g. Stampfvolumeter STAV 2003, J. Engelsmann AG, Germany), 250 ml graduated glass cylinder, round base, suitable for tap volumeter equipment, Powder funnel, Balance (minimum accuracy 0.01 g). 
         [0074]    The method involves the following steps:
       1. Place the retaining ring from the Volumeter over the empty graduated cylinder and tare on the balance,   2. Using the powder funnel, pour between 230-240 ml of sample into the cylinder. Allow the sample to fall freely into the cylinder. Avoid any vibration during the filling process,   3. After removing the powder funnel weigh the cylinder with the sample and note the weight,   4. Set the counter of the volumeter for 86 strokes,   5. Start the machine. After the set number of strokes has been completed read off the compacted volume.       
 
         [0000]        DT =( M/VT )*1000 
         [0000]    where: 
         [0080]    DT=Tapped Bulk Density [g/L] 
         [0081]    M=Weight of sample [g] 
         [0082]    VT=Compacted sample volume [ml] 
       Measuring Flow 
       [0083]    Hot Water Flow Rate, q=Vc/t [ml/s]
   Vc is the coffee volume delivered and t is the brew cycle time.   
 
         [0085]    Hot Water Superficial Velocity, Vs=1000*q/A [mm/s]
   A is the water flow inlet cross-sectional area of the pod in m 2 , i.e. πr 2      
 
         [0087]    The pressure drop can be measured by determining the pressure between the inlet and outlet pad face using standard measurement techniques in the art. 
       Filled Dry Coffee Density 
       [0088]    Pod Volume, Vp=A*h [l ]
   Filled Dry Coffee Density, ρc=M/Vp [g/l]   
 
         [0090]    h is the depth of the pod (coffee bed) when clamped into the brew chamber. 
       The Samples 
       [0091]    The beverages were then used to prepare a beverage in a reference brewer on a single cup brew cycle. The brewer used was a standard filter pad type brewer working on a fixed time delivery. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
                 9 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Peak 1 - 
                 46 
                 46 
                 42 
                 42 
                 42 
                 38 
                 46 
                 38 
                 38 
                 38 
               
               
                 X50 (μm) 
               
               
                 Peak 1 - 
                 19 
                 20 
                 19 
                 19 
                 19 
                 18 
                 19 
                 18 
                 18 
                 18 
               
               
                 X10 (μm) 
               
               
                 Peak 1 - 
                 111 
                 103 
                 93 
                 93 
                 93 
                 83 
                 111 
                 83 
                 83 
                 83 
               
               
                 X90 (μm) 
               
               
                 Peak 2 - 
                 326 
                 304 
                 295 
                 295 
                 295 
                 261 
                 326 
                 261 
                 261 
                 261 
               
               
                 X50 (μm) 
               
               
                 Peak 2 - 
                 195 
                 182 
                 173 
                 173 
                 173 
                 156 
                 195 
                 156 
                 156 
                 156 
               
               
                 X10 (μm) 
               
               
                 Peak 2 - 
                 544 
                 508 
                 505 
                 505 
                 505 
                 437 
                 544 
                 437 
                 437 
                 437 
               
               
                 X90 (μm) 
               
               
                 Peak 1: 
                 1:1.9 
                 1:1.6 
                 1:1.5 
                 1:1.5 
                 1:1.5 
                 1:1.1 
                 1:1.9 
                 1:1.1 
                 1:1.1 
                 1:1.1 
               
               
                 Peak 2 
               
               
                 Ratio 
               
               
                 Fill 
                 8.1 
                 8.0 
                 8.1 
                 7.2 
                 7.2 
                 6.3 
                 8.1 
                 8.1 
                 9.0 
                 8.1 
               
               
                 Weight (g) 
               
               
                 Pod 
                 61 
                 61 
                 61 
                 61 
                 55 
                 55 
                 55 
                 61 
                 61 
                 55 
               
               
                 Diameter, 
               
               
                 D (mm) 
               
               
                 Pod Height 
                 7 
                 7 
                 7 
                 7 
                 7 
                 7 
                 7 
                 7 
                 7 
                 7 
               
               
                 (mm) 
               
               
                 Tapped 
                 334 
                 360 
                 363 
                 363 
                 363 
                 383 
                 334 
                 383 
                 383 
                 383 
               
               
                 density 
               
               
                 (g/l) 
               
               
                 Filled 
                 466 
                 460 
                 466 
                 414 
                 519 
                 454 
                 584 
                 466 
                 518 
                 584 
               
               
                 Density, 
               
               
                 calc. 
               
               
                 (g/l) 
               
               
                 Superficial 
                 1.1 
                 1.1 
                 0.9 
                 1.1 
                 1.2 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
                 0.7 
                 0.6 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Velocity 
               
               
                 (mm/s) 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 0.6 
                 0.5 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.2 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Drop (bar) 
               
               
                 Brew 
                 65 
                 62 
                 53 
                 66 
                 57 
                 58 
                 70 
                 42 
                 35 
                 37 
               
               
                 Volume 
               
               
                 (ml) 
               
               
                 Soluble 
                 3.1 
                 3.4 
                 3.4 
                 2.7 
                 3.0 
                 2.7 
                 3.0 
                 3.8 
                 4.8 
                 4.9 
               
               
                 Solids (%) 
               
               
                 Crema 
                 5 
                 5 
                 4 
                 5 
                 5 
                 3 
                 8 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Height, 
               
               
                 Initial 
               
               
                 (mm) 
               
               
                 Crema 
                 56 
                 67 
                 78 
                 72 
                 52 
                 51 
                 44 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Height 2′ 
               
               
                 Reduction 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0092]    The beverages had excellent brew volumes. 
         [0093]    While the coffee samples tested in the examples were produced in a single grinding step using a combination of rollers selected to give the desired particle size distribution, it will be appreciated that the samples could also be prepared by preparing two different homogeneous blends, each sized to correspond to the desired peaks in the desired plurimodal distribution, and mixing them together: i.e. taking two monomodal blends and mixing them in the stated proportions. 
         [0094]    Unless otherwise stated herein, all percentages and X10, X50 and X90 values are by volume. 
         [0095]    Although preferred embodiments of the disclosure have been described herein in detail, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that variations may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the disclosure or of the appended claims.