Abstract:
A thermographic non-destructive inspection method of a structure, comprising the steps of: generating a modulated thermal wave in the direction of the structure; generating a temperature signal identifying a phase shift between the modulated thermal wave and a return thermal wave emitted from the structure; processing the temperature signal to obtain a first sub-signal related to the phase of the first harmonic of the temperature signal; identifying a first dimension of said defect as a function of the phase of the first harmonic of the temperature signal; calculating a first and a second intermediate parameter, ΔΦ 1  for the first harmonic and ΔΦ 2  for the third harmonic of the temperature signal, by calculating the difference, in degrees, between the phase value inside the zone with a defect and the phase value, absolute or mean of a plurality of points, of the undamaged zone close to the defect; and identifying a second dimension of the defect as a function of the first dimension and of the intermediate parameters ΔΦ 1  and ΔΦ 2 .

Description:
[0001]    The present invention relates to a thermographic non-destructive inspection method and system for detecting and measuring defects of a volumetric type, such as, for example, resin pockets in composite material structures. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    As is known, during the manufacture of laminar composite material structures, for example in carbon, a resin matrix is used to keep the fibres in place and give shape to the manufactured composite article. In this context, the formation of undesired pockets, or accumulations, of resin that would compromise the stress resistance of the article manufactured in this manner are sometimes observed. The formation process of resin pockets is the following (other types of pocket originate in a similar manner): when layers of composite material deform (orthogonally to the lamination plane) during manufacture, empty spaces or anomalous pressure conditions may generate. In particular, during the polymerization phase, resin in the liquid phase can fill these spaces, thus creating resin canals, or build-ups of resin, known as resin pockets, (parallel to the generatrix of the curved segment in the case of radial parts), which follow the profile of the first layer affected by the deformation. In some cases, the pockets can be filled by a material other than resin (adhesive, sealant, etc.). 
         [0003]    The presence of the aforesaid resin pockets produces a wrinkling condition in which wrinkles can be formed both in the flat laminates and in curved zones (such as, for example, sections having a C, T, L, I or J shape). Non-destructive thermal, or thermographic, inspection methods for detecting these aforementioned defects, for example lock-in thermography, are known in the state of the art and used for detecting defects in a generic item or body under analysis. In fact, during heat stimulation, the defect in the body being tested reaches a different temperature from that reached by the surrounding material and/or the same temperature at different times (and which does not exhibit defects). This behaviour is due to the different thermo-physical properties involved in the heat-transmission phenomena, for example, the thermal conductivity of the material, the density of the material, etc. 
         [0004]    In fact, if the item is opportunely stimulated, by means of suitable lamps, the presence of a defect creates a change in the normal heat diffusion, causing local lack of uniformity in surface temperature distribution on the item under investigation, easily identifiable through the use of a thermographic camera. 
         [0005]    Thermographic technology is based on detecting the infrared radiation emitted from the body being tested, and exploits opportune sensors that work without having to be in contact with the body, determining the temperature and generating a thermal image. 
         [0006]    The thermal image provided represents a map of the temperature distribution in the body being tested, from which it is possible to extract information regarding the internal structure of the body. The applications of thermographic technology cover the most varied sectors: from energy to infrastructure, from the transport and aeronautics industries to the conservation of cultural heritage and the medical industry. In the aeronautics field, thermography can be used as a non-destructive method for the periodic inspection of parts, to detect any defects that might arise during an aircraft&#39;s working life, or during the design and assembly stages. 
         [0007]    The use of thermography in the non-destructive inspection sector is in rapid growth, linked to the considerable advantages this technology offers. Thermal maps can be obtained quickly and enable inspecting large surfaces without any contact with the structures being tested. This advantage results in a significant reduction in machine downtime, as no disassembly is necessary in order to perform the thermographic analysis. Lock-in thermography is applicable to the inspection of composite materials, for example carbon fibres, for which many classical technologies cannot be used. 
         [0008]    On the other hand, traditional thermography is affected by some limits due to disturbances, such as non-uniform heating, reflections from heat sources in the working environment and non-homogeneous emissivity coefficients, which could be reproduced on the image of the item being tested and could therefore prejudice the result of the inspection. 
         [0009]    For this reason, the processing of the acquired thermal signal currently represents an important field of investigation and study, for the purpose of identifying and separating the useful signal from the noise. 
         [0010]    In lock-in thermography, temperature modulation induced by the heating system has a sinusoidal or square waveform, and propagates like a “thermal wave” inside the body being tested. This wave undergoes a series of reflections inside the body, such that the temperature modulation at the surface of the body is a function of the thermal wave that “returns” from inside the body. 
         [0011]    The amplitude image of the wave reflected by the body is dependent on the surface&#39;s non-uniform absorption, infrared emission and the heating distribution, while the phase image is not particularly affected by these disturbances, generally resulting more reliable and sensitive. Furthermore, through phase analysis, the theoretical depth at which a defect (μ) can be detected is approximately twice that achievable with amplitude analysis and depends on the following formula: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             μ 
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     2 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     k 
                   
                   
                     ωρ 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     
                       C 
                       p 
                     
                   
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     2 
                      
                     α 
                   
                   ω 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0012]    where: k is the heat conductivity of the material, ω is the angular velocity (equal to 2nf, where f is the frequency of the emitted sinusoidal wave), ρis the density, and C p  is the thermal capacity. The constant α represents the thermal diffusivity. 
         [0013]    The emitted thermal wave can be obtained in various ways. For example, as shown in  FIG. 1 , one or more halogen lamps  3  connected to a signal generator  5  designed to generate a control signal (on/off) for the halogen lamps  3  variable in amplitude and frequency (for example, according to a sinusoidal or square waveform) could be used. In this way, one or more halogen lamps  3  generate, in use a modulated thermal wave, for example with square or sinusoidal wave modulation. Even more specifically, this modulated signal has a period of 25 seconds in this particular application. 
         [0014]    A thermographic camera  8  acquires the thermal image of the item  4  being tested and sends the acquired data to a computer  7 . The computer  7  acquires the signals coming from both the thermographic camera  8  and the trigger of the signal generator  5 , which regulates the on/off phases of the halogen lamp  3 . Specially provided software, stored in a memory of the computer  7 , processes the data received by the computer  7  to generate phase and/or amplitude images of the thermal wave emitted from the body being tested. 
         [0015]    Document WO 2014/044986 related to a method for assessing the depth of a crack in un metal material (a defect of the “vertical crack” type, also known in the state of the art as a “planar defect”). These defects are characterized by a vertical extension that is much larger than the extension in width, which is hence ignored (for this reason, the defect is considered two-dimensional). The method divulged in that document does not allow thermographic inspection for “volumetric” defects (i.e. defects where none of length, width and depth can be overlooked), as are resin pockets that occur in composite material structures, for example in glass fibre or carbon fibre. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0016]    The object of the present invention is to provide a thermographic non-destructive inspection method and system for detecting and measuring defects of a volumetric type, especially in composite material structures, such as to overcome the drawbacks of the known art. 
         [0017]    According to the present invention, a thermographic non-destructive inspection method and system are provided for detecting and measuring a volumetric defect, as defined in the appended claims. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0018]    For a better understanding of the present invention, some preferred embodiments will now be described, purely by way of non-limitative example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0019]      FIG. 1  schematically shows a thermographic inspection system; 
           [0020]      FIG. 2  shows a thermal image obtained by extraction from the processing of a thermal map generated by the system in  FIG. 1 , where the presence of a defect with an elongated shape may be noted; 
           [0021]      FIG. 3A  represents the phase difference trend along survey line shown in  FIG. 2 , in an ideal case with no noise on the image of  FIG. 2 ; 
           [0022]      FIG. 3B  represents the phase difference trend along a survey line shown in  FIG. 2 , in a real case with noise on the image of  FIG. 2 ; 
           [0023]      FIG. 4  shows the first derivative of the signal in  FIG. 3A ; 
           [0024]      FIG. 5  shows the width trend of the defect in  FIG. 2  obtained on the basis of the first derivate in  FIG. 4 ; 
           [0025]      FIG. 6  shows a calibration curve, used for calculating a depth of the defect in  FIG. 2 ; and 
           [0026]      FIG. 7  shows, by means of a flowchart, the steps of calculating the depth of the defect shown in  FIG. 2 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0027]    La present invention relates to the technical field of thermographic non-destructive inspection of a composite material structure, defined between a top surface and a bottom surface, to detect and measure at least a volumetric defect that extends from the top surface towards the bottom surface without necessarily reaching it. The above-mentioned volumetric defect is also known as a “resin pocket”, and has a significant spatial extension in three dimensions defined by Cartesian axes X (length), Y (width) and Z (depth). 
         [0028]    In this context, width and length identify the dimensions of the defect that extend along directions Y and X, respectively, these directions being mutually orthogonal but lying parallel to the incidence surface (KY plane) of the modulated thermal wave emitted by the halogen lamp(s)  3  onto the item  4  (see  FIG. 1 ). The width along Y of the defect has a value less than the length along X. Instead, the depth of the defect along Z identifies an extension of the defect along direction Z, orthogonal to both direction X and Y, and measured from the incidence surface towards the bottom surface of the item  4 , the bottom surface being opposite to the incidence surface along Z. 
         [0029]    Defects of the “vertical crack” type are usually considered two-dimensional or planar, as they extend mainly along two dimensions (depth along direction Z and length along a direction X), without showing a significant width (along direction Y). In other words, the extension of the defect along Y is much smaller than the respective extensions along X and Z and is typically less than 1/10 with respect to the smallest of the extensions along X and along Z. Defects of the “vertical crack” type can be thermally detected by using a non-uniform heat source or using the method described in WO 2014/044986, based on aspects that are not part of this disclosure and that, nevertheless, would not allow acquiring depth, width and length information. (i.e. in three dimensions) of volumetric defects, such as resin pockets in composite material structures. 
         [0030]    Vertical planar defects, or “vertical cracks”, might be detectable, but are not characterizable by the method according to the present invention. Contrariwise, according to one embodiment, the present invention provides for the use of a uniform heat source (e.g., halogen lamp) to detect volumetric defects. A defect can be defined volumetric, for the purposes of the present invention, when the ratio between the width along Y and the minimum extension between the depth along Z and the length along X is greater than 1/10. 
         [0031]    Thus, reference will be made in the following to so-called “volumetric” defects (e.g., resin pockets), distinguishing them from so-called “planar” defects (e.g., vertical cracks). The distinction between planar defect and volumetric defect is, in any case, well known in the present invention&#39;s technical field of reference (non-destructive tests or inspections). 
         [0032]    According to the present invention, a lock-in thermography system of the type shown in  FIG. 1  is provided, and therefore will not be further described (common elements are hereinafter indicated with the same reference numerals). According to one aspect of the present invention, the signal generator  5  controls operation of the halogen lamp  3  via a periodic control signal, for example of the square or triangular or sawtooth waveform type, having, for example, a period of between 10 and 60 seconds, in particular equal to 25 s and a duty cycle of between 40 and 60%, in particular equal to 50%. In general, for the purposes of the present invention, the periodic control signal can be developed in a Fourier series. However, a purely sinusoidal control signal cannot be used according to the present invention. The “high” value of the control signal determines the time duration for which the halogen lamp  3  is switched on, while the “low” value of the control signal determines the time duration for which the halogen lamp  3  is switched off. 
         [0033]    The thermal signal emitted from the item  4  is acquired over the entire operational time interval necessary for obtaining an adequate number of thermal cycles (for example three). Information related to the amplitude of the acquired thermal signal is not relevant for the purposes of the present invention. Phase information is used instead. The phase information of the received signal represents the difference, in terms of phase shift (measured in degrees), between the thermal signal emitted from the defect-free regions of the item  4  and the regions of the item  4  with defects. 
         [0034]    The thermal signal captured by the thermographic camera  8  is, as stated above, sent to the computer  7 . The signal sent from the thermographic camera  8  to the computer  7  is a thermal map of the item  4 . This thermal map is representative of the different heat diffusive behaviour of regions, superficial and internal, of the item  4 ; the difference in heat flow with respect to a definitely defect-free zone is indicative of lack of homogeneity inside the item  4 , such as to presume the presence of defects, in particular defects in the form of resin pockets that part from the surface of the item  4  and extend towards the inside of the item  4 . The signal generated by the thermographic camera  8  is processed by the computer  7  to extract information related to the first and third harmonics of the signal. This processing can be performed, for example, via a series development of the received signal, for example by performing a Fourier transform on the thermal signal over time for each individual pixel or using other algorithms suitable for extracting this information. 
         [0035]    As better described hereinafter, data analysis of the first harmonic enables determining the width L of any defects detected and, in certain conditions, also the depth. However, a better estimate of the depth of any defects detected can be obtained through joint analysis of the data of the first and third harmonics. 
         [0036]    As mentioned, information on the first harmonic is used for estimating the width L of the defect.  FIG. 2  shows, by way of example, a thermal image of a portion of the item  4  processed so as to graphically represent in greyscale) the first harmonic of the thermal signal detected by the thermographic camera  8 . In the representation used in  FIG. 2 , the darker regions are related to high phase difference values (modulus), while the lighter regions identify a small phase difference (modulus). The darker regions are associated with an imperfection or defect of the portion of the analysed item  4  (high phase difference). 
         [0037]    The signal related to the first harmonic can be filtered beforehand, for example with a moving average filter, in order to reduce noise. 
         [0038]      FIG. 3A  shows a signal S ΔP  that represents the phase difference trend along the survey line indicated by reference numeral  13  in  FIG. 2 . The phase trend is monitored along a plurality of survey lines, parallel to survey line  13 . For example, it is possible to detect the phase difference trend along a plurality of survey lines  13  adjacent to one another (in terms of pixels), by analysing all of  FIG. 2 , or along survey lines separated from each other by a predefined distance (for example, separated from each other by a few pixels). 
         [0039]    The signals thus obtained (similar to signal S ΔP  in  FIG. 3A ) are processed individually in order to perform respective differential operations on these signals, generating respective derivative signals. 
         [0040]      FIG. 4  shows the first derivate of the signal in  FIG. 3A  (derivative signal S DER ). The values obtained by means of differential operations are shown on the ordinate axis, while values indicative of the position along the survey line considered (in this case, along survey line  13 ) are shown on the abscissa axis. Through analysis of the derivative signal S DER  in  FIG. 4 , it is possible to identify the width of the defect under analysis by measuring the distance L as the distance between the zero crossing immediately preceding the minimum point  18  and the zero crossing immediately following the maximum point  19 . Alternatively, it is possible to use a value of zero or in the neighbourhood of zero as a threshold. 
         [0041]    By performing this operation for all the signals corresponding to the survey lines considered, a plurality of width L values of the analysed defect are obtained, which can be used to (graphically) construct the monochrome image in  FIG. 5 . The set of width L values calculated in this way is indicative of the variation in width of the defect under analysis, along an extension length of the defect. 
         [0042]    In  FIG. 5 , each pixel belonging to a respective survey line, parallel to survey line  13  in  FIG. 2 , is coloured white in the region between the zero crossings of the respective derivative signal (region of width L in  FIG. 4 ), and coloured grey outside of this region. The image in  FIG. 5  is thus obtained, which shows the width, and its variation along the length, of the defect. 
         [0043]    Calculation of the depth of the defect under consideration is then commenced. 
         [0044]    The depth calculation operations are performed along respective survey lines of the thermal map, so as to cover the entire extension of the defect considered, similarly to that previously described for calculating the width of the defect. 
         [0045]    In order to calculate the depth of the defect, first of all the signal S ΔP  in  FIG. 3A , related to the first harmonic, is considered. On the basis of this signal S ΔP  , the maximum values reached by signal S ΔP  (values Φ M1  and Φ M2  , equal to each other in the figure), and the minimum value reached by signal S ΔP  (value Φ min  in the figure) are identified. The maximum values Φ M1  and Φ M2  are the maximum value of signal S ΔP  that precedes the minimum value Φ min  , and the maximum value of signal S ΔP  that follows the minimum value Φ min  , respectively. The parameter ΔΦ 1  is then obtained by calculating the excursion between (Φ min  and Φ M1  (crΦ M2 ), i.e. ΔΦ 1 =Φ min −Φ M1.    
         [0046]    Since, in a real case, the values Φ M1  and Φ M2  are not normally the same, it is advisable to calculate parameter ΔΦ 1  according to the formula: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               Δφ 
               1 
             
             = 
             
               
                 φ 
                 min 
               
               - 
               
                 
                   
                     φ 
                     
                       M 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       1 
                     
                   
                   + 
                   
                     φ 
                     
                       M 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
                 2 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0047]    The operations discussed above for calculating ΔΦ 1  are performed in a similar manner on the signal related to the third harmonic of the signal generated by the thermographic camera  8 , considered along survey line  13 . The trend of the signal related to the third harmonic is not shown in the figures, but is similar to the trend of signal S ΔP  in  FIG. 3A , and exhibits two maximum points (Φ M1 ′ and Φ M2 ′) immediately preceding and following a minimum point Φ min ′. By following the same steps, a phase difference value ΔΦ 2  is calculated according to the following formula: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               Δφ 
               2 
             
             = 
             
               
                 φ 
                 min 
                 ′ 
               
               - 
               
                 
                   
                     φ 
                     
                       M 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       1 
                     
                     ′ 
                   
                   + 
                   
                     φ 
                     
                       M 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       2 
                     
                     ′ 
                   
                 
                 2 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0048]    Furthermore, for calculating ΔΦ 1  and ΔΦ 2  , the operations discussed above are performed for a plurality of survey lines considered, in order to estimate the spatial development of the defect. 
         [0049]    The applicant has found that, in practice, the signal S ΔP  related to the first harmonic is a highly variable signal, of the type shown in  FIG. 3B . Therefore, the choice of precise maximum values Φ M1  and Φ M2  cannot give precise results. The same observations are also applicable to the signal related to the third harmonic. 
         [0050]    In this case, the point value Φ M1  is replaced by the average value that signal S ΔP  assumes prior to the start of the “drop” to the minimum value Φ min , and the point value Φ M2  is replaced by the average value that signal S ΔP  assumes following, the end of the “rise” from the minimum value Φ min . To this end, a first plurality 23 of pixels is identified that precedes the start of slope inversion of signal S ΔP  (for example, a number of pixels ranging between. 2 and 10, for example 5 pixels immediately preceding the slope inversion that identifies the beginning of the defect). A respective phase value (as identified on the ordinate axis) is assigned to each pixel of the first plurality 23 of pixels, and the average value Φ avg1  of the thus obtained phase values is then calculated. Then, always on the basis of signal S ΔP , a second plurality 24 of pixels is identified that follows the end of the slope inversion of the signal S ΔP  identifying the end of the defect considered (for example, a number of pixels ranging between 2 and 10, for example 5 pixels immediately following the slope inversion that identifies the end of the defect). A respective phase value (as identified on the ordinate axis) is assigned to each pixel of the second plurality 24 of pixels, and the average value Φ avg2  of the thus obtained phase values is then calculated. 
         [0051]    The phase difference value ΔΦ 1  is then calculated according to the following formula: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               Δφ 
               1 
             
             = 
             
               
                 φ 
                 min 
               
               - 
               
                 
                   
                     φ 
                     
                       avg 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       1 
                     
                   
                   + 
                   
                     φ 
                     
                       avg 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
                 2 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0052]    where Φ avg1  and Φ avg2  are calculated as previously described and Φ min  is the minimum phase value assumed by signal S ΔP . 
         [0053]    For calculation of ΔΦ 1 , the operations discussed above are performed in a similar manner on the signal related to the third harmonic of the signal detected (measured) by the thermographic camera  8 , considered along survey line  13 . Following the same steps, the phase difference value ΔΦ 2  is calculated according to the following formula: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               Δφ 
               2 
             
             = 
             
               
                 φ 
                 min 
                 ′ 
               
               - 
               
                 
                   
                     φ 
                     
                       avg 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       1 
                     
                     ′ 
                   
                   + 
                   
                     φ 
                     
                       avg 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       2 
                     
                     ′ 
                   
                 
                 2 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0054]    where Φ′ avg1  and Φ′ avg2  are average values calculated in a similar manner to that previously described for calculating the average values Φ avg1  and Φ avg2 , respectively, while Φ′ min  is the minimum phase value assumed by the phase change signal related to the third harmonic. 
         [0055]    The applicant has verified, by means of experimental testing, that the phase difference values ΔΦ 1  and ΔΦ 2  (parameters typically provided by known systems of lock-in thermography) are more correctly correlatable to the volume of the defect (resin pocket) instead of to its depth. 
         [0056]    According to one aspect of the present invention, the depth p of the defect considered is calculated as a function of the values previously calculated of length L, phase difference ΔΦ 1  related to the first harmonic, and phase difference ΔΦ 2  related to the third harmonic. Therefore, also in this case, calculation of the depth is performed for each survey line considered. To acquire information on the variation in depth along the entire length of the defect considered, it is therefore necessary to calculate the depth value p for a plurality of survey lines parallel to each other. 
         [0057]    Therefore, an estimate p E  of the depth (considering only the first harmonic) is given by the following formula: 
         [0000]        p   E =ΔΦ 1 ·( L+L   0 ) e1  
 
         [0058]    where L is the width of the defect, obtained as previously described on the survey line along which it wished to calculate the depth, L 0  is a correction parameter determined empirically as described below, for example with a value equal to −0.1, and e 1  is an empirically determined correction parameter, for example with a value equal to −1, which links the depth, width and phase difference together. 
         [0059]    A practicable calibration curve is obtained by comparing the estimated value p E  of a plurality of reference samples (each having a defect of different depth) with a real depth value p opt  , obtained by direct measurement (e.g., optical) with destructive analysis of the respective reference sample. Note  FIG. 6 , where estimated values p E  of the respective reference samples are shown on the abscissa axis and the measured values p opt  are shown on the ordinate axis. Each point identified in the reference system in  FIG. 6  represents a pair (p E , p opt ) related to a reference sample. Interpolating these points with a linear function gives a straight line of the type p opt =m·p E +q, where m is the angular coefficient and q is the intercept of the drawn line. Substituting the equation p E =ΔΦ 1 ·(L+L 0 ) e1  into the equation of the thus obtained line results in a first estimate of the depth measurement of the defect considered, obtained according to an aspect of the present invention, that is given by: 
         [0000]        P   1   =m   1 ·(−ΔΦ 1 )·( L+L   0 ) e1   +q   1 .
 
         [0060]    Performing the same operations for the third harmonic, results in a second estimate of the depth measurement of the defect considered, obtained according to an aspect of the present invention, that is given by: 
         [0000]        P   2   =m   2 ·(−ΔΦ 2 )·( L+L   0 ) e1   +q   2 .
 
         [0061]    In the case of defects in the form of resin pockets in composite material structures such as carton fibre, the applicant has verified that, for the material and the component subjected to the case study, the values of the parameters can be obtained in ranges such as, for example: m 1  in the range between 0.85 and 0.95 (and, in particular, the value m 1 =0.89); q 1  in the range between −0.4 and −0.8 (and, in particular, the value q 1 =−0.62); m 2  in the range between 0.78 and 0.85 (and, in particular, the value m 2 =0.81); and q 2  in the range between −1.0 and −1.8 (and, in particular, the value q 2 =−1.5). 
         [0062]    The values obtained for P 1  and P 2  represent estimates of the depth of the defect, along the survey line considered. 
         [0063]    Then, with reference to the flowchart in  FIG. 7 , calculation of the depth of the defect is carried out. 
         [0064]    First of all, step  100 , it is checked if |P 2 −P 1 |&gt;Δ, where Δ is equal to a very small value, and in any case not greater than a freely chosen and predefined measurement uncertainty value (in the case study, for example, a value of 0.2 mm was chosen for the measurement uncertainty, and so the value for Δ was chosen to be below the measurement uncertainty by several orders of magnitude, between 0.00005 mm and 0.0005 mm, in particular equal to 0.0001 mm). The value of Δ can also be chosen equal to zero. In general, step  100  has the function of checking if the depth values obtained using the first and the third harmonic are substantially equal to each other. In this condition, it is unnecessary to proceed any further and the depth value of the defect considered is given by the value of P 1  (NO exit from step  100 , and execution of step  101 ). 
         [0065]    Otherwise, YES exit from step  100 , processing passes to step  102 , where it is checked if |P 2 −P 1 |&gt;δ, where δ has a value greater than Δ and less than twice the measurement uncertainty (in the case study, the value of δ is, for example, comprised between 0.0005 and 0.002 mm, in particular equal to 0.001 mm). In general, step  102  has the function of checking if the depth values obtained using the first and the third harmonic are very similar to each other, even if not being identical. 
         [0066]    If positive, YES exit from step  102 , processing passes to step  103 , where the depth value of the defect considered is defined according to the formula: 
         [0000]      P 1 +α·(P 1 −P 2 ) b ,
 
         [0067]    where αis a constant chosen in the range 0.08-0.15, for example equal to 0.1, and b is a constant chosen in the range 1−1.5, for example equal to 1. 
         [0068]    The constants a and b are constants obtained empirically by means of a calibration process described below. In the event of the NO exit from step  102 , processing passes to step  104 , where the depth value of the defect considered is calculated according to the formula: 
         [0000]      [(1−((|P2−P1|−Δ)·(δ−Δ)))·P1 ]+[((|P2−P1|−Δ)·(δ−Δ))·(P1+α·(P1−P2) b )]
 
         [0069]    The values of parameters α, Δ, δ and b can be different from that indicated, especially in the case of materials or manufacturing processes different from that of the case study. In general, the rule is that the above-mentioned parameters are chosen such that, in the various conditions assumed in steps  100  and  102 , the error between the calculated depth value and the real depth value, measured on test samples by means of destructive methods, is minimized. In this phase, given the small number of parameters to be set, it is possible to proceed by means of a trial and error approach, for example, of an automatic (computerized) type. 
         [0070]    It is obvious from what has been described that, given the possibility of significantly reducing the uncertainty in the quantification of the width and depth values of a defect such as a resin pocket, the method according to the present invention represents a significant development with respect to that reported in the literature and known in the state of the art. 
         [0071]    Finally, it is clear that modifications and variants can be made to the invention described and illustrated herein without departing from the scope of the present invention, as defined in the appended claims.