Abstract:
In third generation mobile communications networks, e.g. CDMA systems, a mobile station intending to access a base station transmits a request for access to a base station and waits for a response in the form of an indicator signal. Both detecting a signal as an acknowledgement message without one being sent from the base station and failing to detect such an acknowledgement message can give rise to noise and interference in the whole cell. The invention provides a method and a user equipment for determining the received signal strength in an access slot in a downlink channel and for asserting whether detection of an indicator signal from the base station in the access slot in the downlink channel is reliable. Hereby, a more secure reception of indicator signals can be obtained, which leads to reduced interference and noise in the whole cell.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    This invention relates to a method of improving the performance of a random access mobile communications system, comprising the following steps to be performed in a user equipment in the communications system: transmitting a random access request on an uplink channel, and receiving an indicator signal from a base station on a downlink channel, which indicator signal has been generated in and transmitted from the base station upon the detection in the base station of said random access request. The invention moreover relates to a user equipment and to a computer program product. 
       DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART 
       [0002]    Modern wireless communications networks employ different access techniques when a first network component, e.g. a user equipment, such as a mobile station, intends to access a second network component, e.g. a base station. As an example for such access techniques the so-called random access (RA) scheme can be mentioned. The term “random access” is meant to indicate, that access requests are generated in a random manner from the point of view of a network component receiving the access request. 
         [0003]    An example of a RA scheme is specified by the 3 rd  generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in section 6 of the 3GPP document TS 25.214, version 5.9.0 (2004-06) titled “Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Physical layer procedure (FDD) (Release 5)”. Another example of an RA scheme has been defined by standardization bodies for the Global System of Mobile Communication (GSM). 
         [0004]    In CDMA systems, a user equipment, for example a mobile station such as a mobile phone, intending to access a base station, will transmit a random access request, typically comprising a preamble. The random access request is transmitted by the user equipment at an initial power level in an access slot; thereafter the user equipment waits for a response in the form of an indicator signal sent on a downlink channel from the base station in a number of subsequent access slots, typically three or four. If no indicator signal is received, the user equipment ramps up and transmits another random access request at a higher power level until it receives an indicator signal from the base station indicating that access is acknowledged. 
         [0005]    In the receiver part of the user equipment, the indicator signal is picked up and the received signal strength on the downlink channel is calculated and compared with thresholds associated with False Alarm Rates (FAR), i.e. the probabilities of detecting an indicator as an acknowledgement message even if no such acknowledgement message has been sent from the base station. Such FARs are caused by strong noises and interferences occurring in the places of detected indicator signals. In an access slot, the noises and interferences are typically small, but large noises and interferences can disturb the detection of indicator signals on the downlink channel from time to time. 
         [0006]    If the noise distribution functions are Gaussian, the thresholds of such false detections can be calculated as a function of the FAR, so that if the received signal strength on the downlink channel is larger than a predefined threshold, it is interpreted as an indicator signal comprising an “acknowledgement message” (ACK); if it is smaller than the negative value of the threshold, it is interpreted as an indicator signal comprising a “no acknowledgement message” (NACK); and if the absolute value of the received signal strength is smaller than the absolute value of the predefined threshold, it will be interpreted as “no indicator signal” or “no message” (NOM). However, even if the absolute value of the received signal strength is found to be smaller than the predefined threshold, it is not precluded that an indicator signal was sent from a base station, but distorted by noises and/or interferences. The probability of missing an indicator signal is called Missed Detection Rates (MDR). 
         [0007]    It is a problem that it is very difficult to achieve low FAR and low MDR simultaneously. Current indicator signal detections have noticeable FARs and the reliability and efficiency of uplink channels can be degraded noticeably by the false detections of the random access requests. If e.g. a user equipment would interpret noise and/or interferences as an indicator signal from a base station and then send several frames of data, e.g. to another user equipment, the data would be lost and it would further cause high interferences in the whole cell. On the other hand, if an indicator signal is missed by the user equipment, the user equipment would have to restart the random access process. This leads to a delay in time and reduced performance of the mobile communications system in that retransmissions of random access requests cause increased interference in the cell. 
         [0008]    Therefore, a need exists to improve the performance of a random access mobile communication system, especially with regard to detecting indicator signals transmitted to user equipment from a base station. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    In accordance with the above, it is an aspect of this invention to provide a method, a user equipment and a computer program product for improving the performance of a random access mobile communication system. This and other aspects are obtained, when the method of the kind mentioned in the opening paragraph further comprises the following steps: (a) determining the received signal strength in an access slot in said downlink channel; and (b) asserting whether detection of an indicator signal from the base station in said access slot in said downlink channel is reliable based on the determination in step (a). Hereby, the influence of noise and/or interferences can be reduced. This is due to the fact that mistakes that could cause delays and waste of resources, such as sending messages, when no indicator signal has been sent from a base station to the user equipment, can be avoided. If it is determined that an access slot is not reliable, another later access slot can be used. 
         [0010]    It should be noted that an indicator signal from a base station typically comprises an acquisition response in a form that can be interpreted as an “acknowledge message”, a “no acknowledge message” or “no message”. It should moreover be noted that the term “uplink channel” is meant to cover any channel from a user equipment to a base station and the term “downlink channel” is meant to cover any channel from a base station to a user equipment. 
         [0011]    In an embodiment of the method of the invention, said indicator signal is associated with a first signature selected from a set of unique signatures. Such a first signature selected from a set of unique signatures reduces the risk of collisions between random access requests from user equipment to a base station and indicator signals from a base station to a user equipment. Typically, the random access request from the user equipment is associated with a first signature selected from a set of unique signatures, and the indicator signal transmitted from the base station upon reception of the random access request is associated with the same first signature. Even though the selection of the first signature typically is performed randomly and a risk of collisions between indicator signals from a base station to a user equipment still exists, the use thereof improves the efficiency considerably. In the 3GPP W-CDMA system, there are 16 signatures, each of them having 32 bits, forming 16 symbols, as described by Table 22 in 3GPP TS 25.211.5.3.3.7. The signatures are orthogonal with each other. 
         [0012]    In yet an embodiment of the method of the invention, said indicator signal is an Acquisition Indicator. In this instance, the Acquisition Indicator is typically transmitted via an Acquisition Indicator CHannel (AICH) that is a physical channel in a W-CDMA system. 
         [0013]    In another embodiment, step (a) of the method according to the invention comprises determining the received signal strength in said downlink channel on at least one second signature in the set of unique signatures, which at least one second signature is different from said first signature. Since the first signature associated with the indicator signal is known, the user equipment knows that this first signature should be used to decode the indicator signal from the base station. The received signal strength of this signature can be determined, but since the indicator signal is not known beforehand, it cannot be determined on the basis of the received signal strength if this received signal strength is due to an indicator signal transmitted from the base station or to noise and/or interferences. However, a good judgement of the overall noises and/or interferences can be obtained from the determination of noise and/or interferences in the downlink channel of a signature which is known not to be used in a transmission of an indicator signal. If it is determined that the received signal strength in the downlink channel of a second signature not used to transmit an indicator signal is high, e.g. larger than a predetermined threshold, this is a strong indication that the noises and/or interferences are large and that the corresponding access slot can not be used for reception of indicator signals. In W-CDMA systems, 16 signatures are available, whereof e.g. 10 signatures may be used for Random Access CHannel (RACH) and 6 signatures may be used for the Common Packet CHannel (CPCH). 
         [0014]    In yet another embodiment of the method according to the invention, said at least one second signature is a reserved signature allocated to the determination of the received signal strength. The reserved signature can be used to determine the overall level of noises and/or interferences on the downlink channel and using a reserved signature provides a simplification. However, the use of a reserved signature should typically be set in the technical specification of the communications system. 
         [0015]    In yet another embodiment of the method according to the invention, said determination of the received signal strength on said at least one second signature is performed in the same access slot as the determination of the received signal strength on said first signature. Hereby, the determination of the received signal strength on said at least second signature will not introduce any appreciable time delay. 
         [0016]    In yet a further embodiment, step (a) of the method comprises determining the received signal strength in said downlink channel of at least one randomly chosen signature in the set of unique signatures. Normally, the level of noises and/or interferences is negligible. Moreover, a large portion of the signatures are not used. Thus, if the power level(s) for all of the at least one randomly chosen signatures is/are high, it can be assumed that the noise level is too high to obtain a reliable signal in the corresponding access slot. 
         [0017]    Preferably, the method according to embodiments of the invention further comprises the step of: (c 1 ) if step (b) indicates that detection of an indicator signal from the base station in said access slot is not reliable, repeating the steps (a) and (b) for a later access slot. Thus, the user equipment can continue the RACH procedure and get the next access slot later, e.g. a couple of access slots later. Hereby, the influence of the noise and/or interferences in the access slot, that was determined not to be reliable, can be avoided. The later access slot can be the next access slot or one some time later. 
         [0018]    In an alternative embodiment of the method according to the invention, the method further comprises the step of: (c 2 ) if step (b) indicates that detection of an indicator signal from the basis station in said access slot is not reliable, receiving the indicator signal in an extra access slot. This extra access slot should always be sent directly after the regular access slot from the base station. However, it only needs to be treated by the user equipment when the regular access slot is not reliable. Hereby, the extra access slot ensures a very reliable reception of the indicator signal. This is advantageous, especially when many user equipments attempt to use high data rates in the uplink. Of course, the extra access slot has to be supported by the technical specification of the communications system. 
         [0019]    In another alternative embodiment of the method according to the invention, the method further comprises the step of: (c 3 ) if step (b) indicates that detection of an indicator signal (IS) in said access slot is not reliable, retransmitting said random access request (RAR) to said base station (BS) on said uplink channel ( 350 ). Hereby, the base station (BS) is prompted to transmit (another) indicator signal arranged to be received by the user equipment. 
         [0020]    In yet another alternative embodiment, the method according to embodiments of the invention further comprises the step of: (d) if step (b) indicates that detection of an indicator signal from the base station in said access slot is reliable, interpreting said indicator signal from said base station. Thus, if it is asserted, that the detection of an indicator signal from the base station is reliable, the indicator signal can be received and interpreted by the user equipment with a certainty that the indicator signal has been received correctly and has not been disturbed by noise and/or interferences. 
         [0021]    In the method according to another embodiment of the invention, the interpreting of said indicator signal (IS) comprises comparing the received signal strength on the downlink channel with at least one predetermined threshold. This at least one predetermined threshold could be determined in relation to False Alarm Rates (FAR). 
         [0022]    In the method according to embodiments of the invention the indicator signal is interpreted as an “acknowledgement message” (ACK), a “no acknowledgement message” (NACK) or no message (NOM). Thus, when the reception of an indicator signal from the base station is indicated as reliable, the content of the indicator signal can be interpreted with high reliability. 
         [0023]    The invention moreover relates to a user equipment and to a computer program product having advantages corresponding to the advantages described above in relation to the method. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
         [0024]    The invention will be explained more fully below in connection with alternative embodiments and with reference to the drawing, in which: 
           [0025]      FIGS. 1 to 3  show flowcharts of different embodiments of the method according to the invention; 
           [0026]      FIG. 4  shows a flowchart of a method of receiving and interpreting an indicator signal; and 
           [0027]      FIG. 5  is a schematic illustration of a base station and a user equipment in a communications system. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       [0028]    The following description is given in relation to W-CDMA systems and the channels used therein as specified by the 3 rd  Generation Partnership Project, e.g. in the 3GPP document TS 25.214, version 5.9.0 (2004-06) and in the 3GPP document TS 25.211, version 5.6.0 (2004-09). However, it should be understood, that this is an example only and that the invention also could be employed in other systems. 
         [0029]      FIGS. 1 to 3  show flowcharts of different embodiments of the method according to the invention. The alternative embodiments of the methods shown in  FIGS. 1 to 3  are carried out in a user equipment. 
         [0030]      FIG. 1  illustrates a method  10  of improving the performance of a random access mobile communications system by asserting whether detection in a user equipment of an indicator signal from a base station can be trusted. The method  10  starts in step  15  and continues to step  20 , wherein the user equipment transmits a random access request (RAR), which comprises a preamble. In a W-CDMA system, this random access request is transmitted via the uplink channel Physical Random Access CHannel (PRACH). The random access request is associated with a first signature selected from a set of unique signatures. The first signature is typically randomly selected from the set of unique signatures, but the same signature is used by the user equipment to transmit the random access request and by the base station to transmit the indicator signal (IS). In a W-CDMA system the indicator signal is an Acquisition Indicator (AI). The signature allows a base station to discriminate between random access request transmitted from different user equipments. Each such signature is a sequence of 16 complex numbers. 
         [0031]    The method continues to step  30 , wherein an indicator signal (IS) is received from the base station. This IS has been generated in the base station upon the base station detecting the random access request and has been transmitted to the user equipment on a downlink channel. In the case of W-CDMA system the indicator signal (IS) will be an Acquisition Indicator (AI) and will be transmitted via the downlink channel AICH. The AI can be an “acknowledgement message” ACK, a “no acknowledgement message” NACK or “no message” NOM. The AI is carried by an access slot, which is a sequence of 16 symbols, which spans over 2 radio slots. These symbols have the spreading factor of 256. The 16 AICH symbols can subsequently be used by the user equipment to determine the AI. 
         [0032]    The method continues to step  40 , wherein the user equipment determines the received signal strength in an access slot that could include an AI from the base station. This step can be carried out by determining the received signal strength in said downlink channel on at least one second signature in the set of unique signatures, which at least one second signature is different from said first signature. This determination of the received signal strength on the at least one second signature could be performed in the same access slot as the determination of the received signal strength on the first signature. In this case, the at least one second signature could be any other than the first signature out of the 16 signatures in the access slot in question. The determination of the received signal strength is well known and will be described shortly in the following. 
         [0033]    In a receiver part of the user equipment, the 16 AICH symbols are picked up by multiplying the de-spreaded symbols with the complex conjugates of the corresponding sequence of the complex numbers of the signature in question, and accumulated to obtain the received signal strength on the downlink channel, the so-called received AICH Signal Strength (AISS). This AISS can subsequently be compared with threshold determined by the False Alarm Rates (FAR). In this embodiment a RAKE receiver in the user equipment is used to de-spread received AICH and CPICH symbols. Thereafter, the CPICH symbols are employed to compute the Signal Interference Ratio (SIR) or the Interference Signal Ratio (ISR), which are to be used for the calculations of the AISS and thresholds associated with FAR (FAR-thresholds) and to perform channel estimates. The calculations of SIR and ISR are well known and will not be described further. A combiner associated with or part of the RAKE-receiver applies the channel estimates to correct any phase distortion of the AICH symbols and subsequently sums over all paths that carry the signals over the air. The symbols in the combiner are then used to calculate the AISS as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   AISS 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           SIR 
                           max 
                         
                         
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                           1 
                         
                       
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                           SIR 
                           2 
                         
                       
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                               16 
                             
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         [0000]    where SIR 1  and SIR 2 , respectively, denote the SIR value for the first slot and the second slot, respectively, and SIR max  is the largest of the values SIR 1  and SIR 2 . The terms {x j } are the AICH symbols out of the combiner and the terms {α* s,j } are the complex conjugates of the sequence of the designated signature. In equation (1), the first summation is thus a summation over the first 10 symbols and the second summation is a summation over the last 6 symbols, corresponding to a summation over the first slot and a summation over the first part of the second slot. It should be noted, that the terms “first slot” and “second slot”, respectively, denote the first and second radio slot that make up the access slot. The access slot, spanning over two radio slots (i.e. 16 symbols), carries the AI. 
         [0034]    The threshold for a given FAR can be calculated as: 
         [0000]      Γ FAR =γ FAR *SIR max *√{square root over (2*ISR filter )}  (2) 
         [0000]    where γ FAR  is a dimensionless threshold, which is normalized by the variance where the probability of the Gaussian variables beyond this dimensionless threshold is equal to a predefined FAR. ISR filter  is the filtered ISR-value. Finally, the AI of the sequence of the signature is determined as an ACK, NACK or NOM message, respectively, depending on whether AISS is larger than Γ FAR , smaller than −Γ FAR  or lies between −Γ FAR  and Γ FAR , respectively. However, this interpretation of the AI by comparing the AISS with the Γ FAR  occurs after step  50  of the method  10 . 
         [0035]    After step  40  of the method  10  the flow continues to step  50 , wherein it is asserted, if the detection of an AI in the access slot is reliable. The user equipment has the knowledge of which signature to apply to decode an AI, when this is received in the user equipment, since the AI is carried by the AICH using one out of a set of 16 unique signatures and since this signature was used by the user equipment to send the RACH preamble via the PRACH channel. From the AISS of this signature, the received signal strength was determined in step  40 . However, since the AI is not known beforehand, it cannot be determined on the basis of the received signal strength if this received signal strength is due to an AI transmitted from the base station or to noise and/or interferences. However, a good judgement of the overall noises and/or interferences can be obtained from the determination of received signal strength in the downlink channel of a signature which is known not to be used in a transmission of an AI. If it is determined that the received signal strength in the downlink channel of a second signature not used to transmit an indicator signal is high, e.g. larger than a predetermined threshold, this is a strong indication that the noises and/or interferences are large and that the corresponding access slot can not be relied upon for reception of indicator signals. 
         [0036]    Returning to the description of step  40  of the method  10 , the determination of the received signal strength in the access slot could alternatively be performed by using a reserved signature allocated to the determination of the received signal strength. 
         [0037]    After this step  40 , the step  50  of the method  10  would again comprise an assertion, of whether the detection of an AI in the access slot is reliable. Since it is well known that the reserved signature is not used to any substantial signals, the determination of a received signal strength associated with this reserved signature gives an indication of the overall level of noises and/or interferences on the downlink channel. Step  50  could comprise the comparison of the received signal strength, i.e. the strength of noise and/or interferences, with another predefined threshold, where this threshold could correspond to an upper limit of the allowed level of noise and/or interferences. It should be noted, that the use of a reserved signature should typically be set in the technical specification of the communications system. 
         [0038]    Returning again to step  40  of the method  10 , another alternative is that step  40  of the method  10  is carried out by determining the received signal strength in said downlink channel of at least one randomly chosen signature in the set of unique signatures. Preferably, the received signal strength in said downlink channel of two or more randomly chosen signatures is determined. 
         [0039]    Hereafter, the flow continues to step  50  of the method  10 , which again comprises an assertion, of whether the detection of an AI in the access slot is reliable. Normally, the level of noises and/or interferences is negligible. Moreover, a large portion of the signatures are not used. Thus, if the received signal strength for all of the at least one, preferably two or more, randomly chosen signatures are high, the determination in step  50  will be, that the influence of noise and/or interferences is too high to obtain a reliable signal in the corresponding access slot. 
         [0040]    The flow ends in step  60 . 
         [0041]      FIG. 2  shows a flowchart of a method  100  that is an alternative embodiment of the method according to the invention. The steps  115  to  140  corresponds to the steps  15  to  40  of  FIG. 1  and will therefore not be described further. In connection with the description of  FIG. 1 , a few alternative embodiments of the steps  40  and  50  were described. Thus, the step  140  of the method  100  corresponds to any of the alternative embodiments of step  40  of the method  10 . 
         [0042]    Step  150  of the method  100  corresponds to the appropriate embodiment of step  50  of the method  10  (i.e. corresponding to the embodiment of step  40  of the method  10 ) plus the additional features of waiting for a later access slot and returning to step  140 , if the assertion of whether the detection of an AI in an access slot is reliable indicates that the detection is not reliable. The later access slot could be the next access slot or an access slot some time later if no reliable AI yet has been received. If the assertion in step  150  indicates that the detection of an AI in an access slot is reliable, the flow ends in step  160 . 
         [0043]    An alternative method step  150  (not shown) of the method  100  could be to retransmit the random access request (RAR) to said base station (BS) on the uplink channel, if the determination in step  150  indicates that the detection of an AI in the access slot is not reliable. This corresponds to repeating the steps  120 - 150  of the method  100 . 
         [0044]      FIG. 3  shows a flowchart of a method  200  that is another alternative embodiment of the method according to the invention. The steps  215  to  250  corresponds to the steps  115  to  150  of  FIG. 2  and will therefore not be described further. 
         [0045]    If the assertion in step  250  of the method  200  of whether the detection of an AI in an access slot is reliable indicates that the detection is not reliable, the flow continues to step  255 , wherein the AI is received in an extra access slot. If the assertion in step  250  indicates that the detection is reliable, the flow continues to  260 , wherein it ends. 
         [0046]    It should be noted that in all the methods  10 ,  100  and  200 , a step just prior to the step  60 ,  160 ,  260  of ending the flow could be added (not shown). In this added step, an AI from a base station in the access slot that has been proven to be reliable and to interpret this AI as an ACK, NACK or NOM message. 
         [0047]      FIG. 4  shows a flowchart of a method  300  of receiving and interpreting an indicator signal in the form of an AI, wherein the reception of the AI includes asserting whether the access slot in which the indicator signal is received is reliable. 
         [0048]    The flow starts in step  315  and continues to step  320 , wherein received signal strength on the downlink channel, the so-called received AICH Signal Strength (AISS), of a reserved signature is computed by means of equation (1). As explained in connection with  FIGS. 1 to 3 , the reserved signature is a signature not used for transmitting random access requests or AI, but only used for detecting the AISS of the signature. Alternatively, the signature could be one or more signatures chosen randomly as explained in connection with  FIG. 1 . After step  320 , the flow continues to step  330 , wherein the absolute value of the AISS of the reserved signature is compared to a first threshold value Th 1 . This first threshold value Th 1  can be predefined as a maximum allowed level of noise and/or interferences. If the comparison in step  330  indicates that the absolute value of the AISS is equal to or larger than the first threshold value Th 1 , the flow continues to step  335 , wherein the next access slot is awaited. After step  335  the flow goes back to step  320 . 
         [0049]    In step  330 , if the absolute value of the AISS is smaller than the first threshold value Th 1 , this is an indication that the noise and/or interferences is/are smaller than the allowed maximum and that the detection of an indicator signal, i.e. an AI, via the downlink channel in question is reliable. 
         [0050]    Thus, in case of the absolute value of the AISS being smaller than the first threshold value Th 1 , the flow continues to step  340 . In step  340  the AISS and a second threshold value Th 2  of a signature used by the channel PRACH are computed. The AISS is computed by means of equation (1) and the second threshold value Th 2  corresponds to the threshold Γ FAR  calculated by means of equation (2) above. The following steps of the method  300  are related to interpreting an AI sent via the signature used by the PRACH. After step  340 , the flow goes to step  350 , wherein the AISS is compared with the second threshold Th 2 . 
         [0051]    If step  350  indicates that the AISS is larger than Th 2 , the flow continues to step  355 , wherein it is determined that an AI corresponding to an ACK message was received. Thereafter, the flow ends in step  370 . If step  350  indicates that the AISS is not larger than Th 2 , the flow continues to step  360 , wherein the AISS is compared with the negative value of Th 2 . If the comparison in step  360  indicates that the AISS is smaller than −Th 2 , the flow continues to step  365 , wherein it is determined than an AI corresponding to a NACK message was received. Thereafter, the flow ends in step  370 . If the comparison in step  360  indicates that the AISS was not smaller than −Th 2 , the flow continues to step  368 , wherein it is determined than no message (NOM) was received. The flow ends in step  370 . 
         [0052]    It should be noted, that the probability of large noise and/or interferences on a downlink channel for a given signature is rather low. Therefore, usually the noise detections of the signature in step  320  of the method  300  are only performed for the first access slot. Only when the noise and/or interferences are detected to be larger than the predefined first threshold Th 1 , the next access slot is monitored. Therefore, in general the access slots involved are the same as the access slots used by the AI detections according to the current AI detections. Since the calculations of AISS and Γ FAR  for different signatures in the same access slot are calculated using exactly the same combined symbols in the receiver part of the user equipment, the additional resource requirements in the method according to the invention are marginal. In the case of consecutive access slot transmissions, two access slots should be sufficient. Even in the case wherein the noise and/or interferences are found to be too large, i.e. where the access slot is found not to be reliable, the AICH symbols for the signature in use over two access slots could be combined to determine AI more accurately. 
         [0053]      FIG. 5  is a schematic illustration of a base station BS and a user equipment  510  in a communications system  500 , typically a random access mobile communications system. The user equipment can be a mobile terminal, such as a mobile telephone. Shown are an uplink channel  550  (also called a reverse link) used for communications from the user equipment  510  to the base station BS and a downlink channel  540  (also called a forward link) used for communication from the base station BS to the user equipment  510 . 
         [0054]    The user equipment  510  has means  520 , typically an antenna, for transmitting/receiving signals to/from the base station BS. These means  520  are connected to processor means  530  in the user equipment, the processor means  530  at least being able to determine the received signal strength in an access slot in the downlink channel  540 , to assert whether detection of an indicator signal from the base station BS in an access slot in the downlink channel  540  is reliable based on the determination of the received signal strength and to interpret indicator signals received from the base station. 
         [0055]    Typically, the processor means  530  of the user equipment is arranged and/or is programmable for performing a variety of functions; however, this lies beyond the scope of this invention and will therefore not be described in further detail. Moreover, the user equipment typically would comprise a plurality of supplemental components, such as microphone, loudspeaker, keyboard, display; again, this lies beyond the scope of this invention and will therefore not be described here in further detail either. 
         [0056]    It should be emphasized that the term “comprises/comprising” when used in this specification is taken to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps or components but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, components or groups thereof. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims or described in different embodiments does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.