Abstract:
A switching circuit includes a driver circuit DRV 2  that outputs voltage for turning on and off a first transistor switch M 2,  positioned at a low potential side with respect to a load, among a plurality of transistor switches disposed in series between an input voltage and a ground; and a control circuit that causes the driver circuit DRV 2  to output a first voltage that turns the first transistor switch M 2  on upon an output voltage of the driver circuit DRV 2  rising while the first transistor switch M 2  is off and to cause the driver circuit DRV 2  to suspend output of the first voltage upon the output voltage of the driver circuit DRV 2  dropping after the driver circuit DRV 2  outputs the first voltage.

Description:
PRIORITY 
       [0001]    This application claims the priority and benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/180,524, filed on Jun. 16, 2015, the entire content of which is incorporated by reference herein. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    This disclosure relates to a switching circuit. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    One type of switching circuit is a switching regulator. Switching regulators have high conversion efficiency and are therefore widely used as voltage converters in batteries for inputting voltage to a variety of control circuits (loads). For example, switching regulators are also widely used as on-board power supplies. In switching regulators, however, switching noise occurs during control to switch a switching circuit (MOSFET) on and off. 
         [0004]    To address switching noise, one conventional approach uses a noise countermeasure. In greater detail, this conventional approach discloses attenuating resonance energy by turning a plurality of auxiliary switching elements, which each control the conduction current of high-side and low-side switching elements, on for a predetermined time period at a timing that matches the timing at which the switching elements are turned on. The switching elements and the auxiliary switching elements are controlled by corresponding driver circuits. One disadvantage of this conventional approach, however, is that it slows down the switching speed of the regulator. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0005]    This disclosure provides a switching circuit and method of control thereof that attenuate ringing. 
         [0006]    An exemplary switching circuit includes: a driver circuit configured to output voltage for turning on and off a first transistor switch, positioned at a low potential side with respect to a load, among a plurality of transistor switches disposed in series between an input voltage and a ground; and a control circuit configured to cause the driver circuit to output a first voltage that turns the first transistor switch on upon an output voltage of the driver circuit rising while the first transistor switch is off and to cause the driver circuit to suspend output of the first voltage upon the output voltage of the driver circuit dropping after the driver circuit outputs the first voltage. 
         [0007]    In this exemplary switching circuit, the driver circuit may include a variable resistor, and resistance of the variable resistor changes in response to a signal from the control circuit. 
         [0008]    This exemplary switching circuit may further include a delay circuit configured to delay output of the first voltage from the driver circuit to the first transistor switch based on the output voltage of the driver circuit. 
         [0009]    In this exemplary switching circuit, when the first transistor switch is on, the driver circuit may decrease the resistance of the variable resistor until the output voltage falls below the first voltage and increase the resistance of the variable resistor upon the output voltage becoming equal to or less than the first voltage. 
         [0010]    In this exemplary switching circuit, the first transistor switch may be a MOSFET controlled by voltage supplied to a gate thereof. 
         [0011]    The switching circuit according to the following embodiments can attenuate ringing. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]    In the accompanying drawings: 
           [0013]      FIG. 1  is a waveform diagram illustrating the relationship between a switching voltage waveform and a control signal that controls an auxiliary switch in an example of a switching regulator; 
           [0014]      FIG. 2  is a waveform diagram illustrating a change in the switching voltage waveform due to a change in the input voltage; 
           [0015]      FIG. 3  is a functional block diagram schematically illustrating a switching circuit according to Embodiment 1; 
           [0016]      FIG. 4  is a circuit diagram illustrating the principle of self turn-on; 
           [0017]      FIG. 5  is a waveform diagram illustrating the relationship between voltages in the circuit in  FIG. 4 ; 
           [0018]      FIG. 6  illustrates an example of the structure of a switching circuit according to Embodiment 1; 
           [0019]      FIG. 7  is a waveform diagram illustrating the relationship between voltages in the circuit in  FIG. 6 ; 
           [0020]      FIG. 8  illustrates attenuation of ringing when using the circuit in  FIG. 6 ; 
           [0021]      FIG. 9  illustrates an example of the structure of a switching circuit according to Embodiment 2; 
           [0022]      FIGS. 10A to 10C  illustrate adjustment of delay time in the circuit in  FIG. 9 ; 
           [0023]      FIGS. 11A and 11B  illustrate attenuation of ringing when using the circuit in  FIG. 9 ; and 
           [0024]      FIG. 12  illustrates a modification to Embodiment 2. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0025]    Even if the switching frequency in a switching regulator is, for example, several hundred kHz, ringing corresponding to the switching frequency occurs due to the sudden change in current when switching between on and off. Due to ringing, the wiring and the like of the switching regulator becomes an antenna and radiates noise. As a countermeasure against such noise, the switching frequency in the switching regulator may be lowered to slow down the speed of switching, thereby suppressing the peak of ringing. In this case, however, since the speed of switching is slower, the energy conversion efficiency of the switching regulator may be reduced. Furthermore, if the speed of switching slows down, it becomes impossible in some cases to perform switching at the required switching frequency, for example even when a predetermined speed of switching (such as 2 MHz or more) is required to avoid generation of AM band noise. 
         [0026]    In one conventional approach, if a sufficiently long time for the resonance energy to attenuate is set as the time period during which the corresponding auxiliary switching element is turned on in order to limit the conduction current of the low-side switching element when the high-side switching element is turned on, then the current corresponding to this time is wasted. Therefore, as the length of time during which the auxiliary switching element is on grows longer, the efficiency of the switching regulator grows worse. Accordingly, this length of time is preferably short. Shortening this length of time, however, makes it difficult to turn on the auxiliary switching element at a timing matching the timing of ringing. 
         [0027]    In the waveform of ringing, the initial peak is the highest, and the ringing gradually attenuates thereafter, as illustrated by the waveform of the switching voltage Vm in  FIG. 1 . Therefore, if the initial peak of ringing can be attenuated, the subsequent ringing will also be attenuated. Accordingly, the auxiliary switching element in the aforementioned conventional approach is ideally turned on during a time period Δt 2  that matches the initial peak of ringing illustrated in  FIG. 1 . It is difficult, however, to turn the auxiliary switching element on during this appropriate time period Δt 2 . 
         [0028]    Even if the auxiliary switching element can be set to turn on during this predetermined time period Δt 2 , the time period Δt 1  from the start of ringing until the auxiliary switching element should be turned on varies, for example when the input voltage varies as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . Hence, it is difficult to turn the auxiliary switching element on at the preferred timing. Furthermore, when attempting to turn the auxiliary switching element on via control by a driver circuit after detecting a change in the switching voltage Vm, it is difficult to turn the switching element on at an appropriate timing due to the delay from detection of the change in the switching voltage Vm until the auxiliary switching element turns on. 
         [0029]    Embodiments for taking a countermeasure against noise without reducing the speed of switching are described below with reference to the drawings. 
       Embodiment 1 
       [0030]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a switching circuit according to Embodiment 1. This switching circuit is, for example, used in a DC-DC converter that temporally divides input voltage by controlling high-side and low-side transistor switches with respect to a load, smooths the temporally divided input voltage, and outputs the result. A switching circuit  10  is provided with a driver circuit DRV 2 , a delay circuit  11 , and a self turn-on detection circuit  12 . The driver circuit DRV 2  includes an output resistor Rdrv 2  that is a variable resistor. A low-side transistor switch M 2  is controlled to be on or off by output of the driver circuit DRV 2 . Via self turn-on, the switching circuit  10  causes the timing at which ringing occurs and the timing at which current flows to the ground (GND) to match. 
         [0031]    With reference to  FIG. 4 , the principle of self turn-on in the switching circuit of  FIG. 3  is now described. In  FIG. 4 , structural elements that are the same as the structural elements in the circuit in  FIG. 3  are labeled with the same reference signs. The circuit in  FIG. 4  includes driver circuits DRV 1  and DRV 2  and transistor switches M 1  and M 2  that, for example, are MOSFETs or the like. Input voltage Vin is supplied to the drain of the transistor switch M 1 . The source of the transistor switch M 1  is connected to the source of the transistor switch M 2 . The drain of the transistor switch M 2  is connected to the ground GND. The outputs of the driver circuit DRV 1  and the driver circuit DRV 2  are respectively provided to the gate terminals of the transistor switch M 1  and the transistor switch M 2 . The driver circuit DRV 2  is also connected to the ground GND. 
         [0032]    The driver circuit DRV 1  outputs a driver output voltage Vg 1  upon input of an input voltage V 1 . The driver circuit DRV 2  outputs a driver output voltage Vg 2  upon input of an input voltage V 2 . Here, the transistor switches M 1  and M 2  are respectively high-side and low-side switches. The voltage V 1   x  is an output voltage provided to a non-illustrated load. 
         [0033]    The driver circuit DRV 2  includes an output resistor Rdrv 2 . The driver circuit DRV 2  corresponds to the driver circuit DRV 2  illustrated in  FIG. 3 . As the resistance of the output resistor Rdrv 2  is larger, a parasitic capacitance Cgd 2  occurs between the drain and the gate of the transistor M 2 . 
         [0034]      FIG. 5  is a waveform diagram illustrating the relationship between the voltages V 1 , V 2 , Vg 1 , Vg 2 , and V 1   x  in the circuit in  FIG. 4 . At time t 1  illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the transistor switch M 1  changes from off to on and begins to conduct, at which point the voltage V 1   x  rises. At this time, if the resistance of the output resistor Rdrv 2  in the driver circuit DRV 2  has a certain value, then due to the increase in the voltage V 1   x , the voltage Vg 2  increases through the parasitic capacitance Cgd 2 . As a result, the transistor switch M 2  turns on regardless of the output of the driver circuit DRV 2 , and current flows to the ground. This phenomenon by which the transistor switch M 2  turns on based on a change in the voltage V 1   x  is referred to as self turn-on. The switching circuit  10  of this embodiment uses this self turn-on to cause the timing at which ringing occurs and the timing at which current flows to the ground (GND) to match. 
         [0035]      FIG. 3  further illustrates how the same input voltage V 2  as the voltage that is input into the driver circuit DRV 2  is also input into the delay circuit  11 . The delay circuit  11  then outputs the input voltage V 2  as output voltage after delaying a predetermined length of time. The output voltage output by the delay circuit  11  is provided to the driver circuit DRV 2 . The self turn-on detection circuit  12  detects whether, at the output side of the driver circuit DRV 2 , self turn-on has occurred in the transistor switch M 2 . The self turn-on detection circuit  12  corresponds to the “control circuit” in this embodiment. In greater detail, the self turn-on detection circuit  12  detects whether self turn-on has occurred in the transistor switch M 2  due to a change in the signal at the gate of the transistor switch M 2 . 
         [0036]      FIG. 6  illustrates an example of a switching circuit according to Embodiment 1. 
         [0037]    The driver circuit DRV 2  includes NOR circuits  31  and  32 , a NOT circuit  33 , transistor switches M 3 , M 4 , and M 5 , and a resistor R 1 . In this embodiment, the transistor switch M 3  is a p-type MOSFET, and the transistor switches M 4  and M 5  are n-type MOSFETs. 
         [0038]    Voltage V 3  output by the delay circuit  11  and voltage V 4  output by the self turn-on detection circuit  12  are provided to the NOR circuit  31 . The NOR circuit  31  inverts the logical sum of the signals indicated by the input voltages V 3  and V 4  and outputs the result. 
         [0039]    The voltage output by the NOR circuit  31  and the voltage V 2  that is input into the driver circuit DRV 2  are provided to the NOR circuit  32 . The NOR circuit  32  inverts the logical sum of the signals indicated by the input voltages and outputs the result (voltage V 5 ). 
         [0040]    The voltage V 2  input into the driver circuit DRV 2  is inverted at the NOT circuit  33  and provided to the gate of the transistor switch M 3 . The source of the transistor switch M 3  is connected to a power source VDD. The drain of the transistor switch M 3  is connected to the drain of the transistor switch M 4  and to the drain of the transistor switch M 5 . 
         [0041]    The voltage V 2  input into the driver circuit DRV 2  is inverted at the NOT circuit  33  and provided to the gate of the transistor switch M 4 . The source of the transistor switch M 4  is connected to the ground GND via the resistor R 1 . 
         [0042]    The voltage V 5  output by the NOR circuit  32  is input into the gate of the transistor switch M 5 . The source of the transistor switch M 5  is connected to the ground GND. 
         [0043]    In the driver circuit DRV 2  with the above-described structure, the output resistor Rdrv 2  is subjected to variable control by controlling the transistor switches M 3 , M 4 , and M 5  to turn on or off. In other words, the magnitude of voltage drop due to the resistor R 1  with respect to the output voltage in the node N is changed between a state in which the transistor switches M 3 , M 4 , and M 5  are all conducting and a state in which the transistor switches M 3  and M 4  are conducting while the transistor switch M 5  is not conducting. When the resistance of the output resistor Rdrv 2  is less than a certain value, then self turn-on does not occur, whereas when the resistance of the output resistor Rdrv 2  is at least a certain value, self turn-on does occur. The state in which self turn-on occurs is referred to below as a self turn-on state, and the state in which self turn-on does not occur is referred to as a non-self turn-on state. Whether or not self turn-on occurs in the driver circuit DRV 2  is described below. 
         [0044]    As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , the delay circuit  11  is configured with a plurality of NOT circuits connected in series. 
         [0045]    The self turn-on detection circuit  12  includes a transistor switch M 6 , a resistor R 2 , a NOT circuit  21 , and a latch circuit  22 . The voltage of the node N between the driver circuit DRV 2  and the transistor switch M 2  is input into the gate of the transistor switch M 6 . The drain of the transistor switch M 6  is connected to a power source VDD via the resistor R 2 , and the drain is connected to the ground GND. 
         [0046]    The NOT circuit  21  is connected to the power source VDD via the resistor R 2 . The NOT circuit  21  outputs a signal (voltage V 6 ) that is the inversion of the signal indicated by the power source voltage. 
         [0047]    The latch circuit  22  is a so-called SR latch circuit. The voltage V 6  output by the NOT circuit  21  is input into the S input port of the latch circuit  22 . The same input voltage V 2  as the voltage that is input into the driver circuit DRV 2  is input into the input port R of the latch circuit  22 . The latch circuit  22  outputs a signal (voltage V 4 ) from the output port Q. The voltage V 4  that is output is then input into the NOR circuit  31  of the driver circuit DRV 2 . 
         [0048]      FIG. 7  is a waveform diagram illustrating the relationship between the voltages V 2 , V 3 , V 4 , V 5 , V 6 , Vg 2 , and V 1   x  in the circuit in  FIG. 6 . With reference to  FIG. 7 , the following provides a detailed description of operations in the driver circuit DRV 2  to switch between the non-self turn-on state and the self turn-on state and of the occurrence of self turn-on. 
         [0049]    At the start point of the waveform diagram in  FIG. 7 , the driver circuit DRV 2  is in the non-self turn-on state. Once the voltage V 2  changes from High to Low at time t 2 , the voltage Vg 2  output by the driver circuit DRV 2  also lowers over a predetermined delay time due to the delay circuit  11 . The predetermined delay time that it takes for the voltage Vg 2  to change from High to Low is also referred to below as a “transition period”. The transition period is, for example, 0.5 ns. Once the transition period elapses after time t 2 , the voltage V 5  output by the NOR circuit  32  changes from High to Low at time t 3 . As a result, the value of the output resistor Rdrv 2  of the driver circuit DRV 2  increases. In other words, at this time, the driver circuit DRV 2  switches from the non-self turn-on state to the self turn-on state. 
         [0050]    In this state, once the voltage V 1   x  suddenly rises at time t 4 , the voltage Vg 2  temporarily rises as per the principle described with reference to  FIGS. 4 and 5 . When the voltage Vg 2  rises in this way, self turn-on occurs. When self turn-on occurs, the voltage Vg 2  exceeds a predetermined threshold vth. By self turn-on, the noise of the voltage V 1   x  can be attenuated. 
         [0051]    The voltage Vg 2  that started to rise at time t 4  is input into the self turn-on detection circuit  12 . In the self turn-on detection circuit  12 , the transistor switch M 6  is configured to conduct upon input into the gate of a voltage Vg 2  exceeding the predetermined threshold vth. The transistor switch M 6  enters a conducting state when the voltage Vg 2  is the threshold vth or more and a non-conducting state when the voltage Vg 2  is less than the threshold vth. By conduction of the transistor switch M 6 , the self turn-on detection circuit  12  detects the self turn-on state. Conversely, by non-conduction of the transistor switch M 6 , the self turn-on detection circuit  12  detects the non-self turn-on state. Once the non-self turn-on state is entered, the voltage V 6  input into the latch circuit  22  changes from Low to High. As a result, the voltage V 4  output by the latch circuit  22  changes from Low to High. 
         [0052]    Once the voltage V 4  that has changed to High is input into the NOR circuit  31 , the voltage V 5  output by the NOR circuit  32  changes from Low to High. By the voltage V 5  that has become High being input into the gate of the transistor switch M 5 , the transistor switch M 5  turns on. As a result, the value of the output resistor Rdrv 2  of the driver circuit DRV 2  lowers. Hence, the driver circuit DRV 2  switches from the self turn-on state to the non-self turn-on state. 
         [0053]    The time Δt 3  that self turn-on continues is determined by the delay in the circuit that detects the self turn-on. The time Δt 3  that self turn-on continues is, for example, 3 ns. Once the time Δt 3  elapses and the voltage Vg 2  falls below the threshold vth, the transistor switch M 6  enters a non-conducting state. 
         [0054]      FIG. 8  illustrates attenuation of ringing when using the circuit in  FIG. 6 . The graph in the upper tier of  FIG. 8  illustrates the change in switching voltage when not using the switching circuit  10  according to this embodiment, and the graph in the lower tier of  FIG. 8  illustrates the change in switching voltage when using the switching circuit  10  according to this embodiment. The graphs in  FIG. 8  illustrate the experimental results for an input voltage Vin of 12 V. As illustrated in  FIG. 8 , when using the switching circuit  10  according to this embodiment, ringing is attenuated as compared to when not using the switching circuit  10 . 
       Embodiment 2 
       [0055]      FIG. 9  illustrates an example of a switching circuit according to Embodiment 2. As compared to the switching circuit  10  according to Embodiment 1, a switching circuit  40  according to Embodiment 2 can cause the timing at which self turn-on occurs to match the timing of ringing with even higher accuracy. A description of portions of the switching circuit  40  according to Embodiment 2 that are the same as the switching circuit  10  according to Embodiment 1 is omitted, so as to focus on the differences. In the switching circuit  40  according to Embodiment 2, structural elements that are the same as those of the switching circuit  10  according to Embodiment 1 are labeled with the same reference signs. 
         [0056]    The switching circuit  40  according to Embodiment 2 differs from the switching circuit  10  according to Embodiment 1 by not including the delay circuit  11  and by including an Up/Down counter  41  and a variable delay circuit  42 . 
         [0057]    The input voltage V 2  is input into the variable delay circuit  42 , and the variable delay circuit  42  delays the input voltage by a predetermined length of time and outputs the result as output voltage V 3 . The output voltage V 3  that is output by the variable delay circuit  42  is provided to the NOR circuit  31  of the driver circuit DRV 2 . The predetermined length of time (delay time) by which the variable delay circuit  42  delays the input voltage V 2  is determined based on a control signal provided by the Up/Down counter  41 . The variable delay circuit  42  for example determines the delay time to be within a range of 1.2 ns to 6.0 ns, in increments of 0.3 ns. 
         [0058]    The input voltage V 2  and the voltage V 4  output by the latch circuit  22  of the self turn-on detection circuit  12  are input into the Up/Down counter  41 . Based on the input voltages V 2  and V 4 , the Up/Down counter  41  transmits, to the variable delay circuit  42 , a control signal for adjusting (changing) the delay time in the variable delay circuit  42 . For example, when the self turn-on detection circuit  12  detects self turn-on, the signal indicated by the voltage V 4  becomes High, since the transistor switch M 6  is in a conducting state. At this time, the Up/Down counter  41  outputs a control signal for delaying the variable delay circuit  42  by one step to the variable delay circuit  42 . Conversely, when the self turn-on detection circuit  12  detects non-self turn-on, the signal indicated by the voltage V 4  becomes Low, since the transistor switch M 6  is in a non-conducting state. At this time, the Up/Down counter  41  outputs a control signal for accelerating the variable delay circuit  42  by one step to the variable delay circuit  42 . 
         [0059]    Based on the signal V 3  provided by the variable delay circuit  42 , the driver circuit DRV 2  controls the timing at which self turn-on is produced in the transistor switch M 2 . 
         [0060]    With reference to  FIGS. 10A to 10C , adjustment of the delay time by the Up/Down counter  41  and the variable delay circuit  42  and the timing of when self turn-on occurs are now described.  FIGS. 10A to 10C  illustrate the relationship between the voltages V 2 , V 3 , V 4 , V 5 , V 6 , Vg 2 , and V 1   x  in the circuit in  FIG. 9 . If the delay time is too short, then as illustrated in  FIG. 10A , self turn-on occurs earlier than the timing of the initial peak of ringing. Hence, ringing cannot be sufficiently attenuated. Therefore, in order to match the timing of self turn-on with the timing of ringing, when the self turn-on detection circuit  12  detects self turn-on (self turn-on state), the variable delay circuit  42  increases the delay time by one step (i.e. 0.3 ns) based on the control signal provided by the Up/Down counter  41 . In other words, when self turn-on occurs in the transistor switch M 2 , the variable delay circuit  42  extends the delay time by 0.3 ns. The timing at which self turn-on occurs can thus be delayed. 
         [0061]    Conversely, when the delay time is too long, then as illustrated in  FIG. 10B , self turn-on does not occur (non-self turn-on state) even though ringing is occurring. Therefore, in order to match the timing of self turn-on with the timing of ringing, when the self turn-on detection circuit  12  does not detect self turn-on of the transistor switch M 2 , the variable delay circuit  42  decreases the delay time by one step (i.e. 0.3 ns) based on the control signal provided by the Up/Down counter  41 . In other words, when self turn-on does not occur in the transistor switch M 2 , the variable delay circuit  42  shortens the delay time by 0.3 ns. The timing at which self turn-on occurs can thus be accelerated. 
         [0062]    As illustrated in  FIG. 10C , by repeating the above control, the variable delay circuit  42  adjusts the timing at which self turn-on occurs so as to match the timing of the initial peak of ringing. Hence, the switching circuit  40  according to Embodiment 2 can cause the timing at which self turn-on occurs to match the timing of ringing with even higher accuracy. 
         [0063]      FIGS. 11A and 11B  illustrate attenuation of ringing when using the circuit in  FIG. 9 . The graphs in the upper tiers of  FIGS. 11A and 11B  illustrate the change in switching voltage when not using the switching circuit  40  according to this embodiment, and the graphs in the lower tiers of  FIGS. 11A and 11B  illustrate the change in switching voltage when using the switching circuit  40  according to this embodiment. The graphs in  FIG. 11A  illustrate the experimental results for an input voltage Vin of 12 V, and the graphs in  FIG. 11B  illustrate the experimental results for an input voltage Vin of 24 V. As illustrated in  FIG. 11A , when using the switching circuit  40  according to this embodiment, ringing is attenuated as compared to when not using the switching circuit  40 . Furthermore, as illustrated in  FIG. 11B , ringing is attenuated even if the input voltage changes and the timing of ringing changes, since self turn-on occurs in conjunction with the timing of ringing by using the switching circuit  40  according to this embodiment. 
         [0064]      FIG. 12  illustrates a modification to this embodiment. To the structure in  FIG. 9 , this modification adds an auxiliary switch M 2 - 2  for the transistor switch M 2  and an auxiliary driver circuit DRV 2 - 2  that performs on/off control of the auxiliary switch M 2 - 2 . In this modification, while the transistor switch M 2  is in a non-conducting state, the input voltage to the driver circuit DRV 2  is Low, and therefore the auxiliary switch M 2 - 2  is also in a non-conducting state. Accordingly, for example a comparison with a structure that includes an auxiliary switch such as PTL 1 shows that although it is difficult with only an auxiliary switch to maintain a good conversion efficiency while suppressing ringing, it is possible to suppress ringing at an appropriate timing by combining a structure that includes an auxiliary switch with the structure of this embodiment. 
         [0065]    Although exemplary embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on this disclosure. Therefore, such changes and modifications are to be understood as included within the scope of this disclosure. For example, the functions and the like included in each component may be reordered in any logically consistent way. Furthermore, structural components and the like may be combined into one or divided.