Abstract:
There are provided compositions which include a retinoid and preferably retinol; a dermatologically active acid; and a volatile base, such as ammonium hydroxide. Another embodiment of the invention includes compositions comprising a retinoid and preferably retinol; a dermatologically active acid; a volatile base; and a second neutralizing agent. There are also provided compositions which include a retinoid, a neutralized ammonium salt of a dermatologically active acid, and optionally a neutralized salt, other than ammonium salt, of an acid. Further provided are methods for reducing fine lines, wrinkles, skin roughness, and pore size and for increasing the clarity of a skin surface, cellular turnover, skin radiance, skin smoothness, skin permeation or collagen synthesis in a mammal in need thereof. Compositions as described above are administered topically to the skin of the animal.

Description:
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/325,452, filed Jun. 3, 1999, which claims priority from U.S. Ser. No. 60/107,956, filed Nov. 12, 1998. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to skin care compositions which include, in a single formulation, the beneficial ingredients for aging or photodamaged skin, retinol and an acid. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Retinol or vitamin A alcohol is useful in the reduction of fine lines, wrinkles, and mottled hyperpigmentation in skin. Hydroxy acids, and particularly alpha-hydroxy acids, are useful in increasing the clarity of the skin surface, increasing cellular turnover, and increasing skin radiance and smoothness. Ascorbic acid has skin permeation and collagen synthesis activity. 
     However, retinol is physically unstable and rapidly degrades when stored at a pH below about 5. Acids such as hydroxy acids, and particularly alpha-hydroxy acids and ascorbic acid, on the other hand, are not active in increasing skin cell turnover, exfoliation, skin permeation, and/or collagen synthesis at pHs above about 5, however. 
     Consequently, retinol and hydroxy acids and/or ascorbic acid have generally been packaged separately. Retinol typically is packaged in a vehicle at a pH above about 5, while alpha-hydroxy acids and ascorbic acid are packaged at a pH of about 4 or below. Therefore, one must apply two separate products in order to achieve the benefit of both of these ingredients. 
     The present inventors have discovered a single composition which include both of these ingredients, in which both of these ingredients are stable, and in which both of these ingredients are active upon application to the skin. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a graphic illustration of skin pH over time after treatment. 
     FIG. 2 is a graphic illustration of cell proliferation measured as slope of fluorescence after treatment. 
     FIG. 3 is a graphic illustration comparing the activity of ammonium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide neutralized alpha-hydroxy acids in combination with retinol. 
     FIG. 4 is a graphic illustration of skin pH over time before and after treatment. 
    
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to one embodiment of the present invention there are provided compositions which include: 
     (A) a retinoid and preferably retinol; 
     (B) a dermatologically active acid; and 
     (C) a volatile base, such as, for example, ammonium hydroxide. Volatile bases have a vapor pressure typically below atmospheric pressure, preferably below about 700 mm Hg, and more preferably below about 600 mm Hg. The volatile base preferably evaporates upon contact with skin. The compositions preferably contain an acid neutralizing effective amount of ammonium hydroxide. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention provides compositions which include: 
     (A) a retinoid and preferably retinol; 
     (B) a dermatologically active acid; 
     (C) a volatile base; and 
     (D) at least one second neutralizing agent. 
     According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, there are provided compositions which include: 
     (A) retinol; and 
     (B) a neutralized ammonium salt of a dermatologically active acid. Optionally, a second neutralized salt, other than an ammonium salt, of a dermatologically active acid is included in the compositions. 
     Further provided are methods for reducing fine lines, wrinkles, skin roughness, and pore size and for increasing the clarity of a skin surface, cellular turnover, skin radiance and skin smoothness in an animal, for example, a mammal, such as a human, in need thereof. Compositions as described above are administered topically to the skin of the animal. 
     Methods for preparing the compositions above are also provided. 
     Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the detailed description of the invention, the drawings, and the claims. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present formulations provide compositions which have a storage pH of about 5 or higher. This provides storage stability for the retinol compound. However, the pH of these compositions drops to below 5 when applied to the skin. This allows the hydroxy acid(s) and/or other skin beneficial acids(s) therein to become active upon application of the composition to the skin. 
     Retinoids suitable for use in the present invention preferably are unstable or pH sensitive in that they are chemically and physically unstable at relatively low pH such as, for example a pH below about 5, such as retinol and derivatives thereof. Suitable retinoids include, but are not limited to retinol and derivatives thereof, such as retinyl palmitate and retinyl acetate; retinaldehyde; and like compounds that bind to retinoid receptors. 
     Retinol is also known as vitamin A alcohol. Retinol is chemically and physically unstable at a pH below about 5. It is useful in reducing fine lines at wrinkles in skin. It is also useful in reducing mottled hyperpigmentation of skin. Other retinoids having pH dependent stability may also be used in combination with or in place of retinol in the present invention. 
     The dermatologically active acid may be a cosmetically active acid or a pharmaceutically active acid, such as, for example, a hydroxy acid, ascorbic acid or a derivative thereof, lipoic acid, dihydrolipoic acid, or a combination thereof. 
     Hydroxy acids useful in the present invention are either alpha- or beta-hydroxy acids, poly-hydroxy acids, or any combinations of any of the foregoing. Preferably, the hydroxy acid is an alpha-hydroxy acid. Examples of alpha hydroxy acids include, but are not limited to, glycolic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, pyuric acid, citric acid, or any combination of any of the foregoing. Special mention is made of glycolic acid. 
     Beta-hydroxy acids include, but are not limited to, salicylic acid. 
     Other suitable hydroxy acids are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,889,054, which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     Other acids suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, ascorbic acid and derivatives thereof, lipoic acid, and dihydrolipoic acid. Suitable ascorbic acid derivatives include, but are not limited to, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate; sodium ascorbyl phosphate; sodium ascorbate; and ascorbyl glucosides. 
     Suitable second neutralizing agents which may be included in the composition include, but are not limited to, alkali hydroxides, such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide; and organic bases, such as alkanolamines, including, but not limited to, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol (dimethyl MEA), and aminobutanol; and amino acids, including, but not limited to, arginine and lysine; and any combination of any of the foregoing. A preferred second neutralizing agent is sodium hydroxide. 
     Ammonium hydroxide is typically added as a solution containing from about 27 to about 31 percent by weight of ammonium hydroxide based upon 100 percent by weight of total ammonium hydroxide solution. 
     The compositions of the present invention may also include other adjuvants, such as, for example, vehicles including, but not limited to, water or alcohol; humectants, including, but not limited to, glycerin; buffering agents including, but not limited to, citric acid and sodium citrate; viscosity adjusters, including, but not limited to, carbomer gelling agents, gum derivatives, and other viscosity controlling, decreasing, and increasing agents; preservatives including, but not limited to, parabens, such as methylparaben and propylparaben, and phenoxyethanol; emulsifiers including, but not limited to, polysorbate 80, glyceryl distearate, POE 10 stearyl ether, steareth 10, ceateareth 20 and stearyl alcohol, and ceteareth 20 and cetearyl alcohol; conditioning agents including, but not limited to, octyl hydroxystearate, stearyl alcohol, lactose, and dimethicone; emollients including, but not limited to, cholesterol NF, petrolatum, mineral oils and esters including, but not limited to, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, 1-decene polymer (hydrogenated), and C 12 -C 15  alcohol benzoates; thickeners, including, but not limited to, binders, polyacrylamide, C 13 -C 14  isoparafin, and laureth-7; antioxidants, including, but not limited to ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), tocopheryl acetate, and the like; UV stabilizers; UV radiation absorbers (sunscreen filters); fragrances; colorants; chelating agents, including, but not limited to, disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA); or any combinations of any of the foregoing. Examples of these adjuvants are disclosed in the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 7 th  Ed. (1997) 
     These compositions can be formulated as creams, gels, or liquids, and preferably are prepared as lotions. These compositions can be prepared as liposomes, including, but not limited to, unilamellar, multilamellar, or paucilamellar vesicles; nanospheres; microsponges; emulsions, such as a multiple emulsion and a cleansing emulsion; or any combination of any of the foregoing by methods known to those skilled in the art. In one embodiment, the composition is prepared as a paucilamellar vesicle having, for example, between 2 and 10 lipid bilayers and a lipophilic core which may contain an apolar oil or wax. 
     The compositions are typically neutralized to a pH above about 4.5, preferably ranging from about 4.5 to about 8 and most preferably from about 5 to about 6. The amount of ammonium hydroxide and optionally second neutralizing agent useful herein is that amount sufficient to adjust the pH of the compositions to the above pH ranges. The amount of ammonium hydroxide in the compositions of the present invention is preferably that amount sufficient to adjust the pH of the acid from about 4.0 or less to at least about 5. 
     A preferred method of preparation includes neutralizing the composition to a pH of about 4.0 or less with the aforementioned second neutralizing agent and then neutralizing the composition to a pH of at least about 5 with ammonium hydroxide. 
     The amount of retinoid in these compositions is typically a fine line-, wrinkle-, or mottled pigmentation-reducing effective amount. Preferably, the amount of retinol is at least about 0.01 percent by weight, and most preferably, is at least about 0.15 percent by weight, based upon 100 percent by weight of total composition. 
     The amount of acid, ammonium salt of acid, or other salt of the acid is typically a skin surface clarity, cellular turnover-, skin radiance-, skin smoothness-, skin permeation-, or collagen synthesis- increasing effective amount. Preferably, this amount ranges from about 0.1 to about 20 percent by weight based upon 100 percent by weight of total composition. More preferably this amount ranges from about 1 to about 12 percent by weight, and most preferably, this amount is from about 4 to about 8 percent by weight, based upon 100 percent by weight of total composition. 
     The composition preferably contains from about 1 to about 99 percent, and more preferably from about 60 to about 95 percent by weight of water, based upon 100 percent by weight of total composition. 
     Generally, the composition contains sufficient thickener to impart body to the composition without causing it to become so viscous as to hinder spreadability of the composition. The composition also preferably contains up to about 5 percent by weight of a viscosity adjuster, up to about 20 percent by weight of an emollient, from about 0.1 to about 10 percent by weight of an emulsifier, up to about 5 percent by weight of a spreading agent, up to about 10 percent by weight of a thickener, a preservative, a chelating agent, and a humectant, based upon 100 percent weight of total composition. More preferably, the composition contains from about 0.1 to about 2 percent by weight of a viscosity adjuster, from about 3 to about 5 percent by weight of an emulsifier, from about 1 to about 2 percent by weight of a spreading agent, an antimicrobially effective amount of a preservative, and from about 3 to about 5 percent by weight of a thickener, based upon 100 percent weight of total composition. 
     Without being bound by any theory, applicants believe that by using the ammonium salt of the acid, the storage pH of the present composition can remain above 5, thereby providing a stable atmosphere for the retinol or any other pH sensitive ingredient. However, when applied to the skin, the pH of the ammonium salt of the acid changes by volatilization of the ammonium. The pH drops to a range in which the acid can cause beneficial changes. 
     The compositions can be applied topically to a mammal, and preferably a human, in need of a retinoid, acids, or a combination thereof. Typically, the amount applied will be that amount effective to accomplish the purpose of application. 
     The following examples illustrate the invention without limitation. All amounts are given as weight percentages based upon 100 percent by weight of total composition unless noted otherwise. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     A retinol/alpha-hydroxy acid composition having the formulation of Table 1 and a pH of about 6 and containing paucilamellar vesicles was prepared by a shear mixing method. The apparatus used to prepare the liposomes by the shear mixing method is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,895,452, which is hereby incorporated by reference. A mixture containing the appropriate amounts of the ingredients for the lipid phase was heated in a container at about 75° C. until all of the lipids melted. The lipid melt was then cooled to about 65° C. The ingredients for the aqueous phase were mixed together, heated to about 75° C. to dissolve them, and then cooled to about 60° C. The lipid melt and aqueous phase mixture were then poured into separate holding reservoirs of the shear mixing apparatus. The positive displacement pump for the lipid melt and aqueous phase mixture feed lines were turned on. The feed rate was adjusted to 1 part lipid to 4 parts aqueous phase. The aqueous phase mixture and lipid melt were fed through injection jets into a cylindrical mixing chamber tangentially with respect to the cylinder wall. In the mixing chamber, the two streams of flowing liquid intersect in such a manner as to cause shear mixing that leads to the formation of liposomes. The liposomes formed were then withdrawn through an exit tube and transferred to a Cafero mixing vesicle. The liposomes were cooled to 40° C., under mixing at 200 rpm. After cooling, the single addition components listed in Table 1, were added sequentially. The resultant mixture was then mixed at 200 rpm for about 30 minutes. The formulation was allowed to cool to room temperature under ambient conditions. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Retinol/Alpha-Hydroxy Acid Liposome Formulation-pH6 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 % 
               
               
                 TRADE NAME 
                 CHEMICAL NAME 
                 FUNCTION 
                 WT/WT 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 AQUEOUS PHASE 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Deionized Water 
                 D.I. Water 
                 Vehicle 
                 60.93 
               
               
                 Glycerin 916 
                 Glycerin 
                 Humectant 
                 4 
               
               
                 Citric Acid 
                 Citric Acid 
                 Buffering Agent 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 Sodium Citrate 
                 Sodium Citrate 
                 Buffering Agent 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 Viscosity 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Adjuster 
               
               
                 Methyl Parasept 
                 Methylparaben 
                 Preservative 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 Propyl Parasept 
                 Propylparaben 
                 Preservative 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 Tween 80 
                 Polysorbate 80 
                 Emulsifier 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 Glypure (70%) 
                 Glycolic Acid 
                 Skin Conditioner 
                 5.71 
               
               
                 NH4OH{circumflex over ( )} 
                 Ammonium Hydroxide 
                 pH Adjuster 
                 3.2 
               
               
                   
                 (27 to 31% Solution) 
                 (pH = 6) 
               
               
                 LIPID PHASE 
               
               
                 Wickenol 171 
                 Octyl Hydroxystearate 
                 Conditioning 
                 5.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Agent 
               
               
                 Kessco GDS 
                 Glyceryl Distearate 
                 Emulsifier 
                 2.8 
               
               
                 Cholesterol, NH 
                 Cholesterol NF 
                 Emulsifer 
                 1 
               
               
                 BRIJ 76 
                 POE 10 Stearyl Ether 
                 Emulsifer 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Protocol ST 20G 
                 Ceteareth 20 and 
                 Emulsifier 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Stearyl Alcohol 
               
               
                 Protocol CS 20D 
                 Ceteareth 20 and 
                 Emulsifier 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Stearyl Alcohol 
               
               
                 Stearyl Alcohol 
                 Stearyl Alcohol 
                 Skin Conditioner 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Retinol 50C ™** 
                 Retinol in Polysorbate- 
                 Skin Conditioner 
                 0.4 
               
               
                   
                 20 
               
               
                 BHT 
                 BHT 
                 Antioxidant 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 Vitamin E Acetate 
                 Tocopheryl Acetate 
                 Antioxidant 
                 0.1 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SINGLE ADDITION COMPONENTS 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Emeressence 1160 
                 Phenoxyethanol 
                 Preservative 
                 0.73 
               
               
                 Dimethicone 47V 
                 100 Centistoke 
                 Skin Conditioner 
                 2.5 
               
               
                   
                 Dimethicone 
               
               
                 Sepigel 305 
                 Polyacrylamide, 
                 Thickener 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 C13-24 Isoparrifin 
               
               
                   
                 and Laureth-7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 **Retinol 50C ™ is available from BASF of Mount Olive, NJ, and contains 50% by weight of retinol.  
               
               
                 {circumflex over ( )}Amount of NH 4 OH required to reach pH of 6 is estimated; each batch will be titrated to pH = 6.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The formulation was applied to the skin, and the pH of the skin was measured over time. Results are illustrated in FIG.  1 . The pH of the preparation dropped to about 4.1 within 15 minutes of application. This reduced the skin pH to about 4. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1A 
     A retinol/alpha-hydroxy acid containing composition having the formulation of Table 2 and a pH of about 4 was prepared as described in Example 1. The amount of ammonium hydroxide in this composition was approximately half the amount incorporated in the composition of Example 1. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Retinol/Alpha-Hydroxy Acid Liposoine Formulation - pH4 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                 % 
               
               
                 TRADE NAME 
                 CHEMICAL NAME 
                 FUNCTION 
                 WT/WT 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 AQUEOUS PHASE 
                 (qs with DI water) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Deionized Water 
                 D.I. Water 
                 Vehicle 
                 62.43 
               
               
                 Glycerin 916 
                 Glycerin 
                 Humectant 
                 4 
               
               
                 Citric Acid 
                 Citric Acid 
                 Buffering Agent 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 Sodium Citrate 
                 Sodium Citrate 
                 Buffering Agent 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 Viscosity 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Adjuster 
               
               
                 Methyl Parasept 
                 Methylparaben 
                 Preservative 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 Propyl Parasept 
                 Propylparaben 
                 Preservative 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 Tween 80 
                 Polysorbate 80 
                 Emulsifier 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 Glypure (70%) 
                 Glycolic Acid 
                 Skin Conditioner 
                 5.71 
               
               
                 NH 4 OH{circumflex over ( )} 
                 Ammonium Hydroxide 
                 pH Adjuster 
                 1.7 
               
               
                   
                 27 
               
               
                   
                 to 31% Solution 
                 (pH = 4) 
               
               
                 LIPID PHASE 
               
               
                 Wickenol 171 
                 Octyl Hydroxystearate 
                 Conditioning 
                 5.8 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Agent 
               
               
                 Kessco GDS 
                 Glyceryl Distearate 
                 Emulsifier 
                 2.8 
               
               
                 Cholesterol, NH 
                 Cholesterol NF 
                 Emollient 
                 1 
               
               
                 BRIJ 76 
                 POE 10 Stearyl Ether 
                 Emulsifer 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Protocol ST 20G 
                 Ceteareth 20 and 
                 Emulsifier 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Stearyl Alcohol 
               
               
                 Protocol CS 20D 
                 Ceteareth 20 and 
                 Emulsifier 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Stearyl Alcohol 
               
               
                 Stearyl Alcohol 
                 Stearyl Alcohol 
                 Skin Conditioner 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Retinol 50C ™** 
                 Retinol in Polysorbate- 
                 Skin Conditioner 
                 0.4 
               
               
                   
                 20 
               
               
                 BHT 
                 BHT 
                 Antioxidant 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 Vitamin E Acetate 
                 Tocopheryl Acetate 
                 Antioxidant 
                 0.1 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SINGLE ADDITION COMPONENTS 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Emeressence 1160 
                 Phenoxyethanol 
                 Preservative 
                 0.73 
               
               
                 Dimethicone 47V 
                 100 Centistoke 
                 Skin Conditioner 
                 2.5 
               
               
                   
                 Dimethicone 
               
               
                 Sepigel 305 
                 Polyacrylamide, 
                 Thickener 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 C 13-24  Isoparrifin 
               
               
                   
                 and Laureth-7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 **Retinol 50C ™ is available from BASF of Mount Olive, NJ, and contains 50% by weight of retinol.  
               
               
                 {circumflex over ( )}Amount of NH 4 OH required to reach pH of 4 is estimated.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The formulation was applied to skin, and the pH of the skin was measured over time. Results are illustrated in FIG.  1 . 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1B 
     A retinol/alpha-hydroxy acid containing composition was prepared as described in Example 1 above, except sodium hydroxide was substituted for the ammonium hydroxide. 
     The formulation was applied to skin, and the pH of the skin was measured over time. Results are illustrated in FIG.  1 . 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1C 
     An alpha-hydroxy acid containing composition having 8 percent by weight sodium glyco late at a pH of about 3.5 and no retinol was prepared as described in Example 1 above. 
     The formulation was applied to skin, and the pH of the skin was measured over time. Results are illustrated in FIG.  1 . 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     A composition containing 0.15 percent by weight of retinol and 4 percent by weight of glycolic acid, neutralized with ammonium hydroxide to a pH of about 6 was prepared as described in Example 1 above. 
     An in vivo study of proliferative activity on skin was conducted. The marker of proliferative activity is an increase in fluorescent signal in the ultraviolet portion of the light spectrum. Over the course of 11 days of application, the fluorescence of the epidermis (exciting with 296 nm radiation, monitoring fluorescence at 340 nm) increases with increased proliferation activity. This fluorescence marker also increases after another proliferation inducing treatment such as tape-stripping, and has been shown to correlate with increased cell turnover-rate as measured by increased loss of epidermal stain, dansyl chloride. 
     The slope of the increased fluorescence is illustrated in FIG.  2 . 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2A 
     An in vivo study as described in Example 2 was conducted using a preparation containing no glycolic acid or retinol at pH 6 (placebo). 
     The slope of the increased fluorescence is illustrated in FIG.  2 . 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2B 
     An in vivo study as described in Example 2 was conducted using a preparation containing 4 percent by weight of partially neutralized glycolic acid at pH 4 without retinol (Avon ANEW®). 
     The slope of the increased fluorescence is illustrated in FIG.  2 . 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2C 
     An in vivo study as described in Example 2 was conducted using a preparation containing 8 percent by weight of glycolic acid partially neutralized at pH 3.8 without retinol (Neutrogena HEALTHY SKIN®). 
     The slope of the increased fluorescence is illustrated in FIG.  2 . 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2D 
     An in vivo study as described in Example 2 was conducted on untreated skin. 
     The slope of the increased fluorescence is illustrated in FIG.  2 . 
     FIG. 2 illustrates a significant increase in fluorescence activity and, therefore, cell proliferation in the retinol/glycolic acid preparation of Example 2 in comparison with both a placebo (Example 2A) and untreated skin (Example 2D). 
     FIG. 2 also illustrates a significant increase in fluorescence activity and, therefore, cell proliferation in the retinol/glycolic acid preparation of Example 2 which is similar to that of glycolic acid containing products having pH&#39;s of about 4 (Comparative Examples 2B-D). 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     A composition containing 0.15 percent by weight of retinol and 4 percent by weight of glycolic acid neutralized to pH 5.5 with ammonium hydroxide as in Example 1 was prepared. 
     Fluorescence was measured as in Example 2. Results are illustrated in FIG.  3 . 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3A 
     A composition containing 0.15 percent by weight of retinol and 4 percent by weight of glycolic acid neutralized to pH 5.5 with sodium hydroxide as in Example 1 was prepared. 
     Fluorescence was measured as in Example 2. Results are illustrated in FIG.  3 . 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3B 
     The fluorescence of untreated skin was measured as in Example 2. Results are illustrated in FIG.  3 . 
     FIG. 3 illustrates that while ammonium glycolate (Example 3) dissociates when applied to the skin, sodium glycolate apparently does not (Comparative Example 3A). The latter results in little change in proliferative activity of the skin, and thus no apparent skin benefit. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     A composition prepared as in Example 1 was stored for 13 weeks at 40° C. (simulating 2 years of ambient aging). This preparation retained 87% of the original retinol content after storage. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 4A 
     A composition prepared in Comparative Example 1A was stored for 13 weeks at 40° C. (simulating 2 years of ambient aging). This preparation retained only 52% of the original retinol content after storage. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     A retinol/alpha-hydroxy acid containing composition having the formulation of Table 3 and containing paucilamellar vesicles was prepared as in Example 1 above. After the single addition components were added, a slurry of water and Cabopol ETD 2020 was added to the composition. Mirasil DM 100 and Phenoxetol were added thereto sequentially under mixing at 200 rpm for about 30 minutes. The formulation was allowed to cool to about 25° C. under ambient conditions. The composition did not contain ammonium hydroxide. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 % 
               
               
                 TRADE NAME 
                 CHEMICAL NAME 
                 FUNCTION 
                 WT/WT 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 LIPID PHASE 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Brij 76 
                 Steareth-10 
                   
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Kessco GDS 
                 Glyceryl Distearate 
                 Emulsifier 
                 2.8 
               
               
                 Cholesterol NF 
                 Cholesterol 
                 Emulsifier 
                 1 
               
               
                 Procol ST 20G 
                 Ceteareth-20 &amp; 
                 Emulsifier 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Stearyl Alcohol 
               
               
                 Procol CS 20D 
                 Cereareth-20 &amp; 
                 Emulsifier 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Cetearyl Alcohol 
               
               
                 Lanol S 
                 Stearyl Alcohol 
                 Skin Conditioner 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Wickenol 171 
                 Octyl Hydroxystearate 
                 Conditioning 
                 5.8014 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Agent 
               
               
                 BHT 
                 BHT 
                 Antioxidant 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 Tween 80 
                 Polysorbate 80 
                 Emulsifier 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 Retinol 50C ™** 
                 Retinol in Poly- 
                 Skin Conditioner 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 sorbate-20 
               
               
                 AQUEOUS PHASE 
               
               
                 Eau purifiee 
                 Aqua 
                 Vehicle 
                 41.0843 
               
               
                 Pricerin 9099 
                 Glycerin 
                 Humectant 
                 4 
               
               
                 Methylparaben 
                 Methylparaben 
                 Preservative 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 Propylparaben 
                 Propylparaben 
                 Preservative 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 Disodium EDTA 
                 Disodium EDTA 
                   
                 0.1 
               
               
                 Lactose Rectapur 
                 Lactose 
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 Glypure 70% 
                 Glycolic acid (70%) 
                 Skin Conditioner 
                 5.7143 
               
               
                 Sodium Hydroxide 
                 Sodium Hydroxide 
                 pH Adjuster 
                 1.32 
               
               
                 Eau purifiee 
                 Aqua 
                 Vehicle 
                 20 
               
               
                 Carbopol ETD 
                 Acrylates/C10-30 
                 Thickener 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 2020 
                 Alkyl Acrylate 
               
               
                   
                 crosspolymer 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SINGLE ADDITION COMPONENTS 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mirasil DM 100 
                 Dimethicone 
                 Skin Conditioner 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 Phenoxetol 
                 Phenoxyethanol 
                 Preservative 
                 0.73 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 **Retinol 50C ™ is available from BASF of Mount Olive, NJ, and contains 50% by weight of retinol.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A control having the formulation of Table 3 was prepared excluding ammonium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide (Example 5A). The composition and control were applied to skin, and the pH of the skin was measured over time. Results are illustrated in FIG.  4 . 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     A retinol/alpha-hydroxy acid containing composition having the formulation of Table 4 and a pH of about 5.8 was prepared as described in Example 5, except 3% by weight of ammonium hydroxide was substituted for the sodium hydroxide in Example 5. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 % 
               
               
                 TRADE NAME 
                 CHEMICAL NAME 
                 FUNCTION 
                 WT/WT 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Brij 76 
                 Steareth-10 
                   
                 1.4 
               
               
                 LIPID PHASE 
               
               
                 Kessco GDS 
                 Glyceryl Distearate 
                 Emulsifier 
                 2.8 
               
               
                 Cholesterol NF 
                 Cholesterol 
                 Emulsifier 
                 1 
               
               
                 Procol ST 20G 
                 Ceteareth-20 &amp; Stearyl 
                 Emulsifier 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Alcohol 
               
               
                 Procol CS 20D 
                 Cereareth-20 &amp; 
                 Emulsifier 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 Cetearyl Alcohol 
               
               
                 Lanol S 
                 Stearyl Alcohol 
                 Emulsifier 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Wickenol 171 
                 Octyl Hydroxystearate 
                 Emulsifier 
                 5.8014 
               
               
                 BHT 
                 BHT 
                 Antioxidant 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 Tween 80 
                 Polysorbate 80 
                 Emulsifier 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 Retinol 50C ™** 
                 Retinol in Polysorbate- 
                 Skin Conditioner 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 20 
               
               
                 Eau purifiee 
                 Aqua 
                 Vehicle 
                 39.4043 
               
               
                 AQUEOUS PHASE 
               
               
                 Pricerin 9099 
                 Glycerin 
                 Humectant 
                 4 
               
               
                 Methylparaben 
                 Methylparaben 
                 Preservative 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 Propylparaben 
                 Propylparaben 
                 Preservative 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 Disodium EDTA 
                 Disodium EDTA 
                   
                 0.1 
               
               
                 Lactose Rectapur 
                 Lactose 
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 Glypure 70% 
                 Glycolic acid (70%) 
                 Skin Conditioner 
                 5.7143 
               
               
                 Ammonium 
                 Ammonium Hydroxide 
                 pH Adjuster 
                 3 
               
               
                 Hydroxide 
                 (30%) 
               
               
                 Eau purifiee 
                 Aqua 
                 Vehicle 
                 20 
               
               
                 Carbopol ETD 2020 
                 Acrylates/C10-30 
                 Thickener 
                 0.6 
               
               
                   
                 Alkyl Acrylate 
               
               
                   
                 crosspolymer 
               
             
          
           
               
                 SINGLE ADDITION COMPONENTS 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mirasil DM 100 
                 Dimethicone 
                 Skin Conditioner 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 Phenoxetol 
                 Phenoxyethanol 
                 Preservative 
                 0.73 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 **Retinol 50C ™ is available from BASF of Mount Olive, NJ, and contains 50% by weight of retinol.  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     A control having the formulation of Table 4 was prepared excluding ammonium hydroxide (Example 6A). The composition and control were applied to skin, and the pH of the skin was measured over time. Results are illustrated in FIG.  4 . 
     EXAMPLES 7 and 8 
     Two retinol/alpha-hydroxy acid containing multilamellar liposomal compositions having the formulations of Table 5 below are prepared as follows. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CHEMI- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 TRADE 
                 CAL 
                   
                 Example 7 
                 Example 8 
                   
               
               
                 NAME 
                 NAME 
                 Function 
                 (% W/W) 
                 (% W/W) 
                 Ranges 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 LIPID PHASE 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Glyceryl 
                 Glyceryl 
                 Nonionic 
                 2.8 
                 2.8 
                 1.4-8.4 
               
               
                 Dilaurate 
                 Dilaurate 
                 Surfactant 
               
               
                 Cholesterol 
                 Choles- 
                 Nonionic 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 0.45-2.7  
               
               
                   
                 terol 
                 Surfactant 
               
               
                 POE 10 
                 POE 10 
                 Nonionic 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 1.25-7.5  
               
               
                 Stearyl 
                 Stearyl 
                 Surfactant 
               
               
                 Alcohol 
                 Alcohol 
               
               
                 Laureth-9 
                 Laureth-9 
                 Nonionic 
                 1.24 
                 1.24 
                 0.62-3.72 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Surfactant 
               
               
                 Butylated 
                 BHT 
                 Anti- 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0-3 
               
               
                 Hydroxy- 
                   
                 oxidant 
               
               
                 toluene 
               
               
                 (BHT) 
               
               
                 Retinol 
                 Retinol in 
                 Skin 
                 0.2 
                 0.4 
                 0.01-2   
               
               
                 50C ™ 
                 Poly- 
                 Condi- 
               
               
                   
                 sorbate-20 
                 tioner 
               
             
          
           
               
                 AQUEOUS PHASE 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Citric Acid 
                 Citric 
                 Anti- 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.1-0.8 
               
               
                   
                 Acid 
                 oxidant 
               
               
                 Trisodium 
                 Trisodium 
                 Buffer 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.1-0.8 
               
               
                 Citrate 
                 Citrate 
               
               
                 dihydrate 
                 dihydrate 
               
               
                 Ascorbic 
                 Ascorbic 
                 Anti- 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.01-0.1  
               
               
                 Acid 
                 Acid 
                 oxidant 
               
               
                 Glycerin 
                 Glycerin 
                 Humectant 
                 0 
                 4.0 
                  0-20 
               
               
                 Disodium 
                 Disodium 
                 Chelating 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.01-0.2  
               
               
                 EDTA 
                 EDTA 
                 Agent Pre- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 servative 
               
               
                 Phenoxy- 
                 Phenoxy 
                 Preserva- 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.01-0.5  
               
               
                 ethanol 
                 ethanol 
                 tive 
               
               
                 Methyl- 
                 Methyl- 
                 Preserva- 
                 0.25 
                 0.25 
                 0.01-0.2  
               
               
                 paraben 
                 paraben 
                 tive 
               
               
                 Propyl- 
                 Propyl- 
                 Preserva- 
                 0.15 
                 0.15 
                 0.01-0.2  
               
               
                 paraben 
                 paraben 
                 tive 
               
               
                 Glypure 
                   
                 Skin 
                 5.71 
                 5.71 
                 0.01-15   
               
               
                 (70%) 
                   
                 Condi- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 tioner 
               
               
                 Ammonium 
                 Ammon- 
                 pH 
                 3.2 
                 3.2 
                 0.01-10   
               
               
                 Hydroxide 
                 ium 
                 adjuster 
               
               
                 (27 to 31%) 
                 Hydroxide 
                 (pH = 6) 
               
               
                   
                 (27 to 
               
               
                   
                 31%) 
               
               
                 Water 
                 Water 
                 Carrier 
                 81.29 
                 77.06 
                 40-90 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     These compositions may be prepared by the following two methods. 
     1. Shear Mixing Method: Appropriate amounts of the lipid phase ingredients are mixed in a container heated to about 75° C. until all the lipids have melted. The lipid melt is then cooled to about 65° C. The aqueous phase ingredients are mixed and heated to about 75° C. to dissolve them and then cooled to about 60° C. The lipid melt and aqueous phase mixture are poured into separate holding reservoirs of a shear mixing apparatus for preparing liposomes as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,895,452. The positive displacement pump for the lipid and aqueous feed lines is turned on. The feed rate will depend on the desired viscosity of the composition. For a thinner consistency, a feed rate of 1 part lipid to 9 parts aqueous phase may be utilized. For thicker consistencies, a feed rate of 1 part lipid phase to 4 parts aqueous phase may be utilized. After the feed rate is adjusted, valves to the feed lines are opened and the aqueous phase mixture and lipid melt are fed through injection jets into a cylindrical mixing chamber tangentially with respect to the cylinder wall. In the mixing chamber, the two streams of liquid intersect in such a manner as to cause shear mixing that causes the formation of liposomes. The liposomes are then withdrawn through an exit tube. 
     2. Syringe Method: Appropriate amounts of the lipid phase ingredients are mixed in a beaker at 75° C. until the lipids melt. The lipid melt is drawn into a syringe, which was preheated in a water bath to about 75° C. A second syringe containing appropriate amounts of the aqueous phase ingredients is preheated in a water bath to about 70° C. The two syringes were then connected via a 3-way metal stopcock. The ratio of aqueous phase mixture to lipid phase mixture was about 4:1 or 4 ml of aqueous phase mixture to 1 ml of lipid phase mixture. The ratio of aqueous phase mixture to lipid phase mixture can be adjusted to obtain the desired viscosity. After injecting the aqueous phase mixture into the lipid phase mixture, the resulting mixture is rapidly mixed back and forth between the two syringes several times until the contents cool to about 25-30° C. 
     EXAMPLES 9 and 10 
     Two oil-in-water emulsions of the present invention are shown in Table 6. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CHEMI- 
                   
                   
                 Example 
                   
               
               
                 TRADE 
                 CAL 
                   
                 Example 9 
                 10 
                   
               
               
                 NAME 
                 NAME 
                 Function 
                 (% W/W) 
                 (% W/W) 
                 Ranges 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 OIL PHASE 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Cetearyl 
                 Cetearyl 
                 Surfactant 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 0.1-2.8 
               
               
                 Glucoside 
                 Glucoside 
               
               
                 C12-15 
                 C12-15 
                 Surfactant 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
                 1-6 
               
               
                 Alkyl 
                 Alkyl 
               
               
                 Benzoate 
                 Benzoate 
               
               
                 Octyl 
                 Octyl 
                 Emollient 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0-5 
               
               
                 Hydroxy- 
                 Hydroxy- 
               
               
                 stearate 
                 stearate 
               
               
                 Dimethicone 
                 Dimethi- 
                 Spreading 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0-5 
               
               
                   
                 cone 
                 Agent 
               
               
                 Cyclo- 
                 Cyclo- 
                 Spreading 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 0-5 
               
               
                 methicone 
                 methicone 
                 Agent 
               
               
                 Cetyl 
                 Cetyl 
                 Emollient 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 0-4 
               
               
                 Alcohol 
                 Alcohol 
               
               
                 Butylated 
                 BHT 
                 Anti- 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0-3 
               
               
                 Hydroxy- 
                   
                 oxidant 
               
               
                 toluene 
               
               
                 Octyl 
                 Octyl 
                 Sunscreen 
                 6.0 
                 6.0 
                  0-10 
               
               
                 Methoxy- 
                 Methoxy- 
               
               
                 cinnamate 
                 cinnamate 
               
               
                 Propyl- 
                 Propyl- 
                 Preserva- 
                 0.5 
                 0.1 
                   0-0.5 
               
               
                 paraben 
                 paraben 
                 tive 
               
               
                 Vitamin E 
                 Vitamin E 
                 Anti- 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                   0-0.5 
               
               
                 acetate 
                 acetate 
                 oxidant 
               
               
                 Retinol 
                 Retinol 
                 Anti- 
                 0.25 
                 0.4 
                 0.01-5   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Wrinkle 
               
               
                 Tocopherol 
                 Toco- 
                 Anti- 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                   0-0.5 
               
               
                 Acetate 
                 pherol 
                 oxidant 
               
               
                   
                 Acetate 
               
             
          
           
               
                 AQUEOUS PHASE 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Glycerin 
                 Glycerin 
                 Humectant 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
                  0-20 
               
               
                 D-Pathenol 
                 D- 
                 Pro- 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0-5 
               
               
                   
                 Pathenol 
                 Vitamin 
               
               
                 Disodium 
                 Disodium 
                 Chelator, 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.01-1   
               
               
                 EDTA 
                 EDTA 
                 whitening 
               
               
                   
                   
                 agent 
               
               
                 Methyl 
                 Methyl 
                 Preserva- 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                   0-0.3 
               
               
                 Paraben 
                 Paraben 
                 tive 
               
               
                 Carbomer 
                   
                 Thickener 
                 0.35 
                 0.35 
                 0-3 
               
               
                 Glycolic 
                 Glycolic 
                 Skin 
                 5.71 
                 5.71 
                  0-15 
               
               
                 acid (70%) 
                 acid 
                 Condi- 
               
               
                   
                 (70%) 
                 tioner 
               
               
                 Ammonium 
                 Ammon- 
                 pH 
                 3.2 
                 3.2 
                 0-1 
               
               
                 Hydroxide 
                 ium 
                 adjuster 
               
               
                   
                 Hydroxide 
               
               
                 Deionized 
                 Deionized 
                 Carrier 
                 68.19 
                 68.04 
                 50-80 
               
               
                 Water 
                 Water 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Each emulsion is prepared by mixing the lipid phase ingredients and heating the mixture to about 85° C. The lipid phase mixture is then cooled to about 60° C. 
     In a separate vessel, the carbomer is slowly added to the water. After mixing for about 10 minutes the remaining aqueous phase ingredients are added and the mix is heated to about 60° C. 
     The two phases are then combined, mixed for about 10 minutes, and cooled to room temperature. One or more depigmentation agents may be added to the formulations in these examples. 
     EXAMPLES 11 and 12 
     Two water-in-oil emulsions of the present invention are shown in Table 7. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CHEMI- 
                   
                 Example 
                 Example 
                   
               
               
                 TRADE 
                 CAL 
                   
                 11  
                 12 
                   
               
               
                 NAME 
                 NAME 
                 Function 
                 (% W/W) 
                 (% W/W) 
                 Ranges 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 OIL PHASE 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Mineral Oil 
                 Mineral 
                 Emollient 
                 25.0 
                 25.0 
                 40-80 
               
               
                   
                 Oil 
               
               
                 Sorbitan 
                 Sorbitan 
                 Surfactant 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
                 1-6 
               
               
                 Monooleate 
                 Mono- 
               
               
                   
                 oleate 
               
               
                 Stearyl 
                 Stearyl 
                 Emollient 
                 25.0 
                 25.0 
                 20-60 
               
               
                 Alcohol 
                 Alcohol 
               
               
                 Dimethicone 
                 Dimethi- 
                 Spreading 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
                 1-5 
               
               
                   
                 cone 
                 Agent 
               
               
                 Cetyl 
                 Cetyl 
                 Emollient 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 0.1-10  
               
               
                 Alcohol 
                 Alcohol 
               
               
                 Hydro- 
                 Hydro- 
                 Anti- 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
                  0-10 
               
               
                 genated 
                 genated 
                 oxidant 
               
               
                 Lecithin 
                 Lecithin 
               
               
                 Parsol MCX 
                   
                 Sunscreen 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
                  0-10 
               
               
                 Butylated 
                 BHT 
                 Anti- 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0-3 
               
               
                 Hydroxy- 
                   
                 oxidant 
               
               
                 toluene 
               
               
                 Retinol 
                 Retinol 
                 Anti- 
                 0.25 
                 0.4 
                 0.01-5   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Wrinkle 
               
               
                 Propyl- 
                 Propyl- 
                 Preserva- 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.01-0.5  
               
               
                 paraben 
                 paraben 
                 tive 
               
               
                 Vitamin E 
                 Vitamin E 
                 Anti- 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.01-0.5  
               
               
                 acetate 
                 acetate 
                 oxidant 
               
             
          
           
               
                 AQUEOUS PHASE 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Glycerin 
                 Glycerin 
                 Humectant 
                 3.0 
                 3.0 
                  0-20 
               
               
                 Methyl 
                 Methyl 
                 Preserva- 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.01-0.3  
               
               
                 Paraben 
                 Paraben 
                 tive 
               
               
                 Water 
                 Water 
                 Carrier 
                 22.59 
                 22.44 
                 20-45 
               
               
                 Glycolic acid 
                 Glycolic 
                 Skin 
                 5.71 
                 5.71 
                  0-15 
               
               
                 (70%) 
                 acid 
                 Condi- 
               
               
                   
                 (70%) 
                 tioner 
               
               
                 Ammonium 
                 Ammon- 
                 pH 
                 3.2 
                 3.2 
                 0-1 
               
               
                 Hydroxide 
                 ium 
                 adjuster 
               
               
                   
                 Hydroxide 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Each emulsion is prepared by melting stearyl alcohol and mineral oil at about 70° C. The other oil phase ingredients are added and the mixture is heated to about 75° C. The aqueous phase ingredients are dissolved in water and warmed to about 70° C. The aqueous phase mixture is added to the oil phase mixture. The resulting mixture is stirred until it congeals. 
     All patents, publications, applications, and test methods mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     Many variations of the present invention will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art in light of the above, detailed description. All such obvious variations are within the full intended scope of the appended claims.