Abstract:
The present invention provides a compound of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine having the formula 
                                 
wherein:
   X=N;   R=H, alkylthio, or aminoalkylthio;   R 1 =NHcyclopropyl, NHC 3 H 7 , NHC 4 H 9 , N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , NHCH 2 CH 2 OC 2 H 5 , 1-pyrrolidinyl, 1-piperidinyl, 4-morpholinyl, NHcyclohexyl, 1-hexahydroazepinyl, NHCH 2 C 6 H 5 , or NHCH 2 CH 2 C 6 H 5 ;     
                                 
wherein R 3 =H, halogen, or alkyl
 
                                 
and
   R 5 =Cl, Br or OH.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a National Phase application of International Application No. PCT/IT2004/000303, filed May 26, 2004, which claims priority of Italian patent application Nos. RM2003A000263, filed May 28, 2003, and RM2003A00264, filed May 23, 2003. The contents of the preceding applications are hereby incorporated in their entireties by reference into this application. 
     Throughout this application, various publications are referenced. Disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated in their entireties by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present patent concerns 4-substituted derivatives of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine and pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine. In addition, the patent concerns the use of compounds, herein described, as agents especially, but not limited, for the therapy of tumours and leukaemia, their use for preparing pharmaceutical compositions, methods for the synthesis of compounds and their intermediates. 
     Over the past three decades, neoplastic diseases have been the second most common cause of death among western population, and the incidence rates have been increasing over time. 1  Meanwhile, if the survival rates of cancer patients are increasing substantially, the incidence rates are still very high. The phenotype shift from the standard to the neoplastic one is a substantially complex biological event, involving many alterations in cell physiology. Among them, transduction factor over expression has a critical role, and one of the most studied and interesting modifications are those involving over expression of Src tyrosine kinase (TK). 2  Such TK is the prototype member of the non-receptor Src family of protein tyrosine kinases (PTK). 3  Src is activated following engagement of many different classes of cellular receptors and participates as a convergence point in different signalling pathways. 4,5  In this regard, Src is a critical component of the signalling cascades initiated by TK-linked receptors, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and G-protein coupled receptors, and is directly associated with, and may regulate signalling via, the EGFR and HER-2/neu PTK receptor, 6,7  both of which are involved in cancer. Finally, Src over expression and activation has been correlated with a large number of growth-regulatory processes where Src participates. The process of activation of Src is mediated by the phosphorylation of the tyrosine 416; on this basis, inhibitors of Src phosphorylation process may halt uncontrolled tumour cell growth and play an important role as new therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The authors have designed and synthesized a new class of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives. They have also found that some of such compounds were inhibitors of cell proliferation in A431, 8701-BC and leukaemia cell lines. Thus, the new compounds could be considered as potential anti tumour and antileukaemic agents. Therefore it is an object of the invention a 4-substituted derivative of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine having the formula 
                                
wherein:
     X=CH or N;   R=H, alkylthio, or aminoalkylthio;   R 1 =NHcyclopropyl, or NHC 3 H 7 , or NHC 4 H 9 , or N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , or NHCH 2 CH 2 OC 2 H 5 , or 1-pyrrolidinyl, or 1-piperidinyl, or 4-morpholinyl, or NHcyclohexyl, or 1-hexahydroazepinyl, or NHCH 2 C 6 H 5 , or NHCH 2 CH 2 C 6 H 5 ;   
                                
where R 3 =H, halogen, alkyl.
 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
         
         R 5 =Cl, Br or OH. 
       
    
     Preferably X=N; R=H or SCH 3 , or SC 2 H 5 ; R 1 =NHC 3 H 7 , or NHC 4 H 9 , or N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , or NHCH 2 CH 2 OC 2 H 5 , or 1-pyrrolidinyl, or 1-piperidinyl, or 4-morpholinyl, or NHcyclohexyl, or 1-hexahydroazepinyl, or NHCH 2 C 6 H 5 , or NHCH 2 CH 2 C 6 H 5 ;
     R 2 =H; R 3 =H;   

     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
         
         R 5 =Cl, Br, OH. 
       
    
     Preferably X=N, R=SCH 3 , R 1  is one of the following residues: NHC 4 H 9 , or 1-piperidinyl, or 4-morpholinyl, or NHCH 2 C 6 H 5 , or NHCH 2 CH 2 C 6 H 5 . R 2 =R 3 =H, R 4 =2-chloro-2-phenylethyl. 
     Preferably X=N, R=SC 2 H 5 , R 1  is one of the following residues: NHC 3 H 7 , or NHC 4 H 9 , or NHCH 2 C 6 H 5 . R 2 =R 3 =H, R 4 =2-chloro-2-phenylethyl. 
     Preferably X=N, R=H, R 1  is one of the following residues: NHC 4 H 9 , or NHcyclohexyl. R 2 =R 3 =H, R 4 =2-bromo-2-phenylethyl. 
     Preferably X=N, R=H, R 1  is one of the following residues: 1-piperidinyl, or NHCH 2 C 6 H 5 , or NHCH 2 CH 2 C 6 H 5 . R 2 =R 3 =H, R 4 =2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl. 
     Preferably X=N, R=H, R 1  is one of the following residues: NHCH 2 CH 2 OC 2 H 5 , or NHCH 2 C 6 H 5 , or NHCH 2 CH 2 C 6 H 5 . R 2 =R 3 =H, R 4 =styryl. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the compound of the invention is used as medicament, preferably as an anti-tumour and/or anti-leukaemia agent. 
     It is another object of the invention a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one of the compounds of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and suitable excipients and/or diluents. 
     Compounds of the invention or their salts may be administered as pure or as pharmaceutical formulations, i.e. suitable for parenteral, oral, or rectal administrations. Each of said formulations may contain excipients and/or fillers and/or additives and/or binders, coatings and/or suspending agents and/or emulsifying agents, preserving and/or control release agents, suitable for the selected pharmaceutical form. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention shall be described with reference to following Figures: 
         FIG. 1 . Synthetic pathway of compounds 1-5. 
         FIG. 2 . Inhibitory effects of compounds 1a, 1e, 1f, and 2c on the growth of 8701-BC cells measured by the MTT assay. 21  Values are means±SEM of three independent experiments performed in duplicates. 
         FIG. 3 . Phospho-Src inhibition by compounds 1a, 1e, 1f, and 2c toward 8701-BC cells, with respect to the reference compound PP2. Immunoblot analysis was performed using phospho-specific antibodies to Src (Tyr416). Filters were additionally reprobed with specific non-phospho anti-Src antibodies after stripping. Lane 1: cell control; lane 2: cells treated for 15 min with EGF (100 nM); lane 3-7: cells challenged for 3 h in the presence of 10 μM of the specified compound and then treated for 15 min with EGF (100 nM). Results are representative of three independent experiments. 
         FIG. 4 . Inhibitory effects of compounds 2c, 1b and 1e on the growth of A431 cells measured by the MTT assay. 21  Values are means±SEM of three independent experiments performed in duplicates.
           FIG. 5 . Phospho-Src inhibition by compounds 1b, 2c and 1e toward A431 cells, in comparison to the reference compound PP2. Cells were cultured at a concentration of 20 3  cells/mL in the presence of 10 μM of the specific compound for 3 h at 37° C. EGF (0,1 μM, Cell Signaling Technology, MA, U.S.A.) was added 10 min before lysis. Cell lysates (40 μg protein) were subjected to SDS-PAGE and electrophoretically transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. Immunoblotting was performed using the specific antibody. The membranes were visualized with luminescent substrates. The figure is a representative gel of three similar experiments.       
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Chemistry: Materials and Methods for Synthesis 
     Compounds 1-2 ( FIG. 1 ) were prepared starting from the ethyl ester of 5-amino-1-(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid 5, obtained following our reported procedure. 8  Reaction of 5 with benzoyl isothiocyanate in THF at reflux for 8 h yielded the intermediate 6, which was cyclized to the pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine 7 by treatment with 1M NaOH at 100° C. for 10 min, followed by acidification with acetic acid (80% yield). Alkylation of the thio group in position 6 with methyl or ethyl iodide in THF at reflux afforded the 6-thioalkyl derivatives 8, that were in turn treated with the Vilsmeier complex (POCl 3 :DMF, 4 equiv) in CHCl 3  to obtain the dihalogenated compounds 9 bearing the chlorine atom both at the position 4 of the pyrimidine nucleus and the N1 side chain. Compounds 9 were purified in good yield by chromatography on Silica Gel column. Finally, regioselective substitution of the C4 chlorine atom with an excess of various amines afforded the desired compounds 1-2 in yields ranging between 60 and 80%. Notably, the chlorine atom at the side chain has never been substituted by the amine in spite of its benzylic position, as shown by the  1 H NMR chemical shifts of the CH 2 —CH side chain, which give an ABX complex pattern which it is similar to that of the starting material. 
     Reaction of 5 with formamide in excess at 190° C. for 8 h afforded the pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinone 10 which was purified by dissolving the crude in 2M NaOH, boiling with coal, followed by precipitation with acetic acid (yield 70%, m.p. 271-272° C.). Compound 11 was prepared in a yield of 44% following the Beal and Véliz 9  procedure by treatment of 10 with a mixture of HMPT/NBS in acetonitrile at −20° C. followed by addition of LiBr and refluxing. It is interesting to point out that the secondary OH on the side chain remained unaltered by this procedure, as shown by its  1 H NMR spectrum. Treatment of 11 with morpholine, butylamine, or piperidine gave the desired compounds 3a-c. 
     Reaction of 10 at reflux with POCl 3  afforded the 1-styryl derivative 12 which was reacted with an excess of various amines in toluene to give 4a-d in good yield. Starting materials were purchased from Aldrich-Italia (Milan, Italy). 
     Melting points were determined with a Büchi 530 apparatus and are uncorrected. IR spectra were measured in KBr with a Perkin-Elmer 398 spectrophotometer.  1 H NMR spectra were recorded in a (CD 3 ) 2 SO solution on a Varian Gemini 200 (200 MHz) instrument. Chemical shifts are reported as δ (ppm) relative to TMS as internal standard, J in Hz.  1 H patterns are described using the following abbreviations: s=singlet, d=doublet, t=triplet, q=quartet, sx=sextect, m=multiplet, br=broad. All compounds were tested for purity by TLC (Merk, Silica gel 60 F 254 , CHCl 3  as eluant). 
     Analyses for C, H, N were within ±0.3% of the theoretical value. 
     A scheme is shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     Ethyl 5-{[(benzoylamino)carbonothioyl]amino}-1-(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (6) 
     A suspension of 5 (2.7 g, 10 mmol) and benzoyl isothiocyanate (1.7 g, 11 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF) (20 mL) was refluxed for 12 h. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure; the oil residue crystallized adding diethyl ether (30 mL) to afford the pure product 6 (4.07 g, 93%) as a white solid; mp 171-172° C.  1 H NMR: δ 1.29 (t, J=7.0, 3H, CH 3 ), 3.97-4.20 (m, 5H, 2CH 2 +OH, 1H disappears with D 2 O), 4.58-4.68 (m, 1H, CHO), 7.05-7.98 (m, 10H Ar), 8.02 (s, 1H, H-3), 8.70 (s, 1H, NH, disappears with D 2 O), 12.05 (s, 1H, NH, disappears with D 2 O). IR cm −1 : 3221 (NH), 3190-2940 (OH), 1708 and 1671 (2 CO). Anal. (C 22 H 22 N 4 O 4 S) C, H, N, S. 
     1-(2-Hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)-6-thioxo-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one (7) 
     A solution of 6 (4.38 g, 10 mmol) in 2 M NaOH (40 mL) was refluxed for 10 min and successively diluted with H 2 O (40 mL). The solution was acidified with glacial acetic acid. Standing in a refrigerator for 12 h, a solid crystallized, and was filtered and recrystallized from absolute ethanol to give 7 (2.3 g, 80%) as a white solid; mp 264-265° C.  1 H NMR: δ 4.15-4.30 and 4.55-4.72 (2m, 2H, CH 2 N), 4.85-5.00 (m, 1H, CHO), 5.66 (br s, 1H, OH, disappears with D 2 O), 7.20-7.51 (m, 5H Ar), 8.02 (s, 1H, H-3), 12.20 (s, 1H, NH, disappears with D 2 O), 13.40 (s, 1H, NH, disappears with D 2 O). IR cm −1 : 3362 (NH), 3142-2773 (OH), 1681 (CO). Anal. (C 13 H 12 N 4 O 2 S) C, H, N, S. 
     1-(2-Hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)-6-(methylthio)-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one (8a) 
     A solution of 7 (2.88 g, 10 mmol) and methyl iodide (7.10 g, 50 mmol) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) was refluxed for 12 h. The solvent and the excess of methyl iodide were removed by distillation under reduced pressure; the oil residue crystallized by adding CHCl 3  (10 mL) and was purified by recrystallization with absolute ethanol to give 8a (2.17 g, 72%) as a white solid; mp 208-209° C.  1 H NMR: δ 2.51 (s, 3H, CH 3 ), 4.27-4.50 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.04-5.18 (m, 1H, CHO), 5.68 (d, 1H, OH, disappears with D 2 O), 7.20-7.42 (m, 5H Ar), 7.97 (s, 1H, H-3). IR cm −1 : 3544 (NH), 3450-3350 (OH), 1678 (CO). Anal. (C 14 H 14 N 4 O 2 S) C, H, N, S. 
     1-(2-Hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)-6-(ethylthio)-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one (8b) 
     Compound 8b was prepared according to the synthetic sequence described for compound 8a, by using ethyl iodide as alkylating agent. In this case, the crude was purified by column chromatography (Silica Gel, 100 Mesh) using a mixture of CHCl 3 :MeOH (9:1) as the eluant, to afford the pure product 8b (2.05 g, 65%) as a light yellow solid: mp 199-200° C.  1 H NMR: δ 1.45 (t, J=7.6, 3H, CH 3 ), 3.22 (q, J=7.4, 2H, CH 2 ), 4.44-4.68 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.21-5.30 (m, 1H, CHO), 7.26-7.47 (m, 5H Ar), 8.10 (s, 1H, H-3). IR cm −1  3470 (NH), 3450-3340 (OH), 1670 (CO). Anal. (C 15 H 16 N 4 O 2 S) C, H, N, S. 
     4-Chloro-1-(2-chloro-2-phenylethyl)-6-(methylthio)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (9a) 
     The Vilsmeier complex, previously prepared from POCl 3  (6.13 g, 40 mmol) and anhydrous dimethylformamide (DMF) (2.92 g, 40 mmol) was added to a suspension of 8a (3.02 g, 10 mmol) in CHCl 3  (20 mL). 
     The mixture was refluxed for 4 h. The solution was washed with H 2 O (2×20 mL), dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude oil was purified by column chromatography (Silica gel, 100 Mesh), using a mixture of diethyl ether/petroleum ether (bp 40-60° C.) (1:1) as the eluant, to afford the pure product 9a (2.2 g, 65%) as a white solid, mp 95-96° C.  1 H NMR: δ 2.62 (s, 3H, CH 3 ), 4.77-5.05 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.45-5.56 (m, 1H, CHCl), 7.29-7.46 (m, 5H Ar), 8.02 (s, 1H, H-3). Anal. (C 14 H 12 N 4 SCl 2 ) C, H, N, S. 
     4-Chloro-1-(2-chloro-2-phenylethyl)-6-(ethylthio)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (9b) 
     Compound 9b was prepared according to the synthetic sequence described for compound 9a, starting from 8b, to afford the pure product 9b (2.12 g, 60%) as a white solid, mp 89-90° C. 
       1 H NMR: δ 1.49 (t, J=7.2, 3H, CH 3 ), 3.23 (q, J=7.2, 2H, CH 2 ), 4.75-5.03 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.43-5.57 (m, 1H, CHCl), 7.28-7.47 (m, 5H Ar), 8.04 (s, 1H, H-3). Anal. (C 15 H 14 N 4 SCl 2 ) C, H, N, S. 
     General Procedure for Compounds 1a-f and 2a-c 
     To a solution of 9a or 9b (10 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (20 mL), the appropriate amine (40 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The mixture was washed with H 2 O, the organic phase was dried (MgSO 4 ) and evaporated under reduced pressure; the residue oil crystallized by adding petroleum ether (bp 40-60° C.) (10 mL), to give the products 1a-f and 2a-c. 
     1a. White solid, yield 60%.  1 H NMR: δ 1.60-1.82 (m, 6H, 3CH 2 pip), 2.57 (s, 3H, CH 3 ), 3.82-3.98 (m, 4H, 2CH 2 Npip), 4.70-4.97 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.53-5.64 (m, 1H, CHCl), 7.28-7.49 (m, 5H Ar), 7.81 (s, 1H, H-3). Anal. (C 19 H 22 N 5 SCl) C, H, N, S. 
     1b. White solid, yield 75%.  1 H NMR: δ 2.57 (s, 3H, CH 3 ), 3.77-3.87 and 3.89-3.98 (2m, 8H, 4CH 2 morph), 4.71-4.98 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.51-5.61 (m, 1H, CHCl), 7.26-7.49 (m, 5H Ar), 7.82 (s, 1H, H-3). Anal. (C 18 H 20 N 5 OSCl) C, H, N, S. 
     1c. White solid, yield 68%.  1 H NMR: δ 1.21 (t, J=7.0, 3H, CH 3 ), 2.56 (s, 3H, CH 3 S), 3.53 (q, J=7.0, 2H, O CH   2 CH 3 ), 3.55-3.85 (m, 4H, 2CH 2 ), 4.66-4.97 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.45-5.60 (m, 1H, CHCl), 5.72 (br s, 1H, NH, disappears with D 2 O), 7.27-7.44 (m, 5H Ar), 7.77 (s, 1H, H-3). IR cm −1 : 3441 (NH). Anal. (C 18 H 22 N 5 OSCl) C, H, N, S. 
     1d. White solid, yield 62%.  1 H NMR: δ 0.97 (t, J=7.0, 3H, CH 3 ), 1.33-1.84 (m, 4H, 2CH 2 ), 2.57 (s, 3H, CH 3 S), 3.59 (q, J=7.0, 2H,  CH   2 NH), 4.70-4.95 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.49-5.60 (m, 1H, CHCl), 7.23-7.49 (m, 5H Ar), 7.78 (s, 1H, H-3). IR cm −1 : 3413 (NH). Anal. (C 18 H 22 N 5 SCl) C, H, N, S. 
     1e. White solid, yield 81%.  1 H NMR: □ 2.58 (s, 3H, CH 3 ), 4.70-4.94 (m, 4H, CH 2 N+ CH   2 NH), 5.50-5.60 (m, 1H, CHCl), 7.24-7.96 (m, 10H Ar), 7.72 (s, 1H, H-3). IR cm −1 : 3442 (NH). Anal. (C 21 H 20 N 5 SCl) C, H, N, S. 
     1f. White solid, yield 76%.  1 H NMR: δ 2.59 (s, 3H, CH 3 ), 2.98 (q, J=6.0, 2H, CH 2 Ar), 3.87 (q, J=6.0, 2H,  CH   2 NH), 4.70-4.95 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.30 (br s, 1H, NH, disappears with D 2 O), 5.50-5.60 (m, 1H, CHCl), 7.19-7.48 (m, 10H Ar), 7.73 (s, 1H, H-3). IR cm −1 : 3445 (NH). Anal. (C 22 H 22 N 5 SCl) C, H, N, S. 
     2a. White solid, yield 65%.  1 H NMR: δ 1.46 (t, J=7.4, 3H, CH 3 ), 1.65-1.82 (m, 6H, 3CH 2 pip), 3.18 (q, J=7.4, 2H, CH 2 ), 3.84-3.96 (m, 4H, 2CH 2 Npip), 4.70-4.97 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.53-5.64 (m, 1H, CHCl), 7.28-7.52 (m, 5H Ar), 7.84 (s, 1H, H-3). Anal. (C 20 H 24 N 5 SCl) C, H, N, S. 
     2b. White solid, yield 80%.  1 H NMR: δ 1.46 (t, J=7.4, 3H, CH 3 ), 3.15 (q, J=7.4, 2H, CH 2 ), 3.73-3.88 and 3.90-4.08 (2m, 8H, 4CH 2  morph), 4.69-5.00 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.51-5.62 (m, 1H, CHCl), 7.23-7.56 (m, 5H Ar), 7.82 (s, 1H, H-3). Anal. (C 19 H 22 N 5 OSCl) C, H, N, S. 
     2c. White solid, yield 60%.  1 H NMR: δ 0.95 (t, J=7.6, 3H, CH 3 but), 1.44 (m, 5H, SCH 2   CH   3 +CH 2 but), 1.60-1.67 (m, 2H, CH 2 but), 3.18 (q, J=7.6, 2H, CH 2 S), 3.56 (q, J=6.0, 2H,  CH   2 NH), 4.65-4.90 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.48-5.59 (m, 1H, CHCl), 7.21-7.49 (m, 5H Ar), 7.78 (s, 1H, H-3). IR cm −1 : 3400 (NH). Anal. (C 19 H 24 N 5 SCl) C, H, N, S. 
     1-(2-Hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one (10) 
     A suspension of 5 (2.75 g, 10 mmol) in formamide (10 g, 333 mmol) was heated at 190° C. for 8 h and then poured in H 2 O (300 mL). The crude was filtered and purified by dissolving in 2M NaOH (100 mL), boiling with coal, followed by precipitation with glacial acetic acid. The solid was filtered and recrystallized from absolute ethanol to give 10 (1.79 g, 70%) as a white solid: mp 270-271° C.  1 H NMR: δ 4.25-4.55 (m, 2H, CH 2 ), 5.05-5.15 (m, 1H, CHO), 5.65 (d, 1H, OH, disappears with D 2 O), 7.25-7.45 (m, 5H Ar), 8.05 (s, 1H, H-3), 8.10 (s, 1H, H-6), 12.15 (br s, 1H, NH, disappears with D 2 O). IR cm −1 : 3400 (NH), 3245-2500 (OH), 1740 (CO). Anal. (C 13 H 12 N 4 O 2 ) C, H, N. 
     2-(4-Bromo-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-1-phenylethanol (11) 
     To a cold (−20° C.) suspension of 10 (2.56 g, 10 mmol) and NBS (7.12 g, 40 mmol) in dry acetonitrile (20 mL), hexamethylphosphorous triamide (HT) (6.53 g, 40 mmol) was added dropwise. After addition, the cold bath was removed and the reaction mixture stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h. LiBr (3.44 g, 40 mmol) was added and the mixture was heated at 70° C. for 5 h. The mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure. The dark oil was purified by column chromatography (Silica Gel, 100 Mesh) using CHCl 3  as the eluant, to afford the pure product 11 (1.40 g, 44%) as a white solid: mp 146-147° C.  1 H NMR: δ 3.46-3.53 (br s, 1H, OH, disappears with D 2 O), 4.57-4.79 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.18-5.29 (m, 1H, CHO), 7.30-7.52 (m, 5H Ar), 8.01 (s, 1H, H-3), 8.48 (s, 1H, H-6). IR cm −1 : 3240-2500 (OH). Anal. (C 13 H 11 N 4 OBr) C, H, N. 
     General Procedure for Compounds 3a,b 
     Compounds 3a,b were prepared according to the synthetic sequence described for compound 1 and 2, starting from product 11. 
     3a. White solid, yield 75%.  1 H NMR: δ 3.83-3.94 and 3.95-4.05 (2m, 8H, 4CH 2 morph), 4.55-4.78 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 4.94 (s, 1H, OH, disappears with D 2 O), 5.20-5.29 (m, 1H, CHO), 7.25-7.51 (m, 5H, Ar), 7.95 (s, 1H, H-3), 8.38 (s, 1H, H-6). IR cm −1 : 3400-3000 (OH). Anal. (C 17 H 19 N 5 O 2 ) C, H, N. 
     3b. White solid, yield 80%.  1 H NMR: δ 1.01 (t, J=7.6, 3H, CH 3 ), 1.45 (sx, J=7.6, 2H,  CH   2 CH 3 ), 1.62-1.80 (m, 3H,  CH   2 CH 2 CH 3 +NH, 1H, disappears with D 2 O), 3.65 (q, J=7.1, 2H,  CH   2 NH), 4.53-4.77 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.01 (br s, 1H, OH, disappears with D 2 O), 5.21-5.32 (m, 1H, CHO), 7.25-7.54 (m, 5H Ar), 7.93 (s, 1H, H-3), 8.37 (s, 1H, H-6). IR cm −1 : 3400-2900 (OH+NH). Anal. (C 17 H 21 N 5 O) C, H, N. 
     4-Chloro-1-(2-phenylvinyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (12) 
     POCl 3  (14 g, 91 mmol) was added to 10 (2.56 g, 10 mmol) and the mixture was refluxed for 12 h and then cooled to room temperature. 
     The excess of POCl 3  was removed by distillation under reduced pressure. H 2 O (20 mL) was carefully added to the residue and the suspension was extracted with CHCl 3  (3×20 mL). The organic solution was washed with H 2 O (10 mL), dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude brown oil was purified by column chromatography (Florisil® 100-200 Mesh), using CHCl 3  as the eluant to afford the pure product 12 (1.66 g, 65%) as a white solid: mp 139-140° C.  1 H NMR: δ 7.25-7.61 m, 6H, 5H Ar+CH═), 8.04 (d, J trans =14.6, 1H, CH═), 8.29 (s, 1H, H-3), 8.85 (s, 1H, H-6). IR cm −1  1658 (C═C). Anal. (C 13 H 9 N 4 Cl) C, H, N. 
     General Procedure for Compounds 4 a-d 
     Compounds 4 a-d were prepared according to the synthetic sequence described for compounds 1, 2, and 3 starting from product 12. 
     4a. White solid, yield 80%.  1 H NMR: δ 1.68-1.87 (m, 6H, 3CH 2 ), 3.89-4.07 (m, 4H, 2CH 2 N), 7.20-7.60 (m, 6H, 5H Ar+CH═), 8.08 (s, 1H, H-3), 8.09 (d, J trans ═14.4, 1H, CH═), 8.42 (s, 1H, H-6). IR cm −1 1655 (C═C). Anal. (C 18 H 19 N 5 ) C, H, N. 
     4b. White solid, yield 85%.  1 H NMR: δ 3.85-3.93 and 3.96-4.05 (2m, 8H, 4CH 2 morph), 7.20-7.55 (m, 6H, 5H Ar+CH═), 8.06 (s, 1H, H-3), 8.07 (d, J trans ═14.3, 1H, CH═), 8.44 (s, 1H, H-6). IR cm −1  1655 (C═C). Anal. (C 17 H 17 N 5 O) C, H, N. 
     4c. White solid, yield 64%.  1 H NMR: δ 0.99 (t, J=7.2, 3H, CH 3 ), 1.38-1.58 (sx, J=7.2, 2H,  CH   2 CH 3 ), 1.62-1.80 (m, J=7.2, 2H, CH 2 ), 3.65 (q, J=7.2, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.35-5.60 (br s, 1H, NH, disappears with D 2 O), 7.20-7.58 (m, 6H, 5H Ar+CH═), 8.02 (s, 1H, H-3), 8.04 (d, J trans =14.4, 1H, CH═), 8.42 (s, 1H, H-6). IR cm −1  1650 (C═C). Anal. (C 17 H 19 N 5 ) C, H, N. 
     4d. White solid, yield 72%.  1 H NMR: δ 1.53-1.73 (m, 4H, 2CH 2 ), 1.82-2.08 (m, 4H, 2CH 2 ), 3.80-4.08 (m, 4H, 2CH 2 N), 7.20-7.62 (m, 6H, 5H Ar+CH═), 8.05 (s, 1H, H-3), 8.07 (d, J trans =14.4, 1H, CH═), 8.43 (s, 1H, H-6). IR cm −1  1655 (C═C). Anal. (C 19 H 21 N 5 ) C, H, N. 
     1-(2-Bromo-2-phenylethyl)-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one (13) 
     To a suspension of 10 (2.56 g, 10 mmol), in anhydrous DMF (20 mL), cooled at 0° C., was added dropwise a solution of phoshorous tribromide (3.27 g, 12,1 mmol), pyridine (0.5 mL) and toluene (5 mL) previously prepared. The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 3 days. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, the residue was poured in water and ice (200 mL). The white solid was filtered and crystallized from absolute ethanol, to give pure product 3 (1.91 g; 60%): mp 230-231° C.  1 H NMR: δ 4.80-4.97 and 5.01-5.19 (2m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.68-5.72 (m, 1H, CHBr), 7.30-7.65 (m, 5H Ar), 7.97 (s, 1H, H-3), 8.13 (s, 1H, H-6), 12.25 (br s, 1H, NH, disappears with D 2 O). IR (KBr) cm −1  3440 (NH), 1665 (C═O). 
     1-(2-Bromo-2-phenylethyl)-4-chloro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (14) 
     The Vilsmeier complex, previously prepared from POCl 3  (2.45 g, 16 mmol) and anhydrous dimethylformamide (DMF) (1.16 g, 16 mmol) was added to a suspension of 3 (0.5 g, 1.56 mmol) in CHCl 3  (10 mL). 
     The mixture was refluxed for 12 h. The solution was washed with H 2 O (2×20 mL), dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude oil was purified by column chromatography (Florisil®, 100 Mesh), using CH 2 Cl 2  as eluant, to afford the pure product 4 (0.41 g, 78%) as a white solid, mp 114-115° C.  1 H NMR: δ 4.95-5.38 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.58-5.78 (m, 1H, CHCl), 7.25-7.70 (m, 5H Ar), 8.17 (s, 1H, H-3), 8.77 (s, 1H, H-6). 
     General procedure for 1-(2-bromo-2-phenylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines 4-amino substituted 5a-k 
     To a solution of 14 (0.3 g, 1 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (5 mL), the proper amine (4 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 36 h. After it was extracted with H 2 O (10 mL), the organic phase was dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure; the oil residue crystallized by adding absolute ethanol (10 mL) to give products 5a-k. 
     5a. White solid, mp 136-137° C., yield 60%.  1 H NMR δ 1.06 (t, J=7.6, 3H, CH 3 ), 1.75 (q, J=7.6, 2H,  CH   2 CH 3 ), 3.60 (q, J=7.4, 2H, NH CH   2 ), 3.90 (br s, 1H, NH disappears with D 2 O), 4.85-5.20 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.60-5.72 (m, 1H, CHBr), 7.25-7.54 (m, 5H Ar), 7.90 (s, 1H, H-3), 8.17 (s, 1H, H-6). IR (KBr) cm −1  3214 (NH). 
     5b. White solid, mp 150-141° C., yield 65%.  1 H NMR δ 1.36 (d, J=6.4, 6H, 2CH 3 ), 4.20 (m, 1H, NH CH ), 4.84-5.20 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.60-5.70 (m, 1H, CHBr), 7.24-7.56 (m, 5H Ar), 7.88 (s, 1H, H-3), 8.39 (s, 1H, H-6). IR (KBr) cm −1  3219 (NH). 
     5c. White solid, mp 162-163° C., yield 70%.  1 H NMR δ 0.68-0.88 (m, 2H, CH 2 ), 0.94-1.10 (m, 2H, CH 2 ), 2.88-3.03 (m, 1H, NH— CH ), 4.85-5.24 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.56-5.71 (m, 1H, CHBr), 7.08 (br s, 1H, NH, disappears with D 2 O), 7.22-7.58 (m, 5H Ar), 8.18 (s, 1H, H-3), 8.34 (s, 1H, H-6). IR (KBr) cm −1  3214 (NH). 
     5d. White solid, mp 95-96° C., yield 70%.  1 H NMR δ 0.99 (t, J=7.2, 3H, CH 3 ), 1.49 (sext, J=7.4, 2H,  CH   2 CH 3 ), 1.71 (quint, J=7.2, 2H,  CH   2 CH 2 CH 3 ), 3.61 (q, J=7.2, 2H, NH CH   2 ), 4.83-5.18 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.38 (br s, 1H, NH, disappears with D 2 O), 5.60-5.70 (m, 1H, CHBr), 7.28-7.58 (m, 5H Ar), 7.90 (s, 1H, H-3), 8.37 (s, 1H, H-6). IR (KBr) cm −1  3227 (NH). 
     5e. White solid, mp 109-110° C., yield 60%.  1 H NMR δ 1.25 (t, J=7.0, 3H, CH 3 ), 3.57 (q, J=7.0, 2H, O CH   2 CH 3 ), 3.69 (q, J=5.0, 2H, NH CH   2 ), 3.82 (t, J=5.0, 2H, O CH   2 ), 4.83-5.20 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.40-5.60 (m, 1H, CHBr), 5.80 (br s, 1H, NH, disappears with D 2 O), 7.23-7.52 (m, 5H Ar), 7.90 (s, 1H, H-3), 8.40 (s, 1H, H-6). IR (KBr) cm −1  3120 (NH). 
     5f. White solid, mp 127-128° C., yield 65%.  1 H NMR δ 1.89-2.16 (m, 4H, 2CH 2  pyrr), 3.79 (t, J=6.8, 4H, 2CH 2 N pyrr), 4.84-5.18 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.61-5.70 (m, 1H, CHBr), 7.25-7.56 (m, 5H Ar), 7.91 (s, 1H, H-3), 8.38 (s, 1H, H-6). 
     5g. White solid, mp 144-145° C., yield 68%.  1 H NMR δ 1.64-1.84 (m, 6H, 3CH 2  pip), 3.86-4.01 (m, 4H, 2CH 2 —N pip), 4.84-5.19 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.63-5.73 (m, 1H, CHBr), 7.25-7.54 (m, 5H Ar), 7.94 (s, 1H, H-3), 8.37 (s, 1H, H-6) 
     5h. White solid, mp 111-112° C., yield 67%.  1 H NMR δ 3.87 and 3.97 (2m, 8H, 4CH 2  morph), 4.85-5.22 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.63-5.73 (m, 1H, CHBr), 7.28-7.55 (m, 5H Ar), 7.95 (s, 1H, H-3), 8.40 (s, 1H, H-6) 
     5i. White solid, mp 154-155° C., yield 70%.  1 H NMR δ 1.20-2.20 (m, 10H, 5CH 2 ), 3.38-4.18 (m, 1H, CH), 4.71-5.19 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.58-5.70 (m, 1H, CHBr), 7.23-7.57 (m, 5H Ar), 7.85 (s, 1H, H-3), 8.36 (s, 1H, H-6). IR (KBr) cm −1  3251 (NH). 
     5j. White solid, mp 124-125° C., yield 64%.  1 H NMR δ 1.53-1.68 (m, 4H, 2CH 2  hexamet), 1.82-2.02 (m, 4H, 2CH 2  hexamet), 3.77-4.03 (m, 4H, 2CH 2 N hexamet), 4.83-5.19 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.64-5.71 (m, 1H, CHBr), 7.24-7.57 (m, 5H Ar), 7.88 (s, 1H, H-3), 8.38 (s, 1H, H-6) 
     5k. White solid, mp 157-158° C., yield 80%.  1 H NMR δ 4.84 (d, 2H, CH 2 Ar), 4.86-5.19 (m, 2H, CH 2 N), 5.60-5.71 (m, 1H, CHBr), 7.26-7.54 (m, 10H Ar), 7.85 (s, 1H, H-3), 8.43 (s, 1H, H-3). IR (KBr) cm −1  3214 (NH). 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Inhibitory Activity Toward Different Tumor Cell Lines 
     The aim of these experiments was the evaluation of the antiproliferative activity of the invented compounds. In particular, such compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit tumor cell proliferation. To demonstrate the possible applications of these compounds toward different neoplastic targets, four different cell lines were chosen. 1) A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells, 10  known to overexpress both epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Src 2) 8701-BC breast cancer cells, 11  established from a primary ductal infiltrating carcinoma, that is, before the clonal selection of the metastatic process. This cell line maintains a number of properties in culture that are typical of the mammary tumor cells and is known to overexpress Src tyrosine kinase (TK). 12  3) K-562 cell line was established from the pleural effusion of a 53-year-old female with chronic myelogenous leukemia in terminal blast crise. K-562 blasts are multipotential, hematopoietic malignant cells that are able to spontaneously differentiate. 4) The MEG-01 cell line was derived in 1983 from bone marrow cells taken from a patient in megakaryoblastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia. 
     K562 and MEG-01 cells are positive for Bcr-Abl, a couple of kinases expressed in the myeloid cells and belonging to the Lyn and Hck members, respectively, of the Src tyrosine kinase family. 
     Material and Methods 
     Compounds were dissolved in 0,1 M DMSO and further diluted to the appropriate concentration in the adequate cell culture medium. PP2, (1-(t-butyl)-3-(4-methylphenyl)-4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, was chosen as the reference compound for its potency and selective effects toward the Src family of tyrosine kinases. 13-18    
     Cell Proliferation Assay 
     A431 (2×10 4  cells/mL) were incubated in 100 mL DMEM culture medium (BioWhittaker, Vallensbaek, DK). Differently, 8701-BC (2×10 4  cells/mL) were incubated in 100 μL RPMI 1640 culture medium (BioWhittaker, Vallensbaek, DK). Both cell lines were supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum (FCS; BioWhittaker, Vallensbaek, DK) and antibiotics (100 U/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin), at 37° C. in 5% CO 2  for 8 hours, to allow adhesion. After adhesion, the medium was replaced with 100 μL medium supplemented with 0.5% FCS. After an overnight incubation, the medium was replaced and 100 μL DMEM with 10% FCS along with different concentrations (0-100 μM) of the studied compounds were added to cell cultures. 
     Following 72 hours, cells were treated with 10 μL of the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfonyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTT) solution (5 mg/mL). Four hours later, 100 μL of propan-2-ol in a 0.04 M HCl solution were added to dissolve the formazan product. The microplates were read using an ELISA plate reader at 570 nm with a reference wavelength of 630 nm. 
     MEG-01 and K562 (2×10 4  cells/mL) were incubated in 100 μL RPMI 1640 culture medium (BioWhittaker, Vallensbaek, DK), supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum (FCS; BioWhittaker, Vallensbaek, DK) and antibiotics (100 U/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin), at 37° C. in 5% CO 2 . After an overnight incubation with 100 μL medium supplemented with 0.5% FCS, the medium was replaced and 100 μL RPMI 1640 with 10% FCS along with different concentrations (0-100 μM) of the studied compounds, were added to cell cultures. 
     Phospho-Src Inhibition by Compounds Toward A431 and 8701-BC Cells 
     Immunoblot analysis was performed using phospho-specific antibodies to Src (Tyr416). Filters were additionally reprobed with specific non-phospho anti-Src antibodies after stripping. 
     8701-BC immunoblot analyses. Cells were treated as reported above but the cells were challenged with the compounds for 3 h, and then treated with 100 nM EGF (Cell Signaling Technology, MA, U.S.A.). Five minutes later, cells were harvested and lysed in an appropriate buffer containing 1% Triton X-100. Proteins were quantitated by the BCA method (Pierce Rockford, U.S.A.). Equal amounts of total cellular protein were resolved by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, transferred to nitrocellulose filters and subjected to immunoblot using phospho-specific antibodies against Src (Y416) and non pospho-specific Src as control (Cell Signaling Technology, MA, U.S.A.). 
     A431 immunoblot analyses. Phosphorylation of Src Tyr416 is a crucial step in the mechanism of the enzyme activation. 19  A431 cells have been well characterized in respect to EGF-dependent signal transduction. In more details, these cells express high levels of EGF receptor on their surface and proliferate in response to autocrine secretion of transforming growth factor-α, 20  but they also require phosphorylation of Src to proliferate. To determine whether these pyrazolo-pyrimidine compounds were able to inhibit the phosphorylation of Src Tyr416, we used a phosphospecific anti-Src (Tyr416) antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, MA, U.S.A.). PP2, used as a reference compound, has been identified as a Src-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor and has been used extensively to investigate signalling pathways involving Src kinases, including events downstream of the stem cell factor (SCF) receptor c-Kit. 16  As a result, we found that compounds 1b, 1e, and 2c were able to inhibit Src phosphorylation with almost the same efficacy of PP2 ( FIG. 4 , Table 3). 
     Cytotoxicity 
     The cytotoxic effect of compound was evaluated by trypan blue exclusion. Cells were stimulated for 1 h at 37° C. with the increasing concentrations (10 nM-10 μM) of the test compound in 1% FCS medium. Cells were then stained with 0.4% trypan blue in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) for 5 min. The number of dead and living cells was counted at the microscope in a blind manner. The percentage of dead cells over the total number of cells was calculated. All the compounds reported in Table 1 showed no citotoxicity (at the tested concentrations) toward the cell lines reported. 
     Results 
     Results of the antiproliferative activity of the compounds toward A431 and 8701-BC cells are reported in Table 1 in comparison with the activity of PP2 chosen as the reference compound. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Activity data (expressed as IC 50  values) of some pyrazolo-pyrimidines toward 8701-BC and 
               
               
                 A431 cells. 
               
               
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 IC 50  (μM) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compd. 
                 R 
                 R 1   
                 R 2   
                 R 3   
                 R 4   
                 R 5   
                 8701-BC a   
                 A431 b   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1a 
                 SCH 3   
                 1-piperidinyl 
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Cl 
                 67.5 ± 1.2 
                 37.6 ± 0.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1b 
                 SCH 3   
                 4-morpholinyl 
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Cl 
                 64.2 ± 1.8 
                 26.9 ± 0.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1c 
                 SCH 3   
                 NH(CH 2 ) 2 OC 2 H 5   
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Cl 
                 59.8 ± 3.1 
                 32.4 ± 0.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1d 
                 SCH 3   
                 NHC 4 H 9   
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Cl 
                 63.8 ± 2.1 
                 27.4 ± 0.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1e 
                 SCH 3   
                 NHCH 2 C 6 H 5   
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Cl 
                 53.2 ± 1.2 
                 24.6 ± 0.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1f 
                 SCH 3   
                 NH(CH 2 ) 2 C 6 H 5   
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Cl 
                 31.2 ± 0.5 
                 27.1 ± 0.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1g 
                 SCH 3   
                 NHC 3 H 7   
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Cl 
                 64.1 ± 0.5 
                 32.1 ± 0.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1h 
                 SCH 3   
                 NH(C 2 H 5 ) 2   
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Cl 
                 86.9 ± 1.2 
                 70.2 ± 1.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1i 
                 SCH 3   
                 1-pyrrolidinyl 
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Cl 
                 56.3 ± 2.0 
                 32.3 ± 0.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1j 
                 SCH 3   
                 1-hexahydroazepinyl 
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Cl 
                 54.4 ± 0.8 
                 NA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1k 
                 SCH 3   
                 NHcyclohexyl 
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Cl 
                 35.3 ± 0.5 
                 43.8 ± 0.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2a 
                 SC 2 H 5   
                 1-piperidinyl 
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Cl 
                 NA 
                 NA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2b 
                 SC 2 H 5   
                 4-morpholinyl 
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Cl 
                 79.8 ± 3.0 
                 42.3 ± 0.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2c 
                 SC 2 H 5   
                 NHC 4 H 9   
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Cl 
                 38.8 ± 0.5 
                 40.2 ± 0.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2d 
                 SC 2 H 5   
                 NHC 3 H 7   
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Cl 
                 28.6 ± 1.6 
                 79.4 ± 1.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2e 
                 SC 2 H 5   
                 1-pyrrolidinyl 
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Cl 
                 72.1 ± 1.7 
                 89.3 ± 1.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2f 
                 SC 2 H 5   
                 NHCH 2 C 6 H 5   
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Cl 
                 42.8 ± 0.8 
                 NA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3a 
                 H 
                 4-morpholinyl 
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 OH 
                 NA 
                 86.9 ± 2.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3b 
                 H 
                 NHC 4 H 9   
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 OH 
                 NA 
                 83.2 ± 1.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3c 
                 H 
                 1-piperidinyl 
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 OH 
                 NA 
                 13.4 ± 0.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3d 
                 H 
                 NHC 3 H 7   
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 OH 
                 NA 
                 91.2 ± 1.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3e 
                 H 
                 NHCH 2 C 6 H 5   
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 OH 
                 NA 
                 12.7 ± 0.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3f 
                 H 
                 NHCH 2 CH 2 C 6 H 5   
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 OH 
                 45.6 ± 0.5 
                 80.1 ± 2.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3g 
                 H 
                 NHCH 2 (p-F)C 6 H 4   
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 OH 
                 54.4 ± 1.5 
                 95.7 ± 2.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4a 
                 H 
                 1-piperidinyl 
                 H 
                 H 
                 styryl 
                   
                 NA 
                 69.3 ± 1.2 
               
               
                 4b 
                 H 
                 4-morpholinyl 
                 H 
                 H 
                 styryl 
                   
                 58.8 ± 0.7 
                 59.2 ± 1.0 
               
               
                 4c 
                 H 
                 NHC 4 H 9   
                 H 
                 H 
                 styryl 
                   
                 80.5 ± 6.8 
                 91.5 ± 2.0 
               
               
                 4d 
                 H 
                 1-hexahydroazepinyl 
                 H 
                 H 
                 styryl 
                   
                 93.7 ± 0.6 
                 43.6 ± 1.3 
               
               
                 4e 
                 H 
                 NHC 3 H 7   
                 H 
                 H 
                 styryl 
                   
                 57.2 ± 0.8 
                 61.2 ± 1.0 
               
               
                 4f 
                 H 
                 NH(CH 2 ) 2 OC 2 H 5   
                 H 
                 H 
                 styryl 
                   
                 43.4 ± 0.4 
                 NA 
               
               
                 4g 
                 H 
                 1-pyrrolidinyl 
                 H 
                 H 
                 styryl 
                   
                 50.4 ± 0.1 
                 63.1 ± 1.0 
               
               
                 4h 
                 H 
                 NHcyclohcxyl 
                 H 
                 H 
                 styryl 
                   
                 50.5 ± 1.3 
                 NA 
               
               
                 4i 
                 H 
                 NHCH 2 C 6 H 5   
                 H 
                 H 
                 styryl 
                   
                 65.0 ± 0.3 
                 11.7 ± 0.1 
               
               
                 4j 
                 H 
                 NHCH 2 CH 2 C 6 H 5   
                 H 
                 H 
                 styryl 
                   
                 64.7 ± 0.6 
                 15.0 ± 1.2 
               
               
                 4k 
                 SC 2 H 5   
                 4-morpholinyl 
                 H 
                 H 
                 styryl 
                   
                   
                 49.8 ± 0.8 
               
               
                 4l 
                 SCH 3   
                 NHCH 2 C 6 H 5   
                 H 
                 H 
                 styryl 
                   
                   
                 39.8 ± 0.6 
               
               
                 4m 
                 SCH 3   
                 1-piperidinyl 
                 H 
                 H 
                 styryl 
                   
                   
                 54.1 ± 0.7 
               
               
                 4n 
                 SCH 3   
                 4-morpholinyl 
                 H 
                 H 
                 styryl 
                   
                   
                 35.7 ± 0.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5d 
                 H 
                 NHC 4 H 9   
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Br 
                   
                 33.6 ± 1.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5i 
                 H 
                 NHcyclohexyl 
                 H 
                 H 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Br 
                   
                 28.2 ± 0.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AG1478 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 20.2 ± 0.4 
               
               
                 PP2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 61.8 ± 4.4 
                 31.9 ± 0.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a IC 50  values were determined on exponentially growing 8701-BC cells incubated with each of the compounds (0-100 μM) for 72 hours using the MTT assay. 21  The IC 50  values are means ± SEM of three independent experiments performed in duplicates. 
               
               
                 NA = not active at 100 μM concentration. IC 50  values are means ± SEM of series separate assays, each performed in quadruplicate. 
               
               
                   b To test our system, we have used the well known antiproliferative agent AG1478. As a result, the IC 50  of such compound toward A431 cells (20 μM), was comparable with that reported in the literature. 22  However, since the studied compounds were found to inhibit Src phosphorylation, we discussed their structure-activity relationships in comparison to the activity of PP2, known as a very potent and selective inhibitor of Src phosphorylation. IC 50  values are means ± SEM of series separate assays, each performed in quadruplicate. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     To investigate the antiproliferative activity of these compounds, their inhibitory effect toward the phosphorylation of Src (Tyr416), was tested on 8701-BC cells treated with 100 nM (epithelial growth factor) EGF. Many of the newly synthesized compounds (namely, 1b-g, 1i-k, 2c, d, f, 3f, g, and 4b, e-h, corresponding to about 50% of the total number of compounds) were characterized by an antiproliferative activity toward 8701-BC cells ranging between 31.2 (1f) and 64.2 μM (1b), comparable to or better than that of PP2 (61.8 μM,  FIG. 2 , Table 1). 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Inhibitory effects of compounds 1a, 1e, 1f, and 2c on phospho-Src 
               
               
                 after EGF stimulation of 8701-BC cells measured by immuno blot. 
               
               
                 Value are expressed as area units of the corresponding gels 
               
               
                 reported in FIG. 2. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Control + 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 EGF a   
                 PP2 a   
                 1a a   
                 1e a   
                 1f a   
                 2c a   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Non-phospho- 
                 52 
                 121 
                 191 
                 125 
                 98 
                 168 
                 80 
               
               
                 Src 
               
               
                 Phospho-Src 
                 12 
                 68 
                 43 
                 22 
                 17 
                 15 
                 28 
               
               
                 (Tyr416) 
               
               
                 Phospho- 
                 23 
                 56 
                 23 
                 18 
                 17 
                 9 
                 35 
               
               
                 Src/Non- 
               
               
                 phospho-Src 
               
               
                 ratio (%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a 8701-BC cells treated for 15 min with 100 nM EGF 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Moreover, since one of the possible targets (but not the only one) was represented by the inhibition of the phosphorylation of the Src enzyme, we tested Phospho-Src inhibition by compounds in both A431 and 8701-BC cells. Immunoblot analysis, performed using phospho-specific antibodies to Src (Tyr416), clearly showed an inhibition of the Src activation-phosphorylation of 8701-BC cells exposed to the studied compounds, with respect to the control. In particular, compounds 1a, 1e and 1f were found to inhibit Src phosphorylation better than the reference compound PP2 ( FIG. 3 ). Differently, although compound 2c retained an appreciable inhibitory activity, it was found less potent than PP2. The occurrence, at the same time, of a reduction of Src phosphorylation and an inhibition of cell proliferation, led us to assume that our compounds were able to inhibit proliferation through inhibition of Src phosphorylation, since the latter mediates a cascade leading to the stimulation of cell proliferation and mobility. 
     Regarding the antiproliferative activity toward A431 cells, eleven compounds (namely, 1b-g, 1i, 3c,e, and 4i,j, Table 1) were found to have IC 50  activity values comparable to or better than that of the reference compound PP2 (32 μM).  FIG. 4  and Table 3 show the antiproliferative activity of the most interesting compounds (1b, 1e, and 2c) with respect to PP2. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Inhibitory effects of compounds 1b. 2c, and 1e on phospho-Src after 
               
               
                 EGF stimulation of A431 cells measured by immuno blot. Value are 
               
               
                 expressed as area units of the corresponding gels reported in FIG. 4. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Control + 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 EGF a   
                 PP2 a   
                 1b a   
                 2c a   
                 1e a   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Non-phospho-Src 
                 178 
                 167 
                 131 
                 142 
                 159 
                 154 
               
               
                 Phospho-Src 
                 38 
                 104 
                 22 
                 34 
                 53 
                 32 
               
               
                 (Tyr4l6) 
               
               
                 Phospho-Src/Non- 
                 21 
                 62 
                 17 
                 24 
                 33 
                 21 
               
               
                 phospho-Src 
               
               
                 ratio (%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a A43l cells treated for 15 min with 100 nM EGF. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Moreover, results from a Phospho-Src inhibition assay showed that compounds 1b, 2c, and 1e were able to inhibit Src phosphorylation with almost the same efficacy of PP2 ( FIG. 5 ). 
     Reduction of Src phosphorylation is certainly one but may not be the only mechanism of inhibition of cell proliferation. We know that our compound were able to inhibit Src phosphorylation, since the latter mediates a signaling cascade leading directly to the stimulation of cell proliferation and mobility. 
     Finally, several compounds also showed an inhibitory effect toward the two chronic myeloid leukaemia cell lines, Meg-01 and K562, with IC 50  lower than that of the reference compound. In particular, 2c and 2d showed activity better than 50 μM. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Activity data (expressed as IC 50  values) of some pyrazolo- 
               
               
                 pyrimidines toward K562 and Meg-01 cells. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 IC 50  (μM) a   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Compd. 
                 K562 
                 Meg-01 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2c 
                 27.4 ± 0.6 
                 18.1 ± 0.6 
               
               
                 5d 
                 34.3 ± 0.9 
                 19.4 ± 0.4 
               
               
                 5i 
                 38.2 ± 0.8 
                 32.7 ± 0.3 
               
               
                 4k 
                 75.1 ± 1.7 
                 12.1 ± 1.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a IC 50  values are means ± SEM of series separate assays, each performed in quadruplicate. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
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