Abstract:
A field device includes circuitry to successively measure a parameter related to current drawn by electronics of the field device. The measurements are provided to a prediction engine which calculates a diagnostic output based upon the plurality of current-related measurements. The diagnostic prediction provided by the prediction engine can provide an estimate of viable life remaining for the device electronics. The diagnostic feature provides on-line status of the overall status of the field transmitter.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application is related to U.S. Pat. No. 5,481,200, entitled FIELD TRANSMITTER BUILT-IN TEST EQUIPMENT, issued Jan. 2, 1996, herein incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The present invention relates to operating in the process control industry. In particular, the present invention relates to electronics board life prediction of microprocessor-based field devices based upon repeated measurements of the current drawn by the electronics board.  
           [0003]    Efficient manipulation of a process variable in a controlled process requires that faults, in a field device&#39;s components or communication circuits, be identified immediately so. that appropriate corrective action or appropriate warnings may be implemented. Verification of a malfunction or error prior to stopping the process and removing a field device from a process loop provides inherent efficiency. Present microprocessor-based transmitters contain complex electrical circuits that sometimes appear to have failed, while actually only a leakage or shunted electrical current has occurred. For example, a circuit leakage current that affects loop current may be reported as a transmitter fault.  
           [0004]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,481,200 teaches a field transmitter with built-in test equipment. One aspect of the field transmitter includes deriving the current drawn by the electronics of the transmitter and using the derived current to provide a diagnostic output related to the transmitter electronics. The present invention is an improvement upon the teachings set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,481,200. As will be apparent later in the specification, embodiments of the present invention allow earlier detection of problem situations and thereby facilitate more effective corrective action.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0005]    A field device includes circuitry to successively measure a parameter related to current drawn by electronics of the field device. The measurements are provided to a prediction engine which calculates a diagnostic output based upon the plurality of current-related measurements. The diagnostic prediction provided by the prediction engine can provide an estimate of viable life remaining for the device electronics. The diagnostic feature provides on-line status of the overall health of the electronics board of the field transmitter. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0006]    [0006]FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a process control system with which embodiments of the present invention are particularly useful.  
         [0007]    [0007]FIG. 2 is a chart indicating current allocation of the process control loop current for a typical 4-20 mA field device.  
         [0008]    [0008]FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view of a pair of arrays useful with an embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 4 is a chart illustrating a number of current values and their relationship to the arrays illustrated in FIG. 3.  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 5 is a chart illustrating calculation of electronic board life prediction using a linear curve fit.  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 6 illustrates a second set of current values obtained after a time Δt. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0012]    Process variables are typically the primary variables which are being controlled in a process. As used herein, process variable means any variable which describes the condition of the process such as, for example, pressure, flow, temperature, value, level, pH, turbidity, vibration, position, motor current, or any other characteristic of the process, etc. Control signal means any signal (other than a process variable) which is used to control the process. For example, a control signal includes a desired process variable value (i.e. a setpoint) such as a desired temperature, pressure, flow, level, pH or turbidity, etc., which is adjusted by a controller. Additionally, a control signal includes calibration values, alarms, alarm conditions, the signal which is provided to a control element such as a valve position signal which in turn is provided to a valve actuator, to a heating element, a solenoid on/off signal, etc., or any other signal which relates to control of the process. A diagnostic signal as used herein includes information related to operation of devices and elements in the process control loop, but does not include process variables or control signals. For example, diagnostic signals include valve stem position, applied torque or force, actuator pressure, pressure of a pressurized gas used to actuate a valve, electrical voltage, current, power, resistance, capacitance, inductance, device temperature, stiction, friction, full on and off positions, travel, frequency, amplitude, spectrum and spectral components, stiffness, electric or magnetic field strength, duration, intensity, motion, electric motor back emf, motor current, loop related parameters (such as control loop resistance, voltage, or current), or any other parameter which may be detected or measured in the system. Furthermore, process signal includes any signal which is related to the process or element in the process such as, for example, a process variable, a control signal or a diagnostic signal. Field devices include any device which forms part of or couples to a process control loop and is used in the control or monitoring of a process.  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of a process control system  2  which includes process piping  4  which carries a process fluid and two wire process control loop  6  carrying loop current I. A field device  8 , controller  10 , which couples to a final control element in the loop such as an actuator, valve, a pump, motor or solenoid, communicator  12 , and control room  14  are all part of process control loop  6 . The process variable may be received by controller/valve actuator  10 , communicator  12  and/or control room equipment  14 . Controller  10  is shown coupled to valve  18  and is capable of controlling the process by adjusting valve  18  thereby changing the flow, Q, in pipe  4 . Controller  10  receives a control input over loop  6  from, for example, control room  14 , transmitter  8  or communicator  12  and responsively adjusts valve  18 . In another embodiment, controller  10  internally generates the control signal based upon process signals H receives over loop  6 . Communicator  12  may be the portable communicator shown in FIG. 1 or may be a permanently mounted process unit which monitors the process and performs computations. “Field devices” include, for example, transmitter  8  (such as a 3095 transmitter available from Rosemount Inc.), controller  10 , communicator  12  and control room  14  shown in FIG. 1.  
         [0014]    Embodiments of the present invention focus upon the electronics board of a microprocessor-based field device. Embodiments of the present invention are useful for any field device in the process control system that is powered by a 4-20 mA signal. The diagnostics feature of embodiments of the present invention provides on-line status of the overall electronics of the field device by monitoring the total electronic supply current. As the supply current increases to critical levels, it may degrade the electronics, communications protocol, and analog output range of the transmitter. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,481,200. The diagnostic feature disclosed herein, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, provides the user with predictive analysis of device electronics by estimating the remaining time until the supply current reaches a predetermined critical level. Those skilled in the art will recognize that estimating the remaining time until the supply current reaches a predetermined critical level is merely one way in which multiple measurements related to electronics supply current can be related to a predictive diagnostic output.  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 2 illustrates current allocation of the process control loop current for a typical 4-20 mA field device. Generally, the supply current, or quiescent current (I Q ) of the electronics is a constant Direct Current (DC) value below the 4 mA bound. As shown in FIG. 2 the remaining 16 mA is reserved to realize the complete range of values for a given process measurement. Under normal operating conditions the quiescent current will increase slightly from its nominal value as electrical currents draw more supply current to perform specific functions. For example, one such task that requires substantial energy is a data writing operation with non-volatile memory. Furthermore, I Q  may be effected by ambient conditions such as temperature or humidity.  
         [0016]    Abnormal conditions can cause I Q  to rise to a level above 4 mA, which level will affect the output range of a field device. Ambient conditions can increase I Q  by influencing the performance of electrical components therein (i.e., passive elements or integrated circuits). Therefore, if the field device is located in the harsh environment for an extended period of time, the degradation of electrical components may be accelerated or other electrical faults such as leakage path or shunt current to ground may occur. As an example, if an electrical fault occurs such that the DC value of I Q becomes 6 mA, for example, the loop current will then be incapable of being less than 6 mA. Even with this fault in the electronics, the transmitter may function normally (sensor, microprocessor, communications, etc. are all functional) for process measurements within the 6-20 mA range. Conversely, if process measurement is between 4-6 mA, the operator or the process control instrumentation using the analog output signal will receive inaccurate data.  
         [0017]    Embodiments of the present invention employ a prediction engine that acquires data related to a sequence of supply current measurements and calculates the time remaining before the supply current (I Q ) reaches a preselected upper limit. Essentially, a field device equipped with this predictive diagnostics, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention will predict the life of its own electronics board. This not only forewarns the user of a possible malfunction, but provides the user additional time to either replace the transmitter or its electronics board before jeopardizing the performance of a particular process control loop or the process itself.  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 3 illustrates a data structure which facilitates realization of embodiments of the present invention. Specifically, a pair of arrays of length N are shown. During diagnostics, a parameter related to supply current, or even the supply current itself is sampled and stored as an I Q  value in array  100 . This process is repeated periodically until array  100  is filled with a predetermined number (N) of I Q  values. Conceptually, this set of I Q  values is an array, but may be modelled and/or stored in any number of formats. A similar array, T, corresponds to the time at which each I Q  value was sampled. These values are preferably stored in non-volatile memory. Once both arrays are full, the contents of the arrays are provided to a prediction engine which is preferably embodied within software running on the microprocessor. The prediction engine applies a curve-fit to the sample of I Q  values against time, as represented array (T) and generates coefficients for a continuous-time equation I Q (t). If an upper limit for I Q  is set at 4 mA, for example, the prediction engine uses the coefficients of I Q (t) to calculate the absolute time (T ABS-LIFE ) until I Q =I QMAX . Since T ABS-LIFE  is referenced from an initial value of time T 0 (T[1]), the actual remaining time is the difference from T ABS-LIFE  and t[N]. This time is referred to as the electronics board life.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 4 illustrates a number of I Q  values obtained at various times t. As illustrated, the period between each sample is preferably constant in order to simplify calculations. However, it is contemplated that the period between measurements can be varied based upon any number of factors, including the calculated electronics board life, as well as the rate of change of calculated electronics board life, for example.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 5 is a chart illustrating calculation of electronics board life prediction. As an example, for an arbitrary value of N, such as 10, arrays I Q  and T will be full at t=T 9  (see FIG. 3). At this time, the prediction engine will calculate the following:  
           I   q ( t )→ t ( I   q )  T   ABS-Life   =t ( I   q-max )  EQ. 1  
           T   EB-Lifes=t ( I   q-max )− t[N]   EQ. 2  
         [0021]    In this embodiment, the prediction engine selects a linear curve fit to represent I Q (t) and the calculation of T EB-LIFE  is illustrated in FIG. 5. Those skilled in the art will recognize that a number of methods for correlating the data points contained in the array, or other data structure, to a prediction diagnostic output can be provided and such methods are contemplated. For example, non-linear relationships can also be used. Further, neural network analysis techniques and/or fuzzy logic relationships can be used to relate the measured supply current parameters to a diagnostic output such as remaining lifetime of the electronics board.  
         [0022]    Since the sample size N is fixed, each element in the array needs to be shifted before the next value of I Q  can be sampled. This is known as a first-in first-out regime. Thus, the last element of the array will be replaced by the next value of I Q . Thus,  
           I   q   [K]=I   q   [k+ 1] for  k= 1 to  N− 1  EQ. 3  
           I   q   [N]= next  I   q  reading  EQ. 4  
         [0023]    Hence, the I Q  array acts life a FIFO (First-In First-Out) array or a queue. In a similar manner, FIG. 6 illustrates the acquisition of a next set of values for I Q  and T for N=10 (T 0 -0). As discussed above, of the previous values of I Q  are shifted in the array and a new value of I Q  is acquired at T 10 . With the acquisition of T 10 , the prediction engine is again invoked and the calculation of the electronics board life is predicted as set forth above. Preferably, electronics board life prediction is performed periodically. However, electronics board life prediction can also be manually invoked either by a local user interface at the field device itself, or by sending a suitable communication signal to the field device over a control loop.  
         [0024]    Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.