Abstract:
A new DMD device and method for non-contacting edge-coupled hidden hinge geometry is disclosed, whereby no physical contact between the mirror or underlying yoke and landing pads at the surface of the CMOS substrate is required. This eliminates the problem of “sticking” mirrors found in conventional devices, and as a result simplifies the manufacturing process by reducing the requirements for delicate passivation coatings and costly hermetic packages. In this new DMD structure, a capture electrode  24  is provided at an appropriate elevation above the surface of the device so as to be in close proximity with the continuous edge of the mirror  20  or yoke  22  when it rotates into the region of the desired angle. This capture electrode  24  and mirror assembly is biased such as to establish a very high electrostatic attraction between the two which in turn stops the mirror as it comes into the plane of the capture electrode. By appropriate tailoring of the mirror assembly&#39;s pulse waveform, the mirror can be critically damped to prevent oscillations of the DMD mirrors as they stop at the desired angle of rotation.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of Invention  
           [0002]    The present invention relates to spatial light modulators and more specifically to a Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) spatial light modulator utilizing a new non-contacting, edge-coupled hidden hinge geometry.  
           [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art  
           [0004]    [0004]FIG. 1 shows a conventional hidden hinge Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) broken into it&#39;s three metal layers of construction, all of which is built on top of a rather standard SRAM memory cell. FIG. 1 a  shows the first metal layer  200  above the memory cell which consists of yoke address pads  1 , a bias/reset bus  2 , landing sites  3 , and via connections  13  to the SRAM memory cell below (not shown). FIG. 1 b  shows the second layer  300  of metal structures consisting of the mirror address electrodes  4 , electrode support posts  5 , torsion hinge  6 , hinge support posts  7 , yoke  8 , and the yoke landing tips  9 . This second metal layer  300  assembly sits on top of the first metal layer  200 , being supported by means of the electrode support posts  5  and hinge support post  7 . Finally, FIG. 1 c  shows the third layer of metal  400  that consists of the highly reflective mirror  10  and it&#39;s support post  11 . As before, the mirror assembly  400  sits on top of the second metal layer  300 , being supported by the mirror support post  11  sitting in the middle of the yoke  8 . In operation, a bias voltage is applied to the bias/reset bus  2  that is integral to the yoke assembly  8  by means of the hinge support posts  7 . The yoke address pads  1  and mirror address electrodes  4  are then pulsed to establish an electric field between the address pads and the mirror assembly that generates an electrostatic force causing the yoke/mirror assembly to tilt in one direction or the other depending on the binary state of the underlying memory cell. As illustrated, although the yoke and mirror assemblies rotate together, electrostatic forces are established in two areas  12  (shown as cross hatched areas); i.e., between the yoke address pad  1  on the first level and the yoke  8  on the second level, as well as between the mirror address electrodes  4  on the second level and the mirror  10  on the third level. The yoke  8  rotates until its two landing tips  9  contacts the landing sites  3  on the lower metal layer  200 . The angle of rotation is a function of the yoke geometry and the height of the second metal  300  layer above the lower metal layer  200 . The long, thin, narrow torsion hinges  6 , which supports the yoke  8  and mirror  10  from the hinge support posts  7 , have a torque applied to them allowing the thicker yoke  8  to remain flat. Finally, a reset pulse can be applied to the bias/reset bus  2  to lift off and free the mirror/yoke assembly from the landing sites  3 .  
           [0005]    [0005]FIG. 2 shows a three-dimensional build-up of a conventional DMD&#39;s four layers, including the SRAM memory, which was mentioned above. These consist of the CMOS SRAM memory layer  100 , the address and landing pad layer  200 , the yoke and hinge layer  300 , and the mirror layer  400 . It can be seen from the figure that this conventional DMD device is symmetrical about a diagonal axis running parallel with the hinge, so that in operation the mirror assembly will tilt in the positive or negative direction depending on the binary state (“0” or “1”) of the SRAM memory cell  14 . The geometry of a typical DMD is such that the mirror will tilt on the order of ±10°.  
           [0006]    [0006]FIG. 3 is a 3-D cutaway view of an array of conventional hidden hinge DMD pixels showing three of the mirrors and the underlying structure for other pixels. Included in the view are the following: yoke address pad  1 , bias/reset bus  2 , yoke landing sites  3 , mirror address electrode  4 , electrode support post  5 , torsion hinge  6 , hinge support posts  7 , yoke  8 , yoke landing tips  9 , reflective mirror  10 , mirror support post  11 , vias  13  to SRAM memory cell  14 . The square mirrors tilt on the order of ±10° and are highly reflective to visual light in the color spectrum from 400 to 650 nanometers. The gaps between the mirrors are typically &lt;1 micron in width.  
           [0007]    [0007]FIG. 4 illustrates two DMD cells, with their mirrors  10  shown transparent so as to expose a view of the underlying structure. One mirror is shown rotated −10° and the other is shown rotated +10°, representing a “0” and “1” binary state, respectively in the underlying memory cells  14 . This figure clearly shows how the yoke  8 , with attached mirror  10 , rotates on the torsion hinge  6  until the yoke landing tips  9  come in contact (lands) with the underlying landing pad sites  3 . It is this mechanical contact between the yoke landing tips  9  and the landing pad sites  3  that is of particular relevance to this invention. A problem with conventional DMD&#39;s is that of “sticking mirrors”, where the landing tips are slow in lifting off the pad, effecting the response of the device, or in some cases become permanently stuck to the landing pads. There appear to be several sources of this sticking problem, some of which include moisture in the package, landing tips scrubbing into the metal landing pads, and outgassing of the epoxy sealants used in the manufacturing process for mounting the devices in their packages and mounting the optical glass cover on the packages. This “sticking” problem has been addressed by applying a lubrication or passivation layer to the metal surfaces to make them “slick” and also through the use of resonant reset methods to pump energy into the pixel to help break it free from the constraining surface contact. More recently, “spring-tips” have been added to the tips of the mirrors to help overcome this sticking problem. In addition, gettering material is often added to absorb moisture within the package. Although quite effective, these solutions still have the concern of long-term degradation of the passivant, which could drive the technology to a requirement for hermetic packages and complex process steps prior to window attachment. This would add additional expense, complexity, and difficulty in delivering the product.  
           [0008]    It is therefore desirable to implement a DMD that will rotate reliably and predictably to a given angle, consistent across the length of the device or an array of pixels, without physically contacting the memory substrate surface below and as a result to avoid all the difficulties of breaking that contact. Eliminating the stiction problem would allow more predictable performance of the mirror array, and eliminate the most frequent cause of device failure; i.e., stuck bright mirrors. The lack of contact would also provide more immunity to particulates on the first electrode level, allow special dark metal light absorbing layers, and enable the use of conventional CMOS electrical passivation layers like SiO 2 . The invention disclosed herein addresses this need.  
           [0009]    Representative prior conventional structures of the general type are shown in U.S. Pat. No. b  5 , 535 , 047  to Hornbeck, and in publications (1) “Digital Light Processing™ for High-Brightness, High-Resolution Applications,” by Larry J. Hornbeck, Electronic Imaging, EI&#39;97, Projection Displays III, Co-Sponsored by IS&amp;T and SPIE, Feb. 10-12, 1997, san Jose, Calif., and (2) “Digital Light Processing and MEMS: Timely Convergence for a Bright Future,” Larry J. Hornbeck, Micromachining and Microfabrication &#39;95, Part of SPIE&#39;s Thematic Applied Science and Engineering Series, Oct. 23-24, 1995, Austin, Tex.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0010]    A new DMD device and method for non-contacting edge-coupled hidden hinge geometry is disclosed. This approach requires no physical contact between the mirror or underlying yoke and landing pads at the surface of the CMOS substrate. As a result, this eliminates the problem of “sticking” mirrors in conventional devices and significantly reduces the requirements for delicate passivation coatings and costly hermetic packages.  
           [0011]    This method uses a more or less conventional DMD structure which still maintains digital operation, but one which has been modified to operate about either an orthogonal or diagonal axis, to deflect the pixel into the vicinity of the desired rotation position and then capture it with an edge coupled capacitive electrostatic force which latches the DMD mirror at the desired angle of rotation.  
           [0012]    As with conventional DMD&#39;s, the rotation angle is simply determined by the thickness of the organic layers used to build up the DMD superstructure. During fabrication of the device, a capture (positioning) electrode will be provided at an appropriate elevation above the surface of the device so as to be in close proximity with the continuous edge of the rotating mirror or yoke when it rotates into the region of the desired angle. This stop electrode is pulsed such as to establish a very high electrostatic attraction with the mirror assembly as it comes into the plane of the capture electrode. By tailoring the capture electrode pulse waveform, the mirror can be critically damped to provide stable operation and to prevent oscillations of the DMD mirrors about the desired angle of rotation.  
           [0013]    This approach:  
           [0014]    eliminates sticking due to contacting or landed DMD pixel architectures,  
           [0015]    eliminates the need for passifying landing surface during manufacturing steps,  
           [0016]    eliminates long term degradation due to landing surface contact and/or passivation degradation,  
           [0017]    eliminates moisture sensitivity and therefore the need for hermetic packages, and  
           [0018]    provides a fixed rotation angle through electrostatic capture, rather than a physical mechanical stop to determine rotational angle,  
           [0019]    provides uniform release characteristic of mirrors upon release and return to flat state, and  
           [0020]    enables a “fast clear” function where all mirrors can be sent to flat state by a single voltage change.  
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0021]    The included drawings are as follows:  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 1 shows the construction layers for a conventional hidden hinge Digital Micromirror Device (DMD). (prior art)  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 2 illustrates the build-up of the construction layers of a conventional hidden hinge Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) on top of a SRAM memory layer. (prior art)  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 3 is a 3-D cutaway view of an array of conventional hidden hinge DMD pixels showing three of the mirrors and the underlying structure. (prior art)  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 4 illustrates the operation of two tilted DMD mirrors (+ and −10°) with landed yoke tips. (prior art)  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 5 is a diagram of the new edge-coupled DMD mirror structure of this invention.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the new edge-coupled DMD mirror structure of this invention.  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 7 a  shows typical dimensions for the new edge-coupled DMD mirror structure as used in the model.  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 7 b  illustrates the rotational operation of the new edge-coupled DMD mirror.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIGS. 8 a  and  8   b  show diagonal and orthogonal configurations of the non-contacting edge-coupled structures.  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 9 a  shows modeling data for the new edge-coupled DMD illustrating the high attractive forces at the intense field concentration area of the rotated mirror.  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 9 b  shows a magnification of the intense field concentration area of FIG. 8 a.    
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 10 is modeling data showing restoring torque vs. mirror torque for the new edge-coupled DMD.  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating the vector forces effecting the rotation and capture of the mirror assembly.  
         [0035]    [0035]FIG. 12 a  is a schematic of a digital projection display that uses the non-contacting, edge-coupled DMD of this invention.  
         [0036]    [0036]FIG. 12 b  is a schematic of a high brightness digital projection display that uses the non-contacting, edge-coupled DMD of this invention.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0037]    The present invention uses the highly attractive forces of an intense electrostatic field region, applied to the edge of a DMD mirror or yoke, to stop the rotation of the mirror assembly without any physical contact with the underlying device substrate, and as a result eliminates “sticking” mirrors and the problems, discussed in the related art, associated with breaking the contact of stuck mirrors. This approach maintains digital operation, allowing the mirror to rotate reliably and predictably to a given angle, consistent across the array of pixels, while avoiding contact with the substrate floor.  
         [0038]    [0038]FIG. 5 shows a diagram for the new edge-coupled DMD mirror structure of this invention. Much like conventional hidden-hinge DMD&#39;s, the device is comprised of a mirror  20  attached to a yoke  22  by means of a mirror support post  21 , mirror address electrodes  23 , and yoke address electrodes  25 . However, new capture electrodes  24  have been added at the fabrication level of the mirror address electrodes  23 . In operation, the mirror rotates due to the attractive forces caused by the electrostatic fields between the mirror  20  and mirror address electrode  23  and between the yoke  22  and the yoke address electrode  25 , until it is stopped at the desired angle by the highly attractive electrostatic forces between the edge of the yoke  22  and the added capture electrode  24 . This is different from conventional hidden-hinge DMD&#39;s where the mirror assembly continues to rotate until the yoke  22  contacts solid landing pads located at the device&#39;s lower substrate level. The rotation angle is simply determined, as in the case of conventional DMD&#39;s, by the thickness of one of the organic spacer layers used to build-up the DMD structure. In this preferred embodiment, the capture electrode  24  is shown adjacent to the yoke  22 , although in an alternate configuration the capture electrode  24  could sit adjacent to the mirror  20 .  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the new edge-coupled DMD structure of this invention with the mirror  20  shown transparent (dotted line) for clarity purposes. Also shown in this view are the torsion hinges  26 . This illustrates the high attractive forces at the low end (left side) of the rotated mirror, where the yoke  22  and capture electrode  24  are in close proximity, as compared to the much lower attractive forces at the high end (right side) of the rotated mirror. This attractive force is a function of the capacitance and distance between the edges of the yoke and capture electrode. This depends highly on the area of the edge surfaces of the yoke and capture electrode and the distance between them, the distance being related quadratically as f=1/d 2 . In this configuration, the mirror rotates along an orthogonal axis that places the entire edge of the mirror or yoke adjacent and in close proximity to the capture electrode  24 .  
         [0040]    [0040]FIG. 7 a  shows typical dimensions for the new edge-coupled DMD mirror structure. The nominal dimensions will accommodate the new edge-coupled technique nicely and are typical of those in used in the fabrication of conventional DMD&#39;s. Also, shown are typical voltages required to provide the stopping action of the rotating mirror structure. In this case, the capture electrode  24  on the side of the device where it is desired that the mirror stop is biased at +5 volts, while the capture electrode on the opposite side of the device is held at 0 volts. Then a pulsed waveform whose amplitude steps from 0 volts to −10 and then to −5 volts is applied to the mirror assembly, as shown in FIG. 7 b.  In operation, the higher −10 volts is required to arrest or stop the downward rotation, while the lower −5 volts is used to hold the mirror assembly in a stable state at the desired rotation angle. These represent only typical voltage ranges, based on modeling data, within which optimal pulsed waveforms can be determined.  
         [0041]    [0041]FIG. 7 c  illustrates the rotation action of the mirror assembly relative to the capture electrodes  24 . The axis of rotation is at the centroid of the yoke  22 . The mirror assembly rotates to the desired angle, in either the positive or negative direction depending on the bias conditions of the mirror and yoke address electrodes (not shown). A physical gap of &lt;2μ exists between the yoke  22  and the capture electrode  24  at their closest alignment and the model shows that this spacing along with the appropriate biasing of the capture and address electrodes will provide the necessary stopping action. In operation, as the edges of the yoke  22  and capture electrode  24  come into close proximity of each other, the forces of attraction between the two dominates over the hinge force and rotation is stopped and then clamped at the desired angle by an electrostatic clamping action caused by the intense field concentration along the sharp edges.  
         [0042]    [0042]FIGS. 8 a  and  8   b  show diagonal and orthogonal configurations, respectively, for the pixel structure at the yoke/capture electrode plane. Both figures show the respective layouts comprising the yoke  22 , two mirror address electrodes  23  (one on each side of the rotation axis), two capture electrodes  24  (one on each side of the rotation axis), and the torsion hinges  26 . The mirror  20  is shown (dotted line) to illustrate the diagonal and orthogonal mirror placement, respectively. Not shown are the two yoke address electrodes  25 , which are located on the lower substrate plane as shown in FIG. 5. It is important that the entire length along the edge of the yoke  22  and the capture electrode  24  come in close proximity of each other during rotation of the mirror assembly to provide the maximum stopping force. As a result, this non-contact, edge-coupled technique is constrained for only use at the yoke level for the diagonal configuration of FIG. 8 a,  but could be used at both the yoke and/or mirror level for the orthogonal configuration of FIG. B b.  This is true since in the diagonal configuration, the edge of the mirror is tilted relative to the plane of the capture electrode. Most DMD&#39;s are of the hidden hinge variety where all the underlying structure is covered by the mirrors to provide as much mirror fill factor as possible, with only very small gaps between the mirrors and therefore would utilize yoke alignment. The diagonal configuration of FIG. 8 a,  can take advantage of existing dark-field projection optics, used with conventional DMD&#39;s. On the other hand, the orthogonal configuration of FIG. 8 b,  will require some modification to the optics, but does offer the advantage that the relative area or volume of interaction of the yoke  22  and capture electrode  24  are significantly increased, as illustrated in the figures, which results in improved torque and stopping ability.  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 9 a  shows modeling data for the new edge-coupled DMD, illustrating the high attractive forces at the intense field concentration area of the rotated mirror as contrasted with the weaker attractive forces around the area of the capture electrode on the other side of the mirror. This modeling data illustrates the static condition that exists when the yoke  22  and capture electrode  24  come in close proximity with one another. The results of this modeling indicates that when the mirror/yoke voltage is turned off (0 volts) that the mirror will start rotating, due to the mirror and yoke address electrodes  23  and  25 , respectively. This represents a large improvement over conventional DMD&#39;s that requires a high-energy resonant pulse to kick the mirror/yoke loose from the landing pad. As the mirror deflects into the vicinity of the desired rotation position, it begins to slow down as the edge coupled capacitive electrostatic potential builds up and the force component moves from vertical (rotational torque) to tangential (latching torque), indicated by the intense field lines in the modeling data, until at some point these forces relative to the mirror rotational forces are such that the mirror will be latched at the desired angle.  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 9 b  shows a magnified view of the high intensity region around the capture electrode and yoke. Although this indicates that the mirror assembly will finally come to rest at the desired angle in a static sense, there are dynamics involved that requires proper damping of the action.  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 10 is a plot of the restoring torque vs. mirror torque based on the modeling data. This illustrates that for a desired angle, 12° for this model, the torque on the mirror can be made to quickly reverse. As a result, by applying the proper bias to the capture electrode and by tailoring the mirror pulse waveform the mirror rotation can be made to stop at the desired tilt angle and can further be operated in a critically damped state to cause minimal oscillations in the mirror as it comes to rest at the desired angle.  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 11 is a diagram that illustrates the action of the mirror assembly&#39;s rotation and how it is stopped adjacent to the capture electrode. The various vector forces that cause the rotation and capture of the mirror assembly are shown. FIG. 11 a  shows the mirror assembly at 0° rotation, along with the various electrostatic forces as follows: F 1  between the mirror  20  and mirror address electrode  23 , F 2  between the yoke  22  and yoke address electrode  25 , and F 3  between the  22  yoke and the capture electrode  24 .  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 11 b  shows the conditions when the voltage waveforms applied to the various electrodes are such to cause the mirror assembly to start to rotate; as an example at 6° rotation. Here, forces F 1 , F 2 , and F 3  are all greater, such as to set up the dynamic state of the mirror assembly.  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 11 c  shows the mirror assembly rotated to the desired angle, 12° in this example. In this case the very strong tangential electrostatic force F 3  between the yoke  22  and the capture electrode  24  are such as to capture and hold the mirror assembly in a state where all the various forces are in equilibrium. The goal is to reach this state in a critically damped fashion so that there is no over rotation, although in practice some slight amount of overshoot may be expected.  
         [0049]    [0049]FIG. 11 d  shows the case where the mirror assembly is slightly under damped and overshoots the desired angle of rotation. In this case the force F 3  between the yoke  22  and capture electrode  24  is rotated negatively so as to produce a horizontal vector F 3x  and a vertical vector F 3y , as shown. As discussed earlier in FIG. 10, these reverse forces quickly cause the mirror assembly to turn around and go in the opposite direction where the yoke  22  is captured by the capture electrode  24 , when the following conditions are met: 
           F   1   +F   2   =F   3y . 
         [0050]    Finally, it should be pointed out that in the case of a catastrophic event where the mirror rotational forces are such that the mirror cannot be stopped, due to improperly timed or scaled driving voltages, the mirror will continue to rotate until it lands in a conventional and non-destructive manner.  
         [0051]    DMD projection displays will benefit considerable from the improvements in the non-contacting, edge-coupled, hidden-hinge DMD architecture of this invention; namely in the areas of higher performance, improved reliability, and lower cost. This is primarily due to the longer life of the DMD&#39;s and the lower cost of the packaging of the devices.  
         [0052]    Two embodiments of projectors that will benefit from the use of non-contacting, edge-coupled, hidden-hinge DMD architecture of this invention are shown in FIG. 12. FIG. 12 a  is a block diagram of a single DMD embodiment, comprised of a light source  30 , first and second condenser optics  31  and  32 , a rotating color wheel and motor  33 , the DMD  34  of this invention, a projection lens  35 , and a projection screen  36 . This configuration operates the DMD in the color field sequential mode, whereby red-green-blue light is sequentially generated from a white light source  31 , by means of the color filter segmented rotating wheel  33  and applied to array of mirrors on the surface of the DMD  34 . This configuration operates the DMD  34  at high speeds, 5.6 mSec per color field, in order to sequentially read in the three (red, green, and blue) fields in a single TV field-time of 16.7 mSec. Projectors of this type are typically used in medium brightness applications, such as in conference rooms and home theaters.  
         [0053]    [0053]FIG. 12 b  shows a second embodiment of a 3-DMD projector utilizing the non-contacting, edge-coupled, hidden-hinge DMD architecture of this invention. This implementation uses three of the DMD&#39;s  34 , one each dedicated for the red, green, and blue primary colors. In this case the field time is 16.7 mSec, which requires the DMD to hold the charge in the cell for quite a long time. The projector for this embodiment is comprised of a white light source/reflector  30 , a condenser lens  32 , a total internal reflective (TIR) prism  36 , a color splitting/combining prism  37 , three DMD&#39;s  34  of this invention, a projection lens  35 , and a projection screen (not shown). Projectors of this type are typically used in higher brightness applications, such as in large convention centers and cinema theaters.  
         [0054]    The benefits of this approach over conventional hidden hinge DMD structures includes the following:  
         [0055]    1. Allows both manufacture and addressing of the DMD using primarily a conventional hidden hinge architecture, but avoids having to land the mirror or yoke in order to define the angle of rotation,  
         [0056]    2. provides a method and an architecture for limiting the motion of the DMD about a rotation angle through the introduction of a capacitively coupled edge connected potential well method for centering the pixel at the desired rotation angle,  
         [0057]    3. inherently provides a method for damping the rotational oscillations for the DMD mirror that might occur by not contacting a hard landing surface,  
         [0058]    4. eliminates the need for passivation of the DMD surfaces,  
         [0059]    5. eliminates the need for a resonant reset pulse to free a “stuck” mirror,  
         [0060]    6. is quite insensitive to moisture content which eliminates the need for hermetic packages for the DMD, thereby simplifying the overall manufacturing process,  
         [0061]    7. still offers a non-destructive landing method in the case of over stress to the device from electrostatic or improperly times, or scaled driving voltages,  
         [0062]    8. avoids any distortion to the mirror due to the torquing between the landed tip and fulcrum of the mirror, as can occur in conventional DMD&#39;s, and  
         [0063]    9. provides a latching mechanism to permit asynchronous addressing.  
         [0064]    These benefits result in the following major advantages of the non-contacting, edge-coupled hidden hinge DMD:  
         [0065]    1. Eliminates sticking due to contacting or landing DMD pixel architectures,  
         [0066]    2. eliminates the need for passivation of landing surfaces during manufacturing process,  
         [0067]    3. eliminates long term degradation due to landing surface contact and/or passivation degradation,  
         [0068]    4. eliminates moisture sensitivity and therefore any need for a hermetic package, and  
         [0069]    5. provides a fixed rotation angle through electrostatic, rather than mechanical means,  
         [0070]    6. provides more uniform response on release of mirrors,  
         [0071]    7. provides faster clear function by turning the device bias ON/OFF, and  
         [0072]    8. the underlying structure can be made from dark metal that is passivated to reduce the light scattering effects from the DMD sub-structure that tends to destroy the contrast.  
         [0073]    While the invention has been described in the context of two preferred embodiments; i.e., i) the edge latching of the yoke, and ii) the latching of the mirror, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be modified in numerous ways and may assume other embodiments other that that specifically set out and described above. Accordingly, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all modifications of the invention which falls within the true spirit and scope of the invention.