Abstract:
A hand held test instrument measures cable lengths by applying a square wave signal to a conductor of a pair and detects the induced current in the other conductor of the pair. A synchronous detector measures the induced current, which is representative of the capacitance of the cable, which is representative of the length of the cable.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    This invention relates to test and measurement instruments, and more particularly, to methods and apparatus for estimating cable length.  
           [0002]    In the past, time domain reflectometry (TDR) has been used to determine cable lengths. However, the computations required for TDR are complex, and the TDR process requires a fair amount of power. Such power requirements are disadvantageous in certain situations, for example, when a battery powered/small size test instrument is desired. To overcome these issues with TDR measurement techniques, capacitance measurements have been used in test instruments to estimate the length of a cable under test. For example, it has been known to employ a sinusoidal excitation voltage and measurement of current to accomplish the measurement. However, in such a method, series resistance in the measurement circuits must be compensated for. When testing or measuring certain types of circuits, overload protection is necessary, to protect the instrument from damage in the event of connection with an excessive voltage. The overload protection adds series resistance that must be compensated for. Further, to accomplish the measurement, the frequency of the sinusoid must be known, and the voltage level must be controlled.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    In accordance with the invention, cable lengths are determined by measurement of the capacitance of the cable. A square wave signal is applied to one conductor on the cable, and current is measured on the other conductor. The signal change gives the capacitance with enables determination of the cable length.  
           [0004]    Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved capacitance measurement technique for determining cable length that does not require compensation for series resistance.  
           [0005]    It is a further object of the present invention to provide an improved measurement technique for cable length that is adapted for portable or battery powered instruments.  
           [0006]    It is yet another object of the present invention to provide an improved cable length measurement device that does not require compensation for measurement circuit resistance.  
           [0007]    The subject matter of the present invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of this specification. However, both the organization and method of operation, together with further advantages and objects thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in connection with accompanying drawings wherein like reference characters refer to like elements. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0008]    [0008]FIG. 1 is a view of a hand held instrument according to the invention;  
         [0009]    [0009]FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a measurement instrument;  
         [0010]    [0010]FIG. 3 is a detailed diagram of the length measurement circuit of the instrument of FIG. 2; and  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 4 is a diagram of waveforms appearing at certain points within the circuits of the instrument during operation of the instrument.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0012]    The system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises a hand-held network test instrument. The instrument is adapted for insertion inline between a network and a device hooked to the network. Various tests and inquiries are made by the instrument and reported to a user, in a manner to enable even a user relatively unfamiliar with the inner workings of a network to trouble-shoot the network and the devices hooked thereto.  
         [0013]    Referring to FIG. 1, a view of a hand-held network test instrument  10  according to the invention, the test instrument comprises a somewhat rectangular case  12 , with a power switch  14  positioned near a lower end of the case, centered with respect to left and right sides of the case. Positioned above power switch  14  is a select key  16  centered within a “ring” of navigation keys  18 . In the preferred embodiment, there are 4 navigation keys, to provide leftward, rightward, upward and downward navigation functionality. All of the above mentioned keys and switches are located below the top-to-bottom center line of the case. Above the center line is a display  20 , suitably a backlit LCD display. Left and right connectors  22  and  24  are provided at left and right sides of the case, suitably comprising RJ45 female connectors, to interface to network cables having corresponding connectors attached thereto, for example, via connection with cables having corresponding male RJ45 connectors. The top ⅓ of display  20  is suitably aligned with the left and right connectors, to provide a physical association with the information displayed thereon and the two connectors  22 ,  24 . An enhanced graphic sensation of the inline aspect of the device is thereby provided to the user.  
         [0014]    At the left and right edges of the test instrument case, adjacent the connectors  22 ,  24 , are provided link/collision/error indicators  26 ,  28 . Immediately therebelow are positioned left and right utilization indicators  30 ,  32 . Suitably, indicators  26 ,  28 ,  30  and  32  comprise tri-color LEDs, indicators  26  and  28  representing link (green), collisions (yellow) and errors (red). Indicators  30  and  32  suitably represent utilization. In the preferred embodiment, indicators  30  and  32  are driven green to show a utilization of less than 40%, yellow to represent a utilization of 40% to 70%, and red to show utilization over 70%.  
         [0015]    Referring to FIG. 2, a block diagram of the measurement instrument according to the present invention, the instrument  10  includes a processor  34  for driving operation thereof and memory  36 , which can include RAM, ROM, PROM, etc. Keyboard  38  (which includes input keys  16  and  18 ) interfaces to the processor, for interpretation of actuation of the various keys. Processor  34  may suitably comprise hardware, software, or combinations thereof. Display  20  (and indicators  26 ,  28 ,  30  and  32 ) are also suitably interfaced with and driven by the processor. A parameter measurement circuit  40 , which also may suitably include an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)  41 , is provided and may be selectively connected to network connector  22  by switch  42  and/or to network connector  24  by switch  44 . Switch  42  also may be alternatively selected to a receive/transmit (Rx/Tx) interface  46  which is connected to the processor, for transmitting and receiving data via connector  22 . Similarly, switch  44  may also be alternatively selected to connect to a receive/transmit interface  48  which is also connected to the processor and to network connector  24 . The two receive/transmit interfaces  46  and  48  are also suitably connected to each other.  
         [0016]    In operation, the switches  42  and  44  are actuated under control of the processor to either have one or both of the receive/transmit interfaces connected to their respective network connectors  22  and  24 , or to have the parameter circuits  40  connected to one or both of the network connectors. Thus, the instrument can send and receive data on a network via the connectors, or, can perform certain length measurements via the parameter circuits  40 , as will be further discussed hereinbelow.  
         [0017]    Referring to FIG. 3, which is a more detailed diagram of some of the components of parameter circuit  40  of FIG. 2 that provide length measurement capability, an input from the microprocessor provides a signal of a frequency to an inverter  50 , which provides a square wave output to a multiplexer  52 . The multiplexer supplies the square wave output to a wire of selected wire pair  54 . Operation of switches  42  and  44  will determine to which network connector the signal will go. A second multiplexer  56  receives return current pulses from the cable under test on the other wire of the selected wire pair  54 , the output of the multiplexer  56  being supplied to a switch  58  which selectively connects the multiplexer to either the non-inverting (+) or inverting (−) input of an amplifier/low-pass filter  60 . The non-inverting input of amplifier/low-pass filter  60  is also supplied to the Analog to Digital Converter  41  (FIG. 2). The output of amplifier/low-pass filter  60  is fed back to the inverting input thereof via the parallel combination of resistor  62  and capacitor  64 . The output of amplifier/low-pass filter  60  is also provided to the Analog to Digital Converter. The switch  58  and amplifier/low-pass filter  60 , resister  62 , capacitor  64  and their configuration together comprise a synchronous detector  68 .  
         [0018]    In operation, one wire pair  54  of a cable under test is selected via multiplexer  52  (suitably, a network cable connected to the instrument will have multiple pairs, and the multiplexer  52  provides the capability to separately test multiple pairs). One of the wires is driven with a square wave voltage (illustrated as V 1    62  in FIG. 4), thereby inducing a displacement current in the second wire of the pair. The induced current I 1  is illustrated by waveforms  64  and  66  of FIG. 4, wherein the difference in the two waveforms is discussed below. The induced current is passed by multiplexer  56  to the synchronous detector  68 , producing a voltage that is sent to an analog to digital converter. The signal is directly proportional to the capacitance between the two wires of the pair, which is directly proportional to the length of the wire pair. The voltage from the analog to digital converter is multiplied by a calibration factor, thereby converting the voltage to a cable length (suitably displayed in feet or meters, as desired). The length of the wire pair is thereby determined.  
         [0019]    The accuracy of the measurement is dependent on the frequency of the square wave, the amplitude of the square wave, the accuracy of resistor  62  and the accuracy of the analog to digital converter. Since the microprocessor employs an accurate crystal for timing, and the amplitude of the square wave is derived from the analog to digital converter reference, the accuracy is not dependent on the reference voltage. Resistor  62  is suitably a precision resistor so the measurements are highly accurate and repeatable.  
         [0020]    Referring to FIG. 4, the effect of series resistance on the measurement is illustrated by the wave forms in FIG. 4. In the test instrument, the series resistance contribution is mainly from the multiplexers and from protection circuitry to protect the instrument from over load inputs. As the series resistance gets larger (wave form  66  of FIG. 4) the current pulses returned spread out in time. However, the area of a selected pulse, which is equal to the charge in Coulombs, does not change. Since the charge of each of the pulses and the number of pulses in a given unit of time determines the output of the synchronous detector  68 , the detector output does not change with a change in series resistance. Therefore, a capacitive cable length measurement is provided without requiring compensation for the series resistance of the signal path in the measurement instrument.  
         [0021]    An advantage provided by the instrument according to the invention is that the use of the synchronous detector rejects a lot of noise, providing noise immunity to the measurement device. Since cabling environments are varied and may be high noise, this noise immunity is desirable.  
         [0022]    Referring still to FIG. 4, a diagram of wave forms that would be observed at various points in the circuit of FIG. 3, wave form  64 , represents the current induced in the second wire of the pair for a small series resistance, while wave form  66  represents the current induced in the second wire of the pair for a larger series resistance. Wave form  62  is the square wave driven to the wire pair, while waveforms  70  and  72  represent the current inputs to the inverting and non-inverting inputs of the amplifier/low-pass filter  60 .  
         [0023]    The frequency input to inverter  50  may be varied to provide optimum testing for different cable lengths. Typically, shorter cables are tested employing higher frequencies. The frequency input square wave is precisely controlled, by a crystal oscillator, for example, suitably the oscillator employed by the microprocessor  34 .  
         [0024]    The operation and timing of the instrument is directed by the processor  34 , which interacts with the user via the display and keyboard to select and run tests on cables which may be attached to connectors  22  and  24 . The cables under test are typically network cables and the like, such as multiple twisted pair cables employed in local area networks. The instrument is implemented in the preferred embodiment as a hand held device, powered by batteries for example.  
         [0025]    Thus, according to the invention, a hand held instrument is provided that is capable of noise immune cable length measurements without requiring compensation for the series resistance within the instrument.  
         [0026]    While a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many changes and modifications may be made without departing from the invention in its broader aspects. The appended claims are therefore intended to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.