Abstract:
This invention relates to a support or hanger utilizing a conical washer spring or set of conical washer springs displaying variable load characteristics. When installed, both types (support or hanger) allow for small movements in pipe, ductwork or equipment (PDE), thus, allowing for the thermal growth of PDE. Conventionally, helical coil spring supports are chosen to meet the load capacities of PDE but are reluctantly used because of their large size. By using conical washer springs, the size of the support is substantially reduced making it a more useable device. A smaller, more compact design proves to increase the support/hanger&#39;s application making it more stable to place under piping and even under reciprocating motion equipment like generators and pumps. For small displacements, it is found that this invention behaves in the same manor as a conventional helical coil spring support under the same applied loads.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/765,348 entitled Conical Washer Spring Support, filed Feb. 6, 2006. The complete disclosure of that application is herein incorporated by reference for all purposes. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 U.S. Patent Documents 
               
             
          
           
               
                 U.S. Pat. No. 
                 Issued Date 
                 Inventor 
                 Classification 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5009386 
                 June., 1989 
                 Berger 
                 248/613 
               
               
                 4627593 
                 December, 1986 
                 A. J. Salter 
                 248/561 
               
               
                 5944288 
                 August, 1999 
                 Whitney/Birch 
                 248/058 
               
               
                 4238102 
                 December, 1980 
                 C. J. Salter 
                 248/543 
               
               
                 4640487 
                 February, 1987 
                 A. J. Salter 
                 248/571 
               
               
                 4206898 
                 June, 1980 
                 C. J. Salter 
                 248/561 
               
               
                 3833194 
                 September, 1974 
                 A. J. Salter 
                 248/054 
               
               
                 6517060 
                 February, 2003 
                 Z. A. Kemeny 
                 267/136 
               
               
                 5564664 
                 October, 1996 
                 M. Oschwald 
                   248/288.51 
               
               
                 5482406 
                 January, 1996 
                 E. J. Arlt, III 
                   405/195.1 
               
               
                 5458313 
                 October, 1995 
                 R. Tie et al. 
                 248/613 
               
               
                 4200256 
                 April, 1980 
                 P. H. Thiel 
                 248/548 
               
               
                 3873079 
                 March, 1975 
                 F. Kuus 
                 267/162 
               
               
                 3856242 
                 December, 1974 
                 B. D. Cook 
                 248/020 
               
               
                 3770232 
                 November, 1973 
                 J. C. Blake 
                 248/021 
               
               
                 3107905 
                 October, 1963 
                 C. D. Lucas 
                 267/001 
               
               
                 2939663 
                 June, 1960 
                 L. S. Suozzo 
                 248/054 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
       [0002]    Not Applicable. 
       REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING, A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING COMPACT DISC APPENDIX 
       [0003]    Not Applicable. 
       INTRODUCTION TO THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    Variable spring supports/hangers are mechanical devices that exert an upward force on pipe, ductwork, or equipment (PDE) due to the PDE&#39;s deadweight (forces due to gravity) while allowing vertical translation of the PDE. The spring support performs one or more of six major functions:
       1) To maintain support and accommodate movement of PDE subject to temperature changes.   2) To allow flexibility in PDE while maintaining support of the system&#39;s gravitational loads; thus, relieving the localized stresses throughout the system and at equipment connections.   3) To limit stresses on PDE and equipment nozzles due to their temperature changes.   4) To insure that unknown dynamic loads due to vibration and unbalanced forces during start-up do not damage PDE.   5) To correct small misalignment due to fabrication tolerances and/or displacement due to foundation settlement in PDE.   6) To facilitate meeting load requirements on load sensitive, rotating equipment (i.e. turbines, pumps, compressors) and non-rotating equipment (i.e. pressure vessels, heat exchangers, tanks).       
 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0011]    The function of a variable spring support is to support loads (forces) on PDE through the PDE&#39;s range of displacement that potentially can damage PDE while in operation. These forces include loads introduced to the PDE by pressure, temperature, vibration, wind, earthquake, dynamic transients and/or the PDE&#39;s own weight effects. The variable spring support should minimize one or more of the following typical problems related to industrial/commercial PDE:
       1) Piping stress in excess of that permitted in ASME piping codes.   2) Leakage at pipe joints, ductwork joints or equipment connections.   3) Excessive forces and moments on connected equipment such as pumps and turbines.   4) Excessive stresses on adjacent supporting and restraining elements (e.g. adjustable supports or non-adjustable).   5) Resonance with imposed or fluid-induced vibrations.   6) Interferences due to thermal expansion and contraction with adjacent PDE.   7) Disengagement of piping from its supports.   8) Minimize the need for expansion loops in piping systems.       
 
         [0020]    Mechanical and ASME piping codes and other international standard codes establish general rules for evaluating flexibility in piping systems. Springs supports are commonly utilized to increase flexibility on piping systems to satisfy allowable loads on equipment nozzles. It is imperative that loads be limited to meet applicable codes. The need to satisfy thermal and gravitational loads on sensitive equipment in a piping system is just as viable for movements measured in thousands of an inch as it is for large movements of several inches. 
         [0021]    In contrast, hard supports (meaning supports without a spring), adjustable or non-adjustable, cannot provide flexibility to piping systems, correct piping misalignment or rectify problems with fabrication tolerances. Particular to rotating equipment, the result of using a non-adjustable support is often evident in seal damage, casing distortion and coupling misalignment. Static supports can result in over stressed conditions, which lead to expensive equipment failure, down time and even injuries. The cost of down time is usually more expensive than the equipment itself. Without the use of a spring, extra flexibility must be incorporated into a piping system by means of expansion loops to limit thermal displacements and substantially reduce excessive forces on equipment nozzles. Adjustable (type) supports such as a rod hanger or adjustable base elbow or base line support can cause more damage to equipment if they are not properly adjusted. 
         [0022]    A spring support is cheap insurance against down time and expensive repairs. More importantly, spring supports extend PDE life. A spring support on load sensitive equipment and load sensitive fluid caring media (i.e. glass lined piping) provides assurance that the proper support load is applied. This is particularly true during and after the initial stages of an industrial/commercial plant&#39;s operating cycle when external loads due to vibration and unbalanced loads tend to exceed the normal operating range. 
         [0023]    Although coil spring supports have been proven in industry to solve critical stress problems in PDE, the application of coil spring supports can be improved. Coil springs do not directly address small movements effectively. Design engineers are reluctant to use a coil spring support where thermal pipe expansion and/or equipment displacements are small (e.g. 1/16″). Space limitations are often controlling factors near sensitive equipment. The helical wound coil spring support is too large an apparatus to typically install under piping or equipment in some instances. This limitation is also magnified by piping and HVAC insulation requirements that must be recognized as well. 
         [0024]    Carbon steel coil springs are also vulnerable to corrosive agents in the air and from accidental liquid spills. On occasion, caustic and corrosive materials spill from vessels, pumps and other equipment creating conditions where corrosive materials attack the spring support, thus, shorting its life. In the same way, air born particles such as salt air can attack the carbon steel material of the spring support. For corrosive services, protective coatings such as neoprene can be applied to the carbon steel coil spring. Manufacturers recommend neoprene only for operating temperatures up to 225 degrees Fahrenheit. It is also common practice to paint and galvanize carbon steel spring supports in used in corrosive environments as well. This may provide some protection but the spring itself cannot be inspected through routine maintenance while the spring is in service. No guarantee can be assured that the inner working parts are corrosion free while it is assembled. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0025]    In theory, the helical coil spring support/hanger manufactured today is a sufficient and viable choice when supporting industrial/commercial piping, HVAC ductwork and mechanical equipment PDE. However, thermal and dynamic displacements in PDE are many times less than ¼″. Combine this fact with the physical restraint of limited space in which to support these displacements and this situation creates the need for a new innovation. 
         [0026]    The proposed innovation uses conical springs (e.g. Belleville, etc.) as the deflection devise instead of a conventional helical coil spring. Disc springs have been virtually ignored in pipe support application. Disc springs offer an advantage over helical coil springs in satisfying small displacements in limited space within the piping system. By stacking conical springs and compressing them to a predetermined load, the Conical (Washer) Spring Support/Hanger can effectively maintain support of PDE through an operating displacement in the minimum amount of space. By using conical springs, the height of a typical spring support can be reduced by 30% to 50% for displacements from 0 to ⅝″. This device is also suitable for placement under equipment such as pumps, turbines, compressor base plates, heat exchangers and vessels where a helical coil spring is impractical. 
         [0027]    With the Conical (Washer) Spring Support/Hanger, corrosion is substantially minimized for most applications by using stainless steel or composite material conical springs which require little or no maintenance during the life of the support. The entire device can feasibly be made with corrosion free materials which provide cost savings as well as low maintenance during the life of the support. This offers a safer operational system. 
         [0028]    Reciprocating, rotating and non-rotating load sensitive equipment such as pumps, turbines, heat exchangers, blowers, compressors, pressure vessels and storage tanks as well as compact skid mounted equipment have limits to the amount of forces and moments that may be applied to their nozzles. Often, the geometric orientation of the equipment&#39;s nozzle connections with respect to foundation pads and other structural obstructions demand the use of a compact spring support. When this type of situation exist, the Conical (Washer) Spring Support/Hanger will support the same load through the same range of movement as the helical coil spring support in a, substantially, smaller space. The following is one example: Plate and frame heat exchangers as described in API 662 standard emphasize the requirement of nozzle loading being kept to a minimum. Nozzles on load sensitive equipment are often located geometrically close to grade elevation (as well as other obstructions). A spring is designed to support the weight loads off the connecting equipment throughout its thermal transitional cycle. The obstructions that occur often limit the placement options for spring supports. Typically on plate and frame exchanger 4 nozzles exist—2 inlet nozzles and 2 outlet nozzles. The 2 nozzles at the bottom are typically one pipe diameter in distance from the top of the foundation (at the support plate of the exchanger) to the bottom of the pipe. The allowable load for an eight-inch inlet nozzle or outlet nozzle of an API 662 standard service nozzle is 246 lbs. of force with a 911 lb-ft moment. The piping systems usually contain reducers connecting to the equipment making the piping larger than the nozzle size of the equipment. The weight alone of this piping and its fluid is almost always greater than the allowable loading capacity that is specified by the code. A spring support is, obviously, required. The room for the spring support makes installation a challenge due to restricted space. The proposed invention is more suitable for direct installation in the limited space provided under the heat exchanger&#39;s lower nozzles. 
         [0029]    To illustrate the difference between helical coil springs and conical washers, the minimum height of a helical coil spring could be limited to the distance of one times the pitch of the helical coil plus one coil rod diameter. This height would be greater than the height of one conical washer. The helical coil spring would have less load carrying capability. The helical coil spring force would be weak as its spring constant is dependent on its length or the amount it can compress. The helical coil spring could not obtain the high load settings required for small displacements simply by making it shorter. Its spring constant, by definition, is pounds per inch of compression which means the spring constant for a helical coil spring is linear. Its working range could not encompass the 25% variability requirement of the Manufacturers Standardization Society&#39;s (MSS) standard practice, MSS-SP58; which is a requirement set by the ASME code for pressure piping. In contrast, the conical washer&#39;s load deflection characteristics are different than a helical coil spring&#39;s load deflection. The spring constant for a conical washer is not linear. By simple observation of its geometry, it can be seen that helical coil springs are not as adaptable as conical washers. 
         [0030]    Incorporating the characteristics of the conical washer into a spring support has definite advantages. The one or more advantages of the Conical Washer Spring Support&#39;s applications are summarized below:
       1) The targeted deflection of the Conical Washer Spring Support/Hanger is ⅜″±. The helical coil spring support or hanger&#39;s target deflection ranges from ⅜″± to 6″±.   2) The optimal use of space is a desired design attribute. Conical spring support/hangers offer a very efficient use of space that a coil spring support does not offer. The more compact the support the more attractive the support is to the design engineer. (The less space taken by the spring support, the more space for PDE that is available).   3) When maintenance is an issue, the conical spring has a distinct advantage in it can be manufactured from corrosion free materials.   4) The support is largely self-dampening, particularly stacking the conical washer in “series”, giving good shock absorption and energy dissipation.       
 
         [0035]    5) The characteristics of a conical washer allows for quick compensation of the load with a minimum of deflection-movement. 
         [0036]    The advantages of the Conical Washer Spring Support are incorporated into its design with one or more of the following features:
       1) To capture deflections of ⅜″ or smaller over a range of loads, the design incorporates the use of conical washers which provides the required support load while maintaining the 25% variability requirements of the MSS_SP58 code.       
 
         [0038]    2) The overall height of the pre-loaded conical washer support maintains the requirements of the MSS-SP58 standard above while still maintaining a heights of ½ to ⅔ that of a conventional helical coil type spring support.
       3) Assuring a corrosion and maintenance free machine, the conical spring washer is availably made of a wide range of materials including stainless steel. When such conditions are required, the entire support can be manufactured with stainless steel as well.   4) Because the disc springs are of an annular shape, the force transmission is concentric. Simple adjustment of the load and deflection of spring support can be accomplished by adding or removing individual disks. This simple spring alteration offers a desired performance option of no deformation or fatigue under normal loads and high life cycles with dynamic loads.   5) Stacking the conical spring washers in ‘series’ to increase deflection while maintaining a compact design is a great advantage. In contrast, stacking the conical washers in ‘parallel’ reduces the amount of deflection but allows for greater loads while shortening the support even more. These combinations offer a wide variety of performance options. Disc springs (conical washers) have, virtually, no fatigue for normal load applications and high cycle life for dynamic load applications.       
 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0042]      FIG. 1  is an isometric view showing a typical support type of a conical washer spring support. 
           [0043]      FIG. 2  is a sectional view of the conical washer spring support of  FIG. 1  taken along line  1 - 1 . 
           [0044]      FIG. 3  is an exploded isometric view of the conical washer spring support of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0045]      FIG. 4  is a sectional view showing a typical hanger type conical washer spring support taken along line  1 - 1  in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0046]      FIG. 5  is a sectional view of the conical washer spring support of  FIG. 1  taken along line  1 - 1  in  FIG. 1  showing how required clearances for guiding the conical washers may be maintained. 
           [0047]      FIG. 6  is a sectional view of the conical washer spring support of  FIG. 1 , showing the use of flat washers between conical washers providing a bearing surface to maintain maximum contact at outer edge of conical washers as illustrated in  FIG. 5 . 
           [0048]      FIG. 7  is an example of a load vs. deflection graph showing a characteristic curve for a set of conical spring washers stacked in series. 
           [0049]      FIG. 8  is an isometric view showing another example of the conical washer spring support shown in  FIG. 1 . 
           [0050]      FIG. 9  is a sectional view of the conical washer spring support of  FIG. 8  taken along line  1 - 1 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0051]    Referencing  FIGS. 1-3 , each drawing is an example of a typical support type of a Conical Washer Spring Support. The load flange  1  is a flat disk with a concentric, circular lip welded to the disk&#39;s bottom surface about the disk&#39;s centerline. The load flange is fit transversely onto the load column  2 . The load column  2 , assembled vertically, is a piston shaped cylinder machined flat on its top edge (mating with the load flange  1 ) and threaded at its lower end. When assembled, the threaded end of the load column  2  engages the load plunger  7 , which in turn, is in contact with the top edge of the conical washer (s)  13 . The load plunger  7  is a donut shaped flat plate with one lug extending radially from its center on either side of its outer edge. From the plunger&#39;s centerline, these two tabs extend out, symmetrically. The load column&#39;s inner surface is guided by the smaller, cylindrical guide  12 , which is centered on the base  8 . At the upper end of the load column, four equally spaced, adjustment holes are seen just under the load flange. The base  8  is a rectangular shaped, flat plate with four mounting slots on each of the plate&#39;s four corners. In addition, two weep holes  15  and  16  are located in the base  8 ; one, through the base&#39;s centerline and the second through the space between the guide  12  and the housing  11 . The guide  12  and the housing  11  are mounted vertically about the center axis of the base&#39;s top surface. The housing  11  is a tubular shaped cylinder mounted, concentrically, about the smaller guide  12 . The housing  11  extends from the top surface of the base  8  to the retaining ring  6  encasing the conical washer (s)  13  and the load plunger  7 . At the upper end of the housing  11 , two rectangular slots  22  are located on either of the housing&#39;s walls (at 180 degrees apart) to allow vertical translation of the load plunger&#39;s side lugs. Holding the load plunger  7  in place, the mechanical stops  9  and  10  are two rectangular shaped blocks placed at the top and bottom of the load plunger&#39;s lugs within the housing&#39;s two sidewall slots  22 . The retaining ring  6  is a flat ring shaped plate with bolt holes appearing symmetrically around the ring&#39;s center. When mounted, the retaining ring  6  is placed transversely about the housing&#39;s circumference at its top edge. The housing cover  4  is a flat, donut shaped plate with equally spaced bolt holes to match the center axis of each of the retaining ring&#39;s bolt holes. The bottom surface of the housing cover  4  mounts flush against the top surface of the retaining ring  6  and is connected via the retaining stud bolts  5 . At the center of the housing cover  4 , a guide hole is positioned to allow for the vertical translation of the load column  2 . 
         [0052]    An example of a method of assembling the Conical Washer Spring Support of the support type is provided below. To assemble the Conical Washer Spring Support, the guide  12  is first welded to the base&#39;s top surface. Second, the housing  11  is welded to the base&#39;s top surface. Third, the retaining ring  6  is welded to the housing&#39;s upper edge. Fourth, the conical washer(s)  13  are loaded into the space between the guide  12  and the housing&#39;s inner surface. Depending on the load application, the conical washers  13  can be stacked convexly upon one another (with the larger, bottom surface of each washer facing down) or stacked opposing each other (with the first washer&#39;s smaller, top surface mating with the top surface of the second washer and the larger, bottom surface of the second washer mating with the third, consecutively). Fifth, the load plunger  7  is placed over the top washer (making sure the outside lugs of the plunger match the inset slots  22  of the housing  11 ) and mechanically pressed, compressing the washers to a pre-determined load. Sixth, once the desired load has been reached, the two stops  9  and  10  are placed into the inset slots  22  on both sides of the housing  11 . Seventh, the housing cover  4  is secured into place by fastening the stud bolts  5  to the retaining ring  6 . Eighth, the load column  2  is inserted through the housing cover and threaded into the load plunger  7  until it is guided on its inner surface by the guide  12 . Finally, the load flange  1  is placed on top of the load column  2 . However, the steps above may be performed in different sequences and in different combinations, not all steps being required for all examples of the Conical Washer Spring Support. 
         [0053]    Referring to  FIG. 4 , an example of a Conical Washer Spring Support of the hanger type is shown. All of the same parts shown in  FIG. 1-3  are used interchangeably in the hanger shown in  FIG. 4  with the following exceptions: The housing cover  4  is a disk shaped plate with equally spaced bolt holes positioned radially about the disk&#39;s center. Each bolt hole is aligned with the centerlines of the retaining ring&#39;s bolt holes (in the same manor as in  FIG. 2 ). Lug  1  is a vertically mounted, flat plate with a single bolt hole through its top half. The mounting lug&#39;s bottom edge is positioned transversely to the top surface of the housing cover  4  at its center axis. In contrast to the  FIG. 2  drawing, the guide  12  is mounted vertically to the bottom surface of the housing cover  4  at the housing cover&#39;s center. The load column  2 , assembled vertically, is a piston shaped cylinder threaded toward its upper end. At the top of the load column  2 , a stop ring  17  is threaded and held in place by an e-ring  21  which prevents the load column  2  from losing engagement with the plunger when adjusted. When assembled, the threaded end of the load column  2  engages the load plunger  7 , which in turn, is in contact with the top edge of the conical spring (s)  13 . The load column  2  translates vertically downward through the guide hole at the base&#39;s center. Connected to the inside surface of the load column  2 , the anchor  15  is disk shaped with a single bolt hole at its center. Through the anchor&#39;s bolt hole, a lug bolt  3  is attached to the anchor  15 . The base  8  is a rectangular shaped, flat plate with four mounting slots appearing in each of the base&#39;s four corners. At the base&#39;s center, a guide hole is concentrically centered slightly larger than the load column&#39;s outside diameter. The base  8  has one weep hole  16  through the space between the load column hole and the housing  11 . A turnbuckle  18  is threaded onto the lug bolt  3  and is held in place to prevent disengagement. The hanger is attached to the load via a rod which attaches to the turnbuckle  18  and is held secure by a lock nut as specified in the ASME piping code. 
         [0054]    After the support is placed in service, (i.e. the load is attached to the turnbuckle  18 ), the stops  9  and  10  can be removed. Further adjustment is obtained by turning the load column  2 . A load indicator plate (to accurately adjust and measure the movement of the support) is attached to the housing  11  and measures the vertical translation of the load plunger&#39;s lugs. 
         [0055]    An example of a method of assembling the Conical Washer Spring Support of the hanger type is provided below. To assemble the Conical Washer Hanger, first, the housing  11  is welded, concentrically, about the center of the base  8 . Second, the retaining ring is welded to the upper, outer surface of the housing  11 . Third, the guide  12  is welded to the bottom surface of the housing cover  4 , concentrically, about the housing cover&#39;s center axis. Forth, the mounting lug  1  is welded to the top surface of the housing cover at its center. Fifth, the turnbuckle  18  is bolted to the anchor  15 , the anchor  15  is weld to the inside surface of the load column  2  and the load plunger  7  and stop ring  17  are threaded onto the load column  2  locking them in place with the e-ring  21 . Sixth, the conical washer(s)  13  are loaded inside of the housing. Seventh, the load column assembly is lowered into place over the conical washers so that the turnbuckle is protruding through the guide hole in the base  8 . (The load plunger&#39;s lugs must align with the slots in the housing  11 .) Eighth, a press is used to compress the conical washer(s)  13  to the pre-determined load height. Ninth, stops  9  and  10  are added to both sides of the housing&#39;s slots above and below the load plunger&#39;s lugs. Tenth, the housing cover  4  is mounted onto the retaining ring  6 . Finally, the housing cover  4  is fastened to the retaining ring  6  using the lug bolts  5 . However, the steps above may be performed in different sequences and in different combinations, not all steps being required for all examples of the Conical Washer Spring Support. 
         [0056]      FIG. 5  shows, in detail, how the required spring clearances for guiding the conical washers are maintained. The land set on the washer is set to be at least twice the clearance between the inner diameter (I.D.) of the outer housing pipe  11  and the outer diameter (O.D.) of the conical washers  13 . This assures 100% contact between washers stacked in series. 
         [0057]      FIG. 6  depicts an example of the use of flat washers  23  between the conical washers  13  providing a bearing surface to maintain maximize contact between at outer edge of conical washers as illustrated in  FIG. 5 . This also allows greater flexibility in sizing the conical washers while maintaining the clearance requirements for the outside diameter of the conical washers  13 . 
         [0058]      FIG. 7  is a graph an example of a characteristic load vs. deflection curve for a set of conical spring washers stacked in series according to a specific design requirement. Alteration of spring performance as desired can be accomplished by adding or removing disc. 
         [0059]    The  FIGS. 8 and 9  are an example of the same conical washer spring support shown in  FIG. 1  with one exception; the top mounting plate and top retaining ring have been replaced with a single housing  11  which encases the conical washer springs  13 , the plunger  7  and the guide  12 . The housing also guides the load column  2  through an opening at the housing&#39;s top center. The housing fastens to the base  8  with the same mounting bolts  5  used in  FIG. 1 . The housing  11  example used in  FIGS. 8 and 9  have a dome or cupped shape with mounting bolt holes evenly spaced around its base flange. The base  8  is either circular or rectangular, as in  FIG. 1 , having bolt holes spaced to match the housing&#39;s bolt holes and  3  loading slots  23  positioned radially about its center. 
         [0060]    In assembling the conical washer spring support in  FIGS. 8 and 9 , the housing  11  is first, turned upside down. Second, the load plunger followed by the conical washers  13  are lowered into the housing  11  using the same stacking procedure in the  FIG. 1  assembly. Third, the stops  9  and  10  are positioned above and below the load plunger&#39;s lugs inside the inset slots  22 . Fourth, the base  8  and the guide  12 , mounted to the base&#39;s top center, as in  FIG. 2 , are loaded upside down onto the conical washers  13 . Fifth, with a special press bit designed to engage the conical washers  13  through the loading slots  23  in the base  8 , the conical washers  13  are mechanically pressed, allowing the base to be fastened to the housing  11 . Sixth, the housing/base unit is turn right side up and the load column  2 , with the load flange  1 , are lowered into the guide hole at the top of the housing  11 . Finally, the load column  2  is rotated into position engaging the threads of the load plunger  7 . 
         [0061]    The calculation of the load vs. deflection curve is based on formulas derived by J. O. Alemen and A. Laszlo. Their discussion is recorded in volume 58, pages 305-314 of “ASME Transactions”, RP-58-10, 1936. Their method has been widely accepted throughout industry. Their derivation is based on elastic behavior on the assumption that radial stresses were negligible, the complete disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference for all purposes. 
         [0062]    Springs which produce near/or constant load verses deflection curves are overstressed. Therefore, it is the requirement and intention of this device that the selected spring sizes and their respective H 0 /T ratios generate load verses deflection curves that are below their material allowable stress levels at 100% compression of the spring&#39;s height. 
         [0063]    Although Conical Washer Spring Supports and features of Conical Washer Spring Supports have been shown and described with reference to the foregoing operational principles and preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will find apparent that various changes in form and detail may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims. The present disclosure is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variances that fall within the scope of the appended claims.