Abstract:
A synergistic herbicidal composition containing (a) penoxsulam and (b) florasulam provides weed control in multiple crops and settings, e.g., rice, cereal and grain crops, turf, industrial vegetation management, sugar cane, range and pasture, and tree and vine orchards.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority from and benefit of U.S. provisional application 61/523,884 filed on Aug. 16, 2011. The entire content of this provisional application is hereby incorporated by reference into this application. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention concerns a synergistic herbicidal composition containing (a) penoxsulam and (b) florasulam for controlling growth of undesirable vegetation, particularly in multiple crops, including rice, cereal and grain crops (including wheat, barley and corn), turf, industrial vegetation management (IVM), sugar cane, range and pasture, and tree and vine orchards. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The protection of crops from weeds and other vegetation which inhibit crop growth is a constantly recurring problem in agriculture. To help combat this problem, researchers in the field of synthetic chemistry have produced an extensive variety of chemicals and chemical formulations effective in the control of such unwanted growth. Chemical herbicides of many types have been disclosed in the literature and a large number are in commercial use. 
     In some cases, herbicidal active ingredients have been shown to be more effective in combination than when applied individually and this is referred to as “synergism.” As described in the  Herbicide Handbook  of the Weed Science Society of America, Ninth Edition, 2007, p. 429, “‘synergism’ [is] an interaction of two or more factors such that the effect when combined is greater than the predicted effect based on the response to each factor applied separately.” The present invention is based on the discovery that florasulam and penoxsulam, already known individually for their herbicidal efficacy, display a synergistic effect when applied in combination. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention concerns a synergistic herbicidal mixture comprising an herbicidally effective amount of (a) penoxsulam and (b) florasulam. The compositions may also contain an agriculturally acceptable adjuvant or carrier. 
     The present invention also concerns a method of controlling the growth of undesirable vegetation in multiple crops, including rice, cereal and grain crops, turf, IVM, sugar cane and tree and vine orchards, and the use of this synergistic composition. 
     The species spectrum of the compounds of the synergistic mixture, i.e., the weed species which the respective compounds control, are broad and highly complementary. These synergistic mixtures are particularly useful for the control of key weeds, e.g., chamomile, ( Anthemis cotula  L., ANTOR), field marigold ( Calendula arvensis , CLDAR), henbit ( Lamium amplexicaule  L, LAMAM), annual sowthistle ( Sonchus oleraceus  L., SONOL), common mallow ( Malva neglecta  Wallr., MALNE), corn salad ( Valerianella echinata , VLLEC), horseweed ( Conyza canadensis  (L.) Cronq., ERICA), field madder ( Sherardia arvensis  L., SHRAR), and sowthistle ( Sonchus  species, SONSS) at application rates equal to or lower than the rates of the individual compounds. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Penoxsulam is the common name for (2-(2,2-difluoroethoxy)-N-(5,8-dimethoxy-[1,2,4]-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-2-yl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in  The Pesticide Manual , Fifteenth Edition, 2009. Penoxsulam controls barnyard grass, as well as many broadleaf and sedge weeds in rice, turf, tree nut and vineyard crops, cereal and grain crops, and IVM. 
     Florasulam is the common name for N-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-8-fluoro-5-methoxy[1,2,4]-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide. Its herbicidal activity is described in  The Pesticide Manual , Fifteenth Edition, 2009. Florasulam provides postemergent control of broadleaf weeds and cruciferae in cereals and maize. 
     The term herbicide is used herein to mean an active ingredient that kills, controls or otherwise adversely modifies the growth of plants. An herbicidally effective or vegetation controlling amount is an amount of active ingredient which causes an adversely modifying effect and includes deviations from natural development, killing, regulation, desiccation, retardation, and the like. The terms plants and vegetation include germinant seeds, emerging seedlings, plants emerging from vegetative propagules, and established vegetation. 
     Herbicidal activity is exhibited by the compounds of the synergistic mixture when they are applied directly to the plant or to the locus of the plant at any stage of growth or before planting or emergence. The effect observed depends upon the plant species to be controlled, the stage of growth of the plant, the application parameters of dilution and spray drop size, the particle size of solid components, the environmental conditions at the time of use, the specific compound employed, the specific adjuvants and carriers employed, the soil type, and the like, as well as the amount of chemical applied. These and other factors can be adjusted as is known in the art to promote non-selective or selective herbicidal action. Generally, it is preferred to apply the composition of the present invention preemergence to early postemergence to relatively immature undesirable vegetation to achieve the maximum control of weeds. 
     In the composition of this invention, the active ingredient ratio (weight-to-weight, wt:wt) of penoxsulam to florasulam at which the herbicidal effect is synergistic lies within the range of between about 17:1 to 1:1, with a ratio of about 7:1 being preferred. 
     The rate at which the synergistic composition is applied will depend upon the particular type of weed to be controlled, the degree of control required, and the timing and method of application. In general, the composition of the invention can be applied at an application rate of between about 10 grams active ingredient per hectare (gai/ha) and about 110 gai/ha based on the total amount of active ingredients in the composition. An application rate between about 10 gai/ha and about 70 gai/ha is preferred. In an especially preferred embodiment of the invention, florasulam is applied at a rate between about 3 gai/ha and about 10 gai/ha, and penoxsulam is applied at a rate between about 10 gai/ha and about 50 gai/ha. 
     The components of the synergistic mixture of the present invention can be applied either separately or as part of a multipart herbicidal system. 
     The synergistic mixture of the present invention can be applied in conjunction with one or more other herbicides to control a wider variety of undesirable vegetation. When used in conjunction with other herbicides, the composition can be formulated with the other herbicide or herbicides, tank mixed with the other herbicide or herbicides or applied sequentially with the other herbicide or herbicides. Some of the herbicides that can be employed in conjunction with the synergistic composition of the present invention include: 4-CPA, 4-CPB, 4-CPP, 2,4-D, 3,4-DA, 2,4-DB, 3,4-DB, 2,4-DEB, 2,4-DEP, 3,4-DP, 2,3,6-TBA, 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-TB, acetochlor, acifluorfen, aclonifen, acrolein, alachlor, allidochlor, alloxydim, allyl alcohol, alorac, ametridione, ametryn, amibuzin, amicarbazone, amidosulfuron, aminocyclopyrachlor, aminopyralid, amiprofos-methyl, amitrole, ammonium sulfamate, anilofos, anisuron, asulam, atraton, atrazine, azafenidin, azimsulfuron, aziprotryne, barban, BCPC, beflubutamid, benazolin, bencarbazone, benfluralin, benfuresate, bensulfuron, bensulide, bentazone, benzadox, benzfendizone, benzipram, benzobicyclon, benzofenap, benzofluor, benzoylprop, benzthiazuron, bicyclopyrone, bifenox, bilanafos, bispyribac, borax, bromacil, bromobonil, bromobutide, bromofenoxim, bromoxynil, brompyrazon, butachlor, butafenacil, butamifos, butenachlor, buthidazole, buthiuron, butralin, butroxydim, buturon, butylate, cacodylic acid, cafenstrole, calcium chlorate, calcium cyanamide, cambendichlor, carbasulam, carbetamide, carboxazole chlorprocarb, carfentrazone, CDEA, CEPC, chlomethoxyfen, chloramben, chloranocryl, chlorazifop, chlorazine, chlorbromuron, chlorbufam, chloreturon, chlorfenac, chlorfenprop, chlorflurazole, chlorflurenol, chloridazon, chlorimuron, chlomitrofen, chloropon, chlorotoluron, chloroxuron, chloroxynil, chlorpropham, chlorsulfuron, chlorthal, chlorthiamid, cinidon-ethyl, cinmethylin, cinosulfuron, cisanilide, clethodim, cliodinate, clodinafop, clofop, clomazone, clomeprop, cloprop, cloproxydim, clopyralid, cloransulam, CMA, copper sulfate, CPMF, CPPC, credazine, cresol, cumyluron, cyanatryn, cyanazine, cycloate, cyclosulfamuron, cycloxydim, cycluron, cyhalofop, cyperquat, cyprazine, cyprazole, cypromid, daimuron, dalapon, dazomet, delachlor, desmedipham, desmetryn, di-allate, dicamba, dichlobenil, dichloralurea, dichlormate, dichlorprop, dichlorprop-P, diclofop, diclosulam, diethamquat, diethatyl, difenopenten, difenoxuron, difenzoquat, diflufenican, diflufenzopyr, dimefuron, dimepiperate, dimethachlor, dimethametryn, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, dimexano, dimidazon, dinitramine, dinofenate, dinoprop, dinosam, dinoseb, dinoterb, diphenamid, dipropetryn, diquat, disul, dithiopyr, diuron, DMPA, DNOC, DSMA, EBEP, eglinazine, endothal, epronaz, EPTC, erbon, esprocarb, ethalfluralin, ethametsulfuron, ethidimuron, ethiolate, ethofumesate, ethoxyfen, ethoxysulfuron, etinofen, etnipromid, etobenzanid, EXD, fenasulam, fenoprop, fenoxaprop, fenoxaprop-P, fenoxasulfone, fenteracol, fenthiaprop, fentrazamide, fenuron, ferrous sulfate, flamprop, flamprop-M, fluazifop, fluazifop-P, fluazolate, flucarbazone, flucetosulfuron, fluchloralin, flufenacet, flufenican, flufenpyr, flumetsulam, flumezin, flumiclorac, flumioxazin, flumipropyn, fluometuron, fluorodifen, fluoroglycofen, fluoromidine, fluoronitrofen, fluothiuron, flupoxam, flupropacil, flupropanate, flupyrsulfuron, fluridone, fluorochloridone, fluoroxypyr, flurtamone, fluthiacet, fomesafen, foramsulfuron, fosamine, furyloxyfen, glufosinate, glufosinate-P, glyphosate, halosafen, halosulfuron, haloxydine, haloxyfop, haloxyfop-P, hexachloroacetone, hexaflurate, hexazinone, imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr, imazosulfuron, indanofan, indaziflam, iodobonil, iodomethane, iodosulfuron, iofensulfuron, ioxynil, ipazine, ipfencarbazone, iprymidam, isocarbamid, isocil, isomethiozin, isonoruron, isopolinate, isopropalin, isoproturon, isouron, isoxaben, isoxachlortole, isoxaflutole, isoxapyrifop, karbutilate, ketospiradox, lactofen, lenacil, linuron, MAA, MAMA, MCPA, MCPA-thioethyl, MCPB, mecoprop, mecoprop-P, medinoterb, mefenacet, mefluidide, mesoprazine, mesosulfuron, mesotrione, metam, metamifop, metamitron, metazachlor, metazosulfuron, metflurazon, methabenzthiazuron, methalpropalin, methazole, methiobencarb, methiozolin, methiuron, methometon, methoprotryne, methyl bromide, methyl isothiocyanate, methyldymron, metobenzuron, metobromuron, metolachlor, metosulam, metoxuron, metribuzin, metsulfuron, molinate, monalide, monisouron, monochloroacetic acid, monolinuron, monuron, morfamquat, MSMA, naproanilide, napropamide, naptalam, neburon, nicosulfuron, nipyraclofen, nitralin, nitrofen, nitrofluorfen, norflurazon, noruron, OCH, orbencarb, ortho-dichlorobenzene, orthosulfamuron, oryzalin, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxapyrazon, oxasulfuron, oxaziclomefone, oxyfluorfen, parafluoron, paraquat, pebulate, pelargonic acid, pendimethalin, pentachlorophenol, pentanochlor, pentoxazone, perfluidone, pethoxamid, phenisopham, phenmedipham, phenmedipham-ethyl, phenobenzuron, phenylmercury acetate, picloram, picolinafen, pinoxaden, piperophos, potassium arsenite, potassium azide, potassium cyanate, pretilachlor, primisulfuron, procyazine, prodiamine, profluazol, profluralin, profoxydim, proglinazine, prometon, prometryn, propachlor, propanil, propaquizafop, propazine, propham, propisochlor, propoxycarbazone, propyrisulfuron, propyzamide, prosulfalin, prosulfocarb, prosulfuron, proxan, prynachlor, pydanon, pyraclonil, pyraflufen, pyrasulfotole, pyrazolynate, pyrazosulfuron, pyrazoxyfen, pyribenzoxim, pyributicarb, pyriclor, pyridafol, pyridate, pyriftalid, pyriminobac, pyrimisulfan, pyrithiobac, pyroxasulfone, pyroxsulam, quinclorac, quinmerac, quinoclamine, quinonamid, quizalofop, quizalofop-P, rhodethanil, rimsulfuron, saflufenacil, S-metolachlor, sebuthylazine, secbumeton, sethoxydim, siduron, simazine, simeton, simetryn, SMA, sodium arsenite, sodium azide, sodium chlorate, sulcotrione, sulfallate, sulfentrazone, sulfometuron, sulfosulfuron, sulfuric acid, sulglycapin, swep, TCA, tebutam, tebuthiuron, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, tepraloxydim, terbacil, terbucarb, terbuchlor, terbumeton, terbuthylazine, terbutryn, tetrafluoron, thenylchlor, thiazafluoron, thiazopyr, thidiazimin, thidiazuron, thiencarbazone-methyl, thifensulfuron, thiobencarb, tiocarbazil, tioclorim, topramezone, tralkoxydim, triafamone, tri-allate, triasulfuron, triaziflam, tribenuron, tricamba, triclopyr, tridiphane, trietazine, trifloxysulfuron, trifluralin, triflusulfuron, trifop, trifopsime, trihydroxytriazine, trimeturon, tripropindan, tritac tritosulfuron, vernolate and xylachlor. 
     The synergistic mixture of the present invention can additionally be employed to control undesirable vegetation in many crops that have been made tolerant to or resistant to them or to other herbicides by genetic manipulation or by mutation and selection. The synergistic composition of the present invention can, further, be used in conjunction with 2,4-D, glyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba, sulfonylureas or imidazolinones on 2,4-D tolerant, glyphosate-tolerant, glufosinate-tolerant, dicamba-tolerant, sulfonylurea-tolerant crops or imidazolinone-tolerant crops. 
     It is generally preferred to use the synergistic composition of the present invention in combination with herbicides that are selective for the crop being treated and which complement the spectrum of weeds controlled by these compounds at the application rate employed. It is further generally preferred to apply the synergistic composition of the present invention and other complementary herbicides at the same time, either as a combination formulation or as a tank mix. 
     The synergistic composition of the present invention can generally be employed in combination with known herbicide safeners, such as benoxacor, benthiocarb, brassinolide, cloquintocet (mexyl), cyometrinil, cyprosulfamate, daimuron, dichlormid, dicyclonon, dietholate, dimepiperate, disulfoton, fenchlorazole-ethyl, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, furilazole, harpin proteins, isoxadifen-ethyl, mefenpyr-diethyl, mephenate, MG 191, MON 4660, naphthalic anhydride (NA), oxabetrinil, R29148 and N-phenyl-sulfonylbenzoic acid amides, to enhance their selectivity. 
     In practice, it is preferable to use the synergistic composition of the present invention in mixtures containing an herbicidally effective amount of the herbicidal components along with at least one agriculturally acceptable adjuvant or carrier. Suitable adjuvants or carriers should not be phytotoxic to valuable crops, particularly at the concentrations employed in applying the compositions for selective weed control in the presence of crops, and should not react chemically with herbicidal components or other composition ingredients. Such mixtures can be designed for application directly to weeds or their locus or can be concentrates or formulations that are normally diluted with additional carriers and adjuvants before application. They can be solids, such as, for example, dusts, granules, water dispersible granules, or wettable powders, or liquids, such as, for example, emulsifiable concentrates, solutions, emulsions or suspensions. 
     Suitable agricultural adjuvants and carriers that are useful in preparing the herbicidal mixtures of the invention are well known to those skilled in the art. Some of these adjuvants include, but are not limited to, crop oil concentrate (mineral oil (85%)+emulsifiers (15%)); nonylphenol ethoxylate; benzylcocoalkyldimethyl quaternary ammonium salt; blend of petroleum hydrocarbon, alkyl esters, organic acid, and anionic surfactant; C 9 -C 11  alkylpolyglycoside; phosphated alcohol ethoxylate; natural primary alcohol (C 12 -C 16 ) ethoxylate; di-sec-butylphenol EO-PO block copolymer; polysiloxane-methyl cap; nonylphenol ethoxylate+urea ammonium nitrate; emulsified methylated seed oil; tridecyl alcohol (synthetic) ethoxylate (8EO); tallow amine ethoxylate (15 EO); PEG(400) dioleate-99. 
     Liquid carriers that can be employed include water and organic solvents. The organic solvents typically used include, but are not limited to, petroleum fractions or hydrocarbons such as mineral oil, aromatic solvents, paraffinic oils, and the like; vegetable oils such as soybean oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, castor oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, palm oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, tung oil and the like; esters of the above vegetable oils; esters of monoalcohols or dihydric, trihydric, or other lower polyalcohols (4-6 hydroxy containing), such as 2-ethyl hexyl stearate, n-butyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, propylene glycol dioleate, di-octyl succinate, di-butyl adipate, di-octyl phthalate and the like; esters of mono, di and polycarboxylic acids and the like. Specific organic solvents include toluene, xylene, petroleum naphtha, crop oil, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, ethyl acetate, amyl acetate, butyl acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerine, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, N,N-dimethyl alkylamides, dimethyl sulfoxide, liquid fertilizers and the like. Water is generally the carrier of choice for the dilution of concentrates. 
     Suitable solid carriers include talc, pyrophyllite clay, silica, attapulgus clay, kaolin clay, kieselguhr, chalk, diatomaceous earth, lime, calcium carbonate, bentonite clay, Fuller&#39;s earth, cottonseed hulls, wheat flour, soybean flour, pumice, wood flour, walnut shell flour, lignin, and the like. 
     It is usually desirable to incorporate one or more surface-active agents into the compositions of the present invention. Such surface-active agents are advantageously employed in both solid and liquid compositions, especially those designed to be diluted with carrier before application. The surface-active agents can be anionic, cationic or nonionic in character and can be employed as emulsifying agents, wetting agents, suspending agents, or for other purposes. Surfactants conventionally used in the art of formulation and which may also be used in the present formulations are described, inter alia, in “McCutcheon&#39;s Detergents and Emulsifiers Annual,” MC Publishing Corp., Ridgewood, N.J., 1998 and in “Encyclopedia of Surfactants,” Vol. I-III, Chemical Publishing Co., New York, 1980-81. Typical surface-active agents include salts of alkyl sulfates, such as diethanolammonium lauryl sulfate; alkylarylsulfonate salts, such as calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate; alkylphenol-alkylene oxide addition products, such as nonylphenol-C 18  ethoxylate; alcohol-alkylene oxide addition products, such as tridecyl alcohol-C 16  ethoxylate; soaps, such as sodium stearate; alkylnaphthalene-sulfonate salts, such as sodium dibutyl-naphthalenesulfonate; dialkyl esters of sulfosuccinate salts, such as sodium di(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate; sorbitol esters, such as sorbitol oleate; quaternary amines, such as lauryl trimethylammonium chloride; polyethylene glycol esters of fatty acids, such as polyethylene glycol stearate; block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide; salts of mono- and dialkyl phosphate esters; vegetable or seed oils such as soybean oil, rapeseed/canola oil, olive oil, castor oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, palm oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, tung oil and the like; and esters of the above vegetable oils, particularly methyl esters. 
     Oftentimes, some of these materials, such as vegetable or seed oils and their esters, can be used interchangeably as an agricultural adjuvant, as a liquid carrier or as a surface active agent. 
     Other adjuvants commonly used in agricultural compositions include compatibilizing agents, antifoam agents, sequestering agents, neutralizing agents and buffers, corrosion inhibitors, dyes, odorants, spreading agents, penetration aids, sticking agents, dispersing agents, thickening agents, freezing point depressants, antimicrobial agents, and the like. The compositions may also contain other compatible components, for example, other herbicides, plant growth regulants, fungicides, insecticides, and the like and can be formulated with liquid fertilizers or solid, particulate fertilizer carriers such as ammonium nitrate, urea and the like. 
     The concentration of the active ingredients in the synergistic composition of the present invention is generally from 0.001 to 98 percent by weight. Concentrations from 0.01 to 90 percent by weight are often employed. In compositions designed to be employed as concentrates, the active ingredients are generally present in a concentration from 1 to 98 weight percent, preferably 2 to 90 weight percent. Such compositions are typically diluted with an inert carrier, such as water, before application. The diluted compositions usually applied to weeds or the locus of weeds generally contain 0.0001 to 1 weight percent active ingredient and preferably contain 0.001 to 0.05 weight percent. 
     The present compositions can be applied to weeds or their locus by the use of conventional ground or aerial dusters, sprayers, and granule applicators, by addition to irrigation water, and by other conventional means known to those skilled in the art. 
     The following examples illustrate the present invention. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Evaluation of Preemergence Herbicidal Activity of Mixtures under Field Conditions 
     Methodology 
     Field trials were conducted in olive tree crops in Spain using standard herbicide small plot research methodology. Plot size was typical for small plot research in tree crops, varying from 4 to 10 meters (m) wide by 4 to 10 m long. There were 4 replicates per treatment typically utilizing randomized complete block statistical design. Soil types ranged from coarse to medium to fine soil texture. Perennial olive crops were transplanted by hand into orchards as per normal local cultural practices. The olive crop was grown using normal cultural practices for fertilization, watering and maintenance to ensure good growth of the crop and the weeds. 
     Treatments were applied by backpack sprayer using either compressed air or CO 2 , at spray pressures at 300 kilopascals (kPa). Spray tips were typically Flat Fan Teejet nozzles, such as FanJet 120 or Teejet 11003 VP. Spray volumes were approximately 300 liters per hectare (L/ha). The weed spectrum included, but was not limited to, chamomile, ( Anthemis cotula  L., ANTOR), field marigold ( Calendula arvensis , CLDAR), henbit ( Lamium amplexicaule  L, LAMAM), annual sowthistle ( Sonchus oleraceus  L., SONOL), common mallow ( Malva neglecta  Wallr., MALNE), corn salad ( Valerianella echinata , VLLEC), horseweed ( Conyza canadensis  (L.) Cronq., ERICA), field madder ( Sherardia arvensis  L., SHRAR), and sowthistle ( Sonchus  species, SONSS). Treatments were applied preemergence or early postemergence to the stage of the weeds. Olive tree spacings were typically rows that were 7 to 8 m apart, and trees in the row were from 4 to 6 m apart. 
     For each treatment, the appropriate formulated product amount to treat the plot area, to achieve the desired application rate, based on unit area of application (hectare), was calculated, measured, and mixed in water prior to applying with the backpack sprayer 
     Treatments were rated as compared to the untreated control plots. 
     Evaluation 
     The treated plots and control plots were rated blind at various intervals after application. Ratings were based of Percent (%) Visual weed control, where 0 corresponds to no injury and 100 corresponds to complete kill. 
     Data were collected for all trials and analyzed using various statistical methods. 
     Colby&#39;s equation was used to determine the herbicidal effects expected from the mixtures (Colby, S. R. Calculation of the synergistic and antagonistic response of herbicide combinations.  Weeds  1967, 15, 20-22). 
     The following equation was used to calculate the expected activity of mixtures containing two active ingredients, A and B:
 
Expected= A+B −( A×B/ 100)
 
     A=observed efficacy of active ingredient A at the same concentration as used in the mixture; 
     B=observed efficacy of active ingredient B at the same concentration as used in the mixture. 
     The results are summarized in Tables 1 through 3. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Control of ANTCO, CLDAR, LAMAM and SONOL 
               
               
                 by Penoxsulam plus Florasulam at 30-45 Days 
               
               
                 after Application (DAA) in the Field. 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Application 
                   
               
               
                 Rate (gai/ha) 
                 % Control 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Penox- 
                 Flora- 
                 ANTCO 
                 CLDAR 
                 LAMAM 
                 SONOL 
               
             
          
           
               
                 sulam 
                 sulam 
                 Obs 
                 Ex 
                 Obs 
                 Ex 
                 Obs 
                 Ex 
                 Obs 
                 Ex 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 10 
                 0 
                 0 
                 — 
                 5 
                 — 
                 0 
                 — 
                 0 
                 — 
               
               
                 0 
                 5 
                 50 
                 — 
                 40 
                 — 
                 5 
                 — 
                 50 
                 — 
               
               
                 10 
                 5 
                 100 
                 50 
                 90 
                 43 
                 50 
                  5 
                 98 
                 50 
               
               
                 13 
                 0 
                 5 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 0 
                 6.3 
                 69 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 30 
                 — 
                 60 
                 — 
               
               
                 13 
                 6.3 
                 100 
                 70 
                 — 
                 — 
                 58 
                 30 
                 98 
                 61 
               
               
                 15 
                 0 
                 5 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 4 
                 — 
                 5 
                 — 
               
               
                 0 
                 7.5 
                 95 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 30 
                 — 
                 60 
                 — 
               
               
                 15 
                 7.5 
                 100 
                 95 
                 — 
                 — 
                 80 
                 32 
                 99 
                 62 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ANTCO = chamomile, mayweed ( Anthemis cotula L. ) 
               
               
                 CLDAR = field marigold ( Calendula arvensis ) 
               
               
                 LAMAM = henbit ( Lamium amplexicaule L. ) 
               
               
                 SONOL = annual sowthistle ( Sonchus oleraceus L. ) 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Control of MALNE and VLLEC by Penoxsulam 
               
               
                 plus Florasulam at 90 DAA in the Field. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 % Control 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Application Rate (gai/ha) 
                   
                 MALNE 
                   
                 VLLEC 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Penoxsulam 
                 Florasulam 
                 Obs 
                 Ex 
                 Obs 
                 Ex 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 10 
                 0 
                 8 
                 — 
                 80 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 5 
                 50 
                 — 
                 10 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 5 
                 85 
                 54 
                 100 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                 13 
                 0 
                 — 
                 — 
                 80 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 0 
                 6.3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 10 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 13 
                 6.3 
                 — 
                 — 
                 99 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 MALNE = common mallow ( Malva neglecta  Wallr.) 
               
               
                   
                 VLLEC = corn salad ( Valerianella echinata ) 
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Control of ERICA, SHRAR and SONSS by Penoxsulam 
               
               
                 plus Florasulam at 99-175 DAA in the Field. 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 % Control 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Application Rate (gai/ha) 
                 ERICA 
                 SHRAR 
                 SONSS 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Penoxsulam 
                 Florasulam 
                 Obs 
                 Ex 
                 Obs 
                 Ex 
                 Obs 
                 Ex 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 20 
                 0 
                 23 
                 — 
                 0 
                 — 
                 53 
                 — 
               
               
                 0 
                 7.5 
                 51 
                 — 
                 0 
                 — 
                 8 
                 — 
               
               
                 20 
                 7.5 
                 96 
                 60 
                 50 
                 0 
                 96 
                 61 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ERICA = horseweed ( Conyza canadensis  ( L. ) Cronq.) 
               
               
                 SHRAR = field madder ( Sherardia arvensis L. ) 
               
               
                 SONSS = sowthistle ( Sonchus  species)