Abstract:
Disclosed herein is an electro luminescence display panel having a pixel structure corresponding to an active matrix drive system, including: a reverse bias potential generating portion configured to generate a reverse bias potential in which corresponding one of gradation values of pixels is reflected; and a voltage applying portion configured to apply the reverse bias potential to a gate electrode of a drive transistor composing a pixel circuit adapted to operate for a non-emission time period.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present invention contains subject matter related to Japanese Patent Application JP 2008-047180 filed in the Japan Patent Office on Feb. 28, 2008, the entire contents of which being incorporated herein by reference. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0003]    The present invention relates to an EL (Electro Luminescence) display panel, an electronic apparatus, and a method of driving the EL display panel, and more particularly to an EL display panel which is driven and controlled by using an active matrix drive system, an electronic apparatus, and a method of driving the EL display panel. 
         [0004]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0005]      FIG. 1  shows a general circuit block of a configuration of an active matrix drive type organic EL display panel. As shown in  FIG. 1 , an organic EL display panel  1  is composed of a pixel array portion  3 , a signal write control line driving portion  5 , and a horizontal selector  7  which operate as drive circuits for driving the pixel array portion  3 . It is noted that in the pixel array portion  3 , a pixel circuit  9  is disposed in each of intersections between signal lines DTLs and write control lines WSLs. 
         [0006]    Now, an organic EL element is a current light emitting element. For this reason, a drive system for controlling a gradation by controlling amounts of currents caused to flow through the organic EL elements corresponding to pixels, respectively, is adopted for the organic EL display panel. 
         [0007]      FIG. 2  shows one of the simplest circuit configurations of this sort of pixel circuit  9 . This pixel circuit  9  is composed of thin film transistors T 1  and T 2 , and a hold capacitor Cs. Hereinafter, the thin film transistor T 1  is referred to as “the sampling transistor T 1 ,” and the thin film transistor T 2  is referred to as “the drive transistor T 2 .” 
         [0008]    The sampling transistor T 1  is an N-channel thin film transistor for controlling an operation for writing a signal potential Vsig corresponding to a gradation of the corresponding one of the pixels to the hold capacitor Cs. In addition, the drive transistor T 2  is a P-channel thin film transistor for supplying a drive current Ids to an organic EL element OLED based on a gate-to-source voltage Vgs determined depending on the signal potential Vsig held in the hold capacitor Cs. 
         [0009]    In the case of the circuit configuration shown in  FIG. 2 , a source electrode of the drive transistor T 2  is connected to a power source line to which a power source potential Vcc is fixedly applied, and thus the drive transistor T 2  usually operates in a saturated region. That is to say, the drive transistor T 2  operates as a constant current source for supplying a drive current Ids having a magnitude corresponding to the signal potential Vsig to the organic EL element OLED. In this case, the drive current Ids is expressed by Expression (1): 
         [0000]        Ids=k ·μ·( Vgs−Vth ) 2 /2   (1) 
         [0000]    where μ is a mobility of a majority carrier of the drive transistor T 2 , Vth is a threshold voltage of the drive transistor T 2 , and k is a coefficient given by (W/L)·Cox where W is a channel width, L is a channel length, and Cox is a gate capacitance per unit area. 
         [0010]    It is noted that in the case of the pixel circuit having this configuration, it is known that there are the characteristics in which a drain voltage of the drive transistor T 2  changes with a temporal change of I-V characteristics of the organic EL element shown in  FIG. 3 . However, since the gate-to-source voltage Vgs is held constant, there is no change in amount of current supplied to the organic EL element. As a result, an emission luminance can be held constant. 
         [0011]    The organic EL display panel device adopting the active matrix drive system, for example, is described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 2003-255856, 2003-271095, 2004-133240, 2004-029791, and 2004-093682. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    Now, the circuit configuration shown in  FIG. 2  cannot be adopted depending on the kinds of thin film processes in some cases. That is to say, in the current thin film process, a P-channel thin film transistor cannot be adopted in some cases. In such cases, the drive transistor T 2  is necessarily replaced with the N-channel thin film transistor. 
         [0013]      FIG. 4  shows a configuration of this sort of pixel circuit. In this case, a source electrode of a drive transistor T 12  is connected to an anode terminal of an organic EL element OLED. However, in the case of this pixel circuit  11 , there is encountered a problem that a gate-to-source voltage Vgs changes with a temporal change of I-V characteristics of the organic EL element OLED. This change in gate-to-source voltage Vgs causes an amount of drive current to change, thereby changing an emission luminance. 
         [0014]    In addition thereto, a threshold and a mobility of the drive transistor T 12  composing each of pixel circuits  11  differs every pixel. A difference in threshold or mobility of the drive transistor T 12  among the pixel appears in the form of a dispersion of a drive current value, thereby causing the emission luminance to change every pixel. 
         [0015]    Thus,  FIG. 5  shows a connection relationship between a pixel circuit  21  of an organic EL panel  1  adopting a circuit configuration adapted to prevent the dispersion of the characteristics of the drive transistor composed of an N-channel thin film transistor, and a drive circuit for driving the pixel circuit  21 . 
         [0016]    The pixel circuit  21  is composed of N-channel thin film transistors T 21 , T 22 , T 23 , T 24 , and T 25 , and a hold capacitor Cs. 
         [0017]    It is noted that the thin film transistor T 21  (hereinafter referred to as “the first sampling transistor T 21 ”) operates as a switch for controlling an operation for writing a signal potential Vsig to the hold capacitor Cs. The thin film transistor T 22  (hereinafter referred to as “the second sampling transistor T 22 ”) operates as a switch for controlling an operation for writing an offset signal potential Vofs to a gate electrode of the thin film transistor T 25 . 
         [0018]    The thin film transistor T 23  (hereinafter referred to as “the first switching transistor T 23 ”) operates as a switch for controlling an operation for supplying a power source potential Vcc to the thin film transistor T 25 . The thin film transistor T 24  (hereinafter referred to as “the second switching transistor T 24 ”) operates as a switch for controlling an operation for supplying an initialization potential Vss to the thin film transistor T 25 . 
         [0019]    The thin film transistor T 25  (hereinafter referred to as “the drive transistor T 25 ”) operates as a constant current source for supplying a drive current to the organic EL element OLED in a phase of a turn-ON operation. 
         [0020]    A signal write control line driving portion  23 , an offset signal line driving portion  25 , a power feeding control switch driving portion  27 , an initialization control switch driving portion  29 , and a horizontal selector  31  are used to drive the pixel circuit  21 . 
         [0021]    The signal write control line driving portion  23  is a drive circuit for controlling an operation for turning ON/OFF the first sampling transistor T 21 . 
         [0022]    The offset signal line driving portion  25  is a drive circuit for controlling an operation for turning ON/OFF the second sampling transistor T 22 . 
         [0023]    The power feeding control switch driving portion  27  is a drive circuit for controlling an operation for turning ON/OFF the first switching transistor T 23 . 
         [0024]    The initialization control switch driving portion  29  is a drive circuit for controlling an operation for turning ON/OFF the second switching transistor T 24 . 
         [0025]    The horizontal selector  31  is a drive circuit for applying the signal potential Vsig corresponding to pixel data Din to each of the signal lines DTLs. 
         [0026]      FIGS. 6A to 6G  are a timing chart explaining an operation of the pixel circuit using these drive circuits  23 ,  25 ,  27 ,  29 , and  31 . 
         [0027]    Firstly,  FIG. 7  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  21  in an emission state. At this time, only the first switching transistor T 23  is held in an ON state (t 1  in  FIGS. 6A to 6G ). On the other hand, the drive transistor T 25  operates in a saturated region, and supplies a drive current Ids having a magnitude depending on a gate-to-source voltage Vgs to the organic EL element OLED. 
         [0028]    Next, an operation state within the pixel circuit  21  in a non-emission state will be described. The first switching transistor T 23  is controlled so as to be turned OFF, thereby starting the non-emission state (t 2  in  FIGS. 6A to 6G ). That is to say, all the thin film transistors T 21  to T 24  are controlled so as to be turned OFF, thereby starting the non-emission state. By carrying out this operation, the supply of the drive current Ids to the organic EL element OLED is cut, so that an anode potential Vel of the organic EL element OLED (a source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 25 ) is reduced. 
         [0029]    The reduction of the anode potential Vel of the organic EL element OLED is stopped at a time point when a potential corresponding to a sum of a threshold voltage Vthel and a cathode potential Vcat of the organic EL element OLED is reached. By the way, since a gate electrode of the drive transistor T 25  is a free end, a gate potential Vg of the drive transistor T 25  is also reduced in conjunction with the reduction of the anode potential Vel of the organic EL element OLED. 
         [0030]    After that, the second sampling transistor T 22  and the second switching transistor T 24  are each switched from the OFF state over to the ON state, thereby starting a threshold correction preparing operation (t 3  in  FIGS. 6A to 6G ). 
         [0031]      FIG. 8  shows a connection state within the pixel circuit  21  at this time point. In this case, the gate potential Vg of the drive transistor T 25  is controlled so as to become equal to the offset signal potential Vofs, and the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 25  is controlled so as to become equal to an initialization potential Vss. That is to say, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 25  is controlled so as to become equal to a voltage of (Vofs−Vss). This voltage of (Vofs−Vss) is set at a larger value than that of the threshold voltage Vth. Therefore, a drive current Ids′ having a magnitude corresponding to the voltage of (Vofs−Vss) is caused to flow from a power source line (at Vcc) into an initialization potential line (at Vss). 
         [0032]    However, when the drive current Ids′ is caused to flow into the organic EL element OLED, the organic EL element OLED emits a light with a luminance unrelated to the signal potential Vsig. In order to cope with this situation, both the offset signal potential Vofs and the initialization potential Vss are set so that the non-emission state of the organic EL element OLED is held. 
         [0033]    That is to say, the initialization potential Vss is set so that the anode potential Vel of the organic EL element OLED becomes smaller than a sum of the threshold voltage Vthel and the cathode potential Vcat of the organic EL element OLED. It is noted that any one of the second sampling transistor T 22  and the second switching transistor T 24  may be first controlled so as to be turned ON. 
         [0034]    Next, only the second switching transistor T 24  is controlled so as to be turned OFF, and subsequently the first switching transistor T 23  is controlled so as to be turned ON while the second sampling transistor T 22  is kept controlled in an ON state (t 4  in  FIGS. 6A to 6G ).  FIG. 9  shows an operation state in the pixel circuit  21  at this time point. Note that, in  FIG. 9 , the organic EL element OLED is shown in the form of an equivalent circuit having a diode and a capacitor. 
         [0035]    In this case, a current caused to flow through the drive transistor T 25  is used to charge both the hold capacitor Cs and a parasitic capacitance Cel of the organic EL element OLED with the electricity as long as a relationship of (Vel≦Vcat+Vthel) is maintained (a magnitude of a leakage current of the organic EL element OLED is considerably smaller than that of the current caused to flow through the drive transistor T 25 ). 
         [0036]    Carrying out this charging operation results in that the anode potential Vel of the organic EL element OLED rises with time.  FIG. 10  shows a change in source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 25  with time during the charging operation. 
         [0037]    It is noted that the rise of the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 25  ends at a time point when the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 25  reaches the threshold voltage Vth of the drive transistor T 25 . At this time, the anode potential Vel fulfills a relationship of Vel=Vofs−Vth≦Vcat+Vthel. This operation is a threshold correcting operation for the drive transistor T 25 . After that, the first switching transistor T 23  is first controlled so as to be turned OFF, and subsequently the second sampling transistor T 22  is controlled so as to be turned OFF. 
         [0038]    The turn-OFF control is carried out in the order of the first switching transistor T 23  and the second sampling transistor T 22 , thereby making it possible to suppress the change in gate potential Vg of the drive transistor T 25 . 
         [0039]    Next, only the first sampling transistor T 21  is controlled so as to be turned ON, thereby starting a mobility correcting operation used as a signal writing operation as well (t 5  in  FIGS. 6A to 6G ).  FIG. 11  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  21  at this time point. At this time, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 25  is expressed by Expression (2): 
         [0000]        Vgs={Cel /( Cel+Cs+Ctr )}·( Vsig−Vofs )+ Vth    (2) 
         [0040]    where Cel is a parasitic capacitance of the organic EL element OLED, Ctr is a parasitic capacitance of the drive transistor T 25 , and Cs is a capacitance of the hold capacitor Cs. 
         [0041]    In this case, the parasitic capacitance Cel is larger than each of the parasitic capacitances Cs and Ctr. Therefore, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs is approximately given by (Vsig+Vth). 
         [0042]    In this state, the first switching transistor T 23  is controlled so as to be turned ON (t 6  in  FIGS. 6A to 6G ). In this case as well, the current caused to flow through the drive transistor T 25  is used to charge each of the hold capacitor Cs, and the parasitic capacitance Cel of the organic EL element OLED with the electricity as long as the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 25  does not exceed the sum of the threshold voltage Vthel and the cathode potential Vcat of the organic EL element OLED (the magnitude of the leakage current of the organic EL element OLED is considerably smaller than that of the current caused to flow through the drive transistor T 25 ). 
         [0043]      FIG. 12  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  21  at this time point. It is noted that at this time point, the threshold correcting operation for the drive transistor T 25  has already been completed. For this reason, the current caused to flow through the drive transistor T 25  has a value in which the mobility μ is reflected. 
         [0044]    Specifically, an amount of current caused to flow through the drive transistor T 25  having the large mobility μ becomes large, and thus the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 25  speedily rises. 
         [0045]    On the other hand, an amount of current caused to flow through the drive transistor T 25  having the small mobility μ becomes small, and thus the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 25  slowly rises. 
         [0046]      FIG. 13  shows a relationship between the source voltage Vs of the drive transistor T 25  vs. time. In terms of results, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 25  becomes small because the mobility μ is reflected in the gate-to-source voltage Vgs. Thus, after a lapse of a predetermined time period, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 25  converges to the gate-to-source voltage Vgs obtained by perfectly correcting the mobility μ. 
         [0047]    After completion of the mobility correcting operation used as the signal writing operation as well, the first sampling transistor T 21  is controlled so as to be turned OFF, and the gate electrode of the drive transistor T 25  is controlled as the free end. Along with this operation, the drive current Ids′ for the drive transistor T 25  is caused to flow into the organic EL element OLED, so that the organic EL element OLED starts to emit a light with a luminance corresponding to a value of the drive current. It is noted that the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 25  rises up to a voltage Vx corresponding to the value of the drive current caused to flow through the organic EL element OLED (t 7  in  FIGS. 6A to 6G ). 
         [0048]      FIG. 14  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  21  at this time point. 
         [0049]    It is noted that in the case as well of the pixel circuit  21  stated here, the I-V characteristics themselves of the organic EL element OLED change as an emission time period gets longer. That is to say, the voltage Vx also changes. 
         [0050]    However, in the case of this circuit configuration, the value of the current caused to flow through the organic EL element OLED does not change because the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 25  is held constant. 
         [0051]    That is to say, even when the I-V characteristics of the organic EL element OLED change with the temporal change, a constant current Ids′ usually continues to be caused to flow through the drive transistor T 25 . As a result, the luminance of the organic EL element OLED can be held constant. 
         [0052]    Really, the pixel circuit  21  shown in  FIG. 5  effectively functions against the change in characteristics of the organic EL element OLED. 
         [0053]    From other reasons, however, there is the possibility that the luminance changes due to the temporal change. This change is one in each of the threshold voltages of the thin film transistors T 21  to T 25  composing the pixel circuit  21 . 
         [0054]      FIG. 15A  shows a change in general bias characteristics which the threshold voltage of the thin film transistor has when a positive bias is continuously applied to the gate electrode of the thin film transistor. Also,  FIG. 15B  shows a change in general bias characteristics which the threshold voltage of the thin film transistor has when a negative bias is continuously applied to the gate electrode of the thin film transistor. 
         [0055]    As shown in  FIG. 15A , the characteristics in which the threshold voltage Vth of the thin film transistor moves in a positive direction in the phase of the continuous application of the positive bias are recognized in the thin film transistor. On the other hand, as shown in  FIG. 15B , the characteristics in which the threshold voltage Vth of the thin film transistor moves in a negative direction in the phase of the continuous application of the negative bias are recognized in the thin film transistor. 
         [0056]    In the case of the circuit configuration shown in  FIG. 5 , the positive bias and the negative bias are alternately applied to each of the thin film transistors T 21  to T 24  within one frame. Therefore, the change in each of the threshold voltages Vth of the thin film transistors T 21  to T 24  is not large. 
         [0057]    However, only the drive transistor T 25  is driven in a state of usually applying thereto the positive bias. As a result, only the threshold voltage Vth of the drive transistor T 25  largely changes in the positive direction. In particular, when the amorphous silicon process is used in formation of the drive transistor T 25 , an amount of change in threshold voltage Vth of the drive transistor T 25  is easy to become very large with a lapse of time. 
         [0058]    On the other hand, in the case of the pixel circuit  21  shown in  FIG. 5 , the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 25  needs to be controlled to become equal to or larger than the threshold voltage Vth prior to the threshold correcting operation for the drive transistor T 25 . 
         [0059]    The reason for this is because when the gate-to-source voltage Vgs is equal to or smaller than the threshold voltage Vth, only a leakage current is caused to flow as the current through the drive transistor T 25 , and thus the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 25  hardly changes from the voltage of (Vofs−Vss). However, when the threshold voltage Vth largely changes in such a manner, it is feared that the precondition for the threshold correction is not fulfilled. As a result, it is impossible to normally carry out the threshold correcting operation for the drive transistor T 25 . 
         [0060]    In order to cope with such a situation, the application of the drive system is expected such that as shown in a time period t 2  of  FIGS. 16A to 16G , a negative bias is applied to the drive transistor T 25  in the phase of start of the non-emission time period, thereby reducing the change in threshold voltage as much as possible. It is noted that in the case of the timing chart shown in  FIGS. 16A to 16G , for this time period t 2 , the second sampling transistor T 22  is controlled so as to be turned ON, and the gate potential Vg of the drive transistor T 25  is controlled so as to become equal to the offset potential Vofs, thereby carrying out the operation in the drive system described above. 
         [0061]    However, with the drive system shown in the timing chart shown in  FIGS. 16A to 16G , in the phase of the black display as well as in the phase of the white display, the value of the reverse bias is usually fixed at the same value. That is to say, an amount of change in threshold voltage Vth in the negative direction in the phase of the white display is identical to that in threshold voltage Vth in the negative direction in the phase of the black display. On the other hand, an amount of change in threshold voltage Vth in the positive direction in the phase of the white display is different from that in threshold voltage Vth in the positive direction in the phase of the black display. For this reason, even in the case of the pixel circuit  21  shown in  FIG. 5 , there is caused a problem that the generation of the burn-in following a lapse of time cannot be avoided in principle. 
         [0062]    In the light of the foregoing, it is therefore desirable to provide an EL display panel in which there is less deterioration in characteristics of a pixel circuit, an electronic apparatus including the EL display panel, and a method of driving the EL display device. 
         [0063]    In order to attain the desire described above, according to an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an EL display panel having a pixel structure corresponding to an active matrix drive system, including: a reverse bias potential generating portion configured to generate a reverse bias potential in which corresponding one of gradation values of pixels is reflected; and a voltage applying portion configured to apply the reverse bias potential to a gate electrode of a drive transistor composing a pixel circuit adapted to operate for a non-emission time period. 
         [0064]    Here, a reverse bias voltage corresponding to a high luminance is preferably set at a larger voltage than a reverse bias voltage corresponding to a low luminance. The reason for this is because an amount of movement of a threshold voltage in a positive direction becomes larger as the luminance becomes higher, and thus in order to cancel this situation, an amount of movement of the threshold voltage in a negative direction needs to be made larger. 
         [0065]    It is noted that the application of the reverse bias potential may be carried out through an exclusive line, or may be carried out by sharing a signal line through which a signal potential is applied. In this connection, when the application of the reverse bias potential is carried out by sharing the signal line, a reverse bias potential and the signal potential have to be supplied to the signal line in a time division manner. 
         [0066]    In addition, when a duty of a length of an emission time period occupied in one frame time period is switchable, a width of a change in reverse bias potential is preferably set so as to be inversely proportional to a duty of an emission time period. That is to say, when the duty of the emission time period is long (a non-emission time period is short), the width of the change in reverse bias potential is preferably made large, whereas the duty of the emission time period is short (the non-emission time period is long), the width of the change in reverse bias potential is preferably made small. By carrying out such a control operation, it is possible to balance an amount of change in threshold voltage Vth in the positive direction, and an amount of change in threshold voltage Vth in the negative direction with each other. 
         [0067]    According to another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an electronic apparatus including: an EL display panel having a pixel structure corresponding to an active matrix drive system, a reverse bias potential generating portion configured to generate a reverse bias potential in which corresponding one of gradation values of pixels is reflected, and a voltage applying portion configured to apply the reverse bias potential to a gate electrode of a drive transistor composing a pixel circuit adapted to operate for a non-emission time period; a system controlling portion configured to control an operation of an entire system; and a manipulation inputting portion configured to receive a manipulation input to the system controlling portion. 
         [0068]    According to still another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method of driving an EL display panel having a pixel structure corresponding to an active matrix drive system, the method including the steps of: generating a reverse bias potential in which corresponding one of gradation values of pixels is reflected; and applying the reverse bias potential to a gate electrode of a drive transistor composing a pixel circuit adapted to operate for a non-emission time period. 
         [0069]    According to the present invention, the reverse potential (the reverse bias voltage in terms of results) in which the corresponding one of the gradation values of the pixels is reflected is set. Thus, the setting can be made so that the amount of change in threshold voltage within one frame in the positive direction can be canceled with the amount of change in threshold voltage within the one frame in the negative direction. That is to say, the control can be carried out so that either no temporal change occurs in the drive transistor, or the temporal change occurring in the drive transistor becomes very small. As a result, it is possible to realize the EL display panel in which non-uniformity in a luminance hardly occurs owing to the pixels. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0070]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram explaining a functional block of a configuration of an organic EL panel in the related art; 
           [0071]      FIG. 2  is a circuit diagram, partly in block, explaining a connection relationship between a pixel circuit and a drive circuit in the related art; 
           [0072]      FIG. 3  is a graphical representation explaining a temporal change in I-V characteristics of an organic EL element in the related art; 
           [0073]      FIG. 4  is a circuit diagram, partly in block, explaining another connection relationship between a pixel circuit and a drive circuit in the related art; 
           [0074]      FIG. 5  is a circuit diagram, partly in block, explaining still another connection relationship between a pixel circuit and a drive circuit in the related art; 
           [0075]      FIGS. 6A to 6G  are a timing chart showing a driving operation of the pixel circuit shown in  FIG. 5  in the related art; 
           [0076]      FIGS. 7 to 9  are circuit diagrams explaining operation states in the pixel circuit shown in  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0077]      FIG. 10  is a graphical representation explaining a temporal change in source potential of a drive transistor; 
           [0078]      FIGS. 11 and 12  are circuit diagrams explaining operation states in the pixel circuit shown in  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0079]      FIG. 13  is a graphical representation explaining a difference in temporal change in source voltage of the drive transistor due to a difference in mobility; 
           [0080]      FIG. 14  is a circuit diagram explaining an operation state in the pixel circuit shown in  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0081]      FIGS. 15A and 15B  are respectively a graphical representation explaining a phenomenon of a change with time of a threshold voltage of the drive transistor in a phase of application of a positive bias, and a graphical representation explaining a phenomenon of a change with time of the threshold voltage of the drive transistor in a phase of application of a negative bias; 
           [0082]      FIGS. 16A to 16G  are a timing chart explaining a driving method of applying a fixed reverse bias voltage; 
           [0083]      FIG. 17  is a view showing a structure of an exterior appearance of an organic EL display panel; 
           [0084]      FIG. 18  is a block diagram showing a system configuration of an organic EL display panel according to a first embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0085]      FIG. 19  is a block diagram explaining a connection relationship between pixel circuits and each of drive circuits in the organic EL display panel shown in  FIG. 18 ; 
           [0086]      FIG. 20  is a circuit diagram, partly in block, showing a configuration of the pixel circuit in the first embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0087]      FIG. 21  is a block diagram showing a configuration of a horizontal selector in the organic EL display panel of the first embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0088]      FIGS. 22A to 22C  are respectively diagrams each showing a relationship between a reverse bias potential generated in accordance with a signal potential, and a magnitude of a reverse bias voltage; 
           [0089]      FIGS. 23A to 23G  are a timing chart showing an operation for driving the pixel circuit shown in  FIG. 20 ; 
           [0090]      FIGS. 24 and 25  are circuit diagrams explaining operation states in the pixel circuit shown in  FIG. 20 ; 
           [0091]      FIGS. 26A to 26C  are respectively diagrams each showing setting of a reverse bias potential corresponding to a duty of a length of an emission time period within one frame time period; 
           [0092]      FIGS. 27 to 31  are circuit diagrams explaining operation states in the pixel circuit shown in  FIG. 20 ; 
           [0093]      FIG. 32  is a block diagram showing a configuration of an organic EL display panel according to a second embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0094]      FIG. 33  is a block diagram showing a connection relationship between pixel circuits and each of drive circuits in the organic EL display panel shown in  FIG. 32 ; 
           [0095]      FIG. 34  is a circuit diagram, partly in block, showing a configuration of the pixel circuit in the second embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0096]      FIG. 35  is a block diagram showing a configuration of a horizontal selector in the organic EL display panel in the second embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0097]      FIGS. 36A to 36E  are a timing chart showing an operation for driving the pixel circuit shown in  FIG. 34 ; 
           [0098]      FIGS. 37 to 47  are circuit diagrams explaining operation states in the pixel circuit shown in  FIG. 34 ; 
           [0099]      FIG. 48  is a block diagram showing a configuration of an organic EL display panel according to a third embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0100]      FIG. 49  is a block diagram showing a connection relationship between pixel circuits and each of drive circuits in the organic EL display panel shown in  FIG. 48 ; 
           [0101]      FIG. 50  is a circuit diagram, partly in block, showing a configuration of the pixel circuit in the third embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0102]      FIG. 51  is a block diagram showing a configuration of a horizontal selector in the organic EL display panel in the third embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0103]      FIGS. 52A to 52E  are a timing chart showing an operation for driving the pixel circuit shown in  FIG. 50 ; 
           [0104]      FIGS. 53 to 58  are circuit diagrams explaining operation states in the pixel circuit shown in  FIG. 50 ; 
           [0105]      FIGS. 59A to 60B  are respectively graphical representations explaining an effect when mobility correction is carried out in two stages; 
           [0106]      FIG. 61  is a circuit diagram explaining an operation state in the pixel circuit shown in  FIG. 50 ; 
           [0107]      FIG. 62  is a circuit diagram, partly in block, showing a configuration of a pixel circuit in an organic EL display panel according to another embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0108]      FIG. 63  is a block diagram showing a configuration of a horizontal selector in the organic EL display panel in the another embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0109]      FIG. 64  is a block diagram showing a configuration of a horizontal selector in an organic EL display panel according to still another embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0110]      FIGS. 65A and 65B  are respectively graphical representations explaining a driving operation, corresponding to the second embodiment, when mobility correction is carried out in two stages; 
           [0111]      FIGS. 66A and 66B  are respectively graphical representations explaining a driving operation, corresponding to the description, when the mobility correction is carried out in the two stages; 
           [0112]      FIG. 67  is a block diagram showing a conceptual configuration of an electronic apparatus; 
           [0113]      FIG. 68  is a perspective view showing an example of a product of the electronic apparatus; 
           [0114]      FIGS. 69A and 69B  are respectively a perspective view showing another example of a product of the electronic apparatus when viewed from a front side, and a perspective view showing the another example of the product of the electronic apparatus when viewed from a back side; 
           [0115]      FIG. 70  is a perspective view showing still another example of a product of the electronic apparatus; 
           [0116]      FIGS. 71A to 71G  are respectively a front view of yet another example of a product of the electronic apparatus in an open state, a side elevational view thereof in the open state, a front view thereof in a close state, a left side elevational view thereof in the close state, a right side elevational view thereof in the close state, a top plan view thereof in the close state, and a bottom view thereof in the close state; and 
           [0117]      FIG. 72  is a perspective view showing yet another example of a product of the electronic apparatus. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0118]    Hereinafter, a description will be given with respect to the case where embodiments of the present invention is applied to an active matrix drive type organic EL display panel. 
         [0119]    It is noted that the well-known or known techniques are applied to portions which are not especially illustrated or described in this specification. In addition, embodiments which will be described below are merely illustrations of the present invention, and thus the present invention is by no means limited thereto. 
       (A) Structure of Exterior Appearance 
       [0120]    Note that, in this specification, not only a display panel in which a pixel array portion and drive circuits are formed on the same substrate by utilizing the same semiconductor process, but also a panel in which drive circuits, for example, made as a specific application oriented IC are mounted on a substrate having a pixel array portion formed thereon are each referred to as an organic EL display panel. 
         [0121]      FIG. 17  shows a structure of an exterior appearance of an organic EL display panel. 
         [0122]    The organic EL display panel  41  has a structure in which a counter portion  45  is stuck to a formation area of a pixel array portion of a support substrate  43 . 
         [0123]    The support substrate  43  is made of a glass, a plastic or any other suitable substrate, and has a structure in which an organic EL layer, a protective film, and the like are laminated on a surface of the support substrate  43 . A glass, a plastic or any other suitable transparent member is used as a substrate for the counter portion  45 . It is noted that a Flexible Printed Circuit (FPC) board  47  through which a signal or the like is inputted/outputted to/from the support substrate  43  from/to the outside is disposed in the organic EL panel  41 . 
       (B) First Embodiment 
     (B-1) System Configuration 
       [0124]    A first embodiment of the organic EL display panel  41  in which a reverse voltage can be made variable in accordance with a signal potential Vsig will be described in detail hereinafter. 
         [0125]      FIG. 18  shows a system configuration of the organic EL display panel  41  of the first embodiment. The organic EL display panel  41  shown in  FIG. 18  is composed of a pixel array portion  51 , a signal write control line driving portion  53 , an offset signal line driving portion  55 , a power feeding control switch driving portion  57 , and an initialization control switch driving portion  59 , and a horizontal selector  61  which serve as drive circuits for the pixel array portion  51 , and a timing generator  63 . 
         [0126]    The pixel array portion  51  has a matrix structure in which sub-pixels are disposed in intersection positions between signal lines DTLs and write control lines WSLs, respectively. In this connection, the sub-pixel is a minimum unit of a pixel structure composing one pixel. For example, one pixel as a write unit is composed of three sub-pixels, made of different organic EL materials, corresponding to the three primary colors R (Red), G (Green) and B (Blue), respectively. 
         [0127]      FIG. 19  shows a connection relationship between pixel circuits  71  corresponding to the sub-pixels, respectively, and each of the driving circuits  53 ,  55 ,  57 ,  59 , and  61 . In addition,  FIG. 20  shows an internal configuration of the pixel circuit  71  in the organic EL display panel  41  of the first embodiment. It is noted that the pixel circuit  71  is identical to the pixel circuit  21  shown in  FIG. 5  in that the pixel circuit  71  is composed of five N-channel thin film transistors T 21 , T 22 , T 23 , T 24 , and T 25 , a hold capacitor Cs, and an organic EL element OLED. 
         [0128]    The signal write control line driving portion  53  is the drive circuit by which the N-channel thin film transistor T 21  (hereinafter referred to as “the first sampling transistor T 21 ”) is controlled so as to be turned ON/OFF. When the first sampling transistor T 21  is controlled so as to be turned ON, a signal potential of the corresponding one of the signal lines DTLs (referred to as “a signal line potential” as well in this specification) is applied to a gate electrode of the drive transistor T 25 . 
         [0129]    The offset signal line driving portion  55  is the drive circuit by which the N-channel thin film transistor T 22  (hereinafter referred to as “the second sampling transistor T 22 ”) is controlled so as to be turned ON/OFF. When the second sampling transistor T 22  is controlled so as to be turned ON, an offset potential Vofs is applied to the gate electrode of the drive transistor T 25 . 
         [0130]    The power feeding control switch driving portion  57  is the drive circuit by which the N-channel thin film transistor T 23  (hereinafter referred to as “the first switching transistor T 23 ”) is controlled so as to be turned ON/OFF. When the first switching transistor T 23  is controlled so as to be turned ON, a high drive potential (that is, a power source potential Vcc) is applied to a drain electrode of the drive transistor T 25 . 
         [0131]    The initialization control switch driving portion  59  is the drive circuit by which the N-channel thin film transistor T 24  (hereinafter referred to as “the second switching transistor T 24 ”) is controlled so as to be turned ON/OFF. When the second switching transistor T 24  is controlled so as to be turned ON, a low drive potential (that is, an initialization potential Vss) is applied to a source electrode of the drive transistor T 25 . 
         [0132]    Each of these driving portions  53 ,  55 ,  57 , and  59  is composed of a shift register having output stages the number of which corresponds to a vertical resolution. Thus, each of the driving portions  53 ,  55 ,  57 , and  59  outputs a necessary drive pulse to the corresponding one of the control lines in accordance with a timing signal supplied thereto from the timing generator  63 . 
         [0133]    The horizontal selector  61  is the drive circuit by which either a signal potential Vsig corresponding to pixel data Din or a reverse bias potential Vini corresponding to the signal potential Vsig is applied to the signal lines DTLs in a time division manner. 
         [0134]    The timing generator  63  generates a timing pulse necessary for the driving for the write control lines WSLs, signal lines DTLs, power feeding control lines VSSLs, and initialization control lines RSLs. 
       (B-2) Configuration of Horizontal Selector 
       [0135]      FIG. 21  shows a circuit configuration of the horizontal selector  61  as the key device in the organic EL display device of the first embodiment. 
         [0136]    The horizontal selector  61  is composed of a programmable logic device  81 , a memory  83 , shift registers  91  and  101 , latch circuits  93  and  103 , D/A conversion circuits  95  and  105 , buffer circuits  97  and  107 , and a selector  111 . 
         [0137]    Of these constituent elements, the programmable logic device  81 , and the shift register  101 , the latch  103 , the D/A circuit  105 , and the buffer circuit  107  in a reverse bias potential system (Vini system) correspond to “a reverse bias potential generating portion” claimed in the appended claims. In addition, the selector  111  corresponds to “a voltage applying portion” in the appended claims. 
         [0138]    The programmable logic device  81  is a circuit device for generating pixel data Din′ (gradation value) corresponding to a reverse bias potential Vini. 
         [0139]    In the case of the first embodiment, the memory  83  is used when a non-emission time period extends over a plurality of horizontal scanning time periods. Therefore, when operations from a turn-OFF operation to various correction operations for the non-emission time period are all carried out for one horizontal scanning time period, it is also expected that no memory  83  is mounted in the horizontal selector  61 . 
         [0140]    The programmable logic device  81  operates while adjusting a time difference between a timing for application of the reverse bias potential Vini, and a timing for application of the signal potential Vsig by reading out the pixel data Din from the memory  83 . 
         [0141]    Here, the programmable logic device  81  directly outputs the pixel data Din read out from a corresponding area of the memory  83  to a signal potential system (Vsig system). On the other hand, the programmable logic device  81  outputs the pixel data Din′ (gradation value) generated based on the pixel data Din read out from the corresponding area of the memory  83  to the reverse bias potential system (Vini system). 
         [0142]    However, the reverse bias potential Vini thus generated is desired to be equal to or smaller than a total sum, (Vcat+Vthel+Vth), of the cathode potential Vcat, the threshold voltage Vthel of the organic EL element OLED, and the threshold voltage Vth of the drive transistor T 25 . This desire is made for the purpose of stopping the light emission of the organic EL element OLED. 
         [0143]    Moreover, it is desired for the reverse bias potential Vini generated that the reverse bias voltage becomes large as the luminance becomes higher. That is to say, it is desired that the reverse bias potential Vini becomes small as the emission luminance of the organic EL element OLED becomes higher.  FIGS. 22A to 22C  are diagrams each showing a correspondence relationship between the signal potential Vsig and the reverse bias potential Vini corresponding thereto. 
         [0144]      FIG. 22A  shows an example of generation of the reverse bias potential Vini corresponding to black display (a minimum value of the signal potential Vsig).  FIG. 22B  shows an example of generation of the reverse bias potential Vini corresponding to intermediate luminance display (an intermediate value of the signal potential Vsig). Also,  FIG. 22C  shows an example of generation of the reverse bias potential Vini corresponding to white display (a maximum value of the signal potential Vsig). 
         [0145]    In the case of the first embodiment, the programmable logic device  81  generates pixel data Din′ corresponding to the reverse bias potential Vini in accordance with Expression (3): 
         [0000]        Din′=Dthel+Dcat −(α Din +β)   (3) 
         [0146]    where Dthel is a data value corresponding to the threshold voltage Vthel of the organic EL element OLED, Dcat is a data value corresponding to the cathode potential Vcat, and α and β are coefficients, respectively. In this case, values which fulfill relationships of α&gt;0 and β≧0 are previously set for the coefficients α and β, respectively. 
         [0147]    The programmable logic device  81  calculates the pixel data Din′ for the reverse bias potentials Vini corresponding to the signal potentials Vsig, respectively, by substituting the pixel data Din inputted or read out into Expression (3). 
         [0148]    As a result, the reverse bias potential Vini applied to the corresponding one of the signal lines DTLs fulfills Expression (4): 
         [0000]        Vini=Vthel+Vcat− (α Vsig +β)(α&gt;0 and β≧0)   (4) 
         [0149]    Of course, the reverse bias potential Vini fulfills the above condition because it is smaller than a potential of (Vcat+Vthel+Vth). In addition, the reverse bias potential Vini fulfills the condition as well that the reverse bias potential Vini becomes small as the signal potential Vsig becomes larger. 
         [0150]    The shift registers  91  and  101  are circuit devices for giving timings at which the pixel data Din and Din′ are outputted, respectively. 
         [0151]    The latch circuits  93  and  103  are storage devices for holding the pixel data Din and Din′ for adjustment for the output timings of the pixel data Din and Din′, respectively. 
         [0152]    The D/A conversin circuits  95  and  105  are circuit devices for converting digital signals input thereto into analog signals. Incidentally, negative supply is used for the D/A conversion circuit  105  of Vini system. 
         [0153]    The buffer circuits  97  and  107  are circuit devices for converting the analog signals from the D/A conversion circuits  95  and  105  into analog signals each having a signal level suitable for driving the pixel circuit, respectively. 
         [0154]    The selector  111  is a circuit device for outputting the reverse bias potential Vini and the signal potential Vsig withing one horizontal scannint time period in a time sequential manner. 
       (B-3) Drive Operation 
       [0155]      FIGS. 23A to 23G  are a timing chart showing an operation for driving the pixel circuit shown in  FIG. 20 . 
         [0156]    Firstly,  FIG. 24  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  71  in the emission state. At this time, only the first switching transistor T 23  is held in the ON state (t 1  in  FIGS. 23A to 23G ). On the other hand, the drive transistor T 25  operates in a saturated region, and supplies a drive current Ids having a magnitude depending on a gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 25  to the organic EL element OLED. 
         [0157]    Next, an operation state of the pixel circuit  71  in the non-emission state will be described. The first sampling transistor T 21  is newly controlled so as to be turned ON while the first switching transistor T 23  is held in an ON state, thereby starting the non-emission state (t 2  in  FIGS. 23A to 23G ). At this time, the reverse bias potential Vini is applied to the corresponding one of the signal lines DTLs. 
         [0158]    By carrying out this operation, a gate potential Vg of the drive transistor T 25  is controlled so as to become the reverse bias potential Vini.  FIG. 25  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  71  at this time point. 
         [0159]    At this time, a source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 25  drops through a coupling operation of the hold capacitor Cs. During this change in source potential Vs, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 25  becomes equal to or lower than the threshold voltage Vth. As a result, the operation state of the organic EL element OLED is switched from the emission state over to the non-emission state. 
         [0160]    It is noted that when the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 25  (an anode potential Vel of the organic EL element OLED) after completion of the coupling operation is equal to or smaller than a sum of the threshold voltage Vthel and the cathode potential Vcat of the organic EL element OLED, the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 25  is held as it is. 
         [0161]    On the other hand, when the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 25  after completion of the coupling operation is equal to or larger than a sum of the threshold voltage Vthel and the cathode potential Vcat of the organic EL element OLED, the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 25  converges to a potential of (Vthel+Vcat) owing to the discharge of the electric charges accumulated in the organic EL element OLED.  FIG. 25  shows a state in which when the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 25  after completion of the coupling operation converges to the potential of (Vthel+Vcat). 
         [0162]    That is to say, the power source potential Vcc is applied to the drain electrode of the drive transistor T 25 , the reverse bias potential Vini is applied to the gate electrode of the drive transistor T 25 , and the potential of (Vthel+Vcat) is applied to the source electrode of the drive transistor T 25 . This state thus generated means that the reverse voltage is applied to the drive transistor T 25 . 
         [0163]    In addition, as previously stated, a magnitude of the signal potential Vsig which is subsequently written to the pixel circuit  71  is reflected in the reverse potential Vini stated here. That is to say, when the signal potential Vsig which is subsequently written to the pixel circuit  71  is the black display potential, the reverse bias voltage becomes small accordingly, whereas when the signal potential Vsig is the white display potential, the reverse bias voltage becomes large accordingly. 
         [0164]    As a result, an amount of change in threshold voltage Vth, in the positive direction, caused for the emission time period can be corrected with the reverse bias voltage which is applied to the gate electrode of the drive transistor T 25  for the non-emission time period within the same one frame. 
         [0165]    It is noted that in the case of the pixel circuit  71 , a duty of the emission time within one frame time period can be made variable in accordance with the ON/OFF control for the first switching transistor T 23 . In addition, it is supposed that even when the variable control for such a length of the emission time period is not actively carried out, the duty of the emission time within one frame time period differs depending on the display systems. 
         [0166]    Of course, when the duty of the emission time within one frame time period is large, the amount of change in threshold voltage Vth in the positive direction increases accordingly. Therefore, in this case, it is preferable that the reverse bias potential Vini is reduced, thereby applying the larger reverse bias voltage to the gate electrode of the drive transistor T 25 . 
         [0167]    On the other hand, when the duty of the emission time is small, the amount of change in threshold voltage Vth decreases accordingly. Therefore, in this case, it is preferable that the reverse bias potential Vini is increased, thereby applying the smaller reverse bias voltage to the gate electrode of the drive transistor T 25 . Setting relationships between the reverse bias potentials Vini corresponding to the duties of the emission times, respectively, are exemplified in  FIGS. 26A to 26C . In each of these figures, a solid line indicates an example of generation of the reverse potential Vini when the emission time period is short. Also, a broken line indicates an example of generation of the reverse potential Vini when the emission time period is long. 
         [0168]    After that, each of the first sampling transistor T 21  and the first switching transistor T 23  is controlled so as to be turned OFF, and the state of each of the second sampling transistor T 22  and the second switching transistor T 24  is switched from the OFF state over to the ON state. By carrying out this operation, a threshold correction preparing operation is started (t 3  in  FIGS. 23A to 23G ). 
         [0169]      FIG. 27  shows a connection state within the pixel circuit  71  at this time point. In this case, the gate potential Vg and the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 25  are controlled so as to become equal to an offset potential Vofs and an initialization potential Vss, respectively. That is to say, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 25  is controlled so as to become equal to the voltage of (Vofs−Vss). This voltage of (Vofs−Vss) is set at a value larger than the threshold voltage Vth. As a result, a drive current Ids′ having a magnitude corresponding to the voltage of (Vofs−Vss) is caused to flow from a power source potential line (at Vcc) into an initialization potential line (at Vss). 
         [0170]    However, when the drive current Ids′ is caused to flow through the organic EL element OLED, the organic EL element OLED emits a light with a luminance unrelated to the signal potential Vsig. In order to cope with this situation, both the offset potential Vofs and the initialization potential Vss are set for the purpose of holding the organic EL element OLED in the non-emission state. 
         [0171]    That is to say, the anode potential Vel of the organic EL element OLED is set so as to become smaller than the sum of the threshold voltage Vthel and the cathode potential Vcat of the organic EL element OLED. It is noted that any one of the second sampling transistor T 22  and the second switching transistor T 24  may be first controlled so as to be turned ON. 
         [0172]    Next, only the second switching transistor T 24  is controlled so as to be turned OFF while the second sampling transistor T 22  is held in the ON state (t 4  in  FIGS. 23A to 23G ).  FIG. 28  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  71  at this time point. It is noted that in  FIG. 28 , the organic EL element OLED is shown in the form of an equivalent circuit having a diode and a capacitor. 
         [0173]    In this case, the current caused to flow through the drive transistor T 25  is used to charge both the hold capacitor Cs, and a parasitic capacitance Cel of the organic EL element OLED with the electricity as long as a relationship of (Vel≦Vcat+Vthel) is maintained (the leakage current of the organic EL element OLED is considerably smaller than the current caused to flow through the drive transistor T 25 ). 
         [0174]    By carrying out this charging operation, the anode potential Vel rises with time. 
         [0175]    It is noted that the rise of the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 25  ends at a time point when the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 25  reaches the threshold voltage Vth of the drive transistor T 25 . At this time, the anode potential Vel fulfills a relationship of Vel=Vofs−Vth≦Vcat+Vthel. This operation is a threshold correcting operation for the drive transistor T 25 . After that, the first switching transistor T 23  is first controlled so as to be turned OFF, and subsequently the second sampling transistor T 22  is controlled so as to be turned OFF. 
         [0176]    The turn-OFF control is carried out in this order of the first switching transistor T 23  and the second sampling transistor T 22 , thereby making it possible to suppress the change in gate potential Vg of the drive transistor T 25 . 
         [0177]    Next, only the first sampling transistor T 21  is newly controlled so as to be turned ON, thereby starting a mobility correcting operation used as a signal writing operation as well (t 5  in  FIGS. 23A to 23G ).  FIG. 29  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  71  at this time point. At this time, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 25  is expressed by Expression (5): 
         [0000]        Vgs={Cel /( Cel+Cs+Ctr )}·( Vsig−Vofs )+ Vth    (5) 
         [0178]    where Cel is a parasitic capacitance of the organic EL element OLED, Ctr is a parasitic capacitance of the drive transistor T 25 , and Cs is a capacitance of the hold capacitor Cs. 
         [0179]    In this case, the parasitic capacitance Cel is larger than each of the parasitic capacitances Cs and Ctr. Therefore, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs is approximately given by (Vsig+Vth). 
         [0180]    In this state, the first switching transistor T 23  is newly controlled so as to be turned ON (t 6  in  FIGS. 23A to 23G ). In this case as well, the current caused to flow through the drive transistor T 25  is used to charge each of the hold capacitor Cs and the parasitic capacitance Cel of the organic EL element OLED with the electricity as long as the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 25  does not exceed the sum of the threshold voltage Vthel and the cathode potential Vcat of the organic EL element OLED (the magnitude of the leakage current of the organic EL element OLED is considerably smaller than that of the current caused to flow through the drive transistor T 25 ). 
         [0181]      FIG. 30  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  71  at this time point. It is noted that at this time point, the threshold correcting operation for the drive transistor T 25  has already been completed. For this reason, the current caused to flow through the drive transistor T 25  has a value in which the mobility μ is reflected. 
         [0182]    Specifically, an amount of current caused to flow through the drive transistor T 25  having the large mobility μ becomes large, and thus the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 25  speedily rises. 
         [0183]    On the other hand, an amount of current caused to flow through the drive transistor T 25  having the small mobility μ becomes small, and thus the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 25  slowly rises. 
         [0184]    As a result, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 25  decreases because the mobility μ is reflected therein. Thus, after a lapse of a given time, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 25  converges to the gate-to-source voltage Vgs obtained by perfectly correcting the mobility μ. 
         [0185]    After completion of the mobility correcting operation used as the signal writing operation as well, the first sampling transistor T 21  is controlled so as to be turned OFF, and the gate electrode of the drive transistor T 25  is controlled as the free end. Along with this operation, the drive current Ids′ for the drive transistor T 25  is caused to flow into the organic EL element OLED, so that the organic EL element OLED starts to emit a light with a luminance corresponding to a value of the drive current. It is noted that the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 25  rises up to a voltage Vx corresponding to the value of the drive current caused to flow through the organic EL element OLED (t 7  in  FIGS. 23A to 23G ). 
         [0186]      FIG. 31  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  71  at this time point. 
         [0187]    It is noted that in the case as well of the pixel circuit  71  stated here, the I-V characteristics themselves of the organic EL element OLED change as an emission time period gets longer. That is to say, the voltage Vx also changes. 
         [0188]    However, in the case of this circuit configuration, the value of the current caused to flow through the organic EL element OLED does not change because the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 25  is held constant. 
         [0189]    That is to say, even when the I-V characteristics of the organic EL element OLED change with the temporal change, the constant current Ids′ usually continues to be caused to flow through the drive transistor T 25 . As a result, the luminance of the organic EL element OLED can be held constant. 
       (B-4) Conclusion 
       [0190]    As described above, the reverse bias voltage is set in accordance with the magnitude of the signal potential Vsig, which results in that an amount of change in threshold voltage Vth in the positive direction within one frame time period, and an amount of change in threshold voltage Vth in the negative direction within one frame time period can be equalized with each other. 
         [0191]    As a result, it is possible to reduce the change generated in the threshold voltage Vth of the drive transistor T 25 , and it is possible to reduce the dispersion of the threshold voltages Vth of the pixels. This means that it is possible to efficiently suppress the phenomenon that a difference in luminance occurs between the pixels (the burn-in phenomenon). As a result, it is possible to realize the organic EL display panel in which even when the used time becomes long, the non-uniformity of the luminance hardly occurs. 
         [0192]    In addition, in the case of this drive system, it is unnecessary to cause the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 25  to rise before the threshold correction preparation. For this reason, this drive system is also effective in cost saving of the organic EL display panel. 
         [0193]    In addition, in the case of this drive system, it is advantageous that the amorphous silicon system process having a large amount of change in threshold voltage Vth is applied to the manufacture of the organic EL display panel. 
       (C) Second Embodiment 
     (C-1) System Configuration 
       [0194]    In a second embodiment, a description will now be given with respect to an organic EL display panel in which a pixel circuit is composed of two N-channel thin film transistors, a hold capacitor Cs, and an organic EL element OLED. 
         [0195]      FIG. 32  shows a system configuration of an organic EL display panel  41 . The organic EL display panel  41  shown in  FIG. 32  is composed of a pixel array portion  121 , a signal write control line driving portion  123 , a current supply line driving portion  125 , and a horizontal selector  127  which operate as drive circuits for the pixel array portion  121 , and a timing generator  129 . 
         [0196]    The pixel array portion  121  of the second embodiment also has the matrix structure in which the sub-pixel is disposed in each of intersection positions between the signal lines DTLs and the write control lines WSLs. However, the second embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that the number of N-channel thin film transistors composing the sub-pixel (pixel circuit) is two. 
         [0197]      FIG. 33  shows a connection relationship between pixel circuits  131  corresponding to the sub-pixels, respectively, and each of the drive circuits  123 ,  125  and  127 . In addition,  FIG. 34  shows an internal configuration of the pixel circuit  131  in the organic EL display panel  41  of the second embodiment. The pixel circuit  131  is composed of two N-channel thin film transistors T 31  and T 32 , a hold capacitor Cs, and an organic EL element OLED. 
         [0198]    Of these constituent elements, the thin film transistor T 31  (hereinafter referred to as “the sampling transistor T 31 ”) operates as a switch for controlling an operation for writing the potential (the signal potential Vsig, the reverse bias potential Vini, or the offset signal potential Vofs in the second embodiment) of the corresponding one of the signal lines DTLs to a gate electrode of the thin film transistor T 32 . 
         [0199]    The thin film transistor T 32  (hereinafter referred to as “the drive transistor T 32 ”) operates as a constant current source for supplying an amount of drive current to the organic EL element OLED in the phase of the ON state thereof. 
         [0200]    In the case of the second embodiment, the signal write control line driving portion  123 , the current supply line driving portion  125 , and the horizontal selector  127  are used to drive the pixel circuit  131 . 
         [0201]    The signal write control line driving portion  123  is the drive circuit by which the sampling transistor T 31  is controlled so as to be turned ON/OFF. When the sampling transistor T 31  is controlled so as to be turned ON, the potential of the corresponding one of the signal lines DTLs is applied to the gate electrode of the drive transistor T 32 . 
         [0202]    The current supply line driving portion  125  is the drive circuit by which the corresponding one of the current supply lines DSLs is driven with two kinds of high potential Vcc and low potential Vss. In the case of the second embodiment, a low potential time period is set at least once within one frame time period. 
         [0203]    Each of these drive circuits  123  and  125  is composed of a shift register having output stages the number of which corresponds to the vertical resolution. Thus, each of the drive circuits  123  and  125  outputs a necessary drive pulse to the corresponding one of the control lines in accordance with the timing signal supplied thereto from the timing generator  129 . 
         [0204]    The horizontal selector  127  is the drive circuit by which any one of the signal potential Vsig corresponding to the pixel data Din, the reverse bias potential Vini corresponding to the signal potential Vsig, and the offset signal potential Vofs is outputted to the corresponding one of the signal lines DTLs with one horizontal scanning time period as one period. Although the order of outputting the signal potential Vsig, the reverse bias potential Vini and the offset signal potential Vofs is arbitrarily set, in the second embodiment, the reverse bias potential Vini, the offset signal potential Vofs, and the signal potential Vsig are outputted in this order. 
         [0205]    The timing generator  129  is the circuit device for generating the timing pulse necessary for driving the write control lines WSLs and the current supply lines DSLs. 
       (C-2) Configuration of Horizontal Selector 
       [0206]      FIG. 35  shows a circuit configuration of the horizontal selector  127  as the key device in the organic EL display panel  41  of the second embodiment. The horizontal selector  127  is identical in basic configuration to the horizontal selector  61  previously described in the first embodiment. Therefore, in  FIG. 35 , portions corresponding to those shown in  FIG. 21  are designated with the same reference numerals, respectively. 
         [0207]    The horizontal selector  127  is composed of a programmable logic device  81 , a memory  83 , shift registers  91  and  101 , latch circuits  93  and  103 , D/A conversion circuits  95  and  105 , buffer circuits  97  and  107 , and a selector  141 . 
         [0208]    Of these constituent portions, the novel constituent portion in the horizontal selector  127  is only the selector  141 . The selector  141  in the second embodiment is different from the selector  111  in the first embodiment in that the reverse bias potential Vini, the offset signal potential Vofs, and the signal potential Vsig are outputted at timings previously set in a time sequential manner for one horizontal scanning time period. It is noted that the offset signal potential Vofs is a fixed voltage supplied from an external voltage source. 
       (C-3) Driving Operation 
       [0209]      FIGS. 36A to 36E  are a timing chart showing a driving operation of the pixel circuit  131  shown in  FIG. 34 . In this connection, the high potential (emission potential) of the two kinds of power source potentials which are applied to the corresponding one of the current supply lines DSLs is designated with reference symbol Vcc, and the low potential (non-emission potential) thereof is designated with reference symbol Vss. 
         [0210]    Note that,  FIG. 36A  shows a waveform of a drive pulse applied to the corresponding one of the write control lines WSLs. Here,  FIGS. 36A to 36E  show an example in which the threshold correction preparing operation or the threshold correcting operation is carried out separately for a plurality of horizontal scanning time periods.  FIG. 36B  shows a waveform of a drive pulse applied to the corresponding one of the current supply lines DSLs.  FIG. 36C  shows a waveform of a potential applied to the corresponding one of the signal lines DTLs.  FIG. 36D  shows a waveform of a gate potential Vg of the drive transistor T 32 . Also,  FIG. 36E  shows a waveform of a source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 32 . 
         [0211]    Firstly,  FIG. 37  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  131  in an emission state. At this time, the current supply line DSL is held at the high potential Vcc, and the sampling transistor T 31  is controlled so as to be held in an OFF state (t 1  in  FIGS. 36A to 36E ). 
         [0212]    Of course, the drive transistor T 32  in the phase of the emission operates in the saturated region. Therefore, the current Ids determined depending on the gate-to-source voltage Vgs is supplied from the drive transistor T 32  to the organic EL element OLED. 
         [0213]    Next, an operation state within the pixel circuit  131  in a non-emission state will be described. The sampling transistor T 31  is newly controlled so as to be turned ON while the current supply line DSL is held at the high potential Vcc, thereby starting the non-emission time period (t 2  in  FIGS. 36A to 36E ). At this time, the reverse bias potential Vini is applied to the signal line DTL. 
         [0214]    By carrying out this operation, the gate potential Vg of the drive transistor T 32  is controlled so as to become equal to the reverse bias potential Vini.  FIG. 38  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  131  at this time point. 
         [0215]    At this time, the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 32  drops through the coupling operation of the hold capacitor Cs. During this change in source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 32 , the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 32  becomes equal to or smaller than the threshold voltage Vth, which results in that the state of the organic EL element OLED is switched from the emission state over to the non-emission state. 
         [0216]    In the case as well of the pixel circuit  131 , when the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 32  (the anode potential Vel of the organic EL element OLED) after completion of the coupling operation is equal to or smaller than the sum of the threshold voltage Vthel and the cathode potential Vcat of the organic EL element OLED, the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 32  is held as it is. 
         [0217]    On the other hand, when the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 32  after completion of the coupling operation is equal to or larger than the sum of the threshold voltage Vthel and the cathode potential Vcat of the organic EL element OLED, the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 32  converges to the potential of (Vthel+Vcat) owing to the discharge of the electric charges accumulated in the organic EL element OLED.  FIG. 38  shows a state in which the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 32  converges to the potential of (Vthel+Vcat). 
         [0218]    That is to say, the drive transistor T 32  is controlled so as to be set in the state of application of the reverse bias voltage. Of course, the reverse voltage stated here is controlled in such a way that the magnitude of the signal potential Vsig which will be subsequently written to the gate electrode of the drive transistor T 32  is reflected in the reverse voltage. For example, when the signal potential Vsig which will be subsequently written to the gate electrode of the drive transistor T 32  is the black display potential, the reverse voltage is controlled so as to have a small value accordingly, whereas when the signal potential Vsig which will be subsequently written to the gate electrode of the drive transistor T 32  is the white display potential, the reverse voltage is controlled so as to have a value larger than the reverse bias voltage accordingly. 
         [0219]    As a result, in the case as well of the pixel circuit  131  in the second embodiment, an amount of change in threshold voltage Vth, in the positive direction, caused for the emission time period can be corrected with the reverse bias voltage which is applied to the gate of the drive transistor T 32  for the non-emission time period within the same one frame. 
         [0220]    Of course, in this case as well, the magnitude of the reverse bias voltage is preferably, optimally set in consideration of the duty or the like of the emission time occupied in one frame time period. 
         [0221]    It is noted that after the reverse bias potential Vini is written to the gate electrode of the drive transistor T 32 , as shown in  FIG. 39 , the sampling transistor T 31  is controlled so as to be turned OFF before another potential of the signal line DTL is written to the gate electrode of the drive transistor T 32  (t 3  in  FIGS. 36A to 36E ). As a result, the reverse bias state of the drive transistor T 32  is maintained. 
         [0222]    After a lapse of a given time period of this reverse bias state, the power source potential of the current supply line DSL is controlled so as to be switched from the high potential Vcc over to the low potential Vss.  FIG. 40  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  131  at this time point. 
         [0223]    The low potential Vss stated here is set at a potential fulfilling a relationship of (Vofs−Vss)&gt;Vth for the purpose of normally carrying out the threshold correcting operation which will be carried out later. By application of the low potential Vss, the potential of the current supply line DSL becomes equal to the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 32 . As a result, the anode potential of the organic EL element OLED drops. 
         [0224]    Next, the sampling transistor T 31  is controlled so as to be turned ON at a timing at which the potential of the signal line DTL is set at the offset signal potential Vofs (t 5  in  FIGS. 36A to 36E ). It is noted that the current supply line DSL is held at the low potential Vss.  FIG. 41  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  131  at this time point. 
         [0225]    At this time, the gate potential Vg of the drive transistor T 32  is controlled so as to be set at the offset signal potential Vofs. This operation is a threshold correction preparing operation. It is noted that for the purpose of avoiding the change in gate potential Vg, for every time period for which the potential of the signal line DTL is set at either the signal potential Vsig or the reverse bias potential Vini other than the offset signal potential Vofs, as shown in  FIG. 42 , the sampling transistor T 31  is controlled so as to be turned OFF. 
         [0226]    Before long, a timing at which the threshold correcting operation is carried out will come. For a time period for which the offset signal potential Vofs is applied to the signal line DTL, the sampling transistor T 31  is controlled so as to be turned ON and the current supply line DSL is controlled so as to be set at the high potential Vcc, thereby carrying out the threshold correcting operation (t 6  in  FIGS. 36A to 36E ).  FIG. 43  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  131  at this time point. 
         [0227]    The high potential Vcc is applied to the current supply line DSL while the drive transistor T 32  is held in the ON state, thereby starting the threshold correcting operation for the drive transistor T 32 . Along with this operation, only the source potential Vs starts to rise while the gate potential Vg of the drive transistor T 32  is controlled so as to be set at the offset signal potential Vofs. 
         [0228]    It is noted that in the case of the second embodiment, the three different potentials, that is, the reverse bias potential Vini, the offset signal potential Vofs and the signal potential Vsig repetitively appear in the signal line DTL for one horizontal scanning time period. Therefore, when the time period for supply of the offset signal potential Vofs ends, the sampling transistor T 31  is continuously controlled so as to be turned OFF again until a timing at which the offset signal potential Vofs will be supplied next time (t 7  in  FIGS. 36A to 36E ).  FIG. 44  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  131  at this time point. 
         [0229]    It is noted that for this time period, the gate electrode of the drive transistor T 32  is used as the free end. Therefore, the gate potential Vg also rises in conjunction with the rise of the source potential Vs by carrying out the bootstrap operation following the rise of the source potential Vs. 
         [0230]    Before long, when a timing comes at which the offset signal potential Vofs is supplied to the signal line DTL, the sampling transistor T 31  is controlled so as to be turned ON again. By carrying out this turn-ON operation, the gate potential Vg of the drive transistor T 32  is caused to drop to the offset signal potential Vofs. In this case, the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 32  is caused to drop by a potential corresponding to an amount of coupling of the hold capacitor Cs, and restarts to rise from a state after being caused to drop (t 8  in  FIGS. 36A to 36E ). 
         [0231]    When in the threshold correcting operation after the restarting, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 32  becomes equal to the threshold voltage Vth, the drive transistor T 32 , of course, automatically carries out a cut-off operation. However, in the case of the driving operation shown in  FIGS. 36A to 36E , even after end of the second round of the threshold correcting operation, the threshold correcting operation is not completed. Thus, after end of the time period for supply of the offset signal potential Vofs, the sampling transistor T 31  is continuously controlled so as to be turned OFF again until a timing at which the offset signal potential Vofs will be supplied to the gate electrode of the drive transistor T 32  next time (t 9  in  FIGS. 36A to 36E ). 
         [0232]    Also, the threshold correcting operation is completed for the time period for the third round of the threshold correcting operation, and the drive transistor T 32  automatically carries out the cut-off operation (t 10  in  FIGS. 36A to 36E ).  FIG. 45  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  131  at this time point. It is noted that the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 32  fulfills the relationship of (Vs=Vofs−Vth≦Vcat+Vthel). Therefore, the organic EL element OLED cannot be controlled so as to be turned ON operation, and thus emits no light at this time. 
         [0233]    Either immediately after this or after a time period t 11  shown in  FIGS. 36A to 36E  is strode over, the signal potential Vsig is applied to the gate electrode of the drive transistor T 32  (t 12  in  FIGS. 36A to 36E ).  FIG. 46  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  131  at this time point. 
         [0234]    As previously stated, the signal potential Vsig is the voltage corresponding to the gradation of the corresponding one of the pixels. At this time, the gate potential Vg of the drive transistor T 32  is controlled so as to become equal to the signal potential Vsig through the sampling transistor T 31 . In addition, the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 32  rises with time owing to the current caused to flow from the current supply line DSL into the drive transistor T 32 . 
         [0235]    At this time, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 25  is given by Expression (6): 
         [0000]        Vgs={Cel /( Cel+Cs+Ctr )}·( Vsig−Vofs )+ Vth    (6) 
         [0236]    As previously stated in the first embodiment as well, the parasitic capacitance Cel of the organic EL element OLED is larger than each of the capacitance of the hold capacitor Cs, and the parasitic capacitance Ctr of the drive transistor T 32 . Therefore, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 32  converges approximately to the voltage of (Vsig+Vth). 
         [0237]    This operation is a mobility correcting operation used as an operation as well for writing the signal potential Vsig. As previously described in the first embodiment, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs stated here has a value in which the mobility μ of the drive transistor T 32  is reflected. 
         [0238]    After completion of the mobility correcting operation used as the writing operation as well, the sampling transistor T 31  is controlled so as to be turned OFF, thereby starting a new emission time period (t 13  in  FIGS. 36A to 36E ). In this case, a drive current Ids′ for the drive transistor T 32  is caused to flow into the organic EL element OLED, thereby starting the light emission corresponding to the value of the drive current Ids′ in the organic EL element OLED.  FIG. 47  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  131  at this time point. 
       (C-4) Conclusion 
       [0239]    As described above, even in the case where each of the pixel circuits is composed of the two N-channel thin film transistors, similarly to the case of the first embodiment, it is possible to realize the drive technique with which the temporal change in threshold voltage Vth of the drive transistor T 32  hardly appears in the drive transistor T 32 . 
         [0240]    Of course, in the case as well of the pixel circuit stated here, both the threshold correcting operation and the mobility correcting operation can be carried out. Therefore, it is possible to effectively suppress occurrence of the picture non-uniformity due to the dispersion of the characteristics of the drive transistors T 32 . 
       (D) Third Embodiment 
     (D-1) System Configuration 
       [0241]    In a third embodiment, a description will now be given with respect to a method with which the precision for the mobility correcting operation can be further enhanced for the organic EL display panel  41  having the pixel circuit  131  descried in the second embodiment. 
         [0242]      FIG. 48  shows a system configuration of the organic EL display panel  41 . It is noted that in  FIG. 48 , portions corresponding to those in  FIG. 32  are designated with the same reference numerals, respectively. 
         [0243]    The organic EL display panel  41  shown in  FIG. 48  is composed of the pixel array portion  121 , a signal write control line driving portion  153 , a current supply line driving portion  155 , and a horizontal selector  157  which operate as drive circuits for the pixel array portion  121 , and a timing generator  159 . 
         [0244]    The pixel array portion  121  in the organic EL display panel  41  of the third embodiment has the same configuration as that of the pixel array portion  121  in the organic EL display panel  41  of the second embodiment shown in  FIG. 32 . That is to say, the pixel circuit  131  is composed of the sampling transistor T 31 , the drive transistor T 32 , the hold capacitor Cs, and the organic EL element OLED. 
         [0245]      FIG. 49  shows a connection relationship between the pixel circuits  131  each corresponding to the sub-pixel, and the drive circuits  153 ,  155  and  157 . In addition, FIG.  50  shows a relationship among potentials, of the corresponding one of the signal lines DTLs, which are supplied to the pixel circuit  131  in the organic EL display panel  41  of the third embodiment. 
         [0246]    The signal write control line driving portion  153  is the drive circuit by which the sampling transistor T 31  is controlled so as to be turned ON/OFF. When the sampling transistor T 31  is controlled so as to be turned ON, the potential of the corresponding one of the signal lines DTLs is applied to the gate electrode of the drive transistor T 32 . 
         [0247]    The current supply line driving portion  155  is the drive circuit by which the corresponding one of the current supply lines DSLs is driven with two kinds of high potential Vcc and low potential Vss. In the case of the third embodiment, a low potential time period is set at least once within one frame time period. 
         [0248]    Each of these drive circuits  153  and  155  is composed of a shift register having output stages the number of which corresponds to the vertical resolution. Thus, each of the drive circuits  153  and  155  outputs a necessary drive pulse to the corresponding one of the control lines in accordance with the timing signal supplied thereto from the timing generator  159 . 
         [0249]    The horizontal selector  157  is the drive circuit by which any one of the signal potential Vsig corresponding to the pixel data Din, the reverse bias potential Vini in which the signal potential Vsig is reflected, a first offset signal potential Vofs 1 , and a second offset signal potential Vofs 2  is outputted to the corresponding one of the signal lines DTLs with one horizontal scanning time period as one period. 
         [0250]    It is noted that the first offset signal potential Vofs 1  corresponds to the offset signal potential Vofs in the second embodiment. In the case of the third embodiment, the second offset signal potential Vofs 2  is given in the form of an intermediate potential between the signal potential Vsig and the first offset signal potential Vofs 1 . The horizontal selector  157  generates the second offset signal potential Vofs 2  in accordance with the pixel data Din corresponding to the signal potential Vsig. 
         [0251]    Although the order of outputting the signal potential Vsig, the reverse bias potential Vini, the first offset signal potential Vofs 1 , and the second offset signal potential Vofs 2  is arbitrarily set in the third embodiment, the reverse bias potential Vini, the first offset signal potential Vofs 1 , the second offset signal potential Vofs 2 , and the signal potential Vsig are outputted from the horizontal selector  156  in this order. 
         [0252]    The timing generator  159  is the circuit device for generating the timing pulse necessary for driving the write control lines WSLs and the current supply lines DSLs. 
       (D-2) Configuration of Horizontal Selector 
       [0253]      FIG. 51  shows a circuit configuration of the horizontal selector  157  as the key device in the organic EL display panel  41  of the third embodiment. It is noted that the horizontal selector  157  is identical in basic configuration to the horizontal selector  127  previously described in the second embodiment. Therefore, in  FIG. 51 , portions corresponding to those shown in  FIG. 35  are designated with the same reference numerals, respectively. 
         [0254]    The horizontal selector  157  is composed of a programmable logic device  81 , a memory  83 , shift registers  91  and  101 , latch circuits  93  and  103 , D/A conversion circuits  95  and  105 , buffer circuits  97  and  107 , and a selector  161 . 
         [0255]    Of these constituent portions, the novel constituent portion in the horizontal selector  157  is only the selector  161 . The selector  161  in the third embodiment is different from the selector  141  in the second embodiment in that the reverse bias potential Vini, the first offset signal potential Vofs 1 , the second offset signal potential Vofs 2 , and the signal potential Vsig are outputted at timings previously set in a time sequential manner for one horizontal scanning time period. 
         [0256]    It is noted that the first offset signal potential Vofs 1  corresponds to the offset potential Vofs in the second embodiment. On the other hand, the second offset signal potential Vofs 2  is given in the form of the intermediate gradation potential between the maximum potential of the signal potential Vsig, and the first offset signal potential Vofs 1 . In the third embodiment, the second offset signal potential Vofs 2  is regulated in the form of (Vsig−Vofs 1 )/2. 
       (D-3) Driving Operation 
       [0257]      FIGS. 52A to 52E  are a timing chart showing a driving operation of the pixel circuit  131  in the organic EL display panel  41  of the third embodiment. 
         [0258]    Firstly,  FIG. 53  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  131  in the emission state. At this time, the potential of the current supply line DSL is set at the high potential Vcc, and thus the sampling transistor T 31  is held in the OFF state (t 1  in  FIGS. 52A to 52E ). 
         [0259]    At this time, the drive transistor T 32  is set so as to operate in the saturated region. For this reason, the current Ids caused to flow through the organic EL element OLED gets a value corresponding to the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 32 . 
         [0260]    Next, an operation state in the non-emission time period will be described. The sampling transistor T 31  is controlled so as to be turned ON while the reverse bias potential Vini is applied to the signal line DTL, thereby starting the non-emission time period (t 2  in  FIGS. 52A to 52E ).  FIG. 54  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  131  at this time point. 
         [0261]    At this time, the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 32  drops through the coupling operation of the hold capacitor Cs. It is noted that the organic EL element OLED is turned OFF at a time point when the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 32  becomes equal to or smaller than the threshold voltage Vth thereof. 
         [0262]    In this connection, when the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 32  (the anode potential Vel of the organic EL element OLED) after completion of the coupling operation is equal to or smaller than the sum of the threshold voltage Vthel and the cathode potential Vcat of the organic EL element OLED, the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 32  is held as it is. 
         [0263]    On the other hand, when the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 32  after completion of the coupling operation is larger than the sum of the threshold voltage Vthel and the cathode potential Vcat of the organic EL element OLED, the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 32  converges to the potential of (Vthel+Vcat) owing to the discharge of the electric charges accumulated in the organic EL element OLED.  FIG. 54  shows a state in which the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 32  converges to the potential of (Vthel+Vcat). 
         [0264]    In this connection, the high potential Vcc is applied to the drain electrode of the drive transistor T 32 , and the reverse bias potential Vini is applied to the gate electrode of the drive transistor T 32 . That is to say, the reverse bias voltage is applied to the drive transistor T 32 . It is noted that since the reverse bias potential Vini reflects in the signal potential Vsig in the phase of the signal writing operation, as previously stated, the reverse bias potential Vini operates so as to cancel the change in threshold voltage Vth caused by application of the signal potential Vsig. 
         [0265]    After that, the sampling transistor T 31  is controlled so as to be turned OFF before the switching of the potential of the signal line DTL (t 3  in  FIGS. 52A to 52E ). It is noted that the state of application of the reverse bias voltage continues. 
         [0266]    After this reverse bias state elapses for a given time period, the power source potential of the current supply line DSL is controlled so as to be switched from the high potential Vcc over to the low potential Vss (t 4  in  FIGS. 52A to 52E ).  FIG. 55  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  131  at this time point. 
         [0267]    At this time, a potential difference between the reverse bias potential Vini, and the potential (the low potential Vss) of the current supply line DSL becomes equal to the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 32 . 
         [0268]    Here, when the reverse bias potential Vini is smaller than the potential of (Vss+Vth), the drive transistor T 32  is held in the cut-off state. 
         [0269]    In the third embodiment, the reverse bias potential Vini is assumed to be smaller than the potential of (Vss+Vth). However, the reverse bias potential Vini is not necessarily assumed to be smaller than the potential of (Vss+Vth). 
         [0270]    Next, the sampling transistor T 31  is controlled so as to be turned ON at a timing at which the potential of the signal line DTL is set at the first offset signal potential Vofs 1  (t 5  in  FIGS. 52A to 52E ). By carrying out this control, the gate potential Vg of the drive transistor T 32  transits to the first offset signal potential Vofs 1 . 
         [0271]      FIG. 56  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  131  at this time point. 
         [0272]    At this time, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 32  is given by (Vofs 1 −Vss). 
         [0273]    The gate-to-source voltage Vgs at this time point is set at a larger value than the threshold voltage Vth of the drive transistor T 32  in order to secure the carrying-out of the threshold correcting operation. 
         [0274]    Before long, a timing at which the threshold correcting operation is carried out will come. For a time period for which the first offset signal potential Vofs 1  is applied to the signal line DTL, the sampling transistor T 31  is controlled so as to be turned ON and the current supply line DSL is controlled so as to be set at the high potential Vcc, thereby carrying out the threshold correcting operation (t 7  in  FIGS. 52A to 52E ).  FIG. 57  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  131  at this time point. 
         [0275]    The high potential Vcc is applied to the current supply line DSL while the drive transistor T 32  is held in the ON state, thereby starting the threshold correcting operation for the drive transistor T 32 . Along with this operation, only the source potential Vs starts to rise while the gate potential Vg of the drive transistor T 32  is controlled so as to be set at the first offset signal potential Vofs 1 . 
         [0276]    At this time, the current caused to flow through the drive transistor T 32  is used to charge both the hold capacitor Cs, and the parasitic capacitance Cel of the organic EL element OLED with the electricity as long as the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 32  (the anode potential Vel of the organic EL element OLED) is equal to or smaller than the potential of (Vcat+Vthel) (as long as the leakage current of the organic EL element OLED is considerably smaller than the current caused to flow through the drive transistor T 32 ). 
         [0277]    The source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 32  starts to rise with time. 
         [0278]    After a lapse of given time, the sampling transistor T 31  is controlled so as to be turned OFF. However, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 32  at this time point is larger than the threshold voltage Vth of the drive transistor T 32 . Therefore, the current which is caused to flow from the current supply line DSL into the pixel circuit  131  is caused to flow so as to charge the hold capacitor Cs with the electricity. 
         [0279]    Along with this operation, the gate potential Vg of the drive transistor T 32  rises in conjunction with the source potential Vs thereof. It is noted that since the reverse bias voltage is applied to the organic EL element OLED, the organic EL element OLED emits no light. 
         [0280]    Before long, when a timing comes at which the first offset signal potential Vofs 1  is supplied to the signal line DTL, the sampling transistor T 31  is controlled so as to be turned ON again. By carrying out the turn-ON operation, the gate potential Vg of the drive transistor T 32  is caused to drop to the first offset signal potential Vofs 1 . 
         [0281]    By repetitively carrying out this operation, the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 32  converges to the threshold voltage Vth of the drive transistor T 32  (t 9  and t 11  in  FIGS. 52A to 52E ). 
         [0282]    It is noted that at this time point, the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 32  fulfills a value equal to or smaller than the potential of (Vcat+Vthel). 
         [0283]    After completion of the threshold correcting operation, the sampling transistor T 31  is controlled so as to be turned OFF once. 
         [0284]    After that, at a time point when the potential of the signal line DTL is set at the second offset signal potential Vofs 2 , the sampling transistor T 31  is controlled so as to be turned ON again (t 13  in  FIGS. 52A to 52E ). The ON state of the sampling transistor T 31  continues even after the potential of the signal line DTL is switched from the second offset signal potential Vofs 2  over to the signal potential Vsig (t 14  in  FIGS. 52A to 52E ).  FIG. 58  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  131  at this time point. 
         [0285]    For this time period t 14 , the gate potential Vg of the drive transistor T 32  is changed from the second offset signal potential Vofs 2  over to the signal potential Vsig. In this case, the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 32  rises with time because the current is continuously supplied from the current supply line DSL to the drive transistor T 32 . 
         [0286]    Of course, when the source potential Vs of the drive transistor T 32  does not exceed the potential of (Vthel+Vcat) (the leakage current of the organic EL element OLED is considerably smaller than the current caused to flow through the drive transistor T 32 ), the current caused to flow through the drive transistor T 32  is used to charge both the hold capacitor Cs, and the parasitic capacitance Cel of the organic EL element OLED with the electricity. 
         [0287]    At this time, since the threshold correction operation for the drive transistor T 32  has already been completed, the current caused to flow through the drive transistor T 32  has a value in which the mobility μ is reflected. 
         [0288]    Now, in the case of this sort of mobility correction system, in general, the mobility correction time in the phase of the intermediate gradation display is longer than that in the phase of the white display. In particular, in the case of the drive system in the second embodiment in which the mobility correction is carried out by application of the signal potential Vsig to the gate electrode of the drive transistor T 32 , a time difference between the mobility correction time in the phase of the white display and the mobility correction in the phase of the intermediate gradation display is large. As a result, the mobility correction about the white display pixel, and the mobility correction about the intermediate gradation pixel cannot be completed within the same write time period. 
         [0289]    However, the second offset signal potential Vofs 2  is inputted before input of the signal potential Vsig to the gate electrode of the drive transistor T 32  as in the case of the third embodiment, which results in that the mobility correction time in the phase of the white display and the mobility correction in the phase of the intermediate gradation display can be each made constant. 
         [0290]    Hereinafter, a concrete description will be given with respect to this operation.  FIGS. 59A and 59B  show the mobility correction time in the phase of the white display, and  FIGS. 60A and 60B  show the mobility correction time in the phase of the intermediate gradation display (an example of being near the back display). 
         [0291]    It is noted that  FIGS. 59A and 60A  respectively show the mobility correcting operations corresponding to the second embodiment, and  FIG. 59B  and  FIG. 60B  respectively show the mobility correcting operations corresponding to the third embodiment. In these figures, the mobility correction time corresponding to the second embodiment is indicated by t 1 , and the mobility correction time corresponding to the third embodiment is indicated by t 1 ′. 
         [0292]    Firstly, let us consider the phase of the white display. As shown in  FIGS. 59A and 59B , the time required for the mobility correction can be made longer in the case where the second offset signal potential Vofs 2  is used than in the case where no second offset signal potential Vofs 2  is used. 
         [0293]    On the other hand, let us consider the phase of the intermediate gradation display. As shown in  FIGS. 60A and 60B , the time required for the mobility correction can be made shorter in the case where the second offset signal potential Vofs 2  is used than in the case where no second offset signal potential Vofs 2  is used. 
         [0294]    That is to say, the correction time in the phase of the white display for which the correction time is essentially enough to be short can be made long, while the connection time in the phase of the intermediate gradation display for which the correction time is essentially enough to be long can be made short. This means that the time required for the mobility correction in the phase of the white display, and the time required for the mobility correction in the phase of the intermediate gradation display can be uniformed to be approximately constant irrespective of the display gradations. 
         [0295]    Also, after completion of the operation described above, when the sampling transistor T 31  is controlled so as to be turned OFF, thereby completing the write operation, the drive current is caused to flow through the organic EL element OLED, thereby starting the emission time period (t 15  in  FIGS. 52A to 52E ).  FIG. 61  shows an operation state within the pixel circuit  131  at this time point. 
         [0296]    It is noted that the gate-to-source voltage Vgs of the drive transistor T 32  is constant. Therefore, the drive transistor T 32  causes a constant current Ids′ to flow through the organic EL element OLED. 
         [0297]    It is noted that the anode potential Vel of the organic EL element OLED continuously rises up to a voltage Vx at which the constant current Ids′ is caused to flow through the organic EL element OLED. 
       (D-4) Conclusion 
       [0298]    As described above, in the case of the organic EL display panel described in the third embodiment, in addition to the effect of the second embodiment, the following effect can be realized. 
         [0299]    That is to say, the time required for the mobility correction in the phase of the white display, and the time required for the mobility correction in the phase of the intermediate gradation display can be uniformed to be approximately constant irrespective of the display gradations. In other words, the mobility correcting operations can be uniformed for all the pixel circuits. This means that the mobilities μ in the pixels can be corrected in just proportion within the determined time period. As a result, even when the high definition and high speed operation of the organic EL display panel progress, it is possible to realize the drive technique with which non-uniformity or a streak hardly appears in the displayed image. 
       (E) Other Embodiments 
     (E-1) Other Pixel Circuit 
       [0300]    In the first to third embodiments described above, the description has been given with respect to the case where the pixel circuit is composed of the five N-channel thin film transistors (first embodiment), and the case where the pixel circuit is composed of the two N-channel thin film transistors (second and third embodiments). 
         [0301]    However, the configuration of the pixel circuit is by no means limited thereto. For example, as shown in  FIG. 62 , the present invention can also be applied to the case where a pixel circuit  171  is composed of three N-channel thin film transistors. It is noted that in  FIG. 62 , portions corresponding to those in each of  FIGS. 20 and 34  are designated with the same reference numerals, respectively. 
         [0302]    The pixel circuit  171  is of an intermediate type between the pixel circuit  71  in the first embodiment, and the pixel circuit  131  in the second embodiment. Also, the feature of the pixel circuit  171  is that the application of the offset signal potential Vofs to the gate electrode of the drive transistor T 32  is controlled by a dedicated thin film transistor T 33 . That is to say, the feature of the second embodiment is that the offset signal potential Vofs which is applied through the corresponding one of the signal lines DTLs is independently applied to the gate electrode of the drive transistor T 32  as in the case of the first embodiment. It is noted that the timing of application of the offset signal potential Vofs, and the like are similar to those in the second embodiment. 
       (E-2) Method of Generating Reverse Bias Potential 
       [0303]    In the first embodiment, the description has been given with respect to the case where the pixel data Din′ having the size corresponding to the pixel data Din (the signal potential Vsig) is generated in accordance with Expression (3) which is basically, previously set. 
         [0304]    However, the organic EL display panel in which the duty of the emission time period occupied in one frame time period can be made variable in accordance with the display contents or the circumferential luminance adopts a mechanism for adaptively switching the relational expression or table applied to the generation of the reverse bias potential Vini based on the variable duty information. 
         [0305]      FIG. 63  shows a configuration of a horizontal selector  181  corresponding to this mechanism. It is noted that in  FIG. 63 , portions corresponding to those in  FIG. 21  are designated with the same reference numerals, respectively. Also,  FIG. 63  shows the configuration in which a reverse bias potential generation characteristics switching portion  185  is mounted within a programmable logic device  183 . In this case, all that is required is that the reverse bias potential generation characteristics switching portion  185  executes processing for switching a relational expression (for example, change of a coefficient) or a reference table over to another one in accordance with duty information (information giving the duty of the emission time period within one reference time period) supplied from the outside. 
       (E-3) Generation of Second Offset Signal Potential Vofs 2   
       [0306]    In the third embodiment described above, the description has been given with respect to the case where the second offset signal potential Vofs 2  is given as the fixed value. However, the second offset signal potential Vofs 2  can also be generated in the form of pixel data Din″ having a size corresponding to the pixel data Din (the signal potential Vsig). 
         [0307]      FIG. 64  shows a configuration of a horizontal selector  191  corresponding to this mechanism. It is noted that in  FIG. 64 , portions corresponding to those in  FIG. 21  are designated with the same reference numerals, respectively. Novel constituent portions of the horizontal selector  191  shown in  FIG. 64  are a programmable logic device  193 , circuit portions of the second offset signal potential Vofs 2  system (a shift register  201 , a latch circuit  203 , a D/A circuit  205 , and a buffer circuit  207 ), and a selector  211 . 
         [0308]    Of these constituent portions, a function of generating an intermediate potential between the signal potential Vsig and the first offset signal potential Vofs 1  is newly added to the programmable logic device  193 . For example, the pixel data Din″ corresponding to the potential of (Vsig−Vofs 1 )/2 is generated based on the pixel data Din read out from the memory  83 . 
         [0309]      FIGS. 65A and 65B  respectively show changes in potentials corresponding to this device system, that is, the mobility correcting operation in the phase of the white display. Also,  FIGS. 66A and 66B  respectively show changes in potentials corresponding to this device system, that is, the mobility correcting operation in the phase of the intermediate gradation display (an example of being near the black display). 
         [0310]    Of  FIGS. 65A and 65B , and  FIGS. 66A and 66B ,  FIGS. 65A and 66A  show the mobility correcting operation corresponding to the second embodiment, and  FIGS. 65B and 66B  show the mobility correcting operation corresponding to this description. In this connection, the mobility correction time period corresponding to the second embodiment is indicated by t 1 , and the mobility correction time period corresponding to this description is indicated by t 1 ′. 
         [0311]    In the case as well of this drive system, the mobility correction time in the phase of the white display can be extended by using the second offset signal potential Vofs 2 . In addition, the mobility correction time in the phase of the intermediate gradation phase can also be extended by using the second offset signal potential Vofs 2 . However, the extension of the mobility correction time in the phase of the intermediate gradation phase is smaller than that in the case where the gradation value is large (the signal potential Vsig is large). 
         [0312]    Therefore, the adoption of this drive system can compress a difference between the mobility correction time in the phase of the white display and the mobility correction time in the phase of the intermediate gradation phase. When this time difference is sufficiently small, the effect of uniforming the time required for the mobility correction in the phase of the white display, and the time required for the mobility correction in the phase of the intermediate gradation display can be further enhanced than in the case of the second embodiment. As a result, the visualized image quality can be enhanced by suppressing the deterioration of the image quality due to excess and deficiency of the mobility correction. 
       (E-4) Another Application of Reverse Bias Potential Vini 
       [0313]    In each of the first to third embodiments described above, the description has been given with respect to the case where the reverse bias potential Vini is applied to the gate electrode of the drive transistor T 25  or T 32  through the corresponding one of the signal lines DTLs which the horizontal selector drives and controls. 
         [0314]    However, the reverse potential Vini may also be applied to the gate electrode of the drive transistor through another wiring. In addition, in this case, the reverse bias potential generating portion can be, of course, disposed outside the horizontal selector. 
       (E-5) Product Examples 
     (a) Electronic Apparatuses 
       [0315]    The present invention has been described so far based on the first to third embodiments of the organic EL display panel. However, the organic EL display panel described above is distributed in the form as well of product forms mounted to various electronic apparatuses. Hereinafter, examples of mounting the organic EL display panel to the various electronic apparatuses. 
         [0316]      FIG. 67  shows an example of a conceptual configuration of an electronic apparatus  221 . The electronic apparatus  221  is composed of the organic EL display panel  223  described above, a system control portion  225  and a manipulation inputting portion  227 . Processing contents which are executed in the system control portion  225  differ depending on the product forms of the electronic apparatus  221 . In addition, the manipulation inputting portion  227  is a device for receiving a manipulation input to the system control portion  225 . A mechanical interface such as a switch or a button, a graphic interface or the like is used as the manipulation inputting portion  227 . 
         [0317]    It is noted that the electronic apparatus  221  is by no means limited to an apparatus in a specific field as long as the electronic apparatus  221  is loaded with a function of displaying an image or a video picture data on which is generated within the apparatus or inputted thereto from the outside. 
         [0318]      FIG. 68  shows an example of an exterior appearance in the case where other electronic apparatus is a television set. A display screen  237  composed of a front panel  233 , a filter glass  235 , and the like is disposed on a front surface of a chassis of a television receiver  231 . The display screen  237  portion corresponds to the organic EL display panel described in any one of the first to third embodiments. 
         [0319]    In addition, a digital camera, for example, is supposed as this sort of electronic apparatus  221 .  FIGS. 69A and 69B  show an example of an exterior appearance of a digital camera  241 . Here,  FIG. 69A  is an example of the exterior appearance on a front surface side (on a subject side) of the digital camera  241 . Also,  FIG. 69B  is an example of the exterior appearance on a back surface side (on a photographer side) of the digital camera  241 . 
         [0320]    The digital camera  241  is composed of a protective cover  243 , an image capturing lens  245 , a display screen  247 , a control switch  249 , and a shutter button  251 . Of these constituent elements, the display screen  247  portion corresponds to the organic EL display panel described in any one of the first to third embodiments. 
         [0321]    In addition, a video camera, for example, is supposed as this sort of electronic apparatus  221 .  FIG. 70  shows an example of an exterior appearance of a video camera  261 . 
         [0322]    The video camera  261  is composed of an image capturing lens  265 , a start/stop switch  267  for image capturing, and a display screen  269 . Here, an image of an object is captured through the image capturing lens  265  provided on the first surface side of a main body  263 . Of these constituent elements, the display screen  269  portion corresponds to the organic EL display panel described in any one of the first to third embodiments. 
         [0323]    In addition, mobile terminal equipment, for example, is supposed as this sort of electronic apparatus  221 .  FIGS. 71A to 71G  show an example of an exterior appearance of a mobile phone as the mobile terminal equipment. The mobile phone  271  shown in  FIGS. 71A to 71G  is folding type one. Here,  FIG. 71A and 71B  show the example of the exterior appearance in a state in which chassis are opened, and  FIGS. 71C to 71G  show the example of the exterior appearance in a state in which the chassis are folded. 
         [0324]    The mobile phone  271  is composed of an upper chassis  273 , a lower chassis  275 , a connection portion (a hinge portion in this example)  277 , a display screen  279 , a sub-display screen  281 , a picture light  283 , and an image capturing lens  285 . Of these constituent elements, each of the display screen  279  portion and the sub-display screen  281  corresponds to the organic EL display panel described in any one of the first to third embodiments. 
         [0325]    In addition, a computer, for example, is supposed as this sort of electronic apparatus  221 .  FIG. 72  shows an example of an exterior example of a notebook-size personal computer  291 . 
         [0326]    The notebook-size personal computer  291  is composed of a lower chassis  293 , an upper chassis  295 , a keyboard  297 , and a display screen  299 . Of these constituent elements, the display screen  299  portion corresponds to the organic EL display panel described in any one of the first to third embodiments. 
         [0327]    In addition thereto, an audio reproducer, a game machine, an electronic book, an electronic dictionary or the like is supposed as the electronic apparatus  221 . 
       (E-6) Examples of Other Display Devices 
       [0328]    In each of the first to third embodiments descried above, the description has been given with respect to the case where the present invention is applied to the organic EL display panel. 
         [0329]    However, the drive technique described above can also be applied to other EL display devices. For example, the drive technique described above can also be applied to a display device having LEDs (Light Emitting Diode) disposed therein, or a display device in which light emitting elements each having any other suitable diode structure are disposed on a screen. For example, the drive technique described above can also be applied to an inorganic EL display panel. 
       (E-7) The Others 
       [0330]    Various changes of the first to third embodiments described above can be made within a scope of the gist of the present invention. In addition, various changes and application examples which are created or combined with one another based on the description in the specification are also made.