Abstract:
The present invention discloses a method for inhibiting the growth of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis,  comprising: administering at least one selective binding agent such as an anti-CD13 antibody or a CD13 antagonist which can bind a CD13 receptor of a cell to inhibit infection of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis.  Administration of anti-CD13 antibody can reduce an expression level of the CD13 receptor, inhibit entry of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  into monocytes, reduce survival of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  in monocytes, and kill  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  effectively.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    The present invention is related to an application of cell surface receptor that binds  Mycobacterium tuberculosis,  especially relating to an application of CD 13 receptor on inhibition of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  infection of monocytes. 
         [0003]    2. The Prior Arts 
         [0004]    Tuberculosis (TB), with estimated annual death of two million cases, is a common deadly transmissible disease in developing countries. According to the World Health Organization&#39;s report, the average annual increase in tuberculosis is about 2% in recent years. The pathogen of TB is called  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  complex (MTBC), including  Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, M. microti,  and  M. canetti,  in which  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  is the main pathogen of TB in human and the main infection site is lung. 
         [0005]    It is estimated that one third of world populations (about 1.7 million/year) are infected with  Mycobacterium tuberculosis.  This is because virulence factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis can enable the bacterium to avoid being killed by phagocytes and survive within host phagocytes. In the aspect of phagocyte detection of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis,  many receptors on the surface of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  are important, indicating that receptors that facilitate mycobacterial entry into phagocytes have impact on survival opportunity of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis  binds to the cholesterol of phagocytes and lipid-rich region (also called lipid rafts) of host cell membrane, a site also having function of signal transduction. Inside host cells,  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  can degrade cholesterol as energy source during persistence of chronic infection. In addition,  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  will affect lipid transduction to block phagosome synthesis so as to protect itself from being transported to lysosome. 
         [0006]    CD13 (aminopeptidase N) is a multi-functional protein present in many tissues that not only functioning as an enzyme but revealing other functional activities through different mechanisms. CD13 is found partly distributed in lipid rafts and affects cell membrane protein composition and cholesterol uptake. CD13 has been found in membrane-bound protein and in secretion of specific cells and degraded cell membrane in active form. For some specific virus, CD13 is a cell surface receptor, where virus can enter into cells by endocytosis. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    However, it is not clear how  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  interacts with cell surface receptors, through which surface receptor to enter and infect cells, or by what kind of mechanism to survive in cells. Furthermore, no solution on inhibition of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  has been developed regarding combined issues described above. 
         [0008]    Therefore, a primary object of the present invention is to provide a method for inhibiting the growth of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis,  comprising: administering at least one selective binding agent binding to a CD13 receptor to prevent a cell from infection by  Mycobacterium tuberculosis,  wherein the selective binding agent is an anti-CD13 antibody or a CD13 antagonist, and the anti-CD13 antibody is WM15 antibody or WM47 antibody, to reduce an expression level of the CD13 receptor, to reduce endocytic internalization of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  which entry into the cell and to reduce survival of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  in the cells. 
         [0009]    The present invention demonstrate that not only a CD13 receptor of monocytes is a novel receptor to  Mycobacterium tuberculosis,  but also the CD13 receptor can promote endocytic internalization of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  which entry into human monocytes. Therefore, administration of the selective binding agent such as anti-CD13 antibody can reduce the expression level of the CD13 receptor, inhibit entry of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  into monocytes, decrease survival of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  in cells, and kill  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  effectively. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]      FIGS. 1A-1E  showed interaction diagram of of CD13 protein and  Mycobacterium tuberculosis:  (A)  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  cultivated with or without CD13 receptor protein, and stained with PE-conjugated anti-CD13 antibody and an isotype antibody as negative control. An irrelevant protein CD4 was used, to assess whether the binding of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  were specific for CD13. No apparent binding was observed between CD4 (0.5 μg) and  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  ( FIG. 1A , bottom row). (B) As shown by flow cytometry, dose-dependent increases of CD13-positive  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  organisms were found and the binding of CD13 to  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  may up to 6.53±0.01%. (C)  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  cultivated with MNPs or CD13-MNPs. An external magnetic field was applied. Precipitate of MNPs was dark black color, and CD13-MNPs precipitate was light color, indicating the latter overlay part of the original color. (D) In the aspect of concentration of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  in the suspension, bacterial number in CD13-MNPs treated group was significantly lower than that of MNPs group. (E) Results of acid-fast stain of untreated MNPs aggregates showed scattered stained bacterium, as compared with large CD13-MNPs aggregates surrounded by many stained bacterium. 
           [0011]      FIG. 2A-2C  showed internalization of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  in monocytes. (A) Confocal microscope photo of surface CD13 protein of monocyte stained with anti-CD13 antibody (green),  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  stained with TB Auramine-Rhodamine T (red), and nucleus stained with DAPI (blue), and a merge photo showing the site of CD13 protein on monocyte surface super-imposed with the site of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  binding on monocytes. Each panel showed a representive cell. Bacteria that attached to the cells and merged with CD13 as yellow color were scored as colocalized with CD13 and a minimum of 100 bacteria were scored at 30 minutes.  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  was found attached to the surface of the monocytes with a 13.1±4.7% co-localization rate. (B) Monocytes were treated with isotype antibody (10 μg/ml) or WM15 antibody (10 μg/ml) or WM47 antibody (10 μg/ml) for 24 hrs. The expression level of CD13 protein was determined by PE-conjugated anti-CD13 antibody using flow cytometry, and the results of CD13-positive percentage were 97.6±0.7%, 7.2±6.0% and 17.1±8.7%, respectively. WM15 antibody or WM47 antibody blocked CD13 protein. (C) The percentage of intracellular  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  was measured by flow cytometry and data were expressed as percentages of intracellular MTB relative to control values (100%, isotype antibody) and seven independent experiments were shown. As compared with isotype control, treatment with WM15 (10 μg/ml) and WM47 (10 μg/ml) reduced  Mycobacterium tuberculosis -positive monocytes to 81.6±7.1% and 73.2±6.0%, respectively. 
           [0012]      FIG. 3A˜3C  demonstrated survival of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  in monocytes. (A) Monocytes pretreated with corresponding isotype or WM15 or WM47 for 1 hour were incubated with  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  for 24 hours and 72 hours and then lysed. The lysates were cultured for  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  on 7H11 agar for 3 weeks, after which CFU were counted. Data represented means (±SEM) of eleven independent experiments. (B) Monocytes were infected with same amount of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  for 1 hour, and then posttreated with corresponding isotype or WM15 or WM47 for 24 hours. CFU data represented means (±SEM) of thirteen independent experiments. (C) ROS generation of monocytes with or without  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  infection for 24 hours was measured by flow cytometry. Data were expressed as mean fluorescence intensity of DCFDA relative to control values (100%, isotype antibody) and three independent experiments were shown. 
           [0013]      FIG. 4A-4B  showed the effect of CD13 on microbicidal capacity of monocytes. (A) Monocytes were treated with WM15 antibody and WM47 antibody, with or without  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  infection for 72 hrs. Then intracellular Rab5 expression of monocytes was quantified. In the infection treated group, monocytes treated with WM47 antibody had highest Rab5 expression in 72 hrs (no infection vs. MTB infection, P=0.001), suggesting that binding of CD13 protein and WM47 antibody induced signal transduction to enhance Rab5 expression in infected monocytes. Also, infected cells treated with WM47 antibody showed significantly higher expression of Rab7 as compared with un-infected cells in 72 hrs (P=0.002). Data were expressed as mean fluorescence intensity of Rab5 or Rab7 and represented as means (±SEM) of seven independent experiments. (B) Endocytic pH was indicated by LysoSensor Yellow/Blue Dextran dye and the dual emission was measured at 420 nm (top panel) and 520 nm (bottom panel). The panels were representative images of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  infected monocytes that treated with isotype, antiCD13 antibody WM15 or WM47, respectively. The 520/420 nm fluorescence ratio was calculated and the mean pH value was obtained by comparing with known pH standards (right top panel).The number of vesicles with pH&lt;4.8 (active lysosomes) was counted and the percentage of active lysosomes was represented of nine independent experiments (right bottom panel). 
           [0014]      FIG. 5A-5D  showed the effect of CD13 on cholesterol uptake. (A) Antibody-treated monocytes with or without  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  for 24 hours were stained by nile red and lipid associated nile red was viewed by cofocal microscopy (1000×) (yellow-gold fluorescence, excitation, 488 nm; emission, 529-560 nm and red fluorescence, excitation 543 nm; emission, 590-630 nm). (B) Nile red fluorescence was examined at two spectral settings, FL1 channel for neutral lipids and FL2 channel for polar lipids. The mean fluorescence intensity was quantified by flow cytometry. (C) BODIPY-labeled cholesterol (5 μg/ml) was added in the culture medium and the cholesterol uptake of monocytes with or without  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  infection was examined by flow cytometry. Data were expressed as percentages of cholesterol-BODIPY relative to control values (100%, isotype antibody) and five independent experiments were shown. (D)  M. tuberculosis  infected monocytes were treated with cholesterol (10 μg/ml) supplement plus isotype or WM15 or WM47 for 24 hours. CFU data represented means (±SEM) of six independent experiments 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Definition 
       [0015]    The term of “Monocyte” is also called monocuclear white cell, belongs to a type of white blood cells involved in first-line defensive mechanism and is recognized to be able to differentiate into a dendritic cell or macrophage precursor. Monocytes normally move in the blood system. In response to external stimulating signals, monocytes secrete many immuno-regulatory cytokines, move to the site of infection in the tissues and differentiate into pacrophages. 
         [0016]    The term of “ Mycobacterium tuberculosis”  is a Gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that causing tuberculosis in human, primate animals and animals. One third of the global population is infected with  Mycobacterium tuberculosis;  therefore, tuberculosis is still the most important infectious disease today. 
         [0017]    The term of “CD 13 receptor” is one of the receptors that distributed on cell surface. It has important biological functions, such as promotion of cell differentiation, involvement in angiogenesis and immune response, and function as a cell surface receptor. 
         [0018]    The term of “epitope” is the site recognized or bind by antibody is called antigenic determinant or epitope, which can be a three dimension conformation structure or two dimension sequence determinant. Normally an antigen has many epitopes. The more complex of structure or the bigger of an antigen molecule, the more numbers of epitopes can be found on an antigen. 
       Materials and Methods 
       [0019]    Source of materials used in the embodiments were shown below: Cholesterol and Trypan blue were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (MO, USA); RPMI-1640 medium and PBS were purchased from GIBCO (Invitrogen, Grand land, N.Y., USA); FBS was purchased from Biological Industries (Haemek, Israel); L-J medium slant and 7H11 agar were purchased from Creative Media Products, Ltd (Taipei, Taiwan); TB Auramine-Rhodamine T was purchased from Becton, Dickinson and Company (Maryland, USA); Ficoll-Paque PLUS (cell density gradient separation solution) was purchased from Amersham Biosciences (AB, Uppsala, Sweden); CD14 microbead was purchased from Miltenyi Biotec GmbH (Bergisch Gladbach, Germany); Antibodies against CD13 without sodium azide for cell-treatment were purchased: clone WM15 from Biolegend, clone WM47 from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, and isotype (mouse IgG1κ) from Biolegend; Mouse anti-CD13 antibody (clone WM47), anti-Rab5 (clone Rab5-65) antibody, and anti-Rab7 (clone Rab7-117) antibody were purchased from ABcam (Cambridge, UK); PE-conjugated mouse antibody against isotype (IgG1κ) or CD13 (clone L138) or CD4 (clone RPA-T4) were purchased from BD Pharmingen; Anti- Mycobacterium tuberculosis  antibody was purchased from Biodesign International (Meridian Life Science Inc., Saco, Me.); PE-conjugated anti-mouse IgG was purchased from Jackson Immuno Research Laboratories Inc (PA, USA); recombinant human CD13 protein (residues 69-967) was purchased from R&amp; D Systems, Inc. (Minneapolis, Minn., USA) and CD4 (residues 26-226) was purchased from abcam; Lab-Tek Chamber Slides (cell culture slides) was purchased from Nalge Nunc International (NY, USA); and BD Cytoperm Permeabilization buffer was purchased from BD Biosciences (San Jose, Calif., USA); DCFDA (2′-7′-dichloro-fluorescin diacetate and LysoSensor Yellow/Blue dextran were purchased from Molecular Probes. 
         [0000]    Preparation of Viable  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  (MTB) 
         [0020]      Mycobacterium tuberculosis  used in the present invention was culture collection of the Mycobacteriology Laboratory and cultured by MacKay Memorial Hospital in Taiwan.  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  was cultivated on L-J slant medium at 37° C. and 10% CO 2 . At mid log phase,  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  was harvested and resuspended in PBS. Cell suspension&#39;s turbidity was adjusted to 0.5 McFarland units (about 1×10 8  cells/ml). 
       Cell and Cell Cultivation 
       [0021]    Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBC) was isolated from whole blood by Ficoll-Paque density gradient centrifugation and cultivated on CD14 microbeads. CD14 positive monocytes were isolated by magnets. Cells were cultivated in RPMI-1640 medium in a U-bottom 96 well plate at cell density of 2×10 5  cells/200 μl with or without supplementation of isotype antibody or CD13 monoclonal antibody (WM15 or WM47) for 1 hr, followed by adding  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  (concentration at 5×10 5  cells) to each well and cultivated for another 24 hrs. Cell survival was determined by Trypan blue staining method. 
       Flow Cytometric Assay 
       [0022]    For cell staining, PE-conjugated anti-CD13 antibody (clone WM15) was used to stain cell surface. Cells were perforated with permeabilization buffer, amount of intraceullular Rab5 and Rab7 were determined using Rab5 antibody and Rab7 antibody as a primary antibody and PE-conjugated anti-mouse IgG as a secondary antibody. FACS Calibur flow cytometer (BD Bioscience) was used to trap stained cells and the results were analyzed using CellQuest software (BD Bioscience). 
       Nile Red Staining 
       [0023]    A stock solution of nile red (1 mg/ml) in acetone was prepared and stored at 4° C. and protected from light. The nile red solution was added to the cell preparation (final concentration: 1 μg/ml) for 10 minutes and excess dye was washed away with PBS. Nile red fluorescence was examined at two spectral settings, yellow-gold fluorescence (FL1 channel, excitation, 488 nm; emission, 530±30 nm) for cytoplasmic neutral lipids and red fluorescence (FL2 channel, excitation, 488 nm; emission, 585±21 nm) for polar lipids, consist of phospholipids, other amphipathic lipids, and strongly hydrophobic proteins of cell membranes as reported. Stained cells were evaluated by flow cytometer and confocal laser scanning microscopy. 
         [0000]    Interaction Between CD13 Protein and  Mycobacterium tuberculosis    
         [0024]    Binding of soluble CD13 protein to viable  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  was determined using flow cytometry. Cell suspension (about 1×10 7  cells/ml) was incubated with 0.5 μg recombinant CD13 protein (residue 69-967) or CD4 (residues 26-226) at 37° C. for 30 minutes. Then cells were washed with PBS twice and centrifuged at 3,500 g at 4° C. for 15 minutes. Precipates were resuspended in PBS, supplemented with CD13 antibody (clone L138) or isotype antibody (IgG1κ) or CD4 antibody (clone RPA-T4), allowed to react for 30 min, washed with PBS twice and centrifuged at 3,500 g at 4° C. for 15 minutes. Before flow cytometer analysis, precipitates in PBS solution were mixed with equal volume of 4% formalin and allowed to react for 24 hrs. The magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), triferric tetraoxide magnetic beads coated with nitrilotriacetic acid derivative (NTA), used in the present invention were provided by Dr. Yu-Chie Chen (National Chiao Tung University). Recombinant His-tagged CD13 protein was immobilized on the NTA-MNPs surface through Ni. Binding of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  (10 8  cells/ml, 200 μl to MNPs or CD13-MNPS was determined by mixing  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  with MNPs or CD13-MNPs then followed by observation of precipitate formation. External magnetic field was applied to remove  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  or CD13-MNPs precipitates, and non-binding  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  was measured by spectrophotometer at 600 nm 
         [0025]    Binding of CD13 protein on the monocyte membrane to the  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  was measured by confocal microscope. Monocytes (about 2×10 5  cells) were incubated in 8 well slide and were infected with Auramine-Rhodamine T labeled  Mycobacterium tuberculosis.  After 30 minutes infection, non-binding bacteria were washed off with PBS and remained cells were fixed with 4% formalin. CD13 protein was stained with FITC conjugated anti-CD13 antibody, and nucleus was stained with 4′-6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). To study binding connection between CD13 protein and  Mycobacterium tuberculosis,  confocal microscope (Leica TCS SP5, Wetzlar, Germany) was used to analyze monocytes infected by Auramine-Rhodamine T labeled  Mycobacterium tuberculosis.    
         [0000]    CD13 Protein Mediated Internalization of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis    
         [0026]    CD13-dependent internalization of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  was detected by flow cytometry. Monocytes (about 2×10 5  cells) were treated with isotype or WM15 or WM47 antibody for 1 hr and then cultivated with  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  (cell density: 5×10 5  cells) for 24 hrs. Non-binding  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  were washed off with PBS and the remained cells were fixed with 4% formalin at 4° C. for 24 hr. Perforation of mycobacterial cells were done using permeabilization buffer, and stained with FITC-conjugated anti-MTB antibody for 1 hr. After washing, 0.1% trypan blue was added and the solution was placed on ice for 2 mins to inhibit extracellular fluorescencent residual. The percentage of intracellular  M. tuberculosis  was measured relative to the isotype control (100%) by flow cytometry. 
         [0000]    Survival of Intracellular  Mycobacterium tuberculosis    
         [0027]    Monocytes (2×10 5  cells) were cultivated in a U-bottom 96 well plate. Cells were pre-treated with WM15 or WM47 for 1 hr and incubated with  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  (5×10 5  cells). At 24 hr and 72 hr, monocytes were collected and washed with PBS three times. A part of the cell suspension was stained with trypan blue to determine survival ratio and cell count. The other part of the cell suspension was added in 100 μl 0.1% SDS solution to lyse the cells, followed by shaking for 10 minutes and centrifugation. After centrifugation, 900 μl water was added to resuspend the pellet, and shook for 10 minutes then centrifuged at 3,400 g for 15 minutes. 50 μl of cell lysate in PBS was inoculated into Lowenstein-Jensen medium or 7H11 agar, and the lysate were washed with PBS twice. Inoculated plate was incubated at 37° C. for 3 weeks at controlled CO 2  (10%) level. The results were shown in average Colony Forming Unit (CFU) formed per 10,000 monocytes. To prove that growth of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  was regulated by WM15 and WM47, monocytes incubated with  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  (5×10 5  cells) for 24 hrs were post-treated with WM15 and WM47 for another 24 hrs. Survival ratio of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  inside monocyte was tested as described before, and the results were expressed as average CFU/10,000 monocytes. 
       Confocal Microscopy 
       [0028]    For pH measurement, monocytes were incubated with 1 mg/ml LysoSensor Yellow/Blue dextran (Molecular Probes) for 16 hours and then washed with PBS. To performed pH titration as standard, monocytes incubated with LysoSensor Yellow/Blue dextran overnight and replaced the medium with titrated pH reaction buffer consisting of 5 mM NaCl, 115 mM KCl, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 25 mM 4-morpholineethanesulfonic acid, followed by monesin (10 μM) and nigericin (20 μM) treatment. The treated cells were equilibrated for 10 min with the pH reaction buffer titrated between pH 4.5 and 6.5. After incubation, the labeled cells were observed with Olympus IX71 inverted microscope and the 520/420 nm emission was calculated for endocytic vesicles by MetaMorph Image software. Around 250 vesicles of five low-power fields per conditions were counted and the mean pH value of monocytes with isotype, WM15 and WM47 treatment was determined by comparing with known pH standards. As pH value was associated with the stage of phagosomal maturation, the number of vesicles with pH&lt;4.8 (active lysosomes) and pH&gt;4.8 (inactive lysosomes) was counted and the percentage of active lysosomes was represented. 
       Supernants Levels of TNF-α and IL-6 
       [0029]    TNF-α and IL-6 supernatants were measured by ELISA kits (Biosource), in accordance with the manufacture&#39;s instructions. 
       Statistical Analysis 
       [0030]    Paired t test was used for analysis. Data are reported as the mean±SEM. All statistical analysis was performed using Prism 3.0 software (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, Calif.). Two-sided tests were also used, and P&lt;0.05 meant statistical significance. 
       EXAMPLE 1  
       [0031]    Interaction Between CD13 Protein and  Mycobacterium tuberculosis    
         [0032]    To determine if  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  reacted with CD13 protein, viable  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  was cultivated with or without recombinant human CD13 protein for 30 minutes, and binding of CD13 protein to  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  was detected using PE-conjugated anti-CD13 antibody staining, and an isotype antibody as negative control. An irrelevant protein CD4 was used, to assess whether the binding of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  were specific for CD13. No apparent binding was observed between CD4 (0.5 μg) and  Mycobacterium tuberculosis.  Materials, methods and detailed processes were the same as described above, and results were shown in  FIGS. 1A-1E . 
         [0033]    As shown by flow cytometry, dose-dependent increases of CD13-positive  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  organisms were found and the binding of CD13 to  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  may up to 6.53±0.01% ( FIGS. 1A-1B ). 
         [0034]    To further evaluate binding effect, magnetic nano-particles labeled with (CD13-MNPs) were used as a tracing tool to evaluate binding affinity between  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  and CD13 protein. An external magnetic field was applied to accelerate aggregate formation.  FIG. 1B  showed comparison of precipitate colors. Compared with the brown precipitate of MTB-MNPs in MNPs treated group, the precipitate of MTB-CD13 MNPs in the CD13 MNPs treated group showed lighter color. The results suggested that large amount of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  binding to CD13-MNPs could mask brown precipitate of MTB-CD13 MNPs. 
         [0035]    To calculate the amount of bound  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  in the solution, mycobacterial density was measured at 600 nm after removal of precipitates. As shown in  FIG. 1C , density of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  was 0.37±0.02×10 8 /ml before addition of nano-particles. Ten minutes after addition of nano-particles, less amount of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  (0.04±0.01×10 8 /ml) was detected in MTB-CD13 MNPs group when compared with MTB-MNPs group (0.26±0.02×10 8 /ml). 
         [0036]    After acid-fast stain, most of the MNPs could not bind to  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  and dispersed in observation zone. On the contrary, CD13-MNPs binding to  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  formed aggregates that could be observed under microscope. These results indicated that soluble CD13 protein could bind to  Mycobacterium tuberculosis.    
         [0037]    To further evaluate if CD13 protein interacted with  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  on the surface of monocytes, viable  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  were cultivated with monocytes for 30 minutes and then observed by confocal microscope. As shown in  FIG. 2A ,  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  attached to the surface of monocyte at the site where CD13 protein located.  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  was found attached to the surface of the monocytes with a 13.1±4.7% co-localization rate. Therefore, both soluble and surface bound CD13 protein could bind to  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  and might play a role as a receptor for  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  to bind on monocyte surface. 
       EXAMPLE 2 
       [0038]    Internalizarion of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  Via Monocyte 
         [0039]    To understand if CD13 protein on the monocyte was related to the internalization of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis,  methods as described above was performed and results were referred to  FIGS. 2B-2C . As shown in  FIG. 2B , monocyte was first treated with two anti-CD13 antibodies, WM15 and WM47. Both antibodies reduced the expression level of CD13 protein, but their effects on aminopeptiase activity were different. WM15 strongly inhibited aminopeptidase activity of CD13 protein as reported in many publications, however, WM47 had no influence on aminopeptidase activity. Viable  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  and monocytes were treated with WM15 (10 μg/ml) or WM47 (10 μg/ml), and phycoeruthrin conjugated anti-CD13 antibody was added. Then flow cytometry was used for analysis. Comparing to the control group, CD13-positive ratio of the WM15 antibody treated group reduced from 97.6±0.7% to 7.2±6.0%, while the ratio of the WM47 antibody treated group decreased to 17.1±8.7%. The results indicated that these two antibodies could attenuate expression of CD13 protein successfully ( FIG. 2B ). 
         [0040]    To evaluate whether entry of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  into monocytes was regulated by CD13 protein, monocytes were pre-treated with WM15 antibody and WM47 antibody, followed by incubation with  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  for 24 hrs. Our results showed that the ratio of  M. tuberculosis -positive monocytes was significantly reduced by the treatment of 10 μg/ml WM15 (81.6±7.1%, P=0.04) or 10 μg/ml WM47 (73.2±6.0%, P=0.0042) as compared with that of isotype control ( FIG. 2C ). 
       EXAMPLE 3 
       [0041]    Role of CD13 protein in Survival of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  in Monocytes 
         [0042]    To further investigate the effects of CD13 on intracellular mycobacterial growth,  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  was cultured for 3 weeks from lysates of monocytes incubated with  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  for 24 and 72 hours. Colony Forming Unit (CFU) per 10,000 monocytes in WM15-treated cells was not different from cells pretreated with isotype control both in 24 hours and 72 hours groups ( FIG. 3A ). Whereas cells pretreated with WM47 produced significantly fewer CFU than isotype-treated controls infected for 24 hours (P=0.0133) and 72 hours (P=0.0043) ( FIG. 3A ). Thus, although WM15 and WM47 antibodies can both inhibit the entry of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis,  significantly fewer organisms actually survived inside cells treated with WM47. 
         [0043]    To further identify effect of survival inhibition of WM 15 antibody and WM47 antibody on  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  was not due to the effect in blocking bacterial entry, monocytes were infected with same amount of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  for 1 hour, and then post-treated with either WM15 or WM47 for 24 hours. After 3 weeks of culture, the CFU count with WM47 (2635±430, P=0.0002) treatment as well as WM15 (3248±322, P=0.049) were significantly lower than that with isotype control (3587±594). Our data indeed showed that WM47 was superior in intracellular bacterial suppression than WM15 ( FIG. 3B ). 
         [0044]    The results shown in  FIG. 3B  demonstrated that WM47 antibody had stronger inhibition on intracellular  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  than WM15 antibody (referring to  FIG. 3A-3B ). In summary, these results demonstrated that CD13 could facilitate internalization of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  into monocytes and inhibit survival of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  in monocytes. When the signal transduction amplified by antibodies (especially WM47 antibody),  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  could not survive. 
       EXAMPLE 4  
     The Effect of CD13 on Microbicidal Capacity of Monocytes 
       [0045]    Firstly, we assessed the ROS generation and cytokine production in monocytes infected with  Mycobacterium tuberculosis.  There was no significant difference in ROS production between isotype controls and in antiCD13 antibody-treated monocytes ( FIG. 3C ). Only slightly increase in TNF-alpha production was seen in WM15-treated and WM47-treated cells infected for 72 hrs (Table 1, paired T test). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Cytokine production as monocytes were infected with MTB for 24 and 72 hours 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Cytokines 
                 24 hours 
                 72 hours 
               
             
          
           
               
                 (pg/ml) 
                 Isotype 
                 WM15 
                 WM47 
                 Isotype 
                 WM15 
                 WM47 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Pretreatment 
               
             
          
           
               
                 TNF-alpha 
                 4757 ± 1354 
                 5639 ± 993  
                  5426 ± 955.2 
                 4798 ± 2259 
                  6434 ± 1529* 
                  5965 ± 1465* 
               
               
                 IL-6 
                 13729 ± 97   
                 13754 ± 271  
                 13462 ± 48   
                 13195 ± 178  
                 13506 ± 258  
                 13169 ± 171  
               
             
          
           
               
                 Posttreatment 
               
             
          
           
               
                 TNF-alpha 
                 6804 ± 1893 
                 7223 ± 2190 
                 6754 ± 2253 
                 7120 ± 2925 
                 8048 ± 3153 
                 7343 ± 2909 
               
               
                 IL-6 
                 11230 ± 106  
                 11178 ± 83   
                 10368 ± 183  
                 9109 ± 618  
                 9786 ± 128  
                 9013 ± 141  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Compared to Isotype control, P &lt; 0.005 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0046]    To evaluate whether binding of CD13 protein and WM15 antibody/WM 47 antibody to   Mycobacterium tuberculosis  was related to phagosome formation during  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  infection, expression of Rab in monocytes was determined with or without CD13 antibody treatment. The method and process were the same as described above. Because Rab5 and Rab7 were known to be involved in regulation of phagosome maturation, Rab5 and Rab7 was main target of the study. 
         [0047]    Rab5 and Rab7 expression were measured every 24 hours in monocytes pretreated with WM15 and WM47 and then incubated with  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  for 72 hours. Our data showed that treatment with WM47 induced a steady increase in Rab5 expression and a significant difference was found between infected and un-infection cells ( FIG. 4A ). The results were similar in the global expression of Rab7 between infected-cells and uninfected cells with the treatment of WM47 ( FIG. 4A ). 
         [0048]    To understand whether the global increase in Rab expression was associated with phagosome maturation, we then studied phagosomal acidification by using a pH-sensitive dye, Lyso-Sensor Yellow/Blue. After 16 hours treatment, the average pH value of isotype, WM15 and WM47 treatment were 5.54±0.27, 5.48±0.26 and 5.13±0.24, respectively ( FIG. 4B ). The pH value of vesicles of WM47-treated monocytes was significantly lower than that of isotype-treated cell (P=0.0139). Since the pH value was associated with the stage of phagosomal maturation, the numbers of active lysosomes and inactive lysosomes identified by pH value were counted. Higher counts of active lysosomes (33.1±9.1%) were found in  Mycobacterium tuberculosis -infected monocytes with WM47 treatment as compared to isotype (21.6±7.5%) and WM15 treatment (26.1±9.0%). The data inferred that WM47 treatment may promote the process of phagosome maturation in term of phagosomal acidification. 
         [0049]    Take together, those data suggested that WM47 treatment could promote the process of phagosome maturation and control the survival of intracellular  Mycobacterium tuberculosis.    
       EXAMPLE 5  
     The Effect of CD13 on Cholesterol Uptake 
       [0050]    Since lipid accumulation is tightly associated with the host response to  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  infection and the growth of intracellular  Mycobacterium tuberculosis,  we further investigated the effect of CD13 on cholesterol uptake of monocytes. 
         [0051]    In isotype-treated monocytes, infection of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  caused a marked intracellular accumulation of cholesterol, visualized by staining with nile red ( FIG. 5A , left column). On the contrary, the internalization of cholesterol was significantly inhibited by the treatment of WM15 and WM47 compared to isotype controls, resulting in the accumulation of cholesterol around cell surfaces ( FIG. 5A ). The total lipid content was however not affected by the treatment of both CD13 antibodies ( FIG. 5B ). 
         [0052]    To further confirmed whether antiCD13 antibodies may inhibit the internalization of cholesterol, BODIPY labeled-cholesterol was added in the culture medium of antiCD13 antibody-treated cells for 24 hours. The results showed that monocytes infected with  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  allowed a substantial greater uptake of cholesterol into cells, whereas WM15 reduced the uptake to 55.35±12.5% and WM47 to 67.7±10.86% of isotype controls ( FIG. 5C ). 
         [0053]    These data suggested that CD13 antibody could inhibit the internalization of cholesterol into monocytes infected with  Mycobacterium tuberculosis.    
         [0054]    We also estimated the contribution of CD13-mediated cholesterol transport to the intracellular survival of  M. tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis  infected monocytes were treated with or without cholesterol (10 μg/ml) supplement plus isotype or WM15 or WM47 for 24 hours. Then the lysates of monocytes were cultured for three weeks. Without the supply of cholesterol, the CFU counts of  M. tuberculosis  with WM47 (2084±313, P=0.0013) and WM15 (2833±301, P=0.0292) treatments were significantly less than that with isotype control (3353±439) ( FIG. 5D ). By giving 10 μg/ml cholesterol, the intracellular mycobacterial growth in WM15 treatment (3443±541) became no significant difference from that of isotype control (4055±669). However, WM47 treatment still showed its partial inhibitory effect upon mycobacterial growth (2259±286, P=0.0524). These results indicate that dissimilar anti-CD13 antibodies might have different degrees of inhibition upon mycobacterial growth through its interference with cholesterol utilization. 
         [0055]    These results indicate that dissimilar anti-CD13 antibodies might have different degrees of inhibition upon mycobacterial growth through its interference with cholesterol utilization. 
       Conclusions 
       [0056]    The embodiments of the present invention used recombinant soluble CD13 protein, nano-particle bound CD13 protein, and membrane bound CD13 protein to demonstrate that soluble CD13 protein and membrane bound CD13 protein could bind to viable  Mycobacterium tuberculosis,  suggesting that CD13 protein of monocytes was a novel receptor to  Mycobacterium tuberculosis.  However, internalization of  M. tuberculosis  is apparently not dependent on the enzymatic activity CD13, even though this activity is considered an essential biological function of the receptor. We demonstrated both anti-CD13 antibodies (WM15 and WM47) reduced the entry of the organism into monocytes by about 20% compared with cells treated with isotype antibody. However, WM15 inhibits CD13 enzymatic activity, whereas WM47 does not. Similar results have been reported for in vitro experiments with a human coronavirus and cytomegalovirus infection, showing that CD13-mediated uptake of virus was not dependent on its enzymatic activity. We also observed that soluble CD13-MNP bound nearly half the  M. tuberculosis  organisms in solution, but treatment of monocytes with anti-CD13 antibodies led to only a 20% reduction in  M. tuberculosis  internalization in cells. This supports the contention that  M. tuberculosis  enters monocytes via multiple receptors 
         [0057]    In fact, previous publications had shown that several ligands were expressed on the surface of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis,  which could interact with multiple receptors of phagocyte, including complement receptor 3 (CR3), mannose receptor (MR), surfactant proteins-A (SP-A), class A scavenger receptors (SR-A), and dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3 grabbing non-integrin, (DC-SIGN). Many receptors of phagocytes were lipid raft-associated and played a major or assistant role during binding, phagocytosis, movement and intracellular survival of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis.  Therefore, these receptors were related to phagocytosis process and influenced survival of intracellular  Mycobacterium tuberculosis.  For example, CR3 mediated phagocytosis had shown lack of and use of inflammation reaction caused by invasion of  Mycobacterium leprae  into phagocytes and mannose receptor (MR) internalization. CR3 might provide a mechanism for  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  to enter into phagocytes without triggering cell activation. It is believed that  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  used CR3 and MR as major receptors to attain survival in phagocytes. However, supplementation of inhibitors of these receptors such as anti-CR3 and anti-MR antibody, survival and growth of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  in human phagocytes were changed. Our data indicated a somewhat different effect, in that treatment with 2 different CD 13 antibodies affected both the internalization as well as intracellular survival of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  in monocytes, particularly by a WM47 antibody. This implies that MW47-specific epitope on CD13 may be responsible to the negative impact on intracellular  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  survival through undefined mechanisms. It has been shown that crosslinking CD13 with a defined clone of CD13 antibodies could induce cell activation, including mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, calcium fluxing and homotypic aggregation of monocytes in an epitope-dependent way. Anti-CD13 antibody WM15 evokes a more sustained elevation of intracellular Ca 2+  in comparison with other clones and induces homotypic aggregation of monocytes at a low dose without inhibiting enzymatic activity. By contrast, anti-CD13 antibody WM47 doesn&#39;t induce homotypic aggregation. These findings suggested that CD13 may provoke a series of interactions to inhibit  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  intracellular survival. We found that either pre-treatment or post-treatment of monocytes with anti-CD13 antibody WM47 led to a more significant reduction in intracellular survival of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  as compared to isotype-treated cells or those treated with WM15. Therefore, CD13-associated intracellular growth inhibition of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  may be epitope-dependent. 
         [0058]    In the following studies we sought to identify the mechanisms underlying the differential effects on bacterial intracellular survival by WM15 and WM47. Since  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  escapes from phagosomes and grows within the cytosol of phagocytes mainly by modulating the phagosome-associated Rab network, global expressions of Rab5 and Rab7 in monocytes were firstly investigated. We found that pretreatment of healthy monocytes with WM15 or WM47 anti-CD13 antibodies resulted in up-regulation of Rab5 and Rab7 when the cells were subsequently infected with  Mycobacterium tuberculosis.  Interestingly however, only WM47 antibodies caused a sustained and significantly increase of both Rab5 and Rab7 protein levels. We found that pretreatment of healthy monocytes with WM15 or WM47 anti-CD13 antibodies both resulted in global up-regulation of Rab5 and Rab7, when the cells were subsequently infected with  Mycobacterium tuberculosis.  This suggests that a WM47-dependent CD13 pathway may reverse the phagosome maturation arrest induced by  Mycobacterium tuberculosis.  In addition, our data also showed that the mean pH was significantly lower and the numbers of active lysosomes with a pH less than 4.8 was significantly higher in cells treated with WM47 but not in isotype control and WM15. It appears that distinct receptor-mediated pathways may dictate the intracellular trafficking of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis -associated phagosomes, so it is reasonable to speculate that internalization of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  through CD13 may also affect such pathogen-associated phagosomes through CD13-mediated signaling. Although phagosomal acidification is an important feature indicating the activation of effector functions by host cells, the effect of phagosomal acidification per se as a major bactericidal factor against  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  is however difficult to determine In summary, our results support the reversal by WM47 of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis -associated arrest of phagosome maturation as well as CD13 epitope-dependent inhibition of intracellular  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  growth. Of course, maturation of the phagosome is a dynamic process, and our study was only able to take snapshots of this process at certain static points. However, our findings do add to the understanding of the complex relationships between mycobacteria and the phagocytes they infect. 
         [0059]      Mycobacterium tuberculosis  utilizes cholesterol in a variety of ways to invade and survive in the cells. It has been demonstrated that  Mycobacterium tuberculosis,  by entering host cells at cholesterol-rich domains of plasma membrane, may ensure their subsequent survival within phagosomes. Once inside the macrophages,  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  may transform to a dormant non-replicating state and induce the formation of lipid-laden foamy macrophages.  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  adapts to survive in the nutrition-restrictive macrophages mainly by switching metabolic requirement to utilize cholesterol as a major source of energy. It has been shown that host genes encoding enzymes involved in lipid metabolism were up-regulated within human pulmonary tuberculomas. Our proteomic data derived from in-vitro stimulation of monocytes by heat-killed  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  also supported these findings that up-regulation of proteins involved in lipid metabolism can be one of the major host responses to  Mycobacterium tuberculosis.  Nevertheless, the finding that anti-CD13 antibodies blocked cellular cholesterol uptake by monocytes was unexpected. The association of cholesterol absorption and CD13 was first and only described by identifying this 145 kDa enterocyte integral membrane protein as a molecular target for cholesterol absorption inhibitor Ezetimibe. The mechanisms by which CD13 mediates cholesterol transport into cells was however not clear. Several consensus amino acid sequences have been suggested to have high binding affinity to cholesterol, namely cholesterol recognition/interaction amino acid consensus (CRAC) motif and cholesterol consensus motif (CCM). These cholesterol binding motifs can be located adjacent to the trans-membrane region of CD13, including 4 CRAC (30VVYSQEK36, 88LRPYLTPNDR97, 155VEPTEYLVVHLK166 and 283VSEFDYVEK291) and 3 CCM (151KTELVEPTEYLVVHL166, 170RSEVYGPMKNYLKKQV725 and 835KELWILNRYLSYTL848). Despite the existence of these structural motifs in CD13 sequence, the role of these motifs in the machinery operating cholesterol transport by CD13 remains to be elucidated. Finally, the growth inhibition by anti-CD13 antibodies could be reversed by the supplementation of excess cholesterol suggesting that CD13-mediating cholesterol uptake indeed plays a significantly role in the intracellular survival of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis.    
         [0060]    In summary, the present invention provided embodiments that demonstrated CD13 protein of monocytes was a novel receptor to  Mycobacterium tuberculosis.  CD13 protein could facilitate entry of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  into human monocytes and inhibit survival of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  in monocytes.