Abstract:
An electrode structure for use in a transflective liquid crystal display device having a plurality of pixels is disclosed. Each pixel has a reflective region and a transmissive region. The electrode structure at least comprises a first transparent electrode, a reflective electrode and a second transparent electrode. The first transparent electrode is disposed within the transmissive region, while the reflective electrode and the second transparent electrode formed above the reflective electrode are disposed within the reflective region. The area of the second transparent electrode is smaller than the area of the reflective electrode.

Description:
[0001]     This application claims the benefit of Taiwan application Serial No. 094124203, filed Jul. 15, 2005, the subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0003]     The invention relates in general to an electrode structure and a transflective liquid crystal display (LCD) device using the same, and more particularly to the electrode structure capable of improving the reflectivity and brightness at the low gray level and lower driving voltage applied to the transflective LCD device.  
         [0004]     2. Description of the Related Art  
         [0005]     With the increasing demand of the electronic products, such as the personal digital assistants (PDAs), cellular phones, projectors and projector TV with large size, the liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have been researched and developed. Also, the displays having great functions such as quick response, high resolution and especially vivid image have been required by the consumers.  
         [0006]     According to the light source from the interior or exterior of the display, liquid crystal displays have three basic mode: transmissive, reflective and transflective. The transmissive LCD is illuminated from behind (i.e. opposite the viewer) using a backlight unit. The transmissive LCD, typically used in laptop personal computers, offers wide color gamut, high contrast and the best performance under lighting conditions varying from complete darkness to an office environment. However, if the transmissive LCD is operated in a very bright outdoor environment, it tends to “wash out” unless it has a high brightness backlight. In reflective LCD, the pixels reflect incident light originating from the ambient environment or from a frontlight. Reflective LCD can offer very low power (especially without a front light). Reflective LCD offers the best performance under lighting conditions typical of office environments and brighter. However, reflective LCD will require a frontlight under a dim lighting condition. Transflective LCD combines characteristics of transmissive and reflective LCDs. The pixels in a transflective display are partially transmitting and partially reflective. Transflective LCD can be used under a wide variety of lighting conditions (from complete darkness to full sunlight). Nowadays, transflective LCD is used in small portable devices such as cellular phones, PDAs, handheld games or other portable instrumentation.  
         [0007]      FIG. 1A  (related art) is a cross-sectional view of a single pixel of a conventional transflective LCD. The pixel illustrated in  FIG. 1A  has a uniform gap, and is divided into a transmissive region  1  and a reflective region  2 . Also, the conventional transflective LCD includes an upper substrate  3 , a lower substrate  5 , and a liquid crystal layer  4  filled with numerous LC molecules  16  interposed between the upper substrate  3  and the lower substrate  5 . In the reflective region  2 , a reflective plate  13  is formed on the lower substrate  5 . A transparent electrode  14  is formed above the reflective plate  13 , and corresponding to the transmissive region  1  and the reflective region  2 . A common electrode (made of the transparent material)  15  is formed on the upper substrate  3 . The polarization of the light passing through the liquid crystal layer is modulated by changing the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules that is varying with a voltage applied to the transparent electrode  14  and the common electrode  15 .  
         [0008]     The light  11  in the transmissive region  1  is generated from the backlight unit  17  under the lower substrate  5 , while the light  12  in the reflective region  2  is provided by the ambient environment or from a frontlight. When a voltage is applied to the transparent electrode  14  and the common electrode  15 , the arrangement of the LC molecules  16  is varied and the light transmission consequently changes. Thus, the LCD can display images with different brightness such as white, black, and intermediate gray scale. However, the path of the light  12  is different from that of the light  11 , and the optical retardation of the light  12  passing through the reflective region  2  is almost twice as that of the light  11  passing through the transmissive region  1 . When a voltage is applied to the pixel of the LCD, the transmittance in the transmissive region  1  and the reflectance in the reflective region  2  are not a good match.  FIG. 1B  (related art) is a graph illustrating the transmittance in the transmissive region and the reflectance in the reflective region when a voltage is applied to the LCD of  FIG. 1A . As shown in  FIG. 1B , when the transmissive region  1  achieves the brightest condition, the reflective region  2  has already achieved and starts to drop into the dark state. The highest efficiencies of the transmissive region  1  and the reflective region  2  cannot be achieved simultaneously at the same voltage value. Recently, a dual-gap design which uses different cell gaps in the transmissive region  1  and the reflective region  2  has been provided for solving the problem of the optical retardation described above. However, the dual-gap design complicates the process for making the transflective LCD; thus, the production yield is decreased and the production cost is increased.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0009]     It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an electrode structure and a transflective liquid crystal display (LCD) device using the same, capable of improving the reflectivity and brightness of the transflective LCD device, particularly at the low gray level.  
         [0010]     The present invention achieves the objects by providing an electrode structure applied to a transflective LCD device. The transflective LCD device has a plurality of pixels, and each pixel has a reflective region and a transmissive region. The electrode structure at least comprises a first transparent electrode formed within the transmissive region; a reflective electrode formed within the reflective region; and a second transparent electrode formed within the reflective region and above the reflective electrode, wherein an area of the second transparent electrode is smaller than an area of the reflective electrode.  
         [0011]     The present invention achieves the objects by providing a transflective liquid crystal display (LCD) device at lease comprising a lower structure, an upper structure and a liquid crystal layer positioned between the lower structure and the upper structure. The lower structure comprises a lower substrate and a plurality of scan lines and data lines. The data lines perpendicular to the scan lines for defining a plurality of pixels, and each pixel electrically controlled by a TFT is defined by two adjacent scan lines and data lines. Each pixel comprises a transmissive region, having a first transparent electrode; and a reflective region, having a reflective electrode and a second transparent electrode. Also, the second transparent electrode is formed above the reflective electrode, and an area of the second transparent electrode is smaller than an area of the reflective electrode. The upper structure comprises an upper substrate and a common electrode, wherein the common electrode is formed on the upper substrate and positioned opposite to the first transparent electrode and the reflective electrode.  
         [0012]     Also, the reflective electrode may comprise a first reflective portion and a second reflective portion in the practical application.  
         [0013]     Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred but non-limiting embodiment: The following description is made with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0014]      FIG. 1A  (related art) is a cross-sectional view of a single pixel of a conventional transflective LCD.  
         [0015]      FIG. 1B  (related art) is a graph illustrating the transmittance in the transmissive region and the reflectance in the reflective region when a voltage is applied to the LCD of  FIG. 1A .  
         [0016]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of a single pixel of a transflective LCD according to the first embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0017]      FIG. 3  is a graph illustrating the reflectance in the reflective region according to the first embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0018]      FIG. 4  is a graph illustrating the gamma curves in the pixel according to the first embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0019]      FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of a single pixel of a transflective LCD according to the second embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0020]      FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view of a single pixel of a transflective LCD according to the third embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0021]      FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view of a single pixel of a transflective LCD according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0022]      FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view of a single pixel of a transflective LCD according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0023]      FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional view of a single pixel of a transflective LCD according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0024]      FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional view of a single pixel of a transflective LCD according to the seventh embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0025]      FIG. 11A  is a top view of a single pixel of a transflective LCD according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0026]      FIG. 11B  is a cross-sectional view of the single pixel along the cross-sectional line  11 B- 11 B of  FIG. 11A . 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0027]     In the present invention, a transparent electrode is further disposed within the reflective region of the pixel for generating different electric-field intensity in the reflective region. Accordingly, the difference of electric-field intensity causes the different tilt angles of the LC molecules in the reflective region, so as to harmonize the V-R curve and the V-T curve, and particularly to improve the reflectance corresponding to the low gray-level value.  
         [0028]     It is noted that several embodiments have been disclosed herein for illustrating the present invention, but not for limiting the scope of the present invention. Additionally, the drawings used for illustrating the embodiments of the present invention only show the major characteristic parts in order to avoid obscuring the present invention. Accordingly, the specification and the drawings are to be regard as an illustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense.  
       First Embodiment  
       [0029]      FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of a single pixel of a transflective LCD according to the first embodiment of the present invention. The transflective LCD is assembled by a lower structure  20 , an upper structure  30  and a liquid crystal (LC) layer  40 . The LC layer  40  includes numerous LC molecules  41 . The lower structure  20  comprises a lower substrate  21 , several scan lines (SLs), data lines (DLs) and thin film transistors (TFTs) (SLs, DLs and TFTs not shown in  FIG. 2 ). The scan lines are formed in one direction, and the data lines are perpendicular to the scan lines. A pixel is defined by two adjacent scan lines and data lines. Each pixel is electrically controlled by a TFT.  
         [0030]     The pixel illustrated in  FIG. 2  can be divided into the transmissive region  1  and the reflective region  2  according to the light paths. In the lower structure  20 , a first transparent electrode  22 , a reflective electrode  23  and a second transparent electrode  24  are formed above the lower substrate  21 . Also, the first transparent electrode  22  is positioned in the transmissive region  1 , while the reflective electrode  23  and the second transparent electrode  24  are disposed within the reflective region  2 . Also, the second transparent electrode  24  is formed above the reflective electrode  23 , and the area of the second transparent electrode  24  is smaller than that of the reflective electrode  23 . Preferably, the area of the second transparent electrode  24  is no larger than half area of the reflective electrode  23 . For example, the areas of the second transparent electrode  24  and the reflective electrode  23  are in the ratio of  3  to  7 . Moreover, a conductive material such as ITO (indium tin oxide) can be used for making the first transparent electrode  22  and the second transparent electrode  24 .  
         [0031]     Additionally, there is a common electrode  26  disposed between the reflective electrode  23  and the lower substrate  21 , functioning as a storage capacitor. The reflective electrode  23  is further covered by a dielectric layer  27  for increasing the optical efficiency. Example of the dielectric constant of the dielectric layer is less than or equal to  5 . When a voltage is applied to the pixel, the electric field in the reflective region  2  is smaller than that in the transmissive region  1 . Also, the upper structure  30  comprises an upper substrate  31 , a common electrode  32  a color filter  33  and a protrusion  35 . The position of the common electrode  32  is corresponding to the positions of the first transparent electrode  22  and the reflective electrode  23 . The protrusion  35  is positioned opposite to the second transparent electrode  24 .  
         [0032]     Moreover, a first quarter wave plate  28  and a first polarizer  29  are formed on the other side of the lower substrate  21 , while a second quarter wave plate  38  and a second polarizer  39  are formed on the other side of the upper substrate  31 .  
         [0033]     Accordingly, the arrangement of the second transparent electrode  24  above the reflective electrode  23  (both of them separated from each other by the dielectric layer  27 ) causes the difference of electric-field intensity in the reflective region  2  when a voltage is applied. The space above the second transparent electrode  24  has greater electric-field intensity than the other space of the reflective region  2 . Accordingly, the difference of electric-field intensity causes the different tilt angles of the LC molecules  41  in the reflective region  2 , so as to harmonize the V-R curve and the V-T curve, and particularly to improve the reflectance corresponding to the low gray-level value.  
         [0034]     The pixel of the transflective LCD according to the first embodiment of the present invention has been analyzed and simulated. The results of simulation are presented in  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4 .  
         [0035]      FIG. 3  is a graph illustrating the reflectance in the reflective region according to the first embodiment of the present invention. The curves of  FIG. 3  are denoted as follows:  
         [0036]     curve T—the ideal transmittance curve in the transmissive region  1 ;  
         [0037]     curve R-Original—the reflectance curve in the reflective region without the presence of the second transparent electrode  24 ;  
         [0038]     curve R-MT- 1 —the reflectance curve in the reflective region with the presence of the second transparent electrode  24  and the reflective electrode  23  in the area ratio of 2 to 8; and  
         [0039]     curve R-MT- 2 —the reflectance curve in the reflective region with the presence of the second transparent electrode  24  and the reflective electrode  23  in the area ratio of 3 to 7.  
         [0040]     As indicated by the curve R-Original (i.e. in the absence of the second transparent electrode  24 ) of  FIG. 3 , there is no change of reflectance until the applied voltage is about 2.8 V. However, the curve T starts to change at the applied voltage of about 2 V. By using the electrode structure of the first embodiment (i.e. with second transparent electrode  24 ), both the curve R-MT- 1  and the curve R-MT- 2  starts to change at the applied voltage of about  2  V, too. Accordingly, the performance of the curve R-MT- 1  and the curve R-MT- 2  are close to that of the ideal curve T at the low gray-level value.  
         [0041]      FIG. 4  is a graph illustrating the gamma curves in the pixel according to the first embodiment of the present invention. The curves of  FIG. 4  are denoted as follows:  
         [0042]     curve T—the ideal gamma curve in the transmissive region  1 ;  
         [0043]     curve R-Original—the gamma curve in the reflective region without the presence of the second transparent electrode  24 ;  
         [0044]     curve R-MT- 1 —the gamma curve in the reflective region with the presence of the second transparent electrode  24  and the reflective electrode  23  in the area ratio of 2 to 8; and  
         [0045]     curve R-MT- 2 —the gamma curve in the reflective region with the presence of the second transparent electrode  24  and the reflective electrode  23  in the area ratio of 3 to 7.  
         [0046]     The result of  FIG. 4  has indicated that the curve R-Original (i.e. in the absence of the second transparent electrode  24 ) has a most dissimilar tendency from the ideal curve T. Both the curve R-MT- 1  and the curve R-MT- 2  (i.e. with second transparent electrode  24 ) are closer to the ideal curve T, particularly at the stage of low gray-level values. For example, the reflectance of the curve R-Original has no change at the first 50 gray levels, while the reflectance of the curve R-MT- 1  and the curve R-MT- 2  are varied at the first 10 gray levels. Accordingly, the gamma curve of the reflective region of the embodiment (i.e. curve R-MT- 1  and the curve R-MT- 2 ) is closer to that of the transmissive region.  
         [0047]     According to the description above, using the electrode structure of the embodiment does improve the reflectance in the reflective region, and harmonize the performances of the reflective and transmissive the regions, particularly at the stage of low gray-level values.  
       Second Embodiment  
       [0048]      FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of a single pixel of a transflective LCD according to the second embodiment of the present invention. The major difference between the first and second embodiments is that two reflective electrodes are introduced in the reflective region of the second embodiment. Additionally, the same elements of  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 5  are given the same reference numbers.  
         [0049]     As shown in  FIG. 5 , the transflective LCD is assembled by the lower structure  20 , the upper structure  30  and the liquid crystal (LC) layer  40 . The LC layer  40  includes numerous LC molecules  41 . The pixel is divided into the transmissive region  1  and the reflective region  2  according to the light paths. The first transparent electrode  22  is formed above the lower substrate  21  within the transmissive region  1 . A second transparent electrode and a reflective electrode are disposed within the reflective region  2 , wherein the second transparent electrode is formed above the reflective electrode, and the area of the second transparent electrode is smaller than that of the reflective electrode.  
         [0050]     In the second embodiment, the reflective electrode includes a first reflective portion  231  and a second reflective portion  232 ; both of them are electrically connected. The second transparent electrode includes a first transparent portion  241  and a second transparent portion  242  disposed above the first reflective portion  231  and the second reflective portion  232 , respectively.  
         [0051]     A conductive material such as ITO (indium tin oxide) can be used for making the first transparent electrode  22  and the second transparent electrode (including the first transparent portion  241  and the second transparent portion  242 ). Moreover, the reflective electrode is further covered by a dielectric layer  27  for increasing the optical efficiency. When a voltage is applied to the pixel, the electric-field intensity in the reflective region  2  is smaller than that in the transmissive region  1 . Also, the first quarter wave plate  28  and the first polarizer  29  are formed on the other side of the lower substrate  21 . Also, the upper structure  30  further comprises a upper substrate  31 , a common electrode  32  a color filter  33 , a protrusion  35 , a second quarter wave plate  38  and a second polarizer  39 .  
         [0052]     Preferably, the first transparent portion  241  and the first transparent electrode  22  are integrated as one piece; similarly, the second transparent portion  242  and the first transparent electrode  22  are integrated as one piece in the second embodiment. In the practical application, parts of the first transparent electrode  22  extended into the reflective region  2  can be referred to the first transparent portion  241  and the second transparent portion  242 . Accordingly, the arrangement of the second transparent electrode (including the first transparent portion  241  and the second transparent portion  242 ) causes the difference of electric-field intensity in the reflective region  2  when a voltage is applied. The difference of electric-field intensity causes the different tilt angles of the LC molecules  41  in the reflective region  2 , so as to compensate the optical retardation between the transmissive region  1  and the reflective region  2 . Thus, the V-R curve and the V-T curve are harmonized by creating different electric-field intensity in the reflective region  2 . Also, the reflectance corresponding to the low gray-level values is effectively improved.  
       Third Embodiment  
       [0053]      FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view of a single pixel of a transflective LCD according to the third embodiment of the present invention. The same elements of  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 6  are given the same reference numbers.  
         [0054]     The major difference between the first and third embodiments is that no color filter exists in the reflective region  2  of the third embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 6 , there is a colorless portion  331  of the color filter  33  corresponding to the reflective electrode  23 , and the area of the colorless portion  331  is substantially equal to that of the common electrode  26 . The transmittance (T) of light is increased without the color filter (e.g. T with CF =0.3×T without CF ). In the reflective region, the reflectance is very small while the reflective light passes through the color filter twice. Accordingly, the reflectance of the reflective region does increase by removing part of the color filter  33  (e.g. equal to the colorless portion  331 ) in the reflective region  2 , or substituting a transparent dielectric (e.g. equal to the colorless portion  331 ) for the color filter in the reflective region  2 . The simulation results have also indicated that the pixel structure of the third embodiment,does improve the reflectance in the reflective region, and harmonize the performances of the reflective and transmissive the regions, particularly at the stage of low gray-level values.  
       Fourth Embodiment  
       [0055]      FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view of a single pixel of a transflective LCD according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention. The same elements of  FIG. 5  and  FIG. 7  are given the same reference numbers.  
         [0056]     In the single pixel of the fourth embodiment, the portions of the color filter  33  corresponding to the position of the second transparent electrode (i.e. the first transparent portion  241  and the second transparent portion  242 ) are removed. As shown in  FIG. 7 , the color filter  33  has the colorless portions  332   a  and  332   b . The simulation results have also indicated that the pixel structure of the fourth embodiment does improve the reflectance in the reflective region, and harmonize the performances of the reflective and transmissive the regions, particularly at the stage of low gray-level values. Moreover, compared to the pixel structure of the third embodiment, the pixel structure of the fourth embodiment possesses better color saturation (i.e., less area of color filter being removed in the fourth embodiment). Thus, the pixel structure of the fourth embodiment presents not only high brightness at the low gray level but also good color saturation at the high gray level.  
       Fifth Embodiment  
       [0057]      FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view of a single pixel of a transflective LCD according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention. The same elements of  FIG. 5  and  FIG. 8  are given the same reference numbers.  
         [0058]     In the single pixel of the fifth embodiment, the large portions of the color filter  33  related to the second transparent electrode (i.e. the first transparent portion  241  and the second transparent portion  242 ) are removed. As shown in  FIG. 8 , the color filter  33  has the colorless portions  333   a  and  333   b . The simulation results have also indicated that the pixel structure of the fifth embodiment does improve the reflectance in the reflective region, and harmonize the performances of the reflective and transmissive the regions, particularly at the stage of low gray-level values. Moreover, compared to the pixel structure of the third embodiment, the pixel structure of the fifth embodiment possesses better color saturation (i.e., less areas of color filter being removed in the fourth embodiment). Thus, the pixel structure of the fifth embodiment presents not only high brightness at the low gray level but also good color saturation at the high gray level.  
       Sixth Embodiment  
       [0059]      FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional view of a single pixel of a transflective LCD according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention. The same elements of  FIG. 5  and  FIG. 9  are given the same reference numbers.  
         [0060]     In the single pixel of the sixth embodiment, the portions of the color filter  33  corresponding to the second transparent electrode (i.e. the first transparent portion  241  and the second transparent portion  242 ) remain, and others are removed. As shown in  FIG. 9 , the color filter  33  has the colorless portion  334 . The simulation results have also indicated that the pixel structure of the sixth embodiment does improve the reflectance in the reflective region, and harmonize the performances of the reflective and transmissive the regions, particularly at the stage of low gray-level values. Moreover, compared to the pixel structure of the third embodiment, the pixel structure of the sixth embodiment presents not only high brightness at the low gray level but also good color saturation at the high gray level.  
       Seventh Embodiment  
       [0061]      FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional view of a single pixel of a transflective LCD according to the seventh embodiment of the present invention. The same elements of  FIG. 5  and  FIG. 10  are given the same reference numbers.  
         [0062]     In the single pixel of the seventh embodiment, the small portions of the color filter  33  relative to the second transparent electrode (i.e. the first transparent portion  241  and the second transparent portion  242 ) remain, and others are removed. As shown in  FIG. 10 , the color filter  33  has the colorless portion  335 . The simulation results have also indicated that the pixel structure of the seventh embodiment does improve the reflectance in the reflective region, and harmonize the performances of the reflective and transmissive the regions, particularly at the stage of low gray-level values. Moreover, compared to the pixel structure of the third embodiment, the pixel structure of the seventh embodiment presents not only high brightness at the low gray level but also good color saturation at the high gray level.  
       Eighth Embodiment  
       [0063]      FIG. 11A  is a top view of a single pixel of a transflective LCD according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 11B  is a cross-sectional view of the single pixel along the cross-sectional line  11 B- 11 B of  FIG. 11A . The same elements of  FIG. 2 ,  FIG. 11A  and  FIG. 11B  are given the same reference numbers. Also, GL, CL and DL denoted in  FIG. 11A  and  FIG. 11B  are the abbreviations of gate line, common line and data line, respectively.  
         [0064]     As shown in  FIG. 11A  and  FIG. 11B , the transflective LCD is assembled by the lower structure  20 , the upper structure  30  and the liquid crystal (LC) layer  40 . The pixel is divided into the transmissive region  1  and the reflective region  2 . The first transparent electrode  22  is formed above the lower substrate  21  within the transmissive region  1 . The second transparent electrode  24  and the reflective electrode  23  are disposed within the reflective region  2 , wherein the second transparent electrode  24  is formed above the reflective electrode  23 , and the area of the second transparent electrode  24  is smaller than that of the reflective electrode  23 . Also, the protrusion  35  positioned on the upper substrate  31  is opposite to the first transparent electrode  22 .  
         [0065]     The arrangement of the second transparent electrode  24  does cause the difference of electric-field intensity in the reflective region  2  when a voltage is applied. The difference of electric-field intensity causes the different tilt angles of the LC molecules in the reflective region  2 , so as to compensate the optical retardation between the transmissive region  1  and the reflective region  2 . Also, the reflectance corresponding to the low gray-level values is effectively improved.  
         [0066]     While the invention has been described by way of examples and in terms of the preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. On the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements and procedures, and the scope of the appended claims therefore should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements and procedures.