Abstract:
Spinstand test improvement that measures Functional Byte Error Rate (F-BER) of a disk. The F-BER is correlated to the BER of a disk. The F-BER test is faster than a BER test. The F-BER test is incorporated into a spinstand tester or the software associated with a spinstand tester.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Areal density improvements have been a main driving force in the progress of magnetic recording technology. Typically, disks (media) in each new disk drive product have a higher signal to noise ratio and the ability to record sharper magnetic transitions than that of previous products. Even a small improvement in signal to noise ratio may significantly impact the recording performance and therefore the areal density of the media. 
     Currently, magnetic media evaluation is generally executed by spin-stand tester systems during the media development cycle. The parametric data tested includes overwrite (OW), half-peak pulse width (PW50), track average amplitude (TAA), DC erased signal to noise ratio (DCSNR), spectrum signal to noise ratio (SpSNR), 4TSNR, 2TSNR, 1TSNR, where 1T stands for bit period of written data at high frequency and 4T means ¼ high frequency and SNR stands for signal to noise ratio. This data is generally measured for each disk and then ranked for media design optimization. 
     However, it is often the case that media ranked based on these parametric data is not well correlated with hard disk drive (HDD) file data. The most critical parameter in HDD file data is byte error rate (BER). As shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , the BER of a series disk does not correlate well with media component test parameters, in this case SpSNR. Thus, a bit error rate test is needed to more fully evaluate the media. There are many varieties of BER tests that have been proposed. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,157,507 describes a performance evaluation method of linking PW50 and SNR to the BER via equation (2) in column 1 and equation (1) in column 4 of the patent. The relationship between BER and SNR is illustrated in FIG. 9 of the patent. For the disk media used in high density (&gt;100 Gb/in2) and high data rate (&gt;500 Mb/s) applications, the performance evaluation method and the described simplified relationship between BER and SNR in this prior art are not as accurate for testing these more modern disk drives. The present invention advantageously uses a more accurate alternate to SNR to determine the BER. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,490,091 and 5,355,261 constructs an algorithm for a partial response maximum likelihood (PRML) data detection channel. This algorithm allows BER to be directly measured. This patent describes PRML chip design and the method for making a PRML integrated circuit (IC) chip for applications in magnetic data storage systems. A PRML chip is a hardware component in a hard disk drive. The present invention is advantageously designed to test a disk drive faster than a device using a PRML chip. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,121,263 illustrates an algorithm for a PRML data detection channel to directly measure BER. The patent describes a BER evaluation for component-level disk media testing without using an extra hardware. 
     The BER tests of the current art have many drawbacks. Current BER tests are usually time consuming since they usually use more than 5 head gimble assemblies (HGA) to test the same disk media surface. The average result of these HGA is defined as the BER for this specific surface. An example is shown in the  FIG. 1A , where 5 heads are used, and their average BER value is referred as BER for the disk surface e.g. BER=−7.61 for surface A of disk ID 9312k. The tests are time consuming, taking as much as seven minutes, for a variety of reasons. First, the tests include writing millions of transitions with a variety of bit patterns, and then reading them back while counting the number of error occurrences. Second, it requires a read channel chip optimization to perform the BER tests. The data channel optimization involves complex procedures such as read/writer interface, read interface timing, sector format, servo interface and circuit description, register bit description, detector polynomial control, AE write gate control, servo sequence control, dibit transfer count, read gate timing loop control, and equalization etc. 
     Other limitations of current BER tests also exist. For instance, a further limitation of the BER test is that accuracy of BER data is strongly dependent on head stability. This dependency may provide false disk media BER results due to head degradation. In addition head crashes and degradation may adversely affect BER test results. Lastly, BER data is often not correlated well with SNR measurement. Therefore, a new testing method for media performance that is accurate and cost effective is needed. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Disclosed is a magnetic test module running on a spinstand tester to measure magnetic parametric data and then construct a functional BER (F-BER) to rank and evaluate magnetic media. The method gathers PW50, signal at low frequency (LF TAA), media noise (N m ), head and electronic noise (N he ), and band width (BW) to determine F-BER. Further the F-BER test uses the ideal simulated E 2 PRML channel, which mimics an optimized real channel with parametric data as input. After data collection, a correlation is established between F-BER and BER. Then F-BER of each disk is employed to rank the disk media. 
     The data gathered by the new test takes under one minute to collect. This is a reduction of more than six minutes from the normal BER collection rate of seven minutes. Therefore the under one minute F-BER test allows for higher throughput of media testing procedures and for a potential backlog in the disk test procedure to be reduced. Further, the method allows for more immediate insights into the interplay of different magnetic system parameters before performing time consuming and low through-put BER measurement. 
     For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description taken together with the accompanying figures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  is a chart of BER and SpSNR for several disks. 
         FIG. 1B  is a graph of the correlation between BER and SpSNR for the disks described in  FIG. 1A . 
         FIG. 2  is a GUI used to implement execution of the F-BER algorithm. 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  are a chart and a graph demonstrating results of the F-BER method applied to a disk drive. 
         FIGS. 4A and 4B  are a chart and a graph demonstrating results of the F-BER method applied to a disk drive. 
         FIG. 5  shows an exemplary code module in Visual basic to implement the F-BER algorithm. 
         FIG. 6  is a diagram of a spin-stand tester. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A system and method for determining the F-BER and BER of a disk is described herein. The system and method may be implemented with components or modules. The components and modules may include hardware (including electronic and/or computer circuitry), firmware and/or software (collectively referred to herein as “logic”). A component or module can be implemented to capture any of the logic described herein. The F-BER is a method for understanding and determining the BER of a disk by analyzing parametric data of a disk based on an idealized E 2 PRML channel. The F-BER projects the error rate performance of a recording system. 
       FIG. 6  is a diagram of a spin-stand tester testing a piece of media. The media  601  is placed on the spin stand tester and is rotated by spindle  603 . The arm and head  604  are attached to a process circuitry controller and read write analyzer (PCCRWA)  606  by wire or wires  605 . The head includes a sensor and a writer that is positioned over a track  602  to test the media. The readings and signals registered by the head are then passed to the PCCRWA to be analyzed. 
     During testing, data including read back signals, used to determine F-BER is collected by a module such as PCCRWA. The F-BER data to determine F-BER includes PW50, signal at low frequency (LF TAA), media noise N m , head and electronic noise (N he ), band width. Further the F-BER test uses an ideal E 2 PRML channel, which mimics an optimized real channel with parametric data as input. This data is then provided to a computer to determine the F-BER. Specifically, in addition to typical spin-stand operation, the method calls for adding a head unload operation to obtain head and electronic noise. In this way, one can separate the media noise from total noise by subtracting the head and electronic noise. 
     The method for determining the F-BER of a longitudinal disk is as follows and may be performed by a module to determine F-BER. Such a module includes a data processing device that receives F-BER data as described above. The data processing device then determines BW. From BW and the other data, FOM 0  and FOM 1  may be calculated. The FOM 0  and FOM 1  calculations are used to determine CSNR. In turn, ψ is determined from CSNR. Finally, the F-BER is determined from ψ. These steps are described in equations (1)-(6).
 
 FOM   0 =( S   0   /N   m ) 2 /( PW 50  /T )  (1)
 
                     FOM   1     =         [     ⁢       S   0     /     (       ⁢     N   m     *     BW     ⁢       )     2     ⁢     ]         a   +     b   *       [       (     PW   ⁢           ⁢     50   /   T       )     -   c     ]     2                   (   2   )                 BW= 1/(2 T )  (3)   CSNR= 1/√{square root over ( d/π/FOM   0   +e/FOM   1 )}  (4) ψ=0.5* CSNR   (5)   FBER= 0.5*[1 −erf (ψ)]  (6) 
where:
     N m  is the media noise at 2T frequency;   N he  is the head &amp; electronic noise (rms noise per root Hz); and   S 0  is LF TAA/2.   
     The parameters of a, b, c, d, e in equations (1)-(6) are determined from an E 2 PRML channel. a is preferably 10.8 and ranges from 10 to 12; b is preferably 6.56 and ranges from 6 to 7; c is preferably 1.935 and ranges from 1.75 to 2.25; d is preferably 4.7452 and ranges from 4.5 to 5; e is preferably 0.65685 and ranges from 0.4 to 0.8. 
     In addition, two extensions to the algorithm allow F-BER to be calculated for a perpendicular disk. The first extension is measure the T50 of the perpendicular disk on a spinstand. The readback signal from perpendicular media is a square-type waveform. The transition width of a written bit on perpendicular media is called T50, which defines the signal range from 25% to 75% of peak value. From this test, PW50 can be obtained with the use of equation (7).
 
 PW 50 =2.77 ×T 50,  (7)
 
     The PW50 value is then incorporated in the F-BER module via the math conversion of equation (7). 
     The second possible extension is to add hardware into the spinstand to perform waveform differential. The waveform differentiator allows PW50 of the perpendicular recording to be directly measured. 
     The method for determining F-BER can be constructed based on E 2 PRML equalization. Equalization forms generally are described in “Bit Cell Aspect Ratio: An SNR and Detection Perspective”, T. C. Amoldussen, IEEE Trans. Magn. Vol. 34, pp1851-1853 (1998). 
     The F-BER method can be a module of a program to perform media testing. Further the F-BER module can be embedded in a spinstand or outside a spinstand. In addition, the module can be made part of a suite or GUI designed to test media as shown in  FIG. 2 . 
       FIGS. 3A ,  3 B,  4 A and  4 B show charts and graphs demonstrating the F-BER method applied to two separate disk drives. As can be seen from the graphs, the F-BER data correlates well with the BER data. Thus F-BER is an effective way of quickly estimating the BER of a media. 
       FIG. 5  shows an exemplary code module in Visual basic to implement the F-BER algorithm. The module may be included in any software designed to run a spin stand tester. The module may also be alone or coupled to other modules capable of providing inputs to compute F-BER. 
     While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the disclosed invention is to be considered merely as illustrative and limited in scope only as specified in the appended claims.