Abstract:
A software system is provided including an Object Process Graph for defining applications and a Dynamic Graph Interpreter that interprets Object Process Graphs. An Object Process Graph defines all of an application&#39;s manipulations and processing steps and all of the application&#39;s data. An Object Process Graph is dynamic, making it possible to change any aspect of an application&#39;s data entry, processing or information display at any time. When an Object Process Graph is interpreted, it functions to accept data, process the data and produce information output. Modifications made to an Object Process Graph while it is being interpreted take affect immediately and can be saved. Object Process Graphs and Dynamic Graph Interpreters can be deployed on single user workstation computers or on distributed processing environments where central servers store Object Process Graphs and run Dynamic Graph Interpreters, and workstation computers access the servers via the intranet or local intranets.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     The present application claims the benefit of provisional application No. 60/577,501 filed Jun. 5, 2004, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The present invention relates to software development tools including programming languages, CASE tools, database systems and interface and display languages and associated tools.  
       BACKGROUND  
       [0003]     Since the development of assembly language in the 1950&#39;s, the computer industry has witnessed a series of incremental advances in software development. These advances have allowed software to be developed faster, with less manual labor, and made possible the creation of more complex software systems and improved the reliability of software systems in general. These advances include the development of 3rd generation programming languages like COBOL and Fortran; 4th generation programming languages like FOCUS; object oriented programming languages like Smalltalk, C++ and Java; CASE tools like Rational Rose; visual programming environments like Visual Basic and Web Sphere; relational database systems like Oracle and DB2 and object oriented database systems like GemStone and Versant. However, despite these advances the development of large systems is still an expensive, high-risk venture that requires many, highly-skilled programmers and there is always considerable uncertainty regarding the quality and applicability of the final system.  
         [0004]     A major constraint on the implementation of software systems with current methods is the need for detailed, fixed requirements laid out in advance of the development cycle. A means of implementing complex systems that are easily and reliably modified on the fly, so they can be adapted to changing requirements as they arise, would greatly broaden the scope, applicability, and usefulness of computer applications.  
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0005]     The present invention defines and implements object process graph systems.  
         [0006]     One aspect is an object process graph system, including a graph structure and a graph interpreter. The graph structure is dynamic, directed and cyclical and defines an application. The graph structure has at least one data node, at least one process node, and at least one application state node. The graph interpreter interprets the graph structure to process the application. The graph structure may be changed, while the graph structure is being interpreted by the graph interpreter.  
         [0007]     Another aspect is an object process graph system, including a graph structure, a graph interpreter, and a graph user interface. The graph structure defines an application. The graph structure is a composite layered graph and includes a plurality of nodes. The interpreter interprets the graph structure to process the application. The graph user interface displays graph structures on display media and processes user defined changes to graphs entered by input devices. The graph structure may be changed, while the graph structure is being interpreted by the interpreter.  
         [0008]     Exemplary embodiments of the present invention include many advantages, including reducing the costs and risks involved in building large, complex software systems. Application users and application domain experts are able, with minimal computer training, to develop and maintain customized, complex software systems. It is possible to create applications that can be modified at run-time in order to greatly broaden the scope, flexibility and usefulness of software application systems. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0009]     These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings, where:  
         [0010]      FIG. 1  is an Object Process Graph based computer application according to embodiments of the present invention;  
         [0011]      FIG. 2  is a Composite Layered Graph according to embodiments of the present invention;  
         [0012]      FIG. 3  is an Object Process Graph Type Hierarchy according to embodiments of the present invention;  
         [0013]      FIG. 4  is Object Process Graph TemplateDatabase Types/Properties according to embodiments of the present invention;  
         [0014]      FIG. 5  is Object Process Graph Process Nodes according to embodiments of the present invention;  
         [0015]      FIG. 6  is Object Process Graph Edge Types according to embodiments of the present invention;  
         [0016]      FIG. 7  is Object Process Graph ProcessToProcess Types according to embodiments of the present invention;  
         [0017]      FIG. 8  is GOP Database DataToData Types according to embodiments of the present invention;  
         [0018]      FIG. 9  is Object Process Graph ProcessToData Types according to embodiments of the present invention;  
         [0019]      FIG. 10  is Object Process Graph User Objects according to embodiments of the present invention;  
         [0020]      FIG. 11  is Object Process Graph Audit Objects according to embodiments of the present invention;  
         [0021]      FIG. 12  is a Dynamic Graph Interpreter according to embodiments of the present invention;  
         [0022]      FIG. 13  is an Application State Node according to embodiments of the present invention;  
         [0023]      FIG. 14  is a Dynamic Graph Interpreter Running an Application Instance according to embodiments of the present invention;  
         [0024]      FIG. 15  is Displaying an Application State according to embodiments of the present invention;  
         [0025]      FIG. 16  is Changing an Application State according to embodiments of the present invention;  
         [0026]      FIG. 17  is Changing an Application State Process and Data Definitions according to embodiments of the present invention;  
         [0027]      FIG. 18  is Changing an Application State according to embodiments of the present invention;  
         [0028]      FIG. 19  is Changing an Application State and Adding a Data Definition Node according to embodiments of the present invention; and  
         [0029]      FIG. 20  is Changing an Application State Process and Data Definitions according to embodiments of the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0030]     Aspects of the present invention include an Object Process Graph (OPG) and a Dynamic Graph Interpreter (DGI). An OPG defines a computer application&#39;s persistent and transient data, its processing logic and data flow, and the display and validation characteristics of every application data item. A graphical user interface based editing system can be used to create and modify OPG&#39;s. The DGI is an object-oriented system that accesses, interprets, modifies and acts on an application&#39;s dynamic OPG. Interpreting an OPG is similar to running an application in a traditional computer environment.  
         [0031]     Embodiments of the OPG may be considered a computer language (it is Turing complete) that is interpreted as the program is executed. An OPG is stored in transient and persistent computer memory. An OPG can hold any data structure, which includes, but is not limited to: relational tables, hierarchical tables, n-dimensional data arrays, spreadsheets, graphical models and 3-D physical models. These data structures are not stored as blobs, which is common in relational database systems, but in special OPG structures that reflect their original structure and internal relationships. OPG process and control structures provide control over the order and timing of persistent and transient data validation, transformation and display within an application. OPG structures can also define mathematical formulas, regular expressions (in the case of textual data or mixed quantitative and textual data) and complete algorithms.  
         [0032]     An application&#39;s OPG can be rendered on a computer terminal or static output medium, e.g. paper. OPG data, process and control structures displayed on an interactive medium can be edited. Unlike traditional software development systems, editing an application&#39;s OPG does not generate code that must be compiled and installed. Instead, changes are made and take affect immediately. Changes can even be made while the DGI is interpreting (running the application). The ability to safely change an application at any time is desired for rapid development and the long-term maintenance of large, complex enterprise-wide application systems.  
         [0033]     All application execution state information in an OPG is held in Application State objects. The DGI acts on the OPG by changing the application state information it holds. Application state information can include any persistent data object. A DGI may operate on multiple application states concurrently, merging or splitting state information between combinations of application state objects.  
         [0034]     An OPG maintains audit trail information for all persistent and transient data changes in an application—at the primitive data level. Audit trail information is readily available for display on a user interface, via display controls or for further update and manipulation in an application&#39;s process and data flows.  
         [0035]     Audit information defining changes made in long and short transactions is maintained and tracked for all changes to the persistent data of an application. Long transactions enable the system to organize, control and track changes to all persistent data. Such changes can take place over an extended period of time (days or weeks) over many work sessions. Short transactions, on the other hand, are made during a single user session or interaction with the system. Long and short transaction information is immediately available for manipulation and display within the application, via a system&#39;s graphical user interfaces. Tracking long transactions also facilitates rollbacks to any point in a transaction and deletions of a transaction (with audit trails) are automatically available via the application interface. Control of access to all functionality and data within the application by users is available through the system interface. This includes separate access rights (read, write, rollback) for each primitive data item defined as part of an application for each user.  
         [0036]     In addition to data entered or changed via a user interface, an embodiment of the system also accepts input data to application processes in any digital format from other systems.  
         [0037]     Some embodiments include a graphical user interface. A graphical user interface can enable a user to specify the format of all input that is then automatically parsed and used to update an application—adding to or modifying persistent data in the database or transient data in the application or display interfaces—at any point in the application process.  
         [0038]     Output data may likewise be created in any format from any point in an application (for persistent or transient data), using the inverse of the above process in various embodiments. In some embodiments, external databases, such as relational databases, may be registered with an application, and all persistent data within the application may be stored in or retrieved from such databases.  
         [0039]     Embodiments of the Object Process Graph component of the present invention extend the basic functionality of traditional graph object-oriented databases. Embodiments of the present invention synthesize the functionality of dynamic process elements and graph object oriented databases into a single integrated system, which makes it possible to rapidly create complete, complex enterprise wide applications without a traditional programming language. An OPG is directly and dynamically interpreted, therefore no code generation is required. The ease of changing an OPG and the immediate feedback resulting from changes greatly simplifies maintaining and changing OPG based applications.  
         [0040]     Embodiments of the present invention include two components ( FIG. 1 ): a dynamic, composite layered Object Process Graph (OPG)  3  and a Dynamic Graph Interpreter (DGI)  2 . An OPG  3  completely defines and represents an application. The DGI  2  translates and interprets the OPG  3  of the application as the application is run. The application&#39;s interface  1  interacts with the DGI  2 , updating persistent data stored in the OPG  3  or transient data controlled by the OPG  3  as the application runs.  
         [0000]     Object Process Graph  
         [0041]     In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the OPG  3  is structured as a composite layered graph ( FIG. 2 ), with two node types—composite and primitive. Dark colored nodes in  FIG. 2 — 8 ,  9 ,  10 , and  12 —are not composed of other nodes and are, therefore of node type primitive. Unfilled nodes in these figures are of node type composite. The OPG composite layered graph includes a set of directed graphs and a set of trees. Each node within the graph belongs to both a directed graph and a tree. The directed graph to which each node belongs defines its relationships with other nodes within that graph. The tree to which the node belongs defines the composition hierarchy to which it belongs. A node may belong to multiple directed graphs as well as multiple composition hierarchies. For example, nodes  9 ,  10 ,  11 , and  12  in  FIG. 2  belong to directed graph  7 . Nodes  9 ,  10 ,  11 , and  12  also belong to the same composition hierarchy tree as node  6 , which belongs to directed graph  5 . Node  6  is the parent of nodes  9 ,  10 ,  11 , and  12  in the composite hierarchy tree and is of node type composite. Note that the composite layered graph described here is simply a special case of a directed graph, so another embodiment of the OPG  3  could use a directed graph containing parent-of edges to indicate composition. Dark colored nodes in  FIG. 2 — 8 ,  9 ,  10 , and  12 —are not composed of other nodes and are, therefore of node type primitive.  
         [0042]     An OPG  3  includes at least two node object types: process and data. (There are some additional specialized node object types to be described later). As described above, within each node object type the node types may be primitive, having no child in the composite hierarchy tree of which it&#39;s a member, or composite. The following description of process and data types is one exemplary embodiment of the present invention ( FIG. 3 ). Process types  13  may be Operation, Report, or Application—all of which can be of node type composite. Operation and report types can also be of node type primitive. Data types  14  can be primitiveData  15 , compositeData  16 , array, graph, or reference. In this exemplary embodiment, Nodes of data type primitiveData can only be of node type primitive, and nodes of all other data types can only be of node type composite.  
         [0043]     In this exemplary embodiment, PrimitiveData nodes  15  can be any one of the primitiveData types. Each primitiveData node&#39;s properties are specific to its type. (Note that this is true for all nodes—a node&#39;s properties are dependent on its type hierarchy, but nodes may also be graph-definition and/or runtime specific.) A large number of predefined primitiveData types are available in various embodiments of the OPG system, such as: string, double, integer, date, file, image, mapping, XML file, computed, computed string, custom class, email address, web address, directory, spreadsheet cell, file transform, long integer, big decimal, binary, and relational table. Each primitiveData type definition includes specialized functions for processing and displaying its data. For example, the file transform data type allows the display of basic information in the file in multiple formats: text, CVS, XML, spreadsheet (Excel—commercial license dependent), word processing document (Word—commercial license dependent).  
         [0044]     Although adding primitiveData type definitions may be a relatively rare occurrence, new code for new primitiveData types can be incorporated in an existing OPG  3  without regeneration, or reorganization of the OPG  3 . In Life Science applications, for example, domain-specific primitiveData types that include: sequence, multiple sequence alignment, gel image, and protein structure could also be added. Note also that primitiveData types can contain algorithms or custom classes (program modules) that can be executed within the application.  
         [0045]     CompositeData nodes  16  are composite layered graphs of any data type node, i.e. primitiveData, array, graph, reference and compositeData. Array nodes are homogenous, n-dimensional arrays consisting of any data type nodes. Graph nodes are directed graphs consisting of nodes of any data type. Reference nodes are pointers to instances of any data type node.  
         [0046]     Each data node has a templateDatabase type ( FIG. 4 ) of either Definition  17  or Instance  18 . Definition nodes contain a set of properties that are common to all instance nodes  20  which correspond to that definition node  19 . These properties control how the data of an instance node&#39;s value, which are a subset of the node&#39;s properties, are processed and displayed. For example, display and edit are two properties that indicate how a data value property can be displayed on the display medium or can be edited on the display medium. Display coordinate properties indicate the location on a computer monitor where values can be displayed; other properties indicate font, color, etc. Properties may also include validation criteria, including the use of regular expressions to validate input. Properties can be process-node specific, i.e. each definition node has a default set of properties  21 , but for any process node  22  a property can be redefined  23  just for that process node. Any corresponding instance node that exists in an application state of an active process node would use its node properties for that process node. If no process-node specific properties exist for an instance node, the default properties of the corresponding definition node are used. Moreover properties can be application-state-node specific, i.e. property  23   a  is just defined for application state X  22   a . (Application states will be described in more detail below in the description of the DGI  2 .) Not only may the properties of a data definition node be process specific or application state specific, but a data definition node itself may be process or application state specific. A data definition node specified in this way will only be applied to a given process or application state (or combinations of process and/or application states) and ignored at all other process steps or application states, in this exemplary embodiment.  
         [0047]     Instance data nodes are specific instantiations of data definition nodes. Properties may also be set at the data instance level. Specific data types may have their own set of properties. For example, the file dataType would have file name and path properties, which are instance specific. All data types have at least one value property that is instance specific. For instance specific properties, the definition node can hold default values for each property.  
         [0048]     All data nodes have a duration property that is set in the definition node for all instances of that definition node (there can also be a definition duration property that affects the lifetime of the definition node itself). Using this property, transient and persistent instance nodes can be created. Persistent instance nodes are stored in the OPG  3  for extended periods of time, while transient nodes exist only for the lifetime of the current session (or some subset/superset thereof—could be long or short transaction dependent and/or process node dependent). With this mechanism the creation and manipulation of temporary working storage can be controlled by the OPG  3  (as transient instant data), without storing such data permanently in the OPG  3 , if so desired by the application user/designer.  
         [0049]     Process nodes  24  ( FIG. 5 ) control the flow of instance nodes through an application and the creation, modification and display of instance nodes via the display medium used by the application. Operation nodes  25 , which are one type of process node, define discrete steps in the data and process flows through the application, including changes to the display medium of an application.  
         [0050]     Application state nodes  26  are of node type composite. They contain logically connected sets of instance nodes  27 , which are created, modified or displayed through a subset of operation nodes. Report nodes  28  are specialized operation nodes that do not permit the modification of persistent data in the OPG  3  (except for some specialized report related data nodes). Application nodes  29  are of node type composite. They contain logically connected sets of process and data nodes  30 .  
         [0051]     All nodes within the OPG  3  are connected by edges that define the relationships between nodes. The relationships may include, but are not limited to: transformational, passive, control passing and relational. Edges have properties, but unlike nodes do not contain other nodes or edges, (though the value of a property could be a node). In one embodiment of the present invention three edge types are defined: processToProcess, processToData, and dataToData ( FIG. 6 ). ProcessToProcess edges  31  define relationships between process nodes, processToData edges  32  define relationships between processes and data nodes and dataToData edges  33  define relationships between data nodes. Within the context of this embodiment, the following paragraphs define concrete instances of these three edge types.  
         [0052]     There are three processToProcess edge subtypes: display, queue, and batch ( FIG. 7 ). A display edge  34  between operation or report nodes indicates that process control within the application moves between the nodes—in the direction specified by the edge. An application state within the application at operation A, after execution at operation A, is then displayed on the display medium at operation B. This example defines moving from one screen to another within an application.  
         [0053]     A queue edge  35  between operation or report nodes indicates that when process control moves from node A to node B, the application state will be queued up at node B, but not displayed unless the user takes further action via the application interface (such as clicking on a link representing that application state on a list displayed in a representation of node B on the display medium). This example describes a workflow operation within an application.  
         [0054]     A batch edge  36  between report and operation nodes results in processing defined by operation B, being invoked as a background process, when application state moves from operation A to operation B within the application. A batch edge is used to schedule a concurrent process node to run in the background based on a scheduleTime property within the edge. Note that all these edges can hold data nodes as properties that can be used to invoke conditional execution of the edges. So a given screen may or may not display in the application based on the results of a comparison between two data nodes.  
         [0055]     There are five dataToData edge subtypes: copy, compute, split, merge, and join ( FIG. 8 ). All dataToData edges are data type and primitiveData type aware. A copy edge  37  between two arrays will copy data elements from one array to another, subject to any mapping property the edge may define. A copy from a primitiveData to an array will copy and repeat the values and some properties of the primitiveData node to all the elements of the array. Appropriate value conversions take place, as needed, between nodes of different primitiveData types (such as string to integer), depending upon the properties of the edge: strongType or weakType. WeakType edges permit such data conversions to take place, while strongType edges prohibit it.  
         [0056]     Compute edges  38  provide complex mathematical formula and/or regular expressions to operate on any number of data nodes to compute another data node. Split  39  and merge  40  edges allows application state objects to be split or merged as they move from one operation to another in an application. They allow instance nodes in one application state object to be split into multiple application state objects as they flow from one operation to another, or instances nodes in many application state objects to be merged into one application state object.  
         [0057]     Join edges  41  allow compositeData instance nodes based on different definition nodes to be combined and retrieved together from the OPG  3 . Reference nodes may be utilized in conjunction with join edges in these cases.  
         [0058]     There are three processToData types: create, retrieve, and execute ( FIG. 9 ). Create edges  42  create new instances of a definition node in an application state at a process node. Retrieve edges  43  retrieve data instances and place them within application state objects at a process node. Execute edges  44  will execute program code or control structures (including algorithms) that may be contained within a data node during the logic and control flow of the application at that process.  
         [0059]     Note that different embodiments of the present invention may add to or modify the nature of all the edge types and subtypes described above.  
         [0060]     In one embodiment of the present invention, a user is represented by a specialized object type that controls access to functionality and data within an application ( FIG. 10 ). A user object  45  is created within the OPG  3  for every individual user who has access to any part of an OPG application. Additional user objects may be created to group sets of functionality or data access in any manner desired. Each user object contains all the process  46  and data  47  objects to which access is permitted within the application. An access right is assigned for each object within a user object, which may be one of the following from either of these two lists: (list 1 —for data instances) blockI, readI, writeI, rollback, (list 2 —for data definitions and processes) blockM, readM, writeM. If a user object contains an access right for a composite object  48 , the Dynamic Graph Interpreter  2  automatically assigns the same access rights to all the child nodes  49  of the composite object, using its composition tree. However, if the user object also contains one of its child nodes  50  then its access right is used instead for that particular child (in  FIG. 10  Data D has only read access instead of the write access of its parent). Note that rights are ordered and inclusive within each list, so rollback rights include readI and writeI access.  
         [0061]     Block rights are used to take away all access rights and are only needed when overriding a parent&#39;s rights, since the default access right is block—i.e. when an object or any of its parents is not present in a user object. User objects can also inherit all rights from another user object. This permits the set up of any number of group rights or roles—including a hierarchy of such groups or roles—which can be used to update rights automatically to many users simultaneously.  
         [0062]     Audit is another specialized object type. It is used to track all accesses and modification to data within an application ( FIG. 11 ). Residing in both the application state  51  and compositeData  52  objects, they track all accesses and modifications to data by user, time and operation step at both the application state  53  and data instance levels  54 . If the audit property is ‘on’ for all definition data used in an application state, rollbacks of the application state may be performed to any operation step within the transaction. In the case of queued operations (such as in workflows) this permits the rollback of long running transactions that may take place over many user sessions. The DGI  2  checks for post transaction changes to any data and prevents rollbacks in that case (or permits overrides if the appropriate properties are set).  
         [0063]     Index objects can be specified within an Object Process Graph  3  to shorten search paths in order to enhance performance.  
         [0000]     Dynamic Graph Interpreter  
         [0064]     The Dynamic Graph Interpreter (DGI)  2  ( FIG. 12 ) interprets a dynamic OPG  3 , and using a display medium  57 , it dynamically displays visual aspects of an application. The DGI  2  accesses an application&#39;s state nodes  58  and its process and data nodes  59  in concert to run individual instances of an application.  
         [0065]     Together, the application state nodes and process and data nodes in the OPG  3 , contain all the information needed to both display application information and transition an application instance from one state to another. An application state node ( FIG. 13 )  60  contains the active, current operation node(s) of an application instance as well as all the data instance nodes associated with the instance at a particular state.  
         [0066]     The DGI  2  runs (equivalent to interpreting, executing, performing or running in the traditional sense) an instance of an application ( FIG. 14 ) by making transitions from one application state to another  61  and displaying the application&#39;s state information on a display medium  57 . Displaying application state information on a display medium allows a user to dynamically interact with the application to effect changes to the application states. It also allows the user to change other elements of the application&#39;s OPG  3 —such as process nodes, data definition nodes and any edge information between these nodes  62 . Changes to these elements of the OPG  3  immediately effect the DGI&#39;s  2  interpretation of the OPG  3  and consequently enable an application to dynamically change while it is being interpreted, i.e. run.  
         [0067]     The DGI  2  renders an application instance&#39;s state information on a display medium  57  according to display properties ( FIG. 15 ). State information is held in data instance nodes. Display properties are either operation-specific data instance display properties or default display properties held in data definition nodes. Operation-specific data-instance-display properties take priority over the default display properties. The DGI  2  examines all the data instance nodes  64  within the application state node  62 , finding their corresponding data definition nodes  65  within the OPG  3  and their corresponding display properties in the active operation. If there are no specific display properties for the active operation and data definition node, the default display properties for the data definition node are used. All data instances—with their instance-specific property values are then rendered on the display medium  57  according to their operation-specific display properties. Other display properties specific to the active operation may also be rendered on the display medium.  
         [0068]     The DGI  2  changes an application&#39;s state ( FIG. 16 ) by first examining the active operation&#39;s node(s) within the application state. It then looks at the operation node within the OPG  3 , finds the edges leading out from the operation node and executes the transformations indicated by those edges. In addition, it examines the data definition nodes corresponding to the data instances within the application&#39;s state node, finds the edges leading out from those data definition nodes and executes the transformations indicated by those edges. So, for example, in  FIG. 16 , application state X  66  is changed to application state X′  67 . The active operation is changed from Operation A to Operation B and two new data instances are added to the application state—Data Instance C and Data Instance D. The transformations required to change X to X′ are determined by the corresponding operation and data definition nodes along with their interconnecting edges  68 .  
         [0069]      FIGS. 17-20  describe an example of running one step (equivalent to moving from one active operation to the next active operation) of an application instance in more detail.  FIG. 17  describes part of an OPG  3  that details the operation nodes, data definition nodes and edge transformations that will be accessed by the DGI  2  while running the step.  FIG. 17  also details the sequence in which the edge transformations will be run; Create  66 , Create  67 , Copy  68 , Display  69 , Create  70 , Create  71 , and Copy  72 .  
         [0070]     The example ( FIG. 18 ) begins with application state X  73  displayed on the display medium  57 . At the stage in which  FIG. 18  begins, with application state X  73 , as detailed, edge transformations Create  66  and Create  67  from  FIG. 17  have already run—however no other edge transformations shown in  FIG. 17  have run. As described in  FIG. 15  what is displayed on the display medium  57  is controlled by the display properties contained within the data definitions  75  corresponding to the data instances within the application state. The DGI  2  manages a user&#39;s  77  interactions with this display medium  57 , updating the data instances within the application state according to the user&#39;s interactions on the display medium  57 . Note that while a user  77  via the DGI  2  can update the properties within data instances in an application state  73 , that user  77  can also, at the same time, via the DGI  2 , update the properties of the data definitions  75  corresponding to those data instances in the application state  73 . Once the user  77  has completed interacting with the application state X  73  via the display medium  57  the DGI  2  will run the Copy  68  ( FIG. 17 ) edge transformation, which together with the updates made by the user  71  through the display medium  57  will result in an updated and transformed application state X′  78  in the OPG  3 . The DGI  2  now examines the operation nodes, data definition nodes, and edge transformations  80  in the OPG  3  and runs the Display  69 , Create  70  and Create  71  ( FIG. 17 ) edge transformations that results in an updated and transformed application state X″  81 . This updated application state X″  81  is in turn interpreted and displayed on the display medium  57  via the DGI  2  in the fashion described in  FIG. 15 .  
         [0071]     As stated above and implied in  FIG. 18  (see the two-way arrows between the DGI  2  and the data definition nodes  75 ) the user may concurrently update the data definition nodes while updating the data instance nodes. However, the ability to concurrently update the application definition while running it is not limited to updating existing data definition nodes, but may extend to updating any part of the OPG  3 , which completely details all aspects of the application. So in  FIG. 19  the user  88  adds via the display medium  57 , mediated by the DGI  2 , a new data definition node E  86 , along with a Create edge  85  to the OPG  3  while simultaneously updating application state X  83 .  
         [0072]     A new updated and transformed application state X′  89  is produced by the DGI  2 . This new application state X′  89  is then likewise updated and transformed by the DGI  2  using processes, data definition nodes and edges  91  within the OPG  3  to control the transformation and update. These data definition nodes and edges may include newly defined nodes and edges, such as  85  and  86 . Therefore, in this example, the subsequent application state X″  92  will include a new data instance E, which was defined within this application step. The application state X″  92  is then displayed on the display medium  94  via the DGI  2  as before.  
         [0073]      FIG. 20  outlines the changes to the data definition nodes and edges that result from running the application step as described in  FIG. 19 . Compare  FIGS. 20 and 17 .  FIG. 20  includes a new data definition node E  95  and a new Create edge  96 . Note that as previously discussed in  FIG. 4 , a particular data definition node or set of properties of a data definition node may be defined for all processes (default), an individual process or set of processes, or a particular application state. So in this example the data definitions C and D are default definitions for all processes  99 , while data definition E  95  and Create edge  96  have been defined for application state X  100  only (this also applies to all transformations of X such as X′ and X″ in this example). This means subsequent runs of the application will access data definitions C  97  and D  98  just as was accessed in application state X; however, data definition E will only be applied to application state X. In the example in  FIG. 19  it could have just as easily applied to the new data definition E to all processes instead of just application state X.  
         [0074]     The DGI  2  outlined in  FIGS. 17-20  allows one to concurrently develop and modify an application while it is being run. In addition it allows such development and modification to apply to all subsequent runs of the application, some subset of subsequent runs or simply to the current instance of the application being run.  
         [0000]     OPG and DGI Method and an Embodiment  
         [0075]     Following is a description of an exemplary method according to the present invention of creating an OPG  3  system and a DGI  2  system, such systems having been defined and described above. Included is one embodiment of this method.  
         [0076]     1.) Choose an initial set of hardware/operating system platforms, programming frameworks, database and/or file systems and display mediums upon which to build and run the OPG  3  and DGI  2  systems. In one embodiment, we use the Linux operating system, running on Intel based server hardware over an Intranet, connected to Intel based PC&#39;s running Microsoft Windows XP software and Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE) browsers. The IE browsers running on PC terminals will act as the display medium. We use an object-oriented programming language—Java from Sun Microsystems—to program the OPG  3  and DGI  2  systems. We use aJava Data Objects (JDO) compliant object oriented database system—ObjectDB from ObjectDB Software, Israel—in which to store the persistent data of our OPG  3  system. We use the Jakarta Struts framework and Java Server Pages to render information from the DGI  2  on to our display medium  57 . (A Dynamic Graph Interpreter Rendering System will be the subject of a future patent). We use the Jakarta Tomcat application server, running under Linux. The OPG  3  and DGI  2  systems will run on the Tomcat application server. This embodiment may also run, with no programming changes, on the Tomcat application server running locally under the Window XP operating system. Likewise, versions of the ObjectDB database may run either on the server under Linux or locally on a PC under Windows XP. We also use the Eclipse development platform from the Eclipse Foundation along with the MyEclipse plug-in from Genuitec on which to do the Java based software development. Note that the above operating systems, application platforms and programming languages tools represent just one possible embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0077]     2.) Using our summary and description of the various embodiments of the present invention above, along with the accompanying  FIGS. 1-20 , define a set of classes and an appropriate class hierarchy, which will encompass the functionality, required. The design patterns described in “Design Patterns” by Gamma et al, Addison Wesley  1995  and “Patterns in Java” by Grand, Wiley Computer Publishing 1998 may be useful in creating a set of classes with the needed functionality. A high level CASE tool for the definition of these classes may also be used. Some classes that could be defined are:  
         [0078]     a. A set of classes to handle the functionality required for creating, modifying, updating and navigating composite layered graphs ( FIG. 2 ). Such classes could be based in part on the Iterator structural pattern (see texts cited above).  
         [0079]     b. A set of classes to handle the functionality required for creating, modifying, updating and navigating the various type hierarchies for both data and process nodes ( FIGS. 3-5 ). Such classes could be based in part on the Composite partitioning pattern. Factory method and abstract factory creational patterns may also be useful here and in the other sets of classes following (see texts cited above).  
         [0080]     c. A set of classes to handle the various edge types ( FIGS. 6-9 ).  
         [0081]     d. A set of classes to handle the user objects ( FIG. 10 ).  
         [0082]     e. A set of classes to handle the audit objects ( FIG. 11 ).  
         [0083]     f. A set of classes to handle the DGI  2  top level framework ( FIGS. 12, 14 ). Such classes should include functionality to handle event processing and may be partially based on an Observer behavioral pattern (see texts cited above).  
         [0084]     g. A set of classes to handle the functionality required for creating, modifying, updating and navigating application states ( FIG. 13 ).  
         [0085]     h. A set of classes to display an application state ( FIG. 15 ). This set of classes must interface extensively with the system used for rendering data from the DGI  3  and OPG  2  systems onto a display medium. This Dynamic Graph Interpreter Rendering System, in one embodiment, builds upon the Jakarta Struts framework, using Java Server Pages  
         [0086]     i. A set of classes for changing an application state ( FIGS. 16-20 ). Such classes should include functionality to handle event processing and may be partially based on an Observer behavioral pattern (see text cited above).  
         [0087]     j. A set of classes for changing processes, data definition nodes and edges within the OPG  2  ( FIGS. 16-20 ).  
         [0088]     Most of the above classes will need to be defined as persistent, which will allow the associated attributes defined within them to be saved to a long term persistent medium such as a storage medium. If a JDO compliant database is used, such as ObjectDB, this may be done with minimal extra programming—all that would be required is an XML file detailing, which classes are persistent. The classes in the Dynamic Graph Interpreter Rendering System, which interact with the DGI and the display medium, will not generally be persistent.  
         [0089]     Although the present invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to certain embodiments, other embodiments are possible. For example, different operating systems, programming languages, and software architectures may be used to practice embodiments of the present invention. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of the embodiments contained herein.  
         [0090]     As described above, the embodiments of the invention may be embodied in the form of hardware, software, firmware, or any processes and/or apparatuses for practicing the embodiments. Embodiments of the invention may also be embodied in the form of computer program code containing instructions embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, or any other computer-readable storage medium, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. The present invention can also be embodied in the form of computer program code, for example, whether stored in a storage medium, loaded into and/or executed by a computer, or transmitted over some transmission medium, such as over electrical wiring or cabling, through fiber optics, or via electromagnetic radiation, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. When implemented on a general-purpose microprocessor, the computer program code segments configure the microprocessor to create specific logic circuits.  
         [0091]     While the invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, the use of the terms first, second, etc. do not denote any order or importance, but rather the terms first, second, etc. are used to distinguish one element from another.