Abstract:
Disclosed is a novel system, and method for matching a spent firearm cartridge. The method starts with applying a directed self-assembly (DSA) process to produce a nano-scale pattern on a tip of a firing pin for a firearm. The DSA process including: a) disposing a neutral substrate on the firing pin; b) lithographically placing two or more base polymer chains on the neutral substrate, at least two of the two or more base polymer chains being different lengths, so that the two or more base polymer chains align end-to-end in an alternating structure, and c) extracting at least one of the two or more base polymer chains leaving at least one of the base polymer chains remaining thereby forming a randomly oriented pattern. Next, the randomly oriented pattern is used as blocking mask to form a randomly oriented metallization pattern.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The present invention generally relates to a method and system for identifying fired cartridge cases, and more specifically to forming a randomly oriented pattern on a firing pin. 
     It is well known that fired bullets and spent cartridge cases are left with markings from the firearm from which they come. The ability to match a bullet casing to the firearm which it was discharged from is hampered by a few things. If the bullet is destroyed upon contact it can be very difficult to match it to the respective firearm. Current casings don&#39;t employ an imprinting technique for verification and any imprinting technique is currently micro scaled which can be easily filed off or duplicated. 
     SUMMARY 
     Patterning of a low cost, uniquely random nano-scale pattern that is constructed by self-assembled polymers into the firing pin of a firearm. When the firearm is discharged the firing pin will imprint the gun&#39;s unique signature into the casing inside of the firearm. The unique signature is extremely difficult to duplicate or remove due to the nano-scale feature size. The signature can then be cross referenced with a database containing all of the patterns and their respective firearms. This will be able to identify the owner of the firearm with the shell casing from the firearm. 
     More specifically disclosed is a novel system, and method for matching a spent firearm cartridge. The method starts with applying a directed self-assembly (DSA) process to produce a nano-scale pattern on a tip of a firing pin for a firearm. The DSA process including: a) disposing a neutral substrate on the firing pin; b) lithographically placing two or more base polymer chains on the neutral substrate, at least two of the two or more base polymer chains being different lengths, so that the two or more base polymer chains align end-to-end in an alternating structure, and c) extracting at least one of the two or more base polymer chains leaving at least one of the base polymer chains remaining thereby forming a randomly oriented pattern. Next, the randomly oriented pattern is used as blocking mask to form a randomly oriented metallization pattern. 
     An image of the randomly oriented pattern is captured. This is stored in a database. The image may be captured using a scanning electronic microscope. The serial number of the firearm in which the firing pin is placed with the image of the randomly oriented metallization pattern. 
     To match a spent firearm cartridge, an image of the firing pin imprinted on a cartridge of bullet that has been fired. The database is searched to see if the image of the firing pin imprinted on the cartridge matches any other previously stored image. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying figures wherein reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views, and which together with the detailed description below are incorporated in and form part of the specification, serve to further illustrate various embodiments and to explain various principles and advantages all in accordance with the present invention, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional diagram of a cartridge packing a bullet; 
         FIG. 2  is cross-sectional diagram of an example firearm used with the cartridge packing a bullet of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a firing pin with a tip of randomly oriented metallization pattern; 
         FIG. 4  a cartridge that has been struck with the metallization pattern from the randomly oriented metallization pattern of the tip; 
         FIG. 5  a flow diagram of matching a cartridge of  FIG. 4  with a database; 
         FIG. 6  a process flow diagram of applying a directed self-assembly (DSA) process to produce a randomly oriented metal pattern; 
         FIG. 7  a flow diagram  700  of creating a randomly oriented mask using block of copolymers; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates one example of a cloud computing node; 
         FIG. 9  illustrates one example of a cloud computing environment; and 
         FIG. 10  illustrates abstraction model layers according to one example of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     As required, detailed embodiments are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely examples and that the systems and methods described below can be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present subject matter in virtually any appropriately detailed structure and function. Further, the terms and phrases used herein are not intended to be limiting, but rather, to provide an understandable description of the concepts. 
     The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. 
     Patterning of a low cost, uniquely random pattern that is constructed by self-assembled polymers into the firing pin of a firearm. When the firearm is discharged the firing pin will imprint the gun&#39;s unique signature into the casing inside of the firearm. The unique signature is extremely difficult to duplicate or remove due to nano-scale feature size. The signature can then be cross referenced with a database containing all of the patterns and their respective firearms. This will be able to identify the owner of the firearm with the shell casing from the firearm. 
     Non-Limiting Definitions 
     The terms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. 
     The terms “comprises” and/or “comprising”, when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     A “cartridge” or “shell” is a type of ammunition packaging a bullet or shot, a powder, usually either smokeless powder or black powder, and a primer within a metallic, paper, or plastic case that is made to fit within the firing chamber of a firearm. 
     “Directed self-assembly” refers to the integration of self-assembling materials with traditional manufacturing processes. 
     “Firearm” refers to any type of gun including revolvers, rifles, shotgun, pistols, machine gun including automatic and semiautomatic weapons. 
     A “self-assembly” refers to a process in which a disordered system of pre-existing components forms an organized structure or pattern as a consequence of specific, local interactions among the components themselves, without external direction. (Source Wikipedia). 
     A “spent cartridge” refers to a cartridge in which the firing pin has been released thereupon in order to ignite the powdered and firearm to fire. This is also referred to as a discharged cartridge. 
     Cartridge and Firearm 
       FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional diagram  100  of a cartridge  106  packing a bullet  102 . The cartridge  106  includes the bullet  102  or projectile. A case  106  holds all parts together. Powder  104  and a rim  110  is shown. The rim  108  on end  110  provides the extractor on the firearm a place to grip the case  106  to remove it from a chamber once fired. A primer  112  on the end of the cartridge  106 , ignites the gunpowder  104  upon impact of a firing pin. 
       FIG. 2  is cross-sectional diagram of an example firearm  200  used with the cartridge  106  with a bullet  102  of  FIG. 1 . The firearm  200  includes a barrel  222 . Shown inside the barrel  222  is cartridge with a bullet  100 . Pressure on the trigger  230  causes a tip of firing pin  220  to strike the primer  112 . Also show is an example unique serial number  240  imprinted on the fire arm  200 . 
     Firing Pin with Randomly Oriented Metallization Pattern 
       FIG. 3  is a firing pin  220  with a tip  222  of randomly oriented metallization pattern  322 . The tip  222  of the firing pin  220  strikes the primer  112  of the cartridge  106 . The randomly oriented metallization pattern from on the tip  222  is embossed or stamped  422  onto the end with the primer  112  of the cartridge  106  as shown in  FIG. 4 . Because each randomly oriented pattern  422  is differently from the tip  222  of each firing pin  220  for each other firearm  200 , the randomly oriented pattern  422  left on each fired cartridge  106  is analogous to unique “fingerprint”. 
     Matching a Cartridge 
       FIG. 5  a flow diagram  500  of matching a cartridge of  FIG. 4  with a database. The rim end  110  of the spent or fired cartridge  106  with the primer  112  is imaged. Since this is nanometer imaging, technologies such as a scanning electron microscope may be used and store in database  502 . An image of the randomly oriented metallization pattern  322  on the firing pin tip  222  is stored in a gun database  504 . The serial number  240  and other information related to the firearm  200  including the manufacturer, the make, the model, the date of manufacture may also be included. 
     Once there is a cross reference made in  506 . There are different applications that in which the presently claimed invention can be applied, including cloud-based applications. One use is worldwide weapons tracking by firearm  508 . This provides a geographic starting point in which the firearm was manufactured to the geographic location in which it was used. Another use is domestic police shootings  510 . This will help to match a cartridge found after a shooting with the firearm that discharged the cartridge. 
     Other applications of the presently claimed invention can be applied are Analytics By Firearm manufactures  512 . This would let manufacturers know how their products are being used and for what purpose. Military accounting security  514  if a firearm is stolen or lost and a casing found later. 
     Process of Creating Randomly Oriented Mask Using Block Copolymer Lithography 
       FIG. 6  a flow diagram  600  of creating a randomly oriented mask using block lithography. On a neutral substrate silicon wafer, a thin film of sphere-forming domain is disposed  602 . Osmium tetroxide is used to selectively stain the poly(butadiene) spheres to impart etch resistance to form pillars in  604 . The thin films of the BCPs are spin-coated onto a silicon wafer and, then, thermally annealed to allow the BCPs to self-assemble into a periodic array of PB (polybutadiene) spherical microdomains embedded in a PS (polystyrene) matrix i.e. polystyrene-block-polybutadiene. Image  654  is a scanning electronic microscope image corresponding to  604 . The cylindrical domains are oriented parallel to the surface. 
     Shown in  606  is an ozone removal or staining of the PB block with osmium tetroxide (OsO4), a template with sufficient contrast for patterning using O2 RIE was produced. Image  656  is a corresponding scanning electronic microscope image corresponding to  606 . 
     A periodic array of pillars is patterned into a Si3N4 substrate by CF4/O2 RIE. The use of self-assembly of BCPs to generate a pattern for transfer is highly parallel, occurring uniformly over large areas simultaneously in step  608 . Also high areal densities can be achieved relatively simply without the need of multi-step, photolithographic processes. Image  658  is a corresponding scanning electronic microscope image corresponding to  608 . 
     The Si3N4 intermediate layer takes advantage of the high selectivity between the hard Si3N4 mask and the underlying polyimide layer during O2 RIE. Therefore, after the transfer of the spherical microdomain structure to Si3N4, subsequent etching through the Si3N4 to the underlying polyimide layer produced a high-aspect-ratio polyimide structure. 
     Process of Creating Randomly Oriented Mask Using Block Copolymer Lithography 
       FIG. 7  a flow diagram  700  of creating a randomly oriented mask using block of copolymers. The process flow starts in step  702  and immediately proceeds to step  704  in which a thin film of sphere-forming poly (stryene-b-butadine) is formed on a neutral substrate. 
     Next, in step  706  osmium tetroxide is used to stain the poly(butadiene) spheres to impart etch resistance to form a template of pillars. 
     In step  708 , reactive ion etching (REI) using CF 4 /O 2  to form pillars. Followed by reactive ion etching in step  710  to selective etch the material around the pillars as shown in  FIG. 6  substrate  608  and reactive ion etching in step  712  to create circular trenches into the substrate material thus transferring our randomly oriented pattern on substrate  608  into the substrate shown as substrate  610 . This allows for the randomly oriented patter to be etched directly into the substrate rather than have the structure be based on standing pillars as shown in  FIG. 6  substrate  608 . 
     Once substrate  610  is obtained from the lithography and etch process. The trenches can be filled using standard metal plating processes. These now metalized structures can be placed onto the tip of the firing pin. Alternative techniques such as nanoimprint lithography which is a cost effective technique would allow for the pattern to be transferred from the substrate to the pin. The process ends in step  714 . 
     In applications in which the firing pin is not compatible with copolymer structures for direct depositing thereon. The randomly oriented structures on a neutral substrates can be created independent from the firing pin. They are then metalized to form randomly originated metalized structures. A nano-imprinting device is then used to stamp these patterns onto the firing pin. 
     There are many different types of nanoimprinting technology. Some examples of nanoimprint technology can be electrochemical in nature, laser based or even pulsed laser based. In electrochemical nanoimprinting a superionic conductor material is utilized. This superionic conductor material is utilized as the stamp layer. When the conductor material comes in contact with the metal etching can be performed by applying a voltage. Laser based nanoimprinting technology almost always requires a pulsed beam. These beams allow for rapid melting of metals and rapid fill of structures. Resolutions have been achieved better than 10 nm and have an embossing time of less than 300 ns. Examples of nano print technology can be found in the following references:
     Hsu, K. H.; Schultz, P. L.; Ferreira, P. M.; Fang, N. X. (2007). “ Electrochemical Nanoimprinting with Solid - State Superionic Stamps”. Nano Lett  7 (2): 446-451. Bibcode:2007NanoL . . . 7 . . . 446H. doi:10.1021/n1062766o. PMID 17256917.   Chou, S. Y.; Keimel, C.; Gu, J. (2002). “ Ultrafast and Direct Imprint of Nanostructures in Silicon”. Nature  417 (6891): 835-837. Bibcode:2002Natur.417 . . . 835C. doi:10.1038/nature00792. PMID 12075347.   Massimo Tormen; Enrico Sovernigo; Alessandro Pozzato; Michele Pianigiani; Maurizio Tormen (2015). “ Sub -100  μs nanoimprint lithography at wafer scale”. Microelectronic Engineering  141: 21-26. doi:10.1016/j.mee.2015.01.002.
 
The teachings of each of the above references are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
 
Generalized Computing Environment
   

       FIG. 8  illustrates one example of a processing node  800  for carrying out the process flow of  FIG. 5  and  FIG. 7 . This example is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of embodiments of the invention described herein. Regardless, the computing node  800  is capable of being implemented and/or performing any of the functionality set forth hereinabove. 
     In computing node  800  there is a computer system/server  802 , which is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with computer system/server  802  include, but are not limited to, personal computer systems, server computer systems, thin clients, thick clients, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputer systems, mainframe computer systems, and distributed cloud computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like. 
     Computer system/server  802  may be described in the general context of computer system-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer system. Generally, program modules may include routines, programs, objects, components, logic, data structures, and so on that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Computer system/server  802  may be practiced in distributed cloud computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed cloud computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer system storage media including memory storage devices. 
     As shown in  FIG. 8 , computer system/server  802  in cloud computing node  800  is shown in the form of a general-purpose computing device. The components of computer system/server  802  may include, but are not limited to, one or more processors or processing units  804 , a system memory  806 , and a bus  808  that couples various system components including system memory  806  to processor  804 . 
     Bus  808  represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnects (PCI) bus. 
     Computer system/server  802  typically includes a variety of computer system readable media. Such media may be any available media that is accessible by computer system/server  802 , and it includes both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media. 
     System memory  806 , in one embodiment, implements the flow chart of  FIG. 5 . The system memory  806  can include computer system readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM)  810  and/or cache memory  812 . Computer system/server  802  may further include other removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storage media. By way of example only, storage system  814  can be provided for reading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media (not shown and typically called a “hard drive”). Although not shown, a magnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable, non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”), and an optical disk drive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile optical disk such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical media can be provided. In such instances, each can be connected to bus  808  by one or more data media interfaces. As will be further depicted and described below, memory  806  may include at least one program product having a set (e.g., at least one) of program modules that are configured to carry out the functions of various embodiments of the invention. 
     Program/utility  816 , having a set (at least one) of program modules  818 , may be stored in memory  806  by way of example, and not limitation, as well as an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data. Each of the operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data or some combination thereof, may include an implementation of a networking environment. Program modules  818  generally carry out the functions and/or methodologies of various embodiments of the invention as described herein. 
     As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the present invention may be embodied as a system, method, or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.” Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon. The computer program product is typically non-transitory but in other examples it may be transitory. 
     Computer system/server  802  may also communicate with one or more external devices  1020  such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a display  822 , etc.; one or more devices that enable a user to interact with computer system/server  802 ; and/or any devices (e.g., network card, modem, etc.) that enable computer system/server  802  to communicate with one or more other computing devices. Such communication can occur via I/O interfaces  824 . Still yet, computer system/server  802  can communicate with one or more networks such as a local area network (LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a public network (e.g., the Internet) via network adapter  826 . As depicted, network adapter  826  communicates with the other components of computer system/server  802  via bus  808 . It should be understood that although not shown, other hardware and/or software components could be used in conjunction with computer system/server  802 . Examples, include, but are not limited to: microcode, device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays, RAID systems, tape drives, and data archival storage systems, etc. 
     Cloud Computer Environment 
     It is understood in advance that although this disclosure includes a detailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or later developed. 
     Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g. networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may include at least five characteristics, at least three service models, and at least four deployment models. 
     Characteristics are as follows: 
     On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with the service&#39;s provider. 
     Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs). 
     Resource pooling: the provider&#39;s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand There is a sense of location independence in that the consumer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter). 
     Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time. 
     Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service. 
     Service Models are as follows: 
     Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider&#39;s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based e-mail). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings. 
     Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations. 
     Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls). 
     Deployment Models are as follows: 
     Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
     Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
     Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services. 
     Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds). 
     A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure comprising a network of interconnected nodes. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 9 , illustrative cloud computing environment  950  is depicted. As shown, cloud computing environment  950  comprises one or more cloud computing nodes  910  with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellular telephone  954 A, desktop computer  954 B, laptop computer  954 C, and/or automobile computer system  954 N may communicate. Nodes  910  may communicate with one another. They may be grouped (not shown) physically or virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community, Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combination thereof. This allows cloud computing environment  950  to offer infrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloud consumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computing device. It is understood that the types of computing devices  954 A-N shown in  FIG. 9  are intended to be illustrative only and that computing nodes  910  and cloud computing environment  950  can communicate with any type of computerized device over any type of network and/or network addressable connection (e.g., using a web browser). 
     Referring now to  FIG. 10 , a set of functional abstraction layers provided by cloud computing environment  950  is shown. It should be understood in advance that the components, layers, and functions shown in  FIG. 10  are intended to be illustrative only and embodiments of the invention are not limited thereto. As depicted, the following layers and corresponding functions are provided: 
     Hardware and software layer  1060  includes hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include: mainframes  1061 ; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers  1062 ; servers  1063 ; blade servers  1064 ; storage devices  1065 ; and networks and networking components  1066 . In some embodiments, software components include network application server software  1067  and database software  1068 . 
     Virtualization layer  1070  provides an abstraction layer from which the following examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers  1071 ; virtual storage  1072 ; virtual networks  1073 , including virtual private networks; virtual applications and operating systems  1074 ; and virtual clients  1075 . 
     In one example, management layer  1080  may provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning  1081  provides dynamic procurement of computing resources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing  1082  provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources may comprise application software licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloud consumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources. User portal  1083  provides access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management  1084  provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such that required service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment  85  provide pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA. 
     Workloads layer  1090  provides examples of functionality for which the cloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads and functions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping and navigation  1091 ; software development and lifecycle management  1092 ; virtual classroom education delivery  1093 ; data analytics processing  1094 ; transaction processing  1095 ; and for delivering services from a server to ensure multimedia content control by content providers (i.e. reduce piracy) and to ensure privacy by content users  1096 . 
     Non-Limiting Examples 
     The description of the present application has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.