Abstract:
An articulated vehicle including a main frame, a drive system disposed on the main frame, and at least one arm having a proximal end and a distal end. The proximal end of the at least one arm being pivotally coupled to the main frame and the distal end being pivotable above the surface. The vehicle also including an articulator motor disposed on the main frame and coupled to the at least one arm for pivoting the at least one arm above the surface and about the transverse axis, and a slip clutch coupled between the articulator motor and the at least one front arm for enabling rotation of the at least one front arm without rotation of the articulator drive motor when a torque between the at least one front arm and the main frame exceeds a threshold torque.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This U.S. patent application is a continuation of and claims priority under 35 5 U.S.C. §120 from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/745,941, filed on Dec. 24, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,597,162, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/202,376, filed on Jul. 24, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,668,951, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/888,760, filed on Jun. 25, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,431,296, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/237,570, filed on Jan. 26, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,989, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application 60/096,141, filed Aug. 11, 1998, and U.S. Provisional Application 60/079,701, filed Mar. 27, 1998. The disclosures of these prior applications are considered part of the disclosure of this application and are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     STATEMENT AS TO FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH 
     This invention was made in part with Government support under contract DAAL01-97-C-0157 awarded by the Army Research Laboratory of the Department of the Army. The Government may have certain rights in the invention. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a robotically controlled mobility platform. 
     Robots are useful in a variety of civilian, military, and law enforcement applications. For instance, a robotically controlled mobility platform inspect or search buildings with structural damage caused by earthquakes, floods, or hurricanes, or inspect buildings or outdoor sites contaminated with radiation, biological agents such as viruses or bacteria, or chemical spills. The platform can carry appropriate sensor systems for its inspection or search tasks. Military applications include operations that are deemed too dangerous for soldiers. For instance, the robot can be used to leverage the effectiveness of a human “pointman.” Law enforcement applications include reconnaissance, surveillance, bomb disposal and security patrols. 
     The mobility approaches that have been used in prior robotic platforms exhibit various shortcomings, many of which are addressed by the present invention. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In one aspect, in general, the invention is an articulated tracked vehicle. The vehicle has a main section which includes a main frame and a forward section. The main frame has two sides and a front end, and includes a pair of parallel main tracks. Each main track includes a flexible continuous belt coupled to a corresponding side of the main frame. The forward section includes an elongated arm having a proximal end and a distal end. The proximal end of the arm is pivotally coupled to the main frame near the forward end of the main frame about a transverse axis that is generally perpendicular to the sides of the main frame. 
     Alternative embodiments include one or more of the following features: 
     The arm is sufficiently long to allow the forward section to extend below the main section in at least some degrees of rotation of the arm, and the arm is shorter than the length of the main section. 
     The center of mass of the main section is located forward of the rearmost point reached by the distal end of the arm in its pivoting about the transverse axis. 
     The main section is contained within the volume defined by the main tracks and is symmetrical about a horizontal plane, thereby allowing inverted operation of the robot. 
     The vehicle is dimensioned for climbing a set of stairs. At a first adjusted angle between the main section and the forward section, the forward section rises more than the rise of the bottom-most of the set of stairs. At a second adjusted angle between the main section and the forward section, the length spanned by the combination of the main section and the forward section being greater than the diagonal span of two successive stairs. The center of gravity of the vehicle is located in a position so that the vehicle remains statically stable as it climbs the stairs at the second adjusted angle. 
     The forward section includes a second arm, also pivotally coupled to the main frame near its forward end. For instance, the arms are coupled to the main frame such that they rotate outside the main tracks. The two arms can be rigidly coupled and rotated together by the articulator motor. The articulator motor provides sufficient torque between the main frame and the arms to raise the rear end of the main section thereby supporting the vehicle on the front section. Continuous rotation of the arms can provide forward locomotion of the vehicle. A harmonic drive can be coupled between the articulator motor and the two arm. The harmonic drive provides a torque to the two arms greater than the torque provided to it by the articulator motor. A clutch can be coupled between the articulator motor and the two arms. The clutch allows rotation of the arms without rotation of the motor if the torque between the arms and the main section exceeds a limit. A pair of flexible forward tracks can be coupled to the two arms. 
     A pair of drive pulleys for supporting and driving each of the main and forward tracks are included, one on each side of the vehicle. The drive pulleys are coaxial with the transverse axis of rotation of the arms, and are joined so that they rotate together. The vehicle can include a pair of drive motors, one coupled to both the main and forward drive pulleys on a corresponding side of the vehicle. 
     On each side of the main frame, two compliant pulleys are coupled between one of the main tracks and the main frame, and multiple compliant track supports are coupled between the tracks and the side plates. Each pulley includes a compliant outer rim, a hub, and multiple compliant spoke segments coupled between the rim and the hub. 
     Multiple compliant longitudinal track supports coupled between the main frame and the continuous belts. Each longitudinal track support has a series of open slots forming a series of rib sections between the upper and lower edges of the support. 
     The pulleys and main frame are recessed within the volumes defined by the tracks. 
     Each track includes a flexible continuous belt and a series of compliant cleats attached transversely on the outside of the belt. 
     The main tracks each include a longitudinal rib coupled to the inside surface of the belt, and each of the pulleys includes a channel around its circumference which accepts the longitudinal rib. The channels are dimensioned larger than the rib thereby allowing debris to be caught between a pulley and a tracks without dislodging the track from the pulley. 
     In another aspect, in general, the invention is a method for operating an articulated tracked vehicle having a main tracked chassis and a pivoting forward arm for the vehicle to climb a set of stairs. The method includes pivoting the arm to raise the arm higher than the rise of the bottom-most stair of the set of stairs, then approaching the first stair until the arm contacts the first stair. The method further includes driving the main tracks until the main tracks contacts the first stair, and then pivoting the arm to extend the tracked base of the vehicle. The method then includes driving the main tracks to ascend the set of stairs. 
     In another aspect, in general, the invention is a method for inverting an articulated tracked vehicle which has a main tracked chassis and a pivoting arm. The method includes supporting the vehicle on the main tracks in a first vertical orientation, supporting the vehicle on the pivoting arm, and then pivoting the arm to raise the main chassis above the supporting surface. Further pivoting of the arm passes the main chassis past a stable point. This results in the vehicle being supported on the main tracks in a second vertical orientation, the second vertical orientation being inverted with respect to the first orientation. 
     Aspects of the invention include one or more of the following advantages. One advantage is immediate recovery from tumbles in which the vehicle lands on its “back.” The vehicle can operate with either side up and therefore does not necessarily require righting. Also, if one vertical orientation is preferable over another, for example, due to placement of sensors, the robot can invert itself to attain a preferred orientation. 
     Another advantage is impact resistance. Impact resistance allows the robot to operate even after collisions, falls, or tumbles. Furthermore, impact resistance allows deploying the robot in a variety of ways including tossing it from a height, such as from a window or from a helicopter. 
     The housing of components within the track volume has the advantage that the robot&#39;s components are less likely to be damaged in a fall or tumble. Recessing the side plates of the robot frame within the track volume also reduces the likelihood of impacting the frame in such a tumble or fall. 
     The robot&#39;s forward center of gravity has the advantage that it aids stair climbing and climbing of steep inclines. Also, a center of gravity within the extent of the forward articulated section allows the robot to perform a self righting operation and to operate in an upright posture by supporting the platform solely on the forward section. 
     The robot&#39;s articulated body, including continuously rotatable arms, has the advantage that the robot can be driven using a “paddling” action of the arms. This mode of driving the vehicle is useful, for instance, when the tracks have inadequate traction, for example due to an obstruction supporting the center of the frame. 
     Compliant idler and drive pulleys provide robustness to debris that may be caught between the tracks and the pulleys. Also, raised segments on the tracks mating with corresponding channels in the outside rims of the idler and drive pulleys reduces the possibility of “throwing” a track. Loose mating of the raised segments and the channels also permits debris being caught between the pulleys and the track without throwing a track or stalling a drive motor. 
     Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, and from the claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates teleoperator control of a robot; 
         FIG. 2  is a functional block diagram of system components of a robot; 
         FIGS. 3   a - c  are a perspective, side, and top view, respectively, of a robot; 
         FIGS. 4   a - g  show idler and drive pulleys; 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view of a robot frame; 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic side view of the stowed position; 
         FIG. 7   a  is a schematic side view of the inclined position; 
         FIGS. 7   b - c  are schematic side views of a maneuver to raise an object using the inclined position; 
         FIGS. 8   a - c  are schematic side views of a maneuver to achieve an upright position; 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic front view of the “wheelie” position; 
         FIGS. 10   a - b  are schematic side views of a self-righting maneuver; 
         FIG. 11  is a schematic view of a stair climbing maneuver; 
         FIGS. 12   a - c  are schematic side views of a maneuver to recover from a high centering; 
         FIG. 13  is a schematic side view illustrating “paddling” using the arms; 
         FIGS. 14   a - b  are schematic views showing camera placement; 
         FIGS. 15   a - b  are schematic views showing placement of sonar sensors; 
         FIGS. 16   a - b  are schematic views showing placement of infra-red sensors; 
         FIG. 17  is a diagram showing a door opening mechanism. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a version of the system includes a robot  100 , and a remote control system  150 . Remote control system  150  allows an operator  160  to control robot  100  from a distance. The operator can select different levels of human control over the robot, ranging from a teleoperation mode, in which the operator directly controls the motors and actuators on the robot, to autonomous operation, in which the operator passes higher-level command to the robot. In partially autonomous operation, robot  100  can perform tasks such as following a wall, recovering from being stuck in an opening or due to high centering on an obstruction, evading a moving object, or seeking light. 
     Robot  100  moves around its environment on a pair of parallel main tracks  110  and a pair of tapered forward tracks  120 . Main tracks  110  are mounted on a main body  140  of the robot. Robot  100  is articulated. In particular, forward tracks  120  are mounted on a pair of forward arms  130 , which are pivotally attached to the main body  140  and can be positioned at any angle to main body  140 . Robot  100  is designed to move about in a variety of environments, including an urban environment of buildings (including staircases), streets, underground tunnels, and building ruble, as well as in vegetation, such as through grass and around trees. Robot  100  has a variety of features which provide robust operation in these environments, including impact resistance, tolerance of debris entrainment, and invertible operability. The robot&#39;s design is symmetrical about a horizontal plane so that it looks the same upside down and can operate identically in either orientation. Therefore, the robot can recover quickly from a tumble or fall in which it is inverted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , robot  100  includes an onboard control system  210 , which includes one or more computer processors and associated memory systems. Onboard control system  210  is coupled to a drive system  220 , which includes motors that drive main and forward tracks  110  and  120  and drive arms  130 . Onboard control system  210  is coupled to a communication system  230 , which includes, for example, a radio for exchanging control and feedback information with remote control system  150 . Robot  100  can optionally carry a sensor system  240 , including, for example, a camera, to provide feedback to operator  160 . Sensor system  240  also provides input to onboard control system  210 , such as the angle between arms  130  and the main body. These inputs are used during fully or partially autonomous operation. Robot  100  can also optionally carry a manipulator system  250 , including, for example, a door opening device, for use under remote or autonomous control. 
       FIGS. 3   a - c  show robot  100  in a fully extended configuration in which forward arms  130  extend beyond the front of main body  140 . The combination of forward tracks  120  and main tracks  110  and provide an extended length base. Main body  140  includes a vertically symmetrical rigid frame  310  which includes parallel vertical side plates  312 . Side plates  312  are rigidly coupled by tubes  320  and  322  and an articulator shaft  330 . The rigid components are designed for strength and low weight and are made from a material such as 7075-T6 aluminum. Alternative versions of the robot can use other materials, such as other lightweight metals, polymers, or composite materials. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 4   a - f , main tracks  110  and front tracks  120  include compliant belts made of a solid polyurethane or a similar flexible material. The belts are highly abrasion resistant and have high strength and minimal stretch due to internal steel or fiber cording. Referring to  FIGS. 4   a - d , each main track  100  is driven by a toothed main drive pulley  342 . Teeth  410  in each main drive pulley  342  mate with grooves  412  on the inside surface of the corresponding main track  110 . Referring to  FIGS. 4   e - f , a smooth surfaced main idler pulley  340  supports each main track  110  at the rear of the robot. Both main drive pulleys  342  and main idler pulleys  340  have V-shaped channels  343  around their circumference. These grooves loosely mate with an integral offset V-shaped rib  341  on the inside of each main track  110 . The main and front tracks have soft elastomer cleats  350  spaced along their length. In alternative embodiments, main and front tracks are smooth high-friction tracks. 
     Alternative versions of the robot can use other types of tracks, such as tracks made up of discrete elements. However, debris may be caught between elements and such tracks are generally heavier than flexible belts. Other flexible materials can also be used for continuous belt tracks. Referring back to  FIGS. 3   a - c , each front track  120  is narrower but otherwise similar to main tracks  110 , having grooves and a V-shaped segment on the inside surface, and soft cleats  350  attached to the outside surface. A front drive pulley  344  drives each front track  120 . Each front drive pulley  344  is toothed and has a central V-shaped channel that loosely mates with the V-shaped rib on the inside of the corresponding front track  120 . On each side, front drive pulley  344  is coaxial with main drive pulley  342 , and both drive pulleys on a particular side turn in unison on a common axle. A smaller smooth surfaced front idler pulley  346 , which also has a V-shaped channel, supports each front track  120  at the extreme end of the corresponding arm  130 . 
     Referring again to  FIGS. 4   a - f , each of the drive and idler pulleys  340 ,  342 ,  344 ,  346  are compliant (75D durometer) and are made of a polyurethane or a similar material. Although flexible, the design and material stiffness provides resistance to lateral loading. Each pulley has a series of radial spokes  352  around a central hub  354 . Spokes  352  support a thin outer rim section  356 . The combination of spokes  352  and thin outer ring section  356  provide a compliant support for the track that can deform if debris is caught between outer ring section  356  and the track. This allows debris to be caught without necessarily stalling a drive motor or throwing a track. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4   g , an alternative version of the idler and drive pulleys also has a spoke pattern, but the spokes are “angled” rather than being radial. Angled spokes  357  have less tendency to buckle on direct impact. Alternative materials can also be used, providing more or less compliance, depending on the impact resistance and payload capacity requirements for the robot. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , on each side, between drive pulley  342  and idler pulley  340 . Compliant main track supports  314  provide support for main track  110 . Track supports  314  are made of the same material as the drive and idler pulleys. Main track supports  314  are attached by screws to the top and bottom surfaces of side plates  312 . Each main track support  314  has a series of angled slots. The slots in the track supports are formed such that a series of angled ribs  315  join the top and bottom edges of the tract support. These ribs bend when the top and bottom edges of a track support are forced together, thereby providing compliant support for each track. 
     Referring back to  FIGS. 3   a - b , front tracks  120  are supported by arm side plates  332  using front track supports  334 . Front track supports  334  are wedge-shaped and each has a series of angled slots similar to those in main track supports  314 . The arm side plates  332  on each side of the robot are rigidly coupled to one another through articulator shaft  330 , and therefore move together. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3   b , front arms  130  can be continuously rotated around articulator axle  330  as indicated by circle  360 . On each side, an arm support  362  is attached to the side plate  312 . When arms  130  are rotated to a “stowed” position next to the side plates  312 , the front idler pulleys  346  have a clearance fit next to the corresponding arm supports  362 . Both arm supports  362  and arms  130  have polymer pieces, such as Derlin, on the mating surfaces. 
     The robot&#39;s mobility system is powered by three separate electrical motors. Referring to  FIG. 3   c , on each side of the robot a respective identical drive motor  370  is coupled to main and front drive pulleys  342  and  344  by a chain and sprocket mechanism (not shown). 
     Referring still to  FIG. 3   c , an articulator drive motor  372  is used to control the angle between arms  130  and the main body. Articulator drive motor  372  is coupled to the input of a harmonic drive  374  which provides a gear reduction to articulator axle  330 . Harmonic drive  374  has a central opening through which articulator axle  330  passes. The output of harmonic drive  374  is coupled to a slip clutch  376  which provides output torque to articulator axle  330 . Slip clutch screws  378  are tightened to provide adequate transfer of torque to rotate arms  130  while allowing the articulator axle to slip in the event that a large torque is applied to the arms. Articulator axle  330  passes through a central opening in drive pulleys  342  and  344  and is attached to arm side plates  332 . 
     In this version of the robot, drive motors  370  and articulator motor  372  are 90 watt DC brushed motors. In other versions of the robot, brushless motors can be used. Drive motors  370  are geared down 32.7:1 to the drive pulleys. Harmonic drive  374  provides a 427:1 gear reduction between articulator drive motor  372  and articulator axle  330 , thereby providing a maximum torque of approximately 127 N·m to arms  130 . Slip clutch  376  prevents overloading of harmonic drive  374  if the torque exceeds the maximum torque that can be provided by articulator drive motor  372 , for instance due to an impact on the arms. 
     Due to the placement of the motor and drive components, the center of mass of robot  100  is well forward. In particular, referring to  FIG. 3   b , center of mass  364  falls within the circle  360  of rotation of arms  130 . This location enables or aids certain maneuvers such as stair climbing and self righting, as are described below. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3   c , robot  100  includes a payload volume  370  between side plates  312 , and between structural tubes  320  and  322 . The main body, including the payload volume, and the drive motors and drives, is housed in a thin, impact resistance, polycarbonate shell (not shown). The main body is totally within the volume defined by the main tracks, and furthermore is sufficiently thin to provide ground clearance in both upright and inverted orientations of the robot. 
     As an alternative to payload being contained within payload volume  370 , payloads can be placed on the top of the robot, preferably near the center of mass to aid operations such as stair climbing. Although invertible operation may not be possible in this case, larger payloads can be carried in this way. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 5 , each of the idler pulleys are attached to side plates  312  by a pulley holder  510  which attaches to the side plate using a series of radially positioned screws  515 . Screws  515  pass through slots  520  in the side plates. This allows each pulley holder to slide in a back and forth direction. A tensioning screw  530  passes through a hole in side plate  312  and mates with threads in pulley holder  510 . Tensioning screw  530  is used to adjust the position of the pulley holder prior to tightening the screws. Pulley holders  510  include ball bearings  530  which support the idler pulleys. A similar slot and tensioning screw arrangement is used on the front tracks (not shown in  FIG. 5 ). The front and main drive pulleys are attached to side plates  314  using similar pulley holders which mate with holes  522  (rather than slots) in the side plates  312 . The tensioning mechanism allows easy replacement of the tracks, for example, to change a cleat design or material to better match the environment the robot must traverse. 
     Rather than using ball bearings  530  to support the drive and idler pulleys, alternative versions of the robot can use small diameter polymer bearings. Although polymer bearings have somewhat greater friction, they cost less than ball bearings and reduce maintenance due to dirt contamination. Polymer bearings are also more shock resistant than ball bearings. 
     This version of robot  100  is sized to be portable, and is approximately 62.5 cm (24.6″) long (with arms stowed) by 50.8 cm (20″) wide by 16.8 cm (6.3″) high, and weighs 10.5 kg (23 lbs.) The robot can be carried by a person on his or her back, for example, attached to a special frame or stowed in a backpack. Structural tube  320  can also serve as a carrying handle. 
     Main tracks  110  are 7.6 cm wide (3″) and front tracks  120  are 5.1 cm wide (2″). Cleats  350  extend 0.95 cm (0.4″) from the outside surface of the tracks. Approximately half of the frontal area of the robot is tracked. Main tracks  110  are wide for maximum “grab” of the surface during normal high speed locomotion and are separated sufficiently for efficient skid steering. Front tracks  120  are as small as possible to be effective while minimizing the mass of arms  130 . In alternative versions of the robot, the front tracks can be made even narrower since the articulation is designed for limited use in certain situations, such as stair climbing. 
     All the main and front drive and idler pulleys are 2.54 cm (1″) wide, thereby minimizing the area that debris can be caught between the pulleys and the tracks, while still being able to deliver maximum power to the tracks. 
     Rigid frame  310  and payload volume provide a ground clearance of 4.1 cm (1.6″) on either side. The robot can carry a payload of up to 10 kg (22 lbs.). If the payload is positioned over the center of mass, the robot can still perform operations such as stair climbing. 
     In operation, robot  100  is designed to maneuver at high speed in rough terrain. It may collide with objects and suffer tumbles and falls. For instance, the robot may tumble when descending stairs. Furthermore, the robot may be deployed by tossing it out of a helicopter. Therefore, the robot is designed to be as impact resistant as possible. Also, as the robot is completely invertible, it can immediately continue operation after it is inverted in a fall or collision. 
     Impact resistance is accomplished, in part, by surrounding much of the vehicle with compliant main and front tracks  110  and  120  with soft cleats  350 . The tracks and cleats provide a first layer of impact protection. The tracks are supported by compliant idler and drive pulleys  340 ,  342 ,  344 , and  346  and by compliant main and front track supports  314  and  334 , which, working together, provide a second layer of impact protection. 
     Referring back to  FIG. 3   a , side plates  312  are recessed within the track volume, thereby reducing the likelihood that the frame will be directly impacted from the side in a tumble or a fall. Similarly, the main body and payload volume are recessed relative to the top and bottom of the main tracks, thereby reducing the likelihood that the main body will be impacted. 
     In the event of a tumble or a fall, arms  130  can be vulnerable to damage if they are extended away from the main body. For instance, a fall laterally onto the tip of an arm could damage it. However, arms  130  are, in general, used in situations where the possibility of a fall is small. In most operations, the robot will have the arms “stowed” at its sides. Arm supports  362  provide significant lateral support to the arms during impacts in the stowed position. To further prevent possible damage, when robot  100  detects that it is in free fall using its sensor system, it automatically assumes the stowed position without requiring operator intervention. 
     Robot  100  is designed to maneuver in dirt and debris. There is a possibility that such dirt and debris can be caught between the tracks and the drive and idler pulleys. The idler and drive pulleys are compliant and can tolerate material being caught between them and the tracks. The V-shaped ribs  341  ( FIG. 4 ) on the inside surfaces of the tracks which mate with the V-shaped channels  343  on the pulleys are deep enough to prevent “throwing” a track. Also, the fit between the V-shaped channel and the V-shaped grooves is loose thereby allowing debris to be caught without necessarily dislodging the V-shaped segment. Furthermore, the idler pulleys do not have teeth, thereby further reducing the effect of debris entrainment by allowing debris to pass under the idler pulleys in the grooves of the tracks. Finally, the pulleys are narrow, thereby minimizing the places that debris can be caught. 
     Further debris resistance can be obtained in alternative versions of the robot using active debris removal approaches. For instance, a stiff brush positioned before each pulley can prevent debris from entering the pulleys. Compressed air jets can also be used in place of the brushes to remove debris on the tracks. Flexible or rigid skirts, placed at an angle in front of each of the pulleys, can also divert debris before it enters the pulley. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3   c , robot  100  is controlled using left and right drive motors  370  and articulator motor  372 . Steering is accomplished using differential speed of the tracks on either side of the robot. The robot will, in principle, skid around its center of gravity  364  (shown in  FIG. 3   c ) allowing complete turning with the extremes of the robot staying within a 100 cm (39.4″) diameter circle. 
     In operation, robot  100  has several mobility modes including fully extended, stowed arms, inclined, upright, and “wheelie” modes. In addition, robot  100  can perform several maneuvers including self righting, stair climbing, and recovery from high centering. 
     A fully extended mode is shown in  FIGS. 3   a - c . In this mode, the longest possible “wheelbase” is achieved. This mode is useful, for instance, in a stair-climbing maneuver describe below. 
     Referring to the schematic view of  FIG. 6 , the stowed arms mode is the most compact configuration of robot  100 . Arms  130  are stowed next to the main track such that both main tracks  110  and forward tracks  120  provide traction. This configuration is used for high speed mobility and for traversing rough terrain. It is also the configuration that is used when robot  100  is launched by tossing or dropping it through a window or door or when the robot tumbles. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7   a , robot  100  can deploy arms  130  to raise the forward end of the main body in an inclined mobility mode. This posture is useful for increasing ground clearance to traverse rubble-strewn terrain and to increase the height of sensors on the platform, such as a CCD camera. Note that in the inclined mobility mode, the robot travels on four points of contact at the extreme ends of each track, somewhat as it were on wheels instead of tracks. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 7   b - c , by combining the inclined mode with the fully extended mode, the robot can lift and carry objects, rather like a forklift. Referring to  FIG. 7   b , robot  100  first adopts the fully extended position with its arms  130  outstretched and then maneuvers its arms under an object  630  to be carried or lifted. Referring to  FIG. 7   c , robot  100  then raises itself into the inclined mobility position, thus raising object  630 . The object needs to be small enough to fit between the tracks, of course, in order to be carried away by the robot. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 8   a - c , to assume an upright “prairie dog” mode, robot  100  balances the main body on arms  130 . Referring to  FIG. 8   a , robot  100  begins in a stowed position, and then using articulator drive motor  372  ( FIG. 3   c ) applies a torque to the arms. Since the center of gravity is within arc of the arms (as shown in  FIG. 3   b ), the main body is raised ( FIG. 8   b ) until it reaches a high position ( FIG. 8   c ) which is short of the point at which the robot would topple. As is described further below, this upright position allows sensors to be placed at the highest possible elevation, and also provides the smallest possible wheel base. In this upright mobility mode, the robot is able to drive on the front tracks and to pivot in place with the tracks staying within a small circle, in principle, as small as 60 cm (23.6″) diameter. Therefore, the upright mobility position is useful for navigating in narrow corridors and passageways. 
     Referring to  FIG. 9 , a side “wheelie” mobility mode is used to navigate a passageway that is even smaller than the width of the robot in the upright position. In the side wheelie mode, the robot rests one track on the side wall and the other track on the floor. It then moves forward in a tilted orientation as shown. 
     Referring to  FIG. 10   a - b , a self righting maneuver is related to the upright mobility mode. In this maneuver, in order to invert itself, the robot begins in a stowed mode and raises itself as it does when attaining the upright mobility mode ( FIGS. 8   a - c ). However, rather than stopping in the upright position shown in  FIG. 10   a  rotation is continued past the vertical point and the robot falls over ( FIG. 10   b ), thereby completing the inversion. 
     Referring to  FIG. 11 , robot  100  can raise arms  130  in order to mount an obstacle, such as a stair  1010 , in its path. To mount the first step of staircase  1110 , robot  100  raises its arms  130  and drives forward to raise its main tracks  110  onto the first stair. The robot then assumes a fully extended mode thereby extending its wheelbase to increase it stability and to provide as smooth a ride a possible up the stairs. Soft cleats  350  (not shown in  FIG. 11 ) provide mechanical locking with the stair edge needed to drive the robot up the stairs. 
     Robot  100  is specifically dimensioned to climb common stairs in this version, with step dimensions of up to a 17.8 cm (7″) rise and 27.9 cm (11″) tread. As the robot tilts or inclines, the vertical projection of the center of gravity (CG) with respect to the ground moves backwards. For stable travel on stairs, the extended wheel base of the main and forward tracks in the fully extended mode span a minimum of two steps (i.e. at least 66.2 cm (26.1″) for 17.8 cm (7″) by 27.9 cm (11″) stairs) such that the vehicle is supported by at least two stair treads at all times. Note that robot  100  can climb larger stairs for which it cannot span two steps, but the traverse will not be as smooth as the robot will bob with each step. 
     To avoid nosing up or down (pitch instability) while climbing stairs, the vertical projections of the center of gravity is located in a stable range which is at least one step span (i.e., 33.1 cm (13″) for 17.8 cm (7″) by 27.9 cm (11″) stairs) in front of the furthest rear main track ground contact and at least one step span behind the front most front track ground contact. 
     Alternative versions of the robot can use shorter track dimensions that do not satisfy the requirement of spanning two steps, and the center of gravity can be outside the stable range. Although such robots may not be as stable on stairs, inertial effects add to dynamic stability at increased velocities, smoothing the traverse on stairs. Also, the front extremities of arms  130  can be weighted to move the center of gravity forward in the fully extended position. However, adding weight at the end of the arms also has the negative effect of reducing robustness. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 12   a - c , robot  100  has relatively small vertical clearance below its main body. In this version of the robot, in order to accommodate the drive motors and gearing within the front section of the mobility platform resulted in only 4.11 cm (1.6″) ground clearance on both top and bottom of the robot. Referring to  FIG. 12   a , robot  100  can lose traction in a high centering situation in which it rests on an obstacle  1110 . Referring to  FIGS. 12   b - c , arms  130  are lowered (illustrated here as swinging clockwise to the front of the robot) to gain traction with the ground and then the robot can drive away in the inclined mobility mode. 
     Referring to  FIG. 13 , another mode of recovery from high centering makes use of continuous rotation of arms  130 . Continuous rotation in one direction essentially “paddles” the robot off obstacle  1210  using only the articulator drive motor  370 , for example. 
     Note that the likelihood of a high centering situation is reduced for robot  100  since approximately half of the frontal area that is tracked. Therefore, obstacles are as likely to encounter the tracks as to pass under the main body. 
     The robot&#39;s low and forward positioned center of gravity also allows the robot to climb steep inclines, given enough traction, without the robot toppling. Based on the location of the center of mass, this version of the robot can, in principal, climb a 77° incline. 
     Robot  100  includes the capability of carrying a variety of sensors, including cameras, sonar sensors, infra-red detectors, inertial sensors, motor position, velocity and torque sensors, inclinometers, a magnetic compass, and microphones. Sensors can be placed on all surfaces of the robot. 
     Sensors can be shielded within the track volume or within the protective shell of the main body. The front and rear of the vehicle has room for sensors within the 24.4 cm (10″) width not covered by tracks, although the rear is partially occluded by the rear handle. The top and bottom of payload volume  370  ( FIG. 3   c ) is free for sensor placement, as are side plates  312 . Sensors mounted to the front of arm supports  362  are occluded when arms  130  are stowed. Sensors can also be mounted on arm side plates  332 . Articulator axle  330  is hollow allowing power and signal cables from the arms to pass to a slip ring allowing continuous rotation of the arms. The robot&#39;s self-righting capability permits the use of fewer specialty sensors since not all sensors have to be duplicated on both the top and the bottom of the main body. When there is redundancy of sensors on both the top and bottom of the robot, this feature allows the robot to continue functioning if one or more of its sensors fails—it simply inverts and uses the undamaged sensors on the other side. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 14   a - b , a two- or three-camera array  1310 , which is used for stereoscopic vision, is placed at the top of the robot for operation predominantly in the upright mobility position only ( FIG. 14   b ). Another camera  1320  is placed at the front of the robot for navigation and video transmission back to remote control system  150 . Camera array  1310  and camera  1320  have fields of view  1315  and  1325  respectively. A microphone (not shown) is placed at the front for surveillance and for providing directional information. A rate gyroscope is placed near the center of gravity  364  of the robot. Optional accelerometers can be located near the rate gyroscope. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 15   a - b , two sonar sensors  1420  are placed at the top and bottom of the robot respectively, for operation in the upright position ( FIG. 15   b ). Two more sonar sensors  1410  are placed on the sides of the robot to be as high as possible when the robot is in the upright position. The sonar sensors are positioned high off the ground because they have a fairly large cone of sensitivity, and may be confused by the ground or very small objects if placed low to the ground. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 16   a - b , four infrared sensors  1530  are placed at the front of the robot, and two on each side  1510  and  1520 , one in the back and one in the front. The side-back IR&#39;s are in the same position as the side sonar sensors and can be used in either upright or stowed position, while the side-front infra-red sensors  1520  are occluded by the arms in stowed position and are only used in upright position. 
     In this version of the robot, there are no rear-facing sensors, although they can be added if needed. Robot  100  can move to its upright mobility position to use the sonar sensor on the bottom of the robot. Or, it can rotate quickly in either the stowed position or the upright position, which has a very small turn radius, to use its entire sensor suite to acquire information about the environment in any direction. 
     In addition to placing sensors directly on the outside surface of the robot, a retractable sensor mast can be extended away from the top or the bottom of the robot. Sensors, such as cameras, can be mounted on the sensor mast. Robot  100  can include a variety of manipulators. Referring to  FIG. 17 , one such manipulator is a door opening mechanism that allows robot  100  to open a closed door with a standard height door knob  1620 . An extendable mast  1630  is attached to the robot. Mast  1630  has a high friction, flexible hoop  1640  at the top of the mast. Hoop  1640  is rotated by an actuator located within the attachment section of the hoop and mast. The procedure for engaging door knob  1620  is reminiscent of a ring toss game. The object is to place the hoop, which remains attached to the mast, over the door knob. Once the hoop is over the door knob, the mast retracts to snug the hoop against the door knob. The hoop is then rotated and the door knob is rotated due to the frictional forces holding the hoop against the door knob. Once the door has been jarred opened, the mast extends to disengage the hoop from the doorknob. 
     Alternative versions of the robot can be completely waterproofed, thereby allowing underwater operation. Also, larger or smaller versions of the robot can be used for different applications. The drive system in other versions of the robot can allow independent rotation of the arm on each side of the robot, and separate drive motors for the main and front tracks can be used. 
     Remote control system  150  ( FIG. 1 ) provides a user interface to operator  160  that allows teleoperation of robot  100 . 
     Alternative versions of the remote control system  150  support teleoperation as well as a means of switching between teleoperation and autonomous control. The user interface permits transitions between autonomous and teleoperated control that are almost imperceptible to the user. That is, the user can interrupt autonomous operation of the robot at any time to give commands and direction, and the robot would operate autonomously when not receiving particular directions from the user. The system provides a predetermined warning signals to the operator, for instance if it is unable to operate autonomously, possibly by means of a vibrating unit that could be worn by the operator and which would be effective in a noisy environment. In addition, the user can add additional tasks to the robot&#39;s mission and request notification from the robot when milestone tasks have been achieved. 
     Versions of the robot can perform various autonomous tasks which can be initiated by the operator from remote control system  150 . These include obstacle avoidance, wall following, climbing stairs, recovery from high centering, returning “home,” opening doors, searching for a designated object, and mapping. The robot can use the various mobility modes described above in these autonomous operations, and if necessary, can call for operator assistance during its execution of a task. Alternative configurations of articulated bodies can be used. For example, a single central “arm” can be used and the arm or arms do not necessarily have to be tracked. 
     Other embodiments of the invention are within the scope of the following claims.