Abstract:
A method and apparatus has been developed to reduce SAR for a mobile device by designing appropriate matching circuits between each antenna and its power amplifier. In the presence of such matching circuits the normal phase adjustments may be carried out to provide a preferred safe SAR level that can be maintained during phase adjustment without sacrificing TRP.

Description:
PRIORITY 
     This application claims priority of U.S. provisional applications 61/499,593, filed Jun. 21, 2011, and 61/500,209, filed Jun. 23, 2011. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     This disclosure relates to mobile transmission diversity systems having control over Specific Absorption Rate and Total Radiated Power. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Signal transmission between a mobile device and a base station is enhanced through mobile transmission diversity (MTD). One form of MTD employs multiple antennas in the mobile unit, each antenna transmitting identical data. The phase difference between the signals from the two or more antennas is controlled so that constructive interference of the signals received at a base station provides power received at the base station greater than the arithmetic sum of the received power that would be radiated from each of the antennas in the absence of the other(s). By varying the phase difference between the signals from the antennas, the peak radiated power may be steered to focus upon the antenna of the base station. Typically two antennas are used for MTD. 
     Since the phase of a signal reaching a base antenna is affected by changes of path length such as due to reflections, closed loop MTD has been developed where the phase difference at the multiple mobile unit antennas is adjusted in response to feedback from the base station. In particular a quality factor such as bit error rate, or a Power Control Bit (PCB) or Transmitter Power Control (TPC) parameter determined at the base station may be communicated back to the mobile device, or the base station may return a signal indicating whether the received power should be lowered or raised. This communication from the base signals the need to adjust the phase difference between the antenna output. 
     Since the mobile device is located close to a user, the amount of radiation impinging on the user is also monitored. The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is a measure of the amount of power absorbed by biologic tissue and a goal is to keep the SAR below a predetermined value. Absorption levels may be typically defined and measured by placing a liquid-filled phantom head, hand, or other emulated body part close to the edge(s) of a mobile device while transmitting. Measurements of a rise in the liquid&#39;s temperature provide an indication of the radiation exposure overall or at particular points 
     To meet SAR requirements the conventional approach may be to set the antenna radiation limits based on peak radiation points rather than peak radiated averages (i.e. total radiated power (TRP)). This conventional approach may cause vendors to limit the maximum power and or the maximum data rate. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION 
     An apparatus and method has been developed to reduce SAR at near field locations for a mobile device where SAR would otherwise attain its highest value. It relies on what hitherto has been regarded as a problem in mobile diversity systems. In particular, because the antennas in a MTD system are close to each other, the broadcasting antennas receive strong signals from each other. This introduces, by virtue of standing waves resulting from antenna interaction, a complexity in assigning phases to the antenna transmission. In the present disclosure this effect is converted from a detriment into a feature utilized to reduce SAR by providing a method for designing appropriate matching circuits between each antenna and its power amplifier and by providing the device so designed. The normal function of those matching circuits is to reduce VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio), which is a measure of the impedance mismatch between an antenna and its power amplifier. In the presence of such matching circuits the phase adjustments may be carried out, but instead of using matching circuits wholly to compensate for the phase changes induced by standing waves resulting from antenna interaction, the presence of the standing waves as determined by the matching circuits is used to provide a preferred safe SAR level that can be maintained during phase adjustment. 
     This disclosure enables a mobile transmit diversity device comprising a plurality of antennas, each antenna receiving a signal from a respective power amplifier mediated by a matching circuit, said matching circuits having a network topology comprising a plurality of impedance components wherein the values of impedance are chosen to produce reflection coefficients and VSWR values that reduce TRP at a phase setting that produces the worst case SAR by the coupled signals among the antennas. That example may produce constant average TRP without exceeding a preset SAR limit or threshold. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  depicts a reflection and coupling mechanism in a mobile transmission diversity system. 
         FIG. 2  is a plot of TRP versus antenna signal phase difference 
         FIG. 3  depicts the placement of matching circuits in a mobile transmission diversity system. 
         FIG. 4  depicts one example of a matching circuit. 
         FIG. 5  depicts the phase and amplitude of signals from one simulation of a matching circuit. 
         FIG. 6  depicts the phase and amplitude of signals from another simulation of a matching circuit. 
         FIG. 7  depicts the TRP versus phase difference between antennas. 
         FIG. 8  depicts the TRP of MTD with an inductive matching circuit. 
         FIG. 9  depicts the TRP of a MTD capacitive matching circuit. 
         FIG. 10  depicts the physical configuration of a MTD having two antennas A and B. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Two issues affect MTD performance: (1) In a situation where there are two antennas termed primary and secondary, there is a “worst” phase in which antennas are set where the signals from each antenna add to create the highest Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). In general, this effect is caused by a near-field addition of the signal fluxes from each antenna at a phase relationship where the signals at the antennas are in phase to that point. (2) The second issue is related to the interaction between antenna Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) and the coupling between antennas. As the phase between the two antennas is changed (such as is done in “pointing a beam”) there is a change in the Total Radiated Power (TRP). This change in TRP is likely due to the fact that the power coupled from one antenna to another combines with the voltage reflected from that antenna, increasing and decreasing the apparent VSWR seen by the power amplifier (PA). Since this effect is due to the two voltages adding or subtracting, it is dependent on the relative phase of the two signals. 
     The present disclosure relates to a design methodology such that the electrical phase difference that creates the maximum value of SAR has a somewhat lower TRP, but with such an implementation, the mobile device will operate with higher average TRP without exceeding the SAR limit. 
     Antenna VSWR-Antenna Coupling. 
       FIG. 1  is a simplified block diagram to explain how the mechanism between antenna coupling and VSWR behaves. It shows an example where two transmitters are operating at +21 dBm each and each sees a 2:1 VSWR that causes a return loss of −10 dB. As a result the reflected power from the antenna is +11 dBm. Also, this example shows a coupling from the transmitter on the left to the transmitter on the right with a 10 dB loss, inducing +11 dBm into the transmitter on the right. In a simple view, the Cpl (“coupling”) voltage of the +11 dBm is combined with the reflected voltage Rfl (+11 dBm). Since the voltages could be added or subtracted or something in-between based on their relative phase, the worst “power” reflected is equivalent to +17 dBm (equivalent to a −4 dB return loss) and for the best case, the voltages cancel and there would be zero “power” reflected. For purposes of the example an assumption is that the power radiated by the antenna on the right is equal to the forward power (+21 dBm) minus the power reflected. In the case where the voltages add, only a bit more than half the power is transmitted and when the voltages are cancelled, all of the forward power is radiated. In some respects, this phenomenon appears as a dynamic antenna match tuning circuit as the beam steering phase control algorithm adjusts the phase. 
     In reality, the same effect is occurring with the transmitter on the left and that means the coupled voltage is not always +11 dBm but sometimes less depending on the coupled signal phase shift versus the angle of the reflection coefficient for that transmitter. 
     Although this example has been described with particular power levels and particular assumptions to simplify the calculations in the example, it should be understood that the example is representative of a method that is not tied to those particular power levels or to the circuitry under which the example is assumed to function. Persons of skill in this art will know how to adapt this example to different power levels and different specific hardware. 
     The curves in  FIG. 2  show approximately what occurs for one antenna: The curves show how TRP varies for one transmitting leg as the phase is adjusted between the two transmitting antennas. This means that a phase of 0 degrees may be something entirely different than aligning the phase of the radiated signals from each antenna.  FIG. 2  shows examples for three levels of coupling (−7 dB, −10 dB and −13 dB) showing the TRP for a −7 dB return loss (˜2.5:1 VSWR). A separate horizontal line is the TRP if the one antenna was radiating the total +21 dBm and the other transmitter is turned off. It shows the TRP when the return loss from the VSWR is −7 dB and the coupling is −10 dB. There is about a one dB additional loss. There is a variation of TRP for MTD due to the reflection coefficient of the antenna and the signals being coupled from one antenna to the other antenna. This phenomenon is exploited to provide reduced TRP at beam steering algorithm phase settings that cause highest acceptable SAR. 
       FIG. 3  describes a typical beam forming implementation. In this embodiment the electrical phase of one signal is adjusted, amplified and radiated from one antenna (B). A second signal, essentially coherent with the first is amplified and radiated from a second antenna (A). A beam-steering algorithm adjusts the relative electrical phase of the two signals to produce an enhancement at a desired location (e.g., a base station). This implementation shows that the various components of the circuit affect the signals&#39; characteristics. In this example, we see that for the signal to be radiated from the B antenna, it experiences a phase shift ({acute over (Ø)}TL B +{acute over (Ø)}F BA ) as it passes through its associated transmission line and its matching circuit and antenna structure. The coupled signal from antenna B to antenna A undergoes another phase shift ({acute over (Ø)}Cpl BA ) and one further phase shift ({acute over (Ø)}R BA ) introduced by antenna A and its matching circuit. At this point, the resulting signal ({acute over (Ø)}B′) will combine with the signal ({acute over (Ø)}R A ) and depending on their relative phase will increase or reduce the total. When the signals add, the apparent mismatch between the power amplifier PA A  and antenna A will be increased, thus decreasing the radiated power from antenna A. Similarly, when the signal ({acute over (Ø)}B′) adds destructively to the reflected signal ({acute over (Ø)}R A ) the impedance match will be improved and the radiated power from antenna A will be increased. A similar process to that described above applies to the signal from antenna A being coupled to antenna B. This suggests a mechanism to control the transmitted power and thereby SAR when confronted with high antenna VSWR and high antenna coupling by design. 
     In  FIG. 4  an example of a network matching circuit is shown. For the purposes of this example we assume a power amplifier which is matched to 50 Ohms resistive impedance and a quarter wave ground plane antenna with typical input impedance of 37 Ohms. 
     Two different matching circuits were chosen with the following results:
         VSWR to PA approximately 3:1 to match a 6 dB coupling between antennas   L-network topologies as shown in the diagram and two configurations as shown in the chart below and with components chosen for operation at 1 MHz. The calculations show the predicted reflection coefficients for forward (seen by the PA) and reverse (seen by the antenna). We calculate the reflection coefficients Γ and VSWR&#39;s as:       

     
       
         
           
             
               
                 Fwd 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   : 
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 Γ 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Zs 
                     - 
                     Zload 
                   
                   ) 
                 
                 / 
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Zs 
                     + 
                     Zload 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             , 
             
               VSWR 
               = 
               
                 
                   1 
                   + 
                   
                      
                     Γ 
                      
                   
                 
                 
                   1 
                   - 
                   
                      
                     Γ 
                      
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             Zload 
             = 
             
               
                 
                   Z 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   1 
                 
                 + 
                 
                   Z 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   2 
                 
               
               || 
               Zld 
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             where Zs is source impedance of the PA, 50 Ohms 
             Zld is the input impedance of the antenna, 37 Ohms 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 Rev 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   : 
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                     
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 Γ 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Zld 
                     - 
                     Zload 
                   
                   ) 
                 
                 / 
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Zld 
                     + 
                     Zload 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             , 
             
               VSWR 
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     
                       1 
                       + 
                       
                          
                         Γ 
                          
                       
                     
                     
                       1 
                       - 
                       
                          
                         Γ 
                          
                       
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   Zload 
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     Z 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                   
                   || 
                   
                     
                       Z 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       1 
                     
                     + 
                     Zs 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             where Zs is source impedance of the PA, 50 Ohms 
             Zld is the input impedance of the antenna, 37 Ohms 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Matching Circuit Examples 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Z1 
                 Z2 
                   
                   
               
               
                 # 
                 VSWR 
                 Γ 
                 Θdeg 
                 Ohm 
                 Ohm 
                 Z1 = L/C 
                 Z2 = L/C 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 Fwd = 
                 .53 
                 +94.6 
                  j22 
                 j55 
                 L = 3.5 uH 
                 L = 8.8 uH 
               
               
                   
                 3.229:1 
               
               
                   
                 Rev = 
                 .53 
                 +98.3 
               
               
                   
                 3.236:1 
               
               
                 2 
                 Fwd = 
                 .524 
                 −105 
                 −j50 
                 j50 
                 C = 3.2 nF 
                 L = 8.0 uH 
               
               
                   
                 3.201:1 
               
               
                   
                 Rev = 
                 .484 
                 +46.2 
               
               
                   
                 2.875:1 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The term matching circuit in this context refers to a circuit interposed between a power amplifier and an antenna to which it feeds. It does not necessarily imply a circuit designed to reduce to a minimum the impedance mismatch between the power amplifier and its antenna. Although L-network topologies have been proposed for this example, it will be apparent to persons of skill in the art that other matching circuit configurations may be employed to achieve similar or equivalent results. 
       FIG. 5  and  FIG. 6  depict the simulations with the values from Table 1 and show how the phase of the coupled signal from one antenna is shifted as it passes through the matching network of the other antenna towards the other power amplifier. We can see that the case #1 provides approximately 60 nSec delay as the signal travels through the matching circuit in the reverse direction (22 degrees of lag) and case #2 shows about −127 nSec delay or about 45 degrees leading. If we only consider the match seen by the PA and assume both the A-antenna and the B-antenna are radiating with the same phase (to point a beam directly forward) then the difference between reflected signal and coupled signal is 94.6 degrees−22 degrees=72.6 degrees for case #1 and −105+45 degrees=−60 degrees for case #2. This shows that in order to produce worst case match to the PA, a vector modulator setting would need to be −72.6 degrees in case #1 and +60 degrees with the matching circuit #2. The example showed that two different matching networks, each producing approximately 3:1 VSWR produced a higher and lower apparent VSWR at different A-B (vector modulator) phase settings. 
     Again, although this example has been described with particular parameter values, it should be understood that the example is representative of a method that is not tied to those particular values or to the circuitry under which the example is assumed to function. Persons of skill in this art will know how to adapt this example to different parameter values and different specific hardware. 
     As can be seen in  FIG. 7 , the amount of variation of TRP is different for each of the two circuits in spite of the fact that the degree of match between the power amplifier and antenna is the same. Also, the relative phase setting at which the maximum and minimum occur is slightly different for each of the two circuits. For these curves, the coupling plus the matching circuit loss in the reverse direction was made equal. That is, the coupling between the antennas was adjusted to compensate for the fact that circuit #2 had an additional insertion loss for signals travelling in the reverse direction—toward the PA. We make use of the results to select the matching circuit that best reduces the TRP at the phase setting that produces the worst case SAR (typically 180 degrees phase difference between A and B) and with the least compromise at the other directions (phase differences). 
       FIG. 8  and  FIG. 9  show how the radiated power from each antenna and the total TRP varies as the electrical phase is shifted. It shows that when the power from one antenna is peaked the other is reduced. Important to consider is that the phase setting that creates the power increase is at +/−180 degrees. This phase is the one that produces a beam along the axis between the two antennas. 
     We expect this phase would normally also produce the highest SAR because that is the location of points where the field is maximized from one of the antennas because that is closest to that antenna. However, for antenna separations less than ½ wavelength, this phase will not be used in a beam pointing algorithm. We can use  FIG. 10  to select the matching circuit that minimizes a worst case SAR. Assuming the worst case SAR is at point Za on the physical drawing of  FIG. 10 , it is obvious by inspection that the first implantation circuit shown in  FIG. 8  using the series inductor would be the best choice because it shows the signal radiated by antenna B is reduced for phase relationships (A-B) that are between 0 and 180 degrees. Note that antenna B is closer to point Za. It is obvious that this choice will lower the SAR for beam pointing phases between −180 and 0 degrees because antenna A TRP will be reduced and for these directions antenna A has a shorter distance. On the contrary by choosing matching circuit 2 as shown in  FIG. 9 , the SAR would be increased for both points Za and Zb. 
     While certain features of the invention have been illustrated and described herein, many modification, substitutions, changes, and equivalents will now occur to those of ordinary skill in the art. It is, therefore to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention.