Abstract:
A patch antenna having a plurality of structures, referred to herein as comb structures, is disclosed that results in an antenna having a reduced overall patch size and weight as well as a broader the angular response pattern of the antenna. In a first embodiment, comb structures are attached to one of the surface of the patch or the surface of the ground plane. In a second embodiment, the comb structures are attached to both the patch and the ground plane in a manner such that the structures interleave with each other. The structures may be pins or ribs that are electrically connected to the ground plane and/or the patch, or may be any other suitable configuration depending upon the polarization of the signal to be transmitted or received.

Description:
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/644,948, filed Jan. 19, 2005, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to antennas and, more particularly, to patch antennas. 
   Patch antennas, which are typically characterized by a flat radiating element placed in close proximity to a ground plane, are used for many beneficial purposes, such as for individual elements in phased array antennas. Such patch antennas are gaining in popularity due, in part, to their relatively small size and relatively low production cost as compared to other types of antennas. The various uses of patch antennas are well known and will not be discussed further herein. 
   Patch antennas typically consist of a radiating patch separated from a ground plane by a dielectric substrate. Referring to  FIG. 1 , for example, a patch antenna in a typical prior implementation consists of a ground plane  101 , radiating element (patch)  102 , conducting probe  103 , and standoffs  105 , illustratively manufactured from a dielectric material, which are located around the patch&#39;s edges to separate the patch  102  from the ground plane  101 . Conducting probe  103  is, for example, a conducting Radio Frequency (RF) transmission line such as, for example, an inner conductor of a well-known coaxial cable  104 . The inner conductor  103  of conducting probe  103  is connected to patch  102  and is the conduit by which RF signals are passed to the patch  102 . In operations of such a patch antenna, electromagnetic signals are input to the patch  102  via inner conductor  103  of coaxial cable  104  causing electrical currents to be induced on both the patch  102  and ground plane  101  and polarization currents to be induced in dielectric substrate  105  all of which in turn radiate electromagnetic wave in free space. 
   One skilled in the art will recognize that many different structures can be used in the manufacture of the patch antenna of  FIG. 1  with various effects. For example, instead of using dielectric standoffs, the patch in some implementations is separated from the ground plane simply by air or a solid substrate of dielectric material. As is well-known, a dielectric material is a material that is a poor conductor of electricity, but one that can efficiently impact on electric field strength and on speed of electromagnetic wave traveling inside volume filled with said dielectric material. The use of such dielectric materials in many applications is extremely well-known. Dielectric materials are typically characterized by a dielectric constant, also called the dielectric permittivity ∈ of the material. The impact of dielectric material on patch antenna performance depends not only on dielectric permittivity ∈ but also on size and shape of substrate. Thus, the effective permittivity ∈ eff  of the substrate is often used instead of the permittivity ∈. This effective permittivity ∈ eff  is generally a complicated function of both the permittivity ∈ of the substrate material as well as the size and shape of the substrate. The first order approximation of the effective permittivity ∈ eff  is directly proportional to ∈. As is well-known, the length l of an antenna patch necessary to operate at a given frequency f is a function of the ∈ eff  of the substrate. Specifically, the length l can be defined by the following equation: 
                 l   =     c       f   ⁡     (     ɛ   eff     )         1   /   2                 (     Equation   ⁢           ⁢   1     )               
where c is the well-known constant value for the speed of light. In order to achieve the smallest possible length of the antenna patch it is desirable to use an appropriate substrate having the highest ∈ eff  value.
 
   The operating characteristics of patch antennas, such as the patch antenna of  FIG. 1 , may be varied depending upon the physical dimensions and materials used in constructing the antenna. For example, as discussed above, for a given operating frequency, the size of the antenna must increase if a dielectric material with a lower dielectric constant is used. For this reason, air is sometimes used as a dielectric material since the ∈ eff  of air is 1.0. Similarly, the length and/or width of the patch of an antenna may be increased to produce a lower operating frequency (also referred to herein as the resonant frequency). Also, the larger the antenna size, the narrower the antenna angular response pattern, which is the power flux produced by the antenna as a function of the angle relative to the center axis of the antenna. Additionally, all else equal, the operating frequency bandwidth of a patch antenna is influenced by substrate thickness. One skilled in the art will recognize how such dimensions will increase or decrease the resonant frequency and other operating characteristics of the antenna as a result of varying the dimensions of different components of the patch antenna. For example, patch antennas, such as the patch antenna of  FIG. 1 , are typically characterized by a relatively small operating frequency bandwidth due to the proximity of the patch to the ground plane in such antennas. Illustratively, the distance between the patch and the ground plane is approximately 1/20 of wavelength of signal to be transmitted or received by the antenna. As is well understood, increasing the thickness of a given substrate will desirably result in a corresponding increase of operating frequency bandwidth. However, such an increase in thickness will also undesirably increase the weight of the antenna. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present inventors have recognized that it would be desirable in many implementations to reduce the size and weight of patch antennas and, at the same time, to increase the angular response pattern of a patch antenna. The present invention substantially achieves these objectives. In particular, the present invention is a patch antenna having a plurality of structures, referred to herein as comb structures, that are attached to the ground plane and/or the patch of the antenna. These comb structures are illustratively made of conductive materials (e.g., metals or dielectric painted by conductive paint). However, by using such a plurality of combs, the speed of a wave traveling across the structures is significantly reduced. Hence, such combs structures operate similarly to a dielectric and, therefore, could be characterized by effective dielectric constant ∈ eff . The use of such comb structures serves to reduce the overall patch size (e.g., length and width) and to broaden the angular response pattern of the antenna. 
   In a first embodiment, comb structures are attached to one of the surface of the patch or the surface of the ground plane. In this embodiment, if the height of the structures and the shortest distance between the structures and the opposing surface is much smaller compared to the wavelength of the signal to be transmitted or received by the antenna (for example several hundredths the wavelength of the signal), then the ability of the structure to reduce the speed of traveling electromagnetic wave is approximately independent of the frequency of signal to be transmitted or received by the antenna. Hence such structure could be characterized by effective dielectric permittivity ∈ eff  which is function of said height of the structures and the aforementioned shortest distance. 
   In a second embodiment, the comb structures are attached to both the patch and the ground plane in a manner such that the structures interleave with each other. In this embodiment, if the height of the structures and the distance between each structure on the same surface is much smaller compared to the wavelength of the signal to be transmitted or received by the antenna (once again, for example, on the order of several hundredths of the wavelength of the signal), then, also once again, the ability of the structure to reduce the speed of traveling electromagnetic wave is approximately independent of the frequency of signal to be transmitted or received by the antenna. Hence such structure could be characterized by effective dielectric permittivity ∈ eff  which is function of said height of the structures and distance between each structure on the same surface 
   In yet another embodiment, the structures are pins or ribs that are electrically connected to the ground plane and/or the patch depending upon the polarization of the signal to be transmitted or received. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  shows a prior art patch antenna; 
       FIG. 2A  shows a cross section view of a patch antenna in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 2B  shows a three-dimensional view of the patch antenna of  FIG. 2A ; 
       FIG. 3  shows a patch antenna whereby comb structures are used on both the patch and the ground plane of the antenna; 
       FIG. 4  shows a patch antenna having a single-side comb structures in the form of pins; and 
       FIG. 5  shows an illustrative antenna angular response pattern of a patch antenna having comb structures. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   As discussed above, the angular response pattern of an antenna can be broadened by decreasing the length of a patch. To obtain this broadening for a given operating frequency of a patch antenna the ∈ eff  of a substrate should be increased. This in turn results in narrowing the operating frequency band. To keep the operating frequency bandwidth at the desired value the thickness of the substrate should be increased to separate the patch from the ground plane by a greater distance. However, such an increase in thickness will have the detrimental effect of increasing the weight of the antenna. It would be desirable to maintain a constant ∈ eff  of a substrate and length of a patch in an antenna while, at the same time, separating the ground plane from the patch. 
   The present invention substantially achieves this objective.  FIGS. 2A and 2B  show one illustrative embodiment of a patch antenna in accordance with the principles of the present invention whereby the angular response of a patch antenna is increased while, at the same time, the weight of the antenna is not substantially increased and the ∈ eff  and length of the patch are maintained constant. In particular,  FIG. 2A  shows a cross-section view of a patch antenna in accordance with the principles of the present invention that has a plurality of comb structures in the form of ribs attached to the ground plane of a patch antenna. Such a configuration where structures are only attached to one surface in the antenna is referred to herein as a single-side comb substrate. Illustratively, such a comb substrate is manufactured from metal strips, or ribs, that are electrically connected (e.g., via welding or any other suitable method to achieve an electrical connection with a surface of an antenna) to the ground plane  101 . It will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art how to manufacture such a comb substrate.  FIG. 2B  shows an illustrative three-dimensional view of the antenna structure of  FIG. 2A  with patch  102  and probe  103  of  FIG. 2A  removed. Using the structure of  FIGS. 2A and 2B , the present inventors have recognized that, for h and d being small relative to the wavelength of the signal (e.g., where h and d are less than one-half the wavelength of the of the signal) to be transmitted or received by the antenna, the effective permittivity ∈ eff  of the substrate separating the ground plane from the patch could be estimated as: 
   
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   ɛ 
                   eff 
                 
                 = 
                 
                   1 
                   + 
                   
                     d 
                     h 
                   
                 
               
             
             
               
                 ( 
                 
                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   1 
                 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
   
   As can be seen from Equation 1, with the illustrative structure of  FIGS. 2A and 2B , it is possible to proportionally increase both h and d, and thus increase the distance between the ground plane and the patch, while at the same time, keeping ∈ eff  constant. For a given frequency, therefore, it is possible to obtain a wider antenna angular response pattern without a corresponding increase in antenna weight or size. 
     FIG. 3  shows another embodiment in accordance with the principles of the present invention whereby comb structures are used on both the patch and the ground plane to increase the ∈ eff  of the substrate. Such a structure is referred to herein as a cross-comb structure. Here one or more set of ribs  301  are electrically connected to the patch  102 . When both d and T are much smaller compared to wavelength of the signal (e.g., once again, where h and d are less than one-half the wavelength of the of the signal), then the effective permittivity ∈ eff  of the substrate of the antenna can be described by the expression: 
                   ɛ   eff     =       (     1   +       2   ⁢   d     T       )     2             (     Equation   ⁢           ⁢   2     )               
where d is the height of each rib and T is the spacing between the ribs attached to the same surface. Accordingly, one skilled in the art will recognize that, when d and T are much smaller than the intended signal wavelength, ∈ eff  will not significantly change as the distance h in  FIG. 3  changes. Therefore, once again, the patch  102  in  FIG. 3  can be separated from the ground plane by a greater distance, thus increasing the operational bandwidth of the antenna while keeping ∈ eff  constant and without increasing the weight of the antenna.
 
   One skilled in the art will recognize that, due to the geometry of the ribs in the structures of  FIGS. 2A ,  2 B and  3 , such an antenna is primarily useful for patch antennas designed to transmit or receive linear polarized signals. However, some signals use other polarization, such as circular polarization. To accommodate signals having another polarization, other structures may be used in place of the foregoing rib structures. Specifically, in the example where a signal has a circular polarization, the present inventors have realized that comb structures may be made in the form of pins rather then ribs.  FIG. 4  shows such an illustrative example of an antenna  400  having a single-side comb structure with pins  401 . For ease of illustration, no patch is shown in  FIG. 4 . One skilled in the art will recognize in light of the foregoing discussion that such single-side structures made of pins could be used in the same manner as with the previously described rib structures, such as placing pins on only one surface of the antenna (as in  FIGS. 2A and 2B ) or, alternatively, placing pins on two opposing surfaces of the antenna (as in  FIG. 3 ). For pins that are manufactured on a single surface, similar to the ribs of  FIGS. 2A and 2B , the ∈ eff  of a substrate having pins  401  disposed thereon can be determined according to Equation 1. Thus, similar to the antenna of  FIG. 2A , by proportionately increasing the separation distance between the patch and the ground plane, the ∈ eff  of the substrate of the antenna  400  will not change. Similarly, by placing pins on both the patch and the ground plane, similar to the cross-comb structure ribs of the antenna of  FIG. 3 , the ∈ eff  of the substrate can be determined according to Equation 2. One skilled in the art will be able to devise, in light of the foregoing, other single-side or cross-comb structures to accommodate other types of signal polarization. 
     FIG. 5  shows an illustrative antenna angular response pattern of the patch antenna with an illustrative cross-comb substrate, such as that shown in  FIG. 3 , as compared with an air substrate. Referring to that figure, line  501  represents the response pattern of an antenna having an illustrative cross-comb substrate as discussed above in association with  FIG. 3 . Line  502  on the other hand shows an antenna having an air substrate. As is evident from the graph of  FIG. 5 , use of such a comb substrate leads to pattern width increase. Specifically, at an angle of −90 degrees with respect to the center axis of the antenna, the response of a cross-comb substrate is at −10 dB while the air substrate antenna is at −30 dB. As one skilled in the art will recognize from the graph of  FIG. 5 , the response of the antenna with a cross-comb substrate is much more desirable for many uses compared to the antenna using an air substrate. 
   In addition to increasing the bandwidth of a patch antenna while keeping the weight of the antenna low, adding comb structures such as those discussed above has other advantages. For example, such comb-structured substrates such as those described herein, are advantageous in that they can be used at in a relatively harsh environment such as that which would be experienced in a chemically aggressive or corrosive media or in other difficult environments such as would be experienced by a satellite in space orbit. In such an environment it is often impossible or impractical to use conventional dielectric substrates due to, for example, the thermal properties of some dielectric materials. 
   The foregoing Detailed Description is to be understood as being in every respect illustrative and exemplary, but not restrictive, and the scope of the invention disclosed herein is not to be determined from the Detailed Description, but rather from the claims as interpreted according to the full breadth permitted by the patent laws. It is to be understood that the embodiments shown and described herein are only illustrative of the principles of the present invention and that various modifications may be implemented by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Those skilled in the art could implement various other feature combinations without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.