Abstract:
A surgical guide system for dental implantology has a plate ( 10 ) provided with a guide sleeve ( 2 ) delimiting a through hole with an axis oriented to a predetermined direction. A drill ( 4 ) for osteotomy has a spindle connected to a handpiece with drilling portion ( 41 ), the drill ( 4 ) being for association with the guide sleeve ( 2 ) during osteotomy. The diameter (d 41 ) of the drilling head portion ( 41 ) is larger than the inner diameter (d 2 ) of the guide sleeve ( 2 ) and the spindle is of smaller diameter, such that the association of the drill ( 4 ) to any of the guide sleeves ( 2 ) can be performed only by inserting the spindle through a gingival side of the sleeves. Upon association of the drill with the sleeve, the drilling head ( 41 ) protrudes from the gingival side ( 2 G) thereof. The surgical guide has a void ( 100 ) accommodating the drilling head ( 41 ) of the drill.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation under 37 CFR 1.53(b) of pending prior U.S. application Ser. No. 14/128,806 filed Dec. 23, 2013 and claims the benefit (35 U.S.C. §120 and 365(c)) of International Application PCT/IT2012/000194 of Jun. 22, 2012, which designated inter alia the United States and which claims the priority of Italian Patent Application FI2011A000130 of Jul. 1, 2011. The entire contents of each application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to a system of surgical guide for dental implantology and a process for the production of surgical guides for dental implantation. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    It is known that, in dental surgery, a missing tooth can be replaced by a prosthetic tooth generally made of ceramic or other suitable material, applied on a dental implant, which is previously inserted into the jawbone of the patient. The dental implant must be properly oriented in the bone tissue and osseointegrated. The procedures usually adopted for this purpose include the execution of an osteotomy, i.e. the provision of a hole in the maxillary or mandibular bone, inserting the implant into the hole so practiced, and the subsequent attachment of the prosthetic tooth implant. The osteotomy is a particularly delicate stage of the procedure and must be located precisely at a proper distance from the adjacent teeth and must be properly oriented and of the right depth to not cause any damage to adjacent vital structures and to ensure the right set of prosthetic device with an acceptable result both from the functional point of view and from the aesthetic point of view. In an attempt to facilitate the location and drilling the hole in the maxillary or mandibular of the patient for the correct arrangement of the dental implant, techniques of various kinds, have been proposed as well as guidance systems which assist the physician in the execution of the osteotomy. In particular, the surgical guides for dental implantation are masks or plaques or templates made of plastic reproducing the dental arch and/or soft tissue of the oral cavity of the patient, including the edentulous areas in correspondence of which the implants must be positioned, provided with holes with suitably oriented tubular sleeves that guide the physician in the execution of the osteotomy and sometimes the actual positioning of the system. According to a known technique, such masks can be made by using CAD-CAM techniques based on computerized elaborations of the three-dimensional images of the bone concerned and of the underlying neural structures obtained by computerized axial tomography (TAC). In this way, the physician can intervene with greater accuracy by choosing the type of plant, the inclination and the depth on the basis of the actual state of the bone. Generally, the techniques of guided implantology provide for the positioning of a surgical guide on the arch concerned and the execution of the osteotomy that is practiced by using drills with a diameter appropriate to be inserted through the sleeves of the guide. The space available to perform the osteotomy in the mouth of the patient is, however, reduced by the encumbrance of the surgical guide limiting the operating stroke of the drill, and therefore limiting the depth of insertion of the implant into the bone, which in practice reduces the benefits arising from the use of the guide itself because a greater insertion depth of the implant in the available bone, corresponds to a higher stability of the system and consequently to a greater duration, unless the doctor decides to remove the template and operate without the aid of the latter thus giving up its benefits. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    The main purpose of the present invention is to eliminate, or at least greatly reduce, the aforementioned drawbacks. Another object of the present invention is to allow adequate irrigation of the implant alveolus during osteotomy. 
         [0005]    This result is achieved, according to the present invention, by adopting the idea of making a guide for dental implantation having the characteristics of the present invention. 
         [0006]    Thanks to the present invention, it is possible to perform the osteotomy achieving a greater drilling depth compared to traditional surgical guides for dental implants, always ensuring the most correct orientation of the latter in the bone tissue concerned. Furthermore, the use of a surgical guide for dental implants in accordance with the present invention is particularly simple and can reduce the number of passages or strokes of the drill and the execution time of the intervention, with the shortest exposure of the bone, and improve accuracy. Further advantages derive the effective irrigation of the alveolus permitted by the present surgical guide for dental implantation. 
         [0007]    The various features of novelty which characterize the invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and specific objects attained by its uses, reference is made to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which preferred embodiments of the invention are illustrated. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]    In the drawings: 
           [0009]      FIG. 1  is a schematic view that represents a portion of a dental arch with an edentulous area; 
           [0010]      FIG. 2A  is a bottom perspective view of a surgical guide for dental implantology in accordance with the present invention and usable for the treatment of the dental arch of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0011]      FIG. 2B  is a top perspective view of the surgical guide of  FIG. 2A ; 
           [0012]      FIG. 3A  is a side perspective view of a sleeve used in the surgical guide of  FIG. 2A  and  FIG. 2B ; 
           [0013]      FIG. 3B  is a plan view of the sleeve of  FIG. 3A ; 
           [0014]      FIG. 3C  is a side view of the sleeve of  FIG. 3A ; 
           [0015]      FIG. 4  is a view showing the use of a probe with the surgical guide of  FIG. 2A  and  FIG. 2B  placed on the dental arch of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0016]      FIG. 5  is view showing a phase of mucotomy performed with circular scalpel on the dental arch of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0017]      FIG. 6  is a view showing the use of a ball drill with the surgical guide of  FIG. 2A  and  FIG. 2B  placed on the dental arch of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0018]      FIG. 7A  is a view showing one operative step concerning the use of a pilot drill with the surgical guide of  FIGS. 2A  and  FIG. 2B  placed on the dental arch of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0019]      FIG. 7B  is a view showing another operative step concerning the use of a pilot drill with the surgical guide of  FIG. 2A  and  FIG. 2B  placed on the dental arch of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0020]      FIGS. 8A-8C  are views showing a sequence concerning the positioning of an enlarging drill on the surgical guide of  FIG. 2A  and  FIG. 2B ; 
           [0021]      FIGS. 9A and 9B  are views showing the connection of the shaft of the enlarging drill shown in the preceding figures with the driving head of a dental handpiece; 
           [0022]      FIGS. 10A-10C  are views showing a sequence concerning the use of the enlarging drill with the surgical guide of  FIG. 2A  and  FIG. 2B  placed on the dental arch of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0023]      FIGS. 11A-11C  are views showing the insertion of a dental implant on the dental arch of  FIG. 1  through the surgical guide shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B ; 
           [0024]      FIGS. 12A-12D  are schematic views showing some phases of realization of the plate ( 10 ); and 
           [0025]      FIG. 13  is a schematic view of a possible step of removing a sleeve from the plate ( 10 ). 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0026]    Referring to the drawings, a surgical guide ( 1 ) for dental implantology in accordance with the present invention comprises, as shown in  FIGS. 2A ,  2 B, a plate ( 10 ) in which are positioned two sleeves ( 2 ). The plate ( 10 ) consists of a component made of resin that can be realized, as further described below, starting from a model of the patient in correspondence of a dental arch with an edentulous area ( 9 ) where it is intended to place two fixtures ( 8 ) of dental implants, as further described below. The implants are of the type comprising an artificial root or fixture destined to engage the bone, and an abutment, insertable into the artificial root, on which it is possible to fix the prosthetic tooth. The insertion points and orientation of the fixtures of the implant ( 8 ) can be established by means of diagnostic tests and computerized elaborations of diagnostic tests known per se (further described below). The sleeves ( 2 ) are positioned and oriented in the plate ( 10 ) in such a way that, by using the surgical guide ( 1 ), it is possible to insert, as described further below, the fixtures of the implant ( 8 ) into the bone ( 91 ) according to insertion points and orientations provided by the diagnostic tests. Each of the sleeves ( 2 ) has an occlusal side ( 20 ) and a gingival side ( 2 G). In the illustrated examples, the occlusal side ( 20 ) is the upper one, while the gingival side ( 2 G) is the lower one. 
         [0027]      FIGS. 12A-12D  schematically show a possible way of making the plate ( 10 ).  FIG. 12A  shows a portion of the model (M) of the bone structure of the dental arch—obtainable, for example, by processing data and diagnostic images with the software “3Diagnosys” of the Italian company 3Diemme combined with a 3D printer for rapid prototyping—with holes and seats for simil-fixtures, or so-called “laboratory” dental implants (L) having the same size and shape of those destined to be inserted in the bone of the patient&#39;s dental arch but made of a different material. The orientations of the holes or seats for the laboratory implants (L) are determined by the doctor depending on the specific anatomy of the dental arch detected in the diagnostic phase. The model (M) is also provided with lower holes (F) in correspondence of the laboratory implants (L) to enable to insert a rod (not shown) therein in order to extract, by pushing them from the bottom upwards, the abutments inserted in the same implants (L) during the steps of customizing the same abutments (not shown in the drawings). Starting from the model (M) in the configuration of  FIG. 12A , a spacer is placed on each laboratory implant (L). More precisely, as shown in  FIG. 12B , the spacer has a shank (GD) that is inserted into the cavity of the laboratory implant (L), a cylindrical middle part (D) intended to be with its lower base in contact with the upper base of the laboratory implant (L), and an upper cylindrical part (SD), of smaller diameter than the middle part (D), having a threaded shank (CS) screwed in the middle part (D). The height (hD) of said middle part (D) is greater than the height (h 41 ) of the cutting head of the drill ( 4 ) described below. For example, hD=5 mm. Then, on the upper part (SD) a sleeve ( 2 ) is positioned, as shown in  FIG. 12C , after which it is formed the plate ( 10 ) with self-curing resin of the type normally used in this field. Subsequently, the above-mentioned upper part (SD) is unscrewed from the middle part (D) and extracted through the sleeve ( 2 ) incorporated in the resin of the plate ( 10 ) thus realized. Finally, the technician finishes the plate ( 10 ) according to the anatomy of the dental arch, using tools, such as drills and the like, as normally occurs in order to realize the surgical guides for dental implantology. 
         [0028]    Since the lower, median and upper parts (GD, D, SD) are coaxial with each other, the orientation of the sleeve ( 2 ) in the plate ( 10 ) coincides exactly with that of the laboratory implant (L) as the sleeve ( 2 )—during the polymerization of the resin—is fitted on the upper part (SD) which is coaxial to the lower part (GD) inserted in the laboratory implant (L) and, therefore, constitutes an extremely precise guide. In other words, since the plate ( 10 ) is built around the sleeve ( 2 ) precisely oriented as the laboratory implant (L) which in turn is oriented as decided by the physician, during the steps (described below) of use of the plate ( 10 ) there is the maximum precision in the orientation of the dental implant into the bone of the patient. Each bush ( 2 ), visible in particular in  FIGS. 3A-3C , has a tubular body, ( 226 ) of predetermined diameter with an upper collar ( 225 ) having a diameter greater than the same body ( 226 ) . In addition, the sleeve ( 2 ) is crossed centrally and longitudinally by a cylindrical bore ( 222 ) of predetermined diameter with three side sectors ( 221 ) identical to each other. Each sector ( 221 ) consists of a cavity cut laterally to the central hole ( 222 ) and delimited by a cylindrical surface portion ( 224 ) between two radial surfaces ( 223 ). The cylindrical surfaces ( 224 ) which delimit the sectors ( 221 ) are concentric both among themselves and with respect to the central hole ( 222 ). Furthermore, the symmetry planes of the three sectors ( 221 ), which intersect in the longitudinal axis of the sleeve ( 2 ), are arranged at 120° relative to one another. 
         [0029]    The central hole ( 222 ) and the lateral compartments ( 221 ) are communicating. In the accompanying drawings, the sleeves ( 2 ) stay in the plate ( 10 ) with the collar ( 225 ) facing up. In the realization phase of the plate ( 10 ) previously described, each bush ( 2 ) results in a corresponding cylindrical seat-through ( 16 ) with predetermined length and orientation and a diameter equal to that of the body ( 226 ) of the same sleeve ( 2 ). The cylindrical seat ( 16 ) is delimited at the top by a flat surface ( 161 ), visible in particular in  FIGS. 8A-8C , perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the same seat ( 16 ). In practice, the lower surface of the collar ( 225 ) is in abutment against the corresponding surface ( 161 ) of the plate ( 10 ). When it is mounted on the dental arch ( 9 ), the surgical guide ( 1 ) is spaced from the bone ( 91 ), in correspondence of each bush ( 2 ), of a predetermined value. 
         [0030]    The height (y) of each bush ( 2 ), by way of example, may be 5 mm. Once positioned the surgical guide ( 1 ) on the dental arch ( 9 ), each sleeve ( 2 ) constitutes a useful guide for guiding a drill ( 3 ,  4 ) during the operation of osteotomy. The sectors ( 221 ) of the sleeve ( 2 ) are useful for the passage of a liquid for cooling the drill ( 3 ,  4 ) and then the bone. 
         [0031]    Before using the surgical guide ( 1 ), it is carried out a mucotomy with a circular scalpel ( 14 ) to remove a portion of the gum at the point of insertion of the implant ( 8 ) into the bone ( 91 ), as shown in  FIG. 6 . The points ( 92 ) where the mucotomy must be executed are identified by means of a probe ( 12 ) and/or a round or ball drill ( 13 ). In practice, the surgical guide ( 1 ) is positioned on the dental arch ( 9 ) and therefore are the points ( 92 ) marked on the gum by passing the probe ( 12 ) and/or the round drill ( 13 ) through the sleeves ( 2 ) and the gum is incised. In order to perform the mucotomy, the surgical guide ( 1 ) is removed. 
         [0032]    After the mucotomy, the osteotomy is carried out by positioning the surgical guide ( 1 ) on the dental arch ( 9 ). For a more precise execution of the bore ( 94 ) for the implant ( 8 ), it can first be practiced a pre-bore ( 93 ) with a pilot drill ( 3 ), which is then expanded with a step drill ( 4 ) as described below. Each drill ( 3 ,  4 ) is driven via a driver ( 6 ) by a handpiece (not shown) to which it is connected through its shank ( 42 ). 
         [0033]    The pilot drill ( 3 ) is inserted in each sleeve ( 2 ) of the surgical guide ( 1 ) and made to advance for a predetermined stroke in the bone ( 91 ), as shown in  FIGS. 7A and 7B , thus realizing a number of pre-bores ( 93 ) equal to the number of implants to be applied, each of predetermined depth and diameter. The pilot bores ( 93 ) are then expanded with the step drill ( 4 ) thus completing the osteotomy. 
         [0034]    If the bone is not particularly hard, the pre-drilling is not required and the doctor uses only the step drill ( 4 ). 
         [0035]    The step drill ( 4 ) is first associated with the surgical guide as shown in  FIGS. 8A-8C . In practice, the surgical guide ( 1 ) is removed from the dental arch ( 9 ) and the step drill ( 4 ) is inserted from the bottom in one of the sleeves through its shank ( 42 ). 
         [0036]    The shank ( 42 ) of the step drill ( 4 ) is inserted into the central hole ( 222 ) of a sleeve ( 2 ) until the top of the head ( 41 ) of the drill ( 4 ) is in contact with the bottom edge of the same sleeve ( 2 ), as shown in  FIG. 8C . The diameter of the head ( 41 ) of the milling step ( 4 ) is in fact greater than the diameter of the hole ( 222 ,  221 ) of the sleeve ( 2 ). Then, holding the step drill ( 4 ) in position, the surgical guide ( 1 ) is placed on the dental arch ( 9 ). Since the head ( 41 ) of the step drill ( 4 ) has a height (h 41 ) lower than or equal to the height of the space ( 100 ) present between the surgical guide ( 1 ) and the bone in the concerned edentulous area, the head ( 41 ) of the step drill ( 4 ) is placed in the same space ( 100 ). So positioned, the milling step ( 4 ) is connected to the driver ( 6 ) through the respective shank ( 42 ) and made to advance to a predetermined depth in the bone ( 91 ), as shown in  FIGS. 10B and 10C . 
         [0037]    Preferably the height (h 41 ) has a value less than or equal to 5 mm. The step drill ( 4 ) is positioned and used with the other sleeves ( 2 ) as previously said, thus realizing a number of bores ( 94 ) equal to that of the implants ( 8 ) to be inserted into the bone ( 91 ) and each of fixed depth, orientation and diameter. 
         [0038]    It is therefore clear that, for the same operating space in the mouth of the patient, the maximum depth of the bore ( 94 ) is greater than that of a bore obtained with the traditional method, i.e. obtained by inserting the drill ( 4 ) from the outside of the surgical guide ( 1 ) and not pre-positioning it from the bottom side of the latter intended to face the dental arch in the operational phase. In other words, the maximum depth of the bore ( 94 ) is increased, compared to the depth of a bore achievable with the traditional method, of a value equal to the height (y) of the sleeve ( 2 ) increased by the height (hD) of said spacer (D). For example, with y=5 mm and hD=5 mm, this increase (y+hD) is 10 mm. In practice, according to the present invention, the void ( 100 ) in the surgical guide, that according to example described above is created by the middle part of the spacer, is high enough to accommodate the drilling head of the drill, so that the surgical guide can be seated in correct position before starting to drill. 
         [0039]    Thereafter, each sleeve ( 2 ) is removed by pulling it out from the plate ( 10 ) as shown in  FIG. 13 , to insert, into the corresponding bore ( 94 ) practiced in the bone ( 91 ), the respective dental implant ( 8 ) through the same plate ( 10 ). In this way the implant ( 8 ) is guided during its insertion. The positioning of the dental implant ( 8 ) into the bone ( 91 ) is shown in  FIGS. 11A and 11B . 
         [0040]    The dental implant ( 8 ) is of the traditional type, i.e. of the type having a threaded fixture ( 81 ) to be screwed into the bore ( 94 ) made in the bone ( 91 ) and an abutment ( 82 ) destined to be associated with the fixture ( 81 ). 
         [0041]    Since, compared to the traditional method, the depth of the bore ( 94 ) is greater, under equal conditions, even the implant ( 8 ) may be longer. Therefore, the durability and stability of the implant ( 8 ) inserted into the bone ( 91 ) using a surgical guide for dental implantation ( 1 ) according to the present invention instead of a traditional surgical guide are higher. 
         [0042]    While specific embodiments of the invention have been shown and described in detail to illustrate the application of the principles of the invention, it will be understood that the invention may be embodied otherwise without departing from such principles.