Abstract:
In a tripod type constant velocity universal joint having a roller ( 28 ) carried by each of three trunnions ( 25 ) of an inner joint member ( 24 ) and accommodated in one of three guide grooves ( 22 ) of an outer joint member ( 21 ) so that the roller ( 28 ) rolls along track surfaces ( 23 ) of the corresponding guide groove on its convex outer periphery, cooperating surface portions ( 31   a  and  31   b ) and/or ( 32   a  and  32   b ) being provided, which come in contact with each other when the roller ( 28 ) is about to tilt in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the outer joint member.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a tripod type constant velocity universal joint for use in, but not exclusively, a front-wheel drive automobile. 
     An example of the tripod type constant velocity universal joint for transmission of torque from a driveshaft of a front-wheel drive automobile to a front wheel at a constant velocity is shown in FIGS. 9A to  9 C. The joint shown comprises a cup-shaped outer joint member  1  having three axially extending part-cylindrical guide grooves  2  equally spaced in its inner periphery and an inner joint member, or tripod member,  4  inserted in the outer joint member and having three trunnions  5  projecting radially outwardly of the inner joint member  4 . A roller  7  is rotatably carried by each trunnion  5  through a series of rolling elements  6  and is received in the corresponding guide groove  2  of the outer joint member  1 . The guide groove  2  forms a pair of circumferentially opposing track surfaces  3  parallel to a rotational axis of the outer joint member. An outer periphery of the roller  7  in section is convex and complementary to the track surface  3 . Each roller  7  is movable within the corresponding guide groove  2  while rolling along the track surfaces  3  and rotating about the trunnion  5 . 
     When the joint transmits torque with the outer and inner joint members  1  and  4  at a working angle of θ as shown in FIG. 9B, the roller  7  tilts relative to the track surface  3  as shown in FIG.  9 C. In this case, the roller  7  is about to roll in the direction indicated by arrow t in FIG. 9B, but since the track surface  3  extends parallel to the axis of the outer joint member, the roller  7  actually has to slide while being restrained by the track surface  3 . This leads to scuffing of the roller  7  as it moves along the track surface  3 , producing not only frictional heat but also a greater frictional resistance and accordingly an induced thrust in the axial direction. Such induced thrust causes vibration and noise of the car body, and should preferably be reduced as much as possible. 
     In the tripod type constant velocity universal joint various attempts have been made to reduce the induced thrust, and some examples are shown in FIG. 10 to FIG.  12 . 
     FIG. 10 shows a dual-roller arrangement in which an inner roller  11  is rotatably fitted externally on a cylindrical outer periphery of a trunnion  5   a  of an inner joint member  4   a  through a plurality of rolling elements  6   a , and a cylindrical inner periphery of an outer roller  12  is rotatably fitted externally on an outer periphery of the inner roller  11 . The outer periphery of the inner roller  11  is a truly part-spherical surface having its center on the axis of the trunnion  5   a , and the inner periphery of the outer roller  12  slides on this truly part-spherical surface, so that the outer roller  12  is tiltable relative to the trunnion  5   a . The outer roller  12  is received in a guide groove  2   a  of an outer joint member la, and is movable axially of the outer joint member while rolling along track surfaces  3   a  of the guide groove  2   a . When the joint transmits torque with the outer and inner joint members la and  4   a  at a working angle, the trunnion  5   a  together with the inner roller  11  tilts relative to the outer roller  12 , while the outer roller  12  is guided by the track surfaces  3   a  of the outer joint member  1   a  so as to keep a position parallel to the axis of the outer joint member  1   a , correctly rolling along the track surfaces  3   a . Therefore, the frictional resistance and induced thrust are reduced to a certain extent. 
     In the joint shown in FIG. 11, an outer periphery of a trunnion  5   b  of an inner joint member  4   b  is substantially part-spherical, and an annular roller  13  is rotatably and tiltably fitted externally on this part-spherical outer periphery through a plurality of rolling elements  6   b . When this joint transmits torque with the outer and inner joint members  1   b  and  4   b  at a working angle, the trunnion  5   b  tilts relative to the roller  13 , while the roller  13  is guided by track surfaces  3   b  at opposite sides of a guide groove  2   b  of the outer joint member  1   b  so as to keep a position parallel to the axis of the outer joint member  1   b , correctly rolling along the track surfaces  3   b . In this case, too, the frictional resistance and induced thrust are reduced to a certain extent. 
     The basic structure of the joint shown in FIG. 12 is the same as that of the joint shown in FIG. 11, that is, an outer periphery of a trunnion  5   c  of an inner joint member  4   c  is truly part-spherical, and an annular roller  14  is rotatably and tiltably fitted externally on this truly part-spherical periphery through a plurality of rolling elements  6   c . In this joint, too, when transmitting torque with the outer and inner joint members  1   c  and  4   c  at a working angle, the trunnion  5   c  tilts relative to the roller  14 , while the roller  14  is guided by track surfaces  3   c  at opposite sides of a guide groove  2   c  of the outer joint member  1   c  so as to keep a position parallel to the axis of the outer member  1   c , correctly rolling along the track surfaces  3   c , and therefore the frictional resistance induced thrust are reduced to a certain extent. 
     In the known arrangements as mentioned above, however, as the joint rotates for transmission of torque between the outer and inner joint members and the roller of the inner joint member moves along the corresponding guide groove of the outer joint member, the roller is pressed against either one of the track surfaces at opposite sides of the guide groove, which can cause the roller to tilt as viewed in a cross section perpendicur to the axis of the outer joint member between the track surfaces. This will now be described in relation to the outer roller  12  of the joint shown in FIG.  10 . As shown in FIG. 13 which is an enlarged view in part of FIG. 10, when torque is transmitted as the roller  12  is relatively pressed against the left track surface  3 L, there is a slight clearance between the roller  12  and the right track surface  3 R. Accordingly, the non-load side  12   n  diametrically opposite to the loaded side  12   m  of the roller  12  can be raised or lowered, with the fulcrum at the outer peripheral central part P. 
     When the roller  12  tilts radially outwardly of the outer joint member  1   a  as indicated by solid line in FIG. 13, the roller  12  comes in contact with a shoulder  8   a  formed in the guide groove  2   a  at its end surface on the non-loaded side  12   n , producing a frictional resistance. The shoulders  8   a  extend parallel to the axis of the outer joint member along the right and left track surfaces  3 R and  3 L in order to prevent the roller  12  from tilting within the guide groove in the plane including the axis of the outer joint member. Similar shoulders are provided as required in the joints of FIG.  11  and FIG.  12 . On the contrary, when the roller  12  tilts radially inwardly of the outer joint member  1   a  as indicated by chain line in FIG. 13, the outer periphery of the roller on the non-load side  12   n  comes in contact with the right track surface  3 R as at S, where a frictional resistance is produced. 
     The frictional resistance caused by the tilting of the roller  12  is considered to be one of the causes for worsening the induced thrust or slide resistance in the tripod type constant velocity universal joint, and should desirably be reduced as much as possible. However, its reduction has heretofore been limited to such an extent that accuracy in manufacturing and assembling parts permits. Similar problems can also arise in the roller  13  in the joint of FIG. 11 or the roller  14  in the joint of FIG.  12 . 
     It is hence a primary object of the invention to provide a tripod type constant velocity universal joint with the induced thrust and slide resistance substantially reduced by suppressing tilting movements of the roller of the inner joint member in the guide groove of the outer joint member. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the invention, a tripod type constant velocity universal joint comprises an outer joint member having three equally spaced guide grooves extending parallel to a rotational axis thereof, each of the guide grooves forming circumferentially opposed tracks, an inner joint member disposed inside the outer member and having three equally spaced trunnions projecting radially outwardly into the guide grooves, and an annular roller rotatably and tiltably carried by each of the trunnions, wherein a convex part-spherical outer periphery of the annular roller is engageable with the tracks of the corresponding guide groove so that the roller rolls therealong, and wherein cooperating rest surfaces for preventing the annular roller from tilting in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the outer joint member are provided at, respectively, an end portion of the annular roller and a portion of the track surface corresponding to said end portion of the roller. 
     The cooperating rest surfaces respectively formed on the annular roller and the track surface constitute a steady rest effective for suppressing the tilting of the annular roller. That is, when force is transmitted between the track surface of the outer joint member and the trunnion of the inner joint member through the annular roller, if the annular roller is to tilt for some reason, the rest surface of the annular roller abuts against the rest surface of the track surface, so that the tilting of the annular roller is limited to a minimum. The rest surface of the annular roller rolls on the track surface, without making contact to cause sliding friction as experienced in the prior art, and therefore the annular roller is allowed to smoothly roll without an increase in the slide resistance of the joint. Thus, the tilting of the annular roller is suppressed, which results in the slide resistance and induced thrust being further reduced. 
     According to the invention, therefore, when loaded for transmission of torque between the outer and inner joint members as the roller of the inner joint member is pressed against one of the opposing track surfaces in the corresponding guide groove of the outer joint member, if the roller is about to tilt so as to raise or lower the non-load side thereof with the loaded side being pressed against the track surface, the tilting of the roller is limited to a minimum by cooperation of the rest surfaces, which prevents the roller non-load side from touching the corresponding track surface so that the contact resistance and sliding resistance of the non-load side are decreased or eliminated. Thus, the joint according to the invention has induced thrust and slide resistance substantially reduced to be of low level of vibration or noise and high performance. 
     The annular roller needs not have the rest surface at both ends thereof necessarily, but may have the rest surface at its one end only, e. g. where the annular roller always tilts in one particular direction. 
     One form of the annular roller rotatable about and tiltable relative to the trunnion is an outer roller having a concave part-spherical inner periphery which is externally fitted rotatably and tiltably on a convex part-spherical outer periphery of an inner roller rotatably fitted on a cylindrical outer periphery of the trunnion through rolling elements. Another is an annular roller having a cylindrical inner periphery which is externally fitted on a substantially part-spherical outer periphery of the trunnion through rolling elements. In the case of the former, further, the center of the convex part-spherical outer periphery of the outer roller may be positioned away from the center of the convex part-spherical outer periphery of the inner roller on the axis of the trunnion. Thus, such arrangement of the centers determines the direction in which the outer roller can tilt in a cross section perpendicular to the axis of the outer joint member, and therefore the outer roller is only required to have the rest surface on one of the opposite ends thereof depending on that direction to be determined. 
     The pair of cooperating rest surfaces in section may be both straight, or a combination of straight and curved lines. For example, the generatrix of the outer periphery of the annular roller is composed of a convex arc and a straight line, while the sectional shape of the track surface is composed of concave and convex arcs. Alternatively, the generatrix of the outer periphery of the annular roller is composed of a convex arc of a larger radius of curvature and a convex arc of a smaller radius of curvature, while the sectional shape of the roller guide surface is composed of a concave arc and a straight line. Thus, the area of contact between the cooperating rest surfaces decreases, so that as the annular roller moves in the guide groove with the rest surfaces in contact, little sliding friction is generated, and the slide resistance is expected to decrease further. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Preferred embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the drawings, in which: 
     FIGS. 1A and 1B are partial sectional views showing embodiments of the invention, respectively; 
     FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional view of the outer ring and roller of the joint shown in FIG. 1A; 
     FIGS. 3A and 3B are partial sectional views showing different embodiments of the invention, respectively; 
     FIG. 4 is a partial sectional view showing a different embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 5 is a partial sectional view showing a different embodiment of the invention; 
     FIGS. 6A and 6B are partial sectional views showing other different embodiments of the invention, respectively; 
     FIG. 7A is a cross sectional view showing a further different embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 7B is a longitudinal sectional view of the joint shown in FIG. 7A in an articulated state; 
     FIG. 7C is an enlarged sectional view of the rest surfaces; 
     FIG. 8A is a cross sectional view showing still a further different embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 8B is a longitudinal sectional view of the joint shown in FIG. 8A in an articulated state; 
     FIG. 8C is an enlarged sectional view of the rest surfaces; 
     FIG. 9A is a cross sectional view of a conventional constant velocity universal joint of the tripod type; 
     FIG. 9B is a longitudinal sectional view of the joint shown in FIG. 9A; 
     FIG. 9C is a perspective view, schematically illustrating the roller and track surface shown in FIG. 9B; 
     FIG. 10 is a cross sectional view of a conventional tripod type constant velocity universal joint; 
     FIG. 11 is a cross sectional view of another conventional tripod type constant velocity universal joint; 
     FIG. 12 is a cross sectional view of other conventional tripod type constant velocity universal joint; and 
     FIG. 13 is an enlarged sectional view of the outer ring and roller of the joint shown in FIG.  10 . 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The embodiment shown in FIG. 1A is applied to the joint shown in FIG. 10, and as already mentioned in relation to FIG. 10, an outer roller  28  supported on a trunnion  25  of an inner joint member, or tripod member,  24  is received in a guide groove  22  of an outer joint member  21 . An annular inner roller  27  is coaxially received in the outer roller  28  and is rotatably supported on a cylindrical outer periphery of the trunnion  25  through a plurality of rolling elements  26 . An outer periphery of the inner roller  27  is part-spherical, while an inner periphery of the outer roller  28  is cylindrical, so that the rollers are fitted for relative rotation, relative tilting and relative movement in the axial direction. The center of the part-spherical outer periphery of the inner roller  27  is on the axis of the trunnion  25 , and the outer roller  28  is tiltable along this part-spherical outer periphery. The inner periphery of the outer roller  28  may be formed in a conical surface converging upward or radially outwardly of the outer joint member, which ensures a lesser fluctuation of induced thrust. The cone angle of the conical surface is preferably in a range of 0.1 deg. to 3 deg. The outer periphery of the outer roller  28  is a convex surface, to which the track surface  23  in section is complementary. This basic structure is the same as the joint previously described and shown in FIG. 10, and therefore will not be again described in detail. 
     In FIG.  1 A through FIG. 6B, it is assumed that torque is transmitted as the outer joint member rotates clockwise or the inner joint member rotates counterclockwise. 
     FIG. 2 shows an enlarged view in part of FIG.  1 A. As shown, the outer periphery of the outer roller  28  and the track surface  23  are complementary in section, the former having a central arcuate portion and rest surfaces  31   a  and  32   a  at both sides thereof, the latter having a central arcuate portion and rest surfaces  31   b  and  32   b  at both sides thereof. The rest surfaces  31   a  and  32   a  of the outer roller  28  are cylindrical, while the rest surfaces  31   b  and  32   b  of the track surface  23  are flat. Under a loaded condition where transmission of torque takes place as the outer roller  28  is relatively pressed against the left track surface  23 L, a slight clearance is formed between the outer roller  28  and the right track surface  23 R. Accordingly, the non-load side  28   n  diametrically opposite to the loaded side  28   m  of the outer roller  28  can be raised or lowered with the fulcrum at the outer peripheral central part Q of the outer roller  28  on the loaded side  28   m.    
     When the outer roller  28  is to tilt radially outwardly of the outer joint member to raise the non-load side  28   n  thereof as indicated by solid line in FIG. 2, the rest surface  31   a  situated radially outwardly of the outer joint member and at the loaded side  28   m  of the outer roller  28  abuts against the rest surface  31   b  of the left track surface  23 L to prevent any further tilting of the outer roller  28 . Thus, the non-load side  28   n  of the outer roller  28  is slightly away from the right track surface  23 R, without any contact resistance and sliding resistance being produced. The dimensions of the rest surfaces  31   a  and  31   b  should be set so that the non-load side of the outer roller will not touch the outer joint member even if the outer roller  28  somewhat tilts. 
     When the outer roller  28  is to tilt radially inwardly of the outer joint member to lower the non-load side  28   n  thereof as indicated by chain line in FIG. 2, the rest surface  31   a  situated radially inwardly of the outer joint member and at the loaded side  28   m  of the outer roller  28  abuts against the rest surface  32   b  of the left track surface  23 L to prevent any further tilting of the outer roller  28 . Thus, the non-load side  28   n  of the outer roller  28  is slightly away from the right track surface  23 R, without any contact resistance and sliding resistance being produced. The dimensions of the rest surfaces  32   a  and  32   b  should be so set that the non-load side of the outer roller will not touch the outer joint member even if the outer roller  28  somewhat tilts. 
     When the outer roller  28  somewhat tilts, the rest surface  31   a  or  32   a  on the loaded side  28   m  and the rest surface  31   b  or  32   b  of the left track surface  23 L come in contact with each other, but since the rest surfaces  31   a  and  32   a  of the outer roller  28  are cylindrical, they roll on the respective flat rest surfaces  31   b  and  32   b  of the track surface  23 L with a very slight rolling resistance which does not affect induced thrust. Accordingly, the tilting of the outer roller  28  under a loaded condition is suppressed to a very slight amount, and induced thrust or slide resistance are substantially reduced. The above described function is applicable to the subsequent embodiments as well. 
     FIG. 1B shows a modification in which axially extending parallel shoulders  29  are formed in the guide groove  22  of the outer joint member  21  for preventing the outer roller  28  from tilting as viewed in the plane including the axis of the outer joint member  21 . In this modified embodiment, the outer roller  28  under a loaded condition is prevented from not only tilting in the plane perpendicular to the axis of the outer joint member but also tilting in the plane including the axis of the outer joint member, so that induced thrust and slide resistance may be further reduced. 
     FIG. 3A shows an embodiment applied in the joint shown in FIG. 11, and as mentioned already in relation to FIG. 11, a roller  48  supported on a trunnion  45  of an inner joint member  44  is accommodated in a guide groove  42  of an outer joint member  41 . The outer periphery of the trunnion  45  is substantially part-spherical, and a cylindrical inner periphery of the annular roller  48  is fitted externally on this outer periphery of the trunnion  45  through a plurality of rolling elements  46 . The center of the outer periphery of the trunnion  45  is on the axis of the trunnion  45 , and the roller  48  tilts along this spherical outer periphery. The outer periphery of the roller  48  is a convex surface, which a track surface  43  in section is complementary to. Cylindrical rest surfaces  31   c  and  32   c  are formed at both ends of the outer periphery of the roller  48 , while flat rest surfaces  31   d  and  32   d  extending parallel to the guide groove are formed at both ends of the track surface  43 . The function of the rest surfaces  31   c ,  32   c ,  31   d  and  32   d  is the same as that of the rest surfaces  31   a ,  31   b ,  32   a  and  32   b  in the embodiment of FIG.  1 A. FIG. 3B shows a modification in which axially extending parallel shoulders  49  are formed in the guide groove  42  of the outer joint member  41 . The function of the shoulders  49  is the same as that of the shoulders  29  in the embodiment of FIG.  1 B. 
     FIG. 4 shows an embodiment applied in the joint shown in FIG. 12, and as mentioned already in relation to FIG. 12, a roller  58  supported on a trunnion  55  of an inner joint member  54  is accommodated in a guide groove  52  of an outer joint member  51 . The outer periphery of the trunnion  55  is a truly part-spherical surface, and the annular roller  58  is fitted externally on this outer periphery through a plurality of rolling elements  56  so as to be rotatable and tiltable about the center of the truly part-spherical outer periphery of the trunnion  55 . The outer periphery of the roller  58  is a convex surface, which a track surface  53  in section is complementary to. Cylindrical rest surfaces  31   e  and  32   e  are formed at both ends of the outer periphery of the roller  58 , and corresponding flat rest surfaces  31   f  and  31   f  are formed on the track surface  53 . The structure and function of the rest surfaces  31   e ,  32   e ,  31   f  and  32   f  are the same as in the embodiment of FIG.  1 A. 
     The embodiment in FIG. 5 relates to a dual-roller structure of the joint shown in FIG. 1A in which inner and outer rollers are in contact with each other on the respective spherical surfaces. Therefore, the basic structure is the same as in FIG. 1A, that is, a roller  68  supported on a trunnion  65  of an inner joint member  64  is accommodated in a guide groove  62  of an outer joint member  61 . An annular inner roller  67  is rotatably supported on the cylindrical outer periphery of the trunnion  65  through a plurality of rolling elements  66 , and the part-spherical inner periphery of the outer roller  68  is externally fitted to the part-spherical outer periphery of the inner roller  67 . The center of the part-spherical outer periphery of the inner roller  67  is on the axis of the trunnion  65 , so that the outer roller  68  is tiltable along this part-spherical outer periphery. The center of the part-spherical inner periphery of the outer roller  68  and the center of the part-spherical outer periphery of the inner roller  67  are coincident with each other on the axis of the trunnion  65 . At both ends of the outer periphery of the outer roller  68  are formed cylindrical rest surfaces  31   g  and  32   g  and corresponding flat rest surfaces  31   h  and  32   h  are formed on the track surface  63 . The structure and function of the rest surfaces  31   g ,  32   g ,  31   h  and  32   h  are the same as in the embodiment in FIG.  1 A. 
     FIGS. 6A and 6B show modifications of the joint shown in FIG.  5 . In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6A, the center (i) of the part-spherical outer periphery of the outer roller  68  on the axis of the trunnion  65  is lower than the center (j) of the part-spherical outer periphery of the inner roller  67  (also the center of the part-spherical inner periphery of the outer roller). In other words, the former is away from the latter radially inwardly of the inner joint member  64 . In this joint, when loaded, the outer roller  68  can tilt so as to raise the non-load side radially outwardly of the outer joint member  61 , thus requiring only the cylindrical rest surface  31   g  of the outer roller  68  and the flat rest surface  31   h  of the track surface  63  both situated radially outwardly of the outer joint member. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6B, on the other hand, the center (i) of the part-spherical outer periphery of the outer roller  68  on the axis of the trunnion  65  is higher than the center (j) of the part-spherical outer periphery of the inner roller  67  (also the center of the part-spherical inner circumference of the outer roller) in the drawing. In other words, the former is away from the latter radially outwardly of the inner joint member  64 . In this joint, when loaded, the outer roller  68  can tilt so as to lower the non-load side radially inwardly of the outer joint member  61 , thus requiring only the cylindrical rest surface  32   g  of the outer roller  68  and the flat rest surface  32   h  of the track surface  63  both situated radially inwardly of the outer joint member. 
     In the foregoing embodiments, the rest surfaces are shown as being straight in section, but not necessarily be so limited. As shown in FIG.  7  and FIG. 8, for example, one of the cooperating rest surfaces may be straight in section and the other curved. Such arrangement of the sectional shape of rest surfaces may be applied in any embodiment shown in FIG.  1  through FIG. 6, and as typical examples, applications in the embodiment in FIG. 1A are shown in FIG.  7  and FIG.  8 . That is, in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 7A to  7 C, the rest surfaces  31   a  and  32   a  of the outer roller  28  are cylindrical, while the rest surfaces  31   b  and  32   b  adjacent to the track surface  23  of the outer joint member  21  are convex. In this case, the generatrix of the outer periphery of the outer roller  28  is composed of the central convex arc and the straight lines at both ends. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8, the rest surfaces  31   b  and  32   b  of the outer joint member  21  are flat, while the rest surfaces  31   a  and  32   a  of the outer roller  28  are convex. In this case, the generatrix of the outer periphery of the outer roller  28  is composed of the central larger arc and the smaller arcs at both ends. The larger and smaller convex arcs are smoothly connected via concave arcs. Since one of the cooperating rest surfaces is straight in section and the other curved, the area of contact therebetween decreases, and even if the outer roller  28  moves along the guide groove  22  axially of the outer joint member with the cooperating rest surfaces in contact with each other, only a slight sliding friction is generated, which contributes to reduction in slide resistance.