Abstract:
An electronic system where messages include information carried by digital watermarks. The digital watermarks are used to control the transmission and/or receipt of messages including images or audio transmitted over the system. The system prevents the accidental dissemination of information to unauthorized receivers. Furthermore, while no security system is fool-proof, the system helps guards against the intentional, but unauthorized, dissemination of information to unauthorized receivers.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/784,391, filed Feb. 15, 2001 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,298,864), which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/183,681, filed Feb. 19, 2000. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The invention relates to Internet communication and more particularly to using digital watermarks to as control elements in Internet communication.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     The Internet presents security challenges to corporations and others who have computers which store confidential information and which have connections to the internet. Traditionally, documents containing confidential information are marked with a legend or other visual indicia with words such a “CONFIDENTIAL”, “PROPRIETARY”, etc. The presence of these marks alerts anyone handling such documents that they should only be transferred outside of company under special precautions. It is relatively difficult and unusual for someone to inadvertently manually send such a document to an unauthorized receiver. However, the use of Internet communication changes the situation.  
         [0004]     The Internet and electronic mail speeds the communications process; however, the Internet and electronic mail also make it much easier to inadvertently or accidentally send a confidential document to an unauthorized receiver. A single accidental or inadvertent keystroke can have wide ranging unintended consequences. The Internet and other electronic communication system make it easy to communicate; however, these systems and networks also make it easy to mistakenly or inadvertently sent a document to the wrong party.  
       SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION  
       [0005]     The invention utilizes digital watermarks to control the transmission and/or receipt of documents, including images or audio, transmitted over computer networks such as the Internet. The invention can be used to prevent the accidental dissemination of information to unauthorized receivers. Furthermore, while no security system is fool-proof, the invention helps guards against the intentional, but unauthorized, dissemination of information to unauthorized receivers.  
         [0006]     Most electronically transmitted messages contain text. However, electronic mail systems generally allow images (i.e. pictures) or sound bites to be embedded into and form part of a message. For example, a message can contain a “stamp” with the word “confidential” or a message can contain a sound clip with the word “confidential”. An image or sound clip that forms part of an electronic message can carry a digital watermark that can be detected and read by conventional watermark reading programs.  
         [0007]     The “payload” or digital data in a digital watermark typically has a number of different fields. One or more of these fields can be dedicated to a flags which indicates that the document or image containing the watermark is confidential or otherwise classified and that it should only be disseminated in a particular manor.  
         [0008]     Typically, e-mail enters a transmission network by way of an e-mail server. Programs that can detect and read watermarks are well known and commercially available. In one embodiment, the e-mail server passes each e-mail messages through a watermark detection and reading program prior to sending the message out over a network. If the watermark program detects a watermark, it interrogates certain flag bits to determine how the message should be handled. For example, if the watermark reading program finds that a particular flag is set, it can take action such as alerting both the sender and a network administrator. If the watermark program finds no watermark or finds that a particular flag is not set, the message is sent over the network in a conventional manner.  
         [0009]     Thus, the invention can serve as a control mechanism for controlling the dissemination and receipt of electronic messages.  
         [0010]     Messages and documents also enter the Internet and other electronic networks from servers such as Web servers and FTP servers. In a similar fashion a watermark detection program can interrogate documents on servers such as Web and FTP servers and take action as described above. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES  
       [0011]      FIG. 1  is a diagram with an image containing the words “Confidential”.  
         [0012]      FIG. 2  is diagram of the fields in a typical watermark.  
         [0013]      FIG. 3  is a diagram of a typical e-mail system.  
         [0014]      FIG. 4  is a more detailed diagram of the watermark reading and detection program shown in  FIG. 3 .  
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0015]     The embodiments of the invention described herein relate to systems for transmitting e-mail messages over the Internet. This first embodiment has the ability to prevent the accidental dissemination of confidential e-mail messages and documents to unauthorized users. That is, the first embodiment of the invention prevents the transmission of confidential e-mail or documents to anyone. An alternate embodiment merely prevents the transmission of confidential documents to “unauthorized” users. That is, if a message is sent to two recipients, one of whom is authorized and one of whom is not authorized, the documents are transmitted to authorized user and not transmitted to unauthorized user. It is very easy to add addressees to an e-mail message. Someone may address an e-mail message which contains confidential information to a large group of people without realizing the one of the addressee is not authorized to receive confidential information. The system will prevent such an e-mail from being transmitted to the unauthorized person even though the sender included the address of that person in the list of addressee. Another alternative embodiment can take a variety of actions such as logging messages or sending them to an administrator in addition to preventing them from being disseminated.  
         [0016]     A typical confidential document  10  is represented in  FIG. 1 . The document  10  can either be an e-mail message, or alternatively it may be a document that is attached to an e-mail message. The document  10  includes a confidentiality stamp  11  and lines of text. The confidentiality stamp  11  is an image that has the word “confidential” superimposed over a background that has a variety of lines. That is, the background in image  11  contains lines the width of which are varied to carry a watermark in accordance with the teachings of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/074,034, filed May 6, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,449,377 (which corresponds to PCT application PCT/US99/08252), and U.S. application Ser. No. 09/127,503, filed Jul. 31, 1998 (which corresponding to PCT application PCT/US99/14532). The disclosures of the above referenced patent applications are hereby incorporated herein in their entireties by reference. Alternatively the background of image  11  may comprise a weave or tint pattern that carries a watermark. In still another alternative embodiment instead of having an image  11  embedded in the message, the message may contain an audio clip with the work confidential. The audio clip would be watermarked using conventional audio watermarking techniques. However, in the first embodiment described herein the, image  11  has both a human readable word “Confidential” and a digital watermark that can be read by a watermark detection and reading program.  
         [0017]     The data fields and flags in a typical watermark payload are shown in  FIG. 2 . It should be understood that the fields and flags shown are merely representative and they can take may alternative forms. The first embodiment of the invention utilizes one of the flag fields to indicate that a particular document is confidential. The other fields can be used in a conventional manner. Alternate embodiments can use a number of flags to indicate actions that should be taken with a particular message.  
         [0018]      FIG. 3  shows a typical e-mail system. A relatively large number of individual user terminal  301  are connected to an e-mail server  302 . Only five representative terminals designated  301   a  to  301   x  are shown for convenience of illustration. The terminals  301  are connected to server  302  by conventional connections such as by an Ethernet LAN or by dial up modems. The e-mail server  302  has a conventional interface  303  to the Internet and it receives and sends messages from the individual users to the Internet. The e-mail server  302  is conventional and the details of the e-mail server  302  form no part of the present invention. However, with the present invention, before the e-mail server  302  transmits a message from one of the individual user terminals  301   a  to  301   x  to the Internet, the e-mail server passes the message through a watermark detection and reading program  305 . Both the e-mail message itself and any attached documents are passed through the watermark reading program. The watermark detection and reading program  305  determines if a message contains a watermark. If a watermark is detected, the confidentiality flag bit is interrogated. If the watermark reading program  305  determines that the flag bit is set to “confidential”, the first embodiment of the invention merely informs the e-mail server  302  to return the message to the sender. Thus, the first embodiment of the invention prohibits any confidential information from being transmitted as part of an e-mail message.  
         [0019]     A second embodiment of the invention provides for a wider array of alternative. As shown in  FIG. 4 , the second embodiment of the invention includes a data base  401 . The data base  401  contains a list of different potential message senders, a list showing different groups of potential message recipients, and a set of possible categories indicated by the setting of the various flags in a message. For example, the senders may fall into three groups designated sender groups S 1 , S 2  and S 3 . The potential recipients can fall into three groups designated R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 . The data base  401  and the associated logic  402  can implement logic rules such as indicated by the following table:  
                                           Sender   Recipient   Flag           Group   Group   Conditions   Action                   S1   R1   011   Send message       S1   R2   110   Do not sent message notify the                   administrator       S1   R2   001   Send message, and log fact that S1 sent                   a message to R2.       S1   R2   101   Return message to sender       S2   R1   011   Send message       S2   R3   110   Do not sent message and notify the                   system administrator                  
 
         [0020]     It should be clearly noted that the above is merely a simplified example of the rules and combinations that could be in data base  401 . The data bases could include hundreds or thousands of users and it could include dozens of rules. The system can be complex or simple as desired for a particular application. A system can include many alternatives in addition to those shown above or a system might include only a very few alternatives. For example, the system could include only a list of addresses which are authorized to receive messages which have a confidentiality flag set to “confidential”. Such a system would allow confidential documents to be only sent to selected addresses. Alternatively or in addition the system could include a list of individuals authorized to send confidential documents. The system could merely check the sender against this list or alternatively, the system could require that a password be entered when such messages are encountered. The table above shows three flag bits. A system could have more or less flag bits as the needs of the particular system require.  
         [0021]     The import point is that the system considers the message sender, the message recipient and the condition of the flags in the data carried by a digital watermark to determine what action should be taken. The digital watermark can be carried by the message using any of the known ways of watermarking a document. For example, it can be carried by modulating the width of lines or by modulating the luminosity of pixels in an image or by a watermark in audio data.  
         [0022]     In alternate embodiments of the invention, the confidentiality stamp could include a watermark in an image by means other than using line width modulation as described with respect to the first embodiment of the invention. The background of the stamp could include a conventional image carrying a conventional watermark.  
         [0023]     In an alternative embodiment of the invention, rather than checking for a digital watermark, the system could check for a text string such as “confidential” and take action in response to locating such a text string.  
         [0024]     The above described embodiments relate to controlling the dissemination of information; however, it should be understood that the invention could be applied in similar manner to control the receipt of confidential information or to control the action taken when messages containing watermarks are received.  
         [0025]     While the previously described embodiments apply to e-mail systems, similar precautions could be taken with FTP servers or with Web servers.  
         [0026]     While the invention has been shown and described with respect to various preferred embodiments, it should be understood that various changes in form and detail could be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.