Abstract:
A retinal display includes a single integrated circuit that incorporates a light source, conditioning optics, a scanner and the drive electronics. The drive electronics may include a processor-based system and further may include the electronics to enable wireless communication with other processor-based systems. As a result, a head-mounted retinal display or a mobile device (cell phone or PDA or similar) integrated retinal display may provide compact computer functionality.

Description:
BACKGROUND  
         [0001]    This invention relays generally to a retinal display.  
           [0002]    A retinal display is a display that is scanned directly into the eye of the user. An image for display may be raster scanned by scanning a light source directly into the retina of the user. A color gamut formed of red, green and blue (RGB) (or other available color spaces) may be implemented using appropriate light sources. Each light source may be a laser, laser diode or light emitting diode as examples.  
           [0003]    A scanner scans the light source, one (or more) pixel at a time, directly onto the user&#39;s retina. A horizontal scanner may use a flexure based mechanical resonance scanner that operates at several kilohertz. A vertical scanner may also be a mechanical scanner operated at non-resonant mode at the frame rate of the display. Other scanners may be utilized as well.  
           [0004]    Microvision Inc. of Seattle, Wash. has developed a virtual retinal display  30  that includes a plurality of modules as shown in FIG. 6. The drive electronics module  34  receives and processes signals from an image or graphics source  32 . These signals may contain information to control the intensity and color coordinates of a pixel that comprises a part of an image. The drive electronics  34  synchronize the data source with the scanning position information obtained from sensors. The drive electronics  34  in turn communicate with a photonics module  36 .  
           [0005]    The photonics module  36  may include light sources  38 , modulators  42 , and color combining optics  40 . The display  30  may use very low power light sources  38  to create an image, a single pixel at a time. Gray levels may be created by changing the luminance on a pixel-by-pixel basis. A modulator  42  may take a pixel voltage from a video processor. Laser diodes may be modulated directly by changing the drive current. For laser-based systems, acousto-optic modulators may be used to modulate the beam.  
           [0006]    Next, a scanner module  46  that may be mounted on a pair of eye glasses  48 , provides mechanical horizontal and vertical scanning to project one pixel at a time onto a diffuser  54 . That image may then be transferred through the optics to the retina of a person wearing the glasses  48 . By rapidly moving the light source across and down the retina, an image may be painted in a raster pattern. A mechanical resonance scanner may sweep the horizontal axis and a non-resonance scanner may sweep the vertical axis. Eventually, micro-electromechanical scanners (MEMS) that are smaller and lighter than mechanical resonance scanners may be used.  
           [0007]    As shown in FIG. 6, the scanner module  46  may include the scanners  52 , a focusing lens  50  and a folding mirror  52 . In scanning retinal display systems, the display exit pupil may be located at the eye-pupil of the observer. Refractive, reflective and diffractive optical elements can be used to expand and transmit the scanning beam of light through the user&#39;s pupil and onto the retina to create the viewable image. Magnification, scan angle, and scanning mirror size determine the field of view and exit pupil size. Since scanning systems may create an exit pupil that is relatively small, a diffractive optical system with a forward scattering diffuser may be used at the intermediate image plane.  
           [0008]    The use of a plurality of modules facilitates the design and development of the display. However, it also increases the size and weight of the system and complicates interconnectivity. In some cases the system may not be amenable to head-mounted display or integratable into a handheld portable device such as a Cell Phone or PDA.  
           [0009]    Thus, there is a need for better ways to implement retinal displays. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0010]    [0010]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0011]    [0011]FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1;  
         [0012]    [0012]FIG. 3 is a greatly enlarged depiction of the integrated circuit shown in FIG. 2;  
         [0013]    [0013]FIG. 4 is a schematic depiction of an adjustable mounting for an optical element;  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 5 is a schematic depiction of an adjustable mounting for a scanner mirror; and  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 6 is a depiction of a prior art virtual retinal display. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0016]    Referring to FIG. 1, a retinal display  10  may be incorporated into a head wearable device such as a pair of eye glasses, or integrated into a handheld platform like a Cell Phone or a PDA. Other head wearable devices may include hats, helmets, headphones or headsets as additional examples. In one embodiment, the display  10  may include an eye glass-type frame made up of arms  18   a ,  18   b , and eye glass lenses  16   a ,  16   b . An integrated display circuit  14  may be mounted in the nosepiece between the lenses  16   a ,  16   b . A pair of battery packs  12   a ,  12   b  may be positioned on each arm  18   a ,  18   b  respectively to distribute the battery weight evenly on the user&#39;s nose.  
         [0017]    As shown in FIG. 2, the integrated circuit  14  may be supplied with power from each battery pack  12   a ,  12   b  through flexible connections  20   a ,  20   b , which weave through the frame of the display  10  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In some cases, the integrated circuit may include all of the electronics other than the battery pack  12  needed to implement the display  10 . For example, the integrated circuit  14  may include not only the hardware for implementing the display itself but also a processor or even an entire computer on a chip.  
         [0018]    In addition, the integrated circuit  14 , in some embodiments, may include radio frequency circuitry for wireless communications with remote processor-based systems. Thus, the circuit  14  may communicate with a remote processor-based system using a wireless protocol such as a cellular telephone link, a short range radio system, or a Bluetooth connection as examples. The remote processor-based system may be worn by the user, carried in the user&#39;s pocket, or may be located within the building occupied the user or in a different building.  
         [0019]    The integrated circuit  14  may paint an image directly into one or both eyes of the user. Thus an image provided for display or viewing by the user may be projected directly into the user&#39;s retina.  
         [0020]    Referring to FIG. 3, the integrated circuit  14  may include all the electronic components needed for the display with the exception of the battery packs  12  in one embodiment. The integrated drive electronics  22  may include the electronics to actually drive the display itself as well as a processor or computer technology for providing and generating an actual displayable image. The integrated drive electronics  22  may include components conventionally associated with personal computers including a processor, memory, an interface to peripherals such as a modem, which may connect to the Internet, and an interface card to enable wireless communications, as examples. The integrated drive electronics  22  may include integrated connections to each of the other components included on the integrated circuit  14 .  
         [0021]    Thus, the integrated drive electronics  22  may have integrated connections to the light source  26 , input optics  28 , scanner  24 , and output optics  30 . Each of the components  24 - 30  may be fixably secured to the integrated circuit  14 . This connection may be achieved using adhesives, surface mount techniques, or soldering as examples.  
         [0022]    The light source  26  may provide a light beam of red, green and blue light in accordance with one embodiment. Other color spaces may be implemented as well. The light source  26  in one embodiment may be formed of three integrated circuits mounted on the chip  14 . Thus, they may be coherent light sources such as laser light sources implemented as light emitting diodes, edge emitting lasers, microlasers, laser diodes, or the like. In addition, non-coherent light sources may also be utilized in some embodiments. The light source  26  may be directly modulated or may include a continuous emitter indirectly modulated by an external modulator such as an acousto-optic modulator (AOM).  
         [0023]    The input optics  28  optically adjust the generated light source for scanning by the scanner  24 . Thus, the input optics  28  may include physical lenses or may include flat lenses formed by holographic sheets, Fresnel lenses or the like. As a result, the input optics  28  may be formed in a very compact fashion.  
         [0024]    The scanner  24  implements raster scanning of the light generated by the light source  26  and conditioned by the input optics  28 . The scanner  24  may be of the type described previously in association with the previously described Microvision Inc. virtual retinal display or it may be a MEMS mirror that may be deflected by applying the appropriate potential to a stepper motor under the control of the integrated drive electronics  22 . In other words, the integrated drive electronics  22  may provide potential to the scanner  24  through integrated connections therewith in order to drive a MEMS mirror to position the light beam where desired on the user&#39;s eye.  
         [0025]    A micromechanical phase grating, for example the type developed by Silicon Light Machines (Sunnyvale, Calif.), may also be utilized as the scanner  24 . These devices include ribbons that are electronically deflectable to alter the diffraction of light. Electrostatic, electromagnetic and electromechanical techniques may also be used to implement the scanner  24 .  
         [0026]    The scanned light from the scanner  24  is adjusted for appropriate focal length and appropriate image expansion using movable optical elements in the output optics  30 . The optical elements in the output optics  30  may be also relatively compact, lightweight devices that may be implemented by Fresnel lenses, holographic lenses or other relatively space conserving optical devices. Each of these devices may be mounted for movement under control of the drive electronics  22 . Thus, the drive electronics  22  may appropriately position each optical element in the input optics  28  and output optics  30  to adjust the optical characteristics of the image that is generated. Electronic shutters may be controlled electronically to turn the display  10  on and off when the drive electronics  22  are otherwise occupied, for example, in completing a processing task.  
         [0027]    Thus, in one embodiment, using a scanner  44  implemented with MEMS technology the same linear stepper motor positioning technology utilized in association with MEMS mirror array, may also be utilized to adjust the position of optical components in the input and output optics  28  and  30 .  
         [0028]    For example, each optical component may be displaced by the application of a suitable charge, which attracts or repels a plate associated with the optical element. Alternatively, electromotive forces, such as magnetic forces, may be electronically generated to appropriately position the optical components.  
         [0029]    Referring to FIG. 4, the integrated circuit  14  may include a substrate  60  with one or more integrated stepper motors  62  formed into the substrate  60  using well-known nanotechnology microfabrication techniques. The stepper motors  62  may move an optical element  64  in the directions of the arrows. Thus, the position of the optical element  64  with respect to the light source may be adjusted to change the optical characteristics of the output from the optical element  64 . The optical element  64  may, for example, be a lens element such as a Fresnel lens or holographic lens, which changes the optical characteristics of the input light beam. In one embodiment, the optical element  64  may be separately fabricated and may be secured to a movable element of a stepper motor  62 . The securement may be accomplished using a variety of techniques including adhesive securement, friction welding, surface mount techniques, or soldering, as examples.  
         [0030]    Instead of using stepper motors  62  other nanofabricated devices may be used as a microactuator. Another example of a microactuator uses microfabricated interdigitated combs that are electrostatically displaced relative to one another.  
         [0031]    Referring to FIG. 5, an integrated stepper motor  64  may be utilized to apply a rotary motion, indicated by the arrows, to an optical mirror  68  that is part of the scanner  24 . The integrated stepper motor  64  may include one or more stepper motors that precisely control the angular orientation of the mirror  68  to provide the desired scanning operation. Again the stepper motor  64  may be formed in the substrate  60  using conventional nanotechnology microfabrication techniques. By varying the angle of the mirror  68 , a light source may be scanned across the user&#39;s retina.  
         [0032]    By integrating the components on or in a single integrated circuit  14 , a relatively compact, lightweight device may be created. Moreover, because of the reduction of interconnections, power consumption may be reduced. Thus, a highly desirable, economically fabricatable device may be possible.  
         [0033]    In one embodiment of the present invention, the integrated circuit  14  is mounted within the display  10  in a relatively horizontal configuration, directed so that the output optics  30  generate an image that enters the human eye through the pupil and exposes the retina. In some cases, a pair of outputs may be provided from the same integrated circuit  14 , for example, spaced on opposite sides of the same integrated circuit  14 , or the outputs may be from spaced apart on the same side of a single integrated circuit  14 .  
         [0034]    In some embodiments, the processing of signals may be done off the circuit  14 , for example to reduce power consumption. The externally processed signals may be received by the circuit  14  and applied to on-chip components such as the optics  28  and  30  and scanner  24 .  
         [0035]    While the present invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate numerous modifications and variations therefrom. It is intended that the appended claims cover all such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of this present invention.