Abstract:
An integrated microelectromechanical structure is provided with: a driving mass, anchored to a substrate via elastic anchorage elements and moved in a plane with a driving movement; and a first sensing mass, suspended inside, and coupled to, the driving mass via elastic supporting elements so as to be fixed with respect to the driving mass in the driving movement and to perform a detection movement of rotation out of the plane in response to a first angular velocity; the elastic anchorage elements and the elastic supporting elements cause the detection movement to be decoupled from the driving movement. The elastic supporting elements are coupled to the first sensing mass at an end portion thereof, and the axis of rotation of the detection movement extends, within the first sensing mass, only through the end portion.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    1. Technical Field 
         [0002]    The present disclosure relates to a microelectromechanical structure, in particular a uniaxial or biaxial gyroscope, provided with an increased sensitivity to detection of angular velocities, in particular angular velocities of pitch and roll. 
         [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0004]    As is known, micromachining techniques enable manufacturing of microelectromechanical structures or systems (MEMS) within layers of semiconductor material, which have been deposited (for example, a polycrystalline-silicon layer) or grown (for example, an epitaxial layer) on sacrificial layers, which are removed via chemical etching. Inertial sensors, accelerometers, and gyroscopes provided with this technology are encountering an increasing success, for example, in the automotive field, in inertial navigation, or in the sector of portable devices. 
         [0005]    In particular, integrated gyroscopes are known, which are made of semiconductor material and obtained with MEMS technology. These gyroscopes operate on the basis of the theorem of relative accelerations, exploiting the Coriolis acceleration. When an angular velocity is applied to a mobile mass moving at a linear velocity, the mobile mass “feels” an apparent force, referred to as Coriolis force, which determines a displacement thereof in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the linear velocity and to the axis about which the angular velocity is applied. The mobile mass is supported via springs that enable its displacement in the direction of the apparent force. Based on the Hooke&#39;s law the displacement is proportional to the apparent force, so that the Coriolis force, and the value of the angular velocity that has generated it, can be determined from the displacement of the mobile mass. The displacement of the mobile mass can, for example, be detected in a capacitive way, determining, in resonance conditions, capacitance variations caused by the movement of mobile electrodes, fixed with respect to the mobile mass and combfingered with fixed electrodes. 
         [0006]    The published U.S. patent applications U.S. 2007-0214883, U.S. 2009-0064780, and U.S. 2009-0100930, filed by the applicant of the present application, disclose an integrated microelectromechanical sensor with a rotary driving movement and sensitive to angular velocities of pitch, roll, and yaw about respective axes of detection. 
         [0007]    This microelectromechanical sensor comprises a single driving mass, anchored to a substrate in a single central point, and actuated with rotary motion about an axis passing through the central point and orthogonal to the plane of the driving mass. The rotation movement of the driving mass makes it possible to obtain in the plane of the mass two components of driving velocity, orthogonal with respect to one another. Through openings are provided within the driving mass, and corresponding sensing masses are arranged within the through openings; the sensing masses are enclosed in the overall dimensions of the driving mass, are suspended with respect to the substrate, and are connected to the driving mass via flexible elements. Each sensing mass is fixed with respect to the driving mass during its rotary motion, and moreover has a further degree of freedom of movement as a function of an external stress, in particular a Coriolis force, acting on the sensor. The flexible elements, thanks to their particular construction, enable the sensing masses to perform a rotary movement of detection about an axis belonging to the plane of the sensor, or alternatively a linear movement of detection along an axis belonging to the plane of the sensor, respectively, in response to a Coriolis acceleration acting in a direction perpendicular to the plane and to a Coriolis acceleration acting in a direction belonging to the plane. The detection movement is in any case substantially decoupled from the actuation movement of the driving mass. This microelectromechanical structure, in addition to being compact (in so far as it envisages a single driving mass enclosing in its overall dimensions a plurality of sensing masses), makes it possible to obtain with minor structural modifications, a uniaxial, a biaxial, or a triaxial gyroscope (and/or possibly an accelerometer, according to the electrical connections implemented), at the same time ensuring an excellent decoupling of the driving dynamics from the detection dynamics. 
         [0008]      FIG. 1  shows an exemplary embodiment of a biaxial microelectromechanical gyroscope, designated by  1 , according to the teachings disclosed in the aforesaid patent applications. 
         [0009]    The gyroscope  1  is provided in a die  2  comprising a substrate  2   a  made of semiconductor material (for example, silicon), and a frame  2   b;  the frame  2   b  defines inside it an open region  2   c,  overlying the substrate  2   a,  and designed to house detection structures of the gyroscope  1  (as described in detail hereinafter). The open region  2   c  has a generally square or rectangular configuration in a horizontal plane (in what follows, plane of the sensor xy), defined by a first horizontal axis x and a second horizontal axis y, fixed with respect to the die  2 . The frame  2   b  has sides substantially parallel to the horizontal axes x, y. Contact pads  2   d  (so-called “die pads”) are arranged along a side of the frame  2   b , aligned, for example, along the first horizontal axis x. In a way not illustrated, the die pads  2   d  make it possible to electrically contact from the outside the detection structures of the gyroscope  1 . The die pads  2   d  have an axis of symmetry, in this case coinciding with the second horizontal axis y (orthogonal to their direction of alignment), being arranged in equal number and in a specular way on opposite sides of the second horizontal axis y. 
         [0010]    In particular, the first and second horizontal axes x, y correspond to a first axis of detection and a second axis of detection of the gyroscope  1  (more precisely, to a pitch axis and to a roll axis), about which corresponding angular velocities {right arrow over (Ω)} x  (pitch angular velocity) and {right arrow over (Ω)} y  (roll angular velocity) are detected. 
         [0011]    In detail, the gyroscope  1  comprises a driving structure, housed within the open region  2   c  and formed by a driving mass  3  and by a driving assembly  4 . 
         [0012]    The driving mass  3  has a generally circular geometry with radial symmetry, having a substantially planar configuration with main extension in the plane of the sensor xy, and negligible dimension, with respect to the main extension, in a direction parallel to a vertical axis z, forming with the first and second horizontal axes x, y a set of three orthogonal axes, fixed with respect to the die  2 . For example, the driving mass  3  has in the plane of the sensor xy basically the shape of an annulus, and defines at the center an empty space  6 , the center O of which coincides with the center of gravity and the center of symmetry of the entire structure. 
         [0013]    The driving mass  3  is anchored to the substrate  2   a  by means of a first anchorage  7   a  placed at the center O, to which it is connected through first elastic anchorage elements  8   a.  In the example, the first elastic anchorage elements  8   a  extend, forming a cross, from the center O parallel to the first and second horizontal axes x, y. The driving mass  3  is anchored to the substrate  2   a  by means of further anchorages  7   b,  set on the outside of the same driving mass  3 , to which it is connected by means of further elastic anchorage elements  8   b.  For example, the further elastic anchorage elements  8   b  are of the folded type, are four in number, and are aligned in pairs along the first and second horizontal axes x, y, in such a way that the further anchorages  7   b  are set, in pairs, on opposite sides of the driving mass  3  with respect to the empty space  6 , at the vertex of a cross centered in the center O. The first and further elastic anchorage elements  8   a,    8   b  enable a rotary movement of the driving mass  3  about a driving axis passing through the center O, parallel to the vertical axis z and perpendicular to the plane of the sensor xy. 
         [0014]    The driving mass  3  has: a first pair of through openings  9   a,    9   b,  aligned in a diametric direction along the first horizontal axis x (pitch axis), and set on opposite sides with respect to the empty space  6 ; and a second pair of through openings  9   c,    9   d,  aligned in a diametric direction along the second horizontal axis y (roll axis), and set on opposite sides with respect to the empty space  6 . In particular, each through opening  9   a - 9   d  has in the plane of the sensor xy the shape of a radial annulus sector, having arc-shaped internal and external sides and radially extending lateral sides. In addition, the through openings  9   a,    9   b  of the first pair are symmetrical with respect to the second horizontal axis y, and the through openings  9   c,    9   d  of the second pair are symmetrical with respect to the first horizontal axis x. 
         [0015]    The driving assembly  4  comprises a plurality of driven arms  10 , extending externally from the driving mass  3  in a radial direction and in such a way that they are set at equal angular distances apart from one another, and a plurality of first and second driving arms  12   a,    12   b,  extending parallel to, and on opposite sides of, respective driven arms  10 . Each driven arm  10  carries a plurality of first electrodes  13 , extending perpendicular to, and on both sides of, the same driven arm. In addition, each of the first and second driving arms  12   a,    12   b  carries respective second electrodes  14   a,    14   b,  which extend towards the respective driven arm  10 , and are combfingered with the corresponding first electrodes  13 . The first driving arms  12   a  are set all on one and the same side of the respective driven arms  10 , and are biased all at one and the same first potential. Likewise, the second driving arms  12   b  are set all on the opposite side of the respective driven arms  10 , and are biased all at one and the same second potential. A driving circuit (not illustrated) is connected to the second electrodes  14   a,    14   b  for applying the first and second potentials and determining, by means of the mutual and alternating attraction of the electrodes, an oscillatory rotary motion of the driving mass  3  about the driving axis, at a given frequency of oscillation. 
         [0016]    The gyroscope  1  further comprises a first pair of acceleration sensors with axis parallel to the vertical axis z, and in particular a first pair of sensing masses  16   a,    16   b , set within a respective through opening  9   a,    9   b  so as to be completely enclosed and contained in the overall dimensions of the driving mass  3  in the plane of the sensor xy. Each of the sensing masses  16   a,    16   b  has a shape corresponding to that of the respective through opening, and consequently has, in plan view, the general shape of a radial annulus sector. In detail, each of the sensing masses  16   a,    16   b  has a first portion  17 , which is wider, and a second portion  18 , which is narrower (along the first horizontal axis x) but has in any case dimensions comparable with those of the first portion  17 , the two portions being connected by a connecting portion  19 , which is shorter (in a direction parallel to the second horizontal axis y) than the first and second portions  17 ,  18 , and consequently has a center of gravity G located within the corresponding first portion  17 . In greater detail, the first portion  17  has an outer side that is arc-shaped and concave and lateral sides extending radially, and the second portion  18  has an outer side that is arc-shaped and convex and lateral sides extending radially, aligned along the lateral sides of the first portion  17 . Each of the sensing masses  16   a,    16   b  is supported by a pair of elastic supporting elements  20  extending from the connecting portion  19  to the driving mass  3 , connecting thereto, parallel to the second horizontal axis y (the elastic supporting elements  20  extending consequently in an intermediate position with respect to the width of the respective sensing mass). The elastic supporting elements  20  extend within recesses  21  provided on opposite sides of the corresponding sensing mass  16   a,    16   b,  at a distance b C  from its center of gravity G. They form torsional springs rigid in regard to the rotary motion of the driving mass  3  (so that the sensing masses  16   a,    16   b  follow the driving mass  3  in its driving motion), and also enable rotation of the sensing masses about an axis of rotation parallel to the second horizontal axis y and belonging to the plane of the sensor xy, and hence their movement out of the plane of the sensor xy (a movement that is not instead allowed to the driving mass  3 ). 
         [0017]    The gyroscope  1  further comprises a second pair of acceleration sensors with axis parallel to the vertical axis z, and in particular a second pair of sensing masses  16   c,    16   d,  housed within the through openings  9   c,    9   d,  and completely enclosed and contained by the driving mass  3 . The sensing masses  16   c,    16   d  are obtained from the rotation through 90° of the sensing masses  16   a,    16   b  with respect to the center O, and consequently the corresponding elastic supporting elements  20  extend parallel to the first horizontal axis x and enable rotation out of the plane of the sensor xy, about an axis of rotation parallel to the first horizontal axis x. 
         [0018]    A pair of first and second sensing electrodes  22 ,  23  is set underneath the first and second portions  17 ,  18  of each of the sensing masses  16   a - 16   d.  The first and second sensing electrodes  22 ,  23  are polycrystalline-silicon regions formed on top of the substrate  2   a  and having a substantially trapezoidal shape and dimensions substantially the same as one another and corresponding to those of the second portion  18 . The first and second sensing electrodes  22 ,  23  are separated, respectively, from the first and second portions  17 ,  18 , by an air gap, and form, together with the first and second portions  17 ,  18  respective sensing capacitors. The first and second sensing electrodes  22 ,  23  of each sensing mass  16   a - 16   d  are connected in a differential way to a read circuit of the gyroscope  1  (not illustrated) via the connection pads  2   d.    
         [0019]    In use, the gyroscope  1  is able to operate as a biaxial gyroscope, and to detect a (pitch) angular velocity {right arrow over (Ω)} x  about the first horizontal axis x, and a (roll) angular velocity {right arrow over (Ω)} y  about the second horizontal axis y. 
         [0020]    With reference also to  FIG. 2 , the rotary movement of the driving mass  3  and of the sensing masses  16   a - 16   d  about the driving axis can be represented by a driving-velocity vector {right arrow over (v)} a , tangential to the circumference that describes the path thereof. In particular, the rotary motion about the first horizontal axis x or the second horizontal axis y with angular velocity {right arrow over (Ω)} x , {right arrow over (Ω)} y  causes a Coriolis force (designated by {right arrow over (F)} C ) acting on the entire structure, proportional to the vector product between the angular velocity {right arrow over (Ω)} x , {right arrow over (Ω)} y  and the driving velocity {right arrow over (v)} a , and hence directed along the vertical axis z. On the entire structure, considered as a single rigid body, it is hence possible to identify a distribution of Coriolis forces, the value of which increases as the distance from the center O increases. The resultants of the Coriolis force {right arrow over (F)} C  acting on the sensing masses  16   a - 16   d  at the corresponding center of gravity G, cause rotation of the same sensing masses, which move out of the plane of the sensor xy, about an axis parallel to the first horizontal axis x or the second horizontal axis y and passing through the first elastic supporting elements  20 . This movement is enabled by the torsion of the first elastic supporting elements  20 . Instead, the configuration of the first and further elastic anchorage elements  8   a,    8   b  is such as to inhibit, to a good approximation, the movement of the driving mass  3  out of the plane of the sensor xy, in this way enabling the effective decoupling of the motion of detection of the sensing masses with respect to the driving motion. Displacement of the sensing masses  16   a - 16   d  out of the plane of the sensor xy causes the approach/moving away of the first portion  17  to/from the respective sensing electrode  22 , and a corresponding moving away/approach of the second portion  18  from/to the respective sensing electrode  23 . There follows a differential capacitive variation of the sensing capacitors associated to one and the same sensing mass and to sensing masses of one and the same pair, the value of which is proportional to the angular velocity {right arrow over (Ω)} x , {right arrow over (Ω)} y , which can hence be determined via a suitable read circuit operating according to a differential scheme. 
         [0021]    In particular, given that the reading scheme is differential, the presence of a pair of electrodes  22 ,  23  for each of the sensing masses  16   a - 16   d  enables automatic rejection of linear spurious accelerations along the vertical axis z. In addition, a rotation about the first horizontal axis x is not felt by the second pair of sensing masses  16   c,    16   d,  in so far as the resultant Coriolis force {right arrow over (F)} C  is zero (since the vector product between the angular velocity {right arrow over (Ω)} x  and the corresponding driving velocity {right arrow over (v)} a  goes to zero). Likewise, the rotation about the second horizontal axis y is not felt for similar reasons by the first pair of sensing masses  16   a,    16   b,  so that the two axes of detection are not affected and are substantially decoupled. 
         [0022]    The particular conformation of the sensing masses  16   a - 16   d  enables increase in the sensitivity of the gyroscope  1  (as compared to the use of other geometries for the same first sensing masses). In particular, the corresponding center of gravity G is positioned at a distance b C  from the elastic supporting elements  20  (and from the corresponding axis of rotation out of the plane of the sensor xy) that is greater than that of the center of gravity of any rectangular mass that can be inscribed in one and the same sector of the driving mass  3  and is supported by elastic supporting elements extending along the same axis of rotation. Consequently, it is possible to obtain a higher torque and hence a greater movement of rotation out of the plane of the sensor xy, and in this way to obtain a higher sensor sensitivity. 
         [0023]    In addition, the presence of the further elastic anchorage elements  8   b , located outside the driving mass  3 , enables increase of the stiffness of the driving mass  3  in regard to the movements out of the plane of the sensor xy, and hence increase of the decoupling between the driving movement and the detection movements. 
         [0024]    Even though the gyroscope described represents a considerable improvement over known gyroscopes, it is not optimized from the standpoint of manufacturing simplicity and efficiency in terms of the corresponding electrical characteristics. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0025]    One embodiment is a microelectromechanical (MEMS) gyroscope that is improved in regards to sensitivity to angular velocities. In one embodiment of the present disclosure, an integrated MEMS structure is provided that includes a driving mass, anchored to a substrate via elastic anchorage elements, and designed to be moved in a plane with a driving movement. The MEMS structure also includes a first sensing mass, suspended inside, and coupled to, said driving mass via elastic supporting elements so as to be fixed with respect to said driving mass in said driving movement and to perform a detection movement of rotation out of said plane, in response to a first angular velocity, wherein said elastic supporting elements are coupled to said first sensing mass at an end portion thereof, an axis of rotation of said detection movement extends, inside said first sensing mass, only through said end portion. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0026]    For a better understanding of the present disclosure, preferred embodiments thereof are now described purely by way of non-limiting example and with reference to the attached drawings, wherein: 
           [0027]      FIG. 1  shows a schematic top plan view of a microelectromechanical gyroscope, of a known type; 
           [0028]      FIG. 2  shows a schematic lateral cross-sectional view of parts of the gyroscope of  FIG. 1 , in the presence of a Coriolis force; 
           [0029]      FIG. 3  shows a schematic top plan view of a microelectromechanical gyroscope according to a first embodiment of the present disclosure; 
           [0030]      FIG. 4  shows a schematic top plan view of a microelectromechanical gyroscope in accordance with a second embodiment of the present disclosure; 
           [0031]      FIG. 5  shows a schematic top plan view of a microelectromechanical gyroscope according to a further embodiment of the present disclosure; 
           [0032]      FIG. 6  shows a simplified block diagram of an electronic device equipped with the microelectromechanical gyroscope according to an aspect of the disclosure; and 
           [0033]      FIGS. 7-9  show schematic top plan views of embodiments of a sensing mass of the gyroscope of  FIGS. 3-5 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0034]    As will be described in detail hereinafter, an aspect of the present disclosure envisages providing a microelectromechanical gyroscope having a structural configuration such as to enable an increase in the sensitivity of the sensor and in general an improvement of its electrical characteristics. 
         [0035]    As is shown in  FIG. 3 , where the same reference numbers are used for designating elements similar to others already described with reference to  FIG. 1 , the microelectromechanical gyroscope, here designated by  30 , differs from the gyroscope  1  of  FIG. 1  substantially on account of a different arrangement of the sensing masses, here designated by  16   a ′,  16   b ′, of the corresponding elastic supporting elements, here designated by  20 ′, and of the sensing electrodes.  FIG. 3 , for simplicity of illustration, regards the case of a uniaxial gyroscope, capable of detecting pitch angular velocities {right arrow over (Ω)} x  about the first horizontal axis x. 
         [0036]    In detail, the elastic supporting elements  20 ′ are positioned at an end portion  31  of the corresponding sensing mass  16   a ′,  16   b ′, in particular the end portion having a smaller internal radius, i.e., being radially more internal, with respect to the center O (or, equivalently, having a smaller extension along the second horizontal axis y), instead of extending in an intermediate position with respect to the sensing mass  16   a ′,  16   b ′. In addition, the elastic supporting elements  20 ′ extend externally with respect to the respective sensing mass  16   a ′,  16   b ′, on opposite sides thereof, towards internal sides of the respective opening  9   a ′,  9   b ′ (which in this case has dimensions sufficiently greater than those of the corresponding sensing mass, for accommodating the same elastic supporting elements). The axis of rotation defined by the elastic supporting elements  20 ′ extends, within the respective sensing mass, only through the aforesaid end portion  31 . 
         [0037]    Each sensing mass  16   a ′,  16   b ′ hence extends in cantilever fashion above the substrate  2   a,  starting from the corresponding elastic supporting elements  20 ′, and extends substantially throughout its width (with respect to the first horizontal axis x), on just one side of the same elastic supporting elements  20 ′. The sensing masses  16   a ′,  16   b ′ are hence constituted by a single main body (or bulk), here designated by  17 ′, which is continuous and not interrupted internally by the elastic supporting elements  20 ′, and extends on just one side of the same elastic supporting elements  20 ′. 
         [0038]    A single sensing electrode, here designated by  32 , is associated to each sensing mass  16   a ′,  16   b ′; the sensing electrode  32  extends underneath the corresponding sensing mass, and has dimensions and an extension substantially corresponding to those of the same sensing mass (in particular to its bulk  17 ′). For example, the sensing electrode  32  has a substantially trapezoidal geometry in plan view. 
         [0039]    Once again, the sensing masses  16   a ′,  16   b ′ are arranged in a symmetrical way with respect to the second horizontal axis y so that the corresponding center of gravity G′ is positioned on opposite sides of the corresponding elastic supporting elements  20 ′ with respect to the first horizontal axis x. In use, the Coriolis force F C  deriving from the application of the pitch angular velocity {right arrow over (Ω)} x  causes rotation of the sensing masses  16   a ′- 16   b ′ about the respective elastic supporting elements  20 ′ (reference may once again be made, by analogy, to  FIG. 2 ), operating in such a way that one sensing mass  16   a ′ moves away from the respective sensing electrode  32 , and the other sensing mass  16   b ′ undergoes a corresponding approach to the respective sensing electrode  32 . 
         [0040]    The present applicant has realized that, with an appropriate sizing of the elastic supporting elements  20 ′, it is possible to leave the natural frequency of the sensing masses  16   a ′,  16   b ′ unvaried. Given the same natural frequency, the arrangement in cantilever fashion of the sensing masses  16   a ′,  16   b ′ considerably increases the distance of the center of gravity G′ from the axis of rotation and the arm b C ′ of the Coriolis force F C  (as compared to a traditional solution, with the elastic supporting elements in an intermediate position with respect to the same sensing masses), and hence displacement of the sensing masses  16   a ′,  16   b ′ due to application of the angular velocity {right arrow over (Ω)} x . Consequently, a considerable increase in the sensitivity of the gyroscope  30  in the detection of the angular velocities is obtained. 
         [0041]    In addition, it is possible to show that the single sensing electrode  32  can have an area greater than the sum of the areas of the two sensing electrodes  22 ,  23 , provided, in differential configuration, in the traditional solution of  FIG. 1 , guaranteeing a further increase in sensitivity (given that the value of the capacitance of the sensing capacitor is evidently proportional to the surface of the electrodes). 
         [0042]    Even though the single sensing mass  16   a ′,  16   b ′, no longer has associated thereto a pair of sensing electrodes in differential configuration, the differential detection scheme, and the advantages notoriously associated thereto, is in any case maintained in the overall system constituted by the pair of sensing masses  16   a ′,  16   b ′. Accordingly, the differential scheme makes it once again possible to guarantee the possibility of rejecting undesirable accelerations. 
         [0043]    The present applicant has realized that the use of a single sensing electrode  32  associated to each sensing mass  16   a ′,  16   b ′, may have a drawback in that the pair of sensing masses are no longer completely insensitive to the acceleration of gravity. This implies that the sensitivity of the gyroscope  30  does not remain exactly constant, if the gyroscope  30  is kept upright or turned upside down with respect to a horizontal plane (the plane of the sensor xy). In fact, when the gyroscope  30  is kept upright (i.e., with the vertical axis z having a direction opposite to the force of gravity), the force of gravity causes a same approach of the two sensing masses  16   a ′,  16   b ′ towards the respective sensing electrode  32 , with a decrease in the average gap of both of the sensing capacitors. This entails an equal increase of capacitance of both of the sensing capacitors and consequently an increase of sensitivity of the gyroscope  30 . Likewise, with the gyroscope  30  set upside down (i.e., with the vertical axis z having the same direction as the force of gravity), the average gap between the sensing electrodes  32  and the corresponding sensing mass  16   a ′,  16   b ′ increases, and the sensitivity of detection decreases. 
         [0044]    However, the present applicant has also verified that an adequate sizing of the sensing masses  16   a ′,  16   b ′, for example, in terms of geometry and natural frequency thereof, makes it possible to keep the sensitivity variation due to the presence of gravity within widely acceptable values (for example, equal to 1% or 2%), which does not imply problems for proper operation of the gyroscope  30 . 
         [0045]      FIG. 4  shows a gyroscope  30  of a biaxial type, capable of detecting pitch angular velocities {right arrow over (Ω)} x  about the first horizontal axis x, and also roll angular velocities {right arrow over (Ω)} y  about the second horizontal axis y. 
         [0046]    In this case, the gyroscope  30  further comprises the second pair of sensing masses  16   c ′,  16   d ′, aligned along the second horizontal axis y. In a way altogether similar to what has been described previously for the first pair of sensing masses  16   a ′,  16   b ′, each of the sensing masses  16   c ′,  16   d ′ of the second pair extends in cantilever fashion from the respective elastic supporting elements  20 ′, which are arranged at an end portion  31  thereof (once again the end portion with smaller radius and with smaller extension along the first horizontal axis x). 
         [0047]    A further aspect of the present disclosure (see  FIG. 5 ), envisages a different arrangement of the sensing masses  16   a ′- 16   d ′, aimed at obtaining a further increase in the sensitivity of detection of the angular velocities and in general in the efficiency of the gyroscope  30 . 
         [0048]    In detail, the sensing masses  16   a ′,  16   b ′ of the first pair are in this case aligned in a first diametric direction x 1 , inclined with respect to the first horizontal axis x of the die  2  by an inclination angle α (considered in a counterclockwise direction), the value of which is preferably 45° (but which, for specific design requirements, can be, for example, comprised between 40° and 50°. Likewise, the sensing masses  16   c ′,  16   d ′ of the second pair are aligned in a second diametric direction x 2 , substantially orthogonal to the first diametric direction x 1 , and inclined with respect to the first horizontal axis x by the same angle of inclination a (considered in this case in an opposite direction, namely clockwise). The sensing masses  16   a ′- 16   d ′ are consequently aligned in respective diametric directions, which are inclined with respect to the pitch and roll axes, applied about which are the pitch angular velocity {right arrow over (Ω)} x  and the roll angular velocity {right arrow over (Ω)} y , and also inclined with respect to the sides of the die  2  (and to the horizontal axes x, y). In addition, each of the sensing masses  16   a ′,  16   b ′, of the first pair is symmetrical to a corresponding sensing mass  16   d ′,  16   c ′ of the second pair, with respect to the axis of symmetry of the die pads  2   d  (coinciding with the second horizontal axis y). 
         [0049]    The present applicant has found that the aforesaid arrangement of the sensing masses  16   a ′- 16   d ′ enables a series of advantages to be obtained, amongst which a simplified connection of the corresponding sensing electrodes  32  towards the die pads  2   d.    
         [0050]    In particular, a first processing channel in the electronic read interface and corresponding electrical connections to the connection pads  2   d  are associated to the first pair of sensing masses  16   a ′,  16   b ′, whilst to the second pair of sensing masses  16   c ′,  16   d ′ are associated a second distinct processing channel in the same electronic read interface and corresponding electrical connections to the respective connection pads  2   d.    
         [0051]    The present applicant has found that the arrangement described in  FIG. 5  for the sensing masses  16   a ′- 16   d ′ with respect to the connection pads  2   d  enables a substantial symmetry of the electrical connections to said connection pads  2   d  to be obtained for the two processing channels (the two pairs of sensing masses are in fact arranged in an altogether symmetrical way with respect to the axis of symmetry of the connection pads  2   d ). The symmetry of the electrical connections enables, as it is known, considerable advantages to be obtained in terms of uniformity in the electrical characteristics (for example, in terms of active and parasitic capacitances, or leakage currents) and robustness to the parameter spread resulting from the manufacturing process. 
         [0052]    Furthermore, the aforesaid arrangement of the sensing masses  16   a ′- 16   d ′ makes it possible to optimize exploitation of the space available in the gyroscope for detection of the angular velocities. The area available for providing the detection structures, coinciding with the open region  2   c  defined by the frame  2   b  of the die  2 , usually has a square shape (as is shown in  FIGS. 3-5 ) or a rectangular shape. The arrangement of the sensing masses  16   a ′- 16   d ′ in directions inclined with respect to the sides of the frame  2   b  and to the horizontal axes x, y enables (in a way not illustrated) increase in the dimensions and maximization of the sensitivity of the sensing masses, exploiting for detection the areas at a greater distance from the driving axis of rotation. 
         [0053]    In addition, the aforesaid arrangement of the sensing masses  16   a ′- 16   d ′ makes it possible to obtain, using an appropriate configuration of the electronic read interface, a further increase in the sensitivity of the gyroscope  30 . In fact, the gyroscope  30  shown in  FIG. 5  has the peculiarity of having the axes of detection in the plane of the sensor xy (coinciding with the first and second diametric directions x 1 , x 2  of alignment of the sensing masses  16   a ′- 16   d ′) inclined by the angle a with respect to the horizontal axes x and y about which the pitch angular velocity {right arrow over (Ω)} x  and the roll angular velocity {right arrow over (Ω)} y  act. Instead of envisaging assembly of the die  2  rotated through a corresponding angle α at the package or board level, which would evidently make it possible to re-orient the axes of detection according to the original pitch and roll directions (i.e., the horizontal axes x and y), a further aspect of the present disclosure envisages to suitably combine, at the electronic read interface level, the detection signals coming from the sensing masses  16   a ′- 16   d ′. In particular, the detection signals are combined so as to re-obtain, starting from the capacitive variations associated to the displacements of the first sensing masses  16   a ′- 16   d ′, voltage outputs corresponding to the original pitch and roll directions (i.e., to the horizontal axes x and y). It is possible to show, with simple geometrical considerations, that by summing the contributions of all of the four sensing masses referred to the same angular velocity, it is possible to obtain a global increase in the sensitivity of the gyroscope  30  equal to a factor √{square root over (2)}. 
         [0054]      FIG. 6  illustrates an electronic device  40  comprising the microelectromechanical gyroscope  30  described previously. The electronic device  40  can advantageously be used in a plurality of electronic systems, for example, in inertial navigation systems, in automotive systems or in systems of a portable type, such as, for example: a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant); a portable computer; a cell phone; a digital audio player; a photographic camera or a camcorder; or further systems capable of processing, storing, transmitting and receiving signals and information. 
         [0055]    The electronic device  40  further comprises: a driving circuit  41 , operatively coupled to the driving assembly  4  for imparting the driving movement on the driving mass  3 , and supplying biasing signals to the microelectromechanical structures; a read circuit  42 , operatively coupled to the sensing electrodes  22 ,  23  of the first and second sensing masses, for detecting the amount of displacement of the same sensing masses and determining the angular velocities acting on the structure; and an electronic control unit  44 , connected to the read circuit  42 , and designed to supervise general operation of the electronic device  40 , for example, on the basis of the angular velocities detected and determined. In particular, the read circuit  42  includes the aforesaid electronic read interface, designed to suitably combine the output signals corresponding to the individual first sensing masses, in order to increase the sensitivity of detection, as previously described. 
         [0056]    The advantages of the microelectromechanical gyroscope according to the present disclosure are clear from the foregoing description. 
         [0057]    In any case, it is emphasized that the arrangement of the sensing masses, suspended in cantilever fashion from the respective elastic supporting elements (arranged in an area corresponding to an end portion thereof), enables a considerable increase of the arm of the Coriolis force and the value of the resultant torque, in such a way as to enable a considerable increase of sensitivity in detection of angular velocities. 
         [0058]    In addition, this arrangement enables positioning, underneath each sensing mass, of a single sensing electrode, of greater dimensions as compared to traditional solutions, a fact that enables a further increase in the sensitivity of the gyroscope  30 . Even though the presence of a single sensing electrode renders the sensitivity gravity-dependent, it has been shown that an appropriate sizing of the structure makes it possible to maintain the resulting variation of sensitivity within substantially negligible values. Possibly, said variations can also be appropriately compensated for by the read electronics associated to the gyroscope  30 . 
         [0059]    In addition, the arrangement of the sensing masses in directions of alignment inclined with respect to the horizontal axes makes it possible to optimize exploitation of the area available for detection, further increase the sensitivity of the sensor, and improve uniformity of the electrical characteristics and robustness of the system to disturbance. 
         [0060]    Finally, it is clear that modifications and variations can be made to what has been described and illustrated herein, without thereby departing from the scope of the present disclosure. 
         [0061]    In particular, when the geometry and dimensions of the sensing masses  16   a ′- 16   d ′ so allow, the elastic supporting elements  20 ′ can be set within, instead of extending outside, the sensing masses. In addition, it is evident that different geometries can be provided for the sensing masses  16   a ′- 16   d ′, for example, a rectangular geometry, a trapezoidal geometry, or a generally rhomboidal geometry. 
         [0062]    In detail, as is shown in  FIG. 7 , which regards purely by way of example a sensing mass  16   a ′ having a rectangular geometry ( FIG. 7  shows for reasons of clarity only one sensing mass, but it is clear that similar considerations apply to the other sensing masses  16   b ′- 16   d ′ in the structures described previously), the elastic supporting elements  20 ′ extend in this case in recesses  21  obtained within the sensing mass in an area corresponding to the end portion  31  thereof (in particular, the end that is radially more internal with respect to the center O). In this case, it is evident that the elastic supporting elements  20 ′ (and the recesses  21 ) divide the sensing mass  16   a ′ into a bulk  17 ′ (having substantially the same overall dimensions of the sensing mass) and a portion of dimensions altogether negligible with respect to the bulk  17 ′. 
         [0063]    In a variant embodiment of the present disclosure (see  FIG. 8 ), the elastic supporting elements  20 ′ extend at the opposite end of the sensing mass  16   a ′, i.e., in an area corresponding to the end portion (here designated by  31 ′) radially more external with respect to the center O, or, in the specific case of a sensing mass having a trapezoidal conformation (as shown in the same  FIG. 8 ), having a greater extension along the second horizontal axis y. 
         [0064]      FIG. 9  shows a further geometrical variant of the sensing mass  16   a ′, having a generally rhomboidal conformation (with the elastic supporting elements  20 ′ extending externally with respect to the sensing mass, in an area corresponding to the end portion  31  that is radially more internal with respect to the center O). 
         [0065]    In addition, it is evident that the configuration described of the sensing masses can advantageously be provided also for a triaxial gyroscope, i.e., one that is sensitive also to yaw angular velocities (and provided for this purpose with two further sensing masses sensitive to Coriolis forces acting in the plane of the sensor xy—see the aforesaid patent applications for further details). 
         [0066]    The microelectromechanical structure, in its simplest embodiment, can possibly comprise just one sensing mass, with the disadvantage of not being able to reject linear accelerations in the direction of detection. 
         [0067]    In a per-se known manner, the displacement of the sensing masses can be determined with a technique different from the capacitive one, for example, by detection of a magnetic force. 
         [0068]    The torque for causing oscillation of the driving mass with rotary movement can be generated in a different way, for example, by means of parallel-plate electrodes, or else by magnetic actuation. In addition, the driving motion may even not be rotary, but of a translational type. 
         [0069]    More in general, it is evident that the configuration of some structural elements of the gyroscope  30  can be different. For example, the driving mass  3  can have a shape different from the circular one, for example, a generally closed polygonal shape, as likewise the shape of the frame  2   b  of the die  2  can be different. Alternatively, it is possible to envisage a different arrangement of the elastic anchorage elements  8   a,    8   b  of the driving mass  3  (provided that it is able to guarantee the decoupling of the driving mass from the detection motion). Finally, different conformations and dimensions of the sensing electrodes associated to the sensing masses may be envisaged. 
         [0070]    The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of the various patents, applications and publications to provide yet further embodiments. 
         [0071]    These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.