Abstract:
An additive manufacturing apparatus for building objects by layerwise consolidation of material. The apparatus includes a build chamber containing a working area, a plurality of high energy beams for consolidating material deposited in the working area in layers and an optical unit for controlling transmission of the high energy beams onto material in the working area. The optical unit includes a plurality of independently controllable optical elements each optical element for controlling transmission of at least one of the high energy beams onto the material in the working area, the optical unit movable in the build chamber.

Description:
SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
       [0001]    This invention concerns an additive manufacturing apparatus and method. The invention has particular, but not exclusive, application to scanning multiple lasers across a powder bed. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Additive manufacturing or rapid prototyping methods for producing objects comprise layer-by-layer solidification of a material, such as a metal powder material, using a high energy beam, such as a laser beam or electron beam. A powder layer is deposited on a powder bed in a build chamber and a laser beam is scanned across portions of the powder layer that correspond to a cross-section of the object being constructed. The laser beam melts or sinters the powder to form a solidified layer. After selective solidification of a layer, the powder bed is lowered by a thickness of the newly solidified layer and a further layer of powder is spread over the surface and solidified, as required. 
         [0003]    During the melting or sintering process, debris (e.g. condensate, unsolidified particles of powder etc) is produced within the build chamber. It is known to introduce a gas flow through the build chamber in an attempt to remove debris from the chamber in the gas flow. For example, the M280 model of machine produced by EOS GmbH, Munich, Germany comprises a series of gas outlet nozzles located in the build chamber to the rear of the powder bed that pass a flow of gas to a series of exhaust vents that are located in the build chamber at the front of the powder bed. In this manner, a planar layer of gas flow is created at the surface of the powder bed. A similar arrangement is provided in Renishaw&#39;s AM250 and AM125 machines, wherein apertures in the build chamber either side of a powder bed provide substantially planar gas flow across the powder bed. 
         [0004]    It is known from DE102005014483 A1 to use four laser beams to scan a powder bed, each laser beam solidifying powder in a different quadrant of the powder bed. Such an arrangement may increase build speed because different parts of an object or different objects located in different quadrants can be built simultaneously with different laser beams. 
         [0005]    US2013/0112672 discloses an additive manufacturing assembly in which a primary energy beam is split into a plurality of secondary laser beams. The secondary beams are directed by individually movable energy directing elements into separate regions of a workspace. A transit assembly may be provided for conveying energy transmitting devices, the transit assembly comprising a first carriage movable in a first direction and a second carriage that moves on the first carriage in a second direction. Each of the energy transmitting devices emits a separate laser beam that is independently and separately movable for directing energy over separate portions of the part. 
       Summary of Invention 
       [0006]    According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided an additive manufacturing apparatus for building objects by layerwise consolidation of material, the apparatus comprising a build chamber containing a working area, a plurality of high energy beams for consolidating material deposited in the working area in layers and an optical unit for controlling transmission of the high energy beams onto material in the working area, the optical unit comprising a plurality of independently controllable optical elements, each optical element for controlling transmission of at least one of the high energy beams onto the material in the working area, the optical unit movable in the build chamber. 
         [0007]    Each optical element may be arranged to steer the at least one laser beam onto material in the working area in a different direction to that/those in which the optical unit is arranged to move. The different direction may be perpendicular to a direction in which the optical unit is arranged to move. The optical unit may be arranged to move in either direction along a linear axis. Each optical element may be arranged to only steer the at least one laser beam in a direction perpendicular to the linear axis. 
         [0008]    The additive manufacturing apparatus may comprise a control unit for controlling movement of the optical unit and optical elements such that movement of the laser beam during consolidation of the material is achieved by simultaneous movement of the optical unit and optical elements. 
         [0009]    Each optical element may be arranged to steer the at least one laser beam in only one-dimension. 
         [0010]    Each optical element may be arranged such that movement of the optical element can move a spot of the at least one laser beam across the working surface faster than the spot can be moved across the working surface by moving the optical unit. 
         [0011]    The plurality of optical elements may be arranged to direct the laser beams such that, for a position of the optical unit, an entire width of the working area can be scanned by steering the laser beams with the optical elements. 
         [0012]    Each optical element may be mounted to rotate about a rotational axis, the rotational axes fixed relative to each other and the optical unit, wherein for a position of the optical unit, an entire width of the working area can be scanned by steering the laser beams by rotation of the optical elements. 
         [0013]    The optical unit may comprise at least one laser for generating at least one of the laser beams, the laser movable with the optical unit. 
         [0014]    A scanning zone for each optical element may be defined by a zone over which a laser beam can be directed by the independent movement of the optical element, the optical elements arranged in the optical unit such that, for a position of the optical unit, the scanning zones for at least two of the optical elements overlap. 
         [0015]    The apparatus may comprise a control unit for selecting which one of the optical elements to use to form an area of the object located within a region in which the scanning zones overlap. 
         [0016]    Each optical element may be removably mounted on the optical unit such that the optical element can be removed from the optical unit separately from another one of the optical elements. 
         [0017]    Each optical element may be removably mounted on the optical unit using a kinematic mount. 
         [0018]    The movable optical unit may be connected with a gas flow device for generating a gas flow across the working area, the optical unit and gas flow device movable as a single unit. 
         [0019]    The optical unit may be connected to a wiper for spreading material across the working area, the optical unit and wiper movable as a single unit. 
         [0020]    The optical unit may comprise a two-dimensional array of optical elements. 
         [0021]    According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided an optical unit for an additive manufacturing machine in which objects are built by layerwise consolidation of material, the apparatus comprising a build chamber containing a working area, the optical unit comprising a plurality of independently controllable optical elements, the optical unit mountable in a build chamber of the additive manufacturing apparatus to be movable relative to a working area within the build chamber with each optical element arranged for controlling transmission of at least one of a plurality of high energy beams onto material in the working area. 
         [0022]    According to a third aspect of the invention there is provided an optical unit for an additive manufacturing machine in which objects are built by layerwise consolidation of material, the apparatus comprising a build chamber containing a working area, the optical unit comprising an optical element mounted within the optical unit so as to rotate about only one axis, the optical unit mountable in a build chamber of the additive manufacturing apparatus to be movable in a linear direction relative to a working area within the build chamber with the optical element arranged for steering a high energy beam onto material in the working area. 
         [0023]    It will be understood that the term “scan” used herein is not limited to continuously running a spot of the high energy beam over a surface but includes a series of separated discrete exposures (or hops). For example, optics may direct the high energy beam to expose a first location to the beam, the beam then turned off and the optics reoriented to direct the energy beam to a second location spaced from the first location when the high energy beam is switched back on. The high energy beam is a beam having sufficient energy to consolidate the material. 
         [0024]    Preferably, the apparatus is a selective laser solidification, such as melting (SLM) or sintering (SLS), apparatus, wherein powder layers are successively deposited across the working area in the build chamber and a laser beam is scanned across portions of each powder layer that correspond to a cross-section of the object being constructed to consolidate the portions of the powder. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0025]      FIGS. 1 to 3  show an additive manufacturing apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention comprising an optical unit for directing multiple laser beams onto the powder bed; 
           [0026]      FIG. 4  is a plan view of an object being formed using multiple laser beams in accordance with a method of the invention; 
           [0027]      FIG. 5  is a plan view of an object being formed using multiple laser beams in accordance with another method of the invention; 
           [0028]      FIG. 6  shows schematically the regions that can be scanned by laser beams of one embodiment of the apparatus shown in  FIGS. 1 to 3 ; 
           [0029]      FIGS. 7 a  to 7 c    show a combined optical scanning unit and gas flow device according to one embodiment of the invention; 
           [0030]      FIG. 8  is a plan view of the unit shown in  FIGS. 7 a    to  7   c;    
           [0031]      FIG. 9  is a schematic view of a scanning unit comprising arrays of horizontally offset optical assemblies for scanning laser beams across a working area of an additive manufacturing apparatus; 
           [0032]      FIG. 10  is a schematic view of scanning unit comprising arrays of vertically offset optical assemblies for scanning laser beams across a working area of an additive manufacturing apparatus; 
           [0033]      FIG. 11  is a schematic view of an optical unit according to another embodiment of the invention; 
           [0034]      FIG. 12  shows a mirror according to one embodiment of the invention; and 
           [0035]      FIG. 13  shows additive manufacturing apparatus according to a further embodiment of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
       [0036]    Referring to  FIGS. 1 to 3 , a laser solidification apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention comprises a build chamber  101  having therein partitions  114 ,  115  that define a build volume  116  and a surface onto which powder can be deposited. A build platform  102  defines a working area in which an object  103  is built by selective laser melting powder  104 . The platform  102  can be lowered within the build volume  116  using mechanism  117  as successive layers of the object  103  are formed. The build volume  116  available is defined by the extent to which the build platform  102  can be lowered. 
         [0037]    The apparatus further comprises a movable gas flow device  131 . The gas flow device  131  comprises a nozzle  112  and exhaust  110  formed as a single unit  131  with a fixed distance between a gas inlet  112   a  and a gas outlet  110   a.  A wiper  109  is fixed to the unit  131  and the powder spread across the powder bed  104  simultaneously with movement of the unit  131 . The gas nozzle  112  and gas exhaust  110  are for generating a gas flow across a part of the powder bed formed on the build platform  102 . The gas inlet  112   a  and gas outlet  110   a  produce a laminar flow having a flow direction from the inlet to the outlet, as indicated by arrows  118 . Gas is re-circulated from the exhaust  110  to the nozzle  112  through a gas recirculation loop (not shown) that is also located within the chamber  116 . A pump (not shown) maintains the desired gas pressure at gas inlet  112  and gas outlet  110 . A filter (not shown) is provided in the recirculation loop to filter from the gas condensate that has become entrapped in the flow. 
         [0038]    Layers of powder  104  are formed as the object  103  is built by powder dispensing apparatus  108  dosing powder to be spread by wiper  109 . For example, the dispensing apparatus  108  may be apparatus as described in WO2010/007396. 
         [0039]    The additive manufacturing apparatus is arranged to scan a plurality of laser beams over the powder bed  104 . In  FIGS. 2 and 3 , the primary laser beams from two lasers  105   a,    105   b  are fed into splitters  134   a  and  134   b,  each splitter dividing the laser beam into three secondary laser beams. These secondary laser beams are fed into a movable optical scanning unit  135  via fibre optical cables  136 . The optical scanning unit  135  is for controlling transmission of the secondary laser beams onto material in the powder bed  104 . At any one time all or a subset of the secondary laser beams may be used to build the object. (In  FIGS. 2 and 3 , only four secondary laser beams  133   a,    133   b,    133   c,    133   d  are shown as active in consolidating powder in the powder bed). 
         [0040]    The optical scanning unit  135  is mounted to the build chamber  101  on guides  170   a,    170   b  such that optical scanning unit  135  can move in either direction along one linear axis. The optical scanning unit  135  houses a plurality of separate optical assemblies, each one for steering one of the laser beams onto the powder bed  104 . 
         [0041]    In this embodiment, each optical assembly comprises focussing optics, such as a pair of movable lenses  138 ,  139  or an f-theta lens, and a steering optical element, such as a mirror  141  mounted for rotation about an axis. The mirror  141  is arranged to steer the laser beam along a line oriented in a first direction perpendicular to the linear axis of optical unit  135 . In this way, the optical unit  135  can carry out 2-dimensional scanning of the powder bed by a combination of linear movement of the optical unit  135  and rotary movement of the mirrors  141 . The optical unit  135  and mirrors  141  are arranged such that through the combination of movement the entire powder bed  104  can be scanned. In this embodiment, the mirrors  141  can direct the laser beams over an entire width (first direction) of the powder bed  104  for any one position of the optical unit  135  along the linear axis. Movement of the optical unit  135  along the linear axis allows scanning to extend across the powder bed  104  in the perpendicular direction. In an alternative embodiment, an additional movable mirror may be provided in the optical assembly such that the optical assembly can steer the laser beam over a 2-dimensional area. 
         [0042]    Because of the small mass of each mirror  141  relative to the larger mass of the entire optical unit  135  it is expected that movement of a spot of the at least one laser beam across the powder bed in the first direction will be faster than the speed at which the spot can be moved across the powder bed through movement of the optical unit. 
         [0043]    In an alternative embodiment, the lasers may be integrated into the optical unit  135 . 
         [0044]    Computer  160  comprises a processor unit  161 , memory  162 , display  163 , user input device  164 , such as a keyboard, touch screen, etc, a data connection to modules of the laser sintering unit, such as optical scanning unit  135  and laser modules  105   a,    105   b,  and an external data connection  165 . The laser modules  105   a,    105   b,  optical scanning unit  106 , flow device  131  and movement of build platform  102  are controlled by the computer  160 . 
         [0045]      FIG. 4  shows the apparatus being used to scan a powder layer. Each laser can be directed to any point within a scanning zone  140   a  to  140   g.  The flow device  131  moves simultaneously with the optical unit  135  such that the laser beams can be directed into the gap between the inlet  112   a  of the nozzle  112  and the outlet  110   a  to the exhaust  110 . The splitters  134  or optical assemblies each comprise devices  137  for diverting each secondary laser beam after splitting into a heat dump such that the beam can be turned “off” when the laser beam is not required. Accordingly, during scanning, the laser beams are turned on and off and directed to the required locations between the inlet  112   a  and outlet  110   a  by mirrors  141 . 
         [0046]    As can be seen by the blown up section of  FIG. 4 , the combined movement of the optical unit  135  and mirrors  141  results in a progression/path of the spots  155  formed at an angle to the direction in which the optical unit  135  moves and at an angle to the direction in which the mirrors  141  move the laser spots  155 . The speeds of the optical unit  135  and the mirrors  141  are selected such that, for a scan across the entire width of a scanning zone  140   a - 140   g,  the optical unit  135  is moved a sufficient distance forward such that when the spot is returned by the mirror  141  to a corresponding position in a direction lateral to the direction of movement of the optical unit  135 , the spot  155   b  does not overlap with a previous position  155   a.  Each mirror  141  may be controlled to perform a simple repetitive motion to repeatedly scan the spot  155  across a width of the scanning zone  140  at a set speed, the laser beam being switched on and off to control which areas of the powder within the zone  140  are consolidated. In this way, “intelligent” control of the mirrors  141 , where the movement of the mirrors  141  is controlled such that the spot follows a prescribed path corresponding to the areas to be consolidated may not be required. 
         [0047]    In one embodiment, shown in  FIG. 12 , the mirror  141 , rather than being a flat plate that is rotated back and forth to deflect the laser spot along the required path, may be a regular polygon, in particular one of an order higher than four, such as a pentagon, hexagon, heptagon or octagon, that is rotated in only one direction and positioned relative to the incoming laser beam  133  such that the laser spot jumps from one side of the scanning zone to the other when the laser beam traverses a corner of the polygonal mirror  141 . 
         [0048]    In  FIG. 4 , adjacent scanning zones are scanned simultaneously. However, as shown in  FIG. 5 , it may be desirable in a single pass of the powder bed  104  by the optical unit  135  to only scan separated zones  140   a - 140   g  and to scan the gaps inbetween on one or more further passes of the optical unit across the powder bed  104 . 
         [0049]    The scanning zones  140   a  to  140   g  shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5  may overlap in order that the powder consolidated in each zone can be knitted together to form a single object that extends across the zones  140   a  to  140   g.  In these overlapping regions, both laser beams consolidate portions of the object that fall within these regions. However, in an alternative embodiment, the scanning zones may overlap more than is necessary to knit the area consolidated in each scanning zone together. Such an arrangement is shown in  FIG. 6 , wherein scanning zones  140   h  to  140   j  overlap by a significant amount, such as each scanning zone overlapping at least a quarter of an adjacent scanning zone and preferably half of the adjacent scanning zone (in  FIG. 4  the zones  140   h  to  140   j  are shown as having different lengths in the direction of movement of the optical unit  135  for clarity only and the extent that the optical assemblies can scan the laser beam in this direction is preferably the same for each assembly). In this way, areas of the powder to be consolidated that fall within these overlapping regions can be consolidated by either one of the laser beams associated with these scanning zones. Before or during a scanning operation the computer  130  selects which one of the laser beams to use to scan the area that falls within the overlapping region. The other laser beam is not used to scan this area, although at interfaces where one laser beam “hands-over” to another laser beam, areas of the powder may be consolidated by both laser beams in order to ensure that the separate areas of the object are knitted together. 
         [0050]    In an alternative embodiment (not shown), rather than splitting a laser beam generated by a laser into multiple beams, each laser beam used for consolidating powder may be generated by a separate laser. Such an embodiment may not comprise splitters  134  or a heat dump. Furthermore, the lasers may be integrated into the optical unit  135 . 
         [0051]      FIGS. 7 a  to 7 c    and  8  show a further embodiment of an optical unit  135  and flow device  131 . In this embodiment, the optical assemblies  142   a  to  142   e  are mounted on the flow device  131  so as to move therewith. Each optical assembly  142  comprises a sealed housing  145  containing a lens  139  for focussing the laser beam and an optical element, in this embodiment a mirror  141 , for steering the laser beam onto the powder bed  104 . The mirror  141  is mounted on a shaft  143  for rotation about an axis under the control of a motor  144 . The housing comprises a connection  146  for connecting the housing to an optical fibre that carries the laser beam. Each optical assembly  142  is separately removably mountable onto the flow device  131 . Accurate positioning of the optical assembly  142  onto the flow device  131  is achieved through provision of cooperating formations  148   a  to  148   c  and  149   a  to  149   c  on the housing  135  and the flow device  131 , respectively. In this embodiment, the cooperating formations  148 ,  149  are a series of kinematic mounts that provide for repeatable positioning of the optical assembly  142  on the flow device  131 . In this way, it may be possible to calibrate each optical assembly offline and, when an assembly requires replacement, simply remove the assembly from the flow device  131  and plug in a new assembly. In this way, each assembly is a “plug and play” module requiring limited interaction from user to set-up the system. 
         [0052]    This embodiment also differs from previous embodiments in that two wipers  109   a  and  109   b  are provided on the flow device  131 . In this way, the flow device  131  can spread powder in both directions. In order to achieve this, powder dispensers may also be provided at either side of the powder bed  104 . 
         [0053]    It will be understood that, in another embodiment, the “plug and play” module design for the optical assemblies may be provided on a carriage separate from the flow device  131 . Furthermore, rather than a movable flow device, the flow device may comprise inlet and outlet nozzles fixed either side of the powder bed  104 . 
         [0054]    In a further embodiment, rather than a  1 -dimensional array of laser beams, a two dimensional array of laser beams may be provided. In  FIG. 9 , a two dimensional array of laser beams is provided in a plane parallel to the powder bed  104 . For example, the laser beams may be provided by a series of plug and play modules, as described above. In  FIG. 9 , a first column  158  of optical assemblies for directing the laser beams is offset from a second column  159  of optical assemblies. In this way, the width the scanning zones can be reduced to enable faster scanning. 
         [0055]    In  FIG. 10 , the laser beams are provided as a vertically stacked 2-dimensional array of optical assemblies, wherein the position of one row  150  of optical assemblies is offset from a position of a second row  151  of laser assemblies. Like the embodiment shown in  FIG. 9 , this may allow the width of the scanning zones to be reduced. However, the laser beams all scan along a common line perpendicular to the movement of the optical unit. This may allow a gap between a gas inlet and gas outlet (not shown) to be small. 
         [0056]    In the optical unit  135  of  FIG. 10 , the laser beams are generated by laser diodes  153  integrated into the optical unit  135 . 
         [0057]    It will be understood that the arrays of  FIGS. 9 and 10  may be combined to form a 3-dimensional array of optical assemblies. 
         [0058]      FIG. 11  shows another embodiment of the optical unit  135 . In this embodiment, the laser diodes  153  are packed sufficiently close together with the laser beams focussed through microlenses  155  such that the adjacent beams are close enough together to provide melt pools  154  (which are typically larger than the 1/e 2  laser spot diameter) that combine to form the object. Accordingly, in this embodiment, there is no steering optics. The laser diodes are switched on and off to melt the powder bed as required as the optical unit is moved across the powder bed. 
         [0059]    Referring to  FIG. 13 , apparatus according to a further embodiment of the invention is shown. This embodiment is similar to the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 7 a  to 7 c    and  FIG. 8  and features of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 13  that are the same or similar to those shown in  FIGS. 7 a  to 7 c    and  FIG. 8  have been given the same reference numerals but in the series  200 . 
         [0060]    The embodiment shown in  FIG. 13  differs from that shown in  FIGS. 7 a  to 7 c    and  FIG. 8  in that rather than each optical assembly/module  142  comprising a connection  146  for connecting an optical fibre to the optical module  142  for delivery of the laser beam, each optical module  242  has an opening  246  that is aligned to receive a different laser beam  233  delivered by laser modules  205  into the build chamber  201  from a side of the build chamber  201 . An appropriate lens  261  may be used to collimate the laser beam  233  before it is delivered into the build chamber  201 . The laser beams are delivered parallel to the linear movement of the scanning unit such that the openings  246  remain aligned with the laser beams  233  as the optical modules  242  are moved across the powder bed. In this embodiment, the wipers  209   a,    209   b  are in the form of rollers. 
         [0061]    Modifications and alterations may be made to the embodiments as described herein without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, the scanning unit may not extend across an entire width of the powder bed but may only extend across a partial width of the powder bed but be movable in two, perpendicular linear directions.