Abstract:
Disclosed herein is a device for controlling flow within, e.g., a production well or an injection well. The device consists of a movable flow passage and a stationary variable choke or valve that is sensitive to flow parameters and automatically adjusts itself to provide a predetermined flow rate through the device.

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/975,031 filed on Sep. 25, 2007, incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    Horizontal well technology is being used today on a worldwide basis to improve hydrocarbon recovery. Such technology may comprise methods and apparatus which increase the reservoir drainage area, which delay water and gas coning and which increase production rate. A problem which may exist in longer, highly-deviated and horizontal wells is non-uniform flow profiles along the length of the horizontal section. This problem may arise because of non-uniform drawdown applied to the reservoir along the length of the horizontal section and because of variations in reservoir pressure, permeability, and mobility of fluids. This non-uniform flow profile may cause numerous problems, e.g., premature water or gas breakthrough and screen plugging and erosion (in sand control wells), and may severely diminish well life and profitability. 
         [0003]    In horizontal injection wells, the same phenomenon applied in reverse may result in uneven distribution of injection fluids leaving parts of the reservoir un-swept and resulting in loss of recoverable hydrocarbons. 
         [0004]    Reservoir pressure variations and pressure drop inside the wellbore may cause fluids to be produced (in producer wells) or injected (in injector wells) at non-uniform rates. This may be especially problematic in long horizontal wells where pressure drop along the horizontal section of the wellbore causes maximum pressure drop at the heel of the well causing the heel to produce or accept injection fluid at a higher rate than at the toe of the well. This may cause uneven sweep in injector wells and undesirable early water breakthrough in producer wells. Pressure variations along the reservoir make it even more difficult to achieve an even production/injection profile along the whole zone of interest. 
         [0005]    Various methods are available, which are directed to achieving uniform production/injection across the whole length of the wellbore. These methods range from simple techniques like selective perforating to sophisticated intelligent completions which use downhole flow control valves and pressure/temperature measurements that allow one to control drawdown and flow rate from various sections of the wellbore. 
         [0006]    Another available method is to place pre-set fixed nozzles or some other means of providing a pressure drop between reservoir and production tubing. Such a nozzle may comprise a choke or valve that restricts the flow rate through the system. the pressure drop caused by these nozzles varies in different parts of the wellbore depending upon the reservoir characteristics to achieve even flow rate along the length of the well bore. 
         [0007]    While intelligent completion methods may result in acceptable control of drawdown and flow, such methods require hydraulic and/or electric control lines which limit the application of such methods and which add to the overall cost of the completion. On the other hand, pre-set pressure drop techniques (i.e., pre-set fixed nozzles) are completely passive, have a limited control on the actual flow rate through them, and have no ability to adjust the choke size after the completion is in place. By design, these fixed flow area pressure drop device techniques require uneven flow rate through them to vary the pressure drop across them. 
         [0008]    In addition, it has been observed during production logging of wells completed with such passive devices that under certain flow conditions, fluids may cross flow from one section of the wellbore to another, because these devices provide no means to prevent flow of fluids from high to low pressure regions of the reservoir. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0009]    Flow control apparatus disclosed herein comprise a variable choke or valve that is sensitive to flow parameters and automatically adjusts itself to provide a predetermined flow rate through the device. Flow control devices may be utilized in the flow path from the reservoir to the wellbore along the length of the well and help to create a predetermined production or injection profile by automatically adjusting the flow area and the pressure drop through the flow stabilizers. 
         [0010]    In some embodiments, the flow control apparatus maintains a constant flow rate through the choke or valve by automatically adjusting the area of the flow in response to changes in pressure drop (Δp) across the apparatus caused either by the upstream and/or downstream pressure. 
         [0011]    Accordingly, in response to an increase in upstream pressure, a flow control apparatus in accordance with some embodiments disclosed herein functions to reduce its flow area by moving the flow tube towards a closed position thereby reducing the flow. Similarly, in response to an increase in downstream pressure, a flow control apparatus in accordance with some embodiments disclosed herein functions to increase its flow area by moving the flow tube to an open position thereby increasing the flow. 
         [0012]    In some embodiments, various configurations of the apparatus can allow varying sensitivity to upstream and downstream pressures. 
         [0013]    In order to avoid reverse flow through the apparatus, it may also be configured to also act as a check valve, e.g., to ensure no cross flow occurs between different parts of the wellbore. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0014]    In the accompanying drawings: 
           [0015]      FIG. 1  is a schematic side view in partial cross-section of a flow control apparatus in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0016]      FIG. 2  is a schematic side view in partial cross-section of a flow control apparatus in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
           [0017]      FIG. 3  is a schematic side view in partial cross-section of a flow control apparatus in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0018]    It will be appreciated that the present invention may take many forms and embodiments. In the following description, some embodiments of the invention are described and numerous details are set forth to provide an understanding of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will appreciate, however, that the present invention may be practiced without those details and that numerous variations and modifications from the described embodiments may be possible. The following description is thus intended to illustrate and not to limit the present invention. 
         [0019]    Referring first to  FIG. 1 , flow control apparatus  40  is shown having a movable flow passage  50 , a stationary variable choke  30 , spring  60 , upstream no-go elements  10 , downstream no-go elements  15 , and sealing elements  20 . 
         [0020]    In operation, flow control apparatus  40  uses the difference between upstream and downstream pressures across the device to automatically adjust the flow area, and therefore back pressure and flow rate, through the device. For example, flow control device  40  may be installed in a production well or an injection well to control the flow coming from or going to a particular zone of the well. In a production well, production fluid (e.g., oil) flows through flow passage  50  as well as exerts pressure onto the upstream surface  80  of flow passage  50 . The pressure across the upstream surface  80  translates to a force which moves the flow passage  50  in the upstream direction. The movement in the upstream direction engages the spring  60  which then exerts a force in the downstream direction. In addition, downstream pressure exerts a force on downstream surfaces  90 A and  90 B which also counteract the force on the upstream surface  80 . For any given flow rate, the force on the upstream surface  80  and the sum of the forces on the downstream surfaces  90 A and  90 B and the force of the spring will reach an equilibrium by moving the flow passage  50  towards the variable choke  30  which restricts the flow passage thereby restricting the flow through the flow passage. Upstream and downstream no-go elements  10  and  15  restrict the amount that flow passage  50  may move towards and away from stationary variable choke  30 . Seal  20  (e.g., an o-ring) seals the annulus between the flow passage  50  and housing in which it sits to prevent fluid communication between the upstream and downstream sides of the apparatus  40 . 
         [0021]    If upstream pressure is relatively low, the equilibrium position will be that the flow passage  50  will be farther away from the stationary variable choke  30  which will allow greater flow through flow passage  50 . In contrast, if upstream pressure is relatively high, the equilibrium position will be that the flow passage  50  will be closer to the stationary variable choke  30  which will restrict flow through flow passage  50 . In operation, many variables may be adjusted to control the equilibrium conditions of the apparatus  40 . For example, the tension of the spring  60  may be adjusted. A relatively higher tension spring will tend to have a relatively higher equilibrium flow rate than a relatively lower tension spring. In addition, other variables may be adjusted, such as, by way of example only, the surface area available to the upstream and downstream pressures, the shape of the stationary variable choke, and the position of the no-go elements. 
         [0022]    It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that spring  60  may take the form of any device that provides a resistance against movement, by way of non-limiting example only, a piston assembly inside of a gas chamber. Flow control apparatus  40  may comprise a mechanical and/or gas (e.g., N 2 ) spring which acts against the force applied due to differential pressure across the flow passage  50  and moves the flow passage  50  over stationary variable choke  30 . The shape of the choke  30  and the internal profile of the flow flow passage  50  are designed to vary the flow area as the flow passage  50  slides over or away from the choke  30 . The shape of the choke  30  may be any of a number of shapes, including, by way of example only, conical, frustoconical, or semispherical. 
         [0023]    The choke  30  may be designed such that when the choke  30  is completely seated in the corresponding end of the flow passage  50  that it completely shuts off flow. Alternatively, it may be designed such that when it is seated it does not completely shut off flow through flow passage  50 . The device may also be configured such that no-go elements  15  are positioned such that flow passage  50  is unable to completely seat in choke  30 . 
         [0024]    Referring now to  FIG. 2 , in another embodiment of a flow control device  40 , a flow control device  40  is shown which is more sensitive to the upstream pressure than the downstream pressure by isolating major part of the area on which downstream pressure is acting. The embodiment shown in  FIG. 2  operates similar to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 . However, the embodiment of  FIG. 2  restricts the area on which the downstream pressure will act. Particularly, in  FIG. 2 , the downstream pressure will act on downstream lip  110 . Pressure isolating element  100  isolates the other downstream surfaces (e.g., isolated downstream surface  120 ) from the downstream pressure. A seal  70  (e.g., an o-ring) prevents the downstream pressure from acting on isolated downstream surface  120 . Thus, because the surface area upon which the downstream pressure can act is limited, the force that the downstream pressure imparts on the flow passage  50  is reduced. Consequently, the device will be more sensitive to changes in upstream pressure than a device in which more of the downstream surface area is exposed to the downstream pressure. 
         [0025]    The force of spring  60  and the allowable movement of flow passage  50  (e.g., between the no-go elements  10  and  15 ) can be adjusted for any given application to provide a minimum and maximum allowable flow area and therefore a variable pressure drop across the device. The device can also be configured so that at a defined/designed minimum upstream flowing pressure it fully closes and acts as a safety device in case of uncontrolled flow of the well. 
         [0026]    Referring now to  FIG. 3 , flow control device  40  can be configured such that flow passage  50  also acts as a check valve to positively eliminate reverse flow through the device. The check valve function can be achieved without substantially affecting the pressure drop/flow rate stabilization function of the device by incorporating a plug  130  which closes the flow passage  50 . Any flow through the flow control device  40  in the reverse direction (i.e., from downstream to upstream) will require the downstream pressure to be higher than upstream pressure. This will cause the flow passage  50  to move and stop against the plug  130  and stop any flow in reverse direction through the device. 
         [0027]    When a series of flow control devices  40  are placed in different parts of a producer well isolated with zonal isolation devices (e.g., packers), each flow control device  40  will automatically adjust its flow area to account for variations in tubing (downstream) pressure and/or the reservoir (upstream) pressure by moving the flow passage  50  over the stem  130  to stabilize and provide even flow from different sections of the wellbore/reservoir. As is shown in  FIG. 4 , one or more flow control devices  200  can be configured around the tubing adjacent a manifold  210  with or without a filter medium  220  such that all flow from the reservoir is directed into the tubing through the inflow control devices. Similarly in an injector well the ICDs are installed such that all injection fluids are directed from the tubing to the reservoir through the ICDs to provide even distribution of the fluid along the length of the wellbore. 
         [0028]    Similarly the flow control device  40  may be used in reverse for injection wells, to stabilize and provide even injection into different sections of the wellbore/reservoir.