Abstract:
An object of the present invention is to maintain the ease with which a template is created based on design data without acquiring an actual image, which is achieved by providing the template with equivalent information contained by a template used for image recognition that involves same-type image comparison, and to improve image recognition performance by increasing the matching rate between a template and an actual image. 
     To achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method, apparatus, and program for creating based on design data a template that is used for image recognition, wherein luminance information is set for each area in the template based on the material information of the region defined by the template. Specifically, the luminance information is set based on at least one of information from among the above material information, the pattern size information of a pattern arranged in the region defined by the template, the setup conditions of an imaging apparatus, the layer information of the region defined by the template, and the outline information of a pattern.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    The present invention relates to a method for creating templates that are used to detect a particular position in a semiconductor device and to an image processor and a program therefore and, in particular, to a template creation method based on the design data of a semiconductor device or the like. 
         [0003]    2. Description of the Related Art 
         [0004]    Conventional semiconductor measurement devices recognize an image by comparison between SEM (scanning electron microscope) images, between an SEM image and an OM (optical microscope) image, or between OM images. In contrast, some of recent image recognition technologies utilize design data to recognize an image as in comparison between design data and an SEM image or between design data and an OM image. 
         [0005]    For example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-328015 (Patent Document 1, corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 7,026,615) discloses a technique for creating based on design data (CAD data) a template image to be used for pattern matching in a SEM image. This technique is designed to smooth the design data so as to create a template close to an actual image. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    In image recognition involving comparison between the two images of the same type, the success rate of image recognition can be increased with the use of pattern edge information and contrast information. In image recognition with the use of design data, however, the pattern edge information can be utilized, but the contrast information cannot. Thus, a problem with the latter image recognition is that the success rate of image recognition and its performance cannot be improved beyond a certain level, in comparison with the former image recognition involving comparison between the two images of the same type (e.g., between SEM images or between OM images). 
         [0007]    The technique disclosed in Patent Document 1 is designed to supplement the shapes of pattern edge portions in design data so as to reduce the difference in pattern edge shape between the design data and an SEM image, whereby the matching rate between the two can be increased drastically. However, Patent Document 1 is not designed to use the contrast information, which is not present in design data, so as to increase its image recognition performance up to the level of the image recognition that involves same-type image comparison. 
         [0008]    An object of the present invention is thus to maintain the ease with which a template is created based on design data without acquiring an actual image, which is achieved by providing the template with equivalent information contained by a template used for image recognition that involves same-type image comparison, and to improve image recognition performance by increasing the matching rate between a template and an actual image. 
         [0009]    To achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method, apparatus, and program for creating based on design data a template that is used for image recognition, wherein luminance information is set for each area in the template based on the material information of the region defined by the template. Specifically, the luminance information is set based on at least one of information from among the above material information, the pattern size information of a pattern arranged in the region defined by the template, the setup conditions of an imaging apparatus, the layer information of the region defined by the template, and the outline information of a pattern. 
         [0010]    The above configuration can improve image recognition performance using on a template that is created based on design data. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]    Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description of embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: 
           [0012]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of a scanning electron microscope; 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  is a schematic configuration diagram of a system including the SEM; 
           [0014]      FIGS. 3A to 3D  show design data for each layer of a wafer; 
           [0015]      FIG. 4A  shows a template used for image recognition when design data for each layer is simply overlapped,  FIG. 4B  showing its corresponding OM image; 
           [0016]      FIG. 5A  shows an exemplary template used for image recognition in which each layer is provided with luminance information,  FIG. 5B  showing its corresponding OM image; 
           [0017]      FIGS. 6A to 6D  show the light reflection properties of various patterns; 
           [0018]      FIGS. 7A to 7D  show an example of a gray-level-adjusted template used for image recognition; 
           [0019]      FIGS. 8A to 8C  show the yield of secondary electrons that varies depending on material types and the setup conditions of the scanning electron microscope; and 
           [0020]      FIG. 9  is a flow chart showing the process of creating a template used for image recognition. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0021]    Described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings is a template creation method with the use of design data, an embodiment of the invention. 
         [0022]      FIG. 1  shows one of the exemplary configurations of an SEM. In the SEM, a primary electron beam  104  is applied to a cathode  101  and a first anode  102  and accelerated toward the subsequent-stage lens system by a voltage Vacc (acceleration voltage) applied to a second anode  103 . 
         [0023]    The primary electron beam  104  is focused as a tiny spot onto a sample (synonymous with “wafer” or “semiconductor device”)  107  by a convergent lens  105  and an objective lens  106 , both controlled by a lens control power supply  114 . The focused primary electron beam  104  is then two-dimensionally scanned across the sample  107  by two-stage deflecting coils  108 . Scanning signals for the deflecting coils  108  are controlled by a deflection control device  109  based on desired image magnifications. By the primary electron beam  104  being scanned across the sample  107 , secondary electrons  110  are generated from the sample  107 . These secondary electrons  110  are detected by a secondary electron detector  111 . The secondary electron information obtained by the secondary electron detector  111  is then amplified by an amplifier  112  and displayed on a CRT  113 . In the apparatus shown in  FIG. 1 , the sample pattern information thus displayed on the CRT  113  is used to automatically measure patterns on the sample  107 . 
         [0024]      FIG. 2  illustrates the configuration of a system that incorporates the SEM of  FIG. 1 . The SEM, designated  201  in  FIG. 2 , connects to a load lock chamber  202 , a mini environment  203 , a control device  204 , and a design data management device  205 . The load lock chamber  202  has a vacuum pump connected thereto so that the pump preliminarily evacuates the vacuum chamber of the SEM upon sample loading. Inside the mini environment  203  is an optical microscope, and images obtained with this optical microscope are used to perform sample pre-alignment. The sample pre-alignment is finely adjusted by an adjusting mechanism (not shown) based on image recognition of the optical microscope so that the sample is positioned at a particular position. The control device  204  is to control the optical elements of the SEM  201 , the preliminary evacuation of the SEM vacuum chamber performed in the load lock chamber  202 , the optical microscope inside the mini environment  203 , and the like. The design data management device  205 , part of the image processor according to the invention, stores on its storage medium (not shown) design data of samples to be measured or observed by the SEM. This storage medium also stores a program necessary for creating, based on the design data, templates to be used for pattern matching. As described above, the system of  FIG. 2  includes two imaging apparatuses: the SEM  201  and the optical microscope. 
         [0025]    Described next is an exemplary program algorithm for template creation by the design data management device  205 , which is connected to the above two imaging apparatuses. Although, in  FIG. 2 , the SEM  201 , the control device  204  that controls the SEM  201 , and the design data management device  205  are structurally different, it should be noted that the present invention is not limited to that configuration. For example, the control device  204 , instead of the design data management device  205 , may execute the template creation program by its operational functions. 
         [0026]      FIG. 3  are examples of design data of a certain position in a semiconductor device.  FIGS. 3A to 3C  show the vertically same sample region with respect to the surface of the sample and each show design data of different layers of the sample.  FIG. 3A  is data of the uppermost layer obtained at the time of SEM measurement,  FIG. 3B  data of a layer below it.  FIG. 3C  is design data of a dummy layer,  FIG. 3D  design data obtained by overlapping the above three layers of design data. 
         [0027]    Unlike design data, OM images (those obtained by an optical microscope) include underlayer information and contrast information, which is not represented by design data. When a template is to be created based on design data, appropriately capturing such information enables creation of a template close to an OM image. As a result, the matching rate between the two can be improved drastically. In the present embodiment, the template luminance level is set according to the layers or element materials of a semiconductor device, thereby creating a template close to an actual image. 
         [0028]    Specifically, the luminance levels for various positions in a template are determined based on the following rules. 1) Because reflectance differs among positions in a semiconductor device, for example, between an upper layer and a lower layer, the template luminance level is set high for high reflectance positions and low for relatively low reflectance positions. 2) Because reflectance also differs among materials of a semiconductor device, the template luminance level is set according to the reflectance levels of the materials. Below is an example of this template luminance level setting. 
         [0029]      FIG. 4A  is an image recognition template based on the design data of  FIG. 3D , and  FIG. 4B  is its corresponding OM image. Note that if the design data of  FIG. 3A to 3C  are used to create their corresponding image recognition templates, the probability of image recognition failure increases due to a great information amount difference between the design data of  FIG. 3A to 3C  and the actual OM image of  FIG. 4B . For this reason, the composite data of  FIG. 3D  is used to create a template. 
         [0030]    Since design data does not have such contrast information as included by an OM image, it expresses contrast by image binarization (by distinguishing between regions with signals and regions without signals). This results in such an image recognition template in black and white as shown in  FIG. 4A . As can be seen, there is a significant information difference between the template of  FIG. 4A , in which different layers of the semiconductor device are indistinguishable, and the actual OM image of  FIG. 4B , suggesting a high probability of image recognition failure. 
         [0031]    To solve this problem, different luminance levels (also called gradation levels or gray levels) are set for different design data layers, as shown in  FIG. 5A . In the figure, an uppermost layer  400  of a sample has a high luminance level, a dummy layer  401  an intermediate luminance level, a lower layer  402  a low luminance level. Further, a background  403  has an intermediate luminance level. By thus setting an appropriate gray level for each layer, the information amount necessary for image recognition can be optimized. In addition, gray levels are also determined based on semiconductor element materials because their luminance levels are different when imaged. 
         [0032]    The gray level setting is performed based on the following rules, as shown in  FIG. 6 . First of all, a metal layer and a quartz layer differ in reflectance, as shown in  FIG. 6A : the reflectance of the metal layer is greater than that of the quartz layer. Thus, gray levels are set so as to reflect this relation. Further, as shown in  FIG. 6B , the light reflection intensity of an upper layer is greater than that of a lower layer; thus, gray levels are also set so as to reflect this relation. Furthermore, as shown in  FIG. 6C , a large pattern on a sample reflects the better part of incident light and thus has a higher light reflection intensity than a small pattern. Accordingly, gray levels are also set so as to reflect this relation, the light reflection intensity of a large pattern&gt;the light reflection intensity of a small pattern. Moreover, the outlines of design data (sample patterns) are set black because they correspond to slanted portions of patterns as shown by a pattern edge  501  of  FIG. 6D . 
         [0033]    Applying gray colors to design data in this manner provides better information for image recognition, also improving the success rate of image recognition. In addition, the contrast information that had not been available with design data can also be utilized, thus increasing the diversity of applicable image recognition algorithms. 
         [0034]    The above-mentioned gray level setting rules can also be combined in order to finalize a gray level. For example, a gray level can be determined by parameterizing 1) a pattern material, 2) the layer position where the pattern exist at the time of measurement, and 3) the pattern size and by taking these parameters collectively into consideration. Specifically, a gray level can be finalized by using such parameters as coefficients for the following formula, for example: gray level initial setup value×An (coefficient defined according to material types)×Bn (coefficient defined according to layers)×Cn (coefficient defined according to pattern sizes), . . . , etc. In addition, the pattern size coefficient can be fixed (for example, to 1) if the sizes of patterns across a sample are uniform enough to be negligible. Moreover, the types of wafers or the like can also be parameterized to use them as coefficients. 
         [0035]    The above gray level setting conditions are contained in design data of a semiconductor device. By examining the uppermost layer information at the time of sample measurement and image-acquisition positional information, gray levels can be derived with ease, and this process can also be put into an algorithm easily. In addition, instead of calculating gray levels each time the necessity arises, the relationships between the above parameters and gray levels can be put into a table in advance so that gray levels can be assigned easily without such calculation. 
         [0036]      FIG. 9  is a flowchart illustrating the process flow of obtaining, based on design data, gray levels for a template image that is used for OM image recognition. First, in S 901 , a sample region to be registered as a template is selected from among the design data. In S 902 , a predetermined gray level is set for the background region in the selected sample region. The background gray level can be set as desired, but should preferably set at an intermediate gray level, which is neither too bright nor too dark. Next in S 903 , a low gray level (equivalent to zero gradation value; almost black) is set for the outlines (boundaries) of the patterns in the selected sample region. Finally in S 904 , gray levels are set for the pattern areas surrounded by the outlines in accordance with the above-mentioned gray level setting rules. 
         [0037]    By following the above gray-level setting process to set gray levels for a template, an image recognition template close to an actual image can be created. 
         [0038]    Described next is a gray level setting method for a template that is used for SEM image recognition. In contrast to OM images, SEM images vary in their luminance level depending on the efficiency in detecting secondary electrons or backscattered electrons. Thus, gray levels are determined based on this electron detection efficiency. 
         [0039]    The yield of secondary electrons from a sample is determined by 1) the landing energy of an incident electron beam (acceleration voltage with which the electron beam reaches the sample), 2) sample material, and 3) pattern edges on the sample. In addition, because a probe current for the electron beam also contributes in brightening SEM images, this current is also considered, when necessary, in determining gray levels. Further, when the acceleration voltage for the electron beam is high, this electron beam often reaches an underlayer region of the sample; in other words, when the acceleration voltage is greater than a predetermined value, underlayer patterns of the sample become visible that would otherwise be invisible with a low acceleration voltage. Thus, this can also be considered, if necessary, upon gray level determination. 
         [0040]      FIG. 8A  is a graph illustrating the relationship between the landing energy of an incident electron beam onto a sample and the yield of secondary electrons from the sample. As can be seen in the figure, the yield of secondary electrons varies significantly according to the energy magnitude of the electron beam onto the sample. In other words, the sample luminance significantly changes according to the beam energy. For the purpose of setting appropriate gray levels according to the level of this sample luminance, the landing energy of electron beams is thus taken into consideration. The landing energy (LE) of an electron beam onto a sample takes the same value as the voltage (Vacc) that is applied to acceleration electrodes provided in an electron microscope. In SEMs that control the landing energy by applying a negative voltage (Vr) to a sample, the landing energy is obtained by subtracting the negative voltage from the acceleration voltage (LE=Vacc−Vr). 
         [0041]      FIG. 8B  is a table illustrating the relationship between sample types and the yield of secondary electrons. With that table, gray levels are set according to sample types. Further, as shown in  FIG. 8C , secondary electrons are generated more from the edge portions of a pattern, and the edge portions thus tend to become brighter than the rest portions. Therefore, gray levels are preferably set such that the edge portions are made still brighter. Note that all of the above conditions need not be used: gray levels can be set using at least one of the conditions. 
         [0042]    Explained next with reference to  FIG. 7  are a gray-level-adjusted template and a template that is created based solely on design data.  FIG. 7A  is typical design data, and  FIG. 7B  is a template that is created based on the design data.  FIG. 7C  is part of an SEM image that is to be recognized with the template of  FIG. 7B .  FIG. 7D  is a template obtained by adjusting the gray levels of the template of  FIG. 7B . obviously, the gray-level-adjusted template of  FIG. 7D  is closer to the SEM image of  FIG. 7C  than the template of  FIG. 7B  that is created based solely on the design data. 
         [0043]    In the gray-level-adjusted template of  FIG. 7D , an outline  600  corresponds to an edge portion where secondary electrons are generated more. Thus, the gray level for that portion is set high (in this example, the highest gradation level; almost white). Portions  601  and  602  are different in their material; thus, their gray levels are set according to material types pre-registered. 
         [0044]    Steps S 911  to S 914  in  FIG. 9  is a flowchart illustrating the process flow of obtaining, in accordance with the gray level setting conditions explained with  FIGS. 8A to 8C , gray levels for a template image that is used for SEM image recognition. First, in S 911 , a sample region to be registered as a template is selected from among design data. In S 912 , a predetermined gray level is set for the background region in the selected sample region. The background gray level is set according to the yield of secondary electrons. Next in S 913 , a high gray level (white) is set for the outlines (boundaries) of the patterns in the selected sample region. As mentioned above, the outlines (boundaries) of a pattern correspond to the edge portions of that pattern on an actual device in which portions the yield of secondary electrons is high. Thus, a relatively high gray level is set in comparison with the rest portions. Finally in S 914 , gray levels are set for the pattern areas surrounded by the outlines in accordance with the yield of secondary electrons and material types. In this gray level setting for a template used for SEM image recognition, such parameters as mentioned earlier can also be used as coefficients and put into a table. In accordance with such rules as mentioned above, gray levels are set for each pixel or for each region defined by pattern outlines. 
         [0045]    In accordance with the above configuration, a template image close to an actual image can be created based on the design data of a semiconductor device or on the setup conditions of microscopes without acquiring an OM image or SEM image. Further, when design data to which gray level information is added is subjected to differential processing, image recognition can be performed based on pattern edge information. 
         [0046]    While the invention has been described in its preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the words which have been used are words of description rather than limitation and that changes within the purview of the appended claims may be made without departing from the true scope and spirit of the invention in its broader aspects.