Abstract:
Techniques herein provide precise cuts for fins and nanowires without needing dummy gate pairs to compensate for overlay misalignment. Techniques herein include using an etch mask to remove designated portions of gate structures to define a trench or open space having fin structures, nanowires, etc. The uncovered fin structures are etched away or otherwise removed from the trench segments. The etch mask and material defining the trench provide a combined etch mask for removing uncovered fin portions. Subsequently the trench segments are filled with dielectric material. Without needed dummy gate pairs a given substrate can fit significantly more electrical devices per unit area.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/202,599, filed on Aug. 7, 2015, entitled “Method of Patterning with Single Diffusion Cuts,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present disclosure relates to fabricating semiconductor devices. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to forming and cutting structures such as fins and nanowires. 
         [0003]    Transistors, such as field effect transistors (FETs), are the basic elements of microelectronics and integrated circuits. There has been a continuous drive to scale down or shrink transistors and other semiconductor devices to increase density and improve processing performance. Methods of shrinking line-widths in lithographic processes have historically involved using greater-NA optics (numerical aperture), shorter exposure wavelengths, or interfacial media other than air (e.g., water immersion). As the resolution of conventional lithographic processes has approached theoretical limits, manufacturers have started to turn to double-patterning (DP) methods and other patterning techniques to overcome optical limitations to make increasingly smaller features. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0004]    In conventional fabrication techniques, such as for cell layouts of logic cells, fins or wires are initially created at relatively long lengths to be subsequently cut at specific locations. Such features can be created using double patterning techniques that shrink feature sizes below a resolution of photolithography systems. Cutting such relatively small features can be problematic because etch masks created by photolithographic systems do not have sufficient resolution to accurately cut or remove material within specified tolerances. Using such conventional etch masks can result in device poor device performance or device failure. 
         [0005]    To conventionally cut such fins or wires, two dummy gates are added to a given cell layout. These dummy gates function merely as an etch mask to cut a given gate in combination with a patterned etch mask formed over the gate structures. Thus, a fin is formed and then two dummy gates are used to cut fins because at conventional small patterning scales there are overlay or placement issues with forming a patterned mask above the fins for making cuts. Accordingly, conventional techniques use two dummy gates are used to ensure that fin cuts happen at desired locations, which is typically between the dummy gates. An etch mask is formed with openings uncovering a region between the two dummy gates, with the dummy gates used ensure cuts happen at specific locations with this combined mask. In other words, a relatively large opening in an etch masked is created (with some misalignment) while dummy gates further narrow the etch mask. 
         [0006]    Thus, because of placement, overlay, and CD issues, conventional techniques teach having a dummy gate on each side of the cut. Using dummy gate pairs, however, has disadvantages. One issue with using dummy gate pairs to cut fins is that dummy gates take up a lot of real estate and do not contribute to the function of a given cell. Such dummy gates merely function as a corrective measure to address variability in mask placement. Cells become larger than desired because of all of the space needed to accommodate dummy gate pairs. Moreover, such dummy gates, in subsequent steps, become metalized but remain on a given circuit as a dummy gate with no electrical contact being made to the dummy gates. 
         [0007]    Techniques herein provide precise cuts for fins and nanowires without needing dummy gate pairs to ensure accuracy. Techniques herein include leaving fins uncut until gates are opened, and then one opened gate structure is used to focus placement of cuts. Surrounding dielectric material is used as part of an etch mask to ensure cuts happen at specified locations. With etch selectivity to gate spacer material, uncovered fins—further defined by an etch mask formed thereon—can be etched inside/within a space formerly occupied by a gate structure. After etching the uncovered fins, the space can be filled with dielectric material. Such filler dielectric material can remain in place which results in the space formerly occupied by the gate structure does not become metallized but remains as a dielectric. This means that there are no metallized dummy gates left on the device, and that pairs of dummy gates are not needed to be designed into the cell. Accordingly, with techniques herein, using two dummy gates just as a compensating etch mask is no longer needed, which means more real estate in a given cell can be used for functional devices, thereby increasing device density. 
         [0008]    Of course, the order of discussion of the different steps as described herein has been presented for clarity sake. In general, these steps can be performed in any suitable order. Additionally, although each of the different features, techniques, configurations, etc. herein may be discussed in different places of this disclosure, it is intended that each of the concepts can be executed independently of each other or in combination with each other. Accordingly, the present invention can be embodied and viewed in many different ways. 
         [0009]    Note that this summary section does not specify every embodiment and/or incrementally novel aspect of the present disclosure or claimed invention. Instead, this summary only provides a preliminary discussion of different embodiments and corresponding points of novelty over conventional techniques. For additional details and/or possible perspectives of the invention and embodiments, the reader is directed to the Detailed Description section and corresponding figures of the present disclosure as further discussed below. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0010]    A more complete appreciation of various embodiments of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will become readily apparent with reference to the following detailed description considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, with emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the features, principles and concepts. 
           [0011]      FIG. 1A  is a top view of an example substrate segment showing a process flow according to embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0012]      FIG. 1B  is a front cross-sectional view of an example substrate segment showing a process flow according to embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0013]      FIG. 1C  is a side cross-sectional view of an example substrate segment showing a process flow according to embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0014]      FIG. 2A  is a top view of an example substrate segment showing a process flow according to embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0015]      FIG. 2B  is a front cross-sectional view of an example substrate segment showing a process flow according to embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0016]      FIG. 2C  is a side cross-sectional view of an example substrate segment showing a process flow according to embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0017]      FIG. 3A  is a top view of an example substrate segment showing a process flow according to embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0018]      FIG. 3B  is a front cross-sectional view of an example substrate segment showing a process flow according to embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0019]      FIG. 3C  is a side cross-sectional view of an example substrate segment showing a process flow according to embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0020]      FIG. 4A  is a top view of an example substrate segment showing a process flow according to embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0021]      FIG. 4B  is a front cross-sectional view of an example substrate segment showing a process flow according to embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0022]      FIG. 4C  is a side cross-sectional view of an example substrate segment showing a process flow according to embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0023]      FIG. 5A  is a top view of an example substrate segment showing a process flow according to embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0024]      FIG. 5B  is a front cross-sectional view of an example substrate segment showing a process flow according to embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0025]      FIG. 5C  is a side cross-sectional view of an example substrate segment showing a process flow according to embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0026]      FIG. 6A  is a top view of an example substrate segment showing a process flow according to embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0027]      FIG. 6B  is a front cross-sectional view of an example substrate segment showing a process flow according to embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0028]      FIG. 6C  is a side cross-sectional view of an example substrate segment showing a process flow according to embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0029]      FIG. 7A  is a top view of an example substrate segment showing a process flow according to embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0030]      FIG. 7B  is a front cross-sectional view of an example substrate segment showing a process flow according to embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0031]      FIG. 7C  is a side cross-sectional view of an example substrate segment showing a process flow according to embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0032]      FIG. 8A  is a top view of an example substrate segment showing a process flow according to embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0033]      FIG. 8B  is a front cross-sectional view of an example substrate segment showing a process flow according to embodiments disclosed herein. 
           [0034]      FIG. 8C  is a side cross-sectional view of an example substrate segment showing a process flow according to embodiments disclosed herein. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0035]    Techniques herein provide precise cuts for fins and nanowires without needing dummy gate pairs to ensure accuracy. Techniques herein include leaving fins uncut until gates are opened, and then one opened gate structure is used to focus placement of cuts. Surrounding dielectric material is used as part of an etch mask to ensure cuts happen at specified locations. With etch selectivity to gate spacer material, uncovered fins—further defined by an etch mask formed thereon—can be etched inside/within a space formerly occupied by a gate structure. After etching the uncovered fins, the space can be filled with dielectric material. Such filler dielectric material can remain in place which results in the space formerly occupied by the gate structure does not become metallized but remains as a dielectric. This means that there are no metallized dummy gates left on the device, and that pairs of dummy gates are not needed to be designed into the cell. Accordingly, with techniques herein, using two dummy gates just as a compensating etch mask is no longer needed, which means more real estate in a given cell can be used for functional devices, thereby increasing device density. 
         [0036]      FIGS. 1-8  illustrate process flow of example embodiments herein. Note that FIGS. with reference letter “A” are top views of an example substrate segment. FIGS. with a reference letter “B” show corresponding front views, while FIGS. with a reference letter “C” show corresponding side views.  FIG. 1A  includes cross sectional lines B and C to identify corresponding views. 
         [0037]    One embodiment includes a method for patterning a substrate. Such a substrate can be a semiconductor wafer being patterned such as for forming transistor devices or other electronic devices thereon. Referring now to  FIG. 1 , an array of fin structures  112  is formed on a working surface of a substrate  105 . Note that material of such fin structures can extend downward into (or up from) dielectric layer  118 . Dielectric layer  118  thus can be formed on sides of fin structures  112 . In some embodiments, dielectric layer  118  can be a shallow trench isolation layer or material. The fin structures can include a set of linear structures extending above an underlying layer with the fin structures being parallel with each other. 
         [0038]    Referring now to  FIG. 2 , an array of gate structures  114  is formed on the working surface of the substrate. The array of gate structures  114  have gate structures  114  crossing and covering a portion of fin structures  112  of the array of fin structures  112 . The array of gate structures  114  includes first dielectric material  121  abutting sidewalls of the gate structures  114  and covering a remaining portion of the fin structures  112 . In other words, first dielectric material  121  can fill areas between gate structures  114 . Note that gate structures  114  are not necessarily final or functional gate material, but may subsequently be replaced with metal or other conductor. Gate structures  114  can have a greater height as compared to the fin structures and can be formed on sidewalls of fin structures. Gate structures can include a set of linear structures extending above an underlying layer, and that perpendicularly cross the fin structures. 
         [0039]    Referring now to  FIG. 3 , a first etch mask  131  is formed on the substrate that uncovers portions of the gate structures  114 . Such an etch mask can be formed, for example, using photoresist and photolithographic exposure and development. Such an etch mask can include depositing other films (not shown) on the substrate such as planarizing films and anti-reflective coatings. First etch mask  131  is depicted as defining openings that uncover/expose sections of both gate structures  114  and first dielectric material  121  because such etch masks typically do not have resolution sufficient to isolate just a width of a given gate spacer structure. 
         [0040]    Referring now to  FIG. 4 , portions of the gate structures  114  that are uncovered by the first etch mask  131  are removed resulting in forming trench segments defined by the first dielectric material  121 , with portions of the fin structures  112  being uncovered within the trench segments. Removing portions of the gate structures  114  can include executing a first etch process that etches portions of the gate structures that are uncovered relative to the first etch mask. For example a plasma-based anisotropic etch can be executed that etches material of the gate structures while the first dielectric material  121  and the first etch mask  131  resist being etched by selected etchants 
         [0041]    Referring now to  FIG. 5 , uncovered fin structures are removed from the trench segments. Note that some embodiments can have fin material extending below into a shallow trench isolation layer or other underlying layer. The fin structures, however, are nevertheless removed from the trench segments, that is, the uncovered fin structures are removed from the space that previously contained a portion of a gate structure. Removing the uncovered fin structures includes executing a second etch process that etches material of the fin structures with respect to material of the gate structures. In some embodiments, the fin structures can include a protective film, such as an oxide film. In such embodiments, this protective film can be removed prior to removing the uncovered fin structures themselves. Any such films can optionally be removed via atomic layer etching for increased selectivity. Executing the second etch process can alternatively include executing an isotropic etch that laterally recesses the uncovered fin structures past sidewalls of trench segments. Such an isotropic etch can be executed after a directional etch that removes the fin structures from the trench segments, and then fin structures can be laterally etched past sidewalls of first dielectric material  121 . The first etch mask  131  can be removed, as shown in  FIG. 6 . 
         [0042]    Referring now to  FIG. 7 , the trench segments are filled with a second dielectric material  122 . Filling the trench segments with the second dielectric material  122  can include depositing an overburden of dielectric material and planarizing the substrate down to top surfaces of the gate structures  114 , such as by an etch back process or chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP). For CMP planarization, it can be beneficial to fill the trenches with silicon nitride. 
         [0043]    Other fabrication steps can then be continued.  FIG. 8  shows first dielectric material  121  having been removed. Note that fins pass through gate structures  114 , but do not extend through second dielectric material  122 . This results in fins being cut at selected locations defined by gate structure portions, and then the space when gate structures and fin structures have been removed is filled with a dielectric material, which electrically insulates the fins at desired locations without needing extra substrate space to design dummy gates just for cutting fins. Accordingly, more transistors or other devices per unit area can be realized with techniques herein. 
         [0044]    Techniques herein can apply to any micro-fabricated structures that are first formed as a relatively larger or longer structure to be cut or cut down subsequently. The previous embodiment focused on cutting fin structures. Other embodiments are readily apparent to those of skill in the art. For example, cutting nanowires is executed similarly to that of cutting fins. Removing selected gate structure portions to reveal open spaces with nanowire segments enables nanowires to be cut (removed via etching), and then subsequently filled with dielectric material. Accordingly, techniques herein can be embodied with both 2-Dimensional and 3-Dimensional circuit designs. In other embodiments, instead of cutting/removing uncovered fin structures within a given defined trench or open space, the uncovered fin structures can be doped sufficiently to prevent any electrical conduction through those fin segments. 
         [0045]    Various different materials can be used. The various materials can be selected to have differing etch resistivities to selectively etch one or more materials without (substantially) etching other materials. Gate structures themselves can be silicon. Fin structures can also be silicon, but with a thin oxide layer. Dielectric materials can be identical or have differing etch resistivities. 
         [0046]    In the preceding description, specific details have been set forth, such as a particular geometry of a processing system and descriptions of various components and processes used therein. It should be understood, however, that techniques herein may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these specific details, and that such details are for purposes of explanation and not limitation. Embodiments disclosed herein have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Similarly, for purposes of explanation, specific numbers, materials, and configurations have been set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding. Nevertheless, embodiments may be practiced without such specific details. Components having substantially the same functional constructions are denoted by like reference characters, and thus any redundant descriptions may be omitted. 
         [0047]    Various techniques have been described as multiple discrete operations to assist in understanding the various embodiments. The order of description should not be construed as to imply that these operations are necessarily order dependent. Indeed, these operations need not be performed in the order of presentation. Operations described may be performed in a different order than the described embodiment. Various additional operations may be performed and/or described operations may be omitted in additional embodiments. 
         [0048]    “Substrate” or “target substrate” as used herein generically refers to an object being processed in accordance with the invention. The substrate may include any material portion or structure of a device, particularly a semiconductor or other electronics device, and may, for example, be a base substrate structure, such as a semiconductor wafer, reticle, or a layer on or overlying a base substrate structure such as a thin film. Thus, substrate is not limited to any particular base structure, underlying layer or overlying layer, patterned or un-patterned, but rather, is contemplated to include any such layer or base structure, and any combination of layers and/or base structures. The description may reference particular types of substrates, but this is for illustrative purposes only. 
         [0049]    Those skilled in the art will also understand that there can be many variations made to the operations of the techniques explained above while still achieving the same objectives of the invention. Such variations are intended to be covered by the scope of this disclosure. As such, the foregoing descriptions of embodiments of the invention are not intended to be limiting. Rather, any limitations to embodiments of the invention are presented in the following claims.