Abstract:
The invention is a method of training grapevines comprising dividing fruiting canes into three horizontal zones and two vertical zones. One aspect of the present invention is a method of training grapevines having a plurality of fruiting canes comprising: separating the fruiting canes into an upper canopy and a lower canopy, then dividing the upper canopy into a first upper cane section and a second upper cane section, restraining the first upper cane section to grow along a substantially horizontal first upper wire and restraining the second upper section to grow along a substantially horizontal second upper wire, and tying the lower canopy to grow along a substantially horizontal low wire. The method of training grapevines may also comprise defining a plurality of renewal canes. The renewal canes may be down to renewal spurs. The renewal spurs may have two buds. Each of the renewal spurs may be about 2.5 cm long.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    A. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    The present invention relates to a method of training a grapevine for optimal fruit yield. 
         [0003]    B. Description of the Prior Art 
         [0004]    As members of the  Vitis  plant family, grapevines are climbing plants that are not self-supporting, unlike most trees. While grapevines have woody trunks, the weight of a vine&#39;s leafy canopy and grape clusters will often bring the vine&#39;s canes down towards the ground unless it receives some form of support. In viticulture, growers want to prevent any part of the canes from touching the ground because of the vine&#39;s natural inclination to send out suckers or basal shoots and take root in that area where the cane is touching the ground. 
         [0005]    Other reasons for vine training involve setting up the vineyard and each individual vine canopy for more efficient labor usage or mechanization. Vines that are trained to have their “fruiting zone” of grape clusters at waist to chest height are easier for vineyard workers to harvest without straining their bodies with excessive bending or reaching. Similarly, keeping the fruiting zone in a consistent spot on each vine makes it easier to set up machinery for pruning, spraying and harvesting. 
         [0006]    Most commercial grapevines are trained on a trellis system to manage the growth of the grapevine and to facilitate application of water, fertilizers, and insecticides. The trellis system also enables training the grapevine in a way to admit more sunlight to the interior canes for optimal fruit bearing. 
         [0007]    Optimal vine training systems are designed to avoid excessive shading of the fruit by the leafy growth, the canopy. While some shading is beneficial, especially in very hot and sunny climates, to prevent heat stress, excessive amounts of shading can have negative impact on grape development. As a photosynthetic plant, grapevines need access to sunlight in order to complete their physiological processes. Even if the leaves at the top of the canopy are receiving plenty of sunlight, the young buds, grape clusters and leaves below will still experience some negative impact. During the annual growth cycle of the grapevine, excessive shading can reduce the success rate of bud formation, budbreak, fruit set, as well as the size and quantity of grape berries on a cluster. 
         [0008]    The grape clusters themselves receive some benefit from getting direct sunlight through enhance ripening of various phenolic compounds that can contribute to a wine&#39;s aroma and quality. In addition to having decreased physiological ripeness, excessive shade will negatively impact a grape&#39;s quality by causing increases in the levels of potassium, malic acid and pH in the grapes while decreasing the amount of sugar, and tartaric acid. Beyond a lack of sunlight, excessive shading limits the amount of air circulation that can take place within a vine&#39;s fruiting canopy. In wet, humid climates poor air circulation can promote the development of various grape diseases such as powdery mildew and gray rot. 
         [0009]    U.S. Pat. No. 3,585,756 describes training young fruit bearing canes to a wire so that the canes grow horizontally along the wire. This patent describes the grapevine canes trained to curve upward so there is only one canopy layer, not multiple distinct canopy layers. 
         [0010]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,711,109 describes training a grapevine so that the fruiting canes grow in a horizontal canopy. However, the fruiting canes are not separated into different levels. 
         [0011]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,578,318 describes a method of raising vine plants by separating the fruiting cane portion from the renewal cane portion. The fruiting canes are placed in an upper zone, and the renewal canes are placed in a lower zone. The fruiting canes are not separated into different levels. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    The present invention involves a method of training grapevines having fruiting canes comprising dividing the fruiting canes into three horizontal zones and two vertical zones. In one aspect of the present invention, the method of training grapevines having a plurality of fruiting canes comprises separating the fruiting canes into an upper canopy and a lower canopy, then dividing the upper canopy into a first upper cane section and a second upper cane section, restraining the first upper cane section to grow along a substantially horizontal first upper wire and restraining the second upper section to grow along a substantially horizontal second upper wire, and tying the lower canopy to grow along a substantially horizontal low wire. The grapevines may be Syrah grapevines. 
         [0013]    In other aspects of the invention, the method of training grapevines can position the low wire below and between the first upper wire and the second upper wire. The low wire may be about 145 cm above the ground surface. The first upper wire and the second upper wire may be substantially parallel and about 20 cm apart. The first upper wire and the second upper wire may each be about 170 cm above ground surface. 
         [0014]    In still other aspects of the invention, the method of training grapevines involves positioning the first upper wire on the north side of a grapevine trunk and the second upper wire on the south side of the trunk. The first upper wire and the second upper wire each may be supported by a cross member. 
         [0015]    In another aspect of the present invention, the method of training grapevines having a plurality of fruiting canes comprises pruning said fruiting canes to create an upper cane  1 , an upper cane  2 , an upper cane  3 , an upper cane  4  and a lower cane  1 , and a lower cane  2 ; restraining the upper cane  1  and the upper cane  3  to grow along a substantially horizontal first upper wire and to extend away from each other, and restraining the upper cane  2  and the upper cane  4  to grow along a substantially horizontal second upper wire and to extend away from each other; and tying the lower cane  1  and the lower cane  2  to grow along a substantially horizontal low wire and to extend away from each other. The method of training grapevines may also comprise defining a plurality of renewal canes. The renewal canes may be down to renewal spurs. The renewal spurs may have two buds. Each of the renewal spurs may be about 2.5 cm long. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0016]      FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a grapevine plant with a trunk, an upper canopy and lower canopy, the upper canopy trained to a first upper wire and a second upper wire, and the lower canopy trained to a low wire.  FIG. 1  shows the fruiting canes divided into three horizontal zones and two vertical zones. 
           [0017]      FIG. 2  is a top view of a grapevine plant showing the fruiting canes divided into three horizontal zones. The grapevine has a trunk, two upper canes trained to first upper wire, two upper canes trained to a second upper wire, and two lower canes trained to a low wire. 
           [0018]      FIG. 3  is a side view of a grapevine plant with the fruiting canes divided into two vertical zones. The grapevine has a trunk, upper canes, and lower canes, the upper canes trained to a first upper wire and a second upper wire, and the lower canes trained to a low wire. 
           [0019]      FIG. 4  is a front view of a grapevine plant with a trunk, two upper fruiting canes, a lower fruiting cane, one upper fruiting cane trained to a first upper wire and a second upper fruiting cane trained to a second upper wire, and the lower cane trained to a low wire.  FIG. 4  shows the fruiting canes divided into three horizontal zones and two vertical zones. 
           [0020]      FIG. 5  is a front view of a trellis, having a stake and a cross member. 
           [0021]      FIG. 6  is a perspective view of a grapevine plant with a trunk, an upper canopy and lower canopy, and renewal canes trimmed to spurs. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0022]    With reference to  FIGS. 1-6 , the preferred embodiments of the present invention are set forth. The methods of the present invention relate to a method of training grapevines, specifically Syrah grapevines. In the preferred vineyard, many grapevines are grown in parallel rows, the rows extending north-south. Each grapevine is planted between approximately 1 m and approximately 3 m, and preferably approximately 2 m, apart from each other. The rows may be situated between approximately 2 m and approximately 4 m, and preferably approximately 3 m, apart from each other. 
       A. DEFINITIONS 
       [0023]    The term “grapevine” as used herein defines any plant upon which produces clusters of grapes. 
         [0024]    The term “fruiting canes” as used herein defines the canes which bear grape clusters during any given season. 
         [0025]    The term “renewal canes” as used herein defines the canes which do not bear grape clusters during any given season but, instead, are prepared to bear fruit in the following season. 
         [0026]    The term “pruning” as used herein may be used interchangeably with the following terms: cutting, trimming, and clipping. 
       B. DESCRIPTION OF THE GRAPEVINE TRAINING METHOD 
       [0027]    The invented method of training a grapevine with fruiting canes divides the fruiting canes into three horizontal zones and two vertical zones. As shown in  FIG. 1 , grapevine  10  has trunk  5  fixed to stake  100 . Trunk  5  extends upwardly from ground surface  200 . Fruiting canes grow out of portions of trunk  5 . Grapevine  10  has multiple fruiting canes, divided into two canopies, upper canopy  20  and lower canopy  30 . Upper canopy  20  is one vertical zone and lower canopy  30  is the second vertical zone. 
         [0028]    Upper canopy  20  is divided into first upper cane section  21  and second upper cane section  22 . First upper cane section  21  may be restrained to grow along substantially horizontal first upper wire  110 . Second upper cane section  22  may be restrained to grow along substantially horizontal second upper wire  120 . Lower canopy  30  may comprise lower canes  31  that may be tired to grow along substantially horizontal low wire  130 . First upper cane section  21  is one horizontal zone. Lower canes  31  comprise the second horizontal zone. Second upper cane section  22  is the third horizontal zone. 
         [0029]    A trellis structure supports grapevine  10 . Low wire  130  may be about 145 cm above ground surface  200 . Low wire  130  is below and between first upper wire  110  and second upper wire  120  by about 25 cm. In one embodiment first upper wire  110  and second wire  120  are situated above ground surface  200  by about 170 cm. As shown in  FIG. 2 , first upper wire  110  and second upper wire  120  are substantially parallel. First upper wire  110  and second upper wire  130  are between about 15 cm and about 30 cm apart from each other, preferably about 20 cm apart from each other. 
         [0030]    Also shown in  FIG. 2 , upper canopy  20  comprises first upper cane section  21  and first upper cane section  22 . Lower canopy  30  comprises lower canes  31 . Low wire  130  is centered below and between first upper wire  110  and second upper wire  120 . First upper wire  110  is on the north side of trunk  5  and second upper wire  120  is on south side of trunk  5 . First upper wire  110  supports first upper cane section  21  on the north side of trunk  5 . Second upper wire  120  supports second upper cane section  22  on the south side of trunk  5 . Low wire  130  supports lower canes  31  and extends east and west with reference to trunk  5 . 
         [0031]    First upper cane section  21 , first upper cane section  22 , and lower canes  31  are all fruiting canes. First upper cane section  21  on north side of trunk  5  comprises two portions: first upper east portion  23  and first upper west portion  24 , both of which are supported by first upper wire  110 . Second upper cane section  22  on south side of trunk  5  comprises two portions: second upper east portion  25  and second upper west portion  26 , both of which are supported by second upper wire  120 . Lower canes  31  comprise two portions lower east portion  33  and lower west portion  34 , both of which are supported by low wire  130 . 
         [0032]    As shown in  FIG. 3 , first upper cane section  21  and second upper cane section  22  are substantially parallel and each at approximately the same height with reference to ground surface  200 . This is because first upper wire  110  and second upper wire  120  are substantially parallel and at approximately the same height with reference to ground surface  200 . First upper cane section  21  is supported by first upper wire  110 . Second upper cane section  22  is supported by second upper wire  120 . In one embodiment, first upper cane section  21  and second upper cane section  22  may be about 170 cm above ground surface  200 . Lower canes  31  may be about 25 cm below first upper cane section  21  and second upper cane section  22 . Lower canes  31  are supported by low wire  31 . As shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , first upper cane section  21  comprises two portions, first upper east portion  23  and first upper west portion  24 . Second upper cane section  22 , comprises two portions, second upper east portion  25  and second upper west portion  26 . Lower canes  31  comprise two portions lower east portion  33  and lower west portion  34 . 
         [0033]    This preferred method of training grapevines ensures that the fruiting canes are all experiencing maximum sunlight so the fruit yield is maximized. As shown in  FIG. 2 , the fruiting canes are separated horizontally into three zones. As shown in  FIG. 3 , the fruiting canes are separated vertically into two canopies or zones. 
         [0034]    As shown in  FIG. 4 , grapevine  10  is supported by trellis  90 , which comprises stake  100  and cross member  150 . Stake  100  supports trunk  5 . First upper wire  110  and second upper wire  120  are supported by cross member  150 . In one embodiment, there are holes in cross member  150  through which first upper wire  110  and second upper wire  120  extend. First upper wire  110  supports first upper cane section  21 . Second upper wire  120  supports second upper cane section  22 . Low wire  130  is supported by stake  100 . Low wire  130  supports lower canes  31 . In one embodiment, there is a clip situated on stake  100  through which low wire  130  extends. In another embodiment, there is a hole in stake  100  through which low wire  130  extends. Each trellis  90  supports one grapevine  10 . Each trellis  90  is planted along a grapevine row, and spaced between approximately 1 m and approximately 2 m apart. 
         [0035]    As shown in  FIG. 5 , stake  100  supports the trunk by having clip  91  mounted to stake  100  that also clips around the grapevine trunk. Clip  91  may be secured to stake  100  by any means reasonable, i.e., clamping to a metal stake, or nailing on a wooden stake, drilling a hole through the stake. Stake  100  also supports low wire  130 . In one embodiment, stake  100  has hole  92  through which low wire  130  passes. Cross member  150  supports first upper wire  110  (not shown) and second upper wire  120  (not shown). In one embodiment, cross member  150  may have hole  151  through which first upper wire  110  (not shown) passes. Cross member  150  also may have hole  152  through which second upper wire  120  (not shown) passes. In other embodiments, cross member  150  may support first upper wire  110  and second upper wire  120  by means of clips or ties. 
         [0036]    On a grapevine, each year, several canes are selected as renewal canes instead of as fruiting canes. These renewal canes will be pruned into renewal spurs, with the expectation that these renewal spurs will grow into the fruiting canes in the next growing season 
         [0037]    As shown in  FIG. 6 , the present manner of training grapevines also involves an innovative manner of pruning renewal canes into renewal spurs. On upper canopy  20 , four canes are chosen as renewal canes instead of as fruiting canes. On upper canopy  20 , four renewal canes may be pruned into renewal spurs. In one embodiment, there may be four upper canopy renewal spurs  70 . On lower canopy  30 , two canes are chosen as renewal canes instead of as fruiting canes. On lower canopy,  30 , two renewal canes may be pruned into renewal spurs. In one embodiment, there may be two lower canopy renewal spurs  72 . Upper canopy renewal spurs  70  and lower canopy renewal spurs  72  each may be about 2.5 cm in length. Each renewal spur may have two buds. 
       B. SETTING UP THE GRAPEVINE TRAINING METHOD 
       [0038]    This grapevine training method was set up in the San Joaquin Valley in Central California on a Syrah 05/SO4 grape vineyard. The research site was located in Kern County, Calif. (35° 00.322′N; 118° 53.808′W, elevation 137 m). The Syrah grapevines were planted in 1999 on Premier sandy-loam soil, a coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, calcareous thermic Xeric Torriorthent soil, described as a deep, well-drained soil formed in alluvium from granite rocks. 
         [0039]    Grapevines were grown in north-south parallel rows, with individual grapevine plants located either east or west of each other. The grapevines were planted 2.3 m apart from each other. The rows were located 3.4 m apart from each other and extended north-south throughout a vineyard, with each row equidistantly spaced from the others. The trellises are set up so that each trellis stake supports one grapevine trunk and the trellis cross member supports wires which support the fruiting canes from each grapevine. The grapevine plants are located about 1 m to about 2 m apart. Therefore, the trellises are also set up so that the stakes are about 1 m to about 2 m apart. 
         [0040]    After the grapevines have grown for two years, the grapevines are ready for training. In January, the grapevine trunks are secured to the trellises by means of a clip or a tie. In April, the upper canopy fruiting canes and the lower canopy fruiting canes are defined and separated from each other. The grapevines were trained to a bilateral cordon at 1.35 m from the ground surface, with two high foliage support wires at 1.70 m from the ground surface and one low foliage support wire at about 1.45 cm from the ground surface. The two high foliage support wires are about 20 cm apart from each other. The cross member from each trellis supported the high foliage support wires and the trellis stake supported the low foliage support wire. 
         [0041]    As shown in  FIGS. 1-4 , the upper canopy canes are divided into first upper cane section  21  and second upper cane section  22 . The first upper cane section  21  is tied to first upper wire  110  and second upper cane section  22  is tied to second upper wire  120 . The lower canopy canes are defined as lower canes  31  and are tied to low wire  130 . 
         [0042]    During the month of April, the renewal canes are defined and trimmed into renewal spurs. By May, the grapevine has fruiting canes and renewal spurs, as shown in  FIG. 6 . Throughout the months of May through October, grapevine  10  grows fruit while its canes are trained as shown in  FIGS. 1-4 . 
       C. ADVANTAGES TO GRAPEVINE TRAINING METHOD INVENTION 
       [0043]    This method has tremendous advantages in exposing the fruiting canes to maximum amounts of sunlight. The fruiting canes are divided into three separate horizontal zones, as shown in  FIG. 2 . The fruiting canes are divided into two separate vertical zones as shown in  FIG. 3 . The fruiting canes produce more fruit compared to the traditional grapevine training method. 
         [0044]    The traditional grapevine training method trains a grapevine&#39;s fruiting canes all in one vertical zone, and only two horizontal zones. The one vertical level is between about 135 cm and about 170 cm above the ground surface. One horizontal zone is on the north side of the grapevine trunk, extending east-west. The second horizontal zone is on the south side of the grapevine trunk extending east-west. 
         [0045]    One year after implementation of the novel grapevine training method, yield at the vineyard increased steadily to 22 tons/ha. The yield increased to 26.2 tons/ha by the second year after implementation. The fruit yields from grapevines trained in the traditional training method in the same vineyard in the same years were 16.8 tons/ha in the first year, and 12.8 tons/ha in the second year. When the grapevines in the same vineyard did not have their fruiting zones separated into three horizontal zones and two vertical zones, the grapevines in the same vineyard produced less yield. Table 1 shows the difference in yield between traditional non-separation 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of Fruit Yield Between Grapevines Trained 
               
               
                 with the Traditional Training Method and Grapevines 
               
               
                 Trained with the Claimed Training Method 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Fruit Yield in Grapevines 
                 Fruit Yield in Grapevines 
               
               
                   
                 Trained with the Traditional 
                 Trained with the Claimed 
               
               
                   
                 Training Method (tons/ha) 
                 Training Method (tons/ha) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Year 1 
                 16.8 
                 22 
               
               
                 Year 2 
                 12.8 
                 26.2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0046]    A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the present invention.