Abstract:
A method and system of establishing communications between at least two independent software modules is provided. The design comprises providing a media connection between software modules, wherein the software modules employ a communications protocol and participate in a bi-directional master-slave relationship between a master module and a slave module. The design further comprises sending arbitrary data between the master and slave modules, wherein the arbitrary data is used by the master module to control and obtain status from the slave module, and sending arbitrary data further enables the slave module to return data and status information to the master module. The design also employs a communications watchdog between the master and slave modules, wherein the communications watchdog monitors communications quality between the master and slave modules and impairs functionality in the master and slave modules when communications quality degrades. The bandwidth efficient communications protocol comprises bytes transmitted using a packet consisting of a start indication, a message identifier, an optional service identifier, a class identifier, an optional length of data pertinent to the medical device, a checksum, and a checksum complement.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to the art of communications, and more specifically to employing protocols to manage data communications between multiple independent subsystems. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Many systems deployed in a variety of scenarios are constructed as a collection of two or more independent modules or subsystems. Constructing a suite of independent modules affords the ability to create and deploy subsystems that perform specific functions that are a subset of functions of the complete device or system. 
     Designs that take advantage of allocating functions to a plurality of specialized modules must include a communications mechanism to enable the modules to interact with each other. Modules may share or communicate control and status information between each other to realize the entire system functionality. These communications are typically realized using a communications protocol that specifies a uniform or consensus format that the modules or subsystems use to transmit and receive information to each other. 
     Many types of computing and communication systems and devices transmit control and status signals between subsystems over a fixed wire or cable using a standard cable interface, such as Universal Serial Bus, Ethernet, etc. These products frequently employ a variety of standardized communications protocols. Some of the most frequently used protocols include: XModem, ZModem, Kermit, MNP, and CCITT V.42. However, each of these currently available protocols exhibits limitations and restrictions that make them unacceptable in the design of specific systems, such as safety critical systems where a communications failure can induce a tragic event such as damaging a system, design, or even a person. Each of the foregoing protocols may exhibit excessive overhead, high bandwidth, lack of system integrity, limited error detection and error correction, and/or a need for excessive processing resources to execute the protocol. 
     Current standardized communications protocols are problematic in that they require excessive overhead or additional information that must be transmitted with the original data to facilitate control of the protocol by the sending and receiving modules or subsystems. Excessive communications protocol overhead, or poor protocol efficiency, can require additional transmission media (i.e. fixed wire or cable) bandwidth to realize exchange of control and status information between modules. In addition, the excessive overhead requires additional significant processing resources (i.e. CPU cycles, memory, etc.) to execute the protocol. Moreover, this increase in required bandwidth and processing resources adds to cost and complexity to deliver each module. 
     A major commercial problem with respect to the above mentioned known communications protocols is the lack of a reliable communications watchdog mechanism. A communications watchdog can effectively trigger a control system to switch to a safe state when a module or subsystem exhibits a fault that may result in a dangerous overall system behavior, that is, loss of control of the device and potentially severe or catastrophic harm resulting from the failure. Without the benefit of a communications watchdog, current designs do not provide a sufficient level of system integrity for safety critical systems. Overall systems integrity is paramount to designing and deploying safety critical systems. Thus, today&#39;s designers are faced with a difficult and complex implementation challenge to ensure constant communication between independent modules to provide the required level of safety in various safety critical environments. 
     Based on the foregoing, it would be advantageous to provide a communications protocol for use in systems such as safety critical systems that overcomes the foregoing drawbacks present in previously known protocols. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to one aspect of the present design, there is provided a method for establishing communications between at least two independent software modules. The method comprises providing a media connection between software modules, wherein the software modules employ a communications protocol and participate in a bi-directional master-slave relationship between a master module and a slave module. The method further comprises sending arbitrary data between the master and slave modules, wherein the arbitrary data is used by the master module to control and obtain status from the slave module, and the sending arbitrary data further enables the slave module to return data and status information to the master module, and employing a communications watchdog between the master and slave modules, wherein the communications watchdog monitors communications quality between the master and slave modules and impairs functionality in the master and slave modules when communications quality degrades. 
     According to a second aspect of the present design, there is provided a communications management device. The device comprises a plurality of software modules comprising at least two software modules configured in a master-slave relationship, and a media connection between a plurality of software modules. The plurality of software modules are configured to communicate using a bandwidth efficient communications protocol. The plurality of software modules provide a communications watchdog function to verify communications integrity over the media connection. The communications watchdog impairs functionality in the master and slave modules when communications quality degrades. 
     According to a third aspect of the present design, there is provided a bandwidth efficient communications protocol for communicating between software modules in a device. The communications protocol comprises bytes transmitted using a packet consisting of a start indication, a message identifier, an optional service identifier, a class identifier, an optional length of data pertinent to the medical device, a checksum, and a checksum complement. 
     These and other advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of the invention and the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating the components and interfaces of an exemplary medical system employing the novel communications protocol of the present design; 
         FIG. 2A  shows the data packet byte structure for an explicit request message in accordance with the present design; 
         FIG. 2B  represents the data packet byte structure for an explicit response message in accordance with the present design; 
         FIG. 2C  illustrates the data packet byte structure for an explicit acknowledgement (ACK) message and an explicit not acknowledge (NACK) message in accordance with the present design; 
         FIG. 3A  shows the data packet byte structure for an implicit request message in accordance with the present design; 
         FIG. 3B  illustrates the data packet byte structure for an implicit response message in accordance with the present design; 
         FIG. 4  is the message flow for Get, Set, Start, Stop, and Shutdown service requests in accordance with the present design; and 
         FIG. 5  represents the message flow for requesting data in accordance with the present design. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The following description and the drawings illustrate specific embodiments sufficiently to enable those skilled in the art to practice the system and method described. Other embodiments may incorporate structural, logical, process and other changes. Examples merely typify possible variations. Individual components and functions are generally optional unless explicitly required, and the sequence of operations may vary. Portions and features of some embodiments may be included in or substituted for those of others. 
     The present design provides a system and method for managing data communications between multiple independent subsystems. The present design may provide a serial communications protocol for sending and receiving arbitrary data between two modules and ensuring data integrity. The modules, or subsystems, may perform specific functions that are a subset of the complete device or system. With the communications provided by the present design, the modules or subsystems may perform as two independent software entities. Each software entity may provide the applications and the appropriate underlying operating systems software. The present designs communications protocol may enable either module to detect that an error in the information has been introduced during the transmission, and for that error to be corrected via the communications protocol. 
     This serial communications protocol may be used between two modules in a safety critical system communicating over relatively low bandwidth asynchronous media, for example RS-232 or RS-485 serial cables. The present design may be configured to provide a communications watchdog facility capable of monitoring intra-module communications on a predefined time interval, detecting intra-module communications failures, and taking appropriate safety measures in response to a detected fault. The present design may send data between two modules in the form of packets where the packets are configured to efficiently transmit additional information to facilitate control of the protocol by the sending and receiving modules. In this arrangement, the present design may provide an efficient communications protocol that minimizes the amount of communications bandwidth required to support the transmission of overhead information on the transmitted data. 
     The present design is directed to managing an accurate, reliable, and efficient arrangement for transmitting and receiving data over a fixed wire or cable between independent modules in a system such as a safety critical system. However, the present design is not limited to a fixed cable implementation, and may use a wireless over-the-air communications media. The wireless over-the-air communications may be realized using a radio, light wave (e.g. infrared) or other communications technique that does not require a physical connection. Examples of current wireless devices that may receive and transmit data include, but are not limited to, those devices meeting or complying with the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 and Ericson Bluetooth specifications for short range radio technology, or an Infrared Data Association (IrDA) light wave technique. 
     While the present design may be used in various environments and applications, it will be discussed herein with respect to a medical or hospital environment merely for purposes of illustration in a specific system. As noted, it is to be understood that description in such a system is meant to be exemplary and not limiting, and such a system may be employed in any type of system, such as a mission critical system, including but not limited to an air traffic control system, an airplane system, an automobile system, or any of a myriad of other applications. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a phacoemulsification system in block diagram to show the components and interfaces for a safety critical medical system in accordance with the present design. Other medical systems may employ the present design, including but not limited to vitrectomy systems and/or combined phaco-vitrectomy systems. The particular embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1  contemplates that the GUI host  101  module and instrument host  102  module are connected by a serial communication cable  103  for the purposes of controlling the surgical instrument host  102  by the GUI host  101 . A foot pedal  104  switch module may transmit control signals relating internal physical and virtual switch position information as input to the instrument host  102  over serial communications cable  105 . The present design may employ the same novel ‘lightweight’ or bandwidth efficient communications protocol for GUI host to instrument host communications and instrument host to foot pedal switch communications. 
     The phacoemulsification system of  FIG. 1  has a handpiece/needle  110  that includes a needle and electrical means, typically a piezoelectric crystal, for ultrasonically vibrating the needle. The instrument host  102  supplies power on line  111  to a phacoemulsification handpiece/needle  110 . An irrigation fluid source  112  is fluidly coupled to handpiece/needle  110  through line  113 . The irrigation fluid and ultrasonic power are applied by handpiece/needle  110  to a patient&#39;s eye, or affected area or region, indicated diagrammatically by block  114 . Alternatively, the irrigation source may be routed to the eye  114  through a separate pathway independent of the handpiece. The eye  114  is aspirated by the instrument host  102  peristaltic pump (not shown) through line/handpiece needle  115  and line  116 . A switch  117  disposed on the handpiece  110  may be utilized as a means for enabling a surgeon/operator to select an amplitude of electrical pulses to the handpiece via the instrument host and GUI host. Any suitable input means, such as, for example, a foot pedal  104  switch may be utilized in lieu of the switch  117 . 
     The system and method comprising the present design for managing communications between two independent modules will be described. The present discussion is intended to provide a basic foundation for low overhead, reliable, bi-directional communications between two independent modules. For simplicity, the present design will be described for the communications path between the GUI host module and the instrument host module that are part of a machine similar to that illustrated in  FIG. 1 , however the description may be applicable to any two modules in communication with one another comprising part of or an entire system. In this configuration, the control and feedback may be accomplished by exchanging data between the GUT host and the instrument host. The GUI host may provide the graphical user interface for controlling the instrument host, and the instrument host may provide control for the actual surgical devices connected to the instrument host. 
     In  FIG. 1 , the GUI host  101  and instrument host  102  may be two separate independent software execution environments comprising the medical system applications software and the underlying operating systems. The present design may provide control and feedback of the medical system by exchanging data between the GUI host  102  and the instrument host, between software modules within the instrument host, between the instrument host and modules external to the instrument host  101  and/or GUI host  102 , or between software modules external to the instrument host  101  and/or GUT host  102 . The present design may realize this data exchange using a novel lightweight or bandwidth efficient communications protocol configured to support a master-slave protocol relationship. The communications protocol may be implemented in both the GUI host  102  and instrument host  101  and arranged to enable either module to act as the master and the other as the slave module. More than one software module may employ the protocol and aspects described herein. 
     General Aspects of the Protocol 
     The present design system and method communications protocol features data packets, message formats, and a communications watchdog. The present design may support two messaging formats when sending data packets via this lightweight protocol method, being either explicit or implicit format. The present design&#39;s explicit message format may contain a description of the data object contained in the message, for example a ServiceID and ClassID specified in the message header, wherein an implicit message may not contain a data object description. 
     The present design may enable data transmission in an explicit message between two modules in the form of data packets. The present design may construct packets that represent a collection of 8-bit bytes. The system may interpret each packet as a single item of data. Data packets transmitted may include the following bytes: a Start of Text (STX), a message ID (MsgID), a service ID (ServiceID), a class ID (ClassID), arbitrary length of data, Checksum (ChkSum), and ˜Checksum (˜ChkSum) as illustrated in  FIG. 2A . 
     Each explicit request message transmitted by the master module, in accordance with the present design, may contain an STX  201  byte comprising an ACSII code with a value such as 0x02 in the first byte to indicate the start of a new message frame. The MsgID  202  may provide a description of the type of message the packet contains. The types of valid MsgID may include explicit requests, explicit acknowledge, explicit response, implicit request, and implicit response. The ServiceID  203  may provide a description of what the receiving entity (i.e. slave module) is to do with this message. The ServiceID provides the receiving module with the service to be performed on the request sent by the master module. The ServiceID byte is optional depending on the value of the MsgID. Some MsgID values do not require any ServiceID. In this situation, the present protocol may eliminate this byte from the packet. Appropriate values of the ServiceID are dependent on the MsgID. The protocol may include the following ServiceID&#39;s: Get, Set, Start, Stop, and Shutdown. The ClassID  204  may provide a description of the data contained within the packet. The MsgID and ServiceID may define appropriate values for this byte. Not all MsgID and ServiceID combinations require a ClassID. In this situation, the protocol may eliminate this byte from the packet. 
     The ClassID, if present, may contain an identifier for one of up to 256 possible predefined data objects to indicate which object the attached data belongs, where the object may be sent by the master module and interpreted by the slave module. The data  205  transmitted may be of arbitrary length wherein the number of bytes is dependent upon the ClassID. If no ClassID is present, the data length is then dependent upon the MsgID and ServiceID combination. The objects data may be stored in the field represented by Data 0  to DataN. While data  205  and data  305  are shown as having multiple component bytes (Data 0  through DataN in certain instances) in  FIGS. 2A ,  2 B,  2 C, and  3 B, in reality data  205  and data  305  may potentially have a data length of zero bytes, as data bytes in general and data  205  and data  305  specifically are optional in these messages and in this design. The protocol may include a simple additive ChkSum  206  byte that stores the modulo-2 addition of all the bytes in the message, excluding its complement byte, itself, and the STX byte. Furthermore, ˜ChkSum  207  may store the 1&#39;s complement of ChkSum  206 . Although the protocol described herein is limited to 256 different MsgID&#39;s, ServiceID&#39;s, and ClassID&#39;s, it may be easily extended by using multiple bytes in each packet to encode these entities. Moreover, the protocol may be extended to include additional functionality. For example additional data objects, MsgID&#39;s, and ServiceID&#39;s may be defined to enable the communications protocol to handle file transfers and/or allow the data objects to be compressed. 
     Bach explicit response message transmitted by the present design may contain an STX  201  byte, MsgID  202  byte, ClassID  204  byte, Data  205  byte(s), ChkSum  206  byte, and ˜Chksum  207  byte arranged in a similar manner as used in an explicit request message. For example, the instrument host, acting as the slave device, may respond to a Get service request message by returning the request data in the explicit response message format illustrated in  FIG. 2B . Data fields Data 0  to DataN stores the objects data returned by the slave instrument host. In the situation where the GUI host, acting as the master device, sends a Set service request message, the slave instrument host may apply the data to the intended object and not return the objects data as with a Get service request. After responding with the requested data for the Get service request, the slave instrument host may send an acknowledgement message as illustrated in  FIG. 2C  to inform the master GUI host that the slave instrument host has completed processing the Get service request. The acknowledgment message sent by the slave instrument host indicates to the master GUI host that the slave has accepted the request it initiated. The data  205  byte may contain either an indication of acknowledged or not acknowledge. 
     The present design may send data in an implicit message between two modules in the form of data packets. The present design master module may employ an implicit message request as illustrated in  FIG. 3A  to request that the slave module report its status on an on-going periodic basis. Following the implicit message request, the slave module may broadcast its status data to the master module on a timed basis. The frequency of broadcast may be defined when initiating the present design&#39;s lightweight protocol. In addition, the master module may modify the frequency of status being returned by the slave by sending an implicit message after the system initiates. In addition, the present design master module may employ implicit messaging to command the slave module to switch between different modes of operation or command the slave module to perform a set of specific operations as specified in the mode  303  byte. The implicit messaging method does not attach or convey data and ClassID as found in explicit messaging. 
     Implicit messaging may include information in the message requesting the slave module to change modes of operation. In the situation where the master module desires to command the slave module to perform a set of specific operations, the method may employ a sub-mode  304  byte to send the desired command code. The sub-mode  304  byte may contain a code representing a request for sub-mode change or a code representing an operating command. 
     The slave module employing the present protocol may use an implicit response message as illustrated in  FIG. 3B  to report its status on an on-going periodic basis. The implicit response message may be time triggered enabling the slave module to respond without the master module periodically sending out requests for status. The present design may set the implicit response rate in multiples of hundreds of a millisecond and the data  305  is the field where the actual object resides. 
     Exchanging Message Packets 
       FIG. 4  illustrates exchanging message packets sent via the present design&#39;s lightweight protocol message formats. In this example, the GUT host  101  is deemed the master and the instrument host  102  becomes the slave subsystem or module. Acting as the master module, the GUT host  101  may use explicit messaging to send a request to the instrument host  102  to perform a service on the data object specified in the ClassID. The method may include five types of services associated with explicit messaging. The service to be performed may be specified within the ServiceID byte. Depending on the ServiceID, the instrument host  102  slave may respond with an explicit response, or the slave may take some action that does not require a response to be sent back to the initiating master GUT host. The method may specify a Get, Set, Stop, Start, or Shutdown service request. 
     For example, the master GUI host  101  may send an explicit message Get  401  service, or an explicit Get request, to request the slave instrument host  102  to send the data for the object specified in the ClassID. The slave instrument host  102  module may immediately respond to the request, and may send the requested data  402  to the master GUI host  101 . In addition, the slave may send an acknowledgement  403  message to indicate the slave instrument host has completed processing the Get request. The GUI host may send an explicit message Set  404  service request to the instrument host module to send data. The instrument host slave module copies the data sent within the Set request message to its internal object and may apply this data to the current operation. The slave module does not send data back to the master when processing Set service requests. The GUI host may send an explicit message Start  405  service request to the instrument host module to initiate and respond to all foot pedal  104  switch positions. The GUI host may send an explicit message Stop  406  service request to the instrument host module in order to suspend operations and enter into a predefined safe state (e.g. in the ocular surgery realm, inflate eye, stop aspiration and vacuum while disabling cutting, etc.). 
     The GUI host may send an explicit message Shutdown  407  service request to the instrument host to command that it gracefully shutdown the system and terminate all running application processes. The slave responds with an acknowledgement message  403  for every request in accordance with the present design. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an example of the present design&#39;s implicit messaging request and response mechanism. In this example, the GUI host may send an implicit GET request  501  message to command the instrument host to switch to a particular mode or sub-mode, or to perform a task as specified within the implicit request. The instrument host may respond to the implicit request with an acknowledgement  502  message to indicate the instrument host has completed the processing the request. In addition, the instrument host may periodically transmit implicit response data  503  messages back to the GUI host on a predefined time interval. 
     The present design may enable the master and slave modules to start up as two independent subsystems. After successful startup, each module may communicate a successful boot message to the other module. At this point, the master module may initiate the present design communications protocol by sending an explicit request message to start communications. Upon receipt of this request, the slave module may respond to the master by sending a protocol initiation acknowledgement. 
     Watchdog Function 
     The present design may enable a synchronous communications watchdog mechanism, also known as a safety critical communications watchdog or a medical event safety critical communications watchdog. The master module may send an explicit request message to the slave module to start a communications data object. This data object may define two bytes that affect the performance of the communication watchdog. A cyclic interval (CycInt) byte may define the interval, such as in milliseconds, at which both the master and slave test the communications watchdog. An expected packet rate (EPR) byte may define the initial message timer value. Both the master and slave modules contain a copy of the EPR byte. The present design may decrement the EPR byte value for each elapsed interval as defined by the CycInt byte. Each time a data packet is received from the other module, the EPR byte value is reset to the initial value. If a sufficient number of elapsed intervals are experienced by either module to cause the EPR byte value to be decremented to zero, the module may consider the communications watchdog to have failed and may take appropriate safety critical actions at this point. 
     For example, the master GUI host may send a Start service request message to the slave instrument host directing the slave to transition to an active state. In order for the GUI host to keep the instrument host in an active state, the master GUI host continues sending explicit messages before the EPR timer in the instrument host expires. If the EPR timer expires within the instrument host, the instrument host transitions to a safe state. For example, the instrument may transition from the active state to a state making the device inoperative. In order to resume or return to an active state, the master GUI host reinitiates the communications protocol with the slave device. 
     In a preferred embodiment, as one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, the watchdog functionality can be implemented in the form of virtual device drivers known in the art, one residing on the master and one residing on the slave to enable the monitoring of the communications in both directions. 
     Error Detection and Correction 
     The present protocol may provide error detection and correction capabilities. For example, in order to ensure the instrument host subsystem operates with valid data at all times, the GUI host may use the explicit Get service request message to retrieve and verify the data sent to the instrument host. In the situation where the GUI host detects that the retrieved data is invalid, the GUI host may send the Stop command to the instrument host and cease transmitting messages. Upon receiving the Stop command, the instrument host may make a transition to the safe state. In the event that the Stop command failed to arrive at the instrument host, the instrument host may enter the safe state when the EPR value expires since the GUI host has stopped transmitting messages. Alternatively, the GUI host may also periodically send messages to the instrument host to keep the instrument host in an operative mode and to correct the corrupted data with the information transmitted within subsequent messages. 
     Regarding checksums, the receiver of every packet recalculates the checksums and compares the checksums to the transmitted checksum values. If the checksums do not match, the packet is assumed invalid. Further, the use of explicit not acknowledge (NACK) packets as described herein may cause specific packets to be retransmitted. 
     The present communications protocol may alternatively be used between any two modules that are communicating via any asynchronous media. This communications protocol may be realized in either hardware or software. In addition, this communications protocol may be implemented inside another protocol, including but not limited to, Bluetooth and Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. 
     The design presented herein and the specific aspects illustrated are meant not to be limiting, but may include alternate components while still incorporating the teachings and benefits of the invention. While the invention has thus been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, such as in a medical device similar to that shown in  FIG. 1 , it will be understood that the invention is capable of alternate embodiments or further modifications. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention, and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known and customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains. 
     The foregoing description of specific embodiments reveals the general nature of the disclosure sufficiently that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily modify and/or adapt the system and method for various applications without departing from the general concept. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications are within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments. The phraseology or terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation.