Abstract:
A method for performing scanned defect inspection of a collection of contiguous areas using a specified false-alarm-rate and capture-rate within an inspection system that has characteristic seek times between inspection locations. The multi-stage method involves setting an increased false-alarm-rate for a first stage of scanning, wherein subsequent stages of scanning inspect only the detected areas of probable defects at lowered values for the false-alarm-rate. For scanning inspection operations wherein the seek time and area uncertainty is favorable, the method can substantially increase inspection throughput.

Description:
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     The United States Government has rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098 between the United States Department of Energy and the University of California. 
    
    
     CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     Not Applicable 
     REFERENCE TO A MICROFICHE APPENDIX 
     Not Applicable 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention pertains generally to integrated circuit fabrication, and more particularly to a scanning method for use in a defect inspection system. 
     2. Description of the Background Art 
     During the process of integrated circuit fabrication, masks and wafers at various stages are inspected for defects. The inspection process consists typically of sequentially scanning areas of the mask, or wafer, with a beam of light while taking accurate measurements to detect if a defect exists at each location scanned. The beam is retained at any particular spot on the item under inspection for a period of time related to the accuracy of the measurement required, and the measurement results are compared against a threshold value to determine if the location contains a defect. The measurement accuracy, and thereby the time required to perform the measurement, depends largely on the number of false alarms which are permissible per unit of area when performing the test. 
     Properties of a defect inspection system include such important metrics as throughput, capture-rate, and false-alarm rate for a defect of a given size. The throughput is the number of units (i.e. mask blanks, or wafer blanks) that can be inspected per unit of time at a specified capture-rate and false-alarm-rate. Throughput is dependent on scanning speed, which is defined as the time to scan a unit area of the mask blank. False-alarm-rate is the probability of a non-defective area being considered defective during the test scan. The capture-rate is the probability that a defect of a given size will be detected by the test scan. Both false-alarm-rate and capture-rate depend on quality of the measurement. Within an inspection system that employs single level scanning, the quality of the measurement can also be considered as the signal-to-noise ratio that should be achieved so that a measurement threshold value can properly distinguish a defect. 
     To more fully exemplify defect scanning, the scanning of (Extreme UltraViolet Lithography) EUVL mask blanks is described. One form of defect inspection is to inspect reflective EUVL mask blanks using an at-wavelength inspection tool. Reflective masks contain multiple reflective layers whose spacing relates to the intended wavelength to be reflected. Reflective masks therefore can only be accurately tested for subsurface defects if the test is performed with an at-wavelength beam. One form of testing EUVL mask blanks involves scanning the area of the mask with a small diameter EUV beam (approximately 1.7×5 μm) and measuring changes in reflected intensity (bright field detection), scatter intensity (dark field detection), and/or the photoemissive current. In order for small defects to be detected, the size of the incident beam is very small, while the measurement itself must be taken over a large enough interval to assure accuracy. An inspection station used for this testing process typically comprises a mask blank held on a moveable stage within a vacuum chamber operating at about 10 −6  Torr. A small spot of EUV light is created by demagnifying a beam from an illuminating pinhole through a pair of Kirkpatrict-Baez (KB) mirrors. The beam is focused on the sample at approximately 9° off-normal. A channeltron electron multiplier may be used for a bright field detector, while a microchannel plate with a reflective beam aperture for the bright field may be used as a dark field detector. To attain accurate defect inspection by this method the mask is generally inspected as a set of pixels, each about 3×5 μm, wherein each pixel is tested for approximately 50 mS. 
     A mathematical description of a defect inspection device as a shot-noise limited system can provide further explanations of capture-rate and false-alarm-rate for a defect of a certain size. A shot-noise system is one in which the dominant noise source is a shot-noise due to the finite number of photons detected by the detector. In a shot-noise limited system the distribution of signal can be represented by a Gaussian distribution with a mean m and standard deviation σ.                f        (   x   )       =       (     1         2                 π       ×   σ       )          e       -       (     x   -   m     )     2       /     (     2                   σ   2       )                   (   1   )                                
     The signal from the clear region, or the region where there is no defect, can therefore be represented by a Gaussian distribution centered at m 2 , furthermore a signal from a 100 nm defect provides another Gaussian distribution centered at m 1 . Assuming simple area scaling of signal strength from a defect, and the spot size of 1 um, m 1 =0.99 m 2 . Simplified for m 2 =1, then m 1 =0.99. The standard deviation σ, is determined by the number of photons detected per pixel, wherein the area of each pixel is assumed to be the same as the spot size. The following relationship then holds for σ. 
     
       
         σ=1/ Nd   (2) 
       
     
     The value Nd is the number of photons detected per pixel. Based on these assumptions, the capture-rate is determined by the probability of a 100 nm defect generating a signal smaller than threshold value s. A defect herein is assumed to cause a reduction of bright field signal such that the measured signal is smaller than the threshold. 
     
       
         capture_rate= P ( x&lt;s;m   1 ,σ)  (3) 
       
     
     False-alarm rate is the probability of the clear region giving a signal smaller than the threshold value. 
     
       
         false_alarm_rate= P ( x&lt;s;m   2 ,σ)  (4) 
       
     
     As described above, the false-alarm-rate is the probability P of the signal (or pixel value) being lower than a threshold value s, when the distribution is characterized by mean m 2  and standard deviation σ. FIG. 1 shows a distribution corresponding to m 1 , and a second distribution corresponding to m 2 , both of which are shown in relation to the threshold value s. 
     Using the error function erf(x), the capture and false-alarm rates can be cast into a form which is an integration of the Gaussian distribution. The error function erf(x) is given by:                erf        (   x   )       =       2   ×       ∫   0   x          e     -     t   2               π               (   5   )                 P        (         x   &lt;   s     ;     m   1       ,   σ     )       =       ∫   s   ∞          f        (   t   )                 (   6   )                                
     where f(t) is the normalized Gaussian distribution. The integration variable is changed and the following is therefore derived:                P        (         x   &lt;   s     ;     m   1       ,   σ     )       =       1   +     erf        (       s   -     m   1           2                 σ         )         2             (   7   )                                
     The capture-rate and false-alarm-rate can therefore be expressed as:                capture_rate        (     s   ,   σ     )       =       1   +     erf        (       s   -   0.99         2     ×   σ       )         2             (   8   )                 false_alarm      _rate        (     s   ,   σ     )       =       1   +     erf        (       s   -   1         2     ×   σ       )         2             (   9   )                                
     The scanning time required per unit area is given by:                      T   /   A     =                  (     dwell time per pixel     )     ×     (     no. of pixels per unit area     )                   =                    Nd   /     F   0       ×   Np     =     Np   /     (       F   0     ×     σ   2       )                       (   10   )                                
     where F 0  is the total number of photons focused onto the 1 μm spot per unit time, while Np is the total number if pixels per unit area (Np=10 8  per cm 2  for 1 μm spot size). Therefore, for any given spot size, minimum capture-rate, and maximum false-alarm-rate, the scanning time is mainly determined by the standard deviation of the Gaussian distribution of the signal. 
     As an example, when the signal to noise ratio is at 2 (i.e. σ=0.5%) and the threshold is set at 0.99, the capture-rate is 50% and the false-alarm-rate is 2.28% with the false-alarm count being 2.28e6 per cm 2 . The scanning time for F 0 =1.4e8 is therefore approximately 8 hours per cm 2 . The value F 0 =1.4e8 is one that has been achieved using a 10× Schwarzchild with a 100 μm 2  aperture with 100 μm exit slit with a grating. Using white light with a 20× Schwarzchild, the number increases about 4*50=200. The factor of 50 results from the expected flux increase anticipated from using the white light approach. Therefore it appears that at least F 0 =2.8e10 can be achieved. 
     As a further example, if we wish to obtain a capture-rate of 90% and a false-alarm-rate less than 1 count per cm 2 , the value of s would need to be set for s=0.9916 and σ=0.15%, with a scanning time of 95 hours per cm 2  for F 0 =2.8e10. Since the false-alarm-rate is so sensitive to σ while the scanning time is only the inverse square of σ, the false-alarm-rate can be lowered without sacrificing too much of the scanning time. 
     Inspection of mask blanks and wafers in the above described single stage process has been shown above to often be a slow, and therefore costly, process. 
     Accordingly a new method is needed that will speed the process of inspecting blank masks and wafers for defects. The present invention satisfies that need, as well as others, and overcomes deficiencies in current inspection techniques. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is a multi-level scanning method that can increase throughput when used with defect inspection systems, such as the one described for inspecting reflective EUVL mask blanks. The use of multiple scanning stages under many circumstances, although counterintuitive, can provide additional throughput in relation to single stage scanning. 
     Conventional defect scanning techniques teach the use of a single scan in which measurements are taken at a signal to noise ratio adequate for determining which pixels are clear of defects. The measurements are taken to a level of measurement accuracy that will generate a rate of false-alarms below a given threshold. In a single scan, the number of false alarms resulting by the end of the scan should be less than the desired false-alarm-rate upon which the signal to noise of the measurement was based for the device being tested. In contrast, the present invention provides a multiple scanning approach that can increase throughput. By way of example, and not of limitation, a first stage of scanning employs a lower signal to noise ratio (more false alarm errors), such that the entire area can be inspected in a fraction of the time required to reach the desired false-alarm-rate in a single stage of scanning. Subsequent stages of defect inspection check only those areas failing the defect threshold comparison in the previous inspection stage, and the positionally uncertain areas around these probable defects, with a measurement that provides a higher signal to noise ratio corresponding to a lower false alarm rate. In the final stage of subsequent scanning, the areas which have been found as defects within the prior stage are tested at the final signal to noise ratio corresponding to a final allowed false alarm rate. The benefit of the method depends on the comparative times required to reach the various false-alarm-thresholds, the repeatability of the scanning system, and the speed of the scanning system to seek defect areas. This multi-level inspection method provides the same results as single-level testing, yet it can in many cases be performed in less time than that required for the single-level measurement. In other words, since progressively smaller regions are scanned within each stage, the overall throughput of defect inspection can be increased in situations where a favorable relationship exists between the inspection variables. 
     An object of the invention is to increase the throughput of defect inspection systems. 
     Another object of the invention is to retain precise control of the false-alarm-rate allowed by the defect inspection process. 
     Further objects and advantages of the invention will be brought out in the following portions of the specification, wherein the detailed description is for the purpose of fully disclosing preferred embodiments of the invention without placing limitations thereon. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention will be more fully understood by reference to the following drawings which are for illustrative purposes only: 
     FIG. 1 is a graph showing a Gaussian distribution of capture-rate and false-alarm-rate. 
     FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a multiple stage defect inspection method according to the invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a graph of resultant scan times determined for a range of seek times. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring more specifically to the drawings for illustrative purposes, the present invention is embodied in the method generally shown in the flowchart of FIG.  2 . It will be appreciated that the method may be used with a variety of hardware and for various inspection situations, and that the details of the steps may vary somewhat without departing from the basic concepts as disclosed herein. 
     The inspection process  10  shown in FIG. 2 contains a first stage scan loop  12  and a second “through n” stage scan loop  14 . For clarity the flowchart of FIG. 2 represents steps of the method as if performed by a software driven program; however it must be understood that similar processing according to the inventive method can be implemented using a variety of conventional means and devices. 
     As can be seen, the scanning process starts at entry point  16  Next, the system is initialized for inspecting a new mask blank at step  18 . The first stage scan  12  starts with a seek to a location at step  20  which is then inspected by taking a measurement at step  22 . The measured reflected bright field signal is compared with the threshold value s at step  24  The threshold value s is preferably set to allow a false-alarm-rate which is higher than that required when the inspection process has been completed. 
     If the amount of reflected signal is above the threshold, then the pixel at the inspected location is considered good. A scan pointer is then advanced at step  28 . Otherwise, when the inspection of a pixel detects a pixel whose signal is below the threshold value s, then the location of this probable defect is saved at step  26  for subsequent stages of inspection before proceeding to step  28 . A scan completion check is then made as step  30  and, if the check shows that the scan is not yet complete, a seek to the next pixel is performed at step  20  and the first stage loop continues scanning. Upon satisfying the scan completion check at step  30 , the entire mask blank has been inspected once at the threshold value s, and processing of the mask blank proceeds into a second stage  14  of scanning. 
     As the second stage of scanning is entered, a stage counter is incremented at step  32 , and a completion check at step  34  allows this uncompleted scan to proceed by loading a new threshold value at step  36 , as S′ (where S′&lt;S), for the inspection scan. The location (e.g., a pointer) of a probable defect, as detected in an earlier stage, is loaded as a new seek location at step  38  and a seek to the location performed at step  40 . At step  42 , the pixel is inspected by comparing the measured response to the new threshold S′. If the location is found to be a defect by failing the comparison, then the location is stored for later retrieval at step  46 . The scan pointer can then be loaded at step  48  with the location of the next probable defect, and unless the scan completion check has been satisfied at step  50 , a seek to the next probable defect is performed at step  40 . If the scan is completed, then the inspection stage counter increments at step  32 . If only two stages of multi-stage processing are being performed, then the “all stage” completion check is satisfied at step  34  and the results of the multi-stage scanning are processed at step  52 . The inspection process for this mask blank is then complete, and exited at exit point  54 . 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     The multi-level inspection method described above can reduce the number of pixels which are inspected at the low false-alarm threshold settings, and can therefore produce a throughput increase under certain circumstances. To properly compare this multi-level inspection method with a single-level inspection strategy, the problem is constrained so that the final capture-rate is 90%, and the final false-alarm-rate is less than 1 count/cm 2 . The scanning overhead, as measured in units of time, for the pixels inspected in the first stage are classified in two categories. One is the time required to move the probe head to a desired location (seek_time). While a second is the positional uncertainly of the probe head which requires overlapped inspection areas (area_factor). Considering these factors the final scanning time, capture-rate, and false-alarm-rate can be expressed as:                T   /   A     =       Np       F   0     ×     σ   1   2         +     Np   ×     fa        (       s   1     ,     σ   1       )       ×     (       seek_time   +   area_factor         F   0     ×     σ   2   2         )                 (   11   )                               capture_rate= ca ( s   1 ,σ 1 )× ca ( s   2 ,σ 2 )≧(ultimate_capture_rate)  (12) 
     
       
         false_alarm_rate=area_factor× fa ( s   1 ,σ 1 )× fa (s 2 ,σ 2 )&lt;1/ Np   (13) 
       
     
     In the expressions above, s 1 , σ 1 , are the threshold value and standard deviation, respectively, of the first level inspection, and s 2 , σ 2 , are the corresponding quantities for the second level inspection. The final false-alarm-rate is multiplied by the area-factor since the number of pixels classified as defects in the first stage is given by: 
     
       
           Np×fa ( s   1 ,σ 1 )  (14) 
       
     
     In the next stage of inspection, the number of pixels that need to be scanned is given by: 
     
       
           Np×fa ( s   1 ,σ 1 )×area_factor  (15) 
       
     
     The probability of a pixel being classified as a defect in the second stage is fa(s 2 , σ 2 ), therefore the final number of pixels to be classified as defects is: 
     
       
           Np ×area_factor× fa ( s   1 ,σ 1 )× fa ( s   2 ,σ 2 )&lt;1  (16) 
       
     
     This number needs to be less than unity, which is the maximum number of false counts allowed per cm 2 . 
     When the seek time from pixel to pixel of the inspection is negligible, compared with the time of inspection per pixel, solving the problem is simple. For a given first-level set of inspection parameters s 1 , σ 1,  the set of values s 2 , σ 2,  which minimize the scan time is chosen to maximize σ 2 . For a given set of first level inspection parameters s 1 , σ 1,  the capture-rate and the false-alarm-rate of the first stage are uniquely determined. Once the false-alarm-rate and the capture-rate of the first stage are determined, the minimum capture-rate and maximum false-alarm-rate of the second stage are also uniquely determined. The maximum value for σ 2 , (σ 2  determines the time it takes for the second level scanning) is achieved when the false-alarm-rate of the second stage is equal to the maximum false-alarm-rate and the capture-rate of the second stage is equal to the minimum capture-rate is described as follows. 
     For a given capture-rate and false-alarm-rate, the threshold value s, and the standard deviation σ can be uniquely determined as long as the capture-rate exceeds the false-alarm-rate. The condition is based on the fact that there is one unique value as given by the following, which satisfies the given capture-rate (α):                unique_capture      _rate      _value        (   α   )       =       (     s   -   0.99     )         2     ×   σ               (   17   )                                
     Another unique value given by the following satisfies the specified false-alarm-rate (β).                unique_false      _alarm      _rate      _value        (   β   )       =       (     s   -   1.0     )         2     ×   σ               (   18   )                                
     Therefore the relationships can be expressed as:                  (     s   -   0.99     )         2     ×   σ       =       α                   such that                   capture_rate     =       (     1   +     erf        (   α   )         )     2               (   19   )                   (     s   -   1.0     )         2     ×   σ       =       β                   such that                   false_alarm      _rate                =       (     1   +     erf        (   β   )         )     2               (   20   )               s   =           (     1.0   +     0.01                 β       )       (     α   -   β     )                       and                   σ     =     0.01     (       2     /     (     α   -   β     )       )                 (   21   )                                
     Where inverf is the inverse of the error function, the values of α and β can be determined by: 
     
       
         α=inverf(capture_rate−1)  (22) 
       
     
     and 
     
       
         β=inverf (2×false_alarm_rate−1)  (23) 
       
     
     It can be seen therefore, that value combinations of s 1 , σ 1,  can be found which minimize the total scan time. These optimum combinations of scanning parameters depend on the magnitude of area uncertainty. When the area of uncertainty is very large, the first level scanning needs to have smaller false-alarm-rate, so as not to offset the savings the first level scanning time with the overhead of the neighboring pixels. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     As an example, assume the area factor is 100, then it is necessary to scan 100 extra pixels around each detected defect pixel which passed-through the first level inspection into the second level of inspection. To achieve a capture-rate of 90%, the single-level scanning time is 1697 seconds with σ=0.145% and s 1 =0.9919. Using a two stage inspection, with area uncertainty factor of 100, results in an achieved optimum scanning time when the first stage false-alarm-rate is 2.3e-4. In contrast, when the area factor is equal to 1, the optimum scanning time is achieved when the false-alarm-rate is 0.0766. 
     FIG. 3 is a graph  60  of scan times normalized to a single level scan. Line  62  depicts results for 0 msec seek times, line  64  depicts results for 1 msec seek times, line  66  depicts results for 10 msec seek times, and line  68  depicts results for 100 msec seek times. The resultant savings in scanning time for a negligible overhead (0 msec seek time, area uncertainty of 10) can be seen on the graph as 62%. This is the time required in comparison with a single scanning inspection system which would be shown on this normalized graph as a horizontal line at 1.0. As can be seen on the graph, the total scanning time increases, as expected, with increasing area uncertainty. When the seek time is finite, then the requisite balance shifts towards using lower false-alarm-rates in the first stage, this shift also occurs with larger areas of uncertainty. With excessive false-alarm counts in the first stage, the added seek time can offset any savings in scan time gained by multiple-level scanning. A lowered false-alarm-rate forces an increase in first stage scanning compared to that with negligible seek time. The added overhead of seek time increases effects both the first stage scan and any subsequent stage of scanning. The graph depicts optimum inspection scan times achieved with levels of finite seek time and finite area factor. The graph also shows that we can reduce the scan time by as much as three-fold by performing a two-level scan when the seek time overhead and area of uncertainty are negligible. 
     Accordingly, it will be seen that this multi-level scanning method for defect inspection can provide numerous advantages, most notably improved inspection throughput. The method has been described in reference to the scanning of EUVL blank masks, however the method is applicable to a variety of inspection tasks wherein the relationships of scan time and area uncertainty are favorable to this multi-stage process. 
     Although the description above contains many specificities, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but as merely providing illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments of this invention. Thus the scope of this invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents.