Abstract:
A power supply includes a supply inductor and a first capacitor coupled to form a resonant circuit to generate a resonant waveform in a resonant operation, during a first portion of an operation cycle of the power supply. A charge storage element develops an output voltage to energize a load. A rectifier is coupled to the charge storage element and to the resonant circuit and is responsive to the resonant waveform for applying the output voltage back to the resonant circuit to interrupt the resonant operation, at an end time of the operation cycle first portion, when the resonant waveform produces a first change of state in the rectifier. A first sensor senses when the first change of state in the rectifier occurs. A source of a supply current is coupled to the rectifier and rectified in the rectifier to produce a rectified current that is coupled to the charge storage element to replenish a charge therein, during a second portion of the operation cycle. A switching transistor is responsive to an output signal of the first sensor for enabling the supply current to be coupled to the rectifier, during the operation cycle second portion, and for disabling the supply current from being coupled to the rectifier, during the operation cycle first portion.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit, under 35 U.S.C. § 365 of International Application PCT/IB03/05523, filed Oct. 16, 2003, which was published in accordance with PCT Article 21(2) on May 6, 2004 in English and which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/418,823, filed Oct. 16, 2002. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to power supplies in general, and more particularly, to generating a supply voltage using capacitive coupling in a main current path. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Power supplies serve the purpose of converting an input voltage into one or several output voltages. An AC power source may be used to provide an AC power line input, which gets converted to a DC regulated output voltage. Transformers are typically used to provide isolation between a “hot” ground and a “cold” ground for a power supply or a converter. A primary winding of a transformer typically conducts a non-isolated direct current (DC). In the event of a overloading, the current in the primary winding might be, disadvantageously, excessive and may damage, for example, a power transistor that drives the transformer. Additionally, transformers are typically large in size (due to the size of the magnetic elements within them), bulky and expensive devices. It may be desirable to have a power supply that is inherently short circuit protected in a manner that avoids using dedicated circuit components. 
     In carrying out an inventive feature, a regulated power supply utilizes capacitive elements to transform an input voltage from, for example, a DC power source to a specified output voltage level across a load. The capacitive element, advantageously, could provide capacitive isolation between a “hot” ground and a “cold” ground. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A power supply, embodying an inventive feature, includes a supply inductor and a first capacitor coupled to form a resonant circuit to generate a resonant waveform in a resonant operation, during a first portion of an operation cycle of the power supply. A charge storage element develops an output voltage to energize a load. A rectifier is coupled to the charge storage element and to the resonant circuit and is responsive to the resonant waveform for applying the output voltage back to the resonant circuit to interrupt the resonant operation, at an end time of the operation cycle first portion, when the resonant waveform produces a first change of state in the rectifier. A first sensor senses when the first change of state in the rectifier occurs. A source of a supply current is coupled to the rectifier and rectified in the rectifier to produce a rectified current that is coupled to the charge storage element to replenish a charge therein, during a second portion of the operation cycle. A switching transistor is responsive to an output signal of the first sensor for enabling the supply current to be coupled to the rectifier, during the operation cycle second portion, and for disabling the supply current from being coupled to the rectifier, during the operation cycle first portion. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows a power supply with capacitive mains isolation in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 2   a ,  2   b ,  2   c ,  2   d ,  2   e  and  2   f  show waveforms associated with the operation of the power supply shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIGS. 3   a ,  3   b  and  3   c  show three equivalent circuits of the power supply of  FIG. 1  during three separate intervals, respectively, of a period of operation of  FIGS. 2   a – 2   f;    
         FIG. 4  shows a power supply operating using inventive features of the power supply of  FIG. 1  and in more details; 
         FIGS. 5   a ,  5   b  and  5   c  show waveforms associated with the operation of the power supply shown in  FIG. 4  for a first load; 
         FIGS. 6   a ,  6   b  and  6   c  show waveforms associated with the operation of the power supply shown in  FIG. 4  for a load higher than the first load; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a graph showing an example of the variation of the efficiency of the power supply of  FIG. 4  as a function of the output power; and 
         FIG. 8  illustrates schematically a manner by which an immunity against radio frequency interference (RFI) is obtained with the power supply of  FIG. 4 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a power supply  300 , partially in a schematic form, with capacitive mains isolation, embodying an inventive feature. An input supply voltage Vin referenced to a “hot” ground conductor  50  is produced in, for example, a conventional bridge rectifier, not shown, and is non-isolated from “hot” ground conductor  50 . Voltage Vin is coupled via a supply inductor L 1  to a terminal  302  of a switch S 1  formed by a switching power transistor, not shown, that is controlled by a control circuit  301  to switch a high frequency. Terminal  302  is coupled to ground conductor  50  when switch S 1  is conductive. 
     When switch S 1  is non-conductive, terminal  302  is coupled to ground conductor  50  via a series arrangement of a first isolation capacitor C 1 , a second isolation capacitor C 2 , a second supply inductor L 2  that is coupled between capacitors C 1  and C 2  and a current sampling resistor Rtrig 2 . Current sampling resistor Rtrig 2  is coupled between capacitor C 2  and ground conductor  50 . When switch S 1  is non-conductive, terminal  302  is also coupled to ground conductor  50  via a series arrangement of a capacitor Ctrig and a current sampling resistor Rtrig 1 . Current sampling resistor Rtrig 1  is coupled between capacitor Ctrig and ground conductor  50 . A rectifier diode D 1  and a filter capacitor C 3  form a series arrangement that is coupled across inductor L 2  for developing a rectified output supply voltage Vout in capacitor C 3  forming a charge storage element. A load resistor RL is coupled in parallel with capacitor C 3  and energized by voltage Vout. Voltage Vout is isolated with respect to electrical shock hazard from ground conductor  50  by the high impedance at low frequencies of capacitors C 1  and C 2 . 
     An anode of diode D 1  is coupled to a junction terminal  303  between capacitor C 1  and inductor L 1 . A terminal of capacitor C 3  that is remote from a cathode of diode D 1  forms a “cold” ground conductor  51 . Voltage Vout that is referenced to “cold” ground conductor  51  is isolated with respect to electrical shock hazard from ground conductor  50 . A terminal of inductor L 2  that is remote from diode D 1  and a terminal of capacitor C 2  that is remote from resistor Rtrig 2  also are at the reference potential of “cold” ground conductor  51 . 
     Capacitors C 1  and C 2  provide ground isolation due to the fact that the capacitors have a high impedance at the relatively low frequency of Vin. However, the capacitors represent a low impedance at the relatively high frequency of operation of switch S 1 , which is at a higher frequency than that of voltage Vin. Switch S 1  is responsive to a control signal  62  from control circuit  3  for selectively opening/closing the connection between terminals  302  and  50  to disable/enable application of the input supply voltage Vin to inductor L 1 . In this manner the switch is operated cyclically at a given frequency f in accordance with the control signal. Capacitors C 1  and C 2  have low impedance with respect to this frequency. For example, capacitors C 1  and C 2  may have a low impedance in relation to operation of switch S 1  at 50 KHz, while providing a high impedance and isolation at an input voltage Vin of, for example, 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Power supply  300  is a self-oscillating power converter, which is optimized for maximum energy transfer at minimum switching loss. 
     An operating cycle or a period T of power supply  300  can be divided in three time intervals T 1 , T 2  and T 3 , shown in  FIGS. 2   a – 2   f , for a value of inductor L 1  of  FIG. 1  equal to twice that of inductor L 2 . Similar symbols and numerals in  FIGS. 1 and 2   a – 2   f  indicate similar functions or items.  FIG. 3   a  represents the equivalent circuit to the circuit of  FIG. 1  during interval T 1  of  FIGS. 2   a – 2   f . Similar symbols and numerals in  FIGS. 1 ,  2   a – 2   f  and  3   a  indicate similar functions or items. 
     During interval T 1  of  FIGS. 2   a – 2   f , switch S 1  of  FIG. 1  is conductive. Capacitors C 1  and C 2  are charged during interval T 2  of  FIGS. 2   a – 2   f , as described later on. After closing switch S 1  of  FIG. 1 , during interval T 1  of  FIGS. 2   a – 2   f , a current IL 1  of  FIG. 2   b  rises linearly and energy is stored in inductor L 1  of  FIG. 1 . At the same time, a current IL 2  of  FIG. 2   d  in inductor L 2  of  FIG. 1 , forming a resonant circuit  305  of  FIG. 3   a  with capacitors C 1  and C 2  of  FIG. 1 , goes negative sinusoidally in a resonant manner and the energy previously stored in capacitors C 1  and C 2  is transferred in a resonance manner to inductor L 2  in the form of current I 2 . 
     At the end of interval T 1  of  FIGS. 2   a – 2   f , voltage V 2  of  FIG. 2   e  becomes equal to voltage Vout of  FIG. 1  causing diode D 1  to become conductive. Consequently, a sum of voltages in capacitors C 1  and C 2  is clamped to voltage Vout and current I 2  changes abruptly to become zero. Thus, capacitors C 1  and C 2  are discharged to a maximum extent and a voltage V 2  of  FIG. 2   e  in inductor L 2  of  FIG. 1  becomes equal to voltage Vout. At the beginning of interval T 2  of  FIGS. 2   a – 2   f , diode D 1  of  FIG. 1  is, consequently, conductive. Therefore, the voltage across sensor resistor Rtrig 2  of  FIG. 1  approaches zero volts. When the voltage across resistor Rtrig 2  becomes zero, control circuit  301  turns off switch S 1  via signal  62 . Advantageously, by turning switch S 1  on immediately after diode D 1  becomes conductive, the possibility of a “dead time” in the period T of  FIGS. 2   a – 2   f , that does not contribute to the throughput via capacitors C 1  and C 2 , is avoided. 
       FIG. 3   b  represents the equivalent circuit to the circuit of  FIG. 1 , during interval T 2  of  FIGS. 2   a – 2   f . Similar symbols and numerals in  FIGS. 1 ,  2   a – 2   f  and  3   b  indicate similar functions or items. During interval T 2  of  FIGS. 2   a – 2   f , switch S 1  of  FIG. 1  is turned off. Conductive diode D 1  and capacitor C 3  form effectively a negligible low impedance because capacitor C 3  has a much larger value than the other capacitors. Capacitors C 1  and C 2  and Ctrig are charged via inductor L 1  until, at the end of interval T 2 , voltage V 1  of  FIG. 2   a  reaches a maximum value and current I 2  of  FIG. 2   c  becomes zero. At this instant almost all energy present in the circuit is stored in capacitors C 1  and C 2 . 
       FIG. 3   c  represents the equivalent circuit to the circuit of  FIG. 1 , during a following interval T 3  of  FIGS. 2   a – 2   f . Similar symbols and numerals in  FIGS. 1 ,  2   a – 2   f  and  3   c  indicate similar functions or items. During interval T 3  of  FIGS. 2   a – 2   f , a trigger signal  62  for turning on switch S 1  of  FIG. 1  is produced. During interval T 3  of  FIGS. 2   a – 2   f , capacitors C 1  and C 2  of  FIG. 1  can be neglected since their values are much larger than that of capacitor Ctrig. Capacitor Ctrig forms a parallel resonance circuit  304  of  FIG. 3   c  with inductors L 1  and L 2 , and a half cycle of oscillation occurs. Voltage V 1  reaches its minimum at the end of interval T 3  and current IL 2  returns to zero. At the end of interval T 3 , a voltage developed across current sampling resistor Rtrig 1  of  FIG. 1  changes polarity from negative to positive. This zero crossing transition is sensed and causes control circuit  301  to turn on switch S 1 . Advantageously, the switching losses are negligible, because voltage V 1  is at a minimum. All capacitors are part of a resonant network, which prevents the presence of high dv/dt&#39;s, thus ensuring a high efficiency. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a power supply  400  in details that is similar to that of  FIG. 1 . Similar symbols and numerals in  FIGS. 1 ,  2   a – 2   f  and  3   a – 3   c  and  4  indicate similar functions or items. 
     Components L 1 , L 2 , C 1 , C 2 , S 1 , D 1  and C 3  of  FIG. 4  perform the same functions as in  FIG. 1 . Inductor L 2  is tapped in order to transform voltage Vout to lower levels. At the mains connection side an additional line filter  601  is implemented to guaranty the required isolation between the primary and the secondary side. Therefore, the line filter inductor establishes a high asymmetrical attenuation at the operation frequency. The internal drain to source capacitance of transistor switch S 1  is used to perform the function of capacitor Ctrig of  FIG. 1 . 
     In a first embodiment, power supply  400  of  FIG. 4  generates an output power of 25 W with an input voltage of 115V AC. In a second embodiment, power supply  400  of  FIG. 4  generates an output power of 100 W with an input voltage of 230V AC. Only switch S 1  and the tap ratio of inductor L 2  are different. The power transferred by power supply  400  is given by: P=VcI 2 *(the value of capacitor C 1 )*f if the value of capacitor C 2  equal to that of capacitor C 1 , Vc 1  is the voltage across C 1  and “f” is the switching frequency. 
     The transformation ratio depends on the ratio of the inductances of inductors L 1  and L 2  and the duration of interval T 3 . This ratio can be increased by providing inductor L 2  with a tap  401 . The converter consists of a power oscillator  401  and a burst mode controller  402 . Oscillator  401  runs at about f=300 kHz. When a comparator IC 2  of burst mode controller  402  senses nominal output voltage, oscillator  401  is turned off by interrupting the power to the oscillator via an opto-coupler IC 1  and a transistor Q 8 . A lower voltage at the output turns it on again. Thus the power supply operates in burst mode. The interval between the bursts varies with input voltage and load. Maximum power output is obtained when the oscillator is continuously on. The relation between efficiency and output power is shown in  FIG. 7 . 
     A supply voltage  404  of the control circuit is generated by a charge current through a filter capacitor Cmains via a diode D 12  and a capacitor C 7  that forms a capacitive voltage divider with capacitor Cmains. The circuit includes a transistor Q 9 , a transistor Q 10  and a reference voltage diode D 11  that limit the voltage across capacitor C 7  to 20V. 
     A transistor Q 7 , a transistor Q 8 , an opto-coupler IC 1  and a comparator IC 2  act as an on/off switch for the supply voltage of oscillator  401  to control the duration of a burst. A resistor RIO and a diode D 10  enable initial start-up of power oscillator  401 . Transistors Q 7  and Q 8  turn on with a fast rising edge causing switch S 1  to turn on via transistor Q 3 . Transistor Q 6  turns on at the same edge, but because of a time constant of a capacitor C 5  and a resistor R 6  it turns off a few microseconds later. This turns on transistor Q 2  and switch transistor S 1  is switched off. This arrangement is used to guarantee a proper start-up of the oscillator. As a result, interval T 2  of  FIGS. 2   a – 2   f  is initiated. 
     The energy stored in inductor L 1  during the on-time of switch S 1  (analogous to interval T 1  of  FIGS. 2   a – 2   f ) charges capacitors C 1  and C 2  of  FIG. 4  with a current of sinusoidal shape (similar to current IL 1  of  FIG. 2   b ), which flows also through secondary rectifier D 1  of  FIG. 1 . 
     When switch S 1  becomes non-conductive, the internal drain-source capacitance of the transistor that implements switch S 1 , which acts as capacitor Ctrig of  FIG. 1 , is connected in parallel to the series connection of capacitors C 1  and C 2 . When the current through diode D 1  becomes zero, a high frequency resonance circuit including capacitor Ctrig, and inductors L 1  and L 2  operate in a resonance manner. This is analogous to interval T 3  of  FIGS. 2   a – 2   f . A current flowing through diodes D 3 , D 4  and D 5  of  FIG. 4  keeps transistors Q 4  and Q 5  off during a half cycle of resonant oscillation. As soon as this current changes polarity, transistors Q 4  and Q 5  turn on. Consequently transistor Q 2  turns off and transistor switch S 1  is turned on via transistor Q 3 . Transistors Q 4  and Q 5  act as a current sensor. Transistor Q 4  is kept on by the current through transistor switch S 1 . 
     When the energy in capacitors C 1  and C 2  has been transferred to inductor L 2 , the voltage across inductor L 2  reaches a magnitude that causes secondary diode D 1  to turn on and the current in capacitor C 2 , for example, ceases. The current through switch S 1  and inductor L 1  flows through diode D 6  instead of through capacitor C 2  and turns on transistor Q 2 . Thus, diode D 6  and transistor Q 2  form a current sensor for turning transistor switch S 1  off. The procedure will repeat itself as described until burst mode controller  402  turns off the supply of oscillator  401 . 
       FIGS. 5   a ,  5   b  and  5   c  show waveforms associated with the operation of the power supply shown in  FIG. 4  for load resistor RL equal to 7.5 Ohm; whereas,  FIGS. 6   a ,  6   b  and  6   c  show waveforms associated with the operation of the power supply shown in  FIG. 4  for a higher load formed by resistor RL equal to 1 Ohm. Similar symbols and numerals in  FIGS. 1 ,  2   a – 2   f ,  3   a – 3   c ,  4 ,  5   a – 5   c  and  6   a – 6   c  indicate similar functions or items. 
     If oscillator  401  operates continuously and not in burst mode, and the load, not shown, increases still further as a result of a fault condition, output voltage Vout will drop. As a result, interval T 1  of  FIGS. 2   a – 2   f  increases, the oscillator  401  frequency decreases and the level of voltage V 1  of  FIG. 6   c  will be lower than before at the beginning of interval T 3  of  FIGS. 2   a – 2   f . In this way the amount of transferred energy, advantageously, decreases significantly. This tendency remains until the short-circuit condition is reached. Thus the circuit protects itself against overload. 
     Power supply  400  of  FIG. 4  also guarantees a soft start-up. Interval T 1  of  FIGS. 2   a – 2   f  decreases gradually and likewise the frequency and the transferred energy increase until the required level of output voltage Vout is reached. As shown in  FIGS. 4 and 8 , a line filter  600  is provided for RFI suppression and safety. The filter inductor  601  of  FIG. 4  establishes a high symmetrical attenuation at the operating frequency of oscillator  401 . An inductor of 20 mH fulfils the required attenuation up to 50 W. During experiments, a considerable temperature increase of the capacitors C 1  and C 2  was observed. The selection of the proper type and construction of these capacitors is important. If capacitors C 1  and C 2  are selected with a negative temperature coefficient, some inherent safety is provided, because the amount of transferred power and the temperature decrease with the capacitor value.