Abstract:
A surface micromachined micromagnetic actuator is described, wherein rotary actuation is accomplished by a member pivotably mounted on the surface of the substrate. Angular motion of the member about the pivot point is imparted by the interaction of a magnetic tab affixed to the member, with flux generated in the gap of an electromagnetic core. Rotary motion is restricted to less than 360 degrees by using an integrally formed hinge between the pivoting member and the pivot point, rather than by a more complex bearing. By virtue of this design, a large range of motion can be achieved without requiring a true bearing to be fabricated in the device. The pivoting member is also constrained in either of two stable positions upon de-energization of the electromagnetic core, by the attachment of a bistable spring between the pivoting member and the substrate.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    This invention relates to micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). More particularly, this invention pertains to low inertia microactuators used to operate a switch, valve, piston, or other mechanism at high rates.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    High speed, high precision actuation devices are becoming required for a proliferating number of applications, in diverse fields. In industrial applications, very precise put-and-place actuators are required in printed circuit fabrication processes. Scientific applications may require sensors with very precise resolution, which implies fine motions. Deep space astronomical observations may use multifaceted mirrors, each facet independently controlled by a precision actuator. Digital projection cameras manipulate a plurality of reflectors, in order to cast an image onto a projection screen. Drug delivery systems in medical therapeutic treatment may require valves or pistons of high accuracy. Fault detection in vehicular safety systems require devices with precise, high speed motion. Computer disk drives require the alignment of the data heads over the sub-micron data track to a sub 0.1 um accuracy. In each case, the actuator drives the member of interest to a precise position or at a precise rate.  
           [0003]    In general, the device itself (e.g. plunger, shutter, piston) may be of arbitrarily small size and low inertia. However, the driving member, i.e. the actuator, is not. The actuator must provide the force, throw (or range), and bandwidth to accommodate the application. Particularly in the case of high speed devices, stringent design criteria are set on the physical and mechanical properties that the actuator must possess. It should have low inertia and low power requirements. For low cost applications, it should also be mechanically simple. These considerations have led to the miniaturization of familiar electromechanical devices, using photolithographic processing rather than machining bulk components. Formation of sub-millimeter scale electromechanical systems is now well known in the art, as Micro Electromechanical Systems, or MEMS.  
           [0004]    Among the simplest MEMS actuators that can be fabricated is the cantilevered beam, a device wherein a beam of substrate material is formed by patterning the dimensions of the beam and etching a void beneath it. This technique is described in examples “Microfabrication of cantilevers using sacrificial templates,” U.S. Pat. No. 6,016,693 by Viani, et al., and “High vertical aspect ratio thin film structures,” U.S. Pat. No. 6,015,599 by Keller, et al.  
           [0005]    The beam has a finite stiffness determined by its shape and mechanical properties, and can thereby be deflected by application of force. The amount of deflection through small angles varies linearly with the applied force, that is, the beam deflection can be characterized by a spring constant. In most cases, the force applied is electrostatic: The beam, suspended over the void and substrate, forms a parallel plate capacitor with the substrate being the opposing electrode. Actuation, or movement of the beam, results from the application of a differential charge, or voltage, between the beam the substrate.  
           [0006]    The device to be actuated, for example a mirror, is then mounted upon the beam, and steered by the electrostatic force between the beam and the substrate.  
           [0007]    Cantilevered actuators, while relatively simple in concept and construction, are also limited in performance. Deflection must be perpendicular to the plane of the substrate, as this plane defines the parallel plate capacitor. Additional beams, gears and bearings can translate this motion out-of-plane, as in Ho et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,629,918 (1997), “Electromagnetically actuated micromachined flap.” In this invention a flap, which is the moving member of the actuator, is coupled by one or more beams to a substrate and thereby cantilevered out of the plan of the substrate. While conceptually this invention allows larger motions in out-of-plane directions, the need for multiple beams and pivots seriously complicates the design and fabrication of the device, and deleteriously affects tolerances and rigidity.  
           [0008]    Another difficulty with cantilevered actuators is that precise motion and high bandwidths require relatively stiff cantilevers. But since deflection is linearly proportional to the spring constant, a stiffer beam requires more force to achieve a certain throw. The tradeoff between stiffness, throw and bandwidth relegates cantilevers to a narrow range of applications. They are suitable for small ranges of motion, or in situations where large supply voltages are available.  
           [0009]    Electrostatic forces are also relatively weak and provide actuation over small ranges, compared with, for example, magnetostatic forces. For this reason, magnetostatic devices are often preferred over electrostatic devices. Micromachined solenoidal magnetic actuators are known in the art, as micro-solenoid switches. Typically, a slug of magnetic material is affixed to a piston or plunger, and a coil is provided whose diameter is sufficient to admit the slug into its interior. The coil is then energized to repel or attract the slug, depending on the direction of current in the coil. The resulting linear mechanical motion is used to actuate various linear devices, such as opening and closing a switch or valve, or driving a piston.  
           [0010]    An embodiment of a linear, solenoidal microactuator is found for example, in Guckel, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,644,177 (1997), “Micromechanical magnetically actuated devices.” The microactuator in this patent comprises a ferromagnetic mandrel around which a fine electrical wire conductor is wound, the mandrel further including pegs which locate and mate with corresponding receptacle holes in the stationary magnetic core.  
           [0011]    Linear magnetic actuators are capable of higher forces and larger ranges of motion at lower driving voltages than cantilevered electrostatic actuators. They are therefore capable of actuating relatively large loads or operating against large spring constants. However, their throw is limited to the characteristic dimensions of the solenoid. Also, they operate against a spring force, required to return the moving member to the home position. This spring force requires more force or less throw, for a given energy density in the device. The spring also imparts a vibration to the device being actuated, and in general, the device is not functional until the vibration has ceased. This can add significant settling time to the switching speed.  
           [0012]    A third design option is a rotary actuator. This device resembles a miniaturized electromagnetic motor, with a ferromagnetic material deposited on the substrate and wound with an electrical coil. Energizing of the coil induces magnetic flux in the permeable material. Generally the core is patterned with some arrangement of gaps, into each of which protrudes a driven member which interacts magnetostatically with the flux across the gap. A plurality of such elements, when driven in the proper sequence and timing, can produce a positive torque on a freely rotating member. A wide variety of designs for these magnetostatic micromotors can be found in the body of MEMS patents and publications, notably Garcia et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,917,260 (1999) “Electromechanical millimotor;” “Surface Micromachined Microengine,”-E. J. Garcia, J. J. Sniegowski,  Sensors and Actuators , A 48, pp. 203-214 (1995); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,631,514 “Microfabricated microengine for use as a mechanical drive and power source in the microdomain and fabrication process.” 
           [0013]    Notwithstanding the details of the various designs, the micromotors are conceptually similar to the familiar large scale rotor/stator electromagnetic motors.  
           [0014]    Magnetostatic micromotors can be used as rotary actuators by mounting the device of interest onto the moving member, i.e. the rotor. This concept is clearly described in Mehregany, et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,029,337 (2000), “Methods of fabricating micromotors with utilitarian features.” This patent describes a micromotor fabricated using the same general principles as found in the MEMS art, but with additional material deposited on the rotor, constituting the utilitarian feature, such as fins, pump impellers, or optical elements. Energizing the stator induces rotary motion of the rotor bearing which rotates the affixed element into the desired position.  
           [0015]    Micromotors overcome some of the limitations of cantilevers and solenoids, by having a large range of motion. However the requirement of a stator and freely rotating bearing constitute a substantially more complex device to make via MEMS processing. Further difficulties arise with rotor/stator actuators. As is well known with macroscopic motors, the initial direction of rotation is ambiguous: it may be either clockwise or counterclockwise. In addition, the rotation direction cannot be determined until sufficient motion has allowed sensing of the rotation. A correlated difficulty is that there is no defined “home” position of the rotor when the device is not energized. Again direct measurement means must be provided to determine the degree of rotation from a specific home point.  
           [0016]    Therefore, a low inertia, high bandwidth, large throw, low power microactuator is a distinctly felt need in a wide variety of applications. However the prior art suffers from a number of disadvantages, including the following:  
           [0017]    a) Cantilevered devices must be energized to maintain a given position against the restoring force of the spring constant, and therefore require constant power;  
           [0018]    b) Cantilevers have limited throw, as the deflection is linearly related to the spring constant;  
           [0019]    c) Cantilevered devices are generally electrostatic, further limiting their practical operating range;  
           [0020]    d) Cantilevered devices which use additional beams or pivots to amplify or translate motion, suffer a loss of precision, repeatability and uniformity across devices, as well as complication of design and fabrication;  
           [0021]    e) Solenoidal or in-line linear devices have a range of motion limited to the characteristic dimension of the coil;  
           [0022]    f) Solenoidal devices operate against a fixed spring, and therefore dissipate power as does a cantilevered device;  
           [0023]    g) Rotary devices are complex to fabricate because of the plurality of driving structures and requirement of a freely rotating bearing;  
           [0024]    h) Rotary devices have an ambiguous direction of motion;  
           [0025]    i) Rotary devices have an undefined home or détente position.  
           [0026]    j) Other known actuators provide for motion but not braking of that motion, leaving the device in vibration after actuation. This lengthens the total switching time, which includes actuation time plus sufficient settling time.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0027]    The present invention overcomes the limitations of the prior art for low inertia, high bandwidth actuators. The invention is a hybrid device, incorporating one or more features of each of the basic types of microactuators: cantilevered, solenoidal, and rotary. The actuator comprises a magnetic core with a gap affixed to the substrate, and wound with an electrical coil, as in a micromotor. Energizing of the coil induces a magnetic flux through the core material and across the gap in the core. However the driven member is not a piston, plunger, or rotor, but rather a hinge-mounted member, which pivots about a stationary point. The driven member includes a tab of magnetic material, which interacts with the core gap field, to impel motion of the member about the pivot point.  
           [0028]    The pivoting motion is enabled by a flexible hinge structure, which connects the driven member to the stationary pivot point. Use of a hinge rather than a true bearing, results in a cantilever-like device with a range of motion substantially less than 360 degrees. This range is ample for most applications, which require simply an “on” and “off” position. Avoidance of a bearing structure significantly simplifies the design and fabrication of the device. The limited range of motion allows for the use of a single toroidal driving structure rather than a plurality of synchronized drivers as in a true rotary actuator.  
           [0029]    Another feature is the inclusion of a détente latching spring system, with two or more stable positions, such that the pivoting member may be latched in any one of the stable positions upon power-down. It thereby avoids the difficulties encountered with true rotor/stator micromotors, wherein no unique home position can generally be defined.  
           [0030]    Lastly, the invention includes an auxiliary magnetic circuit for unambiguously sensing the orientation of the pivoting member. The sensing circuit can distinguish between the plurality of stable positions, and can be equipped with a feedback loop to fine tune the driving circuit for optimum performance. The sensing apparatus and feedback loop make possible braking action, or even full servo control, to minimize vibration and settling time of the pivoting member.  
           [0031]    As a result of its novel design, this invention achieves the following objects and advantages over the prior art:  
           [0032]    a) To provide low inertia, high bandwidth actuation;  
           [0033]    b) To provide a large range of motion in the actuation;  
           [0034]    c) To provide an actuator with an unambiguous direction of motion;  
           [0035]    d) To provide an actuator whose position can be determined by a simple, on-board measurement circuit; and  
           [0036]    e) To provide a low loss actuator, which can maintain one of a plurality of stable positions in the quiescent (unenergized) state.  
           [0037]    f) To improve switching times by applying a braking force or full servo control of the pivoting motion.  
           [0038]    A further object of this invention is to use variations of known micromotor fabrication techniques, in order to avoid further process invention.  
           [0039]    A further object of the invention is to achieve the design using, where possible, known MEMS microcomponents, subassemblies, and electronic circuitry.  
           [0040]    Still a further object of the invention is a design sufficiently simple, that it can be practiced in various thin-film fabrication facilities, which use slightly different tools and procedures, to achieve a reproducible, uniform and predictable product, without undue experimentation or adaptation of the equipment.  
           [0041]    Still further objects and advantages will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following detailed description of the invention or can be learned by practice of the present invention. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examples being presented, while indicating certain embodiments of the invention, are provided for illustration purposes only. Various changes and modifications within the scope and spirit of the invention will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from the detailed description of the invention and the claims that follow. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0042]    In the drawings, closely related figures have the same number but different alphabetic suffixes.  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 1 a  is a simplified top-down view of the preferred embodiment, with the pivotably mounted member in the fully retracted position.  
         [0044]    [0044]FIG. 1 b  is a simplified top-down view of the preferred embodiment with the pivotably mounted member in the fully extended position.  
         [0045]    [0045]FIG. 2 is a simplified diagram of the latching spring, showing detail of the pivot bearing and spring body.  
         [0046]    [0046]FIG. 3 a  shows the arcs of travel of the driven member about the two points of rotation: the pivot point and the spring anchor. Two intersection points between the two arcs constitute stable positions for the driven member. FIG. 3 b  is an energy level diagram, showing the local energy minima due to the latching spring.  
         [0047]    [0047]FIG. 4 is an alternative embodiment of the pivot bearing, using an accordion-shaped design.  
         [0048]    [0048]FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view through the actuator device and supporting substrate.  
         [0049]    [0049]FIG. 6 is the schematic diagram of the electronic circuit used to drive the microactuator and measure its resulting position.  
         [0050]    [0050]FIG. 7 a  is a qualitative plot of current versus time, as the device is actuated from the retracted to the extended position. FIG. 7 b  shows the velocity profile of the driven member, as a result of the current profile of FIG. 7 a.    
     
    
     Reference is in the drawings  
       [0051]    [0051] 20  true pivot point  
         [0052]    [0052] 30  pivot bearing attachment post  
         [0053]    [0053] 40  hinge  
         [0054]    [0054] 50  rigid load beam  
         [0055]    [0055] 60  pivoting member  
         [0056]    [0056] 80  area for mounting utilitarian feature  
         [0057]    [0057] 100  radial spring  
         [0058]    [0058] 120  spring anchor point  
         [0059]    [0059] 130  spring attachment post  
         [0060]    [0060] 140  clam shell pivot bearing  
         [0061]    [0061] 160  magnetic protruding tab  
         [0062]    [0062] 190  pinch  
         [0063]    [0063] 200  actuator pole  
         [0064]    [0064] 210  sensing pole  
         [0065]    [0065] 220  adjacent actuator pole  
         [0066]    [0066] 230  adjacent sensing pole  
         [0067]    [0067] 240  input coil  
         [0068]    [0068] 250  intermediate coil  
         [0069]    [0069] 260  output coil  
         [0070]    [0070] 270  intermediate coil  
         [0071]    [0071] 280  magnetic bridge  1   
         [0072]    [0072] 290  magnetic bridge  2   
         [0073]    [0073] 300  magnetic bridge  3   
         [0074]    [0074] 320  superstrate  
         [0075]    [0075] 340  bonding pad  1   
         [0076]    [0076] 360  bonding pad  2   
         [0077]    [0077] 500  switch comparator  
         [0078]    [0078] 520  inductance comparator  
         [0079]    [0079] 540  frequency generator  
         [0080]    [0080] 560  resistor  
         [0081]    [0081] 580  capacitor  
         [0082]    [0082] 920  rigid link  
         [0083]    [0083] 940  c-spring  
         [0084]    [0084] 960  serpentine spring  
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0085]    Actuator design: The design and functioning of the low inertia latching microatuator can be understood by consideration of FIG. 1 a  and  1   b . Referring first to FIG. 1 a , the top-down view shows the major structures of the device: A pivoting member  60  which supports the device to be actuated; a pivot point  20  and attachment post  30 , connecting the pivoting member to the pivot point  20 ; a second attachment point  120  with spring attachment post  130 , connecting the pivoting member  60  to the superstrate  320  through radial spring  100 ; a magnetic tab  160  affixed to the pivoting member  60 ; a magnetic core with poles  200  and  220 ; current carrying coils  240  and  260 ; magnetic bridges  280 ,  290 , and  300 ; a second magnetic core with poles  210  and  230 .  
         [0086]    The pivoting member  60  is attached to the substrate at a fixed pivot point  20 , via attachment post  30 . Member  60  is adjoined to the attachment post by a simple hinge  40 , which is a narrow isthmus of material whose dimensions are such that the member can easily rotate approximately 30 degrees about the pivot point  20 . The hinge is flexible to angular motion but rigid in out-of-plane motion and radial compression or tension. The hinge is connected to the true pivot point by a pivot bearing attachment post  30 .  
         [0087]    These structures are created on the top surface of the wafer, the superstrate  320 , according to processes well known in the MEMS art. The substrate is a composite silicon-on-insulator (SOI), which is a commercially available thick sandwich of single crystal silicon substrate, 500 um thick, an insulating layer of SiO 2 , 2 um thick, and another layer of single crystal Si, 40 um thick. The upper layer of thin Si is the superstrate,  320 . The major mechanical features of the low inertia actuator are patterned in the superstrate by etching the silicon down to the SiO 2  layer. The features created are “released” by immersion in hydrofluoric acid, which etches away the SiO 2 , but leaves the single crystal Si substrate and superstrate intact., as well as the portion of the SiO 2  layer forming the attachment posts  30  and  130 .  
         [0088]    The pivoting member further comprises a protruding tab  160 , which is either made of magnetic material or has magnetic material deposited on it. This feature, henceforth referred to as the magnetic tab  160 , may be made of ferromagnetic material or permanent magnetic material. In the preferred embodiment, a ferromagnetic nickel-iron alloy is chosen, with 45% nickel and 55% iron. This stoichiometry is known in the industry as permalloy.  
         [0089]    The rotating member further comprises an area  80 , which carries the device of interest to be actuated, such as a piston, switch, or optical element.  
         [0090]    A patterned core of magnetizable material is also deposited on the substrate surface, along with a set of energizing coils  240  and  260 . The material selected for the core is again nickel-iron permalloy, chosen for its outstanding permeability, and because its deposition processes are well known from application in magnetic recording heads and micromotors. All magnetic features in the preferred embodiment are made by deposition of this alloy, although it will be clear to those skilled in the art that any suitably permeable material can be used, such as other stoichiometries of nickel-iron.  
         [0091]    The coils are of an electrically conductive material, chosen in the preferred embodiment to be plated copper. It is understood by those skilled in the art that there are a variety of methods to generate the conductive windings, including the “pancake” style windings shown in FIGS. 1 a  and  1   b , which are commonly used in the recording head industry. Additional methods include toroidal windings made using thin-film techniques and windings of insulated wire made by hand or machine.  
         [0092]    A gap, wide enough to admit the magnetic tab  160 , is patterned in the core and creates a pair of magnetic poles  200  and  220 . Flux existing in the core will travel to the poles and across the gap. The flux circuit is completed by the magnetic bridges  280 ,  290  and  300 . If the slug moves in a path centered between the poles, then there is no net lateral force. If you offset the position of the slug toward one pole, then there is a lateral force that pulls the slug toward the “thinner gap” pole and away from the “thicker gap”. If the beams are not made sufficiently stiff; the slug can be drawn into contact with the nearer pole. An embodiment which guards against this occurrence is the “asymmetric gap”, in which the slug and armature are offset towards the outer core magnet. This offset deflects the hinge spring, which then exerts a restoring torque on the slug and armature. This is a stable configuration, since the hinge is quite stiff in this dimension.  
         [0093]    An additional gap and set of poles  210  and  230  is patterned in the core. This magnetic circuit will be used for sensing the orientation of the rotating member, and permit fine adjustment of the actuation forces. The functioning of the sensing poles will be described further below.  
         [0094]    Flux is induced in the core by energizing the coils  240  and  260 . The flux circulates through the core, to the poles and across the gap. The interaction of the gap field with the magnetic tab causes an attractive torque on the pivoting member. The torque draws the magnetic tab toward the centered position between the poles. The inertia of the rotating mass carries it through the centered position toward another stable position derived from the latching spring system.  
         [0095]    The pivoting member is rigid to radial compression by attachment to the true pivot point  20  through the rigid load beam  50 . A hinge  40  connects the load beam to the pivot point. The hinge, a narrowed isthmus of the substrate material, allows flexion in the angular direction about the true pivot point. The hinge, rigid load beam, and pivoting member with area  80 , are monolithic, that is they are all composed of single crystal silicon by selective removal of the surrounding substrate material.  
         [0096]    A distinguishing feature of this invention is the inclusion of a latching spring system, which restrains the pivoting member  60  in one of a plurality of stable positions. The member is driven between the positions, as described above, by the interaction of the gap field with the magnetic tab  160  affixed to the pivoting member. The spring may also be monolithic, that is, formed simultaneously with the pivoting members and its associated mechanisms. Examples of such systems are an “S” spring with and inflection point, or a set of springs suitably disposed so as their spring constants work in concert and in opposition to create multiple stable states.  
         [0097]    In the preferred embodiment described here, the latching system is formed by having two different attachment points for the pivoting member. The attachment points are the true pivot point  20  and the spring anchor point  120 . The pivoting member is adjoined to anchor point  120  by a radial compression spring  100 , shown in greater detail in FIG. 2. The spring anchor point  120  is not collocated with the true pivot point  20 , and has a different radius of curvature. The radial spring further comprises the following structures: a “clam-shell” pivot bearing  140 , a stiff load beam  920 , a “c”-spring  940 , and a serpentine spring  960 . The function of these features will be described in detail.  
         [0098]    If the radial spring  100  and the rigid load beam  50  were uncoupled, their independent motions could be characterized by two arcs of rotation with different radii of curvature, as illustrated in FIG. 3 a . As can be seen from the diagram, the arcs of rotation have two intersection points. These are the two stable positions, wherein the pivoting member can stably reside with no driving force from the magnetic core. It is noted that the true stability points are a result of balanced forces on all the movable members in the system, and that depending on the details of the design, the stability points will not be exactly coincident with the intersection of the two arcs shown. Nevertheless, this approximation is useful in describing and understanding the function of the device.  
         [0099]    Since the true pivot point and the spring anchor point are not collocated, and the member is rigidly attached to the true pivot point, the angular trajectory about the true pivot must be accommodated by the radial spring. This is accomplished by the compliant c-spring portion  940  of radial spring structure  100 . The c-spring is a rectangular kink in the beam connecting the pivoting member to the spring pivot. This kink can compress and rarify in response to the arc of travel of the pivoting member.  
         [0100]    The upper intersection of the arcs in FIG. 3 a  represents the as-manufactured state, wherein spring  100  has no compression and no strain from rotation. This situation corresponds to the fully retracted position shown in FIG. 1 a . As rotating member  60  begins to move, spring  100  will rotate and compress at the c-spring  940 , and the restoring force of the c-spring creates the energy barrier between the two stable positions. The energy level diagram is shown qualitatively in FIG. 3 b . As rotating member  60  moves farther, the c-spring  940  goes through the maximum compression and eventually decompresses, which gives rise to the secondary minimum in the energy profile of FIG. 3 b . These two stable positions correspond to the retracted orientation (FIG. 1 a ) and extended orientation (FIG. 1 b ).  
         [0101]    The detailed dimensioning of the c-spring determines the stiffness and therefore the energy barrier between the stable positions. The amount of compressive force can be manipulated by design, for example by moving the position of spring anchor  120 , or changing the aspect ratio or thicknesses of the c-spring  940 . It will be clear to one skilled in the art that many variations of this embodiment can be envisioned without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention, depending on the throw, torques, voltages and other design aspects of a particular application.  
         [0102]    The pivot/spring system forms the “latch”, which latches the utilitarian feature in either of the two stable positions, either extended or retracted. Upon cessation of the driving current, the pivoting member will remain in the chosen stable position.  
         [0103]    The spring is anchored to the substrate through a clam-shell pivot bearing. This bearing allows angular motion about the anchor point, but avoids a continuously rotating bearing which is far more complex to fabricate and is subject to stiction and wear. The restoring force of the pivot bearing is small, such that through the arc of travel between the extended and retracted positions, the restoring force is dominated by the radial spring rather than the pivot bearing.  
         [0104]    The beams of clam-shell pivot bearing  140  are arranged so that they wrap around spring anchor  120  and spring attachment post  130 . The bearing was shown in detail in FIG. 2. As rotating member  60  is rotated, the beams above the anchor point bend in the opposite direction as the beams below the anchor point. This creates a circular rotation about the anchor point. Spring hinge  900  is very stiff to radial loads, due to the number of beams, their relatively small length, and the fact that the rotation of the mechanism is such that the majority of radial load on the hinge is in the direction to apply compressive or tensile load.  
         [0105]    A further component of spring  100  shown in FIG. 2, is rigid link  920 , which links clam-shell pivot bearing to the c-spring portion  940 . Rigid link  920  is designed to stiffen the spring in the radial direction. Radial compression of the spring takes place predominantly in the c-portion, which is designed to be stiff in bending but compliant in radial compression.  
         [0106]    Serpentine spring  960  is the final component of spring  100 , connecting c-spring  940  to rotating member  60 . Serpentine spring  960  has a torque applied to it by the changing of relative angles between rotating member  60  and spring  100 . This torque is significant and can cause spring  100  to rotate in a non-circular fashion. Serpentine spring  960  reduces the rotational stiffness by distributing the stress over an effectively large beam length, and yet maintains a very high radial stiffness, which is desirable. Compared to a simple flexing beam hinge, serpentine hinge  960  reduces the rotational stiffness of the entire system and allows spring  100  to rotate about the attachment point to pivoting member  60 .  
         [0107]    Again, alternative embodiments for pivot bearings with high radial stiffness will be clear to one skilled in the art, based on this concept of a monolithic bearing which allows essentially free rotation through an arc of travel substantially less than 360 degrees. For example, FIG. 4 shows an accordion-shaped pivot bearing, which also satisfies design requirements of high angular compliance and high radial stiffness, but is more complex in design.  
         [0108]    The full device includes supporting features such as bonding pads  340  and  360  for electrical connection to the coils from an external power supply. Various electronic support devices are also formed on the lower side of the substrate. Since these devices and their fabrication are well known in the semiconductor industry, they are not shown here. It would be clear for example, to one skilled in the art, that the electrical coils  240  and  260  are electrically connected to bonding pads  340  and  360 . Any number of intermediate posts, such as posts  250  and  270 , can be included to increase the number of current loops driving flux through the core. The posts bearing the current carrying coils are connected in series, that is the current enters (or exits) from bonding pad  340 , onto post  240 , which is connected in series to post  250  where the coil is wound again, to post  270  and  260 , whereupon it exits the device via a bonding pad  360 .  
         [0109]    [0109]FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view through the fabrication plane of the device. The view shows the true pivot point  20 , rigidly attached to the superstrate  320  by pivot attachment post  30 . The pivoting member is otherwise aloft of the substrate and free to move. The void between the member and the substrate is formed by standard MEMS photolithographic procedures used to form moveable features by the elimination of material directly beneath the moveable member.  
         [0110]    Sensing apparatus: The position of the magnetic tab, and therefore of the rotating member  60 , can be determined by measuring the inductance of the magnetic actuating circuit comprising poles  200  and  220 , and bridges  280 ,  290  and  300 . However, a more precise measurement can be made by providing an independent, more sensitive magnetic circuit. Such a circuit is the preferred embodiment. It comprises a pair of auxiliary magnetic poles,  210  and  230 , that are provided as a magnetic sensing circuit, which measures the position of the rotating member. When current is applied to coils  240  and  260 , a magnetic flux path is established between sensor pole  210 , across the narrow gap to the magnetic tab, across the adjacent narrow gap between the tab and to the adjacent sensor pole  230  to bridges  280 ,  290  and  300 , and back to the major core structure to complete the magnetic circuit.  
         [0111]    For convenience, the sensor pole material would generally be the same as that of the main poles, here being nickel-iron permalloy. It is noted however, that the sensor poles may be of a different material in order to optimize separately the magnetic properties and performance of the actuator magnetic circuit comprising poles  200  and  220 , and sensing magnetic circuit, comprising poles  210  and  230 .  
         [0112]    Each sensing pole is carefully shaped with a narrowed portion as shown in FIG. 1 a , designated the “pinch” region, shown as area  180  in FIG. 1 a  and  1   b . The function of the pinch is to limit the magnetic flux flowing through the sensor pole  210 . The pinch region  180  becomes magnetically saturated, at which point the reluctance of the magnetic circuit rises. Saturation of the sensor pole assures that most of the flux is carried by the major actuator poles, in order to maximize the torque of the actuator during operation.  
         [0113]    For the this embodiment, the width of the narrowed region is on the order of 10%-30% of the width of the sensor poles  210  and  230 . In general the width of the pinch will depend on the accuracy needed for the measurement. A narrower pinch provides a more sensitive measurement, but with a smaller dynamic range.  
         [0114]    The sensor poles also exert a force on the rotating member, and this additional force can be used to offset or fine-tune the behavior of the overall actuator. Tuning of this force is accomplished by adjusting the width of the pinch region  180 .  
         [0115]    Measurement of the position of the magnetic tab  160 , and therefore the orientation of the rotating member  60 , is also made possible by the sensor poles  210  and  230 . The inductance comparator performs the measurement by applying a small oscillatory signal from the frequency generator  540  to the magnetic sensing circuit, and measuring the difference in the inductance with the rotating member in the retracted versus the extended position. The measurement frequency is chosen to maximize the distinction between the two positions. High frequency measurement minimizes the contribution of the of the major actuator poles  200  and  220 , to the inductance in the sensor circuit.  
         [0116]    [0116]FIG. 6 is the schematic diagram of the electronic circuit used to drive the microactuator and measure its resulting position. Power is supplied through a resistor  560  and capacitor  580  network, to the coils of the actuator device  240  and  260 , as well as to the electronic functional blocks the switch comparator  500 , inductance comparator  520  and frequency generator  540 . Also supplied to the comparator is a reference signal, representing the desired state of the rotating member (retracted or extended). Comparison of the actual inductance of the magnetic sensing circuit, relative to this reference, unambiguously reveals the state of the device as being in the retracted or extended position. These units support the sensing function described above.  
         [0117]    The inductance comparator  520  monitors the inductance in the magnetic sensing circuit. The disposition of the comparator and supporting circuitry is shown in FIG. 6. A large inductance value is measured when the rotating member  60  and magnetic tab  160  are in the retracted position as shown in FIG. 1 a . However when the rotating member is in the extended position shown in FIG. 1 b , the magnetic tab is absent from the gap, creating a larger magnetic reluctance in the magnetic circuit, and a correspondingly low inductance as measured by the inductance comparator  520 .  
         [0118]    [0118]FIG. 7 a  is a qualitative plot of current versus time, as the device is actuated from the retracted to the extended position. The step function shown is the energizing of the coils  240  and  260  with a steady current for the duration of the step function show. The current causes magnetic flux to flow through the actuator poles  200  and  220  and across the gap. In the region of the gap, the lines of flux interact with the magnetic tab  160  affixed to the rotating member. This interaction causes a positive torque to be produced on the member about the hinge  40  and pivot point  20 , and impels rotation of the member toward the extended state.  
         [0119]    The movement is shown in the velocity profile of FIG. 7 b , corresponding to the current step function in FIG. 7 a . Positive acceleration of the member is established at the application of the current. The velocity reaches a peak however, as the magnetic tab  160  is centered between actuator poles  200  and  220 . As the rotational deflection increases, the velocity is reduced by the magnetic force which now acts as a brake, pulling the magnetic tab  160  toward actuator poles  200  and  220 . The velocity slows and the member  60  comes to a stop at the second stable minimum of the spring  100 . The device remains in this position until a current is applied to the coils to retract the rotating member  60  by causing a reverse magnetic force to cause a negative torque on the rotating member and draw it back to the retracted position, where it is again stably held by the spring  100 .  
         [0120]    As can be seen from FIG. 7 a  and  7   b , little vibration occurs in this system because of the low mass of the pivoting member, and the relatively high viscosity of the surrounding air. The system is highly damped, and in the preferred embodiment, no servo control of the motion is required. However it will be clear to one skilled in the art, that for higher mass or less damped systems, the sensor signal may be used to position the member under closed servo loop control, by the inclusion of appropriate logic. The sensor signal is compared to a reference, and the voltage across the driving coils is adjusted until the error signal reaches a predetermined value. Standard proportional-integral-derivative (P-I-D) logic may be applied. Alternatively, the characteristic vibration can be “learned”, and a driving voltage profile can be calculated which minimizes vibration and settling time. A third alternative exists wherein the voltage induced in the coils by the motion of the magnetic tab through the gap field can be detected, and closed loop control applied. This avoids the need for an auxiliary magnetic sensing structure.  
         [0121]    Another alternative embodiment of the sensing magnetic circuit includes a center tap lead from coil  240 can be brought to a third bonding pad. Use of a center tap improves the signal-to-noise of the measurement by canceling DC contributions to the inductance measurement. Use of a center tap lead to improve inductance measurements is well known in magnetic recording data heads.  
         [0122]    The invention described here therefore serves a critical and long felt need to provide a high precision, high bandwidth, large throw, latching microactuator. It further accomplishes these functions  
         [0123]    a. with a device using a simple, integral hinge structure to allow rotational motion, rather than a more complex bearing;  
         [0124]    b. with a device that can stably remain in either of two positions, determined by a latching spring;  
         [0125]    c. with a device actuated by a simple electromagnetic coil and core combination, well known in the MEMS and data storage industry,  
         [0126]    d. with a device capable of a large (approximately 30 degree) range of motion;  
         [0127]    e. with a device whose status, retracted or extended, can be determined by an on-board sensing apparatus.  
         [0128]    f. in a small, rugged, micromachined package;  
         [0129]    g. with a device capable of braking (decelerating) the high-speed actuator using the incorporated motor.  
         [0130]    h. with a device capable of closed-loop servo control of the speed or position of the driven member.  
         [0131]    A further object of the invention is to achieve the low inertia latching microactuator using known lithographic batch processing methods, with known microcomponents and subassemblies.  
         [0132]    Still a further object is to embody the invention in a device sufficiently simple, that it can be practiced in different thin-film fabrication facilities, which use slightly different tools and procedures, to produce the reproducible, uniform and predictable product, without undue experimentation or adaptation of the equipment.  
         [0133]    It will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, that these embodiments are given by example, and are primarily illustrative of the many possible configurations of the present invention, which are possible. For example any number of utilitarian features can be actuated using this device, for example fluid flow ailerons, valves and switches. Design tools such as finite element analysis will render many variations for the radially compressive spring and pivot. Springs which naturally have a plurality stable states, such as an “s” spring with an inflection point, may be employed without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention. Therefore, it is to be understood that the particular embodiments shown and described by way of illustration are in no way intended to be considered limiting. The present invention is limited only by the following claims: