Abstract:
This invention relates to a method of treating a disorder selected from OCD, agoraphobia, agoraphobia without history of panic disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, PTSD, restless legs syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, hot flashes, and fibromyalgia by administering a compound of the formula 1 
                                 
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
 
     R 1  is hydrogen, straight or branched alkyl of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or phenyl; and 
     R 2  is straight or branched alkyl of from 4 to 8 carbon atoms, straight or branched alkenyl of from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of from 3 to 7 carbon atoms, alkoxy of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, -alkylcycloalkyl, -alkylalkoxy, -alkyl OH, -alkylphenyl, -alkylphenoxy, or -substituted phenyl. The invention also relates to a method of treating the above disorders by administering the compound (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid.

Description:
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/433,491, filed Dec. 13, 2002, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/487,740 filed Jul. 16, 2003; and is a divisional application claiming priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 10/734,917, filed Dec. 12, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,164,034, now allowed, which is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/674,192, filed Sep. 29, 2003 now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/324,929 filed Dec. 20, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,642,398 which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/009,938 filed Dec. 10, 2001, now abandoned, which is a 371 filing of PCT/US00/15070 filed May 31, 2000, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/138,485 filed Jun. 10, 1999, the entire contents of which applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to the use of certain alpha 2 delta ligands for the treatment of fibromyalgia and other central nervous system disorders. Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic syndrome characterized mainly by widespread pain, unrefreshing sleep, disturbed mood, and fatigue. The main symptoms fibromyalgia include pain, sleep, mood disturbances and fatigue. Syndromes commonly associated with fibromyalgia include irritable bowel syndrome, and migraine headaches, among others. Success of treating fibromyalgia with a single pharmacological agent has been characterized as modest and results of clinical trials have been characterized as disappointing. It is believed that based on current understanding of the mechanisms and pathways involved in fibromyalgia, multiple agents will be required, aimed at the major symptoms of pain, disturbed sleep, mood disturbances, and fatigue. Fibromyalgia patients are often sensitive to side effects of medications, a characteristic perhaps related to the pathophysiology of this disorder (Barkhuizen A., Rational and Targeted Pharmacologic Treatment of Fibromyalgia, Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am., 2002; 28: 261-290; Leventhal L. J., Management of Fibromyalgia, Ann. Intern. Med., 1999;131:850-8). 
     While fibromyalgia is a complex disorder with multiple facets, this complexity can be well assessed (Yunus M. B., A Comprehensive Medical Evaluation of Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome, Rheum. Dis. N. Am., 2002; 28:201-217). The diagnosis of FM is usually based on the 1990 recommendations of the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria (Bennett R. M., The Rational Management of Fibromyalgia Patients, Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am., 2002; 28: 181-199; Wolfe F., et al., The American College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria for the Classification of Fibromyalgia: Report of the Multicenter Criteria Committee, Arthritis Rheum., 1990; 33:160-72). Evaluation, management, and pharmacological treatment of fibromyalgia have been reviewed (Barkhuizen A., Rational and Targeted Pharmacologic Treatment of Fibromyalgia, Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am., 2002; Buskila D., Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Myofacial Pain Syndrome, Current Opinions in Rheumatology, 2001; 13: 117-127; Leventhal L. J., Management of Fibromyalgia, Ann. Intern. Med., 1999; 131:850-8; Bennett R. M., The Rational Management of Fibromyalgia Patients, Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am., 2002; 28: 181-199; Yunus M. B., A Comprehensive Medical Evaluation of Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome, Rheum. Dis. N. Am., 2002; 28:201-217). 
     Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) has been characterized by the minimal diagnostic criteria: (a) desire to move the extremities, often associated with paresthesias/dysesthesias; (b) motor restlessness; (c) worsening of symptoms at rest with at least temporary relief by activity, and (d) worsening of symptoms in the evening or night. Other features commonly seen in RLS include sleep disturbance, periodic limb movements in sleep and similar involuntary movements while awake, a normal neurological examination in the idiopathic form, a tendency for the symptoms to be worse in middle to older age, and, in some cases, a family history suggestive of an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. See Walters A. S.; Toward a Better Definition of the Restless Legs Syndrome; The International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group; Mov. Disord. (1995) 10(5): 634-42. See also, Bhatia M. and Bhowmik D.; Restless Legs Syndrome in Maintenance Haemodialysis Patients; Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., (2003) 18: 217. Restless legs syndrome can be a primary disorder, or a secondary disorder associated with, for example, renal insufficiency, heredity, pregnancy, poliomyelitis, infectious diseases, avitaminosis, different types of anemia, diabetes, and certain drugs (e.g. prochloroperazine, lithium, and mianserin). 
     Gabapentin, pregabalin and other alpha 2 delta ligands including 4H-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-one, C-[1-(1H-Tetrazol-5-ylmethyl)-cycloheptyl]-methylamine, (3S,4S)-(1-Aminomethyl-3,4-dimethyl-cyclopentyl)-acetic acid, (1α,3α,5α)(3-amino-methyl-bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-3-yl)-acetic acid, and (3S,5R)-3-aminomethyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, are referred to in U.S. Pat. No. 4,024,175; U.S. Pat. No. 4,087,544; U.S. Pat. No. 6,306,910; WO 99/21824, WO 01/90052, WO 01/28978, EP 0 641 330, WO 98/17627, and WO 00/76958. The foregoing patents and applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     The compounds employed in the methods of the present invention are mono- and disubstituted 3-propyl gamma-aminobutyric acids. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/009,938 filed Dec. 10, 2001, and Ser. No. 10/324,929 filed Dec. 20, 2002, refer to the compounds employed in the methods of the present invention discussed below and disclose various utilities for these. The entire contents of application Ser. Nos. 10/009,938 and 10/324,929 are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a method for treating a disorder in a mammal, including a human, comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula 1 
                                
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
     R 1  is hydrogen, straight or branched alkyl of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or phenyl;   R 2  is straight or branched alkyl of from 4 to 8 carbon atoms, straight or branched alkenyl of from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of from 3 to 7 carbon atoms, alkoxy of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, -alkylcycloalkyl, -alkylalkoxy, -alkyl OH, -alkylphenyl, -alkylphenoxy, and -substituted phenyl, and wherein said disorder is selected from OCD, phobias, PTSD, restless legs syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, hot flashes, and fibromyalgia. This method is hereinafter also referred to as the “inventive method”.   
     The invention also relates to a method for treating a disorder in a mammal, including a human, comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the compound (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein said disorder is selected from OCD, phobias, PTSD, restless legs syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, hot flashes, and fibromyalgia. The compound (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid is hereinafter also referred to as “Compound A.” 
     The invention also relates to a method for treating fibromyalgia and a concomitant disorder in a mammal, including a human, comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the formula 1 as described above wherein said concomitant disorder is selected from migraine headaches, temporomandibular joint dysfunction, dysautonomia, endocrine dysfunction, dizziness, cold intolerance, chemical sensitivity, sicca symptoms, cognitive dysfunction, generalized anxiety disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, irritable bowel syndrome, functional abdominal pain, neuropathic pain, somatoform disorders, OCD, phobias, and PTSD. 
     The invention also relates to a method for treating fibromyalgia and a concomitant disorder in a mammal, including a human, comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein said concomitant disorder is selected from the concomitant disorders described above. 
     The invention also relates to a method of increasing slow wave sleep in a human subject being treated with an active pharmaceutical agent that decreases slow wave sleep comprising administering to a human subject in need of such treatment: 
     (a) a compound of the formula 1, as described above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and 
     (b) a human growth hormone or human growth hormone secretagogue, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; 
     wherein the amounts of the active agents “a” and “b” are chosen so as to render the combination effective in increasing slow wave sleep. 
     The invention also relates to a method of increasing slow wave sleep in a human subject being treated with an active pharmaceutical agent that decreases slow wave sleep comprising administering to a human subject in need of such treatment: 
     (a) Compound A; and 
     (b) a human growth hormone or human growth hormone secretagogue, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; 
     wherein the amounts of the active agents “a” and “b” are chosen so as to render the combination effective in increasing slow wave sleep. 
     The invention also relates to a method of increasing slow wave sleep in a human subject comprising administering to a human subject in need of such treatment: 
     (a) a compound of the formula 1, as described above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and 
     (b) a human growth hormone or human growth hormone secretagogue, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; 
     wherein the amounts of the active agents “a” and “b” are chosen so as to render the combination effective in increasing slow wave sleep. 
     The invention also relates to a method of increasing slow wave sleep in a human subject comprising administering to a human subject in need of such treatment: 
     (a) Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and 
     (b) a human growth hormone or human growth hormone secretagogue, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; 
     wherein the amounts of the active agents “a” and “b” are chosen so as to render the combination effective in increasing slow wave sleep. 
     A more specific embodiment of this invention relates to any one of the above method for increasing slow wave sleep wherein the human growth hormone secretagogue that is employed is 2-amino-N-[2-(3a-benzyl-2-methyl-3-oxo-2,3,3a,4,6,7-hexahydro-pyrazole[4,3-c]pyridin-5-yl)-1-benzyloxymethyl-2-oxo-ethyl]-2-methyl-proprionamide. 
     This invention also relates to any one of the above methods for increasing slow wave sleep in a human subject being treated with an active pharmaceutical agent that decreases slow wave sleep, such as morphine or another opioid analgesic agent, comprising administering to such human subject an amount of a compound of the formula 1, as defined above, compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that is effective in increasing slow wave sleep. 
     In one embodiment, the invention relates to any one of the methods described above wherein the disorder being treated is a phobia selected from agoraphobia, agoraphobia without history of panic disorder, specific phobia, and social phobia. 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to any one of the methods described above wherein the compound administered is Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and wherein the disorder being treated is OCD, PTSD, or a phobia. 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to any one of the methods described above wherein the compound administered is Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and wherein the disorder being treated is a phobia selected from agoraphobia and specific phobias. 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to any one of the methods described above wherein the compound administered is Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the disorder being treated is fibromyalgia. 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to any one of the methods described above wherein the compound administered is selected from 3-Aminomethyl-5-methylheptanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,4S)3-Aminomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid; (3R,4R)3-Aminomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid MP; 3-Aminomethyl-4-isopropyl-hexanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-4-isopropyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-fluoro-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3 S,5 S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-fluoro-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7,7,7-trifluoro-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-8,8,8-trifluoro-5-methyl-octanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5,6-dimethyl-heptanoic acid; (3R,4R,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-heptanoic acid; and (3R,4R,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-octanoic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and wherein said disorder is selected from OCD, agoraphobia, agoraphobia without history of panic disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, PTSD, and fibromyalgia. The compounds listed immediately above in the foregoing method are hereinafter also referred to as “the Group A compounds.” 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to any one of the methods described above wherein the disorder being treated is OCD or PTSD and the compound that is administered is a Group A compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to any one of the methods described above wherein the disorder being treated is fibromyalgia and the compound or salt that is administered is a Group A compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to any one of the methods described above wherein the disorder being treated is fibromyalgia, and wherein the compound administered is Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     Another embodiment of the invention relates to any one of the above methods for treating fibromyalgia and a concomitant disorder wherein said concomitant disorder is generalized anxiety disorder, dysphoric dysthemia, irritable bowel syndrome, functional abdominal pain, neuropathic pain, a somatoform disorder, or migraine headache. 
     This invention also relates to a method of treating a disorder or condition selected from acute pain, chronic pain, pain resulting from soft tissue and peripheral damage such as acute trauma; complex regional pain syndrome also referred to as reflex sympathetic dystrophy; postherpetic neuralgia, occipital neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, segmental or intercostal neuralgia and other neuralgias; pain associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis; musculo-skeletal pain such as pain associated with strains, sprains and trauma such as broken bones; spinal pain, central nervous system pain such as pain due to spinal cord or brain stem damage; lower back pain, sciatica, dental pain, myofascial pain syndromes, episiotomy pain, gout pain, and pain resulting from burns; deep and visceral pain, such as heart pain; muscle pain, eye pain, inflammatory pain, orofacial pain, for example, odontalgia; abdominal pain, and gynecological pain, for example, dysmenorrhoea, labour pain and pain associated with endometriosis; somatogenic pain; pain associated with nerve and root damage, such as pain associated with peripheral nerve disorders, for example, nerve entrapment, brachial plexus avulsions, and peripheral neuropathies; pain associated with limb amputation, tic douloureux, neuroma, or vasculitis; diabetic neuropathy, chemotherapy-induced-neuropathy, acute herpetic and postherpetic neuralgia; atypical facial pain, nerve root damage, neuropathic lower back pain, HIV related neuropathic pain, cancer related neuropathic pain, diabetes related neuropathic pain and arachnoiditis, trigeminal neuralgia, occipital neuralgia, segmental or intercostal neuralgia, HIV related neuralgias and AIDS related neuralgias and other neuralgias; allodynia, hyperalgesia, burn pain, idiopathic pain, pain caused by chemotherapy; occipital neuralgia, psychogenic pain, brachial plexus avulsion, pain associated with restless legs syndrome; pain associated with gallstones; pain caused by chronic alcoholism or hypothyroidism or uremia or vitamin deficiencies; neuropathic and non-neuropathic pain associated with carcinoma, often referred to as cancer pain, phantom limb pain, functional abdominal pain, headache, including migraine with aura, migraine without aura and other vascular headaches, acute or chronic tension headache, sinus headache and cluster headache; temperomandibular pain and maxillary sinus pain; pain resulting from ankylosing spondylitis and gout; pain caused by increased bladder contractions; pain associated with gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, disorders caused by  helicobacter pylori  and diseases of the GI tract such as gastritis, proctitis, gastroduodenal ulcers, peptic ulcers, dyspepsia, disorders associated with the neuronal control of viscera, ulcerative colitis, chronic pancreatitis, Crohn&#39;s disease and emesis; post operative pain, scar pain, and chronic non-neuropathic pain such as pain associated with HIV, anthralgia and myalgia, vasculitis and fibromyalgia in a mammal, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     This invention also relates to a method of treating a disorder or condition selected from the group consisting of mood disorders, such as depression, or more particularly, depressive disorders, for example, single episodic or recurrent major depressive disorder, severe unipolar recurrent major depressive episodes, dysthymic disorder, depressive neurosis and neurotic depression, melancholic depression including anorexia, weight loss, insomnia, early morning waking or psychomotor retardation, atypical depression (or reactive depression) including increased appetite, hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation or irritability; treatment resistant depression; seasonal affective disorder and pediatric depression; premenstrual syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, hot flashes, bipolar disorders or manic depression, for example, bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder and cyclothymic disorder; seasonal affective disorder, conduct disorder and disruptive behavior disorder; stress related somatic disorders and anxiety disorders, such as childhood anxiety disorder, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, phobia including agoraphobia without history of panic disorder and specific phobias (e.g., specific animal phobias), social anxiety disorder, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), autism and associated disorders including pervasive developmental delay, mood disorders associated with psychotic disorders such as acute mania and depression associated with bipolar disorder, mood disorders associated with schizophrenia, behavioral disturbances associated with mental retardation, autistic disorder, conduct disorder and disruptive behavior disorder, borderline personality disorder, psychotic episodes of anxiety, and anxiety associated with psychosis; stress disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder in a mammal, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     It will be appreciated that for the treatment of depression or anxiety, a compound employed in the methods of the present invention may be used in conjunction with other antidepressant or anti-anxiety agents. Suitable classes of antidepressant agents include norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (RIMAs), serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) antagonists, α-adrenoreceptor antagonists and atypical antidepressants. Suitable norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors include tertiary amine tricyclics and secondary amine tricyclics. Suitable examples of tertiary amine tricyclics include amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine and trimipramine, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof Suitable examples of secondary amine tricyclics include amoxapine, desipramine, maprotiline, nonriptyline and protriptyline, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof Suitable selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors include fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine and sertraline, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof Suitable monoamine oxidase inhibitors include isocarboxazid, phenelzine, tranylcypromine and selegiline, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof Suitable reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase include moclobemide, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof Suitable serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors of use in the present invention include venlafaxine, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof Suitable CRF antagonists include those compounds described in International Patent Application Nos. WO 94/13643, WO 94/13644, WO 94/13661, WO 94/13676 and WO 94/13677. Suitable atypical anti-depressants include bupropion, lithium, nefazodone, trazodone and viloxazine, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof Suitable classes of anti-anxiety agents include benzodiazepines and 5-HT IA  agonists or antagonists, especially 5-HTIA partial agonists, and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) antagonists. Suitable benzodiazepines include alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, chlorazepate, diazepam, halazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, and prazepam, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof Suitable 5-HT IA  receptor agonists or antagonists include, in particular, the 5-HT IA  receptor partial agonists buspirone, flesinoxan, gepirone and ipsapirone, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 
     This invention also relates to a method of treating a disorder or condition selected from the group consisting of sleep disorders such as insomnia (e.g., primary insomnia including psychophysiological and idiopathic insomnia, secondary insomnia including insomnia secondary to restless legs syndrome, insomnia related to peri- and/or postmenopause, Parkinson&#39;s disease or another chronic disorder, and transient insomnia), somnambulism, sleep deprivation, REM sleep disorders, sleep apnea, hypersomnia, parasomnias, sleep-wake cycle disorders, jet lag, narcolepsy, sleep disorders associated with shift work or irregular work schedules, deficient sleep quality due to a decrease in slow wave sleep caused by medications or other sources, and other sleep disorders in a mammal, in a mammal, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     This invention also relates to a method of increasing slow wave sleep and increasing growth hormone secretion in a human subject in a mammal, comprising administering to a human subject in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     This invention also relates to a method of treating a disorder or condition selected from the group consisting of respiratory diseases, particularly those associated with excess mucus secretion, such as chronic obstructive airways disease, bronchopneumonia, chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and bronchospasm; cough, whooping cough, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) induced cough, pulmonary tuberculosis, allergies such as eczema and rhinitis; contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, urticaria, and other eczematoid dermatitis; itching, hemodialysis associated itching; inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, osteoarthritis, cartilage damage (e.g., cartilage damage resulting from physical activity or osteoarthritis), rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, asthma, pruritis and sunburn; and hypersensitivity disorders such as poison ivy in a mammal, including a human, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     Other more specific embodiments of this invention include any of the above methods wherein the compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a human for the treatment of any two or more comorbid disorders or conditions selected from those disorders and conditions referred to in any of the above methods. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to any of the above methods for treating fibromyalgia wherein the compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a human for the treatment of fibromyalgia and concomitant generalized anxiety disorder. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to any of the above methods wherein the compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a human for the treatment of major depressive disorder and concomitant irritable bowel syndrome. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to any of the above methods wherein the compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a human for the treatment of major depressive disorder and concomitant functional abdominal pain. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to any of the above methods wherein the compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a human for the treatment of major depressive disorder and concomitant neuropathic pain. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to any of the above methods wherein the compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a human for the treatment of fibromyalgia and concomitant premenstrual dysphoric disorder. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to any of the above methods wherein the compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a human for the treatment of major depressive disorder and concomitant dysthymia. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to any of the above methods wherein the compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a human for the treatment of major depressive disorder and concomitant fibromyalgia. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to any of the above methods wherein the compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a human for the treatment of dysthymia and concomitant fibromyalgia. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to any of the above methods wherein the compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a human for the treatment of major depressive disorder and a concomitant somatoform disorder selected from somatization disorder, conversion disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, somatoform pain disorder, undifferentiated somatoform disorder and somatoform disorder not otherwise specified. See Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C., May 1194, pp. 435-436. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to any of the above methods wherein the compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a human for the treatment of fibromyalgia and concomitant irritable bowel syndrome. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to any of the above methods wherein the compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a human for the treatment of fibromyalgia and concomitant functional abdominal pain. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to any of the above methods wherein the compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a human for the treatment of fibromyalgia and concomitant neuropathic pain. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to any of the above methods wherein the compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a human for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder and concomitant premenstrual dysphoric disorder. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to any of the above methods wherein the compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a human for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder and concomitant dysthymia. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to any of the above methods wherein the compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a human for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder and concomitant fibromyalgia. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to any of the above methods wherein the compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a human for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder and a concomitant somatoform disorder selected from somatization disorder, conversion disorder, hypochondriasis, somatoform pain disorder (or simply “pain disorder”), body dysmorphic disorder, undifferentiated somatoform disorder, and somatoform disorder not otherwise specified. See Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C., May 1194, pp. 435-436. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to any of the above methods wherein the compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a human for the treatment of fibromyalgia and a concomitant somatoform disorder selected from somatization disorder, conversion disorder, hypochondriasis, somatoform pain disorder (or simply “pain disorder”), body dysmorphic disorder, undifferentiated somatoform disorder, and somatoform disorder not otherwise specified. See Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C., May 1194, pp. 435-436. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to any of the above methods wherein the compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a human for the treatment of major depressive disorder accompanied by one or more somatic symptoms selected from loss of appetite, sleep disturbances (e.g., insomnia, interrupted sleep, early morning awakening, tired awakening), loss of libido, restlessness, fatigue, constipation, dyspepsia, heart palpitations, aches and pains (e.g., headache, neck pain, back pain, limb pain, joint pain, abdominal pain), dizziness, nausea, heartburn, nervousness, tremors, burning and tingling sensations, morning stiffness, abdominal symptoms (e.g., abdominal pain, abdominal distention, gurgling, diarrhea), and the symptoms associated with generalized anxiety disorder (e.g., excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation), occurring more days than not for at least six months, about a number of events and activities, difficulty controlling the worry, etc.) See Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C., May 1194, pp. 435-436 and 445-469. This document is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to any of the above methods wherein the formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a human for the treatment of major depressive disorder accompanied by one or more somatic symptoms selected from fatigue, headache, neck pain, back pain, limb pain, joint pain, abdominal pain, abdominal distention, gurgling, diarrhea nervousness, and the symptoms associated with generalized anxiety disorder (e.g., excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation), occurring more days than not for at least six months, about a number of events and activities, difficulty controlling the worry, etc. See Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C., May 1194, pp. 435-436 and 445-469. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to any of the above methods wherein the compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a human for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder accompanied by one or more somatic symptoms selected from loss of appetite, sleep disturbances (e.g., insomnia, interrupted sleep, early morning awakening, tired awakening), loss of libido, restlessness, fatigue, constipation, dyspepsia, heart palpitations, aches and pains (e.g., headache, neck pain, back pain, limb pain, joint pain, abdominal pain), dizziness, nausea, heartburn, nervousness, tremors, burning and tingling sensations, morning stiffness, abdominal symptoms (e.g., abdominal pain, abdominal distention, gurgling, diarrhea), and the symptoms associated with major depressive disorder (e.g., sadness, tearfulness, loss of interest, fearfulness, helplessness, hopelessness, fatigue, low self esteem, obsessive ruminations, suicidal thoughts, impaired memory and concentration, loss of motivation, paralysis of will, reduced appetite, increased appetite). 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to any of the above methods wherein the compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a human for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder accompanied by one or more somatic symptoms selected from fatigue, headache, neck pain, back pain, limb pain, joint pain, abdominal pain, abdominal distention, gurgling, diarrhea nervousness, and the symptoms associated with major depressive disorder (e.g., sadness, tearfulness, loss of interest, fearfulness, helplessness, hopelessness, low self esteem, obsessive ruminations, suicidal thoughts, fatigue, impaired memory and concentration, loss of motivation, paralysis of will, reduced appetite, increased appetite). 
     This invention also relates to a method of treating a disorder or condition selected from the group consisting of sleep disorders such as insomnia (e.g., primary insomnia including psychophysiological and idiopathic insomnia, secondary insomnia including insomnia secondary to restless legs syndrome, Parkinson&#39;s disease or another chronic disorder, and transient insomnia), somnambulism, sleep deprivation, REM sleep disorders, sleep apnea, hypersomnia, parasomnias, sleep-wake cycle disorders, jet lag, narcolepsy, sleep disorders associated with shift work or irregular work schedules, deficient sleep quality due to a decrease in slow wave sleep caused by medications or other sources, and other sleep disorders in a mammal, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     This invention also relates to a method of increasing slow wave sleep in a human subject comprising administering to a human subject in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the formula 1 Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     This invention also relates to a method of increasing growth hormone secretion in a human subject comprising administering to a human subject in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the formula 1, compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     This invention also relates to a method of treating irritable bowel syndrome in a mammal, preferably a human, comprising administering to a human subject in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to any of the above methods wherein the disorder is restless legs syndrome, and wherein the restless legs syndrome is a secondary syndrome associated with another disorder or condition included but not limited to renal insufficiency, heredity, pregnancy, poliomyelitis, infectious diseases, avitaminosis, different types of anemia, diabetes certain drugs (e.g., prochloroperazine, lithium, and mianserin. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to any of the above methods wherein the disorder is restless legs syndrome, and wherein the restless legs syndrome is a secondary syndrome associated with certain drugs including but not limited to prochloroperazine, lithium, and mianserin. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to method for treating a disorder in a mammal, including a human, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to said mammal wherein said compound is Compound A and wherein said disorder is selected from restless legs syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and hot flashes. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to method for treating a disorder in a mammal, including a human, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to said mammal wherein said compound is Compound A and wherein said disorder is selected from restless legs syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and hot flashes. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to method for treating restless legs syndrome in a mammal, including a human, comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein said compound is compound A. 
     Another more specific embodiment of this invention relates to a method for treating a disorder in a mammal, including a human, comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a mammal wherein said compound is a compound selected from Group A compounds and wherein said disorder is selected from restless legs syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and hot flashes. 
     This invention also relates to a method of treating a disorder or condition selected from the group consisting of movement disorders such as primary movement disorders, akinesias, dyskinesias (e.g., familial paroxysmal dyskinesia, tardive dyskinesia, tremor, chorea, myoclonus, tics and other dyskinesias) spasticities including muscle spasticity, periodic limb movement disorder, hypotonia with paralysis, Tourette&#39;s syndrome, Scott syndrome, palsies (e.g., Bell&#39;s palsy, cerebral palsy, birth palsy, brachial palsy, wasting palsy, ischemic palsy, progressive bulbar palsy and other palsies), akinetic-rigid syndrome; extra-pyramidal movement disorders such as medication-induced movement disorders, for example, neuroleptic-induced Parkinsonism, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, neuroleptic-induced acute dystonia, neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia, neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia and medication-induced postural tremour; restless legs syndrome and movement disorders associated with Parkinson&#39;s disease or Huntington&#39;s disease in a mammal, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula 1, Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     Particular embodiments of the invention relate to any of the above methods employing a compound of formula 1 wherein the compound or salt that is employed in such method is one wherein R 1  is hydrogen, and R 2  is straight or branched alkyl of from 4 to 8 carbon atoms. 
     Other embodiments of the invention relate to any of the above methods wherein the compound or salt that is employed in the method is selected from the following compounds and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts:
         3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-nonanoic acid;   3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-decanoic acid;   3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-undecanoic acid;   3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-dodecanoic acid;   3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-tridecanoic acid;   3-Aminomethyl-5-cyclopropyl-hexanoic acid;   3-Aminomethyl-5-cyclobutyl-hexanoic acid;   3-Aminomethyl-5-trifluoromethyl-hexanoic acid;   3-Aminomethyl-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-hexanoic acid;   3-Aminomethyl-5-(3-chlorophenyl)-hexanoic acid;   3-Aminomethyl-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-hexanoic acid;   3-Aminomethyl-5-(2-methoxyphenyl)-hexanoic acid;   3-Aminomethyl-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-hexanoic acid;   3-Aminomethyl-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-hexanoic acid;   3-Aminomethyl-5-(phenylmethyl)-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-nonanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-decanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-undecanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-dodecanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5,9-dimethyl-decanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5,7-dimethyl-octanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5,10-dimethyl-undecanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-6-cyclopropyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-6-cyclobutyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-6-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-6-cyclohexyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-cyclopropyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-cyclobutyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-cyclohexyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-8-cyclopropyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-8-cyclobutyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-8-cyclohexyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-8-fluoro-5-methyl-octanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-9-fluoro-5-methyl-nonanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methoxy-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-ethoxy-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-propoxy-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-isopropoxy-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-tert-butoxy-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-fluoromethoxy-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(2-fluoro-ethoxy)-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(3,3,3-trifluoro-propoxy)-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-phenoxy-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(4-chloro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(3-chloro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(2-chloro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(4-fluoro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(3-fluoro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(2-fluoro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(4-methoxy-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(3-methoxy-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(4-nitro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(3-nitro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(2-nitro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-6-propoxy-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-isopropoxy-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-tert-butoxy-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-fluoromethoxy-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-fluoro-ethoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-6-(3,3,3-trifluoro-propoxy)-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-6-phenoxy-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(4-chloro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(3-chloro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-chloro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(4-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(3-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(4-methoxy-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(3-methoxy-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl 6-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl 6-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl 6-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl 6-(4-nitro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl 6-(3-nitro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl 6-(2-nitro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-benzyloxy-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-hydroxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-methoxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-propoxy-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-isopropoxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-tert-butoxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-fluoromethoxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-fluoro-ethoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(3,3,3-trifluoro-propoxy)-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-benzyloxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-phenoxy-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-chloro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-chloro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-chloro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-methoxy-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-methoxy-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2- methoxy-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(4-nitro-phenoxy)-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(3-nitro-phenoxy)-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(2-nitro-phenoxy)-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-6-phenyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(3-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-phenyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-hept-6-enoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-oct-7-enoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-8-enoic acid;   (E)-(3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-oct-6-enoic acid;   (Z)-(3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-oct-6-enoic acid;   (Z)-(3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-6-enoic acid;   (E)-(3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-6-enoic acid;   (E)-(3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-7-enoic acid;   (Z)-(3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-7-enoic acid;   (Z)-(3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-dec-7-enoic acid;   (E)-(3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-undec-7-enoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5,6,6-trimethyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-cyclopropyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-cyclobutyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-8-phenyl-octanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-6-phenyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-phenyl-heptanoic acid;   3-Aminomethyl-5-methylheptanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid;   3-Aminomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,4S)-3-Aminomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid;   (3R,4R)-3-Aminomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid;   3-Aminomethyl-4-isopropyl-hexanoic acid;   3-Aminomethyl-4-isopropyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-fluoro-5-methyl-hexanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-fluoro-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7,7,7-trifluoro-5-methyl-heptanoic acid;   (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-8,8,8-trifluoro-5-methyl-octanoic acid;   (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5,6-dimethyl-heptanoic acid;   (3R,4R,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-heptanoic acid; and   (3R,4R,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-octanoic acid.       

     Especially useful as an agent for the treatment of fibromyalgia, fibromyalgia and one or more concomitant disorders; and/or obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), post traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD), agoraphobia, agoraphobia without history of panic disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, restless legs syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and/or hot flashes is (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid. 
     The term “lower alkyl” is a straight or branched alkyl group of from 1 to 4 carbons. 
     The term “alkyl” is a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms including but not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, 2-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, except as where otherwise stated. 
     The phenyl groups of compounds of the formula 1 may be unsubstituted or substituted by from 1 to 3 substituents selected from hydroxy, carboxy, carboalkoxy, halogen, CF 3 , nitro, alkyl, and alkoxy. Preferred substituents are halogens. 
     Since amino acids are amphoteric, pharmacologically compatible salts when R is hydrogen can be salts of appropriate inorganic or organic acids, for example, hydrochloric, sulphuric, phosphoric, acetic, oxalic, lactic, citric, malic, salicylic, malonic, maleic, succinic, methanesulfonic acid, and ascorbic. Starting from corresponding hydroxides or carbonates, salts with alkali metals or alkaline earth metals, for example, sodium, potassium, magnesium, or calcium are formed. Salts with quaternary ammonium ions can also be prepared with, for example, the tetramethyl-ammonium ion. The carboxyl group of the amino acids can be esterified by known means. 
     Certain of the compounds employed in the methods of the present invention can exist in unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, the solvated forms, including hydrated forms, are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention. 
     Certain of the compounds employed in the methods of the present invention possess one or more chiral centers and each center may exist in the R(D) or S(L) configuration. The present invention includes all enantiomeric and epimeric forms as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof. 
     One benefit of using the compounds of this invention to treat fibromyalgia is that they are not addictive. In these methods, the compounds can be combined with other agents including antidepressant and/or anti-anxiety agents. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Compounds of the formula 1 can be prepared as described below and in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/009,938, filed Dec. 10, 2001, and Ser. No. 10/324,929, filed Dec. 20, 2002. In the schemes and discussion that follow, R 1  and R 2  are defined as above. 
     The following examples are illustrative of the instant invention; they are not intended to limit the scope. 
     General Synthetic Schemes 
     Method 1 
                                
Method 2
 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
         
         X=OEt or chiral oxazolidine auxiliary. 
         a) Triethylphosphonoacetate, NaH; 
         b) i. NaOH, ii. Pivaloyl chloride, Et 3 N, XH; 
         c) R 1 MgBr, CuBr 2  DMS; 
         d) NaHMDS, BrCH 2 CO 2 tBu; 
         e) R=tBu i. LiOH, H 2 O 2 ; ii. BH 3 , iii. TsCl, ET 3 N, iv. NaN 3 , DMSO; 
         f) R=Et i. LiOH, H 2 O 2 ; ii. BH 3 , iii. PTSA, THF; iv HBr EtOH, v. NaN 3  DMSO; 
         g) i. H 2  Pd/C; ii. HCl, iii. Ion exchange chromatography. 
       
    
     SPECIFIC EXAMPLES 
     Synthesis of Example 1 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-methylheptanoic acid 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Example 1 
     
         
         a) PDC, CH 2 Cl 2 ; 
         b) NaH, triethylphosphonoacetate; 
         c) DBU, CH 3 NO 2 ; 
         d) H 2 , 10% Pd/C; 
         e) 6N HCl, reflux, ion exchange resin (Dowex 50WX8, strongly acidic). 
       
    
     3-Methyl-1-pentanal 11  
     To a stirred suspension of pyridinium dichromate (112.17 g, 298.1 mmol) in dichloromethane 500 mL was added 3-methyl-1-pentanol 10 (15 g, 146.79 mmol). After stirring for 2.5 hours, ether 400 mL was added, and stirring was continued for another 5 minutes. The filtrate from the mixture was concentrated to a small volume and applied to a column of Florisil. The compound was eluted with petroleum ether, and further chromatographed on silica gel column using 10% ether in petroleum ether as eluent gave 11 (6.5 g, 44%).  1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 9.72, (d, —C H O), 2.38 (dd, 1H, —C H   2 CHO), 2.19 (dd, 1H, —C H   2 CHO), 1.95 (m, 1H, C 2 H 5 (CH 3 )C H CH 2 —), 1.4-1.0 (m), 0.9-0.8 (m). 
     Ethyl 5-methyl-2-heptenoate 12  
     Sodium hydride (60% dispersion, 2.4 g, 65 mmol) was washed with hexane and suspended in dimethoxyethane 60 mL. While cooling in ice water bath triethyl phosphonoacetate was slowly added, calcd. 5 minutes. The reaction was stirred for 15 minutes at 0° C. and a solution of 3-methyl-1-pentanal 11 (6.5 g, 65 mmol) in imethoxyethane 20 mL was added. After refluxing overnight, it was concentrated, water and hexane were added, the organic phase was separated, and the aqueous portion discarded. The solution was washed twice with brine and dried on magnesium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated to give 12 (6.75 g, 61%).  1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 6.89 (m, 1H, —CH 2 C H :CHCOOEt), 5.77 (d, 1H, —CH 2 CH:C H COOEt), 4.16 (q, 2H, —COOC H   2 CH 3 ), 2.15 and 1.98 (1H each and a multiplet, —C H   2 CH:CHCOOEt), 1.48 (m, 1H, C 2 H 5 (CH 3 )C H CH 2 ), 1.30-1.10 (m), and 0.83. 
     Ethyl 5-methyl-3-nitromethylheptanoate 13  
     Ethyl 5-methyl-2-heptanoate 12 (6.75 g, 39.70 mmol), DBU (6.0 g, 39.7 mmol), nitromethane (21.97 g, 359.9 mmol) in acetonitrile 80 mL was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere overnight. The mixture was concentrated to an oil. A solution of the oil in ether was washed with 1N HCl, brine and dried. It was evaporated to give a light oil which was chromatographed on silica gel, eluting with 5% to 10% ether in Pet. ether to give 13 (3.6 g, 42%).  1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 4.49-4.39 (m), 4.12-4.07 (m), 3.61 (m), 2.36 (m), 1.36-1.18 (m), 0.86-0.79. 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-methylheptanoic acid (Example 1) 
     Ethyl 5-methyl-3-nitromethylheptanoate 13 (3.6 g) was hydrogenated in ethanol in the presence of 20% Pd/C and evaporated to give 14.Six normal hydrochloric acid 30 mL was added and refluxed overnight. The solvent was evaporated at reduced pressure, and the residue was azeotroped with toluene. Aqueous solution of the residue was applied to Dowex 50WX 8-100 ion exchange resin that had been washed to neutral pH with HPLC grade water. The column was eluted with water until eluent was neutral pH, and then with 0.5N. NH 4 OH solution to give factions containing 3-aminomethyl-5-methylheptanoic acid. The fractions were combined and further chromatographed on a C 18  column. The compound was eluted with 40% water in methanol and crystallized from methanol-ether to give Example 1 630 mg.  1 H-NMR (CD 3 OD) δ 2.83 (m, 1H), 2.75 (m, 1H), 2.35 (m, 1H), 2.15 (m, 1H), 1.95 (1H, bs), 1.38 (1H, m), 1.3-1.15 (m, 2H), 1.14-0.95 (m, 2H). 0.80 (m, 2CH 3 ). MS found molecular ion at (M+1) 174 and other ions at 156, 139, and 102. Anal. Calcd. for C 9 H 19 NO 2 : C, 62.39; H 11.05; N 8.08. Found C, 62.00; H, 10.83; N, 7.98. 
     In a similar way the following examples can be prepared. 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-nonanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-decanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-undecanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-dodecanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-tridecanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-cyclopropyl-hexanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-cyclobutyl-hexanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-trifluoromethyl-hexanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-hexanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-(3-chlorophenyl)-hexanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-hexanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-(2-methoxyphenyl)-hexanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-hexanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-hexanoic acid; and 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-(phenylmethyl)-hexanoic acid. 
     Synthesis of Example 2 
     (3R,4S)-3-Aminomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Example 2  
     Reagents and Conditions: 
     
         
         a) (R)-(−)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone, (CH 3 ) 3 CCOCl, Et 3 N, LiCl, THF, −20 to 23° C.; 
         b) MeMgCl, CuBrSMe 2 , THF, −35° C.; 
         c) NaHMDS, BrCH 2 CO 2 tBu, THF, −78° C. to −40° C.; 
         d) LiOH, H 2 O 2 , THF, H 2 O, 25° C.; 
         e) BH 3 SMe 2 , THF, 0 to 25° C.; 
         f) pTsCl, pyridine, 25° C.; 
         g) NaN 3 , DMSO, 60° C.; 
         h) Raney nickel, MeOH, H 2 ; i) 3M HCl, reflux, ion exchange resin (Dowex 50WX8, strongly acidic). 
       
    
     [R-(E)]3-(4-Methyl-pent-2-enoyl)-4-phenyl-oxazolidin-2-one 16  
     Trimethylacetyl chloride (7.8 g, 0.065 mol) was added to acid 14 (6.9 g, 0.06 mol) and triethylamine (18 g, 0.187 mol) in THF (200 mL) at −20° C. After 1 hour, lithium chloride (2.35 g, 0.55 mol) and (R)-(−)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone (8.15 g, 0.05 mol) were added and the thick suspension warmed to room temperature. After 20 hours, the suspension was filtered and the filtrate concentrated. The resultant solid was recrystallized from hexane/ethyl acetate (5:1) to give the oxazolidinone 16 as a white solid (8.83 g, 68%).  1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 7.35 (m, 5H), 7.18 (dd, 1H, J=15.4 and 1.2 Hz), 7.02 (dd, 1H, J=15.4 and 6.8 Hz), 5.45 (dd, 1H, J=8.8 and 3.9 Hz), 4.68 (t, 1H, J=8.8 Hz), 4.22 (dd, 1H, J=8.8 and 3.9 Hz), 2.50 (m, 1H), 1.04 (d, 1H, J=1.4 Hz), 1.02 (d, 1H, J=1.4 Hz). MS, m/z (relative intensity): 260 [M+H, 100%]. 
     (3R,3R*)3-(3,4-Dimethyl-pentanoyl)-4-phenyl-oxazolidin-2-one 17  
     To copper(I) bromide-dimethyl sulphide complex in THF (45 mL) at −20° C. was added methylmagnesium chloride (as a 3 M solution in THF). After 20 minutes, the oxazolidinone 16 (3.69 g, 0.014 mol) in THF (20 mL) was added dropwise over 10 minutes. After 2.5 hours, the reaction was quenched through the addition of a saturated aqueous solution of ammonium chloride. The resultant two layers were separated and the aqueous phase extracted with ether. The combined organic phases were washed with 1 M hydrochloric acid, then with 5% aqueous ammonium hydroxide. The organic phases were dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated to give the oxazolidinone 17 as a white solid (3.39 g, 88%).  1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 7.30 (m, 1H), 5.40 (dd, 1H, J=8.8 and 3.7 Hz), 4.63 (t, 1H, J=8.8 Hz), 4.21 (dd, 1H, J=8.8 and 3.7 Hz), 2.85 (dd, 1H, J=16.1 and 5.6 Hz), 2.8 (dd, 1H, J=16.1 and 8.5 Hz), 1.90 (m, 1H), 1.56 (m, 2H), 0.83 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.78 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.75 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz). MS, m/z (relative intensity): 276 [M+H, 100%]. 
     [3R-(3R*(R*),4S*)]-4,5-Dimethyl-3-(2-oxo-4-phenyl-oxazolidine-3-carbonyl)-hexanoic acid tert-butyl ester 18  
     Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (14.4 mL, 0.014 mol of a 1 M solution in THF) was added to a solution of the oxazolidinone 17 (3.37 g, 0.012 mol) in THF (35 mL) at −78° C. After 35 minutes, tert-butyl bromoacetate (3.5 g, 0.018 mol) was added and the solution immediately warmed to −40° C. After 3 hours, the reaction was quenched through the addition of a saturated aqueous solution of ammonium chloride. The resultant two layers were separated and the aqueous phase extracted with ether. The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated. Flash chromatography (9:1 to 5:1 hexane/ethyl acetate gradient) gave the ester 18 (3.81 g, 82%) as a white solid.  1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 7.35 (m, 5H), 5.37 (dd, 1H, J=8.4 and 3.1 Hz), 4.67 (t, 1H, J=8.7 Hz), 4.41 (dt, 1H, J=12.0 and 3.5 Hz), 4.25 (dd, 1H, J=8.68 and 3.1 Hz), 2.65 (dd, 1H, J=16.9 and 12.0 Hz), 2.25 (dd, 1H, J=16.9 and 3.5 Hz), 1.6 (m, 1H), 1.45 (m, 1H), 1.23 (s, 9H), 1.02 (d, 1H, J=6.5 Hz), 0.93 (d, 1H, J=6.7 Hz), 0.80 (d, 1H, J=7.0 Hz). MS, m/z (relative intensity): 429 [M−H+CH 3 CN, 100%], 388 [M−H, 20%]. 
     (3R,4S)-2-(1,2-Dimethyl-propyl)-succinic acid 4-tert-butyl ester 19  
     To the oxazolidinone 18 (3.62 g, 9.3 mmol) in THF (54 mL)/water (15 mL) was added a premixed solution of lithium hydroxide (20 mL of a 0.8 M aqueous solution, 0.016 mol)/H 2 O 2  (5.76 mL of a 30% aqueous solution). After 7 hours, the solution was diluted with water and sodium bisulfite added (˜10 g). After stirring for a further 0.5 hours, the two layers were separated and the aqueous phase extracted with ether. The aqueous phase was then rendered acidic (pH 2) with 1 M hydrochloric acid and extracted with ether. The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated. Flash chromatography (5:1 hexane/ethyl acetate) gave the acid 19 (2.1 g, 95%) as a colorless oil.  1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 3.0 (m, 1H), 2.55 (dd, 1H, J=16.6 and 11.2 Hz), 2.27 (dd, 1H, J=16.6 and 3.4 Hz), 1.70 (m, 1H), 1.53 (m, 1H), 1.45 (m, 1H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 0.95 (d, 1H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.90 (d, 1H, J=6.6 Hz), 0.83 (d, 1H, J=6.8 Hz). MS, m/z (relative intensity): 243 [M−H, 100%]. 
     (3R,4S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid tert-butyl ester 20  
     Borane-methyl sulfide complex (16 mL, 0.032 mol of a 2 M solution in THF) was added to a stirred solution of the acid 19 (1.96 g, 8 mmol) in THF (20 mL) at 0° C. After 20 hours, methanol was added until effervescence ceased and the solution concentrated. Flash chromatography (5:1 hexane/ethyl acetate gradient) gave the alcohol 20 (1.29 g, 70%) as a colorless oil.  1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 3.62 (m, 1H), 2.32 (m, 1H), 2.14 (m, 1H), 1.6 (m, 1H), 1.45 (s, 9H), 1.35 (m, 1H), 0.93 (d, 1H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.86 (d, 1H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.77 (d, 1H, J=6.9 Hz). MS, m/z (relative intensity): 175 [M-tBu, 100%]. 
     (3R,4S)-4,5-Dimethyl-3-(toluene-4-sulfonyloxymethyl)-hexanoic acid tert-butyl  ester 21  
     p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride (847 mg, 4.4 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of the alcohol 6 (850 mg, 3.7 mmol), DMAP (10 mg, 0.08 mmol) and triethylamine (1.23 mL, 8.88 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2  (20 mL) at 0° C. and the solution warmed to room temperature. After 15 hours, the solution was washed with 1N hydrochloric acid then with brine. The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated. Flash chromatography (100 to 92% hexane/ethyl acetate gradient) gave the tosylate 7 (1.22 g, 86%) as a thick gum.  1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 7.80 (d, 2H, J=8.2 Hz), 7.25 (d, 2H, J=8.2 Hz), 3.92 (m, 1H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.20 (m, 2H), 1.95 (m, 1H), 1.40 (m, 1H), 1.32 (s, 9H), 1.27 (m, 1H), 0.78 (d, 1H, J=6.6 Hz), 0.73 (d, 1H, J=6.6 Hz), 0.63 (d, 1H, J=7.1 Hz). MS, m/z (relative intensity): 311 [85%], 198 [100%], 157 [95%]. 
     (3R,4S)-3-Azidomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid tert-butyl ester 22  
     A solution of the tosylate 21 (1.19 g, 3.1 mmol) and sodium azide (402 mg, 6.2 mmol) in DMSO (15 mL) was warmed to 60° C. for 2.5 hours. Water (100 mL) was added and the solution extracted with ether. The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated. Flash chromatography (9: 1 hexane/ethyl acetate) gave the azide 22 (628 mg, 80%) as a colorless oil.  1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 3.4 (dd, 1H, J=12.21 and 6.11 Hz), 3.3 (dd, 1H, J=21.11 and 6.59 Hz), 2.30 (dd, 1H, J=15.14 and 3.66 Hz), 2.25 (m, 1H), 2.05 (dd, 1H, J=15.14 and 9.04 Hz), 1.55 (m, 1H), 1.45 (s, 9H), 1.35 (m, 1H), 0.95 (d, 1H, J=6.59 Hz ), 0.90 (d, 1H, J=6.83 Hz), 0.80 (d, 1H, J=7.08 Hz). MS (m/z): (relative intensity): 228 [M−N 2 , 35%], 172 [M−N 2 -tBu, 100%]. 
     (3R,4S)-3-Aminomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid tert-butyl ester 23 and [4R-[4R*(S*)]]-4-(1,2-Dimethyl-propyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 24 
     The azide 8 (640 mg, 2.5 mmol) and Raney nickel (1 g) in methanol (50 mL) were shaken under an atmosphere of hydrogen for 4 hours. The solution was filtered and the filtrate concentrated to give a mixture of the amine 23 and lactam 24 which was used without further purification in the next step. 
     (3R,4S)-3-Aminomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid (Example 2) 
     A solution of the amine 23 and lactam 24 (500 mg) in 3 M hydrochloric acid were heated to reflux for 9 hours, then stirred at room temperature for 15 hours. The solution was concentrated and the resultant solid subjected to a sequential purification which involved ion exchange chromatography (Dowex 50WX8, strongly acidic), oxalate salt formation then further purification by ion exchange chromatography (Dowex 50WX8, strongly acidic) to give the Example 2 (343 mg) as a white solid.  1 H NMR (D 2 O) δ 2.87 (m, 2H), 2.22 (dd, 1H, J=15.4 and 3.4 Hz), 2.12 (m, 1H), 1.93 (dd, 1H, J=15.4 and 9.5 Hz), 1.38 (m, 1H), 1.12 (m, 1H), 0.77 (d, 1H, J=6.6 Hz), 0.74 (d, 1H, J=6.6 Hz), 0.70 (d, 1H, J=6.8 Hz). MS, m/z (relative intensity): 174 [M+H, 100%]. 
     In a similar way, the following examples can be prepared: 
     3-Aminomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3R,4S)-3-Aminomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid MP; 
     (3S,4S)-3-Aminomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3R,4R)-3-Aminomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid MP; 
     3-Aminomethyl-4-isopropyl-hexanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-4-isopropyl-heptanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-4-isopropyl-octanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-4-isopropyl-nonanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-4-isopropyl-decanoic acid; and 
     3-Aminomethyl-4-phenyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid. 
     Method 3 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     A compound of structure 30 could be prepared from a compound of structure 29 by treatment with an aqueous acid such as hydrochloric acid and alike at a temperature between room temperature and reflux. As an alternative, a compound of structure 30 can be prepared from a compound of structure 32 by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid in a solvent such as CH 2 Cl 2  or EtOAc and alike. Compound 32 could be prepared by base mediate hydrolysis of a Boc protected lactam such as compound 31 which itself could be prepared from a compound of structure 29 by treatment with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate in a solvent such as THF and alike. The treatment of the Boc-lactam 31 with aqueous sodium hydroxide for example would give rise to the acid 32. 
     A compound of structure 29 could be prepared from compound of structure 28 (n=0) by treatment with sodium or lithium metal in ammonia. Preferably, the reaction is carried out with sodium metal in ammonia. Alternatively, a compound of structure 29 could be prepared from compound of structure 28 (n=1 or 2) by treatment with ceric ammonium nitrate in a mixture of acetonitrile and water. Other methods known in the literature for the removal of substituted alkoxy benzyl groups from nitrogen are described in Green,  Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , Wiley, 2 ed, 1991 and could be utilized. 
     A compound of structure 28 could be prepared from a compound of structure 27 (where LG is a suitable leaving group such as a halide or an alkyl sulphonate, preferably an iodide would be used) by carbon-carbon bond forming reactions known in the art. Several methods exist in the literature for the coupling of organohalides or organoalkyl sulphonates with organometallic reagents in the presence of various metal salts as summarized in  Comprehensive Organic Synthesis , volume 3:413 which could be utilized. For example, a compound of structure 28 could be prepared from a compound of structure 27 (where LG is iodide) by treatment with a suitable secondary halide (chloride or iodide) in the presence of magnesium metal, iodine and copper bromide dimethylsulphide in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran and alike. Alternatively the method according to El Marini,  Synthesis,  1992:1104 could be used. Hence, a compound of structure 28 could be prepared from a compound of structure 27 (where LG is iodide) by treatment with suitable methyl-substituted secondary halide such as an iodide in the presence of magnesium, iodine and lithium tetrachlorocuprate in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran and alike. 
     A compound of structure 27 incorporates a suitable leaving group, which would undergo nucleophilic substitution with suitable nucleophile. Examples of such leaving groups include halides such as chloride, bromide, or iodide, and sulphonic esters such as mesylate, tosylate, triflate, nosylate, and alike. 
     A compound of structure 27 (where LG=iodide) could be prepared from a compound of structure 26 through treatment with iodine, triphenylphosphine, and imidazole in a solvent such as toluene and alike. 
     A compound of structure 26 could be prepared from compound of structure 25 by treatment with a metal borohydride, such as sodium borohydride in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran or DME and alike. 
     Compound 25 could be prepared in a similar fashion to the procedures of Zoretic et al,  J. Org. Chem.,  1980;45:810-814 or Nielsen et al  J. Med. Chem.,  1990;33:71-77 using an appropriate benzylamine, such as but not limited to benzylamine, 4-methoxybenzylamine or 2,4-dimethoxybenzylamine. 
     As an alternative approach, a compound of structure 26 could be treated with sodium metal and ammonia to give 4-hydroxymethyl-pyrrolidinone which could be iodinated affording 4-iodomethyl-pyrrolidinone. 4-iodomethyl-pyrrolidinone could then be coupled with organometallic reagents according to the above procedures avoiding protection of the lactam nitrogen as below. 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Analogous to the above methods a lactam of structure 33 (see Nielsen et. al.,  J. Med. Chem.,  1990;33:71-77 for general method of preparation) could be employed thus establishing fixed stereochemistry at C3 of the final amino acids. 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Compounds which could be prepared in this manner include: 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-6-phenyl-hexanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-6-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-6-(3-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-6-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-6-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-phenyl-heptanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-cyclopropyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-cyclobutyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-cyclohexyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-cyclopropyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-cyclobutyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-cyclohexyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-8-cyclopropyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-8-cyclobutyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-8-cyclohexyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-nonanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-decanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-undecanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5,7-dimethyl-octanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5,8-dimethyl-nonanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5,9-dimethyl-decanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5,6-dimethyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5,6,6-trimethyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-cyclopropyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-fluoro-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-fluoro-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-8-fluoro-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-7,7,7-trifluoro-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-8,8,8-trifluoro-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-hept-6-enoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-oct-7-enoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-8-enoic acid; 
     (E)-(3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-oct-6-enoic acid; 
     (Z)-(3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-oct-6-enoic acid; 
     (E)-(3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-6-enoic acid; 
     (Z)-(3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-6-enoic acid; 
     (E)-(3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-7-enoic acid; 
     (Z)-(3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-7-enoic acid; 
     (E)-(3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-dec-7-enoic acid; 
     (Z)-(3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-dec-7-enoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-6-cyclopropyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-6-cyclobutyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-6-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-6-cyclohexyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-7-cyclopropyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-7-cyclobutyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-7-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-7-cyclohexyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-8-cyclopropyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-8-cyclobutyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-8-cyclohexyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-nonanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-decanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-undecanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5,7-dimethyl-octanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5,8-dimethyl-nonanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5,9-dimethyl-decanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5,6-dimethyl-heptanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5,6,6-trimethyl-heptanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-cyclopropyl-hexanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-6-fluoro-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-7-fluoro-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-8-fluoro-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-7,7,7-trifluoro-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-8,8,8-trifluoro-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-hept-6-enoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-oct-7-enoic acid; 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-8-enoic acid; 
     (E)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-oct-6-enoic acid; 
     (Z)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-oct-6-enoic acid; 
     (E)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-6-enoic acid; 
     (Z)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-6-enoic acid; 
     (E)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-7-enoic acid; 
     (Z)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-7-enoic acid; 
     (E)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-dec-7-enoic acid; and 
     (Z)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-dec-7-enoic acid. 
     Method 4 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     A compound of structure 40 could be prepared from compound of structure 39 through treatment with diethylaminosulphur trifluoride in a solvent such as methylene chloride at a temperature between −78° C. and room temperature. Other methods for the fluorination of alcohols are known and could be utilized as exemplified in Wilkinson,  Chem. Rev.  1992;92:505-519. Compounds of structure 40 can be converted to the requisite γ-amino acid as described in method 3 above. 
     A compound of structure 39 could be prepared from compound of structure 38 through treatment with osmium tetroxide and sodium periodate in a solvent such as THF and water and reduction of the resultant intermediate with sodium borohydride in a solvent such as ethanol. 
     Compounds of structures 38 and 34 could be prepared from compound of structure 33 according to the principles described in method 3. 
     An alternative procedure for the synthesis of alcohol 39 (n=0) involves the treatment of a compound of structure 36 with a metal borohydride, such as sodium borohydride in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran or DME and alike to give a compound of structure 37, the fluorination of which could be achived in a similar manner to the preparation of a compound of strucutre 40. A compound of structure 36 could be prepared from compound of structure 35 through treatment with sodium or lithium chloride in aqueous DMSO at a temperature between room temperature and reflux. Preferably the reaction is carried out using sodium chloride in aqueous DMSO at reflux. A compound of structure 35 could be prepared from compound of structure 34 through treatment with a suitable methyl malonic acid diester, such as dimethyl methylmalonate and alike with sodium hydride in a solvent such as DMSO or THF and alike. Preferably the reaction is carried out by adding NaH to a solution of dimethyl methylmalonate in DMSO followed by the addition of the lactam 34 (where LG is preferably iodide or as defined in method 3) pre-dissolved in DMSO. 
     Compounds 39 and 37 can be converted to the free amino acids bearing a hydroxyl group by the methods described above. 
     The following compounds could be prepared in this manner: 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-fluoro-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-fluoro-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-fluoro-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-8-fluoro-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-9-fluoro-5-methyl-nonanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-hydroxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; and 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-hydroxy-5-methyl-hexanoic acid. 
     Method 5 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     A compound of structure 41 could be prepared from compound of structure 39 through treatment with a suitable alkyl iodide (or alkyl sulphonate), such as methyl iodide and alike, and a base such as n-butyl lithium or sodium hydride and alike, in a solvent such as DMSO or THF and alike. Preferably the reaction is carried out by adding NaH to a solution of the alcohol in DMSO followed by the addition of the alkyl iodide and heating of the reaction mixture at a temperature between room temperature and reflux. The conversion of compounds of structure 41 to the γ-amino acids has been described above. 
     Alternatively, compounds of structure 41 could be derived from compounds of structure 42 (where LG=iodide, bromide or an sulphonic acid ester, as exampled in method 3) by treatment of an appropriate alkoxy anion in a solvent such as DMSO or THF and alike. A compound of structure 42 would also serve as a substrate for carbon-carbon bond forming procedures as outlined in method 3. 
     Compounds which could be prepared in this manner include: 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-hydroxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-methoxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-ethoxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-propoxy-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-fluoromethoxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-fluoro-ethoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(3,3,3-trifluoro-propoxy)-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-hydroxy-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-methoxy-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-ethoxy-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-6-propoxy-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-fluoromethoxy-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-fluoro-ethoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; and 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-6-(3,3,3-trifluoro-propoxy)-hexanoic acid. 
     Method 6 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Compounds of structure 53 could be prepared from a compound of structure 45 as shown above and by the general procedures described in Hoekstra et. al.,  Organic Process Research and Development,  1997; 1:26-38. 
     Compounds of structure 45 can be prepared from compounds of structure 44 by treatment with a solution of chromium trioxide in water/sulfuric acid. Alternative methods of cleaving the olefin in 44 could be utilized as detailed in Hudlicky,  Oxidations in Organic Chemistry , ACS Monograph 186, ACS 1990:77. 
     Compounds of structure 44 (where R 2 =alkyl, branched alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkyl-cycloalkyl) could be prepared from (S)-citronellyl bromide by carbon-carbon bond forming reactions known in the art and as described in method 3. The substitution of the halide in (S)-citronellyl bromide with alkoxy anions could also be used to provide compounds of structure 44 where R=alkoxy or phenoxy ethers (and appropriate substitutions thereof as according to Formula 1). Alternatively (S)-citronellol could be utilized to afford compounds of structure 44 by treatment of (S)-citronellol with a base such as sodium hydride, and treatment of the resultant alkoxide with an appropriate alkyl halide to afford ethers. In another method (S)-citronellyl bromide (or an appropriate sulphonic ester such as, but not limited to, methanesulfonic acid (S)-3,7-dimethyl-oct-6-enyl ester) could be reduced with an appropriate metal borohydride or with an aluminum hydride species, such as LAH, to provide (R)-2,6-dimethyl-oct-2-ene. 
     To one skilled in the art it will be appreciated that rational choice of either R- or S-citronellol or R- or S-citronellyl bromide would give rise to the requisite isomer at C5 of the final amino acid. 
     Compounds which could be prepared in this manner include: 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-methoxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-propoxy-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-isopropoxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-tert-butoxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-fluoromethoxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-fluoro-ethoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(3,3,3-trifluoro-propoxy)-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-benzyloxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-phenoxy-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-chloro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-chloro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-chloro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-methoxy-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(3- methoxy -phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2- methoxy -phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(4-nitro-phenoxy)-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(3-nitro-phenoxy)-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(2-nitro-phenoxy)-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-cyclopropyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-cyclobutyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-cyclohexyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-8-cyclopropyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-8-cyclobutyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-8-cyclohexyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-nonanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-decanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-undecanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5,9-dimethyl-decanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-fluoro-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-8-fluoro-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-8, 8, 8-trifluoro-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-phenyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; and 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5,10-dimethyl-undecanoic acid. 
     Method 7 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     A compound of structure 58 can be prepared from a compound of structure 57 by treatment with borontrifluoride diethyletherate and triethylsilane in a solvent such as CH 2 Cl 2 . Alternatively the method described in Meyers,  J. Org. Chem.,  1993;58:36-42, could be utilized thus treating a compound of structure 57 with sodium cyanoborohydride in a solvent such as THF/methanol with 3% HCl in methanol. 
     A compound of structure 57 can be prepared from a compound of structure 56 by treatment with dimethylamine in a solvent such as DMF and alike according to the procedure of Koot,  Tetrahedron Lett.,  1992;33:7969-7972. 
     A compound of structure 56 can be prepared from a compound of structure 54 by treatment of a suitable primary halide 55 (iodide, bromide, or chloride) under standard transmetallation conditions with tBuLi and treatment of the resultant organometallic reagent with suitable copper salt, such as but not limited to, copper bromide or copper iodide. The resultant organo-cuprate is added to lactam (see Koot et al,  J. Org. Chem.,  1992;57:1059-1061 for the preparation of the chiral lactam 54) in a solvent such as THF and alike. The procedure of Koot,  Tetrahedron Lett.,  1992;33:7969-7972 exemplifies this method. 
     To one skilled in the art it will be appreciated that rational choice of either R- or S-primary halides 55 would give rise to the requisite isomer at C5 of the final amino acid. 
     Compounds which could be prepared in this manner include: 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methoxy-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-ethoxy-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-propoxy-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-isopropoxy-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-tert-butoxy-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-fluoromethoxy-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(2-fluoro-ethoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(3,3,3-trifluoro-propoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-phenoxy-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(4-chloro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(3-chloro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(2-chloro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(4-fluoro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(3-fluoro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(2-fluoro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(4-methoxy-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(3-methoxy-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(4-nitro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(3-nitro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(2-nitro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-6-propoxy-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-isopropoxy-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-tert-butoxy-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-fluoromethoxy-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-fluoro-ethoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-6-(3,3,3-trifluoro-propoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-6-phenoxy-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(4-chloro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(3-chloro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-chloro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(4-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(3-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(4-methoxy-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(3-methoxy-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl 6-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl 6-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl 6-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl 6-(4-nitro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl 6-(3-nitro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl 6-(2-nitro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-benzyloxy-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-6-cyclopropyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-6-cyclobutyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-6-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-6-cyclohexyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-nonanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-decanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-undecanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-dodecanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5,7-dimethyl-octanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5,9-dimethyl-decanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5,10-dimethyl-undecanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5,6-dimethyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5,6,6-trimethyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-cyclopropyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-fluoro-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-fluoro-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-8-fluoro-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7,7,7-trifluoro-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-8,8,8-trifluoro-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-6-phenyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(3-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-phenyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-hept-6-enoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-oct-7-enoic acid; 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-8-enoic acid; 
     (E)-(3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-oct-6-enoic acid; 
     (Z)-(3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-oct-6-enoic acid; 
     (Z)-(3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-6-enoic acid; 
     (E)-(3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-6-enoic acid; 
     (E)-(3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-7-enoic acid; 
     (Z)-(3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-7-enoic acid; 
     (Z)-(3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-dec-7-enoic acid; and 
     (E)-(3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-undec-7-enoic acid. 
     Method 8 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     A compound of structure 60 can be prepared from a compound of structure 59 through treatment with an appropriately substituted phenol (including phenol itself) under conditions described by Mitsunobu,  Synthesis,  1981:1. 
     A compound of structure 59 could be prepared from compound of structure 39 by treatment with sodium or lithium metal and alike in ammonia. Preferably, the reaction is carried out with sodium metal in ammonia. 
     The direct hydrolysis of compound 60 would give rise to the desired amino acid or the approach via hydrolysis of the Boc protected lactam could be utilized. 
     Compounds which could be prepared in this manner include: 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-phenoxy-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-chloro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-chloro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-chloro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-methoxy-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-methoxy -phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S,)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-methoxy -phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(4-nitro-phenoxy)-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(3-nitro-phenoxy)-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(2-nitro-phenoxy)-heptanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(3-chloro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-chloro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(4-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(3-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(4-methoxy-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(3-methoxy-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl 6-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl 6-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl 6-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl 6-(4-nitro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl 6-(3-nitro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl 6-(2-nitro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-6-phenoxy-hexanoic acid; and 
     (3S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(4-chloro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid. 
     Method 9 
     Synthesis of C-4 Substituted Analogs 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     A compound of structure 64 could be prepared from compound of structure 63 by treatment of 63 with hydrogen at 50 psi in the presence of a catalyst such as such as Raney nickel in the presence of a base such as triethyl amine in an organic solvent for example methanol. The resulting product is then treated with an aqueous acid such as 6N HCl at a temperature between room temperature and reflux. The resulting mixture could be subjected to ion exchange chromatography to isolate the product 64. 
     A compound of structure 63 can be prepared from a compound of structure 62B by treatment with an appropriate base, such as but not limited too sodium hydride, n-butyl lithium and alike, and an alkylating reagent such as t-butylbromoacetate or benzylbromoacetate in a solvent such as DMSO or THF an alike. Preferably, the reaction is carried out by treating a solution of a compound of structure 62B in THF with sodium hydride and alkylation of the resultant anion with t-butylbromoaceate. 
     A compound of structure 62B can be prepared from a compound of structure 62A by treatment with sodium chloride in a solvent such as aqueous DMSO at a temperature between 50° C. and reflux. 
     A compound of structure 62A can be prepared from a compound of structure 61 by treatment with an appropriate alkylmetalhalide such as an alkyllithium reagent or an organomagnesium halide in a solvent such as THF or ether in the presence of a copper salt, such as but not limited to copper iodide, copper bromide dimethylsulphide. Alternatively, the reaction may be carried out by the treatment of the nitrile in a solvent such as ether at, or below, room temperature with an alkylmagenisum chloride. 
     A compound such as 61 can be prepared according to known literature procedures between the condensation of isobutylaldheyde and methylcyanoacetate. 
     Method 10: C-4Substitution 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Doubly branched 3-substituted GABA analogs 72 can be prepared in two steps from the azide 71 through hydrogenation of the azide 71 in the presence of a noble metal catalyst such as 5% palladium on carbon and hydrolysis of the resulting lactam with a strong acid such as 6 N HCl at reflux. The final product 72 can then be isolated using ion exchange chromatography. 
     Compound 71 can be prepared in two steps by treatment of a lactone such as 70 with HBr in a solvent such as ethanol at a temperature such as 0° C. and reacting the resulting bromide with sodium azide in a solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide at a temperature between 10° C. and 80° C. 
     Lactone 70 can be prepared in two steps by oxidation of a compound such as 69 with an oxidant such as sodium periodate in the presence of a catalytic amount of ruthenium trichloride in a solvent such as acetonitrile at a temperature between 0° C. and 100° C. and treatment of the resulting compound with potassium carbonate in methanol followed at a temperature between 25° C. and 70° C. and then treatment with an acid such as p-toluene sulfonic acid in a solvent such as THF at reflux or an aqueous acid such as HCl in water at ambient temperature. 
     A compound such as 69 can be prepared by a by reduction of a compound such as 68 with a hydride reducing agent such as lithium aluminum hydride in a solvent such as ether or THF and reaction of the resulting alcohol with an acylating agent such as acetic anhydride in the presence of a base such as triethyl amine or pyridine or the like. 
     Compounds of structure 68 can be prepared by reaction of a compound such as 67 with hydrogen at approximately 50 psi in the presence of a noble metal catalyst such as 5% palladium on carbon in a solvent such as ethanol. A compound of the formula 67 can be prepared by reaction of a compound of structure 66 with a solution of ethanol saturated with hydrogen bromide gas. A compound such as 66 can be prepared from a compound such as 65 by treatment of a compound such as one with a strong base such as lithium diisopropyl amine in a solvent such as THF at a temperature such as −78° C. and reaction of the resulting anion with a compound such as benzyl bromide or benzyl iodide. Compounds of the structure 66 (R═H or lower alkyl) can be prepared in optical form from methods known in the literature (Davies,  J. Org. Chem.,  1999;64(23):8501-8508; Koch  J. Org. Chem.,  1993;58(10):2725-37; Afonso,  Tetrahedron,  1993;49(20):4283-92; Bertus,  Tetrahedron , Asymmetry 1999;10(7): 1369-1380; Yamamoto,  J. Am. Chem. Soc.,  1992;114(20):7652-60). 
     Specific Examples 
     Example 3 
     of 3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     1-Benzyl-4-hydroxymethyl-pyrrolidine-2-one 74  
     Sodium borohydride (8.0 g, 0.211 mol) was added to a solution of methyl-1-benzyl-5-oxo-3-pyrrolidnecarboxylate 73 (See Zoretic et al,  J. Org. Chem.,  1980;45:810-814 for general method of synthesis) (32.0 g, 0.137 mol) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (600 mL) and refluxed for 19 hours. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and 200 mL of water was added. The reaction was quenched with 1 M citric acid and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was extracted with dichloromethane, dried over magnesium sulfate, and evaporated to dryness to give 17.47 g, 62% of the alcohol 74 as clear oil.  1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 7.30 (m, 5H), 4.38 (d, 1H, J=14.7), 4.46 (d, 1H, J=14.7), 3.56 (m, 2H), 3.36 (m, 1H), 3.10 (m, 1H), 2.52 (m, 2H), 2.26 (m, 1H). MS, m/z (relative intensity): 207 [M+2H, 66%]. IR (KBr) 3345, 2946, 2866, 1651, 1445, 1025, 737, and 698 cm −1 . 
     1-Benzyl-4-iodomethyl-pyrrolidin-2-one 75  
     To alcohol lactam 74 (11.18 g, 0.056 mol) in 210 mL toluene was added in turn, triphenylphosphine (20.0 g, 0.076 mol), imidazole (10.8 g, 0.159 mol), and iodine (19.0 g, 0.075 mol). After stirring the suspension for 1.5 hours, the supernatant was poured into another flask. The sticky yellow residue was washed twice with ether and the solutions were combined. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was chromatographed on silica, eluting with 1:1 acetone/hexane to give 7.92 g, 46% of the iodolactam 75 as yellow oil.  1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 7.25 (m, 5H), 4.38 (d, 1H, J=14.6), 4.46 (d, 1H, J=14.6), 3.38 (dd, 1H, J=7.8 and 2.2) 3.20 (dd, 1H, J=5.6 and 4.4), 3.12 (dd, 1H, J=7.3 and 2.4), 2.96 (dd, 1H, J=5.8 and 4.4), 2.60 (m, 2H), 2.22 (dd, 1H, J=10.5 and 9.7). MS, m/z (relative intensity): 224 [M−H—Bn, 94%], 317 [M+2H, 64%]. IR 3027, 2917, 1688, 1438, 1267, and 701 cm −1 . 
     1-Benzyl-4-(2-methyl-pentyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 76  
     To a suspension of magnesium turnings (0.50 g, 0.021 mol) in 15 mL of dry THF under nitrogen, was added an iodine crystal and 2-bromopentane (2.88 g, 0.019 mol). After an exothermic reaction which was periodically cooled in an ice bath, the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Eight milliliters of Li 2 CuCl 4  (made from 84 mg LiCl and 134 mg CuCl 2  in 10 mL of dry THF) was added at 0° C. followed by dropwise addition of 1-Benzyl-4-iodomethyl-pyrolidine-2-one 75 in 15 mL dry THF, and the resulting suspension was let stir at 0° C. for 3 hours. Stirring was continued at room temperature for 1 hour before quenching with a saturated solution of ammonium chloride. Water was added to dissolve the precipitate formed, and the solution was then extracted with ether and dried over magnesium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the residue chromatographed on silica eluting with 1:1 acetone/hexane to give 1.13 g, 69% of the 1-benzyl-4-(2-methyl-pentyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 76.  1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 7.30 (m, 5H), 4.44 (m, 2H), 3.32 (m, 1H), 2.86 (m, 1H), 2.56 (m, 1H), 2.40 (m, 1H), 2.10 (m, 1H), 1.30 (m, 6H), 1.10 (m, 1H), 0.90 (m, 6H). MS, m/z (relative intensity): 261 [M+2H, 100%], 301 [M−H+CH 3 CN, 82%], 260 [M+H, 72%]. 
     4-(2-Methyl-pentyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 77  
     A 250 mL 3-neck flask equipped with a dry ice condenser was chilled to −78° C. Ammonia (80 mL) was condensed into the flask and 1-benzyl-4-(2-methyl-pentyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 76 (1.67 g, 0.006 mol) in 15 mL THF was added. Freshly cut sodium beads were added until a deep blue color persisted. The cooling bath was removed and the reaction stirred at reflux (−33° C.) for 1 hour. The reaction was quenched with ammonium chloride and the excess ammonia was allowed to evaporate. The resulting residue was diluted with water, extracted with dichloromethane, and dried over magnesium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent followed by chromatography on silica eluting with 1:1 acetone/hexane gave 0.94 g, 86% of the 4-(2-Methyl-pentyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 77.  1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 6.25 (br, 1H), 3.44 (m, 1H), 2.95 (m, 1H), 2.54 (m, 1H), 2.40 (m, 1H), 1.98 (m, 1H), 1.30 (m, 6H), 0.80 (m, 6H). MS, m/z (relative intensity): 212 [M+2H+CH 3 CN, 100%], 171 [M+2H, 72%], 170 [M+1H, 65%]. 
     3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid (Example 3) 
     The 4-(2-methyl-pentyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 77 (0.94 g, 0.007 mol) was dissolved in 70 mL of 6N HCl and refluxed for 20 hours. The solution was evaporated under vacuum and an aqueous solution of the residue was applied to Dowex 50WX 8-100 (strongly acidic) ion exchange resin that had been washed with HPLC grade water. The column was eluted, first with water until the eluent was at constant pH, and then with 5% ammonium hydroxide solution. The ammonium hydroxide fractions were evaporated and azeotroped with toluene. The white solid was washed with acetone filtered and dried in a vacuum oven for 24 hours to give the amino acid 0.61 g, 59%.  1 H NMR (CD 3 OD) δ 3.00 (m, 1H), 2.85 (m, 1H), 2.48 (m, 1H), 2.30 (m, 1H), 2.14 (brm, 1H), 1.60 (brm, 1H), 1.38 (m, 4H), 1.18 (m, 2H), 0.60 (m, 6H). MS, m/z (relative intensity): 188 [M+H, 100%]. 
     Example 4 
     Synthesis of 3-Aminomethyl-5,7-dimethyl-octanoic acid 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     1-(4-Methoxy-benzyl)-5-oxo-pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester 79 
     To 4-methoxybenzylamine (42 g, 0.306 mol) in methanol (40 mL) at 0° C. was added the dimethyl itaconate (48 g, 0.306 mol) in methanol (13 mL). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 4 days. 1N HCl was added to the solution followed by ether. The two layers were separated and the aqueous phase extracted with ether. The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO 4 ). Upon filtration of the drying agent the desired material 79 precipitated from solution that was collected and dried under vacuum. 23.26 g, 29%. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 264 [M+H, 100%]. Anal. Calcd for C 14 H 17 N 1 O 4 : C, 63.87; H, 6.51; N, 5.32. Found: C, 63.96; H, 6.55; N, 5.29. 
     4-Hydroxymethyl-1-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-pyrrolidine-2-one 80  
     NaBH 4  (15 g, 0.081 mol) was added in portions to ester 79 in ethanol (600 mL) at room temperature. After 4.5 hours water (˜200 mL) was carefully added to the reaction and the solution stirred at room temperature overnight. The resultant solid was removed by filtration and the filtrate concentrated to give alcohol 80 as an oil. 15.33 g, 81%. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 235 [M+H, 100%]. 
     4-Iodomethyl-1-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 81  
     To alcohol 80 (12.9 g, 0.055 mol) in PhMe was added triphenylphosphine (20 g, 0.077 mol), imidazole (10.8 g, 0.16 mol), and iodine (19 g, 0.075 mol). The suspension was stirred at room temperature 5 hours. A saturated aqueous solution of sodium thiosulphate was added and the two layers separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with ether and the combined organic phases washed with brine, dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated. Flash chromatography (6:1 to 4:1 toluene/acetone) of the residue gave iodide 81 as an oil. 11.9 g, 63%. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 346 [M+H, 100%]. 
     4-(2,4-Dimethyl-pentyl)-1-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 82  
     A procedure similar to the preparation of 1-benzyl-4-(2-methyl-pentyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 76 was utilized to give 4-(2,4-dimethyl-pentyl)-1-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one as an oil. 1.22 g, 29%. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 304 [M+H, 100%]. 
     4-(2,4-Dimethyl-pentyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 83  
     To the lactam (1.17 g, 3.86 mmol) in MeCN (20 mL) at 0° C. was added ceric ammonium nitrate (4.2 g, 7.7 mmol) in H 2 O (10 mL). After 50 minutes a further portion of ceric ammonium nitrate (2.1 g, 3.86 mmol) was added, and after 1 hour the mixture was absorbed onto silica and flash chromatographed to give an oil. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 183 [M+H, 100%]. 
     3-Aminomethyl-5,7-dimethyl-octanoic acid (Example 4) 
     A procedure similar to the preparation of 3-aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid (Example 3) was utilized to give the amino acid as a solid. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 202 [M+H, 100%]. 
     Example 5 
     of (S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     (S)-4-Hydroxymethyl-1-((S)-1-phenyl-ethyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 84  
     To the ester 33 (49 g, 0.198 mol) in EtOH (600 mL) was added sodium borohydride (22 g, 0.595 mol). After 7 hours, 1 M citric acid was carefully added and, after effervescence had ceased, water was added to fully quench the reaction. The ethanol was removed under reduced pressure and ethyl acetate added. The resultant two layers were separated, the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc, and the combined organic phases dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated to give a heavy oil. MS, m/z (relative intensity): [M+H, 100%]. 
     (S)-4-Iodomethyl-1-((S)-1-phenyl-ethyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 85  
     A procedure similar to the iodination of compound 80 was utilized giving iodide 85 as an oil. 35.2 g, 56%. Anal. Calcd for C 13 H 16 I 1 N 1 O 1 : C, 47.43; H, 4.90; N, 4.25. Found: C, 47.41; H, 4.83; N, 4.17. 
     4-(2-Methyl-pentyl)-1-((S)-1-phenyl-ethyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 86  
     A procedure similar to the preparation of 1-benzyl-4-(2-methyl-pentyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 76 was utilized to give 2.71 g, 81.0% of 86 as an oil. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 274 [M+1H, 100%], 315 [M+H+CH 3 CN, 65%]. 
     (S)-4-(2-Methyl-pentyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 87  
     A procedure similar to the preparation of 4-(2-methyl-pentyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 77 was used to give 1.14 g, 72.8% of 87 as an oil. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 170 [M+1H, 10%], 211 [M+1H+CH 3 CN, 90%]. 
     Example 5 
     (S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid 
     A procedure similar to the preparation of 3-aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid (Example 3) was used to give the amino acid (example 5) 0.88 g, 74.3%.  1 H NMR (CD 3 OD) δ 2.95 (m, 1H), 2.80 (m, 1H), 2.40 (m, 1H), 2.25 (m, 1H), 2.05 (brm, 1H), 1.50 (brm, 1H), 1.30 (m, 4H), 1.10 (m, 2H), 0.90 (m, 6H). MS, m/z (relative intensity): 188 [M+1H, 100%], 186 [M−1H, 100%], 229 [M+1H+CH 3 CN, 30%]. 
     Example 6 
     Synthesis of (S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-methoxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     (S)-4-(2-Methyl-pent-4-enyl)-1-((S)-1-phenyl-ethyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 88 
     A procedure similar to the preparation of 1-benzyl-4-(2-methyl-pentyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 76 was followed giving the adduct 88 as an oil. 6 g, 74% MS, m/z (relative intensity): 272 [M+H, 100%]. 
     (S)-4-(4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-butyl)-1-((S)-1-phenyl-ethyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 89  
     OsO 4  (2 mL of a 4% wt solution in t-BuOH) was added to the alkene 88 (5.8 g, 0.021 mol) in THF/H 2 O (3:1, 100 mL). After 1 hour, sodium periodate (11.4 g, 0.053 mol) was added. After 2 hours, the suspension was filtered and the solids washed with dichloromethane. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue azeotroped with toluene. The residue was dissolved in ethanol and sodium borohydride (2.5 g) added. The suspension was stirred at room temperature 15 overnight. 1N citric acid was added and the mixture diluted with ether. The resultant two layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ether and the combined organic dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated. Flash chromatography (1:1 hexane/EtOAc) of the residue gave an oil. 4.2 g, 73%. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 276 [M+H, 100%]. 
     (S)-4-(4-Methoxy-2-methyl-butyl)-1-((S)-1-phenyl-ethyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 90  
     To alcohol 89 (2 g, 7.66 mmol) in DMSO (60 mL) at room temperature was added NaH (368 mg, 60% in oil). After 30 minutes the methyl iodide (1.08 g, 7.66 mmol) was added and the solution stirred at room temperature overnight, upon which the reaction was diluted with water (500 mL). The solution was extracted with ether, and the combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated. Flash chromatography (90% to 50% hexane/acetone) of the residue gave the product 90 as an oil (1.1 g, 52%). MS m/z 290 (M+H, 100%). 
     (S)-4-(4-Methoxy-2-methyl-butyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 91  
     A procedure similar to the synthesis of 4-(2-methyl-pentyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 77 was utilized giving lactam 91 as an oil. MS m/z 186 (M+H, 100%). 
     Example 6 
     (S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-methoxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid 
     A procedure similar to the synthesis of example 3 was followed. The resultant amino acid isolated from ion-exchange chromatography was recrystallized from methanol/ethyl acetate to give the example 6 as a white solid. MS m/z 204 (M+H, 100%). Anal. Calcd for C 10 H 21 N 1 O 3 : C, 59.09; H, 10.41; N, 6.89. Found: C, 58.71; H, 10.21; N, 6.67. 
     Example 7 
     Synthesis of (S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-fluoro-5-methyl-hexanoic acid 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     2-Methyl-2-[(S)-5-oxo-1-((S)-1-phenyl-ethyl)-pyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl]-malonic acid dimethyl ester 92 
     To dimethyl methylmalonate (1.06 g, 7.29 mmol) in DMSO (7 mL) at room temperature was added NaH (291 mg of a 60% dispersion in oil). After the effervescence had ceased the lactam 85 (2 g, 7.29 mol) in DMSO (5 mL) was added. After 1 hour water was added and the aqueous solution extracted with ether. The combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated. Flash chromatography (1:1 hexane/acetone) of the residue gave the product as an oil (1.7 g, 81%). MS m/z 348 (M+H, 100%). 
     2-Methyl-3-[(S)-5-oxo-1-((S)-1-phenyl-ethyl)-pyrrolidin-3-yl]-propionic acid methyl ester 93  
     The ester 92 (483 mg, 1.4 mmol), NaCl (104 mg, 1.8 mmol), water (105 μL) and DMSO (5 mL) were heated to reflux for 2 hours. The solution was cooled to room temperature water was added and the aqueous solution extracted with ether. The combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated. Flash chromatography (80% to 66% hexane/acetone) of the residue gave the product as an oil (160 mg, 40%). MS m/z 290 (M+H, 100%). 
     (S)-4-(3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-1-((S)-1-phenyl-ethyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 37  
     To the ester 93 (4.82 g, 0.017 mol) in EtOH (100 mL) was added NaBH 4  (3.7 g, 0.10 mol) and the mixture heated to reflux for 2.5 hours. The solution was cooled to 0° C. and 1 M citric acid carefully added followed by water. The solution was concentrated to half volume added and extracted with ether. The combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated. Flash chromatography (1:1 hexane/acetone) of the residue gave the product as an oil (2.6 g, 59%). MS m/z 262 (M+H, 100%). 
     (S)-4-(3-Fluoro-2-methyl-propyl)-1-((S)-1-phenyl-ethyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 94  
     To DAST (1 g, 6.2 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2  (20 mL) at −78° C. was added the alcohol 37 in CH 2 Cl 2  (10 mL). After 1 hour at −78° C. the solution was warmed to room temperature. After 7 hours the solution was carefully quenched with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate and the two layers separated. The organic phase was dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated. Flash chromatography (90% to 66% hexane/acetone) of the residue gave the product as an oil (600 mg, 37%). MS m/z 264 (M+H, 100%). 
     (S)-4-(3-Fluoro-2-methyl-propyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 95  
     A procedure similar to the preparation of 4-(2-methyl-pentyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 77 was utilized affording the lactam as an oil (242 mg, 68%). MS m/z 159 (M, 100%). 
     Example 7  
     (S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-fluoro-5-methyl-hexanoic acid 
     A procedure similar to the synthesis of example 3 was followed. The resultant amino acid isolated from ion-exchange chromatography was recrystallized from methanol/ethyl acetate to give example 7 as a white solid. MS m/z 177 (M, 100%). Anal. Calcd for C 8 H 16 F 1 N 1 O 2 :0.02H 2 O: C, 54.11;H, 9.10; N, 7.89. Found: C, 53.75; H, 9.24; N, 7.72. 
     Example 8 
     Synthesis of (S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-methoxy-5-methyl-hexanoic acid 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     (S)-4-(3-Methoxy-2-methyl-propyl)-1-((S)-1-phenyl-ethyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 96  
     A procedure similar to the synthesis of (S)-4-(4-methoxy-2-methyl-butyl)-1-((S)-1-phenyl-ethyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 90 was utilized giving ether 96 as an oil (90 mg, 37%). MS m/z 276 (M+H, 100%). 
     (S)-4-(3-Methoxy-2-methyl-propyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 97  
     A procedure similar to the synthesis of 4-(2-methyl-pentyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 77 was utilized giving 97 as an oil (760 mg, 93%). MS m/z 171 (M+H, 100%). 
     Example 8  
     (S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-methoxy-5-methyl-hexanoic acid 
     A procedure similar to the synthesis of example 3 was followed. The resultant amino acid isolated from ion-exchange chromatography was recrystallized from methanol/ethyl acetate to give Example 8 as a white solid. MS m/z 190 (M+H, 100%). Anal. Calcd for C 9 H 19 N 1 O 3 : C, 57.12; H, 10.12; N, 7.40. Found: C, 57.04; H, 10.37; N, 7.30. A second batch precipitated from the mother liquors (1:5 ratio of C5 isomers by  1 H NMR). MS m/z 190 (M+H, 100%). 
     Example 9 
     Synthesis of (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid hydrochloride 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     (R)-2,6-Dimethyl-non-2-ene 98  
     To (S)-citronellyl bromide (50 g, 0.228 mol) in THF (800 mL) at 0° C. was added LiCl (4.3 g) followed by CuCl 2  (6.8 g). After 30 minutes methylmagnesium chloride (152 mL of a 3 M solution in THF, Aldrich) was added and the solution warmed to room temperature. After 10 hours the solution was cooled to 0° C. and a saturated aqueous solution of ammonium chloride carefully added. The resultant two layers were separated and the aqueous phase extracted with ether. The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated to give an oil. 32.6 g; 93%. Used without further purification.  13 C NMR (100 MHz; CDCl 3 ) 131.13, 125.28, 39.50, 37.35, 32.35, 25.92, 25.77, 20.31, 19.74, 17.81, 14.60. 
     (R)-4-Methyl-heptanoic acid 99  
     To alkene 98 (20 g, 0.13 mol) in acetone (433 mL) was added a solution of CrO 3  (39 g, 0.39 mol) in H 2 SO 4  (33 mL)/H 2 O (146 mL) over 50 minutes. After 6 hours a further amount of CrO 3  (26 g, 0.26 mol) in H 2 SO 4  (22 mL)/H 2 O (100 mL) was added. After 12 hours the solution was diluted with brine and the solution extracted with ether. The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated. Flash chromatography (gradient of 6:1 to 2:1 hexane/EtOAc) gave the product 99 as an oil. 12.1 g; 65%. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 143 [M−H, 100%]. 
     (4R,5S)-4-Methyl-3-((R)-4-methyl-heptanoyl)-5-phenyl-oxazolidin-2-one 100  
     To the acid 99 (19 g, 0.132 mol) and triethylamine (49.9 g, 0.494 mol) in THF (500 mL) at 0° C. was added trimethylacetylchloride (20 g, 0.17 mol). After 1 hour LiCl (7.1 g, 0.17 mol) was added followed by the oxazolidinone (30 g, 0.17 mol). The mixture was warmed to room temperature and after 16 hours the filtrate was removed by filtration and the solution concentrated under reduced pressure. Flash chromatography (7:1 hexane/EtOAc) gave the product 100 as an oil. 31.5 g; 79%. [α] D =5.5 (c 1 in CHCl 3 ). MS, m/z (relative intensity): 304 [M+H, 100%]. 
     (3S,5R)-5-Methyl-3-((4R,5S)-4-methyl-2-oxo-5-phenyl-oxazolidine-3-carbonyl)-octanoic acid tert-butyl ester 101  
     To oxazolidinone 100 (12.1 g, 0.04 mol) in THF (200 ml) at −50° C. was added NaHMDS (48 mL of a 1 M solution in THF). After 30 t-butylbromoaceate (15.6 g, 0.08 mol) was added. The solution was stirred for 4 hours at −50° C. and then warmed to room temperature. After 16 hours a saturated aqueous solution of ammonium chloride was added and the two layers separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with ether and the combined organic phases dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated. Flash chromatography (9:1 hexane/EtOAc) gave the product 101 as a white solid 12 g; 72%. [α] D =30.2 (c 1 in CHCl 3 ).  13 C NMR (100 MHz; CDCl 3 ) 176.47, 171.24, 152.72, 133.63, 128.87, 125.86, 80.85, 78.88, 55.34, 39.98, 38.77, 38.15, 37.58, 30.60, 28.23, 20.38, 20.13, 14.50, 14.28. 
     (S)-2-((R)-2-Methyl-pentyl)-succinic acid 4-tert-butyl ester 102  
     To ester 101 (10.8 g, 0.025 mol) in H 2 O (73 mL) and THF (244 mL) at 0° C. was added a premixed solution of LiOH (51.2 mL of a 0.8 M solution) and H 2 O 2  (14.6 mL of a 30% solution). After 4 hours a further 12.8 mL LiOH (0.8 M solution) and 3.65 mL of H 2 O 2  (30% solution) was added. After 30 minutes sodium bisulfite (7 g), sodium sulfite (13 g), and water (60 mL) was added followed by hexane (100 mL) and ether (100 mL). The two layers were separated and the aqueous layer extracted with ether. The combined organic phases were concentrated to an oil that was dissolved in heptane (300 mL). The resultant solid was filtered off and the filtrate dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated to afford an oil (6 g, 93%) which was used without further purification. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 257 [M+H, 100%]. 
     (3S,5R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid tert-butyl ester 103  
     To acid 102 (3.68 g, 0.014 mol) in THF (100 mL) at 0° C. was added BH 3 .Me 2  (36 mL of a 2 M solution in THF, Aldrich) upon which the solution was warmed to room temperature. After 15 hours ice was carefully added (in order to control the effervescence) to the solution followed by brine. The solution was extracted with ether and the combined organic phases dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated under reduced pressure. Flash chromatography (4:1 hexane/EtOAc) gave alcohol 103 as an oil (2.0 g, 59%).  13 C NMR (100 MHz; CDCl 3 ) 173.56, 80.85, 65.91, 39.74, 39.20, 38.90, 35.65, 29.99, 28.31, 20.18, 19.99, 14.56. 
     (3S,5R)-5-Methyl-3-(toluene-4-sulfonyloxymethyl)-octanoic acid tert-butyl ester 104  
     To alcohol 103 (1.98 g, 8.1 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2  (40 mL) at room temperature was added triethylamine (2.4 g, 0.024 mol), DMAP (20 mg) and tosyl chloride (2.3 g, 0.012 mol). After 14 hours 1N HCl was added and the two layers separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with ether and the combined organic phases dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated. Flash chromatography (95% hexane/EtOAc) gave tosylate 104 as an oil (2.94 g, 91%).  13 C NMR (100 MHz; CDCl 3 ) 171.60, 144.92, 133.07, 130.02, 128.12, 80.80, 72.15, 39.73, 38.09, 37.89, 32.67, 29.71, 28.22, 21.83, 20.10, 19.54, 14.49. 
     (3S,5R)-3-Azidomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid tert-butyl ester 105  
     Tosylate 104 (2.92 g, 7.3 mmol) and sodium azide (1.43 g, 0.02 mol) were warmed to ˜50° C. in DMSO (30 mL). After 2 hours the solution was cooled to room temperature and diluted with water. The solution was extracted with ether and the combined organic phases dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated to give an oil 1.54 g, 79%. Further purification by flash chromatography (95% hexane/EtOAc) gave an oil. [α] D =−8.3 (c 1 in CHCl 3 ).  13 C NMR (100 MHz; CDCl 3 ) 172.01, 80.73, 54.89, 39.73, 39.46, 39.00, 33.40, 29.85, 28.30, 20.15, 19.82, 14.52. 
     (S)-4-((R)-2-Methyl-pentyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 107 and (3S,5R)-3-aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid tert-butyl ester 106  
     Azide 105 was treated with 5% Pd/C and shaken under an atmosphere of hydrogen for 20 hours where upon a further 200 mg of 5% Pd/C added. After 6 hours the filtrate was concentrated to afford an oil which by  1 H NMR was found to be a mixture of primary amine 106 and lactam 107 (1.75 g) which was used without further purification. 
     Example 9  
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid hydrochloride 
     The mixture of the amine 106 and the lactam 107 (1.74 g) was treated with 3N HCl (40 mL) and the solution warmed to 50° C. for 4 hours then cooled to room temperature. After 12 hours the solution was concentrated and the residue recrystallized from ethyl acetate to give the amino acid as a white solid 605 mg. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 188 [M+H, 100%]. Anal. Calcd for C 10 H 21 N 1 O 2 :H 1 Cl 1  C, 53.68; H, 9.91; N, 6.26. Found: C, 53.83; H, 10.12; N, 6.07. 
     Example 10 
     Synthesis of (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     Methanesulfonic acid (S)-3,7-dimethyl-oct-6-enyl ester 108  
     To S-(−)-citronellol (42.8 g, 0.274 mol) and triethylamine (91 mL, 0.657 mol) in CH 2 Cl 2  (800 mL) at 0° C. was added methanesulphonyl chloride (26 mL, 0.329 mol) in CH 2 Cl 2  (200 mL). After 2 hours at 0° C. the solution was washed with 1N HCl then brine. The organic phase was dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated to afford an oil (60.5 g, 94%) which was used without further purification.  1 H NMR (400 MHz; CDCl 3 ) 5.05 (1H, m), 4.2 (2H, m), 2.95 (3H, s), 1.98 (2H, m), 1.75 (1H, m), 1.6 (3H,s), 1.5 (4H, m), 1.35 (2H, m), 1.2 (1H, m), 0.91 (3H, d, J=6.5 Hz). 
     (R)-2,6-Dimethyl-oct-2-ene 109  
     To alkene 108 (60 g, 0.256 mol) in THF (1 L) at 0° C. was added lithium aluminum hydride (3.8 g, 0.128 mol). After 7 hours, a further 3.8 g of lithium aluminum hydride was added and the solution warmed to room temperature. After 18 hours, a further 3.8 g of lithium aluminum hydride was added. After a further 21 hours, the reaction was carefully quenched with 1N citric acid and the solution diluted further with brine. The resultant two phases were separated and the organic phase was dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated to afford an oil which was used without further purification. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 139 [M−H, 100%]. 
     (R)-4-Methyl-hexanoic acid 110  
     A procedure similar to the synthesis of (R)-4-methyl-heptanoic acid 99 was utilized giving the acid as an oil (9.3 g, 56%). MS, m/z (relative intensity): 129 [M−H, 100%]. 
     (4R, 5S)-4-Methyl-3-((R)-4-methyl-hexanoyl)-5-phenyl-oxazolidin-2-one 111  
     A procedure similar to the synthesis of (4R,5S)-4-methyl-3-((R)-4-methyl-heptanoyl)-5-phenyl-oxazolidin-2-one 100 was utilized giving oxazolidinone 111 as an oil (35.7 g, 95%). MS, m/z (relative intensity): 290 [M+H, 100%]. 
     (3S,5R)-5-Methyl-3-[1-((4R,5S)-4-methyl-2-oxo-5-phenyl-oxazolidin-3-yl)-methanoyl]-heptanoic acid tert-butyl ester 112  
     A procedure similar to the preparation of (3S,5R)-5-methyl-3-((4R,5S)-4-methyl-2-oxo-5-phenyl-oxazolidine-3-carbonyl)-octanoic acid tert-butyl ester 101 was followed giving 112 as an oil (7.48 g; 31%). 
     (S)-2-((R)-2-Methyl-butyl)-succinic acid 4-tert-butyl ester 113  
     To ester 112 (7.26 g, 0.018 mol) in H 2 O (53 mL) and THF (176 mL) at 0° C. was added a premixed solution of LiOH (37 mL of a 0.8 M solution) and H 2 O 2  (10.57 mL of a 30% solution) and the solution warmed to room temperature. After 2 hours sodium bisulfite (7 g), sodium sulfite (13 g), and water (60 mL) was added and the two layers were separated and the aqueous layer extracted with ether. The combined organic phases were concentrated to an oil that was dissolved in heptane (200 mL). The resultant solid was filtered off and the filtrate dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated to afford an oil (4.4 g) that was used without further purification. 
     (3S,5R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid tert-butyl ester 114  
     A procedure similar to the preparation of (3S,5R)-3-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid tert-butyl ester 103 was utilized giving alcohol 114 as an oil (2.68 g, 69%). MS, m/z (relative intensity): 216 [89%], 174 [M−(CH 3 ) 3 C, 100%]. 
     (3S,5R)-5-Methyl-3-(toluene-4-sulfonyloxymethyl)-heptanoic acid tert-butyl ester 115  
     To 114 alcohol (2.53 g, 0.011 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2  (140 mL) at 0° C. was added pyridine (2.6 g, 0.033 mol), DMAP (100 mg), and tosyl chloride (3.15 g, 0.016 mol) and the solution warmed to room temperature for 3.5 hours whereupon more DMAP and TsCl (3.15 g) were added. After 14 hours 1N HCl was added and the two layers separated. The organic phase was washed with brine then or dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated. Flash chromatography (95% to 86% hexane/EtOAc) gave tosylate 115 as an oil (1.53 g, 36%).  13 C NMR (100 MHz; CDCl 3 ) 130.03, 128.12, 72.18, 37.89, 37.71, 32.67, 31.49, 29.88, 28.22, 21.83, 19.07, 11.37. 
     (3S,5R)-3-Azidomethyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid tert-butyl ester 116  
     A procedure similar to the preparation of (3S,5R)-3-azidomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid tert-butyl ester 105 was utilized giving an oil 0.956 g, 97%. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 228 [M−N 2 , 80%]. 
     (S)-4-((R)-2-Methyl-butyl)-pyrrolidin-2-one 118 and (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid tert-butyl ester 117  
     Azide 116 (689 mg) was treated with 20% Pd/C (90 mg) in THF (20 mL) and shaken under an atmosphere of hydrogen for 36 hours. The catalyst was removed by filtration and the resultant oil used without further purification. 
     Example 10  
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid 
     The mixture of amine 117 and lactam 118 was treated with 6N HCl and the solution warmed to 50° C. for 17 hours then cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The resultant oil was subjected to ion-exchange chromatography (Dowex, strongly acidic resin) using 5% ammonium hydroxide to give a cream solid which was recrystallized from methanol/ethyl acetate to give (3S, 5R)-3-aminomethyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid, example 10. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 174 [M+H, 100%]. Anal. Calcd for C 19 H 19 N 1 O 2 . C, 62.39; H, 11.05; N, 8.08. Found: C, 62.23; H, 11.33; N, 7.89. 
     Example 11 
     Synthesis of (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     (S)-2,6-Dimethyl-non-2-ene 119  
     CuCl 2  (5.36 g, 39.7 mmol) and LiCl (3.36, 80.0 mmol) were stirred together in dry THF (40 mL) for 15 minutes. The resulting solution was added to methylmagnesium chloride, 3.0 M in THF (168 mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere and stirred at that temperature for 15 minutes. To the reaction suspension was added slowly (R)-(−)-Citronellyl bromide (55.16 g, 251.8 mmol) in THF (100 mL), and stirred at 0° C. for 2.5 hours. It was warmed to room temperature and stirring was continued for an additional 1 hour. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. and quenched with saturated ammonium chloride solution. The suspension was then extracted into ether, washed with water, and dried over MgSO 4  The solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 36.3 g; 94% of (S)-2,6-Dimethyl-non-2-ene as an oil. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 153 [M−1H, 100%], 194 [M−1H+CH 3 CN, 45%]. 
     (S)-4-Methyl-heptanoic acid 120  
     To the (S)-2,6-Dimethyl-non-2-ene 119 (39.0 g, 253.2 mmol) in acetone (1 L) at 0° C. was added Jones reagent (2.7 M, 600 mL) dropwise over 1.5 hours and let stir at room temperature for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into a saturated solution of Na 2 SO 4  and extracted into ether. It was washed with brine and concentrated in vacuo. The oily residue was dissolved in methanol (70 mL) and 1 M NaOH (700 mL) and then stirred for 30 minutes. The aqueous solution was washed with CH 2 Cl 2 , acidified with 10% HCl and extracted into CH 2 Cl 2 . The solution was dried over MgSO 4  and concentrated to dryness to give 24.22 g; 66% of (S)-4-Methyl-heptanoic acid as an oil. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 143 [M−1H, 100%]. 
     (4R,5S)-4-Methyl-3-((S)-4-methyl-heptanoyl)-5-phenyl-oxazolidin-2-one 121  
     A procedure similar to the preparation of (4R,5S)-4-methyl-3-((R)-4-methyl-heptanoyl)-5-phenyl-oxazolidin-2-one 100 was utilized giving (4R,5S)-4-methyl-3-((S)-4-methyl-heptanoyl)-5-phenyl-oxazolidin-2-one 121 6.2 g; 80.0%, as an oil. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 304 [M+1H, 90%], 355 [M+1H+CH 3 CN, 60%]. 
     (3S,5S)-5-Methyl-3-((4R,5S)-4-methyl-2-oxo-5-phenyl-oxazolidine-3-carbonyl)-octanoic acid tert-butyl ester 122  
     n-BuLi, 1.6 M in Hexane (18.0 mL, 30.1 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of diisopropylamine (4.6 mL, 32.6 mmol) in dry THF (50 mL) under nitrogen at −5° C. keeping the temperature below 0° C. during addition. The mixture was let stir at −5° C. for 20 minutes and then cooled to −78° C. 121 (7.6 g, 25.1 mmol) in dry THF (12 mL) was added to the LDA solution and stirred at −78° C. for 30 minutes. t-Butylbromo acetate (4.8 mL, 32.6 mmol) as added to the reaction and stirring at −78° C. was continued for 2 hours. It was let warm to room temperature before stirring for an additional 18 hours. The reaction was quenched with a saturated solution NaH 2 PO 4 , extracted into ethylacetate, and dried over MgSO 4 . The solution was concentrated to give a solid residue which was dissolved in hot hexane. The hexane solution was allowed to cool to room temperature before cooling further in an ice bath. The resulting precipitate was collected and allowed to air dry to give 122 as a fluffy white solid. 4.3 g; 41%. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 362 [M−C(CH 3 ) 3 +1H, 100%], 418 [M+1H, 20%]. 
     (S)-2-((S)-2-Methyl-pentyl)-succinic acid 4-tert-butyl ester and (3S,5S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid tert-butyl ester 123  
     To the ester 122 in a mixture of THF (203.0 mL) and water (61.0 mL) at 0° C. was added a premixed solution of 30% H 2 O 2  (12.2 mL) and LiOH (0.8 M, 42.7 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at 0° C. for 4 hours. To the reaction was added sodium bisulfite (7 g), sodium sulfite (13 g), and water (60 mL). A 1:1 mixture of ether/hexane (200 mL) was then added and the organic phase was separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with ether and the combined organic extract was dried over MgSO 4  and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in heptane and let stir for 5 minutes. The resulting precipitate was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to dryness to give as an oil. 
     (3S,5S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid tert-butyl ester 123  
     A procedure similar to the preparation of (3S,5R)-3-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid tert-butyl ester 103 was followed giving 123 as an oil. 4.0 g; 76.0%. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 230 [M−C(CH 3 ) 3 +1H+CH 3 CN, 100%], 189 [M−C(CH 3 ) 3 +1H, 70%]. 
     (3S,5S)-5-Methyl-3-(toluene-4-sulfonyloxymethyl)-octanoic acid tert-butyl ester 124  
     A procedure similar to the preparation of (3S,5R)-5-methyl-3-(toluene-4-sulfonyloxymethyl)-octanoic acid tert-butyl ester 104 was followed giving 6.9 g of 124. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 343 [M−C(CH 3 ) 3 +1H, 70%], 384 [M−C(CH 3 ) 3 +1H+CH 3 CN, 100%]. 
     (3S,5S)-3-Azidomethyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid tert-butyl ester 125  
     A procedure similar to the preparation of (3S,5R)-3-azidomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid tert-butyl ester 105 was followed giving 2.9 g; 66% of 125 as an oil. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 212 [M−C(CH 3 ) 3 −1H, 45%]. 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid tert-butyl ester 126  
     A mixture of 125 (2.8 g, 10.4 mmol) and 10% Pd/C (1.0 g) in methanol (50.0 mL) was hydrogenated at 41 PSI for 96 hours. The solution was filtered to give 1.7 g of crude 126 which was used in the next step without further purification. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 244 [M+1H, 100%], 285 [M+1H+CH 3 CN, 25%]. 
     Example 11  
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid 
     A procedure similar to the preparation of example 10 (3S,5R)-3-aminomethyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid was followed giving example 11. 380 mg; 29.0%.  1 H NMR (CD 3 OD) δ 2.90 (dd, J=3.9, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 2.80 (dd, J=7.6, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 2.40 (dd, J=3.2, 12.51 Hz, 1H), 2.20 (dd, J=8.8, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.05 (m, 1H), 1.55 (m, 1H), 1.30 (m, 3H), 1.10 (m, 2H), 0.85 (m, 6H); MS, m/z (relative intensity): 187 [M+1H, 100%], 211 [M+1H+CH 3 CN, 30%]. 
     Example 12 
     Synthesis of (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     (S)-2,6-Dimethyl-oct-2-ene 127  
     (R)-(−)-Citronellyl bromide (49.1 g, 224.2 mmol) was dropwise added to a solution of LAH 1.0 M in THF (336 mL, 336 mmol) at 0° C. over a 45-minute period. Stirring was continued for an additional 4 hours at 0° C. The reaction was slowly quenched with a saturated solution of ammonium chloride followed by the addition of ether (100 mL). The resulting white slurry was filtered and the filtrate was dried over MgSO 4  The solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 26.2 g; 83% of 127 as an oil. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 180 [M−1H+CH 3 CN, 100%], 139 [M−1H, 90%]. 
     (S)-4-Methyl-hexanoic acid 128  
     A procedure similar to that used to prepare compound 120 was used giving 15.9 g of 128 as an oil. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 129 [M−1H, 100%], 170 [M−1H+CH 3 CN, 70%]. 
     (4R,5S)-4-Methyl-3-((S)-4-methyl-hexanoyl)-5-phenyl-oxazolidin-2-one 129  
     A procedure similar to that used to prepare (4R,5S)-4-Methyl-3-((S)-4-methyl-heptanoyl)-5-phenyl-oxazolidin-2-one 121 was used giving 35.0 g of crude (4R,5S)-4-methyl-3-((S)-4-methyl-hexanoyl)-5-phenyl-oxazolidin-2-one 129 as an oil. It was used in the next step without further purification. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 290 [M+1H, 100%], 331 [M+1H+CH 3 CN, 20%]. 
     (3S,5S)-5-Methyl-3-((4R,5S)-4-methyl-2-oxo-5-phenyl-oxazolidine-3-carbonyl)-heptanoic acid tert-butyl ester 130  
     A procedure similar to that used to prepare (3S,5S)-5-methyl-3-((4R,5S)-4-methyl-2-oxo-5-phenyl-oxazolidine-3-carbonyl)-octanoic acid tert-butyl ester 122 was used to give 4.6.0 g, 25.4% of 130 as a white solid. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 348 [M−C(CH 3 ) 3 +1H, 100%], 443 [M−1H+CH 3 CN, 100%], 402 [M−1H, 55%], 404 [M+1H, 45%]. 
     (3S,5S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid tert-butyl ester 131  
     A procedure similar to that used to prepare (3S,5S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid tert-butyl ester 123 was giving 1.2 g, 52.1% of 131 as an oil. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 175 [M−C(CH 3 ) 3 +1H, 100%], 173 [M−C(CH 3 ) 3 −1H, 100%], 216 [M−C(CH 3 ) 3 +1H +CH 3 CN, 95%]. 
     (3S,5S)-5-Methyl-3-(toluene-4-sulfonyloxymethyl)-heptanoic acid tert-butyl ester 132  
     A procedure similar to the preparation of (3S,5R)-5-methyl-3-(toluene-4-sulfonyloxymethyl)-octanoic acid tert-butyl ester 104 was followed giving 2.1 g of 132 as an oil. The product was used in the next step without further purification. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 329 [M−C(CH 3 ) 3 +1H, 85%], 370 [M−C(CH 3 ) 3 +1H+CH 3 CN, 65%]. 
     (3S,5S)-3-Azidomethyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid tert-butyl ester 133  
     A procedure similar to the preparation of (3S,5R)-3-azidomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid tert-butyl ester 105 was followed giving 0.76 g, 54.0% of 133 as an oil. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 198 [M−C(CH 3 ) 3 −1H, 100%]. 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid tert-butyl ester 134  
     A procedure similar to that used for (3S,5S)-3-aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid tert-butyl ester 126 was used giving 0.62 g of 134 as an oil. The product was used in the next step without further purification. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 230 [M+1H, 100%], 271 [M+1H+CH 3 CN, 45%]. 
     Example 12  
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid 
     A procedure similar to that used for Example 11 was used giving (3S,5S)-3-aminomethyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid (0.3 g, 65.1%) as a white solid.  1 H NMR (CD 3 OD) δ 2.80-3.00 (m, 2H), 2.40 (m, 1H), 2.20 (dd, J=8.2, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.05 (m, 1H), 1.30-1.50 (m, 3H), 1.00-1.20 (m, 2H), 0.9 (m, 6H); MS, m/z (relative intensity): 187 [M+1H, 100%], 211 [M+1H+CH 3 CN, 30%]. MS, m/z (relative intensity): 174 [M+1H, 100%], 172 [M−1H, 100%], 215 [M+1H+CH 3 CN, 20%]. 
     Example 13 
     Synthesis of (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-nonanoic acid hydrochloride 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     (R)-4-Methyl-octanoic acid 136 
     Lithium chloride (0.39 g, 9.12 mmol) and copper (I) chloride (0.61 g, 4.56 mmol) were combined in 45 ml THF at ambient temperature and stirred 15 minutes, then cooled to 0° C. at which time ethylmagnesium bromide (1 M solution in THF, 45 mL, 45 mmol) was added. (S)-citronellyl bromide (5.0 g, 22.8 mmol) was added dropwise and the solution was allowed to warm slowly to ambient temperature with stirring overnight. The reaction was quenched by cautious addition of sat. NH 4 Cl (aq), and stirred with Et 2 O and sat. NH 4 Cl (aq) for 30 minutes. The phases were separated and the organic phase dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated. The crude product was used without purification. 
     To a solution of alkene 135 (3.8 g, 22.8 mmol) in 50 mL acetone at 0° C. was added Jones&#39; reagent (2.7 M in H 2 SO 4  (aq), 40 mL, 108 mmol) and the solution was allowed to warm slowly to ambient temperature with stirring overnight. The mixture was partitioned between Et 2 O and H 2 O, the phases were separated, and the organic phase washed with brine, dried (MgSO 4 ), and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (8:1 hexanes:EtOAc) to afford 2.14 g (59%) of acid 136 as a colorless oil: LRMS: m/z 156.9 (M+);  1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ): δ 2.33 (m, 2H), 1.66 (m, 1H), 1.43 (m, 2H), 1.23 (m, 5H), 1.10 (m, 1H), 0.86 (m, 6H). Jones&#39; reagent was prepared as a 2.7M solution by combining 26.7 g CrO 3 , 23 mL H 2 SO 4 , and diluting to 100 mL with H 2 O. 
     (4R,5S)-4-Methyl-3-((R)-4-methyl-octanoyl)-5-phenyl-oxazolidin-2-one 137  
     To acid 136 (2.14 g, 13.5 mmol) in 25 mL CH 2 Cl 2  at 0° C. was added 3 drops DMF, followed by oxalyl chloride (1.42 mL, 16.2 mmol) resulting in vigorous gas evolution. The solution was warmed directly to ambient temperature, stirred 30 minutes, and concentrated. Meanwhile, to a solution of the oxazolidinone (2.64 g, 14.9 mmol) in 40 mL THF at −78° C. was added n-butyllithium (1.6 M soln in hexanes, 9.3 mL, 14.9 mmol) dropwise. The mixture was stirred for 10 minutes at which time the acid chloride in 10 mL THF was added dropwise. The reaction was stirred 30 minutes at −78° C., then warmed directly to ambient temperature and quenched with sat. NH 4 Cl. The mixture was partitioned between Et 2 O and sat. NH 4 Cl (aq), the phases were separated, and the organic phase dried (MgSO 4 ), and concentrated to furnish 3.2 g of oxazolidinone 137 as a colorless oil. LRMS: m/z 318.2 (M+);  1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ): δ 7.34 (m, 5H), 5.64 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (quint, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.96 (m, 1H), 2.86 (m, 1H), 1.66 (m, 1H), 1.47 (m, 2H), 1.26 (m, 5H), 1.13 (m, 1H), 0.88 (m, 9H). The crude product was used without purification. 
     (3S,5R)-5-Methyl-3-((4R,5S)-4-methyl-2-oxo-5-phenyl-oxazolidine-3-carbonyl)-nonanoic acid tert-butyl ester 138  
     To a solution of diisopropylamine (1.8 mL, 12.6 mmol) in 30 mL THF at −78° C. was added n-butyllithium (1.6 M soln in hexanes, 7.6 mL, 12.1 mmol), and the mixture stirred 10 minutes at which time oxazolidinone 137 (3.2 g, 10.1 mmol) in 10 mL THF was added dropwise. The solution was stirred for 30 minutes, t-butyl bromoacetate (1.8 mL, 12.1 mmol) was added quickly dropwise at −50° C., and the mixture was allowed to warm slowly to 10° C. over 3 hours. The mixture was partitioned between Et 2 O and sat. NH 4 Cl (aq), the phases were separated, and the organic phase dried (MgSO 4 ), and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (16:1 to 8:1 hexanes:EtOAc) to provide 2.65 g (61%) of ester 138 as a colorless crystalline solid, mp=84-86° C. [α] D   23 +17.1 (c=1.00, CHCl 3 );  1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ): δ 7.34 (m, 5H), 5.62 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (quint, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.29 (m, 1H), 2.67 (dd, J=9.8, 16.4 Hz, 1H), 2.40 (dd, J=5.1, 16.4 Hz, 1H), 1.69 (m, 1H), 1.38 (s, 9H), 1.28 (m, 7H), 1.08 (m, 1H), 0.88 (m, 9H);  13 C NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 176.45, 171.22, 152.71, 133.64, 128.86, 125.86, 80.83, 78.87, 55.33, 40.02, 38.21, 37.59, 36.31, 30.86, 29.29, 28.22, 23.14, 20.41, 14.36, 14.26. Anal. Calcd for C 25 H 37 NO 5 : C, 69.58; H, 8.64; N, 3.25. Found: C, 69.37; H, 8.68; N, 3.05. 
     (S)-2-((R)-2-Methyl-hexyl)-succinic acid 4-tert-butyl ester 139  
     To a solution of ester 138 (2.65 g, 6.14 mmol) in 20 mL THF at 0° C. was added a precooled (0° C.) solution of LiOH monohydrate (1.0 g, 23.8 mmol) and hydrogen peroxide (30 wt % aqueous soln, 5.0 mL) in 10 mL H 2 O. The mixture was stirred vigorously for 90 minutes, then warmed to ambient temperature and stirred 90 minutes. The reaction was quenched at 0° C. by addition of 100 mL 10% NaHSO 3  (aq), then extracted with Et 2 O. The phases were separated, and the organic phase washed with brine, dried (MgSO 4 ), and concentrated. The crude acid 139 was used without purification. 
     (3S,5R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-nonanoic acid tert-butyl ester 140  
     To a solution of the crude acid 139 (6.14 mmol) in 30 mL THF at 0° C. was added borane-dimethyl sulfide complex (2.0 M soln in THF, 4.6 mL, 9.2 mmol), and the mixture was allowed to warm slowly to ambient temperature overnight. Additional BH 3 -DMS was added until the acid was completely consumed (ca. 5 mL). The reaction was quenched by addition of MeOH, then partitioned between Et 2 O and sat. NaHCO 3  (aq). The phases were separated, and the organic phase washed with brine, dried (MgSO 4 ), and concentrated to provide alcohol 140. LRMS: m/z 226.1;  1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ): δ 3.63 (dd, J=11.0, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (dd, J=11.0, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.30 (dd, J=14.9, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 2.20 (dd, J=14.9, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 2.03 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.24 (m, 6H), 1.02 (m, 2H), 0.85 (m, 6H). The crude product was used without purification. 
     (3S,5R)-5-Methyl-3-(toluene-4-sulfonyloxymethyl)-nonanoic acid tert-butyl ester 141  
     To alcohol 140 (6.14 mmol) in 30 mL CH 2 Cl 2  at 0° C. was added DMAP (0.1 g), p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (1.37 g, 7.2 mmol), and then triethylamine (1.8 mL, 13 mmol) was added quickly dropwise. The mixture was warmed immediately to ambient temperature following addition and stirred overnight, and did not proceed to completion. The mixture was partitioned between Et 2 O and 1N HCl (aq), the phases were separated, and the organic phase washed with sat. NaHCO 3  (aq), dried (MgSO 4 ), and concentrated to provide tosylate 141. The product was used without further purification. 
     (3S,5R)-3-Azidomethyl-5-methyl-nonanoic acid tert-butyl ester 142  
     A procedure similar to the preparation of (3S,5R)-3-azidomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid tert-butyl ester 105 was followed giving azide 142 as a colorless oil. LRMS: m/z 200.1;  1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ): δ 3.31 (dd, J=12.2, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 3.19 (dd, J=12.2, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 2.22 (m, 1H), 2.10 (m, 1H), 1.39 (s, 9H), 1.21 (m, 8H), 1.00 (m, 2H), 0.81 (m, 6H). 
     Example 13  
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-nonanoic acid hydrochloride 
     The azide 142 (1.0 g) was hydrogenated in the presence of 20% Pd/C, EtOH, at 45 psi of H 2  for 15 hours to provide the crude amino ester 143 which was concentrated and used without purification. To the amino ester 143 was added 6 mL 6N HCl (aq) and the mixture was heated to reflux 90 minutes, cooled, and concentrated. Recrystallization from EtOAc:hexanes provided 0.38 g (45% from azide) of (3S,5R)-3-aminomethyl-5-methyl-nonanoic acid hydrochloride as a colorless crystalline solid (HCl salt), and a second crop of 82 mg (10% from azide) was also obtained. mp=146-156° C. LRMS: m/z 200.1 (M+);  1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ): δ 2.87 (dd, J=13.2, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2.79 (dd, J=13.2, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 2.29 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.08 (m, 1H), 1.31 (m, 1H), 1.09 (m, CHO, 0.92 (m, 1H), 0.68 (m, 6H). Anal. Calcd for C 11 H 24 NO 2 Cl: C, 55.57; H, 10.17; N, 5.89. Found: C, 55.69; H, 10.10; N, 5.86. 
     Example 14 
     Synthesis of (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-nonanoic acid 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     The (S)-acid 145 was prepared from (R)-citronellyl bromide according to the procedure outlined above for (R)-4-methyl-octanoic acid 136. The yield was comparable and the  1 H NMR spectrum was identical to that of the (R)-acid enantiomer. LRMS: m/z 158.9 (M+1). 
     Oxazolidinone 146 was prepared from acid 145 as described above for (4R,5S)-4-methyl-3-((R)-4-methyl-octanoyl)-5-phenyl-oxazolidin-2-one 137. LRMS: m/z 290.1 (M-27);  1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ): δ 7.38 (m, 3H), 7.28 (m, 2H), 5.64 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (quint, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.92 (m, 2H), 1.71 (m, 1H), 1.42 (m, 7H), 1.18 (m, 1H), 0.88 (m, 9H). 
     t-Butyl ester 147 was prepared from oxazolidinone 146 as described above for compound 138. LRMS: m/z 348.1 (M-83). 
     Alcohol 149 was prepared from the t-butyl ester 147 as described above for (3S,5R)-3-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-nonanoic acid tert-butyl ester 140. LRMS: m/z 156.9 (M-100);  1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ): δ 3.60 (dd, J=11.0, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.45 (dd, J=11.0, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.24 (m, 2H), 2.04 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.17-1.38 (m, 7H), 1.11 (m, 1H), 0.84 (m, 6H). 
     Example 14 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-nonanoic acid 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-nonanoic acid was obtained from 149 as described above for (3S,5R)-3-aminomethyl-5-methyl-nonanoic acid hydrochloride. The crude HCl salt thus obtained was purified by ion exchange chromatography on Dowex 50WX8 50-100 mesh, H-Form resin, using 10% NH 4 OH as eluant to provide the free base. The waxy solid was washed twice with Et 2 O and dried to furnish an amorphous white solid, mp 144-146° C. LRMS: m/z 172.0 (M-28);  1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ): δ 2.76 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (m, 1H), 1.96 (m, 2H), 1.25 (m, 1H), 1.12 (m, 6H), 0.96 (m, 2H), 0.66 (m, 6H). 
     Example 15 
     Synthesis of (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-decanoic acid 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     (R)-2,6-Dimethylundec-2-ene 153  
     A procedure similar to the preparation of (S)-2,6-dimethyl-non-2-ene 119 was used giving 153 as a colorless oil (20.16 g, 98%).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 5.10-5.06 (m, 1H), 2.10-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.66 (s, 3H), 1.58 (s, 3H), 1.34-1.23 (m, 4H), 1.15-1.06 (m, 2H), 0.88-0.81 (m, 11H). 
     (R)-4-methylnonanoic acid 154  
     (R)-2,6-Dimethylundec-2-ene 153 (10.03 g, 55.03 mmol) was dissolved in acetone (270 mL) and cooled to 0° C. Jones reagent (CrO 3 /H 2 SO 4 ) (2.7 M, 120 mL) was added dropwise, and the reaction allowed to warm to room temperature over 18 hours. The reaction was poured on to water/Na 2 SO 4  (200 mL), and the aqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetate (4×100 mL). The combined organics were dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and rotovapped to give an oil. The crude oil was dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2  (400 mL) and cooled to −78° C. Ozone was bubbled into reaction until blue to remove traces of the impurity (6E)(3S)-3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-diene. Dimethylsulfide (5 mL) was added, and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The solvent was removed, and the crude material chromatographed on silica eluting with 20% EtOAc/hex to give oil. The oil was dissolved in ether (100 mL) and extracted with 10% NaOH (2×25 mL). The aqueous layers were combined and extracted with ether (50 mL). The aqueous layer was cooled to 0° C. and acidified with HCl. The acidic layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL), and the combined extracts dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and rotovapped to give 154 as an oil (6.86 g, 54%).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 2.40-2.25 (m, 4H), 1.70-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.47-1.11 (m, 8H), 0.87-0.84 (m, 6H); [α] D =−11.4 (c1 in CHCl 3 ). 
     (4R,5S)-4-Methyl-3-((R)-4-methyl-nonanoyl)-5-phenyl-oxazolidin-2-one 155 
     Compound 154 (6.504 g, 37.76 mmol) was dissolved in THF (95 mL) and cooled to 0° C. Triethylamine (19.74 mL, 141.6 mmol) was added dropwise, followed by dropwise addition of trimethylacetyl chloride (6.98 mL, 56.64 mmol). The thick white suspension was stirred at 0° C. for 90 minutes. LiCl (1.86 g, 41.54 mmol), (4R)-4-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one (6.824 g, 38.51 mmol), and THF (70 mL) were added, and the reaction warmed to room temperature overnight. The solvent was evaporated. The solids were taken up in EtOAc, filtered off, and washed generously with EtOAc. The filtrate was washed with water (2×50 mL), and brine. The organics were dried over MgSO 4 , filtered, and rotovapped. The crude material was chromatographed on silica eluting with 10% EtOAc/hexanes to give 155 as an oil (10.974 g, 88%).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.44-7.35 (m, 3H), 7.31-7.26 (m, 2H), 5.66 (d, J=7.33 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (quin, J=7.03 Hz, 1H), 3.04-2.96 (m, 1H), 2.93-2.86 (m, 1H), 1.74-1.66 (m, 1H), 1.52-1.47 (m, 1H), 1.46-1.36 (m, 2H), 1.27-1.16 (m, 2H), 0.92-0.87 (m, 8H); [α] D =+34.1 (c1in CHCl 3 ). 
     (3S,5R)-5-Methyl-3-((4R,5S)-4-methyl-2-oxo-5-phenyl-oxazolidine-3-carbonyl)-decanoic acid tert-butyl ester 156  
     A procedure similar to the preparation of (3S,5S)-5-methyl-3-((4R,5S)-4-methyl-2-oxo-5-phenyl-oxazolidine-3-carbonyl)-octanoic acid tert-butyl ester 122 was followed giving (3S,5R)-5-methyl-3-((4R,5S)-4-methyl-2-oxo-5-phenyl-oxazolidine-3-carbonyl)-decanoic acid tert-butyl ester 156 as an oil (0.668 g, 90%).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.41-7.28 (m, 5H), 5.63 (d, J=7.33 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (quin, J=6.84 Hz, 1H), 4.33-4.26 (m, 1H), 2.68 (dd, J=16.4, 9.77 Hz, 1H), 2.41 (dd, J=16.6, 4.88 Hz, 1H), 1.68 (quin, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 1.50-1.32 (m, 10H), 1.28-1.21 (m, 1H), 1.15-1.08 (m, 1H), 0.90-0.86 (m, 9H); MS (APCl) m/z 348 (M + −97, 100%); [α] D =+18.8 (c1 in CHCl 3 ). 
     (S)-2-((R)-2-Methyl-heptyl)-succinic acid 4-tert-butyl ester 157  
     Compound 156 (5.608 b, 12.59 mmol) was dissolved in THF/H 2 O (60 mL/14 mL) and cooled to 0° C. LiOH (1N, 18.89 mL) and H 2 O 2  (35%, 4.45 mL, 50.4 mmol) were combined, and then added to the reaction dropwise keeping T&lt;5° C. the reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 4 hours, and quenched with Na 2 SO 3  (6.3 g) and NaHSO 3  (3.4 g) in 50 mL H 2 O added dropwise. The reaction was stirred for 15 minutes, and the layers separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL), and the combined extracts dried over MgSO 4 , filtered, and rotovapped to give an oil. The crude material was dissolved in EtOAc (10 mL) and added dropwise to heptane (250 mL). The suspension was stirred for 20 minutes, and the solids filtered and washed with heptane. The filtrate was washed with 60° C. H 2 O (100 mL), dried over MgSO 4 , filtered, and rotovapped to give 157 as an oil (3.52 g). the material was used directly in the next step. 
     (3S,5R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-decanoic acid tert-butyl ester 158  
     Compound 157 (3.52 g, 12.3 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (123 mL) and cooled to 0° C. Borane dimethylsulfide complex (10 M, 3.69 mL) was added dropwise, and the reaction then warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 hour. The reaction was cooled to 0° C., and quenched with MeOH (20 mL) added dropwise. The reaction was stirred for 18 hours, and the solvent rotovapped off. The crude material was chromatographed on silica eluting with 20% EtOAc/hexanes to give 158 (2.28 g, 68%) as an oil.  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 3.65-3.59 (m, 1H), 3.43 (dd, J=11.1, 6.96 Hz, 1H), 2.31 (dd, J=14.9, 7.57 Hz, 1H), 2.21 (dd, J=15.1, 5.62 Hz, 1H), 2.06-2.02 (m, 1H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.40-1.25 (m, 4H), 1.07-1.13 (m, 1H), 1.03-0.96 (m, 1H), 0.86-0.84 (m, 6H); MS (APCl) m/z 216 (M + −56, 100%). 
     (3S,5R)-5-Methyl-3-(toluene-4-sulfonyloxymethyl)-decanoic acid tert-butyl ester 159  
     Compound 158 (2.27 g, 8.33 mmol) was dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2  (30 mL) and cooled to 0° C. Tosyl chloride (1.91 g, 10.0 mmol) and catalytic DMAP were added, followed by dropwise addition of triethylamine (2.55 mL, 18.33 mmol). The reaction was then stirred at 0° C. for 18 hours. The solvent was rotovapped off (removed under reduced pressure), and the crude material washed with EtOAc and filtered. The solids were washed with EtOAc, and the filtrate washed with 0.5N HCl (20 mL), brine (30 mL), dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and rotovapped. The oil was chromatographed on silica eluting with a 5% EtOAc/hexanes gradient to 10% EtOAc/hexanes to give 159 (3.399 g, 96%) as an oil.  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.75 (d, J=8.30 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (d, J=8.30 Hz, 2H), 3.99 (dd, J=9.65, 3.54 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (dd, J=9.52, 5.37 Hz, 1H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.28 (dd, J=14.7, 6.23 Hz, 1H), 2.19-2.14 (m, 1H), 2.10 (dd, J=14.9, 6.35 Hz, 1H), 1.38 (s, 9H), 1.31-1.17 (m, 3H), 1.08-0.81 (m, 2H), 0.79-0.76 (m, 6H); [α] D =−10.1 (c1 in CHCl 3 ). 
     (3S,5R)-3-Azidomethyl-5-methyl-decanoic acid tert-butyl ester 160  
     Compound 159 (3.01 g, 7.05 mmol), sodium azide (1.26 g, 19.40 mmol) and DMSO (12 mL) were combined and heated to 60° C. for 3 hours. EtOAc (100 mL) was added to the reaction and filtered. The solids were washed with EtOAc (20 mL), and the filtrated evaporated. The crude material was chromatographed on silica eluting with 5% EtOAc/hexanes to give 160 as an oil (1.86 g, 89%). 
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-decanoic acid tert-butyl ester 161  
     A solution of compound 160 (1.86 g, 6.25 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was shaken over 5% Pd/C under hydrogen and pressure for 8 hours with three purges of hydrogen. The catalyst was filtered off and the filtrate evaportated. The crude material was chromatographed on silica eluting with methanol to give 161 as an oil (1.21 g, 71%).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 2.70 (dd, J=12.9, 4.40 Hz, 1H), 2.54 (dd, J=12.7, 6.59 Hz, 1H), 2.26 (dd, J=14.5, 6.96, 1H), 2.12 (dd, J=14.5, 6.47 Hz, 1H), 1.91 (m, 1H), 1.91 (m, 1H), 1.43 (s, 12H), 1.39-1.25 (m, 4H), 1.14-1.07 (m, 1H), 1.03-0.97 (m, 1H), 0.86-0.82 (m, 6H). 
     Example 15  
     (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-decanoic acid 
     Compound 161 (1.20 g, 4.44 mmol) was heated to 50° C. in 3N HCl (30 mL) for 4 hours. The solvent was evaporated, and the oil washed with toluene, and evaporated. The crude material was passed through an ion exchange column (Dowex 50WX8-100, strongly acidic) eluting with water, then 0.5N NH 4 OH. Isolate (3S,5R)-3-aminomethyl-5-methyl-decanoic acid as a white solid (0.725 g, 75%): mp=174-175° C.;  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 2.83 (dd, J=12.69, 4.88 Hz, 1H), 2.70 (dd, J=13.1, 7.45 Hz, 1H), 2.08 (d, J=6.59 Hz, 2H), 1.98 (m, 1H), 1.28-1.20 (m, 1H), 1.19-1.09 (m, 2H), 0.99-0.91 (m, 2H), 0.66 (m, 6H); MS (APCl) m/z 215 (M + , 10%), 174 (M + −41, 100%); [α] D =−5.7 (c1.025 in H 2 O). 
     Example 16 
     Synthesis of (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-decanoic acid 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     (S)-2,6-Dimethyl-undec-2-ene 162  
     nPropylmagnesium chloride/ether solution (2.0 M, 228 mL) was cooled to −20° C. under a N 2  atmosphere. LiCl (3.87 g, 91.25 mmol), CuCl 2  (6.13 g, 45.63 mmol), and distilled THF (456 mL) were combined and stirred for 30 minutes. The Li 2 CuCl 4  solution was added via cannula to the Grignard reagent, and the resulting solution stirred for 30 minutes at −20° C. R-(−)-Citronellyl bromide (50 g, 228.1 mmol) was dissolved in THF (60 mL) and added dropwise to the Grignard solution. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 1 hour. The reaction was cooled to −40° C. and quenched with NH 4 Cl (sat&#39;d, 200 mL) added dropwise. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer extracted with ether (3×100 mL). The combined organics were dried over MgSO 4 , filtered, and rotovapped to give an oil. The crude material was chromatographed on silica eluting with hexanes to give 162 as a colorless oil (9.15 g, 22%).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 5.10-5.06 (m, 1H), 2.10-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.66 (s, 3H), 1.58 (s, 3H), 1.34-1.23 (m, 4H), 1.15-1.06 (m, 2H), 0.88-0.81 (m, 1H). 
     (S)-4-Methylnonanoic acid 163  
     Compound 162 (7.97 g, 43.7 mmol) was dissolved in acetone (214 mL) and cooled to 0° C. Jones reagent (CrO 3 /H 2 SO 4 ) (2.7 M, 95 mL) was added dropwise, and the reaction allowed to warm to room temperature over 18 hours. The reaction was poured on to water/Na 2 SO 4  (200 mL), and the aqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetate (4×100 mL). The combined organics were dried over MgSO 4 , filtered, and rotovapped to give an oil. The crude oil was chromatographed on silica eluting with hexanes to give 163 as an oil (5.56 g, 74%).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 2.40-2.25 (m, 4H), 1.70-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.47-1.11 (m, 8H), 0.87-0.84 (m, 6H); MS APCl m/z 170.9 (M − 1, 100%). 
     (4R,5S)-4-Methyl-3-((S)-4-methyl-nonanoyl)-5-phenyl-oxazolidin-2-one 164 
     A procedure similar to that used to prepare compound 155 was used except that (S)-4-methylnonanoic acid 163 (5.56 g, 32.27 mmol) was used as a reactant to give 164 as an oil (10.70 g 100%).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.42-7.34 (m, 3H), 7.28 (d, J=6.59 Hz, 2H), 5.64 (d, J=7.33 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (quin, J=6.78 Hz, 1H), 2.94-2.85 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.67 (m, 1H), 1.47-1.43 (m, 1H), 1.39-1.22 (m, 7H), 0.90-0.84 (m, 8H). 
     (3S,5S)-5-Methyl-3-((4R,5S)-4-methyl-2-oxo-5-phenyl-oxazolidine-3-carbonyl)-decanoic acid tert-butyl ester 165  
     A procedure similar to that used to prepare compound 156 was used to give 165 as a solid (4.25 g, 61%). MS (APCl) m/z 446 (M + +1, 10%), 390 (M + −55, 100%, -tBu). 
     (S)-2-((S)-2-Methyl-heptyl)-succinic acid 4-tert-butyl ester 166  
     A procedure similar to that used for compound 157 was used except that ester 165 (8.42 g, 18.89 mmol) was used as a reactant to give 166 as an oil (5.81 g). The material was used directly in the next step. MS (APCl) m/z 285 (M − 1, 100%). 
     (3S,5S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-decanoic acid tert-butyl ester 167  
     A procedure similar to that used to prepare compound 158 was used except that (S)-2-((S)-2-methyl-heptyl)-succinic acid 4-tert-butyl ester 166 (5.78 g, 20.18 mmol) was used as a reactant to give 167 as an oil (4.18 g, 76%).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 3.64-3.58 (m, 1H), 3.84-3.42 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.20 (m, 1H), 2.09-2.02 (m, 1H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.26-1.18 (m, 8H), 1.11-1.04 (m, 2H), 0.87-0.83 (m, 6H); MS (APCl) m/z 217 (M + −55, 50%, -tBu). 
     (3S,5S)-5-Methyl-3-(toluene-4-sulfonyloxymethyl)-decanoic acid tert-butyl ester 168  
     A procedure similar to that used to prepare compound 159 was used except that (3S,5S)-3-Hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-decanoic acid tert-butyl ester 167 (4.164 g, 15.29 mmol) was used as a reactant to give 168 as an oil (4.17 g, 64%).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.75 (d, J=8.30 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (d, J=8.30 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (dd, J=9.52, 4.15 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (dd, J=9.52, 5.13 Hz, 1H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.28, 2.19-2.13 (m, 2H), 1.37 (s, 9H), 1.27-1.01 (m, 1H), 0.85 (t, J=7.08 Hz, 3H), 0.76 (d, J=6.35Hz, 3H). 
     (3S,5S)-3-Azidomethyl-5-methyl-decanoic acid tert-butyl ester 169  
     A procedure similar to that used to prepare compound 160 was used except (3S,5S)-5-methyl-3-(toluene-4-sulfonyloxymethyl)-decanoic acid tert-butyl ester 168 (4.155 g, 9.74 mmol) was used as a reactant to give 169 as an oil (2.77 g, 96%). MS (APCl) m/z 270 (M + −27, 30%, —N 2 ), 214 (M + −87, 100%, -tBu, —N 2 ). 
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-decanoic acid tert-butyl ester 170  
     A procedure similar to that used to prepare compound 161 was used except that (3S,5S)-3-Azidomethyl-5-methyl-decanoic acid tert-butyl ester 169 (2.50 g, 8.405 mmol) was used as a reactant to give 170 as an oil (1.648 g, 72%). MS (APCl) m/z 272 (M + +1, 100%). 
     Example 14  
     (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-decanoic acid 
     A procedure similar to that used for Example 15 was used except tert-butyl (3S,5S)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methyldecanoate 170 (1.6 g, 6.00 mmol) was used as a reactant to give Example 16 as a white solid (72%). MS (APCl) m/z 272 (M + +1, 100%). mp=174-175° C.;  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CD 3 OD) δ 2.91 (dd, J=12.9, 3.91 Hz, 1H), 2.83 (dd, J=12.7, 7.57 Hz, 1H), 2.43 (dd, J=15.6, 3.17 Hz, 1H), 2.19 (dd, J=15.6, 8.80 Hz, 1H), 2.08-2.04 (m, 1H), 1.53 (m, 1H), 1.38-1.27 (m, 7H), 1.78-1.03 (m, 2H), 0.90-0.86 (m, 6H), 0.66 (m, 6H); MS (APCl) m/z 216 (M + +1, 100%), 214 (M − 1, 100%); [α] D =+21.4 (c1 in MeOH). 
     Example 17 
     Synthesis of (3R,4R)-3-Aminomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     (S)-2-Benzyl-3-methyl-butan-1-ol 172  
     Ref.  JACS  1997;119:6510. Amide 171. 
     Large Scale Procedure for the Synthesis of Acetic Acid (S)-2-benzyl-3-methyl-butyl  ester 173 from 171  
     A of n-butyl lithium (10 M in hexane, 100 mL, 1000 mmol, 3.9 equiv.) was added to a solution of diisopropylamine (108.9 g, 150.9 mL, 1.076mol, 4.20 equiv.) in THF (600 mL), at −78° C. The resulting solution was stirred for 10 minutes and warmed to 0° C., and hold at the temperature for 10 minutes. Borane-ammonia complex (31.65 g, 1.025 mmol, and 4.0 equiv) was added in one portion, and the suspension was stirred at 0° C. for 15 minutes, and at 23° C. for 15 minutes, and then cooled to 0° C. A solution of amide 171 (86 g, 256.41 mmol, 1 equiv.) in THF was added to the cold hydride via a cannula over 3 minutes. The reaction was stirred at 23° C. for overnight, then cooled to 0° C. Excess hydride was quenched by the slow addition of 3N HCl (700 mL). The reaction mixture was diluted with more aqueous HCl (3N, 200 mL), and brine and then extracted with ether (4×15 mL). The ether solution was concentrated to a small volume, and 200 mL 2N NaOH was added, and stirred at 23° C. for 2.5 hours. More ether was added and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was saturated with salt and extracted with ether (3×200 mL). The combined organic was washed with brine and dried on sodium sulfate. The residue was flash chromatographed (Pet. ether-25% ether-TEA) to give alcohol 172, 50 g. NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 7.35-7.16 (m, 5H, C 6 H 5 ), 3.55 (app. t, 2H, —CH 2 OH), 2.71 (dd, 1H, ArCH 2 CH—), 2.52 (dd, 1H, ArCH 2 CH), 1.87 (m, 1H, CHCH(Me), 1.67 (m, 1H, CH(Me) 2 ), 0.98 (d, 3H, CH 3 ) and 0.96 (d, 3H, CH 3 ). 
     A sample 3.3 g was saved for characterization and the rest was immediately acetylated (triethylamine 50 mL, DMAP 4.6 g, acetic acid anhydride 32 mL) overnight at room temperature. Work up followed by chromatography on silica gel eluted with pet ether and then 10% ether in pet ether gave 62 g of 173. NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 7.30-7.14 (m, 5H, C 6 H 5 ), 3.98 (m, 2H, —CH 2 OAc), 2.71 (dd, 1H, ArCH 2 CH—), 2.51 (dd, 1H, ArCH 2 CH), 1.99 (s, 3H, CH 3 C═O), 1.82 (m, 1H, CHCH(Me) and CH(Me) 2 ), 0.97 (d, 3H, CH 3 ) and 0.95 (d, 3H, CH 3 ). 
     (S)-Acetoxymethyl-4-methyl-pentanoic acid 174 and (S)-4-Isopropyl-dihydrofuran-2-one 175  
     Acetate 173 (15 g, 68.18 mmol) was dissolved in CH 3 CN (150 mL), carbon tetrachloride (150 mL) and HPLC grade water (300 mL) and stirred. Sodium periodate (262.50 g, 1220 mmol) was added followed by ruthenium chloride (650 mg, 3.136 mmol). After overnight stirring it was diluted with ether and water, and filtered through a pad of Celite. The organic portion was separated and the aqueous phase was further extracted with ether. After drying on magnesium sulfate the solvent was evaporated. Potassium carbonate (42 g) was added to the residue and refluxed overnight in methanol (250 mL) and cooled to room temperature. After evaporation, water was added to dissolve the solid, and conc. HCl was added to bring the pH to 2. Chloroform was added and extracted overnight. The organic phase was separated, and aqueous was further extracted with chloroform. The combined organic extracts were dried, evaporated, and the product was purified on a silica gel column and the compound was eluted with 20% ether in methylene chloride. Fractions were monitored by tlc, and spots were detected with I 2 /KI solution. Fractions were combined to give 4.6 g of lactone 175. NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 4.38 (dd, 1H, CH a H b O), 3.93 (app. t, 1H, CH a H b O), 2.54 (dd, 1H, CH c H d  C═O), 2.23 (m, 2H, CHCH(Me) and CH c H d  C═O), 1.60 (m, 1H, CH(Me) 2 ), 0.92 (d, 3H, CH 3 ) and 0.85 (d, 3H, CH 3 ). 
     (3R,4R)-3-Benzyl-4-isopropyl-dihydro-furan-2-one 176  
     Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (1.0 M solution in THF, 92 mL, 92 mmol) was added in 3-5 minutes to a solution of (S)-β-(2-propyl)-γ-butyrolactone 175 (11.68 g, 91.25 mmol) in dry THF 100 mL at −78° C. under argon atmosphere. It was stirred for 1 h and a solution of benzyl iodide (21.87 g, 100.37 mmol )in dry THF was added rapidly. Stirring was continued for 1.5 hours and quenched at −78° C. by the addition of a solution of brine followed by ethyl acetate. The organic phase was separated and the aqueous was further extracted with ether. Chromatography on silica gel first eluted with 5% methylene chloride in pet ether, and finally with 10% ether in pet ether gave desired compound 11.6 g, 58%. NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 7.19 (m, 5H, C6H 5 ), 4.02 (app. t, 1H, CH a H b O), 3.87 (dd, 1H, CH a H b O), 2.98 (d, 2H, ArCH 2 ), 2.57 (q, 1H, BnCHC═O), 2.05 (m, 1H, CHCH(Me) 2 , 1.55 (m, 1H, CH(Me) 2 ), 0.81 (d, 3H, CH 3 ) and 0.72 (d, 3H, CH 3 ). 
     (2R,3R)-2-Benzyl-3-bromomethyl-4-methyl-pentanoic acid ethyl ester 177  
     Lactone 176 (6.5 g, 29.8 mmol) was dissolved in abs. ethanol (80 mL) and cooled in ice bath. Anhydrous HBr was bubbled through the solution for 1 hour and stirred at room temperature overnight while maintaining reaction under dry atmosphere. It was poured onto ice cooled mixture of pet ether and brine. The organic phase was separated, and the aqueous was further extracted with pet ether. The combined organic solution was washed repeatedly with cold water and dried. Solvent was removed in vacuo to give crude compound 7.0 g. NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 7.27 (m, 5H, C 6 H 5 ), 4.02 (m, 2H, CH 3 CH 2 O), 3.70 (dd, 1H, CH a H b Br), 3.55 (dd, 1H, CH a H b Br), 2.97 (m, 2H, ArCH 2 ), 2.83 (q, 1H, BnCHC═O), 2.11 (m, 1H, CHCH(Me) 2 , 1.97 (m, 1H, CH(Me) 2 ), 1.10 (t, 3H, CH 3 CH 2 O), 0.96 (d, 3H, CH 3 ) and 0.93 (d, 3H, CH 3 ). 
     (2R,3R)-2-Benzyl-3,4-dimethyl-pentanoic acid ethyl ester 178  
     Bromoester 177 (7.25 g, about 80% pure), in ethanol (100 mL) containing triethylamine (3.2 mL) was hydrogenated overnight in the presence of 20% Pd/C (1.0 g). It was filtered through a pad of Celite, and the cake was washed with ethanol. Solvent was evaporated, and the residue was taken up in ether, whereupon solid (Et 3 N.HCl) separated. The solid was removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated, and the procedure was repeated to eliminate all hydrochloride salt. Product was chromatographed on a silica gel column which was eluted with pet ether to give the desired debrominated compound 3.35 g. NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 7.21 (m, 5H, C6H 5 ), 3.95 (m, 2H, CH 3 CH 2 O), 2.85 (m, 2H, ArCH 2 ), 2.64 (q, 1H, BnCHC═O), 1.85 (m, 1H, CHCH(Me) 2 , 1.62 (m, 1H, CH(Me) 2 ), 1.05 (t, 3H, CH 3 CH 2 O), 0.95 (d, 3H, CH 3 ) 0.84 (d, 3H, CH 3 ) 0.82 (d, 3H, CH 3 ). MS gave 290 (M+CH 3 CN), 249 (M +1), and others at 203. Further elution with ether gave lactone (2.25 g) that was carried over from previous step. 
     Acetic Acid (2R,3R)-2-benzyl-3,4-dimethyl-pentyl-ester 179  
     Ethyl ester 178 (3.20 g, 12.85 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous ether and cooled in ice bath under inert atmosphere. Lithium aluminum hydride (500 mg, 13.15 mmol) was added, and the suspension was stirred at room temperature overnight. Excess LAH was destroyed by careful addition of ethyl acetate while the reaction was stirred in ice bath. Saturated sodium sulfate was added cautiously to coagulate the alumina that separated at room temperature as white precipitate. The reaction mixture was diluted with methylene chloride, and anhydrous sodium sulfate was added to dry the mixture. After filtration the solution was concentrated to give an oil 3.0 g. 
     The material (3.0 g) was dissolved in dichloromethane (30 mL) and triethylamine (2.5 mL), DMAP (200 mg), and acetic anhydride (1.5 mL) were added. It was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours, and diluted with ether. The ether solution was washed with waster, 1N HCl, saturated sodium bicarbonate, brine and dried. The solution was concentrated in vacuo to give the acetoxy compound 179 3.16 g. NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 7.19 (m, 5H, C 6 H 5 ), 4.03 (m, 2H, CH 3 CH 2 O), 2.69 (m, 2H, ArCH 2 ), 2.09 (m, 1H, BnCHCH 2 O), 2.02 (s, 3H, CH 3 C═O), 1.68 (m, 1H, CH 3 CHCH(Me) 2 , 1.23 (m, 1H, CH(Me) 2 ), 0.87 (d, 3H, CH 3 ), 0.84 (d, 3H, CH 3 ) and 0.81 (d, 3H, CH 3 ). 
     (R)-4-((R)-1,2-Dimethyl-propyl)-dihydro-furan-2-one 180  
     To a solution of aromatic compound 179 (5.0 g, 20.16 mmol) in HPLC grade acetonitrile (60 mL), carbon tetrachloride (60 mL), and water (120 mL) was added sodium periodate (86.24 g, 403.32 mmol, 20 equiv.), followed by RuCl 3  (414 mg, 10 mol %). The mixture was stirred vigorously overnight at room temperature, and diluted with methylene chloride (400 mL). The mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite to remove the solid precipitate. The organic portion was separated, and the aqueous was further extracted with methylene chloride. After the combined organic portions concentrated, the residue was dissolved in ether and applied to a column of Florisil. The compound was eluted with 3% methanol in ether, evaporated to a paste that was dissolved in methanol (100 mL). Potassium carbonate (8.0 g) was added, and the mixture was refluxed for 6 hours. The solvent was evaporated, and the solid residue was dissolved in water. The pH was adjusted to 2 by the careful addition of concentrated HCl while being cooled in ice water bath and stirred. Chloroform (200 mL) was added to the solution and stirred as such overnight at room temperature. The organic phase was separated, and the aqueous portion was further extracted with chloroform. After drying, the solvent was evaporated to give the lactone 180 5.0 g. NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 4.36 (app. t, 1H, CH a H b O), 3.85 (app. t, 1H, CH a H b O), 2.46 (m, 2H, CH c H d  C═O), 2.13 (m, 2H, CHCH 2 C═O), 1.60 (m, 1H, CH(Me) 2 ), 1.35 (m, 1H, CH 3 CHCH(Me) 2 ), 0.86 (d, 3H, CH 3 ) and 0.72 (t, 3H, CH 3 ). 
     (3R,4R)-3-Bromomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid ethyl ester 181  
     Lactone 180 (5.0 g) was dissolved in absolute ethanol (25 mL) and flushed with argon. While being cooled in ice water bath, anhydrous HBr gas was bubbled through the mixture for 45 minutes and allowed to stand at room temperature overnight. The mixture was poured into ice-salt water and hexane. The organic phase was separated, and the aqueous was further extracted with hexane. The combined organic extract was dried and evaporated. Flash chromatography with 10% ether in pet ether on a silica gel column gave the bromoester 181 3.54 g. NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 4.14 (q, 2H, CH 3 H 2 O), 3.60 (dd, 1H, CH a H b Br), 3.41 (dd, 1H, CH c H b  Br), 2.54 (dd, 1H, CH a H b C═O), 2.44 (dd, 1H, CH a H b C═O), 2.22 (m, 1H, O═CCH 2 CHCH 2 Br), 1.67 (m, 1H, CHCH 3 CH(Me) 2 , 1.37 (m, 1H, CH(Me) 2 ), 1.26 (t, 3H, CH 3 CH 2 O), 0.94 (d, 3H, CHCH 3 CH(Me) 2 , 0.81 (d, 3H, ((CH 3 ) 2 )CHCH 3 CH) and 0.79 (d, 3H, ((CH 3 ) 2 )CHCH 3 CH). 
     (3R,4R)-3-Azidomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid ethyl ester 182 and Example 17 (3R,4R)-3-Aminomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid 
     Bromoester 181 (3.54 g, 13.34 mmol), sodium azide (1.04 g, 16.13 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (8.0 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight. Water (16 mL) and hexane were added, the organic portion was separated, and the aqueous portion was further extracted with hexane. It was dried and evaporated to give azido ester 3.0 g. NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ 4.14 (q, 2H, CH 3 H 2 O), 3.48 (dd, 1H, CH a H b N3), 3.21 (dd, 1H, CH c H b  N 3 ), 2.34 (m 2H, CH a H b C═O), 2.20 (m, 1H, O═CCH 2 CHCH 2  N 3 ), 1.60 (m, 1H, CHCH 3 CH(Me) 2 . Compound was submitted for hydrogenation (HPL, 66480×100). The hydrogenated crude was dissolved in 6N HCl and refluxed overnight. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo the residue was azeotroped with toluene. The crude was further purified by loading onto an ion exchange column chromatography (Dowex 50Wb×8-100), washed to neutral eluent with HPLC grade water followed by elution of compound with 0.5N NH 4 OH solution. Crystallization of product from methanol gave 720 mg. NMR (CD 3 OD) δ 3.04 (dd, 1H, CH a H b NH 2 ), 2.82 (dd, 1H, CH c H b  NH 2 ), 2.52 (dd, 1H, CH a H b C═O), 2.40 (dd, 1H, CH a H b C═O), 2.07 (m, 1H, O═CCH 2 CHCH 2 NH 2 ), 1.67 (m, 1H, CHCH 3 CH(Me) 2 , 1.35 (m, 1H, CH(Me) 2 ), 0.97 (d, 3H, CHCH 3 CH(Me) 2 , 0.88 (d, 3H, ((CH 3 ) 2 )CHCH 3 CH) and 0.83 (d, 3H, ((CH 3 ) 2 )CHCH 3 CH). [α] D −5.3 (c, MeOH, 1.9 mg/mL). Anal. Calcd for C 9 H 19 NO 2 : C 62.39, H 11.05, N 8.08. Found C 62.01, H 11.35, N 7.88. MS showed ions at 215 (M+CH 3 CN), 197 (M+Na + ), 174 (M+H + ). Analysis of derivative by reverse phase HPLC, Hypersil BDS C 18  5 micron and mobile phase 50/50 CH 3 CN-water containing 0.1% TFA gave 99.93% purity at retention time of 8.21 minutes. 
     Examples 18-20 
     Synthesis of 3-Aminomethyl-4-isopropyl-heptanoic acid 
     
       
                 
         
             
             
         
      
     
     2-Cyano-4-methyl-2-pentenoic acid methyl ester 61  
     A solution of isobutyraldehyde (30.0 g, 416 mmol), methyl-cyano-acetate 5 (20.6 g, 208 mmol), ammonium hydroxide (3.2 g, 41.6 mmol) and acetic acid (5.0 g, 83.2 mmol) in 500 mL of toluene is warmed to reflux under a Dean-Stark trap for 12 hours. The mixture is cooled to room temperature and extracted with saturated NaHSO 3  (3×100 mL), saturated NaHCO 3  (3×100 mL), and 100 mL of brine. The organic layer is dried over Na 2 SO 4 , and the solvent is evaporated. The remaining oil is distilled under high vacuum (0.5 mm Hg, B.P.=115-120° C.) to give 28.8 g of 2-cyano-4-methyl-2-pentenoic acid methyl ester 61 as an oil (90% yield). 
     2-Cyano-3-isopropyl-hexanoic acid methyl ester 183  
     A 2.0 M solution of propyl magnesium chloride in Et 2 O (9.8 mL, 19.6 mmol) is added to a solution of 2-cyano-4-methyl-2-pentenoic acid (3.0 g, 19.6 mmol) in 50 mL of THF which is cooled in an IPA/dry ice bath to −40° C. under argon. The solution is stirred for 4 hours, and the reaction is quenched by addition of 50 mL of saturated KH 2 PO 4 . The THF is evaporated, and the remaining oil is chromatographed under medium pressure over silica gel with 50% CH 2 Cl 2 /hexane. Yield=1.9 g (50%) of 2-cyano-3-isopropyl-hexanoic acid methyl ester as an oil. 
     2-Cyano-2-(1-isopropyl-butyl)-succinic acid 4-tert-butyl ester 1-methyl ester 184  
     A solution of 2-cyano-3-isopropyl-hexanoic acid methyl ester (1.9 g, 9.6 mmol) in 10 mL of THF is added to a slurry of NaH (washed with hexane, 0.23 g, 9.6 mmol) in 20 mL of THF which is cooled in an ice water bath under argon. The solution is stirred for 10 minutes, and t-butyl bromoacetate (2.1 g, 10.6 mmol) is added. The solution is warmed to room temperature. After 12 hours, the reaction is quenched by addition of 50 mL of saturated KH 2 PO 4  and the THF is evaporated. The organic products are extracted into Et 2 O (3×50 mL), and the combined organic layers are dried over MgSO 4 . The solvent is evaporated, and the remaining oil is chromographed under medium pressure over silica gel in 25% hexane/CH 2 Cl 2 . Yield of 2-cyano-2-(1-isopropyl-butyl)-succinic acid 4-tert-butyl ester 1-methyl ester=1.3 g (42%) as an oil. 
     3-Cyano-4-isopropyl-heptanoic acid t-butyl ester 185  
     A mixture of 2-cyano-2-(1-isopropyl-butyl)-succinic acid 4-tert-butyl ester 1-methyl ester (1.3 g, 4.2 mmol), NaCl (0.25 g, 4.2 mmol), and H 2 O (0.15 g, 8.3 mmol) in 25 mL of DMSO is warmed to 130° C. for 12 hours. The mixture is cooled to room temperature and diluted with 100 mL of brine. The organic products are extracted into Et 2 O (3×50 mL). The organic layers are combined and washed with 50 mL of H 2 O and 50 mL of brine. Drying over Na 2 SO 4  and evaporation of the solvent gives 0.8 g (75% yield) of 3-cyano-4-isopropyl-heptanoic acid t-butyl ester as an oil. 
     4-(1-Isopropyl-butyl)-2-pyrrolidone 186 
     3-Cyano-4-isopropyl-heptanoic acid t-butyl ester (0.8 g, 3.2 mmol) is reduced under 50 psi of H 2  in MeOH containing TEA and Ra Ni. When the theoretical amount of H 2  is taken up, the catalyst is removed by filtration, and the solvent is evaporated to give 0.6 g (100% yield) of 4-(1-isopropyl-butyl)-2-pyrrolidone as an oil. 
     Example 18 
     3-Aminomethyl-4-isopropyl-heptanoic acid 
     4-(1-Isopropyl-butyl)-2-pyrrolidone (0.6 g, 2.3 mmol) is warmed to reflux in 50 mL of 6.0 M HCl for 12 hours. The solution is cooled to room temperature and filtered through Celite. The filtrate is evaporated, and the solid remaining is recrystallized from MeOH/EtOAc. Yield 0.035 g (6% yield) of 3-aminomethyl-4-isopropyl-heptanoic acid as an HCl salt, mp 160-170° C.  1 H NMR (CD 3 OD) δ 0.9 (m, 9H), 1.30 (m, 5H), 1.78 (m, 1H), 2.30 (m, 2H), 2.45 (m, 1H), 2.95 (m, 2H). MS (APCl, CH 3 CN, H 2 O) 201 (M + , 100%). 
     Example 19 
     3-Aminomethyl-4-isopropyl-octanoic acid 
     Prepared according to the procedure of Example 18. Yield =0.13 g (15%) of 3-aminomethyl-4-isopropyl-octanoic acid. mp=160-170° C.  1 H NMR (CD 3 OD) δ 0.9 (m, 9H), 1.30 (m, 7H), 1.78 (m, 1H), 2.30 (m, 1H), 2.45 (m, 2H), 2.95 (m, 2H). MS (APCl, CH 3 CN, H 2 O) 198 (M−17, 100%), 216 (M + , 50%). 
     Example 20 
     3-Aminomethyl-4-isopropyl-hexanoic acid 
     Prepared according to the procedure of Example 18. Yield=0.11 g (42%) of 3-aminomethyl-4-isopropyl-hexanoic acid. mp=170-180° C.  1 H NMR (CD 3 OD) δ 0.9 (m, 9H), 1.18 (m, 1H), 1.39 (m, 3H), 1.78 (m, 1H), 2.30 (m, 1H), 2.45 (m, 1H), 2.95 (m, 2H). MS (APCl, CH 3 CN, H 2 O) 188 (M + , 100%). 
     Example 21 
                                
(i) MeO 2 CCH=PPh 3 , THF, 40° C.; (ii) MeNO 2 , DBU; (iii) Raney Nickel, H 2 , MeOH; (iv) Pd—C, MeOH, H 2 ; (v) 6N HCl
 
     Synthesis of the Unsaturated Ester 188  
     (S)-(−)-citronellal 187 (2.0 mL, 11.03 mmol) was stirred at 40° C. in dry tetrahydrofuran (30 mL) with methyl triphenylphosphoranylidene acetate (3.69 g, 11.03 mmol). After 8 hours the mixture was cooled to room temperature and stirred overnight. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue stirred with n-pentane (50 mL). After 1 hour the solid was removed by filtration and the solvent removed in vacuo to give an oil which was purified by flash chromatography (silica, ethyl acetate:heptane 1:9) to give 2.05 g (88%) of 188 as a clear oil.  1 H NMR (400 MHz) (CDCl 3 ) δ 0.90 (3H, d, J=6 Hz); 1.12-1.40 (2H, m); 1.60 (3H, s); 1.62 (1H, m); 1.68 (3H, s); 2.01 (3H, m); 2.21 (1H, m); 3.73 (3H, s); 5.08 (1H, m); 5.82 (1H, d, J=16 Hz); 6.94 (1H, m). MS (Cl + ) (m/z): 211 (MH + , 75%), 179 (78%), 151 (100%). IR (thin film) (cm −1 ) v: 1271, 1436, 1728, 2917. 
     Synthesis of the Nitroester 189  
     The ester 188 (2.02 g, 9.6 mmol) was dissolved in nitromethane (25 mL) with 1,8-diazabicyclo[5,4,0]undec-7-ene (1.44 mL, 9.6 mmol) and stirred at room temperature. After 23 hours the mixture was diluted with diethyl ether (150 mL) and washed with water (50 mL) and then 2N HCl (50 mL). The organic phase was collected, dried (MgSO 4 ), and the solvent removed in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica, ethyl acetate:heptane 3:7) to give 2.26 g (87%) of 189 as a clear oil. Note that this and all subsequent compounds are equimolar mixtures of 2 diastereoisomers.  1 H NMR (400 MHz) (CDCl 3 ) δ 0.90 (2×3H, each d, J=6 Hz); 1.09-1.58 (1H, m); 1.602 (6H, s); 1.685 (6H, s); 1.94 (4H, m); 2.42 (4H, m); 2.66 (2H, m); 3.70 (6H, s); 4.42 (4H, m); 5.07(2H,m). 
     MS (Cl + ) (m/z): 272 (MH + , 90%), 240 (100%), 151 (100%). IR (thin film) (cm −1 ) v: 1554, 1739, 2918. 
     Synthesis of the Lactam 191  
     The nitro ester 189 (2.09 g, 7.7 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (75 mL) and shaken over Raney Nickel (catalytic, prewashed with water and then methanol) under an atmosphere of hydrogen gas (39 psi) at 35° C. After 17 hours the mixture was filtered through Celite. The solvent was removed in vacuo to give an oil.  1 H NMR showed there had been partial reduction of the double bond so this was carried on without further purification. A sample of this partial reduced product (440 mg, 2.1 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (40 mL) and shaken over 5% Pd-C under an atmosphere of hydrogen gas. After 18 hours the catalyst was removed by filtration through Celite to obtain 442 mg (99% from partial reduced material) as a clear oil which did not need purification. Note that this and all subsequent compounds are equimolar mixtures of 2 diastereoisomers.  1 H NMR (400 MHz) (CDCl 3 ) δ: 0.88 (18H, m); 1.04-1.58 (20H, m); 1.96 (2H, m); 2.40 (2H, m); 2.58 (2H, m); 2.98 (2H, m); (3.45 (2H, m), 5.82 (2H, br s). MS (Cl + ) (m/z): 212 (MH + , 100%). 
     Synthesis of Example 21  
     The lactam 191 (428 mg, 2.0 mmol) was heated to reflux in 6N HCl (20 mL). After 5 hours the mixture was cooled to room temperature and washed with dichloromethane (2×10 mL). The aqueous phase was collected and the solvent removed in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in water (10 mL) and freeze-dried to give 382 mg (71%) of Example 34 as a white solid. Note that this compound is an equimolar mixture of 2 diastereoisomers.  1 H NMR (400 MHz) (d 6 -DMSO) δ 0.82 (18H, m); 0.95-1.55 (20H, m); 2.05-2.45 (6H, m); 2.75 (4H, m); 7.98 (6H, br s). 
     MS (Cl + ) (m/z): 230 ([MH−HCl] + , 90%), 212 (100%). 
     Microanalysis: Calculated for C 13 H 28 NO 2 Cl: 
     C, 58.74; H, 10.62; N, 5.27. 
     Found: C, 58.46; H, 10.50; N, 5.33. 
     To one skilled in the art, the use of (R)-(+)-citronellal would afford compounds of opposite C5-stereochemistry to Example 21. 
     The compounds of the present invention can be prepared and administered in a wide variety of oral and parenteral dosage forms. Thus, the compounds of the present invention can be administered by injection, that is, intravenously, intramuscularly, intracutaneously, subcutaneously, intraduodenally, or intraperitoneally. Also, the compounds of the present invention can be administered by inhalation, for example, intranasally. Additionally, the compounds of the present invention can be administered transdermally. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the following dosage forms may comprise as the active component, either a compound of formula 1 or a corresponding pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of formula 1. 
     For preparing pharmaceutical compositions from the compounds of the present invention, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be either solid or liquid. Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, cachets, suppositories, and dispersible granules. A solid carrier can be one or more substances which may also act as diluents, flavoring agents, binders, preservatives, tablet disintegrating agents, or an encapsulating material. 
     In powders, the carrier is a finely divided solid which is in a mixture with the finely divided active component. 
     In tablets, the active component is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired. 
     The powders and tablets preferably contain from five or ten to about seventy percent of the active compound. Suitable carriers are magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, a low melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like. The term “preparation” is intended to include the formulation of the active compound with encapsulating material as a carrier providing a capsule in which the active component, with or without other carriers, is surrounded by a carrier, which is thus in association with it. Similarly, cachets and lozenges are included. Tablets, powders, capsules, pills, cachets, and lozenges can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration. 
     For preparing suppositories, a low melting wax, such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter, is first melted, and the active component is dispersed homogeneously therein, as by stirring. The molten homogenous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool, and thereby to solidify. 
     Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions, for example, water or water propylene glycol solutions. For parenteral injection liquid preparations can be formulated in solution in aqueous polyethylene glycol solution. 
     Aqueous solutions suitable for oral use can be prepared by dissolving the active component in water and adding suitable colorants, flavors, stabilizing and thickening agents as desired. 
     Aqueous suspensions suitable for oral use can be made by dispersing the finely divided active component in water with viscous material, such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and other well-known suspending agents. 
     Also included are solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for oral administration. Such liquid forms include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. These preparations may contain, in addition to the active component, colorants, flavors, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and natural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, and the like. 
     The pharmaceutical preparation is preferably in unit dosage form. In such form the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component. The unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation, the package containing discrete quantities of preparation, such as packeted tablets, capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules. Also, the unit dosage form can be a capsule, tablet, cachet, or lozenge itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any of these in packaged form. 
     The quantity of active component in a unit dose preparation may be varied or adjusted from 0.1 mg to 1 g according to the particular application and the potency of the active component. In medical use the drug may be administered three times daily as, for example, capsules of 100 or 300 mg. The composition can, if desired, also contain other compatible therapeutic agents. 
     In therapeutic use, the compounds utilized in the pharmaceutical method of this invention are administered at the initial dosage of about 0.01 mg to about 100 mg/kg daily. A daily dose range of about 0.01 mg to about 100 mg/kg is preferred. The dosages, however, may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient, the severity of the condition being treated, and the compound being employed. Determination of the proper dosage for a particular situation is within the skill of the art. Generally, treatment is initiated with smaller dosages which are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect under the circumstances is reached. For convenience, the total daily dosage may be divided and administered in portions during the day, if desired. 
     Illustrative examples of compounds made in accordance with the present invention are tested as described in EXAMPLE 22. 
     Example 22  
     Rat Model of Footpad Tactile Allodynia from Prior Injection of Acid into the Gastrocnemium Muscle 
     Patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) typically demonstrate widespread, chronic musculoskeletal pain, which is often accompanied by tactile allodynia (pain in response to a relatively light tactile stimulus that is normally not painful). A rat model of persistent mechanical allodynia has been developed that is consistent with the muscle tenderness found in these patients. Multiple injections of acidified saline into the gastrocnemius muscle in rats produce a long-lasting allodynia (conveniently measured at the footpad) that is thought to be centrally mediated (Sluka K., et al., Unilateral Intramuscular Injections of Acidic Saline Produce a Bilateral, Long-Lasting Hyperalgesia, Muscle Nerve, 2001; 24:37-46;Sluka K., et al., Chronic Muscle Pain Induced by Repeated Acid Injection is Reversed by Spinally Administered mu- and delta-, but not kappa-Opioid Receptor Agonists, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2002; 302:1146-50). This model was utilized to evaluate a compound of the invention for its ability to inhibit allodynia. 
     Allodynia is induced as described by Sluka, et al., supra, with minor modifications. On Day 0, male Sprague-Dawley rats (˜200 g body weight) in their dark cycle are placed in suspended wire-bottom cages and allowed to acclimate for 0.5 hours. The baseline paw withdrawal threshold is determined on the right hind paw by Von Frey monofilament hairs (bending forces of 2.0, 3.6, 5.5, 8.5, 15.1, and 28.8 g) using the Dixon Up-Down method (Dixon W., Efficient Analysis of Experimental Observations, Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1980; 20:441-62). Von Frey hairs are applied to the plantar surface for up to 6 seconds, and a flinching of the paw during that time frame is considered a positive response. After assessment, the right gastrocnemius muscle is shaved, swabbed with alcohol, and injected with 0.1 mL of 0.9% NaCl solution acidified to pH 4 with HCl. The injection is repeated on Day 5. Animals are manipulated with a dynamic plantar aesthesiometer (Ugo Basile, Comerio-Varese, Italy) on Days 6, 7, and 8 to facilitate induction of the allodynia. To screen the rats for the development of allodynia, the 15.1 g Von Frey hair is applied to the ipsilateral paw on Day 11. Positive responders from that test are included in the compound evaluation study. On Day 12 (the day of peak allodynia), animals are assigned into treatment groups, and then their ipsilateral paw withdrawal thresholds are determined to establish the allodynia (reduction in paw withdrawal threshold) compared to baseline values. Rats are then orally dosed with 10 mL/kg vehicle (0.5% hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose/0.2% Tween 80) or an indicated dose of a compound of the invention. Paw withdrawal thresholds are reassessed by Von Frey hairs in blinded fashion 2 hours after dosing for the dose-response study, and 2, 5, 8, and 24 hours after dosing in the time course experiment. The inhibition of allodynia is determined for each animal by dividing the increase in paw withdrawal threshold after treatment by the difference between baseline and pretreatment paw withdrawal values. This fraction is then converted to percent inhibition by multiplying by 100. 
     In this manner, one or more compounds described above is evaluated for its ability to dose-dependently attenuate allodynia, and minimum effective doses of are determined). To determine the time course of inhibition, allodynia is monitored at various time points after a minimum effective dose of a compound of the invention. 
     In this manner, it is evaluated whether administration of one or more compounds described above reduces tactile allodynia to the footpad caused by prior injection of acidic saline. The time period for sustained efficacy is also determined. The results allow evaluation of a compound of the invention for treating the allodynia associated with fibromyalgia syndrome.