Abstract:
The application describes a method of scavenging formaldehyde from a wooden composite comprising urea-formaldehyde or melamine urea-formaldehyde by providing a combination of formaldehyde scavengers in the face and core layers of the composite and further describes the composite produced with these scavengers.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
       [0001]    This invention relates a method of scavenging formaldehyde in particleboard (PB) or medium density fiberboard (MDF) made with urea-formaldehyde resin (UF) and/or melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin (MUF) using a special ammonium containing composition. In addition, the invention relates to a chemical, which can improve the curing speed of urea-formaldehyde-hardener system. 
       Description of related Art 
       [0002]    Generally, when urea-formaldehyde resin (UF) is used as adhesive for manufacturing composite boards, the adhesive releases the certain amount of formaldehyde into the environment after curing, especially when the cured adhesive is exposed to acidic and/or high-moisture environments. As we know, the formaldehyde is thought to contribute to human and animal illness. Therefore, it is desirable to reduce the release of formaldehyde into the environment. 
         [0003]    With respect to the strict environmental regulations developed in recent years, wood composite manufacturers throughout the world are facing a great challenge to lower subsequent formaldehyde emissions from composite panels to significantly lower limits within a short period of time. For example, the formaldehyde emissions allowed for wood composites in North America was 0.3 ppm measured by a large chamber method before Jan. 1, 2009. However, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) issued a new standard for formaldehyde emissions which were effective on Jan. 1, 2009 for Phase I and Jan. 1, 2011 for Phase II as shown in Table 1.Thus, wood adhesive and composite manufacturers are starting to look for more effective formaldehyde scavengers and other means to lower the formaldehyde emissions from the particleboard and MDF bonded with UF resin and MUF resins to meet the new environmental regulations. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Formaldehyde emission standards for particleboard 
               
               
                 (PB) and MDF (large chamber method) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Effective 
                 Standard (mg/kg or ppm), ASTM E1333 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Date 
                 CARB 
                 PB 
                 MDF 
                 Thin MDF (8 mm) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Jan. 1, 2009 
                 Phase 1 
                 0.18 
                 0.21 
                 0.21 
               
               
                 Jan. 7, 2009 
                   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Jan. 1, 2010 
                 Phase 2 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Jan. 1, 2011 
                   
                 0.09 
                 0.11 
                 — 
               
               
                 Jan. 1, 2012 
                   
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 Jan. 7, 2012 
                   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0004]    So far, various techniques have been used to reduce formaldehyde emissions from composite panels bonded with UF resins. A formaldehyde scavenger reduces formaldehyde emissions by reacting with free formaldehyde that might otherwise be released from PB or MDF panels. Meyer et al. (1980) used model sulphur compounds as a formaldehyde scavenger for UF resin system. Moore (1991) used melamine to lower formaldehyde emission of wood composites made with UF resin. Greene (1992) developed formaldehyde-scavenging process including the use of acetoacetamine as a formaldehyde scavenger for durable press finished fabrics using nitrogen containing methylol resin. Breyer et al. (1997) used low molar ratio MUF as a formaldehyde scavenger for wood composite applications. Park et al. (2008) also developed the low F/U molar ratio UF pre-polymer as formaldehyde scavenger for UF resin. They found that the mechanical properties of wood composites were related to the scavenger content in the resin system. Mechanical properties decreased as the scavenger dosage increased. Kim (2009) used volcanic pozzolan as a formaldehyde scavenger for UF resin bonded wood composites. 
         [0005]    With a proper formaldehyde scavenger, it allows to use UF resins with high F/U molar ratios without increasing formaldehyde emissions or further to reduce formaldehyde emissions with low F/U molar ratio resins. It is well known that UF resins cure in acidic conditions generated by the reaction of the catalyst with free formaldehyde. The addition of urea or urea-formaldehyde oligomer can scavenge free formaldehyde, which leads to deficient acid for UF curing and results in less free formaldehyde available to react with catalyst. Therefore, the formaldehyde scavenging and panel performance become real paradox. 
         [0006]    With the above concerns, a formaldehyde scavenger combination system is proposed. Such a system will not only effectively scavenge free formaldehyde but also do no harm to UF resin curing or panel performance without additional catalyst. A combination formaldehyde scavenger should help to improve product properties. It should also be economic, and its application should be simple and easily be adopted into the existing process, i.e., pre-mixing with UF resin before application without altering the resin pot life. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    The present invention provides a method of scavenging formaldehyde in connection with multifunctional chemical scavenger compositions which accelerate the urea-formaldehyde curing speed, while lowering the subsequent formaldehyde emissions from the UF-bonded products. 
         [0008]    In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of scavenging formaldehyde from a wooden composite comprising urea-formaldehyde or melamine urea-formaldehyde, the method comprising: providing a furnish for at least one of a core layer and two face layer, providing at least one of a first formaldehyde scavenger (FS-C) and a second formaldehyde scavenger (FS-F); wherein the first formaldehyde scavenger is at least one group selected from the group consisting of K 2 S 2 O 8 , (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 , and Na 2 S 2 O 8 , and optionally comprising ammonium polyphosphate (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 , NH 4 H 2 PO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 CO, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4  and combinations thereof; wherein the second formaldehyde scavenger comprises at least (NH 4 ) 2 CO and [(NH 4 ) 2 OH.HCl] and optionally comprises K 2 S 2 O 8 , (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 , Na 2 S 2 O 8 , ammonium polyphosphate (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 , NH 4 H 2 PO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , and combinations thereof; providing a urea-formaldehyde uncured resin or a melamine urea-formaldehyde uncured resin, wherein each uncured resin comprises an adhesive and a catalyst; mixing at least one of the following combinations i) the first formaldehyde scavenger (FS-C), the uncured resin and the furnish of the core layer; ii) the second formaldehyde scavenger (FS-F), the uncured resin and the furnish of the face layer; iii) the first formaldehyde scavenger (FS-C), the uncured resin and the furnish of the face layer; and iv) the second formaldehyde scavenger (FS-F), the uncured resin and the furnish of the core layer; producing at least one core layer having two sides from any one of i), ii), iii) and iv) combinations; applying at least one face layer on each of the sides of the core layer from any one of i), ii), iii) and iv) combinations; curing the core layer and the two face layers, whereby scavenging formaldehyde from the wooden composite. 
         [0009]    In accordance with one aspect of the method herein described, wherein producing the core layer is from i). 
         [0010]    In accordance with another aspect of the method herein described, wherein producing the face layer is from ii). 
         [0011]    In accordance with yet another aspect of the method of any one of claims  1  to  3 , wherein the core layer comprises (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4  and one of K 2 S 2 O 8 , or (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 . 
         [0012]    In accordance with still another aspect of the method herein described, wherein the solid weight of formaldehyde scavenger (FS-C) is 0.1 to 1 wt % of the total weight solids of resin in the core layer. 
         [0013]    In accordance with a further aspect of the method herein described, the solid weight of formaldehyde scavenger (FS-F) is 15 to 20 wt % of the total weight solids in the face layer. 
         [0014]    In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of scavenging formaldehyde from a wooden composite comprising urea-formaldehyde or melamine urea-formaldehyde resin, providing a furnish for at least one of a core layer and a face layer, the method comprising: providing at least one of a first formaldehyde scavenger (FS-C) and a second formaldehyde scavenger (FS-F); wherein the first formaldehyde scavenger is at least one group selected from the group consisting of K 2 S 2 O 8 , (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 , and Na 2 S 2 O 8 , and optionally comprising ammonium polyphosphate (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 , NH 4 H 2 PO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 CO, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4  and combinations thereof; wherein the second formaldehyde scavenger comprises at least (NH 4 ) 2 CO and [(NH 4 ) 2 OH.HCl] and optionally comprises K 2 S 2 O 8 , (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 , Na 2 S 2 O 8 , ammonium polyphosphate (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 , NH 4 H 2 PO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , and combinations thereof; providing an urea-formaldehyde uncured resin or a melamine urea-formaldehyde uncured resin; mixing at least one of the following i) the first formaldehyde scavenger (FS-C), the uncured resin and the furnish of the core layer; and ii) the second formaldehyde scavenger (FS-F), the uncured resin and the furnish of the face layer; producing at least one core layer from i) the core layer having two sides; applying a face layer on each of the sides of the core layer from ii); curing the core layer and the two face layers, whereby scavenging formaldehyde from the wooden composite produced. 
         [0015]    In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a wooden composite comprising at least one of a core layer having two sides, at least one face layer on each of the sides of the core layer , wherein each of the core layer and the face layers comprise: a urea-formaldehyde or melamine urea-formaldehyde resin, the resin comprising an adhesive and catalyst, wherein the at least one core layer further comprises a core furnish and a first formaldehyde scavenger, and each face layer further comprising a face furnish and a second formaldehyde scavenger, wherein the first formaldehyde scavenger (FS-C) is at least one group selected from the group consisting of K 2 S 2 O 8 , (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 , and Na 2 S 2 O 8 , and optionally comprising ammonium polyphosphate (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 , NH 4 H 2 PO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 CO, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4  and combinations thereof; wherein the second formaldehyde scavenger (FS-F) comprises at least (NH 4 ) 2 CO and [(NH 4 ) 2 OH.HCl] and optionally comprises K 2 S 2 O 8 , (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 , Na 2 S 2 O 8 , ammonium polyphosphate (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 , NH 4 H 2 PO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , and combinations thereof. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         [0016]      FIG. 1  illustrates a process flow diagram for scavenging formaldehyde from a wood composite material according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0017]    The formaldehyde scavenger lowers subsequent formaldehyde emission from composite panels when the multifunctional compositions are used with urea-formaldehyde resin in manufacturing boards. The formaldehyde scavenger of the present invention is able to reduce the level of formaldehyde emission while also accelerating the curing speed and maintaining the physical properties, such as internal bond (IB). In some cases, depending on the dosage of formaldehyde scavenger and the manufacturing process, the formaldehyde scavenger will enhance some physical properties of the urea-formaldehyde resin and resulting products. 
         [0018]    As used herein, the formaldehyde scavengers of the present invention include: 
         [0019]    (a) Formaldehyde scavenger (FS-C), which can be used in the core layer and face layer of boards, but is preferred to be used in core layer; 
         [0020]    (b) FS-C is a composition of at least two or more of the following components: potassium persulfate (K 2 S 2 O 8 ), ammonium persulfate [(NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 ], sodium persulfate [Na 2 S 2 O 8 ], ammonium polyphosphate [(NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 ], monoammonium phosphate [NH 4 H 2 PO 4 ], diammonium phosphate [(NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 ], and urea [(NH 2 ) 2 CO, and ammonium sulphate. At a minimum FS-C contains ammonium sulphate and one of either potassium persulfate or ammonium persulfate); 
         [0021]    (c) Formaldehyde scavenger (FS-F) can be used in the core layer and face layer of boards, but is preferred to be used in face layer; 
         [0022]    (d) FS-F is a composition at least two of following components: potassium persulfate (K 2 S 2 O 8 ), ammonium persulfate [(NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 ], sodium persulfate [Na 2 S 2 O 8 ], ammonium polyphosphate [(NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 ], monoammonium phosphate [NH 4 H 2 PO 4 ], diammonium phosphate [(NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 ], hydroxylamine hydrochloride [NH 2 OH.HCl], and urea [(NH 2 ) 2 CO]. At a minimum FS-F contains two components: urea and hydroxylamine hydrochloride [NH 2 OH.HCl]; 
         [0023]    (e) The FS-C and FS-F can be used alone or used as combinations: both in face layer and core layer, or FS-F in the face and FS-C in the core; 
         [0024]    (f) A certain amount of formaldehyde scavenger is mixed with UF adhesive right before applying for manufacturing boards. 
         [0025]    It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only. 
         [0026]    The invention is based on the discovery that the combination of a few chemicals is an effective formaldehyde scavenger when used as an additive to urea-formaldehyde adhesives. According to the present invention, a certain amount of formaldehyde scavenger is added to a urea-formaldehyde adhesive before the adhesive is applied to the furnish and before the adhesive is cured. Such the amount of the formaldehyde scavenger can be added up to about 20 wt % of the total adhesive solids, typically up to about 0.1-1 wt %, for FS-C; and about 15 wt % of the total adhesive solids for FS-F. Preferably, the resin will contain up to about 0.1-0.2 wt % for FS-C, and 10 wt % for FS-F based on the adhesive solids content. 
         [0027]    Prior to use, the urea-formaldehyde adhesive and the formaldehyde scavenger are mixed. Board products made with urea-formaldehyde adhesives containing the formaldehyde scavenger of the present invention may be composite boards, such as particleboards, fiberboard, and chipboard. 
         [0028]    The following examples are the purpose of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the claimed invention. The scope of the claims should not be limited by the preferred embodiments set forth in the examples, but should be given the broadest interpretation consistent with the description as a whole. 
         [0029]      FIG. 1  illustrates the method  100  of preparing a wooden composite where free formaldehyde emission is substantially absent. Substantially absent is defined herein as below the level of standard requirement. The formaldehyde scavenger FS is prepared  10  from a first component  1  (a first formaldehyde scavenger) and a second component  2  (a second formaldehyde scavenger). The first formaldehyde scavenger is at least one group selected from the group consisting of K 2 S 2 O 8 , (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 , and Na 2 S 2 O 8 , and optionally comprising ammonium polyphosphate (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 , NH 4 H 2 PO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 CO, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4  and combinations thereof. The second formaldehyde scavenger comprises at least (NH 4 ) 2 CO and [(NH 4 ) 2 OH.HCl] and optionally comprises K 2 S 2 O 8 , (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 , Na 2 S 2 O 8 , ammonium polyphosphate (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 , NH 4 H 2 PO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , and combinations thereof. 
         [0030]    Typically, the first formaldehyde scavenger mixture  3  is transferred to preparation (or the resinating) of a core layer furnish  20  where an uncured core resin  5 , the core furnish particles  6  and other components  28  (including catalysts  8   i,  wax  8   j  and water  8   k ) are combined. Similarly, the second formaldehyde scavenger mixture  4  is transferred with an uncured face resin  7  and a face furnish  9  along with other components  28  to produce (resinating) the face layer furnish combination in mixing method  30 . The core layer furnish combination  21  and the face layer furnish combination  31  are transferred to produce or form a face-core-face three-layer sandwich mat in accordance with known methods  40 . This formed three-layer mat is pressed (sandwiched) at elevated temperature and pressure to cure the resin in  50 . This three-layer wooden composite is produced and is substantially absent of free formaldehyde. 
       EXAMPLE 1 
     Preparation of Multi-functional Core Formaldehyde Scavenger (FS-C) for Amino Resins Including UF Resin and MUF Resin 
       [0031]    A 20 wt % aqueous FS-C solution was prepared, in which the component is chosen from potassium persulfate (K 2 S 2 O 8 ), ammonium persulfate [(NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 ], or sodium persulfate [Na 2 S 2 O 8 ], either one or combination of two components could consists of multifunctional core formaldehyde scavenger. FS-C 1 mainly contains ammonium persulfate [(NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 ], FS-C 2 mainly contains potassium persulfate (K 2 S 2 O 8 ). 
       Preparation of Surface Formaldehyde Scavenger (FS-F) 
       [0032]    A 50% solution of FS-F was prepared. Two-component composition of FS-F was used here. The two components of face free formaldehyde scavenger used here are combination of urea and hydroxylamine hydrochloride. The ratio of hydroxylamine hydrochloride and urea is in the range of 1:6 to 1:30. In this particular example, the ratio of two components was one part of hydroxylamine hydrochloride [NH 2 OH.HCl], and fifteen parts of urea [(NH 2 ) 2 CO]. The 50 wt % solution contained 3.13 wt % of hydroxylamine hydrochloride and 46.87 wt % of urea. 
       EXAMPLE 2 
       [0033]    Preparation of Three-layer Particleboard (PB) with UF Resin and Formaldehyde Scavenger FS-F Only Used in Face Layer 
         [0034]    Both face and core wood particles (also called furnishes) used in particleboard manufacturing were measured for size distribution. In each measurement, 170 g of particles with an average MC of 8-10% were separated by 9-, 14-, 18, 20-, 28-, 35-, 48- and 80-mesh sieves of Portable Sieve Shaker (Model RX-24) (W. S. Tyler Incorporated, Mentor, Ohio, USA) during 5 minutes of vibration. The 14-, 18-, 20-, 28-, 35-, 48- and 80-mesh sieves are corresponding to 2.00-, 1.40-, 1.00-, 0.84-, 0.60-, 0.50- and 0.30-mm opening screens, respectively. The particle size distribution, expressed as a weight percentage, was categorized as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sieve 
                   
                 Particle Size Distribution (% wt.) 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 (mesh) 
                 (mm) 
                 Core 
                 Face 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                  &lt;9 
                 &gt;2.00 
                 45.99 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                  9-14 
                 2.00-1.40 
                 28.02 
                 0.08 
               
               
                   
                 14-18 
                 1.40-1.00 
                 14.99 
                 11.44 
               
               
                   
                 18-20 
                 1.00-0.84 
                 4.44 
                 17.34 
               
               
                   
                 20-28 
                 0.84-0.60 
                 3.94 
                 26.55 
               
               
                   
                 28-35 
                 0.60-0.50 
                 2.62 
                 7.19 
               
               
                   
                 35-48 
                 0.50-0.30 
                 0 
                 16.49 
               
               
                   
                 48-80 
                 0.30-0.18 
                 0 
                 9.90 
               
               
                   
                 &gt;80 
                 &lt;0.18 
                 0 
                 11.03 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0035]    In Example 2, a commercial formaldehyde scavenger was applied in face layers of sandwich panel; In Example 3, the new formaldehyde scavenger FS-F was applied, and in Example 4, the panel without formaldehyde scavenger (control) was made. The ammonium sulfate (here after AS) was used as catalyst for Example 2-4. The catalyst dosages in core layer and face layer, and formaldehyde scavenger dosage in face layer were illustrated below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Formaldehyde scavenger and catalyst dosage for Example 2-4 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Scavenger level 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Solid on solid UF 
                 Catalyst 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Example 
                 Scavenger 
                 (only in face) 
                 Face 
                 Core 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ex. 2 
                 commercial 
                 16.7% 
                 AS/1.5% 
                 AS/2.2% 
               
               
                   
                 scavenger 
               
               
                 Ex. 3 
                 FS-F 
                 16.7% 
                 AS/1.5% 
                 AS/2.2% 
               
               
                 Ex. 4 
                 — 
                 — 
                 AS/1.5% 
                 AS/2.2% 
               
               
                 (comparable) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0036]    The formaldehyde scavenger FS-C prepared in EXAMPLE 1 was used in the core and the FS-F was used in the face. The face and core wood furnishes were obtained from a particleboard mill, which has been pretreated with urea. Both face and core binders were commercial UF resins obtained from a local resin company. The parameters of PB manufacturing are in Table 2. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Particleboard manufacturing parameters 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Panel dimension 
                 12.7 mm × 610 mm × 610 mm 
               
               
                 Panel construc- 
                 Three layers 
               
               
                 tion 
               
               
                 Furnish 
                 Face: Commercial particles from a particleboard mill, 
               
               
                   
                 it contains ~0.28% urea based on oven dry weight. 
               
               
                   
                 Core: Flake-like particles from a particleboard mill. 
               
               
                   
                 It contains ~0.05% of urea based on oven dry wood 
               
               
                 Mass Distribution 
                 24/52/24 face/core/face (dry basis) 
               
               
                 Support 
                 Caul plate at the bottom 
               
               
                 Resin Content 
                 Face: 8.55% (solids on a dry wood basis) 
               
               
                   
                 Core: 7.0% (solids on a dry wood basis) 
               
               
                 Slack wax content 
                 Face: 0.3% (on a dry wood basis) 
               
               
                   
                 Core: 0.2% (on a dry wood basis) 
               
               
                 Air pressure for 
                 30 psi (lab practice) 
               
               
                 wax spray 
               
               
                 Target mat MC 
                 Face: 7.5% ± 0.5% 
               
               
                   
                 Core: 5.3% ± 0.5% 
               
               
                 Air pressure for 
                 50 psi (lab practice) 
               
               
                 resin spray 
               
               
                 Resin flow rate 
                 150 mL/min (lab practice) 
               
               
                 Target density 
                 675 kg/m 3  (OD) 
               
               
                 Blender dimen- 
                 914 mm (diameter) × 914 mm (length) 
               
               
                 sion 
               
               
                 Blender rotation 
                 11 rpm (lab practice) 
               
               
                 speed 
               
               
                 Blending time 
                 6 min (lab practice) 
               
               
                 Press temperature 
                 225° C. 
               
               
                 Closing rate 
                 As fast as possible (&lt;15 seconds) 
               
               
                 Total press time 
                 105 seconds (daylight to daylight) 
               
               
                 Degas time 
                 20 seconds 
               
               
                 Replicate 
                 2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0037]    After panels were made, they were trimmed in each edge by one inch, and all the panels were at ambient conditions prior to sampling. The panels were then cut for free formaldehyde test in 48 hours, and the remaining panels then were stored in a conditioning chamber (65% RH and 21° C.) for one more week, cut to Internal bonding (hereafter IB) specimens, and tested at moisture content (hereafter MC) around 8 wt %. 
         [0038]    The free formaldehyde emissions of panels were tested by desiccator method and total formaldehyde content in the panel was tested by perforator method, and IB strength are listed in Table 3. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Properties of panels for Example 2-4 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Density 
                 FF 1   
                 LSCT 2   
                 Perforator 3   
                 IB 4   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Example 
                 kg/m 3   
                 μg/ml 
                 ppm 
                 mg/100 g 
                 mg/100 g 
                 MPa 
                 MPa 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ex. 2 
                 675 
                 0.182 
                 0.075 
                 4.20 
                 4.40 
                 0.52 ± 0.08 
                 0.54 ± 0.08 
               
               
                   
                 671 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.57 ± 0.07 
                 0.59 ± 0.08 
               
               
                 Ex. 3 
                 719 
                 0.161 
                 0.070 
                 4.56 
                 4.97 
                 0.65 ± 0.06 
                 0.63 ± 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 693 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.65 ± 0.09 
                 0.66 ± 0.09 
               
               
                 Ex. 4 
                 583 
                 0.273 
                 0.110 
                 5.84 
                 6.65 
                 0.62 ± 0.04 
                 0.64 ± 0.04 
               
               
                   
                 688 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.63 ± 0.08 
                 0.64 ± 0.08 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 free formaldehyde test by desiccator method 
               
               
                   2 equivalent to large scale chamber test 
               
               
                   3 test with perforator method, first column is measured value, second column is the value adjusted to 6.5% MC 
               
               
                   4 first column is measured value, and second column value is adjusted to 700 kg/m 3 , which is at around 8% MC 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0039]    Even though formaldehyde content in the panel for Example 3 is higher than the panel for Example 2 (with commercial free formaldehyde scavenger), but is much lower than Example 4. Apart from that, based on desiccator test, the free formaldehyde emission (convert to LSCT, which is currently used by industry), free formaldehyde emission of panel for Example 3 is 0.07 PPM, which is equivalent to or little lower than Example 2 (0.075), and much lower than control panel without formaldehyde scavenger (0.110 ppm). Based on the IB test, after adjustment, average IB value from Example 3 (0.65 MPa) is equivalent to Example 4 (0.64 MPa), but higher than Example 2 (0.57 MPa). 
       EXAMPLES 5-7 
       [0040]    To evaluate the new formaldehyde scavenger FS-F prepared in Example 1, more three-layer sandwich PB panels were made with the formaldehyde scavenger and catalyst type and dosage as illustrated in Table 4 (below): 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Formaldehyde scavenger and catalyst dosage for Example 5-7 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Catalyst level 
                 FS-F content 
               
               
                   
                 Solid on solid UF 
                 Solid on solid UF 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Example 
                 Catalyst 
                 Face layer 
                 Core layer 
                 Face layer 
                 Core layer 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ex. 5 
                 AS 
                 AS/1.5% 
                 AS/2.2% 
                 10% 
                 0 
               
               
                 Ex. 6 
                 AS 
                 AS/1.5% 
                 AS/2.2% 
                 10% 
                 2% 
               
               
                 Ex. 7 
                 AS 
                 AS/1.5% 
                 AS/2.2% 
                 10% 
                 5% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0041]    The PB panels with FS-F in face only with lower dosage comparing with Example 3, and FS-F in both face and core layer (in Table 4) were manufactured. The process conditions are same as EXAMPLE 2-4, and illustrated in Table 2. 
         [0042]    The free formaldehyde emission tested by desiccator method and formaldehyde content of panel by perforator method for Example 5-7 are shown in Table 5. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Free formaldehyde emission and content panels for Example 5-7 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 FF 1   
                 LSCT 2   
                 Perforator 3   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Run ID 
                 μg/ml 
                 ppm 
                 mg/100 g 
                 mg/100 g 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Ex. 3 
                 0.161 
                 0.07 
                 4.56 
                 4.97 
               
               
                   
                 Ex. 5 
                 0.174 
                 0.07 
                 4.89 
                 5.27 
               
               
                   
                 Ex. 6 
                 0.214 
                 0.09 
                 4.31 
                 4.87 
               
               
                   
                 Ex. 7 
                 0.174 
                 0.07 
                 4.20 
                 4.43 
               
               
                   
                 Ex. 4 
                 0.273 
                 0.110 
                 5.84 
                 6.65 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   1 free formaldehyde test by desiccator method 
               
               
                   
                   2 equivalent to large scale chamber test 
               
               
                   
                   3 test with perforator method, first column is measured value, second column is the value adjusted to 6.5% MC 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLES 8-19 
       [0043]    In Example 8-11, the same commercial formaldehyde scavenger in Example 2 was applied in face layer, and new formaldehyde free formaldehyde scavenger FS-C 1 and FS-C 2 were applied in the core layer. The ratio of catalyst and FS-C could be from 6:1 to 30: 1 based on different catalysts. In Example 12-19, the ratio of catalyst to FS-C is selected ˜12:1. The new free formaldehyde scavengers FS-F, FS-C1 and FS-C2 were applied in face layer and core layer. Their dosage and catalyst and dosage are illustrated in Table 6. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Formaldehyde scavenger and catalyst dosage for Example 8-20 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Catalyst species and level 
                 Scavenger species and level 
               
               
                   
                 (Solid on solid UF) 
                 (Solid on solid UF) 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Example 
                 Face 
                 Core 
                 Face 
                 Core 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ex. 8 
                 AS/1.5% 
                 AS/1.02% 
                 Com*., 16.7% 
                 FS-C 1, 0.08% 
               
               
                 Ex. 9 
                 AS/1.5% 
                 AS/1.38% 
                 Com, 16.7% 
                 FS-C 1, 0.12% 
               
               
                 Ex. 10 
                 AS/1.5% 
                 AS/1.75% 
                 Com, 16.7% 
                 FS-C 1, 0.15% 
               
               
                 Ex. 11 
                 AS/1.5% 
                 AS/1.38% 
                 Com, 16.7% 
                 FS-C 2, 0.12% 
               
               
                 Ex. 12 
                 AS/1.5% 
                 AS/1.02% 
                 FS-F, 10% 
                 FS-C 1, 0.08% 
               
               
                 Ex. 13 
                 AS/1.5% 
                 AS/1.38% 
                 FS-F, 10% 
                 FS-C 1, 0.12% 
               
               
                 Ex. 14 
                 AS/1.5% 
                 AS/1.75% 
                 FS-F, 10% 
                 FS-C 1, 0.15% 
               
               
                 Ex. 15 
                 AS/1.5% 
                 AS/1.75% 
                 FS-F, 10% 
                 FS-F, 2%, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 FS-C 1 0.15% 
               
               
                 Ex. 16 
                 AS/1.5% 
                 AS/1.02% 
                 FS-F, 16.7% 
                 FS-C 1, 0.08% 
               
               
                 Ex. 17 
                 AS/1.5% 
                 AS/1.38% 
                 FS-F, 16.7% 
                 FS-C 1, 0.12% 
               
               
                 Ex. 18 
                 AS/1.5% 
                 AS/1.38% 
                 FS-F, 16.7% 
                 FS-C 2, 0.12% 
               
               
                 Ex. 19 
                 AS/1.5% 
                 AS/1.75% 
                 FS-F, 16.7% 
                 FS-F, 2%; 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 FS-C-1, 0.15% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Com: commercial formaldehyde scavenger 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0044]    The formaldehyde scavenger FS-C prepared in EXAMPLE 1 was used in the core (FS-C 1 mainly contains potassium persulfate, and FS-C 2 mainly contains ammonium persulfate) and the FS-F was used in the face. The face and core wood furnishes were obtained from a particleboard mill, which has been pretreated with urea. Face resin was commercial UF resin designed for face layer, and core resin was commercial UF resin designed core layer from local resin company. The parameters of PB manufacturing are given in Table 2. 
         [0045]    The free formaldehyde emission tested by desiccator method and internal bonding strength of Example 8-19 are listed in Table 7. 
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                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 FF 1   
                 LSCT 2   
                 Density 
                 IB 3   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Examples 
                 μg/ml 
                 ppm 
                 Kg/m 3   
                 MPa 
                 MPa 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ex. 8 
                 0.249 
                 0.10 
                 668 
                 0.59 ± 0.06 
                 0.62 ± 0.05 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 680 
                 0.60 ± 0.04 
                 0.62 ± 0.04 
               
               
                 Ex. 9 
                 0.254 
                 0.10 
                 681 
                 0.71 ± 0.05 
                 0.73 ± 0.05 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 678 
                 0.70 ± 0.04 
                 0.71 ± 0.04 
               
               
                 Ex. 10 
                 0.238 
                 0.10 
                 688 
                 0.70 ± 0.04 
                 0.71 ± 0.04 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 686 
                 0.62 ± 0.10 
                 0.63 ± 0.10 
               
               
                 Ex. 11 
                 0.178 
                 0.07 
                 682 
                 0.72 ± 0.06 
                 0.70 ± 0.07 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 685 
                 0.64 ± 0.08 
                 0.65 ± 0.07 
               
               
                 Ex. 12 
                 0.211 
                 0.09 
                 685 
                 0.63 ± 0.08 
                 0.65 ± 0.08 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 693 
                 0.61 ± 0.15 
                 0.66 ± 0.06 
               
               
                 Ex. 13 
                 0.169 
                 0.07 
                 675 
                 0.69 ± 0.04 
                 0.71 ± 0.03 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 692 
                 0.70 ± 0.03 
                 0.71 ± 0.03 
               
               
                 Ex. 14 
                 0.241 
                 0.10 
                 705 
                 0.78 ± 0.07 
                 0.78 ± 0.07 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 678 
                 0.71 ± 0.09 
                 0.73 ± 0.09 
               
               
                 Ex. 15 
                 0.201 
                 0.08 
                 675 
                 0.71 ± 0.08 
                 0.73 ± 0.07 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 671 
                 0.71 ± 0.04 
                 0.74 ± 0.04 
               
               
                 Ex. 16 
                 0.154 
                 0.06 
                 690 
                 0.66 ± 0.06 
                 0.67 ± 0.06 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 684 
                 0.71 ± 0.06 
                 0.72 ± 0.06 
               
               
                 Ex. 17 
                 0.144 
                 0.06 
                 678 
                 0.74 ± 0.03 
                 0.77 ± 0.03 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 677 
                 0.70 ± 0.04 
                 0.72 ± 0.04 
               
               
                 Ex. 18 
                 0.135 
                 0.06 
                 678 
                 0.68 ± 0.07 
                 0.70 ± 0.06 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 656 
                 0.69 ± 0.06 
                 0.73 ± 0.04 
               
               
                 Ex. 19 
                 0.172 
                 0.07 
                 677 
                 0.67 ± 0.06 
                 0.68 ± 0.05 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 687 
                 0.67 ± 0.09 
                 0.68 ± 0.08 
               
               
                 Ex. 4 
                 0.273 
                 0.11 
                 583 
                 0.62 ± 0.04 
                 0.64 ± 0.04 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 688 
                 0.63 ± 0.08 
                 0.64 ± 0.08 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 free formaldehyde test by desiccators method; 
               
               
                   2 equivalent to large scale chamber test; 
               
               
                   3 first column is measured average value, second column is the value adjusted to 700 kg/m 3  with around 8% MC 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0046]    Comparing with control (Ex. 4), Example 8-19 reduced the free formaldehyde emission. Ex. 17 and Ex. 18 lowered the free formaldehyde emission to 0.144 μg/ml, 0.135 μg/ml respectively, which equivalent to 0.06 ppm for LSCT. The internal bonding (IB) strength of Ex. 17-18 are at least equivalent to control (Ex. 4) or even higher. This means that combination of new formaldehyde scavenger FS-F and FS-C can significantly reduce free formaldehyde emission and also maintain the panel performance.