Abstract:
An ultrasonic device with increased efficiency as a result of substantially increased pressure uniformity across individual PZTs and through the PZT stack. Specifically, the PZT stack is uniformly compressed by way of a bolt having a head that has a surface area roughly equal to the surface area of the individual piezoelectric elements. The bolt is further combined with an aft end bell that has a reduced surface contact with the bolt head and a larger surface contact with the adjacent piezoelectric stack.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [1]    1. The present invention relates generally to ultrasonic transducer assemblies and, in particular to transducer assemblies of the composite or sandwich type with a compression assembly for providing a more uniformly compressive loading to the transducer assembly.  
           [2]    2. Ultrasonic transmission devices are well known for use in a variety of applications, such as surgical operations and procedures. The ultrasonic transmission devices usually include a transducer that converts electrical energy into vibrational motion at ultrasonic frequencies. The vibrational motion is transmitted to vibrate a distal end of a surgical instrument. Such uses are disclosed in representative U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,636,943 and 5,746,756, both incorporated herein by reference.  
           [3]    3. High-intensity ultrasonic transducers of the composite or sandwich type typically include front and rear mass members with alternating annular piezoelectric transducers and electrodes stacked therebetween. Most such high-intensity transducers are of the pre-stressed type. They employ a compression bolt that that extends axially through the stack to place a static bias of about one-half of the compressive force that the piezoelectric (PZT) transducers can tolerate. Sandwich transducers utilizing a bolted stack transducer tuned to a resonant frequency and designed to a half wavelength of the resonant frequency are described in United Kingdom Patent No. 868,784. When the transducers operate they are designed to always remain in compression, swinging from a minimum compression of nominally zero to a maximum peak of no greater than the maximum compression strength of the material.  
           [4]    4. As shown in FIG. 1, an acoustic or transmission assembly  80  of an ultrasonic device generally includes a transducer stack or assembly  82  and a transmission component or working member. The transmission component may include a mounting device  84 , a transmission rod or waveguide  86 , and an end effector or applicator  88 . The transmission rod  86  and end effector  88  are preferably part of a surgical instrument.  
           [5]    5. The transducer assembly  82  of the acoustic assembly  80  converts the electrical signal from a generator (not shown) into mechanical energy that results in longitudinal vibratory motion of the end effector  88  at ultrasonic frequencies. When the acoustic assembly  80  is energized, a vibratory motion standing wave is generated through the acoustic assembly  80 . The amplitude of the vibratory motion at any point along the acoustic assembly  80  depends on the location along the acoustic assembly  80  at which the vibratory motion is measured. The transducer assembly  82 , which is known as a “Langevin stack”, generally includes a transduction portion  90 , a first resonator or aft end bell  92 , and a second resonator or fore end bell  94 . The transducer assembly  82  is preferably an integral number of one-half system wavelengths (nλ/2) in length.  
           [6]    6. The distal end of the first resonator  92  is connected to the proximal end of transduction section  90 , and the proximal end of the second resonator  94  is connected to the distal end of transduction portion  90 . The first and second resonators  92  and  94  are preferably fabricated from titanium, aluminum, steel, or any other suitable material. The first and second resonators  92  and  94  have a length determined by a number of variables, including the thickness of the transduction section  90 , the density and modulus of elasticity of material used in the resonators  92  and  94 , and the fundamental frequency of the transducer assembly  82 . The second resonator  94  may be tapered inwardly from its proximal end to its distal end to amplify the ultrasonic vibration amplitude.  
           [7]    7. The transduction portion  90  of the transducer assembly  82  preferably comprises a piezoelectric section (“PZTs”) of alternating positive electrodes  96  and negative electrodes  98 , with piezoelectric elements  100  alternating between the electrodes  96  and  98 . The piezoelectric elements  100  may be fabricated from any suitable material, such as, for example, lead zirconate-titanate, lead meta-niobate, lead titanate, or ceramic piezoelectric crystal material. Each of the positive electrodes  96 , negative electrodes  98 , and piezoelectric elements  100  have a bore extending through the center. The positive and negative electrodes  96  and  98  are electrically coupled to wires  102  and  104 , respectfully. The wires  102  and  104  transmit the electrical signal from the generator to electrodes  96  and  98 .  
           [8]    8. The piezoelectric elements  100  are energized in response to the electrical signal supplied from the generator to produce an acoustic standing wave in the acoustic assembly  80 . The electrical signal causes disturbances in the piezoelectric elements  100  in the form of repeated small displacements resulting in large compression forces within the material. The repeated small displacements cause the piezoelectric elements  100  to expand and contract in a continuous manner along the axis of the voltage gradient, producing high frequency longitudinal waves of ultrasonic energy. The ultrasonic energy is transmitted through the acoustic assembly  80  to the end effector  88 .  
           [9]    9. The piezoelectric elements  100  are conventionally held in compression between the first and second resonators  92  and  94  by a bolt and washer combination  106 . The bolt  106  preferably has a head, a shank, and a threaded distal end. The bolt  106  is inserted from the proximal end of the first resonator  92  through the bores of the first resonator  92 , the electrodes  96  and  98 , and piezoelectric elements  100 . The threaded distal end of the bolt  106  is screwed into a threaded bore in the proximal end of second resonator  94 .  
           [10]    10. Other embodiments of the prior art utilize a stud that is threadedly engaged with both the first and second resonators  92  and  94  to provide compressive forces to the PZT stack. Threaded studs are also known in the prior art for attaching and detaching transmission components to the transducer assembly. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,324,299 and 5,746,756. Such bolts and studs are utilized to maintain acoustic coupling between elements of the sandwich type transducer or any attached acoustic assembly. Coupling is important to maintain tuning of the assembly, allowing the assembly to be driven in resonance.  
           [11]    11. The problem with the prior art is that the compression means is inadequate and is unable to provide a uniform pressure across the inside diameter to the outside diameter of each PZT and through the entire PZT stack, the “r” and “z” axes as shown in FIG. 1 and graphically illustrated in FIG. 2. A Finite Element analysis shows that the ratio of the pressure in the r axis is of the order of 4:1.  
           [12]    12. Non-uniform pressure across the r and z axes reduces transducer efficiency and leads to high heat generation. This limitation becomes acutely critical in temperature-limited applications. In temperature-limited applications, the reduced efficiency translates into higher heat generation in the transducer and reduced maximum output. Further, non-uniform pressure limits the magnitude of compression and therefore limits the power capability of the transducer.  
           [13]    13. U.S. Pat. No. 5,798,599 discloses an ultrasonic transducer assembly which includes soft, aluminum foil washers disposed between facing surfaces of adjacent members of the PZT stack. The washers deform under compressive loading to follow the surface irregularities of the adjacent member surfaces.  
           [14]    14. There is a need therefore, for an ultrasonic transducer that exhibits substantially uniform compressive stresses across each PZT and throughout the PZT stack to reduce heat generation and increase power output efficiency. This invention meets this need.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [15]    15. The invention is an ultrasonic device with increased efficiency as a result of substantially increased pressure uniformity across individual PZTs and through the PZT stack. The invention comprises a transducer assembly adapted to vibrate at an ultrasonic frequency in response to electrical energy, the transducer assembly comprising; a stack of alternating positive and negative electrodes and piezoelectric elements in an alternating relationship with the electrodes; a mounting device having a first end and a second end, the mounting device adapted to receive ultrasonic vibration from the stack and to transmit the ultrasonic vibration from the first end to the second end of the mounting device; and structural means for applying compression forces to the stack, the stack being held together solely by said compression means, and the compression means comprises a surface for applying compression forces, the surface having a surface area substantially equivalent to the surface area of an individual piezoelectric element.  
           [16]    16. In a further embodiment the compression means comprises a spacer element disposed between the surface area and the piezoelectric elements. The spacer element is configured to comprise a first and second contact area wherein the first contact area is in contact with the surface area and has a smaller area than the second contact area, which is in contact with the proximal end of the piezoelectric stack.  
           [17]    17. In one embodiment, the PZT stack is uniformly compressed by way of a threaded bolt that has a bolt head surface area roughly equal to the surface area of the individual piezoelectric elements. The bolt can be further combined with a selectively configured end bell that has a first contact surface in contact with the bolt head and a second contact surface in contact with the adjacent piezoelectric stack. The second contact surface has a greater surface area than the first contact surface.  
           [18]    18. An advantage of the current invention is that the transducer thermal and power efficiencies increase.  
           [19]    19. A further advantage of the current invention is that heat generation decreases to a degree that active cooling systems are not necessary.  
           [20]    20. A still further advantage is that uniform pressure allows larger compression magnitudes which in turn leads to larger actuation magnitude. A larger actuation magnitude results in an increase of the useable range of the PZT.  
           [21]    21. These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following more detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention.  
           [22]    22. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [23]    23.FIG. 1 is a cutaway view and in partial cross-section of an embodiment of a prior art transducer for use in a surgical system;  
         [24]    24.FIG. 2 is an exemplary contour plot of the pressure loading across each PZT and through the PZT stack of FIG. 1 a;    
         [25]    25.FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a transducer in accordance with the invention;  
         [26]    26.FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the bolt in accordance with the invention;  
         [27]    27.FIG. 5 a  is a perspective view of the aft end bell in accordance with the invention;  
         [28]    28.FIGS. 5 b-g  are cross-sectional perspective views of alternate embodiments of the aft end bell in accordance with the invention;  
         [29]    29.FIG. 6 is an exemplary contour plot of the pressure loading of each PZT and through the PZT stack of a transducer in accordance with the invention;  
         [30]    30.FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an alternate embodiment of the bolt in accordance with the invention;  
         [31]    31.FIG. 8 is a cross-section of the bolt in FIG. 7;  
         [32]    32.FIG. 9 is a perspective view alternate embodiment of the aft end bell in accordance with the invention;  
         [33]    33.FIG. 10 is an elevation view of the embodiment of FIG. 9;  
         [34]    34.FIG. 11 is a perspective view of another alternate embodiment of the aft end bell in accordance with the invention;  
         [35]    35.FIG. 12 is an elevation view of the embodiment of FIG. 12;  
         [36]    36.FIG. 13 is a perspective view of an alternate embodiment of the invention with two aft end bells disposed on either end of the PZT stack; and  
         [37]    37.FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional elevation of an alternate means of compressing the PZT stack in accordance with the invention.  
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [38]    38. Before explaining the present invention in detail, it should be noted that the invention is not limited in its application or use to the details of construction and arrangement of parts illustrated in the accompanying drawings and description. Rather, the illustrative embodiments of the invention may be implemented or incorporated in other embodiments, variations and modifications, and may be practiced or carried out in various ways. Furthermore, unless otherwise indicated, the terms and expressions employed herein have been chosen for the purpose of describing the illustrative embodiments of the present invention for the convenience of the reader and are not for the purpose of limiting the invention.  
         [39]    39. Referring now to FIG. 3, a transducer assembly  10  of the present invention comprises a PZT stack assembly  12  in combination with a fore end bell  14 . The PZT stack is held in compression by a bolt  16  preferably in combination with a specially configured aft end bell  30 . Preferably, bolt  16  threadedly engages the fore end bell  14  as discussed above.  
         [40]    40.FIG. 4 illustrates bolt  14 , which consists of a shank  20  and head  22 . Shank  20  is threaded at its distal end  24  to engage a threaded portion (not shown) within the fore end bell  14 . Shank  20  flares out at its proximal end  26  where shank  20  meets head  22  to reduce stress concentrations, increase fatigue life and reduce viscoelastic damping. The geometry of the proximal end  26  is only limited by the design constraints of the associated PZT stack and the overall transducer assembly  10 . The diameter of bolt head  22  is substantially equal to the diameters of the individual PZTs. Preferably, bolt  14  is made from titanium. Utilizing bolt  14  alone to compressively load PZT stack  12 , it was observed that the pressure distribution across each PZT and through the PZT stack substantially improved over the prior art compression means. Specifically, for an equivalent torque applied to the compression means of the invention and the prior art bolt compression means, an increased output voltage is observed with the invention.  
         [41]    41. In an alternate embodiment, bolt  14  is combined with aft end bell  30 , shown in FIG. 5 a . Aft end bell  30  has a first contact surface  32  and a second contact surface  34 . The surface area of contact surface  34  is less than the surface area of contact surface  32 . Contact surface  34  contacts with surface  18  of bolt  14 , and contact surface  32  contacts the first element of PZT stack  12 .  
         [42]    42. An inner chamfer or offset  36  and an outer chamfer or offset  38  define contact surface  34 . The specific dimension of contact surface  34  may be optimized through a Finite Element analysis that provides for the greatest uniform pressure across each PZT and through the PZT stack within the given space limitations of the transducer assembly. Optimized or not, so long as the area of contact surface  34  is less than the area of contact surface  32 , the pressure loading of the PZT stack will improve over that of the prior art. By compressively loading the contact surface  34 , stress concentrations uniformly disperse in the r and z axes and within a short distance of the aft end bell thickness, thereby reducing the necessary aft end bell thickness required to evenly distribute the stress. The inner chamfer  36  also advantageously accommodates the proximal end  26  of shank  20 . Preferably, the bevel angle of the inner and outer chamfer  36  and  38  are equal, but it is not required. An exemplary bevel angle is 45°.  
         [43]    43. Utilizing the embodiment of FIG. 3, FIG. 6 illustrates that the ratio of the pressure along the r axis is of the order of 1.3:1. It is also apparent that the compressive forces are more uniform in the z direction at the proximal end of the PZT stack. Further, the invention also reduces the pressure variation in the z direction at the distal end of the PZT stack or at fore end bell surface of the stack as compared with the prior art.  
         [44]    44.FIGS. 5 b-g  illustrate alternate embodiments of aft end bell  30 . Each embodiment defines a respective contact surface  34   b-g  smaller in surface area than a respective contact surface  32   b-g . A first and second offset  36   b-g  and  38   b-g  define each contact surface  34   b-g  respectively. As is readily apparent, offsets  36   b-g  and  38   b-g can  take on any number of varying geometries to define contact surface  34   b-g.    
         [45]    45. Table 1, below, compares the measured transducer efficiency of the present invention with the efficiencies of the prior art.  
                                     TABLE I                       PZT Compression   Power (W) required for   Efficiency Normalized to       Method   100 micron Displacement   the Present Invention (%)                                Bolt with Head   17.9   74       Stud   16.2   81       Present Invention   13.2   100                  
 
         [46]    46. Although the present invention has been described in detail by way of illustration and example, it should be understood that a wide range of changes and modifications could be made to the preferred embodiments described above without departing in any way from the scope and spirit of the invention. For example, FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate an alternate embodiment of the invention wherein the aft end bell configuration is an integral element of the bolt head  22 .  
         [47]    47. Multiple aft end bells may be implemented in conjunction with bolt  14 . In this embodiment, a first aft end bell  30  is as shown in FIG. 5. A second aft end bell  30   a , as shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, may be inserted between end bell  30  and the PZT stack  12 . The addition of end bell  30   a  effectively smoothes out the pressure variations along the r and z axes more so than with the use of end bell  30  alone. End bell  30   a  comprises two contact surfaces  134  and  134   a  adjacent to contact surface  32 . Contact surface  132  in turn contacts the first piezoelectric element of PZT stack  12 . The specific dimensions of contact surfaces  134  and  134   a  are determined by a Finite Element analysis that provides for the greatest uniform pressure across each PZT and through the PZT stack within the given space limitations of the transducer assembly.  
         [48]    48. A third end bell  30   b  may also be included. The addition of end bell  30   b , as shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, between end bell  30   a  and PZT stack  12  effectively smoothes out the pressure variations along the r and z axes more so than with the use of just end bells  30  and  30   a . End bell  30   b  comprises three contact surfaces  234 ,  234   a  and  234   b  and are adjacent to contact surface  132 . Contact surface  232  in turn contacts the first piezoelectric element of PZT stack  12 . The specific dimensions of contact surfaces  234 ,  234   a  and  234   b  are determined by a Finite Element analysis that provides for the greatest uniform pressure across each PZT and through the PZT stack within the given space limitations of the transducer assembly. As would be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, additional aft end bells, with a corresponding number of contact surfaces, may be added to further reduce pressure variations within the PZT stack  12 .  
         [49]    49. Further, as would be appreciated by one skilled in the art, one or more aft end bells may be incorporated between the PZT stack and fore end bell as shown in FIG. 13. A transducer assembly  110  of the present invention comprises a PZT stack assembly  112  in combination with a fore end bell  114 . The PZT stack is held in compression by a bolt  116  in combination with a specially configured aft end bell  130  in accordance with the invention. Bolt  116  threadedly engages the fore end bell  114  as discussed above. Disposed between fore end bell  114  and PZT stack  112  is a second aft end bell  130   a  in accordance with the invention.  
         [50]    50. Means to hold the PZT stack in compression may include various other embodiments other than a bolt or stud centrally located along the longitudinal axis of the PZT stack. FIG. 14 illustrates an alternate embodiment where the PZT stack  212  is held in compression by way of two end plates  200  and  202  held in place by threaded bolts. In this embodiment, aft end bells  204  and  206 , constructed in accordance with the invention, do not have an annular bore since the bore is not required to accept a centrally positioned bolt or stud.  
         [51]    51. Thus, the described embodiments are to be considered in all aspects only as illustrative and not restrictive, and the scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description. All changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.