Abstract:
A computationally efficient method and apparatus for motion estimation by producing accurate motion vectors with minimal computational effort. A preferred embodiment of the present invention first identifies an approximate match between a reference frame and a current frame of video data. Once an approximate match is found, the method performs at least two searches at a finer pixel level, until a motion estimate is reached.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This application relates to a method and apparatus for improving the transmission of video information and, specifically, to a method and apparatus that ensures that improves motion estimation in video encoding. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     When video data is transmitted in real-time, it is desirable to send as little data as possible. Many conventional video compression standards use the technique of motion estimation in conjunction with a DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform). Although the DCT itself does not result in any reduction, it converts the input video into a form where redundancy can be easily detected. Data transmission can then take advantage of the temporal domain redundancies in the video bit-stream. 
     Unfortunately, although conventional motion estimation aids in bit compression of video data, it is extremely computation intensive. Thus, compromises are inevitable—and many conventional systems settle for a somewhat less accurate motion vector in exchange for a lower consumption of computing resources. FIG. 2 shows a conventional method of motion estimation. In this conventional method, a search block  230  is moved to all vertical and horizontal displacements of a reference block, on a pel-by-pel basis, to determine what movement has occurred between the reference block and the search block. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The described embodiments of the present invention provide a method and apparatus that provides a computationally efficient method for motion estimation by producing accurate motion vectors with minimal computational effort. A preferred embodiment of the present invention first identifies an approximate match between a reference frame and a current frame of video data (also called a “search frame” or “search block.”). Once an approximate match is found, the method performs at least two searches at a finer pixel level, until a motion estimate is reached. 
     In a first step, the described embodiment of the present invention determines an average intensity of sub-blocks of both the current video data and the reference video data. The intensity values of each of the sub-blocks are used to determine which elements of the reference video and the current video are most probably matches. For the identified matches, selected averages of the actual pixels of the two images are compared. A first described embodiment uses two rounds of looking at the averaged pixels. Other embodiments may use more or fewer rounds of looking at the pixels. 
     In accordance with the purpose of the invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, the invention relates to a method of generating a motion vector for a search block of video data, comprising the steps performed by a video processing system, of: performing a coarse-matching operation on the video data, which compares sub-blocks of the video data to sub-blocks of reference data; and performing, after the coarse-matching operation, a fine-matching operation, which compares the video data to reference data. 
     In further accordance with the purpose of the invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, the invention relates to an apparatus that generates a motion vector for a search block of video data, comprising: a portion configured to perform a coarse-matching operation on the video data, which compares sub-blocks of the video data to sub-blocks of reference data; and a portion configured to perform, after the coarse-matching operation, a fine-matching operation, which compares the video data to reference data. 
     A fuller understanding of the invention will become apparent and appreciated by referring to the following description and claims taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a video transmission system in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a conventional motion estimation method. 
     FIG.  3 ( a ) is a flow chart showing steps of a method of motion estimation in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG.  3 ( b ) is a flow chart showing steps of another method of motion estimation in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 4 shows an example of a search block. 
     FIG. 5 shows an example of a reference block. 
     FIG. 6 shows an example of an array of average intensity values corresponding to the search block of FIG. 4, which is used in a course matching step. 
     FIG. 7 shows an example of an array of average intensity values corresponding to the reference block of FIG. 5, which is used in the coarse-matching step. 
     FIG. 8 illustrates a bound for a best-matched block during coarse-matching. 
     FIG. 9 illustrates the results of a first round in a fine-matching step. 
     FIG. 10 illustrates the results of a second (kth) round in the fine-matching step. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The following paragraphs describe a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Where convenient, the same reference numbers will be used to the same or like parts. 
     I. General Discussion 
     It is a common experience to be amazed at the efficiency of the human eye in performing block-matching. If, as an experiment, a pattern is flashed in front of a person and the person is asked to precisely locate a best match in a reference window of a larger size, the person tends to notice the general features and their relative positions rather than the fine details in the former image. With this reduced amount of information, people generally identify a first match, followed by a point-by-point fine-searching to obtain a final result. 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a video transmission system  100  in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 1 includes a transmitter (which can be part of a first transceiver) sending video data over connection  40  to a receiver (which can be part of a second transceiver). In the described embodiment, transmitter  20  and receiver  30  each include a processor  22 ,  32 , and a memory  24 ,  34 . Memory  24 ,  34 , stores program instructions performing the steps of the flow chart of FIG.  3  and also including appropriate data structures, video data, and reference data as described below. Connection  40  can be any appropriate type of connection, such as a LAN, WAN, a hardware channel, the internet, etc. 
     It should be understood that the system of FIG. 1 is shown for purposes of example only. A person of ordinary skill in the art will understand that system  100  may also contain additional information, such as input/output lines; input devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, and a voice input device; and display devices, such as a display terminal. Transmitter  20  and receiver  30  can be (or can be part of) general purpose computers, special purpose computers, or specialized hardware containing a processor and memory. Other embodiments of the invention may also be implemented in hardware, such as programmable logic devices, or in analog circuitry. One or more of system  100  may also include an input device, such as a floppy disk drive, CD ROM reader, or DVD reader, that reads computer instructions stored on a computer readable medium, such as a floppy disk, a CD ROM, or a DVD drive. System  100  also may include application programs, operating systems, data, etc., which are not shown in the figure for the sake of clarity. 
     In the following discussion, it will be understood that the steps of methods and flow charts discussed preferably are performed by processor  22  (or a similar processor) executing instructions stored in memory  24  (or other appropriate memory). It will also be understood that the invention is not limited to any particular implementation or programming technique and that the invention may be implemented using any appropriate techniques for implementing the functionality described herein. The invention is not limited to any particular programming language or operating system. 
     In alternative embodiments, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions to implement the invention. Thus, embodiment of the invention are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software. 
     The term “computer-usable medium” as used herein refers to any medium that participates in providing instructions to a processor for execution. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-volatile media includes, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as a storage device. Volatile media includes dynamic memory. Transmission media include coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise a bus within a computer. Transmission media can also take the form of acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during radio-wave and infra-red data communications. 
     Common forms of computer-usable media include, for example a floppy disk, a flexible disk, a hard disk, magnetic tape, or any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, any other optical medium, punchcards, papertapes, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave as described hereafter, or any other medium from which a computer can read. 
     II. Specifics of A Preferred Embodiment 
     FIG.  3 ( a ) is a flow chart showing steps of a method of motion estimation in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The described embodiment first performs a coarse-matching operation in step  304  and then performs a k-round fine-matching operation in steps  306  and  308 . (In the described embodiment, k=2). The motion estimate resulting from the coarse and fine-matching operations is used to generate a motion vector, which describes motion between the reference block and the search block (also called the “current block”). Once determined, the motion vector is used to efficiently transfer data from transmitter  20  to receiver  30  in step  312 , as is known to persons of ordinary skill in the art. 
     FIG. 4 shows an example of a search block  400 . Search block  400  is a 16×16 pel primary pattern in the current frame. Search block  400  is further divided into a plurality of 4×4 pel sub-blocks  402 . The sub blocks can be of any size, depending on factors such as the available computational budget. FIG. 5 shows an example of a reference block  500 . Reference block  500  is a 48 by 48 pel reference search window to which the search block is to be compared. Reference block  500  is further divided into a plurality of 4×4 pel sub-blocks  502 . The sub blocks can be of any size, depending on factors such as the available computational budget. It should be understood that various sizes and relative sizes of blocks and sub-blocks can be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the current invention. 
     In the coarse-matching step, the average of the intensities of sub-blocks  402 ,  502  are stored in the arrays shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. FIG. 6 shows an example of an array  600  of average intensity values corresponding to the search block  400  of FIG.  4 . Each sub-block  402  has a corresponding entry in the array  600 . FIG. 7 shows an example of an array  700  of average intensity values corresponding to the reference block of FIG.  5 . Each sub-block  502  has a corresponding entry in the array  700 . 
     FIG. 8 illustrates a bound for a best-matched block during course-matching. The described embodiment performs a full search for the primary 4×4 array from its 12×12 counterpart to locate the approximate position of the best-match based on the sum of absolute difference criteria. The best-match found in the coarse-matching step is an approximate value. If the two average arrays  600 ,  700  represent the current pattern and the reference window, it is clear that the exact location of the best-match can at most be only half a sub-block (i.e., 2, in the example) pixels away from the approximate location of the best-match. Therefore, a fine match is performed next to refine the coarse search. 
     In the described embodiment, the fine-matching step includes k rounds. Although the example given herein shows two rounds, k can have other values as well. FIG. 9 illustrates the results of a first round in a fine-matching step. Because the fine-matching step is concerned with precision, the true pixel values (not averages for a sub-block) are employed in the searching. The process of block matching essentially compares the given primary pattern with possible matches of dimension n-pel-by-n-pel drawn in the N-pel-by-N-pel reference window. Fine-matching is the last step of this process. For ease of presentation, a pixel (e.g., at the top lefthand corner) in each of these possible search targets is used for identification search target. These identification pixels function somewhat like markers for the corresponding n-pel-by-n-pel slices and are thus called “marker pixels.” Following an earlier conclusion that the best-matched block can at most be half a sub-block (i.e., 2 pixels) away from the approximate location derived from coarse-matching, an efficient algorithm is designed to exclude overlapping search targets by breaking the task of fine block matching into k separate steps, where k is preferably=2. By doing so, the number of search points is reduced from (m+1) 2  to m 2 /4+8 for m&gt;2, where m is the dimension of the sub-blocks in the last round of coarse-matching. In the described embodiment, n=16 and N=48, although other appropriate values can be used. 
     Details of the fine-matching step is illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10. In a first round of fine matching, marker pixels pictured in FIG. 9 as black dots (each corresponding to a n-pel-by-n-pel candidate) that surround the best-match from the coarse-matching operation are chosen for processing. The eight marker pixels neighboring the survivor in the first round are then taken for final processing in the second round. The ultimate survivor pixel is therefore the one associated with the best-matched block. Once a match is determined in the kth (e.g., second) round, it is possible to determine the amount of movement between the reference block and the search block. 
     III. Modifications and Enhancements 
     While the invention has been described in conjunction with a specific embodiment, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. For example, it will be understood that the coarse-matching step introduced above can give rise to an estimated motion vector of up to plus or minus(N−n)/2 pixels. The subsequent fine-matching then contributes a maximum of another plus or minus m/2 pixels, amounting to a range of plus or minus(N−n+m)/2 pixels in the resulting motion vector. If the allowable motion vector falls in a smaller range, then apart from a trespass into the forbidden region, the disparity also signifies an unnecessary spending of computational power. A more efficient alternative is to divide the reference window symmetrically into a smaller number of sub-blocks of the same size, instead of (N/m)x(N/m) of them, so as to exclude the search area from the forbidden site. The motion vector will then be clipped to the permissible range accordingly. 
     For faster settling of the image seen by the receiving party when the video source on the transmitting side contains only stationary pictures, it is always desirable to bias the motion vector mildly towards zero to reduce its sensitivity to noise and minor changes between frames. Hence, an extra search target corresponding to the zero motion vector is prepared in the fine-matching, and its sum of absolute difference score is deducted by a specified value as a bias. 
     Another modification of considerable significance is the use of sub-sampling in both the coarse and fine-matching. In performing averaging on the pixel values in the sub-blocks in coarse-matching, it is found that no notable difference can be observed if only half of the entire population of m×m pixels is chosen in every sub-block in a checker board pattern for processing. The same is true when calculating the sum of absolute difference in the fine-matching procedure. 
     As shown in FIG.  3 ( b ), for a large search space, the method of the present invention can be generalized from a two-layer matching strategy to k layers, where k&gt;2. Following the first layer coarse-matching in step  354 , the second layer coarse-matching is performed in step  356  and so on in a similar fashion. Fine-matching is carried out only in the final layer in step  358 . 
     The approximate solution in coarse-matching may sometimes be too crude to locate the correct search site for subsequent steps of matching when the sub-blocks involved are of too large a size. This problem arises especially when multiple layers of coarse-matching are concerned. In such a case, instead of a single survivor, a fixed number of multiple survivors can be kept after each round to lower the possibility of diverted search paths. 
     The described embodiments of the present invention has been implemented and tested on video sequences on typical scenes of video conferencing. The method proved to be effective and are believed to achieve an average signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 95% of that using full search, while performing the search with significantly lower use of computing resources. 
     Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations as fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims and equivalents.