Abstract:
A low profile receiving and/or transmitting antenna includes an array of antenna elements that collect and coherently combine millimeter wave or other radiation. The antenna elements are physically configured so that radiation at a predetermined wavelength band impinging on the antenna at a particular angle of incidence is collected by the elements and collected in-phase. Two or more mechanical rotators may be disposed to alter the angle of incidence of incoming or outgoing radiation to match the particular angle of incidence.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 11/477,600 filed on Jun. 30, 2006, now U.S. Pat No. 7,629,469 which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/546,264 filed on Mar. 3, 2006 (now U.S. Patent No. 7,629,935), which is the U.S. National Phase of International Application No. PCT/IL2004/000149 filed on Feb. 18, 2004, which designated the United States and which claims priority based on Israeli Application No. 154525 filed Feb. 18, 2003, the entire contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates generally to antennae and, more particularly, to low profile receiving/transmitting antennae, that may be used in satellite communication systems and intended to be installed at mobile terminals in order to achieve global coverage and/or used at terrestrial wireless communication platforms with constraints on the physical dimensions of the antennae. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Satellites are commonly used to relay or communicate electronic signals, including audio, video, data, audio-visual, etc. signals, to or from any portion of a large geographical area. In some cases, satellites are used to relay or communicate electronic signals between a terrestrial center and airborne terminals that are usually located inside aircraft. As an example, a satellite-based airborne or mobile signal distribution system generally includes an earth station that compiles one or more individual audio/visual/data signals into a narrowband or broadband signal, modulates a carrier frequency (wavelength) band with the compiled signal and then transmits (uplinks) the modulated RF signal to one or more, for example, geosynchronous satellites. The satellites amplify the received signal, shift the signal to a different carrier frequency (wavelength) band and transmit (downlink) the frequency shifted signal to aircraft for reception at individual receiving units or mobile terrestrial terminals. 
     Likewise, individual airborne or mobile terminals may transmit an RF signal, via a satellite, to the base station or to other receiving units. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present exemplary embodiments relate to a low profile receiving and/or transmitting antenna. The low profile antenna  10  ( FIGS. 1-2 ) may comprise an array of antenna elements  12  that are interconnected by suitable combining/splitting transmission lines, etc.  8  to coherently combine millimeter wave or other radiation at a single electrical summation point  9 . The antenna elements  12  and the electrical combining/splitting transmission line interconnections  8  may be physically configured so that radiation at a predetermined wavelength band impinging on the antenna at a particular angle of incidence is collected coherently (i.e., by providing suitable signal phasing/delay in order to maintain the desired array radiation pattern parameters). This construction allows summing (i.e., combining when receiving; splitting when transmitting) networks  8  to sum the signals collected by the antenna elements such as to produce a sufficiently high antenna gain, which allows the antenna to be used with relatively low power satellite or wireless terrestrial networks. 
     According to one aspect of the present exemplary embodiments, an antenna  10  comprises a plurality of antenna elements  12  that may be disposed within a collection of active panels  14 . Each of the elements  12  as mounted on active panels  14 , may be disposed at a particular angle of incidence ax with respect to a reference plane  11  so that each of the elements collects radiation impinging on it at a particular angle of incidence and directs it onto an associated summation circuit  8  to a panel element port  8   a  which panel ports are, in turn, similarly interconnected to a common RF input/output port  9 . The antenna elements  12  may be disposed in sub arrays associated respectively with panels  14 ; each may contain rows and columns so that the elements within each sub-array are in a common plane, hereinafter an active panel  14 . Elements  12  in an adjacent sub-array  14  may be displaced on an adjacent active panel  14 , i.e., that is spatially offset (e.g., displaced) with respect to the other sub-array(s)  14 . 
     Each sub-array may comprise antenna elements  12  that are disposed on an active panel  14  and arranged in rows and columns, or any other suitable arrangement. 
     Preferably, adjacent sub-arrays are separated by an active panel-to-active panel offset distance D that varies with the angle of incidence a in such a way that when all active panels point at this angle of incidence, then no active panel is hidden or covered by any other active panel and the active panels of the composite antenna array appear to be continuous (i.e., contiguous with respect to each other) at the required angle of incidence. 
     The antenna may include one or more steering devices to steer the beam associated with the antenna. In particular, mechanical or motorized devices  21 ,  22 ,  23  may collectively rotate the active panels in the azimuth direction to steer the antenna beam in the azimuth direction and/or may tilt the individual active panels to steer the antenna beam in the elevation direction (and suitably displace at least one panel in a transverse direction so as to avoid substantial gaps or overlaps between their projections) for both reception and transmission. 
     According to another aspect of the present exemplary embodiments, a reception/transmission antenna array comprises an antenna receiver/transmitter array having an antenna beam pointed in a beam direction and mechanical devices associated with the antenna receiver/transmitter array for altering the beam pointing direction associated with the antenna during both signal reception and signal transmission. Preferably, the mechanical devices change the beam pointing direction over a range of beam directions. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a two-dimensional, diagrammatic view of an embodiment of an antenna array system according to some embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a three-dimensional, perspective view of an embodiment of an antenna array system according to some embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a diagrammatic view of an embodiment of an antenna array system according to some embodiments of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 4  is a diagrammatic illustration of the operation of an antenna array arrangement according to some embodiments of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
     A low profile receiving/transmitting antenna built and operating according to some embodiments of the present invention is described herein below. The low profile receiving/transmitting antenna is described as being constructed for use with a Millimeter Wave (MMW) geosynchronous satellite communication system. It would be apparent, however, to a person with ordinary skill in the art that many kinds of antennae could be constructed according to the principles disclosed herein below, for use with other desired satellite or ground-based, audio, video, data, audio-visual, etc. signal distribution systems including, but not limited to, so-called “C-band” systems (which transmit at carrier frequencies between 3.7 GHz and 4.2 GHz), land-based wireless distribution systems such as multi-channel, multi-point distribution systems (MMDS) and local multi-point distribution systems (LMDS), cellular phone systems, and other wireless communication systems that need a low profile antenna due to physical constraints. 
     In fact, an antenna of the present invention may be constructed according to the principles disclosed herein for use with communication systems which operate also at wavelengths shorter than the MMW range, such as sub-millimeter wave and terra-wave communication systems, or at wavelengths longer than the MMW range, such as microwave communication systems. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , an antenna  10  according to some embodiments of the present invention is illustrated. Antenna  10  may include a plurality of antenna elements  12  disposed on active panel  14  preferably arranged in an array. Antenna elements  12  may comprise any type of antenna receiving and/or transmitting units useful for operation in the frequency range intended for use with antenna  10 . Antenna elements  12  may be disposed on active panel  14  having any desired substantially-plane shape and preferably a rectangular plane. Antenna elements  12  may be disposed on active panel  14  in any desired pattern including for example, but not limited to, a 3×5 array, a 2×4 array, a 5×8 array and the like, or-any non-rectangular pattern including, for example, any circular, oval or pseudo-random pattern. 
     Antenna elements  12  may preferably be radiating elements having for example a diameter of one-half of the wavelength (λ) of the signal to which antenna  10  is designed for and may be disposed on active panel  14  in a rectangular pattern such as any one of the above mentioned patterns. 
     The array of antenna elements  12  is disposed on active panels  14  and interconnected by suitably phased combining/splitting circuits  8  such that the effective focus point direction  17  of each of the antenna elements  12  points in a direction that is substantially at an angle of incidence a with respect to a reference plane designated  11  in  FIG. 1 . As illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , antenna elements  12  are directed to coherently receive (or transmit) in a direction substantially along a line  17 , normal to the plane of an active panel  14  and passing substantially through the center of an active panel  14 . Each sub-array of elements  12  may thus receive radiation arriving at the angle of incidence α with respect to reference plane  11 . In a transmitting embodiment, each of elements  12  may transmit radiation at an angle of incidence α with respect to reference plane  11 . As noted above and as will be apparent to those in the art, coherent combining/splitting transmission line circuits  8  interconnect the individual antenna elements  12  within each panel  14  and then collectively (via each panel port  8   a ) to a common RF input/output port  9 . 
     In the embodiment illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , antenna  10  is tuned to receive signals having a wavelength of approximately 24 mm or 2.4 cm, i.e., 12.5 GHz. The width of an active panel  14  is denoted as d L . Thus if a two row array of 2.4 cm wavelength antenna elements is disposed on a panel, the profile height of the panels  14  above reference  11  even at low elevational angles would only need be on the order of 5 cm. 
     With respect to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the horizontal distance between corresponding points in adjacent active panels  14  may be given by D=d L / sin (α) wherein: 
     α=the angle between the normal line  17  to an active panel and the reference plane  11  that is usually parallel to a body of a mobile platform to which antenna  10  may be attached; 
     d L =width of an active panel  14 . 
     When the direction of antenna  10  tracks properly the direction of radiation, angle αbetween the normal  17  to active panels  14  and reference plane  11  substantially equals angle a between the radiation source and the reference plane  11 . 
     For n active panels  14  in antenna  10 , the total length D′ of antenna  10  may be calculated from D′=(n−1)*D+d L * sin (α). 
     The inter-panel distance D may be determined to be so that when looking at antenna  10  from an angle of incidence α, an active panel  14  shall substantially not cover, partially or totally, any part of an adjacent active panel  14 . Furthermore, viewed from an angle α, all active panels  14  will seem to substantially border (i.e., be contiguous to or touch) each other. To allow that for a range of tilting angles α, tilt axes  16  of active panels  14  may be slidably attached as schematically indicated at  18  to a support construction  19  with possible movement in a direction parallel to reference plane  11  (as shown by arrows  18 ) so that tilt axes  16  of all active panels  14  remain substantially parallel to each other and perpendicular to support construction  19 , thus distance D may be controlled. Said control of distance D may be aimed to follow the adaptation of receive/transmit angle α so that non-overlap of outer lines of adjacent active panels  14 , as defined above, is maintained for all values of α within an operable design range. 
     It has been determined that an antenna configured according to the principles set out herein greatly reduces the loss of gain of the antenna beam due to sub-array-plane to sub-array-plane partial coverage. Furthermore, because all the active panels  14  are fully open to radiation impinging on antenna  10  at the angle of incidence a, then the entire active panel apertures across the entire antenna  10  add-up (i.e., coherently combine for receive or split for transmit) to make the antenna&#39;s total effective aperture size high and, therefore, antenna  10  has a relatively high antenna gain, which enables antenna  10  to be used in low energy communication systems, such as for satellite communication purposes. Also, an antenna configured according to the principles set out herein eliminates (or greatly reduces) so-called grating lobes due to gaps or spacing that may otherwise be created between the projections of the active panels onto a plane perpendicular to the effective angle of incidence. 
     It is noted that the azimuth pointing angle θ of the antenna  10  can be changed by rotating it about a center axis  20  which is normal to reference plane  11  and crosses it substantially through its center point. In a similar manner the elevational pointing angle a of the antenna  10  can be changed by tilting active panels  14  synchronously, while distance D is adjusted so as to maintain effectively contiguous full aperture coverage over a suitable design range of elevation angles. Setting the azimuth and elevational angles θ, αof antenna  10  and distance D may be done manually or automatically, using any suitable driving actuator(s)  21 ,  22 ,  23 , respectively, such as, but not limited to, pneumatic linear actuators, electrical linear actuators, motors with suitable transmissions, etc. 
     Antenna  10  may also be positioned on a rotatable carrying platform  24  that may allow to rotate it about an axis  20  that is perpendicular to reference plane  11  to any desired azimuth angle θ. 
     Using any suitable controllable driving means (e.g.,  21 ,  22 ,  23 ) the beam of the antenna  10  may be steered to point to any desired combination of azimuth and elevation angles (e.g., with a suitable design range), thus to receive or to transmit signals from or to a moving source/receiver, or to account for movement of the antenna with respect to a stationary or a moving source/receiver. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , antenna  30  is shown as built and operated according to some embodiments of the present invention. Antenna  30  comprises a limited number of active panels  34  (of width d L ), two active panels in the example of  FIG. 3 . Active panels  34  may be tilted about their tilting axes  32  according to the principles of operation explained above. Antenna  30  comprises also one or more auxiliary active panels  35 , which also may be tilted about an axis  36  to define an elevational angle a with respect to a reference surface  31 . Auxiliary active panel  35  may be tilted according to the principle of operation of active panels  34  when the elevation angle a is within a predefined higher tilting range of elevation angle α. This arrangement may be useful, for example, in cases where the overall longitudinal dimension D′ of antenna  30  is limited, due to constructional constraints for example, hence the distance between active panel  34  and an adjacent auxiliary active panel  35  can not always follow the rules dictated above for a certain (lower) range of titling angles α. 
     Preferably, driving actuators  37 ,  38 ,  39  may be used to provide the maximum beam steering range considered necessary for the particular use of antenna  30 . The driving actuators may be of any suitable kind, such as but not limited to, pneumatic linear actuator, electrical linear actuator, a motor with a suitable transmission, etc. As is evident, the maximum beam steering necessary for any particular antenna will be dependent on the amount of expected change in the angle of incidence of the received signal (in the case of a receiving antenna) or in the position of the receiver (in the case of a transmitting antenna) and on the width of the antenna beam, which is a function of the size or aperture of the antenna. The larger the aperture, the narrower the beam. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , which is a diagrammatic illustration of the construction and operation of an antenna arrangement according to some embodiments of the present invention, a low profile antenna  40  is presented. An actuator  41 , guiding rails  42 , antenna active panels  43  auxiliary antenna active panel  45 , an extendible rod  44  and slidable support means  47  are employed. The angle between extendible rod  44  and antenna active panels  43  is rigidly secured to be a predefined angle, approximately 90° in the present example of  FIG. 4 . The activation of actuator  41  may cause extendible rods  44  to extend or shorten along the mutual longitudinal axis  44 ′ of extendible rods  44 , while the two active panels  43  are maintained substantially parallel to each other and therefore angle a is changed. Similarly, actuator  41  may turn about its central axis  48 , thus changing the relative angle between extendible rods  44  and guiding rails  42  so as to change angle a and maintain active panels  43  substantially parallel to each other. 
     One exemplary embodiment of our antenna includes a plurality of antenna elements disposed on one or more active panels, and a support frame wherein the active panels are rotatably connected to the support frame along parallel respective rotation axes. The active panels are also parallelly movable with respect to each other along lines which are included in the same plane with said rotation axes. The active panels are commonly directable to a focus point wherein, when the active panels point at a predetermined angle of incidence, then each adjacent pair of said active panels substantially border each other when viewed from that angle. That is, at each angle of incidence, the panels are moved so that a projection of active panels on a plane perpendicular to the angle of incidence reveals no gap between the projections of any two adjacent active panels. In this embodiment, where the active panels point at this preferred predetermined angle, then overall antenna gain will approximate that of a single antenna with an aperture similar to the sum of all the apertures of the active panels. 
     If desired, this embodiment may also deploy at least one auxiliary active panel that is also rotatable about its axis so as to be parallel to the active panels for a limited range of the angle of incidence. 
     The support frame for the active panels is preferably rotatable around an axis perpendicular to a plane including the rotational axes of the active panels. The rotation of the active panels is activated by an actuator. Parallel movements are also activated by an actuator. The angular direction of said directable active panels is also activated by an actuator. The rotation of the rotatable support frame is also activated by an actuator. The actuators may be any one of a linear pneumatic actuator, electrical linear actuator or electrical motor. 
     One exemplary embodiment of a method for receiving or transmitting electrical signals by an antenna includes providing plural antenna panels, each comprising antenna elements; rotatably supporting the antenna panels and directing the antenna panels to a common focus point toward a transmitter or receiver. The plurality of active antenna panels may be rotated around an axis perpendicular to their rotatable axes. The active antenna panels are directed and/or rotated by at least one actuator.