Abstract:
Circuits and methods for antenna-based self-interference cancellation are provided. In some embodiments, circuits for antenna-based self-interference cancellation are provided, the circuits comprising: a transmit antenna having a transmit port that receives a transmit signal; a receive antenna having a receive port that is cross-polarized with respect to the transmit port and having an auxiliary port that is co-polarized with respect to the transmit port; and a termination connected to the auxiliary port that reflects a signal received at the auxiliary port as a reflected signal, wherein the reflected signal counters interference caused by the transmit signal at the receive port.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/208,803, filed Aug. 23, 2015, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING GOVERNMENT FUNDED RESEARCH 
       [0002]    This invention was made with government support under contract 1202488 awarded by the National Science Foundation. The government has certain rights in the invention. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    In recent years, demand for wireless capacity has exploded as a result of integration of bandwidth hungry media applications in smart-phones and tablets. Industry predicts that demand for wireless capacity will continue to grow exponentially, and a one-thousand-fold increase in data traffic is projected from 2010 to 2020. 
         [0004]    Same-channel full-duplex operation, also known as in-band full-duplex (IBFD) or simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR), is one way of improving wireless capacity. In a full-duplex system, a wireless transceiver transmits and receives at the same time on the same frequency channel. 
         [0005]    The fundamental challenge in full-duplex operation is the strong leakage from the transmitter to its own receiver which is referred to as self interference (SI). Depending on the application, the SI can be more than a billion or even a trillion times stronger than the weak signal that the receiver is trying to receive. Consequently, it is desirable to somehow suppress the SI below the receiver noise floor for full-duplex operation. 
         [0006]    Accordingly, new mechanism for self-interference cancellation are desirable. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0007]    Circuits and methods for antenna-based self-interference cancellation are provided. In some embodiments, circuits for antenna-based self-interference cancellation are provided, the circuits comprising: a transmit antenna having a transmit port that receives a transmit signal; a receive antenna having a receive port that is cross-polarized with respect to the transmit port and having an auxiliary port that is co-polarized with respect to the transmit port; and a termination connected to the auxiliary port that reflects a signal received at the auxiliary port as a reflected signal, wherein the reflected signal counters interference caused by the transmit signal at the receive port. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]      FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of an example of a transmit and receive antenna pair having a transmit port, a receive port, and an auxiliary port with a reflective termination in accordance with some embodiments. 
           [0009]      FIG. 2  is an example of a signal flow chart that describes the transmit and receive antenna pair with the reflective termination of  FIG. 1  when viewed as a microwave network in accordance with some embodiments. 
           [0010]      FIG. 3  is a perspective-view illustration of an example of a transmit and receive antenna pair implemented in a printed circuit board in accordance with some embodiments. 
           [0011]      FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram of an example of a transmit and receive antenna pair having a transmit port, a receive port, and an auxiliary port with a reflective termination showing a feed line length d in accordance with some embodiments. 
           [0012]      FIG. 5  is an example of a Y-chart showing admittance values for different values of feed line length d over a frequency range of 4 GHz to 5.5 GHz in accordance with some embodiments. 
           [0013]      FIG. 6  shows two schematic diagrams of examples of a variable termination that can be connected to an auxiliary port of a transmit and receive antenna pair in accordance with some embodiments. 
           [0014]      FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view of an example of an antenna mounted on-chip with transmit and receive antenna beams at the bottom of the chip in accordance with some embodiments. 
           [0015]      FIG. 8  is a schematic diagram of an example of a transmit and receive antenna pair having a transmit port, a receive port, and an auxiliary port with a reflective termination for a 60 GHz implementation in accordance with some embodiments. 
           [0016]      FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional view of an example of a transmit and receive antenna pair implemented in the IBM 45 nm SOI CMOS process in accordance with some embodiments. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0017]    Turning to  FIG. 1 , an example of an antenna configuration that can be used to perform self-interference cancellation in accordance with some embodiments is shown. As illustrated, a slot-loop transmit antenna  102  and a slot-loop receive antenna  104  are provided as a transmit and receive antenna pair. In some embodiments, these antennas can be provided on-chip and tuned to 4.6 GHz (or any other suitable frequency). 
         [0018]    The transmit antenna receives a transmission signal a 1  at a transmit port  106 . The receive antenna provides a received signal b 2  at a receive port  110 . Receive port  110  is cross-polarized with respect to transmit port  106 . The receive antenna also has an auxiliary port  108  that is co-polarized with respect to transmit port  106 . The auxiliary port is connected to a reconfigurable, reflective termination  112  that is configured to at least partially reflect a signal b 3  received at the auxiliary port as a signal a 3 . 
         [0019]    When the signal a 1  is transmitted by the transmit antenna, that signal directly and indirectly couples to the receive port. The indirect coupling occurs by way of the auxiliary port. More particularly, the transmitted signal a 1  results in signal b 3  being generated at the auxiliary port. Signal b 3  is then at least partially reflected by termination  112  as signal a 3 . Signal a 3  then couples to the receive port. The result of the direct coupling and indirect coupling is that the impact of the signal reflected by the impedance (i.e., the indirect coupling) at least partially cancels the impact of signal a 1  from the transmit port on the signal b 2  at the receive port (i.e., the direct coupling). In some embodiments, this mechanism for self-interference cancellation is able achieve more than 50 dB of cancellation and maintain that level of cancellation in different environments by reconfiguring the termination to adapt to the different environments. 
         [0020]      FIG. 2  shows an example  200  of a signal flow chart that describes this mechanism when transmit antenna and the receive antenna pair are viewed as a microwave network. From the flow chart, the total self-interference leakage from the transmit port to the receive port can be written as: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     b 
                     2 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           S 
                           21 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             
                               S 
                               23 
                             
                              
                             
                               S 
                               21 
                             
                              
                             
                               Γ 
                               L 
                             
                           
                           
                             1 
                             - 
                             
                               
                                 S 
                                 33 
                               
                                
                               
                                 Γ 
                                 L 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                      
                     
                       a 
                       1 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   1 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0021]    where a 1  is the incident power wave at the transmit port and b 2  is the outgoing power wave at the receive port, S 21 , S 31 , S 23  and S 33  are the S-parameters of the 3-port antenna core (ports  1 ,  2 , and  3  are transmit, receive, and auxiliary ports, respectively), and Γ L  is the reflection coefficient of the termination at the auxiliary port. The first and second terms inside the brackets in equation (1) correspond to the transfer functions of the direct and indirect paths, respectively. When these two coupling terms are equal in magnitude and 180 degrees out of phase, the best self-interference cancellation, b 2 =0, can be achieved. It should be noted that all the parameters in (1) are frequency dependent and the self-interference cancellation bandwidth depends on how well the equal magnitude and 180 degrees out of phase conditions are preserved across frequency. As mentioned above, in some embodiments, this mechanism for self-interference cancellation is able achieve more than 50 dB of cancellation and maintain that level of cancellation in different environments by reconfiguring the termination to adapt to the different environments. 
         [0022]    In general, a cancellation path with 2N degrees of freedom can be used to achieve self-interference cancellation at N different frequencies. In fact, the 2N degrees of freedom can be utilized in multiple ways. The magnitude and the phase of the direct path can be synthesized at N separated frequencies or the magnitude, the phase, the slope of the magnitude, and the slope of the phase can be synthesized at N=2 frequencies. 
         [0023]    In order to design a transmit and receive antenna pair that is configured to perform self-interference cancellation, three general steps can be performed. 
         [0024]    First, the antenna pair can be designed and simulated in an electromagnetic field solver, such as HyperLynx 3D EM available from Mentor Graphics of Wilsonville, Oreg. This step includes designing, optimizing, and creating a transmit antenna (which can be a rectangular slot loop antenna, or any other suitable antenna), and then creating an identical, 90-degrees-rotated receive antenna and adding the auxiliary port. The antennas can be designed and optimized as known in the art, for example as described in J. W. Greiser, “Coplanar stripline antenna,” Microwave Journal, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 47-49, 1976, and/or Y. Zhang, M. Sun, and L. Guo, “On-chip antennas for 60-GHz radios in silicon technology,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 1664-1668, July 2005, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
         [0025]      FIG. 3  shows an example  300  of antenna dimensions and a PCB cross-section that can be used for the antenna pair in accordance with some embodiments. 
         [0026]    Once the transmit antenna and the receive antenna are finalized, the three port network formed by the antennas can be simulated in the electromagnetic field solver to provide the S-parameters S 21 , S 31 , S 23 , and S 33 . 
         [0027]    Next, during a second step, the design parameters for the required reflection at the auxiliary port of the antenna pair can be calculated across frequency (e.g., 4 GHz to 5.5 GHz) based on the S-parameters S 21 , S 31 , S 23 , and S 33 . 
         [0028]    The reflection by the termination at the auxiliary port required for self-interference cancellation can be described by a required reflection coefficient, Γ L,req , as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Γ 
                     
                       L 
                       , 
                       req 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       S 
                       21 
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           S 
                           21 
                         
                          
                         
                           S 
                           33 
                         
                       
                       - 
                       
                         
                           S 
                           23 
                         
                          
                         
                           S 
                           
                             31 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   2 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0029]    Because the Γ L,req  for self-interference cancellation is determined by the antenna pair, a trade-off between the required Γ L,req  and the antenna performance parameters such as gain, bandwidth, and efficiency is introduced. To break this trade-off, the feed line length can be used as another parameter to optimize the Γ L,req  for achieving wideband self-interference cancellation. 
         [0030]      FIG. 4  shows an illustration of the feed-line length, d, for the antenna pair. As shown, d is measured from a point 0.24λ (e.g., 6.6 mm in the example shown) from the antenna loop to the termination. Although 0.24λ is provided herein as an example, any other suitable dimension can be used in some embodiments. 
         [0031]    Neglecting transmission line loss, Γ L,req  can be modified as follows due to the effect of extending the feed line length: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       Γ 
                       
                         L 
                         , 
                         reqm 
                       
                     
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       d 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         S 
                         21 
                       
                        
                       
                          
                         
                           j2β 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           d 
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           S 
                           21 
                         
                          
                         
                           S 
                           33 
                         
                       
                       - 
                       
                         
                           S 
                           23 
                         
                          
                         
                           S 
                           31 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   3 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where β is the propagation constant for the feed line (e.g., β=2π/λ). 
         [0032]    Using equation (3), modified required reflection coefficient, Γ L,reqm , values can be calculated across frequency (e.g., 4 GHz to 5.5 GHz) for different values of feed line length d (e.g., in 0.05λ steps between 0.05λ and 0.25λ) using the S-parameters S 21 , S 31 , S 23 , and S 33 . 
         [0033]    Conductance and susceptance are physically more meaningful design parameters than the required reflection coefficient since they can be readily expressed in terms of the parameters of the lumped components that would be used to implement the variable termination. The required conductance, G L,reqm , and susceptance, B L,reqm , of the variable termination can be calculated using the following equations: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     G 
                     
                       L 
                       , 
                       reqm 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     Re 
                      
                     
                       { 
                       
                         
                           Y 
                           0 
                         
                          
                         
                           
                             1 
                             - 
                             
                               Γ 
                               
                                 L 
                                 , 
                                 reqm 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             1 
                             + 
                             
                               Γ 
                               
                                 L 
                                 , 
                                 reqm 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       } 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   4 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     B 
                     
                       L 
                       , 
                       reqm 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     Imag 
                      
                     
                       { 
                       
                         
                           Y 
                           0 
                         
                          
                         
                           
                             1 
                             - 
                             
                               Γ 
                               
                                 L 
                                 , 
                                 reqm 
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             1 
                             + 
                             
                               Γ 
                               
                                 L 
                                 , 
                                 reqm 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       } 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   5 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where Y 0  is the characteristic admittance (e.g., 20 mS for 50 ohm characteristic impedance (Z 0 ) RF systems). Thus, for the values of Γ L,reqm  calculated across frequency for each value of d using equation (3), values for G L,reqm  and B L,reqm  can be determined. Using the values of G L,reqm  and B L,reqm  for each value of d, the admittance, Y L,reqm , can be plotted on a Y-Chart. An example  500  of a Y-Chart that can be produced in some embodiments is shown in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0034]    As illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the required admittance Y L,reqm  flattens out and its real part (G L,reqm ) gets larger with increasing d. 
         [0035]    To make the required conductance, G L,reqm , frequency independent, d can be set so that Y L,reqm  falls on a constant conductance circle (i.e., has the same value of G L,reqm ) across the desired frequency band. In such a case, the slope of G L,reqm  across the desired frequency band would be zero. Any suitable value of d that can meet or approximate this requirement can be used in some embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 5 , d equal to 0.15λ approximates the constant conductance circle  1 . 0 . Thus, for example, in some embodiments, a field line length d of 4 mm can be used. 
         [0036]    Once the value of d is selected, the corresponding values for G reqm , B reqm , the slope of G reqm , and the slope of B reqm  from the Y-chart can be used as the design parameters for the required reflection at the auxiliary port of the antenna pair. 
         [0037]    In the third step, a higher-order reflective termination impedance can be designed to synthesize the values for G reqm , B reqm , the slope of G reqm , and the slope of B reqm  at multiple frequency points. 
         [0038]    In some embodiments, a parallel RLC termination (as shown in  FIG. 6 ) can be used as the termination at the auxiliary port. A parallel RLC termination with a variable L, a variable C, and a variable R has three degrees of freedom to control G L,synth , B L,synth  and the slope of B L,synth  at a given frequency, f. With a parallel RLC termination, the slope of G L,synth  is zero, which matches the slope of G L,reqm  being zero across the desired frequency band based on the selection of d. 
         [0039]    The re-configurability of the L, the C, and the R allows tracking of G L,reqm , B L,reqm  and the slope of B L,reqm  as the environment changes. B L,synth , the slope of B L,synth  (∂BL, synth/∂f), and G L,synth  can be expressed as: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     B 
                     
                       L 
                       , 
                       synth 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     2 
                      
                     π 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     
                       fC 
                        
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           1 
                           - 
                           
                             
                               f 
                               r 
                               2 
                             
                             
                               f 
                               2 
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   6 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       ∂ 
                       
                         B 
                         
                           L 
                           , 
                           synth 
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       ∂ 
                       f 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     2 
                      
                     
                       C 
                        
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           π 
                           + 
                           
                             
                               f 
                               2 
                               r 
                             
                             
                               f 
                               2 
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   7 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     G 
                     
                       L 
                       , 
                       synth 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     1 
                     R 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   8 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    where f r  is the resonance frequency of the termination given by ½π√{square root over (LC)}, f is the frequency of operation, C is the center value of the variable capacitor (C v  in  FIG. 6 ), L is the value of the inductor (L in  FIG. 6 ), and R is the center value of the variable resistor (R v  in  FIG. 6 ). 
         [0040]    In some embodiments, the value L can be set to a fixed value so that the slope of B L,synth  replicates the slope of B L,reqm  dictated by the electromagnetic field simulation of the antenna pair without considering nearby reflectors. Should self-interference cancellation be lost due to a metallic close-in reflector, it may be possible to recover the self-interference cancellation by just changing the values of R and C. However, if a strong reflection necessitates controlling the magnitude and slope of B L,synth  independently, the value of L may need to be varied. In order to implement a variable inductor, in some embodiments, switches to ground can be placed at different locations on a shorted stub acting as the inductor to change the apparent length of the shortened stub. 
         [0041]      FIG. 3  presents the transmit and receive antenna design and the cross-section of the PCB board. While particular dimensions are shown in  FIG. 3 , any suitable dimensions can be used in some embodiments. In some embodiments, slot antennas can be chosen over other antennas (such as patch antennas) because they provide wide bandwidth and also allow integration of the proposed technique on silicon at millimeter/sub-millimeter-wave frequencies. In some embodiments, 20 mils Rogers 4350B (available from Rogers Corporation, Rogers, Conn.) (∈ r =3.48, tan(δ)=0.0037 at 10 GHz) can be used as the substrate material. The transmit and receive antennas are implemented on the top copper layer. The bottom copper is assigned as the ground layer and is cut away under the antennas. A 240 mils superstrate layer is employed under the antennas to focus the radiation to the backside. Four 60 mils Rogers 4350B layers are glued together with very thin layers of non-conductive epoxy (dielectric constant of ≈3.6) to form the superstrate layer ( FIG. 3 ). 
         [0042]    As shown in  FIG. 6 , in some embodiments, a reflective parallel RLC termination can implemented using a 3.5 mm shorted stub (Z 0 =50 ohms) as the fixed inductor, a Skyworks SMV1430-079LF abrupt junction varactor diode (available from Skyworks Solutions, Inc. of Woburn, Mass.) as the variable capacitor, and a Hittite HMC973LP3E voltage controlled attenuator (available from Analog Devices, Inc. of Norwood, Mass.) as the variable resistor. In some embodiments, any other suitable components can be used to provide the inductor, variable capacitor, and variable resistor illustrated. 
         [0043]    As shown in  FIG. 6 , the shorted stub is connected on one side to the auxiliary port of the receive antenna and connected on the other side to a pair of capacitors (which can have any suitable value, such as 0.1 μF) to ground and a resistor (which can have any suitable values, such as 10 k ohm) to a control voltage (V CV , which can have any suitable value, such as 0 to 30V). 
         [0044]    The varactor diode is tunable from 0.31 pF to 1.24 pF (Q=1680 at 50 MHz and 4V) and controlled through the resistor at the end of the shorted stub. 
         [0045]    The HMC973LP3E is a 0.5-6 GHz reflection type attenuator which features a variable FET-based shunt-resistor to ground between its RF input pin (RFIN) and its RF output pin (RFOUT). This shunt-resistor is controlled by an analog gate voltage (V CA , which can have any suitable value, such as 0 to 5V) provided at control voltage pin (V ctrl ) of the HMC973LP3E. The HMC973LP3E can be used as a variable resistance by leaving the RF output pin floating. 
         [0046]    In some embodiments, the attenuator can be DC isolated using an AVX GX03 ultra-low-insertion-loss (less than 0.2 dB up to 16 GHz) 0.1 μF capacitor (available from AVX Corporation of Fountain Inn, S.C.). In some embodiments, any other suitable capacitor can be used to perform this DC isolation. 
         [0047]    In some embodiments, the antenna pair can be manufactured to occupy 4.88 cm×6.4 cm×0.66 cm of space. 
         [0048]      FIGS. 7, 8, and 9  illustrate an example of an on-chip implementation of a slot loop antenna pair that implements self-interference cancellation in accordance with some embodiments. 
         [0049]    Turning to  FIG. 7 , an example of a cross-section of the chip-antenna integration is shown. As illustrated, in some embodiments, the substrate can be made to be 50 μm (or any other suitable size) thick. As also illustrated, the radiation from/to the antenna is via the bottom. A chip containing the antennas as well as a mm-wave transceiver can be mounted on a PCB (e.g., a Rogers 4350B available from Rogers Corporation of Rogers, Conn.) with ∈ r =√{square root over (∈ air ∈ Si )}≈3.45 and λ/4 thickness using a non-conductive epoxy or superglue (∈ r ≈3.5 for both) which can be as thin as ˜50 μm. Thus, the wave impedance in silicon is matched to the wave impedance in the air, improving the antenna efficiency. 
         [0050]    Turning to  FIGS. 8 and 9 , examples of an antenna pair for a 60 GHz implementation of the described self-interference cancellation technique in the IBM 45 nm SOI CMOS process in accordance with some embodiments is shown. 
         [0051]    As shown in  FIG. 8 , the antennas in the antenna pair can have the dimensions illustrated in some embodiments. 
         [0052]    As shown in  FIG. 9 , the IBM 45 nm SOI CMOS process offers eleven metal layers, including a 2.1 μm top-most aluminum layer (LB) in which the transmit antenna and the receive antenna can be implemented in some embodiments. The antennas can be fed using conductor-backed CPW lines in LB with an M 1 -M 3  bottom ground stack and M 1 -LB side grounds. As illustrated, the ground layer can be removed under the antennas. As illustrated in  FIG. 7 , the 60 GHz T/R antenna core can be implemented on a 650 μm Rogers 4350B superstrate layer assuming the epoxy thickness of 50 μm. 
         [0053]    While specific dimensions, values, and components are described herein for purposes of illustrating some embodiments, it should be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that these dimensions, values, and/or components can be altered in some embodiments. For example, in some embodiments, the dimensions described for the antennas, feed line lengths, substrate thicknesses, glue thicknesses, and/or any other dimensions can be changed. As another example, in some embodiments, the values for inductances, resistances, capacitances, and/or any other values can be changed. As still another example, in some embodiments, the components for any inductors, resistors, capacitors, substrates, varactors, ground planes, superstrates, attenuators, and/or any other components can be changed. 
         [0054]    Although the invention has been described and illustrated in the foregoing illustrative embodiments, it is understood that the present disclosure has been made only by way of example, and that numerous changes in the details of implementation of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which is limited only by the claims that follow. Features of the disclosed embodiments can be combined and rearranged in various ways.