Abstract:
The inventions include an adaptive vibration absorber (AVA) and variation thereof including variations in methods and systems of usage. An exemplary AVA may operate adaptively over an appropriate relatively wide bandwidth or frequency range in vibration absorption without adding energy to the system and the problems associated with such energy addition. Further, the exemplary AVA may be of low cost as well sa lightweight and compact.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION  
       [0001]     This application claims priority to and the benefit of the prior filed copending and commonly owned patent application, assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/442,241, entitled “Tunable Adaptive Vibration Absorber Employing Magnetics with Variable Gap Length”, filed on Jan. 24th, 2003, and incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTIONS  
       [0002]     The inventions relate to vibration absorbers, and more particularly, the inventions relate to adaptive vibration absorbers including methods and systems related thereto.  
       BACKGROUND  
       [0003]     A vibration absorber generally is a device used to reduce vibration in a structure whose motion is undesirable or whose motion is sought to be minimized. Vibration absorbers are commonly used in vehicles, aircraft, and other mechanisms that carry passengers—at least to provide the passengers with a more comfortable ride as well as for other reasons.  
         [0004]     A type of vibration absorber referred to as a tuned vibration absorber (TVA) is used in many applications for the suppression of a specific vibration frequency. TVAs are used in many applications because of their relative low cost and well-established vibration absorption capabilities. TVAs, however, suffer the drawbacks of being passive devices and of being effective only for a relatively narrow bandwidth.  
         [0005]     Another type of vibration absorber is the active vibration controller (AVC). An AVC typically includes real-time property-changing characteristics and therefore can be highly effective. But uses of AVCs as vibration control mechanisms have been limited because AVCs have been costly to implement. Another problem that may arise in the use of AVC is that of an AVC adding energy to the system (and possibly driving the system into instability) in the event of an unanticipated excitation or improper control of the AVC.  
         [0006]     Thus, there is a need for a vibration absorber that includes the advantages, but does not suffer the drawbacks of the TVAs nor the limitations of the AVCs. There is a need for a vibration absorber that effectively and essentially eliminates vibration in structures and that is available at low cost with well-established vibration absorption capabilities. There is a need for a vibration absorber that may adaptively operate over a frequency range without the problems associated with adding energy to the system. Further, there is a need for a vibration absorber that is lightweight and compact.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0007]     Stated generally, the inventions include an adaptive vibration absorber (AVA), and methods and systems therefore. Advantageously, the inventions provide an AVA that may effectively and essentially eliminate vibration in structures. The inventions provide an AVA that may operate adaptively over an appropriate relatively wide bandwidth or frequency range without adding energy to the system and the problems associated with such energy addition. Further, the inventions provide an AVA that may be of low cost as well as lightweight and compact.  
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0008]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating by function an exemplary embodiment of the inventions in use with a vibrating device.  
         [0009]      FIG. 2  is a drawing of an exemplary embodiment of the inventions.  
         [0010]      FIG. 3  is a drawing of another exemplary embodiment of the inventions.  
         [0011]      FIG. 4  is a drawing of another exemplary embodiment of the inventions.  
         [0012]      FIG. 5  is a drawing of another exemplary embodiment of the inventions.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
       [0013]     Several exemplary embodiments of the invention are described below in detail. The disclosed embodiments are intended to be illustrative only since numerous modifications and variations therein will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. In reference to the drawings, like numbers indicate like parts continuously throughout the views. As utilized in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references also, unless the context of use clearly dictates otherwise. Additionally, the meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise as the term is utilized in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow.  
         [0014]     Generally stated, the inventions include adaptive vibration absorbers (AVAs) and methods and systems therefor. An AVA of the inventions may be considered a hybrid between a tuned vibration absorber (TVA) and an active vibration controller (AVC). The AVA includes the “active” characteristics of the AVC in that the AVA may be caused to operate selectively over a range of frequencies rather than a single frequency. One or more elements of the AVA is able to almost instantaneously and discretely change properties, thus increasing the effective bandwidth of vibration suppression by the AVA. The AVA operates like a TVA when the AVA has been set (via control algorithm or otherwise) to operate at a certain frequency.  
         [0015]     Advantageously, the hybrid nature of the AVA may make it superior to the AVC and the TVA. The AVA may be considered to be superior to an AVC because the AVA allows switching in frequency absorption to occur only at discrete times and to discrete states. Thus, the risk of adding energy to a system is virtually eliminated because the AVA behaves like a TVA between switches. The AVA may be considered superior to a TVA because the TVA may operate at more than one frequency.  
         [0016]     The ability of the AVA of the inventions to operative selectively over a range of frequencies is brought about, in part, by the lack of geometric restraints on the AVA, and particularly, with regard to the lack of geometric constraints on certain elements of the AVA as explained below. These elements may change properties thereby increasing the bandwidth of vibration suppression by the AVA. Rather than geometric boundary conditions, the AVA may operate through the principles of force balance with respect to its elements to achieve its advantages.  
         [0017]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram that is used to illustrate the functions of an exemplary embodiment of an AVA  10  of the inventions as used with a vibrating device  12 . The blocks illustrated in  FIG. 1  correspond to functions of the involved elements and devices. The blocks are not to be interpreted as relative sizes of the elements or devices. In fact, reference to the other figures of this patent application demonstrates that the elements of the exemplary AVA  10  may vary in size, shape, and other characteristics.  
         [0018]     The exemplary AVA  10  is configured of the elements including a base mass  14  and an absorber mass  16  connected by a pair of switching elements  18 ,  20  that function effectively as tunable springs and may be held responsible for the advantageous bandwidth increase in vibration suppression by the AVA  10 .  
         [0019]     The configuration and composition of the elements  14 ,  16 ,  18  and  20  of the exemplary AVA  10  provide a path (also referred to as magnetic circuit) for magnetic flux that may be induced by a magnetic field source  22  connected to, disposed on or around, or located close to the exemplary AVA  10 . Specifically, the magnetic circuit through the elements of the AVA  10  may originate with the magnetic field source  22  and pass through the absorber mass  16 , to one of the pair of switching elements  18  (referred to as switching element A or S.E. A), to the base mass  14 , to the other of the pair of switching elements  20  (referred to as switching element B or S.E. B), and so on.  
         [0020]     The switching elements  18 ,  20  of the exemplary AVA are oriented in such a way that their static deflection lengths are determined by a force balance rather than geometric boundary conditions. When the source  22  provides the magnetic field and flux travels through the described magnetic circuit, the static deflection length in each of the pair of the switching elements  18 ,  20  changes based on force balances and allowed at least in part because there are no geometric constraints on the elements  18 ,  20 . Because the static deflection length is determined by a force balance, an increase in the magnetic attractive force causes the status deflection lengths of the switching elements  18 ,  20  to decrease and achieves a larger natural frequency shift than the same system limited by geometric boundary conditions. In this manner, a change in the applied magnetic flux may be used to change the frequency of vibration absorption by the AVA  10 . This change may be controlled as necessary or desired via a control algorithm applied through a processor (not illustrated) or otherwise.  
         [0021]     As noted,  FIG. 1  illustrates the functional configuration of the elements of the exemplary AVA  10  of the inventions. A description of exemplary compositions of the elements of the exemplary AVA  10  is now provided.  
         [0022]     The exemplary AVA  10  includes a base mass  14  that may serve as an attachment point to the vibrating device  12 . The exemplary AVA  10  may be hung in tension from the vibrating device  12  such as being hung from the vibrating device  12  by attachment to the base mass  14  of the AVA  10 .  
         [0023]     The base mass  14  as well as the absorber mass  16  in the exemplary embodiment are of made of relatively rigid, magnetically-conducting material such as iron or low carbon steel. One of the masses  14 ,  16  may be a permanent magnet. The masses  14 ,  16  may be of any appropriate shape such as the rectangular shapes illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the half circle shapes illustrated in  FIG. 2 , and the u-shapes illustrates in  FIGS. 3 and 4 . The masses  14 ,  16  may be of the same approximate size as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , or the masses  14 ,  16  may be of respectively different sizes as illustrated in  FIGS. 3, 4  and  5 .  
         [0024]     As described above, in the exemplary AVA  10  of the inventions, the base mass  14  and the absorber mass  16  are not rigidly connected directly to each other. Rather, the base mass  14  and the absorber mass  16  are connected by two switching elements  18 ,  20  that may be connected in parallel with respect to each other and between the masses  14 ,  16 . The four elements,  14 ,  16 ,  18 , and  20  complete a magnetic circuit. When the magnetic field is applied by the magnetic field source  22 , the absorber mass  16  is attracted towards the base mass  14 .  
         [0025]     The switching elements  18 ,  20  may be composed of “smart materials” to complete the magnetic circuit with the base mass  14  and the absorber mass  16 , and also to function as “springs”. The switching elements  18 ,  20  may be any spring-like device with state-dependent static displacement lengths, such as bistable springs, or springs with variable numbers of active coils or close-wound springs. For example, the switching elements  18 ,  20  may be discrete, noncontinuous iron paths with passive spring(s) used. As another example, any discrete magnetically-conducting path (for example, iron threads in cloth, where no one thread runs from the absorber mass to the base mass) can be placed in parallel with a spring to induce an increased stiffness effect. The switching elements  18 ,  20  may “match” or be approximately the same in size and composition (or even other characteristics) as illustrated in  FIGS. 1, 2 ,  3 , and  4 .  
         [0026]     Alternatively, one of the switching elements  18 ,  20  may be different from the other in size, composition or other characteristics as illustrated in  FIG. 5  so long as the principles of the inventions are followed. Further, the Figures illustrate two switching elements  18 ,  20 , but more or less switching elements may be used with compliance of the principles of the inventions. The Figures also illustrate the switching elements  18 ,  20  to be disposed in parallel with respect to each other, but that does not have to be the case so long as the principles of the inventions are followed.  
         [0027]     In the exemplary AVA  10 , the switching elements  18 ,  20  are made of a magnetorheological (MR) elastomer, which may be any elastomeric substance mixed with magnetically-conducting particles prior to curing. After the cure, the magnetically-conducting particles are no longer able to move freely as if they were in a fluid suspension. The MR elastomer may not be structurally rigid, nor may the elastomeric substance be magnetically-conducting. Examples of elastomeric substances include silicone gels, and natural or synthetic rubbers. The magnetically-conducting parties used with the elastomeric substance in the MR elastomer should be sufficiently small so as not to run the length (between the masses  14 ,  16 ) of the MR elastomer&#39;s body. Examples of magnetically-conducting materials include iron micropowder, and low-carbon steel power or shavings.  
         [0028]     The MR elastomer of the exemplary embodiment uses a two-part silicone gel known as GE Silicone RTV6186. The silicone gel is embedded with iron particles that become aligned in chains. When a magnetic flux path flows through this composite material, the magnetic forces oppose any displacement the iron particles experience away from their magnetic equilibrium point. The magnetic strength forces the composite material to statically compress. This causes the effective stiffness of the silicone to increase. Another cause of the change in stiffness is due to the magnetic poles on the masses  14 ,  16 .  
         [0029]     In the exemplary AVA  10 , the MR elastomer was prepared by mixing a desired percent iron to part B of a two-part silicone mixture. As noted, the silicone was GE Silicone RTV6186, and the iron was from ISP Technologies, R 1430. An equal mass part A was added to the mixture. The silicone was mixed for ten minutes on a hot plate heated to 50 degrees Celsius. The silicone mixture was then cured for thirty minutes at an elevated temperature while a large coil had 4.5 A current running through it, magnetically saturating the iron particles and forcing them to align in chains. The silicone produced was cylindrical. Once cured, the silicone was cut in half length-wise and each half was secured to the masses  14 ,  16  using Loctite 454 epoxy.  
         [0030]     Also in the exemplary AVA  10 , and with respect to the percent of iron in the silicone mixture, a 5:1 maximum to minimum frequency ratio could be achieved by using the 30-35% iron by volume range with the best iron percent to be around 35% iron fraction by volume. Note: the design is iron-percentage dependent and “best” iron fraction may vary.  
         [0031]     In some cases, the absorber mass  16  may be too heavy for a silicone mixture in the switching elements  18 ,  20  to support. Talc powder may be added to strengthen the silicone when not enough iron powder could otherwise be present, i.e., for small percentages of iron. Otherwise, the iron powder provides strengthening for the silicone and a means for magnetic flux to pass through what would otherwise be effectively an air gap.  
         [0032]     An MR elastomer of length 1 whose stiffness change is directly proportional to the magnetic flux that runs through it should have a maximum flux change for the least amount of power input. Therefore, two MR elastomers can be placed in parallel as seen in the exemplary AVA  10 .  
         [0033]      FIG. 1  illustrates a magnetic field source  22  for inducing and/or changing the magnetic flux in the magnetic circuit of the exemplary AVA  10 . The exemplary embodiment includes a coil of current-bearing wire (also referred to as magnet wire or a solenoid) as the magnetic field source  22  as illustrated in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . The coil of current-bearing wire (and any other magnetic field source  22 ) may be disposed about the base mass  14  as illustrated in  FIG. 2  or about the absorber mass  16  as illustrated in  FIG. 3 . A design constraint on the magnetic field source  22  is that its placement should not affect the motion of the switching elements  18 ,  20 .  
         [0034]     Changing the magnetic flux, as noted above, changes the frequency of vibration absorption by the AVA  10 . When the magnetic field is applied, the MR elastomer of the switching elements  18 ,  20  of the exemplary AVA  10  is saturated. In other words, when current flows through the coils of the exemplary magnetic field source  22 , the exemplary AVA  10  experiences a relatively large stiffness increase. The large stiffness increase is generated because the elastomer motion is not limited by the geometric constraints.  
         [0035]     It should be emphasized that the above-described embodiments of the present invention are merely possible examples of implementations, merely set forth for a clear understanding of the principles of the invention. Many variations and modifications may be made to the above-described embodiments of the invention without departing substantially from the principles of the invention. All such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of this disclosure and protected by the following claims.