Abstract:
Disclosed herein are bicyclic guanidine salts formed as the reaction product of reactants comprising (a) a compound having the general formula CX n , wherein X is N, O, or S and wherein n is 2 to 4; (b) an acid; (c) dipropylene triamine; and (d) water, and an associated method for forming a bicyclic guanidine salt from the same reaction ingredients.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to methods for preparing bicyclic guanidine compounds, and more particularly to methods for preparing bicyclic guanidine salts in an aqueous media. 
       BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
       [0002]    Dialkyltin oxides have traditionally been used as cure catalysts for electrodeposition coatings. Dialkyltin oxides, however, have been subjected to a number of regulatory restrictions by various countries due to environmental concerns. Therefore, bismuth has been used with increased frequency as the cure catalyst for electrodeposition coatings in lieu of dialkyltin oxide. There are, however, a number of shortcomings associated with using bismuth as the cure catalyst. For example, bismuth is often a less effective catalyst for various electrodeposition compositions when compared to dialkyltin oxide. Moreover, there may be cost and availability issues associated with using bismuth as a cure catalyst in the future. Accordingly, there is a need for an alternative catalyst for use in an electrodeposition coating. Moreover, there is also a need for an electrodeposition coating that is substantially free of tin. 
         [0003]    One material being evaluated for use in electrodeposition coatings as a possible replacement for metal catalysts is cyclic guanidines such as bicyclic guanidines and bicyclic guanidine salts. Conventionally, bicyclic guanidines and bicyclic guanidine salts may be prepared in a variety of ways, but most known methods require high temperatures and long reaction times, or expensive and toxic reagents, or both. Ideally, it would be highly desirable to find a low cost, relatively safe, and efficient method for producing bicyclic guanidines and/or bicyclic guanidine salts. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0004]    One exemplary embodiment of the present invention discloses a bicyclic guanidine salt formed as the reaction product of reactants comprising (a) a compound having the general formula CX n , wherein X is N, O, or S and wherein n is 2 to 4; (b) an acid; (c) dipropylene triamine; and (d) water. 
         [0005]    Another exemplary embodiment discloses a method for forming a bicyclic guanidine salt comprising: (a) mixing water with a compound having the general formula CX n , wherein X is N, O, or S and wherein n is 2 to 4; (b) adding an acid to (a); (c) exotherming (b) under agitation; (d) adding dipropylene triamine to (c); and (e) warming (d) to a reflux temperature. 
         [0006]    Other related exemplary embodiments disclose multi-component composite coatings, coated substrates, and methods for coating a substrate. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0007]    For purposes of the following detailed description, it is to be understood that the invention may assume various alternative variations and step sequences, except where expressly specified to the contrary. Moreover, other than in any operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing, for example, quantities of ingredients used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about”. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. 
         [0008]    Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard variation found in their respective testing measurements. 
         [0009]    Also, it should be understood that any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. For example, a range of “1 to 10” is intended to include all sub-ranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of 1 and the recited maximum value of 10, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1 and a maximum value of equal to or less than 10. 
         [0010]    In this application, the use of the singular includes the plural and plural encompasses singular, unless specifically stated otherwise. In addition, in this application, the use of “or” means “and/or” unless specifically stated otherwise, even though “and/or” may be explicitly used in certain instances. 
         [0011]    As previously mentioned, the present invention is directed to methods for producing bicyclic guanidine (“BCG”) salts; these methods may be lower cost, more efficient, and/or safer than current methods. In certain embodiments, the new methods can be carried out without the use of high temperatures and long reaction times. In addition, in certain embodiments, the new methods do not utilize expensive and toxic reagents. 
         [0012]    In one embodiment, bicyclic guanidine salts may be formed via a guanidine exchange route. More specifically, as illustrated below, dipropylene triamine (DPTA) is combined, in the presence of water and acid (HA), with a molecule containing a highly electrophilic carbon, whose valences are satisfied by strongly electronegative atoms (CX n ), wherein X is N, O or S and wherein n is 2-4. This reaction produces the acid salt of 1,5,7-triazabicyclo [4.4.0]dec-5-ene in water, along with the corresponding byproduct Z (H m X), wherein m is 1-3 and Z is 1-6. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0013]    The acid salt of 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene may then further react with water to form a monocyclic urea as illustrated in the following reaction: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0014]    Exemplary molecules CX n  that may be utilized in the embodiments of the present invention include, for example, one or more of guanidine carbonate salts (shown as (1) in Schemes 2 and 3 below), dicyandiamide (shown as (5) in Scheme 4 below), cyanamide, carbon disulfide, propylene carbonate, alkylorthoformates, and 1,1′-thiocarbonyl diimidazole (TCDI), as shown below: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0015]    Exemplary acids (HA) that may be used include, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, perchloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, boric acid, chromic acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid and combinations thereof. 
         [0016]    In another more specific exemplary embodiment, as shown in Scheme 2 and Example 1 below, a guanidine carbonate salt (1) is dissolved in water and reacted with methanesulfonic acid, followed by addition of dipropylene triamine (2). The resulting solution is warmed to reflux and stirred for 16-24 hours to yield the methanesulfonic acid salt of 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (3) in water, as shown below: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0017]    In still another specific exemplary embodiment, as shown in Scheme 3 and Example 2 below, a guanidine carbonate salt (1) is dissolved in water and reacted with hydrochloric acid, followed by addition of dipropylene triamine (2). The resulting solution is warmed to reflux and stirred for 4-6 hours to yield the chloride salt of 1,5,7-triazabicyclo [4.4.0]dec-5-ene (4) in water, as shown below: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0018]    In yet another specific exemplary embodiment, as shown in Scheme 4 and Example 3 below, dicyandiamide (5) is dissolved in water and reacted with methanesulfonic acid, followed by addition of dipropylene triamine (2). The resulting solution is warmed to reflux and stirred for 2-4 hours to yield the methanesulfonic acid salt of 1,5,7-triazabicyclo [4.4.0]dec-5-ene (3) in water, as shown below: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0019]    The present invention thus provides a low cost, relatively safe, and/or efficient method for producing bicyclic guanidine salts that are available for use in a wide variety of coatings systems, including for use as replacements for heavy metal catalysts in electrodeposition systems. 
       EXAMPLE 1  
     Cyclic Guanidine-Methanesulfonic Acid Salt in Water 
       [0020]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 # 
                 Material 
                 parts 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 Guanidine carbonate 
                 22.5 
               
               
                 2 
                 Methanesulfonic acid 
                 24 
               
               
                 3 
                 DI water 
                 46.5 
               
               
                 4 
                 Dipropylene triamine 
                 32.8 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0021]    Materials 1 and 3 were added to a round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, reflux condenser, temperature probe and inert gas inlet. Material 2 was then added dropwise, and the mixture exothermed to 50° C. After further stirring for 8 minutes, material 4 was added all at once. A second exotherm occurred. After briefly stirring at ambient temperature, the mixture was warmed to reflux and the reaction progress was followed by  13 C NMR. The reaction proceeds as illustrated in Scheme 2 above. After 18.5 hours,  13 C NMR analysis suggested approximately 80% conversion of dipropylene triamine to the methanesulfonic acid salt of 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene. 
       EXAMPLE 2  
     Demonstrating the Use of Hydrochloric Acid as the Acid 
       [0022]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 # 
                 Material 
                 parts 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 Guanidine carbonate 
                 54.6 
               
               
                 2 
                 Concentrated hydrochloric acid 
                 83.33 
               
               
                 3 
                 DI water 
                 138 
               
               
                 4 
                 Dipropylene triamine 
                 170.6 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0023]    Materials 1 and 3 were added to a round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, reflux condenser, temperature probe and inert gas inlet. Material 2 was then added dropwise, and the mixture exothermed to 61° C. After further stirring for 5 minutes, material 4 was added all at once, and the reaction exothermed to 97° C. The mixture was then warmed to reflux and the reaction progress was followed by  13 C NMR. The reaction proceeds as illustrated in Scheme 3 above. After about 4 hours,  13 C NMR analysis suggested approximately 40% conversion of dipropylene triamine to the hydrochloric acid salt of 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene. 
       EXAMPLE 3 
     Demonstrating the Use of Dicyandiamide as the Carbon Source 
       [0024]      
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 # 
                 Material 
                 parts 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 dicyandiamide 
                 42 
               
               
                 2 
                 methanesulfonic acid 
                 96.1 
               
               
                 3 
                 DI water 
                 138 
               
               
                 4 
                 Dipropylene triamine 
                 131.2 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0025]    Materials 1 and 3 were added to a round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, reflux condenser, temperature probe and inert gas inlet. Material 2 was then added dropwise, and the mixture exothermed to 98° C. After further stirring for 100 minutes, material 4 was added over 25 minutes, and the reaction exothermed to 67° C. The mixture was then warmed to reflux and the reaction progress was followed by  13 C NMR. The reaction proceeds as illustrated in Scheme 4 above. After about 155 minutes,  13 C NMR analysis suggested the mixture contained approximately 32% conversion of dipropylene triamine to the methanesulfonic acid salt of 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene along with an unidentified product. 
         [0026]    Whereas particular embodiments of the invention have been described hereinabove for purposes of illustration, it will be evident to those skilled in the art that numerous variations of the details of the present invention may be made without departing from the invention as defined in the appended claims.