Abstract:
A dispersion containing a high-surface-area, pyrogenically-produced aluminium oxide with a surface area and BET of more than 115 m 2 /g and a Sears number of more than 8 ml/2 g, is produced by mixing a high-surface-area, pyrogenically-produced aluminium oxide having a BET specific surface area of more than 115 m 2 /g and a Sears number of more than 8 ml/2 g, with water, setting a pH value of 2 to 11 (preferably 3 to 8) and dispersing the mixture by the introduction of controlled shearing forces. 
     It can be used for the production of Inkjet media, digital imaging products and other printing medium.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/277,130 filed Oct. 22, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,572,854 which claims priority to European Patent Application No. 101 52 745.4 filed Oct. 25, 2001 and which is being incorporated in its entirety herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a dispersion of pyrogenically-produced aluminium oxide, a process for its production and its use. 
     The invention provides a dispersion, which is characterised in that it contains a high-surface-area, pyrogenically-produced aluminium oxide, which has a BET specific surface area of more than 115 m 2 /g and a Sears number of more than 8 ml/2 g. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the aluminium oxide can be characterised in that the dibutylphthalate absorption of the powder, measured on a 16 g portion, is not measurable (no end-point detection). 
     The pyrogenically-produced aluminium oxide that can be used according to the invention, can be produced by the flame oxidation, or preferably flame hydrolysis, method, an evaporable aluminium compound, preferably the chloride, being used as the starting material. 
     The content of aluminium oxide can be 25±15 wt. %. 
     The dispersion may contain the following additional constituents: 
     Organic or inorganic acids or bases, salts, additives such as ionic or non-ionic surfactants, polymers, polyelectrolytes or biocides as well as other auxiliary substances to stabilise the dispersion or to increase its quality or storage stability. 
     The dispersion according to the invention may also contain, in addition to aluminium oxide, inorganic acids (such as phosphoric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, . . . ), organic acids (such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, . . . ), inorganic or organic bases (such as potassium hydroxide, organic amines, . . . ), salts, (such as sodium chloride, potassium formate, calcium nitrate), buffer systems (such as for example potassium dihydrogenphosphate/phosphoric acid buffer, acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer, . . . ) ionic, or non-ionic surfactants, polyelectrolytes, polymers or other dispersing agents or stabilisers, and also biocides. 
     The invention further provides a process for the production of the dispersion according to the invention, which is characterised in that a high-surface-area, pyrogenically-produced aluminium oxide, which has a BET specific surface area of more than 115 m 2 /g and a Sears number of more than 8 ml/2 g, is mixed with water, a pH value of 2 to 11, preferably 3 to 8, in particular 2 to 8, is set and the mixture is dispersed by the introduction of shearing forces. 
     The invention is formed by mixing a high-surface-area, pyrogenically-produced aluminium oxide, which has a BET specific surface area of more than 115 m 2 /g and a Sears number of more than 8 ml/2 g, with water and additives in accordance with claim  4 , setting a pH value of 2 to 11 (preferably 3 to 8), and dispersing the mixture by the introduction of controlled shearing forces. 
     To disperse the high-surface-area, pyrogenically-produced aluminium oxide, shearing equipment such as rotor-stator-type machines (batch- or continuous in-line machines), ball mills, pearl mills, agitated ball mills or high-energy shearing processes (in which the dispersion is dispersed under high pressure at pressures of over 1000 bar) is used and the dispersions obtained have a mean particle size distribution of d 50 &lt;150 nm (d 50  less than 150 nm; measured by dynamic light scattering). 
     The dispersion according to the invention has the following advantages: 
     high cationic charge on the surface of the particles, as compared with dispersions produced from aluminium oxides (-oxide hydroxides) by the wet chemical method particle size distributions of the dispersion can be set in a defined way, in contrast to dispersions of other pyrogenic aluminium oxides or aluminium oxides (-oxide hydroxides) produced by the wet chemical method, which are produced by different dispersion processes high dispersion purity, as compared with dispersions produced with aluminium oxides (-oxide hydroxides) produced by the wet chemical method
         precisely-controllable electrolyte level within the dispersion, as compared with dispersions of other pyrogenic aluminium oxides or aluminium oxides (-oxide hydroxides) produced by the wet chemical method, the electrolyte concentration of which cannot be set precisely as a result of the starting powder or the dispersion process   very high surface area of the pyrogenic aluminium oxide as compared with dispersions of other pyrogenic aluminium oxides or aluminium oxides (-oxide hydroxides) produced by the wet chemical method   highly distinctive “structure/crosslinking” of the aluminium oxide primary particles within the dispersion, as compared with dispersions of other pyrogenic aluminium oxides or aluminium oxides (-oxide hydroxides) produced by the wet chemical method   a high degree of hardness and abrasion resistance of the particles distributed in the dispersion, as compared with dispersions of aluminium oxides (-oxide hydroxides) produced by the wet chemical method, in which the primary particles are less hard.       

     The dispersion according to the invention is eminently suitable for further processing in Inkjet coating pigments. The invention further relates to a process for the production of Inkjet coating pigments that have been produced with the dispersions according to the invention and the glossy media produced from them. These media are characterised by a very high gloss value, very high colour densities when printing, large colour space, extremely low drying times, a high absorption capacity and (in comparison with other aluminium oxides) increased water resistance, all of which are desirable characteristics. 
     The following examples demonstrate that the dispersion according to the invention is superior to known dispersions with regard to its processability in a coating pigment and in the associated Inkjet medium. 
     The recipes used for Inkjet coating pigments are guide recipes. Thus binders other than polyvinylalcohol (with various saponification grades) can be used in combination or alone, such as for example polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetate, silanised polyvinylalcohols, styrene-acrylate lattices, styrene-butadiene lattices, melamine resins, ethylene-vinylacetate copolymers, vinylpyrrolidone-dimethylaminopropylenemethacrylamide copolymers, polyurethane resins, synthetic resins such as polymethylmethacrylates, polyester resins (for example unsaturated polyester resins), polyacrylates, modified starch, casein, gelatines, cellulose derivatives (for example carboxymethylcellulose) and also in other quantity ratios to the pyrogenic aluminium oxide than those stated in the application example. 
     The coating according to the invention may also contain, in addition to the dispersion according to the invention, one or more other pigments, and/or dispersions. These may be: calcium carbonates, layered silicates, aluminium silicates, plastic pigments (for example polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene), silicas (for example colloidal silicas, precipitated silicas, silica gels, pyrogenic silicas, pyrogenic mixed oxides), cationised variants of the stated silica compounds, aluminium compounds (for example aluminium sols, colloidal aluminium oxides and their hydroxy compounds, such as pseudo-boehmite, boehmite, aluminium hydroxide), magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium carbonate, kaolin, clay, talc, calcium sulfate, zinc carbonate, satin white, lithopones, zeolites or dispersions of these compounds. 
     Both the solid content of the dispersion and also that of the coating pigment can be varied in comparison with the application examples. Further possible variations consist in changing the pH value, the dispersion method, the composition of the coating pigment formulation and the dispersion medium. 
     To increase the water-resistance of the binder system and thus the coating, crosslinkers may be used, such as: zirconium oxides, boric acid, melamine resins, glyoxal and isocyanates and other molecules that bind the molecule chains of the binder system with each other. 
     Furthermore, auxiliary agents such as optical brighteners, de-foaming agents, wetting agents, pH buffers, UV absorbers and viscosity improvers can also be used. 
     Examples of cationic substances for the cationising of the binder are: polyethyleneimine, polyallylamines, polyvinylamines, polymers consisting of cationic monomers such as primary, secondary and tertiary amines, which are located on the side-chains, and quarternary ammonium compounds. 
     The coating structure of the medium may also differ from the application examples, in that the coating may consist of several coating layers of the same type or other layers, and the coating that has been produced with the dispersion according to the invention is only located in one of the layers present. Thus, for example, further ink-absorptive coatings (for example precipitated silica coatings) may be applied under the Inkjet coating according to the invention. Furthermore, one or more polymer layers (e.g. polyethylene) can be applied to the substrate and/or to the coating according to the invention, in order to increase the mechanical stability and/or gloss of the coating (for example photographic base paper, lamination). Even if the Inkjet medium contains one or more of the layers described above, and is provided with the coating according to the invention, printability is improved for the majority of printing applications. 
     The coating pigment recipe can be applied to a substrate by all conventional application processes (alone or in combination). Conventional processes (which are not, however, restricted to the stated processes) are: rolling, blade application, airbrushing, doctor blade (profiled, smooth, split), the cast-coating process, film pressing, bonding-pressing, curtain-coating and slot-die application (for example coating blade). The processes allowing extremely homogeneous coating, for example cast-coating, curtain-coating and slot-die application, are preferred. 
     The coated substrate can be dried by all of the conventional processes (alone or in combination). Conventional processes (which, however, are not restricted to the stated processes) are: air- or convection drying (for example hot air channel), contact- or conduction drying, energy radiation drying (for example infra-red and microwave). 
     The invention further provides coatings, which have an aluminium oxide-binder weight ratio of 8:1 to 1:2. The coatings can be used for the production of Inkjet-media, digital imaging products and other printing media. 
     The invention further provides recording media consisting of aluminium oxide dispersions, which are characterised in that they consist of substrates with glossy coatings, in which the coatings contain VP Alu 130 dispersions and dispersion additives (such as acids, bases, surfactants, polymers, polyelectrolytes etc.) and a binder system, the aluminium oxide particles that build up the coating originating from a dispersion according to the invention, with an average particle size of d 50 &lt;200 nm (d 50  less than 200 nm; measured by dynamic light scattering). 
     The aluminium oxide dispersion can be used in coatings for materials such as paper, metals, glass, ceramics, plastics, polymers, rubbers and textiles. Furthermore, it can be used to polish or clean metals, semi-conductor elements in the electronics industry, glass, ceramics and other hard materials. 
     The coatings that have been produced from coating pigments, may have a solid matter content of 15%, and preferably of 18% and more. 
     The coatings may have a substrate with a substance weight of 80 to 250 g/m 2 . The substrate may have a Cobb 10  value of 0 to 60. 
     A water-impermeable sealing coat may be applied to the substrate. 
     The substrate may be a polymer film. 
     The coatings may be used for the production of Inkjet media (such as paper, films, textiles, . . . ), digital imaging products and other printing media. 
     “The dispersions according to the invention may be used for the coating of fluorescent tubes, lightbulbs or other light sources. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows VP W 520 “F” shearing tests measured on Jan. 11, 2001. 
         FIG. 2  shows VP W 520 “F” shearing tests measured on Jan. 25, 2001. 
         FIG. 3  shows changes in the viscosity of W 520 “F” with increasing shearing time. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Example 1 
     Production of the Aluminium Oxide that can be Used According to the Invention 
     320 kg/h previously-evaporated aluminium trichloride (AlCl 3 ) is burned together with 100 Nm 3 /h hydrogen and 450 Nm 3 /h air in a burner of known construction. 
     After the flame reaction, the fine-particle, high-surface-area aluminium oxide is separated from the hydrochloric acid gases that have also formed, in a filter or cyclone, any HCl traces still adhering being then removed by treatment with moistened air at increased temperature. 
     The high-surface-area pyrogenic aluminium oxide formed has the physical/chemical reference data shown in Table 1. The data for the pyrogenic aluminium oxide that can be obtained commercially from Degussa-Huls AG/Frankfurt (commercial name Aluminiumoxid C) are also included in Table 1 for reference. 
                                                       TABLE 1                           High-surface-area                   aluminium oxide               according to the               invention   Aluminium           Unit   Alu 130   oxide C                                    BET   m 2 /g   121   100       Specific       Surface area       Sears number   ml/2 g   9.38   7.05       (pH 4 to 9)       PH   4% aqueous   4.93   4.5           dispersion       Drying loss   wt. %   3.3   3.0       Bulk density   g/l   55   48       Tamped density   g/l   63   57       DBP-Absorption   wt. %   Not measurable,   231               no detectable end               point.                    
DBP: Dibutylphthalate
 
     The measurement of the Sears number is disclosed in EP 0 717 008. 
     Example 2 
     Production of the Dispersion According to the Invention 
     First, 280 liters de-ionised water are brought to pH 3.9 with a propionic acid in a receiving vessel. 
     80 kg of the powder described in example 1 with a surface area greater than 115 m2/g (equivalent to 20 wt.-% aluminium oxide) are then introduced into the water with a rotor-stator machine. After incorporating the whole quantity of the powder, the suspension obtained is intensively sheared for ca. 60 minutes. 
     Whilst the powder is being introduced, the pH value is maintained at pH=4.0 to 4.1 by adding 18 liters of semi-concentrated acid. After intake of the aluminium oxide and immediately before shearing, a sample of the suspension is taken and a d 50  value of d 50 =160 nm is determined (measurement in dilution by means of dynamic light scattering). The subsequent shearing process is carried out with the rotor-stator machine at maximum shear energy and lasts for a total of 60 minutes. 
     After completion of the shearing process, the pH value is 4.1. After adding 2 kg of a biocide, the pH value was brought to the final pH of 3.9 with a further 6 liters of propionic acid. Once production of the dispersion is complete, the liquid volume is increased to 400 liters by adding 14 liters distilled water. The particle size set after the shearing process is d 50 =130 nm. 
     Properties of the dispersion according to example 2 of the invention (VP W 520). 
     During production of the dispersion the average particle size falls significantly as the shearing time continues (cf.  FIG. 1 ): without shearing (0 min) the value is still d 50 =160 nm, but after 60 minutes&#39; shearing it falls to d 50 =130 nm: 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of the samples of the dispersion according to 
               
               
                 the invention immediately after production and two weeks 
               
               
                 later 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 0 min 
                 15 min 
                 27 min 
                 30 min 
                 45 min 
                 60 min 
               
               
                   
                 Shear. 
                 Shear. 
                 Shear. 
                 Shear. 
                 Shear. 
                 Shear. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 d 50  in (nm) 
                 160 
                 155 
                 149 
                 143 
                 137 
                 130 
               
               
                 (day of 
               
               
                 production) 
               
               
                 d 50  in (nm) 
                 170 
                 155 
                 153 
                 147 
                 139 
                 136 
               
               
                 (control, 2 
               
               
                 weeks) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     During production of the dispersion according to the invention, the pH value does not depend on the shearing time (cf. Table 2). The change in pH within two weeks is also the same for all samples: 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 pH-values of the samples of the dispersion according to the 
               
               
                 invention (dependency on shearing and time) 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 0 min 
                 9 min 
                 15 min 
                 30 min 
                 45 min 
                 60 min 
               
               
                   
                 Shear. 
                 Shear. 
                 Shear. 
                 Shear. 
                 Shear. 
                 Shear. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 pH-value 
                 3.9 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
                 4.1 
                 4.0 
                 3.9 
               
               
                 (production) 
               
               
                 pH-value 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                 4.6 
                 4.6 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
               
               
                 (control, 2 
               
               
                 Weeks) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The gloss values are measured with a Byk-Gardner gloss meter using test card 2855 (black spectrum) as a basis. 
     The printing properties of the coating are evaluated by printing out a test image on the coating, using an HP 550 C printer and an Epson Stylus Colour 800 printer respectively and having these printed coatings evaluated by 3 independent persons on the basis of the attached scale of marks. 
     The colour densities are measured on the basis of the test image, which also contains full-area colours (black, magenta, cyan, yellow) using a GretagMacbeth (trademark) SpectroEye at an observation angle of 2° and a D50 light source. 
     Example 3 
     Production of an Inkjet Coating 
     
         
         Educts: aluminium oxide dispersion according to example 2 polyvinyl alcohol Mowiol 40-88 (Clariant, D) polyester film 
       
    
     Recipe and method for the production of Inkjet coating pigments: 
     The aqueous polyvinyl alcohol solution (Mowiol 40-88, Clariant) with 12.14% solid content, is placed in a 400 ml beaker and a quantity of water is added to it, so that, together with the aluminium oxide dispersions according to example 2, a solid content of 18% is obtained. The relevant dispersion is slowly dropped into the polyvinyl alcohol solution using a pipette, within 5 minutes, whilst stirring at 500 rpm. Once it has been added, stirring continues for a further 30 minutes at 500 rpm to obtain a homogenous coating pigment. The coating pigments are then de-aerated using a dessicator and water-jet pump. As a control, the actual solid matter, pH value and viscosity are measured after mixing the coating pigments. 
     The parts in the table below are understood to mean parts by weight in relation to the solid matter. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Coating pigment reference values 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Aluminium oxide 
                 100 parts 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 dispersion, acc. 
               
               
                   
                 to example 2, 
               
               
                   
                 15 minutes&#39; 
               
               
                   
                 dispersion time 
               
               
                   
                 Aluminium oxide 
                   
                 100 parts 
               
               
                   
                 dispersion, acc. 
               
               
                   
                 to example 2, 
               
               
                   
                 30 minutes&#39; 
               
               
                   
                 dispersion time 
               
               
                   
                 Aluminium oxide 
                   
                   
                 100 parts 
               
               
                   
                 dispersion, acc. 
               
               
                   
                 to example 2, 
               
               
                   
                 60 minutes&#39; 
               
               
                   
                 dispersion time 
               
               
                   
                 PVA 40-88 
                  20 parts 
                  20 parts 
                  20 parts 
               
               
                   
                 Actual solid 
                 18.03 
                 18.01 
                 18.00 
               
               
                   
                 content of the 
               
               
                   
                 coating pigments 
               
               
                   
                 in % 
               
               
                   
                 PH value 
                 4.7 
                 4.6 
                 4.6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Viscosity, Brookfield in mPa s after 24 h 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 After 
                  5 rpm 
                 920 
                 824 
                 748 
               
               
                 stirring 
                 10 rpm 
                 840 
                 716 
                 664 
               
               
                   
                 20 rpm 
                 715 
                 608 
                 534 
               
               
                   
                 50 rpm 
                 560 
                 512 
                 462 
               
               
                   
                 100 rpm  
                 463 
                 398 
                 346 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Comments on 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
               
               
                   
                 production of 
               
               
                   
                 coating pigments 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The viscosity data obtained show that the dispersion according to example 2, and the longest dispersion time, produce the lowest viscosities. This is desirable as the solid matter in the coating pigment can still be increased without obtaining viscosities that are too high to be applied. 
     Method for the production of an Inkjet coating from the Inkjet coating pigment referred to above 
     A 100 micron thick, un-treated polyester film is coated using an Erichsen Film Applicator device with a 120 micron wet film spiral applicator. The coating pigment applied is dried using a hot air dryer. 
     Data for the coatings obtained: 
                                                     Aluminium oxide   100 parts                   dispersion acc. To                       example 2,                       15 minutes&#39;                       dispersion time                       Aluminium oxide       100 parts               dispersion acc. to                       example 2,                       30 minutes&#39;                       dispersion time                       Aluminium oxide           100 parts           dispersion acc. to                       example 2,                       60 minutes&#39;                       dispersion time                       PVA 40-88    20 parts    20 parts    20 parts           Application behaviour   good   good   good           Average application   26.1   25.9   26.2           weight in g/m 2  and   s = 0.4   s = 0.2   s = 0.3           standard deviation*               *Note: the printing test is carried out with coatings of virtually the same coating weight.            
Coating Properties
 
                                             Aluminium oxide   100 parts               dispersion acc.                   to example 2,                   15 minutes&#39;                   dispersion time                   Aluminium oxide       100 parts           dispersion acc.                   to example 2,                   30 minutes&#39;                   dispersion time                   Aluminium oxide           100 parts       dispersion acc.                   to example 2,                   60 minutes&#39;                   dispersion time                   PVA 40-88    20 parts    20 parts    20 parts       Adhesion, surface   Good   Very good   Very good       and smoothness of   adhesion to   adhesion to   adhesion to       the coating   the film,   the film,   the film,           homogeneous   homogeneous   homogeneous           surface   surface   surface       Gloss at 20°/   24.6   26.3   28.8       standard   s = 0.4   s = 0.1   s = 0.3       deviation at                   n = 5                   Gloss at 60°/   46.3   49.7   54.7       standard   s = 0.2   s = 0.3   s = 0.3       deviation at                   n = 5                    
Discussion of the Gloss Values
 
     It can clearly be seen from the gloss values, that the dispersion according to the invention produces higher gloss values in the Inkjet coating after 60 minutes&#39; dispersion time, than the dispersions produced by other methods. With photo-realistic coatings, a high gloss is desirable, as already disclosed in EP 0 732 219. The gloss values are lower than those in EP 0 732 219, but this is due to the different processes for the production of the Inkjet medium and not to the coating pigment. A spiral applicator is consciously used in this test to determine the contribution of the dispersion in the Inkjet coating to the gloss. With the cast-coating process used in EP 0 732 219, the gloss is primarily determined by the process itself. 
     Printing test (determined by 3 independent persons) 
     Top mark: 0.75 bottom mark: 6 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Aluminium 
                 Aluminium 
                 Aluminium 
               
               
                   
                 oxide 
                 oxide 
                 oxide 
               
               
                   
                 dispersion 
                 dispersion 
                 dispersion 
               
               
                   
                 acc. to 
                 acc. to 
                 acc. to 
               
               
                   
                 example 2, 
                 example 2, 
                 example 2, 
               
               
                   
                 15 minutes&#39; 
                 30 minutes&#39; 
                 60 minutes&#39; 
               
               
                   
                 dispersion 
                 dispersion 
                 dispersion 
               
               
                 Dispersion used 
                 time 
                 time 
                 time 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Four colour print Hewlett-Packard 550 C 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Colour 
                 Magenta/ 
                 1.25 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 intensity 
                 Yellow/Cyan 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Black 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 dot sharpness 
                 Black in 
                 1.5 
                 1.25 
                 1.25 
               
               
                   
                 colour 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 transitions 
                 Colour to 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 colour 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Black to 
                 1.25 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 colour 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Contours 
                   
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 Print 
                   
                 1.25 
                 1.25 
                 1 
               
               
                 Halftone 
                   
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 Photo quality 
                   
                 1.25 
                 1.25 
                 1 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Total evaluation 
                 10.5 
                 9.75 
                 9.25 
               
               
                 Average marks 
                 1.17 
                 1.08 
                 1.03 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Four colour print Epson Stylus Color 800 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Colour 
                 Magenta/ 
                 1.25 
                 1 
                 0.75 
               
               
                 intensity 
                 Yellow/Cyan 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Black 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0.75 
               
               
                 Dot sharpness 
                 Black in 
                 1.25 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 colour 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Transitions 
                 Colour to 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 colour 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Black to 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 colour 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Contours 
                   
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 Print 
                   
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 Halftone 
                   
                 1.25 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 Photo quality 
                   
                 1 
                 1 
                 0.75 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Total evaluation 
                 9.75 
                 9 
                 8.25 
               
               
                 Average mark 
                 1.08 
                 1.00 
                 0.92 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     When using two different types of printer, the coating containing the dispersion with the longest dispersion time, according to example 2, produces the best results. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Colour densities 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 DIN 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 HP 550 C 
                 Pap Pol 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Filter 
               
               
                   
                   
                 selected 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Aluminium 
                 Aluminium 
                 Aluminium 
               
               
                   
                   
                 oxide 
                 oxide 
                 oxide 
               
               
                   
                   
                 dispersion 
                 dispersion 
                 dispersion 
               
               
                   
                   
                 acc. to 
                 acc. to 
                 acc. to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 example 2, 
                 example 2, 
                 example 2, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 15 minutes&#39; 
                 30 minutes&#39; 
                 60 minutes&#39; 
               
               
                   
                 Dispersion 
                 dispersion 
                 dispersion 
                 dispersion 
               
               
                   
                 used 
                 time 
                 time 
                 time 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Paper white 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Mean black 
                 2.33 
                 2.36 
                 2.42 
               
               
                 Mean yellow 
                 1.67 
                 1.69 
                 1.73 
               
               
                 Mean cyan 
                 2.33 
                 2.35 
                 2.39 
               
               
                 Mean 
                 1.39 
                 1.42 
                 1.46 
               
               
                 magenta 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Total 
                 7.72 
                 7.82 
                 8 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 DIN 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Epson Stylus 
                 Pap Pol 
               
               
                   
                 Color 800 
                 Filter 
               
               
                   
                   
                 selected 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Aluminium 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 oxide 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 dispersion 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 acc. to 
                 Aluminium oxide 
                 Aluminium oxide 
               
               
                   
                 example 2, 
                 dispersion acc. 
                 dispersion acc. 
               
               
                   
                 15 minutes&#39; 
                 to example 2, 
                 to example 2, 
               
               
                 Dispersion 
                 dispersion 
                 30 minutes&#39; 
                 60 minutes&#39; 
               
               
                 used 
                 time 
                 dispersion time 
                 dispersion time 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mean black 
                 3.07 
                 3.08 
                 3.14 
               
               
                 Mean yellow 
                 2.15 
                 2.17 
                 2.21 
               
               
                 Mean cyan 
                 3.23 
                 3.25 
                 3.33 
               
               
                 Mean magenta 
                 2.34 
                 2.35 
                 2.42 
               
               
                 Total 
                 10.79 
                 10.85 
                 11.1 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     When examining the colour densities, it can be seen that the coating containing the dispersion according to example 2 of the invention, with the longest dispersion time, reproduces the highest colour densities. This is desirable to obtain the most photo-realistic reproduction possible. 
     Example 4 
     Production of an Inkjet Coating 
     
         
         Educts: aluminium oxide dispersion according to example 2 polyvinyl alcohol Mowiol 40-88 (Clariant) 
       
    
     Recipe and method for the production of Inkjet coating pigments: 
     The aqueous polyvinyl alcohol solution (Mowiol 40-88, Clariant) containing 12.14% solid matter is placed into a 400 ml beaker and a quantity of water is added so that, together with the aluminium oxide dispersions according to example 2, a solid content of 18% is obtained. The relevant dispersion is slowly dropped into the polyvinyl alcohol solution using a pipette, within 5 minutes, whilst stirring at 500 rpm. Once it has been added, stirring continues for a further 30 minutes at 500 rpm, to obtain a homogeneous coating pigment. The coating pigments are then de-aerated using a dessicator and a water jet pump. As a control, the actual solid matter, pH value and viscosity are determined after mixing the coating pigments. 
     The parts in the table below are understood to mean parts by weight in relation to the solid matter. 
     Coating pigment reference values 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Aluminium oxide dispersion 
                 100 parts 
                   
                   
               
               
                 acc. to example 2, 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 15 minutes&#39; dispersion 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 time 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Aluminium oxide dispersion 
                   
                 100 parts 
                   
               
               
                 acc. to example 2, 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 30 minutes&#39; dispersion 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 time 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Aluminium oxide dispersion 
                   
                   
                 100 parts 
               
               
                 acc. to example 2, 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 60 minutes&#39; dispersion 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 time 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 PVA 40-88 
                  18 parts 
                  18 parts 
                  18 parts 
               
               
                 Actual solid content of 
                 18.01 
                 18.04 
                 18.02 
               
               
                 the coating pigment in % 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 pH-value 
                 4.7 
                 4.6 
                 4.6 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Viscosity, Brookfield in mPa s after 24 h 
               
             
          
           
               
                  5 rpm 
                 912 
                 813 
                 748 
               
               
                  10 rpm 
                 846 
                 697 
                 664 
               
               
                  20 rpm 
                 702 
                 589 
                 534 
               
               
                  50 rpm 
                 535 
                 496 
                 462 
               
               
                 100 rpm 
                 443 
                 378 
                 346 
               
               
                 Comments on production of 
                 good 
                 good 
                 good 
               
               
                 coating pigments 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The viscosity data obtained show that the lowest viscosities are obtained with the dispersion according to example 2 and the longest dispersion time. This is desirable, as the solid matter in the coating pigment can be increased still further without obtaining viscosities that are too high for application. 
     Method for the production of an Inkjet coating from the Inkjet coating pigment referred to above. 
     Matt-coated 110 g/m 2  Inkjet paper (Zweckform no. 2576) is coated using an Erichsen Film Applicator device with a 60 micron wet film spiral applicator. The coating pigment applied is dried with a hot air dryer. 
     The coatings are then calendered three times at 10 bar pressure and 50° C. with a Gradek Oy (Trademark) laboratory calender. 
     Data for the coatings obtained: 
                                             Aluminium oxide   100 parts               dispersion acc. to                   example 2,                   15 minutes&#39; dispersion                   time                   Aluminium oxide       100 parts           dispersion acc. to                   example 2,                   30 minutes&#39; dispersion                   time                   Aluminium oxide           100 parts       dispersion acc. to                   example 2,                   60 minutes&#39; dispersion                   time                   PVA 40-88    18 parts    18 parts    18 parts       Application behaviour   good   good   good       Average coating weight   12.0   11.9   12.1       in g/m 2  and standard   s = 0.4   s = 0.2   s = 0.3       deviation*               *Note: The printing tests were carried out with coatings of virtually the same coating weight.            
Coating Properties
 
                                             Aluminium oxide   100 parts               dispersion acc. to                   example 2,                   15 minutes&#39;                   dispersion time                   Aluminium oxide       100 parts           dispersion acc. to                   example 2,                   30 minutes&#39;                   dispersion time                   Aluminium oxide           100 parts       dispersion acc. to                   example 2,                   60 minutes&#39;                   dispersion time                   PVA 40-88    18 parts    18 parts    18 parts       Adhesion, surface and   Very good   Very good   Very good       smoothness of the   adhesion to   adhesion to   adhesion to       coating   the paper,   the paper,   the paper,           homogeneous   homogeneous   homogeneous           surface   surface   surface       Gloss at 20°/    5.4    5.9    6.7       standard deviation at   s = 0.4   s = 0.1   s = 0.3       n = 5                   Gloss at 60°/   24.6   25.7   26.2       standard deviation at   s = 0.2   s = 0.3   s = 0.3       n = 5                    
Discussion of the Gloss Values
 
     The gloss values clearly show that, after 60 minutes&#39; dispersion time, the dispersion according to the invention produces higher gloss values in the Inkjet coating than dispersions produced by other methods. For photo-realistic coatings, a high gloss is desirable as already disclosed in EP 0 732 219. The gloss values are lower than those in EP 0 732 219, but this is due to the different processes for the production of the Inkjet medium and not to the coating pigment. A spiral applicator is consciously used in this test, to determine the contribution of the dispersion in the Inkjet coating to the gloss. With the cast-coating process used in EP 0 732 219, the gloss is primarily determined by the process itself. 
     Printing test (determined by 3 independent persons) 
     Top mark: 0.75 Bottom mark: 6 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Aluminium 
                 Aluminium 
                 Aluminium 
               
               
                   
                 oxide 
                 oxide 
                 oxide 
               
               
                   
                 dispersion 
                 dispersion 
                 dispersion 
               
               
                   
                 acc. to 
                 acc. to 
                 acc. to 
               
               
                   
                 example 2, 
                 example 2, 
                 example 2, 
               
               
                   
                 15 minutes&#39; 
                 30 minutes&#39; 
                 60 minutes&#39; 
               
               
                   
                 dispersion 
                 dispersion 
                 dispersion 
               
               
                 Dispersion used 
                 time 
                 time 
                 time 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Four colour print Hewlett-Packard 550 C 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Colour 
                 Magenta/ 
                 1.25 
                 1.25 
                 1 
               
               
                 intensity 
                 Yellow/Cyan 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Black 
                 1.25 
                 1.25 
                 1 
               
               
                 Dot 
                 Black in 
                 1.5 
                 1.25 
                 1.25 
               
               
                 sharpness 
                 colour 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Transitions 
                 Colour to 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 colour 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Black to 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 colour 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Contours 
                   
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 Print 
                   
                 1.25 
                 1.25 
                 1 
               
               
                 Halftone 
                   
                 1.25 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 Photo 
                   
                 1.5 
                 1.25 
                 1.25 
               
               
                 quality 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Total evaluation 
                 11 
                 10.25 
                 9.5 
               
               
                 Average mark 
                 1.22 
                 1.08 
                 1.06 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Four colour print Epson Stylus Color 800 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Colour 
                 Magenta/ 
                 1.5 
                 1.25 
                 1 
               
               
                 intensity 
                 Yellow/Cyan 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Black 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 Dot 
                 Black in 
                 1.5 
                 1.25 
                 1.25 
               
               
                 sharpness 
                 colour 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Transitions 
                 Colour to 
                 1.25 
                 1.25 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 colour 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Black to 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 colour 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Contours 
                   
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 Print 
                   
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 Halftone 
                   
                 1.25 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 Photo 
                   
                 1.5 
                 1.25 
                 1.25 
               
               
                 quality 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Total evaluation 
                 11 
                 10 
                 9.5 
               
               
                 Average mark 
                 1.22 
                 1.11 
                 1.06 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     When using two different types of printer, the coating containing the dispersion with the longest dispersion time according to example 2, produces the best results. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Colour densities 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 DIN 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 HP 550 C 
                 Pap Pol 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Filter 
               
               
                   
                   
                 selected 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Aluminium 
                 Aluminium 
                 Aluminium 
               
               
                   
                   
                 oxide 
                 oxide 
                 oxide 
               
               
                   
                   
                 dispersion 
                 dispersion 
                 dispersion 
               
               
                   
                   
                 acc. to 
                 acc. to 
                 acc. to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 example 2, 
                 example 2, 
                 example 2, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 15 minutes&#39; 
                 30 minutes&#39; 
                 60 minutes&#39; 
               
               
                   
                 Dispersion 
                 dispersion 
                 dispersion 
                 dispersion 
               
               
                   
                 used 
                 time 
                 time 
                 time 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Paper white 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Mean black 
                 2.05 
                 2.10 
                 2.13 
               
               
                 Mean yellow 
                 1.49 
                 1.54 
                 1.58 
               
               
                 Mean cyan 
                 2.04 
                 2.07 
                 2.11 
               
               
                 Mean 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 magenta 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Total 
                 6.86 
                 7.03 
                 7.17 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 DIN 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Epson Stylus Color 800 
                 Pap Pol 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Filter 
               
               
                   
                   
                 selected 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Aluminium 
                 Aluminium 
                 Aluminium 
               
               
                   
                   
                 oxide 
                 oxide 
                 oxide 
               
               
                   
                   
                 dispersion 
                 dispersion 
                 dispersion 
               
               
                   
                   
                 acc. to 
                 acc. to 
                 acc. to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 example 2, 
                 example 2, 
                 example 2, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 15 minutes&#39; 
                 30 minutes&#39; 
                 60 minutes&#39; 
               
               
                   
                 Dispersion 
                 dispersion 
                 dispersion 
                 dispersion 
               
               
                   
                 used 
                 time 
                 time 
                 time 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Mean black 
                 2.89 
                 2.96 
                 2.98 
               
               
                 Mean yellow 
                 1.92 
                 1.97 
                 2.04 
               
               
                 Mean cyan 
                 2.96 
                 3.03 
                 3.09 
               
               
                 Mean magenta 
                 2.13 
                 2.25 
                 2.31 
               
               
                 Total 
                 9.9 
                 10.21 
                 10.42 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     When examining the colour densities, it can be seen that the coating containing the dispersion according to example 2 of the invention with the longest dispersion time reproduces the highest colour densities. This is desirable to obtain the most photo-realistic reproduction possible. 
     The dispersion according to the invention is eminently suitable for the production of Inkjet coating pigments and their further processing to produce high-gloss printing media, as can be seen from the examples given. The Inkjet media produced in this way have a particularly good print and gloss quality.